bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTE ON AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FLUORESCENCE OF HAIRS INFECTED BY CERTAIN FUNGI
Authors: Davidson A. M. , Gregory P. H.
Published: April 2011

1. Observations under filtered ultra-violet light of the available material of Microsporon audouini, M. felineum, Trichophyton gypseum, T. violaceum, T. album and Achorion schoenleini indicate that the species belonging to the genera Microsporon and Achorion produce an intense green fluorescence in the substance of hairs infected by them. Trichophyton-infected hairs appear a paler bluish-white. Normal pigmented hairs appear dark.2. It is shown that the spores and hyphae of the fungus whether within or without the hair are relatively non-fluorescent as contrasted with the substance of the infected hair.3. A fluorescent substance present in hairs infected by M. audouini, M. felineum and Achorion schoenleini is readily soluble in hot water. No such substance could be extracted from the hairs infected by Trichophyton sp., or from normal hairs. It is therefore believed that the presence or absence of the green fluorescence is pathognomonic.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICA UPON THE GROWTH OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Price R. M.
Published: April 2011

The addition of small amounts of soluble silica to modified Dorset's egg medium has been noted to enhance the growth of the human type of the tubercle bacillus in the test tube. This is manifested by a lessening of the latent period of growth and a greater luxuriance of growth.
ANTHER AND STIGMA BLIGHT OF LOGANBERRY
Authors: Dearness J. , Foster W. R.
Published: April 2011

A new disease of loganberry, an anther and stigma blight, is reported from British Columbia. This disease is caused by Hapalosphaeria deformans Syd., a new fungus for North America. The fungus prevents pollination of a number of the drupelets and a deformation of the fruit results.
DIHYDRO-p-TOLUALDEHYDE
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Ball W. L. , Young D. M.
Published: April 2011

In the condensation of acetaldehyde to crotonaldehyde, dihydro-p-tolualdehyde is obtained as a by-product. The determination of its structure, its properties and some of its reactions are described.
THE MARINE ALGAE OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES OF CANADA: I. List of Species with their Distribution and Prevalence
Authors: Bell Hugh P. , MacFarlane Constance
Published: April 2011

The marine algae of the Atlantic coast of the maritime provinces of Canada were collected at representative places all along the coast. The most intensive collecting was done at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and at Halifax, Nova Scotia. An entire summer was spent collecting around Prince Edward Island. The report covers the work of more than seven years. The collecting was done chiefly during the summer, but regular collecting was also carried out for two winters. The area is divided into three distinct geographical and ecological regions, namely, the Bay of Fundy, the Atlantic, and the Prince Edward Island regions. In the list of species, their regional distribution and prevalence are given in tabular form. The list includes 120 species, divided into 30 Chlorophyceae, 41 Phaeophyceae, and 49 Rhodophyceae. In addition to critical notes regarding certain forms, the striking differences in the marine flora from region to region are indicated diagramatically by distribution maps for a number of species.
STUDIES ON THE APOIDEA OF WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISITORS TO APPLE BLOOM
Authors: Atwood C. E.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the results of studies on the wild bees of Nova Scotia, which were carried out in connection with apple pollination investigations in the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley, Nova Scotia.The biology of the Apoidea in general is reviewed from the literature, and a list of bees taken on apple bloom is given. As the members of the genera Halictus and Andrena were found to be the most important native pollinators, the greater part of the paper is devoted to accounts of the habits and life histories of representative species.The members of the genus Andrena were found to have a simple type, such as is generally found among solitary bees. The females provision the nest and then die; the larvae develop to the pupal stage in their underground cells, then emerge as adults the following season. All Nova Scotian species studied were one-generation forms.The bees of the genus Halictus show a primitive social organization, more complex in some species than in others. The first brood consists of females only, which are apparently sterile and work at nest construction, the gathering of pollen, etc. They are followed later in the season by a brood of males and females; these females, after being fertilized, hibernate for the winter, while the males die in the fall. The hibernating habits of different species are described, and notes are given on some parasites and inquilines of the two genera.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF NATURAL PENETRATION OF ELECTROLYTES INTO WOOD
Authors: Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The rates of diffusion of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid into chips of black spruce heartwood impregnated with water were measured for different shapes of chip at 20, 50, and 75 °C. In the longitudinal direction of the wood, hydrochloric acid diffuses the most rapidly and sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride at nearly the same rates. In the lateral direction sodium hydroxide diffuses the most rapidly, owing to its action on the wood. Concentration of electrolyte is practically without influence on the time to half-value for sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The density of the wood does not affect the rate of diffusion of sodium hydroxide.The rate of diffusion of water into air dry chips was measured at 20 and 50 °C.
Improved Method for the Construction of Quartz Spirals
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
HEAT CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS ON GELATIN GELS. II.
Authors: Hampton W. F. , Mennie J. H.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the heat capacity of gelatin gels, prepared from ash-free, electric gelatin, have been extended to cover the temperature range between − 180° and 25 °C. and the concentration range from 9 to 100% gelatin. Change in the temperature of the gel above the freezing point is found to be accompanied by a heat effect which has not previously been taken into account in calorimetric measurements on gels and which renders the interpretation of the experimental data uncertain.
HYSTERESIS IN SILICA GEL SORPTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

