bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemp pollen dispersal across the United States
Authors: Nimmala Manu , Ross Shane D. , Foroutan Hosein
Published: May 2024

For the recently legalized US hemp industry (Cannabis sativa), cross-pollination between neighboring fields has become a significant challenge, leading to contaminated seeds, reduced oil yields, and in some cases, mandated crop destruction. As a step towards assessing hemp cross-pollination risk, this study characterizes the seasonal and spatial patterns in windborne hemp pollen dispersal spanning the conterminous United States (CONUS). By leveraging meteorological data obtained through mesoscale model simulations, we have driven Lagrangian Stochastic models to simulate wind-borne hemp pollen dispersion across CONUS on a county-by-county basis for five months from July to November, encompassing the potential flowering season for industrial hemp. Our findings reveal that pollen deposition rates escalate from summer to autumn due to the reduction in convective activity during daytime and the increase in wind shear at night as the season progresses. We find diurnal variations in pollen dispersion: nighttime conditions favor deposition in proximity to the source, while daytime conditions facilitate broader dispersal albeit with reduced deposition rates. These shifting weather patterns give rise to specific regions of CONUS more vulnerable to hemp cross-pollination.
RETRACTED: Decoration of MoO3 on a PPP-Fe3O4@β-CD composite as an oxidizing magnetic catalyst for the dehydrogenation of 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidines and the oxidation of pyridines
Authors: Harati F. Ashayeri , Amrollahi M.A. , Zaghaghi Z.
Published: May 2024

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Biomechanical study of LC-II screw fixation of posterior pelvic ring fractures type C1.1: a cadaveric study
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Xukai , Tian Bin , Yao Hong , Liu Guangyao
Published: May 2024

Purpose
To compare the biomechanical outcomes of C1.1 posterior pelvic ring fractures treated with different numbers of LC-II screws and plate internal fixation.
METHODS
Nine adult preserved pelvic specimens were used. After being measured by bone densitometry, the specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups of 3 pelvic specimens each. The C1.1 pelvic fractures were generated by iliac osteotomies and anterior pelvic ring osteotomies. The fractures were fixed and randomly divided into three groups: (1) one LC-II screw, (2) two LC-II screws, and (3) two reconstruction plates. The anterior pelvic rings were all fixed with pubic branch screws. A biomechanical testing machine loaded all specimens vertically, recording the displacement and ultimate load of the specimens to quantify the stiffness.
RESULTS
When loads up to 1000 N were applied, the displacement of the iliac bone was close between the one LC-II screw and the two LC-II screw group specimens; (P > 0.05); when loads such as 1000 N, 1200 N and 1400 N were applied, there was no significant difference in displacement between the plate fixation group and the two LC-II screw fixation group (P > 0.05), both of which were superior to the one LC-II screw fixation group ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in compressive stiffness between the two LC-II screw fixation groups and the plate fixation group (P > 0.05), and both were superior to the one LC-II screw fixation group (P < 0.05).
the ultimate load of both the two LC-II screws and the steel plate is greater than that of one LC-II screw (1.74 times the ultimate load of one LC-II screw for the two LC-II screws and 1.83 times the ultimate load of one LC-II screw for the steel plate);
Conclusions: For posterior pelvic ring fractures of type C1.1, placement of two LC-II screws provides comparable posterior pelvic ring stability compared to reconstructed plates. At loads below 1000 N, one LC-II screw fixation and two LC-II screws were comparable in restoring posterior pelvic ring stability.
Characterization and levels of resistance in Coffea arabica ×Coffea racemosa hybrids to Leucoptera coffeella
Authors: Costa Daniel C. M. , Souza Bruno H. S. , Carvalho Carlos H. S. , Filho Oliveiro Guerreiro
Published: May 2024

Coffee leaf miner (CLM) Leucoptera coffeella stands out as a primary insect pest of arabica coffee plants. Coffee breeding for CLM-resistance has used the species Coffea racemosa as gene donor for C. arabica, resulting in the development of the resistant commercial hybrid ‘Siriema AS1’. However, no previous study has characterized the resistance, and whether there is variation in the levels expressed in progenies of ‘Siriema’ to CLM. This study aimed to characterize the type, by antixenosis or antibiosis, and the levels of resistance in segregating progenies of ‘Siriema’ plants to CLM. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions with artificial infestation of CLM adults in oviposition cages, where dual-choice preference assays compared each tested ‘Siriema’ progeny with the susceptible cv. Arara. A follow-up no-choice assay evaluated five selected ‘Siriema’ progenies on the development of CLM compared to ‘Arara’. As main results, ‘Siriema’ progenies were equally susceptible to CLM oviposition, and were overall stimulant relative to cv. Arara. However, there was low CLM larval survival and injury intensity on the selected ‘Siriema’ genotypes, indicating the expression of moderate levels of antibiosis-resistance, while ‘Arara’ and one ‘Siriema’ progeny were moderately susceptible. These findings further our understanding on the type and levels of resistance in ‘Siriema’ genotypes, aiding the development of resistant coffee hybrids and deployment of management strategies to CLM.
Formulation And Development Of Diclofenac Topical Emulgels
Authors: Jha Souravh , Singh Pinky , Yadav Kanchan , Rai Arti , Saket Neetu , Chouhan Manju
Published: May 2024

