bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreasing the melting point? Replacing benzyl chloride with a lignin-degradation product in cellulose etherification.
Authors: Yahia Mohamed , Sundman Ola
Published: May 2022

A cellulose ether that is easier to melt than benzyl cellulose was produced from veratryl alcohol. We successfully synthesised both veratryl chloride and bromide from the alcohol and used these two chemicals to react with Avicel® cellulose to form the novel cellulose ether veratryl cellulose (VC). Spectroscopic characterisation techniques (1H NMR, FTIR) indicate the successful conversion of Avicel® cellulose to the cellulose ether VC, by both routes, at a degree of substitution of 1.4–1.6. Melting measurements of the VC samples show a gradual softening from approximately 110°C and that the VC is melted at below 200°C. XRD analysis confirms that the chemical treatments affect the degree of crystallinity. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) results show that the products differ significantly in molecular weight. It seems like the VC synthesised with veratryl chloride degrades almost twice as much as if veratryl bromide is used. The cellulose ethers were soluble in DMSO, DMAc and CHCl3.
An Asymmetric Response of Exchange Rate on Export and Import in Four Selected Asian Countries
Authors: Ahmad Riaz , Gul Azeem , Ahmad Sareer
Published: May 2022

The role of exchange rate is active for the economies of backward as well as advanced countries of the world. The motivation of the study is to gauge the asymmetric effect of EXR volatility on the exports and imports of the selected Asian countries namely Pakistan, Malaysia, Korea, and Japan. Quarterly data are taken from period 1980I to 2020IV from IMF and IFS source. Linear and nonlinear ARDL model applied for the estimation. Linear model depicts that there are no significant effects of exchange rate volatility on trade flows, while the results of nonlinear models show relatively more significant outcomes. The result indicates that both linear and nonlinear model indicates that decreased exchange rate volatility will boosts Pakistani exports and imports while increased the exchange rate volatility will hurts both. Nevertheless, the linear model indicates that EXR volatility has no long run effects on Malaysia exports. The findings shows that decreased volatility of exchange rate has stimulates the exports of Malaysia, but increased exchange rate volatility has no effect. Consequently, Malaysia boosts its exports by stabilizing its exchange rate.
Prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle practices among adults with hypertension aware and unaware of their hypertensive status: Results from the 2013 WHO STEPS survey in Burkina Faso
Authors: Diendéré Jeoffray , Kaboré Jean , Bosu William Kofi , Somé Jerôme Winbetourefa , Garanet Franck , Ouédraogo Pingdéwendé Victor , Savadogo Abdoul Aziz , Millogo Athanase , Zeba Augustin Nawidimbasba
Published: May 2022

Background
We compared the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle factors between the hypertensive adults who were aware and unaware of their hypertensive status and assessed the factors associated with being aware of one’s hypertension among adults in Burkina Faso.
Methods
We conducted a secondary-analysis of data from the World Health Organization Stepwise approach to surveillance survey conducted in 2013 in Burkina Faso. Lifestyle factors analysed were fruits and vegetables (FV) consumption, tooth cleaning, alcohol and tobacco use, body mass index and physical activity.
Results
Among 774 hypertensive adults, 84.9% (95% CI: 82.2–87.3) were unaware of their hypertensive status. In those aware vs unaware respectively, frequencies of unhealthy lifestyle practices were: 92.3 vs 96.3% p = 0.07 for not eating at least five or more FV servings, 63.2 vs 70.5% p = 0.12 for not cleaning the teeth at least twice a day, 35.9 vs 42.3% p = 0.19 for tobacco and/or alcohol use, 53.9 vs 25.4% p = 0.0001 for overweight/obesity and 17.1 vs 10.3% p = 0.04 for physical inactivity. In logistic regression analysis, older age, primary or higher education, being overweight/obese (aOR = 3.2; p < 0.0001), intake of adequate FV servings daily (aOR = 2.9; p = 0.023) and non-use of alcohol and tobacco (aOR = 0.6; p = 0.028) were associated with being aware of one’s hypertensive status.
Conclusion
Undiagnosed hypertension was very high among hypertensive Burkinabè adults. Those aware of their hypertension diagnosis did not necessarily practise healthier lifestyles than those not previously aware of their hypertension. Current programmes at control of hypertension should aim to improve its awareness and risk reduction behaviour.
Reconstructing early transmission networks of SARS-CoV-2 by using a genomic mutation model
Authors: Cheng Chaoyuan , Zhang Zhibin
Published: May 2022

