bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Optimization of PAA Method Based on Fault- Tree Analysis
Authors: Wang ZHIWU , Qing CHEN , Chen WEN
Published: February 2021

The third generation of nuclear power units with million kilowatt capacities which are highly developed now are required to reach the advanced technical level of the third generation of nuclear power on the basis of meeting relevant reliability requirements of URD (Utility Requirement Document) and EUR (European Utility Requirement). Forced unavailability not only influences economic indicators of nuclear power units like availability, but also seriously threatens safe operation of units. However, at present, it does not take into account the requirements of unavailability in China. In this paper, based on Probabilistic Availability Assessment (PAA) method, an improved method based on Fault-Tree Analysis is proposed to solve the problem that the unit shut down due to the dual or multiple failure of the equipment. And the Chemical and volume control systems RCV is taken as an example to show that the results of the fault tree method are more accurate and reliable, and the Probabilistic Availability Assessment method is optimized. It has a good reference for the design and development of new nuclear power units, system configuration, equipment selection and so on, and also provides the reference for the readers.
Research on Organizational Reliability Capability System of Electromechanical Product Manufacturing Enterprise
Authors: Mu Zong-Yi , Ran Yan , Zhang Gen-Bao , Yang Xin
Published: February 2021

Against the background of Industry 4.0, more and more attention have been paid to reliability of the product. However, in current researches on the reliability assurance of the product, most of the researches focus on the product itself and ignore that the manufacturing enterprise is the executor of the product’s reliability assurance, it is necessary to understand the current situation of enterprises’ organizational reliability capability (ORC). Therefore, this paper establishes the decomposition model of the ORC to understand its composition and the evaluation indicators system is established, then the principal components analysis of indicators are conducted to simplify the indicators system, lays a foundation for the subsequent work such as improvement of the ORC or establishment of the expert system.
Kuznets Curve based Analysis on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Beijing
Authors: Li Ying-chun , Chi Yuan-ying , Ni Xiao-ru , Liu Xiang-dong , Peng Rui
Published: February 2021

It is well known that the economic growth of big cities may cause risk on the environment, thus it is essential to study the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. Particularly, this paper establishes the environmental Kuznets curve measurement models between Beijing’s economic growth and environmental pollution levels using 2000-2017 Beijing time series data. Economic development level is measured by GDP per capita. The level of environmental pollution is measured by the discharge of industrial waste water, the discharge of industrial waste gas, the production of industrial solid waste, and the discharge of industrial sulfur dioxide. The empirical results show that the environmental Kuznets curve of Beijing’s economic growth and industrial wastewater discharge has an inverted N-type characteristic. Second, the economic Kuznets curve of Beijing’s economic growth, whether it is related to the amount of industrial exhaust emissions or the amount of industrial solid waste produced, has an inverted U-shaped curve. In addition, the environmental Kuznets curve of Beijing’s economic growth and industrial sulfur dioxide emissions has linear characteristics. Based on the characteristics of these environmental Kuznets curves, this paper finds that there is a relatively good relationship between Beijing’s economic development level and the environment relationship after a comprehensive analysis. On this basis, this paper puts forward the suggestions of Beijing’s environmental Kuznets curve to Beijing’s good environmental level.
A Multi-objective Optimization for Simultaneous Determination of Spare Part Numbers and Imperfect Preventive Maintenance
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Yang Jianhua , Han Mengying
Published: February 2021

Preventive maintenance (PM) has played an increasingly important role in manufacturing. Many PM strategies have been proposed to determine optimal decisions with the assumption of perfect PM, which is seldom happened in reality. Besides, a great many studies have mainly considered single-objective optimizations instead of multi-objective issues. In this paper, we propose a model simultaneously determining spare part numbers and imperfect PM intervals based on multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT), one of the multi-objective decision making theories. Reliability, cost, and supply risk are seen as three main conflicting attributes. A numerical application is illustrated based on the data gathered from a steel firm. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to show the impact of parameters. The conclusion is shown that the model consists of facts.
A bias-corrected Nelson-Aalen estimator
Authors: Jiang R
Published: February 2021

The starting point to model an incomplete dataset of a non-negative random variable is usually to estimate its reliability function using a non-parametric reliability estimator. Two such estimators are Kaplan-Meier estimator and Nelson-Aalen estimator. Their performances have been compared and some drawbacks (e.g., biasness) have been identified in the literature. However, improvements on them are scarce. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a simple and almost unbiased estimator. This estimator is a weighted average of the Nelson-Aalen reliability estimates at two successive time points. An application of the proposed estimator in model selection is discussed and a real-world dataset is analyzed to illustrate the appropriateness and usefulness of the proposed estimator.
Reliability life analysis of blades of twin-shaft mixer based on wear failure
Authors: Li Nan-Xi , Cheng Hai-Ying , Liu Jiang
Published: February 2021

