bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Client Assessment and the Development of PICO Questions
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: December 2024

Before delving into the first step of the evidence-based practice (EBP) process, students need to gain the skills to conduct evidence-informed ecologically driven assessments. Students often struggle with step one of the EBP process because they do not know their target population or have not assessed the needs of the population with whom they are working. To that end, Chapter 2 provides (1) a review of biopsychosocial assessment, with attention to addressing context, place, and culture; (2) examples of questions to ask clients to gather thorough biopsychosocial data; and (3) strategies and case examples on how to gather, summarize, and rely on data to develop well-formed practice-based research questions.
Institutional Responses
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

By the early twentieth century, Protestant institutions understood that their reputations were severely compromised by scandal. They also became concerned with a new problem in their ministerial ranks: rumors of homosexuality. In response to the ongoing crisis, seminaries and churches implemented better screening procedures for prospective ministers, attempted to befriend local reporters in order to minimize sensational accounts about their denominations, and developed internal systems of silencing that hinged on top-level secrecy. When these strategies failed, these organizations learned to quickly distance themselves from the figures of fallen pastors, especially if these ministers happened to be accused of same-sex deviance. An elaborate system of silencing would protect institutional reputations where internal control could not.
Vanishing Acts
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

The 1926 disappearance of the biggest celebrity preacher of her age, Aimee Semple McPherson, became a case study in the legitimacy of charismatic female religious authority. A divorcée rumored to be suspiciously intimate with her married radio operator, McPherson went missing for over a month, as speculations about an affair filled newspaper pages. McPherson’s fundamentalist critics, armed with sensationalist reportage of secular newspapers, used the scandal to discredit the evangelist. Meanwhile, a new generation of journalists in the so-called intellectual press, criticized the old guard’s bad faith attempts to besmirch the minister. The saga contributed to the fractures in the fragile alliances that Protestants attempted to forge with the press and further divided the journalistic profession.
Dmitry Shostakovich and Music for Stalinist Cinema (1936-1953)
Authors: Titus Joan
Published: December 2024

Dmitry Shostakovich was the first Russian musician to emerge as a composer for the Soviet cinema in the late 1920s. The Early Film Music of Dmitry Shostakovich (OUP, 2016), the first of a trilogy on Shostakovich’s music for cinema, provides a discussion of his first experiments in film scoring from 1928 to 1936. From 1936 to 1953, he grew into his role as film composer during the height of Stalinism. This book, the second of the trilogy, continues the work of the first by providing an examination of his emergence as a preeminent film composer, and his navigation of the Soviet film industry amid the cultural politics of late Stalinism. Based on archival materials and contemporaneous press, Joan Titus interpolates musical analysis of eighteen scores with contemporaneous reception as part of a sociocultural history of his late Stalinist film scoring. The author frames this discussion using the concepts of the mainstream and middlebrow to highlight the complex role of Shostakovich’s film music within Soviet arts culture. His experience with diverse filmmakers, genres, and styles allowed him the opportunity to experiment with film scoring and musical meaning, which revealed his heterogeneous and thorough knowledge of musical styles, and integration of classical and popular musical trends. This unusual and varied experience makes him an excellent case study for examining the development of the film composer within Soviet film industry during late Stalinism, and situates his scoring within an emerging global film music history.
Youth, Gender, and the Soviet Hero(ine)
Authors: Titus Joan
Published: December 2024

Chapter 4 (“Youth, Gender, and the Soviet Hero(ine)”) provides an examination of Shostakovich’s scores to three wartime films: Zoya (dir. Leo Arnshtam, 1944), Simple People (Prostïye lyudi, dir. Grigory Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg, 1945; rel. 1956), and Young Guard (Molodaya gvardiya, Parts 1 and 2, dir. Sergey Gerasimov, 1947–1948). This chapter provides discussions of how each individual film and its score represented wartime heroism and nationalist constructions of gender and race/ethnicity, with particular attention to representations of Soviet womanhood and orientalized Others. It details how Shostakovich and his directorial partners approached musical borrowing, tropes, and the integration of song and underscoring as part of this representation.
Rednecks, Hillbillies, and Hicks
Authors: Daley Michael R.
Published: December 2024

The names redneck, hillbilly, hick, and other related terms are often applied by society to refer to rural people. They have been used for so long and are so commonly applied that many think little about them. But using the terms is demeaning to rural people and stereotypes them. This chapter explores the characteristics associated with the terms and the effects of their use, which include overlooking and discounting the needs of rural communities and their people. The intersectionality of diversity and rural culture and the added effects of these factors in oppression, poverty, and discrimination are discussed. Many social workers assist people with rural culture as they relocate to cities. A need to address the rural name-calling and stereotyping as a priority for social workers is considered.
Going the Extra Mile
Authors: Daley Michael R.
Published: December 2024

