bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunity to diphtheria in Siena
Authors: GASPARINI R. , POZZI T. , FRAGAPANE E. , SEVERINI R. , CELLESI C. , FABRIZI P. , PROVVEDI A. , BERGAMINI M.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study, carried out in 1993, was to evaluate diphtheria

immunity in Siena.

Diphtheria antitoxin levels were measured by means of the immunoenzymatic

test (ELISA) in

serum samples of 602 apparently healthy subjects (239 males and 363 females)

of all ages

residing in Siena. According to widely used criteria, 6% of the total population
were

susceptible to diphtheria (antibody levels <0·01 IU/ml),

71% had basic protection

(0·01–0·09 IU/ml) and 23% were fully protected

([ges ]0·1 IU/ml). The results suggested that a

high proportion of young population had a protective level of immunity
against

diphtheria, that susceptibility increased with age and a smaller proportion
of males

(2·9%) than females

(8·3%) were unprotected; this difference was statistically significant.

Our results suggest that it

may be useful to revaccinate adults with low levels of diphtheria toxoid
so

that the percentage

that remains unprotected does not put the community at risk of an outbreak

of diphtheria.
Association of a disease approximating cholera caused by

Vibrio cholerae of serogroups other than O1 and O139
Authors: BHATTACHARYA M. K. , DUTTA D. , BHATTACHARYA S. K. , DEB A. , MUKHOPADHYAY A. K. , NAIR G. B. , SHIMADA T. , TAKEDA Y. , CHOWDHURY A. , MAHALANABIS D.
Published: July 2002

One hundred and six patients suffering from severe

dehydrating diarrhoea were studied of

whom 36 patients were positive for Vibrio cholerae.

Out of 36, 15 were positive for V. cholerae

O1, 10 for V. cholerae O139 and 11 for V.

cholerae non-O1 non-O139. O1 and O139 were

positive for the 301-bp ctxA amplicon and 471-bp

tcpA amplicon indicating that the strains

possessed toxigenic capability whereas no non-O1 non-O139

strain possessed ctxA or tcpA

genes. Post-admission severity of purging and amount of

ORS required were less in the

V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 group

(P<0·05) compared to the V.

cholerae O1 and O139

groups. It appears from this study that a cholera-like

clinical condition can be caused in the

absence of CT as exemplified by strains of non-O1 non-O139.
Measles in Vietnamese refugee children in Hong Kong
Authors: TAYLOR W. R. J.
Published: July 2002

From September 1991–January 1992, there was a measles epidemic in an established refugee
camp for 7000 Vietnamese ‘Boat People’ living in Hong Kong. This 16 week outbreak
occurred against a backdrop of poor uptake of measles vaccination and overcrowded living
conditions. Two hundred and sixty-two children were affected (155 boys, 107 girls); 235
children (89·7%) were <2 years old, age range 5–39
months. Children age 6–11 months had
the highest crude attack rate (AR) of 54·3%. The highest age specific
crude AR was 83·8% in
children aged 14 months. Measles complications affected 234 (89·3%) children. Sixty-six
children (25·2%) were admitted to hospital. There were two deaths from pneumonia, giving a
case fatality rate of 0·76%. Measles control in refugee camps continues to be a public health
challenge.
Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium complex
isolated from patients with and without AIDS in Brazil and
England
Authors: TELLES M. A. S. , YATES M. D. , CURCIO M. , UEKI S. Y. M. , PALACI M. , HADAD D. J. , DROBNIEWSKI F. A. , POZNIAK A. L.
Published: July 2002

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is ubiquitous throughout the world. It is an
opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients but the number of cases in HIV negative patients is
also increasing. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients were being infected
with different MAC strains or whether one strain was dominant. DNA obtained from isolates
in Brazil and England were compared using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Strains
from 22 Brazilian patients clustered into 7 groups but 68/90 patients had a unique strain. In
all patients, Brazilian and English, the same strain was isolated repeatedly over time, some
over several years. This study shows that it is most likely that Man is infected from the
environment and that one strain can survive without change for many years both in the
environment and in Man.
The Hib immunization programme in the Oxford region: an
analysis of the impact of vaccine administration on the
incidence of disease
Authors: COEN P. G. , HEATH P. T. , GARNETT G. P.
Published: July 2002

In May 1991 an immunization programme against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
infection began within the Oxford region. We validate a deterministic mathematical model of
Hib by comparison with the incidence of disease in the Oxford region, 1985–97. The
comparison of model results with observed outcome allows an exploration of some of the
poorly understood properties of the immunization programme. Model results and observed
incidence are consistent with a vaccine that blocks the acquisition of carriage. Similarly, the
data suggest that factors other than experience of Hib carriage are likely to have generated
acquired immunity to Hib disease prior to the introduction of vaccination. Hence it is unlikely
that waning of vaccine-derived protection will result in a resurgence of disease. The inclusion in
the immunization schedule of a booster dose, as used in other countries, would have provided
very little extra benefit.
Electronic network for monitoring travellers' diarrhoea and
detection of an outbreak caused by Salmonella enteritidis
among overseas travellers
Authors: OSAKA K. , INOUYE S. , OKABE N. , TANIGUCHI K. , IZUMIYA H. , WATANABE H. , MATSUMOTO Y. , YOKOTA T. , HASHIMOTO S. , SAGARA H.
Published: July 2002

