bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation onto the Effect of Surface Etching using Chemical Etchants on the Dye-Ability of UHMWPE Fibre
Authors: Asim Fareha , Farooq Salma , Siddique Sheraz Hussain , Faisal Saira
Published: October 2021

Ultra high molecular weight fibre cannot be dyed using conventional dyeing techniques as they are extremely hydrophobic and do not possess any polar groups. Wet etching of the surface was used as the pre-treatment process to improve the dyeability of the Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) knitted fabric using potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid as etchants. The surface modified fabric was dyed at 130°C using High Temperature (HT) dyeing technique with disperse dye and evaluated in terms of Color Strength (K/S), washing fastness, rubbing fastness, and tenacity. It has been observed that wet etching improved the colour strength substantially with an overall good fastness to washing and rubbing but the tenacity decreased with an increase in etching time.
Detection and Prevention of Malware in Android Operating System
Authors: Dahri Kashif Ali , Vighio Muhammad Saleem , Zardari Baqar Ali
Published: October 2021

The Internet is not safe anymore, malware can be discovered anywhere on the Internet. The risk of malware has increased also due to the increasing popularity and use of Smartphones and their underlying cost-free applications. With its great market share, the Android operating system has become a prime target for malware developers. When an Android phone is injected with a malware, it may result in compromising the privacy of the user by stealing sensitive and private information like contacts, ids, passwords, photos, call records, and so on. Compared to any other Android-based application category, games are the most preferred zone for attackers, due to the high interest of users in game applications. When an end user downloads a game, which is injected with malicious code, user data is infected without bringing in the knowledge of the user. Though, there still are not sufficient protection mechanisms or guidelines stated for end user against Android malware, this study offers a novel approach to detect Android malware in order to ensure the safe usage of Android applications. The advantage of this approach is its ability to utilize Android manifest files for the detection of malware. The availability of manifest file in every Android application makes this approach applicable to all Android applications. It can also be considered as a lightweight method for malware detection, and its efficiency is experimentally confirmed by testing and comparing the results of 50 Android games samples. Experiments are carried out using the Android Package Kit (APK) tools, and based on the experiments, different kinds of malware identification and prevention guidelines have been proposed for the safe and secure usage of the Android operating system.
Effect of Wind Load on Performance of Photovoltaic (PV) Modules Available in Pakistan
Authors: Gul Rizwan Mehmood , Zafar Fahad Ullah , Kamran Muhammad Ali , Noman Muhammad
Published: October 2021

Mechanical integrity of a Photovoltaic (PV) module plays a major role in its performance and electrical output. Mechanical loads which include loads produced by wind, snow, rain, and hail tend to degrade the performance of PV module by generating stresses and enhancing micro-cracks and defects. This research aims to investigate the impact of wind loads on the performance of PV modules, particularly the degradation in its power output. A load of 2400 Pa was applied as per international standards (ASTM E1830-15 and IEC-61215). A total of four PV module samples, of the same specifications with 60 W rated power, were initially subjected to solar flash testing and Electroluminescence (EL) imaging. This was followed by three cycles of mechanical load test. After the mechanical load tests, the modules were again subjected to solar flash testing and EL imaging and the results were compared. It was noted that static wind load degrades the mechanical integrity of photovoltaic modules in two ways; by aiding the propagation of existing cracks and initiating new cracks. This loss of mechanical integrity degraded the power output of PV module. Maximum drop of 2% in the power output and 0.27% in the efficiency was observed. In addition, the average increase of 3.37% in the series resistance was observed indicating decrease in performance.
Traditional and innovative aging technologies of distilled beverages: The influence on the quality and consumer preferences of aged spirit drinks
Authors: Krstic Jelena , Kostic-Stankovic Milica , Veljovic Sonja
Published: October 2021

Aging is one of the most important processes in the production of
high-quality spirits, including whisky, brandy and cognac. The contact
between wood and distillates is a crucial step for the migration of chemical
compounds, which evoke the novel sensory properties of the final products.
Novel taste is pleasurable for a vast group of consumers and depends on
cultural preferences. In order to demystify the main chemical compounds for
aroma contribution, connecting them with a sensory profile of aged spirits
is a crucial step in hastening the very timeless process without decreasing
the quality. Consumption patterns of spirit drinks have been influenced by
changed consumers? preferences and increased availability of different types
of spirits on the market. Consumers? choice of one type of spirit drinks
over others is significantly shaped by extrinsic attributes and
consumer-based factors, but the choice among different available options of
the single type of spirit may be based on consumers? perception of its
specific sensory attributes. Therefore, the combination of taste, aroma,
color and other sensory attributes of a spirit drink can shape consumers?
perceived quality of the spirit and impact the potential of its market
success in general.
Ecology and Economics of Oil Production
Authors: AA Gareev
Published: October 2021

