bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformations and Equation Reductions in Finite Elasticity II: Plane Stress and Axially Symmetric Deformations
Authors: Arrigo Daniel J. , Hill James M.
Published: March 2007

In Part I of this article, the problem of determining plane deformations of a particular perfectly elastic material is shown to give rise to three second order problems. These are evidently considerably easier to deduce exact finite elastic deformations than the full fourth order problem. All three second order problems can be reduced to a single Monge-Ampere equation, which can be linearized. Two of the linearizations involve the physical angle e (or 0) arising in cylindrical polar coordinates (R, 0) and are therefore potentially useful for practical problems. In Part II of the paper, we obtain corresponding results for the two distinct areas of the plane stress theory of thin sheets and for axially symmetric deformations. For the first area we deduce two second order problems, one of which admits a linearization involving two parameters, which turn out to be the polar angle e and the principal stretch X(R, 0) in the transverse direction. This is an important result because it is very unusual to linearize a problem in terms of two parameters, which are both physically meaningful. For axially symmetric deformations we again deduce a second order problem, but for which we are unable to provide a linearization. However, we examine a number of simple solutions of the second order problem.
Existence and a Priori Bounds for the Finite Torsion Solution for a Class of General Blatz-Ko Materials
Authors: Paullet Joseph E. , Polignone Debra A.
Published: March 2007

The boundary-value problem (BVP) resulting from the equations of nonlinear elastostatics for torsion of a circular cylinder for a class of general Blatz-Ko materials is considered. Using a topological shooting argument, the existence of a solution to this BVP is proven, and two-sided a priori bounds implying that the tube must contract radially are given. Previous studies have considered special cases, that is, slightly compressible materials or nearly isochoric deformations. The present results place no such restrictions on compressibility or strain.
On the Exterior Mixed Problem in Plane Elasticity
Authors: Schiavone Peter , Ru Chong-Qing
Published: March 2007

The real boundary integral equation method is used to solve the exterior mixed problem of plane strain. The classical approach, used by Kupradze to solve the corresponding interior problem, fails on account of the divergence of the related fundamental solutions at infinity. This difficulty is overcome using certain modifications that allow the solution to be sought in a special class of matrix functions allowing for the possibility of divergence at infinity.
Some Extensions of Carothers's Paradox in Plane Elasticity
Authors: Villaggio Piero
Published: March 2007

The state of stress in an elastic plane wedge under the action of a couple concentrated at the vertex becomes unbounded everywhere as soon as the angle between the two straight edges assumes value of 257024/. This unexpected behavior of the elastic solution is known as Carothers's paradox. The paradox, however, occurs also for a larger class of plane regions and not only for the simple angle.
Effective Disease Management Supports PPS
Authors: Boyer Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

Health Care Financing Administration’s Prospective Payment System (PPS) took home care from a visit-based to an episode-based payment system that closely monitors patient outcomes, primarily in functional improvement. It required that clinicians take a thorough look at whether patients are getting better: to examine not just their disease process but whether the patient’s overall status is improving. To succeed under PPS, home health agencies need to follow disease management principles that include having knowledgeable clinical staff skilled in assessment and documentation who can accurately identify the patient’s primary home care diagnosis and identify barriers to achieving goals. The challenge to reduce costs and still maintain a high level of quality will make it essential to establish a medical supply formulary, a method of monitoring outcomes, and new and creative ways to promote improvement both in patient health and the delivery of care.
Technological Caregiving: A Qualitative Perspective
Authors: Scott Linda D.
Published: March 2007

Despite its importance, few studies have focused specifically on the informal technological caregiver. Therefore, this study explored the technological caregiving experience from the perspective of individuals assuming this role. Caregivers were asked to describe their experiences of caring for individuals dependent on inotropic infusion therapy for the management of their end-stage heart failure. Twenty themes reflecting the essence of the technological caregiving experience emerged from the qualitative narratives. Although technological caregiving was financially burdensome, socially confining, and psychologically distressing, caregivers still perceived it as a positive and rewarding experience.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Research to Help Your Patients Use them Safely
Authors: Setter Stephen M. , Corbett Cynthia F. , Sclar David A. , Gates Brian J. , Johnson Steven B.
Published: March 2007

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective medications for the treatment of many chronically painful medical conditions. However, it is estimated that 25% of all serious adverse drug reactions involve NSAIDs, with more than 100,000 hospitalizations and 16,000 deaths occurring annually due to NSAID-induced gastrointestinal (GI) events. Advanced age; concurrent anticoagulant, aspirin, corticosteroid, or antacid use; and a history of cardiovascular disease, peptic ulcer disease, or GI hemorrhage all increase the risk of NSAID-induced gastropathy. Home care patients often have many of these characteristics. This article will provide evidence-based information about interventions that can reduce patients’ NSAID-induced gastropathy risk, including knowledge gained from a home care–specific study.
The infectious disease process: An overview
Authors: Gingerich Barbara Stover , Ondeck Deborah Anne
Published: March 2007

