bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSII-20 Effects of maternal nutrient restriction during gestation on bovine serum microRNA abundance
Authors: McCarty Keelee J , DeCarlo Andrea , Ricks Ralph , Pratt Scott , Long Nathan
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction during gestation on microRNA abundance in bovine serum. Primiparous Angus-cross cows (n = 22) were fed either control (CON; to gain 1 kg/wk) or nutrient restricted (NR; 0.55 % NEm) diets based on National Research Council requirements. On d 30 of gestation, cows were blocked by body condition and randomly assigned to one of three diets: CON fed from d 30 to 190 (n = 8), or NR/C (n = 7) or C/NR (n = 7) fed either the CON or NR diet from d 30 to 110 followed by CON or NR from d 110 to 190 of gestation. Maternal blood samples were collected the day before harvest on 190 d of gestation. RNA was isolated from serum samples using the mirVANA microRNA Isolation kit and analyzed using a previously validated miRNA microarray of known Bos Taurus sequences. MicroRNA abundance were analyzed via ANOVA using procedures correcting for false discovery rate of the microarray data. At d 190 of gestation, 26 miRNAs observed differential (P < 0.05) abundance between treatments, in which 11 miRNAs were downregulated and 15 miRNAs were upregulated in both NR/CON and CON/NR compared to CON cows. Additionally, a set of miRNAs (bta-miR-2487_L-2R-3_1ss15CT, bta-miR-215, and bta-miR-760-5p) were differentially abundant (P < 0.04) between NR/CON and CON/NR cows. Top KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of target genes included pathways in cancer, cAMP signaling pathway, axon guidance, long term potentiation, and insulin signaling. In summary, maternal nutrient restriction observed altered miRNA abundance irrespective of the time at which the nutritional insult was induced.
PSII-22 Comparison of the meat quality traits of crossbred pigs and the Large Black pigs
Authors: Wang Yongjie , Thakali Keshari , Shelby Sarah , Apple Jason , Huang Yan
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the meat quality and genomic differences between cross-bred commercial pig (CP) and domestic Large Black pig (BP). Seven cross-bred commercial pigs and eight British Large Black pigs were assigned to CP group and BP group, with initial mean body weights of 18.82±1.412 kg for CP group and 23.31±1.935 kg for BP group, P = 0.061, and fed ad libitum. The final BW of the CP at d101 was similar to the BP (130.0±8.16 kg vs. 121.1±2.80 kg, P = 0.132). However, the BP group took 108 days to reach the final BW. The ADG in the CP was higher than BP (1.102±0.0599 kg vs. 0.905±0.0138 kg, P = 0.003). The hot carcass weight of CP was higher (P < 0.01) than BP, but the backfat of BP was higher (P < 0.01) than CP. The a* value of CP was higher (P < 0.05) than BP, and the c* value of CP was tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than BP. However, the h value of BP was higher (P < 0.05) than CP. The longissimus dorsi muscle fat content of BP was higher (P < 0.05) than CP. For the fatty acid composition, the SFA and MUFA of BP were higher (P < 0.05) than CP, but the PUFA of CP was higher (P < 0.05) than BP. The metmyoglobin content of CP was tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than BP. For the meat metabolism, the oxygen consumption of longissimus dorsi muscle of BP was higher (P < 0.01) than CP. The RNA-Seq data showed that the expression of the genes related to lipid metabolism is higher in BP (fold change > 3, P < 0.05). To conclude, BP has higher meat quality, while CP has its advantages in growth performance. And the differences between these two breeds may due to the genomic diversity.
PSII-23 Concurrent supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids impairs C2C12 from the acquisition of functional brown adipocyte phenotype by negatively affecting the mitochondrial thermogenesis
Authors: Ghnaimawi Saeed , Baum Jamie , Liyanage Rohana , Huang Yan
Published: December 2019

Regarding the beneficial roles in fetal neurodevelopment, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are wildly used as dietary supplements during pregnancy. However, it may affect fetal and offspring muscle development and energy balance by changing the levels of key proteins controlling lipid metabolism and energy utilization. Regulation of energy balance in vivo is a topic of great interest and prominent goal for many studies. In this study, we focus on the effect of EPA and DHA on C2C12 brown adipogenic capacity. We demonstrated that the differentiation route of C2C12 into brown adipocytes was compromised by PUFA treatment through reducing their thermogenesis independent of UCP1 gene. This effect might be in part due to down-regulation of the expression of some brown adipocytes specific genes such as CP-3, DIO2, and PGC1α. Moreover, members of complex ІV (COX7a1 and COX8b) and complex V (ATP5j2) regulating ECT function were reduced in PUFA treated group. Also, mitochondrial biogenesis related genes including PGC1α, PGC1β, TFAM, and ERR-a were significantly suppressed by PUFA treatment. The mass spectrometric evaluation exhibited a strong correlation between PUFA treatment and the decreasing of levels of the proteins regulate Krebs cycle and ETC, such as ATP synthase α and β (F1F0 complex), citrate synthase, succinate CO-A, aconitate hydratase, and cytochrome c. Genomic and proteomic changes were accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction represented by reducing oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, and proton leak (All statistically different at P < 0.05). In line with that, our results demonstrated an increase in lipid droplets size and number. EPA and DHA associated inhibition of the acquisition of functional brown adipocytes might negatively affect factor in the neonatal thermoregulation but potentially increase the intramuscular adipogenesis.
PSII-33 Differences in prostaglandin release in cows with high vs low circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins
Authors: Reese Sydney T , Schubach Kelsey , Brandão Alice , West Sarah M , O’Neil Meaghan M , Cardoso Rodolfo C , Williams Gary L , Pohler Ky
Published: December 2019

