bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shoreline Carrying Capacity Assessment Based on Satellite Remote Sensing Image: A Case Study of the Nanjing Reach of the Yangtze River
Authors: Chen Huai , Wang Shan , Huang Suning , Zhang Lei , Wang Nairu , Zhu Lijun
Published: February 2023

Research on shoreline carrying capacity is of great practical significance to promote the sustainable development of shoreline. Taking into account five aspects of shoreline health, resource supply, environmental pollution, ecological service and social service, the evaluation index system of shoreline carrying capacity was systematically established. Taking the Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River as a typical case, the variation trend of shoreline carrying capacity in recent 40 years was analyzed. The Landsat satellite remote sensing images from 1984 to 2020 were collected. The classification regression tree (CART) algorithm was used to classify the land use types in the remote sensing images, and then evaluation indexes of shoreline carrying capacity were calculated. The results show that the shoreline carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach was basically stable from 1984 to 2003. With the large-scale development and utilization of the shoreline since 2003, the carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach gradually decreased and approached the warning line. Due to the implementation of restrictive measures such as “action to clear the four chaos” and “the operation of responsibility system on river/lake leaders” by Chinese government after 2018, the carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach has rebounded rapidly. With the help of Mann-Kendall (MK) mutation analysis method, the mutation point of the time series of the shoreline carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach was found to occur in 1991, 2012 and 2018. The research results can help to discover unsustainably social and economic activities, put forward the productivity layout adjustment, and guide corresponding management measures in the reach.
Simulation and Hazard Map of Flooding Caused by the Break of a Concrete Gravitational Dam
Authors: Leng Qing , Zhang Ming , Zhao Gensheng , Mao Senhao , Jiang Ang
Published: February 2023

The simulation of Concrete Gravitational Dam burst floods is an important research content in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation in water conservancy projects. Due to the extreme rainfall, earthquake, structure failure and etc., the concrete gravitational dam usually breaks in a short time period. The dam break flood will give an extreme risk to the downstream communities. Taking the flood simulation of the Kaliwa Dam in the Philippines as an example, based on the downstream channel of the dam body and the measured terrain on both sides, a numerical simulation model of one-dimensional and two-dimensional coupled flood evolution is constructed, and the numerical simulation of the flood evolution process of the dam collapse is carried out, counts the inundation range, water depth, flow velocity, flood arrival time and other disaster causing factors in the downstream inundation area, and draws the flood hazard map of both banks downstream. The simulation results show that the KALIWA burst accident occurred, the total inundation area downstream is over 38 km2 in the downstream of the Kaliwa Dam. The dam break flood peak takes 1.5 h to reach the downstream estuary, which is the shortest time. The General Nakar City and Infanta City are inundated completely with the depth of 1.0 m to 2.0 m. The terrain near the upper reaches of the lower estuary is open and flat, the downstream area will be affected seriously by the flood. It is proposed to build a flood warning system to give the people downstream of Kaliwa Dam. The results of the research will provide a scientific basis for dam-break flood risk analysis, disaster assessment.
Study on Air Bubble Plume in Open Channel with CFD-PBM Coupling Model
Authors: Xu Jinchao , Wang Xiaodong , Zhu Long , Zhou Donghui , Zhao Jun
Published: February 2023

Air bubble plume flow has been applied widely in the dredging, ice breaking, and pollution control at navigation projects. But the interaction regimes among bubbles or between bubbles and water are not quite clear. Especially in open channels, the bubble plume flow are significantly affected by the separation phenomenon which is caused by the cross flow velocity. According to the existing research, the interaction force of gas-liquid and the distribution of bubble size are the key parameters to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of bubble plume flow. In order to explore the mechanism of air bubbles entrained plumes in open channels, an Eulerian-Eulerian approach for air-water flows numerical model was introduced, and the population balance model (PBM) was included to describe the distribution of bubble size. The cross flow velocity of open channels has been discussed in the proposed numerical model. It shows that the separation of bubble plume is strongly influenced by the cross flow velocity. The influence of these parameters on the movement characteristics of air bubbles is studied. The results indicate that the cross flow velocity has great impact on bubble plume as well as the lifting effectiveness of pneumatic sluicing. This research provides references for bubble plume in engineering applications.
A Roadmap Towards Eliminating Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Air Pollutants of the Inland Navigation Sector by 2050 – How to Address the Related Economic, Financial, Technical and Regulatory Obstacles?
Authors: Wisselmann Raphael , Roux Laure , Boyer Benjamin
Published: February 2023

