bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CAT'S SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA EVOKED BY PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
Authors: Komarov S. A. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: April 2011

The nitrogenous constituents of submaxillary saliva were studied in samples of saliva secreted by cats in response (i) to chorda tympani stimulation and (ii) to administration of adrenaline. Each of these two kinds of saliva was found to contain a different and characteristic glucoprotein. These two proteins are believed to be secreted by different cells, viz., by mucous cells in response to chorda tympani stimulation, and by serous cells in response to adrenaline. A new method is described for the determination of non-protein nitrogen in submaxillary saliva. Study of the partition of non-protein nitrogen showed that urea represents quantitatively the main fraction of the non-protein nitrogen of submaxillary saliva secreted in response to either parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation. Prolonged chorda tympani stimulation causes a decrease in the permeability of the submaxillary gland to the passage of non-protein nitrogen, the fraction least affected being the urea nitrogen. The administration of adrenaline greatly increases the permeability to all fractions of non-protein nitrogen, especially urea, and this effect persists for several hours after the adrenaline administration is discontinued.
STUDIES ON EFFECTS AND EXCRETION OF PHENOTHIAZINE WHEN USED AS AN ANTHELMINTIC FOR SHEEP
Authors: Swales W. E. , Collier H. B.
Published: April 2011

Tests to determine the effects and excretion of phenothiazine and derivatives have been made on young sheep, barren ewes, pregnant ewes, and lactating ewes. Following the development of adequate technical methods, over 80% of the total dose was recovered from the faeces and urine in roughly equal amounts. Observations were made upon the occurrence of the maximum concentrations of total leuco phenothiazone in the blood, urine, and milk. No definite toxic effect has been noted. Further evidence of anthelmintic efficiency of phenothiazine is presented. The bacteriostatic effect of the derivatives in the milk is noted.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XIII. TENDERNESS OF BACON AND EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON TENDERNESS
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Measurements made on uncooked samples of two factory-cured sides from each of 22 Canadian packing plants indicated significant differences between plants in respect of tenderness. The maximum average cutting force required by the product of an individual plant was more than three times the minimum plant average. The individual results however were fairly uniformly distributed over the observed range of variation, neither the maximum nor the minimum representing an isolated extreme. Partial correlation coefficients indicated a significant influence of pH of both pump and cover pickle, in conjunction with number of "stitches" and days in cure respectively, on tenderness, but no appreciable relation of this property to salt content, moisture content, nitrate content or pH of the meat, or number of days from curing to receipt at the laboratory, was demonstrable.A second series of observations on samples heated at 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. for 5, 10, 20, and 40 hr., as in smoking, demonstrated significant interacting effects of the temperature and duration of heat treatment on tenderness. Excepting one notably anomalous result, the general tendency was for toughness to increase with the prolongation of temperatures of 20 to 50°, but to decrease with the duration of temperatures of 60 to 80°. On the average, the maximum toughness was observed after heating at 50 °C.
A TRYPSIN-INHIBITING FRACTION OF ASCARIS
Authors: Collier H. Bruce
Published: April 2011

A crude extract of Ascaris lumbricoides strongly inhibits pepsin and trypsin but not papain; the extract shows no proteolytic activity. An active trypsin inhibitor was isolated by fractional precipitation. It is not precipitated by trichloracetic acid and has the properties of a polypeptide.The inhibitor acts instantaneously on trypsin, exerting its maximum effect at neutral and acid reactions, with a minimum at pH 5. The effect of concentration suggests a reversible combination between enzyme and inhibitor. The inhibitor has no effect on papain, but stimulates peptic digestion.
PASTURE STUDIES. XXI.: AN IMPROVED THIOCHROME METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF VITAMIN B1
Authors: McFarlane W. D. , Chapman R. A.
Published: April 2011

The thiochrome method as applied to foodstuffs by Pyke (10) has been modified to permit the use of the fluorimeter described by Froman and McFarlane (3). Interfering pigments are destroyed by adding hydrogen peroxide to the "blank" and test solutions before extracting with isobutanol. Hydrogen peroxide does not oxidize thiamine to thiochrome nor does it destroy the latter. The procedure described is based on a reinvestigation of the various methods proposed for extracting thiamine from tissues and also of the optimum amount of each reagent used in the thiochrome test.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRESERVATIVE FOR GILL NETS
Authors: Cave-Browne-Cave G. , Clark R. H.
Published: April 2011

In a search for an adequate preservative for gill nets many attempts were made to synthesize a plastic in the fibres of the twine. The resulting strands in no case possessed such requisite properties as sufficient flexibility and wearing qualities. Strands, treated with a solution of chlorinated pale crepe rubber, to which a plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate, and a bactericide were added, were found, by tensile strength measurements, to prolong the life of the twine in the sea. The strands had the necessary degree of flexibility, and their wearing quality was improved greatly.Tests made by commercial fishermen on sections of net, treated according to the formula recommended, confirm in large measure the laboratory and sea immersion experiments. They report, among other findings, that the net was easier to handle, remained clean, caught an equal catch of fish as the untreated sections, and that the knots did not slip. The strength of the treated net after a summer's fishing, the fishermen found, was only slightly greater than that of the untreated net. This result was not at all in accord with the laboratory tensile strength measurements made on twine after several weeks of sea immersion. An examination of the knots revealed that this difference is due undoubtedly to the fact that the preservative did not penetrate sufficiently into the knots. Nets are now being manufactured from the treated twine; this is expected to overcome the difficulty and increase considerably the life of the net under fishing conditions.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF CIS-TRANS ISOMERS DERIVED FROM 3,3-DIPHENYL-1-HYDRINDONE. SYNTHESIS OF 3,3-DIPHENYLHYDRINDENE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Charette Ls. Phil.
Published: April 2011

