bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arab ESL Secondary School Students’ Spelling Errors
Authors: Saeed Al-Sobhi Bandar Mohammad , Rashid Sabariah Md , Abdullah Ain Nadzimah , Darmi Ramiza
Published: September 2017

English spelling has always been described by many language researchers and teachers as a daunting task especially for learners whose first language is not English. Accordingly, Arab ESL learners commit serious errors when they spell out English words. The primary objective of this paper is to determine the types as well as the causes of spelling errors made by Arab ESL secondary school students. In order to collect the data, a fifty-word standardised spelling test was administered to seventy Arab student participants. The students’ types of spelling errors were detected, analysed and then categorised according to Cook’s (1999) classification of errors namely substitution, omission, insertion and transposition. In total, 2,873 spelling errors of various categories were identified. The study findings revealed that errors of substitution constituted the highest percentage of the students’ type of errors. In addition, the study indicated that the main causes of the students’ spelling errors were possibly attributed to the anomalous nature of the English spelling system, the Arab students’ lack of awareness of English spelling rules as well as L1 interference. Despite being conducted in an ESL context, the study was almost consistent with the findings indicated by other studies which were carried out in many Arabic EFL context. The findings suggest that spelling instruction should be emphasised while teaching English and should also be integrated with the skills and subskills of reading, writing, pronunciation and vocabulary in order to develop the students’ spelling accuracy.
Morphological Instructional Packages as Determinants of Inferring Word Meanings in Reading Comprehension among Secondary School Students
Authors: Akinwumi Julius Olaitan , Christanah Olubunmi Olagundoye
Published: September 2017

This study investigated the effects of morphological instructional packages as determinants of inferring word meanings in reading comprehension among secondary school students in Ekiti State. The study adopted pre-test, post-test and control quasi-experimental research using two experimental groups and one control group with a sample of 270 Senior Secondary II students selected from nine public senior secondary schools using multi-stage sampling procedure, stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. The selected schools were assigned into three major groups, with each group made up of three schools of 30 students per school (two experimental groups and one control group). Three instruments were adapted, validated and used for data collection for the study namely: Morphological Production Task on Students’ Academic Ability (r = 0.74), Morphological Analysis Task of Students’ Academic Ability (r = 0.83) and Achievement Test in Comprehension (0.75). Data collected were analysed using Mean, Standard Deviation, Analysis of Covariance, Scheffe post-hoc and Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA). The study showed that there was significant difference in the achievement mean score of students in reading English language comprehension between the experimental and control groups. It showed that students exposed to a combination of morphological instructional packages with Eclectic and Problem-Solving methods achieved more in inferring word meanings. It was recommended that teachers of English language should be encouraged to use morphological instructional packages combined with Problem-Solving and Eclectic methods should be given enough orientation through seminars and workshop on the importance of morphological instructional packages combined with eclectic and Problem-Solving methods towards the teaching of languages and reading comprehension in particular.
Adaptations to different habitats in sexual and asexual populations of parasitoid wasps: a meta-analysis
Authors: Amat Isabelle , van Alphen Jacques J.M. , Kacelnik Alex , Desouhant Emmanuel , Bernstein Carlos
Published: September 2017

Background

Coexistence of sexual and asexual populations remains a key question in evolutionary ecology. We address the question how an asexual and a sexual form of the parasitoidVenturia canescenscan coexist in southern Europe. We test the hypothesis that both forms are adapted to different habitats within their area of distribution. Sexuals inhabit natural environments that are highly unpredictable, and where density of wasps and their hosts is low and patchily distributed. Asexuals instead are common in anthropic environments (e.g., grain stores) where host outbreaks offer periods when egg-load is the main constraint on reproductive output.

Methods

We present a meta-analysis of known adaptations to these habitats. Differences in behavior, physiology and life-history traits between sexual and asexual wasps were standardized in term of effect size (Cohen’sdvalue; Cohen, 1988).

Results

Seeking consilience from the differences between multiple traits, we found that sexuals invest more in longevity at the expense of egg-load, are more mobile, and display higher plasticity in response to thermal variability than asexual counterparts.

Discussion

Thus, each form has consistent multiple adaptations to the ecological circumstances in the contrasting environments.
Challenging a bioinformatic tool’s ability to detect microbial contaminants usingin silicowhole genome sequencing data
Authors: Olson Nathan D. , Zook Justin M. , Morrow Jayne B. , Lin Nancy J.
Published: September 2017

