bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profilin desensitization: A case series
Authors: Nucera Eleonora , Aruanno Arianna , Rizzi Angela , Pecora Valentina , Patriarca Giampiero , Buonomo Alessandro , Mezzacappa Simona , Schiavino Domenico
Published: December 2015

The role of profilin as an allergen has long been questioned. The capacity of profilin to induce respiratory symptoms has recently been demonstrated; moreover, over 50% of patients sensitized to profilin experienced symptoms after the ingestion of plant-derived foods, suggesting that profilin should be considered as a clinically relevant food allergen.

We describe the cases of seven allergic patients with oral allergy syndrome and other adverse reactions after eating plant-derived food, that have been undergone to profilin desensitization treatment.

The protocol started with a drop of profilin solution (50 µg/mL) diluted 1:1018 in water until the highest dose of 10 drops of undiluted solution three times a week. At the end of the treatment we observed a decreased mean diameter of profilin wheal in skin prick test (SPT) in five of the seven participants and in profilin specific IgE values in six patients that repeated the test. Regarding basophil activation test (BAT) and the detection of IgG4, we do not have significant results because the tests have to be repeated in some patients. Regarding the double-blind placebo-controlled challenges, after about 10 months of induction phase all the patients showed tolerance to several foods that they previously did not tolerate.

Moreover, the immunotherapy with profilin has proved to be safe because no serious adverse events have been reported in our patients.

In summary, the results of this exploratory study of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for profilin allergy show that it can be a promising therapeutic option that could modify the clinical reactivity of the patients to the intake of plant-derived food.
Methylsulfonylmethane and boswellic acids versus glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee arthritis: Randomized trial
Authors: Notarnicola Angela , Maccagnano Giuseppe , Moretti Lorenzo , Pesce Vito , Tafuri Silvio , Fiore Alessandra , Moretti Biagio
Published: December 2015

Until now glucosamine sulfate (GS) has been the most widely used supplement and has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and boswellic acids (BA) are new effective supplements for the management of inflammation and joint degeneration, according to previous experimental studies. The aim of our study is to test the effectiveness of association of MSM and BA in comparison with GS in knee arthritis.

In this prospective randomized clinical trial, MEBAGA (Methylsulfonylmethane and Boswellic Acids versus Glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee Arthritis), 120 participants affected by arthritis of the knee were randomly assigned to an experimental group (MB group) or a control group (GS group) treated for 60 days with 5 g of MSM and 7.2 mg of BA or with 1500 mg of GS daily, respectively. At the 2-month (T1) and 6-months (T2) follow-up , the efficacy of these two nutraceuticals was assessed using the visual analog pain scale (VAS) and the Lequesne Index (LI) for joint function, along with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-cyclooxygenase-2).

The repeated measures ANOVA analysis shows that for VAS, LI, and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs scores there are improvements due to the time in the two groups (respectively, F = 26.0; P <0.0001; F = 4.15; P = 0.02; F = 3.38; P = 0.04), with a tendency to better values for the MB group at T2.

On the basis of these preliminary data, we could support the efficacy of the MSM in association with BA in the treatment of OA. These results are consistent with the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects previously occurred in experimental studies. This new combination of integration (MSM and BS) has presented good results and satisfactory in comparison with GS, until now the cornerstone of the treatment of arthritis in according to guidelines.
Parsons on Christianity
Authors: Vanderstraeten Raf
Published: December 2015

In his late work on Christianity, Talcott Parsons obviously built upon the writings of both Durkheim and Weber. While he departed from the idea that increasing differentiation of the system of action did not have to threaten the unity of the system as a whole, his emphasis on structural differentiation was also complemented by one on value integration. He believed that, especially in the New World, religion (i.e. Christianity) has gradually become able to impose its definition of the situation in highly different, highly heterogeneous contexts of action. In this paper, I reconstruct Parsons’ historical-sociological analyses of the relation between Christianity and modern society. I discuss how Parsons appropriated the writings of Durkheim and Weber – in ways which did not fully exploit the potential of some of these writings. I suggest some alternatives, which rely less on a concern with value integration (Durkheim) but more on one with the differentiation of meaning systems (Weber).
Intimacy as freedom
Authors: Blatterer Harry
Published: December 2015

Friendship arguably offers itself as the freest of all human associations. A weakness of cultural prescription opens a terrain in which intimacy can be lived in a trust relationship that personifies equality, justice and respect. Friendship’s ‘relational freedom’ enables the mutual development of selves; it is generative. Therein lies ‘the beauty of friendship’, as Agnes Heller has reminded us. But the freedom of intimacy is limited. Embedded in a society that attributes different repertoires of intimacy to women and men and privileges male homosociality, friendship’s freedom is curtailed. Especially cross-sex friendships continue to show evidence of persisting tensions. ‘Erotic friendships’ that seek to realize sexual intimacy but eschew the commitments of coupledom continue to face normative-practical challenges. In this paper, I view central aspects of heterosexual intimacy through the small world of intimate friendship, a prism that refracts gendered tensions in the world at large.
Measuring the Computer-Related Self-Concept
Authors: Langheinrich Jessica , Schönfelder Mona , Bogner Franz X.
Published: December 2015

