bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«БРИТАНИЯ» УИЛЬЯМА КЕМДЕНА В АТЛАСЕ МЕРКАТОРА-ХОНДИЯ?(1613), "Средние века"
Authors: Болдырева Наталья Андреевна
Published: August 2018

Статья посвящена анализу текстовых описаний карт Британских островов в ­атласе Меркатора-Хондия (1613?г.), созданных Петром Монтаном из отрывков трудов нескольких авторов в начале XVII в. «Жанр» этих текстов в значительной степени оказался на пересечении с историко-топографическими и антикварными штудиями: читателям предоставляются самые разные сведения о государствах - от географического положения, особенностей административного и социально-политического деления и истории до мифических сказаний и легенд. Основным источником для ­составителя стал историко-топографический трактат Уильяма Кемдена «Британия», что обусловило ряд особенностей данных описаний.
ПРОЕКТ РУССКО-ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО СОЮЗА 1680 ГОДА ПРОТИВ ОСМАНОВ, "Средние века"
Authors: Флоря Борис Николаевич
Published: August 2018

В статье показано, как при выдвижении и обсуждении проекта русско-французского союза проявились некоторые важные особенности мировоззрения русских госу­дарственных деятелей и их внешней политики.
СОРБЦИЯ ИОНОВ ЦИНКА НЕТКАНЫМ МАТЕРИАЛОМ ИЗ ПОЛИПРОПИЛЕНА, МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫМ ПОЛИАКРИЛОВОЙ КИСЛОТОЙ, ПРИВИТОЙ К ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОЛОКНА: РОЛЬ ПЛОТНОСТИ ПРИВИВКИ И ВОДОРОДНЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ, "Высокомолекулярные соединения. Серия А"
Authors: Шейпак Т. М. , Горбачёв А. А. , Третинников О.Н.
Published: August 2018

Получен микроволокнистый карбоксильный катионит путем фотоиндуцированной прививочной полимеризации акриловой кислоты на поверхности нетканого материала из полипропилена. Методом ИК-фурье-спектроскопии нарушенного полного внутреннего отражения исследовано изменение количества привитого полимера (плотности прививки) и водородных связей между его карбоксильными группами в зависимости от времени полимеризации. Изучены сорбционные свойства полученного ионита в кислой (СООН) и солевой (СООNa) формах по отношению к ионам Zn2+ при различной плотности прививки. Сорбционная емкость исследуемого катионита в солевой форме выше, чем в кислой, причем это различие быстро усиливается с ростом плотности прививки. При помощи данных ИК-спектроскопии выявлено, что такое поведение обусловлено образованием более сильных водородных связей между группами СООН привитой полиакриловой кислоты при увеличении плотности прививки, что затрудняет ионизацию этих групп и, соответственно, препятствует ионному обмену.
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ НАНОВОЛОКОН ИЗ АРОМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛИИМИДА И МАТЕРИАЛОВ НА ИХ ОСНОВЕ ДЛЯ КЛЕТОЧНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ, "Высокомолекулярные соединения. Серия А"
Authors: Матреничев В. В. , Попрядухин П.В. , Склизкова В.П. , Светличный В.М. , Крюков А. Е. , Смирнова Н.В. , Иванькова Е.М. , Попова Е.Н. , Добровольская И.П. , Юдин В.Е.
Published: August 2018

Методом электроформования растворов полиамидокислоты на основе диангидрида 3,3 ,4,4 -дифенил тетракарбоновой кислоты и о-толидина в смеси растворителей N,N-диметилацетамид-бензол получены нановолокна диаметром от 100 до 300 нм. Термическая обработка нановолокнистого материала из полиамидокислоты приводит к образованию нановолокон ароматического полиимида диаметром от 100 до 200 нм. Температура начала терморазложения полиимидных нановолокон в атмосфере аргона составляет 537 °С. Методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии показано, что материал на основе нановолокон из ароматического полиимида сохраняет эластические свойства вплоть до температуры жидкого азота. Полученный материал характеризуется отсутствием цитотоксичности - фибробласты человека, культивируемые на нем, обладают высокой пролиферативной активностью.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ИНСУЛИНА, "Высокомолекулярные соединения. Серия А"
Authors: Валуев И.Л. , Обыденнова И.В. , Ванчугова Л.В. , Валуев Л.И.
Published: August 2018

Используя полимерную модель тонкого кишечника, в работе показано, что зависимость эффективности действия препарата Рансулин от размеров животного обусловлена различным диаметром тонкого кишечника и повышенным ферментативным гидролизом инсулина в процессе его диффузии из кишечника с большим диаметром. В отличие от подкожных инъекций при пероральном введении препаратов инсулин первоначально накапливается в печени и только затем поступает в кровоток, т.е. реализуется физиологический путь секреции инсулина.
ГЛЮКОЗОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ГИДРОГЕЛИ ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛИРУЕМОГО ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ИНСУЛИНА, "Высокомолекулярные соединения. Серия А"
Authors: Валуев Л.И. , Валуев И.Л. , Ванчугова Л.В. , Обыденнова И.В.
Published: August 2018

