bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational ion transport management mediated through membrane structures
Authors: Chen Yupeng , Zhu Zhongpeng , Tian Ye , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2021

Unique membrane structures endow membranes with controlled ion transport properties in both biological and artificial systems, and they have shown broad application prospects from industrial production to biological interfaces. Herein, current advances in nanochannel‐structured membranes for manipulating ion transport are reviewed from the perspective of membrane structures. First, the controllability of ion transport through ion selectivity, ion gating, ion rectification, and ion storage is introduced. Second, nanochannel‐structured membranes are highlighted according to the nanochannel dimensions, including single‐dimensional nanochannels (i.e., 1D, 2D, and 3D) functioning by the controllable geometrical parameters of 1D nanochannels, the adjustable interlayer spacing of 2D nanochannels, and the interconnected ion diffusion pathways of 3D nanochannels, and mixed‐dimensional nanochannels (i.e., 1D/1D, 1D/2D, 1D/3D, 2D/2D, 2D/3D, and 3D/3D) tuned through asymmetric factors (e.g., components, geometric parameters, and interface properties). Then, ultrathin membranes with short ion transport distances and sandwich‐like membranes with more delicate nanochannels and combination structures are reviewed, and stimulus‐responsive nanochannels are discussed. Construction methods for nanochannel‐structured membranes are briefly introduced, and a variety of applications of these membranes are summarized. Finally, future perspectives to developing nanochannel‐structured membranes with unique structures (e.g., combinations of external macro/micro/nanostructures and the internal nanochannel arrangement) for mediating ion transport are presented.
Visuomotor brain network activation and functional connectivity among individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lepping Rebecca J. , McKinney Walker S. , Magnon Grant C. , Keedy Sarah K. , Wang Zheng , Coombes Stephen A. , Vaillancourt David E. , Sweeney John A. , Mosconi Matthew W.
Published: October 2021

Sensorimotor abnormalities are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and predictive of functional outcomes, though their neural underpinnings remain poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined both brain activation and functional connectivity during visuomotor behavior in 27 individuals with ASD and 30 typically developing (TD) controls (ages 9–35 years). Participants maintained a constant grip force while receiving visual feedback at three different visual gain levels. Relative to controls, ASD participants showed increased force variability, especially at high gain, and reduced entropy. Brain activation was greater in individuals with ASD than controls in supplementary motor area, bilateral superior parietal lobules, and contralateral middle frontal gyrus at high gain. During motor action, functional connectivity was reduced between parietal‐premotor and parietal‐putamen in individuals with ASD compared to controls. Individuals with ASD also showed greater age‐associated increases in functional connectivity between cerebellum and visual, motor, and prefrontal cortical areas relative to controls. These results indicate that visuomotor deficits in ASD are associated with atypical activation and functional connectivity of posterior parietal, premotor, and striatal circuits involved in translating sensory feedback information into precision motor behaviors, and that functional connectivity of cerebellar–cortical sensorimotor and nonsensorimotor networks show delayed maturation.
The use of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to improve reading difficulties in dyslexia: A systematic review
Authors: Turker Sabrina , Hartwigsen Gesa
Published: October 2021

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) allows to actively and noninvasively modulate brain function. Aside from inhibiting specific processes, NIBS may also enhance cognitive functions, which might be used for the prevention and intervention of learning disabilities such as dyslexia. However, despite the growing interest in modulating learning abilities, a comprehensive, up‐to‐date review synthesizing NIBS studies with dyslexics is missing. Here, we fill this gap and elucidate the potential of NIBS as treatment option in dyslexia. The findings of the 15 included studies suggest that repeated sessions of reading training combined with different NIBS protocols may induce long‐lasting improvements of reading performance in child and adult dyslexics, opening promising avenues for future research. In particular, the “classical” reading areas seem to be most successfully modulated through NIBS, and facilitatory protocols can improve various reading‐related subprocesses. Moreover, we emphasize the need to further explore the potential to modulate auditory cortex function as a preintervention and intervention approach for affected children, for example, to avoid the development of auditory and phonological difficulties at the core of dyslexia. Finally, we outline how future studies may increase our understanding of the neurobiological basis of NIBS‐induced improvements in dyslexia.
Social acceptability of standard and behavioral economic inspired policies designed to reduce and prevent obesity
Authors: Lancsar Emily , Ride Jemimah , Black Nicole , Burgess Leonie , Peeters Anna
Published: October 2021

