bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cambridge Introduction to Modern Irish Poetry, 1800–2000
Authors: Quinn Justin
Published: January 2010

Over the last two centuries, Ireland has produced some of the world's most outstanding and best-loved poets, from Thomas Moore to W. B. Yeats to Seamus Heaney. This introduction not only provides an essential overview of the history and development of poetry in Ireland, but also offers new approaches to aspects of the field. Justin Quinn argues that the language issues of Irish poetry have been misconceived and re-examines the divide between Gaelic and Anglophone poetry. Quinn suggests an alternative to both nationalist and revisionist interpretations and fundamentally challenges existing ideas of Irish poetry. This lucid book offers a rich contextual background against which to read the individual works, and pays close attention to the major poems and poets. Readers and students of Irish poetry will learn much from Quinn's sharp and critically acute account.
Kant and the Metaphysics of Causality
Authors: Watkins Eric
Published: January 2010

This is a book about Kant's views on causality as understood in their proper historical context. Specifically, Eric Watkins argues that a grasp of Leibnizian and anti-Leibnizian thought in eighteenth-century Germany helps one to see how the critical Kant argued for causal principles that have both metaphysical and epistemological elements. On this reading Kant's model of causality does not consist of events, but rather of substances endowed with causal powers that are exercised according to their natures and circumstances. This innovative conception of Kant's view of causality casts a light on Kant's philosophical beliefs in general, such as his account of temporality, his explanation of the reconciliation of freedom and determinism, and his response to the skeptical arguments of Hume.
Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law
Authors: Anghie Antony
Published: January 2010

This book argues that the colonial confrontation was central to the formation of international law and, in particular, its founding concept, sovereignty. Traditional histories of the discipline present colonialism and non-European peoples as peripheral concerns. By contrast, Anghie argues that international law has always been animated by the 'civilizing mission' - the project of governing non-European peoples, and that the economic exploitation and cultural subordination that resulted were constitutively significant for the discipline. In developing these arguments, the book examines different phases of the colonial encounter, ranging from the sixteenth century to the League of Nations period and the current 'war on terror'. Anghie provides a new approach to the history of international law, illuminating the enduring imperial character of the discipline and its continuing importance for peoples of the Third World. This book will be of interest to students of international law and relations, history, post-colonial studies and development studies.
The Moral Foundations of Trust
Authors: Uslaner Eric M.
Published: January 2010

The Moral Foundations of Trust seeks to explain why people place their faith in strangers, and why doing so matters. Trust is a moral value that does not depend upon personal experience or on interacting with people in civic groups or informal socializing. Instead, we learn to trust from our parents, and trust is stable over long periods of time. Trust depends on an optimistic world view: the world is a good place and we can make it better. Trusting people are more likely to give through charity and volunteering. Trusting societies are more likely to redistribute resources from the rich to the poor. Trust has been in decline in the United States for over 30 years. The roots of this decline are traceable to declining optimism and increasing economic inequality, which Uslaner supports by aggregate time series in the United States and cross-sectional data across market economies.
Forces of Labor
Authors: Silver Beverly J.
Published: January 2010

Recasting labor studies in a long-term and global framework, this 2003 book draws on a major database on world labor unrest to show how local labor movements have been related to world-scale political, economic and social processes since the late-nineteenth century. Through an in-depth empirical analysis of select global industries it demonstrates how the main locations of labor unrest have shifted from country to country together with shifts in the geographical location of production. It shows how the main sites of labor unrest have shifted over time together with the rise/decline of new leading sectors of capitalist development, and demonstrates that labor movements have been deeply embedded (as both cause and effect) in world political dynamics. The book concludes by exploring the likely forms that emergent labor movements will take in the twenty-first century.
The UN International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: January 2010

This book is a guide to the law that applies in the three international criminal tribunals, for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, set up by the UN during the period 1993 to 2002 to deal with atrocities and human rights abuses committed during conflict in those countries. Building on the work of an earlier generation of war crimes courts, these tribunals have developed a sophisticated body of law concerning the elements of the three international crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes), and forms of participation in such crimes, as well as other general principles of international criminal law, procedural matters and sentencing. The legacy of the tribunals will be indispensable as international law moves into a more advanced stage, with the establishment of the International Criminal Court. Their judicial decisions are examined here, as well as the drafting history of their statutes and other contemporary sources.
France in Crisis
Authors: Smith Timothy B.
Published: January 2010

