bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current‐driven Langmuir oscillations and amplitude modulations—Another view on electron beam‐plasma interaction
Authors: Sauer K. , Sydora R. D.
Published: December 2014

The origin of Langmuir amplitude modulations and harmonic waves observed in the solar wind and in planetary foreshock regions is investigated in beam plasmas where the saturation process of the beam instability is accompanied with the formation of a plateau distribution. This saturated state represents a current which is shown to drive homogeneous electric field oscillations at the plasma frequency. This simple mechanism has been ignored in most numerical studies based on Vlasov or particle‐in‐cell simulations because of the use of the Poisson equation which is not suitable to describe the mechanism of current drive in plasmas with immobile ions; instead, Ampere's law must be used. A simple fluid description of stable plateau plasmas, coupled with Ampere's law, is applied to illustrate the basic elements of current‐driven Langmuir oscillations. If beam‐generated Langmuir/electron‐acoustic waves with frequencies above or below the plasma frequency are simultaneously present, beating of both wave modes leads to Langmuir amplitude modulations, thus providing an alternative to parametric decay. Furthermore, very important implications of our studies (presented separately) concern the electrostatic and electromagnetic second harmonic generation by nonlinear interaction of Langmuir oscillations with finite wave number modes which are driven by the plateau current as well.
Intermediate downshifted maximum of stimulated electromagnetic emission at high‐power HF heating: A new twist on an old problem
Authors: Grach S. M. , Sergeev E. N. , Mishin E. V. , Shindin A. V. , McCarrick M.
Published: December 2014

We report a new spectral feature of Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission (SEE) from the F region ionosphere observed during high‐power HF heating experiments at the SURA and High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program heating facilities. It is located in the SEE spectrum between the pump wave frequency f0 and the well‐known Downshifted Maximum and thus named the Intermediate Downshifted Maximum (IDM). IDM appears at effective radiated powers (ERP) P030 MW and the pump frequencies above electron gyroharmonics, (up to 250) kHz (s = 2, 3, 4). It mirrors the well‐known Upshifted Maximum (UM) relative to f0. The salient stationary and dynamic properties of IDM are described and discussed.
Plasma parameter estimation from multistatic, multibeam incoherent scatter data
Authors: Virtanen I. I. , McKay‐Bukowski D. , Vierinen J. , Aikio A. , Fallows R. , Roininen L.
Published: December 2014

Multistatic incoherent scatter radars are superior to monostatic facilities in the sense that multistatic systems can measure plasma parameters from multiple directions in volumes limited by beam dimensions and measurement range resolution. We propose a new incoherent scatter analysis technique that uses data from all receiver beams of a multistatic, multibeam radar system and produces, in addition to the plasma parameters typically measured with monostatic radars, estimates of ion velocity vectors and ion temperature anisotropies. Because the total scattered energy collected with remote receivers of a modern multistatic, multibeam radar system may even exceed the energy collected with the core transmit‐and‐receive site, the remote data improve the accuracy of all plasma parameter estimates, including those that could be measured with the core site alone. We apply the new multistatic analysis method for data measured by the tristatic European Incoherent Scatter VHF radar and the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) multibeam receiver and show that a significant improvement in accuracy is obtained by adding KAIRA data in the multistatic analysis. We also demonstrate the development of a pronounced ion temperature anisotropy during high‐speed ionospheric plasma flows in substorm conditions.
Assessing hazards to aviation from sulfur dioxide emitted by explosive Icelandic eruptions
Authors: Schmidt Anja , Witham Claire S. , Theys Nicolas , Richards Nigel A. D. , Thordarson Thorvaldur , Szpek Kate , Feng Wuhu , Hort Matthew C. , Woolley Alan M. , Jones Andrew R. , Redington Alison L. , Johnson Ben T. , Hayward Chris L. , Carslaw Kenneth S.
Published: December 2014

Volcanic eruptions take place in Iceland about once every 3 to 5 years. Ash emissions from these eruptions can cause significant disruption to air traffic over Europe and the North Atlantic as is evident from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is also emitted by volcanoes, but there are no criteria to define when airspace is considered hazardous or nonhazardous. However, SO2 is a well‐known ground‐level pollutant that can have detrimental effects on human health. We have used the United Kingdom Met Office's NAME (Numerical Atmospheric‐dispersion Modelling Environment) model to simulate SO2 mass concentrations that could occur in European and North Atlantic airspace for a range of hypothetical explosive eruptions in Iceland with a probability to occur about once every 3 to 5 years. Model performance was evaluated for the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption against SO2 vertical column density retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument and in situ measurements from the United Kingdom Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements research aircraft. We show that at no time during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption did SO2 mass concentrations at flight altitudes violate European air quality standards. In contrast, during a hypothetical short‐duration explosive eruption similar to Hekla in 2000 (emitting 0.2 Tg of SO2 within 2 h, or an average SO2 release rate 250 times that of Eyjafjallajökull 2010), simulated SO2 concentrations are greater than 1063 µg/m3 for about 48 h in a small area of European and North Atlantic airspace. By calculating the occurrence of aircraft encounters with the volcanic plume of a short‐duration eruption, we show that a 15 min or longer exposure of aircraft and passengers to concentrations ≥500 µg/m3 has a probability of about 0.1%. Although exposure of humans to such concentrations may lead to irritations to the eyes, nose and, throat and cause increased airway resistance even in healthy individuals, the risk is very low. However, the fact that volcanic ash and sulfur species are not always collocated and that passenger comfort could be compromised might be incentives to provide real‐time information on the presence or absence of volcanic SO2. Such information could aid aviation risk management during and after volcanic eruptions.
A fast Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite simulator for cloudy atmospheres
Authors: Liu Chao , Yang Ping , Nasiri Shaima L. , Platnick Steven , Meyer Kerry G. , Wang Chenxi , Ding Shouguo
Published: December 2014

