bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: RELATIVE DIOXYGENATION RATES OF SOME TRANS‐IR(CO)X(PR3)2 COMPLEXES, THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHINE AND HALOGEN CHANGES
Authors: MCAULIFFE C. A. , POLLOCK R.
Published: March 2016

Die Iridiumcarbonylkomplexe (I) reagieren mit Sauerstoff unter Bildung der Verbindungen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOPORPHYRINS PART 1, PREPARATION‐STRUCTURE, HOMOPORPHYRINS PART 2, THERMAL REARRANGEMENTS
Authors: CALLOT H. J. , TSCHAMBER TH.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Porphyrin‐Derivat (I) erhält man beim Behandeln mit Nickelacetylacetonat über (II) und (III) die beiden Homoporphyrine (IV) und (V), deren Strukturen z.B. über IR‐, UV‐, NMR‐ und Massen‐Spektren sichergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE CARANE SYSTEM, A NEW (‐)‐3,4‐IMINO‐TRANS‐CARANE
Authors: KUBIK ALEKSANDRA , PIATKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF , KUCZYNSKI HENRYK
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend von (+)‐Caren‐(3) (I) wird über die Stufen (II) und (III) die Titelverbindung (IV) synthetisiert, die durch Reduktion in das Aminocaran (V) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: TRITERPENES PART 35, FUNCTIONALISATION OF THE LUPANE SKELETON USING BARTON′S REACTION
Authors: VYSTRCIL A. , POUZAR V.
Published: March 2016

Die Photolyse der (2OS)‐Norlupan‐Derivate (I) führt zu den Oximen (II) und den Alkoholen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON VITAMIN D AND ITS ANALOGS PART 1, SYNTHESIS OF 1ALPHA‐HYDROXYCHOLEST‐5‐ENE
Authors: MITRA M. N. , NORMAN A. W. , OKAMURA W. H.
Published: March 2016

Cholesterin (I) kann durch Oxidation mit 2,3‐Dichlor‐5,6‐dicyano‐benzochinon und Behandlung mit Wasserstoffperoxid zu (II) umgesetzt und mit Lithiumalanat zum Diol (IIIa) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE CLEAVAGE OF BENZYL ESTER BY TRIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)RHODIUM CHLORIDE CATALYST
Authors: SUGIYAMA H. , TSUCHIYA S. , SETO S. , SENDA Y. , IMAIZUMI S.
Published: March 2016

Benzylester von Aminosäuren (I) werden durch Behandlung mit Tris‐triphenylphosphinrhodium in Gegenwart von Triäthylsilan zu den freien Aminosäuren in quantitativer Ausbeute gespalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE ERSTE SYNTHESE EINER MODELLVERBINDUNG VOM PAPAVERRUBINALKALOIDTYP
Authors: HOHLBRUGGER REINHARD , KLOETZER WILHELM
Published: March 2016

Mit einer im Prinzip bekannten Reaktionsfolge wird aus (‐)‐Hydrastin (I) über die Stufen (II)‐(IVb) das Rheadan (V) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMIDE PHOTOCHEMISTRY, FORMATION OF OXYPROTOBERBERINES BY THE ELIMINATION OF ORTHO SUBSTITUENTS IN 2‐AROYL‐1‐METHYLENE‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES
Authors: LENZ G. R.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Dihydro‐isochinolin (I) erhält man mit den gemischten Anhydriden (II) die 2‐Acyl‐1‐methylen‐tetrahydroisochinoline (III), die sauer zu den Acyl‐phenäthylaminen (IV) verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CIS‐TRANS‐ISOMERE 2‐AETHYLIDEN‐3‐METHYLSUCCINIMIDE AUS PHYCOERYTHRIN
Authors: KOEST H. P. , RUEDIGER W.
Published: March 2016

Aus obiger Spezies können die.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGHLY STEREOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESES OF PROSTAGLANDINS VIA STEREOSPECIFIC SULFENATE‐SULFOXIDE TRANSFORMATIONS, 13CIS‐15BETA‐PROSTAGLANDINS E(1) TO PROSTAGLANDINS E(1) (PGE(1))
Authors: MILLER JOHN G. , KURZ WALTER , UNTCH KARL G. , STORK GILBERT
Published: March 2016

Bei Behandlung der dl‐Ketolester (I) mit p‐Toluolsulfenylchlorid in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin lagern sich die zunächst gebildeten Sulfenate in die Sulfoxide (II) um, die mit Trimethylphosphit stereoselektiv die dl‐PGEl‐Ester (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON MIXING PART 40, CIRCULATION TIME DISTRIBUTION A MIXED CHARGE
Authors: KUDRNA V. , FORT I. , VLCEK J. , DRAZIL J.
Published: March 2016

Die Frequenzverteilungsfunktion für die Umlaufzeit eines Festkörpertracerteilchen in einer mechanisch gemischten Charge.
ChemInform Abstract: DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL REFINERIES
Authors: ‐ ‐
Published: March 2016

Zwölf Texte bzw. Zusammenfassungen von Vorträgen, gehalten auf dem Symposium der Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Inc., der American Chemical Society, gemeinsam mit der Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry in Atlantic City am 8.10.
Stochastic Resonance in Protein Folding Dynamics
Authors: Davtyan Aram , Platkov Max , Gruebele Martin , Papoian Garegin A.
Published: March 2016

