bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Higher Education Home Economics Programs In A Changing Economic Environment
Authors: Greninger Sue Alexander , Hampton Vickie L. , Kitt Karrol A. , Durrett Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

This study investigates funding trends in college/university home economics pro grams during 1975–80 based on survey data from 138 heads of home economics units. Home economics faculty salaries did not keep up with inflation and avail ability of resources to higher education during the period studied; however, this was true for faculty members in general from all disciplines. Although this study is largely descriptive, an exploratory stepwise multiple regression analysis iden tifies characteristics of programs which fared better in terms of budgetary expan sion in comparison to group norms. Home economics undergraduate degrees granted was the only variable significantly related (p < 0.01) to growth in faculty salary allocations. Although growth in overall university allocations was the only significant predictor (p < 0.01) for growth in the maintenance, operations, and equipment budget category, two other variables‐undergraduate degrees granted and percentage of faculty tenured‐were closely enough related to be considered in future research.
Imported Versus Domestic Blouses: Women's Preferences and Purchase Motives
Authors: McLean Frances P. , Roper Lydia L. , Smothers Rhonda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine women's preferences for either imported or domestic blouses. A questionnaire was distributed to two groups: 114 students at The University of Alabama and 104 women in Tuscaloosa women's clubs. Information was obtained to: determine proportionate numbers of women's imported and domestic blouses purchased by the consumers, iden tify reasons for the consumers' purchases of either imported or domestic blouses, and examine relationships between socioeconomic factors and con sumer preferences for imported or domestic blouses. Data analysis included frequency distributions and cross tabulation procedures. A chi square was com puted on the appropriate variables to test relationships. Most of the blouses pur chased by students were imported, while most of those purchased by club women were domestic made. The purchase motive indicated most frequently by both groups were: color coordination with existing wardrobe, unusual detail (trim, styling, etc.), and attractive price. No significant relationships were found when the proportions of imported or domestic blouses purchased were cross‐tab ulated with age and income categories. The fact that consumers in this study purchased blouses for the same reasons, regardless of where they were pro duced, indicates a need for the U.S. textile and apparel industry to become more competitive in the global market.
Textiles and Clothing In Thermal Energy Conservation
Authors: Lapitsky Mary , Dickey Lois E.
Published: March 2007

Rising energy costs have led people to lower indoor temperatures during cold weather. Thus, effective use of clothing could be important in maintaining thermal body comfort. A study was developed to determine the roles of clothing and nonclothing practices, textile knowledge, clothing priorities, and selected demographic variables relative to energy conservation indoors during cold weather. On the basis of the available data, profiles were constructed of energy conserving/nonconserving women consumers. A sample of 544 women re sponded to the questionnaire. Findings from the study indicated that comfort was the most important priority when selecting clothing and, in general, the women were somewhat knowledgeable about textiles in regard to thermal com fort (average score was 74 percent). Energy conserving/nonconserving women consumers were identified based on their marital status, age, residence, family age composition, education, textile knowledge, clothing priorities, and income; also included were extent of home insulation and who controls the thermostat for heat. Employment and heat source did not differentiate conservers from non‐ conservers.
Application of Benefit Segmentation to a Generic Product Study in Clothing and Textiles
Authors: Kelley Eleanor , Strother Carla McDonough , Blouin David , Crouch Cynthia
Published: March 2007

Segmentation of consumers based on preferences for product characteristics has been brand‐specific in products other than fashion goods. However, this tech nique for identifying market segments should be applied to generic products. This study was designed to explore (1) whether clusters of consumers could be established based on their evaluations of aesthetic and performance character istics in selected generic categories of fashion goods and (2) if the demographic profiles of consumers within these clusters were different. A Likert instrument, mailed to a systematic sample of urban households, generated 384 evaluative responses from each of the 103 women who provided complete information nec essary for cluster analysis, (16 characteristics x four end‐use garment categories x six market segment age groups). Cluster analysis yielded four distinct clusters of consumers who differed in their ages, familial social class statuses, family compositions, and number of family incomes. These demographic characteristics are expected to dominate in the 1980s.
Freedom in Dress: The Legal View
Authors: Maher Pat Marie , Slocum Ann C.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this paper are to identify dress issues which were taken to court as a result of dress codes in a work environment, and to identify legal principles which the courts associated with freedom in dress. Court cases involved the fol lowing types of employees: teachers, public service employees, members of the Armed Services, employees in privately owned businesses, and attorneys. The source of the legal opinions discussed in this paper was West's National Reporter System. Most court cases involving personal appearance occurred during the last 20 years. The majority of cases were brought by men and involved hair and/or facial hair issues. Judges recognized freedom of choice in appearance in almost 40 percent of the cases reviewed in this paper. In general, employers have more rights to regulate the dress of employees than employees have in choosing their appearance. In safeguarding employees' rights, however, judges ruled that dress regulations must be specific, justifiable, warranted and must not be contrary to principles established in the laws of this country. Even though judges have the authority to restrict the appearance of attorneys in court, procedures are available when restrictions or sanctions are considered excessive.
Let The t‐Test Rest In Peace: A Note on the Control of Error Rates
Authors: Moran James D.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the appropriate control of experiment‐wise error rates and the researcher's role in making decisions to control for Type 1 errors. Issues re lated to level of significance, one‐ vs. two‐tailed tests and the use of multivariate statistics are included. The concern is voiced that novice researchers often err by not attending to these issues as closely as they should.
Farm Women And Work
Authors: Sander William
Published: March 2007

