bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection of virulent populations of Meloidogyne javanica by repeated cultivation of Mi resistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions
Authors: Verdejo‐Lucas S. , Cortada L. , Sorribas F. J. , Ornat C.
Published: June 2009

Field trials were conducted in a plastic house artificially infested with an avirulent population of Meloidogyne javanica to determine the durability of the resistance mediated by the Mi gene in tomato rootstocks after repeated cultivation for three consecutive years. Treatments included an experimental rootstock cv. PG76 (Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum sp.), a commercial rootstock cv. Brigeor (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites), a resistant tomato cv. Monika (S. lycopersicum), and a susceptible cv. Durinta (S. lycopersicum). Based on the reproduction index (RI: number of eggs per g root on the resistant cultivar divided by number of eggs per g root on the susceptible cultivar × 100), rootstock cv. PG76 responded as highly resistant (RI = 7%) after the first cropping cycle (3·4 nematode generations), showed intermediated resistance (RI = 33%) after the second cropping cycle (3·3 generations), and was fully susceptible (RI = 94%) after the third cycle (3·3 generations). In contrast, rootstock cv. Brigeor and resistant cv. Monika retained intermediate resistance levels (RI = 41 and 25%, respectively) after the third cropping cycle. Virulent nematode populations were rapidly selected from an avirulent one after repeated cultivation of resistant tomatoes under field conditions. Bioassays conducted under controlled conditions confirmed that selection for virulence occurred more rapidly in plots with cv. PG76 followed by Brigeor and Monika. The nematode population in the field not exposed to Mi resistance remained avirulent to Mi genotypes. The genetic background of the resistant rootstocks and the frequency of cropping were critical factors for the appearance of virulent nematode populations. Irrespective of nematode infection, all resistant tomatoes yielded more than the susceptible cultivar.
On the Sorting of the Repertoire: An analysis of Cohn’s challenge to Integrity (Dembic), Round 2
Authors: Anderson C. C.
Published: June 2009

In analyzing the integrity model and other context‐based models, Melvin Cohn excluded the possibility that regulatory T cells or germline selected mechanisms can contribute to defining the specificity of immune responses. Here I discuss in greater detail how both the experimental data and a quantitative view of the evolution of immune control mechanisms challenge Cohn’s arguments.
Epidemiological studies of the ‘non‐specific effects’ of vaccines: I – data collection in observational studies
Authors: Fine Paul E. M. , Williams Thomas N. , Aaby Peter , Källander Karin , Moulton Lawrence H. , Flanagan Katie L. , Smith Peter G. , Benn Christine S. ,   on behalf of the Working Group on Non‐specific Effects of Vaccines
Published: June 2009

Routine vaccination programmes have led to substantial declines in the incidence of most of the target diseases. In these circumstances, vaccine effects beyond those on the target diseases may become evident. Several studies have suggested that certain vaccines may influence mortality in low income settings in ways that cannot be attributed to effects on target diseases. Trials of such ‘non‐specific’ effects are difficult if not impossible to organise; and observational studies of them are prone to serious confounding, because those who do or do not receive vaccines are likely to differ in many ways, some of which relate to their subsequent risk of early death, independent of vaccination. They are also prone to other biases, including the selective loss of vaccination records for children who die. We review these potential sources of bias and suggest what and how data may be collected to optimise the validity of such studies.
Fluoride, triclosan and organic weak acids as modulators of the arginine deiminase system in biofilms and suspension cells of oral streptococci
Authors: Barboza‐Silva E. , Castro A. C. D. , Marquis R. E.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  The arginine deiminase system (ADS) of oral bacteria is a major generator of alkali (ammonia) in dental plaque and is considered to have anticaries effects. However, many of the antimicrobial agents used in oral care products may reduce alkali production by the ADS. The objective of our work was to assess the sensitivity of the ADS of oral streptococci to commonly used antimicrobials, fluoride, triclosan and organic weak acids.

Methods:  Streptococcus sanguinis NCTC 10904 and Streptococcus ratti FA‐1 were grown in suspension cultures and mono‐organism biofilms. ADS activity at pH values of 4, 5 and 6 was assessed, and the actions of the agents was determined in terms of reduced production of alkali from arginine, inhibition of ADS enzymes and changes in uptake of arginine.

Results:  ADS activity was not greatly affected by pH changes between 4 and 6 and was greater per unit of biomass for cell suspensions than for biofilms. NaF was a poor inhibitor, while triclosan was highly effective with a 50% inhibitory dose for the two organisms between 0.03 and 0.05 and between 0.10 and 0.15 mm‐h for suspension cells and biofilms, respectively. The weak acid indomethacin was nearly as potent at pH 4.0 as triclosan, while capric and lauric acids were less potent, especially for biofilms. The methyl ester of lauric acid was slightly stimulatory. The major targets for the inhibitors appeared to be transport systems for arginine uptake, although carbamate kinase was a secondary target.

