bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
54.1: Novel Approach to Stabilize Blue OLEDs and Fabrication of High‐Efficiency Tandem White OLEDs for Large‐Area Display Applications
Authors: Hatwar Tukaram K. , Spindler Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2009

Efficient blue OLEDs with stability similar to white OLEDs were obtained by introducing a non‐emitting buffer layer between the yellow‐ and blue‐emitting layers of the 2‐layer white OLED. This buffer layer is capable of transporting both holes and electrons. The stabilized blue OLED was then combined with another stack emitting in the G‐R region, resulting in a high efficiency tandem white OLED. By appropriate optical tuning, the 2‐stack tandem gives luminance efficiency greater than 23 cd/A at near D65 color temperature, very high operational stability, and almost no differential color change with current density or aging. These white structures can be used to fabricate low‐power full‐color AMOLED displays with excellent lifetime. Modeled performance for a 32″ OLED TV with 450 nits peak luminance with these tandem white OLEDs predicts an average power consumption of 40 W, a lifetime of 160,000 h, and color gamut of 102% NTSCx,y.
54.4: Highly Efficient and Wide Color Gamut White OLED Architecture for Display Application
Authors: Lee Sunghu , Kim Mu‐Gyeom , Song Jung‐Bae , Kim Sang‐Yeol , Tamura Shinichiro , Kang Sung‐Kee , Kim Jong Min , Choi Junho , Ha Jaekook , Lee Sungsoo , Chu Changwoong , Cho Sung‐Woo , Cho Jae‐Young , Suh Min‐Chul
Published: January 2009

Highly efficient WOLEDs, with the efficiencies of 19 cd/A, 16 cd/A, and 33 cd/A and CIE color coordinates of (0.25, 0.35), (0.30, 0.32), and (0.30, 0.32) respectively, have been developed. The broad white emitting TE‐WOLEDs for high resolution display have been realized by controlling the microcavity between the cathode and anode. 96 % of NTSCx,y ratio was achieved from the TE‐WOLED with the optical path control layer (OPCL) and new green color filter (CF).
55.1: 12.1‐inch a‐Si:H TFT LCD with Embedded Touch Screen Panel
Authors: You Bong Hyun , Lee Byoung Jun , Lee Ki‐Chan , Han Sang Youn , Koh Jae Hyun , Lee Jae Hoon , Takahashi Seiki , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Nam Deog , Kim Sang Soo
Published: January 2009

A touch screen panel (TSP) embedded 12.1‐inch LCD employing a standard a‐Si:H TFT‐LCD process has been successfully developed. Compared with conventional touch screen panels, which use additional components to detect touch events, the new TSP exhibits a clearer image and improved touch feeling, as well as enabling the LCD module to provide the sensing data through the driver ICs with an integrated readout function. Our new internal digital switching TSP can be fabricated with low cost because it does not require any additional components compared to a standard a‐S:H TFT LCD.
55.3: Driving Method of Integrated Gate Driver for Large Area LCD‐TV
Authors: Lee Min‐Cheol , Lee Yong‐Soon , Moon Seung‐Hwan , Kim Dong‐Gyu , Kim Kyung‐Seob , Kim Nam Deog , Kim Sang Soo
Published: January 2009

HD and FHD LCD‐TV panels have been implemented using integrated gate drivers. By removing external gate driver ICs, the number of driver ICs has been reduced to only 2 for a 32″ HD panel. A 46″ FHD 120Hz LCD‐TV panel and a 40″ HD 60Hz panel have also been developed using integrated gate drivers.
56.1: High‐Frame‐Rate, High‐Contrast Grating Light Valve Laser Projection Display
Authors: Kikuchi Hiroki , Hashimoto Shigeki , Tajiri Shinichiro , Hayashi Tsuneo , Sugawara Yutaka , Oka Michio , Akiyama Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Akira , Eguchi Naoya
Published: January 2009

We report a high frame rate (240Hz), high contrast (30,000:1), wide color gamut GxL (G‐by‐L) laser projector. Proposed application areas for GxL are also discussed.
56.2: Achromatic Space Variant Retarder for Micro‐Display Based Projection Systems
Authors: Sarayeddine Khaled , Benoit Pascal , Shemo David M.
Published: January 2009

Rear Projection TV (RPTV) offers low cost and high definition images, but suffers from inadequate form factor for the cabinet design. Slim RPTV design with small depth and low chin (distance from stand to image lower edge) are available and offer a second chance for RPTV to compete in the battle of flat screen displays. for slim RPTV with a low‐cost, refractive Fresnel screen, the angle of incidence of the light beam reaches 70° and induces large Fresnel losses. In order to correct this issue and to increase brightness uniformity and light flux, we designed a space variant retarder (SVR) to be located in the imaging arm of the Slim RPTV. This paper describes the concept and the experimental results.
8.3: Design of a Compact Light Engine for FLCOS Microdisplays in a p‐HMPD System
Authors: Zhang Rui , Hua Hong
Published: January 2009