The participation by farm women in on‐farm and off‐farm work is estimated. In addition, data on the effects of female earnings in agriculture upon farm family income and the variability in farm family income are presented and assessed. It is shown that farm women contribute significantly and substantially to farm family income. Also, it is demonstrated that farm women appear to play an important role in helping farm families manage income instability.
Economic Well‐Being Of Elderly Families And Individuals: An Alternative Measure
Authors: Olson Pamela N. , Olson Geraldine I.
Published: March 2007

Resource distribution and adequacy, of elderly individuals and families, was measured by determining an annual dollar value of money and nonmoney eco nomic resources. The data was collected by interviewing 75 residents, 70 years or older, in Bernalillo County (Albuquerque), New Mexico, during 1980. The Gini Coefficient changed from .344 (money income only) to .186 with both money and nonmoney incomes. When household production and community‐provided goods and services were omitted, due to the method of valuation (based on prior research), the Gini Coefficient was .616, indicating greater inequality. The Cochran Q test was used to determine whether there were changes in the number of families below poverty as nonmoney economic resources were in cluded. Based on money income, 15 families were defined as being in poverty. No family was defined in poverty with all nonmoney resources in the measure; the change was significant (p < 0.05). However, removing household production and community‐provided goods and services, nine families remained in poverty.
Self‐Concept And Sex‐Role Learning Among Preschool Children
Authors: Sugawara Alan , Andrews David , Adduci Virginia , Cate Rodney
Published: March 2007

The present study examined how aspects of sex‐role learning account for differ ences in self‐concept among preschool children. Sex‐role learning was opera tionalized as sex‐role discrimination, sex‐role preference (e.g., adult activity pref erence and child activity preference), and sex‐trait awareness. Subjects were 32 boys and 32 girls, ranging in age from three to five years, from intact middle‐ and upper‐middle‐class families. Results revealed that children with more stereotypic child activity preferences had significantly higher (more positive) self‐concepts than children with less stereotypic child activity preferences. On the other hand, children who were less aware of the sex‐trait stereotypes had significantly higher self‐concepts than children who were more aware of the stereotypes. Findings were interpreted from two alternative perspectives: (a) the role of sex‐role atti tudes and knowledge in accounting for differences in children's self‐concept, and (b) the sex role socialization experience of young children during early child hood.
Nutrients and Fiber In Supplemented Diets Of Low Income Preschoolers
Authors: Endres Jeannette , Welch Patricia , Nabavi Maryann , Sawicki Marjorie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to report on the energy, nutrient, and fiber values from dietary intakes of low income children receiving supplemental foods. Di etary records for 434 preschool children participating in the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) were collected. The sample was divided into the upper and lower quartiles based on fiber values. The upper quartile met the RDA for energy and also had more nutrient dense diets for car bohydrate, fiber and magnesium due to larger quantities and more frequent servings of fruits, vegetables, grains and legumes. The diets of the lower quartile were more nutrient dense for fat, vitamins B12, and D due to larger servings of meats, desserts and high‐fat snacks. The upper group reported a larger quantity of WIC foods, especially the approved cereals, which contributed some fiber to the diets. Overall, WIC foods supplied higher values for many nutrients, espe cially iron, but provided only small quantities of fiber.
Solar Heating Systems: Differentiation Between Stages in the Innovation‐Decision Process
Authors: Combs E. Raedene , Parkhurst Anne M. , Madden Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Data, collected from a random sample of Nebraska residents and identified solar homeowners, were analyzed using discriminant analyses to identify attributes and dimensions of attributes of solar heating systems that differentiate among stages in the innovation‐decision process. The findings indicate that different attributes and dimensions of attributes are important in differentiating among the stages, and thereby suggest that informational content presented by “change agents” should vary depending on the likely stage of adoption of their audience.
Family Therapists' Responses to Normal Developmental Behavior Problems
Authors: Herakovich Marlene V. , Rogers Cosby S.
Published: March 2007