Although protein folding reactions are usually studied under static external conditions, it is likely that proteins fold in a locally fluctuating cellular environment in vivo. To mimic such behavior in in vitro experiments, the local temperature of the solvent can be modulated either harmonically or using correlated noise. In this study, coarse‐grained molecular simulations are used to investigate these possibilities, and it is found that both periodic and correlated random fluctuations of the environment can indeed accelerate folding kinetics if the characteristic frequencies of the applied fluctuations are commensurate with the internal timescale of the folding reaction; this is consistent with the phenomenon of stochastic resonance observed in many other condensed‐matter processes. To test this theoretical prediction, the folding dynamics of phosphoglycerate kinase under harmonic temperature fluctuations are experimentally probed using Förster resonance energy transfer fluorescence measurements. To analyze these experiments, a combination of theoretical approaches is developed, including stochastic simulations of folding kinetics and an analytical mean‐field kinetic theory. The experimental observations are consistent with the theoretical predictions of stochastic resonance in phosphoglycerate kinase folding. When combined with an alternative experiment on the protein VlsE using a power spectrum analysis, elaborated in Dave et al., ChemPhysChem 2016, 10.1002/cphc.201501041, the overall data overwhelmingly point to the experimental confirmation of stochastic resonance in protein folding dynamics.
Insight into the Mechanism of the Michael Reaction
Authors: Giraldo Carolina , Gómez Sara , Weinhold Frank , Restrepo Albeiro
Published: March 2016

The mechanism for the nucleophilic addition step of the Michael reaction between methanethiol as a model Michael donor and several α‐substituted methyl acrylates (X=F, Cl, Me, H, CN, NO2) as model Michael acceptors is described in detail. We suggest a novel way to condense electrophilic Fukui functions at specific atoms in terms of the contributions from the atomic orbitals to the LUMO or, more generally, to the orbital controlling the reaction. This procedure correctly associates activation energies to local electrophilic Fukui indices for the cases treated in this work. The calculated reaction barriers strongly depend on the nature of the substituent. As a general rule, activation energies are governed by structural changes, although electronic factors are significant for electron‐withdrawing groups. Nucleophilic addition to Michael receptors is best described as a highly nonsynchronous process, in which the geometry of the transition state comprises a nonplanar six‐membered ring. Formation of the S⋅⋅⋅C bond, which defines the interaction between the reactants, progresses ahead of all other primitive processes in the early stages of the transformation. In view of our results, we postulate that highly complex chemical reactions, as is the case for the nucleophilic addition step studied herein, that involve cleavage/formation of a total of six bonds, lower their activation energies by favoring nonsynchronicity, that is, for these types of systems, primitive changes should advance at different rates.
Theoretical and Experimental Study on Boron β‐Diketonate Complexes with Intense Two‐Photon‐Induced Fluorescence in Solution and in the Solid State
Authors: Lanoë Pierre‐Henri , Mettra Bastien , Liao Yuan Yuan , Calin Nathalie , D'Aléo Anthony , Namikawa Tomotaka , Kamada Kenji , Fages Fréderic , Monnereau Cyrille , Andraud Chantal
Published: March 2016

Three boron diketonate chromophores with extended π‐conjugated backbone were prepared and their spectroscopic features were investigated through a combined theoretical/experimental study. It was shown that these complexes, which undergo very large electronic reorganization upon photoexcitation, combine large two‐photon absorption cross section with an emission energy and quantum efficiency in solution that is strongly dependent on solvent polarity. The strong positive influence of boron complexation on the magnitude of the two‐photon absorption was clearly established, and it was shown that the two‐photon absorption properties were dominated by the quadrupolar term. For one of the synthesized compounds, intense one‐ and two‐photon‐induced solid‐state emission (fluorescence quantum yield of 0.65 with maximum wavelength of 610 nm) was obtained as a result of antiparallel J‐aggregate crystal packing.
Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: the ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan
Authors: Tabata Ryoichi , Kakioka Ryo , Tominaga Koji , Komiya Takefumi , Watanabe Katsutoshi
Published: March 2016

To elucidate the origins of the endemic fish of Lake Biwa, an ancient lake in Japan, and the role of the lake in the diversification of freshwater fish in western Japan, we established a molecular phylogenetic framework with an absolute time scale and inferred the historical demography of a large set of fish species in and around the lake. We used mtDNAsequences obtained from a total of 190 specimens, including 11 endemic species of Lake Biwa and their related species, for phylogenetic analyses with divergence time estimations and from a total of 2319 specimens of 42 species (including 14 endemics) occurring in the lake for population genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that some of the endemic species diverged from their closest relatives earlier (1.3–13.0 Ma) than the period in which the present environmental characteristics of the lake started to develop (ca. 0.4 Ma), whereas others diverged more recently (after 0.4 Ma). In contrast, historical demographic parameters suggested that almost all species, including endemic and nonendemic ones, expanded their populations after the development of the present lake environment. In phylogeographic analyses, common or very close haplotypes of some species were obtained from Lake Biwa and other regions of western Japan. The phylogenetic and historical demographic evidence suggests that there was a time lag between phylogenetic divergence and population establishment and that phenotypic adaptation of some endemic species to the limnetic environment occurred much later than the divergences of those endemic lineages. Population structure and phylogeographic patterns suggest that Lake Biwa has functioned not only as the center of adaptive evolution but also as a reservoir for fish diversity in western Japan.
Surface tension determination by means of liquid handling stations
Authors: Amrhein Sven , Suhm Susanna , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: March 2016