Cis-trans isomers were obtained by condensation of 3,3-diphenyl-1-hydrindone with benzaldehyde or its o- and m-methyl-, o- and p-methoxy-, o-ethoxy, o- and p-chloro-derivatives; and by conversion of the condensation products by treatment with acetic acid.3,3-Diphenyl-1-hydrindone was reduced to 3,3-diphenylhydrindene, and the condensation products of that ketone with the above mentioned aldehydes to derivatives of 3,3-diphenylhydrindene.The methods of preparation of trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl-2-benzylidene-1-hydrindone and of 3,3-diphenylhydrindene have been improved and the following compounds are described, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time: trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl-2-(o-methylbenzylidene)-1-hydrindone, trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl-2-(m-methylbenzylidene)-1-hydrindone, trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl - 2 - (o-methoxybenzylidene) - 1 - hydrindone, trans- and cis- 3,3-diphenyl-2-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-1-hydrindone, trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl-2-(o-ethoxybenzylidene)-1-hydrindone, trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl-2-(o-chlorobenzylidene)-1-hydrindone, trans- and cis-3,3-diphenyl-2-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-1-hydrindone, 3,3- diphenyl - 2-benzyl - hydrindene, 3,3-diphenyl - 2 - (o-methylbenzyl)-hydrindene, 3,3-diphenyl-2-(m-methylbenzyl)-hydrindene, 3,3-diphenyl-2-(o-methoxybenzyl)-hydrindene, 3,3-diphenyl-2-(p-methoxybenzyl)-hydrindene, 3,3-diphenyl-2- (o-ethoxybenzyl) - hydrindene, 3,3-diphenyl-2-(o-chlorobenzyl)-hydrindene,3,3-diphenyl-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-hydrindene.
EFFECTS OF TALC DUSTS CONTAINING PHYTOHORMONE, NUTRIENT SALTS, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT ON THE ROOTING OF DORMANT TAXUS CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H. , Farrar J. L.
Published: April 2011

Dormant Taxus cuspidata cuttings were treated with talc dusts containing 1- and 2-γ-naphthylbutyric acid at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 p.p.m., each taken separately and in combination with 0, 0.1, 1, and 10% of a mixture of nutrient salts and 0 and 50 p.p.m. of ethyl mercuric bromide. Data on the number of rooted cuttings failed to disclose any significant treatment effects. However, the number and length of roots per rooted cutting were increased by the phytohormone in all concentrations, the effect increasing with ascending concentration. Data for most of the other criteria indicated injurious effects from the phytohormone. The average length of new growth was increased by both the 1 and 10% concentrations of nutrient salt in the presence, but not in the absence, of 1000 p.p.m. of the phytohormone. The 10% concentration of nutrient salts decreased the number of cuttings with new growth and the number of such cuttings that were rooted. Organic mercury treatment failed to have any significant effects.
PURPLE DWARF, AN UNDESCRIBED POTATO DISEASE, IN ALBERTA
Authors: Sanford G. B. , Clay S. B.
Published: April 2011

The characteristic symptoms of what seems a new disease of potato, observed in Alberta, have been outlined, certain observations and preliminary experiments reported, and the name "purple dwarf" suggested for it.Purple dwarf is perpetuated through the tubers, and the symptoms on plants from diseased tubers either appear immediately the plant emerges from the ground or apparently fail to become recognizable during the remainder of the season.Apical growth is checked, the entire plant becomes stunted, the newer leaves develop a purplish hue along their margins and curl upwards, the phloem of the entire plant is disorganized, and a well developed, brown, dendritic necrosis extends from proximal to distal ends of the tuber. First the roots, then the stolons, and later the base of the stem, become brown and soon decay. Usually the central pith in the tuber and upper stem remains normal.Purple dwarf was transmitted to healthy plants by grafting, a result which suggests that the causal agent is a virus.
THE "LEAF GAP" IN EQUISETUM
Authors: Moore Ruth
Published: April 2011

A previously undescribed feature of the structure of the stem in Equisetum has been found. This conforms more nearly with a true leaf gap than any other feature of Equisetum hitherto so considered. Its interpretation and bearing on the classification of the vascular plants into Lycopsida and Pteropsida are discussed.
A SOLUTION FOR STAINING DIFFERENTIALLY THE SPORES AND VEGETATIVE CELLS OF MICRO-ORGANISMS
Authors: Gray P. H. H.
Published: April 2011

