bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth, reproduction and life span of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda: Mollusca) cultured through seven consecutive generations
Authors: Forsythe J. W. , DeRusha R. H. , Hanlon R. T.
Published: October 2012

Hundreds of Sepia officinalis were hatched and cultured through the life cycle in each of 13 populations. Two genetic lines were maintained: one for an unprecedented seven generations and another presently in its fourth. All generations—save one—produced animals in excess of 1·0 kg body weight. Seven of eight generations with adequate data records had mean weights of 1–2 kg, and the largest cuttlefish reared were a male 2·6 kg and a female 2·9 kg. Fecundity levels were high, but there was a trend towards decreased fertility in later generations, with fertilization rates dropping below 10%. In the 7th generation, most mature animals failed to engage in agonistic courtship and mating behaviour. Almost no normal eggs were laid and none was fertile, thus ending the lineage. Most culture took place at 20–24°C and temperature generally explained variations in life span duration: being of shorter length at higher temperatures. Life spans were consistently longer at 20°C and sizes were greater than predicted from previously published literature. In both lines there was a trend towards larger individuals and longer life spans in subsequent generations. Survival of hatchlings typically exceeded 90% for two months post‐hatching, and survival averaged 50% or higher to sexual maturity when corrected for animals removed from the populations for experimental use.
The influence of weight, sex, birthdate and maternal age on the growth of weanling mink
Authors: Mason Georgia J.
Published: October 2012

Mink kits (Mustela vison) are weaned at a mean age of 32·2 days. Litters born later in the season are weaned at a younger age than those born early, but are not significantly lighter in weight, suggesting that their development has been accelerated. In some litters the transition to reliance on solid food is preceded by a period of arrested growth. This does not appear to be because the mother's milk supply has been over‐stretched, as larger, heavier or male‐biased litters are no more likely to experience a growth pause, nor to enter it earlier in development. However, in litters with arrested growth, the greater the individual mean kit weight, the earlier the growth pause occurs. This suggests that certain mothers deny milk to their young when they reach a particular stage of development. Multiparous females are much more likely than primipares to have litters which experience a period of arrested growth. Multiparous females are also more likely to have illness in their litters, and appear less protective of their young. The growth of male kits seems to be more vulnerable than females; their growth pauses tend to last longer, and in this sex the presence of such a pause results in them being lighter at weaning than other males. Male kits also grow faster than females, and are heavier at weaning. However, there is no significant sex difference in the age at weaning.
Interclutch and interpopulation variation in the effects of incubation conditions on sex, survival and growth of hatchling turtles (Chelydra serpentina)
Authors: Bobyn Michèle L. , Brooks Ronald J.
Published: October 2012

We tested the hypothesis that larger egg and hatchling sizes in the snapping turtle confer posthatching advantages, by comparing the growth rates and survival of hatchlings from different thermal and hydric environments during embryonic development. We also tested for sex‐specific differences in survival and growth, two indices of hatchling fitness, as predicted by the Charnov & Bull (1977) model of environmental sex determination (ESD). In addition, we examined interclutch and interpopulation variability in the responses of embryos and hatchlings to incubation conditions. Eggs of 21 clutches from four Ontario populations were incubated at 22·0, 25·5 or 29·3°C in a dry (–350 kPa) or wet (–150 kPa) vermiculite substrate, and hatchling survival and growth in the laboratory were monitored for 11 months. Initial egg mass and substrate moisture were positively correlated with mass at hatching, but did not affect hatching success, posthatching growth or posthatching survival. Initially heavier hatchlings were more likely to survive, but did not grow more quickly. The effects of incubation environment and hatchling mass were not consistent among clutches or populations. Intermediate incubation temperatures produced mostly males, with higher embryo and hatchling survival, as well as posthatching growth, than the mostly females from the extreme temperatures. These results support the Charnov—Bull model. Embryo and hatchling mortality and deformities were higher in clutches from two populations which are contaminated with organochlorine toxins. Interclutch differences were significant for all variables, even when initial egg or hatchling sizes were considered. Hatchlings from the population near the northern limit of the species' range grew the slowest. These results indicate that hatchling size cannot be used as an index of hatchling quality or posthatching success, unless interclutch and interpopulation variation are taken into account.
Morphology and taxonomic position of two marine pleuronematine species: Pleuronema lynni and Schizocalyptra marina (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Authors: Fernandez‐Leborans G. , Novillo A.
Published: October 2012

The morphological characteristics of two species of protozoan marine scuticociliates, belonging to the genera Pleuronema and Schizocalyptra, have been studied and, with regard to the species of the genus Pleuronema, the aspects relative in particular to the somatic and buccal infraciliature are described, taking into account the biometric data of 26 different features. This species is compared with the 15 most similar species and different strains of species, and it is concluded that it is a new species, P. lynni. The species belonging to the genus Schizocalyptra (S. marina n. sp.) has a fibrillar system that corresponds to the buccal area that has not been observed before, as well as other structural components, which have been discussed in relation to Schizocalyptra magna (Dragesco, 1968), the only known species.
Reproductive biology of male Formosan Reeves' muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus)
Authors: Pei Kurtis , Liu Hwan‐Wun
Published: October 2012

