bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality and risk for serious mental illness
Authors: Santesteban‐Echarri Olga , MacQueen Glenda , Goldstein Benjamin I. , Wang JianLi , Kennedy Sidney H. , Bray Signe , Lebel Catherine , Addington Jean
Published: January 2020

Aim

Certain personality traits may be related to an increased risk of developing a severe mental illness (SMI). This study examined differences in personality characteristics in a sample of youth at‐risk of SMI across different clinical stages compared to healthy controls (HCs).

Method

Personality characteristics were assessed with the NEO‐Five‐Factor Inventory‐3 for 41 non‐help seeking asymptomatic youth with risk factors for SMI (Stage 0), 52 youth with early mood and anxiety symptoms and distress (Stage 1a), 108 youth with an attenuated psychiatric syndrome (Stage 1b), and 42 HCs.

Results

Symptomatic participants scored significantly higher in neuroticism, and lower in extraversion, and conscientiousness compared to non‐symptomatic participants. Compared to published norms, symptomatic participants had ratings of extraversion and conscientiousness in the low range and those with attenuated psychiatric syndromes scored high on neuroticism.

Conclusion

The observed personality profiles of the symptomatic stages were similar to reported profiles for discrete disorders. Early identification of this profile could aid identification of those at risk of SMI.
Behavioral and neuronal interactions between exercise and alcohol: Sex and genetic differences
Authors: Booher Winona C. , Reyes Martínez Guillermo J. , Ehringer Marissa A.
Published: January 2020

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) lead to early death and many devastating consequences for individuals, families and society. Currently, few effective treatments are available, but emerging research suggests exercise might be beneficial in some individuals. To develop the most effective exercise treatment program, more research on intensity, type, timing, stage of addiction, drug involved, sex of subject and subject population is needed. This review highlights the complexity of the interaction between alcohol behaviors and exercise, with a focus on the role of sex and genetics. Moreover, we describe a variety of rodent models used to investigate the neuronal physiology changes that underlie alcohol consumption and exercise. Specifically, current data indicate that moderate exercise may ameliorate neuronal damage caused by alcohol consumption. Additionally, we describe studies of rodent models in the context of hedonic substitution to draw broad conclusions about shared underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Until recently, most studies in rodents were performed only in males, and few studies have utilized different genetic strains of mice or rats. Comparing similar behavioral paradigms across sex and strain, it has become clear that major sex and genetic differences exist for each behavioral context alone (alcohol consumption and exercise) and combined. Therefore, future research in this area should be developed with careful study design and attention to address both of these factors.
Integrating infant mental health practice models in nursing
Authors: Gordon Jessica M. , Gaffney Kathy , Slavitt Hannah C. , Williams Amy , Lauerer Joy A.
Published: January 2020

Problem

During the first years of life, the brain is developing rapidly and is especially vulnerable to the effects of trauma and or stress. Early exposure to such early trauma or stress predisposes young children to mental health problems. The practice of infant mental health (IMH) focuses on preventing negative mental health outcomes in infancy and toddlerhood. Currently, IMH is not standard practice in nursing. To enhance IMH in nursing, this manuscript provides an overview of IMH practice models, discusses nursing implications of each model and presents a model for integrating IMH into nursing practice.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted with a literature search utilizing the keywords “infant mental health” AND “models of care” in the PubMed and CINHAL databases from 2002 to 2018.

Findings

Twenty of the publications retrieved met search criteria. Among the 20 articles, 10 addressed clinical‐based content related to IMH practice and 10 addressed nonclinical‐based content associated with IMH educational training, policy development, or system‐based models of care.

Conclusions

Nurses are well positioned to impact IMH. The model presented provides the nursing process as a practical framework for the integration of IMH in nursing practice that can be expanded upon as IMH evolves.
Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and associate bacteria in Thailand and their potential to control Aedes aegypti
Authors: Suwannaroj Manawat , Yimthin Thatcha , Fukruksa Chamaiporn , Muangpat Paramaporn , Yooyangket Temsiri , Tandhavanant Sarunporn , Thanwisai Aunchalee , Vitta Apichat
Published: January 2020

Aedes aegypti is an insect vector that transmits several viruses affecting humans worldwide. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and their symbiotic bacteria are organisms with the potential to control many insects. In this study, we did a survey aimed to identify EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria and evaluate the larvicidal activity of bacteria against Ae. aegypti. We collected 540 soil samples from 108 sites in Phitsanulok Province, lower northern Thailand. Baiting techniques and White traps were used to isolate EPNs from soil samples. By sequencing of 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer regions, 51 EPN isolates were identified as Steinernema surkhetense (35 isolates), Heterorhabditis indica (14 isolates) and Heterorhabditis sp. SGmg3 (two isolates). Based on sequencing of a partial region of the recA gene, 35 isolates of Xenorhabdus were identified as Xenorhabdus stockiae, and 20 Photorhabdus isolates were identified as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii (10 isolates), P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis (seven isolates) and P. asymbiotica subsp. australis (three isolates). Screening for larvicidal activity of bacteria against Ae. aegypti was performed in the laboratory. Xenorhabdus WB5.4 and Xenorhabdus WB12.5, which were closely related to X. stockiae, resulted in high mortality of Ae. aegypti (99.99% and 70%, respectively) at 96 hr after exposure. Comparing with control groups, mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae was low (1.11%–6.67%) after exposure for 24–96 hr. Our findings showed the potential of X. stockiae for controlling Ae. aegypti. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which these bacteria kill Ae. aegypti larvae.
Perosomus elumbis in a stillborn rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): A case report
Authors: Patrick Tara , Gonzalez Olga , Dick Edward J. , Kumar Shyamesh
Published: January 2020

