bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved efficiency in polymer light-emitting diodes using metal-enhanced fluorescence
Authors: Peng Jinghong , Xu Xinjun , Tian Yuan , Wang Jinshan , Tang Fu , Li Lidong
Published: October 2014

Metal-enhanced fluorescence was realized in the emissive layer of organic electroluminescent devices. Core-shell Au nanoparticles (Au@SiO2) doped into the emissive layer of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) were used to enhance the luminous efficiency by a factor of 1.6 relative to the undoped reference devices (from 6.3 cd/A to 10.0 cd/A). The silica shell outside the Au nanoparticles was used to ensure that there was sufficient distance between the Au nanoparticles and the fluorescent polymer material to avoid quenching of the excitons. In addition, sufficient overlap of the energy of the localized surface plasmon resonance of the Au nanoparticles and the energy of the excitons formed in the emissive layer was guaranteed. These led to an enhanced PLED efficiency. This research provides a way to obtain high performance organic electroluminescent devices.
Plasmonic lens enhanced mid-infrared quantum cascade detector
Authors: Harrer Andreas , Schwarz Benedikt , Gansch Roman , Reininger Peter , Detz Hermann , Zederbauer Tobias , Andrews Aaron Maxwell , Schrenk Werner , Strasser Gottfried
Published: October 2014

We demonstrate monolithic integrated quantum cascade detectors enhanced by plasmonic lenses. Surface normal incident mid-infrared radiation is coupled to surface plasmon polaritons guided to and detected by the active region of the detector. The lens extends the optical effective active area of the device up to a 5 times larger area than for standard mesa detectors or pixel devices while the electrical active region stays the same. The extended optical area increases the absorption efficiency of the presented device as well as the room temperature performance while it offers a flexible platform for various detector geometries. A photocurrent response increase at room temperature up to a factor of 6 was observed.
Interactions between ideology, dialogic space construction, and the text-organizing function
Authors: Sawaki Tomoko
Published: October 2014

Dialogic elements are considered to play a crucial role in text construction, but little has been revealed concerning how these elements interact with other resources to construct text. This paper explores the text-organizing function of heteroglossic resources quantitatively by focusing on different ideological stances that thesis writers take, namely, the traditional or postmodern stance they take toward history writing. In this study, I demonstrate that traditional and postmodern theses vary significantly in the way they create dialogic spaces. The analysis further reveals that the different dialogic strategies they employ are manifested in the larger textual organization, which demonstrates that dialogic resources interact with text-organizing resources in the construction of text. Keywords: dialogism; corpus linguistics; English for Academic Purposes; history discourse; interactions between multiple resources
Absolute initial position
Authors: Estellés María , Pons Bordería Salvador
Published: October 2014

This paper argues in favour of a discourse position called Absolute Initial Position (AIP). AIP is the place where conversationalists set up the basis for a new conversation, what implies choices regarding the number of participants, their role, the private/public character of the communicative event or the (non) predetermined character of turn-taking. As a result, AIPs are places where major changes in context can take place.

AIPs are filled in by a very reduced set of linguistic alternates: greetings, formulae, vocatives and a very narrow subset of discourse markers. Beyond their heterogeneity, AIP-markers share two common functions: they either validate the hearer or validate the message.

As a result of the existence of AIPs, discourse markers can be divided into three differents groups: DMs which fit into an AIP; b) DMs which do not fit into an AIP; c) DMs which, when placed into an AIP, invoke a previous context
Intonation and gesture in the segmentation of speech units
Authors: Morel Mary Annick , Vladimirska Jelena
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the principles of the co-enunciation theory and some of the applications deriving from it. The base unit is the oral paragraph delimited by a final pitch fall. It is made up of two components, preamble and rheme, which are identifiable through specific intonative properties and gaze movements. Pitch, intensity, duration and pause are defined by a proper abstract iconic value, linked to the speaker’s own representation of the listener’s potential reactions. It implies a complete set of anticipations and recategorisations. Hand gestures may be similarly interpreted, depending on what they reveal about the speaker’s position towards the person s/he is addressing and how easy s/he finds to put his/her thought into words.
Shoes, boots and vertical polysemes
Authors: Koskela Anu
Published: October 2014

This paper considers lexical items such as shoe, whose meaning can be construed more broadly or narrowly (i.e., as either including or excluding boots), and examines how this type of “vertical” meaning variation relates to the distinction between ambiguity and vagueness. I argue that the broader and narrower readings of a single lexical form can be treated as polysemous senses to the extent that they exhibit some symptoms of autonomy as contextually construed sense units. However, as some vertical polysemes’ senses also exhibit symptoms of unity, they fall in between ambiguity and vagueness. As word senses are here defined as contextually construed units of meaning, their autonomy is considered independently from their conventionality. However, a corpus study of pairs of words with a dual inclusion/contrast relationship (including shoe/boot, cup/mug, dog/bitch, meat/chicken and dog/puppy) suggests that even senses that exhibit a low degree of autonomy may nevertheless be conventionalised.
Licensing and blocking factors in the use of BEGIN verbs
Authors: Franceschi Daniele
Published: October 2014

