bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architecture of the budding yeast kinetochore reveals a conserved molecular core
Authors: Westermann Stefan , Cheeseman Iain M. , Anderson Scott , Yates John R. , Drubin David G. , Barnes Georjana
Published: October 2003

How kinetochore proteins are organized to connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules, and whether any structural and organizational themes are common to kinetochores from distantly related organisms, are key unanswered questions. Here, we used affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry to generate a map of kinetochore protein interactions. The budding yeast CENP-C homologue Mif2p specifically copurified with histones H2A, H2B, and H4, and with the histone H3-like CENP-A homologue Cse4p, strongly suggesting that Cse4p replaces histone H3 in a specialized centromeric nucleosome. A novel four-protein Mtw1 complex, the Nnf1p subunit of which has homology to the vertebrate kinetochore protein CENP-H, also copurified with Mif2p and a variety of central kinetochore proteins. We show that Mif2 is a critical in vivo target of the Aurora kinase Ipl1p. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated the biological relevance of these associations. We propose that a molecular core consisting of CENP-A, -C, -H, and Ndc80/HEC has been conserved from yeast to humans to link centromeres to spindle microtubules.
Formation of stacked ER cisternae by low affinity protein interactions
Authors: Snapp Erik L. , Hegde Ramanujan S. , Francolini Maura , Lombardo Francesca , Colombo Sara , Pedrazzini Emanuela , Borgese Nica , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
Published: October 2003

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can transform from a network of branching tubules into stacked membrane arrays (termed organized smooth ER [OSER]) in response to elevated levels of specific resident proteins, such as cytochrome b(5). Here, we have tagged OSER-inducing proteins with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to study OSER biogenesis and dynamics in living cells. Overexpression of these proteins induced formation of karmellae, whorls, and crystalloid OSER structures. Photobleaching experiments revealed that OSER-inducing proteins were highly mobile within OSER structures and could exchange between OSER structures and surrounding reticular ER. This indicated that binding interactions between proteins on apposing stacked membranes of OSER structures were not of high affinity. Addition of GFP, which undergoes low affinity, antiparallel dimerization, to the cytoplasmic domains of non–OSER-inducing resident ER proteins was sufficient to induce OSER structures when overexpressed, but addition of a nondimerizing GFP variant was not. These results point to a molecular mechanism for OSER biogenesis that involves weak homotypic interactions between cytoplasmic domains of proteins. This mechanism may underlie the formation of other stacked membrane structures within cells.
The Rab8 GTPase selectively regulates AP-1B–dependent basolateral transport in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells
Authors: Ang Agnes Lee , Fölsch Heike , Koivisto Ulla-Maija , Pypaert Marc , Mellman Ira
Published: October 2003

The AP-1B clathrin adaptor complex plays a key role in the recognition and intracellular transport of many membrane proteins destined for the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. However, little is known about other components that act in conjunction with AP-1B. We found that the Rab8 GTPase is one such component. Expression of a constitutively activated GTP hydrolysis mutant selectively inhibited basolateral (but not apical) transport of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Moreover, the effects were limited to AP-1B–dependent basolateral cargo; basolateral transport of proteins containing dileucine targeting motifs that do not interact with AP-1B were targeted normally despite overexpression of mutant Rab8. Similar results were obtained for a dominant-negative allele of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, previously implicated in basolateral transport but now shown to be selective for the AP-1B pathway. Rab8-GFP was localized to membranes in the TGN-recycling endosome, together with AP-1B complexes and the closely related but ubiquitously expressed AP-1A complex. However, expression of active Rab8 caused a selective dissociation of AP-1B complexes, reflecting the specificity of Rab8 for AP-1B–dependent transport.
Lymphatic endothelium
Authors: Pepper Michael S. , Skobe Mihaela
Published: October 2003

The lymphatic microvasculature is uniquely adapted for the continuous removal of interstitial fluid and proteins, and is an important point of entry for leukocytes and tumor cells. The traditional view that lymphatic capillaries are passive participants in these tasks is currently being challenged. This overview highlights recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and function of lymphatic vessels.
The AP-1A and AP-1B clathrin adaptor complexes define biochemically and functionally distinct membrane domains
Authors: Fölsch Heike , Pypaert Marc , Maday Sandra , Pelletier Laurence , Mellman Ira
Published: October 2003

Most epithelial cells contain two AP-1 clathrin adaptor complexes. AP-1A is ubiquitously expressed and involved in transport between the TGN and endosomes. AP-1B is expressed only in epithelia and mediates the polarized targeting of membrane proteins to the basolateral surface. Both AP-1 complexes are heterotetramers and differ only in their 50-kD μ1A or μ1B subunits. Here, we show that AP-1A and AP-1B, together with their respective cargoes, define physically and functionally distinct membrane domains in the perinuclear region. Expression of AP-1B (but not AP-1A) enhanced the recruitment of at least two subunits of the exocyst complex (Sec8 and Exo70) required for basolateral transport. By immunofluorescence and cell fractionation, the exocyst subunits were found to selectively associate with AP-1B–containing membranes that were both distinct from AP-1A–positive TGN elements and more closely apposed to transferrin receptor–positive recycling endosomes. Thus, despite the similarity of the two AP-1 complexes, AP-1A and AP-1B exhibit great specificity for endosomal transport versus cell polarity.
Sorting it out
Authors: Traub Linton M.
Published: October 2003