France is in crisis. In this provocative account, Timothy Smith argues that the French economic and social model is collapsing inward on itself, the result of good intentions, bad policies, and vested interests who employ the rhetoric of 'solidarity' to prevent change. French social policy is not redistributive; indeed, Smith argues, the majority of 'social' spending serves to strengthen existing inequalities. He shows how politicians, intellectuals and labor leaders have invoked the specter of 'globalization' to explain homegrown problems and delay reform. Professor Smith makes frequent comparisons with the USA, UK, Canada, Scandinavia, Germany and the Netherlands and argues that change need not follow the inegalitarian US or British paths but instead can lead to a more equal society. Written in a lively style, this is an unusual blend of history, policy analysis, economics and political commentary and will be indispensable reading for anyone seeking to understand France's current malaise.
The Shadow of Callimachus
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: January 2010

Through a series of critical readings this book builds a picture of the Roman reaction to, and adoption of, the Greek poetry of the last three pre-Christian centuries. Although the poetry of the greatest figure of Greek poetry after Alexander, Callimachus of Cyrene, and his contemporaries stands at the heart of the book, the individual studies embrace the full scope of what remains of Hellenistic poetry, both high literary productions and the more marginal poetry, such as that in honour of the great goddess Isis. The singularity of the poetry of Catullus and Virgil, of Horace and the elegists, emerges as more rich and complex than has hitherto been appreciated. Individual studies concern the poets' declared attitudes to their own work, the figure of Dionysus/Bacchus and the poetry of world conquest, the creation of similes, and the conversion of Greek bucolic into Latin pastoral.
Fearing Others
Authors: Stravynski Ariel
Published: January 2010

Social phobia and disruptive social anxiety are features of the lives of many thousands of people. But exactly what is social phobia? What causes it? What is its nature and what kinds of treatments can improve it? Using key concepts and methods and a substantive body of research, this book aims to answer these questions and clarify social phobia by means of critical discussions and examination of evidence. It takes a sceptical stance towards the received view of social phobia as a species of disease caused by a deficient inner mechanism and considers an alternative construal of social phobia as a purposeful interpersonal pattern of self-overprotection from social threats. The possibility that social phobia might not actually exist in nature is also considered. Fearing Others will appeal to researchers, clinicians and students in clinical and health psychology and psychiatry.
Elements of the Representation Theory of Associative Algebras
Authors: Simson Daniel , Skowronski Andrzej
Published: January 2010

The final part of a three-volume set providing a modern account of the representation theory of finite dimensional associative algebras over an algebraically closed field. The subject is presented from the perspective of linear representations of quivers and homological algebra. This volume provides an introduction to the representation theory of representation-infinite tilted algebras from the point of view of the time-wild dichotomy. Also included is a collection of selected results relating to the material discussed in all three volumes. The book is primarily addressed to a graduate student starting research in the representation theory of algebras, but will also be of interest to mathematicians in other fields. Proofs are presented in complete detail, and the text includes many illustrative examples and a large number of exercises at the end of each chapter, making the book suitable for courses, seminars, and self-study.
International Focus Group Research
Authors: Hennink Monique M.
Published: January 2010

A practical and authoritative guide to conducting focus group discussions in health and social science research, with particular emphasis on using focus groups in developing country settings. Monique M. Hennink describes the procedures and challenges of each stage of international focus group research. This book demonstrates how to balance scientific rigour with the challenges of the research context, and guides readers to make informed research decisions. It includes unique field perspectives and case study examples of research in practice. Topics covered include: planning international field research; developing a fieldwork timetable and budget; seeking research permissions; translating research instruments; training a field team; developing a culturally appropriate discussion guide; participant recruitment strategies; conducting focus groups in another language; managing discussions in outdoor locations; group size and composition issues; transcription and translation of the group discussions; data analysis and reporting focus group research.
Illness and Culture in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Ohnuki-Tierney Emiko
Published: January 2010

Health care in contemporary Japan - a modern industrial state with high technology, but a distinctly non-Western cultural tradition - operates on several different levels. In this book Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney provides a detailed and historically informed account of the cultural practices and cultural meaning of health care in urban Japan. In contrast to most ethnomedical studies, this book pays careful attention to everyday hygienic practices and beliefs, as well as presenting a comprehensive picture of formalized medicine, health care aspects of Japanese religions, and biomedicine. These different systems compete with one another at some levels, but are complementary in providing health care to urban Japanese, who often use more than one system simultaneously. As an unequalled portrayal of health care in a modern industrial, but non-Western, setting, it will be of widespread interest to scholars and students of anthropology, medicine, and East Asian studies.
Isaac Newton
Authors: Hall A. Rupert , Knight David
Published: January 2010

In this elegant, absorbing biography of Isaac Newton (1642–1727), Rupert Hall surveys the vast field of modern scholarship in order to interpret Newton's mathematical and experimental approach to nature. Mathematics was always the deepest, most innovative and productive of Newton's interests. However, he was also a historian, theologian, chemist, civil servant, and natural philosopher. These diverse studies were unified in his single design as a Christian to explore every facet of God's creation. The story of Newton's life and discoveries has been greatly altered by exploration of his huge manuscript legacy during the last forty years, throwing new light upon his personality and intellect. Hall's discussion of this research shows that Newton cannot simply be explained as a Platonist, mystic, or magus. He remains a complex and enigmatic genius with an immensely imaginative and commonsensical mind.
Forging Reform in China
Authors: Steinfeld Edward S.
Published: January 2010