For many years, authors who have written about the nature of practice with rural communities and people have clearly said that the most appropriate model for this professional work is generalist practice. The reasons for this include the low number of social workers in rural communities, the wide range of problems with which they must deal, and the shortage of social welfare services. Although indicating that advanced and specialized social work services are needed in small communities, scant mention of the models that social workers may employ to deliver them is made, other than some references to advanced generalist practice. This chapter presents a model for advanced generalist practice with rural people that builds on the foundation of generalist practice and incorporates the use of specialized or advanced knowledge and skills. It argues that both generalist and advanced generalist social work draw from the same model and that advanced generalist practice differs primarily in the assessments and interventions that are employed. The value of advanced generalist social work for rural people is discussed.
Affirmative Practice With Older Adults in Rural Settings
Authors: Morrow Deana F.
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on affirmative practice with older adults in rural settings. Topics include a discussion of challenges common to rural older adults, including kinship care, social isolation and loneliness, dementia, chronic disease, and functional impairment. Care options, including informal care, day services, assisted living, and nursing home care, are also discussed. Special attention is given to the value of aging in place and the village movement model in support of older adults aging in their home settings for as long as possible. The chapter also addresses the importance of affirmative, ethical practice in working with rural older adults, and it concludes with specific guidelines for conveying respect when providing services.
“Listening to the Voice of the Community” “Escuchando la Voz de la Comunidad”
Authors: Oliphant Emmerentie , Wyatt Lenola , Avant Freddie L.
Published: December 2024

Community empowerment and revitalization start with a dream of changing a community. Rural communities have the strengths, assets, resources, resilience, and social capital to bring about sustainable change. Challenges such as limited access to services, unemployment, economic hardships, inaccessible public transportation, and community safety issues can impact any change efforts. Although the challenges are multiple, the strengths of interpersonal connections and partnerships can help residents focus on their dreams to build a strong community. This chapter discusses how an appreciative inquiry approach was used to develop and implement a community empowerment and revitalization project in a rural East Texas community. The principles of inclusion, transparency, mutual respect, and trust guided the appreciative inquiry. By including people who are most affected by the change, ownership and community-driven decision-making within the project can be enhanced. Community residents and leaders are the experts of their own situation. Through an appreciative inquiry, they were invited to share their lived experiences. When residents share their lived experiences, they are able to connect with each other as they explore and discover their strengths and needs.
The Extraordinary Journey of David Ingram
Authors: Snow Dean
Published: December 2024

David Ingram was an ordinary seaman of the Elizabethan age. He served on a slave ship captained by John Hawkins, the queen’s slaver. After sailing first to Africa and then taking enslaved people to sell in the Caribbean, the little fleet was nearly destroyed in a furious battle with the Spanish. Ingram and two other marooned men then walked over 3,600 miles from Mexico to New Brunswick in 11 months before being rescued. A dozen years later Ingram was brought in for interrogation by the queen’s spymaster, Francis Walsingham, as investors tried to learn more about America in anticipation of colonization there. The contemporary historian Richard Hakluyt soon used the records of the interrogation to publish his version of Ingram’s testimony. However, when editing it, Hakluyt mistakenly assumed that everything Ingram described about Africa, the Caribbean, and North America applied only to Ingram’s long walk through America. For over four centuries, Hakluyt’s scrambled publication of 1589 has been ridiculed as the fantastic ramblings of a liar. Examination of the original documents surviving from the interrogation has revealed that Hakluyt was a poor editor and that Ingram had told the truth about his extraordinary journey. Ingram’s story can now be told as he related it, revealing things about Africa and the Americas in the age of European discovery that would otherwise be unknown to history.
Brothers Behind Bars
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