A fast instrument simulator is developed to simulate the observations made in cloudy atmospheres by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The correlated k distribution technique is used to compute the transmissivities associated with absorbing atmospheric gases. The bulk scattering properties of ice clouds are based on the ice model used for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Collection 6 ice cloud products, and those of water clouds are computed with the Lorenz‐Mie theory. Two fast radiative transfer models based on precomputed ice cloud look‐up tables are used for the VIIRS solar and infrared channels. The accuracy and efficiency of the fast simulator are quantified in comparison with a combination of the rigorous line‐by‐line (LBLRTM) and discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) models. The maximum relative errors of the simulator are less than 2% for simulated top of atmosphere reflectances at the solar channels, and the brightness temperature differences for the infrared channels are less than 0.2 K. The simulator is over 3 orders of magnitude faster than the benchmark LBLRTM + DISORT model. Furthermore, the cloudy atmosphere reflectances and brightness temperatures from the fast VIIRS simulator compare favorably with those from VIIRS observations.
Dietary Yeasts Reduce Inflammation in Central Nerve System via Microflora
Authors: Takata Kazushiro , Tomita Takayuki , Okuno Tatsusada , Kinoshita Makoto , Koda Toru , Honorat Josephe A. , Takei Masaya , Hagihara Kouichiro , Sugimoto Tomoyuki , Mochizuki Hideki , Sakoda Saburo , Nakatsuji Yuji
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The intestinal microflora affects the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases by influencing immune system function. Some bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, have been reported to have beneficial effects on immune function. However, little is known about the effects of yeasts. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of various dietary yeasts contained in fermented foods on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.

Methods

The effects of eight yeasts selected from 18 types of yeasts contained in fermented foods were examined using an EAE model. Of these, Candida kefyr was investigated by analyzing the intestinal microflora and its effects on intestinal and systemic immune states.

Results

Administration of C. kefyr ameliorated the severity of EAE. Reduced numbers of Th17 cells, suppressed interleukin (IL)‐6 production by intestinal explants, and increased Tregs and CD103‐positive regulatory dendritic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were observed. Analysis of 16s‐rDNA from feces of C. kefyr‐treated mice demonstrated increased Lactobacillales and decreased Bacteroides compared to control flora. Transfer of intestinal microbiota also resulted in decreased Bacteroides and ameliorated symptoms of EAE. Thus, oral administration of C. kefyr ameliorated EAE by altering the microflora, accompanied by increased Tregs and CD103‐positive regulatory dendritic cells in MLNs and decreased Th17 cells in the intestinal lamina propria.

Interpretation

Oral ingestion of C. kefyr may have beneficial effects on MS by modifying microflora. In addition, our findings also suggested the potential health benefits of dietary yeasts.
Facile Preparation of Doxorubicin‐Loaded Upconversion@Polydopamine Nanoplatforms for Simultaneous In Vivo Multimodality Imaging and Chemophotothermal Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Liu Fuyao , He Xiuxia , Lei Zhen , Liu Liang , Zhang Junping , You Hongpeng , Zhang Huimao , Wang Zhenxin
Published: December 2014

The development of biosafe nanoplatforms with diagnostic and therapeutic multifunction is extremely demanded for designing cancer theranostic medicines. Here, a facile methodology is developed to construct a multifunctional nanotheranostic that gathers five functions, upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging, T
1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X‐ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemotherapy, into one single nanoprobe (named as UCNP@PDA5‐PEG‐DOX). For generating the UCNP@PDA5‐PEG‐DOX, a near‐infrared light (NIR)‐absorbing polydopamine (PDA) shell is directly coated on oleic‐acid‐capped β‐NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+@β‐NaGdF4 upconverting nanoparticle (UCNP) core for the first time to form monodisperse, ultrastable, and noncytotoxic core–shell‐structured nanosphere via water‐in‐oil microemulsion approach. When combined with 808 nm NIR laser irradiation, the UCNP@PDA5‐PEG‐DOX shows great synergistic interaction between PTT and the enhanced chemotherapy, resulting in completely eradicated mouse‐bearing SW620 tumor without regrowth. In addition, leakage study, hemolysis assay, histology analysis, and blood biochemistry assay unambiguously reveal that the UCNP@PDA5‐PEG has inappreciable cytotoxicity and negligible organ toxicity. The results provide explicit strategy for fabricating multifunctional nanoplatforms from the integration of UCNP with NIR‐absorbing polymers, important for developing multi‐mode nanoprobes for biomedical applications.
Superior Lithium Storage Properties of β‐FeOOH
Authors: Yu Linghui , Xi Shibo , Wei Chao , Zhang Wenyu , Du Yonghua , Yan Qingyu , Xu Zhichuan
Published: December 2014

