bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОЦЕНКА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ СЕВЕРНЫХ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ
Authors: Zhukov Maksim Yur’evich , Globa Svetlana Borisovna
Published: September 2018

Проведен анализ существующей методологии и инструментов мониторинга развития экономических систем. Рассмотрены особенности развития Северных регионов. Обоснована необходимость совершенствования системы мониторинга и управления развитием Северных регионов. Предложено применения критерия социально-экономическая перспективность, разработаны методологические рекомендации и инструменты для его оценки. Проведен анализ отличий социально-экономической перспективности и инвестиционной привлекательности. Произведена оценка социально-экономической перспективности ПАО «НОВАТЭК».Цель – совершенствование методологического аппарата мониторинга и управления развитием социально-экономических систем Северных регионов.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались экономико-математические, статистические, общенаучные методы анализа.Результаты: разработаны рекомендации по совершенствованию методологического аппарата мониторинга и управления развитием социально-экономических систем Северных регионов. Установлена взаимосвязь экологической безопасности и инновационной деятельности газодобывающих компаний.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять в управлении предприятиями, инвесторам, органам государственной власти, региональным властям Северных территорий.
ДЕФОРМАЦИЯ МЕХАНИЗМА НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ ДОБАВЛЕННОЙ СТОИМОСТИ В РОССИИ
Authors: Nasyrova Venera Ildusovna
Published: September 2018

Актуальность исследования проблем механизма исчисления НДС обусловлена целым рядом причин. Введение НДС в России в 1991 году было одним из условий интеграции в мировое политическое и экономическое сообщество, быстрым решением проблемы наполнения бюджета доходами и строительством новой налоговой системы, которая соответствовала бы новым условиям хозяйствования и смене формации. Новая налоговая система России строилась по образу и подобию европейских. В них одним из основных налогов являлся и является налог на добавленную стоимость. Вполне закономерно, что НДС был одним из ключевых налогов, доказавших свою фискальную состоятельность. На этапе внедрения налога на добавленную стоимость в практику нашей страны выполнение фискальной функции налогообложения вышло на первый план. Выбор инвойсного метода вычитания, заложенного в основу механизма налогообложения добавленной стоимости, выглядел вполне закономерно и логично.В настоящее время механизм налогообложения добавленной стоимости трансформировался настолько, что практика его налогового администрирования существует обособленно от механизмов, заложенных в главу 21 Налогового кодекса РФ. Выявление актуальных проблем, деформирующих воспроизводственные процессы и не стимулирующих производство товаров, работ, услуг с высоким содержанием добавленной стоимости, позволяет обосновать необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования механизмов исчисления и уплаты налога на добавленную стоимость в России.Цель – системный подход к анализу сложившегося механизма исчисления и уплаты налога на добавленную стоимость в России.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались методы исторического, логического, сравнительного анализа, а также методы обобщения.Результаты: получены практические рекомендации по совершенствованию налога на добавленную стоимость в России с точки зрения механизма его исчисления и налогового администрирования.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять как при разработке налоговой политики, так и в практической деятельности налогоплательщиков налога на добавленную стоимость.
КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ ПОДХОД В ПРЕОДОЛЕНИИ НАРУШЕНИЙ РЕЧИ У ДЕТЕЙ С РАССТРОЙСТВАМИ АУТИСТИЧЕСКОГО СПЕКТРА
Authors: Chigintseva Elena Gennadievna , Sunagatullina Irina Irikovna , Isayeva Elena Viktorovna , Abolmasova Liana Sergeevna
Published: September 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена проблеме преодоления нарушений речи у детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС). Предметом анализа выступают различные подходы к работе по речевому развитию детей с данной категорией нарушения. Автор ставит целью рассмотреть комплексный подход в преодолении речевых нарушений у детей с РАС.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют методы зарубежных и российских школ, такие как «Терапия объятий», ТЕАССН-подход эмоционально-уровневый, поведенческий подходы, комментирование, эмоциональное заражение, психодрама, игротерапия, арттерапия, музыкотерапия, обсуждение жизненных ситуаций и книг, сочинение сказок и историй, различные приемы релаксации.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что выявленный в данной работе показатель прироста количественно-качественных показателей доказывает, что эффективность коррекционно-педагогической работы по преодолению системного недоразвития речи у детей с РАС зависит от того, насколько было соблюдено условие комплексного подхода, т. е. объединены усилия специалистов различного профиля, произошло ли слияние различных методик по работе с аутистами, насколько качественной была организация микросоциума (семья, ДОУ, группа сверстников, спортивные секции и т.д.).Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в коррекционно-развивающей работе с детьми с расстройствами аутистического спектра.
Language and programming environment R
Authors: Золотарюк Анатолий , Zolotaryuk Anatoliy
Published: September 2018

