bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Ethical Significance of Fichte’s Theology
Authors: Goh Kienhow ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2020

This article shows that Fichte’s ethics and theology in the Jena period are conceived in intimate connection with each other. It explores what Fichte’s theology, as it is promulgated in the “Divine Governance” essay of 1798, might tell us about his account of the ethical law’s material content, as it is expounded in the System of Ethics of the same year. It does so with the aim of defending the standard interpretation of Fichte as a staunch advocate of deontology. From the theological vantage point, a plan for the realization of the final end is laid out in and through the moral world-order. The material of our duty is signified by the place we are assigned in and through the order. On account of our lack of insight into the “higher law” through which our place in the order is determined, no abstract, discursive criterion for what we ought to do here and now is forthcoming. While Fichte characterizes ethically right actions in terms of their tendency to produce the final end, he regards them as being so in an ideal, intelligible world rather than the real, empirical one.
Editorial
Authors: Cunha Maria Teresa Santos , Lohn Reinaldo Lindolfo , Arend Silvia Maria Fávero
Published: August 2020

Editorial
El futuro del cine en la era del 'streaming'
Authors: Creus Tomás
Published: August 2020

El cine nació como un espectáculo colectivo en grandes salas, con imágenes proyectadas en una gran pantalla en una sala oscura a 24 fotogramas por segundo. Sin embargo, hoy día, con el avance del streaming, lo más común es que los productos audiovisuales se consuman de manera individual, en televisores, tablets, ordenadores, o incluso en las minúsculas pantallas de los teléfonos móviles. Si ha cambiado la forma de recepción, ha cambiado también el contenido: las series continuas se hacen más populares, mientras que el llamado cine de arte o independiente tiende a limitarse a un público cada vez más reducido.
Effects of supplementation levels of Allium fistulosum L. extract on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane emission
Authors: Eom Jun Sik , Lee Shin Ja , Lee Yejun , Kim Hyun Sang , Choi You Young , Kim Hyeong Suk , Kim Do Hyung , Lee Sung Sill
Published: August 2020

Background

Ruminants release the majority of agricultural methane, an important greenhouse gas. Different feeds and additives are used to reduce emissions, but each has its drawbacks. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Allium fistulosum L. (A. fistulosum) extract on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, and on methane emission.

Methods

Rumen fluid was taken from two cannulated rumen Hanwoo cow (with mean initial body weight 450 ± 30 kg, standard deviation = 30). Rumen fluid and McDougall’s buffer (1:2; 15 mL) were dispensed anaerobically into 50 mL serum bottles containing 300 mg (DM basis) of timothy substrate and A. fistulosum extracts (based on timothy substrate; 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, or 9%). This experiment followed a completely randomized design performed in triplicate, using 126 individual serum bottles (six treatments × seven incubation times × three replicates).

Results

Dry matter degradability was not significantly affected (p-value > 0.05) by any A. fistulosum treatment other than 1% extract at 24 h incubation. Methane emission linearly decreased A. fistulosum extract concentration increased at 12 and 24 h incubation (p-value < 0.0001; p-value = 0.0003, respectively). Acetate concentration linearly decreased (p-value = 0.003) as A. fistulosum extract concentration increased at 12 h incubation. Methanogenic archaea abundance tendency decreased (p-value = 0.055) in the 1%, 7%, and 9% A. fistulosum extract groups compared to that in the 0% group, and quadratically decreased (p-value < 0.0001) as A. fistulosum extract concentration increased at 24 h incubation.

Conclusion

A. fistulosum extract had no apparent effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics or dry matter degradability. However, it reduced methane emission and methanogenic archaea abundance.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: De Lange Frits , Koopman Nico
Published: August 2020

Article 10 of the Bill of Rights of the 1996 South African Constitution states on behalf of all the country's citizens that: "Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected". What does this claim entail in post-apartheid democratic south Africa? ... Keywords: Bill of Rights, Human dignity
IbpB‐bound substrate release in living cells as revealed by unnatural amino acid‐mediated photo‐crosslinking
Authors: Shi Xiaodong , Ezemaduka Anastasia N.
Published: August 2020

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are known to bind non‐native substrates and prevent irreversible aggregation in an ATP‐independent manner. However, the dynamic interaction between sHSPs and their substrates in vivo is less studied. Here, by utilizing a genetically incorporated crosslinker, we characterized the interaction between sHSP IbpB and its endogenous substrates in living cells. Through photo‐crosslinking analysis of five Bpa variants of IbpB, we found that the substrate binding of IbpB in living cells is reversible upon short‐time exposure at 50 °C. Our data provide in vivo evidence that IbpB engages in dynamic substrate release under nonstress conditions and suggest that photo‐crosslinking may be a suitable method for investigating dynamic interaction between molecular chaperones and their substrates in living cells.
Freestanding Photoresist Film: A Versatile Template for Three‐Dimensional Micro‐ and Nanofabrication
Authors: Liu Yuyang , Du Ke , Wathuthanthri Ishan , Xu Wei , Choi Chang‐Hwan
Published: August 2020