The characterization of liquid surfaces with respect to surface tension is of major interest throughout a number of disciplines. In life science technologies and in pharmaceutical production in particular, the surface tension and drop size of liquids are predominating parameters throughout the production process, starting from foaming during fermentation processes, formulation by spray drying, or the drug application by aerosol inhalators. The profiling of surface tension can be further applied for physicochemical drug assessment with predictive power for the compound's pharmacology. In the present study, a high‐throughput approach for the determination of surface tension integrated into a fully automated liquid handling station was developed. The method is based on the accurate gravimetric determination of masses of drops generated at a liquid handler tip using a high‐precision balance. By means of repetitive sample‐conserving drop‐generating procedures, huge numbers of drops and thus statistical significance can be created from a minimal sample volume of a few 100 μL. The developed approach excels in instrumental simplicity, accuracy, precision, and minimal sample consumption. The fully automated setup was validated for a broad range of surface tensions starting from about 25 to 75 mN/m. Eight‐fold determinations of sample liquids exposed standard deviations of less than 0.5%, which demonstrates excellent precision. Further potential revisions of the stalagmometric approach for the determination of interfacial tension between two liquids are described in detail. The employment of liquid handling stations enables the integration of the developed method into the high‐throughput screening paradigm and thus adds high value to the laboratory work flow.
Coastal Dynamics and Pre‐Columbian Human Occupation in Horseshoe Cove on the Northern Gulf Coast of Florida, USA
Authors: McFadden Paulette S.
Published: March 2016

Site‐specific paleoenvironmental reconstructions are necessary to isolate environmental factors from social forces that influence shifting human practices in the coastal environment. This interdisciplinary study included the collection and analysis of marine and freshwater pond sediment cores and terrestrial sediment samples along with archaeological excavations at three directly associated pre‐Columbian sites in Horseshoe Cove on the northern Gulf Coast of Florida. This research shows a strong correlation between environmental change, the timing of initial occupation, and the morphological characteristics chosen for settlement by the pre‐Columbian residents of this area. Specific attributes sought for new settlements included elevated landforms in protected areas away from the immediate shoreline, access to fresh water from nearby spring‐fed ponds or tidal creeks, and easy access to marine resources via tidal creeks. The result of this study can be useful as a model for locating and identifying archaeological sites in similar environmental settings.
Lorcaserin Use in the Management of Morbid Obesity in a Pre‐Liver Transplant Patient
Authors: Gutierrez Julio A. , Landaverde Carmen , Wells Jennifer T. , Poordad Fred
Published: March 2016

Management of obesity and decompensated cirrhosis in those requiring liver transplantation (LT) is a challenging dilemma. Because of concerns for perioperative complications, many centers avoid transplant in those with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40 kg/m2. Bariatric surgery is associated with increased risk attributable to complications of portal hypertension, including variceal rupture. Therefore, weight loss and LT options are limited. Several new classes of weight loss drugs are commercially available, including the anoretic, lorcaserin. This case illustrates the successful use of lorcaserin in a morbidly obese individual with decompensated cirrhosis evaluated for LT listing. (Hepatology 2016;64:301–302)
‘Pre‐Pack Administration Sale: a Case of Sub Rosa Debt Restructuring’
Authors: Wijaya Anthony
Published: March 2016

Under the UK insolvency regime, debt restructuring is ordinarily achievable via a voluntary arrangement, a scheme of arrangement (“scheme”) or a combination of a scheme with administration. However, recently, there has been a growing development of companies using pre‐pack administration sale (“pre‐pack sale”) to effect a debt restructuring under the moniker of a sale of the assets of the company. This article argues that this development poses a genuine danger for the creditors and in particular the junior creditors because such transactions side‐step the protections afforded to the junior creditors in a debt restructuring, particularly a scheme. This article posits that such pre‐pack sales are essentially a sub rosa debt restructuring. Against this backdrop, this article proposes for the use of an ex ante judicial regulatory strategy through the application of the Re Tea Corporation principle to better protect the interest of the junior creditors. Copyright © 2016 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
An integrated model for guiding the selection of treatment components for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement
Authors: Berg Wendy K. , Wacker David P. , Ringdahl Joel E. , Stricker Jason , Vinquist Kelly , Salil Kumar Dutt Anuradha , Dolezal Danielle , Luke Jeffrey , Kemmerer Lisa , Mews Jayme
Published: March 2016

We evaluated the usefulness of 2 assessments to guide treatment selection for individuals whose prior functional analysis indicated that automatic reinforcement maintained their problem behavior. In the 1st assessment, we compared levels of problem behavior during a noncontingent play condition and an alone or ignore condition. In the 2nd, we assessed participants’ relative preferences for automatic reinforcement and social reinforcers in a concurrent‐operants arrangement. We used the results of these 2 assessments to assign 5 participants to a treatment based on noncontingent access to social reinforcers or to a treatment based on differential access to social reinforcers. We conducted monthly probes with the participants over 10 to 12 months to evaluate the effects of the treatment procedures. All participants showed reductions in problem behavior over this period.
High‐fat high‐sucrose diet leads to dynamic structural and inflammatory alterations in the rat vastus lateralis muscle
Authors: Collins Kelsey H. , Hart David A. , Reimer Raylene A. , Seerattan Ruth A. , Waters‐Banker Christine , Sibole Scott C. , Herzog Walter
Published: March 2016