The obesity epidemic is a significant public policy issue facing the international community, resulting in substantial costs to individuals and society. Various policies have been suggested to reduce and prevent obesity, including those informed by standard economics (a key feature of which is the assumption that individuals are rational) and behavioral economics (which identifies and harness deviations from rationality). It is not known which policy interventions taxpayers find acceptable and would prefer to fund via taxation. We provide evidence from a discrete choice experiment on an Australian sample of 996 individuals to investigate social acceptability of eight policies: mass media campaign; traffic light nutritional labeling; taxing sugar sweetened beverages; prepaid cards to purchase healthy food; financial incentives to exercise; improved built environment for physical activity; bans on advertising unhealthy food and drink to children; and improved nutritional quality of food sold in public institutions. Latent class analysis revealed three classes differing in preferences and key respondent characteristics including capacity to benefit. Social acceptability of the eight policies at realistic levels of tax increases was explored using post‐estimation analysis. Overall, 78% of the sample were predicted to choose a new policy, varying from 99% in those most likely to benefit from obesity interventions to 19% of those least likely to benefit. A policy informed by standard economics, traffic light labeling was the most popular policy, followed by policies involving regulation: bans on junk food advertising to children and improvement of food quality in public institutions. The least popular policies were behaviorally informed: prepaid cards for the purchase of only healthy foods, and financial incentives to exercise.
Vision, future, cycle and effect: A community life course approach to prevent prenatal alcohol exposure in central Australia
Authors: Lemon Donna , Swan‐Castine Justine , Connor Elizabeth , van Dooren Fleur , Pauli Jenna , Boffa John , Fitzpatrick James , Pedruzzi Rebecca Anne
Published: October 2021

Issue addressed

Prevention approaches specific to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) have been identified as urgently needed in Australia, including in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. However, very little work has aimed to describe and evaluate health promotion initiatives, especially those developed in rural and remote areas.

Methods

A series of television commercial scripts (scripts) were developed with health promotion staff at an aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Controlled Health Service and piloted with 35 community members across six yarning sessions.

Results

Scripts evoked responses in line with two predominant themes: “Strength” and “Community resonance.” This process led to the development of a four‐part television and radio campaign focusing on a life course approach to prevent prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) – “Vision,” “Future,” “Cycle” and “Effect.”

Conclusions

Intergenerational influences on PAE were key elements of scripts positively received by community members. Strengths of this work included a flexible approach to development, local aboriginal men and women coordinating the yarning sessions, and the use of local actors and familiar settings.

So what?

Preventing PAE is extraordinarily complex. Initiatives that are culturally responsive and focus on collective responsibility and community action may be crucial to shifting prominent alcohol norms. Future work is necessary to determine the impact of this campaign.
Cervical cancer screening status and implementation challenges: Report from selected states of India
Authors: Dsouza Jyoshma Preema , Van den Broucke Stephan , Pattanshetty Sanjay , Dhoore William
Published: October 2021

Background

Cervical cancer contributes to 6%–29% of the cancers in India. Although the Government of India in 2010 integrated cancer screening within the National Programme for the prevention of Non‐communicable Diseases, only 22% of women aged 15–45 years had undergone examination of the cervix by 2016. This prompts the question regarding the organisation of the program's implementation and service delivery and regarding challenges that may explain poor screening uptake.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were held with program managers and implementers in seven districts of three selected States of India. The data analysis looked at program content, the organisation of screening delivery, and the challenges to the implementation of the program, considering six theoretically derived dimensions of public health capacity: leadership and governance, organisational structure, financial resources, workforce, partnerships, and knowledge development.

Results

Participants perceive the existing capacities across the six domains as insufficient to implement the CCS program nationwide. A context specific implementation, a better coordination between the program and district health facilities, timely remuneration, better maintenance of data and a strong monitoring system are possible solutions to remove health system related barriers.

Conclusion

The study provides evidence on the practical challenges and provides recommendations for strengthening the capacities of the health system.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 7 is essential for spermatogenesis by regulating retinoic acid signaling pathways and the STAT3 molecular pathway
Authors: Chen Xu , Li Yan , Dai Haiqian , Zhang Hao , Wan Danyang , Zhou Xinli , Situ Chenghao , Zhu Hui
Published: October 2021

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that requires precise regulation. Phosphorylation plays a role in spermatogenesis by regulating protein structure and activity. This study focused on cyclin‐dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), and explored its function and molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis in vitro in a cell line and in vivo in a mouse model. Inhibition of CDK7 activity affected spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation, and we found that CDK7 regulates retinoic acid (RA)‐mediated c‐KIT expression to play a role in spermatogonia. Then, we demonstrated that inhibition of CDK7 affected meiosis initiation, DNA repair, and synaptonemal complex formation in meiosis progression, and CDK7 played this role by regulating RA‐mediated STRA8 and REC8 signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibition of CDK7 impacted spermatid differentiation and resulted in decreased counts, decreased motility, and increased head deformity of sperm. We demonstrated that CDK7 affects germ cell apoptosis and sperm motility by activating STAT3 and that STAT3 further regulates Cortactin expression to influence the nuclear elongation, chromatin condensation, and acrosome formation of sperm. Additionally, EP300 was identified as another potential target phosphorylated by CDK7 that participates in chromatin condensation. Our results demonstrated the important role of CDK7 in all key aspects of spermatogenesis, potentially providing an effective target for clinical diagnosis and pathogenesis.
Improving ligand‐ranking of AutoDock Vina by changing the empirical parameters
Authors: Pham T. Ngoc Han , Nguyen Trung Hai , Tam Nguyen Minh , Y. Vu Thien , Pham Nhat Truong , Huy Nguyen Truong , Mai Binh Khanh , Tung Nguyen Thanh , Pham Minh Quan , V. Vu Van , Ngo Son Tung
Published: October 2021

