bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bei Dao e a Era Glacial: Tradução e Comentários do poema “A Resposta” (回答)
Authors: Menezes Júnior Antonio José Bezerra de
Published: April 2015

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo traduzir e examinar o poema “A Resposta” do poeta Bei Dao, um dos principais nomes da poesia contemporânea chinesa, especialmente da poesia pós Revolução Cultural.
A Teoria Interpretativa da Tradução (Théorie du Sens) revisitada: um novo olhar sobre a desverbalização
Authors: Pagura Reynaldo José
Published: April 2015

A Teoria Interpretativa da Tradução, também conhecida como Théorie du Sens (Teoria do Sentido), surgiu na década de 1960, a partir da reflexão de Danica Seleskovitch como intérprete, professora e pesquisadora, a que se uniu Marianne Lederer. Chega ao seu ápice em termos de aceitação na década de 1980, mas nos anos 1990 começa a ser questionada por teóricos empiricistas, que defendem o uso de metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa, utilizada em outras ciências, para os estudos da interpretação e da tradução. Tal abordagem sempre foi rejeitada por Seleskovitch e Lederer. Após a morte de Seleskovitch, em 2001, a teoria começa a ser reexaminada por diversos pesquisadores nos estudos da interpretação e da tradução, que começam a estabelecer interfaces entre a Théorie du Sens e outras diversas abordagens para os estudos da tradução e da interpretação. Demonstram que o conceito da desverbalização, que está no cerne da teoria interpretativa da tradução, continua em evidência e subjaz a diversas outras teorias da tradução e teorias linguísticas, mesmo quando não mencionado especificamente. O presente artigo pretendeu discutir esses novos olhares sobre o conceito da desverbalização, mostrando como tal conceito permanece atual nos estudos da tradução e da interpretação nos dias de hoje.
Investigações sobre a construção do fitônimo CAPOEIRA: aspectos do campo léxico-semântico e geolinguística indígenas
Authors: Rizzi Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2015

O termo capoeira é um vernáculo, uma sentença tupi no português do Brasil. De kaá-uêra procede a noção de “mato que já não é o mesmo que foi”. Essa sentença demonstra a elegante interpretação da tradição indígena acerca dos dados da paisagem. Atualmente, o termo capoeira é muito utilizado no discurso científico ao lado de seu homônimo da tradição ocidental: mata secundária. Pretendeu-se aqui desenvolver a seguinte indagação: porque há uma estranha diferença intelectual entre o sentido de capoeira e mata secundária? Essa estranheza reside no fato do termo capoeira possuir um campo léxico-semântico que abarca, não somente a formação vegetacional correspondente, como também ampla gama homóloga e complementar de fenômenos do ambiente, da fauna e da flora. Algo similar não ocorreu com o termo mata secundária. Para tentar entender o porquê dessa constatação, supôs-se que o primeiro termo é resultado de um pensamento totalizante, de uma tradição contínua repassada desde o passado ancestral, ao passo que o segundo termo é herdeiro de uma recente ruptura: a da fragmentação do pensamento helênico. No Ocidente, essa fragmentação possui um momento simbólico: o julgamento de Sócrates. Munidos dos estudos de Hannah Arendt, foram vistos elementos dessa fragmentação na “separação entre o filósofo e a vida na polis [que] significou a separação entre o pensamento e a ação” (Wagner 2002), o que teve como consequência a “separação entre pensamento e política [...] entre filósofo e realidade” (Wagner 2002). O resultado maior dessa cisão foi a instalação, na tradição ocidental, da dicotomia entre a vita activa e a vita contemplativa que oficializou a própria cisão entre pensamento e ação. Acreditou-se ser esse o cerne da diferenciação intelectual entre o termo capoeira e mata secundária, dicotomia linguística produzida pela consequente cisão do espaço em absoluto e relativo e em natureza e sociedade, questão observada por Smith (1988).
Jorge Luis Borges e “Etcétera”
Authors: Grotto Livia
Published: April 2015

Este ensaio curto discute o caráter das traduções realizadas por Jorge Luis Borges para o livro Historia universal de la infamia sob o título de “Etcétera”, relacionando-as com a reflexão do autor, sobretudo no ensaio Los traductores de Las mil y una noches, quando procura intervir no conceito de tradução e mostrar como as “piores” são as “fiéis” e “literais”. A seção “Etcétera” é formada por cinco textos da primeira edição de 1935, e um sexto, da edição de 1954.
O fantasma de Strawberry Hill: pseudotradução e a proposta estética de Horace Walpole (a partir de uma leitura dos prefácios de O Castelo de Otranto)
Authors: Gonçalves Dircilene Fernandes
Published: April 2015

A primeira edição de O Castelo de Otranto veio a público em dezembro de 1764, quando o romance inglês estava em plena formação. O fato de o texto ter sido apresentado como uma tradução de um original italiano do século XVI abrandou a reação da crítica à narrativa, a qual ia de encontro à racionalidade moderna da época, que pretendia estabelecer para o romance nascente um caráter educativo e exemplar. No entanto, a segunda edição, publicada em abril de 1765, trouxe a revelação de que o texto não era uma tradução, mas uma narrativa original escrita por Horace Walpole (uma pseudotradução), o que causou reações diversas no público e na crítica, levando a acaloradas discussões estéticas e éticas em torno da farsa engendrada pelo autor e que acabaram por conferir à obra, até hoje, o status de fundadora do romance gótico.
A língua do outro: um lugar de tradução que se faz como moradia provisória do sujeito
Authors: Andrade Eliane Righi de
Published: April 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a tradução, dialogando com alguns teóricos contemporâneos e com a linha desconstrutivista, levantando questões que lhe são fundamentais, tais como a subjetividade do tradutor e o papel das línguas envolvidas no processo tradutório, de modo a entendermos a tradução como um processo de interpretação e de constante reescritura, que envolve diferentes sujeitos e culturas.
Tradução audiovisual e video game: análise das legendas em português do jogo Batman: Arkham City
Authors: Camargo Rodolpho
Published: April 2015

