bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partimento, que me veux-tu?
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: May 2009

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, eighteenth-century French author and philosopher, was first a musician. As a youth he had been unable to find a qualified music master and hence lacked the training required to excel in his chosen field. He did read carefully the harmony treatise of Jean-Philippe Rameau, but that study neither advanced his compositional abilities nor later shielded him from the scorn of Rameau himself. Had Rousseau found a master of the then fashionable Italian style of music, he would have studied exercises in partimenti and solfeggi. Solfeggi were studies for voice with bass accompaniment. Partimenti were instructional basses from which an apprentice was expected to re-create complete compositions at the keyboard. The prodigious mental powers developed through the study of partimenti, which greatly facilitated improvisation and composition, gave a competitive advantage to composers so trained. Though an old, nonverbal method of craft instruction, partimenti were nonetheless a cognitively optimal means of developing fluency in a complex, multivoice style of music. In memorizing exemplars of small contrapuntal schemata, fitting them to the matching locations in a partimento, and then realizing them in a current style, the apprentice was training himself to think in “free” counterpoint.
Follistatin modulates a BMP autoregulatory loop to control the size and patterning of sensory domains in the developing tongue
Authors: Beites Crestina L. , Hollenbeck Piper L. W. , Kim Joon , Lovell-Badge Robin , Lander Arthur D. , Calof Anne L.
Published: May 2009

The regenerative capacity of many placode-derived epithelial structures makes them of interest for understanding the molecular control of epithelial stem cells and their niches. Here, we investigate the interaction between the developing epithelium and its surrounding mesenchyme in one such system, the taste papillae and sensory taste buds of the mouse tongue. We identify follistatin (FST) as a mesenchymal factor that controls size, patterning and gustatory cell differentiation in developing taste papillae. FST limits expansion and differentiation of Sox2-expressing taste progenitor cells and negatively regulates the development of taste papillae in the lingual epithelium: in Fst-/- tongue, there is both ectopic development of Sox2-expressing taste progenitors and accelerated differentiation of gustatory cells. Loss of Fst leads to elevated activity and increased expression of epithelial Bmp7; the latter effect is consistent with BMP7 positive autoregulation, a phenomenon we demonstrate directly. We show that FST and BMP7 influence the activity and expression of other signaling systems that play important roles in the development of taste papillae and taste buds. In addition, using computational modeling, we show how aberrations in taste papillae patterning in Fst-/- mice could result from disruption of an FST-BMP7 regulatory circuit that normally suppresses noise in a process based on diffusion-driven instability. Because inactivation of Bmp7 rescues many of the defects observed in Fst-/- tongue, we conclude that interactions between mesenchyme-derived FST and epithelial BMP7 play a central role in the morphogenesis, innervation and maintenance of taste buds and their stem/progenitor cells.
Small RNAs derived from snoRNAs
Authors: Taft Ryan J. , Glazov Evgeny A. , Lassmann Timo , Hayashizaki Yoshihide , Carninci Piero , Mattick John S.
Published: May 2009

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) guide RNA modification and are localized in nucleoli and Cajal bodies in eukaryotic cells. Components of the RNA silencing pathway associate with these structures, and two recent reports have revealed that a human and a protozoan snoRNA can be processed into miRNA-like RNAs. Here we show that small RNAs with evolutionary conservation of size and position are derived from the vast majority of snoRNA loci in animals (human, mouse, chicken, fruit fly), Arabidopsis, and fission yeast. In animals, sno-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) from H/ACA snoRNAs are predominantly 20–24 nucleotides (nt) in length and originate from the 3′ end. Those derived from C/D snoRNAs show a bimodal size distribution at ∼17–19 nt and >27 nt and predominantly originate from the 5′ end. SdRNAs are associated with AGO7 in Arabidopsis and Ago1 in fission yeast with characteristic 5′ nucleotide biases and show altered expression patterns in fly loquacious and Dicer-2 and mouse Dicer1 and Dgcr8 mutants. These findings indicate that there is interplay between the RNA silencing and snoRNA-mediated RNA processing systems, and that sdRNAs comprise a novel and ancient class of small RNAs in eukaryotes.
Building capabilities of Egyptian journalists in preparation for a media in transition
Authors: Hamdy Naila
Published: May 2009

Egypt is going through a dramatic transition in its media sector. The proliferation of satellite and Internet technology combined with pressure to free the media and the government's relative acceptance of media openness have created an environment that has attracted many agencies, associations and foundations to invest in training programmes intended to develop the journalism profession.

This study was conducted to gauge these programs and to address questions relevant to these efforts. By analysing data from a survey on Egyptian journalists and in-depth interviews with media training experts, results show that Egypt's media reforms have made it possible for the paradigm of professional journalism training to emerge as a dominant theme. Egyptian journalists are enthusiastic toward training, despite some dissatisfaction. Furthermore, they have a relative highly perceived self-efficacy and conviction in their active role as agents of social change and as contributors to the development of a stronger democracy.
Modern Egyptian media: transformations, paradoxes, debates and comparative perspectives
Authors: Khamis Sahar
Published: May 2009