Nowadays, the world is facing the depletion of developed reserves and the exploitation of fields with poor reservoir features. These factors are forcing oil producers to use low-capacity high-head electric centrifugal submersible pump units (ESP). The use of such ESP in oil production causes pump temperature to rise to about a hundred degrees centigrade. Increasing the temperature strength of the cable line used as part of the ESP reduces the number of failures in terms of the electrical component. In order to reduce the number of ESP failures due to cable line fusing, oil producers started using cable lines with operating temperatures of over 200оС. Increasing the temperature strength of the cable line used as part of the ESP leads to a partial decrease in failures due to a reduction in the electric resistance of the “cable-motor” system. Meanwhile, failures of ESPs due to salt deposition in the pump stages started to grow. In the absence of any theoretical insight into the salt deposition phenomenon, ESP manufacturers started providing oil producers with various devices to protect pump stages from salt deposition. However, it soon became clear that these devices (containers with chemical salts) show no tangible results in terms of salt deposition elimination; hence, over the past few years, oil production enterprises have been maintaining the proper operation of ESPs by the regular dosing of chemicals to the pump suction or by hydrochloric acid treatment. Investigation of the failed ESP units has reliably ascertained the following: formation and effect of high temperature in and around the centrifugal pump; effect of the pump’s high temperature on the adjacent cable line; application of cable lines with high operating temperatures leads to salt deposition in the centrifugal pump chamber; salt deposition accompanies temperature deformation of the cable line’s insulation; acid treatment does not protect the ESP unit against salt deposition; acid treatment may result in the wear of a flow string; Therefore, solution of the salt deposition problem should start with an investigation of the dependence of a centrifugal pump’s temperature on the oil reservoir’s working parameters. The solution of many oil production problems and a reduction in oil recovery costs can only be achieved by means of ESP control automation. The described revolutionary studies of ESP operation in oil recovery will lay the foundation for a complete robotization of oil production.
Experimental Study on the Process of eMSAGP
Authors: S Zhang
Published: October 2021

While SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) has been successfully deployed in recovering heavy oil/oil sand reservoirs, it suffered from low OSR (Oil-Steam-Rate) and chamber growth rate in producing super heavy oil. The SAGP technology is to inject Non-Condensable Gas (NCG) into the reservoir with steam in the SAGD process. By partial pressure effect of NCG, SAGP reduces the heat loss to overburden, thus greatly increasing OSR and reducing the demand for steam. However, it still faces the challenge of uneconomic oil rate. Introducing infill well and operating it in flooding manner, enhanced Modified Steam Assisted Gas Push (eMSAGP) can significantly speed up the growth of steam chamber and improve oil production. This work presented the physical simulation results of eMSAGP and evaluated the feasibility of its application in super heavy oil reservoir.
Improvement of Calculations for Turbulent Premixed Flame Characteristics Determination using PDF Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: M Lajili
Published: October 2021

This study aims at simulating turbulent premixed flame in a constant-pressure vessel (P = 1 atm) where the turbulence is supposed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The mixture of gas is composed by iso-octane-air. The realized CFD were based on Lagrange approach in Monte Carlo simulations. We focused on calculations of; flame radii R F , the flame propagation velocity S t , flame-brush thick ness  t an d flammability limit. During the study, influencing crucial parameters such as, the equivalence ratio  and the turbulence intensity u’ were considered. Results show that the equivalence ratio enhances the flame propagation when passing from lean to stoichiometric flames. Also, the turbulence intensity yields a notable growth for the flame characteristics mentioned above. Moreover, we noticed that the flammability limit is strongly depending of the turbulence intensity and the equivalence ratio. More precisely, we remarked that the minimum ignition energy (MIE) was situated quite smaller than the stoichiometric condition. But, it increased with the turbulence intensity.
Investigation of Oil Recovery Improving through Surfactant Flooding; Design Program Scenario
Authors: AN El-hoshoudy
Published: October 2021

Chemical flooding is one of the major EOR techniques particularly for reservoirs where thermal methods are not applicable, that chemical flooding may be polymer flooding, alkaline flooding, surfactant flooding, or a combination of them. The application of designing a chemical flooding program is strongly affected by the current economics, reservoir oil type, and crude oil price. In this project, mechanisms of different chemical methods will be discussed, and design chemical flooding program by using a laboratory scale and programming method, this project is mainly about making a design of surfactant flooding program, that to make a good program, choosing the optimum surfactant concentration is very important, also economic study is very important in designing the program to know if the project is profitable or not to identify its efficiency, and choosing the better type of surfactant for the reservoir is very important to increase the hydrocarbon recovery, results of this project proved that the surfactant has goof effect on wettability of rock that it increases the rock wettability to water and that increase the hydrocarbon recovery.
Redireccionando el diseño de un juego educativo de Ingeniería Eléctrica hacia otras disciplinas
Authors: Ramirez J. , Rivera S.
Published: October 2021

