bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histology of the distal dural ring
Authors: Graffeo Christopher S. , Perry Avital , Copeland William R. , Raghunathan Aditya , Link Michael J.
Published: May 2017

The distal dural ring (DDR) is a conserved intracranial anatomic structure marking the boundary point at which the internal carotid artery (ICA) exits the cavernous sinus (CS) and enters the subarachnoid space. Although the CS has been well described in a range of anatomic studies, to our knowledge no prior study has analyzed the histologic relationship between the ICA and DDR. Correspondingly, our objective was to assess the relationship of the DDR to the ICA and determine whether the DDR can be dissected from the ICA and thus divided, or can only be circumferentially trimmed around the artery. The authors examined ten fresh‐frozen, adult cadaveric specimens. A standard frontotemporal craniotomy, orbito‐optic osteotomy, and extradural anterior clinoidectomy was performed bilaterally. The cavernous ICA, DDR, and supraclinoid ICA were harvested as an en bloc specimen. Specimens formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded prior to routine histochemical staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome. In all specimens, marked microscopic investment of the DDR throughout the ICA adventitia was noted. Dural collagen fibers extensively permeated the arterial layers superficial to the muscularis propria, with no evidence of a clear separation between the DDR and arterial adventitia. Histologic analysis suggests that the ICA and DDR are highly interrelated, continuous structures, and therefore attempted intraoperative dissection between these structures may carry an elevated risk of injury to the ICA. We correspondingly recommend careful circumferential trimming of the DDR in lieu of direct dissection in cases requiring mobilization of the clinoidal ICA. Clin. Anat. 30:742–746, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of repeated freeze‐thaw cycles on human muscle tissue visualized by postmortem computed tomography (PMCT)
Authors: Klop Anthony C. , Vester Marloes E.M. , Colman Kerri L. , Ruijter Jan M. , Van Rijn Rick R. , Oostra Roelof‐Jan
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to determine whether effects of repetitive freeze‐thaw cycles, with various thawing temperatures, on human muscle tissue can be quantified using postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) technology. An additional objective was to determine the preferred thawing temperature for muscle tissue in this study. Human cadaver upper extremities were divided into two different thawing temperature groups and underwent a series of four freeze‐thaw cycles in total. Axial CT scans were performed after each cycle. CT attenuation (in Hounsfield units, HU) was measured in four muscles of the upper extremities. HU values changed significantly with the introduction of each subsequent freeze‐thaw cycle. Moreover, the changes in HU values were different for each thawing group. There was a significant increase of HU values in both groups between t0 and t1. Unfrozen tissue showed large variation of HU values in all samples. It was possible to distinguish between samples thawed at different thawing temperatures based on their respective HU values. It is advisable to keep the number of freeze‐thaw cycles to just one, if the human cadaveric tissue is to be used for educational purposes. The preferred thawing temperature in this study is 2°C. Clin. Anat. 30:799–804, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detailed anatomy of the abducens nerve in the lateral rectus muscle
Authors: Nam Yong Seok , Kim In‐Beom , Shin Sun Young
Published: May 2017

The aims of this study were to elucidate the detailed anatomy of the abducens nerve in the lateral rectus muscle (LRM) and the intramuscular innervation pattern using Sihler staining. In this cohort study, 32 eyes of 16 cadavers were assessed. Dissection was performed from the LRM origin to its insertion. The following distances were measured: from LRM insertion to the bifurcation point of the abducens nerve, from LRM insertion to the entry site of the superior branch or inferior branch, from the upper border of the LRM to the entry site of the superior branch, from the lower border of LRM to the entry site of inferior branch, and the widths of the main trunk and superior and inferior branches. The single trunk of the abducens nerve divided into two branches 37 mm from insertion of the LRM, and 22 of 32 (68.8%) orbits showed only two superior and inferior branches with no subdivision. The superior branch entered the LRM more anteriorly (P = 0.037) and the superior branch was thinner than the inferior branch (P = 0.040). The most distally located intramuscular nerve ending was observed at 52.9 ± 3.5% of the length of each muscle. Non‐overlap between the superior and inferior intramuscular arborization of the nerve was detected in 27 of 32 cases (84.4%). Five cases (15.6%) showed definite overlap of the superior and inferior zones. This study revealed the detailed anatomy of the abducens nerve in the LRM and provides helpful information to understand abducens nerve palsy. Clin. Anat. 30:873–877, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Latent Heat Storage: Storage Materials, Heat Transfer, and Applications
Authors: Ghaib Karim
Published: May 2017

Phase change materials are frequently used in thermal storage systems due to their large latent heat und isothermal nature. This paper discusses different phase change materials. Techniques for improving their thermophysical properties are highlighted. Their corrosive effects on the stability of construction materials are approached. Finally, different applications, in which the phase change materials are used, are presented.
Covalent Protein Labeling by SpyTag–SpyCatcher in Fixed Cells for Super‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Pessino Veronica , Citron Y. Rose , Feng Siyu , Huang Bo
Published: May 2017