The tutorial contains all the necessary knowledge to work with the software environment R, including the features of the interface, used operators and functions, as well as the basics of static analysis of the results.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
The manual is intended for use by undergraduate students studying in the areas of training 01.03.02 "Applied mathematics and Informatics", 09.03.03 "Applied Informatics", 38.03.01 "Economics", 38.03.02 "Management", 39.03.01 "Sociology", etc., in the course of practical and seminars, independent and research work as an innovative tool in the study of various disciplines of mathematical and professional orientation, in particular, disciplines "Computer workshop" and "data Analysis". The manual will also be useful for graduate students, graduate students, teachers, anyone who decided to learn the tools R.
PENGARUH PERILAKU BELAJAR, KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL, DAN KEANGGOTAAN DI UKM TERHADAP WAKTU PENYELESAIAN STUDI
Authors: Sari Yuwanti Kurnia , Fachrudin Kurniawan Ali
Published: September 2018

The time of study completion is a matter that need to be taken into account by students during the learning process. In this case, students have considered an adults who could be responsible for themselves and their activities. They are given the freedoom to follow the various of Students Activity Unit (UKM) since entered Ahmad Dahlan University. In the process of election, the students are able to choose the activity accordance with their interests and talents. By following the Students Activity Unit, they are expected to have a good social skill. This study aims to determine the influence of learning behavior, social skills, and membership in Students Activity Unit (UKM) on the time of study completion. The population are bachelors degree students of Accounting Studies Program at Ahmad Dahlan University, with criteria sampling of students who had been followed the final examination. This study took sample of 40 respondents with using purposive sampling method. Based on the data results of the test which has been done by using multiple regression model, showed that whole of independent variable (behavior learning, social skills, and membership Students Activity Unit) has no effect toward the dependent variable (the time of study completion).
Epilepsy in pregnancy: The role of the midwife in risk management
Authors: Morley Kim
Published: September 2018

Epilepsy is a serious neurological disease that affects approximately 1 in 200 pregnancies in the UK. Despite the majority of women with epilepsy experiencing an uneventful maternity and postnatal year, there are recurring features for those who die or experience adverse outcomes. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in maternities with epilepsy are often determined long before pregnancy occurs. It is imperative therefore that midwives prepare for the booking appointment, conduct effective history-taking, have the knowledge to prioritise referrals, share safety advice promptly and signpost women to develop risk minimisation strategies throughout the pregnancy continuum. This article includes the use of toolkits designed to assist with this process and incorporates the latest regulatory measures for valproate medicines. Increasing midwifery knowledge about risk awareness and prevention strategies for women with epilepsy is likely to result in reduced inequalities in multi-professional healthcare provision.
Communication with health professionals: The views of pregnant women with a raised BMI
Authors: Cunningham Jenny , Endacott Ruth , Gibbons Dinah
Published: September 2018

Background

There is evidence that midwives may find discussions about weight difficult with pregnant women with a raised body mass index (BMI). In previous studies, pregnant women have reported a lack of information and negative experiences.

Aim

To explore the experiences of pregnant women with a raised BMI to investigate if their pregnancies were affected by their interactions with midwives and other health professionals.

Methods

Women (n=11) were interviewed using an standardised framework. The discussions were recorded and then transcribed. Thematic analysis was used.

Findings

Three themes emerged from the data: ‘feeling judged’, ‘knowledge gap’ and ‘doing your best’.

Conclusion

Pregnant women with a raised BMI can feel judged in their communications with midwives and other health professionals. They do not have the information necessary to make informed decisions on their care but they do their best to follow guidelines and have a healthy pregnancy.
Using the Plan, Do, Study, Act cycle to enhance a patient feedback system for older adults
Authors: McGowan Martin , Reid Bernie
Published: September 2018

Patient feedback about healthcare experiences has gained increasing attention as an essential and meaningful source of information for identifying gaps and developing effective action plans for improving the quality of care. As experiences differ across patient groups, flexible and responsive feedback systems are essential. The population of older adults is growing rapidly; it constitutes an increasing proportion of the NHS client base. This group wants to have a say in their care and their views are critical in any performance assessment of a modern healthcare system. Nevertheless, collecting feedback data from older adults presents unique challenges, due to chronic conditions and comorbidities involving vision, hearing, speech and cognitive processing. In addition, nurses often find it difficult to act on feedback data in order to make quality improvements. This difficulty is associated with poor leadership, absence of explicit targets and an action plan, and the nature of clinical change required. This article offers insight into the development of a local innovation centred on enhancing the feedback system in a medical rehabilitation ward for older adults. A model for improvement in the form of the Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) cycle provided a structured learning approach to facilitate the planning, testing, analysing and refining of the feedback system.
Do training and needle-safety devices prevent needlestick injuries? A systematised review of the literature
Authors: Aziz Ann-Marie
Published: September 2018

