bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short- and long-term effects of unemployment on fertility
Authors: Currie Janet , Schwandt Hannes
Published: September 2014

Significance

Fertility falls when unemployment rises, but there may be no long-run effect if women simply postpone childbearing. We analyze the effects of unemployment by following fixed cohorts of US-born women defined by their own state and year of birth. We find that a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate experienced between the ages of 20 and 24 reduces the short-run fertility of women in this age range by six conceptions per 1,000 women. When these women are followed to age 40, a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate experienced at 20 to 24 is associated with an overall loss of 14.2 conceptions. This larger long-term effect is driven largely by women who remain childless.
Probing biological nanotopology via diffusion of weakly constrained plasmonic nanorods with optical coherence tomography
Authors: Chhetri Raghav K. , Blackmon Richard L. , Wu Wei-Chen , Hill David B. , Button Brian , Casbas-Hernandez Patricia , Troester Melissa A. , Tracy Joseph B. , Oldenburg Amy L.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Many diseases are characterized by nanostructural changes in connective fibers and soluble proteins, which can indicate or drive disease progression. Noninvasive methods sensitive to nanotopological changes in 3D tissue models can elucidate biophysical changes associated with disease progression. Nanoparticles probe their environment via their diffusion, which is impacted by the size and connectivity of pores into which they freely diffuse. Here, we show that optical coherence tomography provides depth-resolved imaging of gold nanorods (GNRs) to infer local biological nanotopology. We demonstrate the broad potential of this method by sensing changes in diffusion of GNRs in 3D models of mammary ECM and pulmonary mucus.
Massive isotopic effect in vacuum UV photodissociation of N
2
and implications for meteorite data
Authors: Chakraborty Subrata , Muskatel B. H. , Jackson Teresa L. , Ahmed Musahid , Levine R. D. , Thiemens Mark H.
Published: September 2014

Significance

In this paper, we account for the wide range (approximately a few thousand permil) of nitrogen isotopic composition measured in solar system materials. Several theoretical models have been proposed to explain the nitrogen isotopic enrichments measured in meteorites (especially in organic matter) and in cometary ice (NH
3
and/or HCN). These models include ion−molecular isotope exchange reactions and isotope self-shielding in the disk. However, a major limit is that there are no experiments to substantiate any model. We measured and found massive N-isotopic fractionations during vacuum UV photodissociation of N
2
, perhaps one of the largest isotope effects ever measured, and present mechanistic evidence for the wide distribution in nitrogen isotopic compositions.
Recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks, wildfire severity, and postfire tree regeneration in the US Northern Rockies
Authors: Harvey Brian J. , Donato Daniel C. , Turner Monica G.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Understanding how multiple disturbances may interact to affect ecosystems is important for ecosystem management as climate-driven disturbance activity increases. Recent severe bark beetle (Circulionidae: Scolytinae) outbreaks have led to widespread concern about the potential for increased wildfire severity and decreased postfire forest resilience throughout the northern hemisphere. Using extensive field data collected in multiple recent (occurring in 2011) wildfires throughout the Northern Rocky Mountains (United States), we found that recent (2001–2010) prefire mountain pine beetle
(Dendroctonus ponderosae
) outbreak severity affected few measures of wildfire severity and was not directly related to postfire tree seedling establishment, suggesting that subalpine forests dominated by serotinous lodgepole pine (
Pinus contorta
var.
latifolia
) may be resilient to these two combined disturbances.
Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought
Authors: Grossiord Charlotte , Granier André , Ratcliffe Sophia , Bouriaud Olivier , Bruelheide Helge , Chećko Ewa , Forrester David Ian , Dawud Seid Muhie , Finér Leena , Pollastrini Martina , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael , Valladares Fernando , Bonal Damien , Gessler Arthur
Published: September 2014

Significance

In the context of climate change, expected drier and warmer environmental conditions will have drastic consequences on forest functions and services and may bring about important drought-induced die-off events. Biodiversity promotes forest ecosystem performance and resistance to insect pests and diseases, but whether or not diverse forests are also better adapted to deal with drought stress remains unknown. Within our study network of 160 forest stands across Europe, we found that mixed species forests are less exposed to drought stress in some regions only. Therefore, managing forest ecosystems for high tree species diversity does not necessarily assure improved resistance to the more severe and frequent drought events predicted for the future.
The hereditary spastic paraplegia-related enzyme DDHD2 is a principal brain triglyceride lipase
Authors: Inloes Jordon M. , Hsu Ku-Lung , Dix Melissa M. , Viader Andreu , Masuda Kim , Takei Thais , Wood Malcolm R. , Cravatt Benjamin F.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Many rare human genetic disorders are caused by mutations in genes that code for proteins of poorly characterized function. Determining the functions of these proteins is critical for understanding and devising potential treatments for human diseases. In this article, we discover using a combination of mouse genetic models, selective inhibitors, and lipid profiling that the DDHD2 enzyme, mutations of which cause a neurological disease termed complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), acts as a major brain triglyceride hydrolase. Mice lacking DDHD2 have elevated brain triglycerides and lipid droplet accumulation in neurons. We have thus discovered that the brain possesses a specialized pathway for triglyceride metabolism, disruption of which leads to biochemical and cellular changes that may contribute to complex HSP.
Testing the Semantic Homogeneity Constraint
Authors: Nesset Tore , Makarova Anastasia
Published: September 2014