Perosomus Elumbis (PE) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence of caudal spine (lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae). Here, we present the first reported case of PE in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and relate our findings to those described in other species.
Identification of Needs of Older Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Albuquerque Cristina P. , Carvalho Ana Cristina
Published: January 2020

Information regarding individual needs of older adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) is scarce although it is very important both from a person‐centered planning perspective and from a proactive service system perspective. This study has three main aims: (1) to identify and describe staff perceptions of the needs of a large group of adults aged 45 or over with IDs; (2) to analyze the perceived needs as function of age, gender, and level of disability; (3) to present information about the development and the psychometric properties of the assessment instrument used. The participants were 232 Portuguese older adults with IDs (mean age = 52), predominantly male (n = 129). There were 66 staff members who assessed the needs of the IDs participants through the Inventory of Identification of Needs (IIN). The IIN demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties (e.g., internal consistency, interrater reliability, construct validity). The unmet needs were numerous and diverse, but those that were perceived as more prevalent were: literacy, handling of money, information on rights, self‐care, information on services, communication, occupation at holidays, occupation at weekends, general physical health, cognitive rehabilitation, and daytime activities. The needs were influenced by the disability level: regarding Literacy/Information and Occupation/Community, needs were significantly more common in persons with a moderate and/or severe disability. The influence of age was registered only in Mental Health. The needs identified should guide the planning and development of service provision. These should offer literacy learning experiences, information about the rights of persons with disabilities, information about the services available, self‐care assistance or training in self‐care skills; and meaningful activities during regular time periods, weekends and holidays.
Functional Behavior Assessment Practices Used by Canadian Behavioral Health Practitioners
Authors: Saini Valdeep , Cox Alison
Published: January 2020

A proportion of children and adults in Canada are identified as having an intellectual or developmental disability (I/DD). Moreover, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Canadian children has increased substantially over the past decade. Research has shown that these populations have a greater likelihood to engage in severe destructive behavior such as self‐injury and aggression, which places them at risk for exposure to intrusive interventions and denial of services. Functional behavior assessment (FBA) is an assessment strategy that takes the environmental variables responsible for the development and maintenance of destructive behavior into consideration and has shown to be the most informative for developing effective treatments for destructive behavior. We conducted a nation‐wide survey that queried behavior‐analyst practitioners working in the I/DD and ASD service sectors about their beliefs and use of FBA in clinical practice. We compared the results of this survey with similar surveys conducted in the United States. The results indicated that most Canadian practitioners are conducting some type of FBA; however, many of these assessments are not comprehensive and missing important components of the assessment process. We discuss the implications of these findings, as well as the barriers to implementing FBA in practice.
Establishing and Maintaining Couple Relationships as Perceived by Couples with Intellectual Disabilities: Implications for Families, Support Staff, and Policy Change
Authors: Neuman Ran
Published: January 2020

Couple relationships are central to adult lives in the general population, but less accessible to adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). However, little is known regarding factors that enable couple relationships among this population. In the present study, semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 Israeli couples with ID. The interview protocol addressed conditions that enabled the relationship, challenges encountered in the relationship, and coping strategies employed in accordance. Thematic content analysis was conducted. According to the interviewees, conditions propelling couples with ID to engage and stay in their relationships included: partner's attractiveness, viewing the partner as a source of comfort following a crisis, and the intervention of matchmakers. Stated challenges included: difficulties arising from within the relationship and from other persons in the couples' close milieu. Coping strategies included: mutual assistance, giving space to the partner, aspiring for a lifelong relationship, and turning to support staff for assistance. Recommendations for changing non‐ID significant others' attitudes toward couples with ID and providing necessary supports are presented. Implications for policy change are provided.
Acclimation of thermotolerant algae to light and temperature interaction1
Authors: Abu‐Ghosh Said , Dubinsky Zvy , Iluz David
Published: January 2020