AutoDock Vina (Vina) achieved a very high docking‐success rate, , but give a rather low correlation coefficient, , for binding affinity with respect to experiments. This low correlation can be an obstacle for ranking of ligand‐binding affinity, which is the main objective of docking simulations. In this context, we evaluated the dependence of Vina R coefficient upon its empirical parameters. is affected more by changing the gauss2 and rotation than other terms. The docking‐success rate is sensitive to the alterations of the gauss1, gauss2, repulsion, and hydrogen bond parameters. Based on our benchmarks, the parameter set1 has been suggested to be the most optimal. The testing study over 800 complexes indicated that the modified Vina provided higher correlation with experiment compared with obtained by the original Vina and by Vina version 1.2. Besides, the modified Vina can be also applied more widely, giving for 32/48 targets, compared with the default package, giving for 31/48 targets. In addition, validation calculations for 1036 complexes obtained from version 2019 of PDBbind refined structures showed that the set1 of parameters gave higher correlation coefficient () than the default package () and Vina version 1.2 (). The version of Vina with set1 of parameters can be downloaded at https://github.com/sontungngo/mvina. The outcomes would enhance the ranking of ligand‐binding affinity using Autodock Vina.
Ultrastructural and physicochemical characterization of pH receptive chlorhexidine‐loaded poly‐L‐glycolic acid‐modified orthodontic adhesive
Authors: Kamran Muhammad Abdullah , Alshahrani Abdulaziz , Alnazeh Abdullah A. , Udeabor Samuel Ebele , Qasim Muhammad , Alshahrani Ibrahim
Published: October 2021

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of chlorhexidine (CHX)‐loaded poly‐L‐glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as a modifier of a commercial orthodontic adhesive via the assessment of physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties at tooth‐bracket interface. CHX‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles were synthesized using double emulsion‐solvent evaporation method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Raman analysis. CHX‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles in Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive were prepared using two different concentrations of the CHX (25 and 50%) and characterized for degree of conversion (DC), antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity testing. Bonded specimens were tested for shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) at tooth‐bracket interface. The synthesized PLGA nanoparticles averaged between 60 and 80 nm in size. After loading CHX inside PLGA nanoparticles, the morphology of the PLGA nanoparticles was considerably changed. Orthodontic bracket bonded with 25% CHX‐loaded PLGA‐modified adhesive demonstrated DC scores similar to control group. Both 25 and 50% CHX‐loaded PLGA‐modified adhesive specimens showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans compared to control group. The least mean SBS values were exhibited by 50% CHX‐loaded PLGA‐modified adhesive samples, while a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean ARI values among all study groups at all‐time points (p = .018). This study indicates that the addition of CHX‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles in Transbond XT achieved stable bonds with enhanced antimicrobial and mechanical properties.
Assessing the relationship between patient preferences for recontact after BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic testing and their monitoring coping style in a Norwegian sample
Authors: Dahle Ommundsen Randi Marlene , Strømsvik Nina , Hamang Anniken
Published: October 2021

Recontacting former patients regarding new genetic information is currently not standard care but might be implemented in the future. Little information is available on the implications of this practice from the point of view of former patients. The aim of this study was to investigate preferences for recontact when new genetic information becomes available among patients tested for BRCA pathogenic variants. We further wanted to investigate whether having a high or low information‐seeking coping style (monitoring) impacts preferences. Preferences for recontact were assessed using a self‐constructed questionnaire. The Threatening Medical Situations Inventory (TMSI) was used to measure monitoring coping style. The questionnaires were sent to 500 randomly selected patients who had previously been tested for BRCA pathogenic variants within the time frame 2001–2014 at one genetic clinic in Norway. We received 323 completed questionnaires. Most respondents wanted to be recontacted with advances in genetic medicine (81.1%) and to receive highly personalized updates. Genetic counselors/geneticists were believed to be most responsible for recontact. There was a significant relationship between being a high monitor and wanting recontact to learn about own cancer risk and receive ongoing support. Patients have a high interest in being recontacted. The findings indicated a tendency for high monitors to prefer more detailed and personalized information.
Update on blood‐based biomarkers for chronic liver diseases prognosis: Literature review and institutional experience
Authors: Iwasa Motoh , Shigefuku Ryuta , Eguchi Akiko , Tamai Yasuyuki , Takei Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2021