This article investigates the cognitive operations underlying the different uses of four main begin verbs in English, i.e. start, begin, commence and initiate, and the pragmatic implications connected with them. The study follows an analytical approach based on the Lexical Constructional Model and on more general but fundamental assumptions of Cognitive Linguistics, according to which grammar is conceptually motivated. Attention is paid to the effects produced at the structural level by our varying conceptualizations of occurrences indicating the inception of an activity, with a special focus on the metonymic and metaphoric processes governing and affecting lexical-syntactic and semantic-pragmatic representations. begin verbs are observed in their ability to be integrated into constructions that appear to be regulated by a well-defined set of constraints.
The nature of domains and the relationships between them in metaphorization
Authors: Szwedek Aleksander
Published: October 2014

In 2011 I proposed a new approach to metaphor analysis and typology, based on the strict distinction between the material and phenomenological worlds. I concluded that the ultimate source domain (experiential basis) is the world of physical objects. The present paper develops these ideas, presenting a more detailed analysis of each of the metaphor types. Thus, I claim that the concrete-to-concrete metaphors are based on metonymy and abstract-to-concrete on the OBJECT schema. Abstract-to-abstract metaphorization falls into two traditional types: structural and orientational metaphors. As to the former, I show that the vague expressions “more concrete domain” or “more abstract domain” can be made clearer by considering the ontological status of the component elements of the domain: the “more concrete” domain has more elements of physical ontology. Orientational metaphors have been found to be only superficially orientational, their true objective being valuation. I conclude that all these metaphor types eventually refer to the world of physical objects for their experiential basis.
Opportunistic Acoustic Telemetry Platforms: Benefits of Collaboration in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Goulette Graham S , Hawkes James P , Kocik John F , Manning James P , Music Paul A , Wallinga John P , Zydlewski Gayle Barbin
Published: October 2014

Biologists monitor animal behavior, habitat use, and survival through local telemetry projects. Migratory species cross these lines, connecting projects. Biologists can further these connections by expanding the area monitored, but this step is expensive. We evaluated three opportunistic platforms: (1) oceanographic buoys, (2) commercial fishing gear, and (3) drifters to test the feasibility of expanding coverage while minimizing costs. All Gulf of Maine platforms provided novel data, generating over 15,000 detections from animals released by 18 organizations. Performance was strong for buoys and commercial gear but low recovery hampered drifter utility, although advances in real-time drifter communication should improve future efficacy. Opportunistic platforms proved to be a low-cost method that can benefit researchers across aquatic systems. Animals from other studies connected us with researchers, fostered dialogue, and highlighted information gains from data sharing. Working with fishers and oceanographers also strengthens interdisciplinary and stakeholder communication and can increase overall public understanding and support.

RESUMEN

los biólogos monitorean el comportamiento, uso de hábitat y supervivencia de los animales a través de proyectos locales de telemetría. Las especies migratorias traspasan estos límites y, por consecuencia, representan una oportunidad para conectar los proyectos. Los biólogos pueden llevar aún más allá estos proyectos, expandiendo las áreas monitoreadas, sin embargo dar este paso resulta costoso. En este trabajo, se evalúan tres plataformas de oportunidad: (1) boyas oceanográficas, (2) equipos de pesca comercial y (3) cuerpos de deriva para probar la viabilidad de expandir la cobertura de los proyectos, al mismo tiempo que se minimizan los costos. Todas estas las plataformas en el Golfo de Maine proveen datos nuevos, generando más de 15,000 detecciones de animales liberados por 18 organizaciones. El desempeño fue bueno en el caso de las boyas y del equipo de pesca comercial, pero los cuerpos de deriva redujeron las utilidades debido a su lenta recuperación; no obstante, los avances alcanzados en la comunicación en tiempo real con estos artefactos debieran mejorar su efectividad en el futuro. Las plataformas de oportunidad probaron ser un método de bajo costo que puede beneficiar a los investigadores que trabajan en distintos sistemas acuáticos. Los animales estudiados en otros trabajos, permitieron conectar a los investigadores entre sí, lo que propicia el diálogo y pone en relieve la ganancia de información e intercambio de datos. El trabajo conjunto entre pescadores y oceanógrafos fortalece la interdisciplinariedad y la comunicación con los interesados y, asimismo, puede incrementar el entendimiento y el soporte del público en general.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Heterogeneity among Streptococcus iniae Isolates Recovered from Cultured and Wild Fish in North America, Central America and the Caribbean Islands
Authors: Chou Lucy , Griffin Matt J. , Fraites Trellor , Ware Cynthia , Ferguson Hugh , Keirstead Natalie , Brake John , Wiles Judy , Hawke John P. , Kearney Michael T. , Getchell Rodman G. , Gaunt Patricia , Soto Esteban
Published: October 2014

