bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Characterization of the Lysine Acetylation of Tyrosyl‐tRNA Synthetase in Escherichia coli
Authors: Venkat Sumana , Gregory Caroline , Gan Qinglei , Fan Chenguang
Published: July 2017

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) play essential roles in protein synthesis. As a member of the aaRS family, the tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) in Escherichia coli has been shown in proteomic studies to be acetylated at multiple lysine residues. However, these putative acetylation targets have not yet been biochemically characterized. In this study, we applied a genetic‐code‐expansion strategy to site‐specifically incorporate Nϵ‐acetyl‐l‐lysine into selected positions of TyrRS for in vitro characterization. Enzyme assays demonstrated that acetylation at K85, K235, and K238 could impair the enzyme activity. In vitro deacetylation experiments showed that most acetylated lysine residues in TyrRS were sensitive to the E. coli deacetylase CobB but not YcgC. In vitro acetylation assays indicated that 25 members of the Gcn5‐related N‐acetyltransferase family in E. coli, including YfiQ, could not acetylate TyrRS efficiently, whereas TyrRS could be acetylated chemically by acetyl‐CoA or acetyl‐phosphate (AcP) only. Our in vitro characterization experiments indicated that lysine acetylation could be a possible mechanism for modulating aaRS enzyme activities, thus affecting translation.
Diagnostic ‘label’ less stigmatizing than depressive behavior to teen peers
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2017

The stigma of the “label” of depression may actually be more related to the symptomatic behavior of the illness than to the diagnosis itself, researchers who studied adolescents' perceptions concluded in a recent study.
Progress in the fight against bullying
Authors: Fritz Gregory K.
Published: July 2017

I was surprised and pleased to read an article in the June 2017 issue of Pediatrics (“10‐Year Trends in Bullying and Related Attitudes Among 4th to 12th Graders”) that reported declining prevalence of bullying in schools. This impressive work by Tracy Evian Waasdorp and colleagues surveyed an average of almost 25,000 students in elementary, middle, and high schools in Maryland every year for 10 years (2005–2014) about their experiences with bullying and related concerns. Their sampling procedures, data collection, and analytic approaches were unusually rigorous, making the results commensurately persuasive.
Chemically Cross‐Linked Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐Supported Deep Eutectic Solvent Gel Electrolytes for Eco‐Friendly Supercapacitors
Authors: Qin Huan , Panzer Matthew J.
Published: July 2017

Nonvolatile, ion‐dense electrolytes, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are attractive candidates for safe, high‐performance electrochemical/electrostatic energy storage devices. In this report, an inexpensive and eco‐friendly DES (1 : 2 mixture of choline chloride/ethylene glycol) has been incorporated into a solid‐state gel electrolyte using a chemically cross‐linked polymer scaffold formed through in situ UV copolymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. A high room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 5.7 mS cm−1 has been obtained for a DES gel containing 13.2 vol % polymer scaffold. Tunable DES gel compressive elastic modulus values, between 14 kPa and 1.0 MPa, could be obtained by varying the polymer content. Clear evidence of hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the poly(HEMA) scaffold and the DES anion was revealed through species self‐diffusivity measurements as well as by FTIR spectroscopy. Using a 22.9 vol % polymer‐supported DES gel as electrolyte/separator in a supercapacitor prototype with activated carbon fabric electrodes, a specific capacitance of 33.3 F g−1 and an energy density of 15.8 Wh kg−1 (based on the mass of two electrodes) were obtained during discharge at a current density of 0.01 A g−1. This work supports the notion that chemically cross‐linked polymer‐supported DES gel electrolytes are suitable for solid‐state, flexible supercapacitor applications.
Effect of aeration mode on the performance of center‐ and annulus‐rising internal‐loop airlift bioreactors
Authors: Han Mei , Laari Arto , Koiranen Tuomas
Published: July 2017

Extensive experimental studies on internal‐loop airlift reactors, including center‐rising (CR‐ALR) and annulus‐rising airlift reactors (AR‐ALR), have been reported in the literature. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the effects of the aeration mode on the local hydrodynamics remain an under‐investigated area, especially for complex culture media. At present, it is difficult to select the best aeration mode for ALRs due to limited understanding of the pros and cons of the different modes. This study presents a detailed quantitative investigation of the overall gas holdup, local liquid velocity, liquid circulation time, shear rate distribution, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in center‐ and annulus‐rising airlift bioreactors to better understand the effect of aeration mode on airlift bioreactor performance. Particle image velocimetry is employed to conduct local measurements. The results show that the overall gas holdup, liquid circulation time, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are larger in the AR‐ALR than in the CR‐ALR. The local liquid velocity circulating into the downcomer of the AR‐ALR, which contributes to bubble entrainment and therefore to overall gas holdup, is higher than in the CR‐ALR. It was observed that a large circulation loop formed in the CR‐ALR, whereas two counter‐looping circulation cells appeared in the AR‐ALR. It was also found that the shear rate field was more uniform in the AR‐ALR than the CR‐ALR although the shear rates were similar in magnitude.
Removal of mercury from natural gas by a new activated adsorbent from olive stones
Authors: Chemrak Mohammed Amin , Benderdouche Noureddine , Bestani Benaouda , Benallou Mokhtar Benzekri , Cagnon Benoît
Published: July 2017