The Traveller's Diarrhoea Network, by which the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center is
electronically connected with two major airport quarantine stations and three infectious disease
hospitals, was launched in February 1988 in Japan. The data on travellers' diarrhoea detected
is reported weekly by e-mail. Two clusters of infection among travellers returning from Italy
were reported by two airport quarantine stations at the end of September 1998. A total of 12
salmonella isolates from 2 clusters were examined. All were identified as Salmonella enteritidis,
phage type 4 and showed identical banding patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A case-control study showed that the scrambled eggs served at the hotel restaurant in Rome were the
likely source of this outbreak. This outbreak could not have been detected promptly and
investigated easily without the e-mail network. International exchange of data on travellers'
diarrhoea is important for preventing and controlling food-borne illnesses infected abroad.
Grouping of Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo strains by ribotyping and IS200 profiling
Authors: OLD D. C. , CHISHOLM S. A. , CRICHTON P. B. , TAYLOR A.
Published: July 2002

One-hundred and twenty-one isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo, representing
different biotypes and incidents of infection detected in the UK between 1977 and 1995, were
analysed by EcoRI ribotyping, PvuII ribotyping and IS200 fingerprinting. Among the isolates
examined, 7 EcoRI ribotypes, 5 PvuII ribotypes and 55 IS200 profile types were recognized and
4 arbitrary groups defined. All 33 isolates of biotype 2d belonged to EcoRI/PvuII ribotype 1/1
and IS200 lineage A and comprised Group I. The other 88 isolates of biotype 10di and its
variants were assigned to Groups II–IV. All 27 isolates in Group II were of EcoRI/PvuII
ribotype 2/2 and IS200 lineage B. Among the 43 isolates in Group III, 42 of which were of
EcoRI/PvuII ribotype 3/3, IS200 analysis identified 38 profiles in lineages C–I. Six
EcoRI/PvuII ribotypes and 8 IS200 profiles, mostly in lineages C–E, were recognized among
the 18 isolates in Group IV. The combined use of biotyping and ribotyping, and to some
extent IS200 profiling, has enhanced our understanding of the clonal structure of serotype
Montevideo and provides a basis for further study.
Host‐specificity and distribution of cephalochlamydid cestodes: correlation with allopolyploid evolution of pipid anuran hosts
Authors: Jackson J. A. , Tinsley R. C.
Published: July 2002

The taxonomy and distribution of cephalochlamydid cestodes are reviewed. This group is primarily specific to pipid anurans and occurs naturally across sub‐Saharan Africa. Paracephalochlamys gen. nov. has two large lateral testes (sometimes doubled or absent on one side) on the anterior margin of each segment, while Cephalochlamys Blanchard, 1908 has three to 23 small testes scattered in lateral fields. Paracephalochlamys papilionis sp. nov. infects Pseudhymenochirus merlini in Sierra Leone. The distribution of Cephalochlamys species is inferred from the previous literature and numerous new records. Cephalochlamys namaquensis (Cohn, 1906) occurs in Xenopus laevis laevis in Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho and Zimbabwe, X. l. poweri (new host record) in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), X. l. victorianus in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and D.R.C., X. l. sudanensis (new host record) in Cameroon and Sudan, and the ranid anuran, Rana angolensis, in Zimbabwe. Anthropogenic dispersal of C. namaquensis, together with X. l. laevis, has occurred to localities in the south‐western United States and Isle of Wight, U.K. Cephalochlamys compactus sp. nov., differentiated from C. namaquensis by a less well developed median ovarian cavity and more compact vitellarium, occurs in Xenopus muelleri in Togo, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, D.R.C., Zimbabwe and South Africa, X. borealis in Kenya, X. clivii in Ethiopia, R. angolensis in Ethiopia and R. occipitalis in Nigeria. Cephalochlamys representatives of uncertain specific status have been recorded in X. gilli (new host record) in South Africa, X. pygmaeus and X. fraseri‐like hosts (new host records) in the D.R.C., X. tropicalis (new host record) in Nigeria and R. occipitalis in Gabon. Despite the ability of some species to infect distantly related amphibians, the distribution of cephalochlamydid taxa amongst their principal hosts, pipids, can be related to the allopolyploid evolution of this anuran family.
Extending a λ-calculus with explicit substitution
which preserves strong normalisation into a confluent calculus on
open terms
Authors: KAMAREDDINE FAIROUZ , RÍOS ALEJANDRO
Published: July 2002

The last 15 years have seen an explosion in work on explicit
substitution, most of which
is done in the style of the λσ-calculus. In Kamareddine and
Ríos (1995a), we extended
the λ-calculus with explicit substitutions by turning de
Bruijn's meta-operators into object-operators offering a style of
explicit substitution that differs from that of λσ. The resulting
calculus, λs, remains as close as possible to the
λ-calculus from an intuitive point of view
and, while preserving strong normalisation (Kamareddine and Ríos,
1995a), is extended in this paper to a confluent calculus on open terms: the
λse-caculus. Since the establishment of
these results, another calculus, λζ, came into being in
Muñoz Hurtado (1996) which preserves
strong normalisation and is itself confluent on open terms. However, we
believe that λse still
deserves attention because, while offering a new style to work with
explicit substitutions, it
is able to simulate one step of classical β-reduction, whereas
λζ is not. To prove confluence
we introduce a generalisation of the interpretation method (cf. Hardin,
1989; Curien et al.,
1992) to a technique which uses weak normal forms (instead of strong
ones). We consider
that this extended method is a useful tool to obtain confluence when
strong normalisation
of the subcalculus of substitutions is not available. In our case,
strong normalisation of the
corresponding subcalculus of substitutions se,
is still a challenging open problem to the rewrite
community, but its weak normalisation is established here via an effective strategy.
Undernutrition, weight loss and feeding difficulty in elderly
patients with dementia: a nursing
perspective
Authors: Watson Roger
Published: July 2002

