bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Garden City Movement in America, 1900-1941
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

Developments in no other country had interested Howard as much as those in the United States. This reflected his conviction that Americans possessed the resources and inclination for bold undertakings. An American review of Howard’s book in 1902 observed: “The new world has long been the nursery for experimental communities such as the one proposed by Howard.”1 City planning in the United States, unlike in Britain, was not a direct outgrowth of either the American public-health or housing movements. Nor were the first planners professionally involved with schemes for dis persing or rehousing urban populations. American city planning “scarcely concerns itself with housing conditions,” remarked Unwin in 1911, “and devotes itself to the creation of the City Beautiful.”2
The Man and the Nation
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Among the founding generation of American statesmen, noneseems more elusive than Thomas Jefferson. That his was a life of paradox is notorious. A Virginian nationalist, a slave-holdingphilosophe, an aristocratic democrat, a provincial cosmopolitan, a pacific imperialist-the paradoxes, it seems clear, are of no ordinary variety, reaching beyond the life of one man. the likeness depended upon the shifting and un­certain flicker of its semi-transparent shadows.
Neutrality and the Law of Nations
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Throughout the early period of American diplomacy, the law of nations exerted a powerful hold on all the leading statesmen of the country, Republican and Federalist alike. They differed often on the proper interpretation of this law, and each side charged the other with perversions of its meaning.
The Empire of Liberty: The Conflict between Means and Ends
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Why was the president so persistent over the possession of the Floridas? Why did he make the issue of West Florida so central for his administration that he was prepared to subordinate most other concerns to it? There is no clear answer to these questions. Certainly, a search of Jefferson’s utterances-public and private-on the Floridas affords no clear answer. In striking contrast with his analysis of the interests at stake in the Louisiana crisis, in the case of the Floridas he is curiousiy silent. Only his determination to possess them is clear.
Jefferson and the Embargo
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The embargo is normally referred to as a thing unto itself, but it was in fact composed of a multitude of measures whose successive manifestations in law, administration, and social thought were complex. The original measure, adopted by Congress in hurried and secret sessions of which no good records remain, was signed by the President on December 22, 1807.
Embrogo and War
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The embargo, as it evolved, was thus strongly weighted toward France, and represented, in Jefferson’s mind, a potent supplement to Na-poleon’s Continental System. That the embargo failed and that Napoleon was ultimately deflated has tended to deflect historical attention from the consequences of success. Yet the peculiarity of the embargo is such that success would likely have been far more detrimental to American security than failure. On this final episode of Jeffersonian statecraft the verdict must be, with Themistocles, that “we should have been ruined, if we had not been un­done.”
“Who Murdered Mary Rogers?”: police reform, abortion, and The criminalization of private life
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

Constance Shirley, a character in Ned Buntline’s 1848 novel, The Mysteries and Miseries of New York, is horrified when she reads in the morning Herald that a body “has been found in the water.” It is the body of Mary Sheffield, also known as “The Beautiful Cigar Girl,” and one of the novel’s central characters. The newspaper asserts that Mary had been the victim of “ill treatment and murder by a gang of rowdies at Hoboken.” But Buntline soon reveals to Constance what his readers already know: that “the marks of violence upon her [were] inflicted not by a gang of rowdies, but by a hag: a she devil, an abortion of her own sex, one of whom it would be blasphemy to call a woman, [the abortionist] Caroline Sitstill.” Sitstill, Buntline’s readers also knew, was a stand-in for Madame Restell, the period’s most infamous abortionist. In this novelization the fictive Mary Rogers has died from an abortion, a “still and lost treatment” intended to end her unwanted pregnancy, the result of a seduction by Constance’s own father, the prosperous merchant, Albert Shirley.
Soviet Perceptions of American Foreign Policy After Afghanistan
Authors: Blum Douglas
Published: October 2023

At first, the hue and cry over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan can have occasioned little surprise in Moscow. Not necessarily because it was legitimate, but simply that it was so utterly predictable, coming from the querulous adminis-tration in Washington. Indigenous radical movements, Soviet weapons modernization, Cuban brigades, hostage crises: all events, great or small, were greeted by the same chorus of shrill voices. Had that been the end of it, one can imagine that nothing more than the standard Soviet response would have been issued, with its characteristic blend of vitriol and wounded innocence.
Regulation of Spermatogenesis in the Adult Mammal: Gonadotropins and Androgens
Authors: Zirkin Barry R
Published: October 2023