Benzimidazoles are an important class of compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activity ranging from anti-hypertensive, antiviral, anti-fungal, antitumor and anthelmintic activity. Benzimidazole rings are the most important nitrogen-containing heterocycles, which are widely explored and utilized by the pharmaceutical industry for drug discovery. Due to their special structural features and electron-rich environment, Benzimidazole containing drugs bind to a variety of therapeutic targets, thereby exhibiting a broad spectrum of bioactivities. Numerous benzimidazole based drugs have been extensively used in the clinic to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potential. A series of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized by a single step process by reacting o-phenylenediamine and benzoic acid. The purity and structure confirmation of the synthesized compounds were done by TLC and 1HNMR. The compounds were evaluated for anti-microbial, anti-fungal and antioxidant activity.
Enhancing monolignol ferulate conjugate levels in poplar lignin via OsFMT1
Authors: Unda Faride , Vries Lisanne , Karlen Steve D. , Rainbow Jordan , Zhang Chengcheng , Bartley Laura E. , Kim Hoon , Ralph John , Mansfield Shawn D.
Published: May 2024

Background
The phenolic polymer lignin is one of the primary chemical constituents of the plant secondary cell wall. Due to the inherent plasticity of lignin biosynthesis, several phenolic monomers have been shown to be incorporated into the polymer, as long as the monomer can undergo radicalization so it can participate in coupling reactions. In this study, we significantly enhance the level of incorporation of monolignol ferulate conjugates into the lignin polymer to improve the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass.
Results
Overexpression of a rice Feruloyl-CoA Monolignol Transferase (FMT), OsFMT1, in hybrid poplar (Populus alba x grandidentata) produced transgenic trees clearly displaying increased cell wallbound ester-linked ferulate, p-hydroxybenzoate, and p-coumarate, all of which are in the lignin cell wall fraction, as shown by NMR and DFRC. We also demonstrate the use of a novel UV-Vis spectroscopy technique to rapidly screen plants for the presence of both ferulate and phydroxybenzoate esters. Lastly, we show via saccharification assays, that the OsFMT1 transgenic poplars have significantly improved processing efficiency compared to wild-type poplars as well as AsFMT poplars
Conclusions
The findings demonstrate that OsFMT1 has a broad substrate specificity and a higher catalytic efficiency compared to the previously published FMT from Angelica sinensis (AsFMT). Importantly, the increased processing efficiency makes OsFMT1 a promising gene to optimize the composition of lignocellulosic biomass.
Examining the Impact of Health Education Interventions on Breast Cancer Knowledge (Awareness) Among Women in Underserved Communities of West Coast Region, The Gambia
Authors: Barrow Lamin F , Segun Asaolu , Zhang Bo , Camara Samba , Bah Buba , Ndow Manjally , Ceesay Lamin M
Published: May 2024

Background
The burden of breast cancer among women in the underserved areas continue to remain high despite availability of modern screening and diagnosis facilities. It is believed that most women have limited access to such services due to limited awareness on breast cancer signs and symptoms, risk factors and screening services thus leading to a late-stage detection of the condition in many. This research seeks to address this gap by examining the impact of health education interventions on breast cancer knowledge and awareness among women aged 25 years and above in underserved communities of West Coast region of the Gambia and highlight associated barriers.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 315 women from two Urban and two Peri-Urban communities (Western Health Region 2) of the West Coast region of the Gambia. We administered an adopted structured questionnaire using face to face interviews in pre and post health education intervention in a 3-month interval. To evaluate the effect of the intervention, the mean knowledge score after three months was compared with the baseline phase using a paired sample t-test, Pearson chi square, binary and multiple logistic regression analyses. The differences in the means were compared and the knowledge enhancement percentage was established.
Results
The participants knowledge improved from 16.5% before the intervention to 61.3% after the intervention on the 20 points knowledge and awareness item including signs and symptoms, and risk factors of breast cancer. The paired sample t-test reveals that participants knowledge has improved in all the various dimensions of the assessment with a general increase from pre (M = 6.08; SD = ± 3.35) to Post (M = 13.34; SD = ± 5.33) at the 0.05 level of significance, t(-24.2) = 5.23, n = 305, p < 0.05, [95% CI: -6.67,-7.85]. There was a statistically significant association between sociodemographic variables and the increase in the knowledge score. Participants from urban and peri-urban have different options of public health education measures suitable for such intervention in underserved communities.
Conclusions
The use of health education intervention was very effective in improving breast cancer knowledge and awareness among women living in underserved communities despite so many challenges. Lack of information and cultural belief or stigma remains as major barriers to breast cancer awareness.
Comparing the Motives for Binge-watching between Undergraduate Medical & Non-medical Students of Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Attiq ur , Zain Hamza , Singh Deep , Ihsan Atif , Mir Fahim Saadat
Published: May 2024

