bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of an Ambassador program to reduce occupational violence in hospital inpatient settings: a pilot study
Authors: Jeffries Lita , Xu Hui (Grace) , Doubrovsky Anna , Woollett Kaylene , Griffiths Joanna , Duff Jed
Published: November 2024

Background Occupational violence (OV) is a significant workplace issue that affects 62% of healthcare workers globally. An Ambassador is a new role that focuses on preventing OV in healthcare settings. They proactively engage with patients and visitors, using behavioural strategies to redirect or de-escalate people who may be of concern. This pilot study evaluated the introduction of an Ambassador in an acute inpatient hospital setting. Methods A cross-sectional multiple-method evaluation was conducted in three surgical wards in a major metropolitan hospital in Australia from December 2020 to February 2021. Data from security records, incident reports and staff surveys were collected before and during the pilot. The survey included multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analysed in SPSS, and qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results After the 3 month pilot, a significant decrease was seen in security calls (from 111 to 44, a decrease of 60%, χ2 = 28.96, P < 0.001) and incident reports (from 20 to 6, a decrease of 70%, χ2 = 7.54, P = 0.006). Staff surveys showed an increased awareness of OV as a workplace issue (from 60% to 82%, χ2 = 7.65, P = 0.005). The qualitative analysis identified three main themes: professional roles and functions, key personnel characteristics, and suggestions for future implementation. Conclusions An improvement was seen in the staff perception of safety and a reduction in organisational metrics related to OV. Future research is required to evaluate program effectiveness across different wards and settings. Application to practice The success of the Ambassador program relies on selecting the right candidates, providing clear role descriptions, offering appropriate training and ensuring adequate support resources.
1.1.1. Medieval holograph manuscripts
Authors: Wakelin Daniel
Published: November 2024

While all medieval books are manuscripts, it is often said that few are authorial holographs; most are copies by other scribes for circulation. Many traces of composition have been lost, as that process occurred orally or on ephemeral materials. Nonetheless, some authorial holographs survive and show similar stages of composition and revision to the literary holographs of later periods. In addition, scribal copies themselves show evidence of rewriting that could potentially be considered a kind of authorship, thus making these copies into holographs for scribal authors, especially in works of pragmatic literacy. Authorial holographs are therefore not rare but ubiquitous.
1.1.5. The twentieth century
Authors: Randall Bryony
Published: November 2024

This chapter offers an overview of tendencies in manuscript revision habits over the twentieth century, providing examples from twenty different writers. While the typewriter was already widely used by the end of the nineteenth century, handwriting remained the primary mode of initial literary composition until well into the twentieth; the first section of this chapter explores this practice and variations on it. Around mid-century, writers were more actively exploring the creative opportunities offered by composition on a typewriter. The chapter’s final section explores the effect of word-processing technologies on authors’ revision habits, as well as the advent of the “born digital” manuscript, and the challenge presented by the digital archive.
1.1.6. The twenty-first century
Authors: Bekius Lamyk , Van Hulle Dirk
Published: November 2024

In the twenty-first century, the digital medium has become an indispensable part of the literary writing process and can hardly be neglected in the study of the literary draft from this – yet very recent – millennium. In this chapter, we examine four manifestations of the twenty-first century literary draft on a spectrum ranging from fully analogue to fully digital: the paper draft of Ian McEwan’s Atonement, the self-archived digital draft of Bart Moeyaert’s Het paradijs, the hybrid draft of Gie Bogaert’s Roosevelt, and the keystroke logging draft of David Troch’s story “Mondini”. These types of drafts offer their respective levels of granularity to examine the writing process, and especially the latter type of draft presents us with a hitherto unprecedented degree of detail, opening up the document’s nanogenesis.
1.2.2. Russian traditions
Authors: Pilshchikov Igor
Published: November 2024

An umbrella term that defines the Russian traditions of textual criticism, history of text, and editorial technique is “textology.” The interest in the author’s manuscripts arose in Russia in the pre-Romantic age. Nineteenth-century positivist scholars of Aleksandr Pushkin’s writings were the first to start publishing his holographs. Pushkin editions became a testing ground and a paragon for all other editions of Russian classics. In the late 1920s, ex-formalists Boris Tomashevsky and Sergei Bondi revised the pre-revolutionary approach to presenting a set of drafts and variants. Instead of topographic transcriptions advocated by the Pushkin Commission of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, they developed the method of a layer-by-layer reproduction of literary autographs. Contemporary digital publication formats can effectively resolve this antinomy.
1.2.4. Anglophone traditions
Authors: Eggert Paul
Published: November 2024