A solution for staining differentially the spores and vegetative cytoplasm of bacteria, yeasts, and certain fungi has been developed. The solution is a mixture of two phenyl methane dyes, malachite green and basic fuchsin; it can be used as a concentrated aqueous solution or as a dilute saline solution. It is not necessary to use heat, though heating is recommended for staining "ripe" spores of bacteria. Decolorization and counterstaining are not required. Bacterial and yeast spores are stained blue or greenish-blue, vegetative cytoplasm light violet or pink. Young bacterial cells stain a deep violet, older cells light violet; the solution can thus be used as a general stain. The acid-fast organism Mycobacterium berolinensis was stained greenish-blue with the granules violet. The saline solution is recommended as a differential stain with young colonies of Aspergillus and Penicillium; the terminal growing tips and young branches of hyphae are stained blue, older hyphae light violet, spores and conidiophores blue.
STERILITY IN POTATOES
Authors: Arnason T. J.
Published: April 2011

Microspore tetrads were rarely formed in three male-sterile potato varieties studied. Dyads and triads were much more common. The failure of the second meiotic divisions appeared to be the main reason for the lack of tetrads. Many of the microspores aborted without enlarging, some did grow, however, and round off. In presumably mature anthers from open flowers, microspores were very variable in size and in the appearance of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Anther pores usually failed to open. The pollen-fertile varieties formed microspores that were almost entirely in tetrads. Mature anthers had roomy locules, open anther pores, and large numbers of uniform, sound-appearing pollen grains. They contained also some empty grains. About one-half the grains from one pollen-fertile line were empty. Abscission of buds and flowers is an important factor contributing to sterility or at least unfruitfulness in many potato varieties, including the three male-sterile ones reported in this paper. Following pollination with sound pollen, a few seeds have been obtained, though with some difficulty, from each of the male-sterile lines. Premature flower abscission rather than female sterility appears to be the main bar to seed production when sound pollen is applied.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF SEED SAMPLING METHODS
Authors: Leggatt C. W.
Published: April 2011

Using prepared samples of seed, in which impurities were represented by stained seed of the same kind, repeated samplings from a restricted bulk were made by the method being studied. After each sample was drawn, the number of stained seeds in it was recorded and it was then put back in the bulk. The data, being in the form of numbers in a unit weight, were first compared with the corresponding Poisson distribution, which, however, was found inapplicable. Working from first principles, an expression was found that was believed to suit the conditions of the experiment and that proved to be a special case of the binomial distribution, not previously applied, it is believed, to studies of this sort.Statistical tests showed an excellent fit between observed results and the values expected according to the new expression, which thus provides a measure of the variability to be expected in drawing subsamples from a restricted bulk and at the same time provides the required basis for comparison of the seed sampling methods under study. It shows that less variation is to be expected between duplicate tests of a submitted sample than was previously thought to be the case.
EFFECTS OF TALC DUSTS CONTAINING PHYTOHORMONE, NUTRIENT SALTS, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT ON THE ROOTING OF HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Cuttings of Coleus Blumei, varieties of Chrysanthemum and species and varieties of Iresine were treated with a series of talc dusts containing naphthylbutyric acid, nutrient salts, and ethyl mercuric bromide and then were propagated in sand in the greenhouse. Naphthylbutyric acid treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting, and its combination with the mixture of nutrient salts increased fresh root weight of Coleus cuttings. Organic mercury treatment increased, by about 5%, the number of Chrysanthemum cuttings that rooted, and increased the number of roots on Iresine cuttings. Beneficial effects from talc treatment alone were a feature of the results. Differential reactions to both talc and organic mercury treatments were shown by closely related varieties.
THE REACTION OF FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA TO THE VIRUS OF YELLOW-EDGE
Authors: Hildebrand A. A.
Published: April 2011

When runner-grafted to domestic plants of the strawberry varieties Premier and Glen Mary (symptomless carriers of the virus of yellow-edge) clones of the common wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, were found to vary widely in their resistance and susceptibility to the disease. Certain clones of noticeably more delicate growth type, proved to be very highly susceptible to deterioration and exhibited complete symptom-expressing propensities. Other clones, characterized by a particularly robust type of vegetative growth, although readily susceptible, showed capacity for at least partial recovery, tending to react more like the English indicator variety, Royal Sovereign. Still other clones, also of the robust type, showed resistance that was virtually complete; thus they were eliminated from plants of the "carrier" class.
STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOME SPIRALIZATION CYCLE INTRILLIUM
Authors: Sparrow A. H. , Huskins C. L. , Wilson G. B.
Published: April 2011

Studies of the major, relic, and relational coils and of chromosome, chromatid, and chromonema length changes in meiotic, microspore, and root tip chromosomes of Trillium erectum L. and T. grandiflorum Salisb. have led to the following conclusions:—Elongation of the chromonema occurs between early diakinesis and first anaphase and between second anaphase and microspore prophase. Contraction occurs between zygotene and early diakinesis, between first and second anaphase, and during microspore prophase. Chromonema elongation between early diakinesis and anaphase is associated with the formation of the major coil and its transition into the relic coil of the microspore prophase is accompanied by a further elongation. The tertiary split results in the half-chromatids being associated in the form of a plectonemic spiral, which persists as such to microspore prophase. The gyres of the plectonemic relic coil become partially straightened out to form a relational coil, whose twists are in the same direction as their antecedent relic coils. During microspore prophase some relational twists are apparently eliminated at intrabrachial changes of direction, others by contraction and untwisting of the chromatids.Changes of direction fall into three categories: (1) those associated with attachments, (2) those associated with chiasmata, and (3) the remainder, the frequency of which is proportional to the number of gyres. Intrabrachial changes of direction are more numerous in microspore prophase than in root tip chromosomes, presumably because Factor (2) is inoperative in the latter. There are very few data that could possibly be taken to indicate that chromosomes may have an inherent directional pattern of coiling.To the tentative hypothesis of Wilson and Huskins that the major coil of meiosis is formed by an elongation of the chromonema within a restricted space, the pellicle, the following may be added: the half-chromatids at metaphase are wound in the form of a plectonemic spiral. The straightening out of this spiral results in the relationally twisted chromatids of microspore prophase. These twists are eliminated both by cancellation at the points at which changes of direction have occurred in the major coil and also by contraction and untwisting of the chromatids.
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF THE APPLE FRUIT IN THE VARIETIES McINTOSH RED AND WAGENER: II. AN ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MacArthur Mary , Wetmore R. H.
Published: April 2011

