bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Antiglaucoma Procedures (Trabeculectomy vs. Ex-PRESS Glaucoma Drainage Implant) on the Corneal Biomechanical Properties
Authors: Konstantinidis Aristeidis , Panagiotopoulou Eirini-Kanella , Panos Georgios D. , Sideroudi Haris , Mehmet Aysel , Labiris Georgios
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two antiglaucoma procedures, namely trabeculectomy and Ex-PRESS mini-shunt insertion on the biomechanical properties of the cornea. This is a prospective study. Thirty patients (30 eyes) were included in the study. Nineteen eyes had an Ex-PRESS shunt inserted (Group 1) and 11 had trabeculectomy (Group 2). The examination time points for both groups were one to three weeks preoperatively and at month 1, 6, and 12 postoperatively. Corneal biomechanical properties (corneal hysteresis (CH) corneal resistance factor (CRF)) were measured with the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). In group 1, CH was significantly increased at 6 and 12 months compared to baseline values. Corneal hysteresis was also higher at 1 month postoperatively, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. In group 2, the CH was significantly increased at all time points compared to the preoperative values. CRF decreased at all time points postoperatively compared to the preoperative values in both groups. The difference (preoperative values to postoperative values at all time points) of the CH and CRF between the two groups was also compared and no significant differences were detected between the two surgical techniques. Trabeculectomy and the EX-PRESS mini-shunt insertion significantly alter the corneal biomechanical properties as a result of the surgical trauma and the presence of the shunt in the corneal periphery. When compared between them, they affect the corneal biomechanical properties in a similar way.
Life Cycle Assessment of an Oscillating Wave Surge Energy Converter
Authors: Apolonia Maria , Simas Teresa
Published: February 2021

So far, very few studies have focused on the quantification of the environmental impacts of a wave energy converter. The current study presents a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the MegaRoller wave energy converter, aiming to contribute to decision making regarding the least carbon- and energy-intensive design choices. The LCA encompasses all life cycle stages from “cradle-to-grave” for the wave energy converter, including the panel, foundation, PTO and mooring system, considering its deployment in Peniche, Portugal. Background data was mainly sourced from the manufacturer whereas foreground data was sourced from the Ecoinvent database (v.3.4). The resulting impact assessment of the MegaRoller is aligned with all previous studies in concluding that the main environmental impacts are due to materials use and manufacture, and mainly due to high amounts of material used, particularly steel. The scenario analysis showed that a reduction of the environmental impacts in the final design of the MegaRoller wave energy converter could potentially lie in reducing the quantity of steel by studying alternatives for its replacement. Results are generally comparable with earlier studies for ocean technologies and are very low when compared with other power generating technologies.
Intestinal Dysbiosis in Young Cystic Fibrosis Rabbits
Authors: Liang Xiubin , Bouhamdan Mohamad , Hou Xia , Zhang Kezhong , Song Jun , Hao Ke , Jin Jian-Ping , Zhang Zhongyang , Xu Jie
Published: February 2021

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) often experience gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities. In recent years, the intestinal microbiome has been postulated as a contributor to the development of CF-associated GI complications, hence representing a potential therapeutic target for treatment. We recently developed a rabbit model of CF, which is shown to manifest many human patient-like pathological changes, including intestinal obstruction. Here, we investigated the feces microbiome in young CF rabbits in the absence of antibiotics treatment. Stool samples were collected from seven- to nine-week-old CF rabbits (n = 7) and age-matched wild-type (WT) rabbits (n = 6). Microbiomes were investigated by iTag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and functional profiles were predicted using PICRUSt. Consistent with reports of those in pediatric CF patients, the fecal microbiomes of CF rabbits are of lower richness and diversity than that of WT rabbits, with a marked taxonomic and inferred functional dysbiosis. Our work identified a new CF animal model with the manifestation of intestinal dysbiosis phenotype. This model system may facilitate the research and development of novel treatments for CF-associated gastrointestinal diseases.
Immunizing the Flock: How the Pandemic Court Rewrote Religious Freedom
Authors: Baumgardner Paul
Published: February 2021

When coronavirus began to descend upon the United States, religious freedom advocates across the country sounded the alarm that citizens’ religious practices and institutions were under threat. Although some of the most extreme arguments championed by these advocates were not validated by our legal system, many were. This article explores the underappreciated gains made by religious freedom advocates before the U.S. Supreme Court over the past year. As a result of the “Pandemic Court”, religious freedom in the United States has been rewritten. This promises to radically change the educational, employment, and health prospects of millions of Americans for the rest of the pandemic and long afterwards.
Design, Manufacture, and Performance Testing of Extrusion–Pultrusion Machine for Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Pellet Production
Authors: Budiyantoro Cahyo , Rochardjo Heru S. B. , Nugroho Gesang
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to develop an extrusion and pultrusion system for producing carbon fiber-filled thermoplastic pellets. The extruder delivers a plastic melt to an impregnation die in sufficient volume and is pulled out along with the fibers. The fibers pass in a sideways stretched condition through spreader pins attached in the melt pool, which can then be wetted optimally. The wetting effect was also improved by immersing fiber in a coupling agent solution at an elevated temperature before feeding to the extruder die. For machine performance testing, polypropylene was used as a matrix resin with the following parameters: a screw speed of 5 rpm, a die temperature of 210 °C, and a pulling speed of 56 mm/s. The pull-out test was conducted to assess the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between fibers and matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to characterize the quality of fiber impregnation. SEM characterized a good bonding performance between carbon fiber and the matrix. The average IFSS of the results indicated a good resistance of fiber–matrix bonding against a pulling force. It proved that the combination of the extrusion–pultrusion system can produce high-quality filaments as a raw material of composite pellets.
Optimisation of Time-Varying Asset Pricing Models with Penetration of Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall
Authors: Nasir Adeel , Khan Kanwal Iqbal , Mata Mário Nuno , Mata Pedro Neves , Martins Jéssica Nunes
Published: February 2021

