bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison and covalidation of ozone anomalies and variability observed in SBUV(/2) and Umkehr northern midlatitude ozone profile estimates
Authors: Petropavlovskikh I. , Ahn Changwoo , Bhartia P. K. , Flynn L. E.
Published: March 2005

This analysis presents comparisons of upper‐stratosphere ozone information observed by two independent systems: the Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SBUV and SBUV/2) satellite instruments, and ground‐based Dobson spectrophotometers. Both the new SBUV Version 8 and the new UMK04 profile retrieval algorithms are optimized for studying long‐term variability and trends in ozone. Trend analyses of the ozone time series from the SBUV(/2) data set are complex because of the multiple instruments involved, changes in the instruments' geo‐location, and short periods of overlaps for inter‐calibrations among different instruments. Three northern middle latitudes Dobson ground stations (Arosa, Boulder, and Tateno) are used in this analysis to validate the trend quality of the combined 25‐year SBUV/2 time series, 1979 to 2003. Generally, differences between the satellite and ground‐based data do not suggest any significant time‐dependent shifts or trends. The shared features confirm the value of these data sets for studies of ozone variability.
Effect of lithospheric geometry on rift valley relief
Authors: Qin Ran , Buck W. Roger
Published: March 2005

Continental and mid‐oceanic rifts commonly show a rift valley bounded by normal faults and uplifted shoulders. In this paper we numerically model the evolution of rift valley relief in a notched brittle lithosphere. Results show that the rift valley has a maximum valley relief, which is controlled by the competition between isostasy and lithospheric geometry. If the axial lithosphere is much thinner than the flanking lithosphere, the isostatic force will break outward dipping faults on the axis and stop the deepening of the rift valley. We call this the axial failure mode. On the other hand, if the thickness of axial lithosphere is close to that of the flanks, flexural bending will break new faults on the flanks and stop the valley deepening. We call this the flanking failure mode. Triggering of either mode gives the maximum valley depth, and the selection is controlled by the interplay between isostasy and lithospheric geometry. On the basis of these mechanisms we propose a scaling equation that relates the maximum valley depth to the geometry (flanking thickness, axial thickness, and notch width) and strength (friction angle and cohesion) of the lithosphere. The model explains along‐axis variation of valley relief at mid‐oceanic ridges by changes of the axial lithosphere thickness.
Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid synergistically promote sensory fate specification from bone marrow-derived pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Kondo Takako , Johnson Scott A. , Yoder Mervin C. , Romand Raymond , Hashino Eri
Published: March 2005

Recent studies demonstrated that stromal cells isolated from adult bone marrow have the competence of differentiating into neuronal cells
in vitro
and
in vivo
. However, the capacity of marrow stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into diverse neuronal cell populations and the identity of molecular factors that confer marrow stromal cells with the competence of a neuronal subtype have yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and retinoic acid (RA), signaling molecules secreted from tissues in the vicinity of peripheral sensory ganglia during embryogenesis, exert synergistic effects on neural-competent MSCs to express a comprehensive set of glutamatergic sensory neuron markers. Application of Shh or RA alone had little or no effect on the expression of these neuronal subtype markers. In addition, incubation of MSCs with embryonic hindbrain/somite/otocyst conditioned medium or prenatal cochlea explants promoted up-regulation of additional sensory neuron markers and process outgrowth. These results identify Shh and RA as sensory competence factors for adult pluripotent cells and establish the importance of interactions between adult pluripotent cells and the host microenvironment in neuronal subtype specification.
Introduction
Authors: Gedge Karin E.
Published: March 2005

The perception of a “peculiar” alliance between nineteenth-century Protestant clergy and their female parishioners emerges from contemporary sources such as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter (1850) and the widely publicized adultery trial of Henry Ward Beecher (1875), and the influential monograph The Feminization of American Culture (1977) by Ann Douglas. By examining a wider variety of primary sources from mostly ordinary northern, white, Protestants, Gedge analyzes the similarities and differences between perceived, imagined, idealized, and experienced pastoral relationships, and identifies the cultural, spiritual, and psychological tensions they reveal. She outlines the argument that women were without benefit of clergy in the pastoral relationship. Though viewed as natural allies in their mission as moral guardians of the new republic, women and clergy were estranged by the same ideology that prescribed their alliance.
The Bellwether; or, What the Traveler Saw
Authors: Gedge Karin E.
Published: March 2005