Сополимеризацией акриламида с N-(2-D-глюкоз)акриламидом и N,N-метиленбисакриламидом в присутствии конканавалина А и меркаптоуксусной кислоты синтезированы гидрогели с повышенным содержанием мелких пор. При увеличении концентрации глюкозы в окружающей среде гидрогели самопроизвольно выделяют предварительно введенный в них инсулин аналогично поджелудочной железе по двустадийному механизму с максимальной скоростью на первом этапе.
ОСЦИЛЛИРУЮЩИЙ СПАД СВОБОДНОЙ ИНДУКЦИИ В ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ СИСТЕМАХ: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ, "Высокомолекулярные соединения. Серия А"
Authors: Пестряев Е.М.
Published: August 2018

Показано, что при выводе преобразования Андерсона-Вейсса для рептирующей полимерной цепи спиновую систему можно разделить на две подсистемы: эргодическую - флуктуирующую и неэргодическую - квазистатическую, в результате чего выражение для спада свободной индукции факторизуется. Сомножитель с флуктуирующим диполь-дипольным взаимодействием для произвольного времени корреляции трансформируется в обобщенную экспоненту Андерсона-Вейсса. Сомножитель с квазистатическим диполь-дипольным взаимодействием в изотропном расплаве трансформируется в осциллирующий фурье-образ пейковского дублета. Окончательное выражение позволяет описать форму спада свободной индукции в полимерном расплаве как функцию молекулярной массы и температуры ниже температуры квазистатичности примитивных сегментов. Оно также дает возможность рассчитать температурный интервал, в котором возможны осциллирующие спады свободной индукции в расплаве полиизопрена. Кроме того, использованный подход качественно описывает осциллирующий спад свободной индукции в частично кристаллическом полиэтилене.
REBELOTE, a regulator of floral determinacy in Arabidopsis thaliana, interacts with both nucleolar and nucleoplasmic proteins
Authors: de Bossoreille Stève , Morel Patrice , Trehin Christophe , Negrutiu Ioan
Published: August 2018

The nucleoplasm and nucleolus are the two main territories of the nucleus. While specific functions are associated with each of these territories (such as mRNA synthesis in the nucleoplasm and ribosomal rRNA synthesis in the nucleolus), some proteins are known to be located in both. Here, we investigated the molecular function of REBELOTE (RBL), an Arabidopsis thaliana protein previously characterized as a regulator of floral meristem termination. We show that RBL displays a dual localization, in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Moreover, we used direct and global approaches to demonstrate that RBL interacts with nucleic acid‐binding proteins. It binds to the NOC proteins SWA2, AtNOC2 and AtNOC3 in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm, and also to OBE1 and VFP3/ENAP1. Taking into account the identities of these RBL interactors, we hypothesize that RBL acts both in ribosomal biogenesis and in the regulation of gene expression.
Performance characteristics and quality assurance considerations for displays used in interventional radiology and cardiac catheterization facilities
Authors: Silosky Michael S. , Marsh Rebecca M.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

While the performance of displays used for the acquisition and primary interpretation of medical images has been well‐characterized, notably absent are publications evaluating and discussing the performance of displays used in Interventional Radiology (IR) suites and Cardiac Catheterization (CC) laboratories. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of these displays and to consider the challenges in implementation of display quality assurance practices in this environment.

Methods

Ten large format displays used in IR and CC suites were evaluated. A visual inspection of available test patterns was performed followed by a quantitative evaluation of several performance characteristics including luminance ratio, luminance response function, and luminance uniformity. Additionally, the local ambient lighting conditions were evaluated.

Results

Luminance ratios ranged from 243.0 to 1182.1 with a mean value of 500.1 ± 289.2. The maximum deviation between the luminance response function and the DICOM Grayscale Standard Display Function ranged from 11.2% to 38.3% with a mean value of 26.2% ± 10.9%. When evaluating luminance uniformity, the mean maximum luminance deviation was 13.2% ± 3.5%. The mean value of luminance deviation from the median was 7.8% ± 1.0%. Measured values of background illuminance ranged from 29.1 to 310.0 lux with a mean value of 107.6 lux ± 80.4 lux. While no mura or bad pixels were observed during visual inspection, damage including scrapes and scratches as well as smudges was common to most of the displays.

Conclusion

This work provides much needed data for the characterization of the performance of the large format displays used in IR and CC laboratory suites. These data may be used as a point of comparison when implementing a display QA program.
Relationship of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption to Incidence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Prospective Cohort Study of Black Women
Authors: Cozier Yvette C. , Barbhaiya Medha , Castro‐Webb Nelsy , Conte Carolyn , Tedeschi Sara K. , Leatherwood Cianna , Costenbader Karen H. , Rosenberg Lynn
Published: August 2018

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects black women more frequently than other racial/gender groups. In past studies, largely consisting of white and Asian cohorts, cigarette smoking was associated with increased SLE risk, and moderate alcohol consumption was associated with decreased SLE risk. The aim of this study was to assess associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the risk of incident SLE among black women, using data from a long‐term, prospective, follow‐up study.

Methods

The Black Women's Health Study enrolled 59,000 black women in 1995 and collected data on demographics, health status, and medical and lifestyle variables. Follow‐up questionnaires that were given every 2 years identified incident disease and updated risk factors. Cases of incident SLE that met the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for SLE as updated in 1997 were confirmed through medical record review. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for associations of cigarette smoking and alcohol intake with incidence of SLE.

