bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applications and Research Advances in the Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Systems for the Treatment of Inherited Diseases
Authors: Lu Xinyue , Zhang Miaomiao , Li Ge , Zhang Shixin , Zhang Jingbo , Fu Xiaoge , Sun Fengying
Published: August 2023

The rapid advancements in gene therapy have opened up new possibilities for treating genetic disorders, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and familial hypercholesterolemia. The utilization of the clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has revolutionized the field of gene therapy by enabling precise targeting of genes. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9 has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating cancer and genetic diseases. However, the susceptibility of nucleic acid drugs to degradation by nucleic acid endonucleases necessitates the development of functional vectors capable of protecting the nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation while ensuring safety and effectiveness. This review explores the biomedical potential of non-viral vector-based CRISPR/Cas9 systems for treating genetic diseases. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in viral and non-viral vector-based gene therapy for genetic disorders, including preclinical and clinical study insights. Additionally, the review analyzes the current limitations of these delivery systems and proposes avenues for developing novel nano-delivery platforms.
Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis as a Potential Risk Factor for Idiopathic Toe-Walking in Children: A Review
Authors: Kononova Svetlana , Kashparov Mikhail , Xue Wenyu , Bobkova Natalia , Leonov Sergey , Zagorodny Nikolaj
Published: August 2023

Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) occurs in about 5% of children. Orthopedic treatment of ITW is complicated by the lack of a known etiology. Only half of the conservative and surgical methods of treatment give a stable positive result of normalizing gait. Available data indicate that the disease is heterogeneous and multifactorial. Recently, some children with ITW have been found to have genetic variants of mutations that can lead to the development of toe walking. At the same time, some children show sensorimotor impairment, but these studies are very limited. Sensorimotor dysfunction could potentially arise from an imbalanced production of neurotransmitters that play a crucial role in motor control. Using the data obtained in the studies of several pathologies manifested by the association of sensory–motor dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis, we attempt to substantiate the notion that malfunction of neurotransmitter production is caused by the imbalance of gut microbiota metabolites as a result of dysbiosis. This review delves into the exciting possibility of a connection between variations in the microbiome and ITW. The purpose of this review is to establish a strong theoretical foundation and highlight the benefits of further exploring the possible connection between alterations in the microbiome and TW for further studies of ITW etiology.
Correction: Ruggiero et al. Golgi Phosphoprotein 3 Regulates the Physical Association of Glycolipid Glycosyltransferases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10354
Authors: Ruggiero Fernando M. , Martínez-Koteski Natalia , Cavieres Viviana A. , Mardones Gonzalo A. , Fidelio Gerardo D. , Vilcaes Aldo A. , Daniotti Jose L.
Published: August 2023

Viviana A. Cavieres and Gonzalo A. Mardones were not included as authors in the original publication [...]
Phylogenetic Relationships and Next-Generation Barcodes in the Genus Torreya Reveal a High Proportion of Misidentified Cultivated Plants
Authors: Mo Zhi-Qiong , Wang Jie , Möller Michael , Yang Jun-Bo , Gao Lian-Ming
Published: August 2023

Accurate species identification is key to conservation and phylogenetic inference. Living plant collections from botanical gardens/arboretum are important resources for the purpose of scientific research, but the proportion of cultivated plant misidentification are un-tested using DNA barcodes. Here, we assembled the next-generation barcode (complete plastid genome and complete nrDNA cistron) and mitochondrial genes from genome skimming data of Torreya species with multiple accessions for each species to test the species discrimination and the misidentification proportion of cultivated plants used in Torreya studies. A total of 38 accessions were included for analyses, representing all nine recognized species of genus Torreya. The plastid phylogeny showed that all 21 wild samples formed species-specific clades, except T. jiulongshanensis. Disregarding this putative hybrid, seven recognized species sampled here were successfully discriminated by the plastid genome. Only the T. nucifera accessions grouped into two grades. The species identification rate of the nrDNA cistron was 62.5%. The Skmer analysis based on nuclear reads from genome skims showed promise for species identification with seven species discriminated. The proportion of misidentified cultivated plants from arboreta/botanical gardens was relatively high with four accessions (23.5%) representing three species. Interspecific relationships within Torreya were fully resolved with maximum support by plastomes, where Torreya jackii was on the earliest diverging branch, though sister to T. grandis in the nrDNA cistron tree, suggesting that this is likely a hybrid species between T. grandis and an extinct Torreya ancestor lineage. The findings here provide quantitative insights into the usage of cultivated samples for phylogenetic study.
Using cfDNA and ctDNA as Oncologic Markers: A Path to Clinical Validation
Authors: Dao Jonathan , Conway Patrick J. , Subramani Baskaran , Meyyappan Devi , Russell Sammy , Mahadevan Daruka
Published: August 2023