Ultrathin freestanding films with well‐defined micro/nanostructures and robust mechanical properties are applied in many engineering applications including microelectronics, optics, filtration and separation, biomedical engineering, and nanotechnology. Although considerable efforts have been made toward the fabrication of freestanding thin films, it is still a significant challenge to develop a simple and reliable process for producing freestanding films with ultrathin thickness, well‐regulated micro/nanopatterns, robust mechanical properties, macroscopic coverage area, and multi‐layered composite structures. Here, a significant advancement is reported in this regard. This study shows a new sacrificial‐layer‐free (SLF) lifting‐off process, integrated with conventional micro‐ and nanolithography, enabling the release of micro‐ and nanopatterned photoresist (PR) films from the supporting substrate with unprecedented pattern coverage and structure characteristics. The freestanding PR film is resilient, can withstand significant bending and deformation, and is sufficiently flexible to be transferred onto substrates with 3D topography as a conformal soft stencil for further technological processing and applications. Moreover, the SLF lifting‐off process provides a simple approach to prepare single‐layered and multi‐layered freestanding composite films. The results suggest that the novel SLF lifting‐off process can significantly extend the capability of 3D micro‐/nanofabrication.
Synergistically Improved Molecular Doping and Carrier Mobility by Copolymerization of Donor–Acceptor and Donor–Donor Building Blocks for Thermoelectric Application
Authors: Li Hui , Song Jian , Xiao Jie , Wu LiLi , Katz Howard E. , Chen Lidong
Published: August 2020

In this work, it is demonstrated that random copolymerization is a simple but effective strategy to obtain new conductive copolymers as high‐performance thermoelectric materials. By using a polymerizing acceptor unit diketopyrropyrrole with donor units thienothiophene and oligo ethylene glycol substituted bithiophene (g32T), it is found that strong interchain donor–acceptor interactions ensure good film crystallinity for charge transport, while donor–donor type building blocks contribute to effective charge transfers. Hall effect measurements show that the high electrical conductivity results from increased free carriers with simultaneously improved mobility reaching over 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. The synergistic effect of improved molecular doping and carrier mobility, as well as a high Seebeck coefficient ascribed to the structural disorder along polymer chains via random copolymerization, results in an impressive power factor up to 110 µW K−2 m−1 which is 10 times higher than that of solution‐processed polythiophenes.
Ambient Manipulation of Perovskites by Alternating Electric Field toward Tunable Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Cheng Zhendong , Ding Dong , Song Jingnan , Liu Feng , Wang Tun , Hu Cheng , Ba Lixiang , Wang Jiayuan , Liu Hong , Shen Wenzhong
Published: August 2020

With the rapid development of hybrid metal halide perovskites, controlling and understanding their growth processes have become an important but challenging task. In this paper, alternating electric field as an effective modulation method that acts on the intermediate state in perovskite formation under ambient conditions is introduced. The morphology and microstructure of the as‐formed perovskites can be effectively controlled by tuning simple physical parameters such as the frequency and amplitude, which have shown strong impact on the motion of ionic species and thus influences the formation of materials. Furthermore, the optic and electronic properties of the perovskite (such as the band position) can also be easily tuned by the field parameters. Finally, a conversion efficiency of 19.08% can be achieved in MAPbI3 device without any doping or additional treatment, with impressive ambient and thermal stability without encapsulation. This result has not only illustrated a new physical approach for material fabrication, but also facilitates deeper understanding of the formation mechanism and generally shed light to the development of more devices and materials.
Bioinspired Molecular Bridging in a Hybrid Perovskite Leads to Enhanced Stability and Tunable Properties
Authors: Lang Arad , Polishchuk Iryna , Seknazi Eva , Feldmann Jochen , Katsman Alexander , Pokroy Boaz
Published: August 2020

Hybrid perovskites demonstrate high potential in optoelectronic applications. Their main drawback is their low stability under humid conditions. In this paper, one of nature's strategies is implemented—the incorporation of amino acids into the crystal lattice—in order to improve the stability of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) in water, and to tune its structure, as well as its optical and thermal properties. The amino acid lysine, which possesses two NH3+ groups, is incorporated into the hybrid unit cell, by substituting two methylammonium ions and serves as a “molecular bridge”. This incorporation induces a decrease in the lattice parameter of the host, accompanied with an increase in its bandgap and noticeable changes in its morphology. Furthermore, a substantial decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient of MAPbBr3 and a shift of its cubic‐to‐tetragonal phase transformation temperature are observed. Two different modes of incorporation are identified, which depend on the conditions of crystallization. These modes dictate the level of lysine incorporation and the magnitude of MAPbBr3 bandgap changes. Notably, lysine incorporation strongly increases the perovskite stability in water. This study demonstrates a unique and promising approach to tune the properties and improve the stability of hybrid perovskites via this novel bioinspired route.
Amorphous/Crystalline Silicon Interface Stability: Correlation between Infrared Spectroscopy and Electronic Passivation Properties
Authors: Holovský Jakub , Martín De Nicolás Silvia , De Wolf Stefaan , Ballif Christophe
Published: August 2020

