bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of laser shock processing on abrasion resistance of high speed steel cutting tools
Authors: Fan Yujie , Xue Feng , Zhou Yuankai , Dai Yibin , Cui Pengfei , Su Yu , Liu Zhiqiang
Published: July 2019

Purpose

As a key basic component used in machining, high-speed steel (HSS) tools often prone to wear and failure during machining. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to adopt a suitable approach to improve the stability of the cutting force, the service life and the wear resistance.

Design/methodology/approach

Laser shock processing (LSP) was used to process the tool rake face and the tribological test was performed with ball-on-disk wear tester.

Findings

Experimental results show that cutting force of the LSP-treated tool is lower than untreated tool under the same cutting conditions. Wear rate of the tool nose treated by LSP decreases obviously and the tool life increases by 40 per cent.

Originality/value

HSS is often used in the manufacture of complex cutting tools. The main value of this article is to improve the tool surface wear resistance, thereby extending the service life of cutter. This paper is valuable not only in theory but also with reference value in engineering practice.
Interactions between financial efficiency and sports performance
Authors: Miragaia Dina , Ferreira João , Carvalho Alexandre , Ratten Vanessa
Published: July 2019

Purpose

In the current economic climate, the huge rise in the levels of debt incurred by professional football clubs challenges the need to improve their efficiency levels. Hence, analysis of their productivity is essential and represents an integral dimension to any realistic and efficient strategy. Any such strategy includes the identification and analysis of the inputs and outputs that underpin club sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the team performance of professional European football clubs and the stability of their financial efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample spans 15 professional football clubs that won the league titles in the leading football leagues (the English, German, Spanish, Italian and French leagues) in the period between 2009 and 2014. The analysis made recourse to the data envelopment analysis method.

Findings

The results demonstrate that of the 15 clubs analysed, only 10 proved efficient. Football is now an industry that moves major quantities of financial capital and holds the attentions of large groups of fans worldwide. However, despite this attractiveness, the financial crisis and recession, ongoing since 2008, increasingly requires the better management of such resources. To this end, clubs should improve their control over the financial resources available given the positive relationship prevailing between the sporting performance of clubs and their levels of financial efficiency.

Originality/value

Analysis of the efficiency levels of the inputs and outputs encapsulating performance related financial variables may aid in improving the standards of planning and sustainable management at professional sport clubs.
The rise of participatory despotism: a systematic review of online platforms for political engagement
Authors: Santini Rose Marie , Carvalho Hanna
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic literature review of empirical studies into online platforms for political participation. The objective was to diagnose the relationship between different types of digital participatory platforms, the real possibilities of participation generated by those initiatives and the impact of such participation on the decision-making process of governmental representatives.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review was conducted using pre-defined terms, expressions and criteria. A total of 434 articles from 1995 to 2015 were gathered from the Web of Science database. And, 32 studies were selected from those articles for meta-synthesis, and the cases investigated were evaluated according to the e-participation ladder model (Smyth, 2001).

Findings

The results indicated that online political participation worldwide remains timid both in quantity and quality. We have witnessed the growth of a kind of “rhetorical participation” promoted by policy-makers and the rise of a “participatory despotism”, in which only the privileged partake, while the majority remains silent.

Practical implications

The solutions found to promote increased participation and ensure its effectiveness ranged from shaping the platform design in accordance with citizens’ capacities and interests to a need for profound political–administrative change, which includes the world’s public agencies adopting a more transparent, inclusive and collaborative approach to decision-making.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a systematic review, mapping the studies on online platforms for political participation, analysing the questions, methods and conclusions found by the authors and evaluating each case study with a participation ladder.
Industrial pollutant treatment efficiency considering environmental factors
Authors: Wu Jie , Wang Chu , Zhou Zhixiang
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of evaluation efficiency by constructing parallel structures considering the main components of industrial pollutants, and then to consider some external influence factors to eliminate random errors.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, data transformation has been used to deal with undesirable output, and a model with a parallel structure based on the three-stage data envelopment analysis model to calculate the efficiency scores of different division in pollution treatment has been composed.

Findings

The analysis shows that the external environmental factors and random factors of the economy and society greatly affect the efficiency of industrial pollutant treatment; moreover, there is an imbalance between regions in China in the treatment of industrial pollutants.

Originality/value

Optimal improvement requires each province to take targeted measures to improve its efficiency of pollutant treatment measures, which are tailored to specific situations and determined by efficiency analysis in this paper.
The efficacy of drug‐eluting beads bronchial arterial chemoembolization loaded with gemcitabine for treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Bie Zhixin , Li Yuanming , Li Bin , Wang Dongdong , Li Lin , Li Xiaoguang
Published: July 2019

Background

Drug‐eluting beads bronchial arterial chemoembolization (DEB‐BACE) can embolize the tumor‐feeding artery and also be loaded with antitumor drugs, which can be released slowly into the local tumor environment. The effect of DEB‐BACE in patients with lung cancer remains unclear. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of DEB‐BACE with gemcitabine‐loaded CalliSpheres beads in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

From May 2017 to December 2018, six patients with NSCLC who were ineligible or refused to receive standard treatment underwent DEB‐BACE with gemcitabine‐loaded CalliSpheres beads. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR). The secondary endpoints were progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and quality of life. Safety was evaluated by the occurrences of adverse events and serious adverse events.

