bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buckling of Composite Flanges in Partially Disbonded Adhesive Joints
Authors: Kim Hyonny , Kwon Hyukbong
Published: December 2004

This paper contributes newly developed closed-form buckling solutions for generic one-edge-free problems common to partially disbonded composite structures. These solutions are shown to be accurate by comparison with experimentally measured buckling loads which are also reported in this paper. The buckling of partially disbonded regions in adhesive joints is a safety concern due to the potential for ensuing buckling-driven disbond growth. In order to design structures to be tolerant to these flaws, closed-form expressions that predict buckling load have been developed based on a one-edge-free buckling model. Comparison of the closed-form predictions with the finite element results verifies the accuracy of the solutions. Validation of these analyses was achieved by comparison with the experimentally determined buckling loads. These were measured to fall within a range of predicted values, as defined by the choice of boundary condition opposite the disbonded flange-free-edge: either clamped or simply-supported. Assumption of either boundary condition provides upper- and lower-bound predictions of buckling in partially disbonded joint flange configurations.
L’“autre” orthodoxie: courants du rigorisme orthodoxe grec
Authors: Makrides Vasilios N.
Published: December 2004

Although Greece appears to be a religiously homogeneous country, as the majority of the population belongs to the Orthodox Church, there is much diversity within the Greek Orthodox body itself, which has been neglected so far in related research. Orthodox rigorists of various provenances account for this. These are at times in serious tension and conflict with the official church, while in other instances they collaborate with it for common purposes. The author aims to outline this phenomenon by focusing on the main bearers of rigorism and their activities, the socio-historical background and the contemporary socio-cultural context of this phenomenon, their relations to the official church, and the principal issues of controversy between them.
Negotiating Pluralism and Specifying Modernity in Greece: Reading Church–State Relations in the Christodoulos Period
Authors: Prodromou Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2004

The author explores Church–state relations in Greece during the period of Archbishop Christodoulos’ ecclesiastical leadership. Church–state interactions are analyzed as a series of engagements shaped by the logic of pluralism, whereby emblematic episodes reflect the efforts of Church and state to resolve their respective ambivalence regarding the conception, sources and manifestations of, as well as responses to, religious pluralism in contemporary Greece. Re-problematizing Church–state relations within the theoretical framework of pluralism offers analytical and practical gains in resolving the core issue in longstanding debates about constitutional design for Church–state relations in Greece, namely, the need to balance the state’s responsibility for uncompromising protection of the freedom and equality of all citizens, against the sensitivity to both historical and contemporary factors that constitute the cultural particularity of Greece. Finally, exploration of Church–state relations in terms of pluralism situates Greece within the broader reconsideration of the meaning and role of religion in Europe in the 21st century, particularly as such inquiry is linked to the political, legal and social aspects of democratization, and thereby suggests that questions of modernity in Greece are more usefully considered in terms of the country’s particularity rather than its exceptionalism.
Recording Technologies and the Interview in Sociology, 1920–2000
Authors: Lee Raymond M.
Published: December 2004

Little is known about the changing techniques and technologies for the recording of unstructured interviews.This article traces the evolution of devices for recording what is said in unstructured interviews, and looks at the impact of technological change on the interview process.
Temporary Architectures of Learning: Knowledge Governance in Project Ecologies
Authors: Grabher Gernot
Published: December 2004

This paper is motivated by the intention to contribute to a contextual understanding of projects. More specifically, the analysis starts from the assumption that essential processes of creating and sedimenting knowledge accrue at the interface between projects and the organizations, communities, and networks in and through which projects operate. By adopting such a contextual perspective, the chief aim of the present study is to unfold a conceptual framework for analyzing processes of project-based learning. This conceptual framework is built around the notion of the project ecology. By consecutively disentangling the constitutive layers of project ecologies — the core team, the firm, the epistemic community, and the personal networks — the basic organizational architecture of project ecologies is revealed. This architecture is employed as a theoretical template for an exploration of learning processes in two ecologies which are driven by opposing logics of creating and sedimenting knowledge. In this comparative analysis, the cumulative learning logic of the software ecology in Munich is confronted with the disruptive learning regime in the London advertising ecology.
Embedding New Management Knowledge in Project-Based Organizations
Authors: Bresnen Mike , Goussevskaia Anna , Swan Jacky
Published: December 2004