The greatest economic challenge facing China in the post-Deng era is the reform of unprofitable, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) which threaten to drag down the rest of the economy. Despite an array of well-intentioned, market-oriented reform measures, these firms have never truly been forced to face the pressure of a bottom line, or the threat of bankruptcy. Forging Reform in China explains how and why these measures have not been sweepingly successful to date, and what it would take to achieve meaningful reform. The author investigates firm-level processes, including case studies of China's steel industry giants, revealing institutional and systemic barriers to market-oriented performance. This book makes a compelling argument that private ownership cannot work in China's current system until governance over complex economic factors has been established, that is, until credit is tightened and market selection processes made to work.
Demonstrating the safety of manuka honey UMF® 20+in a human clinical trial with healthy individuals
Authors: Wallace Alison , Eady Sarah , Miles Michelle , Martin Harry , McLachlan Andrew , Rodier Maroussia , Willis Jinny , Scott Russell , Sutherland Juliet
Published: January 2010

Honey is an established traditional medicine with a variety of putative nutritional and health effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prebiotic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety of consuming manuka honey, UMF® 20+, on healthy individuals by establishing whether UMF® 20+caused an allergic response (as measured by IgE levels), changed major commensal and beneficial microbial groups in the gut and/or affected levels of one of the most common advanced glycation endpoints, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML). The study had a randomised, double-blind cross-over design. A total of twenty healthy individuals aged 42–64 years were recruited. We tested two different honeys– a multiflora honey and UMF® 20+, both produced by Comvita New Zealand Ltd (Te Puke, New Zealand). Multiflora honey or UMF® 20+(20 g) was consumed daily for 4 weeks, with a 2-week ‘washout’ period in between. Blood samples were collected every week for each intervention period and used to measure total IgE levels in serum and advanced glycation endproducts – a consequence of methyglyoxal accumulation. Faecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of each 4-week period. DNA was extracted from faecal samples and the levels of a number of microbial groups in the gut, both beneficial and commensal, were analysed. Neither product changed the levels of IgE or CML or altered gut microbial profiles during the trial, confirming that UMF® 20+is safe for healthy individuals to consume. Despite anecdotal evidence suggesting that manuka honey is good for digestive health, we observed no beneficial effects on lower gut bacterial levels with either honey in this healthy population.
Non-genericity of infinitesimal variations of Hodge structures arising in some geometric contexts
Authors: Allaud Emmanuel , Fernandez Javier
Published: January 2010

We prove that the infinitesimal variations of Hodge structure arising in a number of geometric situations are non-generic. In particular, we consider the case of generic hypersurfaces in complete smooth projective toric varieties, generic hypersurfaces in weighted projective spaces and generic complete intersections in projective space and show that, for sufficiently high degrees, the corresponding infinitesimal variations are non-generic.
On the regularity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on subdomains of ℝn
Authors: Luiro Hannes
Published: January 2010

We establish the continuity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on W1,p(Ω), where Ω ⊂ ℝn is an arbitrary subdomain and 1 < p < ∞. Moreover, boundedness and continuity of the same operator is proved on the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces Fps,q (Ω) for 1 < p,q < ∞ and 0 < s < 1.
Expansions with Poisson kernels and related topics
Authors: Giannotti Cristina , Manselli Paolo
Published: January 2010

Let P(r, θ) be the two-dimensional Poisson kernel in the unit disc D. It is proved that there exists a special sequence {ak} of points of D which is non-tangentially dense for ∂D and such that any function on ∂D can be expanded in series of P(|ak|, (·)–arg ak) with coefficients depending continuously on f in various classes of functions. The result is used to solve a Cauchy-type problem for Δu = μ, where μ is a measure supported on {ak}.
Symplectic reflection algebras in positive characteristic
Authors: Brown K. A. , Changtong K.
Published: January 2010

Basic properties of symplectic reflection algebras over an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic are laid out. These algebras are always finite modules over their centres, in contrast to the situation in characteristic 0. For the subclass of rational Cherednik algebras, we determine the PI-degree and the Goldie rank, and show that the Azumaya and smooth loci of the centre coincide.
The group of endotrivial modules for the symmetric and alternating groups
Authors: Carlson Jon F. , Hemmer David J. , Mazza Nadia
Published: January 2010