A positive self-concept supposedly affects a student’s well-being as well as his or her perception of individual competence at school. As computer-based learning is becoming increasingly important in school, a positive computer-related self-concept (CSC) might help to enhance cognitive achievement. Consequently, we focused on establishing a short, valid, and reliable instrument to measure the CSC by administering to German subsamples ( Ntotal = 488) of three different age-groups: 8th ( N = 159), 11th graders ( N = 214), and university freshmen ( N = 115). We succeeded in developing a one-factor-instrument with good overall reliability (αtotal = .84) and adequate criterion validity. The scale implementation revealed a high self-concept among younger respondents. Furthermore, we observed a stereotypical difference between the CSC scores for 8th and 11th graders. Finally, we discuss pedagogical and educational considerations of the scale’s implementation in school.
Generalized extended state observer-based H∞ control design for a missile longitudinal autopilot
Authors: Dong Yi , Li Jian , Li Tong
Published: December 2015

In this paper, a novel inner/outer-loop control framework for the pitch autopilot of a tail-controlled, skid-to-turn missile is proposed. The generalized extended state observer (GESO)-based inner-loop design is constructed to estimate the disturbances and uncertainties and simultaneously compensate them in the input channel. In doing so, the uncertainty of the model can be reduced within an appropriate range for robust control design. The outer-loop [Formula: see text] design based on mixed sensitivity method acquires the desired closed-loop performance and robustness. The presented [Formula: see text]-GESO design is novel in that it combines the powerful disturbance rejection methodology with the effective robust [Formula: see text] control technique. Moreover, it neither requires accurate plant model nor any information about the uncertainty and disturbance. Nonlinear simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In order to further evaluate the robustness of the presented method, a performance comparison with equivalent-input-disturbance-based control and conventional gain-scheduled [Formula: see text] design is also implemented in the presence of parameter perturbations, wind disturbance, actuator characteristics, and measurement noise.
Late-Holocene mammal fauna from southern Australia reveals rapid species declines post-European settlement: Implications for conservation biology
Authors: Fusco Diana A , McDowell Matthew C , Prideaux Gavin J
Published: December 2015

The arrival in Australia of Europeans and the species they brought with them initiated a sharp decline in native mammalian biodiversity. Consequently, one-third of the original or pre-European terrestrial mammal fauna is now extinct or threatened with extinction. Although the distributional ranges of many Australian mammals have contracted markedly, modern distributions are frequently used as baselines for conservation management and understanding ecological requirements. However, these often poorly reflect pre-European distributions, particularly in areas where biodiversity declines were rapid and occurred soon after European arrival. Here we analyse two late Holocene mammalian assemblages from Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, and reconstruct the pre-European terrestrial non-volant mammal fauna. The region was previously estimated to have lost perhaps 30% of its original terrestrial non-volant mammal fauna, but our results indicate a loss of almost 50%. We provide the first local records of the murids Mastacomys fuscus, Pseudomys australis, P. gouldii, P. novaehollandiae and P. shortridgei, and confirm the past occurrence of the now-extinct Conilurus albipes. Our study contributes new knowledge of species biogeography and ecology and will help refine restoration targets.
Experimental validation of a one-dimensional model for monolithic shape memory alloys with multiple pseudoelastic plateaus
Authors: Michael Andrew , Zhou Y Norman , Khan M Ibraheem
Published: December 2015

A one-dimensional approach to simulate the mechanical properties of multifunctional pseudoelastic NiTi shape memory alloy has been developed. A novel laser processing technique was applied to a NiTi wire to locally alter the pseudoelastic properties, giving the wire different regions with unique material properties. An innovative analytical expression was developed and validated experimentally. The simulated material responses closely predicted the experimentally measured laser-processed shape memory wires.
Understanding Complex Systems Through Mental Models and Shared Experiences
Authors: Bekebrede Geertje , Lo Julia , Lukosch Heide
Published: December 2015

Background. Our world today is made up of complex, socio-technical systems like large infrastructure systems, global logistic chains and information networks. Simulation games represent one way to enable participation and governance of such systems.

Aim. The current study explores the development of mental models and shared experiences of professionals and students through a simulation game.

Method. The simulation game SIMPORT-MV2 focused on the development of a new port area in the Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Insights in the perceived development of mental models were measured through questionnaires and through observations in the debriefing. Likewise, observations in the debriefing were obtained for measurements of shared experiences.

Results. Results showed that participants perceived positive learning on their declarative, procedural and strategic knowledge (mental model) about the port project. A significant difference was found for both the overall perceived knowledge and the strategic knowledge between students and professionals. Furthermore, qualitative findings showed that players are enabled to probe designs of, to gain insights into, and to develop an understanding of complex systems in a safe environment through shared experiences.