Labeling proteins with high specificity and efficiency is a fundamental prerequisite for microscopic visualization of subcellular protein structures and interactions. Although the comparatively small size of epitope tags makes them less perturbative to fusion proteins, they require the use of large antibodies that often limit probe accessibility and effective resolution. Here we use the covalent SpyTag–SpyCatcher system as an epitope‐like tag for fluorescent labeling of intracellular proteins in fixed cells for both conventional and super‐resolution microscopy. We also applied this method to endogenous proteins by gene editing, demonstrating its high labeling efficiency and capability for isoform‐specific labeling.
Electrochemical Deposition of MgO@ZnO Shell−Core Nanorod Arrays Largely Enhances the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Tian Jing , Li Weibing
Published: May 2017

Well aligned ZnO nanorod array (NRA) core coated with MgO nanolayer shell was fabricated via a facile pulse electrodeposition method. Using this method, a homogeneous MgO nanolayer could be formed on the surface of the wurtzite ZnO nanorod. This novel nanostructure with controllable shell thickness, provided a high photoinduced current density of 2.4 mA cm−2 at 1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) under 100 mW cm−2 illumination (AM 1.5), which value is almost three times larger than that of pristine ZnO NRA and also much superior to those of analogous ZnO based photoanodes. The as‐prepared photoanodes exhibited excellent behaviors in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, significantly improved the photoconversion efficiency. This is attributed to the interface effect and surface hydrophilia provided by the MgO ultrathin nanolayer, suppressing the recombination rate of electron‐hole pairs and improving interfacial charge exchange capacity. Thus, this work provides a cost‐effective route to improve the performance of ZnO based photoanodes, in addition it can be used in other solar energy conversion devices, for example, this hydroxyl groups dominant surface can be employed for other visible light response semiconductors (CdS, CdTe etc.) assembly.
Reaction Mechanisms of the Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid on Tin Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Lee Chan Woo , Cho Nam Heon , Yang Ki Dong , Nam Ki Tae
Published: May 2017

Recent reports on the electrochemical production of formate demonstrate that reduced metal oxides play a key role in activating stable CO2 molecules. To expand a pre‐existing design principle of catalysts to a higher level, one of the remaining issues is to clearly understand the reaction mechanism. In recent years, mechanistic studies on SnOx catalysts, one of the most popular candidates for CO2 conversion to formate, have been intensively conducted in various aspects. In this Minireview, we summarize the reaction mechanisms of formate production based on computational, electrokinetic and in situ analyses focusing on SnOx catalysts. Starting from theoretical points including key intermediates, reaction pathway, and selectivity for formate production over pure metals, the discussion is expanded to the reaction mechanism on oxide surface.
Statistische Modellierung zur Unterstützung von Industrie 4.0 im Glasbau
Authors: Scheideler Eva , Ahlemeyer‐Stubbe Andrea , Scheideler Josef
Published: May 2017

Einfach, ohne Expertenwissen anzuwenden – solch ein Planungswerkzeug spart Zeit und Geld. Dieser Artikel stellt eine neue, effiziente Berechnungsmöglichkeit vor, die z.B. Vertriebsmitarbeiter oder Architekten befähigt, Risiken bezüglich Durch‐ oder Absturzsicherheit bei allseitig gelagerten Verglasungen früh in der Planung schnell abzuprüfen. Dabei werden statistische Modelle und Simulationsberechnungen eingesetzt. Verifiziert wurde die Methode gemäß DIN 18008 Teil 4 und Teil 6 mit den Möglichkeiten der Finite‐Element‐Rechnung und Referenzdatensätzen. Sie kann eine finale statische Beurteilung (z.B. prüffähige Statik) nicht ersetzen, doch sie kann im Lauf der Planung verlässliche Abschätzungen liefern und somit Geld und Zeit einsparen.
Zur Bewertung klimatisch beanspruchter geklebter Glasverbindungen
Authors: Sirtl Christin , Kraus Matthias , Hadlich Christiane , Osburg Andrea , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: May 2017

Im Rahmen eines internationalen Forschungsprojektes werden fluiddurchflossene Kapillargläser für den Einsatz in einem Wärmetauscher zur energetischen Nutzung in der Haustechnik entwickelt. Zur Herstellung einer den optisch höchsten Ansprüchen genügenden Fassade lassen sich als Scheibenverbindungsmittel hochtransparente UV‐aushärtende Acrylatklebstoffe einsetzen. Zur Bewertung des Langzeitverhaltes der Klebeverbindung werden zahlreiche geklebte Glas‐Glas‐Überlappverbindungen zyklischen und klimatischen Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt und anschließend mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren – zerstörungsfrei und zerstörend – analysiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die entsprechenden Untersuchungen vorgestellt und die Ergebnisse mit Hilfe von Scherversuchen bewertet.
Flächige und zerstörungsfreie Qualitätskontrolle mittels spannungsoptischer Methoden
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Kasper Ruth , Di Biase Pietro , Schaaf Benjamin , Schuler Christian , Dix Steffen , Illguth Marcus
Published: May 2017

