bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM SISTEMA DE TELEMETRIA PARA MONITORAMENTO TÉRMICO EM CASAS DE VEGETAÇÃO
Authors: Barbosa R. Z. , Perea Martins J. E. M.
Published: April 2015

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema de telemetria aplicado no monitoramento de temperatura em casas de vegetação, o qual inclui aspectos de hardware e software. As informações são transmitidas por rádio a um computador que possui um software, especialmente desenvolvido neste trabalho, para receber as informações, e armazená-las num arquivo no formato de texto, sendo que as mesmas podem ser processadas com outros programas aplicativos. O hardware de telemetria foi baseado em um módulo de rádio comunicação, que tem um pino de configuração que permite sua configuração direta como transmissão ou recepção de dados, facilitando o projeto de hardware. Os resultados mostraram um alcance de 120 metros, sem erros de transmissão. O sistema de telemetria desenvolvido pode ser conectado a qualquer dispositivo de sensoriamento que tenha uma saída de comunicação no padrão serial RS-232, que é muito comum em instrumentos de medições e, portanto, o também pode ser aplicado no monitoramento de diversos outros parâmetros físicos na área agrícola e ambiental.
PREDICTION OF HOT CARCASS YIELD IN BEEF CATTLE USING FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM
Authors: Santos M. P. , Cattelam J. , Vaz M. A. B. , Feltrin P. F. , Klein D. R. , Leal W. S. , Oliveira J. A. , Pacheco P. S. , Vale M. M.
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was develop a carcass yield estimator in beef cattle. The carcass yield was estimated applying an expert fuzzy model with two input variables (age and zebu genotype) and one output variable (carcass yield). The variables predicted by the model were compared with a database created from information drawn from scientific articles, from the years 2000 to 2006, whose contemplate the same variables of study. The minor deviations between the values experimentally measured yields of carcass values predicted by fuzzy modeling were observed in animals from groups with genotype 100% or 0% zebu, which showed deviations of 0.34 and 1.02 %, respectively. The influence of age on hot carcass yield was low compared to the deviations, while the influence of the degree of zebu blood was higher. The use of fuzzy modeling for the prediction of hot carcass yield in beef cattle is reliable with low standard deviation when compared to the literature.
REVISÃO: SÍNDROME DO OSSO NEGRO EM FRANGOS DE CORTE
Authors: Baldo G. A. A. , Almeida Paz I. C. L. , Garcia E. A. , Amadori M. S. , Alves M. C. F. , Molino A. B. , Vieira Filho J. A. , Santos L. S.
Published: April 2015

Alguns fatores envolvidos na incidência de síndrome do osso negro e suas consequências na qualidade e aceitação da carne de coxas e sobrecoxas de frangos de corte estão descritos nesta revisão. Sabe-se que a conservação de coxas e sobrecoxas pelo congelamento leva à formação de cristais de gelo que rompem as células da medula óssea, causando extravasamento da hemoglobina presente na mesma, quando o osso está frágil ou poroso acentua-se o extravasamento de sangue que ocorre principalmente pela região proximal na tíbia e no fêmur. O escurecimento causado na carne adjacente ao osso é chamado de síndrome do osso e tem implicações na qualidade da carne, alterando principalmente a aparência da mesma devido ao escurecimento causado. O escurecimento decorrente do sangue extravasado na carne tem implicações na qualidade da mesma e pode resultar em problemas na aceitação de carne de coxa e sobrecoxa. Assim, torna-se necessário providências a longo prazo, com seleção genética focada na estrutura óssea e a curto prazo, com adição de nutrientes que podem melhorar a qualidade óssea.
EXTRACTION OF RULES BY CLASSIFICATION FROM WEATHER STATION DATA TO HELP IN THE FORECAST OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY INDEX FOR DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: Dos Santos M. P. , Do Vale M. M. , Santos J. P. A. , Dos Santos J. C.
Published: April 2015

Forecasts for comfort index to dairy cattle are unavailable in Brazil and the extraction rules on weather behavior can assist in predicting the animal's comfort, especially for those who are in unprotected places. This study aims to develop a methodology for extracting predictive rules from heat stress conditions in dairy cattle. The analysis was performed using the database of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), referring to the hourly averages for the period between September 15th to November 13th of 2013 in Santa Maria - RS, Brazil. The input variables were time of day, air temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity and the temperature and humidity index. The extraction of the rules was done by the technique of Data Mining and the classification task by building the J48 decision tree algorithm. The classification of the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was based on two classes, being NORMAL for THI values ​​less than or equal to 74, and ALERT to values ​​above 74, considered as a promoter of stress. Data mining has resulted in the description of 11 rules of the relationship between temperature, relative humidity and time of day with the THI. Data mining has enabled the understanding of the variables analyzed and the generated rules can help in forecasts based on meteorological forecasts and environmental temperature controllers and relative humidity schedule.
FEED RATION HOMOGENEITY DURING DISTRIBUTION OF BROILERS’ AUTOMATIC FEEDERS
Authors: CARDINAL K.M. , VALE M.M. , ALONÇO A.S. , BORILLE R. , KLEIN D.R. , NAAS I.A.
Published: April 2015

