bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Text Preprocessing For Unsupervised Learning: Why It Matters, When It Misleads, And What To Do About It
Authors: Denny Matthew J. , Spirling Arthur
Published: March 2018

Despite the popularity of unsupervised techniques for political science text-as-data research, the importance and implications of preprocessing decisions in this domain have received scant systematic attention. Yet, as we show, such decisions have profound effects on the results of real models for real data. We argue that substantive theory is typically too vague to be of use for feature selection, and that the supervised literature is not necessarily a helpful source of advice. To aid researchers working in unsupervised settings, we introduce a statistical procedure and software that examines the sensitivity of findings under alternate preprocessing regimes. This approach complements a researcher’s substantive understanding of a problem by providing a characterization of the variability changes in preprocessing choices may induce when analyzing a particular dataset. In making scholars aware of the degree to which their results are likely to be sensitive to their preprocessing decisions, it aids replication efforts.
Measuring Voters’ Multidimensional Policy Preferences with Conjoint Analysis: Application to Japan’s 2014 Election
Authors: Horiuchi Yusaku , Smith Daniel M. , Yamamoto Teppei
Published: March 2018

Representative democracy entails the aggregation of multiple policy issues by parties into competing bundles of policies, or “manifestos,” which are then evaluated holistically by voters in elections. This aggregation process obscures themultidimensionalpolicy preferences underlying a voter’ssinglechoice of party or candidate. We address this problem through a conjoint experiment based on the actual party manifestos in Japan’s 2014 House of Representatives election. By juxtaposing sets of issue positions as hypothetical manifestos and asking respondents to choose one, our study identifies the effects of specific positions on the overall assessment of manifestos, heterogeneity in preferences among subgroups of respondents, and the popularity ranking of manifestos. Our analysis uncovers important discrepancies between voter preferences and the portrayal of the election results by politicians and the media as providing a policy mandate to the Liberal Democratic Party, underscoring the potential danger of inferring public opinion from election outcomes alone.
Association between dietary fibre:carbohydrate intake ratio and insulin resistance in Japanese adults without type 2 diabetes
Authors: Morimoto Nobuhisa , Kasuga Chikako , Tanaka Airi , Kamachi Keiko , Ai Masumi , Urayama Kevin Y. , Tanaka Akira
Published: March 2018

An easily understandable index that measures the quality of carbohydrate may aid people in adopting dietary habits that improve their glucose tolerance. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between a ratio of dietary fibre to carbohydrate intakes (fibre:carbohydrate ratio (F:C-R)) and glucose tolerance cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Subjects were 190 Japanese men and women without type 2 diabetes (mean age 55·4 years) who participated in a 5-month diet and exercise programme. We compared baseline anthropometric, dietary and metabolic profiles between those with higher F:C-R and those with lower ratios. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between the F:C-R and homoeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HbA1c at baseline and between changes in the F:C-R and changes in HOMA-IR and HbA1c over the 5-month period. At baseline, the higher F:C-R group had significantly lower body weight, lean body mass, fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR as compared with the lower F:C-R group. The two groups had similar intakes of carbohydrate and fat, whereas protein intake was greater in the high F:C-R group. Baseline F:C-R was not significantly associated with HOMA-IR or HbA1c at the beginning of the study in multivariable models. Increases in the ratio during the 5-month programme was associated with reductions in HbA1c (P<0·001). These findings highlight the potential utility of the F:C-R in strategies aimed at type 2 diabetes prevention.
Dietary nitrate lowers ambulatory blood pressure in treated, uncontrolled hypertension: a 7-d, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial
Authors: Kerley Conor P. , Dolan Eamon , James Philip E. , Cormican Liam
Published: March 2018

Dietary nitrate has been shown to increase nitrate/nitrite levels and decrease blood pressure (BP) in multiple populations. There are few reports among hypertensives and these reports have provided conflicting evidence. We aimed to assess the effect of daily nitrate compared with placebo in subjects with uncontrolled hypertension (HTN). On day 0, hypertensives wore an ambulatory BP monitor (ABPM) for 24 h and blood was taken. Subjects were then randomised to 7-d nitrate-rich beetroot juice (NO3−) (12·9 mmol nitrate) followed by 7-d nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (0·5 mmol nitrate) or vice versa. ABPM and blood were assessed before and after both conditions. In all, twenty subjects with treated yet uncontrolled HTN entered and completed the trial (mean age=62·5 years, mean BMI=30·7 kg/m2). Baseline BP was 137/80 (sd7/7) mmHg. Dietary nitrate was well tolerated and resulted in significantly increased plasma nitrite (P=0·0004) and decreased 24-h systolic BP and diastolic BP compared with placebo (−8 mmHg;P=0·012 and −4 mmHg;P=0·018, respectively). Our results support the existing data suggesting an anti-hypertensive effect of dietary nitrate in treated yet uncontrolled hypertensives. Targeted dietary strategies appear promising contributors to BP control.
SOURCES OF LAW
Authors: Bell John
Published: March 2018