Background: Binge-watching is the practice of watching several episodes of a television show at once. Both harmful and beneficial effects of this habit have been attributed to it, including decreased sleep and productivity and enhanced emotional involvement with the material. This study examines the driving forces behind binge-watching among undergraduates enrolled in medical and non-medical schools.
Methods: The open-source software, “OpenEpi" was used to calculate the population size. 313 heavy binge-watchers in total were surveyed. 157 medical students and 156 non-medical students made up the sample. A validated version of the Watching TV Series Motives Questionnaire (WTSMQ) was used in this cross-sectional study to determine the motivations underlying the participants' binge-watching behavior.
Results: The results showed a significant positive correlation between the degree of respondents and the escapism motive (r = 0.178, p = 0.002). However, no significant correlations were found between the degree of respondents and the other three motives including enrichment (r = 0.035, p = 0.537), emotional enhancement (r = 0.041, p = 0.465), and social (r = 0.016, p = 0.782).
Conclusion: The study found that medical and non-medical students have similar motives for binge-watching. The need to escape from reality is a common reason for this behavior. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding the underlying motives for binge-watching behavior, which could inform the development of interventions to reduce problematic binge-watching behaviors.
Structural and Chemical Analysis of three regions in Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)
Authors: Gua Shaohua , Lourenço Ana , Gominho Jorge , Wang Ge , Cheng Haitao
Published: May 2024

This study focuses on three different regions of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis): a inner layer (IB), middle layer (MB) and outer layer (OB), to comprehensively characterize the structural features, chemical composition (ash, extractives and lignin contents) and the lignin monomeric composition as determined by analytical pyrolysis. Bamboo has a noticeable gradient anatomical pattern, with an increasing proportion of vascular bundles from IB to OB and a gradual decrease in the proportion of parenchyma tissues. In terms of chemical composition, the ash, extractives and acid-soluble lignin content gradually decrease from IB to OB. The holocellulose content follows the trend: IB (62.8%) < OB (65.9%) < MB (66.3%) while the acid-insoluble lignin content exhibits the opposite trend: IB (22.6%) > OB (17.8%) > MB (17.7%). Pyrolysis products reveal the diversity of carbohydrates and lignin derivatives, with a lignin monomeric composition rich in syringyl and guaiacyl units and lower amounts of H-units: IB has a H:G:S relation of 18:26:55, MB has 15:27:58 and OB 15:40:45; S/G ratio values were respectively 1.22, 1.46 and 0.99. A comprehensive analysis highlights significant gradient variations in the structure and chemistry of bamboo, providing robust support for the classification and refinement methods of bamboo residues for potential applications.
Inheritance of resistance to Ralstonia pseudosolanacerum in tomato genotypes Yoshimatsu and Hawaii 7996
Authors: Costa Djayran Sobral , de Souza Elineide Barbosa , Carvalho Rejane Rodrigues da Costa e , Costa Ester da Silva , Silva Adriano Márcio Freire e , Costa Kleyton Danilo da Silva , Filho José Luiz Sandes de Carvalho
Published: May 2024

Among the various diseases that affect tomato crops, bacterial wilt stands out due to its high level of damage during the cycle and the difficulty of controlling it. Among the control strategies is the use of resistant cultivars. However, in order to obtain these cultivars, resistance inheritance studies are an essential step. With this in mind, the aim of this work was to study the inheritance of resistance to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum in the tomato genotypes Yoshimatsu and Hawaii 7996 and to determine whether the resistance loci that govern the trait in these materials are the same. The Yoshimatsu and Hawaii 7996 genotypes and the F1, F2, BC11 and BC21 generations were evaluated in one experiment and 60 F2:3 progenies in a second experiment. The severity of bacterial wilt was assessed using a descriptive scale of scores at 20 days after inoculation. In the Yoshimatsu genotype, the inheritance of resistance to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum is governed by two major effect genes in recessive homozygosity. In the Hawaii 7996 genotype, the inheritance of Ralstonia psedosolanacearum resistance is governed by a gene with partial dominance action. The greatest contribution of gene effects was due to additive variance. For Ralstonia psedosolanacearum it is recommended to select 20 days after inoculation between and within F2:3 progenies.
Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation applications in Northen of Algeria: Indexing and statistical approach
Authors: Guendouzi Yassine , Zamiche Samira , Benhalima Moustafa
Published: May 2024