This systematised review was undertaken to appraise research on the effects of training and the use of needle-safety devices (NSDs) on the prevention of needlestick injuries (NSIs) among health workers, focusing on a European perspective. A literature search from 2007 to 2017 was performed, which identified six studies that investigated the introduction of training and NSDs and their affect on NSIs. The six chosen studies identified that training, as well as the adoption of NSDs, has an impact on preventing NSIs. However, further information is required on the content and mode of delivery of training and on which types of NSDs are most effective at preventing injuries. This will help healthcare workers to understand and implement the most effective strategies to prevent injuries. This article provides a critique of the research approaches used in the six studies.
Evaluation of a one-piece soft convex ostomy appliance: a prospective, multicentre, open-label pilot study
Authors: Rat Patrick , Robert Nathalie , Fernandes Isabelle , Edmond Delphine , Mauvais François
Published: September 2018

Leakage of stomal effluent is considered by people living with a stoma to be the key factor that negatively impacts their quality of life (QoL). This non-randomised pilot study evaluated the performance of a new stoma appliance, Flexima® Active O Convex in 40 ostomy patients with a flat, flush or slightly retracted stoma over a 14-day period. Leakage was reported for the wear time of each pouch by the patients. On 79% of occasions, the patient reported no leakage under the skin protector. The appliance was very well tolerated and the condition of the patients' peristomal skin was maintained throughout the study. The performance was rated as ‘good’ or ‘very good’ by most of the patients. The results of this study have shown that the design of this one-piece soft convex appliance can prevent leakage and protect peristomal skin by providing a safe seal around the stoma. It was also reported as being flexible and comfortable to wear.
Fractures of the metabones and phalanges in dogs and cats
Authors: Perry Karen L , Woods Samantha
Published: September 2018

Metabone and phalangeal fractures are common in dogs and cats and are most often caused by external trauma, although stress fractures frequently occur in racing Greyhounds. Fractures of the metabones and phalanges are commonly open, due to the paucity of overlying soft tissue. The diagnosis can usually be made based on a thorough orthopaedic examination and radiography of the affected area, often including oblique and traction views. Although controversial, general indications for surgery include fractures of both the third and fourth metabones, and basilar, articular, distal diaphyseal and open fractures of any of the metabones. Surgical management is also recommended for unstable fractures of the phalanges or fractures of the head or base, as long as the fragment size is sufficiently large for implant purchase. For fractures of either the metabones or phalanges, surgical treatment is generally recommended for sporting and racing dogs, in order to facilitate a full return to function. Treatment options include external coaptation; intramedullary pinning; tension band, cerclage or interfragmentary wiring; lag screws; bone plates; and external skeletal fixation. Prospective randomised controlled studies comparing treatment options for metabone and phalangeal fractures are required before recommendations regarding the optimum treatment modality can be made.
Increasing the activity levels of children and staff
Authors: Taylor Lisa
Published: September 2018

With the recent emphasis on physical development and on healthier childhoods, one nursery chain has employed sports graduates across its sites to promote sporting participation and getting more active.
Establishing an ambulatory care service using point-of-care testing diagnostics
Authors: Weihser Philip , Giles Dominic
Published: September 2018

The use of ambulatory emergency care services in the NHS has been shown to reduce the emergency inpatient burden and enhance the overall patient experience, while demonstrating a cost saving to the NHS. At the James Paget University Hospital point-of-care testing was used as an enabler within an evidence-based lean service redesign to successfully set up a novel unit. A 3-month pilot period, with limited operational times, showed a dramatic improvement in patient flow through the acute medicine pathway, with an equivalent of 59 bed days saved during the pilot period. Further expansion of the unit to a dedicated area with full 7-day opening allowed a continued improvement in performance. This resulted in a mean length of stay of 115 minutes (a 54% reduction from pre-baseline), and just 6.1% of an average of 18.1 daily attendances were converted to full admission. This demonstrated a clinical, operational and financial benefit, allowing improved clinical outcomes.
A SAÚDE E A SEGURANÇA DO TRABALHADOR SOB COMPETÊNCIA DE NORMAS REGULAMENTADORAS FRÁGEIS
Authors: Maas Larissa , Grillo Luciane Peter , Sandri Juliana Vieira de Araújo
Published: September 2018

Os trabalhadores no Brasil têm seus direitos resguardados por meio das Normas Regulamentadoras do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Este artigo analisa as fragilidades de duas normas referente à saúde do trabalhador e aos riscos ambientais, por meio de uma revisão documental a partir das Normas Regulamentadoras nº7 (PCMSO) e nº9 (PPRA), apontando-se como fragilidades os pontos que possam gerar interpretações equivocadas. As principais fragilidades encontradas foram: falta de esclarecimento nas ações de promoção da saúde; definição não explícita de responsáveis pela elaboração de documentos; informações imprecisas em relação aos documentos que devem ser realizados; falta de indicação de participação do trabalhador para elaboração dos documentos; e desatualização de aspectos importantes. Este estudo pode contribuir para o aprimoramento ou construção de uma nova legislação para a área de segurança e saúde do trabalhador.
Optimization of the extraction of natural phenolic antioxidants from the seeds of Tamarindus indica L. - an undervalued by product of food processing - using response surface methodology
Authors: Sarkar Atreyi , Ghosh Uma
Published: September 2018