Although it has been widely assumed in historical linguistics that semantics plays a crucial role in analogical change, it is difficult to pinpoint the contribution of the semantic factor, since meaning and form work closely together in bringing about language change. The purpose of the present article is to shed light on the issue by means of two case studies from Russian, which enable us to isolate the role of semantics. The hypothesis we test is that analogical change is restricted to semantically homogeneous domains. We call this the Semantic Homogeneity Constraint. Two phenomena from Russian conjugation are explored: suffix shift and NU-drop. Although they seem parallel, analogical change occurs in the former, but not in the latter. It is argued that this is because the verbs involved in suffix shift constitute a semantically homogeneous domain, within which analogical change can take place. By contrast, NU-verbs are semantically diverse, and these semantic differences create boundaries which block analogical change. The findings have implications both for Russian and general linguistics. While suffix shift and NU-drop are well-known phenomena in Russian conjugation, they have not been juxtaposed and compared before. Our comparison provides new insights about the differences and similarities of the two phenomena. From the perspective of historical linguistics, the present article contributes to the theory of analogy, insofar as we provide empirical evidence for the Semantic Homogeneity Constraint, which places restrictions on semantic domains where analogical change can take place.
Speaking of the past
Authors: Versteegh Kees
Published: September 2014

In rudimentary communication with foreigners, the most basic need is to express wishes and to give orders. Accordingly, verbal forms in foreigner-directed speech and pidgins often derive etymologically from imperatives or infinitives in the lexifier language. In more developed communication the need arises to refer to past events. In this paper, the development of past time reference from foreigner-directed speech to pidgin is investigated on the basis of data from Arabic-based pidgins, notably from Pidgin Madam, Gulf Pidgin Arabic, and Juba Arabic. These data are compared with the development of past tense reference in foreigner talk registers and pidgins based on other languages.
For Pete’s sake!
Authors: Oksefjell Ebeling Signe , Ebeling Jarle
Published: September 2014

In this paper we present a contrastive analysis of two similar-looking patterns in English and Norwegian that may be said to express the same meanings. Both English “for * sake” and Norwegianfor * skyldhave been attested with the following meanings: purpose, consideration and annoyance (used as an expletive). An analysis of bidirectional translation corpus data reveals marked cross-linguistic differences in the frequency and use of the patterns, contributing to a fair amount of non-correspondence in translation between the two languages. The in-depth contrastive analysis undertaken confirms that the two patterns behave differently in the two languages: while English prefers the expletive use, Norwegian prefers the purpose use. This observation regarding the patterns’ conditions of use led to the conclusion that the two languages operate with two different extended units of meaning, and that the two patterns as such are not considered perfect translation equivalents of each other. It was therefore interesting to take a closer look at one of the patterns — the English expletive use — and its actual correspondences in Norwegian. The cross-linguistic investigation uncovers some evidence of “quasi-swearing” in the translated texts and some evidence of different ways of swearing in English in Norwegian, both in terms of how expletives are lexicalized and what they refer to, e.g. blasphemy or sexual blatancy.
Recent developments and open questions in the field of semantic roles
Authors: Kittilä Seppo , Zúñiga Fernando
Published: September 2014

