bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depolarization recruits DCC to the plasma membrane of embryonic cortical neurons and enhances axon extension in response to netrin‐1
Authors: Bouchard Jean‐François , Horn Katherine E. , Stroh Thomas , Kennedy Timothy E.
Published: August 2008

The netrin‐1 receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) is required for the formation of major axonal projections by embryonic cortical neurons, including the corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, and cortico‐thalamic tracts. The presentation of DCC by axonal growth cones is tightly regulated, but the mechanisms regulating DCC trafficking within neurons are not well understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms regulating DCC recruitment to the plasma membrane of embryonic cortical neurons. In embryonic spinal commissural neurons, protein kinase A (PKA) activation recruits DCC to the plasma membrane and enhances axon chemoattraction to netrin‐1. We demonstrate that PKA activation similarly recruits DCC and increases embryonic cortical neuron axon extension, which, like spinal commissural neurons, respond to netrin‐1 as a chemoattractant. We then determined if depolarization might recruit DCC to the plasma membrane. Neither netrin‐1 induced axon extension, nor levels of plasma membrane DCC, were altered by depolarizing embryonic spinal commissural neurons with elevated levels of KCl. In contrast, depolarizing embryonic cortical neurons increased the amount of plasma membrane DCC, including at the growth cone, and increased axon outgrowth evoked by netrin‐1. Inhibition of PKA, phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase, protein kinase C, or exocytosis blocked the depolarization‐induced recruitment of DCC and suppressed axon outgrowth. Inhibiting protein synthesis did not affect DCC recruitment, nor were the distributions of trkB or neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) influenced by depolarization, consistent with selective mobilization of DCC. These findings identify a role for membrane depolarization modulating the response of axons to netrin‐1 by regulating DCC recruitment to the plasma membrane.
Pre‐conditioning induced by carbon monoxide provides neuronal protection against apoptosis
Authors: Vieira Helena L. A. , Queiroga Cláudia S. F. , Alves Paula M.
Published: August 2008

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous product of mammalian cells generated by heme‐oxygenase, presenting anti‐apoptotic properties in several tissues. The present work demonstrates the ability of small amounts of exogenous CO to prevent neuronal apoptosis induced by excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice primary culture of cerebellar granule cells. Additionally, our data show that endogenous CO is a heme‐oxygenase product critical for its anti‐apoptotic activity. Despite being neuroprotective, CO also induces reactive oxygen species generation in neurons. These two phenomena suggest that CO induces pre‐conditioning (PC) to prevent cell death. The role of several PC mediators, namely soluble guanylyl cyclase, nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and ATP‐dependent mitochondrial K channel (mitoKATP) was addressed. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase or NO synthase activity, or closing of mitoKATPabolishes the protective effect conferred by CO. In addition, CO treatment triggers cGMP and NO production in neurons. Opening of mitoKATP, which appears to be critical for CO prevention of apoptosis, might be a later event. We also demonstrated that reactive oxygen species generation andde novoprotein synthesis are necessary for CO PC effect and neuroprotection. In conclusion, CO induces PC and prevents neuronal apoptosis, therefore constituting a novel and promising candidate for neuroprotective therapies.
Responsive behaviors in good times and in bad
Authors: MAISEL NATALYA C. , GABLE SHELLY L. , STRACHMAN AMY
Published: August 2008

Although self‐disclosure is a critical aspect of interactions between intimate partners, having a partner who is responsive to one’s needs after the disclosure is equally important. But what does responsiveness look like? Two observational coding systems for responsive behaviors (Study 1) were created to test the links between one partner’s behaviors and the other partner’s outcomes, on videotaped interactions of 79 U.S. dating couples disclosing positive and negative events with each other (Study 2). These systems were useful across both types of disclosure interactions, providing evidence for the importance of responsive behaviors in different contexts. Responsive behaviors were associated with postinteraction perceptions of responsiveness, which is important for understanding how the behavioral response impacts both the discloser and the relationship.
A general model of relationship commitment: Evidence from same‐sex partners
Authors: KURDEK LAWRENCE A.
Published: August 2008

A model of relationship commitment previously validated with data from both partners from dating heterosexual couples was tested with survey data obtained from both partners from 304 same‐sex couples cohabiting in the United States. The model posits that commitment is influenced by factors that are ordered along a proximal–distal continuum. From most distal to most proximal, these factors are personality traits, support for the relationship from family members and friends, effective arguing, and dependence on the relationship. Of the 25 predicted effects, 23 were significant (p < .05). Findings support the use of the model for understanding commitment processes for diverse types of dyadic relationships.
Exploring Explanations of State Agency Budgets: Institutional Budget Actors or Exogenous Environment?
Authors: RYU JAY EUNGHA , BOWLING CYNTHIA J. , CHO CHUNG‐LAE , WRIGHT DEIL S.
Published: August 2008