The study aimed to verify the efficiency of two equipment distributors of feed for broilers. Feed samples were collected from two broiler automatic feeder dish, with similar characteristics but different manufacturers. The samples were collected from five points of distribution, namely: storage silo, hopper, the first dish, the middle and the last dish. The samples were subjected to quantitative analysis of ashes and particle size analysis. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), means separated by Tukey test with p <0.01, and analysis of linear regression. The results of statistical ashes analyze show that there is a significant difference in granule size and the amount of ashes. Can be concluded that are segregation of the feed during distribution along the route, being that there is the accumulation of ashes in the first dishes and content decreases as the distribution. The particle size showed the opposite result of ashes, with larger granules in the last dish and smaller granule size at the first dish.
MODELO DE AVALIAÇÃO EM AQUISIÇÃO EM USINA SUCROALCOOLEIRA BASEADO NO ITEM 7.4. DA ISO 9001:2008
Authors: GEBARA A.T.J. , CARASCHI J.C. , PRATES G.A. , DE CAMPOS C.I. , FERREIRA B.S.
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o cumprimento de exigências e padrões dessa norma, em uma empresa do ramo sucroalcooleiro. Foi conduzido um questionário baseado na norma ISO 9001:2008, item 7.4. em questão, viabilizando conhecer os impactos organizacionais, como melhoria na qualidade e padronização de produtos e processos, maior satisfação de clientes e melhores relações com parceiros. Assim, foi comprovada a existência de critérios de qualificação, que procuram identificar fornecedores que demonstram evidências de atendimento a requisitos especificados, bem como a existência de um modelo de critérios de avaliação de fornecedores, que visa verificar a conformidade, quando comparado a requisitos especificados.
ANÁLISE DO CONTROLE DE QUALIDADE DA DENSIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ARROZ POR UMA SEMEADORA DE FLUXO CONTÍNUO
Authors: MELO R.P. , FERNANDES F.R.B. , DO NASCIMENTO H.C.F. , MAIA C.L. , ALBIERO D.
Published: April 2015

As semeadoras apresentam papel de destaque quando se leva em consideração que o processo de semeadura precisa ser realizado de forma correta, assegurando a população adequada de plantas no stand final. Neste sentido um dos fatores que influenciam neste processo é a uniformidade de distribuição de sementes e a profundidade de deposição. Na agricultura é complicado determinar todos os pontos que interferem durante as operações agrícolas, por isso as ferramentas de qualidade se apresentam como uma alternativa para garantir o desempenho adequado do processo em função dos fatores críticos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a densidade de distribuição e a profundidade de deposição de sementes de arroz em função de duas velocidades teóricas de deslocamento 4 e 8 km.h-1 para uma semeadora de fluxo contínuo. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, da Universidade Federal do Ceará, em um solo classificado como Argissolo vermelho-amarelo. A semeadora foi regulada para obter a densidade de 80g sementes de arroz/m e profundidade de 3 cm. Os dados foram analisados através do Software Minitab – Versão 16. A densidade de distribuição de sementes de arroz foi influenciada com o aumento da velocidade.
EFEITO DO LODO DE CURTUME NA FREQUÊNCIA DE MICRONÚCLEOS NO BIOINDICADOR Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt var. purpurea
Authors: GORNI P.H. , GUANDALINI C.R. , DA SILVEIRA Z.V. , NAKAYAMA F.T.
Published: April 2015

O setor produtivo busca cada vez mais a utilização de subprodutos e resíduos industriais como alternativas econômica e ambiental para sustentabilidade produtiva. O lodo de curtume é o principal resíduo da indústria de couros sendo um dos mais polêmicos resíduos utilizados como fertilizante, por conter elementos que possivelmente possa vir a contaminar solo e subsolo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o potencial genotóxico de dois tipos de lodo de curtume (caleiro e primário da ETE) na microesporogênese de Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea, considerada indicador, utilizando o teste do micronúcleo (TRAD-MCN). As frequências de micronúcleos nos grupos controles e entre esses e o grupo tratado com o lodo de caleiro não diferiram. Já o grupo tratado com o lodo primário da ETE apresentou diferença significativa na frequência de micronúcleos (P<0,001) em relação aos demais grupos analisados, sugerindo efeito genotóxico de elementos químicos a serem detectados após análise físico-química dos dois tipos de lodos.
ETHANOL, CORN, AND BROILER: THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE GLOBAL CHAINS
Authors: Ferragi E. M. , Naas I.A.
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to assess the impact of the increase in the United States (US) ethanol production from corn, between 2000 and 2012, and extendedly in the broiler production. A comparative production analysis of the three commodities production in the US and Brazil was given in order to understand the effect on their supply chains. Results indicated that the increase in the US ethanol production was not followed by the local corn and broiler production. Reflexes of the increase in US ethanol production were found in Brazilian broiler production since the corn supply was historically dependent of the US supply. We have also found an excellent opportunity for Brazilian corn production increase with a direct result in ethanol and broiler production since further logistics, and infrastructure solutions are given.
USE OF ORGANIC VEGETABLES IN TYPICAL DISHES OF JAPANESE CUISINE
Authors: Cremasco C. P. , Ohara L. , Gabriel Filho L. R. A. , Garcia M. P. B. , Macini N. , Putti F. F. , Caneppele F. L.
Published: April 2015