Conclusions. This study shows that it is possible to design a simulation game that represents such a complex socio-technical system based on a layered approach of agent, network and system behavior.
Modelling and predicting the simultaneous growth of Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria in milk
Authors: Ačai P , Valík L’ , Medved’ová A , Rosskopf F
Published: December 2015

Modelling and predicting the simultaneous competitive growth of Escherichia coli and starter culture of lactic acid bacteria (Fresco 1010, Chr. Hansen, Hørsholm, Denmark) was studied in milk at different temperatures and Fresco inoculum concentrations. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were able to induce an early stationary state in E. coli. The developed model described and tested the growth inhibition of E. coli (with initial inoculum concentration 103 CFU/mL) when LAB have reached maximum density in different conditions of temperature (ranging from 12 ℃ to 30 ℃) and for various inoculum sizes of LAB (ranging from approximately 103 to 107 CFU/mL). The prediction ability of the microbial competition model (the Baranyi and Roberts model coupled with the Gimenez and Dalgaard model) was first performed only with parameters estimated from individual growth of E. coli and the LAB and then with the introduced competition coefficients evaluated from co-culture growth of E. coli and LAB in milk. Both the results and their statistical indices showed that the model with incorporated average values of competition coefficients improved the prediction of E. coli behaviour in co-culture with LAB.
Vernacular mourning and corporate memorialization in framing the death of Steve Jobs
Authors: Bell Emma , Taylor Scott
Published: December 2015

This article explores the role of vernacular mourning in framing the death of Apple co-founder and former chief executive Steve Jobs. Using the concept of heterotopia to explore the spatio-temporal power relations of contemporary organizational memorialization, we show how the construction of temporary shrines and visual imagery rendered spaces and objects temporarily sacred and maintained Jobs as an ongoing presence in the lives of consumer-believers. Our analysis of these mourning practices identifies three themes: the construction of shrines as temporary organizational memorials in vernacular mourning; the distribution of photographs as memento mori; and the role of official corporate memorialization in disciplining mourners into letting go, severing their connection with Jobs so that the organization could continue without his physical presence. This highlights the importance of organizations in attempting to control mourning through official corporate memorialization and reveals the power relations entailed in determining who and what is mourned in organizational life, and how the dead are remembered.
Longitudinal fMRI studies: Exploring brain plasticity and repair in MS
Authors: Enzinger Christian , Pinter Daniela , Rocca Maria A , De Luca John , Sastre-Garriga Jaume , Audoin Bertrand , Filippi Massimo
Published: December 2015

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has greatly advanced our understanding of cerebral functional changes occurring in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, most of our knowledge regarding brain plasticity and repair in MS as evidenced by fMRI has been extrapolated from cross-sectional studies across different phenotypes of the disease. This topical review provides an overview of this research, but also highlights limitations of existing fMRI studies with cross-sectional design. We then review the few existing longitudinal fMRI studies and discuss the feasibility and constraints of serial fMRI in individuals with MS. We further emphasize the potential to track fMRI changes in evolving disease and the insights this may give in terms of mechanisms of adaptation and repair, focusing on serial fMRI to monitor response to disease-modifying therapies or rehabilitation interventions. Finally, we offer recommendations for designing future research studies to overcome previous methodological shortcomings.
Cultural criminology: Script rewrites
Authors: Hayward Keith J
Published: December 2015

A decade has passed since Jock Young and I published ‘Cultural criminology: Some notes on the script’, the opening article of a special edition on cultural criminology for Theoretical Criminology. This ‘sequel’ article looks back on developments in the field during the intervening decade as well as responding to some of the criticisms that have emerged in the same period. In particular, it addresses the following critical concerns: that cultural criminology has an inherent romanticism towards its object of study; that it fails to consider or incorporate broader gender dynamics in its analysis; and that cultural criminologists are unable to formulate any meaningful policy measures other than non-interventionism. In responding to these criticisms the article highlights some of the subtle yet important conceptual reconfigurations that have occurred in cultural criminology as it continues to consolidate its position within the discipline.
Policing on camera
Authors: Sandhu Ajay , Haggerty Kevin D
Published: December 2015

On any shift a police officer might be filmed by some combination of public or private surveillance cameras, including the cameras of individual citizens, activists, journalists, businesses, and a range of police-controlled cameras. This loosely coordinated camera infrastructure is part of the broader transformation of policing from a historically “low visibility” to an increasingly ‘high visibility’ occupation. This article reports on the findings of a participant-observation study of how police officers understand and respond to this transformation. We identify three distinct orientations, and highlight the multifaceted and contradictory relationship between police officers and cameras. The study raises questions about the extent to which camera technologies represent a straightforward way to “police the police”.
Characterisation of ball impact conditions in professional tennis: Matches played on hard court
Authors: Lane Ben , Sherratt Paul , Xiao Hu , Harland Andy
Published: December 2015