As an important part of mixing material, the study on the reliability life of the blade of mixer is very necessary. According to the Arcard wear formula, the mathematical model expression of the wear amount and the load on the blades of the twin-shaft mixer in a single cycle is established. The discrete element method is used to obtain the load on the blade in the mixing process. The law of load distribution of mixer blades is obtained by Lilliefers method. Furthermore, Lagrange interpolation method is used to analyze the static simulation results of the mixing blade, and the total wear amount when the blade reaches the critical thickness is obtained. By establishing the functional relationship between wear and blade life, Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the load distribution law to predict the reliability life of the mixer blade. The results show that the reliability of the life of the mixer blade is 85.02%.
ARIMA-Based Aging Prediction Method for Cloud Server System
Authors: Meng Haining , Shi Yuekai , Qu Yilin , Li Junhuai , Liu Jianjun
Published: February 2021

Long-running software system tends to show performance degradation and sudden failures, due to error accumulation or resource exhaustion over time. This phenomenon is usually called software aging. Software aging is an important factor that influences software reliability. This paper presents a prediction method to investigate software aging in an OpenStack cloud system. At first, the performance data in an OpenStack cloud system is monitored and collected. Then, an autoregressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA) approach is used to predict the performance data. Finally, the experimental results and statistical analysis of collected data validate the presence of software aging in the OpenStack cloud system.
A Model of Resource Allocation for Intercepting the Missile of Mass Destruction Considering Detection Contest
Authors: Qu Li , Han Chenjing , Li Yingchun , Ma Ye , Gao Kaiye , Peng Rui
Published: February 2021

With the development of military technology, missiles have played an essential role in modern war. Particularly, missiles have become main carriers of the weapons of mass destruction to strike the objective in a long distance. Thus, it is essential for the defender to intercept the missiles launched by the attacker. However, the intelligence about the attacking missiles obtained by the defender is usually incomplete, which depends on the detection contest where the defender tries to detect the attacking missile and the attacker tries to disturb the detection. This raises a problem about how to balance a certain amount of resources onto the interception missiles and detection contest for the defender in order to minimize the damage caused by attacking missiles. Therefore, considering detection contest, a model of resource allocation for missile interception is proposed in this study. The results show that the defender can obtain the strategy with the lowest damage by adjusting the allocation of resources. This provides an analytical method to calculate the damage caused by missiles of mass destruction under the missile interception considering detection contest.
Information Fusion of Discrete Variables and Continuous Variables Based on D-S Evidential Theory
Authors: Yang H H , Sun H H , Chen H X , Jiang G J , Li C W
Published: February 2021

In reliability analysis of a target, information from various aspects should be analyzed comprehensively. In this process, information fusion plays a key role in integrating and analyzing information from different channels. Aiming at the reliability analysis of discrete variables and continuous variables existing simultaneously, an information fusion method based on Dempster’s rule of combination of D-S evidence theory was proposed to facilitate the reliability analysis by integrating information. Firstly, the continuous variables are discrete by using the continuous variables discretization algorithm based on the probability distribution of the job state with equal expectation scale, and the basic probability distribution of each discrete variable is carried out. Then Dempster’s synthesis rule was used to synthesize the discrete variables. Deng entropy was used as the judgment standard in the synthesis process, so that the entropy of each step of fusion was reduced to ensure the credibility of fusion was increased. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the method are verified by a case.
Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing based on Permutation Entropy Optimized Maximum Correlation Kurtosis Deconvolution
Authors: Liu Ping , Lin Zhonghai , Zhang Min , Gu Yingkui
Published: February 2021

An improved MCKD algorithm was proposed as an adaptive parameter selection approach. In this method, the optimal filter length of the MCKD algorithm was determined by the maximum permutation entropy value and the optimal fault period of the MCKD algorithm was determined by the maximum kurtosis value. The determined optimal filter length and optimal fault period were verified by simulation signals of the bearing as well as fault experimental signals of the inner and outer rings. Results demonstrate that in early fault diagnosis, the improved MCKD algorithm based on permutation entropy can extract faint characteristic information of early fault of rolling bearing effectively. It can highlight fault pulse signals which are covered by noises and get more ideal results than the minimum entropy deconvolution algorithm.
Reliable realization of target source detection technology under laboratory conditions
Authors: Asigen  , Gan Shi Ming , Bao Xiao Yan , Guo Yu
Published: February 2021