This study was devoted to the valorization of a plant waste (olive stones): that is widely available in Mediterranean countries in order to remove mercury from natural gas. The raw material from olive stones was prepared by pyrolysis, chemical activation with phosphoric acid, and physical activation under steam. Two olive stone‐based granular activated carbons were prepared: one with the virgin stones, while the other was impregnated with sulphur. After treatment, the adsorbents obtained were characterized by determining the iodine number, the methylene blue index, and by estimating the porous properties by N2 adsorption at 77 K. Thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis were carried out to determine the functional groups before and after mercury adsorption. An experimental study of vapour‐phase mercury adsorption by the activated carbons (virgin and sulphur‐impregnated) and a comparison with a commercial material (HGR) were performed. The comparison, made by analyzing the adsorption in a continuous mode, showed that the proportion of sulphur and the porosity were important for the removal of mercury. In the conditions used, the mercury adsorption on the ACs studied follows a physisorption mechanism. The results showed that granular activated carbon‐based olive stones (sulphur‐impregnated) are very efficient to remove mercury (with 2864 μg/g) and also less expensive than commercial activated carbon due to their local availability.
Development of a New Structural Class of Broadly Acting HCV Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitors Leading to the Discovery of MK‐8876
Authors: McComas Casey C. , Palani Anandan , Chang Wei , Holloway M. Katharine , Lesburg Charles A. , Li Peng , Liverton Nigel , Meinke Peter T. , Olsen David B. , Peng Xuanjia , Soll Richard M. , Ummat Ajay , Wu Jie , Wu Jin , Zorn Nicolas , Ludmerer Steven W.
Published: July 2017

Studies directed at developing a broadly acting non‐nucleoside inhibitor of HCV NS5B led to the discovery of a novel structural class of 5‐aryl benzofurans that simultaneously interact with both the palm I and palm II binding regions. An initial candidate was potent in vitro against HCV GT1a and GT1b replicons, and induced multi‐log reductions in HCV viral load when orally dosed to chronic GT1 infected chimpanzees. However, in vitro potency losses against clinically relevant GT1a variants prompted a further effort to develop compounds with sustained potency across a broader array of HCV genotypes and mutants. Ultimately, a biology and medicinal chemistry collaboration led to the discovery of the development candidate MK‐8876. MK‐8876 demonstrated a pan‐genotypic potency profile and maintained potency against clinically relevant mutants. It demonstrated moderate bioavailability in rats and dogs, but showed low plasma clearance characteristics consistent with once‐daily dosing. Herein we describe the efforts which led to the discovery of MK‐8876, which advanced into Phase 1 monotherapy studies for evaluation and characterization as a component of an all‐oral direct‐acting drug regimen for the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
ALK and ROS1 testing on lung cancer cytologic samples: Perspectives
Authors: Pisapia Pasquale , Lozano Maria D. , Vigliar Elena , Bellevicine Claudio , Pepe Francesco , Malapelle Umberto , Troncone Giancarlo
Published: July 2017

Cytologic sampling is the mainstay of diagnosing advanced lung cancer. Moreover, to select patients for personalized first‐line or second‐line treatment, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and c‐ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) rearrangements are tested on cytologic preparations. Commercially available fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) assays have primarily been used for the identification of cells harboring ALK or ROS1 gene fusions on histologic rather than cytologic preparations. However, it is now recognized that FISH and ICC also can be applied on cytologic samples provided the cytopathologist is aware that FISH and ICC results are not always concordant and that the performance of ICC largely depends on antibody clones, signal detection systems, and scoring systems. Notably, the routine clinical use of FISH and ICC may be replaced by emerging next‐generation sequencing and digital, color‐coded barcode technologies, which have the advantage of simultaneously evaluating ALK, ROS1, and EGFR alterations in a single analysis. Although their use in clinical cytologic practice remains to be fully established, it is conceivable that this technology will replace both FISH and ICC analyses in future diagnostic algorithms. Here, the authors review studies devoted to testing ALK and ROS1 on cytology specimens in an attempt to provide an update for the cytopathologist regarding current and evolving practice. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:817–30. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Hydrogen from Pyrolysis Oil by Chemical Looping of a Sol–Gel‐Prepared Iron(III) Oxide on Magnesium Aluminate as Oxygen Carrier
Authors: Chen Chao , Zeng De‐Wang , Qiu Yu , Peng Song , Zhang Hui‐Yan , Xiao Rui
Published: July 2017

Chemical looping of iron oxides has emerged as a promising approach to produce hydrogen with inherent gas separation. In this work, we use sol–gel‐prepared Fe2O3/MgAl2O4 as an oxygen carrier to produce hydrogen from biomass pyrolysis oil. The results showed that 950 °C was the optimum gasification temperature to achieve a high carbon conversion and gas yield. At this temperature, we produced hydrogen by chemical looping. However, the produced hydrogen was polluted severely by CO and CO2 because of coke formation during reduction. To solve this problem, we adjusted the reduction atmosphere by adding steam, which was an effective method to enhance the hydrogen purity. At a steam‐to‐oil ratio of 1.5, the purity of hydrogen reached 96 % in contrast to 84 % without steam. In the presence of steam, we also found a more stable porosity, which led to improved cyclic performance. Our current results demonstrate an approach to enhance hydrogen purity and material recyclability. This can be extended to improve other thermochemical hydrogen‐production processes.
Interferon lambda 4 rs368234815 TT>δG variant is associated with liver damage in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Petta Salvatore , Valenti Luca , Tuttolomondo Antonino , Dongiovanni Paola , Pipitone Rosaria Maria , Cammà Calogero , Cabibi Daniela , Di Marco Vito , Fracanzani Anna Ludovica , Badiali Sara , Nobili Valerio , Fargion Silvia , Grimaudo Stefania , Craxì Antonio
Published: July 2017