Bei den seit Jahren mit Erfolg eingesetzten Glasprodukten ESG und TVG gibt es in der Praxis häufig Streitigkeiten aufgrund von Anisotropien (Doppelbrechungen, die zu sichtbaren farbigen Effekten führen). Erkenntnisse aus Schadensfällen und Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass Anisotropien unter verschiedenen Aspekten beurteilt werden müssen und dass es zwingend notwendig ist, diese mit geeigneten Prüfmethoden zu bewerten. In diesem Beitrag zeigen die RWTH Aachen und die HS München, dass die zerstörungsfrei prüfende, flächenförmige Methodik der Polarisationsoptik zur objektiven Bewertung geeignet ist. Hierbei werden zum einen die vollflächige Visualisierung und Erforschung der Anisotropien an vorgespannten Glasscheiben präsentiert sowie die Entwicklung neuer Messmethoden für die Bestimmung der Kantenmembranspannung dargelegt.
Gläserne Hülle für die Busmannkapelle – Eine 13 m hohe Ganzglasfassade für eine Gedenkstätte
Authors: Rücker Sebastian , Fischer Frank
Published: May 2017

Im Rahmen der Errichtung der Busmannkapelle als Gedenkstätte der Sophienkirche Dresden sollte eine schützende Hülle entstehen. Auf einer Grundfläche von 22 m × 12 m wurde ein auf vier Stahlstützen aufgelagertes massives Dach und eine hoch transparente Ganzglasfassade geplant. Ziel war es, die Busmannkapelle in einer Art Vitrine zu präsentieren. Die 13,5 m hohe Fassade der Hülle besteht aus insgesamt 18 Glasschwertern im Abstand von jeweils 3 m und vier Edelstahlprofilen in den Ecken. Die Herausforderung der Fassadenbemessung bestand in der Entkopplung von Dach und Fassade in Bezug auf Lasten in Fassadenebene und der Aussteifung der Glasschwerter durch die zweiseitig gelagerten, 3 m × 4,5 m großen Fassadenscheiben.
Die Plazaüberdachung des EY Headquarters in Luxemburg
Authors: Schlaich Mike , Nier Mathias
Published: May 2017

Das Glasdach, das seit 2015 am Hauptsitz von Ernst & Young in Luxemburg den öffentlichen Vorplatz überspannt, ist eine neuartige, extrem flache seilversteifte Gitterschale. Entwurf, Konstruktion und Bau dieses Leichtbaus, der aus einer intensiven Zusammenarbeit von Architekten und Ingenieuren entstanden ist, sollen hier vorgestellt werden.
Preparation of Mesoporous Basic Oxides through Assembly of Monodispersed Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Oka Yuya , Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Matsuno Takamichi , Kamata Keigo , Wada Hiroaki , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: May 2017

Mesoporous basic Mg–Al mixed metal oxides (MMOs) with a high surface area and large pore size have been prepared through the assembly of monodispersed layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (LDHNPs) with block copolymer templates. The particle sizes of the LDHNPs were mainly controlled by varying the concentration of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), which was used as a surface stabilizing agent. LDHNPs and micelles of a block copolymer (Pluronic F127) were assembled to form a composite. The composites were calcined to transform them into mesoporous MMOs and to remove the templates. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas, mesopore sizes, and pore volumes increased as a result of using the templates. Moreover, the pore sizes of the mesoporous MMOs could be controlled by using LDHNPs of different sizes. The mesoporous MMOs prepared from the LDHNPs showed much higher catalytic activity than a conventional MMO catalyst for the Knövenagel condensation of ethyl cyanoacetate with benzaldehyde. The mesoporous MMO catalyst prepared using the smallest LDHNPs, about 12 nm in size, showed the highest activity. Therefore, the use of monodispersed LDHNPs and templates is effective for preparing highly active mesoporous solid base catalysts.
An Optimized Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probe for Biological Sensing and Imaging of Catechol‐O‐Methyltransferase
Authors: Wang Ping , Xia Yang‐Liu , Zou Li‐Wei , Qian Xing‐Kai , Dou Tong‐Yi , Jin Qiang , Li Shi‐Yang , Yu Yang , Wang Dan‐Dan , Luo Qun , Ge Guang‐Bo , Yang Ling
Published: May 2017

A practical two‐photon fluorescent probe was developed for highly sensitive and selective sensing of the activities of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) in complex biological samples. To this end, a series of 3‐substituted 7,8‐dihydroxycoumarins were designed and synthesized. Among them, 3‐BTD displayed the best combination of selectivity, sensitivity, reactivity, and fluorescence response following COMT‐catalyzed 8‐O‐methylation. The newly developed two‐photon fluorescent probe 3‐BTD can be used for determining the activities of COMT in complex biological samples and bio‐imaging of endogenous COMT in living cells and tissue slices with good cell permeability, low cytotoxicity, and high imaging resolution. All these findings suggest that 3‐BTD holds great promise for developing therapeutic molecules that target COMT, as well as for exploring COMT‐associated biological processes and its biological functions in living systems. Furthermore, the strategy also sheds new light on the development of fluorescent probes for other conjugative enzymes.
Synthesis of BODIPY‐Labeled Cholesterylated Glycopeptides by Tandem Click Chemistry for Glycocalyxification of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs)
Authors: Stuhr‐Hansen Nicolai , Vagianou Charikleia‐Despoina , Blixt Ola
Published: May 2017

