bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New options to study irreversible deformations in the Tien Shan lithosphere
Authors: Matiukov VE , Bataleva EA , Nepeina KS
Published: May 2021

The paper describes application of an approach according to which the endogenous-nature electromagnetic field (EM) is included in the impedance relationships in an additive way, which allows distinguishing the EM field recoded on ground surface by the positions of sources. The case-studies of the endogenous EM field identification in the magnetotelluric sounding records obtained in the Tien Shan region are presented. The characteristics of the identified endogenous EM field are compared with the lunar-solar tides parameters and anisotropic properties of electrical resistivity. The found interconnections point at new options to study irreversible lithospheric deformations in the Tien Shan using magnetotelluric sounding data.
Experimental simulation of tensile fractures from a circular cavity
Authors: Suknev SV
Published: May 2021

The authors experimentally study initiation of tensile fractures from a circular cavity in a geomedium subjected to nonuniform compression. It is found that diameter of the cavity has a significant influence on the local fracture of the geomaterial. A new criterion is proposed for the quasi-brittle fracture of a material in the tensile stress concentration zone. The new criterion holds an integrated parameter which characterizes the size of the pre-fracture zone, the structure of a material and its plastic properties, the cavity geometry and the conditions of loading. The calculation and experiment result agree well.
Thermomechancal effects in different geomaterials in limiting behavior of cyclic loading
Authors: Blokhin DI , Sheinin VI
Published: May 2021

The authors discuss feasibility of acquisition of information on mechanical processes in geomaterials in post-limiting elastic deformation by variations in infrared radiation rate. Experimental recording of heat emission of rock salt and concrete samples in the limiting behavior of cyclical loading under uniaxial compression is described. Records of mechanical parameters appear qualitatively identical to heat emission variations which characterize the change in the stress–strain behave of the test geomaterials. The differences in the thermomechanical effects in concrete and rock salt in the described deformation mode are found.
Stability assessment of permanent and temporary roadways in process flowchart design
Authors: Demin VF , Nemova NA
Published: May 2021

For the stability assessment of underground structures, the authors analyze the mechanisms of deformation, movement and fall in damaged and nonuniform rock mass. Weak floor reinforcement and roof bolt designs are determined to ensure safe and efficient mine operation.
Impact of blasting on pit wall rock mass
Authors: Zharikov SN , Kutuev VA
Published: May 2021

The paper presents the research findings obtained by the Institute of Mining in drilling and blasting in Dzhetygara open pit mass. The research was aimed at enhanced stability of stationary benches and at cost minimization of drilling and blasting. The research met two objectives. First, in terms of Dzhetygara deposit, perimeter blasting designs were developed, which ensured reduced impact of blasting on adjacent rock mass. Second, the blast-induced PPV measurement procedure was refined and introduced, and the blasting technology was improved for blasting operations at ultimate pit limit. The special technology for ultimate pit perimeter blasting includes: analysis of blast effects on pit wall rock mass; finding of mechanisms of wave processes in rock mass; interaction of perimeter blasts depending on strength characteristics of rock mass; field trial of cutback methods; determination of sequence of blasts when approaching a guarded sites; determination of efficiency criteria of drilling and blasting.
Validation of local coal supply effectiveness in the hard-to-reach Arctic zones in Yakutia
Authors: Batugina NS , Gavrilov VL , Tkach SM
Published: May 2021

The article discusses shipment of coal to the Arctic regions of Yakutia. High transportation costs increase almost three times the price of one ton of the solid fuel. Coal fields in the Arctic have social rather than commercial value. The key target of local coal mining is enhancement of energy preparedness of population rather than money making. The review of modern methodological approaches to assessing the efficiency of using local coal resources in hard-to-reach areas reveals a wide range of such approaches, their ambiguity and neglect of the Arctic activities peculiarities. The paper presents a new approach for evaluation of small coal opencasts operating in remote Polar regions in Yakutia. The approach is based on the economic and mathematical model of substitution of local coal for imported coal. The technical and economic indicators of a small coal mine is calculated in terms of Krasnorechensky deposit of thermal coalm, and the effect of replacing imported coal by local coal in the Abyi district is evaluated. The results of the study show feasibility of in-house coal supply in the isolated and hard-to-reach areas of the Arctic by means of creation of small coal opencasts, which enhances the energy security and reduces the socio-economic tension.
Determination of rational process variables for multi-step centrifugal mills
Authors: Vinokurov VR
Published: May 2021

This paper presents the results of experimental studies into milling under multiple impacts in multi-step centrifugal mill designed at the Chersky Institute of Mining. In order to enhance milling capacity, it is proposed to add breakers of the mill with more breaking elements. However, addition of breaking elements sometimes fails to intensify milling and can adversely affect on the milling efficiency to to higher velocity air flows generated in the working space between the top and bottom breakers. The tests have determined the rational number of additional breaking elements, conditioned by the critical air flow velocity of 10 m/s in the breaker chamber of the lab-scale multi-step centrifugal mill. Given these conditions are fulfilled, the fineness number of the multi-step centrifugal mill with additional breaking elements grows considerable as against the base case of the mill without additional elements.
Modular system of simulation modeling of conventional and robotic mining technologies
Authors: Zinoviev VV , Starodubov AN , Nikolaev PI
Published: May 2021