The embedding of new management knowledge in project-based organization is made particularly problematic due to the attenuated links that exist between organization-wide change initiatives and project management practice. To explore the complex processes involved in change in project-based organization, this paper draws upon a case study of change within the UK construction industry. Analysing the case study through the lens of structuration theory (Giddens 1984), the paper examines the complex, recursive relationship that links change in project management practice with the peculiarities of that context. The findings demonstrate that a number of features of project-based organization — namely, decentralization, short-term emphasis on project performance and distributed work practices — are critically important in understanding the shaping and embedding of new management practice.
Peripety in an R&D Drama: Capturing a Turnaround in Project Dynamics
Authors: Engwall Mats , Westling Gunnar
Published: December 2004

This article examines the process dynamics of a complex R&D project, which for a long period of time had suffered from little technical progress, then abruptly became highly structured and effective. The article examines the mechanisms behind this dramatic turnaround and discusses its implications for research and practice. Drawing on the dramaturgical concept of ‘peripety’ (‘moment of sudden change’), the article captures how the turnaround came about due to the emergence of the participants’ shared conceptualization of the project mission. The article provides insights into the process dynamics and sensemaking in complex R&D projects and demonstrates how time and evolution need to be included in the analysis of project management and temporary organizations.
Building Project Capabilities: From Exploratory to Exploitative Learning
Authors: Brady Tim , Davies Andrew
Published: December 2004

This paper presents a model of project capability-building consisting of two interacting levels of learning. First, it describes the bottom-up, ‘project-led’ phases of learning that occur when a firm moves into a new technology/market base: an exploratory ‘vanguard project’ phase; a ‘project-to-project’ phase to capture lessons learned; and a ‘project-to-organization’ phase when an organization increases its capabilities to deliver many projects. Second, it addresses the ‘business-led’ learning (within which the project-led learning is embedded) that occurs when ‘top-down’ strategic decisions are taken to create and exploit the company-wide resources and capabilities required to perform increasingly predictable and routine project activities.
The Politics of Indeterminacy and the Right to Health
Authors: Greco Monica
Published: December 2004

Discussions of the framework and terminology associated with the right to health tend to treat the indeterminacy of ‘health’ as conceptual noise that the construction of effective policy must not focus on, but find ways of bracketing out. On this basis, the right to health is broadly regarded as a social and economic, rather than a civil and political right. This article draws critically on literature about the implications of developments in medical biotechnologies, to argue that a positive acknowledgement of the indeterminate character of health should transform, rather than simply hinder, the quality of debate over what is to be understood and expected in connection with a right to health. A focus on indeterminacy allows for the perception and the formulation of health-related demands that may not stem from the scarcity of material resources or technical means, but from the misplaced authority of particular voices in defining what possibilities are to be seriously envisaged. This proposition only becomes politically effective, it is argued, when ‘indeterminacy’ (and the capacity for normativity) is referred to life itself and not merely to social and moral judgements about life. Although more immediately pertinent to the concerns of relatively privileged populations, the focus on indeterminacy provides a key to generating a certain symmetry and complementarity of interest, across the privileged/underprivileged divide, in promoting health as a (human) right.
Configuring Reception
Authors: Heath Christian , vom Lehn Dirk
Published: December 2004

Despite the growing sociological interest in the object, and the long-standing tradition in the humanities and social sciences concerned with the creation of art and artefacts, there is relatively little research about how people in ordinary day-to-day circumstances explore and respond to exhibits in museums and galleries. In this article, we address the conduct and interaction of visitors to museums and galleries and consider how they examine and experience objects and artefacts in collaboration with each other. In particular, we address the ways in which one participant shapes, through gesture and talk, how those they are with look at and respond to exhibits. The article is based on the analysis of audio-visual recordings gathered in museums and galleries both in the UK and abroad.
Incognito Ergo Sum
Authors: Sayer Derek
Published: December 2004

Drawing upon a range of theorists (Derrida, Lacan, Barthes), photographers (Adams, Weston, Lange) and literary texts (Baudelaire, Proust, Breton, Camus, Barnes, Kundera), this article explores the role of memory in grounding identity. If the subject is constituted in language, it is argued, identity can be achieved only in the realm of the imaginary, through fixation in an imago of the self. It is memory above all that gives this being-in-denial its imagined solidity; but that solidity is an effect of language’s ability to create verisimilitude in an eternal present of signification, and not of memory’s relation to a real past. Identity therefore always remains precarious, because the signifiers that furnish the points de capiton of what we remember always also defer elsewhere.
The Stylistics of Competent Speaking
Authors: Roberts John Michael
Published: December 2004

