bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some solubility studies in the system thorium carbonate-sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate-sodium sulphate-water
Authors: Ingles J C , Kelly F J
Published: March 2018

The solubility of the thorium pentacarbonate complex has been determined in aqueous solutions containing about 10% total carbonate (carbonate: ,bicarbonate ratio varied from 7:3 to 3:7) and 0 to 10% sodium sulphate at 25° and at 53°C. The Th02
solubility in all cases is of the order of 15 g/1 at 25°C and 35 g/1 at 53°C. At room temperature, it is slightly decreased as the sodium sulphate concentration is increased. The solid phase in equilibrium with these solutions is Na 6 Th(CO 3 ) 5 X H 2 0.
Recovery of uranium from an acid leach liquor, using an anion exchange resin and sodium carbonate and bicarbonate as eluting agents
Authors: Kornelsen E , McNamara V M , Ingles J C
Published: March 2018

It has been shown that it is possible, using both sodium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate solution as eluting agents, to remove uranium completely from Amber lite IRA-400 anion exchange resin loaded from an acid leach liquor. During 51 cycles of loading
and elution, the resin sample used showed only slight deterioration. The uranium was precipitated from the eluate by means of sodium hydroxide. The precipitate assayed 82.7% U 308 , but was over specification in thorium content.
Effects of cold work and quenching on the magnetic susceptibility of a commercial titanium alloy
Authors: Yao Y L
Published: March 2018

The mean susceptibility of Ti-140A measured at room temperature increases with cold work and quenching. While the annealing of most cold-worked and all quenched samples, at 300 °C. (570 °F) for 4 hours, almost wipes out this increase, the identical
annealing of lightly deformed samples may cause a further increase. It is shown that the anomalous effects of low-temperature annealing may be connected to strain aging. Tentative explanations as to what causes the change of the mean susceptibility have been made and some applications are
given.
The measurement of wall thickness of metal from one side only, by the direct current conduction method
Authors: Buchanan J G , Marsh F W , Thurston R C A
Published: March 2018

A direct-current conduction method is described for the measurement of wall thickness of metal from one side only. Essentially the method involves the measurement of the resistance of an area, roughly circular, by means of a 4-electrode array; an increase in the
'resistance' indicates a decrease in thickness, and vice versa. The theory of the method is developed, and equations derived for the relationship between the ratio V/I (potential difference/current) and the wall thickness for the general and the two-dimensional case. In the latter, the thickness is
directly proportional to the current, if the potential difference is maintained constant. From the equations the most suitable electrode spacing can be determined for any specific application. Edge -correction factors for arrays parallel and perpendicular to an edge are tabulated. Full details of
the apparatus, current circuit, potential circuit, and electrode head are given, together with a satisfactory testing procedure. A modification Using 6 electrodes is suggested for cases where the resistivity of the material is not known, and no sample of the material of known thickness is re6dily
available. Finally, examples of the practical application of the method and equipment for measuring corrosion thinning in steel plates, defects in plates, wall thinning of tubes and lack of bonding are presented
The effect of different surface treatments on the fatigue strength of drill steel
Authors: Wlodek T W
Published: March 2018

In this paper the relative merits of shot peening, induction surface hardening, spiral-rolling, and the combination of these surface treatments, are evaluated on the basis of their capacity to increase the fatigue strength of drill steel. The S-N relations for
plain carbon steel (SAE 1080) and Ni-Cr-Mo drill steels in the as-rolled condition were determined previously, using the new Canadian method of testing drill steel introduced at the annual meeting of the Institute in Toronto in 1950 (19). S-N curves have now been determined by this method for these
two drill steels in the following conditions: shot-peened and drawn, induction hardened, induction hardened and shot-peened, and spiral-rolled. (S.R.). The ratios of the fatigue strengths of these steels after surface treatment, to their fatigue strengths in the as-rolled condition are compared and
the most beneficial treatments are thereby pointed out. The expected range of stresses and their distribution during actual drilling operations are estimated from data available, and the mechanism of failure of drill steel in the as-rolled and surface-treated conditions is analyzed. The magnitude of
the surface compression stresses and their effect on fatigue strength are discussed.
The effect of various factors on the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy castings
Authors: Meier J W
Published: March 2018

The designer and the producer of mechanically stressed equipment considers the use of castings for components exposed to severe service conditions only if detailed information on casting properties is available. Unfortunately, there still exist some
misconceptions in the interpretation of test results obtained on various kinds of cast test bars (separately cast, cast on, or cut out of castings) and, in some cases, lack of understanding of the numerous foundry and testing variables which affect either the mechanical properties of the casting or
the results of the tests. These variables are related to the melt quality (composition, impurities, melting procedure, holding time), to casting conditions (casting design, gating, section size, pouring temperature and technique) to heat treatment (if applicable), and to testing methods (design,
preparation, size and shape of test bars, tensile speed, gauge length). Some of these factors were investigated on various magnesium sand casting alloys in the as-cast, aged, and fully heat treated conditions. Results of this investigation are presented and discussed. In the conclusions it is
suggested that full advantage be taken of the direct relationship between the mechanical properties of casting sections and their grain size and structure. Greater use of metallographic inspection of critical sections in castings is proposed to reduce the number of mechanical tests needed in final
acceptance tests.
Orbital theory in the transition metals
Authors: Trost W R
Published: March 2018