The influence of obesity on muscle integrity is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to quantify structural and molecular changes in the rat vastus lateralis (VL) muscle as a function of a 12‐week obesity induction period and a subsequent adaptation period (additional 16‐weeks). Male Sprague–Dawley rats consumed a high‐fat, high‐sucrose (DIO, n = 40) diet, or a chow control‐diet (n = 14). At 12‐weeks, DIO rats were grouped as prone (DIO‐P, top 33% of weight change) or resistant (DIO‐R, bottom 33%). Animals were euthanized at 12‐ or 28‐weeks on the diet. At sacrifice, body composition was determined and VL muscles were collected. Intramuscular fat, fibrosis, and CD68+ cells were quantified histologically and relevant molecular markers were evaluated using RT‐qPCR. At 12‐ and 28‐weeks post‐obesity induction, DIO‐P rats had more mass and body fat than DIO‐R and chow rats (p < 0.05). DIO‐P and DIO‐R rats had similar losses in muscle mass, which were greater than those in chow rats (p < 0.05). mRNA levels for MAFbx/atrogin‐1 were reduced in DIO‐P and DIO‐R rats at 12‐ and 28‐weeks compared to chow rats (p < 0.05), while expression of MuRF1 was similar to chow values. DIO‐P rats demonstrated increased mRNA levels for pro‐inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cells, and fibrosis compared to DIO‐R and chow animals, despite having similar levels of intramuscular fat. The down‐regulation of MAFbx/atrogin‐1 may suggest onset of degenerative changes in VL muscle integrity of obese rats. DIO‐R animals exhibited fewer inflammatory changes compared to DIO‐P animals, suggesting a protective effect of obesity resistance on local inflammation. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2069–2078, 2016.
Preparation of l‐phenylalanine‐imprinted solid‐phase extraction sorbent by Pickering emulsion polymerization and the selective enrichment of l‐phenylalanine from human urine
Authors: Li Ji , Hu Xiaoling , Guan Ping , Zhang Xiaoyan , Qian Liwei , Zhang Nan , Du Chunbao , Song Renyuan
Published: March 2016

A novel l‐phenylalanine molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction sorbent was synthesized by the combination of Pickering emulsion polymerization and ion‐pair dummy template imprinting. Compared to other polymerization methods, the molecularly imprinted polymers thus prepared exhibit a high specific surface, large pore diameter, and appropriate particle size. The key parameters for solid‐phase extraction were optimized, and the result indicated that the molecularly imprinted polymer thus prepared exhibits a good recovery of 98.9% for l‐phenylalanine. Under the optimized conditions of the procedure, an analytical method for l‐phenylalanine was well established. By comparing the performance of the molecularly imprinted polymer and a commercial reverse‐phase silica gel, the obtained molecularly imprinted polymer as an solid‐phase extraction sorbent is more suitable, exhibiting high precision (relative standard deviation 3.2%, n = 4) and a low limit of detection (60.0 ± 1.9 nmol·L−1) for the isolation of l‐phenylalanine. Based on these results, the combination of the Pickering emulsion polymerization and ion‐pair dummy template imprinting is effective for preparing selective solid‐phase extraction sorbents for the separation of amino acids and organic acids from complex biological samples.
Magnetic porous carbon derived from a Zn/Co bimetallic metal–organic framework as an adsorbent for the extraction of chlorophenols from water and honey tea samples
Authors: Li Menghua , Wang Junmin , Jiao Caina , Wang Chun , Wu Qiuhua , Wang Zhi
Published: March 2016

A novel magnetic porous carbon derived from a bimetallic metal–organic framework, Zn/Co‐MPC, was prepared by introducing cobalt into ZIF‐8. Magnetic porous carbon that possesses magnetic properties and a large specific surface area was firstly fabricated by the direct carbonization of Zn/Co‐ZIF‐8. The prepared magnetic porous carbon material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The prepared magnetic porous carbon was used as a magnetic solid‐phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment of chlorophenols from water and honey tea samples before high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis. Several experimental parameters that could influence the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linearities (r > 0.9957) for all calibration curves were obtained with low limits of detection, which are in the range of 0.1–0.2 ng mL−1 for all the analytes. The results showed that the prepared magnetic porous carbon had an excellent adsorption capability toward the target analytes.
Lasing of Nd3+ in sapphire
Authors: Waeselmann Sven H. , Heinrich Sebastian , Kränkel Christian , Huber Günter
Published: March 2016

We present a rare‐earth‐doped sapphire laser. Single‐crystalline α‐Al2O3 films doped with trivalent neodymium have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on undoped sapphire substrates. The Nd3+ doping concentrations of the films have been varied between 0.3 at.% and 2 at.%. Epitaxial growth was proven by structural and optical characterization of the films. The samples exhibit strongly polarization dependent emission transitions from the 4F3/2 manifold with a fluorescence lifetime of 108 μs and peak emission cross sections of 1.1 × 10−18 cm2 around 1100 nm. Lasing at 1096.5 nm was achieved under Ti:sapphire‐pumping in a planar waveguide configuration with a maximum cw output power of 137 mW and a slope efficiency of 7.5% with respect to the incident pump power.