It has been noted that certain similarities can be detected between the work of the Bakhtin Circle and the work of Jürgen Habermas. While I do not deny that these sorts of similarities can be detected, I also argue that the insights of the Bakhtin Circle can be used to provide the basis of a critique of Habermas. My specific aim is to show how Habermas perpetuates a ‘stylistic’ approach to discourse theory. ‘Stylistics’, as conceived by the Bakhtin Circle, explores discourse through the dualism of an objectively defined set of linguistic norms that can be appropriated through the creative linguistic competence of individual speakers. On this understanding, individuals within their everyday environment choose elements from objective linguistic norms in order to make sense of their world. However, a stylistic approach to discourse implicitly denigrates the usefulness of everyday utterances because it suggests that, for language to gain normative meaning and understanding, it must always refer back to an objective linguistic system. By using the Bakhtin Circle’s theoretical insights, I flag up several problems that emerge from Habermas’s particular standpoint on stylistics.
Missing out: Gender, drugs and justice
Authors: Malloch Margaret
Published: December 2004

Government attempts to respond to drug-related crime have resulted in a significant increase in court-mandated treatment, where offenders are fast-tracked into comprehensive services under the supervision of the court. The efficacy of ‘enforced treatment’ has been recognized and forms the underpinning principles of such interventions. This article examines the structured and gender dimensions which are often overlooked when initiatives and services are developed to reduce or end drug use, and consequently drug-related offending. The differential experience of women, as offenders and drug users, can denote a distinct lack of social justice when initiatives fail to provide equitable access to resources or community disposals for women.
Fractured transitions: Disadvantaged young people, drug taking and risk
Authors: Melrose Margaret
Published: December 2004

This article explores drug taking amongst a particularly disadvantaged group of young people in Britain. It argues that as these young people make their way to adulthood, they are confronted with risks at many levels, and that these risks are further compounded by their drug use as well as by the inability of services to effectively respond to the complex needs they present. The article argues that while to some extent drug use may be understood as a consequence of, or response to, the disadvantages these young people have experienced in their lives, it can at the same time be seen to further entrench those disadvantages.
Reducing drug-related deaths: The responsibility of NOMS?
Authors: Mills Karen
Published: December 2004

Many offenders, and drug-misusing offenders in particular, lead lives which place them at high risk of harm. While drug misuse is inherently risky, drug-related death is largely preventable, and yet the probation service does little to promote harm reduction practices, which could reduce its likelihood among those under supervision. It is the contention of this article that this position of inactivity is no longer tenable.
Network dynamics in the long-term period after divorce
Authors: Terhell Elisabeth L. , Broese van Groenou Marjolein I. , van Tilburg Theo
Published: December 2004

This study first identified types of change in the size of the personal network over a period of 12 years following divorce. Second, differences in network change were explained by taking into account divorce characteristics, personal capacities, and structural conditions. Personal interviews were conducted in three waves of a 12-year longitudinal study with 40 men and 64 women who divorced in 1987 or 1988. Most divorcees experienced network losses shortly after the divorce and in half of the cases these losses were not compensated for in the later years after divorce. For some, divorce brought merely network gains, albeit in the longer term. Personal capacities and structural conditions did not differ significantly across participants in different types of network change. Characteristics of the divorce (attitude toward divorce and conflicts with the ex-partner after divorce) partly explained differences in network change after divorce.
The relationships between collectivist attitudes and elementary forms of human relations: Evidence from Estonia
Authors: Realo Anu , Kästik Ly , Allik Jüri
Published: December 2004

This study examined the extent to which collectivist attitudes predict preference for the basic models of social relations. According to Fiske (1991), all social relations can be reduced to four basic forms – communal sharing (CS), authority ranking (AR), equality matching (EM), and market pricing (MP) – that guide people’s social initiatives and help them to understand and respond appropriately to the social actions of others. The preference for basic forms was studied using a set of questions about everyday hypothetical situations in which the four different models can be alternatively applied. We observed that EM is the dominant principle in distributing (received) benefits: everyone should get equal shares (regardless of their needs or position) and nobody should have an advantage over another. In those situations in which people were asked to contribute, the respondents were inclined to think in terms of cost and benefit, insisting that the contributions should be made according to MP. CS relationships were mostly limited to family-related situations. Although people scoring high on collectivism showed an inclination to use CS and avoid MP relationships more frequently in family situations, the association between the collectivist attitudes and elementary forms of sociality was fairly small. It is concluded that the relationships between the use of the relational models and the collectivist attitudes are modest.
A model of relational turbulence: The role of intimacy, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners in appraisals of irritations
Authors: Solomon Denise Haunani , Knobloch Leanne K.
Published: December 2004