Orbital constructions and electron populations are worked out for the bands in the transition metals. Within the framework of the method it is possible to predict the lattice elected by the elements. Manganese and iron are exceptions, and cK -Fe is treated as a
special case. Numerical values for electron populations in the several s, p, d and hybrid bands, including their bonding, antibonding and non-bonding levels, are obtained. Chemical reactions, in which binary compounds are formed, appear from specified inter-orbital reactions. Transition metal alloys
(d I s op vs doe), intermetallic compounds (110,p vs s,p) and interstitial Compounds ((n-l)d,ns,np vs 2s, 2p) are considered. Lattice-composition relationships and band populations are obtained. The properties of the populated bands are shown to have a correspondence with sone of the physical
properties of the elements and compounds. Numbers are obtained for the residual and saturated moments and for the Curie point, in -Fe.
Vacuum degassing of steel part i: literature survey, and preliminary work
Authors: Parsons D E , Morgan W A
Published: March 2018

This report discusses methods and equipment used for vacuum degassing and vacuum casting of steel on an industrial scale in the U.S.A., Germany, and the U.S.S.R. The production of degassed alloy and carbon steel ingots up to 350 tons in the U.S.A. and Germany is
reviewed. German, Russian and American ladle-degassing techniques are compared. The deoxidation of open hearth or basic bessemer rimming steels, for use in the production of killed steel rails, silicon transformer sheet and forging ingots, is discussed. A summary of published test results includes
gas contents and mechanical properties of vacuum degassed steel. An experimental 500-lb vacuum, stream. degassing unit, in service for about 6 months at the Physical Metallurgy Division, Mines Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa, 1", is described and some preliminary results of
the effect of vacuum.- casting on gas content and tensile ductility of carbon and chromium.- molybdenum.-vanadium. steels are presented. A list of references concerning vacuum. casting and vacuum degassing of steel is appended.
Effect of casting temperature on aluminium alloy test bar properties
Authors: Meier J W , Couture A
Published: March 2018

After a recapitulation of the role of separately-cast test bars in checking the melt quality and the response to heat treatment, a general review is presented of the effects of pouring temperature, maximum melt temperature and prolonged holding time on the
properties of aluminium sand casting alloys. Separately-cast test bars can be used successfully for melt quality evaluation only if they are cast under standardised and strictly controlled conditions. To accomplish this, they should be cast at the most suitable temperature, independently of the
pouring temperature of the production castings. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of various pouring temperatures on the mechanical properties, the grain size and the porosity (density) of separately-cast test bars in six commonly used commercial alloys. Additionally,
consideration was given to the effects of overheating of the melt and of prolonged holding times at three temperature levels. The results showed that higher pouring temperatures affect markedly (although in varying degree) the properties of alloys C4, G10, 55 and SC 51, but have little or no effect
on alloys SG70 and ZG61. Overheating or prolonged holding times have no lasting effect on the properties of alloys 55, SC51, SG70 and W61, provided a proper pouring temperature is used. Properties of bars from overheated alloy C4 melts could not be completely restored, and no recovery whatever could
be obtained for alloy G10 melts. It is concluded that the maximum melt temperature and the pouring temperature for separately-cast test bars in alloys C4 and G10 should not exceed 720°C (1330°F), if consistent and comparable results are to be expected. For the other alloys, the use of a
standardised pouring temperature (or temperature range) is essential to ensure effective melt quality control.
Surface area determination of magnesium powders by sorption of c-14-labeled oleic acid
Authors: Lapointe C M
Published: March 2018

The chemisorption of C -14-labeled oleic acid on magnesium particles has been used to determine the surface area of the grains when this area is only a few hundred square centimetres per gram. A simplified technique is suggested for routine measurement of several
samples a day.
Temper-embrittlement studies
Authors: Knight R F
Published: March 2018

The extensive literature relating to temper-embrittlement phenomena is reviewed critically, and various aspects are examined, particularly as related to the effects of progressive increments of molybdenum in a series of low-alloy steels. The experimental results
show over-all agreement with the trends reported in general terms in the literature. Attempts are made to define effects quantitatively for the particular experimental conditions involved, particularly concerning the quantity of molybdenum required to achieve the optimum improvements in impact
transition temperature and in the degree of susceptibility to temper embrittlement. The distinctive grain-boundary etching effect is shown to be related to the condition of heat treatment, and not to the degree of susceptibility to temper embrittlement of the sample being examined. Various effects
of molybdenum on the room-temperature and reduced-temperature tensile behaviour of the experimental steels are presented. Difficulties relating to the selection of criteria to define the susceptibility to temper embrittlement are discussed, and a new approach is suggested.
Behaviour of thick-wall galvanized products at elevated temperatures
Authors: Sebisty J J , Palmer R H
Published: March 2018

