bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wasp Venom Possesses Potential Therapeutic Effect in Experimental Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Gao Yuan , Yu Wan-Xin , Duan Xiao-Mei , Ni Lian-Li , Liu Heng , Zhao Hai-Rong , Xiao Huai , Zhang Cheng-Gui , Yang Zhi-Bin
Published: April 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Wasp venom (WV), which is considered as a traditional folk medicine in Jingpo nationality in Yunnan, China, relieves rheumatoid arthritis. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of wasp venom ameliorating rheumatoid arthritis symptoms in experimental rats. We established a model of type II collagen‐ (CII‐) induced arthritis (CIA) in SD rats and examined the inhibition of inflammation and autoimmune response. The antiarthritic effects of WV were evaluated through the paw swelling, and histopathological score and histopathology changes of the affected paw were assessed. The anti‐inflammation effects were assayed by the level of IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and the number of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood. The alteration of the T cell subset ratio in the spleen of rats was detected by flow cytometry, and at the same time, the viscera index and immune serum globulin levels were evaluated. The results suggested that various doses of WV (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly alleviated paw swelling and arthritis score in CIA rats with the untreated control (P < 0.05). WV (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) relieved synovial tissue lesions of ankle joints and histopathology scores of synoviocyte hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration with vehicle group (P < 0.05). Regarding immunological regulation, 0.5 mg/kg WV lowered the immune serum globulin levels (P < 0.05), and we further found that WV (0.5 mg/kg) suppressed the immune response of Th cells, while enhancing the functions of Tc cells and Treg cells in spleen cells markedly (P < 0.05). The immunosuppressive action of WV displayed was analogous to its inhibitory effect on IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐8, IL‐6, COX‐2, and PGE2 levels in rat serum. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that WV exhibited antiarthritic activity, which might be associated with their inhibitory effects on immunoregulation and anti‐inflammatory action.
Exosomes Derived from Brain Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells Destroy the Blood‐Brain Barrier by Carrying lncRNA GS1‐600G8.5
Authors: Lu Yunhe , Chen Lei , Li Liangdong , Cao Yiqun
Published: April 2020

Brain metastasis is a major cause of death in breast cancer patients. The greatest event for brain metastasis is the breaching of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) by cancer cells. The role of exosomes in cancer metastasis is clear, whereas the role of exosomes in the integrity of the BBB is unknown. Here, we established a highly brain metastatic breast cancer cell line by three cycles of in vivo selection. The effect of exosomes on the BBB was evaluated in vitro by tracking, transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and permeability assays. BBB‐associated exosomal long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) was selected from the GEO dataset and verified by real‐time PCR, TEER, permeability, and Transwell assays. The cells obtained by the in vivo selection showed higher brain metastatic capacity in vivo and higher migration and invasion in vitro compared to the parental cells. Exosomes from the highly brain metastatic cells were internalized by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), which reduced TEER and increased permeability of BBB. The exosomes derived from the highly metastatic cells promoted invasion of the breast cancer cells in the BBB model. lncRNA GS1‐600G8.5 was highly expressed in the highly brain metastatic cells and their exosomes, as compared to the samples with reduced metastatic behavior. Silencing of GS1‐600G8.5 significantly abrogated the BBB destructive effect of exosomes. GS1‐600G8.5‐deficient exosomes failed to promote the infiltration of cancer cells through the BBB. Furthermore, BMECs treated with GS1‐600G8.5‐deprived exosomes expressed higher tight junction proteins than those treated with the control exosomes. These data suggest the exosomes derived from highly brain metastatic breast cancer cells might destroy the BBB system and promote the passage of cancer cells across the BBB, by transferring lncRNA GS1‐600G8.5.
Polymorphisms in Glycolysis-Related Genes Are Associated with Clinical Outcomes of Paclitaxel-Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Choi Sun Ha , Jin Cheng Cheng , Do Sook Kyung , Lee Shin Yup , Choi Jin Eun , Kang Hyo-Gyoung , Kim Ji Hyun , Lee Jang Hyuck , Hong Mi Jeong , Lee Won Kee , Jeong Ji Yun , Shin Kyung Min , Lee Yong Hoon , Seo Hyewon , Yoo Seung Soo , Lee Jaehee , Cha Seung Ick , Kim Chang Ho , Park Jae Yong
Published: April 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate whether polymorphisms in glycolysis-related genes are associated with clinical outcomes of patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 377 patients with NSCLC were enrolled. Sixty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 26 genes involved in the glycolytic pathway were evaluated. The associations of the variants with the chemotherapy response and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Results: Among the 65 variants investigated, PFKL rs2073436C>G and GPI rs7248411C>G significantly correlated with clinical outcomes after chemotherapy in multivariate analyses. PFKL rs2073436C>G was significantly associated with both a worse response to chemotherapy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45–0.90, p = 0.01) and a worse OS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.14–1.61, p = 0.001). GPI rs7248411C>G was significantly associated with both a better chemotherapy response (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07–2.23, p = 0.02) and a better OS (aHR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66–0.98, p = 0.03). When stratified by tumor histology, PFKL rs2073436C>G was significantly associated with OS only in squamous cell carcinoma, whereas GPI rs7248411C>G exhibited a significant association with the chemotherapy response and OS only in adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: This result suggests that the PFKL rs2073436C>G and GPI rs7248411C>G are useful for predicting the clinical outcome of first-line paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy in NSCLC.
Use of the Prostate Health Index and Density in 3 Outpatient Centers to Avoid Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies
Authors: Schulze Anni , Christoph Frank , Sachs Markus , Schroeder Joerg , Stephan Carsten , Schostak Martin , Koenig Frank
Published: April 2020

