bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 1,6.8,13‐BUTANDIYLIDEN‐(14)ANNULEN
Authors: VOGEL EMANUEL , STURM WOLFGANG , CREMER HANS‐DIETER
Published: February 2016

Das Dihydroannulen (I) liefert in Methanol‐Methylenchlorid mit ätheri‐schem CH2N2 das Keton (II) (7% Ausbeute), das mit Dichlordicyan‐p‐ben‐zochinon in siedendem Anisol zu (III) (60%) dehydriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. DES DIPHENYLDIAZENIUMKATIONS UND DES TETRAPHENYLTETRAZENS DURCH ELEKTROCHEMISCHE OX. VON 1,1‐DIPHENYLHYDRAZIN IN ORGANISCHEM MEDIUM
Authors: CAUQUIS G. , GENIES M.
Published: February 2016

Die elektrochemische Oxidation von 1,1‐Diphenylhydrazin (II) liefert inAcetonitril mit Perchlorat das Diphenyldiazeniumkation (I) und in Gegenwartvon Pyridin das Tetraphenyltetrazen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON O‐GLYCYL‐N‐(2,3,4‐TRIHYDROXY‐BENZYL)‐HYDROXYLAMIN‐DIHYDROBROMID
Authors: HEGEDUES B. , KRASSO A. F.
Published: February 2016

Das Glycin (I) liefert in Gegenwart von N,N‐Dicyclohexyl‐carbodiimid mit dem Hydroxylamin (II) das Glycylhydroxylamin (III) (88% Ausbeute), das in Benzol/Äther mit HCl das Hydrochlorid (IV) (100%) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. POTENTIELLER ANTIBAKTERIELLER AGENTIEN, VON 2‐ACYL‐5‐CHLOR‐PHENOLEN UND 3‐N‐ALKYL‐6‐CHLOR‐SALICYLALDEHYDEN ABGELEITETE SCHIFFSCHE BASEN
Authors: PAWAR R. A. , SHINGTE R. D. , GOGTE V. N.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Acylphenolen (I) und Äthylendiamin werden die Schiffschen Basen(II) (85‐92% Ausbeute) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELEKTIVITAET REPRAESENTATIVER CYCLOBUTENE BEI (4+2)PI‐CYCLOADDITIONS‐RK.
Authors: ANDERSON C. M. , MCCAY I. W. , WARRENER R. N.
Published: February 2016

Umsetzung von cis‐3,4‐Dichlor‐cyclobuten (I) mit 2,5‐Dimethyl‐3,4‐diphenyl‐cyclopenta‐2,4‐dienon (II), das in situ aus dem Dimeren in siedendem Chloroform erzeugt wird, liefert in über 85% Ausbeute ein Gemisch des anti‐exo‐Isomeren (III) und des anti‐endo‐Isomeren (IV) im Verhältnis 4:1.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER PODOCARPACEEN 25. MITT. UMWANDLUNG VON 8ALPHA,13BETA‐EPOXY‐LABDEN‐(14)‐ON‐(2) IN VERBINDUNGEN MIT AMBRA‐AEHNLICHEM DUFT
Authors: CAMBIE R. C. , JOBLIN K. N. , MCCALLUM N. K.
Published: February 2016

(Ia) wird in ihr Äthylenacetal (Ib) übergeführt, das der Hydrogenolyse mitLithium‐Äthylamin unterworfen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZO(B)THIOPHEN‐DERIVATE 15. MITT. DARST. UND ELEKTROPHILE SUBSTITUTION VON 6‐METHOXY‐3‐METHYLBENZO(B)THIOPHEN
Authors: CAMPAIGNE E. , DINNER A. , NEISS E. S.
Published: February 2016

3‐Methoxy‐thiophenol (I) wurde mit Chloraceton (II) in Gegenwart von Natronlauge zum Thioäther (III) kondensiert und mit konzentrierter Schwefelsäure in einer Ausbeute von 61% zum Thionaphthen (IV) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: 5,7‐DIMETHOXYINDOL UND VERWANDTE VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: CROHARE R. , MERKUZA V. M. , GONZALEZ H. A. , RUVEDA E. A.
Published: February 2016

Verbindung (I) wurde in Äther bei 0° mit Salpetersäure zu einem Gemisch der Nitroverbindungen (II) und (III) nitriert.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRROLE UND PYRAZOLINE DURCH RINGSCHLUSS AUS AZINEN
Authors: STAPFER C. H. , D'ANDREA R. W.
Published: February 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Azine (I), (III), (V), (VII), (IX) und (XI) in Gegenwartvon Kobalt‐ oder Nickelsalzen entstehen die Pyrazoline und Pyrrole (II),(IV), (VI), (VIII), (X) und (XII) in Ausbeuten von 50 ‐ 77%.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,6,9‐TETRAAZA‐SPIRO(4,4)NONANE AUS BI‐(1,3‐DIPHENYL‐IMIDAZOLIDINYLIDEN‐(2)) UND ISOCYANATEN BZW. ISOTHIOCYANATEN
Authors: REGITZ M. , HOCKER J.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung von Bi‐(imidazolidinyliden‐(2)) (III) mit Isocyanaten (II) bzw. mit Isothiocyanaten (IV) im Molverhältnis 1:4 liefert die Tetraaza‐spirononane (I) bzw. (V) in Ausbeuten von 80‐90%.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOTHIAZOL‐REIHE 2. MITT. RK. VON ARYLAMINOMETHYLENMALONATEN MIT AMINEN
Authors: RAJAPPA S. , NAGARAJAN K. , AKERKAR A. S.
Published: February 2016

Das aus 4‐Acetyl‐3‐methyl‐isothiazol durch Bromierung und anschließende Kondensation mit Thioharnstoff erhaltene Amin (I) wird mit dem Malon‐ester (II) zu dem Aminomethylenmalonat (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: THIAZOLOTHIAZOLE 2. MITT. DER STAMMHETEROCYCLUS UND SEINE CARBOXY‐ UND AMINO‐DERIVATE
Authors: JOHNSON JOHN R. , ROTENBERG DON H. , KETCHAM ROGER
Published: February 2016

Die Oxidation der Thiazolothiazole (I) mit KMnO4 liefert die Dicarbonsäure(IIa) (50 bzw. 70% Ausbeute), die mit Methanol bzw. Äthanol die entspre‐chenden Diester (87 bzw. 50%) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐PHENYL‐5‐(TRICHLORMETHYL)‐2,3,4‐OXADIAZOLE, MALARIAMITTEL
Authors: HUTT M. P. , ELSLAGER E. F. , WERBEL L. M.
Published: February 2016