Embryonic mortality (EM) is a major factor limiting pregnancy rates in cattle and occurs early (< day 28) or late (≥ day 28) during gestation. However, causes and mechanisms associated with late EM remain unknown. Despite negative connotations related to pregnancy, prostaglandin F2α (PGF) is capable of being released by the bovine uterus between days 28 and 32 of gestation. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate differences in PGF release between cows with high circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) vs low PAG following an oxytocin (OT) challenge. Increased concentrations of PAG are associated with pregnancy success. At day 29 of gestation, pregnant cows were divided into high (n = 10) and low (n = 10) PAG groups and received either 100 I. U. of oxytocin intramuscularly (OT) or saline (control). Blood samples were collected every 30 minutes beginning 1 hour before and continuing for 4 hours after treatment. Prostaglandin F2α metabolite (PGFM), progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and PAG concentrations were determined. Peak concentration of PGFM occurred 2 hours after OT injection (average high PAG group peak: 345.6 ± 73.6 pg/mL; low PAG group peak: 326.4 ± 61.4 pg/mL, P > 0.05) and returned to baseline levels by 4 hours. No correlations were observed between PAG and PGFM concentrations (P > 0.05). There was no difference in initial or final PGFM concentrations between high or low PAG groups and control animals (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference in P4 or E2 concentration between treatment and control animals (P > 0.05) despite a luteolytic release of PGF2α. In summary, cows with high vs low PAG concentrations at day 30 of gestation have a similar PGFM response to OT challenge. This project supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457 from USDA-NIFA.
PSII-27 Determining genetic variation in sheep with Flock54: a genotyping by sequencing panel
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Eidman Lesa , Duan Mingrui , Hunter Samuel S , Davenport Kimberly M , Murdoch Brenda
Published: December 2019

Genetic selection can accelerate progress of the United States sheep industry, yet it is underutilized by the seedstock sector. Poor reproductive and lamb rearing rates and inconsistent meat quality are two major issues that have limited domestic production of lamb and allowed imports to hold a more favorable market share in the United States. Better understanding of genetic merit for important production traits earlier in a breeding animal’s life, obtained through the use of genomic technology, is one possible way to address these issues. Flock54, a recently developed low density genotype by sequencing panel, provides genotyping data to producers at a price point that encourages wide-spread utilization. The complete capabilities of the data captured by this panel have yet to be fully explored. This project aims to investigate the application of this 1000 marker panel for the determination of genetic variation (heterozygosity) and inbreeding coefficients within a population. Superior Farms producer-members provided 384 sheep tissue or blood samples from which DNA was extracted and sent to Thermo Fisher for Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) using Torrent Suite 5.10. Genetic variation and inbreeding coefficients were successfully calculated for all animals. With the ability to estimate relatedness within a population and call markers for economically important quantitative trait loci and mendelian inherited traits, producer utilization of Flock54 can facilitate accurate genetic selection within the U.S sheep industry.
PSI-18 Rumen fluid metabolites associated with feed efficiency in Angus steers
Authors: Clemmons Brooke A , Henniger Madison T , Powers Joshua B , Embree Mallory M , Voy Brynn H , Myer Phillip R
Published: December 2019

The functional capacity of the rumen is central to ruminant feed efficiency, and therefore,differences in ruminal metabolism may contribute to cattle feed efficiency variations. The objective of this study was to determine differences in rumen metabolites associated withvariations in feed efficiency. Fifty steers were utilized and maintained on a backgrounding diet (11.57% CP; 76.93% TDN DM basis; 28 mg monensin/kg DM) for 70 days following a two-week diet adaptation. Feed intake was monitored using the GrowSafe system. Following the 70-day trial, steers were ranked by residual feed intake (RFI) and divided into low- (n = 14) and high-RFI (n = 15) based on RFI ±0.5 SD around the mean. On day 70, rumen fluid was collected viaorogastric tubing and filtered through a 0.22 μM syringe filter. Untargeted metabolomics wasconducted utilizing the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UPLC system and electrospray ionization used tointroduce samples into an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. Eighty-eight known metabolites wereidentified using MAVEN. Metabolites were median-centered, log-transformed, and pareto-scaled using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Normality was assessed using the SAS 9.4 PROC UNIVARIATE procedure. Normal distribution was considered based on a Shapiro-Wilk score of ≥ 0.85 andvisual analysis of histogram and plots of residuals. Normally distributed metabolites wereanalyzed using one-way ANOVA in SAS with Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test, whereas non-normally distributed variables were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Kruskal Wallis H test. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Eight metabolites differed between high- and low-RFI steers. Twelve metabolites identified as having > two-fold change between low- and high-RFI steers, including 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate and sulfolactate. Orthogonal PLSDA revealed overlap ofrumen fluid metabolites from high- and low-RFI steers. Understanding rumen metabolites in high- and low-RFI steers will provide researchers with information to identify more efficient cattle.
PSI-21 Public perception of equine and livestock management varies by classification of horses, industry experience, and animal welfare definitions
Authors: Wallace Shelby , Melvin Kelly , Schneider Liesel G , Ivey Jennie L
Published: December 2019