We have designed a compact light engine for a ferroelectric Liquid‐crystal‐on‐Silicon (FLCOS) microdisplay used in a polarized head mounted projection display (p‐HMPD). In the light engine, the polarization of the light is manipulated in order to achieve a compact structure and a mirror based tapered light pipe is designed to improve the light efficiency and image uniformity. The performance of the light engine is analyzed based on the simulation results using LightTools.
57.1: UV Excited Flat Lighting (UFL) System for LCD‐TV Backlight Application
Authors: Huang Hsin‐Tao , Hung Chien‐Hsiang , Huang Yi‐Pai , Tien Chung‐Hao , Tsai C. C. , Shieh Han‐Ping D. , Lin Jeremy , Chen Jerry , Chen Patrick , Chang Win‐Chi
Published: January 2009

Different to the conventional visible‐CCFL backlight, UV excited flat lighting (UFL) applies UV‐CCFL to irradiate 254 nm wavelengths to excite extrinsic phosphor layer to perform uniform and flat lighting for LCD‐TV applications. UFL can yield longer life time due to less phosphor damage. Additionally, high color rendering, minor color deviation, wider FWHM (Full width at half maximum) angle, and better lamp mura relaxation, were demonstrated to achieve a high quality display with slim backlight module.
57.3: Achieving Color Balance of a Large Sized BLU Directly—Lit by LEDs Capped with Customized Optical Lenses
Authors: Chao Paul C.‐P. , Shen C.‐Y. , Chiu C.‐W. , Huang J.‐S. , Wang C.‐L. , Chi Solomon , Lin H.‐W. , Tsai S.‐Y.
Published: January 2009

The objective of this study is to develop a high color balance thin RGB LED backlight unit (BLU) for large‐Sized LCD‐TVs. Genetic Algorithm is employed to search the optimal angular placement of each RGB LED and gain the condition of better color mixing for achieving high color balance of BLU.
8.4: Distinguished Paper: A Full Color Eyewear Display Using Holographic Planar Waveguides
Authors: Mukawa Hiroshi , Akutsu Katsuyuki , Matsumura Ikuo , Nakano Satoshi , Yoshida Takuji , Kuwahara Mieko , Aiki Kazuma , Ogawa Masataka
Published: January 2009

A full color eyewear display with over 85% see‐through transmittance and 2500cd/m2 brightness was developed. Very low color crosstalk, less than 0.008 Δu'v' uniformity and 120% NTSC color gamut were achieved. Waveguides with two in‐ and out‐coupling hologram elements enabled simple configuration with side‐mounted microdisplays.
59.4: Comparing the Effective Resolution of Various RGB Subpixel Layouts
Authors: Klompenhouwer Michiel A. , Langendijk Erno H. A.
Published: January 2009

The ‘effective’ (‘perceived’) resolution of color matrix displays can be improved with alternative subpixel layouts and subpixel rendering algorithms. However, this often leads to resolution figures that are difficult to understand and to compare for individual displays. This paper shows how to improve on this, and presents subjective experiments that compare various layouts.
60.2: Novel Optically Addressable Photochiral Displays Erica Montbach
Authors: Venkataraman Nithya , Khan Asad , Shiyanovskaya Irina , Schneider Tod , Doane J. William , Green Lisa , Li Quan
Published: January 2009

We show for the first time, a novel optically written bistable cholesteric display using a simple electrode structure and reversible photo addressable azo binaphthyl chiral materials. These displays are inherently high resolution, require no drive electronics and can be made flexible.
60.4: Invited Paper: Rollable Displays — A Technology Development Enabling Breakthrough Mobile Devices
Authors: Huitema Edzer , Van Veenendaal Erik , Van Aerle Nick , Touwslager Fred , Hamers John , Van Lieshout Pieter
Published: January 2009

A Rollable Display has been developed that can be rolled to a radius of 7.5mm (0.3inch). The display is of the active‐matrix electrophoretic type, based on organic electronics. The display is integrated into a novel mobile device that is ready for commercial launch. The device merges the mobile phone platform and form factor with the abilities of an e‐reader.
61.1: Invited Paper: High Performance OLEDs for Displays and General Lighting
Authors: Kido Junji
Published: January 2009

Recent progress in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) is discussed. High external quantum efficiency (EQE) of over 25% have been realized by using phosphorescent emitting materials, resulting in the high luminous efficiency of 130 lm/W for green OLED and 50 lm/W for white OLED. OLEDs with stacked structures were developed to improve driving lifetime. In these OLEDs, required drive current can be much reduced and lifetime of over 100,000 hrs were achieved. Luminares using white OLED panels were demonstrated.
61.2: Fluorescent White OLED Devices with Improved Light Extraction
Authors: Tyan Yuan‐Sheng , Rao YuanQiao , Wang Jin‐Shan , Kesel Raymond , Cushman Thomas R. , Begley William J.
Published: January 2009

An all‐fluorescent white OLED device with 14.5% external quantum efficiency and 31.2 lm/W efficacy has been demonstrated. The color coordinate at (0.387, 0.381) falls well within the DOE Energy Star tolerance quadrangle for 4000K CCT. The T50 lifetime is projected to be over 10,000 h at an initial brightness of 1,000 cd/m2. The performance is achieved through the use of improved OLED materials, improved architecture, as well as a light extraction structure that more than doubles the light extraction efficiency.
9.1: A Stable Full‐Color AMOLED Display Using a‐Si:H TFTs and White PHOLED
Authors: Kang Moon Hyo , Nam Yoon Duck , Hong Sung Man , Lee Eun Ho , Kim Jae Min , Hur Ji Ho , Oh Dong Hae , Kim Se Hwan , Jang Jin , Mano Shigeru , Iketsu Yuichi
Published: January 2009

