bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humanin Alleviates Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Human and Rat Model–Based Study
Authors: Wang Yingying , Zeng Zhengyan , Zhao Shuhua , Tang Li , Yan Jin , Li Nianyu , Zou Liping , Fan Xiaorong , Xu Chengcheng , Huang Jin , Xia Wei , Zhu Changhong , Rao Meng
Published: March 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is characterized by hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance (IR); however, the pathogenesis of local ovarian IR in PCOS remains largely unclear. Humanin, a mitochondria-derived peptide, has been reported to be associated with IR. Our previous study confirmed that humanin is expressed in multiple cell types in the ovary and is present in follicular fluid. However, it remains unknown whether humanin participates in the pathogenesis of local ovarian IR or whether humanin supplementation can improve IR in PCOS patients. In this study, we compared humanin concentrations in follicular fluid from PCOS patients with and without IR. We further investigated the effect of humanin analogue (HNG) supplementation on IR in a rat model of dehydroepiandrosterone-induced PCOS. Humanin concentrations in the follicular fluid were found to be significantly lower in PCOS patients with IR than in those without IR. HNG supplementation attenuated both the increases in the levels of fasting plasma glucose and fasting insulin in rats with PCOS and the decreases in phosphorylation of IRS1, PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4 proteins in the granulosa cells of these rats. Combined supplementation with HNG and insulin significantly improved glucose consumption in normal and humanin-siRNA-transfected COV434 cells. In conclusion, downregulated humanin in the ovaries may be involved in the pathogenesis of IR in PCOS, and exogenous supplementation with HNG improved local ovarian IR through modulation of the IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model. This finding supports the potential future use of HNG as a therapeutic drug for PCOS.
Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Authors: Bhargava Aditi , Arnold Arthur P , Bangasser Debra A , Denton Kate M , Gupta Arpana , Hilliard Krause Lucinda M , Mayer Emeran A , McCarthy Margaret , Miller Walter L , Raznahan Armin , Verma Ragini
Published: March 2021

In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH-funded research involving animals and cells.” Since then, proposed research plans that include animals routinely state that both sexes/genders will be used; however, in many instances, researchers and reviewers are at a loss about the issue of sex differences. Moreover, the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably by many researchers, further complicating the issue. In addition, the sex or gender of the researcher might influence study outcomes, especially those concerning behavioral studies, in both animals and humans. The act of observation may change the outcome (the “observer effect”) and any experimental manipulation, no matter how well-controlled, is subject to it. This is nowhere more applicable than in physiology and behavior. The sex of established cultured cell lines is another issue, in addition to aneuploidy; chromosomal numbers can change as cells are passaged. Additionally, culture medium contains steroids, growth hormone, and insulin that might influence expression of various genes. These issues often are not taken into account, determined, or even considered. Issues pertaining to the “sex” of cultured cells are beyond the scope of this Statement. However, we will discuss the factors that influence sex and gender in both basic research (that using animal models) and clinical research (that involving human subjects), as well as in some areas of science where sex differences are routinely studied. Sex differences in baseline physiology and associated mechanisms form the foundation for understanding sex differences in diseases pathology, treatments, and outcomes. The purpose of this Statement is to highlight lessons learned, caveats, and what to consider when evaluating data pertaining to sex differences, using 3 areas of research as examples; it is not intended to serve as a guideline for research design.
ER Stress in Cardiometabolic Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics
Authors: Ajoolabady Amir , Wang Shuyi , Kroemer Guido , Klionsky Daniel J , Uversky Vladimir N , Sowers James R , Aslkhodapasandhokmabad Hamid , Bi Yaguang , Ge Junbo , Ren Jun
Published: March 2021

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hosts linear polypeptides and fosters natural folding of proteins through ER-residing chaperones and enzymes. Failure of the ER to align and compose proper protein architecture leads to accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which disturbs ER homeostasis to provoke ER stress. Presence of ER stress initiates the cytoprotective unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis or instigates a rather maladaptive UPR to promote cell death. Although a wide array of cellular processes such as persistent autophagy, dysregulated mitophagy, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to the onset and progression of cardiometabolic diseases, it is well perceived that ER stress also evokes the onset and development of cardiometabolic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Meanwhile, these pathological conditions further aggravate ER stress, creating a rather vicious cycle. Here in this review, we aimed at summarizing and updating the available information on ER stress in CVDs, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and CKD, hoping to offer novel insights for the management of these cardiometabolic comorbidities through regulation of ER stress.
Use of Statins Among Patients Taking Levothyroxine: an Observational Drug Utilization Study Across Sites
Authors: Idrees Thaer , Prieto Wesley H , Casula Sabina , Ajith Aswathy , Ettleson Matthew , Narchi Flavia A Andreotti , Russo Pedro S T , Fernandes Fernando , Johnson Julie , Mayampurath Anoop , Maciel Rui M B , Bianco Antonio C
Published: March 2021

Context

Treatment with levothyroxine (LT4) that normalize serum thyrotropin (TSH) is expected to restore lipid metabolism.