European travelers to the early republic published numerous accounts that often expressed alarm and dismay at the reciprocal devotion of women and ministers, seeing in it a threat to families, churches, and the republic itself. Whether conservative or liberal, skeptical or approving of the democratic experiment and the disestablished church, writers as varied as Frances Trollope, Harriet Martineau, Francis Grund, Charles Dickens, and Frances Wright felt compelled to describe the pastoral relationship and often did so in derogatory ways. It served as synecdoche and bellwether for the health of the republic.
Miracle of the Rose
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

Rose and flower tropes are pursued into “deflowering,” paradise-garden and edenic imagery, the odor of sanctity, and the miracle after which St. Rose of Lima’s name was changed. The discussion references Venus, the Virgin Mary as the “Rose without Thorns,” the Romance of the Rose, and Christ as the New Adam, among other topics.
Why Rose of Lima?
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

A discussion of why among the many candidates Rose of Lima received high honors as first saint of the New World and patron of the Americas. The reasons discussed include Rose’s penitential asceticism, support of religious and civil authorities, effective hagiography, Criollismo, advocacy by the Dominicans and Queen Mariana of Austria, and massive public devotion. Also discussed are the popularization of mysticism by Fray Luis de Granada and others, the Inquisition’s response, and the religious ideals of Counter-Reformation Spain.
Spiritualized Symptoms
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

The practices of and circumstances conducive to mysticism are considered in their relation to psychopathology. The discussion begins with consideration of the relation between Rose and her mother, and how this dynamic of absolute submission later characterized Rose’s relation to Christ. A section on traumatic reliving then reveals how the illnesses, accidents, painful cures, and punishments of Rose of Lima’s childhood were later mastered and symbolically repeated as her saintly submission to pain, now self-inflicted, assumed new meanings. Love as suffering and the erotics of mortification are considered in depth, as are religious delusions and the absence of mysticism’s love object, Christ the Bridegroom. Throughout the discussion mysticism is compared to a range of modern disorders, including masochism, anorexia nervosa, depression, self-injurious behavior, conversion disorders (hysteria), and schizophrenia.
The Purgatory of Love
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

Discusses the wound in Christ’s side as a breast where nourishment and eroticism interact dynamically, including examples from the lives of Catherine of Siena, Maria Maddalena de’Pazzi, Angela of Foligno, and Marguerite-Marie Alacoque, in addition to Rose of Lima. Flames of passion and wounds of love are then analyzed, including Teresa of Avila’s transverberation and the Mercedes graphics produced by Rose of Lima. The chapter concludes with an analysis of mystical marriage, in Rose’s life and generally, as a symbolic complex in which varied strategies of uniting with Christ–inedia, eucharistic devotion, erotic agony, unitive identification, and heart exchange, among others–are integrated into a comprehensive agenda.
The National Protest: Beginning in the Middle
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

William Nevins wrote a series of essays against the Catholic Church in the midst of the first great outbreak of antipopery in America. It is argued that Nevins represents The Outline, the evangelical myth organized in doctrinal rather than narrative categories, fit to appear as a tightly argued and properly ordered bill of particulars against Catholicism. American evangelical polemic against Catholic belief displays all the characteristics of a “tradition”. The tradition imposes a table of contents and a supply of arguments that vary little from author to author, decade to decade, and century to century.
Chapels
Authors: Shevzov Vera
Published: March 2005

Chapels held a unique place in the ecclesial world of Orthodox laity in late imperial Russia. Lay persons built them to mark personal, local, or national events. Chapels were self-contained ecclesial spaces where the usual hierarchical ordering of clergy and laity was not a dominant feature. They enabled lay persons to exercise their sense of responsibility for their faith, and actively share their identification with that historical faith that they felt as their own.
Conclusion
Authors: Shevzov Vera
Published: March 2005

This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the Orthodox Church on the eve of the Russian Revolution. During this time, Orthodox Christianity faced a genuine krisis in corporate self-understanding. Churchmen and theologians sought a renewal of the communal spirit of the Orthodox faith. However, several aspects of ecclesial life elicited mixed sentiments and evaluations.
The Difference Ecology Makes
Authors: Wirzba Norman
Published: March 2005