Sixty years ago, Smith (1930) first demonstrated that the removal of the rat pituitary gland resulted in the cessation of sperm formation. In the years since, numerous publications have dealt with the roles of gonadotropins and of androgens in regulating mammalian spermatogenesis, among which have been a number of outstanding reviews (Steinberger, 1971; Lostroh, 1976; Fritz, 1978; Parvinen, 1982; Sharpe, 1988; Matsumoto, 1989). The sheer number of these publications, and the length of time over which they have appeared, attest to the considerable interest in, and importance of, the issue of the hormonal regulation of mammalian spermatogenesis.
The New Technology
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

During the French Revolution, the revolutionary government faced enemies on all sides, outside and within the country. While the size of armies and the speed of events had increased by quantum leaps, the means of communication-messengers on horseback-had not improved since Roman times. The revolutionaries, desperate for news from the battlefields and for means to control their armies, eagerly seized upon the aerial telegraph, a system of semaphores introduced by Claude Chappe in 1793. Chappe’s system had many drawbacks. It was costly and complicated, for it required towers every few miles and hundreds of trained operators.
Telegraphy and Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

In the late nineteenth century the world witnessed a sudden surge of European expansion and conquest known as the new imperialism. This surge made a dramatic impression on the public at the time, as it has on historians ever since, both because Europeans took most of Africa and much of the Pacific, and because the traditional imperialist powers-Britain, France, Russia, the Netherlands-were joined by eager newcomers: Germany, Belgium, Italy, the United States, and Japan. If we think in terms of population and trade instead of territory, however, we get a different impression.
Communications Intelligence in World War II
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

In many ways, the Second World War was a replay of the First. Once again, Germany attacked and nearly conquered all of Europe. Again, German submarines came close to defeating Britain. And for the second time, the entry of the United States doomed the German hopes of dominating the world. The differences, however, overshadowed the similarities. World War II was the first truly global war, with battles and belligerents spread throughout the world. It was also a war of movement, in contrast to the trench warfare of World War I. Both aspects required communications technologies on a scale never seen before.
Telecommunications, Information, and Security
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

The history of telecommunications is first of all the story of one of mankind’s most admirable achievements: a technology that informs, entertains, and reassures millions of individuals, an indispensable tool of modem business and government. On a global level, the trade and prosperity of the world depend on a constant flow of information that only modem telecommunications can provide. Among nations, it has mainly been the object of cooperation. In the past 150 years, electrical communications have become rapid, reliable, and cheap, and have spread throughout the developed world and into many parts of the poorer countries as well.
Culture, Anthropology, and Evolution
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

Although culture has traditionally been viewed by many anthropologists as a uniquely human attribute, recent work in animal behavior has demonstrated a number of examples of behaviors that appear to be learned by imitation and to be localized to separate populations. A famous example is the habit of separating grains of wheat from sand that was invented by Imo, the young female Japanese macaque that passed on the trick to other members of the troop.
The New Republic: Prospects for Democracy
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

With the election of Tancredo Neves, Brazil would have its first civilian president since 1964. He was, moreover, an opposition candidate, elected by defecting government party delegates. During his campaign Tancredo had aroused an astounding show of support. Brazilians came to see this diminutive, cautious, soft-spoken, conciliatory, and thoroughly traditional politician as a political savior, ready to lead their nation out of the wilder ness into a new Canaan. Every dissatisfied Brazilian saw in Tancredo what he wanted to see. That gave him more political legitimacy than any Brazilian president-elect in living memory.1
The Divorce Between Speech and Thought
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

“The evening of February 27, 1933, at Hyde Park was cloudy and cold. . . . Inside the warm living room a big, thick-shouldered man sat writing by the fire. From the ends of the room two of his ancestors looked down from their portraits. . . . Franklin D. Roosevelt’s pencil glided across the pages of yellow cap paper. ‘I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our Nation impels.’ The fire hissed and crackled; the large hand with its thick fingers moved rapidly across the paper. . . . Phrase after phrase followed in the President-elect’s bold, pointed, slanting hand. Slowly the yellow sheets piled up. By 1:30 in the morning the inauguration speech was done.”
Early Influences and Development
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

In his memoirs Kennan makes the claim in moving language that he has always remained aloof from his epoch and nation. Although professionally occupied with the weighty international issues of his era and for more than twenty-five years employed by his government to advance American interests, he has expressed a partiality for the eighteenth century and regret for not having been born into the life of a cultivated European. He has claimed that this preference for an earlier period and another place has endowed him with a subtle detachment from his own setting and has proved useful in his capacity as political observer and participant.
Detente and the Nuclear Arms Race
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