Results

All patients were treated with DEB‐BACE loaded with gemcitabine (800 mg) using CalliSpheres beads. Five patients also received transarterial infusion with nedaplatin (80–100 mg). Of the six patients, five underwent a second session of DEB‐BACE, with intervals of one month between the first and second session. The median follow‐up time was 16.5 months (7.0–23.0 months). ORR and disease control rate were 50.0% and 100.0%, 50.0% and 83.3%, 50.0% and 66.7% respectively at 2, 4, and 6 months after DEB‐BACE. One patient maintained a partial response and the other five had progressive disease, of whom two patients died and the other three remained alive receiving targeted therapy, radiotherapy, transarterial infusion or thermal ablation. The median PFS was 8.0 months (4–23 months), and the 6‐ and 12 month PFS rates were 66.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The median OS was 16.5 months (7–23 months), and the six and 12 month OS rates were 100.0% and 66.7%, respectively. Hemoptysis, cough and dyspnea disappeared after DEB‐BACE in four patients. Global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning were all significantly improved at two months (P < 0.05). There were no serious adverse events.

Conclusions

DEB‐BACE with gemcitabine‐loaded CalliSpheres beads is a feasible and well‐tolerated treatment for patients with NSCLC who are ineligible or refuse to receive standard treatment.
Phenotypic factors associated with amisulpride‐induced weight gain in first‐episode psychosis patients (from the OPTiMiSE cohort)
Authors: Pandit R. , Cianci D. , ter Hark S. E. , Winter‐van Rossum I. , Ebdrup B. H. , Broberg B. V. , Garcia‐Portilla M. P. , Bobes J. , Vinkers C. H. , Kahn R. S. , Guloksuz S. , Huitema A. D. R. , Luykx J. J.
Published: July 2019

Objective

Antipsychotic‐induced weight gain (AiWG) is a debilitating adverse effect of most antipsychotics. First‐episode psychosis patients are particularly vulnerable to the detrimental consequences of AiWG. Amisulpride has good efficacy and tolerability. We here aimed to identify the phenotypic factors associated with amisulpride‐induced weight gain in first‐episode psychosis patients.

Method

Data were collected from the Optimization of Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Europe trial. Multivariable regression models with various phenotypic variables (N = 305) were performed with absolute AiWG and clinically relevant AiWG (≥7% AiWG) as outcomes.

Results

Four weeks of amisulpride treatment increased body weight from 69.7 to 72.4 kg (P < 0.001). In the regression model of absolute AiWG, unemployment (β = 0.94, P = 0.016), younger age (β = −0.07, P = 0.031) and absence of current comorbid major depression disorder (β = −1.61, P = 0.034) were positively associated with absolute AiWG. In the regression model of clinically relevant AiWG, unemployment (OR = 2.83, P = 0.001), schizophreniform disorder (OR = 2.00, P = 0.025) and low baseline weight (OR = 0.97, P = 0.032) increased the likelihood of clinically relevant AiWG.

Conclusions

Clinicians prescribing amisulpride should consider the relatively high susceptibility to AiWG in unemployed first‐episode patients with psychosis, in particular young subjects with a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder. We advise to carefully monitor these patients and, when needed, implement weight‐reducing strategies.
The Quality Problem and Quality Checking System in Export Transactions in Modern China
Authors: Setobayashi Masataka
Published: July 2019

This paper explores the process of the institutionalisation of the quality checking system in China from the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. At the end of the nineteenth century, a quality problem was occurring in export transactions in open ports. Formal and informal institutions were created to resolve the problem, but they were not always effective until the end of the 1920s. In the 1930s, however, a new quality checking system was introduced that led to the resolution of the problem. This paper reviews the reasons behind the emergence and the resolution of the quality problem.
Efficacy of late line pertuzumab with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer: An Australian case series
Authors: Bergin Alice R. T. , Luen Stephen J. , Savas Peter , Boolell Vishal , Cho Doah , Lynch Jodi , Nott Louise , Stuart‐Harris Robin , Teo Lee Na , Yap Saw Yee , Loi Sherene
Published: July 2019

Background

Pertuzumab, when combined with trastuzumab and chemotherapy, is a highly active human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), targeting agent in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and first‐line metastatic HER2‐positive breast cancer setting. The efficacy of late‐line (after first/second‐line) pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy is unknown.

Aims

To establish pertuzumab efficacy by performing an audit of patients who received pertuzumab after first‐line HER2 directed therapy. We sought to establish whether efficacy differed by clinicopathological factors.