The Ministers responsible for transport have tasked the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine to develop a roadmap for reducing emissions in inland navigation. The ambition is to determine the transition pathways for developing the fleet and achieving “zero emission” inland navigation by 2050. After recalling the general context of climate change and its application to the inland navigation sector, the roadmap explains certain definitions and assumptions. It then identifies different technologies enabling alternatives to gasoil which could play a role in the energy transition of the inland navigation sector, in the form of two pathways for the fleet’s development. Economic challenges are addressed, taking into account the huge financial gap to be bridged. It ends with a list of actions needed to achieve these objectives. Thus, this roadmap is intended as a public policy tool for European inland navigation.
Free Zones as Booster of Growth of Ports
Authors: Leto Rodrigo Nicolás Benítez , Jose Savarese Ariel
Published: February 2023

Free zones are defined as: “a field where the goods are not subject to the usual control from the customs service and its introduction and extraction are just only taxed with service tax which can be created and there is no economic prohibition on it”.

In Argentina, Law N° 24.331 says that the free zones can be of storage, commercial, services or industrial. The tax benefits that this legal regime provides are that the goods in this area are not subject to export or import taxes, created or to be created. Despite the fact that the free zones are a key tool in developing economically deprived areas in a country or a region, those can not do it by themselves. Free zones must be integrated to the logistic and industrial system of the region, making, in this way, the necessary synergy in order to succeed.

Port of Barranqueras which is located on the right bank of the Paraguay - Paraná Waterway in the province of Chaco, Argentina, at around 1,000 km North of Buenos Aires city. Historically, this is a marginal area of Argentina in terms of investment and development, with large infrastructure deficiencies. However, the Port of Barranqueras has unique advantages like its location on the geographic center of MERCOSUR with good road (RN11 & RN14) and railway (Belgrano Cargas) connections; unique possibilities for sustainable growth as it is not constrained by large urban areas and for being a multimodal port with facilities for container and general cargo handling as well as grain storage. Those characteristics make it ideal to set up a free zone.

The objective of this paper is to analyze how a free zone integrated to the Port of Barranqueras will enhance it until converting it into an industrial and logistic center, making more competitive all the export industries in the zone. This analysis includes a map that will help others in similar conditions.
Grain Flow Through the Northern Arch of Brazil
Authors: Higa Ana Paula Harumi , Neto José Gonçalves Moreira , Trajano Rodrigo Guimarães , De Castro Herbert Koehne
Published: February 2023

Brazil is the world’s largest producer of soybean followed by the United States. These two countries accounting for roughly 68.7% of world production. The largest soybean producing region in Brazil is the Midwest, followed by the southern region. Between 2010 and 2020, the exported volume of soybean rose from 29.1 million tons to 83 million tons, respectively, representing 185% rise. The soybean exports are drained by nine logistic corridors and recently it calls attention the expansion of the logistics corridors of the Northern Arch of Brazil. It is expected that Ferrogrão, a railway project connecting the 933 km from Sinop (Mato Grosso state) to Itaituba (Pará state), will consolidate the Tapajós River Corridor as one of the most important corridors to the grain flows and it will help to reduce freight prices. The objective of this paper is to present the recent change in the grain exports flows through the Northern Arch of Brazil and discuss the potential impact of Ferrogrão rail in the Brazilian logistics of grain exports. For it, at the first item will be presented the importance of Brazilian soybean production in the world market and the main producing region in Brazil; in the second item will be presented the main logistic corridors for grain exports; in the third item will be presented the Northern Arch logistic corridors; in the fourth item will be presented the Ferrogrão railway project and in the fifth item will be presented the final considerations.
Regulation for the Decarbonisation of IWT in Europe
Authors: Pauli Gernot , Boyer Benjamin
Published: February 2023

To ensure its future, the response of IWT to climate change must be twofold: it must adapt to the changing climate and mitigate its carbon footprint. The former will make IWT resilient against adverse effects of climate change, the latter will bring IWT in line with the Paris Agreement and decarbonise IWT. PIANC, in its 2019 Declaration on Climate Change, stated that “… PIANC and its members will strive to develop approaches to decarbonise the operation of port and navigation infrastructure (i.e. move to net zero emissions), whilst at the same time enabling the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vessels by providing the necessary facilities, infrastructure and, where appropriate, incentives…” The European Union (EU) and the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (CCNR) more explicitly aim at zero-emission vessels and eliminating GHG emissions from inland navigation vessels by 2050. For doing so, EU and CCNR will go beyond the measures foreseen in PIANC’s declaration and will employ regulations and standards as well, since regulations and standards are important policy instruments to facilitate the transition towards carbon neutral IWT. This paper will present respective regulations and standards which are already in place, currently under development or whose development is foreseen to effectively support the transition towards a zero-emission IWT fleet in Europe. Vessel technical requirements are at the core of the contribution, but requirements concerning vessel operation and crew training are also considered. The paper analysis the basic content of the regulations and standards and provides general recommendations for the way forward.
Strategies for High Quality Development of Smart Inland Shipping in Zhejiang Province Based on “Four-Port Linkage”
Authors: Zhou Jianan , Liu Wanfeng , Wu Jianwei
Published: February 2023