The development of romantic relationships is a complex process by which previously autonomous individuals come to perceive themselves as a social unit. We propose that the transition from casual dating to serious involvement coincides with relational turbulence in courtship, and we identify relational uncertainty and interference from partners as mechanisms that may explain why this turmoil occurs. We test our model by examining people’s appraisals of irritating circumstances as a marker of relational turbulence. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which individuals evaluated the degree of severity and relationship threat of potential irritations that had occurred recently in their dating relationship. Although the effect size was small, results consistent with our predictions indicated that negative appraisals were curvilinearly associated with intimacy. Also as anticipated, we documented positive associations between negative appraisals and both relational uncertainty and interference from partners. Contrary to our expectations, however, neither relational uncertainty nor interference from partners mediated the curvilinear trajectory between negative appraisals and intimacy. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding relational turbulence in dating relationships.
Culture and self-construal as predictors of responses to accommodative dilemmas in dating relationships
Authors: Yum Young-ok
Published: December 2004

The present study tests and extends existing research about the effects of culture and self-construal on reports of accommodative dilemmas in dating relationships. Data were collected from members of three different regional cultures: U.S. mainland, Hawaii, and South Korea. Using a four-factor self-construal model, two hypotheses were posited: (i) members of collectivistic cultures tend to enact accommodation (loyalty, voice) more and nonaccommodation (neglect, exit) less than do their individualistic counterparts; and (ii) bicultural self-construal is more strongly associated consistently with accommodation than are the other three self-construal types. These hypotheses received support. Collectivism–individualism was related consistently with the type of accommodation, and the four self-construal types also displayed a reliable pattern of associations with accommodation and nonaccommodation. Post-hoc assessments revealed that the four-factor model predicted self-reported accommodation better than did the two-factor model used in previous research. Small effect sizes in the present study, however, suggest that other factors (e.g., industrialization) may have a considerable bearing on responses to accommodative dilemmas.
Commercial Public Service Children’s Television
Authors: Zanker Ruth
Published: December 2004

The article has two aims. First it explores how winners of wider discursive battles over ‘public interest’ and ‘freedom of speech’ have increasingly shaped national interpretations of children’s media rights in the western world. This article argues that the winners of these discursive battles are powerful in terms of shaping children’s media provision. The second part of the article focuses on the particular challenges facing policymakers and broadcasters in New Zealand as they go about defining new public service outputs for children. This nation of four million inhabitants is in the middle of a difficult experiment. The Labour Government, elected in 1999 (and again in 2002), has declared an intention to claw back public service outputs on its state-owned broadcaster TVNZ, after a decade in the deregulated media marketplace.
Just Public Relations or an Attempt at Interaction?
Authors: Jackson Nigel A. , Lilleker Darren G.
Published: December 2004

It is no longer sufficient for a British Member of Parliament to represent a particular party and be in a safe seat to guarantee re-election. Arguably the MP has to prove that they not only represent the party but also the constituency, and increasingly they feel under pressure to prove they take the latter aspect of the job very seriously. Therefore we find them engaging in various activities which can be described as profile building or public relations, activities which we recognize as being more consistent with the PR activities of charities and/or pressure groups. They act as campaigners, building themselves a profile through the local media, they are also increasingly using the Internet to promote themselves, their activities and a number of causes important to the MP and a section of the constituency. PR theory, especially Grunig and Hunt’s continuum and Ferguson’s relationship management theories, help explain the possible motivations for MPs using these various strategies. The question this article asks is whether this is just PR or is there a less cynical motive for this activity. In other words is it simply about vote winning, which clearly is a key aspect, or is there also a desire to increase interaction between the local electorate and their parliamentary representative.
What Media Evolution Is
Authors: Stöber Rudolf
Published: December 2004

The article suggests an explanation for the emergence of new media. Media are not merely the consequence of technical inventions, but derive from a two-stage process of inventing and ‘social institutionalizing’. The technical invention just improves on the old media: for example, Gutenberg improved writing, films improved older optical media and wireless improved wired telegraphy. In the next phase of innovation, new media become institutionalized: now, new media such as the periodical press, motion pictures and broadcasting emerge. A process of ‘social institutionalizing’ changes the invented media fundamentally. Society ‘institutionalizes’ inventions by discovering new possibilities of communication; it adopts and formats new media. The theoretical approach suggested in this article combines evolution theory with Joseph Schumpeter’s distinction between invention and innovation. The article deals with the competitive media history of press, telegraphy, film, radio, television and multimedia. It provides a survey of the emergence of new media with respect to social, political, cultural, economic and technical debates.
Stereoscopic Light Stripe Scanning: Interference Rejection, Error Minimization and Calibration
Authors: Taylor Geoffrey , Kleeman Lindsay
Published: December 2004