To assess ball performance for research and development purposes requires greater understanding of the impact conditions a tennis ball experiences in professional tournament play. Ball tracking information taken from three consecutive years of an ATP 250 tour event played on hard court was analysed. The frequency of first serves, second serves, racket impacts and surface impacts was assessed per game and extrapolated to show how many impacts a single ball is subjected to. Where applicable the pre- and post-impact velocities and angles were found, and the distribution of each was analysed. In total, data from 65 matches comprising 1505 games were analysed. On average, each game contained 70.26 (±16.23) impacts, of which 9.23%, 3.16%, 37.78% and 49.83% were first serves, second serves, racket impacts and surface impacts, respectively. As a result, assuming all balls in play are used evenly, a single ball is expected to be subjected to 105 (±24) impacts over the course of the nine games that it is in play. The results of the investigation could be used to design a wear protocol capable of artificially wearing tennis balls in a way that is representative of professional play.
Use of interleukin-2 for management of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: case report and review of literature
Authors: Dubey Divyanshu , Zhang Yinan , Graves Donna , DeSena Allen D. , Frohman Elliot , Greenberg Benjamin
Published: December 2015

A 51-year-old woman with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 3-year history of natalizumab use developed expressive aphasia. A brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed left frontotemporal and right parietal lesion with mild contrast enhancement and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was positive for John Cunningham virus (JCV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient received five cycles of plasmapheresis followed by intravenous immunoglobulin. Despite this intervention, her speech deteriorated and she developed right hemiparesis. Upon referral to our institution, CSF quantitative JCV PCR was notable for 834 copies/ml. The patient was given an initial dose of 50,000 units of interleukin-2 (IL-2) subcutaneously (SQ) followed by 1 million units IL-2 SQ daily. Due to concern for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), the patient also received intravenous methylprednisone weekly. The regimen was tolerated well by the patient with no severe adverse effects. Clinically, the patient showed some improvement, and became more responsive and regained right lower extremity antigravity strength. After 12 weeks of IL-2 therapy, JCV quantitative PCR was notable for 31 copies/ml and the patient was more responsive. Due to persistence of JCV, IL-2 therapy was changed to mefloquine. At follow up after 6 months, the patient showed no clinical deterioration.
The Role of Daylighting in Skilled Nursing Short-Term Rehabilitation Facilities
Authors: Gharaveis Arsalan , Shepley Mardelle McCuskey , Gaines Kristi
Published: December 2015

Objective:

The aim of this study is to investigate the best placement of windows in short-term rehabilitation facilities in terms of daylighting and outdoor views by exploring the impact of windows on resident perception of stress, mood, activities, and satisfaction.

Background:

The physiological and psychological benefits of daylighting have made it an increasingly important topic in multidisciplinary research. Although multiple studies have been written about the impact of daylight on physiological responses, few investigations have been made into the nonvisual effects related to resident mood, satisfaction, and stress level. In addition, researchers typically propose recommendations for quantitative aspects of illuminance, rather than addressing the behavioural outcomes.

Methods:

A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to address the research questions. Thirty-four participants, who were living temporarily in the inpatient rehabilitation units of two skilled nursing facilities, were subjects in semistructured interviews and a 7-question 5-scale survey. While residents expressed the need to have direct visual access to the outdoors, they indicated that daylight was of even higher benefit. Additionally, they noted that size and location of windows impacted their stress levels, moods, and activities. More than half of the facility residents reported changing their postures for either better outdoor views or less light disturbance while sleeping.

Conclusions:

The results of this study emphasize the importance of daylighting for residents in rehabilitation units. Architects should acknowledge the role of daylighting and window views in the design of rehabilitation facilities.
Percutaneous coronary intervention of an iatrogenic occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery after mitral valve replacement
Authors: Dello Simon AWG , Leus Stefan JL , Tan M Erwin SH , Otterspoor Luuk C , Botman Cees-Joost
Published: December 2015

Occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery by compromising sutures is a serious complication in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. The majority of such patients have to undergo bypass surgery or redo mitral valve replacement. We report a case of an iatrogenic occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery after mitral valve replacement that was treated by percutaneous coronary intervention.
Towards a healthy stomach? Helicobacter pylori prevalence has dramatically decreased over 23 years in adults in a Swedish community
Authors: Agréus Lars , Hellström Per M , Talley Nicholas J , Wallner Bengt , Forsberg Anna , Vieth Michael , Veits Lothar , Björkegren Karin , Engstrand Lars , Andreasson Anna
Published: December 2015

Background

In Western countries the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection may be declining but there is a lack of recent longitudinal population studies. We evaluated the changing epidemiology over a 23‐year period in Sweden.