Brothers behind Bars tells the harrowing, yet fascinating, story of the Muslim Brotherhood’s imprisonment in Egypt from the Palestine War in 1948 to the consolidation of President Anwar al-Sādāt’s rule in 1975. Based on hundreds of prison memoirs written by both Muslim Brothers and Sisters, the book takes the reader on a rare journey behind the prison walls to show how radicals and moderates, ministers and intelligence officers, clerics and jailers were embroiled in an epic battle to define Islam in modern Egypt. Brothers behind Bars argues that Egypt’s state institutions played a crucial role in shaping the ideologies within the Muslim Brotherhood, demonstrating how the institution of the prison became a critical site for the formation of a political counter-public in modern Egypt. Likewise, it demonstrates how the Muslim Brothers, amid crushing state repression, established an underground prison society that came to serve as a template for the utopia they envisioned for an Islamic Egypt. Although prison severely encroached on the freedom of the Muslim Brothers, it also forced upon them a time to reflect on their situation—not only in conversation with one another, but with political prisoners of other ideological convictions as well, most notably communists and Zionists. Thus, by emphasizing not what state repression restricted the Muslim Brothers from doing, but rather what it allowed them to do, Brothers behind Bars shows how the ideology of the Muslim Brothers was shaped not only by debates internal to them, but also by encounters with leftist intellectuals, religious clerics, and intelligence officers inside the prisons of Egypt.
Trials and Tribulations
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter describes the experiences of the Brothers in the Military Prison following their trial in 1954–1955. It shows how the Brothers suffered three forms of violence: individual, collective, and epistemic. Whereas individual and communal violence manifested itself as psychological and physical torture inside the Military Prison, the epistemic violence was perpetrated in the propaganda surrounding the courtroom of the People’s Tribunal. As is shown, the Brothers were not, however, passive victims of this violence, but devised various strategies of resistance that played out both in the Military Prison and the People’s Tribunal. The chapter argues that most Brothers, following the example of Hasan al-Huḍaybī, adopted a strategy of civil disobedience that countered the RCC’s violent portrayal of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Introduction
Authors: Kuo Didi
Published: December 2024

The introductory chapter provides a defense of political parties, and argues that to understand the crisis of democracy, we need to examine the intermediary institutions that link citizens to government. Longstanding parties are critical to democratic stability, since they embody values, ideas, and ideologies that transcend individual leaders. Further, parties manage the relationship of democracy and capitalism by ensuring that multiple classes and interests are represented in politics. This chapter provides an overview of the ways parties historically created democratic responsiveness, and lays out a roadmap for how to think the challenges to parties in a neoliberal era.
Parties and the Third Way
Authors: Kuo Didi
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides a history of social democratic parties in the nineteen-nineties, describing how the parties of the left embraced a third way agenda that signaled an end to traditional liberalism and an embrace of neoliberal orthodoxies. It explains the factional divisions within parties of the left, arguing that the centrists prioritized economic growth and markets over other social democratic commitments. Drawing lessons from other parts of the world, including the integration of markets under the European Union and structural adjustment policies in Latin America, this chapter argues that the centrist politics of the third way eroded the contestation critical to party systems.
Research with Hard-to-Reach Emerging Adult Populations
Authors: Azmitia Margarita
Published: December 2024

This chapter suggests strategies for recruiting hard-to-reach adolescents and emerging adults, in particular, low-income, immigrant, ethno-racial minorities, first-generation college students, undocumented students, unhoused, and LGBTQIA+ youth. Developing trust and providing empathy, compassion, and respect are essential for recruiting these vulnerable populations who have often experienced discrimination, legal consequences, inequities, and even violence that have eroded their belief in democracy, meritocracy, and social justice. Long-term collaborations with families, community centers and organizations, clubs and youth-led organizations, schools, universities, and other places frequented by youth are essential for recruiting these hard-to-reach populations. In addition, random sampling is seldom possible with these vulnerable and transient youth, so snowball sampling, flyers, word-of-mouth, establishing a presence in neighborhoods, providing stipends, and creating safe spaces for data collection are also essential and will ensure that theory and research address the development of hard-to-reach adolescents and emerging adults.
Understanding Emerging Adults’ Relationships
Authors: Tagliabue Semira , Zambelli Michela , Donato Silvia , Lanz Margherita
Published: December 2024

Having close positive relationships is considered part of the flourishing process in emerging adulthood; therefore, research on dyadic relationships and relational networks is critical in the literature about the transition to adulthood. This chapter presents some basic terminology about dyadic data analyses and provides an illustrative example on positive dyadic coping in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood. In the illustrative example, specific features of dyadic data analysis are presented (i.e., data structure, distinguishability, and measurement invariance), and one of the possible dyadic models is described step-by-step: the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. Syntaxes and outputs are also available in supplementary files on this book’s support website. Finally, a brief discussion of the challenges of dyadic data analyses and future directions is provided.
Analyzing Intensive Longitudinal Data in Emerging Adult Research
Authors: Bellingtier Jennifer A. , Rupprecht Fiona S.
Published: December 2024