This document describes the process of developing a game that simulates the fundamental aspects of a commercial establishment in charge of marketing and performing maintenance on electric motors, aimed mainly at Electrical Engineering students. The process begins with the coding of a software capable of simulating daily machinery buying and selling events, then its design was refined, including other elements that enrich the user experience. With these elements, you can make add-ons that allow you to simulate and document events in such a way that they can be used outside of your initial target audience.
A BOOK REVIEW: CROUCHING TIGER AND ISSUES OF CULTURE
Authors: Slamet Yosep Bambang Margono
Published: October 2021

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TAKE THE MOST OF THE STUDENTS' INPUT AND FEEDBACK TO PUSH A SUCCESSFUL LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Suratno Anton
Published: October 2021

As we have recently observed that there has been a crucial change in most people's perception concerning approadch to teaching. As Nunan has recently mentioned that in current language teaching development, there has been a clear and observable gradual move from a top-down to getting more and more bottom-up approadch to the planning, implementation and evaluation of teaching and learning program. (Nunan, 1996: 129). He is supported by Gardner and Miller with their interest in learners autonomy (Gardner and Miller, 1996). also by Hutchison and Waters in their ESP learning-centred approach (Hutchison and Waters, 1993). There are some pratical reasons why student's input and feedback are likely to contribute to the success of the L-T programs.

This article aims to put forward an overview of the stdents' potential contribution to the wat to aoptimize the learning and teaching processes by wat of considering the inportance of their regular input and feedback that they give to help plan, monitor and review or evaluate the TL programs. In other words, this paper will try to see a different perspective on achieving a good teaching program from the area beyong method of teaching.
Las desviaciones del sistema económico constitucional y el ocaso económico venezolano
Authors: Laise Luciano D. , Gustavo Manzo-Ugas
Published: October 2021

La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999) sentó las bases del modelo económico que ha de imperar en ese país. Una de las notas más encomiables de tal modelo es que propone una conciliación entre lo colectivo y lo individual, para así poner a la persona en el centro del desarrollo socioeconómico. De esta manera, se reconoce el principio general de libertad en materia económica y, a la vez, se instituyen los pisos mínimos para las designaciones de aquellas autoridades que conducen uno de los segmentos más significativos de la política económica de un Estado: el Banco Central. Sin embargo, tales libertades económicas se han ido restringiendo tan intensamente que se ha llegado al punto que el gobierno nacional es quien determina los precios, junto con la estructura de costos y ganancias de todas las empresas, ya sean estas pertenecientes al sector público o al sector privado. Además, la Asamblea Nacional ha sido apartada en el proceso de designación del Presidente y miembros del Directorio del Banco Central. En este trabajo defenderemos la tesis de que el debilitamiento de la independencia del Banco Central de Venezuela ha derivado en un progresivo debilitamiento de las instituciones constitucionales de corte económico, lo cual se ha agravado en virtud de la escasa transparencia en la gestión y rendición de cuentas de la autoridad monetaria venezolana.
A (in)eficiência dos órgãos de proteção da criança e do adolescente e a alienação parental no município de Monte Castelo – Santa Catarina
Authors: Moura Bianca Karine dos Santos , Paula Alan Pinheiro de
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo tem como objeto a atuação dos órgãos de proteção da criança e do adolescente em face da interferência psicológica denominada alienação parental, notadamente no município de Monte Castelo – Santa Catarina. A proposta é verificar se o atendimento realizado pelo Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS) e Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CREAS) do referido município são eficientes no atendimento das crianças e adolescentes vítimas de alienação parenteral. Tem-se ainda como proposta abordar como a Síndrome da Alienação Parental (SAP) interfere no crescimento e desenvolvimento mental de crianças e adolescentes. O presente trabalho principia-se com uma análise histórica da família e, a partir dos direitos conferidos à criança e ao adolescente, busca-se estabelecer uma relação entre o atendimento dos órgãos de assistência social e a alienação parental. Foi adotada metodologia indutiva, mediante uma análise quantitativa a partir de pesquisa empírica e bibliográfica.
Construction health and safety: A topic landscape study
Authors: Cao Xiaorui , Lu Ruodan , Guo Liang , Liu Jianya
Published: October 2021

