bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Health in a Migrant Crisis: Through the Eyes of a Refugee
Authors: Lachin Ishaq
Published: February 2024

I still remember the night we left. How could I forget it? It was my birthday, and while I didn’t know what was going on, I had my suspicions that things were different. Like any other day, I had spent the afternoon with my grandmother, but when my parents came to pick me up, she began to cry and wouldn’t let go of me. There was hardly a day that went by that I didn’t see my grandmother, and I had never seen her cry before that moment. As I stood by her front door confused, I tried my best to console her. I told her not to worry and that I would be back tomorrow. It would be nearly fifteen years before I would see her again. That night we had a birthday party, but I didn’t think it was just for me. It was too big and had too many people. No one told me it was actually our going away party. I went to bed thinking everything was fine, but when I woke up later that night startled, I found myself in my mother’s arms in a car I had never seen before. We were finally leaving Iraq. In a country torn by continuous conflict, my parents decided to leave everything they had built behind, in order to make sure that I wouldn’t have to endure another war. It was a long and dangerous drive to Jordan, with the constant fear of knowing that if we were caught, it could possibly mean death. Today, it’s a journey millions of others are making in hopes of a brighter future and a safer home for their families.
How to Find and Keep a Good Mentor
Authors: Horner Michelle S.
Published: February 2024

Every physician benefits from having a mentor (or two or three). However, mentorship, like any relationship, can be a funny thing. You can search your whole life and never really connect with a mentor. Or, you can be lucky and find the ideal mentor early in your career, then long to recreate that experience. Finding a true connection takes much more than luck, and this article provides the tools for finding and keeping a good mentor.
Fare Thee Well, Cap’n Jack: An Editor Salutes His Predecessor
Authors: Martin Andrés
Published: February 2024

I first met Jack McDermott a decade ago. I had heard of the man, of course, but never met him, so when applying for the editorship of JAACAP, I reached out to the illustrious former editor and set up a time to speak. The time difference with Hawai’i made our first call even more exciting and mystifying: I was, after all, seeking the advice of a storied sage on distant shores. But as soon as we began speaking, the mists and mysteries evaporated. The old master was responsive, interested, kind, attentive, and witty. A new friendship was instantly born.
Biracial Identity Part 1: Development Models From Deficit to Integration
Authors: Brown Cortlyn
Published: February 2024

We are living in an era of a biracial baby boom. Forty-two percent of the 6.8 million people who self-identified as biracial in the 2000 census were under the age of 18.1,2 Thanks to genetics, I am in a unique position to talk about biracial identity development. I am blond-haired, green-eyed, and fair-skinned. And black—when forced to pick. As the daughter of a white mother raised in a trailer park and an Ivy League-educated black father, I am biracial, although I add the caveat that I have a “comfort zone” of black. In this article I discuss biracial identity models in the US and, at the same time, examine how I felt I was perceived and treated by society, often influenced by these models.
CYBERBULLYING: A CLINICIAN’S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Zalpuri Isheeta
Published: February 2024

Traditionally bullying is referred to as repeated aggressive behavior, including physical acts such as hitting, shoving, verbal abuse, such as name-calling, as well as more subtle actions, such as social exclusion and rumorspreading. 1,2 In recent years, social media has been a dominant platform for communication amongst teens in our communities. By 2010, the proportion of American teens using social media had risen to 73% from 65% in 2008.3 A report from 2012 indicated that at least 77% of American teens (12–17 years old) had cell phones, and 23% owned smart phones.4
IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING CYBERBULLYING IN EVERYDAY PRACTICE USING A STRUCTURED TOOL
Authors: Coles Adam , Johnson Charles
Published: February 2024

We are living in a time when the landscape of adolescent bullying has changed significantly over the last generation. A majority of adolescents have their own cell phone and personal computer, which provide for the creation and maintenance of peer-to-peer relationships online. When such interactions become maladaptive, there exists the potential for negative consequences. The purpose of this article is to describe the potential impact of cyberbullying, online abuse, and social media use on patients seen in mental health settings. We will also present a helpful list of items and recommendations for tracking adolescents’ experiences using social media (Table 1).
BITTER PILL: How Misreported Research Affects Public Perception of Psychiatry and What Can Be Done About It
Authors: Murphy Alyssa
Published: February 2024

For cartoonists and comics, the constant barrage of conflicting scientific reports on health is the gift that keeps on giving. A panel drawn by political cartoonist Jim Borgman shows a reporter relaying health news chosen at random by three different spinner wheels behind him (Figure 1). Titled “Today’s Random Medical News from the New England Journal of Panic-Inducing Gobbledygook,” the cartoon pokes fun at the seemingly daily reports of this food/product/stressor causing that dire illness/condition in this, that, or the other population. It’s a cynical point of view, but one rooted in reality.
CHILDREN WITH PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOSIS: Translating Research Into Clinical Practice
Authors: Mayanil Tushita , Adelsheim Steve , Blau Gary M.
Published: February 2024

