bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consonant Mutation
Authors: Grijzenhout Janet
Published: August 2017

The phenomenon of “consonant mutation” occurs in a wide array of unrelated languages and comprises changes that are also known as “consonant weakening” (or
lenition
), “consonant strengthening” (or
fortition
), and “nasalization.” In this chapter, “consonant mutation” will be defined as a change in one phonetic property of a consonant that affects its degree of sonority and that does not depend on the position of the consonant within a prosodic domain (i.e. neutralization and enhancement phenomena are excluded), nor on the position immediately adjacent to a segment with which it forms a natural class (i.e. progressive and regressive voicing and place assimilations are not regarded as instances of “consonant mutations”). More specifically, the term “consonant mutation” refers to a class of processes by which a consonant turns into a segment with a different degree of voicing, continuancy, or nasality that is not due to neutralization or assimilation to a neighboring segment of the same natural class.
1
Conspiracies
Authors: Kisseberth Charles W.
Published: August 2017

The paper “On the functional unity of phonological rules” (Kisseberth 1970; henceforth FUPR) made what in essence is a very simple argument. It claimed that in the phonologies of the world's languages, it is often the case that there are phonological structures that are either barred or required, and that (from a standard generative phonology point of view) multiple rules may be involved in guaranteeing that these structures are avoided or achieved. This observation seems to be undeniably accurate. FUPR, however, went further and suggested that it was not sufficient to simply recognize this truth about the world's phonologies, but that somehow (a) these barred/required structures should be an explicit part of the phonological system of a given language, and (b) grammars that utilize multiple means to achieve/avoid a certain structure are not to be viewed as more complex than grammars that use fewer rules for the same end. As we shall discuss below, these claims are not consistent with the prevailing notion in generative phonology that all significant linguistic generalizations are expressible in terms of simplifications in the formal system of rules and representations. FUPR suggested that there was instead afunctionalaspect to phonological rules that eluded the formal approach of early generative phonology. It should be emphasized that the use of the term “functional” in FUPR is distinct from later usage where functional refers to the idea that (a) phonological phenomena are motivated by, i.e. grounded in, phonetic considerations (summarized in Boersma 1997 as the “minimization of articulatory effort and maximization of perceptual contrast”), as well as the idea that (b) notions such as contrast, paradigmatic considerations and frequency may shape the phonological grammar. FUPR emphasized the existence of avoided/ preferred structures, but not what factors make the structure in question good or bad nor what factors favor one repair over another.
Palatalization
Authors: Kochetov Alexei
Published: August 2017

The term “palatalization” denotes a phonological process by which consonants acquire secondary palatal articulation or shift their primary place to, or close to, the palatal region. This usually happens under the influence of an adjacent front vowel and/or a palatal glide (e.g. [ki] → [kji], [tja] → [ʧa]). As such, palatalization is a type of consonant–vowel interaction. The term may also refer to a phonemic contrast between consonants with secondary palatal articulation and their non‐palatalized counterparts (e.g. [pja]vs. [pa]). The primary focus of this chapter will be on palatalization as a process, and particularly as a synchronic phonological process manifested in segmental alternations.
Mergers and Neutralization
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: August 2017

The notions of mergers and neutralization presuppose the concept of contrast. Two sounds are phonologically contrastive if they are in opposition with each other, i.e. if they are capable of differentiating the lexical meanings of two words in a particular language. The plosives [p] and [ph], for example, are in opposition in Cantonese (Yue Chinese) (e.g. [paː┐] ‘father’vs. [phaː┐] ‘to lay down’) but [b] and [p] are not. Contrast is not restricted to pairs of segments; classes of segments contrast as well. The aspiration opposition between [p] and [ph] finds analogs in other pairs of segments ([t] ∼ [th], [k] ∼ [kh], [kw] ∼ [kwh]). When a phonological opposition is suspended, neutralization or merger obtains. For example, Cantonese has no aspiration opposition between plain and aspirated plosives in syllable‐final position; all syllable‐final plosives are voiceless and unreleased (e.g. [thaːp¬┤] ‘pagoda’, [paːt¬┤] ‘eight’, [kɔːk¬┤] ‘corner, horn’).
Cyclicity
Authors: Bermádez‐Otero Ricardo
Published: August 2017

The phonology of a natural language will often treat the same string differently according to whether it is wholly contained within a single morph, arises through a morphological operation like affixation, or straddles the edges of two adjacent grammatical words. In the generative tradition there is a widespread and longstanding consensus that such morphosyntactic conditioning effects may come about in two ways: representationally or procedurally (Scheer 2008: §3ff.; see Table 85.1). Representational morphosyntactic conditioning occurs when phonological processes are sensitive to the presence or absence of certain phonological objects—boundary symbols inSPE, prosodic categories in most later frameworks—which are in turn positioned by reference to the edges of morphosyntactic units. In procedural morphosyntactic conditioning, in contrast, morphosyntax directly controls the amount of structure visible during a given round of phonological computation, either by submitting to the phonology only a morphosyntactic sub‐constituent of a complete linguistic expression (as in the theory of the cycle) or by allowing the phonology access to the surface representation of some morphosyntactically related expression (as in the theory of transderivational or output‐ output correspondence, henceforth OO‐correspondence).
Neighborhood Effects
Authors: Buchwald Adam
Published: August 2017