The interferon (IFN) lambda 3/4 (IFNL3/4) locus, influencing innate immunity regulation, has been associated with the severity of hepatitis and fibrosis progression during chronic hepatitis C infection, while contrasting results were reported in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In this study, we examined whether rs12979860 and the linked causal rs368234815 variant encoding for the alternative IFNL4 protein variant are associated with liver fibrosis and damage in a large multicenter cohort of patients at risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. To clarify the mechanism, we also evaluated the impact on IFN‐stimulated gene hepatic expression in a subset of patients. We considered 946 consecutive Italian individuals at risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with liver histology evaluated according to Kleiner. The rs368234815 TT>δG, rs12979860 C>T, and patatin‐like phospholipase‐3 rs738409 C>G polymorphisms were genotyped; and IFN‐stimulated gene hepatic expression (n = 16) was tested by TaqMan assays. We found that the rs368234815 TT allele was independently associated with severe F3‐F4 fibrosis (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.15‐2.31; P = 0.005) and with severe (grade 2‐3) lobular necroinflammation (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.14‐1.88; P = 0.002). The impact of rs368234815 on liver damage was generally more marked in nonobese individuals, where association with severe fibrosis, necroinflammation, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was observed (P < 0.05). IFN‐stimulated genes were hypo‐expressed in the liver of patients carrying the IFNL4 rs368234815 TT/TT genotype (P < 0.05). Similar results were observed when considering the rs12979860 polymorphism, which was in high linkage disequilibrium with rs368234815 (R
2 = 0.87). Conclusion: The IFNL4 genotype is associated with severity of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients of European ancestry, likely by modulating the activation of innate immunity and necroinflammation. (Hepatology 2017;66:1885–1893)
GPR55 receptor antagonist decreases glycolytic activity in PANC‐1 pancreatic cancer cell line and tumor xenografts
Authors: Bernier Michel , Catazaro Jonathan , Singh Nagendra S. , Wnorowski Artur , Boguszewska‐Czubara Anna , Jozwiak Krzysztof , Powers Robert , Wainer Irving W.
Published: July 2017

The Warburg effect is a predominant metabolic pathway in cancer cells characterized by enhanced glucose uptake and its conversion to l‐lactate and is associated with upregulated expression of HIF‐1α and activation of the EGFR‐MEK‐ERK, Wnt‐β‐catenin, and PI3K‐AKT signaling pathways. (R,R′)‐4′‐methoxy‐1‐naphthylfenoterol ((R,R′)‐MNF) significantly reduces proliferation, survival, and motility of PANC‐1 pancreatic cancer cells through inhibition of the GPR55 receptor. We examined (R,R′)‐MNF's effect on glycolysis in PANC‐1 cells and tumors. Global NMR metabolomics was used to elucidate differences in the metabolome between untreated and (R,R′)‐MNF‐treated cells. LC/MS analysis was used to quantify intracellular concentrations of β‐hydroxybutyrate, carnitine, and l‐lactate. Changes in target protein expression were determined by Western blot analysis. Data was also obtained from mouse PANC‐1 tumor xenografts after administration of (R,R′)‐MNF. Metabolomics data indicate that (R,R′)‐MNF altered fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism and increased intracellular concentrations of β‐hydroxybutyrate and carnitine while reducing l‐lactate content. The cellular content of phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase‐1 and hexokinase 2 was reduced consistent with diminished PI3K‐AKT signaling and glucose metabolism. The presence of the GLUT8 transporter was established and found to be attenuated by (R,R′)‐MNF. Mice treated with (R,R′)‐MNF had significant accumulation of l‐lactate in tumor tissue relative to vehicle‐treated mice, together with reduced levels of the selective l‐lactate transporter MCT4. Lower intratumoral levels of EGFR, pyruvate kinase M2, β‐catenin, hexokinase 2, and p‐glycoprotein were also observed. The data suggest that (R,R′)‐MNF reduces glycolysis in PANC‐1 cells and tumors through reduced expression and function at multiple controlling sites in the glycolytic pathway.
Reconciling disparate data to determine the right answer: A grounded theory of meta analysts' reasoning in meta‐analysis
Authors: Chan Lisa , Macdonald Mary Ellen , Carnevale Franco A. , Steele Russell J. , Shrier Ian
Published: July 2017