Several crystal forms of FeOOH are recently reported to be highly promising for lithium storage due to their high capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In particular, β‐FeOOH has shown a capacity of ≈1000 mAh g−1, which is comparable to other promising iron‐based anodes, such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. However, its storage mechanisms are unclear and the potential for further improvement remains unexplored. Here, it is shown that this material can have a very high reversible capacity of ≈1400 mAh g−1, which is 20%–40% higher than Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Such a high capacity is delivered from a series of reactions including intercalation and conversion reactions, formation/deformation of solid‐state electrolyte interface layers and interfacial storage. The mechanisms are studied by a combination of electrochemical and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopic approaches. Moreover, very long cycling performance, that is, after even more than 3000 cycles the material still has a significant capacity of more than 800 mAh g−1, is obtained by a simple electrode design involving introducing a rigid support into porous electrodes. Such long cycling performance is for the first time achieved for high‐capacity materials based on conversion reactions.
Hierarchical Surface Atomic Structure of a Manganese‐Based Spinel Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Sanghan , Yoon Gabin , Jeong Minseul , Lee Min‐Joon , Kang Kisuk , Cho Jaephil
Published: December 2014

The increasing use of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in high‐power applications requires improvement of their high‐temperature electrochemical performance, including their cyclability and rate capability. Spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) is a promising cathode material because of its high stability and abundance. However, it exhibits poor cycling performance at high temperatures owing to Mn dissolution. Herein we show that when stoichiometric lithium manganese oxide is coated with highly doped spinels, the resulting epitaxial coating has a hierarchical atomic structure consisting of cubic‐spinel, tetragonal‐spinel, and layered structures, and no interfacial phase is formed. In a practical application of the coating to doped spinel, the material retained 90 % of its capacity after 800 cycles at 60 °C. Thus, the formation of an epitaxial coating with a hierarchical atomic structure could enhance the electrochemical performance of LIB cathode materials while preventing large losses in capacity.
One‐pot Synthesis of CdS Nanocrystals Hybridized with Single‐Layer Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chen Junze , Wu Xue‐Jun , Yin Lisha , Li Bing , Hong Xun , Fan Zhanxi , Chen Bo , Xue Can , Zhang Hua
Published: December 2014

Exploration of low‐cost and earth‐abundant photocatalysts for highly efficient solar photocatalytic water splitting is of great importance. Although transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) showed outstanding performance as co‐catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), designing TMD‐hybridized photocatalysts with abundant active sites for the HER still remains challenge. Here, a facile one‐pot wet‐chemical method is developed to prepare MS2–CdS (M=W or Mo) nanohybrids. Surprisedly, in the obtained nanohybrids, single‐layer MS2 nanosheets with lateral size of 4–10 nm selectively grow on the Cd‐rich (0001) surface of wurtzite CdS nanocrystals. These MS2–CdS nanohybrids possess a large number of edge sites in the MS2 layers, which are active sites for the HER. The photocatalytic performances of WS2–CdS and MoS2–CdS nanohybrids towards the HER under visible light irradiation (>420 nm) are about 16 and 12 times that of pure CdS, respectively. Importantly, the MS2–CdS nanohybrids showed enhanced stability after a long‐time test (16 h), and 70 % of catalytic activity still remained.
Enhancing ssDNA stability at acidic pH by encapsulation for the usage as DNA marking system
Authors: Stenzel Sandra , Bohrisch Jörg , Meyer Michael
Published: December 2014

The usage of synthetic single‐strand DNA (ssDNA) as an invisible barcode is critical for products, which are exposed to DNA damaging influences during their production or handling (ultraviolet light, acidic conditions, and high temperatures). Encapsulation may protect ssDNA against hydrolytic attack under acidic conditions. This assumption was proved by embedding ssDNA into a spherical hydrogel matrix of polyacrylamide and coating it with a crosslinked polystyrene shell. After acidic treatment of these capsules, the ssDNA stability was measured by detecting the amplification ratio over time with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and calculating the apparent rate constant and apparent half‐life. The results of the quantitative detection of ssDNA damage demonstrated that enhancing ssDNA stability by encapsulation with crosslinked polystyrene is possible. Such a potential application may be used in all fields of traceability and of combating counterfeiting, where protection of DNA against environmental influences is needed, for example, as safe marking system for paper, biomaterials, textiles, or leather. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41754.
Orthogonal design study on factors affecting the diameter of perfluorinated sulfonic acid nanofibers during electrospinning
Authors: Song Tiandan , Chen Zhiyuan , He Hong , Liu Yuexing , Liu Yong , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: December 2014

In this study, Nafion® NR 40 beads with polyethylene oxide (PEO) are fabricated into a nanofiber membrane using electrospinning. In particular, Nafion® beads in non‐toxic mixed solvent (EtOH and H2O) were blended with the carrier polymer PEO, which is the minor component in the solution responsible for the solution spinnability. The highest content of Nafion® in the nanofiber is 98.04%. To investigate the factors influencing the nanofiber diameter during electrospinning, an orthogonal design method was adopted. These factors include the carrier polymer content, distance between the syringe needle and roller collector, flow rate of the electrospinning solution, and the roller rotation speed. After obtaining the significant factors and optimal test level, an additional optimization experiment is conducted under the best conditions. The resulting nanofibers have a diameter of ∼150 nm. Moreover, the obtained Nafion® nanofiber membrane has strong potential for applications in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), the chlor‐alkali industry, catalysts, and metal ion removal. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41755.
Modular Microstructured Reactors for Pilot‐ and Production Scale Chemistry
Authors: Ghaini Aras , Balon‐Burger Monika , Bogdan Anca , Krtschil Ulrich , Löb Patrick
Published: December 2014