The present investigation aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the agricultural region of Tipasa, North Algeria. 72 samples of groundwater were taken from 12 domestic boreholes to study the pH, EC, TDS, cations (like Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (like Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and HCO3-) in the water. The groundwater quality was slightly alkaline (pH > 7). The drinking water quality index ‘WQI’ ranged from 98.07 to 179.43 and categorized the groundwater as poor for drinking (92%). Irrigation indices were used to investigate the viability of groundwater for irrigation. The sodium hazards are measured through the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium percentage (%Na). According to the SAR values, most of the samples were deemed suitable for irrigation. The Wilcox diagram illustrates that 91.67% falls of groundwater fell into the C3S1 category, with high salinity and low sodium hazards. According to a statistical analysis, NO3- has the greatest impact on groundwater quality, showing how agricultural activity affects the quality of groundwater.
Multicomponent alloys designed to sinter
Authors: Naunheim Yannick , Schuh Christopher A
Published: May 2024

Powder sintering is a low-energy, net-shape processing route for many new products in the additive manufacturing space. We advance the viewpoint that for future manufacturing, alloys should be designed from materials science principles to sinter quickly at lower temperatures and with controlled final microstructures. Specifically, we illustrate the computational design of a multinary Ni-base alloy, whose chemistry permits a low-temperature solid-state sintering scheme without any pressure- or field-assistance, as well as heat-treatability after sintering. The strategy is based on sequential phase evolutions designed to occur during sintering. The reactions involve rapid reorganization of matter to full density in cycles up to just 1200°C, while conventional Ni alloys sintered in the solid-state require about ten times longer, or more than 250°C degrees higher temperature. Our approach yields an alloy that benefits from precipitation hardening, has an increased strength ~ 50% higher than solid-state processed commercial Ni alloys, and yet exhibits extensive plasticity beyond 35% uniaxial strain. The results point to a generalizable design scheme for many other alloys designed for solid-state powder processing that can enable greater value from additive manufacturing.
Intrusion Detection System Using Hybrid model
Authors: Chebbi Imen , Younes Ahlem Ben , Ayed Leila Ben
Published: May 2024

Technology and network industries have advanced quickly in recent decades.The expansion of piracy and the compromise of many existing systems has made it essential to develop information security solutions that can identify new threats. In order to address these issues, this work proposes a system called IDS-AI that is based on artificial intelligence techniques. It is capable of detecting recent and dispersed invasions. We employed an auto-encoder for features reduction and two models to assess CNN and SVM in order to evaluate our strategy. The experimental analysis of the dataset demonstrates the suggested model’s capability to produce reliable results. On the UNSW-NB15 dataset, our model actually achieves 99.58% and 99.66% accuracy for SVM and CNN, respectively.
Export Diversification Drive: the Role of Nigerian Manufacturing Sector
Authors: M Abiola Olawale
Published: May 2024

This research delves into the enigmatic relationship between Nigeria's manufacturing sector and the nation's drive for export diversification.Leveraging a regression analysisand time series data from 1985 to 2022, it paints a nuanced picture of their complex interplay. The analysis confirms the stationarity of all variables at first differenced.Additionally, the Johansen co-integration test reveals a long-run equilibrium relationshipbetween them, suggesting that while their short-term fluctuations may diverge, they are ultimately bound by a deeper interdependence. The analysis exposes a weak and negative associationbetween the two, hinting at the meagre contribution of the manufacturing sector to export diversification during the studied period. This underscores the need for a critical reevaluation and targeted interventions to unlock the sector's potential as a powerful engine of export growth. Therefore, the study advocates for a paradigm shift in approach. Instead of government’s piecemeal efforts, it should champion the creation of a robust and vibrant manufacturing ecosystem, pulsating with innovation and productivity. This vision will envision modern factories humming with cutting-edge processes, meticulously crafting high-quality goods capable of holding their own on the global stage. From value-added agricultural products to sophisticated machinery, the potential portfolio of Nigerian exports is vast and brimming with promise.
Static and Dynamic Connectivity Structure of White-Matter Functional Network across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Linli Zeqiang , Hu Kang , Guo Qiangdong , Guo Shuixia
Published: May 2024