The organization of lexical knowledge at the phonological level has long been thought to incorporate some encoding of similarity neighborhoods: in the network structure of the lexicon, words that share phonological components are more closely connected to one another than words that are different. The notion of a “neighbor” as a similar word has provided tremendous insight into a variety of psycho‐linguistic phenomena related to spoken word recognition and spoken word production. The present chapter explores this notion of neighbor, focusing on the characterization of neighbors of a target word as the other words that are activated when that target is active. As we will see, this notion allows us to predict inhibitory or facilitatory effects depending on the task. These effects are well documented across tasks and participant populations. Following a brief description of the notion of the mental lexicon and competition in lexical access, we review research in spoken word recognition and production, and describe how the neighborhood construct (and similarity more generally) has been applied in phonologically based psycholinguistic research. We then examine how the notion of neighbor has been applied to domains such as language acquisition, language impairment, and other modalities of communication, including written language processing and audiovisual speech perception.
Gradience and Categoricality in Phonological Theory
Authors: Ernestus Mirjam
Published: August 2017

Within phonological theory, important roles are assigned to the notions of “gradience” and “categoricality.” The opposition qualifies sounds and sound patterns, and is crucial both for the definition of the phonological and the phonetic components of generative grammar, and for the development of alternative types of grammatical models. This chapter discusses the assumptions generative phonology and its direct successors (including Optimality Theory) have made about the role of gradience. Moreover, it presents data supporting or contradicting these assumptions, and discusses new models accounting for the conflicting data.
Experimental Approaches in Theoretical Phonology
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an overview of how experimental work has informed phonological theories, and vice versa. This chapter starts with a historical overview; when phonology was being established as its own area of research, there was a sharp division between phonetics and phonology. This division was called into question, and issues concerning the phonetics‐phonology interface are currently being extensively pursued by an approach that is now known as “laboratory phonology”. After this historical overview, I discuss in some detail how phonetic experiments and phonological theories have informed each other.
Speech Perception and Phonology
Authors: Martin Andrew , Peperkamp Sharon
Published: August 2017

The task of speech perception involves converting a continuous, information‐rich waveform into a more abstract representation. This mapping process is heavily language‐dependent – every language divides up acoustic space differently, and the mapping is distorted by context‐dependent phonological rules. This is not an easy job, but it is made easier in two complementary respects. During the first year of life the human perceptual apparatus is gradually optimized to better perceive the distinctions that are crucial in the ambient language's phonological system while ignoring irrelevant variation, and phonological systems themselves are optimized from the perspective of human perception.
Reduplication
Authors: Raimy Eric
Published: August 2017

Reduplication is the phonological repetition of segmental material triggered by a morphological source. This definition captures the core aspects of this linguistic phenomenon and distinguishes it from other phenomena that cause the surface repetition of phonological material. This chapter provides a synthesis of questions about reduplication based on classic and contemporary models of reduplication. The most important questions about reduplication can be summarized as thestrong hypothesis for reduplication(SHR).
The Interpretation of Phonological Patterns in First Language Acquisition
Authors: Rose Yvan , Inkelas Sharon
Published: August 2017

Since the seminal work of Jakobson (1941), phonological patterns observed in child language have been documented and analyzed from a number of perspectives. Throughout the relevant literature, an interesting paradox often manifests itself: while child language is generally characterized as a “simpler” version of the target language, many types of phonological patterns observed in acquisition data create challenges for theories developed to account for more “complex” adult systems. Phonologists within the generative framework have reacted to this problem in a number of ways, from tacitly or conspicuously ignoring acquisition data (e.g. Chomsky and Halle 1968: 331) to elaborating phonological models that account for phenomena observed in child phonology (e.g. Smith 1973; Bernhardt and Stemberger 1998) or, in some extreme cases, rejecting the validity of evidence from child production data for theoretical investigations of phonology (e.g. Hale and Reiss 1998). The disconnect between findings from child phonology and generalizations arising out of generative theories of grammar based on adult phonology has also been recruited in support of alternative, functionalist approaches to child phonology, including Stampe (1969) within Natural Phonology and, more recently, Vihman and Croft (2007) within Construction Grammar.
Phonological Sensitivity to Morphological Structure
Authors: Trommer Jochen
Published: August 2017

Virtually all areas of phonology show extensive sensitivity to morphological structure. Many segmental and tonal processes are restricted to apply only across morpheme boundaries (or only morpheme‐internally). Computation of stress typically reflects morphological constituency, and phonotactic generalizations often seem to be restricted to a subset of the morphological material of a given language (e.g. affixes). Thus one of the central questions research on the morphology‐phonology interface addresses is what types and amount of morphological structure phonology can access and what consequences this has for phonological processes.
Chinese Tone Sandhi
Authors: Zhiming Bao
Published: August 2017