Budgetary incrementalism argues that three institutional actors—agencies, executive budget offices, and legislative committees—dominate budget outcomes. The complexity and interdependency of public programs expands this expectation to include the influence of exogenous budget factors. Findings from a survey of state agency heads reveal that budget environments do influence state agency budget outcomes. However, the institutional budgetary participants, especially governors and legislatures, envisioned in classical incrementalism retain their principal and primary influence on state agency budgets. A significant departure from classical incrementalism is that agencies are not as influential as previously depicted.
Revenue Diversification in Arkansas Cities: The Budgetary and Tax Effort Impacts
Authors: JORDAN MEAGAN M. , WAGNER GARY A.
Published: August 2008

The consequences of revenue shortfalls for cities are particularly dramatic due to the balanced‐budget requirement. Revenue diversification is one method of stabilizing revenue streams because diversified revenue structures can mitigate the revenue fluctuations often associated with single source revenue. Using audited financial reports, this study examines the impact of revenue diversification in Arkansas cities over 10 years. To address the issue of revenue adequacy, this study examines diversification's impact on current year budget changes in revenue and expenditures as well as its impact on tax effort.
The Impacts of State Capital Management Programs on State Economic Performance
Authors: SRITHONGRUNG ARWIPHAWEE
Published: August 2008

Although the normative literature advocates systematic capital management practices, empirical studies investigating the tangible benefits of these practices are rare. Based on previous findings that public investment affects economic growth, this study extends the model of government spending and economic growth to investigate the effect of systematic capital management programs on state economic performance. Using panel data from 1997 to 2004 and the Government Performance Project's data on state capital management practices, the empirical results indicate that highly systematic capital management programs positively alter the relationship between the state's capital spending levels and the state's economic growth rate.
Funding Levels and Gender in Public Pension Plans
Authors: EATON TIM V. , NOFSINGER JOHN R.
Published: August 2008

Using a comprehensive sample of 2002 and 2005 U.S. public retirement systems, we found that public pension plan underfunding grew dramatically in these years despite a good economy, increasing state tax revenues, and strong stock market returns on average, plans were only 83% funded. Teacher plans and plans with the most retirees were more underfunded. We found no significant differences related to asset allocations or actuarial assumptions about inflation and rate of return. A primary factor associated with significantly lower underfunding was more female active participants in the plan, suggesting another risk to women's retirement income.
Impact of Manufacturer Advisories and FDA Recalls of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Generators in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Patients
Authors: MAHAJAN TARUN , DUBIN ANNE M. , ATKINS DIANNE L. , BRADLEY DAVID J. , SHANNON KEVIN M. , ERICKSON CHRISTOPHER C. , FRANKLIN WAYNE H. , CECCHIN FRANK , BERUL CHARLES I. ,   members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society
Published: August 2008

Introduction:
Recalls of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) generators have affected many patients. No information is available regarding the impact specifically on pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. This study was undertaken to determine implications of ICD manufacturers’ advisories and recalls on children and CHD patients.

Methods:
The first part of this study involved single‐center review of patients who underwent ICD placement between 2000 and 2005. Patients with ICDs affected by the 2005 advisories/recalls were reviewed for incidence of explantation, malfunction and complications. Secondly, members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) were queried for patients with affected devices, incidences of explantation, malfunction, and explant‐related complications. Data were pooled for aggregate summary.

Results:
Among 233 patients who underwent ICD implantation at our institution during the study period, 58 (25%) patients had advisory/recalled devices and 13 of 58 (22%) underwent explantation following 3.1 ± 1.3 years implant duration. No defects were identified by the manufacturer. No patients experienced complications requiring reintervention or rehospitalization. Questionnaire responses were received from 22 PACES institutions, included 177 patients with affected devices, of which 76 (43%) were removed. One patient died from complications following revision, and 1 patient had complications requiring reoperation. Two explanted devices had loose headers; no other defects were discovered. Taken together, 2 of 89 explanted devices were defective, and 2 complications occurred from explantation.

Conclusions:
Advisories and recalls affect substantial numbers of pediatric and CHD patients. A significant proportion underwent explantation. Although complications are infrequent, there are important medical, psychosocial, and financial impacts associated with ICD replacement.
Lateral movement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in a large lowland river and floodplain
Authors: Jones M. J. , Stuart I. G.
Published: August 2008

Abstract –  Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are a major freshwater invader and knowledge of their movements is important for planning control efforts. To investigate the movement patterns of common carp, radio‐tags were implanted into 46 adult fish; 37 near a large floodplain wetland, the Barmah‐Millewa forest, and 9 in the Murray River approximately 175 km upstream. Tagged fish were located every second week between August 1999 and March 2001. Common carp occupied total linear ranges (TLR) between 0.4 and 238 km (mean 30 ± 61 km), with 25 fish (62.5%) occupying a TLR < 10 km. Two fish made large distance movements approximately 650 km downstream. Fish sex, the number of locations, time at large, or tagging location explained little variability (P > 0.05) in TLR. Monthly distance from release varied from 0.04 to 238 km (mean 15 ± 44 km), and was not significantly related to river discharge and water temperature, but 29 of 31 (93.5%) fish tagged at Barmah moved from the Murray River into adjacent floodplain habitats upon flooding. Five fish (12.5%) moved large distances (>127 km) upstream of the Barmah‐Millewa forest. Fourteen fish (35%) showed site fidelity to within 20 m and usually occupied one or two home sites. Twenty‐six fish (65%) showed site fidelity to within 100 m occupying up to five sites during the study period. Movement patterns of common carp were complex, and individuals exhibited different strategies, which is typical of invasive species. Efforts to control and potentially reduce common carp populations in regulated river‐floodplain environments should target key floodplain access points and over‐wintering habitats to reduce adult biomass, spawning and recruitment levels.
Is the winter period a severe bottleneck of anadromous riverine Arctic charr parr?
Authors: Siikavuopio S. I. , Knudsen R. , Winger A. C. , Kristoffersen R.
Published: August 2008