Streptococcus iniae, the etiological agent of streptococcosis in fish, is an important pathogen of cultured and wild fish worldwide. During the last decade outbreaks of streptococcosis have occurred in a wide range of cultured and wild fish in the Americas and Caribbean islands. To gain a better understanding of the epizootiology of S. iniae in the western hemisphere, over 30 S. iniae isolates recovered from different fish species and geographic locations were characterized phenotypically and genetically. Species identities were determined biochemically and confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Repetitive-element palindromic PCR fingerprinting as well as biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles suggest that a single strain of S. iniae was responsible for two different disease outbreaks among reef fishes in the Caribbean, one in 1999 and another in 2008. Interestingly, a majority of the isolates recovered from cultured fish in the Americas were genetically distinct from the Caribbean isolates and exhibited a trend toward higher minimal inhibitory concentration with respect to several antibiotics as well as greater genetic variability. The biological significance of this genetic variability is unclear, but it could have implications for future vaccine development and treatment.

Received April 20, 2014; accepted July 7, 2014
Relationship between the peak time of hamstring stretch and activation during sprinting
Authors: Higashihara Ayako , Nagano Yasuharu , Ono Takashi , Fukubayashi Toru
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time series relationships between the peak musculotendon length and electromyography (EMG) activation during overground sprinting to clarify the risk of muscle strain injury incidence in each hamstring muscle. Full‐body kinematics and EMG of the right biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were recorded in 13 male sprinters during overground sprinting at maximum effort. The hamstring musculotendon lengths during sprinting were computed using a three‐dimensional musculoskeletal model. The time of the peak musculotendon length, in terms of the percentage of the running gait cycle, was measured and compared with that of the peak EMG activity. The maximum length of the hamstring muscles was noted during the late swing phase of sprinting. The peak musculotendon length was synchronous with the peak EMG activation in the BFlh muscle, while the time of peak musculotendon length in the ST muscle occurred significantly later than the peak level of EMG activation (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the BFlh muscle is exposed to an instantaneous high tensile force during the late swing phase of sprinting, indicating a higher risk for muscle strain injury.
No Specific Time Window Distinguishes between Community-, Healthcare-, and Hospital-Acquired Bacteremia, but They Are Prognostically Robust
Authors: Gradel Kim Oren , Nielsen Stig Lønberg , Pedersen Court , Knudsen Jenny Dahl , Østergaard Christian , Arpi Magnus , Jensen Thøger Gorm , Kolmos Hans Jørn , Schønheyder Henrik Carl , Søgaard Mette , Lassen Annmarie Touborg ,   for the Danish Collaborative Bacteraemi a Network and the Danish Observational Registry of Infectious Sndromes
Published: October 2014

Objective.

We examined whether specific time windows after hospital admission reflected a sharp transition between community and hospital acquisition of bacteremia. We further examined whether different time windows to distinguish between community acquisition, healthcare association (HCA), and hospital acquisition influenced the results of prognostic models.

Design.

Population-based cohort study.

Setting.

Hospitals in 3 areas of Denmark (2.3 million inhabitants) during 2000–2011.

Methods.

We computed graphs depicting proportions of males, absence of comorbidity, microorganisms, and 30-day mortality pertaining to bacteremia 0, 1, 2, …, 30, and 31 days and later after admission. Next, we assessed whether different admission (0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–7 days) and HCA (30, 90 days) time windows were associated with changes in odds ratio (OR) and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for 30-day mortality, adjusting for sex, age, comorbidity, and microorganisms.

Results.

For 56,606 bacteremic episodes, no sharp transitions were detected on a specific day after admission. Among the 8 combined time windows, ORs for 30-day mortality varied from 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–1.37) to 1.99 (95% CI, 1.48–2.67) for HCA and from 1.36 (95% CI, 1.24–1.50) to 2.53 (95% CI, 2.01–3.20) for hospital acquisition compared with community acquisition. Area under the ROC curve changed marginally from 0.684 (95% CI, 0.679–0.689) to 0.700 (95% CI, 0.695–0.705).

Conclusions.