It has long been recognized that tone in Chinese (and other mainland Asian tone languages) is different from tone in African languages. Two differences are noteworthy (see also
chapter
45:
the representation of tone
). First, while African tone languages have small inventories of tones which can be characterized in terms of pitch levels of H (high), M (mid), and L (low), Chinese has a larger number of contrastive tones, a fact recognized in the numbers 1 (low) through 5 (high) widely used in Chinese linguistics to transcribe tones. Second, Chinese tonal inventories contain more tones with complex contours than their African counterparts. African tone has played a major role in the development of generative phonology, with Asian tone languages contributing empirical data to support or refine theoretical claims based on African tonal phenomena. Many of the tone sandhi processes that are common in African languages, such as spreading, are also attested in Chinese. Naturally, tone sandhis which involve a contour are either unique to or more common in Chinese and other Asian languages with large tonal inventories. The complexity and range of tone sandhi in Chinese have contributed to our understanding of tonal phenomena in general. The difference in the size of tonal inventory between Chinese and African languages has received scant attention from phonologists, and its theoretical significance is not fully understood.
Laryngeal Contrast in Korean
Authors: Yu Cho Young‐mee
Published: August 2017

Starting from the structuralist tradition (Martin 1951, 1954), and continuing into the generative framework, attempts to identify the laryngeal contrast in the obstruent system of Korean have led to intense discussion. Even today, it is one of the areas that still actively engage researchers of Korean grammar.
Bantu Tone
Authors: Downing Laura J.
Published: August 2017

There are roughly 500 Bantu languages, spoken in Africa south of a line going from Cameroon, in the west, to southern Somalia, in the east. It is a large language family both in terms of number of languages and in terms of number of speakers: roughly 240 million Africans speak Bantu languages, and several of the more well‐known Bantu languages – like Swahili, Kikuyu, Zulu, or Kongo – have a few million speakers each (Nurse and Philippson 2003a).
Chinese Syllable Structure
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: August 2017

The title of this chapter may seem both too broad and too narrow. On the one hand, Chinese dialects are probably as diverse as Romance languages. Should one not treat them separately? However, I shall show that there are considerable similarities among them and that a single treatment is useful. On the other hand, the study of syllables is closely related to the studies of phonemes, stress, and tone. Therefore, the discussion cannot be limited to syllable structure alone, but will cover some of its relations to other areas as well.
Celtic Mutations
Authors: Hannahs S. J.
Published: August 2017

Initial consonant mutationis one of the best known, although not best understood, phonological characteristics of the Celtic languages: the initial consonant of a word form undergoes a systematic alternation with a phonetically distinct consonant in specific contexts. (On mutation in languages other than Celtic seechapter65:consonant mutation.)
Turkish Vowel Harmony
Authors: Kabak Bariş
Published: August 2017

Turkish vowel harmony is a cover term for a set of well‐formedness conditions that dictate which vowels can co‐occur within what we will simply call a non‐compounded word, irrespective of its morphosyntactic complexity. This chapter aims to bring forth various issues surrounding the mechanism that realizes these vowel co‐occurrence conditions in Turkish, and discuss the ways in which they contribute to the understanding of the nature and dynamics of phonological representations and processes. We will explore Turkish vowel harmony in terms of three sets of issues, each of which has proved highly instructive for theory building and testing, and provoked decade‐long debates in the field of phonology. These are: (i) what is it that vowel harmony targets and what are the surface effects that it achieves?, (ii) how does it propagate in roots and suffixes?, and (iii) how can vowel harmony be obstructed, and what are the consequences of this for the nature of phonological representations? We will touch upon relevant theories and proposals in the literature in so far as they shed light on the interpretation of empirical facts, and also introduce new data and insights where necessary.
JapanesePitchAccent
Authors: Kubozono Haruo
Published: August 2017

The goal of this chapter is to sketch Japanese pitch accent systems, focusing in particular on the major debates and findings in the past and the present. Many Japanese dialects, including the standard Tokyo dialect (henceforth Tokyo Japanese), have a lexical pitch accent, but pitch accent systems vary greatly from one dialect to another. This can be exemplified by (1), which shows how the recent loanword /ma.ku.do.na.ru.do/ ‘McDonald's’ is pronounced in different dialects. In (1) and the rest of this chapter, high‐pitched portions are denoted by capital letters, while syllable boundaries are indicated by dots wherever necessary.
Slavic Palatalization
Authors: Rubach Jerzy
Published: August 2017

Slavic languages more than any other languages contribute to the understanding of palatalization processes (see also CHAPTER 71: PALATALIZATION). The historical source language – Common Slavic – exhibited several different types of palatalization, and these are reflected in the phonology of its descendants. Palatalization can affect all consonants, producing changes that are either allophonic or phonemic. The determination of whether a change is allophonic or phonemic depends on the system of contrasts in a given language. Looking at /s z t d/ as examples, the identical outcomes have a different status in Russian and Polish. I call the type of palatalization exhibited in (1) Surface Palatalization. The environments are discussed in §2.
Slavic Yers
Authors: Scheer Tobias
Published: August 2017