We developed a stable 2.2 inch, full‐color AMOLED display using color filter on a‐Si:H TFT backplane and a highly efficient phosphorescent white OLED. It is found that the lifetime of the a‐Si:H TFT backplane is over 70,000 hrs at the full white brightness of 300 cd/m2.
62.1L: Late‐News Paper: FPC‐free Panel with Capacitive Coupling for Transmission of Signal and Power
Authors: Furuta Futoshi , Kageyama Hiroshi , Takei Ken , Hatano Mutsuko , Matsumoto Katsumi , Maki Masahiro , Miyazawa Toshio
Published: January 2009

We have developed a FPC‐free LTPS‐LCD panel with capacitive coupling and displayed a QQVGA‐eight color static image for the first time, by utilizing our proposed digital coding architecture and LTPS low capacitance diode‐bridge. The maximum data‐rate of 2.4 Mbps × 3ch(RGB) and the power of 2.5 mW on the panel were obtained.
62.3: A Non‐Rectangular Heart‐Shaped SOG‐LCD
Authors: Nonaka Yoshihiro , Yanase Jiro , Yoshida Hitoshi , Takatori Kenichi , Shigemura Koji , Asada Hideki
Published: January 2009

A non‐rectangular SOG‐LCD has been developed by a well‐polished system‐integration technology including an arrangement in space. Driver circuits integrated along with curved sides of a heart‐shaped screen with a hollow and an array of pixels slanting 45 degrees offer narrow bezels of less than 2 mm.
63.1: Red Laser‐array Light Source for Mobile Projection Displays
Authors: Golub Michael A. , Aloni Meir , Rand Jacob , Nizani Zvi , Rachum Uzi , Manor Golan
Published: January 2009

A source of highly collimated coherent red light is developed by packaging several low cost red DVD diode lasers with first slow and then fast axis collimation optics. The source fits a 10 lumen hand held battery operated projector display and operates at temperatures of up to 50°C.
63.2: Distinguished Paper: Efficient and Compact Green Laser Incorporating Adaptive Optics for Wide Operating Temperature Range
Authors: Bhatia Vikram , Gregorski Steven J. , Pikula Dragan , Chaparala Satish C. , Loeber David A. S. , Gollier Jacques , Ozeki Yukihiro , Hata Yoshiaki , Shibatani Kazuhiro , Nagai Fumio , Nakabayashi Yukinobu , Mitsugi Naoki , Nakano Satoshi
Published: January 2009

Green lasers with high efficiency are keystone components for mobile projectors. We demonstrate a miniature device (<0.7 cc volume) that utilizes adaptive optics for operation over a 50 °C temperature range without requiring a thermo‐electric cooler. The use of adaptive optics also helps in reducing the cost of the laser assembly.
63.4: Invited Paper: Development and Application Prospects of InGaN‐based Optoelectronic Devices Prepared in Nonpolar Orientations
Authors: Masui Hisashi , Nakamura Shuji
Published: January 2009

High‐power light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes have been realized on nonpolar planes of bulk‐GaN substrates. Spontaneously polarized light emission is obtained from nonpolar LEDs, which is believed to improve the system energy efficiency when nonpolar LEDs are combined with liquid‐crystal displays. Preliminary experimental results are reported.
63.5L: Late‐News Paper: Planar‐Waveguide Green Laser for Laser TV
Authors: Hirano Yoshihito , Yanagisawa Takayuki , Yamamoto Syuhei , Koyata Yasuharu , Okano Makoto , Hamaguchi Tsuneo , Nakamura Akira , Yagi Tetsuya , Sugiura Hiroaki
Published: January 2009

We have newly developed an ultra‐compact, highly efficient and high‐power green laser for a light source of laser TV. A planar‐waveguide configuration improves performance of solid‐state green laser dramatically. The laser consists of essential minimum three devices (a pump LD, a planar‐waveguide Nd:YVO4 and a planar‐waveguide PPMgLN). Output green peak power of 11.4‐W with the corresponding electrical efficiency of 21% is demonstrated. In addition, temperature insensitive features are also proved. The size of developed laser module is as small as 5cc. We believe this laser is the most suitable green laser light source for laser TV at present.
64.1: High Contrast, Low MPRT OCB LCD with Dynamic Backlight Control Technology
Authors: Araki Shigesumi , Nakao Kenji , Kawaguchi Seiji , Nishimoto Yuuki , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Shiiba Ken , Takimoto Akio , Nonaka Ryosuke , Baba Masahiro , Ito Go
Published: January 2009

We have developed a high performance OCB‐III LCDs with dynamic backlight control technology having a high contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1 and a MPRT of 2.0ms with the 32 inch panel. with OCB‐III driving, which is suitable for dynamic backlight control, we have realized a high contrast ratio without sacrificing its fast response time.
64.2: Spatio‐temporally Consistent Video Processing for Local Backlight Dimming
Authors: Muijs Remco , Langendijk Erno , Vossen Frank
Published: January 2009

