bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Head
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Victoria’s deeply fractious relationship with the Church of England. She came to the throne determined not just to maintain but also to reform the Church by promoting the liberal clergy who could make it a more charitable and representative institution. Resistance to the royal promotion of liberalism from Tractarians and Ritualists who loathed Protestantism and Erastianism—state meddling in spiritual matters—made her increasingly aggressive in her determination to broaden the Church, as she pressed for legislation to stamp out liturgical experiments which hinted at a hankering after the spiritual authority of the Church of Rome. Victoria’s feeling that she could defend the Church by making it more representative of the Protestant nation not only set her against high church people, but blinded her to the principled objections that many Protestant Dissenters nursed to its establishment. Her alarmed response to their talk of disestablishment, especially in Wales, further narrowed Victoria’s understanding of liberalism.
Kaif
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

The elusive feeling of kaif was at the heart of the hippie experience—much more than ideology or belief. Kaif was borrowed from the Arabic term keif, which denotes the pleasurable state of mind that is granted to rightful Muslims in paradise. The term kaif meant altering one’s state of mind and entering a new world. Kaif was first and foremost a state of being high—even though not all hippies achieved this high through drugs, but lost themselves in music, sex, spirituality, or simply community. The sistema was all about kaif and it was masterful in creating the conditions in which kaif was experienced. This chapter will look at various routes to how kaif was achieved and what achieving kaif meant for hippie identity and their relationship to the Soviet habitat in which they lived.
Preserving preservationism (about free will)
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the question of how phenomenology might influence the reference conditions of the concept of free will. For descriptivists about reference, if the presentational content of free-agency phenomenology is libertarian, then descriptively libertarian reference conditions for the concept might be inherited from the phenomenology. In that case, eliminativism about the concept and denialism about free will would be true, assuming determinism. However, Gregg Caruso has maintained that even on a non-descriptivist and apparently preservationist and realist approach to the conceptual question, such as the natural-kind view, if the phenomenology has libertarian presentational content, then eliminativism and denialism are also true, once we assume determinism. Relying on the view about free-agency phenomenology developed in Chapter 4, this chapter provides a non-descriptivist defense of both preservationism and realism about free will, against Caruso’s claims. The chapter also considers Shaun Nichols’s discretionist position about free will.
Conclusions
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarizes our main empirical findings. We then make some suggestions regarding deep issues such as: Why is it the case that we have two majority mosts that can occur in both non-partitives and partitives (mostdist and mostcum) as well as two majority mosts that can occur only in partitives (mostRP and mostDP)? For each of these cases we demonstrate that the difference in LF representations stems from syntactic distinctions (NPs vs MeasPs as complements of mostdist and mostcum, respectively; RP and DP complements for partitive most). Comparisons with all further refine the proposals. We reiterate one of the main claims of the book: the fact that none of the majority mosts can be analyzed as a superlative. We propose that majority most evolved from the superlative of most via grammaticalization. We finally observe that the majority mosts that allow mass quantification invalidate some generalizations regarding “necessarily quantificational” DPs.
Introduction
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru
Published: May 2021

Justice Across Ages is a book about how we should respond to inequalities patterned on age membership. Our social fabric is structured around age and so inequalities between age groups are numerous and multifaceted. And yet, political theorists have spared little time thinking about how we should respond to these disparities. Are they akin to those patterned on gender or race? Or is there something relevantly distinctive about them that mitigates the need for concern? This introductory chapter presents these questions and shows why they matter. It introduces the book’s main aim—developing a theory of justice between co-existing generations—and also provides an overview of the book’s approach, main contributions and structure.
Lifespan Prudence
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru
Published: May 2021

How should a just government distribute resources like jobs, education and healthcare between age groups? How should it ensure that the rules that govern entitlements and restrictions at different stages of our lives are fair rather than age-biased? This chapter answers these questions starting from Norman Daniels’s account of lifespan prudence. Daniels proposes that the unattractive allegory of a war between young and old could be undercut by the simple realization that we can all benefit from some forms of unequal treatment by age. He asks us to convert the interpersonal question into the intrapersonal question “how would an ideally placed agent behind a veil of ignorance distribute scarce resources between different stages of her own life?” This chapter offers an in-depth critical engagement with the framework and offers two resulting principles of age-group justice: lifespan sufficiency and lifespan efficiency.
Treating Young and Old as Equals
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru
Published: May 2021

