bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What can we learn from the construction of in vitro replication systems?
Authors: Ichihashi Norikazu
Published: April 2019

Replication is a central function of living organisms. Several types of replication systems have been constructed in vitro from various molecules, including peptides, DNA, RNA, and proteins. In this review, I summarize the progress in the construction of replication systems over the past few decades and discuss what we can learn from their construction. I introduce various types of replication systems, supporting the feasibility of the spontaneous appearance of replication early in Earth's history. In the latter part of the review, I focus on parasitic replicators, one of the largest obstacles for sustainable replication. Compartmentalization is discussed as a possible solution.
A borehole investigation of zircon radiation damage annealing
Authors: Jonckheere Raymond , Heinz Daniel , Hacker Bradley R. , Rafaja David , Ratschbacher Lothar
Published: April 2019

This contribution reports Raman radiation damage measurements of zircons from the Kontinentale Tiefbohrung, on the western border of the Bohemian Massif. The mean wavenumbers (ω3) and widths (Γ3) of the ν3(SiO4) Raman band are constant down to 3 km, decrease (ω3) resp. increase (Γ3) between 3 and 5 km, and are again constant between 5 and 7 km. Uniform high Γ3 values associated with ω3 values close to those of undamaged zircon between 5 and 7 km are interpreted as due to residual damage predating the exhumation of the Bohemian Massif. A superimposed post‐exhumation signal indicates full damage retention down to 3 km depth, partial annealing between 3 and 5 km, and zero retention at greater depth. An attempt to calculate radiation damage ages gives results of a meaningful order of magnitude but also exposes difficulties associated with dating basement samples with complex damage accumulation and annealing histories.
Red blood cell product utilization in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gastecki Karen , Shanley Ryan , Welbig Julie , Cohn Claudia , Brunstein Claudio G.
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

The risk of transfusion reactions (TR) and the cost of blood has led to efforts to reduce blood use. We changed our practice to transfuse just one instead of two units of red blood cells (RBC) when hemoglobin ≤8 g/dL due to patient blood management (PBM) recommendations.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We compared RBC utilization in patients receiving allogeneic HCT in the 10 months before (control arm) and 13 months after implementation of this new practice (intervention arm). We used regression models to estimate the independent effect of transfusion practice, length of hospitalization, the conditioning regimen, and donor type for patients who received at least one RBC unit. The outcome variable was total number of inpatient transfusions. In addition, a survey assessed the impact of this.

RESULTS

Cohorts were matched for age, primary diagnosis, graft source, and conditioning regimen. The median number of RBC units transfused/patient was identical in both arms (4; interquartile range 19 units/patient). Using the regression model, only length of stay (relative increase of 1.035 units/day; 95%CI, 1.0271.043) was an independent predictor of the number of RBC units a patient received. When data were normalized/1000 patient days, the control arm received 240 units vs the intervention arm, which received 193 units, resulting in a reduction of 47 units transfused/1000‐patient‐days, which was not statistically significant (p‐value = 0.32). The survey of RNs showed that it positively affected the workflow.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a modest reduction in RBC utilization based on units transfused/1000‐patient‐days. There was a positive impact on RN workflow.
Cheek teeth apical infection in cattle: Diagnosis, surgical extraction, and prognosis
Authors: Constant Caroline , Nichols Sylvain , Marchionatti Emma , Babkine Marie , Lardé Hélène , Fecteau Gilles , Desrochers André
Published: April 2019

Objective

To report the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of cattle undergoing surgical extraction of apically infected cheek teeth (CT).

Study design

Short case series.

Animals

Nine adult cattle.

Methods

Medical records were searched for cattle having a diagnosis of apical infection of CT that were treated with surgical extraction between 2005 and 2017. Data retrieved included clinical examination, ancillary tests, surgical procedure, and outcomes.

Results

The main presenting complaints were mandibular swelling and decreased appetite and milk production. In total, 7 mandibular and 3 maxillary CT were extracted, 7 molars and 3 premolars that were distributed more frequently on the left dental arcades (n = 7 CT). Two cattle had no visible external lesions. Radiograph images revealed that lucency surrounded all affected tooth roots. Mandibular teeth were removed by lateral buccotomy with removal of alveolar bone plate or retrograde repulsion, and maxillary teeth were removed by repulsion through a maxillary sinus flap. Most common bacterial isolates consisted of anaerobic bacteria (6/11 isolates) andTruperella pyogenes(3/11 isolates). The most common complications included inability to remove the tooth intact (n = 4 cattle) and surgical site infection (n = 5). All cattle remained in their herd after treatment.

Conclusion

Surgical extraction of CT was achieved in all 9 cattle. The postoperative morbidity was high but without long‐term consequences on animal productivity.