Background. The maturation and ageing of the human brain involve intricate biological processes that result in complex changes in brain structure and function. Although the effects of aging on functional connectivity within gray matter (GM) regions have been extensively studied, the investigation of white matter (WM) functional changes remains limited.
Methods. In this study, our aim was to investigate age-related trajectory in WM functional dynamics using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from a large lifespan sample of 494 individuals. First, GM and WM functional networks (FNs) were identified by k-means clustering. Next, we performed static and dynamic analysis of WM functional network connectivity (FNC) to explore age effect on WM-FNs. Furthermore, we investigated recurrent patterns of dynamic FNC. Finally, we conducted several validation analyses to ensure replicability.
Results. We identified 9 reliable WM and 12 GM FNs. The findings revealed age-related effects on WM FNC strength and WM-GM FNC dynamics, primarily including linear positive and U-shaped age trajectories in static FNC strength, as well as linear negative and inverted U-shaped age trajectories in FNC temporal variability. Additionally, we identified three distinct brain states with significant age-related differences. The aforementioned findings were largely replicated in the validation analysis.
Conclusion. High integration and low temporal variability in WN-GM FNC may reflect a less efficient network system in older adults. These findings enhance our understanding of brain aging processes and provide insights into the trajectory of WM functional dynamics during normal ageing.
Induction Motor Vibrations Caused by Mechanical and Magnetic Rotor Eccentricity
Authors: Goroshko Andrii , Zembytska Maryna , Paiuk Vadym
Published: May 2024

Vibration reduction of induction motors is a significant problem that requires effective models for the effects of mechanical and electromagnetic unbalanced forces. This article presents a mathematical model of dynamics for induction motors with rotor mass eccentricity and static and dynamic magnetic eccentricity. The model allows for the influence of the gyroscopic torque of the rotor and considers the elastic-damping characteristics of each of the stator supports and their location. The model has eight degrees of freedom, which makes it possible to simulate transverse and axial vibrations of various designs’ rotors and housings of induction motors. The results of modeling the dynamics for a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor with 11 kW capacity agreed with those obtained by other authors. Simultaneously, new results were also obtained within the research. The simulation results showed that the static magnetic eccentricity causes the appearance of additional critical speed of the motor, and its value decreases in proportion to the growth of the number of pole pairs. The change of the moment of inertia of the motor at a mismatch of the main axis of symmetry of the stator and the rotor axis of rotation allowed for obtaining an actual frequency spectrum of free oscillations, including the rotational motion of the stator. Since the actual static magnetic eccentricity can additionally increase at operating frequencies due to the increase of bearing clearance caused by dynamic unbalanced load, it should be considered in the analysis of unbalanced magnetic pull. The angle of static magnetic eccentricity significantly affects the magnitude of radial vibrations. This feature should also be considered when selecting the locations of balancing weights during the rotor balancing procedure.
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT FOR CHARACTERIZATION AND QUALITY OF BT COTTON SEEDS
Authors:   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Chinthakunta Ashritha , Alla Sandhya ,   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Reddem Abhinaya ,   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Bhavana Gurram Madhu ,   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Lasya Pulimi Sri ,   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Praneetha Chowdary Manne Sai ,   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Sai Gudela Leena ,   Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India., Priya Amarthaluri Santhi ,   Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Published: May 2024

The study highlights diverse methodologies employed for seed quality assessment and characterization, including genetic, biochemical, and physiological analyses. In our present study, PCR and ELISA based techniques was adopted to identify the specific Cry1Ac gene and proteins in MECH 162 and RCH2 transgenic cotton plants. MECH 162 of 21.9ug/g and RCH2 of 17.37ug/g of seed protein was extracted. PCR analysis confirmed that gene specific CRY1Ac F/R primer as amplicon size of 550 bp for Bt gene, 600bp for NptII gene and 200bp for 35s promoter gene. The ELISA method was used for the validation of the developed assay, also ELISA needed simple equipment and took less time. Insights into the integration of these strategies into breeding programs are provided, emphasizing their crucial role in ensuring the production of high-quality Bt cotton seeds with improved agronomic performance and yield potential.
EXPANDED PERLITE MELANOID PIGMENT FORMATION WITH PARTICIPATION OF AMINOBENZOIC ACID
Authors: Karkashadze N. , Tsertsvadze M. , Bolkvadze N. , Gvidani S. , Uridia R. , Tserodze N.
Published: May 2024

In a determinate sense, Maillard reaction is identified with generation of brown-colored compounds or melanoidins in the reaction environment. Despite this fact, the stage of colored compound formation is episodically studied only [7]. It is established that coloring is related to formation of highly-molecular compounds (> 12000 Dalton) or melanoidins. As a rule, this mass contains heterogenic mixture of melanoidins, and each of them has the different absorption maximum. The intensity of color of our compound is predetermined by high concentration of these compounds, which have intense absorption in the ultraviolet region. Using the similar techniques, we have studied the distribution of melanoid pigment (Î» = 470 nm) among low-molecular (<3500 Dalton) and highly-molecular fractions, in reaction mixture obtained via interaction of m-aminobenzoic acid and D-glucose. Results are given in the first figure. Components, which didnt enter into reaction have been determined during reaction, in samples taken from reaction mixture in the definite intervals of time. Reaction mixture has been divided on paper or in thin layer. index terms- Maillard reaction, m-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, pH - metre, melanoid pigment.
OPTIONS CONTRACTS: DEFINITION, GOVERNANCE AND EFFECTS ON CONTEMPORARY FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
Authors:   Associate Prof. Dr., Kulliyyah of Shariah & Law, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (UniSHAMS), 09300, Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia., Abou Maliha Mohamed Soliman Ragab , Gomaa Gomaa Zaghloul Saad ,   Senior Lecturer, Kulliyyah of Shariah & Law, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (UniSHAMS), 09300, Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia., Ramadan Mohmed Ahmed Harec Ahmed ,   Senior Lecturer, Kulliyyah of Shariah & Law, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (UniSHAMS), 09300, Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia.
Published: May 2024

