bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Models and monitoring of zero‐inflated processes: The past and current trends
Authors: Mahmood Tahir , Xie Min
Published: July 2019

As product quality has increased rapidly in recent years, monitoring and control of products have become more and more difficult. The items were produced with zero defects, and zero‐inflated distributions are used to fit the defect count data. Recently, many studies were designed for the estimation and monitoring methods based on the zero‐inflated distributions. As zero‐inflated models are useful in the modeling of high‐yield and rare health‐related processes, so, the stated study is designed to provide a summary of past and current trends of monitoring methods under the zero‐inflated models. Moreover, a review is done on the several zero‐inflated models and their applications in different industries. Finally, some future directions are also highlighted to overcome existing unsolved issues.
Powers of tight Hamilton cycles in randomly perturbed hypergraphs
Authors: Bedenknecht Wiebke , Han Jie , Kohayakawa Yoshiharu , Mota Guilherme O.
Published: July 2019

For k ≥ 2 and r ≥ 1 such that k + r ≥ 4, we prove that, for any α > 0, there exists ε > 0 such that the union of an n‐vertex k‐graph with minimum codegree and a binomial random k‐graph with on the same vertex set contains the rth power of a tight Hamilton cycle with high probability. This result for r = 1 was first proved by McDowell and Mycroft.
Mixed modeling of the social network mechanisms for the sustainable development of tourism: The case of Iranian Kurdistan
Authors: Sobhanifard Yaser , Vaeysi Mohammad
Published: July 2019

This study explores mixed modeling of social networking mechanisms for the sustainable development of tourism. The present study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, thematic analysis was used, and in the second stage, DEMATEL method was used. The results of this study showed that the social network can improve the sustainable development of tourism using 36 basic themes (mechanisms) abstracted to six organizing themes. This model also ranks these six mechanisms using four views. Findings of the present study may find useful applications in three scopes, namely, personal, business, and governmental sectors. The present research is the first to seek mechanisms founded on social networks, via which one can contribute to the sustainable development of tourism. Accordingly, once finished with exploring the respective model, related mechanisms are ranked at different levels to introduce the required future orientations for achieving sustainable development of tourism.
Organocatalyzed Annulation Cascade toward Asymmetric Functionalization of Dibenzoxazepines and Dibenzothiazepines with Vicinal Tertiary Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Ramakrishna Isai , Reddy Mallu Kesava , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: July 2019

An efficient organocatalyzed annulation cascade has been established for the stereoselective functionalization of dibenzoxazepine and dibenzothiazepine scaffolds. The protocol used ready‐stock proline as a catalyst and a variety biologically important oxa/thiazepine based polycyclic frameworks featuring congested chiral vicinal tertiary centers were obtained in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities (>20:1 dr) and enantioselectivities (>96:4 er). Synthetic utility was showcased through the gram‐scale reaction and diverse derivatization sequences.
Seismic design and performance analysis of buckling‐restrained braced RC frame structures
Authors: Pan Yi , An Renbing , Bai Jiulin , Yan Xunzhang , Jin Shuangshuang
Published: July 2019

Due to the stable hysteretic behavior, buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) have been increasingly adopted in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures to develop a dual structural system (BRB‐RCF). This study proposed an alternative strength‐based design approach that decomposes the dual BRB‐RCF system into two independent RC frame and BRB system using the BRB‐carrying story shear ratio. The design of RC frame is performed in an integrated manner by considering the BRB postyielding force demands. Three RC frames with five, 10, and 15 stories were employed as prototype structures, and seven story shear ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 were used to generate a total of 21 structural modes. The material usage, maximum axial compression ratio of columns, and elastic interstory drift ratio were compared for different story shear ratios. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of the BRB‐RCFs subjected to 12 ground motions were carried out. The seismic response including the maximum interstory drift ratio, hysteretic energy dissipation ratio, and actual BRB‐carrying story shear ratio were systematically assessed for different design story shear ratios. Based on the considerations of material usage and seismic performance, it is suggested that the design BRB‐carrying story shear ratio should be in the range of 0.3 to 0.5.
An investigation on the impacts of passive and semiactive structural control on a fixed bottom and a floating offshore wind turbine
Authors: Park Semyung , Lackner Matthew A. , Pourazarm Pariya , Rodríguez Tsouroukdissian Arturo , Cross‐Whiter John
Published: July 2019