Spurred on by new editions of works of modern literature in which manuscript materials are often extant, editorial theory since the 1980s has been laying the groundwork for the wider introduction of a genetic perspective on the works of Anglophone authors. Resistance to the idea from the 1940s is traced. The editing of writers’ journals during the 1970s–1990s shows a hesitation to follow the brave lead of the Harvard edition of Emerson’s Journals in recording in-text cancellations and additions. Editors’ conceptions of the reader of their editions have evolved since 1950. The advent of the Cornell Wordsworth and Cornell Yeats editions broadened understanding of the editorial-archival function; the method has become accepted as the base-line responsibility of digital editors.
1.2.8. Drafts on the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Dionísio João
Published: November 2024

Previously unobserved in a global view, drafts belonging to Iberian literary and cultural traditions are here exploratorily approached in accordance with a wide sense of the term “draft”. The chapter is divided into four sections: following some preliminary remarks, several desiderata for a future history of drafts in the Iberian Peninsula are presented; the second section reflects upon the coincidence (or lack thereof) between intellectual property and scribal agency in the composition of drafts; the third is focused on the morphology and function of blank spaces in genetic materials; the conclusion discusses, and contests, the idea of the draft as an unsuitable transcription, arguing in turn for its status as a site where fluid authorial goals are enacted.
1.3.1. Writer’s block
Authors: Purkiss Diane
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores writer’s block by analysing the rewards of the writing process and its causation using a mixture of behaviourism and neuroscience, in an effort to move beyond the idea that writing is about rational intent. In particular, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow is used to describe the pleasure available to writers and it is suggested that this in itself explains writing. A short section on the invocation to the Muse suggests that difficulties in composition occur throughout writing history. Through three case studies – John Milton, Ernest Hemingway, and J. R. R. Tolkien – the highly individual experience of writer’s block and its remedies are demonstrated.
1.4.1. Poetry
Authors: Mierlo Wim Van
Published: November 2024

Surveying the form and cultural significance of English poetry manuscripts in the period since 1600, this chapter looks at the unique features of the poetry manuscript. The first section discusses the authenticity value of poetry manuscripts as objects that were collected and exchanged. As gifts within domestic and literary networks, poetry manuscripts often held special value, representing the physical embodiment of friendship. The material proximity to the hand that created the poem forms the subject of the second section on creativity. Bringing to the fore conflicting attitudes towards the poet’s workshop, this section offers a reflection on the working of the imagination as manifested on the page. This finally leads to an investigation of the creative traces recorded on the manuscript, which analyses modes of composition as well as the poet’s own special relationship with their manuscript and how, as physical object, the manuscript impacts on the creative process.
1.5.2. Pruning
Authors: Groenland Tim
Published: November 2024

Editorial intervention is often essential to a text’s development, and yet the work of literary editors is often obscured. This chapter examines some of the critical issues around the role of the editor, arguing for the importance of the editorial process and considering examples of textual development and critical issues resulting from it. Specifically, it analyses the editing of the ending of Jean Rhys’s Voyage in the Dark to demonstrate the way in which textual cutting can significantly impact a literary work’s development and reception; these kinds of cuts can echo throughout an author’s career in surprising ways.
2.1.3. Archiving practices
Authors: Fletcher Christopher
Published: November 2024

The survival or loss of autograph literary manuscripts is considered, particularly in the context of British materials and drawing frequently but not exclusively upon the holdings of the Bodleian Library in Oxford. A chronological approach demonstrates the accruing importance attached to manuscripts written in the hand of their authors by collectors, institutions, scholars, the public and other agents, including funders and legislators. Reference is made to recent developments in the area of joint acquisition and questions are raised about the future of the autograph manuscript in the digital age.
2.2.1. Metaphors for the writing process
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses various metaphors that have been suggested as conceptual models by numerous authors in the past to try and understand aspects of their creative process and the roles of the literary draft. The question is whether they are all equally apt. By juxtaposing several of them, the aim is to investigate to what extent certain metaphors are forms of writers’ self-representation that may not always correspond with the reality of what is left in the drafts. These metaphors are organised in three sections, focusing respectively on questions of “Authorship” (ways of framing what it is to be a maker or creator), “Inspiration” (imagination, invention, discovery as cognitive phenomena) (Clark 1997), and “Perspiration” (writing strategies, tactics and techniques).
2.3.5. Radio
Authors: Verhulst Pim
Published: November 2024

After contextualising the radio medium in relation to theatre, television and film, and then distinguishing between different types of radio drama, this chapter argues that radio plays are a hybrid (text/sound) art form, as opposed to a “purely acoustic” one, that needs to be researched from an archival perspective, which includes not only drafts, production scripts and recordings, but also ancillary materials such as letters and documents preserved at broadcasting services. In order to illustrate this point, it uses genetic criticism as a methodological framework and four case studies broadcast on the various networks of the BBC: Dylan Thomas’s Under Milk Wood (1954), Harold Pinter’s A Slight Ache (1959), Caryl Churchill’s Identical Twins (1968) and Andrew Sachs’s The Revenge (1978).
Editorial: Animals in Tourism
Authors: Kline Carol
Published: November 2024

Tourism Cases on Animal Tourism
(2022) explores diverse, global perspectives on animals in tourism, presenting case studies that foster ethical reflection, inspire industry practices, and enrich academic inquiry. Each case, adaptable for educational settings, highlights welfare challenges and examples of progressive, responsible tourism supporting animalwelfare.