Objective

To assess statin utilization in LT4-treated patients through an observational drug utilization study.

Methods

Three sites were involved: (1) 10 723 outpatients placed on LT4 during 2006-2019 identified from the Clinical Research Data Warehouse of the University of Chicago; (2) ~1.4 million LT4 prescriptions prepared by primary care physicians during January-December 2018, identified from the IQVIA™ database of medical prescriptions in Brazil; (30 ~5.4 million patient interviews during 2009-2019, including ~0.32 million patients on LT4, identified from the Fleury Group database in Brazil.

Results

On site 1, initiation of therapy with LT4 increased the frequency of statin utilization (19.1% vs 24.6%), which occurred ~1.5 years later (median 76 weeks) and, among those patients that were on statins, increased intensity of treatment by 33%, despite normalization of serum TSH levels; on site 2, after matching for sex and age, the frequency of statins prescription was higher for those patients using LT4: females, 2.1 vs 3.4% (odds ratio [OR] 1.656 [1.639-1.673]); males, 3.1 vs 4.4% (OR 1.435 [1.409-1.462]); and, on site 3, after matching for sex and age, the frequency of statin utilization was higher in those patients using LT4: females, 10 vs 18% (OR 2.02 [2.00-2.04]); males, 15 vs 25% (OR 1.92 [1.88-1.96]); all P values were <.0001.

Conclusion

Prescription and utilization of statins were higher in patients taking LT4. The reasons for this association should be addressed in future studies.
Visual cues enhance obstacle avoidance in echolocating bats
Authors: Jones Te K. , Moss Cynthia F.
Published: March 2021

Studies have shown that bats are capable of using visual information for a variety of purposes, including navigation and foraging, but the relative contributions of visual and auditory modalities in obstacle avoidance has yet to be fully investigated, particularly in laryngeal echolocating bats. A first step requires the characterization of behavioral responses to different combinations of sensory cues. Here, we quantified the behavioral responses of the insectivorous big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, in an obstacle avoidance task offering different combinations of auditory and visual cues. To do so, we utilized a new method that eliminates the confounds typically associated with testing bat vision and precludes auditory cues. We found that the presence of visual and auditory cues together enhances bats' avoidance response to obstacles compared with cues requiring either vision or audition alone. Analyses of flight and echolocation behaviors, such as speed and call rate, did not vary significantly under different obstacle conditions, and thus are not informative indicators of a bat's response to obstacle stimulus type. These findings advance the understanding of the relative importance of visual and auditory sensory modalities in guiding obstacle avoidance behaviors.
Multi-Mode Switchable Luminescence of Tetranuclear Cubic Copper(I) Iodide Complexes with Tertiary Arsine Ligands
Authors: Kobayashi Ryosuke , Inaba Ryoto , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke
Published: March 2021

Tetranuclear cubic copper(I) iodide (CuI) complexes were synthesized by utilizing tertiary arsine ligands such as triphenylarsine, tri(p-tolyl)arsine, 9-phenyl-9-arsafluorene, and 1-phenylarsolane; except for triphenylarsine, these ligands were prepared by the practical methods that we previously developed. The obtained complexes exhibited intense emission in the crystalline states even at room temperature. Their emission colors were drastically changed by mechanical stimulus, temperature, and excitation wavelength. These complexes are the first examples of cubic Cu4I4 complexes with arsenic ligands exhibiting stimuli-responsive and excitation wavelength-dependent luminescence.
Elucidation of Nitrogen Adsorption Behavior of AlMepO-α by In-Situ Powder X-ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Maeda Kazuyuki , Minta Hiroaki , Kondo Atsushi , Kawaguchi Shogo
Published: March 2021

In-situ powder X-ray diffraction study of AlMepO-α under varied nitrogen equilibrium pressures identifies two phases np and lp with the same space group and slightly different lattice constants and reveals their structures with different nitrogen contents. A crystallographically estimated adsorption isotherm fairly well simulates the measured two-step isotherm.
Noticing the Elephant in the Middle of the Room: Manifestation of Socio-Economic Inequalities in the World and Turkey
Authors: Sunar Lütfi , Güvendi Merve Akkuş
Published: March 2021