No time transitions unanimously distinguished between community and hospital acquisition with regard to sex, comorbidity, or microorganisms, and no difference in 30-day mortality was seen for HCA patients in relation to a 30- or 90-day time window. ORs decreased consistently in the order of hospital acquisition, HCA, and community acquisition, regardless of time window combination, and differences in area under the ROC curve were immaterial.
The Effects of Experience on Preferences: Theory and Empirics for Environmental Public Goods
Authors: Czajkowski Mikołaj , Hanley Nick , LaRiviere Jacob
Published: October 2014

This article develops a choice model for environmental public goods, which allows for consumers to learn about their preferences through consumption experiences. We develop a theoretical model of Bayesian updating, perform comparative statics over the model, and show how the theoretical model can be consistently incorporated into a reduced form econometric model. Our main findings are that in a random utility model (RUM) discrete choice model, a subject's scale should increase and the variability of scale should decrease with experience if subjects are Bayesians. We then estimate the model using field data regarding preferences for one particular public good, water quality. We find strong evidence that additional experience increases scale, thereby making consumer preferences more predictable from the econometrician's perspective. We find supportive but less convincing evidence that experience decreases the variability of scale across subjects.
Measuring the wisdom of the crowds in network-based gene function inference
Authors: Verleyen W. , Ballouz S. , Gillis J.
Published: October 2014

Motivation: Network-based gene function inference methods have proliferated in recent years, but measurable progress remains elusive. We wished to better explore performance trends by controlling data and algorithm implementation, with a particular focus on the performance of aggregate predictions.

Results: Hypothesizing that popular methods would perform well without hand-tuning, we used well-characterized algorithms to produce verifiably ‘untweaked’ results. We find that most state-of-the-art machine learning methods obtain ‘gold standard’ performance as measured in critical assessments in defined tasks. Across a broad range of tests, we see close alignment in algorithm performances after controlling for the underlying data being used. We find that algorithm aggregation provides only modest benefits, with a 17% increase in area under the ROC (AUROC) above the mean AUROC. In contrast, data aggregation gains are enormous with an 88% improvement in mean AUROC. Altogether, we find substantial evidence to support the view that additional algorithm development has little to offer for gene function prediction.

Availability and implementation: The supplementary information contains a description of the algorithms, the network data parsed from different biological data resources and a guide to the source code (available at: http://gillislab.cshl.edu/supplements/).

Contact:  jgillis@cshl.edu
deML: robust demultiplexing of Illumina sequences using a likelihood-based approach
Authors: Renaud Gabriel , Stenzel Udo , Maricic Tomislav , Wiebe Victor , Kelso Janet
Published: October 2014

Motivation: Pooling multiple samples increases the efficiency and lowers the cost of DNA sequencing. One approach to multiplexing is to use short DNA indices to uniquely identify each sample. After sequencing, reads must be assigned in silico to the sample of origin, a process referred to as demultiplexing. Demultiplexing software typically identifies the sample of origin using a fixed number of mismatches between the read index and a reference index set. This approach may fail or misassign reads when the sequencing quality of the indices is poor.

Results: We introduce deML, a maximum likelihood algorithm that demultiplexes Illumina sequences. deML computes the likelihood of an observed index sequence being derived from a specified sample. A quality score which reflects the probability of the assignment being correct is generated for each read. Using these quality scores, even very problematic datasets can be demultiplexed and an error threshold can be set.

Availability and implementation: deML is freely available for use under the GPL (http://bioinf.eva.mpg.de/deml/).

Contact:  gabriel.reno@gmail.com or kelso@eva.mpg.de

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Fast and accurate site frequency spectrum estimation from low coverage sequence data
Authors: Han Eunjung , Sinsheimer Janet S. , Novembre John
Published: October 2014

Motivation: The distribution of allele frequencies across polymorphic sites, also known as the site frequency spectrum (SFS), is of primary interest in population genetics. It is a complete summary of sequence variation at unlinked sites and more generally, its shape reflects underlying population genetic processes. One practical challenge is that inferring the SFS from low coverage sequencing data in a straightforward manner by using genotype calls can lead to significant bias. To reduce bias, previous studies have used a statistical method that directly estimates the SFS from sequencing data by first computing site allele frequency (SAF) likelihood for each site (i.e. the likelihood a site has each possible allele frequency conditional on observed sequence reads) using a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. Although this method produces an accurate SFS, computing the SAF likelihood is quadratic in the number of samples sequenced.

Results: To overcome this computational challenge, we propose an algorithm, ‘score-limited DP’ algorithm, which is linear in the number of genomes to compute the SAF likelihood. This algorithm works because in a lower triangular matrix that arises in the DP algorithm, all non-negligible values of the SAF likelihood are concentrated on a few cells around the best-guess allele counts. We show that our score-limited DP algorithm has comparable accuracy but is faster than the original DP algorithm. This speed improvement makes SFS estimation practical when using low coverage NGS data from a large number of individuals.

Availability and implementation: The program will be available via a link from the Novembre lab website (http://jnpopgen.org/).