The application of structural control to offshore wind turbines (OWTs) using tuned mass dampers (TMDs) has shown to be effective in reducing the system loads. The parameters of a magnetorheological (MR) damper modeled by the Bouc‐Wen model are modified to utilize it as a damping device of the TMD. Rather than showcasing the intricate design policy, this research focuses on the availability of the MR damper model on TMDs and its significance on structural control. The impact of passive and semiactive (S‐A) TMDs applied to both fixed bottom and floating OWTs is evaluated under the fatigue limit state (FLS) and the ultimate limit state (ULS). Different S‐A control logics based on the ground hook (GH) control policy are implemented, and the frequency response of each algorithm is investigated. It is shown that the performance of each algorithm varies according to the load conditions such as a normal operation and an extreme case. Fully coupled time domain simulations are conducted through a newly developed simulation tool, integrated into FASTv8. Compared with the passive TMD, it is shown that the S‐A TMD results in higher load reductions with smaller strokes under both the FLS and the ULS conditions. The S‐A TMD using displacement‐based GH control is capable of reducing the fore‐aft and side‐to‐side damage equivalent loads for the monopile by approximately 12% and 64%, respectively. The ultimate loadings at the tower base for the floating substructure are reduced by 9% with the S‐A TMD followed by inverse velocity‐based GH control (IVB‐GH).
Introduction
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

This book seeks overall to identify some important but previously unnoticed ways in which psychology can help philosophers. The early chapters discuss the relative merits of Chinese and Western philosophy. Chapter 2 argues that the Chinese notion of heart-mind is accurate to our psychology in a way that the Western concept of mind is not. Chapter 3 criticizes traditional Chinese and Western ideas about moral self-cultivation, and Chap. 4 speaks more generally of the comparative strengths and weaknesses of the two traditions. Chapter 5 describes how the psychology of empathy is relevant to speech act theory. Chapter 6 discusses how recent psychology can help us show that justice “pays.” And Chap. 7 seeks to demonstrate that psychological egoism is much less of a challenge to ethics and our self-understanding than is commonly believed. Chapter 8 expands on some of the themes of earlier chapters.
Yin-Yang, Mind, and Heart-Mind
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

The Chinese/Asian notion of heart-mind is more accurate to human psychology than the West’s constantly used notion of mind. The latter implies that thinking and reasoning can go on in the absence of all emotion, the former precisely does not. But it turns out that belief essentially involves emotion, epistemic emotion, in just the way confidence does, and because belief is essential to all cognitive processes, we can conclude that in all accuracy there is no such thing as mind. The heart-mind is thus vindicated, but turns out, in turn, to be further explainable in terms of updated philosophical notions of yin and yang. Our beliefs, desires, motives, and moral virtues can be fundamentally conceptualized in terms of yin understood as receptivity and yang understood as directed active purpose.
Moral Self-Cultivation East and West: A Critique
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

Chinese thought places great emphasis on moral self-cultivation, but offers no clear view of why people should want to become more virtuous and of how they can do so largely through their own efforts. Chinese philosophers like Mencius talk of extending our benevolence from our own family to people outside the family but offer no guidelines about how or whether to do this. Similarly, in the West, both Aristotle and Kant offer theories of how we can improve ourselves morally. Both emphasize habituation: habitual repetition of virtuous actions or habitual refusal to yield to immoral temptations. But recent psychology has been skeptical of the efficacy of these particular modes of moral self-improvement. Moral improvement more easily occurs through the influence of other people than through one’s own efforts.
Philosophical Deficiencies East and West
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

Male Western philosophers are typically less sensitive to psychological nuance than their female counterparts. But they also are typically better at precise analysis and argument and tend to be more systematic about the doing of philosophy than are female philosophers. Chinese philosophers, both male and female, are less accustomed to analytic thinking than typical Anglophone philosophers are, but they also tend to be more open-minded than philosophers in the West. Aristotle makes no room for open-mindedness in his depiction of the virtuous individual, but both Confucius and Mencius place great emphasis on being open to the point of view of other people. Future philosophy needs to be done with psychological sensitivity, analytic argumentation, open-mindedness, and an effort to connect ideas in a systematic fashion.
The Many Roles of Empathy
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

Empathy plays many roles that have not previously been discussed. It can directly acquaint us with other people’s feelings/attitudes, but that enables it also to help us understand the world that others are responding to. A child can empathically take in their parents’ fear of bears and thereby come to learn non-inferentially that bears are dangerous. Empathy is also sensitive to the moral motivation of others and arguably then can serve as the “moral sense” that Francis Hutcheson had such difficulty defending. Finally, empathy plays a role in felicitous speech acts that speech act theory has never recognized. For example, assertion typically works as well as it does because the speaker’s confidence conveys itself empathically to the hearer, a fact that the speakers themselves are typically aware of. Charles Stevenson said that the feelings of someone making a value judgment can spread by contagion to hearers, but any sincere assertion involves confidence that can spread in this empathic manner. Other speech acts involve empathy in other ways.
The Impossibility of Egoism
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

It was earlier thought that morality needs to defend itself against the psychological egoist, but in recent times it has been realized that morality doesn’t have to bolster itself by showing that it pays to be moral. Moreover, it turns out that psychological egoism is a much narrower phenomenon than has been recognized. The desire for the esteem or love of others is not egoistic because it places so much intrinsic importance on other people. Analogous points hold for curiosity and the desire for mastery. Even common appetites for food and sex have non-egoistic elements that Bishop Butler was the first to point out. When we are sexually attracted, it is not the greater pleasure we can get from someone that attracts us to their looks; rather, we get greater pleasure from them because of the way we value their looks. No possible person could be fully egoistic, and no philosophical argument could ever change egoistic motivation into something different.
Further Connections
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