Since its first report in Wuhan city, China in late December of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has caused huge damage to human society, but its origins and early transmission patterns remain unclear. We reconstructed the transmission network of SARS-CoV-2 within the first three and six months since its first report based on its ancestor-offspring relationship using BANAL-52-referenced mutations. We want to explore the position of the early detected samples in the evolutionary tree of SARS-CoV-2. 19,187 samples (first 3 months) and 84,243 samples (first 6 months) were used for the analysis, respectively. Using data of the first 3 months, BANAL-52-referenced mutations were found in 7062 out of 29,410 nucleotide sites in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. 6,799 transmission chains and 1766 transmission networks were reconstructed with chain lengths ranging from 1–9 nodes. The root node samples of the 1766 transmission networks are from 58 countries or regions, and they have no common ancestor, indicating plenty of independent or parallel transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 have occurred when they were firstly detected. No root node sample was found in the samples (n = 31, all from the mainland of China) that were collected in the first 15 days since December 24, 2019. Results using data of the first 6 months are similar to those of the first 3 months, but more independent transmission chains were revealed in more countries. The reconstruction method was verified by using a simulation approach. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has long been spread independently in many parts of the world before it was first detected in Wuhan, China. It is essential to have a global survey on human or animal samples to look for the origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its natural hosts.
Feeding site specificity in frog-biting midges (Corethrellidae)
Authors: Virgo Jonas , Eltz Thomas
Published: May 2022

Hematophagous arthropods often choose predictable feeding sites on their hosts´ body, presumably to maximize blood uptake while minimizing costs. Realized feeding sites can be host specific, mediated by intrinsic host characters or/and specific preferences of the blood feeder. We investigated feeding site specificity in a community of frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp.) and frog hosts in La Gamba, Costa Rica. Midge distribution on hosts differed significantly between 12 investigated frog species, indicating that intrinsic host properties influence potential feeding sites. However, realized feeding sites were also significantly different between four investigated Corethrella morphotypes, across all hosts but also within certain shared hosts, indicating feeding site partitioning among Corethrella. We propose that the diversity of feeding sites in Corethrella-frog associations is determined by an interaction of host traits, e. g. calling site, defensive behavior or skin thickness, and midge traits, especially body size and corresponding mouthpart size/structure.
Exploring the association of undernourishment indicators for under-five children in Sub-Saharan Africa: an application of log-linear model for three- way table
Authors: Asmare Abebew Aklog , Agmas Yitateku Adugna
Published: May 2022

Background: Childhood undernutrition was a central public health difficulty. Several studies have considered determinants of childhood undernutrition and haven't focused on the connection of undernourishment indicators, the remains have focused on the link of indicators with their factors and have ignored the connection of the dimensions themselves, therefore this study tested pairwise relationships among the dimensions.Methods: In the current study multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was applied to look at the visual association of the indicators. Moreover, the log-linear model was wont to see the model of the best suitable examine the nutritional status of youngsters. The interaction terms within the model have represented deviations from independence.Result: The result shows that out of 185,541 weighted sampled children 32.28%, 16.67%, and 6.82% were stunted, underweight, and wasted respectively. The overall prevalence of undernutrition was about 37.85%. The log-linear model showed that being underweight has an association with both stunting (P-value < 0.001), and wasting (P-value < 0.001). There was no association between stunting and wasting (P-value = 0.999). Also, there's no three-way relationship between stunting, wasting, and being underweight (P-value = 1.000).Conclusion: The study shows that there is no three-way interaction between undernourishment indicators. This shows the three undernourishment indicators of under-five children have multi-dimensional characteristics. Accordingly, the alarmed body should assume the three indicators concurrently to assess the actual problem of childhood undernutrition as they are not terminated to each other.
METTL14 promotes migration and invasion of choroidal melanoma by targeting RUNX2 mRNA via m6A modification
Authors: Zhang Xi , Zhang Xiaonan , Liu Tengyue , Zhang Zhe , Piao Chiyuan , Ning Hong
Published: May 2022

Background
Although the modification of N6-methyladenosine is involved in the progression of a variety of cancers, the associated regulatory mechanism underlying the progression of choroidal melanoma remains poorly understood.
Methods
In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of N6-methyladenosine in the pathogenesis of choroidal melanoma. The expression level of methyltransferase-like 14 in choroidal melanoma tissues was determined using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, and compared with that in normal choroidal tissues. Next, the impacts of methyltransferase-like 14 on invasion and migration of choroidal melanoma cells were determined using functional and animal experiments. The interaction between methyltransferase-like 14 and its downstream target was identified by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, protein expression of factors related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was evaluated by western blot analysis.
Results
Methyltransferase-like 14 was upregulated in choroidal melanoma tissues in comparison with that in normal choroidal tissues. Overexpression and knockdown of methyltransferase-like 14 enhanced and inhibited the invasion and migration of choroidal melanoma cells, respectively, both in vivo and in vitro. Methyltransferase-like 14 directly targeted downstream runt-related transcription factor 2 mRNA, and this effect was dependent on N6-methyladenosine. Additionally, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated by methyltransferase-like 14 in choroidal melanoma cells.
Conclusions
Our study identified a novel RNA regulatory mechanism in which runt-related transcription factor 2 was upregulated by enhanced expression of methyltransferase-like 14 via N6-methyladenosine modification, thus facilitating migration and invasion of choroidal melanoma cells.
Near-Source Ground Motion Estimation for Assessing the Seismic Hazard of Critical Facilities in Central Italy
Authors: Moratto Luca , Santuilin Marco , Tamaro Alberto , Saraò Angela , Vuan Alessandro , Rebez Alessandro
Published: May 2022

