bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maataloustraktorien kunnossapitokustannuksesta
Authors: Oksanen Erkki H.
Published: July 2018

Traktorin kunnossapitokustannuksen laskemisessa on turvauduttava huomattavassa määrin arviointeihin. Perustuen asiantuntijalautakuntien suorittamiin arvioihin eri traktorinosien kestosta on laskettu korjauskustannus maatilakäytössä olevalle traktorille, jota käytetään keskim. 500 tuntia vuodessa 12 vuoden ajan. Korjauskustannusten huippu sattuu 7—B käyttövuosien vaiheille, jolloin ne muodostavat n. 2/3 traktorin käyttöikäisistä korjauskustannuksista. Käytännöstä saadut kirjanpitotulokset tukivat em. arviota. Myös traktoreita myyvien liikkeiden antamasta, varaosien myyntiä eri myyntipiireissä koskevasta aineistosta saadut tiedot kävivät yhteen arvion kanssa. Liikkeiden aineiston ja maataloushallituksen kirjanpitotiloilta saatujen tietojen perusteella voidaan todeta traktorien käytön olevan runsaampaa ja ankarampaa sisä-, itä- ja pohjois-Suomessa kuin varsinaisilla maanviljelysseuduilla. Kun korjauskustannukseen lisätään tilan omin voimin suoritettu kunnossapitotyö, joka nousee lähes kymmeneen prosenttiin kunnossapitokustannuksesta, saadaan eri kokoisille kaasutin- ja dieseltraktoreille seuraavat keskimääräistä käyttöä vastaavat kunnossapitokustannukset:
pieni (10—20 hv) kaasutintraktori 45: —/käyttötunti
keskikokoinen (20—30 hv) kaasutintraktori 50: —/käyttötunti
keskikokoinen (20—30 hv) dieseltraktori 55: —/käyttötunti
suuri (yli 30 hv) dieseltraktori 65: —/käyttötunti
Dieseltraktorin kunnossapitokustannus nousee n. 13 % vastaavankokoisen kaasutintraktorin kunnossapitokustannusta korkeammaksi. Traktorin käyttöikäinen kunnossapitokustannus nousee n. 90 prosenttiin traktorin ostohinnasta. Kun yli puolet siitä voi langeta yhden tai parin käyttövuoden osalle, saattaa käytetyn traktorin ostaja joutua maksamaan täyskorjauksesta puolet uuden traktorin hinnasta.
Studies on seed-setting in leguminous plants. I. Peas
Authors: Manner Rolf
Published: July 2018

The differences between different genetical materials with regard to the investigated characters have been large. The percentage of fully developed seeds has been smallest for the first seed in the pods on an average (61.0) and much larger for the central seeds (95.2). The corresponding percentage for the last (outermost) seed in each pod was intermediate (82.7). Of the not fully developed seeds, about a fourth part was not at all developed and classified as dead ovules. The relations between the two groups, defective seeds and dead ovules, showed no influence on the position of the seed in the pod. The percentage of pods with all seeds fully developed varied between 14 and 60, and was much dependent on the number of ovules per ovary. The percentage of pod-setting was higher for the low nodes than for the higher ones. The number of ovules per ovary and number of fully developed seeds per pod showed a small tendency to be higher for the lower pods on the stem than for the pods with a high position on the stem. Peduncle length was clearly higher for the lower pods than for the pods with a high position on the stem. Seed weight per pod was considerably higher for pods with a low position on the stem (early flowering) than for pods with a high position on the stem (late flowering) . The length and breadth of the pods, number of ovules per ovary and number of fully developed seeds per pod have on an average been larger for pods from nodes with only one or two pods per node than for pods from nodes with three or more pods per node. The peduncle length was on an average higher for pods on nodes with two pods per node than for pods from nodes with only one pod per node or if the pod number per node was three or even higher. The seed weight per pod was on an average highest for pods developed from nodes with two pods per node and much smaller for pods developed from nodes with three or more pods per node. The seed weight per pod was intermediate for the pods springing from nodes with only one pod. The length of the pods, the breadth of the pods, number of ovules per ovary and number of fully developed seeds were higher for under pods than for over pods. The corresponding numbers for the single pods were lower than for both over and under pods. The peduncle length was considerably smaller for single pods than for over and under pods in the investigated material. Seed weight per pod was higher for under pods than for over pods and single pods.
Pihatossa saatavan lannan ominaisuuksista
Authors: Ylänen Mikko
Published: July 2018