This chapter charts the development of ecology as a science and then highlights the cultural and educational significance of this way of thinking. The career of Aldo Leopold is considered in order to show the transformation in thought necessary for a more robust environmentalism. The foundations are also laid for an ecological ethic, a garden aesthetic, and a conversation between religion and ecology around the topic of death.
Conclusion
Authors: Wirzba Norman
Published: March 2005

Given the wholeness of membership that creation itself is, an environmentalism is proposed that does not take us out of nature but places us more responsibly within it. Practical suggestions are offered that will strengthen our identities and vocations as creatures made by God to serve the well-being of the whole creation. Our challenge is to design communities and construct built environments that will reflect God’s justice and peace.
The Option for the Poor and the Exclusion of Women
Authors: Vuola Elina
Published: March 2005

The author calls upon liberation theology to undertake a critical dialogue with postmodernism and feminism, a dialogue which would take a critical look at how the preferential option for the poor has excluded some voices, especially those of poor women. The author discusses developments inthe understanding of the preferential option as well as the role of academic liberation theologians. The concept of the option for the poor has been both too general and too narrow to include the multiplicity of situations in which the poor live. Through a critical dialogue with postmodernism and feminism, liberation theology should gain a deeper understanding of the poor as gendered, sexual, and reproductive beings.
The Necessity of Finite Modes and Geometrical Containment in Spinoza's Metaphysics
Authors: Huenemann Charles
Published: March 2005

This essay argues that Spinoza believed that each finite mode is absolutely necessitated by God's nature and is causally necessitated by the laws of nature in conjunction with other finite modes. A geometrical analogy from Part 2 of the Ethics is employed in order to give a more suggestive account of the ways in which all things are necessary, according to Spinoza.
The Purification of Mary, or Candlemas
Authors: Kreitzer Beth
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores Lutheran sermons on the text on Mary’s Purification. The picture of Mary that emerges is one of subordination: she is humble and obedient to a law of which she is free; she is willing to be thought of as impure and in need of purification, despite her true purity as virgin; even in the prophecy of her pain and suffering at the death of her son, she is subordinate. Lutheran preachers try to shape unwieldy feminine images into the “proper” picture of the pious Christian woman, struggling to translate these exceptional figures from another time and culture into role models to which their audience could relate.
buddha nature
Authors: Slone D. Jason
Published: March 2005

Religious thought involves the presumption that superhuman agents exist, while theology involves postulations about these agents. This dual feature of religion seems to apply across the board. However, one religious system, Theravada Buddhism of South and Southeast Asia appears to challenge this assumption. It is argued that Buddhists are not passive recipients but active participants in Buddhism. Thus, Buddhism is the same as other religions because its members share the same cognitive equipment as members of other religions.
Sentimental Rules
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2005

This volume develops a new account of the nature of moral judgment. Evidence from developmental psychology and psychopathologies suggests that emotions play a crucial role in normal moral judgment. This indicates that philosophical accounts of moral judgment that eschew the emotions are mistaken. However, the volume also argues that prevailing philosophical accounts that embrace a role for the emotions are also mistaken. The empirical work points to a quite different account of moral judgment than philosophers have considered, an account in which normative rules and emotions make independent contributions to moral judgment. Further, the volume argues that the emotions play an important role in the normative rules that get fixed in the culture. The history of norms indicates that norms that resonate with our emotions are more likely to survive.
Sparks of Benevolence
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores in detail the nature of the affective response to suffering in others. Humans exhibit importantly different kinds of response, each of which apparently emerges fairly early in development. The psychological underpinnings of altruistic motivation are especially complex, and the chapter argues that altruistic motivation depends on a basic affective system, a “Concern Mechanism,” which requires only a minimal capacity for understanding other minds.
Philosophical Sentimentalism
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2005

According to the influential sentimentalist tradition in moral philosophy, moral judgment is grounded in affective response. On Allan Gibbard’s prominent contemporary version of this view, he maintains that to judge an action wrong is to judge that it would be appropriate to feel guilt on doing the action. In this chapter, evidence from developmental psychology is brought against this sentimentalist theory. The capacity for moral judgment emerges quite early, apparently well before the capacity to attribute guilt or other moral emotions. The evidence thus suggests that this capacity for moral judgment cannot be captured by accounts which identify the capacity for moral judgment with the capacity to judge that guilt is normatively appropriate.
A Fragment of the Genealogy of Norms
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2005