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© The Author 2024
An unconventional purine connection
Authors: Grassi Fabio
Published: November 2024

Xu et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20240354) define NAD-induced cell death via purinergic P2RX7 receptor in type 1 unconventional T cells, particularly intrahepatic MAIT cells that are pivotal in liver homeostasis. Therefore, P2RX7 is a potential target to modulate unconventional T cells in immunopathological conditions and cancer.
Reverse design of load-bearing broadband metamaterial absorber assisted by deep learning
Authors: Ding Kaifa , Yang Yang
Published: November 2024

In response to the current challenges of narrow absorption bandwidth, weak load-bearing capacity, and low design efficiency in absorbing structures, this study focuses on the reverse design of load-bearing broadband metamaterial absorber. A parameterized model of load-bearing metamaterial absorber was developed by integrating the composite sandwich structure with the electromagnetic resonant layers. The resonant layer was constructed using the combination of Vicsek-fractal and circular rings, with resistive films employed to broaden the absorption bandwidth. A deep learning-based forward prediction model was established to accurately predict the absorbance of the metamaterial absorber. The shapley additive explanations (SHAP) framework was utilized to analyze the forward prediction network, revealing the influence of various design parameters on the absorbance at center frequencies across the L to K band spectrum. Additionally, the group teaching optimization algorithm (GTOA) was introduced into the design process, leading to the development of an automated reverse design method for metamaterial absorber that can achieve specific design objectives. Using the GTOA-based reverse design method, a metamaterial absorber capable of effectively absorbing vertically incident electromagnetic waves within the 3–20 GHz frequency range was designed. The designed absorbing structure was fabricated, and its absorption performance was measured using the arch method. The measurement results were found to be in good agreement with the simulation data. The absorbing mechanism of the designed metamaterial absorber was analyzed based on the calculation of equivalent electromagnetic parameters and the electromagnetic resonance observed at the resonant frequency. It was determined that the primary absorbing effect is induced by electric resonance triggered by electromagnetic waves. The proposed metamaterial absorber can be applied to radar stealth design for military targets such as naval vessels. The research methodology and approach demonstrate significant generalizability and engineering applicability.
Probing modified Hawking evaporation with gravitational waves from the primordial black hole dominated universe
Authors: Balaji Shyam , Domènech Guillem , Franciolini Gabriele , Ganz Alexander , Tränkle Jan
Published: November 2024

It has been recently proposed that Hawking evaporation might slow down after a black hole has lost about half of its mass. Such an effect, called “memory burden”, is parameterized as a suppression in the mass loss rate by negative powers n
of the black hole entropy and could considerably extend the lifetime of a black hole. We study the impact of memory burden on the Primordial Black Hole (PBH) reheating scenario.
Modified PBH evaporation leads to a significantly longer PBH dominated stage. Requiring that PBHs evaporate prior enough to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis shrinks the allowed PBH mass range. Indeed, we find that for n > 2.5 the PBH reheating scenario is not viable. The frequency of the Gravitational Waves (GWs) induced by PBH number density fluctuations is bound to be larger than about a Hz, while the amplitude of the GW spectrum is enhanced due to the longer PBH dominated phase. Interestingly, we show that, in some models, the slope of the induced GW spectrum might be sensitive to the modifications to Hawking evaporation, proving it may be possible to test the “memory burden” effect via induced GWs. Lastly, we argue that our results could also apply to general modifications of Hawking evaporation.
Strong lensing as a probe of braneworld
Authors: Zhang Yi , Liu Hong , Wen Dan , Zhang Hongsheng
Published: November 2024

For the first time, we use the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) data to constrain the parameters of braneworld black holes which constrain ϵ = 0.0285+0.0888+0.1456
-0.0895-0.1475 for the anisotropic black hole and q = -0.0305+0.1034+0.1953
-0.0895-0.1470 for the tidal Reissner-Nordström (RN) black hole. Based on the fitted data and physical requirement, we calculate the photon deflection, the angular separation and time delay between different relativistic images of the anisotropic black hole and the tidal RN black hole in the ranges -0.1190 < ϵ < 0 and -0.1775 < q < 0. And furthermore, we study the quasinormal modes (QNMs) for the braneworld black holes. The results shed light on existence of extra dimension.
Backward pumping Tm-doped fiber amplifier with >60% slope efficiency
Authors: Zhu R Z , Hu C D , Wang J C , Wen X , Zhang H B
Published: November 2024