Contact:  ehan416@gmail.com, jnovembre@uchicago.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
eQTL epistasis: detecting epistatic effects and inferring hierarchical relationships of genes in biological pathways
Authors: Kang Mingon , Zhang Chunling , Chun Hyung-Wook , Ding Chris , Liu Chunyu , Gao Jean
Published: October 2014

Motivation: Epistasis is the interactions among multiple genetic variants. It has emerged to explain the ‘missing heritability’ that a marginal genetic effect does not account for by genome-wide association studies, and also to understand the hierarchical relationships between genes in the genetic pathways. The Fisher’s geometric model is common in detecting the epistatic effects. However, despite the substantial successes of many studies with the model, it often fails to discover the functional dependence between genes in an epistasis study, which is an important role in inferring hierarchical relationships of genes in the biological pathway.

Results: We justify the imperfectness of Fisher’s model in the simulation study and its application to the biological data. Then, we propose a novel generic epistasis model that provides a flexible solution for various biological putative epistatic models in practice. The proposed method enables one to efficiently characterize the functional dependence between genes. Moreover, we suggest a statistical strategy for determining a recessive or dominant link among epistatic expression quantitative trait locus to enable the ability to infer the hierarchical relationships. The proposed method is assessed by simulation experiments of various settings and is applied to human brain data regarding schizophrenia.

Availability and implementation: The MATLAB source codes are publicly available at: http://biomecis.uta.edu/epistasis.

Contact:  gao@uta.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neuroanatomy
Authors: Manji Hadi , Connolly Seán , Kitchen Neil , Lambery Christian , Mehta Amrish
Published: October 2014

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Neurological emergencies
Authors: Manji Hadi , Connolly Seán , Kitchen Neil , Lambery Christian , Mehta Amrish
Published: October 2014

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Common clinical presentations
Authors: Manji Hadi , Connolly Seán , Kitchen Neil , Lambery Christian , Mehta Amrish
Published: October 2014

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Cornea
Authors: Denniston Alastair K.O. , Murray Philip I.
Published: October 2014

‘Cornea’ provides the reader with a practical approach to the assessment and management of corneal disease. After outlining the relevant anatomy and physiology of this structure, the chapter addresses the key clinical presentations arising from corneal disease, notably infective keratitis (bacterial, viral, fungal, acanthamoeba), autoimmune keratitis, keratoconus and other ectasias, corneal degenerations, recurrent corneal erosions and persistent epithelial defects. Using a patient-centred approach the key clinical features, investigations and treatment (medical and surgical) are described for each condition. There is also extended discussion around the role of amniotic membrane transplantation and corneal transplantation including penetrating keratoplasty, and the options for both lamellar keratoplasty and endothelial keratoplasty.
Intraocular tumours
Authors: Denniston Alastair K.O. , Murray Philip I.
Published: October 2014

‘Intraocular tumours’ provides the reader with a practical approach to the assessment and management of these diseases. This chapter includes iris tumours, ciliary body tumours, choroidal tumours (including melanoma and haemangioma), retinoblastoma, retinal pigment epithelium tumours and lymphoma. Using a patient-centred approach the key clinical features, investigations and treatment (medical and surgical) are described for each condition.
Strabismus
Authors: Denniston Alastair K.O. , Murray Philip I.
Published: October 2014

‘Strabismus’ provides the reader with a practical approach to the assessment and management of strabismus. After outlining the relevant anatomy and physiology of relevant structures, the chapter addresses the key issues of amblyopia and binocular single vision before moving on to discuss individual types of strabismus. Using a patient-centred approach the key clinical features, investigations and treatment (medical and surgical) are described for each condition.
Evidence-based ophthalmology
Authors: Denniston Alastair K.O. , Murray Philip I.
Published: October 2014

‘Evidence-based ophthalmology’ introduces the reader to key concepts which support an evidence-based practice. Areas covered include study design, critical appraisal, hierarchical levels of evidence, clinical guidelines, Cochrane reviews, healthcare economics, investigations and patient reported outcomes. Additionally there is an introduction to relevant statistical concepts including common tests, relative risk, odds ratios, approaches to the ‘two-eye problem’ and Bayesian vs frequentist issues.
PSR J1738+0333: the first millisecond pulsar + pulsating white dwarf binary
Authors: Kilic Mukremin , Hermes J. J. , Gianninas A. , Brown Warren R.
Published: October 2014

We report the discovery of the first millisecond pulsar with a pulsating white dwarf (WD) companion. Following the recent discoveries of pulsations in extremely low-mass (ELM, ≤0.3 M⊙) WDs, we targeted ELM WD companions to two millisecond pulsars with high-speed Gemini photometry. We find significant optical variability in PSR J1738+0333 with periods between roughly 1790–3060 s, consistent in time-scale with theoretical and empirical observations of pulsations in ≈0.17 M⊙ He-core ELM WDs. We additionally put stringent limits on a lack of variability in PSR J1909−3744, showing this ELM WD is not variable to <0.1 per cent amplitude. Thanks to the accurate distance and radius estimates from radio timing measurements, PSR J1738+0333 becomes a benchmark for low-mass, pulsating WDs. Future, more extensive time series photometry of this system offers an unprecedented opportunity to constrain the physical parameters (including the cooling age) and interior structure of this ELM WD, and in turn, the mass and spin-down age of its pulsar companion.
Greek and Roman Science
Authors: Keyser Paul T.
Published: October 2014