Apesar de o mercado de jogos de video game ser uma indústria em expansão no Brasil e, devido a isso, as publicadoras entenderem a necessidade da tradução de seus títulos para o nosso idioma, há escassez de literatura sobre tradução audiovisual para jogos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar as legendas do jogo Batman: Arkham City sob parâmetros técnicos e linguísticos e sugerir legendas adequadas a esses padrões. O eixo dos parâmetros técnicos leva em conta caracteres por segundo, tempo de permanência da legenda na tela e número de linhas por bloco (Araújo, 2006). O eixo dos parâmetros linguísticos leva em conta as escolhas léxico-semânticas e a divisão dos blocos de sentido (Martinez, 2007; Hilgert, 2011). Finalmente, foram apontadas as perdas decorrentes da falta de padronização e das escolhas lexicais inadequadas realizadas pelo legendador.
A questão da tradução em versões brasileiras de canções anglófonas
Authors: Khalil Lucas Martins Gama
Published: April 2015

A adaptação brasileira de canções anglófonas é um fenômeno bastante comum, em vista da rapidez com a qual os produtos culturais circulam na contemporaneidade. Artistas musicais, quando produzem tais “versões”, baseiam-se em uma estrutura melódica já existente e criam uma nova letra, em português. Na maioria das vezes, essas novas letras não pretendem alcançar “fidelidade” com relação às letras das canções anglófonas. Essa noite foi maravilhosa, de Leandro e Leonardo, baseada em Wonderful Tonight, de Eric Clapton, possui algumas características que suscitam questões relativas à tensão entre tradução e adaptação, tendo em vista a manutenção de uma narrativa semelhante. Baseado em reflexões teóricas de autores como Hutcheon e Selligman-Silva, o presente estudo objetiva analisar essa versão musical, investigando, sobretudo, as ressignificações em relação à canção anglófona. 
Ciência em tradução: uma visão panorâmica
Authors: Esteves Lenita Maria Rimoli
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho explora algumas instâncias da tradução de textos científicos ao longo dos séculos, procurando iluminar alguns fatores que em geral ficam esquecidos quando consideramos traduções desse tipo de texto. Devido a uma necessidade prática de simplificação, em geral não levamos em conta todo um processo de transformação que textos antigos sofreram até chegarem aos nossos dias. Também se analisam alguns casos de tradução de textos científicos feitos na Europa na época do Renascimento, tanto do latim para as línguas vernáculas quanto das línguas vernáculas para o latim, além de traduções entre as próprias línguas vernáculas. 
Pulsão de traduzir
Authors: Martirani Maria Célia
Published: April 2015

O presente estudo dedica-se a verificar os procedimentos narrativos adotados pelo escritor brasileiro contemporâneo Pedro Süssekind, no romance Triz (2011), especialmente quanto à ficcionalização do ato de traduzir e da tarefa do tradutor, com base nas teorias de Paul Ricoeur sobre o que ele denomina “pulsão de traduzir”, no ensaio Desafio e felicidade da tradução (2011). 
José Paulo Paes, leitor de Schleiermacher
Authors: Caetano Paulo Roberto Barreto
Published: April 2015

Em 1813, Friedrich Schleiermacher publicou “Sobre os diferentes métodos de tradução”, abrindo espaço para uma consistente discussão acerca da tensão “estranhamento–domesticação”. O filósofo passa pela questão do que seria uma preservação do texto original a fim de que seja transmitido aos leitores um patrimônio de outra sociedade, por meio da tradução. José Paulo Paes, poeta, ensaísta e profícuo tradutor paulista. É autor de Tradução: a ponte necessária. Aspectos e problemas da arte de traduzir. Nesse livro, ele comenta sobre escolhas linguísticas que fez ao traduzir alguns textos poéticos, sobre questões concernentes à crítica e à teoria da tradução. Na presente análise serão discutidos pontos de intercessão entre o discurso do tradutor brasileiro e o do filósofo alemão, no que tange à tradução de textos literários – principalmente quanto à busca por uma equivalência estrangeirizante no texto traduzido.
Comportamento dos termos do meio ambiente em textos de vulgarização
Authors: Botta Mariana Giacomini
Published: April 2015

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da análise do comportamento dos termos do meio ambiente em textos de vulgarização científica. Realiza-se um estudo léxico-semântico do vocabulário do meio ambiente utilizado pela imprensa online brasileira, cujos resultados são comparados com os usos dos termos por especialistas da área. Para isso, foram compilados dois corpora, um de textos jornalistícos e outro de textos científicos, cada um com cerca de 140 mil ocorrências. A comparação do funcionamento dos termos na língua de especialidade com seus usos na vulgarização possibilitou a observação dos “movimentos migratórios” das palavras, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de terminologização e de desterminologização
Conexões pouco exploradas entre escrita autobiográfica e tradução
Authors: Darin Leila Cristina de Melo
Published: April 2015