In this paper, an efficient all fiber Tm-doped fiber amplifier which is backward-pumped with multi-mode laser diodes at 793 nm is reported. A maximum slope efficiency of 64.4%, a maximum output power of 35.5 W, a spectral signal to noise ratio of 66 dB and an ideal Gaussian beam profile are achieved. The results indicate that the implementation of a backward pumping scheme and strong injection of the seed power can enhance the slope efficiency, which is particularly crucial for high power fiber amplifiers at 2 μm.
The Discrete Grey Power Model Based on Aging Accumulation and its Application
Authors: Yang Baohua , Li Kegang , Zhao Jinshuai
Published: November 2024

Accumulation generation is one of the key methods to reduce the randomness of data series, which significantly enhances the predictive performance of the grey prediction model. By integrating a degenerate operator, a novel accumulating discrete grey power model is introduced, capable of substantially enhancing the accuracy of predictions. This method allows for the flexible adjustment of the accumulation coefficient in the modeling data, mitigating the fluctuations in model parameters due to data perturbations, and effectively minimizing the loss of differential information. The outcomes of practical numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed aging accumulation discrete grey power model exhibits superior performance.
Small Object Detection with Small Samples Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Chen Yuanwei , Liu Shishuo , Li Yang , Tian Luyun , Chen Qianqian , Li Jilin
Published: November 2024

Interpretation of remote sensing images has become a research hotspot in the field of remote sensing in recent years. It is currently widely applied in areas such as mapping, dynamic monitoring, earth resource surveys and geological disaster investigation. Compared to traditional methods, remote sensing image target detection and recognition methods based on deep learning have achieved significant improvements in accuracy. However, these methods often face challenges such as sample scarcity, interference from complex background, limited feature information, and the dependence on discriminative key feature regions for recognizing fine-grained targets. Addressing these challenges, this paper conducts research on small target detection methods using high-resolution remote sensing images. It explores deep learning theories and methods such as feature enhancement and attention mechanisms within a supervised learning framework. The proposed target detection model consists of four parts: Deep feature extraction module, which extracts features of small targets at multiple scales. Feature enhancement module, which enhances the feature differences between the background and small targets at different scales. Target detection module based on enhanced features. Loss function for optimizing network parameters. Experimental validation shows that this model can effectively extract feature information of small targets under sample-scarce conditions, achieving outstanding results in small target detection in remote sensing images.
Bi-objective Robust Optimization on LNG Hybrid Energy Vessel Routing for Floating Marine Debris Collection
Authors: Feng Xuan , Duan Gang
Published: November 2024

Marine debris not only damages ecosystem, but also threatens marine life and human health. The effective way to remove marine debris is to send ships to collect it, so this paper studies the problem of vessel route for debris collection. Due to the high carbon emissions of traditional diesel, we use LNG and diesel hybrid-powered ships. Since the weight of marine debris is difficult to measure, we consider the weight of debris as an uncertain parameter. And we establish a bi-objective robust optimization model with the objectives of minimizing travel time and carbon emissions. Then, through dual theory and equivalent transformation, we convert the robust model into a deterministic model. We combine the traditional MOEA/D with a neighborhood search algorithm to design the H-MOEA/D algorithm. Finally, 30 debris spots in the sea area near Yangshan Port are selected as examples to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The results show that hybrid energy ships can save time and resources effectively and reduce carbon emission.
On the Generalization of an Attention-based GRU Model for Shield Attitude and Position Prediction
Authors: Yao Chun-Qiao , An Hong-Bin , Cao Song-Ran , Chen Elton J.
Published: November 2024

Misalignment between the shield machine and tunnel design axis during tunneling can result in several issues. Shield attitude parameters are crucial for ensuring stable tunneling and reducing the risk of accidents in shield projects. This study investigates a method for predicting EPB shield attitudes using various algorithms. A reliable model for predicting shield attitudes was constructed by a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and attention mechanism that can prioritize core parameters with higher weights. The Pearson correlation coefficient method was conducted to analyze input parameters in order to enhance prediction efficiency. The test results indicate that the proposed GRU-Attention based method achieves satisfactory predictions, with an average R2 value of 0.85. Additional data is extracted to validate the generalization of the trained model. Finally, the factors influencing the model’s generalization were analyzed to provide experience for further development of cross-engineering predictive models.
Correspondence between Morphometric MRI and Metabolism Profile in Self-limited Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes
Authors: Yang Siqi , Liao Wei
Published: November 2024

Self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) is a common pediatric epilepsy, and this age-dependent subtype usually incidents in the golden period of brain development. The integration of multi-scale and cross-modal brain image data can help to analyze the neural mechanism of brain development. In this study, we aimed to test whether macroscale brain morphometric features were altered in children with SeLECTS, and how the differences were related to clinical phenotypes and brain metabolism profiles. We extracted five cortical morphometric features to construct morphometric similarity (MS) connectome. The study revealed significant case-control differences in the MS in children with SeLECTS, mainly involved in left prefrontal area, right precuneus, left supramarginal gyrus and medial temporal gyrus. The MS in supramarginal gyrus was negatively correlated with general intelligence measurements. And the global changes of the MS showed correlations between metabolism profiles of dopamine D2, glutamate and vesicular acetylcholine transporter distributions.
Optimization of Parameter Estimation for Weibull-Distributed Interval-censored Data
Authors: Yu Yang , Gong Jianguo , Zhu Kunping
Published: November 2024