Severe psychotic illnesses like schizophrenia produce significant psychosocial and economic disability, particularly when they first present during youth.1 In the United States, it is estimated that the total cost of schizophrenia is over 60 billion dollars, which includes both direct costs from patient care and housing and indirect costs from unemployment, reduced workplace productivity, and premature mortality.2 As with many psychiatric disorders, where treatment begins after the onset of illness, psychotic disorders are often treated after the first psychotic episode. However, there has been increasing neurobiological and clinical research indicating the existence of a prodromal period prior to the first psychotic episode, which could be detected by clinical monitoring.
Parahippocampal neurons encode task-relevant information for goal-directed navigation
Authors: Gonzalez Alexander , Giocomo Lisa M
Published: February 2024

A behavioral strategy crucial to survival is directed navigation to a goal, such as a food or home location. One potential neural substrate for supporting goal-directed navigation is the parahippocampus, which contains neurons that represent an animal’s position, orientation, and movement through the world, and that change their firing activity to encode behaviorally relevant variables such as reward. However, little prior work on the parahippocampus has considered how neurons encode variables during goal-directed navigation in environments that dynamically change. Here, we recorded single units from rat parahippocampal cortex while subjects performed a goal-directed task. The maze dynamically changed goal-locations via a visual cue on a trial-to-trial basis, requiring subjects to use cue-location associations to receive reward. We observed a mismatch-like signal, with elevated neural activity on incorrect trials, leading to rate-remapping. The strength of this remapping correlated with task performance. Recordings during open-field foraging allowed us to functionally define navigational coding for a subset of the neurons recorded in the maze. This approach revealed that head-direction coding units remapped more than other functional-defined units. Taken together, this work thus raises the possibility that during goal-directed navigation, parahippocampal neurons encode error information reflective of an animal’s behavioral performance.
Antigenic strain diversity predicts different biogeographic patterns of maintenance and decline of antimalarial drug resistance
Authors: He Qixin , Chaillet John K , Labbé Frédéric
Published: February 2024

The establishment and spread of antimalarial drug resistance vary drastically across different biogeographic regions. Though most infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, resistant strains often emerge in low-transmission regions. Existing models on resistance evolution lack consensus on the relationship between transmission intensity and drug resistance, possibly due to overlooking the feedback between antigenic diversity, host immunity, and selection for resistance. To address this, we developed a novel compartmental model that tracks sensitive and resistant parasite strains, as well as the host dynamics of generalized and antigen-specific immunity. Our results show a negative correlation between parasite prevalence and resistance frequency, regardless of resistance cost or efficacy. Validation using chloroquine-resistant marker data supports this trend. Post discontinuation of drugs, resistance remains high in low-diversity, low-transmission regions, while it steadily decreases in high-diversity, high-transmission regions. Our study underscores the critical role of malaria strain diversity in the biogeographic patterns of resistance evolution.
Tracking the neurodevelopmental trajectory of beta band oscillations with optically pumped magnetometer-based magnetoencephalography
Authors: Rier Lukas , Rhodes Natalie , Pakenham Daisie O , Boto Elena , Holmes Niall , Hill Ryan M , Reina Rivero Gonzalo , Shah Vishal , Doyle Cody , Osborne James , Bowtell Richard W , Taylor Margot , Brookes Matthew J
Published: February 2024

Neural oscillations mediate the coordination of activity within and between brain networks, supporting cognition and behaviour. How these processes develop throughout childhood is not only an important neuroscientific question but could also shed light on the mechanisms underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, measuring the neurodevelopmental trajectory of oscillations has been hampered by confounds from instrumentation. In this paper, we investigate the suitability of a disruptive new imaging platform – optically pumped magnetometer-based magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) – to study oscillations during brain development. We show how a unique 192-channel OPM-MEG device, which is adaptable to head size and robust to participant movement, can be used to collect high-fidelity electrophysiological data in individuals aged between 2 and 34 years. Data were collected during a somatosensory task, and we measured both stimulus-induced modulation of beta oscillations in sensory cortex, and whole-brain connectivity, showing that both modulate significantly with age. Moreover, we show that pan-spectral bursts of electrophysiological activity drive task-induced beta modulation, and that their probability of occurrence and spectral content change with age. Our results offer new insights into the developmental trajectory of beta oscillations and provide clear evidence that OPM-MEG is an ideal platform for studying electrophysiology in neurodevelopment.
Sleep duration has a limited impact on the prevalence of menstrual irregularities in athletes: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Miyamoto Mana , Shibuya Kenichi
Published: February 2024

Background

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of menstrual irregularities, energy intake, and sleep deprivation among female athletes.

Methods

A total of 128 female athletes, with an average age of 19.2 ± 1.2 years, participated in the study and tracked their food intake over a three-day period. Menstrual status and sleep duration were assessed using a questionnaire, and psychological anxiety was evaluated using the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). These were measured once during the investigation. The impact of sleep status on state anxiety and daily energy intake was examined using the T-test. A generalized linear model (GLM) with a log link function was employed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on the presence of menstrual irregularities.