Recent studies have shown that organic food is safer and healthier than common food since the former is cultivated without any chemical fertilizers. Research at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil, has revealed that lettuce with organic fertilizers contains higher concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium when compared to lettuce with conventional fertilization. Research by the National Program in the Enhancement of Family Agriculture (PRONAF) has indicated higher nutritional rates in vegetables cultivated organically. Current paper is a statistical analysis on the consumption of Yakisoba (with organic products) at the trade fair in Presidente Prudente SP Brazil and identifies consumers´ knowledge on these organic products. Most yakisoba consumers are unaware of the organic products involved or believe that they are merely natural products, such as legumes, fruits and vegetables. People should be made aware of the importance of the products and their assets so that a higher demand may be established, production may be encouraged and their availability made possible at an affordable price for a larger number of people.
PERDAS QUANTITATIVAS E QUALITATIVAS DE COLHEDORAS COM TRILHA RADIAL E AXIAL EM FUNÇÃO DA UMIDADE DO GRÃO
Authors: Camolese H.S. , Baio F.H.R. , Alves C.Z.
Published: April 2015

A colheita é uma das principais etapas no ciclo produtivo, principalmente por poder influenciar na diminuição da produtividade do talhão, caso as regulagens da colhedora não estejam adequadas. Assim, esse trabalho visa avaliar as perdas qualitativas e quantitativas de colhedoras com trilha de fluxo radial e axial na cultura da soja, em função da variação da umidade do grão. Foram avaliadas duas colhedoras com dois diferentes sistemas de trilhas: uma axial; e outra radial. As umidades dos grãos colhidos se encontravam em duas situações: dentro da umidade recomendada; e não recomendada. Foram avaliadas as perdas quantitativas na pré-colheita, na plataforma segadora, na separação e limpeza e as perdas qualitativas pelo índice de danos mecânicos e pureza dos grãos. A perda quantitativa de grãos de soja pelo mecanismo de separação e limpeza é influenciada pelo sistema de trilha, sendo menor pelo uso da colhedora com trilha axial, independente do teor de umidade do grão de soja. Esse mesmo sistema de trilha também proporciona maior índice de pureza. A colhedora dotada com sistema de trilha radial proporciona maiores danos mecânicos aos grãos colhidos, sendo maiores quanto menor a umidade do grão de soja.
ÁGUA E SEUS INSTRUMENTOS LEGAIS DE PROTEÇÃO
Authors: Tamarindo U. G. F. , Forti J.C.
Published: April 2015

O Brasil é naturalmente privilegiado com grandes rios e vegetações em seu território, todavia, ao longo das últimas décadas, o seu maior patrimônio, a água doce, está sendo seriamente comprometido. Nessa ordem, é fato que a água nunca foi muito respeitada, talvez por ser gratuita e abundante. Entretanto, a situação atual de escassez de água em muitas regiões do País somada ao mau uso da terra e demais recursos naturais têm produzido, além de fortes alterações climáticas, importantes mudanças na economia e na sociedade em geral. A grave seca hoje vivenciada principalmente no Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, bem como o excesso de chuvas e enchentes em outras partes do País deixa evidente tal advertência.
O Brasil está vulnerável a todas essas alterações climáticas. E em relação à água, se não houver mudanças concretas no uso o resultado em pouco tempo será catastrófico para todos. Não se pode conceber a permanência desse estado atual de inércia ambiental em relação às águas. As gerações atuais têm a obrigação de conhecer e, sobretudo colocar em prática as tutelas legais de proteção aos ecossistemas, notadamente das águas. E como afirmam Maude Barlow e Tony Clarke, “se não mudarmos logo nossa relação com a água e com os ecossistemas que a mantêm, toda a nossa riqueza e conhecimento não terão sentido algum”.
A legislação nacional e internacional estabelecem meios de proteção à água, notadamente sob a perspectiva de que esta pode ser sujeito de direitos. Este artigo, portanto, apresenta uma visão geral das tutelas legais de proteção à água.
USO DE FERTILIZANTE ORGANOFOSFATADO E TORTA DE FILTRO EM CANA-PLANTA
Authors: Vazquez G. H. , Bortolin R. , Vanzela L. S. , Bonini C. dos S. B. , Bonini Neto A.
Published: April 2015

Objetivou-se neste trabalho comparar o efeito do uso de fertilizante organofosfatado e torta de filtro com fontes minerais na produtividade de biomassa, características agronômicas e tecnológicas da cana-planta e o retorno econômico obtido. O experimento foi instalado em Iturama/MG, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, sendo os tratamentos: 1 = N-P-K (27, 135 e 108 kg ha-1 respectivamente), ou seja, 450 kg ha-1 da fórmula 6-30-24; 2 = N-P-K (60, 120 e 140 kg ha-1); 3 = N-P-K (14, 84 e 42 kg ha-1); 4 = 700 kg ha-1 de fertilizante organofosfatado (equivalente a 14, 70 e 70 kg ha-1 N-P-K); 5 = 700 kg ha-1 de fertilizante organofosfatado + 10 t ha-1 de torta de filtro; 6 = N-P-K (27, 135 e 108 kg ha-1) + 10 t ha-1 de torta de filtro; 7 = N-P-K (60, 135 e 108 kg ha-1); 8 = 10 t ha-1 de torta de filtro + 108 kg ha-1 de K; 9 = 10 t ha-1 de torta de filtro + N + K (27 e 108 kg ha-1) e 10 = 10 t ha-1 de torta de filtro + N-P-K (30, 50 e 110 kg ha-1). Concluiu-se que as diversas doses e fontes de fósforo estudadas não interferiram na produtividade de biomassa da cana-planta; a torta de filtro proporcionou uma menor porcentagem de falhas de colmos na linha de cana-de-açúcar e o maior retorno econômico obtido foi com o uso conjunto da torta de filtro e o fertilizante organofosfatado em cana-planta.
APLICAÇÃO DE INDICADORES NO MUNICIPIO DE PALOTINA- PR
Authors: Dos Santos R. F. , Cabral A. C. , Frigo E. P. , Bastos R. K. , Placido H. F. , Pinto L. P.
Published: April 2015