Classification of horses as livestock or companion animals is often contested in cases of management and welfare concerns, legislation, and educational forums. Limited data are available regarding perception of equids in relationship to animal agriculture management practices. Therefore, our objective was to test associations between livestock management practices and perception of horses as companion animals or livestock. An online survey was administered for 6 weeks to U.S. residents over age 18. Participants provided demographic information, connection to the industry, and welfare definition of choice. Management questions included 2 scenarios each—one regarding horses and a direct comparison for another livestock species. Respondents then chose which scenario was most concerning or if the scenarios were equally non-concerning (i.e. no issue) or concerning. Analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), with significance set at α=0.05. Multinomial logistic regression (PROC GLIMMIX) was used to test factors affecting management scenario responses. Out of 1,334 respondents, 807 (60.5%) categorized equids as companion animals; 527 (39.5%) classified equids as livestock. Welfare definition, equid classification, and industry connection significantly affected responses to every management scenario (P < 0.01). People who classified horses as livestock had 2.8 times greater odds (OR=2.8; 95%CI:1.8, 4.5) to select lack of shelter during spring months as equally non-concerning for horses and cattle rather than selecting horses without shelter as a concern compared to respondents who classified horses as companion animals. Respondents heavily connected to the equine industry were less likely (OR=0.38; 95%CI:0.19, 0.75) to select that both species without shelter were concerning rather than selecting that only horses lacking shelter was concerning compared to respondents lightly connected to the industry. Understanding associations between public perceptions of livestock management and individual’s welfare definition, equine classification and industry connection may improve our ability to educate the public regarding animal agricultural practices.
PSI-22 Effects of supplementing sugar beet processing by-products in low-quality forage diets on in vitro fermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility
Authors: Ogren Glory M , Chibisa Gwinyai
Published: December 2019

Sugar beet processing by-products can be used to increase nutrient supply in beef cattle fed low-quality forages. However, information on the effectiveness of the different byproducts on modulating ruminal fermentation is still limited. Our objective was to determine the effects of providing supplemental molasses, concentrated seperator by-product, liquid feed-grade (32% purity) and crystalline betaine (97%) on in vitro fermentation and dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). A batch culture system was used to evaluate volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (3 h), pH (24 and 48 h), and IVDMD (24 and 48 h). A low-quality hay (7.5% crude protein; 58% total digestible nutrients) was used as a substrate and the inclusion level was 10% (dry matter [DM] basis) for all by-products except for crystalline betaine. Because it is a solid, a solution of crystalline betaine was made such that the betaine inclusion level was similar to that of feed-grade betaine. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Total VFA concentration was lower (P < 0.01) for crystalline and liquid betaine compared to molasses and concentrated seperator by-product. Molar proportion of propionate was lower for concentrated seperator by-product (P = 0.04) than for the other treatments whereas the molar proportion of butyrate was lower (P = 0.04) for crystal betaine compared to molasses and concentrated seperator by-product. However, although pH was lower (P < 0.01) at 48 than 24 h, whereas DMD was greater (P < 0.01) at 48 than 24 h, there was no treatment effect (P ≥ 0.18) on pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) at both 24 and 48 h. In summary, although adding different by-products from sugar beet processing resulted in changes in the VFA profile at 3 h of in vitro incubation, it had no effect on 24 and 48 h pH and IVDMD.
PSI-29 Impact of sociometric status on brush utilization in environmentally-enriched, feedlot steers
Authors: Meneses Xandra Christine A , Park Rachel M , Daigle Courtney L
Published: December 2019