We complete a classification of the groups of endotrivial modules for the modular group algebras of symmetric groups and alternating groups. We show that, for n ≥ p2, the torsion subgroup of the group of endotrivial modules for the symmetric groups is generated by the sign representation. The torsion subgroup is trivial for the alternating groups. The torsion-free part of the group is free abelian of rank 1 if n ≥ p2 + p and has rank 2 if p2 ≤ n < p2 + p. This completes the work begun earlier by Carlson, Mazza and Nakano.
Properties of soluble groups detectable at their metabelian subgroups
Authors: Behs Raul Moreira , Maier Rudolf
Published: January 2010

In a soluble group G, if the metabelian subgroups have finite (or polycyclic, or Černikov) quotients by their centres, then so too does G.
DIFFERENTIATING ‘BUSHMEN’ FROM ‘BANTUS’: IDENTITY-BUILDING IN WEST CAPRIVI, NAMIBIA, 1930–89
Authors: TAYLOR JULIE J.
Published: January 2010

This article focuses on the historical and political factors that shaped Khwe (San) and Mbukushu ethnic identities and their interrelationship between 1938 and 1989 in west Caprivi, Namibia. While acknowledging the multi-authored nature of identity-building, the article demonstrates that the colonial and apartheid states made significant contributions to the construction of ethnicity in west Caprivi through veterinary interventions in the 1930s and apartheid policies regarding ‘Bushmen’ in the 1950s, and by securing Khwe collaboration during Namibia's liberation struggle in the 1970s and 1980s. These state interventions, together with Khwe and Mbukushu responses to them, also shed light on why land and political authority became so central to struggles between the two groups.
Academic Autobiography and Transdisciplinary Crossings in Shirley Geok-lin Lim's Among the White Moon Faces
Authors: DAVIS ROCÍO G.
Published: January 2010

The growing number of academic autobiographies published in recent years has sparked interesting debates on the nature and function of life writing. We now grapple with the question of the degrees to which autobiographical and professional writing function in conjunction – if we can read autobiographical writing from professional perspectives or, alternatively, to what extent scholarship grows from personal experiences. This approach to the academic autobiography links our notions about processes of self-inscription to the forms of production of historical and cultural knowledge. This essay examines these ideas by reading Shirley Geok-lin Lim's Among the White Moon Faces (1997). Lim's literary and scholarly production superlatively illustrates the development of contemporary perspectives on national identity and language, migration, and homelands. Her work, which includes poetry collections, novels, short stories, academic studies and a memoir – compels readers to engage the interplay between the competing forces of race, ethnicity, gender, and nationality within spaces that embody these conflicts. I argue that a comparative reading of personal and professional narratives invites us to reconsider how, working within specific epistemic contexts, academics like Lim consciously negotiate the intersection between personal history and academic commitment, a vital subtext in their autobiographical performance.
Rapid population growth in an elephant Loxodonta africana population recovering from poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Foley Charles A. H. , Faust Lisa J.
Published: January 2010

We studied the demography of a subpopulation of African elephants Loxodonta africana in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania, from 1993 to 2005. The Tarangire elephants had been affected by heavy poaching prior to 1993. We monitored 668 individually known elephants in 27 family groups. The population increased from 226 to 498 individuals, with mean group size increasing from 8.4 to 18.3. The average annual growth rate was 7.1% (range 2.0–16.9%). This approaches the maximal growth rate for African elephants, with corresponding minimal values for demographic parameters. The mean interbirth interval was 3.3 years, mean age of first reproduction 11.1 years, average annual mortality of elephants younger than 8 years 3%, and average annual mortality of adult females 1%. Probability of conceiving was positively correlated with annual rainfall. No significant density-dependent effects were recorded. Rapid growth was aided by high rainfall, low population density and release from the stresses of poaching. These results demonstrate that elephant populations are capable of rapid population increases for extended periods of time given the right ecological and social conditions. This has consequences for elephant conservation and management.
An assessment of carnivore relative abundance and density in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar using remotely-triggered camera traps
Authors: Gerber Brian , Karpanty Sarah M. , Crawford Charles , Kotschwar Mary , Randrianantenaina Johnny
Published: January 2010

Despite major efforts to understand and conserve Madagascar’s unique biodiversity, relatively little is known about the island’s carnivore populations. We therefore deployed 43 camera-trap stations in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar during June–August 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of this method for studying Malagasy carnivores and to estimate the relative abundance and density of carnivores in the eastern rainforest. A total of 755 camera-trap nights provided 1,605 photographs of four endemic carnivore species (fossaCryptoprocta ferox, Malagasy civetFossa fossana, ring-tailed mongooseGalidia elegansand broad-striped mongooseGalidictus fasciata), the exotic Indian civetViverricula indicaand the domestic dogCanis familiaris.We identified 38 individualF. fossanaand 10 individualC. ferox. We estimated density using both capture-recapture analyses, with a buffer of full mean-maximum-distance-moved, and a spatially-explicit maximum-likelihood method (F. fossana: 3.03 and 2.23 km-2, respectively;C. ferox: 0.15 and 0.17 km-2, respectively). Our estimated densities ofC. feroxin rainforest are lower than published estimates for conspecifics in the western dry forests. Within Ranomafana National Park species richness of native carnivores did not vary among trail systems located in secondary, selectively-logged and undisturbed forest. These results provide the first assessment of carnivore population parameters using camera-traps in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar.
The Surprising History of the Melanges D'Economie Politique Et Sociale, A Previously Unpublished Work by Leon Walras
Authors: Hébert Claude , Potier Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2010