The AP-2 adaptor complex is widely viewed as a linchpin molecule in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, simultaneously binding both clathrin and receptors. This dual interaction couples cargo capture with clathrin coat assembly, but it has now been discovered that the association with cargo is tightly regulated. Remarkably, AP-2 is not obligatory for all clathrin-mediated uptake, and several alternate adaptors appear to perform similar sorting and assembly functions at the clathrin bud site.
CD27 Promotes Survival of Activated T Cells and Complements CD28 in Generation and Establishment of the Effector T Cell Pool
Authors: Hendriks Jenny , Xiao Yanling , Borst Jannie
Published: October 2003

CD27, like CD28, acts in concert with the T cell receptor to support T cell expansion. Using CD27−/− mice, we have shown earlier that CD27 determines the magnitude of primary and memory T cell responses to influenza virus. Here, we have examined the relative contributions of CD27 and CD28 to generation of the virus-specific effector T cell pool and its establishment at the site of infection (the lung), using CD27−/−, CD28−/−, and CD27/CD28−/− mice. We find that primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses to influenza virus are dependent on the collective contribution of both receptors. In the primary response, CD27 and CD28 impact to a similar extent on expansion of virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes. CD27 is the principle determinant for accumulation of virus-specific T cells in the lung because it can sustain this response in CD28−/− mice. Unlike CD28, CD27 does not affect cell cycle activity, but promotes survival of activated T cells throughout successive rounds of division at the site of priming and may do so at the site of infection as well. CD27 was found to rescue CD28−/− T cells from death at the onset of division, explaining its capacity to support a T cell response in absence of CD28.
Identification of Second Messenger Mediating Signal Transduction in the Olfactory Receptor Cell
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroko , Kurahashi Takashi
Published: October 2003

One of the biggest controversial issues in the research of olfaction has been the mechanism underlying response generation to odorants that have been shown to fail to produce cAMP when tested by biochemical assays with olfactory ciliary preparations. Such observations are actually the original source proposing a possibility for the presence of multiple and parallel transduction pathways. In this study the activity of transduction channels in the olfactory cilia was recorded in cells that retained their abilities of responding to odorants that have been reported to produce InsP3 (instead of producing cAMP, and therefore tentatively termed “InsP3 odorants”). At the same time, the cytoplasmic cNMP concentration ([cNMP]i) was manipulated through the photolysis of caged compounds to examine their real-time interactions with odorant responses. Properties of responses induced by both InsP3 odorants and cytoplasmic cNMP resembled each other in their unique characteristics. Reversal potentials of currents were 2 mV for InsP3 odorant responses and 3 mV for responses induced by cNMP. Current and voltage (I-V) relations showed slight outward rectification. Both responses showed voltage-dependent adaptation when examined with double pulse protocols. When brief pulses of the InsP3 odorant and cytoplasmic cNMP were applied alternatively, responses expressed cross-adaptation with each other. Furthermore, both responses were additive in a manner as predicted quantitatively by the theory that signal transduction is mediated by the increase in cytoplasmic cAMP. With InsP3 odorants, actually, remarkable responses could be detected in a small fraction of cells (∼2%), explaining the observation for a small production of cAMP in ciliary preparations obtained from the entire epithelium. The data will provide evidence showing that olfactory response generation and adaptation are regulated by a uniform mechanism for a wide variety of odorants.
Voltage-dependent Gating of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Cl− Channel
Authors: Cai Zhiwei , Scott-Ward Toby S. , Sheppard David N.
Published: October 2003

When excised inside-out membrane patches are bathed in symmetrical Cl−-rich solutions, the current-voltage (I-V) relationship of macroscopic cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− currents inwardly rectifies at large positive voltages. To investigate the mechanism of inward rectification, we studied CFTR Cl− channels in excised inside-out membrane patches from cells expressing wild-type human and murine CFTR using voltage-ramp and -step protocols. Using a voltage-ramp protocol, the magnitude of human CFTR Cl− current at +100 mV was 74 ± 2% (n = 10) of that at −100 mV. This rectification of macroscopic CFTR Cl− current was reproduced in full by ensemble currents generated by averaging single-channel currents elicited by an identical voltage-ramp protocol. However, using a voltage-step protocol the single-channel current amplitude (i) of human CFTR at +100 mV was 88 ± 2% (n = 10) of that at −100 mV. Based on these data, we hypothesized that voltage might alter the gating behavior of human CFTR. Using linear three-state kinetic schemes, we demonstrated that voltage has marked effects on channel gating. Membrane depolarization decreased both the duration of bursts and the interburst interval, but increased the duration of gaps within bursts. However, because the voltage dependencies of the different rate constants were in opposite directions, voltage was without large effect on the open probability (Po) of human CFTR. In contrast, the Po of murine CFTR was decreased markedly at positive voltages, suggesting that the rectification of murine CFTR is stronger than that of human CFTR. We conclude that inward rectification of CFTR is caused by a reduction in i and changes in gating kinetics. We suggest that inward rectification is an intrinsic property of the CFTR Cl− channel and not the result of pore block.
Approximating a bandlimited function using very coarsely quantized data: Improved error estimates in sigma-delta modulation
Authors: Güntürk C.
Published: October 2003

