bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE GLASSY PHASE IN A CERAMIC BODY*
Authors: Johnson Arnold G. , Underhill Donald B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study was made of the amount of glassy bond present in a typical whiteware body after various heat‐treatments. Petrographic methods, with polished sections and powder mounts, were used for these determinations.

The results obtained by both methods and by independent observers agreed very well. With the higher firing temperatures, the amount of glass increased and the number of crystals decreased. Pore space diminished as the temperature was raised to the maturing temperature; above that point the pore volume increased.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEGREE OF HOMOGENEITY OF GLASS*
Authors: Tooley F. V. , Tiede R. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The rate of homogenizing of soda‐lime‐silica glass under conditions of minimum convection mixing and in the absence of refractory materials was measured by the centrifuge density spread technique developed by Turnbull and Ghering. Measurements on melts prepared in pure platinum containers at 2550°F. showed that the density spread decreases rapidly during the first 16 hours of melting following which further decrease occurs at a much slower rate. The portion of glass responsible for the major part of the density spread was a light fraction, which tended to form or accumulate at the surface of the melt.
EFFECT OF GLASS ON ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS STORED IN BOTTLES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE FOR THREE YEARS*
Authors: Herman A. , Shay H. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The actual change caused by storing neutral grain spirits, gins, and various whiskies in glass bottles supplied by nine manufacturers and in Pyrex‐brand glass at room temperature for three years was determined. The effect of commercial glass on the hydrogen‐ion concentration of neutral grain spirits is greater than on gins, blended whiskies, and whisky, respectively. The hydrogen‐ion concentration of these products continues to increase proportionately with the time they are stored in the commercial glass bottles. Neutral grain spirits and gin that were stored in Pyrex‐brand glass remained constant for one year and increased slightly in hydrogen‐ion concentration during the time studied. The hydrogen‐ion concentration of blended whiskies and whisky remained constant when they were stored in Pyrex‐brand glass. Neutral grain spirits and gins that were stored in commercial glass bottles showed dissolved silica, magnesium, and aluminum under spectrographic tests.
GLASS PROPERTIES AND THE PERIODIC TABLE *
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun Kuan‐Han
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Graphs are presented showing the variation with atomic number and with group of the periodic table of certain constants entering into the calculation of densities, refractive indices, and dispersions of glasses.
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN ENAMEL MILL LIQUORS *
Authors: Blanchard M. K. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This paper is a summary of the present basic information concerning the individual chemical, physical, and pyrochemical characteristics of the possible, more common soluble constituents present in porcelain enamel slips. The data were chosen with particular regard to their importance in the study of the nature and effect of the various soluble salts on properties of enamel slips and on their drying behavior.
PROPERTIES OF SOME VYCOR‐BRAND GLASSES *
Authors: Nordberg Martin E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Physical and chemical properties are discussed for Vycor‐brand 96% silica glasses prepared from glasses of lower silica content by a leaching process, and a brief résumé of this process is given. The intermediate porous glass and a translucent or white opaque form of the final 96% silica glass made by the Multiform process are briefly described. Ultraviolet and infrared transmission characteristics of glasses No. 790 and No. 791 are given.

Vycor‐brand glass No. 790 containing 96% silica is produced without the use of excessive melting temperatures by a process in which a relatively soft borosilicate glass is melted and shaped, the fluxes are removed by leaching, and the residual porous high‐silica structure is consolidated by heating. The outstanding properties of this glass are its very low coefficient of expansion and correspondingly high resistance to heat shock, its high softening point, low power factor, and high chemical durability, which make it useful for varied applications in the industrial and electrical fields as well as in the laboratory. The glass can be used continuously at temperatures up to 900°C. or for limited service at much higher temperatures provided it is not in contact with materials which react with or cause devitrification of silica. It can be lamp worked by methods similar to those used for fused silica.

Porous glass is formed as an intermediate product in the process. It is characterized by pores of very small and relatively uniform radius, the average of which is in the order of 20 a.u.

A translucent or opaque white glass is made by the Multiform process, which enables the production of massive ware and a variety of shapes that cannot be made directly in the clear form. Aside from transparency, the properties in general are the same as those of the clear glass.