This introductory chapter briefly introduces a few milestones in the voluminous previous literature on semantic roles, and charts the territory in which the papers of this volume aim to make a contribution. This territory is characterized by fairly disparate conceptualizations of semantic roles and their status in theories of grammar and the lexicon, as well as by diverse and probably complementary ways of deriving or identifying them based on linguistic data. Particular attention is given to the question of how selected roles appear to relate to each other, and we preliminarily address the issue of how roles, subroles, and role complexes are best thought of in general.
Identifying semantic role clusters and alignment types via microrole coexpression tendencies
Authors: Hartmann Iren , Haspelmath Martin , Cysouw Michael
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we illustrate a method for identifying clusters of semantic roles by cross-linguistic comparison. On the basis of data from 25 languages drawn from the ValPaL (Valency Patterns Leipzig) database, we show how one can visualize coexpression tendencies using quantitative methods (in particular, multidimensional scaling). Traditionally, the coexpression of semantic microroles (such as the breaker and the broken thing of the ‘break’ verb, the helper and the helpee of the ‘help’ verb, etc.) has been studied for particular languages, with generalized macroroles such as “agent”, “actor”, and “undergoer” being compared across languages in a next step. We set up a conceptual space of 87 microroles based on their coexpression tendencies, i.e. the extent to which they are expressed identically (via flagging and indexing) across our languages. The individual coding means (cases, adpositions, index-sets) can then be mapped onto this conceptual space, revealing broader alignment patterns.
Semantic role clustering
Authors: Bickel Balthasar , Zakharko Taras , Bierkandt Lennart , Witzlack-Makarevich Alena
Published: September 2014

This paper seeks to determine to what extent there is cross-linguistic evidence for postulating clusters of predicate-specific semantic roles such as experiencer, cognizer, possessor, etc. For this, we survey non-default case assignments in a sample of 141 languages and annotate the associated predicates for cross-linguistically recurrent semantic roles, such as ‘the one who feels cold’, ‘the one who eats sth.’, ‘the thing that is being eaten’. We then determine to what extent these roles are treated alike across languages, i.e. repeatedly grouped together under the same non-default case marker or under the same specific alternation with a non-default marker. Applying fuzzy cluster and NeighborNet algorithms to these data reveals cross-linguistic evidence for role clusters around experiencers, undergoers of body processes, and cognizers/perceivers in one- and two-place predicates; and around sources and transmitted speech in three-place predicates. No support emerges from non-default case assignment for any other role clusters that are traditionally assumed (e.g. for any distinctions among objects of two-argument predicates, or for distinctions between themes and instruments).
Semantic roles and verbless constructions
Authors: Västi Katja , Kittilä Seppo
Published: September 2014

Semantic roles constitute one of the most notorious notions in linguistics because they have been defined in numerous ways depending on the author’s theoretical framework and goals. Typically these definitions are somehow, more or less explicitly, based on verbs and their properties. In this paper, semantic roles are discussed from a completely different perspective; we examine genuinely verbless constructions attested in Finnish newspaper headlines. The paper addresses three main questions: First, what kinds of constructions do not need a finite verb to express dynamic events? Second, what kind of information remains unconceptualized in verbless constructions? And finally, what are semantic roles based on if there is no verb? The goal of the paper is to show that verbs are not needed to define semantic roles, as an array of semantic roles can be recognized even in constructions lacking a verb.
Exploring a diachronic (re)cycle of roles
Authors: Fedriani Chiara , Prandi Michele
Published: September 2014

In this paper we explore the struggle between the use of the Dative case and the competing strategy featuring the prepositionad‘to’ and the Accusative from Latin to Early Romance. Unlike the Dative, the prepositional strategy is semantically transparent, sincead‘to’ has a clear allative meaning. We first consider the diachronic development of the roles involved in the Dative-marked complex within a chronological span ranging from Plautus to theVulgateand show that competing manifestations featuringadare conditioned by semantic factors, since the extension of the prepositional strategy can be better explained in terms of metaphoric and metonymic processes. We discuss the gradual expansion of the prepositional turn in Early Romance with a view to exploring the paths along which it gradually took over the functions traditionally associated with the Dative complex. Building on these data, the paper assesses the theoretical implications for a better understanding of competing multifunctional devices that encode role complexes from a diachronic perspective and shows how a pool of synchronic variation can trigger and constrain linguistic change.
A new flavanone and other flavonoids from green perilla leaf extract inhibit nitric oxide production in interleukin 1β-treated hepatocytes
Authors: Nakajima Ayaka , Yamamoto Yuka , Yoshinaka Nao , Namba Mayuri , Matsuo Hirotaka , Okuyama Tetsuya , Yoshigai Emi , Okumura Tadayoshi , Nishizawa Mikio , Ikeya Yukinobu
Published: September 2014

A new flavanone, shisoflavanone A (1), and several flavonoids were purified from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of green perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa form viridis), and their structures were identified. Shisoflavanone A was elucidated as 8-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavanone based on its spectral data. Other constituents of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, i.e. 5,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (2), negletein (5,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone) (3), luteolin (4), apigenin (5), esculetin (6), and protocatechuic acid (7), were identified. This is the first time that constituents 2, 3, and 6 have been found in green perilla. Shisoflavanone A and the other constituents (except 7) significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in interleukin 1β-stimulated rat hepatocytes, which have been used to monitor the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal constituents. The present findings suggest that these constituents, including shisoflavanone A, may be involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of green perilla leaves.
Hybrid Bayesian-rank integration approach improves the predictive power of genomic dataset aggregation
Authors: Badgeley Marcus A. , Sealfon Stuart C. , Chikina Maria D.
Published: September 2014

Motivation : Modern molecular technologies allow the collection of large amounts of high-throughput data on the functional attributes of genes. Often multiple technologies and study designs are used to address the same biological question such as which genes are overexpressed in a specific disease state. Consequently, there is considerable interest in methods that can integrate across datasets to present a unified set of predictions.