Pihattolannan ominaisuuksien selvittämiseksi on analysoitu eri pihatoista kerättyjä lantanäytteitä ja saatuja tuloksia verrattu parsinavetassa tuotetun lannan vastaaviin arvoihin. Tutkimuksen piiriin kuului yhteensä 17 pihattoa, jotka sijaitsivat Itä-Hämeen ja Uudenmaan läänin maanviljelysseuran alueella; lantanäytteitä analysoitiin kaikkiaan 54 kpl. Pihattojen lannassa säilytyksen aikana tapahtuvien muutosten seuraamiseksi otettiin näytteitä eri aikoina: syksyllä, keskitalvella, keväällä ja seuraavana syksynä kesän yli säilytetystä lannasta. Keskimääräiseksi analyysitulokseksi 54 lantanäytteestä saatiin: ‰ tuoreesta ‰ kuiva-aineesta ammoniumtyppeä (NH4-N) 1.3 ± 0.1; kokonaistyppeä (N) 6.2 ± 0.1, 25.5 ± 0.6; fosforihappoa (P2O5) 2.4 ± 0.1, 9.8 ± 0.5; kalia (KaO) 8.9 ± 0.2, 36.7 ± 1.2; C/N 18.6; pH tuoreesta 8.4. Verrattaessa näitä lukuja tavallisen lannan vastaaviin arvoihin todetaan, että pihattolannan kokonaistyppi = 1.3 kertainen, fosforihappo = 1.2 », kali = 1.5 ». Suuri kalipitoisuus on selitettävissä lähinnä lantaan pidättyneen virtsan vaikutukseksi. Myös typen talteenottamiseksi ovat olosuhteet pihatossa yleensä erittäin hyvät. Eri aikoina kerätyistä pihattolantanäytteistä edustivat selvästi parasta lantaa ne näytteet, jotka oli otettu yli kesän pihatossa säilytetystä lannasta. Tähän ryhmään kuuluvien 16 lantanäytteen keskimääräiseksi ravinnepitoisuudeksi saatiin N = 6,4 ‰, P2O5 = 2,9 ‰ ja K2O 10,5 ‰ tuoreessa lannassa. Maatumista oli tapahtunut myös huomattavasti, jota kuvaa alhainen C/N-suhde 15.8. Tuoreinta lantaa edustavassa näyteryhmässä oli C/N = 21.6. Lantanäytteitä otettiin myös pihattojen lantapatjan pinta- ja pohjaosasta. Koska lantapatja useimmiten jäi melko ohueksi, jouduttiin mainitut näytteet pystysuunnassa ottamaan liiaksi lähekkäin, joten mitään selviä eroja lantapatjan pinta- ja pohjaosasta otettujen näytteiden välillä ei esiintynyt. Eri ravinteiden keskinäiset suhteet parsinavetassa ja pihatossa tuotetussa lannassa näyttävät tämän tutkimuksen mukaan olevan suunnilleen samanlaiset. Ainoa vähäinen ero on kalimäärien kohdalla, ts. pihattolannassa on prosenttisesti enemmän kalia. On kuitenkin otettava huomioon, että myös typen ja fosforin määrät ovat selvästi kohonneet ja summittaisena yhteenvetona näyttää pihattolannan ravinteiden kokonaismäärä olevan ainakin 1.3 kertainen tavalliseen lantaan verrattuna.
Effect on a peat soil of application of superphosphate at various rates
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The effect on a fen soil of superphosphate applied for 34 years at the annual rates of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha was studied. The material consisted of samples from a field trial at the Leteensuo Experiment Station. The soil samples from the ploughing layer were collected in autumn 1956, and the hay samples from the crop harvested in 1957. The hay yields from the treatments with 200 or 300 kg/ha of superphosphate were about 7400 kg/ha, and the phosphorus content of the hay 1.69 and 1.85 per cent, respectively. The treatment with 100 kg/ha of superphosphate yielded only about 5100 kg/ha of hay dry matter with a very low phosphorus content, 0.96 per cent. The yield from the untreated plots was almost negligible. Also the biological and chemical soil tests showed that the untreated soil was almost depleted of available phosphorus. The phosphorus conditions in the soil annually treated with 100 kg/ha of superphosphate were not significantly better than in the untreated soil. An annual anplication of 200kg/ha of superphosphate was able to maintain a more satisfactory rate of available phosphorus in the soil, but only the treatment with 300 kg/ha of superphosphate resulted in markedly higher test values than those for the lower treatments. The total phosphorus content of the soil was the higher the larger the amount of superphosphate applied. About 40 to 50 per cent of the differences between the total phosphorus content of the treated and untreated samples was due to organic phosphorus. The potassium content of the hay was the lower the higher the superphosphate treatment. The hay from the treatment with 300 kg/ha of superphosphate contained only 1.25 per cent potassium. The possibility that potassium was a minimum factor in this treatment was discussed.
Overwintering of Gramineae plants and parasitic fungi III. Isolations of Fusarium nivale from gramineous plants in Finland
Authors: Jamalainen E. A.
Published: July 2018

Determinations carried out for many years on Fusarium snow mold occurring on graminaceous plants in different parts of Finland show that the cause of this disease is Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. In pure cultures made of the fungi isolated from samples of diseased plants, F. nivale was found in 72 samples and F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. in 5 samples.
Havaintoja ja laskelmia lehmävasikoitten sekä hiehojen kasvusta Viikin koetilan karjassa
Authors: Mäkelä Aarne
Published: July 2018

Viikin koetilan ayrshirekarjassa on vuodesta 1947 lähtien määritetty vasikoitten syntymäpaino ja vuodesta 1952 lähtien elopaino ja säkäkorkeus määräajoin. Samoin hiehot on punnittu ja mitattu 1 ja 1 ½ vuoden ikäisinä. Lehmävasikoitten ruokinnassa on ollut käytännössä ns. standardiruokintajärjestelmä, missä maito- ja väkirehumäärät ovat samat samanikäisillä vasikoilla syntymäpainosta ja emän painosta riippumatta, mutta heinien ja veden saanti on ollut vapaa. Vasikoitten painoista ja säkäkorkeuksista todettiin mm. seuraavaa. Lehmävasikoitten syntymäpainon keskiarvo oli 32.1 ± 0.25 kg, standardipoikkeama 4.3 ± 0.18 kg ja muuntelukerroin 13.4 ± 0.57 %, kun aineiston muodostivat ykkösvasikkoina ja elävänä syntyneet. Sonnivasikoitten paino oli keskimäärin 2.4 kg (P
The effect of claying carried out in 1923 upon the thermal conditions in cultivated Sphagnum peat soil in the summer of 1959
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

In the present investigation the significance of claying of cultivated Sphagnum bog was studied from the point of view of the thermal conditions in the soil after a long period. The investigation was carried out when 36 years had passed since clay had been applied to the test area. The results have shown that the claying has caused differences of about 1°C in soil temperature in summer as compared to unclayed soil.
Studies in bulk crosses between some beet strains
Authors: Manner Rolf
Published: July 2018

