bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pneumonia after hip surgery in children with neurological complex chronic conditions
Authors: Difazio Rachel L. , Shore Benjamin J. , Melvin Patrice , Mauskar Sangeeta , Berry Jay G.
Published: July 2022

Aim

In children with neurological complex chronic conditions (CCC) undergoing hip surgery we aimed to: estimate the rate of postoperative pneumonia, determine the effect of pneumonia on postoperative hospital resource use, and identify predictors of postoperative pneumonia.

Method

A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing the Pediatric Health Information System database for 2609 children (1081 females, 1528 males) aged 4 years and older with a neurological CCC who underwent hip surgery (i.e. reconstruction surgery or salvage procedure) between 2016 and 2018 in 41 US children's hospitals. Multivariable, mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to assess patient characteristics and risk of pneumonia.

Results

Mean age at hip surgery was 10 years 1 month (SD 4y 8mo). The postoperative pneumonia rate was 1.6% (n=42). Median length of stay (LOS) was longer for children with pneumonia and the 30‐day all‐cause unplanned readmission rate and costs were higher. Variability in rates of pneumonia ranged from 1.1% to 2.8% across hospitals. Significant predictors of postoperative pneumonia were osteotomy type (p=0.005) and number of chronic conditions (p≤0.001).

Interpretation

Postoperative pneumonia after hip surgery in children with a neurological CCC is associated with longer LOS, readmissions, and higher costs. Children undergoing pelvic osteotomies and who have multimorbidity need additional clinical support to prevent postoperative pneumonia and decrease resource utilization.

What this paper adds

Pneumonia is a major postoperative complication in children with neurological complex chronic conditions (CCC).

Forty‐two (1.6%) children with neurological CCC developed pneumonia after hip surgery.

Length of stay, readmissions, and costs were significantly higher in the group with pneumonia.

Variability in pneumonia rates existed across hospitals.

Predictors of developing pneumonia include osteotomy type and number of CCC.
The glucose tolerance test in mice: Sex, drugs and protocol
Authors: Kennard Matilda R. , Nandi Manasi , Chapple Sarah , King Aileen J.
Published: July 2022

Aim

To establish the impact of sex, dosing route, fasting duration and acute habituation stress on glucose tolerance test (GTT) measurements used in the preclinical evaluation of potential glucose‐modulating therapeutics.

Methods

Adult male and female C57Bl/6J mice, implanted with HD‐XG glucose telemetry devices, were fasted for 16 hours or 6 hours following acute habituation stress due to whole cage change, cage change with retention of used bedding or no cage change prior to intraperitoneal (IP) GTTs. To evaluate protocol refinement and sex on the ability of the GTT to detect drug effects, we administered 250 mg/kg oral metformin or 10 nmol/kg IP exendin‐4 using optimized protocols.

Results

Female mice were less sensitive to human intervention when initiating fasting. Following a 6‐hour fast, retention of bedding whilst changing the cage base promotes quicker stabilization of basal blood glucose in both sexes. Prolonged fasting for 16 hours resulted in an exaggerated GTT response but induced pronounced basal hypoglycaemia. Following GTT protocol optimization the effect of exendin‐4 and metformin was equivalent in both sexes, with females showing a more modest but more reproducible GTT response.

Conclusions

Variations in GTT protocol have profound effects on glucose homeostasis. Protocol refinement and/or the use of females still allows for detection of drug effects, providing evidence that more severe phenotypes are not an essential prerequisite when characterizing/validating new drugs.
Is inflation caused by deteriorating inflation expectations or excessive monetary growth?
Authors: Matthews Kent , Ong Kian
Published: July 2022

The near‐universal practice of inflation targeting has strengthened the belief of central banks that all that is needed to control inflation is to anchor expectations with a credible inflation target. The use of Taylor rule augmented DSGE models for policy analysis and forecasting adds credence to the view that, provided inflation expectations remain stable, actual inflation will be driven by expectations. The ultimate drivers of inflation are subsidiary to the central bank operation of acting on inflation expectations for the control of inflation. This article poses the question whether inflation is caused by deteriorating inflation expectations or excessive monetary growth. It takes as its theoretical inspiration Friedman's theory of nominal income determination. We use quarterly data of one‐year‐ahead inflation expectations produced by the Bank of England, and medium‐run inflation expectations backed out of five‐year bond yields as measures of long‐term inflation expectations. To this we add actual inflation, nominal GDP, and M4 to define a four‐variable VAR. The results reveal that M4 Granger causes inflation and inflation expectations, and a variance decomposition of inflation shows that while inflation expectations help to drive inflation, after a period of between five and eight quarters money supply dominates the variance decomposition.
Whither monetarism?
Authors: Sumner Scott
Published: July 2022

This article explores the changing fortunes of different approaches to monetary policy, which are linked to what is happening to inflation at the time. The author discusses ways in which monetarism might be revived, and offers some thoughts on inflationary prospects for the 2020s.
On monetary growth and inflation in leading economies, 2021–22: Relative prices and the overall price level
Authors: Greenwood John , Hanke Steve H
Published: July 2022