Results : An important aspect of data integration is being able to account for the fact that datasets may differ in how accurately they capture the biological signal of interest. While many methods to address this problem exist, they always rely either on dataset internal statistics, which reflect data structure and not necessarily biological relevance, or external gold standards, which may not always be available. We present a new rank aggregation method for data integration that requires neither external standards nor internal statistics but relies on Bayesian reasoning to assess dataset relevance. We demonstrate that our method outperforms established techniques and significantly improves the predictive power of rank-based aggregations. We show that our method, which does not require an external gold standard, provides reliable estimates of dataset relevance and allows the same set of data to be integrated differently depending on the specific signal of interest.

Availability : The method is implemented in R and is freely available at http://www.pitt.edu/~mchikina/BIRRA/

Contact : mchikina@pitt.edu

Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Gottlob Frege
Authors: Beaney Michael
Published: September 2014

Gottlob Frege (b. 1848–d. 1925) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy—together with Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Frege’s main project was to demonstrate the logicist thesis that arithmetic can be reduced to logic. In attempting to do so, he revolutionized logical theory, creating the first system of modern predicate logic in his first book, Begriffsschrift (1879; the term is often left untranslated: see Main Works). In The Foundations of Arithmetic (Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884), he offered an informal account of his logicist project, showing how the natural numbers could be defined as extensions of (logically definable) concepts—roughly, what we would now call sets or classes. In Basic Laws of Arithmetic (Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Vol. 1 [1893], Vol. 2 [1903]), he then set out to demonstrate formally, using his logical system, that arithmetic could be reduced to logic. Between the Foundations and Basic Laws he thought through—and revised—his underlying philosophical ideas, explaining them in three of his most influential essays: “Function and Concept” (1891), “On Sense and Reference” (1892), and “On Concept and Object” (1892). In 1902, however, as the second volume of Basic Laws was in press, Russell wrote to Frege informing him of a contradiction that he had discovered in Frege’s system—now known as Russell’s paradox. Frege attempted to resolve the paradox in a hastily written appendix, but he soon realized that the attempt failed and he abandoned his logicist project. He continued to work on his philosophical and logical ideas, though, planning but never completing a textbook on logic; what survived was eventually published posthumously. In the last years of his life he wrote three essays in a series called “Logical Investigations,” the first of which—“Thought”—has also been much discussed and cited. Frege influenced Russell, Rudolf Carnap (who attended two of his lecture courses), and especially Wittgenstein; however, it was only after his death that the significance of his work began to be widely recognized, and it was not until after the Second World War that his writings began to be translated into English (the only exception being the opening thirty pages of Basic Laws, which had appeared in 1915–1917). Today Frege’s place in the history of philosophy is secure, and interest in his work is still blossoming, not just in Anglo-American analytic philosophy, but also right across the world. (Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Gottfried Gabriel, Robert May, and Kai Wehmeier for comments on the first draft of this article and suggestions for additions.)
Giordano Bruno
Authors: Gatti Hilary
Published: September 2014

Giordano Bruno of Nola near Naples in Italy (b. 1548–d. 1600) was one of the major natural philosophers of the Italian renaissance. He is also remembered for his turbulent life of exile and dissent that took him to most of the cultural centers of renaissance Europe. He died dramatically, burned at the stake as an unrepentant heretic in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome. During a brief period of intense intellectual activity, between 1582 and 1591, Bruno composed thirty works, in various European capitals where he visited and taught (including Paris, London, Wittenberg, Prague, and Frankfurt). Seven of those works were written in Italian and the rest in Latin. They covered a large variety of subjects. Some of his major works were concerned with propagating and supporting a post-Copernican cosmology that he expanded to infinite dimensions. He also proposed a meditation on the infinitely small or minimum quantity that established his reputation as one of the first modern atomists. Other works deal with the art of memory and the pictorial logic of Raymond Lull, both of which he opposed to the dominant Aristotelian logic and the increasingly complex and abstract mathematics of his time. He was concerned with the epic religious, social, and political upheavals of the Europe of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, both of which he attacked from the perspective of an anti-ecclesiastical polemic that privileged a search for the divine within the natural world. Magical and Hermetic strands of thought that, from his earliest works, accompanied this stand in favor of a natural religion came to dominate a final period of creative activity expressed in a number of incomplete and unpublished manuscripts, discovered and published only in the 19th century. Bruno’s return to Italy in 1591 ended in an eight-year-long trial at the hands of the Roman Catholic Inquisition, first in Venice and then in Rome, that has been the subject of much study both for the complexity of the religious doctrines debated and for his final stand in favor of freedom of thought, which led to his tragic death.
Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell
Authors: Phillippy Patricia
Published: September 2014

Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell (b. 1540–d. 1609) was the seventh child and fourth daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke and his wife, Anne Fitzwilliam. With the ascension of Edward VI in 1547, Cooke became tutor to the nine-year-old king, a position he held until Edward’s death in 1553. Cooke also dedicated himself to the education of his children, both male and female. The Cooke sisters, as they became known to contemporaries, benefited with their brothers from a humanist education grounded in Greek and Latin languages and texts. By the age of twelve, Elizabeth Cooke was fluent in Latin, Greek, and French. Mildred, her eldest sister, was a noted Greek scholar and the wife of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I throughout most of her reign. Anne Cooke married Sir Nicholas Bacon, the queen’s keeper of the Great Seal. She translated fourteen Italian sermons by Bernardino Ochino, as well as Bishop John Jewel’s Latin Apology for the Church of England. Katherine married Sir Henry Killigrew and was the author of Latin poems that circulated in manuscript, and of her own Latin epitaph, inscribed on her tomb, where Greek and Latin verses by her sister Elizabeth were also engraved. Russell was sister-in-law to William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon, aunt to Robert Cecil and Francis Bacon, and wife first to Sir Thomas Hoby and second to Lord John Russell, son and heir of the Earl of Bedford. Her family connections put her in close proximity to the center of power in her day, while her intelligence and tenacity enabled her to negotiate the political, social, and religious complexities of Elizabethan culture. Russell’s literary reputation emerges from three related forms of early modern publication. First, her fame spread through the circulation of her manuscript works, including poems in Greek and Latin and most likely a manuscript copy of her English translation of John Ponet’s treatise on the Eucharist, A Way of Reconciliation of a Good and Learned Man (Russell 2001, cited under Printed Texts). Second, Russell was renowned in her lifetime as the author of funerary epitaphs in three languages, engraved upon tombs that she designed and commissioned for members of her family. Finally, Russell’s reputation was established through the joint endeavors of the Cooke sisters and the works that praised them. The Cooke sisters’ shared erudition underwrites Russell’s self-representation and self-defense as a woman of learning, culture, and literary achievement. By foregrounding her role as co-heir with her sisters of their father’s intellectual legacy, Russell’s writings challenge her period’s frequent dismissal of educated women as anomalous and endorse a pedagogy that would educate girls as well as boys.
The Spanish Netherlands, 1598–1700
Authors: Duerloo Luc , Marnef Guido
Published: September 2014

The Dutch Revolt split the Habsburg possessions in the Low Countries into two new and very different polities. The northern provinces broke away to form the Dutch Republic. South of the great rivers, Alexander Farnese succeeded in restoring Habsburg rule with a blend of compromise and conquest. The entity that was thus called into being corresponded more or less to present-day Belgium (without, however, the prince-bishopric of Liège, but still with those parts that would eventually be annexed by France) and has been variously described as the Spanish, Southern, Catholic, Royal or Habsburg Netherlands. In contrast with its northern neighbor, its regime was based on the twin pillars of a monarchy tempered by traditional liberties and the religious monopoly of Roman Catholicism. Initially a composite state of eleven principalities, it witnessed a period of limited independence under the Archdukes Albert and Isabella (1598–1621) before its reintegration in the Spanish monarchy. Over the course of the 17th century, the Spanish Netherlands suffered severely from their geopolitical position. In the hands of a declining monarchy and surrounded by three of the major powers, they became one of the habitual battlegrounds of early modern Europe. As a consequence, the Spanish Netherlands have often been depicted as languishing in the shadows of the Dutch Golden Age. Their fate was anchored in the popular imagination as the Ongelukseeuw (the Century of Misfortunes). Without necessarily belittling the setbacks and the suffering, historians have come to question the almost uniformly dark hues in which the period was customarily represented. Their exercise in revision has revealed a country with an agrarian sector that was experimenting with new forms of crop rotation, had one of the highest levels of urbanization in Europe, and was known throughout the continent for the arts and luxuries it produced. Reconstituted into a bulwark of the Catholic Reformation, the Spanish Netherlands played a pivotal role in propagating the teachings of the Council of Trent. Their sense of mission found its artistic expression in the Flemish baroque. With a strange twist of fate, they also became the birthplace of the Jansenist controversy.
Anthropocene
Authors: Goudie Andrew
Published: September 2014