The study of the science of the ancient Greco-Roman world falls between two academic stools: on the one hand, the history of science privileges the period opened by the inventions of the telescope and microscope; on the other, “classics” (i.e., Altertumswissenschaft) privileges the works of literary figures such as Homer or Sophocles, Horace or Vergil. The paradigm of classics since Antiquity has been to focus strongly on a single author, or even work, and to read closely the texts, leading to rich commentaries; however, that paradigm fails to consider larger-scale patterns over time or space. This paradigm persists despite extensive recent flux in the field, especially around literary theory. Thus, scientific works are often considered subliterary and neglected, although there are signs of a more literary approach to scientific texts; see the section Social Context of Science. Nevertheless, when not neglected, they are often studied in isolation. Conversely, since the Renaissance, the paradigm of science and its history has been creative destruction, both of theories and of evidence, leading to rapid evolution and diversification. That paradigm fails to consider longer-term trends and traditions, so that the history of many sciences focuses on the most recent few generations, and, for all sciences, scarcely any attention is paid to developments before the Renaissance. Some scholars of ancient science privilege one or more of mathematics, astronomy, and medicine as being somehow more similar to modern science, especially in their results: that distinction is less clear than such a privileging would presume. Although ancient astronomy did determine that the moon shines by reflected sunlight, that eclipses were syzygies of sun, moon, and earth, and that the sun was much larger and more distant from the earth than was the moon, most of the rest of its agreed model, as well as the range of debate, was by modern standards entirely misplaced. Likewise in medicine, if items such as the role of diet and regimen in health, the craniocentric model of cognition, and the ability to treat some injuries and illnesses were all genuine accomplishments, much of the practice and theory was misplaced and even damaging. On the other hand, sciences such as geography, mechanics, biology, and even alchemy also produced a comparable corpus of reliable and still valid accomplishments. The range of topics explored in ancient science, as seen in the outline, is quite broad, and includes studies that were sciences within the ancient framework, but would not now pass muster as scientific. Most topics are designated by a suitable ancient term, though modern categories are also used for clarity of presentation. (For the reception and transformation of Greek science by the Romans, see the section on Roman Science.)
Tabloid Journalism
Authors: Grabe Maria Elizabeth , Sharma Namrata
Published: October 2014

The term tabloid is often traced back to Alfred Harmsworth, who used the term in 1896 to describe the size of his British newspaper the Daily Mail. Early tabloid newspapers were recognized by their compact size and oversimplified news content, which made them accessible to non-elite readers. Currently, the term tabloid applies to all news media—regardless of platform or trendiness—and refers to stylistic and content dimensions of news messages. Within the tabloid market, however, distinctions are drawn between daily newsstand papers and weekly supermarket publications. While the daily tabloid papers share some elements of the news agenda with the mainstream press (e.g., both cover political stories and election campaigns), the weekly tabloids emphasize scandal, sports, and entertainment (see Sparks and Tulloch 2000, cited under Cross-National Comparative Work). Some of the early research on tabloid journalism was inspired by (and supported) criticism that emerged from high-minded public intellectuals and elite journalists in the late 1800s. Certainly the tabloid was—and perhaps still is in some circles—viewed as a corrupting force that soiled the sacred mission of journalism to inform the public. Indeed, some of the early research echoed this normative stance. Historians were the ones to bring context and nuance to this moral panic, and later on cultural studies scholars made the tabloid a legitimate cultural product, worthy of serious scholarship. Along the way, a few quantitative scholars offered evidence to suggest that tabloids might help—not hinder—informed citizenship. John Langer’s Tabloid Television: Popular Journalism and the “Other News” (Langer 1998, cited under Struggle for Definition) forcefully entangled these research streams in arguing for the relevance of tabloid news as a symbol of cultural values and as an information tool. Key scholarly outlets and the advances (theoretically and methodologically) in this relatively young and somewhat disjointed area of research will be reviewed in this bibliography.
Werner Herzog
Authors: Prager Brad
Published: October 2014