The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsy samples as an oncological marker is being used in clinical trials at every step of clinical management. As ctDNA-based liquid biopsy kits are developed and used in clinics, companies work towards increased convenience, accuracy, and cost over solid biopsies and other oncological markers. The technology used to differentiate ctDNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) continues to improve with new tests and methodologies being able to detect down to mutant allele frequencies of 0.001% or 1/100,000 copies. Recognizing this development in technology, the FDA has recently given pre-market approval and breakthrough device designations to multiple companies. The purpose of this review is to look at the utility of measuring total cfDNA, techniques used to differentiate ctDNA from cfDNA, and the utility of different ctDNA-based liquid biopsy kits using relevant articles from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, FDA approvals, and company newsletters. Measuring total cfDNA could be a cost-effective, viable prognostic marker, but various factors do not favor it as a monitoring tool during chemotherapy. While there may be a place in the clinic for measuring total cfDNA in the future, the lack of standardization means that it is difficult to move forward with large-scale clinical validation studies currently. While the detection of ctDNA has promising standardized liquid biopsy kits from various companies with large clinical trials ongoing, their applications in screening and minimal residual disease can suffer from lower sensitivity. However, researchers are working towards solutions to these issues with innovations in technology, multi-omics, and sampling. With great promise, further research is needed before liquid biopsies can be recommended for everyday clinical management.
Saturated Fat-Mediated Upregulation of IL-32 and CCL20 in Hepatocytes Contributes to Higher Expression of These Fibrosis-Driving Molecules in MASLD
Authors: Schilcher Katharina , Dayoub Rania , Kubitza Marion , Riepl Jakob , Klein Kathrin , Buechler Christa , Melter Michael , Weiss Thomas S.
Published: August 2023

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases, ranging from liver steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), increasing the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fibrosis within MASLD is critical for disease development; therefore, the identification of fibrosis-driving factors is indispensable. We analyzed the expression of interleukin 32 (IL-32) and chemokine CC ligand 20 (CCL20), which are known to be linked with inflammation and fibrosis, and for their expression in MASLD and hepatoma cells. RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blotting analyses were performed in both human liver samples and an in vitro steatosis model. IL-32 and CCL20 mRNA expression was increased in tissues of patients with NASH compared to normal liver tissue. Stratification for patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) status revealed significance for IL-32 only in patients with I148M (rs738409, CG/GG) carrier status. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between IL-32 expression and steatosis grade, and between IL-32 as well as CCL20 expression and fibrosis grade. Treatment with the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA) induced mRNA and protein expression of IL-32 and CCL20 in hepatoma cells. This induction was mitigated by the substitution of PA with monounsaturated oleic acid (OA), suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. Consequently, analysis of stress-induced signaling pathways showed the activation of Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK, which led to an enhanced expression of IL-32 and CCL20. In conclusion, cellular stress in liver epithelial cells induced by PA enhances the expression of IL-32 and CCL20, both known to trigger inflammation and fibrosis.
Uncovering the Lipid Web: Discovering the Multifaceted Roles of Lipids in Human Diseases and Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Pandey Manoj Kumar
Published: August 2023

Lipids, characterized by their hydrophobic nature, encompass a wide range of molecules with distinct properties and functions [...]
Molecular Structure of Gaseous Oxopivalate Co(II): Electronic States of Various Multiplicities
Authors: Giricheva Nina I. , Sliznev Valery V. , Alikhanyan Andrey S. , Morozova Ekaterina A. , Girichev Georgiy V.
Published: August 2023

Synchronous electron diffraction/mass spectrometry was used to study the composition and structure of molecular forms existing in a saturated vapor of cobalt(II) oxopivalate at T = 410 K. It was found that monomeric complexes Co4O(piv)6 dominate in the vapor. The complex geometry possesses the C3 symmetry with bond lengths Co–Oc = 1.975(5) Å and Co–O = 1.963(5) Å, as well as bond angles Oc–Co–O = 111.8(3)°, Co–Oc–Co = 110.4(6)°, O–Co–O = 107.1(3)° in the central OcCo4 fragment and four OcCoO3 fragments. The presence of an open 3d shell for each Co atom leads to the possibility of the existence of electronic states of the Co4O(piv)6 complex with Multiplicities 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. For them, the CASSCF and XMCQDPT2 calculations predict similar energies, identical shapes of active orbitals, and geometric parameters, the difference between which is comparable with the error of determination by the electron diffraction experiment. QTAIM and NBO analysis show that the Co–Oc and Co–O bonds can be attributed to ionic (or coordination) bonds with a significant contribution of the covalent component. The high volatility and simple vapor composition make it possible to recommend cobalt (II) oxopivalate as precursors in the preparation of oxide films or coatings in the CVD technologies. The features of the electronic and geometric structure of the Co4O(piv)6 complex allows for the conclude that only a very small change in energy is required for the transition from antiferromagnetically to ferromagnetically coupled Co atoms.
Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Modules Using Bio-Inspired Algorithms
Authors: Provensi Lucas Lima , de Souza Renata Mariane , Grala Gabriel Henrique , Bergamasco Rosângela , Krummenauer Rafael , Andrade Cid Marcos Gonçalves
Published: August 2023