Objectives: We investigated the diagnostic efficacy of the prostate health index (PHI) and PHI density (PHID) to avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies in 3 urological practices. Methods: In 122 patients, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA (f-PSA), the quotient from total PSA and f-PSA (f-PSA%), and [–2]pro-PSA were measured in the serum; PHI, PHID, and PSA density (PSAD) were calculated prior to prostate biopsy. Tissue sampling via transrectal biopsy was indicated in case of suspicious PSA (progression and/or elevation of PSA) and/or suspicious digital rectal examination. PSAD, PHI, and PHID were not used for biopsy indication. The diagnostic efficacy was determined with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC)and decision curve analyses. Results: Based on prostate biopsies, 38% (n = 46) of the cases had no prostate carcinoma (PCa), 21% (n = 26) no clinically significant (insignificant) PCa, and 41% (n = 50) had clinically significant PCa. ROC analyses of the PSA parameters showed higher diagnostic efficacy for PHI and PHID (AUC 0.722 and 0.739) than for f-PSA%, PSA, and PSAD (AUC 0.612, 0.595, and 0.698, respectively) regarding carcinoma diagnosis. With a combined use of PHI and PHID (cutoff >40 and >0.9, respectively), only 1 clinically significant PCa would have been missed (sensitivity 98%); in 24 (20%) patients, biopsy could have been avoided. Conclusion:The integration of PHI and PHID could improve the diagnostic efficacy of risk calculators to avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies. However, as a prerequisite, validation of cutoff values in prospective studies is urgently required.
Higher Odds of Type 2 Diabetes for Some Blood Groups
Authors: Navabi Jafar , Navabi Seyed Mohammad , Hemmati Niloufar , Shaahmadi Zahra , Aghaei Abbas
Published: April 2020

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases in humans that cause disruption in glucose and fat metabolism. The determination of the ABO blood group system is hereditary and both diabetes and blood groups have a genetic basis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the odds of type 2 diabetes for some blood groups. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in hospitals of Kermanshah in 2018. The case group consisted of patients with diabetes admitted to hospital and the control group of nondiabetic patients hospitalized in the surgical ward. Information such as age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes and blood group is collected and analyzed by the univariate and multivariate logistic regression method. Results: A total of 750 patients were enrolled in this study. The number of participants in both groups was 375. The average ages of the participants were 50.51 and 51.62 years, respectively. 67.5% of the patients in the case group were female in comparison with 73.6% of those in the control group. The value of Rh+ in the case and control groups was 94.4 and 93.6%, respectively (p = 0.645). The chance of having diabetes for patients with blood group A was 76% higher than for those with blood group O (p = 0.006). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the odds of type 2 diabetes for people in blood group A was higher than for those in other blood groups. It is recommended that blood group A be considered as a risk factor in the screening of type 2 diabetes.
Altered Epidermal Permeability Barrier Function in the Uninvolved Skin Supports a Role of Epidermal Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Occupational Hand Eczema
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Ye Li , Lai Qingsong , Wen Si , Long Zijun , Qiu Xiaoyu , Elias Peter M. , Yang Bin , Man Mao-Qiang
Published: April 2020