In the years 1952—56 the present author allowed different beet strains at the Gullåker Plant Breeding Institute to hybridize. In the years 1953—57 these hybrids were compared in trials with regard to their yield performance and some other practical features with the parents. Altogether 34 hybrids were compared in 138 comparisons with the parents. The progeny generations gave on an average smaller root and dry matter yields than the parents. The dry matter percentage was lower in the progeny generation than in the parental generation. The roots were not much more branched in the progeny generation than in the parental generation. The position of the roots in the soil and the form of the roots were not negatively influenced by crossing. Nor was the percentage of bolters larger than in the parental generation. The hybrids in which more than three strains were involved showed a tendency to give larger root yields than the strains in which only two strains were crossed. A corresponding increase in dry matter was not obtained. Considerable differences were found in the combining abilities between different types and strains and it seems to be possible to find combinations which have better yield performances than the parents. The consequence of crossing for the seed testing in field is discussed.
Tärkeimpien peltokasvien hehtaarisatojen kehitys Suomessa
Authors: Yllö Leo
Published: July 2018

Edellä tarkasteltiin tärkeimpien peltokasvien satotason kehitystä Suomessa v. 1921—1960. Hehtaarisatojen muutoksille olivat epäsäännölliset, lähinnä sääoloista johtuvat vuosivaihtelut luonteenomaisia. Eri kasvien satovaihtelu oli, ilmaistuna vaihtelukertoimella, 13—21 %. Satovaihtelu oli suurin perunalla ja pienin syysrukiilla. Satotason kehitys oli eri kasveilla pääpiirteissään sama. Hehtaarisadot kohosivat 1920- ja 1930-luvulla varsin tasaisesti, mutta laskivat sotavuosina. Alimmilleen satotaso laski 1940-luvun puolivälissä, peltoheinällä jo aikaisemmin. Laskukautta seurasi satojen jyrkkä nousu, joka palautti tason suunnilleen sotia edeltäneelle suhteellisen korkealle tasolle. Hehtaarisatojen kehityksen pääsuunta on ollut nouseva. Keskimääräinen sadonlisäys oli, huomioon ottaen vuodet 1921—60 sangen pieni, 0.2–1.1 % vuodessa. Pääasiallisena syynä tähän oli satojen lasku sota- ja säännöstelyvuosina. Huomattavasti suurempi, keskimäärin 1.3—3.7 %, oli lisäys laskukauden jälkeen vuosina 1946—60. Sadon nousu oli suurin kauralla ja pienin syysrukiilla ja perunalla.
Boorin niukkuus raudanpuutostaudin aiheuttajana kaurassa rahkasuolla
Authors: Heinonen Reijo
Published: July 2018

Vasta raivatulla rahkarämeellä Kiikalassa todettiin kaurassa ensiksi kuparin puute (keltakärkitauti) ja sen tultua korjatuksi voimakas raudanpuutoskloroosi, jota kuitenkaan ei ollut hietaa saaneilla ojanvarsilla. Kloroosin perussyyksi todettiin boorin puute, joka ehkäisi juuriston kehityksen. Mitään kasvuhäiriöitä ei esiintynyt alueilla, jotka olivat saaneet kalkituksen ja NPK-lannoituksen lisäksi kuparia ja booria.
Analyses of plant products in greater detail
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Vainio K. A. , Kero M.-L. , Herkola Eine
Published: July 2018

The customary Weende system for food analysis is biologically defective and even misleading. The authors have used an analysis scheme in which the conventional crude fibre determination is replaced by the determination of the total of the vegetable cell wall substances. This fraction is called membrane substances. The crude fibre is an arbitrary fragment of this total. E.g. in spruce wood the crude fibre forms about 80 % of the total of the membrane substances, and in wheat bran about 50 %. In addition the fraction »membrane substances» is divided into 4 subtractions: cellulose, pentosans, lignin, and other membrane substances. Further, a fraction called valuable carbohydrates is determined by subtracting from 100 the percentages of water, ash, crude protein, crude fat, and membane substances. This scheme has been applied to the investigation of 44 different plant products. A critical examination of the methods used has been included.
Chemical preservatives in foodstuffs. V. The effect of benzoic acid on the sporulation of Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Häggman J. , Nikkilä O. E.
Published: July 2018

In Bacillus megaterium, benzoic acid does not inhibit the reproduction or germination of already-formed spores when the concentration of undissociated benzoic acid is 10-5-m, but it prevents the formation of new spores in this concentration. It was not possible to eliminate this sporulation-inhibiting effect of benzoic acid by the addition of nutrients containing nitrogen or various metal ions. Ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the concentration 3 X 10-3-m showed an effect on the sporulation of B. megaterium similar to that of benzoic acid.
Über die Ursachen der Variation in der Dicke des Rückenspeckes an der Versuchsstation für Schweinezucht
Authors: Maijala K. , Vainikainen V.
Published: July 2018