We aim to draw in-depth insights into the current literature in construction health and safety and provide perspectives for future research efforts. The existing literature on construction health and safety is not only diverse and rich in sight, but also complex and fragmented in structure. It is essential for the construction industry and research community to understand the overall development and existing challenges of construction health and safety to adapt to future new code of practice and challenges in this field. We mapped the topic landscape followed by identifying the salient development trajectories of this research area over time. We used the topic modeling algorithm to extract 10 distinct topics from 662 abstracts (filtered from a total of 895) of articles published between 1991 and 2020. In addition, we provided the most cited references and the most popular journal per topic as well. The results from a time series analysis suggested that the construction health and safety would maintain its popularity in the next 5 years. Research efforts would be devoted to the topics including “Physical health and disease”, “Migrant and race”, “Vocational ability and training”, and “Smart devices.” Among these topics, “Smart devices” would be the most promising one.
Impact of Load Retention on Aircraft Engine Parts Under Real Flight Cycle Conditions in Service Life Monitoring
Authors: Yepifanov Sergiy , Brunak Andrii
Published: October 2021

One of the major problems in the development of algorithms for monitoring the life of aircraft gas turbine engines is that the character of loading in real flight cycles is crucially different from the character of the static and dynamic loading during the testing of samples. This paper proposes a method for taking into account the effect of retentions at maximum stresses and cycle temperatures on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) of the heat-resistant alloys used in engine parts. Regularities in repeated-static loading (RSL) are used in combination with the method of linear accumulation of damage due to the LCF and RSL, with retentions of a variable length. A non-linear equation is derived for the summation of these damages, the solution of which determines the durability (life) of the part while taking into account the retention duration. The theoretical results were verified by using the experimental characteristics of the GS-6K and EI-437B nickel-based alloys, previously reported by other researchers.
A Mathematical Model for Controlling a Quadrotor UAV
Authors: Kowalik Rafał , Łusiak Tomasz , Novak Andrej
Published: October 2021

Given the recent surge in interest in UAVs and their potential applications, a great deal of work has lately been done in the field of UAV control. However, UAVs belong to a class of nonlinear systems that are inherently difficult to control. In this study we devised a mathematical model for a PID (proportional integral derivative) control system, designed to control a quadrotor UAV so that it follows a predefined trajectory. After first describing quadrotor flight dynamics, we present the control model adopted in our system (developed in MATLAB Simulink). We then present simulated results for the use of the control system to move a quadrotor UAV to desired locations and along desired trajectories. Positive results of these simulation support the conclusion that a quadrotor UAV spatial orientation control system based on this model will successfully fulfil its task also in real conditions.
Desafios de Inovação em Saúde: Repensar os Modelos de Cuidados
Authors: Lopes Manuel
Published: October 2021

Temos assistido a um incremento da complexidade dos problemas de saúde, associado, entre outros, ao envelhecimento populacional e à multimorbilidade e dependência, mas também a uma consciência mais aguda do acesso à saúde enquanto direito. Por múltiplas razões, os sistemas de saúde não têm sido muito ágeis a responder a esta complexidade. Urge a discussão estratégica desta problemática, bem como o desenvolvimento de experiências inovadoras, as quais, devidamente monitorizadas, nos permitirão vislumbrar diferentes formas de alcançar o mesmo objetivo: proporcionar cuidados de qualidade, que contribuam para a saúde e bem-estar das pessoas. Neste contexto, apresenta-se uma proposta baseada em robusta base empírica, que assume como desiderato a domiciliação de cuidados, integrados num percurso de cuidados centrados na pessoa e no seu contexto familiar, e que garante a integração e a continuidade de cuidados. Por obediência aos mesmos princípios, propõe ainda uma redefinição do modelo de cuidados a pessoas dependentes institucionalizadas em respostas da rede social.
A Pilot Study Of Aspirin Resistance In Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients
Authors: Scinico Maria , Sostin Oleg V. , Agarwal Rakhee , Kapoor Amber D. , Petrini Joann R. , Mendez Jose L.
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) leads to endothelial dysfunction and platelet hyperactivity, which arelinked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and implicated in the development of aspirin resistance. We  hypothesized that aspirin resistance is prevalent among OSA patients and aimed to explore effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on aspirin responsiveness.
Methods: In Phase 1, prevalence of aspirin resistance was determined cross-sectionally in a group of OSA  patients (n=59) on daily low-dose aspirin (81 mg) taken before entering the study, for primary or secondary prevention. In Phase 2, aspirin responsiveness before and after initiation of CPAP therapy was compared and stratified by endothelial function in a cohort of aspirin-naïve patients with newly diagnosed OSA (n=18).
Results: In Phase 1, prevalence of aspirin resistance was 17%; most patients (56%) were on CPAP therapy. In Phase 2, initiation of CPAP therapy was associated with significant improvement in endothelial function (p=0.03). The mean pre-CPAP aspirin resistance units (ARU) was 569 (SD=75). In subjects with endothelial dysfunction (44%), the mean decrease after initiation of CPAP therapy was 43 ARU (SD=81, p=0.18). In contrast, subjects with normal endothelial function experienced the mean decrease of 8 ARU (SD=116, p=0.83).
Conclusion: Aspirin resistance may be prevalent among OSA patients. After initiation of CPAP therapy, we observed a trend towards improvement in aspirin responsiveness among patients with endothelial dysfunction. The role of endothelial dysfunction and aspirin resistance should be explored in further studies that focus on the effect of CPAP on cardiovascular outcomes.
CIE 245:2021 Optical Safety of Infrared Eye Trackers Applied for Extended Durations
Authors:   CIE TC 6-65
Published: October 2021