Further implications can be drawn from some of our previous chapters. Chapter 2’s discussion of the inevitable connection between cognitive functioning and emotion allows one to conclude that there is no such thing as pure reason. This means that there can be no viable form of ethical rationalism. What was said in Chap. 2 also allows us to recognize that belief is the yin and desire the yang of the human heart-mind. Further, yin-yang can be used to illuminate epistemology and not just ethics. Chapter 3’s discussion of the limits of moral self-cultivation can lead us toward a better understanding of how, via empathy, love for one’s siblings and one’s parents can develop. What Chap. 5 said about empathy and assertion can be bolstered by considering how a speaker can empathically register how well her confidence in some assertion has been conveyed to an empathizing hearer. Different earlier chapters spoke of moral development, but such development is part of human development in a larger sense. Erikson’s ideas about the human life cycle can be invoked in order to place moral development within a much larger context.
Leading exponential finite size corrections for non-diagonal form factors
Authors: Bajnok Zoltán , Lájer Márton , Szépfalvi Bálint , Vona István
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We derive the leading exponential finite volume corrections in two dimensional integrable models for non-diagonal form factors in diagonally scattering theories. These formulas are expressed in terms of the infinite volume form factors and scattering matrices. If the particles are bound states then the leading exponential finite-size corrections (μ-terms) are related to virtual processes in which the particles disintegrate into their constituents. For non-bound state particles the leading exponential finite-size corrections (F-terms) come from virtual particles traveling around the finite world. In these F-terms a specifically regulated infinite volume form factor is integrated for the momenta of the virtual particles. The F-term is also present for bound states and the μ-term can be obtained by taking an appropriate residue of the F-term integral. We check our results numerically in the Lee-Yang and sinh-Gordon models based on newly developed Hamiltonian truncations.
Milestones from the Pure Lisp theorem prover to ACL2
Authors: Moore J. Strother
Published: July 2019

We discuss the evolutionary path from the Edinburgh Pure Lisp Theorem Prover of the early 1970s to its modern counterpart,
A
C
omputational
L
ogic for
A
pplicative
C
ommon
L
isp, aka ACL2, which is in regular industrial use. Among the milestones in this evolution are the adoption of a first-order subset of a programming language as a logic; the analysis of recursive definitions to guess appropriate mathematical induction schemes; the use of simplification in inductive proofs; the incorporation of rewrite rules derived from user-suggested lemmas; the generalization of that idea to allow the user to affect other proof techniques soundly; the recognition that evaluation efficiency is paramount so that formal models can serve as prototypes and the logic can be used to reprogram the system; use of the system to prove extensions correct; the incorporation of decision procedures; the provision of hierarchically structured libraries of previously certified results to configure the prover; the provision of system programming features to allow verification tools to be built and verified within the system; the release of many verified collections of lemmas supporting floating point, programming languages, and hardware platforms; a verified “bit-bashing” tool exploiting verified BDD and checked external SAT procedures; and the provision
of certain higher-order features within the first-order setting. As will become apparent, some of these milestones were suggested or even prototyped by users. Some additional non-technical aspects of the project are also critical. Among these are a devotion to soundness, good documentation, freely available source code, production of a system usable by industry, responsiveness to user needs, and a dedicated, passionate, and brilliant user community.
Small business property tax reductions and job growth
Authors: Gobey Matthew , Matikonis Karolis
Published: July 2019

The incomplete devolution of taxation powers to English Local Government has been constrained by central government’s doubling of reductions in property taxes for small firms. The aim is to stimulate local growth, but we question the economic logic. We analyse reductions in place since 2005, with a newly linked dataset for all firms that incorporate administrative data down to local units. We find the reductions do not overcome supposed market failures, do not stimulate job growth and once we control for firm age, that the targeted small firms do not produce extra employment. Young firms and larger firms have better growth rates, but there is no systematic size effect. We conclude that the tax reductions fail because they do not account for tax capitalisation (i.e. incidence shifts from firms to property owners), the basic characteristics of the average small firm or develop a clear mechanism for change among heterogeneous economic actors.
The Bramson delay in the non-local Fisher-KPP equation
Authors: Bouin Emeric , Henderson Christopher , Ryzhik Lenya
Published: July 2019

We consider the non-local Fisher-KPP equation modeling a population with individuals competing with each other for resources with a strength related to their distance, and obtain the asymptotics for the position of the invasion front starting from a localized population. Depending on the behavior of the competition kernel at infinity, the location of the front is either

2t−(3/ 2)\mathrm{\log }⁡t + O(1)

, as in the local case, or

2t−O(t^{\beta })

for some explicit

\beta \in (0,1)

. Our main tools here are a local-in-time Harnack inequality and an analysis of the linearized problem with a suitable moving Dirichlet boundary condition. Our analysis also yields, for any

\beta \in (0,1)

, examples of Fisher-KPP type non-linearities

f_{\beta }

such that the front for the local Fisher-KPP equation with reaction term

f_{\beta }

is at

2t−O(t^{\beta })

.