Vycor‐brand glass No. 791 is highly transparent to ultraviolet light at wave lengths down to 254 mμ or less, and glasses have been made with an appreciable transmission even at 185 mμ. Glasses No. 790 and No. 991 are highly transparent to the near infrared.
EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF DIOPSIDE ON PROPERTIES OF WALL‐TILE BODY *
Authors: Amberg C. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Diopside was substituted for both talc and feldspar in a typical wall‐tile body. It was found to lower the fusion temperature and to lower thermal expansion when compared with talc and to raise thermal expansion when compared with feldspar. Its effects on firing shrinkage, fired absorption, and moisture expansion were somewhat similar to those of talc.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XVI, INFLUENCE OF MANGANESE DIOXIDE ON METAL PRECIPITATION AT GROUND COAT‐IRON INTERFACE *
Authors: King R. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The influence of manganese oxide alone and in combination with cobalt and nickel oxides on metal precipitation in ground coats has been studied. The previously developed electrical‐resistance method was used. Manganese dioxide present alone was not effective in precipitating metal. The results on the indirect influence of manganese dioxide in combination with cobalt and nickel oxides are not significant.
CONE 01 GLAZES FOR LOW‐TEMPERATURE VITREOUS WARE*
Authors: Marquis John
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The production of two‐fired vitreous ware using a nepheline syenite body biscuited at cone 4 requires a glaze of low expansion maturing at cone 01 or below. Such a glaze can be produced using not more than 0.05 KNaO and up to 0.19 MgO in the empirical formula if 70 to 80% of the glaze batch is fritted. Such glazed ware showed good resistance to crazing, and modulus of rupture and scratch‐hardness values were equal to commercial hotel china.
METHODS FOR TESTING CLEANER SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Seabright Edward C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study of methods for testing cleaner solutions was performed under plant conditions for a period of 18 months using three different commercial cleaners. The methods of performing the various accepted tests are described and the results are summarized. Methods for determining the amount of soap and free NaOH contained in the cleaner solution are also outlined.
CASTING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAYS: I, IMPROVED METHODS FOR DETERMINATION*
Authors: Russell R. , Mohr W. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Part I of this investigation covers the development of reliable laboratory tests to indicate the relative properties of different clays with the primary consideration of their casting behavior. Methods are given for the determination of casting rate, permeability, water retention, fluidity, thixotropy, organic content, shrinkage, and dry strength. By determining the effect of varying increments of electrolyte on the foregoing properties, it is possible to select clays which have desirable casting characteristics for commercial use. Samples of fast‐ and slow‐casting kaolins and ball clays were used to indicate the utility of the methods employed; results are also given for two composite bodies. In developing the test procedures using the Büchner funnel (vacuum), the effect of the following factors was determined: mixing procedure, ratio of clay to flint, feldspar vs. flint as the nonplastic, electrolyte content, quantity of slip used, specific gravity of slip, slip temperature, aging, and vacuum pressure; The optimum procedure for testing clays was then evolved. Part II and Part III of this series of studies are in preparation for publication.
CATAPHORESIS OF PURIFIED, FRACTIONATED KAOLINITE PARTICLES*
Authors: Coughanour W. L. , Utter J. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The cataphoretic velocity of three purified, monodisperse fractions of Florida kaolin was determined by the ultramicroscope method. The effect of particle size, kaolinite concentration, and electrolyte concentration on the migration velocity of the particles was observed. Calculations of zeta potential, charge density, and total charge were made for the various systems. It is shown that the zeta potential decreases with increasing particle size and increasing clay concentration. The plots of migration velocity versus electrolyte concentration follow the usual form for such curves, rising rapidly with the first electrolyte additions and flattening out as equilibrium is reached.
EFFECT OF FIRING ATMOSPHERE ON DEVELOPMENT OF COLORS IN CERAMIC GLAZES*
Authors: McDevit William F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of systematic variations in atmosphere between 100% oxidizing and 100% neutral was noted. The principles and definitions of color designation are given and possible physicochemical changes which result in color variation are considered. Experimental data indicate the relative stability of typical colors under atmospheric variations.
III, ADDITIONAL GLAZES AND IMPROVED TECHNIQUE AND APPARATUS*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Johnson H. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Additional types of glazes were studied and improvements in technique and apparatus are described. The correlation between glaze consistency, body receptivity, and thickness of deposition is represented by a simple first‐order equation having two constants, P=K(R/100) (C− 0.001), wherein P= pickup, K= deposition constant, R= receptivity, and C= coherence value.
IV, PRACTICAL USES FOR COHERENCE VALUE AND RECEPTIVITY MEASUREMENTS*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Johnson H. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Coherence‐value and receptivity measurements may be used as (1) a check on incoming raw materials, (2) a basis for selection of certain raw materials, (3) a control test for slip consistency, (4) a control test at various steps in the manufacturing process, and (5) a basis for blending clays and other raw materials. These methods also hold promise of general application in fields other than glaze control.
EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTING MgO FOR CaO ON PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL SODA‐LIME GLASSES*
Authors:   Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In base glasses containing (a) Na2O 16, CaO 10, and SiO2 74% and (b) Na2O14, CaO 12, and SiO2 74%, MgO was substituted in steps of 2% for CaO. The effects of the substitution on liquidus temperature, viscosity, fiber softening point, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and to distilled water are described.
STRONTIA AND ITS PROPERTIES IN GLAZES*
Authors: McCutchen Earl S.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Strontia has proved to be a strong flux and a desirable glaze ingredient when it is used to replace PbO, ZnO, and CaO in a typical dinnerware glaze. By including it in the frit, the fluidity of the glaze was increased to a marked degree when it was substituted for ZnO and CaO and it also lowered the deformation temperature in the replacement of the latter oxide. Thermal‐expansion tests indicate that strontia has practically the same effect as lime on glaze expansion. Glazes of excellent visual and physical properties were obtained in a series of low‐lead and leadless compositions containing strontia.
LIGHTWEIGHT SUPERDUTY KYANITE‐TOPAZ REFRACTORY*
Authors: Galbreath W. W. , McVay T. N. , Allen Dan
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Standard‐size 9‐in. brick with a weight of 5 lb. were successfully processed. Some of these brick had linear shrinkages of less than 1% in the A.S.T.M. load test at 1450°C. and less than 2% volume shrinkage in the 1600°C. A.S.T.M. reheat test. The pyrometric cone equivalent was 37 or above.
PROPERTIES AND DIAGNOSIS OF CORDS IN PRESSED AND BLOWN GLASSWARE*
Authors: Ghering L. G. , Knight M. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Cords are characterized by more or less abrupt changes in physical and chemical properties in localized areas of the glass. The available methods for determining the properties and practical aspects of cords that occur in pressed and blown glassware are described. The properties of cords are considered in relation to the determination of their sources and causes. The manner in which cords affect the physical properties of glassware and the procedures for evaluating these effects are discussed.
GLOST KILN REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Schramm Edward
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Saggers for glost placing must give good life and avoid harmful secondary effects on the ware. Low thermal expansion is the most necessary property but, if carried too far, may cause the fault known as pin chipping. This defect, however, is compensated by low expansion in the pin itself. The system sagger‐pin‐ware should be adjusted to minimize tensile stresses in cooling.
QUALITATIVE SPOT TESTS FOR COMMON CONSTITUENTS IN GLASS*
Authors: Zerfoss S. , Hess R. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A procedure is outlined for routine qualitative analysis of certain common constituents of glass by means of spot tests using organic reagents according to the technique of Feigl. Sampling of the glass has been accomplished previously by using the powdered glass or by attacking the glass surface. A technique is discussed for the nondestructive testing of fabricated samples. Using this technique, a sample may be obtained by scratching the glass against a quartz plate. The method shows promise as a practical laboratory and plant tool.
DETERIORATION OF GLASS IN TROPICAL USE*
Authors: Jones Frank L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Glass deteriorates rapidly in tropical regions with a high relative humidity. Transparency decreases due to the growth of deposits of corrosion products, chemical decomposition of the surface layer to produce pits or holes, or contamination of the surface by organic material. The processes involved in tropical deterioration are similar to the chemical reactions of glass and water in other environments.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFRACTIVE INDEX AND ABBE VALUE FOR BINARY SYSTEMS*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Huggins Maurice L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A procedure is outlined for deriving the relationship between nD and v for binary glass systems, using constants previously published by Huggins and Sun.1 As an example, the Na2O‐SiO2 system is discussed and the results are plotted in two ways. An equation is deduced for the slope of the nD versus v curve at any composition, and initial values of this slope, at the SiO2 end, are tabulated for various MmOn‐SiO2 systems.
NICKEL FLASHING AND ITS RELATION TO ENAMEL ADHERENCE*
Authors: Wainer Eugene , Baldwin W. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Nickel flashing as applied to enameling stock is shown to be primarily metallic nickel. The role of nickel in developing enamel adherence is apparently bound up with the retardation of oxidation which the nickel flash imparts in the enameling cycle. The problem of adherence may be considered to be a corrosion phenomenon of the base iron developed by the action of gases and other agents which may be present at enameling temperatures. As such, the degree of adherence is a function of oxygen pressure at the interface when the glass is fused. The equilibria developed are strongly affected by the presence of nickel.

