bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letter: time to consider Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in treatment of autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Strathmore Alexander , Yu Catherine , Hannah Nicholas , Sood Siddharth
Published: April 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Tellez et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16926.
Provenance studies of basaltic tools from the Polish Lowlands in the light of geochemical and mineralogical studies
Authors: Bartz Wojciech , Chachlikowski Piotr , Kukuła Anna , Matusiak‐Małek Magdalena , Mazurek Hubert
Published: April 2023

Basaltic artefacts related to early agrarian cultures (Neolithic and Early Bronze Age) inhabiting the Kujawy region of the Polish Lowlands (Central Poland) were studied. The main goal of this study was to assess the provenance of the basaltic raw material and the documentation of manifestations of the activity of inhabitants of the Lowlands. The mineral and chemical compositions of the artefacts were directly compared with those of basaltoids considered as a potential raw material. The basic discrimination feature that allowed an unambiguous correlation of the artefacts with their source region was copper and silica mineralization present exclusively in the basaltoids from Volyn (western Ukraine). Moreover, it excludes the provenance of the basaltic raw material from Lower Silesia (south‐west Poland) and Scania (southern Sweden). Usage of the basaltic raw material from Volyn was most probably based on cultural and processual presumptions, such as migrations of a population(s) from the Upland regions and/or manifestations of relatively permanent participation of the local population in interregional contacts and long‐term, long‐distance exchange of items.
Using causal models to bridge the divide between big data and educational theory
Authors: Kitto Kirsty , Hicks Ben , Buckingham Shum Simon
Published: April 2023

An extraordinary amount of data is becoming available in educational settings, collected from a wide range of Educational Technology tools and services. This creates opportunities for using methods from Artificial Intelligence and Learning Analytics (LA) to improve learning and the environments in which it occurs. And yet, analytics results produced using these methods often fail to link to theoretical concepts from the learning sciences, making them difficult for educators to trust, interpret and act upon. At the same time, many of our educational theories are difficult to formalise into testable models that link to educational data. New methodologies are required to formalise the bridge between big data and educational theory. This paper demonstrates how causal modelling can help to close this gap. It introduces the apparatus of causal modelling, and shows how it can be applied to well‐known problems in LA to yield new insights. We conclude with a consideration of what causal modelling adds to the theory‐versus‐data debate in education, and extend an invitation to other investigators to join this exciting programme of research.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

‘Correlation does not equal causation’ is a familiar claim in many fields of research but increasingly we see the need for a causal understanding of our educational systems.

Big data bring many opportunities for analysis in education, but also a risk that results will fail to replicate in new contexts.

Causal inference is a well‐developed approach for extracting causal relationships from data, but is yet to become widely used in the learning sciences.

What this paper adds

An overview of causal modelling to support educational data scientists interested in adopting this promising approach.

A demonstration of how constructing causal models forces us to more explicitly specify the claims of educational theories.

An understanding of how we can link educational datasets to theoretical constructs represented as causal models so formulating empirical tests of the educational theories that they represent.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Causal models can help us to explicitly specify educational theories in a testable format.

It is sometimes possible to make causal inferences from educational data if we understand our system well enough to construct a sufficiently explicit theoretical model.

Learning Analysts should work to specify more causal models and test their predictions, as this would advance our theoretical understanding of many educational systems.
From gating to computational flow cytometry: Exploiting artificial intelligence for MRD diagnostics
Authors: Riva Giovanni , Luppi Mario , Tagliafico Enrico
Published: April 2023

The era of AI‐based methods to improve flow cytometry diagnostics in haematology is now at the beginning. The study by Nguyen and colleagues explored an emerging machine learning approach to assess phenotypic MRD in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients, showing that such AI‐driven computational analysis may represent a robust and feasible tool for advanced diagnostics of haematological malignancies.

Commentary on: Nguyen et al. Computational flow cytometry provides accurate assessment of measurable residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2023;202:760–770.
Collaboration to improve cross‐race face identification: Wisdom of the multi‐racial crowd?
Authors: Cavazos Jacqueline G. , Jeckeln Géraldine , O'Toole Alice J.
Published: April 2023

Face identification is particularly prone to error when individuals identify people of a race other than their own – a phenomenon known as the other‐race effect (ORE). Here, we show that collaborative “wisdom‐of‐crowds” decision‐making substantially improves face identification accuracy for own‐ and other‐race faces over individuals working alone. In two online experiments, East Asian and White individuals recognized own‐ and other‐race faces as individuals and as part of a collaborative dyad. Collaboration never proved more beneficial in a social setting than when individual identification decisions were combined computationally. The reliable benefit of non‐social collaboration may stem from its ability to avoid the potential negative outcomes of group diversity such as conflict. Consistent with this benefit, the racial diversity of collaborators did not influence either general or race‐specific face identification accuracy. Our findings suggest that collaboration between two individuals is a promising strategy for improving cross‐race face identification that may translate effectively into forensic and eyewitness settings.
Effect of posterior implant restorations on adjacent teeth and tissues: A case–control study
Authors: Tagger‐Green Nirit , Fridenberg Naama , Segal Shani , Levartovsky Shifra , Laviv Amir
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Dental implants are an artificial substitute for extracted or missing teeth in the oral cavity and are valuable for improving dental health and quality of life. While many studies on implants can be found, few studies examine their effects on adjacent teeth and tissues. The study aimed to examine complications of teeth adjacent to dental implants in the posterior region.