Results

A total of 127 incident SLE cases from 1995 to 2015 (mean age 43 years at diagnosis) were confirmed. Compared to never smokers, the risk of SLE among ever smokers was elevated, but not significantly (HR 1.45 [95% CI 0.97–2.18]). Risk was similar for current and past smoking and increased nonsignificantly with increasing pack‐years. The HR was 0.71 (95% CI 0.45–1.12) for current drinking relative to never drinking, with a HR of 0.43 (95% CI 0.19–0.96) for ≥4 drinks/week.

Conclusion

Findings from this large study of SLE risk among black women are consistent with previous results from studies in other populations of increased risk of SLE associated with cigarette smoking and decreased risk with moderate alcohol consumption.
Polydopamine Nanomembranes as Adhesion Layers for Improved Corrosion Resistance in Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Ding Zihao , Fatollahi‐Fard Farzin , Kwon Ik Soo , Pistorius Petrus Christiaan , Bettinger Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

Low‐carbon steel is an important commodity material, but poor corrosion resistance has a strong impact on its service life, which leads to great loss in economic development. Polymer coatings serve as barrier layers that confer corrosion resistance. However, robust adhesion between steels and polymer films operating in complex fluids is challenging. This study evaluates the utility of adhesion layers composed of polydopamine, an organic film formed through simultaneous deposition, and polymerization in aqueous phases. Here, polydopamine serves as an intermediary adhesion layer between metallic substrates and polymer coatings. The composition, microstructure, and electrochemical properties of polydopamine nanomembranes are characterized. The impact of polydopamine nanomembranes on adhesion and supplementary corrosion resistance of polymer‐based barrier layers is assessed using a functional assay. These results suggest that polydopamine‐based nanomembranes can serve as effective adhesion‐promoting intermediary layers that retard corrosion and prolong the service life of low‐carbon steels in certain applications.
3D Printed Stem‐Cell Derived Neural Progenitors Generate Spinal Cord Scaffolds
Authors: Joung Daeha , Truong Vincent , Neitzke Colin C. , Guo Shuang‐Zhuang , Walsh Patrick J. , Monat Joseph R. , Meng Fanben , Park Sung Hyun , Dutton James R. , Parr Ann M. , McAlpine Michael C.
Published: August 2018

A bioengineered spinal cord is fabricated via extrusion‐based multimaterial 3D bioprinting, in which clusters of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived spinal neuronal progenitor cells (sNPCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are placed in precise positions within 3D printed biocompatible scaffolds during assembly. The location of a cluster of cells, of a single type or multiple types, is controlled using a point‐dispensing printing method with a 200 µm center‐to‐center spacing within 150 µm wide channels. The bioprinted sNPCs differentiate and extend axons throughout microscale scaffold channels, and the activity of these neuronal networks is confirmed by physiological spontaneous calcium flux studies. Successful bioprinting of OPCs in combination with sNPCs demonstrates a multicellular neural tissue engineering approach, where the ability to direct the patterning and combination of transplanted neuronal and glial cells can be beneficial in rebuilding functional axonal connections across areas of central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage. This platform can be used to prepare novel biomimetic, hydrogel‐based scaffolds modeling complex CNS tissue architecture in vitro and harnessed to develop new clinical approaches to treat neurological diseases, including spinal cord injury.
Visible Light‐Mediated Trifluoromethylation of Fluorinated Alkenes via C−F Bond Cleavage
Authors: Wu Liu‐Hai , Cheng Jun‐Kee , Shen Liang , Shen Zhi‐Liang , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: August 2018

A convenient photoredox‐catalyzed defluorinative trifluoromethylation of α‐trifluoromethyl alkenes and gem‐difluoroalkenes is developed. The reactions proceeded efficiently via trifluoromethyl radical addition followed by β‐fluorine elimination process, providing a new entry to multifluorinated alkenes in moderate to good yields with excellent stereoselectivity.

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Fast Diffusion of Multivalent Ions Facilitated by Concerted Interactions in Dual‐Ion Battery Systems
Authors: Li Hongyi , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Hatakeyama Takuya , Kumagai Yu , Oba Fumiyasu , Ichitsubo Tetsu
Published: August 2018

Sluggish solid‐phase diffusion has been an essential issue in developing intercalation electrode materials using multivalent ions. Compared to monovalent Li ions, the diffusion of multivalent ions is still not well understood. Here, combining first‐principles calculations with electrochemical experiments, it is shown that the diffusion of divalent Mg ions is significantly facilitated in Li–Mg dual‐ion systems, and the activation energy is remarkably reduced by the concerted interactions of the preceding Li ions and following Mg ions. Thus, making dual‐ion systems is a promising way to construct high‐energy‐density, rechargeable batteries with multivalent ions. This work will provide a new perspective on solid‐phase diffusion that is typically a rate‐controlling process in battery systems and fuel cell devices.
Lignin Laser Lithography: A Direct‐Write Method for Fabricating 3D Graphene Electrodes for Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Lei Yongjiu , Ming Fangwang , Jiang Qiu , Costa Pedro M. F. J. , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: August 2018