Today the spotlights are over the problem of socio-economic inequalities. More people are having close attention to this phenomenon in the world and in Turkey. Because the economic transformation experienced in the last forty years triggers socio-economic inequalities to a great extent and creates different manifestations of the subject. Thus, the problem of socio-economic inequalities is subject to new research from different dimensions. Evaluation that monitoring inequalities through numerical indicators that give a general view, such as the gini coefficient, are not fully explanatory about the case. Because the gini coefficient provides a one-dimensional explanation and mostly obscures the different dimensions of the inequality. For this reason, calculations that make it possible to follow the contraction and expansion in different income groups within the country have started to be developed. This difference in assessment stems from the need to provide a framework for both the income status of different social groups and the changing social balances. This paper focuses the changes and variations in different income groups such as top 1 percent, middle income group and poor people. This paper offers a new framework for the assessment of socio-economic inequality by the analysis of the differentiation and change in these groups.
Zuotai (β-HgS)-containing 70 Wei Zhen-Zhu-Wan differs from mercury chloride and methylmercury on hepatic cytochrome P450 in mice
Authors: Nie Yu , Xu Shang-Fu , Lu Yan-Liu , Zhao Xiu-Rong , Li Cen , Wei Li-Xin , Liu Jie
Published: March 2021

Background: Zuotai (mainly β-HgS)-containing 70 Wei-Zhen-Zhu-Wan (70W, Rannasangpei) is a famous Tibetan medicine for treating cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases.  We have shown that 70W protected against CCl4 hepatotoxicity.  CCl4 is metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) to produce reactive metabolites. Whether 70W has any effect on CYPs is unknown and such effects should be compared with mercury compounds for safety evaluation.  

Methods: Mice were given clinical doses of 70W (0.15-1.5 g/kg, po), Zuotai (30 mg/kg, po), and compared to HgCl2 (33.6 mg/kg, po) and MeHg (3.1 mg/kg, po) for seven days. Liver RNA and protein were isolated for qPCR and Western-blot analysis.

Results: 70W and Zuotai had no effects on hepatic mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Cyp4a10 and Cyp7a1, and corresponding nuclear receptors [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα); farnesoid X receptor (FXR)]. In comparison, HgCl2 and MeHg increased mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp4a10 and Cyp7a1 except for Cyp3a11, and corresponding nuclear receptors except for PXR. Western-blot confirmed mRNA results, showing increases in CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2E1, CYP4A and CYP7A1 by HgCl2 and MeHg only, and all treatments had no effects on CYP3A.

Conclusions: Zuotai and Zuotai-containing 70W at clinical doses had minimal influence on hepatic CYPs and corresponding nuclear receptors, while HgCl2 and MeHg produced significant effects.  Thus, the use of total Hg content to evaluate the safety of HgS-containing 70W is inappropriate.
Interpersonal and communication skills development in nursing preceptorship education and training programmes: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Hardie Philip , Darley Andrew , Redmond Catherine , Lafferty Attracta , Jarvis Suzi
Published: March 2021

The preceptorship model is an education-focused model for teaching and learning within a clinical environment in nursing. It formulates a professional educational relationship between a staff nurse (preceptor) and student nurse and is based on the provision of providing patient care. Preceptorship is widely acknowledged in the literature as a positive pedagogical approach in clinical nursing education in terms of knowledge and skill acquisition, confidence, and professional socialisation of undergraduate nursing students. However, the literature also widely reports negative interpersonal experiences within this professional educational relationship resulting in negative educational experiences and in some cases, negative patient experiences. Therefore, the authors set out to examine what teaching strategies are being implemented by nurse educators to encourage the development of interpersonal and communication skills in facilitating positive interpersonal relationships between the preceptor, nursing student and patient. This paper outlines the protocol for an exploratory scoping review that aims to systematically and comprehensively map out the available published and unpublished literature on the teaching strategies to develop interpersonal and communication skills in preceptorship education and training programmes. To conduct a systematic and comprehensive scoping review, the review will be guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute and Arksey & O’ Malley (2005) six-stage iterative framework, as well as PRISMA-ScR framework guidelines, to ensure the quality of the methodological and reporting approaches to the review. It is anticipated that the results of the scoping review will inform nurse educators on the current educational practices for developing interpersonal and communication skills in preceptorship education and training programmes and identify any educational practices that are worthy of further consideration for future research.
Ormianie w Zamościu w pierwszych trzech dekadach istnienia miasta (1580-1610)
Authors: Majewski Marcin Łukasz
Published: March 2021

Armenians in Zamość in the first three decades of the city’s existence

Armenian settlement in Zamość was legally based on the privilege issuedon April 30, 1585 in Belz by the Grand Chancellor of the Crown, Jan Zamoyski,acting as a private owner of the city. Most likely, however, the first Armeniansbegan to arrive in the city even before the official announcement of the privilege.The author presents the process of their settlement in Zamość in the years 1580-1610, discusses the activity of the first Armenian settlers in the city’s life, especiallyin trade, crafts and real estate, as well as the emergence of the representation of thisethnic group in the city authorities and their own community.
Ochrona dziedzictwa ormiańskiego w działaniach Fundacji Kultury i Dziedzictwa Ormian Polskich
Authors: Ohanowicz-Tarasiuk Maria
Published: March 2021