All health care providers and family members should be aware of the potential for infections in the homebound patient. They should be familiar with and watch for some general signs and symptoms that can be indicative of an infection process at work and, in addition, should recognize that each infectious disease process has signs and symptoms unique to its pathology. For patients with a known infectious disease, individual care plans should be developed stating signs and symptoms that are to be observed, recorded, and reported. Health care providers must strive to continually update their knowledge and practice techniques in order to deal with these infections and promptly recognize impending ones.
The power to care: The positive aspects of case management
Authors: Balzer JoAnn
Published: March 2007

Case management benefits the frail elderly, the nurse case manager, and the referral source. This article describes a case management program implemented at a Medicare-certified agency and pre sents case examples for consideration.
Meeting the learning needs of home health nurses
Authors: Green Patricia H.
Published: March 2007

Nurses entering the rapidly expanding field of home health nursing face experiences and as signments different from those in acute care settings. A comprehensive approach to orientation and continuing education can assist the nurse in his or her professional development in a new role. Orientation must be designed to introduce the nurse to the skills and knowledge necessary to function in the home, and continuing education must focus on the development of the expert practitioner. The article describes an organized approach to orientation and professional devel opment based on a learning needs assessment of staff. Key words: home health nursing, orienta tion, professional development
Relationship of severity of physical disability to pain, functional status, and assistive device use of home- based elderly clients
Authors: Mann William C. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Hurren Dianne , Tomita Machiko
Published: March 2007

This study sought to determine the relationship of assistive device use, pain, and functional status to severity of physical disability among elderly persons with disabilities. A total of 194 community-based elderly persons were divided into seven groups based on degree of physical disability derived from their Sickness Impact Profile scores. Dependent measures included the functional independence measure (FIM) for activities of daily living (ADLs), the Jette Func tional Status Index-Modified for pain, and the Assistive Technology Used Survey for use of assistive devices. A Kruskall-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed for each dependent variable. The seven groups showed statistically significant differences (P < .05) in reported pain scores, in functional status as determined by performance on ADL tasks, and in use of assistive devices. The results indicate that the use of assistive devices by elderly persons living in the community is associated with an interaction of several variables that are strongly related to degree of severity of physical disability.
Promoting a Therapeutic Milieu Within the Home
Authors: Miller Marcia P. , Duffey Janet M.
Published: March 2007

According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), one of the basic functions of psychiatric nursing clinical practice is to provide and maintain a therapeutic environment for the patient regardless of the setting. This article discusses the need to promote factors contributing to the development of a therapeutic milieu for patients at home, including the importance of microanalysis of the home setting itself. Psychiatric home care nurses must practice like ethnologists, respecting the customs, culture, norms, values, and relationship issues that strongly affect a patient's recovery at home.
Lessons Learned in Managed Care
Authors: Burl Jeffery B.
Published: March 2007

Competition, reduction in health care premiums, rising health care costs, aging of the population, and technologic advances are several factors that create both challenges and opportunities for managed care organizations (MCOs). The demands to constantly improve quality of care and efficiency of operation while holding down costs are drivers meant to stimulate organizations to constantly strive to rethink their process of care provision. The most cost-effective program is one that maintains its health plan members who are active in the community and away from the institutional setting. This is optimally achieved through an accessible and comprehensive ambulatory practice. Innovation and paradigms of practice change in the acute, subacute, and long-term care arenas have allowed us to dramatically impact quality and utilization in these expensive areas, while at the same time freeing up additional time for MCO primary care practitioners to focus on their community-based patients. MCO primary care providers have not only supported but welcomed these changes in their organization, recognizing that these innovations represent a component of the continuum of health care needed to effectively serve their patients.
Developing an Effective Information Systems Strategy
Authors: MacKinnon Rebecca
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe the importance of the discovery process in hospice/home health care and to show that this course is the key to an organization's strategic planning. These methods include such topics as technology and computer systems and their advancements. The article describes the importance of establishing basic priorities to keep an organization moving in a positive direction, while documenting each step of the operation. Technology, especially in software, is an important part of this process, particularly in the hospice organization, where increased productivity is achieved while designing a procedure that encompasses compassion for patient care.
Applying Informed Consent to the Home Health Care Industry
Authors: Indest George F.
Published: March 2007