Conclusion:  Triclosan, indomethacin, caprate and laurate can reduce ADS activity in dental plaque.
Protease‐activated receptor 2 mediates interleukin‐8 and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression in response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Shimada T. , Sugano N. , Ikeda K. , Shimada K. , Iizuka T. , Ito K.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  We investigated the mechanisms by which extracts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans affect the inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells.

Methods:  Human gingival cells (Ca9‐22) were cultured in bacterial extracts prepared from A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29522. The cells were pretreated with protease inhibitors or transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR‐2).

Results:  The pretreatment of cells with serine protease inhibitors significantly inhibited A. actinomycetemcomitans extract‐induced expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. In addition, A. actinomycetemcomitans extract‐induced IL‐8 and ICAM‐1 expression was significantly decreased in PAR‐2/siRNA‐transfected cells.

Conclusions:  A. actinomycetemcomitans extract‐induced IL‐8 and ICAM‐1 expression in gingival epithelial cells is mediated by PAR‐2.
Human gingival fibroblasts release high‐mobility group box‐1 protein through active and passive pathways
Authors: Feghali K. , Iwasaki K. , Tanaka K. , Komaki M. , Machigashira M. , Ishikawa I. , Izumi Y.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  The nuclear protein high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) acts as a late mediator of inflammation when secreted in the extracellular milieu. In this study, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharides from periodontal pathogens and apoptotic and necrotic cell death on HMGB1 production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF).

Methods:  HGF from healthy periodontal tissue were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Escherichia coli. We also initiated apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths in HGF. The HMGB1 released in the supernatants from stimulated or dying cells was measured. Immunocytochemical staining against HMGB1 was performed in LPS‐stimulated HGF.

Results:  A significantly higher amount of HMGB1 was detected from necrotic and apoptotic HGF. LPS from A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and E. coli significantly induced the production of HMGB1 in a time‐dependent manner. After 6 h of LPS stimulation, HMGB1 was present in the cytoplasm of cells whereas its location was mainly nuclear after 24 h.

Conclusions:  LPS from two major periodontal pathogens, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, induced HMGB1 secretion from HGF. Apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths resulted in the enhancement of HMGB1. Our results suggest that HGF can be a source of HMGB1 by both active secretion and passive release, and that HMGB1 from HGF may contribute to periodontal tissue destruction.
Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 targets host cell lamellipodia in epithelial cell adhesion and invasion
Authors: Gursoy U. K. , Könönen E. , Uitto V.‐J.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  The Prevotella intermedia group bacteria, namely P. intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Prevotella pallens, are phylogenetically closely related and potentially connected with oral and gastrointestinal tract disease pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to examine whether these species differ in their capabilities of adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells.

Methods:  Adhesion and invasion were assayed by standard antibiotic/culture assays and fluorescent microscopy techniques. The effect of Prevotella strains on epithelial cell viability was measured using a commercial cell proliferation assay.

Results:  The strains P. intermedia ATCC 25611 and P. nigrescens ATCC 33263 adhered to epithelial cells, the adhesion numbers of P. intermedia being twice as high as those of P. nigrescens. These strains invaded epithelial cells but invasion was weak. The adhesion of P. intermedia was specifically targeted to epithelial cell lamellipodia. The number of adhered P. intermedia cells increased or decreased when the formation of lamellipodia was stimulated or inhibited, respectively. None of the tested strains showed toxic effects on epithelial cells; a clinical P. intermedia strain even increased the number of viable cells by about 20%.

Conclusion:  The results suggest that among the P. intermedia group bacteria, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens type strains can adhere to and invade epithelial cells, the capability of P. intermedia ATCC 25611T being highest in this context. This strain proved to have a special affinity in binding to epithelial cell lamellipodia.
Transient acid‐impairment of growth ability of oral Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Lactobacillus: a possible ecological determinant in dental plaque
Authors: Horiuchi M. , Washio J. , Mayanagi H. , Takahashi N.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  Dental plaque pH decreases to about 4 through bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates and this low pH is maintained for from several minutes to about an hour. Repeated acidification causes demineralization of the tooth surface, resulting in caries formation. The acidification also influences plaque bacteria. Severe acidification kills bacteria efficiently, while physiological acidification, the condition occurring in plaque, kills bacteria partially and may impair growth ability. We, therefore, investigated the effects of physiological acidification on representative caries‐related bacteria.

Methods:  Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Actinomyces naeslundii were used. Effects of physiological acidification at pH 4.0 on cell viability and growth ability, as well as the growth rate of these bacteria at pH 4.0–7.0, were investigated.

Results:  Mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus grew at pH 4.0 but the growth of S. sanguinis and S. oralis ceased below pH 4.2 and pH 4.2–4.4, respectively. Acidification at pH 4.0 for 1 h killed 43–89%, 45% and 35–76% of S. sanguinis, S. oralis, and Actinomyces, respectively. Furthermore, assessment of bacterial growth curves revealed that the growth ability of the surviving cells of S. sanguinis, S. oralis and Actinomyces was impaired, but it was recovered within 2–5 h after the environmental pH had returned to 7.0. The acidification neither killed nor impaired the growth of mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus.