The reproductive biology of the male Formosan Reeves' muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus) was investigated by observations on both wild and captive populations in Taiwan. The data showed that the testis reaches its maximum size at 2–3 years of age, while spermatogenesis starts in animals 8–10 months old. Hard antlers were cast from late April to late May, and the growth of new antlers was completed by August‐September. Evidence suggested that young individuals born between October and January will acquire the first set of hard antlers during their first August‐September when they are 8–12 months of age. For those born between February and September, however, first antlers are not produced until the second August‐September at 13–21 months old. Both sexes continue to develop the pedicle after birth, but the process stops around four months of age in females. The formation of the first antler in male muntjacs is probably regulated by both the secretion of the testicular androgen and an unidentified environmental factor. Indirect evidence also suggests that male muntjac are fertile year‐round.
Sex chromosomes and the brain: a study of neuroanatomy in XYY syndrome
Authors: BRYANT DANIEL M , HOEFT FUMIKO , LAI SONG , LACKEY JOHN , ROELTGEN DAVID , ROSS JUDITH , REISS ALLAN L
Published: October 2012

Aim  To assess global and regional brain matter variations associated with XYY syndrome by comparison with Klinefelter syndrome and typical development.

Methods  We used two conceptually distinct voxel‐based magnetic resonance imaging methods to examine brain structure in young males with XYY syndrome: (1) volumetric comparison to assess global grey and white matter volumes and (2) support vector machine‐based multivariate pattern classification analysis to assess regional neuroanatomy. We assessed verbal, non‐verbal, and spatial abilities with the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), and we measured autism diagnostic criteria in eight males with XYY syndrome using the Social Responsiveness Scale and the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R).

Results  A comparison of 36 typically developing males (mean age 11y, SD 1y 9mo), 31 males with Klinefelter syndrome (mean age 9y 8mo, SD 1y 8mo), and eight males with XYY syndrome (mean age 11y 6mo, SD 1y 11mo) showed that total white and grey matter volumes were significantly, or nearly significantly, higher in males with XYY syndrome than in males belonging to the other two groups (grey matter: XYY males vs typically developing males, p<0.006; XYY vs males with Klinefelter syndrome, p<0.001; white matter: XYY males vs typically developing males, p=0.061; XYY males vs males with Klinefelter syndrome, p=0.004). Voxel‐based multivariate pattern classification analysis indicates that, after controlling for global volumes, regional brain variations in XYY syndrome are more like those found in Klinefelter syndrome than those occurring in typical development. Further, visualization of classification parameters suggests that insular and frontotemporal grey matter and white matter, including known language areas, are reduced in males with XYY syndrome, similar to what is seen in Klinefelter syndrome. In males with XYY syndrome, DAS verbal and non‐verbal scores were significantly lower than in typically developing participants (both p<0.001). DAS scores were not significantly different between XYY and Klinefelter syndrome groups. In five of eight males with XYY syndrome, the Social Responsiveness Scale score exceeded the cut‐off for a likely diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In three of eight males with XYY syndrome, the ADI‐R score met the cut‐off for ASD diagnosis; in another two, ADI‐R scores within the social and communication domains met the cut‐off values for a diagnosis of ASD.

Interpretation  The results suggest that genetic variations associated with XYY syndrome result in increased brain matter volumes, a finding putatively related to the increased frequency of ASDs in individuals with this condition. In addition, frontotemporal grey and white matter reductions in XYY syndrome provide a likely neuroanatomical correlate for observed language impairments.
When breastfeeding is unsuccessful – mothers' experiences after giving up breastfeeding
Authors: Larsen Jette Schilling , Kronborg Hanne
Published: October 2012

Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child. The aim of this study was to describe mothers' experiences after they gave up breastfeeding even though they intended to breastfeed. A qualitative social constructive approach was used to describe mothers' experiences after giving up breastfeeding. Danish first‐time mothers who had expected and wanted to breastfeed were interviewed 4 months after birth. The interviews were analysed by meaning condensation. The mothers experienced that giving up breastfeeding was a crucial but necessary decision for the child's health and well‐being. They tried to ‘be on the side of the angels’ by caring for and bonding with the child. The mothers were divided between expressing milk or formula feeding and initially felt especially insecure about which method to choose when not breastfeeding. It was difficult for them to face the world with a bottle, but they did not ask for help. The mothers found it hard to explain the difficulty they had experienced breastfeeding and they were concerned about what to do the next time around. The mothers always tried to do what they perceived was best for their child, but they were in a vulnerable position and not always supported and understood by the surroundings. Therefore, health professionals who focus on making new mothers feel successful need to be aware that mothers who have to give up breastfeeding need special attention and support.
Nonstationarity and Stochastic Stability of Relative Income Clubs
Authors: El‐Gamal Mahmoud A. , Ryu Deockhyun
Published: October 2012

