bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relaxin‐3 receptor (Rxfp3) gene deletion reduces operant sucrose‐ but not alcohol‐responding in mice
Authors: Walker A. W. , Smith C. M. , Gundlach A. L. , Lawrence A. J.
Published: August 2015

The pervasive use of refined sugars in highly accessible, palatable foods and persistent exposure to reinforcing food‐associated cues has contributed to overconsumption of sugar‐rich diets and the current obesity epidemic in Western society. We have shown previously that brain relaxin‐3 mRNA levels positively correlate with sucrose and alcohol intake, and that central antagonism of relaxin‐3 receptors (RXFP3) attenuates alcohol self‐administration and alcohol‐seeking in rats, but food‐seeking behaviour and palatable food consumption in mice. To further examine the relationship between motivated appetitive behaviours and relaxin‐3/RXFP3 signalling, we investigated the effect of Rxfp3 gene deletion in C57BL/6J mice on sucrose and alcohol self‐administration and cue‐induced reinstatement (RNST) of sucrose‐ and alcohol‐seeking. Acquisition and maintenance of sucrose and alcohol self‐administration was assessed in male wild‐type (WT) and Rxfp3 knockout (KO) (C57BL/6JRXFP3TM1/DGen) littermate mice using fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. Mice were subsequently challenged with a progressive ratio (PR) test to measure motivation and, following extinction training, re‐exposed to reward‐associated cues to evaluate RNST of active lever‐responding. Wild‐type and Rxfp3 KO mice displayed similar acquisition of FR1 sucrose self‐administration, but Rxfp3 KO mice responded less when the instrumental requirement was increased to FR3. These mice also showed a lower breakpoint for sucrose and attenuated cue‐induced RNST of sucrose‐seeking. Notably, no marked genotype differences in alcohol‐responding were observed. In mice, endogenous relaxin‐3/RXFP3 signalling promotes self‐administration of sucrose under high response requirements and cue‐induced RNST of sucrose‐seeking, but does not apparently regulate motivation to consume alcohol or alcohol‐seeking behaviour.
Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments
Authors: Cai Chuang , Yin Xinyou , He Shuaiqi , Jiang Wenyu , Si Chuanfei , Struik Paul C. , Luo Weihong , Li Gang , Xie Yingtian , Xiong Yan , Pan Genxing
Published: August 2015

Elevated CO2 and temperature strongly affect crop production, but understanding of the crop response to combined CO2 and temperature increases under field conditions is still limited while data are scarce. We grew wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under two levels of CO2 (ambient and enriched up to 500 μmol mol−1) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5–2.0 °C) in free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems and carried out a detailed growth and yield component analysis during two growing seasons for both crops. An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops. An increase in CO2 was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice. Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10–12% and 17–35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature. The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature in wheat and rice. Our data showed complex treatment effects on the interplay between preheading duration, nitrogen uptake, tillering, leaf area index, and radiation‐use efficiency, and thus on yield components and yield. Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops. For rice, however, a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m2 and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility) at high temperature is also required to prevent yield reduction under conditions of global change.
The Multiple Temporalities of Informal Spaces
Authors: Hudson Joanne
Published: August 2015

This paper explores the various temporalities of wastelands and derelict spaces and how these influence their production, (re)production and use. Commonly conceived as voids within a city's fabric, it highlights with reference to two case studies, how these contested zones, far from being voids, represent sites of action where “multiple temporalities collide” (Crang, 2001: 189). As a consequence of temporal ‘gaps’ within spatial planning and redevelopment processes, as solid future visions ‘melt into air’ (Berman, 1982), other temporal rhythms occur as individuals appropriate these territories and “reclaim time as well as space” (Kivell and Hatfield, 1999: 123). The paper also considers the potential of such spaces and actions to act as a standpoint from which critical perspectives towards urban planning, and the distorted timescales that underpin it, can be generated.
Tracing the Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Description, Theory and Practice
Authors: Leck Hayley , Conway Declan , Bradshaw Michael , Rees Judith
Published: August 2015

The ‘nexus’ between water, energy and food (WEF) has gained increasing attention globally in research, business and policy spheres. We review the premise of recent initiatives framed around the nexus, examine the challenge of achieving the type of disciplinary boundary crossing promoted by the nexus agenda and consider how to operationalise what has to date been a largely paper exercise. The WEF nexus has been promoted through international meetings and calls for new research agendas. It is clear from the literature that many aims of nexus approaches pre‐date the recent nexus agenda; these have encountered significant barriers to progress, including challenges to cross‐disciplinary collaboration, complexity, political economy (often perceived to be under‐represented in nexus research) and incompatibility of current institutional structures. Indeed, the ambitious aims of the nexus—the desire to capture multiple interdependencies across three major sectors, across disciplines and across scales—could become its downfall. However, greater recognition of interdependencies across state and non‐state actors, more sophisticated modelling systems to assess and quantify WEF linkages and the sheer scale of WEF resource use globally, could create enough momentum to overcome historical barriers and establish nexus approaches as part of a wider repertoire of responses to global environmental change.
Postcolonial Approaches to Migration in Asia: Reflections and Projections
Authors: Koh Sin Yee
Published: August 2015