Conclusions:  These results indicate that physiological and transient acidification is not sufficient to kill bacteria, but it causes a temporary acid‐impairment of their growth ability, which may function as an ecological determinant for microbial composition in dental plaque.
The immune response of oral epithelial cells induced by single‐species and complex naturally formed biofilms
Authors: Eberhard J. , Pietschmann R. , Falk W. , Jepsen S. , Dommisch H.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  In the oral cavity, the surfaces are constantly exposed to a complex variety of microorganisms organized in biofilms. As part of a sophisticated local immune response, gingival epithelial cells (GECs) express antimicrobial peptides, such as human β‐defensin‐2 (hBD‐2), ribonuclease 7 (RNAase‐7), and psoriasin (PSO), and pro‐inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO). The aim of the present study was to test whether GECs show a differential immune response to single‐species biofilms compared with multi‐species biofilms.

Methods:  GECs were cultured from biopsies derived from three different healthy donors (n = 3). To obtain naturally formed biofilm (NFB), polymer disks were attached to prostheses and carried intraorally for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. In addition, single‐species biofilms (SSB; Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis) were cultured on polymer disks in vitro (12, 24, 36, and 48 h). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of hBD‐2, RNAase‐7, PSO, IL‐8, 5‐LO, and glycerylaldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase was analysed using semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

Results:  In GECs, the hBD‐2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in response to S. mitis‐biofilm stimulation compared with S. mutans‐biofilm stimulation (P < 0.0001). In contrast, the RNAase‐7 mRNA expression was significantly higher in GECs when responding to both S. mutans biofilms and naturally formed biofilms compared with S. mitis biofilms (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The IL‐8 and 5‐LO mRNA was significantly upregulated in response to S. mutans biofilms (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively).

Conclusion:  This in vitro study found biofilm‐dependent expression of antimicrobial peptides and inflammatory mediators in GECs.
Agronomic practices as potential sustainable options for the management of Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in sugar beet crops
Authors: Bressan A.
Published: June 2009

Cixiid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) have been shown to vector phloem‐limited prokaryotes associated to prominent plant diseases world‐wide. However, little information is available on the management of such insects that spend a significant part of their life cycle underground as nymphal stages. Preliminary assays were carried out to analyse the potential of some agronomic practices to reduce the underground populations of Pentastiridius leporinus, a cixiid vector of plant pathogenic bacteria to sugar beets that completes its life cycle in the cropping rotation sugar beet‐winter wheat. A first field assay was carried out to test the effect of spring barley as an alternative crop to winter wheat, a second one analysed the effect of reduced tillage as alternative to ploughing. Planthopper abundance, as evaluated by using horizontal sticky sheets to intercept flying adults that emerged from the soil beneath traps, showed a reduction of 80% and 28% of planthoppers when barley was grown instead of wheat and when reduced tillage was applied instead of ploughing, respectively. Barley roots had 81% fewer nymphs than did wheat roots. Indirectly this study demonstrates how conventional cultural practices for sugar beet production can promote the establishment of P. leporinus populations in sugar beet crops in eastern of France.
Psychiatric and psychological outcomes of Japanese living donors following liver transplantation
Authors: Shibata Nobuto , Shimazaki Hiromi , Sano Naoya , Kawasaki Seiji , Arai Heii
Published: June 2009

This study indexed the mental status in six living donor liver transplantations (LDLT) performed at the Juntendo University Hospital between 2005 and 2007. The donors' preoperative and postoperative psychiatric and psychological status was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The present study found that the donors' POMS anger/hostile score decreased significantly following transplantation. In addition, the STAI score suggested that donors had little anxiety or depression following the operation. Although the present study was limited due to the small number of donors, the findings suggest that a successful operation stabilizes donor mentality. The studied donors will be reassessed for their mental and physical condition in the future.
Body image and self‐esteem in somatizing patients
Authors: Sertoz Ozen O. , Doganavsargil Ozge , Elbi Hayriye
Published: June 2009

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to determine dissatisfaction with body appearance and bodily functions and to assess self‐esteem in somatizing patients.

Methods:  Body image and self‐esteem were investigated in 128 women; 34 of those had diagnosed somatoform disorders, 50 were breast cancer patients with total mastectomy surgery alone, and 44 were healthy subjects. Body image and self‐esteem were assessed using the Body Cathexis Scale and Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale.