This article analyses the transition, complexity and dynamics of the modern Egyptian media landscape. It sheds light on some of the most important transformations, paradoxes and debates pertaining to this changing media landscape, and it explores some western theoretical perspectives and questions their validity as comparative perspectives for analysing modern Egyptian media. The article overviews the transformations in the modern Egyptian media scene in two specific phases: the pre- and post-1952 phase and the pre- and post-1990 phase, in an effort to understand the most significant waves of change that swept the Egyptian media scene, the causes behind them, and their multiple implications. It also explores the most important paradoxes that emerged in this highly ambivalent media landscape, as well as the debates pertaining to this transitional press model, especially the debate around whether the current waves of change sweeping the Egyptian media landscape can bring about a faster transition toward true democracy. It also examines the degree to which the modern Egyptian media landscape can overlap with, or diverge from, the three comparative press models proposed by Hallin and Mancini (2004) and the reasons behind this overlap or divergence.
Interface and Mind — A “Paper Lecture” about a Domain-Specific Design Methodology based on Contemporary Mind ScienceBenutzerschnittstelle und Verstand — Über eine Design-Methodik basierend auf aktuellen Erkenntnissen der Psychologie
Authors: Paley W. Bradford
Published: May 2009

An emerging interaction design methodology is presented; it addresses the benefits of incorporating domain-specific knowledge into the interface. The methodology is informally described using three real-world examples, exposing how findings from Visual Perception, Psycholinguistics, and Cognitive Science can be applied to the design process. Tying the design process back to science can help us to understand why current standard-widget toolkits are suboptimal for many domains. It can also inform the development of tools and intellectual approaches valuable at various stages of design.
“Smart Approaches” to Lighting DesignIntelligente Komposition von Lichtquellen in Computergraphiken
Authors: Olivier Patrick , NAM Ha Hai
Published: May 2009

The declarative design of graphics lies at the core of the Smart Graphics research agenda. For 3D graphics the number of lights included, and the properties of these lights, has an enormous impact on what a viewer can judge about the content (the objects), properties (the geometric characteristics and spatial relations of the objects) and other aesthetic qualities of a scene. The traditional approach to lighting design for image synthesis is based on manual design methods, whereby users interactively specify values of lighting parameters, render the scene, and modify the lighting parameters until the desired visual properties of the scene are achieved. Non-expert users encounter a number of difficulties in selecting the appropriate lighting parameters, as the process requires both a subtle technical and aesthetic understanding of lighting in computer graphics. We review range of “smart” lighting design and steady slow convergence on ideal lighting approaches which optimise the lighting configuration for a scene with respect to a set of absolute perceptual metrics. More recently perceptual approaches have been combined with aspects of exemplar driven approaches to yield “lighting-by-example” techniques that can replicate the lighting of existing static 2D images and 3D scenes.
The Fractionated Orthology of Bs2 and Rx/Gpa2 Supports Shared Synteny of Disease Resistance in the Solanaceae
Authors: Mazourek Michael , Cirulli Elizabeth T , Collier Sarah M , Landry Laurie G , Kang Byoung-Cheorl , Quirin Edmund A , Bradeen James M , Moffett Peter , Jahn Molly M
Published: May 2009

Comparative genomics provides a powerful tool for the identification of genes that encode traits shared between crop plants and model organisms. Pathogen resistance conferred by plant R genes of the nucleotide-binding–leucine-rich-repeat (NB–LRR) class is one such trait with great agricultural importance that occupies a critical position in understanding fundamental processes of pathogen detection and coevolution. The proposed rapid rearrangement of R genes in genome evolution would make comparative approaches tenuous. Here, we test the hypothesis that orthology is predictive of R-gene genomic location in the Solanaceae using the pepper R gene Bs2. Homologs of Bs2 were compared in terms of sequence and gene and protein architecture. Comparative mapping demonstrated that Bs2 shared macrosynteny with R genes that best fit criteria determined to be its orthologs. Analysis of the genomic sequence encompassing solanaceous R genes revealed the magnitude of transposon insertions and local duplications that resulted in the expansion of the Bs2 intron to 27 kb and the frequently detected duplications of the 5′-end of R genes. However, these duplications did not impact protein expression or function in transient assays. Taken together, our results support a conservation of synteny for NB–LRR genes and further show that their distribution in the genome has been consistent with global rearrangements.
Does Gene Translocation Accelerate the Evolution of Laterally Transferred Genes?
Authors: Hao Weilong , Golding G Brian
Published: May 2009

Lateral gene transfer (LGT) and gene rearrangement are essential for shaping bacterial genomes during evolution. Separate attention has been focused on understanding the process of lateral gene transfer and the process of gene translocation. However, little is known about how gene translocation affects laterally transferred genes. Here we have examined gene translocations and lateral gene transfers in closely related genome pairs. The results reveal that translocated genes undergo elevated rates of evolution and gene translocation tends to take place preferentially in recently acquired genes. Translocated genes have a high probability to be truncated, suggesting that translocation followed by truncation/deletion might play an important role in the fast turnover of laterally transferred genes. Furthermore, more recently acquired genes have a higher proportion of genes on the leading strand, suggesting a strong strand bias of lateral gene transfer.
Molecular Isolation of the M Gene Suggests That a Conserved-Residue Conversion Induces the Formation of Bisexual Flowers in Cucumber Plants
Authors: Li Zheng , Huang Sanwen , Liu Shiqiang , Pan Junsong , Zhang Zhonghua , Tao Qianyi , Shi Qiuxiang , Jia Zhiqi , Zhang Weiwei , Chen Huiming , Si Longting , Zhu Lihuang , Cai Run
Published: May 2009

Sex determination in plants involves a variety of mechanisms. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of the unisexual-flower-controlling gene M. M was identified as a previously characterized putative 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene, while the m allele that mutated at a conserved site (Gly33Cys) lost activity in the original enzymatically active allele.
Temporal Shifts in Demography and Life History of an Anadromous Alewife Population in Connecticut
Authors: Davis Justin P. , Schultz Eric T.
Published: May 2009