The proposed method deals with a common type of data in reliability engineering with the number of failures checked at predetermined intervals. Different from the numerical algorithms, approximate analytical expressions for the Parameter Estimation of Weibull Distributions are obtained in this paper by fitting the probability density with the frequency histogram directly. Theoretical proof of the analytical solutions is given in terms of the dual least squares method, and the effectiveness of the analytical solutions is also verified through Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, the method’s superiority is demonstrated by comparing it with the related techniques in the literature. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the Hong Kong casualty data from the World Health Organization, and the distribution of population in each age group among the unknown casualties is effectively predicted.
Simulation of Damage and Destruction Mechanism of Rock Body Scale Surrounding Rock in Soft Rock Tunneling Project
Authors: Wang Xiong , Li Bo , Yu Zhehan , Chen Jiancheng , Lu Yunhui , Yu Wenhai , Song Xinhong
Published: November 2024

The Yunnan-China Dianzhong Diversion Project, one of the largest diversion projects currently under construction in China, aims to optimize water allocation issues in Yunnan. The project traverses areas of sandy dolomite, a typical soft rock characterized by a loose texture and low strength. This paper examines the damage and destruction of the surrounding rock within the engineering scale of a sanded dolomite tunnel. By combining field construction data with the Mohr-Coulomb ontological model, the study investigates the damage and destruction process of sanded dolomite tunnels and evaluates the influence of various factors on the rock body. The results indicate a strong correlation between the degree of sanding in dolomite and the extent of damage to the surrounding rocks. As the sanding degree increases, the particle size of the dolomite diminishes, leading to a decrease in the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength, while Poisson’s ratio increases. A higher fine-grained content corresponds to a greater modulus of elasticity and a smaller Poisson’s ratio. Similarly, increased cementation strength results in a higher modulus of elasticity and a lower Poisson’s ratio. With the progression of the sanded dolomite grade, the porosity within the rock body gradually increases, and the likelihood of cracks propagating to the surface at the tunnel’s top becomes more pronounced.
Based on Finite Element Simulation: Optimization of Microneedle Structure and Mechanical Performance Analysis
Authors: Wang Wenkai , Liang Yanhong , Yan Xiaoxiao , Tang Gang , Xu Fang , Li Zhibiao
Published: November 2024

Microneedles, as an innovative drug delivery technology, demonstrate great potential for application due to their superior performance in transdermal drug delivery. Compared with traditional injection needles, microneedles can reduce pain and the risk of infection after insertion into the skin, and have the potential to organically combine with other external technologies to further enhance the effectiveness of drug delivery and therapeutic effect. However, to achieve efficient drug delivery, the design and optimization of microneedles must comprehensively consider their mechanical properties and penetration depth. This study systematically analyzes the mechanical performance of microneedles by using finite element software to simulate the skin insertion process of single microneedles, dual microneedles, and microneedle arrays. Firstly, a simplified skin model and a two-dimensional axisymmetric model were established to simulate the penetration force and stress variations during the insertion of a single microneedle into the skin. Subsequently, the relationship between penetration force and depth for double and nine-needle arrays under different spacing conditions was studied. The simulation results show that the spacing between microneedles significantly affects their penetration performance: as the spacing increases, the penetration depth and force gradually decrease, but this effect diminishes when the spacing exceeds 500 μm. Ultimately, a centre spacing of 600 μm was determined to be the optimal spacing for the microneedle arrays. This study not only confirms the validity of the theoretical analysis but also provides an important basis for the design and optimization of microneedle structures.
Numerical Simulation on Dynamic Stall Characteristics of Iced Airfoil for Helicopter Rotor
Authors: Niu Qingfeng , Yuan Mingchuan
Published: November 2024

The icing of the rotor blade will change the aerodynamic surface shape of the rotor blade, which will affect the aerodynamic performance of the rotor. In order to study the effect of icing on the stall characteristics of rotor-blade airfoil, especially the dynamic stall characteristics, the airfoil icing shape is obtained by using FENSAP-ICE software, and the dynamic stall characteristics of rotor-blade airfoil OA209 are calculated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) software STAR CCM+. The grid of the icing airfoil is an O-shaped grid topology and the background grid adopts a Cartesian grid. The compressible Reynolds averaged N-S equation is used to calculate the flow field of the clean airfoil and the iced airfoil, and the variation law of the airfoil lift drag coefficient with the attack angle of an airfoil is obtained. The calculation shows that the iced airfoil will increase the airfoil drag and reduce the steady stall angle of attack; The dynamic stall angle of attack is also reduced, and the reattachment ability of the air flow decreases during the decrease of attack angle of the airfoil.
Research on Load Correlation of Blunt Headed Aircraft
Authors: Hou Yingyu , Li Qi , Liu Ziqiang
Published: November 2024

