bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-scale predictions of saltmarsh carbon stock based on simple observations of plant community and soil type
Authors: Ford Hilary , Garbutt Angus , Duggan-Edwards Mollie , Pagès Jordi F. , Harvey Rachel , Ladd Cai , Skov Martin W.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Carbon stored in coastal wetland ecosystems is of global relevance to climate regulation. Broad-scale inventories of this "blue" carbon store are currently lacking and labour intensive. Sampling 23 salt marshes in the United Kingdom, we developed a Saltmarsh Carbon Stock Predictor (SCSP) with the capacity to predict up to 44 % of spatial variation in soil organic carbon (SOC) from simple observations of plant community and soil type. Classification of soils into two types (sandy or not-sandy) explained 32 % of variation in SOC. Plant community type (5 vegetation classes) explained 37 % of variation. Combined information on soil and plant community types explained 44 % of variation in SOC. GIS maps of SOC were produced for all salt marshes in Wales (~ 4000 hectares), using existing soil maps and governmental vegetation data, demonstrating the application of the SCSP for large-scale predictions of blue carbon stores and the use of plant community traits for predicting ecosystem services.
Evaluating the simulated mean soil carbon transit times by Earth system models using observations
Authors: Wang Jing , Xia Jianyang , Zhou Xuhui , Huang Kun , Zhou Jian , Huang Yuanyuan , Jiang Lifen , Xu Xia , Liang Junyi , Wang Ying-Ping , Cheng Xiaoli , Luo Yiqi
Published: August 2018

Abstract. One known bias in current Earth system models (ESMs) is the underestimation of global mean soil carbon (C) transit time (τsoil), which quantifies the mean age of the C atoms at the time they leave the soil. However, it remains unclear where such underestimations are located globally. Here, we constructed a global database of measured τsoil across 187 sites to evaluated results from twelve ESMs. The observations showed that the estimated τsoil was dramatically shorter from the soil incubations studies in the laboratory environment (median as 4 with the interquartile range of 1–25 years) than that derived from field in-situ measurements (31 with 5–84 years) with the shifts of stable isotopic C (13C) or the stock-over-flux approach. In comparison with the field observations, the multi-model ensemble simulated a shorter median (19 years) and a smaller spatial variation (interquartile range of 6–28 years) of τsoil across the same site locations. We then found a significant and negative linear correlation between the in-situ measured τsoil and mean annual air temperature, and the underestimations of modeled τsoil are mainly located in cold and dry biomes especially tundra and desert. Furthermore, we showed that one ESM (i.e., CESM) has improved its τsoil estimate by incorporation of the soil vertical profile. These findings indicate that the spatial variation of τsoil is a useful benchmark for ESMs, and we recommend more observation and modeling efforts on soil C dynamics in hydrothermal limited regions.
Drought and vegetation change in the central Rocky Mountains and western Great Plains: potential climatic mechanisms associated with megadrought conditions at 4200 cal yr BP
Authors: Carter Vachel A. , Shinker Jacqueline J. , Preece Jonathon
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Droughts are a naturally re-occurring phenomena that result in economic and
societal losses. Yet, the most historic droughts that occurred in the 1930s
and 1950s in the Great Plains and western United States were both shorter in
duration and less severe than megadroughts that have plagued the region in
the past. Roughly 4200 years ago, a ∼150-year long megadrought occurred
in the central Rocky Mountains, as indicated by sedimentary pollen evidence
documenting a brief and unique change in vegetation composition
from Long Lake, southeastern Wyoming. Neighbouring the central Rocky Mountains, several
dune fields reactivated in the western Great Plains around this time period
illustrating a severe regional drought. While sedimentary pollen provides
evidence of past drought, paleoecological evidence does not provide context
for the climate mechanisms that may have caused the drought. Thus, a modern
climate analogue technique was applied to the sedimentary pollen and regional
dune reactivation evidence identified from the region to provide a conceptual
framework for exploring possible mechanisms responsible for the observed
ecological changes. The modern climate analogues of 2002/2012 illustrate that
warm and dry conditions persisted through the growing season and were
associated with anomalously higher-than-normal geopotential heights centred
over the Great Plains. In the spring, higher-than-normal heights suppressed
moisture transport via the low-level jet from the Gulf of Mexico creating a
more southwesterly component of flow. In the summer, higher-than-normal
heights persisted over the northern Great Plains resulting in a wind shift
with an easterly component of flow, drawing in dry continental air into the
study region. In both cases, lower-than-normal moisture in the atmosphere
(via 850 mbar specific humidity) inhibited uplift and potential
precipitation. Thus, if the present scenario existed during the 4.2 ka
drought, the associated climatic responses are consistent with local and
regional proxy data suggesting regional drought conditions in the central
Rocky Mountains and western Great
Plains.
Twenty-five years of cloud base height measurements by ceilometer in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Maturilli Marion , Ebell Kerstin
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Clouds are a key factor for the Arctic amplification of global warming, but
their actual appearance and distribution are still afflicted by large
uncertainty. On the Arctic-wide scale, large discrepancies are found between
the various reanalyses and satellite products, respectively. Although
ground-based observations by remote sensing are limited to point
measurements, they have the advantage of obtaining extended time series of
vertically resolved cloud properties. Here, we present a 25-year data record
of cloud base height measured by ceilometer at the Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard,
Arctic site. We explain the composition of the three sub-periods with
different instrumentation contributing to the data set, and show examples of
potential application areas. Linked to cyclonic activity, the cloud base
height provides essential information for the interpretation of the surface
radiation balance and contributes to the understanding of meteorological
processes. Furthermore, it is a useful auxiliary component for the analysis
of advanced technologies that provide insight into cloud microphysical
properties, like the cloud radar. The long-term time series also allows
derivation of an annual cycle of the cloud occurrence frequency, revealing
the more frequent cloud cover in summer and the lowest cloud cover amount in
April. However, as the use of different ceilometer instruments over the years
potentially imposed inhomogeneities onto the data record, any long-term trend
analysis should be avoided. The Ny-Ålesund cloud base height data from August 1992 to July 2017 are
provided in a high temporal resolution of 5 min (1 min) before (after)
July 1998, respectively, at the PANGAEA repository
(https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.880300).
Basal friction of Fleming Glacier, Antarctica – Part 2: Evolution from 2008 to 2015
Authors: Zhao Chen , Gladstone Rupert M. , Warner Roland C. , King Matt A. , Zwinger Thomas , Morlighem Mathieu
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The Wordie Ice Shelf–Fleming Glacier system in the southern Antarctic
Peninsula has experienced a long-term retreat and disintegration of its ice
shelf in the past 50 years. Increases in the glacier velocity and dynamic
thinning have been observed over the past two decades, especially after 2008
when only a small ice shelf remained at the Fleming Glacier front. It is
important to know whether the substantial further speed-up and greater
surface draw-down of the glacier since 2008 is a direct response to ocean
forcing, or driven by feedbacks within the grounded marine-based glacier
system, or both. Recent observational studies have suggested the
2008–2015 velocity change was due to the ungrounding of the Fleming Glacier
front. To explore the mechanisms underlying the recent changes, we use a
full-Stokes ice sheet model to simulate the basal shear stress distribution
of the Fleming system in 2008 and 2015. This study is part of the first high
resolution modelling campaign of this system. Comparison of inversions for
basal shear stresses for 2008 and 2015 suggests the migration of the
grounding line ∼9 km upstream by 2015 from the 2008 ice front/grounding
line positions, which virtually coincided with the 1996 grounding line
position. This migration is consistent with the change in floating area
deduced from the calculated height above buoyancy in 2015. The retrograde
submarine bed underneath the lowest part of the Fleming Glacier may have
promoted retreat of the grounding line. Grounding line retreat may also be
enhanced by a feedback mechanism upstream of the grounding line by which
increased basal lubrication due to increasing frictional heating enhances
sliding and thinning. Improved knowledge of bed topography near the grounding
line and further transient simulations with oceanic forcing are required to
accurately predict the future movement of the Fleming Glacier system
grounding line and better understand its ice dynamics and future contribution
to sea level.
El villancico sevillano del siglo XVII (1621–1700)The Sevillian Villancico During the Seventeenth Century (1621–1700)
Authors: Lorenzo Cipriano López
Published: August 2018

