bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More than just a human right: water challenges in the Chilean constitutional convention
Authors: Guzman Camilo
Published: September 2021

The Chilean social outburst was politically channeled into the drafting of a new constitution. The country is currently facing a mega-drought and therefore one of the key constitutional debates is water property and management.
Los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en Chile ¿Asignatura pendiente?
Authors: Brinks Daniel
Published: September 2021

América Latina está a la vanguardia de los desarrollos globales en la constitucionalización y aplicación judicial de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (DESC).2 Históricamente, Estados Unidos fue considerado el líder mundial en el ejercicio de la jurisdicción constitucional, y a fines de la década de 1990 y principios de la de 2000, los tribunales de India y Sudáfrica, y quizás Hungría, aparecen como pioneros en la aplicación judicial de los DESC. Pero los países latinoamericanos hace mucho tiempo ya incluyen una amplia gama de derechos sociales y económicos en sus constituciones, y en las últimas décadas no sólo han agregado más derechos, sino que también han reforzado los mecanismos de aplicación judicial de los derechos incluidos en sus textos fundamentales. De hecho, hoy, aunque muchas cortes a través del mundo han levantado la bandera de los DESC, los tribunales latinoamericanos están aportando innovación doctrinal y ejemplos concretos de aplicación de los DESC a un ritmo y de una manera que eclipsa a otras regiones. Estas intervenciones judiciales en cuestiones claves de la política social y económica son a menudo controvertidas y, en ocasiones, criticadas por ineficaces, pero queda claro que han transformado la política de previsión social y las estrategias de los movimientos sociales en muchos países de la región
Derechos sociales en Europa
Authors: O'Cinneide Colm
Published: September 2021

Los derechos sociales suelen percibirse con recelo. Se les acusa de carecer de sustancia, de no ser justiciables, de reflejar la "inflación" del discurso de los derechos humanos en las últimas décadas; y, en última instancia, de ser una adición ajena e indeseada al restringido repertorio de derechos fundamentales "reales" que los sistemas constitucionales deben respetar y proteger. Hasta hace poco, este escepticismo ha dominado los debates sobre el estatus de los derechos sociales, en particular en el pensamiento jurisprudencial angloamericano. Aunque la aparición de sofisticados modelos de aplicación de los derechos socioeconómicos en Sudáfrica y en otros países durante las últimas décadas ha puesto en tela de juicio esta idea. No obstante, gran parte del discurso constitucional comparado sigue asumiendo que los derechos sociales son de algún modo problemáticos y que deberían recibir poco reconocimiento en cualquier marco constitucional. Esta creencia popular es errónea en muchos sentidos y uno de sus puntos débiles es que se ignora un aspecto comparativo importante del contexto europeo. Muchos sistemas jurídicos europeos han adoptado un enfoque muy diferente respecto a los derechos sociales.58 Es habitual que las constituciones europeas reconozcan la importancia fundamental de estos derechos y que los tribunales europeos los tengan en cuenta a la hora de interpretar y aplicar el derecho nacional.59 Además, los marcos jurídicos regionales europeos, concretamente la Carta Social Europea, la Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos y la legislación de la Unión Europea (EU), reconocen y protegen los derechos sociales de forma directa o indirecta. Dicha protección suele tener un alcance limitado, lo que resulta controvertido, tal como se analizará brevemente a continuación. Sin embargo, es una importante experiencia comparativa que debería tenerse en cuenta en cualquier debate sobre derechos sociales. En el contexto constitucional europeo, el carácter fundamental de estos derechos se afirma en textos constitucionales y se les da un grado de protección legal efectiva.
La interdependencia de los derechos humanos
Authors: Porter Bruce
Published: September 2021

Una carta constitucional de derechos es más que la suma de sus partes. Es un conjunto de derechos interrelacionados, interdependientes y que se refuerzan mutuamente, unidos por temas comunes y valores fundamentales, un texto en el sentido del latín original textus, algo que se teje, se une, se trenza. En Canadá, los tribunales han acogido la constitución bajo la metáfora de un “árbol vivo”; un conjunto de derechos enraizados en una base firme de normas y valores acordados, pero que se ramifican en muchas direcciones, enriquecidas por el contexto nacional y local, como respuesta a las voces no representadas, las demandas no resueltas y los desafíos emergentes para crecer y madurar con el tiempo. Los derechos humanos constitucionales deben aplicarse a todos los ámbitos de la gobernabilidad, incluida la legislación y la política social y económica. Esto es fundamental para el Estado de Derecho y la universalidad de los derechos humanos. Por lo tanto, la cuestión de la inclusión de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (DESC) en una nueva constitución no debería ser visto como una cuestión de añadir nuevos derechos o ampliar garantías de derechos humanos a un nuevo territorio, sino más bien como una cuestión sobre la naturaleza de los derechos humanos que serán protegidos y a quiénes éstos protegerán.
Comparing Science and Engineering Students Using the Force Concept Inventory in Introductory Physics Courses
Authors: Koca Nazife , Sulaiman Nidhal
Published: September 2021