This article aims to clarify what is meant by “a source of law” argument. A source of law argument justifies an action by showing that it has as its legal basis the best interpretation of a rule, principle or value identified in a material source of law. Such an argument is authority-based in that it appeals for its correctness to a collective decision to adopt a particular rule. The identification comes from an analysis of the practices within a specific legal community. The concept of “a rule of recognition” is not helpful since it glosses over the contestability of what is a source of law and its revisability over time. In a second part, the article illustrates the dynamics of change by reference to the status of EEC/EU law in a number of national laws and the 1966 Practice Statement on precedent in the House of Lords.
THE DOCTRINE OF BENEFIT AND BURDEN: REFORMING THE LAW OF COVENANTS AND THE NUMERUS CLAUSUS “PROBLEM”
Authors: Bevan Chris
Published: March 2018

The doctrine of benefit and burden – an indirect method for enforcing the burden of positive freehold covenants – developed as an exception the strictAusterberryrule that the burden of positive covenants cannot bind successors directly at law. Three recent Court of Appeal cases (Davies v Jones; Wilkinson v KerdeneandElwood v Goodman) confirm the continued existence and application of the doctrine but also reveal its deficiencies and limitations. This article explores the contemporary application of the doctrine, identifies its theoretical, historical and elemental frailty and, drawing on recent reform proposals of the Law Commission, highlights the case for reform. In so doing, this article argues that a vital theoretical issue has been overlooked in the reform debate: thenumerus claususprinciple.
THE RULE OF LAW AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE: SOME HOME TRUTHS
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: March 2018

MISAPPREHENSIONS about the UK's constitution are ten-a-penny. Most prominent among them, perhaps, are the notions that the UK “has no constitution” and that fundamental rights cannot meaningfully exist without an “entrenched” or “written constitution”. To that list of misunderstandings can now be added the ideas – brought to light by the Supreme Court's judgment in R. (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017] UKSC 51, [2017] 3 W.L.R. 409 – that the judicial system, far from being a non-negotiable feature of any constitutional democracy, is nothing more than a public service, and that access to it can be regulated by the executive accordingly. To describe UNISON as a welcome corrective to such misconceptions would be to engage in rash understatement. In a tour de force that ought to be compulsory reading for every Minister and parliamentarian, the Court elucidates the true value of independent courts and tribunals, illuminates the common law's potential as a guarantor of basic rights, and reiterates an axiomatic set of constitutional home truths.
DEFERRED PROSECUTION AGREEMENTS: COOPERATION AND CONFESSION
Authors: Cheung Rita
Published: March 2018

SIR Brian Leveson's approval of the third deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) in Serious Fraud Office v Rolls-Royce plc [2017] Lloyd's Rep. F.C. 249 is the most significant addition to the growing canon of case law on DPAs. This new enforcement tool was added to the UK prosecutors’ armoury by the Crime and Courts Act 2013. Following the successful use of deferrals to tackle corporate crime in the US, the Act allows an organisation to avoid prosecution for certain corporate crimes by entering into an agreement with a designated prosecutor, under court supervision, whereby prosecution is deferred pending successful compliance with certain conditions, which may include payment of a substantial fine.
ORGANISATIONAL TORTS: VICARIOUS LIABILITY VERSUS NON-DELEGABLE DUTY
Authors: Deakin Simon
Published: March 2018

ON 18 October 2017, the UK Supreme Court decided Armes v Nottinghamshire County Council [2017] UKSC 60. The Court ruled that a local authority could be vicariously liable for intentional torts committed by foster parents against a child whom the authority had placed in their care. The outcome was not entirely unexpected. Less than two decades ago it would have been inconceivable. After all, isn't it the case that the common law does not recognise a general principle of liability in tort for the acts of third parties? And that in so far as it does, it holds an employer vicariously liable for a tort committed by an employee in the course of their employment? This is a very long way from the facts of Armes.
LAWFUL-ACT DURESS AND MARITAL AGREEMENTS
Authors: Eldridge John
Published: March 2018

IN Thorne v Kennedy [2017] HCA 49, the High Court of Australia was presented with an opportunity to consider the operation and intersection of undue influence, unconscionable conduct and duress in the context of marital agreements. Despite hopes that the Court would seize the chance to resolve an important open question in respect of duress, the decision was instead marked by an unhelpful caution, offering little guidance on the law's future development.
JURISDICTIONAL GATEWAYS IN THE CPR
Authors: Day William
Published: March 2018

IF no substitute is negotiated for the Brussels Recast Regulation (1215/2012) on “Brexit”, the provisions in the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) for permission to serve claims out of the jurisdiction may assume a greater significance in future cross-border litigation. So the timing of the Supreme Court's decision in Four Seasons Holding Inc. v Brownlie [2017] UKSC 80, [2018] 1 W.L.R. 192 is apposite.
WHEN HOMER QUOTES CALLIMACHUS: ALLUSIVE POETICS IN THE PROEM OF THEPOSTHOMERICA
Authors: Greensmith Emma
Published: March 2018

In Book 12 of Quintus Smyrnaeus’Posthomerica(c. third centuryc.e.), the epic poet prepares to list the heroes who entered the Wooden Horse before the sack of Troy. Before he begins, he breaks off to ask for help (Quint. Smyrn. 12.306–13):τούς μοι νῦν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἀνειρομένῳ σάφα Μοῦσαιἔσπεθ᾽, ὅσοι κατέβησαν ἔσω πολυχανδέος ἵππου·ὑμεῖς γὰρ πᾶσάν μοι ἐνὶ φρεσὶ θήκατ᾽ ἀοιδήν,πρίν μοι <ἔτ᾽> ἀμφὶ παρειὰ κατασκίδνασθαι ἴουλον,Σμύρνης ἐν δαπέδοισι περικλυτὰ μῆλα νέμοντι    310τρὶς τόσον Ἑρμοῦ ἄπωθεν, ὅσον βοόωντος ἀκοῦσαι,Ἀρτέμιδος περὶ νηὸν Ἐλευθερίῳ ἐνὶ κήπῳ,οὔρεΐ τ’ οὔτε λίην χθαμαλῷ οὔθ᾽ ὑψόθι πολλῷ.

