bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of maleate‐fumarate isomerization during esterification with various glycols
Authors: Vancsó‐Szmercsányi I. , Maros‐Gréger K. , Makay‐Bödi E.
Published: November 2014

It is known that maleic acid is partially and completely converted to fumaric acid, or its ester, on esterification. This phenomenon has a great practical importance, especially for unsaturated polyesters, because of the properties of the maleates, notably their reactivity during copolymerization, where their behavior is quite different from that of the fumarates. The effect of many factors relating to this phenomenon has not yet been clarified. In this paper is described a study in which the effect of glycols on the isomerization was determined by using glycols of different molecular structures. The following method was used: molten maleic anhydride was condensed with various glycols. In the course of the polycondensation, samples were taken, and the ratio of maleic to fumaric was determined. The determinations were carried out by polarography after saponification in the cold. For the polycondensation the following glycols were used: (1) ethylene glycol; (2) 1,2‐propylene glycol; (3) 1,3‐butylene glycol; (4) diethylene glycol. It was established that the structure of the glycol and the time of polycondensation, as well as the molecular weight of the polyester when identical glycols were used, exercise a considerable influence on the isomerization. When the degree of isomerization (quantity of fumaric acid, in per cent) is plotted as a function of the molecular weight, one obtains curves which become horizontal after the initial portion. The values of the ordinate at variable concentrations of fumaric acid are always constant; the slope of the curves changes according to the glycol used. A comparison of the number of linkages in the chain of the glycol used (chain length) and the steric configuration with the isomerization effect shows that in this case the polymerization is conditioned by stereochemical factors. The isomerization is greater, the denser the polyester chain. The stereochemical interpretation has also been confirmed by the utilization of compounds containing phenyl groups (phthalic anhydride); the mixed esters were obtained (for example, butylene glycol‐maleate phthalate). Conforming with our studies it was found that with mixed esters containing o‐phthalate, the isomerization of maleate into fumarate occurred in all cases to a greater extent than was the case with pure maleic acid.
Stereospecific polymerization of styrene
Authors: Hohenstein W. P.
Published: November 2014

A short survey is presented of methods for the stereospecific polymerization of styrene by various types of catalysts. Possible mechanisms for these reactions are discussed. A correlation is attempted between the ionic character of the links existing between the carbonic and the metallic components of the metal‐organic catalytic compounds and complexes, and the mechanism of the reaction (ionic or radical) which these catalysts effect. The stereospecificity of the reactions possibly also depends on the same difference in the electronegativity of the components of the metal‐organic compounds or complexes.
The polyamidation process in the solid state
Authors: Volokhina A. V. , Kudryavtsev G. I. , Skuratov S. M. , Bonetskaya A. K.
Published: November 2014

Polyamidation is an example of rather rare reactions that can take place in the solid phase. These reactions are of considerable theoretical and practical interest. In a study of the general laws of polycondensation in the solid phase an investigation was undertaken of the polycondensation kinetics of three aliphatic ω‐amino acids, aminoenanthoic, aminopelargonic, and aminoundecanoic, and three hexamethylenediamine salts of adipic, thiodivaleric, and terephthalic acids with respect to temperature. In preliminary runs the kinetics were followed by continuous weighing of a test tube with the monomer and in this way, by measurement of the quantity of water liberated. At present a detailed calorimetric study of the reactions is being carried out, using a differential calorimeter of high sensitivity. The rate of reaction at a given moment is determined by the intensity of the absorbed heat influx (the reactions are endothermal at 170–190°). The work is at present finished with regards to aminoenanthoic and aminopelargonic acids and in general has confirmed the results of the preliminary experiments. As a result of the work carried out one may consider the following to be established. (1) Polycondensation of the amino acids in the solid phase proceeds at a noticeable rate over a rather short temperature range lying close to the melting point of the acids. (2) The rate of the polycondensation reaction in the solid phase has a very high temperature coefficient. (3) With respect to the effective activation energy of the process the amino acids arrange themselves in the series: aminoundecanoic acid < aminoenanthoic acid < aminopelargonic acid. Common to all the amino acids is the high value for activation energies of solid phase polycondensation. In the presence of a liquid phase the activation energy falls sharply. (4) The higher the melting temperature of the hexamethylene diamine salt of the dicarboxylic acid, the larger the temperature range of polycondensation in the solid phase and the lower the temperature coefficient of the rate of polycondensation. A study has been made of the catalytic action of various substances of acidic, basic and neutral nature on the process. Many substances have been found to accelerate solid phase polycondensation. A kinetic series has been established with respect to the efficiency of the various catalytic additions.
Neutralization of residual catalyst in polydimethylsiloxane. effect of neutralization on the thermal stability of the polymer
Authors: Kučera M. , Láníková J. , Jelínek M.
Published: November 2014