High sensitivity methods such as next generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are adversely impacted by organismal and DNA contaminants. Current methods for detecting contaminants in microbial materials (genomic DNA and cultures) are not sensitive enough and require either a known or culturable contaminant. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a promising approach for detecting contaminants due to its sensitivity and lack of need fora prioriassumptions about the contaminant. Prior to applying WGS, we must first understand its limitations for detecting contaminants and potential for false positives. Herein we demonstrate and characterize a WGS-based approach to detect organismal contaminants using an existing metagenomic taxonomic classification algorithm. Simulated WGS datasets from ten genera as individuals and binary mixtures of eight organisms at varying ratios were analyzed to evaluate the role of contaminant concentration and taxonomy on detection. For the individual genomes the false positive contaminants reported depended on the genus, withStaphylococcus,Escherichia, andShigellahaving the highest proportion of false positives. For nearly all binary mixtures the contaminant was detected in thein-silicodatasets at the equivalent of 1 in 1,000 cells, thoughF. tularensiswas not detected in any of the simulated contaminant mixtures andY. pestiswas only detected at the equivalent of one in 10 cells. Once a WGS method for detecting contaminants is characterized, it can be applied to evaluate microbial material purity, in efforts to ensure that contaminants are characterized in microbial materials used to validate pathogen detection assays, generate genome assemblies for database submission, and benchmark sequencing methods.
Habitat suitability—density relationship in an endangered woodland species: the case of the Blue Chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki)
Authors: Carrascal Luis M. , Moreno Ángel C. , Delgado Alejandro , Suárez Víctor , Trujillo Domingo
Published: September 2017

Background

Understanding constraints to the distribution of threatened species may help to ascertain whether there are other suitable sectors for reducing the risks associated with species that are recorded in only one protected locality, and to inform about the suitability of other areas for reintroduction or translocation programs.

Methods

We studied the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki), a habitat specialist endemic of the Canary Islands restricted to the pine forest of Inagua, the only area where the species has been naturally present as a regular breeder in the last 25 years. A suitability distribution model using occurrences with demographic relevance (i.e., nest locations of successful breeding attempts analysed using boosted classification trees) was built considering orographic, climatic and habitat structure predictors. By means of a standardized survey program we monitored the yearly abundance of the species in 100 sectors since the declaration of Inagua as a Strict Nature Reserve in 1994.

Results

The variables with the highest relative importance in blue chaffinch habitat preferences were pine height, tree cover, altitude, and rainfall during the driest trimester (July–September). The observed local abundance of the blue chaffinch in Inagua (survey data) was significantly correlated with habitat suitability derived from modelling the location of successful nesting attempts (using linear and quantile regressions). The outcomes of the habitat suitability model were used to quantify the suitability of other natural, historic, pine forests of Gran Canaria. Tamadaba is the forest with most suitable woodland patches for the species. We estimated a population size of 195–430 blue chaffinches in Inagua since 2011 (95% CI), the smallest population size of a woodland passerine in the Western Palearctic.

Discussion

Habitat suitability obtained from modelling the location of successful breeding attempts is a good surrogate of the observed local abundance during the reproductive season. The outcomes of these models can be used for the identification of potential areas for the reintroduction of the species in other suitable pine forests and to inform forest management practices.
Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the serum of hypothyroxinemic and euthyroid dogs
Authors: Lau Grace , Walter Kyla , Kass Philip , Puschner Birgit
Published: September 2017

Objective

To determine the profile of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 23 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in serum of domestic canines and whether this was predictive of thyroid hormone status.

Samples

Serum samples were collected from 51 client-owned dogs visiting the University of California Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during 2012 to 2016 for routine appointments. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with hypothyroxinemia while 36 were euthyroid.

Procedures

Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canine serum samples were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between the presence/absence of canine hypothyroxinemia and the serum concentration of individual PBDE or PCB congeners.

Results

The median concentrations of total PBDE and PCB congeners in the hypothyroxinemic group were 660 and 1,371 ng/g lipid, respectively, which were higher than concentrations detected in the control group. However, logistic regression analysis determined that current concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canines were not significantly associated with hypothyroxinemia. BDE 183 was the only congener showing near significance (p = 0.068).

Conclusions

PBDE and PCB congeners were detected in all canine samples confirming ongoing exposure to these pollutants. Because household dogs share the human environment, they may serve as biosentinels of human exposure to these contaminants.
Ultrafast Electron Dynamics at the P‐rich Indium Phosphide/TiO2 Interface
Authors: Diederich Jonathan , Rojas Jennifer Velazquez , Paszuk Agnieszka , Pour Mohammad Amin Zare , Höhn Christian , Alvarado Isaac Azahel Ruiz , Schwarzburg Klaus , Ostheimer David , Eichberger Rainer , Schmidt Wolf Gero , Hannappel Thomas , van de Krol Roel , Friedrich Dennis
Published: October 2024

