bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some “Palaeolithic” End-Scrapers from Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Antle H. R.
Published: April 2006

During the course of a survey of surface manifestations in the region of Piatt National Park, Oklahoma, the writer's attention was called to the distinctive form of scraper occurring in sites between Buckhorn and Oil Creek, streams heading four and eight miles south of the Park, respectively.

The two creeks are outlets of underground waters from the numerous caves of that locality. The waters are clear, cold and palatable, and the banks of the creeks were favorite locations for camps of prehistoric peoples, if one can judge by the thousands of flint chips that cover the surface. The streams empty within twelve miles into the False Washita, a river whose geological history goes far back into Palaeozoic times.
“Salt Pans“ at the Kincaid Site
Authors: Bennett John
Published: April 2006

In Vol. VI, No. 1, of American Antiquity is a communication by Charles Fairbanks discussing the occurrence of the “salt pan” type of vessel in his early Middle Mississippi horizon (Macon Plateau) at the Ocmulgee National Monument. These specimens show some variety of manufacture and surface treatment, namely, coiling, fabric marking, leaf marking, and complicated stamping. Fairbanks contrasts this variety of handling with the relatively consistent fabric marking and distinct “clubbed” lip in the salt pans of southern Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, where the type seems to have met a definite functional need, i.e. the evaporation of salt at salt springs. Fairbanks accordingly postulates: “The variation of decoration and possibly construction in peripheral areas suggests an acculturation process in which the basic form was retained but the function may have been lost.”
A Cave Habitation in Vermont
Authors: Sherman Theodore H.
Published: April 2006

This brief description of the site and evidence of occupation is written for the purpose of preserving the data. Considering the rare reference to cave habitations in reports of Eastern activities, this bit of evidence seems worth recording.

Approximately one mile below Carvers Falls, in the valley of the Poultney River, and nine miles from Lake Champlain, the cave entrance is seen as a crevice, open overhead, in an outjutting part of the southern face of a limestone cliff. The opening is near the top of the cliff and at the summit of a talus incline extending into a land-locked pool where once the river was navigable by large boats before historical freshets changed the scene.
Textiles and Matting from Waterfall Cave, Chihuahua
Authors: Clune Dorris
Published: April 2006

The 32 specimens from Waterfall Cave include apocynum-fiber textiles, cane and palm-frond matting and braids, a yucca-fiber leader on a fishhook, and a girdle or string apron. The matting is twilled; the textiles are plain weave and generally warp face. Technical aspects of these specimens are similar to those of textiles from Chihuahua published by Lila O'Neale in 1948. Pattern weaving is the only major new element found at Waterfall Cave.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: Comalcalco, Part II
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

The initial paper in this series (Littmann 1957, American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 135-40) presented a systematic approach to the study of ancient building elements such as mortars, plasters, and stuccos, and set forth the bases upon which the work was undertaken. It also included studies on steps of the prebrick period of Temple IV at Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico, in which it was demonstrated that a building unit comprising a monolithic limeaggregate structure covered with a thin, limebased wash coat followed by a thicker coat of plaster was used. Such a unit appeared to have been used in both the original structure and subsequent additions or modifications throughout the prebrick period.
Further Data and a Date from Cerro Mangote, Panama
Authors: McGimsey Charles R.
Published: April 2006

In the October, 1956, issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 22, No. 2) a report was made on preliminary excavations made in 1955 at Cerro Mangote, a preceramic site in Panama. During the 1956 season 6 additional weeks were spent at this site with financial assistance from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Briefly, the results of this more extensive work were as follows:

Approximately 300 cu. m. of material were excavated, an estimated one-third of the total content of the site. A few sherds were recovered on or immediately below the surface in the same general area as those found the previous year.
The Booger Bottom Mound: A Forsyth Period Site in Hall County, Georgia
Authors: Caldwell Joseph R. , Thompson Charles E. , Caldwell Sheila K.
Published: April 2006

The corps of engineers is currently building a power and flood control dam near the little town of Buford on the upper Chattahoochee River in northern Georgia. This is one of several such dams under way in the State, and in accordance with the usual procedure the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys made a routine archaeological reconnaissance of the impoundment area from November 15, 1950 to April 7, 1951. During the survey the writers came upon a large prehistoric mound (9HL64) not previously reported.

We spent three weeks investigating the structure to determine if its eventual flooding in the Buford impoundment would constitute an important loss of archaeological data. The conclusion reached was that a full scale excavation should be made before the site is inundated sometime in 1954 or 1955.
A Small Rock Shelter in Eastern Washington
Authors: Swanson Earl H. , Lee Warren T.
Published: April 2006

The artifacts described here were collected by Warren T. Lee in 1953 from a shelter hollowed out of basalt by the action of Crab Creek, the only perennial tributary of the left bank of the Columbia River between the junctions of the Spokane and Snake. The shelter is located in a semi-arid region near the western edge of Adams County where Crab Creek meanders in and out of Grant County on its way to the Columbia River at Beverly, Washington (Fig. 1). Testing revealed two occupation levels and produced a small number of artifacts.
Pictographs of the San Luis Rey Basin, California
Authors: True D. L.
Published: April 2006

The San Luis Rey River flows westward across northern San Diego County, California. The area from Henshaw dam down to and including the Bonsall post office can be described as the central San Luis Rey River basin. It includes a little less than half of the total watershed area but contains many tributary streams and probably accounts for more than half of the total runoff. The area is mountainous and wooded or brush covered and is dissected by numerous small streams, many of which originate in the higher elevations of the Agua Tibia and Palomar mountain ranges.