Clinical significance

Surgical extraction of CT is a successful treatment for apical infection in cattle.
Creativity in English
Authors: Widdowson Henry
Published: April 2019

Braj Kachru consistently argued for the recognition of the literary creativity of writers from the Outer Circle. In this article, Professor Widdowson also raises the issue of creativity among Expanding Circle speakers and writers using English as a lingua franca (ELF). In this context, there is much evidence of the creativity of ‘common talk’ among ELF speakers, although, here, it is talk where users from various communities communicate with each other as best they can, using whatever linguistic resources are at their disposal, without conforming to (or consciously flouting) pre‐existing norms of usage.
Functional Measures of Grip Strength and Gait Remain Altered Long-Term in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Elbow Contracture
Authors: Reiter Alex J. , Kivitz Griffin J. , Castile Ryan M. , Cannon Paul C. , Lakes Emily H. , Jacobs Brittany Y. , Allen Kyle D. , Chamberlain Aaron M. , Lake Spencer P.
Published: April 2019

Post-traumatic joint contracture (PTJC) is a debilitating condition, particularly in the elbow. Previously, we established an animal model of elbow PTJC quantifying passive postmortem joint mechanics and histological changes temporally. These results showed persistent motion loss similar to what is experienced in humans. Functional assessment of PTJC in our model was not previously considered; however, these measures would provide a clinically relevant measure and would further validate our model by demonstrating persistently altered joint function. To this end, a custom bilateral grip strength device was developed, and a recently established open-source gait analysis system was used to quantify forelimb function in our unilateral injury model. In vivo joint function was shown to be altered long-term and never fully recover. Specifically, forelimb strength in the injured limbs showed persistent deficits at all time points; additionally, gait patterns remained imbalanced and asymmetric throughout the study (although a few gait parameters did return to near normal levels). A quantitative understanding of these longitudinal, functional disabilities further strengthens the clinical relevance of our rat PTJC model enabling assessment of the effectiveness of future interventions aimed at reducing or preventing PTJC.
Maskless micropatterning of electrochromic nanoparticles using a focused electron beam
Authors: Katori Yuki , Suzaka Yusuke , Shimojo Masayuki
Published: April 2019

Optical properties of electrochromic (EC) materials can be reversibly changed under applied voltages through electrochemical redox reactions. Prussian blue (PB) is a well-known EC material that changes color from blue to colorless and transparent, and vice versa. Fine patterning of PB particles on a transparent substrate could lead to the development of a high-quality display device with very low energy consumption. In this paper, a maskless patterning technique using a focused electron beam is described, and the effects of the accelerating voltage and the electron dose are studied. The results show that the micropatterning of PB particles is achieved at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV and at electron doses of 10–100 C/m2. Reversible changes in color were observed between blue and colorless–transparent after the patterning of PB particles.
Effects of External Counterpulsation on Postexercise Recovery in Elite Rugby League Players
Authors: Roberts Llion A. , Caia Johnpaul , James Lachlan P. , Scott Tannath J. , Kelly Vincent G.
Published: April 2019