In recent years, two strategies in continuous‐flow plant technology attracted strengthened interest: First, the use of microstructured devices as a new tool for process intensification and second, the modularity of interchangeable devices which leads to more flexibility. To take advantage of both, these approaches were combined within the EU‐project CoPIRIDE. Microstructured modular reactors were fabricated by novel manufacturing techniques. Different types of such reactors were characterized in terms of reaction engineering. Residence time distribution, heat transfer performance, pressure drop, and liquid‐liquid mixing performance were investigated.
Correlation between Organic Fouling of Reverse‐Osmosis Membranes and Various Interfacial Interactions
Authors: Li Haigang , Yu Ping , Luo Yunbai
Published: December 2014

The influence of various interface forces on membrane fouling during reverse‐osmosis (RO) filtration of organic solutions is investigated. Some monoaromatic compounds are used as model foulants. Isothermal data demonstrate that the adsorption of aromatic compounds on the membrane surface fits the Freundlich model better than the Langmuir model. Kinetics data are better correlated with the pseudo‐second‐order model than the pseudo‐first‐order one. The affinity of monoaromatic compounds to the RO membrane is evaluated. Statistical analysis of results indicates that the initial fouling rate is dominated by the electrostatic attraction and the hydrophobic force while irreversible fouling is mainly controlled by the formation of a hydrogen bond between the membrane surface and organic compounds.
Impact of Surfactant Addition on Oxygen Mass Transfer in a Bubble Column
Authors: McClure Dale D. , Lee Ai Chia , Kavanagh John M. , Fletcher David F. , Barton Geoffrey W.
Published: December 2014

The impact of sparger design and surfactant addition on the oxygen transfer rate in a bubble column was examined. Additionally, measurements were also made of the holdup and bubble size distribution, allowing both the interfacial area for mass transfer and the liquid film mass transfer coefficient to be determined for a range of industrially relevant superficial velocities. It was found that for the velocity range examined changes in the superficial velocity had a minimal impact on the observed value of liquid film mass transfer coefficient. In contrast, addition of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface‐active compounds led to an approximately threefold reduction in liquid film mass transfer coefficient.
NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques for Biomedicine
Authors: Nikolaou Panayiotis , Goodson Boyd M. , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: December 2014

Recent developments in NMR hyperpolarization have enabled a wide array of new in vivo molecular imaging modalities, ranging from functional imaging of the lungs to metabolic imaging of cancer. This Concept article explores selected advances in methods for the preparation and use of hyperpolarized contrast agents, many of which are already at or near the phase of their clinical validation in patients.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Na‐Ion Conduction in a Chalcogenide Glass—Ceramic in the Ternary System Na2Se—Ga2Se3—GeSe2.
Authors: Kim Seong K. , Mao Alvin , Sen Sabyasachi , Kim Sangtae
Published: December 2014

The layered chalcogenide glass Na2 (Ga0.1Ge0.9)2Se4.95 is prepared as a glass‐ceramic composite of the nominal composition 25%Na2Se‐15%Ga2Se3‐60%GeSe2 using Na2Se and Ga‐Ge‐S alloys as precursor in melt‐quench processes (evacuated silica amoule, 950 °C, several hours).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Chromium Perovskite Oxyhydride with a High Magnetic‐Transition Temperature.
Authors: Tassel Cedric , Goto Yoshihiro , Kuno Yoshinori , Hester James , Green Mark , Kobayashi Yoji , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

The novel stoichiometric perovskite SrCrO2H is synthesized by high pressure/high temperature reaction of SrO, Cr2O3, and SrH2 (5 GPa, 1000 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Storage of Lithium in Three‐Dimensional Macroporous Germanium.
Authors: Jia Haiping , Kloepsch Richard , He Xin , Badillo Juan Pablo , Gao Pengfei , Fromm Olga , Placke Tobias , Winter Martin
Published: December 2014

Macroporous Ge with a hexagonal‐like morphology is prepared by magnesiothermic reduction of GeO2 (corundum boat, 5%H2/Ar, 650 °C, 7 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Evidence for Direct Molecular Oxygen Production in CO2 Photodissociation.
Authors: Lu Zou , Chang Yih Chung , Yin Qing‐Zhu , Ng C. Y. , Jackson William M.
Published: December 2014

Vacuum UV laser pump‐probe spectroscopy and velocity‐map imaging detection of C(3PJ) give direct experimental evidence for the C + O2 channel with a yield of 5% in CO2 photodissociation.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Regio‐ and Stereo‐Selectivity in Diels—Alder Reactions Between Bulky N‐Phenylmaleimides and Anthracene Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Hao , Yao Erdong , Xu Chi , Meng Xiao , Ma Yuguo
Published: December 2014