The seeds of Tamarindus indica are known to possess a wide range of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity as measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In the present study, the optimum conditions for the extraction of crude phenolic antioxidants from Tamarind seed were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the effects of four independent variables, namely concentration of extractable solids in solvent (g/ml; X1), extraction time (h; X2), extraction temperature (°C; X3) and solvent concentration (%, v/v; X4) on the responses of total polyphenol content (TPC) and FRAP. The CCD consisted of 30 experimental runs. A second-order polynomial model was used for predicting the responses. Canonical analysis of the surface responses revealed that the predicted optimal conditions for the maximal yield of TPC and FRAP were concentration of extractable solids in solvent of 0.049 g/ml, extraction time of 3.24 h, extraction temperature of 45 °C and a solvent concentration of 50%. The experimental values in the optimised condition coincided with the predicted ones within a 95% confidence interval, hence indicating the suitability of the model and the success of RSM in optimizing the extraction parameters.
Competitiveness and Economic Growth in the European Union
Authors: ZAGORŠEKOVÁ Natália , ČIEFOVÁ Michaela , ČAMBALÍKOVÁ Andrea
Published: September 2018

The paper focuses on competitiveness at the national level and on the impact of competitiveness on economic growth. We look at the relationship between competitiveness and economic growth based on the data from the European Union member states. The competitiveness of the economies is measured by the Global Competitiveness Index, which is published by the World Economic Forum. The European Union member states show significant differences in competitiveness. In the sample examined, the positive relationship between the level of competitiveness and economic growth was not confirmed.
Die Krux mit Zielkonflikten
Authors: Dusseldorp Marc
Published: September 2018

Das Integrative Konzept nachhaltiger Entwicklung zählt zu den prominentesten Ansätzen zur Operationalisierung des Nachhaltigkeitsleitbilds  im deutschsprachigen Raum. Seit seiner Entwicklung um die Jahrtausendwende ist es in zahlreichen Projekten angewandt worden und  hatte somit eine beträchtliche Reichweite. Eine kritische Analyse und Revision des Konzepts steht indes noch aus – was nicht zuletzt mit Blick  auf die bestehenden Anwendungsprobleme Not täte. Hierzu möchte der vorliegende Artikel einen Beitrag leisten. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Analyse  des Integrativen Nachhaltigkeitskonzepts auch wichtige Impulse  für die Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte im Allgemeinen und für den Umgang  mit Zielkonflikten im Besonderen zu geben vermag. Insbesondere wird deutlich, dass das Nachhaltigkeitsleitbild mittels (nicht abwägbarer) Satisfizierungsnormen zu operationalisieren ist: Nur diese sind dazu  geeignet, die Entwicklung hinreichend wirksamer Maßnahmen zur Realisierung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung anzuleiten.
Legal certainty as an important value of the rule of law
Authors: Zegarlicki Jakub
Published: September 2018

The legal philosopher Gustav Radbruch regarded legal certainty as one of the three fundamental pillars of law alongside justice and purposiveness. Nowadays, legal certainty is commonly recognised as a central requirement for the rule of law – a principle which protects from the arbitrary use of the state power. Analysis of the terms ‚rule of law’ and ‚legal certainty’ encouters many difficulties because of their ambiguity. However, despite their imperfections, these and other terms which describe and create contemporary political and legal reality serve as a point of reference for the assessment of existing and newly introduced regulations. They also constitute useful criteria for the comparison of the social orders in the international community. The main aim of this article is to analyze the way that legal certainty is perceived in the literature of legal theory and in the decisions of the court. The first part of the paper is devoted to the terminological issues. The second part focuses on the two aspects of legal certainty, on the process of creation and application of law. The final part presents the arguments justifying the legal certainty which, in particular, secures individual freedom and expresses respect for the individual autonomy.
Optimal Auxiliary Functions Method for viscous flow due to a stretching surface with partial slip
Authors: Marinca Vasile , Ene Remus-Daniel , Marinca Valentin Bogdan
Published: September 2018

The viscous flow induced by a stretching surface with partial slip is investigated. The flow is governed by a third-order nonlinear differential equation, corresponding to the planar and axisymmetric stretching. The derived equation of motion is solved analytically by Optimal Auxiliary Functions Method (OAFM). This procedure is highly efficient and it controls the convergence of the approximate solution. A few examples are given, showing the exceptionally good agreement between the analytical and numerical solutions of the nonlinear problem. OAFM is very efficient in practice, ensuring a very rapid convergence after only one iteration.
UV and Solar Light Induced Natural Iron Oxide Activation: Characterization and Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Belaidi S. , Mammeri L. , Mechakra H. , Remache W. , Benhamouda K. , Larouk S. , Kribeche M. A. , Sehili T.
Published: September 2018