The glycocalyx cover membrane surfaces of all living cells. These complex architectures render their interaction mechanisms on the membrane surface difficult to study. Artificial cell‐sized membranes with selected and defined glycosylation patterns may serve as a minimalistic approach to systematically study cell surface glycan interactions. The development of a facile general synthetic procedure for the synthesis of BODIPY‐labeled cholesterylated glycopeptides, which can coat cell‐size giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), is described. These peptide constructs were synthesized by: 1) solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using cholesterylated Fmoc‐amino acids (Fmoc=9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) followed by tandem click reactions, 2) attachment of a BODIPY‐bicyclononyne (BCN) (prepared by Mitsunobu chemistry via novel aryl BCN‐ethers) in the absence of a catalyst, and 3) glycosylation by means of copper(I)‐catalyzed click reaction of an azidoglycan. Seven different GUV‐glycoforms were prepared and four of these were evaluated with their corresponding four specific anti‐glycan binding lectins.
A Retrosynthesis Approach for Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A. , Miranda Leandro S. M. , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: May 2017

For the planning of an organic synthesis route, the disconnection approach guided by retrosynthetic analysis of possible intermediates and the chemical reactions involved, back to ready available starting materials, is well established. In contrast, such concepts just get developed for biocatalytic routes. In this Review we highlight functional group interconversions catalyzed by enzymes. The article is organized rather by chemical bonds formed—exemplified for C−N, C−O‐ and C−C‐bonds—and not by enzyme classes, covering a broad range of reactions to incorporate the desired functionality in the target molecule. Furthermore, the successful use of biocatalysts, also in combination with chemical steps, is exemplified for the synthesis of various drugs and advanced pharmaceutical intermediates such as Crispine A, Sitagliptin and Atorvastatin. This Review also provides some basic guidelines to choose the most appropriate enzyme for a targeted reaction keeping in mind aspects like commercial availability, cofactor‐requirement, solvent tolerance, use of isolated enzymes or whole cell recombinant microorganisms aiming to assist organic chemists in the use of enzymes for synthetic applications.
Synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol through different routes: A thermodynamic and comparative analysis
Authors: Shukla Kartikeya , Srivastava Vimal Chandra
Published: May 2017

In this study, thermodynamic analysis of various possible synthesis routes of diethyl carbonates (DEC), a benign organic carbonate, was carried out and a comparative analysis was performed. Chemical equilibrium constants at standard conditions were calculated using Gibbs free energy of the system. The Benson group contribution method was used to estimate standard heat of formation and standard entropy change of some raw materials/components like dimethyl carbonate. Variation of heat capacity (Cp) with temperature was estimated for different components from the Rozicka‐Domalski model. Variation of chemical equilibrium constants with temperature and pressure was studied for various routes. Synthesis of DEC from ethylene carbonate (EC) was also found to be better considering equilibrium constants at room temperature. The CO2 route was found to be the most unfavourable route for DEC synthesis due to stability of CO2 molecules. Moreover, DEC synthesis through the urea route was found to be best at high temperatures since the equilibrium constants were found to increase exponentially. Experiments were conducted for DEC synthesis using the EC route at two temperatures. Activity coefficients were calculated using the UNIFAC model. Experimentally and theoretically determined chemical equilibrium constant values were found to be similar. PRO/II was also used to minimize Gibbs free energy of the system and estimate the equilibrium constants and the results were comparable with those obtained by the equilibrium constant method and the trend was found to be the same for both the methods.
Outcome of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Veltri Lauren W. , Milton Denái R. , Delgado Ruby , Shah Nina , Patel Krina , Nieto Yago , Kebriaei Partow , Popat Uday R. , Parmar Simrit , Oran Betul , Ciurea Stefan , Hosing Chitra , Lee Hans C. , Manasanch Elisabet , Orlowski Robert Z. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Champlin Richard E. , Qazilbash Muzaffar H. , Bashir Qaiser
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Despite the introduction of effective, novel agents, the outcome of patients with refractory multiple myeloma remains poor, particularly those who are refractory to both proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs). Limited data are available on the role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in this population.

METHODS

Patients with refractory myeloma who underwent first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto‐HCT) between March 2000 and October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Those who had primary refractory disease and those with relapsed and refractory disease were included. Disease that was refractory to at least 1 PI and at least 1 IMiD was classified as double‐refractory multiple myeloma (DR‐MM).

RESULTS

In total, 233 patients were identified, including 105 (45%) classified with DR‐MM and 128 (55%) classified with nondouble‐refractory myeloma (NDR‐MM). At a median follow‐up of 42 months for surviving patients, at least a partial response was observed in 188 patients (81%; 83 patients in the DR‐MM group [79%] and 105 patients in the NDR‐MM [82%]; P = .77). A near complete response or better was observed in 52 patients (22%; 25 patients in the DR‐MM group [24%] and 27 patients in the NDR‐MM group [21%]; P = .77). The median progression‐free survival was 17.6 months (14.4 months in the DR‐MM group and 18.2 months in the NDR‐MM group), and the 2‐year progression‐free survival rate was 38% (35% in the DR‐MM group and 40% in the NDR‐MM group; P = .40). The median overall survival was 48 months (38.9 months in the DR‐MM group and 56.6 months in the NDR‐MM group), and the 2‐year overall survival rate was 74% (71% in the DR‐MM group and 76% in the NDR‐MM group; P = .27).