One explanation for why the norms we have are closely connected to our emotions is that our norms are intrinsically connected to our emotions. This chapter develops the alternative idea that our emotions played a historical role in shaping which norms prevailed. The central thesis is that emotional responses constitute one important set of mechanisms that affects the cultural viability of norms. Norms that “resonate” with our emotional repertoire will be more likely to survive than other norms. This is corroborated by historical evidence indicating that 16th-century etiquette norms prohibiting disgusting actions were much more likely to survive than other 16th-century etiquette norms.
Commonsense Objectivism and the Persistence of Moral Judgment
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2005

Many philosophers maintain that common sense is committed to a kind of moral objectivism. This chapter exploits recent empirical work to defend this claim. The chapter also maintains that the account of moral judgment developed in the volume contributes to a familiar Humean argument against moral objectivism. However, even if the commonsense commitment to moral objectivity is wrong, that does not immediately lead to an “error theory” according to which all commonsense moral judgments are false since they all presuppose objectivity. Rather, there are fundamental questions in the philosophy of mind that need to be settled before we can determine whether error theory follows. In any case, recent evidence suggests that many of the central characteristics of moral judgment can be preserved in the absence of a commitment to objectivity.
Power in Nature
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

Humans’ earliest experience of power came with their exposure to the forces of nature: storms, floods, and the heat of the sun. Above all, humans have encountered the power of life in the world around them and in their own vitality and quest for physical survival. In a special way, humans have attempted to understand the power of their own sexuality. With the advent of modern science, humans have discovered even more the immense power at work in the universe. This raises the question of divine creation and the intrinsic teleology of the universe, of the Spirit/Power of God, and of the purpose of human existence.
The Power of Ritual
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

Humans constantly ritualize their worldview, give ritual expression to their individual and group identities, thereby form and shape communities, and establish power alignments within a group. Causative relation of ritualizing to a group's ideology and purpose. Early Christian association of Spirit of God with rituals, animating and empowering them to effect community. Eucharistic celebration understood as central Christian ritual, not as spectacle, that effects divine transforming presence in the Spirit.
Conclusion
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

Metaphor as instrument of theological reflection. Metaphors of the Spirit of God used by various thinkers within the context of Christian faith. Human embrace as metaphor for the Spirit. Characteristics of the human experience of genuine embrace; need for the ‘inner,’ spiritual, dimension. Application of ‘embrace’ to the Spirit in relation to various forms of power.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the purpose of this book. It then presents an overview of statistics on OECD countries. The rationale behind the authors’ decisions on what variables and statistics to include is explained.
Finland
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Finland. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
France
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in France. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Greece
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Greece. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
The Netherlands
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in the Netherlands. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Turkey
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Turkey. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Australia
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Australia. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
On Economic Inequality
Authors: Sen Amartya , Foster James
Published: March 2005

This book, which was first published in 1973, presents a systematic treatment of the conceptual framework as well as the practical problems of the measurement of economic inequality. Alternative approaches are evaluated in terms of their philosophical assumptions, economic content, and statistical requirements. In a new annexe added in 1997, which is as large as the original book, Amartya Sen, jointly with James Foster, critically surveys the literature that followed the publication of the first edition of the book, and evaluates the main analytical issues in the appraisal of economic inequality and poverty. The technical and non‐technical sections of the book are not presented separately, but it is possible to skip or skim through the formal sections and go directly from the intuitive presentation of the axioms to the intuitive explanation of the results.
Inequality as a Quasi‐Ordering
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: March 2005

It is argued that the difficulty of using the positive and normative measures of inequality described in the previous chapter arises from the fact that they are ‘complete’ measures. Each of these measures may give absurd results, because they aim to give a complete‐ordering representation to a concept that is essentially one of partial ranking. Hence, a weakening of the inequality measures to a mixture of partly descriptive and partly normative considerations is proposed. A number of reasons for taking inequality rankings as quasi‐orderings rather than complete orderings are suggested.
7 Multiple Equilibria and Bootstrapping Performance
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip
Published: March 2005