The problems of undernutrition, weight loss and feeding difficulty
are more prevalent in elderly people than in their younger counterparts and are particularly prevalent in patients
with dementia. These aspects of dementia challenge
several members of the multidisciplinary team caring for elderly people
with dementia, including geriatric and psychogeriatric physicians,
dietitians and nurses.
Stroke medicine for the geriatrician
Authors: Keir Sarah L. , Lindley Richard I
Published: July 2002

Stroke is a disease with which we are all too familiar; it is the leading cause of severe disability and the third most common cause of death in the developed world. Over the last few years there has been a tidal wave of literature on the subject. Not before time, the impact of stroke worldwide has been recognized and this, it is to be hoped, signals an end to the nihilism that used to be so common.
The molecular basis and genetic determinants of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Bayer Antony J
Published: July 2002

The first decade of the 20th century saw a
dramatic growth in knowledge of neurodegenerative disease, with new histological techniques leading to the identification for the first time of distinct clinicopathological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The last ten years of the century (‘the decade of the brain’) has seen similar breakthroughs in our understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, largely due to the availability of the new techniques of molecular biology. Whilst much of the research has centred on the genetics of early-onset disease, the findings have direct relevance to the great majority of elderly patients with sporadic AD. There is now a realistic prospect, in the early part of the next century, of effective disease-slowing therapies for established disease and even preventive interventions for at-risk individuals.
Distribution of the birds of the Philippines: biogeography and conservation priorities
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend , Ball Lisa G. , Brady Kelly W.
Published: July 2002

The Philippine islands hold a concentration of species diversity and endemism of global importance, yet few studies have analyzed biogeographic patterns or attempted to prioritize areas for conservation within the archipelago. We analyzed distributions of 386 species on 28 Philippine islands and island groups, documenting intense concentration of species richness, especially of endemic species, on the two largest islands, Mindanao and Luzon. Factors identified as influencing species richness included island area, maximum elevation, and Pleistocene patterns of connection and isolation. Reserve systems were developed based on heuristic complementarity algorithms, and compared with the existing Integrated Protected Areas (IPAS) system in the country, showing that IPAS is an impressive first step towards protecting avian diversity in the country. Addition of presently proposed reserves on Palawan and Mindoro would make IPAS a near-optimal reserve design, at least at the level of island representation. Important challenges remain, however, with regard to design of reserve systems within islands to represent complete island avifaunas.
Perpetuality in a named lambda calculus with
explicit substitutions
Authors: BONELLI EDUARDO
Published: July 2002

We study perpetuality in the calculus of explicit substitutions λx. A reduction is called
perpetual if it preserves the possibility of infinite reduction sequences. We then take a look at
applications of this study: an inductive characterization of the λx-strongly normalizing
terms, two perpetual reduction strategies for λx and finally a proof of strong normalization
of a polymorphic lambda calculus with explicit substitutions Fes. To complete the study of
Fes, the property of subject reduction is shown to hold by extending type assignments of the
typing rules to allow non-pure types (types with possible occurrences of the type substitution
operator).
A categorical model for higher order imperative programming
Authors: NAUMANN DAVID A.
Published: July 2002

The order-enriched category of monotonic predicate transformers

over posets is a model of
the refinement calculus of higher order imperative programs and pre-post
specifications.
This category is shown to be equivalent to the category of spans over ideal
relations, and
ideal relations are shown to be spans over monotonic functions between
posets. To do this
we use a skew span construction because the standard categorical span constructions
are
inapplicable. Axioms are given for products and coproducts of underlying
posets as well as
the homset as a coexponent, using inequations (for various kinds of lax
adjunctions) and
conditional equations (for adjunctions in subcategories) that are shown
to uniquely
determine the structures. The model is described in elementary terms using
power allegories,
an axiomatic calculus of relations, which makes the proofs accessible to
non-specialists and
shows that the results generalize to other base categories.
Type assignment and termination of interaction nets
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ MARIBEL
Published: July 2002

Interaction nets have proved to be a useful tool for
the study of computational aspects of
various formalisms (e.g. λ-calculus, term
rewriting systems), but they are also a
programming paradigm in themselves, and this is actually how they were
introduced by
Lafont. In this paper we consider semi-simple interaction nets as a programming
language,
and present a type assignment system using intersection types. First we
show that
interactions preserve types (i.e., the system
enjoys subject reduction), and we compare this
type assignment system with the intersection systems for λ-calculus
and term rewriting
systems. Then we define a recursion scheme that ensures termination of
all interaction
sequences. By relaxing the scheme and using the type assignment system,
we derive another
sufficient condition for termination of interaction nets. Finally, we show
that although the
type system based on general intersection types is not decidable, its restriction
to rank 2
types is, and we give an algorithm that computes principal types for nets.
Hidden coinduction:
behavioural correctness proofs for objects
Authors: GOGUEN JOSEPH A. , MALCOLM GRANT
Published: July 2002