Growth in the various tissues of the fruit of a McIntosh Red and a Wagener tree, both self-pollinated, is compared. For several days succeeding pollination no increase in fruit size is apparent. Fertilization is followed by general cell division and cell enlargement. The period of cell division varies with the tissue and with the variety. Final cell size is reached first by the cells of those tissues near the centre of the apple. Impressed upon the fundamental pattern of growth is the localized activity of the primary vascular bundles, the cambia of which add cells to the ground tissue. Angulation in the Wagener is accentuated by this activity. With the exception of cells of the epidermis, final cell size is approximately equal in comparable regions of the two varieties. Differences in regional extent are due to differences in numbers of cells in that region.
THE EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF PARTHENOCARPIC STRAWBERRIES
Authors: Hunter A. W. S.
Published: April 2011

The parthenocarpic development of strawberry fruits was induced by spraying unpollinated blossoms with solutions of indolylbutyric acid, 1-naphthylacetic acid, and colchicine, and by dusting the blossoms with powdered acenaphthene. Fruits also developed from blossoms that had not been directly treated. This is explained on the basis of translocation of the chemical, or some other substance, from treated to untreated blossoms.It is suggested that colchicine, and possibly the phytohormones, induce parthenocarpy by acting as mobilizers of another substance or substances that move into the ovary and there initiate development.
A CRITICAL STUDY OF STAFFORD'S REPORT ON "TREMATODES OF CANADIAN FISHES" BASED ON HIS TREMATODE COLLECTION
Authors: Miller Max J.
Published: April 2011

The internal trematodes from fish in the late Dr. Stafford's slide collection have been restudied and described. Gasterostomum armatum of Stafford is identified with Prosorhynchus squamatus Ohdner, 1905, and Crepidostomum laureatum with C. cooperi Hopkins, 1932. Homalometron pallidum Stafford, 1904, is redescribed and it is suggested that the genus Homalometron Stafford, 1904, is synonymous with Lepocreadium Stossich, 1904. Neophasis pusilla Stafford, 1904, and Stenakron vetustum Stafford, 1904, are redescribed and assigned to the family Allocreadiidae. Hemiurus appendiculatus of Stafford, is demonstrated to represent H. levinseni Ohdner, 1905, and Brachyphallus crenatus Rudolphi, 1802, while Fellodistomum incisum of Stafford represents the species F. fellis Olsson, 1868, and F. agnotum Nicoll, 1909. Species of the genera Azygia and Otodistomum are reidentified. Protenteron diaphanum Stafford, 1904, is redescribed and the species is referred to the genus Cryptogonimus Osborn, 1903, the new combination being Cryptogonimus diaphanus.
THE DETECTION OF CORAMINE
Authors: Lucas G. H. W.
Published: April 2011

Methods are described for the biological detection of coramine and for the production of coramine crystals with mercuric chloride. By the use of the crystal method as small an amount as 0.004 mg. of coramine has been detected.
BAND SPECTRUM AND STRUCTURE OF THE CH+ MOLECULE; IDENTIFICATION OF THREE INTERSTELLAR LINES
Authors: Douglas A. E. , Herzberg G.
Published: April 2011

In a discharge through helium, to which a small trace of benzene vapour is added, a new band system of the type 1Π – 1Σ is found which is shown to be due to the CH+ molecule. The R(0) lines of the 0–0, 1–0, and 2–0 bands of the new system agree exactly with the hitherto unidentified interstellar lines 4232.58, 3957.72, 3745.33 Å, thus proving that CH+ is present in interstellar space. At the same time this observation of the band system in absorption shows that the lower state 1Σ is the ground state of the CH+ molecule. The new bands are closely analogous to the 1II – 1Σ+ BH bands. The analysis of the bands leads to the following vibrational and rotational constants of CH+ in its ground state: [Formula: see text], Be″ = 14.1767, αe″ = 0.4898 cm.−1. The internuclear distance is re″ = 1.1310∙10−8 cm. (for further molecular constants see Table V). From the vibrational levels of the upper 1Π state the heat of dissociation of CH+ can be obtained within fairly narrow limits: D0(CH+) = 3.61 ± 0.22 e.v. From this value the ionization potential of CH is derived to be I(CH) = 11.13 ± 0.22 e.v. The bearing of this value on recent work on ionization and dissociation of polyatomic molecules by electron impacts is briefly discussed.
ON THE ADSORPTION OF WATER VAPOUR BY CELLULOSE
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