In this study we demonstrate the efficiency of a natural mineral as a photocalyst. This natural mineral was provided from the iron ore deposit from Chaabet-El-Ballout which is located in North-East of Algeria. The characterization analysis of the mineral by the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed that the natural powder has a mixed elemental composition and consist mainly of iron oxide with 50 % of iron. In order to determine the crystal phase composition of the natural iron oxide (NIO), X-ray diffraction (DRX) measurement and infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) were carried out. The results showed that the NIO has a mixed crystal structure composed mainly of hematite and lesser extent of goethite. The specific surface area and the total pore volume of the NIO were 79.015 m2g−1 and 0.0892 cm3g−1 respectively, measured by the Brunauer Emmett–Teller method (BET). The Raman spectrum of the NIO confirmed that the sample has seven characteristic peaks attributable to hematite. The optical properties of soil powder were examined by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The pH of point of zero charge (pHpzc) of the adsorbent was determined, a value of 8.3 was found. The photocatalytic activity of the NIO particles was tested by the decomposition of aqueous solution of different class of compounds; phenolic compounds, pesticides and dyes due to their presence in many types of wastewaters. The sorption on the surface of the NIO with photocatalytic oxidation using oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide would be an effective oxidation process for the removal of contaminants under UV and solar irradiation. High percentages of degradation of 1- Naphtol (1-NP) and Linuron were found about, 94.6 %, 97.2 % respectively, in presence of NIO and H2O2 under UV irradiation. The presence of oxalic acid with NIO enhanced the photodegradation of 2,6-dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and Methylene blue (MB) with 72 %, 92 % and 100 % percentages of degradation respectively.
BioModelKit – An Integrative Framework for Multi-Scale Biomodel-Engineering
Authors: Blätke Mary-Ann
Published: September 2018

While high-throughput technology, advanced techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology have become increasingly powerful, the coherent interpretation of experimental results in an integrative context is still a challenge. BioModelKit (BMK) approaches this challenge by offering an integrative and versatile framework for biomodel-engineering based on a modular modelling concept with the purpose: (i) to represent knowledge about molecular mechanisms by consistent executable sub-models (modules) given as Petri nets equipped with defined interfaces facilitating their reuse and recombination; (ii) to compose complex and integrative models from an ad hoc chosen set of modules including different omic and abstraction levels with the option to integrate spatial aspects; (iii) to promote the construction of alternative models by either the exchange of competing module versions or the algorithmic mutation of the composed model; and (iv) to offer concepts for (omic) data integration and integration of existing resources, and thus facilitate their reuse. BMK is accessible through a public web interface (www.biomodelkit.org), where users can interact with the modules stored in a database, and make use of the model composition features. BMK facilitates and encourages multi-scale model-driven predictions and hypotheses supporting experimental research in a multilateral exchange.
A gradient theory based on the Aifantis theory using the Gurtin-Anand strain gradient plasticity approach
Authors: Borokinni Adebowale S.
Published: September 2018

This article investigates the differences between the Aifantis and Gurtin-Anand strain gradient plasticity. The fact that Gurtin-Anand strain gradient plasticity is richer than the Aifantis strain gradient plasticity provides a basis for which we could derive equivalent Aifantis flow rule and extend it to accommodate scalar dissipative hardening. It was found that the major difference between the Gurtin-Anand and Aifantis theories lies on the use of the codirectionality hypothesis and constraint imposed on the gradient of the flow direction.
Evolutionary theodicies – an attempt to overcome some impasses
Authors: Eikrem Asle , Ottesen Søvik Atle
Published: September 2018

Mats Wahlberg argues that evolutionary theodicies fail to show how an evolutionary process was necessary in order to reach the goal(s) God is said to have had when creating our world. The authors of this article argue that Wahlberg‘s critique fails if one takes into consideration the distinction between type- and token-values. The question that guides Wahlberg‘s discussion is whether or not unique type-values require an evolution in order to be instantiated or not. He does not, however, discuss whether unique token-values require evolution. This article will address this question, and argue that the theodicies he claims to fail does not do so for the reasons put forward by Wahlberg if interpreted as focusing on token-unique values. The authors will also argue that theodicies other than those evaluated by Wahlberg succeed in identifying type-unique values that can only be brought about through evolution.
The Determinants of Military Expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: A Dynamic Panel Analysis
Authors: Hou Dongfang
Published: September 2018

Using a dynamic panel approach, this article examines the determinants of military expenditures for 29 Asian and Oceanian countries during 1992–2016. A two-step difference-GMM estimator is applied. Both the impact of Chinese and US military expenditure on sample countries’ military budgets are considered. Results show that sample countries do not respond to Chinese military expenditure; however, these countries respond to US military expenditure. Moreover, lagged military expenditure, GDP, population, and trade openness are important determinants of military spending, while wars and regime type are not.
Cobalt hybrid catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Adeleke Aliu A. , Liu Xinying , Lu Xiaojun , Moyo Mahluli , Hildebrandt Diane
Published: September 2018