It is known that the thermal stability of polydimethylsiloxane is adversely affected by the presence in the siloxane polymer of active chain ends (i.e., by residual catalyst). The presence of catalyst causes the degradation reactions to proceed through an ionic mechanism (as opposed to the free‐radical mechanism typical of the “pure” polymer). Since ionic reactions take place at temperatures at least 100°C. below those at which free‐radical reactions occur, the thermal stability is thus strongly impaired. Degradation reactions occurring in polydimethylsiloxanes exposed to elevated temperatures fall roughly into two groups: (1) depolymerization (i.e., reactions involving the cleavage of the siloxane bonds) and (2) degradation proper, which results in profound changes in the chemical structure of the polymer (i.e., reactions involving carbon substituents on the Si atom, their splitting off, oxidation, etc.). Depolymerization of polydimethylsiloxane at temperatures of 150°C. and higher has been studied in vacuo and in air. The rate of depolymerization was followed quantitatively by means of weight losses; changes in the molecular weight of the polymer were taken as indicative of changes in polymer structure. The dependence of the rate of depolymerization of polydimethylsiloxane on the catalyst (KOH) concentration in the polymer was measured. It was found that the residual basic catalyst can be neutralized by acids. The neutralized polymer is characterized by a high resistance to depolymerization. The kind of acid used for the neutralization has a strong influence on the resistance of substituents toward high temperature and oxidative atmosphere. Benzoic acid and H2SO4, suppress the depolymerization almost completely, but strong mineral acids considerably decrease the resistance of substituents toward oxidation. It was found that very advantageous stabilizing properties are displayed by hydroxides of the Al(OH)3 type. The amphoteric nature of these hydroxides makes them suitable for stabilization of polydimethylsiloxane produced by anionic as well as cationic polymerization.
Foraging behaviour of the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus under intraguild predation risk by Macrolophus pygmaeus
Authors: Velasco‐Hernández María Concepción , Ramirez‐Romero Ricardo , Sánchez‐Hernández Carla , Biondi Antonio , Muñoz‐Urias Alejandro , Desneux Nicolas
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Intraguild predation (IGP), predation between species that use a common resource, can affect the populations of a pest, of the pest's natural enemy (IG prey) and of the predator of the pest's natural enemy (IG predator). In this study, we determined whether the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (IG prey), modifies its foraging behaviour under the risk of IGP by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) (IG predator). Parasitoid behaviour was analysed using two bioassays (choice and no‐choice) with the following treatments: (i) control, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs; and (ii) PEP, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs and previously exposed to the IG predator; and (iii) PP, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs, with both, the IG predator and the IG prey present.

RESULTS

In both bioassays, we found that E. eremicus did not significantly modify the number of ovipositions, time of residence, duration of oviposition or behavioural sequence. However, in the no‐choice bioassay, the number of attacks was higher and their duration shorter in the PEP treatment than in the control.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that the parasitoid may detect IGP risk to a certain extent, but it did not significantly modify its foraging behaviour, suggesting that simultaneous release of the two natural enemies can be successfully employed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
PbS colloidal quantum dot/ZnO‐based bulk‐heterojunction solar cells with high stability under continuous light soaking
Authors: Wang Haibin , Kubo Takaya , Nakazaki Jotaro , Segawa Hiroshi
Published: November 2014

PbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD)‐based depleted bulk‐heterojunction solar cells were constructed, using the 1.2 μm thick nanowire array infiltrated with PbS QDs bearing Br ligands. The long‐term stability tests were performed on the solar cells without encapsulation in air under continuous light soaking using a Xe lamp with an AM1.5G filter (100 mW cm−2). Time course of solar cell performances during the tests showed two time periods with distinct behavior, that is, the initial transient time period and the relatively stable region following it. The power conversion efficiency was found to keep approximately 90% of the initial value at the end of the 3000 h light soaking test. The stability tests suggest that the PbS surface modification or passivation reactions play an important role in achieving such a high stability, and demonstrate that PbS CQD/ZnO nanowire array‐based depleted bulk‐heterojunction solar cells are highly stable. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fault estimation and active fault tolerant control for linear parameter varying descriptor systems
Authors: Shi Fengming , Patton Ron J.
Published: November 2014

