bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Massage therapy training for daycare caregivers to stimulate children’s mental health in Dago Area
Authors: Damayanti Meta Maulida , Kharisma Yuktiana , Prasetia Ayu , Widiyastuti Ermina , Rachmawati Meike , Nur Ismet Muchtar , Hassan Abdul Hadi
Published: October 2023

Massage therapy has been shown to be highly effective in preventing premature birth, encouraging infant growth, increasing attention, reducing depression and aggression, treating motor problems, and reducing discomfort. Daycare is a partner institution for parents in childcare that synergizes in observing the growth and development of children's mental health. This community service program aims to increase knowledge about children's mental health, and training and mentoring regarding relaxing massage for children. This service activity plan consists of the preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The methods to be carried out vary from giving interactive materials, demonstrations, discussions, and practice. This activity was attended by 24 caregivers, 2 presenters, and 6 community service teams. This program was attended by caregivers aged between 22-50 years, with most of them being married, the highest education level being high school (75%), and the most work experience under 3 years (67%). Based on the results of the evaluation, all participants benefited from the knowledge training on child mental development and the application of baby massage in carrying out their daily duties as caregivers at daycare centers. Training childcare practitioners' metallization and helping them achieve attitude-based metallization is effective in helping them better understand child development.
Psychoeducation on emotional management in students of SMA Muhammadiyah X Surakarta City
Authors: Amalia Fathia Adzka , Salsabila Lintang Leonita , Rhomadona Dhevi Rizky , Hayyunnisa Azzahra Jihan Aprillia , Khoirunnisa Rosyita Intan , Hardani Mirdian Tri , Asyanti Setia
Published: October 2023

The problem that occurred at SMA Muhammadiyah X Surakarta City based on guidance and counseling (BK) data, namely poor emotional management. Supportive observations and interviews, including mentioning nicknames of friends you don't like; mocking each other; not accepting criticism or suggestions from others; as well as unstable mood. Poor emotional management is caused by students not knowing how to manage emotions. The purpose of this psychoeducation is to provide an understanding of the importance of emotional management and training in skills to manage emotions well. The interventions used in psychoeducation are butterfly hug practices and positive affirmations, as well as breathing relaxation practices. To determine the progress of students' understanding of emotional management material, a scale of emotional management knowledge before and after psychoeducation is given. As a result, students' understanding of emotional management has improved. Students come to know there are 2 kinds of emotions (positive and negative), and relaxation is one way to manage emotions. Based on the results of psychoeducation and findings in the field, providing psychoeducation with butterfly hug practices and positive affirmations, as well as breathing relaxation practices can help improve students' knowledge and ability to manage their emotions.
Capacity building for goat livestock business "GIBRAN FARM" through utilization of livestock waste for agriculture
Authors: Suminah Suminah , Anantanyu Sapja , Widiyanti Emi , Sari Ayu Intan
Published: October 2023

The various problems farmers face in Kaliwedi Village include farmers' lack of knowledge in their farming practices, which impacts the condition of agricultural land saturated with chemicals. On the other hand, there is already a goat breeding business "GIBRAN FARM" managed by youths in Kaliwedi Village, with around 200 goats, and cattle belonging to farmers that have not been used for agriculture. The Community Partnership Program (PKM) is carried out as an effort to solve problems in the form of sheep farming management training, training on making kohe fertilizer, business management and marketing of kohe fertilizer, a demonstration plot of the application of kohe fertilizer to chili plants. Program partners are GIBRAN FARM sheep breeders and 10 millennial farmer groups. The results of this effort are increased livestock management knowledge, the availability of kohe fertilizer which has been tested and is ready to be marketed, partners carry out business management and marketing kohe fertilizer, there is a demonstration plot for applying kohe fertilizer to chili plants. It is hoped that this will increase the income of GIBRAN FARM sheep breeders and help farmers increase soil fertility, maintain plant health, reduce negative impacts on the environment, and realize sustainable agriculture.
Utilizing appropriate technology for enhancing production and digital marketing of traditional food through a website
Authors: Azrino Gustalika Muhamad , Wijayanto Aditya , Irma Suryani Riri
Published: October 2023

Serayu Larangan Village in Purbalingga has MSMEs in the form of typical food, namely Jenang and Wajik "Jati Rasa". This MSME was founded during the Covid 19 pandemic. This MSME had problems in production and marketing. So far they have only used manual methods both in Jenang production and in sales. This service aims to help these MSMEs in increasing Jenang production and product marketing. The method used is a prototype for making tools to increase Jenang production and digital marketing to find out how important digital marketing is using a website for MSMEs to increase product marketing. The results achieved in this service are that participants can use automatic Jenang processing machines and coconut presses well and the electricity used is only 1 PS or the equivalent of 735 watts, and by using digital marketing with a website they can increase marketing globally and can be accessed anywhere and make sales effective and efficient from manual to automatic.
Cross-cultural interaction and representation of communities in the novel “Open City” by Teju Cole
Authors: Kulikov E. A.
Published: October 2023

