bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A `bright zone' in male hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) eyes and associated faster motion detection and increased contrast sensitivity
Authors: Straw Andrew D. , Warrant Eric J. , O'Carroll David C.
Published: October 2006

Eyes of the hoverfly Eristalis tenax are sexually dimorphic such that males have a fronto-dorsal region of large facets. In contrast to other large flies in which large facets are associated with a decreased interommatidial angle to form a dorsal `acute zone' of increased spatial resolution, we show that a dorsal region of large facets in males appears to form a `bright zone' of increased light capture without substantially increased spatial resolution. Theoretically, more light allows for increased performance in tasks such as motion detection. To determine the effect of the bright zone on motion detection, local properties of wide field motion detecting neurons were investigated using localized sinusoidal gratings. The pattern of local preferred directions of one class of these cells, the HS cells, in Eristalis is similar to that reported for the blowfly Calliphora. The bright zone seems to contribute to local contrast sensitivity; high contrast sensitivity exists in portions of the receptive field served by large diameter facet lenses of males and is not observed in females. Finally, temporal frequency tuning is also significantly faster in this frontal portion of the world, particularly in males, where it overcompensates for the higher spatial-frequency tuning and shifts the predicted local velocity optimum to higher speeds. These results indicate that increased retinal illuminance due to the bright zone of males is used to enhance contrast sensitivity and speed motion detector responses. Additionally, local neural properties vary across the visual world in a way not expected if HS cells serve purely as matched filters to measure yaw-induced visual motion.
Effect of speed on stride parameters in racehorses at gallop in field conditions
Authors: Witte T. H. , Hirst C. V. , Wilson A. M.
Published: October 2006

Stride duration, stance duration and protraction duration are key variables when describing the gaits of terrestrial animals. Together, they determine the duty factor (the fraction of the stride for which the limb maintains contact with the ground surface), from which the peak vertical force can be estimated. When an animal changes speed, these variables change at different proportions. Limited measurements of these variables and predictions of peak limb force have been undertaken for large mammals performing high-speed over-ground exercise. This study set out to make such measurements, employing a previously validated system consisting of limb-mounted accelerometers and a Global Positioning System data logger. Measurements were made on nine elite Thoroughbred racehorses during gallop locomotion over a range of speeds from 9 to 17 m s-1. No statistically significant differences were seen in any variables between the lead and non-lead limbs for either the fore or hind pairs of limbs. Mean stance durations of 131 and 77 ms in the forelimbs and 143 and 94 ms in the hindlimbs were recorded at speeds of 9 and 17 ms-1, respectively. Equivalent values for protraction duration were 364 and 342 (fore) and 355 and 326 ms (hind). Peak limb forces (from duty factor) at 17 ms-1 were 24.7 N kg-1 body weight (range 22.6 to 26.0 N kg-1 body weight) for the forelimbs and 15.3 N kg-1 (range 13.7-16.2 N kg-1 body weight) for the hindlimbs. The duration of the aerial phase of the stride (when no limbs are in contact with the ground) was independent of speed. Overlap time (when more than one leg is on the ground) dropped with speed and approached zero at maximum speed.
Contribution of the diaphragmaticus muscle to vital capacity in fasting and post-prandial American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Uriona T. J. , Farmer C. G.
Published: October 2006

The importance of the diaphragmaticus muscle to vital capacity was investigated in juvenile American alligators by transection of this muscle. In both fasting and post-prandial animals a pneumotach was used to study vital capacity that was stimulated by either a hypercapnic-anoxic gas mixture or a hypercapnic-normoxic gas mixture in two types of control groups of animals (a shamoperated group and a group receiving no treatment) and in the experimental(transected) group. Transection did not significantly reduce vital capacity or affect time of inspiration or expiration in fasted animals. For both the experimental and control groups vital capacity was greatly reduced in post-prandial animals compared to the fasting state. Furthermore, alligators with a transected diaphragmaticus muscle showed a 16-18% greater drop in vital capacity in the post-prandial state than did alligators with an intact diaphragmaticus muscle. The post-prandial decrease in vital capacity for alligators with a transected diaphragmaticus occurred concomitantly with a significant increase in time to inspire and a decrease in maximum rate of inspiration when compared to control animals. The results from this study suggest that the diaphragmaticus muscle plays an important role in enabling large volumes of oxygen to be taken into the lungs in the post-prandial state.
The role of target elevation in prey selection by tiger beetles(Carabidae:Cicindelaspp.)
Authors: Layne John E. , Chen P. W. , Gilbert Cole
Published: October 2006