This work is intended to analyze and compare the performance of two groups of students on the understanding of force and motion concepts using the Force Concept Inventory (FCI). The FCI test serves questions on basic Newtonian concepts where the answers inclyde the correct response and commonly misconceived alternatives. The FCI test was implemented twice as pre and post-tests for two introductory calculus-based physics courses offered at the Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Oman for students mainly from the Colleges of Sciences, Education and Agriculture and the students from the College of Enginerring in the Spring 2017 and Spring 2018 semesters. These courses cover the traditional first-year level kinematics and dynamics in translational and rotational motions based on the same syllabus and the same textbook. Hake's normalized gain, defined as the change in class averages divided by the maximum possible increase, was used to compare the students'performances. The normalized gains for both groups of students were in the low gain category. Female students in both courses performed better on the FCI in general, but the difference was only statistically significant in the course offered to Science students.
A Surface Network Based on Polytyramine/ Gold Nanoparticles: Characterization, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Selective Determination of Norepinephrine
Authors: A. Khudaish Emad , Al-Maskari Arwa
Published: September 2021

A solid-state sensor was fabricated by a spontaneous electrochemical deposition of polytyramine (Ptyr) film onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) which was further peripherally supported by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The surface materials of the developed sensor (AuNPs.Ptyr-GCE) were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The rate constant of charge transfers (kct) of the as-prepared sensor (8.77 × 10-4 cm/s) was evaluated by fitting the charge transfer resistance (Rct) data in the presence of ferric-ferrous hexacyanide redox couple solution, [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. The voltammetric behavior of norepinephrine (NOR) was confirmed to follow an irreversible reaction mechanism at which the estimated diffusion coefficient value was 7.39 × 10-5 cm2/s. The sensor showed a large enhancement on NOR oxidation and comparatively lowered its detection limit (DL3s) to 0.130 mM (22 ppb). It was also applied for selective determination of NOR in the presence of high concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). The interference study highlighted the great stability of the proposed sensor by generating a similar sensitivity as in the pure NOR solution. The analytical performance of the proposed system was validated successfully for pharmaceutical and biological samples with tolerable recovery percentages.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ИНКЛЮЗИВНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ / THE IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL DOCUMENTS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Authors: Melkonyan Anna , Muradyan Svetlana
Published: September 2021

В данной статье представлена важность точной организации процесса инклюзивного образования в современной системе образования. Важным аспектом считается доступность медицинских карт детей с различными отклонениями в развитии, для эффективной организации дальнейшей образовательной деятельности. / The article presents the importance of accurate organization of the inclusive education process in the modern education system. It is possible to have medical records of children with various developmental disabilities in order to effectively organize further educational activities.
СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ И ОСТЕОПОРОЗ / DENTAL HEALTH AND OSTEOPOROSIS
Authors: Sutaeva Tamila , Hajibutaeva Kachar
Published: September 2021

Проведен анализ зависимости состояния костной ткани челюстно-лицевой области и костной системы общего организма, путем денситометрии и ортопантомограммы. Наше исследование позволило подтвердить связь изменений в костной ткани на ортопантомограмме и остеопороза всего организма. / The analysis of the dependence of the state of the bone tissue of the maxillofacial region and the skeletal system of the general organism was carried out by densitometry and orthopantomogram. Our study allowed us to confirm the connection between changes in bone tissue on an orthopantomogram and osteoporosis of the whole organism.
Amalan budaya di Malaysia yang dikaitkan dengan sunnah: analisis terhadap aspek pemakanan dan pengubatan
Authors: Ahmad Khadher , Mohd Rokhibi Ibrahim Adham
Published: September 2021

Amalan budaya dalam masyarakat Islam di Malaysia adalah pelbagai dan sebahagiannya mirip kepada amalan yang disarankan dalam sunnah Nabi SAW. Istilah sunnah adalah merujuk kepada sesuatu yang diambil daripada Nabi SAW. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meneliti dan mengkaji beberapa amalan budaya dalam masyarakat Islam di Malaysia yang mempunyai hubung kait atau mirip kepada amalan sunnah yang disarankan oleh Nabi SAW. Melalui analisis induktif dan deduktif, artikel ini melakukan penilaian hanya terhadap amalan budaya dalam aspek makanan dan pemakanan serta pengubatan Islam sahaja melalui pemahaman dan perbincangan  dalam hadis-hadis yang berkaitan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa bentuk-bentuk amalan budaya dalam aspek makanan dan pemakanan adalah budaya “kenduri” atau menjamu makan dan isu berkaitan dengan makanan sunnah. Sedangkan dalam aspek pengubatan penyakit pula, amalan yang telah menjadi budaya adalah penggunaan jampi dan rukyah, penggunaan bahan rawatan seperti air, daun bidara dan garam dalam rawatan penyakit. Tidak dinafikan bahawa walaupun ia telah menjadi budaya, bukan bermaksud bahawa amalan tersebut dilarang kerana selagi mana ia tidak melanggar batas ketentuan syarak, maka dibenarkan untuk terus diamalkan.
Ciudadanía digital: alcances, límites y rol de la educación
Authors: Torres Maldonado María Alejandra , Ortiz Portocarrero Alier
Published: September 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el concepto de ciudadanía digital en el contexto de la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento; asimismo, conocer los alcances y límites de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) para el ejercicio real y pleno de la ciudadanía en el contexto peruano en particular y el rol de la educación en la construcción de una ciudadanía digital. Para ello, se revisaron diversas fuentes, tanto nacionales como internacionales, relacionadas con el tema de la ciudadanía digital. La primera constatación es que las nuevas tecnologías impactan profundamente en las formas como las personas, especialmente los jóvenes, se vinculan entre ellos y con las instituciones, así como, en sus vidas cotidianas, crean posibilidades de participación y empoderamiento ciudadano, y visibilizan grupos humanos y derechos que antes no existían. Sin embargo, se constatan también las limitaciones de la participación en la red, referidas a su impacto en las transformaciones que se pretenden lograr, así como la necesidad de cambios culturales y normativos de mayor acceso a las nuevas tecnologías y, especialmente, de una educación para el desarrollo de competencias digitales para el ejercicio óptimo y responsable de la ciudadanía digital.