From the analysis of 316 copies of Sevillian villancicos from the seventeenth century (1621–1700) we can witness a successful and consolidated publishing genre. Its strong and repeated identity features will help us to describe the context of creation and the printed diffusion. Thereby, the public cover they adopted is the formulation and the plastic result of a procedure of that period that still needs to be studied. We will analyze the places and the festivities celebrated, the main poets and some formal aspects of particular interest. Essentially, the goal of this paper is to introduce a poetic product, key in the birth of an esthetic for the Low Baroque.
Entre pliegos anda el juego: Juan Rufo y las cortes literarias en el tiempo de La AustríadaTrading Letters: Juan Rufo and the Literary Courts In The Days of La Austríada
Authors: Marín Cepeda Patricia
Published: August 2018

Juan Rufo (Córdoba, 1547 – ca. 1620), a writer and soldier of humble origins, shaped his image as a poet with the publication of his epic poem La Austríada (1584) and the social relations that he developed with court nobility during that period. Two poet's autograph letters sent to the future Cardinal Ascanio Colonna (1560–1608) speak vividly about these relations of the writer with several members of the nobility, as well as the relationship of his epic poem with the literary and court context of its time. In this article, I analyze Rufo's self-fashioning strategies in the period when he published La Austríada, study some of his Spanish-Italian relations with court nobility, and publish, for the first time, the complete text of his letters to Colonna.
Francisco de Castilla, Boethius and the Search for True Happiness
Authors: Javier Huamán Ricardo
Published: August 2018

Francisco de Castilla published his treatise on the virtues, Teórica de virtudes, in 1518. The influence of Boethius' most famous work, De consolatione philosophiae, on medieval literature and imagery is well known. The connection of the four poems in Teórica to Boethius has not been studied. This lack of attention may be due solely to an ignorance of Castilla's poetic output. Castilla's case is noteworthy because he mentions Boethius by name several times, recreates De consolatione philosophiae in “Diálogo entre la Miseria humana y el Consuelo” and includes Lady Philosophy as a character in “Inquisición de la felicidad.” This work investigates the relationship between De consolatione and Teórica and how Castilla learns to express the finding of true happiness in Boethian terms.
El epíteto en laGrandeza Mexicanade Bernardo de BalbuenaThe Epithet in theGrandeza Mexicanaby Bernardo de Balbuena
Authors: Ávalos Etna
Published: August 2018