The paper describes the function chart of a simulation modeling system for the conventional or robotic mining technologies with drilling-and-blasting and cutting methods. The function chart is implemented using the evolutionary algorithm and simulation approach. The authors present the main program modules with generate simulation models and optimize the technology and management scenarios for the specific geological and geotechnical conditions. The structure of the data base on mining machines, their capacities, robotic automation alternatives and compatibility is presented.
Feasibility assessment of dry pre-concentration for gold-bearing ore
Authors: Lebedev IF
Published: May 2021

The present research is intended to estimate efficiency of dry preconcentration of ores originated from Gurbey deposit, the Irkutsk Region, as a case study and to develop a rational flowsheet to process ores bearing free gold. The dry preconcentration of Gurbey gold-bearing ores is studied at semi-industrial equipment including DKD-300 combined impact crusher, CMBU-800 centrifugal mill, and POS-2000 pneumatic separator designed at Chersky Mining Institute of the North, SB RAS. The test specimen is subjected to two crushing cycles and four grinding cycles followed by the pneumatic separation cycle. The circulating load consisted of +12 mm fraction after DKD-300, the return mill feed is the sized product of +3 mm as well as products of classification of -3+1 mm POS-200 concentrate. The follow-on recleaning treatment of the preconcentrated products at tables, Moseley mineral analyser, magnetic separator, heavy-medium separator (tribromomethane CHBr3) yielded 23.93 g of free gold. Thereto, it is established that the complete release and recovery of gold up to 100 µm in size can be gained at POS-2000 pneumatic separator at 60% gold recovery into the primary concentrate. The present research data were used as the basis to develop the principal dry preconcentration scheme to process Gurbey ores, bearing “free” gold.
Solid mineral mining in the permafrost regions: Geoeconomy and Geotechnology
Authors: Tkach SM
Published: May 2021

The paper presents the review of geoeconomy and geotechnology of efficient solid mineral mining in the north and north-east of Russia. These areas feature harsh climate, predominant permafrost, vast areas of underdeveloped infrastructure and low population density, remoteness from processing and utilization hubs of produced minerals, high cost of goods and services, deficiency of skilled personnel, etc. The adverse and beneficial effects of the interior and exterior environment exert the direct and indirect influence on selection and adaptation of the existing and novel eco-friendly and efficient mining technologies, method and equipment to deposits in the permafrost regions. The authors describe some recent research findings of the Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, namely: integrated subsoil management in the permafrost region; thermophysics and geomechanics of permafrost rocks with regard to anthropogenic factors.
Reverse action hydraulic hammer control circuit
Authors: Danilov BB , Cheshchin DO
Published: May 2021

The paper describes the mode of functioning of the reverse action hydraulic hammer with piston driven in the positive direction by the energy of air compressed during cocking of the piston by the hydraulic drive. The authors discuss various control circuits of such hydraulic hammers, control sensors, capabilities of the circuits, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
ISCB Honors 2021 Award Recipients Peer Bork, Barbara Engelhardt, Ben Raphael, Teresa Attwood
Authors: Fogg Christiana , Kovats Diane , Vingron Martin
Published: May 2021

Annually, the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) recognizes three outstanding researchers for significant scientific contributions to the field of bioinformatics and computational biology, as well as one individual for exemplary service to the field. ISCB is honored to announce the 2021 Accomplishments by a Senior Scientist Awardee, Overton Prize recipient, Innovator Awardee and Outstanding Contributions to ISCB Awardee.

Peer Bork, EMBL Heidelberg, is the winner of the Accomplishments by a Senior Scientist Award. Barbara Engelhardt, Princeton University, is the Overton Prize winner. Ben Raphael, Princeton University, is the winner of the ISCB Innovator Award. Teresa Attwood, Manchester University, has been selected as the winner of the Outstanding Contributions to ISCB Award.

Martin Vingron, Chair, ISCB Awards Committee noted, ‘As chair of the Awards Committee it gives me great pleasure to convey my heart-felt congratulations to this year’s awardees. Our community, as represented by the committee, admires these individuals’ outstanding achievements in research, training, and outreach.’
Safeguarding People Living with Dementia: How Social Workers Can Use Supported Decision-Making Strategies to Support the Human Rights of Individuals during Adult Safeguarding Enquiries
Authors: Dixon Jeremy , Donnelly Sarah , Campbell Jim , Laing Judy
Published: May 2021