Target source detection technology has been widely applied in the fields of military, aviation, and navigation, etc. In order to enable students to master target source detection technology, it is necessary to be applied to the practical education of students. In the paper, one method of planar target source detection based on the time delay estimation and the sensor placed in a line is analyzed. To verify the reliability of the implementation of planar target source detection technology under laboratory conditions, with the aid of INV acceleration sensor, INV signal acquisition instrument and DASP analysis software, the detecting experiment of vibration target source on the plane was carried out by using the target source detection method that has been analyzed. The results of experiment showed that the relative errors of the distance and direction angle between the detected target and each sensor are less than 9%.
Heat reliability analysis of thermoelectric generators (TEG) based on heat transfer process
Authors: Li Xinchun , Cui Lijie , Zhang Liang , Wang Zhongwei
Published: February 2021

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) for output power is generated in different temperature. Its heat reliability is effect on the life length. In this paper a one- dimensional transient heat- transfer model of thermoelectric generator has been proposed and the temperature field of TEG has been given. The reliability model of TEG has been established for analyzing the TEG’s life by considering the TEG structure compositions. The TEG life length has been studied under different heat flux per unit time conditions according to reliability distribution function. The results show the output power of TEG is increased when the temperature of TEG structure is increasing. But, the TEG life length is reduced with increasing temperature. Therefore, the TEG temperature is large effect on the life length of TEG.
Fuzzy FMECA for CNC machine tool spindle system
Authors: Chen Hong-Xia , Gong Yan-Qing , Baosiriguleng  , Qi Wei-Long
Published: February 2021

The spindle systems of the state-of-the-art computer numeric controlled (CNC) machine tools are increasingly important than ever, for that the even distinguished demand of higher efficiency, reliability, and productivity of today’s manufacturing industry lead to the aforementioned system works under higher rotational speed and higher cutting performance. This paper extended the conventional failure modes, effect and criticality analysis by integrating which with fuzzy theory to finitizing a failure analysis of an electric spindle system of a CNC machine tool aims to avoid unwanted failures of the system and achieve safe and reliable operation of the device. Critical components, critical failure modes of the spindle system that call for special attention are ascertained. Root causes of the critical failure modes as well as recommendations e.g. periodical inspection of the bearings as well as robust design for electrical and electronical complements for avoiding their occurrence are obtained.
System reliability analysis of forage crushing machine based on fuzzy FMECA
Authors: Zhai X Y , Zhai Z P , Lan Y Z , Wu Y M , Cheng H Y , Zhang C C
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to address the problems of high failure rate, poor reliability, and incomplete failure data associated with forage crushing machines. First, the failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is combined with the fuzzy theory to transform the influencing factors on failure modes into fuzzy variables. Then, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to determine the weight of each influencing factor, and a comprehensive criticality degree is calculated for each failure mode to determine the key component posing the greatest criticality of disrupting the operation of the equipment. The results of the analysis show that fuzzy FMECA can be used to rank the comprehensive criticality degree of each failure mode. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the criticality ranking of failure modes obtained under actual operating conditions and can therefore be to determine the most critical failure mode and the key component. Fuzzy FMECA also provides valuable reference data for improving the design and system reliability and to effectively reduce the failure rate of forage crushing machines.
A novel ISLE-ESE method for mixed-variable experiment design
Authors: Yang J W , Wu Z P , Wang W J , Li J X , Zhang W H , Sun J B , Zhao H L , Wen Q , Zhen X
Published: February 2021

Discrete-continuous mixed-variable problem is an inevitable problem in engineering design. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for solving mixed-variable problem by combing the Enhanced Stochastic Evolution (ESE) method and the improved Successive Local Enumeration (SLE) method. The continuous part of design variables is generated first. And then the improved SLE method is utilized to generate the discrete part. Finally, an overall optimization is conducted utilizing ESE method taking the continuous part of design variables as input. Results of numerical tests show that the proposed method performs better in both space-filling property and orthogonality. Besides, the computation effort is also saved compared to the ESE method.
Remaining Useful Life Prediction of r-out-of-n: G System
Authors: Zhao Q , Song Z L , Jiang P , Qian F C , Zhang J W
Published: February 2021

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction has been gradually concerned in reliability engineering. In addition, r-out-of-n: G system is one of the most typical systems. Therefore, it is meaningful and significant to predict the RUL of r-out-of-n: G system with high precision. Motivated by this problem, relationship between the reliability and the RUL is discussed in this paper. Further, on the assumption that the components are independently exponentially or Weibull distributed, the closed-forms for RUL of r-out-of-n: G system are derived, respectively. For components following more complex distributions, a simulation method has also been provided. The numerical examples prove that the proposed method is rather accurate and efficient, and it is worth learning in engineering practice.
A Reliability Estimation of a CMTSC Considering Dynamic Clamping Force
Authors: Zhai Z P , Zhang B Y , Gong Y Z , Zhang H J , Cheng H Y , Ren Y Y
Published: February 2021