Here, we explore the responses of photosynthesis and related cellular processes in the thermotolerant microalga Micractinium sp. acclimated to limiting and saturating irradiances combined with elevated temperatures, using a novel computer‐controlled multi‐sensor system. This system allows for the monitoring of online values of oxygen exchange during photosynthesis and respiration with high accuracy. Micractinium sp. cells showed maximum growth and net oxygen production rates under the optimal temperature of 25°C regardless of the light acclimation conditions. Our results show that the upper thermal threshold for Micractinium sp. photosynthesis and growth ranges between 35°C and 40°C. This microalga exhibited stable photosynthetic efficiency and effective non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) under saturating light, and was more susceptible to temperature change when acclimated to limiting light levels. These results demonstrate that the acclimation of thermotolerant microalgae to saturating light helps to enhance the thermal tolerance of PSII. This feature results from enhanced heat stability of PSII photochemistry and oxygen evolution.
Understanding forest dynamics by integrating age and environmental change
Authors: Zhu Kai
Published: January 2020

How much carbon a forest ecosystem can sequester is determined by both postdisturbance regrowth and environmentally modified growth. Disturbance causes sharp declines in the short term and is followed by regrowth in the long term. Environmental change may alter carbon accumulation through increasing CO2, nitrogen deposition and climate change. Regrowth and modified growth occur simultaneously, yet they are usually studied separately and assessed using an additive approach. Alternatively, an interactive approach using hierarchical models can address their concurrent nature and evaluate their joint effects. Hierarchical models are informed by forest age data, which have recently become available at global scales. The age‐based hierarchical framework provides a coherent and feasible way to integrate regrowth and modified growth in understanding forest dynamics.
Chromosome restructuring among hybridizing wild wheats
Authors: Parisod Christian , Badaeva Ekaterina D.
Published: January 2020

The wheat group offers an outstanding system to address the interplay between hybridization, chromosomal evolution and biological diversification. Most diploid wild wheats originated following hybridization between the A‐genome lineage and the B‐genome lineage some 4 Myr ago, resulting in an admixed D‐genome lineage that presented dramatic radiation accompanied by considerable changes in genome size and chromosomal rearrangements. Comparative profiling of low‐copy genes, repeated sequences and transposable elements among those divergent species characterized by different karyotypes highlights high genome dynamics and sheds new light on the processes underlying chromosomal evolution in wild wheats. One of the hybrid clades presents upsizing of metacentric chromosomes going along with the proliferation of specific repeats (i.e. ‘genomic obesity’), whereas other species show stable genome size associated with increasing chromosomal asymmetry. Genetic and ecological variation in those specialized species suggest that genome restructuring was coupled with adaptive processes to support the evolution of a majority of acrocentric chromosomes. This synthesis of current knowledge on genome restructuring across the diversity of wild wheats paves the way towards surveys based on latest sequencing technologies to characterize valuable resources and address the significance of chromosomal evolution in species with complex genomes.
DEK1 displays a strong subcellular polarity during Physcomitrella patens 3D growth
Authors: Perroud Pierre‐François , Meyberg Rabea , Demko Viktor , Quatrano Ralph S. , Olsen Odd‐Arne , Rensing Stefan A.
Published: January 2020

Defective Kernel 1 (DEK1) is genetically at the nexus of the 3D morphogenesis of land plants. We aimed to localize DEK1 in the moss Physcomitrella patens to decipher its function during this process.

To detect DEK1 in vivo, we inserted the tdTomato fluorophore into PpDEK1 gene locus. Confocal microscopy coupled with the use of time‐gating allowed the precise DEK1 subcellular localization during 3D morphogenesis.

DEK1 localization displays a strong polarized signal, as it is restricted to the plasma membrane domain between recently divided cells during the early steps of 3D growth development as well as during the subsequent vegetative growth. The signal furthermore displays a clear developmental pattern because it is only detectable in recently divided and elongating cells. Additionally, DEK1 localization appears to be independent of its calpain domain proteolytic activity.

The DEK1 polar subcellular distribution in 3D tissue developing cells defines a functional cellular framework to explain its role in this developmental phase. Also, the observation of DEK1 during spermatogenesis suggests another biological function for this protein in plants. Finally the DEK1‐tagged strain generated here provides a biological platform upon which further investigations into 3D developmental processes can be performed.
Leaf mass area determines water use efficiency through its influence on carbon gain in rice mutants
Authors: Reddy Sowmya Handenahally , Singhal Rajesh Kumar , DaCosta Maria Vera Jesus , Kambalimath Sumanth Kumar , Rajanna Mavinahalli P , Muthurajan Raveendran , Sevanthi Amitha Mithra , Mohapatra Trilochan , Sarla Neelamraju , Chinnusamy Viswanathan , S Gopala Krishnan , Singh Ashok Kumar , Singh Nagendra Kumar , Sharma Rameshwar Prasad , Pathappa Niranjana , Sheshshayee Sreeman M.
Published: January 2020