Environmental enrichment (EE) provides mental and physical stimulation to animals housed in captivity. Provision of brushes as EE allow cattle to perform diverse grooming behaviors, and previous research demonstrated that cattle engage in fewer stereotypic and aggressive behaviors when provided a brush. However, competition incited by a novel object may compromise animal welfare and prevent socially low-ranking individuals from using the brush. The objective of this study was to evaluate individual social relationships of feedlot cattle exposed to a brush as EE. Twenty-seven British and British-Continental crossbred steers were blocked by weight and assigned to three pens (n = 3 pens with 9 animals/pen), each containing an L-shaped, mounted brush. Video recordings were decoded from 0800 to 1730 for displacement frequency, as well as frequency and duration of brush usage on d 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 relative to brush implementation. A sociometric index was calculated for each individual by dividing the number of displacements initiated (Di) by the number of displacements received (Dr). A positive number indicated Di > Dr, and a negative number indicated Di < Dr. No linear or quadratic relationships (PROC REG) were observed between sociometric index and duration of brush usage (P > 0.05). Regardless of sociometric status, each steer had an equal opportunity to use and benefit from the cattle brush. EE efficacy is influenced by stocking density with the goal of each animal having the same level of access to a common resource, and this goal was achieved in this study. Displacement behaviors and sociometric indexes can be used as effective metrics to determine optimal stocking density in pens for EE and resource use.
PSI-27 Excretion of purine derivatives and rumen microbial protein synthesis in Nelore steers supplemented with low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block and fed low-quality forage
Authors: Feliciano Andresa L , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Granja-Salcedo Yury , Grilo Livia Maria Sampaio Ferraz Sepini de Souza , Artioli Luís Felipe Arelaro , Barbosa Fabiano A
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation of low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block (LMB) on steers fed low quality forage in the excretion of purine derivatives and in the synthesis of ruminal microbial protein. Six rumen cannulated Nellore steers steers (23 months, 350 ± 10 kg) were distributed in a 3 × 3 double Latin square design. The treatments were composed of Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu’ hay ad libtum as an exclusive source of bulky (93.65% DM, 3.97% CP and 81.76% NDF) and supplements: complete mineral blend with urea [UR, (urea, salt, mineral-vitamin premix)], a commercial protein supplement [PS, (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)] or low-moisture, cooked sugarcane molasses-based protein block [LMB, (cane molasses, cottonseed meal, soybean oil, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)]. Each experimental period lasted 21 days (14 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection). The total urinary volume was measured for five days in each experimental period. The urine was collected in rubber funnels fixed by elastic loops on the backs of the animals. The urine was conduct through hoses connected to a 20 L polyethylene bucket containing 250 mL of 20% H2SO4 solution. Every 24 hours, the collected urine was homogenized and the total excreted volume was measured. The data were analyzed using Software R, having as fixed effect the treatments and as animal random effect, period, Latin square and error. Supplementation with LMB lead to greater excretion of allantoin (P = 0.046), microbial nitrogen flow (P = 0.023) and higher microbial crude protein (P = 0.023) into the intestine compared to UR and PS. While no effect was observed on total purines and purines absorbed (P > 0.05). Thus, LMB supplementation for rumen cannulated Nellore steers fed low quality forage was effective to improve metabolizable protein supply.
PSI-28 Effect of supplementation with low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block on intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid profile on steers fed low quality forage
Authors: Feliciano Andresa L , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Granja-Salcedo Yury , Grilo Livia Maria Sampaio Ferraz Sepini de Souza , Artioli Luís Felipe Arelaro , Barbosa Fabiano A
Published: December 2019

We evaluated the effects of supplementation of molasses based on low moisture molasses (LMB) on steers fed low quality forage in DM intake and ruminal VFA. Six rumen cannulated Nellore steers (23 months, 350 ± 10 kg) were distributed in a 3 × 3 double Latin square design. The treatments were composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu ad libtum as an exclusive source of bulks (93.65% DM, 3.97% CP and 81.76% NDF) and supplements: complete mineral blend with urea [UR, (urea, salt, mineral-vitamin premix)], a commercial protein supplement [PS, (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, salt, and mineral- vitamin premix)] or protein block based on low-moisture cooked sugarcane molasses [LMB, (cane molasses, cottonseed meal, soybean oil, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)]. Before subsequent feeding, samples of orts were collected to monitor the daily intake. After 14-d adaptation period, rumen fluid samples were collected in each experimental period at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 h after feeding, to evaluate concentrations of VFA, which was determined by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using Software R, with measures repeated in time for VFA and having as fixed effect the treatments and as animal random effect, period, Latin square and error. The intake of hay (P = 0.024), total DM (g/day, P = 0.001), NDF (P = 0.027) and supplement (P < 0.001) was higher for animals supplemented with PS. The total VFA and acetate ratio were not affected by the treatment (P > 0.05). The propionate ratio was higher for LMB (P = 0.016). The butyrate ratio (P = 0.005), valerate (P = 0.010) and A:P ratio (P = 0.017) was higher when the animals were supplemented with PS. The results indicate that the use of LMB improves propionate ratio and decrease the acetate:propionate ratio for steers fed low quality forage.
PSI-24 Poor maternal nutrition and gestational age affect oxidative stress in offspring muscle
Authors: Iannitti Helen R , Dias Brittany A , Jones Amanda K , Martin Dominique E , Pillai Sambhu , Hoffman Maria L , Govoni Kristen E , Zinn Steven A , Reed Sarah A
Published: December 2019

Poor maternal nutrition during gestation decreases growth, increases lipid accumulation, and influences metabolism in offspring muscle. Oxidative stress is associated with lipid and protein damage and changes in metabolic function during fetal development which can persist postnatally. We hypothesized that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would increase oxidative stress in offspring muscle. To test this, 47 individually housed pregnant ewes received diets containing 60% (restricted-fed), 100% (control-fed), or 140% (over-fed) of National Research Council requirements for TDN beginning on day 30 ± 0.2 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized and offspring longissimus muscles (LM) were collected at d 90 or 135 of gestation, or within 24 h of birth (n = 8 to 14 offspring per maternal diet per gestational day). Offspring are referred to as RES, CON, and OVER, respectively. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl concentrations were determined in LM homogenates using commercial assays. Data were analyzed for effects of maternal diet, day of gestation, and their interaction using the glimmix procedure in SAS. Offspring born to over-fed ewes had reduced glutathione concentrations compared with offspring born to control-fed and restricted-fed ewes (OVER: 1.82 ± 0.30, CON: 5.58 ± 0.29, RES: 5.66 ± 0.29, M/g; P < 0.001). Malondialdehyde concentration increased in offspring LM from d 90 to d 135 and birth (d 90: 9.48 ± 2.2, d 135: 16.7 ± 2.1, birth: 20.9 ± 1.8 M/g; P < 0.001). Protein carbonylation was increased at d 90 compared with d 135 and birth (d 90: 8.05 ± 0.80, d 135: 5.68 ± 0.83, birth: 3.82 ± 0.84 g/mg; P = 0.003). Thus, gestational age influences lipid and protein oxidation. Poor maternal nutrition affects oxidative status in ovine offspring LM, which may negatively affect offspring muscle growth and development.
PSI-31 Impact of feeding increasing levels of dried distillers grains with solubles on Boer goat carcass characteristics
Authors: Pentz Abbey , Jones Cassandra K
Published: December 2019