This chapter introduces two approaches to analyzing data from intensive longitudinal studies, which involve the repeated assessment of the same individuals over short time durations: multilevel modeling and dynamic structural equation modeling. The chapter uses data from emerging adults in the Multi-Method Ambulatory Assessment Project. For multilevel modeling, we demonstrate how to conduct null models, models with Level 1 and Level 2 predictors, and models with cross-level interactions. Furthermore, random effects, centering, selection of covariance matrices, and model fit will be discussed. For dynamic structural equation modeling, the chapter demonstrates models including autoregressive and cross-lagged paths, as well as models with random slopes and cross-level interactions. In the supplementary material, the code for the multilevel models in SAS, SPSS, and R is included. For the dynamic structural equation models, the supplementary code in Mplus is included. By applying multilevel modeling and dynamic structural equation modeling to intensive longitudinal data, emerging adulthood researchers can capture the changes and variability of this life stage.
Grounded Theory in Emerging Adult Research
Authors: Landberg Monique
Published: December 2024

Grounded theory is a way of doing research by applying certain techniques. A grounded theory can also be the result of a research process. Grounded theory was originally developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s, and since that time the correct way of doing grounded theory has been widely debated. The following chapter briefly outlines the differences between the main branches of grounded theory, namely Objectivist, Straussian grounded theory, and Constructivist grounded theory, and introduces essential concepts such as memos, codes, and constant comparison. A grounded theory paper is used to illustrate the process of conducting this type of research in an emerging adulthood sample, with the author’s own experience and advice providing guidance throughout the research process.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

The introduction begins with the lyrics from Ben Folds’s song “Jesusland,” which critiques an American suburban heartland full of McMansions and religiosity. The author argues that it is worth studying evangelicals in the suburbs because considering the ways evangelicals have embraced the suburbs and have been shaped by the ways of life there helps provide a better understanding of evangelical beliefs and practices. Additionally, considering religion while studying the suburbs helps make sense of suburban practices and values. After the author briefly describes his own connections to evangelicals in the suburbs, the introduction closes with a look at the popular 1990s Contemporary Christian Music song “Big House” and its allusions to living the good life in a single-family home, followed by summaries of each chapter.
1989–2014
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C.
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines great power subversion in a world without great power rivalry, narrating the era of peak unipolarity through the lens of subversion. It shows how most of the action in U.S./Western influence on Soviet and post-Soviet Russian domestic politics was tolerated by official Moscow, giving rise to high hopes for a new era in great power politics. It examines events in the late 1990s and early 2000s, from the Balkans through the color revolutions to the Arab Spring, chronicling the slow, steady decline of targets’ tolerance for overt external influence on domestic politics and growing development of their own subversive toolkit. The chapter concludes by documenting the increasing rivalry between the United States and Russia as it played out over Ukraine, ending with a hostile Russia intent on taking the fight to the United States and a resurgence of great power subversion.
Black Brazil in Paris
Authors: Osei Adjoa
Published: December 2024

When Elsie arrived in Paris from Rio de Janeiro in 1926, the French capital was in the midst of a vogue noir. Elsie’s repertoire centered on Brazilian folk songs, such as those taken from Afro-Brazilian religions such as Candomblé, and she was viewed as exotic by audiences in the French capital. For members of the Brazilian avant-garde, such as musicologist Mario de Andrade, she embodied an autochthonous artistic modernity. Elsie incorporated influences from Brazil’s own so-called primitive indigenous and Afro-Brazilian cultures, while remaining cosmopolitan by cannibalizing cultural influences from elsewhere. In Paris, the avant-garde interest in black performance created opportunities for other women of color to creatively explore new versions of black female modernity on stage. There was the African American dancer Josephine Baker, who performed eroticized, tongue-in-cheek versions of black womanhood at Les Folies Bergère, and the mixed-race Cuban singer Rita Montaner, who brought Afro-Cuban music to Paris.
Baiana baiana baiana!
Authors: Osei Adjoa
Published: December 2024

There were other women of color performers, in addition to Elsie, who participated in building North–South interhemispheric unity during the Good Neighbor era, namely the African American actress and singer Etta Moten and the African American dancer Katherine Dunham. All three artistes performed as the baiana—an Afro-Brazilian market woman from Salvador de Bahia or Rio de Janeiro—as part of their Good Neighbor acts. They played to type while still performing new ways of envisioning black identity. When Elsie Houston and Carmen Miranda met in Hollywood, their encounter was documented in the Brazilian press. Both performers, much like other Latin American women in the US show business circuit, were tasked with navigating homogenized stereotypes that reduced them to the tropical, the erotic, and the exotic.
Former Extremists in North American Research
Authors: Scrivens Ryan , Windisch Steven , Simi Pete
Published: December 2024