In this investigation, the elevated-temperature behaviour of hot-dip galvanized tubing, angle and bar products of Canadian and European origin was examined. Air-atmosphere heating tests were made in the temperature range of 200-400°C (390-750°F) for
periods up to one year. Galvanized coating deterioration was found to involve separation and gradual dissolution of the outer zinc layer, in combination with transformation changes in the underlying iron-zinc alloy layers. The deterioration process was mainly dependent on the time-temperature
conditions of heating, but also was significantly influenced by the microstructural characteristics of the as-galvanized coating and the inherent chemical reactivity of the steel base. By virtue of a more favourable combination of these last two factors, one of the tubing products and one of the
angle products were found to be somewhat superior at the industry-recommended limiting service temperature of 200°C (390°F).
Shear lips, zero isoclinics, and fracture
Authors: Trudeau L P
Published: March 2018

Examination of "shear lip" contours formed in the process of fracture under tensile stress shows that they regularly start at 60 degrees to the flat part of the fracture. These well-defined contours might be expected to have a mechanical cause that predicts their
form more closely than the common assertion that they are 45-degree shear fractures. It is suggested that the "shear lips" are actually zero isoclinic contours characterized by zero shear. This hypothesis is physically plausible because the oblique part of the fracture could occur with purely normal
displacements in the same way as the flat part of the fracture is formed. An equation for the elastic zero-isoclinic contour is presented, and also experimental evidence in support of the proposal obtained from tensile tests and tests with birefringent plastic on steel crack-notch toughness
specimens.
Functional graphs of interconnected systems
Authors: Jakubowski R , Krieger M
Published: March 2018

This research report presents the functional graph representation of a complex system whose elements are dynamic systems. The properties of these complex systems are discussed in detail. Finally, a method for obtaining a supervisory program based on the
interconnections of the dynamic systems is developed
Transformation reaction and corrosion behaviour of two zirconium-copper- molybdenum alloys
Authors: Skelly H M , Dixon C F
Published: March 2018

The transformation reaction for a Zr-1.0%Cu-1.5%Mo alloy quenched from the beta phase (1000 ° C, 1830 ° F) and aged at 500°C (930 °F) was shown to be; omega+beta-.alpha prime->alphaq-Zr 2 Cui-ZrMo2 The corrosion resistance
of this alloy and of a Zr-0.5%Cu-0.5%Mo alloy was found to be related to the structures produced by the transformation reaction - optimum corrosion resistance was obtained after aging for 32 and 24 hi', respectively. Aging of specimens resulted in an increase in the size of the intermetallic
particles; and larger ZrMo2 particles in overaged specimens appeared to corrode at a rate greater than the matrix, causing cracking of the corrosion film and resulting in an accelerated corrosion rate for the specimens. The type of corrosion film, like the corrosion rate, was affected by structural
changes produced by the transformation reaction.
Combustion and fouling characteristics of two Canadian lignites
Authors: Friedrich F D , Lee G K , Mitchell E R
Published: March 2018

The report describes combustion tests with Bienfait lignite from Saskatchewan and Onakawana lignite from James Bay. These were burned in a pilot-scale pulverized-fired boiler primarily to study combustion performance and fireside fouling tendencies under slag-tap
conditions. Flame stability and complete combustion were readily obtained, although satisfactory slag tapping was not achieved with either fuel. Exhaustive analytical work was carried out on deposit samples representing each fuel, collected from various parts of the boiler. The results indicate
that, in the combustion of Bienfait lignite, selective deposition of ash constituents takes place, resulting in an eutectic composition downstream of the furnace exit. Deposit analyses, fusion temperatures and enrichment ratios are given for both fuels.
Crystal growth part iii: the sulphides of cobalt, iron, and nickel
Authors: Ripley L G
Published: March 2018

This report deals with an applied research project to explore the various methods of preparing and growing single crystals of twenty-two different sulphides of cobalt, iron, and nickel. Five growth procedures have been utilized. They are: chemical vapour
transport, vapour transport, flux growth, hydrothermal growth, and a modified "melt-and-anneal" m.ethod. The main conclusions are that: (i) the melt-and-anneal :m.ethod is ideal for the high-te:m.perature form of nickel monosulphide (a- NiS), and for pentlandite (Fe o. 5 1\11 0. 5 ) 95 8 ; (ii) the
iodine vapour transport is a good :m.ethod for preparing monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe 1 S), cattierite (CoS 2), pyrite (FeS 2), and vaesite (NiS 2); (iii) the hydrothermal grole/th procedure will produce marcasite (FeS 2 ), greigite (Fe 3 S 4), and bravoite (Fe Ni )S ; O. 5 O. 5 2 (iv) the flux growth,
usingéPbC12 as the flux, has produced cattierite (CoS 2 ), pyrite (FeS 2 ) ' and vaesite (NiS 2 ), but the crystals contained approximately 1% Pb as inclusions of PbC12 ; all attempts to eliminate this problem have been unsuccessful.
The dissolution of fused quartz in ferrous silicate slags
Authors: Reeve D A
Published: March 2018