Abstract –  Winter growth and survival of wild individually tagged juvenile Arctic charr (1+ age) from a riverine anadromous stock, were studied in a small ice‐covered (∼6 months) ground water brook (temperature ∼1 °C) connected to Skibotnelva in subarctic northern Norway. The overall winter survival was estimated to be 68% from late October 2005 to early May 2006. The recaptured charr were not significantly different in initial length or weight compared with the nonrecaptured fish suggesting low size‐dependent mortality. The majority (98%) of the recaptured charr showed significant increase in size, with a mean increment of 62% from their initial bodyweight and 12% of the charr parr had more than doubled their weight. The mean specific growth rate was calculated to be slightly lower (0.27) than estimated values from a growth model (∼0.35). In addition, the condition factor increased significantly during the field experiment. These results are the first individual growth data on riverine anadromous Arctic charr parr under natural winter conditions, and indicate that charr can grow relatively fast during periods with low temperature and also that ground water brooks can be good over‐wintering habitat for juvenile Arctic charr. These results suggest that the winter period is perhaps a less severe bottleneck than previously recognised for the cold‐adapted Arctic charr.
In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy for non‐invasive diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Angelova‐Fischer I. , Pfeuti T. , Zillikens D. , Rose C.
Published: August 2008

Background/purpose: In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a modern non‐invasive method for investigation of the skin that allows real‐time visualization of individual cells and sub‐cellular structures at resolution similar to the one provided by routine histopathology. Our aim was to investigate the potential of CLSM for non‐invasive diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus (PF).

Methods: Pre‐existing and mechanically induced lesions in two cases of PF were examined by means of CLSM, parallel to routine histology, direct immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay performed in the same patients.

Results: The morphological features characteristic for PF, namely an intraepidermal blister with acantholytic cells in the blister cavity, were readily detectable by means of CLSM. The findings were consistent in both patients and across the investigated lesions. The confocal images were consistent with the routine histology of the pre‐existing lesions. No differences in the confocal images of pre‐existing lesions compared with mechanically induced ones were observed.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest the potential of CLSM as a non‐invasive tool for the diagnosis of pemphigus and differentiation of its subtype. Although at present the method cannot replace the current diagnostic standards for pemphigus, it may be successfully used as in vivo non‐invasive screening tool to facilitate the diagnosis and point to the need for further investigation of the patient.
Influenza surveillance and immunisation in New Zealand, 1997–2006
Authors: Sue Huang Q. , Lopez Liza D. , McCallum Lisa , Adlam Bruce
Published: August 2008

Background  The national influenza surveillance in New Zealand is an essential public health component for assessing and implementing strategies to control influenza.

Objective  The aim of this study is to report the national influenza surveillance data collected during 1997–2006 in terms of the community disease burden, circulating viral strains, hospitalisations, mortality, and immunisation coverage.

Methods  The national influenza surveillance system includes sentinel general practice surveillance, laboratory‐based surveillance, and hospital admission and mortality surveillance and immunisation coverage. The results obtained during 1997–2006 were analysed.

Results  When the last 10 years were compared to the previous years, sentinel general practice surveillance recorded a decreasing trend of influenza‐like illness rates in the community. Sentinel surveillance also showed that children aged 0–4 years were the most affected. Influenza‐related hospitalisation surveillance reported an increasing trend of hospital admissions particularly in children aged 0–19 years. Introduction of routine influenza vaccination among the New Zealand elderly was associated with a significant decrease of influenza‐related mortality.

Conclusions  This report demonstrates that an integrated virological and epidemiological surveillance system for influenza is essential for monitoring the disease burden, identifying circulating strains, guiding effective vaccination and planning for a potential pandemic.
Sialic acid tissue distribution and influenza virus tropism
Authors: Kumlin Urban , Olofsson Sigvard , Dimock Ken , Arnberg Niklas
Published: August 2008