Although it has become increasingly common for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to draw from the insights of former extremists to combat violent extremism and terrorism in North America, overlooked in this evolving space has been an in-depth examination of formers’ wider involvement in, and contribution to, the empirical research. This chapter synthesizes the major research trends in North America via the following categories: extremist precursors, radicalization toward extremist violence, leaving violent extremism, and combating violent extremism. This chapter finds that formers have informed understanding of an array of pressing issues in terrorism and extremism studies in North America, but much of this work is in its infancy and requires ongoing analyses, particularly on formers’ role and effectiveness in combating violent extremism and terrorism.
Former Extremists as Peer Mentors in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism
Authors: Budge Sara Winegar
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on formers in tertiary intervention, specifically the role of formers as peer mentors who work with individuals and who are in the process of disengaging and deradicalizing from violent extremism. Formers may have important cultural competencies that allow them to establish relationships more easily with program participants, support the competency of multidisciplinary staff in their work with program participants, and facilitate collaboration between all parties. The chapter presents recommendations regarding readiness and appropriateness to serve as a peer mentor, scope of practice, core competencies, and potential pitfalls. Questions to guide peer mentoring program development are provided. It is argued that formers have the potential to contribute to efforts in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention initiatives combatting violent extremism.
Uncomfortable Truths
Authors: Frenett Ross
Published: December 2024

This chapter argues that by recognizing the diversity and complexity of formers, practitioners can create more effective and ethical practices for working with these individuals and contribute to successful violence prevention efforts. It also explores common pitfalls that can harm formers, including commoditization, dehumanization, and retraumatization, and ways in which their involvement in violence prevention work can be harmful to programming. The chapter concludes by emphasizing that although formers can bring valuable insights and experiences to the table, they cannot replace the need for qualified professionals with appropriate credentials to manage cases of those at risk of joining extremist movements.
The Conundrum of Constituency Service
Authors: Power Greg
Published: December 2024

Constituency work is regarded as the MP’s most important role by both politicians and public, but it is understudied and misunderstood. The four main functions of the constituency role are: cash machine, caseworker, civic leader, and catalyst. Academic analysis though relies almost exclusively on clientelism as a catch-all explanation for local behavior. This only ever offers a partial and misleading account. It misses the human dimension and specifically the role played by local norms, traditions and public expectations. Ultimately political behavior has three determining features: social acceptability, political advantage, and the personal interests of the MP. The problem at local level is not “vote-buying” but rather that to achieve anything MPs have to go around the formal process rather than through it. This is expensive, inefficient and largely ineffective. The introduction of constituency development funds (CDFs) has exacerbated these tendencies. Solutions have to find ways of aligning short-term political imperatives with longer-term institutional ambitions, and the need to understand what politics looks like through the eyes of the politician.
A Collage of Breadlines and Restaurants
Authors: Parker Robert Dale
Published: December 2024

The literature and visual art of the Great Depression, including poems, stories, novels, and political cartoons, often represent Depression suffering and hunger by portraying breadlines and hungry unemployed people—stiffs, in the lingo of Chapter 1—staring through restaurant windows at prosperous diners enjoying lavish meals. The breadlines stretched so long and moved so slowly that they seemed to halt time itself, only to provide, at last, food so vile that it barely seemed worth waiting for. The long breadlines threatened to blend away the individuality of the hungry people waiting for nothing or nearly nothing, echoing the prosperous restaurant diners’ reluctance to look back out the window at the starving stiffs staring through the window at feasts they can only envy.
44 Days in Prague
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

After discovering that her grandmother had pro-German sympathies, Ann Shukman resolved to investigate her grandfather Walter Runciman’s 1938 Mission to Prague. This government-sponsored British delegation sought to broker peace between the Czechoslovak republic and its Sudeten German minority—a dispute that Hitler was aggravating with virulent anti-Czech propaganda and threats of invasion. Drawing fresh evidence from personal diaries, private papers, and Czech publications, 44 Days in Prague exposes the misunderstandings and official ignorance that provoked a calamitous series of betrayals. It reveals that, while Walter Runciman always supported Czechoslovakia’s integrity, his wife Hilda—whose role became crucial—publicly favored the German cause. This is a moving portrayal of Walter’s declining influence as tensions mounted, from the couple’s efforts to court a divided old aristocracy at glittering social occasions, to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s fatal undermining of the Mission, in his abrupt decision to negotiate directly with Hitler. Shukman’s vivid narrative combines personal insight with meticulous research to shine new light on this pivotal yet tragic episode of European history.
Days Thirty-Two to Thirty-Three and the Fifth Weekend
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