This study aims to apply value at risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) as time-varying systematic and idiosyncratic risk factors to address the downside risk anomaly of various asset pricing models currently existing in the Pakistan stock exchange. The study analyses the significance of high minus low VaR and ES portfolios as a systematic risk factor in one factor, three-factor, and five-factor asset pricing model. Furthermore, the study introduced the six-factor model, deploying VaR and ES as the idiosyncratic risk factor. The theoretical and empirical alteration of traditional asset pricing models is the study’s contributions. This study reported a strong positive relationship of traditional market beta, value at risk, and expected shortfall. Market beta pertains its superiority in estimating the time-varying stock returns. Furthermore, value at risk and expected shortfall strengthen the effects of traditional beta impact on stock returns, signifying the proposed six-factor asset pricing model. Investment and profitability factors are redundant in conventional asset pricing models.
Gut Microbiomes of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) Are Taxonomically and Phylogenetically Variable across Years but Remain Functionally Stable
Authors: McCauley Mark , Chiarello Marlène , Atkinson Carla L. , Jackson Colin R.
Published: February 2021

Freshwater mussels perform essential ecosystem functions, yet we have no information on how their microbiomes fluctuate over time. In this study, we examined temporal variation in the microbiome of six mussel species (Lampsilis ornata, Obovaria unicolor, Elliptio arca, Fusconaia cerina, Cyclonaias asperata, and Tritogonia verrucosa) sampled from the same river in 2016 and 2019. We examined the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and inferred functional (from 16S rRNA sequences) facets of their microbiome diversity. Significant differences between the two years were identified in five of the six species sampled. However, not all species that exhibited a temporally variable microbiome were functionally distinct across years, indicating functional redundancy within the mussel gut microbiome. Inferred biosynthesis pathways showed temporal variation in pathways involved in degradation, while pathways involved in cellular metabolism were stable. There was no evidence for phylosymbiosis across any facet of microbiome biodiversity. These results indicate that temporal variation is an important factor in the assembly of the gut microbiomes of freshwater mussels and provides further support that the mussel gut microbiome is involved in host development and activity.
Obesity, Early Life Gut Microbiota, and Antibiotics
Authors: Wilkins Alyssa T. , Reimer Raylene A.
Published: February 2021

Obesity is a major public health problem that continues to be one of the leading risk factors for premature death. Early life is a critical period of time when the gut microbiota and host metabolism are developing in tandem and significantly contribute to long-term health outcomes. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, particularly in early life, can have detrimental effects on host health and increase the susceptibility of developing obesity later in life. Antibiotics are an essential lifesaving treatment; however, their use in early life may not be without risk. Antibiotics are a leading cause of intestinal dysbiosis, and early life administration is associated with obesity risk. The following review explores the relevant literature that simultaneously examines antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and obesity risk. Current evidence suggests that disruptions to the composition and maturation of the gut microbiota caused by antibiotic use in early life are a key mechanism linking the association between antibiotics and obesity. Without compromising clinical practice, increased consideration of the long-term adverse effects of antibiotic treatment on host health, particularly when used in early life is warranted. Novel adjunct interventions should be investigated (e.g., prebiotics) to help mitigate metabolic risk when antibiotic treatment is clinically necessary.
Invasive and Non-Invasive Analyses of Ochre and Iron-Based Pigment Raw Materials: A Methodological Perspective
Authors: Dayet Laure
Published: February 2021