While the systematic review process is intended to maximize objectivity and limit researchers' biases, examples remain of discordant recommendations from meta‐analyses. Current guidelines to explore discrepancies assume the variation is produced by methodological differences and thus focus only on the study process. Because heterogeneity of interpretation also occurs when experts examine the same data, our purpose was to examine if there are reasoning differences, ie, in how information is processed and valued. We created simulated meta‐analyses based on idealized randomized studies (ie, perfect studies with no bias) to ensure differences in interpretations could only be due to reasoning. We recruited published meta‐analysts using purposeful variables. We conducted 3 audio‐recorded interviews per participant using structured and semi‐structured interviews, with paraphrasing and reflective listening to enhance and verify responses. Recruitment and analysis of transcripts and field notes followed the principles of grounded theory (eg, theoretical saturation, constant comparative analysis). Results show the complexity of meta‐analytic reasoning. At each step of the process, participants attempted to reconcile disparate forms of knowledge to determine a right answer (moral concern) and accurately draw a treatment effect (epistemological concern). The reasoning processes often shifted between considering the meta‐analysis as if the data were whole, and as if the data were discrete components (individual studies). These findings highlight paradigmatic tensions regarding the epistemological premises of meta‐analysis, resembling previous historical investigations of the functioning of scientific communities. In understanding why different meta‐analysts interpret data differently, it may be unrealistic to expect objective homogenous recommendations based on meta‐analyses.
Feasibility and safety of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy using 5‐fluorouracil combined with cisplatin and mitomycin C in patients undergoing gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Murata Satoshi , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Naitoh Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Kaida Sachiko , Shimizu Tomoharu , Shiomi Hisanori , Naka Shigeyuki , Tani Tohru , Tani Masaji
Published: July 2017

Background and Objectives

We conducted a dose‐finding study for 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) administered with cisplatin (CDDP) and mitomycin C (MMC) to find an improved regimen for hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for advanced gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

The appropriate HIPEC regimen previously determined in vitro was 5‐FU (200 µg/mL), MMC (2 µg/mL), and CDDP (10 µg/mL) at hyperthermic conditions (42°C) for 30 min. This was a clinical study to determine the recommended dose of 5‐FU in combination with MMC and CDDP at 42°C for 30 min and to evaluate HIPEC safety in patients at high risk of developing peritoneal metastases following GC surgery.

Results

Twelve patients were treated with surgery plus HIPEC using 5‐FU at 0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg combined with MMC (10 mg) and CDDP (50 mg) in the perfusate (5 L). Dose‐limiting toxicities did not develop until 1000 mg 5‐FU was reached. Four patients experienced grade 1 or 2 adverse events. The recommended dose was 1000 mg 5‐FU/5 L perfusate. Eight (66.7%) patients demonstrated no recurrence of peritoneal metastases; 5‐year overall survival rate was 83.3%.

Conclusion

Gastrectomy and HIPEC with MMC, CDDP, and 5‐FU is feasible, safe, and may protect against peritoneal metastasis following surgery for advanced GC.
Left Ventricular Septal Hypertrophy in Elderly Patients With Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Katayama Minako , Panse Prasad M. , Kendall Christopher B. , Daniels John R. , Cha Stephen S. , Fortuin F. David , Sweeney John P. , DeValeria Patrick A. , Lanza Louis A. , Belohlavek Marek , Chaliki Hari P.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

Left ventricular (LV) septal hypertrophy in aortic stenosis raises diagnostic and therapeutic questions. However, the etiology and clinical consequences of this finding have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to perform a morphologic evaluation of the LV in aortic stenosis and to investigate the contributing factors and consequences of septal hypertrophy.

Methods

Patients with moderate or severe aortic stenosis were prospectively enrolled. Patients with previous myocardial infarction, wall motion abnormalities, at least moderate valvular regurgitation, known cardiomyopathy, an LV ejection fraction of less than 50%, and age younger than 65 years were excluded.

Results

Forty‐one patients underwent a final analysis. Septal hypertrophy (LV septal wall thickness ≥15 mm) was confirmed in 21 of 41 patients. The septal hypertrophy group had higher peak aortic valve velocity, a higher diabetes mellitus rate, and a higher rate and longer duration of hypertension than those without septal hypertrophy. The peak aortic valve velocity (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–37.1) and diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 7.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–46.2) were the significant factors associated with septal hypertrophy by multivariate analysis. Intraventricular conduction disturbance on electrocardiography was more frequent in the septal hypertrophy group (P = .021).

Conclusions

Left ventricular septal hypertrophy was commonly observed in elderly patients with aortic stenosis, and a higher aortic valve velocity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were associated factors. Intraventricular conduction disturbance occurred more often in patients with septal hypertrophy than those without, which implies the pathophysiologic consequence. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of septal hypertrophy and intraventricular conduction disturbance on the prognosis of patients after aortic valve interventions.
Interventional radiology in the management of the liver transplant patient
Authors: Thornburg Bartley , Katariya Nitin , Riaz Ahsun , Desai Kush , Hickey Ryan , Lewandowski Robert , Salem Riad
Published: July 2017

Liver transplantation (LT) is commonly used to treat patients with end‐stage liver disease. The evolution of surgical techniques, endovascular methods, and medical care has led to a progressive decrease in posttransplant morbidity and mortality. Despite these improvements, a multidisciplinary approach to each patient remains essential as the early diagnosis and treatment of the complications of transplantation influence graft and patient survival. The critical role of interventional radiology in the collaborative approach to the care of the LT patient will be reviewed. Liver Transplantation 23 1328–1341 2017 AASLD.
Relationship between vitamin D and gestational diabetes in overweight or obese pregnant women may be mediated by adiponectin
Authors: Mousa Aya , Abell Sally K , Shorakae Soulmaz , Harrison Cheryce L , Naderpoor Negar , Hiam Danielle , Moreno‐Asso Alba , Stepto Nigel K , Teede Helena J , de Courten Barbora
Published: July 2017

Scope

Maternal vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the association between vitamin D and inflammation, particularly adipokines, remains unexplored in pregnancy.