A profusão de pesquisas geradas a partir da década de 1970 na área de Estudos da Tradução propiciou a revisão de conceitos tradicionais, bem como novos olhares para o estudo das relações entre a tradução e diversos campos de conhecimento. Neste artigo, discuto as relações entre escrita autobiográfica e tradução, procurando investigar se esses dois processos, aparentemente não relacionados, e seus respectivos produtos, se aproximam, o que cada um deles tem a dizer ao outro e que questões partilham.
Uma reflexão sobre o uso das modalidades de tradução no contexto jurídico
Authors: Alves Maysa Vani
Published: April 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo de caso, a partir do modelo de AUBERT (2006), para refletir sobre as modalidades, analisando seu uso em relação aos marcadores culturais e observando quais modalidades são mais usadas no contexto jurídico. Para isso, foi extraído um corpus da lei francesa sobre o divórcio, bem como um corpus correspondente na lei brasileira.
O (não) engajamento em traduções da literatura afro-americana no Brasil: o caso de Filho Nativo, de Richard Wright
Authors: Amorim Lauro Maia
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo discute o papel do (não) engajamento de tradutores na difusão da literatura afro-americana no Brasil, com foco nas traduções da obra Native Son (Filho Nativo), de Richard Wright, realizadas por Monteiro Lobato (1944), Jusmar Gomes (1987) e Aurora Maria Soares Neiva (1995). Busca-se refletir em que medida a literatura afro-americana poderia ser interpretada, em uma tradução, como expressão literária de resistência e engajamento, que poderia servir como um modelo de inspiração para a crítica social em relação à própria desigualdade “racial” no Brasil. Investiga-se em que medida as traduções analisadas podem se aproximar ou não de uma perspectiva politicamente engajada que se refletiria nas opções tradutórias.
Terminologia jurídico-policial: seleção e validação de termos em textos-base e mapa-domínio
Authors: Costa Maria Izabel Plath da
Published: April 2015

A terminologia jurídico-policial é inexplorada até então. As diligências dessa polícia são registradas em documentos. O estudo de corpus pode subsidiar a seleção dos termos. Neste artigo, propomos um método de seleção e validação dos termos jurídico-policiais, através do estudo de dez textos-base extraídos de um corpus formado por 70.880 boletins de ocorrências registradas de 2008 a 2010. Os termos são selecionados dos textos-base, e validados pela inserção no mapa-domínio jurídicopolicial, uma variedade de mapa conceitual que agrega três termos indispensáveis ao registro da ocorrência: Polícia Civil do RS, Delegacia de Polícia e boletim de ocorrência.
Equivalência e definição no Dicionário Bilíngue Português-Mundurukú da área do Magistério: contribuindo para a epistemologia terminológica e terminográfica
Authors: Gomes Dioney Moreira , Ferreira Tânia Borges
Published: April 2015

Este artigo apresenta algumas análises, reflexões e decisões tomadas durante a elaboração do Dicionário Terminológico Escolar Português-Mundurukú: Magistério, as quais implicaram determinadas escolhas terminológicas e terminográficas que podem contribuir para a epistemologia dessa área do conhecimento. Trataremos especificamente das equivalências e definições com base nos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT) e congêneres. Da metodologia envolvida na realização desta pesquisa, ressaltamos a relação com o método etnográfico e a pesquisa qualitativa nos usos de recursos e técnicas de coleta de dados em campo, na Terra Indígena Mundurukú (PA). Como resultados alcançados, mostraremos aqui o tratamento dispensado aos equivalentes e às definições na construção de um dicionário bilíngue terminológico escolar indígena.
“The Pathway into the Kingdom of Heaven”
Authors: Noble Tim
Published: April 2015

The Russian Orthodox mission to Alaska can be understood in terms of liberative mission. The article shows how the missionaries succeeded in allowing Christianity to become indigenized in native Alaskan cultures, rather than attempting to make the indigenous peoples Russian. It did this through an attention to the narratives, religious and otherwise, of the Alaskan peoples and by allowing these narratives to address and be addressed by the Christian narrative. Current anthropological research points to the depth of the roots of this indigenization, and how it helped in the identity formation of the native peoples especially after the sale of Alaska to the United States when their identity was under severe external threat. The Russian Orthodox mission to Alaska provides a good historical case study of how the gospel can be indigenized in a way that empowers people and suggests a tradition available to Orthodox churches today as they seek to become more mission-minded.
Evaluating recent taxonomic changes for alligator snapping turtles (Testudines: Chelydridae)
Authors: FOLT BRIAN , GUYER CRAIG
Published: April 2015

The Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835, sensu lato) has been historically treated as a single, wide-ranging species, until a recently published paper by Thomas et al. (2014; hereafter Thomas et al.) analyzed variation in morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequence data to describe two new species of Macrochelys: the Apalachicola Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys apalachicolae Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone & Roman 2014) and the Suwannee Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone & Roman 2014). The specific epithet temminckii was retained for populations in drainages from the Yellow River in Alabama and Florida west to the San Antonio River, Texas. Because populations of Macrochelys have been historically exploited by humans (Pritchard 1989) and the life-history strategies of large, long-lived turtles make them susceptible to declines from harvest (Congdon et al. 1994), a sound understanding of species delimitation and richness is critical for the conservation of alligator snapping turtles, especially if the acceptance of a widely distributed species disguises the presence of multiple, smaller-ranged species.
Minding the Gender Gap
Authors: Chen Wenhong , Tan Justin , Tu Fangjing
Published: April 2015

Existing studies have been inconclusive on whether and the extent to which gendered social networks contribute to the gender gap in business performance. Drawing on a random sample of Chinese Canadian entrepreneurs, this research examines the nexus of social networks, Internet use, and the gender gap in business performance. Results reveal a marked gender difference in firm size, which becomes narrowed after social networks, voluntary association participation, Internet use, and business characteristics are controlled. More important, network composition and structural position have different implications for men and women entrepreneurs. Men are more effective in converting relational advantages into business advantages. Interaction effects suggest that kin homophily hurts women’s business performance but not men’s. Yet, women gain more from participating in transnational entrepreneurship.
The Yasuní-ITT Initiative
Authors: Le Quang Matthieu
Published: April 2015

The Yasuní-ITT (Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini) Initiative consisted of leaving the oil underground in a part of Yasuní National Park in the Ecuadorean Amazon, one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. The financial compensation was to be invested in renewable energy, protection of biodiversity, and conservation of 44 protected areas. This initiative proposed a change of imaginaries. One of its most important contributions was questioning the fundamental role of oil in our capitalist and productivist society. With this project, which was linked to the National Plan for Living Well, Ecuador was moving toward a post-petroleum-based society and the pursuit of better living standards through bio-knowledge.