Infrared eye trackers are employed to achieve communication through gaze interaction, which is an important application of modern electro-optics and computer technology to the benefit of persons with disabilities who have major motor impairments, as well as for general use as a human-to-computer interaction device. By tracking eye movements of persons with severe motor disabilities, the individuals can interact with automated equipment through movements of their gaze. In addition to purely passive systems, which may only employ ambient lighting, more typical eye trackers employ active infrared eye-tracking techniques.-\n--\n-However, questions have arisen with regard to the potential optical radiation hazards of using infrared eye trackers for the much-extended durations of 10 to 12 hours each day for a lifetime. Conventional eye trackers employed in the research setting would rarely be used for more than an hour. Several exposure guidelines exist today, but the question has arisen whether the chronic nature of exposure for such an infrared illuminator for assistive devices falls outside the assumed conditions of daily exposure.-\n--\n-This technical report explores the basis of the current human exposure guidelines, their scientific basis and underlying assumptions in order to determine the direct applicability of these guidelines to this application. It is found that the most limiting exposure criterion is the infrared exposure limit to protect against delayed changes in the crystalline lens of the eye. The Technical Committee also examined some representative eye trackers and found that the day-long average exposure in these typical examples of current technology did not exceed that criterion. Keywords: infrared, IR, eye tracker, optical radiation hazards, exposure
Explaining Wage Inequality in Chile: Does Education Really Matter?
Authors: Contreras Dante
Published: October 2021

This paper decomposes wage inequality in Chile over the period 1958-1996. The evidence shows that education accounts for more than 38% of wage inequality. In addition, the return to education explains close to 80% of education's contribution. Finally, a higher convex pattern is observed in the returns to schooling over time. Thus, the importance of university education in the contribution of schooling to inequality has been increasing in the last decades. Therefore, policies aimed at providing access to higher education to poor individuals are not only expected to generate higher earnings, but also lower levels of inequality.
Earnings Mobility in Canada
Authors: Finnie Ross
Published: October 2021

This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the earnings mobility of Canadians from 1982 to 1992 using the recently developed Longitudinal Administrative Database, constructed from individuals' tax files. After presenting some cross-sectional trends in individuals' earnings levels and earnings inequality to set the stage, the mobility analysis is carried out principally in terms of transition matrices that capture individuals' relative positions in the overall earnings distribution in one year versus another. These are calculated over intervals of various lengths and over different periods of time, with much of the analysis broken down by not only age and sex, but also by individuals' starting places in the earnings distribution, all of which turn out to be very important to understanding the structure of earnings mobility. Various implications of the findings are discussed.
Fiscal Policy and Work Incentives – An International Comparison
Authors: Pressman Steven
Published: October 2021

This paper uses the Luxembourg Income Study to examine the tradeoff between government redistribution of income and efficiency in the labor markets over time and across countries. Poverty rates using factor incomes are similar and stable for 9 developed countries over 15 years; but after government fiscal policies, disposable income poverty rates vary considerably. Simple regressions of government redistribution efforts and labor force participation rates show a small effect of redistribution on labor force participation – every time fiscal policy helps to bring 1 percent of the pre-fisc poor above the poverty line, labor force participation rates decline by .2 percentage point. Multiple regression models that control for other determinants of labor force participation give similar results.
Family of Work: The Female Income Distribution in Europe
Authors: Bonke Jens , Deding Mette , Lausten Mette
Published: October 2021

In this paper we investigate the net income distribution across Europe using data from the 2000 wave from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). The determination of female income is explored using conditional quantile regression with selection correction. The results show that differences in labour supply and family structure are important across both the income distribution and regions; additionally, the interaction terms between regions and family structure show a large variation. While the incomes of women in some regions are unaffected by having children or by being in a couple, women in other regions experience varying effects on their income. This implies that differences in family structure are important determinants of female income across Europe.
The Effect of Social Transfers in Western Europe: An Empirical Analysis of the Countries Using Generalized Lorenz Curves
Katja Holsch
Authors: Holsch Katja
Published: October 2021