Dementia may make adults more susceptible to abuse and neglect and such mistreatment is recognised as a human rights violation. This article focusses on how the rights of people living with dementia might be protected through the use of supported decision-making within safeguarding work. The article begins by reviewing the aims and scope of adult safeguarding services. It then describes how the concept of ‘legal capacity’ is set out in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and how this differs from the concept of ‘mental capacity’ in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Focussing on practice in England, it is argued that tensions between the CRPD and domestic law exist, but these can be brought into closer alignment by finding ways to maximise supported decision-making within existing legal and policy frameworks. The article concludes with suggested practice strategies which involve: (i) providing clear and accessible information about safeguarding; (ii) thinking about the location of safeguarding meetings; (iii) building relationships with people living with dementia; (iv) using flexible timescales; (v) tailoring information to meet the needs of people living with dementia and (v) respecting the person’s will and preferences in emergency situations.
Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine Antigen Detected in the Plasma of mRNA-1273 Vaccine Recipients
Authors: Ogata Alana F , Cheng Chi-An , Desjardins Michaël , Senussi Yasmeen , Sherman Amy C , Powell Megan , Novack Lewis , Von Salena , Li Xiaofang , Baden Lindsey R , Walt David R
Published: May 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins were measured in longitudinal plasma samples collected from 13 participants who received two doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine. Eleven of 13 participants showed detectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 protein as early as day 1 after first vaccine injection. Clearance of detectable SARS-CoV-2 protein correlated with production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Analytical and Clinical Performance of a Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Measuring Gastrin Subtypes G34 and G17 in Serum
Authors: Yu Songlin , Wang Danchen , Ma Xiaoli , Zhang Yuanyuan , Sun Dandan , Zou Yutong , Yu Jialei , Zhang Fang , Yang Guohua , Xie Shaowei , Cheng Qian , Cheng Xinqi , Qiu Ling
Published: May 2021

Background

Two major forms of gastrin, gastrin-17 (G17) and gastrin-34 (G34), exist in blood. However, conventional immunoassay methods can only quantify total gastrin or G17 alone. Here, we aimed to establish a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method to quantify G17 and G34 simultaneously.

Methods

Serum samples were prepared by anion-exchange solid-phase extraction. The analytical performance of the LC–MS/MS method was validated and the method was compared to chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The G17 and G34 concentrations in 245 serum samples from healthy controls, individuals with gastrinoma, and individuals with other diseases were analyzed.

Results

The total runtime of the LC–MS/MS method was 6 min. No substantial matrix effect was observed with internal standard correction. The intraassay coefficients of variation (CVs) for G17 and G34 were 4.0%–14.2% and 4.4%–10.4%, respectively, and total CVs were 5.2%–14.1% and 4.6%–12.4%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between LC–MS/MS and CLIA was 0.87, and between LC–MS/MS and RIA was 0.84. The G17+G34 concentrations for 87.5% of individuals with gastrinoma were higher than the 95th percentile of healthy controls (18.1 pg/mL), whereas the concentrations for individuals with other diseases and gastrinoma overlapped. Based on the Youden indices calculated for G17+G34, G34, and G17, the most specific biomarker was G17 (96.9% clinical specificity at 209.8 pg/mL) for gastrinoma.

Conclusions

This method should aid in the diagnosis of diseases associated with increased gastrin concentrations.
The Politics of Experimental Translation: Potentialities and Preoccupations
Authors: Robert-Foley Lily
Published: May 2021

In this article, I will attempt to sketch out a translation practice that runs counter to conventional ideas about translation, which I theorize as ‘experimental translation’. I will first try, and perhaps fail, to situate a definition of experimental translation, to delimit the borders of what might fall into this category; as we shall see, it is a problematic one. Experimental translation opposes itself to the norms, the doxa of current translation practices. But what norms? Whose translation practice? Situating norms is obviously a fluid and problematic, culturally specific activity. Examining what is opposed to these norms serves to accentuate this. And what are the political implications of this opposition, if there are any? To what extent is translation and, in particular, experimental translation a space where justice is negotiated? Lastly, I will discuss the politics of the translator’s voice. Much attention has historically been given to the politics of the voice of the author, in particular to either debunking its transcendent quality or critiquing the dynamics of whose voice gets heard and whose does not. Translation very often is inflected with political or ethical aims, a desire to right wrongs in the original or to intervene in the landscape of authority and canon formation. What does this imply for the role the translator’s voice plays in experimental translation, in how it appears, or does not? Can experimental translation hope to achieve utopian dreams?
Influence of realistic rheological properties on the style of mantle convection: roles of dynamic friction and depth-dependence of rheological properties
Authors: Nakagawa Takashi , Karato Shun-ichiro
Published: May 2021

In order to generate plate tectonics, the near surface layer should not be too strong, but the causes for not-so-strong near surface layer remains unclear. We conduct mantle convection modelling in the spherical geometry to investigate the influence of the strength of the near surface layer. We explore a range of friction coefficients including the static high friction coefficient (∼0.6) as well as the reduced friction coefficients by fast fault motion in earthquakes. When the friction coefficient is low enough (<0.03), the surface layer is yielded by the convective stress, and the style of mantle convection appears the mobile-lid mode (plate tectonics style of convection). This style is relevant for the Earth where fault motion is unstable because of the low surface temperature. In contrast, for a high friction coefficient, the surface layer is too strong, generating the stagnant-lid mode. This case corresponds to Venus where fault motion is stable because of high surface temperature. Our calculations show that, in plate tectonic style of convection, the mantle convection is likely to be more vigorous, inducing the high convective stress that helps the operation of plate tectonics. In contrast, when stagnant-lid mode of convection appears, the convective vigor is likely to be low, inducing the low convective stress. Therefore, in each case, the interplay between the surface strength and convective stress tends to maintain the same mode of convection in a self-consistent way. We also investigate the relationship between mantle temperature and heat flux for two different modes of convection upon a change in friction coefficient. We found that the heat flow associated with mobile lid convection caused by low friction is less sensitive to the mantle temperature compared to a conventional mantle convection model, where the heat flow is highly sensitive to mantle temperature. This provides a possible mechanism to solve the thermal runaway paradox.
Nuclear heterogeneity is prevalent in high-quality fractionated human sperm cells typically used for assisted conception
Authors: Ogle R A , Netherton J , Schneider E , Velkov T , Zhang H , Cole N , Hetherington L , Villaverde A I S B , Baker M A
Published: May 2021