In der Untersuchung ist der Einfluss von Schlachtgewicht und Geschlecht auf die Dicke des Rückenspeckes in den Jahren 1955—58 an der Finnischen Versuchsstation für Schweinezucht betrachtet worden. Das Material umfasst insgesamt 594 Borche und gleich viele ♀-Ferkel. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse: Der innerhalb der Geschlechter bestehende Unterschied in der Dicke des Rückenspeckes betrug bei der Yorkshirerasse 3.12 ± 0.025 und bei den Landschweinen 2.15 ± 0.058 mm. Der Anteil der zwischen den Geschlechtern bestehenden Unterschiede an der Gesamtvariation der Rückenspeckdicke belief sich auf annähernd 21 %. Die Heritabilität der Rückenspeckdicke betrug, aus der zwischen Halbgeschwischtern bestehende Korrelation berechnet, 52 %; wenn aber die zwischen den Geschlechtern erscheinenden Differenzen eliminiert wurden, stieg die Heritabilität auf 67 %. Die Variation im Gewicht des kalten Körpers war verhältnismässig weit; die Gesamtstreuung machte 2.463 kg aus, wobei sich der Unterschied zwischen den äussersten Schwankungsgrenzen auf 15 kg belief. Nur kaum 1/3 dieser Werte liess sich auf die Lebendgewichtsunterschiede im Augenblick des Schlachtens zurückführen, während der hauptsächliche Teil auf den Schwankungen des Schlachtverlustes beruhte. Die Heritabilität im Gewicht des kalten Körpers betrug 27 %. Wären die im Augenblick des Schlachtens bestehenden Lebendgewichtsunterschiede eliminiert worden, so wäre dieser Wert offenbar noch höher gewesen. Die Regression der Rückenspeckdicke vom Schlachtgewicht belief sich bei den ♀-Ferkeln auf 0.506 mm/kg, aber bei den ♂-Ferkeln auf 0.288 mm/kg, wobei die innerhalb des Geschlechtes bestehende Regression 0.390 mm/kg ausmachte. Innerhalb der Rassen berechnet, waren die entsprechenden Werte 0.527, 0.294 und 0.403 mm/kg. Die Korrelation zwischen der Rückenspeckdicke und dem Schlachtgewicht beruhte teilweise auf erblichen Faktoren, während sich die genetische Korrelation auf belief. Auch diese genetische Korrelation war bei den ♀-Ferkeln enger als bei den ♂-Ferkeln, wobei die Korrelationen entsprechend 0.237 ± 0.105 und 0.069 ± 0.106 waren. Rasse und Geburtsstall der Ferkel waren nicht nennenswert an der Variation von Rückenspeckdicke und Schlachtgewicht beteiligt, wohl aber in gewissen Masse an der zwischen ihnen bestehenden Kovarianz.
Behaviour of muscle protein fractions of broilers during freezing and frozen storage
Authors: Linko R. R. , Nikkilä O. E.
Published: July 2018

A method has been introduced for the analysis of protein fractions in chicken, in analogy with similar fractionation used for fish muscle proteins. The percentage figures for the most important protein fractions in the breast muscle of 9-week-old broilers were found to be: sarcoplasmic protein 30, »myosin» 59, giving a total of soluble proteins of 89, and stroma proteins 11 per cent. This method was applied to follow possible changes in the solubility of »myosin» during post-mortem aging and subsequent freezing and frozen storage. At the same time, there were determined the pH and water-binding capacity. Organoleptic evaluation was used as a check. It was found that the solubility of »myosin» was lowered only in broilers frozen without aging, after 1 month of storage. Simultaneously, water-binding capacity was lowered, and the meat proved tough by organoleptic test. Prolonged frozen storage, by contrast, caused no loss in solubility of »myosin». The water-binding capacity was lowered after prolonged storage, particularly in broilers frozen without aging.
Einfluss von Entwässerung und landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung auf die Durchlässigkeit des Moorbodens
Authors: Eggelsmann Rudolf , Mäkelä Timo
Published: July 2018

In der südfinnischen Moor-Versuchsstation Leteensuo hat sich – wie auch in anderen Mooren beobachtet –im Sphagnum-Moor mit zunehmender Entwässerungszeit und der dadurch ausgelösten Moorsackung und bodenphysikalischen Wandlungen eine starke Abnahme der Durchlässigkeit ergeben, und dürfte auch dort während nasser Jahre die Ursache unzureichender Bodenentwässerung gewesen sein. Es wird die Frage aufgeworden, ob man dieser Schwierigkeit nicht auch in finnischen Mooren mittels unberührter Maulwurfdräne Herr werden kann.
Pistokkaiden juurrutusajan ja juuriston pituuden vaikutus krysanteemin kehitykseen
Authors: Kaukovirta Erkki
Published: July 2018

Pistokkaiden juurrutusajan ja juuriston pituuden vaikutusta tutkittiin kokeessa, joka oli suunniteltu täydentämään aikaisemmin suoritettuja krysanteemin juurrutus- ja taimikasvatuskokeita (6). Pistokkaiden juurrutusajan piteneminen heikensi selvästi krysanteemin (Paradise) kasvukykyä. Verson lisäkasvu oli merkitsevästi suurempi 10 vuorokautta juurtuneissa taimissa kuin 16 vuorokautta juurtuneissa (taulukot 1 ja 2). Juuriston pituudella ei ollut merkitsevää vaikutusta suoranaiseen verson lisäkasvuun, mutta sen sijaan suhteellinen lisäkasvu heikkeni juuriston pituuden kasvaessa (kuva 2). Kukintojen lukumäärä varressa ja ensimmäisen kukinnan läpimitta oli suurempi 16 vuorokautta juurtuneissa taimissa kuin 10 vuorokautta juurtuneissa (taulukko 3 ja kuva 3). Tämä ero aiheutui todennäköisesti siitä, että lyhytpäiväkäsittely aloitettiin liian aikaisin.
Interrelationship of zinc and magnesium in cattle
Authors: Hyppölä Kalervo
Published: July 2018

Studies with dairy cattle have proved that magnesium or an excess of magnesium is an antagonist of Zn in cases where the zinc ration of the cow is suboptimal. An excess of magnesium requires more zinc. An absolute or relative zinc deficiency causes non-estrus in dairy cattle and also increases the susceptibility to other fertility and health disturbances.
Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) produced in Finland I. Bacterial spoilage and amino acid composition of fresh rainbow trout during refrigerated storage
Authors: Niinivaara Fritz P. , Sihvola Ritva-Liisa , Laine Jorma J.
Published: July 2018

Bacteriological spoilage, organoleptical quality and amino acid composition of fresh trout were studied during storage at +4– +6° C. Experiments were carried out with living fish (control), with fish 4 hours after killing and during storage. The fish were kept in air, in ice and packed in polyethylene and vacuum bags. It was observed that the type of packing considerably influences both the bacteriological and organoleptical quality. These changes were not, however, directly correlated with each other. In connection with vacuum packing, the amounts of anaerobic sulphide producing bacteria were so high that this aspect needs a detailed investigation before vacuum packing can be recommended for fresh trout. The amino acid composition of iced trout changed only slightly during storage. Current experiments concerning changes in volatile amino acid contents will provide additional information in this respect.
Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) produced in Finland II. The effect of different food on the growth of rainbow trout
Authors: Laine Jorma J. , Östring Kerttu , Niinivaara Fritz P.
Published: July 2018