For most of the period since China started to reform and open its economy, falling goods prices in developed economies have been offset by rising service prices, but as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic these relative price trends have been temporarily reversed. Separately from these relative price changes, the 2021–22 episode of inflation reflects broad money growth rates in many economies around the world since the start of the pandemic. The economies that are predicted to experience the greatest increase in inflation are those where monetary growth has increased most relative to the requirements to finance normal economic growth and the normal increase in demand for money balances (the inverse of income velocity).
Molecular condensation and mechanoregulation of plant class I formin, an integrin‐like actin nucleator
Authors: Ma Zhiming , Zhu Kexin , Gao Yong‐Gui , Tan Suet‐Mien , Miao Yansong
Published: July 2022

The actin cytoskeleton (AC) undergoes rapid remodelling to coordinate cellular processes during signal transduction, including changes in actin nucleation, crosslinking, and depolymerization in a time‐ and space‐dependent manner. Switching the initial actin nucleation often provides timely control of the entire actin network formation. Located at the cell surface, the plant class I formin family is a major class of actin nucleators that rapidly respond to exterior chemical and environmental cues. Plant class I formins are structurally integrated within the plant cell wall‐plasma membrane‐actin cytoskeleton (CW‐PM‐AC) continuum, sharing similar biophysical properties to mammalian integrins that are embedded within the extracellular matrix‐PM‐AC continuum. In plants, perturbation of structural components of the CW‐PM‐AC continuum changes the biophysical properties of two dimensional‐scaffolding structures, which results in uncontrolled molecular diffusion and interactions of class I formins, as well as their clustering and activities in the nucleation of the AC. Emerging studies have shown that the PM‐integrated formins are highly responsive to the mechanical perturbation of CW and AC integrity changes that tune the oligomerization and condensation of formin on the cell surface. However, during diverse signalling transductions, the molecular mechanisms that spatiotemporally underlie the mechanosensing and mechanoregulation of formin for remodelling actin remain unclear. Here, the emphasis will be placed on recent developments in understanding how the molecular condensation of class I formin regulates the biochemical activities in tuning actin polymerization during plant immune signalling, as well as how the plant structural components of the CW‐PM‐AC continuum control formin condensation at a nanometre scale.
Functional mapping of the N‐terminal region of the yeast moonlighting protein Sis2/Hal3 reveals crucial residues for Ppz1 regulation
Authors: Santolaria Carlos , Velázquez Diego , Albacar Marcel , Casamayor Antonio , Ariño Joaquín
Published: July 2022

The function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ppz1 phosphatase is controlled by its inhibitory subunit Hal3. Hal3 is a moonlighting protein, which associates with Cab3 to form a decarboxylase involved in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. Hal3 is composed by a conserved core PD region, required for both Ppz1 regulation and CoA biosynthesis, a long N‐terminal extension, and an acidic C‐terminal tail. Cab3 has a similar structure, but it is not a Ppz1 inhibitor. We show here that deletion or specific mutations in a short region of the N‐terminal extension of Hal3 compromise its function as a Ppz1 inhibitor in vivo and in vitro without negatively affecting its ability to interact with the phosphatase. This study defines a R‐K‐X(3)‐VTFS‐ sequence whose presence explains the unexpected ability of Cab3 (but not Hal3) to regulate Ppz1 function in Candida albicans. This sequence is conserved in a subset of fungi and it could serve to estimate the relevance of Hal3 or Cab3 proteins in regulating fungal Ppz enzymes. We also show that the removal of the motif moderately affects both Ppz1 intracellular relocalization and counteraction of toxicity in cells overexpressing the phosphatase. Thus, our work contributes to our understanding of the regulation of Ppz phosphatases, which are determinants for virulence in some pathogenic fungi.
Effect of atmospheric‐controlled induction‐heating fine particle peening on microstructure and fatigue properties of low‐alloy steel
Authors: Takesue Shogo , Hayama Motoaki , Komotori Jun
Published: July 2022

Atmospheric‐controlled induction‐heating fine particle peening (AIH‐FPP) was performed for low‐alloy steel, and the effects of the peening temperature, the microstructure of steel, and thermal history during AIH‐FPP on the resultant microstructure of treated steel were investigated. Regardless of the prior microstructure and thermal history, the grains near the surfaces were refined by AIH‐FPP at peening temperatures from 923 K to 1023 K owing to dynamic recrystallization. To examine the effect of AIH‐FPP on the fatigue properties of steel, plane‐bending fatigue tests were performed. Compared with the steel mirror‐polished, treated with FPP at RT, or only induction‐heated, the fatigue properties of steel treated with AIH‐FPP were improved. This is because of the formation of a thick and uniform grain‐refined layer, the generation of compressive residual stress, and hardening of the surface by AIH‐FPP. Moreover, owing to the grain refinement progress, the fatigue properties of steel improved with increasing peening temperature.
Failure to achieve recommended environmental flows coincides with declining fish populations: Long‐term trends in regulated and unregulated rivers
Authors: Pennock Casey A. , Bruckerhoff Lindsey A. , Gido Keith B. , Barkalow Adam L. , Breen Matthew J. , Budy Phaedra , Macfarlane William W. , Propst David L.
Published: July 2022

Dams can be operated to mimic components of the natural flow regime to minimise impacts on downstream ecosystems. However, infrastructure, societal needs, water management, and catchment runoff constrain which and when flow regime attributes can be mimicked.