Sigma-delta quantization is a method of representing bandlimited signals by

0

−

1

0{-}1

sequences that are computed from regularly spaced samples of these signals; as the sampling density

λ
→
∞

\lambda \to \infty

, convolving these one-bit sequences with appropriately chosen kernels produces increasingly close approximations of the original signals. This method is widely used for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion, because it is less expensive and simpler to implement than the more familiar critical sampling followed by fine-resolution quantization. We present examples of how tools from number theory and harmonic analysis are employed in sharpening the error estimates in sigma-delta quantization.
The tame and the wild automorphisms of polynomial rings in three variables
Authors: Shestakov Ivan , Umirbaev Ualbai
Published: October 2003

A characterization of tame automorphisms of the algebra

A
=
F
[

x
1

,

x
2

,

x
3

]

A=F[x_1,x_2,x_3]

of polynomials in three variables over a field

F
F

of characteristic

0
0

is obtained. In particular, it is proved that the well-known Nagata automorphism is wild. It is also proved that the tame and the wild automorphisms of

A
A

are algorithmically recognizable.
The honeycomb model of 𝐺𝐿_{𝑛}(ℂ) tensor products II: Puzzles determine facets of the Littlewood-Richardson cone
Authors: Knutson Allen , Tao Terence , Woodward Christopher
Published: October 2003

The set of possible spectra

(
λ
,
μ
,
ν
)

(\lambda ,\mu ,\nu )

of zero-sum triples of Hermitian matrices forms a polyhedral cone, whose facets have been already studied by Knutson and Tao, Helmke and Rosenthal, Totaro, and Belkale in terms of Schubert calculus on Grassmannians. We give a complete determination of these facets; there is one for each triple of Grassmannian Schubert cycles intersecting in a unique point. In particular, the list of inequalities determined by Belkale to be sufficient is in fact minimal. We introduce puzzles, which are new combinatorial gadgets to compute Grassmannian Schubert calculus, and seem to have much interest in their own right. As the proofs herein indicate, the Hermitian sum problem is very naturally studied using puzzles directly, and their connection to Schubert calculus is quite incidental to our approach. In particular, we get new, puzzle-theoretic, proofs of the results of Horn, Klyachko, Helmke and Rosenthal, Totaro, and Belkale. Along the way we give a characterization of “rigid” puzzles, which we use to prove a conjecture of W. Fulton: “if for a triple of dominant weights

λ
,
μ
,
ν

\lambda ,\mu ,\nu

of

G

L
n

(

C

)

GL_n({\mathbb C})

the irreducible representation

V
ν

V_\nu

appears exactly once in

V
λ

⊗

V
μ

V_\lambda \otimes V_\mu

, then for all

N
∈

N

N\in {\mathbb N}

,

V

N
λ

V_{N\lambda }

appears exactly once in

V

N
λ

⊗

V

N
μ

V_{N\lambda }\otimes V_{N\mu }

.”
Almost global existence for quasilinear wave equations in three space dimensions
Authors: Keel Markus , Smith Hart , Sogge Christopher
Published: October 2003

We prove almost global existence for multiple speed quasilinear wave equations with quadratic nonlinearities in three spatial dimensions. We prove new results both for Minkowski space and also for nonlinear Dirichlet-wave equations outside of star shaped obstacles. The results for Minkowski space generalize a classical theorem of John and Klainerman. Our techniques only use the classical invariance of the wave operator under translations, spatial rotations, and scaling. We exploit the

O
(

|

x

|

−
1

)

O(|x|^{-1})

decay of solutions of the wave equation as much as the

O
(

|

t

|

−
1

)

O(|t|^{-1})

decay. Accordingly, a key step in our approach is to prove a pointwise estimate of solutions of the wave equation that gives

O
(
1

/

t
)

O(1/t)

decay of solutions of the inhomogeneous linear wave equation in terms of a

O
(
1

/

|

x

|

)

O(1/|x|)

-weighted norm on the forcing term. A weighted

L

2

L^{2}

space-time estimate for inhomogeneous wave equations is also important in making the spatial decay useful for the long-term existence argument.
Wiener’s lemma for twisted convolution and Gabor frames
Authors: Gröchenig Karlheinz , Leinert Michael
Published: October 2003