Results:  The two clinical groups did not differ from one another (z = −1.832, P = 0.067), but differed from healthy controls in terms of body image (somatizing patients vs healthy controls, z = −3.628, P < 0.001; total mastectomy patients vs healthy controls, z = −3.172, P = 0.002). They also did not differ significantly in terms of self‐esteem (z = −0.936, P = 0.349) when depressive symptoms were controlled. No statistically significant difference was observed between total mastectomy patients and healthy controls in terms of self‐esteem (z = −1.727, P = 0.084). The lower levels of self‐esteem in somatizing patients were largely mediated by depressive symptoms. Depressed and non‐depressed somatizing patients differed significantly from healthy controls with respect to their self‐esteem and body image.

Conclusions:  Somatizing patients who were dissatisfied with their bodily functions and appearance had lower levels of self‐esteem and high comorbidity of depression. In clinical practice it is suggested that clinicians should take into account psychiatric comorbidity, self‐esteem, and body image in somatizing patients when planning treatment approaches.
Does autoimmune thyroid disease affect parathyroid autotransplantation and survival?
Authors: Ebrahimi Houman , Edhouse Pam , Lundgren Catharina Ihre , McMullen Todd , Sidhu Stan , Sywak Mark , Delbridge Leigh
Published: June 2009

Background:  While the increased risk to parathyroid gland preservation has long been recognized during surgery for thyroid cancer, the effect of different benign pathological conditions on parathyroid preservation has not previously been reported. The aim of this study was to examine parathyroid viability in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease.

Methods:  This is a retrospective cohort study including all patients having an initial total thyroidectomy (TT) performed by this unit during the period 2004–2005.

Results:  A total of 628 patients underwent TT in the study period. For the Graves' disease cases, 45 (62.5%) required the autotransplantation of one or less parathyroid gland, whereas 27 (37.5%) required two or more glands to be autotransplanted. This was significantly higher than for the benign thyroid disease group in which the respective figures were 242 (77.6%) and 70 (22.4%) (P= 0.01). Of the lymphocytic thyroiditis cases, 61 (65.5%) required the autotransplantation of one or less gland, whereas 32 (34.4%) required the autotransplantation of two or more glands. This was also significantly higher (P= 0.03). Temporary hypocalcaemia was significantly higher when two or more glands were autotransplanted (23 out of 177, 13.2%) than one or less gland autotransplanted (18 out of 451, 4.0%, P < 0.01). However, the overall incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism was 1.0%, and there was no significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion:  TT performed for Graves' disease and lymphocytic thyroiditis results in the autotransplantation of more parathyroid glands, leading to a higher incidence of temporary hypocalcaemia post‐operatively. Despite this, the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism remains low at 1%.
Search for pathogenetic variants of the SPRY2 gene in intestinal innervation defects
Authors: Borghini S. , Duca M. Di , Prato A. Pini , Lerone M. , Martucciello G. , Jasonni V. , Ravazzolo R. , Ceccherini I.
Published: June 2009

SPRY2 is an inducible inhibitor of signalling mediated by tyrosine kinases receptors, whose targeting causes intestinal hyperganglionosis in mice. In this light, we have undertaken a mutational analysis of the SPRY2 gene in patients affected with intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND), without detecting nucleotide changes in any of the 26 DNA samples analysed, with the exception of two already known polymorphic variants. A role of the SPRY2 gene in IND pathogenesis can be thus excluded.
A phosphoketolase Mpk1 of bacterial origin is adaptively required for full virulence in the insect‐pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Duan Zhibing , Shang Yianfang , Gao Qiang , Zheng Peng , Wang Chengshu
Published: June 2009

Pentose metabolism through the phosphoketolase pathway has been well characterized in bacteria. In this paper, we report the identification of a phosphoketolase homologue Mpk1 in the insect‐pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that fungal phosphoketolases are of bacterial origin and diverged into two superfamilies. Frequent gene loss or lack of acquisition is evident in specific fungal lineages or species. The mpk1 gene is highly expressed when grown in trehalose‐rich insect haemolymph but poorly induced by insect cuticle or carbohydrate‐rich plant root exudate. In addition, mpk1 gene expression and enzyme activity could be upregulated by different sugars including xylose, trehalose, glucose or sucrose. mpk1 null mutants generated by homologous recombination grew similar to the wild type of M. anisopliae on medium amended with xylose as a sole carbon source. However, insect (tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta) bioassays showed significantly reduced virulence in Δmpk1. The results of this study suggest that the horizontally transferred Mpk1 in M. anisopliae plays an important niche adaptation role for fungal propagation in insect haemocoel. Following the carbohydrate flux from plants to plant‐feeding insects and insect pathogenic fungi, a tritrophic relationship is discussed in association with the requirement of fungal phosphoketolase pathway.
Ammonia toxicity and its prevention in inherited defects of the urea cycle
Authors: Walker V.
Published: June 2009