Muses, I ask you to tell me precisely, one by one, the names of all who went inside the cavernous horse. For you were the ones who filled my mind with all song even before down was spread across my cheeks, when I was tending my renowned sheep in the land of Smyrna, three times as far as the shouting distance from the Hermus, near Artemis’ temple in the garden of Liberty, on a hill that is neither excessively high nor too low.
A BODY WITHOUT BORDERS: THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL BODY IN APULEIUS’METAMORPHOSES1.5–1.19
Authors: Krebs Assaf
Published: March 2018

You are about to be amazed by a collection of tales on ‘the transformation of people's fortunes andfiguraeinto different shapes, and their restoration again into themselves in a mutual nexus (mutuo nexu)’ (Met.1.1) – this is Apuleius’ opening statement and promise to his listeners in the very first lines of theMetamorphoses. In this article I read the first inserted tale (Met. 1.5–19) from a corporeal point of view. Modern researchers consider this tale programmatic for the whole novel, which in itself has a strong corporeal orientation as it tells the story of a humanfigurathat becomes bestial; of changing bodies, tortured limbs, and beaten organs; and of lascivious and uncontrollable desires. My focus is particularly on the nocturnal scene at the inn (Met.1.11–17), where I analyse the nature of the body and its representations’ literary and philosophical implications. I investigate the tension between rationality and sensuality; explore spatial and temporal dimensions; and discuss sexuality and birth. My main argument is that in the first tale the body has a crucial function in the perception of the characters’ world and self alike. Furtheremore, I suggest that the body and the ‘corporeal subjects’ (a term explored later in the article) are this tale's protagonists: the body produces its own narrative, whose plot advances in a chaotic and perplexed way through intensities, uncontrollable lust, flowing secretions, and sensual experience. I shall therefore suggest reading the scenethroughthe body, and by asking what the the bodydoesrather than merely what itmeans. I thus propose reading themututo nexuwhich appears in the prologue in the context of the nexus of body and mind, of physical shapes and mental consciousness.
Latin Literature
Authors: Whitton Christopher
Published: March 2018

The dullest book of theAeneid? Certainly not, insist Stephen Heyworth and James Morwood in their commentary onAeneid3. There can't be many students at school or university level who cut their teeth on epic Virgil with his third book, but Wadham College, Oxford, where H&M were colleagues, has been the glorious exception for a quarter of a century, and the rest of us now have good reason to follow suit. I don't just mean the ‘thrilling traveller's tale’ (so the dust-jacket) that carries us from Polydorus to Polyphemus by way of such episodes as the Cretan plague, the Harpy attack, and a pointed stop-off at Actium, nor the ktistic and prophetic themes that give this book such weight in Virgil's grand narrative. There's also the simple matter of accessibility.Doctissimi lectoresofAeneid3 can consult Nicholas Horsfall's densely erudite and wickedly overpriced Brill commentary, but others have had to make do with one of R. D. Williams’ more apologetic efforts. (True, there is an efficient student edition by C. Perkell, but that seems to have made little headway in the UK, at least.) Now Aeneas’ odyssey takes a place among the few books of theAeneidfor which undergraduates and others can draw on commentaries which are at once accessible, sophisticated, and affordable.
Roman History
Authors: Grig Lucy
Published: March 2018

This crop of books is Republic-heavy, with a strong showing for political history. No fewer than three demonstrate a notable trend in current Roman history writing: the focus on a particular term as a means to examine a key ideological concept. John Richardson's 2009 study of the wordsimperiumandprovinciawas clearly a landmark (and is explicitly cited as a model by one of this year's crop). In 2013 Myles Lavan examined Roman conceptions of imperialism through looking at a slightly broader range of terms, focusing on the formation of different paradigms of power. Two years later Clifford Ando explored the same subject with a more distinctively cognitive and linguistic approach. In the crop of books for review here, we have one focusing on the wordfoedus(most broadly: ‘alliance’), one onpax(‘peace’), and one on the termres publica. Roman history, it seems, is finally fully and perhaps belatedly embracing the ‘linguistic turn’.
Sceptical theism and the evil-god challenge
Authors: HENDRICKS PERRY
Published: March 2018