We apply the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) to estimate the input ground motion for three dams in the Campotosto area (Central Italy). The dams, which confine an artificial water reservoir feeding hydroelectric power plants, are located in an active seismic zone between the areas that experienced the 2009 L’Aquila and 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequences. The probabilistic disaggregation estimated for a return period of 2475 years, corresponding to the collapse limit state for critical facilities, indicates that the most dangerous fault is associated with a maximum magnitude of 6.75 ± 0.25 within a distance of 10 km. This fault is used in DSHA to emulate the worst-case scenario. To capture the ground motion variability, we input a pseudo-dynamic source model to encompass spatial and temporal variations in the slip, rise time and rupture propagation, heavily affecting the near-source ground motion. Indeed, the ground motion above the rupture volume is mainly influenced by the epistemic uncertainties of rupture nucleation and slip distribution. The computed broadband seismograms are consistent with the near-source shaking recorded during the 2016 MW 6.6 Norcia earthquake and constrain the upper bound of the simulated ground motion at specific sites. Our modelling reinforces the importance of considering vertical ground motion near the source in seismic design. It could reach shaking values comparable to or larger than those of the horizontal components. This approach can be applied in other areas with high seismic hazard to evaluate the seismic safety of existing critical facilities.
Bioinformatics analysis and identification of transcriptional regulation of human FOXG1 gene
Authors: Wang Yu-qing , Chen Yan , Liu Yong-xin , Yang Cai-ting , Lai Ming-ming
Published: May 2022

Forkhead box G1 (FOXG1) is a transcriptional repressor with high expression in the nervous system. Most research focused on the biological function of FOXG1, however, the transcriptional regulation of the FOXG1 gene was rarely studied. Herein, we analyzed and cloned 2.3kb of the 5’-upstream sequences of the FOXG1 gene to better understand the regulation of the FOXG1 gene expression. The CpG islands and putative transcription factor binding sites were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Then we defined a small region in the upstream 350bp area which was required for the promoter activity by constructing truncated mutants.
Hypothesis-driven dragging of transcriptomic data to analyze proven targeted pathways in Rhinella arenarum larvae exposed to organophosphorus pesticides
Authors: Pires Natalia Susana , Lascano Cecilia Inés , Ousset Julia , Ceschin Danilo G. , Venturino Andrés
Published: May 2022

Transcriptional analysis of the network of transcription regulators and target pathways in exposed organisms may be a hard task when their genome remains unknown. The development of hundreds of qPCR assays, including primers design and results normalization with the appropriate housekeeping genes, seems an unreachable task. Alternatively, we took advantage of a whole transcriptome study on Rhinella arenarum larvae exposed to the organophosphorus pesticides azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos to evaluate transcriptional effects on a priori selected groups of genes. This approach allowed us to evaluate the effects on hypothesis-selected pathways such as target esterases, detoxifying enzymes, polyamine metabolism and signaling and regulatory pathways modulating them. We could then compare the responses at the transcriptional level with previously described effects at the enzymatic or metabolic levels to obtain global insight into toxicity-response mechanisms. The effects of both pesticides on the transcript levels of these pathways could be considered moderate, while the responses elicited by chlorpyrifos were more potent and earlier than those elicited by azinphos-methyl. Finally, we inferred a prevailing downregulation effect of pesticides on signaling pathways and transcription factor transcripts encoding products that modulate/control the polyamine and antioxidant response pathways. We additionally tested and selected potential housekeeping genes based on those reported for other species. These results allow us to go through future confirmatory studies on pesticide gene expression modulation in toad larvae.
A Hybrid DMAIC Framework for Integrating Response Surface Methodology and Multi-Objective Optimization Methods
Authors: SILVA ANEIRSON FRANCISCO , Aranda Kaio Max , Marins Fernando Augusto Silva , Dias Erica Ximenes , Miranda Rafael de Carvalho
Published: May 2022