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Availability of the lateral calcaneal region as a donor site of free flaps
Authors: Cho Seung Woo , Park Ji Ung , Kwon Sung Tack
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Various methods have been used for the coverage of soft‐tissue defects, such as local and free flaps, as well as perforator flaps performed using even supermicrosurgery. However, the techniques have some limitations regarding flap size and location when used to reconstruct small defects. We introduced the lateral calcaneal region as a donor site for free flaps in order to overcome these disadvantages and presented the results from a series of cases.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed on 10 patients with small soft‐tissue defects who underwent reconstruction with a lateral calcaneal free flap between January 2011 and May 2014. The reconstruction was performed on the defects at medial and lateral plantar area, dorsum of the foot, great toes and preauricular area.

Results

The size of the flaps ranged from 2.5 × 2.5 cm to 4.5 × 4.5 cm. The flaps exhibited complete survival in five cases. Partial necrosis occurred in three cases, two cases healed with secondary intention, and one case required a skin graft. The donor sites were treated with skin grafts and healed completely, with no complications.

Conclusion

Lateral calcaneal free flaps have several advantages, such as anatomically constant pedicles, a pliable and thin texture, and the ability to be used as sensory flaps. They therefore represent an alternative option when conventional local or free flaps are not suitable, especially in cases of small defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:494–501, 2017.
Young girl presenting with exercise‐induced myoglobinuria
Authors: Krishnaiah Balaji , Lee Jennifer Jheesoo , Wicklund Matthew Paul , Kaur Divpreet
Published: March 2016

Introduction: The sarcoglycanopathies are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies that cause varying degrees of progressive proximal muscle weakness. Methods: We describe the case of a Caucasian girl who presented with exercise intolerance, myalgia, and dark urine. Onset of symptoms was at age 4, and she had myalgia with physical activity throughout childhood. Creatine kinase levels were as high as 18,000. Results: Immunostaining of a muscle biopsy showed mildly diminished alpha sarcoglycan staining, and SGCA gene sequencing revealed n.C229T; p.Arg77Cys (R77C) and n.C850T; p.Arg284Cys (R284C), which is associated with alpha sarcoglycanopathy. Conclusions: This patient presented with exercise intolerance, myoglobinuria, and almost normal muscle strength into adolescence, which is uncommon in sarcoglycanopathies. This uncommon presentation should be kept in mind, so that early recognition and intervention may prevent future comorbidities and help preserve the quality of life. Muscle Nerve 54: 161–164, 2016
Iterative Designed Experiment Analysis (IDEA)
Authors: Zhou Min , Goh T.N.
Published: March 2016

In the traditional use of design of experiments (DOE), the analysis of a designed experiment proceeds only when the designed plan has been fully carried out and the response values are all available, a standard practice that could be inefficient in time and cost and inadequate when quick indicative results are needed. A procedure referred to as ‘iterative designed experiment analysis (IDEA)’ is proposed for suggesting results progressively and giving early indications in situations where response values are available only gradually. The procedure is expected to be useful in the early stages of experimental discovery, especially in factor screening situation. Two case studies illustrate and suggest the potential of the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian joint modeling of longitudinal and spatial survival AIDS data
Authors: Martins Rui , Silva Giovani L. , Andreozzi Valeska
Published: March 2016

Joint analysis of longitudinal and survival data has received increasing attention in the recent years, especially for analyzing cancer and AIDS data. As both repeated measurements (longitudinal) and time‐to‐event (survival) outcomes are observed in an individual, a joint modeling is more appropriate because it takes into account the dependence between the two types of responses, which are often analyzed separately. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for jointly modeling longitudinal and survival data considering functional time and spatial frailty effects, respectively. That is, the proposed model deals with non‐linear longitudinal effects and spatial survival effects accounting for the unobserved heterogeneity among individuals living in the same region. This joint approach is applied to a cohort study of patients with HIV/AIDS in Brazil during the years 2002–2006. Our Bayesian joint model presents considerable improvements in the estimation of survival times of the Brazilian HIV/AIDS patients when compared with those obtained through a separate survival model and shows that the spatial risk of death is the same across the different Brazilian states. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knockout of p11 attenuates the acquisition and reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference in male but not in female mice
Authors: Thanos Panayotis K. , Malave Lauren , Delis Foteini , Mangine Paul , Kane Katie , Grunseich Adam , Vitale Melissa , Greengard Paul , Volkow Nora D.
Published: March 2016

Cocaine's enhancement of dopamine signaling is crucial for its rewarding effects but its serotonergic effects are also relevant. Here we examined the role of the protein p11, which recruits serotonin 5HT1B and 5HT4 receptors to the cell surface, in cocaine reward. For this purpose we tested wild‐type (WT) and p11 knockout (KO) male and female mice for cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) and its cocaine‐induced reinstatement at different abstinence times, after 8 days of extinction and 28 days of being home‐caged. All mice showed significant cocaine CPP. Among males, p11KO showed lower CPP than WT; this difference was also evident after 28 days of home‐cage abstinence. In contrast, in females there were no CPP differences between p11KO and WT mice at any time point tested. Cocaine priming after the 28‐day home‐cage abstinence period also resulted in lower cocaine conditioned motor activity in both male and female p11KO mice. These results suggest that cocaine CPP and its persistence during extinction and reinstatement are modulated in a sex‐differentiated manner by p11. The lack of protein p11 confers protection from CPP on male, but not female mice, immediately after cocaine conditioning as well as after prolonged abstinence, but not after short‐term withdrawal. Synapse 70:293–301, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Goetz on the Noncausal Libertarian View of Free Will
Authors: Palmer David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