This paper addresses the problem of rejecting interference due to secondary specular reflections, cross-talk and other mechanisms in an active light stripe scanner for robotic applications. Conventional scanning methods control the environment to ensure the brightness of the stripe exceeds that of all other features. However, this assumption is likely to be violated for a robot operating in an uncontrolled environment. Robust scanning methods already exist, but suffer from problems including assumed scene structure, acquisition delay, lack of error recovery, and incorrect modeling of measurement noise. We propose a robust technique that overcomes these problems, using two cameras and knowledge of the light plane orientation to disambiguate the primary reflection from spurious measurements. Unlike other robust techniques, our validation and reconstruction algorithms are optimal with respect to sensor noise. Furthermore, we propose a procedure to calibrate the system using measurements of an arbitrary non-planar target, providing robust validation independently of ranging accuracy. Finally, our robust techniques allow the sensor to operate in ambient indoor light, allowing color and range to be implicitly registered. An experimental scanner demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. Source code and sample data are provided in the multimedia extensions.
Simultaneous Localization and Map Building in Large-Scale Cyclic Environments Using the Atlas Framework
Authors: Bosse Michael , Newman Paul , Leonard John , Teller Seth
Published: December 2004

In this paper we describe Atlas, a hybrid metrical/topological approach to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) that achieves efficient mapping of large-scale environments. The representation is a graph of coordinate frames, with each vertex in the graph representing a local frame and each edge representing the transformation between adjacent frames. In each frame, we build a map that captures the local environment and the current robot pose along with the uncertainties of each. Each map’s uncertainties are modeled with respect to its own frame. Probabilities of entities with respect to arbitrary frames are generated by following a path formed by the edges between adjacent frames, computed using either the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm or breath-first search. Loop closing is achieved via an efficient map-matching algorithm coupled with a cycle verification step. We demonstrate the performance of the technique for post-processing large data sets, including an indoor structured environment (2.2 km path length) with multiple nested loops using laser or ultrasonic ranging sensors.
Communicating messages of solidarity, promotion and pride in death announcements genre in Jordanian newspapers
Authors: Al-Ali Mohammed N.
Published: December 2004

This study examined various manifestations of the obituary announcement genre in Arabic to see what generic structures are common in a variety of death announcements, and what communicative functions are articulated by their generic components. Drawing on a corpus of 200 announcements randomly collected from two Jordanian daily newspapers, I identified two types of obituary announcements; one communicates a normal death, whereas the other celebrates an unusual death, termed a ‘martyr’s wedding’. I identified nine recurrent components in the death announcements, reflecting the sociocultural norms, practices and beliefs that give rise to these two distinct, yet related, communicative events. Despite observed similarities in their generic components and their overall communicative purpose, the ‘martyr’s wedding’ notices were found to incorporate promotion of the deceased and communicate a feeling of pride and honor on the part of the announcer. I hope that the results of this study will be of help in further understanding sociocultutral factors that influence this communicative event and provide greater insight into the relationship between genres as social communicative events.
Learning about work at dinnertime: language socialization in dual-earner American families
Authors: Paugh Amy L.
Published: December 2004

The relation between work and family is a topic of considerable research and analysis across disciplines. Yet, few studies have examined how children are socialized into working family life through routine social interactions with family members. This study integrates the lives of children more fully into the literature through a language socialization approach. It analyzes video-recorded dinnertime conversations among 16 middle class working families in Los Angeles to illuminate how children are apprenticed into discourses and ideologies of work. Children acquire work-related values and expectations, as well as related narrative and analytical skills, through taking part in and overhearing their parents’ conversations about work.
Democracy and Human Rights Versus Women’s Security: A Contradiction?
Authors: Caprioli Mary
Published: December 2004

Notions of security are often presumed to be gender neutral, with women and men assumed to share the same political freedoms and human rights. However, assumptions of gender neutrality often mask bias. Do democracy and human rights positively relate to women’s security? If a gender bias is inherent in these norms, then any conclusions drawn from studies using such measures will be strictlylimited, and policy prescriptions designed to ensure security must move beyond policies focusing on promoting democracy and human rights as currently conceptualized. Using a cross-national, longitudinal analysis, this article systematically examines whether democracy and human rights reflect women’s security, and concludes thatneither democracy nor human rights as commonly measured ensure women’s security.
Girl Soldiers: Human Security and Gendered Insecurity
Authors: Fox Mary-Jane
Published: December 2004