Although a compromised epidermal permeability barrier can contribute to the development of contact dermatitis, whether subjects with hand eczema display abnormalities in baseline epidermal permeability barrier function in their uninvolved skin remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess epidermal permeability barrier function in subjects with and without hand eczema in clothing manufacturers. Upon approval by the institutional review board, volunteers were recruited from clothing manufacturers in Guangzhou City, China. An 11-item questionnaire was used to collect general data from the volunteers. The diagnoses of self-proclaimed hand eczema were further confirmed by a dermatologist. Epidermal biophysical properties, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL) rates, stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH were measured on the flexural surface of the left forearm in all volunteers. Epidermal biophysical properties were compared among cohorts of subjects with active hand eczema, a prior history of hand eczema and without any history of hand eczema. A total of 650 questionnaires were collected from 462 females and 188 males, with a mean age of 36.7 ± 0.46 years (range 16–69 years; 95% CI 35.8–37.59). Thirty-five subjects (5.4%) currently had hand eczema, while 28 subjects (4.3%) reported a prior history of hand eczema that was inactive currently. The prevalence of hand eczema did not differ significantly between genders. Neither a prior personal nor a family history of allergies was associated with the prevalence of hand eczema, but certain occupations and frequent contact with disinfectants were independently associated with the prevalence of hand eczema. In the overall cohort, males displayed higher TEWL rates and stratum corneum hydration levels than did females. Both skin surface pH and TEWL rates differed significantly among normal controls and subjects with active hand eczema or a prior history of hand eczema (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the uninvolved skin site of subjects with hand eczema exhibits abnormalities in epidermal perme­ability barrier, supporting a pathogenic role of epidermal dysfunction in hand eczema. Whether subjects with hand eczema in other occupations also display altered epidermal function on uninvolved skin remains to be explored.
Risk Factors for Distal Clot Migration during Mechanical Thrombectomy of Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Mohammaden Mahmoud H. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Brunozzi Denise , Khedr Eman M. , Theiss Peter , Atwal Gursant , Alaraj Ali
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Distal clot migration (DCM) is a known complication of mechanical thrombectomy (MT), but neither risk factors for DCM nor ways of how it might affect clinical outcomes have been extensively studied to date. Methods: To identify risk factors for and outcomes in the setting of DCM, the records of all patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) treated with MT at a single center between May 2016 and June 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Uni- and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate predictors of DCM and good functional outcome (90-day modified Rankin Scale; mRS 0–2). Results: A total of 65 patients were included, DCM was identified in 22 patients (33.8%). Patients with DCM had significantly higher pre-procedural intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) administration (81.8 vs. 53.5%, p = 0.03), stentrievers thrombectomy (95.5 vs. 62.8%, p = 0.006), and longer median puncture to recanalization time (44 [34–97] vs. 30 [20–56] min, p = 0.028) as compared to group with non-DCM. Also, they had lower rates of Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b/3 recanalization (p = 0.002), higher median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at discharge (p = 0.01), and lower rates of 90-day mRS (0–2; 18.2 vs. 48.8%; p = 0.016). On subgroup analysis, patients with middle cerebral artery occlusions who underwent MT with stentrievers <40 mm in length had a higher risk of DCM (p = 0.026). On multivariable analysis, IV-tPA administration (OR; 5.019, 95% CI [1.319–19.102], p = 0.018) and stentrievers thrombectomy (OR; 10.031, 95% CI [1.090–92.344]; p = 0.04) remained significant predictors of DCM. Baseline NIHSS score (OR; 0.872, 95% CI [0.788–0.965], p = 0.008) and DCM (OR; 0.250, 95% CI [0.075–0.866], p = 0.03) were independent predictors of 90-day mRS 0–2. Conclusion: In patients undergoing MT for anterior circulation LVO, DCM is associated with lower rates of TICI 2b/3 recanalization and worse functional outcomes at 90 days. IV-tPA administration and MT with short stentrievers are independent predictors of DCM development.
Representativeness of the PIONEER-HF Clinical Trial Population in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Fudim Marat , Sayeed Sabina , Xu Haolin , Matsouaka Roland A. , Heidenreich Paul A. , Velazquez Eric J. , Yancy Clyde W. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Hernandez Adrian F. , DeVore Adam D.
Published: April 2020

Background:

In PIONEER-HF (Comparison of Sacubitril/Valsartan Versus Enalapril on Effect on NT-pro BNP in Patients Stabilized From an Acute Heart Failure Episode), the in-hospital initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) was well-tolerated and led to improved outcomes. We aim to determine the representativeness of the PIONEER-HF trial among patients hospitalized for ADHF using real-world data.

Methods:

The study population was derived from all patients discharged alive for ADHF in the Get With The Guidelines—HF registry from 2006 to 2018 with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; all HFrEF with ADHF). We then determined the proportion of patients meeting PIONEER-HF eligibility criteria (PIONEER-HF eligible) and those meeting a set of limited eligibility criteria (actionable cohort). Rates of HF readmissions and all-cause mortality were then compared between the all HFrEF with ADHF, PIONEER-HF eligible, and actionable cohorts using linked Medicare claims data.

Results:

A total of 99 767 patients with HFrEF in Get With The Guidelines—HF were hospitalized for ADHF. PIONEER-HF inclusion criteria were met by 71 633 (71.8%) patients, and both inclusion and exclusion criteria were met by 20 704 (20.8%) patients. Further, 68 739 (68.9%) patients met the criteria for the actionable cohort. Among the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid—linked patients, the HF rehospitalization rate at 1 year was 35.1% (95% CI, 34.5–35.8) for all HFrEF with ADHF patients, 32.6% (95% CI, 31.3–33.9) for the PIONEER-HF eligible cohort, and 33.1% (95% CI, 32.3–33.9) for the actionable cohort. The 1-year all-cause mortality was 36.7% (95% CI, 36.1–7.4) for all HFrEF with ADHF patients, 31.6% (95% CI, 30.3–32.9) for the PIONEER-HF eligible cohort, and 32.2% (95% CI, 31.4–33.0) for the actionable cohort.