Three quarters of a century after the death of Léon Walras, the founder of the Lausanne School, the Auguste and Léon Walras Center in Lyons has published for the first time his Mélanges d'économie politique et sociale. This volume includes twenty-nine papers, all prepared by Léon Walras, and maps out his theoretical itinerary. It spans works that he wrote in his youth, which were strongly influenced by his father's ideas, and mature works that he devoted to the three fields of pure economics, applied economics, and normative economics. His efforts were part of a lifelong project: the creation of a “scientific, liberal and humanitarian socialism.” The Mélanges reasserts Walras's desire to achieve a synthesis of these three fields that have been separated by too many of his disciples, who have retained only the one devoted to economic theory. The Mélanges plays an important part in the writings of Léon Walras. Initially conceived as containing remnants that had not appeared in the volumes published during Walras's life, it underwent a progressive development due to the succession of papers that he kept adding to it right up until the time of his death. Walras's revisions of the papers; his directions for the publication of the essays; his incorporation of unpublished papers on the teaching of political economy at the end of the nineteenth century; the character of the Mélanges as being a synthesis of the Elements d'économie politique pure, the Etudes d'économie sociale and the Etudes d'économie politique appliquée; and the insertion into the Mélanges of Léon Walras's last articles all make this work a genuine and important scientific testament.
Stigler on Malthus: A Note
Authors: Boulier Bryan L. , Wilson Jack W.
Published: January 2010

In an essay on “The Ricardian Theory of Value and Distribution,” Stigler, commenting on Malthus' example of a geometrically increasing population and arithmetically increasing output, states the following:

“… Malthus' ratios implicitly assumed sharply diminishing returns, for his numbers define the production function,

L = 2p-1

where L is labor (proportional to population) and P is produce. With this production function, indeed, if workers received a wage equal to their marginal product, the aggregate wage bill would be independent of the size of the labor force, and population simply could not grow!”
Ten Major Problems in the Study of the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Walker Donald A.
Published: January 2010

I was motivated to consider the topics of this paper by repeatedly encountering the same problems in pondering the history of economic thought, not only in my own work but when retereeing papers and reading the publications of others. The problems that I will consider are important because they involve fundamental issues in the selections and representations we make of the history of economic thought. I do not have solutions for all of the problems, nor do I believe that each of them has a single solution. My objective in this address is not precisely to solve the problems, although I will suggest some ways of dealing with some of them. My purpose rather is to identify the problems in a clear way and to review how they have been treated in order to provide a common basis for further discussion. They can be divided into technical problems and problems of approach.
Monopolies as “Mechanical Defects”: Frank H. Knight on Market Power
Authors: Raines J. Patrick , Jung Clarence R.
Published: January 2010

This essay examines Frank Knight's view of monopolies in a market economy through an exegesis of his writings. A cogent development of Frank Knight's theory of monopolies is conspicuously absent in the economic literature. His prominence in the discipline and the influence his work has had on others establish his views as significant in the intellectural history of the theory of capitalist competition. The study focuses on Knight's characterization of monopolies and his views as to the appropriateness of coercive repressive regulatory policies. Also, capitalistic monopolies are discussed in the context of Knight's critical attitude toward economic and philosophic dogma and his disdain for centralized economic planning. The following section deals with the Knightian view of the nature of monopolies and categorization of types of monopolies. Then, the philosophical basis for Knight's position onmonopolies is presented. Specifically, the concentration of economic power in capitalism is explained in terms of Knight's perceptions of social reformers, static equilibrium analysis, and economic planning.
National Styles in Contemporary Economics: Some Introductory Remarks
Authors: Coats A. W.
Published: January 2010

The following short, but densely packed paper by Professor Shohken Mawatari is the first in a series to be published at irregular intervals in the H.E.S. Bulletin. And if this inaugural contribution is anything to go by, the result will be a substantial and valuable addition to our knowledge of the contemporary state of economics in a variety of countries. Moreover, it may be especially enlightening for American and British readers, who all too often take it for granted that the economic ideas and practices prevailing in their own countries constitute the norm, if not the ideal to which professional economists elsewhere should aspire.
Japanese Economics from a Sociological Perspective
Authors: Mawatari Shohken
Published: January 2010