Home health care patients have the legal right to make their own decisions regarding whether to accept or reject health care given them in the home. This is known as informed consent. This article explores what valid informed consent is, its history and origins, the legal requirements for informed consent, and how it should be obtained and documented in the home care setting. Useful checklists, practical tips on obtaining consent, and suggested wording for informed consent forms are provided. The author concludes that documenting a valid informed consent by the patient encourages communication and helps to ensure that the patient's rights have been respected.
Focus on Community: American and Dutch Nurses Share Expertise
Authors: Milstead Jeri A. , Keller Alice M. , Miller M. Carroll
Published: March 2007

As a result of a long-term exchange program between nurses in the United States and the Netherlands, nurses from both countries have shared their knowledge and expertise in health care. This article focuses on similarities and differences in community and home health care in the United States and Holland. American nurses met with their Dutch counterparts to discuss the historic development of nursing care and current practices. Cultural aspects were disclosed and an appreciation for each other's backgrounds evolved.
Mental Health Nursing in the Community: A United Kingdom Perspective
Authors: Hannigan Ben
Published: March 2007

In the United Kingdom (UK), mental health nurses have worked in the community since the mid-1950s. From modest beginnings, the community mental health nursing workforce has grown dramatically in size, with just under 7,000 community mental health nurses (CMHNs) estimated to have been working in England and Wales in 1996. Mirroring this expansion in numbers, CMHNs over the years have extended the scope of their professional activities, and now work in a variety of settings with a wide range of client groups. For the benefit of a US audience, this paper commences with a review of the origins and development of the CMHN profession in the UK. Prevailing UK National Health Service policies and priorities, along with data from a recent national census of CMHNs,l are then used to provide an analysis of the context and characteristics of contemporary community mental health nursing.
Blood, Not Soil
Authors: Stephens Piers H. G.
Published: March 2007

The antigreen backlash that began in the 1990s has constantly advanced charges of misanthropic extremism against ecologists, and these charges are dramatically illustrated by claims, most notably drawn from Anna Bramwell’s work, of historical or thematic linkage between ecologism and National Socialism. The author analyses Bramwell’s work both historically and systematically, arguing first that her claims of association between ecologism and Nazism are historically flawed, and second, that her conceptual treatment fails to take into account the central motivational roles of Social Darwinism and absolutist purity in National Socialism. These factors effectively divorce green thought about nature from Nazi connection. The author concludes that no clear historical or necessary conceptual link between ecologism and Nazism has been successfully demonstrated by Bramwell and the backlash campaigners, but that greens should nonetheless eschew dangerous purity notions if possible.
Environmental History of New England
Authors: Veak Tyler
Published: March 2007

William Cronon’s Changes in the Land presaged a radical turn in environmental thought. His seminal work dramatically reconstructed our view of precolonial New England. He dismissed entirelythe received history that portrayed precolonial America as an uninhabited pristine wilderness. In the process, he gave Native Americans agency and forever blurred the line between humans and nature. Since Changes , it has become impossible to realistically think about humans as distinct from the “environment.”
Communications Strategies in Crisis
Authors: Lagadec Patrick
Published: March 2007

During major technological crisis, involved organizations often find themselves fac ing huge problems of communication. This brings in its wake operational paralysis and a destruction of public image. Lack of preparation, a history of unawareness of risk realities, low internal mobilization, underdeveloped external networks, and poor links with the media and public opinion, lead to spectacular failures in organizations. Organizations must re-examine their repertoire of crisis handling practices in order to develop good communications strategies.
Risk management tools for bridging the expert/ layperson gap
Authors: Kunreuther Howard , Yaksick Rudy
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the role that insurance, fines and compensation can play as risk management tools in bridging the gap between experts and layper sons. These policy tools are applied to the following two areas: the adoption of protective activities and the siting of hazardous materials disposal facilities. With respect to protective activities, the focus is on the problem of inducing greater voluntary use of manual seat belts and passive restraints. Rather than attempting to alter individual risk perception, we propose a set of economic incentives, such as reduction in insurance premiums or avoidance of a fine, that call attention to the direct benefit of using seat belts and passive restraints. Compensation may be useful in helping to negotiate agreements among differ ent interested parties involved in the siting of hazardous facilities. In this prob lem we explore ways in which some of the benefits to winners can be shared with potential losers, such as the host community. Successful examples of the use of compensation in settling conflicts are presented. In both problem con texts future research needs are identified.
An Attempt At Crisis Management And The Failure Of The Spontaneous Privatization
Authors: Voszka Éva
Published: March 2007