This chapter brings the whole framework developed in previous chapters together: it summarizes its key components and examines potential conflicts between the principles. The chapter then goes back to the examples of inequalities between young and old with which this book began (unequal exposure to environmental risks, unequal benefit ratios, unequal per-capita spending, unequal respect, unequal political power, and unequal labor market vulnerabilities), and offers a final take on whether (or under which conditions) they are unjust. The chapter ends with an examination of the recommendations that can be derived from the framework for what counts as treating young adults, specifically, as equals.
Age, Jobs, and Inequalities
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru
Published: May 2021

Having a job can be a burden and a benefit at once, and so we tend to treat employment as a right and a duty. The distribution of jobs is therefore a pressing matter of social justice, understood as the fair distribution of burdens and benefits of social cooperation. We are well familiar with work inequalities patterned on gender, race, immigration status, level of ability, and social class, among other. But work is also very unequally distributed between persons at different stages of their lives. This chapter applies the normative insights offered in previous chapters to the complex world of work. It seeks to identify which workplace and labor market inequalities in rights and obligations should concern us by looking at programs that enforce a special right to work for the young, a special duty to retire for senior workers, and a special duty to work for the young. The chapter also examines the phenomenon of wrongful age discrimination in employment and the notion of age-integrated workplaces.
Youth-ing Politics
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on disparities in political power between age groups. In particular, it looks at the critical underrepresentation of young adults in legislative bodies and makes the case that the introduction of youth quotas should be considered as a remedy. The defense has two parts: the first discusses the likely impact of youth quotas on the substantive representation of young adults’ interests; the other makes the case that youth quotas have symbolic value and could contribute to the affirmation of the young’s status as political equals. The chapter argues that these substantive and symbolic arguments jointly provide a good basis for a politics of youth presence in parliaments. The chapter concludes by drawing attention to the distinction between age and cohort quotas.
A Brief Introduction
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the Jurisdictional Challenge, that is, the situation where multiple courts may be competent or no court may be competent, and briefly explains the key features of internet technologies such as remoteness, decentralization, and ubiquity, which have given rise to the Jurisdictional Challenge. It briefly explains how internet technologies such as wireless networking, ubiquitous broadband, peer-to-peer file sharing, cloud computing, and blockchain are all increasing this trend. This chapter analyses why law enforcement on the internet is difficult and provides an overview of the book chapters.
The Jurisdictional Challenge Answered—Enforcement through Gatekeepers on the Internet
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 examines the consequences of the Jurisdictional Challenge of the internet for the enforcement of public law, such as content regulation and criminal law relating to illegal content. Internet applications such as websites, mobile apps, peer-to-peer file sharing, cyberlockers, and social media have enabled the remote sharing of illegal content and criminal interaction between people globally and across national borders. This global spread of illegal activities creates challenges for the application and enforcement of national law, as perpetrators may be remote from enforcement authorities, and content is shared instantly. The imposition of liability on intermediaries such as social media platforms as gatekeepers for law enforcement as a way of overcoming the Jurisdictional Challenge is critically discussed. Enforcement takes place against entities facilitating or enabling dissemination of illegal content or the illegal activities instead of the primary perpetrators. This strategy is used to overcome the “out of reach” problem caused by decentralization and remote targeting. This chapter critically analyses in detail the provisions on intermediary liability/immunity and recent proposals to impose a duty of care, particularly in respect of child sexual exploitation and abuse, and terrorism-related materials. It examines the German Network Law Enforcement Act and other countries’ similar initiatives (including the UK White Paper “Online Harms”) and the provisions in the revised EU AVMS Directive. It critically examines regulation by platforms themselves and the human rights implications of coregulation. Both notice and take-down regimes and blocking of internet access to material are covered, and different initiatives evaluated and compared.
Intellectual Property—Internet Jurisdiction and Applicable Law
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 12 covers jurisdiction and applicable law in respect of internet cases involving intellectual property (IP). It covers both registered rights (eg trademarks, patents, design rights) and unregistered rights (eg passing off, copyright). It incisively discusses the relationship between IP and the territoriality principle, and how the English courts have moved away from the strict territoriality rule in recent years. The chapter discusses the Berne Convention and, within the EU, the Copyright Directive overcoming the strict territoriality of copyright. It includes a discussion of domain names and in rem jurisdiction at the place of registration of the domain name. The chapter then moves to an explanation of the jurisdictional rules in England, as well as the harmonized EU rules in the Brussels Regulation. The chapter analyses in rem, subject-matter jurisdiction and its interplay with personal jurisdiction under the Brussels Regulation and the English Jurisdiction rules. The chapter briefly discusses the jurisdictional provisions in the EU Trademark Regulation, Community Design Regulation, and the European Patent. Finally, it covers the rules on applicable law in the Rome II Regulation and the Berne Convention.
A Theory of Prudence
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: May 2021