Purpose: External counterpulsation (ECP) has previously been used to treat cardiac patients via compression of the lower extremities during diastole to increase venous return and coronary perfusion. However, the effects of ECP on exercise performance and markers of recovery in elite athletes are largely unknown. Methods: On 2 separate occasions, 48 h apart, 7 elite National Rugby League players performed an identical 60-min field-based conditioning session followed by a 30-min period of either regular ECP treatment or placebo. Power measures during repeated cycle bouts and countermovement jump height and contraction time derivatives were measured at rest and 5 h postexercise. Saliva samples and venous blood samples were taken at rest, postexercise, and 5 h postexercise to assess stress, inflammation, and muscle damage. Results: After ECP treatment, cycling peak power output (P = .028; 11%) and accumulated peak power (P = .027; 14%) increased compared with the placebo condition. Postexercise plasma interleukin 1 receptor antagonist only increased after ECP (P = .024; 84%), and concentrations of plasma interleukin 1 receptor antagonist tended to be higher (P = .093; 76%) 5 h postexercise. Furthermore, testosterone-to-cortisol ratio was increased above baseline and placebo 5 h postexercise (P = .017–.029; 24–77%). The ratio of postexercise salivary α-amylase to immunoglobulin A decreased after treatment (P = .013; 50%) compared with the placebo control. Conclusions: Exercise performance and hormonal indicators of stress were improved and inflammation markers were reduced following acute ECP.
Working Overtime: The Effects of Overtime Periods on Game Demands in Basketball Players
Authors: Scanlan Aaron T. , Stanton Robert , Sargent Charli , O’Grady Cody , Lastella Michele , Fox Jordan L.
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To quantify and compare internal and external workloads in regular and overtime games and examine changes in relative workloads during overtime compared with other periods in overtime games in male basketball players. Methods: Starting players for a semiprofessional male basketball team were monitored during 2 overtime games and 2 regular games (nonovertime) with similar contextual factors. Internal (rating of perceived exertion and heart-rate variables) and external (PlayerLoad and inertial movement analysis variables) workloads were quantified across games. Separate linear mixed-models and effect-size analyses were used to quantify differences in variables between regular and overtime games and between game periods in overtime games. Results: Session rating-of-perceived-exertion workload (P = .002, effect size 2.36, very large), heart-rate workload (P = .12, 1.13, moderate), low-intensity change-of-direction events to the left (P = .19, 0.95, moderate), medium-intensity accelerations (P = .12, 1.01, moderate), and medium-intensity change-of-direction events to the left (P = .10, 1.06, moderate) were higher during overtime games than during regular games. Overtime periods also exhibited reductions in relative PlayerLoad (first quarter P = .03, −1.46, large), low-intensity accelerations (first quarter P = .01, −1.45, large; second quarter P = .15, −1.22, large), and medium-intensity accelerations (first quarter P = .09, −1.32, large) compared with earlier periods. Conclusions: Overtime games disproportionately elevate perceptual, physiological, and acceleration workloads compared with regular games in starting basketball players. Players also perform at lower external intensities during overtime periods than earlier quarters during basketball games.
On Top to the Top—Acclimatization Strategy for the “Fastest Known Time” to Mount Everest
Authors: Millet Grégoire P. , Jornet Kilian
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To present the acclimatization strategy employed by an elite athlete prior to 2 successful ascents to Mount Everest (including a “fastest known time”) in 1 wk. Methods: Training volume, training content, and altitude exposure were recorded daily. Vertical velocity was recorded by GPS (global positioning system) heart-rate monitor. Results: The subject first used a live high–train low and high preacclimatization method in normobaric hypoxia (NH). Daily, he combined sleeping in a hypoxic tent (total hours: ∼260) and exercising “as usual” in normoxia but also in NH (altitude >6000 m: 30 h), including at high intensity. The hypoxic sessions were performed at the second threshold on treadmill in NH at 6000 m, and the pulse saturation increased from 70% to 85% over 1 mo. Then, the subject was progressively exposed to hypobaric hypoxia, first in the Alps and then in the Himalayas. On day 18, he reached for the second time an altitude >8000 m with the fastest vertical velocity (350 m/h) ever measured between 6300 and 8400 m. Afterward, he climbed twice in a week to the summit of Mount Everest (8848 m, including a “fastest known time” of 26.5 h from Rongbuk Monastery, 5100 m). Conclusion: Overall, this acclimatization was successful and in line with the most recent recommendations: first, using live high–train low and high, and second, using hypobaric hypoxia at increasing altitudes for a better translation of the NH benefits to hypobaric hypoxia. This case study reports the preparation for the most outstanding performance ever acheived at an extreme altitude.
Is Tensiomyography-Derived Velocity of Contraction a Sensitive Marker to Detect Acute Performance Changes in Elite Team-Sport Athletes?
Authors: Pereira Lucas A. , Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Martín-Rodríguez Saul , Kobal Ronaldo , Abad César C.C. , Arruda Ademir F.S. , Guerriero Aristide , Loturco Irineu
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To examine the variations in the velocity of contraction (Vc) assessed using tensiomyography, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting speed induced by 4 different exercise protocols (ie, strength, sprint, plyometric, and technical training sessions) in 14 male national-team rugby players (age 21.8 [2.6] y, weight 83.6 [8.5] kg, and height 177.4 [6.7] cm). Methods: Physical tests were conducted immediately before and after 4 distinct workouts in the following order: tensiomyography in the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles, squat and countermovement jumps, and 30-m sprint velocity. To analyze the differences in the assessed variables before and after each training session, the differences based on magnitudes were calculated. Results: After strength and plyometric workouts, the players presented possible to almost certain impairments in sprint and jump performance and in the Vc of the rectus femoris (effect sizes 0.26–0.64). After the sprint-training session, possible to very likely decreases were observed in the squat jump, 30-m sprint, and Vc of the biceps femoris (effect sizes 0.21–0.44). By contrast, after the technical training, athletes demonstrated a possible increase in the squat jump and Vc in both muscles examined (effect sizes 0.13–0.20). Conclusions: The main finding of this research is that, for the vast majority of results, the direction of changes observed in Vc were the same as those observed in performance assessments. This suggests that Vc might be used as a sensitive marker of acute variations in speed and power performance of elite team-sport athletes.
Technical and Tactical Training Load in Professional Volleyball Players
Authors: Duarte Thiago S. , Alves Danilo L. , Coimbra Danilo R. , Miloski Bernardo , Bouzas Marins João C. , Bara Filho Maurício G.
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To analyze the technical and tactical training load in professional volleyball players, using subjective internal training load (session rating of perceived exertion  [SRPE]) and objective internal training load (training impulse of the heart rate [HR]) and the relationship between them. Methods: The sample was composed of 15 male professional volleyball players. They were monitored during 37 training sessions that included both technical (n = 23) and tactical (n = 14) training. Technical and training load was calculated using SRPE and training impulse of the HR. Results: Significant correlations were found between the methods in tactical (r = .616) and technical training (r = −.414). Furthermore, it was noted that technical training occurs up to 80% of HRmax (zone 3) and tactical training between 70% and 90% of HRmax (zones 3–4). Conclusions: The training impulse of the HR method has proved to be effective for training-load control during tactical training. However, it was limited compared with technical training. Thus, the use of SRPE is presented as a more reliable method in the different types of technical training in volleyball.
Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Weightlifting and Powerlifting Athletes
Authors: Solberg Paul A. , Hopkins Will G. , Paulsen Gøran , Haugen Thomas A.
Published: April 2019