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings indicate that auto‐HCT is an effective and safe therapy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma, including those who are refractory to IMiDs and PIs. Cancer 2017;123:3568‐75. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Normal development of spinal axons in early embryo stages and posterior locomotor function is independent of GAL‐1
Authors: Pasquini Juana M. , Barrantes Francisco J. , Quintá Héctor R.
Published: May 2017

It was recently described that Galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) promotes axonal growth after spinal cord injury. This effect depends on protein dimerization, since monomeric Gal‐1 fails to stimulate axonal re‐growth. Gal‐1 is expressed in vivo at concentrations that favor the monomeric species. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether endogenous Gal‐1 is required for spinal axon development and normal locomotor behavior in mice. In order to characterize axonal development, we used a novel combination of 3‐DISCO technique with 1‐photon microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy under high power LED illumination, followed by serial image section deconvolution and 3‐D reconstruction. Cleared whole lgals‐1‐/‐ embryos were used to analyze the 3‐D cytoarchitecture of motor, commissural, and sensory axons. This approach allowed us to evaluate axonal development, including the number of fibers, fluorescence density of the fiber tracts, fiber length as well as the morphology of axonal sprouting, deep within the tissue. Gal‐1 deficient embryos did not show morphological/anatomical alterations in any of the axonal populations and parameters analyzed. In addition, specific guidance receptor PlexinA4 did not change its axonal localization in the absence of Gal‐1. Finally, Gal‐1 deficiency did not change normal locomotor activity in post‐natal animals. Taken together, our results show that development of spinal axons as well as the locomotor abilities observed in adult mice are independent of Gal‐1. Supporting our previous observations, the present study further validates the use of lgals‐1‐/‐ mice to develop spinal cord‐ or traumatic brain injury models for the evaluation of the regenerative action of Gal‐1.
Performance study of a signal‐extraction algorithm using different parallelisation strategies for the Cherenkov Telescope Array's real‐time‐analysis software
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vázquez Juan José , Vázquez‐Poletti José Luis , Delgado Carlos , Bulgarelli Andrea , Cárdenas‐Montes Miguel
Published: May 2017

In this work, a signal‐extraction algorithm pertaining to the Cherenkov Telescope Array's real‐time‐analysis pipeline has been parallelised using SSE, POSIX Threads and CUDA. Because of the observatory's constraints, the online analysis has to be conducted on site, on hardware located at the telescopes, and compels a search for efficient computing solutions to handle the huge amount of measured data. This work is framed in a series of studies which benchmark several algorithms of the real‐time‐analysis pipeline on different architectures to gain an insight into the suitability and performance of each platform.
1,1′‐Bis(thymine)ferrocene Nucleoside: Synthesis and Study of Its Stereoselective Formation
Authors: Anisimov Iurii , Saloman Sebastian , Hildebrandt Alexander , Lang Heinrich , Trzybiński Damian , Woźniak Krzysztof , Šakić Davor , Vrček Valerije , Kowalski Konrad
Published: May 2017

The synthesis of 1,1′‐bis(thymine)ferrocene nucleoside is reported. This nucleoside was obtained in a two‐step synthetic methodology including a Michael addition reaction of 1,1′‐bis(3‐chloropropionyl)ferrocene with thymine to afford the bis(thymine) adduct in 44 % yield. In the second step, the two prochiral carbonyl functionalities in the Michael adduct were reduced to hydroxyl groups with sodium borohydride. This apparently straightforward reaction proceeds in a highly stereoselective fashion to yield the title ferrocenyl nucleoside as a racemic mixture that consists of the R,R and the S,S isomers. The absolute configuration of the chiral carbon atoms in the nucleoside was assigned on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of the methyl derivative. Furthermore, the mechanism of reduction of the bis(thymine) adduct was investigated by using DFT calculations. The two critical minima, pre‐reactive complex, and semi‐reduced intermediate, as well as two corresponding transition states were located to support the observed stereoselectivity. The redox properties of 1,1′‐bis(thymine)ferrocene nucleoside, its precursor, and congeners were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. For the title compound a reversible redox process was found at a low potential of −30 mV versus FcH/FcH+ (FcH=Fe(η5‐C5H5)2) as the reference redox couple.
First‐in‐Class Composite Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI) in Practice
Authors: Barghash MH , Desai AS
Published: May 2017

Sacubitril/valsartan, a first‐in‐class angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) inhibits angiotensin II and neprilysin, enhancing circulating vasoactive peptides. It is recommended in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) as a result of the PARADIGM‐HF trial.1 This review discusses the rationale for neprilysin inhibition, data supporting efficacy, and practical tips for patient selection and utilization.
Negative Cardiovascular Consequences of Small Molecule Immunosuppressants
Authors: Chakkera HA , Sharif A , Kaplan B
Published: May 2017