This article aims to analyze the concept of digital citizenship in the context of the information and Acknowledge society; additionally, to identify the scope and limits of new information communication technologies (ICT) for the real and full exercise of citizenship, particularly in the Peruvian context, and the role of education in the construction of digital citizenship. To this end, various sources, both national and international, related to the issue of digital citizenship were reviewed. The first finding is that new technologies have a profound impact on the ways in which people, especially young people, interact with each other, with institutions, as well as in their daily lives, creating possibilities for citizen participation and empowerment, and making visible groups and human rights which did not exist before. However, the limitations of participation in the network are also noted as they relate to the impacts of said participation on the expected transformations, as well as the need for cultural and regulatory changes, greater access to new technologies and, especially, education for the development of digital skills for the optimal and responsible exercise of digital citizenship.
¿Adaptarnos al cambio?
Authors: Van Den Broek Rodrigo Maruy
Published: September 2021

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EXTRACTION OPTIMIZATION OF THREE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OF ANTIOXIDANTS FROM BASIL LEAVES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: Alnasser Sulaiman M. ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia.
Published: September 2021

The current study reports the antioxidant activity of Ocimum basilicum. Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of variables on the extraction using magnetic stirrer (MST). Three independent variables including temperature, extraction speed, and extraction time were studied that optimize particular responses of total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The effect of the extraction temperature on extraction process was investigated in the range from 26.3oC to 93.6oC, extraction time, from 1 to 30 h, and extraction speed, in the range from 263 to 936 rpm. The extraction yield was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by all the variables. Temperature and extraction speed were found to have a marked effect while the extraction time was found to have possible minor effects. Graphical optimization determined the optimum conditions for the extraction. The optimum condition predicted an extraction yield of 20.49g/100g at 75.33oC for five hours at 73 rpm. Optimum conditions were determined to obtain highest extraction yield. Results showed that water/seed ratio was the most significant parameter, followed by temperature and time. All quantitative modeling and response surface methodology recommended that extraction temperature and time were the most effective parameters of MST process. However, extraction time was found out to be an insignificant factor in MST extraction of antioxidant and total phenolic compounds of O. basilicum.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SCREENING OF EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI STEM-BARK
Authors: Mali P. Y. , Goyal S. ,   B. R. Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur - 458001, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: September 2021

Euphorbia tirucalli L. is a flowering shrub or tiny tree, indigenous to temperate regions. It is useful in the treatment of whooping cough, asthma, dyspepsia, colic, jaundice and some more ailments. Aim of the present investigation was to study pharmacognostical and physico-chemical screening of E. tirucalli stem-bark. Fresh and dried stem-bark with powder of E. tirucalli was evaluated using macroscopic and microscopic appraisal. Physico-chemical, preliminary phytochemical, fluorescence and quantitative evaluation along with primary HPTLC fingerprinting analysis were performed. Macroscopic appraisal confirmed that E. tirucalli has herbaceous odour with tongue sensitizing bitter taste. Dried stems are greenish brown and surface is longitudinally finely striated. Microscopic appraisal of stem-bark consists of epidermis, cortex and vascular cylinder. Foreign matter was found to be 0.26%. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ashes were found to be 3.66%, 0.33% and 3.39%, respectively. Loss on drying was 6.58%. Swelling and foaming index were 6.92 mL and 200 mL, respectively. Quantitative evaluation suggested that the stem-bark has 0.38% and 4.60% alkaloid and saponin contents, respectively. HPTLC fingerprinting of ET6 extract fraction showed Rf values 0.04 (255 nm, 365 nm), 0.20 (400 nm), 0.21 (290 nm), 0.27 (400 nm) and others at various concentrations. Present investigation aids in developing the quality control parameters for standardization of E. tirucalli stem-bark.
“Ya no vamos a poder dejar las puertas abiertas”: experiencias territoriales de cara al actual proceso de paz en Colombia. Una mirada a la región de El Pato
Authors: Carrillo González Lorena
Published: September 2021

En más de cinco décadas de confrontación armada, generaciones enteras aprendieron a vivir en medio de ella, compartiendo cotidianidades con los distintos actores armados y regulando su diario vivir conforme a la toma de algunas decisiones estratégicas de la guerra. Presento aquí una mirada etnográfica sobre las experiencias desarrolladas en una de las regiones más emblemáticas para la guerra en Colombia, la región de El Pato, centrada en la forma en la que se planearon, diseñaron y construyeron unas normas de convivencia comunitarias tanto por campesinos y campesinas, como por miembros de la insurgencia de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo, Farc-EP, para concertar la regulación del orden social en esa localidad campesina. Tomo esta construcción conjunta para mostrar que en los territorios colombianos la guerra ha significado más que violencias.Palabras Clave: Farc-EP, Acuerdos de paz, Comunidades campesinas, Vida cotidiana, Territorio, Región de El Pato ABSTRACT"WE WILL NO LONGER BE ABLE TO LEAVE THE DOORS OPEN": TERRITORIAL EXPERIENCES IN THE FACE OF THE CURRENT PEACE PROCESS IN COLOMBIA. A LOOK AT EL PATO REGIONIn more than five decades of armed confrontation, many generations learned to live in it, sharing the everyday life with different armed groups and regulating their daily lives as some strategic decisions of war. I present here an ethnographic look at the experiences in one of the most emblematic regions for the war in Colombia: El Pato. Focusing on how they were planned, designed and constructed rules of community living, both peasants and members of the insurgency of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People’s Army, FARC-EP , to arrange regulation the social order in this rural town . I take this joint construction to show that in Colombian´s territory war has meant more than violence.Key Words: Farc-EP, Peace agreements, Peasant communities, Everyday life, Territory, Region of El Pato
Enfoques sobre el reclutamiento forzado de niños, niñas y adolescentes
Authors: Jimenez Kelly
Published: September 2021