Purpose:To quantify age of peak performance and performance improvements in the years preceding peak age in elite weightlifting and powerlifting athletes using results from powerlifting World Championships in 2003–2017 and weightlifting World Championships and Olympic Games in 1998–2017.Methods:Individual performance trends were derived by fitting a quadratic curve separately to each athlete’s performance and age data. Effects were evaluated using magnitude-based inferences.Results:Peak age (mean [SD]) was 35 (7) y for powerlifters and 26 (3) y for weightlifters, a large most likely substantial difference of 9, ±1 y (mean, 90% confidence limit). Men showed possibly higher peak age than women in weightlifting (0.8, ±0.7 y; small) and a possibly lower peak age in powerlifting (1.3, ±1.8 y; trivial). Peak age of athletes who ever won a medal was very likely less than that of nonmedalists in weightlifting (1.3, ±0.6 y; small), while the difference in powerlifters was trivial but unclear. Five-year improvements prior to peak age were 12% (10%) for powerlifters and 9% (7%) for weightlifters, a small possibly substantial difference (2.9, ±2.1%). Women exhibited possibly greater improvements than men in powerlifting (2.7, ±3.8%; small) and very likely greater in weightlifting (3.5, ±1.6%; small). Medalists possibly improved less than nonmedalists among powerlifters (−1.7, ±2.3%; small), while the difference was likely trivial for weightlifters (2.3, ±1.8%).Conclusion:These novel insights on performance development will be useful for practitioners evaluating strategies for achieving success.
Sprint Mechanical Properties in Handball and Basketball Players
Authors: Haugen Thomas A. , Breitschädel Felix , Seiler Stephen
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To quantify possible differences in sprint mechanical outputs in handball and basketball players according to playing standard and position. Methods: Sprint tests of 298 male players were analyzed. Theoretical maximal velocity (v0), horizontal force (F0), horizontal power (Pmax), force–velocity slope (SFV), ratio of force (RFmax), and index of force application technique (DRF) were calculated from anthropometric and spatiotemporal data using an inverse dynamic approach applied to the center-of-mass movement. Results: National-team handball players displayed clearly superior 10-m times (0.03, ±0.02 s), 40-m times (0.12, ±0.07 s), F0 (0.1, ±0.2 N·kg−1), v0 (0.3, ±0.2 m·s−1), and Pmax (0.9, ±0.5 W·kg−1) than corresponding top-division players. Wings differed from the other positions in terms of superior 10-m times (0.02, ±0.01 to 0.07, ±0.02 s), 40-m times (0.07, ±0.05 to 0.27, ±0.07 s), F0 (0.2, ±0.1 to 0.4, ±0.2 N·kg−1), v0 (0.1, ±0.1 to 0.5, ±0.1 m·s−1), Pmax (0.7, ±0.4 to 2.0, ±0.5 W·kg−1), and RFmax (0.6, ±0.4 to 1.3, ±0.4%). In basketball, guards differed from forwards in terms of superior 10-m times (0.03, ±0.02 s), 40-m times (0.10, ±0.08 s), v0 (0.2, ±0.1 m·s−1), Pmax (0.6, ±0.6 W·kg−1), and RFmax (0.4, ±0.3%). The effect magnitudes of the substantial differences observed ranged from small to large. Conclusions: The present results provide an overall picture of the force–velocity profile continuum in sprinting handball and basketball players and serve as useful background information for practitioners when diagnosing individual players and prescribing training programs.
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Exercise Medicine: A Narrative Review
Authors: Sharma Bhanu , Timmons Brian W.
Published: April 2019

The multidisciplinary field of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and exercise medicine is of growing importance. There is active study into the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exercise in pediatric TBI as well as the effects of TBI on postinjury fitness. With the evidence-based growing, a literature review can help establish the state of the science and inform future research. Therefore, the authors performed a narrative review (based on a search of 6 health sciences databases) to summarize evidence on pediatric TBI and cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and neuromotor control, and obesity. To date, studies related to cardiorespiratory fitness have centered on exercise tolerance and readiness to return to play, and indicate that protracted rest may not facilitate symptom recovery; this suggests a role for exercise in concussion management. Furthermore, strength and gait may be impaired following pediatric brain injury, and interventions designed to train these impairments may lead to their improvement. Pediatric brain injury can also lead to changes in body composition (which may be related to poorer cognitive recovery), but additional research is required to better understand such associations. This narrative review of pediatric TBI and exercise medicine can serve as a reference for researchers and clinicians alike.
Synergic Effect of Allopurinol in Combination with Nitroheterocyclic Compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Mazzeti Ana Lia , Diniz Lívia de F. , Gonçalves Karolina R. , WonDollinger Ruan Schott , Assíria Tassiane , Ribeiro Isabela , Bahia Maria T.
Published: April 2019