In this work, a simple lignin‐based laser lithography technique is developed and used to fabricate on‐chip microsupercapacitors (MSCs) using 3D graphene electrodes. Specifically, lignin films are transformed directly into 3D laser‐scribed graphene (LSG) electrodes by a simple one‐step CO2 laser irradiation. This step is followed by a water lift‐off process to remove unexposed lignin, resulting in 3D graphene with the designed electrode patterns. The resulting LSG electrodes are hierarchically porous, electrically conductive (conductivity is up to 66.2 S cm−1), and have a high specific surface area (338.3 m2 g−1). These characteristics mean that such electrodes can be used directly as MSC electrodes without the need for binders and current collectors. The MSCs fabricated using lignin laser lithography exhibit good electrochemical performances, namely, high areal capacitance (25.1 mF cm−2), high volumetric energy density (≈1 mWh cm−3), and high volumetric power density (≈2 W cm−3). The versatility of lignin laser lithography opens up the opportunity in applications such as on‐chip microsupercapacitors, sensors, and flexible electronics at large‐scale production.
Nido‐Carboranes: Donors for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Nghia Nguyen Van , Jana Saibal , Sujith Surendran , Ryu Ji Yeon , Lee Junseong , Lee Sang Uck , Lee Min Hyung
Published: August 2018

An approach to the design of nido‐carborane‐based luminescent compounds that can exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is proposed. 7,8‐Dicarba‐nido‐undecaboranes (nido‐carboranes) having various 8‐R groups (R=H, Me, i‐Pr, Ph) are appended to the meta or para position of the phenyl ring of the dimesitylphenylborane (PhBMes2) acceptor, forming donor–acceptor compounds (nido‐m1–m4 and nido‐p1–p4). The bulky 8‐R group and meta substitution of the nido‐carborane are essential to attain a highly twisted arrangement between the donor and acceptor moieties, leading to a very small energy splitting between the singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST <0.05 eV for nido‐m2, ‐m3, and ‐p3). These compounds exhibit efficient TADF with microsecond‐range lifetimes. In particular, nido‐m2 and ‐m3 display aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) with TADF properties.
To Do or Not To Do: Distill crowdsourced negative caveats to augment api documentation
Authors: Li Jing , Sun Aixin , Xing Zhenchang
Published: August 2018

Negative caveats of application programming interfaces (APIs) are about “how not to use an API,” which are often absent from the official API documentation. When these caveats are overlooked, programming errors may emerge from misusing APIs, leading to heavy discussions on Q&A websites like Stack Overflow. If the overlooked caveats could be mined from these discussions, they would be beneficial for programmers to avoid misuse of APIs. However, it is challenging because the discussions are informal, redundant, and diverse. For this, for example, we propose Disca, a novel approach for automatically Distilling desirable API negative caveats from unstructured Q&A discussions. Through sentence selection and prominent term clustering, Disca ensures that distilled caveats are context‐independent, prominent, semantically diverse, and nonredundant. Quantitative evaluation in our experiments shows that the proposed Disca significantly outperforms four text‐summarization techniques. We also show that the distilled API negative caveats could greatly augment API documentation through qualitative analysis.
Equipped for resistance: An agonistic conceptualization of the public library as a verb
Authors: Rivano Eckerdal Johanna
Published: August 2018

A theoretical framework for understanding public library development is presented; plural agonistics is used in combination with an approach inspired by posthumanism. The framework is related to examples from a study of two Swedish public libraries. Antagonism is viewed as foundational, and democracy as an ongoing process, the task being to transform antagonism to agonism, with institutions like libraries postulated as important spaces for adversaries to meet in dialogue. Libraries are viewed here as constantly becoming institutions, and the librarian's identity as an ongoing enactment of the library. To underscore the crucial role the library fills in society, it is conceptualized as a verb and a new word is proposed:to librarize. Discussions about the content of libraries are critical for librarians to find ways to perform the library. The ongoing debate is part of the professional performance of librarians. Librarians should, while acknowledging that there may be no single right way, debate over what is the most beneficial way to facilitate libraries’ vital role in democracy. Conceptualizing of the library as a verb and its implications for librarianship as a possible active agent for radical change within society are offered as articulations of resistance.
Novel Optimal Design Approach for Output‐Feedback H∞ Control of Vehicle Active Seat‐Suspension System
Authors: Wei Chunyu , Cai Yue , Zhang Ke , Wang Zhan , Yu Wenda
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the output‐feedback control problem of a vehicle active seat‐suspension system is investigated. A novel optimal design approach for an output‐feedback H∞ controller is proposed. The main objective of the controller is to minimize the seat vertical acceleration to improve vehicle ride comfort. First, the human body and the seat are considered in the modeling of a vehicle active suspension system, which makes the model more precise. Other constraints, such as tire deflection, suspension deflection and actuator saturation, are also considered. Then the output‐feedback control strategy is adopted since some state variables, such as body acceleration and body deflection, are unavailable. A concise and effective approach for an output‐feedback H∞ optimal control is presented. The desired controller is obtained by solving the corresponding linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and by the calculation of equations proposed in this paper. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed controller design approach.
Characterization of the suppressive effects of extremely‐low‐frequency electric fields on a stress‐induced increase in the plasma glucocorticoid level in mice
Authors: Hori Takuya , Nedachi Takaki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Harakawa Shinji
Published: August 2018