Conclusions:

Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes for patients eligible for PIONEER-HF only modestly differ when compared with those encountered in routine practice, suggesting that the in-hospital initiation of sacubitril/valsartan should be routinely considered for patients with HFrEF hospitalized for ADHF.
Rethinking Design: From the Methodology of Innovation to the Object of Design
Authors: Neubauer Ruth , Bohemia Erik , Harman Kerry
Published: April 2020

The design literature theorizes design as the methodology of innovation, supposedly required for mediating the world’s separate entities, such as theory and practice, the human and the material, and subjective and objective knowing, coming “naturally” with the designer’s ways of knowing. But instead of taking such naturalizations for granted, we argue that through such positioning of design the specifics of design activity are obscured, along with the locations designers take within them. We propose that “design as a methodology” is an object produced by design. Investigating this object of design, and how it is made, will make visible what design activity is, and what locations the designers take within them.
Uncovering differential identifiability in network properties of human brain functional connectomes
Authors: Rajapandian Meenusree , Amico Enrico , Abbas Kausar , Ventresca Mario , Goñi Joaquín
Published: April 2020

The identifiability framework (𝕀 f) has been shown to improve differential identifiability (reliability across-sessions and -sites, and differentiability across-subjects) of functional connectomes for a variety of fMRI tasks. But having a robust single session/subject functional connectome is just the starting point to subsequently assess network properties for characterizing properties of integration, segregation, and communicability, among others. Naturally, one wonders whether uncovering identifiability at the connectome level also uncovers identifiability on the derived network properties. This also raises the question of where to apply the 𝕀 f framework: on the connectivity data or directly on each network measurement? Our work answers these questions by exploring the differential identifiability profiles of network measures when 𝕀 f is applied (a) on the functional connectomes, and (b) directly on derived network measurements. Results show that improving across-session reliability of functional connectomes (FCs) also improves reliability of derived network measures. We also find that, for specific network properties, application of 𝕀 f directly on network properties is more effective. Finally, we discover that applying the framework, either way, increases task sensitivity of network properties. At a time when the neuroscientific community is focused on subject-level inferences, this framework is able to uncover FC fingerprints, which propagate to derived network properties.
The Life and Letters of William Sharp and "Fiona Macleod"
Authors: Halloran William F.
Published: April 2020

William Sharp (1855-1905) conducted one of the most audacious literary deceptions of his or any time. Sharp was a Scottish poet, novelist, biographer and editor who in 1893 began to write critically and commercially successful books under the name Fiona Macleod. This was far more than just a pseudonym: he corresponded as Macleod, enlisting his sister to provide the handwriting and address, and for more than a decade "Fiona Macleod" duped not only the general public but such literary luminaries as William Butler Yeats and, in America, E. C. Stedman.

Sharp wrote "I feel another self within me now more than ever; it is as if I were possessed by a spirit who must speak out". This three-volume collection brings together Sharp’s own correspondence – a fascinating trove in its own right, by a Victorian man of letters who was on intimate terms with writers including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Walter Pater, and George Meredith – and the Fiona Macleod letters, which bring to life Sharp’s intriguing "second self".

With an introduction and detailed notes by William F. Halloran, this richly rewarding collection offers a wonderful insight into the literary landscape of the time, while also investigating a strange and underappreciated phenomenon of late-nineteenth-century English literature. It is essential for scholars of the period, and it is an illuminating read for anyone interested in authorship and identity.
Margery Spring Rice
Authors: Pollard Lucy
Published: April 2020

This book vividly presents the story of Margery Spring Rice, an instrumental figure in the movements of women’s health and family planning in the first half of the twentieth century. Margery Spring Rice, née Garrett, was born into a family of formidable female trailblazers – niece of physician and suffragist Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, and of Millicent Fawcett, a leading suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women. Margery Spring Rice continued this legacy with her co-founding of the North Kensington birth control clinic in 1924, three years after Marie Stopes founded the first clinic in Britain.

Engaging and accessible, this biography weaves together Spring Rice’s personal and professional lives, adopting a chronological approach which highlights how the one impacted the other. Her life unfolds against the turbulent backdrop of the early twentieth century – a period which sees the entry of women into higher education, and the upheaval and societal upshots of two world wars. Within this context, Spring Rice emerges as a dynamic figure who dedicated her life to social causes, and whose actions time and again bear out her habitual belief that, contrary to the Shakespearian dictum, ‘valour is the better part of discretion’.