Using cover coats directly on iron, the amount of nickel required will vary with each particular enamel composition. Şome evidence as to the nature of the adherence‐promoting oxide is presented.
OLIVINE, A SUGGESTED SOURCE OF MAGNESIA*
Authors: Pawel George W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The status of olivine as a source of magnesian materials is briefly reviewed and a convenient cyclic process for extracting its values by use of hydrochloric acid is recommended. Magnesia for refractories, cements, insulation, and fertilizers is proposed as the end product instead of the customary magnesium chloride for use in electrolytic cells. Economic reasons justifying this recommendation are given.
RAW LEADLESS WH1TEWARE GLAZES*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Swept Howard R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study was made of the effect of composition changes on the appearance of raw, leadless, boron‐free glazes. The approximate limits of composition for the most fusible glazes of this type were found after varying the CaO, BaO, SrO, ZnO, MgO, and KNaO contents. Alumina and silica variations were made for some of the more promising glazes. Some general remarks concerning raw leadless glazes are included.
INFLUENCE OF VARIABLE AMOUNTS OF NEW YORK TALC, FLINT, AND CALCINED CLAY ON SERVICEABILITY OF GLAZÉD COOKING‐WARE BODIES*
Authors: Burnham Forrest , Tuttle Milton A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of composition on the ability of glazed dishes to withstand thermal‐shock treatments ordinarily received in cooking was studied. Bodies which gave best results contained approximately 10% of New York talc and also a small amount of calcined clay substituted for potters' flint. Bodies which had sufficiently high thermal expansion to throw the glaze into moderate or strong compression gave the best results. A terra sigillata finish applied to talc‐free bodies was found to withstand autoclave treatment without crazing, and ware so made stood up very well in service tests.
MOLYBDENUM IN ENAMELS: IV, WHITE MOLYBDENUM ENAMELS*
Authors: Kautz Karl
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Compositions and characteristics of white enamels containing molybdenum in the frit are reported. The white enamels studied are the following types: (1) regular white ground coats, (2) acid‐resisting white ground coats, (3) regular white finish coats for direct application to metal base, (4) acid‐resisting white finish coats for direct application to the metal, and (5) acid‐resisting white cover coats.
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS *
Authors: Willis James B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The application of the process of electrostatic spraying to the porcelain enamel industry is described. The equipment which is used and the method of using it are discussed in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the preparation of enamel for electrostatic spraying and on theoretical considerations which have a direct bearing on the spraying process. The applicability and limitations on the use of the equipment in the porcelain enamel industry are considered.
ENERGY ADDITIVITY IN GLASSES *
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun Kuan‐Han
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Energies of dissociation into the component ions have been computed for many simple and complex oxides. From these, 51 energy constants have been obtained, which may be used to compute approximate ionic dissociation energies in crystals and glasses in which each “metallic” atom is surrounded by oxygens. The relation of these constants to the Periodic Table is shown and briefly discussed. Slight deviations from additivity in silicates and phosphates are related to the dependence of the energy on the number of oxygens in SiO4and PO4 groups which are shared with other & or P atoms.
METHOD FOR THE CREATION OF GEOMETRIC DESIGNS BASED ON STRUCTURE *
Authors: Blake† Edwin M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The method described is based on a study to discover, collect, and classify the geometrical figures and ideas of value to artists and designers in the field of geometric or abstract art. The program includes modeling and sculpture and drawing and painting, with their applications to pottery design and decoration, and also abstract “movies.” The basis of the method is the concept of structure introduced into geometry in 1847. This geometrical structure is similar to the anatomical structure of the human hand in that one structure is capable of assuming a great variety of forms. In making a surface design, for example, the designer selects a line structure that seems to be suitable. This consists of a definite number of lines connected in definite ways but is otherwise free to take any form. The designer endeavors to throw the selected structure into a satisfactory form. To assist him are types of curves and angles suggestive of what is possible. Having a given number of lines and their connections, specific form, to be determined by the designer, is stimulative of creative activity. If variations of color over domains (areas) are to be employed, they can be designed as accurately as any other feature.
ALUNITE AS SOURCE OF SCUMMING ON STONEWARE BODY *
Authors: Knizek Jan O. , Fetter H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A heavy, disagreeable scumming developed on a surface of stoneware articles. This scum, having the appearance of a wrinkled skin, prevented the body from taking the salt glaze on account of its refractory character. It consisted almost entirely of the mineral anorthite, and its formation is attributed to the aluaite content of the clay.