A randomly selected sample (N = 121 respondents) of members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy responded to three hypothetical case studies, each depicting a presenting problem which could be normal for each of three developmental levels. The proportion of therapists to mention normal development as a possible explanation for the behavior problem was 11.6 percent for Case 1 (a four‐year‐old seeking independence), 32.2 percent for Case 2 (a one‐year‐old with separation anxiety), and 9.9% for Case 3 (a nine‐year‐old with night fears). For each case, chi square analyses showed no differences ac cording to sex, education, parent status, and age of own children in terms of the proportion of counselors giving developmental responses. The low percentage of developmental responses may point to the need for additional developmental studies as part of therapist training curricula. Alternatively, the theoretical orien tation of the respondents may have determined the focus of their responses.
Portable Convection Oven Thermal Efficiency Test Development
Authors: Annis Patty J.
Published: March 2007

An investigation was conducted to find a simulated cooking load to test the thermal efficiency of portable convection ovens, which would reproduce values obtained with typical foods cooked in a series of commercially available ovens. In an extended survey of volunteer convection oven users, a 0.4‐lb loaf cake in an aluminum foil pan was suggested as a “light” load; a 0.8‐lb layer cake in an 8‐in. aluminum cake pan, as a “medium” load; and a 1.5‐lb meat loaf in a glass loaf dish, as a “heavy” load. Loads tested included sand‐water mixtures, cotton cloth in water, starch dough in various containers, and aluminum test blocks, both blackened and shiny. The thermal efficiencies obtained with the starch dough baked in a standard chemical crystallization dish correlated best with the average of the efficiencies for the three food loads. A close second choice for the simu lated cooking test load would be either the 2.47‐lb or 5.24‐lb blackened alu minum block heated for 30 minutes.
Perceived Fashionability Of A Garment As Inferred From The Age And Body Type Of The Wearer
Authors: Clayton Ruth , Lennon Sharron J. , Larkin Jane
Published: March 2007

Implicit personality theory predicts that individuals will make judgments of others based on salient visible cues in the absence of other information. This research examined the effects of age and body type of the wearer and the cur rency of fashion detail of the garment on the perceived fashionability of the gar ment. College‐aged female respondents (N= 90) rated the fashionability of six garments, three dresses and three suits with varying fashion cues. The models wearing the garments represented three levels of age and body type. Subjects responded to a unipolar adjective trait scale. Results indicated that the respon dents used cues provided by the age and body type of the model in addition to fashion detail in making judgments of garment fashionability. Whereas past re search has shown that clothing worn by a person affects judgments of that person, these results clearly show that the person wearing the clothing also af fects judgments of the clothing.
Savings Behavior And Satisfaction With Savings: A Comparison Of Low‐ And High‐Income Groups
Authors: Davis Elizabeth P. , Schumm Walter R.
Published: March 2007

Associations between satisfaction with savings and level of savings with mea sures of motivation to save, motivations to spend, and family resources were found to differ substantially between low‐ and high‐income couples. Below a threshold level of income of $9,000, it appeared that couples simply could not afford to save very much of their limited incomes. Above that apparent threshold level, savings rose very rapidly with income. Among couples whose incomes were above the threshold, satisfaction with savings was primarily a function of income, savings, and family size, while level of savings was primarily a function of income, education, family size, and home ownership. Motivation to save was associated with both savings and satisfaction with savings in terms of significant quadratic relationship.
Measurenlent of Hand Strength in Arthritic Women and Design of Appliance Control Knobs
Authors: Voeiz Susan L. , Hunt Fern E.
Published: March 2007

Development of an inexpensive instrument for measurement of hand strength or force applied in operation of rotary types of equipment controls is described. The instrument was used in measurement of maximum hand strength or force which 50 women with arthritis in their hands exerted in turning three different styles of home equipment control knobs. Findings confirm the fact that less force can be exerted in turning small knobs than larger ones. The findings have implications for equipment control design and independent functioning of people with weak or impaired hands, including the growing over‐60 age population group.
Family Stress in the Interior Living Environment Related to the Number of Bathrooms
Authors: Inman Marjorie , Sinn Margie
Published: March 2007