The use of multiple bulky substituents on diene and dienophile shifts the reaction from 1,4‐adducts (III) and (VI) towards 9,10‐adducts (IV) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)—H2O2 and Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)—H2O2 Complexes: Solid H2O2 Equivalents for Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Ketones to gem‐Dihydroperoxides.
Authors: Surya Prakash G. K. , Shakhmin Anton , Glinton Kevin E. , Rao Sneha , Mathew Thomas , Olah George A.
Published: December 2014

Complexes of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(4‐vinylpyridine) with hydrogen peroxide are prepared and their synthetic utility as solid hydrogen peroxide equivalents for the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and ketones to gem‐dihydroperoxides is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodoarene‐Catalyzed Fluorination and Aminofluorination by an Ar‐I/HF·Pyridine/mCPBA System.
Authors: Suzuki Satoru , Kamo Tomohiro , Fukushi Kazunobu , Hiramatsu Takaaki , Tokunaga Etsuko , Dohi Toshifumi , Kita Yasuyuki , Shibata Norio
Published: December 2014

Results of preliminary trials of an asymmetric fluorination using chiral aryl iodides are also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxorhenium‐Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Glycols and Epoxides.
Authors: Davis Jacqkis , Srivastava Radhey S.
Published: December 2014

leading to alkenes
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Catalysis in Aqueous Emulsions.
Authors: Duschmale Joerg , Kohrt Sonja , Wennemers Helma
Published: December 2014

Amphiphilic tripeptides are found to catalyze the conjugate addition of aldehydes (I) to nitroolefins (II) in water in high yields and stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Iminoxyl Radical‐Based Strategy for Intermolecular C—O Bond Formation: Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Oximes.
Authors: Krylov Igor B. , Terent'ev Alexander O. , Timofeev Vladimir P. , Shelimov Boris N. , Novikov Roman A. , Merkulova Valentina M. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: December 2014

Numerous other diketones, 1,3‐keto esters and oximes are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Equilibration of the [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Silyl Enol Ethers Catalyzed by Ethylaluminium Dichloride: Diastereoselectivity Switch in the Synthesis of Fused Cyclobutanes.
Authors: Hata Kenji , Arichi Norihito , Yamaoka Yousuke , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Takemoto Yoshiji , Takasu Kiyosei
Published: December 2014

The reaction of silyl enol ethers with acrylate (II) gives the corresponding [2 + 2] cycloadducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric‐Acid‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Ethyl Ketimine Derivatives by Using Benzothiazoline.
Authors: Saito Kodai , Horiguchi Kosaku , Shibata Yukihiro , Yamanaka Masahiro , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: December 2014

It is demonstrated that asymmetric hydrogenation of ketimines can be advantageously achieved with benzothiazoline as hydrogen donor in the presence of a chiral BINOL derived phosphonic acid as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Nucleophilic Allylation of Aldehydes with 2‐Substituted Allylic Acetates: Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Driven by the Water—Gas Shift Reaction.
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Matesich Zachery D.
Published: December 2014

The ruthenium—catalyzed allylation of aldehydes (aromatic, α,β‐unsaturated, and aliphatic aldehydes) with allylic acetates is expanded to incorporate substituents at the 2‐position of the allylic component.
ChemInform Abstract: A Catalyst‐Free, Facile and Efficient Approach to Cyclic Esters: Synthesis of 4H‐Benzo[d][1,3]dioxin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Lin Feng , Song Qiuling , Gao Yuyu , Cui Xiuling
Published: December 2014

Title compounds, which are important structural units for the preparation of insecticides and multiple‐substituted benzene derivatives, are synthesized by a green and practical method starting from readily available materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Amination of Thioethers with N‐Mesyloxycarbamates: DMAP and Bis(DMAP)CH2Cl2 as Key Additives.
Authors: Lebel Helene , Piras Henri , Bartholomeues Johan
Published: December 2014

Chiral sulfilimines are prepared by rhodium‐catalyzed intermolecular amination of thioethers with the readily available N‐mesyloxycarbamate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides with Cyanuric Chloride and Urea—Hydrogen Peroxide Adduct.
Authors: Jeon Heung Bae , Kim Kyoung Tae , Kim Sang Hyun
Published: December 2014

Urea‐hydrogen peroxide adduct is a more reactive oxidant for the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides than H2O2 when utilized with cyanuric chloride as an activator.
ChemInform Abstract: Proline‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions of an o‐Quinodimethane.
Authors: Shirakawa Hidenori , Sano Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

A highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective Diels—Alder reaction of the new precursor α‐amino‐o‐quinodimethane with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is achieved in the presence of L‐proline.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Diarylation of Activated Alkenes with Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Yang Yang , Han Jianwei , Wu Xunshen , Mao Song , Yu Jianjun , Wang Limin
Published: December 2014

Attempts to achieve an asymmetric version of the methodology fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Structures of 2‐Substituted 5‐Benzyl‐3‐methylimidazolidin‐4‐one‐Derived Iminium Salts, Reactive Intermediates in Organocatalytic Transformations Involving α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Groselj Uros , Beck Albert , Schweizer W. Bernd , Seebach Dieter
Published: December 2014

A variety of phenylalanine‐derived cis‐ and trans‐imidazolidinones is prepared in pure form.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Characterization and Evaluation of Novel 2,6‐Diarylpiperidin‐4‐ones as Potential Analgesic‐Antipyretic Agents.
Authors: Tripathi Purnima , Tripathi Avinash C. , Chawla Viney , Saraf Shailendra K.
Published: December 2014