This article is a response to Stephen Law's article ‘The evil-god challenge’. In his article, Law argues that if belief in evil-god is unreasonable, then belief in good-god is unreasonable; that the antecedent is true; and hence so is the consequent. In this article, I show that Law's affirmation of the antecedent is predicated on the problem of good (i.e. the problem of whether an all-evil, all-powerful, and all-knowing God would allow there to be as much good in the world as there is), and argue that the problem of good fails. Thus, the antecedent is unmotivated, which renders the consequent unmotivated. Law's challenge for good-god theists is to show that good-god theism is not rendered unreasonable by the problem of evil in the same way that evil-god theism is rendered unreasonable by the problem of good. Insofar as the problem of good does not render belief in evil-god unreasonable, Law's challenge has been answered: since it is not unreasonable to believe in evil-god (at least for the reasons that Law gives) it is not unreasonable to believe in good-god. Finally, I show that – my criticism aside – the evil-god challenge turns out to be more complicated and controversial than it initially appears, for it relies on the (previously unacknowledged) contentious assumption that sceptical theism is false.
Heritage, Land, Labor, and Competing Claims for Afro-Colombian Rights
Authors: Escallón Maria Fernanda
Published: March 2018

This article examines the different meanings that rights to land and culture hold in San Basilio de Palenque, an Afro-Colombian community whose “cultural space” was declared by the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to be intangible cultural heritage of humanity in 2005. I investigate how the language of rights—both communal and individual—operates simultaneously at various registers and is strategically put to work in distinct political spheres. Drawing from ethnographic field research conducted between 2009 and 2013, I argue that while communal rights are invoked to garner recognition from state and transnational organizations like UNESCO, individual rights, conceived as exclusive prerogatives, serve to mark hierarchical distinctions between community members. I examine the paradoxical coexistence of two contradictory claims: one of cultural cohesion and another of social hierarchy. I conclude by questioning how a more nuanced examination of rights discourses in Palenque might contribute to understanding the multiple meanings of rights, not simply across time or space but also in relation to their perceived strategic purpose.
Vitriol in the Taff: River Pollution, Industrial Waste, and the Politics of Control in late Nineteenth-Century Rural Wales
Authors: WADDINGTON KEIR
Published: March 2018

Claims that rural communities and rural authorities in Wales were backwards conceal not only growing sensitivity to industrial river pollution, but also their active efforts to regulate the region's rivers. This article uses evidence from South Wales to explore rural responses to industrial river pollution and to provide the micro-contextualisation essential for understanding how environmental nuisances were tackled around sites of pollution. Efforts to limit industrial effluent at both local and regional levels highlight strategies of control, the difficulties of intervention at the boundaries of authorities, and how rural authorities were not always peripheral to an urban metropole. This lack of passivity challenges the idea that river pollution interventions merely displaced rather than confronted the problem of pollution, providing insights into how rural authorities worked, and into how those living in rural communities turned to them to clean up their environment.
The Clothiers’ Century, 1450–1550
Authors: OLDLAND JOHN
Published: March 2018

In the hundred years from 1450 to 1550, the great success enjoyed by the English woollen industry in continental markets was a result of clothiers organising the rural cloth industry in the West Country, Suffolk/Essex, the Kentish Weald and Newbury and its surrounds, to produce cloth that London merchants required. To do this they allocated extensive capital to cloth production: buying wools, sorting and dyeing them, organising their carding and spinning, putting the yarn out for weaving, and then in some cases owning the mills that fulled the cloth and finally shearing it in-house. The leading clothiers carried wool and cloth inventories, developed strong buying networks and offered merchants credit. Clothiers' control over production declined after 1550 as the government exercised greater control over cloth quality and clothiers' freedoms, and as price competition intensified from coarser cloths and new draperies.
Protecting the Community: Lessons from the Montana Flyer Project
Authors: Johnson Jeremy B.
Published: March 2018

In October 2014, flyers appeared in mailboxes of Montana voters that positioned nominees for the state Supreme Court according to an ideological scale. The study, authored by researchers from Stanford and Dartmouth, was met with public outrage. The Commissioner of Political Practices in Montana asked me to vet the ethics of the study. The investigation led me to conclude that current Institutional Review Board (IRB) practices are inadequate for evaluating research involving field experiments in political science because there is no explicit attention in the process to protect a community. I believe the IRB should mandate that researchers explicitly address implications about how their research could affect the communities they study.
Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Neuropsychiatric and Non-neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zabala Arantzazu , Salgueiro Monika , Sáez-Atxukarro Oihane , Ballesteros Javier , Ruiz-Irastorza Guillermo , Segarra Rafael
Published: March 2018

Objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Its most prevalent manifestation is neuropsychiatric SLE (NP-SLE), which is characterized by increased involvement of the nervous system, with relevant symptoms, such as marked cognitive deficits, which are directly involved in subsequent functional disability. The objective of this study is to identify and compare the profile of cognitive deficits in patients with NP-SLE and patients with non-neuropsychiatric SLE (nonNP-SLE) by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search based on the key words “cogn* OR neurocogn* AND lupus AND neuropsychiatry*” and included articles published between April 1999 and December 2016. A total of 244 articles were retrieved. We excluded reviews and meta-analyses, experiments not performed in humans, and single case reports. We included studies that used standardized cognitive measures and had included at least the subgroups NP-SLE and non NP-SLE. Results: The meta-analysis was finally based on six studies, and 10 neuropsychological variables were examined. Significant differences were observed between the groups for six variables. In the remaining four variables, we observed marked heterogeneity between the groups or a low number of studies. Conclusions: The data obtained indicate greater cognitive impairment among NP-SLE patients than among nonNP-SLE patients, at least for the cognitive domains of visuomotor coordination, attention, executive function, visual learning and memory, and phonetic fluency. The identification and definition of cognitive deficits in SLE patients is necessary to develop adequate cognitive remediation programs to improve functional outcomes. (JINS, 2018, 24, 629–639)
Clinical Predictors of Engagement in Inpatient Rehabilitation Among Stroke Survivors With Cognitive Deficits: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kringle Emily A. , Terhorst Lauren , Butters Meryl A. , Skidmore Elizabeth R.
Published: March 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify clinical predictors that could distinguish clients’ level of engagement in inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of pooled data from three randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of a behavioral intervention. The sample (n=208) consisted of clients with stroke who had cognitive deficits (Quick-EXIT≥3) and were admitted to inpatient rehabilitation facilities associated with a university medical center. Individuals with pre-morbid dementia, aphasia and mood disorders were excluded. The Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale was used to measure engagement. Clinical predictors were measured using the Functional Independence Measure, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, selected subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Chedoke McMaster Stroke Assessment. Simple logistic regression identified individual clinical predictors associated with engagement. Hierarchical logistic regression identified the strongest predictors of engagement. Results: Impairments in executive functions [mean D-KEFS, odds ratio (OR)=4.062; 95% confidence interval (CI)=.866, 19.051], impairments in visuospatial skills (RBANS Visuospatial Index Score, OR=3.940; 95% CI=1.317, 11.785), impairments in mood (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, OR=2.059, 95% CI=.953, 4.449), and male gender (OR=2.474; 95% CI=1.145, 5.374) predicted levels of engagement in inpatient rehabilitation after controlling for study intervention group, baseline stroke severity, and baseline disability. Conclusions: Executive functions, visuospatial skills, mood, and gender distinguished individuals with high or low engagement in inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Further studies should examine additional factors that may influence engagement (therapist-client relationship, treatment expectancy). (JINS, 2018, 24, 572–583)
Association between fish consumption and risk of dementia: a new study from China and a systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bakre Aishat T , Chen Ruoling , Khutan Ranjit , Wei Li , Smith Tina , Qin Gordon , Danat Isaac M , Zhou Weiju , Schofield Peter , Clifford Angela , Wang Jiaji , Verma Arpana , Zhang Cuilin , Ni Jindong
Published: March 2018

Objective

To assess the association of fish consumption with risk of dementia and its dose–response relationship, and investigate variations in the association among low-, middle- and high-income countries.

Design

A new community-based cross-sectional study and a systematic literature review.

Settings

Urban and rural communities in China; population-based studies systematically searched from worldwide literature.

Subjects

Chinese adults aged ≥60 years in six provinces (n 6981) took part in a household health survey of dementia prevalence and risk factors. In addition, 33 964 participants from eleven published and eligible studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Results

In the new study in China, 326 participants were diagnosed with dementia (4·7 %); those who consumed any amount of fish in the past two years v. those who consumed no fish had reduced risk of dementia (adjusted OR=0·73, 95 % CI 0·64, 0·99), but the dose–response relationship was not statistically significant. The meta-analysis of available data from the literature and the new study showed relative risk (RR) of dementia of 0·80 (95 % CI 0·74, 0·87) for people with fish consumption; the impact was similar among countries with different levels of income. Pooled dose–response data revealed RR (95 % CI) of 0·84 (0·72, 0·98), 0·78 (0·68, 0·90) and 0·77 (0·61, 0·98) in people with low, middle and high consumption of fish, respectively. Corresponding figures for Alzheimer’s disease were 0·88 (0·74, 1·04), 0·79 (0·65, 0·96) and 0·67 (0·58, 0·78), respectively.

Conclusions

Greater consumption of fish is associated with a lower risk of dementia. Increasing fish consumption may help prevent dementia worldwide regardless of income level.
The General Data Protection Regulation: the Next Generation of EU Data Protection
Authors: Bhaimia Sahar
Published: March 2018

This article, written by Sahar Bhaimia, presents an overview of the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) (2016/679) (GDPR) which will apply automatically across the EU on 25 May 2018. The GDPR is an update and reform of existing EU data protection law, first established by the Data Protection Directive (1995/46/EC). The article is for knowledge managers and information services professionals who may be asked to take on responsibility for GDPR, and focuses on the UK. It covers the fundamentals of EU data protection law, highlights key changes brought about by the GDPR, and provides practical tips and suggestions for knowledge managers.
Resources for Criminological Research
Authors: Stone Stuart
Published: March 2018

This article by Stuart Stone, Librarian at the Radzinowicz Library at the Institute of Criminology at Cambridge, examines a selection of online information resources used by criminologists and compares their particular features and deficiencies. The author's involvement in training early career researchers, both in formal training sessions and one-to-one sessions, over a long period, allows for user responses and experiences of the resources to inform this examination.
Age representation in parliaments: Can institutions pave the way for the young?
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Sundström Aksel
Published: March 2018