Este artículo tiene como propósito identificar algunos de los enfoques conceptuales y normativos en torno al reclutamiento forzado de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) por los grupos armados ilegales en Colombia, y para tal efecto se identificarán cuatro focos de discusión. El primero abordará el avance normativo internacional sobre dicho reclutamiento y la condición de víctima responsable en la normatividad nacional. El segundo mostrará un enfoque sobre las dinámicas sociopolíticas que fomentó el reclutamiento de NNA. El tercero presentará la diferencia de enfoques entre el reclutamiento forzado y el voluntario. En cuarto y último lugar se abordará la responsabilidad social para los NNA que fueron víctimas del reclutamiento forzado.Palabras Clave: Reclutamiento forzado, Reclutamiento voluntario, Grupos armados, Niños, AdolecentesABSTRACTAPPROACHES TO FORCED RECRUITMENT OF CHILDREN ADN ADOLESCENTSThis article aims to identify some of the conceptual and normative approaches around the forced recruitment of children, Girls and Teenagers (in Spanish NNA) by an illegal armed group in Colombia; four focuses of discussion will be identified for this purpose. The first will address the advance normative international on said recruitment and in the regulations national the condition of victim responsible. The second will show an approach of the dynamic social-political that promoted the recruitment of NNA. The third will present the difference in approaches between forced and voluntary recruitment. Finally, the fourth will develop a focus on social responsibility for NNA who were victims of forced recruitment.Key Words: Forced recruitment, Voluntary recruitment, Armed groups, Children, Adolescents
Lesley Gill. (2016). A Century of Violence in a Red City: Popular Struggle, Counterinsurgency, and Human Rights in Colombia. Durham: Duke University
Authors: Archila Neira Mauricio
Published: September 2021

Barrancabermeja es una de las ciudades más estudiadas en Colombia, no solo por ser el principal centro petrolero del país, sino por contar con una tradición política contestataria que algunos designamos como radical. Pero este libro de la antropóloga norteamericana Lesley Gill ofrece varias novedades. Aunque ya ha habido extranjeros que han estudiado a Barranca —como coloquialmente se le conoce—, lo han hecho desde una perspectiva casi apologética de la explotación petrolera y más recientemente de forma crítica, desde la defensa de los derechos humanos.
Lessons from History: Methodological Problems arising from Comparing the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic 2009-10 to Seasonal Influenza 2010-2019 at the United States
Authors: Koziol James A , Schnitzer Jan E
Published: September 2021

Pandemics of human influenza are when influenza viruses that have little or no immunity become capable of transmitting from one person to another. A novel H1N1 influenza virus was discovered in children in the southwest United States in April 2009. Retroactively, it was shown that these cases were the result of an ongoing epidemic in Mexico. A number of national vaccination programs were established in response to the pandemic. Surprisingly early clinical trials data from humans have shown that one dose of nonadjuvanted pandemic flu A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent, inactivated vaccine (pMIV), has resulted in a significant seroprotective response. This is despite previous studies showing no cross-reactivity between pandemic and seasonal H1N1 viruses.
Efektivitas Supervisi Akademik dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Guru Menggunakan Metode Contextual Teaching And Learning
Authors: Machsun Toha
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas supervisi akademik dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru menggunakan metode Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dalam proses pembelajaran di MTs Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada semester genap tahun pelajaran 2018-2019. Subjek penelitian adalah beberapa guru MTs Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik yang diidentifikasi mengalami kesulitan dalam menggunakan metode CTL. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes kinerja guru sebelum dan setelah dilakukan supervisi klinis. Selanjutnya data tersebut dianalisis dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan supervisi akademik dengan pendekatan klinis cukup efektif. Hal ini ditandai dengan rata-rata nilai kinerja guru dalam mengelola program pembelajaran menggunakan metode CTL setelah dilakukan supervisi akademik dengan pendekatan klinis sebesar 77,1%. Artinya, hasil tersebut telah melebihi batas minimal ketuntasan belajar kelas, yaitu nilai 75%. Terdapat 28 guru dari 30 guru (93,3%) yang telah dinyatakan tuntas dalam menggunakan metode belajar CTL dengan rata-rata nilai mencapai 75%/lebih.
Model Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Rehabilitasi Pecandu Narkoba di Pondok Pesantren Tetirah Dzikir Sleman Yogyakarta
Authors: Machsun Toha
Published: September 2021