We compared fish assemblage responses, including native and non‐native species, over 2 decades of managed environmental flows to those in a river retaining a relatively unaltered flow regime. Both of these arid‐land rivers are within the overallocated Colorado River basin and have experienced declines in catchment runoff over the past 20 years. We predicted that fish–flow relationships would be conserved across time and between managed and unmanaged rivers.

Declines in flow in both rivers coincided with declines in some native fishes, and more native and non‐native fish species exhibited declines in the managed river than in the unmanaged river. Our ability to detect previously documented native fish–flow relationships diminished in the managed river system because established environmental flow targets were not met due to water management, but we detected these fish–flow relationships in the unmanaged river.

Our results suggest declining catchment runoff and increased consumptive water use could reduce the effectiveness of environmental flows that have lower priority in most years.
Encroachment diminishes herbaceous plant diversity in grassy ecosystems worldwide
Authors: Wieczorkowski Jakub D. , Lehmann Caroline E. R.
Published: July 2022

Woody encroachment is ubiquitous in grassy ecosystems worldwide, but its global impacts on the diversity of herbaceous plants that characterise and define these ecosystems remain unquantified. The pervasiveness of encroachment is relatively easily observed via remote sensing, but its impacts on plant diversity and richness below the canopy can only be observed via field‐based studies. Via a meta‐analysis of 42 field studies across tropical to temperate grassy ecosystems, we quantified how encroachment altered herbaceous species richness, and the richness of forbs, C3 graminoids and C4 graminoids. Across studies, the natural logarithm of the response ratio (lnRR) of herbaceous species richness ranged from −3.33 to 0.34 with 87% of encroached ecosystems negatively impacted. Assessment of the extent of encroachment, duration of encroachment, mean annual rainfall, latitude, and continent demonstrated that only extent of encroachment had relevance in the data (univariate model including a random effect of study explained 45.4% of variance). The global weighted mean lnRR of species richness decreased from −0.245 at <33% of woody cover increase, to −0.562 at 33%–66%, and to −0.962 at >66%. Continued encroachment results in substantial loss of herbaceous diversity at medium and high extents, with a loss of richness that is not replaced. Although all functional groups are significantly negatively impacted by encroachment, forb richness is relatively more sensitive than graminoid richness, and C4 graminoid richness relatively more than C3 graminoid richness. Although no geographic or climatic correlates had relevance in the data, encroachment as an emergent product of global change coalesces to decrease ground layer light availability, lead to loss of fire and grazers, and alter hydrology and soils. Encroachment is accelerating and grassy ecosystems require urgent attention to determine critical woody cover thresholds that facilitate diverse and resilient grassy ecosystems.
An audit of HIV testing practice in people aged 50 years and over presenting with a known clinical indicator condition in secondary care
Authors: Gill Rebecca Catherine , Levett Tom , Youssef Elaney
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To evaluate HIV testing of patients aged ≥50 years presenting to secondary care with clinical indicator conditions (CICs) for HIV.

Methods

Retrospective audit of electronic records for patients aged ≥50 years discharged from hospital between January 1st and July 31st 2019 who had at least one documented CIC. Patient demographics and HIV testing data were collected from clinical systems (excluding sexual health databases).

Results

2478 patients with a CIC were identified. 222 (9.0%) received an HIV test within 31 days of discharge. Patients receiving a test were significantly younger (mean 68.6 versus 75.3 years; P < 0.001) and significantly more men underwent testing than women (60.4% versus 39.6%; P = 0.001). 32 CICs were identified across nine disease systems. By system, those with a haematological CIC were significantly more likely to undergo testing compared with all other CICs combined (P < 0.001). Of individual CICs, patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, hepatitis C, neutropenia, lymphadenopathy, pyrexia of unknown origin and thrombocytopenia (P < 0.001), and seborrhoeic dermatitis, hepatitis B, other unexplained blood dyscrasia, and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (P < 0.05) were more likely to undergo testing than those presenting with other CICs. Patients with dementia and lung cancer were less likely to undergo testing (P < 0.001). Patients presenting with a greater number of CICs were significantly more likely to undergo testing (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

HIV testing among patients aged ≥50 years presenting to secondary care with a CIC is low. Work is needed to improve HIV testing practice in this patient group.
A comparison between silicone‐free and silicone‐based emulsions: Technological features and in vivo evaluation
Authors: Mancuso Antonia , Tarsitano Martine , Udongo Betty P. , Cristiano Maria Chiara , Torella Daniele , Paolino Donatella , Fresta Massimo
Published: July 2022

Objective

Nowadays, the use of silicones in cosmetic formulation is still controversial, given that “natural” or “biodegradable” components are preferred. Often, the exclusion and/or the discrimination of these excipients from cosmetic field are unmotivated because all things cannot be painted with the same brush. Hence, we want to bring to light and underline the advantages of including silicones in cosmetic emulsions, refuting and debunking some myths related to their use.