Middle-aged to senior men of the ethnic majority and higher income groups are generally overrepresented in parliaments. While research on group representation has examined issues of gender, economic standing, and, more recently, ethnicity, few studies examine age groups. We argue that the design of political institutions influences the share of young adults in parliaments across nations and hypothesize that the electoral system type, age candidacy requirements, and quotas influence the share of younger deputies in national parliaments. Analyzing an original data set with a global cross-national sample, we find that proportional representation and giving candidates the right to stand in elections as early as possible (i.e. at the age of 18) matter. In contrast, quota provisions for youths are currently too selectively applied to increase the percentage of young deputies in parliament.
Religious Identity and Acculturation of Immigrant Minority Youth
Authors: Phalet Karen , Fleischmann Fenella , Hillekens Jessie
Published: March 2018

Abstract. This review proposes an integrative contextual and developmental approach to religious identity development and acculturative adaptation among adolescents with an immigrant background. Relevant research with minority adolescents has addressed three main research questions: (1) What is distinctive about religious identity development in (Muslim) minority youth? (2) How does religious identity relate to their acculturative adaptation? and (3) What is the role of interpersonal and intercultural relations in specific acculturation contexts? In line with multiple developmental pathways in specific acculturation contexts, Muslim youth in Europe showed either stability or an increase in religious identification throughout adolescence, yet religious identity development varied greatly across religious communities and receiving societies. In support of the adaptive function of identity development in acculturating youth, (2) the religious identity of Muslim adolescents contributed positively to their psychological adaptation through the commitment to heritage culture values and identities; and it was either unrelated or conflicting with mainstream culture adoption and sociocultural adaptation, depending on specific acculturation contexts. Finally, religious identities reflect the bicultural social world of minority adolescents: strong and stable religious identities were premised on religious transmission in interpersonal relations with immigrant parents and minority peers. Moreover, religious identity conflict or compatibility with mainstream cultural values and identities was contingent on intercultural relations: perceived discrimination and Islamophobia fuel identity conflict in Muslim youth, whereas more harmonious intercultural relations enable compatible and adaptive pathways of religious identity.
Schools as Acculturative and Developmental Contexts for Youth of Immigrant and Refugee Background
Authors: Schachner Maja K. , Juang Linda , Moffitt Ursula , van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Schools are important for the academic and socio-emotional development, as well as acculturation of immigrant- and refugee-background youth. We highlight individual differences which shape their unique experiences, while considering three levels of the school context in terms of how they may affect adaptation outcomes: (1) interindividual interactions in the classroom (such as peer relations, student-teacher relations, teacher beliefs, and teaching practices), (2) characteristics of the classroom or school (such as ethnic composition and diversity climate), and (3) relevant school- and nation-level policies (such as diversity policies and school tracking). Given the complexity of the topic, there is a need for more research taking an integrated and interdisciplinary perspective to address migration related issues in the school context. Teacher beliefs and the normative climate in schools seem particularly promising points for intervention, which may be easier to change than structural aspects of the school context. More inclusive schools are also an important step toward more peaceful interethnic relations in diverse societies.
Adaptation of Young Immigrants
Authors: Titzmann Peter F. , Lee Richard M.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We draw upon developmental psychology theory to highlight the developmental process of acculturation in adolescent immigrants. First, we describe different ways in which development and acculturation have been combined in past research on immigrant youth. These studies mainly considered developmental and acculturation-related changes, predictors, and stages, or utilized the developmental context model by Bronfenbrenner (1977) . However, developmental considerations are often only implicitly implemented in existing research and not in a very systematic manner. The dynamic aspects of development are particularly understated in acculturation research. For this reason, we reference and expand upon concepts pertaining to the biological, social, and psychological changes in pubertal development to highlight ways in which acculturation research can be made more dynamic and less static. We specifically present the concepts of acculturative timing, tempo, pace, and synchronicity as a means to systematically study acculturative changes over time in immigrant adolescents. In summary, in this review, we present a more dynamic and less static understanding of acculturation processes that includes normative developmental aspects for a more complex understanding of immigrant youth’s psychosocial adaptation.
Learning With Media
Authors: Lewis Sarah , Lindgren Robb , Wang Shuai , Pea Roy D.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Digital media, such as interactive video, games, and immersive worlds, offer rich visual perspectives, often allowing one to experience events through another’s eyes. While prior research indicates that considering alternative perspectives facilitates understanding, little is known about how media-enhanced perspectives affect learning processes for higher-order concepts that require synthesis of ideas and making inferences such as reasoning about problems in science. Two experiments used digital video of a science instructional event to investigate features of visual perspective on engagement and knowledge construction. Study 1 showed that an embodied first-person viewpoint achieved using a head-mounted camera better supported learning than a traditional third-person view of the same event. In Study 2, applying a motion algorithm to both a first-person and third-person video allowed us to isolate the effects of viewpoint and camera motion. While the addition of artificial motion benefited learning for third-person viewers, only motion that is aligned with the actor’s actions and affect enhances first-person viewing. Findings are considered in terms of how certain media position learners in relation to educational content. Specifically, we argue that media features such as viewpoint and motion can be configured in ways to create “fields of potential action” that engage viewers and optimize conditions for learning.
Should I Stay or Should I Go?
Authors: Wise Kevin , Hong Seoyon , Lee Hyunmin , Young Rachel
Published: March 2018