Currently Zhejiang ports have gradually changed from large-scale expansion to high-quality upgrading development, and gradually pay attention to the integrated development with railway, aviation, highway and other transportation modes. In 2019, Zhejiang Province proposed a new development pattern of “Four-port Linkage” with seaports (including inland ports) as the leader, dry ports as the basis, airports as the characteristics and infoport as the link, in which improving the basic service system of sea-river intermodal transport and optimizing the inland waterway network for sea-river intermodal transport are important contents, and cooperate with the requirements of the national outline for the development of inland shipping. With the navigation of a series of high-grade channels such as Hangpingshen Canal, Qiantang River, Hangzhou-Ningbo Canal and Oujiang River, the goal of inland shipping revival of “Upgrading north, unblocking south, opening east and revitalizing west” in Zhejiang Province has been basically realized, and all 11 cities in Zhejiang province are connected to the river and the sea. With the emergence of modern information technologies such as big data, IoT and 5G and the rapid development of multimodal transport, the development of smart inland shipping in Zhejiang Province greets new opportunities. This paper discusses the strategy of “Four-port Linkage” to help the high-quality development of Zhejiang smart inland shipping, from the perspectives of developing a comprehensive big data platform for inland shipping, developing a sea-river intermodal transport service information system, promoting the linkage of inland shipping information systems across provinces and cities, and suggesting smart inland shipping typical projects.
The Linear Regression Model for Estimate the Price in Crossing Transport Services: Methodology and Application
Authors: do Nascimento Isaac Monteiro , de Queiroz Eduardo Pessoa
Published: February 2023

The Brazilian’s urbanization process, allied to the expansion of the economic frontier, which have occurred concomitantly in the last five decades, are responsible for the increase in the number urban settlements and for the increase in the country’s arable area. However, in many cases, transport infrastructure did not keep pace with the process of territorial occupation. In this sense, many highways were provided without the proper instruments for transposing watercourses and many crossing shipping companies emerged. Nowadays, there are ninety federal crossing lines in operation. One of the main issues inherent to these services is the prices charged and the respective affordability. Considering this scenario, the present work selected crossing sample to estimate prices using the Linear Regression Model. The selected model was applied to forecast crossing price in 8 (eight) crossing lines. As result, the price charged in all of them were out of the prediction interval model, indicating that the Regulatory Agency should investigate the reason why they are dissonant to market practices.
A Study on the Han-Hai Fleet Slot Mutual Chartering Model of Han-Shen Line Based on Linear Alliance
Authors: Zhang Yi , Peng Cheng , Li Yike , Li Jinling , Dai Jinshan
Published: February 2023

To raise the income of the container liner company and improve the shipping space utilization rate, an integer programming model is constructed in view of the seaworthiness characteristics of each ship route along Hanshen line of the Yangtze river, OD container transport demand, and the container rental business under the alliance. Aiming to maximize the gross profit of the Hanhai liner shipping fleet series, the container was optimized route network along the Yangtze river waterway and determined how to choose the port call for each route and the types of vessels. While optimizing, the model is established according to the characteristics of liner multi-port attachment and cargo nonstop transportation routes, comprehensively considering various factors including freight demand, maximum cargo capacity of a single ship, minimum voyage frequency, and freight rate level. The numerical analysis of the Hanhai fleet turns out that the model can perfectly simulate the situation in reality and optimize the existing routes and boost the profits of liner transportation companies.
Research on Key Parameters Selection of Lock Capacity Simulation
Authors: Liu Yingfei , Cao Fengshuai
Published: February 2023

There are many factors affecting the lock capacity, including ship size and ship type combination, navigation speed of ships entering and leaving the lock, ship spacing, lock filling and discharging time, gate opening and closing time, dimension of lock chamber, navigation days, ship loading rate, traffic volume imbalance, daily working time, etc. In the simulation model, the ship's random arrival at the lock and the distribution proportion of ship type can be simulated, so as to realize the random process of ship passing through the lock and simulate the ship passing scheduling rules. Compared with the methods of manual calculating the lock capacity according to the code, the simulation method is more objective and scientific. In the simulation analysis of lock capacity, the two ship operation parameters of ship entering and exit speed and start interval have strong randomness. This paper studies the rationality of the parameters by constructing the simulation model of lock capacity system. The simulation test shows that with the increase of randomness of ship entering and exit speed, the passing capacity of ship lock decreases gradually, but this decrease can be ignored. The randomness of the start interval has no obvious effect on the lock capacity. Therefore, it is reasonable to take the average value of the model parameters when using the system simulation method to determine the navigation capacity of the lock, and considering all factors comprehensively, it is recommended to take the average value of the parameters in the modeling.
Hydraulic Research on Filling and Emptying System of Water-Saving Ship Lock for Navigation-Power Junction in Mountainous River
Authors: Liu Benqin , Yang Jin , Huang Yue , Wang Lei
Published: February 2023