The reliability of coil type manual three-jaw self-centering chucks (CMTSCs) of machine tools impacts significantly on reliability and safe operations of machine tools. This paper carries out a detailed reliability estimation of a CMTSC, in which the dynamic clamping force of the chuck is considered. Initially, a mathematical model of dynamic clamping force of the CMTSC is established after analyzing forces of key components of the CMTSC. Subsequently, Taking the dynamic clamping force of the jaw as the generalized stress and the minimum clamping force specified by the national standard as the generalized strength a multi-function formula containing n-dimensional random variables is established based on the stress-strength interference model. Then, an improved first-order second-moment method is adopted to solve the formula already mentioned as a basis of that to calculate the reliability of the dynamic clamping force of the chuck. The results of this study indicate that the maximum rotating speed of the CMTSC is 1000 rpm, accordingly, the reliability of the CMTSC meets the requirements of the machining. The results of the paper have merits in reliability analysis, extreme rotational speed determination, and structural optimization of the CMTSC.
Improving the Reliability of Solid Rocket Motor Demoulding Monitoring System through Software Configuration
Authors: Pang Bo , Li Hai-Bin , Shi Zhi-Guo , Wang Jing-Lei
Published: February 2021

Solid rocket motor demoulding is to take out the core mold solidified in the grain by pulling or pushing. At present, the manual demoulding mode with Jack or crown block auxiliary operation is often used in China, which can not effectively control the demoulding force and speed, and the change of friction sensitivity caused by the impact vibration and speed mutation is the main source of the accident. Therefore, this paper developed a remote real-time control system for the demoulding operation of small solid rocket. The operator can realize the remote real-time monitoring of the whole demoulding process in the isolated control room. Accordingly, the remote monitoring system has higher and higher requirements for equipment reliability. In view of this situation, this paper introduces several commonly used redundancy technologies and configuration environment century star, discusses the method of using soft redundancy technology to improve system reliability, and develops a set of specific implementation scheme. The practical application shows that the stability and reliability of the system have been improved obviously, and the operation effect of the system is good. The system can be widely used in data acquisition, data exchange and other occasions requiring continuous operation of the computer.
The Warship Equipment Life Cycle Design Based on the Supportability System Engineering for the People’s Armed Police Coast Guard
Authors: Biao Xing
Published: February 2021

According to the actual requirement and the existing situation of the Warship Equipment Support, the article makes its main research on the People’s Armed Police Coast Guard, and describes the concept and connotation of the warship equipment support design. It proposes the life cycle design based on the supportability system engineering in order to make the later costs lower, which includes the Project stage, the Argument stage, the Design stage, the Usage stage, the Maintenance and Support stage and the Scrapped stage. Finally it summarizes the project and technological approaches which can realize the support target from the project demonstration phase to the using support phase. The warship equipment life cycle design aims at solving the generated problem of the system of systems support capability, and can improve the logistical support system, innovative the support model, enhanced the logistical support capability.
Optimization for a centrifugal pump transporting brine using orthogonal design based on CFD-DEM simulation
Authors: Tang C , Kim YJ
Published: February 2021

To enhance the reliability of a centrifugal pump transporting brine solutions with crystallization, the effect of impeller geometrical configurations on crystal particle behaviors was investigated by an orthogonal design based on CFD-DEM coupled method. In this work, the main impeller geometrical configurations were set as the blade inlet angle α1, blade outlet angle α2, wrap angle φ, and outlet width b2. In the meanwhile, the L9(34) orthogonal design containing 4 factors with 3 levels was applied in this study. Given the crystal particle features, CFD-DEM coupling method was utilized to study inner flow in a pump with crystal particles. Current results indicated that the blade outlet angle α2 could significantly affect the collisions between particles and blades. Moreover, a low-speed region at the blade pressure side in the optimal impeller has been reduced, declining the probability of the crystal particles adhering to the impeller.
Reliability optimization analysis of blades of the mixer based on stress-strength interference model
Authors: Li Nan-Xi , Cheng Hai-Ying , Liu Jiang
Published: February 2021

In order to increase the service life of mixer blades, the reliability of mixer blades is optimized. In this paper, the reliability of the blade of the mixer is calculated by combining the stress-strength interference model and the discrete element method. Furthermore, the orthogonal experimental design and regression analysis are combined to obtain a significantly higher regression equation with fewer experiments. According to the established relationship between the mixer parameters and the reliability of the blades, with reliability as the goal, particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the parameters of the mixer. Finally, a twin-shaft mixer that mixes foamed asphalt mixture is used as an example to verify the feasibility of this optimization method.
Life Prediction Method of On-board Hydrogen Clock under Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Xiong Xiao , Zhao Haitao , Xie Yonghui , Zhao Jianyu
Published: February 2021