Methods and results

In 102 overweight or obese pregnant women at high‐risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), we investigated relationships between maternal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations at 12–15 wk gestation (baseline) and serum lipids, inflammatory markers, novel adipokines (omentin‐1, visfatin, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin), and subsequent pregnancy outcomes (GDM, preeclampsia, preterm birth [PTB]). After adjustment for maternal factors (age, BMI, parity, ethnicity, and smoking status), baseline 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with total cholesterol and triglycerides, and positively associated with HMW‐adiponectin. Higher baseline 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with decreased fasting and 1‐h post‐OGTT glucose and reduced risk of GDM at 26–28 wk, as well as with longer gestation and reduced risk of PTB upon additional adjustment for caesarean section. Adding HMW‐adiponectin to the multivariable models attenuated most associations, and HMW‐adiponectin was a significant predictor in the models.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that lower maternal 25(OH)D concentrations in overweight/obese pregnant women at high‐risk of GDM are associated with increased cardiometabolic risks during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and that these associations may be mediated by HMW‐adiponectin.
Child Health in Elementary School Following California's Paid Family Leave Program
Authors: Lichtman‐Sadot Shirlee , Bell Neryvia Pillay
Published: July 2017

We evaluate changes in elementary school children health outcomes following the introduction of California's Paid Family Leave (PFL) program, which provided parents with paid time off following the birth of a child. Our health outcomes—overweight, ADHD, and hearing‐related problems—are characterized by diagnosis rates that only pick up during early elementary school. Moreover, our health outcomes have been found to be negatively linked with many potential implications of extended maternity leave—increased breastfeeding, prompt medical checkups at infancy, reduced prenatal stress, and reduced non‐parental care during infancy. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies (ECLS) within a difference‐in‐differences framework, our results suggest improvements in health outcomes among California elementary school children following PFL's introduction. Furthermore, the improvements are driven by children from less advantaged backgrounds, which is consistent with the notion that California's PFL had the greatest effect on leave‐taking duration after childbirth mostly for less advantaged mothers who previously could not afford to take unpaid leave.
A cross‐national review of evidence‐based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and United States
Authors: Robinson Lee , Bond Caroline
Published: July 2017

The most thoroughly researched topic in relation to autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) is the evaluation of interventions. Educational psychology in the United Kingdom and Ireland is the most closely allied profession to school psychology in the United States. In considering what is published by and for the profession, it is important to include all of those journals that are directly relevant to the profession including educational psychology journals. This review reports on the type, focus, and quality of school‐based ASD intervention research reported in school and educational psychology journals between 2005 and 2015. Twelve evaluation studies are reported, which evaluated 10 discrete interventions and two commercial packages. These interventions targeted academic, social, communication, and behavioral outcomes. Implications for the practice of school psychologists are discussed including the application of research to the idiographic nature of the work of school psychologists.
Synthesis of SiOC:H nanoparticles by electrical discharge in hexamethyldisilazane and water
Authors: Hamdan Ahmad , Abdul Halim Rasha , Anjum Dalaver , Cha Min Suk
Published: July 2017

Nanoparticles have unique properties and are useful in many applications. Efficient synthesis of high yields of nanoparticles remains a challenge. Here, we synthesized SiOC:H, a low‐dielectric‐constant material, by electrical discharge at the interface of hexamethyldisilazane and water. The nanoparticle production rate of our technique was ∼17 mg per minute. We used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy to characterize the synthesized material. Heating the nanoparticles to 500 °C for 2 h released hydrogen from CHx groups and evaporated volatile compounds. Our method to produce high yields of low‐dielectric‐constant nanoparticles for microelectronic applications is promising.
In vitro pharmacological characterization of a novel unbiased NOP receptor‐selective nonpeptide agonist AT‐403
Authors: Ferrari Federica , Malfacini Davide , Journigan Blair V. , Bird Mark F. , Trapella Claudio , Guerrini Remo , Lambert David G. , Calo' Girolamo , Zaveri Nurulain T.
Published: July 2017

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) regulates several biological functions via selective activation of the N/OFQ receptor (NOP), a member of the opioid receptor family. We recently identified a new high affinity and highly selective NOP agonist AT‐403. In this study, we characterized the functional profile of AT‐403 and compared it to other known nonpeptide NOP agonists Ro 65‐6570, Ro 2q, SCH‐221510, MCOPPB, AT‐202 and SCH‐486757, using the following assays: GTPγ[35S] stimulated binding, calcium mobilization assay in cells‐expressing human NOP or classical opioid receptors and chimeric G proteins, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) based assay for studying NOP receptor interaction with G protein and arrestin, and the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens bioassay. All compounds behaved as NOP full agonists consistently showing the following rank order of potency MCOPPB > AT‐403 > Ro 65‐6570 = Ro 2q > SCH‐221510 >  AT‐202 > SCH‐486757. AT‐403 and MCOPPB displayed the highest NOP selectivity both at human and murine receptors. Interestingly, while all the other nonpeptide NOP agonists displayed bias toward G protein‐mediated signaling in the BRET assay, AT‐403, similar to the natural ligand N/OFQ, behaved as an unbiased agonist, activating G‐protein‐mediated function as well as arrestin recruitment. AT‐403 may be a useful nonpeptide tool compound to study the pharmacology of NOP activation in disease states.
Point defects in Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe): Resonant X‐ray diffraction study of the low‐temperature order/disorder transition
Authors: Schelhas L. T. , Stone K. H. , Harvey S. P. , Zakhidov D. , Salleo A. , Teeter G. , Repins I. L. , Toney M. F.
Published: July 2017