Methods

Silicone‐free and silicone‐based emulsions were obtained within an easy homogenization process. Droplet size distribution was assessed by laser diffraction particle size analyser Mastersizer 2000™, and by optical microscopy. The long‐time stability profiles were investigated thanks to the optical analyser Turbiscan® Lab Expert. Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) by Rheolaser Master™ and frequency sweep measurements by Kinexus® Pro Rotational Rheometer were carried out to assess a full rheological characterization. In vivo studies were carried out by the evaluation of Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) over time on healthy human volunteers. A skin feeling rating was collected from the same volunteers by questionnaire.

Results

From size distribution analysis, a better coherence of data appeared for silicone‐based emulsion, as the size of the droplets was kept unchanged after 1 month, as well as the uniformity parameter. Morphological investigation confirmed a homogenous droplet distribution for both samples. Silicones enhanced the viscosity, compactness and strength of the cream, providing a suitable stability profile both at room temperature and when heated at 40°C. The solid‐like viscoelastic behaviour was assessed in the presence of dynamic oscillatory stresses. The monitoring of TEWL over time demonstrated non‐occlusive properties of emulsions containing silicones, the values of which were comparable to the negative control. Silicone‐based emulsions gained higher scores from the volunteers in silkiness, freshness and softness features, while lower scores were obtained in greasiness compared to silicone‐free emulsions. No cases of irritation were recorded by the candidates.

Conclusion

The presence of specific silicones inside a cosmetic product improved its technological characteristics. The rheological identity and the stability feature showed the real suitability of prepared emulsion as a cosmetic product. Moreover, this study demonstrated that silicone‐based emulsions are safe for the skin and did not cause skin occlusion. Improved skin sensations are registered by potential consumers when silicones are included in the formulation.
“More is not always better”: Park's sweet spot theory‐driven implementation strategy for viable optimal safe nurse staffing policy in practice
Authors: Park Claire Su‐Yeon
Published: July 2022

Aim

This paper aims to propose Park's sweet spot theory‐driven implementation strategy, which makes optimal safe staffing policy really work in nursing practice.

Background

For the last 40 years, mainstream nursing workforce research has emphasized that having more registered nurses leads to better patient outcomes, and yet staffing policies have failed to implement this crucial concept. Meanwhile, global nursing shortages have become rampant, a problem that only dilutes the skill‐mix ratios in the nursing workforce. Low fertility and an aging population worldwide are then accelerating these shortages. These dire circumstances may be persisting because of unclear, unsubstantiated cost‐efficiency in the nursing workforce. For this reason, there remains a dearth of well‐researched evidence for a clear threshold on optimal safe staffing levels that could maximize quality of care relative to cost given limited healthcare financial budgets and which could also be fitted into each care setting. Along with that, an implementation strategy for optimal safe staffing levels is nonexistent.

Sources of evidence

An implementation strategy has been developed through interdisciplinary consilience‐based theory synthesis of both prospective theory and regulatory focus theory combined with Park's optimized nursing staffing (sweet spot) estimation theory.

Discussion/conclusions

A theory‐driven novel implementation strategy is proposed, which functions as a nudge strategy that uses the synchronous balance of quality of care, nurse staffing, and cost. It illustrates (1) how to create shared value among patients, nurses, and stakeholders through robust evidence‐based, informed shared decision‐making rationales on the optimal safe nurse staffing levels and (2) how to induce stakeholders to overcome resistance to innovation and improve their nursing workforce through value chain in management science.

Implications for nursing workforce policy

This novel implementation strategy may be a viable solution to mitigate the nursing shortage by leading stakeholders (1) to compete with each other (on the basis of nursing sufficiency) and (2) to competitively demonstrate the patient‐centered value (patient‐perceived care quality relative to cost) of their institutions.
Prediction of diabetic foot amputation using newly revised DIRECT coding system: Comparison of accuracy with that of five existing classification systems
Authors: Lee Da Woon , Kwak Si Hyun , Kim Jun Hyuk , Choi Hwan Jun
Published: July 2022

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes various complications over time, one such complication is diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), which are challenging to treat and can lead to amputation. Additionally, a system for accurate prediction of amputation has yet to be developed. In total, 131 patients were included in the study after retrospectively collecting data from 2016 to 2020 about DFU. The collected data were used for comparison of the accuracy between five existing classification systems and the newly revised DIRECT coding system, and investigation of risk factors for lower extremity amputation (LEA). The existing five classification systems and DIRECT system can effectively predict LEA. The DIRECT3 system has three elements, C‐reactive protein (CRP), ulcer history (UH), and hypertension (HTN) in addition to those of the DIRECT system. It had a high predictive value and accuracy similar to that of Wagner and University of Texas (UT) on depth among the five classification systems. Among the statistically significant risk factors, duration of DM and HTN, haemoglobin (Hb), CRP, and UH showed an association with LEA. The DIRECT coding system is effective for predicting LEA and explaining appropriate treatment methods for DFU, and is widely applicable because of its user accessibility and convenience.
Fe2O3 powder modified with Ce0.6Mn0.3Fe0.1O2 and Cr2O3 prepared by spray pyrolysis method for rechargeable Fe–air cell
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Kim Hackho , Inoishi Yuiko , Matsuda Junko
Published: July 2022