La Iniciativa Yasuní-ITT (Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini) consistió en dejar el crudo bajo tierra de una parte del Parque Nacional Yasuní, en la Amazonía ecuatoriana, considerada como una de las más biodiversa del mundo. La compensación financiera seriá invertida en diferentes ámbitos como las energías renovables para cambiar la matriz energética, el cuidado del ambiente para proteger la biodiversidad, conservar las 44 áreas protegidas. Esta iniciativa propuso un cambio de imaginarios. Una de sus aportaciones más importantes era su cuestionamiento del rol de la base de nuestra sociedad capitalista y productivista: el petróleo. Con este proyecto que estaba vinculado al Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir, el Ecuador se dirigió hacia una sociedad post-petrolera y apuesta a una sociedad del buen vivir basado en el bioconocimiento.
Changes in late adolescents’ voting intentions during the election campaign: Disentangling the effects of political communication with parents, peers and media
Authors: Šerek Jan , Umemura Tomo
Published: April 2015

This article investigates the effects of political discussions with parents, political discussions with peers and exposure to political news during an election campaign on the voting intentions and behaviour of first-time voters. Longitudinal data collected in the Czech Republic are employed in the main analysis ( N = 223). Results show that young people who frequently discuss politics with their peers are characterized by higher voting intentions and subsequent electoral participation. On the other hand, political discussions with parents and exposure to political news have no such effects. Furthermore, although it does not have an impact on voting intentions, more frequent political discussions with parents predict increased frequency of political discussions with peers. Overall, our results underscore the importance of peers in late adolescents’ political socialization.
Staff perceptions of live classical music in an urban medical clinic: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Silverman Michael J. , Hallberg Jon S.
Published: April 2015

Despite a lack of well-controlled empirical studies to support its implementation, recorded music is often utilized in medical waiting areas. More specifically, there is a dearth of data concerning how live classical music in a medical waiting area might affect the overall environment as well as the perceptions of staff who provide medical treatment. The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to understand medical staff perceptions of live classical music in a primary care clinic waiting area. The authors implemented a live music program consisting of live classical piano and guitar music in the waiting area of a small urban clinic. The researchers conducted individual semi-structured interviews with eight medical personnel who worked at the clinic. Data analysis was based upon Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six phases of thematic analysis. Emerging themes included: (a) the clinic is a unique arts-filled healthcare provider; (b) live music is different than recorded music; (c) live music blends without overpowering the environment; (d) live music facilitates non-medical interaction; and (e) beneficial affective results of the live music. Overall, medical staff perceived the presence of live classical music in the clinic waiting area positively and all interviewees requested increases in the frequency of the live music. Based upon a mutually advantageous collaborative partnership between a university music therapy program and a university medical clinic, the authors suggest implementing similar programs for the benefit of the patients, staff, and students. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research concerning live music in medical waiting areas are provided.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Reaching behind the border, challenging democracy
Authors: Ranald Patricia
Published: April 2015

In an era where legally binding international trade agreements are increasingly shaping domestic regulation in a wide range of areas, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement between the US, Australia, Japan and nine other Pacific Rim Countries, representing over 40% of world trade, has been described as setting the standards for 21st century trade agreements. This article analyses why the negotiations have dragged on for 5 years, and the resistance to the potential impacts of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement on national democratic decision-making on health, environmental and other public interest regulation.
Emergency Department Visits at the End of Life of Patients With Terminal Cancer
Authors: Alsirafy Samy A. , Raheem Ahmad A. , Al-Zahrani Abdullah S. , Mohammed Amrallah A. , Sherisher Mohamed A. , El-Kashif Amr T. , Ghanem Hafez M.
Published: April 2015

Frequent emergency department visits (EDVs) by patients with terminal cancer indicates aggressive care. The pattern and causes of EDVs in 154 patients with terminal cancer were investigated. The EDVs that started during working hours and ended by home discharge were considered avoidable. During the last 3 months of life, 77% of patients had at least 1 EDV. In total, 309 EDVs were analyzed. The EDVs occurred out of hour in 67%, extended for an average of 3.6 hours, and ended by hospitalization in 52%. The most common chief complaints were pain (46%), dyspnea (13%), and vomiting (12%). The EDVs were considered avoidable in 19% of the visits. The majority of patients with terminal cancer visit the ED before death, mainly because of uncontrolled symptoms. A significant proportion of EDVs at the end of life is potentially avoidable.
Ferromagnetic Heating for Vessel Sealing and Division
Authors: Chen Jenwood , Manwaring Preston K. , Scott Robert R. , Manwaring Kim H. , Glasgow Robert E.
Published: April 2015