Immunosuppressants are critical after transplantation and prescribed as immune‐modulators for autoimmune disorders and glomerulonephritides. Immunosuppressants include large (e.g., thymoglobulin, alemtuzumab, and rituximab) and small molecules (e.g., corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, antimetabolites, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors). The majority of the small molecules worsen traditional cardiovascular risks. This review describes cardiovascular risks of small molecule immunosuppressants: corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus and cyclosporine), and mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin), by categorizing these risks into two categories: ischemic heart disease and nonischemic cardiac effects.
Fish kairomones induce spine elongation and reduce predation in marine crab larvae
Authors: Charpentier Corie L. , Wright Alexander J. , Cohen Jonathan H.
Published: May 2017

Specialized defense strategies are induced in zooplankton upon detection of predator chemical cues or kairomones. These defenses are well‐described for freshwater zooplankters, with morphological defenses being particularly striking, but few studies have reported kairomone‐induced morphological defenses in marine zooplankton. Here, we compare morphological responses to kairomones in the larvae of two marine crab species, estuarine mud crabs (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) and Asian shore crabs (Hemigrapsus sanguineus). When reared in the presence of fish kairomones, spine length increased by 2–3% in larval R. harrisii, while no morphological changes were identified in H. sanguineus. In subsequent feeding assays with a co‐occurring fish predator (Atlantic silversides, Menidia menidia), consumption of R. harrisii was lower on larvae that had been reared with kairomones. In addition, we found that broods with smaller larvae are more likely to exhibit increases in spine length after kairomone exposure. Hence, the observed morphological response is likely influenced by larval size.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of the Boride Series MRh6–nRunB3 (M = Co, Ni; n = 1–5)
Authors: Park Hyounmyung , Misse Patrick R. N. , Mbarki Mohammed , Shankhari Pritam , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: May 2017

Tuning of the magnetic properties of intermetallic materials is increasingly gaining interest in the chemistry community. We report on the successful synthesis and magnetic characterizations of the two new quaternary boride series MRh6–nRunB3 (M = Co, Ni; 1 ≤ n ≤ 5). Powder samples have been synthesized by arc‐melting the elements under purified argon in a water‐cooled copper crucible. The products were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction through Rietveld refinements as well as EDX measurements. All phases crystallize in the hexagonal Th7Fe3 structure type (space group P63mc, no. 186, Z = 2). In the Co‐based series, the lattice parameters decrease linearly with increasing ruthenium content, whereas in the Ni‐based series they remain nearly constant for the Rh‐rich side then decrease with increasing Ru content. Significant ferromagnetic interactions are observed for the Co‐based series, and they decrease linearly with increasing Ru content with magnetic moments decreasing from 0.74 µB (CoRh5RuB3) to 0.13 µB (CoRhRu5B3) at 5 K and 5 T. Pauli paramagnetism dominates the Ni‐based series.
One‐Step Direct Synthesis of SiO2–TiO2 Composite Nanoparticle Assemblies with Hollow Spherical Morphology
Authors: Nguyen Hien Thi Thu , Habu Teppei , Ohtani Masataka , Kobiro Kazuya
Published: May 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Kazuya Kobiro from Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan. The cover image shows the one‐pot and one‐step synthesis of SiO2–TiO2 composite nanoparticle assemblies with hollow spherical morphology.
Gold‐Catalyzed Dehydrazinative C(sp)–S Coupling Reactions of Arylsulfonyl Hydrazides with Ethynylbenziodoxolones for Accessing Alkynyl Sulfones
Authors: Shinde Popat S. , Patil Nitin T.
Published: May 2017

A gold(III)‐catalyzed dehydrazinative coupling reaction between arylsulfonyl hydrazides and ethynylbenziodoxolone reagents was realized for the synthesis of alkynyl sulfones. The scope and versatility of the reaction were demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of 23 derivatives with diverse structural features.
Predominant period and equivalent viscous damping ratio identification for a full‐scale building shake table test
Authors: Chen Michelle C. , Astroza Rodrigo , Restrepo José I. , Conte Joel P. , Hutchinson Tara , Bock Yehuda
Published: May 2017

The predominant period and corresponding equivalent viscous damping ratio, also known in various loading codes as effective period and effective damping coefficient, are two important parameters employed in the seismic design of base‐isolated and conventional building structures. Accurate determination of these two parameters can reduce the uncertainty in the computation of lateral displacement demands and interstory drifts for a given seismic design spectrum. This paper estimates these two parameters from data sets recorded from a full‐scale five‐story reinforced concrete building subjected to seismic base excitations of various intensities in base‐isolated and fixed‐base configurations on the outdoor shake table at the University of California, San Diego. The scope of this paper includes all test motions in which the yielding of the reinforcement has not occurred and the response can still be considered ‘elastic’. The data sets are used with three system identification methods to determine the predominant period of response for each of the test configurations. One of the methods also determines the equivalent viscous damping ratio corresponding to the predominant period. It was found that the predominant period of the fixed‐base building lengthened from 0.52 to 1.30 s. This corresponded to a significant reduction in effective system stiffness to about 16% of the original stiffness. The paper then establishes a correlation between predominant period and peak ground velocity. Finally, the predominant periods and equivalent viscous damping ratios recommended by the ASCE 7‐10 loading standard are compared with those determined from the test building. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional watershed characterization and classification with river network analyses
Authors: Gaucherel Cédric , Frelat Romain , Salomon Ludovic , Rouy Bastien , Pandey Neha , Cudennec Christophe
Published: May 2017