Methods

In this retrospective case–control study, clinical data of patients treated with implants in the posterior segment were extracted from the medical records in a single community dental clinic between January 9, 2010 and January 9, 2020. The patients were examined clinically and radiographically every 6 months. Data on the adjacent teeth to the dental implants were collected and divided into two groups, complications (“study group”) versus no‐complications (“control group”). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to find a possible correlation between the complications and the variables checked, followed by checking specific variables in the complication group.

Results

A total of 1072 patients were included in the study. There were 179 patients (16.7%) with complications in adjacent teeth, while 893 patients had no documented complications. Predisposing factors for secondary caries were smoking (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.3–3.8) and a higher number of implants (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.1–2.5). Tooth crack and tooth fracture were analyzed together and found to be related to osteoporosis (OR = 8.9, CI = 2.9–27.6), whereas males were more prone to teeth fracture (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.1–7.4). Tooth mobility was related to a higher number of implants (OR = 16.5, CI = 3.7–73.8). Further analyzing the complication group solely, there was a statistical significance for age in primary caries and tooth mobility (p = 0.045). In addition, a higher number of implants was more prevalent with tooth mobility (p = 0.002), wider implant platform was more significant with primary caries (p = 0.012), and periodontal Stage III was more prone to tooth mobility (p < 0.001). The distance between the implant and adjacent tooth was also statistically significant—close proximity with tooth mobility and high distance with dental caries (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

We found a relatively high rate of complications in teeth adjacent to dental implants. Secondary caries was the most common complication. Good understanding and proper position of the implants is essential to avoid adjacent teeth complications.
Efficacy of the application of leukocyte and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) on alveolar ridge preservation. A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Abad Carolina Encalada , Sanz‐Sanchez Ignacio , Serrano Victor , Sanz Esporrin Javier , Sanz‐Martin Ignacio , Sanz Mariano
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is a well‐defined treatment performed to reduce bone dimensional changes occurring during the healing of post‐extraction sockets to allow for adequate implant placement. Leukocyte and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) has been showing to potentially promote bone and tissue regeneration during wound healing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate its efficacy for ARP when applied to fresh extraction sockets, in comparison with spontaneous healing.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐seven patients with hopeless non‐molar teeth were treated. After randomization, fresh extraction sockets were either filled with L‐PRF or allowed to heal spontaneously. CBCTs and intraoral scans were obtained immediately after extraction and at 4 months. Through superimposition of the obtained images, changes in the horizontal ridge width, height, buccal volume, and ridge contour changes were measured, as well as patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM's).

Results

The ridge dimensions changed similarly in both groups. Although less reduction occurred in the test group at 1 mm from the bone crest, differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Application of L‐PRF did not prevent reductions of ridge contours, neither in the linear vertical aspect nor in volumetric changes. There were no differences between groups in the need for bone regeneration when placing implants. Patients in both groups reported similar outcomes in terms of bleeding, pain, inflammation, and function at 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively.

Conclusion

Alveolar preservation with L‐PRF neither minimized bone resorption occurring after tooth extraction in non‐molar sites nor reduced the need for bone regeneration when placing implants. Furthermore, its use did not improve PROM's.
AdipoAI suppresses osteoclastogenesis by activating AdipoR1/APPL1: An in vivo experimental study in diabetes‐associated peri‐implantitis
Authors: Qiu Wei , Chen Zehao , Wang Zhaodan , Chen Yuanting , Luan Kaiqi , Zhang Kaiying , Yu Hongwen , Tu Qisheng , Chen Jake , Wu Hongle , Fang Fuchun
Published: April 2023

Aim

Diabetics experience severe peri‐implant inflammatory bone damage. We aimed to provide powerful evidence supporting the novel adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoAI in treating diabetes‐associated peri‐implantitis.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four ZDF‐Leprfa/Crl rats were randomly allocated to three groups (N = 8). After feeding with a high‐fat diet to establish diabetic rats, experimental peri‐implantitis was induced by implanting titanium rods (1.5 mm diameter and 20 mm length) contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus into the femurs. Radiographic evaluation, microCT, histological analyses and qRT–PCR were used to detect inflammatory infiltration and bone destruction. In vitro, the inhibition by AdipoAI of osteoclastogenesis, including the number and function of osteoclasts, was investigated by TRAP staining, immunofluorescence, qRT–PCR and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence, qRT–PCR and Western blotting were also utilized to explore AdipoR1, APPL1, NF‐κB and Wnt5a‐Ror2 signalling molecules in this process. One‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare the data.