We prove non-commutative versions of Wiener’s Lemma on absolutely convergent Fourier series (a) for the case of twisted convolution and (b) for rotation algebras. As an application we solve some open problems about Gabor frames, among them the problem of Feichtinger and Janssen that is known in the literature as the “irrational case”.
Lies, damned lies and organisational politics
Authors: Curtis Susan
Published: October 2003

Compares the concepts of lies and organisational politics in order to unpick the similarities and differences between the two terms. Similarities involve the advantages of deception and organisational politics, which maintain relationships within the organisation in the short term through the use of measures such as diplomacy and tact. The disadvantages are that trust and co‐operation are adversely affected when the deception is discovered. The difference between the concepts is that, whilst deception is a vital ingredient in organisational politics, organisational politics is a wider concept and involves a greater variety of behaviours. A politically charged organisation faces reduced job satisfaction, increased anxiety and stress, increased turnover and reduced performance. An organisation suffering from a politically charged climate requires managers who need socialised power and are prepared to lead with integrity.
The rate of learning must be greater than the rate of change
Authors: Middleton Charles
Published: October 2003

The need for strong leadership is at the top of the agenda for many companies, but understanding what constitutes good and effective leadership that will help companies overcome transitionary periods such as economic downturns or increased competition is not as simple as it might seem. Many companies are spending a lot of time and money to train their top management, but these training methods often do not fulfil the business and individual needs critical for long‐term survival. Examines one company where the provision of focussed, business enhancing management and leadership has helped to fuel the next stage of its development.
The business lunch: toward a research agenda
Authors: Cabral‐Cardoso Carlos , Pina E. Cunha Miguel
Published: October 2003

The business lunch may take different forms, according to cultural and culinary traditions, but it remains a popular way of going about doing business. Despite today’s heavy workloads and the pressures for efficiency, the business lunch appears to keep its popularity, showing the importance of personal contact in the process of networking in today’s business practices. Some sporadic research has been conducted on this issue, but little is yet known about the business lunch as a management tool. As a contribution to fill this gap, the paper presents a research agenda for the analysis of business lunching.
Case study research methods for theory building
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Wilson Elizabeth J.
Published: October 2003

This article provides a new definition for case study research. Achieving deep understanding of processes and other concept variables (e.g. actors’ perceptions of their own thinking processes, intentions and contextual influences) is identified as the principal objective of case study research. Using multiple methods to “triangulate” (i.e. confirm and deepen understanding by using multiple sources all focusing on the same process/event) within the same case is described. The article outlines the core criticisms made by case study researchers of large sample surveys. A need exists for a paradigm shift in research on organizational behavior (including modeling the antecedents of new product performance). The article outlines the telling weaknesses of case study research as seen by other researchers. The article examines Senge’s core propositions related to the “mental models” of decision participants. Details illustrate the use of specific research methods for case studies to achieve different research objectives and the combination of objectives. Finally, the article illustrates basic concept variables in a case study and 12 propositions are reviewed briefly. This report reviews classic and recent contributions in the literature on case study research.
Mapping industrial marketing knowledge: a study of an IMP conference
Authors: Easton Geoff , Zolkiewski Judy , Bettany Shona
Published: October 2003

The paper describes exploratory research into the nature of the International/Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) conference papers with particular focus on content. A qualitative analysis of the Proceedings of the 16th Annual IMP Conference is presented. The results provide insights into the diversity of academic thought that fuels the development of the IMP network and allows us to begin charting the development of knowledge structures within past IMP conferences. Of particular interest are, first, the tentative knowledge structure that emerges, second, the depth of analysis that emerges from using multidimensional coding, and third, the utility of the process of successive categorisation.
Selecting a professional service provider from the short list
Authors: Day Ellen , Barksdale Hiram C.
Published: October 2003

Going from the short list to winning the contract is critical to a professional service provider, yet relatively few studies have investigated selection criteria used in this last stage of the selection process. This paper presents a qualitative study that examined the dynamics of the selection process, identified decision criteria which business and organizational clients use when selecting a professional service provider from their short lists, and investigated ways in which client firms assess competing professional service providers on intangible attributes, e.g. personal chemistry. Clients who had recently awarded a contract to a firm in the “built environment” industry (e.g. an architectural and engineering firm) were sampled. Their responses to open‐ended questions provided rich data that revealed factors considered in the selection of a professional service provider in the final presentation/interview stage and yielded insights into nuances of the selection process. Managerial recommendations for getting from the short list to the contract are presented.
The importance of understanding the symbolic world of customers in asymmetric business‐to‐business relationships
Authors: Ringberg Torsten , Forquer Gupta Susan
Published: October 2003