The recent literature on “convergence” of cross‐country per capita incomes has been dominated by the two hypotheses of “global convergence” and “club‐convergence,” pertaining to limits of estimated income distribution dynamics. Utilizing a new measure of “stochastic stability,” we establish two stylized facts regarding short‐ and medium‐term distribution dynamics. The first is non‐stationarity of transition dynamics, in the sense of changing transition kernels, and the second is emergence, disappearance, and re‐emergence of a “stochastically stable” middle income group. This middle income group emerges as the gap between rich and poor clubs gets larger, and it changes the dynamics of transition to and from the rich and poor clubs, eventually narrowing the gap between the poor and rich as the middle club vanishes. Analyzing the stochastic stability of middle‐income groups is thus a first step toward understanding higher‐order dynamics of narrowing or widening of the gap between rich and poor countries.
Bumetanide reduces seizure frequency in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Eftekhari Sanaz , Mehvari Habibabadi Jafar , Najafi Ziarani Massoumeh , Hashemi Fesharaki Seyed Sohrab , Gharakhani Marzieh , Mostafavi Hossein , Joghataei Mohammad Taghi , Beladimoghadam Nahid , Rahimian Elham , Hadjighassem Mahmoud Reza
Published: October 2012

Alterations in the balance of K‐Na‐2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) and Na‐Cl cotransporter (KCC2) activity may cause depolarizing effect of γ‐aminobutyric Acid (GABA), and contribute to epileptogenesis in human temporal lobe epilepsy. NKCC1 facilitates accumulation of chloride inside neurons and favors depolarizing responses to GABA. In the current pilot study we provide the first documented look at efficacy of bumetanide, a specific NKCC1 antagonist, on reduction of seizure frequency in adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. According to our results, seizure frequency was reduced considerably in these patients. Furthermore, epileptiform discharges decreased in two of our patients. If the efficacy of bumetanide is proven in large scale studies, it can be used as a supplemental therapy in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Resolution of epileptic encephalopathy following treatment with transdermal nicotine
Authors: Zerem Ayelet , Nishri Daniella , Yosef Yael , Blumkin Lubuv , Lev Dorit , Leshinsky‐Silver Esther , Kivity Sara , Lerman‐Sagie Tally
Published: October 2012

We report resolution of an epileptic encephalopathy by administration of transdermal nicotine patches in an adolescent with severe nonlesional refractory frontal lobe epilepsy. The 18.5‐year‐old female patient had refractory epilepsy from the age of 11. Recurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recordings showed mostly generalized activity, albeit with right frontal predominance. Almost all antiepileptic medications failed to provide benefit. She developed an encephalopathic state with cognitive decline. The nonlesional frontal lobe epilepsy and a family history of a cousin with nocturnal epilepsy with frontal origin suggested genetic etiology. Transdermal nicotine patches brought complete resolution of the seizures, normalization of the EEG, and a significant improvement in her thinking process and speech organization. Sequencing of the CHRNB2 and CHRNA4 genes did not detect a mutation. Transdermal nicotine patches should be considered in severe pharmacoresistant frontal lobe epilepsy.
Association between sociodemographic status and antiepileptic drug prescriptions in children with epilepsy
Authors: Mattsson Peter , Tomson Torbjörn , Edebol Eeg‐Olofsson Karin , Brännström Lars , Ringbäck Weitoft Gunilla
Published: October 2012

Purpose:  We investigated whether in Sweden sociodemographic differences are associated with access to expert health care and antiepileptic drug (AED) prescriptions in children with epilepsy.

Methods:  Data on epilepsy, prescription of AEDs, and sociodemographic variables were obtained from several national administrative registers. We linked individual data to examine whether access by pediatric epilepsy patients to neuropediatricians and the prescription of individual AEDs differed according to gender, age, parental education, place of residence, parental region of birth, and household income. We also assessed whether AEDs are prescribed differently to patients with epilepsy by neuropediatricians as compared to other physicians.

Key Findings:  Of 1,788,382 children aged 1–17 years in 2006, living in the country by the end of 2006, 9,935 had a diagnosis of epilepsy (0.56%). Patients with epilepsy on AED treatment (n = 3,631) comprised 0.24% of the total Swedish population aged 1–17 years. Out of 3631 patients with epilepsy on AED treatment, 2301 (63.4%) received prescriptions from a neuropediatrician. Children with epilepsy aged 1–5 years old—as opposed to older children and adolescents—and children with epilepsy residing in large cities—as opposed to children living in smaller cities and rural areas—were more likely to be treated by a neuropediatrician. Children living in large cities received oxcarbazepine to a greater extent than children living in rural areas. Levetiracetam was prescribed more extensively to children whose parents had higher incomes. Of the five most frequently used AEDs, three (lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and levetiracetam) were prescribed to a larger extent by a neuropediatrician rather than by other specialists, and one AED (carbamazepine) was prescribed to a lesser extent.