A series of N‐chloroacetyl‐3‐methyl‐2,6‐diarylpiperidin‐4‐ones (III) and N‐(4‐methylpiperazino)acetyl‐3‐methyl‐2,6‐diarylpiperidin‐4‐ones (V) are prepared and tested on their analgesic as well as antipyretic activities.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Reactivity of 4‐Cyano‐1,3‐dichloro‐7‐methyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2,7‐naphthyridine with Several Amines in Different Experimental Conditions: Monosubstitution, Disubstitution, and a New Unexpected Rearrangement.
Authors: Sirakanyan Samvel N. , Kartsev Viktor G. , Spinelli Domenico , Geronikaki Athina , Noravyan Azat S. , Hovakimyan Anush A. , Panosyan Henrik A. , Ayvazyan Armen G. , Tamazyan Rafael A.
Published: December 2014

The different reactivity of the chlorine atoms in title dichloronaphthyridine (I) allows the selective synthesis of mono‐ and diamino‐substituted derivatives (III) as well as (V) and (VI), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Synrotolide and the Evaluation of Its Antiproliferative Activity.
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Rao Allu Senkara , Sandeep AnkiReddy , Latha Bejawada Madhavi , Reddy Dodda Vasudeva
Published: December 2014

The title compound (I) inhibits the growth of the PANC 1 cancer cell line.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkenyl Complexes of Platinum Group Metals: A Platform for Diverse Reactivity Patterns
Authors: Sravani Chinduluri , Venkatesh Sadhana , Vijayakrishna Kari , Sivaramakrishna Akella
Published: December 2014

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,3‐Triazole in Heterocyclic Compounds, Endowed with Biological Activity, Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions
Authors: Lauria Antonino , Delisi Riccardo , Mingoia Francesco , Terenzi Alessio , Martorana Annamaria , Barone Giampaolo , Almerico Anna Maria
Published: December 2014

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Allylic Functionalization Through Pd‐Catalyzed C—H Activation
Authors: Liron Frederic , Oble Julie , Lorion Melanie M. , Poli Giovanni
Published: December 2014

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Catalytic Asymmetric Protonation
Authors: Oudeyer Sylvain , Briere Jean‐Francois , Levacher Vincent
Published: December 2014

Review: [66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Subtle Mitsunobu Couplings under Super‐Heating: The Role of High‐Throughput Continuous Flow and Microwave Strategies
Authors: Manvar Atul , Shah Anamik
Published: December 2014

Review: [43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Heteropoly Acids in Multi‐Component Reactions
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Faghihi Zeinab
Published: December 2014

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Material: From Low to High Dimensional Structure
Authors: Zhao Ning , et al. et al.
Published: December 2014

Review: 263 refs.
Effective supported liquid membranes for facilitated extraction phenomenon of cadmium (ii) ions from acidic environments: Parameters and mechanism
Authors: Eljaddi Tarik , Kamal Oussama , Atmani El Houssine El , Touarssi Imane , Lebrun Laurent , Hlaïbi Miloudi
Published: December 2014

We have developed three new supported liquid membranes (SLMs), for removal of Cd(II) from acidic environments. For the preparation of adopted membranes, we used a plate paper of the polymer PVDF, as porous support with thickness of 100 μm and pore diameter of 0.45 μm, and respectively, amphiphilic molecules of methyl cholate (MC), Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or tri‐n‐octylamine (TOA) as extractive agents, each dissolved in the organic phase toluene. We have developed a kinetic model to calculate the macroscopic parameters, permeability (P) and initial flux (J0) on the adopted membrane, and a thermodynamic model to determine the microscopic parameters, association constants (Kass) and apparent diffusion coefficients (D*), specific to the association of the substrate with the extractive agent, and diffusion of formed complex (TS) through the membrane organic phase. The proposed models verify the experimental results. We observed the influence of the agent nature, its concentration and the substrate concentration, on the parameters for the facilitated extraction of these ions through each of the developed membranes. On the other hand, these results show that the migration of Cd(II) through the membrane, is not a simple diffusion movement, but this migration is done according to the substrate successive jumps from one site to the other of extractive agent. In order to understand this mechanism and explain the obtained results, we have studied temperature factor influence, and we have calculated the activation parameters (Ea, ΔH≠, Δ S≠) related to the transition state for the association reaction of substrate with MC and TOA agents.
Vectorial Electron Transfer for Improved Hydrogen Evolution by Mercaptopropionic‐Acid‐Regulated CdSe Quantum‐Dots–TiO2–Ni(OH)2 Assembly
Authors: Yu Shan , Li Zhi‐Jun , Fan Xiang‐Bing , Li Jia‐Xin , Zhan Fei , Li Xu‐Bing , Tao Ye , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: December 2014