This article argues that postcolonial approaches to migration in Asia are relevant and useful in this age of unprecedented migration for two important reasons. Firstly, such approaches enable the interrogation of fundamental migration‐related concepts such as citizenship, race and ethnicity, diaspora, indigeneity and development. This critically questions the need for these categories of difference which have been augmented and exacerbated by migration, the nation‐state and its bordering strategies. Secondly, such approaches shed light on fundamental issues of inequality, through which migration occurs as a response to differential access to opportunities and resources. By tracing how and why migration occurs in specific locations through a postcolonial lens, we can then map out the underlying power inequalities and discover possibilities for agency and social change.
Immune tolerance induction in patients with haemophilia a and inhibitors: effectiveness and cost analysis in an European Cohort (The ITER Study)
Authors: Rocino A. , Cortesi P. A. , Scalone L. , Mantovani L. G. , Crea R. , Gringeri A. ,   the European Haemophilia Therapy Strategy Board (EHTSB)
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Although immune tolerance induction (ITI) is considered the first choice treatment to eradicate inhibitors in haemophilia A patients, little is known about outcomes determinants and cost magnitude.

Aim and Methods

A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted to assess the relationship between ITI outcome, clinical and treatment characteristics and cost of ITI treatment in haemophilia A patients. Data from 12 months before inhibitor diagnosis to 12 months after ITI completion were collected. Treatment cost was calculated in the third‐party perspective and expressed as mean € per patient‐month. Cox regression models were used to identify predictors of better outcome and the time taken to achieve tolerance.

Results

Seventy‐one patients, aged 0.4–41 years (median: 3.8 years) at ITI start, were enrolled. Undetectable inhibitor was achieved in 84.5% of patients and inhibitor eradication with normal factor VIII (FVIII) pharmacokinetics in 74.2%. Median time to successful tolerance was 10.7 months (range 2.0–90.0 months). Peak inhibitor level on ITI was a significant predictor of ITI success. Breakthrough bleeding event incidence during ITI was associated with time to success. The mean cost of treatment for the time period between inhibitor diagnosis and ITI start was €3188 per patient‐month (92.1% for bypassing agents), and €60 078 during ITI (76.8% for FVIII use in ITI).

Conclusion

Immune tolerance induction in this patient cohort was successful in 84.5% of patients with a mean cost of €60 000 per patient‐month. This high cost is dwarfed by comparison with the prospect of lifelong care of an inhibitor patient, in addition to gains in life expectancy and health‐related quality of life.
A European curriculum for nurses working in haemophilia
Authors:   the EAHAD Nurses Committee, Harrington C. , Bedford M. , Andritschke K. , Barrie A. , Elfvinge P. , Grønhaug S. , Mueller‐Kagi E. , Leenders B. , Schrijvers L. H.
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Currently, there is no consensus on education required to develop haemophilia nursing. The aim was to develop a curriculum for haemophilia nurses that could be used as a resource in Europe. This could form a basis for continuous professional development and used in the preparation of specialized educational programmes.

Methods

The EAHAD nurses working group set out to describe the skills and knowledge needed for a nurse to work in this specialty. This was considered at two levels: basic requirements and at a more advanced level. The working group acted as a focus group for this project drawing on existing specialist training, national role definitions, competencies and results of the EAHAD Nurses survey (2012). A template was populated with the knowledge base and the skills required.

Results

Themes were analysed and information generated organized into domains: content of curriculum; learning outcomes, defined in terms of knowledge, skills, behaviour and attitudes; and suggestions for teaching methods. For curriculum content the following domains were identified: Applied biological science; treatment and management of haemophilia and associated disorders; genetic practice; care management of affected carriers and women; the impact of living with bleeding disorders; evidence base and applied research in haemophilia practice; and, the specialist role of the haemophilia nurse. Examples are given for teaching and learning process.