The aim of this article is to make a preliminary attempt to explore the extent to which the subject of girl soldiers might fit into discussions of security. The empirical study of girl soldiers falls within the larger issue of child soldiers, which has received wide exposure in recent years, though there have been few attempts to conceptualize or attach theory to it. This is even more so in regard to girl soldiers, who until recently were barely acknowledged or noticed, though they arecurrently estimated to comprise somewhere between one-tenth and one-third of all child soldiers. Gender and security literature has also tended to overlook girl soldiers, and there are limitations on applying gender theory to the plight of recruited girls. Although the subjectof girl soldiers is difficult to locate within traditional state-military security or social security discussions, it appears to fall squarelywithin the human security approach. In spite of the weaknesses ofthe human security concept, its strengths create a security space in which the gendered insecurities of girl soldiers can be recognized and addressed.
Engendering (In)security in Peace Support Operations
Authors: Higate Paul , Henry Marsha
Published: December 2004

This article contributes towards ongoing debates on gender, security and post-conflict studies. Its focus is on the activities of male peace-keepers and their gendered relations with women and girls. Against the backdrop of the peacekeeping economies in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone, we focus on the consequencesof male peacekeepers’ construction and enactment of masculinity (and masculinities) on the security of local women. We concludeby suggesting that a deeper understanding of gender relations and security in peacekeeping contexts is necessary for any policy intervention in post-conflict settings.
The Social Region
Authors: Moulaert Frank , Nussbaumer Jacques
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this paper is to launch a debate on a broader meaning of the term ‘innovation’ and its significance for local and regional development. Innovation and related economic and social categories have been at the centre of policy discussions on the future of the European economy and society. Reflections on the innovative and learning region (Territorial Innovation Models; TIMs) have underpinned regional and local development policies. Yet dissatisfaction with the technologist and market-competition-led development concept of the TIMs is growing and today its shortcomings are well known. But to formulate an alternative based on a different ontology requires a multidimensional reflection on the pillars of territorial development. The first section briefly refers to the critical evaluations of the literature on regional innovation and the so-called Territorial Innovation Models. The second section returns to basic questions about the meaning of regional economic development and innovation. It puts forward community development based on social innovation as an alternative to market-led territorial development. The third section examines the consequences of the community ontology for the definition of a number of basic concepts. Categories such as capital, knowledge, learning, evolution, culture and so on receive a different meaning in a model where the economic is only one dimension of the overall dynamics of community development. The fourth section integrates the role of power relations and the articulation between various spatial scales and institutional settings into the community-development approach. The final section dwells on the consequences of this community-oriented territorial approach for contemporary research agendas on local and regional development policies and strategies.
On the Moral Economy of Racism and Racist Rationalizations in Sport
Authors: Long Jonathan A. , McNamee Mike J.
Published: December 2004

This article draws on and extends a series of empirical studies into the nature and extent of racism in selected sports and philosophical explorations of certain virtues and vices in sports more generally. In particular, the article explores dispassionately questions of responsibility and culpability for both committed and unacknowledged racism in sports, and critically evaluates sportspersons’ attempts to rationalize it. We argue that it is necessary to examine: some of the underpinning ‘logic’ of empirical and conceptual research; certain unchallenged assumptions about the moral repugnance of racism; and certain undifferentiated moral responses to racisms of lesser and greater viciousness. The aim of this article, then, is to offer a clearer conceptual schema for evaluating beliefs and behaviour in this highly charged arena. We examine critically certain definitions of racism, and evaluate the ethical standing of a range of actions and practices that characteristically fall under the labels ‘racist’ and ‘racism’.
Sports Participation and the ‘Obesity/Health Crisis’
Authors: Smith Andrew , Green Ken , Roberts Ken
Published: December 2004

There has been growing concern in recent years about the emergence of a supposed ‘health crisis’ — in the form of an ‘obesity epidemic’ — among young people, one of the maincauses of which, it is assumed, is their declining levels of involvement in sport and physical activity. This brief paper offers some critical comments on the taken-for-granted relationship between these two emergent ‘crises’ and argues that, in contrast to popular opinion, young people are, in fact, doing more sport and physical activity than at any other time in the past, but that this process has co-occurred, and continues to co-occur, with increasing levels of obesity and overweight. In order to begin to adequately explain these co-occurring processes, it is argued that we need to examine young people’s lives in their total context, while noting, in particular, the continuing significance of broader social processes and the networks of relationships in which they are involved.
Robust Vibration Control of a Plate Using Self-sensing Actuators of Piezoelectric Patches
Authors: Zhang Wenfeng , Qiu Jinhao , Tani Junji
Published: December 2004