As the on-board time reference of the navigation system ranging, the on-board hydrogen clock is the core part of the payload of the satellite navigation system, and its lifetime directly determines the duration of the navigation satellite mission. In order to meet the demand for life prediction of on-board hydrogen clocks, this paper expounds the composing and design of the hydrogen clock and focuses on the factors affecting the lifetime. In general, the factors include: the hydrogen supply period of the hydrogen component in the vacuum module, the period of the vacuum system to maintain a specific vacuum degree, the degradation speed of the bulb coating, the atomic preparation ability including the ionization device of the ionization bulb and the ionization circuit, the performance of the magnetic shielding and other key factors. In addition, the key performance indicators are also considered. The telemetry data and the test data of the key components on the ground are comprehensively utilized to evaluate the lifetime at which the relevant performance parameters reach the threshold. Based on the random failure, degradation, consumption and the key performance indicators of the hydrogen clock, a multi-mechanical and competitive life prediction method is proposed. The case study shows that the new method can be used to get the more dependable results of life prediction.
Integrated modeling method of Cyber physical system based on extended AADL
Authors: Renya He , Lijin Wu , Longli Tang , Xinyu Han , Zhaowei Xu , Guoqiang Gu
Published: February 2021

The concept and connotation of CPS are analyzed firstly in the paper, then the challenges of system modeling brought by heterogeneous feature of the CPS system are pointed out. How to describe the CPS model are studied. We propose a description method of CPS integrated modeling framework based on extended AADL (architecture analysis and design language); and realize the unified description of the computing entity, the physical entity and interactive entity through extending the standard and appendix of AADL.
Effect of phase transition on the mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiMnAlx (x = 0.5, 0.75) high-entropy alloy cladding layer
Authors: Cui Yan , Shen Junqi , Marwana Manladan Sunusi , Geng Keping , Hu Shengsun
Published: February 2021

The FeCoCrNiMnAlx (x = 0.5, 0.75) high-entropy alloy coatings were produced by laser cladding method, and the influence of phase transition was studied. The density and distribution of dislocation, the evolutions of phase and microstructure were investigated by using EBSD, XRD and TEM. Results presented that the higher content of Al element not only refined the grain size of the cladding layer, but also promoted the transition from FCC phase to BCC phase. All the phases in the FeCoCrNiMnAlx (x = 0.5, 0.75) cladding layers developed serious lattice distortions. The anti-plastic deformation ability of the FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75 cladding layer was effectively improved due to the accumulation of a large number of dislocations in the soft FCC phase. The yield strength and tensile strength of the FeCoCrNiMnAl0.75 cladding layers were improved significantly under the joint action of fine-grain strengthening, lattice distortion enhancement, dislocation strengthening and solid-solution strengthening.
Surface profile and topography filtering by Legendre polynomials
Authors: Haitjema Han
Published: February 2021

A surface filtering method based on Legendre polynomials is proposed that can be used to separate form and roughness of surface profiles and areal topographies. The filter has been designed in such a way that it well approaches the properties of a Gaussian filter, especially in the center of the measured region. Theoretical profiles and measurement examples show that there is little difference to the zero- and second order Gaussian regression filters, both in the obtained topography and in the calculated profile- and areal parameters. Compared to the Gaussian regression filters the filtering becomes gradually weaker outside the center of the profile/area, while for the Gaussian Regression filters the filtering is constant over the profile/area, but becomes weaker at the edge region within half of the L-nesting index distance. Especially for cases where the nesting index is equal to or not much smaller than the dimensions of the measured area, such as the default case according to ISO 25178-2:2012, the principal advantage of the polynomial filter is that the form removal is an integral part of the filtering, so it does not interact with the filter and does not need to be carried out separately. Also the reference plane is principally unchanged after application of this filter. Some applications are shown and a fast numerical implementation is given.
Notions of numerical Iitaka dimension do not coincide
Authors: Lesieutre John
Published: February 2021

Let

X
X

be a smooth projective variety. The Iitaka dimension of a divisor

D
D

is an important invariant, but it does not only depend on the numerical class of

D
D

. However, there are several definitions of “numerical Iitaka dimension”, depending only on the numerical class. In this note, we show that there exists a pseuodoeffective

R

\mathbb {R}

-divisor for which these invariants take different values. The key is the construction of an example of a pseudoeffective

R

\mathbb {R}

-divisor

D
+

D_+

for which

h
0

(
X
,

⌊

m

D
+

⌋

+
A
)

h^0(X,\left \lfloor {m D_+}\right \rfloor +A)

is bounded above and below by multiples of

m

3

/

2

m^{3/2}

for any sufficiently ample

A
A

.
DeepDRK: a deep learning framework for drug repurposing through kernel-based multi-omics integration
Authors: Wang Yongcui , Yang Yingxi , Chen Shilong , Wang Jiguang
Published: February 2021

Recent pharmacogenomic studies that generate sequencing data coupled with pharmacological characteristics for patient-derived cancer cell lines led to large amounts of multi-omics data for precision cancer medicine. Among various obstacles hindering clinical translation, lacking effective methods for multimodal and multisource data integration is becoming a bottleneck.

