bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenolic Compounds from Hypericum Calycinum and Their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Kırmızıbekmez Hasan , Bassarello Carla , Piacente Sonia , Celep Engin , Atay İrem , Mercanoğrlu Güldem , Yeşilada Erdem
Published: March 2019

From the MeOH extract of Hypericum calycinum, two caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, butyl chlorogenate (1), and chlorogenic acid (2), seven flavonoids, quercetin (3), quercitrin (4), hyperoside (5), isoquercitrin (6), miquelianin (7), rutin (8) and I3, II8-biapigenin (9) and two flavanols, (+)-catechin (10) and (-)-epicatechin (11) were isolated. Identification of the isolates was carried out by spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as mass spectrometry. Free radical scavenging activities of the isolated compounds were determined in in-vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging models. The compounds showed strong DPPH and moderate NO scavenging activities in a concentration dependent manner. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin were found to be the most active compounds with IC50 values of 4.16 and 4.67 μM for DPPH and 190 and 170 μM for NO scavenging activities, respectively.
Fundamentals and Health Benefits of Xanthohumol, a Natural Product Derived from Hops and Beer
Authors: Magalhães Paulo J. , Carvalho Daniel O. , Cruz José M. , Guido Luís F. , Barros Aquiles A.
Published: March 2019

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in phenolic compounds and their presumed role in the prevention of various degenerative diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops and beer, is among the phenolic compounds which have received the most attention in recent years. This compound has a range of interesting biological properties that may have therapeutic utility. Based on the health-promoting properties of xanthohumol, the production of a beer enriched in this substance would be of huge interest to the brewing industry, for the benefits this could bring to consumer's health. This paper reviews recent and important data with respect to the health benefits or biological activities of xanthohumol and beer. In addition, an overview of the chemistry and biotechnological aspects of xanthohumol is presented.
Wine, Resveratrol and Health: A Review
Authors: Guerrero Raúl F. , García-Parrilla Maria C. , Puertas Belén , Cantos-Villar Emma
Published: March 2019

Several studies have cited the Mediterranean diet as an example of healthy eating. In fact, the Mediterranean diet has become the reference diet for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Red wine seems to be an essential component of the diet, since moderate consumption of wine is associated with lower risk and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Evidence is also accumulating that wine helps prevent the development of certain cancers. Of all the many components of wine, resveratrol, which is a natural component specifically present in wine, has been identified as being mainly responsible for these health-promoting properties. Many valuable properties such as cardioprotective and anticarcinogenic activity have been attributed to resveratrol; however, its bioavailability is quite low. The bioactivity of metabolites derived from resveratrol, and the accumulation of resveratrol in vital organs are still under study, but there are high expectations of positive results. Other stilbene compounds are also considered in this review, despite being present in undetectable or very small quantities in wine. The present paper reviews all aspects of the health properties of wine, bioactive compounds found in wine, and their concentrations, bioavailability and possible synergistic effects.
A New Longipinene Diester from Stevia Monardifolia Kunth
Authors: Rojas-Pérez Rodrigo E. , Cedillo-Portugal Ernestina , Joseph-Nathan Pedro , Burgueño-Tapia Eleuterio
Published: March 2019

Nonpolar and medium polarity fractions from whole plant methanolic extracts of Stevia monardifolia afforded the new 7β-angeloyloxy-8α-isovaleroyloxylongipin-2-en-1-one 1 along with known 7β,8α-diangeloyloxylongipin-2-en-1-one 2 and 7β,8α-diangeloyloxylongipinan-1-one 3. Alkaline hydrolysis of a mixture of 1 and 2 gave 7β,8α-dihydroxylongipin-2-en-1-one 4 which was subjected to a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The new compound 1, which is the third 7β,8α-dihydroxylongipin-2-en-1-one diester natural product isolated from a Stevia especies, was fully characterized by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and its absolute configuration was confirmed as the 4R,5S,7S,8S,10R,11 R enantiomer by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) measurements in comparison to calculation at the B3LYP/DGDZVP level of theory.
A New Sesquiterpene from the Roots of Vladimiria Souliei
Authors: Xu Jing , Zhao Xiaojun , Guo Yuanqiang , Gao Wenyuan , Zhang Shuzhong
Published: March 2019

A new sesquiterpene lactone, 1β-hydroxy-4α-methoxy-5α H, 7α H, 6β H-eudesm-11(13)-en-6, 12-olide 1, and three known compounds, 4α-hydroxy-5α H, 7α H, 6β H-eudesm-11(13)-en-6, 12-olide 2, mokko lactone 3, β-sitosterol 4 were isolated from the roots of Vladimiria souliei. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
Molecular Modeling, NOESY NMR, and the Structure of Nicandrenone Isolated from Nicandra Physalodes (Solanaceae)
Authors: Jonas Patrick F. , Cordell Geoffrey A.
Published: March 2019

The configuration and conformation of nicandrenone, isolated from Nicandra physalodes, are described using molecular modeling and NMR NOESY techniques. Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF) software was used, and the structures were those reduced to minimum energy molecular models, utilizing B3LYP executions and Density Functional Theory (DFT). The first spectral proof that this withanolide has a 22-R configuration is also provided. This method may be adaptable to other natural products.
Cytotoxic Effect on Cancer Cells and Structural Identification of Phenols from Spatholobi Caulis by HPLC-ESI-MSn
Authors: Lu Dan , He Hua , Wu Bin , Yao Shanjing
Published: March 2019