In this paper an attempt is made to gather together the best available data on the adsorption of water vapour by cellulose and to draw from this data a unified picture of the phenomenon. In the first place the various theories explaining the adsorption isotherm are tested. The Langmuir isotherm is shown to fit a small portion of the curve at low relative humidities, and the polymolecular theory of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller is found to give agreement up to the point where capillary adsorption is assumed to become predominant. It is pointed out, however, that the assumptions involved in the theory of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller are such that an equally satisfactory agreement might be obtained by assuming that the adsorption was confined to a monomolecular layer in which, owing to repulsive forces between neighbouring atoms, the adsorbing force varied with the number of atoms. Thus it is still doubtful whether the adsorption is monomolecular or polymolecular. The investigation shows that the adsorption on cotton is similar to that on wood, except for the fact that the internal surface area available for adsorption is less by a factor of 1.86.An analysis is made of the data available for calculation of the heats of adsorption, and the values obtained from the different sources are compared. It is found that when the heats of adsorption are plotted against the relative humidity there is no appreciable difference between the values obtained with cotton and with wood. A mean value for the heats of adsorption is obtained. The relation between heats of adsorption and the latent heat of condensation is developed, and it is shown that there is an excess of internal energy in the adsorbed state over that of the liquid state.Finally, an explanation is advanced to account for the experimental fact that there is a reduction in total volume when water vapour is adsorbed on cellulose. An attempt is also made to show (i) how the water molecule may be attached to the cellulose surface by hydrogen bonds in such a way that the energy will be greater than that in liquid water, and, (ii) that, on the basis of such a picture a volume contraction is to be expected.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE DES SEMICARBAZIDES δ-SUBSTITUÉES : II. SEMICARBAZONES DE QUELQUES ALDÉHYDES ET CÉTONES
Authors: Barré Roger , Piché Lucien
Published: April 2011

not available
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE DES SEMICARBAZIDES δ-SUBSTITUÉES : III. ESSAI D'APPLICATION AU DOSAGE DU GLUCOSE
Authors: Baril Georges H. , Barré Roger , Piché Lucien
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVERACEOUS PLANTS: XXXII. STYLOPHORUM DIPHYLLUM (MICHX.) NUTT., DICRANOSTIGMA FRANCHETIANUM (PRAIN) FEDDE AND GLAUCIUM SERPIERI HELDR.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The only alkaloids found in Stylophorum diphyllum and in Dicranostigma franchetianum were protopine, chelidonine, and stylopine. It is concluded that there is no chemical justification for allocating separate generic rank to these plants. Glaucium serpieri yielded protopine, glaucine, isocorydine, and aurotensine. Luteanine, present in G. flavum, could not be found. In addition there was present a small amount of phenolic base which on methylation yielded sinactine. It is concluded that the plant probably deserves specific rather than varietal rank.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF PROPIONITRILE IN CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: Rabinovitch B. S. , Winkler C. A. , Stewart A. R. P.
Published: April 2011

The hydrolysis of propionitrile has been studied in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions from 0.5 to 10 N and over a range of temperatures at six acid concentrations. The rate of hydrolysis as measured by ammonia formation is dependent upon the decomposition of the intermediate amide at acid concentrations above 4 N. The system represented by nitrile [Formula: see text] amide [Formula: see text] acid affords a good example of consecutive, irreversible unimolecular reactions over the complete range [Formula: see text] (below 4 N) to [Formula: see text] (above 11 N). A marked increase in rate with increasing acid concentration is accounted for in large measure by a decrease in observed activation energy of 6.7 Cal. over the range 1 to 10 N.
THE SYNTHESIS AND THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MONOMETHYL- AND THE DIMETHYL-QUINOLINES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo , Leger Frank
Published: April 2011

All 7 monomethyl- and all 21 dimethyl-quinolines were synthesized by unambiguous methods and those solid above room temperature were purified to their maximum melting points. The picrates, styphnates, and trinitro-m-cresolates of each quinoline were prepared and their properties recorded. The picrates in particular were purified to their ultimate melting points. Incidentally, 7-ethyl-quinoline and a number of trimethyl-quinolines were also prepared. It is concluded that the melting points previously given in the literature for most of the picrates are of little use for identification purposes.
THE SYSTEM ETHANOL-METHANOL AT 40 °C.
Authors: Morris A. C. , Munn L. T. , Anderson G.
Published: April 2011

The system ethanol-methanol was studied at 40 °C. using the original and also a modified form of the apparatus of Ferguson and Funnell. The total pressure curve is linear and the partial pressure curves agree with Raoult's law within the experimental error.
THE ADEQUACY OF VITAMIN C IN ALBERTA DIETS
Authors: Waagen Hilda K. , Pett L. B.
Published: April 2011

A survey was carried on for 12 months to determine the amount of vitamin C actually available in the food served in Athabasca Hall, a residence for men at the University of Alberta. The amount of vitamin C excreted by some of the persons living at Athabasca Hall was also determined and correlated with the intake. It was found that the output was higher in the fall after high intake than in the spring after the low supply during the winter. The average daily intake of vitamin C from November to May, inclusive, was 41 mg., and from June to October, inclusive, 82 mg. If citrus fruits had been excluded from the diet, the intake would have been markedly less. In the spring months the tissues of all persons tested by a test dose method were found to be unsaturated whereas in the autumn two persons out of six showed tissue saturation. No frank scurvy existed among the subjects and no marked incidence of gum-bleeding was reported.
STUDIES ON FILM-FORMING YEASTS: II. FILM-FORMING YEASTS IN RENNET BRINE
Authors: Graham V. E. , Hastings E. G.
Published: April 2011