Naturally occurring and deeply coloured iron-bearing materials were exploited very early on by human populations. The characterization of these materials has proven useful for addressing several archaeological issues, such as the study of technical behaviors, group mobility, and the reconstruction of cultural dynamics. However, this work poses some critical methodological questions. In this paper, we will review ochre studies by focusing on the analytical methods employed, the limits of non-invasive methods, as well as examples of some quality research addressing specific issues (raw material selection and provenience, heat treatment). We will then present a methodological approach that aims to identify the instrumental limits and the post-depositional alterations that significantly impact the results of the non-invasive analysis of cohesive ochre fragments from Diepkloof rock Shelter, South Africa. We used ochre materials recuperated in both archaeological and geological contexts, and we compared non-invasive surface analyses by XRD, scanning electron microscopy coupled with dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS), and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) with invasive analysis of powder pellets and sections from the same samples. We conclude that non-invasive SEM-EDXS and PIXE analyses provide non-representative results when the number of measurements is too low and that post-depositional alterations cause significant changes in the mineralogical and major element composition at the surface of archaeological pieces. Such biases, now identified, must be taken into account in future studies in order to propose a rigorous framework for developing archaeological inferences.
Amplicon-Based Next Generation Sequencing for Rapid Identification of Rickettsia and Ectoparasite Species from Entomological Surveillance in Thailand
Authors: Chaorattanakawee Suwanna , Korkusol Achareeya , Tippayachai Bousaraporn , Promsathaporn Sommai , Poole-Smith Betty K. , Takhampunya Ratree
Published: February 2021

Background: Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been used for a wide range of epidemiological and surveillance studies. Here, we used amplicon-based NGS to species identify Rickettsia and their arthropod hosts from entomological surveillance. Methods: During 2015–2016, we screened 1825 samples of rodents and ectoparasites collected from rodents and domestic mammals (dog, cat, and cattle) across Thailand for Rickettsia. The citrate synthase gene was amplified to identify Rickettsia to species, while the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) and subunit II (COII) genes were used as target genes for ectoparasite identification. All target gene amplicons were pooled for library preparation and sequenced with Illumina MiSeq platform. Result: The highest percentage of Rickettsia DNA was observed in fleas collected from domestic animals (56%) predominantly dogs. Only a few samples of ticks from domestic animals, rodent fleas, and rodent tissue were positive for Rickettisia DNA. NGS based characterization of Rickettsia by host identified Rickettsia asembonensis as the most common bacteria in positive fleas collected from dogs (83.2%) while “Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis” was detected in only 16.8% of Rickettsia positive dog fleas. Sequence analysis of COI and COII revealed that almost all fleas collected from dogs were Ctenocephalides felis orientis. Other Rickettsia species were detected by NGS including Rickettsia heilongjiangensis from two Haemaphysalis hystricis ticks, and Rickettsia typhi in two rodent tissue samples. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the utility of NGS for high-throughput sequencing in the species characterization/identification of bacteria and ectoparasite for entomological surveillance of rickettsiae. A high percentage of C. f. orientis are positive for R. asembonensis. In addition, our findings indicate there is a risk of tick-borne Spotted Fever Group rickettsiosis, and flea-borne murine typhus transmission in Tak and Phangnga provinces of Thailand.
Surface Coating with Hyaluronic Acid-Gelatin-Crosslinked Hydrogel on Gelatin-Conjugated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Implantable Medical Device-Induced Fibrosis
Authors: Joo Haejin , Park Jonghyun , Sutthiwanjampa Chanutchamon , Kim Hankoo , Bae Taehui , Kim Wooseob , Choi Jinhwa , Kim Mikyung , Kang Shinhyuk , Park Hansoo
Published: February 2021

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a biocompatible polymer that has been applied in many fields. However, the surface hydrophobicity of PDMS can limit successful implementation, and this must be reduced by surface modification to improve biocompatibility. In this study, we modified the PDMS surface with a hydrogel and investigated the effect of this on hydrophilicity, bacterial adhesion, cell viability, immune response, and biocompatibility of PDMS. Hydrogels were created from hyaluronic acid and gelatin using a Schiff-base reaction. The PDMS surface and hydrogel were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilicity of the surface was confirmed via a decrease in the water contact angle. Bacterial anti-adhesion was demonstrated for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ralstonia pickettii, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and viability and improved distribution of human-derived adipose stem cells were also confirmed. Decreased capsular tissue responses were observed in vivo with looser collagen distribution and reduced cytokine expression on the hydrogel-coated surface. Hydrogel coating on treated PDMS is a promising method to improve the surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility for surface modification of biomedical applications.
Application of Exogenous Protectants Mitigates Salt-Induced Na+ Toxicity and Sustains Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedling Growth: Comparison of Glycine Betaine and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Hamani Abdoul Kader Mounkaila , Chen Jinsai , Soothar Mukesh Kumar , Wang Guangshuai , Shen Xiaojun , Gao Yang , Qiu Ranjian
Published: February 2021

Soil salinization adversely affects agricultural productivity. Mitigating the adverse effects of salinity represents a current major challenge for agricultural researchers worldwide. The effects of exogenously applied glycine betaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) on mitigating sodium toxicity and improving the growth of cotton seedlings subjected to salt stress remain unclear. The treatments in a phytotron included a control (CK, exogenously untreated, non-saline), two NaCl conditions (0 and 150 mM), four exogenous GB concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mM), and four exogenous SA concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM). The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK. Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone. Supplementation with 5.0 mM GB and with 1.0 mM SA under NaCl stress were the most effective conditions for mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulation. NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA. Supplementation with 5.0 mM exogenous GB was more effective in controlling the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) under NaCl stress.
Crosslinking in Semi-Batch Seeded Emulsion Polymerization: Effect of Linear and Non-Linear Monomer Feeding Rate Profiles on Gel Formation
Authors: Liu Chang , Tripathi Amit K. , Gao Wei , Tsavalas John G.
Published: February 2021