The elevation of objects in the visual field has long been recognized as a potential distance cue, but it has been demonstrated to a reasonable extent in only four species: humans, frogs, fiddler crabs and backswimmers. Many tiger beetles hunt in flat, sandy areas, and their eyes show `flat-world'adaptations, such as an extended visual streak of higher acuity that corresponds to the horizon. They are therefore possible candidates for the use of elevation as a cue for distance. We tested this empirically and with simulation. In a behavioral prey selection paradigm, in which starved beetles were presented moving prey-targets having different size, speed and elevation,the beetles showed a strong preference for large targets when these were low in the visual field and a weaker preference for small targets when these were near the horizon. Striking of targets above the horizon was reduced compared to sub-horizontal targets, and lacked the size-elevation interaction. We simulated these empirical results with a model that converted elevation to distance, and used distance to estimate the absolute size of the targets. Simulated strike probability was then determined by the similarity between this absolute size and an independently confirmed preferred prey size. The results of the simulation model matched the empirical data as well as the best statistical model of the behavioral results. While some aspects of the model,and the beetles' behavior, differ from the strict geometry of the `elevation hypothesis', our results nevertheless indicate that tiger beetles use elevation to estimate distance to prey, and that it is therefore one of the determinants of prey selection.
Tracheo‐innominate artery fistula
Authors: Weissman Bruce W.
Published: October 2006

One of the most dramatic complications of tracheostomy is a fistula between the trachea and the innominate artery. Our study has shown that patients at highest risk are those requiring ventilatory assistance with a cuffed tracheostomy tube placed below the level of the fourth tracheal ring.

Median sternotomy has been the initial surgical procedure reported for the control of the attendant massive hemorrhage. We have found that immediate control of bleeding can be rapidly and safely accomplished by making a small suprasternal incision and compressing the innominate artery between the surgeon's finger and the undersurface of the sternum. This previously unreported use of the mediastinoscopy approach is also applicable in traumatic wounds of the lower neck, trachea and great vessels.
The effect of diazepam on vestibular compensation
Authors: Bernstein Philip , Mccabe Brian F. , Ryu Jai H.
Published: October 2006

The effect of diazepam (Valium) on vestibular compensation was studied in the cat. Twelve hemilabyrinthectomized cats were given diazepam (0.4 mg/kg/day — physiological dose; 1.6 mg/kg/day — toxic dose) chronically during the compensation period. Thirteen additional hemilabyrinthectomized animals were used as controls. The neural activity of the medial vestibular nucleus was monitored as well as the observations made on nystagmus and postural co‐ordination. The results indicate that diazepam does not delay vestibular compensation in the cat.
Long‐term consequences of vestibular ablation by laser in a monkey
Authors: Wilpizeski Chester , Sataloff Joseph
Published: October 2006

A squirrel monkey having argon laser lesions of the horizontal and posterior semicircular canals showed initial suppression of nystagmus soon after irradiation. Prior to his death 417 days following surgery, the duration and frequency of caloric and rotation‐induced nystagmus was within normal limits. At no time was a significant hearing loss measured following irradiation. Histological examination of the irradiated ear showed laser craters perforating the bony canals with resultant fibrous tissue constricting the endolymphatic duct to a narrow but patent lumen. The appearance of the lesions was virtually identical to that seen in other irradiated monkeys sacrificed within several weeks after surgery. No osteogenesis or repair processes other than scar tissue in the vicinity of the laser perforations was evident. Although perhaps not useful for arresting vestibular function permanently, this laser seems to have created no deleterious side effects and may yet prove promising for other otologic microsurgical procedures requiring cutting or drilling.
The tympano‐frontal shunt: A procedure for the treatment of chronic eustachian tube insufficiency.
Authors: Goode Richard L. , Glasscock Michael
Published: October 2006

Eight ears with complications due to chronic eustachian tube insufficiency had insertion of a silicone rubber tympano‐frontal shunt tube between the mastoid antrum and the ipsilateral frontal sinus. A one‐way valve designed to open at‐10 mm H2O was placed on the tympanic end of the tube to minimize tube obstruction by ear secretions.

Follow‐up an average of 20 months post insertion showed six of the eight ears to have an aerated middle ear without fluid or tympanic membrane retraction or perforation.
Drugs and the otolaryngologist
Authors: Lucente Frank E.
Published: October 2006

Numerous clinical problems arise as a result of our use of pharmaceuticals. They include untoward pharmacologic effects, socio‐economic problems (excessive cost, abuse), improper administration and various medicolegal difficulties. Two areas of direct concern to the otolaryngologist are drug interactions and drug‐induced diseases, problems which precipitate and prolong hospitalization and which introduce a new clinical entity, “diseases of medical progress.” Otolaryngologic examples of these diseases are abundant; some are considered here in a brief explication of an area of growing concern.
The proof of the pudding
Authors: Bryce Douglas P.
Published: October 2006

The Centennial Conference on Laryngeal Cancer held in Toronto in May, 1974, was a success by all measurable standards.

The Conference identified a great number of areas requiring continuing effort and the development of new knowledge. A standard reporting form for laryngeal cancer must be adopted throughout the world. Research in the field of laryngeal malignancy and its early diagnosis are to be emphasized. The radiological definition of the primary lesion must be improved, and the education of the public and the medical profession in the field of laryngeal diseases should be stressed.