Three test groups of rainbow trout were cultivated in trout rearing nets to study the feed conversion, mortality and weight development of the different groups. One of the groups was fed with a floating imported food and two groups with domestic non-floating dry food. It was observed that the type of food had a distinct influence upon feed conversion and weight development. It also influenced the pigment formation of the fish but had no great effect on the chemical composition of the fish. There were some differences in the distribution of fat in the different test groups. It was also noted that when water is chemically and microbiologically of good quality, no excessive mortality occurs even when the temperature of the water for a long period exceeds the optimum temperature of rainbow trout.
Utsädesbetningen med kvicksilverpreparat i Finland 1953 – 1968
Authors: Blomqvist Hans
Published: July 2018

I Finland behandlades perioden 1953—68 med kvicksilverpreparat i medeltal 77 % och 39 % av utsädet av bröd- respektive all stråsäd. Utsädesbetningen sker huvudsakligen med medel av alkoxialkyl-(etyl-)typ, vilka effektivt skyddar mot angrepp av de nu viktiga stråsädparasiterna Helminthosporium gramineum, Tilletia tritici, Ustilago avenae och U. hordei, likaså mot jord- och utsädesburen Fusarium-smitta. Användningen av de för sitt hot mot faunan kritiserade alkyl-(metyl-)kvicksilverpreparaten, förbjudna sedan 1969, har varit ringa, och utgjorde 1956—68 endast 5 % av samtliga kvicksilverbetningsmedel, beräknat enligt mängden aktiv substans (fig. 1). Den skarpa kritik, som på naturskyddshall riktades mot utsädesbetningen i början av 1960-talet, resulterade i att mången odlare avstod frän denna skyddsåtgärd. 1963 besåddes med kvicksilverbehandlat utsäde 640 000 ha eller 60% av stråsädarealen (fig. 2). Motsvarande värde 1967 utgjorde endast 245 000 ha eller 21 %. Till följd av denna markanta nedgång i utsädesbetningen bar förekomsten av H. gramineum och T. tritici ökat i oroväckande grad. Beräknat enligt mängden aktiv substans var totalförbrukningen av betningskvicksilver 1953—68 76 t eller 4.8 t per år. Av detta utgjordes 3.5 t respektive 0.2 t av alkylkvicksilver. Huvuddelen av betningskvicksilvret tillförs jordarna i södra och mellersta Finland, där 87 % av den odlade arealen återfinns. Fördelat på arealen av stråsäd tillfördes jorden 1953—68 av kvicksilverbehandlat utsäde i medeltal 4.7 g aktiv substans per ha och år, och på den sammanlagda odlingsarealen 1.8 g. Av detta utgjordes 0.25 g respektive 0.1 g av alkylkvicksilver.
Autumn and winter application of nitrogen fertilizers on clay soils
Authors: Pessi Yrjö , Ylänen Mikko , Leskelä Auvo , Syvälahti Jorma
Published: July 2018

In order to examine the application time of nitrogen given to cereals, several tests have been arranged on the Kotkaniemi Experimental Farm at Vihti ever since 1965. The tests have been carried out on solid clay soils, where the leaching of nitrogen has been expected to be slow. In spring cereals the autumn application of nitrogen in November on frozen soil has given a good crop yield. The protein content of the crop in the plots where nitrogen was given in autumn was lower than in those where the spreading took place in spring. As for winter wheat, application in December has given the best average crop yields but the decline of the protein content is to be considered a disadvantage. In rye, spring fertilization has given the best average crop yield. There has, however, clearly been less lodging in autumn applications than in plots where the nitrogen was spread in the spring. Regarding nitrogen fertilization of autumn sown plants the usual custom in Finland is to give nitrogen in autumn for growth during the autumn and in the spring for the coming growing season. However, as low rainfall is typical ofthe Finnish spring, the effect of nitrogen given by broadcasting in early summer is slow, especially on solid soils like clay. As for spring cereals, the fertilizer placement at a depth of 8 to 10 cms has given distinctly better results than broadcasting and the usual mixing into the soil (Elonen 1967, Larpes 1966 and 1968, Nieminen 1967, Pessi 1970). The difference in the growth intensity has most clearly been evident in the early development of cereals. Simultaneously it has become clear that the placement of nitrogen has been of the greatest importance (Pessi 1970). As during winter in Finland the soil is usually frozen and covered with snow, no noteworthy leaching of nutrients takes place. On the basis of the results and observations mentioned above the question are as to what it would mean in practice in solid soils if the nitrogen was spread already before snowfall or on the snow, when the water from the melting snow would in spring cause the nitrogen to penetrate the soil. For this purpose tests were started on the Kotkaniemi Experimental Farm of Rikkihappo Oy in autumn 1965.
Syysvehnän typpilannoituksen ajoittamisesta
Authors: Varis Eero , Juuti Tapio
Published: July 2018