The urea cycle is the final pathway for removal of surplus nitrogen from the body, and the major route in humans for detoxification of ammonia. The full complement of enzymes is expressed only in liver. Inherited deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes lead to hyperammonaemia, which causes brain damage. Severe defects present with hyperammonaemic crises in neonates. Equally devastating episodes may occur in previously asymptomatic adults with mild defects, most often X‐linked ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. Several mechanisms probably contribute to pathogenesis. Treatment aims to reduce plasma ammonia quickly, reduce production of waste nitrogen, dispose of waste nitrogen using alternative pathways to the urea cycle and replace arginine. These therapies have increased survival and probably improve the neurological outcome. Arginine, sodium benzoate, sodium phenylbutyrate and, less often, sodium phenylacetate are used. Long‐term correction is achieved by liver transplantation. Gene therapy for OTC deficiency is effective in animals, and work is ongoing to improve persistence and safety.
“In the Best Interests of the Child”: Mapping the (Re) Emergence of Pro‐Adoption Politics in Contemporary Australia
Authors: Murphy Kate , Quartly Marian , Cuthbert Denise
Published: June 2009

This article seeks to understand, in historical and international perspective, recent governmental initiatives that aim to reinstate adoption as a viable policy option for the care and placement of children in Australia, with reference to two recent reports of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Human and Family Services, Overseas Adoption in Australia: Report of the Inquiry into Adoption of Children from Overseas (2005), and The Winnable War on Drugs: The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Families (2007) which raises adoption as a policy option for children of drug‐addicted parents. These reports appear to signal a discursive shift away from the anti‐adoption attitudes that have characterised the post‐1970s period in response to the Stolen Generations and other past adoption practices. It is argued that this change can be understood as having been pushed to the fore by the conservative family policy of the Howard era and further fostered by international trends in adoption policy.
Spanish mutual fund fees and less sophisticated investors: examination and ethical implications
Authors: Crespo Rocío Marco
Published: June 2009

Some mutual funds not only apply the usual asset management and custodial fees, but also front loads and redemption fees as a kind of ‘toll charge’ payable on entering and/or leaving the fund. The aim of this work is to examine the implications of the different loads and fees applied to mutual fund investors in the Spanish market. The results show that there is a relationship between the various charges and fees. The fact that load fund companies charge higher management and custody fees proves the potential of the fund companies to impose higher fees on a segment of the clientele. The investors in load funds, which tend to be large in number of shareholders and belonging to banks and savings banks, are small investors who show a low cost sensitivity. A lower level of financial sophistication may be the reason for the apparent lower price awareness. The problem is that the investors in load funds are not financially compensated for the extra cost represented by the front‐load and redemption fees. The only beneficiary seems to be the financial institution itself. On this view, the survival of load funds seems to depend on the lack of financial sophistication of their clientele, combined with market inefficiencies. It is worth asking about the ethics of a situation of market segmentation that allows managing institutions to benefit from the segment of the least sophisticated investors.
Corporate social responsibility and gender equality: women as stakeholders and the European Union sustainability strategy
Authors: Grosser Kate
Published: June 2009

This paper examines how progress on gender equality in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) might contribute to broader EU gender and sustainability objectives. It focuses on corporations and citizenship, and on company stakeholder relations (SR) in particular. While the literature on SR has previously engaged with scholarship on feminist ethics, and in particular the ‘ethics of care’, this paper draws upon the feminist citizenship and feminist ethics literature, and upon gender mainstreaming strategy to suggest a more comprehensive approach to gender equality within SR. The aim is to extend our understanding of CSR as a potential policy instrument to advance gender equality.
Identification of Time‐Variant Modal Parameters Using Time‐Varying Autoregressive with Exogenous Input and Low‐Order Polynomial Function
Authors: Huang C. S. , Hung S. L. , Su W. C. , Wu C. L.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  This work presents an approach that accurately identifies instantaneous modal parameters of a structure using time‐varying autoregressive with exogenous input (TVARX) model. By developing the equivalent relations between the equation of motion of a time‐varying structural system and the TVARX model, this work proves that instantaneous modal parameters of a time‐varying system can be directly estimated from the TVARX model coefficients established from displacement responses. A moving least‐squares technique incorporating polynomial basis functions is adopted to approximate the coefficient functions of the TVARX model. The coefficient functions of the TVARX model are represented by polynomials having time‐dependent coefficients, instead of constant coefficients as in traditional basis function expansion approaches, so that only low orders of polynomial basis functions are needed. Numerical studies are carried out to investigate the effects of parameters in the proposed approach on accurately determining instantaneous modal parameters. Numerical analyses also demonstrate that the proposed approach is superior to some published techniques (i.e., recursive technique with a forgetting factor, traditional basis function expansion approach, and weighted basis function expansion approach) in accurately estimating instantaneous modal parameters of a structure. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to process measured data for a frame specimen subjected to a series of base excitations in shaking table tests. The specimen was damaged during testing. The identified instantaneous modal parameters are consistent with observed physical phenomena.
The N-Effect
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Tor Avishalom
Published: June 2009