This paper aims at examining the impact of different transfers on income distribution in five Western European countries by carrying out an empirical analysis using generalized Lorenz curve comparisons. The results obtained are then investigated by relating them to a classification of European social transfer systems. We conclude that clear differences can be found with regards to transfer arrangements and underlying strategies. This does not necessarily mean that those differences result in clearly distinct transfer rankings for every country: some transfers like unemployment and disability benefits have an obvious impact in countries with quite different underlying strategies and transfer arrangements.
The Improving Relative Status of Black Men
Authors: Couch Kenneth A. , Daly Mary
Published: October 2021

Using data from the Current Population Survey, we examine recent trends in the relative economic status of black men. Our findings point to gains in the relative wages of black men (compared to whites) during the 1990s, especially among younger workers. In 1989, the average black male worker (experienced or not) earned about 69% as much per week as the average white male worker. In 2001, the average younger black worker was earning about 86% as much as an equally experienced white male; black males at all experience levels earned 72% as much as the average white in 2001. Greater occupational diversity and a reduction in unobserved skill differences and/or labor market discrimination explain much of the trend. For both younger and older workers, general wage inequality tempered the rate of wage convergence between blacks and whites during the 1990s, although the effects were less pronounced than during the 1980s.
Does Job Displacement Explain Wage Inequality: A Nonparametric Examination
Authors: Ginther Donna K. , Lampani K. Patrick
Published: October 2021

We examine the effect of job displacement on changes in the wage structure using nonparametric estimation methods. We argue that job displacement is a plausible mechanism that transmits causes such as skill-biased technological change or deindustrialization to changes in the wage structure. Employing a combination of data from the January and Outgoing Rotation Groups of the Current Population Survey, we compare the distribution of earnings prior to and after worker displacement. Although the conventional wisdom argues for a strong connection between worker displacement and changes in the wage structure, we find limited effects of displacement on the wage distribution.
The “Inverted U” Hypothesis: Evidence from Indian Height Data
Authors: Brennan Lance , McDonald John
Published: October 2021

Stature can be a useful indicator of living standards, particularly when income and wage data are scarce or of poor quality, as is often the case for undeveloped rural economies with large self-employed sectors. This study shows that Indian height data provide some supporting evidence for widening inequality in the initial phase of the development process. This corresponds to the more contentious part of the “Inverted U” hypothesis, which asserts that income inequality initially increases, then declines, during the development process.
Kernel Density Techniques as a Tool for Estimating and Comparing Income Distributions: A Cross European–Country Study
Authors: Papatheodorou Christos , Peristera Paraskevi , Kostaki Anastasia
Published: October 2021

This paper compares and assesses the income inequality between five European countries in the mid 1990’s, employing the non-parametric technique of kernel density estimation. The countries used in this inequality exercise were Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland and the United Kingdom, and the analysis was based on comparative data and variables provided by the PACO project. Kernel density estimates were found particularly revealing for comparing the shape of income distributions between populations, and for mapping the impact that differences in income polarization and concentration in various subgroups have on the overall income distribution of a country.
Dynamics of Factor Income Shares in the United States
Authors: Jefferson Philip N. , Pryor Frederic L.
Published: October 2021

This essay examines the cyclical behavior and stability properties of four different measures of the labor share of income in the United States from 1948 through 2006. The evidence suggests that the share exhibits instability. This instability is sensitive to the measure of labor share deployed and whether that measure has been adjusted for the changing sectoral composition of production over time. We test a number of competing hypotheses about the determinants of the behavior of cyclical labor share, showing that its movements are traceable to just two indicators of the business cycle, namely lagged gross domestic product (GDP) and lagged multifactor productivity.
Economic Inequality in Portugal: A Picture in the Beginnings of the 21st Century
Authors: Budria Santiago
Published: October 2021

This article uses data from the 1994-2001 waves of the European Community Household Panel to study economic inequality in Portugal. It reports data on the distributions of income, labour earnings, and capital income, and on related features of inequality, such as age, employment status, educational attainment, marital status, and economic mobility. A Generalized Ordered Probit model is used to investigate how and to what extent the different household characteristics contribute to economic status and economic mobility. The article shows that education is by and large the dimension most closely related to inequality.
Retirement and the Poverty of the Elderly: The Case of Portugal
Authors: Albuquerque Paula Cristina , Arcanjo Manuela , Escária Vítor Manuel , Nunes Francisco José , Pereirinha José António
Published: October 2021

This article discusses whether transition to retirement may be associated with a greater probability of becoming poor. Having recourse to the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for Portugal, the analysis is focused on a sample of individuals who retired in the period 1994-2001. Longitudinal analysis focuses upon income changes upon entering retirement. We relate the dynamics of household income changes for people who retire to personal and household characteristics. A multivariate probit model of the probability of low income at the time of retirement, conditional on not having a low income prior to retirement, is then put forward.
Income Distribution and Consumption Deprivation: An Analytical Link
Authors: Mallick Sushanta K.
Published: October 2021