Here we proposed DeepDRK, a machine learning framework for deciphering drug response through kernel-based data integration. To transfer information among different drugs and cancer types, we trained deep neural networks on more than 20 000 pan-cancer cell line-anticancer drug pairs. These pairs were characterized by kernel-based similarity matrices integrating multisource and multi-omics data including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, chemical properties of compounds and known drug-target interactions. Applied to benchmark cancer cell line datasets, our model surpassed previous approaches with higher accuracy and better robustness. Then we applied our model on newly established patient-derived cancer cell lines and achieved satisfactory performance with AUC of 0.84 and AUPRC of 0.77. Moreover, DeepDRK was used to predict clinical response of cancer patients. Notably, the prediction of DeepDRK correlated well with clinical outcome of patients and revealed multiple drug repurposing candidates. In sum, DeepDRK provided a computational method to predict drug response of cancer cells from integrating pharmacogenomic datasets, offering an alternative way to prioritize repurposing drugs in precision cancer treatment.

The DeepDRK is freely available via https://github.com/wangyc82/DeepDRK.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gabapentinoids for chronic lumbar pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Migliorini Filippo , Maffulli Nicola , Eschweiler Jörg , Tingart Markus , Baroncini Alice
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Several pharmacological therapies have been proposed for the management of chronic low back pain (LBP), but no consensus has been reached yet.

Source of data

Recent published literatures identified accessing PubMed, Google scholar, Embase and Scopus.

Areas of agreement

Exploring effective conservative alternatives to the surgical intervention is of especial interest.

Areas of controversy

The efficacy and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gabapentinoids for chronic LBP are debated. Several clinical studies showed controversial results, and the most effective and safe class of drugs has not yet been clarified.

Growing points

The effects of selective and non-selective NSAIDs and gabapentinoids in chronic LBP are probably over-estimated.

Areas timely for developing research

The effect of behavioural changes, including exercise, should be explored, alone or in combination with drugs.
Impact of in-flight use of FFP2 masks on oxygen saturation: an experimental crossover study
Authors: Sammito Stefan , Müller Geraldine P J , Erley Oliver Maria , Werner Andreas
Published: February 2021

This study was able to show in a crossover design that neither at resting conditions nor during a simulated 80 min flight wearing the examined FFP2 face mask leads to changes in the SpO2, the heart rate or the parameters of the capillary blood gas analysis.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Yanger Sheryl
Published: February 2021

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the third leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. SIDS is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than age 1 year that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation, including autopsy, scene investigation, and clinical history. Despite research and advances in understanding of SIDS, it remains a diagnosis of exclusion after ruling out accidental causes such as suffocation/strangulation and cardiac, infectious, metabolic, or traumatic etiologies. Although the exact pathogenesis is unknown, a working model of SIDS includes a combination of exogenous factors, such as overbundling, prone sleep position, and airway obstruction, and intrinsic factors such as immature cardiorespiratory or arousal systems.
Emergency Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Pacheco Garrett S.
Published: February 2021

Respiratory complaints are common conditions for children to present to emergency departments. Typically, patients respond to simple supportive treatment, whether it is airway clearance therapy, oxygen therapy, or bronchodilators. When these patients are critically ill, they often require aggressive oxygenation/ventilation with noninvasive strategies, or even tracheal intubation. The use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation has led to a significant reduction in the necessity for endotracheal intubation in children. The emergency physician should be familiar with the indications and appropriate application of these modalities. Furthermore, when patients require invasive mechanical ventilation, the emergency physician should have an understanding of initial ventilator settings, troubleshooting alarms, and an approach to the decompensating pediatric ventilated patient.
Fever in the Young Infant
Authors: Ishimine Paul
Published: February 2021

Fever is the most common complaint of children who present to the emergency department. Approximately 12% of febrile neonates (aged 0–28 days) and young infants (aged 29—56 days) have serious bacterial infections (bacteremia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bacterial gastroenteritis, and osteomyelitis). The evaluation and management of the febrile neonate and febrile young infant can be confusing. All febrile neonates require diagnostic testing, treatment with antibiotics, and hospital admission. The workup of the febrile young infant is more controversial. These patients should undergo blood and urine testing, but the need for lumbar puncture is controversial, as is the need for empiric antibiotic treatment. The disposition of these patients will depend on the results of these screening tests.
Common Infections in Children
Authors: Behar Solomon
Published: February 2021

