bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent Recovery of Normal Left Ventricular Function and Dimension in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy During Long‐Term Follow‐up: Does Real Healing Exist?
Authors: Merlo Marco , Stolfo Davide , Anzini Marco , Negri Francesco , Pinamonti Bruno , Barbati Giulia , Ramani Federica , Di Lenarda Andrea , Sinagra Gianfranco
Published: January 2015

Background

An important number of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy have dramatically improved left ventricular function with optimal treatment; however, little is known about the evolution and long‐term outcome of this subgroup, which shows apparent healing. This study assesses whether real healing actually exists in
dilated cardiomyopathy
.

Methods and Results

Persistent apparent healing was evaluated among 408 patients with
dilated cardiomyopathy
receiving tailored medical treatment and followed over the very long‐term. Persistent apparent healing was defined as
left ventricular
ejection fraction ≥50% and indexed left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter ≤33 mm/m
2
at both mid‐term (19±4 months) and long‐term (103±9 months) follow‐up. At mid‐term, 63 of 408 patients (15%) were apparently healed; 38 (60%; 9% of the whole population) showed persistent apparent healing at long‐term evaluation. No predictors of persistent apparent healing were found. Patients with persistent apparent healing showed better heart transplant–free survival at very long‐term follow‐up (95% versus 71%;
P
=0.014) compared with nonpersistently normalized patients. Nevertheless, in the very long term, 37% of this subgroup experienced deterioration of
left ventricular
systolic function, and 5% died or had heart transplantation.

Conclusions

Persistent long‐term apparent healing was evident in a remarkable proportion of
dilated cardiomyopathy
patients receiving optimal medical treatment and was associated with stable normalization of main clinical and laboratory features. This condition can be characterized by a decline of
left ventricular
function over the very long term, highlighting the relevance of serial and individualized follow‐up in all patients with
dilated cardiomyopathy
, especially considering the absence of predictors for long‐term apparent healing.
Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension: A Genome‐Wide, Placebo‐Controlled Cross‐Over Study, Using Four Classes of Antihypertensive Drugs
Authors: Hiltunen Timo P. , Donner Kati M. , Sarin Antti‐Pekka , Saarela Janna , Ripatti Samuli , Chapman Arlene B. , Gums John G. , Gong Yan , Cooper‐DeHoff Rhonda M. , Frau Francesca , Glorioso Valeria , Zaninello Roberta , Salvi Erika , Glorioso Nicola , Boerwinkle Eric , Turner Stephen T. , Johnson Julie A. , Kontula Kimmo K.
Published: January 2015

Background

Identification of genetic markers of antihypertensive drug responses could assist in individualization of hypertension treatment.

Methods and Results

We conducted a genome‐wide association study to identify gene loci influencing the responsiveness of 228 male patients to 4 classes of antihypertensive drugs. The Genetics of Drug Responsiveness in Essential Hypertension (
GENRES
) study is a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study where each subject received amlodipine, bisoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan, each as a monotherapy, in a randomized order. Replication analyses were performed in 4 studies with patients of European ancestry (
PEAR
Study, N=386;
GERA
I and
II
Studies, N=196 and N=198;
SOPHIA
Study, N=372). We identified 3 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms within the

ACY
3

gene that showed associations with bisoprolol response reaching genome‐wide significance (
P
<5×10
−8
); however, this could not be replicated in the
PEAR
Study using atenolol. In addition, 39 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms showed
P
values of 10
−5
to 10
−7
. The 20 top‐associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were different for each antihypertensive drug. None of these top single‐nucleotide polymorphisms co‐localized with the panel of >40 genes identified in genome‐wide association studies of hypertension. Replication analyses of
GENRES
results provided suggestive evidence for a missense variant (rs3814995) in the

NPHS
1

(nephrin) gene influencing losartan response, and for 2 variants influencing hydrochlorothiazide response, located within or close to the

ALDH
1A3

(rs3825926) and

CLIC
5

(rs321329) genes.

Conclusions

These data provide some evidence for a link between biology of the glomerular protein nephrin and antihypertensive action of angiotensin receptor antagonists and encourage additional studies on aldehyde dehydrogenase–mediated reactions in antihypertensive drug action.
Dziedzictwo Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i Kresów północno-wschodnich w świetle ustaleń językoznawstwa erudycyjnego
Authors: Węgorowska Katarzyna
Published: January 2015

Heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Northeastern Borderlands in the light of erudite linguisticsThe essay contains reflections on the ways of using erudite linguistics, a young discipline created by me, in the study of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Northeastern Borderlands.Correlation of linguistic and extralinguistic conclusions (culture, history, art, gemology) permits us to look in a new way at many facts of the Polish Northeastern Borderlands that linguists had not been interested in before, such as old Polish Northeastern Borderlands museum artifacts, jewelry of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, icon of Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn, cult of the dead in the Polish Northeastern Borderlands, architecture of the old Vilnius, manor house in Czombrów – the prototype of Soplicowo (the village in Pan Tadeusz epic poem), descriptions of Henryk Poddębski’s daguerreotype images, Vilnius identity of Henryk Szylkin or symbolic-figurative nicknames of Vilnius. Dziedzictwo Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i Kresów północno-wschodnich w świetle ustaleń językoznawstwa erudycyjnegoSzkic jest refleksją o sposobach wykorzystywania stworzonego przeze mnie, kilkunastoletniego zaledwie, językoznawstwa erudycyjnego w badaniach nad problematyką wielkoksiążęcą i północnokresową.Korelacja ustaleń językoznawczych z ustaleniami pozajęzykowymi (kultura, historia, sztuka, gemmologia…) pozwoliła na nowe odczytanie wielu kresowych faktów, które nie były dotąd  przedmiotem zainteresowania językoznawców, jak np.: artefakty dawnych północnokresowych muzeów, wielkoksiążęce precjoza, Ikona Ostrobramska, północnokresowy kult zmarłych, architektura dawnego Wilna, prototyp Soplicowa – dwór w Czombrowie, opisy dagerotypów Henryka Poddębskiego, wileńska tożsamość Henryka Szylkina czy symboliczno-metaforyczne nazwy Wilna.
XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji Stefanii Ulanowskiej do Jana Karłowicza
Authors: Rembiszewska Dorota Krystyna
Published: January 2015

19th century ethnological research on the territory of Latvia in view of correspondence of Stefania Ulanowska to Jan KarłowiczLetters, which are the basis of the article, are a part of Jan Karlowicz’s (a 19th century ethnographer, lexicographer) heritage kept in the historical archive in Vilnius. They are evidence of correspondence between Jan Karłowicz and Stefania Ulanowska, the author of Łotysze Inflant Polskich, a w szczególności z gminy wielońskiej powiatu rzeżyckiego since October 1889 until January 1890 during Ulanowska’s stay in the village of Wielony, now Viļāni (Latvia).The correspondence is a source of rich material including information about Ulanowska that has not been published so far as well as data of Latgale’s and its inhabitants’ past. Moreover, it is a unique evidence of scientific peregrinations. These letters have their contribution in ethnographic research on the former territory of Poland as they show circumstances and methods of exploration used in the 19th century. At the same time they can be an interesting gloss for research over Latgalian dialects as far as names of material culture are concerned. XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji Stefanii Ulanowskiej do Jana KarłowiczaListy, stanowiące podstawę omówienia, pochodzą ze spuścizny Jana Karłowicza (XIX-wiecznego etnografa, leksykografa) przechowywanej w litewskim archiwum historycznym w Wilnie. Są one świadectwem korespondencji prowadzonej przez Jana Karłowicza i Stefanię Ulanowską – m.in. autorkę Łotyszy Inflant Polskich, a w szczególności z gminy wielońskiej powiatu rzeżyckiego, od października 1889 r. do stycznia 1890 r. podczas pobytu badaczki w miejscowości Wielony, obecnie Viļāni (Łotwa).Korespondencja ta dostarcza dość bogatego materiału, zawierającego informacje dotychczas niedrukowane na temat Ulanowskiej. Przynosi także sporo danych z przeszłości Łatgalii i jej mieszkańców. Poza tym stanowi jednostkowe świadectwo peregrynacji naukowych. Listy te wnoszą wkład do historii badań etnograficznych na terenach dawnej Rzeczpospolitej, unaoczniają okoliczności, metody eksploracji w wieku XIX. Jednocześnie mogą być interesującą glosą do badań nad gwarami łatgalskimi w zakresie nazw kultury materialnej.
Napisy nagrobne w Rzeżycy i Krasławiu (Łotwa) jako przykład koegzystencji kultur i języków w Łatgalii
Authors: Ostrówka Małgorzata Maria
Published: January 2015