Die Methylester (I) wurden mit Hydrazin in die entsprechenden Hydrazide(II) übergeführt′ mit Trichloressigsäureanhydrid (III) zu (IV) kondensiert und mit Phosphoroxychlorid in Ausbeuten von 44 ‐ 66% zu den Oxadiazolen (V) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: BROMIERUNG VON 2,1,3‐BENZOTHIADIAZOLEN
Authors: PILGRAM K. , ZUPAN M. , SKILES R.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Bromierung von 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazol (I) in 47%iger Bromwasserstoffsäure mit einem Überschuß an Brom unter Rückfluß entsteht ein 3:7‐Gemisch der Verbindungen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4,6‐TRIMETHYLPYRYLIUMTETRAFLUOROBORAT AUS ACETYLFLUORID UND BORTRIFLUORID
Authors: ELIASSAF J.
Published: February 2016

Acetylfluorid (I) setzt sich bei 0° mit Bortrifluorid zu (II) um, das bei Raumtemperatur in Gegenwart von (I) in (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: REVERSIBLE THIOLADDITION ALS SCHUTZRK. FUER KONJUGIERTE ALPHA‐METHYLENGRUPPEN VON LACTONEN
Authors: KUPCHAN S. M. , GIACOBBE T. J. , KRULL I. S.
Published: February 2016

Vernolepin (I) wird mit Propanthiol in Tetrahydrofuran bei pH 9,2 (18 Stunden) in (II) übergeführt, das zum 1,2‐Dihydrovernolepin‐bis‐1‐propanthioladdukt (III) hydriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: BETEILIGUNG EINES BRUECKENKOPF‐THIIRANIUM‐IONS BEI DER SAEUREKATALYSIERTEN DISPROPORTIONIERUNG VON 1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRO‐8‐METHOXY‐6H‐DIBENZO(BD)THIOPYRAN
Authors: DE WAARD E. R. , VLOON W. J. , HUISMAN H. O.
Published: February 2016

Behandlung des Thiopyrans (I) mit wäßriger Perchlorsäure liefert die Verbindungen (II), (III) und (IV) in 45, 34 bzw. 8%iger Ausbeute, wobei für die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) das Sulfoniumion (V) als Zwischenstufe angenommen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOPYRAN(2,3‐B)INDOLE, PSEUDOAZULENSYST.
Authors: BOURDAIS J.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Kondensation der Indolinthione‐(2) (II) mit den 1,3‐Diketonen (I) bei 20° in Gegenwart von äthanolischer Salzsäure werden über die nichtisolierten Produkte (III) die Indolo(2,3‐b)thiopyryliumchloride (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐(1′‐ALKYL‐4′‐PYRIDINIO)‐PYRIDINIUM‐SALZE
Authors: BLACK A. L. , SUMMERS L. A.
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion des Chloridhydrochlorids (I) mit Alkylsulfaten (II) und anschließende Behandlung mit HBr werden die Titelverbindungen (III) erhalten, deren Reduktion mit Zn‐Staub in wäßriger Lösung polarographisch und NMR‐sowie ESR‐spektroskopisch untersucht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISCHE KONSTITUTION UND AKTIVITAET VON BIPYRIDYLIUM‐HERBICIDEN 6. MITT. DIQUATERNAERE SALZE VON 4,4′‐IMINODIPYRIDIN UND 4,4′‐THIODIPYRIDIN
Authors: DICKESON J. E. , SUMMERS L. A.
Published: February 2016

Verbindung (I) wurde mit Methyl jodid zu (II) methyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 3‐AMINO‐2,6‐PYRIDINDIOL
Authors: KNACKMUSS H. J.
Published: February 2016

2,6‐Pyridindiol (I) wurde in Wasser mit Benzoldiazoniumchlorid (II) zu (III) umgesetzt, in Acetanhydrid über Raney‐Nickel zu (IV) hydriert und mit metallischem Zinn in konzentrierter Salzsäure zu (V) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOREDUKTION VON CHINOLIN‐METHANOLEN
Authors: RUBIN M. B. , FINK C.
Published: February 2016

Beim Bestrahlen (λ = 3130 bzw. 2537 Å) einer methanolischen Lösung von 2‐Phenyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐chinolin (I) erhält man in Ausbeuten von über 95% 2‐Phenyl‐4‐methyl‐chinolin (II) neben 85% Formaldehyd (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOCHINOLIN‐DERIVATE 21. MITT. SYNTH. EINIGER ALPHA,GAMMA‐BIS‐(3‐ALKYL‐3,4‐DIHYDROISOCHINOLYL‐(1))‐PROPANE UND VERWANDTER VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: DAS GUPTA A. CHANDRA , CHAKRAVORTI S. S. , BASU U. P.
Published: February 2016

α‐Methyl‐β‐phenyläthylamin (Ia) reagiert mit Glutarsäureäthylester (II) zum Monocarbonsäureamid (IIIa), das sich durch Erhitzen mit einem Äquivalent β‐Phenyläthylamin (Ib) zum Bis‐(carbonsäureamid) (IVb) kondensieren läßt. Letzteres gibt nach Bischler‐Napieralski mit Polyphosphorsäure und POCl3 bei 130° das Dihydroisochinolin‐Derivat (Vb).
ChemInform Abstract: 6(5H)‐PHENANTHRIDINONE 3. MITT. HALOGEN‐6(5H)PHENANTHRIDINONE
Authors: HSI‐LUNG PAN HSI‐LUNG PAN , FLETCHER T. LL.
Published: February 2016

Die Halogenierung von Phenanthridinon (I) mit N‐Chlor‐ oder N‐Brom‐succinimid (II) in Dimethylformamid ergibt die 2‐halogenierten Phenanthridinone (III) in guten Ausbeuten, während die weitere Halogenierung von (III) unter verschärften Bedingungen die Dihalogenverbindungen (IV) nur in niedrigen Ausbeuten liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. SUBSTITUIERTER 7H‐1‐PYRINDINESSIGSAEUREESTER
Authors: GREENWALD R. B. , SHEN T. Y.
Published: February 2016