Conclusion

This curriculum is intended for use as a strategic resource to outline education for the haemophilia nurse and contribute to the standardization and benchmarking of haemophilia nursing care and thus to improvement in the quality of patient care.
Production of Si3N4/Glass Composites for LTCC Substrate by Aqueous Tape Casting Process
Authors: Liu Shichao , Ye Feng , Hu Shengqing , Liu Qiang , Yang Haixia , Zhang Biao
Published: August 2015

In this work, Si3N4/glass sheets were prepared by aqueous tape casting, and the preparation process and properties of green and sintered tapes were discussed thoroughly. The effect of Si3N4 content on the rheological behavior of the slurries was investigated, and the results showed that the viscosity of the slurry increased with the solid loading and all the slurries exhibited shear‐thinning behavior within the entire range of shear rate. Green tapes were fabricated successfully by aqueous tape casting which have excellent properties such as uniform pore distribution, low porosity, and high bulk density. The sintered samples exhibited low shrinkage, and low dielectric constant and loss.
Glass‐Ceramics by Photosensitive Processes
Authors: Borrelli Nicholas F.
Published: August 2015

Glass‐ceramics constitute a unique set of materials as they hold the promise of producing interesting crystal‐like properties utilizing glass‐making capability. One property that would make them more interesting and useful would be whether they could be produced by a photosensitive process similar to that in special glasses. One such material already exists, namely Corning's photomachinable Fotoform™. In this study, we will describe two new photosensitive glass‐ceramic materials: (1) Fotoform as a tunable CTE material and (2) a new photosensitively produced nepheline phase glass‐ceramic.
Place of family in recovery models for those with a mental illness
Authors: Reupert Andrea , Maybery Darryl , Cox Merrilee , Scott Stokes Eileen
Published: August 2015

Within the context of mental illness, there is an acknowledgement that the social environment is critical to recovery. Nonetheless, how family roles and interactions are presented in recovery frameworks is unclear. This systematic review sought to: (i) identify how family is defined in recovery models, and (ii) synthesize how family relationships and roles are incorporated into recovery models for those with a mental illness. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted for peer reviewed, English language papers published between 1980 to April 2013, from Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Proquest, CINAHL plus and Web of Knowledge. Studies were included if they presented a recovery framework and include primary data from people with a mental illness where family was incorporated. A narrative thematic analysis was conducted on the eligible 31 studies, using inductive, open coding techniques. Eight studies did not define what was meant by ‘family’ while 10 studies focused exclusively on an individual's relationships with parents; six papers collected parenting demographics. Family roles included being a (adult) child, parent, spouse and being part of a ‘family’. Family interactions involved being passive recipients of family support, caring for elderly parents and children and reciprocal, give and take relationships. Family interactions and roles offer the opportunity to both facilitate and impede recovery.
Hypertension Control and Its Correlates Among Adults Attending a Hypertension Clinic in Tanzania
Authors: Maginga John , Guerrero Mariana , Koh Eileen , Holm Hansen Christian , Shedafa Rehema , Kalokola Fredrick , Smart Luke R. , Peck Robert N.
Published: August 2015

Hypertension control rates are low in sub‐Saharan Africa. Population‐specific determinants of blood pressure (BP) control have not been adequately described. The authors measured BP and conducted interviews to determine factors associated with BP control among adults attending a hypertension clinic in Tanzania. Three hundred adults were enrolled. BP was controlled in 47.7% of patients at the study visit but only 28.3% over three consecutive visits. Demographic and socioeconomic factors were not associated with control. Obesity and higher medication cost were associated with decreased control. Their effect was mediated through adherence. Good knowledge of (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–6.1; P=.047), attitudes towards (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.0–7.1; P=.04), and practices concerning (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.3–13.0; P<.001) hypertension were independently associated with increased control, even after adjusting for mediation through adherence. Good adherence had the strongest association with control (OR, 14.6; 95% CI, 5.8–37.0; P<.001). Strategies to reduce hypertension‐related morbidity and mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa should target these factors. Interventional studies of such strategies are needed.
Little evidence for morphological change in a resilient endemic species following the introduction of a novel predator
Authors: Sharpe D. M. T. , Langerhans R. B. , Low‐Décarie E. , Chapman L. J.
Published: August 2015

Human activities, such as species introductions, are dramatically and rapidly altering natural ecological processes and often result in novel selection regimes. To date, we still have a limited understanding of the extent to which such anthropogenic selection may be driving contemporary phenotypic change in natural populations. Here, we test whether the introduction of the piscivorous Nile perch, Lates niloticus, into East Africa's Lake Victoria and nearby lakes coincided with morphological change in one resilient native prey species, the cyprinid fish Rastrineobola argentea. Drawing on prior ecomorphological research, we predicted that this novel predator would select for increased allocation to the caudal region in R. argentea to enhance burst‐swimming performance and hence escape ability. To test this prediction, we compared body morphology of R. argentea across space (nine Ugandan lakes differing in Nile perch invasion history) and through time (before and after establishment of Nile perch in Lake Victoria). Spatial comparisons of contemporary populations only partially supported our predictions, with R. argentea from some invaded lakes having larger caudal regions and smaller heads compared to R. argentea from uninvaded lakes. There was no clear evidence of predator‐associated change in body shape over time in Lake Victoria. We conclude that R. argentea have not responded to the presence of Nile perch with consistent morphological changes and that other factors are driving observed patterns of body shape variation in R. argentea.
Patients' ‘thingification’, unexplained symptoms and response‐ability in the clinical context: in response to ‘Patients' substantialization of disease, the hybrid symptom and the metaphysical care’, by Alexandra Parvan
Authors: Eriksen Thor Eirik , Kirkengen Anna Luise
Published: August 2015