The interest in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTS) for photovoltaic applications is motivated by similarities to Cu(In,Ga)Se2 while being comprised of non‐toxic and earth abundant elements. However, CZTS suffers from a Voc deficit, where the Voc is much lower than expected based on the band gap, which may be the result of a high concentration of point‐defects in the CZTS lattice. Recently, reports have observed a low‐temperature order/disorder transition by Raman and optical spectroscopies in CZTS films and is reported to describe the ordering of Cu and Zn atoms in the CZTS crystal structure. To directly determine the level of Cu/Zn ordering, we have used resonant‐XRD, a site, and element specific probe of long range order. We used CZTSe films annealed just below and quenched from just above the transition temperature; based on previous work, the Cu and Zn should be ordered and highly disordered, respectively. Our data show that there is some Cu/Zn ordering near the low temperature transition but significantly less than high chemical order expected from Raman. To understand both our resonant‐XRD results and the Raman results, we present a structural model that involves antiphase domain boundaries and accommodates the excess Zn within the CZTS lattice.
Polymerization of 1‐(2‐Propynyl)‐3‐methylimidazolium Bromide using Cyclometalated Pd(II) Catalysts and Study of the Interaction of Ensuing Oligomer with BSA
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sujay , Mitra Kheyanath , Paitandi Rajendra Prasad , Singh Roop Shikha , Singh Shikha , Ray Biswajit , Pandey Daya Shankar
Published: July 2017

Two novel cyclometalated binuclear chloro‐bridged palladium based catalysts, {(PdClL1)2} (1) and {(PdClL2)2} (2) have been synthesized by reacting PdCl2 with 4‐nitro‐(benzylidene‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)‐amine (L1) and 4‐methylester‐(benzylidene‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)‐amine (L2), respectively. These have been characterized by elemental analyses, spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H, 13C NMR, ESI‐MS), and their structures have been authenticated by X‐ray single crystal analyses. Polymerization of ionic liquid monomer using these catalysts has been investigated. 1 exhibited best catalytic activity and each catalyst afforded both conducting and fluorescent oligomers and high molecular weight polymers. Resulting oligomers and polymers have been characterized by spectroscopic and conductivity, GPC, SEM‐EDAX, PXRD studies. Oligomers are fluorescent and their emission intensity enhances upon interaction with anions. Binding behaviour of oligomers has been examined with BSA. Quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA in presence of oligomers have been studied by steady state, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy and changes in secondary structure quantified by CD spectroscopy.
Effects of Multiple Factors on Methane Hydrate Reformation in a Porous Medium
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Yang Mingjun , Jiang Lanlan , Zhao Yuechao , Song Yongchen
Published: July 2017

The effects of the remaining hydrate saturation (remaining Sh), reformation pressure and methane flow velocity on methane hydrate (MH) reformation in a porous medium were investigated. The results indicate that the presence of residual hydrate affects the hydrate reformation distribution. The remaining Sh has a more obvious effect on the hydrate reformation saturation than the pressure and methane flow velocity during the rapid reformation stage. However, in the stable reformation stage, the pressure has the largest effect on the hydrate reformation saturation. In addition, the increases in reformation Sh are related to the remaining Sh, and the remaining Sh has a negative effect on the Sh increment. A comparison of the hydrate reformation rates at various times suggests that both reformation pressure and remaining Sh affect the hydrate reformation rate. The remaining Sh has a more remarkable effect than the reformation pressure. In addition, the maximum hydrate reformation rate is related to the remaining Sh, and the maximum hydrate reformation rate will decrease when the level of remaining Sh increases.
Self‐Assembly of Solution‐Processable Polyindole via Langmuir‐Blodgett Technique: An Insight to Layer‐Dependent Charge Transport and Electronic Parameters
Authors: Mishra Richa , Pandey Rajiv K. , Upadhyay Chandan , Prakash Rajiv
Published: July 2017

Ordering of polymer chains at molecular level using a suitable post‐synthesis fabrication technique is highly motivating towards enhancement in performance of organic electronic devices. Here, we report the formation of stable, large area self‐assembled Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films of unsubstituted polyindole (PIn) without aid of any surfactant. Pressure vs Area (π‐A) isotherm for PIn is studied prior to device fabrication. Investigation of film uniformity via atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy justified 30 mN/m as optimum surface pressure for depositing large area PIn LB films. Self‐assembly in LB film is confirmed by absorption and Raman spectroscopy before device fabrication. A layer dependent charge transport of LB film of PIn is studied via current density (J)–voltage (V) characteristics and subsequently various device parameters are extracted using Schottky diode configuration of sandwiched structure Al/PIn LB film/ITO. A deviation in ideality factor, rectification ratio, current density and barrier height is observed for different number of layers. The electrical characteristics are also discussed taking into account the absorption spectra, Raman spectra, surface morphology, topography, barrier height. This study shows enormous potential for the fabrication of ordered PIn polymer on large area based electronic device application.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Fused Heterocyclic Molecular Rods: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on Diethynyl Dithienothiophenyl Derivatives
Authors: Jones Leighton , Pask Christopher M. , Kazlauciunas Algy , Gulcur Murat , Lin Long
Published: July 2017