Introduction. Vessel sealing technologies have improved surgical efficiency and outcomes. Ferromagnetic technology has potential utility in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate ferromagnetic heating in sealing and dividing vessels. Methods. A novel ferromagnetic (FM) sealer, FMsealer, was developed for sealing and dividing vessels. Using a swine in vivo model, the following endpoints were evaluated: (1) proof of concept, (2) 21-day survival surgery, and (3) comparison with ultrasonic (US) and/or bipolar (BP) devices for subjective outcomes. Seal burst strengths were measured in vitro. Mann-Whitney and Student’s t test were used. Results. After showing proof of concept, 5 swine underwent survival splenectomy, nephrectomy, hysterectomy, and mesenteric vessel division (arteries ranging from 1 to 7 mm in diameter) with necropsy after day 21 showing no evidence of surgical site bleeding. FM was equivalent to BP in tissue retention and superior to BP in spread/tissue desiccation, sticking, and charring ( P ≤ .01). The FM was superior to US and BP in speed of 10 cm mesentery division (mean ± SD seconds): FM (12.9 ± 1.0 seconds), US (23.3 ± 4.4 seconds), BP (46.1 ± 5.2 seconds) ( P ≤ .01 FM vs US or BP). Seal burst strength and success of sealing a 5-mm carotid artery were as follows (mean ± SD mmHg, % success burst strength >240 mm Hg): FM (710 ± 206 mm Hg, 94% success), US (848 ± 565 mm Hg, 79%), and BP (619 ± 373 mm Hg, 83%). Conclusion. Ferromagnetic heating is an effective and efficient technology for sealing and dividing of vessels. An initial prototype of the FMsealer compared favorably with commercially available products based on ultrasonic and bipolar technologies.
Vitamin D
Authors: Lucock Mark , Jones Patrice , Martin Charlotte , Beckett Emma , Yates Zoe , Furst John , Veysey Martin
Published: April 2015

Interest in vitamin D and the VDR gene is increasing as putative roles in human health and evolutionary processes are explored. This review looks beyond the classic biochemistry that links vitamin D to calcium homeostasis; it explores how vitamin D interacts with light in a broader perspective than simple skin photosynthesis. It examines how the vitamin influences circadian rhythm, and how it may have helped drive the evolution of skin pigmentation. To this end, the nutrient–nutrient relationship with folate is also explored. The VDR gene is additionally examined as a factor in the evolutionary selection of skin depigmentation at higher latitudes to allow vitamin D synthesis. Evidence is given to show that VDR polymorphisms exhibit a latitudinal gradient in allele prevalence consistent with such a paradigm. Overall, the review examines new evo-devo ideas that link light-sensitive vitamins to human health/phenotype, both within and across the lifecycle.
The Greek "communists" and the Asia minor campaign
Authors: Carabott Philip
Published: April 2015

Άν καί το ΣΕΚΕ ιδρύθηκε το φθινόπωρο τού 1918, μόλις στις αρχές τής
δεκαετίας τοΰ 1930 καί μετά τή μετονομασία του σε ΚΚΕ κατάφερε να καταξιωθεί
ως τό κατεξοχήν κόμμα τής εργατικής τάξης στήν Ελλάδα. Στά
ενδιάμεσα χρόνια τό ελληνικό σοσιαλιστικό-κομμουνιστικό κίνημα άναπτύ-
χθηκε καί έδρασε μέσα σέ δυσμενέστατες συνθήκες, πού τελικά καθόρισαν
σέ μεγάλο βαθμό καί την περιθωριοποίησή του στο πολιτικό σκηνικό τής
χώρας. Οί συνθήκες αυτές —ενδογενείς καί εξωγενείς— δέν έπέτρεψαν
στούς 'Έλληνες κομμουνιστές τή χάραξη μιας συγκεκριμένης στρατηγικής
πού θά βασιζόταν στις ιδεολογικές άρχές τής Τρίτης Διεθνούς μέ την ταυτόχρονη
άναγνώριση των ιδιαιτεροτήτων τής ελληνικής πραγματικότητας.
’Αλλά πάνω από όλα, ή ήγεσία των Ελλήνων κομμουνιστών δέν ήταν σέ
θέση να καθοδηγήσει μέ σθένος καί σιγουριά τό σύνολο τής ελληνικής
κοινωνίας στά δύσκολα χρόνια τής Μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας, ούτε καί να
άντεπεξέλθει στις άπαιτήσεις των μελών τοΰ κόμματος.
Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αύτής τής ένδογενοΰς αδυναμίας άποτελεΐ
ή συνολική στάση τών Ελλήνων «κομμουνιστών» —καί ειδικότερα τής
ήγεσίας τοΰ ΣΕΚΕ— προς τή Μικρασιατική εκστρατεία. Παρά τις αποφάσεις
καί τις επαναλαμβανόμενες διακηρύξεις τοΰ κόμματος σχετικά μέ τόν
ιμπεριαλιστικό χαρακτήρα τής έκστρατείας, στήν πολιτική τοΰ ΣΕΚΕ διακρίνει
κανείς μια σειρά παλινδρομήσεων καί ήμίμετρων, μιά έμφυτη τάση
προς τή θεωρητικοποίηση καί άπλούστευση τοΰ ζητήματος. Ή έπιμέρους
περιγραφή τών γεγονότων καταδεικνύει τήν άδυναμία τής ήγεσίας να καθορίσει
τά πλαίσια τοΰ άντιπολεμικοΰ κινήματος, άλλά καί νά το καθοδηγήσει.
Μέ αύτά τά δεδομένα, οί πράξεις μεμονωμένων κομμουνιστών στό Μικρασιατικό
μέτωπο αλλά καί στήν ήπειρωτική Ελλάδα, πράξεις πού συχνά δέν
έχαιραν τής εκτίμησης τής ήγεσίας, δέν ήταν δυνατό νά άποδώσουν τά άνα-
μενόμενα — ειδικά μάλιστα άπό τή στιγμή πού έλάχιστοι ήταν έκεΐνοι πού
είχαν συναίσθηση τοΰ άντικειμενικοΰ σκοποΰ τοΰ κόμματος. Τελικά οί Έλληνες
κομμουνιστές όχι μόνο δέν έπαιξαν κανένα ουσιαστικό ρόλο στήν
κατάρρευση τοΰ μετώπου, όχι μόνο δέν κατάφεραν νά έκμεταλλευτοΰν τις
αναμφίβολα έπαναστατικές συνθήκες πού επικρατούσαν στήν Ελλάδα τό
φθινόπωρο τοΰ 1922, άλλά τό κυριότερο στιγματίστηκαν ώς προδότες καί
άνθέλληνες, άνοίγοντας έτσι τό δρόμο για τήν ποινικοποίηση τοΰ κομμουνισμού
στήν ελληνική κοινωνία τοΰ μεσοπολέμου.
Echanges commerciaux entre les pays roumains et l'Asie mineure intermedies par les marchands Grecs (XVIIe-XIXe siecles)
Authors: Cicanci Olga
Published: April 2015