Starting with the baseline controller design, this paper proposes an integrated approach of active fault tolerant control based on proportional derivative extended state observer (PDESO) for linear parameter varying descriptor systems. The PDESO can simultaneously provide the estimates of the system states, sensor faults, and actuator faults. The L2 robust performance of the closed‐loop system to bounded exogenous disturbance and bounded uncertainty is achieved by a two‐step design procedure adapted from the traditional observer‐based controller design. Furthermore, an LMI pole‐placement region and the L2 robustness performance are combined into a multiobjective formulation by suitably combing the appropriate LMI descriptions. A parameter‐varying system example is given to illustrate the design procedure and the validity of the proposed integrated design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LQR‐based optimal topology of leader‐following consensus
Authors: Ma Jingying , Zheng Yuanshi , Wang Long
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we consider the optimal topology for leader‐following consensus problem of continuous‐time and discrete‐time multi‐agent systems based on linear quadratic regulator theory. For the first‐order multi‐agent systems, we propose a quadratic cost function, which is independent of the interaction graph, and find that the optimal topology is a star topology. For the second‐order multi‐agent systems, a quadratic cost function is also constructed, whereas the optimal topology for second‐order leader‐following consensus problem is an unevenly weighted star topology. The universality of these findings means that if each follower is connected with the leader, the information exchange between followers is unnecessary and insufficient. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake or glacier? How CEO charisma manifests in firm strategy over time
Authors: Wowak Adam J. , Mannor Michael J. , Arrfelt Mathias , McNamara Gerry
Published: November 2014

Numerous studies have focused on CEO charisma as an antecedent to firm performance, but this literature has largely overlooked the possibility that charisma manifests in more proximal strategic initiatives that (unlike performance) are largely under the CEO's control. In this study, we integrate perspectives from the upper echelons and charismatic leadership literatures to argue that CEO charisma influences year‐over‐year strategic change, the degree to which strategies deviate from industry central tendencies, and the degree of emphasis on corporate social responsibility. We also theorize that, depending on the outcome in question, the effects of charisma can become both amplified and diminished as CEO tenure advances. Employing a novel data collection approach for a sample of 113 S&P 500 CEOs, we find broad support for our theory. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying the most appropriate expansion of acronyms used in wikipedia text
Authors: Choi Dongjin , Kim Pankoo
Published: November 2014

During the past several years, many studies have been conducted to determine the expansions (the expanded forms or definitions) of acronyms used in specific texts by using linguistic and syntactical approaches to overcome disambiguation problems. An acronym is an abbreviation formed of the initial components of multiple words. Using only these initial parts can result in huge mistakes when a machine conducts experiments to determine an acronym's meaning in given texts. Finding expansions of acronyms is currently not a major concern. However, identifying how a polysemous acronym is precisely being used in a specific text is difficult. To solve disambiguation problem acronyms have, this paper proposes a method to identify the most appropriate expansions of an acronym by analysing co‐occurrence words found in articles on Wikipedia. Our goal is not to find an acronym's definition or expansion but to identify the most appropriate expansion of a given acronym as it is used in a given text. Through experiments, we demonstrate the proposed method's efficiency and performance by comparing several results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of programming language statement frequency in C, C++, and Java source code
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyan , Whitehead E. James , Sadowski Caitlin , Song Qinbao
Published: November 2014

Statement frequency data can inform programming language research and provide a solid basis for frequency‐based code analysis. This paper presents an analysis of programming language statement frequency in a large corpus of C, C++, and Java source code, comprised of more than 54 million lines of code. Across these languages, the top four work‐performing statement types are Method/Function Call, Assignment, If, and Return. As compared to studies of Formula Translating System, Common Business Oriented Language and Programming Language One in the 1970s, the main change is the prevalence of method/function calls. Statement use frequency across languages is remarkably similar, and within each individual language, most statement types have a frequency distribution that occupies a small range. A more detailed examination of assignment and looping statement types shows that many assignments simply involve copying of data and that C++/Java useforstatements more than C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Helix-Loop-Helix Protein Id1 Controls Stem Cell Proliferation During Regenerative Neurogenesis in the Adult Zebrafish Telencephalon
Authors: Viales Rebecca Rodriguez , Diotel Nicolas , Ferg Marco , Armant Olivier , Eich Julia , Alunni Alessandro , März Martin , Bally-Cuif Laure , Rastegar Sepand , Strähle Uwe
Published: November 2014

The teleost brain has the remarkable ability to generate new neurons and to repair injuries during adult life stages. Maintaining life-long neurogenesis requires careful management of neural stem cell pools. In a genome-wide expression screen for transcription regulators, the id1 gene, encoding a negative regulator of E-proteins, was found to be upregulated in response to injury. id1 expression was mapped to quiescent type I neural stem cells in the adult telencephalic stem cell niche. Gain and loss of id1 function in vivo demonstrated that Id1 promotes stem cell quiescence. The increased id1 expression observed in neural stem cells in response to injury appeared independent of inflammatory signals, suggesting multiple antagonistic pathways in the regulation of reactive neurogenesis. Together, we propose that Id1 acts to maintain the neural stem cell pool by counteracting neurogenesis-promoting signals. Stem Cells  2015;33:892–903
Concise Reviews: Assisted Reproductive Technologies to Prevent Transmission of Mitochondrial DNA Disease
Authors: Richardson Jessica , Irving Laura , Hyslop Louise A. , Choudhary Meenakshi , Murdoch Alison , Turnbull Douglass M. , Herbert Mary
Published: November 2014