A visible‐light‐induced hydrogen evolution system based on a CdSe quantum dots (QDs)–TiO2–Ni(OH)2 ternary assembly has been constructed under an ambient environment, and a bifunctional molecular linker, mercaptopropionic acid, is used to facilitate the interaction between CdSe QDs and TiO2. This hydrogen evolution system works effectively in a basic aqueous solution (pH 11.0) to achieve a hydrogen evolution rate of 10.1 mmol g−1 h−1 for the assembly and a turnover frequency of 5140 h−1 with respect to CdSe QDs (10 h); the latter is comparable with the highest value reported for QD systems in an acidic environment. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and control experiments demonstrate that Ni(OH)2 is an efficient hydrogen evolution catalyst. In addition, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and the emission decay of the assembly combined with the hydrogen evolution experiments show that TiO2 functions mainly as the electron mediator; the vectorial electron transfer from CdSe QDs to TiO2 and then from TiO2 to Ni(OH)2 enhances the efficiency for hydrogen evolution. The assembly comprises light antenna CdSe QDs, electron mediator TiO2, and catalytic Ni(OH)2, which mimics the strategy of photosynthesis exploited in nature and takes us a step further towards artificial photosynthesis.
Metal‐Catalyst‐Free Carbohydrazide Fuel Cells with Three‐Dimensional Graphene Anodes
Authors: Qi Ji , Benipal Neeva , Wang Hui , Chadderdon David J. , Jiang Yibo , Wei Wei , Hu Yun Hang , Li Wenzhen
Published: December 2014

As a potential solution to concerns on sustainable energy, the wide spread commercialization of fuel cell has long been hindered by limited reserves and relatively high costs of metal catalysts. 3D graphene, a carbon‐only catalyst prepared by reduction of carbon monoxide with lithium oxide, is found to electrochemically catalyze carbohydrazide oxidation reaction efficiently. A prototype of a completely metal‐catalyst‐free anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) with a 3D graphene anode catalyst and an N‐doped CNT (N‐CNT) cathode catalyst generate a peak power density of 24.9 mW cm−2. The average number of electrons electrochemically extracted from one carbohydrazide molecule is 4.9, indicating the existence of CN bond activation, which is a key factor contributing to high fuel utilization efficiency.
Calculated plasma volume status and prognosis in chronic heart failure
Authors: Ling Hua Zen , Flint Julia , Damgaard Morten , Bonfils Peter K. , Cheng Adrian S. , Aggarwal Suneil , Velmurugan Shanti , Mendonca Michelle , Rashid Mohammed , Kang Swan , Papalia Francesco , Weissert Susanne , Coats Caroline J. , Thomas Martin , Kuskowski Michael , Cohn Jay N. , Woldman Simon , Anand Inder S. , Okonko Darlington O.
Published: December 2014

Aims

Plasma volume (PV) expansion hallmarks worsening chronic heart failure (CHF) but no non‐invasive means of quantifying volume status exists. Because weight and haematocrit are related to PV, they can be used to calculate relative PV status (PVS). We tested the validity and prognostic utility of calculated PVS in CHF patients.

Methods and results

First, we evaluated the agreement between calculated actual PV (aPV) and aPV levels measured using 125Iodine‐human serum albumin. Second, we derived PVS as: [(calculated aPV – ideal PV)/ideal PV] × 100%. Third, we assessed the prognostic implications of PVS in 5002 patients from the Valsartan in Heart Failure Trial (Val‐HeFT), and validated this in another 246 routine CHF outpatients. On analysis, calculated and measured aPV values correlated significantly in 119 normal subjects and 30 CHF patients. In the Val‐HeFT cohort, mean (+SD) PVS was –9 ± 8% and related to volume biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Over 2 years, 977 (20%) patients died. Plasma volume status was associated with death and first morbid events in a ‘J‐shaped’ fashion with the highest risk seen with a PVS > –4%. Stratification into PVS quartiles confirmed that a PVS > –4% was associated with increased mortality (unadjusted hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.44–1.88, χ2 = 54, P < 0.001) even after adjusting for 22 variables, including brain natriuretic peptide. These results were mirrored in the validation cohort.

Conclusions

Relative PVS calculated from simple clinical indices reflects the degree to which patients have deviated from their ideal PV and independently relates to outcomes. The utility of PVS‐driven CHF management needs further evaluation.
The Role of Water on the Performance of Calcium Oxide‐Based Sorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture: A Review
Authors: Zhang Li , Zhang Bo , Yang Zhongqing , Guo Mingnv
Published: December 2014

A technology using calcium oxide (CaO)‐based sorbents for CO2 capture has been identified to be the optimal candidate for capturing CO2 at high temperature. Realistic gases always contain water vapor and many other components, and it has been reported that these wet conditions have a non‐negligible influence on the performance of the sorbent. This Review outlines the role of H2O during the CO2 capture process using CaO‐based sorbents. The role of steam/H2O in sorbent reactivation, the effect of steam on carbonation and calcination, and the influence of steam when simultaneously existing in both carbonation and calcination stages are discussed. It is suggested that injection of steam in both carbonator and calciner is a good strategy to achieve better reactivity of the CaO‐based sorbent for CO2 capture. The mechanisms of the effect of steam in carbonator and calciner on CO2 capture are also discussed. The Review concludes with future research directions.
What, When, and with Whom? Investigating Expatriate Reentry Training with a Proximal Approach
Authors: Szkudlarek Betina , Sumpter Dana McDaniel
Published: December 2014

