bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Reduction Laser Sintering: A New Strategy for NO2 Gas Detection Based on In2O3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Shaogang , Tan Chunjian , Zong Qihang , Li Shizhen , Gao Chenshan , Yang Huiru , Huang Qianming , French Paddy , Ye Huaiyu
Published: January 2025

This study introduces a novel strategy for fabricating flexible nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors based on Indium Oxide (In2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) employing selective reduction laser sintering (SRLS) technology. The SRSL technology utilizes ultraviolet (UV) laser selective reduction sintering to precisely and rapidly create oxygen vacancy (OV) defects in In2O3 NPs. These oxygen vacancies (OVs) enhance the active adsorption sites and contribute additional free electrons, significantly improving sensor performance at room temperature. The sensors demonstrate excellent response (S = 460.9 at 10 ppm), rapid response/recovery times (τresp/τreco = 27/570 s), and superior selectivity (response ratio > 400), in addition to robust resistance to light and humidity (under ppm‐level NO2 gas). The sensors also exhibit a low detection limit (200 ppb), a high signal‐to‐noise ratio (94.8 dB), and good long‐term stability (25 days). Moreover, under photo‐assisted conditions, the recovery speed of the sensors is further improved. This technology not only provides an innovative strategy for the development of high‐performance flexible NO2 gas sensors but also broadens the application potential of laser direct writing (LDW) technology in advanced materials and sensor fabrications.
Multiscale Design of Dielectric Composites for Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Hao Bo , Zhang Yi , Si Haoxu , Jiang Zhiyang , Li Cuiping , Zhang Yibo , Zhang Jingwei , Gong Chunhong
Published: January 2025

Aerospace vehicles and electronic devices are often operated in elevated temperature environments, which has led to an increased demand for high‐temperature microwave absorbing materials (MAMs). The microwave absorption properties of MAMs are influenced not only by the intrinsic material characteristics but also by the micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐structural configurations of the composites. This paper reviews recent advancements in high‐temperature MAMs through a multiscale design approach. Due to the temperature sensitivity of permittivity, MAMs tend to exhibit microwave reflection behavior at elevated temperatures. Strategies aimed at regulating conductivity and polarization behavior can enhance impedance matching under these conditions; however, this often results in an unavoidable reduction in loss capability. In contrast to traditional design methodologies, MAMs constructed from subwavelength‐scale functional units can achieve remarkable anti‐reflection effects through discrete unit distribution, thereby significantly optimizing both dielectric loss capacity and impedance matching. Furthermore, the equivalent electromagnetic parameters of metacomposites are intrinsically linked to their physical properties and structural attributes. This relationship offers a novel strategy for enhancing high‐temperature microwave absorption performance. It is anticipated that this review will provide insightful guidance for future explorations into innovative and highly efficient high‐temperature MAMs.
2D Molecular Crystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices: Status and Challenges
Authors: Ma Yiran , Wang Meihui , Zhai Tianyou
Published: January 2025

2D molecular crystals (2D MCs) are an emerging family of 2D materials formed by organic or inorganic molecules held together entirely by weak intermolecular forces. 2D MCs are gaining attention in electronics and optoelectronics due to their structural diversity, scalability, and strong light–matter interactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of 2D MCs and their potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. It begins by highlighting the structural features and properties of key 2D MCs discovered to date, focusing on three strategies to manipulate intermolecular forces for better control over crystal morphology and properties. Then various methods are explored for fabricating large‐area, highly‐oriented 2D MCs, with an emphasis on vapor‐phase and liquid‐phase techniques. Last, their applications are reviewed in electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as channel materials, photosensitive components, and dielectrics. It is concluded by discussing future challenges and opportunities in the field, offering insights into scalable production and industrial applications of 2D MCs.
In‐device Battery Failure Analysis
Authors: Qian Guannan , Zan Guibin , Li Jizhou , Meng Dechao , Sun Tianxiao , Thampy Vivek , Yanyachi Ayrton M. , Huang Xiaojing , Yan Hanfei , Chu Yong S. , Gul Sheraz , Huang Juanjuan , Kelly Shelly D. , Lee Sang‐Jun , Lee Jun‐Sik , Yun Wenbing , Cloetens Peter , Pianetta Piero , Zhao Kejie , Ezekoye Ofodike A. , Liu Yijin
Published: January 2025

Lithium‐ion batteries are indispensable power sources for a wide range of modern electronic devices. However, battery lifespan remains a critical limitation, directly affecting the sustainability and user experience. Conventional battery failure analysis in controlled lab settings may not capture the complex interactions and environmental factors encountered in real‐world, in‐device operating conditions. This study analyzes the failure of commercial wireless earbud batteries as a model system within their intended usage context. Through multiscale and multimodal characterizations, the degradations from the material level to the device level are correlated, elucidating a failure pattern that is closely tied to the specific device configuration and operating conditions. The findings indicate that the ultimate failure mode is determined by the interplay of battery materials, cell structural design, and the in‐device microenvironment, such as temperature gradients and their fluctuations. This holistic, in‐device perspective on environmental influences provides critical insights for battery integration design, enhancing the reliability of modern electronics.
Rolling the Dice with Light Competition: Introducing a True Random Number Generator Powered by Photo‐Induced Polarity Current
Authors: Park Taehyun , Seo Juhyung , Kim Namju , Kim Chaehyun , Kim Yeong Jae , Kim Hyeonghun , Kim Hyun Ho , Oh Seyong , Kim Dong Chan , Son Donghee , Hur Jaehyun , Kim Young‐Joon , Jang Byung Chul , Yoo Hocheon
Published: January 2025