Results

AdipoAI reduced inflammation and bone destruction caused by peri‐implantitis in diabetic rats, which were manifested by a reduction in F4/80‐positive macrophage infiltration by 72%, the number of osteoclasts by 58% and the levels of cytokines (p < .05) in disease group. In vitro, 1 μM AdipoAI decreased the number of osteoclasts to 51%, inhibited F‐actin ring formation and reduced the levels of related markers (p < .05). Mechanistically, AdipoAI activated AdipoR1/APPL1 and conversely suppressed the phosphorylation of IκB‐α, nuclear translocation of P65 and the Wnt5a‐Ror2 signalling pathway (p < .05).

Conclusions

AdipoAI suppressed osteoclastogenesis in diabetes‐associated peri‐implantitis by inhibiting the NF‐κB and Wnt5a‐Ror2 pathways via the AdipoR1/APPL1 axis.
Trends in NLRP3 inflammasome research in ischemic stroke from 2011 to 2022: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Zhu Hua , Zhang Yonggang , Feng Shi , Li Yina , Ye Yingze , Jian Zhihong , Xiong Xiaoxing , Gu Lijuan
Published: April 2023

Background

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability and death globally. The nucleotide‐biding oligomaerization domain (NOD)‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multi‐protein complex that plays a role in ischemic stroke. Recently, research on the role of NLRP3 in ischemic stroke has developed rapidly worldwide. However, there is no bibliometric analysis of NLRP3 in ischemic stroke to date.

Aim

Through bibliometric analysis, the aim of this study was to assess the current state of research on NLRP3 in the field of ischemic stroke research worldwide over the past 12 years and to identify important results, major research areas, and emerging trends.

Methods

Publications related to NLRP3 in ischemic stroke from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2022 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). We used HistCite, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Bibliometrix for bibliometric analysis and visualization. The Total Global Citation Score (TGCS) was employed to assess the impact of publications.

Results

We found that research of NLRP3 in ischemic stroke developed rapidly starting in 2011. 601 relevant studies have been published in 245 journals over the past 12 years. Journal of Neuroinflammation and International Immunopharmacology were the most productive journals and Journal of Neuroinflammation was the most cited journal. Additionally, Stroke and Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism were the most co‐cited journal. The most productive country was China (records = 430) and the most productive university was the Zhejiang University (records = 24). Arumugam TV (TGCS = 949) was the most cited author in this field. NLRP3 inflammasome activation, nf–κb, oxidative stress, and inflammation were the knowledge bases for the research in this field.

Conclusion

This study is a scientometric study utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods to comprehensively review the publications on NLRP3 in ischemic stroke. This information provides a reference for scholars to further study NLRP3 in ischemic stroke.
Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) can directly transmit the fungal pathogens responsible for Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death
Authors: Roy Kylle , Jaenecke Kelly A. , Dunkle Ellen J. , Mikros Dan , Peck Robert W.
Published: April 2023

The ecologically and culturally vital tree species, ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), is threatened by the fungal pathogens Ceratocystis lukuohia and Ceratocystis huliohia, the causal agents of the disease complex called Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death (ROD). Four invasive ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species in the Xyleborini tribe colonize ROD Ceratocystis‐infested ‘ōhiʻa and produce inoculum through their frass; however, the potential for direct transmission of the ROD fungi by these beetles was unknown. We fulfilled Leach's rules to support insect transmission of ROD by documenting the visitation of these ambrosia beetles to healthy ‘ōhiʻa trees, culturing C. lukuohia and C. huliohia from the ROD‐associated beetles using three different collection methods at multiple study sites, and challenging healthy ʻōhiʻa seedlings with beetles that were exposed to both C. lukuohia and C. huliohia cultures. We documented all four invasive ROD‐associated ambrosia beetle species including Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, and Xyleborus perforans to regularly visit healthy ʻōhiʻa trees on sticky traps. Viable Ceratocystis propagules were isolated from all species, and C. lukuohia was most commonly isolated of the two ROD‐causing fungi. Consistently across all collection techniques, ROD Ceratocystis spp. were detected on just under 3% of all assayed beetles, with the highest detection rate from X. affinis. All four beetle species were capable of directly transmitting both pathogens to healthy ʻōhiʻa seedlings with a high rate of transfer. Ceratocystis spp. are highly virulent pathogens in trees, and a single inoculation can result in tree death, therefore any direct transmission is a cause for concern. After meeting the criteria of Leach's rules, we propose that Xi. saxesenii, X. affinis, X. ferrugineus, and X. perforans are vectors of C. lukuohia and C. huliohia, particularly in areas of high ROD pressure and tree stress.
Effect of heat treatment and defects on the tensile behavior of a hot work tool steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Zanni Mattia , Berto Filippo , Vullum Per Erik , Tonelli Lavinia , Morri Alessandro , Ceschini Lorella
Published: April 2023