Yersis the name given to two vowels of Common Slavic (CS) that represent Indo‐European shorti(CS vƅidova = Lat.vidua‘widow’) and shortu(CS dva = Lat.duo‘two’), which is also the value that they had in CS. Textbook descriptions hold that by the end of the CS period, i.e. around the ninth century, ƅ andfirst became centralized and extra short, before being lost altogether in certain positions. They appear in Old Church Slavonic documents, which have been available since the tenth century, but depending on the geographic origin (and invariably in more recent sources) there is evidence that the scribes no longer had access to their original forms (etymologically inconsistent use; confusion between ƅ and. In modern Slavic languages, yers are represented by different vowels, which typically alternate with zero. This is due to the language‐specific vocalization of yers that has occurred after the dialectal differentiation of CS into individual Slavic languages, which may (e.g. Eastern Slavic, Bulgarian) or may not (most of Western Slavic, Bosno‐Croato‐Serbian) continue to distinguish the original front‐back opposition: in Russian for example,erepresents ƅ, while o derives from(CS dbnb, sbnb >d'en'‘day’,son‘dream’); and both yers have merged in Czech (>den, sen) and Bosno‐Croato‐Serbian (BCS) (>dan, san).
Hungarian Vowel Harmony
Authors: Törkenczy Miklós
Published: August 2017

Vowel harmony is undoubtedly the best known and most studied aspect of Hungarian phonology. This is especially true if one has the international literature in mind: other Hungarian phonological phenomena have received relatively little attention. There is a host of analyses of Hungarian vowel harmony, pregenerative, “mainstream” generative (especially post‐SPE), including optimality‐theoretic approaches, and “non‐mainstream” generative.1The reason for this attention is that Hungarian vowel harmony has been used as a testing ground for various theories and theoretical tools/devices of generative phonology. This is primarily due to (the coexistence of) a number of features displayed by Hungarian vowel harmony: long‐distance effects, the transparency of neutral vowels and the variation in harmony associated with them, the intricate patterning of alternating and invariant suffixes, the existence of antiharmonic roots, and the combination and very different character of backness and roundness harmony. Attention increased especially with the advent of autosegmental phonology and underspecification theory (e.g. Clements 1976; Vago 1976, 1978, 1980a; Jensen 1978; Ringen 1978, 1980, 1988a; Booij 1984; van der Hulst 1985), and again with the recent shift of research towards phonetic motivation (e.g. Beňušet al. 2003; Beňuš and Gafos 2005, 2007) and variation in phonology (e.g. Hayes and Londe 2006; Hayeset al. 2009). Because of this theoretical bias in the research into Hungarian vowel harmony, the linguist reading the literature may learn much, but also too little: the available analyses tend to focus only on some aspects of Hungarian vowel harmony2– typically those crucial to the theoretical issue at hand – and tend to disregard/ignore others, thus sometimes failing to do justice to the complexities and intricacies of Hungarian vowel harmony. Therefore, instead of surveying the analyses (which would not be useful or possible because of the sheer number of – often very different – competing analyses and the transitory nature of some of the theoretical problems some of them focus on), I will concentrate on the empirical aspect and the major analytic issues of Hungarian vowel harmony. In what follows, after a brief review of the Hungarian vowel system (§2), I will discuss in detail the properties of Hungarian vowel harmony in §3, attempting to give comprehensive descriptive coverage. I will pay special attention to areas where vowel harmony interacts with other, lesser‐known (or rarely discussed) areas of Hungarian phonology. Finally, in §4 I will briefly survey the major analytic issues that a phonological treatment of Hungarian vowel harmony has to address. Throughout, I will try to be as theoretically neutral as possible and will take pains to highlight exceptional behavior or data/patterns not (sufficiently) understood.
Chirality and Chiroptical Effects in Metal Nanostructures: Fundamentals and Current Trends
Authors: Collins Joel T. , Kuppe Christian , Hooper David C. , Sibilia Concita , Centini Marco , Valev Ventsislav K.
Published: August 2017

Throughout the 19th and 20th century, chirality has mostly been associated with chemistry. However, while chirality can be very useful for understanding molecules, molecules are not well suited for understanding chirality. Indeed, the size of atoms, the length of molecular bonds and the orientations of orbitals cannot be varied at will. It is therefore difficult to study the emergence and evolution of chirality in molecules, as a function of geometrical parameters. By contrast, chiral metal nanostructures offer an unprecedented flexibility of design. Modern nanofabrication allows chiral metal nanoparticles to tune the geometric and optical chirality parameters, which are key for properties such as negative refractive index and superchiral light. Chiral meta/nano‐materials are promising for numerous technological applications, such as chiral molecular sensing, separation and synthesis, super‐resolution imaging, nanorobotics, and ultra‐thin broadband optical components for chiral light. This review covers some of the fundamentals and highlights recent trends. We begin by discussing linear chiroptical effects. We then survey the design of modern chiral materials. Next, the emergence and use of chirality parameters are summarized. In the following part, we cover the properties of nonlinear chiroptical materials. Finally, in the conclusion section, we point out current limitations and future directions of development.
An Efficient and Color‐Tunable Solution‐Processed Organic Thin‐Film Laser with a Polymeric Top‐Layer Resonator
Authors: Quintana José A. , Villalvilla José M. , Morales‐Vidal Marta , Boj Pedro G. , Zhu Xiaozhang , Ruangsupapichat Nopporn , Tsuji Hayato , Nakamura Eiichi , Díaz‐García María A.
Published: August 2017