Currently, cobalt and zeolites are used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce gasoline-range hydrocarbons (GRHs) that constitute clean and environmentally friendly fuels. This technology has earned a great deal of attention from researchers across the world, as it provides a substitute for fuel derived from fossil crudes, which have hitherto been the sole source of the petrol and diesel required by the industry. However, owing to the depletion of the earth’s oil and coal reserves and the unfavourable environmental impact of conventional fuel production, an alternative source of fuel is needed. This article provides a critical review of the technological challenges involved in producing middle isoparaffins and olefins (gasoline hydrocarbons) by FTS. These involve combining cobalt-based catalysts and zeolites to form hybrid catalysts. In this review, we address most of these by setting out each method of creating cobalt and zeolite hybrid catalysts in turn, so that researchers can identify which applications are most effective for producing GRHs.
Who Pays for Card Payments? A General Model on the Role of Interchange Fees
Authors: Mariotto Carlotta , Verdier Marianne
Published: September 2018

When a consumer pays by card, the merchant’s bank pays to the consumer’s bank an interchange fee. In this article, we construct a general model of a card platform that unifies the literature on interchange fees. We enrich the existing frameworks by analyzing the choice of the interchange fee when consumer demand is elastic to retail prices. We show that the difference between the privately set structure of payment card fees and the socially optimal one depends both on banks’ and merchants’ pass-through of their costs to consumers. We argue that the maturity of the payment card market impacts the redistributive effects of interchange fees (i.e. between consumers and merchants, card and cash users) and therefore, their optimal regulation.
The discursive distribution of subject pronouns in Spanish spoken in Georgia: A weakening of pragmatic constraints?
Authors: Limerick Philip P.
Published: September 2018

This study examines subject expression from a pragmatic perspective in an emerging bilingual community of Roswell, Georgia, an exurb of Atlanta. Using sociolinguistic interviews conducted in Roswell, first-person singular subject pronoun (SP) usage is analyzed among 10 Mexican speakers within five distinct pragmatic contexts: salient referent, switch focus, contrastive focus, pragmatic weight, and epistemic parentheticals. A comparison is made between Georgia speakers and monolingual Mexican speakers in Querétaro in order to explore the possible weakening of pragmatic constraints due to English contact. Results indicate that a contact hypothesis is not supported in terms of overall overt pronoun usage as evidenced by similar frequencies when compared to monolingual Mexican varieties. However, an increased use of overt SPs in the context of salient referent as well as a diminished use of overt SPs in switch focus contexts is found, suggesting a potential weakened sensitivity to such pragmatic constraints.
Optimization of Gravel Road Blading
Authors: Steyn Wynand J. van der Merwe
Published: September 2018

Blading maintenance of gravel roads is important to ensure that the functional performance of the road is optimal and that vehicle operating costs are minimized. In order to optimize the blading cycles, a system is required to monitor the functional performance of the road and inform the blading need. This system should preferably be low-cost and simple to operate, as the budgets available for such maintenance is typically low, and the condition needs to be monitored frequently because of the relatively quick deterioration in the functional performance of these roads through factors such as corrugation development. A method is described where the monitoring of the functional performance of gravel roads can be done at a regular frequency at no additional cost to the road owner. The effect of blading maintenance decisions taken based on the use of this system on a small gravel road network is illustrated. The optimization leads to fewer blading requirements, as only the sections where functional performance was inadequate were maintained, and in the long term, the condition of the road improved through regular appropriate blading.
EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR: DA ESPORTIVIZAÇÃO AOS JOGOS COOPERATIVOS
Authors: De Paula Fábio Narduchi , Pereira Alexandre De Jesus
Published: September 2018

Quando se participa de um determinado jogo, faz-se parte de uma mini sociedade, com possibilidade de formações variadas. Ao se interagir com os outros, com as regras, com as recompensas e com as punições, se estabelece um processo de formação de valores e princípios, de modo que tal formação pode afirmar tanto o coletivismo, a cooperação e a solidariedade quanto a individualidade, a competitividade e o egoísmo. Entretanto, é importante sinalizar que grande parte dos programas de Educação Física pouco, ou quase nada, oferecem como alternativa aos jogos competitivos. Este artigo propõe discutir, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, os Jogos Cooperativos como alternativa metodológica ao esporte que vem sendo praticado, de forma ampla, nas aulas de Educação Física escolar, com a vitória dos “mais habilidosos” sobre os “menos habilidosos”, acarretando, sucessivas experiências de fracasso à grande parcela dos alunos que assiste. O artigo busca, portanto, esclarecer de que modo esportes tradicionais podem ser alterados, para se fazer valer a cooperação entre pares, apresentando e discutindo, para isso, a divisão dos jogos cooperativos em diferentes categorias, conforme realizada por Terry Orlick. A Educação Física escolar, que tem demonstrado, desde a década de 1980, intenções de mudar sua visão excessivamente esportiva e competitiva, apoiada nos referenciais dos jogos cooperativos, pode e deve, por conseguinte, assumir esse compromisso, tornando-se a proposta mais adequada para a efetivação dessa perspectiva de mudança.
The DUT task
Authors: Kroll Tobias Alf , Trindade A. Alexandre , Asikis Amber , Salas Melissa , Lau Marcy , Saenz Chelsey , Head Madison , Prematilake Chalani , Perry Carolyn
Published: September 2018