The types of diseases, or categories of suffering, referred to as medically unexplained symptoms or syndromes (MUS) are the focus for the following commentary. Such cases seem to invite reflection. The very nature of such complex patterns of disease and suffering raises a number of fundamental epistemological and ontological issues. Furthermore, such health challenges can serve as the basis for an exploration of how the suffering person as well as the medical caretaker comes to grip with disease, incapacitation or suffering. We have structured our comments into two parts: first, we will describe medically unexplained health problems as the background for an inquiry into a process wherein patients reify their suffering in order to meet their doctors on equal terms, which carries a potential for alienation. Second, we will reflect on Alexandra Parvan's text as regards patients' ‘substantialization’ of their disease, the resulting ‘hybrid symptom’ and a proposed model for care and healing.
Drying Kinetics, Microstructure and Antioxidant Properties of Basil Treated by Ultrasound
Authors: Sledz Magdalena , Wiktor Artur , Nowacka Malgorzata , Witrowa‐Rajchert Dorota
Published: August 2015

The current study is one of the first provided data on both the quality changes and the drying kinetics of herbal material affected by ultrasound (US). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of US prior to microwave–convective drying on the drying kinetics, water diffusivity, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and microstructure of basil leaves. The US pretreatment was applied at different frequencies (21, 35 kHz) for variable time (20, 30 min). Application of US significantly reduced the drying time up to 20% and decreased the total specific energy consumption maximally by 26.2% in the case of 35 kHz 20 min US‐treated basil. Sonication modified the microstructure of basil, which was manifested in larger and elongated cellular spaces. Nonetheless, US did not alter the antioxidant activity and resulted in even significantly higher phenolic content in leaves treated by US at 21 kHz 20 min and at 35 kHz 30 min, compared with untreated sample. Drying coefficients of the model proposed to describe the dehydration kinetics indicated the process intensity due to the significant correlation between the drying rate and effective water diffusivity.

Practical Applications

Basil is a seasoning herb widely cultivated and distributed in a dried form to nearly every part of the world. Nowadays, the dried leaves are produced for consumption purpose and are intended for pharmaceutical industry, especially due to an antioxidative potential of basil. Ultrasound (US) is a nonthermal, emerging technology which intensifies the highly energy‐consuming drying process and reduces its cost. The current study is one of the first that provided data on both the quality changes and the drying kinetics of herbal material, affected by US treatment. This paper revealed the possibility of industrial utilization of US prior to the drying of herbs. Application of the recommended herein US treatment parameters results in a significant reduction of drying expenditures and improvement of the quality of herbs. It should be emphasized that both investment and operating costs of US pretreatment are negligible compared with benefits associated with decrease of drying energy consumption.
Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Inula viscosa Aiton Leaves
Authors: Mahmoudi Hela , Hosni Karim , Zaouali Wafa , Amri Ismail , Zargouni Hanene , Hamida Nesrine Ben , Kaddour Rym , Hamrouni Lamia , Nasri Mouhiba Ben , Ouerghi Zeineb
Published: August 2015

In this study, a detailed phytochemical analysis of the medicinal herb Inula viscosa leaves was performed. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal properties of its methanolic extract were evaluated and compared with the corresponding phenolic profile obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Data obtained underscore the high amount of total lipids (6.14%) in leaves. Chromatographic analysis revealed its high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with the essential ones α‐linolenic and linoleic acids being the main compounds. It also showed good nutritional quality because of its high UFA/saturated fatty acid ratio and the lower values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. The volatile oil analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry showed the abundance of nonterpenic compounds, namely aliphatic alkanes. The total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were higher in I. viscosa leaves (103 mg GAE/g dw and 99 mg CE/g dw for TPC and TFC, respectively). The use of HPLC‐PDA‐ESI‐MS/MS allowed the identification of 17 components with hydroxycinnamic acids, namely mono‐ and dicaffeoylquinic acids being the most prominent components. The presence of these phenolic compound conferred strong free radical scavenging and antifungal properties to the methanol extract. Therefore, I. viscosa leaves could be considered as an excellent source of food functional ingredients with high nutritional value and health benefits.