Das Pyrindin‐Derivat (I) wurde zu (II) methyliert, zu (III) hydrolysiert und durch vorsichtige Behandlung mit Phosphoroxychlorid in das Pyrindin‐Derivat (IV) umgewandelt, das dann mit Zinkstaub und Bromessigsäuremethylester zu (VI) umgesetzt wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. EINIGER 4‐METHYLEN‐4H‐PYRAN‐DERIVATE MIT PRIMAEREN UND SEKUNDAEREN AMINEN
Authors: VAN ALLAN J. A. , REYNOLDS G. A. , PETROPOULOS C. C. , MAIER D. P.
Published: February 2016

Das 4‐Dicyanmethylen‐4H‐pyran (I) gibt mit Piperidin (II) das 2‐Piperidino‐pyridin (III) und das 2‐Pyridon (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIDAZINE 34. MITT. ELEKTRONENBESCHUSSFRAGMENTIERUNG EINIGER SYMM.‐TRIAZOLO(4,3‐B)PYRIDAZINE, TETRAZOLO(1,5‐B)PYRIDAZINE UND VERWANDTER VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: PIRC V. , STANOVNIK B. , TISLER M. , MARSEL J. , PAUDLER W. W.
Published: February 2016

Pyridazine. 34. Mitt. Elektronenbeschußfragmentierung einiger symm.‐Triazolo(4,3‐b)pyridazine, Tetrazolo(l′5‐b)pyridazine und verwandterVerbindungen(Pirc, V.; Stanovnik, B.; Tiäler, M.; Marsel, J. und Paudler, W.W.;J. Heterocyclic Chem.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH., TRENNUNG UND STRUKTUR DER ISOMEREN 6‐ UND 7‐TRIFLUORMETHYL‐1‐CHLOR‐4‐METHOXY‐PHTHALAZINE
Authors: VIGEVANI A. , CAVALLERI B. , GALLO G. G.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Behandlung von (I) mit Natriummethyl in Methanol wird ein Gemisch der Phthalazine (II) und (III) erhalten, das durch präparative Dünnschichtchromatographie in die reinen Komponenten getrennt werden kann.Bei weiterer Behandlung des Gemisches mit Natriummethylat in Methanol wird als einheitliche Verbindung (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISCHE REAKTIVITAET GEWISSER IMIDAZO(1,2‐C)PYRIMIDINE
Authors: SCHMIDT CH. L. , TOWNSEND L. B.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung der Verbindungen (Ia) und (Ib) mit Methylamin (II) führt zu den Imidazo(1,2‐c)pyrimidinen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: EIN BENZAZEPINON, DAS KOHLENSTOFF‐ANALOGE ZU DIAZEPAM
Authors: LOEV B. , GOODMAN M. M. , ZIRKLE C. , MACKO E.
Published: February 2016

Durch den Ersatz des Iminostickstoffs im 2H‐1,4‐Benzodiazepin‐2‐on (I)(Diazepam) durch eine Methingruppe wird das Benzazepin‐2‐on (II) erhalten, das im Gegensatz zu (I) bei Ratten keine Wirkung als Tranquillizer, Sedativum oder Muskelrelaxans zeigt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYN‐1,6‐METHANO‐8,13‐EPOXY‐(14)ANNULEN
Authors: VOGEL EMANUEL , HABERLAND ULRICH , ICK JUERGEN
Published: February 2016

Hexahydroanthracen reagiert mit Methylenjodid an Zn‐Cu zum Anthracen(I) (23% Ausbeute), das mit Peressigsäure ein 8 : 66‐Gemisch der Epoxide(II) und (III) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: VON OXAZOLONEN ABGELEITETE MEROCYANINE
Authors: JENA E. , TRIPATHY P. B.
Published: February 2016

Die in 2‐Stellung substituierten Aryloxazolone (I) werden mit quaternierten Methylheterocyclen (II) wie 2‐Methylbenzthiazol, 2‐Methylchinolin, 4‐Methylchinolin, α‐Picolin, 2‐Methyl‐4‐phenylthiazol in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zu den Merocyaninen (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER PYRROL‐VERBINDUNGEN 11. MITT. ACETYLIERUNG VON DEUTEROCHLORIN IX
Authors: CLEZY P. S. , MORELL D. B.
Published: February 2016

Durch Behandlung von Fe(III)‐deuterochlorin IX mit Acetanhydrid in Gegen‐wart von Sn(IV)‐bromid und anschließende Entfernung des Metalls wird ein β‐Acetylderivat erhalten, das aufgrund seines NMR‐Spektrums die Konstitution (Ia) hat.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 8‐METHOXY‐3,5,7,3′,4′‐PENTAHYDROXY‐FLAVON (8‐METHYL‐GOSSYPETIN)
Authors: WAGNER H. , RUEGER R. , HOERHAMMER L. , FARKAS L.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Blüten von Ranunculus repens L. wurde kürzlich das Flavonol‐glykosid Ranupin isoliert, dessen Aglykon Ranupenin ein Monomethyläther von Gossypetin (I) ist.
ChemInform Abstract: PIGMENTE VON NEREIDEN (ANNELIDA, POLYCHAETEN) 1. MITT. ISOLIERUNG VON PTERINDIMEREN AUS DEN AUGEN VON PLATYNEREIS DUMERILII (AUDOUIN UND MILNE EDWARDS) 1833
Authors: VISCONTINI M. , HUMMEL W. , FISCHER A.
Published: February 2016

Neben Neopterin werden zwei in ihrer Struktur noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärte neue Pterine isoliert, die als Platynerepterin und Nerepterin bezeichnet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON HETEROCYCLISCHEN VERBINDUNGEN 148. MITT. TOTALSYNTH. VON (+‐)‐CAPAURIN
Authors: KAMITANI T. , IIDA H. , KIKUCHI T. , HONDA T. , IHARA M.
Published: February 2016

Durch Schotten‐Baumann‐Reaktion des Amins (I) mit dem Säurechlorid (II)zu (III), Bischler‐Napieralski‐Cyclisierung zu (IV) und (V), Reduktion mit Natriumborhydrid unter gleichzeitiger Hydrolyse der Äthoxycarbonyl‐Funktion zu einem Gemisch der Verbindungen (VI) und (VII), das nicht getrennt werden konnte, und Cyclisierung mit Formalin und Essigsäure mit anschließender Debromierung mit Zinkstaub und 50%iger Essigsäure wurde wiederum ein Gemisch der Verbindungen (VIII) und (IX) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE RK. BEI KOHLENHYDRATEN 1. MITT. PHOTOCHEMISCHE ADDITION VON THIOESSIGSAEURE, BENZYLMERCAPTAN UND 1,3‐DOXOLAN
Authors: MATSUURA K. , MAEDA S. , ARAKI Y. , ISHIDO Y. , MURAI T.
Published: February 2016