Methods

The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) and the secondary endpoint, overall survival (OS). Clinicopathological factors, PFS and OS data were collated and clinicopathological factors associated with PFS were evaluated using Cox regression models.

Results

Fourteen women were identified. Six (43%) had hormone receptor (HR) negative and eight (57%) had HR‐positive, metastatic HER2‐positive breast cancer. Median follow up was 22.8 months, median prior lines of therapy were 5 (range: 1–9). Median time from diagnosis of metastatic disease to receiving pertuzumab was 4.5 years (range: 4.2–5.8). All patients received initial chemotherapy with pertuzumab and trastuzumab (taxane‐based 71%). Median PFS was 9 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7–not estimable [NE]) and median OS was not reached (95% CI, 16 months–NE). Univariable analysis demonstrated that HR‐negative patients had a significantly longer PFS than HR‐positive patients (hazard ratio = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01–0.88; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

This small cases series reports a favorable PFS and OS for pertuzumab with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in the later line metastatic setting. This finding warrants further study.
Neurocritical care of high‐risk infants during inter‐hospital transport
Authors: Gupta Neelam , Shipley Lara , Goel Nitin , Browning Carmo Kathryn , Leslie Andrew , Sharkey Don
Published: July 2019

The centralisation of neonatal intensive care in recent years has improved mortality, particularly of extremely preterm infants, but similar improvements in morbidity, such as neurodevelopmental impairment, have not been seen. Integral to the success of centralisation are specialised neonatal transport teams who provide intensive care prior to and during retrieval of high‐risk neonates when in‐utero transfer has not been possible. Neonatal retrieval aims to stabilise the clinical condition and then transfer the neonate during a high‐risk period for patient. Transport introduces the hazards of noise and vibration; acceleration and deceleration forces; additional handling and temperature fluctuations. The transport team must stabilise the infant fully prior to transport as when on the move they are limited by space and movement to effectively attend to clinical deterioration. Inborn infants have better neurodevelopmental outcome compared with the outborn and aetiology of this seems to be multifactorial with the impact of transport itself during critical illness, remaining unclear. To improve the neurological outcomes for transported infants, it seems imperative to integrate the advancing intensive care neuromonitoring tools into the transport milieu. This review examines current inter‐hospital transport neuromonitoring and how new modalities might be applied to the neurocritical care delivered by specialist transport teams.
Induced pluripotent stem cell generation from bovine somatic cells indicates unmet needs for pluripotency sustenance
Authors: Pillai Viju V. , Kei Tiffany G. , Reddy Shannon E. , Das Moubani , Abratte Christian , Cheong Soon H. , Selvaraj Vimal
Published: July 2019

Mechanisms that direct reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), albeit incomplete in understanding, are highly conserved across all mammalian species studied. Equally, proof of principle that iPSCs can be derived from domestic cattle has been reported in several publications. In our efforts to derive and study bovine iPSCs, we encountered inadequacy of methods to generate, sustain, and characterize these cells. Our results suggest that iPSC protocols optimized for mouse and human somatic cells do not effectively translate to bovine somatic cells, which show some refractoriness to reprogramming that also affects sustenance. Moreover, methods that enhance reprogramming efficiency in mouse and human cells had no effect on improving bovine cell reprogramming. Although use of retroviral vectors coding for bovine OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, and NANOG appeared to produce consistent iPSC‐like cells from both fibroblasts and cells from the Wharton's jelly, these colonies could not be sustained. Use of bovine genes could successfully reprogram both mouse and human cells. These findings indicated either incomplete reprogramming and/or discordant/inadequate culture conditions for bovine pluripotent stem cells. Therefore, additional studies that advance core knowledge of bovine pluripotency are necessary before any anticipated iPSC‐driven bovine technologies can be realized.
Cancer chemotherapy drug wastage in a tertiary care hospital in India—A 3‐month prospective and 1‐year retrospective study
Authors: Gopisankar MG , Wahlang Julie , Jagtap Vikas , Sarkar Chayna , Purnima Devi L , Harris Caleb
Published: July 2019

This study prospectively quantified wastage of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs in an oncology unit to find the associated cost in 3 months. Retrospective analysis of drug usage for 12 months was also conducted to determine the expected drug loss in 1 year. The effect of vial sharing was evaluated under the assumption of sharing. A significant drug wastage of 19.72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.52–24.93%) in 3 months and 17.14% (95% CI 14.69–19.59%) in 1 year occurred in our oncology unit. Number of vials purchased (r = 0.362, p < 0.01), weight (r = −0.146, P < .01) and body surface area (r = −0.26, P < .01) correlated with the drug wasted. Vial sharing assumption showed a 9% (95% CI, 2.5–15.5%) reduction in cost in 1 year.
Upstreamness, Wages and Gender: Equal Benefits for All?
Authors: Gagliardi Nicola , Mahy Benoît , Rycx François
Published: July 2019