Ample water supplies and favorable thermal zones which belt the area, coupled with a heavy growth of forest cover along the streams, provided both vegetal and animal food supplies which in turn resulted in more than average aboriginal population. The heaviest concentrations of population were in the areas now known as Pauma Valley, Rincon, The Potrero, and the La Jolla area, all of which still have sizable Indian populations living on reservations. In historic times, the region was occupied by Indians of the Luisefio stock (Kroeber, 1925, p. 648).
Western American Prehistory — An Hypothesis
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

Recently I published a paper, together with Warren Caldwell and Robert Crabtree, disagreeing with an old theory that the development of most of Northwest Coast culture was due to movement of inland groups down the rivers to the seacoast where they proliferated physically and culturally (Osborne, Caldwell, and Crabtree 1956). We indicated (p. 117) that we did not propose to discard an old concept but suggested, rather, further evaluation and examination of alternate hypotheses, for we felt the reconstruction of Northwest Coast prehistory was only in the hypothesis stage.
A Translucent Shelter for Field Work in Regions with High Precipitation
Authors: Borden Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Heavy and frequent rainfall is a serious obstacle to archaeological work on the North Pacific Coast. Exposure to many days and perhaps weeks of rain may impair the health of the field party and will inevitably dampen the morale of individual members. Rain causes delays, makes the midden material soggy and difficult to work, may collapse the trench walls, and brings numerous other major and minor headaches in its wake.

Last spring a group of anthropology students from the University of British Columbia, working under my direction at a site in the Vancouver area, tested the practicability of a simple shelter, designed to give adequate protection during wet weather and to admit sufficient light for all operations.
Some Characteristics of Mongolian-Type Lames
Authors: Okada Ferdinand E.
Published: April 2006

Recent reports on Alaska by Solecki and by Giddings. have mentioned the presence there of Mongolian-type lames and cores already noted some twelve years earlier by Nelson and by Rainey. In this connection, it may not be out of place to summarize the findings of Hitoshi Watanabe, a Japanese archaeologist, on the characteristics that distinguish a lame from an ordinary flake. Although the primary purpose of his research was to clarify some misconceptions created in Japanese archaeology by somewhat indiscriminate application of the term lames to relatively long and narrow flakes, found in both the main island of Honshu and the northernmost island of Hokkaido, much of the data is relevant to Alaskan archaeology.
On the Interpretation of Faunal Remains
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

There is little doubt that the archaeologist in marginal areas who attempts to interpret his finds may be led to false conclusions if he accepts at face value statements concerning ranges of species whose remains he discovers in village refuse. He should remember that in nature living beings are not subject to marshalling behind sharply defined limits, but will almost inevitably be found outside the accepted “range,” either because of migration or isolated occurrence which has not been recorded.
The Cultural Position of the Bahamas in Caribbean Archaeology
Authors: Granberry Julian
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the prehistory of the Bahama Islands, British West Indies, an archipelago stretching in a 600-mile arc from the southeast Florida coast opposite West Palm Beach to within 60 miles of the northern coasts of Cuba and Hispaniola (Fig. 1). The Turks and Caicos groups, although politically administered from Jamaica, belong both geologically and archaeologically in the archipelago and are therefore included in this report.

The purpose of the present survey is to clarify the relationships of pre-Columbian Bahamian culture to neighboring regions. Before any clarification can be made, however, it is first necessary to outline briefly the archaeological findings in the islands, for no complete survey has yet been published.
Excavations in Cave Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Lister Robert H.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological research in Chihuahua, Mexico, is something that has been talked about a great deal recently, but little in the way of field work has been accomplished. During the 1930's there was a spurt in archaeological activities in that area which saw a number of individuals conducting surveys and small scale excavations mainly in the northwestern part of the state. Reports on much of this work, and upon field work accomplished earlier, appeared in this same period. But since that time very little has been accomplished. As more knowledge of the prehistory of southern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, and central Mexico became available, attention was focused on north central Mexico, including Chihuahua, as a key area in which might be found answers to many existing problems, especially those dealing with Southwestern-Mexican connections. In the period since World War II, J. Charles Kelley has reported upon work in southern Chihuahua in the Rio Conchos drainage, and the University of New Mexico conducted investigations in the Bolson de Mapimi in southwestern Chihuahua. The latter work, however, is unreported.
An Authentic Glass Artifact
Authors: Griffin John W.
Published: April 2006

In view of the vast number of spurious glass artifacts known, it is of interest to note a genuine example which came to light recently in excavations in Florida.