Saving water and enhancing rice productivity are consensually the most important research goals globally. While increasing canopy cover would enhance growth rates by higher photosynthetic carbon gain, an accompanied increase in transpiration would have a negative impact on saving water as well as for sustainability under water‐limited conditions. Increased water use efficiency (WUE) by virtue of higher carbon assimilatory capacity can significantly circumvent this trade‐off. Here, we report leaf mass area (LMA) has an important canopy architecture trait which when combined with superior carboxylation efficiency (CE) would achieve higher water productivity in rice. A set of 130 ethyl methanesulfonate induced mutants of an upland cultivar Nagina‐22 (N22), was screened for leaf morphological traits leading to the identification of mutants differing in LMA. The wild‐type, N22, along with a selected low‐LMA (380–4‐3) and two high‐LMA mutants (392–9‐1 and 457–1‐3), all with comparable total leaf area, were raised under well‐watered (100% Field Capacity (FC)) and water‐limited (60% FC) conditions. Low Δ13C and a higher RuBisCO content in high‐LMA mutants indicated higher carboxylation efficiency, leading to increased carbon gain. Single parent backcross populations developed by crossing high and the low‐LMA mutants with N22, separately, were screened for LMA, Δ13C and growth traits. Comparison of dry matter accumulation per unit leaf area among the progenies differing in LMA and Δ13C reiterated the association of LMA with CE. Results illustrated that high‐LMA when combined with higher CE (low Δ13C) lead to increased WUE and growth rates.
Advanced ultrasound techniques in small animal reproduction imaging
Authors: Mantziaras George , Luvoni Gaia Cecilia
Published: January 2020

Ultrasonography is the imaging technology of choice for the evaluation of the reproduction system and of pregnancy in both humans and animals. Over the past 10 years, there have been significant technological improvements of the equipment, while new technologies have been developed. Doppler, contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography, elastography, and 3D/4D ultrasonography are advanced ultrasound techniques that have been designed as methods to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of two‐dimensional (b‐mode) ultrasound, and not as stand‐alone tests. The basic physics as well as the advantages and limitations of these advanced ultrasound methods are briefly described. In the reproductive diagnostics of small animals, these techniques have gained an increased popularity as proved by the increased publication of several reports that are also briefly summarized in this review. Clinical applicability is to date limited because of a lack of research on the diagnostic value in concrete situations. Future research projects should focus also on standardization of the used techniques, on determination of thresholds to discriminate between healthy or diseases or fertile versus infertile and on the predictive value of advanced ultrasound findings. Continuing development and optimization of different ultrasound techniques as well as the increase of related scientific interest and worldwide research promises that the clinical interest on the use of advanced ultrasound techniques will increase in future.
Assessing quality care in kidney disease: The double‐edged sword versus the Gordian knot
Authors: Weiner Daniel E.
Published: January 2020

Assessing quality is essential for optimizing clinical care but remains challenging. Too many measures can result in dilution of quality improvement efforts, distracting providers from delivering the most meaningful care, whereas too few measures can devalue important domains of care. Similarly, performance standards that are too high can result in unintended consequences, including diminishment of patient input into their individualized care and cherry picking. Valid quality metrics assess measureable aspects of care that are both clinically meaningful and modifiable, and, in the absence of quality metrics and performance standards, optimal care is at risk. Quality measures are an indelible part of the health care system, composing a pillar of value‐based purchasing, and balancing these aspects of quality assessment is essential for patient care. This review summarizes the quality systems in nephrology, focuses on current dialysis quality metrics and the strengths and limitations of current measures, and emphasizes the value of a parsimonious set of meaningful metrics with performance standards that both incentivize optimal practices while allowing sufficient latitude to individualize care for kidney patients.
Where The Trans Men and Enbies At?: Cissexism, Sexual Threat, and the Study of Sex Work
Authors: Jones Angela
Published: January 2020

In this article, I examine the existing research on transgender sex workers and explore how cissexism and sexism overlap and shape this work. Overall, researchers assume that all trans sex workers are women, and all male sex workers are assumed to be cisgender. Transmasculine and other gender non‐conforming sex workers are absent from studies of sex work. Researchers in public health and criminology dominate the literature and this research is limited because it focuses only on trans women and because it focuses primarily on disease and trauma, and almost exclusively on HIV. The literature I examined treats transgender women as a public health “problem” to be solved, rather than addressing their experiences and needs as workers and as people in our society. I argue that in order to have useful applied and policy implications aimed at harm reduction, researchers must use a sociological lens to document what structural conditions push and pull people of various genders into sex markets in the first place. Finally, I advocate for the use of queer, intersectional, and transnational frameworks in future lines of inquiries as a way to push the sociological and public health literature on sex work forward in a way that will benefit all sex workers, their advocates, and service providers.
Does the Electoral System Foster a Predominant Party System? Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Arslantaş Düzgün , Arslantaş Şenol , Kaiser André
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses the role of the electoral system in making the Justice and Development Party (AKP) dominant. Drawing on Sartori’s framework, we first clarify the concept of a predominant party system. Second, we examine the impact of the electoral system on the emergence of a predominant party system in Turkey. Analysing election results, we argue that the electoral system fosters dominance in three ways. First, a combination of electoral formula, national threshold and district threshold leads to over‐representation of large parties and under‐representation of small ones. Second, the fear of a wasted vote due to the high threshold prompts voters to support their second‐best option, which concentrates the votes among large parties. Finally, the electoral system increases electoral turnout rates by extending polarization.
Specimen-Specific Finite Element Models for Predicting Fretting Wear in Total Hip Arthroplasty Tapers
Authors: Baumann Andrew P. , Vesnovsky Oleg , Topoleski L. D. Timmie , Donaldson Finn E. , McMinn Nicole L. L. , Vignola Amelia , Di Prima Matthew
Published: January 2020