Locally addressable backlights allow the contrast of LCDs to be improved while simultaneously reducing power consumption. for optimal performance, the associated video processing algorithms should prevent the backlight structure from appearing in the front‐of‐screen (FOS) image. We present several algorithmic developments that improve the spatio‐temporal consistency of the backlight image and prevent clipping in the panel, thus substantially improving the FOS performance.
9.2: Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) Process for Large Area AMOLED
Authors: Choi Jae Beom , Chang Young‐Jin , Park Cheol‐Ho , Kim Young‐il , Eom JiHye , Na Hyung Don , Chung In‐Do , Jin Seong Hyun , Song Young‐Rok , Choi Beomrak , Kim Hyo Seok , Park Kyongtae , Kim Chi‐Woo , Souk JunHyung , Kim Yangsun , Jung Baehyun , Park KeeChan
Published: January 2009

We have demonstrated that the sequential lateral solidification (SLS) technology can be utilized for the large area AMOLED. An optimized SLS process provides us with polycrystalline Si films with well‐controlled grain size and location. The thin film transistors (TFTs) with SLS‐processed Si films show high performance with desirable uniformity. 14″ WXGA (1280×RGB×768) AMOLEDs were fabricated with SLS‐processed TFT backplanes. We utilized RGB evaporation process with fine metal mask. The novel delta pixel arrangement results in increased aperture ratio and wider FMM process window. The advantage of SLS process will be discussed.
64.4: Smart Algorithms for Local Dimming LED Backlight
Authors: Yeo Dong‐Min , Kwon Yong‐hoon , Kang Eui‐Jeong , Park Se‐Ki , Yang Byungchoon , Kim Gicherl , Jang Taeseok
Published: January 2009

To reduce power consumption and improve image quality including contrast ratio and color gamut, LED backlight units (BLUs) consisting of many small blocks in 2‐dimensional space are implemented. Either white‐gray‐level luminance or color is controlled by the local dimming LED BLU. However, such a BLU can induce various recognizable artifacts. A method is proposed for exact block luminance calculation along with a new algorithm to correct local dimming artifacts. A new concept of color classes has also been developed to achieve extremely wide color gamut and to minimize color related artifacts.
65.3: Next Generation of Frame‐Rate Conversion Algorithm
Authors: Le Quang Dam
Published: January 2009

The recent advances in LCD panel refresh rates have created a need for high quality frame rate conversion (FRC). Although the FRC algorithms have been developed and utilized in many applications, these techniques are not mature. In order to achieve the next level of FRC quality, many issues must be addressed. In this paper, we discuss the main issues in most of the existing FRC techniques, and propose some directions and solutions to solve them.
3.3: Invited Paper: AMOLED Technologies for Uniform Image and Sufficient Lifetime of Image Sticking
Authors: Matsueda Yojiro , Shin Dong‐Yong , Chung Ho‐Kyoon
Published: January 2009

Though AMOLED display has been expected as the next generation ideal flat panel display because of its excellent image quality, the AMOLED market has been still limited. This means that AMOLED has not had sufficient competitiveness with LCD yet. There are two critical problems for AMOLED to overcome to compete with LCD. One is Mura problem caused by TFT characteristics deviation in the backplane and the other is short life time of image sticking. In this paper, we will review various approaches to overcome these two critical problems and discuss the practicality of the methods.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gender-Based Violence Committed by Male College Students in Awassa, Ethiopia
Authors: Philpart Marc , Goshu Miruts , Gelaye Bizu , Williams Michelle A. , Berhane Yemane
Published: January 2009

We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the perpetration of gender-based violence among 1,378 male undergraduate students in Awassa, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Nearly a quarter (24.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.1–26.7) of students admitted perpetrating acts of gender-based violence during the current academic year. Approximately 15.8% (95% CI 13.7–17.9) of students reported physically abusing, and 16.9% (95% CI 14.8–19.0) reported committing acts of sexual violence against an intimate partner or nonpartner. Alcohol consumption, khat use (Catha edulis, a natural stimulant), combined use of alcohol and khat, and witnessing parental violence were risk factors for committing gender-based violent acts. These findings suggest an obvious need for effective prevention programs targeted toward changing social norms on the use of violence.
Imagery Rescripting in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Long Mary E. , Quevillon Randal
Published: January 2009

The use of imagery in psychotherapy has received surprisingly little attention from researchers despite its long history in psychology and the significance of imagery in a number of psychological disorders. One procedure warranting increased attention is imagery rescripting, an imagery technique in which an image is modified in some way to decrease distress. Imagery rescripting is relatively new with a small but growing empirical base. This article briefly reviews hypothesized mechanisms for therapeutic change via imagery techniques, emphasizing imagery rescripting, and how they might be relevant in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We review studies employing imagery rescripting as a component of treatment, followed by recommendations for future direction.
European Educational Futures
Authors: Rasmussen Palle
Published: January 2009

Europe has played a major role in the history of education. Many educational ideas and practices have originated in this part of the world, not through a homogeneous ‘European’ evolution, but through innovation, collaboration and conflict involving different persons, social groups, cultures and nations. Some paradigms, like those of classical Greece, have repeatedly been revived, criticised and reinterpreted. Educational ideas and practices developed in Europe have contributed to humanistic and democratic elements in modern education; but they have also contributed to repressive practices, both inside and outside Europe.
Adult Education and European Identity
Authors: Negt Oskar
Published: January 2009