To find fractions from Spatholobi caulis with cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines, screening tests were carried out using the SRB assay on the HL60 cell line. Further investigation with HL60 and another four human cancer cell lines (KB, K562, MCF-7 and Hep G2), revealed a dose-dependent response. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC- ESI-MSn) was used to isolate and identify the active constituents from the active fraction. Three fractions (F-IV, F-V and F-VII) showed in vitro cytotoxicity. F-V inhibited the growth of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values for KB, K562 and HL60 cells were 17.6, 8.3 and 9.7 μg/mL, respectively. The dominating constituents of F-V were either identified or tentatively characterized as nine phenolic compounds, eight isoflavones and 9-methoxycoumestrol. The isoflavones 7-hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy isoflavone, 7-hydroxy-6,2′,4′-trimethoxy isoflavone and 3′-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy isoflavone are reported for the first time for Spatholobi caulis. The results suggest that these compounds contribute to the cytotoxic effect of Spatholobi caulis.
Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Myrtle (Myrtus communis) Extracts
Authors: Amensour Mahassine , Sendra Esther , Abrini Jamal , Bouhdid Samira , Pérez-Alvarez José Angel , Fernández-López Juana
Published: March 2019

The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of myrtle ( Myrtus communis) leaves and berries were measured to find new potential sources of natural antioxidants. Total phenolic content was assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by three methods: diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity assay, the reducing antioxidant power assay and β-carotene linoleic acid assay. The total phenol content of myrtle extracts ranged between 9.0 and 35.6 mg GAE per g extract. For each solvent, leaf extracts contained significantly higher amount of total phenolic compounds than berry extracts. All of the extracts presented antioxidant capacity assessed by the three methods, but at different levels depending on the concentration, the extraction solvent and the part of the plant used. Generally, leaf extracts showed higher antioxidant activities than berry extracts, while the overall antioxidant strength was in the order methanol > water > ethanol in leaf extracts and methanol > ethanol >water in berry extracts. The phenolic content exhibited a positive correlation with the antioxidant activity: DPPH assay showed the highest correlation (r = 0.949), followed by the reducing power assay (r = 0.914) and the lowest for the β-carotene linoleic acid assay (r = 0.722).
Composition of Essential Oils from Leaves and Flowers of Stachys Germanica Subsp. Salviifolia (Ten.) Gams (Labiatae) and Related Secretory Structures
Authors: Giuliani Claudia , Pellegrino Roberto Maria , Tirillini Bruno , Bini Laura Maleci
Published: March 2019

The essential oils from both leaves (L) and flowers (F) of Stachys germanica subsp. salviifolia (Ten.) Gams (Labiatae/Lamiaceae) from Italy were analyzed by GC-MS for the first time. The distribution, morphology and histochemistry of the different types of glandular trichomes present on the epidermal surface were also determined. Twenty-nine constituents, representing 89.4% of the total leaf oil, and forty-one compounds, forming 97.8% of the total flower oil, were identified. Germacrene D (39.4%), phytol (10.2%), β-bourbonene (3.5%) and β-ylangene (3.3%) were recognized as the main constituents of the leaf essential oil, while limonene (24.1%), β-pinene (18.7%), germacrene D (12.8%) and ( E)-nerolidol (6.6%) were the main compounds of the flower essential oil.
Seasonal Variation and Bioactivity in the Leaf Oil of Liriodendron tulipifera Growing in Huntsville, Alabama
Authors: Miller Sarah L. , Villanueva Heather E. , Palazzo Maria C. , Wright Brenda S. , Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

The seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Liriodendron tulipifera has been analyzed by GC-MS. Two individual trees were sampled five times during the course of the growing season. Twenty components were identified in the leaf oils, which were dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, principally germacrene D and β-elemene, in the early part of the season (42-44% and 18-23%, respectively,) but monoterpene hydrocarbons, largely ( Z)-β-ocimene, dominated the later season leaf oils (40-60%). The leaf oils exhibited in-vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus as well as cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-231 and Hs 578T human breast tumor cells.
Composition and Seasonal Variation of the Essential Oil from Abies Sachalinensis from Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Satou Tadaaki , Matsuura Mariko , Murakami Shio , Hayashi Shinichiro , Koike Kazuo
Published: March 2019

The composition of the steam-distilled essential oil from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast. cultivated in Hokkaido (Japan) was studied by GC-MS. The seasonal variation in the main volatile constituents was also investigated. Analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 21 compounds with monoterpenes comprising 99.9% of the total. α-Pinene was the most abundant compound, followed by camphene, bornyl acetate, limonene, β-pinene and β-phellandrene. The sesquiterpene content was low, and was mainly represented by β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, and γ-selinene. The essential oil from the leaves, collected at eight different collection periods over more than 5 years, showed significant differences in composition. α-Pinene was the predominant constituent during the collection periods, with a few exceptions. The α-pinene content of the oil was abundant in April-June, and decreased in November-December. Levels of bornyl acetate showed the greatest increase in December, when the temperature was very low. The enantiomeric distribution of α-pinene was suggested to relate to seasonal transformation. (+)-α-Pinene showed a tendency to increase when total precipitation, average temperature, and total duration of sunshine were high.
Chemical Variability of Essential Oils of Lippia Alba (Miller) N. E. Brown Growing in Costa Rica and Argentina
Authors: Ricciardi Gabriela , Cicció José F. , Ocampo Rafael , Lorenzo Daniel , Ricciardi Armando , Bandoni Arnaldo , Dellacassa Eduardo
Published: March 2019

Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) is a shrub whose essential oil has important biological, pharmacological, and aromatizing properties. The species has a natural range from Central America to Argentina, being cultivated for its commercial value in Brazil, Argentina and Guatemala, and has been introduced into India and Spain. To reach the economic potential of the plant, the present study was aimed at evaluating L. alba for different chemotypes. The composition of the essential oil from two native populations of L. alba, collected from Argentina and two accessions from Costa Rica, were screened by GC and GC-MS. The results obtained led us to adopt the concept of a biodistribution map, as was proposed previously for the species, representing an approach to the natural biological distribution of the species in America based on the chemotypes described and their geographical distribution. Moreover, the biodiversity reported for the species (seven of eight chemotypes described for L. alba are present in Argentina) suggests the southern region of South America as the centre of distribution for L. alba.
Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Leaf, Stem and Root of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. from Iran
Authors: Shafaghat Ali , Sadeghi Hajar , Oji Khodamali
Published: March 2019

The water distilled essential oils from leaves, stems and roots of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The leaf oil was characterized by a high amount of camphor (56.4%), whereas in the stem oil, camphor (26.0%), trans-β-ocimene (23.6%) and germacrene-d (15.0%) were the major constituents. The main components of the root oil were α-pinene (50.0%), trans-β-farnesene (13.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.0%). Antibacterial activity of the leaf, stem and root oil were evaluated using the microdilution broth method. The oils showed inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, but were not active against Staphylococcus aureus.
Two New Megastigmane Sulphonoglucosides from Mallotus anisopodus
Authors: Van Minh Chau , Thanh Nguyen Thi Kim , Quang Tran Hong , Cuong Nguyen Xuan , Thin Nguyen Nghia , Nam Nguyen Hoai , Heyden Yvan Vander , Quetin-Leclercq Joëlle , Van Kiem Phan
Published: March 2019

Phytochemical study of the methanol extract of Mallotus anisopodus led to the isolation of two new megastigmane sulphonoglucosides, namely anisoposides A (1) and B (2), along with junipetrioloside A (3), bergenin (4), α-tocopherol, and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide. Their structures were deduced by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods including 1D-, 2D-NMR, ESIMS, and HRESIMS.
Ginsenoside Content of Berries and Roots of Three Typical Korean Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) Cultivars
Authors: Kim Yong Kyoung , Yoo Dae Seok , Xu Hui , Park Nam Il , Kim Hyun Ho , Choi Jae Eul , Park Sang Un
Published: March 2019

The ginsenoside content of berries and roots of three cultivars of Korean ginseng have been investigated. For all cultivars, ginsenoside Re was the most abundant ginsenoside in roots and berries. However, berries produced more total ginsenosides, and berry the ginsenoside profile differed from that of roots. The ginsenoside Re content of berries was 4-6 times more than that of roots. Averaged across all cultivars, the amounts of the five ginsenosides in berries was Re > Rc ≈ Rg1 ≈ Rb1 ≈ Rd. For roots, the amounts were Re > Rg1 > Rb1 > Rc >Rd. Roots of the Yunpoong cultivar had the greatest ginsenoside content, followed by roots of the Chunpoong cultivar and the Gumpoong cultivar. The total amount of ginsenosides (especially Rb1, Re, and Rg1) was greatest in the Yunpoong cultivar.
First Synthesis of Dimethyl-1H-Isochromeno[3,4-b]Carbazoles
Authors: Cuong Nguyen Manh , Wilhelm Heike , Porzel Andrea , Wessjohann Ludger
Published: March 2019

The first synthesis of isochromene fused carbazols, (4a S, 13b R)-2,5,5-trimethyl-3,4,4a,5,8,13b-hexahydroisochromeno[3,4-b]carbazole (2) and its epi-isomer 3 by condensation of citral and 2-hydroxycarbazole using Ti(OEt)4 and MeAlCl2 as catalysts is described.
Prenylated Flavones from Artocarpus Lanceifolius and their Cytotoxic Properties against P-388 Cells
Authors: Musthapa Iqbal , Latip Jalifah , Takayama Hiromitsu , Juliawaty Lia D. , Hakim Euis H. , Syah Yana M.
Published: March 2019

New prenylated flavones, artoindonesianins Z-4 and Z-5, together with four known prenylated flavones, artonin E, 12-hydroxyartonin E, artobiloxanthone, and cycloartobiloxanthone, have been isolated from the methanol extract of the tree bark of Artocarpus lanceifolius. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectra. The cytotoxic effect of the isolated compounds against murine leukemia P-388 cells is described.
Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Total Phenols and Flavonoids from Rhodiola Rosea
Authors: Staneva Jordanka , Todorova Milka , Neykov Neyko , Evstatieva Ljuba
Published: March 2019