With building costs continually rising and, in turn, forcing a reduction in the size of residental living space, it is most important to evaluate human space needs and how their limitation might alter behavior patterns, attitudes, and feelings and eventually cause stress. Research concerning downsizing of residential spaces is necessary to insure that we do not minimize living areas to the point that re sulting stress might threaten a healthy existence. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between number of bathrooms in the residential dwelling and (1) family social climate, (2) family perceptions and attitudes, (3) environmental stressors. Two hundred Indiana families were interviewed. Results indicated a significant relationship between stress levels within this group of fam ilies and number of bathrooms in the residential dwelling.
Job Satisfaction And Stress Of Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Holley Claudette S. , Kirkpatrick Sue W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between (1) job satisfaction and stress, (2) job satisfaction and nine demographic variables, and (3) stress and nine demographic variables in secondary home economics teachers. Questionnaires, including a teacher profile, the short form of the Min nesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the New York State Teachers Survey on Teacher Stress, were mailed to 150 teachers. Respondents included 100 currently employed consumer, homemaking, and occupational home economics teachers. No relationship was found between stress and job satisfaction nor between stress and any demographic variables. Significant differences in job satisfaction were found for the demographic variables of number of pupils taught, years as a teacher, and marital status. Intrinsic satisfaction was significantly associated with number of pupils, years as teacher, and type of school system while extrinsic satisfaction was significantly associated with marital status and number of pupils. Discussion includes possible explanations for findings and implications for teachers and teacher educators.
Predicting Consumer Response to Fashion Apparel
Authors: DeLong Marlyn R. , Minshall Bettie , Larntz Kinley
Published: March 2007

The objective of this research was to explore the utility of Fishbein's Behavioral Intentions Model for predicting consumer intention to purchase fashion apparel. Relationships were examined between consumer attitudes toward purchasing specific examples of fashion apparel, attitudes toward purchasing from a general category of apparel, intention to purchase an item from the category within a two‐month period of time, and actual purchasing behavior. Behavioral intentions were found to be closely related to a combination of attitudes toward purchasing each of the stimuli presented and motivation to comply with reference groups. When respondents were asked to consider the purchase of a specific item of apparel, the relationships between the components of the theoretical model were stronger than when the respondents were asked to consider their intention to purchase from within the more general category.
Support Relationships in the Career Development of Home Economists in the Home Equipment and Related Product Industries
Authors: Michael Carol M.
Published: March 2007

The role of mentors, sponsors, and career guides in the career development of home economists in the home equipment and related product industries was studied. Participants were 151 home economists employed by manufacturers of appliances, housewares/materials, and cleaning products who responded to a pretested mail questionnaire. The relationships between three variables and sup port relationships were tested using analysis of variance and the chi square test. Positive, statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships were found between being mentored or sponsored and successlachievement level and between having a mentor or sponsor oneself and becoming a support figure for others (p < 0.01). Respondents reported a variety of ways in which their mentors and sponsors had aided their professional and personal development. Implications of the findings for home economists seeking career advancement in these indus tries are presented.
Physical Attractiveness, Age, And Body Type
Authors: Lennon Sharron J.
Published: March 2007

Physical attractiveness is known to affect people's responses in a variety of situa tions. Although people willingly ascribe physical attractiveness to others, there has been little success in determining the facets of physical appearance which influence judged physical attractiveness. Researchers have found that, when asked, people will report that a model's face and weight are two characteristics which seem to affect attractiveness judgments. However, it is known that people are not accurate at reporting what influences them. This research was designed to measure people's responses to variations in physical attractiveness as a function of a facial characteristic (age) and a characteristic related to weight (body type or size). Sixty college‐aged participants viewed and responded to black and white photos of female models, who systematically varied in age and body type. Sub jects guessed each model's attitude on a variety of issues and then judged each model's attractiveness. Analysis of variance revealed main effects for both age and body type on attractiveness, such that younger models were seen as more attractive than older models and that thinner models were seen as more attractive than heavier models. Main effects were also found for age and body type on assumed attitude similarity which indicates that age and body type of model function analogously to judged physical attractiveness. Clearly, age and body type are important components of physical attractiveness and avenues for re search are suggested.
Maternal Language and Children's Receptive Language Five Years After an Intervention Program
Authors: Inselberg Rachel , Larson Dorothy
Published: March 2007

In a follow‐up of experimental mother‐child pairs and their controls, the objec tive was to determine whether differences existed between the groups in ma ternal language and children's receptive language five years after a home‐based intervention program with the experimental group. In order to provide a lan guage “reference standard,” a professional control group was added. Mothers were interviewed and asked to tell stories to their children. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was administered to the children, with the receptive language gains of the experimental children found to be sustained. The experimental mothers used more specific language when storytelling than the original con trols, manifesting greater frequencies of noun and adjectival usage and refer ences to certain concepts, such as color, space, and number. They also showed greater similarity to the professional mothers than did the original controls. The specificity of the experimental mothers' language appeared to be associated with materials used.
Performance Characteristics of Ovens With Natural and Forced Convection
Authors: McFarland Mary Louise Weaver , Hunt Fern E.
Published: March 2007