The scraper illustrated with this note (Fig. 27) is made of heavy green glass, and is a perfectly good aboriginal piece in form and workmanship. The length is 57 mm., the width 36 mm. The greatest thickness, 11 mm., lies near the steep nose at a point where original surfaces are present on both bottom and top. Undoubtedly, the material was derived from a heavy green glass bottle.

The artifact was found in test excavations at the site of San Luis de Talimali, several miles west of the city of Tallahassee, Florida. San Luis was the major Spanish settlement in the Apalachee area during the seventeenth century, and at the time of its abandonment and destruction in 1704 consisted of a fort and blockhouse, a mission, and a number of dwellings inhabited by both Spaniards and Indians.
Comment on Quimby's “Cultural and Natural Areas before Kroeber”
Authors: Aschmann Homer
Published: April 2006

One is forced to admire Quimby's enterprise (1954, American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 317-31) in attempting not only a characterization but a mapping of the paleogeography of North America at 7 stages between 8500 B.C. and 500 B.C. Among other things it shows a healthful awareness that the physical environment cannot be considered a constant even in the relatively short time span generally accepted for the New World archaeological record. Fruitful investigations can be pursued through coordinating the geological, climatological, paleoecological, and archaeological evidence over extensive regions, and this tentative essay may provide a needed impetus.

On the other hand, certain of the hypotheses presented in this paper seem to me to demand immediate examination before they become established dogma to burden subsequent investigations. I shall not question the eclectic use of 2 main chronological frameworks, those provided by Antevs and by radiocarbon dating, though the former, at least, is hardly established fact (Burma 1950).
Notes on the Third Interglacial Artifacts
Authors: Roosa William B. , Peckham Stewart L.
Published: April 2006

The following is a discussion of Carter's (1952) third interglacial artifacts. Carter's conclusion that he has found third interglacial artifacts is based on two hypotheses: 1. The objects found are artifacts; 2. The layer in which they were found dates from the third interglacial. These comments are limited to a brief discussion of the first hypothesis.

The pictures and descriptions furnish no concrete proof that the finds are artifacts, although the burden of proof must rest with him. We contend that these “artifacts” are well within the range of naturally chipped stone. This conclusion is based on Barnes’ (1939) discussion of natural and artificial flaking of flints which is based on his own work and that of the Abbe Breuil, S. H. Warren and others. Barnes and Breuil have shown that natural forces can produce flaked flints, many of which are far more convincing “artifacts” than those Carter reports.
Artistic Connections Between the Chichen Itza Toltec and the Classic Maya
Authors: Rands Robert L.
Published: April 2006

A recent development of some interest in Maya archaeology has been the appearance of several studies showing rather unexpected connections between the art of the Toltec period at Chichen Itza and that of the late Great period in the Classic centers to the south. Inferentially, this may indicate the approximate contemporaneity of the Chichen Itza Toltec and the late Classic Maya. Such a reconstruction is not only a far cry from the outmoded concept of “Old” and “New Empires” but, as Lothrop (1952, p. 112) points out, challenges the generally favored 11.16 (Goodman-Martinez- Thompson) correlation of the Maya and Christian calendars. Three studies may be cited as of particular importance in emphasizing the affinity of Chichen Toltec and Classic Maya art. Monographs by Proskouriakoff (1950) and Lothrop (1952) deal, respectively, with sculptured monuments from the Maya area as a whole and with metal objects from the sacred cenote at Chichen Itza. A paper by the present writer (Rands, 1953) is concerned with portrayals of a single motif, the water lily, in the Maya area.
Site on Fremont Island in Great Salt Lake
Authors: Rudy Jack R , Stoddard Earl
Published: April 2006

The existence of an enigmatic site on Fremont Island in Great Salt Lake has been brought to the attention of the University of Utah by Earl Stoddard of Ogden, Utah. The archaeological specimens which Stoddard gathered from the site, especially the stone bowls, do not seem to bear any relationship to known cultural materials from northern Utah; consequently the site is being reported here in order to call attention to the unusual assemblage of artifacts. The materials reported and illustrated are in the possession of Stoddard.
Additional Radiocarbon Dates, Lovelock Cave, Nevada
Authors: Cressman L. S.
Published: April 2006

Libby and Arnold (1952:86) published 3 dates for samples from Lovelock Cave, Nevada. This material was collected by R. F. Heizer especially for this purpose. The sample numbers of Libby and Arnold are 277, 278, and 276.
The Study of Osteological Materials in the Plains
Authors: White Theodore E.
Published: April 2006

Many archaeological sites in the Missouri Valley have produced large quantities of unworked animal bones. Most of these “food” bones are mammalian, with some bird, turtle, and fish. Recent studies by Lehmer (1952; 1954) and the series of studies by the author in American Antiquity (Vols. 17, 19, and 21) indicate that this material has important cultural implications which should not be overlooked. First of all, it is desirable to review briefly some of the questions which can be answered by study of the unworked bone.