The pursuit of hardware‐based security solutions has highlighted the true random number generator (TRNG). Various physical phenomena, from noise generation to quantum physics complexities, have been explored for random number generation. The arc discharge light‐induced TRNG (ALTRNG) is introduced, featuring wavelength‐dependent photocurrent generation and arc discharge irradiation. A bipolar photo‐responsive photodetector (BPPD) differentiates “1” and “0” states, producing highly random bits validated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 15 tests. The BPPD's response to deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) and blue light enables distinct photocurrent generation under arc discharge illumination. The ALTRNG generates true random signals, yielding bit streams with unpredictability, uniform distribution, and stability. With a readout circuit achieving 2‐kbps, wireless random number transmission is demonstrated, highlighting potential for secure password systems and artificial X‐ray image generation.
Solar‐Driven Conversion of Nitrogen and Water to Solid Fertilizer in an Outdoor 1 m2 Panel Reactor
Authors: Wang Jinhu , Ran Guangliu , Gao Junyu , Li Dong , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Shi Run , Zhang Wenkai , Tang Junwang , Wu Li‐Zhu , Zhao Yunxuan , Zhang Tierui
Published: January 2025

Harnessing solar energy to convert molecular N2 into nitrogen‐rich chemicals (e.g., ammonia) provides a potential pathway for the manufacture of “solar fertilizers”. However, the solar‐to‐ammonia (STA) efficiency of most solar fertilizer systems developed to date is less than 0.1%. Herein, an outstanding STA efficiency of ≈0.3% using a metallic molybdenum trioxide (metallic MoO3‐x) photocatalyst under simulated‐solar irradiation is reported, with localized surface plasmon resonance phenomena in the metallic MoO3‐x photocatalyst enhancing both light utilization and N2 activation. The potential scalability of the photocatalytic technology is demonstrated in a 1 m2 panel reactor system, with a high STA efficiency and good stability demonstrated over 6 days of outdoor testing, yielding a solid (NH4)2SO4 product for easy collection. The as‐designed square‐meter outdoor reaction system facilitates the integration of solar fertilizer technology with existing agricultural infrastructure.
Fast Prototyping and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Dissolvable Millineedle Patches Made by Solvent Casting from CO2 Laser Ablated Elastomer Molds
Authors: Tollemeto Matteo , Thamdrup Lasse Højlund Eklund , Mahalingam Veni , Untracht Gavrielle R. , Padial Tania Patiño , Andersen Peter Eskil , van Hest Jan , Boisen Anja
Published: January 2025

In this study, a highly feasible fabrication approach is explored to make flexible elastomer molds for producing transdermal patches comprising an array of millimeter‐long dissolvable polymer needles. The millineedles (MilN), produced in both polyvinylpyrrolidone and carboxymethyl cellulose, are targeting efficient transdermal drug delivery. Employing a fast, inexpensive, and reproducible CO2 laser ablation process, polydimethylsiloxane molds are successfully created measuring 10 × 10 mm2, with arrays of conical cavities reaching depths of 1288.17 ± 128.93 µm. While this versatile fabrication technique is previously demonstrated for microneedles, it lacked a comprehensive performance evaluation of the produced needles. The study fills this gap by providing significant experimental data on the in vitro and ex vivo performance of the MilN patches. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by systematically casting and testing patches comprising various hydrophilic polymers and compounds. Mechanical testing underscored the resilience of MilN arrays, enduring compression forces up to 36 N for 30 s. Skin penetration efficiency, assessed in Parafilm M and porcine skin, revealed an insertion depth of ≈560 µm for polyvinylpyrrolidone MilN.
Quorum Sensing Coordinates Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism to Optimize Public Goods Production in Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24
Authors: Li Jie , Nie Mengxue , Ma Hongguang , Tao Xuanying , Sun Yanxia , Tu Xinyue , Zhang Pingping , Zhang Li‐Qun , Jia Rong , He Yong‐Xing , Zhang Nannan , Ge Honghua
Published: January 2025

The coordination of public and private goods production is essential for bacterial adaptation to environmental changes. Quorum sensing (QS) regulates this balance by mediating the trade‐off between the communal benefits of “public goods,” such as siderophores and antibiotics, and the individual metabolic needs fulfilled by “private goods,” such as intracellular metabolites utilized for growth and survival. Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24 harbors a LasI/LasR‐type QS system, MupI/MupR, which regulates mupirocin production through signaling molecules. This study explores how QS coordinates carbon and nitrogen metabolism to optimize the production of key secondary metabolites, including 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4‐DAPG), mupirocin, and siderophores, which serve as public goods. Loss of QS disrupts this balance by enhancing the Krebs cycle, denitrification, pyruvate anaplerosis, and ammonium assimilation, lead to halted 2,4‐DAPG and mupirocin synthesis and increased siderophore production. In the absence of QS, elevated siderophore production compensates for iron acquisition, ensuring rapid cellular growth. Under nutrient‐limited or high cell density conditions, MupR regulates carbon and nitrogen fluxes to sustain public goods production. These findings highlight QS as a key environmental sensor that fine‐tunes resource allocation, bacterial fitness, and adaptation to ecological and nutritional conditions, suggesting the potential for QS‐targeted approaches to enhance antibiotic production and agricultural sustainability.
Quercetin‐Driven Akkermansia Muciniphila Alleviates Obesity by Modulating Bile Acid Metabolism via an ILA/m6A/CYP8B1 Signaling
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Liu Youhua , Huang Chaoqun , He Chuan , Yang Tongyudan , Ren Ruiti , Xin Zimeng , Wang Xinxia
Published: January 2025