Syysvehnän typpilannoituksen määrää ja levityksen ajankohtaa selvittävissä tutkimuksissa vuosina 1968—70 Hankkijan kasvinjalostuslaitoksen Anttilan koetilalla päädyttiin seuraaviin tuloksiin: Edullisin levitysaika oli riippuvainen typpiannoksen suuruudesta. Käytetty pieni määrä, 50 kg/ha N, oli edullisinta antaa keväällä, kun taas 100 kg/ha N antoi parhaan tuloksen myöhään syksyllä käytettynä. Keväällä annettu 100 kg.n typpiannos osoittautui kerta-annoksena haitallisen suureksi. Sen jakaminen kahteen levityskertaan oli edullista. 150 kg;n typpiannoksen käyttö oli edullista vain, kun peruslannoituksena oli käytetty 100 kg/ha N syksyllä ja loppu 50 kg tähkimisen alussa. Suuret kerta-annokset typpeä alensivat hl-painoa. 1000 jp:ssa ei ollut merkitseviä eroja. Sakoluvuissa ei ollut typpilannoituksesta johtuvia eroja .Jyvien proteiinipitoisuus oli sitä korkeampi mitä suurempaa typpiannosta käytettiin. Jaettu typpiannos tuotti korkeampia proteiinipitoisuuksia kuin suuri kerta- annos. Zeleny-luvut olivat yleensä korkeampia, jos kaikki typpi annettiin saman kasvukauden aikana. Jyvien tuhkapitoisuudessa ja jauhosaaliissa ei ollut typpilannoituksesta johtuvia eroja. Jauhon kostean sitkon määrä noudatti proteiinipitoisuutta. Kestoluvussa ja paisuntaluvussa ei ollut eroja. Valorimetriluvuissa ei ollut merkitseviä eroja. Sen sijaan ekstensogrammin pituus eli taikinan venyvyys noudatti proteiinipitoisuutta. Ekstensogrammin korkeus eli venytysvastus korreloi paremmin paisuntalukuihin. Taikinan vedensitomiskyvyssä ei ollut merkitseviä eroja, joskin suunta oli paraneva typpimäärän lisääntyessä. Leipätilavuutta selittivät parhaiten venytysvastusluku ja kestoluku, leipoutuvuutta edellisten lisäksi lajike. Nostatusaika ja lisäaineiden käyttö leivonnassa vaikuttivat vähintäin yhtä paljon leivontatulokseen kuin typpilannoitus. Käytetyt lajikkeet reagoivat eri tavalla typpilannoitukseen. Heikkositkoisten Linnan ja Elon leivontatulos muuttui suuria typpiannoksia käytettäessä yleensä negatiiviseen suuntaan, kun taas vahvasitkoinen linja a7780 reagoi lievemmin ja osittain jopa positiivisesti typpilannoituksen lisäämiseen.
The effect of calcium silicate in barley pot experiments
Authors: Uhlen Gotfred
Published: July 2018

In a greenhouse pot experiment lasting five years, 14 tons per hectare of calcium silicate (12 % Ca) were compared with an equivalent calcium hydroxide application, 3.2 t/ha, on a loam soil (»A»). Also, the experiment included excess liming with 16 t Ca(OH)2/ha, with and without the addition of the 14 tons of the calcium silicate material. A two year experiment with silicate and lime was conducted on another loam soil (»B»), The silicate application produced higher yields of barley grain and straw; the effect being proportionately higher than that of an equivalent Ca(OH)2 application. Neither a yield depression caused by an excess lime excess potassium treatment nor a yield reduction due to boron application in the low lime series could be counteracted by silicate application (soil »A»), Significant yield increases for silicate and for lime were found in the 4th and 5th years after application, although the effects were reduced compared to the responses during the first 3 years. The silica content of barley grain and straw increased considerably after silicate application. In the first year, for example, the percent of SiO2 on straw dry matter rose from less than 1 percent to 7 percent. The silica treatments and the large SiO2 uptake, apparently had no direct effects upon the phosphorus, calcium, potassium or the magnesium content of the barley crops, although the silicate seemed to improve the soil phosphorus availability. In the high-lime series, potassium applications in the first two years of the experimental period roughly doubled the silica content of barley straw and grain, whereas such an effect by the potassium fertilizers was absent in the low-lime series for both soil (»A») and (»B»). After the five year cropping period, lime and silicate were found to have influenced the soil aggregate size distribution percentages, and had markedly improved the water stability of the soil aggregates.
Genetic and morphologic characteristics of the gigantic mutant of oats, Avena saliva L
Authors: Ahokas Hannu
Published: July 2018

A gigantic mutant (gig-a) isolated from cv. Hannes is described. The mutant is lush, many-noded and late ripening not reaching, maturity during our growing season. It does not respond to cold vernalization, application of gibberellins or 12/12 photoperiod by the non-mutant phenocopy. There was no genetic complementation by the infection of Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rosb. Results are presented showing that the mutant responds to seasonal and other environmental conditions to a greater extent than the non-mutant. Several characteristics of the mutant are compared with those of cv. Hannes and the F1 generation of the backcross. The inheritance is monofactorially recessive. The F1 plants display a great heterosis of grain production. Evidence is presented regarding the temporary heterozygote advantage as the cause of the retention of the mutant in oat stands.
Composition and volume of the rumen microbiota of sheep fed on grass silage with different sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements
Authors: Syrjälä Liisa , Saloniemi Hannu , Laalahti Leena
Published: July 2018

A comparative study was made of the effect of different sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements and the effect of different silage preservatives on the quality and quantity of the rumen microbiota of sheep fed on grass silage. The levels of the carbohydrate supplements were 15 % and 30 % of the dry matter of the daily rations, representing 2 1/2 and 5 g/kg animal live weight per day. The silages were prepared with three different preservatives: 1) AIV I solution (25 % formic acid and 20 % hydrochloric acid), 2) formic acid and 3) Viher solution (26 %formic acid and 70 % formalin). The total number of ciliates was highest in the animals receiving sucrose with the silage, lower in those given starch and lowest in those given cellulose. On the pure silage diet, it was between those for the starch and cellulose diets. The total number of bacteria decreased in the opposite direction on the different diets. The sucrose supplements increased the numbers of small ciliates especially and the cellulose supplements those of the bigger ciliates. The total volume of the ciliate fauna was thus highest in the animals on cellulose diets, lower in those on starch diets and lowest in those on sucrose diets. The total microbe mass constituted the following percentages of the rumen content on the different diets: only silage 4.1, 15 % sucrose 3.5, 30 % sucrose 3.5, 15 % starch 4.0, 30 % starch 4.5, 15% cellulose 4.6 and 30 % cellulose 5.2. Bacteria constituted 77—86 % of the total microbe mass on the different diets, the precentage being highest on the sucrose diets and lowest on the cellulose diets. Only small differences were found between the different silage preservatives in the effect on the rumen microbiota.
Studies on the sulfur metabolism of cows on protein-free and low-protein feed
Authors: Matikkala Eino , Kreula Matti
Published: July 2018