The current efficiency records for generating green hydrogen via solar water splitting are held by indium phosphide (InP)‐based photo‐absorbers, protected by TiO2 layers grown through atomic layer deposition (ALD). InP is also a leading material for photonic integrated circuits and computing, where ultrafast near‐surface behavior is key. A previous study described electronic pathways at the phosphorus‐rich (P‐rich) surface of p‐doped InP(100) using time‐resolved two‐photon photoemission (tr‐2PPE) spectroscopy. Here, the intricate electron pathways of the P‐rich InP surface modified with ALD‐deposited TiO2 are explored. Photoexcited bulk InP electrons migrate through a bulk‐to‐surface transition cluster of states and surface states and inject into the TiO2 conduction band (CB). Energy levels and occupation dynamics of CB states in P‐rich InP and TiO2 adlayers are observed, with discrete states preserved up to 10 nm TiO2 deposition. Thermalization lifetimes of excited electrons > 0.8 eV above the InP conduction band minimum (CBM) are preserved for layer thicknesses up to 2.5 nm. Annealing at 300 °C to achieve crystalline TiO2 reconstructions destroys interfacial states, affecting charge transfer. These observations enable innovative engineering of the P‐rich InP/TiO2 heterointerface, opening new possibilities for studying hot‐carrier extraction, adsorbate effects, surface plasmons, and improving photovoltaic and PEC water‐splitting devices.
Unveiling the Structural and Chemical Evolution of Layered Oxide Cathode for Na‐Ion Batteries Induced by Water Vapor
Authors: Ji Pengxiang , Lei Xincheng , Wang Jun , Han Zhen , Wang Yuhan , Li Yangfan , Ge Mengshu , Zhao Jianxiong , Guo Sijie , Liu Xiaozhi , Wang Xuefeng , Gu Lin , Cao Anmin , Su Dong
Published: October 2024

Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) have received considerable attention as promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries, particularly for low‐speed electric vehicles and large‐scale energy storage applications. Currently, layered oxide compounds are considered the most important cathode materials for NIBs. However, they suffer from reduced capacity and a shortened lifespan when exposed to water vapor during storage or battery assembly. This article elaborates on the structural and chemical evolution of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) cathode at the atomic scale in a pure water vapor environment. The Na+/H+ exchange induces the formation of a spinel‐like phase via a multi‐site nucleation mechanism. This transition preferentially occurs either at the cathode surface or along planar defects such as twin boundaries and grain boundaries. Additionally, numerous microcracks perpendicular to <003> direction appear inside NFM grains, further exacerbating the structural deterioration. Upon prolonged exposure to water vapor, NFM grains decompose into a mixture of Na2O and transition metal oxide nanoparticles (FeO, NiO, and MnO), accompanied by the generation of oxygen gas. This research provides a comprehensive atomic‐scale insight into the water vapor instability mechanism of layered oxide cathodes, offering guidance for the design and manufacture of the next generation of water vapor‐tolerant layered oxide cathodes in NIBs.
Amplified Sensitivity in SERS Detection of L1CAM With Silver Plasmonic Mesoporous Silica Capsules on an Imprinted Films
Authors: Castaño‐Guerrero Yuselis , Arjones‐Fernández Belén , Moreira Felismina T.C. , Alvarez‐Puebla Ramon A. , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A. , Águas H. , Sales M. Goreti F.
Published: October 2024

This study presents a novel approach for dual detection, leveraging a combination of a Raman reporter‐bearing nanomaterial and molecular imprinting polymers (MIP). A core‐shell Au‐Ag nanoparticles (Au‐Ag NPs) encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanocapsules (Au‐Ag NCs) and a new MIP‐based material targeting L1CAM are used. The MIP prepared via surface imprinting on a carbon screen‐printed electrode (C‐SPE) used thionine (TH) as a monomer. The plasmonic Au‐AgNCs are further functionalized with the Raman reporter 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) and anti‐L1CAM for selective detection by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The biosensor's analytical performance is evaluated using both SERS and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS analysis reveals a linear response within the concentration range of 0.1 to 100 ng mL−1 in buffer and serum samples. SERS demonstrates a sensitivity ten times higher than EIS. Selectivity study demonstrates the biosensor's excellent specificity toward L1CAM, with minimal interference from other compounds such as creatinine, glucose, and carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA 19‐9). The Raman signal from the reporter molecule correlates with increasing L1CAM concentrations, reinforcing the analytical findings obtained through electrochemical analysis. Thus, the combination of dual detection and recognition capabilities presents promising potential for detecting diverse biomarkers, especially in critical scenarios where reducing false‐positive or false‐negative errors is crucial.
A tool for integrating agrometeorological observation data for digital agriculture: A Minnesota case study
Authors: Gall Logan , Glancy Tom , Kantar Michael , Runck Bryan C.
Published: October 2024

Agrometeorological data are essential for understanding production using digital agriculture techniques. However, integrating agrometerological observations from multiple sources remains a challenge. Often, digital agriculture scientists download and clean the same datasets many times. We present a prototype system that simplifies the process of collecting, cleaning, integrating, and aggregating data from meteorological data sources by providing a simplified user interface, database, and application programming interface. The prototype provides a standard interface for querying multiple geospatial formats (raster and vector) and integrates observation networks including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Historical Climatology Network (NOAA GHCN), NOAA NClim‐Grid (NOAA's Gridded Climate Normals), and Ameriflux BASE. The system automatically checks and updates data, saving storage space and processing time, and allows users to summarize data spatially and temporally. Provided as open source code and browser‐based user interface, the application and integration system can be run across Windows, Linux, and Mac environments to support broader use of multi‐source agrometeorology data.
Organic Electrochemical Transistors: From Lithography to Large‐Scale Printing
Authors: Huang Ling , Zhao Dezhen , Yan Xinwen , Liu Xu , Sun Qingqing , Yang Huige , Liu Xuying , Jia Hanyu
Published: October 2024