Highly porous and uniform sphere shape Fe powder with a nano‐porous structure can be prepared successfully with a spray pyrolysis method and applied for solid oxide Fe–air rechargeable battery, which is consisted of solid oxide reversible cells using an H2O/H2 redox mediator. The prepared Fe powder modified with both Cr2O3 and Ce0.6Mn0.3Fe0.1O2 shows a high redox reaction rate as well as cycle stability by uniform distribution. A discharge capacity of 1100 mAh·g‐Fe−1 with almost 100% coulombic efficiency was achieved at initial cycles and that larger than 800 mAh·g‐Fe−1 was sustained over 20 cycles at 873 K. After the reduction of Fe powder with H2 flow so‐called chemical charge, a discharge capacity of 900 mAh·g‐Fe−1 was recovered and stably sustained for the following 20 cycles (40 total cycles), and discharge capacity may be sustained further longer cycles at 823 K. The round‐trip efficiency for charge and discharge was about 90%, which can be assigned to the high reversibility of Fe redox with nano‐porous structure prepared by spray pyrolysis method.
Scaling anti‐plagiarism efforts to meet the needs of large online computer science classes: Challenges, solutions, and recommendations
Authors: Adkins Keith L. , Joyner David A.
Published: July 2022

Background

Plagiarism is a very serious offence in academic institutions. Yet there is some reluctance to address plagiarism by educators as its enforcement can require a significant time commitment if not handled wisely. Handling plagiarism at scale has the potential to exacerbate this problem.

Objectives

This article explores the challenges educators face when it comes to enforcing plagiarism from within the course environment, presents a solution that addresses these challenges, and provides guidelines for preventing and detecting plagiarism in our at‐scale courses.

Methods

A workflow is shared which was created from our experience of handling plagiarism within our large online computer science graduate level program. We present an empirical study of this workflow that shows the overall prevalence of misconduct.

Results and Conclusions

Results demonstrate this workflow being effectively and efficiently applied to address plagiarism across four courses and three semesters by a single individual working half time. We have observed that warnings on low‐stakes assignments can be very effective at deterring future misconduct. We have also observed that cases come to a quicker resolution when students readily acknowledge their own misconduct after being promptly notified.

Takeaways from the study

Plagiarism should not only be managed through institution wide policies, but also through effective strategies implemented in the course environment. This is particularly important when handling plagiarism at scale. Addressing plagiarism starts in the course and therefore effective strategies for handling it there are needed.
First Order for some. How Different Forms of Politicization Motivated Voters in the 2019 European Parliamentary Election
Authors: Alt Dorian , Brandes Erik , Nonhoff David
Published: July 2022

Different theories of politicization in EP elections entail very different conclusions for EU legitimacy. The somber predictions of second‐order election (SOE) theory have been challenged by theories of polity politicization in recent years, but many scholars still believe policy politicization to be most desirable from a normative point of view. Despite its importance, there are few studies investigating the meaning citizens attach to their voting decision, which is crucial for disentangling different forms of politicization. We address this gap by choosing a qualitative and explorative research design, conducting 107 semi‐structured interviews in France, Germany and Poland on the day of the 2019 EP elections. Our analysis of voter motivations provides evidence of SOE behavior, but also of European‐level polity and policy politicization. The fact that voters are motivated by different forms of politicization challenges the hegemony of SOE theory. For some voters, EP elections are first order. This is good news for EP legitimacy.
The emerging era of personalized medicine in advanced colorectal cancer
Authors: Wu Claudia W K , Reid Madeleine , Leedham Simon , Lui Rashid N
Published: July 2022

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a genetically heterogeneous disease with its pathogenesis often driven by varying genetic or epigenetic alterations. This has led to a substantial number of patients developing chemoresistance and treatment failure, resulting in a high mortality rate for advanced disease. Deep molecular analysis has allowed for the discovery of key intestinal signaling pathways which impacts colonic epithelial cell fate, and the integral role of the tumor microenvironment on cancer growth and dissemination. Through transitioning pre‐clinical knowledge in research into clinical practice, many potential druggable targets within these pathways have been discovered in the hopes of overcoming the roadblocks encountered by conventional therapies. A personalized approach tailoring treatment according to the histopathological and molecular features of individual tumors can hopefully translate to better patient outcomes, and reduce the rate of recurrence in patients with advanced CRC. Herein, the latest understanding on the molecular science behind CRC tumorigenesis, and the potential treatment targets currently at the forefront of research are summarized.
The paradoxes of smartphone use: Understanding the user experience in today's connected world
Authors: Faber Aida , Bee Colleen , Girju Marina , Onel Naz , Rossi Anne Marie , Cozac Marina , Lutz Richard J. , Nardini Gia , Song Camilla Eunyoung
Published: July 2022