This article reports a study of "transformation without privatization": a case of Ganz Danubius, a large, state-owned shipbuilding company in Hungary. The story begins with privatization plans held by the top managers, contin ues to describe their failure, the intervention of the state and the subsequent bankruptcy of most companies. The analysis focuses on both the reasons for and the consequences of the developments which can be seen as typical of many large, state-owned, Hungarian companies.
Managing With Danger: An Introduction
Authors: Marcus Alfred
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts the two dominant theoretical approaches and presents a third approach to the study of safety in organizations. Whereas view 1 tries to explain why accidents are common and view 2 tries to explain why they are rare, the present author's view, grounded in the empirical studies and theoretical analyses published in this issue of Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly (Volume 9, Number 2), is that managers navigate within safety boundaries. The author stresses that (a) safety is overlaid on normal activities, (b) the safety envelope around organizations has indefinite dimensions, (c) rules are limited and managers often do not know what to do despite heavy emphasis on procedures, and (d) managers accept what they believe to be toler able imperfections. A key question they must address is how much compromise in a system of defenses they can accept before the organi zation crosses over into a state from which it cannot recover.
ERP changes induced by methylphenidate in boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Miller D.C. , Kavcic V. , Leslie J.E.
Published: March 2007

Nineteen boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and thirteen normal control boys (ages 8-10) were compared to evaluate the effects of psychostimulant (methylphenidate, MPH) treatment on behavioral performance data and ERPs. The ERPs were recorded from 19 active electrode sites during a selective attention Stroop Test. The Stroop test did not discriminate baseline performance differences between ADHD boys and Controls; however, the performance measures were sensitive to MPH treatment effects. Several baseline ERP differences between the ADHD boys and Controls were identified for nontargets (P3a latencies) and targets (N1 latencies, P3b amplitudes and latencies). MPH affected both early and late nontarget and target ERP components evoked during the performance of the Stroop test which suggested that both early sensory mechanisms and later cognitive processes were affected by the psychostimulant. It is suggested that the results support attentional deficits in both anterior and posterior regions of the brain.
A measure of ADHD-related classroom impairment based on targets for behavioral intervention
Authors: McBurnett K. , Swanson J.M. , Pfiffner L.J. , Tamm L.
Published: March 2007

The factor structure and validity of a 10-item teacher rating scale designed to measure impairment of classroom functioning related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms were evaluated with 109 children at a public elementary school. Items were derived from classroom target behaviors used in behavior modification programs for children with ADHD. A principal components analysis resulted in two unambiguous dimensions, which logically fit names of Attention and Deportment. Using external criteria derived from multiple methods and sources, strong divergent validity was found for the subscales. Results suggest the Attention scale measures impairment of task-appropriate behavior and academic under-productivity associated with DSM-IV Inattention, whereas the Deportment scale measures impairment of rule-appropriate behavior and difficulty with classroom social interactions associated with DSM-IV Hyperactivity-Impulsivity. Despite these preliminary theoretical conclusions, additional data from larger, more diverse samples are needed before normative application of the scale can be justified.
Expediting Infrastructure Projects through Public Agency Partnering
Authors: Foster Dana , Franklin Susan
Published: March 2007

An innovative public agency partnership between a city, a state department of transportation (DOT), and a county road commission (CRC) led to the early construction of a new interstate ramp to relieve congestion in a central commercial hub. To achieve this, the city and the CRC purchased the property, addressed environmental concerns, and performed preliminary design. This grassroots approach was the first in the state and among the first in the country. The DOT in fact had to seek approval from the Federal Highway Administration, which then classified it under its innovative financing pilot program. The DOT is open to working with similar public agency partnerships in the state to expedite project construction. However, as the city discovered, gaining community consensus is paramount to success.
Creating a New Curriculum to Prepare Public Administrators to Effectively Manage Public Works Programs
Authors: Ross Dennis H.
Published: March 2007

Public infrastructure is the foundation of modern civilization, and may be the most significant factor in the quality of life for developed and developing nations everywhere. The debate about how to prepare professionals to meet the challenge of adequately managing the public infrastructure has existed at least since the earliest infrastructure was built by the Romans. Over the past 50 years, the public works profession has unsuccessfully attempted to create a system of formal educational programs in colleges and universities across the United States. In recent Public Works Management& Policy issues, Little and others have made compelling arguments for renewing efforts to create an educational curriculum that can provide public administrators and engineers with the skills to protect the public’s investment in public infrastructure. The messages from Gordon, Little, and Grigg should be a wake-up call to both the profession and to educational institutions concerning this unmet need.
Using a Visual Preference Survey in Transit Design
Authors: Ewing Reid
Published: March 2007

