bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping Strategies in Egyptian Ladies with Breast Cancer
Authors: Elsheshtawy Eman A. , Abo-Elez Warda F. , Ashour Hala S. , Farouk Omar , zaafarany Maha I. Esmael El
Published: June 2014

Introduction

A diagnosis of breast cancer regardless of the stage can be stressful, impact multiple spheres of life, and disrupt physical status, emotional and spiritual well-being, and personal relationships for the patient and family. In order to adapt, the patient ought to employ certain coping mechanisms. Individuals with terminal illness who utilize coping strategies have better quality of life compared to those who do not.

Patients and Methods

This study aimed to determine the strategies used by females with breast cancer to cope with such stress by using Brief COPE scale and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. The study included 56 female patients diagnosed with operable breast cancer at Mansoura Oncology Center before surgery.

Results

Large proportion of patients used acceptance, religion, and emotional support in coping with the stress of having breast cancer. Patients with depressive symptoms scored significantly higher venting while those with anxiety scored higher positive reframing, planning, and venting.

Conclusion

Efforts should be made to encourage women with breast cancer to use coping strategies that have been found to be helpful (eg, acceptance, emotional support, distraction, and active coping strategies).
In Vivo Monitoring of Natural Killer Cell Trafficking during Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Sta Maria Naomi S. , Barnes Samuel R. , Jacobs Russell E.
Published: June 2014

Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial part of the innate immune system and play critical roles in host anti-viral, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor responses. The elucidation of NK cell biology and their therapeutic use are actively being pursued with 200 clinical trials currently underway. In this review, we outline the role of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies and summarize current noninvasive imaging technologies used to track NK cells in vivo to investigate mechanisms of action, develop new therapies, and evaluate efficacy of adoptive transfer.
Transdermal opioids for cancer pain control in patients with renal impairment
Authors: Melilli, MD Giuseppe , Samolsky Dekel, MD, PhD, MA Boaz Gedaliahu , Frenquelli, MD Catia , Mellone, MD Rita , Pannuti, MD Franco
Published: June 2014

Objectives: As guidelines for opioid use in renal-impaired patients with cancer are limited, the authors sought to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability, of transdermal buprenorphine for moderate/severe cancer pain in renal-impaired outpatients.Methods: In a prospective parallel-group active-controlled study, n = 42 consecutively recruited outpatients with or without renal impairment (serum creatinine >=1.3 or <=1.2 mg/dL, respectively) were treated with transdermal buprenorphine (group BUP) or fentanyl (group FEN), respectively. Patients were followed up, at home, by the nonprofit ANT-Italia-foundation physicians in Bologna, Italy. Measurements at 10 (T1), 30 (T2), and 90 (T3) days after enrollment (T0) were pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale [NRS]), Karnofski score, opioid dose (µg/h), rescue-dose consumption, and occurrence of adverse effects. Patients recorded subjective measurements in a personal diary. Upon data analysis, investigators were blinded to the patient group.Results: At T0, in groups BUP and FEN, median NRS score was 8.0 (CI, 7.4-8.4); its reduction over time (T3; NRS = 3.0; CI, 2.1-3.8 and 2.0-4.0, respectively) was significant and constant in both groups (t-test; T0-T1, T1-T2, and T2-T3; p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.05, respectively). At all times, there were no significant differences in pain scores between the groups. In all evaluations, adverse effects were reported n = 73/126 times (60.8 percent) and showed no significant association (χ2, p > 0.05) with the study groups. Conclusions: Transdermal buprenorphine, in outpatients with cancer and renal impairment, is as effective, safe, and tolerable as fentanyl in patients without such impairment. These results add further evidence to the notion that buprenorphine, with its peculiar pharmacokinetics, may be an appropriate choice for opioid treatment in patients with renal impairment.
Case study investigating effect of implementing strategies for Reducing patient complaints in an outpatient pain clinic
Authors: Bernstein, MD Cheryl D. , Khan, MD Mohammed , Haq, MD Adeel , Olszanski, RN Nadia , Marcus, MD Dawn A.
Published: June 2014