1. Did the people exercise any choice in the age of the animals they killed? This question can be determined with a fair degree of probability only with the mammals. An estimate of the age can be determined from the teeth (whether they are deciduous or permanent, and by the amount of wear) and from the relation of the epiphyses to the diaphyses. Criteria for these estimates, applicable to the larger game animals, are given in standard textbooks of the anatomy of the domestic animals.
The Blade and the Core
Authors: Mewhinney H.
Published: April 2006

If a man who merely amuses himself by flaking flints ventures to offer advice to professional archaeologists, he may be set down as loutish or impertinent. But I will take the chance. I should like to ask the professional brethren to restudy some of the North American sites and look carefully for blades or lamellar flakes. For I am persuaded that blades will be found wherever long, thin, and shapely projectile points are found.

In spite of Holmes (1919, Chapters 13 and 19), it is extremely difficult to make a pretty projectile point by nibbling down a core, whereas it is easy to make one by trimming a blade. The circumstantial evidence indcates that any workman, early or late, who wished to make a long, thin, and delicate point would begin with a blade rather than with a core. The most successful of the contemporary fakers, indeed, have simplified the process by sawing out flat blades with a lapidary saw.
A Pottery Bell from North-Western New Mexico
Authors: Lambert Marjorie F.
Published: April 2006

A fairly large fragmentary pottery (Fig. 1) bell was “rediscovered” some months ago while several of us were systematizing archaeological materials stored in the Laboratory of Anthropology at Santa Fe. Although the piece was probably excavated in the late 1920’s or early 1930’s, it has never been reported. The bell was included with Jemez area archaeological materials, studied and reported by the late Paul Reiter (1938: 155–7, PI. XXII b, c). Possibly Reiter did not consider this part of a bell, or it may have been overlooked. In any event, because such items are rare, this object should not pass unnoticed.
The Radioactivity of Materials from the Scharbauer Site, near Midland, Texas
Authors: Oakley Kenneth P. , Rixon Arthur E.
Published: April 2006

It was shown by Bowie and Davidson (1955) that measurement of the beta radioactivity of fossil bones in a mixed assemblage is a useful means of determining their relative ages. Buried bones and teeth adsorb uranium from percolating ground water, so that with the passage of time there is an increase in their radioactivity. There can be no confusion with the decreasing radioactivity of the carbon-14 of residual collagen in fossil bones, for this is far too feeble to be measured by the technique employed here. When fresh bone is tested by the present method no radioactivity can be detected. The uranium content of a fossil bone depends not only on the length of time that it has been buried, but also on the permeability of the matrix, on the hydrological conditions at the site, and on the uranium content of the water coming into contact with the specimen.
Drinking Tubes on Archaeological Vessels from Western South America
Authors: Rydén Stig
Published: April 2006

In 1952 I had the opportunity of investigating about 70 slab cists in the province of Munecas, Bolivia. Among the vessels found in the graves there were a few goblets provided with a tubular protuberance on one side. As my collections and personal outfit are still detained by the Bolivian authorities, the appearance of these vessels is illustrated here only by a drawing of a vessel taken over by the Museo Nacional “Tihuanacu,” La Paz (Fig. 50). A similar but undecorated vessel from the same region, Tacacacoma, is published by Schmidt (1929: 256, and Fig. 2). On the latter vessel the tubular protuberance is joined to the body of the goblet by two bare. Other minor variations in vessels of this type appear in the shape of the goblets and in the shape and placing of the tubular protuberance. Sometimes, for instance, the tube is longer than on the vessels depicted here and very often a raised human face is found on the outer side opposite the tube.
The Inner Sanctum of Feather Cave, a Mogollon Sun and Earth Shrine Linking Mexico and the Southwest
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley , Hammack Laurens
Published: April 2006

Arrow Grotto, an inner sanctum deep within a mountain of south-central New Mexico and reached only by a crawlway from Feather Cave, was found to contain masses of offerings untouched for six centuries or more. Examination of material and of accompanying pictographs by men from several living pueblos led to identification of the grotto as a shrine for Earth Mother and Sun Father, visited at the period of biannual solar ceremonies. Parallels between Arrow Grotto, other prehistoric ceremonial caves, and even the Anasazi sipapu, show a pattern surprisingly similar to that of a number of Pueblo ceremonial caves in use today or in the recent past. Parallels to concepts regarding caves and supernaturals in Mexican cultures indicate a series of rapid northward diffusions of religious ideas, the first, at least, from eastern Mesoamerica, through Preclassic to Postclassic periods, one of our most specific evidences of influential contacts.