There is panic in London on account of German military preparations. Beneš abruptly offers the Fourth Plan including full concessions to the Carlsbad Program to the SdP. There are worries that Hitler will make demands for a plebiscite or territorial autonomy of the Sudetenland. Runciman tells Halifax this would be disastrous, but Chamberlain decides to proceed with Plan Z: not to approach Hitler, but to pressure Beneš. Ashton-Gwatkin fails to get any positive news from Henlein about Hitler’s intentions. The chapter describes the Stopford Plan and a summary of the new constitution. During a private visit to the Cardinal Archbishop of Prague, Runciman tells him of his definite proposal approved by both sides to bring about a peaceful solution and asks him to write to his close friend Beneš. The Cardinal pleads for an acceptance of autonomy in the German areas and in return, Czechoslovakia would receive a guarantee of its integrity, as war is the worst option. Hopes were high on the Runcimans’ return to Prague. On reading the Runciman Report after Munich, the Cardinal said he felt misled and disappointed in Runciman and felt he must have been worked on after his return to London.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Noel
Published: December 2024

This introductory chapter outlines the book’s motivation and research questions. It unpacks the puzzle of intractable violence and draws connections between average conflict duration and the global prevalence of civil war. It then sketches a new explanation for protracted fighting that brings together battlefield bargaining dynamics, the escalatory pressures of interstate competition, and the systemic dimensions of geopolitical rivalry in civil wars. A central finding that emerges concerns the critical role of competitive interventions—opposing, simultaneous transfers of military assistance from different third-party states to both government and rebel combatants—in the dynamics, duration, and prevalence of internal conflict. The chapter defines key concepts, identifies scope conditions, and situates the argument within the wider literature. It concludes with a discussion of the book’s contributions to scholarship and to policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Noel
Published: December 2024

This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its key findings, contributions, and policy implications. It presents a shadow case study of competitive intervention in the Syrian civil war (2011–present) that further illustrates the veracity of the theory. This ancillary case provides valuable out-of-sample testing and additional within-case analysis of one of the most violent and deadly conflicts of the twenty-first century. Leveraging the book’s findings, the chapter suggests practical proposals for international engagement in contemporary civil wars afflicted by competitive intervention, explains the implications of the theoretical argument and empirical results for conflict management, and closes with some suggestions for future research on civil war, interstate competition, and competitive intervention.
Republicanizing the Panthéon, 1792–4
Authors: Gilks David
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines how Quatremère directed the project to create the national temple soon called the Panthéon. It uses published and archival sources, sculptures, and images to reconstruct the Panthéon’s appearance and it shows how Quatremère selected and managed sculptors to ensure stylistic unity. The first part of the chapter shows that much of Quatremère’s original vision was designed or executed before the fall of the monarchy in August 1792, and that his sculptural programme articulated the same Feuillant discourse of constitutionalism, duties, legality, order, and the unity of the Crown, patrie, and France that he supported as a representative in the Legislative Assembly. The second part shows how, after the second revolution, he introduced changes and new designs to signal his support for the Republic, even though he also joined a clandestine counter-revolutionary committee. The chapter shows how he abandoned designs that smacked of royalism and federalism, assisted plans to pantheonize Lepeletier, Bara, and Viala, and defended a colossal allegorical figure of Renown as ‘the revolution’s victory over religious fanaticism’. It also analyses his colossal sculpture group depicting the Republic, which demonstrated his cynical mobilization of the visual language belonging to the Montagnard-dominated Convention.
China in the Age of Unequal Treaties
Authors: Po Ronald C.
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the history of capitulations and unequal treaties in Sino-Western relations during the imperial era. Following the Qing Dynasty’s defeat in the First Opium War and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, a narrative of inevitable decline emerged within Chinese historiography, viewing the acceptance of over five hundred such treaties until the 1900s as a period of national humiliation and catastrophe. This conventional portrayal often obscures a critical assessment of the treaty system, as conceptualized by John King Fairbank. By adopting a less nationalistic and more nuanced perspective, this chapter investigates the legal and administrative dimensions of the treaties, questioning the extent to which they enabled the Qing to deter foreign aggression and preserve sovereignty in East Asia, challenging the prevailing narrative of unmitigated degradation.
Hawai‘i’s Sovereignty and Survival in the Age of Empire
Authors: Sai David Keanu
Published: December 2024