In order to study the influencing factors of static and dynamic loads on short blunt body balanced wing structures in the external atmospheric environment, and to avoid and prevent structural overload and damage, this paper conducted load tests on short blunt body structures and conducted load correlation analysis. This article establishes a dynamic load testing method for internal excitation and measurement, which is more suitable for dynamic load measurement of small structures compared to traditional wind tunnel testing techniques. On this basis, the influencing factors of dynamic loads were studied. By measuring and changing the Mach number, angle of attack, model frequency, and aerodynamic damping data of the model flight, the influence of the above variables on the static and dynamic loads of the model was obtained. The experimental results indicate that the established measurement technique can accurately and effectively obtain static and dynamic test results of the structure. Pneumatic damping is negatively correlated with dynamic loads, with a correlation coefficient of around -0.8. The Mach number and angle of attack are positively correlated with dynamic loads, with a correlation coefficient of around 0.98. This article establishes a new wind tunnel testing and measurement method, analyzes the influencing factors of dynamic loads, and is of great significance for dynamic load measurement and the design of new aircraft.
Cage Dynamic Analysis of Four-point Contact Ball Bearing for High-speed Railway Traction Motor
Authors: Wang Yongjie , Wang Haoyang , Yan Jingxiang , Wang Bing , Wen Baogang
Published: November 2024

The cage, serving as a pivotal element in rolling bearings, possesses dynamic characteristics that have a direct bearing on the overall performance of the bearing. This paper caters to the requirements of dynamic and strength analysis of the four-point contact ball-bearing cage in high-speed railway traction motors. A rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model of the bearing is established on the ADAMS platform and its dynamic analysis was carried out under variable axial forces and with different guiding clearances. The results show that the variable axial force has little effect on the bearing cage stress, but has a great effect on the bearing cage motion. The guiding clearance has little effect on the stress of the cage, but it affects the displacement and speed of the cage obviously.
Seven years into the North Pacific garbage patch: legacy plastic fragments rising disproportionally faster than larger floating objects
Authors: Lebreton Laurent , de Vries Robin , Pham Yannick , Wolter Helen , van Vulpen Marjolein , Puskic Peter , Sainte-Rose Bruno , Royer Sarah-Jeanne , Egger Matthias
Published: November 2024

The North Pacific garbage patch has accumulated floating plastic pollution for several decades. The Ocean Cleanup, a not-for-profit organization that works to retrieve this floating plastic, has conducted systematic surveys in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre since 2015. The dataset, now spanning seven years, includes the deployment of trawls of varying sizes and the collection of aerial imagery. Here, we report a synthesis of these measurements and highlight an unexpected rise in mass concentration of plastic fragments (0.5–50 mm, from 2.9 kg km−2 in 2015 to 14.2 kg km−2 in 2022), increasing at a faster rate than that of larger items (>50 mm). With a mass balance model, we show that a substantial fraction of this material (74%–96%) is new to the region and does not result from the degradation of larger items that were already present in these waters seven years ago. Instead, we hypothesise it is the signature of the degradation and transport processes of legacy floating plastic pollution left accumulated in the global marine environment for the past decades.
GLOF Risk Management Experiences and Options: A Global Overview
Authors: Niggli Laura , Allen Simon , Frey Holger , Huggel Christian , Petrakov Dmitry , Raimbekova Zhanar , Reynolds John , Wang Weicai
Published: November 2024

The prevalence and impacts of glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in all glacierized mountain ranges globally underlines the importance of GLOF disaster risk management (DRM). A large variety of types of GLOF DRM measures exists, targeting the reduction of the hazard of a potential GLOF, of the exposure, or of the vulnerability of people and infrastructure. A wide range of such measures have been implemented in different mountain regions all over the world since the mid 20th century. While many of these measures have been reported, there are relevant gaps in the systematic documentation, analysis, and evaluation of GLOF DRM measures globally. A comprehensive compilation, classification and evaluation of GLOF DRM measures is required to establish a guidance for best practice approaches. DRM measures aiming at a reduction of the hazard component are typically structural measures, while vulnerability is addressed mainly by nonstructural measures. Hazard and exposure reduction measures cover all temporal ranges from short- to long-term interventions. The design and implementation of GLOF DRM measures is demanding due to harsh environmental conditions, remoteness, and rapidly changing hazard and risk situations on the one hand. Institutional and organizational aspects related to the funding, planning, and implementation of such measures, on the other hand, pose further challenges to successful GLOF DRM.
Application of hydrostatic pressure up-regulates Sost gene expression in osteocytic spheroids
Authors: Kim Jeonghyun , Niioka Kotone , Maeda Eijiro , Matsumoto Takeo
Published: November 2024

