bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection and Optimization of Most Suitable Path Loss Prediction Model for Suburban City in Nigeria Using Spline Interpolation
Authors: Danladi A. , W. Silikwa N. , G. Gaya K. , H. Augustine A.
Published: October 2019

Path loss is an attenuation of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) signal between Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Mobile Station (MS). Path loss helps network engineers in planning, designing and implementing telecommunication networks. This work examines the applicability of Hata, COST 231, ECC – 33, Ericsson and SUI models in a medium city (Mubi) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured and the predicted losses (output of the models) is obtained as 7.632dB, 14.736dB, 10.593dB, 0.639dB and 23.491dB respectively. Ericsson model is found to have the least RMSE. Therefore, it is selected as the best fit model and modified. Furthermore, the modified model is optimized to recover missing or to eliminate unwanted information in the radio path using spline interpolation. The optimized model can be employed for the deployment of network resources in suburban areas of Nigeria, especially in Mubi town in Adamawa State, in order to significantly enhance GSM signal QoS. It is recommended that fuzzy logic and spline interpolation techniques may be integrated and employed to further minimize the error obtained in this work.
Reading and Interpreting Machine Printed Text in Camera-Captured Document Images
Authors: J. Rehna V. , Siddique Abid , Naik Sreenivas
Published: October 2019

Aims: To introduce a cost-effective tool for reading and interpreting machine printed text in document images and save as computer-processable codes.

Study Design:  In this work, emphasize is given on extracting uppercase & lowercase letters and numerals from document images by the technique of segmentation and feature extraction using MATLAB Image Processing toolbox.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Engineering, Ibri College of Technology, between September 2017 and May 2018.

Methodology: Necessary information about existing algorithms on character recognition is collected by review of relevant literature available in journals, books, manuals and related documents. Suitable architecture and novel algorithm for a simple, low cost, low complexity, highly accurate system is developed as per the specifications and reviewed literature. Functionality of the design is verified using simulation software MATLAB.

Results: The proposed method can extract characters from document image (which may be scanned or camera captured) of any font size, colour, space and can be rewritten in an editable window like Notepad, WordPad where the characters can even be edited; thus, improving accuracy and hence, saves time.

Conclusion: This algorithm gives promising results that have been obtained on a number of images in which almost all characters are retrieved. It also gives 90 percent accuracy for all printed characters.
Geophysical and Geotechnical Studies of a Proposed Structure at Akure, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Stephen Olubusola Ilugbo , A. Babatunde Adebo , Oluwasayo Adegbola Ajayi , Olufemi Olaoluwa Adewumi , Hazeez Owolabi Edunjobi
Published: October 2019

Geophysical and geotechnical studies were carried out at a proposed location for the construction of a multi-storey structure in Akure, Southwestern, Nigeria. The aim was to ascertain the suitability of this location for both Founding and Engineering structures. The geophysical investigation involved the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique using the Schlumberger configuration, Dipole-Dipole Horizontal Profiling and a geotechnical investigation. A total of twenty-one (21) VES and five (5) Cone Penetration Test (CPT) locations were occupied within the study site. Dipole-Dipole Horizontal Profiling was occupied along traverses 1 and 2 within the investigated area. The electrode separation varies from 1 to 75 m. The investigation delineated three major layers which are topsoil, which is excavated before any foundation is laid. The second layer delineated was lateritic and the last was weathered layer. From the result obtained, depth to lateritic layer ranges from 1.1 to 9.0 m while resistivity defining the lateritic layer ranges from 150 Ωm to 792 Ωm. Some of the sounding curves generated over the VES stations and Dipole-Dipole Horizontal Profiling fairly correlated with those of the CPT profile. The high cone penetration resistance recorded at CPT point 4 and 5 is manifested as high geoelectric resistivity values recorded at VES 13. This shows that the soil has fairly low clay content. It also seen from the study that the geophysical studies has a greater depth penetration, and it also provide better layer characterization compared to geotechnical studies. The choice of foundation material, clay content and topography elevation should be taken into cognizance, since the load bearing capacity of the lateritic layer was appreciably high.
Effect of Waste Tyre-Rubber Aggregate on the Strength Properties of Concrete
Authors: T. Oyebisi Adetoye , O. Osasona Cordelia
Published: October 2019