The scum coating which appeared on a stoneware body on firing proved to be composed essentially of the mineral anorthite as determined by chemical analysis and microscopic examination.

The substance to be blamed for the scum formation seems to be the alunite, which has been found in the clay in exceedingly large quantities. Although the alunite content of the clay remained at 15%, no troubles have been observed from its presence. The explanation for the scum‐formation mechanism is that the potassium sulfate, which remains as the only soluble and readily fusible compound after the decomposition of the alunite, dissolves the calcium sulfate, alumina, and silica and migrates to the surface at temperatures closely approaching that of the clay vitrifying point. The anorthite may easily crystallize out of the melt of the potassium sulfate, which is volatilized and disappears completely.
ELECTRIC‐FURNACE ALUMINA CEMENT FOR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE CONCRETE
Authors: Pole G. R. , Moore D. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A comparison was made between a commercial alumina cement and a calcium aluminate cement prepared in an experimental electric furnace on the basis of chemical and physical tests. The experimental product, a relatively pure tricalcium penta‐aluminate (3CaO.5Al2O3), showed refractory properties superior to the commercial product; for example, in a sagging test, a refractory mixture made with the experimental cement and grog showed greater resistance to deformation at 1400° and 1450°C. than a mixture made with the commercial cement and a resistance comparable to that representative of a cone 30 firebrick. The experimental product shows promise as an electrical insulating cement for Chromel‐wound furnaces. An alumina‐type cement was also found to give satisfactory service when used with fire‐clay grog to form a monolithic roof over an electric‐phosphate reduction furnace.
EFFECT OF STEELWORK ON HEAT LOSS THROUGH GLASS TANK BOTTOMS
Authors: Smyth Harold T.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An approximate mathematical method is worked out for determining the effect of steel supporting members underneath a glass tank on the heat loss from the glass tank and the surface temperature of the refractories. A series of charts has also been prepared for the rapid calculation of heat loss and surface temperature, if the thickness and thermal conductivity of the refractories and the details of the steelwork are known.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: VII, EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON PROPERTIES OF CASTING SLIPS*
Authors: Kocatopce Sahap S.
Published: June 2006