This paper deals with the definition of options contracts, the statement of their ruling, the wisdom of their legislation, the difference between them and the option in Islamic jurisprudence, and trying to adapt this contract so that we can judge it in a correct way.The option in the terminology has many definitions, but they often dealt with this term coupled with another term for the types of options without the definition of the option in general, but the definition of the option can be derived from where it is through the definitions of the types of option by saying: It is the right of the contractor to rescind or sign the contract, because of the emergence of a legitimate justification or under a contractual agreement.The purpose of the options is to avoid the deficiency that occurs after the failure of the contract, provided that the contract is necessary. This is after the convening, validity and enforceability tapes have been achieved, that is, the judgmental options are to mitigate the consequences of breach of the contract at the beginning due to lack of complete information, or to enter confusion and injustice and the like, which leads to damage to the contractor, or in the end as a failure to perform. The purpose of the judgmental options is to scrutinize the two wills and purify the element of consent from impurities in order to pay the damage to the contractor.These contracts, the subject of which is the option, are completely accidental contracts, and the world or the jurists do not entrust them in the manner described above, and since they are accident contracts, the duty requires that they be conducted on the rules of dealing to be based on them until their rule in Islam becomes clear for the clear difference in the principles of rulings, between the rule of dealing in secular countries, and the rule of dealing in the Islamic system.
Foreclosed Collateral as an Alternative for Bad Credit Settlement in Indonesia
Authors: Furqon Muhammad Adam , Sulistyandari Sulistyandari , Prihatinah Tri Lisiani
Published: May 2024

Credit loans have the risk of not fulfilling payment obligations. Therefore it is necessary to bind collateral to get a repayment with collateral. if it cannot be anticipated anymore, then lousy credit will occur and must be resolved immediately, credit settlement usually uses the execution of mortgage rights. However, there are alternative settlements regulated in article 12 an of the law of the Republic of Indonesia number 10 of 1998 concerning banking law, namely foreclosed collateral in practice, there are problems regarding the implementation of foreclosed collateral by verdict number 183/pdt/2020/PT SMG and verdict number 24/pdt.g/2019/PN Pti. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of foreclosed collateral as a way to resolve the problem of bad loans. The research method used is normative, using secondary data obtained from library research, including primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. Therefore, the implementation of the foreclosed collateral taken over by verdict Number 183/PDT/2020/PT Smg is valid because it is through a voluntary submission mechanism, and verdict Number 24/Pdt.G/2019/PN Pti is invalid because there is no agreement and has an impact on debtors and creditors feel harmed.
Problems of protection of labor rights during hiring with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms
Authors: Vavzhenchuk Sergiy , Zhmaka Vladyslav
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In recent years, artificial intelligence has found wide application in labor law, including in hiring processes. Artificial intelligence algorithms are used to automate recruiting, skills assessment and decision making. Although this can provide certain advantages and efficiency in the selection of candidates, the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in hiring also creates new legal problems and challenges, in particular in the context of the protection of labor rights in hiring: discrimination, transparency of artificial intelligence algorithms, protection of personal data. The problems caused by the use of artificial intelligence in labor law create challenges for lawyers in the context of creating ethical criteria and legal frameworks that regulate the use of artificial intelligence in the hiring process. The purpose of this article is to outline the main legal issues related to the violation and protection of labor rights in the case of the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in hiring. To achieve the goal of the research, methods of analysis, generalization, formal-logical, comparison, forecasting, dialectical and others were used. The current state of Ukrainian legislation and the experience of foreign countries are considered. The signs by which the artificial intelligence system can be classified as high-risk are highlighted. The problems of personal data protection during recruitment using artificial intelligence algorithms are analyzed. The definition of discrimination contained in international legal acts has been studied. Insufficient legal regulation of discrimination with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms has been established, which in turn creates problems in law enforcement. The criteria necessary to prevent manifestations of discrimination during recruitment with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms are highlighted. On the basis of the conducted research, a conclusion was made about the insufficient legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in domestic legislation, criteria that should become key for the protection of labor rights during employment with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms.
UN General Assembly Resolution 76/262 as a strengthening of the collective response to the use of the veto right in the UN Security Council
Authors: Serdiuk Valentyn
Published: May 2024