O Indicador de salubridade ambiental (ISA) foi desenvolvido para avaliar e caracterizar a eficácia de políticas públicas, objetivando-se a melhorar a qualidade de vida da população por meio da qualificação e quantificação da salubridade ambiental de uma região ou município. A metodologia do ISA foi proposta no estado de São Paulo no ano de 1999, sendo a mesma aplicada no município de Palotina, cujo cálculo é realizado pela média ponderada dos sub- indicadores indicam um resultado de salubridade de média 78,48 para o município.
INVESTIMENTOS EM TRANSPORTE INTERMODAL NO BRASIL PODERIA BENEFICAR O CRESCIMENTO DO PIB
Authors: Garcia S. , Vicens-Salort E. , Nääs I. A.
Published: April 2015

Brasil é um dos países em desenvolvimento que faz parte dos BRICS, os quais juntos têm um potencial de crescimento e consumo de mais de 50% do PIB global. A distribuição de bens produzidos no território brasileiro requer um gerenciamento complexo devido a suas dimensões continentais. Uma rede de transporte mais eficiente e integrado deve reduzir os preços e trazer competitividade aos produtos brasileiros. A solução não é única e requer um planejamento global dos transportes, incluindo o uso de vários meios, transportes intermodais, o que reduzirá custos e tempo de entrega. Optou-se por um estudo qualitativo de banco de dados de agências governamentais e análise de estudos publicados sobre o tema. Este estudo apresenta os dados de custos baseado em preços internacionais. O Brasil tem adotado, tradicionalmente, o transporte rodoviário, apesar de ter outras opções disponíveis, como ferrovias ou hidrovias. Os resultados indicam que se o país não faz os investimentos necessários em modais adequados, perderá competitividade internacional levando à diminuição do PIB. Estudos de simulação de investimentos em modos de transporte e suas implicações sobre o crescimento do PIB seria o curso natural deste estudo. A importância deste trabalho é apontar para a necessidade urgente de investigar e investir outros meios de transporte nos países em desenvolvimento.
You Cannot Avoid Communicating
Authors: Tesoro-Tess Michele
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - The rudiments of speaking and listening in personal and group settings.

To communicate, you need a transmitter, or better, a message, a receptor, and a context in which the communication process occurs. You also need a code to enable the receptor to "read" and understand the message.

The ingredients listed above are true for each and every type of communication, including communication between machines. Take, for instance, a fire- alarm system. The transmitter is represented by an outside element (i.e., smoke and/or increase of heat) that behaves in a specific context, which is the air in a room. The receptor is the sensor that "reads" the signal through a predefined code and reacts by expelling water or another liquid to extinguish the fire.

Between people, there is the advantage that the code is not given by an external entity but is sought by the two communicators while they establish a relationship.
Changing Career Directions
Authors: Tealdi Loris
Published: April 2015

Forum - Young professionals talk about their loyalty to the E&P industry, their motivation, and the importance of cross-disciplinary moves.
A Letter from 2007 SPE President Abdul-Jaleel Al-Khalifa
Authors: Al-Khalifa Abdul-Jaleel
Published: April 2015

Letter from SPE President - President Abdul-Jaleel Al-Khalifa offers advice about balance and success in careers.
Interview with Carl Montgomery
Authors: Montgomery Carl
Published: April 2015

Technical Leader Interview - An interview with Carl Montgomery, Senior Engineering Fellow, ConocoPhillips.
Competing in the Global Market: The Influence of Culture
Authors: Walker Tim
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - The influence of culture on competing in the global market.

The pace of globalization, despite its critics around the world, continues unabated. This reality raises increasingly pressing management issues for multinationals engaged in today's complex and rapidly changing environment.

A key challenge within this context emerges from doing business across regions and national boundaries. To prepare for continued success and growth internationally, companies need to equip their managers with an awareness and knowledge about differences between national cultures. Despite an increasingly cross-border business world, the emergence of "culture-free" business practices has yet to materialize; in fact, the complexities associated with differing beliefs and practices remain distinct challenges in spite of the growing interdependence among countries.