Within the framework of Spanish American mannerism, this article explores the function and variety of epithets found in Bernardo de Balbuena's Grandeza Mexicana (1604). This work examines the classical epithets in the poem based on their role in the construction of a hyperbolic image of Mexico City and its representation as a central figure of the world. This study also focuses on the role of the epithets in the articulation of metaphors and concettos that cause the argument to unfold into multiple meanings. This analysis shows how the epithets serve as “decoders” of various hidden concepts (conceits) that reveal the complexity of a multidimensional message, both political and artistic.
Relationships between University Performances and Economic Growth
Authors: Dembereldorj Zoljargal , Dangaasuren Garmaa , Jagdag Davaa
Published: August 2018

Universities play an important role in the economic development - knowledge economy. Previous studies proposition that universities significantly contribute to the economic development of the countries. Countries implement policies to efficiently connect higher education and the economy. This study explores the relationships between the university performances measured by the world university rankings and the gross domestic product. We employed the data from the World Bank and two university rankings for a period of 2011-2016. We ran correlation analysis followed by t-test analysis for confirming the linear and non-linear relationship. For robustness, we used chi-squared test for independence. The result shows there is a positive non-linear relationship between university performances and GDP. Indicators for citation and research suggests the quality of the research matters more than the mere research and publications. We may conclude that the “research quality” of the university intensive in researching can contribute indirectly to the economic development of the countries.
Instagram som dokumentations- og indsamlingsmetode. Eksperimenter med brugerskabt fotodokumentation
Authors: Djupdræt Martin Brandt , Rasmussen Christian , Skjernov Lisbeth , Sørensen Anne Krøyer
Published: August 2018

Instagram is a worldwide photo-sharing app for smartphones. Every day, users share more than 70 million photos and videos. Based on existing research on Instagram and other social media, this article describes and compares two speci c projects implemented in the museum Den Gamle By (The Old Town) in Aarhus, Denmark, in 2013 and 2014, in which the museum has used Instagram as a tool for contemporary documentation.
Anne Eriksen. From Antiquities to Heritage. Transformation of Cultural Memory. New York, Oxford: Berghahn. 2014
Authors: Ronström Owe
Published: August 2018

Intressant och läsvärd är den, folkloristen och kulturhistorikern Anne Eriksens nya bok From Antiquities to Heritage. Transformation of Cultural Memory. Intressant för vad den har att berätta om hur synen på det för utna förändrats, läsvärd för vad detta kan lära oss om vår egen tid. Det historiska anslaget i titeln till trots, det som framstår som bokens mest spännande bidrag är ändå den kritiska diskussionen kring vår egen samtids märkvärdiga upptagenhet med ”kulturarv”, detta oändligt expansiva, samtidigt undflyende och handfast användbara begrepp, som på bara några decennier kommit att inkludera snart sagt alla slags för utenheter.
Gjenstandsfotografiet i Akershusmuseets samtidsdokumentasjon. Refleksjoner rundt praksis og utvikling av museenes gjenstandsfotografering
Authors: Linde Kirsten
Published: August 2018

What is an object photograph? What purpose does it serve in the museum? Which photo genre does it belong to, and what function does it have in the archives in the museum? Many critical essays have been written about archives and scientific objectivity. The article seeks to find out how practice has formed conventions about how to do object photography in the museum and to challenge these conventions. This is done by showing examples of contextual series of object photography made in contemporary documentation projects at the Akershus Museum.
Anna Furumark (red). Att störa homogenitet
Authors: Hauan Anne Marit
Published: August 2018

Denne bok, som er redigert av Anna Furu- mark, beskriver seg selv som et opprop – en aksjon – for å bryte ned forestillinger om kulturell renhet og homogenitet som samfunnsideal. Boka har en særlig inngang til sitt forstyrrelsesprosjekt – kulturarv og kulturarvsin- stitusjonene. Rasisme og fremmedfiendtlighet hevdes å ligge i bunnen av tanken om et homogent folk og forestillinger om kulturell renhet. Og det er disse vanskelige, politiske og kulturelle tema som bokas tekster skal sette fokus på.
Without a trace? The Sámi in the Swedish History Museum
Authors: Spangen Marte
Published: August 2018

Around 2005, the Swedish History Museum (SHM) in Stockholm reworked their Vikings exhibition, aiming to question simplistic and erroneous understandings of past group identities. In the process, all references to the Sámi were removed from the exhibition texts. This decision has been criticised by experts on Sámi pasts. In this article, it is argued that we can talk about a Sámi ethnic identity from the Early Iron Age onwards. The removal of references to the Sámi in the exhibition texts is discussed accordingly, as well as the implicit misrepresentations, stereotypes and majority attitudes that are conveyed through spatial distribution, choice of illustrations, lighting, colour schemes and the exhibition texts. Finally, some socio-political reasons for the avoidance of Sámi issues in Sweden are suggested, including an enduring colonialist relation to this minority.
Exchanging stories. Art and identity of an Arctic people
Authors: Gullickson Charis , Wei-Hsin Din Hermina
Published: August 2018