Usually the ship lock has the characteristics of high water head and large variation of navigable water level in mountainous area. It is suitable to construct the water-saving ship lock, which can not only save the water consumption but also reduce the working head of each stage. Therefore, it is also beneficial to solve the hydraulic problems of high head ship lock. Taking Baise ship lock as an example of ship locks for navigation-power junctions in mountainous river, we studied the water saving layout scheme and suggested that a high water saving pool and a low one should be set on both sides of the lock chamber. And each pool adopts a new type of trapezoidal transverse section in order to make full use of the topographic conditions of the project and reduce the excavation volume. The water level classification of water-saving ship lock is calculated and analyzed. The elevations of the water saving pools are determined. The layout of the filling and emptying system of the water-saving ship lock is put forward. The hydraulic characteristic indexes, the pressures of the culverts near the valves and the ship berthing conditions in lock chamber under different operating conditions of the water-saving ship lock are obtained through physical model research. Furthermore, the opening and closing modes of the valves are recommended. The results show that the water saving scheme of Baise ship lock is reasonable and feasible in hydraulics.
The Review and Prospect of the Development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Port Cluster and Its River-Sea Intermodal Transport System
Authors: Ding Wentao , Chen Zhengyong , Wang Rui , Xue Tianhan , Yao Haiyuan
Published: February 2023

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is one of the most developed regions in China and a world-class manufacturing base. China has built a world-class port cluster with Hong Kong Port, Shenzhen Port and Guangzhou Port as the core members and a river-sea intermodal transport system based on the Pearl River Delta high-grade waterway network which features delivery of containers, coal, and grain. Promoting the high-quality development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, achieving carbon peaking by 2030, and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 are major strategies for China’s future development. To realize these goals, China will further promote the construction and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area port cluster, and will also pay more attention to environmental advantages such as high inland water transport capacity, low energy consumption and low pollution. Meanwhile, the government will make further reforms in planning, construction and institutional mechanism to accelerate the improvement of the river-sea intermodal transport system around the core ports in the Bay Area. This paper systematically reviews the layout, construction, and development of ports in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the Pearl River Delta high-grade waterway network, and the river-sea intermodal transport system around seaports since the 1980s. Based on the “Outline of the Development Plan of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area”, this paper foresees the future development trend of the port cluster and its river-sea intermodal transport system from the perspectives of inter-port relationship, high-grade waterway network and river-sea intermodal transport hub.
Research on Theoretical Framework and Implementation Path of Green Maintenance of Inland Waterway
Authors: Han Zhaoxing , Zheng Chaohui , Jiang Wenxi , Cheng Jinxiang , Zhang Liguo
Published: February 2023

Inland waterway maintenance could guarantee channel dimension and maintain navigation conditions. With the continuous increase of channel mileage, inland waterway maintenance gradually became more frequent and scale-up, as well. The maintenance activities would inevitably cause adverse environment impacts on waters, and disturb the ecosystem. Therefore, it was necessary to implement the green maintenance to reduce the negative impacts in the maintenance process. However, the research on green maintenance of inland waterway was not systematic and impeccable. This paper proposed a solution for the problem above. Firstly identified the environmental impacts of maintenance based on the analysis of maintenance process. Secondly the notion and principles of green maintenance are put forward, according to the concept of green transportation and green channel. Thirdly, the study constructed the technical framework of green maintenance and summarized the major measures for green maintenance. An last, implementation path of green maintenance was addressed including standard-setting, establishing system management, technology research and development, etc.
The Design of Safety Monitoring System for Navigation Hubs Built in Plain Area
Authors: Ding Yutang , Lu Yangyang , Xiong Guowen
Published: February 2023