This article provides first evidence on the impact of a direct measure of firm‐level upstreamness (i.e. the steps before the production of a firm meets final demand) on workers’ wages. It also investigates whether results vary along the earnings distribution and by gender. Findings, based on unique matched employer–employee data relative to the Belgian manufacturing industry for the period 2002–2010, show that workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more upstream firms. Yet, the gains from upstreamness are found to be very unequally shared among workers. Unconditional quantile estimates suggest that male top earners are the main beneficiaries, whereas women, irrespective of their earnings, appear to be unfairly rewarded. Quantile decompositions further show that these differences in wage premia account for a substantial part of the gender wage gap, especially at the top of the earnings distribution.
Numerical modelling of Cretaceous Pyrenean Rifting: The interaction between mantle exhumation and syn‐rift salt tectonics
Authors: Duretz Thibault , Asti Riccardo , Lagabrielle Yves , Brun Jean‐Pierre , Jourdon Anthony , Clerc Camille , Corre Benjamin
Published: July 2019

The preshortening Cretaceous Pyrenean Rift is an outstanding geological laboratory to investigate the effects of a pre‐rift salt layer at the sedimentary base on lithospheric rifting. The occurrence of a pre‐rift km‐scale layer of evaporites and shales promoted the activation of syn‐rift salt tectonics from the onset of rifting. The pre‐ and syn‐rift sediments are locally affected by high‐temperature metamorphism related to mantle ascent up to shallow depths during rifting. The thermo‐mechanical interaction between décollement along the pre‐existing salt layer and mantle ascent makes the Cretaceous Pyrenean Rifting drastically different from the type of rifting that shaped most Atlantic‐type passive margins where salt deposition is syn‐rift and gravity‐driven salt tectonics has been postrift. To unravel the dynamic evolution of the Cretaceous Pyrenean Rift, we carried out a set of numerical models of lithosphere‐scale extension, calibrated using the available geological constraints. Models are used to investigate the effects of a km‐scale pre‐rift salt layer, located at the sedimentary cover base, on the dynamics of rifting. Our results highlight the key role of the décollement layer at cover base that can alone explain both salt tectonics deformation style and high‐temperature metamorphism of the pre‐rift and syn‐rift sedimentary cover. On the other hand, in the absence of décollement, our model predicts symmetric necking of the lithosphere devoid of any structure and related thermal regime geologically relevant to the Pyrenean case.
Comparing parent and provider priorities in discussions of early detection and intervention for infants with and at risk of cerebral palsy
Authors: Byrne Rachel , Duncan Andrea , Pickar Tracy , Burkhardt Stephanie , Boyd Roslyn N. , Neel Mary Lauren , Maitre Nathalie L.
Published: July 2019

Background

Although literature suggests that parents need support when their child is diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP), it is unclear to what extent providers implement these supports in practice and what parental perspectives surround provider early diagnosis and management of CP. Therefore, we aimed to characterize and compare experiences of providers and parents of children with CP with regards to early detection and intervention.

Method

Seventeen parents participated in day‐long world‐café style workshops focused on categories extracted from the International Classification of Function framework and recent systematic reviews of early detection for CP. Thirty regional providers (generalists, specialists, and therapists) caring for infants with CP completed surveys with scaled score and open‐ended questions. Quantitative and qualitative data were independently assessed by two reviewers to identify prominent themes.

Results

All parents (100%) stated early diagnosis or high risk for CP classification was beneficial compared with only 50% of providers who often gave early CP diagnoses before 12 months. Top parent priorities were honesty and positively phrased messages. Providers most often addressed cognition, primary care need, motor, and feeding issues (80%, 62%, 54%, 54% frequently/sometimes). Matching priorities for discussion were neuroimaging timing/risk/benefit, cognition, primary care, motor, and feeding/nutrition. Discordance occurred for participation, parent well‐being, pain and vision, with parents wanting more education and resources.

Conclusions

Receiving early diagnoses or high‐risk for CP classification is a parent priority. Alignment between parents and providers exists for International Classification of Function domains of body functions/structures and activity, but less for those of environment, personal, and participation.
Experiences of social interaction in young women with Turner syndrome: A qualitative study
Authors: Wolstencroft Jeanne , Mandy William , Skuse David
Published: July 2019

Background

Turner Syndrome (TS; 45,X) is a sex chromosome aneuploidy associated with deficits in social interaction, for which clinical care guidelines have recently recommended trialling a social skills training intervention. The present study aimed to gather preliminary evidence to support a training programme for young women.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews and psychometric questionnaires about social ability were administered to young women with TS aged 16 to 25 years old (n=17) and their parents (n=20). Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Although young women with TS experienced a “wide range of social competencies,” they attributed social challenges to “personal and contextual factors.” The magnitude of these challenges to social integration intensified during adolescence. They felt increasingly “out of sync” with their peers. They also considered their social abilities to be better than their parents did; on a scale of autistic traits (rated by parents), half had mild to severe autistic traits. Most expressed interest in taking part in a social skills programme.