STUDY QUESTION

What is the nuclear heterogeneity of high-density purified human spermatozoa typically used for IVF purposes.

SUMMARY ANSWER

The data show that while density gradient separation has improved the overall sperm population, there is still a large degree of nuclear heterogeneity within these cells.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) is an important DNA binding fluorochrome for the assessment of male-factor fertility. It is typically used to predict IVF outcomes on entire sperm ejaculates with very high receiver operating characteristic. Here we used CMA3 to characterise typical populations of human spermatozoa that would be used for IVF purposes after density gradient separation.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

We compared the intensity of CMA3 binding within high-dense sperm populations obtained from men. Binding heterogeneity was confirmed through fluorescence microscopy and FACS analysis independently. We also looked at CMA3 staining directly with head morphology in this sperm population. Finally, we looked at electron micrographs of nuclear heterogeneity (vacuoles, chromatin compaction) of spermatozoa following density gradient sorting of CMA3-stained cells.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

We used sperm donors who had fathered one or more children. Semen was collected after 2 days abstinence and purified over Percoll gradients. Only the high-quality spermatozoa, the same used for assisted conception, were then used. Cells were stained with CMA3 and sorted using FACS. Following this, electron micrographs were used to assess nuclear heterogeneity of CMA3-dependent sorted spermatozoa.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

CMA3 staining occurs within morphologically normal as well as abnormal spermatozoa. High-intensity CMA3-stained sperm possessed large vacuoles that were not seen in the low-CMA3 population. In addition, the high-CMA3 stained cells possess higher amounts of nuclear granulation.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The present study only describes the issues within the chromatin of these cells and does not suggest an alternate selection technique.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

CMA3 is one of the better reported prognostic assays in predicting pregnancy outcomes, especially in cases where the male is at fault. However, it is clear that even in fractionated populations of human spermatozoa, there are sperm cells that are morphologically normal yet possess high levels of CMA3 staining and chromatin granulation. The implication of this is that the embryologist, whom selects on the basis of sperm morphology, may choose a cell with poor chromatin, which may lead to poor embryo outcomes.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

The project was funded by the National Health and Medical Research council, APP1118943. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.
Granulomas in Diagnostic Biopsies Associated With High Risk of Crohn’s Complications—But May Be Preventable
Authors: Lawrence Lindsey S , Heider Amer , Singer Andrew A M , Neef Haley C , Adler Jeremy
Published: May 2021

Background

Granulomatous intestinal inflammation may be associated with aggressive Crohn’s disease (CD) behavior. However, this has not been confirmed, and it is unknown if associated disease complications are preventable.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort of patients younger than 21 years at CD diagnosis (November 1, 2005 to November 11, 2015). Clinical information was abstracted, including dates of starting medications and the timing of perianal fistula or stricture development, if any. Diagnostic pathology reports were reviewed, and a subset of biopsy slides were evaluated by a blinded pathologist. Patients were excluded if perianal fistula or stricture developed within 30 days after CD diagnosis. Medications were included in analyses only if started >90 days before development of perianal fistula or stricture.

Results

In total, 198 patients were included. Half (54%) had granulomas at diagnosis. Granulomas were associated with a greater than 3-fold increased risk of perianal fistula (hazard ration [HR] = 3.24; 95% confidence interval CI], 1.40–7.48). Immunomodulator and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF) therapy were associated with 90% (HR, = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03–0.42) and 98% (HR, = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.10) reduced risk of perianal fistula, respectively. Patients with granulomatous inflammation preferentially responded to anti-TNF therapy with reduced risk of perianal fistula. The presence of granulomas was not associated with risk of stricture. Immunomodulator and anti-TNF therapy were associated with 96% (HR, = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01–0.22) and 94% (HR, = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.02–0.20) reduced risk of stricture, respectively.