Protection of the Armenian heritage in the activitiesof the Foundation for the Culture and Heritage of Polish Armenians One of the basic statutory tasks of the Foundation for the Culture andHeritage of Polish Armenians in Warsaw, established in 2006, is to save the materialheritage of Polish Armenians. Its collection, mainly originating from Armenianchurches in the former Eastern Borderlands, consists of a large archive of parishdocuments, record books, parchments, manuscripts, old prints, books, magazines, photographs, icons and liturgical paraments. This resource was moved to Polandwithin its new borders after the end of World War II, thanks to the efforts of priestsand parishioners. The Foundation, in 14 years of its activity, has ordered and inventoriedthese resources. They are made available at the Foundation’s seat, as well asin the Virtual Archive of Polish Armenians and through the public platform www.szukajwarchiwach.pl. From its beginnings, the Foundation has also undertaken thenecessary emergency work on the most endangered objects, and, depending onthe amount of obtained funds, also conducts conservation works.
Reading skills for sight translation in public sector services
Authors: Birgitta Nilsen Anne , Monsrud May-Britt
Published: March 2021

Interpreters in public-sector services in Norway report that they sight translate almost every day; a mode of translation that requires well-developed reading skills. Nevertheless, in interpreter training programs and assessments, reading skills seem so far to have been taken for granted. In this article we discuss reading skills for sight translation and suggest a way of testing these skills. Furthermore, we argue that there is a need to rethink assessments and educational programmes based on an assumption of skills in reading. We base our arguments on a study of public-sector interpreters’ reading speeds in Norwegian. The results show that 70% of the interpreters tested did not have sufficient skills in one central component of reading, namely decoding; that there is vast variation in skills; and that decoding speed varies according to the interpreters’ linguistic backgrounds. Our results are a strong indication of a specific need for training in reading skills amongst many public-sector interpreters.
Caution and compliance in medical encounters. Non-interpretation of hedges and phatic tokens
Authors: Albl-Mikasa Michaela , Glatz Elisabeth , Hofer Gertrud , Sleptsova Marina
Published: March 2021

Our paper is based on the Swiss research project ‘Interpreting in Medical Settings: Roles, Requirements and Responsibility’, which was supported by a grant of the Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (KTI) and carried out by an interdisciplinary team comprising medical specialists from the University Hospital of Basel (Marina Sleptsova and colleagues) and interpreting studies/applied linguistics researchers from the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (Gertrud Hofer and colleagues). It explores videotape transcriptions of 12 authentic interpreted conversations between German speaking doctors/medical staff and patients of Turkish or Albanian origin. The analysis finds that culture-specific expressions produced by the patients occur rarely and do not pose any interpreting problems. By contrast, phatic tokens and hedges play an important role in medical personnel’s presentation of their interactional, trust building, diagnostic and therapeutic intentions. Although these expressions are essential communication elements geared at building patients’ compliance and establishing doctors’ safeguards, they are rarely or inconsistently rendered by the interpreters. It is argued that, while medical interpreters may have plausible reasons not to render these expressions, they would still need to be made aware of the significance of such pragmatic aspects of communication in training courses and/or pre-encounter briefings. More generally, empirical research – similar to that on questioning style and questioning techniques – should focus more on the exploration of discourse markers, meta-discourse comments and rapport-building expressions of different types of utterance and discourse practices in healthcare interpreting settings.
The impact of emotional and psychological factors on public service interpreters: Preliminary studies
Authors: Valero Garces Carmen
Published: March 2021

The impact of psychological and emotional factors on public service interpreters is widely accepted by those working in the field, yet studies on the matter remain sparse. Drawing on research conducted in the early 21st century, this paper presents various preliminary studies (Master theses) by students of the European Masters in Intercultural Communication, Public Service Interpreting and Translation at the Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain). The main objective of the current review is to determine whether conclusions from previous research are reproducible in new contexts (in particular, the context explored is Spain in the second decade of the 21st century). The subject matter of the studies includes challenges facing non-professional interpreters in different settings; the influence of emotional and psychological factors on conference interpreters, public service interpreters and public service interpreting (PSI) students; interpreting in mental health; and burnout syndrome in PSI. Data for the research has been drawn from interviews and questionnaires. A review of past research on PSI illustrates that interpreters in public services perform their task in challenging settings that are fraught with delicate content, that they are exposed to significant psychological and emotional stress, are expected to perform numerous occupational tasks, and finally, that they are subjected to ever-changing physical, psychological and environmental conditions. The subsequent review of more recent research lends further credibility to past findings and furthermore highlights the need for training in coping with the situations and tensions that have been demonstrated to affect the PSI interpreter’s work.
The influence of governmental policy on public service interpreting in the Netherlands
Authors: de Boe Esther
Published: March 2021