Tomb inscriptions in Rēzekne and Kraslava (Latvia) as an example of co-existence of cultures and languages in LatgaleThe article presents structural and linguistic analysis of tomb inscriptions in two cemeteries in Latgale, Latvia – in Rēzekne and Kraslava. Five types of inscriptions are presented: nominative-identifying, locating-identifying, inscriptions with eschatological expressions, inscriptions with an invocation to the deceased and inscriptions on symbolic tombs.  The Polish tombs do not differ from Latvian ones. Sometimes it is difficult to define the nationality of the person buried in a given grave, e.g. when the surname has a Polish ending (Lipowski) and the inscription is in Latvian. The article mentions a few traces of the influence of the Orthodox culture, represented by high fences made of metal surrounding the grave.The linguistic analysis showed similarity of the inscriptions from Latvia to those from Lithuania and Belarus. It can be confirmed by the presence of such features of the North Borderland as akanye, ukanye, reduction e > i/y, soft pronunciation of consonants l’, č’, d’, t’, r’. One can also observe the influence of the neighbouring languages, Russian and Latvian, on the Polish language, i.e. mixing letters and their functions.The similarity can be noticed in the form of graves – they are earth graves with a tombstone at the head including identifying data, religious symbols and portraits of the deceased. Napisy nagrobne w Rzeżycy i Krasławiu (Łotwa) jako przykład koegzystencji kultur i języków w ŁatgaliiW artykule dokonano analizy strukturalnej i językowej napisów nagrobnych na dwóch cmentarzach na Łotwie w Łatgalii – w Rzeżycy (Rēzekne) i Krasławiu (Krāslava). Przedstawiono 5 typów inskrypcji: nominatywno-identyfikacyjne, lokatywno-identyfikacyjne, inskrypcje ze zwrotami eschatologicznymi, inskrypcje z inwokacją do osoby zmarłej oraz inskrypcje na grobach symbolicznych. Polskie nagrobki nie różnią się od łotewskich. Czasami wręcz trudno stwierdzić, jakiej narodowości były osoby pochowane w danym grobie, np. gdy nazwisko posiada polski sufiks -ski (np. Lipowski ), a napis jest po łotewsku. Nieliczne są ślady wpływu kultury prawosławnej w postaci wysokich metalowych ogrodzeń.Analiza językowa wykazała podobieństwo napisów z Łotwy do inskrypcji z Litwy i Białorusi. Potwierdza to obecność takich cech północnokresowych, jak: akanie, ukanie, redukcja e > i/y, miękka realizacja spółgłosek l’, č’, d’, t’, r’. Zauważalny jest także wpływ języków sąsiadujących – rosyjskiego i łotewskiego na polszczyznę polegający głównie na mieszaniu liter i ich funkcji.Podobieństwo obejmuje także formę nagrobków – groby są ziemne z płytą u wezgłowia, na której wygrawerowane są dane identyfikacyjne, symbole religijne oraz portrety zmarłych.
Uwagi o polszczyźnie inskrypcji nagrobnych na Grodzieńszczyźnie
Authors: Konczewska Katarzyna
Published: January 2015

Notes about the Polish language gravestone inscriptions in Grodno regionThe article presents the analysis of features of the Polish language displayed in gravestone inscriptions of the chosen Catholic cemeteries of Grodno region – Kvasovka, Indura, Vereyki, Replya, Lunno, Volpa, Ros. The author briefly describes the districts where research was conducted, gives a general characteristics of the cemeteries and analyses the Polish language inscriptions in gravestones, noting regional linguistic features. Uwagi o polszczyźnie inskrypcji nagrobnych na GrodzieńszczyźnieArtykuł jest próbą analizy specyfiki regionalnej polszczyzny, zawartej w inskrypcjach nagrobnych z wybranych cmentarzy katolickich na Grodzieńszczyźnie: Kwasówka, Indura, Wierejki, Repla, Łunna, Wołpa, Roś. Autorka przedstawia skrótową informację o miejscowościach, w których odbywały się badania, daje ogólną charakterystykę cmentarzy, a także analizuje polszczyznę inskrypcji nagrobnych, zwracając uwagę na jej cechy regionalne.
Некоторые аспекты кодификации феномена современного славянского язычества по данным полевых исследований
Authors: Шиженский [Shizhenskiĭ] Роман [Roman]
Published: January 2015

Some aspects of the codification phenomenon of contemporary Slavic paganism (in light of from field study material)On the basis of material received from a survey of three Russian pagan associations, the author  discusses some  features of "rodnovercheski" communities, as well as  world view of followers of this religious and socio-political phenomenon. More attention is paid, in the first place, to the social composition of  neo-pagan communities. Criteria such as age, place of work and education of neo-pagan adepts are taken into consideration, as well as the following  question: Who do the representatives of neo-paganism regard as their allies and who as  their opponents? Niektóre aspekty kodyfikacji zjawiska współczesnego pogaństwa słowiańskiego (w świetle badań terenowych)Na podstawie materiałów uzyskanych z badań ankietowych w trzech rosyjskich gminach neopogańskich autor artykułu omawia niektóre cechy wspólnot rodzimowierskich („rodnovercheskich”) oraz światopogląd wyznawców neopogaństwa, zjawiska o charakterze religijnym i społeczno-politycznym. Autor skupia uwagę przede wszystkim na społecznej strukturze wspólnot neopogańskich. Pod rozwagę bierze kryteria takie, jak: wiek, miejsce pracy i wykształcenie wyznawców neopogaństwa. Zadaje też pytanie: kogo przedstawiciele nurtu neopogańskiego uznają za swych sprzymierzeńców, a kogo za przeciwników?
Grzegorz Dąbrowski, "Prosta etnografia Wileńszczyzny", Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Katedra Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej, Wrocław 2013, ss. 313. „Wileńszczyzna. Przedmioty – opowieści – refleksje” red. Piotr Oleksy, Mateusz Sikora, Epigram, Bydgoszcz 2012, ss. 185
Authors: Głuszkowski Michał
Published: January 2015

The review concerns two books devoed to the sociocultural, historical and lingusitic situation of Vilnius region (Lithuania). The author compares G. Dąbrowski's 'simple' ethnography and the practical application of his theories in the volume "Wileńszczyzna. Przedmioty – opowieści – refleksje".
"Latvieši un Latvija" (Latvians and Latvia), chief editor: Jānis Stradiņš, Latvijas Zinātņu Akadēmija, Rīga, no. of pages: 526 (volume I), 559 (volume II), 479 (volume III), 814 (volume IV)
Authors: Jankowiak Mirosław
Published: January 2015