The dismal history of Soviet-US postwar relations, in which periods of mutual distrust and danger alternated with those of attenuated cooperation, struck some observers in the early 1970s as having exhausted itself. In its place there seemed emergent “a stable structure of peace” (the administration’s rhetoric) that would insure for future generations of Soviets, Americans, Chinese, Europeans, and Japanese a secure international political order. Even if the center of this new order was not to be dominated by a traditional great power condominium, it would have to rely upon a greatly improved Soviet-US relationship. And superficially, at least, this object was achieved by Richard Nixon’s and Leonid Brezhnev’s signing in 1972 of the Basic Principles Agreement, wherein both sides affirmed the necessity of avoiding confrontation and the imperative of mutual restraint. They also rejected as unsound all attempts to exploit global problems to gain unilateral advantage, renounced claims of special influence in the world, and declared their willingness to coexist harmoniously and build a firm, long-term relationship. In effect, both sides formally repudiated military solutions to international problems and agreed to cooperate in settling all foreign issues of mutual concern. A year later, Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I agreement and by that autumn negotiations had begun aimed at producing a SALT IL Talks were also undertaken to reduce the level of Soviet and US military forces in Europe and both countries agreed to increase by several fold their commercial, technological, scientific, and cultural exchanges. The Cold War and all of its hazards thus seemed at last to be making way for a belated, much needed era of detente.
Joyce and Mann, Citizen Artists
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

The realm of personal attitude and belief lies beyond one frontier of criticism; but Joyce’s informal concerns and formal convictions are indigenous to his art-and to literary history as well. That Joyce and Eliot-especially in “Prufrock, “ Ulysses, and The Waste Land-were significantly related to English literary Modernism, and even that the two works of 1922 were related to each other, has long been more or less evident. But like the relations propounded in Part I between Joyce’s novel and two antecedent works not in English, his significant relation to a German contemporary has not: with one exception, in Anglo-American criticism only minor connections have been made. His attack on anti-Semitism in Ulysses was one aspect of a profound difference in concerns and convictions from the other members of Pound’s modernist triumvirateand of a corresponding affinity with Thomas Mann-manifested in Joyce’s art. If the particular kind of concerns and convictions Joyce and Mann share makes this chapter seem (at best) ancillary to the general enterprise of the book, the cause may lie less in the chapter itself than in expectations based on AngloAmerican critical practice in our century. Critics have attended not only to a writer’s representation of social reality, but also to expressions of public morality in a writer’s work (such as its treatment of anti-Semitism), and even to public ideas (political ideology) adumbrated in it.
Restructuring of the World Economy
Authors: Klein Lawrence R
Published: October 2023

There is a great deal of economic change taking place now in the world economy. New kinds of jobs are becoming available; new industries are being created; the combination of production, consumption, and trade is changing; markets are unsettled; and economic policies are shifting.
The Dilemma of Journalism: Democracy Without Citizens
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

Beyond the metaphorical marketplace of ideas lie two markets that are quite real: the economic and the political. In ideal visions of the marketplace of ideas, competition in these two markets drives journalism to excel. In practice, the competition prevents journalists from supplying the kind of news that would allow the average American to practice sophisticated citizenship. Because most members of the public know and care relatively little about government, they neither seek nor understand high-quality political reporting and analysis. With limited demand for first-rate journalism, most news organizations cannot afford to supply it, and because they do not supply it, most Americans have no practical source of the information necessary to become politically sophisticated.
Transactions Costs and Internal Labor Markets
Authors: Rosen Sherwin
Published: October 2023

Coase’s first lecture reveals a surprising aversion toward mathematics. Curious, coming from one of the few economists who has a theorem named after him. In fact an easy case can be made that Ronald Coase is responsible for two theorems, a lemma, and, according to some, an identity. The Coase theorem is at this point well beyond further discussion. The second theorem is the remarkable one on the timeconsistent, subgame perfect equilibrium for a durable goods monopolist-the poor soul who is forced to either destroy some property or else act as a perfect competitor because it is impossible to commit now to actions that are not credible in the future except when monopoly power remains unexploited (Coase, 1972). The lemma is not as well known, but should be. It is stated in some remarkable work with Fowler in 1935, the first known attempt to fit an intertemporal arbitage condition, an Euler equation, to real data. Coase and Fowler were dubious about the rationality of cobweb theory as an explanation for the pig cycle. Raising pigs happens to be a very specialized business. Breeders sell young pigs to feeders, who in turn sell them in the slaughter market after they have grown to the proper size. Coase and Fowler reasoned that easy money could be made in the first-stage transactions unless the average market prices paid for young pigs reflected expectations about the price of pork some nine months later, the period in the 1930s (now it is six months) over which animals were held prior to slaughter, and they verified the hypothesis empirically in British data. The work is instantly recognized today as a version of the rational expectations hypothesis and acknowledged as such by Muth in his important paper on the subject.
Treaties as Sacred Texts
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

Anthropologists have recognized that although the content of a tradition may change, its structure still persists. If this is so, one way to approach the language of North American Encounter era diplomacy is to look at the traditional rituals practiced by Indians today. These contemporary ceremonies may suggest useful pathways for understanding at least some of the tribal traditions referred to in the treaty literature of the past.
Treaties as Connections
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

We now have a better understanding of how American Indians of the Encounter era thought about their treaties. In American Indian visions of law and peace, a treaty was a way of satisfying a sacred command to share in the good thoughts of peace with different peoples.