Die Addition von Thioessigsäure (IIa) bzw. Benzylmercaptan (IIb) an (I)im UV‐Licht unter einer Stickstoffatmosphäre führt in 64 Stunden zu den 1:1‐Addukten (IIIa) (61%) bzw. (IIIb) (69%).
ChemInform Abstract: VERSUCHE ZUR BIOTINSYNTH., HERSTELLUNG VON (3A S,6A R)‐1,3‐DIBENZYL‐TETRAHYDRO‐4H‐THIENO(3,4‐D)IMIDAZOL‐2,4(1H)‐DION
Authors: GERECKE M. , ZIMMERMANN J.‐P. , ASCHWANDEN W.
Published: February 2016

Es wird versucht, die Trennung der Enantiomeren bei der Biotinsynthese nach Goldberg und Sternbach in einer früheren Stufe durchzuführen und unerwünschte Isomere wieder in Ausgangsmaterial überzuführen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. POTENTIELLER PFLANZENWACHSTUMSREGULATOREN, SYNTH. VON 2‐N‐ALKYL‐5‐CHLOR‐PHENOXYESSIGSAEUREN
Authors: PAWAR R. A. , SHINGTE R. D. , GOGTE V. N.
Published: February 2016

Die aus dem Chlorphenol (I) und den entsprechenden Säurechloriden in Gegenwart von Magnesium erhaltenen Ester (II) unterliegen bei 140‐150° der Pries‐Reaktion zu den Hydroxyketonen (III) (70‐90% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: ACETOXYLIERUNG VON STEROID‐LACTONEN MIT HILFE VON BLEITETRAACETAT
Authors: STEFANOVIC M. , DJARMATI Z. , GASIC M.
Published: February 2016

Da die Einführung einer Sauerstoff‐Funktion in den Lactonring durch chemische Methoden schwierig ist, wurde die Einwirkung von Bleitetraacetat auf Steroid‐lactone als Modellsubstanzen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR VON SOLANOCAPSIN, SYNTH. VON 3BETA‐ACETOXY‐22,26‐ACETYLEPIMINO‐16ALPHA,23‐EPOXY‐5ALPHA,22ALPHA H.25BETA H‐CHOLESTAN‐23BETA‐OL
Authors: NAGAI M. , SATO Y.
Published: February 2016

Synthetisches Solafloridin (Ia) wird diacetyliert zum 3,16‐Diacetylderivat(Ib), danach (Ib) mit Mangandioxid oxidiert zur 23‐Oxoverbindung (II)(77%).
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOACYLDERIVATE VON NUCLEOSIDEN, NUCLEOTIDEN UND POLYNUCLEOTIDEN 10. MITT. SYNTH. VON ADENOSIN‐2′(3′)‐O‐AMINOACYL‐ UND ‐2′,3′‐O‐BIS‐AMINOACYL‐DERIVATEN
Authors: CHLADEK S. , PULKRABEK P. , SONNENBICHLER J. , ZEMLICKA J. , RYCHLIK I.
Published: February 2016

Das Adenosin (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid in Pyridin mit den entsprechenden geschützten Aminosäuren zu den 2′(3′)‐O‐Aminoacyl‐Derivaten (II) (35‐72% Ausbeute) und den 2′,3′‐O‐Bis‐aminoacyl‐Derivaten (III) (10‐13%).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 1‐(2‐DESOXY‐D‐ARABINOHEXOPYRANOSYL)‐5‐BROM‐6‐AZAURACIL
Authors: DURR G. J. , HAMMOND S.
Published: February 2016

Das Triazin (I) wurde mit (II) zu (III) kondensiert und mit methanolischem Ammoniak zu (IV) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: HALTBARKEIT VON TETRACYCLIN UND TETRACYCLIN‐KOMPLEXEN IN SUSPENSIONSSYSTEMEN
Authors: ‐ ‐
Published: February 2016

Der Einfluß einer Reihe von Ionen auf die Haltbarkeit von Tetracyclin unddessen Komplexe mit CaCl2, Harnstoff und Natriumhexametaphosphatwird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHAZENE 38. MITT. METHYLENAMINO‐PHOSPHINE
Authors: SCHMIDPETER ALFRED , ZEISS WERNER
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Phosphorchloride (I) mit Benzophenonimin (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin in Äther entstehen die entsprechenden Methylenamino‐phosphine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: TRIS‐(PENTAFLUORPHENYL)‐INDIUM‐VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: DEACON G. B. , PARROTT J. C.
Published: February 2016

Die Indiumverbindung (II) wurde in 31%iger Ausbeute durch Reaktion des Benzols (I) mit überschüssigem In dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BORHYDRID‐RED. VON 1,3,5‐TRICYANBENZOL ZU 1,3,5‐TRICYAN‐CYCLOHEXEN‐1
Authors: KUTHAN J. , ICHOVA M. , SKALA V.
Published: February 2016

Die Reduktion von 1,3,5‐Tricyanbenzol (I) mit Natriumborhydrid (II) in Äthanol bei Raumtemperatur ergibt 1,3,5‐Tricyancyclohexen‐1 (III) in 45 %iger Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE RK. VON 3,3‐DIMETHYL‐1,2‐DIOXETAN MIT NATRIUMAZID
Authors: RICHARDSON W. H. , HODGE V. F.
Published: February 2016

Die intermediäre Bildung des 3,3‐Dimethyl‐1,2‐dioxetans (II) bei der Zersetzung von Chlor‐tert.‐butylhydroperoxid (I) wird durch dessen Zerfall in Gegenwart von Natriumazid in Aceton (III) und Stickstoff bewiesen.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZISOXAZOL‐ UND BENZISOTHIAZOL‐ANALOGE DES AUXINS
Authors: GIANNELLA M. , GUALTIERI F. , MELCHIORRE C.
Published: February 2016

Aus den 4‐Hydroxycumarinen (I) bzw. 4‐Hydroxy‐1‐thiocumarinen (II) und Hydroxylamin in Äthanol werden die 1,2‐Benzisoxazol‐3‐essigsäuren (III) bzw. die 1,2‐Benzisothiazol‐3‐essigsäuren (IV) hergestellt, die im Vergleich zur Indolyl‐3‐essigsäure als Phytohormone geprüft werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE VERBINDUNGEN, SPIROAETHER VON STEROIDEN
Authors: SINGH B. , CHRISTIANSEN R. G.
Published: February 2016