Much of knowing what to do is knowing what to do for ourselves. But knowing how to act in our best interest is complex‐‐‐we must know what benefits us, what burdens us, and how these facts present and constitute considerations in favor of action. Not only this, we must know how we should weigh our interests at different times‐‐‐past, present, and future. What is needed, then, is a theory of prudence: a theory of how we ought to act when we are acting for ourselves. In this book, Dale Dorsey provides a comprehensive account of prudence, including the metaethics of prudential value, the nature of the personal good, the reasons of prudence, and the structure of prudential normativity over time.
A Defense of Subjectivism
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: May 2021

This chapter defends subjectivism about prudential value, the thesis that a necessary condition for all goods for a person is that the person in question value the good under the relevant conditions. This chapter provides a novel argument for subjectivism, the relationship to value argument, and defends its insistence that subjects should value, rather than take a non-valuing pro-attitude toward, individual goods
Project-Oriented Subjectivism
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a further refinement of the subjectivist theory of well-being defended here. I argue that we should treat a person’s long-term, valued projects as having special value; value that can outstrip the extent to which these projects are valued by the person in question. I outline and defend this view against more standard approaches to subjectivism with reference to the oft-theorized “shape of a life” phenomenon, and with reference to the lesser-theorized phenomenon of good deaths.
Respect for Persons and Public Justification
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: May 2021

Gerald Gaus argues that respect for persons is not an independent ground for requiring that social morality must be publicly justified. Instead, respect is built into the structure of social morality, because social morality involves recognizing one another as sources of a moral summons to follow rules. So mutual respect for persons is a social achievement, not a requirement underlying morality. The authority of rules of social morality derives from this structural nature of social morality. But because one may face a gap between one’s individual moral reasoning and social morality, no particular rule of social morality, including rules about whether coercion is justified, necessarily overrides one’s own moral conclusions.
On a Kantian Form of Respect
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: May 2021

In this essay, Stephen Darwall first develops a rich set of distinctions of different forms of respect that supplement the fundamental distinction of recognition and appraisal respect. He then applies it to Kant’s dictum from The Critique of Practical Reason that “before a common humble man … my spirit bows.” Darwall is particularly interested in what Kant says about the phenomenology of respect: how it occurs, how it feels, and the like. The framework Darwall developed earlier, allows him to show how respect as a moral feeling is not only a form of appraisal but also recognition respect, and how the moral feeling of respect relates to other forms, such as “social respect” and “honor respect.”
Conclusion
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a concluding overview of some of the major characteristics of Romanian historical morphology. Among these are allomorphy, gender marking, case marking, the inflexional marking of definiteness, auxiliaries, and derivational affixes. Particularly interesting and distinctive in Romanian are the vocative, the supine, and the unusually rich pronominal system. Attention is also paid to the effects of language contact. The chapter reflects on the sensitivity of Romanian morphology to the feature of animacy.
Epistemology and the Ethics of Animal Experimentation
Authors: Engel Jr. Mylan
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Mylan Engel Jr. argues that animal experimentation is neither epistemically nor morally justified and should be abolished. Engel argues that the only serious attempt at justifying animal experimentation is the benefits argument, according to which animal experiments are justified because the benefits that humans receive from the experiments outweigh the costs imposed on the animal subjects. According to Engel, the benefits we allegedly receive from animal-based biomedical research are primarily epistemic, in that experimenting on animal models is supposed to provide us with knowledge of the origin and proper treatment of human disease. However, Engel argues that animal models are extremely unreliable at predicting how drugs will behave in humans, whether candidate drugs will be safe in humans, and whether candidate drugs will be effective in humans. Engel concludes that animal-based research fails to provide the epistemic, and thereby moral, benefits needed to justify its continued use.
Feminist Pornography as Feminist Propaganda, and Ideological Catch-22s
Authors: McGlynn Aidan
Published: May 2021