The dissolution of fused quartz in ferrous silicate slags was studied at 1250 and 1350 °C by measuring the decrease in diameter of lengths of fused quartz rod rotated in the slags. The dissolution rate was thought to be controlled by mass transfer of the
dissolving species through a liquid boundary layer on the surface of the rotating specimen. Devitrification occurred on the outer surface of the specimen and the amount of devitrification was probably governed by the degree of penetration of the slag into the crystallizing layer. The dissolution
rate of fused quartz in ferrous silicate slags, with silica contents varying from close to wüstite saturation to close to silica saturation, decreased with increasing silica content of the slag.
Kinetics of silver cementation on aluminum canning sheet
Authors: MacKinnon D J , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

The rate of silver cementation on rotating strips of aluminum canning sheet in alkaline argento-cyanide solution was measured as a function of temperature, peripheral velocity of the rotating strip, and the initial silver ion concentration. The results are
compared with those obtained previously for silver cementation on copper and on zinc. The dependence of the rate constant on temperature and peripheral velocity suggests that the cementation of silver on aluminum is a diffusion-controlled process. The effect of impurities such as Au, Cu, Se and
alkaline sulphides, thiosulphates and thiocyanates on the rate constant for silver cementation on aluminum was also studied. The results indicate that, in general, these impurities cause a decrease in the rate constant.
Effect of impurities on the current efficiency of zinc electrodeposition
Authors: Kerby R C , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

The current efficiency of zinc electrodeposition from acidic zinc electrolytes was found to be adversely affected by a number of single metallic impurities--in particular, rhodium, platinum, gold, silver, tungsten, antimony, germanium, tellurium and copper--and
by combinations of metallic impurities such as cobalt, copper and nickel with antimony and arsenic. The decrease in current efficiency of zinc electrodeposition appeared to be related to several factors, including a decrease in hydrogen overvoltage on certain areas of the zinc electrodeposit, the
formation of local galvanic cells in the zinc electrodeposit leading to increased corrosion, an increase in catalytic evolution of hydrogen in the case of antimony and mercury, and the possible alteration of the growth morphology of the zinc electrodeposits by impurities. The current efficiency of
zinc electrodeposition was determined by measuring the rate of cathodic hydrogen evolution by means of a thermal conductivity cell.
Elevated-temperature peeling failure of galvanized coatings
Authors: Sebisty J J , Papenfuss D
Published: March 2018

The elevated-temperature peeling failure of conventional galvanized coatings was investigated with the object of defining the factors which influence and control the process. Two different heating deterioration modes revealed were found to be dependent on the
chemical composition of the coating. Above a critical limit of 0.001% Pb, the outer zinc layer separated in the characteristic manner, and similar failure was induced by alloying with bismuth, indium, thallium, and tin. Below this lead limit, and with additions of aluminum, cadmium, magnesium,
nickel, silver, vanadium, and zirconium, the coating remained completely intact and the outer zinc layer gradually disappeared by diffusion dissolution. The rate of both reaction modes was primarily influenced by the time and temperature of heating and the coating thickness. Mechanisms which attempt
to account for the peeling process are reviewed and an alternative explanation is offered which is more nearly consistent with the observed facts. Practical implications of the results are discussed, inclusive of transformation effects in the iron-zinc alloy layers which relate to the kinetics of
the galvanizing reaction.
The hydrocracking of residual oils and tars part 2: the catalytic hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: McColgan E C , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

The report describes a bench-scale investigation of the catalytic hydrocracking of the +975 °F residuum in Athabasca bitumen with a view to a) increasing the yield of liquid hydrocarbon obtained compared with coking or purely thermal hydrocracking methods,
and b) reducing the extent of on-site treatment required to produce relatively clean, stable distillates suitable for transmission to more central areas. The experiments were made in the liquid phase, using a conventional flow apparatus with a bottom-feed reactor and a commercially available cobalt
molybdate catalyst. The range of pressures investigated was 1000 to 2500 psi at space velocities of 1.05 and 2.1. Comparing the yields of liquid product obtained by catalytic methods with those obtained by purely thermal hydrocracking, the permissible catalyst cost is estimated at 50 - 55ç per
barrel of feed.
The derivation of plume dispersion parameters from measured three-dimensional data
Authors: Whaley H
Published: March 2018

It is well known that atmospheric diffusion models, however sophisticated and rigorous they may be mathematically, can only be as accurate as the input data used for model calibration and verification. In this paper, the method of finite differences is used to
determine both the plume rise and the standard deviations of plume spread from three-dimensional data acquired by aerial probing. Comparisons are also made with corresponding values estimated by accepted empirical methods. The derivation of reliable values for critical plume dispersion parameters,
that are applicable to a given geographic region, significantly improves the precision of computations for specifying stack heights, selecting plant sites, and predicting ground-level pollutant concentrations.
The evaluation of lithium chloride-coated porous silica for the gas chromatographic separation of petroleum fractions
Authors: Sawatzky H , George A E , Smiley G T
Published: March 2018