Improvement in the results of our therapy for patients with laryngeal cancer requires an intelligent international co‐operative effort.
The centennial conference on laryngeal cancer. the epilogue
Authors: Alberti P. W.
Published: October 2006

A justification is made for the Conference, and its success attributed to the vision and drive of the organizer, coupled with the unstinting work of the program participants. The need for an archive is described, and the role of various media, journal, video and audio tape, defined in recording such an event.
Guest of honor's address workmen's compensation hearing loss claims
Authors: Fox Meyer S.
Published: October 2006

This presentation deals with the evaluation of occupational hearing loss claims, the tests used over the years to determine the hearing status of the claimants, and the various methods used to convert the results of the audiometric tests in terms of percentage of hearing impairment. A significant modification of the 1961 American Medical Association formula has recently been adopted by the Board of Directors of both the American Academy of Otolaryngology and the American Council of Otolaryngology. The modified formula has been published: “Guide for the Evaluation of Hearing Handicap,” JAMA, 241, (19): May 11, 1979.

The reasons for this modification and its application in the evaluation of occupational hearing loss claims are discussed. Otolaryngologists are urged to become acquainted with the modified AAO formula and to apply it in the evaluation of hearing loss claims.
Complications of heroin injections of the neck
Authors: Espiritu Marcelo B. , Medina Jesus E.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of heroin injections in the neck as an etiology of superficial and deep neck infections and to familiarize the otolaryngologist with the problems in the diagnosis and management of such infections. This study represents the first series to be reported in the world literature of patients with neck infections secondary to heroin injections.

Fifty‐seven patients with neck infections related to injection of heroin in the neck (main‐lining) were studied. These patients were admitted to Detroit General Hospital during the three‐year period between January 1974 and December 1976.

The clinical signs and symptoms, location of the abscesses, soft tissue radiographs of the neck, arteriograms and ultrasound examinations of the neck are discussed.

The diagnostic evaluation and the treatment of the heroin addict who presents with an inflammatory neck mass are outlined, emphasizing the difficulty and the importance of differentiating between cellulitis, abscess, and pseudoaneurysms of the carotid and subclavian arteries.
Anatomical studies of the posterior petrous apex with regard to hearing preservation in acoustic neuroma removal
Authors: Domb George H. , Chole Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Some surgeons have shown that tumors of the internal auditory canal and cerebello‐pontine angle may be removed with preservation of hearing through the suboccipital approach. If hearing is to be conserved, the cochlear division of the VIIIth cranial nerve and blood supply of the labyrinth must be preserved. In addition, surgical entry into the labyrinth, upon removal of the posterior wall of the internal auditory canal, must be avoided since it is likely to result in permanent sensorineural hearing loss.

Careful anatomic dissection of 20 human temporal bones has shown that exposure of the lateral‐most recess of the internal auditory canal from a suboccipital approach is impossible without injury to the endolymphatic duct, common crus, vestibule or ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. Previous authors have suggested that exposure of the horizontal crest may be used as a safe landmark in avoiding labyrinthine injury. However, our study has shown that exposure of the horizontal crest usually leads to labyrinthine injury. In 19 out of 20 cases, the labyrinth would have been entered had the horizontal crest been used as a landmark for the lateral limit of bone removal. The application of the anatomical relationships quantified in this study may improve our ability to avoid labyrinthine injury in the suboccipital removal of acoustic neuromas.
Continuous measurements of skin surface oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Rowe Lee D. , Hansen Thomas N. , Nielson Dennis , Tooley William H.
Published: October 2006

We have found that skin surface electrodes for continuously measuring oxygen (PHO2) and carbon dioxide (PBCO2) tensions provide reliable means of determining whether infants with apnea due to airway obstruction during sleep require treatment.

Nine patients referred for evaluation of aqnea during sleep were studied. In 6 patients with PHO2less than 50 torr during sleep, the hypoxic episodes were clearly associated with partial or total airway occlusion as judged by increasing respiratory effort without concomitant airflow. PsCO2was found to increase during the episodes of obstruction in all 6 patients. These patients were treated with 1. tracheotomy, 2. tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in 2 patients, 3. bilateral mandibular condylotomies, 4. pharyngeal flap release, and 5. discontinuing topical nasal decongestants. After treatment, all had decreased hypoxia, hypercarbia, or airway obstruction. Two of the remaining 3 patients had no alterations of PHO2or PHCO2associated with airway obstruction during sleep. The third exhibited hypoxia and hypercarbia secondary to central apnea.