In 2013 in Riga the monumental study entitled Latvieši un Latvija (Latvians and Latvia) was published. The book under review consists of four volumes: Latvians; Statehood in Latvia and the Latvian State – established and lost; The restored Latvian state; and Culture, education and science in Latvia. In the publication its authors pre­sented articles showing the most important aspects for the Latvian nation, connected with history, national identity, language, culture and other aspects of the functioning of the Latvian statehood.
„Мифологические модели и ритуальное поведение в советском и постсоветском пространстве. Сборник статей”, zebrała Aleksandra Archipowa, wydawca: Центр типологиии семиотики фольклора РГГУ, Москва 2013, ss. 472.
Authors: Pazio-Wlazłowska Dorota
Published: January 2015

„Mifologicheskie modeli i ritual’noe povedenie v sovetskom i postsovetskom prostranstve: sbornik stateĭ” Arkhipova, A. (Comp.), Moskva: TSentr tipologii i semiotiki fol’klora RGGU 2013, pp. 472The volume under discussion, entitled Мифологические модели и ритуальное поведение в советском и постсоветском пространстве, contains lectures that were delivered during a conference organized by the Centre for Typology and Semiotics of Folklore Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities in September 2013. In this volume, based on rich source material, which has been shown from different perspectives, the following issues were discussed: visional transformation, celebrating of new rites, creating new rituals, magical practices and leaders’ images.
Anna Engelking, "Kołchoźnicy. Antropologiczne studium tożsamości wsi białoruskiej przełomu XX i XXI wieku". Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
Authors: Golachowska Ewa
Published: January 2015

The monograph by Anna Engelking Kolkhoz members. Antropological study of identity in the Belorussian country at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries contains results of the research thet has been carried out for twenty years in Belarus. The author poses questions concerning the identity of Belarussian Kolkhoz members formed by themselves and shows that it is based on clear contrasts: peasant / landlord, Christian / Jew, believing / unbelieving. These contrasts are rooted in the past but the author shows that the contemporary Belorussian country is immersed in the past and earlier social order is still present in people’s minds despite political and economic changes.
Rozwój funkcjonalności systemu informacji bibliograficznej językoznawstwa slawistycznego – od SYBISLAWa do iSybislawa
Authors: Mikos Zenon
Published: January 2015

Functional development of the bibliographic information system on Slavic linguistics – from SYBISLAW to iSybislawThe paper presents the process of functional development of the bibliographic information system on Slavic linguistics. The first database SYBISLAW (System Bibliografii Slawistycznej), established in 1993, was only available locally and used primarily to generate bibliographies in a traditional book form (7 volumes for the years 1992–1997). In the face of the development of information technology and the needs of modern bibliography users, the professional system of bibliographic information on Slavic linguistics iSybislaw was designed and implemented in 2008. It is a modern system available online for both indexators, as well as for external users. The structure and functio­nality of the iSybislaw system allow the use of an expanded formal and subject description, advanced search options and access to full texts of documents. Rozwój funkcjonalności systemu informacji bibliograficznej językoznawstwa slawistycznego – od SYBISLAWa do iSybislawaArtykuł przedstawia proces funkcjonalnego rozwoju systemu informacji bibliograficznej światowego językoznawstwa slawistycznego. Pierwsza baza danych SYBISLAW (System Bibliografii Slawistycznej), która powstała w 1993 r., była dostępna wyłącznie lokalnie i służyła przede wszystkim generowaniu bibliografii w tradycyjnej postaci książkowej (7 woluminów za lata 1992-1997). Wobec rozwoju technik informacyjnych i potrzeb współczesnych użytkowników bibliografii w 2008 r. zaprojektowano i zaimplementowano profesjonalny system informacji bibliograficznej językoznawstwa slawistycznego iSybislaw. Jest to nowoczesny system dostępny online zarówno dla indeksatorów, jak i dla użytkowników zewnętrznych. Struktura i funkcjonalność systemu iSybislaw pozwalają na stosowanie w bazie rozbudowanego opisu formalnego i rzeczowego, zaawansowanych opcji wyszukiwania dokumentów oraz zamieszczania pełnych tekstów dokumentów.
Многокомпонентные термины в функции ключевых слов в информационной базе славянского языкознания iSybislaw
Authors: Остапчук [Ostapchuk] Оксана A. [Oksana A.] , Алексеева [Alekseeva] Мадина M. [Madina M.]
Published: January 2015

Multi-word terms as keywords in the iSybislaw databaseThis article is devoted to the problem of the criteria on which multi­-word terms should be selected and verified for the bibliographic database of Slavic linguistics publications iSybislaw. The text is based on Russian and Polish linguistic material. Such criteria as actuality, frequency, transparency of form are applied separately in each language and different sets and variability of terms in the each case are established. The authors examine also the reasons of formal and semantic asymmetry between Polish and Russian terminological units in the database.
Appropriateness of prescribing thyroxine in primary care
Authors: Cooper Rachel , Pinkney Jonathan , Ayling Ruth M
Published: January 2015

Introduction

A practice hypothyroid register is part of the quality and outcomes framework. In literature, the prevalence of hypothyroidism is stated to be 2% but the prevalence, defined from quality and outcomes framework data, is 3.2% in the UK and 3.6% in Plymouth. We sought to investigate the diagnosis of hypothyroidism and reasons for prescription of thyroxine to patients on the hypothyroid register in Plymouth.