From archaic state to a British protectorate to a sovereign and independent state, the Hawaiian Kingdom’s evolution of governance during the imperial age is unparalleled in the world. While being the first country of Oceania to become a member of the international community of states since the nineteenth century, the Hawaiian Kingdom was not able to escape the tentacles of empire, but it was able to engage foreign aggression on its own terms and ultimately survive. This chapter covers the Hawaiian Kingdom from the death of Captain James Cook, the rise of the warrior king Kamehameha I—progenitor of the kingdom, government reform, independence, the overthrow of its government by United States forces, and its continued existence as a state under international law.
Survival and State Building in the Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Gonschor Lorenz
Published: December 2024

Throughout the nineteenth century, the Polynesian archipelago of Tonga engaged in a nation-building process. Under the firm and determined leadership of King Tupou I, whose longevity spanned virtually the entire century, Tonga was transformed from a traditional feudal society into a modern constitutional nation-state that toward the end of the century fulfilled almost all Western criteria of statehood and had extended relations with both its Pacific neighbors and the major Western powers. Although suffering major blows of British imperialist bullying, the kingdom managed to escape straightforward colonization and survive seven decades of British protectorate to re-emerge as a sovereign kingdom in the late twentieth century, a unique trajectory among Pacific Island nations. The chapter discusses the development of the Tongan state from its ancient, pre-European origins through the cultural, political, and constitutional changes of the nineteenth century to its partial subjugation and persistence in the twentieth century, with a special focus on its relations with both neighboring Pacific Island nations and the Western powers.
Principles
Authors: Dye Christopher
Published: December 2024

Most people aspire to healthy living but protecting and improving health carry a cost—counted in money, effort, information, time, trust, and willpower. The wisdom of foresight can be framed as a conditional hypothesis: protecting and improving health are more likely to be favoured when individuals or populations can choose a low-cost method of averting, rapidly and certainly, a large threat to health, or of gaining a large benefit for health. The decisions that people make about health depend, not just on measurable hazards, risks, and time scales but also on the subjective values of everyone who has a stake in the outcome—individuals, governments, NGOs, businesses, and others. Prevention has been much more successful than reported through national health accounts—in the short term through targeted interventions against major risks and hazards, and in the long term through social and economic development. But the enormous, persistent, avoidable burden of ill-health is reason to make a persuasive case for investing still more.
Preventive care
Authors: Dye Christopher
Published: December 2024

Prevention is an affordable part of primary healthcare in the sense that it is cheap compared with the mounting costs of medical treatment, and good value for money. The motives for investing in prevention differ at global (e.g. international vaccination initiatives), national (aspirations to Universal Health Coverage, UHC), and local levels (commitments to community health). But at all levels, there are ways to make prevention more attractive through efficiencies (low-cost preventive care targeted to people at high risk), technologies (novel vaccines and diagnostic devices), metrics (for health and wellbeing, not only death and disease), and partnerships (‘Prevention in All Policies’). There are, however, other obstacles to navigate. One is that funding is not transferable away from urgent medical care, so prevention needs additional, protected investment, which at first supplements but eventually supplants the treatment of illness.
Endemic infections
Authors: Dye Christopher
Published: December 2024

Stable, familiar endemic infections are rarely seen as health emergencies, even though they kill millions of people each year. But there are ways to remedy the neglect, here illustrated by tuberculosis. Because curative treatment is currently the best form of prevention, the immediate priority for TB control is early diagnosis and chemotherapy, aided by developing novel diagnostics (easier) and therapeutics (harder), and carried out in the context of primary healthcare. This reinforces three major goals of global health at the same time—strengthen primary healthcare, reach Universal Health Coverage (UHC), and put TB on a path to elimination. Other motivating strategies have supporting roles: highlight new dangers from old hazards, such as the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains; neutralize major risks for TB, especially co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and mitigate the large number of weaker TB risks that have co-benefits for other health conditions (diabetes, undernutrition) and for society more widely (homelessness, crowding). Vaccination is the ultimate, transformative, preventive tool for TB but awaits a high-efficacy companion or successor to BCG. Whatever the virtues of new technologies for TB control, none will succeed without understanding the means and incentives for implementing them, as illustrated by the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS and TB control in southern Africa.
Global Governance on the Ground
Authors: Kortendiek Nele
Published: December 2024

The book is an in-depth study about why and how international organizations (IOs) govern in the field. Through a close look at the case of migration and asylum, the book shows that IOs govern global challenges not only through rules, standards, and numbers but also through practice on the ground. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork at the European external border, interviews at the headquarters of seven organizations—the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), and three humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—as well as an extensive document analysis, the book demonstrates that field staff improvise to organize collective action on underregulated issues in the field. Headquarter staff consolidate and diffuse their improvised solutions across operations. Field and headquarter staff, who organize across organizational boundaries and levels, thereby exert considerable influence on the life choices of individual governance addressees and define how global issues are treated in practice. They directly regulate global issues in the spaces where they become virulent, in different locations across the globe. The book offers important findings on this provisional governance mode that operates at a low institutional threshold but largely determines the de facto governance of new, contested, and crisis-ridden global problems, which is crucial for understanding how IOs govern given the crisis of the multilateral order. It also offers important insights into the global governance of mixed migration.
Stabilization
Authors: Kortendiek Nele
Published: December 2024