Global health is increasingly challenged by the growing prevalence of obesity and its associated complications. Quercetin, one of the most important dietary flavonoids, is being explored as an effective therapy for obesity with its mechanism remains understudied. Here in this study, it is demonstrated that quercetin intervention significantly reverses obesity‐related phenotypes through reshaping the overall structure of microbiota, especially boosting colonization of the beneficial gut commensal Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). Enrichment of A. muciniphila leads to generate more indole‐3‐lactic acid (ILA) to upregulate the expression of 12α‐hydroxylase (CYP8B1) via fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO)/ N6‐methyladenosine (m6A)/YTHDF2 manner, thereby facilitating cholesterol converts to cholic acid (CA). CA in turn drastically suppresses lipid accumulation via activating the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in adipose tissue. This work introduces a novel therapeutic target for addressing obesity and expands upon the current limited understanding of the mediator function of m6A modifications in microorganism‐influenced bile acid (BA) metabolism.
Piezoelectric Biomaterial with Advanced Design for Tissue Infection Repair
Authors: Shang Siyuan , Zheng Fuyuan , Tan Wen , Xing Zhengyi , Chen Siyu , Peng Fuli , Lv Xiang , Wang Duan , Zhu Xiangdong , Wu Jiagang , Zhou Zongke , Zhang Xingdong , Yang Xiao
Published: January 2025

Bacterial infection has become the most dangerous factor in tissue repair, which strongly affects the tissue regeneration efficiency and wellness of patients. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the outstanding advantage of producing electrons without external power supply. The ability of electron enrichment and reactive oxygen species generation through noninvasive stimulations enables piezoelectric materials the potential applications of antibacterial. Many studies have proved the feasibility of piezoelectric materials as a functional addition in antibacterial biomaterial. In fact, numerous piezoelectric materials with ingenious designs are reported to be effective in antibacterial processes. This review summarizes the antibacterial mechanisms of piezoelectric, illuminating their potential in combating bacteria. Recent advancement in the design and construction of piezoelectric biomaterial including defect engineering, heterojunction, synergy with metal and the composite scaffold configuration are thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, the applications and therapeutic effects of piezoelectric materials in common tissues with antibacterial requirements are introduced, such as orthopedics, dental, and wound healing. Finally, the development prospects and points deserving further exploration are listed. This review is expected to provide valuable insight into the relationship between antibacterial processes and piezoelectric materials, further inspiring constructive development in this emerging scientific discipline.
Interactions Between Bacterivorous Nematodes and Bacteria Reduce N2O Emissions
Authors: Xu Xu , Wang Xinling , Sun Ting , Liu Shanshan , Dong Menghui , Yue Yang , Min Yi , Jousset Alexandre , Xiao Xian , Liu Shuwei , Geisen Stefan , Krashevska Valentyna , Shen Qirong , Scheu Stefan , Li Rong
Published: January 2025

Trophic interactions in micro‐food webs, such as those between nematodes and their bacterial prey, affect nitrogen cycling in soils, potentially changing nitrous oxide (N2O) production and consumption. However, how nematode‐mediated changes in soil bacterial community composition affect soil N2O emissions is largely unknown. Here, microcosm experiments are performed with the bacterial feeding nematode Protorhabditis to explore the potential of nematodes in regulating microbial communities and thereby soil N2O emissions. Removal of nematodes by defaunation resulted in increased N2O emissions, with the removal of Protorhabditis contributing most to this increase. Further, inoculation with Protorhabditis altered bacterial community composition and increased the relative abundance of Bacillus, and the abundance of the nosZ gene in soil. In vitro experiments indicated that Protorhabditis reinforce the reduction in N2O emissions by Bacillus due to suppressing competitors and producing bacteria growth stimulating substances such as betaine. The results indicate that interactions between nematodes and bacteria modify N2O emissions providing the perspective for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions via manipulating trophic interactions in soil.
Overcoming Challenges in Plant Biomechanics: Methodological Innovations and Technological Integration
Authors: Huang Guanmin , Li Yuankun , Zhang Ying , Wen Weiliang , Zhao Chunjiang , Guo Xinyu
Published: January 2025