This is the first biography of Margery Spring Rice, drawing extensively on letters, diaries and other archival material, and equipping the text with family trees and photographs. It will be of great interest to a range of social historians, especially those researching the birth control movement; female friendships, female philanthropists, and feminist activism in the twentieth century; and the history of medicine and public health.
Tracking Air–Sea Exchange and Upper-Ocean Variability in the Indonesian–Australian Basin during the Onset of the 2018/19 Australian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Feng Ming , Duan Yongliang , Wijffels Susan , Hsu Je-Yuan , Li Chao , Wang Huiwu , Yang Yang , Shen Hong , Liu Jianjun , Ning Chunlin , Yu Weidong
Published: April 2020

Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) north of Australia in the Indonesian–Australian Basin are significantly influenced by Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), an eastward-moving atmospheric disturbance that traverses the globe in the tropics. The region also has large-amplitude diurnal SST variations, which may influence the air–sea heat and moisture fluxes, that provide feedback to the MJO evolution. During the 2018/19 austral summer, a field campaign aiming to better understand the influences of air–sea coupling on the MJO was conducted north of Australia in the Indonesian–Australian Basin. Surface meteorology from buoy observations and upper-ocean data from autonomous fast-profiling float observations were collected. Two MJO convective phases propagated eastward across the region in mid-December 2018 and late January 2019 and the second MJO was in conjunction with a tropical cyclone development. Observations showed that SST in the region was rather sensitive to the MJO forcing. Air–sea heat fluxes warmed the SST throughout the 2018/19 austral summer, punctuated by the MJO activities, with a 2°–3°C drop in SST during the two MJO events. Substantial diurnal SST variations during the suppressed phases of the MJOs were observed, and the near-surface thermal stratifications provided positive feedback for the peak diurnal SST amplitude, which may be a mechanism to influence the MJO evolution. Compared to traditionally vessel-based observation programs, we have relied on fast-profiling floats as the main vehicle in measuring the upper-ocean variability from diurnal to the MJO time scales, which may pave the way for using cost-effective technology in similar process studies.
Palliative Care in Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database
Authors: Ando Tomo , Adegbala Oluwole , Uemura Takeshi , Ashraf Said , Akintoye Emmanuel , Pahuja Mohit , Afonso Luis , Briasoulis Alexandros , Takagi Hisato
Published: April 2020

We assessed the trend of palliative care (PC) referrals and its effect on hospitalization cost and length of stay (LOS) in ruptured aortic aneurysm (rAA). The Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2014 was used to identify admissions with age ≥50 and rAA. A total of 54 134 rAA admissions were identified and 5019 (9.3%) had PC referrals. During the study period, PC referral rate increased from 0.97% to 15.3% ( P trend < .0001). Length of stay (1.7 vs 2.8 days, adjusted mean ratio [aMR] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58-0.66), and cost (US$7778 vs US$13 575, aMR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.52-0.63) were significantly lower in rAA admissions that did not undergo interventions. In the percutaneous repair group, LOS was similar but the cost was higher (US$61 759 vs US$52 260, aMR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.05-1.30), whereas in surgical repair group, LOS was shorter (4.6 vs 5.9 days, aMR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.73-0.82) but the cost was higher (US$59 755 vs US$52 523, aMR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28). Palliative care could shorten LOS and save hospitalization cost in rAA admissions not a candidate for repair. Further studies are required to investigate the variable effects of PC on rAA.
Social workers’ judgments: Case study on personal experience, professional training, and practice environment
Authors: Kwan Chi Kin , Chui Ernest Wing Tak
Published: April 2020

Given the vital basis of the professional judgments made by social workers, this article proposes a framework with which to study the complex mechanisms involved in their judgments that considers three Ps: personal experience, professional training, and practice environment. Using a qualitative case study analysis, the authors apply the framework to examine the experiences of 20 Chinese social workers based in Hong Kong. Three cases have been selected to illustrate three trajectories as revealed from the 20 cases. Consistent with the notion of reflective practice, the analysis enhances the understanding of the forces behind the judgments that social workers make.
Distrust in Government and Preference for Regime Change in China
Authors: Li Lianjiang
Published: April 2020

The article argues that distrust in government reflects a preference for regime change in authoritarian China. It shows that individuals who have stronger distrust in government also have a stronger preference for multiparty electoral competition which runs against the gist of one-party rule and would be a stepping stone toward representative democracy. The article suggests that the relationship between trust in government and system support in an established democracy is fundamentally different from its variant in an authoritarian state. The target of distrust shifts from an electorally accountable government to a self-appointed one, while the target of support shifts from a system that protects freedom and rights to one that restricts them. The article concludes that the buffer between distrust in government and preference for regime change is particularly thin and fragile in China, where the vices of authoritarianism are proven and the virtues of democracy look promising.
The conservative uses of law: The Catholic mobilization against gender ideology
Authors: Vaggione Juan Marco
Published: April 2020

The term ‘gender ideology’ has become a conceptual and political tool used by various religious and secular actors who defend a legal system embedded in a sexual universal morality. Although the use of the term began within the Catholic sphere, it currently characterizes the politics of different countries that are facing a wave of neoconservative activism. The article analyzes the expansion and uses of this term by considering two main aspects: first, an analysis of its emergence as a strategy by the Vatican to combat the impact of Sexual and Reproductive Rights (SRR) on Universal Human Rights; second, a presentation of the appropriations and uses of the fight against gender ideology as part of a neoconservative movement in Latin America.
In Colombia some cows have raza, others also have breed: Maintaining the presence of the translation offers analytical possibilities
Authors: de la Cadena Marisol , Martínez Medina Santiago
Published: April 2020