The hysteresis which normally appears in the isotherms of the silica gel-water system has been attributed by Patrick to the presence of permanent gases in the system. Only one case has been found in which a reversible isotherm has been recorded in the silica gel-water system. For alcohol and benzene only one case of hysteresis has been reported. These results seem to be independent of the presence or absence of air or other gases.The sorption of water, benzene and ethyl alcohol has been examined using the sorption balance. A hysteresis loop appears for water only. This hysteresis may not be eliminated by special methods of evacuation and must be considered as a real effect. The isotherms of alcohol and benzene, on the other hand, are completely reversible. It has been shown that the dimensions of the hysteresis occurring in the water system may be affected by the manner of addition of vapor to the apparatus. Only when the vapor pressures remain reasonably constant during sorption are the dimensions of the effect evident. If very large pressure changes take place the hysteresis may disappear.A comparison of the isotherms for water showing hysteresis, and those of the sulphur dioxide system (upon which the original suggestion as to the cause of hysteresis was based) show that there is not necessarily any relation between the two.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE PRE-ADULT LARVAE OF THE BULB NEMATODE ANGUILLULINA DIPSACI (KÜHN, 1858) GERV. AND v. BEN., 1859, IN RELATION TO TIME AND MOISTURE
Authors: Hastings R. J. , Newton W.
Published: April 2011

In a moist environment, a minimum exposure of 120 min. at 110–113°F. is required to destroy pre-adult larvae of the bulb nematode Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn, 1858) Gerv. and v. Ben., 1859, but progressively shorter exposures are required as the temperature is raised. At 116.5–118.5°F. the lethal exposure is 60 min. and at 118.5–120°F. an exposure of 30 min. is required.In a dry environment exposures of 150 min. to temperatures as high as 140°F. are not lethal to pre-adults and the heat treatment does not affect their ability to induce the characteristic symptoms of infestation in barley seedlings.The pre-adults are more resistant to heat than any other stage in the life history of the nematode.The data suggest that the ineffectiveness of the standard hot water treatment when applied late in the season is due to the fact that the major development of pre-adults takes place after the bulbs are lifted, and also because the masses of dormant pre-adults are often well isolated from the moisture of the bath by the bulb scales and corky basal plates, and are more resistant to heat in a dry, compared with a moist, state. It is recommended that the hot water treatment be employed not later than four weeks after lifting when the lifting is done as soon as the foliage dies down.A pre-soak is suggested as a possible means of increasing the effectiveness of the standard hot water treatment.
REFLECTIONS FROM THE IONOSPHERE
Authors: Sillitoe Sydney
Published: April 2011

Oscillograms showing unusually low layer reflections and exceptionally strong multiple reflections from the F layer, and oscillograms of the usual conditions for February, March and April, are presented. Some automatic continuous records of the heights of the reflecting layers are also shown.The main features of the new design and technique, which were important factors in the elimination of all extraneous results, are clearly pointed out.
ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DIATOMITE AT MODERATELY HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

An examination was made of various kinds of diatomite brick, in order to ascertain how the thermal conductivity of diatomite found at Quesnel in British Columbia compared with the conductivities of some other diatomites. A brief description is given of the difficulties which attend any endeavor to measure thermal conductivity with accuracy above 1500° F. and which necessitate the limiting of the investigation to temperatures between atmospheric temperature and 1500° F. Of the samples investigated the Quesnel brick was found to be the best thermal insulator with the exception of a brick consisting of natural Californian diatomite.
STUDIES IN THE VARIABILITY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI.: VIII. BCG.
Authors: Reed G. B. , Orr J. H. , Rice Christine E.
Published: April 2011

Five cultures of BCG have been shown to consist primarily or entirely of R type tubercle bacilli and to resemble R types from other sources. When received one culture contained a few S types which were isolated. The other four cultures appeared to consist entirely of R types. After a long series of cultures, particularly in slightly alkaline Proskauer and Beck's fluid, dissociation occurred and S types were isolated from two strains; no stable S types could be recovered from two additional strains.The R, or ordinary BCG produced only localized infections, the S forms produced fatal progressive tuberculosis in guinea pigs. The degree of tissue involvement in fatal cases was generally less than with typical virulent tubercle bacilli.By means of complement fixation reactions it was shown that the S form recovered from BCG cultures, like typical S virulent mammalian tubercle bacilli, contains a specific antigenic substance which is lacking in the ordinary BCG and other R forms of the species. Animals immunized with S organisms are shown to develop a specific S antibody which is not present in the serum of animals treated with R organisms or the ordinary form of BCG. It is suggested that this lack of antigenic substance in the BCG militates against its effectiveness as an immunizing agent.
FRACTIONATION OF GLUTEN DISPERSED IN SODIUM SALICYLATE SOLUTION
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Rose R. C.
Published: April 2011