In many practical situations, it is important to evaluate the relationships between the factors that compose an industrial process and their effects on one or more response variables that are of interest to an enterprise. The main contribution of this present study is to propose a new conceptual hybrid framework based on the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Im- prove, and Control) methodological structure, to optimize complex experimental problems with multiple responses. This procedure combines Response Surface Methodology, with the Desirability (D), Modified Desirability (MD), Compromise Programming (CP) functions, with Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) and Evolutionary Algorithms (EA). We made real application to a glass lamination process case study to describe how to use the proposed framework. The procedure allowed several configurations to be tested involving the D, MD and CP functions, adopting the GRD and EV, to optimize the studied industrial process. The best configuration was defined by a practical confirmation experiment and validated by company engineers and experts. As examples of the advantages of adopting the proposed framework in the glass lamination problems, the best solutions resulted in a 49,86% increase in grinding wheel shelf life, corresponding to a 927[kg] reduction of steel-use per year, and a 41.7% reduction in dressing stone consumption, saving 17,200 stones per year.
Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany
Authors: Sichler Theresa Constanze , Montag D. , Barjenbruch M. , Mauch Tatjana , Sommerfeld Thomas , Ehm J.H. , Adam Christian
Published: May 2022

Phosphorus recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fluctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge. In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fluctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber filter presses rather showed dilution effects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the 20 g/kg DM limit.
Genome-wide identification of cysteine-rich receptor like kinases in sweet cherry and functional analysis of PaCRK1 to salt stress
Authors: Zhao Xiaohui , Qu Dehui , Wang Lei , Gao Yuanhui , An Ningning , Wang Aiping , Li Yaxin , Yang Jingjing , Wu Fanlin , Su Hongyan
Published: May 2022

Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs), a large subgroup of the receptor-like kinases, play an important role in plant development and stress response. However, knowledge about CRKs and its function against adverse environmental stresses in sweet cherry were lacking. In this study, 40 PaCRKs were identified from sweet cherry (Prunus avium) genome database. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PaCRKs could be classified into six subgroups. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of most PaCRKs were changed under external environmental stresses. Functional study showed that PaCRK1 overexpression could enhance Arabidopsis and sweet cherry tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, biochemical analysis showed that PaCRK1 increased salt tolerance of sweet cherry by regulating the expression of antioxidation-related genes and their enzyme activities. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of PaCRKs in sweet cherry and elucidates the potential role of PaCRKs in response to various environmental stimuli.
The initial attempt at home hemodialysis in mainland China
Authors: Ni Zhaohui , Zhou Yijun , Lu Renhua , Shen Jianxiao , Gu Leyi , Mou Shan , Zhao Li , Zhang Haifen , Zhang Bin , Fang Yan , Fang Wei , Wang Qin , Zhang WeiMing , Zhang Jidong , Li Weiping
Published: May 2022

Background
Observational studies showed home hemodialysis (HHD) to be associated with better survival than facility hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Patients on HHD have reported higher quality of life and independence. HHD is considered to be an economical way to manage end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has had a significant impact on patients with ESKD. Patients on HHD may have an advantage over in-center HHD patients because of a lower risk of exposure to infection.
Participants and Methods:
We enrolled hemodialysis patients from our dialysis center. We estabilished HHD training center at first. The training center was approved by Chinese government. Doctors, nurses and engineers train and assess patients separately. There are three forms of patient monitoring: home visit, internet remote monitoring, and out-patient service. Demographic and medical data included age, gender, blood pressure, dialysis related data. Laboratory tests were conducted in our central testing laboratory including hemoglobin (Hgb), serum creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), albumin (Alb), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).
Results
Six patients who underwent regular dialysis in the hemodialysis center of our hospital were selected for HHD training. We enrolled 6 patients, including 4 males and 2 females. The mean age of the patients was 47.5 (34.7–55.7) years, the mean dialysis age was 33.5 (11.2–41.5) months. After an average of 16.0 (11.2–25.5) months of training, Alb, P and BNP were improved compared with baseline values. After training, three patients returned home to begin independent hemodialysis. During the follow-up, there are no serious adverse events leading to hospitalization or death, but there are several adverse events. They have been solved quickly by extra home visits of the technicians or online by remote monitoring. During the time, laboratory indicators of all the patients including Hgb, Alb, Ca, P, PTH, BNP, β2-MG remained stable before and after HHD treatment.
Conclusion
HHD is feasible and safe for ESRD in China, but larger-scale and longer-term studies are needed to further confirm.
Synchronous Consensus During Incomplete Synchrony
Authors: Klianev Ivan
Published: May 2022