Researchers within the business‐to‐business relationship literature have argued that the loyalty concept is only partially understood, and, consequently, call for an increased attention to identify the interaction needs of the customers as well as customers’ perception of the relationship. Further investigates this empirically, through in‐depth interviews, the mental models of tradesmen, a defined segment within the small business sector, and identifies the presence of a unique sub‐cultural ethos among them. The ethos is based on unique values, morals, and way of life, and contrasts the purely utilitarian approach to understanding key criteria in emerging business‐to‐business relationships. Based on these findings suggests that current business‐to‐business relationship models are inadequate and need to include more of a consumer behavior, value‐driven focus. Suggests that this segment is located between and betwixt the business‐to‐business and the consumer markets as both utilitarian‐driven (brand trust) and symbolic/value‐driven (brand affect) criteria are necessary for establishing long‐term relationships. Suggests that investigating the role of brand affect may shed further light upon the presence or absence of loyalty within the business‐to business markets.
Introduction: appraisals of organizational learning as emancipatory change
Authors: Bokeno R. Michael
Published: October 2003

This introductory essay attempts to illustrate the emancipatory intent of organizational learning (OL) by connecting its aims and aspirations to prominent themes of critical organization study, including the emancipatory understanding of “learning” by OL, how OL engages the “dialectic of enlightenment,” and its prioritizing of “communicative action” as the means for reflection and transformation.
Emancipatory potential of action learning:a critical analysis
Authors: Fenwick Tara J.
Published: October 2003

Action learning (AL) methods are popular technologies in programs of organizational learning (OL). However, from the perspective of critical studies, they are instrumentalist, managerialist, exclusive in design, decontextualized and apolitical. A critical analysis of the oppressive potential of AL is presented along these dimensions. To realize better AL's emancipatory potential, four enhancements are suggested: focus AL purpose more on workers’ interests; confront organizational practices that unjustly marginalize or privilege different people; acknowledge the complexity, context and contested nature of learning; and facilitate AL using democratic “power with”, not “power over”, approaches to working with people towards emancipatory change.
Core Group Theory and the emancipation agenda
Authors: Nord Walter R.
Published: October 2003

Kleiner advances Core Group Theory (CGT) as a framework for pursuing an emancipative agenda in the context of a society heavily influenced by modern organizations. Analysis of Kleiner's ideas through the lens of critical management studies (CMS) reveals that, despite its merits, CGT may overlook a number of social processes that may be central to an effective, emancipative theory. This analysis also demonstrates how some elements of CGT may be useful additions to CMS.
Practices and the New Ecclesiology: Misplaced Concreteness?
Authors: Healy Nicholas M.
Published: October 2003

Abstract: Recent writing in ecclesiology has often focused on church practices and less on dogmatic accounts. Whilst welcoming this renewed awareness, there are problems in its development, demonstrated here through an analysis of the concept of ‘a practice’, and through readings of two examples of this tendency: Hütter's Suffering Divine Things and Hauerwas's With the Grain of the Universe. Resources from Thomas Aquinas are offered that might help the development of ecclesiology in this vein.
Christ as Culture 1: Christ as Polity
Authors: Jenson Robert W.
Published: October 2003

Abstract: Standard definitions of culture demand that we understand the church as a culture. However, if the church is the body of Christ in the world, then Christ is a culture. This recognition can be understood through the doctrine of the totus Christus, and offers a way of understanding the relation of Christ to Israel in the scriptural narrative. It also illuminates, variously, the practice of intercessory prayer and the question of ‘church–state’ relations.
Photographic Individuality, Breadth of Perspective, and Creativity
Authors: Dollinger Stephen J. , Robinson Nicole M. , Ross Valerie J.
Published: October 2003

Individuality is valued in most conceptions of personality, but is seldom operationalized. The present research used photo essays about the self as the medium for operationalizing self‐construals that are unlike others (i.e., are uniquely creative, abstract, self‐reflective, and multidimensional). Ratings of these photo essays from two samples (N = 183 university students) served as the measure of individuality. This measure was predicted and found to correlate in both samples with Breadth of Interest from the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI; Jackson, 1994). In Study 1, individuality also correlated with the JPI Complexity scale and with two measures of divergent thinking (unique word associations, and fluency on Wallach & Kogan’s [1965] creativity tasks). In Study 2, individuality correlated with having more permeable boundaries, a nonprejudicial universal orientation, and imagining greater cultural diversity in one’s future. Results suggest that individualistic persons take a broader, more complex and more creative perspective to their lives.
Auctions With A Minimum Requirement Of Bids
Authors: Colombo Ferdinando
Published: October 2003

We show that in a procurement auction with independent and private costs of production and a positive cost of preparing a bid, the requirement of a minimum number of offers for the good to be bought always yields a unique (perfect) Bayesian equilibrium where no firm enters a bid, whatever its cost of production, the number of potential bidders and the size of the bidding cost.