Practical Applications

The outcome of this study shows that Inula viscosa leaves can be considered as a consolidated source of essential fatty acids, mainly α‐linolenic and linoleic acids. Moreover, they contain appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds with phenolic acids, recognized for their high biological activities, being the most abundant. In addition to its strong antioxidant activity, there is convincing evidence that I. viscosa extracts exhibit antifungal activity. On the light of this evidence, it is anticipated that this species may had greater potential as food additives and preservatives.
Coagulase‐Negative Staphylococci Collected from Bovine Milk: Species and Antimicrobial Gene Diversity
Authors: Osman Kamelia M. , Abd El‐Razik Khaled A. , Marie Hanan S.H. , Arafa Amany
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the genetically mediated antimicrobial resistance in 94 coagulase‐negative staphylococcal (CNS) milk isolates (buffalo, n = 88, and cow, n = 6), and to determine whether antimicrobial resistance profiles differed between bacterial species. Our analysis of 94 CNS isolates from milk confirmed the well‐established multiresistant character of staphylococci in the dairy setting. Resistance against oxacillin, ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin was most frequently observed. Eleven CNS species isolated from buffalo's and cow's milk samples were 100% sensitive to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin. Resistance to oxacillin was attributed to the mecA gene in 44.7% of the oxacillin‐resistant isolates. The mecA gene was detected in Staphylococcus intermedius, epidermidis, hominis, hyicus, caprae, sciuri, lugdunensis and xylosus while totally absent in chromogenes, simulans and lentus. Of the 11 CNS species, S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. xylosus and S. intermedius were the only species that exhibited multiple resistance.

Practical Applications

Studying coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) at the species level can provide valuable information about species‐specific differences that can be vital data to prevent the dissemination of antimicrobial‐resistant genes and resistant pathogens to the community. CNS have long been regarded as pathogenic, but their important role as colonizers of the bovine udder has been recognized and studied in recent years. CNS have become increasingly resistant to multiple antibiotics. In recent years, increasing numbers of reports have shown that the mecA gene is present in CNS strains, including hospital‐acquired infections, community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, animal epidermis, beaches and public transportation systems. Therefore, it is highly important to detect the mecA gene as a marker to investigate antibiotic resistance in milk that may represent a serious health and economic concern.
Inhibitory Potential of Salvia sclarea and Ocimum basilicum against Chemical and Microbial Spoilage in Cheese
Authors: Azizkhani Maryam , Tooryan Fahimeh , Azizkhani Mohammad
Published: August 2015

The inhibitory activities of salvia and basil essential oils (EOs) against chemical and microbial spoilage in Iranian white cheese were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration obtained for salvia against Listeria monocytogenes were 0.015 and 0.02%, and for basil were 0.05 and 0.06%, respectively. The activities of EOs against Aspergillus flavus were assayed yielding MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration for salvia of 0.5 and 0.65%, and for basil of 0.6 and 0.8%, respectively. At 1%, salvia inhibited fungal growth in the cheese throughout the storage period and reduced bacterial growth of up to 6 log/colony‐forming unit/g. By comparison, basil showed weaker antimicrobial effects, as well as lower peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values at both 4 and 26C in cheese. As regard to oxidative stability, the activities at different concentrations of EOs were as follows: 1% basil, >0.75% basil, >0.5% basil, >1% salvia, >0.75% salvia and >0.5% salvia.

Practical Applications

White cheese is normally considered to be a stable product with a reasonable shelf life. However, during storage for extended periods at ambient temperature, shelf life may be shortened considerably due to lipid oxidation or microbial spoilage. Chemical preservatives are used in white cheese to inhibit chemical deterioration and growth of microorganisms. Because of the risk of harmful effects of synthetic preservatives on consumer health, both the food industry and the authorities are paying increasing attention to medicinal and aromatic plants as sources of natural preservatives for use in food products.
Fluorescence‐Based Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk using Immobilized Spores
Authors: Singh V.K. , Singh N.A. , Raghu H.V. , Kumar N. , Singh K.P. , Sharma P.K. , Raghav N.
Published: August 2015

Spores of Bacillus megaterium were immobilized on a sensor disk by entrapment method followed by addition of pretreated milk and fluorogenic substrate, i.e., diacetate fluorescein with a response time of about 20 ± 5 min with ≥0.25 μg/L detection limit. Fluorescence was measured semiquantitatively using microbiological plate reader at specific excitation and emission spectra, i.e., 485 and 535 nm, respectively. High fluorescence within 20 ± 5 min is an indication of spore germination with the release of enzyme and its action on fluorogenic substrate. However, decrease in fluorescence indicates that milk is positive for AFM1 at 0.25 ppb. Reliability of fluorescence‐based assay has been checked by spiking AFM1 in milk, which shows that fluorescence is inversely proportional to AFM1 concentration. The developed assay was evaluated with real food matrix such as raw, pasteurized and dried milk (n = 59), and it was compared with radioimmunoassay (Charm assay) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay which showed correlation of 0.94 and 1.0, respectively. Fluorogenic assay based on spore germination principle on sensor disk has the potential for routine monitoring of AFM1 in dairy farm, reception dock and manufacturing unit of dairy industry.