Products from fretting wear and corrosion in the taper junction of total hip arthroplasty (THA) devices can lead to adverse local tissue reactions. Predicting damage as a function of design parameters would aid in the development of more robust devices. The objectives of this study were to develop an automated method for identifying areas of fretting wear on THA taper junctions, and to assess the predictive ability of a finite element model to simulate fretting wear in THA taper junctions. THA constructs were fatigue loaded, thus inducing damage on the stem taper. An automated imaging and analysis algorithm quantified fretting wear on the taper surfaces. Specimen-specific finite element models were used to calculate fretting work done (FWD) at the taper junction. Simulated FWD was correlated to imaged fretting wear. Results showed that the automated imaging approach identified fretting wear on the taper surface. Additionally, finite element models showed the greatest predictive ability for tapers exhibiting distal contact. Finite element models predicted an average of 30.3% of imaged fretting wear. With additional validation, the imaging and finite element techniques may be useful to manufacturers and regulators in the development and review of new THA devices.
Medical Devices for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Directions for Development
Authors: Vasan Aditya , Friend James
Published: January 2020

The development of diagnostics and medical devices has historically been concentrated in high-income countries, despite a significant need to expand healthcare services to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Poor quality healthcare extends beyond LMIC to underserved communities in developed countries. This paper reviews diseases and conditions that have not received much attention in the past despite imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems in these circumstances. We review the underlying mechanism of action of these conditions and current technology in use for diagnosis or surgical intervention. We aim to identify areas for technological development and review policy considerations that will enable real-world adoption. Specifically, this review focuses on diseases prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: melioidosis, infant and maternal mortality, schistosomiasis, and heavy metal and pesticide poisoning. Our aim with this review is to identify problems facing the world that require the attention of the medical device community and provide recommendations for research directions for groups interested in this field.
Shimmy Characteristic Analysis for Steering System of Heavy Mining Dump Trucks
Authors: Gao Lulu , Ma Fei , Jin Chun , Huang Yanjun , Feng Zhipeng
Published: January 2020

Tire wear cost accounts for a large proportion of the total cost of heavy mining dump trucks (HMDTs), and the shimmy of the steering system aggravates the tire wear severely. This study proposes a model-based approach to avoid the shimmy of the steering system for such trucks without replacement or destruction of steering structure. First, a five degrees-of-freedom (DOF) shimmy dynamic model of the steering system is established considering the tire lateral dynamics and the nonlinearity of the hydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS). Second, the unstable parameter range of the dynamic model is obtained based on the Lyapunov’s first approximation theorem and Hopf bifurcation theory. The stability analysis results show that the steering system of heavy mining dump trucks is a self-excited vibration system because of the Hopf bifurcation in the unstable parameter range, and this unstable parameter range is greatly affected by the load and the initial pneumatic volume of hydro-pneumatic suspension. In addition, the accuracy of the dynamic is verified by a field test. Therefore, how the load and initial pneumatic volume affect the shimming is analyzed numerically. In other words, how to match the load and initial pneumatic volume is uncovered to avoid the shimmy. For instance, it shows that the shimmy at full load can be avoided at the speed of 30 km/h by charging the initial pneumatic volume of hydro-pneumatic suspension to 14.5 l.
Applications of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics in Section XI, ASME Code Evaluations
Authors: Mehta Hardayal S.
Published: January 2020

The role of fracture mechanics in ASME Section XI applications comes in the form of evaluation of indications or flaws detected during inservice inspection of nuclear components. The need to include the influence of significant plastic deformation, which may accompany crack initiation and the subsequent stable growth, has been the main driving force for the development of the field of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM). This chapter traces the history of development of the EPFM from the 1960s and reviews the EPFM applications in Section XI Code. It discusses the three approaches considered in the application of EPFM in flaw evaluations: J-integral tearing modulus-based approach or J-T methodology, deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram (DPFAD) methodology, and R-6 methodology. The engineering estimation of the applied J integral is described, followed by a discussion on the application of the J-T approach in the evaluation of flaws in austenitic stainless steel piping and ASME Class 1 ferritic piping. The chapter describes the application of EPFM to reactor pressure vessel evaluation in three distinct ways: upper-shelf energy evaluation, Section XI flaw evaluation approach, and a probabilistic approach. It also explains the application of the Master Fracture Toughness Curve method to evaluate pressure vessel steels based on EPFM. The current activity within the ASME Section XI Code Groups related to the potential revision of ASME Code Case N-830 is finally summarized.
Hydrogen Piping and Pipe Lines
Authors: Meyer Jimmy E.
Published: January 2020