Liver cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease (CLD) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Various complications such as portal hypertension, ascites retention, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome deeply affect patient outcome. The most common tools to predict the outcome of a CLD patient include the following: assessing severity of portal hypertension; scoring systems such as the model of end‐stage liver disease and Child–Pugh score and blood biomarkers related to complications and/or survival rate. In this article, we summarize recent studies of noninvasive markers for predicting impending complications related to CLD and discuss the clinical value of currently available blood biomarkers based on evidence from the literature. In addition, noninvasive blood biomarker assays for different prognostic functions were validated on 113 liver cirrhosis patients at our institution using Kaplan–Meier curve analysis to confirm that these markers can satisfactorily predict CLD‐related patient death.
Superiority of clinical American Joint Committee on Cancer T classification for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Yamada Mihoko , Mizuno Takashi , Yamaguchi Junpei , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Onoe Shunsuke , Watanabe Nobuyuki , Uehara Kay , Matsuo Keitaro , Ebata Tomoki
Published: October 2021

Background

Clinical tumor staging is essential information for making a therapeutic decision in cancer. This study aimed to identify the optimal tumor classification system for predicting resectability and survival probability in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

Patients who were treated for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma between 2009 and 2018 were enrolled. Local tumor extension was staged radiologically according to a diameter‐based classification system in addition to the AJCC, Blumgart, and Bismuth systems. Survival and resectability were compared between T subgroups, and the discriminability of the four systems was assessed with Harrell’s concordance index (C‐index).

Results

Among 702 study patients, 559 (80.0%) underwent laparotomy, 489 (70.0%) of whom underwent resection. The resectability significantly decreased for more advanced tumors in all systems (P < .001); the AJCC system had the greatest discriminability for resectability (area under the curve 0.721). Overall survival at 5 years was 69.9% for AJCC cT1, 45.8% for cT2, 31.8% for cT3, and 15.3% for cT4 tumors (cT1 vs cT2; P = .002, cT2 vs cT3; P = .008 and cT3 vs cT4; P < .001). The AJCC system had the largest C‐index of 0.627.

Conclusions

The AJCC T system was the optimal classification system for predicting resectability and survival in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Utility of pyrrole‐2‐thioacetohydrazide in synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds with promising antimicrobial activities and molecular docking studies
Authors: Elsayed Ahmed M. , El‐Remaily Mahmoud Abd El Aleem Ali Ali , Salama Kaoud S. M. , Abdelhamid Antar A.
Published: October 2021

One‐pot synthetic method for [(3‐cyano‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)sulfanyl]acetic acids 3a,b with excellent yield have been accomplished via a tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) catalyzed reaction of mercaptoacetic acid with 2‐(2‐oxo‐2‐arylethyl) malononitrile under phase transfer catalysis conditions (PTC). The coupling of methyl [(3‐cyano‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)sulfanyl] acetate 4a,b with hydrazine gave the corresponding 2‐[(3‐cyano‐5‐aryl‐1H‐pyrrol‐2yl)thio] acetohydrazides 5a,b, which reacted with glucose, acetylacetone, carbon disulfide, phenyl isothiocyanate, chloroacetyl chloride or benzaldehyde, to afford the compounds 6a,b–11a,b, respectively ranged from satisfactory to excellent yields. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed with good results. Furthermore, molecular docking experiments were done for the most active compounds against the E. coli MurB enzyme in order to determine the mechanism of their antibacterial activity and showed good binding interactions.
ABCD1 and X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A disease with a markedly variable phenotype showing conserved neurobiology in animal models
Authors: Manor Joshua , Chung Hyunglok , Bhagwat Pranjali K. , Wangler Michael F.
Published: October 2021

X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) is a phenotypically heterogeneous disorder involving defective peroxisomal β‐oxidation of very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), due to mutation in the ABCD1 gene. X‐ALD is the most common peroxisomal inborn error of metabolism and confers a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Remarkably, a subset of patients exhibit a cerebral form with inflammatory invasion of the central nervous system and extensive demyelination, while in others only dying‐back axonopathy or even isolated adrenal insufficiency is seen, without genotype–phenotype correlation. X‐ALD's biochemical signature is marked elevation of VLCFAs in blood, a finding that has been utilized for massive newborn screening for early diagnosis. Investigational gene therapy approaches hold promises for improved outcomes. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease remain poorly understood, limiting investigation of targeted therapeutic options. Animal models for the disease recapitulate the biochemical signature of VLCFA accumulation and demonstrate mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, increased glial death, and axonal damage. Most strikingly, however, cerebral invasion of leukocytes and demyelination were not observed in any animal model for X‐ALD, reflecting upon pathological processes that are yet to be discovered. This review summarizes the current disease models in animals, the lessons learned from these models, and the gaps that remained to be filled in order to assist in therapeutic investigations for ALD.
Influence of Okhotsk Sea blocking on summer precipitation over South Korea
Authors: Song Chan‐Yeong , Ahn Joong‐Bae
Published: October 2021