Werner Herzog was born in Munich in 1942. Before the end of World War II Herzog’s family moved to Sachrang, a small town in Bavaria not far from the Austrian border. Herzog started making films in his late teens with a camera he claims to have stolen from the Munich Film School. After making several short films and his first feature film, Signs of Life (1968), his work connected with that of filmmakers such as Wim Wenders and Rainer Werner Fassbinder, who were of the same generation and who also began making films at a young age. He has expressed respectful words for these other auteurs, but he has rejected most direct association with them and with the New German Cinema movement, underscoring his independence, his reluctance to lend his name to political causes, and his identification not as German but more regionally as a Bavarian. Herzog received international recognition for Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) and won the Jury Grand Prize at Cannes for The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser (1974). He encountered intense criticism for Fitzcarraldo (1982), for which he was rumored to have harmed the native Amazonians who participated in his project. Herzog countered these accusations, but the air of controversy lingered. A documentary made about the making of Fitzcarraldo, Les Blank’s Burden of Dreams (1982), showcased Herzog as a charismatic performer and mesmerizing speaker. Throughout the following years Herzog worked less and less in Germany, ultimately resettling in California in the 1990s, first in the San Francisco Bay Area and then in Los Angeles. During his time in the United States he continued to make both documentaries and feature-length fiction films, including Rescue Dawn (2006) and Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call—New Orleans (2009). He received widespread acclaim for his documentary work, particularly for Grizzly Man (2005) and Cave of Forgotten Dreams (2010), the last of which was a much praised foray into 3D filmmaking. Herzog was nominated for an Academy Award for the documentary feature Encounters at the End of the World (2007). Although he remains well known for the bold exploits connected with his early works, his tumultuous relationship with the actor Klaus Kinski, and his willingness to push cinematic boundaries, he is best known for his capacity to express himself philosophically on a wide range of topics and for his sage Germanic voice, which he has lent to diverse projects.
Helminth prevalence among adults in rural Kenya: a stool survey for soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis in Nyanza province
Authors: Andereck Jonathan W. , Kipp Aaron M. , Ondiek Michael , Vermund Sten H.
Published: October 2014

Background

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) prevalence in children is high in rural southwestern Kenya, but adult prevalence data are scarce. A 2010 study of a village in Nyanza province found a pediatric STH prevalence of 44% using a direct stool-smear method. Adult STH prevalence and associated predictors was measured in the same village.

Methods

Adults (≥18 years) presenting at the out-patient department of the small hospital or community outreach events completed a short questionnaire and provided stool samples. Light microscopy for ova and larvae was conducted using a stool concentration technique to improve sensitivity. Multivariable regression models were used to identify predictors of STH prevalence.

Results

Among 344 adults, STH prevalence was 15.7% (54/344). Hookworm was most common (13.1%; 45/344), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (6.1%; 21/344) and Trichuris trichiura (0.6%; 2/344). Twelve participants (3.5%; 12/344) had multiple STHs and three (0.9%; 3/344) had Schistosoma mansoni. Female sex, older age and lower education level were significant STH predictors.

Conclusions

Adult STH prevalence was lower than previous studies of children from the same village. Adults with the identified risk factors had a prevalence of ≥20%, which may warrant periodic, targeted deworming of adults with these risk factors given the low cost and low toxicity of anthelmintic drugs.
First Report of Tomato mottle mosaic virus Infecting Tomato in the United States
Authors: Webster Craig G. , Rosskopf Erin N. , Lucas Leon , Mellinger H. Charles , Adkins Scott
Published: October 2014

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of ToMMV in the United States. Our results provide further characterization of the emerging ToMMV and highlight the continued importance of tobamovirus management in solanaceous crop production.

Accepted 9 September 2014. Published 12 October 2014.
First Report of Turnip vein-clearing virus in Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in the United States
Authors: Lockhart Ben , Mollov Dimitre , Mason Shauna , Bratsch Sara
Published: October 2014

The objective of the study was to establish the identity of a tobamo-like virus occurring naturally in garlic mustard in Minnesota, and to determine its role in the etiology of the disease. This is the first report of TVCV infection in garlic mustard.

Accepted 18 September 2014. Published 14 October 2014.
Lumbar Retrolisthesis in Aging Spine
Authors: Zhu Feng , Bao Hongda , Liu Zhen , Zhu Zezhang , He Shouyu , Qiu Yong
Published: October 2014

Study Design:

A retrospective radiographic study.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to demonstrate that lumbar retrolisthesis serves as an important compensatory mechanism and to identify the possible factor related to lumbar retrolisthesis.

Summary of Background Data:

Lumbar instability is one of the common degenerative changes, which presents as 2 radiologic features: anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis. Compared with the extensive studies on anterolisthesis, limit data are available on the characteristics and clinical relevance of lumbar retrolisthesis.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, 105 adult patients with low back pain were prospectively recruited, of which 60 patients had retrolisthesis (group 1) and 45 patients had anterolisthesis (group 2). Another 40 healthy age-matched adults (group 3) were also included to serve as the control group. Sagittal spinopelvic parameters were measured from the standing lateral radiograph, including thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacrum slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), spinosacral angle (SSA), and C7 tilt (C7T). In addition, disk degeneration was quantitatively evaluated by Pfirrmann score on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images in patients with retrolisthesis.