Piezoelectric actuators and sensors are increasingly being used in applications involving vibration/position/shape control devices. Based on the self-sensing actuator (SSA) concept in which the sensors and actuators are seamlessly collocated, this paper presents a study on the robust control of a clamped plate. An analytical model of a plate with surface-bonded piezoelectric patches is derived and a μ-synthesis controller is designed to suppress multi-mode vibrations of the clamped plate under perturbations. The experimental results show that the symmetrical and asymmetrical modes can be effectively suppressed with designed feedback control using two piezoelectric patches which are positioned symmetrically and asymmetrically on the plate, respectively.
Passive and MR Fluid-coated Auxetic PU Foam – Mechanical, Acoustic, and Electromagnetic Properties
Authors: Scarpa F. , Smith F. C.
Published: December 2004

This paper deals with a comparative study on the mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic properties of a novel class of auxetic (negative Poisson’s ratio) rigid polyurethane (PU) foam with a magnetorheological (MR) fluid coating. An auxetic solid expands in all directions when pulled in only one, thus behaving in an opposite manner compared to ‘classical’ solids. When compared with the conventional PU foam, the auxetic PU foam shows enhanced crashworthiness properties and increased sound absorption characteristics (at low frequencies). Samples of auxetic foam coated with MR fluid are examined in this work. While the tensile mechanical properties of the MR fluid-coated samples are affected mainly by surface effects, the acoustic absorption characteristics show almost constant values beyond the cut-off frequency level of the original uncoated auxetic foam. With regard to the foams’ electromagnetic properties, the auxetic structure and MR coating cause an increase in the refractive index and loss factor compared to the conventional foams. These electromagnetic effects are due to the presence of a high relative density and metal particulates in the foam material.
Stepwise-equilibrium and Adaptive Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Fracture Toughness of Single Crystals
Authors: Xu Y. G. , Liu G. R. , Behdinan K. , Fawaz Z.
Published: December 2004

A stepwise-equilibrium and adaptive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation scheme for investigating the fracture toughness of single crystals is proposed in this study. The critical fracture toughness is found by conducting MD simulations along with the gradually increasing external load. At each load step, an equilibrium state is obtained by relaxing the system from the initial state generated. This is done by adjusting the atomic position using an additional displacement of linear elastic solution corresponding to the current load increment. The load increment is adjusted at each step in an adaptive way in order to achieve high computational efficiency and accuracy. A nickel crystal having 14256 atoms is investigated using this technique. The critical stress intensity factor in the (1[UNKNOWN]0) plane is found to be 0.7436 MPa √m, while the fracture stress is 4.7776 GPa. The effects of vacancies on the critical stress intensity factors are also investigated.
Methylcellulose Coatings Applied to Reduce Oil Uptake in Fried Products
Authors: García M. A. , Ferrero C. , Campana A. , Bértola N. , Martino M. , Zaritzky N.
Published: December 2004

Reducing fat content of fried foods by application of coatings is an alternative solution to comply with both health concerns and consumer preferences. The objective of the present work was to analyse the effect of coating formulation on the quantity and composition of oil-uptake by potato strips and dough discs, and the quality of frying oil after several frying batches. The effect of coating composition showed that the most efficient formulations were 1% methylcellulose (MC) and 0.5% sorbitol for fried potatoes and 1% MC and 0.75% sorbitol for dough discs. The most effective coating formulations reduced oil uptake by 35-40%, depending on the product. The increase in water content was 6.3% and 25.7% for potato strips and dough discs, respectively. Although coatings were effective barriers to reduce oil uptake in fried products, they did not modify oil composition as detected by HPLC analysis. Oil stability of frying oils, evaluated by total polar compounds and acidity, was within the allowed limits established by the Argentine Food Code (acidity <0.6mg KOH/g oil).
Wine-making of High Coloured Wines: Extended Pomace Contact and Run-off of Juice Prior to Fermentation
Authors: Bautista-Ortín A. B. , Fernández-Fernández J. I. , López-Roca J. M. , Gómez-Plaza E.
Published: December 2004

The influence of two different oenological practices (pomace contact time and the running-off of the juice prior to fermentation) on the production of high coloured wines was analysed and tested with two vintages from the years 2001 and 2002. There were assayed three pomace contact times (15, 25 and 35 days) and 15 and 20% run-off treatments. The colour stability of the resulting wines was also evaluated, using an accelerated ageing process. Differences were observed in the colour characteristics between vintages. Larger berries in 2002 led to wines with a lower colour density although the effect of the studied practices was very similar both years. A pomace contact time longer than 15 days led to wines with poor and unstable colour both years. Running-off juice prior to fermentation produced wines with a higher colour density, lower yellow percentage and a higher polymerisation of the anthocyanins. These wines also showed the highest colour stability. The effect of the running-off treatments on wine colour was more pronounced in 2001 than in 2002 due to the different characteristics of the grapes. The extent of this practice must therefore be decided on a year-by-year basis to obtain the best characteristics.
Narrative and Systemic Modes of Economic Thinking
Authors: van Bavel René , Gaskell George
Published: December 2004