The article describes the legal nature of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/262 (A/76/L.52) entitled "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council", adopted on April 26, 2022. We have analyzed this topic due to its relevance and the emergence of a new procedure of the United Nations General Assembly, aimed at increasing of the transparency and accountability of the United Nations Security Council, as a result of the ineffective activity of the Security Council in crisis in which our world finds itself today, in particular due to armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, which have led to complex humanitarian consequences. Many states and scientists have been expressing their interest in the issue of Security Council reform for a long time. We deeply researched the Resolution which is the first in a long time and a significant legal instrument that changes the existing mechanism of the functioning of the United Nations and has revived the discussions on the need for a complete reform of the Security Council in accordance with Resolution 62/557 of December 15, 2008. The purpose of the article is an overview of the new Resolution 76/262, namely the reasons and expediency of its adoption, cases of application and its effectiveness in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the study are the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena: the method of the philosophical level – the dialectical method; empirical methods – comparative, observation and description methods; general logical methods – analysis, synthesis; specially-legal method. The article analyzes the main provisions of Resolution 76/262, the reasons for its adoption, examines cases of its application, and draws conclusions about the effectiveness of this resolution. We have differentiated the procedures provided for by Resolution 76/262 "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council" and Resolution 377 (V) "Uniting for Peace". We have reviewed the international legal conceptual foundations of the need to apply the resolution. The topic of reforming the United Nations against the backdrop of the current world security crisis is very important and relevant for further research by domestic scientists in order to formulate their own proposals, approaches and scientific justifications in the modern Ukrainian science of international public law, as well as for the scientific enlightenment of society in this of knowledge.
Liability for Violation of the Obligation of Care in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland
Authors: Zaytsev Oleksiy , Pavshuk Kateryna
Published: May 2024

The problem of non-fulfilment or improper fulfillment by parents (persons who replace them) of childcare responsibilities exists in all countries, regardless of the form of government, state system, and income level of the population. Ukraine has been in the process of integration with the European Union for a long time, so it is useful to study the foreign legislative approach to the regulation of responsibility for the violation of these obligations. The purpose of the article is to study the Polish experience of establishing criminal liability for non-fulfilment of child care obligations. In the research dogmatic, systemic-structural, statistical, historical-legal, formal-legal methods were used. Attention is paid to the legislation of the Republic of Poland, which provides for the right and duty of parents to care for and raise children. The genesis of the criminal law regarding responsibility for violation of these duties in the Criminal Code of 1932, 1969, and 1997 is given. Statistical data on the number of criminal proceedings and persons convicted of this criminal offense (2009–2020) are summarized. The peculiarities of the structure of the crime composition provided for in Art. 210 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland were studied; objective and subjective signs. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the doctrine of Polish criminal law and the practice of courts of general jurisdiction, in particular the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland. The practice of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland was used. Based on the results of the research, conclusions were formulated regarding objects of criminal law protection; objective and subjective side and subject composition. The differentiation of criminal liability in case of causing death to the victim was noted. The legislator also provided in cases of this crime the possibility of notifying the competent family court about the expediency of deprivation or limitation of parental or guardian rights in case of committing a crime to the detriment of a minor or in complicity with him. The separation of an independent structural section (subsection) in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which includes criminal offenses against the family, as well as the improvement of criminal legal measures against persons who have committed such crimes, is supported.
Ways to Protect Infringed Rights in the Creation and Distribution of Deepfakes
Authors: Biryukova Alevtyna , Kolisnykova Hanna
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis and development of effective ways to protect violated rights in the context of widespread use of dipfakes, which is especially relevant for Ukraine in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and in the context of globalization of digital communications. The article focuses on the challenges faced by the legal system due to the use of dipfaces to manipulate public opinion, undermine the authority of state institutions and individuals, and the problems of using this technology for commercial purposes. The purpose of the article is to highlight the issue of diphoning in the context of rights violation, and also to propose specific ways to address it, which is a relevant contribution to the development of legal science and practice of rights protection in the digital era. The article applies a comprehensive research approach which combines the analysis of legal acts to identify the existing legislative framework and its adequacy in the context of digital rights, comparative analysis to compare Ukrainian and international experience in regulating digital technologies, and case studies to specify examples of the use of digital rights and their impact on society and individuals. The use of these methods allowed us to analyze the issue in depth, identify key challenges, and propose effective ways to protect violated rights. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the current state of Ukrainian legislation on digital technologies and information security, and to the identification of gaps that do not allow for effective counteraction to abuses in the field of creation and distribution of digital files. The article aims to identify the key areas of legal reforms necessary to strengthen the protection of individual and collective rights in the context of digital challenges. The study covers international experience and practices of digital space regulation, in particular in countries with developed legal systems in this area, such as the United States, Australia, and Germany. This will allow us to compare and adapt the best international practices to the Ukrainian context.
MECHANOCHEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE SYNTHESIS OF 2-PHENYLIMIDAZO[1,2-α]PYRIDINE AS A TEACHING TOOL FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY
Authors: Neto José , Guimarães Leonardo Victor , Coelho Filipe , Lião Luciano , Coelho Felipe
Published: May 2024