This article reports on the development of a novel experimental paradigm for the investigation of the statistical properties of eye movements in whole-text reading, with a focus on variability. Eye movements in reading for meaning were compared to eye movements in proofreading without comprehending, using texts as stimuli that were deemed to be difficult and uninteresting to participants, and hence to effectively preclude reading for meaning in the proofreading condition. Using a linear mixed model for a 4-way ANOVA, variability of total fixation durations and number of fixations was found to be significantly different between conditions, but only for one of the two texts in one of the two designs. This suggests that there may be a correlation between reading proficiency and variability of eye movements, but also that in order to determine this correlation, stimulus texts must be precisely tailored to the participant population.
Listening through the learning conversation: a thought provoking intervention
Authors: Davis Mike , Denning Kate
Published: September 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Feedback plays an essential role in the learning that occurs on life support courses. Since 2007 the preferred method of managing feedback has been the learning conversation, but it remains an area that many facilitators profess to finding challenging. In this article we will explore how simple conversational techniques involved in active listening can lead to significant learning.
Competency-based Standard Setting for a High-stakes Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): Validity Evidence
Authors: Lee Ming , Hernandez Estebes , Brook Rachel , Ha Edward , Harris Christina , Plesa Monica , Kahn Daniel
Published: September 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. IntroductionMedical educators need to demonstrate that their trainees meet expected competency levels when progressing through medical education. This study aimed to develop competency-based pass/fail cut-scores for a graduation required Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), and examine validity evidence for new standards.MethodsSix clinicians used the modified Angoff method to determine the cut-scores for an 8-station OSCE. The clinicians estimated the percentage of minimally competent students who would answer each checklist item correctly. Inter-rater reliability, differences in other academic achievements between pass/fail groups, educational impact, and response process were examined. ResultsOne hundred seventy-four rising 4th-year medical students participated in the OSCE. The cut-scores determined for the OSCE resulted in a substantially lower failure rate (5% vs. 29% of the previous year). The inter-rater reliability across domains and cases was .98 (95% CI = .97 - .99). The pass/fail groups significantly differed in six of the eight measures of academic achievements included in the study.DiscussionThe impact of the standards setting was substantial as it significantly reduced the failure rate and burdens of remediation for both students and faculty. The very high inter-rater reliability indicates that the modified Angoff method produced reliable cut-scores. The significant differences between the pass/fail groups in other measures support external validity of the standards and ensure no false passes. The study also supports response process validity by including discussion among judges and check of previous student performances, as well as recruiting and training multiple clinician educators experienced in medical student teaching.ConclusionFindings of the study provide strong evidence supporting validity of the new cut-scores from a wide spectrum of validity metrics, including response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences. The study also added to the literature the value of the modified Angoff method in determining competency-based standards for OSCEs.
Asking Medical Students on Medical Education and Humanities: How do I do it?; and, how I would like to do it?
Authors: Soriano Joan B. , Poposki Ognen , Moreno-Bueno Laura
Published: September 2018

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Far too often, the view on Medical Education comes from scholars. Yet, it is less common to ask medical students themselves, who are living with (and suffering from) the currently established practices on how Medicine and Surgery are taught. Within this special issue of MedEdPublish, two unrelated medical students, who are second to none in their scores within their respective Medical Schools, naïvely share with us how they thrive in Medicine and beyond, and how they would like that their teachers change the way on how their medical education be transmitted and assessed.
Spor Bilimleri Fakültelerinde Okuyan Öğrencilerin Spor Sponsorluğuna Bakiş Açilarinin Farkli Demografik Özelliklere Göre Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Tiryaki Kadir , Yetim A. Azmi
Published: September 2018

Bu
araştırmada Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencilerinin spor sponsorluğuna bakış
açıları farklı demografik özelliklere göre değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın
örneklemini Düzce Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Antrenörlük Eğitimi ve
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliğinde 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılında öğrenim
gören 1.,2.,ve 3. Sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır.