Thin film organic lasers represent attractive light sources for numerous applications. Currently, efforts are devoted to the development of low‐cost high‐performance and color‐tunable devices, whereby both the resonator and the active layer should consist of solution‐processable organic materials. Herein, solution‐processed distributed‐feedback lasers are reported with polymeric resonators on top of active films of perylene orange or carbon‐bridged oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) dispersed in polystyrene, which combine these properties. These lasers emit in the 520–595 nm range and show low thresholds (≈1 kW cm−2) and long operational lifetimes (7 × 105 pump pulses), which are comparable to other state‐of‐the‐art lasers that contain the same active materials but resonators made on inorganic substrates. Due to this top‐layer resonator configuration, the laser slope efficiencies of the present devices are remarkably superior. A centimeter‐size device emitting at different wavelengths within a broad spectral range, based on a perylene‐based film of uniform thickness that contributes to preserve a low threshold, is demonstrated.
The impact of antibody profile in thrombosis associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: da Silva Saraiva Sabrina , de Moraes Mazetto Bruna , Quinteiro Tobaldine Lais , Pereira Colella Marina , Vinícius De Paula Erich , Annichinno‐Bizzachi Joyce , Andrade Orsi Fernanda
Published: August 2017

Triple positivity (TP) for antiphospholipid antibodies(aPL) may identify aPL carriers with poorer prognosis. The clinical impact of TP in primary antiphospholipid syndrome(PAPS) remains unclear and further clinical evidences are needed to validate TP as a marker of severity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of TP on the clinical course of PAPS with thrombosis(t‐PAPS). We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of t‐PAPS patients, comparing groups of patients with TP and non‐TP profiles according to their demographic, clinical and laboratory features. We included 105 patients with t‐PAPS, the median follow‐up time of 3.7 years. Twenty‐two patients(21%) had TP; the demographic distribution, the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and the site of thrombosis were similar between TP and non‐TP patients. The frequency of thrombotic events did not differ between TP and non‐TP patients during the study period. Pregnancy morbidities were more frequent in women with t‐PAPS and TP than in those with non‐TP profile (80% vs. 52.8%, P = 0.05). Patients with t‐PAPS and TP presented, at diagnosis, higher dRVVT ratio (median R = 2.44 vs. 1.57, P < 0.0001), higher aCL titer (median = 50UI vs. 35 UI, P < 0.0001), lower C3 levels (median = 1.08 vs. 1.30 mg dL−1, P = 0.001), lower C4 levels (median = 0.22 vs. 0.25 mg dL−1, P = 0.05) and higher frequency of positive ANA test (50% vs. 20%, P = 0.008) than patients with t‐PAPS and non‐TP. Lower‐than‐normal levels of C3 was independently associated with TP (OR = 5.1, P = 0.02). The presence of TP in patients with t‐PAPS was associated with immune derangement, with no effect on the clinical course of the disease.
Best practices in peri‐operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias
Authors: White Klane K. , Bompadre Viviana , Goldberg Michael J. , Bober Michael B. , Cho Tae‐Joon , Hoover‐Fong Julie E. , Irving Melita , Mackenzie William G. , Kamps Shawn E. , Raggio Cathleen , Redding Gregory J. , Spencer Samantha S. , Savarirayan Ravi , Theroux Mary C. ,   On behalf of the Skeletal Dysplasia Management Consortium
Published: August 2017

Patients with skeletal dysplasia frequently require surgery. This patient population has an increased risk for peri‐operative complications related to the anatomy of their upper airway, abnormalities of tracheal‐bronchial morphology and function; deformity of their chest wall; abnormal mobility of their upper cervical spine; and associated issues with general health and body habitus. Utilizing evidence analysis and expert opinion, this study aims to describe best practices regarding the peri‐operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasia. A panel of 13 multidisciplinary international experts participated in a Delphi process that included a thorough literature review; a list of 22 possible care recommendations; two rounds of anonymous voting; and a face to face meeting. Those recommendations with more than 80% agreement were considered as consensual. Consensus was reached to support 19 recommendations for best pre‐operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasia. These recommendations include pre‐operative pulmonary, polysomnography; cardiac, and neurological evaluations; imaging of the cervical spine; and anesthetic management of patients with a difficult airway for intubation and extubation. The goals of this consensus based best practice guideline are to provide a minimum of standardized care, reduce perioperative complications, and improve clinical outcomes for patients with skeletal dysplasia.
Resilience of experimentally seeded dietary traditions in wild vervets: Evidence from group fissions
Authors: van de Waal Erica , van Schaik Carel P. , Whiten Andrew
Published: August 2017