One feature of today's global business environment is clear: Cultural differences persist and influence business outcomes. Therefore, as organizations extend their geographical reach, several key questions can help initiate the journey of exploring and developing intercultural cooperation in a business context.
Interview with Stuart Ferguson
Authors: Ferguson Stuart
Published: April 2015

The Way Ahead Interview

I Have No Regrets About my Choice of Career - A conversation with Stuart Ferguson, chief technology officer, Weatherford International.
Interview with Lynda Armstrong
Authors: Armstrong Lynda
Published: April 2015

Technical Leaders Interview

An interview with Lynda Armstrong, vice president, EPT Solutions, Shell.
Addressing the Needs of Dual-Career Couples
Authors: Chadud Natalie , Tealdi Loris , Howes Susan , Sprunt Eve
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion

Presenting results of a 2007 SPE survey on dual-career couples in the oil and gas industry.
Energy Professionals - Competencies for the Future
Authors: Onyige Rita , Gross Herve , Andreev Anton
Published: April 2015

Forum

TWA reader survey results on the competencies that energy professionals will need for the future.
Interview with Neal Gillenwater
Authors: Gillenwater Neal
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion

Neal Gillenwater, Senior Vice President, Human Resources, Weatherford International, discusses the impact of oil-price volatility, the economic downturn, and motivation of employees in an uncertain business climate.
Career Strategy - Or How To Navigate the Seas of Opportunity!
Authors: Crumrine Tim , Song Lisa , Otaru Yekemi Bolare , Chalbaud Carlos
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills

No matter where oil prices are, it is important for young professionals (YPs) to have strategies for their careers. Often, plans change as a result of personal circumstances, new opportunities, or things outside of one's control. But it still is important to work towards a goal and accept that things may change. Today especially, you need many different tools in your toolbox to succeed in an ever-changing environment. Strategies discussed in this article reflect lessons taken away from the YP Career Strategy Workshop in The Hague, sponsored by the SPE Netherlands Section.
A Message from 2010 SPE President Behrooz Fattahi
Authors: Fattahi Behrooz
Published: April 2015

Message from SPE President - Behrooz Fattahi, 2010 SPE President, relates how the oil industry can keep up with the many new and unique challenges posed by fast-paced change.
Jack of All Trades vs. Master of Some: Service Companies vs. E&P Companies
Authors: Ayala H. Luis F.
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Luis F. Ayala introduces the issue's articles on the subject of working either for an E&P company or for a service company.
A Generalist vs. a Specialist
Authors: Sprunt Eve
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion - Former SPE President Eve Sprunt discusses generalist vs. specialist career paths.
Interview with Ana Zambelli
Authors: Zambelli Ana
Published: April 2015

The Way Ahead Interview - An interview with Ana Zambelli, general manager, Brazil, Schlumberger
Choosing Your Side of the Table
Authors: Ames Linda
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Linda Ames, appraisal lead for Carbon Management, BP Alternative Energy, reflects on her career path.
Managed Pressure Drilling 101: Moving Beyond “It’s Always Been Done That Way"
Authors: Gala Deepak M. , Toralde Julmar Shaun
Published: April 2015

Tech 101 - The basics of managed pressure drilling.

In his book The Nature of Technology, W. Brian Arthur remarked, “The story of this century will be about the clash between what technology offers and what we feel comfortable with.” Although Arthur meant this in technology’s general sense, the same can be said about the clash between underbalanced drilling (UBD) and managed pressure drilling (MPD).

The International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) defines UBD as follows: A drilling activity employing appropriate equipment and controls where the pressure exerted in the wellbore is intentionally less than the pore pressure in any part of the exposed formations with the intention of bringing formation fluids to the surface. While the benefits of UBD technology include reservoir damage prevention and increases in production and rate of penetration, users can experience discomfort—mainly from operational and safety standpoints, especially offshore—because the well continuously flows to surface while drilling. It can also be expensive, requiring more complex modeling and prediction of compressible drilling fluids behavior during operation. Furthermore, it is not always possible to maintain a continuously underbalanced condition and, since there is no filter cake in the wellbore, any period of overbalance might cause severe damage to the unprotected formation.
Unconventional Resources: The New Conventional?
Authors: Medina Max
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - YPs are the unconventional human resource required to decipher the energy future of the world.
Unconventional Shale Resources: Economics, Regulations, and Politics
Authors: Lee W. John
Published: April 2015

Economist's Corner - University of Houston professor W. John Lee discusses the economics, regulations, and politics surrounding shale.
Meeting Tomorrow's Energy Needs, Minimizing Environmental Impact: What You Need to Know
Authors: Mohanty Kishore K.
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Meeting the growing global energy need is the biggest challenge for humankind in the 21st century.
Unconventional Job Hiring for Unconventional Resources Development
Authors: Maneffa Mike , Alameda George
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion - Unconventional job hiring for unconventional resources development.

Unconventional resources are those that were bypassed by conventional oil and gas recovery technologies for decades because they were not considered economically feasible to produce. Improvements since the early 1990s in geophysical and geochemical exploration and in drilling and completion technologies have opened up vast new resources both onshore and offshore.

Some unconventional resources are in hostile or challenging environments such as the Arctic tundra or deep water. Others are in regions that have not previously experienced extensive oil and gas development and thus lack infrastructure and community and political support. Unconventional resources encompass tight oil and gas formations, shale gas, coalbed methane, heavy oil, oil shale, deep and ultradeepwater plays, and gas hydrates. Each of these types of play requires unique strategies and expertise to develop them. Hiring geoscientists and engineers for unconventional projects has never been more daunting.