The influence of purified, protein-free feed with urea and ammonium salts as nitrogen sources (0-feed) and of non-purified, urea-rich, low-protein feeds (ULP-feed) on the sulfur metabolism of cows has been studied by determining the contents of sulfur fractions in faeces, urine, milk, blood and rumen fluid. The sulfur of 0-feed was composed entirely of inorganic sulfate. During balance trials the N:S ratio in the feed varied from 6.1 to 9.5, and the sulfur content from 0.22 to 0.31 % of the dry matter. In every trial (seven with 0-feed and two with ULP-feed), of five or seven days duration, the cows were in high-positive sulfur balance. The 0-cows excreted a greater proportion of their total sulfur output via urine than the ULP-cows. The excretion of inorganic sulfate sulfur, as a proportion of the urinary and faecal sulfur, was greater for 0-cows than for ULP- or NorP-cows (cows on normal, protein-rich feed); the opposite was the case with regard to the excretion of ester sulfate sulfur and neutral sulfur. The sulfur contents of milk and blood showed only minor inter-feed differences. The sulfate content in the rumen fluid of the 0-cow rose rapidly after the commencement of feeding and then fell quite rapidly. We conclude tentatively that in the rumen of the 0-cow hydrogen sulfide is generated so quickly that the whole of it cannot be used for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds, a considerable proportion of it being lost in eructations or excreted as inorganic sulfates in the urine.
A polyol mixture or molasses treated beet pulp in the silage based diet of dairy cows: I. The effect on the feed utilization, milk yield and blood values
Authors: Tuori Mikko , Poutiainen Esko
Published: July 2018

This study investigated the effect of a polyol mixture or molasses treated beet pulp on the feed utilization, milk yield and blood values. 24 cows were divided into 3 groups. Hay was given at 2 kg/d, silage ad lib. and concentrate mixture at 78 kg according to the milk yield. The control group had grain (barley-oat) concentrate mixture, the molasses group had grain supplemented with 29 % dried molasses beet pulp and for the polyol group grain was supplemented with 25 % dried beet pulp treated with mixture of sugar alcohols. A 2 weeks standardisation period was followed by 12 of comparison. 12 of the cows were also in a digestibility trial in the later part of the comparison period. Feed intake was heavily reduced in the molasses group and hence the milk yield was significantly lower (P < 0,05) than in the polyol or control groups (19,5, 21,2 and 21,2 kg FCM/d). The mean consumption of polyols was 483 g/d and that of sugars from the molasses beet pulp was 410 g/d. The feed utilization was significantly lower (P < 0,05) in the control group than in the polyol or molasses groups. The consumptions of f.f.u./kg FCM were correspondingly 0,407, 0,375 and 0,373. Digestibility of nitrogen free extracts was significantly higher for the polyol group than for the control group (81,4 and 78,1 %). For molasses group digestibility of NFE was 78,5 %. Digestibility of OM was correspondingly 76,2, 73,6 and 74,3. Rumen butyric acid formation was higher in the polyol group than in the molasses or control groups, although the differences were not statistically sinificant. The blood and plasma parameters studied were haemoglobin, PVC, ketone bodies in blood, glucose, total protein, urea-N and uric acid in plasma. Plasma urea-N was higher (P < 0,01) in the control than the polyol or molasses groups. In glucose or ketone bodies concentration there were no treatment induced differences.
Vehnänrankkijauhon rehuarvo lihasikojen ruokinnassa
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Kahden vehnänrankkirehun sulavuus määritettiin 70—80 kiloisilla lihasioilla. Rehun n:o 1 keittoliemenä alkoholinvalmistuksessa oli ollut vesi, rehun n:o 2 hiivan emävesi. Rehujen koostumus tuhkaa lukuunottamatta oli varsin samanlainen. Rankkirehu n:o 1 suli rehua n:o 2 paremmin, ero oli merkitsevä orgaanisessa aineessa (P < 0.05) ja typettömissä uuteaineissa (P < 0.001). Typpitaseissa ei ollut merkitsevää eroa. Koetuloksista 95 % ka sisältäville rehuille 1 ja 2 lasketut rehuarvot olivat seuraavat: ME-arvo 10.26 ja 8.37 MJ/kg, korvausluku 1.30 ja 1.61 kg/ry sekä srv-arvo 227 ja 204 g/kg.
Storage fungi of onion and their control
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Botrytis allii Munn caused total onion damages of 15—20 % during storage in 1975—1979, and was present on 80—90 % of the spoilt onions. The proportion of damage caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl. was 0—5 % and was present in 0—10 % of the spoilt onions. The early weight losses during storage of the onions were mostly due to storage pathogens which spread via the onion sets used as propagation material. This can be prevented very effectively by soaking the sets in benomyl solution before planting out. The unusually high fungus content of the sets resulted in a reduced yield. Spraying with fungicide early on in the growing season and applying different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on the number of storage pathogens. A low stroge temperature did not inhibit the development of storage pathogens, it merely slowed it down.
The effect of ADD-H preservative (ammonium propionate) on the quality and feedingvalue of baled hay
Authors: Rauramaa Aino
Published: July 2018