In this work gas solid chromatographic separation of petroleum hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds on column packings consisting of lithium chloride-coated diatomaceous silica and porous silica beads have been studied. The temperatures required for separating most
of these compounds were not above those needed for equivalent gas liquid chromatographic separations, and the efficiencies were comparable. The dialkyl and alkylaryl sulphides had retention values much greater than polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of similar boiling points. The retention values are
discussed in terms of specific and non-specific interactions in order to show how compounds of similar boiling points were separated according to type. A number of fractions with 20 °C boiling ranges that had been collected during gas chromatographic simulated distillations of petroleum were
rechromatographed on these inorganic column packings. Interpretations of the separation of oil constituents are made on the basis of the retention data of the pure compounds. These column packings are thermally stable, so they can be used for type separations of high-boiling materials with none of
the contamination that could not be avoided in columns packed with relatively unstable highly polar stationary liquid-phase. Thus, these packings are ideal if the separated materials require further characterization such as mass spectroscopy or desulphurization because there will be no contamination
by column bleed.
The hydrocracking of residual oils and tars part 5: surface-coated cobalt molybdate catalysts for hydro-treating
Authors: McColgan E C , Soutar P S , Rethier M A , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

A surface-layering technique is described for preparing low-cost, powdered cobalt molybdate catalysts for hydrocracking and desulphurizing residual oils in liquid phase systems. A small quantity of peptized alumina is mulled on to the surface of 100 to 500-micron
particles of alumina monohydrate (BoetMlite). Concentrated solutions of salts of the active ingredients are dispersed in the peptized alumina, then the mixture is dried and calcined. Catalysts were prepared containing (over-all) concentrations of combined oxides of 13.0, 3.3, and 1.6 % by
weight. The hydrocracking and desulphurizing capability of each . catalyst was determined with bitumen separated from the Athabasca tar sands at a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.05, and 2000 psi hydrogen pressure. The activity of the 13.0 and 3.3 % catalysts were quite similar. The activity
of the 1.6 % combined oxides system was measurably less. The practical lower-limit of oxides concentration for catalysts prepared by the described method is about 3 % by weight.
Removal of cobalt from synthetic zinc sulphate electrolyte by cementation with zinc dust
Authors: MacKinnon D J
Published: March 2018

The removal of cobalt from synthetic zinc sulphate electrolyte by zinc dust cementation has been investigated with respect to the effect of metallic ions and electrolyte impurities. At 90 °C, a satisfactory rate of cobalt cementation resulted when the ratio
Co:Te:Cu was 1.0:0.4:10. The cobalt cementation rate decreased with increasing zinc sulphate concentration and when the Cd'' concentration Ln the electrolyte was greater than 200 ppm. The effects of pH, type of zinc dust, stirring velocity, and initial cobalt concentration have also been
determined.
Hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen in the presence of coal part 1: a preliminary study of the changes occurring in the coal
Authors: Ternan M , Nandi B N , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

The following is the first in a series of reports on the use of pulverized coal as a processing aid, or "getter" for petroleum coke and metals in the liquid phase hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen. This part describes a preliminary investigation of the changes
which occur in two coals during the hydrocracking process. The coals selected for study were of widely dissimilar rank, i.e. Canmore semi-anthracite and Estevan lignite. The hydrocracking experiments were undertaken with Athabasca bitumen at 2000 psi pressure in a bench-scale, fixed-bed flow system
with bottom feed at a liquid space velocity of 1.05 hr -1 . It was found that both coals are partially hydrogenated to form liquid and gaseous products at the reaction temperatures required to hydrocrack the bitumen. The solids remaining in the reactor decrease in mass and particle size as the
reaction time increases. Within limits, the size of the coal particles initially placed in the reactor did not affect the hydrocracking of the bitumen. It was not possible to work with fixed beds of very small particles because of plugging problems. Positive evidence was obtained to indicate that
coal particles can act as nuclei for the accumulation of petroleum coke formed in the hydrocracking process. The data also showed that nickel and vanadium metals were removed from the hydrocarbon liquid.
Sulphur compounds in oils fro41 the western Canada tar belt
Authors: Clugston D M , George A E , Montgomery D S , Smiley G T , Sawatzky H
Published: March 2018

The sulphur compounds in the gas oil fractions from some bitumens and heavy oil from Cretaceous reservoirs along the edge of the western Canada sedimentary basin have been investigated. The bitumens were those from the Athabasca oil sands and the Cold Lake
deposit, whereas the heavy oil was from Lloydminster field. A Cretaceous oil from a deep reservoir that is believed to be mature has been included for comparison. It appears that the predominant sulphur compounds in these gas oil fractions are alkyl-substituted benzo- and dibenzothiophenes. The
dominant isomers for these sulphur compounds seem very few in number.
An evaluation of catalysts for the liquid phase hydrogenation of refinery vacuum residuum
Authors: Herrmann W A O , Bowles K W
Published: March 2018