TWA ’s Human Resources (HR) Discussion Team had a roundtable discussion on unconventional resources, HR requirements, and career development strategy with two experts in unconventional resources development and resourcing—Mike Maneffa and George Alameda of Chevron.
A New Approach to Skills Training
Authors: Imomoh Egbert
Published: April 2015

President's column - Comments from 2013 SPE President, Egbert Imomoh.

This is a time of great challenge for the oil and gas exploration and production industry. With demand for hydrocarbons increasing and an entire generation of engineers who will retire in the next 5 to 10 years, young professionals (YPs) in our industry are being asked to take on more responsibility sooner in their career. As a result, they have to learn skills faster.

SPE is focused on how to assist YPs in developing all the skills they need—both technical and soft—to succeed and advance in the industry. In 2007, SPE developed a Talent Council to share information, stimulate ideas, and coordinate initiatives aimed at improving the quantity and quality of talent available to the industry. The council is focused on improving and enabling tertiary education; collecting and analyzing data to highlight potential capability/expertise gaps and identify possible solutions; and serving as a focal point in the industry for diversity to assess, foster, and publicize issues/ opportunities related to workforce diversity.

The Talent Council sponsored best practices workshops in petroleum engineering education in Kazakhstan and Angola. These sessions brought together university academicians/ administrators, ministers of energy, and oil and gas industry professionals to discuss best practices in curriculum development, industry expectations, and how everyone can work together to improve the quality of petroleum engineering graduates.
Evolving Deepwater Frontiers
Authors: Willis Todd B.
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Perspective from TWA’s editor-in-chief, Todd Willis.

“Deep water” is an ever-evolving term in our industry. The earliest offshore wells, in the early 1900s, were drilled much like land wells, with the rig simply suspended above the water on a pier built to extend from the shoreline. Water depths for these earliest wells were usually no more than 20 feet. Compare that to today’s state-of-the-art drillships, such as Transocean’s Discoverer Deep Seas, that are capable of drilling in 12,000 feet of water. What will be the definition of deepwater drilling 20 years from now, considering that the ocean’s deepest known point, the Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean at the southern end of the Mariana Trench, is estimated to be approximately 36,000 feet below sea level?
Interview with Amjad Bseisu
Authors: Bseisu Amjad
Published: April 2015

The Way Ahead Interview - Amjad Bseisu, CEO at Enquest and chairman of the board at Enviromena Power Systems, talks about his entrepreneurial oil and gas career.
Entrepreneurship in YPs: What Does It Take?
Authors: Nass Maria , Walsh Komal
Published: April 2015

Forum - TWA editors M. Taha and J. Dragani interview Maria Nass, FlowAssure Engineering, and Komal Walsh, Independent Consultant
Young Professionals Speak: What It Takes to Succeed as an Entrepreneur
Authors: Duggan Tim , Sawyer Allison Lami
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - Tim Duggan of Skynet Labs shares "Living on the Edge: The Cutting Edge," and Allison Lami Sawyer, Rebellion Photonics, shares "Hitting Home Runs."
Next Challenge: Pumping Up the Future
Authors: Butt Imran
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Imran Butt of Baker Hughes talks about why young professionals should be pumped up about a future in the oil and gas industry.
Career Road Map: Insight From Industry Professionals
Authors: Youssef Sarah Mohamed , Rahman Sherif Abdel , Tariq Mohamed , Mathew Sam , Khairy Sherif , Hickman Josh
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion - Oil and gas industry professionals at different career stages share their insight and answer some of the burning questions that students and YPs have about their career launch.
Data Integration Key to Improved Oil and Gas Modeling
Authors: Duggan Tim
Published: April 2015

Tech 101 - Tim Duggan of Skynet Labs shares his insight on the importance of data integration in oil and gas modeling.
World Petroleum Congress Puts On First Youth Forum
Authors: Gorniak Raquel
Published: April 2015

International Activities Update - Young professionals event - 2004 World Petroleum Congress Youth Forum
"It’s the Economy, Stupid." Or Is It?
Authors: Bruni Thomas
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Editor Thomas Bruni assesses whether the oil industry is risky after all.

Unlike the theme this issue suggests, there are strong indications that our sector is less of a "risky business" and more of a pot of gold, with minimal downside and a lot of rewards.

Look at some recent financials:• In 2005, the top five international integrated oil and gas companies (by market capitalization) created wealth of approximately U.S. $100 billion (for perspective, this equates to the gross domestic product of countries such as the UAE, New Zealand, and Iraq).• Their profits rose in excess of 30% compared to 2004.• ExxonMobil set a new profit record for the New York stock market.• Shell did the same in the London stock market.• And the $60/bbl oil price is projected to keep floating above the U.S. $60 mark for 2007.

The list of dazzling economic results could go on.

The job market is also incredibly active.

It is sufficient to shuffle through JPT to witness a job-offer bombardment, equally intensive from oil and gas as well as service companies. After all, young and well-prepared resources are vital not only to keep fueling the industry's outstanding results and growth, but also to guarantee a smooth "big crew change" when the baby boomers eventually retire—in other words, the outlook for YEPPs seems as bright as it can get.