This article introduces the N-effect—the discovery that increasing the number of competitors ( N) can decrease competitive motivation. Studies 1a and 1b found evidence that average test scores (e.g., SAT scores) fall as the average number of test takers at test-taking venues increases. Study 2 found that individuals trying to finish an easy quiz among the top 20% in terms of speed finished significantly faster if they believed they were competing in a pool of 10 rather than 100 other people. Study 3 showed that the N-effect is strong among individuals high in social-comparison orientation and weak among those low in social-comparison orientation. Study 4 directly linked the N-effect to social comparison, ruling out ratio bias as an explanation of our results and finding that social comparison becomes less important as N increases. Finally, Study 5 found that the N-effect is mediated by social comparison. Limitations, future directions, and implications are discussed.
Investing back home Return migration and business ownership in Albania1
Authors: Kilic Talip , Carletto Calogero , Davis Benjamin , Zezza Alberto
Published: June 2009

This study uses data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Study survey to assess the impact of past migration experience of Albanian households on non‐farm business ownership through instrumental variables regression techniques. Considering the differences in earning potentials and opportunities for skill acquisition in different destination countries, we differentiate the impact of past household migration experience by main migrant destinations. The study also explores the heterogeneity of impact based on the timing of migration. The empirical results indicate that past household migration experience exerts a positive impact on the probability of owning a non‐farm business. While one additional year in Greece increases the probability of household business ownership by roughly 6 percent, a similar experience in Italy or farther destinations raises the probability by over 25 percent. Although past household migration experience for the period of 1990–2000 is positively associated with the likelihood of owning a household enterprise, a similar association does not exist for the period of 2001–2004.
A Theory of Tragic Experience According to Hegel
Authors: Peters Julia
Published: June 2009

Abstract: Hegel's theory of tragedy is often considered to be primarily a theory of the objective powers involved in tragic conflicts—for Hegel, these are paradigmatically competing ethical notions—and of the rationality which underlies and drives such conflicts. Such a view follows naturally from a close reading of Hegel's discussion of classical Greek tragedy in his Lectures on Aesthetics. However, this view gives rise to the question of whether Hegel's theory of tragedy can account for the significance of tragic experience, in particular the experience of tragic suffering; it has been argued repeatedly that it cannot. In contrast, I want to suggest in this paper that a theory of tragic experience can be derived from Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. This Hegelian theory of tragic experience, I argue, should be understood as complementing rather than challenging Hegel's theory of objective tragic conflict.
Always Poor or Never Poor and Nothing in Between? Duration of Child Poverty in Germany
Authors: Fertig Michael , Tamm Marcus
Published: June 2009

This paper analyses the duration of child poverty in Germany. Observing the entire income history from the individuals’ birth to their coming of age at age 18, we are able to analyse dynamics in and out of poverty for the entire population of children, whether they become poor at least once or not. Using duration models, we find that household composition, most importantly single parenthood, and the labour market status as well as level of education of the household head are the main driving forces behind exit from and re-entry into poverty and thus determine the (long-term) experience of poverty.
Optimal Taxation: The Design of Child-Related Cash and In-Kind Benefits
Authors: Haan Peter , Wrohlich Katharina
Published: June 2009

In this paper, we empirically derive the welfare function that guarantees that the current German tax and transfer system for single women is optimal. In particular, we compare the welfare function conditional on the presence and age of children and assess how recent reforms of in-kind childcare transfers affect the welfare function. Our analysis is based on a discrete model of optimal taxation.We apply this framework using microsimulation and microeconometric techniques. In general, we find that marginal welfare weights are relatively high for non-working single women. Further, we show that the reform of in-kind childcare transfers is only optimal if society increases the marginal welfare weights for the working single women.
Euro-Area Yield Curve Reaction to Monetary News
Authors: Coffinet Jèrôme , Gouteron Sylvain
Published: June 2009

Using intraday data, we assess the impact of monetary news on the full length of the euro-area yield curve. We find that the publication of monetary data has a significant impact on interest rates with maturities ranging from one to ten years, with the largest effect on the one- to five-year segment. These results suggest that when gauging the policy-relevant signals, market participants look through short-term movements of annual M3 growth and focus instead on the trend rate of monetary expansion over the medium term.
Evaluation of the 2005 McDonald MRI criteria for dissemination in space in Afro‐Caribbean patients with clinically isolated syndromes
Authors: Chausson N. , Olindo S. , Signaté A. , Smadja D. , Cabre P.
Published: June 2009

Background:  In 2005, the McDonald MRI criteria for dissemination in space were revised to improve diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in non‐Caucasians.

Methods:  We included patients with a first clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to assess their performance in the Afro‐Caribbean population. Baseline brain and spine MRI examinations were available within 3 months after onset of CIS. The development of a second clinical event was used as the main outcome indicating clinically definite MS.