This paper unveils and motivates an ambitious programme of hidden algebraic research in
software engineering. We begin with an outline of our general goals, continue with an
overview of results, and conclude with a discussion of some future plans. The main
contribution is powerful hidden coinduction techniques for proving behavioural correctness
of concurrent systems, and several mechanical proofs are given using OBJ3. We also show
how modularization, bisimulation, transition systems, concurrency and combinations of the
functional, constraint, logic and object paradigms fit into hidden algebra.
TRICHOME MORPHOLOGY IN HEDERA (ARALIACEAE)
Authors: ACKERFIELD J.
Published: July 2002

Trichomes of Hedera L. taxa have long been used as an important character in delimiting species. Hedera exhibits two distinct trichome types: scale-like and stellate. This study examined the trichome variation in sixteen currently recognized Hedera taxa using scanning electron microscopy. Measurements of trichome morphology were taken, and variation among taxa compared. Of the taxa with scale-like trichomes, H. maderensis Rutherford subsp. maderensis has the largest overall length, longest rays, and largest fusion of rays. Of the species with stellate trichomes, H. helix has the largest overall, and also has the longest rays and widest rays.
From America to Europe: Educating Consumers
Authors: Chessel Marie-Emmanuelle
Published: July 2002

Lendol Calder, Financing the American Dream. A Cultural History of Consumer Credit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 377 pp., $17.95, ISBN 0-691-05827-X. Ellen Furlough and Carl Strikwerda, eds., Consumers against Capitalism? Consumer Cooperation in Europe, North America, and Japan, 1840–1990 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999), 377 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8476-8649-3. Jennifer A. Loehlin, From Rugs to Riches: Housework, Consumption and Modernity in Germany (Oxford: Berg, 1999), 250 pp., $68.00, ISBN 1-85973-284-4. Susan E. Reid and David Crowley, eds., Style and Socialism. Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 213 pp., $19.50, ISBN 1-85973-239-9. Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern and Matthias Judt, eds., Getting and Spending. European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century (Washington: The German Historical Institute and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 477 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-521-62694-3.

The last twenty years have seen a proliferation of studies tracing the development of
the principal institutions of ‘mass consumption’ in Westernised societies during the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Studies of leading department stores and the
marketing policies of major firms, publicity and sales methods, have sought to
increase understanding of the actors or ‘professions’ instrumental in the transformation
of such practices, their methods and scope, the reasons for their success and by
extension the reasons for the failure of alternative practices, ‘small’ shopkeepers and
‘small’ industrialists who felt threatened by the wave of change.
A Moveable Feast: On the History of Norwegian Foreign Policy
Authors: Laursen Johnny
Published: July 2002

Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie (‘The History of Norwegian Foreign Policy’), 6 vols. (Universitetsforlaget, 1995–7), NOK 298 – per volume ISBN 8–200–22639–5.

Volume I: Narve Bjørgo, Øystein Rian and Alf Kaardtvedt: Selvstendighet og union. Fra middelalderen til 1905 (1995), 416 pp., ISBN 8–200–22393–0.

Volume II: Roald Berg: Norge på egen hånd 1905–1920 (1995), 401 pp., ISBN 8–200–22394–9.

Volume III: Odd-Bjørn Fure: Mellomkrigstid 1920–1940 (1996), 434 pp., ISBN 2–200–22534–8.

Volume IV: Jakob Sverdrup: Inn i storpolitiken 1940–1949 (1996), 389 pp., ISBN 8–200–22531–3.

Volume V: Knut Einar Eriksen and Helge Ø. Pharo: Kald krig og internasjonalisering 1949–1965 (1997), 505 pp., ISBN 8–200–22894–0.

Volume VI: Rolf Tamnes: Oljealder 1965–1995 (1997), 568 pp., ISBN 8–200–22893–2.

It is a tempting thought that there is a contrast between, on the one hand, this voluminous, painstakingly thorough and admirably documented publication and, on the other hand, the size of its subject. A foreign policy history is a prestigious project that is traditionally associated with the great and powerful states of Europe. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry has approached the project with no less austere a mind than the authorities of more populous European states. Well financed, well led and with stunningly generous access to even contemporary archive materials – up till 1995 – this particular foreign policy history might even be the one with the best official backing to date. Moreover, of the Scandinavian countries Norway is the one with the strongest tradition of international history, and most of the best minds in the field have been members of the team of authors. But why then, some would cry, throw this impressive weight into a history of one of Europe's smallest states, 4.5 million souls, placed at the outskirts of the European continent, not a member of the European Union and with fewer than 100 years of independent foreign policy at that?
Autonomy, Benevolence, and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: SAILORS PAM R.
Published: July 2002