Indians sought out treaty relationships for other reasons, as well. On the North American Encounter era frontier, connection to others was a prerequisite for survival. Indians understood at the most basic level that making connections with others was a life-and-death matter. Given the harsh realities of survival in indigenous North America, those who failed to establish reliable relationships of sharing and reciprocity were confronted with dire prospects. Individuals with no friends or kin alliances in the tribe could find themselves in desperate straits.
Treaties as Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

The language of North American indigenous diplomacy generated many different ways of envisioning a treaty. Treaties as sacred texts enabled different peoples to attain “one mind” according to a timeless divine plan for all humankind.1 Treaties as connections made survival more assured on a multicultural frontier. Treaties told as stories enabled treaty partners to imagine a world of human solidarity. Understanding these different ways of envisioning a treaty makes it possible for us to discern several of the important constitutional principles that Wood lands Indian groups believed governed their multicultural treaty relationships with European-Americans during the Encounter era.
One Thousand Years of Feminist Bible Criticism
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

Whatever Route Women took to self-authorization and whether they were religiously inspired or not, they were confronted by the core texts of the Bible, which were used for centuries by patriarchal authorities to define the proper roles for women in society and to justify the subordination of women: Genesis, the Fall and St. Paul. Since male objections to women thinking, teaching and speaking in public were for centuries based on biblical authority, the development of feminist Bible criticism can be seen as an appropriate and perhaps not unexpected response to the constraints and limitations imposed upon women’ s intellectual development by religiously sanctioned gender definitions.
Conclusion
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

Feminist Consciousness consists (1) of the awareness of women that they belong to a subordinate group and that, as members of such a group, they have suffered wrongs; (2) the recognition that their condition of subordination is not natural, but societally determined; (3) the development of a sense of sisterhood; (4) the autonomous definition by women of their goals and strategies for changing their condition; and (5) the development of an alternate vision of the future. Because of the way women have been structured into patriarchal institutions, because of their long history of educational deprivation and of their economic dependence on males, women have had to overcome many obstacles before this process of coming-into­ consciousness could be achieved.
How Can Displaced Workers Find Better Jobs?
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Americans have long had a love-hate relationship with technology. On the one hand, we embrace the new consumer products made possible by technological change, while on the other we fear the loss of jobs. We want to have a growing economy and new products, but there seems to be some trade-off between economic growth and job security. Faced with the reality of technological unemployment, workers have tended to react first with militancy and a sense of outrage at having lost their jobs, even though there have generally been well-paying jobs requiring new skills available. The example, however, of textile production in early industrial Britain, and the tales of two American cities-Lowell, Massachusetts, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-teach that workers have eventually learned new skills, and often higher incomes, as a result of technological change.
Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Trade Deficit?
Authors: Thomas Mark
Published: October 2023

America’s foreign trade deficit is commonly attributed to a fundamental decline in our ability to compete with foreign goods, both at home and abroad. The popular view is that America must wrestle back the initiative in world markets, and become “Number One” yet again. The dry stuff of the trade statistics are thus clothed with an emotional mystique-of America losing the world trade game, of losing national face, and of becoming weak in the world (losing out to Japan and Germany, against whom we fought and won a World War). Such rhetoric is at best misplaced, and may even be downright dangerous.
Fulton’s Folly
Authors: Walton Gary M
Published: October 2023

Despite popular belief, it is not the free market that causes monopoly, nor the logic of laissez faire that constricts competition, but rather government intervention in the economy that gives unfair advantages to vested interests. Cable franchises, the Postal Service’s exclusive government-operated first-class mail services, Amtrak’s monopoly on passenger train routes, or telephone companies’ lack of competition for local calls are not the products of unfettered capitalism. Established operators fight hard to eliminate competitive threats; corporate presidents line up with top union officials to press for legislative protection against foreign competition, while banks support statutes forbidding business across state lines. Of course, such monopoly privileges are typically asked for, and granted, in the name of the “public interest,” but the common good is invariably better served by open markets, which generate productivity advances, stimulate trade, and lower the costs of goods and services. The role of government as a guarantor of monopoly, and the effects this has on the public interest, may be seen from many episodes in American economic history, but perhaps nowhere as clearly as in the colorful, early nineteenth-century era of steamboating.
Does Government Interventionin the Economy Hurt Competitiveness—Or Help It?
Authors: Uselding Paul
Published: October 2023