Abstract  Avian influenza A viruses exhibit a strong preference for using α2,3‐linked sialic acid as a receptor. Until recently, the presumed lack of this receptor in human airways was believed to constitute an efficient barrier to avian influenza A virus infection of humans. Recent zoonotic outbreaks of avian influenza A virus have triggered researchers to analyse tissue distribution of sialic acid in further detail. Here, we review and extend the current knowledge about sialic acid distribution in human tissues, and discuss viruses with ocular tropism and their preference for α2,3‐linked sialic acid.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Citron Essential Oil on Spoilage and Pathogenic Microorganisms in Fruit‐Based Salads
Authors: Belletti N. , Lanciotti R. , Patrignani F. , Gardini F.
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effects of pure citral and citron essential oil on microbial spoilage and growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms during storage. They were added in the syrup of industrial ready‐to‐eat fruit salads stored at 9 °C. Both citral (25 to 125 ppm) and citron essential oil (300, 600, 900 ppm) were able to prolong the microbial shelf life of the fruit‐based salads. The essential oil gave excellent results, avoiding the undesirable effects attributable to the cytotoxicity of citral. Citron essential oil doubled the time needed for the wild microflora to reach concentrations able to produce a perceivable spoilage in condition of thermal abuse (9 °C). The same essential oil had reduced effects on the survival of Gram‐negative species Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli, but showed a strong inhibition toward the Gram‐positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.
Sorption Isotherm and Plasticization Effect of Moisture and Plasticizers in Pea Starch Film
Authors: Zhang Y. , Han J.H.
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT:  Pea starch films were produced with various plasticizers (glucose, fructose, mannose, sorbitol, and glycerol). Effects of plasticizer content (4.34 to 10.87 mmol/g of dry starch) and storage relative humidity (RH) (11.3% to 75.4%) on moisture content (MC), tensile strength (TS), elongation (E), modulus of elasticity (EM), and water vapor permeability (WVP) were evaluated using response surface methodology. MC was influenced strongly by RH. Glycerol‐plasticized films had the highest MC, indicating that water molecules played a more important role in plasticizing starch films. Monosaccharide‐plasticized films and polyol‐plasticized films had similar TS values. However, monosaccharide‐plasticized films had higher E values and lower EM values than polyol‐plasticized films, meaning monosaccharides had better efficiency in plasticizing starch films. Recrystallization happened in glucose‐ and sorbitol‐plasticized films when they were stored in high RH. Sorption isotherm studies showed the similar adsorption and desorption profiles for all 3 monosaccharide‐plasticized films and a hysteresis. The Flory‐Huggius model fitted experimental data best for starch films, while the BET model fitted the data marginally.
Calcium Uptake during Immersion of Strawberries in CaCl2 Solutions
Authors: Verdini R.A. , Zorrilla S.E. , Rubiolo A.C.
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT:  The present study studied calcium uptake in strawberries during immersion in CaCl2 solutions by analyzing total calcium and cell‐wall calcium contents and the relationships between cell‐wall calcium content, pectin content, and the degree of pectin esterification, considering different temperatures and concentrations of the immersion solution. In addition, calcium uptake at different zones of the strawberries was studied. Calcium uptake increased significantly when the concentration of the immersion solution increased from 1% to 10% (v/v), and calcium uptake was higher at 38 °C at some immersion times, but there were no significant differences between 1 and 24 °C. Most of the calcium incorporated by the strawberries was retained in the alcohol insoluble solids and it may be related to calcium bounded to the cell wall. Calcium content did not change during immersion in CaCl2 solution in the internal or in the central zones; however, it increased significantly in the external zone.
Effect of Soluble Soybean Protein Hydrolysate‐Calcium Complexes on Calcium Uptake by Caco‐2 Cells
Authors: Lv Y. , Bao X.‐L. , Yang B.‐C. , Ren C.‐G. , Guo S.‐T.
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT:  Soybean protein hydrolysates (SPHs) bind with calcium, forming soluble SPH‐calcium complexes via the carboxyl groups of glutamic and aspartic acid residues. However, their effect on calcium uptake is still unclear. In this study, Caco‐2 cells were used to estimate the effect of SPH‐calcium complexes with different molecular weights on calcium uptake in vitro. The changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration were measured by Fura‐2 loading and expressed in fluorescence intensity. SPH‐calcium complexes could promote calcium uptake. Improved fluorescence intensity was significantly different in SPH‐calcium complexes (10 to 30 kDa), SPH‐calcium complexes (3 to 10 kDa), and SPH‐calcium complexes (1 to 3 kDa). The maximum levels of relative fluorescence intensity (18.3) occurred with SPH‐calcium complexes (10 to 30 kDa). The effect of SPH‐calcium complexes (10 to 30 kDa) on Ca2+ increase was determined to be concentration dependent in the range of 0.5 to 4 mg/mL. Our results indicate that soybean protein itself might be responsible for promoting calcium absorption.
Fluid–Sediment Interaction in a Marine Shallow‐Water Hydrothermal System in the Wakamiko Submarine Crater, South Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Nakaseama Miwako , Ishibashi Jun‐Ichiro , Ogawa Keita , Hamasaki Hiroshi , Fujino Keiko , Yamanaka Toshiro
Published: August 2008