Medical ethics has traditionally been governed by two guiding,
but sometimes conflicting, principles—autonomy and benevolence.
These principles provide the rationale for the two most commonly used
standards for medical decisionmaking—the Substituted Judgment
Standard shows our concern for autonomy, whereas the Best Interest
Standard shows our commitment to benevolence. Both standards are
vulnerable to criticisms. Further, the principles can seem to offer
conflicting prescriptions for action. The criticisms and conflict
figure prominently in discussion of advance directive decisionmaking
and Alzheimer's disease. After laying out each of the current
standards and its problems, with Alzheimer's issues as my central
concern, I offer a new standard that avoids the problems while honoring
our concerns for both autonomy and benevolence.
A Critique of UNOS Liver Allocation Policy
Authors: HIMMA KENNETH EINAR
Published: July 2002

The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) recently
changed the policy by which donor livers are allocated
to liver failure patients in the United States. Formerly,
all liver failure patients were characterized as status
1 and placed at the top of the transplant list.
Under the new policy, only patients with liver failure
due to acute illness (“ALF patients”) are eligible
for status 1; patients with liver failure due to chronic
liver disease (“CLF patients”) are characterized
as status 2. Since donor organs are allocated first to
status 1 patients and then to status 2 patients, the new
policy moves all CLF patients down on the waiting list
relative to all ALF patients. This means that some livers
that would have gone to CLF patients under the old policy
will now go to ALF patients. Accordingly, while the new
policy will likely increase the number of ALF patients
saved, it will also increase the number of deaths among
CLF patients waiting for a transplant.
Health Care Without Harm: Cleaning Up Healthcare's Act
Authors: HEILIG STEVE
Published: July 2002

“Health Care Without Harm” is a new
campaign devoted to reducing the environmental harms—namely,
pollutants and unnecessary waste—generated by the
healthcare industry. One of the leading local proponents
of this effort is Michael Lerner, founder of Commonweal,
a Bolinas, California–based research and educational
institute best known for its innovative programs for cancer
patients and clinicians. Lerner is author of Choices
in Healing: Integrating the Best of Conventional and Complementary
Approaches to Cancer, published by the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology Press in 1994, and the recipient
of a MacArthur Prize Fellowship (the well-known “genius
grant”).
On Twisted Odd Graphs
Authors: FIOL M. A. , GARRIGA E. , YEBRA J. L. A.
Published: July 2002

The twisted odd graphs are obtained from the well-known odd graphs through an involutive
automorphism. As expected, the twisted odd graphs share some of the interesting properties
of the odd graphs but, in general, they seem to have a more involved structure. Here we
study some of their basic properties, such as their automorphism group, diameter, and
spectrum. They turn out to be examples of the so-called boundary graphs, which are
graphs satisfying an extremal property that arises from a bound for the diameter of a
graph in terms of its distinct eigenvalues.
Counting Partial Orders with a Fixed Number of Comparable Pairs
Authors: PRÖMEL HANS JÜRGEN , STEGER ANGELIKA , TARAZ ANUSCH
Published: July 2002

In 1978, Dhar suggested a model of a lattice gas whose states are partial orders. In this
context he raised the question of determining the number of partial orders with a fixed
number of comparable pairs. Dhar conjectured that in order to find a good approximation
to this number, it should suffice to enumerate families of layer posets. In this paper we
prove this conjecture and thereby prepare the ground for a complete answer to the question.
The Chromatic Number of Graph Powers
Authors: ALON NOGA , MOHAR BOJAN
Published: July 2002

It is shown that the maximum possible chromatic number of the square of a graph with
maximum degree d and girth g is (1 +o(1))d2 if g = 3, 4, 5 or 6, and is Θ(d2 / log d) if g [ges ] 7.
Extensions to higher powers are considered as well.
Submap Density and Asymmetry Results for Two Parameter Map

Families
Authors: BENDER EDWARD A. , CANFIELD E. RODNEY , GAO ZHICHENG , RICMOND L. BRUCE
Published: July 2002

Let [Mscr ]n,k(S) be the set

of n-edge k-vertex rooted maps in some class on the

surface S. Let P be a planar map in the class. We

develop a method for showing that almost all maps in

[Mscr ]n,k(S) contain many copies of

P. One consequence of this is that almost all maps in

[Mscr ]n,k(S) have no symmetries. The

classes considered include c-connected maps (c [les ]

3) and certain families of degree restricted maps.
Hypergraph Packing and Graph Embedding
Authors: RÖDL V. , RUCIŃSKI A. , TARAZ A.
Published: July 2002

We provide sufficient conditions for packing two hypergraphs. The emphasis is on the
asymptotic case when one of the hypergraphs has a bounded degree and the other is
dense. As an application, we give an alternative proof for the bipartite case of the recently
developed Blow-up Lemma [12].
The Poisson–Dirichlet Distribution and the
Scale-Invariant Poisson Process
Authors: ARRATIA RICHARD , BARBOUR A. D. , TAVARÉ SIMON
Published: July 2002

We show that the Poisson–Dirichlet distribution is the distribution of points in a scale-invariant Poisson process, conditioned on the event that the sum T of the locations of
the points in (0,1] is 1. This extends to a similar result,
rescaling the locations by T, and
conditioning on the event that T[les ]1. Restricting both processes to
(0, β] for 0<β[les ]1,
we give an explicit formula for the total variation distance between their distributions.
Connections between various representations of the Poisson–Dirichlet process are discussed.
Political culture and the culture of historians: the case of American cities
Authors: Smith Dennis
Published: July 2002