Populations of anadromous alewives Alosa pseudoharengus are declining throughout much of the species' range, particularly in southern New England, where fishery moratoriums have recently been instituted in three states. The alewife run at Bride Brook, a coastal stream in East Lyme, Connecticut, was studied from 2003 to 2006 to assess shifts in demography and life history. Annual censuses of abundance and sampling for size, age, and spawning history structure were conducted. These data were compared with similar data from 1966 to 1967 at this site. Recent alewife runs at Bride Brook featured lower abundance and younger, smaller fish that were less likely to be repeat spawners. The 1966 spawning run was dominated by repeat spawners of ages 5–7, while runs in 2003–2006 were dominated by age-3 and age-4 first-spawn fish. Mean length declined by 10% between 1966 and 2006. Alewives are also recruiting to the spawning run at younger ages and smaller sizes, indicating a shift in life history. The first-spawn portion of the 1966 spawning run was dominated by age-5 fish, while recent first-time spawners were primarily age 3. The shifts in demography and life history observed at Bride Brook are consistent with exploitation or predation concentrated on older, larger individuals in the population. The results of this study suggest recent increases in predatory pressure or bycatch mortality as promising hypotheses that merit further investigation.
Evidence of Interactive Segregation between Introduced Trout and Native Fishes in Northern Patagonian Rivers, Chile
Authors: Penaluna Brooke E. , Arismendi Ivan , Soto Doris
Published: May 2009

Introduced rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissand brown troutSalmo trutta farioare the most abundant fishes in the northern Chilean Patagonia, and their effect on native fishes is not well known. We tested for interactive segregation between trout and native fishes by using a before‐after, control‐impact design in which we deliberately reduced the density of trout and observed the response of the native fishes in their mesohabitat use (pool, run, riffle). Three native fish species,Brachygalaxias bullocki, Galaxias maculatus(inanga), andTrichomycterus areolatus, apparently had niche overlap with introduced trout and changed their mesohabitat use after trout reduction. The expansion of the three species into a wider range of mesohabitats after trout reduction suggests that these fishes occupy a broader spatial area when trout are reduced or possibly absent. However, some native fish species, such asGeotria australis, did not respond to the trout reductions. To protect Chilean native fishes, policymakers need to consider providing legal protection for native fishes because native fishes currently have no protection in their catchments.
Application of a Multistate Model to Estimate Culvert Effects on Movement of Small Fishes
Authors: Norman James R. , Hagler Megan M. , Freeman Mary C. , Freeman Byron J.
Published: May 2009

While it is widely acknowledged that culverted road‐stream crossings may impede fish passage, effects of culverts on movement of nongame and small‐bodied fishes have not been extensively studied and studies generally have not accounted for spatial variation in capture probabilities. We estimated probabilities for upstream and downstream movement of small (30‐120 mm standard length) benthic and water column fishes across stream reaches with and without culverts at four road‐stream crossings over a 4‐6‐week period. Movement and reach‐specific capture probabilities were estimated using multistate capture‐recapture models. Although none of the culverts were complete barriers to passage, only a bottomless‐box culvert appeared to permit unrestricted upstream and downstream movements by benthic fishes based on model estimates of movement probabilities. At two box culverts that were perched above the water surface at base flow, observed movements were limited to water column fishes and to intervals when runoff from storm events raised water levels above the perched level. Only a single fish was observed to move through a partially embedded pipe culvert. Estimates for probabilities of movement over distances equal to at least the length of one culvert were low (e.g., generally ≤0.03, estimated for 1‐2‐week intervals) and had wide 95% confidence intervals as a consequence of few observed movements to nonadjacent reaches. Estimates of capture probabilities varied among reaches by a factor of 2 to over 10, illustrating the importance of accounting for spatially variable capture rates when estimating movement probabilities with capture‐recapture data. Longer‐term studies are needed to evaluate temporal variability in stream fish passage at culverts (e.g., in relation to streamflow variability) and to thereby better quantify the degree of population fragmentation caused by road‐stream crossings with culverts.
Bromophenol concentrations in fish from Salvador, BA, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Aline S. , Silva Vilma M. , Veloso Márcia C.C. , Santos Gislaine V. , Andrade Jailson B. de
Published: May 2009

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the occurrence of bromophenols (2bromophenol, 4bromophenol, 2,4dibromophenol, 2,6dibromophenol and 2,4,6tribromophenol), in the flesh and guts in two species of the LutjanidaeFamily: Lutjanus synagris and Ocyurus chrysurus. The bromophenols were extracted by steam distillation with pentaneether (7:3 v/v), identified by reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLCUV), and quantified bythe externalstandard method. Total bromophenol concentrations were similar in the muscle of both species, rangingfrom 36 ng g¹ to 349 ng g¹. The total bromophenol concentrations in stomach (ranging from 12 ng g¹ to 586 ng g¹)were slightly higher than in muscle. The presence of bromophenol in the muscles of the species under study may occuras a result of their diet. The results of this work are therefore expected to contribute toward a better understanding ofthe path of bromophenol absorption from the fish's stomach to the rest of its body.
Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite-coated iron oxide particles by spray-drying technique
Authors: Donadel karina , Felisberto Marcos D.V. , Laranjeira Mauro C.M.
Published: May 2009