We use a paradox approach (Mick & Fournier) to explore how consumers use and experience their smartphones. To do so, we use a mixed method approach where we interviewed 28 participants across seven focus groups to learn more about when and how they used their smartphones. Participants reported many tensions with regard to their smartphone use, from which we derived one overarching paradox and five specific paradoxes, including two new paradoxes. To support and extend our qualitative findings, we also administered a questionnaire examining the proposed paradoxes and their possible connections to important consumer consequences such as ambivalence, attachment, and well‐being. Overall, we found evidence of a push and pull (or ambivalent) relationship between participants and their smartphones. Specifically, its great functionality and reliability make the connection cherished, but this ongoing reliance takes away the very same things it was meant to help build.
Novel human skin surface antimicrobial peptide quantification method using a skin patch test chamber: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Jinyong , Kwon Oh Sun , Shim Yu Mi , Kim Sang Kyung , Jeong Eui Taek , Lim Jun Man , Park Sun Gyoo
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on the skin surface are related to the innate immunity of the skin in preventing external infection. Skin rinsing and tape stripping (TS) are acceptable methods for analyzing AMPs on the skin surface but have limitations, such as causing skin damage. In this study, we proposed a noninvasive method to measure AMPs on the skin surface with minimal skin damage.

Methods

Using the patch test assay, we aimed to analyze the skin surface human β‐defensin (hBDs) levels without damaging the skin barrier. The concentrations of hBDs on the skin surface were evaluated through the skin patch testing of 13 healthy subjects, and hBD‐1 concentrations were compared with those obtained using the TS method in this proof‐of‐concept study. In addition, changes in skin physiology and concentration of hBDs under 1% sodium lauryl sulfate stimulation were monitored in 14 healthy subjects (8 young and 6 elderly subjects) for 150 h.

Results

The correlation between the two methods had a Pearson's coefficient of 0.640, and skin patch analysis led to a relatively less impaired barrier with no significant increase in transepidermal water loss after analysis. Age‐specific comparisons suggested that higher skin surface hBD‐2 concentrations were present in the young group as compared with the elderly group. Skin surface expression of hBD‐2 after skin barrier disruption was also higher in the young group.

Conclusion

Our findings show that skin patch analysis is a convenient method to analyze hBDs on the skin surface. hBDs are factors of innate immunity that can be used as an index to predict a decreased chemical immune response of skin due to aging.
Forecasting in the absence of precedent
Authors: Ho Paul
Published: July 2022

We survey approaches to macroeconomic forecasting during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Due to the unprecedented nature of the episode, there was greater dependence on information outside the econometric model, captured through either adjustments to the model or additional data. The transparency and flexibility of assumptions were especially important for interpreting real‐time forecasts and updating forecasts as new data were observed. We revisit these themes with a time‐varying parameter (TVP) vector autoregression (VAR), which attributes the large jumps primarily to increased volatility rather than changes in the type or propagation of shocks.
Diagnostic performance of the AAP/EFP classification and the CDC/AAP case definition among pregnant women and a practical screening tool for maternal periodontal diseases
Authors: Li Hui‐Jun , Zhao Dan , Xu Xiaoyi , Yu Rong , Zhang Feng , Cheng Tianfan , Zheng Zheng , Yang Hong , Yang Chuanzhong , Yao Jilong , Wen Ping , Jin Lijian
Published: July 2022

Background and Objective

There is a limited number of studies on the performance assessment of the 2017 AAP/EFP classification and the CDC/AAP case definition among pregnant females. This study evaluated the agreement between these two systems and explored a practical tool for screening maternal periodontal diseases by general dentists.

Materials and Methods

Totally, 204 systemically healthy females at different phases of pregnancy underwent a full‐mouth periodontal examination. Demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and systemic conditions were recorded. Referring to the CDC/AAP definition, the diagnostic performance of the AAP/EFP classification was evaluated by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and statistical tests (e.g., Youden's index and kappa coefficient). Additionally, a modified scoring system of the FDI Periodontal Diseases Chairside Guide (FDI‐CG) was formulated with the addition of pregnancy for testing accordingly.

Results

Overall, there were 22.1% of the participants in early phase of pregnancy (7–13 weeks) and 77.9% in late phase (34–36 weeks). The majority of them were below 35 years and non‐smokers without gestational diabetes. Notably, 30.9% of subjects presented with Moderate/Severe periodontitis (CDC/AAP), and 35.8% with Stages II‐IV periodontitis (AAP/EFP). Referring to the CDC/AAP definition, the AUC, Youden's index, and κ of the AAP/EFP classification were 0.979, 0.890, and 92.9%, respectively. The modified FDI‐CG system improved the AUC (0.815), Youden's index (63.0%), and κ (0.544) with reference to the original one.

Conclusions

This study shows that the AAP/EFP classification is in high agreement with the CDC/AAP definition among the pregnant women. The phases of pregnancy‐integrated FDI scoring system may serve as a convenient screening tool for maternal periodontal diseases in general dental practice.
Near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection compared with locoregional lymphadenectomies in dogs with mast cell tumours
Authors: Beer P. , Rohrer‐Bley C. , Nolff M. C.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Near‐infrared fluorescent imaging has been described for intraoperative mapping of the draining lymph nodes in human cancer and canine oral tumours. The aim of this study was to retrospectively describe the results of lymphadenectomies in dogs with mast cell tumours treated either by standard unguided locoregional lymph node dissection or near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection.