Conclusion

Young women with TS are aware they experience difficulties in social communication, and they express interest in improving their social skills. Accordingly, social skills training during adolescence would be welcomed by them and their families. Any intervention should take account of their feelings of social dislocation arising from hearing difficulties together with limited recognition, and slow processing, of social cues.
Safely surrendered infants in Los Angeles County: A medically vulnerable population
Authors: Orliss Micah , Rogers Karen , Rao Sheela , Deavenport‐Saman Alexis , Imagawa Karen Kay , Roberts Suzanne , Rafeedie Jennifer , Hudson Sharon M.
Published: July 2019

Background

As a means to provide safety for a population at great risk of harm through abandonment, every state in the United States now has laws and practices for the safe relinquishment of newborns and infants. However, there is no national database tracking the population of infants surrendered through such programmes, and few states monitor these numbers. The primary aim of this study was therefore to examine the descriptive characteristics of infants who have been safely surrendered in a large, socio‐economically diverse urban area. The secondary aim was to compare them with local population norms to determine whether differences exist and to begin exploring what implications such differences may have for the treatment provided to these infants.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted among safely surrendered infants.

Results

Over half of the infants had medical issues, and the majority of the infants were surrendered in communities characterized by low median income.

Conclusions

Preliminary information highlights potential economic, social, and medical risk factors, suggesting that these infants may require increased monitoring and/or specialized care.
A novel modified undersampling (MUS) technique for software defect prediction
Authors: Lingden P. , Alsadoon Abeer , Prasad P.W.C. , Alsadoon Omar Hisham , Ali Rasha S. , Nguyen Vinh Tran Quoc
Published: July 2019

Background and aim: Many sophisticated data mining and machine learning algorithms have been used for software defect prediction (SDP) to enhance the quality of software. However, real‐world SDP data sets suffer from class imbalance, which leads to a biased classifier and reduces the performance of existing classification algorithms resulting in an inaccurate classification and prediction. This work aims to improve the class imbalance nature of data sets to increase the accuracy of defect prediction and decrease the processing time. Methodology: The proposed model focuses on balancing the class of data sets to increase the accuracy of prediction and decrease processing time. It consists of a modified undersampling method and a correlation feature selection (CFS) method. Results: The results from ten open source project data sets showed that the proposed model improves the accuracy in terms of F1‐score to 0.52 ∼ 0.96, and hence it is proximity reached best F1‐score value in 0.96 near to 1 then it is given a perfect performance in the prediction process. Conclusion: The proposed model focuses on balancing the class of data sets to increase the accuracy of prediction and decrease processing time using the proposed model.
Operationalizing the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in public policy
Authors: Alaniz Alberto J. , Pérez‐Quezada Jorge F. , Galleguillos Mauricio , Vásquez Alexis E. , Keith David A.
Published: July 2019

Threats to ecosystems are closely linked to human development, whereas lack, insufficiency, and inefficiency of public policies are important drivers of environmental decline. Previous studies have discussed the contribution of IUCN's Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) in conservation issues; however, its applications in different policy fields and instruments for achieving biodiversity conservation have not been explored in detail. Here, we introduce a framework to operationalize the RLE in public policy, facilitating work of governments, practitioners, and decision makers. Our analysis identified 20 policy instruments that could reduce risks to ecosystems highlighted by different Red List criteria. We discuss how RLE could inform the policy process by analyzing different instruments that could be designed, implemented, and modified to achieve risk reduction. We also present practical examples from around the world showing how ecosystem conservation could be improved by operationalizing the RLE in policy instruments. The RLE criteria can inform the policy process by helping to shape objectives and identifying policy instruments that directly address the causes and severity of risks illuminated in Red List assessments. We conclude that RLE could be expanded into a broader holistic spectrum of policy instruments, which could be a key to achieving the ecosystem conservation.
Localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia: A report of 27 cases
Authors: Wang Michael Z. , Jordan Richard C.
Published: July 2019

Background

Localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia (LJSGH) is a poorly understood but distinctive inflammatory hyperplasia occurring in children and young adults. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported since its initial description.

Methods

During the period of 2015 to 2018, cases of LJSGH were identified, retrieved and their clinical and histopathological data reviewed.

Results

There were 27 cases, with a median age of 13 years (range 7‐72 years). Twenty‐four of 27 patients were less than 20 years old, and in three cases the patients were over 60 years of age. The most commonly affected site was the anterior maxillary gingiva presenting as a solitary, red, and papillated lesion. Typical microscopic findings included elevated areas of variably acanthotic, spongiotic nonkeratinized epithelium with elongated rete ridges, accompanied by a neutrophilic‐rich infiltrate. An abrupt transition between epithelium affected by LJSGH and normal mucosa was characteristic. LJSGH typically exhibited full‐thickness epithelial expression of CK19 without expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors.