Magnetic particles of iron oxide have been increasingly used in medical diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging and in cancer therapies involving targeted drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia. In this study we report the preparation and characterization of iron oxide particles coated with bioceramic hydroxyapatite by spray-drying. The iron oxide magnetic particles (IOMP) were coated with hydroxyapatite (HAp) by spray-drying using two IOMP/HAp ratios (0.7 and 3.2). The magnetic particles were characterized by way of scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, flame atomic absorption spectrometry,vibrating sample magnetometry and particle size distribution (laser diffraction). The surface morphology of the coated samples is different from that of the iron oxide due to formation of hydroxyapatite coating. From an EDX analysis, it was verified that the surface of the coated magnetic particles is composed only of HAp, while the interior containsiron oxide and a few layers of HAp as expected. The results showed that spray-drying technique is an efficient and relatively inexpensive method for forming spherical particles with a core/shell structure.
Seasonal variation in the copepod community structure from a tropical Amazon estuary, Northern Brazil
Authors: Magalhães André , Leite Natália da R. , Silva João G.S. , Pereira Luci C.C. , Costa Rauquírio M. da
Published: May 2009

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variation of copepod community structure during the months of July, September and November 2003 (dry season) and January, March and May 2004 (rainy season) in the Curuçá estuary, northern Brazil. Samples were collected during neap tides via gentle 200µm mesh net tows from a small powerboat. Measurements of surface water conductivity were accomplished in situ using an electronic conductivimeter and salinity was later obtained through the transformation of the conductivity values. Salinity varied seasonally from 7.2 ± 0.1 to 39.2 ± 1.8 (mean ± standard deviation) and was influenced mainly by differences in the amount of rainfall between the studied sampling seasons. In total, 30 Copepoda taxa were identified and Acartia tonsa comprised the most representative species throughout the entire studied period followed by Acartia lilljeborgii, Subeucalanus pileatus and Paracalanus quasimodo. In the present study, the density values, ecological indexes and copepod species dominance presented a clear seasonal pattern, showing that the studied area may be considered seasonally heterogeneous in relation to the investigated parameters.
Hemoparasites of the genus Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and hemogregarines in Anurans of the São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul States - Brazil
Authors: Leal Denise D.M. , O'dwyer Lucia H. , Ribeiro Vitor C. , Silva Reinaldo J. , Ferreira Vanda L. , Rodrigues Rozangela B.
Published: May 2009

Wild animals are exposed to numerous pathogens, including hemoparasites. The Trypanosoma and hemogregarinegroup are frequently reported as parasites in anurans (frogs, tree frogs and toads). The identification of these hemoparasites is usually made through stage observation of their morphology in the peripheral blood of the host. There areno studies, however, based on the biological cycle of these hemoparasites. The objective of the present study was toevaluate the presence of hemogregarines and Trypanosoma spp. in anurans captured in the States of São Paulo andMato Grosso do Sul- Brazil and to perform the morphological and morphometric characterization of these hemoparasites. The species of anurans examined were: Dendropsophus nanus, D. minutus, Leptodactylus chaquensis L. podicipinus, L. labyrinthicus, L. fuscus, Bufo granulosus, B. schneideri, Phyllomedusa hypocondrialis, Trachicephalus venulosus, Scinax fuscovarius and Hypsiboas albopunctatus. Of the total of 40 animals studied, four (10%)were positive for hemogregarines and eight (20%) were positive for Trypanosoma spp. Hemogregarine gamontsshowed variable morphology and, in addition to intraerythrocytic forms, extraerythrocytic forms were also observed.Extremely different forms of Trypanosoma were observed, as described in the literature, with the broad and oval forms being the most common.
Time evolution of the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly
Authors: Hartmann Gelvam A. , Pacca Igor G.
Published: May 2009

The South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) is one of the most outstanding anomalies of the geomagnetic field. The SAMA secular variation was obtained and compared to the evolution of other anomalies using spherical harmonic field models for the 1590-2005 period. An analysis of data from four South American observatories shows how this large scale anomaly affected their measurements. Since SAMA is a low total field anomaly, the field was separated into its nondipolar, quadrupolar and octupolar parts. The time evolution of the non-dipole/total, quadrupolar/total and octupolar/total field ratios yielded increasingly high values for the South Atlantic since 1750. The SAMA evolution is compared to the evolution of other large scale surface geomagnetic features like the North and the South Pole and the Siberia High, and this comparison shows the intensity equilibrium between these anomalies in both hemispheres. The analysis of non-dipole fields in historical period suggests that SAMA is governed by (i) quadrupolar field for drift, and (ii) quadrupolar and octupolar fields for intensity and area of influence. Furthermore, our study reinforces the possibility that SAMA may be related to reverse fluxes in the outer core under the South Atlantic region.
Riparian forest potential to retain sediment and carbon evaluated by the 137Cs fallout and carbon isotopic ratio techniques
Authors: Pires Luiz F. , Bacchi Osny O.S. , Correchel Vladia , Reichardt Klaus , Filippe Joseline
Published: May 2009