Methods

Medical records between 2012 and 2020 were reviewed for dogs that were presented for surgical resection of mast cell tumours with concurrent lymphadenectomy either with (near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection) or without near‐infrared fluorescence image guidance (lymph node dissection). The number and location of lymph nodes planned for surgical dissection and actually dissected nodes, presence of metastases and perioperative complications were recorded.

Results

Thirty‐five patients underwent near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection, and 43 lymph node dissections. The number of nodes preoperatively planned for resection were 70 and 68, respectively. Fifty‐eight of those (83%) were identified during near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection procedures, compared with 50 (74%) during lymph node dissection. near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection resulted in resection of additional fluorescent nodes not corresponding to locoregional nodes in 15 of 35 dogs. Using near‐infrared fluorescent image‐guided lymph node dissection, we identified at least one metastatic node in 68% of dogs (24 of 35) compared with 33% (14 of 43) when lymph node dissection was used without imaging. No complications related to near‐infrared fluorescent imaging were reported.

Clinical Significance

The present study suggests that near‐infrared imaging is a promising technique for intraoperative detection of the draining lymph nodes in dogs with mast cell tumours. Further validation of the technique is required to assess if near‐infrared fluorescent imaging can detect the true sentinel lymph node.
Targeted sequencing of candidate gene regions for myelofibrosis in dogs
Authors: Campbell Amelia G. , Seelig Davis M. , Beckman Joan D. , Minor Katie M. , Heinrich Daniel A. , Friedenberg Steven G. , Modiano Jaime F. , Furrow Eva
Published: July 2022

Background

Myelofibrosis often lacks an identifiable cause in dogs. In humans, most primary myelofibrosis cases develop secondary to driver mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of variants in JAK2, CALR, or MPL candidate regions in dogs with myelofibrosis and in healthy dogs.

Animals

Twenty‐six dogs with myelofibrosis that underwent bone marrow biopsy between 2010 and 2018 and 25 control dogs matched for age, sex, and breed.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Amplicon sequencing of JAK2 exons 12 and 14, CALR exon 9, and MPL exon 10 was performed on formalin‐fixed, decalcified, paraffin‐embedded bone marrow (myelofibrosis) or peripheral blood (control) DNA. Somatic variants were categorized as likely‐benign or possibly‐pathogenic based on predicted impact on protein function. Within the myelofibrosis group, hematologic variables and survival were compared by variant status (none, likely‐benign only, and ≥1 possibly‐pathogenic). The effect of age on variant count was analyzed using linear regression.

Results

Eighteen of 26 (69%) myelofibrosis cases had somatic variants, including 9 classified as possibly‐pathogenic. No somatic variants were detected in controls. Within the myelofibrosis group, hematologic variables and survival did not differ by variant status. The number of somatic variants per myelofibrosis case increased with age (estimate, 0.69; SE, 0.29; P = .03).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Somatic variants might initiate or perpetuate myelofibrosis in dogs. Our findings suggest the occurrence of clonal hematopoiesis in dogs, with increasing incidence with age, as observed in humans.
Vector‐borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show‐bred greyhounds
Authors: Kidd Linda , Hamilton Helen , Stine Lisa , Qurollo Barbara , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: July 2022

Background

Reference intervals for platelets and white blood cell (WBCs) counts are lower in greyhounds than other breeds. Proteinuria is common. Vector‐borne diseases (VBD) cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Racing greyhounds are commonly exposed to vectors that carry multiple organisms capable of chronically infecting clinically healthy dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Vector‐borne disease prevalence is higher in retired racing greyhounds than in show‐bred greyhounds. Occult infection contributes to breed‐related laboratory abnormalities.

Animals

Thirty National Greyhound Association (NGA) retired racing and 28 American Kennel Club (AKC) show‐bred greyhounds.

Methods

Peripheral blood was tested forAnaplasma,Babesia,Bartonella,Ehrlichia, hemotropicMycoplasma, andRickettsiaspecies using PCR. Antibodies toAnaplasma,Babesia,Bartonella,Ehrlichia, andRickettsiaspecies andBorrelia burgdorferiwere detected using immunofluorescence and ELISA assays. Complete blood counts, semiquantitative platelet estimates, and microalbuminuria concentration were determined.