Conclusions

The clinical and histopathologic characteristics of LJSGH are unique and consistent. Despite the name, the condition is not limited to juveniles and can occur in adults. LJSGH in adults and juveniles shares the same spectrum of histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings.
Educational, psychosocial, and protection outcomes of child‐ and youth‐focused programming with Somali refugees in Dollo Ado, Ethiopia
Authors: Metzler Janna , Jonfa Mesfin , Savage Kevin , Ager Alastair
Published: July 2019

Child‐ and youth‐friendly spaces have become a common feature of emergency humanitarian provision. This study reports on the outcomes of child and youth learning centres (CYLCs) in Ethiopia's Buramino Camp established for those fleeing conflict in Somalia. Eighty‐five youths completed baseline assessments shortly after arrival and follow‐up assessments three to six months later. Caregivers of 106 younger children completed similar appraisals. 693 children attending the CYLCs completed pre‐ and post‐educational assessments, which indicated major gains—significant at p<0.0001—in both literacy (younger children, t=9.06; youth, t=13.87) and numeracy (younger children, t=13.94; youths, t=17.10). Children's CYLC attendance increased reports of met needs among caregivers (t=2.53, p<0.05) and youths (t=2.57, p<0.05), and, among caregivers but not youths, significantly moderated protection concerns (t=2.39, p<0.05, and t=−1.90, p=0.06, respectively). There was general improvement in psychosocial well‐being over time for all children; CYLC attendance predicted greater reductions in reported difficulties only among younger children (t=2.51, p<0.05).
Which moths might be pollinators? Approaches in the search for the flower‐visiting needles in the Lepidopteran haystack
Authors: Van Zandt Peter A. , Johnson Daytona D. , Hartley Chad , LeCroy Kathryn A. , Shew H. Wayne , Davis Brandon T. , Lehnert Matthew S.
Published: July 2019

1. The natural history of pollination has been studied for centuries and is well documented for diurnal insect species, such as bees and butterflies, but less so for moths. There are notable cases of pollination systems among moths, but given their enormous diversity and primarily nocturnal habits, the role of moths as flower visitors is poorly understood. One potential issue with studying moth‐pollination systems is determining which approach to use in order to acquire data and reveal pollination patterns and dynamics. Based on reports from the literature and the authors' own research, this paper outlines eight approaches that can be employed to search for patterns of flower visitation by moths.

2. The outlined approaches include searching the internet and online databases, sampling ecosystems, monitoring specific flowers, using artificial baits and floral scent lures, using moth phylogeny, proboscis morphology, and DNA and environmental DNA metabarcoding, which are supplemented with a brief description of the techniques and examples for each approach.

3. Each approach has the potential to increase researchers' knowledge of associations between moths and the flowers that they visit, but their relative strengths and limitations are dependent on scope, efficacy of application, technical expertise, and level of effort.

4. Each of these approaches, alone or in combination, are likely to be useful in the search for novel information on the natural history of flower visitation by moths and other potential pollinators.
Immunosenescence in wild animals: meta‐analysis and outlook
Authors: Peters Anne , Delhey Kaspar , Nakagawa Shinichi , Aulsebrook Anne , Verhulst Simon
Published: July 2019

Immunosenescence, the decline in immune defense with age, is an important mortality source in elderly humans but little is known of immunosenescence in wild animals. We systematically reviewed and meta‐analysed evidence for age‐related changes in immunity in captive and free‐living populations of wild species (321 effect sizes in 62 studies across 44 species of mammals, birds and reptiles). As in humans, senescence was more evident in adaptive (acquired) than innate immune functions. Declines were evident for cell function (antibody response), the relative abundance of naïve immune cells and an in vivo measure of overall immune responsiveness (local response to phytohaemagglutinin injection). Inflammatory markers increased with age, similar to chronic inflammation associated with human immunosenescence. Comparisons across taxa and captive vs free‐living animals were difficult due to lack of overlap in parameters and species measured. Most studies are cross‐sectional, which yields biased estimates of age‐effects when immune function co‐varies with survival. We therefore suggest longitudinal sampling approaches, and highlight techniques from human cohort studies that can be incorporated into ecological research. We also identify avenues to address predictions from evolutionary theory and the contribution of immunosenescence to age‐related increases in disease susceptibility and mortality.
Effects of ionizing irradiation and interface backscatter on human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on titanium surfaces
Authors: Printzell Lisa , Reseland Janne E. , Edin Nina F. J. , Ellingsen Jan E.
Published: July 2019