Philosophical discussions of pornography are often located within the philosophy of language, due to Rae Langton and Jennifer Hornsby’s pioneering speech-act theoretic treatments, offered with an eye towards issues concerning freedom of speech. An alternative (though not inconsistent) approach sees pornography as a topic for epistemologists; in particular, a number of philosophers have recently suggested a crucial part of what makes pornography troubling is that it acts as a kind of propaganda. However, while mainstream pornography tends to peddle a harmful, sexism sexual ideology, some feminists, including some feminist philosophers, have expressed the hope that feminist pornography could harness pornography’s persuasive force—its propagandic power to shape the attitudes, and perhaps the behaviour, of its consumers—but change the message. In this chapter, McGlynn critically examines this proposal and draws the disappointing conclusion that it is likely to fail, given the way that propaganda works.
‘Yikkity Yak, Who Said That?’ The Epistemology of Anonymous Assertions
Authors: Ivy Veronica
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Veronica Ivy argues against a “punitive model of assertoric behavior,” according to which speakers generally assert properly only because hearers have the ability to punish speakers in some sense when they assert improperly. Ivy argues against this by showing that we assert truthfully even when there are no punitive disincentives for lying, and we feel badly for asserting falsely even when there are no punitive consequences. In this way, Ivy claims that speakers tend to experience an internal duty of honesty and truthfulness and this is what drives assertoric practices. Given this, Ivy maintains that speakers should adopt a default attitude of trust toward assertions, including those that are anonymous. This trust is defeasible: if speakers have strong positive reasons to doubt the assertion, then these reasons serve as defeaters. However, Ivy argues that anonymity itself is not a defeater and, thus, doubting anonymous assertions is the exception, not the rule.
Optical Networks: An Overview
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

We present an overview of optical networks, beginning with a background of today’s telecommunication networks and the roles of optical fibers therein. Next, we describe the chronology of developments in telecommunication networks starting from the days of public-switched telephone network (PSTN) offering ‘plain old telephone service’ as the basic service, followed by the divestiture of Bell Laboratories and subsequent developments of the demonopolized regime of telecommunication networks with multiple services offered to users by the same network providers. Then we describe the salient features of the two generations of optical networks for various network segments, including single-wavelength and WDM-based LANs/MANs, accesses networks, metro and long-haul networks, datacenters, and elastic optical networks. Finally, we discuss briefly the possible network architectures with the evolving optical-networking technologies. (124 words)
Optical Local/Metropolitan and Storage-Area Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

The first generation of local/metropolitan-area networks (LANs/MANs) used copper-based media, spread out typically across a building or a campus under one autonomous administration. With the arrival of optical-fiber transmission, considerable developments took place to enhance the speed and size of these copper-based LANs and MANs, by using optical fibers over various possible topologies, such as bus, ring, and star. We begin with the earlier experiments carried out on optical LANs/MANs in various research groups, and then present some of the standardized optical LANs/MANs, such as distributed queue dual bus (DQDB), fiber-distributed digital interface (FDDI), and different versions of high-speed Ethernet (1/10/40/100 Gbps). Finally, we describe some of the storage-area networks (SANs) augmented by optical fiber transmission, where small locally networked clusters of servers and storage devices are accessed by workstations through LANs such as, HIPPI, ESCON, and fiber channel. (139 words)
Optical Access Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

Access networks have evolved relentlessly over time in diverse directions. For example, PSTN initially provided only landline voice services in the last mile and later offered data-access using dial-up, ISDN, and ADSL technologies. Similarly, cable TV and mobile communication networks introduced data and voice/video services, while LANs and Wi-Fi networks evolved offering voice and video services. Following these developments, the demands for larger bandwidth and coverage area in the access segment increased and led to optical-access networking solutions using passive optical networks (PONs). With two wavelengths for the upstream/downstream transmissions over tree topology, PONs use TDM for the downstream transmission to the users and TDMA in the upstream with the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme. This chapter focuses on PONs, presenting the building blocks and MAC protocols using appropriate DBA schemes. Finally, the chapter presents various PON standards: EPON, GPON, 10G EPON, and XG-PON. (144 words)
WDM Access Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

In TDM PONs, or simply PONs, the transmission capacity of optical fibers remains under-utilized with single-wavelength transmissions for both upstream and downstream traffic. Use of WDM transmission in PONs can significantly enhance the overall network capacity and coverage area. WDM transmission in PONs can be realized in several ways, such as by using WDM exclusively or combining WDM with TDM, leading to WDM PONs and TDM-WDM PONs (TWDM PONs). This chapter gives several candidate physical configurations to realize WDM and TWDM PONs, and describes some useful dynamic wavelength-bandwidth allocation (DWBA) schemes for the latter. We also briefly discuss the needs of open access to the PON-based access networks for the various stakeholders, such as service providers and network providers. Finally, we describe briefly the roles of optical networking in the access segment of mobile networks. (135 words)
WDM Metro Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