Febrile illnesses, respiratory complaints, and viral rashes are extremely common presenting symptoms in the pediatric emergency department. Differentiating these common self-limited conditions (e.g., viral upper respiratory illnesses) from more serious potential illness (e.g., pneumonia) is a skill every emergency physician must have. Often, these diagnoses are clinical and do not require extensive testing. Timely recognition of these self-limited illnesses can spare a young child expensive, painful, and time-consuming workups and can promote judicious use of antibiotics in the febrile child. This chapter reviews common infectious illnesses of the pediatric upper airway, an approach to lymphadenopathy, and common viral infectious conditions associated with rashes.
Pediatric Sepsis
Authors: DesPain Angelica W. , Koutroulis Ioannis
Published: February 2021

Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. This chapter reviews the diagnostic and treatment challenges of pediatric sepsis. It also offers differential diagnoses as well as treatment algorithms including triage screening tools, an escalation plan for difficult intravenous access, and empiric antibiotic treatment. Timely fluid and antibiotic administration are the mainstay of pediatric sepsis treatment. This chapter highlights the distinction between warm and cold shock as it reflects the pathophysiologic differences of pediatric and adult patients, and the appropriate use of vasoactive agents in pediatric shock is discussed. The chapter also discusses complications and mortality associated with pediatric sepsis.
Pediatric Neurovascular Emergencies
Authors: Duncan Ellen , Rose Emily
Published: February 2021

Stroke is a leading cause of childhood mortality. Moreover, stroke survivors are at risk of persistent neurological deficits, seizures, and stroke recurrence. Venous thromboembolism most commonly refers to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, although it can occur anywhere in the vascular system, including the renal and portal circulation systems. Hypertensive emergency is defined as acute severe hypertension with target organ damage or life-threatening features. Pediatric stroke, venous thromboembolism, and hypertensive emergencies occur less frequently in children than in adults. The underlying pathophysiology is significantly different in children. Despite differences between children and adults in risk factors and contributing factors, treatment is often extrapolated from adult management. This chapter reviews common and atypical presentations of these disorders, the approach to diagnostic confirmation, as well as important management principles.
Dermatologic Emergencies
Authors: Kiemele Erica , Rose Emily
Published: February 2021

Rashes are common in the pediatric population. Most are benign and self-limited. However, there are several rashes that require rapid recognition and intervention. This chapter discusses Kawasaki disease, omphalitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, necrotizing fasciitis, meningococcemia, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Kawasaki disease is a self-limited vasculitis, with predisposition to medium-sized arteries, particularly the coronary arteries. Omphalitis is an infection of the umbilical stump that carries significant morbidity and potential mortality for neonates. Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome is an exotoxin-mediated superficial skin blistering disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severe mucocutaneous reactions characterized by extensive epidermal necrosis and detachment. Necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening progressive infection resulting in significant tissue destruction requiring surgical intervention. Neisseria meningiditis is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is one of the most clinically important diseases spread by a tick bite. Key features of presentation as well as atypical presentations are highlighted in this chapter, with emphasis on diagnostic and management pearls.
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Orozco Nicholas M. , Osterman Jessica Lange
Published: February 2021

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common presenting complaint to acute care centers. SSTIs include folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, cellulitis, and abscess. These infections are caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus species. This chapter reviews nonpurulent and purulent SSTIs in pediatric patients; the bacterial etiology of these infections; clinical presentation and complications; antibiotic choice for treatment; and disposition of the patient, including when to obtain laboratory studies and decision to hospitalize. In addition, this chapter describes the diagnostic use of ultrasound for abscesses, pain management for incision and drainage of purulent infections, and follow-up care.
Renal Emergencies in Children
Authors: Kearl Liza , McCollough Maureen
Published: February 2021

Renal emergencies in pediatric patients range from more common conditions such as urinary tract infections to rarer conditions such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. This chapter reviews emergency conditions that are less commonly seen, with potentially significant sequelae, and with possible nonspecific or more subtle presentations. Acute kidney injury can be due to a wide range of causes, including benign gastroenteritis and post-streptococcal or toxin-related causes. Less common but more serious conditions, such as nephrotic syndrome or Henoch–Schönlein purpura, present with nonspecific signs such as edema or rash. Acute glomerulonephritis needs to be considered in a child with a history of streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is typically Shiga toxin-related and should be considered in any ill-appearing child, especially those presenting with bloody stools. Disposition of a child with a renal emergency will depend on the severity of illness, laboratory results, and the ability to follow-up with their primary care provider or specialist.
Drowning
Authors: Zhang Mark , Rose Emily
Published: February 2021