Ultrathin layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H), passivating the surface of crystalline silicon (c‐Si), are key enablers for high‐efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells. In this work, the authors apply highly sensitive attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, combined with carrier‐lifetime measurements and carrier‐lifetime imaging, to resolve several fundamental and technology‐related questions related to the a‐Si:H/c‐Si interface. To gain insight, the a‐Si:H/c‐Si interfacial morphology is intentionally manipulated by applying different surface, annealing and ageing treatments. Changes are observed in the vibrational modes of hydrides (SiHX), oxides (SiHX(SiYOZ)) together with hydroxyl and hydrocarbon surface groups. The effect of unintentional oxidation and contamination is considered as well. Electronic interfacial properties are reviewed and discussed of hydrogen mono‐layer passivation of the c‐Si surface and from the perspectives of a‐Si:H bulk properties. It is found that both models have severe limitations and suggest that a new physical model of the interface, considering both is required.
An Efficient Aggregation‐Induced Emission Supramolecular Probe for Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives in Water
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Chen Yong , Dai XianYin , Zhou WeiLei , Li JingJing , Liu Yu
Published: August 2020

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are the components of explosives that pose a serious hazard to the environment and human health, especially 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP), which has strong explosibility and good water solubility. An effective supramolecular fluorescent probe for nitroaromatic detection is prepared based on the sulfato‐β‐cyclodextrin (SCD)‐induced molecular aggregation of 9,10‐bis{4‐[2‐(N,N,N‐trimethylammonium)hexyloxy]styrene} anthracene dibromide (AnEA) and subsequent aggregation‐induced emission, which presents high sensitivity particularly toward TNP with a detection limit of 586 ppb in water and 23 ppb on the test paper. Herein, a convenient and effective supramolecular means for nitro‐detection in water is provided.
Exploring the Association of Community Integration in Mental Health among Formerly Homeless Individuals Living in Permanent Supportive Housing
Authors: La Motte‐Kerr Wichada , Rhoades Harmony , Henwood Benjamin , Rice Eric , Wenzel Suzanne
Published: August 2020

Supportive housing has been widely used among persons experiencing chronic homelessness and/or mental health conditions. While it has been demonstrated to be effective in addressing homelessness among populations with complex needs, community integration remains a challenge. Community integration is the extent to which individuals live, participate, and socialize in their community and consists of three aspects: physical, social, and psychological. The study utilized data from the Transitions to Housing project that followed formerly homeless individuals (N = 383) throughout their first year of residence in permanent supportive housing (PSH). The study set out to examine which aspects of community integration are associated with mental health symptoms in this population. Five nested multivariate linear regression models were conducted and then compared. The model that accounted for demographics, substance use, neighborhood quality, and all three aspects of community integration simultaneously was the best fit and explained the most variance in mental health symptoms (24%). The complete model suggested higher levels of psychological integration were significantly associated with decreased mental health symptoms in this sample. This finding suggests fostering a sense of belonging among PSH residents could improve mental health outcomes. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
A generalized adaptive stiffness control scheme for robot manipulators with bounded inputs
Authors: Maldonado‐Fregoso Berenice , Mendoza‐Gutierrez Marco , Bonilla‐Gutierrez Isela , Vidrios‐Serrano Carlos
Published: August 2020

In general, indirect force control schemes (stiffness, impedance, etc.) assume that robot actuators can provide any torque value to achieve the goal of interaction control. This study attempts to regulate robot–environment interaction by generating bounded control signals and to avoid accurate knowledge of the parameters associated with gravitational effects and the stiffness of the environment. To achieve this aim, a generalized and saturating adaptive stiffness control scheme in task‐space is proposed. For the purpose of this work, the interaction or contact between the end‐effector of a robot manipulator and the environment is modeled as a vector of bounded spring‐like forces. The proposed control approach has a proportional‐derivative structure with static model‐based compensation of gravitational and interaction forces, which it achieves by including a regressor‐based adaptive term. As a theoretical basis to support the proposal, Lyapunov's stability analysis of the closed‐loop equilibrium vector is presented. Finally, the suitability of the proposed stiffness control scheme for interaction tasks is verified through simulations and experimental tests by using three‐degree‐of‐freedom robotic arms.
Stabilization of an Euler‐Bernoulli beam with boundary input delay
Authors: Liu Xiaopei , Xu Genqi , Chen Hao
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we introduce a new kind of feedback controller for an Euler‐Bernoulli beam with boundary delayed control. Different from the approach of the Smith predictor and dynamic feedback control, the new feedback controller is of the integral form in spatial variable, that is called the integral‐type full state feedback controller. Our goal of the present paper is to show that one can select appropriate kernel functions such that the closed‐loop system is exponentially stable. Here we mainly give an approach of selecting kernel functions. To prove the stability of the closed‐loop system, we construct a bounded and revertible linear transformation that establishes the equivalence between a stable target system and the controlled system.
Further evaluation of treatment integrity for response interruption and redirection
Authors: Gauthier Kimberly A. , Ahearn William H. , Colón Candice L.
Published: August 2020