We present an algorithm for synchronous deterministic Byzantine consensus, tolerant to links failures and links asynchrony. It cares for a class of networks with specific needs, where both safety and liveness are essential, and timely irrevocable consensus has priority over highest throughput. The algorithm operates with redundant delivery of messages via indirect paths of up to 3 hops, aims all correct processes to obtain a coherent view of the system state within a bounded time, and establishes consensus with no need of leader. Consensus involves exchange of 2 * n3 asymmetrically authenticated messages and tolerates up to < n/2 faulty processes. We show that in a consensus system with known members: 1) The existing concepts for delivery over a fraction of links and gossip-based reliable multicast can be extended to also circumvent asynchronous links and thereby convert the reliable delivery into a reliable bounded delivery. 2) A system of synchronous processes with bounded delivery does not need a leader – all correct processes from connected majority derive and propose the same consensus value from atomically consistent individual views on system’s state. 3) The required for bounded delivery asymmetric authentication of messages is sufficient for safety of the consensus algorithm. Key finding: the impossibility of safety and liveness of consensus in partial synchrony is not valid in the entire space between synchrony and asynchrony. A system of synchronized synchronous processes, which communicate with asymmetrically authenticated messages over a medium susceptible to asynchrony and faults, can operate with: 1) defined tolerance to number of asynchronousand/or faulty links per number of stop-failed and/or Byzantine processes; 2) leaderless algorithm with bounded termination; and 3) conceptually ensured simultaneous safety and bounded liveness.
Pretreatment trismus as a predictor for overall survival and disease-free survival in oral cancer
Authors: Bakshi Jaimanti , Panda Naresh Kumar , Goyal Atul Kumar , Saini Jyoti , Prashant Shivji , Aggarwal Ganesh
Published: May 2022

Background: Trismus is the restricted mouth opening in oral cancer patients which can affect the patient’s quality of life and so the survival outcomes. Once the treatment is completed, survival outcome of the patients is considered as the major determinant of treatment success. Objectives: In present study, we aimed towards establishing the pretreatment trismus as a predictor of overall long-term survival and disease-free survival in the oral cancer patients. Methods: For this, 38 oral cancer patients with restricted mouth opening were recruited in the study. The trismus was assessed before the surgery using digital Vernier Caliper. The patients were then followed ups for survival outcomes over the period of 5 years. The survival outcomes were then correlated with the pretreatment trismus. Results: The overall long-term survival and disease-free survival was significantly higher in patients having low grade trismus. Patients with high grade of trismus experienced early treatment relapse and high mortality. Conclusions: Pretreatment trismus was found to be a potential predictor of disease-free survival and overall long-term survival in oral cancer. It is recommended that treatment protocol which could reduce the trismus should be adopted to enhance the survival outcomes of the oral cancer patients.
Protective Effects of Amoxicillin and Probiotics on Colon Disorders in an Experimental Model of Acute Diverticulitis Disease
Authors: Shawky Eman , Solaiman Maha Ghazy , Mansour Hanaa Abd-Elfattah , Hassan Wedad Abdallah
Published: May 2022

Acute diverticulitis disease is associated with inflammation and infection in the colon diverticula and may lead to severe morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the protective effects of the antibiotic (amoxicillin) and the probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis) given concurrently in addition to amoxicillin; in a rat model of acute diverticulitis disease. Acute diverticulitis was induced, in albino rats, by adding 3% weight/volume of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), to the rats’ drinking water; daily for seven days. Furthermore, injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enema (4 mg/kg). The impact of treatment was assessed by measuring physiological and immunological parameters and evaluating colon macroscopic and microscopic lesions. The results showed that both treatments (especially probiotics with amoxicillin) alleviated the adverse effects of DSS and LPS, where the rats’ body weights and the colon weight-to-length ratio were modulated. Also, the colon macroscopic damage score was significantly (p < 0.001) decreased. The pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL)-1β, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-18 (IL)-18]; in the colon tissue, were significantly (p < 0.001) decreased. Also, the elevation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and C-reactive protein (CRP) level was ameliorated. Moreover, the histopathological alterations of the colon tissue were improved. In conclusion, amoxicillin and probiotics-amoxicillin were effective in preventing the development of the experimentally induced acute diverticulitis through the anti-inflammatory and the immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, this study showed the role of probiotics in preventing DSS/LPS-induced acute diverticulitis, so it can be employed as a promising treatment option for acute diverticulitis.
Neuroendocrine tumor arising in an anterior mediastinal mature teratoma: A case report
Authors: Sato Daisuke , Izu Asami , Sakakibara Masashi , Hayashi Sohei , Kawachi Riken , Shimamura Mie , Masuda Shinobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki
Published: May 2022