The solubility of gluten in sodium salicylate solution increases regularly with increasing concentrations of the solvent. When gluten is completely dispersed and then precipitated by the addition of magnesium sulphate, the relation between the amount of gluten nitrogen precipitated and the concentration of magnesium sulphate is also regular. Successive fractions of the precipitated gluten protein (except the last 10–15%) contained progressively more amide and less arginine nitrogen. None of the fractions were similar to gluten, but when they were redispersed, combined and reprecipitated as a whole, a gluten was obtained. The most soluble 10–15% of the gluten protein is probably distinct, but the remainder is a single protein complex which can be progressively fractionated.
A STUDY OF THE RESPIRATION AND HEATING OF DAMP WHEAT
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Clayton J. S. , Wrenshall C. L.
Published: April 2011

Respiration and heating studies were made on hard red spring wheat.Estimation of the true respiration of hard red spring wheat is complicated by the respiration of fungi which develop on damp wheat. The germination and growth of fungi can be controlled effectively by toluene or carbon tetrachloride vapor. In the presence of vapor of these substances carbon dioxide production goes on at a low rate and no heating occurs in wheat of 25% moisture content. The odor of the vapor disappears in the course of air-drying.Exposure of damp wheat to carbon tetrachloride for 25 days produced no deleterious effect on the quality.
SOME CALCULATIONS OF FIELD STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION IN THE VERTICAL PLANE OF DOUBLE-TAPERED MASTS
Authors: MacKinnon K. A.
Published: April 2011

The approximate current distribution with height in vertical tower antennae of non-uniform cross section is calculated by assuming that the cross section is that of a cylinder whose diameter changes discontinuously. The field strength distribution in the vertical plane is then calculated for this current distribution and compared with field measurements of Ballantine. This is repeated using the experimentally determined current distribution of Gihring and Brown which results in a much closer check with Ballantine's measurements.The results were then used to calculate the field strength distribution in the vertical plane of an array comprising a 0.597λ vertical double-tapered tower as radiator, and a 0.250λ vertical tower of the self-supporting type as a fed reflector.
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE FRACTIONATION OF ISOTOPIC ISOMERS BY DISTILLATION
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

Slight separations of some isotopic isomers have been achieved by equilibrium rectification. In the case of chlorine the total separation amounted to 0.048 atomic weight units; 28.6% of the O18 has also been removed from normal oxygen by the fractionation of water, and in a short run with liquid oxygen the normal concentration of O18 has been raised from 0.2% to 0.25%. The last-mentioned separation can be carried considerably further with present equipment.CH3D was synthesized. Its boiling point appears to be 0.5 °C. lower than that of methane.The vapor pressures of a 56.8% solution of D2O were measured, and it is suggested that the published values of the vapor pressure of D2O at temperatures lower than 40 °C. may be slightly too high.
THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM SUPPLY ON THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF WHEAT. II
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Woodford E. K.
Published: April 2011

Limiting the supply of potassium to wheat plants resulted in a decreased nitrogen content and a markedly increased calcium and magnesium content of the dry matter. It retarded growth, reduced the total amount of individual nutrients absorbed per plant, and resulted in an increase in the proportion of grain to total yield. It had an adverse effect on the quality of the grain as determined by gluten and baking tests.Neither sodium nor calcium was effective in replacing potassium, but sodium was the better in this respect.
GROWTH OF MYA ARENARIA L. IN THE BAY OF FUNDY REGION
Authors: Newcombe Curtis L.
Published: April 2011

Data are presented which demonstrate the validity of "annual rings" as age determinants in Mya arenaria L. The time curve of growth for this latitude depicts a relatively rapid rate during the first four years, after which a pronounced decrease obtains. Relatively little variation has been found in the rate of growth characterizing the widely separated parts of the Bay studied. In general, specimens 18 mm. in length grow about 12 mm. (66%) in one year and those 26 mm. grow about 9 mm. (33%). These represent typical values for growth in the Bay of Fundy region under favorable conditions.The length of the growing season during 1931 was approximately four months, —May to August, inclusive. During 1930, growth continued until about Dec. 1. Such a late fall growth is considered unusual for the Bay of Fundy region.Data are presented which show that variations in seasonal growth rates during the same and different years correspond with abundance of diatoms and not with temperature. The rate of growth has been found to vary directly with time of submergence. Wide variations in salinity and sulphide content of the beach are required to reduce the amount of growth significantly. Excess surface silt on the beach limits the growth rate and survival time of Mya arenaria.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ACTION OF CARBON DISULPHIDE AND AQUEOUS POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS ON ALKALI LIGNIN
Authors: Glover R. L. , Bain J. W.
Published: April 2011