Controlled laboratory experiments have delivered extensive and compelling evidence for the diffusion and maintenance of socially learned behavior in primates and other animals. Such evidence is rarer in the wild, but we show that a behavior seeded in a majority of individuals within vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythus) groups may be sustained across several years. Here, we report results of two natural fission events in such groups that offer novel evidence of the resilience of socially transmitted group norms of behavior. Before fission, high ranked females exhibited an almost exclusive adherence to a group preference among two food options, originally introduced through a distasteful additive in one option, but no longer present in repeated later tests. Because of rank‐dependent competition, low‐ranked females ate more of the formerly distasteful food and so discovered it was now as palatable as the alternative. Despite this experience, low ranked females who formed the splinter groups then expressed a 100% bias for the preferred option of their original parent group, revealing these preferences to be resilient. We interpret this effect as conformity to either the preferences of high rankers or of a majority in the parent group, or both. However, given fissioned individuals’ familiarity with their habitat and experimental options, we question the adequacy of the informational function usually ascribed to conformity and discuss alternatives under a concept of “social conformity”.
Sleeping above the enemy: Sleeping site choice by black‐fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons)
Authors: Caselli Christini B. , Gestich Carla C. , Nagy‐Reis Mariana B.
Published: August 2017

The costs imposed by predation may result in behavioral adaptations to reduce mortality risk, including the choice and use of sleeping sites. The threat of predation, however, is rarely the sole force shaping sleeping site choice, which is likely to reflect other factors such as foraging needs as well. Here we describe the use of sleeping sites by three groups of small Neotropical monkeys, the black‐fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons), and evaluate the role of predation pressure and foraging optimization in their choice of sleeping sites. We monitored each group for 9–20 months at two Atlantic Forest sites in southeastern Brazil. The titi monkeys used taller and larger trees to sleep than the average trees at each study site and chose branches with high vegetation coverage and located in higher forest strata than those used during diurnal activity. Sleeping sites were randomly distributed within each group's home range, and the groups avoided using the same site on consecutive nights. The characteristics of the sleeping sites and the behavior of the titi monkeys suggest that predation avoidance, especially of scansorial carnivores, is an important factor driving sleeping site choice. We conclude that titi monkeys’ strategy to avoid predation while sleeping depends on the presence of a heterogeneous forest stratum with large emergent trees and liana tangles, which offer a physical barrier against predators.
Model for the Functional Active State of the TS Ribozyme from Molecular Simulation
Authors: Gaines Colin S. , York Darrin M.
Published: August 2017

Recently, a crystal structure has been reported of a new catalytic RNA, the TS ribozyme, that has been identified through comparative genomics and is believed to be a metalloribozyme having novel mechanistic features. Although this data provides invaluable structural information, analysis suggests a conformational change is required to arrive at a catalytically relevant state. We report results of molecular simulations that predict a spontaneous local rearrangement of the active site, leading to solution structures consistent with available functional data and providing competing mechanistic hypotheses that can be experimentally tested. The two competing hypotheses differ in the proposed identity of the catalytic general acid: either a water molecule coordinating a Mg2+ ion bound at the Watson–Crick edge of residue C7, or the N3 position of residue C7 itself.
Durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Deaminierung zur Erzeugung von Alkylradikalen
Authors: Klauck Felix J. R. , James Michael J. , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2017

Eine Deaminierungsstrategie für die durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Erzeugung von Alkylradikalen aus redoxaktivierten primären Amin‐Vorstufen wird beschrieben. Häufig vorkommende und preiswerte primäre Amine, einschließlich der Aminosäuren, wurden in einem Schritt in redoxaktive Pyridiniumsalze und anschließend in Alkylradikale durch Umsetzung mit einem angeregten Photokatalysator umgesetzt. Das Potenzial dieses Protokolls für Synthesen wurde durch die einfach durchzuführende Alkylierung einer Anzahl von Heteroarenen unter milden Bedingungen nachgewiesen.
4,5,9,10‐Pyrene Diimides: A Family of Aromatic Diimides Exhibiting High Electron Mobility and Two‐Photon Excited Emission
Authors: Wu Ze‐Hua , Huang Zhuo‐Ting , Guo Rui‐Xue , Sun Chun‐Lin , Chen Li‐Chuan , Sun Bing , Shi Zi‐Fa , Shao Xiangfeng , Li Hanying , Zhang Hao‐Li
Published: August 2017

The design and synthesis of high‐performance n‐type organic semiconductors are important for the development of future organic optoelectronics. Facile synthetic routes to reach the K‐region of pyrene and produce 4,5,9,10‐pyrene diimide (PyDI) derivatives are reported. The PyDI derivatives exhibited efficient electron transport properties, with the highest electron mobility of up to 3.08 cm2 V−1 s−1. The tert‐butyl‐substituted compounds (t‐PyDI) also showed good one‐ and two‐photon excited fluorescence properties. The PyDI derivatives are a new family of aromatic diimides that may exhibit both high electron mobility and good light‐emitting properties, thus making them excellent candidates for future optoelectronics.
Neodymium(III) Complexes Capable of Multi‐Electron Redox Chemistry
Authors: Coughlin Ezra J. , Zeller Matthias , Bart Suzanne C.
Published: August 2017