We conclude, therefore, that continuous monitoring of skin surface oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions is useful in evaluating children with obstructive sleep apnea.
Intracranial complications of frontal sinusitis
Authors: Remmler Daniel , Boles Roger
Published: October 2006

Frontal sinus infections can spread to the intracranial space so fast that the clinical situation often becomes far advanced before a complication is recognized. Retrograde septic thrombophlebitis is the most common pathway of extension. A review of recent experiences with fulminating frontal sinusitis and its intracranial complications such as subdural empyema, brain abscess, epidural abscess, and meningitis is presented. Neurologic features of intracranial invasion are interpreted. Good results have been achieved by immediate and aggressive surgical and medical measures.
Comparative method for the study of structural damage in acoustic trauma
Authors: Voldřich Luboš , Úlehlová Libuše
Published: October 2006

The traumatic dose 50 (TD50), similar to the lethal dose (LD50) widely used in pharmacology, was determined in guinea pigs for varying intensities and varying durations of exposure to a band of noise.

The method proposed permits the comparison of results in studies of acoustic trauma caused by noises of various characteristics in different species of experimental animals.
Guest of honor's address. Continuing medical education: Who needs it?
Authors: Lathrop Frank D.
Published: October 2006

Continuing medical education is rapidly growing. During the four‐year period between 1974‐75 and 1978‐79, the number of continuing medical education courses in otolaryngology increased 136%. It has become a mandatory requirement for membership in 19 state medical societies and is also a mandatory requirement for relicensure in 12 states. Although voluntary continuing medical education has proved to be satisfactory in maintaining a physician's competency in the past, the present trend is toward mandatory continuing medical education in order to ensure better health care for the public. Methods of obtaining continuing medical education are discussed and suggestions made as to how these could be improved.
Management of nasal septal abscess
Authors: Ambrus Peter S. , Eavey Roland D. , Baker Ann Sullivan , Wilson William R. , Kelly James H.
Published: October 2006

Nasal septal abscesses are uncommon. Sixteen cases from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary were reviewed retrospectively and are presented. The diagnosis, bacteriology, and pathophysiology are discussed. Immediate therapy is indicated to avoid cosmetic deformity or intracranial infection. Treatment is based on diagnostic needle aspiration, antibiotic coverage and surgical drainage.
Hearing impairment associated with chronic renal failure
Authors: Kligerman A. Barbara , Solangi Karim B. , Ventry Ira M. , Goodman Alvin I. , Weseley Stephen A.
Published: October 2006

The auditory sensitivity of 67 patients with chronic end‐stage renal failure was assessed. In order to determine the incidence of hearing loss and to describe the impairment and possible contributing factors, one group of 39 patients was assessed prior to treatment by hemodialysis. Twelve of these subjects were then followed for 1 year as they are treated by hemodialysis. The reMayning 27 patients, not treated by hemodialysis, were also retested in one year. A second group of 28 patients who had been receiving hemodialysis over periods of 1 1/2, 3, and 6 years was also evaluated. A high incidence of high‐frequency impairment was obtained which could not be attributed to age, noise exposure, ototoxicity, or hereditary. An association between this high‐frequency impairment and both the renal disease and its treatment was suggested. Clinically significant sensorineural hearing loss did not appear associated with non‐genetic kidney disease.
Carotid vascular pain — A simple treatment
Authors: Nair Krishnan K.
Published: October 2006

Carotid vascular pain has been misdiagnosed in the past as various other conditions. Various etiologies have been assigned to it without clinical or experimental evidence. Haphazard treatment using ganglion‐blockers, nicotinic acid, allergy hyposensitization and steroids have been instituted based on imaginary causes of the problem.

This paper intends to show that there is no known cause for carotid pain. A simple, effective, safe and inexpensive form of treatment is presented; namely, explaining the problem to the patient, allaying their apprehension and using aspirin in a more scientific fashion. A three‐year follow‐up is presented.
The effects of age, sex, hearing loss and water temperature on caloric nystagmus
Authors: Karlsen Elizabeth A. , Hassanein Ruth M. , Goetzinger C. P.
Published: October 2006

Seventy five subjects ranging in age from 18 to 87 years received warm and cool caloric irrigations. Nystagmus was recorded and latency, duration, amplitude. frequency and speed of the slow component were measured. The effects of age, hearing loss, sex and water temperature were evaluated. Significant differences were found in cool water durations. Significant differences were found as a function of age for all parameters in warm water calorics. Response duration was not found to be significantly correlated to speed of the slow component in cool calorics.
Head and neck manifestations of tularemia
Authors: Wills Paul I. , Gedosh Edgar A. , Nichols David R.
Published: October 2006

Tularemia is a relatively uncommon infectious cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. The records were studied of 81 patients hospitalized in western Arkansas with the diagnosis of tularemia over the period of 1970 to 1980. Fourteen cases (17%) had symptoms or findings referable to the head and neck at some time during the disease. Delay in treatment was prolonged in some cases by failure to consider tularemia as a possible diagnosis.