Combination therapy has gained attention as a possible strategy for overcoming the limitations of the present therapeutic arsenal for Chagas disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of allopurinol in association with nitroheterocyclic compounds on infection with the Y strain of
Trypanosoma cruzi
.
Halogen Bond Interactions of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (PI) (GRL-001-15 and GRL-003-15) with the Flap of Protease Are Critical for Their Potent Activity against Wild-Type HIV-1 and Multi-PI-Resistant Variants
Authors: Hattori Shin-ichiro , Hayashi Hironori , Bulut Haydar , Rao Kalapala Venkateswara , Nyalapatla Prasanth R. , Hasegawa Kazuya , Aoki Manabu , Ghosh Arun K. , Mitsuya Hiroaki
Published: April 2019

We generated two novel nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), GRL-001-15 and GRL-003-15, which contain unique crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran (Crn-THF) and P2′-cyclopropyl-aminobenzothiazole (Cp-Abt) moieties as P2 and P2′ ligands, respectively. GRL-001-15 and GRL-003-15 have
meta
-monofluorophenyl and
para
-monofluorophenyl at the P1 site, respectively, exert highly potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with 50% effective concentrations (EC
50
s) of 57 and 50 pM, respectively, and have favorable cytotoxicity profiles with 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC
50
s) of 38 and 11 μM, respectively.
Antibacterial Properties and Efficacy of a Novel SPLUNC1-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide, α4-Short, in a Murine Model of Respiratory Infection
Authors: Jiang Shasha , Deslouches Berthony , Chen Chen , Di Matthew E. , Di Y. Peter
Published: April 2019

The rise of superbugs underscores the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the ability to kill superbugs regardless of resistance to traditional antibiotics. However, AMPs often display a lack of efficacy
in vivo.
Sequence optimization and engineering are promising but may result in increased host toxicity. We report here the optimization of a novel AMP (α4-short) derived from the multifunctional respiratory protein SPLUNC1. The AMP α4-short demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against superbugs as well as
in vivo
efficacy in the
P. aeruginosa
pneumonia model. Further exploration for clinical development is warranted.
Red- and Blue-Light Sensing in the Plant Pathogen Alternaria alternata Depends on Phytochrome and the White-Collar Protein LreA
Authors: Igbalajobi Olumuyiwa , Yu Zhenzhong , Fischer Reinhard
Published: April 2019

Light controls many processes in filamentous fungi. The study of light regulation in a number of model organisms revealed an unexpected complexity. Although the molecular components for light sensing appear to be widely conserved in fungal genomes, the regulatory circuits and the sensitivity of certain species toward specific wavelengths seem different. In
N. crassa
, most light responses are triggered by blue light, whereas in
A. nidulans
, red light plays a dominant role. In
Alternaria alternata
, both blue and red light appear to be important. In
A. alternata
, photoreceptors control morphogenetic pathways, the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species, and the production of secondary metabolites. On the other hand, high-osmolarity sensing required FphA and LreA, indicating a sophisticated cross talk between light and stress signaling.
Dengue and Zika Virus 5′ Untranslated Regions Harbor Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Functions
Authors: Song Yutong , Mugavero JoAnn , Stauft Charles B. , Wimmer Eckard
Published: April 2019

Members of the genus
Flavivirus
of
Flaviviridae
are important human pathogens of great concern because they cause serious diseases, sometimes death, in human populations living in tropical, subtropical (dengue virus [DENV], Zika virus [ZIKV], and yellow fever virus), or moderate climates (West Nile virus). Flaviviruses are known to control their translation by a cap-dependent mechanism. We have observed, however, that the uncapped genomes of DENV or ZIKV can initiate infection of mammalian and insect cells. We provide evidence that the short 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) of DENV or ZIKV genomes can fulfill the function of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). This strategy frees these organisms from the cap-dependent mechanism of gene expression at an as yet unknown stage of proliferation. The data raise new questions about the biology and evolution of flaviviruses, possibly leading to new controls of flavivirus disease.
Phage-Encoded LuxR-Type Receptors Responsive to Host-Produced Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Autoinducers
Authors: Silpe Justin E. , Bassler Bonnie L.
Published: April 2019

Bacteria communicate with chemical signal molecules to regulate group behaviors in a process called quorum sensing (QS). In this report, we find that genes encoding receptors for Gram-negative bacterial QS communication molecules are present on genomes of viruses that infect these bacteria. These viruses are called phages. We show that two phage-encoded receptors, like their bacterial counterparts, bind to the communication molecule produced by the host bacterium, suggesting that phages can “listen in” on their bacterial hosts. Interfering with bacterial QS and using phages to kill pathogenic bacteria represent attractive possibilities for development of new antimicrobials to combat pathogens that are resistant to traditional antibiotics. Our findings of interactions between phages and QS bacteria need consideration as new antimicrobial therapies are developed.
Designing Metabolic Division of Labor in Microbial Communities
Authors: Thommes Meghan , Wang Taiyao , Zhao Qi , Paschalidis Ioannis C. , Segrè Daniel
Published: April 2019