Προερχόμενοι στην πλειονότητά τους από τήν ’Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία,
οί 'Έλληνες έμποροι πού έγκαταστάθηκαν, προσωρινά ή μόνιμα, στίς ρουμανικές
χώρες, κατά τή διάρκεια τοϋ 17ου μέχρι τόν 19ο αιώνα, έπαιξαν
σημαντικό ρόλο στή διακίνηση των εμπορευμάτων από καί προς τή Μικρά
’Ασία. ’Οργανωμένοι σε εμπορικές εταιρείες (όπως ήταν έκεΐνες από τό
Σιμπίου καί τό Μπρασόβ), σέ εμπορικούς συνεταιρισμούς ή σέ εμπορικούς
οίκους (π.χ. τού Στάμου, τοϋ Πολίζου κ.λπ.), οί Έλληνες έμποροι,
συχνά συνεταίροι μέ τούς Ρουμάνους ή τούς άλλους Βαλκανίους, στήν
περίοδο πού άναφέραμε παραπάνω, θά γίνουν οί πιό σημαντικοί μεταφορείς
των εμπορευμάτων, τών προερχομένων από τήν Κωνσταντινούπολη
καί τή Μικρά ’Ασία, τόσο προς τις ρουμανικές χώρες, όσο καί προς τήν
κεντρική Εύρώπη.
From Christian Romioi to Hellenes: Some reflections on nationalism and the transformation of Greek identity in Asia Minor
Authors: Tsimouris Giorgos
Published: April 2015

Η κυρίαρχη εθνοκεντρική προσέγγιση προβάλλει τους Ρωμιούς της Μικρός Ασίας ως «Μικρασιατικό ελληνισμό από αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων». Σε αντίθεση προς αυτή την προσέγγιση, υποστηρίξω ότι οι «Ρωμιοι/χριστιανοί» της Μικράς Ασίας μετά το 1922 και την ένταξή τους στο ελληνικό κράτος μετονομάστηκαν, συχνά χωρίς τον αναγκαίο θεωρητικά προβληματισμό, σε Έλληνες. Ενώ ο όρος «‘Ελληνες» δεν ήταν άγνωστος ανάμεσα στους χριστιανικούς πληθυσμούς της Μικράς Ασίας στο τέλος του 19ου και στις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα, αφορούσε κυρίως τα μορφωμένα αστικά στρώματα των μεγάλων πόλεων. Ή Καταστροφή του 1922 αποτέλεσε τα «συστατικά έξω» και συνέβαλε στην αποδοχή των διαθέσιμων εθνικών και έθνοκεντρικών κατηγοριοποιήσεων εκ μέρους των «διωγμένων». Επιπλέον, η Μικρασιατική εκστρατεία και Καταστροφή αποτέλεσαν τα ρέκβιεμ σε μια διαδικασία πού είχε αρχίσει λίγες δεκαετίες νωρίτερα και αφορά τη συγκρότηση των εθνικών κρατών στα Βαλκάνια στα πλαίσιο της πολυεθνοτικής ’Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας. Μέρος της ιστορικής αυτής διαδικασίας ήταν η σταδιακή υποβάθμιση των θρησκευτικών και τοπικών ταυτοτήτων (π.χ. Πολίτες, Σμυρνιοί. Ρεϊσντεριανοι) προς όφελος των αντίστοιχων εθνικών. Βασιζόμενος σε εθνογραφικά υλικά πού προέρχεται από επιτόπια έρευνα ανάμεσα σε πρόσφυγες από τα Ρεΐσντερε της Μικράς Ασίας, οι οποίοι εγκαταστάθηκαν στον Άγιο Δημήτριο της Λήμνου, αλλά και στην αυ0τοβιογραφική λογοτεχνία μετά τα 1922, προσπαθώ να αναδείξω τον σταδιακά «εξεληνισμό» όρων αυτοχαρακτηρισμού αλλά και βιωμάτων που έχουν προεθνική προέλευση.
Germinação de Salvia splendens L. submetida à salinidade
Authors: Rosa Derek Brito Chaim Jardim , Soares Jackeline Schultz , Moreno Leandro Bassi , Michels Guilherme Silva , Lemes Camila Soares Rosa , Scalon Silvana De Paula Quintão , Rosa Yara Brito Chaim Jardim
Published: April 2015

The salinity is a limiting factor for germination to occur in most species being necessary studies that assess the interaction between plants and saline environment to which they are being associated. The present study had as aim to evaluate the germination and characteristics of vigor in Salvia splendens subjected to salinity. The seeds were exposed to different osmotic potentials, simulating salt stress caused by NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 at potentials of 0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, -1.6 and -2.0 MPa. In general, CaCl2 led to the best results for all variables, probably connected to the positive effect of Ca2+ in cell metabolism, allowing germination of 60.81% in the osmotic potential of -1.35 MPa.
Interpersonal Communication in the Process of Value Formation
Authors: Jozek Milan
Published: April 2015