A few studies on response blocking as well as response interruption and redirection (RIRD) as a treatment for automatically maintained problem behavior have examined different levels of treatment integrity. Results from these studies have shown continued suppression of responding under low levels of integrity for some participants after they were exposed to blocking at full integrity. The current study compared the treatment effects of RIRD at two levels of integrity (100 and 33%). The 33% condition was not preceded by exposure to full integrity. Four children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder between the ages of 8 and 16 participated. The effects of treatment integrity on vocal stereotypy were assessed using an ABAB‐variant design in which B consisted of an alternating‐treatments comparison of different levels of integrity. Results varied across participants, and although both conditions decreased stereotypy, 100% integrity produced lower levels of stereotypy quicker than 33%. The current study expands upon current literature by suggesting that lower levels of integrity (33%) may still suppress vocal stereotypy.
Influence of Aryl Substituents on the Alignment of Ligands in the Dirhodium Tetrakis(1,2,2‐Triarylcyclopropane‐ carboxylate) Catalysts
Authors: Ren Zhi , Musaev Djamaladdin G. , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: August 2020

Computational studies revealed that dirhodium tetrakis(1,2,2‐triarylcyclopropanecarboxylate) (Rh2(TPCP)4) catalysts adopt distinctive high symmetry orientations, which are dependent on the nature of the aryl substitution pattern. The parent catalyst, Rh2(TPCP)4, and those with a p‐substituent at the C1 aryl, such as Rh2(p‐BrTPCP)4 and Rh2(p‐PhTPCP)4, adopt a C2‐symmetric structure. Rh2(3,5‐di(p‐tBuC6H4)TPCP)4, 3,5‐disubstituted at the C1 aryl, adopts a D2‐symmetric structure, whereas catalysts with an o‐substituent at the C1 aryl, such as Rh2(o‐Cl‐5‐BrTPCP)4, adopt a C4‐symmetric structure.
Versatile Spectroelectrochemical Cell for In Situ Experiments: Development, Applications, and Electrochemical Behavior**
Authors: Bott‐Neto José L. , Rodrigues Marta V. F. , Silva Mariana C. , Carneiro‐Neto Evaldo B. , Wosiak Gabriel , Mauricio Junior C. , Pereira Ernesto C. , Figueroa Santiago J. A. , Fernández Pablo S.
Published: August 2020

(Photo)electrochemical processes are involved in many fields of science and technology. The use of spectroscopic techniques coupled to (photo)electrochemistry, are mandatory to get information about interfacial processes on scale ranges from millimeters to the nanoscale. The development of spectroelectrochemical cells (SECs) contributes to the progress of the field of (photo)electrochemistry and their impact in science and technology. Therefore, in this work, we describe in detail the development of a versatile SEC that can be used for conventional electrochemical experiments and several in situ techniques just by changing its window. We performed electrochemical and computational experiments to analyze the response of our SEC as a function of the working electrode size, position, and distance to the window. Besides, we show in detail how the cell can be used to perform experiments of in situ FTIR, Raman, XAFS and ultrafast spectroscopy.
Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide) Alkylsulfonamides: Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitors of Tumor Specific Carbonic Anhydrase IX
Authors: Grüner Bohumír , Kugler Michael , El Anwar Suzan , Holub Josef , Nekvinda Jan , Bavol Dmytro , Růžičková Zdeňka , Pospíšilová Klára , Fábry Milan , Král Vlastimil , Brynda Jiří , Řezáčová Pavlína
Published: August 2020

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is an enzyme expressed on the surface of cells in hypoxic tumors. It plays a role in regulation of tumor pH and promotes thus tumor cell survival and occurrence of metastases. Here, derivatives of the cobalt bis(dicarbollide)(1‐) anion are reported that are based on substitution at the carbon sites of the polyhedra by two alkylsulfonamide groups differing in the length of the aliphatic connector (from C1 to C4, n=1‐4), which were prepared by cobalt insertion into the 7‐sulfonamidoalkyl‐7,8‐dicarba‐nido‐undecaborate ions. Pure meso‐ and rac‐diastereoisomeric forms were isolated. The series is complemented with monosubstituted species (n=2). Synthesis by a direct method furnished similar derivatives (n=2, 3), which are chlorinated at the B(8,8’) boron sites. All compounds inhibited CAIX with subnanomolar inhibition constants and showed high selectivity for CAIX. The best inhibitory properties were observed for the compound with n= 3 and two substituents present in rac‐arrangement with Ki=20 pM and a selectivity index of 668. X‐ray crystallography was used to study interactions of these compounds with the active site of CAIX on the structural level.
An improved quantum particle swarm photovoltaic multi‐peak mPPT method combined with Lévy flight
Authors: Chen Lei , Li Zhijun , Zhang Yinan , Zhang Yi
Published: August 2020