Europe is coming together. This is a historic project; for the first time in modern history, will and consciousness are used for bringing political, social and cultural unity to the European continent. In this process lifelong learning and hence adult education are gaining in importance. The European project takes place in an age characterised by radical changes and crises in work, civil society and the human existence as such. In this situation citizens need new key skills to cope. Also, identities need to be strengthened and reshaped and new types of solidarity need to be developed. Learning must not be restricted to the acquisition of technical and vocational skills, but will increasingly become learning to cope with the world and to establish new hierarchies of values which enable individuals to create a democratic Europe. To achieve this goal adult education must cease to be the responsibility of the individual and rather become an institutionalised and shared responsibility.
Academic Entrepreneurship vs. Changing Governance and Institutional Management Structures at European Universities
Authors: Kwiek Marek
Published: January 2009

This article discusses academic entrepreneurship in the context of ongoing changes in university management and governance in European universities. The comparative perspective is provided by the European Union (EU) research project ‘European Universities for Entrepreneurship: Their Role in the Europe of Knowledge’ (EUEREK) comprising seven European countries, and it draws heavily from ideas and research results of Burton Clark, Michael Shattock and Gareth Williams. It views transformations in university governance and management in the context of the recent emphasis by the European Commission (EC) on the vital role of changes in institutional governance and its ‘modernisation agenda for universities’. The article presents a general discussion of the EC's prioritisation of areas of transformation of European universities in which governance structures figure prominently, discusses the role of risk-taking at entrepreneurial institutions and shows the role of risk management. It also discusses the clash of old academic and new managerial values at entrepreneurial universities and the traditional academic idea of collegiality. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the future of public institutions in Europe.
The European Commission Stepping up Both the Efficiency and Equity of Education and Training Systems
Authors: Baye Ariane , Demeuse Marc
Published: January 2009

This article analyses the Communication of the European Commission (EC) devoted to efficiency and equity of European education systems. It shows the Commission's difficulties in integrating the multiple dimensions of education equity and the confusion between pedagogical and economical notions of efficiency. The authors also analyse the means proposed by the Commission to foster equity and efficiency at different education levels. Under the guise of a specific interest in pre-schooling, the arguments concerning compulsory education were rather lightweight and incomplete, and those on higher education worrying. This article raises the concerns and questions that remain after the reading of this Communication.
Mixed Embryonal/Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Prostate: Report of a Case with Molecular Genetic Studies and Literature Review
Authors: Treetipsatit Jitsupa , Kittikowit Wipawee , Zielenska Maria , Chaipipat Mookda , Thorner Paul Scott , Shuangshoti Shanop
Published: January 2009

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is 1 of 2 main subtypes of RMS in the pediatric age group and tends to occur in the extremities. The urogenital tract is another common site for RMS, but this typically involves the embryonal subtype including sarcoma botryoides. We report a 28-year-old male with a prostatic tumor that was excised en bloc and showed a RMS with separate areas of embryonal and solid alveolar morphologies at the light microscopic level. Both areas showed diffuse nuclear expression for myogenin, and both areas expressed the PAX3-FKHR fusion gene, a genetic change associated with alveolar but not embryonal RMS. A review of the literature documented only 5 cases of RMS primary to the prostate showing alveolar or mixed histology. Ours is the 6th case and the 1st with molecular findings. Although the diagnostic category of mixed embryonal/alveolar RMS remains in use, the nature of this type of RMS is incompletely understood. In our case, although the morphology was mixed embryonal/alveolar, at the genetic level this tumor was alveolar in nature.
Kinetic studies on leucite precursors
Authors: Mrázová Martina , Kloužková Alexandra , Kohoutková Martina
Published: January 2009

Kinetic studies were performed on two types of leucite precursors. These precursors were prepared using a hydrothermal method at 150°C; the reaction time was 1.5 hours. In order to obtain precursors having different amounts of seed the molarity of KOH was changed. These intermediate products were subsequently calcinated from 5 minutes to 72 hours at temperatures of 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C and 1050°C. The crystallinities of the powders were calculated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystallization curves for the synthesis of leucite exhibited a typical sigmoidal characteristic. Using different kinetic equations it was found that the Avrami-Eroféev model is the most appropriate to describe the experimental data. Using the Avrami-Eroféev model n reaches an average value of 2.9 which is connected with the three-dimensional growth of nuclei. The calculated activation energy of crystallization of leucite was 385 kJ mol-1 for non-seeded precursors and 246 kJ mol-1 for seeded precursors, respectively.
Scattering of an arbitrarily oriented dipole field by an infinite and a finite length PEMC circular cylinder
Authors: Illahi Ahsan , Naqvi Qaisar
Published: January 2009

Electromagnetic scattering from an infinite and a finite length PEMC circular cylinder, illuminated by an arbitrarily oriented dipole, is investigated theoretically. An electric dipole as a source of excitation is considered first, and then a magnetic dipole as a source of excitation is treated. In contrast to the case of an axially directed dipole, it is shown that no additional terms are needed to incorporate the cross-polarized component of the field for the case of radial and circumferential dipoles. Numerical verifications are presented to verify the validity of derived results and numerical code by comparing results with the published literature.
Vibrational spectra of two BEDT-TTF-based organic conductors: charge order
Authors: Graja Andrzej , Olejniczak Iwona , Barszcz Bolesław , Schlueter John
Published: January 2009