Riparian forests can provide an important service for aquatic ecosystems by sequestering hillslopederived sediments. However, the width of a riparian buffer zone required to filter sediments is not yet wellunderstood. Here are used two complementary tracers to measure sediment retention. The 137Cs technique and the soil carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) are utilized to investigate sediment deposition and erosion rates on a slope transect cultivated with sugarcane followed by a secondary riparian forest zone in Iracemápolis, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The 137Cs technique and the δ13C analysis showed that the width of a riparian vegetation in accordance to a Brazilian Environmental Law (Nº4.771/65) was not sufficient in trapping sediments coming from agricultural lands, but indicated the importance of these forests as a conservation measure at the watershed scale. The complementary δ13C analysis together with soil morphology aspects allowed a better interpretation of the sediment redistribution along the sugarcane and riparian forest transects.
Analysis of pollen load based on color, physicochemical composition and botanical source
Authors: Modro Anna F.H. , Silva Izabel C. , Luz Cynthia F.P. , Message Dejair
Published: May 2009

Pollen load samples from 10 hives of Apis mellifera (L.) were analyzed based on their physicochemical composition and botanical source, considering color as a parameter for quality control. In seven samples it was possible to establish the occurrence of more than 80% of a single pollen type, characterizing them as unifloral but with protein content variation. One of the samples was exclusively composed of saprophytic fungi (Cladosporium sp.). Comparing the mean results of the fungi loads with those of the nutritional components of pollen load, the former presented higher protein, mineral matter and dry matter and lower organic matter, ethereal extract and total carbohydrate values. The monochromatic samples met the physicochemical specifications regulating pollen load quality. The results showed that homogeneous coloration of the pollen load was not found to be a good indication of unifloral pollen, confirming the importance of physicochemical analysis and melissopalynological analysis for characterization of the quality of commercial pollen load.
Towards an atomic level understanding of niobia based catalysts and catalysis by combining the science of catalysis with surface science
Authors: Schmal Martin , Freund Hans-Joachim
Published: May 2009

The science of catalysis and surface science have developed, independently, key information for understanding catalytic processes. One might argue: is there anything fundamental to be discovered through the interplay between catalysis and surface science? Real catalysts of monometallic and bimetallic Co/Nb2O5 and Pd-Co/Nb2O5 catalysts showed interesting selectivity results on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Noronha et al. 1996, Rosenir et al. 1993). The presence of a noble metal increased the C+5 selectivity and decreased the methane formation depending of the reduction temperature. Model catalyst of Co-Pd supported on niobia and alumina were prepared and characterized at the atomic level, thus forming the basis for a comparison with "real" support materials. Growth, morphology and structure of both pure metal and alloy particles were studied. It is possible to support the strong metal support interaction suggested by studies on real catalysts via the investigation of model systems for niobia in comparison to alumina support in which this effect does not occur. Formation of Co2+ penetration into the niobia lattice was suggested on the basis of powder studies and can be fully supported on the basis of model studies. It is shown for both real catalysts and model systems that oxidation state of Co plays a key role in controlling the reactivity in Fischer-Tropsch reactions systems and that the addition of Pd is a determining factor for the stability of the catalyst. It is demonstrated that the interaction with unsaturated hydrocarbons depends strongly on the state of oxidation.
O efeito das orelhas externa e média nas emissões otoacústicas
Authors: Couto Christiane Marques do , Carvallo Renata Mota Mamede
Published: May 2009

Características como a freqüência de ressonância da orelha externa e da orelha média podem interferir na captação das emissões otoacústicas. OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência da freqüência de ressonância da orelha externa e da orelha média na resposta das emissões otoacústicas. DESENHO CIENTÍFICO: Estudo de série, prospectivo, clínico. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram feitas medidas com microfone-sonda na orelha externa, timpanometria de multifreqüência e teste de emissões otoacústicas por transitório e produto de distorção em 19 orelhas direitas e 20 orelhas esquerdas de indivíduos do sexo masculino e 23 orelhas direitas e 23 orelhas esquerdas de indivíduos do sexo feminino com 17 a 30 anos. As 85 orelhas eram audiologicamente normais. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas relações estatisticamente significantes entre a melhor freqüência de emissões otoacústicas e a freqüência de ressonância da orelha externa oclusa e da orelha média. CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis de respostas das emissões otoacústicas por transitório e produto de distorção não são influenciadas apenas pela ressonância da orelha externa e da orelha média.
Estudo anatômico do forame esfenopalatino
Authors: Scanavine Adriana Bernardini Antunes , Navarro João Adolfo Caldas , Megale Silvia Regina Molinari de Carvalho Leitão , Anselmo-Lima Wilma Terezinha
Published: May 2009

As variações anatômicas do forame esfenopalatino podem corresponder às alterações na entrada da irrigação nasal arterial, condição relevante para o tratamento das epistaxes graves através da ligadura da artéria esfenopalatina. OBJETIVO: Estudar o forame esfenopalatino quanto à sua variação numérica e sua localização na parede lateral nasal em relação à crista etmoidal óssea do osso palatino. Material e Método: Os estudos anatômicos foram realizados em 54 hemicrânios. RESULTADOS: O forame esfenopalatino apresentou a seguinte variação numérica: único (87,0% ou 47 peças), duplo (11,1% ou 6 peças) e triplo (1,9% ou uma peça); foi localizado no meato nasal superior em 81,5% ou 44 peças, 14,8% (8 peças) entre os meatos nasais médio e superior e no meato nasal médio apenas em um caso (1,9%). CONCLUSÃO: Foi demonstrada a variação numérica do FEP, a sua relação com a crista etmoidal óssea, e sua localização nos meatos nasais superior, médio e em ambos.
Conhecimento da anatomia da orelha de cobaias e ratos e sua aplicação na pesquisa otológica básica
Authors: Albuquerque Agnes Afrodite Sumarelli , Rossato Maria , Oliveira José Antonio Apparecido de , Hyppolito Miguel Angelo
Published: May 2009