The pertinent epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment are briefly reviewed.
A compendium of intranasal flaps
Authors: Karlan Marc S. , Ossoff Robert H. , Sisson George A.
Published: October 2006

The reconstructive surgeon is frequently called upon to repair intranasal defects which require the use of grafts and/or flaps. In general, flaps are difficult to design and utilize because of 1. limited intranasal exposure and 2. the complex design requirements for movement of the flap through three dimensions. Intranasal exposure is increased by the transoral premaxillary approach, the lateral alotomy, the lateral rhinotomy, the transethmoid, and the open rhinoplasty. The flaps to be designed all utilize the basic principles for skin flaps. However in contrast to movement on a relatively two‐dimensional surface, they frequently require movement in the three dimensions, i.e., from the floor of the nose up to the septum, from the side to the center, etc. We review the following flaps: 1. mucoperichondrial advancement and rotation flaps of the septum, 2. composite septal flap, 3. inferior turbinnte flaps, 4. nasal floor mucoperiosteal flaps, 5. middle turbinate flaps, 6. composite lateral cartilage flaps, 7. buccal sulcus flaps, and 8. nasolabial flaps.
Otological manifestations of wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Illum Peter , Thorling Karen
Published: October 2006

The otological manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis were studied in 13 patients; diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 10, and in 1 patient periarteritis nodosa presented similar appearances.

One patient had destruction of the external ear, and several had refractory otitis externa, usually associated with otitis media: 3 patients had serous otitis media, 4 had purulent otitis media of a fairly mild course, while 6 had otitis media of a fulminant and long‐lasting course, accompanied in 5 cases by cranial nerve palsy and in 2 by widespread destructions. Most patients had major sensory hearing loss. Two had short‐lasting anacusis during exacerbation of the pulmonary lesions.

Often, otological manifestations were the initial signs of the disease. It is important to bear this diagnosis in mind in cases of long‐lasting and atypical inflammations and in the presence of peculiar constellations of symptoms from several different organ systems.
Swimming after laryngectomy
Authors: Gray Roger F.
Published: October 2006

The philosophy and practicalities of a device for safe swimming after total laryngectomy are considered. The design and use of this are described in a patient who enjoys great success swimming both in and underwater. Rehabilitation of the laryngectomee may include swimming, if desired, where training and supervision are available. Safety precautions are recommended.
Bullous myringitis and sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Hoffman Ronald A. , Shepsman Debra A.
Published: October 2006

A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss in bullous myringitis. Fifteen patients with 21 ears diagnosed as bullous myringitis were seen over a 24‐month period. Pure tone and speech audiometry were performed as early in the clinical course as possible; 7 ears demonstrated a sensorineural hearing loss and 7 ears a mixed loss. There were no purely conductive hearing losses. Recovery of hearing was complete in 8 of 14 ears. The findings of this study suggest that sensorineural hearing loss is common in bullous myringitis. The literature regarding bullous myringitis is briefly reviewed and the implications of this study are discussed.
Post‐traumatic facial nerve paralysis: Three cases of delayed temporal bone exploration with recovery
Authors: Brodsky Linda , Eviatar Abraham , Daniller Avron
Published: October 2006

No consensus exists today on the management of immediate‐onset post‐traumatic facial nerve paralysis. Controversy surrounds the timing of surgical intervention and the role of electrophysiologic testing. Three patients are presented who sustained immediate, complete facial paralysis following closed head trauma. They did not have prompt facial nerve decompression. In each case, electroneurography and electromyography showed complete nerve degeneration and denervated muscle. Despite the results of the electrophysiologic tests, all patients underwent late surgical decompression of the nerve: one at 2 1/2 months, one at 3 months, and one as late as 14 months after injury. They all had good recovery of facial function within 6 months of surgery. Early surgical intervention has been advocated in post‐traumatic facial nerve paralysis if any benefit is to be gained. It is thought that late surgical intervention is unlikely to yield further improvement in the facial nerve function. Experience with these cases suggests that surgical exploration of the facial nerve is indicated at anytime, as it may be beneficial even in very old injuries. The prognostic value of electroneurography and electromyography in determining facial nerve recovery and in deciding upon facial nerve surgery is questioned.
Superficial extending carcinoma of the hypopharynx: Report of 26 cases of an underestimated carcinoma
Authors: Carbone Antonino , Micheau Christian , Bosq Jacques , Caillaud Jean‐Michel , Vandenbrouck Claude
Published: October 2006

Advanced ulcerating and infiltrating tumors are commonly found in the hypopharynx, whereas early well‐defined lesions are rarely diagnosed.

The pathologic reports of 242 uniformly studied surgical specimens after total pharyngolaryngectomy for cancer of the hypo‐pharynx were reviewed. The histologic analysis of 26 cancers (10.7%), which were recorded as having an entire or predominant superficial type of spreading, demonstrated that also in the hypopharynx a “superficial extending carcinoma” (SEC) may occur.