Background: Mature teratomas are benign germ cell tumors. However, rarely they are associated with somatic malignancies, and are termed as rare germ cell tumors with a somatic type malignancy (GCTSM). Mature teratomas commonly comprise adenocarcinomas; only seven previous cases of mature teratomas with neuroendocrine tumors have been reported thus far. We report a case of mature teratoma with a neuroendocrine tumor.Case presentation: A 26-year-old man presented with a complaint of chest tightness. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a strongly enhanced lesion within a　10-cm encapsulated cystic lesion in the anterior mediastinum. Positron emission tomography (PET) revealed no areas of significant 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) accumulation. He underwent complete tumor resection via the transsternal approach. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed a mature teratoma with a neuroendocrine tumor.Conclusions: Patients with a mature teratoma with a neuroendocrine tumor had no specific symptoms and serum markers were within the normal range. Although PET was beneficial for the diagnosis of other GCTSM, it was not useful for detecting a neuroendocrine tumor. Therefore, the preoperative diagnosis of mature teratomas with neuroendocrine tumors is difficult. However, GCTSM should be suspected in cases exhibiting CT findings of a mediastinal tumor, measuring 6 cm or greater, along with the characteristic findings of GCTSM. Moreover, surgery should be performed more carefully.
Anti-inflammatory effects of AhR agonist benvitimod in TNFα/IFNγ stimulated HaCaT cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hu Yu-Qing , Liu Ping , Mu Zhang-lei , Zhang Jian-Zhong
Published: May 2022

Background
Benvitimod is a newly synthesized non-steroidal small molecule targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR). Clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy for patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis(AD).
Objectives
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of benvitimod on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)/interferon γ (IFNγ) stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT).
Materials & Methods
PBMCs were obtained from 6 patients with AD. PBMCs and HaCaT cells were cultured and the effects of benvitimod on cell viability were evaluated. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in PBMCs and HaCaT cells was measured and the nuclear translocation of AhR in HaCaT cells was visualized. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and western-blot(WB) were performed to detect the expression of cytochrome P4501A1(CYP1A1), filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in HaCaT cells. Phosphorylation of STAT1 was determined by western-blot.
Results
Our research demonstrated that the cell proliferation of PBMCs and HaCaT cells were suppressed by benvitimod in a dose dependent manner. Benvitimod significantly suppressed TNFα/IFNγ(TI)-induced cytokine secretion and upregulated the expression of FLG and IVL in HaCaT cells. In addition, benvitimod induced the nuclear staining of AhR and inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT1 in HaCaT cells.
Conclusion
Benvitimod inhibited inflammatory effects in PBMCs of AD patients and underpinned the barrier-repairing effects by targeting AhR and STAT1 in TI-stimulated HaCaT cells. Benvitimod may be a potential therapeutic drug for inflammatory skin diseases such as AD.
Title: Determinants of quality of life among people with dementia: evidence from a South Asian population
Authors: Jayakody Surangi , Arambepola Carukshi
Published: May 2022

Background: Dementia has become a public health priority along with population aging worldwide. Owing to its chronic progressive nature in the absence of a cure, maintaining the best possible quality of life (QOL) has become the desired outcome for people with dementia. Aim: The current study aimed to determine the factors associated with ‘good QOL’ in people with dementia in the Sri Lankan setting.Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted to identify the factors associated with ‘good QoL. Cases in the study included dementia patients having ‘good’ QOL, whereas controls were those having ‘poor’ or ‘average’ QOL. Both cases and controls were selected from the same patient base at a premier tertiary care state hospital in Colombo District, Sri Lanka.They were identified using the validated DEMQOL tool, adhering to strict eligibility criteria. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the associated factors. Bivariate analysis followed by logistic regression modelling determined the associated factors for ‘good QOL’ adjusted for confounders using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The study sample consisted of 64 cases and 208 controls. After adjusting for confounders, education up to GCE O/Level and above (OR=4.02; 95% CI=2.97, 12.0), ever employed (OR=3.21; 95% CI=1.59, 11.06), good social functioning (OR=4.14; 95% CI=3.39, 16.46), mild functional impairment (OR=1.77; 95% CI=1.13, 9.67), little or no caregiver burden (OR=2.96; 95% CI=1.86, 10.94), absence of apathy (OR=2.22; 95% CI=1.27, 12.48) and absence of irritability (OR=2.17; 95% CI=1.72, 10.34) were found to be significantly associated with ‘good QOL’. 60% of the variance of ‘good’ QOL among patients with dementia was explained by the factors in the final model. Conclusions and Recommendations: The identified determinants of ‘good QOL’ clearly show how the QOL improvement interventions need to be planned. Accordingly, such programmes should be primarily focused on strategies to improve patients' ADL, reduce and manage neuropsychiatric symptoms effectively and to promote activities enhancing social functioning, and plan programmes to address caregiver burden.
Chemical nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- related chemical subfamily.
Authors: Ishido Masami
Published: May 2022