It is over thirty years since E.P. Thompson's The Making of the Working Class (1963) pushed culture – seen as an active process of coping with and shaping collective experience – higher up the historians' agenda. The waves made by the late twentieth-century ‘turns’ towards culture and language are still being felt. This highly diverse movement has also been shaped by theorists such as Foucault and Bourdieu, whom Thompson would undoubtedly have regarded as being suspiciously ‘continental’ but whose work has made an exciting contribution to the historian's repertoire.
Microinjection of cyclic ADP-ribose triggers a regenerative wave of Ca2+ release and exocytosis of cortical alveoli in medaka eggs
Authors: Fluck Richard , Abraham Vivek , Miller Andrew , Galione Antony
Published: July 2002

Medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs microinjected with the Ca2+-mobilising messenger cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) underwent a wave of exocytosis of cortical alveoli and were thus activated. The number of eggs activated was sharply dependent on the concentration of cADPR in the pipette, the threshold concentration was approximately 60 nM. After injection, a pronounced latency preceded the onset of cortical alveoli exocytosis; this latency was independent of the concentration of cADPR but decreased markedly with increasing temperature. Heat-treated cADPR, which yields the inert non-cyclised product ADP-ribose, was ineffective in activating eggs. When cADPR was injected into aequorin-loaded eggs, a wave of luminescence arose at the site of cADPR injection and then swept out across the egg with a mean velocity of approximately 13 μm/s; the velocity was independent of the concentration of injected cADPR. In such a large cell (diameter of around 1 mm), this is considerably faster than that possible by simple diffusion of cADPR, which unambiguously demonstrates that cADPR must activate a regenerative process. cADPR has been demonstrated to modulate Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in many cell types, and consistent with this was the finding that microinjection of the pharmacological RyR modulator, ryanodine, also activated medaka eggs. These results suggest that a cADPR-sensitive Ca2+ release mechanism is present in the medaka egg, that cADPR is the most potent activator of medaka eggs described to date, and that it activates eggs by triggering a wave of CICR from internal stores that in turn stimulates a wave of exocytosis.
SEMITISM AND CRITICISM: VICTORIAN ANGLO-JEWISH LITERARY HISTORY
Authors: Valman Nadia
Published: July 2002

IN THE JEW IN THE TEXT:Modernity and the Construction of Identity (1995) Linda Nochlin and Tamar Garb noted that although questions of race, colonialism, and Eurocentrism were now prominent in cultural studies, the ways in which the “Jew” had been represented in modern culture remained relatively unexplored (6). Over the last few years, however, exploration of this kind has burgeoned, bringing with it important challenges both for Jewish studies and for English literary history. The nineteenth century has proved a particularly rich resource for such research, and the importance of this period for considering the relationship between modernity and the “Jew” is underlined by Nochlin:
One‐dimensional site‐specific forecasting of radiation fog. Part II: Impact of site observations
Authors: Clark P A , Hopwood W P
Published: July 2002

The Met. Office currently operates a high resolution mesoscale model that provides guidance on the likely formation of radiation fog on the spatial scale of 30–40km. A project has been under way to build a Site‐Specific Forecast Model (SSFM) using a one‐dimensional version of the Met. Office Unified Model as a basis, with suitable modifications to its surface treatment and, driven by output from three‐dimensional NWP models. The SSFM has been applied to the forecasting of radiation fog as part of the European Commission sponsored project 4MIDaBLE (4Dimensional Met. Information DataBase Linked across Europe). This paper describes the influence of site observations on the model evolution for two real fog cases. This requires a method of forcing the SSFM via coupling to three‐dimensional NWP model output; such a method is described. It is shown that when observational data at the site of interest is incorporated into the model's initial state humidity measurements provide the greatest impact on model evolution. However, their influence is short‐lived (typically less than 6 hours) implying the importance of initialisation time in the correct forecast of radiation fog. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Randomized rule selection in transformation-based learning: a comparative study
Authors: CARBERRY SANDRA , VIJAY-SHANKER K. , WILSON ANDREW , SAMUEL KEN
Published: July 2002

Transformation-Based Learning (TBL) is a relatively new machine learning method that has
achieved notable success on language problems. This paper presents a variant of TBL, called
Randomized TBL, that overcomes the training time problems of standard TBL without
sacrificing accuracy. It includes a set of experiments on part-of-speech tagging in which the
size of the corpus and template set are varied. The results show that Randomized TBL
can address problems that are intractable in terms of training time for standard TBL. In
addition, for language problems such as dialogue act tagging where the most effective features
have not been identified through linguistic studies, Randomized TBL allows the researcher
to experiment with a large set of templates capturing many potentially useful features and
feature interactions.
A corpus-based approach for Korean nominal
compound analysis based on linguistic and
statistical information
Authors: YOON JUNTAE , CHOI KEY-SUN , SONG MANSUK
Published: July 2002