The ASME B31.12 Code covers piping in gaseous and liquid hydrogen service and pipelines in gaseous hydrogen service. This chapter is based on the 2014 edition of B31.12, which includes three major Parts: General Requirements (GR), Industrial Piping (IP), and Pipelines (PL). It also covers Mandatory Appendices I through XI and Nonmandatory Appendices A through F. After a brief background and coverage of the scope, intent, and organization of the Code, the chapter examines Part GR, which covers selection of materials to resist deterioration in hydrogen service. It lists the common requirements for welding, brazing, heat treating, forming and testing of welded and brazed joints, qualification of the welding and brazing procedures, and qualification of the welders and brazers to those procedures. Part GR provides information on inspection, examination, and testing along with operating and maintenance procedures that affect the safety of hydrogen transmission and distribution facilities. It also provides requirements for the development of Quality System Programs. Part IP includes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, inspection, examination, testing, operation, and maintenance of piping, and applies to piping for liquid and gaseous hydrogen and joints connecting piping to equipment. It describes four basic methods for design of components for internal pressure and lists the dimensional standards for piping components. Part PL sets forth the requirements for materials, components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, inspection, examination, testing, operation, and maintenance of hydrogen pipelines.

History

Jimmy E. Meyer revised the initial inputs of Louis E. Hayden who authored this chapter for the fourth edition. The current online edition has been reviewed by George Rawls and updated by Jimmy E. Meyer.
Cationic Proteins of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Lysosomes I. Resolution of Antibacterial and Enzymatic Activities
Authors: Zeya H. I. , Spitznagel J. K.
Published: January 2020

Zeya, H. I.
(University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill),
and J. K. Spitznagel
. Cationic proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes. I. Resolution of antibacterial and enzymatic activities. J. Bacteriol.
91:
750–754. 1966.—A lysosomal fraction from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes of guinea pig peritoneal exudate was subjected directly to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate paper treated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The Iysosomal components resolved into seven bands moving towards the cathode. Assay of the eluted bands showed that the antibacterial activity was distinct from lysosomal enzymes and was associated with three cationic components (bands I, II, and III) which migrated most rapidly towards the cathode, ahead of lysozyme ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. Qualitatively, the antibacterial components appeared to be rich in arginine. The antibacterial components were absent in the pherograms of nuclear fractions of PMN leukocytes and in supernatant fractions that remained after lysosomes were removed from cell homogenates by centrifugation at 8,000 ×
g
.
Cationic Proteins of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Lysosomes II. Composition, Properties, and Mechanism of Antibacterial Action
Authors: Zeya H. I. , Spitznagel J. K.
Published: January 2020

Zeya, H. I.
(University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill),
and J. K. Spitznagel
. Cationic proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes. II. Composition, properties, and mechanism of antibacterial action. J. Bacteriol.
91:
755–762. 1966.—A basic proteins fraction from guinea pig polymorphonuclear (PMN) granules was obtained by acid extraction and precipitation with 20% (v/v) ethyl alcohol. The fraction accounted for most of the antibacterial activity of the PMN granules and corresponded to the antibacterial cationic components of intact granules (bands I, II, and III) resolved by zone electrophoresis. Absence from the fraction of components identical to the enzymatic components of intact lysosomes showed that the fraction was essentially free from lysosomal enzymes. The amino acid analysis of proteins in the fraction gave a preponderance of basic amino acids (25%), especially of arginine (16%). The comparative amino acid analysis showed that the lysosomal cationic proteins (LCP) fraction was markedly different from nuclear histones. The LCP fraction manifested antibacterial activity against certain gram-positive and gram-positive microorganisms, including
Candida albicans
, and exhibited stoichiometric relationship in its activity. Microorganisms treated with LCP fraction were agglutinated. Anionic substances such as nucleic acids, heparin, and endotoxin effectively blocked the antibacterial activity of the fraction. The LCP fraction caused suppression of oxygen uptake by bacterial cells and damaged the permeability barriers of cells as manifested by rapid release of P
32
as well as ultraviolet-absorbing material at 260 mμ, in the supernatant fluid.
Hydrolytic Enzymes in KB Cells Infected with Poliovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Flanagan John F.
Published: January 2020