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted tremendous attention owing to their extensive applications on bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing during recent decades. Printing techniques have provided broad prospects for large‐scale, highly efficient, low‐cost, and low temperature manufacturing of OECTs upon traditional lithography‐based techniques. In this review, the recent progress on printed OECT is comprehensively summarized, covering aspects of ink materials, printing strategies, and emerging applications. In particular, device performance of printed OECTs is taken into comparison upon various printing techniques. Furthermore, printed OECT exhibits powerful potential on applications ranging from biochemical sensors to neuromorphic computing, which also deeply discussed in this review. Finally, critical challenges that printed OECTs have to face are listed, following with one‐by‐one possible solutions and research directions in near future.
Biogas purification using cellulose nanocrystals/polyvinyl alcohol coated facilitated transport hollow fiber membranes with L‐arginine as CO2 carrier
Authors: Nithin Mithra S. , Ahankari Sandeep S.
Published: October 2024

The composition of biogas consists mainly of CH4 (~60%) and CO2 (40%). To be considered a clean fuel, CH4 concentration in biogas must be increased to over 95%. In this study, membranes which were stacked in a chamber were utilized to purify biogas by passing biogas over them. These membranes were composed of polyethersulfone hollow fiber substrate coated with a “selective layer” made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC‐0–2 wt) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and l‐arginine as a CO2 carrier. Of the different CNC concentrations in PVA‐LA, CNC1/PVA‐LA (1.0 wt% CNC in PVA‐LA) displayed the lowest water contact angle of 17° (corresponding to higher moisture absorbing ability). With further increase in CNC concentration, even though CNC1.5/PVA‐LA showed the higher crystallinity (66%), and water contact angle increased (20°); reducing the chances of facilitated transport of CO2 through it. Biogas separation experiments were conducted at 90% RH and different feed pressures (0.8–1 bar) for various CNC concentrations. Increasing the CNC concentration led to a thicker selective layer, enhancing the CO2 permeability and selectivity up to CNC1/PVA‐LA. However, with the further addition of CNC, both permeability and selectivity decreased. At 90% RH and 1 bar feed pressure, the CNC1/PVA‐LA setup demonstrated a CO2 permeability of 20,522 Barrer and a selectivity of 33, making it suitable for low‐pressure biogas storage systems with lower energy requirements.
Cover Picture: Astron. Nachr. 8/2024
Authors: Çakmak Hikmet , Yontan Talar , Bilir Selçuk , Banks Timothy S. , Michel Raúl , Soydugan Esin , Koç Seliz , Erçay Hülya
Published: October 2024

Vector‐Point Diagrams (left panels) and proper‐motion component vectors (right panels) for identified member stars in the open clusters Ruprecht 1 and Ruprecht 171. These two previously little‐studied open clusters, both at a distance of approximately 1.5 kpc, have been characterized and studied in some detail in the related paper by Çakmak and collaborators, published in this issue e240054.

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Laboratory Planning for Emergency Response to Water Contamination Investigations
Authors: Consolvo John , Adams Hunter , Marfil‐Vega Ruth , Hertz Charles D.
Published: October 2024

Key Takeaways

While sample collection to monitor drinking water quality is a routine practice, water utilities must be prepared to address emergencies stemming from contamination.

Having a plan for collecting and analyzing water samples during emergency response or other unusual circumstances better ensures actionable results.

Guidance is available to help laboratories prepare to support a utility's emergency response.
Using a Multicomponent, Collaborative Approach for Source Water Protection
Authors: Steeland Kara
Published: October 2024

Key Takeaways

Dynamic multicomponent programs have been essential for Truckee Meadows Water Authority (TMWA) to address various source water protection issues in the Truckee River watershed.

Collaboration of TMWA through well‐defined partnerships is critical to protecting and improving water supply sources.

It may be necessary for TMWA to step into unexpected roles to protect water quality, and there is no single approach to source water protection.
Efficient synthesis of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid from corncob biomass using Ru/C and sulfonated carbon catalysts in a one‐pot system
Authors: Xu Chao , Cai Jiawei , Shi Weijian , Cui Lijuan , Wu Shuping
Published: October 2024

This study proposes a novel one‐pot method to produce 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which effectively simplifies the preparation process of FDCA by directly utilizing the biomass raw material corncob and its derived carbon‐based catalysts. In this work, we first prepared two different carbon‐based catalysts from corncobs: a ruthenium‐supported catalyst (Ru/C) and a sulfonated carbon catalyst. After detailed characterization and performance testing, these two catalysts were used to catalyze the pretreated corncob mixture to produce FDCA. Under optimized conditions, even using 0.12 g of Ru/C catalyst at a microwave power of 200 W, the yield of FDCA can reach 27 mol%. In comparison, the FDCA yield of the sulfonated carbon catalyst under the same conditions was 19 mol%. This work not only demonstrates the possibility of efficient production of FDCA by utilizing biomass resources and a simplified chemical conversion process, but also highlights the importance of selecting appropriate catalysts and controlling reaction conditions in improving yields. Through this method, we can promote the development of biomass conversion technology in a more efficient and environmentally friendly direction, providing technical support for the commercial production of bio‐based chemicals.
Optical Activities of Organic Crystals: Crystal Orbital Formulation of Anisotropic Gyration
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi
Published: October 2024