The syntactic structure of a nominal compound must be analyzed first for its semantic
interpretation. In addition, the syntactic analysis of nominal compounds is very useful for
NLP application such as information extraction, since a nominal compound often has a similar
linguistic structure with a simple sentence, as well as representing concrete and compound
meaning of an object with several nouns combined. In this paper, we present a novel model
for structural analysis of nominal compounds using linguistic and statistical knowledge which
is coupled based on lexical information. That is, the syntactic relations defined between nouns
(complement-predicate and modifier-head relation) are obtained from large corpora and again
used to analyze the structures of nominal compounds and identify the underlying relations
between nouns. Experiments show that the model gives good results, and can be effectively
used for application systems which do not require deep semantic information.
Restricted representation of phrase structure
grammar for building a tree annotated corpus of Korean
Authors: LEE KONG JOO , KIM GIL CHANG , KIM JAE-HOON , HAN YOUNG S.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we introduce a method to represent phrase structure

grammars for building a
large annotated corpus of Korean syntactic trees. Korean is different from
English in word
order and word compositions. As a result of our study, it turned out that
the differences are
significant enough to induce meaningful changes in the tree annotation
scheme for Korean
with respect to the schemes for English. A tree annotation scheme defines
the grammar
formalism to be assumed, categories to be used, and rules to determine
correct parses for
unsettled issues in parse construction. Korean is partially free in word
order and the essential
components such as subjects and objects of a sentence can be omitted with
greater freedom
than in English. We propose a restricted representation of phrase structure
grammar to handle
the characteristics of Korean more efficiently. The proposed representation
is shown by means
of an extensive experiment to gain improvements in parsing time as well
as grammar size.
We also describe the system named Teb that is a software environment set
up with a goal to
build a tree annotated corpus of Korean containing more than one million
units.
MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING: IV. SOME PARALLELS WITH HORSE WHISPERING
Authors: Miller William R.
Published: July 2002

Motivational interviewing is a client-centered, directive therapeutic style for initiating and facilitating change. Introduced through this journal two decades ago, it has been supported in a series of clinical trials as effective in enhancing behavior change through relatively brief intervention. The author explores parallels between this therapeutic style and the nonviolent “join-up” method of Monty Roberts for training and rehabilitating horses. Both methods emphasize a collaborative rather than adversarial working relationship, seek to enhance intrinsic motivation, and produce positive change in a briefer period of time than traditionally thought to be possible. Both respect the other's autonomy and choice, and move with rather than against resistance. Both seem to enhance the speed and amount of change that follow from behavioral methods.
Pesticide use in Brazil in the era of agroindustrialization and globalization
Authors: Dasgupta Susmita , Mamingi Nlandu , Meisner Craig
Published: July 2002

This study examines the trend in pesticide use in Brazil in the 1990s in the context of agroindustrialization and globalization (trade liberalization). It also seeks to document the environmental costs and human health hazard associated with pesticide use in Brazil. Results from time series data indicate that agricultural trade liberalization has led to increased pesticide use in Brazil, particularly in export crops. Results from cross-section municipality-level data point to higher incidence of pesticide use in municipalities with high income, higher levels of education, large-size farms, predominance of export crops, and with high prevalence of sharecropping. Finally, the study finds that Brazil's agricultural growth in the era of trade liberalization has been clouded by serious human health problems and environmental damage caused by pesticide use.
MARSYAS: a framework for audio analysis
Authors: Tzanetakis George , Cook Perry
Published: July 2002

Existing audio tools handle the increasing amount of computer audio data inadequately. The typical tape-recorder paradigm for audio interfaces is inflexible and time consuming, especially for large data sets. On the other hand, completely automatic audio analysis and annotation is impossible using current techniques. Alternative solutions are semi-automatic user interfaces that let users interact with sound in flexible ways based on content. This approach offers significant advantages over manual browsing, annotation and retrieval. Furthermore, it can be implemented using existing techniques for audio content analysis in restricted domains. This paper describes MARSYAS, a framework for experimenting, evaluating and integrating such techniques. As a test for the architecture, some recently proposed techniques have been implemented and tested. In addition, a new method for temporal segmentation based on audio texture is described. This method is combined with audio analysis techniques and used for hierarchical browsing, classification and annotation of audio files.
Studies in metamusical methods for sound and image composition
Authors: WORRALL DAVID
Published: July 2002

A course in Design Structures is discussed. In this course students learn a multi-faceted approach to exploring mathematical and iterative ideas using sonification and visualisation techniques for their own compositional explorations. These ideas are discussed in relation to philosophy, history, technology, scientific paradigms, and cultural context. Some resulting student work is demonstrated.
Mad Dogs and Parsis: The Bombay Dog Riots of 1832
Authors: Palsetia Jesse S.
Published: July 2002

The article details the events and themes surrounding a strike and riot that transpired in colonial Bombay in 1832, led by a segment of the Parsi community and joined by other Indians, in reaction to the British cull of stray pariah dogs in the streets. The strike and riot demonstrated the commercial power of the Parsis to disrupt the daily routine of Bombay and exert their influence in hostility to colonial interference and incursions against Parsi (Indian) religious sensibilities. The Bombay dog riots of 1832 exposed the vulnerability of early British-Indian socio-political relations in Bombay and Western India in the face of popular disturbances against British authority and was in marked contrast to the state of Parsi-British relations that developed in the nineteenth century, as the Parsis led the process of Indian accommodation to British rule, tempered only by overt threats to their religious identity.
NONLINEAR DYNAMICS AND CHAOS PART I: A GEOMETRICAL APPROACH
Authors: Medio Alfredo
Published: July 2002