Practical Applications

Fluorescence‐based detection of AFM1 in milk using immobilized spores on a sensor disk have a response time of 20 ± 5 min with a detection limit of ≥0.25 ppb. High fluorescence within 20 ± 5 min specifies germination of spores with the release of marker enzyme and its action on fluorogenic substrate, whereas decrease in fluorescence shows the presence of AFM1 in milk at 0.25 ppb. The assay was validated with radioimmunoassay (Charm assay) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in real food matrix such as raw, pasteurized and dried milk. The assay has the potential for routine monitoring of AFM1 in dairy farm, reception dock and manufacturing unit of dairy industry.
The Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Effects of Citrus aurantium L. Flowers (Bahar Narang) Extract in Traditional Yoghurt Stew during Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Bagher , Amininezhad Razieh , Shirzadinezhad Elham , Farahani Mina , Yousefabad Seyed Hossein Asadi
Published: August 2015

The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Citrus aurantium L. flowers (Bahar narang) extract (BE; 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) were studied in traditional yoghurt stew during storage at 4C for 28 days. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids in BE were 81 ± 1.8 and 46 ± 2.4 mg/g, respectively. In vitro antibacterial activity of BE showed that BE had a strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Application of BE in traditional yoghurt stew decreased the growth rate of all tested pathogens and P. aeruginosa was the most resistant pathogen. The ferric reducing‐antioxidant power and free radical 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl indicated that BE had a good antioxidant activity. Peroxide value, anisidine value, conjugated diene value and protein carbonyls value indicated that BE decreased lipid and protein oxidation products in traditional yoghurt stew during storage. The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of BE were concentration dependent and BE at 2,000 ppm was the most active. Sensory evaluation showed the addition of BE in traditional yoghurt stew was organoleptically acceptable and it can therefore be used as a natural additive in food industries.

Practical Applications

Concerns over the safety of some chemical antioxidant and antimicrobial additives have led to increased interest in more natural alternatives in food products. Gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria show different sensitivities against plant extracts due to differences in their cell wall compositions. Phenolic compounds could reduce the growth rate of native and contaminant bacteria. Bahar narang extract, a plant having a high phenolic content and strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, could be used in food products as a cheap and natural alternative for the maintenance or extension of product's shelf life.
Age‐ and Functional Status–Dependent Association Between Blood Pressure and Cognition: The Milan Geriatrics 75+ Cohort Study
Authors: Ogliari Giulia , Sabayan Behnam , Mari Daniela , Rossi Paolo D. , Lucchi Tiziano A. , de Craen Anton J.M. , Westendorp Rudi G.J.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To evaluate whether the relationship between blood pressure (BP) measures and cognitive function is different according to age and functional status in older outpatients.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Outpatient hospital‐based Milan Geriatrics 75+ Cohort Study.

Participants

Individuals aged 75 and older (N = 1,540).

Measurements

Blood pressure, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), basic activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) were assessed. Associations between BP measures and MMSE score were first analyzed in the total population using linear regression models and were then further examined according to strata of age, ADLs, and IADLs. All analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and presence of comorbidities.

Results

In the total population, higher systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were all associated with higher MMSE score (all P < .05). Each 10‐mmHg higher SBP and DBP was associated with a 0.26‐ and 0.55‐point higher MMSE score, respectively. The associations between MMSE score and SBP, DBP, and MAP differed materially according to strata of age and functioning and were most pronounced in those aged 85 and older, with ADL impairments, and with IADL impairments.

Conclusion

Higher BP is associated with better cognitive function in the oldest old and in those with impaired functional status.
Estimating the Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Nursing Home Residents’ Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Pop‐Vicas Aurora , Rahman Momotazur , Gozalo Pedro L. , Gravenstein Stefan , Mor Vincent
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To estimate the effect of influenza vaccination on hospitalization and mortality in nursing home (NH) residents.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Medicare claims data linked to NH Minimum Data Set assessments and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance data from 122 U.S. cities.

Participants

More than 1 million Medicare fee‐for‐service, long‐stay NH residents between 2000 and 2009.

Measurements

Weekly facility outcome aggregates of NH resident pneumonia and influenza (P&I) hospitalizations and all‐cause mortality and city‐level P&I mortality as reported by the CDC were created. The seasonal vaccine match rate for influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains was calculated, and each outcome was compared in seasons of high and low match rates using facility fixed‐effects regression models separately for full‐year and nonsummer months.

Results

Average weekly all‐cause mortality varied across seasons from 3.74 to 4.13 per 1,000 NH residents per week, and hospitalization for P&I varied from 2.05 to 2.43. Vaccine match rates were invariably high for H1N1 but variable across seasons for the other two types. The association between vaccine match and reduction in overall mortality and P&I hospitalizations was strongest for A/H3N2, the influenza strain typically responsible for the most‐severe influenza cases. Given the approximately 130,000 deaths and 77,000 P&I hospitalizations of long‐stay NH residents during the 32 nonsummer weeks, the model estimated that a 50‐percentage‐point increase in the A/H3N2 match rate (from <25% to >75%) reduced long‐stay NH resident deaths by 2.0% and P&I hospitalizations by 4.2%.