O uso de mostras animais é importante na pesquisa otológica e o conhecimento da anatomia de sua orelha permite sua utilização adequada. OBJETIVO: Estudar a anatomia da orelha da cobaia e do rato por microscopia óptica de luz (MOL) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e suas vantagens anatômicas na pesquisa otológica básica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os ossos temporais, as bulas timpânicas e cócleas de três cobaias e ratos albinos foram fotografados e analisados ao MOL e MEV. RESULTADOS: O rato não é tão simples de manipular como a cobaia, e freqüentemente apresenta otite média. O rato apresenta uma junção frágil da bula timpânica, duas e meia espiras na cóclea e a membrana timpânica não veda todo o conduto auditivo externo. A cobaia possui uma bula inteiriça, martelo e bigorna fundidos e três e meia espiras na cóclea. Pela MEV a cobaia e o rato possuem Membrana Tectória, Membrana de Raissner e o Órgão de Corti. As Células de Hensen estão presentes somente na cobaia. CONCLUSÃO: A cobaia foi considerada de fácil manipulação para a microdissecção, pelo tamanho e rigidez do osso temporal, e para experimentos cirúrgicos envolvendo o estribo, janela oval e a membrana timpânica. Pela MEV nota-se semelhança entre cobaia e rato, podendo ambos serem utilizados em estudos da orelha interna.
Estudo comparativo de exames audiométricos de metalúrgicos expostos a ruído e ruído associado a produtos químicos
Authors: Botelho Carla Tomaz , Paz Anna Paulla Maia Lopes , Gonçalves André Martins , Frota Silvana
Published: May 2009

A exposição a produtos químicos ototóxicos na presença ou não do ruído pode provocar danos irreversíveis na audição dos trabalhadores em um período significativamente menor de exposição. OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo comparativo, através de exames audiométricos, em trabalhadores expostos somente a ruído e ruído associado a produtos químicos. MÉTODOS: 155 metalúrgicos (18 - 50 anos) expostos a ruído (grupo I) e a ruído e produtos químicos (grupo II) por um período que varia de 3 a 20 anos. RESULTADOS: diferença significativa na proporção de perda auditiva ocupacional da orelha direita entre os grupos I (3,6%) e II (15,5%). Proporção de perda auditiva ocupacional no profissional significativamente maior no grupo II (18,3%) em relação ao grupo I (6%). Com respeito ao tempo médio de exposição aos agentes agressores, o grupo I esteve exposto por tempo significativamente maior. Estudo retrospectivo. DISCUSSÃO: O fato de ter havido maior comprometimento da orelha direita no grupo II é controverso e merece ser pesquisado futuramente, pois alguns estudos revelam que a orelha esquerda seria mais suscetível à lesão por ruído. CONCLUSÃO: O grupo II apresentou proporcionalmente maior prevalência de perda auditiva quando comparado ao grupo I, mesmo tendo estado exposto aos agentes agressores por um menor tempo médio.
Análise da correlação entre a escala visual-análoga e o Tinnitus Handicap Inventory na avaliação de pacientes com zumbido
Authors: Figueiredo Ricardo Rodrigues , Azevedo Andréia Aparecida de , Oliveira Patrícia de Mello
Published: May 2009

Um dos tópicos mais questionado nos estudos clínicos sobre zumbido é o método de mensuração do mesmo. As Escalas Visual-Análogas (EVAs) e o Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) são freqüentemente utilizados para este fim. OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação entre os escores da EVA e do THI em pacientes com zumbido neurossensorial através de um estudo prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 43 pacientes com zumbido neurossensorial quantificaram o zumbido pelos dois métodos, sendo os escores comparados através do Coeficiente de Relação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foi observada correlação entre os escores da EVA e do THI. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com zumbido neurossensorial existe correlação entre os escores da EVA e do THI.
Avaliação longitudinal do ECAP registrado em crianças usuárias de implante coclear
Authors: Tanamati Liege Franzini , Bevilacqua Maria Cecília , Costa Orozimbo Alves
Published: May 2009

Em crianças usuárias de Implante Coclear (IC), o registro do potencial de ação composto do nervo auditivo evocado eletricamente (ECAP) representa uma maneira de avaliar as modificações nas respostas neurais e entre o feixe de eletrodos e o tecido neural ao longo do tempo. OBJETIVO: Estudar o ECAP em crianças ao longo do primeiro ano de uso do IC. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: As características do ECAP foram analisadas em 13 crianças, implantadas com idades inferiores a três anos de idade. Estudo de série. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento estatisticamente significante na amplitude do pico N1, nos eletrodos basais, entre o segundo e o terceiro retorno. Não foram obtidas diferenças significantes para: a latência do pico N1, o slope, o p-NRT e o período de recuperação entre os retornos. Nos três retornos, a maioria dos sujeitos apresentou tempo de recuperação entre 1000 e 2000µs. CONCLUSÃO: Ao longo do primeiro ano de uso do IC, a estimulação elétrica liberada pelos eletrodos intracocleares não causou alterações significativas às características do ECAP, exceto pelo aumento da amplitude do pico N1.
Multicentricidade no carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide
Authors: Chagas José Francisco Salles , Aquino José Luís Braga de , Pascoal Maria Beatriz Nogueira , Teixeira Adriana Soave , Ferro Márcia Maria Nunes , Gambaro Mariana Cristina Ortiz , Dedivitis Rogério Aparecido
Published: May 2009