Abstratct

Binary and ternary mixtures were made of 0.2‐ to 0.4‐μ and 0.8‐ to 1.6‐μ size purified fractions of clay and of 16‐ to 44‐μ size purified flint. Specific gravity, deflocculation point, and hydrogen‐ion concentration determinations were made on each composition to obtain the same apparent viscosity. Small cylinders were prepared by solid casting, and the shrinkage, porosity, and modulus of rupture of the dried specimens were measured. The general conclusions are as follows: (1) The packing of particles and the ratio of the plastic to the nonplastic components affect all slip properties; (2) the best combination of properties for casting slips was obtained at the composition corresponding to the closest packed system; (3) the casting time and drying shrinkage, both very small for bodies containing 20 to 25% of clay, increase together with the fine component; (4) the porosity of the dried casts is greatly affected by the particle‐size distribution of the batch; (5) the minimum porosity of 28.5% obtained in this work is much lower than that of the standard sanitary body, which has a porosity of 35.5%; and (6) the particle‐size control of casting slips not only will provide uniformity of the products but will also permit the desired variations in the properties of casting slips and cast bodies.
LATENT MILLING MARKS ON GLASS*
Authors: Jones F. Shirley
Published: June 2006

Abstract

It is possible for ground or polished glass surfaces, which were originally milled to the desired shape with a diamond‐charged wheel and which are apparently flawless to microscopic examination in plain or polarized light, to reexhibit the milling pattern on being etched in acid. The depth of glass that must be removed to banish the effect varies with the size of the grit used in the tool. Thin polished slabs (under pressure) break at times along a milling mark whose presence is verified later by etching. The effect can be interpreted as due to tiny vertical fractures similar to those described by Preston in cutting glass with a glazier's diamond. The sides of the fracture must be in optical contact to escape detection by visual means. Another interpretation might be that a certain amount of surface flow exists during grinding. The glass in the milling marks differs in either case from the body of glass in its chemical and physical properties.
MINERALOGY AND PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL TEXAS CLAYS*
Authors: Nobles Melvin A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Powder diffraction, chemical, and thermal studies were made of four kaolins, two volcanic ashes, and eleven clays and, in addition, particle size, plastograph, electrodialysis, and soluble salt studies were made on five of the clays. The impurities present in the kaolins were quartz, calcite, and montmorillonite. The preponderate mineral in nine clays was either kaolinite or halloysite and that in two clays was illite: A correlation of all the studies made on the five clays which were used in Texas brick plants indicated that the gelatinous nature of the clays which caused increased power consumption during the extruding operation and large loss in the drier was due to organic matter, soluble salts, and montmorillonite.
SCREENING EFFICIENCY OF A DRY‐PAN GRINDING SYSTEM*
Authors: Brown D. P. , Hess Ralph
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The efficiency of an industrial screening operation was measured by using the screen analyses of the feed to the screens, the product passing the screens, and tailings. From these data, evaluations of the screwing operation and the effect of the dry‐pan grind on the screening efficiency were made according to published formulas. The effect is shown of several operating variables in grinding and screening.
PROPERTIES OF SANDSTONES AS A REFRACTORY MATERIAL*
Authors: Chen Tai , Hu ShenC‐en
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Sandstories from Chungking were tested for their properties as a refractory material. Chemical, petrographical, rational, and sieve analyses were made; properties, such as porosity, refractoriness, specific gravity, thermal expansion, and resistance to spalling. were determined; and studies were made on changes in firing up to 1550°C.

No inversion of the quartz grains in the rock into tridymite or cristohalite could be detected. The interstitial clay substances fused first, and the quartz grains then dissolved gradually into the glassy matrix on firing at high temperatures.

Being free from mineralogical and structural changes, unusually low in thermal expansion and porosity, and good in spalling resistance after firing at high temperatures, sandstones are shown to be an excellent refractory if properly employed. Of the two kinds of rocks, the dense and the porous, the former was found much better in test for refractoriness under load. Prefiring of the material before lining in a furnace structure is desirable to eliminate the permanent expansion and to improve the resistance to spalling in the raw state.
MECHANICAL ABNORMALITIES OF EXTRUDED STEATITE*
Authors: Gincold J. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Modulus of rupture and compression strength of hollow cylinders with equal outside diameter are decreased with increasing inside diameter. This fact is explained by the assumption that the natural fire coating acts as a glaze under tension. The impact strength shows a more complicated picture.
ELECTROLYSIS PHFNOMENA IN SOFT‐GLASS STEMS Of RECTIFIER TUBES *
Authors: Gallup John
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study was made of the cause of stem cracks which developed along leads during the life of rectifier tubes. These were found to be due to electrolysis occurring in the soft‐glass stems The potential which produced the rupture was the result of glass bombardment by reverse emission from the rectifier plates. Other attendant electrolysis phenomena are described in the order in which they occurred.