Energy used, external surface temperatures of ovens, and characteristics of baked products (biscuits and loaf‐type quick bread) were determined for four forced convection and a conventional model of countertop ovens and an electric range oven without forced convection. Countertop ovens used less energy than an electric range oven (p≤ 0.05), but mean external surface temperatures of forced convection ovens were significantly higher than for the range oven. Unevenness of browning was generally more common and more pronounced in the ovens with forced convection than in those without. Volume of loaves of quick bread was greater in the countertop ovens with forced convection than in the one without, but differences were not significant for volume of either quick bread or biscuits in the forced convection ovens and the range oven. Possible explana tions for apparently contradictory findings among studies are presented.
Characteristics Of Extension's Food And Nutrition Programming: A Content Analysis Of Plans Of Work
Authors: Brown J. Lynne , Adams Patricia A. , Sims Laura S. , Kaltreider D. Lynne
Published: March 2007

Extension Food and Nutrition Plans of Work (POWs) from 16 states for FY 1984–87 were analyzed to determine program content, target audiences, delivery methods, evaluation tools to be used, and impacts expected. Two‐thirds of Ex tension's programming efforts addressed areas of normal nutrition and family food management while one‐fifth addressed diet's relationship to health. Adults, families, youth, and low‐income persons were the most frequently cited target audiences for these Extension programs. Extension Specialists rely somewhat more on interpersonal methods of program delivery than on media methods. Evaluation methods that measure programmatic outcomes and knowledge gain were cited more frequently than measures of behavior change or improved nutri tional status. Nearly half of the estimated impacts in these POWs were measures of practice change and end results according to Bennett's Hierarchy. Thirty per cent of the estimated impacts were changes in health and nutrition status and decreased morbidity and mortality.
Impact of Women's Off‐Farm Employment on Marital Adjustment
Authors: Little Linda F. , Knaub Patricia Kain , Wozniak Patricia , Draughn Peggy S. , Smith Craig W. , Weeks O'Neal
Published: March 2007

Literature bearing on the relationship of women's employment status to couples' marital adjustment is reviewed. Three competing hypotheses—status competi tion, status enhancement, and no effects—are discussed in terms of farm couples' current context. Findings from this study of 527 farm couples suggest that at this time, women's off‐farm employment might be in competition with traditional farm values, and thus might hinder high‐quality marital relationships in farm couples. Additional determinants of marital adjustment in farm couples are dis cussed.
Multiple Roles, Lifestyle Satisfaction, and Marital Happiness Among Farm Wives
Authors: Draughn Peggy Saxton , Little Linda F. , Wozniak Patricia , Kain Knaub Patricia , Weeks O'Neal , Smith Craig
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to explore the multiplicity of farm women's roles and to determine whether a particular role complex is related to lifestyle satisfac tion. Questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected farm families in seven states. Responses from 1,235 wives revealed that 13% functioned in five roles, 37% in four roles, 42% in three roles, and 8% in two roles. Wives from small farms were more likely to carry five role responsibilities. Education was positively re lated to number of roles, while age was negatively related. Although farm size, wives' off‐farm income, and length of marriage were significantly related to num ber of roles, the relationships were not linear. Number of roles negatively affected lifestyle satisfaction but not marital happiness. Lifestyle satisfaction was de creased by having an off‐farm‐work role and a parenting role, but not by a farm‐ work role. The number of roles was also related to both equity satisfaction and financial security. Younger wives, those with more education, and those from smaller farms are more likely to carry a quintet of roles. In conclusion, it appears that role load of farm wives reduces lifestyle satisfaction. Working off the farm reduces lifestyle satisfaction, but working on the farm does not. However, being a parent reduced lifestyle satisfaction, regardless of the type or number of work roles of the wife. Marital happiness remains independent of all variables in this study.
Mastectomy and Related Treatments: Impact of Appearance Satisfaction on Self‐Esteem
Authors: Feather Betty L. , Kaiser Susan B. , Rucker Margaret
Published: March 2007