Sometimes esteem (or disesteem) is assigned by reference not to quality of performance but rather to whether the actor has acted in accordance with some norm. Feedback effects can arise in this case as well, because the amount of esteem/disesteem assigned for compliance/non-compliance is likely to be a function of the number of conformers. Equilibrium analysis is undertaken for this case. A distinctive feature is that there are likely to be two possible stable equilibria: one a positive esteem, low-compliance equilibrium and the other a disesteem, high compliance equilibrium. The multiple equilibria property raises the question of ‘boot strapping’ from the lower to the higher equilibrium. We investigate that possibility in the context of a more general comparative static analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Montgomery Kathleen A.
Published: March 2005

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion on the relationship between democratization and women’s access to political power in post-communist systems, and gender equality in politics. It then describes the general framework model on legislative recruitment that will be applied in the 12 case studies on female legislative representation in post-communist Europe featured in the volume. An overview of the cases, and their conclusions are presented.
Women's Representation in Germany: A Comparison of East and West
Authors: Bay Brzinski Joanne
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines women’s representation in East and West Germany. The variables that explain when and where women achieve representation work as well in the East as in the West. In both regions, proportional party lists produce more women deputies than single member districts. Each party tends to elect similar numbers of women in both regions, suggesting that party recruitment and election policies have similar effect in both regions.
Weak Mobilization, Hidden Majoritarianism, and Resurgence of the Right: A Recipe for Female Under-Representation in Hungary
Authors: Montgomery Kathleen A. , Ilonszki Gabriella
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the under-representation of women in post-communist Hungary. Female under-representation is attributed to a combination of electoral, cultural and party system factors. Women fare best when non-rightist parties are able to engage in ticket-balance strategies. The built-in majoritarian bias of the Hungarian electoral system discourages party gatekeepers from become pro-active in female recruitment.
Electoral Systems and Women's Representation: The Strange Case of Russia
Authors: Moser Robert G.
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the representation of women in Russia’s mixed electoral system. Cultural attitudes and weak demand for female candidates have discouraged Russian parties from nominating women in winnable positions. A combination of institutional rules, party fragmentation, and communist legacies have closed some doors to representation in the closed party-list proportional representation contest, but provided other opportunities in single-member districts for women.
Czech Political Parties Prefer Male Candidates to Female Votes
Authors: Saxonberg Steven
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines the reasons behind low female representation in the Czech parliament. It is argued that the nominating process is the biggest obstacle faced by female politicians. The absence of a strong women’s movement causes parties that decide on how to balance the tickets to prioritise regional balance instead. Another reason is the lack of transparency in the nomination process of political parties, which tends to undermine female, minority, and other groups outside of the power structure.
On the Origin of Truth Values
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

The formal language developed in ch. 1 is modelled as a directed graph with a boundary, and the problem of assigning truth values to sentences assimilated to a boundary‐value problem. A trivalent semantics, with true, false, and ungrounded sentences results. The nature of the third truth‐value imposes constraints on the possible truth‐functional connectives in the language.
Reasoning about Permissible Sentences
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

A second inferential system that preserves permissibility rather than truth is developed. All classical theorems are shown to be necessarily permissible to assert. The two inferential systems are compared.
The Permissibility Paradox
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

The notion of a sentence that is permissible to assert spawns a new ‘paradox’: a sentence that says of itself that it is not permissible to assert. This appears to be a form of the revenge problem for solutions of the Liar paradox. The problematic sentences are shown to force a violation of a normative ideal, but to be otherwise unproblematic.
Introduction: Co‐ordinating National Action in Brussels
Authors: Kassim Hussein
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this Introduction to the book is to provide a point of reference and context for the eleven country studies that follow. It begins with a brief discussion of national co-ordination and why it matters to governments at the European level, and then outlines the tasks and difficulties that face national co-ordinators in Brussels, looking at the EU as a political system, and at its complex institutional structure (the Council of the Union, the European Parliament, the European Commission). The following section looks at the tasks that national co-ordinators are called to perform in routine policy-making, and identifies four phases: policy initiation, policy formulation, deliberation and decision; and implementation and enforcement. A brief section on ‘heroic’ decision-making by national governments follows, and then the matter of the emergence of an overall pattern in national co-ordination—of convergence or divergence—is considered. The next section looks at the effectiveness of national arrangements in Brussels, and the concluding one introduces the eleven country case studies.
Representing the United Kingdom in Brussels: The Fine Art of Positive Co‐ordination
Authors: Kassim Hussein
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines the co-ordination of UK policy in Brussels, starting by putting the institutions, procedures, and policies that the UK has put in place at the European level in the context of the UK’s strategic or ‘positive’ co-ordination ambition. It then focuses on the role of the UK permanent representation (UKREP) in the system. After briefly outlining its history, the internal organization of UKREP is described, with accounts of its policies relating to personnel (composition, recruitment), its internal processes and working methods, and its responsibilities, roles, and functions. An assessment is then made of the capacity and effectiveness both of UKREP specifically and of the UK co-ordination arrangements more generally. Two arguments are advanced: the first is that the factors that account for the UK’s exacting co-ordination ambition—principally, the centralized nature of its political system, scepticism towards the European project, and a preference for intergovernmentalism over supranationalism—also largely explain why it has been administratively efficient, but not politically effective, at the European level; the second argument relates to devolution, and makes the point that, on the present evidence, the creation of devolved governments in Scotland and Wales does not threaten the co-ordination strategy pursued by the UK since its accession to the European Communities, since despite institutional adjustments made by the devolved authorities, in Brussels UKREP retains its primacy.
Ministerial Government at the European Level: The Case of Austria
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C.
Published: March 2005