This research aims to employ and qualify the bio-inspired algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Differential Evolution Algorithm (DE) in the extraction of the parameters of the circuit equivalent to a photovoltaic module in the models of a diode and five parameters (1D5P) and two diodes and seven parameters (2D7P) in order to simulate the I-V characteristics curves for any irradiation and temperature scenarios. The peculiarity of this study stands in the exclusive use of information present in the module’s datasheet to carry out the full extraction and simulation process without depending on external sources of data or experimental data. To validate the methods, a comparison was made between the data obtained by the simulations with data from the module manufacturer in different scenarios of irradiation and temperature. The algorithm bound to the model with the highest accuracy was DE 1D5P, with a maximum relative error of 0.4% in conditions close to the reference and 3.61% for scenarios far from the reference. On the other hand, the algorithm that obtained the worst result in extracting parameters was the GA in the 2D7P model, which presented a maximum relative error of 9.59% in conditions far from the reference.
Contemporary Evaluation and Clinical Treatment Options for Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Lebehn Mark , Vahl Torsten , Kampaktsis Polydoros , Hahn Rebecca T.
Published: August 2023

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the third most frequent form of valvular disease and has increasing prevalence with age. This will be of increasing clinical importance with the advancing age of populations around the globe. An understanding of the various etiologies and mechanisms leading to AR requires a detailed understanding of the structure of the aortic valve and aortic root. While acute and chronic AR may share a similar etiology, their hemodynamic impact on the left ventricle (LV) and management are very different. Recent studies suggest current guideline recommendations for chronic disease may result in late intervention and suboptimal outcomes. Accurate quantitation of ventricular size and function, as well as grading of the severity of regurgitation, requires a multiparametric and multimodality imaging approach with an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each metric. Echocardiography remains the primary imaging modality for diagnosis with supplemental information provided by computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Emerging transcatheter therapies may allow the treatment of patients at high risk for surgery, although novel methods to assess AR severity and its impact on LV size and function may improve the timing and outcomes of surgical intervention.
Use of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Techniques in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Patel Ishaan , Rehman Saad , McKay Siobhan , Bartlett David , Mirza Darius
Published: August 2023

Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) afflict a significant proportion of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), ranging from 25% to 30% of patients throughout the course of the disease. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the application of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging as an intraoperative imaging technique for liver surgery. The utilisation of NIRF-guided liver surgery, facilitated by the administration of fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG), has gained traction in numerous medical institutions worldwide. This innovative approach aims to enhance lesion differentiation and provide valuable guidance for surgical margins. The use of ICG, particularly in minimally invasive surgery, has the potential to improve lesion detection rates, increase the likelihood of achieving R0 resection, and enable anatomically guided resections. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of ICG, such as its low specificity. Consequently, there has been a growing demand for the development of tumour-specific fluorescent probes and the advancement of camera systems, which are expected to address these concerns and further refine the accuracy and reliability of intraoperative fluorescence imaging in liver surgery. While NIRF imaging has been extensively studied in patients with CRLM, it is worth noting that a significant proportion of published research has predominantly focused on the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we present a comprehensive literature review of the existing literature pertaining to intraoperative fluorescence imaging in minimally invasive surgery for CRLM. Moreover, our analysis places specific emphasis on the techniques employed in liver resection using ICG, with a focus on tumour detection in minimal invasive surgery (MIS). Additionally, we delve into recent developments in this field and offer insights into future perspectives for further advancements.
Powder Metallurgy Preparation and Characterization of Titanium-Titanium Diboride Composite Targeted for Dental Implant
Authors: Aljafery Ali Mohammad Ali , Fatalla Abdalbseet A. , Haider Julfikar
Published: August 2023

Due to the advantages over other metallic materials, such as superior corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties, titanium, its alloys and related composites, are frequently utilized in biomedical applications, particularly in orthopedics and dentistry. This work focuses on developing novel titanium-titanium diboride (TiB2; ceramic material) composites for dental implants where TiB2 additions were estimated to be 9 wt.%. In a steel mold, Ti-TiB2 composites were fabricated using a powder metallurgy technique and sintered for five hours at 1200 °C. Microstructural and chemical properties were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the impact of the TiB2 ceramic addition. Compressive strength, Brinell hardness, porosity, and density, among other mechanical and physical properties, were also measured and characterized. It has been found that adding TiB2 to Ti increases its porosity (35.53%), compressive strength (203.04 MPa), and surface hardness (296.3 kg/mm2) but decreases its density (3.79 gm/cm3). The lightweight and strong composite could be suitable for dental implant applications.
Additively Manufactured Multifunctional Composite Parts with the Help of Coextrusion Continuous Carbon Fiber: Study of Feasibility to Print Self-Sensing without Doped Raw Material
Authors: Demarbaix Anthonin , Ochana Imi , Levrie Julien , Coutinho Isaque , Cunha Sebastião Simões , Moonens Marc
Published: August 2023