With increasing traffic, legacy SONET/SDH-metro rings have mostly been upgraded using point-to-point WDM (PPWDM) transmission. For cost-effective realization, WDM metro networks also employ wavelength-routed optical networking (WRON), where a wavelength is bypassed optically at intermediate nodes. Metro networks are generally split into core and edge rings, with the metro-core ring interfacing with the long-haul backbone and the metro-edge ring interconnecting the metro-core ring with the access segment. The PPWDM/WRON transmission is employed with each wavelength using circuit-switched SONET/SDH transmission, though the metro-edge rings can also use packet-switching to enhance bandwidth utilization with bursty traffic from the access segment. In this chapter, we consider first WDM metro networks using PPWDM/WRON-based rings and present their design methodologies using LP-based and heuristic schemes. We describe some packet-switched WDM ring testbeds and examine the possible improvement in bandwidth utilization therein, as compared to the circuit-switched WRON rings. (143 words)
Transmission Impairments and Power Consumption in Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

The physical layer in optical networks suffers from various transmission impairments due to the non-ideal passive and active devices used therein. For example, losses in various passive optical devices and fiber links, noise generated in optical receivers and amplifiers, dispersion and nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers, and crosstalk in optical switches can degrade the quality of the received signal at some destination nodes, thereby increasing the receiver BER beyond an acceptable limit. However, power consumption in various active devices across a network keeps increasing with the growth of network traffic and size, demanding power-aware designs of the network elements and protocols. Here, we examine the impact of various transmission impairments in optical networks, followed by possible impairment-aware designs for different networking segments. Finally, we present some power-aware design approaches for optical networks. (132 words)
Elastic Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

In WDM networks using a fixed frequency grid, transmission rates can vary for different connections, leading to inefficient bandwidth utilization in optical fibers with lower-rate connections using wide frequency slots. In elastic optical networks (EONs), the frequency grid is made flexible, thereby improving the effective network capacity. A flexible frequency grid consists of smaller frequency slots, and a transmitting node can use multiple slots using suitable modulation techniques, such as optical OFDM, Nyquist-WDM and optical arbitrary waveform generation (OAWG). However, this requires bandwidth-variable transceivers (BVTs) and other devices to set up variable-rate connections. First we discuss the design challenges in EONs and describe the evolving technologies for the network elements. Then we present some offline (LP-based and heuristic) design methodologies for EONs to carry out routing and spectral allocation (RSA) for the required connections. Finally, we present some online fragmentation-aware RSA schemes for the operational EONs. (146 words)
Nation States and Political Unions
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

A political union is a distinct form of polity. Unlike the nation-state, it does not require consensus on demos (the people), telos (purpose), ethos (common values) or the locus of sovereignty. At one time it was believed that unions would give way to nation-states in the process of modernization. In recent years, the concept of union has been revived, to refer both to plurinational states and to international bodies like the European Union. Thinking about sovereignty has been revised to encompass shared and divided sovereignty. Union has several dimensions, including political, social and economic, which do not necessarily coincide in space. Managing unions requires distinct forms of statecraft to balance centrifugal and centripetal tendencies.
Union at the Centre
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

The devolution settlement of 1999 introduced radical changes at the periphery but changed almost nothing at the centre. England remained subject directly to the Westminster Parliament and UK Government, so the system is asymmetrical. Intergovernmental relations are weakly institutionalized. While UK Governments have not systematically intervened in devolved matters, Whitehall departments are often insensitive to the effects of their decisions on Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is not represented in the constitutional settlement but an English level of politics and administration has emerged by subtraction of the devolved territories. An inchoate sense of dissatisfaction has crystalized around the issues of ‘English votes for English laws’ and the supposedly favourable treatment for Scotland I public expenditure. As long as the English Question is poorly specified, a more complete answer to it remains elusive.
The Public and the Union
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

Public attitudes to the Union are complex. Citizens in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are aware of the choice between British and local identity. Most of them combine both but with different intensities. Citizens in England are now willing to make the same distinctions. There has not been a marked increase in non-British identities in recent years but their political significance has changed. Support for independence in Scotland has increased and is linked to identity. Support for reunification in Northern Ireland fell after the 1999 settlement but has fluctuated since. In Wales, a narrow majority for devolution in the referendum of 1997 shifted towards broad support as the National Assembly (now Senedd) matured. Brexit led to an increase in support for Scottish independence and Irish reunification but not to a decisive degree. There has not been a significant increase in English identity or support for an English Parliament. Citizens in England are not mostly opposed to devolution for the other territories and are, by international standards, often relaxed about the prospect of the secession of Scotland and Northern Ireland. There is a clear link between strong English identity and support for leaving the European Union.
The Future of Union
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