Original owners of Feather Cave and Arrow Grotto probably were Piros who left the Rio Bonito Valley to become mingled, eventually, with southern Tiwa relatives, whose descendants still inhabit pueblos near Albuquerque.
Glyphic Evidence for a Dynastic Sequence at Quiriguá, Guatemala
Authors: Kelley David H.
Published: April 2006

This paper attempts to establish the rules governing the recognition of names in the Maya script, particularly with regard to their glyphic context. These rules are applied to the Quiriguá inscriptions; glyph clauses pertaining to three rulers are established with some probability and two others are suggested more doubtfully. The founder of the Quiriguá dynasty was apparently related to an identified ruler at Copán, and it is shown that at least one and probably two later rulers at Copán share some names and titles with the Quiriguá rulers. It is suggested that the family name of the rulers of Copán and Quiriguá was caan, sky.
Sedna Creek: Report on an Archaeological Survey on the Arctic Slope of the Brooks Range
Authors: Schlesier Karl H.
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1964, a field party from Wichita State University conducted a survey in the vicinity of May Lake, 50 air mi. northwest of Anaktuvuk Pass. A large number of heavily patinated artifacts was discovered on and beneath the present ground surface in the flood plain of a small stream not registered on U.S. Geological Survey maps and named Sedna Creek. The artifact assemblage consists of flakes and flake tools, all of which belong to one single tradition. A comparison with Far North assemblages indicates that Sedna Creek is the fourth site of the British Mountain complex. Of Old World sites, Ust-Kanskaia, Tuin-Gol, the Mal’ta-Buret complex, Sannyi Mys, and Chastinskaya appear closely related.
A Report on Perforated Sherds from Central Nevada with a Tentative Suggestion for Their Use
Authors: Magee Molly
Published: April 2006

The suggestion is made that some of the earthenware vessels perforated by drilled holes and described as colanders may have been used, not as colanders, but as cages to contain small rodents or other captives.
Pyramids and Temple Mounds: Mesoamerican Ceremonial Architecture in Eastern North America
Authors: Wicke Charles R.
Published: April 2006

Various scholars have considered the problem of Mesoamerican cultural influences in the eastern United States. They agree in general on a Mesoamerican origin for temple mounds. Eastern temple mounds are later than the earliest ones from Mesoamerica and, like them, are characterized by groups of four around a plaza, super-imposed construction, frequent eastward orientation of the principal platform of a group, and capping by a temple structure. The Huastec region of northeastern Mesoamerica seems to show the closest architectural similarities to the southeastern United States. At the same time, authorities do not concur on the origin of funerary mounds, which occur in the Preclassic of Mesoamerica at Aljojuca (Puebla), at La Venta (Tabasco), at Kaminaljuyu (highland Guatemala), and probably at many other sites. Many of these were constructed prior to the earliest burial mound sites in the United States. Since Chard has refuted the hypothesis of Asiatic origin for burial mounds, a Mesoamerican origin seems even more likely. Art motifs diffused along with the mound concept. Both are manifest in art that is considered to be hieratic, which points to possible migration of an elite group. How such diffusion took place remains unanswered, but the possibilities of maritime connections merit consideration. Contacts between Mesoamerica and the eastern United States appear to have been frequent, varied, and early.
A Triangular Scarflike Cloth from Pachacamac, Peru
Authors: VanStan Ina
Published: April 2006

A square, gauze-weave fabric, folded diagonally and ornamented on the two short sides with sewed-on pattern-weave bands, was found by Uhle beneath the Pachacamac temple and is probably the oldest gauze reported from Pachacamac. This unusual, triangular, scarflike cloth, with a style previously reported only from Ancon, indicates the use of still another type of made-up article at Pachacamac and the presence of another style category in this region. It suggests that the variety of sewed-to-form textiles produced in pre-Columbian Peru was greater than has been generally believed.
An Early Man Site in the San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Riddell Francis A. , Olsen William H.
Published: April 2006

A collection of chipped stone specimens from a locality on the south shore of Tulare Lake in the San Joaquin Valley of California includes a number of points which are closely analogous to specimens of the fluted point tradition (Clovis-Folsom). Other chipped stone pieces suggest antiquity and probable San Dieguito affinity. The site, known as the Witt site, after the collector, shows few or no late period artifacts and lies below the late prehistoric Tulare Lake level.
Cues I: Design and Construction of an Experimental Archaeological Structure
Authors: Ascher Robert
Published: April 2006

A long-range experiment aimed at shedding light on what happens within archaeological sites during their natural history phase was begun in the spring, 1968, with the planning and building of a pie-shaped structure that houses several kinds of materials. By the winter, 1968, gross changes in the structure were already in evidence.
Plains Archaeology, 1935–60
Authors: Wedel Waldo R.
Published: April 2006

A review of archaeological research in the short-grass Plains and adjacent Prairie regions shows that although early travelers observed evidences of the prehistoric occupation of the area, no systematic archaeological work was undertaken until very recently. The publication of Strong's Introduction to Nebraska Archeology in 1935 opened the quarter-century of growth which was at first characterized by intensive surveys and testing, then by the excavations sponsored by the federal relief agencies, and since World War II by the large-scale salvage work connected with federal water-control programs, especially the Missouri Basin Project. These salvage operations have produced an enormous body of new data on all major time horizons and from all parts of the Plains, as well as an awareness of the rich potential of Plains pre-history. The scope of these operations has required a high degree of cooperation between research organizations and has led to the development of new excavation techniques, especially those involving heavy earth-moving machinery. Efforts to organize these new data have resulted in a uniform method of site designation and broadly applicable artifact classifications, but no scheme for culture classification to replace the Midwestern Taxonomic System which has been the conventional method of expressing cultural similarities. The direct historical approach to the problem of the ethnic identification of archaeological complexes, settlement pattern studies, and the relationship between man and environment, which have long been major interests of Plains archaeologists, continue to dominate the interpretive scene.
Archaeology in Lowland South America and the Caribbean, 1935-60
Authors: Rouse Irving
Published: April 2006