Sámi Stories. Art and Identity of an Arctic People is an exhibition created and curated by the Northern Norway Art Museum and Tromsø University Museum to commemorate the bicentennial celebrations of the Norwegian Constitution. The exhibition debuted at the Northern Norway Art Museum in Tromsø, Norway, before traveling to New York City and Anchorage, Alaska. This paper shares stories to demonstrate the roles that museums can play in the interpretation and representation of Sámi cultures. Additionally, the shared discussion will advance educational outreach in Alaska and elsewhere concerning similarities and di erences surrounding the adoption of indigenous concepts, practices, values and worldviews.
The role of the imagination in museum visits
Authors: Achiam Marianne
Published: August 2018

The imagination plays an important role in museums, today more than ever. Visitors use their repositories of imagination or repertoires to make sense of their encounters with objects and exhibits. In this article, I argue that this initial meaning making, rather than being the end goal of museum interpretation, should be thought of as the point of departure for further, more scientific meaning making. I present a framework developed by Colette Dufresne-Tassé et al. (2006) and show how it can be used to identify the variety of visitor repertoires at work in their imagination processes. I argue that becoming familiar with commonly occurring repertoires is necessary for exhibition designers in order for museums to continue to take their interpretive responsibility seriously, and I discuss how such a familiarisation may affect museum practice. I conclude with some perspectives on the implications of the framework for museum research.
Den forlengede arm – materialisering av pisker, hester og ryttere
Authors: Maurstad Anita
Published: August 2018

The horsewhip is an interesting object. It works in relationships between animals and humans. In some relationships it can make the horse move forward willingly, with no need for physical contact. In other contexts, the whip can make the horse obey the rider’s wishes by gently touching the horse’s body. In other kinds of relationships, it paves the way for riders hitting their horses and also feeling regret afterwards. This article combines insights from two recent research fields – research focusing on materiality and research focusing on the relationship between animals and humans. Research in these fields challenges museum presentations of these topics. The article adopts a performative perspective regarding the whip and its relations and shows how whips, horses and riders are constituted in different practices. Finally, the museum communication of such practices is commented on. The aim is to show how a museological perspective regarding objects and materiality can contribute to the understanding of the importance of seeing objects as relational materialities, as well as to knowledge about the relationship between animals and humans.
”Alt racehovmod bliver her så ynkeligt”. Visualisering af kultur i Nationalmuseets etnografiske samling
Authors: Henningsen Anne Folke
Published: August 2018

In a case study of the reorganisation of the ethnographic exhibition at the Danish National Museum in the 1930s, the author questions the assumed effects of the curatorial strategies of one of the central characters behind it, Kaj Birket-Smith. Contrary to the explicit intentions of the curator, it is argued, the new style of exhibition invited the Danish public to understand themselves as culturally superior to the people represented, by positioning the latter outside of time and history. The wider implications of such representations of authenticity and timelessness in the ‘other’ are briefly discussed in relation to present-day ethnographic exhibitions.
På ville veger? Levende utstillinger av samer i Europa og Amerika
Authors: Baglo Cathrine
Published: August 2018

Getting off track? Living exhibitions of Sámi in Europe and America. Abstract: During the nineteenth century, new practices for the representation of otherness were established. One significant manifestation was the living exhibitions of Sámi and other native peoples in zoological gardens, amusement parks, world fairs and other urban stages in Europe and America. These exhibitions have usually been perceived as the Western world’s staging of primitivity and race within hegemonic discourses based on exploitation and repression. The exhibitions in zoological gardens, in particular, have been considered instrumental in this respect. Although this dominant interpretation has provided important insight into how stereotypical features of cultural difference were normalized and naturalized, it has also seriously obscured the exhibitions’ own historicity and, in particular, the agency of the exhibited people themselves. In this dissertation, this a priori victimizing approach to the living exhibitions is challenged. A far more nuanced picture of motivations, experiences and power relations emerges through a detailed study of the Sámi participants and their exhibitors, also providing a richer account of the exhibitions’ own ethnography.
Collecting Korean shamanism for the National Museum of Denmark: ethnographic objects as collecting devices
Authors: Petersen Martin
Published: August 2018

It is a basic undertaking amongst museum professionals who work with various aspects of a collection’s meaning, interpretation and history to explore the biography of a historical museum object. This article attempts to depart from this by conceptualizing historical, ethnographic objects as ‘collecting devices’. The focus is thereby shifted from the historiography of an ethnographic object to the ways in which an object and its history can be employed as a device in staging new empirical fields for the museum anthropologist. This points toward potentials inherent to the ethnographic museum, namely the possibility that museum professionals and visitors alike can employ ethnographic objects as a means of encountering people outside the museum and everyday social world that they inhabit.
Fra brugerundersøgelse til handling – hvordan gør man Brandts til et attraktivt sted for unge?
Authors: Schmidt Leslie Ann , Kapper Lise
Published: August 2018