Little is known about effective feed formulation in meat goat diets. With the demand of goat meat rising, producers are looking for cost-efficient yet effective diet formulations to produce quality goat meat. The objective of this project was to evaluate carcass characteristics of Boer-influenced goats after being fed corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM). It was hypothesized that high quantities of DDGS would decrease carcass quality, especially carcass yield. To test this hypothesis, 48 Boer-influenced goats (avg. weight 62.2lbs) were split evenly into 16 pens (3 goats/pen) and were fed an acclimation diet for 14 days. Pens were allocated to one of four treatments: 1) 0% SBM replaced by DDGS; 2) 33% SBM replaced by DDGS; 3) 66% SBM replaced by DDGS; and 4) 100% SBM replaced by DDGS. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Pens of goats were provided a self-feeder containing their respective treatments for 47 d. After the challenge was completed, the lightest and heaviest goat from each pen was then harvested in a USDA-inspected abattoir and carcass data collected. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v9.4. Differences were considered significant if P < 0.05. Dietary treatment did not impact (P > 0.05) any measured carcass trait, including hot carcass weight (P = 0.67), percent carcass yield (P = 0.79), loin eye area (P = 0.51), loin eye depth (P = 0.98), backfat depth (P = 0.50), and body wall thickness (P = 0.65). These results yield a disproven hypothesis, but show that DDGS may be an economical feed ingredient for meat goat diets without negatively impacting carcass characteristics.
PSI-32 Impact of titrating levels of dried distillers grains with solubles as a replacement of soybean meal on Boer goat fat quality
Authors: Rimmer Linnea , Jones Cassandra K
Published: December 2019

Due to the rising goat population in the United States, there is growing economic incentive to feed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) over soybean meal (SBM). However, there is limited knowledge of how this may affect carcass composition. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of titrating levels of DDGS as a replacement of SBM on Boer goat fatty acid profiles. Thirty-two Boer goat kids were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets consisting of 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% DDGS replacing SBM. There were no detected differences (P > 0.05) in final body weight after a 47-d growth experiment. Goats were slaughtered in a commercial, USDA-inspected facility, backfat samples collected between the 12th and 13th rib, and samples analyzed for fatty acid profile via AOAC Official Method 996.06. Data were analyzed with goat as the experimental unit in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatment did not impact (P > 0.05) the overall fatty acid profile or iodine value (50 to 52 points) of fat samples. This may be because fatty acids go through biohydrogenation by rumen bacteria, limiting the impact of diet on fatty acid profile. That said, increasing levels of DDGS impacted (P = 0.03) both C16:1 and C18:3 in a quadratic manner. Specifically, goats fed 0% and 100% DDGS replacing SBM had higher C16:1 than those fed intermediate levels of DDGS, while the opposite was true for C18:3. No other fatty acid was affected (P > 0.05), nor were there shifts in the ratio of saturated vs. unsaturated, or the total sum of n-3 fatty acids. In summary, fatty acid profiles are not significantly impacted by increasing levels of DDGS in place of SBM, and therefore DDGS can be used in Boer goat diets without impacting fat quality.
PSIII-31 Effects of associative use of additives on performance, carcass characteristics and serum D-lactate in Nellore x Angus young bulls
Authors: Ladeira Marcio M , Junior Jose Maria Oliveira , Casagrande Daniel , Teixeira Priscilla , Homem Bruno , Soares David
Published: December 2019

The objective was to evaluate the effects of including virginiamycin or bacitracin in diets containing monensin or monensin plus virginiamycin and bacitracin on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Seventy-two young bulls, with an initial average body of 417 ± 38.7kg were allotted in a completely randomized design. The bulls were placed in 18 pens (four animals per pen), with three treatments and six experimental replicates. The diets consisted of 85% concentrate and 15% of corn silage, with 11.4% CP, 75.7% TDN and 18.4% NDF. The treatments were: MON, 25 ppm of monensin in the diet; MONB: monensin plus 8.75 ppm of zinc bacitracin; and MONVM monensin plus 25 ppm of virginiamycin. Feedlot had 109d, with 27d of adaptation and 82d of experimental period. Performance was measured by daily intake records and weighing at the beginning and end of the feedlot. After feedlot, animals were slaughtered to measure carcass traits. Serum D-lactate was collected on day 7 and 43 of the experimental period. There was no significant effect of the additives on performance and most of the carcass traits (Table 1). However, young bulls receiving MONVM tended to have greater LM area. On the other hand, MON diet tended to increase marbling. Finally, there was a tendency for treatment x time interaction (P < 0.08) in the serum concentration of D-lactate. Bulls receiving MON had greater concentration on day 7 (109.5 µmol.µL-1), compared to other groups (66.7 and 89.9 µmol.µL-1 for MONB and MONVM, respectively). There was no effect of additives in the D-lactate content on day 43, being the treatments average 83.5 µmol.µL-1. In conclusion, the use of monensin and their association with virginiamycin or bacitracin did not affect performance but tend to influence carcass traits and serum D-lactate. Funded by Agroceres, Fapemig, CAPES, and CNPq.
PSVIII-42 Effect of presynchronization using prostaglandin F2α prior to a shortened progesterone exposure in fixed-timed AI of crossbred beef cows nursing calves
Authors: Rook Whitney L , Powell Jeremy , Cauble Reagan , Rorie Rick
Published: December 2019