Although it is widely believed that the rapid pace of American technological advance has been due to the incentives inherent in a system of laissez-faire, the federal government was a catalyst for technological advance during the nineteenth and for much of the twentieth century. For instance, federal legislation and support was instrumental in the development of precision machining industries, in lifting agricultural productivity, and in the genesis of computer technology. Indeed, the Federal government has encouraged innovations and their diffusion throughout the private market economy throughout most of our history-a fact of special relevance to the current policy debate about national economic performance or competitiveness.
Competitiveness and the Antieconomics of Decline
Authors: Mccloskey Donald N
Published: October 2023

A nation speaking the language of Shakespeare wins a world war and takes command of the balance of power. It builds the largest economic machine in history, and is acclaimed on all sides as having the most energetic businesspeople, the most ingenious engineers, the smartest scientists, and the wisest politicians. Then everything goes to hell. An upstart challenges its economy, beating it at its own game. The former paragon, a decade or two after the hosannas, comes to be scorned, at any rate at home, as having the laziest businesspeople, the stupidest engineers, the dullest scientists, and the most foolish politicians. It becomes in the opinion of the world (or at any rate in the opinion of homefront journalists and politicians) a New Spain or a New Holland, a byword for a failed empire.
Time and Space
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

One of the things that’s striking about that final scene in Shakespeare in Love is its suggestion of an abundance of time and space: all possibilities are open; nothing is ruled out. “Had we but world enough and time,” the poet Andrew Marvell wrote regretfully, acknowledging that he did not. But in this cinematic image of a backside, an empty beach, and an uncharted continent, it seems that we really do.

Individual historians, like Marvell, are of course bound by time and space, but history as a discipline isn’t. Precisely because of their detachment from and elevation above the landscape of the past, historians are able to manipulate time and space in ways they could never manage as normal people. They can compress these dimensions, expand them, compare them, measure them, even transcend them, almost as poets, playwrights, novelists, and film-makers do. Historians have always been, in this sense, abstractionists: the literal representation of reality is not their task.
Structure and Process
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

Historical landscapes differ from cartographic landscapes, however, in one important respect: they are physically inaccessible to us. Anyone mapping even the most remote regions of the earth’s surface can visit or at least photograph the terrain in question. Historians can’t do that. “No Egyptologist has ever seen Ramses,” Marc Bloch points out in The Historian’s Craft. “No expert on the Napoleonic Wars has ever heard the sound of the cannon at Austerlitz.” Historians “are in the predicament of a police magistrate who strives to reconstruct a crime he has not seen; of a physicist who, confined to his bed with the grippe, hears the results of his experiments only through the reports of his laboratory technician.” As a consequence, the historian “never arrives until after the experiment has been concluded. But, under favorable circumstances, the experiment leaves behind certain residues which he can see with his own eyes.”
Causation, Contingency, and Counter Factuals
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

I’ve tried to make the case, in the last two chapters, that the search for independent variables in the social sciences can’t succeed because the procedures upon which it depends are based on an outmoded view of the so-called “hard” sciences. Social scientists during the twentieth century embraced a Newtonian vision of linear and therefore predictable phenomena even as the natural sciences were abandoning it. Hence, the methodological passing of ships in the night.

The historians, in contrast, have remained happily on their methodological island, going about their business largely unaffected by these trends, for the most part hardly even aware of them. Those few like Marc Bloch and E. H. Carr who bothered to scan the horizon saw the paradox: that the ship sailing toward the historians was that of the “hard” sciences, which don’t deal with human affairs at all, while the one fading from view was the one that claimed, at least, to be building a science of society. But Bloch died—at the hands of the Gestapo, in France, in 1944—before he could expand this argument.
Moral Dilemmas and Ethical Inquiry
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy
Published: October 2023