Infrared and Raman investigations of two phases of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) based organic conductors with the same CF3CF2SO3− anion: β′-(BEDT-TTF)2CF3CF2SO3 and δ′-(BEDT-TTF)2CF3CF2SO3, are shortly reviewed and compared with the most typical infrared properties of the family of (BEDT-TTF)2RR′SO3 organic conductors, where R = SF5, CF3, and R′ are CH2, CF2, CHF, CHFCF2, and CH2CF2. The role of the molecular structur and spatial organization of the counterions is discussed.
Activation of the heat shock response in a primary cellular model of motoneuron neurodegeneration-evidence for neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects
Authors: Kalmar Bernadett , Greensmith Linda
Published: January 2009

Pharmacological up-regulation of heat shock proteins (hsps) rescues motoneurons from cell death in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the relationship between increased hsp expression and neuronal survival is not straightforward. Here we examined the effects of two pharmacological agents that induce the heat shock response via activation of HSF-1, on stressed primary motoneurons in culture. Although both arimoclomol and celastrol induced the expression of Hsp70, their effects on primary motoneurons in culture were significantly different. Whereas arimoclomol had survival-promoting effects, rescuing motoneurons from staurosporin and H2O2 induced apoptosis, celastrol not only failed to protect stressed motoneurons from apoptosis under same experimental conditions, but was neurotoxic and induced neuronal death. Immunostaining of celastrol-treated cultures for hsp70 and activated caspase-3 revealed that celastrol treatment activates both the heat shock response and the apoptotic cell death cascade. These results indicate that not all agents that activate the heat shock response will necessarily be neuroprotective.
Repair of the Achilles Tendon Sleeve Avulsion: A Transcalcaneal Suture Technique
Authors: Pavlou George , Roach Richard , Salehi-Bird Seema
Published: January 2009

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Genetic variability and correlation analysis in hybrids of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. for egg characters
Authors: Ahsan Md Kamrul , Rahman SM
Published: January 2009

The genotypic variability and correlation coefficients were studied in thirty five hybrid populations for five egg characters. Variations among genotypes were highly significant (P < 0.001). Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters. Of them unfertilized and dead egg percentage showed highest difference between genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation suggesting most influence of environment on these characters. Majority of the characters showed high heritability except hatching percentage. Furthermore total number of egg laying per female showed high genetic advance together with high heritability, which indicates the importance of additive gene effect of this character. The genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlation for majority of the characters under study except DEP Vs TEL and DEP Vs UEP. These low phenotypic correlations could be due to a modifying effect of environment and the association of characters at genotypic level. Hatching percentage, blue egg percentage and unfertilized egg percentage showed both positive and negative significant correlation to each other. Therefore, proper attention should be given to these characters specially total number of egg laid by female and hatching percentage in selection programme for genetic gain in Bombyx. mori. Key words: Genetic variability, correlation, B. mori. Â  doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1946 Â  Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 13-16
Insecticidal effect of some spices on Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) in black gram seeds
Authors: Mahdi Shah Hussain Ahmad , Rahman Md Khaladur
Published: January 2009

The experiment was conducted to investigate the insecticidal potency of some spices eg. clove (Syzygium aromaticum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), black cardamom (Amomum subulatum), nutmeg (Myristica fragnans), black cumin (Nigella sativa), turmeric (Curcuma longa), red pepper (Capsicum frutescens), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and bay leaf (Cinnamomum tamala), against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on stored black gram (Phaseolus bengalensis L.). Data were recorded on days to 100% mortality; number of adults emerged and weight loss (%) of black gram. All the spices were effective as protectants of black gram seeds. However, clove and black pepper were most effective. Key words: Callosobruchus maculatus, stored black gram, mortality, adult emerge, extent of damage. doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1953 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 47-50
Control of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) by predators on potted plants
Authors: Parvin Mst Mursalin , Haque Mohd Mainul
Published: January 2009

Three predators Scolothrips sexmaculatus Pergande, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias - Henriot and Stethorus punctillum Weise were used to control two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on potted bean plants. Mite population increased exponentially on the untreated plants, but on the predator treated plants, increase of mite population was checked and remained within minimum number. Early release of predator checked the mite population earlier and kept it lower than on late released plants. All the three predators may be used as bio-control agents against two-spotted spider mite. Key words: Control, Tetranychus urticae, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Stethorus punctillum and bio-control agents. Â  doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1954 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 51-54
Seasonal dynamics of plankton in relation to some environmental factors in a Beel ecosystem
Authors: Chowdhury MMR , Mondol MRK , Dewan S
Published: January 2009

Seasonal dynamics of plankton, water temperature, conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, phosphatephosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen of Burulia beel were measured. These values were within the acceptable ranges. In the present study, water temperature, pH, Nitrate-nitrogen, Phosphate-phosphorus were found to range from 13.50 to 30.50Â°C, 6.21 to 7.33, 1.36 to 2.85 mg/l and 0.07 to 0.71 mg/l, respectively. The range of total plankton was from 12.67Ã105 to 80.83Ã105 cells/l with mean value 29.71Â±19.98Ã105 cells/l. A total of 47 genera of plankton was recorded belonging to Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae, Crustacea and Rotifera. Among phytoplanktonic Chlorophyceae was the most dominant group contributing 46% of the total. Cyanophyceae was the least dominant group. From zooplankton, Crustacea was the most dominant group contributing 71% of the total zooplankton. The greatest abundance of phytoplankton was recorded in September to November with an average number 70.67Ã105 cells/l and the minimum in April with an average number 38.33Ã105 cells/l. The abundance of zooplankton showed two peaks, one in the months of August-October and another in the months of April-June. Phytoplankton and zooplankton have a direct relationship with each other. Key words: Burulia beel, phytoplankton, zooplankton Â Â Â  doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1955 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 55-58
Potential of cypermethrin or diazinon and their combined action with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) against Periplaneta americana L
Authors: Rahman ASM Shafiqur , Akter MY
Published: January 2009