Flanagan, John F.
(Duke University School of Medicine, Durham. N.C.). Hydrolytic enzymes in KB cells infected with poliovirus and herpes simplex virus. J. Bacteriol.
91:
789–797. 1966.—The effect of poliovirus and herpes simplex virus infection on the activity of five hydrolytic enzymes was studied in tissue culture cells of KB type. During the course of poliovirus infection, the activity of β-glucuronidase, acid protease, acid ribonuclease, acid deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm rose to levels two- to fourfold greater than the activity present in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells. The rise in cytoplasmic activity was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in enzymatic activity bound to cell particles. Shift of enzymatic activity from the particulate to soluble state was first detected at 6 hr after poliovirus infection, coinciding with the appearance of new infectious particles and virus cytopathic effect. No net synthesis of these enzymes after poliovirus infection was found. Hydrocortisone added to the culture medium failed to affect either the titer of virus produced in the cells or the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the particulate state. Herpes simplex infection produced minimal alterations in the state of these enzymes in KB cells. It is hypothesized that the breakdown of lysosomes and release of hydrolytic enzymes accompanying poliovirus infection is produced by alterations in cell membrane permeability during the course of virus replication and by the consequent change in the ionic content of the cell sap.
Biophysical Studies of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: McCombs Robert M. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda , Brunschwig Jean P.
Published: January 2020

McCombs, Robert M.(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),Matilda Benyesh-Melnick, and Jean P. Brunschwig. Biophysical studies of vesicular stomatitis virus: J. Bacteriol.91:803–812. 1966.—The infectivity and morphology of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were studied after density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride (CsCI), potassium tartrate (KT), and sucrose. Centrifugation in CsCl revealed two equally infectious bands corresponding to densities of 1.19 and 1.22 g/ml, and a third (density, 1.26 g/ml) band of low infectivity. Two bands (densities of 1.16 and 1.18 g/ml) were observed in the KT gradient, in which the lighter band contained most of the infectivity. Centrifugation in sucrose resulted in a single broad infectious band (density, 1.16 g/ml). The typical rod-shaped VSV particles were found mainly in the lighter bands obtained in CsCl (1.19 g/ml) and KT (1.16 g/ml) and in the single sucrose gradient band (1.16 g/ml). Bent particles equally as infectious as the rod-shaped particles were a constant finding in the CsCl preparations, and were observed mainly in the second band (density, 1.19 g). Numerous strands 15mμ wide were found in the third CsCl (density, 1.26 g/ml) and the second KT (1.18 g/ml) bands. Similar strands could be liberated from VSV particles after treatment with deoxycholate. Internal transverse striations were found to be a regular feature of VSV particles examined with the pseudoreplication negative-staining technique. For crude virus stocks, the physical particle-to-infectivity ratio ranged from 73 to 194. Several morphological similarities between VSV and myxoviruses were observed, including 10 mμ surface projections, pleomorphic morphological forms, and 15 mμ seemingly nucleoprotein strands.
Effect of Lead Acetate on the Susceptibility of Rats to Bacterial Endotoxins
Authors: Selye H. , Tuchweber B. , Bertok L.
Published: January 2020

Selye, H.
(Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada),
B. Tuchweber, and L. Bertók
. Effect of lead acetate on susceptibility of rats to bacterial endotoxins. J. Bacteriol.
91:
884–890. 1966.—A single, normally well-tolerated, intravenous injection of lead acetate increases the sensitivity of the rat to the endotoxins of various gram-negative bacteria about 100,000 times above normal. Under the conditions of these experiments, the mortality and organ changes normally produced by the intravenous injection of 100 μg of
Escherichia coli
endotoxin were essentially the same as those obtained by use of 1 nanogram in lead-sensitized rats. The sensitizing effect of lead acetate for
E. coli
endotoxin is greatest when the two agents are given simultaneously. However, considerable sensitization is still detectable when endotoxin is injected up to 1 hr before or 7 hr after sensitization with lead. No sensitization was noted when the endotoxin was administered 24 hr before or after lead acetate. Under our experimental conditions, the minimal dose of lead acetate which could still induce significant sensitization to
E. coli
endotoxin was 1 mg per 100 g of body weight. Although lead acetate induces a high degree of susceptibility to various endotoxins, other reticuloendothelial blocking agents did not acquire unusual toxicity after pretreatment with lead. Finally, none of the other metals or reticuloendothelial blocking agents tested could duplicate the pronounced decrease in endotoxin resistance induced by lead acetate.
Effects of Mutations to Streptomycin Resistance on the Rate of Translation of Mutant Genetic Information
Authors: Gartner T. K. , Orias E.
Published: January 2020

Gartner, T. K. (University of California, Santa Barbara),and E. Orias. Effects of mutations to streptomycin resistance on the rate of translation of mutant genetic information. J. Bacteriol.91:1021–1028. 1966.—The effects of mutations to streptomycin resistance of independent origin upon the translation of suppressible mutant information were studied in an isogenic series of strains ofEscherichia coli. The group of suppressible mutants included 1 mutation in thezgene of thelacoperon ofE. coli(O02allele), 12 mutations distributed among the tworII cistrons of T4, and 13 mutations distributed among at least five cistrons of phage T7. It was concluded that the mutations to streptomycin resistance cause a significant decrease in the rate of translation of the suppressible codons, and that this effect is limited to a few types of codons.
Genetic Determination of Enzymes Synthesizing O-Specific Sugars of
Salmonella
Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Nikaido Hiroshi , Nikaido Kishiko , Mäkelä P. Helena
Published: January 2020