A special double‐ended tube was employed to study the gas produced in the electrolysis process. An analysis of the gas by means of the mass spectrometer gave composition results agreeing with those expected from electrolytic decomposition of soft glass.
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL ALUNITIC CLAYS
Authors: Knfžek Jan O. , Fetter Hans
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The mineral and chemical compositions and some of the refractory and firing properties of eight alunite‐bearing clays were investigated. It was found that alunite raises the softening temperature of clays. Secondary expansion occurs in reheating the clays at temperatures higher than the original firing temperature and the degree of expansion seems to depend uot only on the alunite concentration in the clay but also on its characteristics. This expansion is believed to be due to SO2 or/and SO2 gases released by the body in refiring; these gases expand at high temperature causing bloating of the body. The usefulness of thermal analysis in detecting small amounts of alunite is pointed out.
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ENAMEL ON A FEW OF ITS PROPERTIES
Authors: Niklewski Bronislaw K.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

To enlarge the knowledge and data of the relation between the chemical composition of enamel and its properties, many enamels were melted and their acid resistance, viscosity, and opacity were measured. The results have been assembled in graphs representing measurements of these properties in relation to the systematic change of the composition. On the basis of the results, a revision of information is offered relating to the acid resistance of glass and enamel.
PORCELAIN ENAMELING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME COMMON FERROUS METALS *
Authors: Deringer W. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The experimental evidence gathered during the investigation of seven ferrous metals shows that there is a relationship between the hydrogen behavior and enameling characteristics of these metals. This relationship can best be explained on the basis of diffusibility of atomic hydrogen through these metals and is in no way affected by the total carbon content or by the stabilization of the carbon through the formation of carbides other than iron carbide. These added metallic elements may decrease the diffusibility of hydrogen through steel in two ways, namely, (1) they may have a poisoning or reverse catalytic effect on hydrogen diffusion or (2) they may “plug the gaps” in the crystal lattice and by so doing render the metal impenetrable to atomic hydrogen diffusion.
MODIFIED DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS APPARATUS*
Authors: Herold Paul G. , Plan Je T. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The differential thermal analysis apparatus described consists of an important improvement. This is the arrangement of the sample and standard holder so that the thermocouples become both the holder and the differential temperature measuring device. This arrangement permits easy removal of the sample and also permits the investigation of exothermic and endothermic reactions at much higher temperatures without damage to the thermocouples.
INVESTIGATION OF ABRASION RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Baab Kenneth A. , Kranbr Hobart M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This paper describes a new abrasion test for re‐fractories consisting of a controlled sandblasting operation wherein various brands of brick were tested. Graphs show correlations for abrasion loss per hour against other properties for the brands tested. Data and charts which compare this abrasion test with the A.S.T.M. rattler test for paving brick are also included.
EFFECTS OF CERIUM OXIDE ON THE SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL GLASSES*
Authors: Kapnicky Jambs A. , Koehler W. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A number of samples of soda‐lime, borosilicate, and flint glasses were prepared. The composition of the samples of each type was varied by the use of different percentages of cerium oxide as a glass constituent. The spectral transmission of each sample was determined over the range 250 to 1000 mμ and transmission curves were plotted.
USE OF DOLOMITE AS AN AUXILIARY FLUX IN FLOOR TILE*
Authors: Morse G. T.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

It is a recognized fact that dolomite is a valuable addition as an auxiliary flux in white ware bodies, and an excellent glaze ingredient providing another RO member which imparts low thermal expansion to the glaze. There is evidence that the addition of dolomite to sanitary‐ware bodies has resulted in the lowering of the firing temperature without daunting or other ill effects.

The present investigation involved a study of the use of dolomite in floor‐tile bodies. A review of the literature showed that little or no work has been done in this field, and it was, therefore, necessary to follow somewhat closely investigations carried on in the vitreous sanitary ware and dinnerware fields to determine the optimum percentages of dolomite to be incorporated in the test batches. A typical floor‐tile composition was taken as standard and dolomite was substituted in increasing amounts at the expense of the accepted flux.

The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain if economies could be effected in lowering the firing temperature of the body by the addition of small amounts of a less costly constituent.
RELATIONSHIP OF SPECIFIC SURFACE FACTOR OF TALCS TO SLIP VISCOSITY AND DRY‐PRESSING CHARACTERISTICS*
Authors: Gaskins W. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study was made of specific surface, particle‐size distribution, and particle shape of several talcs from the Death Valley area of California and the effect of these factors upon the action of the tale in a casting and dry‐press body.