We recently suggested that an increase in the plasma glucocorticoid (GC) level in immobilized mice is suppressed by a 50‐Hz electric field (EF) in an EF strength‐dependent manner. The present study aimed to assess the anti‐stress effect of EFs in three scenarios: exposure to an EF of either 50 or 60 Hz, which are the standard power frequencies in most regions; varying levels of environmental brightness during EF exposure; complete or partial shielding of the mouse from the EF. We compared the GC levels and blood parameters among control, EF‐alone, immobilization‐alone, and co‐treatment groups. There was no difference between EFs of 50 and 60 Hz in terms of the suppression of the immobilization‐induced increase in GC, that is, the anti‐stress effect upon EF exposure. Examination of the effects of three environmental illuminance levels, 0, 200, and 490 lux, revealed that the effect of the EF was influenced by environmental illuminance. Shielding of the mice from the EF by wrapping the animals with an electrically conductive sheet inhibited the EF effect, which showed a negative correlation with the area shielded. Hence, environmental illuminance and the body area exposed to the EF might influence the effects of an EF on stress‐induced increases in plasma GC levels in mice. Because stress plays an important role in the onset and progression of various diseases, these findings may have broad implications for understanding the efficacy of EFs in health. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:516‐528, 2018 © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated deficiency does not result in genetic susceptibility to 50 Hz magnetic fields exposure in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Sun Chuan , Wei Xiaoxia , Yimaer Aziguli , Xu Zhengping , Chen Guangdi
Published: August 2018

Extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF‐MF) has been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [2002]. However, debate on the genotoxic effects of ELF‐MF has continued due to lack of sufficient experimental evidence. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a central role in DNA damage repair; its deficiency can result in cellular sensitivity to DNA‐damaging agents. To evaluate the genotoxicity of ELF‐MF, we investigated the effects of 50 Hz MF on DNA damage in ATM‐proficient (Atm+/+) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and ATM‐deficient (Atm−/−) MEFs, a radiosensitive cell line. Results showed no significant difference in average number of γH2AX foci per cell (9.37 ± 0.44 vs. 9.08 ± 0.28, P = 0.58) or percentage of γH2AX foci positive cells (49.22 ± 1.86% vs. 49.74 ± 1.44%, P = 0.83) between sham and exposure groups when Atm+/+ MEFs were exposed to 50 Hz MF at 2.0 mT for 15 min. Extending exposure duration to 1 or 24 h did not significantly change γH2AX foci formation in Atm+/+ MEFs. Similarly, the exposure did not significantly affect γH2AX foci formation in Atm−/− MEFs. Furthermore, 50 Hz MF exposure also did not significantly influence DNA fragmentation, cell viability, or cell cycle progression in either cell types. In conclusion, exposure to 50 Hz MF did not induce significant DNA damage in either Atm+/+ or Atm−/− MEFs under the reported experimental conditions. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:476–484, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unveiling the structure of a novel artificial heme‐enzyme with peroxidase‐like activity: A theoretical investigation
Authors: Perrella Fulvio , Raucci Umberto , Chiariello Maria Gabriella , Chino Marco , Maglio Ornella , Lombardi Angela , Rega Nadia
Published: August 2018

Fe(III)‐Mimochrome VI (MC6) is a recently reported artificial heme‐peptide conjugate system with a high peroxidase‐like activity. By design, its structure features a five‐coordinated Fe(III)‐deuteroporphyrin active site, embedded in a compact α‐helix–heme–α‐helix “sandwich” motif. Up to now, no detailed MC6 structural characterization is available. In this work we propose a theoretical investigation based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) optimizations, aimed to shed light on several Fe(III)‐MC6 structural features and to validate the de novo designed fold. Key structural elements were analyzed to achieve indirect insight relevant to understand Fe(III)‐MC6 catalytic performances in solution. Extensive MD simulations showed a partial stability of the “sandwich” fold in water solution. The smaller peptide chain bonded to the heme revealed a high conformational freedom, which promoted the exposition of the heme distal side to the solvent. Regarding the accessibility of water molecules, even in Fe(III)‐MC6 “closed” structure the heme cavity appeared hydrated, suggesting an easy accessibility by exogenous ligands. Fe(III)‐MC6 structure in both high and low spin states was then further characterized through hybrid QM/MM optimizations. In particular, an accurate description of the active site structure was obtained, allowing a direct comparison of Fe(III)‐MC6 coordination environment with that observed in the Horseradish Peroxidase crystal structures. Our results suggest a structural similarity between Fe(III)‐MC6 and the natural enzyme. This study supports the interpretation of data from experimental Fe(III)‐MC6 structural and functional characterization and the rational design of new artificial mimics with improved catalytic performances.
Nationwide population-based study of trends and regional variation in breast-conserving treatment for breast cancer
Authors: van Maaren M C , Strobbe L J A , Koppert L B , Poortmans P M P , Siesling S
Published: August 2018

Background

Landmark trials have shown breast-conserving surgery (BCS) combined with radiotherapy to be as safe as mastectomy in breast cancer treatment. This population-based study aimed to evaluate trends in BCS from 1989 to 2015 in nine geographical regions in the Netherlands.