Waterborne latex is often called a product-of-process. Here, the effect of semi-batch monomer feed rate on the kinetics and gel formation in seeded emulsion polymerization was investigated for the copolymerization of n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Strikingly, the gel fraction was observed to be significantly influenced by monomer feed rate, even while most of the experiments were performed under so-called starve-fed conditions. More flooded conditions from faster monomer feed rates, including seeded batch reactions, counterintuitively resulted in significantly higher gel fraction. Chain transfer to polymer was intentionally suppressed here via monomer selection so as to focus mechanistic insights to relate only to the influence of a divinyl monomer, as opposed to being clouded by contributions to topology from long chain branching. Simulations revealed that the dominant influence on this phenomenon was the sensitivity of primary intramolecular cyclization to the instantaneous unreacted monomer concentration, which is directly impacted by monomer feed rate. The rate constant for cyclization for these conditions was determined to be first order and 4000 s−1, approximately 4 times that typically observed for backbiting in acrylates. This concept has been explored previously for bulk and solution polymerizations, but not for emulsified reaction environments and especially for the very low mole fraction divinyl monomer. In addition, while gel fraction could be dramatically manipulated by variations in linear monomer feed rates, it could be markedly enhanced by leveraging non-linear feed profiles built from combination sequences of flooded and starved conditions. For a 2 h total feed time, a fully linear profile resulted in 30% gel while a corresponding non-linear profile with an early fast-feed segment resulted in 80% gel.
Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in a Co-Culture System
Authors: Rozila Ismail , Azari Pedram , Munirah Sha’ban , Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman Wan , Pingguan-Murphy Belinda , Chua Kien Hui
Published: February 2021

(1) Background: Stem cells in combination with scaffolds and bioactive molecules have made significant contributions to the regeneration of damaged bone tissues. A co-culture system can be effective in enhancing the proliferation rate and osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells when co-cultured with human osteoblasts and seeded on polycaprolactone (PCL):hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold; (2) Methods: Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) and human osteoblasts (HOB) were seeded in three different ratios of 1:2, 1:2 and 2:1 in the PCL-HA scaffolds. The osteogenic differentiation ability was evaluated based on cell morphology, proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition and osteogenic genes expression levels using quantitative RT-PCR; (3) Results: The co-cultured of ASC/HOB in ratio 2:1 seeded on the PCL-HA scaffolds showed the most positive osteogenic differentiation as compared to other groups, which resulted in higher ALP activity, calcium deposition and osteogenic genes expression, particularly Runx, ALP and BSP. These genes indicate that the co-cultured ASC/HOB seeded on PCL-HA was at the early stage of osteogenic development; (4) Conclusions: The combination of co-culture system (ASC/HOB) and PCL-HA scaffolds promote osteogenic differentiation and early bone formation.
A Review of Vat Photopolymerization Technology: Materials, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends of 3D Printing
Authors: Pagac Marek , Hajnys Jiri , Ma Quoc-Phu , Jancar Lukas , Jansa Jan , Stefek Petr , Mesicek Jakub
Published: February 2021

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has significantly changed the prototyping process in terms of technology, construction, materials, and their multiphysical properties. Among the most popular 3D printing techniques is vat photopolymerization, in which ultraviolet (UV) light is deployed to form chains between molecules of liquid light-curable resin, crosslink them, and as a result, solidify the resin. In this manuscript, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light processing (CDLP), are reviewed. Additionally, the after-cured mechanical properties of light-curable resin materials are listed, along with a number of case studies showing their applications in practice. The manuscript aims at providing an overview and future trend of the photopolymerization technology to inspire the readers to engage in further research in this field, especially regarding developing new materials and mathematical models for microrods and bionic structures.
Optimization and Comparison of Three Cell Disruption Processes on Lipid Extraction from Microalgae
Authors: Quesada-Salas María Catalina , Delfau-Bonnet Guillaume , Willig Gaëlle , Préat Nils , Allais Florent , Ioannou Irina
Published: February 2021

This study reports on the optimization of the operating conditions using response surface methodology and a comparative study of three promising technologies of cell disruption (bead milling, microwaves and ultrasound) to increase the lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis oceanica, Nannochloropsis gaditana and Tetraselmis suecica. Central composite designs were used for the optimization of ultrasound and microwave processes. The performance of the cell disruption processes in breaking down microalgae cells is dependent on the strain of microalgae. Microwaves (91 °C for 25 min) were the most efficient for the recovery of lipids from N. oceanica, reaching a lipid content of 49.0% dry weight. For N. gaditana, ultrasound process (80% of amplitude for 30 min) was the most efficient in terms of lipid recovery (21.7% dry weight). The two aforementioned processes are ineffective in disturbing T. suecica whatever the operating conditions used. Only the bead milling process at low flow feed rate with 0.4 mm zirconia beads made it possible to extract 12.6% dry weight from T. suecica. The fatty acid profiles of N. oceanica and T. suecica are affected by the cell disruption process applied. The calculation of specific energy consumption has shown that this criterion should not be neglected. The choice of the most suitable cell disruption process can be defined according to numerous parameters such as the microalgae studied, the total lipid extracted, the fatty acids sought, or the energy consumption.
Debt and Sacrifice: The Role of Scapegoats in the Economic Crises
Authors: Alonso Luis Enrique , Fernández Rodríguez Carlos J.
Published: February 2021