This research studied strength-characteristics of concrete using waste tyre-rubber as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete construction and compares the results to those of conventional concrete. The specimens were produced with percentage replacements of the coarse aggregate by 5%, 10% and 15 % of rubber aggregate. A control mix with no replacement of the coarse aggregate was produced, to make a comparative analysis. The samples consisted of concrete cubes, cylinders and beams. Various tests (such as slump, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests), were conducted. Data-collection was mainly based on the results of the tests conducted on the specimens in the laboratory. The results show that there is a reduction in the compressive strength of the concrete, due to the inclusion of rubber aggregates. Compressive strength losses of 12.69%, 17.75% and 25.33% were noticed for 5%, 10%, 15% replacement of coarse aggregate, respectively; tensile strength losses of 13.01%, 20.12%, and 24.76% were observed, respectively, when 5%, 10%, 15% of the coarse aggregate was replaced, after 28 days of curing; -0.1%, -0.15% and 0.2% decrease in flexural strength was observed for 5%, 10% and 15% replacement, respectively, after curing for 28 days. Rubberised concrete was found to have some desirable characteristics (such as lower density, enhanced ductility, and a slight increase in flexural strength in the lower compressive strength concrete categories). The overall results show that it is possible to use recycled rubber tyres in concrete construction, as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates. Nevertheless, the percentage of replacement should be limited to 10% (which ensures the strength of the concrete is kept within the required range), and the application should be restricted to particular cases where the properties related to the replacement with the rubber aggregates clearly indicate an improvement on conventional concrete, and so are desirable.
A Numerical Simulation of Meshes Mending Used in the Three-dimensional Porthole Die Extrusion of Thin Wall Profiles
Authors: Hsia Shao-Yi
Published: October 2019

Aims: The variety of aluminium products used in many industries (e.g., aviation, railroad, and transport) drive the need for an urgent increase in aluminium feedstock. Improved aluminium extrusion forming and mold design guarantee product quality, shorten production time, and enhance mold life. We analyse and discuss the problems resulting from the simulation and analysis of thin-layer aluminium alloy rims by focusing on porthole die extrusion for bicycles. In general, when analysing with CAE, the billet going from portholes to the welding chamber in the hot extrusion forming process indicates that mesh penetration during remesh causes volume loss and stops the simulation. This is especially serious on thin wall products.

Methodology: In this study, applying mesh mending to extrusion of the billet could solve this problem, and the previous issue of mesh contact causing volume disappearance would not appear during simulation. After solving the remesh problem, the optimisation method in the Taguchi Method could be utilised to modify the hot extrusion mold and analyse its existing speed to avoid uneven forming.

Results: Our analysis simultaneously examined stress, strain, velocity gradient, and product formation to understand the relationships between parameters and extrusion load as well as forming defects caused by thin wall extrusion. It is expected to provide a specifically practicable analysis model for aluminium extrusion.

Conclusion: Comparing the simulation size with design size ensures accuracy. The maximum size error was 8.70% at a size of 0.92mm, and the maximum error of the rest of the sizes was about ±5%, which was acceptable in this study.
Analysis of the Synthetic Gas Production from Saw Dust Gasification
Authors: Raphael Akinyemi Oluwaseyi , Gideon Olaiya Niyi
Published: October 2019

Aims: Produce combustible gas from sawdust for domestic house use.

Study Design: A fluidized bed gasifier suitable for sawdust gasification was used.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was done at the federal university of technology akure, Ondo state Nigeria

Methodology: Sawdust was first processed by converting it to pellets. Tests were carried out on the pellets using a bomb calorimeter using the ASTM-E771 standard. On experimental, the pellets were loaded into the reactor and then fired. Air was forced into the plenum, after which the air distributor plate evenly distributed jets of air in the bed resulting in complete and incomplete combustion.

Results: Experimental tests showed that the pellets have a heating value of 16.36 MJ of energy per kg and a higher percentage of volatile matter of 57.62% (ASTM-E872) and a lower percentage of fixed carbon than the initial sawdust sample. The produced synthesis gas composed of methane 63.4%, Ammonia 1.09%, Carbon monoxide 0.63%, Hydrogen sulphide 0.84% and carbon dioxide 34.04%.

Conclusion: The gas was ignited showing it was combustible.
A Fundamental Evaluation of the Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, Using the Rating Index of the Users and Operatives
Authors: Oni O. A. , Omotoso T. , Awopetu M. S.
Published: October 2019

The assessment of the management of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ado Ekiti being undertaken by Ekiti State Waste Management Board (ESWMB) was done using questionnaires distributed randomly to the users and government operatives of the service. The questionnaire responses were on a five-point scale, similar to the Likert’s scale, but not bipolar. The data was collected from the users of the main dumpsters, which are located at Opopogboro, Ajilosun, Atikonkon, Oja Oba and Odo Ado areas of the city. Also, the data from the operatives was collected from the driver and four labourers designated to collect waste from each dumpster. The people’s rating index (PRI), which was calculated from the weighted value of the responses to different questions, was used to determine the overall index value whose maximum value is 100. The rating was classified into five categories- bad, fair, fairly good, good, very good and excellent, to enable pragmatic assessment of each issue being assessed. The rating of the users varies from fair to fairly good while the rating of the operatives varies from fair to very good. The general better rating of the operatives compared to the users indicate the reason the state government is oblivious of the poor status of the management of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ado Ekiti. The findings in this study suggest that the state government needs to hold a stakeholders summit on effective management of MSW in Ado Ekiti. With this, critical issues relating to urgent need for improvement and increased funding from non-governmental organisations and the federal government will be resolved. In conclusion, the approach used in this study, which is not symmetrical and includes the perception of primary stakeholders appears to be pragmatic and suitable for foundational appraisal of the management of a basic MSW system.
Mathematical Model for Solar Drying of Grains
Authors: Fagunwa A. O. , Aregbesola O. A. , Faborode M. O.
Published: October 2019