This article is about cows in Colombia, the practices that make them different. Although our main concern is not the difference among breeds, we pay crucial attention to the word breed which, in its exclusive animal-use, does not exist in Spanish. Its translation becomes raza, a word that is also used to classify humans and therefore easily translates into English as ‘race’. Maintaining these differences in analytical sight, we follow the practices that make res and ejemplar – two types of bovines. Untranslatable to English, res refers to an ordinary cow or bull; the second one indicates an exemplary bovine, even a prized one. The practices that make these animals are different. We explain how making res does not meet the requirements of breed, while making ejemplar does; consequently, while the latter has breed, a res has a slippery raza, one that, difficult to pin down, transgresses the firmness of breeds. Thus, raza can be different from breed, and surprisingly, it is also different from ‘race’ in English: the slippery quality of raza also surfaces when talking about people, at least in Colombia and Peru, the countries of origin of the authors of this article. If classified, their raza may shift from ‘white’ to ‘mestizo’ (not white) depending on the eyes of the beholder – like res!
Cumulative Violence Exposure and Alcohol Use Among College Students: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Dating Violence
Authors: Grest Carolina Villamil , Cederbaum Julie A. , Lee Daniel S. , Choi Y. Joon , Cho Hyunkag , Hong Seunghye , Yun Sung Hyun , Lee Jungeun Olivia
Published: April 2020

Multiple types of childhood adversities are risk factors for dating violence among college-age youth and in turn, dating violence is associated with alcohol use. This work quantitatively examines associations of childhood adversity and dating violence with alcohol use among college students using a cumulative stress approach. Multi-campus surveys were collected from March to December 2016 in four universities across the United States and Canada ( n = 3,710). Latent class analysis identified patterns of childhood adversity and dating violence. Regression analyses investigated the associations of latent class patterns with past year number of drinks, alcohol use frequency, and problematic drinking. Latent class analysis produced seven classes: “low violence exposure” (18.5%), “predominantly peer violence” (28.9%), “peer violence and psychological child abuse” (10.8%), “peer and parental domestic violence” (9.9%), “peer and psychological dating violence” (17%), “peer and dating violence” (6.6%), and “childhood adversity and psychological dating violence” (8.3%). Compared to the “low violence exposure” group, “peer and psychological dating violence” ( B = .114, p < .05), “peer and dating violence” ( B = .143, p < .05), and “childhood adversity and psychological dating violence” ( B = .183, p < .001) groups were significantly associated with problematic drinking. Results highlight how childhood adversity and dating violence contribute to problematic alcohol use, suggesting interventions that address both childhood adversity and dating violence may be most effective at reducing alcohol misuse among college students.
Structural response and wall thickness design of pulse detonation combustor
Authors: Jia Shengxi , Zheng Longxi , Wang Lingyi , Huang Xiqiao
Published: April 2020

This paper deals with the structural response and wall thickness design of pulse detonation combustor. The pulse detonation combustor is a chamber with cylindrical shell structure, which is loaded with internal moving detonation pressure and thermal load. Much higher strain and stress can be excited under moving pressure load than static load. How to choose the attenuation coefficient during detonation pressure were discussed. The results of structural response simulation based on finite element method were compared with analytical result in the literature. The multi-cycle detonation pressure load and thermal load were measured on a pulse detonation engine principle prototype initialed through deflagration-to-detonation transition for the first time. The structural response characteristics of the detonation chamber were studied based on the measured load under different working frequencies. A series of comparison between numerical simulation and experimental measurement were carried out. The wall thickness of the chamber was designed based on the fatigue load spectrum under real detonation load and the chamber’s target fatigue life. Special attention was paid to the mutual influence between the dynamic amplification factor and the wall thickness.
Sexual Assault Prevalence and Community College Students: Challenges and Promising Practices
Authors: J. Potter Sharyn , Fox Nicole , Smith Delilah , Draper Nora , Moschella Elizabeth A. , Moynihan Mary M.
Published: April 2020

Recently, much research has been dedicated to understanding how to prevent and address the aftermath of sexual assault (SA) on traditional 4-year college and university campuses in the United States. However, less scholarly attention has been paid to 2-year institutions, commonly known as community colleges. This review illuminates the different situational contexts faced by community college students, compared with students at 4-year colleges. These differences are shaped by community college characteristics, student demographics, and geographic location of their students. Community colleges enroll a higher percentage of women, first-generation students, and low-income students than 4-year colleges. Furthermore, community colleges are academic homes to the most racially and ethnically diverse student population, with higher numbers of African Americans, Latinos, immigrants, and nonnative English speakers. These populations (e.g., women, racial minorities, first-generation, low-income) are at a greater risk for SA; yet, 2-year institutions have less funding and resources available to address SA on their campuses. Thus, this article reviews the problem of campus SA on community colleges and highlights the challenges that 2-year institutions face in comparison with those that 4-year institutions face when implementing SA prevention and response strategies. Then, a case study of a 3-year project on one nonresidential and seven community colleges is presented, which illustrates how 2-year institutions can forge relationships with community professionals to address SA on their campuses.
Study of Algal Organic Matter Removal Efficiency Using a Newly Developed Removal System
Authors: Kim Hwan , Yeo Inseol , Park Chan-Gyu
Published: April 2020