Results

As the results of the present study, sleep deprivation significant increased both state and trait anxiety (p < 0.05), as well as affecting energy intake (p < 0.05), particularly protein and carbohydrate intakes (p < 0.05). However, GLM analysis indicated that while sleep deprivation did not directly influence the prevalence of menstrual irregularities (p > 0.05), state anxiety emerged as a significant factor impacting the prevalence of menstrual irregularities (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest a potential pathway wherein sleep deprivation might elevate state anxiety levels, consequently indirectly contributing to an increase the probability of menstrual irregularities. In conclusion, the results of the presents study provide novels insights suggesting that sleep deprivation might directly increase state anxiety and indirectly affect the prevalence of menstrual irregularities. Hence, decreased sleep duration might be related to mental health issues and the prevalence of menstrual irregularities both significant concerns among female athletes. Future studies will play a crucial role in further elucidating how sleep patterns impact the health and well-being of female athletes.
Economic degrowth as a solution to environmental conflicts?
Authors: Vasconcellos Iraci Matos , Paes Tânia Aparecida Gomes , Rangel Fernanda Cavalcante
Published: February 2024

Since the mid-20th century, economic growth has played a crucial role in improving the living conditions of millions of people, raising standards of well-being, and expectations regarding the availability of goods and services. However, the positive transformations have been accompanied by an alarming increase in the exploitation of the planet's resources and the growing income and opportunity inequality, both globally and locally. This article provides preliminary a comparative analysis of natural resource usage across eight regions, based on data from the Global Footprint Network for the year 2018. The results highlight the concerning pattern of the current consumption model: economically developed regions tend to exert disproportionate pressure on degradation, while less affluent regions demonstrate greater environmental regeneration capacity. The need to reconsider economic models with the aim of achieving a balance between socio-economic well-being and natural well-being is emphasized.
Entrepreneurship in the public educational sector: the translator, the interpreter and the guide-interpreter of brazilian sign language
Authors: Da Costa Neto Antonio Gomes
Published: February 2024

This article it aims to understand entrepreneurship in the public educational sector on demand, which identifies the problem, whose proposed resolution improves the public service in favor of the school community, the State, society, the worker, in addition to breaking professional invisibility. The concept of entrepreneurship in the public educational sector on demand is characterized by the mechanisms of individual or collective action, with the purpose of realizing a social right, in order to guarantee social effectiveness. Social effectiveness in the public education sector is one that presents changes in the organization, in society, and its relevance seeks to provide diffuse benefits.
Chiropractic students’ perception of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kuyinu Eniabitobi , Sullivan Stephanie G. B. , Hayes Kate P.
Published: February 2024

Objective

To investigate chiropractic students’ preferences and perceptions of remote learning with a secondary aim of comparing individuals with and without learning challenges.

Methods

Following the mandatory period of remote education, a 33-question, mixed-methods, anonymous online survey was distributed from March to September 2021 to a single-campus chiropractic student body with an estimated sample study population of N = 1375. Demographic variables, self-reported learning challenges, technology skills, and perceptions of remote and on-ground learning delivery modalities were gathered. Percentages, measures of central tendency, and chi-square tests were performed on the data.

Results

There were 117 participants (8.5%), of whom 63.2% were female (n = 74) and 87.2% (n = 102) were aged 18–34 years. Self-identified learning challenges were present in 33.3% (n = 39) of participants, of whom 28 stated they had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit disorder. More than 85.5% (n = 100) of participants agreed they were proficient with the necessary technology. For basic science classes with a lecture and lab component, 61.5% (n = 72) preferred on-ground labs and remote lectures. Participants agreed that remote lectures and on-ground labs were a good use of time (75.2% [n = 88] and 79.5% [n = 93], respectively). There was a significant χ2 between individuals with and without learning challenges for the perception of “stimulating and interesting” (p = .044) and “attention” (p = .001) for on-ground lectures.

Conclusion

Chiropractic students preferred remote and on-ground education differentially for labs and lectures. On-ground labs provided greater perceived educational benefits; perceived benefits of remote lecture courses were only modestly supported. Students with self-identified learning challenges presented with some differences related to perception of on-ground lectures.
Effects of Phosphorus Fertilization on Growth, Yield and Economic Efficiency of Cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) under Northeast climate of Afghanistan
Authors: Khaleeq Khalilullah , Qarluq Abdul Ghani
Published: February 2024

A Cotton experiment was laid out at the agronomic research farm of agriculture faculty of Kunduz University in spring season of 2023 to investigate effects of phosphorus fertilization of growth and yield parameters of cotton crop (Gossypium hirustum L.) under Northeast climate of Afghanistan. The experiment conducted in Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatment consists: control without phosphorus fertilizer application, application of 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5/ha. Result showed that the highest plant height (98.44 cm), Leave area index (2.78), Sympodial Branches/plant (12.88), Bolls/plant (27.66), cotton lint yield (1750 kg/ha), cotton seed yield (3979 kg/ha), cotton lint yield (182742 AFN/ha), cotton  seed yield (77964 AFN/ha), gross return (260707 AFN/ha), net return (209867 AFN/ha) and benefit Cost of ratio (6) were recorded from treatment with 90 kg p2o5/ha following with application 60, 30 and Control treatments respectively. It can be possible to conclude that proper phosphorus fertilization is crucial for optimizing cotton production in this region. The study highlights the potential for improved cotton cultivation practices and increased economic returns for farmers in the Kunduz province of Afghanistan through the implementation of optimal P fertilizer application rates.
Cover Picture: Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Mimic Catalytic Activity of a Polysiloxane‐Synthesizing Enzyme (Adv. Mater. 10/2005)
Authors: Kisailus D. , Najarian M. , Weaver J. C. , Morse D. E.
Published: May 2005