This paper concerns expert and lay economic thinking. A number of perspectives are reviewed, leading to a conceptualization which draws upon Habermas’s distinction between system and lifeworld and Bruner’s account of narrative and paradigmatic modes of thought. Qualitative empirical work conducted in Chile is analysed within a framework of systemic and narrative modes of economic thinking. Five aspects of lay and expert economic thought are identified. These include: what is seen as the ‘figure’ and the ‘ground’ in matters economic; modes of reasoning; the extent of linkages between elements of the economy; the use of metaphor; and the relation between the economy, values and society. The relationship between these two modes of thought, as well as the implications of this distinction for economic debate in the public sphere is discussed.
Policy-Making, Local Factions and Candidate Coordination in Single Non-Transferable Voting
Authors: Tsai Chia-Hung
Published: December 2004

Conventional belief suggests that the ruling party in the ‘single non-transferable voting’ (SNTV) system can often coordinate legislative candidates through the allocation of resources, and previous research shows that both local factions and budget distribution influence the process of candidate coordination. Modeling the seat shares of the Kuomintang (KMT) in the 1992, 1995, 1998 and 2001 legislative elections, this article contends that the number of local factions and chairmen in parliament largely determines the KMT’s seat gains. Evidence shows that the KMT was apt to coordinate candidates through the position of committee chairpersons in the Legislative Yuan, and its failure to do so in the 2001 election contributed to its fall.
Minor Parties in Plurality Electoral Systems
Authors: Gerring John
Published: December 2004

Present research on minor party performance consists largely of single-country studies or pooled studies including a raft of widely varying electoral systems. This study examines the topic from a cross-national perspective, but is limited to democratic polities with single-member districts and first-past-the-post rules. An original dataset is compiled including 217 elections drawn from 37 countries and several historical eras. Five political-institutional factors are explored: (1) federalism, (2) presidentialism, (3) electoral system institutionalization, (4) party organization, and (5) electoral volatility. The evidence suggests that major party hegemony is more complete in polities with unitary constitutions, parliamentary executives, long-enduring electoral systems, strong party organization and low electoral volatility.
Issues and Party Preferences in Hungary
Authors: Todosijević Bojan
Published: December 2004

The article compares proximity and Rabinowitz/Macdonald directional models of issue voting according to their ability to predict preferences for the six Hungarian parliamentary parties. It was assumed that in a relatively new democracy directional models should perform better, since voters would have more difficulty recognizing the exact positions of parties on different issue dimensions. Furthermore, it was assumed that political sophistication would influence the observed relationships. The analysis is based on a Hungarian national random sample, and an additional survey of members of the Hungarian parliament. The data include voters’ and representatives’ expressed preferences concerning eight specific policy issues, as well as their positions on the left-right dimension. Although voters’ issue preferences appear as relatively weak predictors of vote choice, the directional model generally outperformed the proximity model, the difference being greater in the less politically sophisticated group. In addition, the vote is better explained by positions on the left-right scale than on specific issues.
Teaching Bodies: Affects in the Classroom
Authors: Probyn Elspeth
Published: December 2004

This article reintroduces notions of the experiential, lived body as crucial for teaching. It critiques some recent moves within women’s studies, and cultural studies more generally, to use ‘theory’ as a way of abstracting bodies from the classroom. Using the work of Silvan Tomkins on affects, and Deleuzian notions of the body, it argues for a more comprehensive account of the affects, politics and practices of pedagogy.
Meridians, Chakras and Psycho-Neuro-Immunology: The Dematerializing Body and the Domestication of Alternative Medicine
Authors: Fadlon Judith
Published: December 2004

In recent years, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has grown both in popularity and economic importance. I argue that this success is primarily the result of domestication to the dominant culture of biomedicine and is readily observable in images and metaphors of the body used both in CAM and biomedical discourse. It is suggested that this shared imagery points to a new phase in the relationship between the body and society. The domestication of CAM is further illustrated through processes of dissemination and professionalization. The article concludes by discussing the domestication of CAM as a reflection of an epistemological shift in biomedicine alongside its continued hegemony.