In what may be the first application of visual preference methods to transit facilities, transit users, nonusers, and professionals were (a) shown a series of paired slides of bus stops, (b) asked to choose the stop from each pair at which they would prefer to wait, and (c) asked to rate each stop chosen as a place to wait. Subsequent analyses showed that transit-oriented design features most affecting both choices and ratings are (a) a bus shelter at the stop, (b) trees along the street leading to the stop, (c) a vertical curb at the stop, (d) the setback of the stop from the street edge, and (e) a continuous sidewalk leading to the stop. Such surveys may help transit planners choose the best transit stop locations and devote limited financial resources to the most promising transit stop amenities.
People, Jobs, and Transportation
Authors: Turner Margery Austin , Hughes Mark Alan
Published: March 2007

Public works officials responsible for planning and running transit systems, managing urban streets and highways, or operating special-purpose transportation systems have critical roles to play in helping to reconnect poor, inner-city communities to jobs and other opportunities throughout the metropolitan region. And they should consider the consequences of infrastructure design and management decisions on the concentration of inner-city poverty. This article focuses on emerging job-linkage strategies, which help people who live in inner-city neighborhoods find out about and commute to employment opportunities throughout the metropolitan region. These strategies offer not only the benefits of stable employment to individuals and their families, but also the potential for increased income flowing into distressed neighborhoods where it can help fuel local economic development.
Greek Homicide
Authors: SALFATI C. GABRIELLE , HARATSIS EVANGELOS
Published: March 2007

Recent literature suggests that different “styles” of homicide will most appropriately be reflected in the different types of behaviors committed by offenders at a crime scene. These distinctions, it has been proposed, can best be understood using an instrumental and expressive thematic framework to analyze the way the offender acts at the crime scene. Multidimensional analysis was carried out on the crime-scene actions of 210 Greek single-offender, single-victim stranger homicides, with the aim of replicating earlier studies. A multivariate structure resulted, encompassing both hypothesized themes, allowing 63% of the cases to be assigned to dominant styles. Results are discussed in terms of implications for cross-national similarities and differences in the thematic structure of homicide and in terms of future avenues for research.
The Role of Juveniles in Urban Homicide
Authors: BREWER VICTORIA E. , DAMPHOUSSE KELLY R. , ADKINSON CARY D.
Published: March 2007

Youth homicide offending is now regarded as a threat to society at large and inner cities in particular. A leading explanation focuses on gangs, drugs, and guns as the nexus of contemporary youth violence. This study profiles juvenile homicide in one of the nation's largest cities, Houston, Texas, for the period of 1990 to 1994. Following Marvin Wolfgang's precedent, the authors summarize these homicide data in terms of demographic characteristics and victim-offender relationships. They then address the spatial distribution of lethal incidents. The authors find that gang-related killing is a relatively small proportion of all juvenile homicide offending. Also, juveniles are more likely than are adults to use firearms, commit homicide in public and outdoor locations, and engage in lethal violence in relation to other felony offending. The authors conclude with a discussion of criminal justice responses to juvenile violence.
The Effects of Occupation and Industry on the Risk of Homicide Victimization in the United States
Authors: KPOSOWA AUGUSTINE J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined individual and structural covariates of homicides among males aged 15-64 years, focusing on whether occupation and industry are risk factors for victimization. Cox's proportional hazards regression models were fitted to data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study to estimate the effects of selected micro-level and macro-level covariates on homicide. Multivariate analysis indicated considerable racial or ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in homicide. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics and African Americans were at higher risk of death. Those in the lowest occupational strata had a particularly high homicide risk. Others at elevated risk of homicide were persons in low-income strata and inner-city residents. Results showed that the mining industry had a significant effect on homicide. Bivariate analysis revealed that equipment operatives, operatives in general, farm laborers, farmers and farm foremen had elevated risks of homicide. However, multivariate analysis indicated no occupational differentials in the risk of homicide.
Stalking and Intimate Partner Femicide
Authors: McFARLANE JUDITH M. , CAMPBELL JACQUELYN C. , WILT SUSAN , SACHS CAROLYN J. , ULRICH YVONNE , XU XIAO
Published: March 2007

An 18-item stalking inventory and personal interviews with knowledgeable proxy informants and victims of attempted femicide were used to describe the frequency and type of intimate partner stalking that occurred within 12 months of attempted and actual partner femicide. One hundred forty-one femicide and 65 attempted femicide incidents were evaluated. The prevalence of stalking was 76% for femicide victims and 85% for attempted femicide victims. Incidence of intimate partner assault was 67% for femicide victims and 71% for attempted femicide victims. A statistically significant association existed between intimate partner physical assault and stalking for femicide victims as well as attempted femicide victims. Stalking is revealed to be a correlate of lethal and near lethal violence against women and, coupled with physical assault, is significantly associated with murder and attempted murder. Stalking must be considered a risk factor for both femicide and attempted femicide, and abused women should be so advised.
Hicks, Marshall, and Points Off the Demand Curve
Authors: Murray Michael P.
Published: March 2007