Mathematical modeling of drying process is a complex procedure that should be carefully done. Moreso, model for solar drying, which is a unique method of drying due to constant fluctuation in the climatic conditions, requires complete integration of the complex phenomena that are involved for accurate prediction of moisture content and drying rate. A mathematical model was developed from heat and mass balance equation considering the physical and thermal properties of the grain, meteorological factors and convective heat transfer during solar drying of grains. The data obtained from the model was compared with experimental results obtained using a solar dryer to dry five selected grains – cowpea, soyabean, groundnut, maize and sorghum at airflow rates of 0.22 m/s, 0.76 m/s and 0.94 m/s. The results from statistical analysis and regression analyses used to compare the results showed that the model is adequate in predicting the moisture content and drying rate of the selected grains as well as other agricultural products with closer physical and thermal properties.
Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger with Double Passes
Authors: Nwokedi Ikenna Chukwudi , Igwegbe Chinenye Adaobi
Published: October 2019

The exchange of heat is one of the most important processes in the chemical industry. The shell and tube heat exchanger is the major equipment used to transfer heat from one medium to another. This research work on the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) of shell and tube heat exchangers with double passes aims to provide an easy way to design the shell and tube heat exchanger. A case study question was stated and all the necessary calculations in the thermal design were carried out using the Kern’s method of heat exchanger design. The thermal design was then used as a guide to the CAD using computer codes. The computer software program, Visual Basic NET (VB.NET) was used because of its numerous advantages over the other software. The result gotten from the computer-aided design was compared to the result from the thermal design. The computer-aided design software was equally used to test other problems on shell and tube heat exchanger. The computer-aided design was found to be more accurate, quicker and efficient and, it is recommended for use in companies and industries.
Design Modification of an Indigenous Extruder
Authors: Koyenikan O. O. , Olukunle O. J. , Olalusi A. P.
Published: October 2019

This research involved the design and modification of an existing fish feed extruder which was subjected to evaluation in order to produce floatable fish feeds. It was observed that the temperature of the extruded feed was on the average of 70°C with moisture content of 25% wet basis. The modifications incorporated into the existing extruder included the water pump, sprockets and chain, circuit box containing essential electrical components and temperature sensors.  The volume of hopper, weight of hopper, diameter of the screw auger, power required to drive the screw auger, volume of the extruding barrel, forces and weight acting on the chain, speed for driving the larger and smaller sprocket, length of the sprocket chain, weight of screw for each revolution, total load acting on the screw, torsional moment of the screw and diameter of shaft were designed. Another modification was the incorporation of a system that could raise the barrel`s internal temperature for five different temperatures between 90°C and 130°C. The functional efficiencies of the existing and modified extruder were 56.52 and 91.30% and their throughput capacities were 0.53 and 1.24 kg/hr respectively.
Sanding and Shaping Characteristics of Gmelina arborea Grown in Two Ecological Zones in Ghana
Authors: Mitchual Stephen J. , Owusu Francis W. , Minkah Maxidite A.
Published: October 2019

Poor machining of wood generates more residues which leads to low recovery in wood processing. Therefore, the availability of appropriate wood machining techniques would promote efficient utilization of logs. This study looked at the shaping and sanding properties of Gmelina arborea - a lesser-known species in Ghana - in order to promote its efficient utilization. Six trees from plantations at the Wet Evergreen and Dry Semi-Deciduous Forest Zones were extracted and processed into lumber using LT 15 horizontal wood-mizer. The average moisture content of samples just before the test was 14.57%. Specimens were prepared in accordance with ASTM D 143-83 and ASTM D 1666-87 (2004) for the sanding and shaping tests. The effects of tree location, grit size and spindle speed on sanding and shaping properties of Gmelina arborea wood were assessed using the visual approach. For the sanding test, grit size P80 was the best sandpaper to remove chipped and torn grain defects from the surfaces of Gmelina arborea lumber after planing. Spindle speed 10,000 rpm gave the best shaping output so it was recommended for shaping Gmelina arborea timber grown in Ghana. For the shaping operation, wood samples obtained from the Dry Semi-Deciduous Forest Zone had better surface quality than those obtained from the Wet Evergreen Forest Zone. A similar trend was obtained for the sanding test. The most common defects observed during grading of the shaped specimens were raised, chipped and fuzzy grains and those observed for the sanded specimen were fuzzy and scratchy defects. At 5% level of significance, tree location and spindle speed had significant effect on the surface quality of the shaped specimen.
Climate Change Effect on Water Supply Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector
Authors: Nepal Ganga Datta
Published: October 2019