In the Netherlands, the government has become involved in public service interpreting by issuing measures shaping the professional conditions for interpreters and by monitoring the quality of their services. Under the Sworn Interpreters and Translators Act (2007) a register was set up for interpreters who meet predefined requirements for “basic interpreter competencies”. According to the 2007 Act, institutions in the legal domain as well as in the immigration and police services are obliged to work exclusively with certified interpreters. In this way, the government has contributed to the professionalization of legal interpreting. In recent years however, this development has been reversed in other sectors of public service interpreting (PSI). Some forms of PSI, it would seem, are more equal than others. In public health for example, there are only advisory regulations concerning the use of interpreters, and there is no obligation to work with certified interpreters. Although the government was initially involved in the administration and financing of interpreting agencies in all the fields of PSI, over the years it has gradually transferred this responsibility to the users of these services. In 2012, the government stopped most of its funding of healthcare interpreting. In spite of the presence of several indicators of professionalization of interpreters in the Netherlands, such as certification, a code of ethics, compensation and a system of continuing education for interpreters, their effectiveness is limited because they concern only interpreters working in the legal domain or in immigration and police services. The level of professionalization in PSI as a whole could be increased if the government were to implement its theoretical stance that both legal and healthcare interpreting are matters of public interest enshrined in the Dutch law, and if other fields of PSI besides legal interpreting were included in the existing framework for certification, training and continuing education.
Technical Note—Static Pricing: Universal Guarantees for Reusable Resources
Authors: Besbes Omar , Elmachtoub Adam N. , Sun Yunjie
Published: March 2021

A Simple and Near-Optimal Static Pricing Policy for Reusable Resources
Physicochemical and Texture Properties of Commercial Stick-Type Jelly
Authors: Yi Hye-Yoon , Kang Sun , Chun Ji-Yeon
Published: March 2021

This study compared and analyzed the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of the commercial stick-type jelly of pomegranate (P1-P3), green apple (G1-G3), and red ginseng (R1-R3). The pomegranate group's pH showed a relatively low range (3.38-3.61), and the red ginseng group showed a relatively high range (4.14-4.96). The total acidity of commercial stick-type jelly was in the range of 0.31-4.60, and this value satisfied the total acidity standard of candy prescribed in the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Water content in the commercial stick-type jelly was lowest in P1 (45.99%) and highest in R3 (83.16%). The pomegranate group was significantly higher than the other samples for sugar content and turbidity (p<0.05). Fracturability was measured only in G2 and G3 with significantly lower hardness values (p<0.05), while the pomegranate group showed significantly higher values for hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness compared to other samples (p<0.05). In DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content results, the pomegranate group tended to have a high value, especially P3, which showed significantly the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (p<0.05). These results show that various commercial stick-type jelly products have different characteristics according to such factors like raw material and manufacturer.
The Effect of Cooking Water on Sensory Property and Consumer Preference of Korean Menu
Authors: Park Hee Jung , Lee Hye Ran
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory properties and consumer preference of Korean menu for different cooking water. Mineral water (MW) and bottled water (BW) were used as cooking water. Sensory attributes were derived by qualitative evaluation, and preference tests were conducted using the duo-trio test and 9 point likert scale. Mechanic properties were also evaluated. For the sensory attribute, properties such as tough, greasy, glossy, salty were derived when cooked with MW. For consumer preference, overall taste, aftertaste, and degree of sticky of bap were significantly higher in MW than in BW (p<0.05). The preference for the rich flavor of sagol broth (p<0.05) was significantly higher in MW than in BW. Preference for taste and flavor of omija-hwachae was higher than BW (p<0.01). In the mechanical properties test, food material boiled with MW showed higher property for cohesiveness and gumminess (p<0.05). In conclusion, cooking water with high calcium and magnesium content has been evaluated to enhance the palatability of Korean menus such as bap and sagol broth, and thus it is considered that various Korean menus can be applied. This suggests that dietary calcium and magnesium intake can be increased by using cooking water with a high calcium and magnesium content.
Tenderization and Quality Evaluation of Japanese Spanish Mackerel with W/O/W Double Emulsion Encapsulated Bromelain
Authors: Kang Guhyun , Lee Jiseon , Lee SangYoon , Kim Hyo Tae , Ko Eun Young , Choi Mi-Jung
Published: March 2021

In this study, spray-dried double emulsion loaded bromelain was applied to Japanese Spanish mackerel fillets to develop fish-type, elderly-friendly foods. Japanese Spanish mackerel, treated with spray-dried double emulsions, were stored at 4°C for 24 h. For the characterization of emulsion particles, the particle size, ζ-potential, and morphology were determined. The color, TBARS, VBN, TMA, hardness, and adhesiveness of fish fillets treated by emulsion were measured for physicochemical properties. All the particle sizes of spray-dried emulsion were decreased while their double emulsion structure was maintained. Spray-dried emulsion reduced the color difference of fish fillets and did not catalyze lipid oxidation and protein decomposition. Values of TBA, VBN, and TMA of all fish did not exceed 0.5 mg MDA/kg, 30 mg/100 g, and 10 mg/100 g, respectively, which are considered edible limits regardless of bromelain or emulsion application. Bromelain modified fish fillets' hardness and adhesiveness to be suitable for elderly food, although it was encapsulated in the emulsion. Thus, spray-dried fish oil W/O/W double emulsion-loaded bromelain can be applied as a fish tenderizer, and this study’s results can be utilized to develop elderly-friendly food.
Disambiguierung deutschsprachiger Diskursmarker: Eine Pilot-Studie
Authors: Baider Fabienne H. , Gezundhajt Henriette
Published: March 2021