Conclusions

Granulomas are associated with increased risk of perianal fistula but not stricture. Steroid sparing therapies seem to reduce the risk of both perianal fistula and stricture. For those with granulomas, anti-TNF-α therapy greatly reduced the risk of perianal fistula development, whereas immunomodulators did not.
Wing Shape in Waterbirds: Morphometric Patterns Associated with Behavior, Habitat, Migration, and Phylogenetic Convergence
Authors: Baumgart Stephanie L , Sereno Paul C , Westneat Mark W
Published: May 2021

Synopsis

Wing shape plays a critical role in flight function in birds and other powered fliers and has been shown to be correlated with flight performance, migratory distance, and the biomechanics of generating lift during flight. Avian wing shape and flight mechanics have also been shown to be associated with general foraging behavior and habitat choice. We aim to determine if wing shape in waterbirds, a functionally and ecologically diverse assemblage united by their coastal and aquatic habitats, is correlated with various functional and ecological traits. We applied geometric morphometric approaches to the spread wings of a selection of waterbirds to search for evolutionary patterns between wing shape and foraging behavior, habitat, and migratory patterns. We found strong evidence of convergent evolution of high and low aspect ratio wing shapes in multiple clades. Foraging behavior also consistently exhibits strong evolutionary correlations with wing shape. Habitat, migration, and flight style, in contrast, do not exhibit significant correlation with wing shape in waterbirds. Although wing shape is critical to aerial flight function, its relationship to habitat and periodic locomotor demands such as migration is complex.
Acute limb ischemia due to ONYX 34 migration during embolization of a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery
Authors: Calugi G , Dorigo W , Capone A , Esposito D , Giacomelli E , Pratesi C
Published: May 2021

Pseudo-aneurysms of the arteries of the lower limbs are a possible complication of leg trauma. Complications include rupture, infection, pain and distal embolization. This is a case of a 24-year-old man hospitalized after a car accident, in which we discovered a 1-cm large pseudo-aneurysm of the right superficial femoral artery. The pseudo-aneurysm in first place was treated by the interventional-radiologist for an endovascular repair by embolization with ONYX 34, but during the procedure the copolymer embolized in the arterial axe with complete obstruction of blood-flow in the lower limb. An urgent open surgical revascularization was then attempted by our team with the result of complete patency of the femoro-popliteal axis and of the tibial vessels. Embolization with ONYX is an effective and safe method, but it is susceptible to this type of complication for larger pseudo-aneurysms, where it is required an introduction of a larger quantity of polymer.
Tomato fruit quality traits and metabolite content are affected by reciprocal crosses and heterosis
Authors: Fortuny Agustina P , Bueno Rodrigo A , Pereira da Costa Javier H , Zanor María Inés , Rodríguez Gustavo R
Published: May 2021

Heterosis occurs when the F1s outperform their parental lines for a trait. Reciprocal hybrids are obtained by changing the cross direction of parental genotypes. Both biological phenomena could affect the external and internal attributes of fleshy fruits. This work aimed to detect reciprocal effects and heterosis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit quality traits and metabolite content. Twelve agronomic traits and 28 metabolites identified and estimated by 1H-NMR were evaluated in five cultivars grown in two environments. Given that the genotype component was more important than the phenotype, the traits were evaluated following a full diallel mating design among those cultivars, in a greenhouse. Hybrids showed a higher phenotypic diversity than parental lines. Interestingly, the metabolites, mainly amino acids, displayed more reciprocal effects and heterosis. Agronomic traits were more influenced by general combining ability (GCA) and metabolites by specific combining ability (SCA). Furthermore, the genetic distance between parental lines was not causally related to the occurrence of reciprocal effects or heterosis. Hybrids with heterosis and a high content of metabolites linked to tomato flavour and nutritious components were obtained. Our results highlight the impact of selecting a cultivar as male or female in a cross to enhance the variability of fruit attributes through hybrids as well as the possibility to exploit heterosis for fruit composition.
Magnetic activity and age estimation of red giants using neural networks
Authors: Lu Hong-peng , Karoff Christoffer , Zhang Li-yun
Published: May 2021

In this work, we analysed the magnetic activity of 5349 Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) low-dispersion spectra of 3539 red giants by calculating equivalent width (EW) of magnetic activity lines (H α, H β, H γ, H δ, $\rm{Ca~{ii} H\&K}$, $\rm{Ca~{ii} IRT}$). Combining LAMOST spectral parameters, asteroseismic parameters, and EWs of the magnetic activity lines, an attempt was made to estimate the age of red giants using neural networks. By using the neural networks to select the input parameters, we get the best age estimation of the red giants with the input parameters ‘Teff’, ‘[Fe/H]’, ‘log g’, ‘νmax’, and ‘Δν’, which is in line with expectations. The average value of the relative error between the estimated age and the isochronous age is 22.4 per cent. The age estimation was not improved by adding the EWs of more magnetic activity lines. This indicates that the EWs of these spectral lines are not directly related to the age of the red giants. The reason for this might be that the dynamo operating in the outer layers of the red giants has shut off at the end of core-hydrogen-burning. The absence of emission in all the magnetic activity lines of the 5349 LAMOST spectra also confirms this conclusion. In addition, the results indicate that the EWs of the magnetic activity lines are more related to the effective temperature, which is also in line with expectations.
Activity of PD-1 blockade with nivolumab among patients with recurrent atypical/anaplastic meningioma: phase II trial results
Authors: Bi Wenya Linda , Nayak Lakshmi , Meredith David M , Driver Joseph , Du Ziming , Hoffman Samantha , Li Yvonne , Lee Eudocia Quant , Beroukhim Rameen , Rinne Mikael , McFaline-Figueroa Ricardo , Chukwueke Ugonma , McCluskey Christine , Gaffey Sarah , Cherniack Andrew D , Stefanik Jennifer , Doherty Lisa , Taubert Christina , Cifrino Meghan , LaFrankie Deborah , Graillon Thomas , Wen Patrick Y , Ligon Keith L , Al-Mefty Ossama , Huang Raymond Y , Muzikansky Alona , Chiocca E Antonio , Santagata Sandro , Dunn Ian F , Reardon David A
Published: May 2021

Background

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) contributes to tumor immunosuppression and is upregulated in aggressive meningiomas. We performed a phase II study of nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) blocking antibody among patients with grade ≥2 meningioma that recurred after surgery and radiation therapy.