This study aims to describe the rationale for the importance of rehabilitation of drug addicts using islamic religious education and the islamic religious education model used for the rehabilitation of drug addicts in pondok pesantren Tetirah Dzikir Sleman Yogyakarta. This research uses a qualitative approach to the type of case study. The results showed that: (1) The rationale for the importance of rehabilitation of drug addicts using Islamic religious education, includes: juridical, religious, and psychological reasons; (2) The Islamic Religious Education Model in the rehabilitation of drug addicts is carried out in three stages: first, pre-education, second, Islamic education, includes guidance for prayer, fasting, dzikir, qiyamul lail, repentance bathing, religious lectures, learning akidah morals, fiqh, reading and writing the al-qur’an, and the third is post-recovery education. The author argues that in addition to treatment and / or treatment through medical rehabilitation, the healing process for drug addicts can be supported through a religious approach organized independently by the community. The author recommend several things: first, there needs to be moral support from parents to patients, so that the healing process is optimal. Second, the local government must fully support (especially financially) the activities at the pesantren. Third, the community must accept back clients who recover as part of the community.
Model Research and Development dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Sa'diyah Halimatus , Alfiyah Hanik Yuni , AR Zaini Tamin , Nasaruddin Nasaruddin
Published: September 2021

Selama ini, pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) sering menggunakan model, metode atau strategi yang bersifat konvensional, terutama pada materi yang bersifat metafisik dan transendental. Penelitian ini berupaya mengkaji model-model penelitian dan pengembangan (research and development) pembelajaran PAI dalam beberapa aspeknya. Penelitian pustaka ini menyimpulkan bahwa Research and Development (R&D ) dalam pembelajaran PAI dapat dilakukan melalui penelitian untuk menghasilkan produk baru atau menyempurnakan produk yang telah ada. Objek R&D dalam pembelajaran PAI berupa: materi, metode, media, dan teknik evaluasi. R&D dapat membantu guru untuk melakukan kreasi dan inovasi yang melahirkan produk yang terus menerus disempurnakan. Tujuannya adalah menjamin kemudahan dan kenyamanan dalam mata pelajaran PAI. Penulis perlu menegaskan bahwa R&D dalam pembelajaran PAI harus dipandang sebagai peningkatan pendidikan (minimal di kelas atau lembaga pendidikan). Oleh sebab itu, penulis merekomendasikan beberapa hal berikut: Pertama, mematangkan perencanaan R&D; Kedua, lebih memperhatikan ketelitian, khususnya dalam analisis dan evaluasi; Ketiga, peningkatan perhatian pada upaya pengembangan materi, metode, media, dan teknik evaluasi yang lebih baik dalam proses pembelajaran.
Internalisasi Nilai-nilai Religius melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Kerohanian Islam di SMP Negeri 47 Surabaya
Authors: Hadi Warsito
Published: September 2021

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the internalization of religious values ​​through extracurricular activities of Islamic spirituality at SMPN 47 Surabaya. This research is a descriptive qualitative case study type. The results showed that the process of internalizing religious values ​​through extracurricular activities of Islamic spirituality includes the values ​​of faith, sharia, and morals using exemplary methods, habituation, supervision, advice and punishment. The activities include: giving examples of Muslim dress, getting students used to praying in the Duha and Asr congregations, getting students to perform Friday prayers, pondok romadhon, zakat fitrah / maal, commemoration of the Prophet Muhammad SAW's birthday, and istighosah. The internalization process goes through three stages, namely value transformation, value transaction, and value transinternalization. The internalization process is supported by harmonious cooperation with fellow teachers, most students come from religious families and the availability of infrastructure needed by students. To be more effective, the authors recommend several things: First, there must be synergy between teachers and parents so that efforts to internalize Islamic religious values ​​are sustainable in the family environment. Second, there needs to be periodic evaluation, so that the advantages and disadvantages can be identified precisely.
Metode Musyafahah sebagai Solusi Mempermudah Anak Usia Dini Menghafal Surat Pendek
Authors: Sholihah Nikmatus , Purnamasari Nia Indah
Published: September 2021

Memorizing the Qur'an is ideally applied to children from an early age, so that they are accustomed to using the time to do activities that are beneficial for their lives and future. However, the ability to memorize the Qur'an in early childhood is decreasing in quality and quantity. This is caused by several factors, one of which is an inappropriate and unattractive method for students. Therefore, the mushafahah method can be an alternative solution that is suitable and easy to implement. The purpose of this study was to find out empirical data on the application of the Musyafahah method and to analyze how much the result of the application of the Musyafahah method to facilitate early childhood memorizing short letters in group B in TK Dharma Wanita Persatuan Ngingas Waru Sidoarjo. This research is a field research with a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the mushafahah method can make it easier for early childhood to memorize short letters well and fluently, especially in the TK B Dharma Wanita Persatuan Ngingas Waru Sidoarjo group. In addition, the mushafahah method can provide experience for students to be able to communicate directly with the teacher, children are also more enthusiastic and more interested in memorizing.
Development of the World Englishes Instructional Model to Enhance Students’ Listening Comprehension toward Varieties of English
Authors: Boonsamritphol Navarat , Rungrojsuwan Sorabud
Published: September 2021