・Using the bioassay based on rat hyperactivity, some endocrine disruptors were categorized into hyperactivity-associated group and hyperactivity-negative group. ・Two groups have differences in“Fraction sp3” (number of sp3-hybridized carbons/total carbon count) and the Tanimoto coefficient. ・A neural network model clearly classified the two groups. Random forest methods also showed the good prediction (R = 0.9, MAE (mean absolute error) = 0.06). ・Using a junction tree variational autoencoder, the core structure was interpolated between phthalate and phenol in the hyperactivity-associated group.
Revisiting trends of morphology of antennal sensilla in Scarabaeoid beetles
Authors: Pacheco Thaynara L. , Bohacz Claudia , Ballerio Alberto , Schoolmeesters Paul , Ahrens Dirk
Published: May 2022

Phytophagous scarab beetles associated with Angiosperms have characteristically enlarged lamellate antennae and exhibit a striking morphological variation of sensilla. In this study, we compared the morphology of antennal surface of 62 species Scarabaeoidea using SEM microscopy, particularly also in light of their evolution in association with Angiosperms. We investigated the correlation of antennal sensilla morphology, i.e., their structure and distribution, with species diversity and lineage diversification rates. A high diversity of sensilla was observed but also multiple transitional forms, even on the same antennomere. We interpreted this as evidence for a high evolutionary plasticity. We recognized clear patterns of convergence and repeated evolution of certain types of placoid sensilla. One main tendency found in the phytophagous Pleurostict chafers was a shift from sensilla trichodea to placoid-like sensilla, apparently also enhanced by the increase of the lamellate antennal surface, either by size or number of the lamellae. This trend occurred not only in the Pleurosticts, but also in Glaphyridae, a second Angiosperm-associated lineage of Scarabaeoidea. However, our results suggest no direct relation between species diversity or the rate of diversification and general sensilla morphology, i.e., the origin of placoid sensilla. This could be explained by species-poor lineages also possessing placoid sensilla but also by otherwise successful and species rich groups having sensilla trichodea (e.g., dung beetles). Results further reveal the need to refine current phylogenetic hypotheses by more comprehensive taxon sampling and to expand the molecular characterization of pheromones and odor binding proteins to better understand the role of chemical communication in scarab diversification.
Elevated Serum CA724 Induced by Chemotherapy in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Shaowei , Jiang Tao
Published: May 2022

Purpose: We found that serum CA724 level will increase after chemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. However, studies on this are lacking. This study aimed to determine whether ESCC patients develop CA724 elevations after chemotherapy and its clinical significance. Methods: All ESCC patients at our center between September 2020 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. McNemar's Chi-squared test was used to determine whether various tumor markers would elevate after chemotherapy. Associations between categorical variables were explored by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.Results: 209 cases were included into this study, 66.51% (139/209) of the patients had higher CA724 level after chemotherapy. The positive rates of CA724 before and after first cycle chemotherapy were 11.48% (24/209) and 33.01% (69/209, p<0.001), respectively, and the proportion of CA724 level conversion to positive was 24.88% (52/209). After more than 45 days after chemotherapy, CA724 level showed a downward trend, and the positive rate was drop to 17.81% (vs pre-CA724, p=0.149). 119 patients received chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and CA724 was elevated in 78 (65.55%, p=0.878) patients. 92 patients with ESCC underwent surgery after neoadjuvent chemotherapy, and no significant associations were observed between postneoadjuvant pathologic parameters and the CA724 conversion (20/92, p =0.352).Conclusion: CA724 levels were likely to increase after chemotherapy in patients with ESCC. However, this may not imply resistance to chemotherapy, and did not appear to be associated with ICIs use.
What is the impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India from top fifteen Source Countries during 2019 &2020- A cross sectional study
Authors: Kumar Piyush , Anupama Advocate
Published: May 2022