The modern humanities increasingly tend towards interdisciplinarity, developing various methods and optics of analysis within the framework of the general main topic. Such, for example, is the study of the urban text, begun by academician V. Toporov, which gained popularity only in the 21st century. Rapid changes in the way and pace of life, technologies, science and social structure over the past 150 years require a new understanding of the process of urbanization and modern trends in urban structure and urban life. However, not only the social and applied anthropology of the city itself can be interesting, but also its representation in literary texts. The object of this research is the novel “Open City” by the modern American writer of Nigerian descent Teju Cole, in which New York, as the title itself suggests, becomes the main character and the center of the narrative. The following topics investigated by the author are distinguished in the work: the search for national and cultural identity, the existence of society in multiculturalism, the possibility of building communities that provide the individual with primary, i.e. close connections. The article concludes that the modern state of society within urban locality is best characterized by the term “anomie”, marking the social entropy and disintegration of the axiological system.
Development of English Phonetic Competence in Future Primary School Teachers: Contemporary Challenges
Authors: Moliaka Inna
Published: October 2023

The modern paradigm of language training for future primary school teachers is oriented towards the implementation of a competency-based approach to student learning, which is a key element of the New Ukrainian School. This paradigm takes into account fundamental changes and everyday challenges faced by contemporary teachers, and is characterized by high quality, versatility, and flexibility.

This article examines English phonetic competence as an important component of the language and methodological training of future primary school teachers.

In order to investigate this relevant issue, a set of complementary scientific and theoretical methods were used, including critical analysis and synthesis of psychological-pedagogical, scientific-methodological, and linguistic literature on the research problem, as well as analysis of educational normative documents to determine the state of development of the problem. The theoretical foundations of the concepts of “language competence”, “phonetic competence”, “English phonetic competence”, and “phonetic competence of future teachers” were examined. The review of specialized literature allowed for the synthesis of a definition of “English phonetic competence of future primary school teachers”, which is the first attempt to formulate this competence and its components. Based on the characteristics of the basic concepts under study, the role and place of English phonetic competence in the structure of foreign language communicative competence were determined. Additionally, an analysis of the main trends and directions in the formation of English phonetic competence in higher education students was conducted.

The article provides a detailed overview of various aspects of this problem and highlights relevant issues related to the development of phonetic competence in future primary school teachers. The research findings can be useful for the practical work of teachers and tutors involved in the preparation of future English language teachers in primary school.
Current trends of professional competence formation of students of higher education institutions of PRC
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: October 2023

The article examines the issue of modern trends in the formation of professional competence of students of higher education institutions. The definition of the concept of professional competence is analyzed based on various definitions and the own vision of this concept is formulated as: a set of knowledge, skills, abilities and qualities that are necessary for the successful performance of a certain professional activity. It was determined that the most significant trends in the formation of professional competence in the educational space of higher education institutions include: active use of information and digital technologies; practice-oriented educational programs; interdisciplinarity and flexibility; development of soft skills; participation in research activities. It is noted that modern trends in the formation of professional competence are also associated with active interaction between educational institutions and employers. This approach makes it possible to take into account the needs of the labor market and train specialists who meet modern requirements.

The leading experience of the higher education system of the People’s Republic of China in the formation of the professional competence of students was studied. The main trends of the above-mentioned issue in the education system of the People’s Republic of China include: Internet education programs; use of modern technologies in education; interactive learning methods; internship programs; in-depth study of foreign languages; international mobility; development of soft skills. It was established that the formation of students’ professional competence is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a comprehensive approach and constant improvement of existing methods and approaches.
ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES WITH PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FOR A DISTRIBUTED NETWORK OF POWER ENERGY
Authors:   NRC «Kurchatov Institute», Ivanova N. , Kumar N. ,   CSIR - National Metallurgical Laboratory, Spasov D. ,   NRC «Kurchatov Institute», Mensharapov R. ,   NRC «Kurchatov Institute», Fateev V. ,   NRC «Kurchatov Institute»
Published: October 2023

The paper presents an analysis of the prospects for the development of small-scale power generation in Russia, especially in remote regions due to the transition to renewable energy sources and hydrogen technologies. The high flexibility of electrochemical power sources in the case of use in areas with different climatic conditions and electricity needs is noted. The advantages of using proton-exchange membrane fuel cells as current sources for low-power generation are shown. The proton-exchange membrane fuel cell stack with a rated power of 150 W developed at the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" is presented.
CHEMISTRY, PROPERTIES, AND ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS OF METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS
Authors:   CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Kumar N. , Ivanova N. ,   Kurchatov Institute, Bakirov S. ,   Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering. N.I. Vavilov
Published: October 2023