Conclusion

Well‐matched influenza vaccine prevents P&I hospitalizations and mortality in NH residents.
The human brain and face: mechanisms of cranial, neurological and facial development revealed through malformations of holoprosencephaly, cyclopia and aberrations in chromosome 18
Authors: Gondré‐Lewis Marjorie C. , Gboluaje Temitayo , Reid Shaina N. , Lin Stephen , Wang Paul , Green William , Diogo Rui , Fidélia‐Lambert Marie N. , Herman Mary M.
Published: August 2015

The study of inborn genetic errors can lend insight into mechanisms of normal human development and congenital malformations. Here, we present the first detailed comparison of cranial and neuro pathology in two exceedingly rare human individuals with cyclopia and alobar holoprosencephaly (HPE) in the presence and absence of aberrant chromosome 18 (aCh18). The aCh18 fetus contained one normal Ch18 and one with a pseudo‐isodicentric duplication of chromosome 18q and partial deletion of 18p from 18p11.31 where the HPE gene, TGIF, resides, to the p terminus. In addition to synophthalmia, the aCh18 cyclopic malformations included a failure of induction of most of the telencephalon – closely approximating anencephaly, unchecked development of brain stem structures, near absence of the sphenoid bone and a malformed neurocranium and viscerocranium that constitute the median face. Although there was complete erasure of the olfactory and superior nasal structures, rudiments of nasal structures derived from the maxillary bone were evident, but with absent pharyngeal structures. The second non‐aCh18 cyclopic fetus was initially classified as a true Cyclops, as it appeared to have a proboscis and one median eye with a single iris, but further analysis revealed two eye globes as expected for synophthalmic cyclopia. Furthermore, the proboscis was associated with the medial ethmoid ridge, consistent with an incomplete induction of these nasal structures, even as the nasal septum and paranasal sinuses were apparently developed. An important conclusion of this study is that it is the brain that predicts the overall configuration of the face, due to its influence on the development of surrounding skeletal structures. The present data using a combination of macroscopic, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide an unparalleled analysis on the extent of the effects of median defects, and insight into normal development and patterning of the brain, face and their skeletal support.
Endocasts and brain evolution in Anthracotheriidae (Artiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea)
Authors: Thiery Ghislain , Ducrocq Stéphane
Published: August 2015

Anthracotheres are a fossil family of ‘Suiformes’ from the Old World, North and Central America. They are known from the middle Eocene to the late Pliocene, and are suggested to be the stem group of Hippopotamidae. Yet, their soft anatomy remains poorly known. In this study we describe the virtual endocast of the late Oligocene anthracothere Microbunodon minimum, reconstructed using microtomography, as well as the natural endocast of Merycopotamus medioximus from the late Miocene. These are the first anthracothere endocasts ever described. Particular attention is given to the relative proportions of the brain, the neocortex, the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs. The ‘backward shift’ of the pituitary of M. minimum, and the possible presence of a K lobe in M. medioximus, is discussed. Previous statements that some endocranial characters were subject to convergence among mammals are also corroborated.
The Role of Marketing Resources in Radical Innovation Activity: Antecedents and Payoffs
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Kyriakos , Hughes Mathew , Hughes Paul
Published: August 2015

While radical product innovations represent significant engines of firm growth, questions remain over whether marketing helps or hurts (1) a firm's radical product innovation activity and (2) its rewards from radical product innovation activity. By attaching an attention‐based view of the firm to a market‐based assets view of marketing, this paper examines the role of three marketing resources—market knowledge, reputation, and relational resources—on radical innovation activity. Our conceptual framework posits differentiated effects among marketing resources as antecedents of radical innovation activity and as moderators of its impact on firms' financial performance. Using a survey of a broad set of high‐tech business‐to‐business (B2B) firms to test hypotheses, it is found that firms with strong relational resources enjoy a higher propensity for, and stronger financial rewards from, radical innovation activity. Reputational resources come with a trade‐off as they hurt the incidence of radical innovation but enhance its financial rewards. However, market knowledge resources appear to hurt both radical innovation activity and its financial rewards. Our results point to the multifaceted role of marketing in radical innovation activity, which is unlikely to come with a single benefit or liability as prior work often posits. Rather, our research heightens the alertness of managers to assess their firms' marketing strength as a bundle of stocks of several marketing resources. Managers must understand the distinct benefits and drawbacks of each resource in developing and launching radical innovations. Our research underscores the differentiated value of marketing in radical innovation activity in B2B high‐tech contrary to the entrenched idea of a limited or even stifling role of marketing in this context.
General Erectile Functioning among Young, Heterosexual Men Who Do and Do Not Report Condom-Associated Erection Problems (CAEP)
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A. , Hill Brandon J. , Janssen Erick , Graham Cynthia A. , Crosby Richard A. , Milhausen Robin R. , Yarber William L.
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Condom-associated erection problems (CAEP) are an underestimated factor related to inconsistent or incomplete male condom use. The underlying mechanisms of CAEP are not understood, and whether men who report these difficulties are also likely to experience erectile problems in situations when condoms are not used has not been studied.