While the fertilized egg inherits its nuclear DNA from both parents, the mitochondrial DNA is strictly maternally inherited. Cells contain multiple copies of mtDNA, each of which encodes 37 genes, which are essential for energy production by oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations can be present in all, or only in some copies of mtDNA. If present above a certain threshold, pathogenic mtDNA mutations can cause a range of debilitating and fatal diseases. Here, we provide an update of currently available options and new techniques under development to reduce the risk of transmitting mtDNA disease from mother to child. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), a commonly used technique to detect mutations in nuclear DNA, is currently being offered to determine the mutation load of embryos produced by women who carry mtDNA mutations. The available evidence indicates that cells removed from an eight-cell embryo are predictive of the mutation load in the entire embryo, indicating that PGD provides an effective risk reduction strategy for women who produce embryos with low mutation loads. For those who do not, research is now focused on meiotic nuclear transplantation techniques to uncouple the inheritance of nuclear and mtDNA. These approaches include transplantation of any one of the products or female meiosis (meiosis II spindle, or either of the polar bodies) between oocytes, or the transplantation of pronuclei between fertilized eggs. In all cases, the transferred genetic material arises from a normal meiosis and should therefore, not be confused with cloning. The scientific progress and associated regulatory issues are discussed. Stem Cells  2015;33:639–645
Timing of elective delivery in gastroschisis: a decision and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Harper L. M. , Goetzinger K. R. , Biggio J. R. , Macones G. A.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective

To determine the most cost‐effective timing of delivery in pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis, using a decision‐analytic model.

Methods

We created a decision‐analytic model to compare planned delivery at 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39 weeks' gestation. Outcomes considered were stillbirth, death within 1 year of birth and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Probability estimates of events (stillbirth, complex gastroschisis and RDS for each gestational age at delivery and risk of death with simple and complex gastroschisis), utilities and costs assigned to the outcomes were obtained from the published literature. Cost analysis was assessed from a societal perspective, using a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100 000 per surviving infant. Outcomes and costs were considered throughout 1 year of postnatal life. Multiway sensitivity analysis was performed to address uncertainties in baseline assumptions.

Results

In the base–case analysis, delivery at 38 weeks' gestation was the most cost‐effective strategy. Planned delivery at 35 weeks was associated with the fewest stillbirths and deaths within 1 year of delivery, owing largely to a lower ongoing risk of stillbirth. In Monte Carlo simulation when every variable was varied over its entire range, delivery at 38 weeks was cost‐effective compared to delivery at 39 weeks in 76% of trials and delivery at 37 weeks was cost‐effective in 69% of trials. Delivery at 38 weeks resulted in three additional cases of RDS for every 100 stillbirths or deaths within 1 year that were prevented.

Conclusions

For pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis, the most cost‐effective timing of delivery is at 38 weeks. Few additional cases of RDS are caused for every one stillbirth or death within 1 year that was prevented with delivery at 37–38 weeks compared with at 39 weeks. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Toughening modification of (Acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylic copolymer)/(α‐Methylstyrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer) binary blend via using different impact modifiers
Authors: Zhu Wenqiang , Xiang Bo , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2014

In this work, different impact modifiers such as acrylic resin impact modifier, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), nitrile rubber, powdered nitrile rubber, and hydrogenated nitrile rubber, were chosen to improve the toughness of (acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylic copolymer)/(α‐methylstyrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer) (ASA/α‐MSAN) binary blend. The blend ratios of the ASA/(α‐MSAN)/(impact modifier) ternary system were 30/70/20 and 70/30/20 by mass, respectively. The results showed that the impact strength significantly increased, nearly 30 times (22.59 kJ·m−2, 22.26 kJ·m−2, and 25.24 kJ·m−2) compared with that of control samples (0.80 kJ·m−2) when nitrile rubber, powdered nitrile rubber, or hydrogenated nitrile rubber was added to the ASA/(α‐MSAN) (30/70) matrix, respectively. Moreover, the impact strength of ASA/(α‐MSAN) (70/30) was dramatically enhanced to 46 kJ·m−2 with the addition of 20 parts by weight per hundred parts of resin of chlorinated polyethylene. The toughness of ASA/(α‐MSAN) with or without impact modifiers was also characterized via fracture energy calculated from stress‐strain curves. The results were perfectly consistent with that of impact strength. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated the existence of α‐MSAN (glass transition temperature at approximately 140°C). The heat distortion temperature was barely changed, indicating the addition of impact modifiers barely affects the heat resistance. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:326–335, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Open challenges in magnetic drug targeting
Authors: Shapiro Benjamin , Kulkarni Sandip , Nacev Aleksander , Muro Silvia , Stepanov Pavel Y. , Weinberg Irving N.
Published: November 2014