This research aimed to develop the World Englishes instructional model to enhance students’ listening comprehension of varieties of English. The student’s needs analysis was conducted in the first step of the study to gather data concerning the needs, problems, and opinions on teaching and learning English listening. Thirty students participated in the needs assessment questionnaire data collection by answering alternative and open-ended questions. Three experts evaluated the model’s quality was evaluated in terms of the consistency of its components and the appropriateness of its component descriptions. Based on the results of the needs assessment questionnaire and expert evaluation, three main elements—students’ needs analysis, theoretical concepts, and course components of the World Englishes instructional model—were developed as instructional components comprising course objectives, course contents, media and materials, teaching strategies, and learning activities, as presented in this paper.
Order-Independent Algorithm for the Asymptotic Stability of Complex Polynomials
Authors: Zahreddine Ziad
Published: September 2021

The Extended Routh Array (ERA) settles the asymptotic stability of complex polynomials. The ERA is a natural extension of the Routh Array which applies only to real polynomials. Although the ERA is a nice theoretical algorithm for stability testing, it has its limitations. Unfortunately, as the order of the polynomial increases, the size of calculations increases dramatically as will be shown below. In the current work, we offer an alternative algorithm which is basically equivalent to the ERA, but has the extra advantage of being simpler, more efficient, and easy to apply even to large order polynomials. In all the steps required in the construction of the new algorithm, only one single and simple algebraic operation is needed, which makes it a polynomial order-independent algorithm.
A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of ZnO and ZnAl2O4 Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Coating: Tensile and Hardness
Authors: Shmait Abeer , Ghouch Nour El , Boukhari J. Al , Abdel-Gaber A. M. , Awad R.
Published: September 2021

ZnO and ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully prepared by the co-precipitation method and characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared NPs were incorporated into epoxy (EP) coating with mass ratios 200  800 mg/kg of ZnO NPs/EP and ZnAl2O4 NPs /EP. The prepared coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their mechanical properties were investigated, at room temperature, after 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of preparation. Tensile tests showed an improvement in the tensile properties, with the best improvement in ultimate tensile strength (93.2%) for 800 mg/kg ZnAl2O4 NPs/EP coating after 15 days of preparation. The ZnO NPs/EP and ZnAl2O4 NPs/EP coatings exhibited noticeable sensitivity to the stretching rate. Vickers microhardness (Hv) investigations showed normal indentation size effect behavior for all the samples. The best improvement in Hv was attained after 5 days of preparation, for all coatings, with the best improvement (9.15%) for 700 mg/kg ZnO NPs/EP.
Promoting restorative justice as de jure punishment: a vision for a different future
Authors: Gade Christian
Published: September 2021

Promoting restorative justice as de jure punishment: a vision for a different future

Restorative justice has frequently been presented as a new criminal justice paradigm, and as something that is radically different from punishment. I will argue that this ‘oppositioning’ is problematic for two reasons: first, because some cases of restorative justice constitute de facto punishment from the perspectives of some positions on what punishment is; second, because restorative justice could reasonably be more widely adopted as a new form of de jure punishment, which could potentially increase the use of restorative justice for the benefit of victims, offenders and society at large. In connection with the latter, I want to present some preliminary thoughts on how restorative justice could be incorporated into future criminal justice systems as de jure punishment. Furthermore, I will suggest that by insisting that restorative justice is radically different from punishment, restorative justice advocates may - contrary to their intentions − play into the hands of those who want to preserve the status quo rather than developing future criminal justice systems in the direction of restorative justice.
Actividad comercial y uso del espacio público en los centros urbanos: un análisis clúster
Authors: Pérez Mateos Àngels , Cebollada Frontera Àngel , Vera Martín Ana
Published: September 2021

La relación entre espacio público y actividad comercial es constitutiva en los centros urbanos. De este modo, los establecimientos se concentran en espacios urbanos de mayor atracción (calles comerciales, centros comerciales y mercados) y también forman parte de los procesos socioespaciales de dichos entornos. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel de la actividad comercial en el uso del espacio público basándonos en la dimensión humana del urbanista Jan Gehl (2010). Para ello se utilizan las variables del censo de la actividad comercial, flujos de peatones y la caracterización física de las calles de los siete centros urbanos trabajados. De esta manera, se obtendrán resultados del análisis clúster que evidencian las múltiples relaciones entre los distintos usos comerciales, los rasgos de las calles y su espacio público y el paso diario de peatones, así como la naturaleza independiente y explicativa que ha mostrado esta última variable en el análisis.
PROCJENA ZDRAVSTVENOG STANJA STARIJEG STANOVNIŠTVA NA OTOKU CRESU
Authors: Bilajac Lovorka
Published: September 2021