The term “Anthropocene” has Greek roots (anthropo meaning “human” and –cene meaning “new”). It is a new term for an older concept, and a great deal of argument concerns how it can be differentiated, if at all, in terms of a boundary with the Holocene. It is agreed, however, that the human impact on the environment has been increasing hugely in the last few centuries and that humans are now a very potent geological force. It is also apparent that in coming centuries a combination of population increases, land cover changes, climatic changes, and new technologies will increase this force still further.
Theater and Film
Authors: Szeto Kin-Yan
Published: September 2014

Historically, theater and film have been closely intertwined in many respects. Indeed, theatrical genres and aesthetics have had a significant influence on film. Nineteenth-century theatrical genres such as melodrama and vaudeville had an impact on many popular American film genres, for example. Since the early years of cinema, collaborations between filmmakers and theater personnel show not only how two art forms have influenced each other, but also that the flows between theater and film are bidirectional. Directors, writers, actors, and personnel working across these two media demonstrate that much interconnection of stage and screen exists. D. W. Griffith was a stage actor and playwright before he became a movie director, and Sergei Eisenstein directed plays and designed scenery before he started making films. Many film stars, as early as Buster Keaton and as contemporary as Jackie Chan, were trained in popular theater forms and traditions and have incorporated such techniques into their screen performance. From early modern drama to the musical theater of the 20th century, stage plays have frequently been realized on film. Less often, films have been adapted to create pieces of theater. Meanwhile, film had a profound effect on 20th-century theater. Early in the 20th century, theater directors and playwrights integrated film and visual images in theater. For most of the 20th century, theater practitioners and theorists felt pressured by the growing popularity of film among the general public. As a result, amid the anxiety regarding film, the relationship between theater and film is largely viewed as antagonistic. Scholars and critics argue that film’s close affinity with theater impedes film from becoming a unique art form. Therefore, advocating film’s autonomy from theater can become a passionate concern. Today, in a technology-driven world, cinema and media greatly influence directors, writers, actors, artists, practitioners, audiences, and critics alike. In addition, the perpetuation of the theater and film dichotomy obstructs the reciprocal exchange and mobility between cinematic and dramatic means of expressions. Indeed, many discussions have focused on interdisciplinarity, because artistic practices can be intermedial, intercultural, and international. Finally, the topics of acting, film adaptation of Shakespeare, and musicals are excluded from annotation here, as they have already received a fair amount of scholarly attention by other contributors to Oxford Bibliographies. These topics are listed under the Bibliographies section in this article, for readers’ reference.
Frank Capra
Authors: Chandler James
Published: September 2014

Already in 1938—before Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Meet John Doe, the Why We Fight films, and It’s a Wonderful Life —Capra was the first director to grace the cover of Time Magazine, in part because of his vaunted claims for the role of the director as auteur. He had become president, simultaneously, of the Motion Picture Academy and of the inimical Screen Directors Guild. Before the decade had ended, his films had earned three Academy Awards for Best Picture and gained him four for Best Director. It has been said that Capra dominated Hollywood in the 1930s as his hero D. W. Griffith had done in the 1910s. But Capra’s fall from prominence after 1948 was dramatic and it affected his reputation in criticism and scholarship during the emergence of film studies as a major field in the late 20th century, although he helped his cause some with his 1971 autobiography and the interviews and campus lectures that followed it. Capra himself came to believe that the coming of television helped to seal his fate, but eventually it also led to a degree of popular redemption. It’s a Wonderful Life fell into public domain in the period of the early United States cable revolution, and by the early 1980s it would be aired on so many cable stations nationally that in several major markets it would compete against itself on several channels. This film would shape an image of pre-1948 Hollywood for viewers about to be exposed to the next technological revolution—that of video and then DVD recordings—which would give them access at their discretion to a longer history of cinema. This partly explains the extraordinary vogue for Capra in the 1990s when a series of films appeared under the widely recognizable sign of “Capraesque.” Capraesque here meant chiefly the post-1934 Capra of It’s a Wonderful Life, along with the programmatic trilogy—Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, and Meet John Doe—and perhaps Lost Horizon and You Can’t Take It With You. But these developments also aroused interest in some of the nearly twenty films Capra made before 1934. Retrospectives on the Early Capra began to be staged in various venues. The DVD revolution also made it possible for wider audiences to become acquainted with these films, and students to study them. This survey, then, of Capra materials and Capra scholarship proves a timely stocktaking of Capra’s contributions to American film and American culture more broadly. It was John Cassavetes who once quipped, “Maybe there never really was an America. Maybe it was all Frank Capra.” (The bibliography was compiled with the help of Andrew Yale, who also assisted in the preparation of the commentaries for the press.)
Military History
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: September 2014