The principle of magnetic drug targeting, wherein therapy is attached to magnetically responsive carriers and magnetic fields are used to direct that therapy to disease locations, has been around for nearly two decades. Yet our ability to safely and effectively direct therapy to where it needs to go, for instance to deep tissue targets, remains limited. To date, magnetic targeting methods have not yet passed regulatory approval or reached clinical use. Below we outline key challenges to magnetic targeting, which include designing and selecting magnetic carriers for specific clinical indications, safely and effectively reaching targets behind tissue and anatomical barriers, real‐time carrier imaging, and magnet design and control for deep and precise targeting. Addressing these challenges will require interactions across disciplines. Nanofabricators and chemists should work with biologists, mathematicians, and engineers to better understand how carriers move through live tissues and how to optimize carrier and magnet designs to better direct therapy to disease targets. Clinicians should be involved early on and throughout the whole process to ensure the methods that are being developed meet a compelling clinical need and will be practical in a clinical setting. Our hope is that highlighting these challenges will help researchers translate magnetic drug targeting from a novel concept to a clinically available treatment that can put therapy where it needs to go in human patients. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:446–457. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1311

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Enhanced deacidification activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe by genome shuffling
Authors: Ding Su , Zhang Ying , Zhang Jing , Zeng Wei , Yang Ying , Guan Jingxi , Pan Lixia , Li Wei
Published: November 2014

A problem frequently occurring in making some kinds of wines, particularly Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine, is the presence of malic acid at high concentrations, which is detrimental to the quality of wines. Thus, there is a need of the ways for effectively reducing the malic acid levels in wine. This study aimed to generate shuffled fusants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe with enhanced deacidification activity for reducing the excessive malic acid content in wine. Sz. pombe CGMCC 2.1628 was used as the original strain. The starting mutant population was generated by UV treatment. The mutants with higher deacidification activity were selected and subjected to recursive protoplast fusion. The resulting fusants were screened by using the indicator of malic acid concentration of fermentation supernatants on 96‐well microtitre plates, measured with bromocresol green. After three rounds of genome shuffling, the best‐performing fusant, named GS3‐1, was obtained. Its deacidification activity (consumed 4.78 g/l malic acid within 10 days) was increased by 225.2% as compared to that of original strain. In the Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine fermentation test, GS3‐1 consumed 4.0 g/l malic acid during the whole cycle of fermentation, providing up to 185.7% improvement in malic acid consumption compared with that of the original strain. This study shows that GS3‐1 has great potential for improving the quality of Vitis quinquangularis Rehd wine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usefulness of entrainment mapping using the activation sequence of the last captured excitation in complex dual‐loop atrial tachycardia
Authors: Fujiki Akira , Yoshioka Ryozo , Sakabe Masao
Published: November 2014

Background

Electroanatomical mapping is useful for locating the atrial reentrant circuit, but analysis of the dynamic relation of the reentrant circuit is sometimes difficult. This article describes three cases of complex dual‐loop reentrant atrial tachycardia analyzed by entrainment mapping using not only the postpacing interval (PPI) but also the activation sequence of the last captured beats.

Methods

Case 1 was dual‐loop reentry consisting of the tricuspid annulus (TA) and a localized atrial reentry at the coronary sinus (CS) ostium with different exit sites to the right and the left atrium that was cured by catheter ablation at the CS ostium showing fractionated potential. Case 2 was dual‐loop reentry around the TA and the superior trans‐septal incision line. Case 3 was dual‐loop reentry around the TA and longitudinal dissociation along the cavo‐tricuspid isthmus.

Results

In Cases 1 and 2, entrainment with a shorter pacing cycle length demonstrated antidromic penetration to the circuit and changed the activation sequence of the last captured beat depending on the anatomical relation of the reentrant circuit. In Cases 1–3 with dual‐loop reentry, the excitation wavefront induced by stimulation entered one circuit after going around the other; thus, the penetration to the other reentry circuit became the second beat after the stimulus (one lap behind).

Conclusions

The PPI is obtained from the pacing site only, but the last captured beat could be obtained from all electrodes. It is advantageous to use the information from all available electrode recordings to determine the dynamic relation between complex dual‐loop reentrant circuits.
Making sense of governance
Authors: Colebatch H K
Published: November 2014

Governance is a term which is widely, but not always precisely, used, and this article seeks to clarify what the term is being used to mean. In particular, it is concerned with whether it denotes a particular mode of government, or whether is a broad category encompassing all modes of government. It focuses on the arguments about political practice on which the original claims about governance were based, and the evidence that there has been a change is political practice which demands a new label. It concludes with a discussion of the way that accounts of government are used in the practice of governing, and the incentives that this gives both participants and observers to adopt the warm but fuzzy term ‘governance’.
A-type granites and related rocks: Petrogenesis and classification
Authors: Grebennikov A.V.
Published: November 2014