Microstructure and tensile properties of a hot work tool steel manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) were investigated. Specimens were built under two different orientations and subjected to two quenching and tempering heat treatments, featuring different austenitizing and tempering temperatures and the eventual presence of a sub‐zero step. Microstructural analyses revealed a homogeneous tempered martensite structure after both heat treatments, with the only distinction of a higher alloying segregation at a sub micrometric scale length in samples subjected to the highest tempering temperatures. Hardness and tensile tests indicated a negligible effect of building orientation on mechanical properties, but a significant influence of heat treatment parameters. The treatment featuring the lower tempering temperatures and the sub‐zero step resulted in higher hardness, tensile strength, and elongation, attributed to a lower martensite tempering and alloying segregation. Tensile fracture occurred via crack initiation and unstable propagation from large LPBF defects in all the investigated conditions.
The energy–water limitation threshold explains divergent drought responses in tree growth, needle length, and stable isotope ratios
Authors: Dudney Joan , Latimer Andrew M. , van Mantgem Phillip , Zald Harold , Willing Claire E. , Nesmith Jonathan C. B. , Cribbs Jennifer , Milano Elizabeth
Published: April 2023

Predicted increases in extreme droughts will likely cause major shifts in carbon sequestration and forest composition. Although growth declines during drought are widely documented, an increasing number of studies have reported both positive and negative responses to the same drought. These divergent growth patterns may reflect thresholds (i.e., nonlinear responses) promoted by changes in the dominant climatic constraints on tree growth. Here we tested whether stemwood growth exhibited linear or nonlinear responses to temperature and precipitation and whether stemwood growth thresholds co‐occurred with multiple thresholds in source and sink processes that limit tree growth. We extracted 772 tree cores, 1398 needle length records, and 1075 stable isotope samples from 27 sites across whitebark pine's (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) climatic niche in the Sierra Nevada. Our results indicated that a temperature threshold in stemwood growth occurred at 8.4°C (7.12–9.51°C; estimated using fall‐spring maximum temperature). This threshold was significantly correlated with thresholds in foliar growth, as well as carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios, that emerged during drought. These co‐occurring thresholds reflected the transition between energy‐ and water‐limited tree growth (i.e., the E–W limitation threshold). This transition likely mediated carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as important differences in growth‐defense trade‐offs and drought adaptations. Furthermore, whitebark pine growing in energy‐limited regions may continue to experience elevated growth in response to climate change. The positive effect of warming, however, may be offset by growth declines in water‐limited regions, threatening the long‐term sustainability of the recently listed whitebark pine species in the Sierra Nevada.
Social work in space: Expanding policy and practice into the cosmos
Authors: Yingling Marissa E.
Published: April 2023

As private interests expand in space, what is the significance, if any, to social work? To answer this question, I present several implications of contemporary human activities in space and assess their relevance to environmental and ecological justice. Specifically, I evaluate the connection between the profession and the commercialization and exploitation of space resources, human‐generated cosmic “trash,” and terrestrial challenges. I conclude that social work must “look to the stars” and help humanity navigate competing interests in a delicate space future. Nearly a quarter century ago, ecological consequences of human activity prompted social work to incorporate the natural environment into practice. In preparation for the realization of modern extraterrestrial objectives, I propose that social work expand its conceptualization of the natural environment from ecosphere to cosmos. In this uncharted context, I propose future directions and offer questions to which leaders, scholars, and practitioners might begin seeking answers.
Identifying the real‐world challenges of dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary health network
Authors: Elford Alexander T. , Hirsch Ryan , McKay Owen M. , Browne Mitchell , Moore Gregory T. , Bell Sally , Swan Michael
Published: April 2023

Background

Dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often suboptimal and deviates from guidelines.

Aims

To assess dysplasia surveillance behaviours and adherence to guidelines amongst a large tertiary teaching health network with a specialised IBD unit to identify areas where dysplasia surveillance could be improved.

Methods

A retrospective audit of IBD surveillance colonoscopy practice over an 18‐month period was performed using the Provation Endoscopy Database and the hospital's primary sclerosing cholangitis database.

Results

The audit identified 115 dysplasia surveillance colonoscopies. A total of 37% of index dysplasia colonoscopies were outside recommended guidelines. A total of 10% had inadequate bowel preparation and only 40% had excellent bowel preparation. A total of 28% of patients underwent dye‐based chromoendoscopy and 69% underwent high‐definition white‐light endoscopy. Dye chromoendoscopy was more likely to be used by IBD specialists than interventional endoscopists (P = 0.008) and other endoscopists (P = 0.004). Only IBD specialists and interventional endoscopists used dye chromoendoscopy. Dysplasia or colorectal cancer was detected in 3.4% of the colonoscopies. Overall, the several dysplasia examinations were lower than expected.