Dans cet article, nous considérons l'équation de Fisher-KPP non locale, qui modélise la dynamique d'une population ou la force de compétition pour les ressources dépend de la distance entre les individus. Nous obtenons une asymptotique précise en temps long de la position d'une population qui est initialement localisée en espace. Selon la décroissance à l'infini du noyau de compétition, la position du front est soit

2t−(3/ 2)\mathrm{\log }⁡t + O(1)

, comme dans le cas de l'équation locale, soit

2t−O(t^{\beta })

, pour un

\beta \in (0,1)

calculé explicitement. Les outils les plus importants utilisés dans cet article sont une version locale en temps d'une inégalité de Harnack parabolique ainsi qu'une analyse fine du problème linéarisé avec une condition de bord de Dirichlet dynamique. Notre analyse donne aussi, pour tout

\beta \in (0,1)

, des exemples de non-linéarités de type Fisher-KPP pour lesquelles le front se trouve en

2t−O(t^{\beta })

.
Magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain atrophy from the EXPEDITION3 trial in mild Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Schwarz Adam J. , Sundell Karen L. , Charil Arnaud , Case Michael G. , Jaeger Ralf K. , Scott David , Bracoud Luc , Oh Joonmi , Suhy Joyce , Pontecorvo Michael J. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Siemers Eric R.
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Solanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that preferentially binds to soluble amyloid β and promotes its clearance from the brain in preclinical studies. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of solanezumab in slowing global and anatomically localized brain atrophy as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

In the EXPEDITION3 phase 3 trial, participants with mild Alzheimer's disease were randomized to receive intravenous infusions of either 400 mg of solanezumab or placebo every 4 weeks for 76 weeks. Volumetric MRI scans were acquired at baseline and at 80 weeks from 275 MRI facilities using a standardized imaging protocol. A subset of 1462 patients who completed both MRI and 14‐item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale assessments at both time points were selected for analysis. Longitudinal MRI volume changes were analyzed centrally by tensor‐based morphometry with a standard FreeSurfer brain parcellation. Prespecified volumetric measures, including whole brain and ventricles, along with anatomically localized regions in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes were evaluated in those participants.

Results

Group‐mean differences in brain atrophy rates were directionally consistent across a number of brain regions but small in magnitude (1.3–6.9% slowing) and not statistically significant when corrected for multiple comparisons. The annualized rates of change of the volumetric measures and the correlation of these changes with cognitive changes in placebo‐treated subjects were similar to those reported previously.

Discussion

In the EXPEDITION3 trial, solanezumab did not significantly slow down rates of global or anatomically localized brain atrophy. Brain volume changes and their relationship to cognition were consistent with previous reports.
Anticipating exclusion: Global supply chains and Chinese business responses to the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Gulotty Robert , Li Xiaojun
Published: July 2019

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) promise exclusive access for their members at the expense of excluded parties. But what does this exclusivity mean for firms in nonmember states if production networks are internationally organized? This paper analyzes the effect of PTA exclusion on firms embedded in the global supply chains, focusing on the case of China's exclusion from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Drawing on a survey of Chinese firm managers during the TPP negotiations, we find that productive and downstream firms anticipated the exclusion and made adjustments accordingly, which led to a general sense of optimism toward the agreement. When presented with the prospect of an expanded TPP, however, firms are divided depending on how their own positions in the global supply chain complement or compete with the new member. These findings, validated with interviews in the field, suggest that the effects of PTA exclusion depend on the ability and need for firms to adjust. As a result, exclusion does not equate to an unalloyed loss for excluded firms.
Frictional hysteresis and particle deposition in granular free-surface flows
Authors: Edwards A. N. , Russell A. S. , Johnson C. G. , Gray J. M. N. T.
Published: July 2019