The Wakamiko submarine crater is a small depression located in Kagoshima Bay, southwest Japan. Marine shallow‐water hydrothermal activity associated with fumarolic gas emissions at the crater sea floor (water depth 200 m) is considered to be related with magmatic activity of the Aira Caldera. During the NT05‐13 dive expedition conducted in August 2005 using remotely operated vehicle Hyper‐Dolphine (Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology), an active shimmering site was discovered (tentatively named the North site) at approximately 1 km from the previously known site (tentatively named the South site). Surface sediment (up to 30 cm) was cored from six localities including these active sites, and the alteration minerals and pore fluid chemistry were studied. The pore fluids of these sites showed a drastic change in chemical profile from that of seawater, even at 30 cm below the surface, which is attributed to mixing of the ascending hydrothermal component and seawater. The hydrothermal component of the North site is estimated to be derived from a hydrothermal aquifer at 230°C based on the hydrothermal end‐member composition. Occurrence of illite/smectite interstratified minerals in the North site sediment is attributed to in situ fluid–sediment interaction at a temperature around 150°C, which is in accordance with the pore fluid chemistry. In contrast, montmorillonite was identified as the dominant alteration mineral in the South site sediment. Together with the significant low potassium concentration of the hydrothermal end‐member, the abundant occurrence of low‐temperature alteration mineral suggests that the hydrothermal aquifer in the South site is not as high as 200°C. Moreover, the montmorillonite is likely to be unstable with the present pore fluid chemistry at the measured temperature (117°C). This disagreement implies unstable hydrothermal activity at the South site, in contrast to the equilibrium between the pore fluid and alteration minerals in the North site sediment. This difference may reflect the thermal and/or hydrological structure of the Wakamiko Crater hydrothermal system.
Goethite Morphology and Composition in Banded Iron Formation, Orissa, India
Authors: Mohapatra Birendra Kumar , Jena Subhasmita , Mahanta Khageswar , Mishra Patitapaban
Published: August 2008

Iron ore deposits are generally described in terms of size, grade and chemical composition rather than the mineralogical and microstructural characteristic of different ore types. It is essential, however, to know the morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of individual minerals for optimum mineral processing. Goethite is reported to occur as a ubiquitous phase in many iron ore types and is particularly abundant in the Precambrian banded iron ore formation of north Orissa, India. Goethite from the Bonai–Keonjhar Belt in Orissa has been examined in terms of its morphology and microstructure in relation to chemical composition. Electron microscopy indicated several goethite morphotypes including botryoidal, nodular, spheroidal, platy, stalactitic and flaky. These different morphotypes display intergranular, intragranular, wedge, reniform, comb, prismatic, cavity‐line and bead microstructures. In situ analysis using electron probe microanalyzer indicated a wide compositional variation among the different morphotypes and microstructures. Goethite replacing hematite is generally devoid of deleterious elements while re‐precipitated goethite generally contains adsorbed alumina, silica and/or phosphorus. Nodular goethite commonly has a high phosphorus level while botryoidal, spheroidal and platy goethite often contains increased combined alumina and silica. Goethite having a reniform, wedge, intergranular or intragranular microstructure is highly water bearing and cryptocrystalline in nature. During dehydration, bead, comb, cavity‐lined or prismatic goethite develop, which are more crystalline and which have a higher iron concentration. Goethite with a wedge, prismatic or bead‐type microstructure has a higher adsorption of silica (2–4%), while goethite having an intergranular, bead or prismatic microstructure invariably contains appreciable phosphorus, generally at levels deleterious to processing.
Rule based processing of the CD4000, CD3200 and CD Sapphire analyser output using the Cerner Discern Expert Module
Authors: BURGESS P. , ROBIN H. , LANGSHAW M. , KERSHAW G. , PATHIRAJA R. , YUEN S. , COAD C. , XIROS N. , MANSY G. , COLEMAN R. , BROWN R. , GIBSON J. , HOLMAN R. , HUBBARD J. , WICK V. , LAMMERS M. , JOHNSON R. , HUFFMAN K. , BELL J. , IBRAHIM A. , ESTEPA F. , LOVEGROVE J. , JOSHUA D.
Published: August 2008

The latest version of our Laboratory Information System haematology laboratory expert system that handles the output of Abbott Cell‐Dyn Sapphires, CD4000s and a CD3200 full blood count analyser in three high‐volume haematology laboratories is described. The three hospital laboratories use Cerner Millennium Version 2007.02 software and the expert system uses Cerner Millennium Discern Expert rules and some small Cerner Command Language in‐house programs. The entire expert system is totally integrated with the area‐wide database and has been built and maintained by haematology staff members, as has the haematology database. Using patient demographic data, analyser numeric results, analyser error and morphology flags and previous results for the patient, this expert system decides whether to validate the main full blood count indices and white cell differential, or if the analyser results warrant further operator intervention/investigation before verifying, whether a blood film is required for microscopic review and if abnormal results require phoning to the staff treating the patient. The principles of this expert system can be generalized to different haematology analysers and haematology laboratories that have different workflows and different software.
Effect of HbS in the determination of HbA2 with the Menarini HA‐8160 analyzer and comparison with other instruments
Authors: ANAGNOSTOPOULOS K. , TENTES I. , KALLEAS C. , MARGARITIS D. , TOLI A. , PENDILAS D. , BOURIKAS G. , TSATALAS C. , KORTSARIS A. H.
Published: August 2008