Methods

Twenty-five patients received nivolumab (240 mg biweekly) until progression, voluntary withdrawal, unacceptable toxicity, or death. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) and quantification of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were evaluated as potential immunocorrelative biomarkers. Change in neurologic function was prospectively assessed using the Neurologic Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (NANO) scale.

Results

Enrolled patients had multiple recurrences including ≥3 prior surgeries and ≥2 prior courses of radiation in 60% and 72%, respectively. Nivolumab was well tolerated with no unexpected adverse events. Six-month progression-free survival (PFS-6) rate was 42.4% (95% CI: 22.8, 60.7) and the median OS was 30.9 months (95% CI: 17.6, NA). One patient achieved radiographic response (ongoing at 4.5 years). TMB was >10/Mb in 2 of 15 profiled tumors (13.3%). Baseline TIL density was low but increased posttreatment in 3 patients including both patients with elevated TMB. Most patients who achieved PFS-6 maintained neurologic function prior to progression as assessed by NANO.

Conclusion

Nivolumab was well tolerated but failed to improve PFS-6, although a subset of patients appeared to derive benefit. Low levels of TMB and TIL density were typically observed. NANO assessment of neurologic function contributed to outcome assessment. Future studies may consider rationally designed combinatorial regimens.
Note on a description of a perfect fluid by the Kalb–Ramond field
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka , Sugamoto Akio
Published: May 2021

We explore a formulation of a perfect fluid in $3+1$ dimensions in terms of the Kalb–Ramond field. This was proposed long ago by Nambu and one of the present authors. In this note, we refine the statements in a more explicit form. We also comment on the duality with the Gross–Pitaevsky formulation written by a complex scalar field.
Students’ perceptions of mathematics writing and its impact on their enjoyment and self-confidence
Authors: Kaur Tandeep , Prendergast Mark
Published: May 2021

There have been universal endorsements of the benefits of writing as an effective medium of communicating mathematically. Writing and learning are seen as isomorphic to each other and writing can facilitate the comprehension of mathematical thinking through intrapersonal communication. Through a short writing intervention, this study investigates students’ perceptions on the use of writing in the mathematics classroom and explores the impact of writing on students’ affective domains of self-confidence and enjoyment levels in mathematics. A mixed-methods approach was employed using a pre-test, intervention, post-test design for the study. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire adapted from the Attitudes Towards Mathematics Inventory ( Tapia & Marsh, 2004), which was administered before and after the intervention. An analysis of the quantitative data revealed a significant increase in students’ mean scores for both enjoyment and self-confidence. Qualitative data collected in the form of students’ reflections of the writing intervention indicated that, overall, students had a positive perception of writing as a means of communicating in the mathematics classroom.
Ketofol as an Anesthetic Agent in Patients With Isolated Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective, Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial
Authors: Maheswari Neha , Panda Nidhi B. , Mahajan Shalvi , Luthra Ankur , Pattnaik Smita , Bhatia Nidhi , Karthigeyan Madhivanan , Kaloria Narender , Chauhan Rajeev , Soni Shiv , Jangra Kiran , Bhagat Hemant
Published: May 2021

Background:

The effects of ketofol (propofol and ketamine admixture) on systemic hemodynamics and outcomes in patients undergoing emergency decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are unknown and explored in this study.

Methods:

Fifty patients with moderate/severe TBI were randomized to receive ketofol (n=25) or propofol (n=25) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during TBI surgery. Intraoperative hemodynamic stability was assessed by continuous measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and need for rescue interventions to maintain MAP within 20% of baseline. Brain relaxation scores, serum biomarker-glial fibrillary acidic protein levels, and extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) at 30 and 90 days after discharge were also explored.

Results:

MAP was lower and hemodynamic fluctuations more frequent in patients receiving propofol compared with those receiving ketofol (P<0.05). MAP fell >20% below baseline in 22 (88%) patients receiving propofol and in 10 (40%) receiving ketofol (P=0.001), with a greater requirement for vasopressors (80% vs. 24%, respectively; P=0.02). Intraoperative brain relaxation scores and GOSE at 30 and 90 day were similar between groups. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was lower in the ketofol group (3.31±0.43 ng/mL) as compared with the propofol (3.41±0.17 ng/mL; P=0.01) group on the third postoperative day.