The problems of identification of A-type granitoids are analyzed. These rocks occur in different geodynamic settings. Owing to their mantle nature, they show distinct REE specialization. These are acid intrusive rocks, whose volcanic products are of crucial scientific and practical significance. However, neither the great number of proposed classification schemes and diagrams, including those based on expensive analytical data, nor hot scientific discussions of their identification and the ambiguity of the term A-granitoids helped to determine their classification features in full measure. A principally new discriminant diagram is proposed for the classification of igneous A-type rocks, based on the analysis of earlier obtained results and the petrochemical composition of these rocks. A comparative analysis of subdivision of granites and related felsic volcanic rocks (SiO2> 67 wt.%), based on the ternary (Na2O + K2O)–Fe2O3* × 5–(CaO + MgO) × 5 and other widely applied diagrams, has shown the advantage of the proposed discriminant diagram for the classification of A-type granitoids from different geodynamic settings.
Principles of Automated Negotiation
Authors: Fatima Shaheen , Kraus Sarit , Wooldridge Michael
Published: November 2014

With an increasing number of applications in the context of multi-agent systems, automated negotiation is a rapidly growing area. Written by top researchers in the field, this state-of-the-art treatment of the subject explores key issues involved in the design of negotiating agents, covering strategic, heuristic, and axiomatic approaches. The authors discuss the potential benefits of automated negotiation as well as the unique challenges it poses for computer scientists and for researchers in artificial intelligence. They also consider possible applications and give readers a feel for the types of domains where automated negotiation is already being deployed. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in computer science who are interested in multi-agent systems. It will also appeal to negotiation researchers from disciplines such as management and business studies, psychology and economics.
The French Army and the First World War
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

This is a comprehensive new history of the French army's critical contribution to the Great War. Ranging across all fronts, Elizabeth Greenhalgh examines the French army's achievements and failures and sets these in the context of the difficulties of coalition warfare and the relative strengths and weaknesses of the enemy forces it faced. Drawing from new archival sources, she reveals the challenges of dealing with and replenishing a mass conscript army in the face of slaughter on an unprecedented scale, and shows how, through trials and defeats, French generals and their troops learned to adapt and develop techniques which eventually led to victory. In a unique account of the largest Allied army on the Western Front, she revises our understanding not only of wartime strategy and combat, but also of other crucial aspects of France's war, from mutinies and mail censorship to medical services, railways and weapons development.
A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India
Authors: Watt George
Published: November 2014

A Scottish doctor and botanist, George Watt (1851–1930) had studied the flora of India for more than a decade before he took on the task of compiling this monumental work. Assisted by numerous contributors, he set about organising vast amounts of information on India's commercial plants and produce, including scientific and vernacular names, properties, domestic and medical uses, trade statistics, and published sources. Watt hoped that the dictionary, 'though not a strictly scientific publication', would be found 'sufficiently accurate in its scientific details for all practical and commercial purposes'. First published in six volumes between 1889 and 1893, with an index volume completed in 1896, the whole work is now reissued in nine separate parts. Volume 3 (1890) contains entries from Dacrydium (a genus of coniferous trees) to Gordonia obtusa (a species of evergreen tree).
Letters of an Architect from France, Italy and Greece
Authors: Woods Joseph
Published: November 2014

In 1816, architect and botanist Joseph Woods (1776–1864) embarked on a two-year journey through France, Switzerland, Italy and Greece, documenting interesting flora as well as buildings of note. This two-volume work first appeared in 1828. The account stands apart from other contemporary travelogues owing to the application of Woods' architectural insight. By critically assessing ancient and modern buildings for strengths and defects, Woods hoped to inform fellow architects as to how they might produce beautiful buildings through the study of different modes of construction and decoration. Accordingly, the text is accompanied by Woods' drawings of important buildings and architectural features. In Volume 2, he records his travels through Italy, Greece and Malta, and examines such notable locations as the Athenian Acropolis and the ruins of Pompeii.
Rough Notes of a Journey through the Wilderness, from Trinidad to Pará, Brazil
Authors: Wickham Henry Alexander
Published: November 2014

Sir Henry Alexander Wickham (1846–1928) is remembered for his role in bringing the seeds of the rubber tree in 1876 from Brazil to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, where seedlings were successfully cultivated and then sent to Asia for the establishment of commercial plantations. Wickham later styled his actions in collecting some 70,000 seeds as a tale of botanical smuggling, though at the time such action was not illegal. Skilled as a self-publicist, he enjoyed the great acclaim of the rubber industry as it burgeoned in British colonies abroad. This account, first published in 1872, is of Wickham's earlier travels in South America. The first part of the work traces his journey by river into the continent, recording his observations on rubber cultivation in Brazil. The second part describes his time among the indigenous peoples who lived on the Caribbean coast of Central America.
Faraday as a Discoverer
Authors: Tyndall John
Published: November 2014