Issues of communication, isolation, and education are part of our everyday lives, whether private or professional. The behaviour of the young generation at school and at home has different forms. It demonstrates their actions, way of thinking and feeling. Furthermore, their behaviour expresses their future tendencies. These forms of behaviour are strongly influenced by a lack of communication. As a result, the educational process is made harder, sometimes even impossible. Many experts in ethics, pedagogy and psychology have been paying attention to this issue and have started to evaluate its impact on the young.
The Society of the 21st Century – A Need for Information in Communication
Authors: Walancik Marek
Published: April 2015

The author in this article points to the need for information as a fundamental human need in the information society. The realization of this need is a part of the process of communication which is a kind of social phenomenon. The author seeks to entice the reader to satisfy the information needs related to the problem. He notes that satisfying the information needs and the provision of specific information is an ongoing continuing process of education.
Formative (Classroom) Assessment Techniques
Authors: Marks Igor
Published: April 2015

The author presents formative (classroom) assessment techniques with the purpose of improving the teaching process and the learner’s development. At the same time, the paper emphasizes the importance of feedback in the teaching process.
Didactic Means and Their Use at Technical Universities
Authors: Kučerka Daniel , Rusnáková Soňa , Hrmo Roman , Husár Štefan , Podařil Martin
Published: April 2015

The aim of this paper is to introduce the reader into the field of didactic means and their use by educators at universities with technical orientation from students´ perspective. To check the status of the two selected universities in the Slovak Republic and one university in the Czech Republic, we conducted a research, which was attended by 194 respondents and its results are presented in this paper.
Potential theory for manifolds with boundary and applications to controlled mean curvature graphs
Authors: Impera Debora , Pigola Stefano , Setti Alberto G.
Published: April 2015

In this paper we characterize the Neumann-parabolicity of manifolds with boundary in terms of a new form of the classical Ahlfors maximum principle and of a version of the so-called Kelvin–Nevanlinna–Royden criterion. The motivation underlying this study is to obtain new information on the geometry of graphs with prescribed mean curvature inside a Riemannian product of the typeN×ℝ{N\times\mathbb{R}}. In this direction two kind of results will be presented: height estimates for constant mean curvature graphs parametrized over unbounded domains in a complete manifold, which extend results by A. Ros and H. Rosenberg valid for domains ofℝ2{\mathbb{R}^{2}}, and slice-type results for graphs whose superlevel sets have finite volume. Finally, the use of the Ahlfors maximum principle allows us to establish a connection between the Neumann-parabolicity and the Dirichlet-parabolicity commonly used in minimal surface theory. In particular, we will be able to give a deterministic proof of special cases of a result by R. Neel.
Zwischen Hinrichtung und Duldung
Authors: Salatowsky Sascha
Published: April 2015

The debates on toleration in the Confessional Age have not caught the interest of proponents of historical philosophy. Normally, they tend to locate the writings of Pierre Bayle or John Locke as the origins of modern philosophy. “Why?” one may ask. Perhaps the predominately religiously motivated discourse between theologians simply seems too remote. In this study, however, I attempt to demonstrate that a clear separation between theological and purely philosophical arguments was inconceivable in the 16th and 17th century. I will identify confessional differences in the debate on toleration and analyse the changes resulting from the religious and social transitions of the 17th century. In comparing Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran and Socinian views, the specific structural features of the confessions on the question of tolerating people of different faiths appear. Such a structural comparison demonstrates that the approach to the pressing issue of tolerating people of different faiths was not just based on personal attitudes, but on doctrine, whether of a theological or philosophical nature.
Überreden und Überzeugen
Authors: Franken Florian
Published: April 2015

The word ‘persuasion’ can be used in two different ways. It can either implicate a process of changing someone’s belief or action without any argumentative justification or, to the contrary, indicate that the changes are indeed a result of argumentative discourse. These two different uses are part of a conceptual development in the history of philosophy. Nowadays they are often placed in contrast to each other, whereby persuasion in philosophy as a non-argumentative act is taken as doubtful and even unsound. In the following paper I argue that the two types of processes should not be conceived of as incompatible, taking some notes from Wittgenstein’s On Certainty as an argumentative source. I will show that persuading as a rational practice is based on the possibility of persuasion as a process of inculcation. These processes can help illuminate the notions of good grounds, reasons and persuasion. In contrast to the common perspective, I will show that they are actually the normal case regarding interaction between humans and thus fundamentally provide the possibility of an argumentative practice of giving and accepting reasons. I conclude that the primacy of argumentative persuasion in relation to inculcation needs to be reversed and the common understanding of human beings as genuine rational acting beings needs to be questioned.
Role of leukemia inhibitory factor in the nervous system and its pathology
Authors: Ostasov Pavel , Houdek Zbynek , Cendelin Jan , Kralickova Milena
Published: April 2015

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunction cytokine that has various effects on different tissues and cell types in rodents and humans; however, its insufficiency has a relatively mild impact. This could explain why only some aspects of LIF activity are in the limelight, whereas other aspects are not well known. In this review, the LIF structure, signaling pathway, and primary roles in the development and function of an organism are reviewed, and the effects of LIF on stem cell growth and differentiation, which are important for its use in cell culturing, are described. The focus is on the roles of LIF in central nervous system development and on the modulation of its physiological functions as well as the involvement of LIF in the pathogenesis of brain diseases and injuries. Finally, LIF and its signaling pathway are discussed as potential targets of therapeutic interventions to influence both negative phenomena and regenerative processes following brain injury.
Das System der kollektiven Sicherheit im Praxistest
Authors: Davion Isabelle
Published: April 2015