Over thirty years ago, Bronfenbrenner characterized Japanese economics in terms of “sectarianism, inbreeding and schizophrenia” (1956, p. 390). This paper explores the validity of these characterizations in relation to the contemporary Japanese scene. The main focus will be an institutional analysis of academic economics as conducted within the Japanese university system.
A Primer on Walrasian Theories of Economic Behavior
Authors: Walker Donald A.
Published: January 2010

The story of the body of economic analysis that were initiated by Léon Walras can be divided into developments before and after 1930. During the period before 1930 there were two phases to the story. The first was the seminal achievement of Walras. The second was the refinements and extensions made by the generation of Walrasian theorists that followed him. During the period after 1930 the story is also divided into two phases. One is the work that has been done on the type of Walrasian model in which there are no disequilibrium transactions. The other is the beginning of work on the behavior of general equilibrium systems in which disequilibrium transactions and production occur. These phases will be sketched very briefly with the objective of giving a beginner's introduction to some major aspects of the history of general equilibrium theory.
Leon Walras's Mathematical Economics and the Mechanical Analogies
Authors: Jolink Albert , Daal Jan Van
Published: January 2010

In April 1909 Léon Walras (1834–1910) presented his last lecture before the Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles at Lausanne. The subject dealt with in this lecture was the analogy between the mathematics used in economics and that employed in mechanics; it is reformulated in what turned out to be one of Walras's last publications, entitled ‘Economique et Mécanique.’
Gladstonian Finance in Modern Light: Fiscal Constitutionalism or Supply-Side Economics?
Authors: Leathers Charles G.
Published: January 2010

Two new schools of thought have recently emerged in public finance: fiscal constitutionalism, founded on the theory of Leviathan government, and supplyside economics, popularly perceived in terms of the Laffer curve. Comments by several writers have raised the possibility of conflicts betweens the tax principles of the two schools. In particular, both Brunner (1982) and Reynolds (1982) criticized supply-siders for emphasizing tax cuts to increase public revenues and ignoring the importance of placing limits on governmental growth. In addition, McKenzie's description of “constitutional economics” as an intellectual movement that “promises far more radical reforms of government than those ever attempted by Keynesian and supply-side economics” (1984, p. 1) indicates that “constitutional” and supply-side economics are different. Yet, his discussion of the Laffer curve and supply-side tax cuts from a constitutional economist's perspective leaves the distinct impression that the two schools are in agreement on tax policy positions.
A Major Discovery of Malthus Manuscripts
Authors: Pullen John
Published: January 2010

A substantial collection of Malthus manuscripts has recently been discovered at Ryde (Isle of Wight), in the home of Robert Malthus (1881–1972), the great-grandson of Malthus' brother. Discoveries of other Malthus documents, notably his travel diaries, had been made at Ryde in the early 1960s in response to the enquiries of G.F. McCleary and Patricia James, but this new material was apparently overlooked by Robert Malthus at that time.
Destutt de Tracy: A French Precursor of the Virginia School of Public Finance
Authors: Dimand Robert W. , West Edwin G.
Published: January 2010

The relationship of the Virginia School of public finance to several important topics in the history of economic thought has attracted much recent attention. Barry Baysinger and Robert Tollison (1980), for instance, view William Ewart Gladstone's fiscal policies as an attempt to create a tax constitution to restrain a revenue-maximizing government. This position is in keeping with the evolving normative taxation principles of the Virginia School (see especially Brennan and Buchanan 1980). Charles Leathers (1986), on the other hand, argues that Gladstonian finance emphasized expenditure constraints, not constitutional tax constraints. Elias Khalil (1987) meanwhile, contrasts James Buchanan's methodological individualism with the “nonseparable” approach of Sir James Steuart (1767), which led Steuart to approve of a large degree of state intervention in the economy. While these essays either find past policies that conform to Virginia School principles or else find past economic theorists with sharply different approaches, they have not noted a striking anticipation of Buchanan's view of public debts by Antonine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy (1754–1836).
Geometric Population Increase: A Note on Priority of Usage
Authors: Gilbert Geoffrey
Published: January 2010

Perhaps the most notorious choice of words ever made by an economist was the pair of mathematical terms used by Malthus to describe the maximum possible rates of increase in population and subsistence: “geometric” to describe population growth, and “arithmetic” to describe the growth of subsistence. If Malthus could have foreseen the linguistic and logical difficulties entailed by the geometric-arithmetic distinction, he might have looked for different adjectives. But what a loss to the “bravura” style of the Essay on Population so admired by Keynes! Consider the rhetorical impact of: “Population tends to increase at an exponential rate higher than the rate at which the food supply increases.” Is this the language of an economic classic?
Shaking Mr Jones: law and touch
Authors: Grabham Emily
Published: January 2010