Methods

All women diagnosed between 1989 and 2015 with primary T1–2 N0–1 breast cancer, treated with BCS or mastectomy, were identified from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Crude and case mix-adjusted rates of BCS were evaluated and compared between nine Dutch regions for two time intervals: 1989–2002 and 2003–2015. The annual percentage change in BCS per region over time was assessed by means of Joinpoint regression analyses. Explanatory variables associated with the choice of initial surgery were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 202 934 patients were included, 82 200 treated in 1989–2002 and 120 734 in 2003–2015. During 1989–2002, the mean rate of BCS was 50·6 per cent, varying significantly from 39·0 to 71·7 per cent between the nine regions. For most regions, a marked rise in BCS was observed between 2002 and 2003. During 2003–2015, the mean rate of BCS increased to 67·4 per cent, but still varied significantly between regions from 58·5 to 75·5 per cent. A significant variation remained after case-mix correction.

Conclusion

This large nationwide study showed that the use of BCS increased from 1989 to 2015 in the Netherlands. After adjustment for explanatory variables, a large variation still existed between the nine regions. This regional variation underlines the need for implementation of a uniform treatment and decision-making strategy.
Seek out new strategies to manage transitions, challenges
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2018

When Aaron Denton transitioned from working in college athletics at a community college to a Division III, four‐year private college, he knew he needed to learn as much as possible. But he also had the feeling there was never enough time to complete all of his new responsibilities, so he was thankful he didn't have to manage that transition alone.
Ghost‐Students and the New Wave of Online Cheating for Community College Students
Authors: Hollis Leah P.
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews the proliferation of community college students who cheat in online classes, with particular focus on hiring ghost‐students or students who take an entire course for a fee. The discussion includes faculty and institutional solutions to prevent ghost‐students in online classes.
The Shared Responsibility for Academic Integrity Education
Authors: Garza Mitchell Regina L. , Parnther Ceceilia
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes how one community college addresses academic integrity education and provides recommendations for implementing and enforcing policies and practices across the college.
Developmental Responses to Incidents of Academic Dishonesty
Authors: McNair Delores E. , Oye William N.
Published: August 2018

College officials across the United States struggle with how to prevent and effectively respond to incidents of academic dishonesty. In this chapter, we propose alternative practices that support student development and learning.
Making the Case for the Establishment of Ethics Centers on Community College Campuses
Authors: Ferguson Ralph , Louder Justin
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes the functions of an ethics center on a university campus and how it benefits the learning environment for faculty, staff, and students. While a full‐blown ethics center may be too ambitious for some community colleges, it serves as a template for what programs could be offered on a smaller scale.
Energy‐Efficiency Evaluation of Gas Sweetening Based on Yield‐Energy‐Selectivity Indicators
Authors: Gu Xiaohua , Qiu Kui , Kuai Jiajian , Weng Junli , Fan Zhong , Zhang Kun
Published: August 2018

The high‐sulfur gas sweetening process is energy consuming. To analyze its energy efficiency effectively, and look for ways to improve this process, a novel energy‐efficiency evaluation method based on the yield‐energy‐selectivity and efficiency coefficient methods was proposed. First, the yield, energy, and selectivity are selected as evaluation indicators to establish the yield‐energy‐selectivity evaluation model. Then, the coefficient and score of each indicator were determined by using the analytical hierarchy process and efficacy coefficient method, respectively. Finally, the proposed energy‐efficiency evaluation method was applied to the actual high‐sulfur gas sweetening process. The evaluation results were in good agreement with those obtained by actual experiences.
Nucleophilic‐Addition‐Initiated Ring Expansion and Selectivity in Anionic Fragmentation
Authors: Reyes Loya David , De Paolis Michaël
Published: August 2018

The expansion of rings into larger ones by a mechanism of anionic fragmentation is a potent tool for exploring new structural space in a concise manner. As the concept has been known and applied for decades now, going a step further calls for selectivity in the production of new scaffolds. In this regard, recent results demonstrated promising levels of regio‐, dia‐ and enantioselectivity which give impulses to the concept of ring expansion involving the fragmentation of anionic species generated from unstrained cycles. Initiated by addition of a nucleophile, the energy received in the form of electrons triggered skeletal rearrangements of simple starting materials while revealing new stereocenters and/or regioisomers. Disrupting the symmetry of smaller rings in some cases, the strategy gives access to complex larger rings.
Postfunctionalization of Tris(pyridyl) Aluminate Ligands: Chirality, Coordination, and Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: García‐Romero Álvaro , Plajer Alex J. , Álvarez‐Miguel Lucía , Bond Andrew D. , Wright Dominic S. , García‐Rodríguez Raúl
Published: August 2018

Postfunctionalization of the aluminate anion [EtAl(6‐Me‐2‐py)3]− (1) (2‐py=2‐pyridyl) with alkoxide ligands can be achieved by the selective reactions of the lithium salt 1 Li with alcohols in the appropriate stoichiometry. This method can be used to introduce 3‐ and 4‐py functionality in the form of 3‐ and 4‐alkoxymethylpyridyl groups, while maintaining the integrity of the aluminate framework, thereby giving entry to new supramolecular chemistry. Chirality can be introduced either by using a chiral alcohol as a reactant or by the stepwise reaction of 1 Li with two different nonchiral alcohols. The latter route has allowed the synthesis of a rare example of a chiral‐at‐aluminium aluminate.
Warum wir uns mit Rohstoffen befassen müssen
Authors: Bertau Martin
Published: August 2018