According to the symbolic‐interactionist perspective, how the self is presented to others in social interaction provides critical cues that affect how others perceive an individual. Thus evaluations of one's own appearance, including body image, influence feelings about the self as presented to others. In addition, the integra tion of societal values, cultural imagery, and life experiences influence women's perceptions of their bodies. A model of appearance satisfaction and self‐esteem was developed and tested through path analysis using quantitative data reported by 933 post‐mastectomy women in a statewide survey. Qualitative data from follow‐up interviews with 27 of the patients were used to supplement the quan titative analyses. Clothing importance was perceived as less critical than medically related issues, but more critical than social issues. Findings indicate that age and whether or not one had undergone reconstructive surgery significantly contrib uted to satisfaction with appearance. In turn, appearance satisfaction had a sig nificant effect (p < .001) on self‐esteem and accounted for 12 percent of the variance in self‐esteem. Compared to the attitudes of older, non‐employed women, the appearance satisfaction of young women who were employed tended to be influenced more by medical treatments than by reconstructive sur gery.
Characteristics of Strong Families: Perceptions of Ethnic Parents
Authors: Abbott Douglas A. , Meredith William H.
Published: March 2007

Over five hundred parents from four American ethnic groups (American Indian, Hmong refugees, black, and Chicano, with a white comparison group) were surveyed by questionnaire and by interview concerning characteristics that pro mote a strong and healthy family. Although group differences were found in the relative importance of specific traits, there was general consensus that the inti mate environment of a strong family was one of trust, support, and effective communication. Moral principles of behavior are taught, and family members work together for the welfare of the group. While being together was important, encouragement of individuality was also characteristic of healthy families. This preliminary study supports the contention that traits of strong families extend beyond ethnic boundaries.
Breast Reconstruction and Prosthesis Use as Forms of Symbolic Completion of the Physical Self
Authors: Feather Betty L. , Kaiser Susan B. , Rucker Margaret
Published: March 2007

Self‐completion theory helps explain the striving toward wholeness associated with the use of an external prosthesis or breast reconstruction. This paper ad dresses variations in post‐mastectomy women's perceptions of physical com pleteness, as revealed by personal strategies of breast reconstruction and pros thesis usage. In the present investigation, women who had had reconstruction tended to be younger, employed, and to have more years of education compared to women who did not. Women who had had reconstructive surgery were more concerned about their sexuality, appearance, and social relationships. They were less satisfied with their appearance than those who did not have reconstruction. Prosthesis use and satisfaction were related factors, with younger and better educated women more likely to use the prosthesis. Greater satisfaction with one's prosthesis related significantly to the expertise of the prosthesis fitter.
The Relationship Between Parental Management of Peer Interactions and Children's Social Competence
Authors: Bullock Janis R.
Published: March 2007

A study of the relationship between parental opportunities for and management of children's peer interactions and the social competence of their child was con ducted. Subjects consisted of 36 children, ages 47 to 66 months, and their par ents. Questionnaires on opportunities provided by parents for peer interactions and management of these interactions were completed by the parents. Peer so ciometric evaluations of acceptance and popularity and teacher ratings of social competence were collected on the children. Correlational analyses showed pos itive relationships between mothers' opportunities for and management of inter actions and all of the children's measures of social competence. In contrast, only fathers' opportunities for interactions were correlated with the children's mea sures. These data suggest important links between parental opportunities pro vided for play and the peer social system.
Presidential Perspectives Concerning Home Economics in Higher Education
Authors: Breen Nancy , Driscoll Daniel
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to solicit and analyze the views of college and university administrators concerning the current status and future directions of home economics. A survey instrument was developed and mailed to the presi dents of the 343 institutions where home economics units are located. Usable responses were received from 202 central administrators. Home economics pro grams were rated as above average, but not exceptional. Problem areas were identified as lack of research and poor public image. The larger public institutions were significantly less likely to retrench home economics programs than the small private institutions. However, no institution reported any large increases in re sources for the next five years. These views of home economics held by leaders in higher education should be considered as home economists work to develop and strengthen the profession.
Net Worth and Financial Satisfaction as a Function of Household Money Managers' Competencies
Authors: Titus Patricia M. , Fanslow Alyce M. , Hira Tahira K.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses derived from the systems theory of family resource management in the area of family financial management. Money managers in 123 households in central Iowa were interviewed during fall 1986. A path analysis model based on multiple regression analyses was tested. The typical household money manager was a married, 49‐year‐old woman in a two‐member household with a median after‐tax income of $20,760. Money man agers who were more knowledgeable practiced more recommended planning and implementing behaviors than less knowledgeable money managers. House holds were more likely to have a higher level of net worth if the money manager used optimum planning practices and were more satisfied if the money manager used recommended implementing practices. Because this study suggests that money managers who use the principles of financial management do achieve greater net worth and satisfaction, educators should target their efforts toward the identified competencies.
The Rural Consumer: Attitudes Toward Imports
Authors: Morganosky Michelle A. , Douglas Sara U.
Published: March 2007