Radiotherapy to the head and neck region negatively influences the osseointegration and survival of dental implants. The effects of cobalt 60 (60Co) ionizing radiation and the impact of backscatter rays were investigated on human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on titanium surfaces. Bone marrow‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on titanium (Ti), fluoride‐modified titanium (TiF), and tissue culture plastic. Cells were exposed to ionizing γ‐radiation in single doses of 2, 6, or 10 Gy using a 60Co source. Density and distribution of cells were evaluated using confocal laser‐scanning microscopy, 21 d post‐irradiation. Lactate dehydrogenase concentration and the levels of total protein and cytokines/chemokines were measured in the cell‐culture medium on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 post‐irradiation. Unirradiated cells were used as the control. Irradiation had no effect on cell viability, collagen and actin expression, or cell distribution, but induced an initial increase in the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), followed by a decrease in secretion after 3 or 7 d. Irradiation resulted in secretion of a lower amount of all analytes examined compared with controls on day 21, irrespective of radiation dose and growth surface. Backscattering from titanium did not influence the cell response significantly, suggesting a clinical potential for achieving successful osseointegration of dental implants placed before radiotherapy.
Challenges and Changes in Dutch Family Law
Authors: Chin‐A‐Fat Brigitte E. S.
Published: July 2019

Since the “Divorce Challenge” in the Netherlands, a lot of initiatives have been taken on a political level, from the judiciary and in practice, to improve the situation for children of separation. Experimental legislation is on its way to enable the development of new court procedures. One of its ideas is to introduce a so‐called family's representative. This new professional, a lawyer or mediator, can represent both parents in court or coordinate the entire divorce process, both before and after the court procedure.
NA3 glycan: a potential therapy for retinal pigment epithelial deficiency
Authors: Chintalapudi Sumana R. , Wang XiangDi , Wang XiaoFei , Shi Yunfeng , Kocak Mehmet , Palamoor Mallika , Davis Raven N. , Hollingsworth T. J. , Jablonski Monica M.
Published: July 2019

Atrophic age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common type of AMD, yet there is no United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved therapy. This disease is characterized by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) insufficiency, primarily in the macula, which affects the structure and physiology of photoreceptors and ultimately, visual function. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of a naturally derived small molecule glycan therapeutic—asialo‐, tri‐antennary complex‐type N‐glycan (NA3)—in two distinct preclinical models of atrophic AMD. In RPE‐deprived Xenopus laevis tadpole eyes, NA3 supported normal retinal ultrastructure. In RCS rats, NA3 supported fully functioning visual integrity. Furthermore, structural analyses revealed that NA3 prevented photoreceptor outer segment degeneration, pyknosis of the outer nuclear layer, and reactive gliosis of Müller cells (MCs). It also promoted maturation of adherens junctions between MC and photoreceptors. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of a naturally derived small molecular glycan therapeutic—NA3—in two unique preclinical models with RPE insufficiency. These data suggest that NA3 glycan therapy may provide a new therapeutic avenue in the prevention and/or treatment of retinal diseases such as atrophic AMD.
Option trading after the opening bell and intraday stock return predictability
Authors: Bergsma Kelley , Fodor Andy , Singal Vijay , Tayal Jitendra
Published: July 2019

Prior literature finds that information is reflected in option markets before stock markets, but no study has explored whether option volume soon after market open has predictive power for intraday stock returns. Using novel intraday signed option‐to‐stock volume data, we find that a composite option trading score (OTS) in the first 30 min of market open predicts stock returns during the rest of the trading day. Such return predictability is greater for smaller stocks, stocks with higher idiosyncratic volatility, and stocks with higher bid–ask spreads relative to their options’ bid–ask spreads. Moreover, OTS is a significantly stronger predictor of intraday stock returns after overnight earnings announcements. The evidence suggests that option trading in the 30 min after the opening bell has predictive power for intraday stock returns.
Adaptive radiation of barbs of the genusLabeobarbus(Cyprinidae) in an East African river
Authors: Levin Boris A. , Casal‐López Miriam , Simonov Evgeniy , Dgebuadze Yuri Y. , Mugue Nikolay S. , Tiunov Alexey V. , Doadrio Ignacio , Golubtsov Alexander S.
Published: July 2019

Large African barbs of the genusLabeobarbusconstitute a hexaploid lineage (2n = 150). This group is widely distributed in African freshwaters, and exhibits profound phenotypic variation that could be a prerequisite for adaptive radiation.

Using morphological, molecular, and stable isotope analyses, we investigated whether an adaptive radiation has occurred in a riverine assemblage of theLabeobarbus gananensiscomplex. This complex is composed of six phenotypically distinct sympatric forms inhabiting the Genale River (Ethiopian highlands, East Africa) in the Juba and Wabe–Shebelle drainages (Indian Ocean basin).

Of the six forms, five were divergent in their mouth morphology, corresponding togeneralised,lipped,scraping(two forms), andlarge‐mouthedphenotypes. One form had no mouth specialisation, but differed from the others in body shape (short and deep body;shortform). Stable isotope analysis revealed differences in15N among these forms, representing different foraging strategies (omnivorous, scraping, and piscivorous). Phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrialDNAmarkers confirmed the monophyly ofL. gananensis, suggesting an intra‐riverine radiation.