To continue the exiting ecosystem and healthier future for our upcoming generation. Current generation indeed need to be aware of mitigation and adaptation action to be taken for the sake minimization of climate change effect at local, regional or global level. For the mandatory operationalization, global governance is must; so that harmonisation, coordination and collaboration can start from all levels. In addition, all kinds of development sector should establish a climate change mitigation and adaptation plan. Effects climate change has not only brought a warmer world but also create an anthropogenic effect on the society likely health, social, economic and humanitarian injuries. Disasters such as landslide; flooding, tsunami sometimes cause to life casualties. In developing world, focus to be taken for proper WASH services i.e. waterborne diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera may cause many illnesses that lead the loss of human.
Use of Smart Controls in Intelligent Well Completion to Optimize Oil & Gas Recovery
Authors: Afuekwe Austin , Bello Kelani
Published: October 2019

For the past few years, the oil and gas industry has faced several economic, geographic and technical challenges largely due to decline in crude oil prices and market volatility.

In the quest to address some of these challenges to accelerate production and subsequently maximize ultimate recovery, operators are limited to remote hydraulic and electro-hydraulic monitoring and control of safety valves providing the means of obtaining downhole production data which demands periodic well intervention-based techniques with risk of loss of associated tools. This has highlighted the need for companies to adopt new technology to take advantage of low crude oil price environment, optimizing recovery without interventions and with minimal production interruption.

One of the recent improvements in production technologies which can remedy these problems having unique capabilities to do so is the Intelligent Well Completion (IWC) technology. In this paper the utilization of IWC to optimize oil recovery was evaluated. The use of a reservoir simulator, the Schlumberger ECLIPSE-100 simulator, was employed to model an intelligent well. Case study simulations were performed for an active bottom-water drive. Modeling of the Intelligent Well Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) and downhole sensors for the multilaterals was achieved using the Multi-Segment Well model.

Optimal IWC technology combination for maximum hydrocarbon recovery and minimal water production was determined using the reactive control strategy (RCS) which indicated a drastic reduction of about 52.1% in water production with a slight drop of 1.5% in field oil efficiency (FOE). The simulation results obtained clearly showed that the utilization of intelligent well-ICDs in Production wells can significantly increase the cumulative oil production and reduce water production.
Design of Normal Concrete Mix Based on Both Building Research Establishment and American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design
Authors: Adewuyi A. S. , Lasisi K. H.
Published: October 2019

To achieve a defined workability, strength and durability in construction works, concrete mixes are designed and this is done towards the selection and proportioning of constituents to produce a concrete with pre-defined characteristics both in fresh and hardened states. This study assesses the design of normal concrete mix based on the American Concrete Institute and Department Of Environment methods of mix. A characteristic strength of 20 N/mm2 was designed for using the two mix design methods. The concrete components used were tested for specific gravity; moisture content, particle size distribution, aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value, slump test and compacting factor test and were found suitable. Two sets of concrete cubes (150 x 150 x 150 mm) each were cast using two mix designs. Compressive strengths were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of curing. The 28th day strengths of the two sets of concrete were found to be 30.5 N/mm2 and 29.5 N/mm2 for both DOE and ACI mix design methods which did not exceed the calculated targeted strength.
Reliability Assessment of a Cement Industry by Application of Weibull Method
Authors: Idiapho Onoriode K. , Odinikuku William E. , Akusu Onomine M.
Published: October 2019

The financial cost of downtime can be very significant, especially in manufacturing industries. As a result, no business wants to experience downtime. In this study, the reliability of two identical machines code named GDA and GDB used in a cement manufacturing industry was assessed by analysis of failure times data of components in the machines by applying Weibull distribution method. The estimates of the Weibull parameters, θ and β were obtained using a reliability software tool ‘Windchill Quality Solutions 11.0 Tryout’ and the mean time to failure, failure rate and reliability of the machines was successfully determined. The result obtained showed that, the machines are undergoing rapid wear out as the values of the shape parameter obtained were greater than four. The plots of the failure rate also showed that the machines are in their wear out periods as the failure rate curves were observed to be increasing. The values of the mean time to failure of the two machines were found to be very close. The reliability of the machines was found to be increasing as their values of scale parameter, θ increases with machine GDA having the highest reliability.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modelling of Mixture Formation in Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine
Authors: Amedorme Sherry Kwabla , Apodi Joseph
Published: October 2019