One of the later developments in the catalytic hydrogenation of heavy, asphaltic residual oils to produce gasoline and other petroleum products is the German "Combi" process in which the feed oil is first treated in the liquid phase and then in the vapour phase.
Efficient vapour phase catalysts have been developed in Germany and the United States and considerable research work has been carried out on liquid phase catalysts in Germany. However, very little work has been done on this continent to find a satisfactory catalyst for the liquid phase operation. If
the Combi hydrogenation process is to be used for the refining of residual oils from Canadian crudes, an efficient and inexpensive liquid phase catalyst must be readily available in Canada. . This report presents the development of an experimental method for the evaluation of a suitable liquid phase
catalyst by means of a simple batch, autoclave technique in which the catalyst is added to the oil feed and processed at temperatures of 430 - 470 ° C and a pressure of 5000 psi. Qualitative tests were made on various catalytic materials of Canadian origin to obtain an initial assessment of
their suitability as a liquid phase catalysts; If no coke was produced the catalyst passed the qualitative test. Finally, some of the catalysts that had successfully passed the qualitative test were tested quantitatively. All these catalysts gave a good reduction of the specific gravity, sulphur
content, and pentane insolubles content of the oil product. The efficiency of the catalysts tested was judged by the yield of the oil product. The hematite portion of an iron oxide residue from the Sherritt-Gordon Mines in Alberta with tungsten, chromium and zinc promoters gave a 70 % yield of
oil product. Approximately the same yield was obtained with Bienfait lignite from Saskatchewan which had been depolymerized and impregnated with an iron promoter. From these results it is considered that the iron oxide residue, with or without promoters, and the Bienfait lignite with an ,iron
promoter are efficient and inexpensive liquid phase catalysts of Canadian origin.
Accelerated test for determining the 28-day compressive strength of concrete
Authors: Malhotra V M , Zoldners N G , Lapinas R
Published: March 2018

This report presents the results of accelerated curing of concrete test cylinders using a boiling-water method. Briefly, the method consists of standard moist-curing of test specimens for 24 hours, followed by boiling for 3 1/2 hours and testing for compression
one hour later. In all, some 1512 test cylinders, 6 x 12 in., were prepared from concrete samples obtained from three different ready-mix plants (situated in the Montreal-Ottawa area) and a large number of laboratory mixes. The test cylinders were tested in compression at 28 1/2 hours, 7 days, and
28 days. The results were analysed and the advantages and limitations of the method are discussed. The analysis of test data indicates that the relationship between the accelerated- and 28-day standard-cured strengths can be represented by a hyperbolic function of the type Y = X with an accuracy of
+- 12 per cent. AX + B The established relationships appear to be independent of the cements, aggregates and admixtures used.
Kinetics of the carbon catalyzed air oxidation of ferrous ion in sulphuric acid solutions
Authors: Thomas G , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

Air oxidation of acidic ferrous sulphate solutions is catalyzed by activated carbon. The oxidation rate during most of the reaction can be expressed by: d[Fe++]idt = Ic1021[C]f [1-12SO4] .[Fe+ ]/[Fe++ Fe] For molar concentrations of each of the variables, the
rate of oxidation ranges from 0.07 to 1.3 moles of ferrous ion oxidized per litre of solution per minute, for various types of 100-by-150-mesh activated carbon. The rate increases with increasing fineness of the carbon; it also increases almost linearly with increasing sulphuric acid concentration
up to 2M, but thereafter decreases almost linearly to 10M H2SO4. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the carbon surface is sparsely covered with adsorbed oxygen, ferrous ions, and ferric ions. The activation energy estimated for the process is 6 kilocalories per mole in the
temperature range 1 to 24°C. At higher temperatures the activation energy is negligibly small. Tie activated carbon can be used repeatedly, with little loss in efficiency. Two types of apparatus were tested and found suitable for the continuous oxidation of flowing
solutions.
Orientation determinations of crystals using ejection patterns resulting from ion bombardment
Authors: Cunningham R L , Ng-Yelim J
Published: March 2018

Data on six common metals are presented to indicate the general usefulness of ion bombardment for orientation determinations of fcc and bcc crystals. The accuracy is 3° or better and is attained by the use of hemispherical collectors and a simple optical
projection device. No film processing is involved and a complete determination, including all operations, usually takes less than 20 min.
Experiments in the Au-Bi-Te system
Authors: Winkler E W , Bright N F H
Published: March 2018

The system Au-Bi-Te has been studied by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, DTA and metallographic polished section techniques. The join Au-Bi2Te3 has a eutectic point at 67.7 mol. per cent Au: 32.3 mol, per cent Bi2Te3 and 4720C. The join AuTe2-Bi2Te3 has a
eutectic point at 78.1 mol. per cent AuTe2: 21.9 mol, per cent Bi2Te3 and 4080C. A ternary eutectic occurs at 12 per cent Au, 86 per cent Bi, 2 per cent Te and 2100C. The system contains no ternary compound. Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, hardness 'and Hall coefficient measurements
are being made.
Simplified apparatus and technique for the determination of crystal orientation by ion bombardment
Authors: Cunningham R L , Ng-Yelim J
Published: March 2018

The ion bombardment camera, designed specifically for orientation determinations, is machined from clear acrylic plastic and incorporates an ion source of the glow discharge type. A plastic orienting sphere, illuminated from within, has engraved on it the low
index directions of cubic crystals. Hemispherical collebtors, bearing ejection patterns, are positioned on the sphere and the orientation of the crystals may then be immediately observed.
Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of cupric sulfate and cupric oxysulfate
Authors: Ingraham T R , Marier P
Published: March 2018