Despite the process of secularization and modernization, in contemporary societies, the role of sacrifice is still relevant. One of the spaces where sacrifice actually performs a critical role is the realm of modern economy, particularly in the event of a financial crisis. Such crises represent situations defined by an outrageous symbolic violence in which social and economic relations experience drastic transformations, and their victims end up suffering personal bankruptcy, indebtedness, lower standards of living or poverty. Crises show the flagrant domination present in social relations: this is proven in the way crises evolve, when more and more social groups marred by a growing vulnerability are sacrificed to appease financial markets. Inspired by the theoretical framework of the French anthropologist René Girard, our intention is to explore how the hegemonic narrative about the crisis has been developed, highlighting its sacrificial aspects.
Non-Lethal Sequential Individual Monitoring of Viremia in Relation to DNA Vaccination in Fish–Example Using a Salmon Alphavirus DNA Vaccine in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar
Authors: Collins Catherine , Lester Katherine , Del-Pozo Jorge , Collet Bertrand
Published: February 2021

Traditionally, commercial testing for vaccine efficacy has relied on the mass infection of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals and the comparison of mortality prevalence and incidence. For some infection models where disease does not cause mortality this approach to testing vaccine efficacy is not useful. Additionally, in fish experimental studies on vaccine efficacy and immune response the norm is that several individuals are lethally sampled at sequential timepoints, and results are extrapolated to represent the kinetics of immune and disease parameters of an individual fish over the entire experimental infection period. In the present study we developed a new approach to vaccine testing for viremic viruses in fish by following the same individuals over the course of a DNA vaccination and experimental infection through repeated blood collection and analyses. Injectable DNA vaccines are particularly efficient against viral disease in fish. To date, two DNA vaccines have been authorised for use in fish farming, one in Canada against Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrotic virus and more recently one in Europe against Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus (SPDv) subtype 3. In the current study we engineered and used an experimental DNA vaccine against SPDv subtype 1. We measured viremia using a reporter cell line system and demonstrated that the viremia phase was completely extinguished following DNA vaccination. Differences in viremia infection kinetics between fish in the placebo group could be related to subsequent antibody levels in the individual fish, with higher antibody levels at terminal sampling in fish showing earlier viremia peaks. The results indicate that sequential non-lethal sampling can highlight associations between infection traits and immune responses measured at asynchronous timepoints and, can provide biological explanations for variation in data. Similar to results observed for the SPDv subtype 3 DNA vaccine, the SPDv subtype 1 DNA vaccine also induced an interferon type 1 response after vaccination and provided high protection against SPDv under laboratory conditions when fish were challenged at 7 weeks post-vaccination.
Simulation of Pollution Load at Basin Scale Based on LSTM-BP Spatiotemporal Combination Model
Authors: Li Li , Liu Yingjun , Wang Kang , Zhang Dan
Published: February 2021

Accurate simulation of pollution load at basin scale is very important for controlling pollution. Although data-driven models are increasingly popular in water environment studies, they are not extensively utilized in the simulation of pollution load at basin scale. In this paper, we developed a data-driven model based on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM)-Back Propagation (BP) spatiotemporal combination. The model comprises several time simulators based on LSTM and a spatial combiner based on BP. The time series of the daily pollution load in the Zhouhe River basin during the period from 2006 to 2017 were simulated using the developed model, the BP model, the LSTM model and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, independently. Results showed that the spatial correlation (i.e., Pearson’s correlation coefficient is larger than 0.5) supports using a single model to simulate the pollution load at all sub-basins, rather than using independent models for each sub-basin. Comparison of the LSTM-BP spatiotemporal combination model with the BP, LSTM and SWAT models showed that the performance of the LSTM model is better than that of the BP model and the LSTM model can obtain comparable performance with the SWAT model in most cases, whereas the performance of the LSTM-BP spatiotemporal combination model is much better than that of the LSTM and SWAT models. Although the variation of the simulated pollution load with the LSTM-BP model is high under different hydrological periods and precipitation intensities, the LSTM-BP model can track the temporal variation trend of pollution load accurately (i.e., the RMSE is 6.27, NSE is 0.86 and BIAS is 19.46 for the NH3 load and the RMSE is 20.27, NSE is 0.71 and BIAS 36.87 is for the TN load). The results of this study demonstrate the applicability of data-driven models, especially the LSTM-BP model, in the simulation of pollution load at basin scale.
Conservation of Britain’s biodiversity: Distribution and status of the Welsh endemic Hieracium britannicoides, Confused Hawkweed (Asteraceae)
Authors: Lee Sarah J. , McCarthy Wendy , Rich Timothy C.G.
Published: February 2021