Production of green and sustainable energy from renewable sources is a worldwide demand for future generation energy-based technologies. The paucity of natural fossil fuels stocks and burning of carbon-containing fuels are continuously rising global warming and air pollution. Therefore, the necessity for clean energies generation and its storage in portable devices to meet the on-demand utilization. However, the efficiency of energy storage materials is still inadequate for widespread real-world applications because of their sluggish kinetics of ion diffusion, lack of efficiency in incompatible weather conditions and poor chemical stability. Thusly, it is highly necessary to investigate new advanced functional materials for energy storage applications. In this minireview, authors are specifically discussing the decoration, designing and synthesis, basic fundamental chemistry, and physicochemical properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) utilized as efficient electrode materials for various energy storage systems such as batteries and supercapacitors. Generally, MOFs are the combination of inorganic metal ions and organic ligands/linkers possessing unique properties like high porosity and electrical conductivity, large surface area, more redox active sites and stability due to their structural engineering and compositional modifications. In the recent past, MOFs-based electrode materials have confronted so many challenges in terms of flexibility to select suitable metals ions and organic ligand moieties, ease of composite preparation, rich host-guest interactions, desired morphology and properties, process scalability and many more which needs to be discussed thoroughly for its full-proof use in the real-time application as energy storage materials.
Understanding Women's Perceptions and Practices Regarding Menstrual Hygiene: A Qualitative Study.
Authors: Syeda Farah Batool  , Sarwat O Shafiq
Published: October 2023

Background: Menstrual hygiene is a crucial component of women's health and wellbeing. Women still encounter major difficulties in controlling their menstrual periods, though. This qualitative study intends to investigate how women view menstrual hygiene, including the difficulties they encounter and the methods they employ to control their periods. Many women still struggle with menstruation hygiene, especially in low- and middle-income nations. Women may experience considerable difficulties managing their periods due to a lack of access to menstrual products and facilities, cultural taboos and shame around menstruation, and other factors. These issues may have a substantial impact on the health, education, and employment prospects of women.

Methodology: This study used a qualitative research design, employing semi-structured interviews with 20 women of reproductive age (18-30 years) living in urban areas. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically, following an iterative coding and categorization process.

Results: The results of this study showed that several variables, including culture, education, socioeconomic level, and availability of menstruation products, had an impact on how women perceive and practice menstrual hygiene. While some women claimed access to sufficient menstruation products and facilities, others encountered serious difficulties managing their periods due to a lack of access to menstrual products, clean water, and sanitation facilities.

Conclusion: Menstrual hygiene is essential to women's health and wellbeing. For women to manage their periods safely and respectably, access to adequate menstruation products, clean water, and sanitation facilities, education and awareness campaigns, and confronting cultural taboos and stigma are all necessary.
Les grands silences jurisprudentiels de la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples
Authors: Sègnonna Horace Adjolohoun
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ: La présente contribution part de l’hypothèse qu’eu égard à l’histoire de sa création, à sa mission et aux pouvoirs que lui confère le législateur, la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples a l’obligation de dire le droit par une double approche historique et systémique. Il s’agit pour la Cour de forger une jurisprudence suffisamment lisible non seulement pour indiquer la voix à suivre par l’ensemble du système africain des droits de l’homme mais encore pour se garantir l’autorité et la légitimité indispensables à toute institution de sa stature. En entreprenant de vérifier que ces fondamentaux se sont dégagés de la première décennie de jurisprudence de la Cour, la réflexion procède par discussion des arrêts de principe sur des questions importantes en montrant en quoi le juge africain n’a pas complètement ou pas du tout répondu à cette mission de fédérateur du droit africain des droits de l’homme. La discussion révèle des silences dits « par imprécision » ou « par indécision ». La conclusion évoque les conséquences réelles ou potentielles des silences relevés avant d’y suggérer des solutions.

 

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The main silences of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights

ABSTRACT: This article proceeds from the postulate that, in light of the history of its establishment, its missions and the powers entrusted to it by law, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights bears the duty to adopt an approach to judicial law making that is both historical and systemic. This duty requires the Court to build a body of jurisprudence that is clear enough not only to provide guidance to the African human rights system as a whole, but also to build the authority and legitimacy that any institution of its stature requires. In undertaking to investigate whether these prerequisites have emerged in a first decade of jurisprudence, the article undertakes to discuss landmark judgments delivered by the Court on key issues by showcasing how the ‘African judge’ has not fully or partly achieved that purpose of coordinating human rights law in Africa. The discussion reveals silences due to imprecision or indecisiveness. In concluding, the article alludes to the actual or potential implications of these silences and makes propositions to address them.
La première décision au fond de la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples: l’affaire Yogogombaye c. Sénégal (15 décembre 2009)
Authors: Tchikaya Blaise
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ: La Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples a rendu sa première décision sur le fond dans l’affaire Yogogombaye c. Sénégal en date du 15 décembre 2009. Cette affaire a été soumise directement à la Cour, mais elle a été déclarée irrecevable au motif que le Sénégal n’avait pas fait la déclaration prévue à l’article 34(6) du Protocole établissant la Cour. Cet article est relatif à l’acceptation de la compétence de la Cour pour recevoir les requêtes directement soumises par les particuliers et les organisations nongouvernmentales éligibles. L’auteur partage l’avis du juge Ouguergouz selon lequel la requête aurait dû être rejetée de plano, par voie d’une simple lettre du Greffe. En rejetant la requête, la Cour a rendu possible la poursuite du dictateur tchadien Hissène Habré. Environ six ans plus tard, le 20 juillet 2015, Habré a été condamné par les Chambres extraordinaires, créées conjointement par l’Union africaine et le Sénégal. Cette séquence d’événements montre la contribution de l’Afrique au droit pénal international.

 

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The first decision of the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights: Yogogombaye v Senegal (15 December 2009)

ABSTRACT:The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights decided its first case, Yogogombaye v Senegal, on 15 December 2009. This matter was submitted directly to the Court, but was declared inadmissible because Senegal had not made the declaration under article 34(6) of the Court Protocol accepting the Court’s competence to receive applications directly from individuals and eligible NGOs. The author agrees with Judge Ouguergouz that the application should have been rejected de plano, by way of a letter from the Registry. By rejecting the application, the Court allowed the prosecution of Tchadian dictator Hissène Habré Habre to go ahead. Some six years later, on 20 July 2015, Habré was convicted by the Extraordinary Chambers, established jointly by the African Union and Senegal. This sequence of events demonstrates Africa’s contribution to international criminal law.
Perspective d’une fusion entre la Commission et la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples: quel scenario possible pour une unification du contentieux régional africain des droits de l’homme?
Authors: Badugue Patrick
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ: Le système africain des droits de l’homme et des peuples connaitra très prochainement une mutation avec l’entrée en vigueur d’une nouvelle juridiction régionale, à savoir: la Cour africaine de justice et des droits de l’homme dont le Protocole a été adopté le 1 juillet 2008 en Egypte. Cette nouvelle entité, comme le produit de la fusion entre la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples et la Cour de justice de l’Union africaine, offre des éléments de curiosité qui suggèrent une interrogation pertinente sur la possibilité d’une fusion alternative. L’objet du propos s’attèle à intéresser sur le rôle actif de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, et son intimité statutaire avec la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, pour non seulement suggérer la possibilité d’une fusion entre elles, mais encore et dans l’intérêt d’une meilleure protection des droits de l’homme en Afrique, de présenter l’avantage comparatif d’un tel scénario sur le droit des recours individuels. Cette étude privilégiera l’exactitude archivable et recourra à la technique documentaire. Le matériau utilisé sera constitué par des décisions de justice, des rapports, des discours, des articles et des ouvrages. Le constructivisme apparait quant à lui comme le mieux à même de percevoir les logiques de construction d’un cadre juridictionnel à l’échelle africaine.

 

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Perspectives on the fusion of the African Commission and Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: is unified regional human rights protection possible?

ABSTRACT: The African system of human and peoples’ rights may change in the near future with the possible entry into force of a new regional court, the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, of which the founding protocol was adopted on 1 July 2008 in Egypt. This new entity, which in essence would constitute the merger between the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Court of Justice of the African Union, offers elements of interest that suggest pertinent questions about the possibility of an alternative merger. The purpose of this article is to focus on the active role of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and its statutory closeness with the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, not only to suggest the possibility of a merger between them, but also and in the interest of better human rights protection in Africa, to present the comparative advantage of such a scenario over the right to individual remedies. This article focuses on archival accuracy and document technology. The material used will consist of court decisions, reports, speeches, articles and books. Constructivism, on the other hand, appears to be the most capable of perceiving the logics of building a jurisdictional framework at the African level.
The application of African Union (human rights) law in Uganda: trends and prospects from a comparative review
Authors: Kabumba Busingye
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The body of public international law that may be known as ‘African Union (AU) law’, that is to say, the treaties, resolutions, constitutive documents, jurisprudence and practices of the AU, now constitute a respectable corpus of legal material. However, not only is this body of law under-theorised and under-studied by general public international law scholars, the nature of its reception and application within the domestic legal orders of AU member states is even more neglected. This article seeks to address the dearth of scholarship in this regard by critically analysing the judicial reference to AU law in one African country – Uganda – having particular regard to the reception of human rights related AU law.