This article is based on the work of the Learning and Visitor Services Department at the Danish cultural institution known as Brandts, with a view to turning Brandts (which consists of two specialist museums and an art exhibition venue) into a place that young people between the ages of 15 and 25 actively choose to visit as a leisure-time activity. The background for this development work lies in a survey of young users and on-users conducted at Brandts in the autumn of 2010. The article links the results of this local qualitative survey with the results of other recent surveys of museum visitors in Denmark. In addition to covering the new ”action plan” for Brandts, prepared with regard to the wishes and needs of young people, the article delves deeper into the considerations that lay behind the chosen focus on young people and their opportunities for informal learning and identity development within a museum context.
Challenges for the Technological Augmentation of Open-Air Museums: Bridging Buildings, Artefacts and Activities
Authors: Ciolfi Luigina , McLoughlin Marc
Published: August 2018

This paper reports research and design work focused on enhancing visitor experience of an open-air museum, Bunratty Folk Park in County Clare (Ireland). We will discuss how existing work in the domain of museum technologies has so far dealt little with open-air sites. Our approach aimed at developing themes of participation and visitor contribution at a site that differs from indoor exhibitions on the grounds of size, structure and material on display. We will describe the background research and design research towards an interactive multi-device installation entitled “Reminisce” for Bunratty Folk Park, informed by a focus centred on visitor activities and their experience of place. We will then provide examples of visitors’ interactions with Reminisce in order to show how this approach can lead to successful design interventions.
Den vanskelige dialogen. Om universitetsmuseenes praktiske utfordringer i møtet med web 2.0-samfunnet
Authors: Jørgensen Guro
Published: August 2018

The NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology in Trondheim, Norway, has recently started exploring web 2.0 technologies as a new means of communicating with museum visitors. Through social media and the launching of public databases for museum collections, the wider public is invited to participate in dialogues with the museum on scientific subjects. Drawing on the experience from two different museum projects, namely a science blog and a science wiki, I will review how the structures and practices from traditional science disciplines are challenged when meeting with the fluid nature of social media. This has implications for the practice of imparting scientific knowledge, and shows that the museum is situated in a hybrid space of public discourse (Nowotny 1993).
Digitization of cultural heritage ViMuseo.fi project. Description of PhD project
Authors: Laine-Zamojska Magdalena
Published: August 2018

In this text I will present my doctoral research on the digitization of cultural heritage, which I am conducting at the Department of Art and Cultural Studies, University of Jyväskylä (Finland). The supervisors are Professor of Museology Janne Vilkuna (main supervisor) and Professor of Digital Culture Raine Koskimaa (second supervisor) from the Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä. The research is scheduled to be conducted between 2008 and 2012. The goals of the research are (1) to investigate the possibilities for new media in presenting cultural heritage in small museums in Finland; (2) to analyze the cooperation between the researcher, graphic designers and programmers; and (3) to construct the tool to create multimedia presentations. The possible implementation of the research results is also discussed.
Eva Insulander: Tinget, rummet, besökaren. Om meningsskapande på museum
Authors: Solhjell Dag
Published: August 2018

Avhandlingen er en case-studie som bringer sammen en analyse av to utstillinger med en analyse av de besøkendes bruk av den, og som ser på sammenhengen mellom utstilling og bruk. Så vidt jeg vet, er dette den første studie der begge sider av museet som læringsarena er likestilt. Insulander forsvarte sin avhandling 7. mai 2010.
Skole og museum bør samarbeide bedre
Authors: Frøyland Merethe , Langholm Guri
Published: August 2018

The objective of the inquiry is to reveal to what extent school teachers and museum educators ensure that museums are a learning arena for school pupils. We interviewed a small selection of teachers and museum educators regarding their practical and curricular collaboration prior, during and after a museum visit by a group of pupils. Our findings are in line with other international results, which show that teachers seem to regard museums visits as important for the student understanding. The questions asked include “How does cooperation between school and museum work? What do they actually cooperate about? What are the museum educators’ intention(s) when they plan their programmes? What are the teachers’ objectives when they plan their museum visits?” We found that museum educators are normally familiar with the school curriculum and the school discourse. When they evaluate their programmes, they ask the teacher but rarely the students/pupils, who museum educators tend to forget about. School teachers seem to understand the learning potentials of a museum visit, but rarely used it. Museum visits end up being “just another nice day on a school trip”. It is time for a new museum pedagogical approach, based on collaboration between schools and museums.
Museerna och forskningen
Authors: Pettersson Richard
Published: August 2018

This article deals with the theme of research conducted at the museums, with a focus on state investigations, cultural politics and the internal development of the Swedish museal profession. The statistics and surveys that have been prepared on the theme of research at the Swedish museums all point in one direction – there is a lack of museum staff with professional research competence and the level of active research performed at the museums is generally very low. This article discusses these facts from a historic and museological point of view. The author claims that both museums and universities would benefit from a higher level of research being performed at the Swedish museums, especially when one looks at the nearly non-existent research about the exhibition as a arena for multi-lingual and multimodal communication.
The Role of Art Museums – the Finnish case
Authors: Rönkkö Marja-Liisa
Published: August 2018

This article is one part of an ongoing process to collect the entire history of Finnish Museums to be published in 2010. It has it roots in my dissertation about our art museums’ buildings. The final presentation will widen to consist of all kinds of museum buildings and also reflect on relationships between architecture, collections and exhibition design. Unlike many European countries in the first decades of the nineteenth century, Finland – then a Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire – did not posses the basic infrastructure of the art world, such as public collections, an art academy or organized trade in works of art. The field of art began to take shape, in practice, around the Finnish Art Society, which was founded in 1846. It was at first a kind of public collector in addition to the University, founded in 1640. The art museum sector was a forerunner in the museum field and it also created both the classical and modern prototypes for the ideal museum building in Finland.
Den museale forsknings fremtidsudsigter
Authors: Eberhardt Sørensen Signe Margrethe
Published: August 2018