Automotive engine faces stringent regulations on emission with improved fuel consumption. As such, the Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines which have the potential to meet these requirements are being improved on especially the mixture formation to the burning of the mixture. In GDI, late injection compared with early injection scheme generates charge stratification which contributes to the optimised fuel consumption and combustion. As a result, this strategy in GDI engines is considered to be promising with increasing research focus. This paper aims at evaluating the computational fluids dynamics (CFD) modelling of two-phase transient injection process in generic GDI engines with the late injection to study the features of fuel atomisation process, injection velocity and its influence on turbulence. The commercial CFD code Star CCM+ was used to perform this simulation due to its advanced polyhedral mesh technology and the user-friendly interface. Transient liquid and gas flow inside the combustion chamber was simulated using the Eulerian multiphase segregated flow model with k-epsilon turbulence. The contour plots show that during the injection period turbulence for each phase was independent of the spray shape predicted to be asymmetric under non-vaporisation conditions. In addition, increasing injection velocity of liquid fuel causes stronger turbulence for the liquid phase. The results also show that the variation of turbulence for gas-phase is mainly centred in the region of the inlet during the injection process and non-homogenous turbulent characteristics were observed for the late injection with the volume fraction of the liquid phase also seen to be asymmetric.
Progressive Collapse Potential of Ordinary Moment Resisting R/C Frames
Authors: N. Khater Ahmed , B. A. Beshara Fouad , A. Mahmoud Ahmed , O. El-Mahdy Osama
Published: October 2019

A nonlinear numerical procedure in joint with suitable constitutive concrete and steel models is proposed to simulate the structural behavior and progressive collapse potential of ordinary moment-resisting frames exposed to a middle column removal scenario. Previous experimental results are used to verify the proposed non-linear finite element modelling using ANSYS program. The geometrical discretization of the ANSYS in accordance with concrete and reinforcing steel bars constitutive models have been employed in the suggested approach. The proposed numerical model succeeded in simulating the pre-peak and post-peak behavior in addition to the catenary action stage until reaching the failure of ordinary frames specimens. Numerical predictions are given for the cracking patterns, load-deflection curves, and steel strain-deflection relations.
The longitudinal association between social status insecurity and relational aggression: Moderation effects of social cognition about relational aggression
Authors: Long Yunyi , Li Yan
Published: October 2019

Previous research has shown that adolescents’ insecurity about their social status is related to their use of relational aggression. However, little is known about how adolescents’ social cognition may moderate this association. Employing a mixed‐method approach and a short‐term longitudinal design, this study addresses this issue by examining the moderation effects of attribution and outcome expectancies regarding relational aggression on the associations between social status insecurity and relational aggression among 476 Chinese adolescents (238 girls). The main results showed that self‐serving attributions and instrumental outcome expectancies strengthened the positive and longitudinal association between social status insecurity and self‐reported relational aggression. The findings of this study enrich our knowledge about the social cognitive processes pertinent to peer status and relational aggression among adolescents.
Psoriasis Associated With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Children With Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Buckley Lisa H. , Xiao Rui , Perman Marissa J. , Grossman Andrew B. , Weiss Pamela F.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To estimate the incidence rate (IR) of psoriasis in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and chronic noninfectious osteomyelitis (CNO) with tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) exposure as compared to children without TNFi exposure and to the general pediatric population.

Methods

This was a single‐center retrospective cohort study of children with IBD, JIA, or CNO from 2008 to 2018. TNFi exposure was defined as a prescription for adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, certolizumab, or golimumab, and the primary outcome was incident psoriasis. IRs and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of psoriasis with TNFi exposure and other risk factors.

Results

Of the 4,111 children who met inclusion criteria, 1,614 (39%) had TNFi exposure and 2,497 (61%) did not, with 4,705 and 6,604 person‐years of follow‐up, respectively. There were 58 cases (IR 12.3 per 1,000 person‐years) and 25 cases (IR 3.8 per 1,000 person‐years) of psoriasis in children with and without TNFi exposure, respectively. The SIR was 18 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 15–22) overall, 30 (95% CI 23–39) for children with TNFi exposure, and 9.3 (95% CI 6.3–14) for children without TNFi exposure. The hazard ratio of psoriasis comparing TNFi exposure to no TNFi exposure was 3.84 (95% CI 2.28–6.47; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Children with IBD, JIA, and CNO had an increased rate of psoriasis compared to the general pediatric population, with the highest rate in those with TNFi exposure.
Self‐Sustainable Wearable Textile Nano‐Energy Nano‐System (NENS) for Next‐Generation Healthcare Applications
Authors: He Tianyiyi , Wang Hao , Wang Jiahui , Tian Xi , Wen Feng , Shi Qiongfeng , Ho John S. , Lee Chengkuo
Published: October 2019