Inertial weight adaptive quantum particle swarm optimization (DCWQPSO) algorithm can effectively improve the problem of particle falling into local extreme value. But the particle is still possible to fall into local extreme value in the later stage of particle evolution. When it is applied to photovoltaic multi‐peak maximum power tracking (MPPT), the tracking efficiency is not only reduced, but also may lead to tracking failure under the condition of sudden tracking of photovoltaic light intensity. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a photovoltaic maximum power tracking (MPPT) control algorithm combining Lévy flight strategy with DCWQPSO algorithm. Lévy flight is a non‐Gaussian random process. The algorithm introduces Lévy flight strategy to change the mutation formula of particles and uses the characteristics of Lévy flight short step and occasionally long step jump search to improve the diversity of particles in the algorithm population. The algorithm proposed in this paper enhances the particle diversity, improves the convergence accuracy and speed of the algorithm, and overcomes the defects of the DCWQPSO algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the MPPT control algorithm proposed in this paper has fast‐tracking speed and high precision, which can effectively improve the maximum power tracking efficiency and dynamic quality of photovoltaic power generation system under uncertain environment, and it also has good robustness.
An ensemble‐driven long short‐term memory model based on mode decomposition for carbon price forecasting of all eight carbon trading pilots in China
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Zhaoqi
Published: August 2020

The carbon trading market has become a powerful weapon in alleviating carbon emissions in China, and the carbon price is at the core of its operation. Hence, the carbon trading market serves as an indispensable component in forecasting the carbon price accurately in advance. This paper innovatively explores an ensemble‐driven long short‐term memory network (LSTM) model based on complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) for carbon price forecasting, applying it to all eight carbon trading pilots in China. The CEEMD was initially implemented for mode transformation in order to decompose the original complicated mode into a set of simple modes. Then, the partial autocorrelation function selected time‐lagged features as inputs for each mode. Subsequently, the LSTM was used to model the mapping between time‐lagged factors as well as each mode's target values, constructing multiple LSTM models for ensemble learning. Finally, the inverse CEEMD computation was introduced to integrate the anticipated results of the multi‐mode into the final results. Its practical application simultaneously embraced all eight carbon pilots in China, covering their corresponding carbon price data over a considerably long period. The obtained results illustrated that the proposed model driven by ensemble learning possessed sufficient accuracy in carbon price forecasting in China compared with the single LSTM model as well as other conventional artificial neural network models. Furthermore, according to the scope of its application, the innovative model exhibited strong stability and universality.
Footprints of local adaptation span hundreds of linked genes in the Atlantic silverside genome
Authors: Wilder Aryn P. , Palumbi Stephen R. , Conover David O. , Therkildsen Nina Overgaard
Published: August 2020

The study of local adaptation in the presence of ongoing gene flow is the study of natural selection in action, revealing the functional genetic diversity most relevant to contemporary pressures. In addition to individual genes, genome-wide architecture can itself evolve to enable adaptation. Distributed across a steep thermal gradient along the east coast of North America, Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) exhibit an extraordinary degree of local adaptation in a suite of traits, and the capacity for rapid adaptation from standing genetic variation, but we know little about the patterns of genomic variation across the species range that enable this remarkable adaptability. Here, we use low-coverage, whole-transcriptome sequencing of Atlantic silversides sampled along an environmental cline to show marked signatures of divergent selection across a gradient of neutral differentiation. Atlantic silversides sampled across 1371 km of the southern section of its distribution have very low genome-wide differentiation (median FST = 0.006 across 1.9 million variants), consistent with historical connectivity and observations of recent migrants. Yet almost 14,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are nearly fixed (FST > 0.95) for alternate alleles. Highly differentiated SNPs cluster into four tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks that span hundreds of genes and several megabases. Variants in these LD blocks are disproportionately nonsynonymous and concentrated in genes enriched for multiple functions related to known adaptations in silversides, including variation in lipid storage, metabolic rate, and spawning behavior. Elevated levels of absolute divergence and demographic modeling suggest selection maintaining divergence across these blocks under gene flow. These findings represent an extreme case of heterogeneity in levels of differentiation across the genome, and highlight how gene flow shapes genomic architecture in continuous populations. Locally adapted alleles may be common features of populations distributed along environmental gradients, and will likely be key to conserving variation to enable future responses to environmental change.
An investigation of corporate directors' responses to CEO pay ratio disclosures and say‐on‐pay votes
Authors: Norman Carolyn Strand , Rose Anna M. , Rose Jacob M. , Suh Ikseon
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the effects of the CEO pay ratio and say‐on‐pay votes on directors' concerns about CEO pay equity. Investigation of the pay ratio disclosure rule offers opportunities to gain insights into whether equity perceptions associated with mandated pay ratio disclosure have significant effects on remuneration decisions in organizations. We conduct an online experiment with practicing corporate directors to examine the effects of CEO pay ratio disclosures and say‐on‐pay (SOP) votes on director decisions. Results indicate that CEO pay ratio disclosures significantly influence directors' decisions regarding executive compensation, leading directors to be less willing to increase CEO pay when the pay ratio is above the industry average pay ratio. Results also demonstrate that say‐on‐pay votes only influence directors' compensation decisions when the CEO pay ratio is above the industry average. Directors in firms with pay ratios that are above the industry average are less willing to increase CEO pay when they anticipate shareholder votes against a CEO pay increase than when they anticipate positive SOP voting outcomes. Directors in firms with CEO pay ratios that are below the industry average, however, are willing to increase CEO pay regardless of SOP voting outcomes.
miR‐130b‐3p regulates M1 macrophage polarization via targeting IRF1
Authors: Guo Qiang , Zhu Xiaoxiao , Wei Ran , Zhao Lin , Zhang Zhen , Yin Xunqiang , Zhang Yunhong , Chu Chu , Wang Bin , Li Xia
Published: August 2020