In order to understand and manage a hydrological region, one usually needs to comprehensively characterize the watersheds (basins) and their river networks. This usually and primarily involves analysis of hydrological and geomorphological properties of the watershed derived from the digital terrain model (DTM), but this approach neglects the information content of the associated river networks. In this study, we used a combination of traditional DTM and original river network‐related indices to the watersheds of an understudied region, Haiti. We also used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate index confidence levels of these indices. Compared to commonly used indices, the network indices provided valuable information that could then be used in statistical analyses as a way to identify the dominant features of the country's watershed morphology.

On this basis, we identified four watershed groups in Haiti: (i) high, elongated watersheds, (ii) lowlands, with sinuous networks and relatively slow runoff, (iii) high watersheds with dendritic networks, and (iv) lowlands with high downstream–upstream contrast in properties and rapid runoffs. We argue that river network features provide complementary information in terms of flow topology, highly relevant to characterize contrasting relief countries, such as Haiti. Hence, more exhaustive characterization of watersheds would predictably benefit from the approach outlined in this paper. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential of UVC germicidal irradiation in suppressing crown rot disease, retaining postharvest quality and antioxidant capacity of Musa AAA “Berangan” during fruit ripening
Authors: S. Mohamed Nuratika Tamimi , Ding Phebe , Kadir Jugah , M. Ghazali Hasanah
Published: May 2017

Crown rot caused by fungal pathogen is the most prevalent postharvest disease in banana fruit that results significant economic losses during transportation, storage, and ripening period. Antifungal effects of ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation at doses varied from 0.01 to 0.30 kJ m−2 were investigated in controlling postharvest crown rot disease, maintenance of fruit quality, and the effects on antioxidant capacity of Berangan banana fruit during ripening days at 25 ± 2°C and 85% RH. Fruits irradiated with 0.30 kJ m−2 exhibited the highest (i.e., 62.51%) reduction in disease severity. However, the application of UVC at all doses caused significant browning damages on fruit peel except the dose of 0.01 kJ m−2. This dose synergistically reduced 46.25% development of postharvest crown and did not give adverse effects on respiration rate, ethylene production, weight loss, firmness, color changes, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH in banana as compared to the other treatments and control. Meanwhile, the dose also enhanced a significant higher level of total phenolic content, FRAP, and DPPH values than in control fruits indicating the beneficial impact of UVC in fruit nutritional quality. The results of scanning electron micrographs confirmed that UVC irradiation retarded the losses of wall compartments, thereby maintained the cell wall integrity in the crown tissue of banana fruit. The results suggest that using 0.01 kJ m−2 UVC irradiation dose as postharvest physical treatment, the crown rot disease has potential to be controlled effectively together with maintaining quality and antioxidant of banana fruit.
Recent Achievements of NEDO Durability Project with an Emphasis on Correlation Between Cathode Overpotential and Ohmic Loss
Authors: Yokokawa H. , Hori Y. , Shigehisa T. , Suzuki M. , Inoue S. , Suto T. , Tomida K. , Shimazu M. , Kawakami A. , Sumi H. , Ohmori M. , Mori N. , Iha T. , Yamaji K. , Kishimoto H. , Develos‐Bagarinao K. , Sasaki K. , Taniguchi S. , Kawada T. , Muramatsu M. , Terada K. , Eguchi K. , Matsui T. , Iwai H. , Kishimoto M. , Shikazono N. , Mugikura Y. , Yamamoto T. , Yoshikawa M. , Yasumoto K. , Asano K. , Matsuzaki Y. , Amaha S. , Somekawa T.
Published: May 2017

Long‐term performance testes by CRIEPI (Central Research Institute for Electric Power Industry) on six industrial stacks have revealed an interesting correlation between cathode polarization loss and ohmic loss. To make clear the physicochemical meaning of this correlation, detailed analyses were made on the conductivity degradation of YSZ electrolyte in button cells and then on the ohmic losses in the industrial cells in terms of time constants which are determined from speed of the tetragonal transformation through the Y diffusion from the cubic phase to the tetragonal phase. In some cases, shorter time constants (faster degradations) were detected than those expected from the two‐time‐constant (with and without NiO reduction effects) model, suggesting that additional ohmic losses after subtracting the contribution from the tetragonal transformation must be caused from other sources such as cathode‐degradation inducing effects. Main cathode degradations can be ascribed to sulfur poisoning due to contamination in air in the CRIEPI test site. An important feature was extracted as this cathode degradations became more severe when the gadolinium‐doped ceria (GDC) interlayers were fabricated into dense film. Plausible mechanisms for cathode degradations were proposed based on the Sr/Co depletion on surface of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSFC) in the active area. Peculiar cathode degradations found in stacks are interpreted in term of changes in surface concentration by reactions with sulfur oxide, electrochemical side reactions for water vapor emission or Sr volatilization, and diffusion of Sr/Co from inside LSCF.
Study of Operating Parameters for Accelerated Anode Degradation in SOFCs
Authors: Ploner A. , Hagen A. , Hauch A.
Published: May 2017