A structural and electronic diversity of symmetric diethynyl dithienothiophenyl (DTT) molecular rods were synthesised and their properties fully characterised using optical and thermal analysis and complemented with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It was found that some structures are stable up to 381 °C. Due to the nature of both the derivative and the substituent, physical properties such as electron donating ability and thermal stability can be fine‐tuned to generate rationally designed materials, all of which have excellent solubility in common organic solvents. The single‐crystal x‐ray structures revealed that both bulky silyl and linear alkyl derivatives generate regular lateral close packing between the adjacent molecules, suitable for charge‐transfer in organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs), whereas the same ethynyl derivative without an alkyl chain gives a non‐planar interlinking structure and thus unsuitable for OTFTs. These air‐stable electron rich DTT‐based molecular rods have strong potential as organic semiconductors for organic electronic applications.
A Luminescent Perylenediimide as a Binding Ligand for Pyrimidine/Pyrimidine Mismatches Within a DNA Duplex
Authors: Takada Tadao , Umakoshi Yu , Nakamura Mitsunobu , Yamana Kazushige
Published: July 2017

Synthetic small molecules with a binding affinity to mismatched base pairs have been widely studied because of their potential applications in chemotherapeutic drugs and diagnostic tools for the detection of single nucleotide variations. In this paper, a luminescent ligand, a perylenediimide (PO) derivative, which is capable of binding to mismatched base pairs within a DNA duplex and generating a strong fluorescence upon the binding event, was demonstrated. Fluorescence enhancement of PO upon the binding to pyrimidine/pyrimidine mismatches were prominent and reached ca. 100‐fold for a C/C mismatched base pair, which was visually observed. This result represents the best performance as a fluorescence turn‐on response among the existing mismatch binding ligands.
In Vivo Rescue of the Hematopoietic Niche By Pluripotent Stem Cell Complementation of Defective Osteoblast Compartments
Authors: Chubb Rhiannon , Oh James , Riley Alyssa K. , Kimura Takaharu , Wu Sean M. , Wu Joy Y.
Published: July 2017

Bone-forming osteoblasts play critical roles in supporting bone marrow hematopoiesis. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSC), are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts. To determine the capacity of stem cells needed to rescue aberrant skeletal development and bone marrow hematopoiesis in vivo, we used a skeletal complementation model. Mice deficient in Runx2, a master transcription factor for osteoblastogenesis, fail to form a mineralized skeleton and bone marrow. Wild-type (WT) green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ ESCs and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)+ iPSCs were introduced into Runx2-null blastocyst-stage embryos. We assessed GFP/YFP+ cell contribution by whole-mount fluorescence and histological analysis and found that the proportion of PSCs in the resulting chimeric embryos is directly correlated with the degree of mineralization in the skull. Moreover, PSC contribution to long bones successfully restored bone marrow hematopoiesis. We validated this finding in a separate model with diphtheria toxin A-mediated ablation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Remarkably, chimeric embryos harboring as little as 37.5% WT PSCs revealed grossly normal skeletal morphology, suggesting a near-complete rescue of skeletogenesis. In summary, we demonstrate that fractional contribution of PSCs in vivo is sufficient to complement and reconstitute an osteoblast-deficient skeleton and hematopoietic marrow. Further investigation using genetically modified PSCs with conditional loss of gene function in osteoblasts will enable us to address the specific roles of signaling mediators to regulate bone formation and hematopoietic niches in vivo.
Assessment of diastolic function of normal fetal heart using dual‐gate Doppler
Authors: Takano M. , Nakata M. , Nagasaki S. , Ueyama R. , Morita M.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The ratio of mitral peak early diastolic filling to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/e′) reflects diastolic cardiac function in adults. Dual‐gate Doppler (DD) enables measurements of E/e′ in the same heart beat. This study was designed to assess the utility of the DD method for measurement of fetal E/e′ and determine reference ranges for normal fetuses.

Methods

This prospective study comprised normal singleton pregnancies undergoing fetal echocardiography between 16 and 36 weeks of gestation. According to the DD method, E‐wave velocity on pulsed‐wave Doppler and e′‐wave on tissue Doppler imaging were measured simultaneously on an apical or basal four‐chamber view, and fetal E/e′ was calculated. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between gestational age (GA) and E‐wave and e′‐wave velocities and E/e′.

Results

A total of 133 pregnancies were included in this study and all E/e′ measurements were successful. Significant correlation was observed between GA and both left ventricular (LV) E/e′ (r
s = –0.666, P < 0.001) and right ventricular (RV) E/e′ (r
s = –0.607, P < 0.001). The regression equations for bilateral E/e′ were: LV‐E/e′ = 17.341 − 0.631GA + 0.008 × GA2 (mean ± SD, R
2 = 0.440 ± 1.333); and RV‐E/e′ = 19.156 − 0.794GA + 0.012GA2 (R
2 = 0.419 ± 1.329).