So, is this all there is to it? Has the oil industry, with its pioneering and polluting stereotype suddenly turned into a piece-of-cake enterprise?
Interview with Paolo Scaroni
Authors: Scaroni Paolo
Published: April 2015

The Way Ahead Interview - A conversation with Paolo Scaroni, Chief Executive Officer of Eni.

Mr. Scaroni, you are CEO of Eni, one of the largest integrated oil and gas companies, and previously you held the same position with Enel, a prominent actor in the European power market. You seem to like the energy sector, or is it the latter that will not let you go?

I am thrilled to be part of an industry that is playing an increasingly central role at all levels of our society, from the political arena—I think of the debates European policymakers have been engaged in during this past winter following the fluctuations in the supply of Russian gas—to the everyday life of each household, and I am proud to be leading one of the world's key players of our industry. No, I am definitely not held hostage by the energy sector; quite the opposite in fact. I feel lucky and privileged.

Your career has been very diverse. As a fresh economics graduate, your first job was in the oil business. Later, you joined a consulting company. A high-technology material company followed. What do you carry with you of these early experiences and of those that followed, and how have they helped you shape your perspectives, ideas, and values?

I was 22 when I graduated in economics. My first job was with the Italian subsidiary of Chevron, as retail representative for 55 gas stations. The job proved to be an invaluable learning and training opportunity, encompassing some of the key elements of any business, irrespective of its nature: customer relations, procurement management, and, above all, the income statement. I still remember I had one per gas station, which was quite remarkable considering that we were at the beginning of the 1970s.

However, even if I was lucky enough to be quickly promoted to retail representative for all 3,000 of Chevron's gas stations in Italy, I never stopped looking for new opportunities, and that is how I successfully applied for an MBA degree at Columbia Business School in New York City. I resigned from my job, sold my car, and with my savings I embarked on the new adventure. When I got back, I joined McKinsey as a consultant. Later, I sent my curriculum vitae to Saint Gobain Italy, whose existence I was aware of only because its headquarters were located in Milan just around the corner from my previous employer, Chevron. It proved to be a pivotal move in my career. So, while luck and chance may always play a part in one's life, I guess the underlying message is: Do not sit still; be proactive, welcome challenges, and hunt for opportunities.
Hard Work, Professionalism Pay Dividends
Authors: Tournadre David
Published: April 2015

HR Advice - David Tournadre, Vice President of Personnel at Schlumberger, discusses how hard work and professionalism pay dividends.
Some Challenges for Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Murtha Jim
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Consultant Jim Murtha discusses how Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate oil and gas projects.
Peak Oil and Hot Technologies
Authors: Thomas Tony
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Editor-in-Chief Tony Thomas discusses the focus of this issue of The Way Ahead.
Energy for the Future
Authors: Tealdi Loris , Onyige Rita
Published: April 2015

Forum - Young professionals discuss the future of energy.

A total of 480 readers responded fully to the survey. As shown in Fig. 1a, the company category of the respondents included integrated (major) oil and gas company (31%), service/manufacturing company (23%), independent oil and gas company (21%), national oil and gas company (11%), consultant (6%), academia (4%), government (2%), and others (2%). Concerning work experience, almost two-thirds of the respondents have less than 5 years' experience. The male/female ratio was 85/15. Most respondents were younger than 35. The answers strongly correlated with the primary work location, the data on which are shown in Fig. 1b.

Oil and Gas

Will oil and gas remain the major energy source for the 21st century?

As shown in Fig. 2, 78% of the respondents answered affirmatively.

Some points to support this belief includeNew exploration along with improved oil-recovery technology will increase oil recovery to almost 80%, making oil and gas the main energy source until 2070 to 2080.As new, cost-effective ways of storing and transporting natural gas develop, we will help sustain energy supply through the ability to tap into previously uneconomic resources that used to be flared off.Deepwater opportunities in the Gulf of Mexico and west Africa, combined with Canadian tar sands and enhanced oil recovery in the Middle East, will keep oil in the USD 60/bbl range. This is high enough to support these types of projects, but not high enough to make alternatives competitive.
Advances in Space-Drilling Technologies
Authors: Glass Brian , Stoker Carol
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Brian J. Glass and Carol Stoker of the NASA Ames Research Center describe the potential for drilling on other planets.
Interview with Emmanuel O. Egbogah
Authors: Egbogah Emmanuel O.
Published: April 2015

Technical Leaders Interview

An interview with Emmanuel O. Egbogah, Special Adviser to the President of Nigeria on Petroleum Matters.
Great Opportunities for Young Talent
Authors: Gala Deepak , Stephens Tricia
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion

Human resources professionals in the petroleum industry discuss what sustainable human resources means practically in today's flush oil and gas market.
Managing Risks Effectively Now Critical for Efficiency
Authors: Alvarado David
Published: April 2015

Economist's Corner

A structured approach on handling risk and uncertainty in order to reduce project delays and ensure cost effectiveness.
Be Ready, Cost-Effective for Project Operations in Complex Environments
Authors: Verre Francesco
Published: April 2015

Economist's Corner

Francesco Verre, Eni, shares planning for cost-effective preparedness.