Water sources are currently facing great challenges from rapid population growth and industrial developments. Investigations into how to remove algal organic matter (AOM) are thus of great importance from an environmental point of view because most lakes and reservoirs in South Korea suffer from algae problems, especially in the summer. Many efforts have been made to remove AOM from the aquatic environment in South Korea. In this study, we focus on development of a new AOM removal system, utilizing waste oyster shells and ferrihydrite as the media of the filtration system. Using this system, the removal rate of AOM was investigated regarding the concentrations of chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and alginate. It was found that about 92% of the total phosphorus was removed through this system when raw oyster shell powders were heated at 900°C to convert them into calcium oxide powders. The use of a continuous system also led to a reduction of 94.2% in total phosphorus, 78.8% in chlorophyll a, and 43.6% in alginate.
Thermal efficiency improvement of super-lean burn spark ignition engine by stratified water insulation on piston top surface
Authors: Nagasawa Tsuyoshi , Okura Yuichi , Yamada Ryota , Sato Susumu , Kosaka Hidenori , Yokomori Takeshi , Iida Norimasa
Published: April 2020

In order to improve thermal efficiency of spark ignition engine under super-lean burn conditions (excess air ratio [Formula: see text]), thermal stratification technique by in-cylinder water injection toward piston surface (stratified water insulated combustion architecture), in which low temperature water vapor layer is formed on the surface, is proposed. From the water spray visualization using the optically accessible engine, injected water is distributed near the piston top surface at ignition timing and thermal stratification can be achieved in the case that water injection timing (SOIw) is set at earlier stage of a compression stroke. In addition, heat flux on the piston surface measured at the same time is reduced by water injection. The 0.5-L single-cylinder engine test at λ = 2.0 at a constant ignition timing also shows that water injection at earlier stage of a compression stroke makes it possible to mitigate knock without significant increase in combustion instability. On the other hand, part of water is distributed near the spark plug at ignition timing with the water injection at SOIw = −60 °ATDC, resulting in unstable combustion. In addition, the engine test at λ = 2.0 and water/fuel ratio(W/F) = 18% shows that knock mitigation by water injection enables spark advance and following combustion enhancement. As a result, combustion period becomes short and cooling loss decreases, followed by the 1.0-pt improvement of gross indicated thermal efficiency. Moreover, the engine can be operated at minimum spark advance for best torque by increasing W/F up to 35%. Finally, stratified water insulated combustion architecture concept is applied at λ = 1.9 with a higher compression ratio of 17, showing that water injection at SOIw = −120 °ATDC and W/F = 50% enables minimum spark advance for best torque operation, and remarkably high gross indicated that thermal efficiency of 52.63% can be achieved with a sufficiently low knock level and coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure.
Measuring Customer Discrimination: Evidence From the Professional Cricket League in India
Authors: Sur Pramod Kumar , Sasaki Masaru
Published: April 2020

This article examines customer discrimination considering a unique data set from the most popular sports industry in India, that is, cricket. Relying on Playing XI vote in the Indian Premier League, we analyze whether supporters have different personal preferences toward players based on their location of origin and religion. In contrast to the often-heated rhetoric surrounding discrimination and previous literature, we overall do not find any discrimination in voting. We instead find a positive preference for popular foreign players. Our results further suggest that if we examine discrimination by controlling for proxy productivity characteristics, it may produce bias results.
Pilot Study: Occupational Therapy in an Equine Environment for Youth With Autism
Authors: Peters B. Caitlin , Wood Wendy , Hepburn Susan , Bundy Anita
Published: April 2020

Despite growing prevalence, research investigating occupational therapy incorporating horses for youth with autism is limited. This study aimed to (a) pilot a screening, evaluation, and intervention protocol of occupational therapy in an equine environment and (b) assess preliminary effects on occupational performance goals, behavior, and social functioning of youth with autism. A multiple baseline single-case experimental design was used. Six youth with autism participated in a no-treatment baseline phase and 10 weeks of intervention. Therapists implemented the intervention with 95% fidelity. Per parent report, participants improved in occupational performance goals, social motivation, and communication; four demonstrated decreased irritability and hyperactivity. This research operationalizes a screening, evaluation, and intervention protocol for occupational therapy in an equine environment, and demonstrates it may improve occupational, behavioral, and social outcomes for youth with autism. Next steps include manualizing the intervention, refining feasibility measures, and implementing a randomized controlled efficacy study.
Public Policy and Changing Pattern of Industrial R&D System in India: A Comparative Analysis of Pre- and Post-reform Periods
Authors: Shergill Baldev Singh
Published: April 2020