Navigation hubs built in plain area usually have large space span and compact structure layout. Safety monitoring performance, especially the surface deformation monitoring performance, is sensitive to the monitoring distance and structure features. Thus the monitoring system should be elaborately designed to meet the requirement of accuracy and robustness. Conventional approaches for surface deformation monitoring are time-consuming and suffering from low accuracy. In this paper, the designing strategies and monitoring techniques for surface deformation monitoring in Jiepai Navigation Hub, a typical navigation-power hub built in plain area, are demonstrated. The monitoring result shows that the designed monitoring system has good performance both in accuracy and robustness. The designing strategy can serve as a reference for other similar projects built in plain area.
A Modernized Safety Concept for Ship Force Evaluations During Lock Filling Processes
Authors: Belzner Fabian , Thorenz Carsten , Oertel Mario
Published: February 2023

A ship in a lock chamber is exposed to forces acting on the hull during the filling and emptying processes. These forces accelerate the ship and lead to a displacement. To avoid a collision of the ship with the lock structure, it is moored with mooring lines, which can be strained up to a certain breaking load. The force acting in the mooring lines is called the mooring line force and must be distinguished from the ship force. If the mooring line force exceeds the breaking load, the mooring line will fail and the tension energy will abruptly be transformed into kinetic energy. A snap-back of the mooring line ends can produce great forces and the mooring staff is at risk for major injuries. Furthermore, the ship will start to move and could damage the structure and itself. Thus, the mooring line force must be limited during the locking process. The mooring line force depends on the ship force and, furthermore, on the properties of ship and mooring lines. Due to the number of possible parameter combinations the given ship force alone might not be sufficient to judge on the mooring line safety. In this paper a statistical approach to determine the relations between mooring line configuration, mooring line forces and ship force based on Monte Carlo simulations is shown.
Analysis of Piano Key Weir Drainage Characteristics
Authors: Li Zixiang , Xu Jiayi , Li Yanfu , Han Changhai
Published: February 2023

The piano key weir is a new type of labyrinth weir structure form, its advantages such as stable structure, upstream and downstream inverted overhang and small base area greatly improve the scope of application, and it has high discharge capacity and overflow efficiency, which is considered as a very effective method to solve the shortage of reservoir and dam discharge flow, and has more applications abroad. In this paper, the experimental observation of the hydraulic characteristics of the discharge from the hydraulic physics model of the piano key weir confirms its good overflow capacity, but also limits the study of its complex flow. Combined with the numerical simulation software, the three-dimensional flow field of the piano key weir is numerically simulated based on the RNG k-ɛ turbulence model and the free-surface VOF technique to analyze the changes of hydraulic characteristics such as flow patterns, flow lines and flow velocities, and to clarify the hydraulic characteristics of the spillway and the mechanism of the improved spillway capacity by combining the experimental results of the physical model. In addition, a comparative analysis of the overflow capacity and flood discharge efficiency between the piano key weir and the traditional thin-walled weir is carried out to better reflect the advantages of the piano key weir in flood discharge by using the over-discharge ratio, and to discuss the application of the piano key weir in actual diseased reservoir and dam projects.
Development of a Verification Procedure of Partial Loading on Existing Solid Hydraulic Structures - Probabilistic Assessment for 3D Material Variations
Authors: Rüd Sophie , Müller Hilmar , Fleischer Helmut , Stephan Christoph
Published: February 2023

One of the challenges in assessing the load-bearing capacity of existing solid hydraulic structures is the formal verification of concentrated loads for plain concrete. Due to the age bandwidth of such structures in Germany, this applies to hundreds of cases and especially to older structures of rammed concrete. Typical examples of components subjected to partial loads are found at weir pillars: e.g. support niches of inspection closures. Although they cannot be formally verified using the current regulations, the BAW Code of Practice “Evaluation of the load bearing capacity of existing solid hydraulic structures” (TbW) allows more detailed investigation methods to be applied, e.g. the use of non-linear probabilistic calculations. The principle research motivations are a higher loading capacity by numerical simulations with a more realistic material model compared to the usual linear calculations and a higher loading capacity by reproducing a “natural” bandwidth of material characteristics in these simulations. The aim of the current research project is the development and standardisation of the numerical simulations for such a verification procedure and its underlying safety concept by a classification of structural markers. As a result, the necessity of complex reinforcements for such structures could be assessed. The paper introduces the research concept and addresses the investigation steps regarding measured and generic 3D material distributions and FEM representation specifics as the material model. Furthermore, the preparation of the stochastic analysis is introduced by a demonstration model: The resulting hundreds to thousands of simulations of individual cases enable the stochastic analysis of metamodels to deduce general probabilistic results. Prospectively, the demonstration model will be transferred to further component measures and compressive strength classes.
Grounding Risk Estimation in Inland Navigation with Monte Carlo Simulations and Squat Estimation
Authors: Carmona Juan Carlos , Atienza Raúl , Redondo Raúl , Iribarren José R.
Published: February 2023

In inland ports, where access is done navigating along an estuary, river or artificial canal, the operation may be strongly conditioned by the tide (in case it has enough wide run) or the water level in the river. The variations in water level imply restrictions on the draft of the vessels that can access such ports.