Shallow granular avalanches on slopes close to repose exhibit hysteretic behaviour. For instance, when a steady-uniform granular flow is brought to rest it leaves a deposit of thickness $h_{stop}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})$ on a rough slope inclined at an angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$ to the horizontal. However, this layer will not spontaneously start to flow again until it is inclined to a higher angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{start}$, or the thickness is increased to $h_{start}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})>h_{stop}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})$. This simple phenomenology leads to a rich variety of flows with co-existing regions of solid-like and fluid-like granular behaviour that evolve in space and time. In particular, frictional hysteresis is directly responsible for the spontaneous formation of self-channelized flows with static levees, retrogressive failures as well as erosion–deposition waves that travel through the material. This paper is motivated by the experimental observation that a travelling-wave develops, when a steady uniform flow of carborundum particles on a bed of larger glass beads, runs out to leave a deposit that is approximately equal to $h_{stop}$. Numerical simulations using the friction law originally proposed by Edwards et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 823, 2017, pp. 278–315) and modified here, demonstrate that there are in fact two travelling waves. One that marks the trailing edge of the steady-uniform flow and another that rapidly deposits the particles, directly connecting the point of minimum dynamic friction (at thickness $h_{\ast }$) with the deposited layer. The first wave moves slightly faster than the second wave, and so there is a slowly expanding region between them in which the flow thins and the particles slow down. An exact inviscid solution for the second travelling wave is derived and it is shown that for a steady-uniform flow of thickness $h_{\ast }$ it produces a deposit close to $h_{stop}$ for all inclination angles. Numerical simulations show that the two-wave structure deposits layers that are approximately equal to $h_{stop}$ for all initial thicknesses. This insensitivity to the initial conditions implies that $h_{stop}$ is a universal quantity, at least for carborundum particles on a bed of larger glass beads. Numerical simulations are therefore able to capture the complete experimental staircase procedure, which is commonly used to determine the $h_{stop}$ and $h_{start}$ curves by progressively increasing the inclination of the chute. In general, however, the deposit thickness may depend on the depth of the flowing layer that generated it, so the most robust way to determine $h_{stop}$ is to measure the deposit thickness from a flow that was moving at the minimum steady-uniform velocity. Finally, some of the pathologies in earlier non-monotonic friction laws are discussed and it is explicitly shown that with these models either steadily travelling deposition waves do not form or they do not leave the correct deposit depth $h_{stop}$.
Subglacial water pressure and ice-speed variations at Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: SUGIYAMA SHIN , NAVARRO FRANCISCO J. , SAWAGAKI TAKANOBU , MINOWA MASAHIRO , SEGAWA TAKAHIRO , ONUMA YUKIHIKO , OTERO JAIME , VASILENKO EVGENY V.
Published: July 2019

To study subglacial hydrological condition and its influence on the glacier dynamics, we drilled Johnsons Glacier on Livingston Island in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Subglacial water pressure was recorded in boreholes at two locations over 2 years, accompanied by high-frequency ice-speed measurements during two summer melt seasons. Water pressure showed two different regimes, namely high frequency and large amplitude variations during the melt season (January–April) and small fluctuations near the overburden pressure the rest of the year. Speed-up events were observed several times in each summer measurement period. Ice motion during these events substantially contributed to total glacier motion, for example, fast ice flow over 1 week accounted for ~70% of the total displacement over a 25-day long measurement period. We did not find a clear relationship between subglacial water pressure and ice speed. This was probably because subglacial hydraulic conditions were spatially inhomogeneous and thus our borehole data did not always represent a large-scale subglacial condition. Ice temperature measurements in the boreholes confirmed the existence of a cold ice layer near the glacier surface. Our data provide a basis to better understand the dynamic and hydrological conditions of relatively unstudied glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula region.
First passage upwards for state-dependent-killed spectrally negative Lévy processes
Authors: Vidmar Matija
Published: July 2019

For a spectrally negative Lévy process X, killed according to a rate that is a function ω of its position, we complement the recent findings of [12] by analysing (in greater generality) the exit probability of the one-sided upwards passage problem. When ω is strictly positive, this problem is related to the determination of the Laplace transform of the first passage time upwards for X that has been time-changed by the inverse of the additive functional $$\int_0^ \cdot \omega ({X_u}){\kern 1pt} {\rm{d}}u$$. In particular, our findings thus shed extra light on related results concerning first passage times downwards (resp. upwards) of continuous-state branching processes (resp. spectrally negative positive self-similar Markov processes).
Renewal processes, population dynamics, and unimodular trees
Authors: Baccelli François , Sodre Antonio
Published: July 2019

Based on a simple object, an i.i.d. sequence of positive integer-valued random variables {an}n∊ℤ, we introduce and study two random structures and their connections. First, a population dynamics, in which each individual is born at time n and dies at time n + an. This dynamics is that of a D/GI/∞ queue, with arrivals at integer times and service times given by {an}n∊ℤ. Second, the directed random graph Tf on ℤ generated by the random map f(n) = n + an. Assuming only that E [a0] < ∞ and P [a0 = 1] > 0, we show that, in steady state, the population dynamics is regenerative, with one individual alive at each regeneration epoch. We identify a unimodular structure in this dynamics. More precisely, Tf is a unimodular directed tree, in which f(n) is the parent of n. This tree has a unique bi-infinite path. Moreover, Tf splits the integers into two categories: ephemeral integers, with a finite number of descendants of all degrees, and successful integers, with an infinite number. Each regeneration epoch is a successful individual such that all integers less than it are its descendants of some order. Ephemeral, successful, and regeneration integers form stationary and mixing point processes on ℤ.
Asymptotic behaviour of randomised fractional volatility models
Authors: Horvath Blanka , Jacquier Antoine , Lacombe Chloé
Published: July 2019