Advances in medical knowledge and technology, together with social and political changes, have raised a number of well-publicized moral dilemmas for patients and physicians. Less well publicized, but no less important, are the troubling conflicts of value that arise for nurses in these changing circumstances. As an example of the sort of dilemma created by the special role and responsibilities of nursing, consider the following case. Kim Holt, a new staff nurse with more than three years of oncological experience in another hospital, was assigned primary responsibility for Ann Hernandez, a recent divorcee in her mid-forties who had just been diagnosed as having cancer of the colon with metastasis involving lymph nodes, a cancer for which there is no proven effective treatment. Ms. Holt had cared for Mrs. Hernandez/or three days preoperatively and had established good rapport with her. Mrs. Hernandez’s being heavily sedated immediately after surgery plus Kim Holt’s being off duty the next day prevented communication between the two until the second postoperative day. That day it soon became apparent to Ms. Holt that, while Mrs. Hernandez had been informed that she had cancer, she had not been informed about the seriousness of her condition or of her very poor prognosis. Thus, her initial response to the patient’s inquiries about details of treatment and when she would be able to return to work was judiciously vague. 3
Nurses and Clients
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy
Published: October 2023

Moral dilemmas arising from encounters between nurses and clients generally raise one or more of the following questions. First, under what circumstances, if any, and for what reasons, if any, may a nurse treat an adult client as if he, or she were a child? In other words, how can what we will call “parentalism”1 be justified? Second, under what circumstances, if any, and for what reasons, if any, is a nurse justified in deceiving a client? Modes of deception may range from nonverbal pretense to withholding relevant information to outright lying.
Ethical Dilemmas Among Nurses
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy
Published: October 2023

In their practice, nurses work closely with other nurses. Since a nurse’s activities normally overlap with those of other nurses, her practice affects and is affected by the practices of others. In addition, most nurses either supervise or are supervised by nurses. Given such interdependence, ethical dilemmas involving relationships among nurses are inevitable and understandable. The following case illustrates one such dilemma. Jane Robinson, a twenty-eight-year-old nurse with a BSN and several years’ nursing experience, has been working part time for three weeks in a small rural community hospital. She is evening charge nurse on a twenty-bed medical and pediatric floor two evenings a week and on a surgical floor the third evening. When Jane accepted her position, she realized that she would be meeting a new set of challenges nearly every evening. One busy evening when a patient on the medical floor was supposed to get phenobarbital, Jane mistakenly went to the wrong cabinet, took out codeine, and gave it to the patient. At the end of the shift Jane checked the narcotics count with Shirley Tucker, a thirty-two-year-old LPN on the midnight shift known for her thoroughness and who is planning to return to school to become an RN. As Shirley counted aloud the remaining narcotics and barbiturates, Jane wrote the same total that had previously been noted for each rather than writing the actual count. She did not realize what she had done.
Parisius-Paradisus: The City, Its Schools, and the Origins of the University of Paris
Authors: Ferruolo Stephen C
Published: October 2023

The city of Paris and its university grew up together. It was exactly in the same era-from the early years of the twelfth century through the first de cades of the thirteenth-that Paris became the greatest city in northern Europe, the capital of an increasingly powerful French kingdom, a major commercial center, and the site of what was arguably the first and--certainly for a long time remained-the preeminent university. The connections among these three aspects of the city’s development (political, economic, and educational) suggested by this temporal coincidence have not been explored as closely as one might think. Partly this has been a matter of the degree of specialization among historians, who have become less and less willing to cross the boundaries of their subspecialties. Historians of universities, and in particular those who work on medieval universities, have tended to write constitutional or intellectual history, focusing on the internal development of their institutions, rather than social history, which would require that they look more broadly at the relationship between the university and society.
Commerce and Culture: Edinburgh, Edinburgh University, and the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Phillipson Nicholas
Published: October 2023

For the first three centuries of its existence Edinburgh University was a civic university in the strictest sense of the term. The Royal Charter of 1582 which authorized the Town Council of Edinburgh to establish schools and colleges in the city (“with advice, however, of the ministers”) also gave it extensive if vaguely defined powers to regulate the affairs of the new Tounis College. From the outset these powers were widely interpreted, were jealously guarded, and became a source of constant friction between town and gown. Thus, the Town Council quickly established its absolute control over the finances and buildings of the college; over the apointment of principals, professors, and regents; over discipline; and, above all, over the curriculum.
Science as Vocation in Burckhardt’s Basel
Authors: Schorske Carl E
Published: October 2023

Basel in the nineteenth century can best be understood as a viable anachronism. Surviving from the medieval era as a city-state, it managed to maintain a substantial measure of its political autonomy and much of its patrician dominated social structure. From the Renaissance era it retained a humanistic cultural tradition within a new world of powerful modem nation-states, big cities, big business, and technological culture. Determination to remain small was essential to the Basel elite’s successful defense of its civic tradition and, for a long time, its social power. In a modem world that worshiped growth as health and bigness as bounty, especially in cities, Basel long resisted expansion. In 1780 it had about 15,000 inhabitants-only 15 percent more than in 1600. In 1848 it had 25,000. Only slowly in the second half of the nineteenth century did the resolution of the entrenched merchant oligarchy weaken under the temptations of new economic opportunities and the pressures of sociopolitical demands from below to meet the conditions for urban expansion. Yet not until 1880 did Basel’s population pass the 80,000 mark.
Schulpforta (1858-1864)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