3‐Methoxy‐19‐nor‐17α‐pregna‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐17,21‐diol (II) wird durch Hydroborierung mittels Diisoamylboran aus dem Steroid (I) hergestellt und nach Überführen in das Tosylat (III) mit Natriumhydrid zu dem Oxetan (IV) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON XENONDIFLUORID MIT ORGANOSILICIUM‐VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: GIBSON J. A. , JANZEN A. F.
Published: February 2016

Die Chlorsilane (I) und (IV) unterwerfen sich in Acetonitril einem schnellen Halogenaustausch mit XeF2 unter Bildung der Fluorsilane (II) bzw. (V) (Ausbeute 50‐ 100%); als Nebenprodukte entstehen die Verbindungen (III) bzw.(VI) (25‐30%).
ChemInform Abstract: DIAZOVERBINDUNGEN UND AZIDE 13. MITT. QUECKSILBER‐ UND SILBER‐DERIVATE VON DIPHENYLPHOSPHINYL‐ UND DIAETHYLPHOSPHONO‐DIAZOMETHAN
Authors: REGITZ MANFRED , LIEDHEGENER ANNEMARIE , ECKSTEIN UDO , MARTIN MICHAEL , ANSCHUETZ WALTER
Published: February 2016

Die bekannten Diazomethan‐Verbindungen (III) werden durch Diazotierung der bei der Hydrazinspaltung der Phthalimidomethane (I) erhaltenen, nicht isolierten Amine (II) dargestellt (Ausbeute a 45, b 64%).
ChemInform Abstract: SOLVOLYSE DES BROMMETHYLEN‐CYCLOPROPANS, EIN PRIM. VINYLKATION
Authors: BAESSLER T. , HANACK M.
Published: February 2016

Methallylchlorid (I) kann mit Kaliumamid zum Methylen‐cyclopropan (II)cyclisiert und zu (III) bromiert werden, aus dem durch Dehydrobromierung das Brommethylen‐cyclopropan (IV) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE NEUE, MIT BESSERER AUSBEUTE VERLAUFENDE SYNTH. VON HEXYLRESORCIN
Authors: BAILEY D.
Published: February 2016

Resorcin (I) reagiert mit Hexancarbonsäure in Gegenwart von wasserfreier Flußsäure bei Zimmertemperatur zum Keton (II), das sich nach Clemmensen zum n‐Hexylresorcin (III) reduzieren läßt (Gesamtausbeute 90%).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE RK. VON EPISULFIDEN IN GEGENWART VON LEWIS‐SAEURE
Authors: NAKAJIMA T. , NAKANISHI M. , SUGA S.
Published: February 2016

Mit Propylensulfid (II) reagiert Benzol in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid zu einem Gemisch aus Phenylpropanthiol (III), 1,2‐Diphenylpropan (IV), dem Sulfid (V), dem cyclischen Tetrameren (VI) und den linearen Polymeren (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON 5‐AMINOMETHYL‐THIENYL‐(2)‐ESSIGSAEURE AUS 1‐METHYLMERCAPTO‐2‐(THIENYL‐(2))‐ACETYLEN
Authors: RAAP R.
Published: February 2016

Durch Lithiierung des Thioäthers (I) mit Butyl‐Li und nachfolgende Reaktion mit Formaldehyd wird der Alkohol (IIa) (65% Ausbeute) erhalten, der über das Chlorid (IIb) in das Phthalimido‐Derivat (IIc) übergeführt wird (70%).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 1,2‐DIALKYL‐3,6‐DIMETHYL‐1,2‐DIHYDROPYRIDAZINEN AUS ACETONYLACETON
Authors: ZELENIN K. N. , DUMPIS YU. YA.
Published: February 2016

Acetonylaceton (I) und die Dialkylhydrazine (II) kocht man unter Stickstoff 4 Stdn. in Hexan oder Äther in Gegenwart von Zinkchlorid und unter Entfernung des sich bildenden Wassers.
RASopathien
Authors: Zenker Martin , Kutsche Kerstin
Published: February 2016

Die RASopathien umfassen das Noonan-Syndrom, seltenere verwandte Syndrome (CFC-, Costello und LEOPARD-Syndrom) sowie die Neurofibromatose Typ 1 und ähnliche Erkrankungen (Legius-, NF1-Noonan-Syndrom). Die allen RASopathien zugrunde liegenden genetischen Veränderungen bedingen eine konstitutionelle Fehlregulation des RAS-MAPK-Signalwegs. Es resultiert ein typisches Muster an angeborenen Anomalien und Entwicklungsstörungen in variabler Ausprägung. Typische klinische Merkmale sind kardiale Anomalien, vermindertes Wachstum, kraniofaziale Dysmorphien und Entwicklungsverzögerung. Die Tumordisposition hängt von der jeweiligen Erkrankung und genetischen Veränderung ab. Die molekularen Erkenntnisse machen klinische Überschneidungen und Unterschiede zwischen den Entitäten verständlich. Die genetische Diagnostik ist breit verfügbar. Die Behandlung der Patienten ist bislang nur symptomatisch und erfordert ein interdisziplinäres Management und lebenslange Betreuung der Patienten.
Hay fever & homeopathy: a case series evaluation
Authors: Pandey Vinita
Published: February 2016

Background:
Seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is common and can considerably reduce the quality of life of sufferers. Despite the wide everyday application and promising results with homeopathy, scientific evidence of its effectiveness for most ailments is scarce.

Aim:
The assessment of the clinical effectiveness of homeopathic remedies in the alleviation of hay fever symptoms in a typical clinical setting.

Methods:
We performed a clinical observational study of eight patients in the treatment of hay fever symptoms over a two-year period (2012 and 2013) using Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP) self-evaluation questionnaires at baseline and again after two weeks and four weeks of homeopathic treatment. The individualized prescription – either a single remedy or multiple remedies – was based on the totality of each patient's symptoms.

Results:
The average MYMOP scores for the eyes, nose, activity and wellbeing had improved significantly after two and four weeks of homeopathic treatment. The overall average MYMOP profile score at baseline was 3.83 (standard deviation, SD, 0.78). After 14 and 28 days of treatment the average score had fallen to 1.14 (SD, 0.36; P < 0.001) and 1.06 (SD, 0.25; P < 0.001) respectively.