Araştırmaya
105 erkek 83 kadın olmak üzere toplam 188 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılmıştır.
Araştırmada verilerin toplanmasında, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen
kişisel bilgi formu ve Gül, M  (2011)
tarafından geçerliği ve güvenirliği yapılmış, 20 maddeden oluşan beşli likert
tipi ölçekten yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılım testi için kolmogorov-
simirnov, homojenlik testi için ise homogeneity of variances testi yapılmıştır.
İstatistiksel değerlendirilmesinde nonparametrik verilerde mann-whitney ve
Kruskal Wallis testleri kullanılmıştır. İstatistikî analizlerde anlamlılık
düzeyi p<0.05 olarak seçilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Spor Bilimlerinde öğrenim
gören öğrencilerin, cinsiyet, bölüm, lisanslı olarak spor yaptıkları süre
değişkenlerinde anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir. Spor sponsorluğuna bakış açılarının sınıf
değişkeni açısından ise 3. Sınıflar lehine anlamlı fark oluğu görülmüştür.
Autofiction Infiltrated: Anne Garréta's Pas un jour
Authors: Kim Annabel L.
Published: September 2018

Pas un jour, the 2002 novel by the French writer Anne Garréta, is a polemic against autoiction, the popular contemporary genre that experiments with the boundaries between autobiography and iction. Garréta lures the reader with the promise of access to some part of her real self and her lived experience by mimicking the conventions and tone of autoiction, only to reveal that the auto in autoiction is an empty concept and to insist that there is no real subject to be found in the iction. Pas un jour's iniltration of autoiction puts this subject into crisis and challenges readers to consider that who we think we are is as ictive as the novels that we read.
“Come, Let Us Reason Together”: New Research and the Public Good
Authors: Jarrett Gene Andrew
Published: September 2018

The university is the prophetic school out of which come the teachers who are to lead democracy in the true path. It is the university that must guide democracy into the new ields of arts and literature and science. It is the university that ights the battles of democracy, its warcry being: “Come, let us reason together.” (Harper 223)

For our era, the ability to search and research—sorting, evaluating, verifying, analyzing, and synthesizing abundant information—is an incredibly valuable skill. With the advent of Twitter and fake news, as well as the digitization of vast archives made accessible for the irst time, these active learning skills should have a far larger role in higher education today. (Davidson 88)

STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SHOULD MASTER RESEARCH TO SOLVE THE GREAT SOCIETAL PROBLEMS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Research—as Cathy N. Davidson succinctly defines it above—is one of many crucial topics in her compelling new bookThe New Education.Looking at the literature and data on American universities Davidson describes in her study, I venture that new research could contribute to the public good as long as research universities continue to advance democracy. Theoretical and practical notions of democracy, of course, have evolved remarkably since America's founding, oscillating between the ideological poles of “liberalism” and “illiberalism,” as some pundits have recently put it (Deneen 155–59). For the sense of American democracy anchoring my essay, I have in mind a “deliberative form of politics” that calls on “the demos to reflect upon itself and judge [the efforts of] laws, institutions, and leaders” to maintain the equality of social rights and privileges (Urbinati 16). The democratic prosperity of American society requires an increasingly diverse range of students to conduct new research on behalf of the intellectual and scholarly contributions of universities to the public good.
“I need to know what makes somebody tick …”: Challenges and Strategies of Implementing Shared Decision-Making in Individualized Oncology
Authors: Haltaufderheide Joschka , Wäscher Sebastian , Bertlich Bernhard , Vollmann Jochen , Reinacher-Schick Anke , Schildmann Jan
Published: September 2018

Background

Shared decision-making (SDM) has been advocated as an ethical framework for decision-making in cancer care. According to SDM, patients make decisions in light of their values and based on the available evidence. However, SDM is difficult to implement in cancer care. A lack of applicability in practice is often reported. This empirical-ethical study explores factors potentially relevant to current difficulties in translating the concept of SDM into clinical practice.

Methods

This study was conducted with nonparticipant observation of the decision-making process in patients with gastrointestinal cancers for whom the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was uncertain according to clinical guidelines. Triangulation of qualitative data analysis was conducted by means of semistructured interviews subsequent to the observation. Observation notes and interview transcripts were analyzed according to the principles of grounded theory.

Results

Deviating from the concept of SDM, oncologists initiated a process of eliciting values and medical information prior to conveying information. The purpose of this approach was to select and individualize information relevant to the treatment decision. In doing so, the oncologists observed used two strategies: “biographical communication” and a “metacommunicative approach.” Both strategies could be shown to be effective or to fail depending on patients’ characteristics such as their view of the physicians’ role and the relevance of value-related information for medical decision-making.

Conclusion

In contrast to the conceptual account of SDM, oncologists are in need of patient-related information prior to conveying information. Both strategies observed to elicit such information are in principle justifiable but need to be adapted in accordance with patient preferences and decision-making styles.

Implications for Practice

This study showed that knowledge of patients’ values and preferences is very important to properly adapt the giving of medical information and to further the process of shared decision-making. Shared decision-making (SDM) trainings should consider different strategies of talking about values. The right strategy depends largely on the patient's preferences in communication. To be aware of the role of values in SDM and to be able to switch communicative strategies might prove to be of particular value. A more systematic evaluation of the patient's decision-making preferences as part of routine procedures in hospitals might help to reduce value-related barriers in communication.