A family of neodymium complexes featuring a redox‐active ligand in three different oxidation states has been synthesized, including the iminoquinone (L0) derivative, (dippiq)2NdI3 (1‐iq), the iminosemiquinone (L1−) compound, (dippisq)2NdI(THF) (1‐isq), and the amidophenolate (L2−) [K(THF)2][(dippap)2Nd(THF)2] (1‐ap) and [K(18‐crown‐6)][(dippap)2Nd(THF)2] (1‐ap crown) species. Full spectroscopic and structural characterization of each derivative established the +3 neodymium oxidation state with redox chemistry occurring at the ligand rather than the neodymium center. Oxidation with elemental chalcogens showed the reversible nature of the ligand‐mediated reduction process, forming the iminosemiquinone metallocycles, [K(18‐crown‐6)][(dippisq)2Nd(S5)] (2‐isq crown) and [K(18‐crown‐6)(THF)][(dippisq)2Nd(Se5)] (3‐isq crown), which are characterized to contain a 6‐membered twist‐boat ring.
Single Graphene Layer on Pt(111) Creates Confined Electrochemical Environment via Selective Ion Transport
Authors: Fu Yongchun , Rudnev Alexander V. , Wiberg Gustav K. H. , Arenz Matthias
Published: August 2017

Graphene is a promising candidate for an ideal membrane material. Its ultralow (one‐atomic) thickness potentially provides high permeation and at the same time high selectivity. Here, it is shown that these properties can be used to create a confined, two‐dimensional electrochemical environment between a graphene layer and a single‐crystal Pt(111) surface. The well‐defined fingerprint voltammetric characteristics of Pt(111) provide an immediate information about the penetration and intercalation of ions into the confined space. These processes are shown to be highly selective.
A Metallosupramolecular Shape‐Memory Polymer with Gradient Thermal Plasticity
Authors: Yang Lipeng , Zhang Guogao , Zheng Ning , Zhao Qian , Xie Tao
Published: August 2017

Solid‐state plasticity by dynamic covalent bond exchange in a shape‐memory polymer network bestows a permanent shape reconfiguration ability. Spatio‐selective control of thermally induced plasticity may further extend the capabilities of materials into unexplored domains. However, this is difficult to achieve because of the lack of spatio‐control in typical polymer network synthesis. Metal–ligand interactions possess the high strength of covalent bonds while maintaining the dynamic reversibility of supramolecular bonds. Metallosupramolecular shape‐memory polymer networks were designed and prepared, which demonstrated solid‐state plasticity. The metallo‐coordination bonds within these networks permit facile tuning of the plasticity behavior across a wide temperature range, simply by changing the metal ion. By controlling the diffusion of two different metal ions during preparation of a polymer film, a plasticity behavior with a spatial gradient was achieved, providing a unique shape‐morphing versatility with potential in shape‐memory devices.
First Total Syntheses of Tetracenomycins C and X
Authors: Sato Shogo , Sakata Keiichiro , Hashimoto Yoshimitsu , Takikawa Hiroshi , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: August 2017

The first total syntheses of tetracenomycins C and X were achieved, featuring 1) preparation of a hexasubstituted naphthonitrile oxide by successive benzyne cycloadditions and an oxidative ring‐opening reaction; 2) a novel ortho‐quinone mono‐acetal as the A‐ring unit; 3) construction of three contiguous stereogenic centers by an asymmetric benzoin cyclization, an isoxazole oxidation, and a stereoselective reduction.
A probe into the status quo of interfacial adhesion in the compatibilized ternary blends with core/shell droplets: Selective versus dictated compatibilization
Authors: Tavakoli Anaraki Farid , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Rastin Hadi , Ghiyasi Samira , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Goodarzi Vahabodin , Khalili Reza , Mostafapoor Farnaz , Jafari Seyed Hassan
Published: August 2017

A simple approach was applied to probe into the situation of interfacial adhesion in the compatibilized ternary polymer blends with core/shell morphology. The performance of compatibilization was discussed in terms of thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties analyses for blends prepared through different mixing strategies for which maleic anhydride‐grafted high‐density polyethylene (HDPE‐g‐MAH) could be localized at the interface of HDPE/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) copolymer (EVOH) or HDPE/polyamide 6 (PA‐6) in their ternary blends. Two mixing strategies, one simultaneously (one‐step or selective) and two sequentially (two‐step or dictated), were performed, compared, and discussed. It was found that mixing policy (dictated or selective) significantly changes the interfacial adhesion, as signaled by variations in rheological and thermal properties. In the case of mechanical properties, facilitation of stress transfer across the matrix/shell/core interfaces was detected by calculation of semi‐experimental models' coefficients. It was found that one‐step mixing or selective localization of HDPE‐g‐MAH helps in accumulation of more compatibilizer molecules at the interface HDPE/EVOH or EVOH/PA‐6. By contrast, addition of compatibilizer to minor phase (masterbatch of EVOH and PA‐6) or to HDPE matrix alone in case of two‐step blending causes imperfect stress transfer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45503.
Cobalt–Manganese Mixed‐Sulfide Nanocages Encapsulated by Reduced Graphene Oxide: In Situ Sacrificial Template Synthesis and Superior Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Han Fangchun , Jiao Xiuling , Chen Dairong , Li Cheng
Published: August 2017