Nowadays, the additive manufacturing of multifunctional materials is booming. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process is widely used thanks to the ease with which multimaterial parts can be printed. The main limitation of this process is the mechanical properties of the parts obtained. New continuous-fiber FDM printers significantly improve mechanical properties. Another limitation is the repeatability of the process. This paper proposes to explore the feasibility of printing parts in continuous carbon fiber and using this fiber as an indicator thanks to the electrical properties of the carbon fiber. The placement of the fiber in the part is based on the paths of a strain gauge. The results show that the resistivity evolves linearly during the elastic period. The gauge factor (GF) increases when the number of passes in the manufacturing plane is low, but repeatability is impacted. However, no correlation is possible during the plastic deformation of the sample. For an equivalent length of carbon fiber, it is preferable to have a strategy of superimposing layers of carbon fiber rather than a single-plane strategy. The mechanical properties remain equivalent but the variation in the electrical signal is greater when the layers are superimposed.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Parameters of Marine Pipelines Based on Johnson–Cook Model
Authors: Tian Xiao , Pei Jingjing , Rong Jingjing
Published: August 2023

A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of materials and structures under impact loads is paramount for the design and maintenance of reliable marine pipelines and associated structures. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the full characterization of constitutive and failure models of carbon steels, which are commonly used in marine pipelines. In this paper, Q235 steel was subjected to quasi-static tensile tests at room temperature on smooth specimens to obtain the constitutive parameters using the Johnson–Cook (J-C) model. Subsequently, quasi-static tensile tests were conducted on notched specimens, and dynamic tensile tests were performed on smooth round bars to obtain stress triaxiality and failure strain. The acquired data were then utilized to fit the failure parameters using the Johnson–Cook (J-C) damage model, a widely accepted constitutive model employed in high-strain rate applications through the least squares method. Finally, the tensile test is numerically simulated based on the acquired experimental parameters. The obtained results reveal a remarkable agreement between the curve fitted by the J-C constitutive model and the experimental tensile curve. Additionally, a high degree of correlation between the load-displacement curves of the tests and simulations provides robust validation of the accuracy of the dynamic mechanical parameters for Q235 steel. These findings contribute valuable insights into the behavior of carbon steels commonly used in marine pipelines, enhancing the overall understanding of their response to impact loads and informing more reliable design and maintenance practices.
Simulation of LUCC Dynamics and Estimation of Carbon Stock under Different SSP-RCP Scenarios in Heilongjiang Province
Authors: Gao Fengjie , Xin Xiaohui , Song Jianxiang , Li Xuewen , Zhang Lin , Zhang Ying , Liu Jiafu
Published: August 2023

An accurate estimation of carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystem and their future changes in relation to land use and land cover change (LUCC) is important for regional territorial spatial optimization and low-carbon development. In this paper, we integrated the System Dynamics (SD) model, PLUS model and InVEST model to simulate land use dynamics and corresponding carbon stocks in Heilongjiang Province from 2030 to 2050 under three SSP-RCP scenarios proposed by the CMIP6. The findings revealed significant variations in land use demand projections across different SSP-RCP scenarios, with increases observed in farmland, construction land and unused land while decreases in woodland and grassland, and the SSP585 scenario showed the highest increment or decrease. Under the SSP126 scenario, the expansion of farmland was due to a reduction in construction land, with little change observed in woodland and grassland, which resulted in a carbon stock increase of 102.71 × 106 Mg at the highest rate; conversely, under the SSP585 scenario, rapid expansion of farmland, construction land and unused land came at the expense of forest and grassland, leading to a significant carbon stock decrease of 204.64 × 106 Mg. The increase in farmland and the decrease in woodland under the SSP245 scenario was relatively moderate with little change observed in construction, resulting in a carbon stock increase of 108.10 × 106 Mg. Regardless of any scenario considered here, forests remain an important carbon sink contributing significantly to carbon sequestration as well as other ecosystem services in Heilongjiang Province. Enhancing territorial spatial planning and ecological environment construction, while promoting an eco-economic development model, will significantly contribute to the achievement of carbon neutrality and regional sustainable development goals.
Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches to Temporomandibular Dysfunction: A Narrative Review
Authors: Moxley Brendan , Stevens William , Sneed Joel , Pearl Craig
Published: August 2023

Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is a burgeoning area of study within the dental field. TMD is caused by abnormalities in the temporomandibular joint or muscles of mastication and can lead to pain, loss of function, and other complications. As this area of patient care receives increased focus, the ability to accurately diagnose TMD becomes paramount. The aim of this review is to summarize novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that have been proposed within the last approximately 3 years in order to inform readers of the cutting-edge advances in the field of TMD diagnosis and management, while also analyzing the clinical relevance of each study. A PubMed search was completed on 1 March 2023, using MeSH terms related to TMD diagnosis and treatment. The search yielded seven articles that pertained to the aim of this review article. The main findings from each study are summarized in this review article. These novel methods of diagnosing and treating TMD may improve our ability to assess and treat patients suffering from TMD.
In Vitro Evaluation of Candida albicans Adhesion on Heat-Cured Resin-Based Dental Composites
Authors: De Angelis Francesco , D’Ercole Simonetta , Di Giulio Mara , Vadini Mirco , Biferi Virginia , Buonvivere Matteo , Vanini Lorenzo , Cellini Luigina , Di Lodovico Silvia , D’Arcangelo Camillo
Published: August 2023

Microbial adhesion on dental restorative materials may jeopardize the restorative treatment long-term outcome. The goal of this in vitro study was to assess Candida albicans capability to adhere and form a biofilm on the surface of heat-cured dental composites having different formulations but subjected to identical surface treatments and polymerization protocols. Three commercially available composites were evaluated: GrandioSO (GR), Venus Diamond (VD) and Enamel Plus HRi Biofunction (BF). Cylindrical specimens were prepared for quantitative determination of C. albicans S5 planktonic CFU count, sessile cells CFU count and biomass optical density (OD570 nm). Qualitative Concanavalin-A assays (for extracellular polymeric substances of a biofilm matrix) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses (for the morphology of sessile colonies) were also performed. Focusing on planktonic CFU count, a slight but not significant reduction was observed with VD as compared to GR. Regarding sessile cells CFU count and biomass OD570 nm, a significant increase was observed for VD compared to GR and BF. Concanavalin-A assays and SEM analyses confirmed the quantitative results. Different formulations of commercially available resin composites may differently interact with C. albicans. The present results showed a relatively more pronounced antiadhesive effect for BF and GR, with a reduction in sessile cells CFU count and biomass quantification.
The Effects of Seawater Treatment on Selected Coniferous Wood Types
Authors: Roman Kamil , Leszczyński Mateusz , Pycka Seweryn , Wardal Witold Jan
Published: August 2023

The mechanical strength of wood from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), European larch (Larix decidua), and Norway spruce (Picea abies) was studied using static compression tests. The material was exposed under constant soaking in water with salinity of 7‰. The liquid mix was prepared according to a value roughly equivalent to the average salinity along the entire length of the Baltic Sea. The mechanical strength and quality of the raw material were determined using a sea salt saturation test, which determined the adhesion of the raw material to the extrusion process (permissible stress). An investigation was conducted to determine the physicochemical parameters of the material that was tested. It was investigated how much mineral compounds were absorbed over four cycles lasting a total of six weeks during the test. According to the statistical analysis, the chemical composition of wood and the presence of salts and mineral compounds correlated with its mechanical strength. An important part of the study focused on examining the factors affecting the construction of coniferous wood structures. The preparation of the raw material correctly can provide information on how the material can be protected during exposure to specific environmental conditions for longer.
Comparative Study on Interface Fracture of 4th Generation 3-Steps Adhesive and 7th Generation Universal Adhesive
Authors: Călinoiu Ștefan George , Bîcleșanu Cornelia , Florescu Anamaria , Stoia Dan Ioan , Dumitru Cătălin , Miculescu Marian
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this paper is to compare the fracture behavior of interfaces obtained using fourth-generation and universal dental adhesives. The study relies on optic and SEM to evaluate the dentin–adhesive–restoration material interface of the samples and also on FEA simulation of fracture behavior. Specimen fabrication relied on 20 extracted teeth, in which class I cavities were created according to a protocol established based on the rules of minimally invasive therapy. For the direct adhesive technique, the adhesives used were: three-step All Bond, three-batch A and one-step Clearfil Universal Bond Quick-batch B. The restoration was performed with the same composite for both adhesives: Gradia direct posterior. The simulation used a 3D reconstructed molar on which geometric operations were performed to obtain an assembly that replicated a physical specimen. Material properties were applied to each component based on the information found in the literature. A simplified model for crack propagation was constructed, and using the fracture mechanics tool in Ansys 2019, the stress intensity factors that act at the crack tip of the adhesive interface were obtained. Mechanical simulation and microscopic investigation showed us how the interface of the dentine–adhesive–filling material performed in cases of both dental adhesives and for a certain loading condition. Important differences were identified among the adhesives, the fourth generation being superior to the fourth generation especially due to the separate steps in which the tooth surface was prepared for adhesion.
Magnetic and Impedance Analysis of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles for Chemical Warfare Agent Sensing Applications
Authors: Soliz Jennifer R. , Ranjit Smriti , Phillips Joshua J. , Rosenberg Richard A. , Hauser Adam J.
Published: August 2023