Framed within Antoine Culioli's Enunciative Model of language, this article suggests a new analysis regarding the semantic properties of the suffix -esque and argues that this suffix refers to an alterity expressed within a typical property. Moreover this article reassesses earlier findings made about the suffix -esque, namely its low productivity in creation of neologisms and its apparent usage limited to literary and journalistic styles. The alleged constraint for all its bases to be referring to a human being is also reconsidered and our semantic analysis questions the value of "extreme" supposedly added by -esque to the nominal basis. Indeed, its usage in French shows that if this suffix is no longer typically associated to a nominal basis referring to the people of a country (see mauresque or arabesque), the human dimension associated to the nominal basis such as in la soldatesque, is not always found either (see TV-esque). Rather, this suffix seems to have lost its role as a simple identifier towards a referential domain as found in expressions such as une oeuvre molièresque which could be glossed over as "une oeuvre typique de Molière". This identification is most of the time linked to a laudatory or negative appreciation on the part of the enunciator, as found in examples such as gargantuesque. Besides, the contemporary dynamism of the -esque flexion enables the creation of neologisms. These neologisms are derived from proper nouns (mitterrandesque) or from acronyms (rmiesque) that do not exhibit standard properties. This begs the question of whether the value which seemed to be added to the composite [noun + esque] is determined by the suffix itself or whether it is partially connected to the atypical notional value of the root's semantic value.
Predicate Decomposition, and Linking Syntax and Semantics: A Brazilian Portuguese Analysis
Authors: Cançado Márcia , Godoy Luisa
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a theoretical proposal on the lexical-syntax relationship, related to verbs. In essence, the proposal consists of two tasks: a) to corroborate the idea of lexically representing verbs by means of a semantic predicate decomposition and, more importantly, b) to propose a linking mechanism between such lexical-semantic level and syntax itself. The contribution of this study consists in the form and manner in which the linking occurs. Even though linking theories abound in the literature, and even though in a general sense the approach presented here is not new, there are some relevant details that distinguish it from previous proposals, as it will become clear. Furthermore, from an empirical point of view, there is originality in the description we make of a vast group of verbs from Brazilian Portuguese (BP) that serves as a demonstration of the theoretical proposal.
Webbasierte linguistische Forschung: Möglichkeiten und Begrenzungen beim Umgang mit Massendaten
Authors: Juska-Bacher Britta , Biemann Chris , Quasthoff Uwe
Published: March 2021

Over the past ten to fifteen years, web-based methods of sociological research have emerged alongside classical methods such as interviews, observations and experiments, and linguistic research is increasingly relying upon them as well. This paper provides an overview of three web-based approaches, i.e. online surveys, crowd-sourcing and web-based corpus analyses. Examples from specific projects serve to reflect upon these methods, address their potential and limitations, and make a critical appraisal. Internet-based empirical research produces vast and highly diverse quantities of (speaker-based or textual) data, presenting linguistic research with new opportunities and challenges. New procedures are required to make effective use of these resources.
Manipulative Use of Short Messaging Service (SMS) Text Messages by Nigerian Telecommunications Companies
Authors: Ayoola Kehinde A.
Published: March 2021

This paper is an application of Relevance Theory for the interpretation of short messaging service (SMS) text messages emanating from Nigerian telecommunications companies to their subscribers. The aim of the research was to identify and describe the manipulative strategies employed by Nigerian telecommunications companies to induce subscribers to part with their money through sales promotion lotteries. 100 SMS texts were purposively extracted from the cell phones of randomly selected residents of Lagos Nigeria who had received promotional SMS text messages from three major Nigerian telecommunications companies. Using Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory (1995) as its theoretical framework, the paper described the manipulative use of SMS by Nigerian telecommunications companies. The analysis revealed that SMS text messages were encoded to achieve maximization of relevance through explicature and implicature; contextual implication and strengthening; and the reduction of processing effort through violating the maxim of truthfulness and the creative use of graphology. The paper concludes that SMS text-messages were used manipulatively by Nigerian telecommunications companies to earn indirect income from sales promotion lottery.
Predication analysis of English possessive sentences
Authors: Yatsko Viatcheslav , Yatsko Tatiana
Published: March 2021

The paper focuses on distribution and correlation of semantic features distinguished within scope of predication analysis, viz. causative, agentive, inchoative, egressive, continuative, and stative features. Causative possessive constructions are taken to be basic while the other ones are derived from them by omission of appropriate semantic features. The structure of causative possessive sentences is described in terms of componential analysis.
Grammatical gender in the discourse of multilingual children's acquisition of German
Authors: Montanari Elke
Published: March 2021