O tratamento cirúrgico de escolha no carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide sempre foi controverso. OBJETIVO: Analisar o acometimento tumoral do lobo contralateral da tireóide no carcinoma diferenciado, correlacionando risco e benefício com as complicações decorrentes da segunda intervenção. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, de 1998 a 2006, com 27 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia menos que total, sendo 21 lobectomias, cinco tireoidectomias subtotais e uma istmectomia. Foram analisados: gênero, idade, tipo de cirurgia, complicações, histopatológico do espécime cirúrgico e invasão do lobo contralateral. As idades variaram de 17 a 89 anos; o tipo histopatológico mais freqüente foi o carcinoma papilífero clássico (18 casos), seguido do carcinoma folicular (seis casos), do carcinoma papilífero variante folicular (dois casos) e do carcinoma de células Hürthle (um caso). Vinte e um pacientes foram submetidos à totalização da tireoidectomia, 15 a 30 dias depois. RESULTADOS: A análise do lobo contralateral foi negativa para carcinoma em 16 (76,5%) e positiva nos cinco restantes (23,8%). As complicações observadas foram: disfonia temporária (três casos) e hipoparatireoidismo (dois casos, sendo um permanente). CONCLUSÃO: A totalização da tireoidectomia é um procedimento importante no tratamento do carcinoma bem diferenciado da tireóide pelo elevado acometimento contralateral (23,8%). A incidência de complicações é pequena.
Válvula fonatória brasileira para traqueotomia: padronização de pressão de diafragma
Authors: Silveira Ângela Rúbia Oliveira , Soki Marcelo Naoki , Chone Carlos Takahiro , Tah Y Ng Ronny , Carvalho Eduardo George B. , Crespo Agrício Nubiato
Published: May 2009

A traqueotomia está indicada em condições com obstrução respiratória alta ou doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. As Válvulas Fonatórias (VF) melhoram a comunicação, higienização e umidificação das vias aéreas dos pacientes traqueotomizados. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a VF nacional, de menor custo, e sua utilização na reabilitação fonatória desses pacientes, avaliar resistência de abertura pelo diafragma, o que confere melhor conforto ao paciente. Forma de Estudo: Experimental, coorte contemporâneo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A VF foi utilizada em 32 pacientes. A válvula tem diafragma dentro de um corpo em aço inox com encaixes de plástico. Estudou-se grau de conforto respiratório de acordo com a resistência do diafragma da válvula, 40, 50 e 60 shores. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se uso regular da VF acoplada à cânula por todos os pacientes, 26 o fizeram por mais de 12h diárias e destes 14 por 24h diárias. A pressão do diafragma obtida foi de 40 shores para 13 pacientes e 50 shores para 19 pacientes, sem utilização de 60 shores. CONCLUSÃO: A VF metálica permite fonação, sem a oclusão digital da cânula, e respiração sob conforto. Obteve-se resistência padronizada do diafragma. Atualmente todos os pacientes do estudo utilizam estas VF com fonação e 43,75% período integral.
Portadores de vitiligo: estudo das emissões otoacústicas e efeito de supressão
Authors: Angrisani Rosanna Mariangela Giaffredo , Azevedo Marisa Frasson de , Pereira Liliane Desgualdo , Lopes Celso , Garcia Michele Vargas
Published: May 2009

Vitiligo é uma doença cutânea, caracterizada pela ausência da melanina, por destruição de melanócitos. OBJETIVO: Verificar a ocorrência de alteração auditiva em indivíduos com vitiligo. MÉTODO: Avaliação audiológica, pesquisa das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e do efeito de supressão em estudo prospectivo de 24 pacientes com vitiligo. A faixa etária variou de 15 a 45 anos. RESULTADOS: 21 pacientes (87.5%) apresentaram audiometria normal; dois apresentaram perda auditiva unilateral em freqüências altas e um apresentou perda coclear de grau moderado à esquerda. Destes 21 sujeitos, 66,7% tiveram ausência de emissões, sugerindo disfunção coclear. As emissões estiveram presentes em todas as bandas de freqüência em apenas 7 pacientes (29,2%) e ausentes em 17 (70,8%), com maior ocorrência de falha no sexo masculino, na orelha direita. Na pesquisa da supressão, seis indivíduos falharam, todos do sexo feminino, sendo a orelha esquerda a mais afetada. CONCLUSÃO: Pela análise das emissões otoacústicas verificou-se que os portadores de vitiligo possuem maior predisposição à disfunção coclear, com maior ocorrência no sexo masculino na orelha direita. Quanto ao efeito de supressão, houve maior alteração no sistema eferente em mulheres, com maior ausência à esquerda. As alterações auditivas não diferiram quanto à idade, tipo de vitiligo e tempo de evolução da doença.
Aspectos clínicos, histológicos e de microscopia eletrônica dos granulomas de intubação das pregas vocais
Authors: Martins Regina Helena Garcia , Dias Norimar Hernandes , Santos Daniela Carvalho dos , Fabro Alexandre Todorovic , Braz José Reinaldo Cerqueira
Published: May 2009