It is known that the presence of hemoglobin S (HbS) affects the determination of hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) levels in clinical samples. We quantitated this effect using the Menarini HA‐8160 analyzer and compared with other instruments (HELENA beta‐thal quik column, TOSOH HLC‐723G7 and BIORAD Variant II) using the HELENA SAS‐MX alkaline gel electrophoresis kit as the reference method. The %HbA2 values from the HA‐8160 analyzer and the alkaline gel electrophoresis show a good linear correlation in the absence of HbS. A strong positive bias in the %HbA2 values from the HA‐8160 is apparent in the presence of HbS in the samples, when compared with the alkaline electrophoresis. The analytical imprecision and bias of the three HPLC instruments are comparable both in the presence and absence of HbS. The manual column method shows a lower bias in the absence of HbS but is more affected when HbS is present in the samples.
Representations of Labour: Visual Sociology and Work
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: August 2008

This paper explores the potential that visual methods, approaches, and resources offer to the sociologist of work. It looks at the way work is represented in a range of publications and asks questions about what the visual can add to our understanding of the workplace, workers, and work processes. It argues that we need to develop and expand a sociological language of the visual in order to better understand cultural and other aspects of work and employment.
Insulin Resistance: A Potential New Target for Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Wong Aaron K.F. , ALZadjali Matlooba A. , Choy Anna‐Maria J. , Lang Chim C.
Published: August 2008

There is increasing evidence to suggest that chronic heart failure (CHF) is an insulin resistant (IR) state and that the degree of IR correlates with the severity and mortality of CHF. The pathophysiology of IR in CHF has yet to be fully defined. Additionally, it remains to be determined if IR is merely a marker reflecting the severity of CHF or whether it contributes to the disease in CHF. If IR is truly a culprit that worsens CHF, it will potentially be a new target for therapy as strategies that can reverse IR in CHF may potentially result in an improvement in symptoms and even mortality in these patients. However, there are concerns regarding the use of certain insulin sensitizers, most notably, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which have been associated with increased risk of hospitalizations for CHF. Despite previous concerns of lactic acidosis (LA), there is now evidence that metformin may not only be safe but could potentially be useful in the setting of CHF. There are now ongoing prospective studies, including the TAYSIDE study, to determine if reversing IR with metformin will have beneficial effects in patients with CHF.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Canada
Authors: Van Ameringen Michael , Mancini Catherine , Patterson Beth , Boyle Michael H.
Published: August 2008

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become a global health issue, with prevalence rates ranging from 1.3% to 37.4%. As there is little current data on PTSD in Canada, an epidemiological study was conducted examining PTSD and related comorbid conditions. Modified versions of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) PTSD module, the depression, alcohol and substance abuse sections of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), as well as portions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were combined, and administered via telephone interview in English or French. Random digit dialing was used to obtain a nationally representative sample of 2991, aged 18 years and above from across Canada. The prevalence rate of lifetime PTSD in Canada was estimated to be 9.2%, with a rate of current (1‐month) PTSD of 2.4%. Traumatic exposure to at least one event sufficient to cause PTSD was reported by 76.1% of respondents. The most common forms of trauma resulting in PTSD included unexpected death of a loved one, sexual assault, and seeing someone badly injured or killed. In respondents meeting criteria for PTSD, the symptoms were chronic in nature, and associated with significant impairment and high rates of comorbidity. PTSD is a common psychiatric disorder in Canada. The results are surprising, given the comparably low rates of violent crime, a small military and few natural disasters. Potential implications of these findings are discussed.
A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Pilot Dose‐Finding Study of Maca Root (L. Meyenii) for the Management of SSRI‐Induced Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Dording Christina M. , Fisher Lauren , Papakostas George , Farabaugh Amy , Sonawalla Shamsah , Fava Maurizio , Mischoulon David
Published: August 2008

We sought to determine whether maca, a Peruvian plant, is effective for selective‐serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)‐induced sexual dysfunction. We conducted a double‐blind, randomized, parallel group dose‐finding pilot study comparing a low‐dose (1.5 g/day) to a high‐dose (3.0 g/day) maca regimen in 20 remitted depressed outpatients (mean age 36 ± 13 years; 17 women) with SSRI‐induced sexual dysfunction. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) and the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Function Questionnaire (MGH‐SFQ) were used to measure sexual dysfunction. Ten subjects completed the study, and 16 subjects (9 on 3.0 g/day; 7 on 1.5 g/day) were eligible for intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analyses on the basis of having had at least one postbaseline visit. ITT subjects on 3.0 g/day maca had a significant improvement in ASEX (from 22.8 ± 3.8 to 16.9 ± 6.2; z =−2.20, P= 0.028) and in MGH‐SFQ scores (from 24.1 ± 1.9 to 17.0 ± 5.7; z =−2.39, P= 0.017), but subjects on 1.5 g/day maca did not. Libido improved significantly (P < 0.05) for the ITT and completer groups based on ASEX item #1, but not by dosing groups. Maca was well tolerated. Maca root may alleviate SSRI‐induced sexual dysfunction, and there may be a dose‐related effect. Maca may also have a beneficial effect on libido.
Current Crowding and its Effects on Electromigration and Interfacial Reaction in Lead-Free Solder Joints
Authors: Lu Hao , Yu Chun , Li Peilin , Chen Junmei
Published: August 2008