According to the libertarian view of free will, people sometimes act freely, but this freedom is incompatible with causal determinism. Goetz (1997, 1998, 2008) has developed an important and unusual libertarian view of free will. Rather than simply arguing that a person’s free actions cannot be causally determined,Goetz argues that they cannot be caused at all. According to Goetz, in order for a person to act freely, her actions must be uncaused. My aim in this essay is to evaluate Goetz’s “noncausal” libertarian view of free will. In section 1, I outline Goetz’s view. In section 2, I develop two criticisms of his view. In section 3, I develop an improved “positive” account of the noncausal view, which takes Goetz’s metaphysical framework as its point of departure but is not subject to the criticisms that plague his development of this framework. Finally, in section 4, I respond to some objections to my proposed noncausal view.
A 3D benign paroxysmal positional vertigo model for study of otolith disease
Authors: Teixido Michael , Woods Owen , Kung Brian , Seyyedi Mohammad
Published: March 2016

Objective

To develop a three‐dimensional study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to study the pathophysiology, diagnostic workup and treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). BPPV is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. Its diagnosis and treatment depend on an understanding of the anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth and its position relative to the head. To date, many illustrations have been made to explain principals of diagnosis and treatment of BPPV, but few have been based on anatomical studies of the membranous labyrinth.

Methods

A cadaveric human membranous labyrinth was axially sectioned at 20 μm resolution, stained and segmented to create a high‐resolution digital model. The model was cloned to create an enantiomeric pair of labyrinths. These were associated a 3D model of a human skull, segmented from MRI data, and were oriented according to established anatomic norms. Canal markers representing otoliths were created to mark canalith position during movement of the model within the 3D environment.

Results

The model allows visualization of true membranous labyrinth anatomy in both ears simultaneously. The dependent portion of each semicircular duct and of the utricle can easily be visualized in any head position. Moveable markers can mark the expected progress of otolith debris with changes in head position and images can be captured to document simulations. The model can be used to simulate pathology as well as diagnostic maneuvers and treatment procedures used for BPPV. The model has great potential as a teaching tool.

Conclusion

A simple model based on human anatomy has been created to allow careful study of BPPV pathophysiology and treatment. Going forward, this tool could offer insights that may lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of BPPV.
Antarctica Gets a New Gravity Map
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: March 2016

A comprehensive collection of variation in Earth's gravity could aid studies of the Antarctic geoid and of Antarctica's geology and ice sheet dynamics.
Spatial-scanning hyperspectral imaging probe for bio-imaging applications
Authors: Lim Hoong-Ta , Murukeshan Vadakke Matham
Published: March 2016

The three common methods to perform hyperspectral imaging are the spatial-scanning, spectral-scanning, and snapshot methods. However, only the spectral-scanning and snapshot methods have been configured to a hyperspectral imaging probe as of today. This paper presents a spatial-scanning (pushbroom) hyperspectral imaging probe, which is realized by integrating a pushbroom hyperspectral imager with an imaging probe. The proposed hyperspectral imaging probe can also function as an endoscopic probe by integrating a custom fabricated image fiber bundle unit. The imaging probe is configured by incorporating a gradient-index lens at the end face of an image fiber bundle that consists of about 50 000 individual fiberlets. The necessary simulations, methodology, and detailed instrumentation aspects that are carried out are explained followed by assessing the developed probe’s performance. Resolution test targets such as United States Air Force chart as well as bio-samples such as chicken breast tissue with blood clot are used as test samples for resolution analysis and for performance validation. This system is built on a pushbroom hyperspectral imaging system with a video camera and has the advantage of acquiring information from a large number of spectral bands with selectable region of interest. The advantages of this spatial-scanning hyperspectral imaging probe can be extended to test samples or tissues residing in regions that are difficult to access with potential diagnostic bio-imaging applications.
Packing 360∘ domain walls of identical circulation on planar ferromagnetic nanowires with notches using circular magnetic fields
Authors: Kaya F. I. , Sarella A. , Wang D. , Tuominen M. , Aidala K. E.
Published: March 2016

360∘ domain walls (DWs) have generated substantial interest with the recognition that their minimal stray field creates only short range interactions, leading to a potentially higher packing density for data storage devices compared to 180∘ DWs. The topology of neighboring 360∘ DWs with identical circulation allows a higher packing density than that of 360∘ DWs of opposite circulation. Our simulations demonstrate the process by which we can pack 360∘ DWs of identical circulation on a long wire with 100 nm width (in y) and 4 nm thickness (in z), studying different size and shape notches to pin the DWs. The process to generate these walls follows a series of circular fields with non-uniform magnetic field strength that decreases as 1/r as if created by an infinitely long wire passing current into or out of the page and centered just above the notches. We are able to pin two 360∘ DWs of the same circulation on adjacent 16 nm (x) by 32 nm (y) rectangular notches 100 nm apart and on adjacent triangular notches of the same area that are 100 nm apart. The location and strength required of the series of fields is different for the different notches. Such stable high density packing of 360∘ DWs in simulations is unprecedented and suggests the potential for high density information storage.
Magnetic properties of electrospun non-woven superconducting fabrics
Authors: Koblischka Michael R. , Zeng Xian Lin , Karwoth Thomas , Hauet Thomas , Hartmann Uwe
Published: March 2016