Siport21 has been working for several years in ports of these characteristics, where there is no possibility to dredge the inland waterway. The alternative is to develop synchronization analysis tools, which allow identifying the “operational windows” and maximizing the draft of the vessels in transit operations. The result takes advantage of the tidal run by means of adequate planning, so that there is always enough underkeel clearance safety margin.

Grounding risk estimation is elaborated applying Monte Carlo method. A failure (grounding) function is defined, considering the propagation of the tidal wave (water level and current), ship speed along the waterway, wind conditions, squat, and other variables. Probability distributions of all variables involved are considered, so that thousands of random navigation conditions can be simulated. This allows to estimate the failure probability.

This methodology is applied to a practical case of a port that is carrying out actions to improve and optimize its operations. To do this, AIS data and tide data along the entire waterway, obtained from measurement sensors and a calibrated numerical prediction model, have been used.
Handling Accidents and Calamities in Hydraulic Structures – Objectives of Pianc Working Group WG-241
Authors: Daniel Ryszard A. , Paulus Timothy M. , Petrick Linda , Masson Yves
Published: February 2023

While the prior objective of hydraulic structures (such as lock gates, navigation river weirs and storm surge barriers) is to remain in service, engineers must also be capable to adequately handle their failures. Despite the ongoing development of expertise, design tools, norms, and construction methods, there are still a considerable number of accidents and calamities that happen to such structures. In addition, the losses and costs of damages as result of these so-called “upset events” are growing due to the growing complexity of waterborne infrastructure, intensity of navigation or other utilization of inland waters.

Accidents to hydraulic structures happen not only when their loads exceed the design strength. Other possible causes are, for example, unforeseen conditions, lack of inspection and maintenance, improper operation, and navigation errors. These other causes of accidents are often less controlled by technical norms than the relations between loads and resistances of structures. In addition, there are often combinations and complex sequences of events that may lead to disastrous results.

So far, various PIANC Working Groups have provided guidance for preventing accidents from happening, e.g. PIANC (2019) and PIANC (2020), including the accidents resulting from ship collision, e.g. PIANC (2014) and PIANC (2018). While this should remain the engineer’s main concern, there is also a demand for more guidance how to effectively handle the accidents and calamities that actually happen. This is a matter of combined effort of not only engineers. Nevertheless, engineers can and should contribute to the solutions in such cases. Therefore, a new PIANC InCom Working Group has been established to investigate the existing practices in handling accidents and calamities; and to provide guidance in this field for professionals involved. This paper presents the objectives of the Working Group, selected investigation approach, some preliminary investigation results, and the envisioned contents of the final report.
Innovative Mooring in Locks Using Shoretension: Density and Mooring Force Measurements in the North Lock Ijmuiden
Authors: Van Der Hout Arne , Schotman Allert , Hoff Thijs , Van Der Veen Jan Wim , Quax Arnout
Published: February 2023

A field measurement campaign was conducted in the North Lock of IJmuiden, in which the density distribution in the lock chamber and the resulting mooring forces were measured. The innovative mooring system ShoreTension was applied in a navigation lock for the first time to investigate possible ways to increase safety of the mooring process. Density measurements provided valuable insight in the governing hydraulic processes during levelling and lock-exchange and most influential external drivers for density differences over the lock complex could be identified. Potential benefits and limitations of the ShoreTension system were identified, and valuable practical experience was gained during the test period.
Innovative Salt-Freshwater Separation System at the Krammer Locks, The Netherlands. Hydraulic Modelling to Balance Functional Requirements
Authors: O’Mahoney Tom , De Jonge Martin , Boeters René , Vreeken Tjerk
Published: February 2023

This paper presents research on the impact of a plan to change the salt-fresh water separation system at the Krammer locks in the Netherlands. This lock complex forms the connection for inland navigation between the Eastern Scheldt estuary and the hinterland. The new salt-fresh system will include bubble screens at both lockheads and an additional flushing discharge through the lock chambers and a neighbouring flushing sluice. The interaction between water management, salt management, ecology requirements and navigational requirements has been accounted for with the aid of WANDA-Locks and Delft 3D simulations. The effect of expected sea level rise on the performance of the new proposed new system is also modelled. The modelling efforts show that the new system should be able to keep the salt concentration of the fresh water lake Volkerak-Zoom within the required limits for the duration of the system’s technical lifespan. The modelling approach is able to tune the operation of the lock to the hydraulic conditions of each lockage and within the seasonal restrictions on the water management of the region, giving for each situation the required air discharge for the bubble screens and the flushing discharge. This operation has also been designed to remain safe for the vessels passing through the lock complex.
Mechanism and Variation Characteristics of Longitudinal Tilt of Ship Chamber of Hydro-Floating Ship Lift (HFSL)
Authors: Xue Shu , Hu Yaan , Li Zhonghua , Jin Ying
Published: February 2023