When anhydrous cupric sulfate is heated in a stream of nonreactive gas, cupric oxysulfate is formed. When this reaction is complete, the cupric oxysulfate then decomposes to cupric oxide, which is the normal end product of reaction. The kinetics of each of these
reactions has been studied using pellets prepared from finely divided cupric sulfate and from finely divided cupric oxysulfate. In each case, the reactant-product interface within the pellet is well-defined, and by normalizing the decrease in interfacial area with the weight fraction of the pellet
decomposed it has been shown that the interface migrates into the pellet at a uniform rate at constant temperature. The activation energy estimated for the decomposition of cupric sulfate is 57 ± 7 kcal per mole and that for cupric oxysulfate is 67 ± 8 kcal per mole. The rate of
interfacial reaction is flow-sensitive, increasing with increasing flow of a sweep gas in the range from 50 to 2000 cu cm per min, The rate of decomposition is retarded by sulfur trioxide in the sweep gas. The relationship between sulfur tri oxide partial pressure and rate is consistent with the
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm governing the retention of sulfur trioxide in the interfacial layer.
Research in premium-quality castings in light alloys
Authors: Meier J W
Published: March 2018

Extensive research on the structure and properties of cast aluminum and magnesium alloys has been applied to foundry practice. The term "premium quality" is used to describe castings with reliably high mechanical properties and high integrity of the product,
guaranteed by the foundry. In production, conventional equipment and manufacturing techniques may be used, but rigid control of metal purity, alloy composition, melt quality, solidification conditions and heat treatment is essential to achieve and maintain high reliability of properties in
designated areas of the casting, which are graded according to design and service considerations. Examples of the excellent properties that have been obtained in aluminum and magnesium alloy castings are listed. Considering currently achieved properties, it is believed that in the near future
aluminum alloy castings with 70 kpsi (50 kg/mm2 ) UTS, 60 kpsi (42 kg/mm2 ) 0.2% YS and 10% El., and magnesium alloy castings with 60 kpsi (42 kg/rnm 2 ) UTS, 50 kpsi (35 kg/mrn2 ) 0.2% YS and 10% El., will be developed.
Investigations on sand-cast aluminum alloy test bars
Authors: Pollard W A , Meier J W
Published: March 2018

To aid the standardization work of ISO/TC79 on Light Metals and Alloys, a Symposium on Sand-Cast Aluminum Alloy Test Bars was held at the International Foundry Congress in Detroit in 1962. The Canadian contribution to this symposium was a comparison of the
characteristics of six test bar pattern designs, used in various countries . This report presents the results of this study, along with the discussions held at the Symposium. The last two parts of the report deal with a novel method of studying the flow of molten metal in test bar sand moulds by
means of fluorescent screen radiography.
Properties of sand-cast magnesium alloys
Authors: Couture A , Meier J W
Published: March 2018

The influence of pouring temperature and holding time before pouring on the mechanical properties .and chemical composition of several magnesium casting alloys has been investigated and the results, obtained on sand-cast four-bar moulds, are reported in the
present report. The pouring temperature was varied from 700°C (1290°F) to 850°C (1560°F) and the holding time from 10 min to 2 hr at normal pouring temperature. Other melts were held at 700°C or 850°C for 30 min before pouring. In general these various treatments did
not adversely affect the chemical composition and mechanical properties to a pronounced extent. However, because alloy ZH62 tends to form dross when heated to 850°C, such a high temperature should be avoided if possible. The "insoluble" zirconium content of zirconium-containing alloys may be
appreciably decreased by lowering the melt temperature to 700°C. The "soluble" zirconium and rare earth contents of alloy QE22, the rare earth content of alloy EZ33 and the thorium content of alloy ZH62 may be decreased by holding the melt at normal pouring temperature for an appreciable length
of time.
Ceramic clays and shales of Ontario
Authors: Brady J G , Dean R S
Published: March 2018

Forty-nine representative samples of Ontario clays and shales, mostly from well populated areas, were investigated by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, drying and firing techniques, and chemical analysis. With the exception of the kaolinitic
Cretaceous clays of the Missinaibi valley of northern Ontario, all samples were found to be low-fusion, heterogeneous materials. The shales have the most favourable properties for brick making, whereas many of the surface clays are suitable only for the manufacture of partition and drain tile. Nine
typical samples were selected for special study by plastography, thermogravimetry, dilatometry, and temperature -gradient firing. Processing problems, such as short firing ranges, heating and cooling cracks and kiln atmosphere, are discussed in relation to mineralogical composition. The
mineralogical investigation revealed that the Palaeozoic shale samples of Ontario contained a clay mineral suite consisting essentially of illite and chlorite. Common non-clay shale constituents included quartz, carbonates, and plagioclase. A study of the differences between clay mineral suites
derived from the Canadian Shield and the Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks led to the discovery of mineralogical criteria whereby the origin of the clay minerals within individual Pleistocene clay deposits could be recognized. Clays containing the Palaeozoic clay mineral suite occurred throughout
southern Ontario west of Toronto. Weathering alteration of these usually resulted in the formation of "frayed edge" clay mineral structures which often consisted of multicomponent mixed-layer systems. In several instances both chlorite and illite were thus affected, although the alteration of the
more labile trioctahedral chlorite was generally greater. The Shield-derived clays contained highly varied, structurally disordered, clay mineral assemblages which were invariably rich in expandable phases, some of which occurred as unmixed minerals. A characteristic suite of non-clay constituents,
rich in plagioclase, amphibole and K-feldspar, was also associated with the Shield-derived material.
Pillar loading part iii: field measurements
Authors: Coates D F
Published: March 2018