Significance:  The results of this nationwide cross‐sectional study of children with epilepsy are important because they show that universal coverage for medical care does not eliminate inequalities of access to health care services among children and adolescents. No data are available that can guide us as to whether the density of child neurologists is of importance to access to expert health care, but this seems likely. Prescription patterns of AEDs differ between child neurologists and other specialists.
Accelerated long‐term forgetting in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Gascoigne Michael B. , Barton Belinda , Webster Richard , Gill Deepak , Antony Jayne , Lah Suncica Sunny
Published: October 2012

Purpose:  The rapid forgetting of information over long (but not short) delays (accelerated long‐term forgetting [ALF]) has been associated with temporal lobe epilepsy but not idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Long‐term memory formation (consolidation) is thought to demand an interaction between medial temporal and neocortical networks, which could be disrupted by epilepsy/seizures themselves. The present study investigates whether ALF is present in children with IGE and whether it relates to epilepsy severity.

Methods:  Sixty‐one children (20 with IGE and 41 healthy controls [HC]) of comparable age, sex, and parental socioeconomic status completed neuropsychological tests, including a measure of verbal learning and recall after, short (30‐min) and long (7‐day) delays, and recognition. Epilepsy severity was rated by treating neurologists.

Key Findings:  A two‐way repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) found a significant Group x Delay interaction; the children with IGE recalled (and recognized) significantly fewer words after a long, but not short (2‐ and 30‐min) delay relative to the HC children. Moreover, greater epilepsy severity was associated with poorer recognition.

Significance:  This study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, that children with IGE present with ALF, which is related to epilepsy severity. These findings support the notion that epilepsy/seizures themselves may disrupt long‐term memory consolidation, which interferes with day‐to‐day functioning of children with IGE.
Application of FISK, an Invasiveness Screening Tool for Non‐Native Freshwater Fishes, in the Murray‐Darling Basin (Southeastern Australia)
Authors: Vilizzi Lorenzo , Copp Gordon H.
Published: October 2012

The Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) is currently one of the most popular pre‐screening tools for freshwater fishes. A recent upgrade has ensured its wider climatic relevance to countries with subtropical regions. This enhancement is of particular importance to Australia, which encompasses tropical, arid, and temperate zones, and where the introduction of non‐native fish species poses a significant risk to biodiversity. In this study, 55 fish species previously evaluated in a U.K.‐based calibration of FISK are reassessed for their potential invasiveness in the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB; southeastern Australia), the continent's largest catchment encompassing arid and temperate climates. Approximately half of the species were classed as “medium risk” and the other half as “high risk,” and the ≥19 threshold previously identified from the calibration study was confirmed. The three highest scoring species (common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio, goldfish Carassius auratus, and eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki) were those already present and invasive in the area, whereas nearly half of the tropical and subtropical species had lower scores compared to U.K. assessments, possibly because of climate change predictions of drier conditions across the MDB. There were some discordances between FISK and two Australian‐based assessment protocols, one of which is qualitative and the other represents a simplified version of FISK. Notably, the Australian origins of FISK should provide for an additional reason for further applications of the tool in other RA areas (i.e., drainage basins) of the continent, ultimately encouraging adoption as the country's reference screening tool for management and conservation purposes.
Psychosocial Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Aggression for Hospital Nurses
Authors: Demir Defne , Rodwell John
Published: October 2012

Purpose: To test a full model of the antecedents to and consequences of various forms of workplace aggression, considering psychosocial factors, for hospital nursing staff.

Design: Cross‐sectional survey design.

Methods: Two hundred and seven nurses and midwives working across wards within a medium to large Australian hospital completed the survey. The survey response rate was 26.9%.

Findings: High frequencies of nurses reported exposure to workplace bullying and internal and external emotional abuse violence types. In terms of antecedents, bullying was linked to high negative affectivity (NA), as well as low supervisor support and coworker support. Internal emotional abuse was associated with low levels of these support variables, as well as high outside work support and low job control. External threat of assault was related to high job demands and NA. In terms of consequences, bullying and verbal sexual harassment were linked to increased psychological distress levels. Bullying and internal emotional abuse were related to lowered organizational commitment. Changes in job satisfaction were not found for any of the workplace aggression types. NA was a significant covariate for all analyses examining consequences of aggression.

Conclusions: Different combinations of work conditions (job demands‐resources) and individual levels of NA predicted certain types of aggression. Further, nurse perceptions of psychological distress and organizational commitment were affected by exposure to several types of aggression, even after controlling for NA as a potential perceptual bias. This study therefore extends previous research on workplace bullying as a stressor to other types of workplace aggression for nurses.