This article conceives poverty in terms of the consumption of essential
food, makes use of a new deprivation (or poverty) function, and
examines the effects of changes in the mean and the variance of the income
distribution on poverty, assuming a log-normal income distribution.
The presence of a saturation level of consumption can be treated
as a poverty-line threshold as opposed to an exogenous income-based
poverty line. Within such a consumption deprivation approach, the article
proves analytically that rising mean income reduces poverty while
rising variance of income distribution increases poverty.
Income Diversification as Income Maximizing Strategy
Authors: Lechthaler Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

In a simple model, I demonstrate that the U-shaped relationship between income and income diversification typically found in developing countries can be explained without any risk considerations. It might be the result of pure income maximization in an environment with limited possibilities.
Spatial Convergence in Height in Central Europe, 1890-1910
Authors: Brabec Marek , Komlos John
Published: October 2021

We examine spatial convergence in biological well-being in the
Habsburg Monarchy, circa 1890-1910, on the basis of evidence of the
physical stature of 21-year-old military recruits, disaggregated into 15
Districts. We find that the shorter the population in 1890, the faster
its height grew thereafter. Hence, there was convergence in physical
stature between the peripheral areas of the monarchy (located in today’s
Poland/Ukraine, Romania, and Slovakia) and its core (located
in today’s Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary). The difference
in trends between the trend in height in the Polish District of Przemysl
and in Vienna was about 0.9 cm per decade, in favor of the former.
Convergence among the core Districts themselves was minimal or
non-existent, whereas the convergence among the peripheral Districts
was more pronounced. Spatial convergence also took place between
the peripheral regions and the more developed ones. The pattern is
somewhat reminiscent of modern findings on convergence clubs in the
global economy.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality for Education and Earnings
Authors: Beenstock Michael
Published: October 2021

Inequality is transmitted intergenerationally because the outcomes of parents and their children are correlated. The correlation may be due to inherited, economic, and/or contextual factors. A structural model is proposed in which parents affect their children directly through their own schooling and earnings and indirectly through their own inherited ability. By taking account of inherited ability, the causal effect on outcome of parental schooling and earnings upon the schooling and earnings of their children is identified. A generated regressor methodology is used to estimate the ability to learn and earn of Israeli parents. It is shown that the schooling and earnings of children are affected by these generated regressors. Further, although the causal effects are small, it is shown that parents’ income and schooling matter for their children’s schooling and earnings. Both nature and nurture are reflected in the intergenerational correlation for schooling and earnings, but nature and contextual variables turn out to matter more than nurture.
Poverty orderings and intra-household inequality: The Lost Axiom
Authors: Peluso Eugenio , Trannoy Alain
Published: October 2021

We investigate under which conditions it is possible to infer the
evolution of poverty at the individual level from the knowledge of
poverty among households. Poverty measurement is approached by
the poverty orderings introduced by Foster and Shorrocks (1988). The
analysis is based on a reduced form of household bargaining (Peluso
and Trannoy, 2007) and provides results in terms of preservation of
poverty orderings. We point out the main analogies and differences
between inequality and poverty assessment, expressing them in terms
of empirically testable conditions. In particular, knowing the change
in poverty at the household level is not sufficient to deduce a similar
change in poverty at the individual level. We need to know the change
in the household income distributions far beyond their poverty line.
The focus axiom does not hold in this context.
Single Parent Families and the Shifting Distribution of US Family
Well-Being
Authors: Mills Bradford F.
Published: October 2021

Nonparametric density estimates and a generalized decomposition technique are
employed to explore the role that changes in family structure in the 1980s and 1990s
played in observed shifts in the U.S. distribution of family economic well-being. Single-parent
families are identified as playing a key role in shaping the incidence and distribution
of economic well-being below two times the poverty line. Most notably,
the increased incidence of persons in families below one-half the poverty line can be
traced to both an increase in the share of single-parent families and an increase in
the propensity of single-parent families to reside at these very low levels of economic
well-being. Decompositions further trace the increased incidence of single-parent
families below one-half the poverty line to those without a working adult and those
without a head with a high-school degree.
Impact of Community Forestry on Income Distribution in Nepal: Particularly on Poor-Rich Gap
Authors: Sharma Anuja Raj
Published: October 2021

Community forestry is one of the major programme that is being implemented in Nepal for last three decades. The programme with twin goals: nature conservation and poverty reduction is believed to be faring well with the first goal. The paper exclusively focuses on the impact of community forestry on income distribution and reviews relevant studies with the conclusion that community forestry has contributed in poverty reduction and intensive management expedites the whole process.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Inequality, Skill, and Globalisation
Authors: Chusseau Nathalie , Hellier Joël
Published: October 2021