Wearable electronics presage a future in which healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation are enabled beyond the limitation of hospitals, and self‐powered sensors and energy generators are key prerequisites for a self‐sustainable wearable system. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on textiles can be an optimal option for scavenging low‐frequency and irregular waste energy from body motions as a power source for self‐sustainable systems. However, the low output of most textile‐based TENGs (T‐TENGs) has hindered its way toward practical applications. In this work, a facile and universal strategy to enhance the triboelectric output is proposed by integration of a narrow‐gap TENG textile with a high‐voltage diode and a textile‐based switch. The closed‐loop current of the diode‐enhanced textile‐based TENG (D‐T‐TENG) can be increased by 25 times. The soft, flexible, and thin characteristics of the D‐T‐TENG enable a moderate output even as it is randomly scrunched. Furthermore, the enhanced current can directly stimulate rat muscle and nerve. In addition, the capability of the D‐T‐TENG as a practical power source for wearable sensors is demonstrated by powering Bluetooth sensors embedded to clothes for humidity and temperature sensing. Looking forward, the D‐T‐TENG renders an effective approach toward a self‐sustainable wearable textile nano‐energy nano‐system for next‐generation healthcare applications.
Metal Coordination‐Mediated Functional Grading and Self‐Healing in Mussel Byssus Cuticle
Authors: Xu Quan , Xu Meng , Lin Chun‐Yu , Zhao Qiang , Zhang Rui , Dong Xiaoxiao , Zhang Yida , Tian Shouceng , Tian Yu , Xia Zhenhai
Published: October 2019

Metal‐containing polymer networks are ubiquitous in biological systems, and their unique structures enable a variety of fascinating biological behaviors. Cuticle of mussel byssal threads, containing Fe‐catecholate complexes, shows remarkably high hardness, high extensibility, and self‐healing capability. Understanding strengthening and self‐healing mechanisms is essential for elucidating animal behaviors and rationally designing mussel‐inspired materials. Here, direct evidence of Fe3+ and Fe2+ gradient distribution across the cuticle thickness is demonstrated, which shows more Fe2+ inside the inner cuticle, to support the hypothesis that the cuticle is a functionally graded material with high stiffness, extensibility, and self‐healing capacity. The mechanical tests of the mussel threads show that both strength and extensibility of the threads decrease with increasing oxygen contents, but this property degradation can be restored upon removing the oxygen. The first‐principles calculations explain the change in iron coordination, which plays a key role in strengthening, degradation, and self‐healing of the polymer networks. The oxygen absorbs on metal ions, weakening the iron‐catecholate bonds in the cuticle and collagen core, but this process can be reversed by sea water. These findings can have important implications in the design of next‐generation bioinspired robust, highly extensible materials, and catalysis.
Self‐Supply of O2 and H2O2 by a Nanocatalytic Medicine to Enhance Combined Chemo/Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Gao Shutao , Jin Yan , Ge Kun , Li Zhenhua , Liu Huifang , Dai Xinyue , Zhang Yinghua , Chen Shizhu , Liang Xingjie , Zhang Jinchao
Published: October 2019

Combined chemo/chemodynamic therapy is a promising strategy to achieve an improved anticancer effect. However, the hypoxic microenvironment and limited amount of H2O2 in most solid tumors severely restrict the efficacy of this treatment. Herein, the construction of a nanocatalytic medicine, CaO2@DOX@ZIF‐67, via a bottom‐up approach is described. CaO2@DOX@ZIF‐67 simultaneously supplies O2 and H2O2 to achieve improved chemo/chemodynamic therapy. In the weakly acidic environment within tumors, CaO2@DOX@ZIF‐67 is broken down to rapidly release the Fenton‐like catalyst Co2+ and the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX). The unprotected CaO2 reacts with H2O to generate both O2 and H2O2. The generated O2 relieves the hypoxia in the tumor and further improve the efficacy of DOX. Meanwhile, the generated H2O2 reacts with Co2+ ions to produce highly toxic •OH through a Fenton‐like reaction, resulting in improved chemodynamic therapy.
The importance of chloroplast movement, nonphotochemical quenching, and electron transport rates in light acclimation and tolerance to high light in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Howard Mia M. , Bae Andrea , Königer Martina
Published: October 2019

Premise

While essential for photosynthesis, excess light can damage plants. We investigated how growth light conditions affect two photoprotective strategies, chloroplast movement and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), as well as electron transport rates (ETR), and the relative importance of these processes in the short‐term stress tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Methods

We grew wild‐type (WT) and mutant plants with impaired chloroplast movement (phot1, phot2, phot1 phot2, chup1) or NPQ (npq1) at low (160 μmol photons m−2 s−1) or intermediate light (400 μmol photons m−2 s−1) before quantifying transmission changes due to chloroplast movement, NPQ, ETR, and the ability to recover from a short‐term high‐light treatment.

Results

Plants with impaired chloroplast avoidance movement (phot2, phot1 phot2, chup1) did not recover as well from a short‐term high light treatment as the WT or npq1 and phot1 mutants. Plants grown at intermediate light recovered more completely from the same stress treatment regardless of their genotype and despite reduced degrees of transmission changes due to chloroplast movement. This result was due in part to all genotypes having up to a 2‐fold increase in ETRmax and a slight increase in NPQmax.