The UK Union is facing strong centrifugal pressures, especially in the wake of Brexit. This is not because fundamental political values differ among the constituent nations. It is rather that the UK is facing the same forces of spatial rescaling and pressures on the welfare state as other European states. This is refracted as a crisis of the territorial polity. Unionism, which was historically quite successful as a form of statecraft within Great Britain, has lost its touch. In seeking to combat the peripheral nationalisms, it has itself become a form of nationalism, with the idea of Britishness bearing too heavy a burden. The rival nationalisms of the periphery have not, for their part, forged a comprehensive counter-narrative of state and nation, so that the Union survives by default.
When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 discusses the requirement that an answer to the preliminary question must be relevant for the resolution of the main proceedings. It analyses when a preliminary ruling must be assumed to be irrelevant to the decision in the main proceedings, and it discusses the so-called Foglia principle according to which the Court declines jurisdiction to reply to questions of interpretation which are submitted to it within the framework of a contrived case. Chapter 5 also examines when a preliminary reference is precluded because the same issue is, has been, or could be subject to a direct action before the Court of Justice. Here it first examines the relationship between, on the one hand, the preliminary procedure and, on the other hand, Articles 258 and 259 TFEU concerning infringement proceedings. Next, it analyses the relationship between the preliminary procedure and Article 263 TFEU concerning actions for annulment before the Court of Justice (TWD-doctrine).
The Form and Content of a Reference
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

The procedure for preliminary references is relatively unregulated. The Court of Justice has, however, gradually laid down a number of requirements for how a reference should be formulated. Chapter 8 identifies these requirements and makes recommendations as to how a reference should be framed. The referring court must ensure that the order for reference is thorough. Thus, the order should clearly identify the question referred, it should provide information both about the facts of the case and about national law, and the reference must be understandable without the need to refer to other documents. Chapter 8 also examines the urgent preliminary ruling procedure in the area of freedom, security and justice.
A Modern Diotima
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie
Published: May 2021

Johanna Charlotte Unzer (1725–1782), born Ziegler, is the author of the first metaphysical treatise intended specifically for women. In the preface of this treatise, published in 1751, she justifies her ‘unhabitual’ enterprise, emphasizing that her intention is not to instruct but only to please her female readership. A closer glance, however, reveals a genuine philosophical intention and an active participation in the debate on popular philosophy and aesthetics in Halle. Challenging an all-too narrow and all-too mathematical conception of practical philosophy, Unzer advocates a dynamic model of philosophy as a love of wisdom, and a philosophy of beauty, poetry, and aesthetics. Fundamentally, these are ancient and mostly Platonic ideas, and among her intellectual circle Unzer stands out as a modern Diotima. But on account of their distinctively modern premises, these ideas likewise take a particularly modern shape, and they illustrate a certain Platonic reversal incipient in Wolffianism itself.
Elise Reimarus
Authors: Winegar Reed
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Elise Reimarus’s role in two of eighteenth-century Germany’s most heated intellectual controversies: the Fragment and Pantheism Controversies. In particular, the chapter considers how Reimarus’s Enlightenment views (including her own freethinking, deistic beliefs) informed her participation in the two controversies but also raise a puzzle—namely, why does Reimarus, a staunch defender of public reason and free speech, seem to have balked at the public disclosure of key information in both controversies? In response to this puzzle, the chapter argues that Reimarus’s reticence was motivated in large part by her prudential outlook regarding public discourse—specifically, by her worry that personal polemics and heated disputes threatened to corrupt the rational, public discourse required for Enlightenment progress.
Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel on the Status of Women in the State
Authors: Sabourin Charlotte
Published: May 2021

Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel, mayor of Königsberg, was a friend and former student of Immanuel Kant. This chapter investigates Hippel’s plea for the improvement of the civil status of women in eighteenth-century Germany. Hippel argues that men and women are equal and that this equality should lead to similar civil status. On these grounds, he shows that the Enlightenment is bound to be self-defeating if women are excluded from the public sphere. In doing so, he proposes a feminist appropriation of some of Kant’s ideas—in particular by revisiting the categorical imperative. Hippel’s proposals thus provide support to the idea that the legal subordination of women is a problem for the enactment of the Enlightenment broadly construed, and even more so in a Kantian perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This introduction outlines the scope and purpose of the book and presents its key arguments. It engages with the existing historiography on the memory of Britain’s Civil Wars, demonstrating that the rich memorial culture of England’s republican regimes has been almost entirely overlooked. It contends that, by exploring multiple manifestations of memory, this book presents a more complete and nuanced picture of the memory of a catastrophic event in early modern England than has hitherto been articulated. It also situates the study within a wider literature on memory and the experience of post-war states both within and beyond early modernity. It articulates the book’s methodological approach, its wide-ranging and varied source base, and the implications that the study has for our understanding of the politics and society of 1650s England, the nature of early modern memory, and post-civil war states more broadly.
Republican Recollections
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the attempts that the governments’ officials and supporters made to shape the public memory of the British Civil Wars. The republics owed their very existence to the outcome of these conflicts, and successive regimes made a concerted effort to craft a version of the recent past that would legitimate the new state. It demonstrates that, in achieving this task, three themes were particularly prevalent: the culpability of the King; the providential nature of the Parliament’s victories; and the cruel and treacherous actions of the Scots. These memories were not, however, entirely unproblematic. Remembering the recent past often conflicted with other political goals, not least the desire to engender reconciliation and the peaceful settlement of the state. Torn between these competing impulses of remembrance and reconciliation, the republics faced—and ultimately failed to resolve—a challenge that has continued to trouble post-war states down to the present day.
Memories in Everyday Discourse
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This chapter illuminates one of the shadowiest corners of our understanding of early modern memory: the recollections of ordinary citizens. Drawing primarily on legal records, it reconstructs the multiplicity of ways in which men and women from across the social spectrum remembered the British Civil Wars and explores the wider social and cultural significance of these recollections. It argues that memories of the recent past acted, variously, as an articulation and affirmation of identity, expression of defiance, source of solidarity, locus of hope, and as a strategic and descriptive device. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates that while some people’s recollections of the recent past were influenced by attempts to shape public memory, people also had the capacity to subvert, co-opt, and reject these interpretations. It emphasizes the dynamic nature of early modern memory and the creativity and agency of those who deployed it.
Introduction
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the book’s protagonists and main subject: the other ‘68ers, a group of centre-right activists who had participated in the West German student movement of the late 1960s and 1970s and later commemorated their efforts as a form of democratic resistance against left-wing radicals. It argues that a close examination of the other ‘68ers’ ideas, experiences, repertoires, and remarkable career trajectories enables us to rethink the history of 1968 and its afterlives in important ways. Studying the hitherto neglected role these individuals played at the time, as well as their life paths and long-term impact on West German political culture, opens up new vistas for understanding the history of protest in 1968, the late Federal Republic, and the role that generation played in postwar Germany. The Introduction also discusses the different sources used for this study, including the oral history methodology on which parts of the book are based.
The (Ir)Resistible Rise of the Other ‘68ers
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

The book’s final chapter traces how many of the protagonists of this book became a major public phenomenon around the time that Helmut Kohl was elected Chancellor in 1982. It charts the other ‘68ers’ short ‘march through the institutions’ and assesses their programmatic, strategic, and cultural impact on the CDU from the 1970s into the 1980s. Second, it analyses the role that commemorations of 1968 and generational claims played in their rise to public prominence. It shows that the other ‘68ers helped to shape memories of the student movement in important ways and, from the 1980s into the early 2000s, were key players in the memory wars about how exactly 1968 had transformed West German politics and society.
Do we represent peripersonal space?
Authors: Klein Colin
Published: May 2021

Work in both animals and humans has demonstrated that the brain specifically tracks the space near the body—the so-called ‘peripersonal space’ (PPS). These representations appear to be multimodal and expressed in body-centred coordinates. They also play an important role in defence of the body from threat, manual action within PPS, and the use of tools—the latter, notably, ‘extending’ PPS to encompass the tool itself. Yet different authors disagree about important aspects of these representations, including how many there are. I suggest that the questions about the nature and number of PPS representations cannot be separated from the question of the mathematical basis of the corresponding representational spaces. I distinguish cartographic from functional bases for representation, suggesting that the latter provides both a plausible account and support a single-representation view. I conclude with reflections on functional bases and what they show about representation in cognitive science.
Human emotional expression and the peripersonal margin of safety
Authors: Graziano Michael S.A.
Published: May 2021