Clinical Relevance: The findings highlight factors that are important in considering effective prevention and intervention of workplace aggression among nursing staff, particularly those working in hospital settings.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Na2Ba9Si20O50—An Intermediate Phase Along the Join Na2Si2O5‐BaSi2O5
Authors: Mayr Andreas , Kahlenberg Volker
Published: October 2012

Single crystals of Na2Ba9Si20O50 were obtained from solid state reactions performed along the join Na2Si2O5‐BaSi2O5. The crystal structure has been determined from a data set collected at ambient temperatures and subsequently refined to a residual of R(|F|) = 0.0328 for 2211 independent reflections. The compound belongs to the group of phyllosilicates and adopts the monoclinic space group C2/m with the following lattice parameters: a = 39.111(3) Å, b = 7.6566(6) Å, c = 8.2055(6) Å, β = 97.319(6)°, V = 2437.2(3) Å3, Z = 2. Furthermore, weak one‐dimensional diffuse streaks running parallel to a* as well as a very small number of low intensity reflections at b*/3, indicating the presence of a superstructure, were observed. Basic buiding units are silicate layers parallel to (40‐1) which can be obtained from the condensation of single chains with a periodicity of four running along [010]. The sheets can be partitioned into two kinds of consecutive strips containing (i) a sequence of four‐ and eight‐membered rings and (ii) a four‐ring wide “zig‐zag shaped” unit consisting of exclusively six‐membered rings. The sodium and barium cations—distributed among six crystallographically independent positions—are sandwiched between subsequent layers and are linked to seven to nine nearest oxygen neighbors. The structure of Na2Ba9Si20O50 is closely related to that of K2Ba5Si12O30 and K2Ba7Si16O40, respectively. There are strong arguments that the previously claimed phase Na4Ba8Si20O50 is actually misinterpreted Na2Ba9Si20O50 and that the composition of the intermediate phase along the join Na2Si2O5–BaSi2O5 is slightly different from that described in the literature.
Novel Emitting‐Color Tunable Phosphors Ba3Y2(BO3)4:Ce3+,Tb3+ with Efficient Energy Transfer for Near‐UV Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Han Bing , Zhang Jie , Lü Yinhua
Published: October 2012

This work presents the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic properties of Ba3Y2(BO3)4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphors prepared by a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. Under ultraviolet light excitation, tunable emission from the blue to yellowish‐green region was obtained by changing the doping concentration of Tb3+ when the content of Ce3+ is fixed. The efficient energy transfer process between Ce3+ and Tb3+ ions was observed and confirmed in terms of corresponding excitation and emission spectra. In addition, the energy transfer mechanism between Ce3+ and Tb3+ was proved to be dipole–dipole interaction in Ba3Y2(BO3)4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphor. By utilizing the principle of energy transfer and appropriate tuning of Ce3+/Tb3+ contents, Ba3Y(BO3)4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphors can have potential application as an UV‐convertible phosphor for near‐UV excited white light‐emitting diodes.
The Reliability of the Greulich and Pyle Atlas When Applied to a Modern Scottish Population
Authors: Hackman Lucina , Black Sue
Published: October 2012

This study examines the reliability of age estimation utilizing the Greulich and Pyle atlas in relation to a modern Scottish population. A total of 406 left‐hand/wrist radiographs (157 females and 249 males) were age‐assessed using the Greulich and Pyle atlas. Analysis showed that there was a strong correlation between chronological age and estimated age (females R2 = 0.939, males R2 = 0.940). When age groups were broken down into year cohorts, the atlas over‐aged females from birth until 13 years of age. The pattern for males showed that the atlas under‐estimated age until 13 years of age after which point it consistently over‐aged boys between 13 and 17 years of age. This study showed that the Greulich and Pyle atlas can be applied to a modern population but would recommend that any analysis takes into account the potential for over‐ and under‐aging shown in this study.
Cemented and screw‐retained implant reconstructions: a systematic review of the survival and complication rates
Authors: Sailer Irena , Mühlemann Sven , Zwahlen Marcel , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Schneider David
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To assess the 5‐year survival rates and incidences of complications of cemented and screw‐retained implant reconstructions.

Methods

An electronic Medline search complemented by manual searching was conducted to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), and prospective and retrospective studies giving information on cemented and screw‐retained single‐unit and multiple‐unit implant reconstructions with a mean follow‐up time of at least 1 year. Assessment of the identified studies and data abstraction were performed independently by three reviewers. Failure rates were analyzed using Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates and 95% confidence intervals of failure rates and 5‐year survival proportions.