This work deals with ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE) of biologically active compounds from rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea, a popular medicinal plant. The influence of temperature, type of solvent and solid/solvent ratio on the yield of total extracts, total phenols and flavonoids was established. The best extraction of total phenols and flavonoids was achieved by using 50% aqueous EtOH and MeOH, respectively. Five times increase of solid/solvent ratio (from 1:20 to 1:100 (w/v)) leads to slow increase of the yield of total phenols and flavonoids. The extraction effectiveness of conventional maceration with 50% EtOH and UAE performed for 1 h at 25°C using the same solvent with respect of total phenols was comparable.
A 2-Arylbenzofuran Derivative from Hopea Mengarawan
Authors: Juliawaty Lia D. , Sahidin  , Hakim Euis H. , Achmad Sjamsul A. , Syah Yana M. , Latip Jalifah , Said Ikram M.
Published: March 2019

A new 2-arylbenzofuran derivative (diptoindonesin G) (1), along with nine known oligostilbenes, have been isolated and identified from the acetone extract of the tree bark of Hopea mengarawan. The structures of these compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data, including 2D NMR and HREIMS spectra. On cytotoxic evaluation of the isolated compounds against murin leukemia P-388 cells, compound 1 was the strongest in inhibiting the growth of the cells.
An Imidazopyridinone and Further Metabolites from Streptomycetes [1]
Authors: Rahman Hafizur , Shaaban Mohamed , Shaaban Khaled A. , Saleem Muhammad , Helmke Elisabeth , Grün-Wollny Iris , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: March 2019

Screening and chromatographic analysis of the extracts from the terrestrial streptomycete GW5127 and from the marine Streptomyces sp. isolate B7967 yielded four new metabolites, i.e. 8-ethyl-6,11-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-naphthacene-5,12-dione (1a), 4-acetyl-1,3-dihydro-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (4a), 5-hydroxmethyl-4-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenone (6), and N-[2-(3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl]-acetamide (5a), along with five known compounds, β-rubromycin (2), γ-rubromycin (3), 2-(3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (5b), uracil, and N-acetyltyramine. The structures of the new compounds were deduced from high resolution mass, 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison with related compounds from the literature. The antibiotic activity of the crude extracts was due to 2 and 3.
Total Synthesis of 4-Acetyl-1,3-Dihydroimidazo[4,5-c]Pyridin-2-One, a New Microbial Metabolite from a Streptomyces Species
Authors: Bender Tobias , von Zezschwitz Paultheo
Published: March 2019

The structure of a new secondary metabolite from Streptomyces sp. was determined as 4-acetyl-1,3-dihydroimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one by synthesis of the natural product itself and of the regioisomeric 7-acetylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivative. The former compound was prepared, in 28% overall yield, in a sequence of nitration, reduction, condensation, and Stille reaction of 4-aminopyridine, while the regioisomer was obtained in 5% overall yield by amination, nitration, reduction, condensation, and oxidation of 4-ethylpyridine.
Essential Oil Composition of two New Species of Phebalium (Rutaceae) from North-Eastern NSW, Australia
Authors: Palá-Paúl Jesús , Copeland Lachlan M. , Brophy Joseph J. , Goldsack Robert J.
Published: March 2019

The composition of the essential oil steam distilled with cohobation from the aerial parts of two new undescribed species of Phelabium, P. stellatum I. Telford & J.J. Bruhl ined. and P. sylvaticum I. Telford & J.J. Bruhl ined., has been analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Both species were found to have a similar chemical composition. The essential oil of P. stellatum was characterized by high amounts of elemol (24.6-30.8%), β-phellandrene (5.2-10.8%), β-eudesmol (6.1-10.0%), hedycaryol (4.5-9.8%), and δ-3-carene (4.4-13.7%). The main compounds of the samples of P. sylvaticum were identified as myrcene (10.6-23.0%), elemol (11.3-14.6%), β-phellandrene (0.5-14.8%), δ-3-carene (8.0-11.5%), β-eudesmol (6.7-9.1%), hedycaryol (7.4-9.7%) and α-pinene (7.1-8.9%). This is the first report of the volatile components of these two new species.
Essential Oil Composition of Thymus Serpyllum Cultivated in the Kumaon Region of Western Himalaya, India
Authors: Verma Ram S. , Rahman Laiq ur , Chanotiya Chandan S. , Verma Rajesh K. , Singh Anand , Yadav Anju , Chauhan Amit , Yadav Ajai K. , Singh Anil K.
Published: March 2019

The hydrodistilled essential oil of aerial parts of Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae), cultivated in the Kumaon region of western Himalaya was analyzed by GC and GCMS. Twenty-nine compounds, representing 91.8% of the oil, were identified.

The major components were thymol (58.8%), p-cymene (5.7%), thymol methyl ether (4.0%), borneol (3.8%), sabinene (3.4%), γ-terpinene (3.4%) and carvacrol methyl ether (3.2%).
Volatile Constituents and Antibacterial Screening of the Essential Oil of Chenopodium Ambrosioides L. Growing in Nigeria
Authors: Owolabi Moses S. , Lajide Labunmi , Oladimeji Matthew O. , Setzer William N. , Palazzo Maria C. , Olowu Rasaq A. , Ogundajo Akintayo
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. has been isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GCMS. The major components were found to be α-terpinene (63.1%), p-cymene (26.4%) and ascaridole (3.9%). The oil displayed no antibacterial activity against either Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus or Staphylococcus aureus, or the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (MIC = 1250 μg/mL). A cluster analysis of C. ambrosioides essential oils reveals at least seven distinct chemotypes: ascaridole, α-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, α-terpinyl acetate, and limonene.
A New Sesquiterpenoid Coumarin from Ferula assafoetida
Authors: Ghosh Anindita , Banerji Avijit , Mandal Suvra , Banerji Julie
Published: March 2019