Results

Seven of 30 NGA and 1/28 AKC greyhounds tested positive for ≥1 VBD (P = .05). More positive tests were documented in NGA (10/630) than in AKC dogs (1/588;P = .02). Exposure toBartonellaspecies (3/30),Babesia vogeli(2/30),Ehrlichia canis(1/30), and infection withMycoplasma hemocanis(3/30) occurred in NGA dogs. Platelet counts or estimates were >170 000/μL. White blood cell counts <4000/μL (4/28 AKC; 5/30 NGA,P > .99; 1/8 VBD positive; 8/51 VBD negative,P = .99) and microalbuminuria (10/21 AKC; 5/26 NGA,P = .06; 1/8 VBD positive; 14/25 VBD negative,P = .41) were not associated with VBD.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The prevalence of thrombocytopenia andB. vogeliexposure was lower than previously documented. Larger studies investigating the health impact of multiple VBD organisms are warranted.
Are superintelligent robots entitled to human rights?
Authors: Gordon John‐Stewart
Published: July 2022

This paper considers relatively long‐term possibilities for the future relationship between humans and superintelligent robots (SRs). The great technological developments in fields such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and computer science have made it quite likely that we will see the advent of SRs towards the end of this century (or somewhat later). If SRs have a higher moral and legal status than typical adult human beings based on their greater psychological capacities, then they should also be entitled to human rights. However, even though SRs might be entitled to stronger moral and legal rights for this reason, it might nonetheless be necessary to limit their (otherwise justified) claims to avoid causing human beings to become extinct or endangered. The paper provides an argument in support of SRs' claims to human rights but also warns about the socio‐political, moral and legal implications of taking such a step.
Psychosocial and psychiatric factors preceding death by suicide: A case–control psychological autopsy study involving multiple data sources
Authors: McMahon Elaine M. , Greiner Birgit A. , Corcoran Paul , Larkin Celine , Leitao Sara , McCarthy Jacklyn , Cassidy Eugene , Bradley Colin , McAuliffe Carmel , Griffin Eve , Williamson Eileen , Foster Tom , Gallagher John , Perry Ivan J. , Kapur Nav , Arensman Ella
Published: July 2022

Background

A range of factors including mental disorders and adverse life events can increase the risk of suicide. The objectives of this study were to examine psychosocial and psychiatric factors and service engagement among suicide decedents compared with living controls.

Methods

A case–control study using multiple sources was conducted. Information on 132 consecutive cases of suicide was drawn from coronial files, and interviews were carried out with 35 family informants and 53 living controls. GPs completed questionnaires for 60 suicide cases and 27 controls.

Results

The majority (83.3%) of suicide decedents had contacted a GP in the year prior to death, while 23.3% had 10 or more consultations during the year prior to death. Half of suicide decedents had a history of self‐harm. Suicide cases were significantly more likely than controls to have a psychiatric diagnosis (60% vs. 18.5%) and a depressive illness (36.7% vs. 14.8%). Over one‐quarter of suicide decedents had been treated as a psychiatric inpatient.

Discussion

Primary care providers should be supported to deliver multidisciplinary interventions to engage, assess, and treat patients at risk of suicide, targeting those who present very frequently, those with a history of self‐harm or substance misuse, and those with psychological presentations.
Subcutaneous vascular access port implantation in the axillary or femoral/external iliac vein at the time of full limb amputation in dogs
Authors: Galliano Andrea , Miraldo Diogo , Findji Laurent
Published: July 2022

Objective

To report outcomes and complications after placement of a subcutaneous vascular access port (SVAP) in the jugular (jSVAP), axillary (aSVAP), and femoral or external iliac vein (fSVAP) in dogs.

Study design

Retrospective.

Methods

Medical records from a single hospital, covering a period between September 2015 and October 2020, were reviewed to identify dogs that had an SVAP placed. Complications and outcomes for dogs who had an SVAP placed in the axillary vein, or femoral/external iliac vein during amputation for appendicular skeletal neoplasm, and in the external jugular vein were recorded and analyzed statistically.

Results

Subcutaneous vascular access ports were placed in the axillary vein in 13 dogs, femoral/external veins in 4 dogs, and in the jugular vein in 19 dogs. The SVAPs fulfilled their purpose throughout treatment in 12/13 aSVAP, 4/4 fSVAP, and 15/19 jSVAP. Dogs were followed for a median of 145.5 days (range 30‐945 days). Minor and major complications were recorded in 1/13 and 2/13 aSVAPs, 0/4 and 0/4 fSVAPs, and 3/19 and 4/19 of jSVAPs. Two dogs with jSVAPs were euthanized due to SVAP‐related complications. No difference in complication rate was detected between groups (P = .12).

Conclusion

No difference in short‐term outcome was detected between implantation sites for subcutaneous vascular access ports.

Clinical significance

The axillary or femoral/external iliac veins offer alternative sites for placement of SVAP in dogs undergoing limb amputation.
HUMAN DEATH IN THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: DISAMBIGUATING (IM)MORTALITY AS ECUMENICAL SOLUTION
Authors: van den Brink Gijsbert
Published: July 2022

Human death is natural from the perspective of evolutionary biology but unnatural from the vantage point of classical Christian theology. The biblical notion that death entered the world as a result of sin seems hard to square with the view that (human) death has been an integral part of the natural order all along. I suggest an ecumenical solution to this conundrum by retrieving and elaborating the Augustinian modal distinction between strong and weak immortality. It is argued on exegetical and theological grounds that the human being can best be seen as being created in a state ofposse mori et posse non mori, and that—when conceptual ambiguities in their writings are dissolved—this is what theologians as diverse as the prelates of the Council of Trent, John Calvin, Louis Berkhof, and Wolfhart Pannenberg had in mind. It is also argued that this solution is compatible with contemporary evolutionary science and can be accepted by creationists of various stripes.