Abstract. This study explores how motivational activation influences real-time selection behavior during picture viewing on a computer. We measured the trait level motivational reactivity (ASA and DSA) of 40 participants, who then viewed a series of pictures. Each participant was given the opportunity to select a new picture of either similar or different valence as the picture currently viewed. We recorded indicators of participants’ selection behavior: their propensity to change picture valence, ratio of pleasant to unpleasant pictures selected, and decision time (how long it took them to decide on the valence of the next picture). Results showed that motivational activation predicts each of these behavioral indicators, leading to some preliminary implications for online user experience as well as the suggestion that media outlets might consider variance in motivational activation when selecting online content.
Intralayer and interlayer electron–phonon interactions in twisted graphene heterostructures
Authors: Eliel G. S. N. , Moutinho M. V. O. , Gadelha A. C. , Righi A. , Campos L. C. , Ribeiro H. B. , Chiu Po-Wen , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Puech P. , Paillet M. , Michel T. , Venezuela P. , Pimenta M. A.
Published: March 2018

The understanding of interactions between electrons and phonons in atomically thin heterostructures is crucial for the engineering of novel two-dimensional devices. Electron–phonon (el–ph) interactions in layered materials can occur involving electrons in the same layer or in different layers. Here we report on the possibility of distinguishing intralayer and interlayer el–ph interactions in samples of twisted bilayer graphene and of probing the intralayer process in graphene/h-BN by using Raman spectroscopy. In the intralayer process, the el–ph scattering occurs in a single graphene layer and the other layer (graphene or h-BN) imposes a periodic potential that backscatters the excited electron, whereas for the interlayer process the el–ph scattering occurs between states in the Dirac cones of adjacent graphene layers. Our methodology of using Raman spectroscopy to probe different types of el–ph interactions can be extended to study any kind of graphene-based heterostructure.
A neuronal basis for fear discrimination in the lateral amygdala
Authors: Grosso Anna , Santoni Giulia , Manassero Eugenio , Renna Annamaria , Sacchetti Benedetto
Published: March 2018

In the presence of new stimuli, it is crucial for survival to react with defensive responses in the presence of stimuli that resemble threats but also to not react with defensive behavior in response to new harmless stimuli. Here, we show that in the presence of new uncertain stimuli with sensory features that produce an ambiguous interpretation, discriminative processes engage a subset of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the lateral amygdala (LA) that are partially different from those engaged by fear processes. Inducing the pharmacogenetic deletion of this neuronal ensemble caused fear generalization but left anxiety-like response, fear memory and extinction processes intact. These data reveal that two opposite neuronal processes account for fear discrimination and generalization within the LA and suggest a potential pathophysiological mechanism for the impaired discrimination that characterizes fear-related disorders.
A fluorene-core-based electron acceptor for fullerene-free BHJ organic solar cells—towards power conversion efficiencies over 10%
Authors: Suman Suman , Bagui Anirban , Garg Ashish , Tyagi Barkha , Gupta Vinay , Singh Surya Prakash
Published: March 2018

A small molecule non-fullerene electron acceptor (SMNFEA), bearing a furan π-spacer and dicyano-n-hexyl rhodanine as flanking groups, was designed and synthesized for organic solar cell applications.
Multicolor GLUT5-permeable fluorescent probes for fructose transport analysis
Authors: Begoyan V. V. , Weseliński Ł. J. , Xia S. , Fedie J. , Kannan S. , Ferrier A. , Rao S. , Tanasova M.
Published: March 2018

A set of coumarin-based fluorescent sugar conjugates – ManCous is reported. ManCous are specific for fructose transporter GLUT5 and cover a broad range of the fluorescence spectrum providing essential tools for the evaluation of fructose transport capacity in live cells.
Self-trapping relaxation decay investigated by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Lietard Aude , Piani Giovanni , Briant Marc , Gaveau Marc-André , Faisan Sylvain , Mazet Vincent , Soep Benoît , Mestdagh Jean-Michel , Poisson Lionel
Published: March 2018

The present work combines time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy on isolated species with high-level data processing to address an issue which usually pertains to materials science: the electronic relaxation dynamics towards the formation of a self-trapped exciton (STE).
Ligand-dependent Ag2S formation: changes in deposition of silver nanoparticles with sulfidation
Authors: Nguyen Michael L. , Murphy Joseph A. , Hamlet Leigh C. , Lau Boris L. T.
Published: March 2018

The formation of silver sulfide on the surface of silver nanoparticles is ligand-dependent and is essential for their persistence after sulfidation.
Modulation of whey protein-kappa carrageenan hydrogel properties via enzymatic protein modification
Authors: Selig Michael J. , Dar B. N. , Kierulf Arkaye , Ravanfar Raheleh , Rizvi Syed S. H. , Abbaspourrad Alireza
Published: March 2018

Treatment of whey protein isolate (WPI) in heated κ-carrageenan (KC) slurries with protease and/or transglutaminase modulates the appearance and strength of hydrogels formed upon cooling.
Iron(iii) coordination properties of ladanein, a flavone lead with a broad-spectrum antiviral activity
Authors: Martin-Benlloch X. , Novodomska A. , Jacquemin D. , Davioud-Charvet E. , Elhabiri M.
Published: March 2018