Until fairly recently, most African military history was portrayed in terms of antithetical stereotypes. Until about the mid-20th century, Western observers often described a “dark continent” of incessant conflict waged by savage warriors. The independence era brought radically different perspectives, however, as Africanist scholars, seeking to refute allegations of rampant violence, often depicted African warfare as harmlessly ritualistic. For many years, while informed reconstructions of African social, economic, environmental, and gender history appeared, the scholarly attention paid to African military history was generally sparse and superficial. To many, African military studies were deemed politically incorrect, and few Africanists could be considered (or indeed would consider themselves) military historians. From about 1965 to 1980, there was a brief surge in academic interest in military history, during which some studies still regarded as pioneering classics were written. Many of those focused on the 19th century, and especially on resistance to imperial conquest. But in certain parts of the continent, notably North Africa, African military history was written not just by Africanist scholars but by classicists who examined it within the context of the ancient Mediterranean world, and Islamic and European historians who viewed it in terms of comparative global themes: struggles for religious ascendancy, the spread of gunpowder weapons, and the Military Revolution. As burgeoning conflict beset the continent in the post-independence era, attention to military studies increased, often with the goal of effecting conflict resolution. From the 1990s, as horrific “ragged” warfare became ever more prevalent, a veritable flood of investigations appeared, most written by social scientists rather than historians. Also, to an extent far beyond other sub-fields, African military history often has been written not for an academic readership but for varied audiences. Much of this historical writing has taken the form of popular history aimed at general readers or military buffs, and other studies have been written for specialized audiences such as professional soldiers, war gamers, or students of uniformology. While academics have typically denigrated such works, some popular histories have represented important milestones in the evolution of African military historiography and have immensely impacted wider perceptions of African warfare. What many would deem the minutiae of military costume or the intricacies of combat performance sometimes hold valuable keys to understanding broader aspects of African military culture and ethos. This article strives to reflect the rich, diverse historiography of African military history by providing the reader with a wide range of studies chosen to enhance an appreciation of this vast and complex topic. It is also hoped that the bibliography will help the reader to appreciate that the study of Africa’s military heritage, far from being aberrant or irrelevant, in fact illuminates a vital, ongoing thread of the African historical experience.
Cross-Cultural Management
Authors: Thomas David C.
Published: September 2014

Cross-cultural management is the study of management in a cross-cultural context. It includes the study of the influence of societal culture on managers and management practice as well as the study of the cultural orientations of individual managers and organization members. At the individual level, individuals' values as well as their understanding of and reactions to their cultural context and experience figure prominently. Contributing disciplines include cross-cultural psychology, sociology, and anthropology as well as the broader disciplines of management and organizational behavior and the related area of international human resource management. General topic areas include the cultural context in which management must take place, the various roles of the international manager, the influence of culture on organizational structure and processes, and management across nations and cultures.
Dosimetric Correlate of Cardiac-Specific Survival Among Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Stenting After Thoracic Radiotherapy for Cancer
Authors: Sio Terence T. , Liang Jackson J. , Chang Kenneth , Jayakrishnan Ritujith , Novotny Paul J. , Prasad Abhiram , Miller Robert C.
Published: September 2014

Objectives:

To retrospectively evaluate outcomes among cancer survivors previously treated with thoracic radiotherapy (RT) who later underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods:

From 1998 to 2012, 76 patients first received curative RT (>30 Gy, except for Hodgkin lymphoma patients) involving the heart and lungs followed by PCI. Heart and lung–specific dosimetric parameters were correlated with overall survival (OS) and cardiac-specific survival by Cox variate methods.

Results:

The mean interval between cancer diagnosis and PCI was 3.7 years (range, 0.1 to 12.6 y). Median follow-up since cancer diagnosis was 5.5 years. At analysis, 46 patients (61%) were alive, 5 (7%) died of cardiac causes, and 9 (12%) of cancer. Higher maximum RT heart dose was related to poorer OS since PCI (P=0.009). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (P=0.005) and higher mean heart dose (P<0.001) were related to poorer OS since cancer diagnosis. β-Blockers, higher mean heart dose (hazard ratio [HR]=1.49, P<0.001), and percentage of targeted volume or organ receiving ≥40 Gy for heart doses (HR=1.32, P<0.001) were associated with poorer non–cancer-specific survival since cancer diagnosis. Diabetes (HR=3.84, P=0.008) and increased percentage of targeted volume or organ receiving ≥45 Gy (HR=1.01 per additional 100 cm3 irradiated, P=0.01) for the heart decreased major adverse cardiac event–free survival.