Although this chapter touches on the long-term development of the Austrian permanent representation at Brussels (which dates back to the mid-1950s, when Austria had a mission for handling relations with the European Coal and Steel Community), it concentrates on the time since Austria has been a member of the European Union (1995). The first two sections deal with the organization and personnel of the permanent representation. The following section locates the permanent representation in the policy co-ordination process. A discussion follows of the limits to co-ordination that are inherent in the set-up of the Austrian institutions, and there is also a brief discussion of activities and strategies. The conclusion attempts to situate the empirical findings in the context of models of government.
Organized Equity Markets
Authors: Theissen Erik
Published: March 2005

Tries to assess the institutional structure and the current and past performance of the German equity markets. Information about market volumes and a description of the organisation, governance, and micro-structure are provided. Further discusses recent evidence on the operational efficiency and liquidity across various market segments, including specific issues like floor versus screen trading, the impact of specialists on market liquidity and transactions costs, and the role of anonymity in market organisation.
Corporate Governance in Germany: An Economic Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Reinhard H.
Published: March 2005

Analyses German corporate governance under the aspect of whether it was, and possibly still is, a consistent and economically efficient system composed of complementary elements. The author shows that it was, and still is, an insider-control system in which several influential stakeholder groups govern corporations according to the concept of stakeholder orientation. In recent years, several steps that aim at modernising the system have been taken. The system has indeed become more modern and shareholder-friendly, but also less consistent than it used to be. Moreover, so far the recent developments have not had the effect of transforming German corporate governance in a fundamental way and converting it into a capital market-oriented and outsider-control system.
Akrasia, Collective and Individual
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: March 2005

Examines what is necessary for a group to constitute an agent that can display akrasia, and what steps such a group might take to establish self‐control. The topic has some interest in itself, and the discussion suggests some lessons about how we should think of akrasia in the individual as well as in the collective case. Under the image that the lessons support, akrasia is a sort of constitutional disorder: a failure to achieve a unity projected in the avowal of agency. This image fits well with the constitutional model of the soul in Plato's Republic.
Accidie, Evaluation, and Motivation
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: March 2005

Accidie, depression, and dejection seem to be psychological phenomena that are best characterized as cases in which an agent has no motivation to pursue what he or she judges to be good or valuable. The phenomena thus seem to present a challenge to any view that draws a close connection between motivation and evaluation. ‘Accidie, Evaluation, and Motivation’ aims to show that the phenomena are actually best explained by a theory that postulates a conceptual connection between motivation and evaluation.
Change in Intergenerational Class Mobility in France from the 1970s to the 1990s and its Explanation: An Analysis Following the CASMIN Approach
Authors: Vallet Louis-André
Published: March 2005

There has been a progressive opening up in the mobility regime in France from the start of the seventies. It is apparent in both men’s mobility and women’s mobility, is also revealed by an analysis of ‘complete’ mobility tables, and is scarcely sensitive to the treatment of unemployed and retired persons in the analysis, or to the detail of the class schema. This opening up resulted from a decline in the hierarchical divisions within the class structure and from a reduced distance between the agricultural classes and the others. Finally, introducing education between class origin and class destination reveals that the opening up of the mobility regime resulted from three components: a decrease in inequality of educational opportunity, a weakening in the relative occupational advantage afforded by education, and a compositional effect (educational expansion increased the size of more qualified groups in which the direct effect of origin on destination is generally weaker).
The Italian Mobility Regime: 1985–97
Authors: Pisati Maurizio , Schizzerotto Antonio
Published: March 2005