 

TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANCAIS: L’application du droit (des droits de l’homme) de l’Union africaine en Ouganda: une analyse comparée des tendances et perspectives

RÉSUMÉ: Le corpus du droit international public pouvant être dénommé ‘droit de l’Union africaine’, composé des traités, des résolutions, des documents statutaires, de la jurisprudence et des pratiques de l’UA constituent désormais un corpus respectable de textes juridiques. Cependant, non seulement ces normes juridiques sont sousétudiées et sous-théorisées par les spécialistes du droit international public général mais encore la nature de leur incorporation et de leur application dans l’ordre juridique internes des États membres de l’Union africaine est encore plus négligée. Cet article conduit une analyse critique de la référence à ces normes par les juridictions de un pays africain – l’Ouganda – avec un accent particulier sur la réception et l’intégration des normes de l’Union africaine en matière des droits de l’homme.
The African Union Protocol on Free Movement of Persons in Africa: development, provisions and implementation challenges
Authors: Adeola Romola
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT:

In 2016, the African Union launched a Common African passport to enhance free movement of persons. The essence of the free movement arrangement of the African Union is to create a united Africa while promoting continental integration in the spirit of pan-Africanism. Continental free movement of persons was also conceived as a migratory solution and as an important step towards promoting seamless borders in view of the African Union Agenda 2063. In 2018, African leaders formally adopted the Protocol on Free Movement of Persons geared towards fostering intra-continental mobility and improving the wellbeing of all African persons. This article examines the normative framework and strategies for the furtherance of free movement of persons in Africa.

TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANCAIS:

Le Protocole de l’Union africaine relatif à la libre circulation des personnes en Afrique: évolution, normes et défis de mise en œuvre

RÉSUMÉ:

En 2016, l’Union africaine a établi un passeport africain commun pour accroitre la libre circulation des personnes. Le leitmotiv du nouveau régime juridique de l’Union africaine sur la libre circulation est de promouvoir une Afrique unie et favoriser l’intégration continentale dans l’esprit du panafricanisme. La libre circulation des personnes au niveau continental a également été conçue comme une solution migratoire et une étape importante dans l’ouverture des frontières africaines dans le cadre de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine. En 2018, les dirigeants africains ont officiellement adopté le Protocole relatif à la libre circulation des personnes visant à encourager la mobilité et à améliorer le bien-être de tous les Africains. Cet article examine le cadre normatif et les stratégies pour la promotion de la libre circulation des personnes en Afrique.
La prévention de l’apatridie dans le système africain des droits de l’homme
Authors: Avlessi Renaud Fiacre
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ:

L’apatridie n’est pas un phénomène nouveau en Afrique. Cependant, il a pris des tournures inquiétantes ces dernières années. Cette contribution questionne l’apport des normes juridiques du système africain des droits de l’homme dans la prévention de l’apatridie. L’analyse se base fondamentalement sur la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, ses instruments connexes et la pratique de la Commission et de la Cour africaines des droits de l’homme et des peuples. L’article aboutie à deux résultats. D’abord, il constate que l’arsenal normatif en matière de prévention de l’apatridie en Afrique n’est pas totalement satisfaisant. Ensuite, il démontre que la Cour et la Commission de par leurs jurisprudences, jouent un rôle important dans la prévention du phénomène. En vue d’une protection étanche à l’avenir, l’auteur propose d’une part, l’adoption et l’entrée en vigueur imminente du protocole à la Charte africaine sur les aspects spécifiques du droit à la nationalité et l’éradication de l’apatridie en Afrique, d’autre part, l’érection des garanties au plan national contre l’apatridie et le respect des décisions issues des mécanismes de contrôle de la Charte africaine par les Etats.

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH:

Prevention of statelessness under the African human rights system

ABSTRACT:

Although statelessness is not a new phenomenon in Africa, its recent developments are worrisome. This article interrogates the extent to which African human rights norms contributed to prevent statelessness. The analysis is essentially based on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and its protocols and on the practice of the African Court and Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The article finds that African human rights norms are not sufficiently equipped to prevent statelessness although the African Court and Commission have played important role in the prevention of statelessness. It recommends the rapid adoption and entry into force of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Specific Aspects on the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa. It also recommends that domestic legislation aiming to prevent statelessness should be adopted whilst urging respect of decisions issued by the African Court and Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
Le droit à l’autodétermination en tant que droit fondamental de l’homme et des peuples à la lumière de l’avis de la Cour internationale de Justice sur l’archipel des Chagos
Authors: Achour Rafaâ Ben
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ:

Dans son avis consultatif, rendu le 28 février 2019, à la demande de l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies, sur « les effets juridiques de la séparation de l’Archipel des Chagos de Maurice en 1965 », la Cour internationale de Justice a apporté une nouvelle contribution de taille à la définition, à la nature et à la portée du droit à l’autodétermination. Après avoir rappelé l’évolution de ce doit, la Haute juridiction internationale a affirmé que le droit à l’autodétermination a un champ d’application étendu en tant que « droit humain fondamental ». Elle a par ailleurs, précisé les modalités d’exercice de ce droit qui doit manifester la « volonté libre et authentique du peuple concerné ». Il en ressort, en confirmation de la position connue en droit international public, que tout détachement d’une partie d’un territoire autonome, est incompatible avec le droit à l’autodétermination.