Talcs of low‐specific surface were found to produce slips of greater fluidity and higher density with less water than tales of high‐specific surface. Talcs of low‐specific surface were found to produce dry‐press bodies which had less tendency to laminate than tales of high‐specific surface.
EFFECT OF HEAT‐TREATMENT ON THE DENSITY AND CONSTITUTION OF HIGH‐SILICA GLASSES OF THE BOROSILICATE TYPE*
Authors: Tool Arthur Q.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Some evidence leading to the supposition that certain borosilicate glasses containing a high percentage of silica are made up of two‐component glasses is presented. One of these components, which consists mainly of silica and has a low expansivity, forms a rigid network throughout the body of the glass while the temperature is still high enough to maintain the other component in a liquid state. At lower temperatures, the latter component also forms a rigid network that is intricately entwined with that of the high‐temperature component. The composition of the network that forms at relatively low temperatures is presumably not unlike that of a borosilicate glass containing a moderate percentage of silica. Consequently, the expansivity of this low‐temperature component is definitely higher than that of the other. Because of the difference between the expansivities, the low‐temperature component, as soon as it behaves as a rigid network on cooling, compresses the high‐temperature network and is correspondingly distended. By cooling very rapidly, these elastic strains are developed at temperatures within and even above the upper part of the annealing range of the low‐temperature component. When such strains are developed at high temperatures, they are relaxed by heat‐treatments at lower annealing temperatures, and this relaxation causes an expansion of the undercooled glass while at a constant temperature. However, in the early stages of the treatment, the expansion caused by the relaxation of the strains may be overshadowed by a contraction that results from the shrinkage of the low‐temperature component as it approaches equilibrium from its undercooled condition. These concepts concerning the constitution of borosilicate glasses that contain a high percentage of silica are used to explain the very unusual density changes that are observed when these glasses are subjected to heat‐treatments at different annealing temperatures.
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHANGES IN STACK AND HEARTH REFRACTORIES OF A BLAST FURNACE*
Authors: Van Vlack L. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Refractory samples removed from the lining of a blast furnace exhibiting normal behavior were analyzed for chemical and mineralogical changes. The changes observed in the lining of this furnace are discussed and their probable effect upon the refractory life is indicated; On the basis of the findings, suggestions are made regarding blastfurnace refractory practice.
MULLITIZATION OF KAOLINITE*
Authors: Comeforo J. E. , Fischer R. B. , Bradley W. F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The thermal behavior of kaolinite was studied by electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. This study has shown that hexagonal‐shaped particles persist far above the dehydration temperature of kaolinite. It was concluded that two stages of reaction represent the steps in the firing of kaolinite. First, the chemically combined water is removed, resulting in the formation of a uniquely organized, noncrystalline compound. Second, the noncrystalline compound collapses into crystalline mullite nuclei which exhibit normal growth.
Phase Relations and Structural Phenomena in the Fluoride‐Model Systems LiF‐BeF2 and NaF‐BeF2
Authors: ROY DELLA M. , ROY RUSTUM , OSBORN E. F.
Published: June 2006

Phase‐equilibrium data are presented for the system LiF‐BeF2 and for the BeF2 end of the systems NaF‐BeF2 and RbF‐BeF2. The systems LiF‐BeF2 and NaF‐BeF2 are weakened models, respectively, of ZnO‐SiO2 and CaO‐SiO2 but with the notable difference that liquid immiscibility does not appear in the fluoride systems. The melting point of the cristobalite form of BeF2 has been determined as 543°± 5°C. and that of the willemite model (Li2BeF4) as 458 ± 5°C. Data obtained for the compound Na2LiBe2F7 show that its structure is very similar to that of the melilite hardystonite (Ca2ZnSi2O7).
Glasses as Electrolytes in Galvanic Cells: Silver Glasses
Authors: RINDONE G. E. , WEYL W. A.
Published: June 2006

The behavior of glass as an electrolyte in galvanic cells has been used as a means to study the constitution of glass. Potentials have been measured in cells made of alkali borate, silicate, and phosphate glasses containing heavy‐metal ions. The magnitude of the potentials is indicative of the forces between these heavy‐metal ions and the glass. Platinum electrodes were used. For Ag+ glasses, cells of the type Pt/Ag+ glass/Ag/‐ Pt were formed by reduction of the Ag+ ions in the vicinity of one electrode by hydrogen between 200° and 400°C. The e.m.f. of these cells were of the order of 1.0 volt for silicate glasses, 0.7 volt for borate glasses, and 0.3 volt for phosphate glasses. The interpretation of these potentials is based on the stability of the Ag+ ions in the different glasses.
Chemical Chunges in Basic Brick During Service
Authors: BERRY T. F. , ALLEN W. C. , SNOW R. B.
Published: June 2006

The characteristic structure, chemical composition, and mineralogical constitution of the different zunes found in chrome‐magnesite brick after service are described. Silicate contamination probably results from the absorption of droplets of premelt slag that reach the open‐hearth roof. The analyses of the chrome crystals separated from the various zones indicate that FeO is found as an essential constituent only on the very hot face of the altered brick. Selective solution of the MgO. Al2O3 portion of the chrome crystals in the silicate matrix is demonstrated by means of chemical analyses and phase‐equilibrium data. The lack of growth uf the chrome crystals and the tremendous growth of the periclase crystals immediately behind the hot face are described; this may have an important bearing on the peeling of the brick.
Solid Solubility Study of Barium, Strontium, and Calcium Titanates
Authors: DURST G. , GROTENHUIS M. , BARKOW A. G.
Published: June 2006