Carbon disulphide and aqueous potassium hydroxide solutions act on alkali lignin, forming very viscous mixtures from which colloidal, lignin-like materials containing sulphur and of high molecular weight may be isolated.The hypothesis is advanced that a lignin xanthate may be a step in a theoretical series of reactions culminating in the formation of the materials isolated.The presence and condition of the sulphur in the isolated product are discussed from the standpoint of this hypothesis.
THE LIQUID DENSITIES OF PROPYLENE AND METHYL ETHER AS DETERMINED BY A MODIFIED DILATOMETER METHOD
Authors: Pall D. B. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A modification of the dilatometer method for measuring the density of liquids which can be applied over a large temperature range and up to the region of the critical temperature is described. The densities of methyl ether and propylene have been measured over the temperature range 7°–120 °C. and 20°–88 °C. respectively, with an accuracy of 1 part in 2000. A comparison is made with the data of other investigators. Application of the data to the law of corresponding states shows that the law holds to within the accuracy attained up to temperatures at least 0.96 of the critical.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE D'ACER SACCHARUM: LES AMYLASES DE LA SÈVE D'ÉRABLE ET LE POUVOIR-TAMPON
Authors: Bois Elphège , Nadeau Aristide
Published: April 2011

not available
STUDIES ON THE HETEROPHYID TREMATODE, APOPHALLUS VENUSTUS (RANSOM, 1920) IN CANADA: PART I. MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

This minute intestinal trematode occurs in the cat, dog, racoon and heron in the lower Ottawa Valley. Its morphology is redescribed and its nomenclature reconsidered. It is believed to be specifically distinct from the closely related form, A. donicus of Central Europe. A. brevis is recorded from the loon.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: II. TECHNIQUE
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the standardization of the technique that has been evolved to facilitate the comparative testing of various substances that can be added to manure with the object of effectively destroying the free-living stages of bursate nematodes. Methods of controlling the experiments are described and the significance of the results discussed.
THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF COPPER FROM 30° TO 200° K.
Authors: Dockerty S. M.
Published: April 2011

An all-metal adiabatic vacuum calorimeter was used to determine the specific heat of copper over small temperature intervals from 30° to 200° K. The accuracy is considered to be within 0.05% for the greater part of the range. A curve is given showing the variation with temperature of the characteristic temperature, θ, for copper.
PASTURE STUDIES XII THE NATURE OF THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS
Authors: Wrenshall C. L. , McKibbin R. R.
Published: April 2011

An improved procedure for the separation of nucleic acid material from soil is described. By its use as much as 65% of the apparent organic phosphorus in soil has been separated in the nucleic acid fraction; this shows that most of the soil organic phosphorus exists in this form. Material of this nature enters the soil solution.The material separated yielded, on hydrolysis, phosphoric acid, pentose sugar, adenine, and uracil. This indicates that it is a mixture of mononucleotides.The presence of traces of ether-soluble phosphorus in soil was confirmed.
ACTIVITY OF THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM IN RELATION TO WOUNDING IN THE BALSAM POPLAR, POPULUS BALSAMIFERA L.
Authors: Brown A. B.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the response of the vascular cambium to wounding in leader shoots of the balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L., was carried out in the laboratory during the winter months, at which time observations on local wound cambial activity, distinct and apart from normal cambial activity, can be obtained. It was found, in disbudded units, that the greater the amount of living bark distal to a wound, the greater is the development of local cambial activity in relation to the wound. Local wound cambial activity is further promoted by the presence of developing buds and leaves distal to the wound, and the effect can be observed before the basipetal gradient of normal cambial activity emanating from the developing extension growth has reached the wound. Cambial activity in relation to wounding responds to gravity in the same way as normal cambial activity. In horizontally placed leader shoots, cambial activity is greater in relation to a wound on the upper side of the shoot than to a similar wound directly opposite on the lower side. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a hormone, present in the living bark and also produced by developing buds and leaves, is involved in local wound cambial activity. In all probability this hormone is identical with that which promotes normal cambial activity.It is also suggested that a wound substance, capable of promoting by itself cell division only, is involved in local wound cambial activity. The amount of this wound substance produced is apparently proportional to the extent of dying of the cells of the bark subsequent to wounding. From the lower edge of a complete ring, a very feeble basipetal gradient of cambial activity arises, in which differentiation to form vessels and fibres does not occur, although a few tracheids may be found. This type of behavior has not hitherto been reported, and is interpreted as the result of stimulation of the cambial layers by the wound substance alone. Local cambial activity above a complete ring and in relation to bridged wounds, involves differentiation of more or less typical vessels and fibres, and is interpreted as the result of interaction between the wound substance and the cambial hormone traveling basipetally in the living cells of the bark. The absence or feebler development of cambial activity at certain points in relation to bridged wounds, in contrast to greater development at other points where presumably the concentration of cambial hormone must be less, is interpreted as the result of lack of wound substance or low concentration of it acting as a limiting factor.
THE PARASITISM OF CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM COOKE AND THE GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO IT
Authors: Langford Arthur N.
Published: April 2011