No Abstract Key words: Periplaneta americana, diazinon, cypermethrin, LD50, synergist doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1966 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 101-102
Length-weight relationshisp and relative conditions factor for the halfbeak Hemiramphus far ForsskÃ¥l , 1775 from the Karachi coast
Authors: Yousuf Farzana , Khurshid Saira
Published: January 2009

No Abstract Key words: Hemiramphus far, Karachi fish Harbour,Karachi coast,length-weight relationship, condition factor, allometric growth. doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1967 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 103-104
Development of adolescence‐limited, late‐onset, and persistent offenders from age 8 to age 48
Authors: Farrington David P. , Ttofi Maria M. , Coid Jeremy W.
Published: January 2009

This article investigates the life success at ages 32 and 48 of four categories of males: nonoffenders, adolescence‐limited offenders (convicted only at ages 10–20), late‐onset offenders (convicted only at ages 21–50), and persistent offenders (convicted at both ages 10–20 and 21–50). In the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, 411 South London males have been followed up from age 8 to 48 in repeated personal interviews. There was considerable continuity in offending over time. Persistent offenders had the longest criminal careers (averaging 18.4 years), and most of them had convictions for violence. Persistent offenders were leading the most unsuccessful lives at ages 32 and 48, although all categories of males became more successful with age. By age 48, the life success of adolescence‐limited offenders was similar to that of nonoffenders. The most important risk factors at ages 8–18 that predicted which offenders would persist after age 21 were heavy drinking at age 18, hyperactivity at ages 12–14, and low popularity and harsh discipline at ages 8–10. The most important risk factors that predicted which nonoffenders would onset after age 21 were poor housing and low nonverbal IQ at ages 8–10, high neuroticism at age 16, and anti‐establishment attitudes and motoring convictions at age 18. It was suggested that nervousness and neuroticism may have protected children at risk from offending in adolescence and the teenage years. Aggr. Behav. 35:150–163, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors and outcomes of persistent or age‐limited registered criminal behavior: a 30‐year longitudinal study of a Swedish urban population
Authors: Bergman Lars R. , Andershed Anna‐Karin
Published: January 2009

This study uses data from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation, where an entire school‐grade cohort of children in a middle‐size Swedish city (n∼1.300) has been followed from ages 10 to 43 and 48 for women and men, respectively. Our findings indicate that the patterns of offending across the life‐course differ between genders, where males seem to initiate their offending earlier than females. Further, there are very few women on a persistent offending‐trajectory. Focusing on precursors to as well as consequences of offending as indexed in official registers, our results indicate that individuals in the persistent offender group have the most pronounced adjustment problems in school‐ as well as in middle age. Individual characteristics and behaviors (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity, antisocial behavior) vary systematically between individuals with different developmental offending patterns. The combination of an unstable upbringing and own antisocial behavior seems to be especially predictive for criminality. For persistent offenders, the prevalence of alcohol and psychiatric problems at adult age is high for males and extremely high for females (nine out of ten and six out of ten for each of the two problem types for females). Further, the importance for adjustment of the two‐dimensional variation in the number of crimes committed during adolescence and adult age seems to have been surprisingly well captured by the “crude” division into the four offender groups that were used. Aggr. Behav. 35:164–178, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling the solid–liquid equilibrium in pharmaceutical‐solvent mixtures: Systems with complex hydrogen bonding behavior
Authors: Tsivintzelis Ioannis , Economou Ioannis G. , Kontogeorgis Georgios M.
Published: January 2009

A methodology is suggested for modeling the phase equilibria of complex chemical mixtures with an equation of state (EoS) for the case where only limited experimental data exist. The complex hydrogen bonding behavior is explicitly accounted for and the corresponding parameters are adopted from simpler molecules of similar chemical structure and/or are fitted to Hansen's partial solubility parameters. The methodology is applied to modeling the solubility of three pharmaceuticals, namely acetanilide, phenacetin, and paracetamol, using the nonrandom hydrogen bonding (NRHB) EoS. In all cases, accurate correlations were obtained. The prediction ability of the approach was evaluated against predictions from the COSMO‐RS model. A thorough discussion is made for the appropriate modeling of solid solubility considering the effect of the difference of the heat capacities of the solute in liquid and solid state, ΔCp = Cpl − Cps, in the determination of solid chemical potential and, also, of the polymorphism of drugs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Responsive Supramolecular Gels Constructed by Crown Ether Based Molecular Recognition
Authors: Ge Zhishen , Hu Jinming , Huang Feihe , Liu Shiyong
Published: January 2009

Responsive supramolekulare Gele wurden aus vierarmigem Poly(ε‐caprolacton) mit Kronenether‐Endgruppen (PCL–DB24C8) und zweiarmigem Poly(ε‐caprolacton) mit Dibenzylammonium‐Endgruppen (PCL–DBAS) aufgebaut (siehe Schema), wobei sich die Bildung von Pseudorotaxanstrukturen aus Kronenether‐ und Ammoniumeinheiten als nützlich erwies. Diese supramolekularen Gele durchlaufen bei Temperatur‐ und pH‐Änderungen reversible Gel‐Sol‐Übergänge.