The acquisition of grammatical gender by multilingual pre-school children (aged six) was investigated by observing their narration and discourse. It emerged that only three of the 17 children actually used gender to classify nouns. Grammatical agreement is acknowledged as a key feature of gender acquisition, and it reflects developmental steps. Children growing up with mostly bilingual German input at a low proficiency level had the greatest difficulties in acquiring gender and agreement in the group investigated.
Language contact phenomena in the language use of speakers of German descent and the significance of their language attitudes
Authors: Ries Veronika
Published: March 2021

Within the scope of my investigation on language use and language attitudes of People of German Descent from the USSR, I find almost regular different language contact phenomena, such as viel bliny habn=wir gbackt (engl.: 'we cooked lots of pancakes') (cf. Ries 2011). The aim of analysis is to examine both language use with regard to different forms of language contact and the language attitudes of the observed speakers. To be able to analyse both of these aspects and synthesize them, different types of data are required. The research is based on the following two data types: everyday conversations and interviews. In addition, the individual speakers' biography is a key part of the analysis, because it allows one to draw conclusions about language attitudes and use. This qualitative research is based on morpho-syntactic and interactional linguistic analysis of authentic spoken data. The data arise from a corpus compiled and edited by myself. My being a member of the examined group allowed me to build up an authentic corpus. The natural language use is analysed from the perspective of different language contact phenomena and potential functions of language alternations. One central issue is: How do speakers use the languages available to them, German and Russian? Structural characteristics such as code switching and discursive motives for these phenomena are discussed as results, together with the socio-cultural background of the individual speaker. Within the scope of this article I present exemplarily the data and results of one speaker.
Pronominal address among Russian Germans in the Altair Krai – preliminary results of empirical data
Authors: Tauschwitz Yves-Oliver
Published: March 2021

The German personal pronoun Ihr is the origin of an interesting difference in the address system of Russian Germans and Germans. Whilst the usage of this pronoun has shifted strongly in the last 100 years in Germany, it has been revealed that Russian Germans still use it in the same way as their predecessors. But since these observations date back more than ten years, the purpose of this study was to explore the current usage of personal pronouns among Russian Germans in the Altai Krai. For that purpose fourteen Russian Germans from the German National District and Barnaul were interviewed. This study combines quantitative and qualitative methods, as each respondent was presented a survey and went through a guided interview. As a result, two decision trees for the interviewed Mennonites on the one hand, and Catholics and Lutherans on the other hand, could be composed. The interviewed Russian Germans obviously still adhere to power semantics in the family, among friends and at work. While the Catholics and Lutherans were still employing Ihr, Mennonites used See in order to formally address one interlocutor. This study has also been able to identify Russian Germans' usage of the German dialect in the family and with friends.
Satzstruktur und adverbiale Subordination. Eine Studie zum Deutschen und zum Italienischen
Authors: Blühdorn Hardarik , Ravetto Miriam
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the syntactic behaviour of adverbial clauses in contemporary German and Italian. It focuses on three main questions: (i) How many degrees of syntactic integration of adverbial clauses are there to be distinguished by an adequate grammatical description of the two languages? (ii) Which linear and hierarchical positions in the structure of the matrix sentence can be occupied by adverbial clauses? (iii) Which is the empirical distribution of adverbial clauses introduced by the conjunctions als, während, wenn, obwohl and weil in German, as well as quando, mentre, se, sebbene and perché in Italian? Responding to question (i), a distinction is drawn between strongly integrated, weakly integrated and syntactically disintegrated adverbial clauses. There are further degrees on the gradient of syntactic integration, which are not examined in this paper. Responding to question (ii), eight classes of structural positions in the matrix sentence are identified that can be occupied by adverbial clauses. Five of them are positions of syntactic integration, three are positions of disintegration. Responding to question (iii), the distribution of the ten classes of adverbial clauses is described on the basis of a corpus of internet data. Strongly integrated, weakly integrated and disintegrated adverbial clauses show clearly different distributions within the structure of the matrix sentence. Also the semantic classes of adverbial clauses (temporal, adversative, conditional, concessive, causal) are distributed differently.
Some Phonological Processes in an Akan Linguistic Game
Authors: Adomako Kwasi
Published: March 2021

This paper examines some phonological processes observed in the Pig Latin; a linguistic game played in Akan, a Niger-Congo (Kwa) language. The Akan Pig Latin (henceforth APL), which is popularly known as Megesege is usually played among Akan youth. The purpose of this game varies from concealment to social identity establishment. This paper is a qualitative study of 200 stimuli of sentences in regular Akan constructions manipulated into the APL. The simple rule for playing the game is to syllabify an already existing word and to add a [CV] syllable to each of those segmented syllables. Through this manipulation of existing word, several phonological processes are observed including insertion, syllabification, palatalization etc. The paper presents a descriptive analysis of some of the processes and shows how the study of the APL can facilitate our understanding of the several phonological phenomena in Akan, even though it may display, in many parts, quite different patterns from what obtains in the regular Akan grammar.
"Nebelsprech" – Sprechen in der parlamentarischen Demokratie
Authors: Haase Martin
Published: March 2021