Archaeological research in those parts of South America not included in Nuclear America is reviewed with an emphasis on Amazonia and the Caribbean area. Southern South America is primarily important at present for the well documented series of Early Man sites which indicate that American Indians had reached the farthest periphery of the hemisphere by as early as 7000 B.C. There have been three main developments and one shortcoming in the archaeology of Amazonia and the Caribbean area during the past 25 years. The developments are the discovery and formulation of new cultural complexes or phases, the establishment of chronological control which has been most successful in the Caribbean area, and the introduction and archaeological testing of Steward's concept of evolutionary levels correlated with environment, especially in Amazonia. The shortcoming is the lack of interest in reconstructing the culture of the excavated sites.
Archaeology and Private Enterprise: A Need for Action
Authors: Wendorf Fred
Published: April 2006

There has not been an adequate development of systematic programs of salvage archaeology on privately financed construction work. As a consequence, the great majority of building projects are undertaken without any effort being made to save the historic and scientific resources that may be destroyed during the course of construction. Salvage archaeology on privately financed projects is largely restricted to public lands. Because of a favorable industrial and public attitude toward salvage archaeology, this would appear to be an appropriate time to initiate a major campaign to extend salvage programs to other construction operations, particularly those on nonpublic lands. Four specific steps are proposed to expand salvage archaeology into the major unprotected areas.
Huanuco Viejo: An Inca Administrative Center
Authors: Morris Craig , Thompson Donald E.
Published: April 2006

Survey and excavations carried out at the Inca administrative center of Huánuco Viejo revealed a large city with a ceremonial and palatial section, large residential zones, and huge storage facilities. Well-cut Cuzco style masonry was limited to the ceremonial areas, which included platforms, gateways, a bath and an elaborate apartment, probably intended to house royalty or important officials. The residential districts were Inca derived in architecture and planning, and the pottery was virtually limited to Inca inspired wares, thus demonstrating a lack of influence in either architecture or ceramics of the local peasants who served at the site. The huge storage areas housed mostly local highland produce which was used to sustain the city, mita laborers, and transients, and was probably not used for extensive redistribution to the local villages in the surrounding area. The city, then, must be described as an artificial device imposed by the Inca for administrative and political purposes, rather than as a city which arose because of local conditions or needs.
Procedures for Establishing a Faunal Collection to Aid in Archaeological Analysis
Authors: Mori John L.
Published: April 2006

The inability to identify faunal remains is one reason why archaeologists continue to devote minimal attention to their study. Archaeologists can become familiar with the skeletal characteristics of animals by establishing a faunal collection. Processing of specimens involves removing tissue from the skeleton, removing grease from the bones, bleaching the bones, and cataloging the specimen.
Coordinate Location of Archaeological Sites
Authors: Dills Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Support is given for Robert Edwards’ suggestion that the Transverse Mercator Grid coordinate system be used to designate site locations. A plea is made for the use of longitude and latitude coordinates as well. This useful duplication insures site relocation.
Plant Remains in Some Coprolites from Utah
Authors: Callen Eric O. , Martin Paul S.
Published: April 2006

The plant content of coprolites from the Glen Canyon region of southern Utah, as determined by phosphate analysis, is compared with the pollen analysis of other pieces of the same coprolites. The authors conclude that the pollen analysis definitely supplements the information obtained from the other source, and the material studied revealed the unsuspected presence of Cleome.
Mammal Remains from Archaeological Sites in the Point of Pines Region, Arizona
Authors: Stein Walter T.
Published: April 2006

A collection of nonhuman, mammalian osteological materials from 12 archaeological sites was examined. The sites range in age from Circle Prairie phase (about A.D. 1) through Point of Pines phase (about A.D. 1450). A total of 3282 individual bones and 29 complete skeltons was identified to genus, and to species whenever possible. An additional 348 bones were identified to the ordinal level only. A comparison of the 26 genera identified from the archaeological material with the mammals known historically from this area shows a striking continuity between past and present. Odocoileus and Antilocapra bones were analyzed for ratio of adults to juveniles, and for the relative numbers of the various members of the skeleton. These analyses were made to gain information on the hunting habits of the prehistoric inhabitants. Bones of a pathological artiodactyl wrist are discussed.
Archaeological Materials from the Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Dikov N. N.
Published: April 2006