Nikaido, Hiroshi
(Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.),
Kishiko Nikaido, and P. Helena Mäkelä
. Genetic determination of enzymes synthesizing O-specific sugars of
Salmonella
lipopolysaccharides. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1126–1135. 1966.—Levels of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of various nucleotide sugars were examined in parental strains and recombinants obtained in crosses between
Salmonella
of groups B, C
2
, and C
1
with the O antigen specificities 4, 5, 12; 6, 8; and 6,7, respectively. The results showed that smooth strains of groups B and C
2
possessed the enzymes for the synthesis of guanosine diphosphate mannose, cytidine diphosphate abequose, and thymidine diphosphate rhamnose; these sugars are constituents of their lipopolysaccharides. Group C
1
lipopolysaccharide is devoid of both abequose and rhamnose, and the corresponding enzymes for cytidine diphosphate abequose synthesis, as well as the enzyme(s) catalyzing the last step(s) of thymidine diphosphate rhamnose synthesis, were undetectable in
S. montevideo
of this group. Two other enzymes also involved in the biosynthesis of thymidine diphosphate rhamnose were present at a low level of activity; their function in this strain is not known. The analysis of enzyme levels in recombinants indicated that genes determining at least eight of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide-bound mannose, rhamnose, and abequose were located in the
O
locus known to determine the specificity of the O antigen. In three rough recombinant strains, enzyme levels indicated that crossing-over had presumably occurred within the
O
locus. The results also suggested a high degree of nonhomology in this region of the chromosome between groups B and C
1
.
Properties of Two Marine Bacteriophages
Authors: Chen Peter K. , Citarella Ronald V. , Salazar Omar , Colwell Rita R.
Published: January 2020

Chen, Peter
K. (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.),
Ronald V. Citarella, Omar Salazar, and Rita R. Colwell
. Properties of two marine bacteriophages. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1136–1139. 1966.—Various properties have been determined for two bacteriophages, NCMB 384 and 385, and their host, NCMB 397, a
Cytophaga
sp., isolated from the marine environment. The purified bacteriophages have been subjected to serological analysis, results of which indicate a high degree of relatedness. Purified, highly polymerized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prepared from the host strain showed an overall base composition of 37 moles% guanine + cytosine (buoyant density of 1.696 g/cc). The bacteriophage DNA, in the native configuration, from NCMB 384 and 385 banded at 1.691 g/cc in a CsCl gradient and the denatured bacteriophage DNA demonstrated a bimodal peak. Stability tests of the bacteriophages in various buffers and diluents suggest a requirement for inorganic cations, most likely Na
+
and Mg
++
, for retention of viability.
Synthesis of the Enzymes of the Mandelate Pathway by
Pseudomonas putida
II. Isolation and Properties of Blocked Mutants
Authors: Hegeman G. D.
Published: January 2020

Hegeman
, G. D. (University of California, Berkeley). Synthesis of the enzymes of the mandelate pathway by
Pseudomonas putida
. II. Isolation and properties of blocked mutants. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1155–1160. 1966.—Mutants of
Pseudomonas putida
blocked in early reactions of the pathway for oxidation of
d
-mandelate were isolated and partially characterized. The specific genetic lesions in these mutants made normal inducer-metabolites of the pathway nonmetabolizable. Under the conditions of gratuitous enzyme synthesis so obtained, it could be shown that the
d
and
l
isomers of mandelate are equipotent inducers, and that the synthesis of the first five enzymes of the mandelate pathway is coordinate. Further experiments with the blocked mutants showed that benzoylformate, the third intermediate of the pathway, acts as an inducer without prior conversion to mandelate, and that there is no inducible, concentrating permease for mandelate.
Utilization of Acetate byBeggiatoa
Authors: Burton Sheril D. , Morita Richard Y. , Miller Wayne
Published: January 2020

Burton, SherilD. (Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, College),Richard Y. Morita, and Wayne Miller. Utilization of acetate byBeggiatoa. J. Bacteriol.91:1192–1200. 1966.—A proposed system which would permit acetate incorporation into four-carbon compounds without the presence of key enzymes of the citric acid cycle or glyoxylate cycle is described. In this system, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is condensed with glyoxylate to form malate, which, in turn, is converted to oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate then reacts with glutamate to produce α-ketoglutarate, which is subsequently converted to isocitrate. Cleavage of isocitrate produces glyoxylate and succinate. Thus, the proposed system is similar to the glyoxylate bypass in that malate is produced from glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA, but differs from both the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass, since citrate and fumarate are not involved. Fumarase, aconitase, catalase, citritase, pyruvate kinase, enolase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, lactic dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and condensing enzyme were not detectable in crude extracts ofBeggiatoa. Succinate was oxidized by a soluble enzyme not associated with an electron-transport particle. Isocitrate was identified as the sole compound labeled when C14O2was added to a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, CO2generating system (crystalline glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate) in the presence of α-ketoglutarate.