Being ready to operate is one of the most critical steps in the development of an oil field. For complex projects characterized by technical risks and challenges, a structured approach is mandatory to ensure operational excellence and readiness.

This study shows the methodology adopted by Agip KCO to achieve operational readiness for the Kashagan Field development project by means of a management system called Operations Readiness and Assurance (ORA). The ORA process assures that the field production facilities are designed, built, commissioned, and started up with account taken for lifecycle operations requirements. This will lead to a safe, cost-effective, and quick ramp up to target production levels. This methodology has been successfully applied at the Kashagan field. Kashagan is an extremely complex development in terms of technical issues that involve high-pressure, sour-hydrocarbon reservoir development in a hostile environment. The management system applied through this methodology has enabled the operations team to be integrated fully in the field development, so that the team serves as a key decision maker in facilities operability and risk mitigation.
Technical vs. Managerial Careers: What Experienced Professionals Say
Authors: Okoroafor Rita , Chalbaud Carlos , Andreev Anton , Gupta Siddartha , Toralde J. Shaun , Etkind Josh
Published: April 2015

Forum

Experienced professionals evaluate technical vs. managerial careers.

The Way Ahead has conducted three surveys among young professionals (YPs) to understand preferences between the technical and managerial career ladder. Approximately two-thirds of respondents sought to pursue a management career. It is estimated that one-third ultimately follow the managerial career path. Why do YPs see management as an attractive career? TWA is trying something new in this Forum section and asked select technical and managerial industry leaders for comments on key questions this survey raised. Let's hear what experienced technical and managerial professionals have to say on this critical subject.

A total of 2,799 experienced professionals over 35 years of age responded to the survey—60% are on technical career paths and 40% in management positions. The results are representative at the 95% confidence level with a ± 1.79 margin of error. This survey aims to address questions regarding the technical vs. managerial ladder not previously investigated. All data collected, analyzed, and presented in previous articles, workshops, and papers were missing the perspective of professionals over the age of 35. Oil and gas industry veterans now share their experiences regarding the evolution of their career path and job selections. Responses provide suggestions on how organizations can motivate and retain young professionals (YPs) by effectively communicating the company's view on their potential. This survey is not designed to dissuade YPs from pursuing the management career option, but aims to explore the differences between technical and managerial career paths and share corporate expectations about what is required to succeed in both.
Conquering the Field
Authors: Van Steene Marie
Published: April 2015

Women on the Frontline

Another new series debuting this issue looks at young women in the oil industry—where are they working, what are they doing, what are their challenges?
Cap and Trade: What It Is and How It Affects Us
Authors: Willis Todd
Published: April 2015

Public Policy Focus - Cap & Trade: What it is and how it affects the oil industry and you.

Beginning with this edition, TWA is adding a section titled Public Policy Focus. Articles herein will explore, in the broadest sense, the interactions between governments and oil and gas companies. Topics may include legislation; concessions made by national governments to companies for E&P activities; other national-government actions that affect oil and gas companies; and global initiatives, including climate-change and other environmental policies. Articles will explain the details of the policies under discussion and examine the impacts on the industry.

The environment has been at the forefront of global public policy debate for years. Many oil companies support government action to protect the environment, and these same companies have adopted stringent environmental policies of their own. At the same time, the petroleum industry has also been vocal in its concern that environmental laws—chiefly those that would limit carbon emissions—treat the industry unfairly and could detrimentally affect their competitive edge in the global economy. So how will carbon-limiting laws affect oil companies and you? Emissions-trading schemes, popularly known as cap-and-trade programs, have two primary parts. The cap refers to limiting, or capping, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions. This is accomplished through the issuance of emissions credits, or carbon credits, which are permits to emit a certain amount of CO2. For each carbon credit a company possesses, the company is allowed to emit 1 ton of CO2. The trade part of the program refers to the ability of companies to buy and sell carbon credits in an open market, thus allowing “cleaner” companies, those which have lower carbon emissions, to sell unused carbon credits to “dirtier” companies. The credits sold are a revenue stream to the cleaner companies and a cost stream to the dirtier companies that buy them. Thus, the goal of cap and trade is to provide a powerful economic incentive to all industries to lower total carbon emissions.
Modeling Multiphase Flow in Pipes
Authors: Brill James P.
Published: April 2015

Discover a Career - James P. Brill on “Modeling Multiphase Flow in Pipes.”

With this issue, TWA inaugurates the Discover a Career section, in which an experienced industry professional gives a broad picture of an area of his or her expertise, its relevance to the current and future work of the industry, its challenges, the professional opportunities it offers, and the expectations one might have from a career in this area. In this article, James P. Brill, professor emeritus and research professor of petroleum engineering, University of Tulsa, discusses modeling multiphase flow in pipes.

Multiphase flow occurs in almost all producing oil and gas wells and surface pipes that transport produced fluids. The significantly different densities and viscosities of these fluids make multiphase flow much more complicated than the single-phase flow covered in an undergraduate fluid-mechanics course. Predicting multiphase-flow behavior in an oil and gas production system is further complicated by complex heat transfer that occurs as fluids flow through the piping system and the mass transfer that takes place among hydrocarbon fluids as pressure and temperature change. These phenomena are governed by conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, coupled with fundamental thermodynamics and heat transfer.