Conclusions

Dysplasia surveillance in the IBD population remains an area of improvement given the current national guidelines. IBD specialists are more likely to perform dye chromoendoscopy than other endoscopists/gastroenterologists. Dysplasia rates in this real‐world contemporary setting are less than expected in historical studies and may represent improvements in IBD management principles and medications.
Rapid assessment of case recruitment tools to inform integrated surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in Eastern Mediterranean countries
Authors: Mathieu Erin , Alam Noore , El Naja Hala Abou , Khan Wasiq
Published: April 2023

Influenza‐like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) case recruitment tools from 10 countries were reviewed. The contents of the existing tools were compared against World Health Organization's current guidelines, and we also assessed the content validity (accuracy, completeness and consistency). Five of the ILI tools and two of the SARI tools were rated as having high accuracy against WHO case definitions. ILI completeness ranged from 25% to 86% and SARI from 52% to 96%. Average internal consistency scores were 86% for ILI and 94% for SARI. Limitations in the content validity of influenza case recruitment tools may compromise recruitment of eligible cases and result in varying detection rates across countries.
A multi‐method quasi‐experimental study to assess compassion satisfaction/fatigue in nurses, midwives and allied health professionals receiving a narrative medicine intervention
Authors: Dobrina Raffaella , Bicego Livia , Giangreco Manuela , Cassone Andrea , Schreiber Silvana , Buchini Sara , Piazza Maria , Muzzatti Barbara , Rigoni Patrizia
Published: April 2023

Aims

To: (1) measure the impact of a narrative medicine intervention on compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction of nurses, midwives and allied health professionals; (2) explore participants' working experiences and (3) their impressions of the intervention.

Design

Multi‐methods, quasi‐experimental before‐after intervention design.

Methods

The intervention consisted of 20 narrative medicine sessions (60 h). Healthcare providers (N = 48) from a mother‐and‐child hospital in Italy completed the ‘Professional quality of life’ questionnaire before and after the intervention (January 2020–April 2021). Baseline scores served as internal controls. Open‐ended questions explored participants' touching experiences at work and their evaluation of the intervention. A thematic content analysis was performed. Reporting followed the TREND and SRQR guidelines.

Results

The differences before‐after intervention in compassion satisfaction or fatigue scores were not statistically significant. Three themes emerged from participants' touching experiences: “Witnessing death and sufferance”; “Witnessing violence” and “Organizational stressors during COVID‐19”. A statistically significantly higher median score for post‐intervention compassion satisfaction was found among participants who reported at least one touching experience compared to those who had no touching experience. Four themes emerged from the reported strengths of the program: “Learning to exteriorize feelings”; “Team building”; “Useful to rework personal/professional journey” and “Develops professional empowerment”. Two themes emerged from reported weaknesses: “Programme organization” and “Participants' difficulties in sharing experiences”.

Conclusion

A time‐limited narrative medicine intervention is not sufficient to produce significant changes in satisfaction or compassion fatigue, especially if implemented during a pandemic. However, such an intervention holds promise for supporting nurses and midwives' professional empowerment and promoting continuity of compassionate care.

Impact

For those at risk of compassion fatigue, policymakers need to invest in training in narrative medicine, which promotes team building, and employee well‐being and thus favours compassionate care. Such programmes should be offered to undergraduate students to nurture compassion and attention to self.

Patient or Public Contribution

Does not apply as the study only includes health care providers.
How accurate are rebuttable presumptions of pretrial dangerousness? A natural experiment from New Mexico
Authors: Moore Cristopher , Ferguson Elise , Guerin Paul
Published: April 2023

In New Mexico and many other jurisdictions, judges may detain defendants pretrial if the prosecutor proves, through clear and convincing evidence, that releasing them would pose a danger to the public. However, some policymakers argue that certain classes of defendants should have a “rebuttable presumption” of dangerousness, shifting the burden of proof to the defense. Using data on over 15,000 felony defendants who were released pretrial in a 4‐year period in New Mexico, we measure how many of them would have been detained by various presumptions, and what fraction of these defendants in fact posed a danger in the sense that they were charged with a new crime during pretrial supervision. We consider presumptions based on the current charge, past convictions, past failures to appear, past violations of conditions of release, and combinations of these drawn from recent legislative proposals. We find that for all these criteria, at most 8% of the defendants they identify are charged pretrial with a new violent crime (felony or misdemeanor), and at most 5% are charged with a new violent felony. The false‐positive rate, that is, the fraction of defendants these policies would detain who are not charged with any new crime pretrial, ranges from 71% to 90%. The broadest legislative proposals, such as detaining all defendants charged with a violent felony, are little more accurate than detaining a random sample of defendants released under the current system, and would jail 20 or more people to prevent a single violent felony. We also consider detention recommendations based on risk scores from the Arnold Public Safety Assessment (PSA). Among released defendants with the highest risk score and the “violence flag,” 7% are charged with a new violent felony and 71% are false positives. We conclude that these criteria for rebuttable presumptions do not accurately target dangerous defendants: they cast wide nets and recommend detention for many pretrial defendants who do not pose a danger to the public.
Digital highways and firm turnover
Authors: Cambini Carlo , Sabatino Lorien
Published: April 2023