Evidence indicates that the interior culture of Chukotka was using bronze implements at the end of the second and beginning of the first millennium B.C. and the population had become somewhat sedentary. The similarity between late Neolithic and early Bronze Age of Chukotka and the pre-Eskimo Arctic cultures of America is apparent; it also is probable that during this period Chukotka formed part of the area of development of the Yukagir and the Chukchi. The first significant archaeological collection from Chukotka, made by N. P. Sokol'nikov in 1904-07, can be divided into two main cultural groupings on the basis of stone-working techniques; the older group, probably from near Ust'-Belaia, is typical of the continental Neolithic of northeast Asia, and the other group appears to be of the “splitting adz culture,” 7th-8th centuries A.D., and probably was found upstream from Markovo. Burials from the Ust'-Belaia cemetery had associated stone artifacts and pottery similar to ones from Yukutia and the Lake Baikal region of the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age; further corroboration of this dating includes associated bronze artifacts and a radiocarbon date of 2860 ± 95 B.P. from another mound in the same cemetery site.
Additional Comments on the Earthworks of Mojos in Northeastern Bolivia
Authors: Denevan William M.
Published: April 2006

In northeastern Bolivia, on savanna lands subject to seasonal inundation, there are many thousands of pre-Spanish earthworks including drained fields, causeways, mounds, canals, and circular ditches. Additional information is presented here on the nature, quantity, distribution, purposes, and antiquity of these only recently described earthworks, along with a brief review of similar features in South America and elsewhere.
An Incised Mochica Knife of Copper
Authors: Collier Donald
Published: April 2006

In the Nathan Cummings collection, Chicago, is a copper knife from Peru with an incised design depicting the Mochica-style cat headdress often shown in vase paintings and on modeled figure jars. The knife is similar in form to weapons carried by warriors shown in vase paintings; these weapons are probably knives rather than axes.
Rouletting — A Misnomer
Authors: Peets Orville H.
Published: April 2006

The modern study of the marks of function is tending to correct names that were too easily accepted in the past. Objection is made to the use of the word “rouletting” for the dotted-line decoration on some Indian clay pipes, and it is shown how these dots may be produced with a section of the rim of a clam shell (Venus mercenaria).
Flotation Techniques for the Recovery of Small-Scale Archaeological Remains
Authors: Struever Stuart
Published: April 2006

This paper outlines the procedures and equipment necessary for applying a simple flotation technique to recover animal bone, seeds, and other small cultural remains lost in the normal screening of soils from archaeological sites. Soil is initially processed in the field by a water-separation technique. The resulting concentrate is later treated, in the laboratory, by chemical flotation, to separate faunal from plant remains.

This simple, inexpensive technique enables processing of soil in quantity, thereby allowing recovery of small plant and animal remains from midden or feature fills where they occur in very low densities.

It is argued that, without use of such a flotation procedure, inferences about prehistoric subsistence patterns from faunal and floral remains are sharply biased in favor of larger animals and in favor of hunting, over natural plant food collecting, since conventional screens are not adequate for recovery of most plant remains or small animal bones.
Jargon, Jabber and Long, Long Words
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

A plea is made for more careful and less involved and pompous writing on the part of archaeologists. It is pointed out that the so-called scientific-scholarly writing, at its worst, inhibits both expression and comprehension.
Pollen Analysis of Prehistoric Human Feces: A New Approach to Ethnobotany
Authors: Martin Paul S. , Sharrock Floyd W.
Published: April 2006

Prehistoric human and nonhuman feces from alcoves in the Glen Canyon region of southern Utah are a rich source of pollen and spores. The dominant pollen types (determined in a 200-grain pollen count) vary greatly from sample to sample, making stratigraphic and climatic interpretation very difficult. The record of economic plant pollen appears to reflect the prehistoric Pueblo diet.Cleome, Zea, Cucurbita, andOpuntiaare the most abundant economic pollen types. Long-distance transport of pollen from distant montane forests will account for the presence of occasional pollen grains of spruce, fir, and alder in certain samples. The salvage and study of ancient human feces promises to reveal new information about the environment and diet of prehistoric man in the Southwest, a development of interest to both the ecologist and the ethnobotanist.
Hopewell Figurine Rediscovered
Authors: Dragoo Don W. , Wray Charles F.
Published: April 2006

An exceptionally fine and significant stone figurine of the Ohio Hopewell Culture was found recently among the items in the collection of the late James L. Wright of Rochester, New York. Purchased by Mr. Wright's father in 1882, this figurine was found in one of the mounds of the famous Newark (Ohio) earthworks group in August 1881. The figurine is that of a shaman or priest masked by the head and skin of a bear, the probable totem of his clan or group. The shaman holds in his right hand a human head. The presence of typical Hopewellian earspools on both the shaman and the head indicates the possibility that the shaman is performing one of the rites in the ceremonies concerned with the dead and that the head is that of a fellow clan or group member.
A Seasonal Campsite in the Peruvian Montana: Ethnography and Ecology in Archaeological Interpretation
Authors: Myers Thomas P.
Published: April 2006