To describe the optical activities of crystals, gyration tensors are necessary for all wavelengths of incident light. To date, few studies on direct calculations of gyration tensors from Bloch states have been conducted. Herein, a practical procedure to obtain gyration tensors of organic crystals is presented using the crystal orbital method. The extended Hückel method was adopted to evaluate the gyration tensors, epitomizing the one‐electron formulation. To confirm the validity of the formulation, the optical rotatory power of alanine and γ‐glycine was examined. The reproduced profiles of the optical rotatory power were consistent with the results of recent experiments. This is a general formulation of the one‐electron theory of optical activities for three‐dimensional crystals. In principle, the optical rotatory strength tensor is not invariant with translation. For systems with small unit cells, however, the formalism is quasi‐invariant with respect to translation. The quasi origin‐independent formalism is sufficiently substantial to be applicable to modern crystal optics.
Structure Assessment and Impacts of Lipids' Chemistry on the Structuration of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesized by Bacillus licheniformis AZU‐A5
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed I. A. , Esmael Mahmoud E. , Elmashi Tamer R. , Haga Tatsuki , Bayoumi Reda A. , Eldanasoury Mohamed M. , Sofy Mahmoud R. , Matsuo Koichi , Khattab Abdelrahman M.
Published: October 2024

The current study exploited cheese whey supernatant (CWS) as a renewable resource for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) formation. Structure identification and investigating the influence of lipid membranes' chemistry on PHA structuration were detailed. Approximately 66 bacterial isolates from dairy products companies in Egypt were screened for PHA production, and the bacterial isolate AZU‐A5, identified as Bacillus licheniformis strain AZU‐A5, showed the highest production PHA 0.93 g L−1) using whey lactose. The highest PHA rate in the individual design was 1.59 g L−1 with a recovery yield of 33.08% (w w−1), while the production rate in the statistical design reached 1.75 g L−1 PHA and 51.60% PHA content. Structurally, the PHA was identified as polyhydroxy‐3R‐butyrate (R‐PH3B). The fibrous texture by SEM highlighted the self‐assembly of PHB. The CD analysis of the PHA films suggested favorable hydrophobic interactions between lipids and PHB. Higher lipid contents not only caused a decrement in the CD signal of PHB but also bathochromic effects occurred. The chain length of lipids exerted high impacts on interactions (CD) and structuration of PHB (Δλ). The unsaturation showed little influence on CD and negligible effect on Δλ, while the head group exerted no effect on CD with a considerable impact on Δλ.
Firm ownership and ESG performance in European agri‐food companies: The mediating effect of risk‐taking and time horizon
Authors: Gega Megi , Höhler Julia , Bijman Jos , Oude Lansink Alfons
Published: October 2024

The environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) performance of European agri‐food companies is crucial amidst sustainability challenges. Employing property rights and agency theory, we investigate the influence of firm ownership structure on ESG performance, and the mediating role of risk‐taking and time horizon. A recursive system of equations is employed to test the model using data from 936 European firms. The findings indicate that investor‐owned firms (IOFs) outperform family firms and cooperatives in terms of ESG performance. Family firms demonstrate a longer time horizon, while IOFs exhibit greater risk‐taking. Risk‐taking and time horizon are positively and negatively associated with ESG performance, respectively. However, we find no evidence of a mediation effect. This paper contributes to the agency and property rights literature by exploring the implications of ownership structure for other firm characteristics and ESG performance, and outlines implications for policymakers and managers in the development of focused interventions towards sustainability.
Apathy and effort‐based decision‐making in Alzheimer's disease and subjective cognitive impairment
Authors: Attaallah Bahaaeddin , Toniolo Sofia , Maio Maria Raquel , Husain Masud
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Apathy is a significant feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), though its mechanisms are not well established.

METHODS

An effort‐based decision‐making (EBDM) framework was applied to investigate apathy in 30 AD patients, 41 SCI participants, and 55 healthy controls (HC). Data were analyzed using a drift‐diffusion model (DDM) to uncover latent psychological processes.

RESULTS

SCI participants reported higher apathy than AD patients and HC. However, informant reports of apathy in AD patients were higher than self‐reports and indicated significant apathy compared to HC. Both the AD and SCI groups showed reduced sensitivity to effort changes, linked to executive dysfunction in AD and apathy in SCI. Increased resting functional cortical connectivity with the nucleus accumbens (NA) was associated with higher apathy in SCI.

DISCUSSION

These results highlight a similar disruption of EBDM in AD and SCI, differentially related to executive functioning in AD and apathy in SCI.