We study the impact of ultra‐broadband (UBB) internet connections on firm entry and exit dynamics. These connections are based on optical fiber cables that link telecommunication operators to final users, allowing a significantly higher performance compared with traditional copper‐line networks. We leverage on a unique comprehensive dataset collecting municipality‐level information on broadband diffusion and firm turnover in Italy for the period of 2012–2019. Our empirical strategy exploits the staggered roll‐out of UBB, starting from 2015. Our identification strategy is based on an instrumental variable approach that exploits plausibly exogenous variation in the physical and geographical peculiarities of the telecommunication infrastructure. Results suggest that UBB increases firm exit, particularly for small firms. On the contrary, firm entry rises only in digital intensive sectors and in the most developed geographical areas. Our findings have important implications for the ongoing debate around the massive investments in high‐speed digital infrastructures, as they argue against the conventional idea that business activities equally benefit from last‐generation broadband technologies.
Initiation of oral anticoagulation in US older adults newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation during hospitalization
Authors: Troy Aaron L. , Herzig Shoshana J. , Trivedi Shrunjal , Anderson Timothy S.
Published: April 2023

Background

Atrial fibrillation is a common cause of stroke among older adults and is often first detected during hospitalization, given frequent use of cardiac telemetry.

Methods

In a 20% national sample of Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries, we identified patients aged 65‐or‐older newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation while hospitalized in 2016. Our primary outcome was an oral anticoagulant claim within 7‐days of discharge. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed relationships between anticoagulation initiation and thromboembolic and bleeding risk scores while controlling for demographics, frailty, comorbidities, and hospitalization characteristics.

Results

Among 38,379 older adults newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation while hospitalized (mean age 78.2 [SD 8.4]; 51.8% female; 83.3% white), 36,633 (95.4%) had an indication for anticoagulation and 24.6% (9011) of those initiated an oral anticoagulant following discharge. Higher CHA2DS2‐VASc score was associated with a small increase in oral anticoagulant initiation (predicted probability 20.5% [95% CI, 18.7%–22.3%] for scores <2 and 24.9% [CI, 24.4%–25.4%] for ≥4). Elevated HAS‐BLED score was associated with a small decrease in probability of anticoagulant initiation (25.4% [CI, 24.4%–26.4%] for score <2 and 23.1% [CI, 22.5%–23.8%] for ≥3). Frailty was associated with decreased likelihood of oral anticoagulant initiation (24.7% [CI, 23.2%–26.2%] for non‐frail and 18.1% [CI, 16.6%–19.6%] for moderately‐severely frail). Anticoagulant initiation varied by primary reason for hospitalization, with predicted probability highest among patients with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (46.1% [CI, 45.0%–47.3%]) and lowest among those with non‐cardiovascular conditions (13.8% [CI, 13.3%–14.3%]) and bleeds (3.6% [CI, 2.4%–4.8%]).

Conclusions

Oral anticoagulant initiation is uncommon among older adults newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation during hospitalization, even among patients hospitalized primarily for atrial fibrillation and patients with high thromboembolic risk. Clinicians should discuss risks and benefits of oral anticoagulants with all inpatients found to have atrial fibrillation.
Impact of urbanization on construction material consumption: A global analysis
Authors: Schiller Georg , Roscher Julia
Published: April 2023

Urbanization is considered a main driver of building material consumption. Nevertheless, statements on links between urbanization and resource consumption remain qualitative. This study aims to globally quantify the links between urbanization and non‐metallic mineral resource consumption at the level of nations. Based on hypotheses, we have investigated the relationship between construction material consumption and urbanization and further impact variables. Data were examined using descriptive and analytical statistical methods, by developing step‐by‐step regression models and representing them in a path diagram. The results show that urbanization alone does not adequately explain consumption of construction materials. Prosperity has a strong impact, too, but also does not have sufficient explanatory power in itself. Only the combination of both variables reveals their complex interrelationships. In principle, more prosperous societies consume more construction materials than less prosperous ones, regardless of the degree of urbanization. With low prosperity, however, material consumption per capita rises with increasing urbanization; with high prosperity, the effect is reversed. Developed societies are the problem today. However, with increasing urbanization and prosperity, dynamically growing societies will dramatically exacerbate the carrying capacity problem in the future. Then again, this is by no means inevitable. Rather, the key is to move from linear to consistently circular models of urbanization. These models must be comprehensive and spatially specified in order to develop sufficient clout in terms of effective resource protection through “circular urbanization.”
Male‐induced early puberty correlates with the maturation of arcuate nucleus kisspeptin neurons in does
Authors: Meunier Maxime A. , Porte Chantal , Poissenot Kévin , Vacher Hélène , Brachet Morgane , Chamero Pablo , Beltramo Massimiliano , Abecia José A. , Delgadillo José A. , Chemineau Philippe , Keller Matthieu
Published: April 2023