The mounting clearance and deformation of the mechanical synchronization system of the HFSL directly affects the attitude of ship chamber, especially the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber. In this paper, a generalized model is established to derive the analytical solution of the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber according to the kinetic equations and differential equation theory of the rigid body with fixed axis rotation, and to reveal the mechanism of the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber. According to the moment balance equation, the design conditions of the synchronous shaft rigidity of the HFSL are obtained. In addition, a mathematical model is established to simulate the change process of the longitudinal tilt of the ship chamber and analyze its variation characteristics.
On the Numerical Modelling of Ship Forces During Lockage
Authors: Thorenz Carsten , Belzner Fabian
Published: February 2023

When designing navigation locks, several parameters must be considered: Apart from the construction and operation costs also the operation speed and lockage safety must be considered. The safety of the lockage is often expressed in terms of the acceptable ship forces. Traditionally, apart from physical models different kinds of numerical models are used to determine the speed and safety of operation: During the predesign phase often simple analytical approaches are used, while in later design phases more sophisticated one- or three-dimensional numerical models or physical models are used independently or in a hybrid modelling approach. With these models the flow rates, the development of the water levels and the resulting forces on the ship can be computed or measured. While the application of three-dimensional numerical models for the lock filling process was in the past limited to very few and extraordinary projects, nowadays their application becomes more and more engineering practice. Here we are giving an overview of the numerical modelling methodologies and are presenting the state-of-the-art for three-dimensional numerical models.
Prototype Monitoring of Cavitation in Valve Culvert of Qianwei Shiplock
Authors: Yan Xiujun , Li Zhonghua , Chen Lin
Published: February 2023

The working condition of water valve is an important sign of the success for navigation lock design, and the valve cavitation characteristics and suppression technology is the key technical challenge in the design of high head navigation lock, in the view of the “flat bottom & top spreading” with the condition of “less project quantities, convenient construction” simple type corridor with the head of 19 m in Qianwei ship lock, the method of combining the physical model test and prototype observation are both adopt to this research. Through the physical model test, the cavitation position, cavitation characteristics and the effect of natural ventilation on cavitation suppression are comprehensively determined by analyzing the change law of cavitation noise intensity from several cavitation noise sensors under different opening conditions during the opening process, also the visual observation of flow state and auditory observation. Prototype observation focuses on the effect of self-aerated technology of valve lintel. When the air pipe outside the value lintel position is closed, there are evident in the cavitation pulse signal, and the maximum strength can reach to 182Pa, the “crackling” of cavitation collapse could be clearly felt at the top of the value, occasionally with 2–3 times slight “muffled thunder”, The results show that the valve section has stronger cavitation during the opening process of value. On the contrary, when self-aerated of valve lintel was realized, the maximum ventilatory capacity was 0.169 m3/s, which was close to the 0.170 m3/s calculated by the physical model in the design stage, and no cavitation pulse signal was detected among the valve wells on both sides, and the process line was “stable” with the maximum noise intensity only about 10 Pa, no sound of cavitation collapse was heard at the top of the valve section during the whole valve opening process. The comparison of value steeve vibration also verifies the effect of self-aerated technology of valve lintel at the same times. The results show that self-aerated technology of valve lintel can significantly inhibit the cavitation of valve segment of this form.
Propagation and Development of Nonlinear Long Waves in a Water Saving Basin
Authors: Li Xueyi , Zheng Feidong , Wang Duoyin , Chen Ming
Published: February 2023

The water saving lock layout plays a key role in addressing the navigation hydraulic problems with high dams. However, the study of the propagation and development of nonlinear long waves induced by ship-lock operation in a water saving basin has received less attention so far. Specially, the mechanisms governing the formation of secondary waves and the impact of these waves on the impoundments of the basin are still not fully understood. In the present study the entire evolution of a nonlinear long wave in a water saving basin was numerically simulated. The wave shape, wave celerity and wave force were analyzed. It was found that the leading edge of a long wave propagated along the water saving basin with a celerity which varied with time and space. Two distinct stages could be recognized and defined: a rapid acceleration phase characterized by a sharp increase in the celerity with propagation distance and a gentle acceleration phase where the long wave propagated in a more gradual manner. Moreover, the water surface slop of a long wave front equal to 0.045 could be used as an estimate of the occurrence of secondary waves. Furthermore, the present results highlighted the wave force on the impoundments of a water saving basin was controlled by wave nonlinearity. These results may provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the hydraulic design and operation of water saving locks.
Reliability Based Rehabilitation of Existing Hydraulic Structures
Authors: Tahir Arslan , Kunz Claus
Published: February 2023