It is possible to trace an internal problem in the world of Danish art museums. Research institutions of this type are undecided concerning their definitions and terms of research. This appears to be problematic, as this type of institution faces heavy political demands that seem to be almost impossible to satisfy on account of the specific type of research cnducted at an art museum. I therefore consider it absolutely necessary to explain the fundamental research definitions relevant to Danish art museums, in order to show the essence of what makes them different from the scientific research tradition currently on the agenda.
Lifelong Learning in Museums – A European Handbook. Edited by Kirsten Gibbs, Margherita Sani, Jane Thompson
Authors: Zipsane Henrik
Published: August 2018

Interessen for det pædagogiske perspektiv på museernes virksomhed vokser. Ikke bare forekommer det nu klart, at branchen nu endelig har passeret det udviklingsniveau, hvor kuratorer (antikvarer, inspektører og konser- vatorer) på den ene side og lærere (skolelærere og diverse pædagoger) på den anden side kæmpede om ”den rette (museums)lære”, og måske frem for alt om, hvem som havde retten til at arbejde med den. Med den foreliggende publikation manifesteres et skridt ind på både den praktisk voksenpædagogiske og den teoretisk pædagogiske arena samt ikke mindst på den interessante scene, hvor det pædagogiske og det politiske felt mødes. Det er ambitiøst og lad det straks være slået fast, at der er tale om noget af det mest vellykkede i form af helhedssyn på museumspædagogik med andre målgrupper end skoleverdenen, som er produceret i rigtig mange år – i alle tilfælde på et af de sprog vi normalt kan håndtere i Norden.
Sharon Macdonald and Paul Basu (red.): Exhibition Experiments
Authors: Rung Mette Houlberg
Published: August 2018

Antologien ”Exhibition Experiments” er redi- geret af englænderne Sharon Macdonald og Paul Basu, og kan ses i forlængelse af en række af publikationer, der på forskellig vis forsøger at forstå museet og de museale processer i det 21 århundrede. Bogen sætter fokus på udstillingsvirksomhed, og er et konstruktivt og inspirerende bidrag til diskussionen om, hvordan man kan udvikle og gentænke udstillingen som medie. I stedet for at betragte udstillingen som et instrument til videreformidling af eksisterende information, ses den som et rum, hvor der eksperimenteres og genereres ny viden. I denne anmeldelse perspektiveres bogen og nogle af de centrale problemstillinger, som den præsenterer, bliver diskuteret. Sharon Macdonald og Paul Basu er henholdsvis professor i social antropologi ved Manc- hester University og lektor i antropologi ved Sussex University. Begge har udgivet flere museologiske publikationer, herunder Macdonalds ”Companion to Museum Studies” fra 2006.
Redaktion
Authors: Larsen Ane Hejlskov
Published: August 2018

Dette nummer af Nordisk Museologi spænder fra nye ph.d.-projekter i regi af Kulturarvens Forskerskole, aktuelle tilbud på museologiske uddannelser i Norge over en dansk ICOM konference om stjålen kulturarv, et nordisk seminar om fremtidens arkivformidling og en introduktion til det internationale forskningsnetværk om nationale museer, NaMu, til peer reviewed artikler om fx indflydelsen af nationalsocialistisk ideologi på finsk udstillingsliv i trediverne og de læringsmæssige potentialer ved brugen af ny teknologi, både for museet og museets besøgende. De tre artikler om nye medier som PDA, blogs og EGO-TRAP er alle en viderebearbejdning af mundtlige indlæg på ”NODEM 06 Digital Interpretation in Cultural Heritage, Art and Science” konferencen, der blev afholdt i december 2006 på universitetet i Oslo.
Research into art looted by the nazis – an important international task
Authors: Hakkarainen Maarit , Koivulahti Tiina
Published: August 2018

In the period 1933–1945 the Nazis orchestrated the most massive art theft in world history. The exact number of looted art objects is not known, although estimates vary from hundreds of thousands to millions. A huge number of art objects looted by the Nazis are still missing. They have been spread around the world through a variety of different channels and can still be found in the art market. Such looted art objects have also ended up in museum collections. All countries have a moral duty to participate in the efforts to identify and restitute objects looted from their owners by the Nazis.
Kulturarvens Forskerskole. Ph.d-præsentationer
Authors: Federspiel Beate Knuth
Published: August 2018

I Nordisk Museologi nr. 1, 2006 introduceredes en jævnligt tilbagevendende rubrik med præsentationer af ph.d. projekter inden for kulturforskning og museologi i Skandinavien. Udgangspunktet var etableringen af Kulturarvens Forskerskole (www.db.dk/kaf ), som præsenteredes ved samme lejlighed, og tanken med denne rubrik er, at synliggøre ph.d.miljøet inden for museologien og tilgrænsende forskningsfelter. Siden sidst er Kulturarvens Forskerskole blevet udvidet med endnu to institutioner: Kunstindustrimuseet i København og Institutionen för Kulturvård ved Göteborg Universitet, så samarbejdet nu omfatter 11 institutioner. Forskerskolens kurser for studieåret 2007- 08 findes på www.db.dk/kaf.
Museum Studies. An Anthology of Contexts. Edited by Bettina Messias Carbonell
Authors: Christensen Line Hjorth
Published: August 2018