Conclusions

Growth light conditions affect which mechanisms are important in dealing with short‐term high‐light stress. The chloroplast avoidance response is important for low‐light‐grown plants, while increases in ETRmax and NPQmax allow plants grown at intermediate light intensities to avoid being damaged.
Life cycle energy comparison of different polymer recycling processes
Authors: Overcash Michael R. , Ewell James H. , Griffing Evan M.
Published: October 2019

This article is to demonstrate a consistent, transparent approach to comparing plastic recycling technologies. The uniform comparison is based on each recycling technology having the same input (waste PET), mass basis for processing, output as new product (new PET product or fuels), and the concept of the same multiple (two) closed loops of recycling. We seek to demonstrate, at the fundamental technology level, how energy use differentiates plastic recycling technologies. Five polymer‐recycling processes are examined using a uniform, quantitative comparison of 1 kg PET bottles (about 100 single‐serve 0.5 L water bottles): direct reuse, 100% mechanical recycled content, depolymerization, and re‐polymerization of new resin and 100% to bottles, reclaiming energy value, and landfill. The life cycle energy benefit for recycle technologies with varying product recycled content can be determined by a single equation. All these recycling processes resulted in total energy reduction per kg PET bottles compared to landfilling. The base case of three cycles per 1 kg PET bottles is used to explore the influence of recycling loops. Direct reuse gave a 290% energy improvement with three cycles. Other processes, all at 100% recycle content, gave improvements: mechanical (250%), depolymerization/repolymerization (150%), and energy recovery (120%). More information would improve the analysis of the depolymerization process assessment. These preliminary data describe the analyses that are needed to quantify the benefit of recycling any polymer using these recycling methods. The Environmental Genome (“EGI”) provides valuable information for these calculations as it contains the polymers and supply chains for such evaluations.
Nanoconjugates of methacrylic polymers: Synthesis, characterization, and immobilization to leather
Authors: Ayyappan Vijaya Gowri , Prakash Dhanasekaran , Jaisankar Sellamuthu N. , Sadhukhan Nabanita , Alam Md. Sayem , Samanta Debasis
Published: October 2019

Imparting superhydrophobicity to surfaces has direct implications for developing water‐repellent materials. Most hydrophobic materials cannot be applied directly to specific surfaces like leather because of noncompatibility. Although methacrylic polymers are compatible to leather, their inherent hydrophilic characteristics make it challenging to use for introducing hydrophobicity or superhydrophobicity. In this article, we present a strategy of introducing hydrophobicity in various degrees as well as superhydrophobicity to different surfaces, particularly leather and glass surfaces by using conjugates of methacrylic polymers and various carbon nanomaterials. The covalent functionalization of methacrylate polymers with carbon nanotubes and fullerenes was performed by radical polymerization in the presence or absence of chain transfer agents (CTAs). CTA was used during polymerization to introduce carboxylic acid group, necessary for chromium‐assisted binding to leather to avoid leaching. A balance between the compatibility of the polymer nanoconjugates with the leather and the amount necessary for coating stabilization was studied by a rheometer. While water contact angle measurement indicated the mild hydrophobicity in most cases, we were delighted to observe superhydrophobicity in one case presumably due to increased roughness because of the presence of specific nanomaterial to overcome inherent hydrophilicity of methacrylic polymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48627.
A systematic review of algorithm aversion in augmented decision making
Authors: Burton Jason W. , Stein Mari‐Klara , Jensen Tina Blegind
Published: October 2019

Despite abundant literature theorizing societal implications of algorithmic decision making, relatively little is known about the conditions that lead to the acceptance or rejection of algorithmically generated insights by individual users of decision aids. More specifically, recent findings of algorithm aversion—the reluctance of human forecasters to use superior but imperfect algorithms—raise questions about whether joint human‐algorithm decision making is feasible in practice. In this paper, we systematically review the topic of algorithm aversion as it appears in 61 peer‐reviewed articles between 1950 and 2018 and follow its conceptual trail across disciplines. We categorize and report on the proposed causes and solutions of algorithm aversion in five themes: expectations and expertise, decision autonomy, incentivization, cognitive compatibility, and divergent rationalities. Although each of the presented themes addresses distinct features of an algorithmic decision aid, human users of the decision aid, and/or the decision making environment, apparent interdependencies are highlighted. We conclude that resolving algorithm aversion requires an updated research program with an emphasis on theory integration. We provide a number of empirical questions that can be immediately carried forth by the behavioral decision making community.
Assessing the unwanted: A systematic review of instruments used to assess negative effects of psychotherapy
Authors: Herzog Philipp , Lauff Sören , Rief Winfried , Brakemeier Eva‐Lotta
Published: October 2019

Objective

While the efficacy of psychotherapy in the treatment of mental disorders is well examined, systematic research into negative effects of psychotherapy seems comparatively rare. Therefore, this review evaluates instruments for assessing negative effects of psychotherapy in order to create a consensus framework and make recommendations for their assessment.

Methods

The study selection procedure follows current best‐practice guidelines for conducting systematic reviews, with 10 included studies in three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science). The nine instruments identified were each critically reviewed concerning the theoretical orientation, including the assessed domains of negative effects, psychometric properties, and diagnostic characteristics.