Eine gesicherte Rohstoffbasis ist für die industrielle Produktion essentiell. Der weltweit zunehmende Rohstoffbedarf ist Resultat der wachsenden Weltbevölkerung und Ausdruck des Bestrebens nach einer Angleichung der Lebensbedingungen nach westlichem Vorbild. Die Folge ist eine Konkurrenz um Lagerstätten. Eine Kreislaufführung von Rohstoffen kann zur Versorgungssicherheit beitragen, aber vor allem bei exportorientierten Ländern nur zu einem Teil die benötigten Rohstoffe bereitstellen. Dabei entzieht die zunehmende Komplexität moderner Produkte Elemente vielfach einer Wiederverwertung. Moderne chemische Verfahren (Wertstoffchemie) gestatten die Entwicklung leistungsfähiger Prozesse zur Wiedergewinnung von Sekundärrohstoffen in Primärproduktqualität und tragen so zur Sicherung der industriellen Rohstoffbasis bei.
In der Maske des Wasserbocks
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: August 2018

Parasitische Einzeller der Gattung Trypanosoma verursachen vor allem in den Tropen schwere Erkrankungen bei Mensch und Tier. Übertragen werden sie durch den Stich einer infizierten Tsetsefliege. Während Rinder zur bevorzugten Beute der blutsaugenden Insekten zählen, macht sich der Ellipsen‐Wasserbock (Abbildung 1) durch seinen besonderen Duft ausgesprochen unattraktiv. Dieses „Parfum“ nutzen afrikanische Bauern inzwischen, um auch ihre Rinder vor einer Infektion zu schützen.
Dissecting the nucleotide binding properties of the septins from S. cerevisiae
Authors: Baur Julian David , Rösler Reinhild , Wiese Sebastian , Johnsson Nils , Gronemeyer Thomas
Published: August 2018

Septins are a conserved family of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)‐binding proteins that assemble into an ordered array of filaments at the mother bud neck in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.

They are present in all higher eukaryotes except plants.

Septins belong structurally to the P‐Loop nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPases) like Rab and Ras. However, unlike other small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPases) septins are supposed to act as scaffolds rather than signalling mediators. This is why they are considered as the fourth class of cytoskeletal proteins.

It is assumed that septins fulfil their functions independently of the bound nucleotide. The role of guanosine diphosphosphate (GDP) and GTP binding and subsequent hydrolysis was controversial debated in the last couple of years. Lack of crystal structures of yeast septin subunits or rods and difficulties to isolate single monomeric septin subunits often hindered the correlation of results obtained from in vivo studies with biochemical data. Recently, nucleotide binding and hydrolysis was connected to the formation of septin rods from its subunits. However, the evidence was only indirectly obtained through the use of septin mutants in the context of intact cells.

We provide here mechanistic insight into the nucleotide binding of the yeast septins by in vitro assays using purified septin rods and building blocks, thereby adding further insights to the already available models on septin filament formation.
Regulation of mechanotransduction: Emerging roles for septins
Authors: Lam Maxine , Calvo Fernando
Published: August 2018

Cells exist in dynamic three‐dimensional environments where they experience variable mechanical forces due to their interaction with the extracellular matrix, neighbouring cells and physical stresses. The ability to constantly and rapidly alter cellular behaviour in response to the mechanical environment is therefore crucial for cell viability, tissue development and homeostasis. Mechanotransduction is the process whereby cells translate mechanical inputs into biochemical signals. These signals in turn adjust cell morphology and cellular functions as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanotransduction and how septins may participate in it, drawing on their architecture and localization, their ability to directly bind and modify actomyosin networks and membranes, and their associations with the nuclear envelope.
Combined immuno‐purification and detection of recombinant erythropoietins and activin receptor type II‐Fc fusion proteins by isoelectric focusing for application in doping control
Authors: Martin Laurent , Audran Michel , Marchand Alexandre
Published: August 2018

Iso‐electric focusing (IEF) was the first method established to discriminate endogenous and recombinant erythropoietins (rEPOs). It is still approved by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) as an initial testing procedure to detect erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) in doping control samples. However EPO‐Fc, one of the prohibited rEPOs designated by WADA, is not detectable with the actual IEF conditions. Other newly developed ESAs – luspatercept and sotatercept, both activin receptor type II‐Fc fusion proteins (ActRII‐Fc) – are also now prohibited and could be used in combination with rEPOs. Methods of identification of ActRII‐Fc in blood by SAR/SDS‐PAGE have been described, but not by IEF. Here we detail improvements in blood sample preparation and IEF analysis: A combined immuno‐purification of EPOs and ActRII‐Fc proteins in a single procedure, an appropriate isoforms separation for all proteins using new pre‐loading and gel conditions, and a single detection of all rEPOs and ActRII‐Fc proteins after successive incubation with anti‐EPO and anti‐ActRII antibodies.