Presynchronization has been shown to improve AI pregnancy rates in dairy cattle, by improving the effectiveness of the initial GnRH treatment required for follicular control in estrous synchronization protocols. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of prostaglandin presynchronization in a fixed-timed AI (FTAI) protocol with a shortened progesterone exposure in beef cows. A total of 135 fall calving (September-November) crossbred beef cows from two locations were randomized to receive either: A) prostaglandin (25mg; Lutalyse, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI) administered two days prior to synchronization with GnRH (100mg; Factrel, Zoetis) and progesterone (1.38g P4; CIDR, Zoetis) for 6 days, or B) Control, the same synchronization protocol without Lutalyse pretreatment. On day 6 (Day 0: CIDR insertion) CIDR was removed and 25mg of prostaglandin was administered and 72 hours later fixed-timed AI with concurrent injection of 100mg of GnRH. Conventional frozen semen from Simmental-Angus sires was used for AI and fertile Angus bulls were used for pasture exposure. Pregnancy was determined by ultrasound 30 days after AI and again 30 days after clean-up bull exposure for 30 days. Statistical analysis was performed using the frequency procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) and significance was set at X2 < 0.05. Pregnancy rate to timed AI was 71.4% for Treatment A compared to 80.3% for Treatment B (Control). Although these results were greater than previously reported at these research stations, there was no statistical difference (X2=0.23) between treatments. Overall pregnancy rates tended to be different (X2=0.06) and were potentially influenced by treatment or shortened exposure to progesterone in synchronization. Research supported by University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture.
PSVIII-35 The impact of daughter pregnancy rate on the reproductive efficiency of Brazilian dairy herds
Authors: Carmo Adriana S , Santos Marcello , Braga Larissa , Mascioli Arthur
Published: December 2019

In tropical countries, it is common to import semen from dairy taurine cattle breeds based on the genetic evaluations carried out in the countries of origin. Therefore, the objective of this study is to verify if the selection of sires based on the DPR (daughter pregnancy rate) estimated in the US genetic evaluation implies on the reduction of the days open of their daughters in Brazil. Data were collected from 325 daughters of 42 Holstein bulls stratified by DPR (DPR < -2, DPR > -2 and < 0, DPR > 0 and < 2, Group DPR > 2). The DPR data was collected from the 2018 US genetic evaluation of Holstein cattle. Each sire had in the database at least 4 daughters of reproductive age, raised in Freestall system and submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination. All the daughters evaluated were from the same farm. To compare the number of days open of each DPR group, a Tukey test with a 0.05 level of significance was performed. The results are shown in Table 1. The results demonstrated the selection of sires based on DPRs estimated in the US genetic evaluation impacts positively Brazilian herds, reducing cows days open.
PSVIII-20 Univariate Genomic Prediction with Different Heritability, QTL and SNP Panel Scenarios using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Peters Sunday O , Sinecen Mahmut , Kizilkaya Kadir
Published: December 2019

A simulation study was carried out to determine the likely accuracy of genomic prediction from univariate artificial neural network model with 1 to 10 neurons (ANN-1–10) using the SNPs on the first chromosome of Brangus beef cattle for 50% genetically correlated two traits with heritabilities of 25% and 50% (T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5) determined either by 50, 100, 250 or 500 QTL. After QTL were created by randomly selecting 50, 100, 250 and 500 SNPs from the 3361 SNPs of 719 animals, their effects were sampled from a bivariate normal distribution. The breeding value of animal i in each QTL scenario was generated as Σgijβ j where gij is the genotype of animal i at QTL j and the vector of β j has the effects of QTL j from a bivariate normal distribution for T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5. Phenotypic values (Σgijβ j+ei) of animal i for traits were generated by adding residuals (ei) from a bivariate normal distribution to the Σgijβ j of animal i. Genomic predictions for T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5 were carried out by univariate Feed Forward MultiLayer Perceptron ANN-1–10 neurons. Three sets of SNP panels were used for genomic prediction: only QTL genotypes (Panel1), all SNP markers, including the QTL (Panel2), and all SNP markers, excluding the QTL (Panel3). Correlations between phenotypes and predicted phenotypes from 10-fold cross validation for T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5 were used to assess predictive ability of univariate ANN-1–10 neurons based on 4 QTL scenarios with 3 Panels of SNP panels. Table 1 shows that genomic predictions from the trait with high heritability can achieve higher correlation than those from the trait with low heritability. Panels including SNP markers perform better prediction than Panel1 and have a greater chance of including markers in LD with QTL and allow the possibility of predicting each QTL from collective action of several markers.
PSVIII-30 Relationship of molecular breeding value for beef tenderness on heifer traits through weaning their first calf
Authors: Bennett Gary L , Cushman Robert , McNeel Anthony K , Casas Eduardo , Smith Timothy P
Published: December 2019