The current density distribution in a line-to-bump structure as a function of cross-sectional area ratio of the electrical conductor was investigated, as well as the effects of current crowding on electromigration and interfacial reaction in lead-free solder joints. Finite element analysis shows that the crowding factor is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area ratio between Cu line and contact opening at the cathode side. Cu∕Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu∕Cu solder joints with Cu line in different widths were designed and tested under 1×103A∕cm2 at 60°C for 430h. The experiment results show that big voids induced by electromigration are only formed at the structure with a narrower line. Moreover, the growth of intermetallic compound layers, as well as dissolution of Cu at the cathode side, is accelerated by smaller current crowding, whereas impeded by a bigger one.
Analysis of Solderless Press-Fit Interconnections During the Assembly Process
Authors: Tohmyoh Hironori , Yamanobe Kiichiro , Saka Masumi , Utsunomiya Jiro , Nakamura Takeshi , Nakano Yoshikatsu
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with typical mechanical problems that are encountered in a solderless press-fit assembly process. First, the elastic-plastic properties of two types of press-fit pins and the friction coefficients of the pins in thin plated through holes are determined both experimentally and by three-dimensional finite element analysis. The elastic-plastic properties of the press-fit pins are determined by small-scale testing under three-point bending. The coefficients of friction of the pins in the through holes are successfully determined from the load-displacement relationships of the pins during press-fit assembly processes. The validity of the parameters that are determined is clarified by inserting the press-fit pins into holes of different diameters. By comparing the damaged areas of the printed circuit boards after assembly and the numerically obtained stress distributions, the failure stress of the boards is determined. Finally, both the retention force of the pins and the degree of damage to the printed circuit boards after assembly are predicted by numerical analysis.
Helical Structures of ESCRT-III Are Disassembled by VPS4
Authors: Lata Suman , Schoehn Guy , Jain Ankur , Pires Ricardo , Piehler Jacob , Gőttlinger Heinrich G. , Weissenhorn Winfried
Published: August 2008

During intracellular membrane trafficking and remodeling, protein complexes known as the ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) interact with membranes and are required for budding processes directed away from the cytosol, including the budding of intralumenal vesicles to form multivesicular bodies; for the budding of some enveloped viruses; and for daughter cell scission in cytokinesis. We found that the ESCRT-III proteins CHMP2A and CHMP3 (charged multivesicular body proteins 2A and 3) could assemble in vitro into helical tubular structures that expose their membrane interaction sites on the outside of the tubule, whereas the AAA-type adenosine triphosphatase VPS4 could bind on the inside of the tubule and disassemble the tubes upon adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. CHMP2A and CHMP3 copolymerized in solution, and their membrane targeting was cooperatively enhanced on planar lipid bilayers. Such helical CHMP structures could thus assemble within the neck of an inwardly budding vesicle, catalyzing late steps in budding under the control of VPS4.
Mobilising public opinion for the tobacco industry: the consumer tax alliance and excise taxes
Authors: Campbell R , Balbach E D
Published: August 2008

Background:

Tobacco industry funding was instrumental in creating and financing the Consumer Tax Alliance in 1989 as an organisation that relied upon extensive media outreach to build opposition to excise taxes as a regressive form of taxation. By obscuring its own role in this effort, the tobacco industry undermined the public’s reasonable expectations for transparency in the policy-making process.

Aim:

To examine the formation and activities of the Consumer Tax Alliance as a “hybrid” form of interest group in order to provide tobacco control and public health advocates with a better understanding of unanticipated tobacco industry coalitions and facilitate appropriate countermeasures.

Methods:

Document searches through the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and through Tobacco Documents Online and review of background literature.

Results:

The Tobacco Institute actively sought liberal allies beginning in the mid-1980s in seeking to build public opposition to cigarette excise tax increases by promoting them as a regressive form of taxation. The creation of the Consumer Tax Alliance in 1989 was expressly intended to turn labour and middle-class opinion against prospective excise tax increases in federal budget deficit negotiations, without divulging the tobacco industry’s role in its formation.