Conclusions:
Individualized homeopathic treatment was associated with significant alleviation of hay fever symptoms, enabling the reduction in use of conventional treatment. The results presented in this study can be considered as a step towards a pilot pragmatic study that would use more robust outcome measures and include a larger number of patients prescribed a single or a multiple homeopathic prescription on an individualized basis.
Turbulent–laminar patterns in shear flows without walls
Authors: Chantry Matthew , Tuckerman Laurette S. , Barkley Dwight
Published: February 2016

Turbulent–laminar intermittency, typically in the form of bands and spots, is a ubiquitous feature of the route to turbulence in wall-bounded shear flows. Here we study the idealised shear between stress-free boundaries driven by a sinusoidal body force and demonstrate quantitative agreement between turbulence in this flow and that found in the interior of plane Couette flow – the region excluding the boundary layers. Exploiting the absence of boundary layers, we construct a model flow that uses only four Fourier modes in the shear direction and yet robustly captures the range of spatiotemporal phenomena observed in transition, from spot growth to turbulent bands and uniform turbulence. The model substantially reduces the cost of simulating intermittent turbulent structures while maintaining the essential physics and a direct connection to the Navier–Stokes equations. We demonstrate the generic nature of this process by introducing stress-free equivalent flows for plane Poiseuille and pipe flows that again capture the turbulent–laminar structures seen in transition.
Effect of antibiotic on survival and development ofSpodoptera litura(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its gut microbial diversity
Authors: Thakur A. , Dhammi P. , Saini H.S. , Kaur S.
Published: February 2016

Addition of antibiotics to artificial diets of insects is a key component in the rearing of insects in the laboratory. In the present study an antimicrobial agent, streptomycin sulphate was tested for its influence on survival and fitness ofSpodoptera litura(Fabricus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as well as its gut microbial diversity. The antibiotic did not adversely affect the survival ofS. litura.Faster growth of larvae was recorded on diet amended with different concentrations of streptomycin sulphate (0.03, 0.07 and 0.15%) as compared to diet without streptomycin sulphate. The overall activity of various digestives enzymes increased on S+ diet while the activity of detoxifying enzymes significantly decreased. In addition, alteration in microbial diversity was found in the gut ofS. lituralarvae fed on diet supplemented with antibiotic (S+) and without antibiotic (S−).
Lending Relationships and the Effect of Bank Distress: Evidence from the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis
Authors: Carvalho Daniel , Ferreira Miguel A. , Matos Pedro
Published: February 2016

We study the transmission of bank distress to nonfinancial firms from 34 countries during the 2007–2009 financial crisis using systemic and bank-specific shocks. We find that bank distress is associated with equity valuation losses and investment cuts to borrower firms with the strongest lending relationships with banks. The losses are not offset by borrowers’ access to public debt markets and are concentrated in firms with the greatest information asymmetry problems and weakest financial positions. Our findings suggest that public debt markets do not mitigate the effects of relationship bank distress during financial crises.
Trading Patterns and Market Integration in Overlapping Experimental Asset Markets
Authors: Chelley-Steeley Patricia , Kluger Brian , Steeley James , Adams Paul
Published: February 2016

This paper examines trading patterns and market integration using laboratory asset markets. Our markets are designed to approximately correspond to the trading day for stocks cross-listed in markets in Europe and North America. Some of our markets feature timing restrictions so that participants cannot trade across markets except during a fully integrated overlap period. Comparison of markets with and without timing restrictions shows that restrictions reduce trading activity and shift transactions to the overlap period. When asset values are extreme, price discovery can be impeded when trading restrictions exist. The measurement of liquidity suggests that trading restrictions increase overall spreads.
Liquidity Biases and the Pricing of Cross-Sectional Idiosyncratic Volatility around the World
Authors: Han Yufeng , Hu Ting , Lesmond David A.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines data from 45 world markets and shows that the previously documented relation between mean returns and idiosyncratic volatility arises because of biases in volatility estimates that we can attribute to the bid–ask bounce in trade prices. We show that no significant relation exists between mean returns and idiosyncratic volatility estimated from quote-midpoint returns. Further, there is no significant relation between mean returns and the portion of transaction-price-based idiosyncratic volatility that is orthogonal to bid–ask spreads. The pricing of idiosyncratic volatility is due to the negative pricing of the bid–ask spread.
Characterization of thein vitroproduction ofN-acyl homoserine lactones by cultivable bacteria inhabiting the spongeSuberites domuncula
Authors: Bin Saidin Jasnizat , Abd Wahid Mohd Effendy , Le Pennec Gaël
Published: February 2016

Sponges together with associated bacteria form complex holobionts governed by various relationships established between the partners. Molecules of communication may participate in the homeostasis of these biological associations. Bacteria produce N-acyl homoserine lactones to communicate. In the present study, we characterized 102 cultivable bacteria isolated from the spongeSuberites domunculaat the genus level and described their production of AHLs during 96 h of culture in a Marine Broth medium. The presence of AHLs was monitored using theEscherichia colipSB406 reporter strain. Sixty-seven bacteria were AHLs positive. Among them, 46 were related to the Gammaproteobacteria, eight to the Alphaproteobacteria, seven to the Firmicutes and six to the Flavobacteria. The kinetic production of AHLs was determined and compared with a reference bacterium,Pseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 (pDA224). We established three profiles of AHLs production with no definitive pattern related to an order, a family or a genus of bacteria.
Phylogeography of the planktonic shrimp Lucifer hanseni Nobili 1905 in the Indo-Malayan Archipelago
Authors: Noblezada Mary Mar , Miyamoto Hiroomi , Campos Wilfredo L. , Yusoff Fatimah MD. , Nishida Shuhei
Published: February 2016