Hieracium britannicoides, Confused Hawkweed, is a Welsh endemic plant confined to Caernarvonshire (v.c.49) and Denbighshire (v.c.50). Field surveys 2009-2019 indicate at least 390 plants in eight sites. The IUCN threat status is ‘Vulnerable’. The main threats are spread of alien woody species (especially Cotoneaster), which without continued management will become a serious problem in the future, and over-grazing or spread of scrub from under-grazing.
STUDYING OF SPACE WEATHER ELECTROMAGNETIC PARAMETERS OF IONOSPHERE IN «OBSTANOVKA 1-STEP» EXPERIMENT ON THE RUSSIAN SEGMENT OF THE ISS
Authors: KLIMOV Stanislav I. , GRUSHIN Valery A Valery A. , BALAJTHY Kalman , BACHVAROV Dichko Enchev , BELYAEV Serhiy M. , BERGMAN Jan E.S. Jan E.S. , FERENCZ Csaba , GEORGIEVA Katya Yancheva , GOUGH Michael Paul , BELIKOVA Alla B. , BELYAKOVA Lyudmila D. , GRECHKO Tatiana V. , KONOSHENKO Viktor P. , KOREPANOV Valery E. , KIROV Boyan Borisov , LAPSHINOVA Olga V. , LICHTENBERGER János , MARUSENKOV Andriy A. , MORAWSKI Marek , NAGY Janos , NEDKOV Roumen , NOVIKOV Denis I. , RODIN Vyacheslav G. , ROTHKAEHL Hanna , STANEV Georgi Antonov , SZALAI Sándor , SZEGEDI Peter
Published: February 2021

The program and results of physical research in the international (5 countries) space experiment «The situation (1 stage)», conducted onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) in the period 27.02.2013 to 09.05.2015, is presented. The methods and scientific tasks of the experiment and the composition of the Plasma-wave complex based on the combined wave diagnostics method are described in detail, and designed to conduct geophysical studies through long-term monitoring measurements of the electromagnetic parameters of the ionosphere plasma and plasma-wave processes associated with the manifestation in the ionosphere of the solar-magnetosphere-ionosphere and ionosphere-atmosphere relationships, i. e., parameters of space weather. Studies in the near-surface zone of plasma-wave processes of interaction of an extra-large spacecraft, like ISS, with the ionosphere are necessary for both applied and fundamental geophysical studies. The electric and magnetic fields and currents measured at the surface of the ISS are determined by the parameters of the surrounding ionosphere plasma and the nature of the interaction of the materials on the surface with this medium.
Key words: orbital space station, fundamental space research, ionosphere plasma, plasma-wave processes, electromagnetic fields and radiation, scientific instrument, space weather.
A REGENERATIVE COOLING SYSTEM FOR THE CHAMBER OF A LIQUID-PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINE WITH INTERCHANNEL COOLANT FLOW THROUGH A METAL MESH
Authors: PELEVIN Fedor V. , PONOMAREV Aleksey V.
Published: February 2021

The paper discusses a new method for regenerative cooling of the chamber of liquid-propellant rocket engines using the concept of interchannel coolant flow through a porous metal mesh made by vacuum diffusion welding of woven metal netting. It provides a theoretical rationale for switching from unidimensional (longitudinally channeled) flow to two-dimensional (interchannel) inter-mesh flow coolant through a porous mesh. It provides experimental data for hydraulic resistance and heat exchange in porous metal meshes. Based on the experimental data, a generalized criterial equation was obtained for surface heat release in the paths with interchannel two-dimensional intermesh coolant flow through metal mesh. The paper examines the efficiency of heat exchange in the paths with interchannel coolant flow.
Key words: regenerative cooling, interchannel flow; vacuum diffusion technology, metal mesh; hydraulic resistance; heat exchange, heat exchange efficiency.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING FACILITIES FOR THE SCIENTIFIC TEST-ING CENTER OF THE ROCKET AND SPACE INDUSTRY FOR DEVELOPMENTAL TESTING OF ADVANCED CRYOGENIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Authors: SIZYAKOV Nikolay P. , YURIEV Igor A. , GALEEV Ayvengo G.
Published: February 2021