In goats, early exposure of spring‐born females to sexually active bucks induces an early puberty onset assessed by the first ovulation. This effect is found when females are continuously exposed well before the male breeding season starting in September. The first aim of this study was to evaluate whether a shortened exposure of females to males could also lead to early puberty. We assessed the onset of puberty in Alpine does isolated from bucks (ISOL), exposed to wethers (CAS), exposed to intact bucks from the end of June (INT1), or mid‐August (INT2). Intact bucks became sexually active in mid‐September. At the beginning of October, 100% of INT1 and 90% of INT2 exposed does ovulated, in contrast to the ISOL (0%) and CAS (20%) groups. This demonstrated that contact with males that become sexually active is the main factor prompting precocious puberty in females. Furthermore, a reduced male exposure during a short window before the breeding season is sufficient to induce this phenomenon. The second aim was to investigate the neuroendocrine changes induced by male exposure. We found a significant increase in kisspeptin immunoreactivity (fiber density and number of cell bodies) in the caudal part of the arcuate nucleus of INT1 and INT2 exposed females. Thus, our results suggest that sensory stimuli from sexually active bucks (e.g., chemosignals) may trigger an early maturation of the ARC kisspeptin neuronal network leading to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone secretion and first ovulation.
Solo self‐employment––Key policy challenges
Authors: Cieślik Jerzy , van Stel André
Published: April 2023

This study reviews key policy challenges relating to solo self‐employed workers––the segment with increasing shares in the workforce in most developed countries in recent decades. We document that this segment attracts the attention of policymakers within four policy domains: addressing decent work deficits, entrepreneurship and small business policies, activating marginalized groups through self‐employment, and improving the well‐being of the solo self‐employed. We offer an integrative framework enabling the analysis of synergies and contradictions of the various policy initiatives targeting the solo self‐employed. The study argues that workers who persistently employ only themselves should be understood as a (third) segment of the labor market qualitatively distinct from the traditionally defined categories of “employee” or “employer.” A policy‐oriented segmentation of the contemporary workforce using this “blurred trinary divide” is proposed with size estimates of its key segments and subsegments. Finally, the study discusses the prospects of the solo self‐employed in the emerging post‐pandemic economy and offers recommendations regarding future research and data collection.
Role of the systemic immune‐inflammation index in threatened abortion patients and predicting of abortion
Authors: Soysal Cenk , Sarı Hatice , Işıkalan Mehmet Murat , Özkaya Eren Berkay , Ulaş Özlem , Taşçı Yasemin , Keskin Nadi
Published: April 2023

Purpose

Our study aimed to compare the systemic immune inflammation index (SII), one of the hematological inflammation parameters, between pregnant women diagnosed with threatened abortion (TA) and healthy pregnant women, and to evaluate the prediction of abortion in pregnant women with TA.

Methods

This retrospective study compared 150 patients with TA group and 150 age‐ and gestational week‐matched healthy pregnant women (control group). Complete blood count parameters were assessed. SII, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), plateletcrit (PCT), platelet distribution width and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) values were calculated. The SII value was calculated as follows: platelet count × (neutrophil/lymphocyte).

Results

SII, NLR, MLR, WBC, RDW, and PCT values were significantly higher in the TA group compared to the control group (923 ± 683 vs. 579 ± 364 [p < 0.001], 3.3 ± 2.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.1 [p < 0.001], 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2 [p < 0.001], 9.84 ± 2.87 vs. 8.6 ± 1.6 [p < 0.001], 13.9 ± 1.9 vs. 14.4 ± 2.3 [p = 0.032] and 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.0 [p < 0.001], respectively). Using receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to predict abortion in AI patients, the highest area under the curve was found for SII (0.727 for SII and 0.666 for NLR).

Conclusion

SII, NLR, MLR, RDW, and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels were significantly increased in patients with TA. This study supports the idea that several inflammatory pathways may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. SII may be a much better marker than NLR and PLR for predicting the inflammatory status of the disease and abortion in an ongoing pregnancy.
Clinical utility of fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility in cats and dogs with histoplasmosis
Authors: Hanzlicek Andrew S. , KuKanich Kate S. , Cook Audrey K. , Hodges Steven , Thomason John M. , DeSilva Rupika , Ramachandran Akhilesh , Durkin Michelle M.
Published: April 2023

Background

Culture can be used for diagnosis and antifungal susceptibility testing in animals with fungal infections. Limited information is available regarding the diagnostic performance of culture and the susceptibility patterns ofHistoplasmaspp. isolates.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Describe the clinical utility of culture and the susceptibility patterns ofHistoplasmaspp. isolates causing histoplasmosis in cats and dogs.

Animals

Seventy‐one client‐owned animals, including 33 cats and 19 dogs with proven or probable histoplasmosis.

Methods

Culture was attempted from tissue or fluid samples. Diagnostic performance of culture, cytopathology, and antigen detection were compared with final diagnosis. Susceptibility to antifungal agents was determined for a subset (11 from dogs, 9 from cats) of culture isolates.