Results:  A total of 66 patients (52F/14M) were included between January 1998 and January 2008 (mean age: 34.7; median follow‐up: 34 months). CIS was classified as spinal cord (30.3%), optic neuritis (28.8%), brainstem (24.2%), multiregional (10.6%), hemispheric (4.5%), or undetermined (1.5%). Overall conversion rate was 42.4% (median: 11 months). The McDonald criteria revised for dissemination in space were fulfilled in 33.3% (sensitivity: 0.39 (±0.18); specificity: 0.66 (±0.15), positive predictive value: 0.46 (±0.20), negative predictive value: 0.60 (±0.15).

Conclusion:  The Afro‐Caribbean population is characterized by a strong proportion of CIS in the spinal cord and a lower burden of disease on the baseline brain MRI. This may explain the low sensitivity of the 2005 McDonald criteria for dissemination in space. Further prospective studies emphasizing MRI spinal cord features are needed to improve diagnostic criteria in a population of African descent.
White matter reduced streamline coherence in young men with autism and mental retardation
Authors: Pardini M. , Garaci F. G. , Bonzano L. , Roccatagliata L. , Palmieri M. G. , Pompili E. , Coniglione F. , Krueger F. , Ludovici A. , Floris R. , Benassi F. , Emberti Gialloreti L.
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  It has been proposed that white matter alterations might play a role in autistic disorders; however, published data are mainly limited to high‐functioning autism. The goal of this study was to apply diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tractography (FT) to study white matter in low‐functioning autism and the relationship between white matter and cognitive impairment.

Methods:  Ten low‐functioning males with autism (mean age: 19.7 ± 2.83 years) and 10 age‐matched healthy males (mean age: 19.9 ± 2.64 years) underwent DTI‐MRI scanning. fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were analyzed with whole brain voxel‐wise and tract‐of‐interest statistics. Using FT algorithms, white matter tracts connecting the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with other brain regions were identified and compared between the two groups. FA mean values of the autistic group were correlated with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores.

Results:  Low‐functioning autistic subjects showed a reduced tract volume and lower mean FA values in the left OFC network compared with controls. In the autistic group, lower FA values were associated with lower IQ scores.

Conclusions:  We showed evidence of OFC white matter network abnormalities in low‐functioning autistic individuals. Our results point to a relationship between the severity of the intellectual impairment and the extent of white matter alterations.
Safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke‐monitoring study in Italy
Authors: Lorenzano S. , Ahmed N. , Rosselli A. , Marcello N. , Inzitari D. , Sterzi R. , Wahlgren N. , Prencipe M. , Toni D.
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  The safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke‐monitoring (SITS‐MOST) study was an unique opportunity to test in Italy, where only few centres were expert in thrombolytic treatment before, safety and efficacy of i.v. alteplase within 3 h of ischaemic stroke outside the setting of clinical trials.

Methods:  In Italy to participate in the study the clinical centres had to possess organizational and structural characteristics certified by Regional Health Authorities.

Results:  Seventy‐one centres were activated, 56 (79%) treated patients of which 41 (73%) had never used thrombolysis before the study. Globally, 586 patients were included. Baseline median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of Italian patients was 13 vs. 12 in other European centres (P = 0.0001). Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage as per the NINDS/Cochrane definition, mortality and independence (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) rates at 3 months occurred respectively in 6.7% (95% CI: 4.8–9.1), 11.7% (9.2–14.6) and 51.6% (47.4–55.7) of Italian patients compared with 7.3% (6.7–8.0) (P = 0.56), 11.2% (10.4–12.1) (P = 0.75) and 55.1% (53.8–56.4) (P = 0.09) in the European patients and in 8.6% (40/65; 6.3–11.6), 17.3% (14.1–21.1) and 50.1% (44.5–54.7) of the patients treated in the pooled randomized controlled trials.

Conclusions:  The SITS‐MOST study showed that in Italy i.v. alteplase is safe and effective in routine clinical use also in non‐expert centres.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid adiponectin and adipsin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis: a Finnish co‐twin study
Authors: Hietaharju A. , Kuusisto H. , Nieminen R. , Vuolteenaho K. , Elovaara I. , Moilanen E.
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of three adipocytokines: leptin, adiponectin and adipsin, in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of twins discordant for multiple sclerosis (MS). Adipose tissue is an important component connecting immune system and several tissues and organs including CNS. Fat cells produce adipocytokines, which seem to have a role in various autoimmune disorders including MS.

Methods:  Plasma samples were collected from twelve twins and CSF samples from four twins discordant for MS. The concentrations of interleukine (IL)‐6, adiponectin, adipsin and leptin in plasma and CSF samples were determined by enzyme immuno assay.

Results:  A significant difference was seen in the adipocytokine levels in CSF samples. Twins with MS had higher concentrations of adiponectin (P = 0.039) and adipsin (P = 0.039), than their asymptomatic co‐twins.