This work demonstrates a facile in situ synthesis of cobalt–manganese mixed sulfide (CoMn‐S) nanocages on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets by using a crystalline Co–Mn precursor as the sacrificial template. The CoMn‐S/RGO hybrid was applied as the anode for Li‐ion storage and exhibited superior specific capacity, excellent cycling performance, and great rate capability. In particular, lithium storage testing revealed that the hybrid delivered high discharge–charge capacities of 670 mA h g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 400 cycles and 925 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 300 cycles. The outstanding electrochemical performance of CoMn‐S/RGO is attributed to the close entanglement of nanocages with RGO nanosheets achieved by the synthetic method, which greatly improves ion/electron transport along the interfaces and efficiently mitigates volume dilation during lithium reactions. This rational design of both the composition and architecture of mixed metal sulfides can be expanded to other composite systems for high‐capacity Li‐ion batteries and provides a unique insight into the development of advanced hybrid electrode materials.
Full Adaptive Integral Backstepping Controller for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
Authors: Hoshyar Mohsen , Mola Mirhamed
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the speed control issue for fully unknown Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSMs). A full adaptive controller is proposed to control the speed of these motors while all physical parameters, adaptive variation bounds, and the load torque are unknown. Applying a four‐step backstepping strategy, which constructs the infrastructure of the whole controller design, and utilizing proper Lyapunov functions leads to generating proper adaptive control rules. The desired control performance is basically satisfied by rejection of the load torque and motor uncertainties. Optimizing the performance criteria, integral tracking error signals have been taken into account in the backstepping procedure in order to enhance the efficiency, robustness, and reduced steady‐state errors. The closed‐loop system stability is analyzed and proved utilizing Lyapunov and Barbalat lemmas. To evaluate the high performance of the designed controller, an illustrative example is simulated whereas the obtained results confirm the efficient treatment of the proposed method for the fully unknown system. The comparison of the simulation results with one of the recent papers in the literature verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Social motivation and implicit theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Burnside Kimberly , Wright Kristyn , Poulin‐Dubois Diane
Published: August 2017

According to the social motivation theory of autism, children who develop Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have early deficits in social motivation, which is expressed by decreased attention to social information. These deficits are said to lead to impaired socio‐cognitive development, such as theory of mind (ToM). There is little research focused on the relation between social motivation and ToM in this population. The goal of the present study was to investigate the link between one aspect of social motivation, social orienting, and ToM in preschoolers with ASD. It was expected that, in contrast to typically developing (TD) children, children with ASD would show impaired performance on tasks measuring social orienting and ToM. It was also expected that children's performance on the social orienting tasks would be correlated with their performance on the ToM task. A total of 17 children with ASD and 16 TD children participated in this study. Participants completed two social orienting tasks, a face preference task and a biological motion preference task, as well an implicit false belief task. Results reveal that TD children, but not children with ASD, exhibited social preference as measured by a preference for faces and biological motion. Furthermore, children with ASD tended to perform worse on the ToM task compared to their TD counterparts. Performance on the social motivation tasks and the ToM task tended to be related but only for the TD children. These findings suggest that ToM is multifaceted and that motivational deficits might have downstream effects even on implicit ToM.Autism Res2017, 10: 1834–1844. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The goal of the present study was to examine the link between poor attention to social information and mindreading abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results demonstrated that children with ASD tended to perform worse than neurotypical children on both social orienting and theory of mind tasks. Preference for human faces and motion tended to be related but only for the neurotypical children. These findings provide partial support for the social motivation theory.
Tragverhalten von Betondruckgliedern mit Umschnürung durch geflochtene und gewickelte Carbonrohre
Authors: Jonas Florian , Knippers Jan
Published: August 2017

Die Tragfähigkeit von Betondruckgliedern, wie Stützen im Hochbau, kann durch eine Umschnürung gesteigert werden. Dies erlaubt reduzierte Querschnittsabmessungen, geringeres Gewicht der Bauteile sowie einen Geschoßflächengewinn bei gleichem Traglastniveau.

Es werden Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten an unbewehrten, umschnürten Betonzylindern mit Querschnittdimensionen, die an gängige Hochbaustützen heranreichen, vorgestellt. Gewickelte und erstmals geflochtene Rohre aus kohlefaserverstärktem Kunststoff dienen als Umschnürungen. Durch den Einsatz der Hülle als verlorene Schalung kann auch der Bauablauf im Vergleich zu konventionell geschalten Stützen verbessert werden.

Das gewählte Steifigkeitsverhältnis des Kerns zur Hülle führt zu einem mehraxialen Spannungszustand, durch den die Druckfestigkeit von Beton gegenüber der einachsigen Beanspruchbarkeit erheblich gesteigert werden kann. Für die Auslegung werden deshalb aktuelle Bemessungsmodelle für gewickelte Umschnürungen angewendet und ausgewertet.

Anhand von Druckversuchen an je drei gewickelten und geflochtenen, mit CFK umschnürten Betonzylindern sowie an Betonreferenzprüfkörpern werden Last‐Verformungskurven in Axial‐ und Umfangsrichtung ermittelt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der CFK‐Umschnürung werden anhand eines Split‐Disk‐Tests geprüft. Ergebnisse aus analytischen Modellen werden den experimentellen gegenübergestellt und diskutiert.