To avoid the no‐bid result, the buyer can commit to subsidise the losing bidders in certain circumstances. Alternatively, it can use a stochastic auction, where the provider of the good is not always the firm that bids the lowest price.
Economic Analysis Of The Droit De Suite– The Artist's Resale Royalty
Authors: Stanford J. D.
Published: October 2003

Interest in the Droit de Suite, the artist's resale royalty, has been re‐kindled by the decision of the European Union to introduce such a scheme to apply from 2006. The general nature of the Droit de Suite as an extension of copyright is discussed. The specific proposals for a Droit de Suite in Australia are analysed. Economic arguments support the sceptical view of the Droit de Suite. It is argued that the introduction of the Droit de Suite would be predicted to reduce sales of new paintings, that selling activity would move to jurisdictions which do not have a Droit de Suite and that artists would prefer to alienate their Droit de Suite by sale of a painting. The economic analysis is supplemented by an empirical study of art auction prices of 72 artists in Australia over the period 1973–1989 which reveals that the works few artists achieve a capital gain on sale in the secondary market re‐inforcing the view that, if implemented, a Droit de Suite would provide payments to only a small number of artists who are likely to be in good economic circumstances. The burden of the Droit de Suite is shown to fall on the collector when selling paintings. The effect of the imposition of the Droit de Suite will be to lower the gain to collectors of paintings. It is concluded that the Australian proposal for the Droit de Suite is based on an inadequate analysis of the art market and would require a registration procedure for art works incurring heavy costs in relation to the funds available for distribution.
Financial Deregulation And The Relationship Between The Economy And The Share Market In Australia
Authors: Groenewold Nicolaas
Published: October 2003

In this paper we investigate the effect of financial deregulation on the relationship between the macro‐economy and the share market within the framework of a VAR using quarterly Australian data for four variables – aggregate share prices, real output, the term premium and the default premium. After an analysis of stationarity and cointegration of the variables, we specify the VAR in the first differences of the logs of share prices and output and the levels of the premia. We identify December 1983 as the most appropriate date for testing for a structural break in our model due to financial deregulation and find strong evidence supporting our hypothesis of a break at this date. We go on to estimate and simulate the model separately over two sub‐samples: 1978(1)–1983(4) and 1984(1)–2001(2). While our results are not clear‐cut, we find that, if anything, the deregulation of financial markets weakened the relationship between the share market and the rest of the economy.
A Constructive Graphical Model Approach for Knowledge‐Based Systems: A Vehicle Monitoring Case Study
Authors: Xiang Y. , Lesser V.
Published: October 2003

Graphical models have been widely applied to uncertain reasoning in knowledge‐based systems. For many of the problems tackled, a single graphical model is constructed before individual cases are presented and the model is used to reason about each new case. In this work, we consider a class of problems whose solution requires inference over a very large number of models that are impractical to construct a priori. We conduct a case study in the domain of vehicle monitoring and then generalize the approach taken. We show that the previously held negative belief on the applicability of graphical models to such problems is unjustified. We propose a set of techniques based on domain decomposition, model separation, model approximation, model compilation, and re‐analysis to meet the computational challenges imposed by the combinatorial explosion. Experimental results on vehicle monitoring demonstrated good performance at near‐real‐time.
Temporal Passage and Kant's Second Analogy
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: October 2003

In this essay I address the question of the reality of temporal passage through a discussion of some of the implications of Kant's reasoning concerning the necessary conditions of objective judgement. Some theorists have claimed that the attribution of non‐relational temporal properties to objects and events represents a conceptual confusion, or ‘category mistake’. By means of an examination of Kant's Second Analogy, and a comparison between that argument and Cassam's recent exploration of an argument regarding the necessity of the conceptualisation of ourselves as spatially located, I draw out a consequence of Kant's argument: namely, that the representation of temporal becoming is a necessary condition of objective judgement and an a priori element in the representation of objects of experience. I finish by explaining why this would show that the attribution of temporal becoming to objects and events cannot be described as a category mistake.
‘The World is the Totality of Things, Not of Facts’: A Strawsonian Reply to Searle
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: October 2003

John R. Searle (1995; 1998, Ch. 9) claims that P.F. Strawson's well known objections to correspondence theories of truth (Strawson 1950) can be side‐stepped, if we regard the correspondence theorist's facts as ‘conditions in the world’ (1998, p. 392) rather than as complex objects. In response, I claim both that Searle's notion of a ‘condition in the world’ is obscure, and that such conditions cannot be the facts of a correspondence theorist on account of their being unsuited for truthmaking.