This study examined the influence of atmospheric blocking on the variability of precipitation over South Korea during summer (June–July–August) by defining the blocking frequency over the Okhotsk Sea (Okhotsk Sea blocking frequency; OK_BF). According to composite analysis for the years of high precipitation over South Korea, blocking occurs more frequently over the Okhotsk Sea (140°E–160°E). Partial correlation and regression analyses were conducted to separate the contribution of OK_BF to precipitation variability from that of the low‐level meridional wind (LLMW) because LLMW over the region is another important aspect of summer precipitation in South Korea. The barotropic structures of positive geopotential height anomalies over the Okhotsk Sea associated with increasing OK_BF can induce negative temperature anomalies over South Korea due mainly to the equatorward advection of cold air masses from higher latitudes. The enhanced meridional temperature gradient can cause increases in baroclinic instability and zonal wind vertical shear according to the thermal wind balance. This instability can induce anomalous cyclonic circulations over South Korea, resulting in positive precipitation anomalies. The partial correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.35–0.40) between the OK_BF and precipitation indices, including mean precipitation, extreme precipitation intensity, wet days, and consecutive wet days, were all statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Overall, the effects of the increasing OK_BF on both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration can intensify the surface water budget in South Korea.
Recent variations in the seasonality difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in China
Authors: Ning Tingting , Feng Qi , Qin Yanyan
Published: October 2021

The seasonality difference between precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (E0) has a significant imprint on ecohydrological processes, but little attention has been given to this difference in China. A climate seasonality and asynchrony index (SAI), considering the amplitude and phase difference (PD) between P and E0, was thus applied to investigate the variation in seasonality difference between P and E0 across China from 1960 to 2017. The main results showed that the mean amplitudes of seasonal P (δP) were larger than that of E0 (δE0). Except for in east and central south China, the peak values of E0 had a time lag of 23 days behind those of P. The annual SAI in China showed a significantly downward trend (p <  0.05), suggesting a reduction in the difference in seasonal P and E0 in China. The attribution results showed that the variation in SAI was mainly controlled by δP changes across China with a relative contribution of 60.5%, followed by δE0 (35.9%) and PD (3.6%). Wavelet analysis showed that the annual SAI had a significant relationship with ocean–atmosphere circulation patterns at a scale of 1–6 years (p <  0.05). As an attempt to investigate the difference in seasonal P and E0 in China, the findings of this study can provide a reference for climate seasonality variations and support for the quantification of its effects on the ecohydrological environment.
Influence of environmental growth temperature on tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit
Authors: Hamze Leila , Miserere Andrea , Molina M Sol , Maestri Damian , Searles Peter S , Rousseaux M Cecilia
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Tocopherols and sterols are minor components of virgin olive oils that contribute to oil quality. Based on observations at different geographical locations, it has been suggested that environmental temperature during fruit growth affects tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit. However, controlled experiments have not been conducted to directly assess their responses to temperature. In this study, a manipulative experiment using open‐top chambers (OTCs) was performed in the field to evaluate the responses of these oil components to a moderate air temperature increase during oil accumulation in young trees of two olive cultivars (Arbequina, Coratina). The two temperature levels in the OTCs were a control about 1 °C above ambient temperature (T0) and a heated treatment (T+) with a target temperature of 4 °C above T0.

RESULTS

Total tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit were generally higher in the T+ temperature treatment than in the control at the end of the oil accumulation period. The increase in total tocopherols in T+ appeared to be related to a decrease in fruit oil concentration with heating. Individual sterols showed both significant increases and decreases due to T+, and some differences in response occurred between the two cultivars.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide evidence that growth temperature affects tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit at the end of the oil accumulation period. Cultivars should be carefully chosen for new olive‐growing regions, and the results could be relevant for global warming scenarios in existing growing regions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Growth stage and ensiling: impact on chemical composition, conservation quality and in situ ruminal degradability of whole‐crop oat
Authors: Stirling Sofía , Díaz Juan E , Repetto José L , Pla Marcelo , Arroyo José M , Cajarville Cecilia
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The effects of growth stage (GS) and ensiling were assessed on whole‐crop oat's (Avena sativa L. cv. Cantara) chemical composition, silage fermentation quality and in situ ruminal degradability. Oat was harvested and ensiled at six GS: boot, heading, water ripe, early milk, early dough and grain ripe (144, 151, 178, 234, 362 and 512 g kg−1 of dry matter (DM) of whole‐crop forage, respectively).

RESULTS

GS influenced chemical composition, silage fermentation quality and ruminal degradability of whole‐crop oat. Lower DM and higher water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) contents lead to adequate forage compaction and fermentation at early GS; however, effluent was produced until the dough stage (L and Q; P ≤ 0.003). Advancing in maturity increased (P < 0.001) crop yield (4.5 to 9.4 t DM ha−1), DM (144 to 512 g kg−1), neutral detergent fibre (NDF; 537 to 571 g kg−1 DM), lignin (44.6 to 71.3 g kg−1 DM) and starch contents (26.4 to 201 g kg−1 DM), and reduced (P < 0.001) crude protein (107 to 60 g kg−1 DM) and WSC (115 to 17.5 g kg−1 DM). DM and NDF ruminal degradability declined with maturity for fresh and ensiled forages (L and Q; P < 0.05). Density and buffering capacity decreased with GS (L and Q; P < 0.001), whereas pH and soluble protein increased (L and Q; P ≤ 0.004).