Methods

A letter was sent to the 10 practices with the highest prevalence of hypothyroidism requesting a list of patients on their registers. The hospital pathology system was used to identify those with biochemically documented hypothyroidism (defined as thyroid stimulating hormone >10mU/L) For two large practices the clinical records of the remaining patients were reviewed to ascertain the reasons for prescription of thyroxine and whether it led to symptomatic improvement.

Results

Seven practices responded with 1246 patients on their registers, of whom 43.6% had documented hypothyroidism. A review of notes of patients on the register, but without documented hypothyroidism, showed <25% to have an improvement in symptoms after prescription of thyroxine. Tiredness was the most common symptom prompting prescription of thyroxine.

Conclusion

Of the patients on the register, only 43.6% had documented biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism and, from notes review of those without documented hypothyroidism, at least two-thirds may have been prescribed thyroxine outwith current national guidance. If this is correct, it has significant resource implications, impacts upon the workload of primary care, pharmacy and the laboratory service and may have clinical implications for patients.
Focused metabolomics using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of urinary conjugated cholesterol metabolites from patients with Niemann–Pick disease type C and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Maekawa Masamitsu , Shimada Miki , Ohno Kousaku , Togawa Masami , Nittono Hiroshi , Iida Takashi , Hofmann Alan F , Goto Junichi , Yamaguchi Hiroaki , Mano Nariyasu
Published: January 2015

Background

Various conjugated cholesterol metabolites are excreted in urine of the patients with metabolic abnormalities and hepatobiliary diseases. We aimed to examine the usefulness of precursor ion scan and neutral loss scan for the characterization of conjugated cholesterol metabolites in urine.

Methods

A mixture of authentic standards of conjugated cholesterol metabolites was used for investigating the performance of the present method. The urine of patients with Niemann–Pick diseases type C and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency were analysed by precursor ion scan of m/z 97, 74, and 124.

Results

A precursor ion scan of m/z 97 was effective for identifying conjugates with ester sulphates on hydroxyl groups whereas ester sulphates on phenolic alcohols were signalled by a neutral loss scan of 80 Da. Monosaccharide-conjugated cholesterol metabolites were signalled by a precursor ion scan of m/z 113. Although precursor ion scan of m/z 74 and 124 was effective for finding glycine- and taurine-conjugated metabolites, high intensity of product ions ( m/z 74 and 124) disturbed measurement of other multiply conjugated metabolites. The urine samples contained many conjugated cholesterol metabolites, and there were several disease-specific intense peaks. We found several unknown intense peaks with three known peaks in urine of the Niemann–Pick type C patient. In the patient with 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, intense peaks that were tentatively identified as 5-cholenoic acid sulphates and their glycine and taurine conjugates were present.

Conclusion

The method should lead to the discovery of new urinary biomarkers for these disturbances of cholesterol catabolism and transport.
Between hearts and minds: The relevance of the British colonial experience to contemporary Russian counter-insurgencies in the North Caucasus
Authors: Grebennikov Marat
Published: January 2015

Although Russian authorities point to the supposed success of Britain’s late colonial counter-insurgency campaigns as a model even in the 21st century, their grasp of the historical lessons is partial at best. This article considers the applicability and relevance of the counter-insurgency experience of the late British colonial state to present-day ethno-religious conflicts in the North Caucasus. The article suggests that the flexibility of British arrangements for counter-insurgency was a major factor in achieving long-term stability for the gradual transition to indigenous self-rule. The key practice was to devolve responsibility and power to indigenous elites operating with a high degree of autonomy. The article then proposes guidelines relevant to the conditions of the present and the near future that will affect prospects both for full-fledged democratization of Russia and for effective state-building, also vitally important for the development of the North Caucasus. The article concludes that the most relevant factor in the British counter-insurgency experience is to win the hearts and minds of the population. However, this cannot be achieved without a legitimate indigenous administration capable of taking full responsibility and ownership of the campaign. Otherwise, diminished political access and accountability create propitious conditions for adherents of radical movements, who are increasingly capable of and prepared to use violence and who are the only de facto rival political forces within the Russian Federation.
“Cut Me Some Slack”
Authors: Egeland Therese , Schei Vidar
Published: January 2015

This article examines the functioning of team charters in teamwork. We argue that the psychological contract literature serves as a theoretical foundation for understanding team charters. We examine what types of psychological contracts are established and developed during interactions between team members and whether these psychological contracts are related to team functioning. Through in-depth interviews and objective performance measures, we find some distinct patterns of psychological contracts that can be related to team functioning. Our results indicate that teams may benefit from early and explicit discussions about standards for work effort and work quality, and about the importance of being tolerant with each other. More particularly, we find that teams that are able to “cut each other some slack,” that is, the ability to live with short-term imbalances in give-and-take relationships, are more functional teams.
Effect of sintering temperature on tribological behavior of Ce-TZP/Al2O3-aluminum nanocomposite
Authors: Bahrami A , Soltani N , Pech-Canul MI
Published: January 2015

10Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanoparticles as reinforcement can be a good substitute in aluminum matrix composites prepared through powder metallurgy. In this work, the effects of sintering temperature on the hardness, friction, and wear characteristics of Al-10Ce-TZP/Al2O3 composites have been investigated. Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposites were synthesized by the aqueous combustion method. About 7 wt% 10Ce-TZP/Al2O3-aluminum composites in the form of cylindrical samples were prepared at the sintering temperatures of 400℃, 450℃, and 500℃ under an applied pressure of 600 MPa for 60 min. The experimental results show that the distribution of Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite into the metal matrix is homogenous and that at 450℃ the hardness and wear resistance improved considerably. Formation of an oxide layer is a manifestation that in nanocomposites produced at 450℃, worn surfaces were smoother and the total depth of deformations were not severe.
Biofilm Layers Affect the Treatment Outcomes of NaF and Nano-hydroxyapatite
Authors: Zhang M. , He L.B. , Exterkate R.A.M. , Cheng L. , Li J.Y. , ten Cate J.M. , Crielaard W. , Deng D.M.
Published: January 2015

During caries formation, dental biofilms function not only as acid producers but also as reservoirs and diffusion barriers for active caries-preventive components. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of biofilms as a stagnant layer on the efficacy of NaF and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans C180-2 were formed on the surfaces of artificially demineralized enamel in an active attachment biofilm model. After 2 days of biofilm formation, the model was subjected to a pH-cycling schedule, together with a control group without biofilms. Specimens were treated for 5 min twice daily with water, a 10% nHA slurry, or 18.4 mM NaF. At the end of the pH-cycling period, the biofilms were removed for the determination of the viable counts, the lactic acid production, and the calcium content. The mineral changes in the demineralized enamel blocks were analyzed by transversal microradiography. No differences in the biofilm viable counts and lactic acid production were found in the different treatment groups. The mean calcium content of the biofilms in the nHA group was 60.7 ± 15.3 mmol/g wet weight, which was approximately 8-fold higher than in the other 2 groups. The application of NaF resulted in net remineralization, but in the presence of a biofilm, net demineralization was observed. In contrast, nHA treatment reduced further demineralization compared with the water treatment, but the presence of a biofilm enhanced this effect. In conclusion, the presence of biofilms clearly influenced the treatment outcomes of anticaries products. Biofilms could either enhance or impede their efficacy. This result implies that biofilms should be included in the in vitro tests for the preclinical screening of caries-protective agents.
Different Requirements for Wnt Signaling in Tongue Myogenic Subpopulations
Authors: Zhong Z. , Zhao H. , Mayo J. , Chai Y.
Published: January 2015

The tongue is a muscular organ that is essential in vertebrates for important functions, such as food intake and communication. Little is known about regulation of myogenic progenitors during tongue development when compared with the limb or trunk region. In this study, we investigated the relationship between different myogenic subpopulations and the function of canonical Wnt signaling in regulating these subpopulations. We found that Myf5- and MyoD-expressing myogenic subpopulations exist during embryonic tongue myogenesis. In the Myf5-expressing myogenic progenitors, there is a cell-autonomous requirement for canonical Wnt signaling for cell migration and differentiation. In contrast, the MyoD-expressing subpopulation does not require canonical Wnt signaling during tongue myogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that canonical Wnt signaling differentially regulates the Myf5- and MyoD-expressing subpopulations during tongue myogenesis.
Identifying the breaks of wool fibers based on the waveform analysis of acoustic emission
Authors: Wu Ge , Zhong Yueqi , Yu Weidong
Published: January 2015

Acoustic emission (AE) of fiber break is the sound waves reflecting the stress waves of material during rupturing. It can be employed to evaluate the tensile properties of single fiber during the fiber-bundle tensile test. The key to this technique is to identify AEs of fibers at the break point accurately. However, the severe interference introduced by the background noise and the inter-fiber friction is inevitable. In this paper, a filtering method based on the wavelet de-noising is used to remove the background noise. In order to identify the fiber-broken AEs, a combined parameter that characterizes the amplitude and the density fluctuation along the time axis is proposed. Multiple test results indicate that this parameter can be used to identify wool fiber-broken AEs with accuracy rates higher than 95%.
Variation in maturity observed along individual cotton fibers using confocal microscopy and image analysis
Authors: Turner Chris , Sari-Sarraf Hamed , Hequet Eric , Vitha Stanislav
Published: January 2015

A prior work describing a computer vision system for measuring maturity using longitudinal views of cotton fibers reported observing a large variation in maturity within a single fiber. This paper describes the use of confocal microscopy as an independent measuring method to validate those findings. Individual cotton fibers are imaged from end to end by a confocal microscope producing hundreds of image volumes of cotton fiber segments, each ∼150 µm in length. From these volumes, virtual fiber cross-sections are extracted, processed using the level set method, and measured according to AATCC standards. The results demonstrate with both visual and quantitative analysis that fiber maturity can exhibit large variations within a single fiber.
Supporting African American Student Success Through Prophetic Activism
Authors: Jordan Diedria H. , Wilson Camille M.
Published: January 2015