We study the asymptotic behaviour of a class of small-noise diffusions driven by fractional Brownian motion, with random starting points. Different scalings allow for different asymptotic properties of the process (small-time and tail behaviours in particular). In order to do so, we extend some results on sample path large deviations for such diffusions. As an application, we show how these results characterise the small-time and tail estimates of the implied volatility for rough volatility models, recently proposed in mathematical finance.
Exit problems for general draw-down times of spectrally negative Lévy processes
Authors: Li Bo , Vu Nhat Linh , Zhou Xiaowen
Published: July 2019

For spectrally negative Lévy processes, we prove several fluctuation results involving a general draw-down time, which is a downward exit time from a dynamic level that depends on the running maximum of the process. In particular, we find expressions of the Laplace transforms for the two-sided exit problems involving the draw-down time. We also find the Laplace transforms for the hitting time and creeping time over the running-maximum related draw-down level, respectively, and obtain an expression for a draw-down associated potential measure. The results are expressed in terms of scale functions for the spectrally negative Lévy processes.
On the existence of sure profits via flash strategies
Authors: Fontana Claudio , Pelger Markus , Platen Eckhard
Published: July 2019

We introduce and study the notion of sure profits via flash strategies, consisting of a high-frequency limit of buy-and-hold trading strategies. In a fully general setting, without imposing any semimartingale restriction, we prove that there are no sure profits via flash strategies if and only if asset prices do not exhibit predictable jumps. This result relies on the general theory of processes and provides the most general formulation of the well-known fact that, in an arbitrage-free financial market, asset prices (including dividends) should not exhibit jumps of a predictable direction or magnitude at predictable times. We furthermore show that any price process is always right-continuous in the absence of sure profits. Our results are robust under small transaction costs and imply that, under minimal assumptions, price changes occurring at scheduled dates should only be due to unanticipated information releases.
On the dense preferential attachment graph models and their graphon induced counterpart
Authors: Backhausz Ágnes , Kunszenti-Kovács Dávid
Published: July 2019

Letting ℳ denote the space of finite measures on ℕ, andμλ∊ ℳ denote the Poisson distribution with parameterλ, the functionW: [0, 1]2→ℳgiven byW(x,y) =μclogxlogyis called the PAG graphon with densityc. It is known that this is the limit, in the multigraph homomorphism sense, of the dense preferential attachment graph (PAG) model with edge densityc. This graphon can then in turn be used to generate the so-called W-random graphs in a natural way, and similar constructions also work in the slightly more general context of the so-called PAGκmodels. The aim of this paper is to compare these dense PAGκmodels with the W-random graph models obtained from the corresponding graphons. Motivated by the multigraph limit theory, we investigate the expected jumble-norm distance of the two models in terms of the number of verticesn. We present a coupling for which the expectation can be bounded from above by O(log3/2n·n−1/2), and provide a universal lower bound that is coupling-independent, but without the logarithmic term.
Semiotic spaces in antidiscriminatory political discourse: Naming practices as indexes
Authors: Landqvist Mats
Published: July 2019

This article explores the semiotic spaces occupied by organizations working against discrimination in Sweden. Expressions of identity, norm critique, and political goals are studied in relation to word production and language policy and planning. The study departs from interviews with representatives from three organizations within the hbtqi, antiracist, and disability movements. Other resources connected to them have also been analyzed, such as glossaries. Theoretically, this study draws on Yuri Lotman's concept of semiospheres, allowing the analysis to weigh in the whole semiotic process, including meaning production, policy work, and concrete word production. This approach completes an analysis of indexical orders. The results show that (a) organizations are aware of the importance of linguistic choices, (b) when new concepts and words are spread to the public, tension can arise and sometimes objections, and (c) word meanings change when used in public discourse. (Language policy and planning, semiosphere, indexical order, hbtqi, antiracism, disability, discrimination)
Body work and later-life care in Turkey: a qualitative study of paid and unpaid carers of older people
Authors: Özen Yelda
Published: July 2019

The ageing population of Turkey has brought later-life care into question. Family care remains most prevalent, but institutional, paid and professional care are increasing. Literature in Turkey has focused on the medical or social policy aspects but not care-givers’ experiences, nor how the care is performed. This study aims to illuminate care-givers’ experiences using qualitative methods, through in-depth interviews in Ankara with 19 care-givers providing home care for people aged 65 and over. Commonalities and differences were revealed among unpaid family care-givers, paid care-givers and professional care-givers. First, whether paid or unpaid, the bodily and emotional aspects of care work are intertwined. To cope with the ‘negativities’ involved in the work, nurses usually medicalised bodily tasks, unpaid care-givers cited traditional responsibilities and employed infantilisation, while paid care-givers mostly informalised the relationship, infantilised the person cared for and underlined their asexuality. Secondly, care work is gendered; silenced, invisible and ambivalent; related to intimacy with older bodies; and performed in the home space, which blurs the distinction between the private and public field for paid care. Finally, it involves emotional work regarding managing the bodily aspects and navigating the relationships surrounding the older person; and it is labour-intensive with an exploitative character.
INSTITUTIONS’ IMPACT ON THE CORRUPTION–GROWTH NEXUS: NONLINEARITIES AND TRANSMISSION CHANNELS
Authors: Marakbi Réda , Turcu Camélia , Villieu Patrick
Published: July 2019