Existing hydraulic structures may show damage with increasing age and operation, so structural verification is crucial. In case of structural deficits, repair measures must be planned, and their effectiveness demonstrated. The advent of improved structural analysis methods and subsequent standardization processes facilitate the verification of existing structures to ensure sufficient reliability of infrastructure. Among the existing inland navigation hydraulic structures, older ship locks had been constructed with primitive construction materials such as damped plain concrete. At times, the structure exhibited neither any severe damages nor an indication of failure but failed to satisfy the limit states prescribed by the latest standards. This contribution considers a similar ship lock built in 1922 as a case study. The ship lock has a half-frame structural system with plain concrete gravity walls and a lightly transverse reinforced base slab. Cross-section based static verification revealed that the structure does not provide sufficient resistance in case of sliding and overturning limit states which could be attributed to crack and pore-water pressures in the cross-section. Consequently, rehabilitation of the lock walls with a vertical anchoring system was proposed to conform to required standards. Similar problems are expected for other existing locks in the German waterway system. Therefore, a methodology was developed to verify and to optimize the structural reliability of similar structures using full probabilistic methods while considering standard-based limit state functions. This involved uncertainty quantification of parameters for relevant loads (self-weight, water pressure, earth/ groundwater pressure, temperature, etc.) and materials (concrete, steel). To calculate the probability of failure and reliability indexes First Order Reliability Methods (FORM) was applied, considering its computational efficiency and more suitable for the presented Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) scheme. The contribution provides a probabilistic framework to study the influence of three aspects on the reliability of existing hydraulic structures, crack and pore-water pressures, operational conditions and lastly, the effect and optimization of rehabilitation in the form of anchoring.
Research Developments in Hydrodynamics of Ships Entering and Leaving the Tank of a Ship Lift
Authors: Fu Luzhidan , Hu Yaan , Li Zhonghua
Published: February 2023

In the design process of a ship lift, the size of the tank and the depth of water inside the tank are always minimized under the premise of satisfying the standard of ship size and freight volume, in order to reduce the power of electrical driving system, the construction cost of the project and the difficulty of equipment manufacturing, as a result, the cross-section coefficient of the tank is small. Therefore, the up-and downstream docking between the tank and the reaches of canal involves many related hydraulic problems, for instance, opening and closing of the vertical lift gates, entering and leaving of the tank, are very complicated. The docking process is an important link in the whole operations of the ship lift. At the same time, the change of unsteady flow of the hub will also affect the safety and efficiency of the docking process. This paper first briefly introduces the docking process of different types of ship lift, and systematically summarizes the scientific problems involved in the docking process when the ship enters and leaves the tank. Secondly, combined with the research results obtained from a variety of methods such as theoretical analysis, physical model test, mathematical simulation calculation and real ship test of previous researchers, the hydrodynamic research progress of ships entering and leaving the tank is introduced. In summary, the design criteria for the water depth of the ship lift’s tank obtained on the basis of the progress of the hydrodynamic research of the ship entering and leaving the tank are introduced above.
Resistance of Plane Lock Gates Subjected to Ship Impact
Authors: Echeverry Jaramillo Sara , Geers Marine , Buldgen Loïc , Pecquet Jean-Philippe , Rigo Philippe
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the analysis of lock gates submitted to ship impacts. This problem is generally approached in two different ways: firstly, by the use of an equivalent static method, in which the impact is modeled by a quasi-static force, or by the use of dynamic numerical simulations, during which the progress of the ship and the temporal evolution of the impact force is taken into account. The second approach requires extensive calculation and modeling efforts, which are generally prohibitive in the early design stage.

A simplified analytical method is presented to evaluate the resistance of such structures when impacted by a ship. The principle is based in the super-element method, firstly evaluating the resistance of the lock gate in local deformation mode, assuming crushing only of certain structural elements in a limited zone, located in the close vicinity of the impact. Secondly, the entire resistance of the lock gate is calculated, considering the global deformation mode, assuming a bending of the entire structure.

The scientific objective is to extend this approach to lock gates which cannot currently be treated with this method, in particular those where the layout of the stiffening elements can be highly irregular. This implies to study thoroughly the global deformation modes of the structure and the plastic mechanisms involved in the energy dissipation, in order to predict a correct displacement field and resistance force.