While reentry transition has long been regarded as one of the most challenging phases of an expatriate assignment cycle, reentry training has received little scholarly attention. Using a qualitative research design based on interviews with 31 training providers, we bring the issue of reentry training into focus. Our findings shed light on three components of training design and execution: content, timing, and participant format. Our comparison of actual reentry training practice with an ideal, theory‐driven design revealed numerous inconsistencies. Further investigation of these inconsistencies led us to theorize how training practices may predominantly be shaped by contextual factors. Our findings accentuate the challenges of HRM practices more broadly, showing how practice design can be driven by logistical matters and organizational interests, rather than by evidence‐based precepts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3‐Coloring Triangle‐Free Planar Graphs with a Precolored 8‐Cycle
Authors: dvořák zdeněk , Lidický Bernard
Published: December 2014

Let G be a planar triangle‐free graph and let C be a cycle in G of length at most 8. We characterize all situations where a 3‐coloring of C does not extend to a proper 3‐coloring of the whole graph.
Die Ästhetik der [1.1.1]Propellane
Authors: Augenstein Timo , Breher Frank
Published: December 2014

Die schweren Homologen von Kohlenwasserstoffen haben schon häufig den Grundstein für überarbeitete Bindungsmodelle gelegt. Ein Beispiel sind die schweren [1.1.1]Propellane der Gruppe 14. Doch auch nach 25 Jahren Forschung sind nicht alle ihre Rätsel gelöst.
Fight, Flight or Freeze: Common Responses for Follower Coping with Toxic Leadership
Authors: Webster Vicki , Brough Paula , Daly Kathleen
Published: December 2014

Sustained destructive leadership behaviours are associated with negative outcomes that produce serious workplace problems, yet there is scant research into how followers effectively cope with toxic leader behaviours. Despite numerous attempts to develop typologies of coping behaviours, there remains much to learn, especially in relation to this specific workplace stressor. This mixed method research investigates the coping strategies reported by 76 followers to cope with the psychological, emotional and physical consequences of their leader's adverse behaviour. Coping instances were categorized using two existing theoretical coping frameworks, and the ability of these frameworks to explain responses to real‐world experiences with toxic leadership are discussed. Common coping strategies reported included assertively challenging the leader, seeking social support, ruminating, taking leave and leaving the organization. Organizational interventions to increase effectiveness of follower coping with the impact of toxic leadership are also discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Home is Private…Do Not Enter! Introversion and Sensitivity to Work–Home Conflict
Authors: Baer Stacy M. , Jenkins Jade S. , Barber Larissa K.
Published: December 2014

This study examined extraversion as a moderator of the relationship between negative work–home conflict and stress‐related outcomes among US employees using conservation of resources theory and privacy regulation theory. Introverts only experienced stronger negative effects of negative work–home conflict on work‐related resource depletion (job burnout, low engagement, low satisfaction with balance) rather than general resource depletion (personal burnout) and strain (physical and psychological). This finding suggests that introverts selectively withdraw from the work domain to conserve resources when privacy at home is threatened. Employers may want to consider ways to help introverts increase work–home segmentation, such as reducing workplace norms that encourage employees to be continuously accessible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasmall Integrin‐Targeted Silica Nanoparticles Modulate Signaling Events and Cellular Processes in a Concentration‐Dependent Manner
Authors: Benezra Miriam , Phillips Evan , Overholtzer Michael , Zanzonico Pat B. , Tuominen Esa , Wiesner Ulrich , Bradbury Michelle S.
Published: December 2014

Cellular and molecular‐level interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems are a rapidly evolving field requiring an improved understanding of endocytic trafficking as the principal driver and regulator of signaling events and cellular responses. An understanding of these processes is vital to nanomedicine applications. Studies investigating the complex interplay of these processes and their relationship to targeted nanoparticles exploiting endocytic pathways are notably lacking. It is known that integrins traffic through the endosomal pathway and participate in diverse roles controlling signal transduction, cell migration, and proliferation. Here, it is shown that ultrasmall, nontoxic, core–shell silica nanoparticles (C‐dots), surface‐functionalized with cRGDY peptides, modestly activate integrin‐signaling pathways, in turn, promoting the enhancement of cellular functions. First, nanomolar concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher than clinical trial doses, internalize within αvβ3 integrin‐expressing melanoma and endothelial cells, predominantly through an integrin receptor‐dependent endocytic route. Second, integrin‐mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and downstream signaling pathways occurs, in turn, upregulating phosphorylated protein expression levels and promoting concentration‐dependent cellular migration and proliferative activity. Inhibiting FAK catalytic activity leads to decreased phosphorylation levels and cellular migration rates. These findings may inform the design of more effectively‐targeted nanomedicines and provide insights into endocytic regulation of signal transduction.
Relevance theory: pragmatics and cognition
Authors: Wearing Catherine J.
Published: December 2014

Relevance Theory is a cognitively oriented theory of pragmatics, i.e., a theory of language use. It builds on the seminal work of H.P. Grice1to develop a pragmatic theory which is at once philosophically sensitive and empirically plausible (in both psychological and evolutionary terms). This entry reviews the central commitments and chief contributions of Relevance Theory, including its Gricean commitment to the centrality of intention‐reading and inference in communication; the cognitively grounded notion of relevance which provides the mechanism for explaining pragmatic interpretation as an intention‐driven, inferential process; and several key applications of the theory (lexical pragmatics, metaphor and irony, procedural meaning). Relevance Theory is an important contribution to our understanding of the pragmatics of communication.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:87–95. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1331

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory

Psychology > Language