A system that acts as a biomimetic of the silica‐synthesizing enzyme found in a marine sponge is reported by Morse and co‐workers on p. 1234. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are functionalized with the same organic moieties that are found in the enzyme's catalytic site. Interaction between the nucleophilic (OH‐terminated) and hydrogen‐bonding (imidazole‐terminated) GNPs, as shown on the cover, is required for the hydrolysis of a silicon alkoxide precursor and subsequent polycondensation to form silica at a low temperature and near‐neutral pH. Replacement of either of the required functional groups by a non‐reactive methyl group abolishes catalysis in this synthetic system, as it does in the biological enzyme. Cover art provided by Peter Allen.
Die industrielle Anwendung der Nanofiltration – Potenziale, Erfahrungen und Grenzen
Authors: Samhaber W. M.
Published: May 2005

Die Nanofiltration ist im Übergangsbereich zwischen Umkehrosmose und Ultrafiltration zu sehen. Eine ihrer wesentlichen Aufgaben ist die Trennung organischer gelöster Stoffe von anorganischen gelösten Begleitstoffen – oder auch umgekehrt.
Charakterisierung von Membranen
Authors: Scharnagl N. , Schossig M.
Published: May 2005

Generell sind bei der Anwendung von Membranen zwei Aspekte von besonderer Bedeutung. Zum einen werden Transporteigenschaften und Trennleistung für Einsatz und Anlagenauslegung benötigt. Zum anderen sind die Parameter wichtig, die die Transporteigenschaften und andere Grundlagen zum Transportverhalten bei der Trennung mittels Membranen beschreiben. Um Trennprozesse und deren Effizienz genauer zu definieren, sind weitere Parameter wichtig, z. B. die Rückhaltung gegenüber bestimmten Stoffen bzw. bei Gasen die Selektivität. Dieser Beitrag geht auf verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung von Membraneigenschaften mit dem Schwerpunkt auf porösen Systemen ein. Dabei werden Bild gebende Verfahren der Mikroskopie ebenso vorgestellt wie Methoden, die die Wechselwirkung eines Mediums mit der Membran betrachten und bewerten.
Atomic scale spin‐dependent STM on magnetite using antiferromagnetic STM tips
Authors: Murphy S. , Ceballos S.F. , Mariotto G. , Berdunov N. , Jordan K. , Shvets I.V. , Mukovskii Y.M.
Published: May 2005

STM tips made from antiferromagnetic MnNi have been used to investigate the atomic structure of the (001) and (111) surfaces of Fe3O4. The clean (001) surface displays a (√2 × √2)R45° superlattice, which is attributed to charge‐ordering on the surface, where Fe2+‐Fe2+ and Fe3+‐Fe3+ dimers can be discriminated. The oxygen‐terminated (111) surface is characterized by a hexagonal superlattice with a periodicity of 42 Å. Oxygen vacancies are observed in atomically resolved images of this superlattice. In the presence of an external magnetic field of 60 mT, a significant change in the atomic corrugation in the topmost oxygen layer around each of these defects is observed. The results on both (001) and (111) surfaces are discussed in terms of possible spin‐polarized effects. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:85–92, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topological frustrations in Mn films on Fe(001)
Authors: Wulfhekel Wulf , Schlickum Uta , Kirschner Jürgen
Published: May 2005

The high lateral resolution of spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy allows new insights into the spin structure of antiferromagnets on the nanometer range. We demonstrate the capability to image a well‐defined in‐plane component of the sample spin polarization and discuss the spin structure of antiferromagnetic bct Mn in contact with the ferromagnetic Fe(001) substrate. Mn atoms couple ferromagnetically within a Mn atomic plane, while normal to the surface a layer‐wise antiferromagnetic order was found. Magnetic frustrations arise in this system at Fe substrate steps at the interface, where topologically induced 180° domain walls are created in the Mn film. A clear widening of the enforced domain walls with increasing Mn thickness was found. The measured widths could be fitted with a linear function and are explained on the basis of a Heisenberg model. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66: 105–116, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperinsulinism in tyrosinaemia type I
Authors: Baumann U. , Preece M. A. , Green A. , Kelly D. A. , McKiernan P. J.
Published: May 2005