Selection for beef carcass traits using SNP may have off-target effects on reproduction. Composite cattle (MARC III) were selected for SNP affecting beef tenderness. Selection increased minor allele frequency of a polymorphism in calpastatin (CAST) and changed frequencies of three common haplotypes in µ-calpain (CAPN1) towards 0.33 resulting in heifers of all 18 (3 CAST × 6 CAPN1) genotypes. The minor allele frequency for a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) polymorphism was also increased but was not expected to affect beef tenderness. About 60 heifers were retained over 3 years (N = 187). Retention was based on representing the entire genotypic distribution. Contemporary steers from the population were harvested and measured for meat tenderness using slice shear force. Steer data were used to predict molecular breeding values (MBVSSF; 0.0 to 4.1 kg) for the heifers based on CAST and CAPN1. Traits were analyzed with linear covariates for MBVSSF and number of DGAT1 K alleles (0, 1, or 2), fixed effects appropriate for the trait, and random sire of heifer effects. A 1.0 kg increase in heifer MBVSSF was associated (P ≤ 0.05) with 5.6 ± 2.8 d earlier puberty and a 0.73 ± 0.36 kg increase in birth weight of their first calf. Pregnancy rates were not affected but would have had to exceed 5 to 6 % per kg MBVSSF to be significant. A larger experiment would be needed to detect differences that are smaller but still economically important. Regression coefficients for DGAT1 were significant for pre-calving hip height (0.78 ± 0.37 cm) and 26-mo weight (7.2 ± 3.6 kg). Within the precision of this experiment, selecting for more tender MBVSSF or for DGAT1 appears to have little negative effect on economically important traits in heifers but may increase age at puberty. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSVIII-34 Identification of copy number variants in Curraleiro Pé Duro breed
Authors: Carmo Adriana S , Santos Gabriel , Teixeira Ana Lúcia , Silva Marcelo , Moura Maria Ivete , Mascioli Arthur , Fioravanti Maria Clorinda
Published: December 2019

Locally adapted cattle herds such as Curraleiro Pé Duro (CDP) are rustic and adapted to the tropics and are able to survive in extreme environmental conditions such as the Brazilian Semi-Arid region. The study aimed to identify copy number variants (CNVs) possibly related to CPD adaptive traits. A total of 126 CPD animals were genotyped using the Illumina Bovine50K Genotyping BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). To reduce false positives, the LRR of each SNP was adjusted for the GC content of 1 Mb window surrounding the SNP and PennCNV software was applied to 29 autosomes to detect CNVs. All samples with standard deviation of LRR > 0.30, standard deviation of BAF > 0.001, wave factor > 0.05, samples with > 150 CNVs and CNVs presenting length < 50kb were discarded for downstream analysis. BEDtools suite was used to map CNVs onto genes using the BioMart tool (Bos taurus UMD 3.1 assembly). Gene lists were mapped onto curated biological process and gene categories using the PANTHER classification system. 635 CNVs were identified after quality control of the autosomal chromosomes (51 deletions and 584 insertions). The CNVs length ranged from 50.6 kb (BTA20) up to 1,362 kb (BTA7) with a mean and median of 179.4 kb and 148.8 kb, respectively, corresponding to 0.03% of the bovine genome. The CNVs identified were overlapping with 339 genes, which we can highlight GRIK2 (BTA9:48476204), PCDH18 (BTA17:20336068), IGF2 (BTA4:32077891) previously reported in the literature as involved with flight time (temperament), rectal temperature and reproduction, respectively. The functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the main enriched pathways (P < 0.05) were regulation of biogenesis (GO:0071840) and catalytic activities (GO 0005198). The CNVs identified as potentially related to adaptive traits may be used to select animals of higher adaptive value to a tropical environment.
PSVIII-32 Estimates of genetic parameters for sub-primal and meat quality traits in Canadian commercial crossbred swine populations
Authors: Opoku Prince P , Roy Bimol , Plastow Graham , Lei huaigang , Zhang Chunyan , Bruce Heather L , Guan Le Luo
Published: December 2019

The hypothesis that genetic relationships exist between loin muscle collagen characteristics and sub-primal and meat quality traits was tested. Data from 500 pigs from crosses between Duroc sires and hybrid Large White ✕ Landrace sows with pedigree back to about eight generations were used. Significant fixed effects (slaughter group and company) and a random additive effect were fitted in bivariate animal models to estimate phenotypic and genetic correlations using ASReml 4.1. Moderate heritabilities were obtained for sub-primal traits ranging from 0.21 for bone weight to 0.44 for loin muscle weight with a low estimate of 0.10 being obtained for loin weight. Meat quality traits were low to moderately heritable with the highest estimate being found for intramuscular fat (0.42). The heritability estimates for percentages of heat soluble and insoluble collagen were 0.12 and 0.15, respectively, while 0.33 was found for total collagen. Moderate to relatively high heritabilities imply the possibility of improving these traits through selective breeding. In general, moderate to high phenotypic and genetic correlations were obtained for sub-primal traits, whilst meat quality traits had moderate phenotypic and moderate to high genetic correlations. Strong negative genetic correlations between moisture traits and fat traits and a further negative correlation between fat and muscling traits were estimated confirming that selecting for improved muscling over time can negatively affect fat traits and indirectly decrease meat eating quality. The strong genetic correlation between pH and L* (-0.95) suggested possible pleiotropic gene effects on these traits. Warner-Braztler shear force (WBSF) had moderate genetic correlations with insoluble collagen (0.42) and soluble collagen (-0.38) suggesting a potential relationship between some of the genes impacting these traits. Genetic correlations between WBSF and collagen characteristics indicate that despite the relative youthfulness of pigs at slaughter, genetic selection for collagen solubility may decrease pork toughness.
PSVIII-15 Polymorhpism of dysferlin gene in chickens
Authors: Krutikova Anna , Plemyashov Kirill , Dementeva Natalia
Published: December 2019