 

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH:

The right to self-determination as fundamental human rights in light of the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Chagos Archipelago

ABSTRACT:

In its advisory opinion, issued on 28 February 2019, at the request of the United Nations General Assembly, on the ‘Legal Effects of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago of Mauritius in 1965’, the International Court of Justice contributed significantly to the definition, the nature and the scope of the right to self-determination. After recalling the evolution of this right, the ICJ has held that the right to self-determination has a wide scope of application as a ‘fundamental human right’. Besides, it has specified the procedures for exercising this right, which must demonstrate the ‘free and genuine will of the people concerned’. It comes out, in confirmation of the position established in public international law, that any detachment of part of an autonomous territory is incompatible with the right to self-determination.
Les ordonnances de la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples en indication de mesures provisoires dans les affaires Sébastien Ajavon c. Bénin et Guillaume Soro et autres c. Côte d’Ivoire: souplesse ou aventure?
Authors: Dabire Samson Mwin Sôg Mè
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ:

Par les ordonnances de mesures provisoires qu’elle a rendues, respectivement les 17 et 22 avril 2020, dans les affaires Sébastien Ajavon c. Bénin et Guillaume Kigbafori Soro et autres c. Côte d’Ivoire, la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples fait preuve d’une certaine souplesse dans l’indication des mesures provisoires. Cela a fait dire à certains commentateurs que la Cour jouait son avenir en s’immisçant dans des questions politiques ou sensibles. Mais ce fut aussi l’occasion pour les Etats défendeurs, en réaction, de montrer une très grande frilosité, notamment la Côte d’Ivoire qui retire sa déclaration d’acceptation de compétence; le Bénin l’avait déjà fait en mi-mars 2020. Usant alors de l’approche comparative pour commenter ces deux ordonnances dans une perspective critique, la présente contribution analyse les positions problématiques de part et d’autre. Elle en conclut que la jeune Cour africaine songe à une politique jurisprudentielle, à une sorte d’intelligence décisionnelle qui lui permette de rester audacieuse dans sa mission, tout en évitant les écueils d’une témérité sacrificielle.

 

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH:

The orders for provisional measures issued by the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the matters of Sébastien Ajavon v Benin and Guillaume Soro and others v Côte d’Ivoire: flexibility or adventure?

Abstract:

In the orders for provisional measures that it issues in the matters of Sébastien Ajavon v Benin and Guillaume Kigbafori Soro and others v Côte d’Ivoire, on 17 and 22 April 2020 respectively, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights demonstrates some flexibility in the issuance of provisional measures. This has led some commentators to suggest that the Court puts its very existence on the line by interfering with political or sensitive issues. The same circumstances also led respondent states, Côte d’Ivoire in particular, to express their irritation, in particular, by withdrawing their declaration of acceptance of the Court’s jurisdiction; Benin had already done so in mid-March 2020. In taking a comparative approach to critically comment, this case discussion sheds lights on the problematic positions of both sides. It concludes that the young African Court is attempting to set a law-making policy, a kind of decision-making intelligence that allows it to remain daring in its mission, while avoiding the perils of a sacrificial temerity.
Le droit saisi d’en-bas: les frémissements des droits des Pygmées sur leurs forêts ancestrales en République démocratique du Congo
Authors: Mirindi Patient Lwango
Published: October 2023

RÉSUMÉ:

Dans plusieurs provinces de la République démocratique du Congo, les Pygmées ont été expulsés de leurs forêts ancestrales par l’Etat, qui a érigé ces forêts en aires protégées. Ces expulsions ont été faites en violation des droits des Pygmées sur leurs forêts ancestrales, tels que ces droits découlent de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples. Le préjudice subi par les Pygmées n’a pas encore été réparé jusqu’à ce jour. La présente contribution s’appuie sur l’analyse de décisions de la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, ainsi que de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples. Elle se réfère également à des textes juridiques internes et à la pratique étatique en République démocratique du Congo. Dans ses résultats, la contribution montre que la reconnaissance des droits des Pygmées se heurte à plusieurs obstacles dans ce pays. Cependant, une tendance vers cette reconnaissance est en train d’émerger grâce au travail des parlements provinciaux et à travers certaines décisions de justice. Cette tendance doit être consolidée au plan légal et par les juges. Elle doit inclure la restitution des forêts aux Pygmées, l’adoption d’un modèle de conservation de la nature plus favorable aux Pygmées et la consécration légale de l’obligation pour l’État d’obtenir le consentement libre, préalable et éclairé des Pygmées avant d’ériger leurs forêts ancestrales en aires protégées.