SEC of hypopharynx was pathologically defined as a poorly or moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, generally located in the pyriform sinus, which spreads superficially. It was limited to the mucosa (2.9%), but more frequently early infiltrated the underlying muscle or gland structures (6.2%), regardless of the presence of lymph node metastases or lymph vessels invasion.

Although the concept that SEC of the hypopharynx may be an expression of a generalized disease of the mucosa must be carefully considered in surgical management, it appeared that this carcinoma in its “pure” intramucosal form may be associated with a good prognosis and a long survival.
Ear canal cholesteatoma
Authors: Holt James J.
Published: October 2006

Although cholesteatomas are more commonly found in the middle ear and the mastoid, the disease can occur in the external ear canal. All cases of ear canal cholesteatoma treated by the author were reviewed. There were nine ears in seven patients, who had an average age of 62 years. The lesions ranged in size from a few millimeters to extensive mastoid destruction. Smaller lesions can be managed by frequent cleaning as an office procedure. Larger lesions require surgery, either canaloplasty or mastoidectomy. The otolaryngologist should suspect this disease in the elderly. Microscopic examination of the ear with meticulous cleaning of all wax, especially in elderly patients, is most useful in detecting early disease. Frequent applications of mineral oil to the canal should be used in the management of the disease and to prevent recurrence.
Flutamide‐induced regression of angiofibroma
Authors: Gates George A. , Rice Dale H. , Koopmann Charles F. , Schuller David E.
Published: October 2006

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) appears to be an endocrine‐responsive tumor. This concept was tested in five young men with JNA by treating them with a testosterone receptor blocker (flutamide) for 6 weeks preoperatively.

Tumor size was evaluated by axial computed tomography both before and after flutamide therapy. Four of the five patients had an average tumor shrinkage of 44%. The patients tolerated the drug well, and the serum testosterone levels 2 or more years posttherapy were normal.

This pilot study demonstrates that preoperative hormonal pharmacoreduction of JNA is a feasible adjunct to surgical therapy that offers the possibility of reduced blood loss. However, the authors believe that a formal clinical trial of this treatment approach is warranted and should be done before widespread adoption of this agent.
Neural regeneration in the noise‐damaged chinchilla cochlea
Authors: Bohne Barbara A. , Harding Gary W.
Published: October 2006

Recent studies in the bird ear have shown that degenerated hair cells are sometimes replaced by regenerated receptor cells. The present study evaluated the adult mammalian cochlea for evidence of hair‐cell and nerve‐fiber regeneration. Eighty‐eight noise‐damaged chinchilla cochleas were examined as plastic‐embedded whole mounts by phase‐contrast and bright‐field microscopy. No signs of hair‐cell regeneration were found. However, 32 (70%) of 46 cochleas damaged by high‐intensity noise and 20 (48%) of 42 cochleas damaged by moderate‐intensity noise contained a variable number of nerve fibers which appeared to be regenerated. These fibers, which were located in severely damaged areas of organ of Corti, differed from residual fibers with respect to their diameters, the degree and pattern of myelination, and by the abnormal paths they followed within the osseous spiral lamina and on the basilar membrane. The number of regenerated fibers varied with type of exposure and length of recovery. The strongest response was found in ears exposed to a high‐intensity, low‐frequency noise. The results described here indicate that a potential exists for the biological restoration of the mammalian inner ear.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: The UCLA experience 1970–1990
Authors: Dulguerov Pavel , Calcaterra Thomas
Published: October 2006

A retrospective review was conducted of all esthesioneuroblastoma cases treated at UCLA Medical Center from 1970 through 1990. Patients were staged according to the staging systems of Kadish, et al.12 Biller, et al.,5 and a new staging system proposed by the authors.

Of 26 patients treated, 74% were alive at 5 years and 60% were alive at 10 years. Combined treatment with surgery and radiation is advocated since a recurrence'free status was achieved in 92% of the patients, compared with 14% for surgery alone and 40% for radiation alone. A craniofacial resection was performed in 7 patients, all of whom have remained disease free.

Negative prognostic factors included: age over 50 years at presentation, female sex, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. The proposed new staging system predicted disease'free status better than the other staging systems.
Preliminary results with the clarion cochlear implant
Authors: Schindler Robert A. , Kessler Dorcas K.
Published: October 2006

A new cochlear implant has become available. This device, called the Clarion Multichannel Cochlear Implant, is the result of collaborative efforts between the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the Research Triangle Institute (RTI), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and the device manufacturer and sponsor, Mini Med Technologies of Sylmar, California. The Clarion represents a new generation of multi‐programmable cochlear implant systems. Options in waveform, the stimulation mode, and the temporal distribution of the signal permit the device to be optimally customized for each individual patient. The speech coding scheme offering the greatest opportunity for speech recognition can be selected. The first Clarion recipient has recently been implanted at UCSF, initiating the Clarion's investigational clinical trials. A description of the device and preliminary patient results are presented.
Fano manifolds of coindex four as ample sections
Authors: Novelli Carla
Published: October 2006