Conclusion:

It is important to understand the dynamic by which trusted organisations can be induced to alter their agendas in response to funding sources. Advocates need to understand this form of interest group behaviour so that they are better able to negotiate the policy arena by diagnosing and exposing this influence where it occurs and, by doing so, be better prepared to take appropriate countermeasures.
IDENTITY OF THE WHEAT CHROMOSOMES REPLACED BY AGROPYRON CHROMOSOMES IN A TRIPLE ALIEN CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION LINE IMMUNE TO WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC
Authors: Larson Ruby I. , Atkinson T. G.
Published: August 2008

A derivative of Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell. cultivar Rescue3 (2n = 42) × Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Beauv. (2n = 70) is immune to wheat streak mosaic virus Marmor virgatum McK., has 21 pairs of chromosomes, and hybridizes readily with wheat. By crossing with lines ditelosomic for known chromosomes it was determined that Agropyron chromosomes have replaced wheat chromosomes 4D, 5D, and 6D. In growth habit the immune line is like Rescue, but its long slender spikes, absence of awns, and small, slender, blue seeds resemble Agropyron.
PTERIDINES IN THE CLARET MUTANTS OFDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Chan V. L. , Davis D. G.
Published: August 2008

Pteridine developmental patterns found in two-dimensional chromatograms prepared from adult, claret-eyed (ca and candhomozygotes and cand/ca heterozygotes) and wild-type Drosophila melanogaster were compared, and a metabolic block affecting the conversion of biopterin to drosopterin was tentatively identified. All three mutant types appeared identical in their pteridine inventories, thus providing no support for a supposed cause-effect relationship between abnormal pteridine metabolism and aberrant behaviour of chromosomes in cand.
KARYOLOGICAL STUDIES IN AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS
Authors: Krishnan R. , Magoon M. L. , Bai K. Vijaya
Published: August 2008

Karyomorphological studies of Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume (Araceae) were pursued at pachytene and at root tip and pollen mitotic metaphases. The haploid complement (n = 14) at root and pollen mitoses could be categorized under six types including two nucleolar chromosomes. The karyotypes at these two stages were in agreement except for the relative lengths of one of the nucleolar chromosomes. The chromosomes at prophase of pollen mitosis and pachytene were characterized by differential staining. The two nucleolar chromosomes at pollen mitosis and pachytene were similar in general morphology and length relationships. Adopting suitable morphological criteria, the haploid chromosomal complement is identified. Based on this data and other considerations, a polyploid origin for this species was suggested and the urgent need for a comprehensive cytological survey of this genus is stressed.
THE INDUCTION OF X-CHROMOSOMAL ANEUPLOIDY BY 5-FLUORODEOXYURIDINE (FUdR) FED TO DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER FEMALES
Authors: Traut H.
Published: August 2008

After feeding FUdR (5-fluorodeoxyuridine) to female Drosophila melanogaster, highly significant increases in the frequencies of both XO and XXY exceptions were observed in their offspring. The XXY exceptions and part of the XO exceptions result from maternal nondisjunction of the X-chromosomes. Part of the XO exceptions can be assumed to be produced by X-chromosome breakage followed by bridge formation. The analysis of the brood pattern observed suggests that interphase cells (premeiotic oocytes, oogonia) are especially sensitive in the induction of both XO and XXY exceptions by FUdR. In addition, and contrary to the results obtained with other objects, FUdR seems to induce chromosomal damage (presumably chromatid and/or isochromatid breaks) not only in interphase but also in prophase cells. The mechanisms of the induction of X-chromosomal aneuploids by FUdR are discussed.
Comparison and regionalization of hydrologically based instream flow techniques in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Caissie Daniel , El-Jabi Nassir
Published: August 2008

Five hydrologically based instream flow assessment methods are compared for 70 rivers in Atlantic Canada; these methods included (i) Tennant method; (ii) 25% mean annual flow (25% MAF); (iii) median monthly flow (Q50) which includes the aquatic base flow (ABF); (iv) the flow equalled or exceeded 90% of time on a monthly flow duration curve (Q90); and (v) the statistical 7-day low flow frequency of a 10-year recurrence interval (7Q10). By comparing the different methods relative to the 25% MAF (the commonly used method in Atlantic Canada), we found that the Q90 and 7Q10 methods predicted extremely low instream flows during winter and summer months. Resource management decisions based on these extremely low flow predictions could have serious adverse consequences. The median monthly flow method (Q50) was recommended for gauged basins, whereas the Tennant method, the 25% MAF method, and the ABF methods were recommended for ungauged basins. For ungauged basins, we conducted a regional study to estimate the 25% MAF and the ABF using multiple regression analysis. Physiographic parameters were used as explanatory variables in the regression analysis. Based on the coefficient of determination, R2, the best regression results were obtained for the 25% MAF with R2 ranging from 0.957 to 0.999. Although the results for ABF were slightly lower than for the 25% MAF, R2 was still in the range of 0.868 to 0.979. Key words: environmental assessment, maintenance flow, low flow, aquatic resources.
History of stepped channels and spillways: a rediscovery of the “wheel”
Authors: Chanson H.
Published: August 2008

Recently, spillways with a stepped profile have regained interest and favor among design engineers to pass flood waters over the dams. The stepped geometry enhances the energy dissipation above the spillway and reduces the size of a downstream stilling basin. In this paper, the author shows that the technique of stepped channels has been developed since Antiquity. Spillways and irrigation channels with stepped profiles were developed by several civilisations around the Mediterranean sea and in America. The main characteristics of the stepped spillways along the ages suggest a regular evolution rather than a revolution. Present stepped spillways are designed to pass similar discharges as 200 years ago. Key words: stepped channels, spillway, irrigation system, history, design techniques, energy dissipation.