Tyrosinaemia type I (TT I) (McKusick 276700) is a heterogeneous disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Although histological abnormalities of the pancreas are well recognized, there are only incidental reports of pancreatic dysfunction manifested as insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. We report three subjects with TT I and acute liver dysfunction who had hyperinsulinism in early infancy. Hypoglycaemia persisted despite dietary treatment and one patient had inadequate lipolysis at the time of hypoglycaemia. All three patients were successfully treated with diazoxide (10 mg/kg per day) and chlorthiazide (35 mg/kg per day) and treatment was gradually withdrawn after 9, 13 and 34 months, respectively. The mechanism of pancreatic dysfunction in TT I is unknown but may be related to the toxic metabolites that accumulate in this condition. We conclude that hyperinsulinism is not a rare complication in TT I. In patients with persistent hypoglycaemia, C‐peptide should always be measured. Treatment with diazoxide and chlorthiazide is highly effective, appears to be safe, and does not need to be continued lifelong.
The flavin reductase ActVB from Streptomyces coelicolor: Characterization of the electron transferase activity of the flavoprotein form
Authors: Filisetti Laurent , Valton Julien , Fontecave Marc , Nivière Vincent
Published: April 2005

The flavin reductase ActVB is involved in the last step of actinorhodin biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Although ActVB can be isolated with some FMN bound, this form was not involved in the flavin reductase activity. By studying the ferric reductase activity of ActVB, we show that its FMN‐bound form exhibits a proper enzymatic activity of reduction of iron complexes by NADH. This shows that ActVB active site exhibits a dual property with regard to the FMN. It can use it as a substrate that goes in and off the active site or as a cofactor to provide an electron transferase activity to the polypeptide.
Prediction of siRNA functionality using generalized string kernel and support vector machine
Authors: Teramoto Reiji , Aoki Mikio , Kimura Toru , Kanaoka Masaharu
Published: April 2005

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are becoming widely used for sequence‐specific gene silencing in mammalian cells, but designing an effective siRNA is still a challenging task. In this study, we developed an algorithm for predicting siRNA functionality by using generalized string kernel (GSK) combined with support vector machine (SVM). With GSK, siRNA sequences were represented as vectors in a multi‐dimensional feature space according to the numbers of subsequences in each siRNA, and subsequently classified with SVM into effective or ineffective siRNAs. We applied this algorithm to published siRNAs, and could classify effective and ineffective siRNAs with 90.6%, 86.2% accuracy, respectively.
ACCOUNTING FOR MULTI TRAITS IN RECOMMENDING RICE VARIETIES FOR DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SAMITA S. , ANPUTHAS M. , ABEYSIRIWARDENA D. S. de. Z.
Published: May 2005

Recommendations of crop varieties are usually done on the basis of grain yield. However, there are other important traits related to quality and agronomy that need to be considered. This study has clearly shown that grain yield is often not related to some important traits of the crop. Under such circumstances, selection based on yield can lead to the loss of these important characters. Recent research has also indicated the need for a multi-trait approach to recommending crop varieties. However, such approaches, as suggested in the literature, are subjective and do not have a sufficient statistical basis. This study proposes a methodology for varietal recommendations by taking account of all important traits. It is a multivariate approach considered to be an improvement on the univariate method previously proposed. Data from rice varieties of 3, 3½ and 4½ month maturity groups, cultivated across diverse environments, over two seasons in Sri Lanka were used to illustrate the proposed methodology. The results suggest that the new method will be appropriate for taking in to account all important traits along with yield.
MANAGEMENT OF ON-FARM YIELD TRIALS FOR TESTING ADAPTABILITY OF CROP VARIETIES
Authors: ABEYSIRIWARDENA D. SUMITH de Z.
Published: May 2005

Farmers themselves are allowed to manage on-farm variety adaptability trials (VATs), to represent farmer management practices in preference to research management. In this approach, within-trial uniformity and thus the scientific value of VATs will be lost. A study was conducted using rice to ascertain whether representation of farmer management in VATs is necessary and to test an approach that represents farmer management without losing within-trial uniformity and the scientific value of VATs. In the proposed approach, both the representation of farmer management and within-trial uniformity are reasonably assured through implementation of site-specific farmer practices by research personnel. This approach was compared with complete research management using recommended practices in a VAT conducted with five rice varieties in six farmers' fields over two seasons. When farmer management was implemented by research personnel, popular varieties among farmers were judged most adaptable. However, when VATs were managed using recommended practices, popular varieties among farmers were judged least adaptable. This provided direct evidence to show the usefulness of representation of farmer management and the validity and practical feasibility of the proposed approach in managing VATs.
Perception of transient nonspeech stimuli is normal in specific language impairment: Evidence from glide discrimination
Authors: BISHOP D. V. M. , ADAMS C. V. , NATION K. , ROSEN S.
Published: May 2005