Analyses changes in the Italian social mobility regime over the period 1985 to 1997. First, it is shown that both men’s and women’s absolute rates of mobility have remained substantially stable during the period under analysis. Some changes did occur in relative mobility changes: on the one hand, the strength of the barriers separating the urban manual and non-manual classes has increased somewhat; on the other hand, the degree of viscosity of agricultural classes has considerably decreased. Overall, these two changes have brought about a slight increase in the degree of fluidity of the Italian society.
Equality at a Halt? Social Mobility in Sweden, 1976–99
Authors: Jonsson Jan O.
Published: March 2005

Social structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. Total social mobility between generations has, however, changed rather little. The only trend that can be discerned is that the share of vertical to non-vertical moves has increased over time, particularly that women’s upward mobility has increased. Relative social mobility, or social fluidity, has not changed overall for men, though the advantage to an upper service class origin appears to have diminished somewhat. For women, however, there is increasing social fluidity across the board. This increase took place at the end of the 1980s and stabilized thereafter. One plausible process behind this is a decreasing association between class of origin and educational attainment, probably acting through cohort replacement.
Policy Implications from the Theory-Based Literature on Disclosure
Authors: Verrecchia Robert E.
Published: March 2005

The theory-based disclosure literature is reviewed to infer policy prescriptions that seem implicit in the results. The author points out that the theory-based literature fails to distinguish adequately between analyses concerned primarily with narrow pathologies, and results that are sufficiently general to extend naturally to broad policy issues. He attempts to make this distinction and discusses broad notions and ideas that originate from the theory-based literature in accounting that comport with casual empiricism. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; Public disclosure and private information gathering; Unintended consequences of public disclosure; Other externalities of disclosure; Disclosure standards aside, what thwarts firms from disclosing voluntarily?; and Conclusion.
Proprietary versus Nonproprietary Disclosures: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Leuz Christian
Published: March 2005

Discretionary disclosure theory suggests that proprietary costs are an important reason why firms often withhold material information, but empirically testing this hypothesis has proven to be difficult because of the elusive nature of proprietary costs and lack of settings in which proprietary disclosures are voluntary. Until recently, German firms were not required to disclose business segment reports, which are generally viewed as competitively sensitive and proprietary in nature; an analysis of voluntary business segment disclosures of firms finds evidence that is consistent with the proprietary cost hypothesis. As Germany now requires segment reporting by all listed firms, an ex post examination is made to determine whether segment reporting is more revealing for those firms that previously chose not to disclose. It is found that firms are less likely to provide segment reports voluntarily if segment profitability is more heterogeneous and the average profitability reported in the income statement is less revealing; this finding is also consistent with the proprietary cost hypothesis and shows that segment disclosures are not governed by capital-market considerations alone. The findings are benchmarked using voluntary cash flow statement disclosures, because these are less competitively sensitive than segment reports, which are likely to reveal proprietary information to competitors; the finding here is that cash flow disclosures appear to be governed primarily by capital-market considerations, and this lends further support to the proprietary cost interpretation of the segment reporting results.
The Early Years
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Aramaic-speaking parents brought Paul to Tarsus from Galilee as prisoners-of-war sold as slaves. Excellent education in rhetoric, and a smattering of Stoicism. As a Pharisee, he saw that proclamation of Jesus as the Messiah implied repudiation of the Law. It was an either-or situation, not the both-and situation that Jewish Christians wanted. Hence, his persecution of Christians.
Introduction
Authors: Keating Daniel A.
Published: March 2005

Places Cyril in historical context, and outlines the theme of the appropriation of divine life in Cyril’s narrative of salvation. Through this narrative of divine life, Cyril links the inter-trinitarian life of God to the human reception of that life through the Incarnate Word and the Spirit. A concise account of Cyril as biblical exegete is offered, and the overall aims of the study are enumerated.
New Risks at the EU Level; A Spillover from Open Market Policies?
Authors: Larsen Trine P. , Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: March 2005