It is well known that Marshall's measure of consumer's surplus is an underestimator of Hicks' equivalent variation of consumer's surplus when the points under consideration are on the consumer's demand curve. In this note it is shown that when the points are not both on the demand curve, a common situation for many policy questions, Marshall's measure may become an overestimator of Hick's measure.
Utility Functions, Public Goods, and Income Redistribution
Authors: Mann Arthur J. , Perlis Donald
Published: March 2007

The results of fiscal incidence studies depend upon the underlying utility functions pertinent to the distribution of public good benefits among income classes. Generally, the use of such functions is not explicitly recognized. By taking, in the first instance, an extended approach to utility based on an original Aaron-McGuire formulation and, in the second instance, a new approach, it is concluded that the income-equalizing tendencies of fiscal activities may be overstated when more conventional analysis is employed.
Macroeconomic Determinants of the Vote in Presidential Elections
Authors: Crain W. Mark , Deaton Thomas H. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: March 2007

In a 1971 paper Kramer attempted to establish empirically that macroeconomic variables have a significant impact on the vote shares received by Democratic and Republican congressional candidates. He found mixed results, with the growth rate in per capita real income and the inflation rate being important determinants of vote shares, and with the unemployment rate being statistically unimportant. Subsequent studies in this area have also found mixed and some times conflicting results. By using levels of macroeconomic variables rather than rates of change and by examining vote shares in presidential rather than congressional elections, m this paper we were able to detect a consistent and statistically significant relationship between macroeconomic variables and the vote by party in presidential elections.
Energy Legislation and Gasoline Tax Revenue
Authors: Talley Wayne K. , Warner Stanley E.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the impact of changes in highway gasoline tax rates and gasoline efficiency on U.S. gasoline tax revenue, using a simultaneous equation model which incorporates highway mileage as one determinant of travel volume (hence user revenues) and travel volume (through highway trust fund revenues) as one determinant of highway mileage. The article concludes that: (1) a one-cent per gallon increase in the gasoline tax would be expected to increase annual gasoline tax revenues by $1.06 billion and (2) an increase in gasoline efficiency of one mile per gallon would be expected to decrease the annual gasoline tax revenue by $1.02 billion. The net effect of these two changes would thus be expected to result in a negligible increase in gasoline tax revenue.
How To Avoid a Common Mistake in Welfare Economics
Authors: Morrison Clarence C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the logical foundation of the procedure of maxi-mizing an arbitrary welfare function to obtain necessary conditions for Pareto optimality. In a general set theoretic context, a sufficient condition for obtaining necessary conditions for Pareto optimality by maximizing an arbitrary welfare function is derived. The article examines the device relative to the class of continuous and twice differentiable welfare functions and finds that it is more generally applicable in this case than it is relative to the class of linear welfare functions.
The Determinants of Median Voter Tax Liability: an Empirical Test of the Fiscal Illusion Hypothesis
Authors: Baker Samuel H.
Published: March 2007

A median voter model was constructed, permitting an empirical examination of the determinants of state and local individual tax liability. Holding constant the effect of other factors, a 1% increase in median voter income is found to increase median voter tax liability by 1.4%. A rise in per capita mineral shipments and thus, an increase in the available mineral extraction tax base lead to reduction in voter tax liability. Also, support is found for the version of the fiscal illusion hypothesis that the level of taxation increases as tax structures become more complex by drawing upon a larger number of revenue sources.
Administrative Inequity in the Property Tax: Further Evidence
Authors: Ellis Larry V. , Combs J. Paul , Weber William
Published: March 2007

In addition to neighborhood characteristics, the structural and physical attributes of residential properties introduce significant biases into the assessment of property values and represent an important source of administrative inequity in the property tax. A model is presented which captures the influence of dwelling characteristics on both the constant and slope parameters in the traditionally employed linear relationship between assessed and market values. The model is tested using a sample of properties taken from three western counties in North Carolina. The results support the hypothesis that different types of properties with equivalent market values may receive significantly different assessments.
State Discretion in Ftderal Categorical Assistance Programs: the Case of Medicaid
Authors: Sloan Frank A.
Published: March 2007