This article is about how law constructs its own truths through touch. Whilst there has been an impressive body of work on how the visual paradigm permeates law, less has been written about the other senses and their connected clusters of knowledge, specifically the haptic – or touch-related – paradigm. One of the aims of the article, therefore, is to bring touch to sociolegal theory. Another aim, however, is to trace some ways in which encounters, dispositions, feelings and contact – all forms of touch in themselves – shape law’s objects and parameters. The case-studies in this article all raise the question of how touch constitutes the proper function of criminal regulation in relation to embodied encounters – the nude body in public, the alternative sexual space.
Regime pluralism and the global regulation of oil pollution liability and compensation
Authors: Harrison James
Published: January 2010

Whilst international law has traditionally been dominated by states, non-state actors today have an increasing influence on many spheres of international life. This paper argues that non-state actors, in particular business interest non-governmental organisations (BINGOs), not only participate actively within those inter-governmental regimes which have been created by states, but they are also able to establish their own private regimes on particular issues in which they have an interest. The global regulation of oil pollution liability and compensation is used as an example to show how inter-governmental and private regimes can overlap and interact with one another. Such interplay poses several challenges for the way in which we understand traditional state-centred international law-making. At the same time, private regimes themselves raise their own questions of legitimacy and effectiveness.
Reflexive law and the reformulation of EC-level employee consultation norms in the British systems of labour law and industrial relations
Authors: Koukiadaki Aristea
Published: January 2010

The 2002/14/EC Directive establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Community allowed considerable flexibility in transposition and implementation. Viewing – in line with reflexive law theory – the Directive as a key tool in allowing EC law to become embedded in the national legal and industrial relations systems, the paper assesses its transposition and impact in Britain. The very flexibility of the Directive made it possible for the British social systems to respond in an innovative way to the changing forms of employee representation. But the relative weakness of the regulatory design of the transposing legislation with regard to the nature of the legal obligations, the enforcement mechanism and the degree to which legal resources could be utilised by trade unions constrained the re-configuration of labour law and its coupling to employee representation arrangements traditionally associated with the British industrial relations system.
Phase relations between energetic neutral atom intensities and kilometric radio emissions at Saturn
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Krimigis S. M. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S.
Published: January 2010

The intensities of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from Saturn's ring current were cross‐correlated with Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR, 100–400 kHz) to determine their phase relations. The cross correlations were obtained for three intervals in early 2007 when Cassini was at high northern latitudes and the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) could optimally view the entire ring current. During these intervals, the hydrogen, oxygen, and SKR signals all exhibited ∼10.8 h periodicities. A consistent phase relation was not observed between the ENA and the SKR. Cross‐correlation amplitudes in these intervals varied from 0.25 to 0.79, and the phase offsets varied from ∼1 h to several hours and differed according to ENA species. Not only did the SKR and ENA signal show phase offsets, but the H and O signals also displayed offsets. That is, all periodicities at ∼10.8 h had no consistent synchronization.
Atmospheric dynamics at the Phoenix landing site as seen by the Surface Stereo Imager
Authors: Moores John E. , Lemmon Mark T. , Smith Peter H. , Komguem Leonce , Whiteway James A.
Published: January 2010

The Surface Stereo Imager has made observations of dust blowing aloft and clouds near the horizon at the Phoenix landing site. These subtle features are apparent because of the high signal‐to‐noise ratio of the camera which allows for the removal of a mean frame from multiple images captured in rapid succession and the ability to conduct simultaneous capture through different filters in each camera eye. By examining the ratios between two filters, it was possible to determine in a relative sense how the water ice content of the atmosphere changed over the mission and on a diurnal time scale. The direction of travel and speed of features aloft near the zenith has been inferred and agree well with the diurnal pattern of near‐surface wind direction from the Telltale. Direct observation of cumulus‐like cloud near the surface suggests convection of water vapor–rich air, but only until midday, requiring a mechanism to inhibit cloud formation in the early afternoon. The spectral ratios agree well with the observation of cloud and indicate a general increase in water ice toward the end of the mission as well as a strong diurnal pattern. However, even in periods of high water ice content, there is still a great deal of variability and days when dense clouds are absent. Also, different cloud layers are occasionally observed moving in different directions, indicating occasional wind shear aloft. Features observed had estimated minimum optical depths up to 0.11.
Soil respiration in four different land use systems in north central Alberta, Canada
Authors: Arevalo Carmela B. M. , Bhatti Jagtar S. , Chang Scott X. , Jassal Rachhpal S. , Sidders Derek
Published: January 2010