Plant biomechanics, an emerging interdisciplinary field, plays an irreplaceable role in revealing the structure‐function relationships in plant life processes. This field integrates classical mechanical theories with modern biological methods, providing novel perspectives for plant phenotype research and offering significant theoretical guidance for crop breeding, cultivation management, and ecological protection. This review comprehensively examines existing research from three dimensions: research perspectives, methodologies, and content. Using maize lodging as a case study, key scientific questions, research methods, and modeling strategies are analyzed across scales from molecular to population levels. Furthermore, this paper identifies the main challenges in plant biomechanics research, particularly in methodology development, theoretical framework refinement, model simulation, and 3D modeling. Finally, innovative directions and application prospects are explored for integrating plant biomechanics with artificial intelligence technology, multi‐scale modeling, genetic improvement, and biomimetics. These research advances will pave new paths for theoretical innovation and practical applications in plant biomechanics.
Fluorinated Functional Units for Li+ Flux Homogenization in Silica Framework‐Based Zwitterionic Single Ion Conductors for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Handayani Puji Lestari , Yun Susung , Kim Gihyeon , Choi U Hyeok
Published: January 2025

Progress in commercializing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for lithium metal batteries (LMBs) has been impeded by challenges, like concentration polarization, non‐uniform Li+ flux, and an unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which contribute to dendrite formation. To address these issues, silica framework (SF)‐based single‐ion conductors are proposed, featuring a unique solvation channel composed of a fluorinated segment, a high‐dipole zwitterion, and a rotation‐motion‐driven ion‐hopping medium. This design promotes low resistance at the cathode/electrode interface, suppresses dendrite growth at the anode/electrolyte interface, and maintains a uniform Li+ flux. This results show that continuous ion channels within a robust framework enhance Li‐ion dissociation and transport, achieving high ionic conductivity (σDC =  8.8  × 10−4 S cm−1), a modulus of 0.9 GPa, a high lithium transference number (≈0.83), and an extended electrochemical stability window (up to 5.2 V) at 25 °C. This design fosters the formation of a hybrid organic/inorganic SEI layer composed of Li2CO3, LiF, and Li2O, enabling ultra‐stable Li plating/stripping for over 4000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the full cells demonstrate excellent rate performance and long‐term cycling stability and capacity retention (81% for Li||LFP and 86% for Li||NCM811 after 400 cycles at 1 C) and high coulombic efficiency, offering a promising strategy to stable LMBs.
A “Flexible” Solvent Molecule Enabling High‐Performance Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Chen Lu , Zhang Qing , Song Chunlei , Jiang Yanxin , Sheng Xitong , Pan Hongji , Yang Liu , Wu Shumin , Zeng Lin , Sun Delong , Wang Chong , Wang Tianshuai , Li Yiju , Zhao Tianshou
Published: January 2025

Electrolyte chemistries are crucial for achieving high cycling performance and high energy density in lithium metal batteries. The localized high‐concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) exhibit good performance in lithium metal batteries. However, understanding how the intermolecular interactions between solvents and diluents in the electrolyte regulate the solvation structure and interfacial layer structure remains limited. Here, we reported a new LHCE in which strong hydrogen bonding between diluents and solvents alters the conformation and polarity of “flexible” solvent molecules, thereby effectively regulating the solvation structure of Li+ ion and promoting the formation of robust electrode interfaces. The endpoint H of the “flexible” chain O‐CH‐CH3 of the 2,5‐dimethyltetrahydrofuran (2,5‐THF) solvent and the F of the benzotrifluoride (BTF) diluent can form strong hydrogen bonds, which expand the maximum bond angle of the 2,5‐THF molecule from 119° to 123°. The expanded bond angle increases the steric hindrance of the 2,5‐THF molecule and decreases its polarity. This leads to an increase in the anion content within the solvation structure, which in turn enhances the performance of both the lithium metal anode and the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) cathode. As a result, the lithium metal anode shows a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of as high as 99.4 %. The assembled Li||SPAN battery based on our developed LHCE exhibits impressive stability with an average CE of 99.8 % over 700 cycles. Moreover, the Li||SPAN pouch cell can be stably cycled with a high energy density of 301.4 Wh kg−1. This molecular‐level understanding of the correlation between molecular interactions and solvation structures provides new insights into the design of advanced LHCEs for high‐performance lithium metal batteries.
A Strategy of Enhancing Polarization to Achieve Excellent Energy Storage Performance in Simple Bi0.5K0.5TiO3‐Based Relaxors
Authors: Cao Weiwei , Sun Tianyi , Luo Huajie , Li Tianyu , Wang Kaina , Li Kai , Wang Xingcheng , Lou Chenjie , Wang Na , Xie Bing , Zhang Ji , Tucker Matthew G , Tang Mingxue , Liu Hui , Chen Jun
Published: January 2025

Dielectric energy storage capacitors are indispensable components in advanced electronic and electrical systems. Excellent performance requires the dielectric materials possessing low residual polarization (Pr), high breakdown strength (Eb), and large maximum polarization (Pm). The first two parameters can be typically achieved through chemical regulation, while the Pmax is closely related to the matrix. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that a strong coupling of A‐O bonds and a large lattice can enhance polarization, thus identifying the prototype Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 as a favorable matrix. Here, ultrahigh energy density of 16.5 J/cm3 and high efficiency of 88.2 % are achieved in 0.76Bi0.5K0.5TiO3‐0.24Ca0.5Sr0.5HfO3 binary system. This system exhibits the highest comprehensive performance among all reported Bi0.5K0.5TiO3‐based ceramics. The large perovskite framework facilitated by the large ionic radius of K+ enhances the local polarity of Bi−O and Ca−O, resulting in a large Pm of 57.4 μC/cm2 under an ultrahigh Eb of 82 kV/mm. The highly disordered local polar clusters at the nanoscale lead to negligible Pr and high η. This work not only provides a unique design concept to enhance the comprehensive energy storage performance from the perspective of local structure, but also offers insight into the origin of high performance.
Fictitious input–output matrices‐based frequency limited model reduction of continuous‐time systems
Authors: Kanchan Kumari , Kumar Deepak , Sonker Bheem
Published: January 2025