In the commercial production of rennet extract, calves' stomachs are soaked in brine tanks held at a low temperature. Unless special precautions are taken, a heavy scum forms on these tanks. Salt tolerant yeasts of the genus Debaryomyces, which grow well at low temperatures, are chiefly responsible for this scum from which D. tyrocola, originally isolated from cheese, and D. Guilliermondi, originally isolated from sausages, were isolated. Attempts to isolate these species from the contents of a calf's stomach, salted calves' stomachs, dried calves' stomachs, and soil were unsuccessful. These species did not grow in a medium containing 20% sodium chloride, nor in one in which the pH had been lowered to 2.0.
PEAT AND COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AS AMENDMENTS FOR GRAY WOODED SOILS
Authors: Carlyle R. E. , Newton J. D.
Published: April 2011

The nitrates in pot cultures of gray wooded soil were generally affected by the various amendments as follows: increased by applications of neutral or acid subsurface peat and not depressed by neutral or acid surface peat; increased by ammonium phosphate alone and in combination with the surface and subsurface peats, and by ammonium sulphate in combination with the subsurface peats, but slightly depressed by triple superphosphate in combination with the subsurface peats.The wheat crop yields in pot cultures of gray wooded soil were generally affected by the various amendments as follows: increased somewhat by peat alone, and especially by subsurface peat; increased substantially by ammonium phosphate alone, but increased to a greater extent in all three series by a combination of ammonium phosphate and subsurface peat; increased substantially by ammonium sulphate and subsurface peat, but not by triple superphosphate and peat.The plate counts of bacteria in treated cultures of gray wooded soil increased for two to four months, and then decreased. The ammonium phosphate plus subsurface peat treatment gave the highest counts, the ammonium phosphate plus surface peat the second highest, and the ammonium sulphate plus subsurface peat the third highest. The differences between the effects of triple superphosphate plus subsurface peat, ammonium phosphate, surface peat, and subsurface peat, were small. The control gave only a small increase during the course of the experiment.The ratio method showed that there are very large numbers of bacteria in gray wooded soil. Instead of ranging from about 500,000 to about 8,000,000 per gm. of soil as with the plate count method, the numbers varied from about 200,000,000 to 2,000,000,000. The numbers reached a maximum after three months' incubation. The ammonium phosphate plus subsurface peat treatment again gave the highest average number, and the succeeding order was also about the same as in the case of the plate counts.When mixed with gray wooded soil, surface peat, though highly carbonaceous, did not cause any significant decrease in nitrate at first, and produced some increase later. Straw caused some decrease at first, but the later recovery counterbalanced this loss. Cotton caused a decrease to practically none for about three months, and even when combined with ammonium phosphate caused some decrease. Ammonium phosphate alone and in combination with straw and surface peat produced large increases in nitrate. In a duplicate experiment with black soil the trends were similar, but the nitrate was not reduced to the same extent by straw and cotton, and when ammonium phosphate was added with the organic matter, nitrate was not reduced by peat, straw, or cotton.
CAROTENE IN FEED GRASSES
Authors: Allardyce John , Milsom Douglas
Published: April 2011

Cuttings of feed grasses less than 7 in. high, taken from the same field and given the same treatment, were found to vary considerably in carotene content. Factors that were found to contribute to these variations were: the amount of sunshine and rain prior to each cutting, the height of the cutting, and the manner of storage. Higher carotene content was found when the cuttings were taken following periods of increased daily sunshine particularly if these periods were preceded by rain. Cuttings less than 7 in. high contained larger amounts of carotene than did 12 in. cuttings. Storing the ground, dehydrated feed grasses in 100-lb. paper-lined burlap sacks at 35° F. during the summer months reduced the average loss in carotene content to 7.5%.
STUDIES IN TREE PHYSIOLOGY: III. THE EFFECT OF THE METHOD OF CUTTING ON THE WATER CONTENT OF TWIGS. A NOTE ON A PAPER BY McDERMOTT
Authors: Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

Significantly higher water contents are found in short samples of twigs isolated by simultaneous cuts than in samples isolated by consecutive cuts in which displacement of water obviously takes place. This is in agreement with the results of McDermott. Natural water gradients are small and do not invalidate McDermott's figures. Displacement is not confined to the immediate neighbourhood of the cut.
THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHROMOSOME SPIRALS IN MICROSPORES OFTRILLIUM
Authors: Sparrow A. H.
Published: April 2011