This study compares soil respiration and its heterotrophic and autotrophic components in four land use types: agriculture, 2 and 9 year old hybrid poplar plantations, grassland, and a native aspen stand in north central Alberta, Canada, over a period of two growing seasons (2006 and 2007). The differences were examined with respect to substrate quality and quantity, fine root biomass, and nutrient availability, in addition to soil temperature and soil water content. Cumulative soil C loss via soil respiration averaged over the two growing seasons was (in decreasing order) 781, 551, 523, 502, and 428 g C m−2 for native aspen stand, 9 year old hybrid poplar plantation, grassland, agriculture and 2 year old hybrid poplar plantation, respectively. We found that ∼75% of soil respiration in the native aspen stand originated from the top 7.5–10 cm litter‐fibric‐humus layer. Seasonal heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration among the land uses ranged from 97 to 272 and 333 to 560 g C m−2, respectively, contributing up to 35% and 83% of total soil respiration, respectively. The variability in soil respiration across different land uses was explained mainly by site differences in soil temperature (88–94%). Soil respiration followed a pronounced seasonal trend: increasing during the growing season and converging to a minimum in the fall. Soil respiration under different land uses was influenced by (1) ecosystem C stock, (2) temperature sensitivity (Q10) of organic matter present, and (3) organic matter decomposability as indicated by the natural abundance of δ13C. Heterotrophic respiration was influenced by soil temperature, while autotrophic respiration was influenced by fine root biomass and nutrient (NO3− and P) availability. These results are useful in estimating potential responses of soil respiration and its components to future land management and climate change.
Modulation of calprotectin in human keratinocytes by keratinocyte growth factor and interleukin‐1α
Authors: Bando Mika , Hiroshima Yuka , Kataoka Masatoshi , Herzberg Mark C , Ross Karen F , Shinohara Yasuo , Yamamoto Takenori , Nagata Toshihiko , Kido Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2010

Calprotectin is an antimicrobial complex composed of the S100A8 and S100A9 protein family subunits. Contributing to innate immunity, calprotectin expression is increased by interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), which modulates keratinocyte differentiation. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is produced by mesenchymal cells and has a mitogenic activity for epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of KGF on calprotectin expression in keratinocytes and modulation by IL‐1α. Human keratinocytes were cultured with KGF in the presence or absence of a KGF receptor (KGFR) inhibitor or mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) expression was determined by northern blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, whereas MAPK phosphorylation was analyzed by western blot analysis. KGF significantly decreased the expression of S100A8/S100A9‐specific mRNAs and calprotectin protein. In the presence of KGF, KGFR inhibitor or extracellular‐regulated kinase inhibitor restored KGF‐downregulated expression of S100A8/S100A9. KGF increased IL‐1α expression in keratinocytes, whereas IL‐1α increased KGF expression in fibroblasts. Cocultured fibroblast and keratinocytes showed lower S100A8/S100A9 mRNA expression than keratinocytes alone in the presence or absence of IL‐1α or KGF. These results suggest that fibroblast‐derived KGF reduces or restricts calprotectin expression in keratinocytes, which supports our hypothesis that calprotectin expression in keratinocytes is modulated by factors associated with epithelial–mesenchymal interactions.
Eosinophils and Th2 immunity: contemporary insights
Authors: Spencer Lisa A , Weller Peter F
Published: January 2010

Eosinophils, innate immune leukocytes elicited by Th2 cells, have long been associated with the effector arm of Th2 immune responses. However, accumulating data over the past decade reveal a much more dynamic picture of Th2 immunity, where eosinophils are present very early in response to Th2‐inducing agents and function in the initiation of Th2 immunity. Here we discuss recent data showing immune functions of eosinophils distinct from their previously appreciated tissue‐ and helminth‐destructive capacities, providing strong evidence for a new paradigm of Th2 immunity defined by a dynamic interplay between eosinophils and T cells.
A Dynamic Model of Offshore Software Development
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Carmel Erran , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: January 2010

As the offshoring of knowledge work has accelerated, theoretical models to explain the phenomenon have not kept up. Most theoretical models assume a static transactional relationship from various factors to a binary offshoring decision. Such models do not take into account the mix of sourcing choices at the level of a firm, nor do they consider dynamic changes over time. To help fill these gaps, we use five case studies on offshore migration of software work by major US companies. Data were collected from senior executives. We use these data to develop a dynamic conceptual model that incorporates three factor groupings which collectively help explain offshore sourcing outcomes: (1) economic factors; (2) the nature of the development activity; and (3) managerial capabilities and practices. Importantly, the model includes five feedback loops among sourcing decisions, sourcing mix, and these three factors. Thus, the relationships in the model are not unidirectional, nor static; rather, they are Iterative and dynamic, involving feedback loops, learning, and cumulative effects over time. In this dynamic model, the sourcing ‘mix,’ a continuously changing offshore portfolio, is a key firm-level dependent variable, closer to the economic concept of a ‘stock’ measure that represents the cumulative effect of sourcing decisions over time. This variable may be measured in different ways, for instance as the amount of work done offshore, or the number of workers employed offshore.