The frequency‐limited model order reduction (FLMR) problem considers the model approximation within a desired frequency interval. It is observed that some of the existing FLMR methods tend to provide large approximation errors due to uneven distribution of intermediate eigenvalues. Hence, a new FLMR method based on novel frequency‐limited Gramians is proposed in this article to obtain a lower approximation error. The proposed technique gives a stable reduced‐order model due to the unique configuration of the Gramian matrices, which is obtained using intermediate fictitious input and output matrices. A comparative analysis using four numerical examples is provided, and it is found that the presented method produces better results than the prevailing methods.
m6A‐mRNA Reader YTHDF2 Identified as a Potential Risk Gene in Autism With Disproportionate Megalencephaly
Authors: Nishizaki Sierra S. , Haghani Nicholas K. , La Gabriana N. , Mariano Natasha Ann F. , Uribe‐Salazar José M. , Kaya Gulhan , Regester Melissa , Andrews Derek Sayre , Nordahl Christine Wu , Amaral David G. , Dennis Megan Y.
Published: January 2025

Among autistic individuals, a subphenotype of disproportionate megalencephaly (ASD‐DM) seen at three years of age is associated with co‐occurring intellectual disability and poorer prognoses later in life. However, many of the genes contributing to ASD‐DM have yet to be delineated. In this study, we identified additional ASD‐DM candidate genes with the aim to better define the genetic etiology of this subphenotype of autism. We expanded the previously studied sample size of ASD‐DM individuals ten fold by including probands from the Autism Phenome Project and Simons Simplex Collection, totaling 766 autistic individuals meeting the criteria for megalencephaly or macrocephaly and revealing 154 candidate ASD‐DM genes harboring de novo protein‐impacting variants. Our findings include 14 high confidence autism genes and seven genes previously associated with DM. Five impacted genes have previously been associated with both autism and DM, including CHD8 and PTEN. By performing functional network analysis, we expanded to additional candidate genes, including one previously implicated in ASD‐DM (PIK3CA) as well as 184 additional genes connected with ASD or DM alone. Using zebrafish, we modeled a de novo tandem duplication impacting YTHDF2, encoding an N6‐methyladenosine (m6A)‐mRNA reader, in an ASD‐DM proband. Testing zebrafish CRISPR knockdown led to reduced head/brain size, while overexpressing YTHDF2 resulted in increased head/brain size matching that of the proband. Single‐cell transcriptomes of YTHDF2 gain‐of‐function larvae point to reduced expression of Fragile‐X‐syndrome‐associated FMRP‐target genes globally and in the developing brain, providing insight into the mechanism underlying autistic phenotypes. We additionally discovered a variant impacting a different gene encoding an m6A reader, YTHDC1, in our ASD‐DM cohort. Though we highlight only two cases to date, our study provides support for the m6A‐RNA modification pathway as potentially contributing to this severe form of autism.
Expression of Lymphoid Enhancer‐Binding Factor 1 in Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts Mediates Tumor Growth and Transdifferentiation Toward Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Okazaki Hiroya , Mezawa Yoshihiro , Shi Yang , Sakimoto Mizuki , Wang Zixu , Ishizuka Akane , Yamashita Kazunari , Satoh Asahi , Koyama Yu , Fukumura Yuki , Kajino Kazunori , Takano Atsushi , Yokose Tomoyuki , Yamashita Toshinari , Miyagi Yohei , Daigo Yataro , Katakura Akira , Yasukawa Takehiro , Orimo Akira
Published: January 2025

Background

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a significant role in human breast cancer as a major stromal component. While their role in promoting cancer proliferation and malignancy through interaction with cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment is known, the exact mechanisms behind this interaction are not fully understood.

Results

Our study reveals that lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 (LEF1), a central transcription factor for Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, is expressed in experimentally generated tumor‐promoting CAFs (exp‐CAFs) as well as in CAFs from breast cancer patients, particularly those with a poor prognosis. Notably, LEF1‐expressing CAFs are prevalent in the stroma of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), an aggressive metaplastic breast cancer subtype with a limited understanding of its development. To investigate the functional importance of LEF1 expression in CAFs, we depleted LEF1 in the exp‐CAFs and subcutaneously implanted them along with breast ductal carcinoma MCF10DCIS.com cells into immunodeficient mice. Depleting LEF1 resulted in reduced xenograft tumor growth, accompanied by decreased cancer‐cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the tumors. Additionally, we observed a significant reduction in the expression of SCC markers p40 (ΔNp63) and cytokeratin 5/6 in the xenograft tumors when LEF1 was depleted in the exp‐CAFs. Furthermore, we identified 13 genes, none of which are established downstream genes of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, that exhibit expression patterns similar to LFE1 in our cultured fibroblasts.