A dire need for real-time detection of toxic chemical compounds exists in both civilian and military spheres. In this paper, we demonstrate that inexpensive, commercially available Fe2O3 nanoparticles are capable of selective sensing of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) using frequency-dependent impedance spectroscopy, with additional potential as an orthogonal magnetic sensor. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism analysis shows that Fe2O3 nanoparticles possess moderately lowered moment upon exposure to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) and significantly lowered moment upon exposure to dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and dimethyl chlorophosphate (DMCP). Associated X-ray absorption spectra confirm a redox reaction in the Fe2O3 nanoparticles due to CWA structural analog exposure, with differentiable energy-dependent features that suggest selective sensing is possible, given the correct method. Impedance spectroscopy performed on samples dosed with DMMP, DMCP, and tabun (GA, chemical warfare nerve agent) showed strong, differentiable, frequency-dependent responses. The frequency profiles provide unique “shift fingerprints” with which high specificity can be determined, even amongst similar analytes. The results suggest that frequency-dependent impedance fingerprinting using commercially available Fe2O3 nanoparticles as a sensor material is a feasible route to selective detection.
Differentially Private Sparse Covariance Matrix Estimation under Lower-Bounded Moment Assumption
Authors: Li Huimin , Wang Jinru
Published: August 2023

This paper investigates the problem of sparse covariance matrix estimation while the sampling set contains sensitive information, and both the differentially private algorithm and locally differentially private algorithm are adopted to preserve privacy. It is worth noting that the requirement of the distribution assumption in our work is only the existing bounded 4+ε(ε>0) moment. Meanwhile, we reduce the error bounds by modifying the threshold of the existing differentially private algorithms. Finally, the numerical simulations and results from a real data application are presented to support our theoretical claims.
Can a Hand-Held 3D Scanner Capture Temperature-Induced Strain of Mortar Samples? Comparison between Experimental Measurements and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Haynack Alexander , Zadran Sekandar , Timothy Jithender J. , Gambarelli Serena , Kränkel Thomas , Thiel Charlotte , Ožbolt Joško , Gehlen Christoph
Published: August 2023

The expected lifespan of cement-based materials, particularly concrete, is at least 50 years. Changes in the pore structure of the material need to be considered due to external influences and associated transport processes. The expansion behaviour of concrete and mortar during freeze–thaw attacks, combined with de-icing salt agents, is crucial for both internal and external damage. It is essential to determine and simulate the expansion behaviour of these materials in the laboratory, as well as detect the slow, long-term expansion in real structures. This study measures the expansion of mortar samples during freeze–thaw loading using a high-resolution hand-held 3D laser scanner. The specimens are prepared with fully or partially saturated pore structures through water storage or drying. During freeze–thaw experiments, the specimens are exposed to pure water or a 3% sodium chloride solution (NaCl). Results show contraction during freezing and subsequent expansion during thawing. Both test solutions exhibit similar expansion behaviour, with differences primarily due to saturation levels. Further investigations are required to explore the changing expansion behaviour caused by increasing microcracking resulting from continuous freeze–thaw cycles. A numerical analysis using a 3D coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical (HTM) model is conducted to examine the freeze–thaw behaviour of the mortar. The model accurately represents the freezing deformation during the freeze–thaw cycle.
Oral Health Survey in Burundi; Evaluation of the Caries Experience in Schoolchildren Using the DMFT Index
Authors: Lamloum Demetrio , Dettori Marco , La Corte Pino , Agnoli Maria Ruth , Cappai Andrea , Viarchi Arianna , Arghittu Antonella , Wolf Thomas Gerhard , Castiglia Paolo , Campus Guglielmo
Published: August 2023

Background and objectives: There are no data on oral health in the population of Burundi. This study aimed to describe the oral health status of schoolchildren in Burundi using the dmft/DMFT index for the first time. Materials and methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological survey. The survey was designed according to the WHO methodology for oral health surveys. Oral examinations were conducted in school rooms using a dental mirror, probe, and headlight. The following characteristics of primary dentition status were recorded: decayed (d/D), missing (m/M), and filled (f/F) teeth, and the dmft/DMFT (d + m + f t/D + M + F T) index was calculated for each subject. Quantitative and qualitative variables were represented by measures of position and variability. One-way ANOVA was used to assess differences between parametric variables. Logistic regression was performed for total caries experience and gender, age groups, living area, and geographical provinces. Results: A total of 1902 children were examined, 1007 (52.94%) six-year-olds and 895 (47.06%) in the older group. The dmft/DMFT and subgroups were statistically significantly different in terms of age groups, living areas, and geographical regions (dmft/DMFT d-subgroup and D-subgroup p < 0.01), but only for DMFT for sex. The ORs estimated by logistic regression by total caries experience showed a protective effect for 12 year old subjects and those living in southern provinces, an OR of 0.52 (95%CI 0.43–0.64) and an OR of 0.26 (95%CI 0.21–0.32), respectively. Conclusions: Dental caries in African countries, including Burundi, remains a major problem affecting the general health and wellbeing of the population. Tackling untreated caries requires a multifaceted approach, including strengthening oral health infrastructure, promoting oral health education, providing affordable dental services, and encouraging healthier eating habits.
Mixed Corticomedullary Tumor of the Adrenal Gland: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Maradana Jhansi , Edem Dinesh , Menon Lakshmi , Abraham Sonu , Velamala Pruthvi , Trivedi Nitin
Published: August 2023