Twenty 9- to 12-year-olds with specific language impairment (SLI) were compared with 18 age-matched controls on auditory discrimination tasks, using a three-interval, two-alternative forced-choice format. The first task used minimal word pairs in silence and in noise. Nonspeech tasks involved discriminating direction of frequency glides and had two versions: (a) the glide moved from 500 to 1500 Hz, and duration was adaptively decreased; (b) all glides lasted 250 ms, and the frequency range was adaptively modified until a threshold was reached. Control and SLI groups did not differ on the glide tasks. Around half the children in both groups accurately discriminated 20 ms glides. There was a small but significant group difference on the speech-in-noise task, and scores were weakly related to literacy level. Perception of brief, transient, nonspeech stimuli is not abnormal in the majority of school-aged children with SLI.
Verb inflections and noun phrase morphology in the spontaneous speech of Spanish-speaking children with specific language impairment
Authors: BEDORE LISA M. , LEONARD LAURENCE B.
Published: May 2005

Spanish-speaking preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI) were compared to typically developing same-age peers (TD-A) and younger typically developing children matched for mean length of utterance (TD-MLU) in terms of their use of grammatical morphology in spontaneous speech. The children with SLI showed high levels of accuracy on present tense and past tense (preterite) verb inflections. However, their use of definite articles and direct object clitics was significantly more problematic than for either the TD-MLU or the TD-A children. Substitutions and omissions were observed, especially in contexts requiring plural articles and clitics. Many of the details of the observed Spanish SLI profile were predicted by Wexler's (Extended) Unique Checking Constraint (EUCC) proposal. Remaining details in the data could be accommodated by making additional assumptions within the same general linguistic framework as the EUCC. Some of the differences between the findings from Spanish and those from previous studies on related languages such as Italian suggest the need for clinical assessment and intervention procedures that are shaped as much by language-specific details as by the language's typology.
“Chiseled from all Sides”: Hermeneutics and Dispute in the Rabbinic Tradition
Authors: Kolbrener William
Published: May 2005

Among contemporary literary theorists—and in the humanities in general—theological approaches toward interpretation have been dismissed in favor of hermeneutic models committed to the contingency, partiality, and historicity of all interpretative practice. Against the grain of this tendency, which tends to dismiss all vestiges of theology from postmodern habits of reading and interpretation, critics like Daniel Boyarin and David Stern, have, over the past decades, attempted to recover the distinctly Jewish modes and discourses of reading and interpretation. In the process, they have, as Boyarin himself underlines, introduced a specifically Jewish mode of reading—that of midrash—into the literary theoretical canon.
Social Capital and Democratic Citizenship: The Case of South Korea
Authors: PARK CHONG-MIN , SHIN DOH CHULL
Published: May 2005

In this paper, we examine the micro-level implications of social capital for the development of democratic citizenship. By using a recent East Asia Barometer survey in Korea, we determine whether social networks and social trust, two key components of social capital, cultivate virtues of democracy among ordinary citizens. First, the analysis shows that the Korean people as a whole tend to be involved in small informal groups. Most of them stay away from formal associations. Second, the Korean people tend to differentiate trust-in-principle from trust-in-action. It turns out that a majority of the people display competence-based trust, if neither generalized nor particularized trust. Third, associational membership has no role in promoting support for democratic institutions and principles; it merely leads to more political activism. Fourth, social trust plays a role in promoting support for democracy. Yet it has little to do with political activism. It is concluded that in Korea, social involvement contributes to democratic citizenship behaviorally, whereas social trust contributes to it attitudinally.
‘HIS SPIRIT IS IN ACTION SEEN’: MILTON, MRS CLIVE AND THE SIMULACRA OF THE PASTORAL IN COMUS
Authors: JONCUS BERTA
Published: May 2005

This article explores the relationship between Drury Lane’s most popular eighteenth-century masque, Comus (1738), and the contemporary fashions in politics, literature and recreation that informed it. On one level, the masque was a revival honouring Milton, the author of its libretto, in a manner consistent with his eighteenth-century reception: as a genius whose merit was just being recognized, and as a patriot hero whose incorruptibility mirrored the aspirations of those pledging allegiance to ‘British’ values.

On another level, however, the pastoral entertainment seems to have been mainly concerned with popular notions of female propriety and the challenges posed to those notions by the production’s star soprano, Kitty Clive. Titillation was assured by interpolated musical scenes which had little to do with the libretto but much to do with composer Thomas Arne’s mastery of the discursive techniques of ballad farce. The personality cult around Clive, the ‘Goddess of Mirth’, imposed upon the masque her most celebrated musical characterizations (both in the type of song and in the specific lyrics sung) to grant full voice to her flaunting of social codes.