Results

Culture had a diagnostic sensitivity of 17/33 (52%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34%‐69%) and 15/19 (79%; 95% CI, 61%‐97%) and specificity of 6/6 (100%; 95% CI, 54%‐100%) and 10/10 (100%; 95% CI, 69%‐100%) in cats and dogs, respectively. Culture was not positive in any animal in which cytopathology and antigen testing were negative. Target drug exposure (area under the concentration curve [AUC]/minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] >25) should be easily achieved for all isolates for itraconazole, voriconazole, or posaconazole. Five of 20 (25%) isolates had fluconazole MIC ≥32 μg/mL and achieving target drug exposure is unlikely.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Fungal culture did not improve diagnostic sensitivity when used with cytopathology and antigen detection. Susceptibility testing might help identify isolates for which fluconazole is less likely to be effective.
Steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma: Association of MRI findings to underlying liver disease and clinicopathological characteristics
Authors: Park Jae Hyon , Park Young Nyun , Kim Myeong‐Jin , Park Mi‐Suk , Choi Jin‐Young , Chung Yong Eun , Rhee Hyungjin
Published: April 2023

Background & Aims

Fatty change is commonly observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the characteristics of steatotic and steatohepatitic HCCs are not well understood.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients with HCCs who underwent resection between January 2014 and December 2019 to evaluate clinicopathological and magnetic resonance imaging features. Tumours were categorized as magnetic resonance imaging‐steatotic, pathology‐steatotic and steatohepatitic HCCs and were defined as HCCs with ≥50% steatosis on in‐and‐oppose phase images, ≥34% tumour cells with lipid droplets and ≥50% tumour areas with steatohepatitic features on light microscopy respectively.

Results

Of 465 HCCs, 38 (8%), 23 (5%) and 15 (3%) were diagnosed as magnetic resonance imaging‐steatotic, pathology‐steatotic and steatohepatitic HCCs respectively. These HCC variants were less likely to be associated with hepatitis B virus infections than with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non‐tumour liver steatosis and steatohepatitis. Moreover, microvascular invasion was less likely to be associated with them than either tumour size or differentiation. Type 2 diabetes and non‐tumour steatosis were independent risk factors for magnetic resonance imaging‐steatotic HCCs. Pathology‐steatotic HCCs and steatohepatitic HCCs were significantly associated with magnetic resonance imaging‐steatotic HCCs. A targetoid appearance in the transitional or hepatobiliary phase was also more prevalent in steatohepatitic‐HCCs than in non–steatohepatitic‐HCCs. When magnetic resonance imaging‐steatotic HCCs were combined with one or more ancillary features, the sensitivity and specificity were 60% and 97% respectively.

Conclusion

Underlying fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome are strongly associated with both steatotic and steatohepatitic HCCs. Clinicoradiological characteristics help identify steatohepatitic HCC with high specificity.
Partial identification for growth regimes: The case of Latin American countries
Authors: Carrillo‐Maldonado Paul
Published: April 2023

This study introduces the partial identification of the structural vector autoregressive model to estimate the effect of income distribution on output. For this purpose, this study follows the Post‐Keynesian growth models and identifies the demand regimes in Latin American countries for the period 1960–2014. The main results reveal that Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, and Panama have profit‐led regimes. In addition, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Peru, and Uruguay have wage‐led regimes. The regimes of Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico could not be determined.
3D MRI PD‐SPACE‐COR Predicting Safety Margin for Coracoid Transfer
Authors: Ren Zhongkai , Huang Xiaohong , Peng Haining , Ma Jinlong , Zhang Yingze , Yu Tengbo
Published: April 2023

Objective

The maximum bone length available for coracoid process transfer varies among individuals, while no preoperative guideline has been developed for predicting the safety margin (SM) in Latarjet shoulder reconstruction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the 3D MRI proton density (PD)‐weighted sampling perfection with application‐optimized contrasts using different flip‐angle evolution (SPACE) sequence in preoperatively predicting SM for coracoid transfer.

Methods

The post‐multiplanar reconstructed images were obtained from 24 volunteers (17 males, seven females) to determine the clarity and sensitivity of the PD‐SPACE‐COR and PD‐SPACE‐FS‐COR protocols. Furthermore, the distance from the coracoid tip to the lateral edge of the attachment of trapezoid ligament (TL) was measured. To evaluate the accuracy of 3D MRI prediction, a cadaveric cohort has been launched in 32 shoulders (nine males, seven females). The distance between the tip of coracoid process and the outmost edge of TL footprint, namely, the SM, was measured.

Results

A better sensitivity was found in PD‐SPACE‐COR in detecting coracoclavicular ligaments (CCLs), including TL and conoid ligament (CL), compared to PD‐SPACE‐FS‐COR by ranking, McNemar test (P = 0.001), and kappa coefficients (κ = 0.51, P = 0.43). The SM determined by the PD‐SPACE‐COR protocol was 24.28 ± 2.17 mm while that by cadaveric morphometry was 25.53 ± 2.84 mm. No difference was found between measurements (P = 0.78).

Conclusion

This research provides new insights for preoperatively geometrical planning coracoid transfer by 3D MRI PD‐SPACE‐COR, which motivates personalized medicine in orthopedics.