The gum resin of Ferula assafoetida Linn. afforded one new sesquiterpene, asimafoetida 1 and three known sesquiterpenoid coumarins. The structure has been established from extensive 2D NMR spectral studies as 7′-[7-(1R,3S)-5-Hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-cyclohexyl]-9-methyl-9-pentenyl]oxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one. The other three known compounds are ferulic acid, farnesiferol A and farnesiferol C.
Naturally Occurring Labdane Diterpene and Benzofuran from Globba pendula
Authors: Maulidiani  , Shaari Khozirah , Paetz Christian , Stanslas Johnson , Abas Faridah , Lajis Nordin Haji
Published: March 2019

Phytochemical investigation on Globba pendula resulted in the isolation of a new naturally occurring 16-oxo-(8)17-12-labdadien-15,11-olide 1 and benzofuran-2-carboxaldehyde 2. Other known compounds including isoandrographolide, indirubin, vanillin, vanillic acid, 2(3H)-benzoxazolone, as well as β-sitosteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-sitosterol, and 7α-hydroxysitosterol were also isolated. The structures were established based on spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature. Furthermore, the compound isoandrographolide has demonstrated strong cytotoxic properties towards a panel of cancer cell lines (MCF-7, PC-3, and H-460) with the IC50 values of 7.9, 8.7, and 9.0 μM, respectively.
Role of Modifier in Microwave Assisted Extraction of Oleanolic Acid from Gymnema sylvestre: Application of Green Extraction Technology for Botanicals
Authors: Mandal Vivekananda , Dewanjee Saikat , Mandal Subhash C.
Published: March 2019

This work highlights the development of a green extraction technology for botanicals with the use of microwave energy. Taking into consideration the extensive time involved in conventional extraction methods, coupled with usage of large volumes of organic solvent and energy resources, an ecofriendly green method that can overcome the above problems has been developed. The work compares the effect of sample pretreatment with untreated sample for improved yield of oleanolic acid from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. The pretreated sample with water produced 0.71% w/w oleanolic acid in one extraction cycle with 500 W microwave power, 25 mL methanol and only an 8 min extraction time. On the other hand, a conventional heat reflux extraction for 6 hours could produce only 0.62% w/w oleanolic acid. The detailed mechanism of extraction has been studied through scanning electron micrographs. The environmental impact of the proposed green method has also been evaluated.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Garlic Allium ursinum of Bulgarian Origin
Authors: Ivanova Antoaneta , Mikhova Bozhanka , Najdenski Hristo , Tsvetkova Iva , Kostova Ivanka
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of fresh flowers from Allium ursinum (ramsons, bear's garlic, wild garlic) growing in Bulgaria has been studied. Thymidine (1), adenosine (2), astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol-3-O-D-neohesperoside (5), and kaempferol-3-O-D-neohesperoside-7-O-D-glucopyranoside (6) were isolated from the n-butanol extract and identified by different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Thymine (7), uridine (8), uracil (9) and 5-chloro-uridine (10) were detected in the same extract by GC-MS. This is the first report of the occurrence of 1, 2, 4, 7 – 10 in the flowers of A. ursinum. GC-MS of the volatile components of fresh flowers and leaves from the same plant revealed a high content of sulfur compounds, some of which are reported for the first time for A. ursinum. The antimicrobial activities of extracts from fresh flowers and leaves of A. ursinum have been tested; some extracts exhibited moderate antifungal properties.
Rapid Identification of two Species of Peucedanum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tao Yanyan , Luo Jianguang , Lu Yuanyuan , Xu Deran , Hou Zhiguo , Kong Lingyi
Published: March 2019

The fragmentation behaviors of the angular- and linear-type coumarins from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn and P. decursivum (Miq.) Maxim were simultaneously investigated by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MSn. For more structural identification, the fragment ions were analyzed and some possible fragmentation pathways were proposed. Different positions and numbers of the substituent also led to different fragment behaviors. Two types of coumarins from P. praeruptorum and P. decursivum were structurally elucidated by these techniques. In addition, UV spectra were applied to support the MS analysis. This is the first time that the two types of coumarins from herbal extracts have been differentiated by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MSn. The method further illustrated the importance of the ESI-MSn technique in the identification of different types of coumarins and was applied for the rapid differentiation of the two herbs.
Aaptamine Alkaloids from the Vietnamese Sponge Aaptos sp
Authors: Shubina Larisa K. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Fedorov Sergey N. , Radchenko Oleg S. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Dyshlovoy Sergey A. , Krasokhin Vladimir B. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: March 2019

A series of aaptamines, including one new alkaloid (1), were isolated from the marine sponge Aaptos sp. collected in Vietnamese waters. The structure of 1 was elucidated using NMR and HRESIMS, as well as by chemical transformation of 1 to the previously known aaptamine and established as 3-N-morpholinyl-9-demethyl(oxy)aaptamine. The isolated compounds showed a potential cancer preventive activity.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf Essential oil of Litsea kostermansii from Taiwan
Authors: Ho Chen-Lung , Wang Eugene I-Chen , Hsu Kuang-Ping , Lee Pei-Yeh , Su Yu-Chang
Published: March 2019

The hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of Litsea kostermansii was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Seventy-three compounds were identified, the main components being β-eudesmol (22.5%), γ-eudesmol (18.6%), δ-selinene (8.5%), α-eudesmol (6.0%), and γ-muurolene (4.7%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (66.2%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (32.8%) were the predominant groups of compounds. The leaf oil exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities.
Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and Essential Oil Composition of Thymus caramanicus from Iran
Authors: Eftekhar Fereshteh , Nariman Farahnaz , Yousefzadi Morteza , Hadian Javad , Ebrahimi Samad Nejad
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of the dried aerial parts of Thymus caramanicus at full flowering stage was prepared by hydrodistillation with a yield of 2.5% oil. The oil analysis by a combination of capillary GC and GC-MS revealed 26 components of which carvacrol (68.9%) was the main component, followed by p-cymene (6.0%), thymol (5.3%), γ-terpinene (4.6%) and borneol (4.0%) representing 98.9% of the total oil. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil was determined against ten clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori using disc diffusion, as well as measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results showed high inhibitory activity against all test bacteria by the disc diffusion method (zones of inhibition of 50.0 – 65.0 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration values were within the range 14.5 – 58.0 μg/mL for the clinical isolates.
Differential Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibition by Volatile Oils from two Specimens of Marlierea racemosa (Myrtaceae) Collected from Different Areas of the Atlantic Rain Forest
Authors: Souza Amanda , Silva Michelle C. , Cardoso-Lopes Elaine M. , Cordeiro Inês , Sobral Marcos E. G. , Young Maria Cláudia M. , Moreno Paulo R. H.
Published: March 2019

The volatile oil composition and anti-acetyl cholinesterase activity were analyzed in two specimens of Marlierea racemosa growing in different areas of the Atlantic Rain Forest (Cananéia and Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil). Component identifications were performed by GC/MS and their acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity was measured through colorimetric analysis. The major constituent in both specimens was spathulenol (25.1% in Cananéia and 31.9% in Caraguatatuba). However, the first one also presented monoterpenes (41.2%), while in the Carguatatuba plants, this class was not detected. The oils from the plants collected in Cananéia were able to inhibit the acetyl cholinesterase activity by up to 75%, but for oils from the other locality the maximal inhibition achieved was 35%. These results suggested that the monoterpenes are more effective in the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity than sesquiterpenes as these compounds are present in higher amounts in the M. racemosa plants collected in Cananéia.
Microbial Transformation of Sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Bhatti Haq N , Zubair Muhammad , Rasool Nasir , Hassan Zahid , Ahmad Viqar U
Published: March 2019

Biotransformations are useful methods for producing medicinal and agricultural chemicals from both active and inactive natural products with the introduction of chemical functions into remote sites of the molecules. Research on microbial biotransformations of commonly available sesquiterpenoids into more valuable derivatives has always been of interest because of their economical potential to the perfume, food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Fungal transformations of sesquiterpenoids have been less frequently studied compared with many other natural products. In recent years, however, much attention has been given to the exploitation of new products with enhanced biological activity using microorganisms. This review, covering the period from 1990 to 2006, summarizes our knowledge of the biotransformations of sesquiterpenoids by various fungi. Such transformations could lead to the discovery of new reaction pathways that might be useful in the design of new value-added products.
Bioactivities of Plectranthus ecklonii Constituents
Authors: Nyila Monde A. , Leonard Carmen M. , Hussein Ahmed A. , Lall Namrita
Published: March 2019

Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. is traditionally used in South Africa for treating stomach aches, nausea, vomiting and meningitis. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the plant led to the isolation of two known compounds, parvifloron D and parvifloron F, neither of which has been previously reported for this species. The compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15.6 and 31.2 μg/mL, respectively against Listeria monocytogenes, whereas the values against a drug-sensitive strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were 190 and 95 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of P. ecklonii and its isolated compounds were tested for their activity on tyrosinase inhibition. The concentration at which half the tyrosinase activity was inhibited (IC50) by the extract was found to be 61.7 ± 2.7 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of the extract and its isolated compounds correlates with the traditional use of the plant for various ailments such as stomach aches, diarrhea and skin diseases. The fifty percent inhibitory concentrations of parvifloron D and parvifloron F against vero cell lines were found to be 2.9 μg/mL and 1.6 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of the bioactivity of P. ecklonii extract and its constituents.
Additional New Tetracyclic Tetraterpenoid: Methyl Tortuoate D from Soft Coral Sarcophyton tortuosum
Authors: Lan Wen-Jian , Wang Shou-Liang , Li Hou-Jin
Published: March 2019

Under the guidance of chemical prescreening by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DI ESI-MS), a new tetracyclic tetraterpenoid, methyl tortuoate D (1) was isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum collected from the South China Sea. Its structure and relative stereochemistry were established by MS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Toxicological Study of a Chinese Herbal Medicine, Wikstroemia indica
Authors: Huang Weihuan , Li Yaolan , Wang Hui , Su Miaoxian , Jiang Zhenyou , Ooi Vincent E. C. , Chung Hau Yin
Published: March 2019