Uvod. Starenje stanovništva predstavlja izazov u ekonomskom, gospodarskom, zdravstvenom i društvenom smislu. Zdravstvena procjena potreba starije populacije provodi se na razini većih sredina, međutim, populacija na otocima pretežno je stara i neprekidno stari. Na Cresu živi 19,9% starijeg stanovništva, te je cilj ovog istraživačkog rada procjena zdravstvenog stanja starije populacije grada Cresa. Materijali i metode. Za procjenu zdravstvenog stanja korišten je anketni upitnik Short form health survey-36 (SF-36). Mjere zdravstvenog stanja uključuju sastavnice kao što su fizičko, psihičko i društveno funkcioniranje, vitalnost i energija, razna ograničenja zbog fizičkih ili psihičkih poteškoća, tjelesni bolovi te percepcija o općem zdravlju pojedinca. Ispitanici su osobe starije životne dobi koji žive na otoku Cresu. Rezultati. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 100 stanovnika grada Cresa (43 muškarca i 57 žena), od 65 i više godina. Dobiveni rezultati prema bodovanju svake pojedine čestice ukazuju na to da je društveno funkcioniranje najbolje ocijenjeno (79,83), zatim slijedi ograničenje zdravlja zbog emocionalnih poteškoća (79,33), psihičko ili mentalno zdravlje (68,08), fizičko funkcioniranje (65,4), ograničenje zdravlja zbog fizičkih poteškoća (60,75), vitalnost i energija (59,86) te opće zdravlje (54,35). Zaključak. Procjena zdravstvenog stanja starijeg stanovništva otoka Cresa bolja je u usporedbi s hrvatskom populacijom, a time i kvaliteta života. Muškarci imaju bolju kvalitetu života nego žene te svoje zdravlje percipiraju boljim nego žene. Važnost procjene zdravlja stanovnika očituje se u dobivanju kratkoročnih i dugoročnih podataka o promjenama u zdravlju populacije, čime se kreiraju intervencije s ciljem unapređenja zdravlja osoba starije životne dobi koje žive u manjim sredinama.
KOLIKO SE (NE)POZNAJEMO TOLIKO SMO TOLERANTNI? MUSLIMANKE I MUSLIMANI O SEBI I DRUGIMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Authors: Spahić Šiljak Zilka
Published: September 2021

U ovom radu analiziramo koliko studentice i studenti koji se deklariraju kao muslimanke i muslimani poznaju sebe i svoju religijsku tradiciju, koliko prakticiraju islam, ali i koliko poznaju druge religijske tradicije u svom okruženju te kakve stavove imaju o svojim komšijama katolicima, pravoslavnim, jevrejima i onima koji se izjašnjavaju kao ateisti i agnostici. Građani Bosne i Hercegovine uglavnom žive u etnički i religijski podijeljenim i homogenim sredinama i mladi se socijaliziraju i obrazuju u takvom okruženju, uz religijsko konfesionalno obrazovanje koje pohađa većina djece. Sociološko istraživanje pod nazivom ”Koliko se poznajemo” ima za cilj pokazati da li u kojoj mjeri nepoznavanje vlastite a posebno religije/ konfesije drugoga doprinosi socijalnog distanci, te da li je to prepreka dijalogu i izgradnji kulture mira. Stupanj religioznosti mladih je analiziran kroz ideološku, obrednu i intelektualnu dimenziju, kako bi se utvrdilo koja je razina religijske pismenosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju koje vrste autostereotipa muslimanke i muslimani imaju o sebi, uglavnom pozitivnih, u odnosu na druge, ali i koje vrste heterostereotipa imaju prema svojim komšijama. U konačnici, koliko muslimani kao najbrojniji u BiH (50,7 procenata ukupne populacije) pokazuju socijalnu distancu prema svojim komšijama jevrejima, katolicima i pravoslavnim, ali nereligioznim osobama, i koliko to utječe na njihovu opredijeljenost za prihvaćanje različitosti, a ne samo pasivnu toleranciju?
Kritične tačke unapređenja izbornog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine – rubikon demokratizacije
Authors: Arapović Adis
Published: September 2021

Usporena ili blokirana implementacija izbornih rezultata nakon Općih izbora 2018. produbila je ukupnu političku krizu u BiH, pa ni 20 mjeseci nakon izbora nisu u potpunosti provedeni izborni rezultati. Izborni sistem BiH tako postaje trajni katalizator političkih blokada, te kao takav usporava ili blokira proces konsolidacije parlamentarne demokratije. Posljednja tri izborna ciklusa nedvojbeno su potvrdila paradoks izbornog sistema pa i Izbornog zakona BiH. Naime, svi relevatni akteri, od izborne administracije, preko domaćih i međunarodnih nezavisnih izbornih posmatrača, do samih političkih subjekata, iako s nizom utemljenih primjedbi i dokumentiranih anomalija u izbornom procesu, u principu priznaju izborne rezultate i istovremeno jednoglasno zagovaraju temeljito unapređenje izbornog sistema. Ova studija daje teorijski i empirijski uvid u ključne odredbe izbornog zakonodavstva ili kritične tačke izbornog sistema koje se nužno moraju inovirati, redefinirati i modernizirati kako bi konsolodacija parlamentarne demokratije, efikasan politički sistem, odgovorna izvršna i zakonodavna vlast, te povjerenje građana i izborni sistem postali aksiomi društveno-političkih reformi u procesu eurounijskih i unutrašnjih integracija.
Geneza izbornih procesa u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1996. do 2018. godine i moguće promjene u Ustavu i Izbornom zakonu
Authors: Arnautović Suad
Published: September 2021