Conclusion

In summary, our findings suggest that LEF1 expression contributes to the tumor‐promoting abilities of breast CAFs and that LEF1‐expressing CAFs may drive transdifferentiation toward SCC, possibly through a pathway independent of the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling.
Investigation of Fe(II) Complexes with 1,10‐Phenanthroline and 2,2′;6′,2“‐Terpyridine for Aqueous Flow Battery Applications
Authors: Hannonen Jenna , Tuna Ali , Gonzalez Gabriel , Martínez González Eduardo , Peljo Pekka
Published: January 2025

Iron(II) complexes with 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2′;6′,2“‐terpyridine (terpy) ligands bearing different functional groups (methyl, 4‐pyridyl, chloro, carboxylic acid) were evaluated for aqueous flow battery applications, detecting oxidation processes followed by coupled chemical reactions. Redox potentials of these compounds were sufficiently high for suitable positive electrolytes (0.88–1.29 V vs. SHE). Randles‐Ševčík equation and finite element modelling with COMSOL Multiphysics were utilized in evaluating the diffusion coefficient and the apparent rates of the electron transfer and coupled chemical reactions for the compounds studied by cyclic voltammetry. The systems experience weak adsorption of reactants at glassy carbon, leading to difficulties in determining the latter kinetic parameters. Flow battery tests indicate sufficient flow battery performance with dimethyl functionalized phenanthroline complex [Fe(II)(DMe‐phen)3]2+ with 0.06 % per cycle (2.78 % per day) capacity decay. However, [Fe(II)(DMe‐phen)3]2+, as well as [Fe(II)(phen)3]2+, experience the discharge at two different thermodynamic conditions, suggesting dimer discharge as the source of the lower voltage plateau. The energy efficiency of [Fe(II)(DMe‐phen)3]2+ battery was improved by cycling at higher cut‐off voltage for 10 cycles, after which the lost capacity was recovered with lower cut‐off voltage in one cycle. [Fe(II)(terpy)2]2+ had too many side reactions at lower potentials to be suitable for flow battery applications.
Single‐Atom Metal Species as A Promoter to Enhance Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Li Juan , Cao Liru , Lin Jian , Lin Sen
Published: January 2025

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as a focal point of research in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. This paper reviews the progress in the studies of single atoms as promoters in various catalytic reactions, elucidating their distinctive role in comparison to the dominant active sites. We provide a discussion on the application of single‐atom promoters (SAP) within host‐guest systems in various catalysts, including metal oxide supported catalysts, molybdenum carbide‐based catalysts, bimetallic catalysts, and others. The behavior of SAP is diverse. They often promote the formation of oxygen vacancies for oxide support, leading to local site reconstruction that creates specific reaction route. Moreover, they can also precisely modify the electronic structure of hetero‐metal atomic or nanoparticle sites, then regulating the adsorption of reactants or intermediates and catalytic performance. Finally, the potential for the development of SAP is outlined, proposing novel approach for the design of SACs with enhanced activity and stability.
Substitution and Electron Transfer in Diborane‐Quinone Systems
Authors: Vogler Daniel , Krauß Julian , Kaczun Tobias , Dulatahu Gent , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: January 2025

The dual reactivity of boron compounds as Lewis acids and electron donors has spurred the development of a metallomimetic chemistry of boron compounds as a topical research theme. In this work we elaborate on the reaction of specially‐designed diborane(4) compounds with quinones, as a prime example showing their dual (metallomimetic) chemistry as a Lewis acid and electron donor. The quinone is first coordinated to the diborane and then reduced by intramolecular electron transfer from the B−B bond to a quinone π* orbital. A variety of substitution reactions of the catecholate‐diborane reaction product was carried out, leading to new catecholato‐diborane compounds and thereby shedding light on the likely mechanisms. Notably, the results disclose the importance of a facile coordination‐mode change of the catecholato ligand (end‐on to bridging) for substitution reactions and for the diborane‐quinone reactions. The results contribute to the further advancement in the use of diboranes with dual reactivity for substrate binding and reduction.
Entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship: Mapping global behavior
Authors: Crecente‐Romero Fernando Javier , Sarabia‐Alegría María , Olmo‐García Francisco del , Pradillo‐Fernández Cesar
Published: January 2025

Research on intrapreneurship ‐venturing entrepreneurial initiatives by employees within organizations‐is beginning to receive the prominence it deserves within the academy. In this paper, we analyze this approach following a regional‐global context and comparing the different perceptions of the entrepreneurial process between countries. It also analyses the relationship between the entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA) of a given country and its level of intra‐entrepreneurship (intra‐entrepreneurship (EEA)), as key factors for defining this concept. Our findings provide evidence of how countries such as Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Spain and Australia have used intrapreneurship as a growth strategy in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Real‐Time In Situ Raman Monitoring of Photomechanochemical Reactions
Authors: Cvrtila Ivica , Štrukil Vjekoslav , Alešković Marija , Kulcsár Ivan , Mrla Tomislav , Colacino Evelina , Halasz Ivan
Published: January 2025