The structure and development of somatic spirals in microspore chromosomes of Trillium have been investigated. The chromonemata in each metaphase chromatid and each anaphase chromosome form a large-gyred, hollow spiral. This spiral develops gradually during prophase by an increase in gyre diameter and a decrease in gyre number and in chromatid length. Its development is associated with the elimination not the production of chromatid relational coiling. At later stages an irregular waviness or "minor" somatic spiral is visible along its "major" gyres in which reversals of direction can also be discerned. Where the spiral can be seen to be double-stranded it is plectonemic (as early as mid-prophase).The prophase to metaphase chromatid contraction ratio is not less than 6:1. Mean chromonema length increases from 650 ± 17.2 at metaphase to 977 ± 28.3 at anaphase. This latter length is approximately that estimated for early meiotic prophase. Chromosome volume also increases (about twofold) during the interval between metaphase and anaphase. Mean chromonema length and gyre number in microspore anaphase chromosomes are more than twice as great as those of meiotic anaphase chromosomes. Since the chromosomes at these stages are of approximately the same mean length the gyres of the somatic spiral are thus more tightly "packed".In Trillium, microspore anaphase chromosomes are considered to be of essentially the same spiral structure as meiotic second division chromosomes, i.e., a single coil (but not single-stranded), rather than two or more independently coiled chromatids. The process of reducing this plectonemic spiral into parallel, freely-separable chromatids begins in one prophase as a reduction in gyre number and continues as relational uncoiling in the next. Paradoxically, therefore, a spiralization cycle such as that described above can be interpreted as an uncoiling process in which successive cycles overlap in prophase.
THREE STRAINS OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC OCCURRING ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC
Authors: Phillips J. H. H.
Published: April 2011

Cucumber mosaic was found affecting tobacco plantings in both Ontario and Quebec. From diseased material collected in these regions three strains were isolated and designated as Strains 1, 2, and 3. Strain 1 most closely resembled typical cucumber mosaic in its symptoms on tobacco and tomato. Strain 3 produced a similar type of mottle to Strain 1, but was generally more severe and consistently produced severe leaf narrowing on tomato. Strain 2 was easily recognized by its ability to produce necrotic rings on the inoculated leaves of burley tobacco varieties and the tendency of affected plants to recover from the initial symptoms. The three strains retained their identity through a large number of serial inoculations.Investigations demonstrated that a severe type of streak was produced when tomato plants were inoculated with a combination of cucumber mosaic virus (Strain 3) and potato X virus.Unlike tobacco mosaic virus, the virus of cucumber mosaic was unable to survive over winter in plant tissue in the soil. Field observations indicated that dissemination of cucumber mosaic in tobacco plantings was effected by insect vectors.
INDIVIDUAL PLOT STUDIES OF VARIATION IN NUMBERS OF BACTERIA IN SOIL: II. THE ERRORS OF THE PROCEDURE
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

Data on the errors of the plate count method are presented. They are based on changes in numbers of bacteria during the crop season in plots supporting different crops. Duplicate samples were used at each step in the procedure. This provides information on variations associated with sampling, which contribute to the error of the plot estimate on any date.A large portion of the differences among estimates from each plot made on different dates is explained by correlations among numbers of bacteria and changes in environmental factors. Obviously, a large error masks a small relationship.This may be minimized by (1) careful sampling and the use of duplicates at each step in the procedure and (2) collecting data for correlating bacteria with changes in many environmental factors other than the one of chief interest m the investigation.
RELATION OF LOOSE SMUT TO YIELD OF BARLEY
Authors: Semeniuk Wm. , Ross J. G.
Published: April 2011

A simple technique was devised to inoculate barley with Ustilago nuda (Jens.) K. and S. in order to facilitate the study of the effect of loose smut on yield. Infected seed lots so obtained were mixed in different proportions with normal seed to provide at least six levels of infection ranging from nearly zero to the maximum. The infection levels were planted in replicated field test plots at three stations in each of two years.No significant correlations were obtained between yield of barley and the percentage loose smut in the 1939 trials. A direct linear relationship was obtained in 1940 between percentage incidence of loose smut and the reduction in yield. For every 1% increase in loose smut, yield was reduced 0.85% at St. Paul, Minn., 1.4% at Edmonton, and 1.2% at Fallis, Alta. These regression coefficients are not significantly different. Loose smut did not affect tillering noticeably. Similar infections of loose smut were obtained at all stations for comparable seed lots. Higher infections were observed as the rate of seeding was increased. The incidence of loose smut at Edmonton was the same on the basis of percentage smutted spikes as on the basis of percentage smutted plants.
MARINE MACROPLANKTON FROM THE CANADIAN EASTERN ARCTIC: II. MEDUSAE, SIPHONOPHORA, CTENOPHORA, PTEROPODA, AND CHAETOGNATHA
Authors: Dunbar M. J.
Published: April 2011

Thirteen species of medusae, one siphonophoran, two ctenophores, two pteropod molluscs, and two chaetognaths are recorded from coastal waters of the Canadian eastern Arctic, many of them for the first time. All except one are known to be arctic or arctic–boreal species.Hybocodon prolifer L. Agassiz has not hitherto been recorded from Arctic water. Specimens answering to this species were found by the author in large numbers at Lake Harbour, on Hudson Strait. The determination of the medusa is possibly not satisfactory, and cannot be considered certain until the hydroid is found. No species of Hybocodon has been recorded from Greenland water, however, and hence this discovery may be useful to distinguish Canadian polar water from water of the Greenland current.
CONTINUED STUDIES ON CERCARIAL DERMATITIS AND THE TREMATODE FAMILY SCHISTOSOMATIDAE IN MANITOBA: PART I
Authors: McLeod J. A. , Little G. E.
Published: April 2011