Non-woven superconducting fabrics were prepared by the electrospinning technique, consisting of Bi2Sr2CaCuO8 (Bi-2212) nanowires. The individual nanowires have a diameter of ∼150-200 nm and lengths of up to 100 μm. A non-woven fabric forming a network with a large number of interconnects results, which enables the flow of transport currents through the entire network. We present here magnetization data [M(T) and M(H)-loops] of this new class of superconducting material. The magnetic properties of these nanowire networks are discussed including the irreversibility line and effects of different field sweep rates, regarding the microstructure of the nanowire networks investigated by electron microscopy.
Ferret: a user-friendly Java tool to extract data from the 1000 Genomes Project
Authors: Limou Sophie , Taverner Andrew M. , Winkler Cheryl A.
Published: March 2016

Summary: The 1000 Genomes (1KG) Project provides a near-comprehensive resource on human genetic variation in worldwide reference populations. 1KG variants can be accessed through a browser and through the raw and annotated data that are regularly released on an ftp server. We developed Ferret, a user-friendly Java tool, to easily extract genetic variation information from these large and complex data files. From a locus, gene(s) or SNP(s) of interest, Ferret retrieves genotype data for 1KG SNPs and indels, and computes allelic frequencies for 1KG populations and optionally, for the Exome Sequencing Project populations. By converting the 1KG data into files that can be imported into popular pre-existing tools (e.g. PLINK and HaploView), Ferret offers a straightforward way, even for non-bioinformatics specialists, to manipulate, explore and merge 1KG data with the user’s dataset, as well as visualize linkage disequilibrium pattern, infer haplotypes and design tagSNPs.

Availability and implementation: Ferret tool and source code are publicly available at http://limousophie35.github.io/Ferret/.

Contact:  ferret@nih.gov

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Noninvasive Hemodynamic Measurements During Neurosurgical Procedures in Sitting Position
Authors: Schramm Patrick , Tzanova Irene , Gööck Tilman , Hagen Frank , Schmidtmann Irene , Engelhard Kristin , Pestel Gunther
Published: March 2016

Background:

Neurosurgical procedures in sitting position need advanced cardiovascular monitoring. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to measure cardiac output (CO)/cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume (SV), and invasive arterial blood pressure measurements for systolic (ABPsys), diastolic (ABPdiast) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) are established monitoring technologies for these kind of procedures. A noninvasive device for continuous monitoring of blood pressure and CO based on a modified Penaz technique (volume-clamp method) was introduced recently. In the present study the noninvasive blood pressure measurements were compared with invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring, and the noninvasive CO monitoring to TEE measurements.

Methods:

Measurements of blood pressure and CO were performed in 35 patients before/after giving a fluid bolus and a change from supine to sitting position, start of surgery, and repositioning from sitting to supine at the end of surgery. Data pairs from the noninvasive device (Nexfin HD) versus arterial line measurements (ABPsys, ABPdiast, MAP) and versus TEE (CO, CI, SV) were compared using Bland-Altman analysis and percentage error.

Results:

All parameters compared (CO, CI, SV, ABPsys, ABPdiast, MAP) showed a large bias and wide limits of agreement. Percentage error was above 30% for all parameters except ABPsys.

Conclusion:

The noninvasive device based on a modified Penaz technique cannot replace arterial blood pressure monitoring or TEE in anesthetized patients undergoing neurosurgery in sitting position.
Vocational Functioning in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bull Helen , Ueland Torill , Lystad June Ullevoldsæter , Evensen Stig , Martinsen Egil Wilhelm , Falkum Erik
Published: March 2016

While the influence of negative symptoms on vocational outcome is well documented, the specific contribution of apathy is less explored. The current study examined the influence of apathy on vocational outcome. A total of 148 participants were included in a vocational rehabilitation study, offering cognitive remediation (CR) or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to address work-related issues. Clinical and functional measures were assessed on inclusion and at posttreatment after approximately 10 months. The level of apathy was not related to the acquisition of work, but higher levels of apathy predicted fewer hours worked per week during the study. Previous employment predicted future employment, and higher education predicted more hours worked and higher score on the Work Behavior Inventory. The results did not differ across interventions. Thus, despite apathy, people with schizophrenia were able to work when the barriers to employment were addressed and adequate support was given.
The Role of Hepsin in Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: El-Rebey Hala S. , Kandil Mona A.-H. , Samaka Rehab M. , Al-Sharaky Dalia R. , El Deeb Karim
Published: March 2016

Purpose:

Endometrial carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer in women worldwide and the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in developed countries. It is hoped that through a better understanding of the alterations implicated in endometrial cancer pathogenesis and prognosis, a more complete profile of risk factors and targeted therapy can be developed. Hepsin is a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease family. The importance of hepsin in prostate cancer has been demonstrated by several studies. However, the role of hepsin in endometrial carcinoma is yet to be identified. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of hepsin in endometrial carcinoma, trying to explore its diagnostic and prognostic value.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study was conducted on 27 endometrial carcinoma and 18 endometrial hyperplasia cases. Immunohistochemical expression of hepsin was evaluated in tissue specimens and results were correlated with the available clinicopathlogic parameters.