Results:

For all the sagittal parameters, SVA, PI, SS, and LL in retrolisthesis group were found to be significantly lower than those in the anterolisthesis group and in the control group, respectively (P<0.05), whereas TLK in retrolisthesis group was significantly larger than other 2 groups (P<0.01). In addition, the average Pfirrmann disk score was 2.11 at levels with retrolisthesis indicating that the disks were not severely degenerated.

Conclusions:

Lumbar retrolisthesis, together with thoracolumbar kyphosis, appears to be associated with mechanisms associated with regulation of sagittal balance. Low PI and disk instability due to degeneration may contribute to the development and progression of retrolisthesis.
Compostibacillus humi gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Bacillaceae, isolated from sludge compost
Authors: Yu Zhen , Wen Junlin , Yang Guiqin , Liu Jing , Zhou Shungui
Published: October 2014

Two novel Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and moderately thermophilic bacteria, designated strains DX-3T and GIESS002, were isolated from sludge composts from Guangdong Province, China. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolates were closely related to each other with extremely high similarity (99.6 %), and were members of the family

Bacillaceae

. However, these two isolates formed a novel phylogenetic branch within this family. Their closest relatives were the members of the genera

Ornithinibacillus

,

Oceanobacillus

and

Virgibacillus

. Cells of both strains were facultatively anaerobic and catalase- and oxidase-positive. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A1γ (meso-diaminopimelic acid direct). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acid was iso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 43.2–43.7 mol%. The results of a polyphasic taxonomic study indicated that strains DX-3T and GIESS002 represent a novel species in a new genus in the family

Bacillaceae

, order

Bacillales

, for which the name Compostibacillus humi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DX-3T ( = KCTC 33104T = CGMCC 1.12360T).
Comparative genomics reveals the origins and diversity of arthropod immune systems
Authors: Palmer William J , Jiggins Francis M
Published: October 2014

While the innate immune system of insects is well-studied, comparatively little is known about how other arthropods defend themselves against infection. We have characterised key immune components in the genomes of five chelicerates, a myriapod and a crustacean. We found clear traces of an ancient origin of innate immunity, with some arthropods having Tolllike receptors and C3-complement factors that are more closely related in sequence or structure to vertebrates than other arthropods. Across the arthropods some components of the immune system, like the Toll signalling pathway, are highly conserved. However, there is also remarkable diversity. The chelicerates apparently lack the Imd signalling pathway and BGRPs–a key class of pathogen recognition receptors. Many genes have large copy number variation across species, and this may sometimes be accompanied by changes in function. For example, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) have frequently lost their catalytic activity and switch between secreted and intracellular forms. There has been extensive duplication of the cellular immune receptor Dscam in several species, which may be an alternative way to generate the high diversity that produced by alternative splicing in insects. Our results provide a detailed analysis of the immune systems of several important groups of animals and lay the foundations for functional work on these groups.
Social entrepreneurship: answering “the call of nature”
Authors: Ogbechie Chris
Published: October 2014

Subject area

The case concerns sustainability and social entrepreneurship.

Study level/applicability

The case is relevant for teaching sustainability and social entrepreneurship to MBA students as well as for executive training programmes for middle- and senior-level employees.

Case overview

The Dignified Mobile Toilets (DMT) case describes how the innovative idea of Isaac Durojaiye, popularly known as Otunba Gadaffi, yielded a lot of socioeconomic and environmental impact and changed the face of sanitary health in Nigeria as well as glamorized what he called “shit business.”

The case gives an account of how Isaac Durojaiye – a graphic artist and a credit card fraud investigator – conceived and built the first mobile toilet in Nigeria by using a 40-feet container. Initially, he had to battle with the lack of patronage, as not a single order came in for the first four years that the wagon toilet was displayed. But Durojaiye was not discouraged because he was involved in security consulting along with the sanitary job. The case recounts how the Founder/CEO of DMT mobile toilets identified social issues (lack of public toilet facilities, poverty, disease, unemployment, crime and so on) in the society and turned it into business success; his efforts helped the development of the social sector in Nigeria. The case also narrates the growth of the mobile toilet market in Nigeria and DMT's market share of this sector.

This case also describes the poor state of public toilet facilities in Nigeria, which forced people to answer the call of nature in open places, thereby polluting the environment and jeopardizing public health.

The DMT marketing strategy and how the company made proper use of the area boys and widows to franchise their toilets was stated. The case also highlights the social and environmental impact of DMT toilets and the company's future direction.

Expected learning outcomes

The case will help student see opportunities in the social space and understand that there are business models that provide both social and economic benefits simultaneously.

Supplementary materials

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