A national probability sample of rural and non‐rural consumers is compared in relationship to their attitudes toward imports. Results of analysis of variance tests and Scheffé post‐hoc comparisons revealed that rural consumers were more likely than non‐rural consumers to have negative attitudes toward imported products and positive attitudes toward U.S.‐made products. Theoretical implications in terms of value theory are discussed, as well as suggestions for ways in which retailers who sell to rural consumers can incorporate these findings into their strategic plans.
Furniture Shopping Patterns of Rural Families
Authors: Allison Carll M. , Black Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

The home‐furnishings shopping patterns of rural Illinois consumers were com pared against a national profile. Findings indicated that the amount of compari son shopping done by this rural group was less than that of the population as a whole. The respondents also were not considering a wide range of purchase alternatives, with most items being acquired from local furniture stores. The de mographic variables were found to have no apparent influence on shopping patterns, and a majority of those surveyed were satisfied with locally available resources. The data suggest that the influence of constraints such as resource limitations, degree of mobility, and knowledge and information concerning al ternatives need to be examined further in relation to shopping patterns. Impli cations for retailers and other groups are discussed.
The Effect of Human Capital on the Economic Status of Women Following Marital Disruption
Authors: Mauldin Teresa , Rudd Nancy M. , Stafford Kathryn
Published: March 2007

Women who fail to invest in human capital such as education and work experi ence risk future poverty in the event of marital disruption. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Surveys' Young Women Cohort to determine the effect of human capital on the per capita household income of women immedi ately following divorce or separation. Results indicated that higher levels of ed ucational attainment and work experience increase post‐disruption per capita income by significant amounts. However, fairly large increments of human capital are needed to offset the income‐reducing effect of children under age six in the household.
Air Permeability and Linting of Woven, Nonwoven, and Coated Fabrics for Cleanroom Garments
Authors: Brandt Brenda
Published: March 2007

Linting and air permeability properties of commercially available fabrics used in protective cleanroom garments were studied to determine fabric performance. Fabrics tested varied widely as to air permeability, with coated membrane con structions and two types of nonwovens having the lowest air permeability values and allowing less air passage than wovens and other nonwoven fabrics. Results from linting tests indicated that coated membrane fabrics produced the least lint and nonwovens produced the most. Woven fabrics fell in the mid‐range of lint produced. Of the three construction types, coated fabrics were found to be the least linting and the most effective in inhibiting air passage. Cleanroom garment manufacturers should explore the use of other coated constructions as fabrics for protective clothing in cleanrooms. These coated constructions are examples of the latest in fabric coating technology and are similar to the coated membrane fabrics analyzed in this study with respect to limited air passage and low linting properties.
Time Value and Its Impact on Household Food Expenditures Away From Home
Authors: McCracken Vicki A. , Brandt Jon A.
Published: March 2007

Food away from home (FAFH) expenditure equations derived from household production theory stress the importance of of time constraint implicit in house hold decision making. Numerous methods have been suggested in the literature to quantify the value of time. The measure of time value developed in this study was based on the opportunity cost approach and indicates the importance of correcting for labor force participation selection bias when estimating potential wages for non‐labor‐force participants. In general, value of time, income, house hold size and composition, and other environmental variables significantly influ enced FAFH expenditures. The results also indicate the importance of distinguish ing between FAFH expenditures at different types of eating places.
Effects of Clothing Attractiveness on Perceptions
Authors: Lennon Sharron J.
Published: March 2007