Med mastodonttværket Museum Studies – an anthology of contexts fra 2004 blev endnu en ud- givelse føjet til rækken af de museologiske antologier, som udkom fra 1980’erne og løbende frem imod årtusindskiftet, blandt disse Lumley 1988, Karp & Lavine 1991, Karp, Kreamer & Lavine 1992, Greenberg, Ferguson & Nairne 1996, og senest, i skandinavisk regi, Inge- mann/Hejlskov Larsens (red.) Ny dansk Museo- logi fra 2006, anmeldt i Nordisk Museologi 2006/1. Denne anmelder bekendt er der ikke kommet noget andet værk siden Blackwell-udgivelsen, som præsterer en tilsvarende tekstmængde og faglig spændvidde, og der er god grund til at tro, at det vil vare et stykke tid, inden værket bliver overgået af endnu en museologisk antologi.
Sikring af forsvarshistorisk kulturarv i Danmark
Authors: Chistensen Jens Ole
Published: August 2018

Securing the cultural heritage is one of the primary tasks of a museum of cultural history. However, this aspect of these museums’ work rarely attracts attention nor is it subject to any substantial professional debate, despite it being of critical importance for a museum’s future opportunities for development. Since the 1990s, the cultural heritage work done at the National Museum of Military History in Denmark has moved from an object-oriented positivistic perspec- tive to a research-based, problem-oriented and constructivist perspective, as well as moving to conducting active, research-based collecting. This article surveys this process of change and argues for the necessity of departing from ideas that are cha- racteristic of 19th-century museum ideals. The overall conclusion is that collecting should always be conducted as a response to a carefully considered problem that is based on a relevant research issue. This article accounts for the model chosen by the National Museum of Military History.
Peilikäs raanu as a mirror
Authors: Lonkila Helena
Published: August 2018

Helena Lonkila works as a researcher-conservator at the Kainuu Museum. This article is based on the thesis of the same name that the author wrote for her master’s degree. She is thus the first person in Finland to have an MA with museology as the main subject. The paper was published by the Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Culture, Science and Technology Master’s Programme and the Kainuu Museum in January 2005. The publication is available in Finnish at http://www.kajaani.fi/kainuunmuseo.
Kunsten å revitalisere gjenstanden som fascinasjonsobjekt
Authors: Sørgaard Kristine Orestad
Published: August 2018

Det er lenge siden publikum strømmet til museene for å se på eksotiske planter, utstoppede dyr og kuriositeter fra fjerne himmelstrøk. Grunnen til det er selvsagt at mediene er i stand til å bringe mer representative bilder av omverdenen inn i vår egen stue. I denne artikkelen spør forfatteren om museene er i ferd med å bli utkonkurrert av det moderne billedmediets realisme. Har museumsutstillingene en fremtid? Er det mulig å revitalisere gjenstanden som fascinasjonsobjekt? Og hva er de praktiske konsekvensene av en gjenstandsbasert formidlingsstrategi?
Richard Pettersson, Den svenska kulturmiljövårdens värdegrunder. En idéhistorisk bakgrund och analys. Skrifter från Forskningsprogrammet Landskapet Som Arena
Authors: Nordbladh Jarl
Published: August 2018

Kulturpolitiken och dess genomförande har på senare år tilldragit sig intresse från många olika discipliner, var och en med sina speciella perspektiv. Richard Pettersson har byggt vidare på erfarenheterna från doktorsavhandlingen från 2001, som förde diskussionen fram till ca 1950. Nu förs analysen till nutid. Målet är att förstå kulturmiljövården och dess argument och dess samhällsfunktion, utifrån en idéhistorisk position. Fokuseringen är lagd på hur stat och antikvariska myndigheter sammantaget utgår från en grund, som kan rekonstrueras och struktureras som tankegods som förändras över tid. Här sker - i de officiella texterna - en förskjutning, från mer inomvetenskapliga och därmed begränsade hävdanden av en kulturminnesvård till en mera öppen och ett av medborgarna förment hävdat krav på en tydligare kulturmiljövård, samtidsorienterad och nära både som upplevelse och historia. Centralt härvid är termen, eller som många hävdar, "begreppet" kulturarv.
Staffan Nilsson, Erik Hofrén, Maths Isacson (red.), ... det frö ur vilket kunskap växer. Arbetsvandringar i kulturlandskapet. En vänbok till Örjan Hamrin 2004
Authors: Ågren Per-Uno
Published: August 2018