Adrenal mixed corticomedullary tumors (MCMTs) are composed of an admixture of cortical and medullary cells. Owing to the presence of two distinct components of different embryonic lineage, these tumors are extremely rare. Less than 30 tumors of this type have been reported to date. MCMTs have varied presentation including hypertension, Cushing syndrome or even as adrenal incidentalomas. Also noted is a slightly higher female preponderance. We report a case of a 26-year-old female who was evaluated for uncontrolled hypertension. A renal ultrasound followed by MRI abdomen revealed a 9.3 × 8.1 × 7.0 cm partially cystic, partially solid enhancing mass in the region of/replacing the left adrenal gland. Hormonal work-up was significant for elevated catecholamines concerning pheochromocytoma. She underwent laparoscopic left adrenalectomy, with adequate pre-operative adrenergic blockade. Histology and immunochemical testing were consistent with a mixed corticomedullary tumor. She was monitored annually for recurrence of the tumor. We also performed a comprehensive review of literature of the cases published so far to the best of our knowledge.
Determination of Structure and Cytotoxicity of Ten Undescribed Steroidal Glycosides from Allium cristophii × A. macleanii ‘Globemaster’
Authors: Shimazaki Tamami , Iguchi Tomoki , Takahashi Yuna , Yamamoto Kie , Takahashi Naoki , Mimaki Yoshihiro
Published: August 2023

‘Globemaster’ is an ornamental hybrid cultivar whose parent plants are Allium cristophii and A. macleanii. The chemical constituents of ‘Globemaster’ bulbs have not yet been examined; thus, a systematic phytochemical investigation was undertaken herein. A series of chromatographic separations of the MeOH extract of ‘Globemaster’ bulbs afforded 27 steroidal glycosides (1–27), which are classified into 23 spirostanol glycosides (1–8 and 11–25), two furostanol glycosides (9 and 26), a pregnane glycoside (10), and a cholestane glycoside (27). The structures of the hitherto undescribed compounds (1–10) were determined from the two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data and hydrolysis. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds (1–27) toward HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, A549 human adenocarcinoma lung cancer cells, and SBC-3 human small-cell lung cancer cells was evaluated. Compounds 8, 22, 23, 24, and 26 exhibited cytotoxicity toward all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values in the 1.3–49 µM range.
Cardiometabolic Disorders Are Important Correlates of Vulnerability in Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Kravchenko Ganna , Korycka-Bloch Renata , Stephenson Serena , Kostka Tomasz , Sołtysik Bartłomiej
Published: August 2023

With an increasingly aging population worldwide, the concept of multimorbidity has attracted growing interest over recent years, especially in terms of frailty, which leads to progressive multisystem decline and increased adverse clinical outcomes. The relative contribution of multiple disorders to overall frailty index in older populations has not been established so far. This study aimed to assess the association between the vulnerable elders survey-13 (VES-13) score, which is acknowledged to be one of the most widely used measures of frailty, and the most common accompanying diseases amongst hospitalized adults aged 60 years old and more. A total of 2860 participants with an average age of 83 years were included in this study. Multiple logistic regression with adjustment for age and nutritional status was used to assess the independent impact of every particular disease on vulnerability. Diabetes mellitus type 2, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, fractures, eyes disorders, depression, dementia, pressure ulcers, and urinary incontinence were associated with higher scores of VES-13. Hospital admission of older subjects with those conditions should primarily draw attention to the risk of functional decline, especially while qualifying older patients for further treatment in surgery and oncology. At the same time, lipid disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, higher body mass index, and albumins level were related to a lower risk of being vulnerable, which may be attributed to a younger age and better nutritional status of those patients.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Vitamin D Association in the Overweight and Obese Pediatric Population
Authors: Di Felice Giovina , D’Alessandro Annamaria , Pastore Anna , Mariani Michela , Fintini Danilo , Aureli Alessia , Pezzi Simona , Montemari Anna Lisa , Rocco Beatrice Barbara , Borseti Andrea , Onetti Muda Andrea , Manco Melania , Porzio Ottavia
Published: August 2023