This paper is the first part of a two-part survey reviewing some
basic concepts and
methods of the modern theory of dynamical systems.
The survey is introduced by a preliminary discussion of the relevance
of nonlinear dynamics and chaos for economics. We then discuss the
dynamic behavior of nonlinear systems of difference and differential
equations such as those commonly employed in the analysis of
economically motivated models. Part I of the survey focuses on the
geometrical properties of orbits. In particular, we discuss the
notion of attractor and the different types of attractors generated
by discrete- and continuous-time dynamical systems, such as fixed and
periodic points,
limit cycles, quasiperiodic and chaotic attractors.
The notions of (noninteger) fractal dimension and Lyapunov
characteristic exponent also are explained, as well as the main
routes to chaos.
Pds1 phosphorylation in response to DNA damage is essential for its DNA damage checkpoint function
Authors: Wang Hong , Liu Dou , Wang Yanchang , Qin Jun , Elledge Stephen J.
Published: July 2002

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pds1 is an anaphase inhibitor and plays an essential role in DNA damage and spindle checkpoint pathways. Pds1 is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage but not spindle disruption, indicating distinct mechanisms delaying anaphase entry. Phosphorylation of Pds1 is Mec1 and Chk1 dependent in vivo. Here, we show that Pds1 is phosphorylated at multiple sites in vivo in response to DNA damage by Chk1. Mutation of the Chk1 phosphorylation sites on Pds1 abolished most of its DNA damage–inducible phosphorylation and its checkpoint function, whereas its anaphase inhibitor functions and spindle checkpoint functions remain intact. Loss of Pds1 phosphorylation correlates with APC-dependent Pds1 destruction in response to DNA damage. We also show that APCCdc20 is active in preanaphase arrested cells after DNA damage. This suggests that Pds1 is stabilized by phosphorylation in response to DNA damage, but APCCdc20 activity is not altered. Our results indicate that phosphorylation of Pds1 by Chk1 is the key function of Chk1 required to prevent anaphase entry.
E2F mediates cell cycle-dependent transcriptional repression in vivo by recruitment of an HDAC1/mSin3B corepressor complex
Authors: Rayman Joseph B. , Takahashi Yasuhiko , Indjeian Vahan B. , Dannenberg Jan-Hermen , Catchpole Steven , Watson Roger J. , te Riele Hein , Dynlacht Brian David
Published: July 2002

Despite biochemical and genetic data suggesting that E2F and pRB (pocket protein) families regulate transcription via chromatin-modifying factors, the precise mechanisms underlying gene regulation by these protein families have not yet been defined in a physiological setting. In this study, we have investigated promoter occupancy in wild-type and pocket protein-deficient primary cells. We show that corepressor complexes consisting of histone deacetylase (HDAC1) and mSin3B were specifically recruited to endogenous E2F-regulated promoters in quiescent cells. These complexes dissociated from promoters once cells reached late G1, coincident with gene activation. Interestingly, recruitment of HDAC1 complexes to promoters depended absolutely on p107 and p130, and required an intact E2F-binding site. In contrast, mSin3B recruitment to certain promoters did not require p107 or p130, suggesting that recruitment of this corepressor can occur via E2F-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Remarkably, loss of pRB had no effect on HDAC1 or mSin3B recruitment. p107/p130 deficiency triggered a dramatic loss of E2F4 nuclear localization as well as transcriptional derepression, which is suggested by nucleosome mapping studies to be the result of localized hyperacetylation of nucleosomes proximal to E2F-binding sites. Taken together, these findings show that p130 escorts E2F4 into the nucleus and, together with corepressor complexes that contain mSin3B and/or HDAC1, directly represses transcription from target genes as cells withdraw from the cell cycle.
High-resolution Quantification of Specific mRNA Levels in Human Brain Autopsies and Biopsies
Authors: Castensson Anja , Emilsson Lina , Preece Paul , Jazin and Elena
Published: July 2002

Quantification of mRNA levels in human cortical brain biopsies and autopsies was performed using a fluorogenic 5′ nuclease assay. The reproducibility of the assay using replica plates was 97%–99%. Relative quantities of mRNA from 16 different genes were evaluated using a statistical approach based on ANCOVA analysis. Comparison of the relative mRNA levels between two groups of samples with different time postmortem revealed unchanged relative expression levels for most genes. Only CYP26A1 mRNA levels showed a significant decrease with prolonged time postmortem (p = 0.00004). Also, there was a general decrease in measured mRNA levels for all genes in autopsies compared to biopsies; however, on comparing mRNA levels after adjusting with reference genes, no significant differences were found between mRNA levels in autopsies and biopsies. This observation indicates that studies of postmortem material can be performed to reveal the relative in vivo mRNA levels of genes. Power calculations were done to determine the number of individuals necessary to detect differences in mRNA levels of 1.5-fold to tenfold using the strategy described here. This analysis showed that samples from at least 50 individuals per group, patients and controls, are required for high-resolution (∼twofold changes) differential expression screenings in the human brain. Experiments done on ten individuals per group will result in a resolution of ∼fivefold changes in expression levels. In general, the sensitivity and resolution of any differential expression study will depend on the sample size used and the between-individual variability of the genes analyzed.