The paper provides a review of materials on the development of testing facilities in the Scientific Testing Center of the Rocket and Space Industry and the issues involved in raising the efficiency and safety of experimental development of advanced cryogenic propulsion systems for launch vehicles intended for exploration of the near and deep space.
It shows that the most dangerous tests are those that are conducted on engines and propulsion systems that use oxygen, methane and hydrogen as propellant components. They may involve containment failure in the propellant system in off-nominal situations — emergency releases of propellant components, explosions and fires. It provides calculation results for overpressure in the shock-wave front depending on the mass of the released hydrogen and the factor of its contribution to the explosion. It formulates special and additional safety measures for engine and propulsion system tests in a test facility.
Key words: test facility (test stand), propulsion system, safety, off-nominal situation, cryogenic propellant components.
Study the effect of perforation type for plate with central crack on the stress intensity factor using the XFEM
Authors: Obaid Mashjel Ahmed , Mahmood Laftah Rafil , Ibraheem Khalaf Hassanein
Published: February 2021

n this study, loading was carried out for several types of perforated plates, such as circular, rhombic and rectangular holes, where the holes were arranged in two types, namely straight arrangement and alternating arrangement. The stress intensity factor and shape factor were calculated for each case, taking into account the diameter of the holes. So, it is found the SIF increases significantly when the plate is perforated, and the same applies to the shape factor, also increases. In the case of circular holes, the increases in the average value of (SIF) reached to (80.88 %) when the plate was perforated with alternated arranged of circular holes, while the straight arrangement of circular holes the increases of average values of SIF reach to (67.55 %). Either in the case of rhombus holes: the SIF values are increases to (51.07 %) when the plate was perforated with the alternated arrangement, while in the straight arrangement of holes the (SIF) increase to (35.43 %). It was observed through this study, the increases of stress intensity factor and the shape factor with different crack lengths were more stable in the plate that perforated with an alternated arrangement of holes than the straight arrangement. The higher values of stress intensity factor obtained when the plates were perforated with circular holes, due to the circular shape has more stiffness, so the Absorption of force will be small Compared with the rhombus and rectangular shape that will be less stiffness which the absorption of strength is greater.
Detecting Vibration Problems in Machines and Structures Using Motion Capturing by Camera
Authors: Sattar Jasim Husam , Khalaf Ali Jaafar
Published: February 2021

Vibration in rotating machines and structures is normally measured using accelerometers and other vibration sensors. For large machines and structures, the process of collecting vibration data is tedious and time-consuming due to the large number of points where vibration data must be measured. In this paper, a novel non-contact vibration measurement method has been introduced by using a high-speed camera as a vibration measurement device. This method has many advantages compared with the others. It has a low cost, easy to setup, and high automation. It also can be used for full-field measurement. Many tests have been accomplished to prove the validation of this method. The verification test has been accomplished by using the machinery faults simulator. It presented a reasonable validation that the operation deflection shapes (ODS) and the phase difference of any object can be successfully measured by using a high-speed camera. The mode shape tests have been accomplished by using the whirling of shaft apparatus device to extract the time domain, frequency domain, ODS, and phase differences for many points on the shaft at the first two critical speeds. The results proved that the high-speed camera can be used to detect the vibration signal in many different fault cases. It also proved that the high-speed camera can be used to detect the ODS and the phase angle difference. That gives the proposed method more robust and acceptance.
Rendi Apriansyah S.H
Authors: Apriansyah Rendi , Widodo Heru
Published: February 2021

ABSTRAK

Di dalam pasal 303 Buku II Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), Perjudian digolongkan sebagai tindak kejahatan. Terjadinya tindak pidana perjudian tidak semata-mata hanya karena masyarakat yang tidak patuh hukum dan melanggar kaidah hukum yang ada dalam masyarakat, akan tetapi semua itu tidak terlepas pula dari sistem tradisi suku atau daerah tertentu. Perjudian yang untuk sebagian orang hanya dijadikan permainan biasa di tempat tongkrongan sambil mengisi waktu luang, kini menjadi suatu permainan besar yang dapat mempertaruhkan harta benda bahkan pula kadang bisa sampai mempertaruhkan nyawa. Praktek perjudian dalam Tajen yang digelar kelompok masyarakat tertentu yang ada di Bali secara hukum telah melanggar Undang – Undang khususnya Hukum Pidana , Pasal 303. Polisi telah berupaya semaksimal untuk membubarkan baik secara persuasif maupun represif ,nyatanya tajen disana sini tetap masih digelar, kalau tajen dihentikan harus tumbuh dari seluruh lapisan masyarakat itu sendiri, Polisi tidak akan mampu untuk menghentikan ke titik nol karena Tajen itu sudah kebiasaan mereka dan kebiasaan menurut hukum sulit diubah membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama dan harus tetap berkesinambungan dilakukan oleh semua tokoh tokoh masyarakat maupun masyarakat itu sendiri dan Instansi Pemerintah yang terkait.