The Fe(iii) complexation properties of ladanein, a potent antiviral flavone, and related analogues (negletein and salvigenin), have been studied in solution under quasi-physiological conditions using physico-chemical tools and provided important insights into their stability/reactivity in solution.
Transition metal doping: a new and effective approach for remarkably high nonlinear optical response in aluminum nitride nanocages
Authors: Arshad Yasir , Khan Saima , Hashmi Muhammad Ali , Ayub Khurshid
Published: March 2018

NLO response of early transition metal (Sc)-doped aluminum nitride nanocages is comparable to those of their alkali-metal-doped analogues.
Phonon mode transformation in size-evolved solution-processed inorganic lead halide perovskite
Authors: Shi Huafeng , Zhang Xiaoli , Sun Xiaowei , Zhang Xinhai
Published: March 2018

Lead halide perovskites have been very hot and new optoelectronic materials in recent years. This study found fundamental phonon mode transformation during the increase in particle size of perovskite nanocrystals.
Development and application of a portable fluorescence detector for shipboard analysis of ammonium in estuarine and coastal waters
Authors: Zhu Yong , Chen Jianfang , Shi Xiaolai , Yuan Dongxing , Feng Sichao , Zhou Tingjin , Huang Yongming
Published: March 2018

Herein, a novel homemade portable fluorescence detector that is simple, smaller, and transportable for the shipboard analysis of ammonium in estuarine and coastal waters has been developed and applied in a flow system for ammonium analysis based on the reaction of ammonium, OPA, and sulfite.
Promiscuous activity of C-acyltransferase fromPseudomonas protegens: synthesis of acetanilides in aqueous buffer
Authors: Żądło-Dobrowolska Anna , Schmidt Nina G. , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: March 2018

A C-acyltransferase was found to show promiscuous activity catalyzing C–N bond formation in aqueous buffer instead of C–C bond formation.
Biotin-functionalized targeted polydiacetylene micelles
Authors: Doerflinger Anaëlle , Quang Nam Nguyen , Gravel Edmond , Pinna Guillaume , Vandamme Marie , Ducongé Frédéric , Doris Eric
Published: March 2018

Polydiacetylene micelles were functionalized with controlled amounts of biotin using bioorthogonal click chemistry.
Formation of highly luminescent cesium bismuth halide perovskite quantum dots tuned by anion exchange
Authors: Lou Yongbing , Fang Mengying , Chen Jinxi , Zhao Yixin
Published: March 2018

Cs3Bi2Br9 quantum dots, with excellent thermal stability and photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 22%, have been prepared. A PL wavelength range from 380 to 526 nm could be achieved through a fast reversible anion exchange reaction.
Real-space evidence of Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen adenine–uracil base pairs on Au(111)
Authors: Ding Yuanqi , Xie Lei , Yao Xinyi , Xu Wei
Published: March 2018

The real-space evidence of Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen Adenine–uracil base pairs on Au(111).
Folate decorated hollow spheres of microporous organic networks as drug delivery materials
Authors: Jang June Young , Duong Huu Thuy Trang , Lee Sang Moon , Kim Hae Jin , Ko Yoon-Joo , Jeong Ji Hoon , Lee Doo Sung , Thambi Thavasyappan , Son Seung Uk
Published: March 2018

Hollow and microporous organic networks post-modified with folic acids showed promising potential as DOX delivery materials.
The absolute configuration of isochamigrene: new insights into the cyclisation mechanism of trichodiene synthase
Authors: Burkhardt Immo , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: March 2018

The enantioselective synthesis of isochamigrene clarified its absolute configuration and biosynthetic relation to trichodiene.
The synthesis of FeCoS2 and an insight into its physicochemical performance
Authors: Zhao Yongjie , Liu Jialin , Ding Caihua , Wang Chengzhi , Zhai Ximei , Li Jingbo , Jin Haibo
Published: March 2018

FeCoS2 exhibited a close relationship between its microstructure and macro-properties and extensive potential applications in energy storage and conversion.
Using porphyrin–amino acid pairs to model the electrochemistry of heme proteins: experimental and theoretical investigations
Authors: Samajdar Rudra N. , Manogaran Dhivya , Yashonath S. , Bhattacharyya Aninda J.
Published: March 2018

Deconstructing the complex electrochemistry of heme proteins into simpler heme–amino acid interactions.
Nearly suppressed photoluminescence blinking of small-sized, blue–green–orange–red emitting single CdSe-based core/gradient alloy shell/shell quantum dots: correlation between truncation time and photoluminescence quantum yield
Authors: Roy Debjit , Mandal Saptarshi , De Chayan K. , Kumar Kaushalendra , Mandal Prasun K.
Published: March 2018

Nearly suppressed PL blinking of small sized CdSe based CGASS QDs.
Rhenium-modified porous covalent triazine framework for highly efficient photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction in a solid–gas system
Authors: Xu Rui , Wang Xu-Sheng , Zhao Hui , Lin Hua , Huang Yuan-Biao , Cao Rong
Published: March 2018

A porous rhenium-modified covalent triazine framework shows high efficiency in photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO in a solid/gas interface.