Wikstroemia indica, a commonly used herbal medicine in China, is thought to be poisonous. However, based on the experience of herbal doctors, it is claimed that the toxicity can be reduced by decocting for 3-5 hours. In this study, the acute toxicities of W. indica (crude drug), and its aqueous and ethanolic extracts were evaluated in mice. The cytotoxicities of both extracts were also assessed using the MTT and LDH assays. Also, in order to evaluate the influence of decoction time on the toxicity of W. indica extracts, the cytotoxicities of W. indica decoctions prepared by boiling the herb for 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 hours, respectively, were tested. Neither the herb nor its aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed obvious acute toxicity in mice, with maximal tolerance doses higher than 18.7, 11.7, and 25.0 g/kg p.o., respectively. The cytotoxicities of both extracts were low with CC50 values higher than 250 μg/mL. The five W. indica decoctions also showed low cytotoxicity, with CC50 values higher than 1000 μg (crude drug)/mL. Moreover, the result of statistical analysis indicated that the cytotoxicities of the five W. indica decoctions did not exhibit significant differences. The results obtained suggest that W. indica is a relatively nontoxic herb and longer decoction times for reducing the toxicity of the herb seems unnecessary.
Ultraviolet Light Absorption of an Ophthalmic Formulation with Aloe Extracts
Authors: Jia Yimei , Jia Jicheng
Published: March 2019

Aloin and polysaccharide present in extracts of Aloe arborescens Miller were formulated into a binary solution to protect eyes from bacterial infection and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The UVR absorption spectrum was recorded from 190 to 440 nm using a UV spectrometer. The physical properties of the product were examined in terms of its appearance, odor, pH, viscosity, density, refractive index, and stability. The binary solution exhibited three absorption peaks in the UVA, B and C regions, respectively. Such UV absorption capability was attributed to the phenolic chromophores pertaining to aloin. The present study suggested that the formulated binary solution has potential application as an UV absorption agent with built-in antimicrobial activity.
Jasminum flexile Flower Absolute from India – a Detailed Comparison with Three Other Jasmine Absolutes
Authors: Braun Norbert A. , Kohlenberg Birgit , Sim Sherina , Meier Manfred , Hammerschmidt Franz-Josef
Published: March 2019

Jasminum flexile flower absolute from the south of India and the corresponding vacuum, headspace (VHS) sample of the absolute were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Three other commercially available Indian jasmine absolutes from the species: J. sambac, J. officinale subsp. grandiflorum, and J. auriculatum and the respective VHS samples were used for comparison purposes. One hundred and twenty-one compounds were characterized in J. flexile flower absolute, with methyl linolate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate, (2E,6E)-farnesol, and benzyl acetate as the main constituents. A detailed olfactory evaluation was also performed.
Kanokonyl Acetate-Rich Indian Valerian from Northwestern Himalaya
Authors: Mathela Chandra S. , Padalia Rajendra C. , Chanotiya Chandan S.
Published: March 2019

The volatile composition of rhizomes of Valeriana wallichii DC has been studied by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. Sesquiterpenes were shown to be the main constituents (>89.3%) comprising kanokonyl acetate (42.4%), γ-curcumene (10.7%), ar-curcumene (7.2%), (Z)-β-farnesene (3.2%), xanthorrhizol (4.1%), 7-epi-α-selinene (2.2%), valeranone (2.0%) and curcuphenol (1.4%). The unique presence of kanokonyl acetate and the complete absence of the earlier reported chemotype marker constituents of Indian valerian viz. maaliol and patchouli alcohol makes the composition significant.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Artemisia kulbadica from Iran
Authors: Aghajani Zahra , Kazemi Masoud , Dakhili Mohammad , Rustaiyan Abdolhossein
Published: March 2019

The hydrodistilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia kulbadica Boiss. & Buhse was investigated by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Twenty-seven compounds were identified, representing 92.9% of the total oil. Sabinene (25.1%), trans-thujone (18.7%) and γ-cadinene (16.0%) were the main components. The antimicrobial activity was determined against six bacterial strains and one fungal. The oil was active against all the tested strains.
In vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity on Multi-Resistant Bacteria and Chemical Composition of the Chloroform Extract of Endemic Centaurea drabifolia subsp. cappadocica
Authors: Ugur Aysel , Sarac Nurdan , Duru M. Emin , Beyatli Yavuz
Published: March 2019

The antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of C. drabifolia S.M. subsp. cappadocica (DC.) Wagenitz (Asteraceae) was evaluated against microorganisms including multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria using the paper disc diffusion method. The chemical composition of the chloroform extract of this plant was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chloroform extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested, except Stenotrophomonas maltophilia MU63. The major compounds of the chloroform extract were spathulenol (14.1%), caryophyllene oxide (12.5%), octadecanol (10.2%), ethyl palmitate (7.7%), [Z,Z]-10,12-hexadecadienal (6.0%), 3-hydroxy p-anisaldehyde (5.9%) and pentacosane (5.8%).
GC-MS Analysis of the Antioxidant Active Fractions of Micromeria juliana with Anticholinesterase Activity
Authors: Öztürk Mehmet , Kolak Ufuk , Duru Mehmet Emin , Harmandar Mansur
Published: March 2019