Kata Kunci : Perjudian, Sosiologis, Tajen
TINJAUAN YURIDIS ATAS PENGELOLAAN DANA CALON JAMAAH HAJI PERSPEKTIF MAṢLAḤAH
Authors: Sundjaya Rachman , Aklram Andi Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Salah satu masalah dalam penyelengaraan ibadah haji yang muncul sejak lama adalah pengelolaan dana calonjamaah haji, dimana pengelolaan dana calon jamaah haji ini menimbulkan berbagai macam pertanyaan mulai bagaimana dana tersebut di kelola dan di investasikan dalam bentuk apa hingga berapa nilai manfaat atau keuntungan bagi hasil yang diperoleh dari tabungan Haji yang pergunakan tanpa izin dari calon jemaah haji yang sampai sekarang dana Haji mencapai +/-Rp. 120 triliun dan dampak ekonomi apa yang timbul dari investasi dana calon jamaah haji tersebut. Penelitian dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah dengan cara kajian pustaka dari berbagai sumber yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagimana pengelolaan dana calon jamaah haji dilakukan dan melalui instrument invenstasi apa dana tersebut di simpan serta sejauh mana nilai manfaat atau keuntungan bagi hasil atas pengelolaan dana tersebut bagi calon jamaah haji dan bagi perekonomian bangsa, selain itu pola kontrak apa yang dibuat oleh Badan Pengelola Keuangan Haji (BPKH) dengan calon jamaah haji dalam pengelolaan dana tersebut. Kesimpulan dari artikel ini adalah bahwa manajemen pengelolaan dana calon jamaah haji yang dilakukan oleh BPKH dapat diinvestasikan untuk mendukung pembiayaan infrastruktur dan investasi lain karena jamaah haji memiliki mengisi dan menandatangani formulir kontrak wakalah ketika membayar setoran awal dari BPIH (Biaya Perjalanan Ibadah Haji). Berupa kontrak wakalah, calon jamaahhaji sebagai Muwakkil memberikan kekuatan untuk BPKH. Jadi BPKH untuk dapat memberikan nilai manfaat atas optimalisasi nilai dana calon jamaah haji dan tetap harus memprioritaskan keamanan dan kehati-hatian atas dana pendaftaraan haji para jamaah. Berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 34 tahun 2014, pemerintah Indonesia mendirikan Badan Pengelola Keuangan Haji (BPKH) yang mempunyai fungsi untuk mengelola dan mengawasi investasi dana calon jamaah haji yang digunakan dalam investasi dan pembiayaan untuk mendapatkan nilai manfaat yang optimal untuk peningkatan layanan penyelenggaraan ibadah haji dengan memberikan prioritas kepada keamanan atau integritas atas dana tersebut.

Kata Kunci : Dana Haji, BPKH dan Wakalah.
MENATA IUS CONSTITUTUM MENUJU SATU SISTEM HUKUM NASIONAL
Authors: Trijono Rachmat
Published: February 2021

Criticism of the ius constitutum of Indonesia which is still not organized according to the appropriate grading and grundnorm has resulted in a reconstruction of the arrangement of the ius constitutum. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the arrangement of the constitutum ius which is spread in various scientific papers by the author. The method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The conclusion was that efforts had been made to rearrange the ius constitutum, however, if it was not carried out in a focused and thorough manner, there would not be a single national legal system that was unique and suited to the Indonesian situation. The necessity of realizing a national legal system is not just a dream.
PENGARUH POLITIK DALAM PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM ISLAM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Intihani Siti Nur
Published: February 2021

Negara Kesatutan Republik Indonesia adalah Negara hukum, Hukum adalah produk politik. Hukum Islam merupakan norma yang hidup dan diyakini (living law) oleh masyarakat Islam Indonesia, oleh karenanya sejak awal perumusan konstitusi, nilai dan prinsip-prinsip ajaran hukum Islam telah  mempengaruhi dan menjadi insprirasi perumusan naskah konstitusi. Sejak dibentuknya konstitusi negara Indonesia, nilai ajaran Islam telah dirumuskan dalam Piagam Jakarta yang merupakan sumber berdaulat yang memancarkan proklamasi kemerdekaan dan Konstitusi Nasional. Pada awal tahun 1980-an sampai sekarang, tampak isyarat positif bagi kemajuan pengernbangan hukum Islam dalam seluruh dimensi kehidupan masyarakat. Kedudukan hukum Islam dalam sistem hukum di Indonesia semakin memperoleh pengakuan yuridis. Pengakuan berlakunya hukum Islam dalam bentuk peraturan dan perundang-undangan yang berimplikasi kepada adanya pranata-pranata sosial, budaya, politik dan hukum. Salah satunya adalah diundangkannya Undang Undang No. 1/1974 tentang Perkawinan. Kehadiran ICMI  diyakini sebagai tonggak baru menguatnya Islamisasi politik di Indonesia, dan semakin tampak ketika diakomodirnya kepentingan syari’at Islam melalui UU No.7/1989 tentang Peradilan Agama, sekaligus menempatkan Peradilan Agama sebagai lembaga peradilan negara yang diatur dalam UU No.14/1970 tentang Pokok Pokok Kekuasaan Kehakiman, disusul dengan UU No.10/1998 tentang Perbankan (pengganti UU No.7/1992), UU No.38/ 1999, tentang Zakat, Inpres No.1/1991 tentang Penyebarluasan KHI. Undang Undang Perkawinan, Undang Undang Peradilan Agama, Undang-Undang Penyelenggaraan Ibadah Haji, Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Zakat, Undang-Undang tentang Waqaf, Undang-Undang Perbankan Syariah. Dan beberapa Fatwa MUI dalam bidang ekonomi syariah, salah satunya adalah Fatwa MUI tentang Jual Beli Saham sehingga muncul lembaga Pasar Modal Syariah.