Conclusions:

Prior heart and lung–directed RT had volume-dependent and dose-dependent adverse effects on long-term cardiac outcomes for patients subsequently treated with PCI. RT planning that minimizes heart and lung irradiation doses should be encouraged.
A functional difference in information processing between orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum during decision-making behaviour
Authors: Stott Jeffrey J. , Redish A. David
Published: September 2014

Both orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral striatum (vStr) have been identified as key structures that represent information about value in decision-making tasks. However, the dynamics of how this information is processed are not yet understood. We recorded ensembles of cells from OFC and vStr in rats engaged in the
spatial adjusting delay-discounting task
, a decision-making task that involves a trade-off between delay to and magnitude of reward. Ventral striatal neural activity signalled information about reward before the rat's decision, whereas such reward-related signals were absent in OFC until after the animal had committed to its decision. These data support models in which vStr is directly involved in action selection, but OFC processes decision-related information afterwards that can be used to compare the predicted and actual consequences of behaviour.
The influence of recent decisions on future goal selection
Authors: Genovesio Aldo , Ferraina Stefano
Published: September 2014

Recent decisions about actions and goals can have effects on future choices. Several studies have shown an effect of the previous trial history on neural activity in a subsequent trial. Often, but not always, these effects originate from task requirements that make it necessary to maintain access to previous trial information to make future decisions. Maintaining the information about recent decisions and their outcomes can play an important role in both adapting to new contingencies and learning. Previous goal decisions must be distinguished from goals that are currently being planned to avoid perseveration or more general errors. Output monitoring is probably based on this separation of accomplished past goals from pending future goals that are being pursued. Behaviourally, it has been shown that the history context can influence the location, error rate and latency of successive responses. We will review the neurophysiological studies in the literature, including data from our laboratory, which support a role for the frontal lobe in tracking previous goal selections and outputs when new goals need to be accomplished.
Principles of goal-directed spatial robot navigation in biomimetic models
Authors: Milford Michael , Schulz Ruth
Published: September 2014

Mobile robots and animals alike must effectively navigate their environments in order to achieve their goals. For animals goal-directed navigation facilitates finding food, seeking shelter or migration; similarly robots perform goal-directed navigation to find a charging station, get out of the rain or guide a person to a destination. This similarity in tasks extends to the environment as well; increasingly, mobile robots are operating in the same underwater, ground and aerial environments that animals do. Yet despite these similarities, goal-directed navigation research in robotics and biology has proceeded largely in parallel, linked only by a small amount of interdisciplinary research spanning both areas. Most state-of-the-art robotic navigation systems employ a range of sensors, world representations and navigation algorithms that seem far removed from what we know of how animals navigate; their navigation systems are shaped by key principles of navigation in ‘real-world’ environments including dealing with uncertainty in sensing, landmark observation and world modelling. By contrast, biomimetic animal navigation models produce plausible animal navigation behaviour in a range of laboratory experimental navigation paradigms, typically without addressing many of these robotic navigation principles. In this paper, we attempt to link robotics and biology by reviewing the current state of the art in conventional and biomimetic goal-directed navigation models, focusing on the key principles of goal-oriented robotic navigation and the extent to which these principles have been adapted by biomimetic navigation models and why.
The future of future-oriented cognition in non-humans: theory and the empirical case of the great apes
Authors: Osvath Mathias , Martin-Ordas Gema
Published: September 2014

One of the most contested areas in the field of animal cognition is non-human future-oriented cognition. We critically examine key underlying assumptions in the debate, which is mainly preoccupied with certain dichotomous positions, the most prevalent being whether or not ‘real’ future orientation is uniquely human. We argue that future orientation is a theoretical construct threatening to lead research astray. Cognitive operations occur in the present moment and can be influenced only by prior causation and the environment, at the same time that most appear directed towards future outcomes. Regarding the current debate, future orientation becomes a question of where on various continua cognition becomes ‘truly’ future-oriented. We question both the assumption that episodic cognition is the most important process in future-oriented cognition and the assumption that future-oriented cognition is uniquely human. We review the studies on future-oriented cognition in the great apes to find little doubt that our closest relatives possess such ability. We conclude by urging that future-oriented cognition not be viewed as expression of some select set of skills. Instead, research into future-oriented cognition should be approached more like research into social and physical cognition.