We analyze the channels through which institutional quality can impact the corruption–growth nexus. To do this, we develop an endogenous growth model and test its implications empirically, through panel data models using GMM and PSTR settings. Our sample consists of 136 developed and developing countries analyzed over the period 1984–2015. We show, both theoretically and empirically, that (i) the corruption–growth relation can be subject to nonlinearities highly influenced by countries’ institutional development; and (ii) private investment and public spending are two main channels through which institutional quality affects, positively or negatively, the relation between corruption and economic growth.
RapidArc treatment planning quality assurance using electronic portal imaging device for cervical cancer
Authors: Zulkafal Hafiz Muhibb ullah , Khalid Allah Ditta , Minhas Sajid Anees , Zafar Umair , Hameed Rizwan , Afzal Khan Muhammad , Iqbal Khalid
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

The main objective of this study is to assure the quality of cervical cancer treatment plans using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) in RapidArc techniques.

Materials and Methods:

Fifteen cases of cervical cancer patients undergoing RapidArc technique were selected to evaluate the quality assurance (QA) of their treatment. The computed tomography (CT) of each patient was obtained with 3-mm-slice thickness and transferred to the Eclipse treatment planning system. The prescribed dose (PD) of 50·4 Gy with 1·8 Gy per fraction to planning target volume (PTV) was used for each patient. The aim of treatment planning was to achieve 95% of PD to cover 97%, and dose to the PTV should not receive 105% of the PD. All RapidArc plans were created using the AAA algorithm and treated on Varian DHX using 6 MV photon beam, with two full arcs. Gamma analysis was used to evaluate the quality of the treatment plans with accepting criteria of 95% at 3%/3 mm.

Results:

In this study, maximum and average gamma values were 2·53 ± 0·409 and 0·195 ± 0·059 showing very small deviation and indicating the smaller difference between both predicted and portal doses. Gamma Area changes from > 0·8 to > 1·2. SD increased to 5·4% and mean standard error increased to 4·67%.

Conclusion:

On the basis of these outcomes, we can summarise that the EPID is a useful tool for QA in standardising and evaluating RapidArc treatment plans of cervical cancer in routine clinical practice.
Care-seeking pathways, care challenges, and coping experiences of rural women living with rheumatoid arthritis in Odisha, India
Authors: Pati Sanghamitra , Sahoo Krushna Chandra , Samal Mousumi , Jena Sunita , Mahapatra Pranab , Sutar Deepika , Das Bidyut K.
Published: July 2019

Aim:

The aim of the study was to explore the care-seeking pathway of rural women living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and attending a tertiary health-care facility in Odisha, India.

Background:

RA is the third leading chronic health condition and causes severe pain and immense psychosocial stress. The prevalence of RA is three to four times higher in women than in men. Furthermore, in India, women delay care seeking due to the prevailing sociocultural norms. Women report more severe symptoms and greater disability; however, there is a lack of information on their care-seeking pathways.

Method:

We conducted 113 in-depth interviews among RA patients those who visited specialists at the outpatients’ Department of Rheumatology, SCB Medical College Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Cuttack, Odisha, India. The grounded theory approaches were used for data analysis.

Findings:

The key findings included physical pain and psychosocial stress in relation to RA, cultural issues in relation to RA, mapping of the health-care providers for RA, the first point of cares and changes in care-seeking pathways, the perceived challenge for seeking health-care, and coping strategies of patients and social supports. This study explored that the RA patients seek care from multiple providers – untrained, trained and specialist without any gatekeeping. However, the primary health centers were the first point of care for maximum patients due to accessibility and affordability. Furthermore, follow-up care is significant to prevent complication among RA patients; the primary health centers are the gateway for keeping RA patients. Hence, the availability of RA trained providers at primary health center including interprofessional care, such as physiotherapy providers, and proper referral system is essential to convalesce care-seeking pathways.
A Weather‐Regime‐Based Stochastic Weather Generator for Climate Vulnerability Assessments of Water Systems in the Western United States
Authors: Steinschneider Scott , Ray Patrick , Rahat Saiful Haque , Kucharski John
Published: July 2019