Understanding how microbes assemble into communities is a fundamental open issue in biology, relevant to human health, metabolic engineering, and environmental sustainability. A possible mechanism for interactions of microbes is through cross-feeding, i.e., the exchange of small molecules. These metabolic exchanges may allow different microbes to specialize in distinct tasks and evolve division of labor. To systematically explore the space of possible strategies for division of labor, we applied advanced optimization algorithms to computational models of cellular metabolism. Specifically, we searched for communities able to survive under constraints (such as a limited number of reactions) that would not be sustainable by individual species. We found that predicted consortia partition metabolic pathways in ways that would be difficult to identify manually, possibly providing a competitive advantage over individual organisms. In addition to helping understand diversity in natural microbial communities, our approach could assist in the design of synthetic consortia.
Jaundice and anaemia as presenting features of an incomplete autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II
Authors: Banerjee Mainak , Mondal Sumit Kumar , Maisnam Indira , Mukherjee Apurba Kumar
Published: April 2019

The coexistence of adrenal failure with either autoimmune thyroid disease and/or type 1 diabetes is defined as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 2 or Schmidt’s syndrome. Vitiligo, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, chronic autoimmune hepatitis, alopecia, pernicious anaemia and seronegative arthritis may also be present. We present a case of 45-year-old Indian man with progressive jaundice and asthenia for 3 months. He was also found to have pallor, icterus, dry coarse skin and delayed relaxation of ankle jerk. Investigations showed pancytopaenia with megaloblastic changes due to pernicious anaemia, autoimmune hypothyroidism and autoimmune adrenalitis with evolving adrenal insufficiency. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy guided biopsy showed evidence of gastric mucosal atrophy. Patient responded well to hydroxocobalamin and thyroxine replacement. Detailed workup to check for evolving APS II is prudent in a hypothyroid patient presenting with pallor and jaundice. It may alert physicians to possible adrenal crisis in the future, especially after starting levothyroxine replacement in these patients.
Salmonellaparatyphi A infection presenting as breast abscess
Authors: Deshpande Akshay , Dash Lona , Pandya Jayashri Sanjay , Zende Mayuri
Published: April 2019

Salmonellain a breast abscess is uncommon, andSalmonellaparatyphi A causing breast abscess is a rare entity. It has been reported post immunosuppression. We report here a 35-year-old woman with breast abscess caused byS.paratyphi A without obvious enteric fever-like symptoms. The case was managed with combined surgical and medical approach to treat the aetiology and focal infection.
Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Study of Chinese OutPatiEnts (PDN-SCOPE): protocol for a multicentre cross-sectional registry study of clinical characteristics and treatment in China
Authors: Zhang Yuanjin , Li Nan , Zhao Yiming , Fan Dongsheng
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDN) is a growing public health problem in China. Despite recent progress in treatment, there has been no nationwide study evaluating current medical practices and compliance with treatment guidelines. The primary aims of this study are to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment practices for PDN and associated anxiety and depression in China.

Methods and analysis

Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Study of Chinese OutPatiEnts is a cross-sectional, multicentre registry study with a target sample size of approximately 1500 people experiencing PDN. People with PDN will be treated according to current guidelines and local practices. The demographics, medical histories, Visual Analogue Scale pain scores, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 results, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 scores and therapies will be recorded to evaluate clinical characteristics of PDN and current treatment practices for pain, anxiety and depression.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been obtained from the Peking University Third Hospital Medical Science Research Ethics Committee (2018–182).The results of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and scientific presentations.

Trial registration number

NCT03520608
Association between infection withHelicobacter pyloriand platelet indices among school-aged children in central Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Baxendell Kellyann , Walelign Sosina , Tesfaye Mehret , Wordofa Moges , Abera Dessie , Mesfin Abiyot , Wolde Mistire , Desta Kassu , Tsegaye Aster , Taye Bineyam
Published: April 2019

Objective

Previous clinical studies in adults from developed countries have implicatedHelicobacter pyloriinfections in the development of thrombocytopenia. However, studies in children, particularly those from low-income countries, are unusually scarce. We examined the association betweenH. pyloriinfection and platelet indices in young Ethiopian school children.

Design

Cross-sectional study

Setting

This study was conducted in five elementary schools located in central Ethiopia.

Participants

Blood and stool samples were collected from 971 children across five elementary schools in Ethiopia.H. pyloriinfection was diagnosed using stool antigen and serum antibody tests, and haematological parameters were measured using an automated haematological analyser. An interviewer-led questionnaire administered to mothers provided information on demographic and lifestyle variables. The independent effects ofH. pyloriinfection on platelet indices were determined using multivariate linear and logistic regressions.

Study outcomes

H. pylori-infected children had a lower average platelet count and mean platelet volume than uninfected after adjusting the potential confounders (adjusted mean difference: −20.80×109/L; 95% CI −33.51 to −8.09×109, p=0.001 and adjusted mean difference: −0.236 fL; 95% CI −0.408 to −0.065, p=0.007, respectively). Additionally,H. pylori-infected children had lower red blood cell counts (adjusted mean difference: −0.118×1012/L; 95% CI −0.200 to −0.036, p=0.005) compared with non-infected.