Results

Fifty‐nine clinical studies were selected from an initial yield of 4511 titles and the data were extracted. For cemented single crowns the estimated 5‐year reconstruction survival was 96.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 94.8–97.7%), for screw‐retained single crowns it was 89.3% (95% CI: 64.9–97.1%) (P = 0.091 for difference). The 5‐year survival for cemented partial fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) was 96.9% (95% CI: 90.8–99%), similar to the one for screw‐retained partial FDPs with 98% (95% CI: 96.2–99%) (P = 0.47). For cemented full‐arch FDPs the 5‐year survival was 100% (95% CI: 88.9–100%), which was somewhat higher than that for screw‐retained FDPs with 95.8% (95% CI: 91.9–97.9%) (P = 0.54). The estimated 5‐year cumulative incidence of technical complications at cemented single crowns was 11.9% and 24.4% at screw‐retained crowns. At the partial and full‐arch FDPs, in contrast, a trend to less complication at the screw‐retained was found than at the cemented ones (partial FDPs cemented 24.5%, screw‐retained 22.1%; full‐arch FDPs cemented 62.9%, screw‐retained 54.1%). Biological complications like marginal bone loss >2 mm occurred more frequently at cemented crowns (5‐year incidence: 2.8%) than at screw‐retained ones (5‐year incidence: 0%).

Conclusion

Both types of reconstructions influenced the clinical outcomes in different ways, none of the fixation methods was clearly advantageous over the other. Cemented reconstructions exhibited more serious biological complications (implant loss, bone loss >2 mm), screw‐retained reconstructions exhibited more technical problems. Screw‐retained reconstructions are more easily retrievable than cemented reconstructions and, therefore, technical and eventually biological complications can be treated more easily. For this reason and for their apparently higher biological compatibility, these reconstructions seem to be preferable.
The epidemiology of peri‐implantitis
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Müller Nada , Cionca Norbert
Published: October 2012

Aim

To review the literature on the prevalence and incidence of peri‐implantitis.

Methods

Out of 322 potentially relevant publications we identified 29 articles concerning 23 studies, with information on the presence of signs of peri‐implantitis in populations of at least 20 cases.

Results and conclusions

All studies provided data from convenience samples, typically from patients who were treated in a clinical center during a certain period, and most data were cross‐sectional or collected retrospectively. Based on the reviewed papers one may state that the prevalence of peri‐implantitis seems to be in the order of 10% implants and 20% patients during 5–10 years after implant placement but the individual reported figures are rather variable, not easily comparable and not suitable for meta‐analysis. Factors that should be considered to affect prevalence figures are the disease definition, the differential diagnosis, the chosen thresholds for probing depths and bone loss, differences in treatment methods and aftercare of patients, and dissimilarities in the composition of study populations. Smoking and a history of periodontitis have been associated with a higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis.
Consensus report ‐ reconstructions on implants. The Third EAO Consensus Conference 2012
Authors: Gotfredsen Klaus , Wiskott Anselm ,   Working Group 4
Published: October 2012

Introduction

This group was assigned the task to review the current knowledge in the areas of implant connections to abutments/reconstructions, fixation methods (cement vs. screw retained) for implant‐supported reconstructions, as well as the optimal number of implants for fixed dental prosthesis and implant‐supported overdentures.

Material and methods

The literature was systematically searched and critically reviewed. Four manuscripts were produced in the four subject areas based on systematically search strategy and consensus statements, clinical recommendations and implication for future research were formulated.

Results

The following four position papers were the basis for the consensus statements, the clinical recommendations and directions for future research:

Internal vs. external connections for abutments/reconstructions: A systematic review.

Cemented and screw‐retained implant reconstructions: A systematic review of the survival and complication rates.

What is the optimal number of implants for fixed reconstructions? A systematic review.

What is the optimal number of implants for removable reconstructions? A systematic review on implant‐supported overdentures.

The remit of this working group was to update the existing knowledge in the areas of reconstructions on implants. The group acknowledged the results of previous workshops and systematic reviews were provided by the following position papers:

Stefano Gracis, Konstantinos Michalakis, Paolo Vigolo, Per Vult von Steyern, Marcel Zwahlen, Irena Sailer. Internal versus external connections for abutments/reconstructions: a systematic review.

Irena Sailer, S. Mühlemann, Marcel Zwahlen, Christoph Hämmerle, Daniel Schneider. Cemented and screw‐retained implant reconstructions: A systematic review of the survival and complication rates.

Guido Heydecke, Frank Renouard, Ailsa Nicol, Marcel Zwahlen, Tim Joda. What is the optimal number of implants for fixed reconstructions? A systematic review.

Mario Roccuzzo, Francesca Bonino, Luigi Gaudioso, Henny Meijer. What is the optimal number of implants for overdentures? A systematic review.
Occlusal overload and bone/implant loss
Authors: Naert Ignace , Duyck Joke , Vandamme Katleen
Published: October 2012

Aim

The aim of this search was to assess the biological consequences that overload might have on already osseointegrated oral implants through a systematic screening of the scientific literature.