Drowning is a significant cause of preventable death in children worldwide. Approximately half of all drowning events occur in pools. Roughly half of all infant drownings occur in bathtubs and have a significant association with child neglect or even inflicted injury. Risk factors for drowning include children younger than age 5 years (associated with inadequate supervision or inappropriate barriers) and adolescents and young adults aged 15–25 years (associated with risk-taking behaviors). Many children survive drowning events—some without significant sequelae, whereas others survive neurologically devastated. The challenge for emergency providers is to successfully and adequately resuscitate potential survivors while ensuring an optimal neurological outcome.
Mental Health Emergencies
Authors: Santillanes Genevieve , Agraharkar Shilpa
Published: February 2021

Mental health disorders are common in children and adolescents, and emergency visits related to mental health complaints are increasing. This chapter discusses presentation and emergency management of pediatric anxiety, depression, suicidality, psychosis, trauma-related disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and agitation. Differences in presentations of anxiety, depression, psychosis, and trauma-related disorders between adults and children are summarized. Emergency management of patients with agitation is reviewed, with an emphasis on treatment in early stages of agitation. Screening for suicidality is discussed. The chapter includes an approach to behavioral changes in patients with autism spectrum disorder and also practical tips for evaluation of medical complaints in these patients.
Fiberoptic, Video Laryngoscope, and Nasal Airway Procedures
Authors: Ballard Heather , Tsao Michelle , Jagannathan Narasimhan
Published: February 2021

In patients with known or suspected difficult airways, advanced airway procedures such as fiberoptic laryngoscopy (under general anesthesia—with and without supraglottic airways—and sometimes in awake patients) as well as video laryngoscopy are invaluable. All may be particularly advantageous for use with patients who have limited or reduced cervical spine movement. Other advantages and disadvantages are addressed in this chapter. Techniques for nasotracheal intubation are also described.
Flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy is a means of indirectly visualizing airway structures by threading a fiberoptic scope with a camera at the end of the scope into the airway. The goal of fiberoptic laryngoscopy is endotracheal intubation using a Seldinger technique, whereby an endotracheal tube is guided into the trachea over the fiberoptic bronchoscope. Fiberoptic endotracheal intubation may be performed through the mouth or nose, or through a supraglottic airway (SGA). The use of the fiberoptic scope through an SGA is an especially useful technique in infants who suffer from airway obstruction at rest (e.g., infants with Pierre Robin syndrome). Video laryngoscopy employs a laryngoscope with a camera at the end of the blade to enable the user to indirectly visualize airway structures.
Anesthesia for Gastroschisis or Omphalocele Repair
Authors: Aveyard Caitlin
Published: February 2021

Gastroschisis and omphalocele are congenital defects in the abdominal wall. These two conditions have different embryologic origins, but anesthetic management is similar for both. Gastroschisis is a full-thickness abdominal wall defect resulting in extrusion of abdominal viscera into the amniotic space without amniotic membrane coverage. The defect is usually to the right of the umbilicus. Omphalocele is a defect in the abdominal wall in the umbilical area in which the extruded abdominal contents (intestine, liver, spleen, bladder) are covered in a thin sac. Infants with omphalocele often have associated syndromes or chromosomal abnormalities. With either gastroschisis or omphalocele, the extruded abdominal contents must be covered and kept moist before surgical correction.
Sleep Medicine and Psychiatry
Authors: Das Piyush , Narahari Anoop , Chopra Amit
Published: February 2021

Psychiatry and sleep medicine are two peas in a pod perhaps due to shared underlying brain mechanisms. Traditionally, in psychiatric practice, sleep disturbance has been considered to be symptom of the psychiatric disorder. However, growing body of scientific evidence indicates that there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep and psychiatric disturbances. This chapter, as a prelude to the book, highlights landmark developments in the field of sleep medicine and its integration with psychiatry in the last century and opens the window to understanding the crucial relationship between these two specialties.
Clinical Applications of Technical Procedures in Sleep Medicine
Authors: Manis Erika , Shelgikar Anita Valanju
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses diagnostic procedures used in the evaluation and management of sleep disorders commonly encountered in psychiatric patients. Primary sleep disorders including insomnia, breathing-related sleep disorder, sleep-related movement disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders and parasomnias are frequently comorbid with psychiatric disorders. A comprehensive sleep history and physical exam with special attention to respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurologic systems are essential to determine appropriate diagnostic procedure(s) needed to uncover coexisting primary sleep disorder(s) in psychiatric patients. These diagnostic procedures include polysomnography, home sleep apnea testing, multiple sleep latency test, maintenance of wakefulness test, and actigraphy. This chapter focuses on the clinical indications and appropriate patient selection for application of these diagnostic sleep procedures in psychiatric patients.