Polarized macrophages can be broadly classified into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) in response to the microenvironment signals. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) has been demonstrated to play a critical role in macrophage polarization. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of IRF1 expression in macrophage polarization still remain unclear. In this study, IRF1 expression was significantly increased in interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, miR‐130b‐3p was decreased and negatively associated with Irf1 in M1 macrophages. miR‐130b‐3p repressed M1 polarization by inhibiting IRF1 and subsequently reducing the levels of the targets of IRF1, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Consistent with these data, overexpressed miR‐130b‐3p in LPS‐treated mice suppressed M1 macrophage polarization in lung macrophages and peritoneal macrophages by inhibiting Irf1 expression and alleviated the inflammation in mouse lung tissues. Furthermore, the predicted binding site between the Irf1 messenger RNA 3′‐untranslated region (3’‐UTR) and miR‐130b‐3p was confirmed by the dual‐luciferase reporter assay. In conclusion, our research gave the first evidence that miR‐130b‐3p affected the polarization of M1 macrophages by directly inhibiting Irf1. The miR‐130b‐3p/IRF1 pathway may be a potential target for regulating macrophage polarization.
Fragmented QRS complexes are associated with subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in patients with Behcet's disease: Four‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography
Authors: Hidayet Şıho , Yağmur Jülide , Bayramoğlu Adil , Cansel Mehmet , Ermiş Necip , Taşolar Hakan , Karaca Yücel , Yiğit Yakup , Şener Serpil , Ulutaş Zeynep , Pekdemir Hasan
Published: August 2020

Background

Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease in which early detection of cardiac involvement is essential. The aim of this study was to assess the left ventricular (LV) functions in BD patients using four‐dimensional (4D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and to test the correlation between LV dysfunction and the presence of QRS fragmentation.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 64 Behcet's patients and 48 healthy volunteers. The BD group was divided into two subgroups depending on the presence (fQRS+) or absence (fQRS−) of fragmented QRS (fQRS). In both groups, left ventricular global area strain (LV‐GAS), global radial strain (GRS), global longitudinal strain (GLS), and global circumferential strain (GCS) were obtained with 4D echocardiography.

Results

GAS, GRS, GLS, and GCS values were significantly different in Behcet's patients and in healthy volunteers. GLS and GAS values were lower in the fQRS+ than in the fQRS− group (−15.8 ± 1.8 and −17.9 ± 1.6, P = .001 vs −25.0 ± 3.1 and −29.2 ± 4.2, P < .001, respectively). The duration of disease was longer in fQRS+ than in fQRS− patients (120.8 ± 67.4 vs 71.0 ± 40.5, P < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fQRS and disease duration were independent predictors of LV‐GAS.

Conclusions

Four‐dimensional STE may be helpful for the prediction of early cardiac dysfunction in patients with BD. The presence of fQRS may be an indicator of subclinical LV dysfunction.
Benefit segmentation of pleasure boaters in Mediterranean marinas: A proposal
Authors: Benevolo Clara , Spinelli Riccardo
Published: August 2020

Marinas provide shelter and services for vessels and boaters. This study aims to identify market segments among marinas' customers, using a benefit segmentation approach, where the importance that pleasure boaters pay to services and features of marinas is a proxy of the benefits sought. Data from 228 boaters was collected through an online questionnaire; a PCA and cluster analysis were performed, returning four well‐distinguished segments. The benefits sought by boaters shift from tourist and people‐related services to technical and boat‐centered services. Such a wide range of expectations can interest marina managers and may guide them in designing appropriate marketing strategies.
Synthesis of Thermoplastic Poly(2‐methoxyethyl acrylate)‐Based Polyurethane by RAFT and Condensation Polymerization
Authors: Tazawa Shunsuke , Maeda Tomoki , Nakayama Masamitsu , Hotta Atsushi
Published: August 2020

Thermoplastic solid poly(2‐methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA)‐based polyurethane (PU) is synthesized through the reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and the condensation polymerization, using hydroxyl‐terminated RAFT reagents and diisocyanate, respectively. Neat PMEA is a promising antithrombogenic liquid used in the medical fields. The thermoplastic property of the solid PMEA‐based PU due to hydrogen bonding is confirmed by the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) at temperature below 72 °C. The antithrombogenic property of PMEA‐based PU is also analyzed by the platelet adhesion test. The number of platelets on PMEA‐based PU is 17 cells per unit area, which is smaller than that on the fluorinated diamond‐like carbon (F‐DLC), a well‐known highly antithrombogenic material. It is concluded that a newly synthesized PMEA‐based PU exhibits thermoplastic characteristics with excellent antithrombogenicity.
Stoichiometric Control over Partial Transesterification of Polyacrylate Homopolymers as Platform for Functional Copolyacrylates
Authors: Van Guyse Joachim F. R. , Bernhard Yann , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: August 2020