Materials and methods

In 1989, the validated Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ) was mailed to a random sample of inhabitants (ages 22–80 years) in a Swedish community, and 1097 (87%) responded. H. pylori serology was analysed in a representative subsample (n  = 145). Twenty‐three years later, the ASQ was mailed again using similar selection criteria, and 388 out of 1036 responders had an upper endoscopy with assessment of H. pylori and corpus atrophy status.

Results

The prevalence of positive H. pylori serology decreased from 37.9% (1989) to 15.8% (2012), corresponding to a decrease in odds of 75% per decade (odds ratio (OR): 0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11–0.59, p  = 0.001) independent of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and level of education, with a pattern consistent with a birth cohort effect. The prevalence increased with increasing age (p  = 0.001). The prevalence of H. pylori on histology in 2012 was 11.4% (95% CI 8.6–15.0). The prevalence of corpus atrophy on serology and/or histology in 2012 was 3.2% (95% CI 1.8–5.5); all cases were ≥57 years old.

Conclusion

The stomach is healthier in 2012 compared with 1989. H. pylori prevalence in adults has decreased over the last two decades to a level where clinical management might be affected.
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form (BIDR-16)
Authors: Hart Claire M. , Ritchie Timothy D. , Hepper Erica G. , Gebauer Jochen E.
Published: December 2015

Self-report studies often call for assessment of socially desirable responding. Many researchers use the Marlowe–Crowne Scale for its brief versions; however, this scale is outdated, and contemporary models of social desirability emphasize its multi-dimensional nature. The 40-item Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) incorporates Self-Deceptive Enhancement (honest but overly positive responding) and Impression Management (bias toward pleasing others). However, its length limits its practicality. This article introduces the BIDR-16. In four studies, we shorten the BIDR from 40 items to 16 items, while retaining its two-factor structure, reliability, and validity. This short form will be invaluable to researchers wanting to assess social desirability when time is limited.
Enriched School Libraries
Authors: Nielen Thijs M. J. , Bus Adriana G.
Published: December 2015

We compared students from schools with an enriched school library—that is, one with a larger and more up-to-date book collection—with students from schools with a typical school library. We tested effects of an enriched school library on reading motivation, reading frequency, and academic skills. Fourth- and fifth-grade students of 14 schools with an enriched library ( n = 272) were compared to fourth and fifth graders from 10 control schools ( n = 411). Assignment to the experimental group was external and not determined by participants within schools. Students from schools with enriched libraries scored on average half a standard deviation higher on a standardized reading comprehension test than students from control schools. Mediation analysis revealed that for girls, this effect may have been obtained as a result of an increase in reading motivation and reading frequency. For boys, only reading frequency was a significant mediator.
A New Mechanism of Action in Heart Failure
Authors: Richardson Jonathan , David Tosin , Grace Yasmin , Guirguis Erenie
Published: December 2015

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical significance of sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Data Sources: An extensive search was conducted on Ovid MEDLINE using keywords and medical subject headings LCZ696, sacubitril/valsartan, angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitor, and Entresto. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The search was conducted to retrieve clinical trials comparing sacubitril/valsartan to current guideline-directed therapy for HF. Articles using the limits of clinical trials “all” (phase I to IV), in English, and published within the past 5 years were reviewed. Supplemental sources included the Entresto package insert via the manufacturer’s website. Primary end points included all-cause mortality and time to first hospitalization. Safety end points included incidence and severity of angioedema, cough, hyperkalemia, increased serum creatinine, and hypotension. Data Synthesis: This review critiques both clinical and statistical significance of the “Prospective Comparison of ARNi with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure” or PARADIGM-HF and other phase II to III clinical trials. Sacubitril/valsartan showed a 20% reduction in cardiovascular death and first hospitalization from HF compared with enalapril. Despite an overall reduction in adverse events, sacubitril/valsartan had increased occurrences of hypotension and nonserious angioedema. Conclusion: Sacubitril/valsartan is a viable option for newly diagnosed New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II to III and is an alternative to patients who are currently being treated with the maximum doses of current gold standard treatment. Clinicians initiating sacubitril/valsartan must monitor patients closely for signs, symptoms, and history of hypotension and angioedema.
Gambling Behavior Among Underage Adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Irene Lai Kuen
Published: December 2015