Conclusion:

Compared with propofol, ketofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during decompressive surgery in patients with moderate/severe TBI was associated with improved hemodynamic stability, lower vasopressor requirement, and similar brain relaxation.
Brain Cancer Progression: A Retrospective Multicenter Comparison of Awake Craniotomy Versus General Anesthesia in High-grade Glioma Resection
Authors: Chowdhury Tumul , Gray Kristen , Sharma Mohit , Mau Christine , McNutt Sarah , Ryan Casey , Farou Noa , Bergquist Patrick , Caldwell Catherine , Uribe Alberto A. , Todeschini Alexandre B. , Bergese Sergio D. , Bucher Oliver , Musto Grace , Azazi Emad Al , Zadeh Gelareh , Tsang Derek S. , Mansouri Seyed A. , Kakumanu Saranya , Venkatraghavan Lashmi
Published: May 2021

Background:

High-grade gliomas impose substantial morbidity and mortality due to rapid cancer progression and recurrence. Factors such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the cornerstones for treatment of brain cancer and brain cancer research. The role of anesthetics on glioma progression is largely unknown.

Methods:

This multicenter retrospective cohort study compared patients who underwent high-grade glioma resection with minimal sedation (awake craniotomy) and those who underwent craniotomy with general anesthesia (GA). Various perioperative factors, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and adjuvant treatment regimens were recorded. The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), postoperative pain score, and length of hospital stay.

Results:

A total of 891 patients were included; 79% received GA, and 21% underwent awake craniotomy. There was no difference in median PFS between awake craniotomy (0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45-0.65 y) and GA (0.53, 95% CI: 0.48-0.60 y) groups (hazard ratio 1.05; P<0.553). Median OS was significantly longer in the awake craniotomy (1.70, 95% CI: 1.30-2.32 y) compared with that in the GA (1.25, 95% CI: 1.15-1.37 y) group (hazard ratio 0.76; P<0.009) but this effect did not persist after controlling for other variables of interest. Median length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the awake craniotomy group (2 [range: 0 to 76], interquartile range 3 d vs. 5 [0 to 98], interquartile range 5 for awake craniotomy and GA groups, respectively; P<0.001). Pain scores were comparable between groups.

Conclusions:

There was no difference in PFS and OS between patients who underwent surgical resection of high-grade glioma with minimal sedation (awake craniotomy) or GA. Further large prospective randomized controlled studies are needed to explore the role of anesthetics on glioma progression and patient survival.
Disorders of the Fourth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Kline Lanning B. , Demer Joseph L. , Vaphiades Michael S. , Tavakoli Mehdi
Published: May 2021

This review of disorders of the fourth cranial nerve includes discussion on anatomy, examination techniques, congenital and acquired etiologies, differential diagnosis, and management options. The findings of the superior oblique muscle on orbital MRI in patients with fourth nerve palsy have had a major impact on our understanding of this cranial neuropathy. In addition, briefly reviewed are rare disorders of the fourth nerve: superior oblique myokymia, Brown syndrome, and ocular neuromyotonia. It behooves the clinician to have a clear understanding of the role that the fourth cranial nerve plays in a variety of neuro-ophthalmic conditions.
Protective effects of melatonin on the white matter damage of neonatal rats by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activity
Authors: Qin Miao , Liu Yan , Sun Mengya , Li Xianghong , Xu Jiaxin , Zhang Lulu , Jiang Hong
Published: May 2021

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effects and relevant mechanisms of melatonin on the white matter damage (WMD) caused by endotoxin and ischemic hypoxia in neonatal rats.

Methods

Seventy-two female neonatal rats (postnatal day 3) were randomly divided into the sham, melatonin-treated, and control groups (n = 24 for each group). The periventricular white matter was collected to evaluate the WMD and apoptosis. In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured. The expression levels of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, pink1, parkin, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were detected.

Results

Hematoxylin and eosin and terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling staining showed that the WMD, as well as cell degeneration, necrosis, and apoptosis in the control group, were more severe than those in the melatonin-treated group. Endotoxin and ischemic hypoxia upregulated the expression of NLRP3 and downstream inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18, which could be reversed by melatonin treatment. Melatonin increased mitochondrial autophagy marker (pink1 and parkin) expression in the white matter and reduced ROS production. Moreover, melatonin-reduced TLR4 and NF-κB expression.

Conclusions

Melatonin can inhibit the hyperactivity of NLRP3 inflammasomes by enhancing mitochondrial autophagy and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway activity. Thus, melatonin may be a promising treatment for alleviating the WMD caused by endotoxin and ischemic hypoxia in neonatal rats.
Knockdown circular RNA circGFRA1 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and migration by upregulating microRNA-99a
Authors: Cao Changyun , Zhang Jun , Zhang Zhiyuan , Feng Yu , Wang Zhengzhi
Published: May 2021