In this study, we developed a hydrostatic pressurizing chamber capable of applying hydrostatic pressure to osteocytic spheroids derived from mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Our results demonstrate that a 4-h exposure to 200 kPa of hydrostatic pressure did not alter the apparent morphology of the spheroids. However, gene expression analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of Sost, a marker of late-stage osteocyte differentiation.
Effects of incentivising dialysis facilities on peripheral arterial disease care in patients undergoing haemodialysis: a claims-based cohort study
Authors: Suzuki Yasunori , Iwagami Masao , Shimizu Sayuri , Goto Atsushi
Published: November 2024

Background

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) occurs frequently in patients undergoing dialysis, but early intervention for PAD may not be fully implemented. We evaluated the effects of financially incentivising dialysis facilities that provided early detection and management of PAD on outcomes of PAD care.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study identified patients aged 18–74 years who received maintenance haemodialysis between April 2016 and March 2021 from the JMDC Claims Database. The (time-dependent) exposure was claim for incentives for early detection and management of PAD. The outcomes were PAD screening tests (process indicator) and infections, revascularisation procedures, and amputations in the lower extremities (outcome indicators). We used Poisson regression models with generalised estimation equations for the number of screening tests and Cox proportional hazards models for the first incidence of the outcome indicator.

Results

Overall, 5850 patients on haemodialysis were identified: 5183 and 667 with and without claims for the incentive, respectively; the numbers of screening tests were 9070 and 776, respectively (adjusted ratio of the frequency, 1.89 [95% confidence interval 1.70–2.10]). Among patients with and without claims for the incentive, infections occurred in 479 and 109 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.99 [0.80–1.23]), revascularisations were performed in 192 and 29 (adjusted HR, 1.11 [0.75–1.66]), and amputations were conducted in 72 and 9 patients, respectively (adjusted HR, 1.35 [0.66–2.75]).

Conclusion

The financial incentive for early detection and management of PAD was associated with a higher frequency of PAD screening tests, but not with improved outcome indicators.
Using Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)-C3 cycle and common inventory of cybersecurity controls from ISO/IEC 27002:2022 to prevent cybercrimes
Authors: Ho Heemeng , Ko Ryan , Mazerolle Lorraine , Gilmour John , Miao Cheng
Published: November 2024

Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) is a well-documented crime prevention approach that reduces criminal opportunities for a range of different crimes. However, SCP adoption in combating cybercrimes is currently limited. Current cybersecurity controls are not mapped to crime prevention techniques, and consequently, it is hard to gauge if existing controls are actually effective in reducing crime opportunities. The dynamic environments and complex nature of cybercrimes—spanning from human-centric cyber-enabled crimes to highly technical cyber-focused crimes—exacerbate the inability to apply or measure cybersecurity controls for crime prevention effectiveness. Using best practices from the globally adopted ISO/IEC 27002:2022 standard, our paper aligns industry best-practice cybersecurity controls with the five SCP strategies and 25 techniques. We conduct a comprehensive review of 1788 peer-reviewed academic articles across computer science, criminal justice, and criminology literature using the PRISMA method. We elucidate how our common inventory of SCP-based cybersecurity controls is developed and the rationale behind the mapping of ISO/IEC controls to SCP classification. We propose our SCP-C3 (Concentrate, Comprehend, and Consider) cycle as an instrument to facilitate multi-disciplinary research in cybercrime prevention and illustrate conceptually how our SCP-C3 cycle and common inventory can be applied at intervention points in cybercrime modelling techniques in a multi-disciplinary environment.
The effect of earthquake fault rupture kinematics on tsunami generation: a numerical study of real events
Authors: Sementsov K A , Baba T , Kolesov S V , Tanioka Y , Nosov M A
Published: November 2024

The study is devoted to the effect of the fault rupture kinematics in the earthquake source on tsunami generation. Sixteen events of years 1992–2021 are investigated. For each event, the kinematic tsunami source (bottom motion during the earthquake) and the static tsunami source (permanent bottom deformation) were calculated using the Finite Fault Models provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. For both sources, numerical tsunami simulations were carried out within the framework of linear long-wave theory. Comparison of the simulation results showed that in 10 out of 16 events, the energy of tsunami excited by the kinematic source is greater than that excited by the static source. The maximum energy amplification (9.1 per cent) is observed at the minimum ratio of average rupture velocity to long-wave velocity. The Illapel 2015 event has been investigated more thoroughly using dispersive tsunami models jagurs and cptm. This investigation showed that the kinematic source causes a spatial redistribution of tsunami amplitudes and a notable amplification of the high-frequency component in the time-series of tsunami height. At some points along the Chilean coast, the difference between the kinematic and static calculations is more than 2 m.
Pharmacologic Inhibition of Macrophage Triglyceride Biosynthesis Pathways Does Not Improve Mycobacterium tuberculosis Control in Infected Mice
Authors: Ruelas Castillo Jennie , Guerrini Valentina , Quijada Darla , Karanika Styliani , Neupane Pranita , Urbanowski Michael E , Shenkoya Babajide , Harris Harley , Garcia Andrew , Yilma Addis , Annunziata Hannah , Khan Rehan , Gopalakrishnan Mathangi , Gennaro Maria L , Karakousis Petros C
Published: November 2024