New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state interventions and the importance of adapting social provision to meet economic goals; in part because old social risk areas are so heavily occupied by existing national government policies that it is difficult to find support for innovations. During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of attempts to develop international policy harmonization were pursued. These failed due to the difficulty of achieving cross‐national consensus. There are a number of relevant directives, chiefly in the areas of equality of opportunity for men and women and other labour market issues. The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market.
The Lineaments of the Macarian Vision
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: March 2005

An outline of the sources, nature, and content of the Macarian writings. The chapter distinguishes and describes some of the main themes treated in this unsystematic, but fundamentally coherent, corpus: the mutual indwelling of man and God, cosmology and anthropology, Fall and spiritual struggle, prayer and the sacraments. It also emphasises the profoundly Trinitarian character of the Macarian spiritual vision.
Macarius and the Cappadocians
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: March 2005

A consideration of the relationship between Macarius and the Cappadocian Fathers (focussing on St Basil and St Gregory of Nyssa). A number of parallels and possible links are established in the case of Basil while a demonstrable and significant connection is explored in the shape of Nyssa’s reworking (as his De instituto Christiano) of Macarius’ Epistola magna or Great Letter. In this way, Macarius is seen to be closely associated with the Cappadocian programme of monastic reform.
Macarius and Evagrius
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: March 2005

A re-evaluation of the opposition commonly assumed to obtain between the teaching and respective legacies of Macarius and Evagrius of Pontus – an opposition often put in terms of the contrast between Semitic and Hellenic Christianity, between intellective and affective mysticisms, between ‘head’ and ‘heart’. Both authors are shown to be ill served by such simplistic contrasts, both far broader in scope and vision than these would imply. The two are, however, legitimately to be distinguished in terms of emphasis and balance – Macarius emerging as the more subtle and holistic of the two.
Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: March 2005

The final chapter looks at the palpable Macarian dimension of the great Byzantine synthesis of Maximus the Confessor. Maximus is shown to have integrated into his teaching a number of key themes and concepts inherited from the Macarian legacy. The Macarian legacy plays a key role in Maximus’ theological and spiritual vision and is indeed essential to an understanding of that vision. Maximus’ creative appropriation of that legacy confirms and seals its place at the heart of the Eastern Christian tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L.
Published: March 2005

The church’s rejection of the major christological heresies is a series of dialectical turns, all taken to safeguard an account of divine involvement worthy of God. The Docetists, Arians, and Nestorians–substantial metaphysical and theological differences between them notwithstanding–endorsed unqualified and unrestricted divine impassibility, i.e. they agreed that divine impassibility ruled out the divine subject’s involvement in human history and suffering. In contrast, the orthodox theologians regarded qualified divine impassibility as being compatible with certain God-befitting emotions and with the incarnate Word’s suffering in and through human nature.
Birth-rate Blues: A Real Crisis in the Making?
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: March 2005

Instead of focusing on a crisis for the welfare state, this chapter examines a contemporary crisis threat for which the welfare state in the form of family-friendly social policies may provide the answer. The crisis in question is a serious decline in advanced country fertility rates, which has left most OECD cou n tries with birthrates well below those required to replace existing population levels. The analysis shows that in the past few decades the world has almost literally been ‘turned upside down’, with fertility rates now highest in countries where cultural v a lues are least traditional and where public policies are most encouraging to female labour force participation. The chapter also analyses the effect of a variety of family-friendly policies and shows that the provision of childcare places is the measure m o st vital to raising advanced nation fertility levels.
Towards a Steady-state Welfare State?
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: March 2005

Seeks to draw the main implications of the previous analysis. It argues that, in recent decades, rather than being under immediate threat, the welfare state in most Western nations has been approaching steady state, with expenditure levels that are unlikely to change radically in coming years. In aggregate terms, the biggest remaining divide is between high spending social security and state services of the states of Continental Western Europe and the poverty-alleviation states of the English-speaking world. The book concludes by arguing that, despite convergence at the aggregate expenditure level, different families of nations have distinctively different welfare state priorities and different problems.
Language and Context
Authors: Corazza Eros
Published: March 2005

Discusses indexicals and proper names and the different ways in which their use relies on context to fix their reference. This exercise will illustrate how our linguistic practice rests on context, broadly construed. This would help understanding how we are context-bound agents.