In its ongoing development, mechanochemistry is becoming equipped with additional energy inputs such as light. In this work we demonstrate a proof‐of‐principle setup for real‐time in situ Raman monitoring of photomechanochemical reactions. Using photoisomerization of azobenzenes, and photolysis of adamantane diazirine as model reactions, we show that multiple photoisomerization cycles can be performed and monitored in a ball mill, and highlight reaction selectivity that can be achieved by photomechanochemistry.
Clinical Evaluation of Drug–Drug Interactions with Obeldesivir, an Orally Administered Antiviral Agent
Authors: Peng Chi‐Chi , Humeniuk Rita , Raut Anuja , Kwan Anna , Mak Lily , Stacom Caitlin , Xiao Deqing , Chen Shuguang , Davies Santosh , Madera Sharline , Koullias Yiannis , Lichtman Amos , Llewellyn Joe , Amini Elham , Winter Helen , Caro Luzelena
Published: January 2025

Obeldesivir is an oral nucleoside analog prodrug inhibitor of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase and other viral polymerases. Here, two Phase I studies evaluated potential drug–drug interactions between obeldesivir and substrates or inhibitors of cytochrome P450 and drug transporters in healthy participants. When obeldesivir was tested as a precipitant, pharmacokinetic parameter point estimates for midazolam (CYP3A4 inhibition/induction), caffeine (CYP1A2 inhibition), and metformin (organic cation transporter 1 inhibition) exposures were within 80–125% no‐effect bounds representing the interval within which a systemic exposure change does not warrant clinical action based on EMA/FDA guidance. Dabigatran (P‐glycoprotein substrate) and pitavastatin (organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3 substrate) exposures decreased by approximately 25% and 30%, respectively, with obeldesivir coadministration; these were considered not clinically relevant, as these exposure changes are not associated with dose changes or precautions in the US prescribing information for these drugs. When obeldesivir was evaluated as an object, exposures of GS‐441524, the parent nucleoside metabolite of obeldesivir, were within the 80–125% no‐effect bounds for ritonavir (P‐glycoprotein inhibition) and cyclosporin A (breast cancer resistance protein inhibition) coadministration [Correction added on 7 February 2025, after first online publication: The word monophosphate has been removed in this version.]. Famotidine (gastric acid suppression) coadministration decreased GS‐441524 exposure by approximately 26%; this was within the range of exposures observed in previous Phase III studies and was considered not clinically relevant. Obeldesivir was well tolerated, and adverse events were mild to moderate. These findings indicate that obeldesivir has low potential for drug–drug interactions. Obeldesivir remains a promising treatment against a broad spectrum of viruses given its antiviral activity and favorable safety profile.
Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) germplasm contains a cryptic second species (Vicia varia Host)
Authors: Tilhou Neal , Kucek Lisa Kissing , Moore Virginia , Hanson Solveig , Reberg‐Horton Chris , Ryan Matthew R. , Ehlke Nancy Jo , Bartow Amy , Carr Brandon , Douglas Joel , Englert John , Raasch John , Woodard Alyssa J. , Crawford Jamie , Crawford Ryan , Ali Shahjahan , Bhamidimarri Suresh , Mirsky Steven , Monteros Maria J. , Moore Gerry , Gamble Audrey V. , Rajan Nithya , Narayanan Sruthi , Haramoto Erin R. , Basinger Nicholas T. , Sykes Virginia R. , McWhirt Amanda , Reiter Mark S. , Riday Heathcliffe
Published: January 2025

Hairy vetch is a promising legume cover crop (Vicia villosa Roth) for the northern United States. Based on evidence from molecular markers, multi‐site evaluations, and morphological observations, a distinct second species exists within US hairy vetch germplasm, referred to hereafter as smooth vetch (Vicia varia Host). Morphologically, hairy vetch is highly variable, but this study found statistically significant differences between smooth and hairy vetch in visual pubescence scores, plant maturity, and calyx lobe lengths. We used a panel of single sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assign cultivars and breeding materials to the two species and found that many commercial cultivars are smooth vetch. Interestingly, the SSR panel indicated that woollypod vetch (Vicia dasycarpa Ten.) is a subpopulation of hairy vetch. Based on an elastic net model trained with multi‐site trial results from >35 site‐years, smooth vetch is not winter hardy in the northern United States but has superior performance relative to hairy vetch in the south‐central and Pacific Northwest United States. Specifically, smooth vetch has greater performance in environments with mild winters, cool spring temperatures, or low clay soils. Because of these differences in adaptation, differentiating these species will greatly improve agronomic outcomes and accelerate ongoing cover crop breeding progress.
A Hybrid Heuristic‐Aided Algorithm of Serial Cascaded Autoencoder and ALSTM for Channel Estimation in Millimeter‐Wave Massive MIMO Communication System
Authors: Suneetha Nallamothu , Satyanarayana Penke
Published: January 2025