Conclusions

Bilateral E/e′ of normal fetuses, measured using the DD method, decreased with GA, which is considered to be related to myocardial maturity. DD is a useful and convenient method for evaluating fetal E/e′ in order to assess diastolic function in the prenatal period. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
CsSc3F6[SeO3]2: A New Rare‐Earth Metal(III) Fluoride Oxoselenate(IV) With Sections Of The ReO3‐Type Structure
Authors: Greiner Stefan , Schleid Thomas
Published: July 2017

A new representative of rare‐earth metal(III) fluoride oxoselenates(IV) derivatized with alkali metals could be synthesized via solid‐state reactions. Colorless single crystals of CsSc3F6[SeO3]2 were obtained through the reaction of Sc2O3, ScF3, and SeO2 (molar ratio 1:1:3) with CsBr as reactant and fluxing agent. For this purpose, corundum crucibles embedded as liners into evacuated silica ampoules were applied as containers for these reactions at 700 °C for seven days. The new quintenary compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3m1 with a = 565.34(4) and c = 1069.87(8) pm (c/a = 1.892) for Z = 1. The crystal structure of CsSc3F6[SeO3]2 contains two crystallographically different Sc3+ cations. Each (Sc1)3+ is surrounded by six fluoride anions as octahedron, while the octahedra about (Sc2)3+ are formed by three fluoride anions and three oxygen atoms from three terminal [SeO3]2– anions. The [(Sc1)F6]3– octahedra link via common F– vertices to six fac‐[(Sc2)F3O3]6– octahedra forming 2∞{[Sc3F6O6]9–} layers parallel to (001). These layers are separated by oxygen‐coordinated Cs+ cations (C.N. = 12), arranging for the charge compensation, while Se4+ cations within the layers surrounded by three oxygen atoms as ψ1‐tetrahedral [SeO3]2– units complete the structure. EDX measurements confirmed the composition of the title compound and single‐crystal Raman studies showed the typical vibrational modes of isolated [SeO3]2– anions with ideal C3v symmetry.
Synthesis of citramalic acid from glycerol by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Wu Xianghao , Eiteman Mark A
Published: July 2017

Citramalic acid (citramalate) serves as a five-carbon precursor for the chemical synthesis of methacrylic acid. We compared citramalate and acetate accumulation from glycerol using Escherichia coli strains expressing a modified citramalate synthase gene cimA from Methanococcus jannaschii. These studies revealed that gltA coding citrate synthase, leuC coding 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase, and acetate pathway genes play important roles in elevating citramalate and minimizing acetate formation. Controlled 1.0 L batch experiments confirmed that deletions in all three acetate-production genes (poxB, ackA, and pta) were necessary to reduce acetate formation to less than 1 g/L during citramalate production from 30 g/L glycerol. Fed-batch processes using MEC568/pZE12-cimA (gltA leuC ackA-pta poxB) generated over 31 g/L citramalate and less than 2 g/L acetate from either purified or crude glycerol at yields exceeding 0.50 g citramalate/g glycerol in 132 h. These results hold promise for the viable formation of citramalate from unrefined glycerol.
Genetic diversity of Patellifolia patellaris from the Iberian Peninsula, a crop wild relative of cultivated beets
Authors: Frese Lothar , Bülow Lorenz , Nachtigall Marion , Rubio Teso María Luisa , Duarte Maria Cristina , Rey Elena , Iriondo Alegría José María
Published: July 2017

The genetic diversity ofPatellifolia patellarishas been investigated to generate information required for the organisation of a systematic genetic resources conservation action combining the best elements of the ex situ and in situ conservation concept. To this end, ten occurrences of the species were sampled on the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Spain. A total of 271 individuals was analysed using 24 microsatellite markers. The factorial analysis separated the material into two occurrences from Portugal, two occurrences sampled east of Gibraltar and six occurrences from the eastern Spanish coast. The pairwise genetic distance between occurrences and the complementary compositional differentiation among occurrences were calculated. The genetic distance values were used to construct an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean tree, which can be separated into four equidistant clusters. Two clusters are located in Portugal and two further clusters in Spain. The factorial analysis as well as the genetic distance and differentiation analysis indicate that the two occurrences from Portugal are clearly genetically different from the Spanish group of occurrences. Both occurrences have low population sizes and are therefore highly endangered. In situ conservation actions are urgently required for both occurrences. Further investigations are needed to organise better informed conservation actions forP. patellaris, namely to study genetic relationships between occurrences on the Spanish mainland and occurrences distributed on the Canary Islands, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands as well as in Morocco.
NGOization of Islamic Charity: Claiming Legitimacy in Changing Institutional Contexts
Authors: Borchgrevink Kaja
Published: July 2017

Islamic welfare organizations are currently going through processes of ‘NGOization’. Drawing on qualitative data from Pakistan, Norway and the UK (2012–2015), this article examines how two Islamic welfare organizations which are embedded in Islamic political movements, become ‘Muslim NGOs’. The NGOization of Islamic charity signifies not only a change in organizational structure and legal status, but also more profound changes in organizational discourse and practice, and in the ways the organizations make claims to legitimacy. To claim legitimacy as providers of aid in changing institutional environments, the organizations draw on both religious and professional sources of authority. By analysing the NGOization of Islamic charity, the paper brings out the importance of normative frameworks in shaping organizational legitimacy and sheds light on the continued significance of both moral and transcendental aspects of the discourses, practices and identities of Muslim NGOs.