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity have been described by the World Health Organization as noncommunicable diseases and among the greatest public health threats since they have reached epidemic proportions. A child with obesity risks becoming an adult with obesity and developing metabolic and hemostatic disorders which are the basis for the development of coronary heart diseases. Recently, a number of clinical reports have demonstrated that both an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and a deficiency in 25OH-vitamin D3 (VD) are associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes. Methods: PAI-1 and VD levels were measured in 259 clinically overweight and obese children aged between 2 and 18 years enrolled in the Nutritional Education Program of the Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute of Rome (Italy) and 80 normal-weight subjects. Results: We observed increased HOMA-IR, PAI-1, and other inflammation indices associated with decreased VD levels when compared to normal-weight children. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that overweight and obesity are correlated with higher levels of the inflammation index. Moreover, our patients show high PAI-1 and low VD levels, confirming the high thrombotic risk in our pediatric population.
MCT-Induced Ketosis and Fiber in Rheumatoid Arthritis (MIKARA)—Study Protocol and Primary Endpoint Results of the Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Intervention Study Indicating Effects on Disease Activity in RA Patients
Authors: Heidt Christina , Pons-Kühnemann Jörn , Kämmerer Ulrike , Marquardt Thorsten , Reuss-Borst Monika
Published: August 2023

Fatty acids, such as medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), both important components of a normal diet, have been reported to play a role in bone-related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the role of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) has not been investigated in RA to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of regular diet with MCT with and without fiber on disease activity as measured with the SDAI (Simplified Disease Activity Index) in RA patients. A total of 61 RA patients on stable drug treatment were randomly assigned to a twice-daily control regimen or to a twice-daily regimen of a formulation containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) 30 g/day for 8 weeks followed by a second twice-daily regimen of combining MCT (30 g/day) plus fiber (30 g/day) for an additional 8 weeks. The control group received a formulation containing long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) instead of MCTs. The preliminary results showed a significant reduction in SDAI from baseline to week 16 in the test group and a significant increase in β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels, while no improvement in SDAI was observed in the control group.
The Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Performance as a Function of Habitual Dietary Intake of Nitrates: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Elite Football Players
Authors: Macuh Matjaž , Kojić Nenad , Knap Bojan
Published: August 2023

Nitrates are an effective ergogenic supplement; however, the effects of nitrate supplements based on habitual dietary nitrate intake through diet alone are not well understood. We aimed to assess this in a group of 15 highly trained football players from Slovenian football’s First Division. Participants underwent two separate Cooper performance tests either with nitrate supplementation (400 mg nitrates) or placebo while having their nutrition assessed for nitrate intake, as well as energy and macronutrient intake. Nitrate supplementation had a statistically significant positive effect on performance if baseline dietary nitrate intake was below 300 mg (p = 0.0104) in both the placebo and intervention groups. No effects of nitrate supplementation when baseline dietary nitrate intake was higher than 300 mg in the placebo group could be concluded due to the small sample size. Nitrate supplementation did not have a significant effect on perceived exertion. The daily nitrate intake of the participants was measured at 165 mg, with the majority of nitrates coming from nitrate-rich vegetables.
Metabolic Profile of Liver Transplant Recipients and Determinants of their Body Fat Distribution
Authors: Czarnecka Kinga , Czarnecka Paulina , Tronina Olga , Bączkowska Teresa , Jagielska Anna , Durlik Magdalena
Published: August 2023

Obesity and diabetes mellitus epidemics exert a measurable impact on the liver transplant (Ltx) population. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic profile of Ltx recipients and its association with body fat distribution. Adults who underwent de novo elective cadaveric-donor Ltx were eligible. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed based on the adapted International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines. We recruited 100 patients with a mean age of 54 years, of whom 70% were men. Overall, 54% met the criteria for MS, most of which comprised new-onset cases. Excessive fat accumulation in liver donors was found to be associated with an increased metabolic risk in liver recipients. Haemoglobin A1C (OR: 8.962, 95% CI: 2.188–84.545, p = 0.013), ferritin (OR: 1.024, 95% CI: 1.005–1.054, p = 0.038), and de novo hypertriglycaeridemia (OR 27.957, 95% CI: 2.626–752.121, p = 0.014) were found to be independently associated with de novo MS. After a step-wise multivariate analysis, only the anthropometric obesity indices were significantly associated with abdominal fat distribution in Ltx recipients. Metabolic complications were common in liver recipients. Both pre- and post-Ltx factors impacted MS development in liver recipients and determined abdominal fat distribution.
The Normative Complexity of Virtues
Authors: Luvisotto Giulia
Published: August 2023

On what I will call the standard view, the distinction between the moral and the epistemic realms is both psychologically and conceptually prior to the distinction between any two given virtues. This widespread view supports the claim that there are moral and intellectual (or epistemic) virtues. Call this the fundamental distinction. In this paper, I raise some questions for both the standard view and the fundamental distinction, and I propose an alternative view on which virtues regain priority over the moral/epistemic divide. I suggest understanding them as normatively complex, distinctive sensitivities to both theoretical and practical reasons.