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate, in a sample of condom-using young, heterosexual men (aged 18–24 years), whether men who report CAEP are more likely to (i) have erection problems when not using condoms and (ii) meet criteria for erectile dysfunction.

Methods

A total of 479 men recruited online completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and answered questions about erection problems experienced when using and not using condoms during the last 90 days. Demographic, sexual experience, and health status variables were investigated as correlates.

Main Outcome Measures

Self-reported frequency of erection loss during condom application or during penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI) in the past 90 days and IIEF-5 scores.

Results

Of the men, 38.4% were classified in the no CAEP group, 13.8% as having CAEP during condom application, 15.7% as having CAEP during PVI, and 32.2% as having CAEP during both condom application and PVI. Men reporting any form of CAEP were significantly more likely than men reporting no CAEP to also report erection difficulties during sexual activity when not using condoms. Men who reported CAEP during PVI only or during both application and PVI scored significantly lower on the IIEF-5 than men without CAEP.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that men who report CAEP are also more likely to experience more generalized erection difficulties. Clinicians should assess whether men using condoms experience CAEP and where appropriate, refer for psychosexual therapy or provide condom skills education.
Light pulses at night elicit wavelength‐dependent behavioral responses in zebrafish
Authors: del Pozo Cano A. , Sánchez Vázquez F. J.
Published: August 2015

Zebrafish detect and respond to light by means of visual and non‐visual photopigments that have maximal sensitivity at different wavelengths. This paper describes zebrafish behavior when a 1‐h light pulse of different wavelengths (violet, blue, green, orange and red) was applied at midnight, with light pulse and darkness being used as controls. For each light condition, seven fish were individually tracked 1 h before (P1), during (P2) and after (P3) the light pulse. All the light colors (except orange) led to an increase in the accumulated distance swum during P2 with respect to the baseline (P1) activity, but only the white, violet, blue and green pulses led to higher activity during P3. This activation was partially explained by changes in the maximum swimming speed and/or the freezing behavior time. Thus, the violet and green lights increased the maximum swimming speed during P2, whereas red light produced a decrease in the same in P3. The white and blue pulses elicited longer freezing behavior during P2 than the violet pulse, and only the white and blue lights provoked freezing behavior during P3. Similarly, all colors awakened fish during P2, but only the green, blue, violet and white light affected the sleep rebound during P3. Moreover, zebrafish swam downward only during the white and violet light pulses in P2. Summarizing, shorter wavelengths strongly affected zebrafish behavior, especially after exposure (except for the vertical location). The persistence and magnitude of the effects on zebrafish behavior elicited by different light colors could suggest that dissimilar internal signals of phototransduction are activated by different wavelengths.
Foraging behaviour and energy budgets of sea snakes: insights from implanted data loggers
Authors: Cook T. R. , Bonnet X. , Fauvel T. , Shine R. , Brischoux F.
Published: August 2015

Information on the foraging behaviour of sea snakes has the potential to clarify adaptive pathways involved in the evolutionary invasion of marine habitats by terrestrial vertebrates. However, logistical obstacles have precluded studies in this field. To obtain preliminary data of diving behaviour, we surgically implanted temperature‐depth loggers into two sympatric, amphibious, benthic foraging sea krait species fromNewCaledonia. Based on logger recovery from three snakes (1Laticauda laticaudataand 2 L. saintgironsi), we obtained data on a total of 1850 dives carried out over eight foraging trips and 39.6 days at sea. Almost 99% of dives were <30 m deep. Average dive depth was 10.7 ± 7.0 m, but snakes dived as deep as 82.6 m. Maximum dive duration was ≥123.7 min. At sea, snakes dived continuously, with over 90% of surface recovery periods lasting less than 3 min inL. saintgironsi(n = 1). Periods at the surface (between successive dives) were longer at night than by day, plausibly reflecting more intense hunting activity by the snake. Locomotor speed, as measured by the rate of vertical descent or ascent during diving, was low (0.15 m s−1). In combination with other data on these species, we estimate that metabolic expenditure was about 10 times greater while the snakes were at sea than on land; and their overall field metabolic rate (70–145 kJ kg−1 day−1) was an order of magnitude less than has been reported for diving endotherms. Despite low sample sizes, our study shows that implanted data loggers can provide novel insights into sea snake biology. Our data emphasize the behavioural and ecological consequences of ectothermy for secondary marine vertebrates. In particular, they illustrate how ectothermy allows species to thrive on rates of energy intake vastly lower than are required for their endothermic competitors.