In the present work, we developed an experimental class for undergraduate students concerning the linear synthesis of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-α]pyridine through mechanochemical techniques. This approach aims to conceptualize the green chemistry principles through a safe, robust, atom-economic, energy-efficient, and solvent-free method for preparing these classes of compounds by manual grinding and vortex mixing. The methodology was easily applied in experimental classes for chemistry students and could be easily expanded to other courses such as pharmacy and biotechnology.
Multi-metric biomonitoring of a seasonally flooded Baraila wetland using benthic macroinvertebrates as indicator organisms in the middle Ganga River Basin (Vaishali), India
Authors: Divya  , Kumari Anupma
Published: May 2024

Human encroachment, urban and agricultural expansion, frequent droughts, eutrophication, infestation of weeds, and overexploitation of resources has predominantly impacted the water quality and biodiversity of the Baraila wetland. The present seasonal study has aimed to explore an under-researched subject of analyzing the water quality of the wetland through multi-metric biomonitoring approaches in 2022. A total of 24 water and benthic samples were collected from the four sampling locations. All the water parameters were within a suitable range to support a diverse range of flora and fauna, except total suspended solids (TSS) and nutrients, indicating toward the impact of agricultural expansion in the wetland's area. Of the 13 identified families of benthic macroinvertebrates, the semi-tolerant families of Viviparidae and Bithyniidae have dominated the wetland, with a relative abundance of 27.04 and 37.77%, respectively, in the comparative seasons. Moreover, the indices used in the study have categorized the wetland under moderately polluted condition. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) has revealed the sensitivity toward organic pollution and habitat preferences has played a major role in the species-specific assemblage of benthic community. The Mantel's correlogram further validates that the moderately polluted status of wetland has favored semi-tolerant to tolerant fauna in the wetland.
Manuais de leitura e de escrita para o ensino primário
Authors: Silva Márcia Cabral da
Published: May 2024

Neste artigo, examinam-se dois manuais de leitura e de escrita adotados nas escolas primárias da Espanha nos anos de 1900 e 1905: Novísimo Tratado de Lectura e Rayas: novísimo método de la Lectura por la Escritura. A pesquisa histórico-documental foi realizada no Archivo General de la Administración em Alcalá de Henares que mantém a maioria da documentação relativa ao século XX. O objetivo do estudo consiste em examinar como os dois manuais se estruturavam do ponto de vista material e de conteúdo com a finalidade de ensinar a ler e a escrever. Por um lado, observaram-se noções associadas ao método tradicional de se ensinar a ler e a escrever. Por outro, notaram-se mudanças oriundas do movimento da Escola Nova relativas, em especial, à autonomia e à criatividade mais amplas por parte das crianças. A abordagem teórica ancora-se em estudos no campo da História Cultural (Chartier, 1998, 2010) e da História da Educação (Choppin, 2002, 2004; Escolano, 2016). Os resultados alcançados indicam que os manuais são dispositivos que apontam métodos utilizados no período para a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita.
pH/ Temperature/ Redox and Light-responsive Polymersome Structure and Application in Cancer Therapy: Smart Drug Delivery and Targeted Drug Release
Authors: Soleymani Sina , Naghib Seyed Morteza , Mozafari M. R.
Published: May 2024

Improvements in cancer treatment are largely influenced by more people
knowing about it and developing new ways to diagnose and treat it. New methods such
as nanotheranostics and the use of tiny particles have greatly improved the diagnosis,
control and treatment of cancer. They have also helped overcome problems with traditional
treatments. Nanotheranostics contribute to personalized medicine by helping doctors
choose the right treatment, track how well the treatment works, and plan future treatments.
Polymers have many advantages as smart or durable drug formulations among
small therapeutic platforms. These small sacks, which can be used for drug delivery and
imaging, are not harmful to natural tissues and are becoming more popular. Scientists
have found a special group of tiny particles made of polymers that can carry active ingredients.
These particles show the potential of creating a useful platform for the diagnosis
and treatment of diseases on a very small scale. In the past ten years, people have become
more interested in polymersomes. They have been used for various medical purposes,
such as controlling blood sugar, treating cancer and fighting bacteria. Polymers
are stronger and more stable than liposomes. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers
are very important for faster translation and creation of useful medical formulations.
Recent progress in this field includes the creation of intelligent, centralized and responsive
containers. In this review, we will examine and provide information about polymersomes.
We will discuss their properties and how they can be used as drug delivery
systems.