Only recently, post‐polymerization modification reactions of unactivated polyacrylates have been emerging as an attractive alternative to utilizing reactive monomers, enabling the synthetic upcycling of these widely applied polymers. Within this contribution, the triazabicyclodecene‐catalyzed transesterification of polyacrylates is reported, including the reaction kinetics and the broad scope for macromolecular design of functional copolyacrylates. More specifically, the transesterification is performed under equilibrium conditions with a set of primary alcohols whereby the reaction kinetics and the obtained conversion as a function of stoichiometric excess of alcohol are evaluated. The results show that the obtained conversion is dependent on the polarity of the solvent and of the alcohol. Through this approach, the transesterification degree can be accurately controlled by stoichiometry, enabling the precise modulation of the macromolecular structure. Finally, the utility of this approach is demonstrated to incorporate functional side chains that are incompatible with radical polymerization, to facilitate Diels–Alder and thiol‐ene reactions, enabling access to a broad range of functional materials from simple polyacrylate homopolymer precursors.
An equivalent circuit model for wide‐band analysis of defected ground structures with asymmetric slot and multiple slots
Authors: Van Nechel Evi , Ferranti Francesco , Rolain Yves , Lataire John
Published: August 2020

In this article, we propose a novel equivalent circuit model that can accurately represent the wide‐band behavior of a defected ground structure with a slot that is positioned asymmetrically with respect to the signal transmission line and also with multiple slots. The inclusion of losses is crucial to guarantee a high level of accuracy. The number of circuit elements is very parsimonious, which makes the model efficient and the identification of the equivalent circuit parameters simple. Pertinent measurement and simulation results validate the proposed model in different cases.
Population Dynamics and Simulated Effects of Length-Based Trophy Regulations for Flathead and Channel Catfish in the Lower James River, South Dakota
Authors: Schall Benjamin J. , Lucchesi David O.
Published: August 2020

Catfish are popular with anglers fishing southeastern South Dakota rivers, and a group of anglers has expressed concern about the perceived overharvest of trophy-size catfish. However, existing data are insufficient for determining whether Flathead Catfish Pylodictis olivaris and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus are being overharvested. Our objective was to determine the population dynamics of Flathead and Channel catfish and model potential outcomes of length-based trophy regulations (one fish and no fish harvested over 610 mm) in the lower James River, South Dakota. Multiple gears were used to collect Flathead Catfish (low-frequency electrofishing and trotlines) and Channel Catfish (baited hoop nets and low-frequency electrofishing) during 2018, and samples were augmented with angler-caught catfish collected from three angling tournaments. Pectoral spines were removed from a subsample of fish for age estimation; 305-mm and larger fish received a Carlin dangler tag with a reward value of US$0, $10, or $100. Growth rates were slow to moderate for Flathead Catfish and moderate for Channel Catfish. Trophy-size Flathead Catfish (TL ≥ 1,020 mm) were sampled, but few of the collected Channel Catfish exceeded preferred length (TL ≥ 610 mm). Total annual mortality was estimated at 25.7% for Flathead Catfish and 25.2% for Channel Catfish. Exploitation estimated from angler reward tag returns was less than 1% for each species. Yield-per-recruit models indicated that a regulation specifying one fish over 610 mm would slightly reduce yield for both species but would only increase the number of memorable-length Flathead Catfish (860 mm) and Channel Catfish (710 mm) by less than 1%. A no-harvest regulation would substantially reduce yield of Flathead Catfish and would increase the number of memorable-length Flathead Catfish by approximately 2% and Channel Catfish by less than 1%. Information obtained during this study suggests that current Flathead and Channel Catfish populations have limited trophy potential and that length-based trophy regulations would have limited impact on the abundance of large catfish in the lower James River.
Empowerment in the perioperative dialog
Authors: Abelsson Anna , Falk Peter , Sundberg Bengt , Nygårdh Annette
Published: August 2020

Aim

To describe how the nurse anaesthetist empowers the patient in the perioperative dialogue.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design with interviews with 12 nurse anaesthetist (NA).

Method

A hermeneutic text interpretation with a foundation in Gibson's empowerment model.