However, the Genale assemblage appears to have originated through a combination of allopatric and sympatric events. Some of the specialised forms within the Juba and Wabe–Shebelle drainage originated independently from the local generalised forms in three different river regions. Each of these cases could be considered as a small species flock composed of two or three sympatric forms. Our study shows that adaptive radiation in rivers can be enhanced by a combination of sympatric speciation and temporal geographic isolation, leading to local sympatric speciation followed by migration.
Parallels and contrasts between intermittently freezing and drying streams: From individual adaptations to biodiversity variation
Authors: Tolonen Katri E. , Picazo Félix , Vilmi Annika , Datry Thibault , Stubbington Rachel , Pařil Petr , Perez Rocha Mariana , Heino Jani
Published: July 2019

Intermittently freezing and drying lotic systems are common in many parts of the world. These ecosystems provide dynamic habitats for biota, as both freezing and drying processes result in the loss of water flow along stream and river channels. However, research into the ecological effects of intermittent freezing on stream biota has remained relatively scarce compared to the recent increase in studies exploring the ecology of intermittent streams that dry.

Climate change is predicted to alter the distribution and dynamics of intermittently freezing stream types. A better understanding of the responses of stream biota to intermittent freezing would inform predictions of the effects of ongoing climate change on these ecosystems.

In this review, we compare the effects of both freezing and drying events on stream biota, ranging from individual‐level adaptations to population effects, community‐level biodiversity variation and food webs.

Despite major contrasts in environmental conditions (e.g. the drying stream channels are exposed to a direct interaction with the riparian zone during the dry phases and the freezing stream channels are enclosed during the freezing phases), we show that both freezing and drying phenomena have pervasive effects on the structure and dynamics of aquatic stream biota.

At the individual organism level, aquatic taxa use a range of physiological, morphological, life‐history, and behavioural responses to persist despite changing habitat conditions in both freezing and drying streams. The variety of organisms’ responses can result in both biodiversity increases and decreases, which may affect population and community dynamics in both ecosystem types.

Future research should further explore the population and community‐level effects of freezing in stream ecosystems. Due to the ecological parallels between intermittently drying and freezing streams, approaches developed in research into drying streams may also be applied in freezing stream ecosystems. This could improve our understanding of climate change effects on freezing stream ecosystems.
Widespread drought‐induced tree mortality at dry range edges indicates that climate stress exceeds species' compensating mechanisms
Authors: Anderegg William R. L. , Anderegg Leander D. L. , Kerr Kelly L. , Trugman Anna T.
Published: July 2019

Drought‐induced tree mortality is projected to increase due to climate change, which will have manifold ecological and societal impacts including the potential to weaken or reverse the terrestrial carbon sink. Predictions of tree mortality remain limited, in large part because within‐species variations in ecophysiology due to plasticity or adaptation and ecosystem adjustments could buffer mortality in dry locations. Here, we conduct a meta‐analysis of 50 studies spanning >100 woody plant species globally to quantify how populations within species vary in vulnerability to drought mortality and whether functional traits or climate mediate mortality patterns. We find that mortality predominantly occurs in drier populations and this pattern is more pronounced in species with xylem that can tolerate highly negative water potentials, typically considered to be an adaptive trait for dry regions, and species that experience higher variability in water stress. Our results indicate that climate stress has exceeded physiological and ecosystem‐level tolerance or compensating mechanisms by triggering extensive mortality at dry range edges and provides a foundation for future mortality projections in empirical distribution and mechanistic vegetation models.
Does gender influence cardiovascular remodeling in C57BL/6J mice fed a high‐fat, high‐sucrose and high‐salt diet?
Authors: Pereira‐Silva Debora Cristina , Machado‐Silva Rayane Paula , Castro‐Pinheiro Camila , Fernandes‐Santos Caroline
Published: July 2019

Animal models are widely used to study the physiopathology of human diseases. However, the influence of gender on modern society diet style‐induced cardiovascular disease has not thus far been explored in these models. Thus, this study investigated cardiovascular remodelling in C57BL/6J mice fed a diet rich in saturated fat, sucrose and salt, evaluating gender effect on this process. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed AIN93M diet or a modified AIN93M rich in fat, sucrose and salt (HFSS) for 12 weeks. Body mass, water and food intake and cardiovascular remodelling were assessed. The HFSS diet did not lead to body mass gain or glucose metabolism disturbance as assessed by serum glucose, insulin and oral glucose tolerance test. However, female mice on a HFSS diet had increased visceral and subcutaneous adiposity. Only male mice displayed heart hypertrophy. The left ventricle was not hypertrophied in either male or female mice, but its lumen was dilated. Intramyocardial arteries and the thoracic aorta showed media thickening in male mice, but in the female it was only observed in the thoracic aorta. Finally, intramyocardial artery dilation was present in both genders, but not in the aorta. Therefore changes in LV dimensions and arterial remodelling were influenced by both gender and the HFSS diet. In conclusion, male and female C57BL/6J mice suffered cardiovascular remodelling after 12 weeks of HFSS feeding, although they did not develop obesity or diabetes. Sexual dimorphism occurred in response to diet for body adiposity, heart hypertrophy and intramyocardial artery remodelling.