 

TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH:

Right seized from below: thoughts about the rights of the Pygmy peoples to their ancestral land and forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract:

In several provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Pygmy peoples have been evicted from their ancestral forests by the state, which turned these forests into protected areas. These evictions were done in violation of the rights of the Pygmy peoples over their ancestral forests, as these rights derive from the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The wrong suffered by the Pygmy peoples has not been remedied so far. This article is based on the analysis of decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, as well as of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. It also refers to laws and to state practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In its findings, the article shows that the recognition of the rights of the Pygmy peoples faces several obstacles in that country. However, a trend towards that recognition is emerging through the work of provincial parliaments and in some court decisions.

This trend must be consolidated through legislation and by the courts. It should include restitution of the forests to the Pygmy peoples, the adoption of a nature conservation model that is more favourable to the Pygmy peoples and the legal recognition of the state obligation to obtain free, prior and informed consent of the Pygmy peoples before turning their ancestral forests into protected areas.
حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة في إطار المنظومتین الدولیةوالأفریقیة لحقوق الإنسان
Authors: Sefsaf Fatma
Published: October 2023

ما زال الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة یواجھون تحدیات متعددة ومعقدة، وفیما قطعت المنظومتان الدولیةً عدیدة في إقرار ضمانات لحقوقھم، وعلى الرغم من أن الصكوك الأخیرة التيوالأفریقیة أشواطااعتمدت في إطارھما رسخت الأخذ بنھج اجتماعي/قائم على حقوق الإنسان ینظر للإعاقة باعتبارھابالأساس نتاج لتفاعل الفرد مع بیئة لا تأخذ في الحسبان وجود اختلافات بین قدرات الأفراد. إلا أنالنظرة السائدة ما زالت في العدید من الدول سواء على الصعید الحكومي و/أو المجتمعي، تأخذ بنھجالإحسان أو النھج الطبي حیث یتم التركیز على ما لدى الشخص من "قصور" خلقي أو غیر خلقي، كماأن الجھود ذات الصلة ما زالت تركز على العلاج الطبي أو إعادة التأھیل، أو السعي إلى تیسیر الاعتناءبالشخص ذي الإعاقة.وفیما ھناك قدر كبیر من التماثل بین اتفاقیة الأمم المتحدة لحقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة وبروتوكولحقوق الأشخاص في أفریقیا، فقد تمیز البروتوكول بما أولاه من أھمیة لبعض الخصوصیات المتعلقةبقضایا الإعاقة في أفریقیا كحالات الطوارئ والنزاع المسلح والنزوح الجبري والطوارئ الإنسانیةوالكوارث الطبیعیة. والعادات والمفاھیم الضارة ودور أشكال القضاء التقلیدیة. وكذلك اھتم البروتوكولبترسیخ القیم الأفریقیة الإیجابیة وأكد في عدد من مواده على التزام الدول بتوفیر الموارد اللازمة لتعزیزحقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة.ھذا ویجب العمل على تطویر ضمانات حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة والتعامل مع قضایا الإعاقة بشكلعام وذلك بالاستفادة من التطور الكبیر والثروة المعرفیة التي تراكمت بھذا الخصوص بما في ذلك علىصعید قانون وفقھ حقوق الإنسان. كما یجب بشكل خاص بذل المزید من الجھود لدعم توفر إرادة سیاسیةلدخول البروتوكول حیز النفاذ وتصدیق أكبر عدد من الدول علیھ. لقد حان الوقت للانتقال فیما یخصحقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة من مرحلة الأقوال إلى الأفعال، وذلك بالطبع عملیة طویلة ومعقدة تحتاجإلى تضافر جھود كافة الأطراف المعنیة، وأن یتم العمل على مختلف الصعد ومنھا التوعیة والمناصرةوالضغط، ویجب أن یتم إشراك الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة في كل ما یتعلق بھم بحیث ألا یكون ھناك شيءی
The potential of African philosophy in interpreting socio-economic rights in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Amin Anneth
Published: October 2023