Dysferlin is associated with the formation of the muscle membrane, is involved in the repair of the muscle membrane and the regulation of myoblast fusion. In humans, mutations in the dysferlin gene lead to various types of muscle pathologies. The effect of dysferlin on the formation of muscle structures was detected in the early stages of embryonic development. We have suggested that mutations in the dysferlin gene in chickens can have a negative effect on the formation of muscle mass and meat traits of chickens. SNP rs16455118 was studied on chickens of different breeds and hybrids of broilers and layers. Body weight was controlled in 7, 49 and 330 days. Layers were used as a contrast. Standard indicators of egg traits (age of the first egg laying, egg production for 6 months, egg weight) were studied. SNP rs16455118 leads to the replacement of adenine by cytosine in the intron of the dysferlin gene. The GWAS method was used. As a result, the association of SNP in the dysferlin gene with meat traits in chickens was not found. But a statistically significant association of certain genotypes with egg trait in Russian white chickens was determined. Chickens with the AA and AC genotypes had more eggs compared to their peers with the SS genotype during the reference period. The difference was 10 eggs an average of (P ≤ 0.05). Project number: AAAA-A18-118021590138-1
PSIII-23 Nutrient and Maillard reaction product concentrations of commercially available pet foods and treats
Authors: Oba Patricia M , Hwisa Nagait , Huang Xinhe , Cadwallader Keith , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Exposing ingredients to high temperatures may result in chemical reactions between amino acids and sugars, leading to the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs). These products may result in altered palatability, protein quality, and digestibility. This experiment quantified key MRPs in commercial pet foods, estimated daily intake of MRPs of pet animals, and correlated MRPs with macronutrient concentrations present in the foods. The analysis included 53 pet foods and treats commercially available in the United States: 11 dry dog foods, 29 wet dog foods, 2 dry dog treats, 3 wet dog treats, 2 dry cat foods, and 6 wet cat foods. Diets and treats were analyzed for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), acid-hydrolyzed fat, total dietary fiber, and gross energy using standard techniques. MRPs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. On average, wet foods had higher (P < 0.001) fructoselysine (FRUC) and carboxymethyllysine (CML) than dry foods. Dry dog treats had the highest (P < 0.001) FRUC (29.64 µg/g) and CML (0.47 mg/g) concentrations of all products tested. Dry cat foods had the lowest (P < 0.001) CML (0.10 mg/g) concentrations of all commercial segments. Wet dog treats had the highest (P < 0.001) 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) (10.92 µg/g) concentrations of all segments and wet cat foods had the lowest (P < 0.001) HMF (0.22 µg/g) content. Dogs and cats fed wet diets would be more likely to ingest higher amounts of CML and FRUC compared to animals fed dry diets. Dogs consuming dry treats would be more likely to ingest higher amounts of CML than wet treats. CP was negatively correlated to HMF (P = 0.0425; r = -0.27973), while TSF was positively correlated to CML (P = 0.0417; r = 0.28080).
PSIII-19 Effects of extrusion on true metabolizable energy, standardized amino acid digestibility, and chick growth assay of red and white sorghum
Authors: Schaumburg Patrick von
Published: December 2019

The aims of this experiment were to determine the energy value of raw grains [corn (CO), red sorghum (RS), white sorghum (WS)], in comparison to the energy values of the same grains post-extrusion. Cecectomized roosters were precision-fed up to 30g of either raw or extruded grains, then placed into individual cages with a collection tray underneath to catch excreta. After 48h, the excreta was collected and analyzed for N, gross energy, amino acids and dry matter. TMEn was highest (P < 0.05) for extruded WS (3.99 kcal/g) and lowest for raw WS (3.79 kcal/g), whereas extruded CO (3.89 kcal/g), and extruded RS (3.89 kcal/g) did not differ from raw RS (3.83 kcal/g) and raw CO (3.82 kcal/g). This indicates that there was greater utilization of the extruded grains compared to the raw, especially for WS. Amino acids were measured in the grains and the excreta to determine the digestibility. In addition to the rooster assay, a chick growth assay was conducted using Ross 308 male broiler chicks. The study lasted 14d, with average initial chick BW being 149.1g ± 0.048. The experimental diets consisted of inclusion of raw and extruded grains, respectively, added at direct substitution of corn. The results of the chick trial appear to be controversial to the rooster assay. The extruded CO and extruded WS diets were similar (P > 0.05) in weight gain compared to raw CO (660.84g, 665.70g, and 690.13g, respectively). Extruded WS had the greatest (P < 0.05) feed intake (973.3g), with raw RS having the lowest (847.44g). Raw CO had the greatest (P < 0.05) G:F, with extruded WS being lowest (P < 0.05); 754.63g and 683.75g, respectively. In conclusion, the chick growth assay showed superior weight gain in the extruded CO and WS diets, however, the extruded diets were least successful in G:F compared to the raw.