Conclusion

Our study from a developing country provides further support for an association betweenH. pyloriinfections and reduced platelet indices in young Ethiopian school children, after controlling for potential confounders. Further research is needed, particularly longitudinal studies, to establish causality.
Asylum seekers health and wellbeing (TERTTU) survey: study protocol for a prospective total population health examination survey on the health and service needs of newly arrived asylum seekers in Finland
Authors: Skogberg Natalia , Koponen Päivikki , Tiittala Paula , Mustonen Katri-Leena , Lilja Eero , Snellman Olli , Castaneda Anu
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Health, well-being and health service needs of asylum seekers have emerged as urgent topics following the arrival of 2.5 million asylum seekers to the European Union (EU) between 2015 and 2016. However, representative information on the health, well-being and service needs of asylum seekers is scarce. The Asylum Seekers Health and Wellbeing (TERTTU) Survey aims to: (1) gather population-based representative information; (2) identify key indicators for systematic monitoring; (3) produce the evidence base for development of systematic screening of asylum seekers’ health, well-being and health service needs.

Methods and analysis

TERTTU Survey is a population-based prospective study with a total population sample of newly arrived asylum seekers to Finland, including adults and children. Baseline data collection is carried out in reception centres in 2018 and consists of a face-to-face interview, self-administered questionnaire and a health examination following a standardised protocol. Altogether 1000 asylum seekers will be included into the study. Baseline data will be followed up with national electronic health record data encompassing the entire asylum process and later with national register data among persons who receive residency permits.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been granted by the Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District. Participation is voluntary and based on written informed consent. Results will be widely disseminated on a national and international level to inform health and welfare policy as well as development of services for asylum seekers. Results of the study will constitute the evidence base for development and implementation of the initial health assessment for asylum seekers on a national level.
Identification of potential carcinogenic and chemopreventive effects of prescription drugs: a protocol for a Norwegian registry-based study
Authors: Andreassen Bettina Kulle , Støer Nathalie C , Martinsen Jan Ivar , Ursin Giske , Weiderpass Elisabete , Thoresen G Hege , Debernard Karen Boldingh , Karlstad Øystein , Pottegard Anton , Friis Søren
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Surveillance of unintended effects of pharmaceuticals (pharmacovigilance or drug safety) is crucial, as knowledge of rare or late side effects is limited at the time of the introduction of new medications into the market. Side effects of drugs may involve increased or decreased risk of cancer, but these typically appear after a long induction period. This fact, together with low incidences of many cancer types, limits the usefulness of traditional pharmacovigilance strategies, primarily based on spontaneous reporting of adverse events, to identify associations between drug use and cancer risk. Postmarketing observational pharmacoepidemiological studies are therefore crucial in the evaluation of drug-cancer associations.

Methods and analysis

The main data sources in this project will be the Norwegian Prescription Database and the Cancer Registry of Norway. The underlying statistical model will be based on a multiple nested case–control design including all adult (~200 000) incident cancer cases within the age-range 18–85 years from 2007 through 2015 in Norway as cases. 10 cancer-free population controls will be individually matched to these cases with respect to birth year, sex and index date (date of cancer diagnosis). Drug exposure will be modelled as chronic user/non-user by counting prescriptions, and cumulative use by summarising all dispensions’ daily defined doses over time. Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for comorbidity (National Patient Register), socioeconomic parameters (Statistics Norway), concomitant drug use and, for female cancers, reproduction data (Medical Birth Registry), will be applied to identify drug-use–cancer-risk associations.

Ethics and dissemination

The study is approved by the regional ethical committee and the Norwegian data protection authority. Results of the initial screening step and analysis pipeline will be described in a key paper. Subsequent papers will report the evaluation of identified signals in replication studies. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, at scientific conferences and through press releases.
Sex differences in psychosocial and cardiometabolic health among patients completing cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Terada Tasuku , Chirico Daniele , Tulloch Heather E. , Scott Kyle , Pipe Andrew L. , Reed Jennifer L.
Published: April 2019

Current programs of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) typically provide a standardized approach to all patients. We examined whether CR would produce similar improvements in psychosocial and cardiometabolic health indicators in women compared with men. The records of patients who completed a 3-month outpatient CR program were examined. We compared health-related quality of life (i.e., Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores), anxiety, depression, and cardiometabolic health indicators between women and men completing CR. Of the 591 participants who completed CR, 155 (26.2%) were women and 436 (73.8%) were men. At baseline, women were older (64 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 9 years, p = 0.045), had lower PCS (39.5 ± 8.1 vs. 43.9 ± 7.8 points, p < 0.001), and MCS (46.6 ± 10.8 vs. 49.4 ± 9.8 points, p = 0.003) scores, experienced elevated levels of anxiety (6.4 ± 4.0 vs. 5.2 ± 4.0 points, p = 0.001) and depression (4.7 ± 3.5 vs. 3.6 ± 3.3 points, p = 0.001), and had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (2.1 ± 0.9 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.4 ± 0.4 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001) concentrations when compared with men. Following CR, women showed smaller improvements in percent body mass (+1.1% ± 10.1% vs. −2.1% ± 9.7%, p = 0.002) and PCS scores (3.0 ± 8.1 vs. 6.3 ± 7.5 points, p < 0.001) when compared with men. Considering poorer psychosocial health at baseline and smaller improvements in health-related quality of life in women when compared with men, more specific CR strategies addressing the particular needs of women are required to improve their health status and reduce the risk of secondary cardiac events.
Modeling memory and learning with molecular dynamics
Authors: Zhao Libo , Chen Yitong , Wang Shan
Published: April 2019