The effect of ADD-H at 3 or 4 rates of application on the quality and feeding value of baled hay at 3 dey matter levels (65.0—69.9, 70.0—74.9 and 75.0—79.9 %) was studied on Hankkija’s farm in Kangasala and at DM 78—82 % on the Koivisto farm in Hausjärvi. The field experiments were performed in 1979 and the testing of the hay completed by the following spring. The field experiments were affected by uneven drying of the hay, uneven rewetting due to rainfall after cutting, loss of ADD-H during application, uneven distribution of ADD-H in the bales, and other factors. At DM 65.0—69.9 % ADD-H gave only a slight improvement in hay quality; at the highest application rate the sugar content was the highest and the crude fibre content the lowest. At the other DM levels ADD-H restricted the generation of heat during storage; the sugar content was higher, and the mould count lower, in the treated hay than in the untreated hay. The beneficial effect of ADD-H on the feeding value of baled hay was small; further study on this aspect is required.
Effect of liming on the value of magnesium sulphate and two dolomitic limestones as magnesium sources for ryegrass
Authors: Jokinen Raili
Published: July 2018

The effect of liming on the fate of magnesium given as either magnesium sulphate (200 mg Mg/3.9kg of soil) or two dolomitic limestones (1140 mg or 1320 mg Mg) in the soil and the values of these three as magnesium sources for ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were studied in pot experiment carried out over two growing seasons. The pH(CaCl2) of the very fine sand used as growth base was raised from its initial value of 4.9 to either 5.7 or 6.5 by the addition of calcitic limestone (12 g or 24 g limestone/3.9 kg of soil, respectively). The magnesium sources were compared at these three levels of soil acidity. At pH(CaCl2) 6.5 about 20 % of the magnesium applied as magnesium sulphate was converted into a form not extractable in 1 M neutral ammonium acetate. This not extractable magnesium appeared to be utilized slowly by ryegrass, which may indicate that magnesium bound in various Al-Mg compounds in limed soil is to some extent available to plants. At pH (CaCl2) 5.7 and 6.5 around 70 % and 85 %, respectively, of the magnesium derived from dolomitic limestones was not extractable in neutral ammonium acetate. The ryegrass was unable to utilize this not extractable magnesium during the two-year experimental period. On an acid soil the dolomitic limestones used were a more effective source of magnesium than magnesium sulphate, though on almost neutral soil there was little difference between the two, despite the large difference in the amount of magnesium applied.
The nylon bag technique in the determination of ruminal feed protein degradation
Authors: Setälä Jouko
Published: July 2018

The investigation included experiments in which factors affecting the reliability of the nylon bag method were studied. The possibility of applying the feed protein degradabilities to practical feeding conditions was also examined. In the experiments concerning reliability, such factors as bag porosity, sample weight, sample treatment, washing procedure, diets, and differences between animals and incubation days were studied. The feed protein degradabilities were also determined by using as incubation periods the ruminal retention times for particulate matter of different feeds, evaluated as a function of DM intake/100 kg liveweight in different diets. A nylon bag, with a pore size of 40 µm and internal dimensions of 6 X 12 cm was selected for the degradability determinations. The sample weight used in incubations was 57 —60  mg DM/cm2. In the determination of feed protein degradability, when sheep are used as experimental animals, it is recommended that for routine determinations only one animal be used, analyzing the contents of two bags for each incubation period during two successive days. A control sample of which degradability is determined in advance in many sheep, should be used in all incubations in order to control the digestive processes in the rumen of the experimental sheep. The actual degradabilities analyzed by the bag method are applicable in practise, if they are determined using animals at similar feeding levels and on diets similar to those prevailing under the conditions in which the degradabilities are going to be used.
Composition and properties of Finnish honey and their dependence on the season, region, bee race and botanical origin
Authors: Varis Anna-Liisa , Helenius Juha , Koivulehto Kari
Published: July 2018

Analyses were made of regionally representative samples of Finnish honey, 90 from 1977 and 68 from 1978. The average sugar composition, determined by thin layer chromatography, was: 47.3 % fructose, 43.9 % glucose and 8.7 % oligosaccharides. The ratio fructose/glucose was 1.1. Dry matter averaged 82.4 % and pH 3.9. Vitamin analysis of five sub samples gave 2700/µg/100 g ascorbic acid, 9/µg/ 100 g thiamine, 39 µg/ 100 g riboflavin and 1020/µg/100g niacin. The proportion of glucose was positively and the proportion of oligosaccharides negatively correlated to the count of Brassicaceae pollen in honey. The tendency to crystallize was explained better by the ratio glucose/oligosaccharides than by the ratios fructose/glucose, glucose/water or (glucose-water)/fructose. In sugar composition and in tendency to crystallize, seasonal and regional variation existed.
Member influence in cooperatives: Contributions of Scandinavian studies to the research conducted in the United States
Authors: Ollila Petri
Published: July 2018

This literature review summarizes research on member influence in cooperatives conducted in Scandinavia and some of the research conducted in West Germany. The review divides the contents of member influence into three components; individual factors, the cooperative organization’s internal factors and the organization’s external factors. As individual factors, participation, representation and representativeness are considered. Conflicts in cooperative organizations, the effect of the growth of the organization and the rules of decision making are discussed as organizations internal factors. The major interest groups in addition to members (the market, personnel and the society) are presented as external factors. The external factors are increasingly challenging the nature of cooperatives as member interest organizations.
Diurnal variations in nitrate content of red beets
Authors: Kallio Heikki , Rousku Raila , Salminen Aarne
Published: July 2018

The diurnal variations in nitrate content of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva) roots and leaves were observed in cultivations with either no nitrogen fertilizer or with Ca(NO3)2 addition. With less nitrate in the soil the diurnal reduction of nitrate content in the afternoon was greater; on the average 55 % in the leaves and 20 % in the roots of the maximum values in the middle of August. With nitrogen fertilizing (100 kg of nitrogen/ha) the corresponding values were about 15 to 20 %. The amplitude of alteration decreased toward the end of the growing season, as the nitrate content in the leaves in particular was reduced. In our experimental conditions nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, had no effect on the nitrate content in roots or leaves.