This study examined the prevalence of gambling involvement and pathological gambling among students aged 12 to 17 years in Hong Kong, and investigated the correlates of problem gambling. The DSM-IV-MR-J was administered to 1,121 students. The response rate was 89.3%. Sixty percent of the participants gambled in the previous year, 69% were infrequent players who bet less than 4 times a month, and 4.8% gambled at least once a day. Most (89.8%) wagered less than HK$100 a week, only 3.1% staked over HK$500, and 24% borrowed money to finance their gambling activities. The majority (78.6%) had started gambling before the age of 15 years. One-fifth (21.5%) transferred gambling payments at the betting venues, 44.7% were assisted by their parents and 19.7% were helped by peers. Using the DSM-IV criteria, 3.4% and 1.8% of the participants could be classified as pathological and problem gamblers, respectively. Significant gender (χ
2(1)=8.3, p < 0.01) and age differences (χ
2(7)=21, p < 0.01) were noted for such gambling addiction. Pathological and problem gambling were significantly correlated with age (r= 0.44, p < 0.01), gambling frequency (r= 0.41, p < 0.001), gender (r= 0.33, p < 0.01), early initiation (r= −0.31, p < 0.05), psychiatric disturbances (r= 0.25, p < 0.001), as well as parents (r= 0.21, p < 0.01) and peers (r= 0.18, p < 0.05) having gambling problems. The findings have implications for preventive initiatives.
Legislative Councilors’ Perceptions of Gambling Expansion and Responsible Gambling Practices in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Irene Lai Kuen , Chui Yuk Wa , Yue Yee Shan
Published: December 2015

This study investigates the Legislative Councilors’ perceptions of gambling expansion and responsible gambling practices in Hong Kong. Employing quota sampling strategies, fourteen councilors were recruited to attend a 30-minute semi-structured interview. The results showed that many respondents (64.3%) rejected further expansion of legalized gambling in Hong Kong. Only two interviewees explicitly supported further gambling liberalization (e.g. casino gambling or increases in horse races). While the opponents were concerned about the negative impacts associated with legalized gambling activities, the proponents emphasized the economic benefits of further gambling expansion. Factors that might have influenced the councilors’ views on gambling expansion were identified: individual gambling attitudes and past experience in gambling participation, knowledge about excessive gambling, and views on individual versus social responsibility for gambling problems. Few interviewees considered that gamblers were solely responsible for their actions, difficulties and for their problem-solving endeavors. Most agreed that both the government and gambling operators have a very important role to play in addressing problem gambling, and would like to urge these key stakeholders to minimize gambling-related harms through improving responsible gambling practices. The study results have implications for gambling legislation, policy, and research.
Fenoldopam to prevent acute kidney injury after major surgery—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gillies Michael A. , Kakar Vivek , Parker Robert J. , Honoré Patrick M. , Ostermann Marlies
Published: December 2015

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) after surgery is associated with increased mortality and healthcare costs. Fenoldopam is a selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist with renoprotective properties. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing fenoldopam with placebo to prevent AKI after major surgery.

Methods

We searched EMBASE, PubMed, meta-Register of randomised controlled trials and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for trials comparing fenoldopam with placebo in patients undergoing major surgery. The primary outcome was incidence of new AKI. Secondary outcomes were requirement for renal replacement therapy and hospital mortality.

Results

Eighty-three publications were screened; 23 studies underwent full data extraction and scoring. Six trials were suitable for inclusion in the data synthesis (total of 507 subjects undergoing cardiovascular surgery, partial nephrectomy, liver transplant surgery). Five studies were rated at high risk of bias. Data on post-operative incidence of AKI were available in five of the six trials (total of 471 patients) but definitions of AKI varied between studies. Of the 238 patients receiving fenoldopam, 45 (18.9 %) developed AKI compared to 62 (26.6 %) of the 233 patients who received placebo (p = 0.004, I2 = 0 %; random-effects model odds ratio 0.46, 95 % confidence interval 0.27–0.79). In patients treated with fenoldopam, there was no difference in renal replacement therapy (n = 478; p = 0.11, I2 = 47 %; fixed-effect model odds ratio 0.27, 95 % confidence interval 0.06–1.19) or hospital mortality (p = 0.60, I2 = 0 %; fixed-effect model odds ratio 1.0, 95 % confidence interval 0.14–7.37).

Conclusions

In this analysis, peri-operative treatment with fenoldopam was associated with a significant reduction in post-operative AKI but it had no impact on renal replacement therapy or hospital mortality. Equipoise remains for further large trials in this area since the studies were conducted in three types of surgery, the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias and the criteria for AKI varied between trials.
Chronic Glucose Exposure Systematically Shifts the Oscillatory Threshold of Mouse Islets: Experimental Evidence for an Early Intrinsic Mechanism of Compensation for Hyperglycemia
Authors: Glynn Eric , Thompson Benjamin , Vadrevu Suryakiran , Lu Shusheng , Kennedy Robert T. , Ha Joon , Sherman Arthur , Satin Leslie S.
Published: December 2015