CONCLUSION

The growth stage of oat influenced the nutritive value and ruminal degradation to a greater extent than ensiling, and thus it can play a paramount role in whole‐crop oat silage quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Qualitative‐quantitative analysis of multi‐mycotoxin in milk using the high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry coupled with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method
Authors: Zheng Baohua , Yu Yunhan , Wang Meiling , Wang Jianwu , Xu Huilan
Published: October 2021

High‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry coupled with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was established for the qualitative and quantitative detections of 20 mycotoxins in milk. The linear range of this method was 0.01–10 μg/L and the correlation coefficients were all greater than or equal to 0.9933. At three levels of addition, the spiked recoveries ranged from 80.00 to 112.50%, relative standard deviations were 2.67–14.97%, limits of quantitation were 0.02–4.00 μg/kg, and limits of detection were 0.007–1.300 μg/kg. This developed procedure for the identification and quantitation of mycotoxins provided prospective support for quality regulation.
Multiplicative derivative and its basic properties on time scales
Authors: Goktas Sertac , Yilmaz Emrah , Yar Ayse Cigdem
Published: October 2021

We define the multiplicative derivative and its properties on time scales. Then, we restate many concepts for multiplicative analysis such as derivative, Rolle's theorem, mean value theorem, and increasing‐decreasing property on time scales. We aim to create important fields of study by carrying this most important issue of multiplicative analysis, which has applications in economics, finance and many other fields, to time scale calculus.
Assessment of thrombocytopenia, sleep apnea, and cardiac involvement in GNE myopathy patients
Authors: Mori‐Yoshimura Madoka , Kimura Ayano , Tsuru Ayumi , Yajima Hiroyuki , Segawa Kazuhiko , Mizuno Katsuhiro , Oya Yasushi , Noguchi Satoru , Nishino Ichizo , Takahashi Yuji
Published: October 2021

Introduction

We previously identified UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase (GNE) myopathy patients with sleep apnea and a past history of thrombocytopenia, but without disease‐specific cardiac involvement. This study aimed to clarify the occurrence, severity, and serial changes of these complications.

Methods

Thirty‐three genetically confirmed GNE myopathy patients who participated in a 5‐y longitudinal observational history study underwent platelet count and platelet‐associated immunoglobulin G (PA‐IgG) measurements, a sleep study, and electrocardiography (ECG), Holter ECG, and echocardiogram examinations.

Results

Among the 33 patients, three had low platelet counts and 17 out of 26 were PA‐IgG positive. No patient exhibited bleeding tendencies, and 3 out of 28 had low platelet counts. Muscle weakness was more pronounced, and summed MMT and grip power significantly lower, in PA‐IgG‐positive patients than in PA‐IgG‐negative patients. Of 19 patients, 7, 4, and 3 who underwent a sleep study had mild, moderate, and severe sleep apnea, respectively, and three started continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The respiratory disturbance index was not significantly correlated with physical evaluation items or forced vital capacity. All patients underwent ECG, 32 underwent cardiac ultrasound, and 25 underwent Holter ECG. No disease‐specific cardiac involvement was noted, no serial changes during the follow‐up period were observed for ECG and echocardiography, and none of the patients required therapy for cardiac abnormalities.

Discussion

PA‐IgG is a potential disease biomarker in GNE myopathy patients, although its significance needs to be clarified. While none of the patients in this study experienced cardiomyopathy or arrythmia due to myopathy, sleep apnea was identified as a frequent complication.
Capacity expansion strategies for electric vehicle charging networks: Model, algorithms, and case study
Authors: Chen Qianqian , Huang Kai , Ferguson Mark R.
Published: October 2021

Governments in many jurisdictions are taking measures to promote the use of electric vehicles. As part of this goal, it is crucial to provide a sufficient number of charging stations to alleviate drivers' anxieties associated with the range of the vehicle. The goal of this research is to help governments develop vehicle charging networks for public use via the application of multistage stochastic integer programming model that determines both the locations and capacities of charging facilities over finite planning horizons. The logit choice model is used to estimate drivers' choices of nearby charging stations. Moreover, we characterize the charging demand as a function of the charging station quantity to reflect the range anxiety of consumers. The objective of the model is to minimize the expected total cost of installing and operating the charging facilities. An approximation algorithm, a heuristic algorithm, and a branch‐and‐price algorithm are designed to solve the model. We conduct numerical experiments to test the efficiency of these algorithms. Importantly, each algorithm has advantages over the CPLEX MIP solver. Finally, the City of Oakville in Ontario, Canada, is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this model.
Impacts of COVID‐19 induced food insecurity among informal migrants: Insight from Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Sohel Md. Salman , Hossain Babul , Sarker Md. Nazirul Islam , Horaira Gazi Abu , Sifullah Md. Khaled , Rahman Md. Abadur
Published: October 2021