Result

The results highlight Gibson's nursing domain: Helper, Supporter, Counsellor, Educator, Resource Consultant, Resource Mobilizer, Facilitator, Enabler and Advocate. The overall understanding is revealed as a relationship can be built through closeness between the patient and the NA. The NA helps the patient master the situation by talking to and touching the patient. The patient is helped to find their own strengths and to cope with their fears. The patients decide over their own bodies. When the patients do not want to or cope with protecting themselves, the NA protects and represents the patient.
The different effects of the determinants of urbanisation on state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation in Fujian Province of China
Authors: Shen Jianfa , Lin Lijie
Published: August 2020

This paper reconsiders the classical theoretical question on the relationship between urbanisation and development and the effects of administrative status and path dependency on urbanisation using the dual‐track urbanisation framework. It examines the different effects of the determinants of urbanisation on state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation in Fujian Province of China during the 2000–2010 period. Various explanatory variables describing administrative status and demographic and economic conditions were employed to explain the levels of dual‐track urbanisation using a multivariate statistical analysis of 67 county‐level units. It was found that administrative status affected both state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation. The initial level of urbanisation had strong positive effects on state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation. Most importantly, the development level was the most significant factor in state‐sponsored urbanisation in Fujian, although the secondary sector of the economy had the strongest effect on spontaneous urbanisation. It appears that state‐sponsored urbanisation is strongly path dependent and has advanced in highly developed areas, whereas spontaneous urbanisation is more dynamic and led by the expansion of the manufacturing sector. The paper reveals the different mechanisms of state‐sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation processes in China.
Regional trajectories in life expectancy and lifespan variation: Persistent inequality in two Nordic welfare states
Authors: Wilson Ben , Drefahl Sven , Sasson Isaac , Henery Paul M. , Uggla Caroline
Published: August 2020

An important dimension of inequality in mortality is regional variation. However, studies that investigate regional mortality patterns within and between national and regional borders are rare. We carry out a comparative study of Finland and Sweden: two welfare states that share many attributes, with one exception being their mortality trajectories. Although Finland has risen rapidly in the global life expectancy rankings, Sweden has lost its historical place among the top 10. Using individual‐level register data, we study regional trends in life expectancy and lifespan variation by sex. Although all regions, in both countries, have experienced substantial improvements in life expectancy and lifespan inequality from 1990–2014, considerable differences between regions have remained unchanged, suggesting the existence of persistent inequality. In particular, Swedish‐speaking regions in Finland have maintained their mortality advantage over Finnish‐speaking regions. Nevertheless, there is some evidence of convergence between the regions of Finland and Sweden.
Local modelling of U.S. mortality rates: A multiscale geographically weighted regression approach
Authors: Cupido Kyran , Fotheringham A. Stewart , Jevtic Petar
Published: August 2020

This work provides an investigation of the presence of spatial variability in the determinants of mortality rates. Specifically, by using the age‐adjusted mortality rates of the counties of the contiguous United States, this research applies a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) approach to examine the spatial variations in the relationships between mortality rates and a diverse group of associated determinants. The results demonstrate that the MGWR approach produces a differentiable account of the global, regional, and local effects acting on mortality rates across the United States. Thus, this work lays the groundwork for the consideration of spatial varying effects on mortality rates, which operate at different spatial scales.
Efficient Electrical Transport Through Oxide‐Mediated InP‐on‐Si Hybrid Interfaces Bonded at 300 °C
Authors: Talneau Anne , Beaudoin Grégoire , Patriarche Gilles , Ducroquet Frédérique
Published: August 2020

For complementary metal–oxide semiconductor processing compatibility, hybrid bonding of III–V materials on silicon should be operated below 300 °C, requiring an interfacial layer as thin as possible to not hamper the electrical transport through the interface. Both SiO2 and ZnO interfacial layers are investigated in the case of n‐InP/n‐Si hybrid heterostructures. Efficient electrical transport through oxide‐mediated bonded InP/Si heterostructures is demonstrated, related to tunneling through the oxide‐interfacial layer. These electrically operated oxide‐interfacial‐layer heterostructures provide both efficient bonding processing and open the field for full 3D design and operation of optoelectronic devices.
Interplay of Performance‐Limiting Nanoscale Features in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells
Authors: Ritzer Maurizio , Schönherr Sven , Schöppe Philipp , Larramona Gerardo , Choné Christophe , Gurieva Galina , Johannes Andreas , Ritter Konrad , Martínez-Criado Gema , Schorr Susan , Ronning Carsten , Schnohr Claudia S.
Published: August 2020

Highly performing kesterite‐based Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin‐film solar cells are typically produced under Cu‐poor and Zn‐rich synthesis conditions. However, these processing routes also facilitate the formation of secondary phases as well as deviations from stoichiometry, causing intrinsic point defects. Herein, the local composition of CZTSSe absorbers prepared with different nominal cation concentrations is investigated by applying energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy at the nanoscale to cross‐sectional lamellae. The findings confirm the formation of ZnS(Se) secondary phases, whose presence, number, and dimension strongly increase with the reduction of the nominal Cu and increment of the nominal Zn content. Furthermore, the local compositions of the CZTSSe phase within the absorber reveal strong variations, leading to collateral and multiple off‐stoichiometry types of the kesterite phase in the absorber, which cause different intrinsic point defects. Therefore, the off‐stoichiometry type determined from the integral composition does not represent the complete true picture of this complex material system. Accordingly, the correlation of integral composition with electrical properties or conversion efficiency may be misleading. Overall, the approach provides new experimental insights into the nanoscale relationship among local compositional fluctuations, off‐stoichiometry types, and secondary phases in these promising photovoltaic materials.