Conclusion:  As adiponectin and adipsin levels in CSF did not correlate with their levels in plasma, it seems that there could be a secondary intrathecal synthesis of these adipocytokines in MS.
One‐year MRI scan predicts clinical response to interferon beta in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Prosperini L. , Gallo V. , Petsas N. , Borriello G. , Pozzilli C.
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  To define the predictive value of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics in identifying relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RR‐MS) patients with sustained disability progression during interferon beta (IFNB) treatment.

Methods:  All patients receiving treatment with one of the available IFNB formulations for at least 1 year were included in this single‐centre, prospective and post‐marketing study. Demographic, clinical and MRI data were collected at IFNB start and at 1 year of therapy; patients were followed‐up at least yearly. Poor clinical response was defined as the occurrence of a sustained disability progression of ≥1 point in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) during the follow‐up period.

Results:  Out of 454 RR‐MS patients starting IFNB therapy, data coming from 394 patients with a mean follow‐up of 4.8 (2.4) years were analysed. Sixty patients were excluded because of too short follow‐up. Less than 1/3 (30.4%) of the patients satisfied the criterion of ‘poor responders’. Patients presenting new lesions on T2‐weighted MRI scan after 1 year of therapy (compared with baseline) had a higher risk of being poor responder to treatment with IFNB during the follow‐up period (HR 16.8, 95% CI 7.6–37.1, P < 0.001). An augmented risk increasing the number of lesions was observed, with a 10‐fold increase for each new lesion.

Conclusions:  Developing new T2‐hyperintense lesions during IFNB treatment was the best predictor of long‐term poor response to therapy. MRI scans performed after 1 year of IFNB treatment may be useful in contributing to early identification of poor responders.
Ischaemic posterior circulation stroke in State of Qatar
Authors: Akhtar N. , Kamran S. I. , Deleu D. , D’Souza A. , Miyares F. , ElSotouhy A. , Al‐Hail H. , Mesraoua B. , Own A. , Salem K. , Kamha A. , Osman Y.
Published: June 2009

Background:  Ischaemic stroke features may show regional differences. Posterior circulation stroke (PCS) is of special interest, as symptomatology, course and outcome are usually different and complex. No significant studies or registries have reported on the characteristics and outcomes of PCS in our region.

Methods:  We prospectively collected data of 116 patients with PCS admitted from 2005 through 2008 in the only stroke admitting hospital in Qatar. Demographics, risk factors, clinical signs/symptoms, pattern of presentation, aetiology, imaging features, complications and outcome at discharge and follow‐up were recorded.

Results:  Mean age was 53 years with 25% aged ≤45, 85% were males. Demographically 47% were Arabs and 51% of South‐Asian origin. Mean duration from onset to presentation was 29 h. Major risk factors were obesity (66%) and hypertension (61%). Minimal or fluctuating symptoms were present in 64%, while 9% had maximal deficit at onset. Thirty nine per cent had lesions in proximal territory and 23% in multiple territories. Around 41% had no occlusion, 16% had vertebro‐basilar, 16% vertebral, 8% basilar occlusion. Etiologically 53% patients had large artery disease, 16% small vessel disease, and 17% cardioembolism. Seventy per cent of patients were discharged home, while 10% expired. Modified Rankin score (mRS) at discharge was ≤2 in 53% and ≥4 in 13% patients. At 30‐day follow‐up, 68% had mRS of ≤2. Ninety‐day survival status showed 89% alive with mRS ≤ 2 in 73%.

Conclusion:  The aetiology and lesion topography of PCS in this heterogeneous population differs from the pattern observed in other populations.
Adjustment of treatment increases quality of life in patients with epilepsy: a randomized controlled pragmatic trial
Authors: Uijl S. G. , Uiterwaal C. S. P. M. , Aldenkamp A. P. , Carpay J. A. , Doelman J. C. , Keizer K. , Vecht C. J. , De Krom M. C. T. F. M. , Van Donselaar C. A.
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  Complaints about side‐effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be overlooked in clinical practice. We assessed the value and risks of an active intervention policy for reported complaints in a randomized controlled pragmatic trial.

Methods:  This randomized controlled pragmatic trial included 111 adults treated for epilepsy in seven general hospitals. They were considered well‐managed by their treating physician, but reported moderate to severe complaints on a questionnaire (SIDAED, assessing SIDe effects in AED treatment). The intervention was adjustment of AED treatment (53 patients), either reduction of dose or switch of AED, versus continuation of treatment unchanged (58 control patients) during 7 months. Primary outcomes were quality of life (Qolie‐10) and complaints score. Secondary outcome measures were the occurrence of seizures or adverse events.

Results:  After 7 months, the relative risk (RR) for improvement in quality of life was 1.80 (1.04–3.12) for the intervention group compared to control and the RR of decrease in complaints was 1.34 (0.88–2.05). In 58% of patients randomized to adjustment, the medication had indeed been changed.

Discussion:  In conclusion, despite a possible risk of seizure recurrence, adjustment of drug treatment in well‐managed patients with epilepsy, who report considerable complaints, improves the quality of life.