Mouse islets exhibit glucose-dependent oscillations in electrical activity, intracellular Ca2+ and insulin secretion. We developed a mathematical model in which a left shift in glucose threshold helps compensate for insulin resistance. To test this experimentally, we exposed isolated mouse islets to varying glucose concentrations overnight and monitored their glucose sensitivity the next day by measuring intracellular Ca2+, electrical activity, and insulin secretion. Glucose sensitivity of all oscillation modes was increased when overnight glucose was greater than 2.8mM. To determine whether threshold shifts were a direct effect of glucose or involved secreted insulin, the KATP opener diazoxide (Dz) was coapplied with glucose to inhibit insulin secretion. The addition of Dz or the insulin receptor antagonist s961 increased islet glucose sensitivity, whereas the KATP blocker tolbutamide tended to reduce it. This suggests insulin and glucose have opposing actions on the islet glucose threshold. To test the hypothesis that the threshold shifts were due to changes in plasma membrane KATP channels, we measured cell KATP conductance, which was confirmed to be reduced by high glucose pretreatment and further reduced by Dz. Finally, treatment of INS-1 cells with glucose and Dz overnight reduced high affinity sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) trafficking to the plasma membrane vs glucose alone, consistent with insulin increasing KATP conductance by altering channel number. The results support a role for metabolically regulated KATP channels in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.
Isolation and Characterization of Fetal Leydig Progenitor Cells of Male Mice
Authors: Inoue Miki , Shima Yuichi , Miyabayashi Kanako , Tokunaga Kaori , Sato Tetsuya , Baba Takashi , Ohkawa Yasuyuki , Akiyama Haruhiko , Suyama Mikita , Morohashi Ken-ichirou
Published: December 2015

Fetal and adult Leydig cells develop in mammalian prenatal and postnatal testes, respectively. In mice, fetal Leydig cells (FLCs) emerge in the interstitial space of the testis at embryonic day 12.5 and thereafter increase in number, possibly through differentiation from progenitor cells. However, the progenitor cells have not yet been identified. Previously, we established transgenic mice in which FLCs are labeled strongly with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Interestingly, fluorescence-activated cell sorting provided us with weakly EGFP-labeled cells as well as strongly EGFP-labeled FLCs. In vitro reconstruction of fetal testes demonstrated that weakly EGFP-labeled cells contain FLC progenitors. Transcriptome from the 2 cell populations revealed, as expected, marked differences in the expression of genes required for growth factor/receptor signaling and steroidogenesis. In addition, genes for energy metabolisms such as glycolytic pathways and the citrate cycle were activated in strongly EGFP-labeled cells, suggesting that metabolism is activated during FLC differentiation.
Lingual articulation in songbirds
Authors: Suthers Roderick A. , Rothgerber John R. , Jensen Kenneth Kragh
Published: December 2015

Lingual articulation in humans is one of the primary means of vocal tract resonance filtering that produces the characteristic vowel formants of speech. In songbirds, the function of the tongue in song has not been thoroughly examined, although recent research has identified the oropharyngeal-esophageal cavity as a resonance filter that is actively tuned to the frequency of the song. In northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), the volume of this cavity is inversely proportional to the frequency of the song above 2 kHz. However, cardinal song extends below this range, leaving the question of if and how the vocal tract is tracking these low frequencies. We investigated the possible role of the tongue in vocal tract filtering using X-ray cineradiography of northern cardinals. Below 2 kHz, there was prominent tongue elevation in which the tip of the tongue was raised until it seemed to touch the palate. These results suggest that tongue elevation lowers the resonance frequency below 2 kHz by reducing the area of the passage from the oral cavity into the beak. This is consistent with a computational model of the songbird vocal tract in which resonance frequencies are actively adjusted by both changing the volume of the oropharyngeal-esophageal cavity and constricting the opening into the beak.
Temperature experienced during incubation affects antioxidant capacity but not oxidative damage in hatchling red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Treidel L. A. , Carter A. W. , Bowden R. M.
Published: December 2015

Our understanding of how oxidative stress resistance phenotypes are affected by the developmental environment is limited. One component of the developmental environment, which is likely central to early life oxidative stress among ectothermic and oviparous species, is that of temperature. We investigated how incubation temperature manipulations affect oxidative damage and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) hatchlings. First, to determine if temperature fluctuations elicit oxidative stress, eggs from clutches were randomly assigned to either a constant (29.5°C) or daily fluctuating temperature incubation (28.7±3°C) treatment. Second, to assess the effect of temperature fluctuation frequency on oxidative stress, eggs were incubated in one of three fluctuating incubation regimes; 28.7±3°C fluctuations every 12 (Hyper), 24 (Normal), or 48 hours (Hypo). Third, we tested the influence of average incubation temperature by incubating eggs in a daily fluctuating incubation temperature regime with a mean temperature of 26.5°C (Low), 27.1°C (Medium), or 27.7°C (High). Although the accumulation of oxidative damage in hatchlings was unaffected by any thermal manipulation, TAC was affected by both temperature fluctuation frequency and average incubation temperature. Individuals incubated with a low frequency of temperature fluctuations had reduced TAC, while incubation at a lower average temperature was associated with enhanced TAC. These results indicate that while sufficient to prevent oxidative damage, TAC is influenced by developmental thermal environments, potentially due to temperature mediated changes in metabolic rate. The observed differences in TAC may have important future consequences for hatchling fitness and overwinter survival.
Developmentally arrested Austrofundulus limnaeus embryos have changes in post-translational modifications of histone H3
Authors: Toni Lee S. , Padilla Pamela A.
Published: December 2015