Four physiologic forms of the imperfect fungus Cladosporium fulvum Cooke, causal agent of the leaf mold disease of tomatoes, have been differentiated by differences in pathogenicity. Cultural studies likewise have shown that this species is a composite of physiologic forms.Saltant strains of differing degrees of stability have been isolated repeatedly from cultures arising from single one-celled spores. Since each cell of a conidium contains a single nucleus, these saltant strains are considered to arise as a result of mutations, in the broad sense of the term.Four main classes of reaction to C. fulvum have been defined: complete susceptibility, two types of partial resistance, and immunity.The reaction between pure lines of host and parasite is plastic. Environmentally conditioned variations in each of the four reaction types have been described. Of such variations the seasonal fluctuations in the reaction of Lyco-persicum esculentum var. Stirling Castle to Form 1 are outstanding. It has been shown that the failure of the expression of the inherent resistance of this variety during midwinter at Toronto is due largely to the reduced light experience of plants grown at this time, while the failure of such plants to support sporulation is caused by the low relative humidity then prevalent in the greenhouses.The genetics of the three types of resistance was fully analyzed. The Red Currant tomato, L. pimpinellifolium, carries, in addition to the dominant factor for immunity, an independently segregating dominant factor which, in the absence of the immunity factor, governs resistance to all four forms of C. fulvum. The resistance of Stirling Castle to Forms 1 and 3 has been shown to be due to another dominant factor.Conspicuous among the genetic factors in the host which modify the main reaction types is the recessive lutescence factor in the homozygous condition. Its most striking effect is the production, on genetically immune individuals, of small inconspicuous infection spots whose increase in size is arrested very soon after symptoms appear.As a result of linkage studies the three resistance factors have been located in MacArthur's (12) chromosome maps of the tomato.The conflicting reports concerning the resistance of esculentum tomato varieties to C. fulvum are discussed in the light of physiologic specialization and of a plastic host reaction.
THE ORIGIN OF RUSSETING IN THE GOLDEN RUSSET APPLE
Authors: Bell Hugh P.
Published: April 2011

About the time of full bloom, many epidermal cells divide by a tangential wall. Later in June all the epidermal cells become vacuolated and some divide again by tangential walls forming a layer varying from two to four cells thick. Early in July a cambium is initiated in the innermost cells of epidermal origin. This cambium is very active and immediately gives off cells which differentiate into cork. Non-russeted portions may have either a very thick convoluted cuticle or a double layer of cuticle. The development of the periderm and the histology of the mature protective layers are illustrated by fifteen figures.
A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE UNIONIDAE OF ONTARIO
Authors: Rocque A. La , Oughton J.
Published: April 2011

This study is based on an examination of museum specimens and records in the literature. The Unionidae of Ontario comprise 45 species and 18 varieties. Their distribution in the various drainages is shown in a table and the fauna of each area is discussed. The doubtful species and three erroneous records are noted.
TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL IN SOURCES FOR SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , McRae D. R.
Published: April 2011

A study of the transport of material in the condensed d-c. spark discharge has been made, with the object of placing quantitative spectroscopic methods of analysis on a less empirical basis and thus permitting, (a) the recognition of certain conditions of source operation which lead to unreliable determinations, and (b) the determination of some of the criteria to be fulfilled for maximum precision in analytic measurements.Variations in the transport phenomena, as indicated by variations in the relative distributions of emitting atoms of various elements along the discharge axis on the addition of certain substances to a sample, appear to be closely connected with the ionization potentials and masses of the elements, and with the ionization potentials of other particles present in the discharge. The data indicate the necessity for the use of a spectroscopic buffer, and provide certain criteria for the choice of the buffer and of the internal standard element.The exact nature of the mechanism of transport is uncertain, but various considerations indicate that neither the motion of ions under the influence of the field nor diffusion in the ordinary sense is sufficient to account for observed features.
THE VARIATION OF THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE WITH HEIGHT
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

The conductivity of the atmosphere has been measured during flights in aeroplanes near ground level and up to about 16,000 ft. Seven flights were made during the autumn and winter of 1936–1937. The Gerdien type of conductivity apparatus was used. An attempt was also made to measure potential gradients by the radioactive collector method. This method was impractical, probably because of charges acquired by the aeroplane. It did, however, serve to indicate the presence of intense local space charges such as charged clouds. On one flight, observations were taken near a thunderstorm, but owing to difficulties in interpretation no conclusions regarding the exact nature or location of the charges could be drawn. The conductivity increased rapidly with height in a manner in general agreement with the data of other observers. Positive and negative conductivities were found to be equal, within the experimental error, at heights between about 1000 and 10,000 ft. At higher altitudes the negative conductivity was greater than the positive. The presence of clouds and frontal discontinuities usually caused a reduction in continuities.
VIBRATION OF POWER LINES IN A STEADY WIND: IV. NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF VIBRATION OF STRINGS WITH STRENGTHENED ENDS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