Method

Detailed searches through PUBMED, OVID, EMBASE and LILACS databases were made. Articles published up to December 2011 and those reported on the clinical, radiographic and/or histological outcome of oral implants subjected to so‐called overload were considered eligible for inclusion. Identified studies were assessed by one non‐blinded reviewer according to well‐defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. When doubt arose, the co‐authors were counselled until final agreement was obtained. The PICO questions formulated was:“what is the effect of overload vs. no overload on bone/implant loss in clinically stable implants?”

Results

The database searches as well as additional hand searching, resulted in 726 potentially relevant titles. Eventually, 16 clinical and 25 animal studies were considered relevant to the topic. After inclusion/exclusion criteria assessment, all clinical studies and all but three animal studies and one systematic review were considered at high risk of bias and excluded. The included animal studies did not reveal an association between overload and peri‐implant bone loss in the absence of peri‐implant inflammation, whereas in its presence, overload seemed to aggravate the peri‐implant tissue breakdown.

Conclusions

The effect of implant overload on bone/implant loss in clinically well‐integrated implants is poorly reported and provides little unbiased evidence to support a cause‐and‐effect relationship. The PICO question remained unanswered. At the animal level, “overload”, mimicked by supra‐occlusal contacts acting in an uninflamed peri‐implant environment, did not negatively affect osseointegration and even was anabolic. In contrast, supra‐occlusal contacts in the presence of inflammation significantly increased the plaque‐induced bone resorption.
Accuracy of computer‐aided implant placement
Authors: Van Assche N. , Vercruyssen M. , Coucke W. , Teughels W. , Jacobs R. , Quirynen M.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To assess the accuracy of static computer‐guided implant placement.

Material and methods

Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted to collect information on the accuracy of static computer‐guided implant placement and meta‐regression analyses were performed to summarize and analyse the overall accuracy. The latter included a search for correlations between factors such as: support (teeth/mucosa/bone), number of templates, use of fixation pins, jaw, template production, guiding system, guided implant placement.

Results

Nineteen accuracy studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta analysis revealed a mean error of 0.99 mm (ranging from 0 to 6.5 mm) at the entry point and of 1.24 mm (ranging from 0 to 6.9 mm) at the apex. The mean angular deviation was 3.81° (ranging from 0 to 24.9°). Significant differences for all deviation parameters was found for implant‐guided placement compared to placement without guidance. Number of templates used was significant, influencing the apical and angular deviation in favour for the single template. Study design and jaw location had no significant effect. Less deviation was found when more fixation pins were used (significant for entry).

Conclusion

Computer‐guided implant placement can be accurate, but significant deviations have to be taken into account. Randomized studies are needed to analyse the impact of individual parameters in order to allow optimization of this technique. Moreover, a clear overview on indications and benefits would help the clinicians to find the right candidates.
Implant survival and complications. The Third EAO consensus conference 2012
Authors: Albrektsson T. , Donos N.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

The task of this working group was to analyze biological, technical and aesthetic complications of single crowns on implants and fixed dental prostheses with or without cantilevers on implants over 5 years or more. In addition, the group analyzed economic aspects on such implant treatment.

Materials and methods

A systematic search of the relevant literature was conducted and critically reviewed. Four manuscripts were presented to cover the topics.

Results

The consensus statements prepared by the group and later accepted at the plenary session as well as suggestions for future research are presented in this article. The four reviews by Jung et al., Pjetursson et al., Romeo & Storelli and Scheuber et al. are printed separately and present detailed analyses of the research topics.
Endoscopic self‐expandable metallic stent placement in malignant pyloric or duodenal obstruction: Does chemotherapy affect stent patency?
Authors: Cha Byung Hyo , Lee Sang Hyub , Kim Jang Eun , Yoo Ji Youn , Park Young Soo , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Kim Nayoung , Lee Dong Ho , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok
Published: October 2012

Aim

Self‐expandable metallic stents (SEMS) have been used for palliation in patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstructions. We evaluated clinical outcomes after SEMS placement and identified prognostic factors of SEMS patency, including chemotherapy.

Methods

A review of records of 85 patients with unresectable gastric or pancreatic cancer who underwent endoscopic SEMS insertion for gastroduodenal obstructions at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.

Results

From August 2003 to October 2009, 85 patients with gastroduodenal obstruction were managed with endoscopic SEMS placement. Technical success was achieved in 82 patients (96%) and clinical success in 68 patients (80%). Of 49 patients who had clinical success, 19 underwent chemotherapy (chemoTx group), and 30 patients did not (non‐chemoTx group). Cumulative SEMS patency in the 49 patients who achieved clinical success were 84, 54 and 41% at 2, 3 and 6 months, respectively. By univariate and multivariate analysis, there was no statistical difference in the SEMS patency between the two groups (cumulative SEMS patency rate: 95 vs 73% at 2 months, 15 vs 63% at 3 months, 40 vs 42% at 6 months, respectively, P < 0.793).