"Fogspeech" is a variant of Orwellian Newspeak typical of parliamentary Democracy: As it is important in a Democracy to find vast support for political projects, linguistic strategies from advertising are used, esp. positively connotated words, positive framing, hyperbolic speech. At the same time, politicians who want to avoid direct responsibility tend to use nebular expressions, set phrases, passive and impersonal constructions etc. A number of examples are discussed.
"Zeltdörfer im Burgenland" – Zur Relevanz materieller und sprachlicher Bilder im politischen Diskurs. Eine exemplarische Analyse
Authors: Meer Dorothee
Published: March 2021

This paper analyses the use of figures of speech as well as of material images from a discourse semiotic point of view. The empirical basis comprises the news coverage of the FAZ and of the SZ concerning the hunger strike of refugees on the Munich Rindermarkt during the summer of 2013. Based on this specific empirical data, this paper initially illustrates basic assumptions with regard to the specific semiotic resources of figures of speech and of material images. Subsequently, it delineates different strategies of using both kinds of images by contrastively analysing both newspapers. The paper's conclusion, then, presents an evaluation of particular recommendations for the purposeful use of images in political contexts.
Zeit ist Geld – sprachliche Universalien in der deutschen und polnischen Phraseologie und Parömiologie am lexikographischen Material
Authors: Frąckowiak Mariusz
Published: March 2021

The present article entitled "Time is Money – Linguistic Universals in the German and Polish Phraseology, as well as Paremiology on the Example of Lexographical Material" constitutes an analysis of phrasemes and proverbs in the German and Polish language, which contain in their vocabulary the components of time and money. The author of the paper presented the methods of conceptualisation, using the mono- and bilingual dictionaries, of time and money in the hackneyed linguistic phrases of both cultural communities. Undoubtedly, time and money are verbalised in the examined German and Polish phrasemes and proverbs in a similar or identical manner. Thus, these compounds function as internationalisms, as well as phraseological universals.
Mehrsprachigkeit. Defizit oder Potenzial? Nationalideologische Hindernisse im Sprachlernumfeld der dänischen Minderheit in Südschleswig
Authors: Frebel Daniel , Steenberg Reyhé Rune
Published: March 2021

This paper examines language learning in the schools of the Danish minority in northern Germany. The paper shows that the pedagogic approach shaped along a historical narrative of Danish national ideology reflected both in the curriculum and the actual teaching practice, negatively influences the students’ language learning. Based on 14 in-depth interviews, participant observation and a deep cultural knowledge of the region and the institutions examined, we develop the following hypothesis. The ideological constraints connected to the minority’s position in the Danish national-historical narrative prevent the students' special learning conditions as non-native Danish speakers outside of Denmark from being taken sufficiently into consideration. The students, in a national spirit, are essentially measured by native standards, which most of them have no chance of living up to. This leads to a constant feeling of deficiency in connection with the Danish language on the part of the students and thus an alienation from it. It further has the feedback-effect of limiting both their language learning and further academic performance. We conclude that the specific plurilingual background of the learners needs to be taking into consideration, and reflected on by both teachers and students themselves by focusing the teaching practice and curriculum on communication, understanding and self-reflexion. This calls for a more pluralistic, flexible and pragmatic conceptualization of language as a tool shaped by social power relations and an emancipatory reflexion of the students' own position, challenges and choices in this constellation, both of which we argue are of high political rele-vance way beyond the German-Danish border region.
Dänisch oder Deutsch? Die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenaktion unter norddeutschen und dänischen Manager_innen zum Sprachgebrauch und -bedarf ihrer Unternehmen
Authors: Vandermeeren Sonja
Published: March 2021

The present article first defines the terms language choice, the need for foreign language competence and the need for knowledge about foreign cultures. Then, attention is focused on empirical material, which is discussed against the background of these terms. In order to gather the data dealt with in this article, German and Danish (hotel) managers were presented a questionnaire. Taking the case of German companies/hotels which are in regular contact with Danes, the questionnaire investigates their need for Danish and whether knowledge about Danish culture is required of employees. The German managers were also asked about the frequency of German, Danish and English language use by their employees and about their own language behavior when communicating with speakers of Danish. Also data on Danish language knowledge and knowledge about Danish culture are collected. The present article compares the results of the survey in Germany with the results which were obtained in Denmark: Which need for German and for knowledge of German culture do Danish managers perceive?/How do they rate their own proficiency in German and that of their employees?/How often do they choose German, English and Danish in communication with Germans?