Glioma is the most widespread and malignant brain tumor in the central nervous system of adult, causing multiple cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Here, we identified the impact of circGFRA1 on glioma, and aimed to uncover the underlying molecular mechanism. The expression of circGFRA1 of glioma specimens was evaluated by using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis and migration were estimated utilizing CCK-8, EdU staining, colony formation assay, TUNEL staining and Transwell assay, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis, luciferase assay and RNA co-immunoprecipitation was utilized for verification of direct binding between circGFRA1 and miR-99a. Western blot was applied to investigate protein expression in U251 cells. The results showed that circGFRA1 expression was overexpressed in glioma specimens. Knockdown circGFRA1 declined viability, colony formation, proliferation and migrative potential, but enhanced U251 cell apoptosis. Moreover, circGFRA1 acts as a microRNA sponge for miR-99a. Furthermore, miR-99a was involved in the circGFRA1-regulated glioma cell behaviors. Silencing circGFRA1 reduced p/t-AKT, p/t-FOXO1 and p/t-mTOR expression levels via upregulating miR-99a expression. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that knockdown circGFRA1 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and migration by upregulating microRNA-99a.
Evidence for residual SARS-CoV-2 in glioblastoma tissue of a convalescent patient
Authors: Lei Jie , Liu Yueping , Xie Tianhao , Yao Guojie , Wang Gang , Diao Bo , Song Jian
Published: May 2021

Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) swept all over the world, several studies have shown the susceptibility of a patient with cancer to COVID-19. In this case, the removed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)-adjacent (GBM-A), GBM-peritumor and GBM-central (GBM-C) tissues from a convalescent patient of COVID-19, who also suffered from glioblastoma meanwhile, together with GBM-A and GBM tissues from a patient without COVID-19 history as negative controls, were used for RNA ISH, electron microscopy observing and immunohistochemical staining of ACE2 and the virus antigen (N protein). The results of RNA ISH, electron microscopy observing showed that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects some cells within human GBM tissues and SARS-CoV-2 in GBM-C tissue still exists even when it is cleared elsewhere. Immunohistochemical staining of ACE2 and N protein showed that the expressions of ACE2 are significantly higher in specimens, including GBM-C tissue from COVID-19 patient than other types of tissue. The unique phenomenon suggests that the surgical protection level should be upgraded even if the patient is in a convalescent period and the pharyngeal swab tests show negative results. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to confirm whether the shelter-like phenomenon happens in other malignancies due to the similar microenvironment and high expression of ACE2 in some malignancies.
Vagus nerve stimulation affects inflammatory response and anti-apoptosis reactions via regulating miR-210 in epilepsy rat model
Authors: Bie Bizhou , Wang Zhizhong , Chen Yingchun , Sheng Liuqing , Li Huanhuan , You Huichao , Ye Jianfeng , Zhang Qing , Li Jun
Published: May 2021

Background

Studies have shown that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) significantly reduces the frequency of seizures. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in cerebrospinal fluid are expected to become a new biomarker of epilepsy. Therefore, studying the interaction mechanism between the VNS and miRNAs is hopeful of bringing a new therapeutic direction for the treatment of epilepsy.

Methods

Kainic acid was used to induce the Sprague–Dawley rat epilepsy model, and the rats were treated with VNS. The miR-210 expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Racine score was adopted to evaluate the performance of behavioral seizures, whereas qRT-PCR and ELISA were employed to test inflammatory factors. Western blotting was implemented to testify the inflammatory and apoptotic proteins.

Results

Kainic acid-induced the Sprague–Dawley rat epilepsy model and upregulated the expression of miR-210, inflammatory response, inflammation and apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissues. In addition, compared with the epilepsy model group, miR-210 in the hippocampus of the epilepsy model rats treated with VNS was downregulated, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors was reduced. Moreover, after further inhibiting the expression of miR-210, the inhibition of VNS on epilepsy, inflammation and apoptosis were significantly enhanced.

VNS relieves the inflammatory response and apoptosis of epileptic rats via inhibiting miR-210.
Aquiluna borgnonia gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of a Microbacteriaceae lineage of freshwater bacteria with small genome sizes
Authors: Pitt Alexandra , Schmidt Johanna , Koll Ulrike , Hahn Martin W.
Published: May 2021

The actinobacterial strain 15G-AUS-rotT was isolated from an artificial pond located near Salzburg, Austria. The strain showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.7 % to Candidatus Aquiluna rubra and of 96.6 and 96.7 % to the two validly described species of the genus

Rhodoluna

. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome-based on amino acid sequences of 118 single copy genes referred strain 15G-AUS-rotT to the family

Microbacteriaceae

and therein to the so-called subcluster Luna-1. The genome-based phylogenetic tree showed that the new strain represents a putative new genus. Cultures of strain 15G-AUS-rotT were light red pigmented and comprised very small, rod-shaped cells. They metabolized a broad variety of substrates. Major fatty acids (>10 %) of cells were iso-C16 : 0, antiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was MK-11 and a minor component was MK-10. The peptidoglycan structure belonged to an unusual B type. The closed genome sequence of the strain was very small (1.4 Mbp) and had a DNA G+C content of 54.8 mol%. An interesting feature was the presence of genes putatively encoding the complete light-driven proton pumping actinorhodopsin/retinal system, which were located at three different positions of the genome. Based on the characteristics of the strain, a new genus and a new species termed Aquiluna borgnonia is proposed for strain 15G-AUS-rotT (=DSM 107803T=JCM 32974T).