Results:

Positive hepsin expression was seen in all (100%) carcinoma and 17/18 (94.44%) endometrial hyperplasia cases. The H-score of hepsin expression in endometrial carcinoma was significantly higher than that of hyperplasia cases (P=0.012). A significant negative association was found between hepsin expression in endometrial carcinoma cases regarding the grade and the size of tumors (P=0.018 and 0.008, respectively) as well as myometrial invasion (P=0.027).

Conclusions:

Hepsin could play an important role in the pathogenesis and the early carcinogenesis of endometrial carcinoma and could serve as a prognostic biomarker in this tumor.
Rare Skin Adnexal and Melanocytic Tumors Arising in Ovarian Mature Cystic Teratomas: A Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Moulla Alexandra A. , Magdy Nesreen , Francis Nicholas , Taube Janis , Ronnett Brigitte M. , El-Bahrawy Mona
Published: March 2016

Mature teratoma of the ovary is the most common primary ovarian tumor accounting for 15% (10%–20%) of all ovarian neoplasms. Skin and skin adnexal structures are the most common elements identified in mature teratomas. Benign and malignant skin tumors can arise in ovarian teratomas, the most common being epithelial tumors. Melanocytic and adnexal tumors developing in a teratoma are rare and can be easily overlooked. We report 3 cases and review melanocytic and skin adnexal tumors encountered in ovarian teratomas.
A Novel Approach to Keloid Reconstruction with Bilaminar Dermal Substitute and Epidermal Skin Grafting
Authors: Nguyen Khang T. , Shikowitz Lauren , Kasabian Armen K. , Bastidas Nicholas
Published: March 2016

Background:

Keloids represent a challenging problem. Surgical excision remains the definitive treatment for immediate lesion debulking, but recurrence rates are reported to be 45 to 100 percent. The authors present a staged reconstructive approach using a dermal regeneration substrate and epidermal grafting to minimize recurrence and donor-site morbidity.

Methods:

Keloids were completely excised down to normal subcutaneous tissue or perichondrium. A bilaminar dermal regeneration matrix was approximated to the entire wound, with the silicone lamina oriented superficially. Reconstruction was delayed for at least 21 days to allow for neodermal ingrowth. The silicone lamina was then removed, and an epidermal skin graft was harvested from the thigh and secured to the neodermis with nonocclusive dressing. Reconstructed defects and donor sites were assessed for recurrence of keloids and scar appearance.

Results:

Five patients underwent treatment; two had keloids involving the superior helix of the ear (average area, 2.6 cm2), two had keloids involving the chest (average area, 28 cm2), and one had a keloid in the pubic region (area, 10 cm2). All had failed at least one previous treatment with direct excision and steroid injections. Mean follow-up was 48.8 weeks (range, 38 to 60 weeks). Average time to complete wound epithelialization was 5.5 weeks. There were no infections or cellulitis. All reconstructed defects were aesthetically acceptable and remained flat without significant widening. There were no long-term complaints of pruritus or pain and there was no evidence of donor-site scarring.

Conclusions:

Epidermal grafting provides significant advantages when used with a dermal regeneration matrix. This approach obviates reliance on skin creep and flap undermining to achieve primary closure. Exclusion of dermis and significant extracellular matrix components limits contracture, further facilitating tension-free wound healing. Scarring response within the donor site and graft is also minimized.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Generating an Engineered Adipose Tissue Flap Using an External Suspension Device
Authors: Wan Jinlin , Dong Ziqing , Lei Chen , Lu Feng
Published: March 2016

Background:

The tissue-engineering chamber technique can generate large volumes of adipose tissue, which provides a potential solution for the complex reconstruction of large soft-tissue defects. However, major drawbacks of this technique are the foreign-body reaction and the volume limitation imposed by the chamber.

Methods:

In this study, the authors developed a novel tissue-engineering method using a specially designed external suspension device that generates an optimized volume of adipose flap and avoids the implantation of foreign material. The rabbits were processed using two different tissue-engineering methods, the external suspension device technique and the traditional tissue-engineering chamber technique.

Results:

The adipose flaps generated by the external suspension device had a normal adipose tissue structure that was as good as that generated by the traditional tissue-engineering chamber, but the flap volume was much larger. The final volume of the engineered adipose flap grew between weeks 0 and 36 from 5.1 ml to 30.7 ml in the traditional tissue-engineering chamber group and to 80.5 ml in the external suspension device group. During the generation process, there were no marked differences between the two methods in terms of structural and cellular changes of the flap, except that the flaps in the traditional tissue-engineering chamber group had a thicker capsule at the early stage. In addition, the enlarged flaps generated by the external suspension device could be reshaped into specific shapes by the implant chamber.

Conclusions:

This minimally invasive external suspension device technique can generate large-volume adipose flaps. Combined with a reshaping method, this technique should facilitate clinical application of adipose tissue engineering.