Due to novel disease, poor management and stringent steps taken by the government as well as sudden increase in admissions at emergency department of hospitals the mortality rate had increased significantly due to COVID-19. Such a catastrophic situation might have reduced the foreign tourist arrivals in India due to several factors like fear, lack of transportation etc. In this modern era geographical knowledge of pattern of distribution of disease is essential while detecting, surveillance, monitoring and responding to any communicable infectious disease outbreak or NCD (non-communicable diseases) or any pandemic situations. Geospatial data of COVID-19 infections per million population reported by countries, territories and areas are under surveillance by national and international agencies such as World Health Organization in various countries. This paper is to find out the impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India from top 15 Source Countries during 2019 &2020 with aim to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic era (2020 as discussed above) by comparing it with pre-pandemic era of 2019. To assess the impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Tourist Arrivals number and percentage share of tourists coming to India during pandemic era-2020 and pre-pandemic era 2019 were compared. The total numbers of FTAs in India during 2019 from all source countries were 10930355 which reduced to 2744766 during COVID-19 PANDEMIC ERA in 2020; a massive decline by 8185589 numbers of tourists and 25.11percent compared to pre-pandemic era of 2019. On the other hand the total numbers of FTAs in India during 2019 from Total Top 15 Countries were 8340551 which decreased to 2061161 during COVID-19 PANDEMIC ERA in 2020; a huge decline by 6279390 numbers of tourists and 24.71percent compared to pre-pandemic era of 2019 while FTAs in India during 2019 from Other Countries were 2589804 reduced to 683605 during Covid-era 2020 (26.40% decrease). Tourism is one of the significant resources to generate foreign revenue for India. COVID-19 pandemic era, have affected the tourism sector negatively and this novel research study revealed that the national and international FTAs and revenue income are adversely affected detrimental for Tourism industry. The COVID-19 induced lockdown had resulted in closure of hotels; resorts etc., as well as ships, cruises, flights had been halted to check the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic which has resulted in revenue loss of 1.25 trillion rupees for the Indian tourism industry by 2020.
Caregiver Perspective on the Initial Signs and Symptoms of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Authors: Eichler Florian , Sevin Catherine , Barth Magalie , Pang Francis , Howie Kenneth , Walz Markus , Wilds Alexandra , Calcagni Carlo , Chanson Charlotte , Campbell Laura
Published: May 2022

Background: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a relentlessly progressive and ultimately fatal condition, is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA). Historically management has been palliative or supportive care. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is poorly effective in early-onset MLD and benefit in late-onset MLD remains controversial. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for early-onset MLD. Treatment benefit is mainly observed at an early disease stage, indicating the need for early diagnosis and intervention. This study contributes a caregiver perspective of initial MLD symptomatology, and thereby aims to improve communication between clinicians and families impacted by this condition and promote a faster path to diagnosis. Results: Data was collected through a moderator-assisted online 60-minute survey and 30-minute semi-structured follow-up telephone interview with 31 MLD caregivers in the United States (n=10), France (n=10), the United Kingdom (n=5), and Germany (n=6). All respondents were primary caregivers of a person with late infantile (n=20), juvenile (n=11) or borderline late infantile/juvenile (n=1) MLD (one caregiver reported for 2 children leading to a sample of 32 individuals with MLD). Caregivers were asked questions related to their child’s initial signs and symptoms, time to diagnosis and interactions with healthcare providers. These results highlight the caregiver language used to describe the most common initial symptoms, which can be summarized as coordination difficulties, clonus/tremors, and comprehension challenges in the absence of notable prior history. Distinctions between late infantile versus juvenile MLD in symptom onset and disease course were also identified. Conclusions: This study captures the caregiver language on the physical, behavioral, and cognitive signs of MLD leading up to diagnosis. The understanding of the caregiver experience at symptom onset sheds light on a critical window of often missed opportunity for earlier diagnosis and therapeutic intervention in MLD.
STUB1-SMYD2 Axis Regulated Drug Resistance in Glioma cells
Authors: Pan Kailing , Hu Bin , Wang Lude , Yuan Jianlie , Xu Wenxia
Published: May 2022

Aim
SMYD2 is an important epigenetic regulator that methylates histone and non-histone proteins. This study aims to investigate SMYD2 as an oncogene of gliomas and explore its degradation mechanism induced by cisplatin.
Methods
Tumor tissue microarray of 441 glioma patients was collected for SMYD2 immunohistochemistry staining. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed by using the overall survival. mRNA-sequencing analysis was detected for understanding the downstream mechanisms mediated by SMYD2. The half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of temozolomide and cisplatin in AZ505-treated and control cells were calculated. The potential E3 ubiquitin ligase of SMYD2 was predicted in UbiBrowser and confirmed by knockdown test. The effect of SMYD2 and its E3 ligase on gliomas apoptosis and migration were determined via cell-function assays.
Results
High SMYD2 expression correlated with a high WHO stage (P = 0.004) and a low survival probability (P = 0.012). The inhibition of SMYD2 suppressed the process of EMT by downregulating the expression of COL1A1. AZ505 treatment significantly increased drug sensitivity of glioma cells. And the expression of SMYD2 was markedly reduced by cisplatin treatment via STUB1 mediated degradation. The knockdown of STUB1 could partly reverse the cell function impairment induced by cisplatin.
Conclusion
These findings suggested that SMYD2 could be a potential drug target for the treatment of gliomas, and STUB1-mediated degradation of SMYD2 plays an important role in reversing chemotherapy resistance in gliomas.