When the mass of unit length of a string of length 2L, instead of being uniform, increases from the centre toward the ends according to the law (1 + x/L)m, the natural frequencies of vibration are lower than those of the uniform string, but the ratios between the frequencies of successive overtones remain virtually unchanged, and with the exception of the first one or two overtones agree with those of a uniform string having a mass per unit length (2(1 + λ)(m+2)/2 − 1)/λ(m + 2) times that at the centre of the strengthened string. The reduction in the natural frequencies of vibration is, of course, larger the greater the ratio between the masses at the two ends, whereas the value of m has a relatively small influence. The overtones form two distinct series: one, corresponding to the harmonics of even order, is always present; the other, corresponding to the harmonics of odd order, is suppressed when the density of the string increases from one end to the other (unsymmetrical span).
THE HEAT CAPACITY OF BISMUTH FROM − 80° TO 120 °C.
Authors: Bronson H. L. , MacHattie L. E.
Published: April 2011

The mean heat capacity of bismuth over 10° intervals has been determined from − 80° to 120 °C. by means of adiabatic electrical heating in a copper jacket. The maximum deviation of any individual point from a smooth curve is 0.1%, and the error in the absolute values obtained is considered to be not more than 0.1%. No discontinuities or irregularities were found; in fact, the experimental results are represented to within the limits of experimental error by the linear equation:[Formula: see text]where t is the Centigrade temperature, and the units are joules per gram per degree. The equation:[Formula: see text]was found to fit the mean experimental curve as closely as the graph could be read (0.02%). T is the absolute temperature and D(119/T) the Debye function for Cv per mole. Cp is given in joules per gram per degree. A calculation of Cp from non-thermal data gives values about 3% low.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITATION OF CHROMATES
Authors: Pelletier P. E. , Cloutier L. , Gagnon Paul E.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the precipitation of the chromates of copper, cadmium, cobalt, zinc, and iron at room temperature. The concentration of the reacting metallic salt solutions was kept constant, and that of the potassium chromate solutions was varied regularly. Solutions were mixed in less than one-tenth of a second, and the rate of mixing was accurately determined. The ratio of oxide to chromium trioxide was found by analysis for chromium trioxide and the metal on the same portion of the precipitate. If the ratio remained constant with varying concentrations of reactants, a definite compound was indicated. The composition of the precipitates obtained with copper salts approached that of the normal chromate. Cadmium and cobaltous salts always gave normal chromates. Zinc and ferric salts yielded only basic mixtures.
STUDIES OF THE TOMATO IN RELATION TO ITS STORAGE: I. A SURVEY OF THE EFFECT OF MATURITY AND SEASON UPON THE RESPIRATION OF GREENHOUSE FRUITS AT 12.5 °C.
Authors: Walford E. J. M.
Published: April 2011

Tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse at different seasons of the year, individual fruits were picked at various stages of maturity and continuous records of their respiration obtained at 12.5 °C. It was found that the fruits of the late spring and summer went through the customary series of extensive changes in respiration rate as they ripened at the low temperature, and exhibited the lack of durability normal to this fruit. In contrast to this, the fruits of the late autumn, winter and early spring, if picked before the external appearance of red pigment, passed into a stable state in which ripening proceeded with but little change in respiration rate and with greatly enhanced duration of life at 12.5 °C.
NOTE ON SULPHANILAMIDE AND OTHER CHEMICALS THAT ACT AS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING SUBSTANCES
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE NATURE OF BULB NEMATODE (DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI) POPULATIONS IN "SUPREME", "PRINCE ALBERT", AND "IMPERATOR" IRIS BULBS, AND THEIR CONTROL BY THERMAL TREATMENT
Authors: Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E.
Published: April 2011

"Supreme" and "Prince Albert", representing a Dutch tingitana hybrid and an English iris, are much more susceptible to nematode infestation than "Imperator", a Dutch iris, as judged by the number of nematodes per unit volume of invaded tissue, viz.: 596, 108, and 13 respectively. Infestation in "Prince Albert" tends to be confined to the basal plate. Rapid multiplication of the nematodes within the bulb tissue occurs in "Supreme" and "Prince Albert." On the other hand, little multiplication occurs within "Imperator" bulb tissue.The populations within iris bulb tissue consist largely of young larvae in contrast with a high pre-adult population in narcissi. The low population of the heat-resistant pre-adults accounts for the fact that the nematode population in "Supreme" bulbs can be destroyed by a 60-minute immersion at 110° F., whereas a three-hour immersion is required to destroy the nematodes in narcissi.
INTERFERTILITY PHENOMENA IN FOMES PINICOLA
Authors: Mounce Irene , Macrae Ruth
Published: April 2011