Highlights

This is the first study investigating apathy using an effort‐based decision‐making (EBDM) framework in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI).

Self‐reports underestimate apathy in AD patients when compared to informant reports and healthy controls (HC). SCI participants, in whom self and informant reports were more concordant, also showed higher degrees of apathy.

Both AD and SCI groups showed reduced sensitivity to effort.

Reduced sensitivity to effort correlates with executive dysfunction in AD and apathy, but not depression, in SCI.

Increased nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) connectivity with the frontoparietal network was associated with higher apathy scores in SCI.

The results thus suggest that while AD and SCI can have similar deficits in EBDM, these deficits correlate with distinct clinical manifestations: executive dysfunction in AD and apathy in SCI.
Raman‐Enabled Predictions of Protein Content and Metabolites in Biopharmaceutical Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentations
Authors: Hagedorn Jeppe , Ramos Guilherme , Ressurreição Miguel , Hansen Ernst Broberg , Sokolov Michael , Vázquez Carlos Casado , Panos Christos
Published: October 2024

Raman spectroscopy, a robust and non‐invasive analytical method, has demonstrated significant potential for monitoring biopharmaceutical production processes. Its ability to provide detailed information about molecular vibrations makes it ideal for the detection and quantification of therapeutic proteins and critical control parameters in complex biopharmaceutical mixtures. However, its application in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentations has been hindered by the inherent strong fluorescence background from the cells. This fluorescence interferes with Raman signals, compromising spectral data accuracy. In this study, we present an approach that mitigates this issue by deploying Raman spectroscopy on cell‐free media samples, combined with advanced chemometric modeling. This method enables accurate prediction of protein concentration and key process parameters, fundamental for the control and optimization of biopharmaceutical fermentation processes. Utilizing variable importance in projection (VIP) further enhances model robustness, leading to lower relative root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) values across the six targets studied. Our findings highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy for real‐time, on‐line monitoring and control of complex microbial fermentations, thereby significantly enhancing the efficiency and quality of S. cerevisiae‐based biopharmaceutical production.
The emission of pollutants from ornamental shrubs during forest fires
Authors: Martinent Bruno , Luciani Camille , Tihay‐Felicelli Virginie , Renucci Franck , Santoni Paul‐Antoine , Barboni Toussaint
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the combustion behavior, emissions, and aerosol production of four plant species: Laurus nobilis, Cistus monspeliensis, Photinia fraseri, and Cupressus sempervirens. The Heat Release Rate (HRR) and Smoke Production Rate (SPR) were measured, revealing that Cupressus sempervirens had the highest HRR and longest flame duration due to its higher bulk density. Emission Factors (EFs) for key compounds such as CO₂, CO, NO, and aerosols showed significant variation by species. Aerosol analysis indicated that the combustion of all plants primarily emitted fine particles, with the majority being ultrafine particles (PM0.1), particularly in the 25–130‐nm range. Particle size distributions were bimodal in number but monomodal in volume. These findings highlight the impact of plant characteristics on fire behavior and emissions, with significant implications for understanding fire dynamics in wildland–urban interfaces.
Formulation and Recycling of a Novel Electrolyte Based on Bio‐Derived γ‐Valerolactone and Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Teoh Khai Shin , Melchiorre Massimo , Darlami Magar Sandesh , Leibing Christian , Ruffo Francesco , Gómez‐Urbano Juan Luis , Balducci Andrea
Published: October 2024

This work introduces a novel electrolyte comprising lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt dissolved in bio‐based γ‐valerolactone (GVL) for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Moreover, a simple and sustainable aqueous‐based recycling approach for recovering the imide‐based lithium salt is proposed. Beyond the sustainable origin of the GVL solvent, this electrolyte exhibits reduced flammability risk, characterized by a flash point of 136 °C, along with favorable transport properties (conductivity of 6.2 mS cm−1 at 20 °C) and good electrochemical stability (5.0 V vs Li+/Li). Its good compatibility with graphite and lithium iron phosphate electrodes ensures remarkable cycling stability in LIB full‐cells after 200 galvanostatic cycles at 1  C. Furthermore, the proposed liquid–liquid phase electrolyte recycling method allows for a nearly complete recovery of the LiTFSI salt (97–99%) and the GVL solvent (78%). The feasibility of the recycling process is validated by the reutilization of the recovered LiTFSI salt in electric double‐layer capacitors, achieving performances similar to that of the pristine salt with exceptional long‐term stability.
Janus‐Architectured Lithium Replenishment Separators Boosting Longevity of Anode‐Free Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Lin Guoru , Meng Tao , Peng Yitong , Li Pingan , Hu Xianluo
Published: October 2024