Vorspann

Der 1919 ins Leben gerufene Völkerbund hat keine gute Presse. Sein Scheitern in den 1930er Jahren überschattet auch die Frühphase seiner Geschichte, die durchaus vielversprechend war. Namentlich die sogenannten Nachfolgestaaten wie Polen, Rumänien, Jugoslawien und die Tschechoslowakei nutzten die Genfer Bühne mit großem Geschick, um ihren nationalen Anliegen Gehör zu verschaffen, wie die französische Historikerin Isabelle Davion zeigen kann. Der Erfolg blieb nicht aus, die Nachfolgestaaten fanden sogar in den besonders strittigen Minderheitenfragen einen gemeinsamen Nenner; allerdings nur so lange, wie der Völkerbund im Spannungsfeld rivalisierender Großmachtinteressen funktionsfähig blieb.
Identifying and targeting tumor-initiating cells in the treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Wei Wei , Lewis Michael T
Published: April 2015

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women (excluding skin cancer), and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although conventional and targeted therapies have improved survival rates, there are still considerable challenges in treating breast cancer, including treatment resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis. Treatment resistance can be eitherde novo– because of traits that tumor cells possess before treatment – or acquired – because of traits that tumor cells gain in response to treatment. A recently proposed mechanism ofde novoresistance invokes the existence of a specialized subset of cancer cells defined as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), or cancer stem cells (CSCs). TICs have the capacity to self-renew and to generate new tumors that consist entirely of clonally derived cell types present in the parental tumor. There are data to suggest that TICs are resistant to many conventional cancer therapies and that they can survive treatment in spite of dramatic shrinkage of the tumor. Residual TICs can then eventually regrow, which results in disease relapse. It has also been hypothesized that TIC may be responsible for metastatic disease. If these hypotheses are correct, targeting TICs may be imperative for achieving a cure. In the present review, we discuss evidence for breast TICs and their apparent resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as to various targeted therapies. We also address the potential impact of breast TIC plasticity and metastatic potential on therapeutic strategies. Finally, we describe several genes and signaling pathways that appear to be important for TIC function and may represent promising therapeutic targets.
Measuring and monitoring quality in satellite echo services within critical care: an exploration of best practice
Authors: Thomas Toby C. , Colebourn Claire L.
Published: April 2015

The subspecialty of critical care echocardiography is a rapidly developing area of cardiac imaging. The United Kingdom Committee for Critical Care Echocardiography was set up in 2009 to examine the remit of echocardiography in critical care, and a successful collaboration between the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) and the Intensive Care Society has resulted in the establishment of two new critical care accreditation processes: Focused Intensive Care Echocardiography and Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography. These accreditation processes are currently driving the development of satellite echo services within critical care departments throughout the UK. Individual practitioner–and more recently, departmental–accreditation have become well-established processes advocated by the BSE. Practitioner accreditation promotes accountability, and departmental accreditation standardises the environment in which practitioners operate. The accreditation of individual echocardiographers has been embraced by the critical care fraternity; we propose that departmental accreditation for critical care echo services be viewed in the same way. Identifying quality indicators for satellite echocardiography services within critical care areas is therefore the focus of the present quality exploration: our aim is to propose a set of parameters against which satellite critical care echo services can be benchmarked. In publishing our suggestions, we hope to stimulate debate in light of the rapid evolution of critical care echocardiography as a subspecialty practice. We suggest that our proposed parameters could be used to maintain satellite critical care service standards and to help identify departments capable of delivering high-quality services and training in critical care echocardiography.
Large, mobile, transmitral metastastic osteosarcoma presenting as cardiac arrest
Authors: Jackson Clare M. , Ellis Helen E. , Dodd Mark C. , O’Toole Laurence
Published: April 2015

The present case is an unusual one of a 21-year-old female with a primary osteosarcoma and left lung metastasis presenting following a witnessed pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest. The electrocardiogram was unremarkable. A computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) demonstrated a tumour within the left inferior pulmonary veins. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a severely hypokinetic left ventricle and a multi-lobulated, mobile mass arising from one of the left pulmonary veins which prolapsed to varying degrees on a beat-to-beat basis back and forth through the mitral valve into the left ventricle (during ventricular diastole) and retracted back into the left atrium (during ventricular systole). The present case demonstrates the importance of performing TTE in an emergency presentation, its influence on diagnosis and, in the present case, its usefulness in aiding the decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments. It also highlights the importance of considering urgent intervention for a tumour seen to prolapse through the mitral valve because of the real risk of acute obstruction.
Neurotrophins, cytokines, oxidative parameters and funcionality in Progressive Muscular Dystrophies
Authors: COMIM CLARISSA M. , MATHIA GISIANE B. , HOEPERS ANDREZA , TUON LISIANE , KAPCZINSKI FLÁVIO , DAL-PIZZOL FELIPE , QUEVEDO JOÃO , ROSA MARIA I.
Published: April 2015

We investigated the levels of brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cytokines and oxidative parameters in serum and tried to correlate them with the age and functionality of patients with Progressive Muscle Dystrophies (PMD). The patients were separated into six groups (case and controls pared by age and gender), as follows: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD); Steinert Myotonic Dystrophy (SMD); and Limb-girdle Muscular Dystrophy type-2A (LGMD2A). DMD patients (±17.9 years old) had a decrease of functionality, an increase in the IL-1β and TNF-α levels and a decrease of IL-10 levels and superoxide dismutase activity in serum. SMD patients (±25.8 years old) had a decrease of BDNF and IL-10 levels and superoxide dismutase activity and an increase of IL-1β levels in serum. LGMD2A patients (±27.7 years old) had an decrease only in serum levels of IL-10. This research showed the first evidence of BDNF involvement in the SMD patients and a possible unbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, along with decreased superoxide dismutase activity in serum of DMD and SMD patients.