Studies of sexuality in Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cooke based on material from 43 new sources, combined with results already published (1929) have led to the following conclusions: (i) Collections from North America may be divided into two groups, a large Group A, and a small Group B. Monosporous mycelia of any culture in Group A are compatible (mutually fertile) with those of every other member of the group; similarly monosporous mycelia of any member of Group B are compatible with other monosporous mycelia of Group B; but monosporous mycelia of Group A are almost completely incompatible (sterile) when paired with those of Group B. (ii) Collections of European and Japanese origin form a third Group C. These are almost completely compatible with Group A and only partially incompatible with Group B. (iii) In Group B are several isolates of the so-called Populus or hardwood form of F. pinicola which has been designated at times as a separate species F. marginatus. The remainder are, however, the typical coniferous or "red-belt" form.
SYNTHESIS OF NAPHTHYL-ACETIC ACID
Authors: Cambron A.
Published: April 2011

A simple and convenient method for the preparation of α-naphthyl-acetic acid from readily obtainable starting materials is described.
TENDERNESS OF MEAT: I. A RECORDING APPARATUS FOR ITS ESTIMATION, AND RELATION BETWEEN pH AND TENDERNESS
Authors: Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

A recording apparatus for estimating tenderness of meat is described. Samples of approximately equal cross section are cut between blunt jaws brought together by a constantly increasing force. The movement of the jaws is recorded on a drum revolving at constant rate, producing a curve on which the co-ordinates of any point can be interpreted in terms of the thickness of sample cut by a given force. By measuring the areas beneath the curves, and applying a correction for variations in initial thickness of the samples, comparative values for the work required to cut the samples can be obtained. The standard deviation of the mean of duplicate determinations on a single sample is ± 3%.The relation between pH and tenderness was investigated by using samples of pork from three animals and adjusting the pH by injections of lactic acid or ammonia solutions. Toughness was at a maximum at pH about 5.0–6.0; at higher or lower pH levels the meat became progressively more tender. Studies with beef gave similar results, but there was some indication that maximum toughness occurs at a somewhat lower pH. Between different animals the pH at which maximum toughness occurred was more variable in beef than in pork.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

The thermal conductivity of some Canadian limestones and slate has been measured. The results are in satisfactory agreement with those of other experimenters, but there was evidence of changes in the stone, even at temperatures below 700° F.; this vitiates the value, from a geophysical standpoint, of these and other determinations.
DERIVATIVES OF SUBSTITUTED SUCCINIC ACIDS: IV. THE ACTION OF ALKALINE SODIUM HYPOBROMITE ON SOME α-ALKYL-α′-ARYLSUCCINAMIDES
Authors: McRae John A. , McGinnis Norah A.
Published: April 2011

The action of alkaline sodium hypobromite on α-methyl-α′-phenylsuccinamide produces methylphenyldihydrouracil. With the same reagent α-n-hexyl-α′-phenylsuccinamide gives α-n-hexyl-β-ureido-β-phenylpropionic acid. Hence these amides of the α-alkyl-α′-arylsuccinamide type in this reaction resemble the monoalkyl- and monoarylsuccinamides and not the αα′-diarylsuccinamides.
A STUDY OF THE COEXISTENCE OF THE LIQUID AND GASEOUS STATES OF AGGREGATION IN THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE REGION. ETHANE
Authors: Mason S. G. , Naldrett S. N. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A careful study has been made of the position and nature of the meniscus and the distribution of opalescence in bombs containing ethane as the critical temperature is approached. Photographs of the phenomena have been made. The effect of shaking has been observed, and a type of shaking is described that is believed to hasten the attainment of equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phases. Using this type of stirring the coexistence curve of ethane has been determined. Relative temperature measurements are accurate to within ± 0.001 ° C.; absolute temperature measurements, to within ± 0.015 °C. Density measurements are believed accurate to within 1:3000. The limiting curve has the classical parabolic shape up to 32.23 °C., at which point the slope changes abruptly and the curve becomes flat along the density axis. The authors believe that at this temperature a dispersion of liquid and vapour occurs and that liquid still persists above this temperature. It is shown that the critical temperature as ordinarily determined in a stationary bomb cannot be accurately determined. The critical temperature can be determined precisely and without ambiguity when the bomb is shaken, and it is recommended that the value obtained in this way be used instead, as a physical measurement.
ENZYME INHIBITION BY DERIVATIVES OF PHENOTHIAZINE AND OF SULPHANILAMIDE
Authors: Collier H. B.
Published: April 2011

Mammalian catalase and cytochrome oxidase are strongly inhibited by the hydroxy derivatives of phenothiazine and by p-hydroxylaminobenzenesulphonamide. Phenothiazine, sulphanilamide, and sulphapyridine have little or no effect. Cytochrome-c is irreversibly reduced by the hydroxy-sulphanilamide, as indicated by spectroscopic observation. The inhibitory activity apparently depends on the presence of the hydroxyl group. The relation of these findings to the vermicidal and bactericidal action of the compounds is discussed.Phenothiazine and thionol have no effect on Ascaris lumbricoides in vitro.
CROSSING AND SELFING STUDIES WITH PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF OAT STEM RUST
Authors: Johnson Thorvaldur , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