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Secondary Alkyl Halides in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Rudolph Alena , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2009

Secondary, but second to none: The use of secondary alkyl halides in transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions (see scheme) has advanced significantly over the last five years. Selected examples of these transformations are examined, including mechanistic and stereochemical aspects.

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Enormous effort has gone into the development of metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with alkyl halides as electrophilic coupling partners. Whereas a wide array of primary alkyl halides can now be used effectively in cross‐coupling reactions, the synthetic potential of secondary alkyl halides is just beginning to be revealed. This Minireview summarizes selected examples of the use of secondary alkyl halides as electrophiles in cross‐coupling reactions. Emphasis is placed on the transition metals employed, the mechanistic pathways involved, and implications in terms of the stereochemical outcome of reactions.
Nanostructured Cobalt Oxide Clusters in Mesoporous Silica as Efficient Oxygen‐Evolving Catalysts
Authors: Jiao Feng , Frei Heinz
Published: January 2009

Light, inexpensive, effective: Nanostructured Co3O4 clusters (see picture) in mesoporous silica are the first example of a nanometer‐sized multielectron catalyst made of a first‐row transition‐metal oxide that evolves oxygen from water efficiently. The nanorod bundle structure of the catalyst results in a very large surface area, an important factor contributing to the high turnover frequency.

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A Designer Axially Chiral Amino Sulfonamide as an Efficient Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of N‐Boc‐Protected Imines
Authors: Kano Taichi , Yamaguchi Yukako , Maruoka Keiji
Published: January 2009

The moderate nucleophilicity of the axially chiral amino sulfonamide (S)‐1 suppresses the problematic side reactions, including aldol reactions, in the asymmetric Mannich reaction of N‐Boc‐protected imines with aldehydes. The corresponding adducts are obtained in good yield and excellent stereoselectivity (see scheme; Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl, Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl).

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Synthesis and metal ions sorption properties of styrene‐based polymers
Authors: Deveci Huseyin , Ahmetli Gulnare , Ersoz Mustafa , Kurbanli Refika
Published: January 2009

Atactic polystyrene (PS) was chemically modified with maleic (MAH), succinic (SAH), and phtalic (PhAH) anhydrides. Styrene was copolymerized with acrylic (AA) and methacrylic acids (MA). Amount of carboxyl groups (%) bound to polymers was determined in the range of 6.9–25.9. Different modified polystyrenes (MPS) and styrene copolymers were used in the experiments to study Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions adsorption probability and their comparison. Sorption capacity of the polymers for the metal ions were investigated in aqueous media containing different amounts of these ions (5–40 mg/L) and at different pH values (2.0–6.0). Adsorption behavior of heavy metal ions could be modeled using both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the adsorption capacity is highest at pH value of 6, whereas it decreases as the pH value decreases at temperature 25°C ± 1°C for 240 min. The results obtained from the adsorption capacity experiments for Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions were 3.47–5.45 and 5.42–6.85 mg/g, respectively. The affinity order of polymers for both metal ions was observed as follows: SMAC > SAAC > MPS with MAH > MPS with SAH > MPS with PhAH. The maximum adsorption capacities of SMAC were 6.85mg/g for Zn(II) and 5.45 mg/g for Cu(II). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Enhanced and selective fluoride sorption on Ce(III) encapsulated chitosan polymeric matrix
Authors: Viswanathan Natrayasamy , Meenakshi S.
Published: January 2009

Chitosan beads (CB) possesses low defluoridation capacity (DC) have been suitably modified by carboxylation followed by chelation with Ce(III) to enhance its DC. The carboxylated chitosan beads (CCB), which has a desirable DC of 1385 mgF−/kg, has been further chemically modified by incorporating Ce3+ ion into CCB (Ce‐CCB) and its DC was found to be 4798 mgF−/kg, whereas raw chitosan beads (CB) possesses 52 mgF−/kg only. The maximum DC of Ce‐CCB was observed at pH 7 and showed selectivity toward fluoride in presence of other coanions. The sorbent was characterized using FTIR and SEM with EDAX analysis. The sorption data was fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms and kinetic models. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, viz., ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° indicate the nature of fluoride sorption. A field trial was carried out with fluoride water collected from a nearby fluoride‐endemic village to test the suitability of Ce‐CCB at field conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
New photosensitive poly(amid‐imide)s containing chalcone moiety and hydantoin derivatives in the main chain: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Isfahani Hossein Nasr , Faghihi Khalil , Mozaffari Zohreh
Published: January 2009

Six new poly(amid‐imide)s containing chalchone and hydantoin moieties in the main chain were synthesized through the polycondensation reaction of 1,3‐bis[4,4′‐bis(trimellityimido)phenyl]‐2‐propenone 6 with six hydantoin derivatives 7a‐f in a medium consisting of triphenyl phosphite, calcium chloride, pyridine, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. The polycondensation reaction produced a series of novel poly(amid‐imide)s 8a‐f in high yields with inherent viscosities between 0.26 and 0.42 dL/g. The resulting polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, viscosity measurements, solubility test, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG), FTIR, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. 1,3‐bis[4,4′‐bis(trimellityimido)phenyl]‐2‐propenone 6 was prepared from a three‐step reaction by using 4‐nitro benzaldehyde 1 and 4‐nitro acetophenone 2 as precursors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009