This article is an attempt to examine the trends of industrial R&D expenditure by the private sector and public sector during pre-reform (1980–1992) and post-reform period (1993–2010). The agenda of economic reform is to liberalise the industrial sector and make it more competitive in the global scenario. The analysis indicates that in the post-reform period, the percentage share of R&D expenditure drastically shifted from public sector to private sector. The major share of R&D expenditure remained in capital goods manufacturing sector. R&D expenditure is highly concentrated in the capital goods sector by public and private sectors. Second, preferential sector in terms of share of R&D expenditure has been intermediate sector by the public sector and consumer non-durables by the private sector overtime. Consumer durables sector is a completely ignored sector across the board. R&D intensity has been in the range of low and medium across industry groups and time. It may be argued that industries might not be enabling to realise spillovers from the transfer of technology and also would be fragile to enhance its ability to make product and process innovations of its own. The changing pattern of R&D expenditure by the industrial sector confirms the supremacy and autonomy of the market. These are the areas where R&D expenditure is required to gain technological capabilities and absorptive capacity for a low R&D intensity country like India. The article argues that technological and industrial policies should be taken into consideration with respect to the demand and production processes. Especially since the Indian economy is a low-income country with a massive agrarian and rural labour force, it needs to transform technological capabilities and organisation of industrialisation according to the indigenous and categorised necessities by both the public and the private sectors.
Managing external cold-stimulus headache with preventive naproxen
Authors: Khoo Anthony , Kiley Michelle , Goadsby Peter J
Published: April 2020

The management of external cold-stimulus headache has previously focused on trigger avoidance, which can be an impractical and sometimes impossible solution. We describe the case of a 20-year-old woman who presented with a typical example of external cold-stimulus headache, and in whom a preventive regime of naproxen taken 30 min prior to cold exposure was associated with reliable prevention of cold-induced headache symptoms. This could be an effective strategy for managing patients with cold-stimulus headache for whom cold triggers cannot be avoided.
Outcomes of older patients with NPM1-mutated AML: current treatments and the promise of venetoclax-based regimens
Authors: Lachowiez Curtis A. , Loghavi Sanam , Kadia Tapan M. , Daver Naval , Borthakur Gautam , Pemmaraju Naveen , Naqvi Kiran , Alvarado Yesid , Yilmaz Musa , Short Nicholas , Ohanian Maro , Pierce Sherry R. , Patel Keyur P. , Qiao Wei , Ning Jing , Sasaki Koji , Takahashi Koichi , Jabbour Elias , Andreeff Michael , Ravandi Farhad , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Konopleva Marina , DiNardo Courtney D.
Published: April 2020

Nucleophosmin-1 mutations (NPM1+) occur in ∼30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Although typically associated with favorable prognosis, the beneficial impact of NPM1+ decreases with increasing age in patients treated with standard intensive chemotherapy (IC) or hypomethylating agents (HMAs). This retrospective analysis compared outcomes of NPM1+ AML patients treated with 1 of 3 induction approaches: HMA plus BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax (VEN), HMA, or IC therapy. Composite complete response (CRc: CR + CR with incomplete count recovery) was seen in 96% (27/28), 36% (17/47), and 89% (204/228) of HMA + VEN, HMA, and IC patients, respectively (HMA + VEN vs HMA, P < .001; HMA + VEN vs IC, P = .10). Older patients (age >65 years) treated with HMA + VEN, HMA, or IC had CR rates of 88%, 28%, and 56%, respectively (HMA + VEN vs HMA, P < .001; HMA + VEN vs IC, P = .01). Significant improvement in overall survival (OS) was seen in patients age >65 years treated with HMA + VEN vs HMA (not reached [NR] vs 0.4 years; P < .001) or IC (NR vs 0.93 years; P = .001). Older patients treated with HMA + VEN had OS of 80% after median 1-year follow-up, with estimated 2-year OS of 70%. In the multivariable Cox model analysis, HMA + VEN was associated with a 69% lower risk of death compared with IC (hazard ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.83; type I error–adjusted P = .038). HMA + VEN combinations demonstrated impressive results compared with traditional standard-of-care regimens in older patients with NPM1+ AML.
Coloring mechanisms of ancient buried wood: Japanese cedar trees excavated from the foothills of Mt. Chokai
Authors: Kurimoto Yasuji , Yamauchi Shigeru , Takayama Tsutomu , Sakai Yoichi
Published: April 2020

Spectroscopic characterization of ancient buried Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) woods excavated from the foothills of Mt. Chokai was carried out to investigate the factors governing their color tones. X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed primary metal elements in the Japanese cedar wood to be Ca and Fe. Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy revealed that prolonged burial had not caused severe chemical decomposition of the ancient wood. 57Fe Mössbauer spectra of the ancient wood samples suggested that Fe in the Japanese cedar wood was present in the high-spin Fe3+ or low-spin Fe2+ state. Although the dark color tone of the ancient wood has been assumed to be due to the presence of multinuclear Fe complexes with multidentate ligands such as tannin, no positive correlation was observed between the color depth and Fe content of the ancient wood samples.