The failure of Searle's attempt to come up with a correspondence theory which evades Strawson's objections does not indicate that we should seek to formulate a correspondence theory in some other way. I argue that that the correspondence theorists's truthmaker axiom is improperly motivated, and, in the light of this, suggest that facts be treated as true propositions rather than as items which make propositions true. The article ends with a defence of this position against two recent objections.
The Slingshot Argument: An Improved Version
Authors: Drai Dalia
Published: October 2003

In the paper I exploit Frege's notions of sense and synonymity in order to amend the slingshot argument. The main emendation is to replace the assumption about logical equivalence by an assumption about synonymity. While the replaced assumption begs the question about the reference of sentences, the replacing assumption has much more theoretical support from Frege's general conception of sense and reference and the relation between them. In the paper I use a specific notion of synonymity which I believe is faithful to Frege's discussion of the subject. I notice that if a stronger (and to my mind implausible) notion of synonymity is used, my version of the argument fails. The failure is explained by showing that this stronger notion of synonymity enables the assignment of facts, and not truth values, as the references of sentences.
Headquarter Services and Revealed Factor Abundance
Authors: Ekholm Karolina
Published: October 2003

This paper analyzes how usual measures of revealed factor abundance (RFA), based on trade in merchandise, are affected by the existence of trade in services of intangible assets; trade that is mainly associated with multinational firms. It presents empirical estimates of both usual measures of RFA and new measures that take account of trade in headquarter services for the United States, a country that has a substantial surplus in the recorded components of such trade. It is found that the usual measures underestimate the abundance of highly skilled labor and technological knowledge, and overestimate the abundance of physical capital.
Land Reforms in the Presence of Monitoring Costs and International Trade
Authors: Chau Nancy H.
Published: October 2003

This paper elucidates the implications of transaction costs in agrarian labor hiring activities in a two‐sector model of international trade and identifies a link between the size distribution of land and intersectoral allocation of productive inputs. Ceteris paribus, a more unequal distribution of land increases the amount of outmigration from agriculture, a shrinkage of the production possibility set, and a decrease (increase) in the volume of trade if and only if agriculture is the exportable (importable) sector. In addition, nonintervention in factor and commodity markets is constrained optimal only when land redistribution is not a feasible policy option.
Openness and Poverty in the Postwar United States
Authors: Jin Jang C.
Published: October 2003

Recent trade theory suggests that freer trade can be the primary cause of the observed rise of poverty in the United States. The short‐run dynamic relationships between openness and poverty are examined using the concept of Granger causality. That the ultimate source of rising poverty since 1973 is trade liberalization of the US economy cannot be rejected. The result is convincing when two subsamples (pre‐ and post‐1973) are reestimated. These findings are at odds with the conventional model in which freer trade raises productivity and hence reduces the poverty rate, but appear consistent with some models in which openness raises poverty.
Import Protection, Export Promotion, and Product Positioning
Authors: Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: October 2003

The argument that import protection may lead to export promotion is examined from the marketing standpoint. The model shows that protection allows home firms to cover a larger portion of the domestic market than they otherwise would and to target market segments that are closer to the mainstream. At the same time, foreign competitors are forced to retreat to more idiosyncratic market segments of narrower appeal. Thus, protection gives home firms a product positioning advantage over their foreign rivals; this advantage translates into higher market share and profits—not only in the protected home market, but also in export markets.
Ignorance Is Bliss as Trade Policy
Authors: Creane Anthony
Published: October 2003

Consider domestic consumers that purchase from foreign firms. A presumption would be that consumers prefer being informed when quality is uncertain and exogenous. However, in a multifirm framework based on previous models, consumers can be worse off if they are informed of the quality. Further, in the Salop‐circle model, consumers may prefer not learning even though expected high‐quality output is greater with learning. Moreover, the possibility that consumers prefer uncertainty increases with the probability that products are of low quality. Essentially, the benefit of screening quality (better matching) can be less than its cost (higher prices from market segmentation).
Export Growth and Economic Development in Colonial British America
Authors: Pereira Alfredo M. , Flores de Frutos Rafael
Published: October 2003

This paper analyzes the dynamic relationship between tobacco and the rest of the economy in the colonial Chesapeake to test the staple theory version of the export‐led growth hypothesis. The paper adopts a multivariate time‐series approach which accommodates the presence of cointegration and contemporaneous correlations among innovations. The empirical evidence strongly supports the staple theory. British demand for tobacco is statistically exogenous and found to induce cyclical fluctuations in the colonial price of tobacco as well as temporary over‐ or underproduction, as measured by a long‐term cointegration relationship between the British demand for tobacco and the colonial price of land.
Profitable Buybacks in Sovereign Debt
Authors: Farazli Jeannine M.
Published: October 2003

Since the 1982 debt crisis, several debtor countries have repurchased fractions of their debts. Bulow and Rogoff have argued that these buybacks benefit the banks but not the countries. Krugman argues the opposite. This paper provides an explanation of why buybacks benefit both countries and banks. A lending environment with terms‐of‐trade shocks is considered. If a country defaults, banks impose a penalty on the country and incur some costs. It is shown that with a buyback, the country defaults on a smaller loan, if at all, and the economy saves part of these costs, if not all.
Quantitative Import Restrictions and Optimal Capital Taxes Under a System of Tax Credits
Authors: Michael Michael , Hatzipanayotou Panos
Published: October 2003