Demokratizaciju razlikujemo od stabilne demokracije. U procesu demokratizacije koja je započela 1990. godine, Bosna i Hercegovina je prošla faze tranzicije, zamjene i premještanja autoritarnog, jednopartijskog sistema u višestranački sistem, čime su u velikoj mjeri prekinute ideje (ideologija), institucije i procedure bivšeg režima. Ipak, Bosnu i Hercegovinu još uvijek ne možemo definirati kao „stabilnu demokraciju“. Koji su uzroci ovakvog stanja? Prošlo je 30 godina od prvih višestranačkih izbora u Bosni i Hercegovini. Bio je to početak procesa tranzicije iz jednopartijskog u višestranački politički sistem. Od tada do kraja 2018. godine održano je osam predsjedničkih izbornih ciklusa i istovremeni izbori za nacionalno zakonodavstvo. Tokom tog perioda stvorene su, ali i nestale iz političke arene, brojne političke stranke različitih ideoloških smjerova, izborne podrške i organizacijske strukture. Neke političke stranke koje su 1990. izabrane u nacionalni parlament bile su „parlamentarne stranke“ i nakon parlamentarnih izbora 2018, a mnoge su u međuvremenu nestale s političke scene. Bosanskohercegovački izborni sistem pretrpio je nekoliko značajnih promjena tokom prijelaznog razdoblja. Sistem proporcionalne predstavljenosti (PR) za parlamentarne izbore uveden je na izborima 1990. godine. U međuvremenu su se dogodile strukturne promjene u tom sistemu, u svim glavnim elementima tog sistema: (1) u oblikovanju izbornih jedinica i njihovoj magnitudi; (2) u tipu glasačkog listića; (3) u matematičkoj formuli za preračun glasova u mandate. Također, promijenjena su neka svojstva većinskog sistema (FPTP) za predsjedničke i gradonačelničke izbore? Ove “tehničke” promjene u izbornom sistemu uz zadržavanje prevaziđenog ekskluzivnog etno-teritorijalnog političkog predstavništva izborne procese u BiH svode na puki elektoralizam. Ima li alternative takvom stanju? To su osnovna pitanja na koja će se pokušati odgovoriti u ovom radu.
Izborni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine: aktuelno stanje i nužne reforme u kontekstu važećih ustavnih rješenja
Authors: Begić Zlatan
Published: September 2021

Izborni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine (dalje: BiH) zasniva se na pozitivnim ustavnopravnim rješenjima koja u svom izvornom obliku, kako je poznato, ne omogućavaju konsekventno ostvarenje opšte-prihvaćenih međunarodnih demokratskih standarda u pogledu jednakosti biračkog prava građana. O tome je, u pojedinačnim slučajevima, Evropski sud za ljudska prava u Strazburu već zauzeo stav. Konstantno ignorisanje obaveza u vezi sa usaglašavanjem unutrašnjeg pravnog poretka BiH sa međunarodnim demokratskim standardima i presudama Evropskog suda za ljudska prava koje predstavljaju obaveze ustavno-pravne naravi dovelo je, ne samo do daljeg kršenja biračkih prava građana po etničkoj osnovi, nego i do daljeg razvoja nedemokratskih političkih koncepata koji teže za uvođenjem novih oblika diskriminacije u fazi izbora. Pri tome se pojmovni instrumentarij tumači i obrazlaže na do sada nepoznat i suštinski pogrešan način u teoriji i praksi ustavnog i javnog prava – poput „legitimnog predstavljanja konstitutivnih naroda”, „autentičnih predstavnika konstitutivnih naroda”, kao i nastojanja na „nacionalizaciji” konstitutivnih naroda i sl., a u namjeri bilo kakvog teorijskog utemeljenja nekonsekventnih političkih stavova. Pored toga, u uvjetima nedemokratskih ustavnih rješenja i uzimajući u obzir stvarnu moć donošenja odluka unutar institucija, izbornog pobjednika presudno ne određuju građani na izborima, što su pokazali i posljednji opšti izbori 2018. godine nego je, između ostalog, apsolutni izborni pobjednik u smislu formiranja vlasti i mogućnosti blokade implementacije izbornih rezultata promovisan odlukom/Uputstvom Centralne izborne komisije BiH u pogledu raspodjele delegatskih mjesta u Domu naroda Parlamenta Federacije BiH, te je tako (gotovo unaprijed!) određen nekonsekventnim ustavnim rješenjima i izbornom geometrijom – što dodatno diskvalificira poziciju građanina i opšte-prihvaćene međunarodne demokratske standarde bez kojih demokratsko društvo ne može da postoji i da se razvija. Sve to ozbiljno dovodi u pitanje demokratski legitimitet i kapacitet institucija javne vlasti i princip vladavine prava, te izvršavanje obaveza pravne i političke naravi na putu evropskih integracija. Suprotno tome, pravne obaveze BiH u pravcu reforme izbornog prava, ma koliko različitih modaliteta mogu da imaju, prilično su jasne i podrazumijevaju, na prvom mjestu, jednakost aktivnog i pasivnog biračkog prava građana bez obzira na etničku pripadnost ili kakvu drugu okolnost, što je i predmet razmatranja ovim povodom.
Izborni sistem BiH i etnicizacija bosanskohercegovačkog političkog prostora
Authors: Huruz Memović Elma
Published: September 2021

Izborni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine se smatra specifičnim iz nekoliko razloga, a njegov sadržaj od samog uspostavljanja bio je do sada na različite načine problematiziran. Jedan od ograničavajućih faktora ovog sistema, koji je u suprotnosti s univerzalnim i jednakim pravom glasa, sadržan je u odredbi da je to pravo zasnovano na etničkoj pripadnosti. Pored toga, ograničenje ovog prava dodatno je pojačano činjenicom da je pravo kandidiranja usko limitirano mjestom prebivališta, odnosno entitetskim granicama. Političko predstavljanje u Bosni i Hercegovini je gotovo u potpunosti određeno i ograničeno principom konstitutivnosti koji dominantno etnički kroji bosanskohercegovački politički prostor onemogućujući na taj način uspostavljanje koherentnog društvenog i političkog tkiva u BiH.