This work is in the area of engineering theory. It is concerned with the combining of existing scientific theories into a rational hypothesis for predicting the loading of pillars. Hitherto, this has only been possible in a very crude way and only for horizontal
workings. Analytical work to predict pillar loadings for long mining zones in elastic ground results in equations which include, in the form of dimensionless parameters, the significant geometrical and material properties affecting pillar loading. Measurements of pillar stresses in laboratory models
of gelatin, of Araldite-type materials, of mortar, and of steel show that it is possible to predict the variation of pillar loading--with location within the mining zonewith variation of pillar height--with variation in pillar breadthwith the number of pillars across the mining zone--with the
variation of the compressibility of the pillar ground with respect to that of the wallswith variation in the magnitude of the field stress component acting transversely to the mining zone or vein,and, above all, with the extraction ratio. The results of pillar stress measurements in a lead mine, two
iron mines, a coal mine and a uranium mine indicate that the most significant parameter causing deviation from the predicted pillar stresses is the variation in the relative compressibility of the pillar rock. The tributary area theory was found not to predict actual pillar loadings with an
acceptable accuracy nor to account for changes in pillar loadings resulting from changes in the above factors included in the new hypothesis.
Laboratory investigations of hydrogen explosion phenomena relating to electrical apparatus
Authors: Brown G K , Dainty E D , Silver S
Published: March 2018

The relative ease of ignition of mixtures of hydrogen and air throughout the flammable range by electric spark was found and compared to the ignition of pentane and air mixtures. A determination was made of the relationship of percentage by volume of hydrogen in
air to explosion pressure in a small cubical enclosure, one quarter of a cubic foot in volume; and also of the time to reach Peak pressure in the same enclosure. A study was made of the transmission of hydrogen explosions through flat joints by means of apparatus which permitted variation of the gap
size, the joint Width and the free volume. As the apparatus for this study was such that the gap could not expand due to explosion pressure, a further study was made of explosion transmission through the shimmed flat joints of several commercial-type explosion-proof enclosures and an experimental
enclosure, all of which had bolted covers and for which the gap changed due to pressure during an explosion. Experiments were also conducted on diffusion of hydrogen into enclosures and the possibility of transmitting hydrogen explosions through threaded joints. The results of the various studies
are presented, discussed and in some cases related to theoretical equations or otherwise interpreted.
Ageing in niobium-rich niobium-hafnium-carbon alloys
Authors: Briggs D C , Harmatiuk L R
Published: March 2018

Dispersion hardening was investigated in niobium alloys with hafnium up to 12 wt% and carbon to 0.5 wt %. Experimental techniques included hardness measurement, metallography, and X-ray analysis. Age-hardening was found at 1100 0 - 1200°C and related
to precipitation of the complex monocarbide (Nb, Hf) C. The constitution of the alloys was determined at 1200°C and conclusions drawn concerning the constitution diagram at higher temperatures to 2200°C. A phase resembling the zeta phase in Ta-C alloys was observed in low-carbon
alloys.
The composition and properties of ceramic clays and shales of Quebec
Authors: Brady J G , Dean R S
Published: March 2018

Forty-one representative samples of clays and shales were investigated by various firing methods and by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and chemical analysis. In addition, thirteen of the samples were studied by thermogravimetric analysis,
thermal expansion and plabticity measurements, to determine their processing problems. The results show that, with the exception of some refractory kaolinrich samples occurring on the Canadian. Shield which have a white to brown fired colour, the ceramic clays and shales of Quebec are common,
heterogeneous, mainly red-firing materials. Most of the clays are suitable only for making common brick and tile because they have short firing ranges and high fired shrinkages at temperatures where they become dense and very hard. As a rule the shales are more suitable than the clays for making
dense facing brick, because they usually have longer firing ranges. The Quebec Group shales are more refractory and usually have more plasticity and fewer processing problems than the Utica, Lorraine, Rockcliffe and Queenston shales of the St. Lawrence Lowlands. Some of the Quebec Group shales are
probably suitable for the manufacture of sewer pipe. The majority of the kaolin-rich samples, as they occur, are not suitable for ceramic products; many are contaminated with minerals containing iron. The principal clay minerals in the common clays and shales are illite and/or chlorite. The majority
of these samples contain mixed layer systems involving combinations of illite, and/or chlorite, with an expandable phase. Kaolin is a principal component of the kaolin-rich samples only. The principal non-clay minerals are quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite and pyrite. The principal constituents in
thirteen fired specimens are quartz and feldspar with lesser amounts of cristobalite, mullite, hematite and rutile.