Socio-economic rights in the African Charter are ideal in transforming socio-economic conditions of Africa’s people and preserving their historical collective way of living. For these rights to achieve goals envisaged by the Charter, an innovative interpretation that engages relevant interpretative tools is required. This article argues that African philosophy is a potential interpretative tool that can contribute immensely to upholding the Charter’s object and purpose. Founded on the principles of collectiveness and togetherness of Africa’s people, African philosophy has the potential to enrich the meaning, scope and content of socio-economic rights and enable individuals to commune with others in all spheres of socio-economicactivities. The article argues that engaging African philosophy in the interpretative process will guarantee individual and collective enjoyment of socio-economic rights to Africa’s people as understood in the African context. However, the supervisory organs of the African Charter have not effectively applied this significant interpretative tool in their socio-economicrights jurisprudence.
Green crimes: the impact of genetically modified organisms on promoting food security in Kenya
Authors: Khamala Charles A
Published: October 2023

Kenya’s food insecurity hinders progress towards sustainable development. While the Kenyan Constitution guarantees every person the right to adequate food of acceptable quality, it also prohibits environmental and health endangerment. Whether and how to invest in genetically modified organism (GMO) technology as an alternative food production method is important. In this context, scientists should not be denied the opportunity of harmonising the tension between environmental safety and food security while upholding sustainable development. Scientifically, GMO crops are sustainable, notwithstanding the African Union’s rigid social and political setting. However, each state’s role in providing sufficient resources and law enforcement personnel is crucial. A GMO regulatory system addresses environmental safety and human health, explicitly adopting thedevelopmental risk notion. Kenya’s 2012 cabinet ban on GMO foods derived from the Séralini Report which erroneously claimed that GM maize causes cancer in rodents. The health ministry established a Task Force to review the country’s readiness regarding GMO safety and adoption. Despite having been completed in 2014, its Report remains secret. In 2015, the High Courtdismissed as premature demands for public participation on whether to unban GMOs. In 2022, President Ruto lifted the ban. Arguably, while permitting GMO experimentation, it is prudent to prescribe criminal sanctions. Beyond anthropocentric notions, green criminology provides a framework to analyse both illegal and legal environmental harms, and for appraising Kenya’s evolving GMO policy. The Constitution provides a right to sustainable use and also establishes enforcement mechanisms to compel cessation and restoration. Yet without punitive consequences, GMO regulations may not deter offenders from environmental contamination.
The judicial function of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in default judgments: the developments set forth in the Léon Mugesera case
Authors: Rachovitsa Adamantia
Published: October 2023

This case discussion focuses on the judicial function of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Court) in default judgments. The discussion brings to the foreground the changes introduced by the Court in its recently revised Rules of Procedure and how these changes are put in practice in its case law. The revised provision on default judgments includesthe extended power of the Court to decide on its own motion on whether to issue a default judgment and the introduction of a legal innovation in international dispute settlement, namely, a remedy for the defaulting party to set aside a default judgment. The recent default judgment in Léon Mugesera v Rwanda serves as a focal point in the analysis since it is the first instance that the revised Rules of Procedure were put into practice and since the Mugesera case illustrates the difficulties encountered by the Court in cases of non-appearance of the respondent state. The Court’s Rules of Procedure and case law are also placed within the corpus of international (human rights) law and the jurisprudence of its two regional counterparts on matters pertaining to default judgments so as to shed light on different approaches. The analysis makes two main arguments. The first concerns theprocedural requirements for rendering a judgment in default. Until the Mugesera decision, the Court was not consistent in meeting these requirements, and had been known to decide in default on its own motion without having a textual basis in the Protocol or the Rules of Procedure to do so. The recently revised Rule of Procedure grants the Court the power to decide on its own motion. Second, the analysis argues that the Mugesera decision cements an alarming trend in the case law, whereby in cases of nonappearance the Court does not satisfy itself that the applicant’s submissions are well-founded.
A proibição e repressão da tortura no sistema africano dos direitos humanos: utopia ou má-fé dos Estados?
Authors: Maia Catherine , Gbénou André-Marie
Published: October 2023

Embora o sistema africano de proteção dos direitos humanos tenha consagrado como absoluto o direito de não sofrer atos de tortura ou penas ou tratamentos cruéis, desumanos ou degradantes, estas práticas, que desprezam a dignidade inerente à pessoa humana, continuam a prosperar no continente. Assim sendo, serão a proibição e a repressão da tortura purautopia ou evidência da má-fé dos Estados? O presente estudo procura fornecer elementos de resposta a esta questão. Expõe, em primeiro lugar, os instrumentos jurídicos pertinentes na matéria, bem como o mandato do Comité para a Prevenção da Tortura em África, responsável pela promoção da implementação das Linhas Diretrizes de Robben Island. Traça, emseguida, um panorama da situação através do estudo das ratificações e das queixas submetidas às instâncias supranacionais africanas, apresenta as deficiências nacionais, tanto na adoção de legislações e na criação de órgãos específicos como na complacência na fase da repressão, e termina com a proposta de recomendações para melhorar a eficácia da luta contra a tortura