Categorical assistance programs to date have provided the most common method for transterring public funds from the federal government to states and localities. This study develops a model for a representative voter-taxpayer in which income redistribution is viewed as a public good. The model yields several unambiguous predictions about the effect of selected exogenous variables, including taxpayer income, the number of poor persons in the state, and the federal matching proportion for Medicaid (which varies by state) on the amount the Medicaid program pays doctors per procedure. An alternative view is that Medicaid payments are determined largely by interactions among government bureaucracies, private insurance carriers serving as fiscal agents for Medicaid, and physicians. Explanatory variables consistent with the bureaucratic view are included in some regressions. The most important result is that the federal matching proportion has a substantial impact on generosity of state Medicaid programs.
Some Macroeconomic Consequences of Resource Immobility With Public Production
Authors: Barkume Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Many public services are provided through government produetion with public ownership of nonlabor inputs. In general, macroeconomic policy impacts with this mode of provision are different from a fiscal policy analysis using conventional models. This article analyzes how reduced public spending may influence aggregate employment with this mode of provision.
Some Short-Run Microeconomic Effects of a Market Incentive Anti-Inflation Plan
Authors: Koford Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This article examines the short-run effects of Abba Lerner and David Co-lander's Market Anti-Inflation Plan (MAP) with a microeconomic model of firm pricing and output. It proves that MAP assures a constant (Paasche)price level. For an economy in which all firms face downward-sloping demand, MAP increases output, as MAP acts as an economywide Ramsey pricing scheme, reducing firms' monopoly power. Perfectly competitive industries have reduced supply elasticity, which can either increase or reduce their output.
The Medical Uninsured: a Case of Market Failure?
Authors: Cleeton David L.
Published: March 2007

A model of insurance is presented to show the sources of market failure that result from the current design of public medical assistance programs as stop-Abstract loss insurance. Simulation results are presented for a linear premium subsidy program as a possible solution to the problem.
Capital Labor Substitution in Municipal Government
Authors: Huckins Larrye
Published: March 2007

City governments utilize both capital and labor to produce the services that the public demands. This article synthesizes the public choice literature and the theory of dynamic factor demands developed for private firms. The problem encountered in analyses of the public sector of no direct measures of output is bypassed through the use of a public choice function. The short- and long-run elasticities of substitution are estimated for large city governments using data for 46 separate cities over the period 1954 to 1986. The empirical estimates indicate that in both the short and long run, large city governments are responsive to factor price changes. The production technology is not neutral with respect to the scale determining variables contained in the public choice model.
The Effect of Establishment and Firm Size On Public Wage Differentials
Authors: Belman Dale , Heywood John S.
Published: March 2007

Despite large separate literatures, the influence of establishment (plant) and firm size on wages has not been combined with estimation of public wage differentials. We find that doing so alters the estimated public differentials at each level of government. Federal workers in particular appear far less "overpaid " when estab lishment size premiums are included in the wage equations. Indeed, the usually reported federal differential is driven mainly by large wage gaps in the very smallest of establishments. Moreover, when both establishment and firm size premiums are included in the wage equations, little or no evidence emerges that even federal workers are "overpaid. " These results follow from the existence of size premiums among private and local workers but virtually no such premiums among federal or state workers.
Married Women's Labor Supply and the Marriage Penalty
Authors: Neff Deenie Kinder
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effect of the marriage penalty on the hours worked by Abstract married women. Although the Tax Reform Act of 1986 eliminated the marriage penalty for some couples, many will still pay more taxes than they would if they were single. A positive wage elasticity implies that a married woman facing a marriage penalty will work fewer hours than she would if the marriage penalty did not exist. This article estimates that if the marriage penalty were eliminated, the average married woman would increase her hours worked by 46 hours per year. Married women from high-income families and married women who earn substantially less than do their husbands would show an even greater response to elimination of the marriage penalty because women from these groups are likely to face larger marriage penalties. Women who contribute 25% or less to family income would increase their labor supplies by 101 hours per year on average, and women whose family income is in the top income quartile would increase their labor supplies by an average of 99 hours per year.
Rewards Versus Penalties: on a New Policy against Tax Evasion
Authors: Falkinger Josef , Walther Herbert
Published: March 2007

The theoretical analysis of tax evasion has typically concentrated on the role of Abstract penalties and on the probability of being investigated and penalized. This article introduces into the standard model of tax evasion the possibility of pecuniary rewards as an economic incentive for taxpaying. The analysis shows that introducing a reward for payment of taxes leads to a welfare improvement over non-prohibitive penalty regimes. An optimal penalty-reward mix is derived that guarantees a certain tax yield for the government and, at the same time, maximizes the taxpayer's utility.
Economies of Scope and Multiproduct Clubs
Authors: Brueckner Jan K. , Lee Kangoh
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the potential optimality of joint provision of multiple public goods when the joint cost function of such goods exhibits economies of scope. On one hand, the joint provision of public goods in multiproduct clubs leads to cost savings under economies of scope. However, there is an efficiency loss from such clubs because consumption group sizes cannot be set individually for each good. The article analyzes these costs and benefits and derives conditions under which multiproduct clubs are desirable.
Optimal Extractive Taxes Under Demand Uncertainty
Authors: Fain James R. , Gade Mary N.
Published: March 2007