The brain evolved to give special representation to the space immediately around the body. One of the most obvious adaptive uses of that peripersonal space is self-protection. It is a safety buffer zone, and intrusions can trigger a suite of protective behaviours. Perhaps less obvious is the possible relationship between that complex protective mechanism and social signalling. Standing tall, cringing, power poses and handshakes, even coquettish tilts of the head that expose the neck, may all relate in some manner to that safety buffer, signalling to others that one’s protective mechanisms are heightened (when anxious) or reduced (when confident). Here I propose that some of our most fundamental human emotional expressions such as smiling, laughing, and crying may also have a specific evolutionary relationship to the buffer zone around the body, deriving ultimately from the reflexive actions that protect us.
“The Red Pastor”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

The social circumstances in Barth’s new parish in Safenwil were shaped by the poor working conditions at the town’s two textile factories. Barth soon took public positions on behalf of the workers, what led to the public accusation of a “red Messiah”. He was convinced of the continuity between Jesus’s teachings and the goals of social democracy, becoming a member of the Swiss Socialist Party. During these years Barth’s friendship with Eduard Thurneysen deepened and their joint theological work began. Barth got to know Hermann Kutter and Leonhard Ragaz, the important Swiss religious socialists. The First World War and the support for that war among German theologians, including several of his professors, was a decisive turning point, leading Barth to conclude theologically that human beings should not identify any human cause with God’s will. In 1913, Barth married Nelly Hoffmann. During their time in Safenwil, they had four children.
“A Book for Those Who Were Also Concerned”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

The support of prominent theologians for the First World War made Barth understand that their premises were false. How instead could a pastor rightly speak of God? Barth returned anew to the biblical text, becoming convinced that it can still speak to people today. The result was Barth’s first Epistle to the Romans (1919), a commentary to Paul’s letter. Barth stresses that the kingdom of God comes about solely through God, while all human activities, including religion, belong to the world. Barth’s cultural critique reflects the spiritual situation of the wartime and postwar period, yet without any hope on cultural renewal. In his 1919 Tambach lecture, Barth further developed his insights of the difference between God and religion. For God one can only wait. Jesus Christ’s resurrection is the wholly other. Therefore theology needs to think dialectically. Barth’s new ideas found great resonance, but he was also accused of arbitrary exegesis.
“To Always Work Somewhat Faster”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

Barth’s first commentary on the Epistle to the Romans led to the invitation to become honorary professor for Reformed theology in Göttingen. Barth began his teaching by giving exegetic lectures and lectures on the Reformed tradition to become acquainted with its great texts. He found teaching burdensome and frequently complained to Swiss friends about his inability to master the academic challenges. His lectures on “Instruction in the Christian Religion” became his first attempt to delineate his own dogmatics. Barth quickly developed a good rapport with his students, but the relationships to his colleagues proved to be difficult. He travelled frequently to give lectures throughout Germany, and many interested in his theology visited him in Göttingen. Barth was moved by the tense economic situation in Germany, but troubled by German nationalism.
“We Who Can Still Speak”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

In July 1935 Barth returned to Basel as professor. He retained his ties to the Confessing Church. In the 1938 Sudeten crisis, Barth wrote to the Czech professor Hromádka, encouraging the Czech to violent resistance against Hitler’s aggressive policies. In Nazi Germany Barth’s stand was viewed as treasonous and the Confessing Church withdrew from Barth. In the following years Barth’s engagement focused on refugees. He criticized how National Socialist ideology and antisemitism spread also in Switzerland and how Switzerland understood its neutrality. Barth’s texts were censored in his home country, and his phone was under surveillance. In 1941, Barth’s son Matthias died at age twenty in a tragic accident in the Alps. As the defeat of Germany became foreseeable, Barth called upon his compatriots to adopt a postwar attitude toward the Germans that combined friendship and criticism.
“In Political Respects a Dubious Will-o’-the-Wisp”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

Soon after the war, Barth travelled to Germany. He was convinced that only a clear statement from the Germans that acknowledged the Germans’ guilt could make a new beginning possible. In the summer semesters of 1946 and 1947, Barth taught again at the University of Bonn. Barth unfolded his view on church and state in 1946 in a lecture on “The Christian Community and the Civic Community.” In the following years, Barth advised Christians in Communist countries to focus on proclaiming the word of God and failed to realize the impact of Communist pressures on the churches. In the West, Barth condemned Anti-Communism as a new ideology that undermined European friendship; he also protested against Germany’s rearmament and nuclear weapons. All these stands led to fierce attacks in the press. Barth held the opening talk at the constitutive full assembly of the World Council of Churches 1948 in Amsterdam and from 1954 regularly preached in the prison of Basel.