The overwhelming success of Comus caused the masque to be reinvented as a public diversion at Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens by its owner, John Tyers. A Milton statue was erected in the gardens to preside over ‘musical downs’, where instrumentalists played hidden behind bushes to the north of ‘The Temple of Comus’. Recontextualizing Comus at Vauxhall, Tyers created a site (nicknamed the ‘Rendezvous of Cupid’) in which lovers could further explore the transgressions of Mrs Clive’s musical scenes within a simulated pastoral myth.
ROUSSEAU AND AESTHETIC MODERNITY: MUSIC’S POWER OF REDEMPTION
Authors: SIMON JULIA
Published: May 2005

Despite Rousseau’s condemnation of the ‘progress’ of civilization and his suspicions concerning the arts, he none the less articulates a redemptive role for aesthetic experience within modern life. In choosing music as his privileged aesthetic object, he suggests the possibility of an eighteenth-century aesthetic based on experience that anticipates later developments in romanticism and modernism. And by locating the possibility of redemption within aesthetic experience couched in terms of musical performance, he articulates a modern role for the work of art that looks forward to nineteenth- and twentieth-century aesthetic theory from the German Romantics to the Frankfurt School.
COMPREHENDING THEODORA
Authors: SMITH RUTH
Published: May 2005

Handel’s Theodora (1750, libretto Thomas Morell), an oratorio about a Christian martyr, does not have the religious-political import of his other English oratorios or the literary-critical stature of his English secular dramas and odes. A ‘sport’ among Handel’s oratorios, until recently Theodora resisted whole-hearted appreciation and elicited widely differing summaries of its meaning. This is the first extended study to be published since the chapter in Winton Dean’s Handel’s Dramatic Oratorios and Masques of 1959. Drawing on guidelines proposed in the appendix ‘Approaches to Oratorio’, the article examines the libretto’s sources, dramatization and relation to the librettist’s interests; positions the work with regard to the religious ideas of its time, identifying its religious-historical standpoint; and describes its kinship with contemporary drama, fiction and aesthetics. Connoisseurs among Handel’s audience appreciated Theodora but ‘the Town’ did not. It is suggested that both Morell and Handel were aiming for inclusiveness, comprehensiveness and breadth of appeal, and in so doing produced a work – more ambiguous and conspicuously open to interpretation than the biblical oratorios – that demands the listener’s active and discriminating engagement.
Shallow Donor Thermionic Emitter
Authors: Gorman John K.
Published: May 2005

A possible approach to the development of a low work functionthermionic emitter involves the introduction of shallow donor states into a matrix having a low electron affinity. It is the intent of this paper to explore the concept of a shallow donor emitter from both a general point of view and with specific application to barium oxide as the host lattice. The problem is discussed in terms of the single-donor model with consideration given the various characteristics which would be required for a practical matrix-additive system. Although the electron affinity of BaO has been estimated to be as low as 0.6 eV, the ordinary oxygen vacancy donor present is a deep level with an ionization energy of about 1.4 eV; it yields a work function of 1.4 to 1.5 eV at 1000°K. By comparison, a work function of 0.83 eV would be expected for shallow donor BaO at this temperature. The substitution of a tripositive rare-earth ion for a Ba2+ ion in the lattice is presented as a possible mechanism for the incorporation of an impurity donor center. Some speculation is offered concerning the ionizationenergy of this type of donor as well as the associated activation process. An attempt was made to observe the donor behavior of several rare-earth ion additives in BaO and also SrO by studying the temperature dependence of the effective work function. Data were secured for La, Gd, Nd, Er, and Eu in BaO, and Eu and Sm in SrO at analytical concentrations of from 0.01 to 0.05 mole %While no lowering of the work function is reported, it is clear that no definitive interpretation of a negative result can be made until certain other experimental information becomes available, particularly the solubility and oxidation state of the additive ion in the matrix crystal.
Fracture of Brittle Solids. IV. Two-Dimensional Distribution Function for Fragment Size in Single Fracture (Theoretical)
Authors: Gilvarry J. J.
Published: May 2005

Prior work in paper I on the size distribution of the fragments in single fracture of a three-dimensional solid is extended to the two-dimensional case (that of a thin plate). The underlying physical assumptions are the two-dimensional analogs of those made in I. These assumptions yield directly the probability dπ (c,a) of formation of a fragment with perimeter and area in the ranges c to c+dc and a to a+da, respectively, as e−RdR in the general case, with R linear in c and a. The derivation yielding this Poisson form requires no assumption on the shape of a fragment. The number dv (c,a) of fragments with perimeter and area in the ranges c to c+dc and a to a+da, respectively, is evaluated as the product of dπ (c,a) by the a priori number of particles with these values of c and a. The distribution function dv (c,a) meets the necessary physical requirement that the fracture process conserve surface area independently of particle shape. By assuming that all fragments are geometrically similar, one can replace dπ (c,a) and dv (c,a) by forms, π(x)dx and v(x)dx, respectively, which depend only on a mean linear dimension x of a fragment. The moments of the distribution corresponding to the total number and total perimeter of the fragments are divergent; this anomaly is explained as the result of neglect of depletion of Griffith flaws.
Fracture of Brittle Solids. V. Two-Dimensional Distribution Function for Fragment Size in Single Fracture (Experimental)
Authors: Gilvarry J. J.
Published: May 2005