Results

Seventeen domains of negative effects of psychotherapy were identified but inconsistently assessed by the nine instruments. Most instruments provide some initial data on their psychometric properties. Regarding diagnostic characteristics, different item‐response formats are used but often with reference to “attribution to therapy.”

Conclusion

This review indicates that the existing instruments for assessing negative effects of psychotherapy cover a wide range of relevant domains without any consensus on the most important ones and their psychometric properties are usually unsatisfactory. A framework for consensus, building on the definition and conceptualization of negative effects, is synthesized, and recommendations for improving the assessment are derived.
Deep brain stimulation modulates pallidal and subthalamic neural oscillations in Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Zhu Guan‐Yu , Geng Xin‐Yi , Zhang Rui‐Li , Chen Ying‐Chuan , Liu Yu‐Ye , Wang Shou‐Yan , Zhang Jian‐Guo
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Previous studies found subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) has clinical effect on Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and obsessive compulsive disorder. It is noteworthy that only a few studies report the STN‐DBS for Tourette's syndrome (TS). Globus pallidus interna (GPi)‐DBS is the one of the most common targets for TS. So, this paper aims to investigate the neural oscillations in STN and GPi as well as the DBS effect between these two targets in same patients.

Methods

The local field potentials (LFPs) were simultaneously recorded from the bilateral GPi and STN in four patients with TS. The LFPs were decomposed into neural oscillations, and the frequency and time–frequency characteristics of the neural oscillations were analyzed across the conditions of resting, poststimulation, and movement.

Results

No difference of resting LFP was found between the two targets. The poststimulation period spectral power revealed the high beta and gamma oscillations were recovered after GPi‐DBS but remained attenuated after STN‐DBS. The STN beta oscillation has fewer changes during tics than voluntary movement, and the gamma oscillation was elevated when the tics appeared.

Conclusion

The high beta and gamma oscillations in GPi restored after GPi‐DBS, but not STN‐DBS. High beta and gamma oscillations may have physiological function in resisting tics in TS. The cortex compensation effect might be interfered by the STN‐DBS due to the influence on the hyper‐direct pathway but not GPi‐DBS.
A case of gastrointestinal tuberculosis with unusual manifestations of carcinomatosis
Authors: Abedi Parvin , Alavinejad Pezhman , Hashemi Seyed Jalal , Ahmadi Fatemeh
Published: October 2019

Unusual manifestations of TB may include gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, and IVC thrombosis. These symptoms may be misdiagnosed for carcinomatosis. According to our study even with medical advances, the diagnosis of GI TB is still enormously difficult.
Metastatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast presenting with pericardial effusion—Challenges in the diagnosis of breast cancer
Authors: Chahin Michael , Seegobin Karan , Maharaj Satish , Ramsubeik Karishma
Published: October 2019

Breast cancer is a common entity that can be difficult to diagnose. This case demonstrates the limitations of breast cancer diagnostics. Particularly, how the available imaging techniques and even biopsy can potentially miss a malignancy. It exemplifies the role immunohistochemistry staining plays in the diagnosis of cancers of unclear origin.
Clitoral cyst in a bitch
Authors: Fung Canny , Ortolani Jennifer M. , Greenberg Marc J.
Published: October 2019

Clitoral cyst can be easily mistaken for a vaginal mass lesion and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a female dog presenting with an anatomically abnormal external genital examination.
Dynamic Ion Correlations in Solid and Liquid Electrolytes: How Do They Affect Charge and Mass Transport?
Authors: Vargas‐Barbosa N. M. , Roling B.
Published: October 2019

Solid and liquid electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion cells, such as batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells, contain often high concentrations of mobile ions. Therefore, the ion dynamics in these electrolytes is characterized by pronounced directional correlations between successive ion movements, which exert a strong influence on charge and mass transport. In this manuscript, we review the relevant transport properties of (i) single‐ion conducting solid electrolytes and of (ii) liquid electrolytes with a single type of cations and a single type of anions. All transport quantities are based on Onsager's linear irreversible thermodynamics and are defined in the laboratory frame of reference, so that they can be easily related to correlations functions of the equilibrium ion dynamics by means of linear response theory. In the case of single‐cation conducting solid electrolytes, we discuss how the complex interplay between cation‐cation and cation‐lattice interactions leads to a competition between cation self‐correlations and distinct‐cation correlations. In the case of liquid electrolytes, we describe how cation‐cation, anion‐anion, and cation‐anions correlations influence the various transport quantities, such as total ionic conductivity, Haven ratio, salt diffusion coefficient and cation transference numbers. Moreover, we discuss how, in dilute liquid electrolytes, ion correlations can be governed by ion pair formation. Finally, the competition between cation/anion and cation/polymer chain interactions can lead to negative cation transference numbers in polymer electrolytes, i. e. to cations migrating towards the positive electrode. Taken together, these case studies showcase how ion correlations in electrolyte systems can strongly influence the overall efficiency of energy storage and conversion devices due to transport limitations.