Solid solution in titanates has been studied by X‐ray diffraction, with particular emphasis on barium, calcium, and strontium titanates. It was found that the lattice constants varied linearly with the atomic percentage of the solute, with a positive deviation for the calcium‐strontium solutions, and the two ternary solutions, with a deviation varying from negative to positive for the strontium‐barium solutions. In the barium‐calcium solution, the lattice constants varied linearly within the limits of solubility.
Compositional and Stability Relationships Among the Lithium Aluminosilicates: Eucryptite, Spodumene, and Petalite
Authors: ROY RUSTUM , ROY DELLA M. , OSBORN E. F.
Published: June 2006

The results of a phase‐equilibrium study of mixtures lying on the join eucryptite‐silica in the system LizO‐Al2O3–SiO2 are presented. Hydrother‐mal techniques were used to obtain equilibrium relations among the crystalline phases at low temperature. The upper limits of stability of the naturally occurring forms of LiAlSiO, (eucryptite), LiA1SizO6 (spodumene), and LiA1Si4O10 (petalite) were found to be 972°, 500°, and 680°c., respectively. Each of these minerals (low forms) was synthesized. An approximate diagram depicting equilibria among the phases is presented.
Behavior of Refractory Oxides and Metals, Alone and in Combination, in Vacuo at High Temperatures
Authors: JOHNSON P. D.
Published: June 2006

Changes in bulk density, shrinkage, and weight are given for carbon and for dry‐pressed specimens of beryllia, magnesia, zirconia, thoria, molybdenum, and tungsten when fired for 2, 4, and 8 minutes under vacuum conditions, using 100 °C. increments, in the temperature range 1500° to 2300°C. Temperatures at which instability of surface‐to‐surface contact was observed for the twenty‐one possible binary systems of the foregoing substances are also described for identical conditions of testing.
Time‐Temperature Studies in Firing Parian Chinas
Authors: WATTS ARTHUR S.
Published: June 2006

The term “Parian china” is defined and the various types are described. Data are presented showing the range of time‐temperature schedules by which certain types of this ware may be matured to produce desired vitrification and surface textures.
High‐Melting Silicides
Authors: BREWER LEO , SEARCY ALAN W. , TEMPLETON D. H. , DAUBEN CAROL H.
Published: June 2006

The tantalum‐silicon, molybdenum‐silicon, and tungsten‐silicon systems have been investigated for solid phases stable above 1900 °K. Three new tantalum silicide phases, two new molybdenum silicide phases, and one new tungsten silicide phase are reported besides the MSi2 phases previously known. The crystal structure of MO3S is described. Lower limits for eutectic temperatures are given for these three systems, and the relative stabilities of metallic silicides of groups III through VII are discussed.
The Application of Crystal Chemistry to the Search for New Refractories
Authors: THIELKE NORMAN R.
Published: June 2006

The definition and scope of crystal chemistry are pointed out and the dependence of this new branch of science upon the well‐established fields of morphological and X‐ray crystallography is indicated. By correlation of elemental classification, based on the periodic system, with crystal geometry, the nature and strength of atomic binding forces are determined. The geometry and binding forces to be desired in refractory materials are evaluated, and methods for examination and preparation of compounds of this nature are discussed. Compounds in oxide and carbide systems are described, and correlation with physical properties is demonstrated wherever possible.
Crystalline Phases in Fired Shale Products
Authors: BROWNELL W. E.
Published: June 2006

The development of crystalline and glassy phases was traced in shale specimens fired over a range of temperatures. Two raw materials of distinctly different compositions were selected far study, namely; a high‐lime shale and an argillaceous shale. Mechanical separations and X‐ray analyses were used to isolate and identify the crystalline phases, whereas the development of glass was observed petrographically. The identification of the phases at various heat‐treatments was helpful in explaining the properties of fired shale products.
Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity of Beryllium Carbide
Authors: NEELY JOHN J. , TEETER CHARLES E. , TRICE JAMES B.
Published: June 2006

The thermal conductivity of a hollow hot‐pressed cylinder of beryllium carbide has been deter mined within an accuracy of ±200% from 300° to 950°C. The enthalpy and mean heat capacity of powdered beryllium carbide have been determined within 10 to 15% from room temperature to 1100°C.
Phase Equilibrium in a Portion of the Ternary System Ba OA‐I2,O3,‐SiO2,
Authors: THOMAS ROBERT H.
Published: June 2006

Phase‐equilibrium relations on the liquidus surface in the system Ba0‐A12O3‐SiO2 have been investigated by the quenching method. The compositions investigated within the ternary area were those containing less than 30%, A12O3 and more than 20% SiO2 by weight. Petrographic and X‐ray techniques were employed in the determination of the crystalline phases.

The crystal phases that separate from melts within the area investigated are barium orthosilicate (2BaO. SiO2,), barium metasilicate (BaO 2SO2,), solid solutions, sanbornite (BaO 2SiO2), tridymite and cristobalite (SO2), mullite (3A12O3 2SiO2), and celsian (BaO A12O3.2SiO2). Diagrams show the isotherms and indices of refraction of the glasses.

Five quintuple points and eleven boundary curves have been determined within = .5yo compositional variations. The liquidus‐surface temperatures have been obtained within limits of ± 125°C.