We give a classification of pairs (X, L) consisting of a smooth complex n-dimensional projective variety X and an ample line bundle L on X such that Z ∈

is a Fano manifold with − K

Z
= (dim Z − 3)H

Z
for an ample and spanned line bundle H

Z
on Z.
Jung's theorem for a pair of Minkowski spaces
Authors: Boltyanski Vladimir , Martini Horst
Published: October 2006

We give generalizations of Jung's theorem for the case when there are two Minkowski metrics in ℝ
n
one of which is used to define the diameter of a set M ∈ ℝ
n
, and the other to determine the radius of the Minkowski ball containing M.
Corpus, creativity, cliché: Where statistics meet aesthetics
Authors: Dillon George L
Published: October 2006

Lively originality, in literature and elsewhere, is conventionally associated with the avoidance of cliché and well-worn phrasing. But the relations between cliché, idiom, high-frequency use, and their contribution to literary art, are less predictable (for a discussion of the reiteration of the signifier in the visual rather than verbal medium, namely clipart images, see Dillon 2006). There seems to be no direct correlation between how often a phrase appears in the large corpora of contemporary English and how clichéd it is felt to be; and clichédness and idiomaticity seem to be more a matter of perception than of statistical prominence. Conversely, rare collocations are “striking”, but this is not sufficient for purposes of literary art. More important than a striking turn of phrase is an apt one (relative to topic, theme, co-text, cumulative aligned structure: the entire integrated design of the poem). Aptness is an aesthetic category, not a statistical one and not reducible to one, since it applies to a particular, indeed, a unique communicative moment. And the apt word or phrase may not be a novel one.
An Approach to Determining the Uncertainty in Reactor Test Objects Using Deterministic and Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Keith RE
Published: October 2006

A procedure for determining an estimate of the uncertainty in test objects components using discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo methods has been developed. The procedure is described, and a review of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods is presented with the emphasis on the advantage of employing both transport methods in analysis. The discrete ordinates-based techniques use the DOORS and DANTSYS radiation transport codes (with the SUSD3D code for the determination of sensitivity of the response parameter to cross sections), and the Monte Carlo-based techniques primarily employ the MCNP code (using the general MCNP perturbation operator in a manner that determines the sensitivities to transport cross sections). The focus of the analysis presented is on experiments that are preformed at the Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR) at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and includes uncertainty contributed by the uncertainties in the source spectrum, in response functions, and in transport cross sections.
Influence of the Multigroup Approximation on VVER-1000 RPV Neutron/Gamma Flux Calculation
Authors: Belousov S I , Kirilova D L , Mitev M R , Ilieva K D
Published: October 2006

One-dimensional calculations of neutron and gamma group fluxes and radiation damage in terms of DPA have been carried out for VVER-1000 mock-up realized at LR-0 critical assembly, Rez, Czech Republic in order to evaluate the influence of energy dependence multigroup approximation on VVER-1000 RPV Neutron/Gamma flux calculation. Two calculational methods have been applied: Monte Carlo method (MC) with continuous energy dependence description and discrete ordinates (DO) method with multigroup energy dependence approximation. Two different multigroup neutron/gamma cross section libraries have been used: BGL1000—created especially for VVER-1000 application and BUGLE96—created for PWR application. A good consistency between the results for both methods and different cross section libraries is obtained for neutrons with energy above 0.1 MeV. The worst consistency is obtained for the thermal neutrons. For gammas a better consistency between DO and MC results is obtained when BGL1000 library is applied.
Near-Optimal Human Adaptive Control across Different Noise Environments
Authors: Chhabra Manu , Jacobs Robert A.
Published: October 2006

A person learning to control a complex system needs to learn about both the dynamics and the noise of the system. We evaluated human subjects' abilities to learn to control a stochastic dynamic system under different noise conditions. These conditions were created by corrupting the forces applied to the system with noise whose magnitudes were either proportional or inversely proportional to the sizes of subjects' control signals. We also used dynamic programming to calculate the mathematically optimal control laws of an “ideal actor” for each noise condition. The results suggest that people learned control strategies tailored to the specific noise characteristics of their training conditions. In particular, as predicted by the ideal actors, they learned to use smaller control signals when forces were corrupted by proportional noise and to use larger signals when forces were corrupted by inversely proportional noise, thereby achieving levels of performance near the information-theoretic upper bounds. We conclude that subjects learned to behave in a near-optimal manner, meaning that they learned to efficiently use all available information to plan and execute control policies that maximized performances on their tasks.
Methodological Considerations on the Use of Template Matching to Study Long-Lasting Memory Trace Replay
Authors: Tatsuno Masami , Lipa Peter , McNaughton Bruce L.
Published: October 2006