Addressing the issue of inactive dead lithium deposition on the anode side remains a significant challenge for anode‐free lithium metal batteries. While lithium compensation techniques can mitigate lithium depletion, directly introducing lithium compounds into the cathode material may degrade the electrode structure. Here the design and fabrication of a novel lithium replenishment separator (LRS) using a lithium compensation agent of Li2C4O4 is reported. The electrospun LRS demonstrates excellent ionic conductivity of 1.82 mS cm−1 and a high Li+ transference number of 0.51. Such a functionalized LRS not only provides additional active lithium for anode‐free lithium metal batteries but also promotes uniform deposition of lithium metal. Compared with conventional polyolefin‐based separators, the LRS effectively boosts LiFePO4||Cu anode‐free batteries with enhanced cyclability. These results suggest this LRS strategy can find promising applications in next‐generation anode‐free batteries with high energy densities.
Cryptocurrencies and Systemic Risk. The Spillover Effects Between Cryptocurrency and Financial Markets
Authors: Pacelli Vincenzo , Di Tommaso Caterina , Foglia Matteo , Ingannamorte Stefania
Published: October 2024

This research delves into the intricate relationship between cryptocurrencies and systemic risk within the framework of global financial markets. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset that amalgamates relevant indices from the cryptocurrency market along with global equity indexes from Europe, the United States, and China, the study employs a VAR for VaR model. This approach allows for the computation of spillover effects at different risk quantiles, offering insights into both downside and upside risk scenarios. The analysis underscores the notable spillover between cryptocurrency and traditional financial markets, revealing a complex interplay of risk factors that are not confined to geographical or asset-class boundaries. Our findings suggest that these interconnections could have far-reaching implications for global financial stability, regulatory policies, and risk management practices. By shedding light on these underexplored dimensions of financial markets, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the systemic risks introduced by the growing prominence of cryptocurrencies.
Quiver tails and brane webs
Authors: Franco Sebastián , Rodríguez-Gómez Diego
Published: October 2024

Abstract

A new type of quiver theories, denoted twin quivers, was recently introduced for studying 5d SCFTs engineered by webs of 5-branes ending on 7-branes. Twin quivers provide an alternative perspective on various aspects of such webs, including Hanany-Witten moves and the s-rule. More ambitiously, they can be regarded as a first step towards the construction of combinatorial objects, generalizing brane tilings, encoding the corresponding BPS quivers. This paper continues the investigation of twin quivers, focusing on their non-uniqueness, which stems from the multiplicity of toric phases for a given toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold. We find that the different twin quivers are necessary for describing what we call quiver tails, which in turn correspond to certain sub-configurations in the webs. More generally, the multiplicity of twin quivers captures the roots of the Higgs branch in the extended Coulomb branch of 5d theories.
Functional foods in Mediterranean diet: exploring the functional features of vegetable case-studies obtained also by biotechnological approaches
Authors: Bavaro Anna Rita , Tarantini Annamaria , Bruno Angelica , Logrieco Antonio F. , Gallo Antonia , Mita Giovanni , Valerio Francesca , Bleve Gianluca , Cardinali Angela
Published: October 2024

The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a widely recognized dietary pattern, with its effects largely attributed to “functional foods” which are able to positively influence one or more target functions, improving health and maintaining a state of well-being.

In this review, three “case-study” typical of the MedDiet, such as artichokes, capers and table olives are considered as traditional functional vegetables rich in bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols. The review extensively discusses the antioxidant effects of these molecules, as well as their role in aging prevention and reduction, maintaining human health, and influencing the abundance and composition of intestinal microbiota. Additionally, this review focuses on the fate of the dietary polyphenols along the digestive tract.

Among biotechnological strategies, the review explores the role of fermentation process in modifying the biochemical profile, recovery, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds present in some vegetable foods of MedDiet. Finally, the main challenges in the selection, addition, and maintenance of probiotic strains in traditional food products are also summarized, with a view to develop new probiotic carriers for “functional diets”.
A Rapid Adaptation Approach for Dynamic Air-Writing Recognition Using Wearable Wristbands with Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning
Authors: Guo Yunjian , Li Kunpeng , Yue Wei , Kim Nam-Young , Li Yang , Shen Guozhen , Lee Jong-Chul
Published: October 2024

Wearable wristband systems leverage deep learning to revolutionize hand gesture recognition in daily activities. Unlike existing approaches that often focus on static gestures and require extensive labeled data, the proposed wearable wristband with self-supervised contrastive learning excels at dynamic motion tracking and adapts rapidly across multiple scenarios. It features a four-channel sensing array composed of an ionic hydrogel with hierarchical microcone structures and ultrathin flexible electrodes, resulting in high-sensitivity capacitance output. Through wireless transmission from a Wi-Fi module, the proposed algorithm learns latent features from the unlabeled signals of random wrist movements. Remarkably, only few-shot labeled data are sufficient for fine-tuning the model, enabling rapid adaptation to various tasks. The system achieves a high accuracy of 94.9% in different scenarios, including the prediction of eight-direction commands, and air-writing of all numbers and letters. The proposed method facilitates smooth transitions between multiple tasks without the need for modifying the structure or undergoing extensive task-specific training. Its utility has been further extended to enhance human–machine interaction over digital platforms, such as game controls, calculators, and three-language login systems, offering users a natural and intuitive way of communication.
Magneto-Dielectric Synergy and Multiscale Hierarchical Structure Design Enable Flexible Multipurpose Microwave Absorption and Infrared Stealth Compatibility
Authors: Li Chen , Liang Leilei , Zhang Baoshan , Yang Yi , Ji Guangbin
Published: October 2024

Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared (IR) fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded, which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR cloaking mechanisms and functional integration limitations. Here, we propose a multiscale hierarchical structure design, integrating wrinkled MXene IR shielding layer and flexible Fe3O4@C/PDMS microwave absorption layer. The top wrinkled MXene layer induces the intensive diffuse reflection effect, shielding IR radiation signals while allowing microwave to pass through. Meanwhile, the permeable microwaves are assimilated into the bottom Fe3O4@C/PDMS layer via strong magneto-electric synergy. Through theoretical and experimental optimization, the assembled stealth devices realize a near-perfect stealth capability in both X-band (8–12 GHz) and long-wave infrared (8–14 µm) wavelength ranges. Specifically, it delivers a radar cross-section reduction of − 20 dB m2, a large apparent temperature modulation range (ΔT = 70 °C), and a low average IR emissivity of 0.35. Additionally, the optimal device demonstrates exceptional curved surface conformability, self-cleaning capability (contact angle ≈ 129°), and abrasion resistance (recovery time ≈ 5 s). This design strategy promotes the development of multispectral stealth technology and reinforces its applicability and durability in complex and hostile environments.
Absence of canonical mutations in pediatric essential thrombocytosis: a case series
Authors: Lee Jae Wook , Jo Suejung , Yoo Jae Won , Kim Seongkoo , Chung Nack-Gyun , Cho Bin
Published: October 2024

Essential thrombocytosis (ET) is a rare myeloproliferative disease in children, and there are few standard management guidelines. We herein report a case series of 10 pediatric patients with ET diagnosed at our institution over a period of 13 years. All patients fulfilled the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for ET, and none harbored the canonical ET mutations JAK2 V617F, CALR, or MPL. Overall, 7 of the 10 patients received treatment for ET, and during follow-up, 3 of these 7 patients discontinued cytoreductive therapy. No patient experienced hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. Our case series emphasizes that the genetic features of pediatric ET may differ significantly from those of adult ET, and that treatment cessation is a possibility for some patients.
Rethinking Field School Delivery and Addressing Our Biases
Authors: Warner Mark S. , Eichner Katrina C. L. , Campbell Renae J.
Published: October 2024

Field schools are foundational training for archaeologists and the corresponding methods for instruction are largely consistent within the discipline. The expectation is that at some point early in their careers students will enroll in a field school. To participate, students must pay summer tuition, dedicate a minimum of four weeks (usually longer) to full-time fieldwork, and in many cases travel to remote locations. The reality is that for many students such expectations make field school participation an impossibility—and ultimately make archaeology a nonviable career option for students from historically underrepresented backgrounds. Offering local field opportunities within the context of a regular school year alleviates those problems. A recent field school in north Idaho demonstrated how traditional field school structure excludes many students and how archaeologists can adjust instruction to make field training more accessible to students.
Adaptation and validation of an antibiotic prescribing, peer comparison metric for respiratory tract diagnoses in walk-in clinics: a mixed-methods analysis
Authors: Solomon Sadie , Hockett Sherlock Stacey , Clore Gosia , Dukes Kimberly C , Ince Dilek , Percival Kelly M. , O’Shea Amy M.J. , Shaw Nathan , Perencevich Eli N. , Livorsi Daniel J.
Published: October 2024

Objective:

Antibiotic overuse is common across walk-in clinics, but it is unclear which stewardship metrics are most effective for audit and feedback. In this study, we assessed the validity of a metric that captures antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract diagnoses (RTDs).

Design:

We performed a mixed-methods study to evaluate an RTD metric, which quantified the frequency at which a provider prescribed antibiotics for RTD visits after excluding visits with complicating factors.

Setting:

Seven walk-in clinics across an integrated healthcare system.

Participants:

We included clinic visits during 2018–2022. We also conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with 10 unique providers to assess metric acceptability.

Results:

There were 331,496 visits; 120,937 (36.5%) met RTD criteria and 44,382 (36.7%) of these received an antibiotic. Factors associated with an increased odds of antibiotic use for RTDs included patient age ≥ 65 (OR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.30–1.51), age 0–17 (1.55, 95% CI 1.50–1.60), and ≥1 comorbidity (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.15–1.29). After stratifying providers by their antibiotic-prescribing frequency for RTDs, patient case-mix was similar across tertiles. However, the highest tertile of prescribers more frequently coded suppurative otitis media and more frequently prescribed antibiotics for antibiotic-nonresponsive conditions (eg, viral infections). There was no correlation between antibiotic prescribing for RTDs and the frequency of return visits (r = 0.01, P = 0.96). Interviews with providers demonstrated the acceptability of the metric as an assessment tool.

Conclusion:

A provider-level metric that quantifies the frequency of antibiotic prescribing for all RTDs has both construct and face validity. Future studies should assess whether this type of metric is an effective feedback tool.