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications require lifetimes of several years on the system level. A big challenge is to demonstrate such exceptionally long lifetimes in ongoing R&D projects. Accelerated or compressed testing are alternative methods to obtain this. Activities in this area have been carried out without arriving at a generally accepted methodology. This is mainly due to the complexity of degradation mechanisms on the single SOFC components as function of operating parameters. In this study, we present a detailed analysis of approx. 180 durability tests regarding degradation of single SOFC components as function of operating conditions. Electrochemical impedance data were collected on the fresh and long‐term tested SOFCs and used to de‐convolute the individual losses of single SOFC cell components – electrolyte, cathode and anode. The main findings include a time‐dependent effect on degradation rates and the domination of anode degradation for the evaluated cell types and operating conditions. Specifically, the steam content as determined by fuel inlet composition, current density and fuel utilization was identified as major parameter, more important than for example operating temperature. The obtained knowledge is adopted to identify optimal operation profiles in order to acquire accelerated testing for lifetime investigation of SOFCs.
A Neat Methanol Fed Passive DMFC with a New Anode Structure
Authors: Zhang F. , Jiang J. , Zhou Y. , Xu J. , Huang Q. , Zou Z. , Fang J. , Yang H.
Published: May 2017

A passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with a novel anode structure and operated in neat methanol is reported. The anode incorporates a methanol barrier that is composed of a methanol‐resisting pervaporation film (PVF), a buffer cavity and a water‐resisting PVF. The new anode allows for control of the rate of methanol transportation from the fuel tank to the anodic side of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and for retention of water recovered from the cathode to the anode, issuing an efficient anodic reaction and a high proton‐conduction of the Nafion membrane. Such a passive DMFC fed with neat methanol reaches a maximal power density of 29.0 mW cm−2 and an energy efficiency of 23.1%, in comparison with a DMFC with a single methanol‐resisting PVF (energy efficiency = 7.8%). The performance of the passive DMFC system remained constant over 400 h of continuous operation.
Deconstructing white matter connectivity of human amygdala nuclei with thalamus and cortex subdivisions in vivo
Authors: Abivardi Aslan , Bach Dominik R.
Published: May 2017

Structural alterations in long‐range amygdala connections are proposed to crucially underlie several neuropsychiatric disorders. While progress has been made in elucidating the function of these connections, our understanding of their structure in humans remains sparse and non‐systematic. Harnessing diffusion‐weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography in humans, we investigate connections between two main amygdala nucleus groups, thalamic nuclei, and cortex. We first parcellated amygdala into deep (basolateral) and superficial (centrocortical) nucleus groups, and thalamus into six subregions, using previously established protocols based on connectivity. Cortex was parcellated based on T1‐weighted images. We found substantial amygdala connections to thalamus, with different patterns for the two amygdala nuclei. Crucially, we describe direct subcortical connections between amygdala and paraventricular thalamus. Different from rodents but similar to non‐human primates, these are more pronounced for basolateral than centrocortical amygdala. Substantial white‐matter connectivity between amygdala and visual pulvinar is also more pronounced for basolateral amygdala. Furthermore, we establish detailed connectivity profiles for basolateral and centrocortical amygdala to cortical regions. These exhibit cascadic connections with sensory cortices as suggested previously based on tracer methods in non‐human animals. We propose that the quantitative connectivity profiles provided here may guide future work on normal and pathological function of human amygdala.Hum Brain Mapp 38:3927–3940, 2017. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novelty seeking and reward dependence‐related large‐scale brain networks functional connectivity variation during salience expectancy
Authors: Li Shijia , Demenescu Liliana Ramona , Sweeney‐Reed Catherine M. , Krause Anna Linda , Metzger Coraline D. , Walter Martin
Published: May 2017

A salience network (SN) anchored in the anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays a key role in switching between brain networks during salience detection and attention regulation. Previous fMRI studies have associated expectancy behaviors and SN activation with novelty seeking (NS) and reward dependence (RD) personality traits. To address the question of how functional connectivity (FC) in the SN is modulated by internal (expectancy‐related) salience assignment and different personality traits, 68 healthy participants performed a salience expectancy task using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI) was conducted to determine salience‐related connectivity changes during these anticipation periods. Correlation was then evaluated between PPI and personality traits, assessed using the temperament and character inventory of 32 male participants. During high salience expectancy, SN‐seed regions showed reduced FC to visual areas and parts of the default mode network, but increased FC to the central executive network. With increasing NS, participants showed significantly increasing disconnection between right AI and middle cingulate cortex when expecting high‐salience pictures as compared to low‐salience pictures, while increased RD also predicted decreased right dACC and caudate FC for high salience expectancy. Our findings suggest a direct link between personality traits and internal salience processing mediated by differential network integration of the SN. SN activity and coordination may therefore be moderated by novelty seeking and reward dependency personality traits, which are associated with risk of addiction. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4064–4077, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.