Replay of behaviorally induced neural activity patterns during subsequent sleep has been suggested to play an important role in memory consolidation. Many previous studies, mostly involving familiar experiences, suggest that such reactivation occurs, but decays quickly (∼1 h). Recently, however, long-lasting (up to ∼48 h) “reverberation” of neural activity patterns induced by a novel experience was reported on the basis of a template-matching analysis. Because detection and quantification of memory-trace replay depends critically on analysis methods, we investigated the statistical properties of the template-matching method and analyzed rodent neural ensemble activity patterns after a novel experience. For comparison, we also analyzed the same data with an independent analysis technique, the explained variance method. Contrary to the recent report, we did not observe significant long-lasting reverberation using either the template matching or the explained variance approaches. The latter, however, did reveal short-lasting reactivation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In addition, detailed analysis of the template-matching method shows that, in the present study, coarse mean firing rate differences among neurons, but not fine temporal spike structures, dominate the results of template matching. Most importantly, it is also demonstrated that partial comparisons of template-matching correlations, such as used in the recent paper, may lead to erroneous conclusions. These investigations indicate that the outcome of template-matching analysis is very sensitive to the conditions of how it is applied, and should be interpreted cautiously, and that the existence of long-lasting reverberation after a novel experience requires additional verification.
Signaling Networks in Neuronal Polarization
Authors: Yoshimura Takeshi , Arimura Nariko , Kaibuchi Kozo
Published: October 2006

A mature neuron is typically polarized both structurally and functionally, with a single long axon and several dendrites. Neuronal polarity is essential for unidirectional signal flow from somata or dendrites to axons. The initial event in establishing a polarized neuron is the specification of a single axon. Early in neuronal development, one immature neurite becomes differentiated from other neurites to form an axon. Although studies in the past two decades have yielded a catalog of structural, molecular, and functional differences between axons and dendrites, we are only now beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of neuronal polarity.

In the last few years, neuronal polarity-regulating molecules have been revealed. There are two major signaling cascades in neuronal polarization. Several groups, including ours, reported that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/collapsin response mediator protein-2 pathway is important for axon specification and elongation. Recent studies have revealed that the positive feedback loop composed of Rho family small GTPases and the Par3/Par6/atypical protein kinase C complex plays a role in the initial events of neuronal polarization downstream of PI3-kinase. Here, we discuss the roles of signaling molecules for axon specification.
Headscarves and Generational Conflict
Authors: Peek Lori
Published: October 2006

Conflict between immigrant parents and their children who were born or raised in the United States is a recurrent theme in the study of immigrant adaptation. Parents often fear that their children are assimilating to American culture too rapidly as they attempt to fit in with their peers and conform to media images. Yet parents may also become concerned when their children choose to publicly express their ethnic and religious roots, risking possible ostracism and discrimination. The result in either case is conflict between the generations.
Religion and the Domestication of Men
Authors: Wilcox W. Bradford
Published: October 2006

Should we worry that evangelical Protestantism turns men into abusive and insensitive patriarchs in the home? Not exactly.
Virtual Segments: The Hexachordal System in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: MENGOZZI STEFANO
Published: October 2006

Music-theoretical writings from the 13th to the 15th centuries maintained a basic distinction between two types of major sixth, customarily labeled hexachordum and deductio (or proprietas). The term hexachordum, more frequently called tonus (or semitonus) cum diapente, designated the interval of a major of minor sixth, frequently expressed by pitch letters only (such as G-e and A-F) and discussed independently of Guidonian solmization. On the other hand, proprietas and deductio indicated a “virtual segment” (the set of six syllables ut-la) that could be employed for the purpose of sight singing. Neither set challenged the conceptual primacy of the seven claves, expressed by the letters A-G. Hexachordum was routinely described as a portion of the octave, and the late-medieval notion of proprietas still reflected the principle of octave duplication, which had regulated musical practice since pre-Guidonian times. The “two-tier” model of diatonic space encountered in medieval music theory, based on the superimposition of Guido's six syllables onto the seven pitch letters, came to an end in the late 15th century, when authors such as Ramos de Pareja and Franchino Gafori began describing the Guidonian deductio—which they called hexachordum—as the primary mode of organization of the gamut that had superseded the Greek tetrachordum.
Mahler in a New Key: Genre and the “Resurrection” Finale
Authors: BAUMAN THOMAS
Published: October 2006

Like other symphonic works that combine instrumental and vocal resources, Mahler's “Resurrection” symphony seems to pose a genre puzzle, especially to those who have tried to subject its choral finale to formal exegesis. Carl Dahlhaus dodged the difficulty of categorization in his analysis by declaring it and all other examples of the “symphonycantata” as members of an intractable “genre of exceptions.”

Approaching the work along an alternative, metaformal exegetical pathway foregrounds instead the reciprocal relationship of artistic creation and life-experience, and leads ultimately to the conclusion that in this work Mahler reconciled instrumental and vocal discursive modes through the finale's reenactment of its own genesis.