Evidence has been obtained through crossing and selfing studies that some physiologic races of oat stem rust contain both homozygous and heterozygous lines, the latter when selfed tending to produce races more virulent than the selfed race. In crosses between races, the less virulent characteristics are generally dominant so that the hybrid race is often identical with the less virulent of the two parent races. Selfing studies and crosses therefore indicate that the more virulent characteristics of oat stem rust are recessive traits. Reciprocal crosses between physiologic races suggest that the cytoplasm, as well as the nucleus, contributes to the inheritance of certain pathogenic characters.In crosses between races of normal (red) and orange uredial colour, the red colour has invariably proved dominant, the progeny being indistinguishable in colour from the normal parent.Two selfing studies of Race 3 carried out with the same telial material at an interval of more than four years have provided evidence of a genetic change presumably brought about through the ageing of the teliospores. In the first selfing, no abnormalities were observed in the infections on the barberry. In the second selfing, about half of the infections developed pycnia and pycnial nectar, while the remainder appeared as small, round, necrotic areas showing no indication of even rudimentary pycnial formation.
YIELDING CAPACITY OF WHEAT CROSSES AS INDICATED BY BULK HYBRID TESTS
Authors: Harrington J. B.
Published: April 2011

In order to determine readily the usefulness of heterosis as an indicator of the yielding capacity of cereal crosses, replicated half rod row yield trials were made with bulk unselected seed of ten wheat crosses in F2 and of six in F3. The practical yielding value of the latter six crosses was ascertained later by replicated rod row yield tests of selected lines in F6, F7 and F8. All the F2 populations (excepting a T. vulgare × T. persicum cross) yielded significantly more than the mean of the parental varieties, the increased yield being 52 and 64% for two of the crosses. Of the six F3 populations tested, the only one to yield significantly above the parental average was Reward × Hope, and the only ones to yield significantly less than the parental average were the two having Quality as one parent. Replicated plot tests of purified lines selected for high yield and other agronomic virtues showed the Reward-Hope combination to be particularly valuable, whereas the two crosses containing Quality were unpromising. The results suggest that replicated bulk F2 tests may be used to indicate the yielding potentialities of wheat crosses, and that bulk F3 tests may have supplementary value in this regard.
A NEW IONIZATION AMPLIFIER
Authors: Caine H. Le , Waghorne J. H.
Published: April 2011

A new type of instrument for measuring ionization currents is described. Whenever a charge is placed upon the electrode of the ionization chamber, an alternating voltage is obtained by electrostatic translation of the motion of a reed. The alternating voltage is amplified in an amplifier containing only standard radio parts and used to measure the ionization current by a condenser balance method. An instrument tested in the laboratory measured a quantity of 1.5 × 10−12 coulombs with about the same accuracy as a DuBridge and Brown instrument. The readings were recorded automatically and could be taken as rapidly as every three seconds with no linearity correction.
NEW ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS OF THE BH MOLECULE
Authors: Douglas A. E.
Published: April 2011

In a discharge in helium with a trace of boron trichloride and hydrogen three new bands are found at 3415 Å, 3396 Å, and 3099 Å. Measurements of these bands show that they are due to two new electronic transitions of the BH molecule. The upper states of both transitions are previously unknown 1Σ+ states. The lower state of both transitions is the same and is a known 1Π state. The rotational constants of both new states have been determined and their electron configuration is suggested.
THE DEHYDRATION OF TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE HEXAHYDRATE
Authors: Schneider W. G. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: April 2011

Samples of the isotropic hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate were dehydrated in a current of dry air at various temperatures up to 1050°. The water retained and the lime liberated were determined. The results of earlier preliminary studies in this laboratory were confirmed. At low temperatures an isotropic hydrate of the composition [Formula: see text], having a refractive index of 1.543 ± 0.003, is formed. This hydrate is stable in dry air up to a temperature of approximately 275° and when once formed at lower temperatures has a very slow rate of decomposition below 350°. On continued dehydration above 275° decomposition occurs with the liberation of calcium oxide. Between 550° and 950° quantitative decomposition occurs into calcium oxide and an aluminate of the composition 12CaO∙7Al2O3. In the upper part of this temperature range prolonged heating causes slow recombination of the solid decomposition products, and above 950° this effect becomes marked. Dehydration of the hexahydrate in a current of dry nitrogen gives similar results. The experiments indicate that the system [Formula: see text] would serve as an efficient drying agent at temperatures below 100°.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE DES SEMICARBAZIDES δ-SUBSTITUÉES : I. SYNTHÈSE DE QUELQUES DÉRIVÉS
Authors: Barré Roger , Piché Lucien
Published: April 2011

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