Tuberculosis necrotic granulomas contain triglyceride-rich macrophages (foam cells) with reduced antimicrobial functions. We assessed the ability of 2 compounds to reduce the triglyceride content and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) burden in infected human monocyte-derived macrophages and in the lungs of Mtb-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice: A-922500 (DGATi), an inhibitor of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, and LY2584702 (p70S6Ki), an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase. DGATi and p70S6Ki significantly reduced the lipid content and bacillary burden in Mtb-infected macrophages. Each inhibitor reduced the cellular triglyceride content in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of Mtb-infected mice. After 6 weeks of treatment, p70S6Ki alone reduced the lung bacterial burden in Mtb-infected mice. However, DGATi alone and DGATi or p70S6Ki in combination with isoniazid did not reduce lung bacterial burden or alter lung inflammation. These findings provide further insight into the role of foam cells in tuberculosis pathogenesis and the utility of interventions targeting these cell populations as adjunctive host-directed therapies.
Gravity with History: on Incumbency Effects in International Trade
Authors: Egger Peter , Foellmi Reto , Schetter Ulrich , Torun David
Published: November 2024

Countries trade more if they liberalized their trade relationship earlier. We derive a gravity equation featuring this path dependence due to sunk market-access costs that generate incumbency effects. We provide supporting evidence for the underlying mechanism and derive an augmented ACR (Arkolakis, Costinot, and Rodríguez-Clare 2012) formula for the gains from trade that accounts for incumbency effects. A quantification suggests our mechanism explains up to 25% of countries’ home shares, and the gains from trade are, on average, 10% larger when allowing for incumbency effects. The analysis further reveals novel distributional effects of trade, boosting real wages but reducing profits.
The professional profile, competence, and responsiveness of senior bureaucrats: a paired survey experiment with citizens and elite respondents
Authors: Askim Jostein , Bach Tobias , Kolltveit Kristoffer
Published: November 2024

How do the professional backgrounds of senior bureaucrats affect their competence and political responsiveness? This article fills a gap by examining these questions in a meritocratic context that accommodates nuanced but potentially consequential variations in the recruitment of senior bureaucrats. Using a paired survey experiment with citizens, representatives, and administrators in Norway, the article demonstrates that agency heads are perceived as less competent and—to a lesser extent—more politically responsive if their profile deviates from the meritocratic ideal of the career civil servant with mission-specific expertise. The article also compares perceptions between groups of stakeholders, filling another gap in the literature. Treatment effects go in the same direction across groups, but the results reveal a mismatch between popular and insider perceptions of bureaucracy: whereas citizens are practically indifferent, administrators are deeply concerned about the competence of an agency head who is a former politician rather than a career bureaucrat. Perceptions of substantive expertise are more aligned: all stakeholder groups view agency heads with mission-specific expertise as more competent and less politically responsive than generalists. Overall, the results demonstrate that variations in who is recruited to senior bureaucrat positions may either strengthen or undermine stakeholders’ views on good governance.
Five flaps or four? Z-plasty for the release of first webspace burn contractures of the hand
Authors: Rogers Alan D , Moltaji Syena , Wallace David
Published: November 2024

First webspace contractures are common indications for reconstructive burn surgery. Commonly performed procedures for this indication include either the four- or five-flap variations of the z-plasty, which involves the transposition of flaps about a central limb in order to obtain greater length, and thus, improve the thumb’s important contribution to coordinated and precise hand function. This paper outlines the predominant reason for favouring the five-flap variation for this indication. This conclusion is derived from the notion that although the gain in length may be greater for the four flap, to make the comparison it assumes that the length of the central limbs are the same for the two techniques. For most cases, however, the central limb cannot exceed much >3 cm for a four-flap z-plasty, while 4 cm may be utilized for a ‘jumping man’ procedure.
Concerts and Cures at the Crichton Royal Institution, 1840–1860
Authors: Golding Rosemary
Published: November 2024

The Crichton Royal Institution in Dumfries, founded in 1839, was renowned for its programme of educational and recreative activities, firmly part of the system of ‘moral management’ embedded by its founding physician, W. A. F. Browne. Music played a key part in this system, with a series of concerts at the core. This article summarizes Browne’s approach to music as a therapeutic agent before examining the rich body of extant concert programmes and associated material. It draws out key elements such as the inclusion of sacred music, early music, Scottish repertory, and music for education, using these to frame a close study of a defined musical community. Unlike examples of music used in English asylums, Browne’s use of ‘national’ music (namely Scottish traditional music) represents the application of a specific musical repertory in a way that directly linked it to health benefits.