Channel estimation is a general issue for downlink transmission in millimeter‐wave (mmWave) multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) devices. To achieve the merits of mmWave massive MIMO devices, the channel state information (CSI) is very necessary. However, it is hard to attain the downlink CSI in the corresponding device, which results in training overhead. To overcome the particular issue, this paper proposes a new method as a serial cascaded autoencoder with attention‐based long short‐term memory (SCA‐ALSTM), where the attributes are tuned using the iterative of reptile search and dingo optimizer (IRSDO) to derive the multiobjective function with multiple constraints such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), normalized mean square error (NMSE), bit error rate (BER), and spectral efficiency (SE). The proposed SCA‐ALSTM model leverages the power of attention mechanisms to focus on important information within the input data, allowing for more accurate channel estimation. By incorporating the IRSDO hybrid model, the SCA‐ALSTM system can efficiently fine‐tune the parameters to improve channel estimation accuracy while minimizing training overhead caused by evaluating a high amount of channel factors. Finally, the experimentation is accomplished with conventional algorithms and proved that the developed model helps to improve the channel estimation accuracy while reducing training overhead. By leveraging the developed model, channel estimation may be enhanced regarding accuracy and efficiency with reduced computational complexity. Moreover, it can better handle the complexities of non–line‐of‐sight (NLOS) channels, leading to improved estimation accuracy. Thus, the system outperforms the channel estimation to raise the efficiency.
Physiological Responses and Metabolic Characteristics of Proso Millet Under Drought Stress During Germination Period
Authors: Wang Mengyao , Hu Yulu , Mao Jiao , Xu Yuanmeng , Wang Shu , Wang Lun , Qiao Zhijun , Liu Sichen , Cao Xiaoning
Published: January 2025

To clarify the impact of drought stress during germination on proso millet's physiological responses and metabolic features, this study used physiological and targeted‐like metabolomics methods. With Longmi No. 7 (drought‐tolerant, L1) and Longmi No. 15 (drought‐sensitive, L2) as materials, we studied the enzyme activities, osmotic adjustment substances, and differential metabolites of proso millet. Results showed that under drought stress, L1's enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment substance contents were significantly higher than L2's, especially at 48‐h treatment. 1085 known metabolites were identified from 24 samples, under normal germination, L1's main differential metabolites (amino acids, flavonoids, phytohormone, lipids, sugars, etc.) were enriched in amino acid, lipid, sugar, and energy metabolism pathways. L2's (amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, etc.) were in sugar, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism pathways. At 24‐h treatment, the metabolic pathways of L1 were mainly concentrated in carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism, while those of L2 were mainly in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. At 48 h, the metabolic pathways of L1 were mainly in carbohydrate, energy and lipid metabolism, and those of L2 were mainly in carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites and amino acid metabolism. Under stress, L1's main differential metabolites were organic acids, sugars, flavonoids, amino acids, etc.; L2's were phytohormones, organic acids, sugars, flavonoids, amino acids. This study provides a new direction for the development of proso millet sprouts. Meanwhile, it offers new ideas and theoretical bases for the development of functional foods and the regulation of nutritional components of proso millet.
Prebiotic Activity of Acorus gramineus Rhizome Extract and Its Effects on Obesity and Gut Inflammation
Authors: Lee Hye‐Bin , Oh Mi‐Jin , Son Hee‐Kyoung , Park Miri , Choi Sang Yoon , Hur Jinyoung , Park Ho‐Young
Published: January 2025

Acorus gramineus (sweet flag), a medicinal plant, especially its rhizome, shows strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects; however, its efficacy in treating intestinal inflammation and obesity is still unexplored. In this study, we investigated the prebiotic activity of sweet flag rhizome extract (SRE) and its preventive effects against high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity and colonic inflammation. The prebiotic activity was assessed based on the prebiotic activity scores of four probiotic strains. SRE was administered to mice fed an HFD for 8 weeks, and obesity‐ and inflammation‐related biomarkers were analyzed. The results showed that SRE was utilized as effectively as inulin by the probiotic strains, suggesting that SRE has the potential to influence the gut. Additionally, the administration of 100 mg/kg SRE mitigated colonic inflammation by restraining gut permeability, endotoxemia, and colonic shortening, and improved gut barrier function by restoring zonula occludens‐1 protein expression. SRE ameliorated obesity‐related symptoms by suppressing weight gain, glucose intolerance, serum lipid biomarkers, and liver damage. Altogether, this study highlights the protective effects of SRE against obesity and intestinal inflammation and provides data for the further application of SRE as a prebiotic.
Recorded Loneliness and Adverse Outcomes in Older Acute Care Inpatients Receiving Psychiatric Assessment
Authors: Joseph Moyenda , Lockie Kate , Mbazira Agnes , Stewart Robert
Published: January 2025

Objectives

We investigated the prevalence of loneliness recorded during assessment of general hospital inpatients by older adult liaison psychiatry services and its associations with level of subsequent hospitalisation, emergency presentation and mortality.

Methods

Data were drawn from a large south London mental healthcare provider of older adult liaison psychiatry services to four acute general hospitals. The sample comprised all patients receiving assessments from these services from 2007–2017. Recorded loneliness was ascertained from text fields via a bespoke natural language processing algorithm and, via a linkage with national hospitalisation data, was investigated as a risk factor for repeat emergency department (ED) attendance, inpatient days in the subsequent 12 months, and mortality.

Results

In 11,631 patients assessed, loneliness was recorded in 11.2%. After adjustment for a range of demographic and health covariates, recorded loneliness was associated with an increased risk of ED attendance, but with lower mortality and, in survivors, with fewer hospitalisation days over a 12‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Loneliness is recorded in over 10% of inpatients assessed by older adult liaison services and is likely to be present in substantially more. Lack of recording in more severe illness and/or cognitive disorders may explain associations with lower mortality and hospitalisation days. Its association with higher likelihood of repeat ED attendance suggests that loneliness should be considered more routinely in clinical assessments, possibly with formal screening.