Food insecurity is one of the rising problems in Bangladesh, and it is severely prevalent among informal migrant workers. In this case, the COVID‐19 pandemic has multiplied the food insecurity of informal migrant workers. This study explores and synthesizes the COVID‐19 induced food insecurity impact among informal migrants and recommends policy actions to tackle the COVID‐19 led food crisis in Bangladesh. A qualitative research approach, including in‐depth interviews, four FGDs, and participant observation, has been applied to data collection from different parts of Dhaka city. A thematic approach to interpretive phenomenological analysis is followed in this study. The results show that COVID‐19 induced lockdown significantly affects informal migrants' household food security. Most participants report severe complications due to food insecurity like consuming less food, price hiking, no fish or meat, potato, and vegetable. Food insecurity leads to migrant's chronic food shortage, starvation, malnutrition of mother and children, and unhealthy food. As a result, the way of life of informal migrants has been directed to more fragility and vulnerability during the pandemic; even they are not affordable to maintain a minimal level of family affairs and necessity. The findings of this study would be essential guidelines for the governmental and non‐governmental organizations and development practitioners to address the food insecurity situations.
Synthesis and application of poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microspheres for enhancing flame retardancy of poly (ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Li Baojie , Zhu Yuanzhao , Wang Xuan , Xu Hong , Zhong Yi , Zhang Linping , Ma Yimeng , Sui Xiaofeng , Wang Bijia , Feng Xueling , Mao Zhiping
Published: October 2021

A poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) (PRS) microsphere was synthesized via a feasible in‐situ template approach and applied to poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) for ameliorating its flammable and melt‐dropping issues. The prepared PRS microspheres displayed superior thermal stability and flame retardancy. By incorporating only 2 wt% of PRS microspheres into PET matrix, the limiting oxygen index value was increased from 23.3% to 28.3% and reached the UL‐94 V‐0 level without any after‐flame time. Cone calorimeter test demonstrated that the HRR and THR of PET/FR2.0 composite decreased significantly by 31.1% and 13.5%, respectively, which remarkably increased the fire safety of PET. On the other hand, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PET/FR2.0 composite decreased slightly, whereas the tensile modulus was increased by 10.5% than that of the pure PET. Moreover, the fire‐retardant mechanism of PRS microspheres was fully investigated, revealing that PET/FR system would generate compact and continuous char layers rapidly during combustion, the underlay materials would not be further cracked due to the isolation of external heat and oxygen. Nonflammable gases such as ammonia were also released to dilute the concentration of combustible gases around the PET matrix, achieving an efficient flame retardant effect.
Gender differences in vulnerability to maternal depression during early adolescence: Girls appear more susceptible than boys
Authors: Connelly J. P. , O'Connell Michael
Published: October 2021

Maternal depression has consistently demonstrated reliability as a predictor of major depression in children. However, the effect of gender as a potential moderator remains under‐researched. This study examined gender differences in depression and hypothesized that maternal depression would be more greatly associated with depression in girls by early adolescence. A representative sample of 7237 participants from the Growing Up in Ireland national longitudinal study of Irish children was examined across two waves when participants were aged 9 and 13. Separate multiple regression analyses were run for girls and boys to ascertain if maternal depression and other key variables predicted child depression by age 13. A third analysis looked at the effect of gender. Maternal depression when the children were aged 9 was found predictive of depressive symptomology by age 13 in girls but not for boys. Additionally, conflict with caregivers, household income, and bullying were significant predictors for both genders. Gender significantly predicted youth depression when the child was female (R² = .13, ƒ2 = .25). These findings indicate that late childhood to early adolescence is a vulnerable period for girls during which they appear more susceptible to developing depressive symptomology than boys, particularly when exposed to maternal depression.
Effects of physical aging on the self‐healing, shape memory, and crystallization behaviors of hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular polymers
Authors: Wang Jiantao , Bao Jianna , Zhou Jiale , Li Xiang , Zhang Xianming , Chen Wenxing
Published: October 2021

Despite the profusion of studies on synthesis, structure, and properties of supramolecular polymers (SMPs), physical aging, and its effects on properties of SMPs have been rarely described in the literature. In this study, SMPs was synthesized by end‐functionalized with 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidione (UPy) to triblock oligomers with soft poly(butylene) segments and hard poly (l‐lactic acid) blocks. Effects of physical aging on thermal, self‐healing properties, shape memory, as well as mechanical properties before and after repair of such SMPs have been studied. The self‐healing efficiency of SMPs increased considerably after physical aging process. After being aged at 33 °C for 120 h, light healable SMPs with a self‐healing efficiency of 100% can be achieved, as compared to the unaged SMPs of 50%. Moreover, it was found that the strength, modulus, and toughness of SMPs decreased gradually during the physical aging; on the contrary, the recovery of strength, modulus, and toughness after repair increased dramatically. The shape recovery speed and shape memory capability of SMPs can also be facilitated by extension of aging time.
Role of unique loops in oligomerization and ATPase function of Plasmodium falciparum gyrase B
Authors: Purushothaman Monica , Dhar Suman Kumar , Natesh Ramanathan
Published: October 2021