The life cycle of Pseudobilharziella querquedulae McLeod, 1937 has been completed experimentally and the relationship of the adult to Cercaria physella Talbot, 1936 has been definitely established. The female of the species and the eggs were recovered and are described for the first time. A report is given on the exposure of a number of species of molluscs to the miracidia of this schistosome and notes on the life cycle and adult stage of Cercaria dermolestes McLeod, 1940 are included. A case of hypersensitiveness in man to the proteins of schistosome cercariae is reported.
NORTH PACIFIC POLYCHAETA, CHIEFLY FROM THE WEST COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND, ALASKA, AND BERING SEA
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

A list is given of 175 species of Polychaeta collected at the northern extremity of the west coast of North America; seven of the species are new to the entire coast, 29 to the northern extremity, and four new to science.Notes are given on distribution and taxonomic characters of many of the known forms and the new species are described.
POLARIZATION AND PROGRESSION IN PAIRING: II. PREMEIOTIC ORIENTATION AND THE INITIATION OF PAIRING
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: April 2011

Homologous chromosomes in the Diptera associate side by side in pairs at each and every anaphase (somatic pairing) and reappear in the following prophases relationally coiled. In plants and animals other than Diptera the homologues at anaphase (with one exception) show no such specific attraction: at prophase the relational coiling of homologues is here supplanted by a relational coiling of sister chromatids. The one exception arises at the anaphase of the last premeiotic division—homologues become associated in pairs and reappear in the following prophase relationally coiled.In the Diptera the chromosomes are single at each and every anaphase: in other animals and plants the chromosomes are double at all anaphases except that of the last premeiotic division. Hence at this latter division the attraction in pairs between chromatids is replaced by an attraction between pairs of homologues.
HUMIDITY DATA EXPRESSED IN GRAINS WATER VAPOUR PER POUND OF DRY AIR
Authors: Stansfield Edgar
Published: April 2011

For some purposes humidity is best stated as weight of water vapour admixed with unit weight of dry air, but this information cannot be found in the ordinary psychometric tables. Tables and charts are here given relating the air temperature, the depression of the wet bulb thermometer of the sling psychrometer, and the barometric pressure with the humidity in grains of water vapour per pound of dry air. The A.S.T.M. specifications for knock characteristics of motor fuels designate minimum and maximum limits of humidity for the air supplied to the engine. The depressions of the wet bulb thermometer corresponding to these limits are shown in one figure.
THE HYDRATION OF THE ALUMINATES OF CALCIUM: IV. HYDROTHERMAL REACTIONS OF TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE AND ITS HYDRATES
Authors: Harris G. M. , Schneider W. G. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the hydrothermal reactions of tricalcium aluminate and its hydrates between 120° and 350 °C. Homogeneous samples of the hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate may be prepared by treatment of the aluminate or its hexagonal hydrate in saturated steam at temperatures up to 150 °C. At temperatures of 250 °C. and above, under conditions favouring rapid hydrolysis, such as the addition of water to the anhydrous aluminate or hydroaluminate before autoclaving and rapid elevation of the temperature of the autoclave, crystals of calcium hvdroxide and of a hydroaluminate of lower lime–alumina ratio appear, usually mixed with the isometric hexahydrate. The new hydroaluminate occurs as rectangular, elongated, prismatic plates of low birefringence, refractive index 1.627, and has a lime–alumina ratio probably lower than 1.5. The hexagonal hydrate of tricalcium aluminate gives on hydrothermal treatment a better yield of the low-limed hydroaluminate than does the anhydrous aluminate. Only partial hydrolysis of the hexahydrate was obtained under any of the conditions used, but the hexagonal hydrate, autoclaved for 12 hr. at 350 °C., gave products composed almost entirely of the rectangular plate hydroaluminate and calcium hydroxide. No free hydrated alumina was found in the hydrothermal products.The rectangular plate hydroaluminate of calcium may also be prepared by the action of calcium hydroxide on hydrated alumina in saturated steam at 350 °C. It is therefore a stable product under those conditions.At temperatures below 250 °C. birefringent crystalline material is also formed on autoclaving tricalcium aluminate or its hydrates under conditions favouring hydrolysis. The experimental evidence indicates that one of the products is the birefringent calcium hydroaluminate formed on autoclaving the lower calcium aluminates at temperatures of 105 to 150 °C. (5).Precast Portland cement concrete products, when subjected to steam-curing, normally contain an excess of water, and the conditions for the formation of these birefringent hydroaluminates of calcium are therefore present. The same applies to the commercial steam-curing of other materials containing free lime and hydrated alumina. The formation of these hydroaluminates may explain the peculiar effect on the tensile and compressive strength of mortar and concrete test pieces produced by hydrothermal treatment at temperatures above 150 °C. (9).
THE SYSTEM: SILVER-NITRATE–WATER
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Boyd Mary L.
Published: April 2011

The temperature–concentration diagram has been determined for the system: silver-nitrate–water, from 0 to 100% silver nitrate, with greater accuracy than has previously been attained (especially with regard to thermostatic control and method of analysis). The equilibrium curve exhibits a eutectic point at − 7.57 °C. and 46.9% silver nitrate and also a break at about 159° where solid silver nitrate passes from the rhombic to the rhombohedral form.