60-åringen Örjan Hamrin anställdes 1974 vid Dalarnas museum, har verkat där under tre decennier och ägnades ifjol en vänbok. Många av uppsatserna i boken ger exempel på den personliga performativa museologi som Örjan utvecklat med sin mångsidighet, påhittighet och smittsamma entusiasm. Den har blivit livsnerven i den publika verksamhet som gjort museet i Falun nationellt känt och omtalat. Främst framträder Örjans passionerade nyfikenhet på människors historiska och samtida villkor i hemprovinsen som drivkraften. Hans trägna 'arbetsvandringar i kulturlandskapet' har blivit en viktig inspiration för lokalhistoriska grävare och kulturminnessamlare: "Vid hembygdsgårdar, i föreningslokaler och i naturen vid svårigenkännligs industrilämningar", skriver Maria Björkroth, "har Örjan om och om igen talat om att bejaka längtan, drömmen och initiativkraften att gestalta sin bygd och dess historia." Resonansbottnen för visionen av museets roll i en bygd har han själv visat i sin instruktiva sammanställning av Dalarnas musealisering från 1600-talet till 2000-talet.
Et museum i det høye Nord – tilbakeblikk på Västerbottens Museums internasjonale betydning
Authors: Maure Marc
Published: August 2018

Konferansen ”The role of the museum in a decentralized cultural policy” fant sted i september 1976 på Västerbottens Museum i Umeå, i regi av ICOM og CECA (ICOMs International Committee for Education and Cultural Action). Konferansen, som var ledet av daværende museichef/landsantikvarie Per-Uno Ågren, fikk stor betydning for mange deltakere, med ringvirkninger i museumssverdenen internasjonalt.
Kanoner i Akureyri
Authors: Gunnarsdóttir Guðny Gerður
Published: August 2018

På Akureyri bymuseum bevares to museumsgenstande som altid vækker interesse hos museets gæster. Det er to kanoner, som står ved indgangen i museets have, og de er det første, som de besøgende ser. Ved synet af de to kanoner er det naturligt at tro, at i Akureyri har man i tidligere tider forsvaret byen med hjælp af kanoner. For islændere som kender deres Islandshistorie er det klart, at sådan har det ikke været. I Island har der aldrig været bevæbnet militær. Men hvor kommer kanonerne fra? Og selvfølgelig gemmer de en historie, som nu skal fortælles, fordi den viser, hvorledes “kulturarv” ikke altid er, hvad den giver sig ud for at være.
Tidiga syntetiska utställningar i naturhistoriska museer
Authors: Hedqvist Erik
Published: August 2018

En intressant episod i de naturhistoriska museernas utställningars historia ägde på 1880-talet rum i det 1881 uppförda nya naturhistoriska museet i London. I en välbekant skildring har Kenneth Hudson gjort sina talrika läsare bekanta med hur läkaren Sir William Flower som direktör från år 1884 vid The Natural History Museum i London lanserade en ny utställningsprincip kallad the new museum idea. Den har stannat i vårt minne som ett program för största möjliga hänsyn till publikens intresse av upplysande, för lekmannen tillrättalagda utställningar. Man skulle visa särskilda skådesamlingar som var skilda från övriga samlingar. Hudson har också fäst uppmärksamheten på Flowers avsikt att i utställningarna belysa naturlagarna och evolutionen. Flowers idé var revolutionerande. Hudson fann att den emellertid inte fick någon tillämpning i de övriga stora naturhistoriska museerna i Europa. De uppfördes ungefär samtidigt som Londons naturhistoriska museum. Hudson gjorde ett kontrafaktiskt antagande: om de i stället uppförts efter museet i London, så skulle de under påverkan av Flowers exempel ha tagit upp och i sina utställningar fullföljt hans idé och därmed uppvisat ett långt mer tillfredsställande resultat. I U.S.A. däremot följde en gynnsammare utveckling.
Museologi och krishantering
Authors: Ågren Per-Uno
Published: August 2018

Från att tillsammans med skolor, arkiv och bibliotek ha varit samhällsminnets grundstenar har de svenska museerna transformerats till ’museibranschen’. Och branschen har hamnat i kris. Dess innebörd beskrivs i detta nummer av Kerstin Smeds och Gjertrud Sæter. I branschtidningen (sic!) Svenska Museer 2004/1 ställer Gunilla Cedrenius, erfaren museikännare, krisfrågan: ”Vem vågar på allvar pröva sitt museum från grunden och inte lappa och laga en konstruktion som visar tydliga spår av bräcklighet?”. Inom museologin framstår alltmer musealisera (=människans behov att ur den omgivande fysiska verkligheten utvälja och samla minnesvärda element för att bevara) som nyckelordet. Museer och kulturmiljövård har att på samhällets uppdrag tjäna som medium för musealiseringen av gemensamma materiella kulturminnen. PRO MEMORIA vore därför den adekvata överskriften för alla museala institutioner i deras egenskap av offentliga förvaltare av minnesvärden.
Det kannibaliska museet
Authors: Persson Eva
Published: August 2018

The cannabalistic museum Jacques Hainard, director of Musée d’Ethnographie de Neuchâtel (MEN), Switzerland, is renowned and somewhat controversial for his temporary exhibitions shown annually since 1989. The exhibitions with their daring and provocative approach to current political and cul- tural fashions have served as an important source of inspiration for colleagues throughout Europe, who share the same eagerness to question and debate traditional ideas governing museum collecting and outreach. Eva Persson, herself a distinguished master of exhibitions for, inter alia, Riksutställningar and Arbetets Museum, Norrköping, now teaching at Linköpings University, has followed the development of Hainard’s work over the years. Here she gives her impressions of the 2003 exhibition at Neuchâtel, Le musée cannibale, where the presentation of foreign cultures in ethnographic museums is staged as a cannibalistic ritual.