The aerial parts of Micromeria juliana (L.) Bentham ex Reichb. were extracted with light petroleum, acetone and methanol, successively. The antioxidant activity of different concentrations of the extracts was evaluated using different antioxidant tests, namely total antioxidant (lipid peroxidation inhibition activity), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and metal chelating. Total antioxidant activity was determined using the β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. Unexpectedly, the light petroleum extract exhibited strong lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. The extract was fractionated on a silica gel column and the antioxidant activity of the fractions was determined by the β-carotene-linoleic assay at 25 μg/mL concentration. The fractions that exhibited more than 50% inhibition activity were analysed by GC and GC/MS; thus, the structure of fourteen compounds were elucidated. In addition, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the extracts were also determined in vitro. The light petroleum and acetone extracts were found to have mild butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
Composition and Antioxidant Properties of the Essential Oil of the Endemic Cape Verdean Satureja forbesii
Authors: Ortet Risoleta , Regalado Erik L. , Thomas Olivier P. , Pino Jorge A. , Fernández Miguel D. , Filippi Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of essential oil from the air-dried aerial parts of Satureja forbesii (Benth.) Briq. from Cape Verde was studied by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified of which geranial (42.0%) and neral (31.2%) were the major constituents. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging method and the in vitro assay for prevention of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric reactive species, significant activities were evidenced.
Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Lippia schomburgkiana
Authors: da Silva Nathalie A. , da Silva Joyce Kelly R. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , Carreira Lea Maria M. , Sousa Pergentino José C. , Maia José Guilherme S.
Published: March 2019

The leaves and fine stems of Lippia schomburgkiana recorded an essential yield of 1.8%, the main constituents of which were 1,8-cineole (64.1%) and α-terpineol (12.0%). The methanol extract of L. schomburgkiana inhibited the DPPH radical, resulting in an EC50 value of 16.1 ± 0.7 μg.mL−1, which is only three times lower than that of trolox (4.7 ± 0.4 μg.mL−1), signifying a high antioxidant activity for the species. The amount of total phenolics (376.7 ± 35.5 mg GAE/g) and the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (327.0 ± 24.8 mg TE/g) of the methanol extract confirmed the significant antioxidative capacity of this plant. The brine shrimp bioassay carried out on the oil (49.6 ± 0.4 μg.mL−1) showed high toxicity, providing important evidence of its biological activity. The sensory evaluation of the leaves of L. schomburgkiana showed a percentage acceptance value very close to commercial oregano, indicating that the plant can be used in spice and condiment products.
Essential Oils and Anxiolytic Aromatherapy
Authors: Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

A number of essential oils are currently in use as aromatherapy agents to relieve anxiety, stress, and depression. Popular anxiolytic oils include lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), rose (Rosa damascena), orange (Citrus sinensis), bergamot (Citrus aurantium), lemon (Citrus limon), sandalwood (Santalum album), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), and rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.). This review discusses the chemical constituents and CNS effects of these aromatherapeutic essential oils, as well as recent studies on additional essential oils with anxiolytic activities.
Secondary Metabolites from the Liverwort Ptilidium pulcherrimum
Authors: Guo Dong-Xiao , Du Yu , Wang Yan-Yan , Sun Ling-Mei , Qu Jian-Bo , Wang Xiao-Ning , Lou Hong-Xiang
Published: March 2019

A new trinortriterpenoid, diospyrolide acetate (1) and a new diphenylmethane derivative, pulcherrimumin (12), together with ten known pentacyclic triterpenoids (2–11) and four aromatic compounds (13–16), were isolated from the liverwort Ptilidium pulcherrimum. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive analysis of NMR data and by chemical methods. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1–16 was evaluated against the PC3, MDA-MB-231, and Hela cells lines. Ursane triterpenoids 8–10 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against PC3 cells with IC50 values ranging from 10.1 to 39.7 μM.
Use of a Saponin Based Molluscicide to Control Pomacea canaliculata Snails in Southern Brazil
Authors: Martín R. San , Gelmi Claudio , de Oliveira Jaime Vargas , Galo José Luis , Pranto Honorio
Published: March 2019

Pomacea canaliculata snails pose a severe problem to direct seeded rice cultivated in Southern Brazil. Control of this snail is nowadays performed with toxic chemicals such as copper sulfate and fungicides such as fentin. A novel natural molluscicide based on alkali modified quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) saponins was tested under laboratory conditions. Snails were collected in rice fields close to Porto Alegre (State of Rio Grande do Sul) and in Brusque (State of Santa Catarina, 400 km north of Porto Alegre). In Santa Catarina the product was very effective, while in Porto Alegre it had no effect. This unexpected behavior was probably due to the respiratory habits of the snails under different contents of dissolved oxygen in the water. Near Porto Alegre the water used in rice fields is heavily polluted, with dissolved oxygen levels of 1-2 ppm, and the snails rely primarily on their siphon and lungs to breathe. Since saponin control is probably due to an interaction between saponins with the sterols present in the cell walls in the gills, no control was observed. By contrast, in Santa Catarina the dissolved oxygen level of the water is 5-6 ppm, and the snails remain mostly underwater, breathing with their gills. In this case the snails died within 24 h at a dose of 20 and 30 ppm of product. To test this observation, snails grown in polluted waters were forced to remain underwater in saponin solutions and water (control) preventing the use of their siphon to breathe. The snails exposed to saponin solutions died, while the control snails survived, indicating that they were still able to use their gills to breathe. These results indicate that the use of the saponin product is limited to rice fields not irrigated with heavily polluted waters.