Granulomas são lesões bilaterais e pediculadas das apófises vocais. Etiologias: intubação, refluxo, traumatismos, fonotraumatismo e idiopática. OBJETIVO: Analisar aspectos clínicos e morfológicos dos granulomas de intubação. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo dos pacientes submetidos à microcirurgia por granulomas de intubação, atendidos na Instituição onde foi realizado, a partir de 2002. Analisaram-se: idade, sexo, indicação e tempo da intubação, sintomas, laudos de videolaringoscopia e número de biópsia. Realizou-se estudo histológico em todos os casos e de microscopia eletrônica em três deles. RESULTADOS: 10 pacientes (7 F e 3 M), idade entre 2 anos e 72 anos e tempo de intubação entre 4 horas e 21 dias. Rouquidão foi o principal sintoma. A histologia mostrou hiperplasia epitelial, intenso inflamação importante no corion e proliferação vascular. Na MEV observou-se epitélio escamoso com escassa descamação. À MET, junções intercelulares alargadas e desmossomos alterados. No corion havia lagos sanguíneos, intensa inflamação, e fibroblastos com alterações estruturais como núcleos irregulares e cisternas dilatadas. CONCLUSÕES: Granulomas pós-intubação aparecem em qualquer idade, mesmo em intubação por curto período, e causam rouquidão precocemente. As principais alterações morfológicas são observadas no corion, como proliferação vascular, inflamação e alterações estruturais em fibroblastos indicando disfunção e dano celular.
Resolução temporal de crianças: comparação entre audição normal, perda auditiva condutiva e distúrbio do processamento auditivo
Authors: Balen Sheila Andreoli , Bretzke Letícia , Mottecy Carla Meller , Liebel Graziela , Boeno Mirian Regina Moresco , Gondim Lys Maria Allenstein
Published: May 2009

A resolução temporal é essencial na percepção acústica da fala, podendo estar alterada nos distúrbios auditivos gerando prejuízos no desenvolvimento da linguagem. OBJETIVO: Comparar a resolução temporal de crianças com audição normal, perda auditiva condutiva e distúrbios do processamento auditivo. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: A amostra foi de 31 crianças de 07 a 10 anos, divididas em três grupos: G1: 12 com audição normal, G2: sete com perda auditiva condutiva e G3: 12 com distúrbio do processamento auditivo. Os procedimentos de seleção foram: questionário aos responsáveis, avaliação audiológica e do processamento auditivo. O procedimento de pesquisa foi o teste de detecção de intervalos no silêncio realizado a 50 dB NS acima da média de 500, 1000 e 2000Hz na condição binaural em 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000Hz. Na análise dos dados foi utilizado o Teste de Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 1%. RESULTADO: Observou-se que houve diferença entre os G1 e G2 e entre os G1 e G3 em todas as freqüências. Por outro lado, esta diferença não foi observada entre os G2 e G3. CONCLUSÃO A perda auditiva condutiva e o distúrbio do processamento auditivo têm influência no limiar de detecção de intervalos.
Faringotonsilites em crianças: visão de uma amostra de pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas
Authors: Balbani Aracy Pereira Silveira , Montovani Jair Cortez , Carvalho Lidia Raquel de
Published: May 2009

As faringotonsilites agudas são infecções das vias aéreas superiores comuns na infância. OBJETIVO: Analisar opiniões e condutas de pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas do Estado de São Paulo em relação ao diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção das faringotonsilites e suas complicações em crianças. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Selecionamos aleatoriamente 1370 pediatras e 1000 otorrinolaringologistas do Estado de São Paulo. Aos especialistas foi enviado questionário por correio. DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Estudo transversal. RESULTADOS: 95,8% dos pediatras e 91,5% dos otorrinos não solicitam rotineiramente exames para diagnóstico laboratorial das faringotonsilites agudas na criança. Os antimicrobianos mais prescritos pelos pediatras nas faringotonsilites bacterianas foram: penicilina por via oral durante 10 dias (33,6%) e penicilina benzatina em dose única (19,7%). Os antimicrobianos mais prescritos pelos otorrinos para tratamento foram: penicilina por via oral durante 10 dias (35,4%) e penicilina por via oral durante 7 dias (25,7%). A medida de prevenção das faringotonsilites bacterianas considerada muito eficaz por mais da metade dos pediatras e otorrinos foi a cirurgia de tonsilectomia. A faringotonsilite de repetição foi o principal motivo para os otorrinos indicarem cirurgia de tonsilectomia aos escolares e adolescentes (49,3% e 53,4%, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: É necessário uniformizar condutas de pediatras e otorrinos para diagnóstico e tratamento das faringotonsilites em crianças.
Relação do paciente surdo com o médico
Authors: Chaveiro Neuma , Porto Celmo Celeno , Barbosa Maria Alves
Published: May 2009

A comunicação não-verbal é importante no atendimento aos pacientes surdos e permite a excelência do cuidar em saúde. OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos legais e socioculturais da relação entre o paciente surdo e o médico. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas as bases de dados informatizados para a coleta de dados, no período de 1996 a 2006, tendo como palavras-chave "paciente", "surdo", "comunicação" e "saúde". Realizou-se também busca não-sistemática em publicações científicas. RESULTADOS: Foram agrupados em duas categorias: a comunicação do paciente surdo com o médico ouvinte que trata das barreiras no atendimento ao paciente surdo e a importância da comunicação não-verbal na assistência à saúde. O surdo, sua língua e a relação médico-paciente que aborda as características da Língua de Sinais, tendo como respaldo constitucional a Lei Federal nº 10.436/02. CONCLUSÃO: Quando os pacientes surdos e os médicos se encontram, se deparam com barreiras comunicativas que comprometem o vínculo a ser estabelecido e a assistência prestada, podendo interferir no diagnóstico e no tratamento. Ficou clara a necessidade de as instituições públicas oportunizarem programas que visem à formação dos profissionais para adequada assistência aos pacientes surdos.