Using partial sequences of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA), and one nuclear gene, 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA), we investigated population genetics of the holoplanktonic shrimp Lucifer hanseni Nobili, 1905 in the Indo-Malayan Archipelago (IMA), encompassing Andaman Sea, Malacca Strait, Gulf of Thailand, Borneo Island, Philippines (hereafter collectively referred to as the Thailand-Malaysia-Philippine area: TMP), Celebes Sea (CS), and the waters near islands in the Western Pacific (WP) including Palau, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. The samples from the TMP showed the highest number of haplotypes. Significant phylogeographic structure was found in the L. hanseni populations (ΦST = 0.832 for COI, 0.159 for 12S rRNA, 0.783 for 28S rRNA). The total number of haplotypes was 46 in COI, 28 in 12S rRNA and 23 in 28S rRNA. The haplotype network analyses revealed two major clades for COI (subgroups: TMP + CS, WP) and for 12S rRNA and 28S rRNA (TMP, CS + WP). The CS and WP populations appeared isolated from the TMP populations. The samples from the CS showed low genetic diversity compared with the other samples at both haplotype and nucleotide levels, suggesting that the population CS experienced bottleneck events. This is the first demonstration of significant genetic structure of a holoplanktonic metazoan in IMA, which is suggested to be synergistically influenced by historical events (vicariance) and contemporary oceanographic circulations and corroborates the results of previous studies on other benthic/demersal animals with mero-planktonic phases.
Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet
Authors: Staudacher Heidi M. , Whelan Kevin
Published: February 2016

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterised by abdominal pain or discomfort with disordered defecation. This review describes the role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBS and how dietary strategies to manage symptoms impact on the microbial community. Evidence suggests a dysbiosis of the luminal and mucosal colonic microbiota in IBS, frequently characterised by a reduction in species of Bifidobacteria which has been associated with worse symptom profile. Probiotic supplementation trials suggest intentional modulation of the GI microbiota may be effective in treating IBS. A smaller number of prebiotic supplementation studies have also demonstrated effectiveness in IBS whilst increasing Bifidobacteria. In contrast, a novel method of managing IBS symptoms is the restriction of short-chain fermentable carbohydrates (low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet). Studies consistently demonstrate clinical effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in patients with IBS. However, one unintentional consequence of this dietary intervention is its impact on the microbiota. This leads to an interesting paradox; namely, increasing luminal Bifidobacteria through probiotic supplementation is associated with a reduction in IBS symptoms while in direct conflict to this, the low FODMAP diet has clinical efficacy but markedly reduces luminal Bifidobacteria concentration. Given the multifactorial aetiology of IBS, the heterogeneity of symptoms and the complex and diverse nature of the microbiome, it is probable that both interventions are effective in patient subgroups. However combination treatment has never been explored and as such, presents an exciting opportunity for optimising clinical management, whilst preventing potentially deleterious effects on the GI microbiota.
Chiliastic Prophecy and Revolt in the Habsburg Monarchy during the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Mout Nicolette
Published: February 2016

The link between chiliastic prophecy and revolt in the Habsburg monarchy during the seventeenth century was obvious to the government of those times but has been neglected by the rational mind of modern scholars. Most of the cases, ranging in time from the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War to the eighties, and in place from the Austrian heartlands to remote corners of Moravia and Hungary, have been studied in isolation. Many cases have, undoubtedly, escaped the eye of the historian altogether.
The Medieval Way of Death: Commemoration and the Afterlife in Pre-Reformation Cambridgeshire
Authors: Bainbridge Virginia R.
Published: February 2016

Aside from learned conjecture about the nature of the afterlife, the men and women of the late Middle Ages were as fearful as we are of what lies on the other side of death. They too were afraid of dying, afraid of what was beyond, of their own aloneness in facing death. They too had their euphemisms for the process of dying. Some went the way of all flesh: ‘Viam universe carnis ingredi’, while others migrated from this light, or from this age, to the Lord, ‘ab hac luce migraverit’, ‘ab hoc saeculo emigraverit’, ‘ad Dominum migraverit’. To comfort themselves they held up a mirror to their own society, which reflected the network of relationships which bound them in life to their lords, their tenants and servants, their families and benefactors, their fellow religious, their fellow gild brethren, townsmen, and parishioners. This image they projected into the void beyond the grave.
Eschatological Expectation in the Works of J. S. Bach
Authors: Luth Jan R.
Published: February 2016

When we look at the texts with which Bach was involved, we discover that eschatology has several meanings. In many texts we find a wish for death, which is the moment in which the body finds rest and the soul is liberated from sin. Dying means also standing before Jesus, not at the day of final judgement, but immediately after death. A difference is made between the body, which is buried, and the soul, which is ascending. Sometimes death is not glorified, because one also knows the pangs of death. However death remains welcome, because all necessities disappear. Dying means going to heaven and enjoying eternal rest. The body is the dress of mortality and is given back to the earth, and then begins the time in which the faithful are with Christ. One can take leave from the sinful world with pleasure. We find this approach—that eternal life starts with dying—much more than eschatology seen as the time of the return of Christ and final judgement. So let us look at the exceptions.
The Empress Irene the Athenian
Authors: Runciman Steven
Published: February 2016

In these days of women’s liberation it must be a matter of satisfaction for the ladies of Athens to reflect that during the long Byzantine period the two most eminent native-born Athenians were both of them women. There was, in the early days, the scholar Athenai’s who became the pious empress Eudocia, and, in the high Byzantine era, Irene, the first woman in recorded European history to reign as a sovereign monarch. It is Irene whom I wish to discuss, as I think that she has been rather shabbily treated by historians. Her reign was a period of ecclesiastical, constitutional, diplomatic and economic importance, with herself at the centre of it all. Yet, so far as I know, no one has ever published a monograph on her or on her reign or given it more than cursory treatment. It must be admitted that the reason for this is not disapproval or contempt for the empress, but simply the inadequacy of the source material. Apart from the seventh oecumenical council, which is fully documented, the events of the reign are covered by one original source only, the Chronographia of Theophanes.
Vitae Matrum: A Further Aspect Of The Frauenfrage
Authors: Bolton Brenda M.
Published: February 2016

The prologue to Jacques de Vitry’s Life of Mary of Oignies introduces us immediately to a situation peculiar to a small part of Europe at the turn of the twelfth century. He draws our attention to a small, like-minded, closely knit group of people, mainly women, whose religious views and experience seemed to have developed only within the confines of the principalities of Brabant-Flanders, an area which the members of this group knew as Lotharingia. In writing the Life his aim was to make the group which he had found and indeed which he himself had been eager to develop, known to a much wider audience, with the ultimate aim of establishing a tradition sufficient to allow for its possible institutionalisation and ultimate acceptance by the ecclesiastical authorities.
Allegorical Women and Practical Men: The Iconography of the Artes Reconsidered
Authors: Evans Michael
Published: February 2016