In many physical attractiveness studies, it is clothing and other appearance vari ables that are manipulated, not actual physical beauty, in order to vary physical attractiveness. Thus, results that have been attributed to physical attractiveness may actually be due to clothing attractiveness. The purpose of this research was to determine whether people perceive others differentially as a function of the attractiveness of their clothing. Slides of six different models in business attire, three wearing attractive clothing and three wearing unattractive clothing, served as stimuli. Fifty‐nine participants listened to a pre‐recorded audio tape consisting of 30 suggestions relative to marketing a perfume. As a comment was heard, a slide of the woman purported to have made the comment was projected. Sub jects rated the women on competence, work comfort, and sociability. Multivari ate and univariate analyses of variance revealed that, as expected, models dressed in attractive clothing were perceived more positively than models dressed in unattractive clothing on each of the three dependent variables. These results provide some support for a clothing attractiveness stereotype that may function analogously to the well‐documented physical attractiveness stereotype. It is known that physical attractiveness, a variable over which one has little control, exerts a potent influence in social situations. These results imply that clothing attractiveness, a variable over which one has potential control, might exert a similar influence.
Housing and Household Characteristics of Single‐ and Dual‐Earner Families
Authors: Bird Gerald A. , Day Savannah , Cavell Marilyn
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to identify and compare the housing char acteristics of categories of single‐ and dual‐earner families with respect to (a) demographic characteristics, (b) characteristics of present home, and (c) satisfac tion with present home. In a sample of 784 husband‐wife families, findings indi cate significant differences in housing and household characteristics, not only between single‐earner and dual‐earner families, but also among the categories of single‐ and dual‐earner families. Among dual‐earner families, differences were most often found between career/part‐time‐earner families and two‐earner fami lies. Two‐earner families were found to be more similar to one‐earner families than to the other dual‐earner family types.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Selected Home Economists Toward Irradiation in Food Preservation
Authors: Johnson Faye C. Stucy
Published: March 2007

Preservation of food with ionizing radiation treatment offers many benefits to consumers. Among other factors, the lack of certainty of the acceptance of this process by the public has slowed its commercial use in the U.S. Since home economists deal with food‐related issues, it is likely that they will be asked ques tions by the public about this process. This project was designed to obtain infor mation using a survey method about the knowledge and attitudes of selected California home economists toward the use of irradiation to preserve food. The information was used to determine whether a need existed to provide education about the irradiation process to these professionals. The survey revealed that these home economists lacked knowledge about the irradiation process, al though they had a positive attitude toward it and desired to learn more about it. Based on these findings, a 90‐minute statewide teleconference was conducted and viewed by more than 300 home economists and other interested profession als. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that (a) knowledge of and a positive attitude toward food irradi ation increased as a result of participation in the teleconference, (b) the informa tion provided was helpful, and (c) the objectives of the teleconference were met. This project should be replicated using a nationwide sample of home economists to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of a wide range of home economists about food irradiation and, if a need is demonstrated, a nationwide teleconference should be conducted.
Home Economics in Higher Education: Communities of Convenience or Purpose?
Authors: Vincenti Virginia B.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on home economics higher education curricula and argues that an integrative, interdisciplinary curriculum organized around a set of practi cal, perennial problems would strengthen the effectiveness of the field. It begins with a contextual discussion of interdisciplinarity as a phenomenon in higher education. It then provides a rationale for developing integrative, interdisciplinary curricula for home economics in colleges and universities and offers an explana tion of the practical, perennial‐problem framework for curriculum. It also exam ines the consequences to home economics of a lack of integration and offers ideas for facilitating integration using the communicative mode of inquiry.
Convenience as a Factor in Meal Preparation Among Health‐Conscious Adults
Authors: Armstrong Jill E. , Lange Edith , Stem Donald
Published: March 2007

A recent consumer survey concluded that half the primary food shoppers in U.S. households are strongly influenced by convenience or health values in food selection. To explore these influences further, adult male and female road‐race participants (n = 930) were recruited for a survey of personal and household factors influencing the perceived role of convenience in meal preparation among a group of “health‐conscious” consumers. The respondents' perception of how often convenience is a factor in household meal preparation was significantly influenced by sex (p < .01) and an age‐household composition interaction effect (p < .01). Convenience was reportedly most often a factor in meal preparation for respondents under 50 years old who live alone, respondents under 40 years old in adults‐only households, all age groups in multiperson households with children, and women. Convenience reportedly played less of a role in meal preparation for respondents over 50 years old who lived alone or with other adults. Interest in information on easy‐to‐fix meals increased as frequency of household food prep aration by the respondent increased, and was significantly higher among females than males in multiperson households. Results imply sex‐ and age‐group differ ences in perceptions of food preparation that have a potential impact on how nutrition educators develop “convenient” dietary change strategies for certain active adults.
Museum Collections vs. Fashion Magazines: Aesthetic Rules
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth D.
Published: March 2007

Methodology was developed to measure six persistent features (décolletage width, décolletage length, waist width, waist length, skirt width and skirt length)of evening dresses, 1920–1980, from two university costume collections. Gar ments fit onto dress forms were photographed. Metric measurements were made directly on the photographs. Aesthetic rules derived from Greek ideals found in apparel design texts were tested by considering proportionate relationships be tween pairs of dress dimensions. Differences between university collections ex isted but were overshadowed by similarities in proportionate relationships. Data from both collections were combined and compared to findings utilizing maga zine data from the same time period. Regardless of data source, designers follow similar aesthetic rules, but not necessarily those found in apparel design texts.