The authors develop a two-period duopoly model characterized by demand uncer-Abstract tainty to consider how a state government should tax the extraction of a nonrenewable resource. They demonstrate that if firms are risk averse, they tilt production toward the future and underproduce in the present even more than they would in a world of perfect certainty. Therefore, states should set extractive per-unit taxes such that they increase over time at a rate faster than the interest rate to motivate an increase in production in the present relative to the future.
The Marginal Cost of Redistribution
Authors: Browning Edgar K.
Published: March 2007

The marginal cost of redistribution is the real economic cost to upper-income households per dollar of benefit to lower-income households; it exceeds 1 because of the efficiency costs of redistributive policies. This article examines the determinants of this marginal cost for linear income tax and negative income tax policies. It develops analytical expressions to calculate marginal cost that show how it depends on initial marginal tax rates, the degree of inequality, and labor supply elasticities. For plausible parameter values, marginal cost is estimated to be quite high; the article also offers an intuitive explanation for this result. The possibility of using different policies that redistribute income at lower cost is discussed.
Reconsidering the Effects of Fiscal Policy On Private Sector Behavior: a Unifying View of Neutrality
Authors: Conway Karen Smith
Published: March 2007

A careful analysis of the effects of fiscal policy must not only consider both sides of the fiscal policy equation—taxes and the resulting government spending—but must also specify the extent to which taxpayers use this equation in making decisions. This research develops a unifying framework for both static and intertemporal settings with which to clarify and critique a wide range of theoretical models offiscal policy. For instance, the neutrality results obtained in the literatures on voluntary contributions and Ricardian equivalence are shown to derive from the same implicit and perhaps questionable assumption: that the private sector knows that taxes paid will be returned in a form valued equally with the foregone income. And, if that assumption is correct, even more remarkable neutrality results can be established. More generally, what results from this examination is a much broader view of fiscal policy, a better understanding of when and why such policy will be neutral, and suggestions for ways to better explore empirically its effects on private sector behavior .
A Statistical Analysis of the Effect of State-Level Economic Conditions On the 1992 Presidential Election
Authors: Blackley Paul R. , Shepard Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Cross-sectional data are used to assess the effect of state-level economic conditions on state outcomes in the 1992 presidential election. The analysis provides evidence on the role of macroeconomic variables in models of national election outcomes and presents simulations to determine whether changes in economic circumstances might have reversed the election's result. It is argued that self-interested voters are more likely to prefer a new president if they are experiencing unemployment or income losses, or if they fear that economic conditions may lead to their own unemployment or inadequate income growth. Altruistic voters may seek a change to improve the economic positions of others. Whether specified as the current unemployment rate or as recent real per capita income growth, states with subpar economic performances are found to have significantly higher voter shares for Clinton. The simulations indicate that reasonable adjustments in state unemploy ment rates do not reverse the election outcome, whereas more rapid personal income growth during the year prior to the election results in a Bush victory.
Local Fiscal Competition: an Intraregional Perspective
Authors: Wagoner Charles B.
Published: March 2007

This article extends the theoretical literature on local fiscal competition by concentrating on a form of this behavior that has largely been ignored in the past: intraregional competition. This is competition between political jurisdictions that share physical boundaries; that is, they occupy the same physical space, or are 100% overlapping Under this form of competition, which is essentially a close economy model, issues such as capital flight cannot arise, and so one is free to concentrate on purely internal effects. The author demonstrates that, under certain reasonable conditions, local public goods provision in this framework will more closely approximate first-best levels than will those that arise under the assumption of distortionary commodity taxation.
The Effect of Taxes and Insurance Costs On Automobile Registrations in the United States
Authors: Pritchard Tim , DeBoer Larry
Published: March 2007

We investigate the determinants of United States automobile registrations in states in 1986, focusing on state and local taxes and fees, and on auto insurance premiums. Using data on state tax and fee structures and the results of a phone survey of states where automobiles are subject to property taxes, we calculate tax and fee costs for a "new" and an "old" car. Regression results show that new car taxes have httle effect on registrations, probably because owners respond to higher taxes by buying older, cheaper cars. Higher old car taxes reduce registrations because low-income owners cannot buy older or cheaper cars and thereby abandon ownership. Insurance premiums appear to have a negative effect on registrations.