The rapid decomposition of organic remains under tropical forest conditions forces the archaeologist to rely entirely upon soil characteristics, indestructible artifacts, and refuse deposition patterns for his cultural interpretations. Such evidence is used to identify a unifunctional turtle harvesting encampment on the lower Aguatia River in eastern Peru.
The Implications of a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in American Archaeology
Authors: Nickerson Gifford S.
Published: April 2006

The future of American archaeology continues to be threatened by the destruction of sites by pot-hunters. Furthermore, there is no clear indication that relief is in sight, either by way of a reduction of pot-hunting or a concerted attack on the problem by archaeologists. Since a fatalistic attitude toward pot-hunters appears to have been, up to now, a self-fulfilling prophecy, McGimsey"s recent comments on the necessity of influencing public opinion and working for appropriate legislation are seen as both timely and critical for the future of American archaeology.
Preliminary Studies of the Trace Element Composition of Obsidian Artifacts from Northern Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Nelson Fred W. , Nielson Kirk K. , Mangelson Nolan F. , Hill Max W. , Matheny Ray T.
Published: April 2006

Obsidian artifacts from Edzna, Dzibilnocac, and Santa Rosa Xtampak in northern Campeche, Mexico, have been analyzed by means of X-ray fluorescence in order to determine their trace element composition. The results are compared to the trace element composition of obsidian sources in Guatemala and Mexico. It is postulated that the obsidian from the three sites in northern Campeche came from highland Guatemala, mostly from El Chayal. Our data are compared to the published data of other archaeological sites in Mesoamerica from which obsidian samples have been analyzed. Finally, obsidian transport routes are postulated between northern Campeche, Mexico, and highland Guatemala.
New Clues to Stone Tool Function: Plant and Animal Residues
Authors: Briuer Frederick L.
Published: April 2006

Microscopic identification and chemical reagents are used to identify organic use residues on stone tools. A basic distinction is made between plant and animal residues on stone tools from prehistoric sites in east central Arizona. Morphological identification undertaken in a crime lab independently supports the chemical technique. Other possible techniques and controls are discussed, as well as the implications for further research.
Application of Orthophoto Mapping to Archaeological Problems
Authors: Prewitt Elton R. , Holz Robert K.
Published: April 2006

The results of an experiment applying orthophoto mapping techniques to the Loeve-Fox site in Central Texas are presented. This new mapping technique is described and suggestions for its application to archaeological situations are made.
A New Approach to the Significance of the “Weighted” Spear Thrower
Authors: Palter John L.
Published: April 2006

Many archaeologists continue to assume that spear thrower adjuncts were intended to serve some practical purpose related to the performance of the weapon despite the inconclusive results of the experimental use of the “weighted” spear thrower. Contrary to popular opinion, there is little evidence to substantiate the claim that atlatl weights increase the range or velocity of projectiles to any significant degree. A new approach to the problem is suggested by referring back to the original descriptions of archaeologically recovered spear throwers from the American Southwest. The fact that Basket Maker II atlatls were described as being characteristically flat in cross-section with surprisingly flexible shafts as well as reference to the former use of flexible spear throwers by A boriginal tribes of north A ustralia suggests that spear thrower adjuncts may have been intended as a means of exploiting the potential of such a weapon.
The University of Michigan Excavations at the Pulcher Site in 1970
Authors: Griffin James B. , Jones Volney H.
Published: April 2006

Excavations by the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology in 1950 at the Pulcher site in the American Bottoms south of Cahokia, Illinois, reveal a long occupation from about A.D. 500-1300 which was probably not continuous. The major occupation in terms of area and most of the mounds appear to be Late Woodland. A Stirling-Moorehead occupation is known to have occurred in a limited area. This was followed by a southern intrusion of people burying in stone box graves and a "foreign" ceramic complex.
Recent Developments in Old World Archaeology
Authors: Sterud Eugene L.
Published: April 2006

Monographs and other recent works are reviewed to highlight several trends in Old World archaeology that seem to be of more than passing interest to archaeologists whose primary research interests are in the Americas. Included in this review are works involving natural historical studies applied to archaeology; current works involving lithic and ceramic technology, spatial analysis, and intrasite and intersite community studies; and recent works on questions of early food production and selected other topics. This paper, the first of an anticipated annual exchange between the Archaeological Institute of America and the Society for American Archaeology, emphasizes prehistoric studies; subsequent contributions will treat a fuller range of Old World archaeological interests.
A New Mayan Long Count-Gregorian Conversion Computer Program
Authors: Doty David C.
Published: April 2006

A computer program for converting dates from the Mayan Long Count to the Gregorian calendar and vice versa is presented. The program also computes and prints the date's Julian Day Number, position in the Mayan Sacred Round, and Lord of the Night.
An On-Campus Alternative to the Archaeological Field School
Authors: Turnbaugh William A.
Published: April 2006

The need to teach archaeological field techniques and the obligation to conserve the resources of the past often involve conflicting priorities. On-site instruction ought to be compatible with the accountability of archaeologists under recent provisions for public archaeology and historic preservation. The author presents a viable tested alternative to the indiscriminate exploitation of archaeological sites for the purpose of student practice in field methodology.