This article describes how African American students’ success can be improved via the increased support of Black churches and their partnerships with public schools. Findings and implications from a comparative case study of two North Carolina churches that strive to educationally assist African American public school students are detailed. Both churches have outreach programs in local schools, and their activities indicate the value of faith-based partnerships embodying “prophetic activism” that benefits broader communities and empowers African Americans overall. We draw upon the study’s findings to recommend partnership strategies for church and public educational leaders.
Decline and Renaissance
Authors: Aelbrecht Wes
Published: January 2015

From images of major transport infrastructures and housing blocks, to drug rehabilitation centers, vacant lots, and abandoned industrial warehouses, the City of Detroit has been one of the most photographed of all cities since the 1940s. Although much has been written about the historical legacies of urban change in Detroit and beyond, far less is known about the photographic collections that participated in the redevelopment of Detroit since the postwar period. This article therefore seeks to chart and unravel photographic depictions of two cycles of decline and renaissance: urban renewal (1940s–1960s) and city-center renaissance (1970s–1990s). How photography participated in these two cycles of production, reproduction, consumption, and display of photographs will be analyzed by focusing on citywide groups such as the Citizens’ Housing and Planning Committee of Detroit (1940s), Mayor Coleman Young’s image-led campaigns produced by the Department of Public Information (1970–1994), and social documentary photographer Camilo José Vergara’s ruin park proposal (1995). In their search for a community of shared interest to manipulate how the Detroit citizen had to look at their city, the Citizens’ Council of Detroit, the author argues, embodies Vergara’s discourse of decline as well as Young’s renaissance vision. In sum, this article offers a history of an overlooked factor in the redevelopment of Detroit, namely the role played by and given to photographs, and as such contributes to the current debates on Detroit’s photographic image exemplified primarily by ruin porn.
Psychological development and educational problems of left-behind children in rural China
Authors: Sun Xiaojun , Tian Yuan , Zhang Yongxin , Xie Xiaochun , Heath Melissa A. , Zhou Zongkui
Published: January 2015

With China’s rapidly developing economy and increasing urbanization, many adults from rural areas migrate to urban areas for better paid jobs. A side effect of this migration is that parents frequently leave their children behind (left-behind children). This research investigated left-behind children’s and non-left-behind children’s psychological, behavioral, and educational functioning. Survey participants included 1,708 adolescents (54.8% female; mean age = 15.03 ± 1.93 years) from rural areas in Central China. Additionally, 32 left-behind children and 32 head teachers were interviewed. Data indicated that in comparison to non-left-behind children, left-behind children were at a disadvantage in regard to emotional adjustment (i.e. lower life satisfaction, lower self-esteem, and higher depression), but fared better in educational adjustment (greater school engagement). Mitigating factors which positively influenced outcomes of certain subgroups of left-behind children included the presence of one parent, increased parental contact, and shorter length of time since parental migration. Information gathered from interviews with LBC also indicated adverse effects of parent absence on children’s development. Teachers identified education measures and support offered to left-behind children and reported difficulties in communicating with parents. Based on this study’s findings, and considering the perspective of educators, implications for school-based interventions are explored.
Simulation analysis of a solar-assisted heat pump system for space heating in severe cold areas
Authors: Liu Huifang , Zhang Shicong , Jiang Yiqiang , Yao Yang
Published: January 2015

Simulation studies were conducted on a solar-assisted heat pump system for space heating. The system has been built and used for providing heating source for an office building in severe cold areas of Daqing, China, and the parameter setting for simulation was based on an actual project condition. In this study, the system principle and operation modes were introduced. The thermal heating performance during the whole heating season was investigated and compared. In addition, the parameter changing and its effects on the system performance were further discussed. Simulation results indicated that the solar fraction were 36% and 39% respectively in December and January and could reach up to 70% or even 100% in the other heating months, with an average value of 64%. The total operation time supplied by solar energy takes a ratio of 70%, while its heating capacity accounts for 50%. The results in this study can be used as a reference and would be helpful for guiding further design and application studies for solar heating projects in the northeast region of China.
Is CO2 a good proxy for indoor air quality in classrooms? Part 2: Health outcomes and perceived indoor air quality in relation to classroom exposure and building characteristics
Authors: Chatzidiakou Lia , Mumovic Dejan , Summerfield Alex
Published: January 2015