DNA gyrase is an ATP dependent Type IIA topoisomerase that is unique to prokaryotes. Interestingly DNA gyrase has also been found in the apicoplasts of apicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) the causative agent of Malaria. Gyrase B (GyrB), a subunit of gyrase A2B2 complex has an N‐terminal domain (GyrBN) which is endowed with ATPase activity. We reported earlier that PfGyrB exhibits ATP‐independent dimerization unlike its bacterial counterparts. Here we report the role of two unique regions (L1 and L2) identified in PfGyrBN. Deletions of L1 alone (PfGyrBNΔL1), or L1 and L2 together (PfGyrBNΔL1ΔL2) have indicated that these regions may play an important role in ATPase activity and the oligomeric state of PfGyrBN. Our experiments show that the deletion of L1 region disrupts the dimer interface of PfGyrBN and reduces its ATPase activity. Further through ITC experiments we show that the binding affinity of ATP to PfGyrBN is reduced upon the deletion of L1 region. We have observed a reduction in ATPase activity for of all three proteins PfGyrBN, PfGyrBNΔL1, and PfGyrBNΔL1ΔL2 in presence of coumermycin. Our results suggests that L1 region of PfGyrBN is likely to be functionally important and may provide a unique dimer interface that affects its enzymatic activity. Since deletion of L1 region decreases the affinity of ATP to the protein, this region can be targeted toward designing novel inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis.
Spatial arrangement of proteins in planar and curved membranes by PPM 3.0
Authors: Lomize Andrei L. , Todd Spencer C. , Pogozheva Irina D.
Published: October 2021

Cellular protrusions, invaginations, and many intracellular organelles have strongly curved membrane regions. Transmembrane and peripheral membrane proteins that induce, sense, or stabilize such regions cannot be properly fitted into a single flat bilayer. To treat such proteins, we developed a new method and a web tool, PPM 3.0, for positioning proteins in curved or planar, single or multiple membranes. This method determines the energetically optimal spatial position, the hydrophobic thickness, and the radius of intrinsic curvature of a membrane‐deforming protein structure by arranging it in a single or several sphere‐shaped or planar membrane sections. In addition, it can define the lipid‐embedded regions of a protein that simultaneously spans several membranes or determine the optimal position of a peptide in a spherical micelle. The PPM 3.0 web server operates with 17 types of biological membranes and 4 types of artificial bilayers. It is publicly available at https://opm.phar.umich.edu/ppm_server3. PPM 3.0 was applied to identify and characterize arrangements in membranes of 128 proteins with a significant intrinsic curvature, such as BAR domains, annexins, Piezo, and MscS mechanosensitive channels, cation‐chloride cotransporters, as well as mitochondrial ATP synthases, calcium uniporters, and TOM complexes. These proteins form large complexes that are mainly localized in mitochondria, plasma membranes, and endosomes. Structures of bacterial drug efflux pumps, AcrAB‐TolC, MexAB‐OrpM, and MacAB‐TolC, were positioned in both membranes of the bacterial cell envelop, while structures of multimeric gap‐junction channels were arranged in two opposed cellular membranes.
Behavioral manipulation of Drosophila suzukii for pest control: high attraction to yeast enhances insecticide efficacy when applied on leaves
Authors: Rehermann Guillermo , Spitaler Urban , Sahle Karolina , Cossu Carlo S , Donne Lorenz Delle , Bianchi Flavia , Eisenstecken Daniela , Angeli Sergio , Schmidt Silvia , Becher Paul G
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii attacks fresh soft‐skinned fruit. Broad‐spectrum insecticides are implemented for control but there is a need to reduce environmental risks and insecticide residues on fruits. Hanseniaspora uvarum is a yeast frequently found on ripe fruits and associated with D. suzukii. We aim to exploit the ecological association and attraction of D. suzukii to H. uvarum by developing an attract‐and‐kill strategy, with spray‐application on canopy but not fruit. We therefore investigated D. suzukii attraction, egg‐laying and mortality when exposed to insecticidal yeast‐based formulations.

RESULTS

Hanseniaspora uvarum strongly attracted D. suzukii when applied on leaves of grapevine, Vitis vinifera. Notably, this attractiveness was competitive to ripe grape berries that were susceptible to D. suzukii infestation. Moreover, adding H. uvarum enhanced the efficacy of insecticidal formulations against D. suzukii. Flies exposed to leaves treated with yeast‐insecticide formulations showed higher mortality and laid a lower number of eggs compared to flies exposed to insecticide alone. In a wind tunnel, all treatments containing H. uvarum alone or in combination with insecticides, caused similar upwind flight and landing at the odor source, which provides evidence that the addition of insecticide did not reduce D. suzukii attraction to yeast.

CONCLUSION

Hanseniaspora uvarum can be used to manipulate the behavior of D. suzukii by attracting flies to insecticide formulations. Yeast attraction is competitive to grape berries and improves insecticide effectiveness, suggesting that sprays covering canopy only, could reduce residues on fruit without compromising management efficacy.