This paper examines the optimal capital tax policy under quantitative import constraints, and international capital tax credits. For a small capital‐importing country, the optimal capital tax equals the foreign tax under a quota, and equals or exceeds the foreign tax under a VER. For a small capital‐exporting country, the optimal policy towards capital is a zero tax under a quota, and a tax or a subsidy under a VER. Also examined are the welfare effects of capital taxes and trade liberalization, and the joint setting of the two policies, when both instruments are available to the government.
The Nonstationarity of Money and Prices in Interdependent Economies
Authors: Daniels Joseph P. , VanHoose David D.
Published: October 2003

In most nations, paths of monetary aggregates and prices consistently depart from stationary trends. This paper shows that this is a fundamental implication when monetary authorities of interdependent countries seek to smooth their home output and prices in the presence of incomplete world output‐market integration and structural asymmetries. Using a two‐country model with interdependent output supply schedules, we show that this conclusion holds whether the exchange rate floats or is fixed. It also holds if monetary policies are coordinated. Therefore, optimal monetary policy choices by central banks yield stationary paths for money and prices only under very specific conditions.
The effects of rime‐ and phoneme‐based teaching delivered by Learning Support Assistants
Authors: Savage Robert , Carless Sue , Stuart Morag
Published: October 2003

This paper evaluates three word‐level teaching programmes delivered by trained Learning Support Assistants (LSAs) for Year 1 children ‘at risk’ of reading difficulties. Rime‐based, phoneme‐based, and ‘mixed’ (rime and phoneme‐based) interventions were contrasted with controls receiving only the National Literacy Strategy. Phonological onset‐rime and phoneme manipulation, spelling, and word and non‐word reading were measured before and after the nine‐week intervention. High rime neighbourhood (HRn) non‐words (e.g. ‘dat’– with many real word rime neighbours) and low rime neighbourhood (LRn) non‐words (e.g. ‘tav’ with few real word neighbours) were used to evaluate onset‐rime‐ or grapheme‐phoneme‐based decoding strategies. Results showed greater phonological onset‐rime skills, letter‐sound knowledge and non‐word reading skills in all LSA‐taught intervention groups. There was no difference between the HRn and LRn non‐words. The only reliable difference between the intervention groups was an advantage in phoneme blending for the rime‐taught group. It was concluded that LSAs can enhance literacy development for 6‐year‐old poor readers. There appears to be no simple association between rime‐ or phoneme‐based teaching intervention and changes in the size of unit used by children following interventions.
Inferencing skills of adolescent readers who are hearing impaired
Authors: Doran John , Anderson Anne
Published: October 2003

Two experiments examined the inferencing abilities of a group of adolescents who were hearing impaired compared with a group of hearing children matched approximately for chronological age. The first experiment used on‐line methods and suggests that pupils who are hearing impaired are less efficient at drawing inferences. When they do so correctly, they draw inferences automatically as the text is encountered in a similar manner to the hearing pupils. In the second experiment, the same material was presented to the hearing‐impaired adolescents in British Sign Language. However, from the results obtained, it is not possible to comment on how the information is processed when it is presented manually, and suggestions are made on ways this might be further investigated. It is suggested that the difficulties encountered by the students who are hearing impaired, when reading implicit material, reflect the relative impoverishment of their experiential backgrounds.
Flexible use of lexical and sublexical information in word recognition
Authors: Decker Greg , Simpson Greg B. , Yates Mark , Locker Lawrence
Published: October 2003

Within the dual‐route framework it is hypothesised that readers exhibit flexibility in their use of lexical and non‐lexical information in word naming. In the present study, participants named high‐ and low‐frequency regular one‐syllable English words embedded within lists of regular or irregular one‐ or two‐syllable English words. A large number of irregular words should bias the reader toward the lexical route, whereas a list consisting exclusively of regular words should allow more efficient use of sublexical information present in the word. Word frequency effects were obtained when the list was dominated by either regular or irregular two‐syllable filler words. Furthermore, there was an interaction between frequency and regularity for the one‐syllable words, indicating that the frequency effect was significantly larger when the fillers were one‐syllable irregular words relative to one‐syllable regular words. These results extend those reported for a shallow orthography, and indicate strategic control over the use of phonological and lexical information in English word recognition.
Evidence for different parent–child strategies while reading
Authors: Stoltz Brett M. , Fischel Janet E.
Published: October 2003

This study examined the strategies parents use naturally to help early readers at difficult points of text or pronunciation. Forty‐two children were videotaped reading to a parent. Results suggest parents are not likely to provide specific instructional feedback when listening to their children read. When given, parental feedback tends to be well tuned to the child's reading ability, with parents of less skilled readers providing richer and more varied feedback than parents of more skilled readers. A tree clustering analysis placed parents in one of three groups: 1) ‘Learner centred’ parents use a variety of feedback strategies; 2) ‘Inactive’ parents allow their children to continue uncorrected; 3) ‘Direct’ parents supply the miscued word. The children of ‘learner centred’ parents did not perform as well as children of ‘inactive’ parents on measures of reading ability, possibly because parents of better readers no longer need to be ‘learner centred’.