I believe my brother was often judged falsely by teachers, although they acted very friendly toward him. I was once told that they had suspected him of having a mocking opinion of them-but nothing was further from his mind. He had the liveliest admiration for their scientific research, he esteemed the stringent truthfulness of their method most highly, and he spoke only with the greatest respect of them, especially of Corssen, Steinhardt, Keil, Koberstein, and Peter. He never made disparaging remarks even about their weaknesses, great or small, but disregarded them; he evidently found it unpleasant to speak about that subject. His respectful heart was practically revulsed by crude jokes to that effect.
The Whig World
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick
Published: October 2023

The Whig social character was well adapted to the individualistic nature of the emergent American social order. More truly inner-directed than his Jacksonian opponent, the Whig was comfortable with rational, self-interested human relations. Feeling little frustration with his world, he expressed great confidence that both he and the country were destined to prosper. The Whig glorified American institutions and was impatient with those who questioned their beneficence. He extolled opportunity as if it were achievement itself, so sure was he of his own ability to succeed. Whig optimism, it is true, overlaid a substratum of dark fears about America’s future, yet hopefulness was the prevailing sentiment among Whigs. Their fears, like their hopes, sprang from a sense that the possibilities of their world were unlimited; and their self-confidence ensured that these fears would engender enterprise and not despair.
Continuity Survives Revolution: Pomeranian Conservatism from the Reform Era to Stabilization
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

POMERANIA COULD NOT help but be predisposed to conservatism because the lack of industry and urban development discouraged the growth of classes prone to supporting alternatives. Moreover, Protestantism saturated the aristocratic underpinnings of that conservatism, providing Pomerania’s nobility with a way to legitimate itself by sanctifying their estate villages. Pomerania became one of the leading outposts of the post Napoleonic religious revival known as the neo-pietist “Awakening,” a profoundly conservative movement that in Prussia conceived of the wars of liberation against Napoleon as the triumph over revolution.’ Strongly influenced by romanticism, neo-pietism rejected the rationalism of the Enlightenment for faith, the primacy of feeling, and the intense personal experience of conversion. As a movement defined by strong lay participation rather than clericalism, neo-pietist laypersons conducted their own services and administered their own sacraments, boycotting the “rationalist” pastors of the official church. Religious revival erupted elsewhere in Europe during the early nineteenth century, as it did in Great Britain and the United States, and it appealed to diverse constituencies. Junkers, however, played an especially prominent role in the Prussian and Pomeranian Awakening.
Social Constraints and Political Limitations: Pomerania’s Evangelical Church
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

UNDERSTANDING PRUSSIAN HISTORY and particularly Prussian conservatism is inconceivable without examining Prussia’s Evangelical Church.1 The subordination of the Old Prussian Union Church to the state before 1918 when the kaiser acted as its “Supreme Bishop” (Summus Episcopus),the dependence of that church on elites, and its notoriously weak roots among the working classes are emblematic of the absolutist and authoritarian traditions for which Prussia is (in)famous. Despite Prussia’s significant contribution to the Evangelical opposition during the Third Reich as embodied in the Confessing Church, a new beginning for the Evangelical Church became possible only with Prussia’s postwar dissolution.2 Thus, to focus on the Pomeranian provincial church appears at first glance to yield predictable conclusions, precisely because the pervasive conservatism in the province could not help but affect, and even imprison, that institution. Yet the Evangelical Church in Pomerania emerges as an ideal subject for understanding not only the diffusion, but also the complexity of the province’s conservatism. Despite clear evidence of secularization, the church was a major cultural presence with far-reaching ties to the rural economy and to other institutio11s that shaped the provincial mentality.
Music Performance
Authors: Béhague Gerard Henri
Published: October 2023

The concept of Performance practice (Auffuhrungspraxis) developed by musicologists has traditionally been limited to at tempting to reconstruct the original sound of early European music by focusing on the written piece of music and by studying all sorts of literary, historical, and iconographic sources. The quest for historically authentic accounts of sound repro duction of early music led scholars to neglect or even to deny the role of performance contexts in modifying essential elements of a piece of music. Ethnomusicologists dealing primarily with non-Western or folk musics inherited the shortcomings of such an approach, limiting their study of performance to the idiosyncratic qualities of vocal and instrumental sound production in a given culture and in general applying Western concepts of sound (see Ethnomusicology; Music, Folk And Tra Ditional). Such studies, therefore, favored the musical text itself, whereas performance, like other aspects of context, was considered a secondary line of research, whether musical or extra musical. Historians of western European music have traditionally considered the study of music performance as one way of interpreting early music (primarily prior to 1800) based on examples of written notation.
“We Should be Well Set to Work to Take Notice of Women’s Actions”
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