Conclusion

Chemotherapy does not improve SEMS patency in patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction caused by unresectable gastric or pancreatic cancer.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Social Network in Plant CellsF
Authors: Chen Jun , Doyle Caitlin , Qi Xingyun , Zheng Huanquan
Published: October 2012

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network comprised of ribosome‐studded sheets and smooth tubules. The ER plays crucial roles in the biosynthesis and transport of proteins and lipids, and in calcium (Ca2+) regulation in compartmentalized eukaryotic cells including plant cells. To support its well‐segregated functions, the shape of the ER undergoes notable changes in response to both developmental cues and outside influences. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on molecular mechanisms underlying the unique morphology and dynamics of the ER, and the importance of the interconnected ER network in cell polarity. In animal and yeast cells, two family proteins, the reticulons and DP1/Yop1, are required for shaping high‐curvature ER tubules, while members of the atlastin family of dynamin‐like GTPases are involved in the fusion of ER tubules to make an interconnected ER network. In plant cells, recent data also indicate that the reticulons are involved in shaping ER tubules, while RHD3, a plant member of the atlastin GTPases, is required for the generation of an interconnected ER network. We will also summarize the current knowledge on how the ER interacts with other membrane‐bound organelles, with a focus on how the ER and Golgi interplay in plant cells.

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[ Huanquan Zheng (Corresponding author)]
Why an Apheresis Center Should Offer More Than One Lipoprotein Apheresis Method
Authors: Julius Ulrich , Fischer Sabine , Schatz Ulrike , Passauer Jens , Bornstein Stefan
Published: October 2012

We describe our experience with the performance of six lipoprotein apheresis methods (HELP, TheraSorb LDL, DALI, lipidfiltration, Liposorber D, MONET) which have been used in 68 patients. Thirty‐four of them have been treated with more than one method. The calculations presented in this paper are based on laboratory data measured at the last three available apheresis sessions before the switch to another method and at the end of the observation period, respectively. With respect to the reduction of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, DALI and Liposorber D appeared to be the most effective lipoprotein apheresis methods, for reduction of lipoprotein(a), Liposorber D. Data on the influence of these lipoprotein apheresis methods on parameters of the coagulation system (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen) are also reported. The histories of three patients who have been switched to several lipoprotein apheresis methods are given as examples. The major reason for switching was the low efficiency of a given lipoprotein apheresis method with respect to lowering of LDL cholesterol; the reason for this phenomenon was not clear in each case. In three patients who took an oral anticoagulant and were treated with HELP, the influence on the coagulation system is reported; they were submitted to another apheresis method. In two patients we observed an allergy to heparin—they were then treated with a heparin‐free apheresis method. In conclusion, we point out that there are several reasons why an apheresis center should offer more than one lipoprotein apheresis method.
Blinded by Growth
Authors: Estrada Javier
Published: October 2012

Everybody loves a growth story. But that does not make growth by itself a good investment thesis. Fast‐growing countries and their companies often produce low returns for investors, and slow‐growing ones sometimes produce high returns.

In exploring this apparent paradox, this article argues that valuation plays a critical role. It matters not only how fast a country or company may grow, but also how much investors pay for that growth. Blinded by growth, investors often pay too much to participate in the prospective growth of both countries and companies; and as result, they earn low returns. This tendency to overpay for growth helps explain what the author describes as indisputable evidence that, over the long term, value investing beats growth investing.

This article discusses growth from three different points of view. First, it looks into the relationship between general economic growth and equity returns. Second, it examines the relationship between corporate growth and equity returns. And finally, it compares value investing with growth investing.
Toward Real‐Time Financial Reporting: How to Reduce Investors' Information Gap and the Cost of Capital
Authors: Schneider U. Mark
Published: October 2012

Public companies are struggling to provide detailed and accurate guidance in a turbulent world. Many have dropped guidance altogether, or substantially reduced the precision of their guidance. However, they pay a price for the resulting increase in investor uncertainty in the form of a higher cost of capital and reduced equity valuations.

This article provides evidence that improving investors' information can help to reduce the cost of capital of public companies. A look at market data for the years 2007 through 2009 for German DAX 30 companies suggests that investor uncertainty stemming from current financial reporting practices appears to be amplifying the expected association between increases in the beta coefficient and the volatility of fundamentals such as revenues and income, which in turn could be increasing the cost of equity capital.

The article explores ways for both individual companies and financial regulators to improve investor information and reduce the cost of capital.

For individual companies, the proposed solution is more frequent and voluntary provision of information about actual performance in lieu of more extensive financial guidance. A look at market data for the years 2007 through 2009 for German DAX 30 companies suggests that investor uncertainty stemming from current financial reporting practices appears to be amplifying the expected association between increases in the beta coefficient and the volatility of fundamentals such as revenues and income, which in turn could be increasing the cost of equity capital. Quarterly reporting is a matter of tradition while today's information technology could easily provide investors with real‐time, or close to real‐time, financial information. Internal financial controls, the quality of financial reporting, and the cost of capital might all be improved by mandating faster reporting cycles.