Chapter 5 turns to processes of standardizing and diffusing frontline practices. It shows that governing at the border is embedded in larger inter- and intra-organizational expert networks. In the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Global Learning Center, the Frontex Capacity Building Division, the EASO training department, and interagency initiatives like the International Maritime Rescue Federation (IMRF) and the Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management Cluster (CCCM), international organization (IO) staff consolidate local practices into training tools. They devise detailed scripts for best practices and compile rosters of international trainers to instruct fieldworkers about how to, inter alia, search and rescue, manage camps, interview and relocate asylum seekers, and organize returns. The chapter analyzes who drives these stabilization dynamics and which content gets codified and diffused—effectively determining how mixed migration is governed in the absence of formal regulation. It also discusses feedback effects of global governance on the ground on formal policies and mandates.
Laser Desorption Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A.
Published: December 2024

Laser desorption mass spectrometry is demonstrated in this chapter as a general tool for the analysis of solid materials, including fullerenes, metals, inorganic compounds, and biomolecules. These experiments use a pulsed Nd:YAG laser coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. When the laser intensity is low, intact molecules can be desorbed from a surface and ionized, allowing their identification. When the laser intensity is higher, vaporization of material can produce a plasma like that seen in the LIBS experiments, and new atomic clusters can form as their vapor condenses. A digital oscilloscope collects the time-resolved ion signals from either an electron multiplier tube or microchannel plate detector. The derivation of mass assignments from the signal-vs-time data is discussed, as are the factors determining mass resolution and isotopic abundances. Background information is provided about fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metal atom clusters, and the technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI).
Electronic Spectroscopy of Iodine using REMPI
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A.
Published: December 2024

Experiments involving resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of molecular iodine are described. Two-photon excitation of the 1g state of I2 followed by one-photon ionization demonstrates the unique contribution that REMPI brings to molecular spectroscopy. The I2 1g state is forbidden in normal absorption or emission spectroscopy but allowed in two-photon excitation. REMPI provided the first observation of this and many other states of molecules. A scan of the REMPI spectroscopy of iodine from 370 nm to 600 nm shows many other states which can be examined as well. This experiment involves a simple glass cell containing a wire collector for ions and electrons. An inexpensive, low-power, tunable dye laser is employed for these experiments.
Fermi Resonance in CO2
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A.
Published: December 2024

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy provides information on allowed fundamental molecular vibrations, overtones, and combination bands. In 1931 Enrico Fermi noted that the frequency of the first overtone of the doubly degenerate ν2 vibration of carbon dioxide was approximately equal to that of the allowed symmetric stretch ν1 vibration. By symmetry, excitation of the ν2 vibration is a forbidden Raman transition but the first overtone 2ν2 vibration is Raman allowed. This gives rise to what is called a Fermi resonance in the spectra. First discovered for the CO2 molecule, Fermi resonances are seen for many molecules. In this chapter Raman spectroscopy of dry ice under liquid nitrogen is analyzed using the Fermi resonance theory.
Laser-Induced Crystal Growth
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A.
Published: December 2024

Previous studies have shown that mechanical perturbations such as agitation, mechanical shock, or pressure gradients can cause supersaturated solutions to crystallize. In this experiment, we use focused laser excitation to cause absorption which produces such a mechanical perturbation. Laser-induced crystallization is investigated for sample such as sodium bromate or tartaric acid. Varying experimental conditions such as the laser power or solution concentration are used to investigate the mechanism of laser-induced crystal growth.
International Trade and International Policies
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C.
Published: December 2024

Trade and foreign direct investment raise productivity and thus income (though not in the same measure for everybody). Their effects on education and child labour depend on initial conditions. If a sufficiently large share of a country’s adult population is educated to the level required to attract skill-intensive investment from abroad, trade and investment liberalization encourages education, and discourages child labour and fertility. Otherwise, it may have the opposite effect. An international ban on the importation of goods produced with child labour, or mild forms of boycott such as labels certifying that a good is child-labour-free, may be ineffective, or even counterproductive, if they are not accompanied by subsidies to the countries that effectively reduce child labour. Emigration has mixed effects on the country of origin. It may help reduce child labour if emigrants’ remittances are large and persist long enough.