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To own or not to own? Household portfolios, demographics and institutions in a cross-national perspective.
Authors: Sierminska Eva
Published: October 2021

Using harmonized wealth data and a decomposition approach novel to this literature, we identify differences in determinants and in the income profiles of asset and debt portfolios in European and North American countries for two age groups. Younger households’ participation decisions in assets are more responsive to income. Family structure plays a significant role in explaining cross-country differences for both cohorts. Debt participation of older households and asset participation of younger households may be particularly responsive to institutions. This could have important implications for policy setting, suggesting a scope for the promotion of asset holdings among younger households and debt holdings to facilitate

consumption smoothing among older households.
Market and disposable top income shares adjusted by national accounts data
Authors: Goda Thomas , Sanchez Santiago
Published: October 2021

This paper uses national accounts data to adjust market and disposable Top 10% and Top 1% household survey income shares for 39 developed and developing countries that are part of the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). An additional novelty of this study is the distinction between labor and capital income. The obtained results suggest that for most countries top income shares are significantly higher than those reported in household surveys, which mainly underestimate top capital income. While the presented results should be treated with some caution, our easy-to-implement baseline approach seems suitable for countries for which no tax data is available.
Wealth differences across borders and the effect of real estate price dynamics: Evidence from two household surveys
Authors: Mathä Thomas Y. , Porpiglia Alessandro , Ziegelmeyer Michael
Published: October 2021

Crossing institutional or regulatory boundaries often goes together with discontinuities, be it price, wage or indeed wealth discontinuities. This paper identifies substantial wealth differences between Luxembourg resident households and cross-border commuter households. The average (median) net wealth difference is estimated to be €367,000 (€129,000) and increases for higher percentiles. Using several different regression and decomposition techniques, spatial (regional) differences in real estate price developments, and thus differences in accumulated nominal capital gains, are shown to be the main driving factor for these wealth differences. Other contributing factors are differences in age, income, education and other household characteristics.
Does income distribution among immigrants adapt to host country?
Authors: Caner Asena , Pedersen Peder J.
Published: October 2021

We investigate trends in income inequality for five special groups (immigrants from Turkey in Denmark and Germany, natives in the two countries and in Turkey). The migration of people with similar characteristics and motivations to countries with structural differences is similar to a natural experiment. We ask whether immigrant inequality adapts over time to inequality among natives. We find, first, that immigrants are concentrated in the lower deciles of the overall income distribution. Secondly, considering native and immigrant distributions separately, in every decile an average native is significantly richer than an average immigrant. Thirdly, inequality decompositions show that during the great recession, in Denmark inequality grew faster among immigrants than among natives. In Germany, inequality rose somewhat among natives, while it remained the same among immigrants. Therefore, we do not observe a convergence in inequality. In both countries, in 2007-2013, rising inequality among natives is the most important factor behind the rise in overall inequality. For the longer period from the 1980s to 2013 we find no convergence in inequality. Finally, compared to Turks in Turkey, immigrants in both countries have higher incomes, distributed much more equally.
Income Inequality and Redistribution Policies in Japan During the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Oshio Takashi
Published: October 2021

We examine the long-term trend of income inequality and the effects of redistribution policies over the past two decades in Japan. The key findings are as follows. First, more than half of the widening inequality is attributable to population aging and declining household size. Notably, the increasing share of the elderly who reside apart from their children has raised income inequality in terms of pre-tax pre-transfer income. Second, the effects of redistribution policies were concentrated on reducing inequality among the elderly, but most of the inequality was caused by income transfers from the young, and withinage redistribution was generally limited. Third, the younger cohorts tend to face greater inequality of disposable income, suggesting that the redistribution policies have become less progressive on a lifetimeincome basis.
Intra-Generational Wealth Distributional Effects on Global Warming Cosat Benefit Analysis
Authors: Muir E.
Published: October 2021

Howarth and Norgaard (1992) showed in the framework of an inter-temporal general equilibrium model, that in the outcome of CBA with regard to global warming is highly dependant on the distribution of rights between present and future generations. They showed that when more rights were awarded to future generations that the ‘efficient’ level of global warming mitigation was much higher than when present generations were awarded a greater share of the rights. This paper extends their work by showing formally that when preferences of consumers within each generation are not identical that the ‘efficient’ outcome of global warming CBA will also be a function of the distribution of intra-generational rights. This reinforces Howarth and Norgaard’s conclusion that it is questions of rights and ethics rather than aggregates of ‘costs and benefits’ that should be paramount in discussion of the appropriate level of global warming mitigation.