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether keeping indoor thermal conditions and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels within the current guideline values can provide a healthy and comfortable school environment. The study was organised as a longitudinal investigation over an academic year using a cohort of 376 students aged 9 to 11 (response rate: 87%) attending 15 classrooms in five London primary schools. The prevalence of asthmatic symptoms and asthma attacks was significantly higher among children attending urban schools (10.2%) than suburban schools (1.5%), and was significantly related to exposure to higher nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations (odds ratio: 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.19). Self-reported dermal, mucosal, respiratory and general symptoms were 18.5%, 60.7%, 28.2% and 43.6% respectively in the heating season, and decreased in the non-heating season. Infiltration rates were negatively associated with prevalence and incidence of all sick building syndrome symptoms. Exposure to traffic-related pollutants, such NO2, ozone (O3) and tetrachloroethylene (T4CE), associated with mucosal symptoms, also increased dissatisfaction with indoor air quality (IAQ) and, therefore, perceived IAQ might be a first indication of exposure. Among targeted microbial counts, only Trichoderma viride remained significant predictors of satisfaction with IAQ even at low concentrations. The study provides evidence that simultaneous provision for limiting indoor CO2 levels and thermal conditions below current guidelines (e.g. below 1000 ppm and 26℃ or 22℃ depending on season) may improve perceived IAQ. This paper stresses the need to go beyond current regulations to investigate concentrations of specific pollutants to ensure a healthy school environment, and closes with a section on the practical implications on the UK policy and the building design industry.

Practical application: The findings highlight the role and responsibility of stakeholders, from regulators to designers and school authorities, to account for the external environment and take the steps needed to ensure that schools provide a healthy indoor environment for their students. The recommendations focus on the need to decrease outdoor pollution levels in the school vicinity, thus improving health of the students and reducing the prevalence of respiratory illness. Building designers and engineers shall adopt an integrated approach for the simultaneous provision of adequate thermal conditions and IAQ in classrooms.
Factor Structure and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Difficulties in the Regulation of Positive Emotions
Authors: Weiss Nicole H. , Gratz Kim L. , Lavender Jason M.
Published: January 2015

Emotion regulation difficulties are a transdiagnostic construct relevant to numerous clinical difficulties. Although the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a multidimensional measure of maladaptive ways of responding to emotions, it focuses on difficulties with the regulation of negative emotions and does not assess emotion dysregulation in the form of problematic responding to positive emotions. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a measure of clinically relevant difficulties in the regulation of positive emotions (DERS-Positive). Findings revealed a three-factor structure and supported the internal consistency and construct validity of the total and subscale scores.
Regulatory Focus in Predictions About Others
Authors: Woltin Karl-Andrew , Yzerbyt Vincent
Published: January 2015

Based on social projection research, four studies investigated whether people rely on their own regulatory focus when making predictions about others. Chronic (Study 1) and induced (Study 2) regulatory focus shaped estimations of others’ strategic promotion or prevention inclinations and choices between enriched (fitting promotion) and impoverished options (fitting prevention). Providing indirect process evidence via boundary conditions, participants only relied on their induced regulatory focus in predictions of others’ inclinations to seek romantic alternatives to the extent that this did not run counter to stereotypic gender beliefs (Study 3). In addition, participants only relied on their induced regulatory focus in preference predictions concerning promotion and prevention products when they lacked idiosyncratic target knowledge (Study 4). These effects were not mediated by mood, judgment-certainty, perceived task-enjoyment, or task-difficulty. Implications of these findings for social projection research as well as possible interpersonal consequences are delineated.
The Neuroscience of Inspirational Leadership: The Importance of Collective-Oriented Language and Shared Group Membership
Authors: Molenberghs Pascal , Prochilo Guy , Steffens Niklas K. , Zacher Hannes , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: January 2015

Effective leaders are believed to inspire followers by providing inclusive visions of the future that followers can identify with. In the present study, we examined the neural mechanisms underlying this process, testing key hypotheses derived from transformational and social identity approaches to leadership. While undergoing functional MRI, supporters from the two major Australian political parties (Liberal vs. Labor) were presented with inspirational collective-oriented and noninspirational personal-oriented statements made by in-group and out-group leaders. Imaging data revealed that inspirational (rather than noninspirational) statements from in-group leaders were associated with increased activation in the bilateral rostral inferior parietal lobule, pars opercularis, and posterior midcingulate cortex: brain areas that are typically implicated in controlling semantic information processing. In contrast, for out-group leaders, greater activation in these areas was associated with noninspirational statements. In addition, noninspirational statements by in-group (but not out-group) leaders resulted in increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, an area typically associated with reasoning about a person’s mental state. These results show that followers processed identical statements qualitatively differently as a function of leaders’ group membership, thus demonstrating that shared identity acts as an amplifier for inspirational leadership communication.
Looking in the eyes to discriminate
Authors: Bolhuis Jantina , Kolling Thorsten , Knopf Monika
Published: January 2015

Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habituation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.
A paediatric ECMO case of plasma leakage through a polymethylpentene oxygenator
Authors: Gill M C , O’Shaughnessy K , Dittmer J
Published: January 2015

Polymethylpentene (PMP) oxygenators, utilised for ECMO, are commonly believed to be resistant to plasma leakage. Whilst uncommon, plasma leakage has been previously reported with PMP fibres, both in vivo and in vitro. We describe a paediatric ECMO case during which plasma leakage occurred and oxygenator function gradually deteriorated, ultimately necessitating device replacement. To our knowledge, this is the first case of plasma leakage described using a PMP device during paediatric ECMO. Subsequent investigation is described, demonstrating that a protein coating reduces the free passage of solution across the PMP membrane.