Among the best-known mediaeval women are literary and pictorial personifications of abstract concepts: Virtues and Vices, Fortune and Philosophy, and the Seven Liberal Arts. Male embodiments of these subjects are exceptional, flouting both iconographie convention and the gender of the Latin nouns. The artes liberales in particular might be expected to remain a female preserve. In literature, from their first appearance as personifications in Martianus Capella’s De nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, they are uniformly female.
The Two Regiments: the Continental Setting of William Tyndale’s Political Thought
Authors: Thompson W.D.J. Cargill
Published: February 2016

Strype tells the story of how Henry VIII is said to have remarked, on being given a copy of Tyndale’s Obedience of a Christian Man by Anne Boleyn, ‘For this book is for me, and all kings to read.’ Whether or not the story is true—and it is perhaps safest to regard it as apocryphal—it has generally been held to be ben trovato in the sense that Tyndale’s teaching on authority and obedience was such as would have had an obvious appeal to Henry VIII, and it has frequently been assumed that Tyndale’s doctrine anticipated the legislation of the reformation parliament. But what precisely was Tyndale’s political teaching and where does he stand in the history of sixteenth-century political thought? It is a curious fact that although Tyndale’s importance as the first English protestam political thinker of the sixteenth century has been widely recognised, there has been little detailed investigation of his political thought and no attempt to set it in the context of contemporary continental protestam thinking. By and large, Tyndale has been accepted simply as an extreme exponent of Luther’s teaching on non-resistance and the divine right of authority, or as a precursor of the royal supremacy, without any effort being made to analyse the precise character of his views.
The Early Rise and Gradual Decline of Lutheranism in England (1520-1600)
Authors: Hall Basil
Published: February 2016

Bishop Gardiner, whom the polemical John Bale had described as ‘the great Caiaphas of Winchester’, sharply drew the attention of the lord protector, Seymour, to ‘two seditious books’ not long after the death of Henry VIII in 1547, showing his anxiety to oppose the advance of protestantism which he saw as leading to civil as well as religious rebellion; both books were by Bale, at this time in exile abroad.
James I and the Religious Crisis in the United Provinces 1613-19
Authors: Grayson Christopher
Published: February 2016

Few contemporaries and fewer historians have seen fit to praise the diplomacy of James I, least of all in its religious aspects. Oldenbarnevelt found it impossible to follow James’s apparent tergiversation on the Dutch religious issue between 1613 and 1618, while historians have tended to look no further than a purely theological interest to explain James’s intervention. This paper does not set out to ‘rehabilitate’ James, but it does attempt to show that his actions were more coherent and had a more respectable political motive, than was hitherto believed.
Nations and Loyalties: the Outlook of a Twelfth-century Schoolman (John of Salisbury, c. 1120–1180)
Authors: McLoughlin John
Published: February 2016

By the twelfth century literate Europeans—and probably a far wider range of the population—were well aware of the differences between nations. The word most commonly used by twelfth-century writers to indicate nations or ethnic groups was gens. R. Bartlett in his work Gerald of Wales has observed that gens was a fluid concept: Gerald of Wales regarded the Welsh and Bretons as belonging to a single gens because of their ethnic relationship; the Irish and English were gentes; and the inhabitants of the Welsh Marches were also a gens —‘a gens raised in the Marches’.
‘Community’ and ‘Work’ as Concepts of Religious Thought in Eighteenth-Century Württemberg Pietism
Authors: Lehmann Hartmut
Published: February 2016

Unlike English and American Puritanism, German Pietism has hardly ever been used as an example in works on religious sociology and general modern history. Max Weber, in his famous study on The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, first published in 1904–5, pointed out that Pietism in Germany was, with regard to his thesis, in many ways similar to Puritanism in England and America. Yet those following the Weberian tradition and most of those studying religious sociology, or writing general modern history, rarely pay attention to German Pietism. This has meant that, first, most of the research on Pietism has been and is still being done by church historians. Accordingly, in works other than on church history, little can be found on Pietism. Second, until now there has been no thorough analysis or comprehensive description of the impact of Pietism on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German society, culture, politics, or economics. Third, certain specific Pietist concepts, such as the concepts of ‘community’ and ‘work’, which possess a central position in modern sociology and were influential far beyond the ranks of the Pietists themselves, have not been investigated and thereby introduced into comparative studies.
‘For God and Ulster’: Evangelical Protestantism and the Home Rule Crisis of 1886
Authors: Hempton David
Published: February 2016

The churches know by intimate neighbourhood with the people in every part of Ireland the true aims of those who clamour for separation. They see the effects of so-called Nationalism on morals, on character, on society, on the rights of property, and not least, on Christian institutions. Their estimate of Home Rule is the product of many influences. Observation, experience, intuition, historical facts, and facts of daily life—all contribute their part toward that fulness of conviction which they alike own and maintain. Such a solidarity of opinion does not exist on any other public question.
Baptists and Fundamentalism in Inter-war Britain
Authors: Bebbington D. W.
Published: February 2016

The history of Evangelicalism, as Professor Ward has taught us, is greatly illuminated by international comparisons. Britain and America in particular have shared a form of conversionist Protestantism with a common origin and many parallel developments. The study of popular religion in each sheds light on similar phenomena in the other. Comparison also helps our understanding of the differences between the two. Fundamentalism is a case in point. The assertive defence of the faith in inter-war America had echoes in Britain, but the echoes were much softer. The series of booklets called The Fundamentals (1910-15) that gave the movement its name had British as well as American contributors. Yet the militant temper, the polemic in defence of biblical infallibility, and the urge to save Christian civilization from decadence were much more salient in America. Fundamentalism of this kind did exist in Britain, but it was a much weaker force than in the United States.
Charles Perrot (1541-1608): His Opinion on a Writing of Georg Cassander
Authors: Posthumus Meyjes G. H. M.
Published: February 2016

Charles Perrot, a contemporary and colleague of Theodore Beza, came from a well-known French family belonging to the noblesse de robe. He was born in Paris in 1541, and seems to have spent a number of years as a monk, before joining the Reformation movement. In 1564, at twenty-three years old, he enrolled in the Academy of Geneva. That same year saw him called to the ministry in Moens and Genthoz, not far from Geneva. Having acquired the citizenship of Geneva in 1567, he was appointed minister in this city a year later, a position he was to hold for forty years, until his death in 1608, his delicate health notwithstanding. In addition, he occasionally deputized for Beza as professor at the Academy, where during two periods (1570-2 and 1588–92) he acted as rector.