Experimental data corresponding to the exoclastic fragments from spherical glass specimens fractured in gelatin in the course of the work on paper II are used to test the theoretical predictions of paper IV; the fragments in question are those engendered by surficial flaws of the specimen. The data on the fragments consist of measurements of the spherical surface corresponding to the original surface of the specimen, and of the core surface. The latter surface appears on many of the exoclastic fragments; it arises through failure under compression of the central core of the specimen to produce the endoclastic fragments. The over-all probability of fracture determined only by the original spherical surface on the fragments shows the presence in the corresponding distribution of three component distributions, corresponding in general to the larger fragments, those of intermediate size, and the smaller fragments. The first distribution is identified as arising from fragmentation through activation of surficial flaws in the core surface, and agreement of the data with theory is good. By eliminating fragments from the over-all distribution for which the data are correlated with theory in this manner, the second distribution in question is identified as corresponding to fragmentation through activation of surficial flaws in the original spherical surface of the specimen. Excellent agreement of the data with the theory of IV is obtained. The remaining distribution probably arises from particles formed by activation of internal flaws (although original surface of the specimen appears on the fragments). The results yield numerical values of surficial flaw densities.
Long Period Superlattice Cu3Au II
Authors: Toth Robert S. , Sato Hiroshi
Published: May 2005

A detailed study of the Cu-Au system between 25–50 at. % Au was made to determine the range of stability of the long period superlattices found in this system. The single-crystal thin film technique was used to make the samples, and the structure was determined using electron diffraction. It was found that a one-dimensional long period superlattice exists as an equilibrium phase from about 30% Au, substantiating Scott's original observation, to 60% Au. From about 30% to 38% Au, the antiphase structure is the Cu3Au II type, while at higher Au content, the structure is the CuAu II type. The domain size M was found to decrease continuously from a value of about 10 at 30% Au to 5 at 50% Au, regardless of the change in structure when crossing the phase region between Cu3Au and CuAu. Small amounts of Al added to a sample having the CuAu II structure and an Au content of 40%, decreased the domain size in a manner identical to that observed for stoichiometric CuAu II. The addition of Al to a sample having an Au content of 27.5%,where an antiphase structure is not observed, resulted in the formation of an antiphase structure for which the period could be predicted by our present theory. Qualitative arguments are presented to explain the appearance of these structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the antiphase domain boundary energy and the electron energy in determining the formation and period of the superlattice.
Particle Moderation: Random Functional Approach
Authors: Leibowitz Martin A.
Published: May 2005

The slowing down of a particle by a homogeneous isotropic moderator is considered. It is shown that finding the collision density of the particle as a function of space and energy is equivalent to finding the probability distribution of a certain random functional. By means of this random functional, expressions for the spatial moments are obtained without imposing any restrictions on the variations of the scattering kernel or cross section with energy. These moments are then used to obtain the age equation, the derivation given here differing from others in that no a priori assumptions are made on the collision density itself. Finally, as a special case of the above, the time-energy moments are found.
Characters of Irreducible Representations of the Simple Groups. II. Application to Classical Groups
Authors: Antoine J.-P. , Speiser D.
Published: May 2005

The general formulas found in a preceding paper for the characters of irreducible representations of simple Lie groups are developed in the case of the classical groups: the four series Al, Bl, Cl, Dl,plus the exceptional case G2. Groups of rank 1 and 2, plug A3 ≃ D3 are studied in detail.
On the Generation of Anisotropic Tensors
Authors: Smith G. F.
Published: May 2005

The problem of generating a complete set of linearly independent nth-order tensors which are invariant under a crystallographic group is considered. A number of methods for the solution of this problem such as the use of tensor bases, the addition of tensors of lower symmetry, and the method of polynomial invariants are discussed. The limitations of these methods are outlined.
Multiple Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Random Scatterers of Finite Size
Authors: Mathur N. C. , Yeh K. C.
Published: May 2005

The problem of multiple scattering of waves by randomly positioned objects has been treated by several authors, for example, Foldy, Lax, Twersky, Waterman, and Truell. The present work extends the theory to electromagnetic vector fields and to scatterers of arbitrary size and properties. A general formulation has been made for scattering by any type of discrete and identical scatterers which are similarly oriented. The case of spherical scatterers has been treated by using the rigorous Mie theory both for sparse and dense concentration. Results indicate that in case of sparse concentration, the statistical expectation of the total field has a polarization similar to that of the normally incident wave and the distribution of scatterers is equivalent to a homogeneous medium with a modified refractive index. In case of dense concentration the medium can sustain a number of plane-wave modes. A dispersion relation for the modified medium has been obtained. When the special cases of small spheres is considered, the well-known results obtained by other authors are recovered.
Structure of the Crossing Matrix for Arbitrary Internal Symmetry Groups
Authors: Fairlie D. B.
Published: May 2005

Some properties of crossing matrices are deduced which are independent of the particular symmetry group from which the crossing matrices are derived. In particular, a, factorization of any elasticcrossing matrix, analogous to the factorization of a rotation matrix in n dimensions is found, and the connection between, crossing and unitary matrices elucidated. In the special case of the crossing matrix for elastic scattering of particles which transform as representations of SU2, as well as the usual consistency requirement that each row should sum to unity, a new consistency requirement on the elements in a given column is proved. As a byproduct of this work, a possibly new quadratic identity for Racah coefficients is exhibited.