With these changes, distinctive profiles for all the ESAs were obtained by IEF. Therefore, IEF could be used as a screening method to detect a wide spectrum of prohibited ESAs in blood samples prior to specific confirmation for the identified rEPO or ActRII‐Fc.
2,4‐Dichlorophenol induces DNA damage through ROS accumulation and GSH depletion in goldfish Carassius auratus
Authors: Huang Dejun , Zhang Xiaoning , Zhang Chen , Li Hui , Li Dong , Hu Yan , Yang Feng , Qi Yongmei
Published: August 2018

2,4‐Dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) is one of the most abundant chlorophenols in the aquatic environment and has been frequently detected in surface waters. Although ecological and cellular toxicity of 2,4‐DCP has aroused the public concern, few reports focus on the genotoxicity, especially on DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), of 2,4‐DCP in fish. The present study aims to explore the genotoxic effect of 2,4‐DCP on DSBs in goldfish Carassius auratus and to further elucidate its potential mechanism. The results showed that 2,4‐DCP significantly induced DSBs (detected by neutral comet assay) in erythrocytes and hepatocytes of goldfish in a dose‐dependent manner, indicating a genotoxicity of 2,4‐DCP on fish. The total antioxidant capability and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly decreased, while the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased in a dose‐dependent manner in erythrocytes and hepatocytes, suggesting an oxidative stress caused by 2,4‐DCP in fish. N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, a precursor of GSH and a ROS scavenger, significantly impaired 2,4‐DCP‐induced ROS overproduction and DSBs, which proves that ROS accumulation and GSH depletion are involved in 2,4‐DCP‐induced DNA damage in fish. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:798–9, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resting‐state pulvinar‐posterior parietal decoupling in PTSD and its dissociative subtype
Authors: Terpou Braeden A. , Densmore Maria , Théberge Jean , Frewen Paul , McKinnon Margaret C. , Lanius Ruth A.
Published: August 2018

Key evidence points toward alterations in the neurocircuitry of large‐scale networks among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The pulvinar is a thalamic region displaying reciprocal connectivity with the cortex and has been shown to modulate alpha synchrony to facilitate network communication. During rest, the pulvinar displays functional connectivity with the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a heteromodal network of brain areas underlying multisensory integration and socioaffective functions that are shown at deficit in PTSD. Accordingly, this study seeks to reveal the resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) patterns of individuals with PTSD, its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) and healthy controls. A whole‐brain rsFC analysis was conducted using SPM12 and PickAtlas. Connectivity was analyzed for the left and right pulvinar across groups of individuals with PTSD (n = 81), PTSD + DS (n = 49), and controls (n = 51). As compared to PTSD, controls displayed significantly greater pulvinar rsFC with the superior parietal lobule and precuneus. Moreover, as compared to PTSD + DS, controls showed increased pulvinar connectivity with the superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule and the precuneus. PTSD groups did not display stronger connectivity with any region as compared to controls. Last, PTSD had greater rsFC in the supramarginal gyrus relative to PTSD + DS. Reduced connectivity between the pulvinar and PPC may explain impairments to autobiographical memory, self‐referential processing, and socioaffective domains in PTSD and PTSD + DS even at “rest.” Critically, these alterations appear to be exacerbated in individuals with PTSD + DS, which may have important implications for treatment.
Dimension optimization of two air cavities thermal insulator as an application in buildings
Authors: Elnaggar Mohamed , Alnahhal Mohammed , Edwan Ezzaldeen
Published: August 2018

The present study investigates the use of two air cavities thermal insulator in buildings. The two air cavities insulator structure is supposed to be located within the building's wall and roof forming two separated vertical and horizontal cavity, respectively. In addition, the wall cavity height (or roof cavity length), H, was investigated at H = 2, 3, 4, 5 m to find the influence of wall cavity height (or roof cavity length) on various thermal characteristics and thus to determine the thermal optimum thickness. At each wall cavity height (and roof cavity length), cavity thickness, Lc, was varied from 0.01 m to 0.1 m forming aspect ratio, AR = H/Lc ranges of 20 to 200, 30 to 300, 40 to 400, and 50 to 500 for H = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m, respectively. The present results reveal the presence of the first and second cavities in wall and roof at various thicknesses affecting the development of wall and roof components' surface temperature. In addition, varying the wall cavity height or roof cavity length has further significant effects on the development of these surface temperatures. Moreover, it was found that increasing the wall cavity height leads to increasing the optimum wall cavity thickness, Lc = 0.024, 0.027, 0.029, and 0.031 m at cavity height, H = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m, respectively, whereas in the roof cavity case, the optimum roof cavity thickness seems to reach its asymptotic value at about 0.019 m for the roof cavity length investigated, H = 2, 3, 4, and 5 m despite the optimum wall cavity thickness that was not.
Effects of non‐Darcian and temperature dependent heat source on two‐phase flow in a vertical porous space with thermal radiation
Authors: Muthuraj R. , Srinivas S. , Shukla Anant Kant , Immaculate D. Lourdu
Published: August 2018

In this article, influences of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on MHD flow of two immiscible fluids in a vertical channel filled with porous materials have been studied theoretically. The equations governing the problem are transformed to a system of ODE and are solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of physical parameters on flow and heat transfer characteristics have been discussed with the help of graphs. It is found that viscous dissipation parameter, heat source parameter, thermal parameter lead to enhance velocity as well as temperature field. Also, increasing Brinkmann number and heat source parameter lead to suppress Coefficient of skin friction at the left wall but the opposite is true at the other wall. However, these parameters give reverse trend on Nusselt number distribution. Further, increasing thermal conductivity ratio and fluids height ratio leads to increase heat transfer coefficient significantly at the left wall. In addition, we have compared present HAM solution with analytical solution of the problem (ie, absence of radiation parameter and Brinkmann number).