Vulnerability‐based frameworks are increasingly used to better understand water system performance under climate change. This work advances the use of stochastic weather generators for climate vulnerability assessments that simulate weather based on patterns of regional atmospheric flow (i.e., weather regimes) conditioned on global‐scale climate features. The model is semiparametric by design and includes (1) a nonhomogeneous Markov chain for weather regime simulation; (2) block bootstrapping and a Gaussian copula for multivariate, multisite weather simulation; and (3) modules to impose thermodynamic and dynamical climate change, including Clausius‐Clapeyron precipitation scaling, elevation‐dependent warming, and shifting dynamics of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this way, the model can be used to evaluate climate impacts on water systems based on hypotheses of dynamic and thermodynamic climate change. The model is developed and tested for cold‐season climate in the Tuolumne River Basin in California but is broadly applicable across the western United States. Results show that eight weather regimes exert strong influences over local climate in the Tuolumne Basin. Model simulations adequately preserve many of the historical statistics for precipitation and temperature across sites, including the mean, variance, skew, and extreme values. Annual precipitation and temperature are somewhat underdispersed, and precipitation spell statistics are negatively biased by 1‐2 days. For simulations of future climate, the model can generate a range of Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling relationships and modes of elevation‐dependent warming. Model simulations also suggest a muted response of Tuolumne climate to changes in ENSO variability.
Mechanisms of Unrest and Eruption at Persistently Restless Volcanoes: Insights From the 2015 Eruption of Telica Volcano, Nicaragua
Authors: Roman Diana C. , LaFemina Peter C. , Bussard Rebecca , Stephens Kirsten , Wauthier Christelle , Higgins Machel , Feineman Maureen , Arellano Santiago , de Moor J. Maarten , Avard Geoffroy , Cruz Maria Martinez , Burton Mike , Varnam Matthew , Saballos Armando , Ibarra Martha , Strauch Wilfried , Tenorio Virginia
Published: July 2019

Many of Earth's volcanoes experience well‐defined states of “quiescence” and “unrest,” with unrest occasionally culminating in eruption. Some volcanoes, however, experience an unusually protracted (i.e., decades‐long) period of noneruptive unrest and are thus categorized as “persistently restless volcanoes” (PRVs). The processes that drive persistently restless volcanism are poorly understood, as our knowledge of PRVs is currently based on a small number of case studies. Here we examine multidisciplinary observations of the 2015 eruptive episode at Telica Volcano, Nicaragua, in the context of its long‐term behavior. We suggest that the latter phases of the 2015 eruption were ultimately driven by destabilization of its shallow magma reservoir. Based on previous geodetic‐seismic studies of Telica (Geirsson et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.11.009; Rodgers et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.08.010 and 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.11.012) and on multiparameter observations at Telica over a 7‐year period, we propose that three distinct states of unrest occur at Telica over decadal timescales: a stable open state involving steady conduit convection and two distinct “unstable” states that may lead to eruptions. In the “weak sealing” state, phreatic explosions result from steady conduit convection underlying a weak seal. In the “destabilized” state, destabilization of the top of the convecting magma in the conduit leads to rapid accumulation of high pressures leading to strong/impulsive phreatomagmatic explosions. Our observations and interpretations suggest that continuous seismic, ground‐based deformation, gas emission, and thermal monitoring and interpretation of these data within a paradigm of sustained conduit convection modulated by episodes of sealing and destabilization of shallow magma reservoirs may allow robust forecasting of eruption potential, energy, and duration at Telica and similar PRVs worldwide.
A Thermodynamic Pathway Leading to Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones in Shear
Authors: Chen Xiaomin , Zhang Jun A. , Marks Frank D.
Published: July 2019

Understanding physical processes leading to rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) under environmental vertical wind shear is key to improving TC intensity forecasts. This study analyzes the thermodynamic processes that help saturate the TC inner core before RI onset using a column‐integrated moist static energy (MSE) framework. Results indicate that the nearly saturated inner core in the lower‐middle troposphere is achieved by an increase in the column‐integrated MSE, as column water vapor accumulates while the mean column temperature cools. The sign of the column‐integrated MSE tendency depends on the competition between surface enthalpy fluxes, radiation, and vertical wind shear‐induced ventilation effect. The reduction of ventilation above the boundary layer due to vertical alignment is crucial to accumulate the energy within the inner core region. A comparison of the RI simulation with a null simulation further highlights the impact of vortex structure on the thermodynamic state adjustment and TC intensification.
Diagnosing Ocean‐Wave‐Turbulence Interactions From Space
Authors: Torres H. S. , Klein P. , Siegelman L. , Qiu B. , Chen S. , Ubelmann C. , Wang J. , Menemenlis D. , Fu L.‐L.
Published: July 2019

Numerical studies indicate that interactions between ocean internal gravity waves (especially those <100 km) and geostrophic (or balanced) motions associated with mesoscale eddy turbulence (involving eddies of 100–300 km) impact the ocean's kinetic energy budget and therefore its circulation. Results from these studies have never been confirmed by observations in regional or basin‐scale domains. Here we show that internal gravity waves have a spectral signature on sea surface height during summer that significantly differs from that of balanced motions. These spectral differences lead us to propose a new dynamical framework that quantifies the interactions between internal gravity waves and balanced motions in physical space from sea surface height snapshots, and in particular the energy exchanges between them. Our results, using this dynamical framework, highlight the strong potential of future satellite altimeter missions to make critical advances in assessing the ocean's kinetic energy budget from observations in large domains.