First published in 1868, soon after the death of Michael Faraday (1791–1867), this short work assesses the discoveries made by a humble bookbinder who became one of the foremost scientific investigators of the nineteenth century. Eminently qualified, John Tyndall (1820–93), who received Faraday's support in taking up the professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution in 1853, gives an informed appraisal of a remarkable scientific career. The protégé of Sir Humphry Davy, Faraday went on to carry out pioneering work in the fields of electromagnetism, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Tyndall focuses here on Faraday's research, describing his influences and how he approached his investigations, although insights into his character are also incorporated: 'Underneath his sweetness and gentleness was the heat of a volcano.' Also reissued in this series are The Life and Letters of Faraday (1870), compiled by Henry Bence Jones, and John Hall Gladstone's Michael Faraday (1872).
A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials
Authors: Todhunter Isaac
Published: November 2014

A distinguished mathematician and notable university teacher, Isaac Todhunter (1820–84) became known for the successful textbooks he produced as well as for a work ethic that was extraordinary, even by Victorian standards. A scholar who read all the major European languages, Todhunter was an open-minded man who admired George Boole and helped introduce the moral science examination at Cambridge. His many gifts enabled him to produce the histories of mathematical subjects which form his lasting memorial. First published between 1886 and 1893, the present work was the last of these. Edited and completed after Todhunter's death by Karl Pearson (1857–1936), another extraordinary man who pioneered modern statistics, these volumes trace the mathematical understanding of elasticity from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Volume 1 (1886) begins with Galileo Galilei and extends to the researches of Saint-Venant up to 1850.
The Eventful Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ship Resolute to the Arctic Regions
Authors: McDougall George Frederick
Published: November 2014

The Resolute was a merchant ship purchased by the Royal Navy for service in the search for the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin. Its first voyage to the Canadian Arctic, which took place between 1850 and 1851, proved fruitless, so a second, larger expedition was launched in 1852. Again the Resolute could find no trace of Franklin, and the crew came close to perishing themselves. With their ship trapped in ice, they endured the freezing temperatures and a harrowing trek to Beechey Island to survive. Published in 1857, the present work is the journal of George Frederick McDougall (c.1825–71), who served as master aboard the Resolute. The book features numerous woodcuts and plates, as well as an account of the ship's salvage by an American vessel. Notably, a desk made from the ship's timbers has been used by a number of American presidents in the White House.
Anecdotes of George Frederick Handel, and John Christopher Smith
Authors: Coxe William
Published: November 2014

The author and clergyman William Coxe (1748–1828), noted for his travel works, was the stepson of Handel's amanuensis, German-born John Christopher Smith (1712–95). First published in 1799, the present work is a valuable source of first-hand information about two men at the heart of eighteenth-century English music: George Frideric Handel (1685–1759), whose inventive and sensitive melodic genius and exuberant brilliance in depicting the spectacular are best displayed in his Messiah and Zadok the Priest, and Smith, a composer of attractive and fashionable music, who settled in London in 1720, took lessons with Handel and later supported the great composer as his eyesight failed. Smith was also organist at the Foundling Hospital until 1770. This publication, profits from which were intended to support Smith's family, draws on the works of John Hawkins and Charles Burney, and on anecdotes claimed to be 'derived from unquestionable authority'.
The Life of Edward Jenner M.D.
Authors: Baron John
Published: November 2014

Written by his friend, the physician John Baron (1786–1851), this laudatory biography of the 'father of immunology' did much to enhance the reputation of Edward Jenner (1749–1823) upon its publication in two volumes between 1827 and 1838. The work covers Jenner's personal and professional life both before and after his development of the vaccine for smallpox, as well as touching on the vaccine's reception and use around the world. Thoroughly explaining the history and facts of vaccination, Baron established himself as an authority on the subject. Although criticised by some for its unquestioning praise of Jenner's genius, the work is valuable for its use of primary sources, drawing heavily on correspondence and personal notes, excerpts of which appear throughout the text. Volume 1, published in 1827, focuses on Jenner's early life and the history and science of vaccination.
The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
Authors: Hakluyt Richard
Published: November 2014

Richard Hakluyt (1552?–1616) was fascinated from his earliest years by stories of strange lands and voyages of exploration. A priest by profession, he was also an indefatigable editor and translator of geographical accounts, and a propagandist for English expeditions to claim new lands, especially in the Americas. His most famous work was first published in 1589, and expanded in 1598–1600: reissued here is the twelve-volume edition prepared by the Scottish firm of James MacLehose and Sons and first published between 1903 and 1905, which included introductory essays and notes. Hakluyt's subjects range from transcriptions of personal accounts and 'ruttiers' (descriptive charts of voyages) to patriotic attacks against rival nations (especially Spain). Volume 7 contains accounts of journeys to the south and south-east (including the legendary voyage of the Welsh prince Madoc), and also gives reports of voyages by Frobisher and John Davis in search of the North-West Passage.
Northward Ho!
Authors: Markham Albert Hastings
Published: November 2014