Although vertebrate embryogenesis is typically a continuous and dynamic process some embryos have evolved mechanisms to developmentally arrest. The embryos of Austrofundulus limnaeus, a killifish that resides in ephemeral ponds, enter diapause II (DII), a reversible developmental arrest promoted by endogenous cues rather than environmental stress. DII, which starts at 24-26 days post-fertilization and can persist for months, is characterized by a significant decline in heart rate and an arrest of development and differentiation. Thus, A. limnaeus is a unique model to study epigenetic features associated with embryonic arrest. To investigate chromosome structures associated with mitosis or gene expression we examined the post-translational modifications of histone H3 (phosphorylation of serine 10, mono-, di- and tri-methylation of lysine 4 or 27) in preDII, DII and postDII embryos. As seen by microscopy analysis, DII embryos have a significant decrease in the H3S10P marker for mitotic nuclei and an inner nuclear membrane localization of the H3K27me2 marker associated with silencing of gene expression. ELISA experiments reveal that the levels of methylation at H3K4 and H3K27 are significantly different between preDII, DII and postDII embryos indicating that there are molecular differences between embryos of different chronological age and stage of development. Furthermore, in DII embryos relative to PreDII embryos there are differences in the level of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3, which may reflect critical chromatin remodeling that occurs prior to arrest of embryogenesis. This work helps lay a foundation for chromatin analysis of vertebrate embryo diapause, an intriguing yet greatly understudied phenomenon.
The use of ketamine in electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Kucia Krzysztof , Merk Wojciech
Published: December 2015

W ostatnich latach coraz częściej publikowane są informacje o możliwości uzyskania szybkiej poprawy stanu klinicznego po podaniu ketaminy u pacjentów z rozpoznaniem depresji. Stosowana jako anestetyk przy zabiegach EW, pomimo wcześniejszych obaw, odznacza się zarówno dobrym profilem bezpieczeństwa, jak i minimalnym wpływem na próg drgawkowy, co wykorzystuje się w przypadkach braku odpowiedzi na EW. Postulowane działanie ketaminy powodujące szybkie ustępowanie objawów depresji budziło nadzieję przyspieszenia leczniczego wpływu EW u pacjentów z ciężką postacią choroby, jednak przeprowadzone badania dostarczają sprzecznych danych wskazując na krótkotrwałość obserwowanego efektu. W badaniach łącznego stosowania ketaminy z innymi lekami anestetycznymi podkreślano nie tyle jej działanie przeciwdepresyjne, co poprawę parametrów hemodynamicznych w trakcie zabiegów. Celem pracy jest z jednej strony uświadomienie psychiatrom, iż rola anestezjologa przy EW nie ogranicza się wyłącznie do wprowadzenia pacjenta w stan znieczulenia ogólnego i zwiotczenia, a z drugiej anestezjologom, iż stosowane przez nich leki wywierają istotny wpływ na parametry napadu drgawkowego i pośrednio na skuteczność EW. Ze względu na dotychczasową małą liczebność badanych populacji kwestia skuteczności przeciwdepresyjnej ketaminy wymaga dalszej eksploracji.
Combined use of ECT and psychotropic drugs
Authors: Merk Wojciech , Kucia Krzysztof
Published: December 2015

Elektrowstrząsy (EW), pomimo znacznego rozwoju psychofarmakoterapii i wprowadzania na przestrzeni ostatnich lat nowoczesnych preparatów, nadal pozostają istotną, biologiczną metodą leczenia o udowodnionej, wysokiej skuteczności klinicznej. W algorytmach postępowania stanowią nadal metodę z wyboru w terapii pacjentów lekoopornych. Brak szerszego ich stosowania może po części wynikać z obawy przed potencjalnymi interakcjami z jednoczasowo prowadzoną farmakoterapią czy koniecznością przerywania dotychczasowego leczenia. Aktualna jest kwestia potencjalnego wpływu farmakoterapii na wiele parametrów zabiegu, w tym najczęściej na próg drgawkowy i pośrednio efekt kliniczny. Systematycznie prowadzone badania zrewidowały dotychczasowe teorie nakazujące ograniczenia w podawaniu leków w trakcie cyklu zabiegów EW. Obecnie coraz częściej podkreśla się nie tylko bezpieczeństwo takiego postępowania, ale i możliwość synergistycznego leczniczego działania EW i psychofarmakoterapii. Autorzy prezentują dotychczasowe doniesienia dotyczące łącznego stosowania leków oraz zabiegów EW, bezpieczeństwa bądź potencjalnego ryzyka skojarzonego leczenia oraz propozycje gremiów naukowych w omawianej kwestii. Zwraca uwagę fakt ograniczeń interpretacyjnych prac, szczególnie opisów kazuistycznych lub obserwacji niewielkich grup, co wymaga dalszych badań obejmujących liczniejsze populacje pacjentów.