The present study transfers molecular dynamics (MD) in condensed matter physics to simulate human memory. In our MD model, a spatial representation of memory of an object is identified where constituent elements of the object are depicted in terms of physical particles. Learning is implemented as attractive forces between particles, which drive particles to gather gradually together and form closely packed clusters eventually. With this, the robustness of the memory is elucidated by the total distance between particles within the cluster. Commonly, a well-established memory of an object corresponds to a cluster with small inter-particle distances. As a demonstration, the present MD model captures a set of interference effects, including retroactive interference, proactive interference and interference between concurrently learned materials that are similar to each other. Different from the existing computational models, our MD model, relying essentially on only one parameter of the force between particles, may be useful to simulate and understand diverse phenomena associated with memory and learning.
SINGAPORE–CHINA ECONOMIC COLLABORATION 2.0
Authors: TEO ENG CHEONG
Published: April 2019

Singapore and China started their close economic collaboration in the early 1990s. The collaboration model in the first 25 years focused mainly on the government’s role in foreign investment promotion, urban development, industrial infrastructure development and other related government policies. Platforms of collaboration included the Suzhou Industrial Park, Tianjin Eco-city, Chongqing Connectivity Initiative, the Software Transfer Project, training programs for thousands of Chinese officials and bilateral economic councils. Singapore’s pragmatic leverage on globalization trends and thoughtful application of market forces have been a major factor in the shaping of China’s own highly successful economic growth model.

Singapore–China economic collaboration model 2.0 will be different. China is now the second largest economy in the world and is expected to establish its global leadership in the world. Singapore has developed successfully into a leading global business hub complete with trading, manufacturing, financing and professional services as the engines of the business hub. Model 2.0 will be about mutual sharing and partnership. We should see more collaboration outside of China, driven by the private sector and in new technologies. If collaboration model 2.0 is successful, we will see both China and Singapore emerging stronger, in a more sustainable way. Major companies in both countries will be more tightly coupled in projects and joint ventures in China and elsewhere.
BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: A FRAMEWORK TO ADDRESS CHALLENGES AND UNLOCK POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-QUALITY AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
Authors: KHOR HOE EE , POONPATPIBUL CHAIPAT , YONG FOO SUAN
Published: April 2019

Developing economies, especially emerging market economies (EMEs), face complex challenges in investing for growth, including building infrastructure. Many developing economies are trying to sustain the growth catch-up process, and manage disruptions related to transition to the “new economy”, as well as headwinds from protectionist tendencies in trade and technology. Investing for the long term — including in infrastructure — has therefore become a critical issue. In this context, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has captured the imagination of the world. An ambitious initiative involving more than 70 countries collaborating through investments in infrastructure, it seeks to improve connectivity for cross-border trade and investment, and generate economic benefits for the countries involved. It seeks to address large infrastructure gaps and build capacities for growth. And it helps countries unable to get affordable financing for plugging savings-investment shortfalls. However, the BRI has drawn criticisms over China’s underlying geopolitical motives, and BRI partner countries have been warned of the risk of becoming heavily indebted or getting locked into business platforms created by China. This paper aims to contribute to the policy debate over the BRI from an ASEAN perspective. It analyzes the reasons for the persistent infrastructure investment gaps in EMEs from an ASEAN perspective; assesses whether BRI is more of a development opportunity or a debt trap; outlines a framework to address the risks and concerns in order to unlock the potential benefits; and uses case studies both outside of and within the ASEAN region to distil key themes needing policy attention.
Anisotropic fluid spheres satisfying the Karmarkar condition
Authors: Sarkar Nayan , Sarkar Susmita , Rahaman Farook , Singh Ksh. Newton , Shah Hasrat Hussain
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we present new physically viable interior solutions of the Einstein field equations for static and spherically symmetric anisotropic compact stars satisfying the Karmarkar condition. For presenting the exact solutions, we provide a new suitable form of one of the metric potential functions. Obtained solutions satisfy all the physically acceptable properties of realistic fluid spheres and hence solutions are well-behaved and representing matter distributions are in equilibrium state and potentially stable by satisfying the TOV equation and the condition on stability factor, adiabatic indices. We analyze the solutions for two well-known compact stars Vela X-1 (Mass = 1.77 M[Formula: see text], R = 9.56 km) and Cen X-3 (Mass = 1.49 M[Formula: see text], R = 9.17 km).