Originally published in 1879, this illustrated work by Albert Hastings Markham (1841–1918) opens with accounts of Arctic exploration from the sixth to the nineteenth centuries, including the expeditions led by Constantine John Phipps (1744–92), William Edward Parry (1790–1855) and George Nares (1831–1915). The journal of Thomas Floyd (c.1754–78), who served as midshipman under Phipps in 1773, comprises the most significant part of the work. Outlining the difficulties faced by an eighteenth-century expedition, ranging from encounters with wildlife to adverse weather conditions, Floyd's narrative is notable also for its inclusion of some early episodes in the career of Horatio Nelson, also a midshipman on the voyage. More than a dozen engravings enhance the work. Other publications by Markham, including A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay (1874) and The Great Frozen Sea (1878), are also reissued in this series.
Arctic Zoology
Authors: Pennant Thomas
Published: November 2014

In the 'Advertisement' to this 1784 two-volume work, Thomas Pennant (1726–98), zoologist and traveller, explains that his original intention was to record the zoology of North America 'when the empire of Great Britain was entire'. After the War of Independence, he changed his focus to the zoology (and people, archaeology and geology) of the Arctic regions of America, Europe and Siberia. The content of the volumes, one of the earliest works of systematic zoology published in Britain, is based on the writings of earlier zoologists, information obtained by Pennant from his scientific correspondents all over Europe and America, and his studies in private museums and collections. It is embellished with engravings of animals, birds, landscapes and artefacts. Volume 2 deals with land and water birds, including some, such as the passenger pigeon, which are now extinct. Other works by Thomas Pennant are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
The Life and Errors of John Dunton, Citizen of London
Authors: Dunton John
Published: November 2014

This two-volume work, originally published in 1705 and now reissued in John Nichols' edition of 1818, was one of the earliest examples of autobiographical writing in English. John Dunton (1659–1732), a highly eccentric bookseller and publisher, was also responsible for one of the first periodicals in London, the Athenian Gazette, which invited its readers to submit questions on any topic, to be answered by the Athenian Society, a group of learned men (in fact, Dunton himself and some cronies). However, he was not a practical businessman, and the death of his wife and his own illness led to poverty, and to hack-work for others. The Life and Errors was followed by pamphlets attacking those whom he blamed for his misfortunes. The work gives a fascinating picture of authors and the book trade in Restoration London. Volume 1 contains Dunton's autobiography, preceded by a short biography by Nichols.
An Homeric Dictionary for Use in Schools and Colleges
Authors: Autenrieth Georg
Published: November 2014

The dialect of ancient Greek in which the Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed and later written down is sufficiently different from classical Attic Greek that it has always proven a stumbling block for students. Perceiving the need for a concise dictionary of Homeric Greek forms, German scholar Georg Autenrieth (1833–1900) compiled this now famous work, first published in 1873 and translated into English by Robert P. Keep (1844–1904) in 1877. Keep, who taught Greek at Yale University and various New England colleges, recognised from his own experience that Autenrieth's book would enable students to proceed faster and further in their studies of Homer than could ever be the case using a conventional dictionary, where dialect forms received a relatively cursory treatment at the end of each entry. The worldwide success of the work, reissued here in its first English edition, has justified this belief.
Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger
Authors: Moseley Henry Nottidge
Published: November 2014

The Challenger Expedition of 1872–6 was conceived to examine the deep sea floor worldwide and disprove the theory of a 'dead zone' in the oceans below a certain depth. Using a modified Royal Navy ship, the expedition sailed nearly 70,000 nautical miles across the globe, collecting oceanographic data and marine specimens, and laying the foundations for the science of oceanography by later publishing fifty volumes of reports. The naturalist Henry Moseley (1844–91) recounts the voyage in this 1879 work, covering visits to many remote islands and the taking of samples at hundreds of locations. The voyage's achievements included the collection of over 4,000 new marine species and the discovery of the world's deepest ocean trench (Challenger Deep). Moseley's observations on native peoples also proved important as traditional cultures were changing rapidly at the time. Illustrated with numerous woodcuts, this narrative illuminates an adventure of great scientific significance.
Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal
Authors: Sanyal Shukla
Published: November 2014

Pamphlets have usually been regarded as ephemeral literature with little permanent impact. This work demonstrates the historical value of this genre of political literature. The propaganda pamphlets help historians place a finger on the pulse of an extraordinarily important historical period when new ideas concerning the nation-state, the rights of the governed and forms of political protest complicated the political scene and opened up new fronts of conflict between the colonial state and the colonized subjects. This study devises innovative approaches to reading these pamphlets and generates new insights into the world of the pamphleteers thus providing the readers with a more nuanced understanding of the politics and political culture of early twentieth-century Bengal. In the process, the book makes an important contribution to the historical controversies that the politics of this period has generated among scholars of Indian nationalism.