THERE were many private as well as public crossings of the cultural line separating colonist from Cherokee. “ ‘There’s one frontier we only dare to cross at night,’ the old gringo said. ‘‘The frontier of our differences with others, of our battle with ourselves.’ “1 Many ‘frontier’ crossings were made by women. Since nearly all colonial-period documents were written by men, they have given an artificial, distinctly male cast to many intercultural events. The official testimony, the surviving records (whether from colonial trade-reformers or Cherokee headmen), has left a lasting, but superficial, impression of Cherokee villages as wide-open frontier outposts and provided little evidence of the economic life of both women and men. And, unlike colonial seaports or interior trading stations, where men were long in a clear majority, Cherokee women outnumbered men in the villages during most of the eighteenth century. Women appear at the edges of the paper records of commercial transactions and friendships, a pervasive though still marginal presence. This marginality, however, at least in the trade economy, was partly the result of female choice. Tribal women sometimes chose not to participate fully in the colonial trade by holding their agricultural products off the market. They were blocked from entering the well-documented deerskin leather trade by the strong associations of this business as man’s work on both the colonial and Cherokee side.
“Rumble Parts”
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

WHEN the Cherokees told James Glen that they would meet him half-way at Saluda, rather than Charlestown, they were proposing to gather at a traditional intercultural crossroads. Yet the Saluda country was changing rapidly, as was the entire region between the mountainous Cherokee core and the colonial coast. At places such as Saluda, on the margins of both Cherokee and colonial societies, great changes were taking place—some prefacing the Saluda Conference and others coming after. Rapid regional demographic and economic change was creating a new western political constituency for Carolina and reshaping Cherokee political agendas. Radical change is often visualized as emerging on a single social margin—a frontier—and working its way back toward the center. In this case the social margin was in a shared geographical middle ground between the Cherokees and Carolina that gradually became the center stage.
Anatomy of a Conflict
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

THE Carolinians, assigning blame, called it the Cherokee War. There is no record of what the Cherokees called it. We do know that for both sides it was more than an incident of border warfare. The conflict, bracketed between 1759 and 1761, saw three separate campaigns launched into the Cherokee towns.’ On the surface, its causes were straightforward. The Cherokees, particularly certain kindred families living chiefly in the Overhill town of Settico and the Lower Towns, had returned the injuries they had received in the Virginia backcountry in the western settlements of South Carolina. Governor Lyttelton retaliated by organizing an expedition to intimidate the tribe back into the British camp. Two more campaigns followed, conducted by British regulars and backed by colonial troops. In the end, neither society seized satisfaction from the other.
Closing Borders and Revolutionary Stirrings, 1767–1775
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

DURING the late 1760s, after a time of war and unsettling settlement, the incipient elite of the South Carolina backcountry attempted to consolidate boundaries within its own society. By far the most important of their efforts was the “Regulation” which took place at scattered localities across upcountry South Carolina from 1767 to 1771, from the Pee Dee River on the east to the Savannah River on the west. Early historian David Ramsay gave a capsule definition of the “Regulation” in the “Chronological Table of the Principal Events” in his History of South Carolina: “The peace of South Carolina [was] disturbed … by men who under the name of Regulators took upon themselves to try, condemn, and punish horse-thieves and other criminals. A civil war was on the point of breaking out.” The vigilante style of this elite-sponsored social movement was under the direction of leading men, “ambitious and commercially oriented.”3 There was an underlying political reform agenda-issues of courts, taxes, and representation4-and each of these factors was influenced further from place to place by shifting religious controversies and personal animosities.5 Though Regulator rhetoric complained of governmental neglect or abuses, the Regulator leadership was also motivated by social aspirations. These backcountrymen hoped to become like their peers-planters, slaveholders, and recognized powers in the colony.
The Wall and the Path
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

THE passing and repassing of hostile armies altered the relationship between the Cherokees and Carolina even before the Revolution began. During the early 1770s the Cherokee village councils moved farther apart from their neighbors. Some steps away were forced by colonial military actions, while others were taken at the tribe’s own initiative and reflected a uniquely Cherokee response to changes in their heartland. The 1760s and 1770s saw the Cherokees begin to clear a new and separate path for themselves.