This case study explores the impact of improving communication for reducing complaints in an outpatient pain clinic. A retrospective review was conducted for two 6-month periods prior to and for 6 months after implementing a structured communication strategy that included changes in staff behavior and documentation. Most complaints were related to not receiving opioids as part of the treatment plan. In the first treatment period prior to implementation, 6 of 3,653 patients lodged complaints. In the second period prior to implementation, 8 of 3,992 patients lodged complaints. Following implementation, 3 of 3,879 patients lodged complaints. Using structured communication strategies appeared to reduce complaints and facilitate chart documentation when addressing difficult patient situations including opioid issues.
Impact of cirrus clouds heterogeneities on top-of-atmosphere thermal infrared radiation
Authors: Fauchez T. , Cornet C. , Szczap F , Dubuisson P. , Rosambert T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a study of the impact of cirrus cloud heterogeneities on the thermal infrared brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Realistic 3-D cirri are generated by a cloud generator based on simplified thermodynamic and dynamic equations and on the control of invariant scale properties. The 3-D thermal infrared radiative transfer is simulated with a Monte Carlo model for three typical spectral bands in the infrared atmospheric window. Comparisons of TOA brightness temperatures resulting from 1-D and 3-D radiative transfer show significant differences for optically thick cirrus (τ > 0.3 at 532 nm) and are mainly due to the plane-parallel approximation (PPA). At the spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km, two principal parameters control the heterogeneity effects on brightness temperatures: i) the optical thickness standard deviation inside the observation pixel, ii) the brightness temperature contrast between the top of the cirrus~and the clear-sky atmosphere. Furthermore, we show that the difference between 1-D and 3-D brightness temperatures increases with the zenith view angle from two to ten times between 0° and 60° due to the tilted independent pixel approximation (TIPA).
Worldwide biogenic soil NOx emissions inferred from OMI NO2 observations
Authors: Vinken G. C. M. , Boersma K. F. , Maasakkers J. D. , Adon M. , Martin R. V.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Biogenic NOx emissions from soils are a large natural source with substantial uncertainties in global bottom-up estimates (ranging from 4 to 27 Tg N yr−1). We reduce this range in emission estimates, and present a top-down soil NOx emission inventory for 2005 based on retrieved tropospheric NO2 columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We used a state-of-science soil NOx emission inventory (Hudman et al., 2012) as a priori in the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model to identify 11 regions where tropospheric NO2 columns are dominated by soil NOx emissions. Strong correlations between soil NOx emissions and simulated NO2 columns indicated that spatial patterns in simulated NO2 columns in these regions indeed reflect the underlying soil NOx emissions. Subsequently, we used a mass-balance approach to constrain emissions for these 11 regions on all major continents using OMI observed and GEOS-Chem simulated tropospheric NO2 columns. We found that responses of simulated NO2 columns to changing NOx emissions were suppressed over low NOx regions, and accounted for these non-linearities in our inversion approach. In general, our approach suggests that emissions need to be increased in most regions. Our OMI top-down soil NOx inventory amounts to 10.0 Tg N for 2005 when only constraining the 11 regions, and 12.9 Tg N when extrapolating the constraints globally. Substantial regional differences exist (ranging from −40% to +90%), and globally our top-down inventory is 4–35% higher than the GEOS-Chem a priori (9.6 Tg N yr−1). We evaluated NO2 concentrations simulated with our new OMI top-down inventory against surface NO2 measurements from monitoring stations in Africa, the USA, and Europe. Although this comparison is complicated by several factors, we find an encouraging improved agreement when using the OMI top-down inventory compared to using the a priori inventory. To our knowledge, this study provides, for the first time, specific constraints on soil NOx emissions on all major continents using OMI NO2 columns. Our results rule out the high end of reported soil NOx emission estimates, and suggest that global emissions are most likely around 10–13 Tg N yr−1.
Dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, α-dicarbonyls, fatty acids and benzoic acid in PM2.5 aerosol collected during CAREBeijing-2007: an effect of traffic restriction on air quality
Authors: Ho K. F. , Huang R.-J. , Kawamura K. , Tachibana E. , Lee S. C. , Ho S. S. H. , Zhu T. , Tian L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Thirty water-soluble organic species, including dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, α-dicarbonyls, fatty acids, and benzoic acid were determined as well as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 samples collected during the Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing 2007 (CAREBeijing-2007) in the urban and suburban areas of Beijing. The objective of this study is to identify the influence of traffic emissions and regional transport to the atmosphere in Beijing during summer. PM2.5 samples collected with or without traffic restriction in Beijing are selected to evaluate the effectiveness of local traffic restriction measure on air pollution reduction. The average concentrations of the total quantified bifunctional organic compounds (TQBOC), total fatty acids and benzoic acid during the entire sampling period were 1184 ± 241 ng m−3, 597 ± 159 ng m−3 and 1496 ± 511ng m−3 in PKU, and 1050 ± 303 ng m−3, 475 ± 114 ng m−3 and 1278 ± 372 ng m−3 in Yufa. Oxalic acid (C2) was found as the most abundant dicarboxylic acid at PKU and Yufa, followed by phthalic acid (Ph). A strong even carbon number predominance with the highest level at palmitic acid (C16:0), followed by stearic acid (C18:0) was found for fatty acids. According to the back trajectories modeling results, the air masses were found to originate mainly from northeast, passing over southeast or south of Beijing (heavily populated, urbanized and industrialized areas), during heavier pollution events, whereas they are mainly from north or northwest sector (mountain areas without serious anthropogenic pollution sources) during cleaner events. The data with wind only from the same sector (minimizing the difference from regional contribution) but with and without traffic restriction in Beijing were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of local traffic restriction measure on the reduction of local air pollution in Beijing. The results suggested that the "traffic restriction" measure can reduce the air pollutants, but the decrease of pollutants is generally smaller in Yufa compared to that in PKU. Moreover, an enhancement of elemental carbon (EC) value indicates elevated primary emissions in Yufa during restriction period than non-restriction period. This study demonstrates that even when primary exhaust was controlled by traffic restriction, the contribution of secondary organic species formed from photochemical processes was critical with long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants.
Correction of errors in scale values for magnetic elements for Helsinki
Authors: Svalgaard L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Using several lines of evidence we show that the scale values of the geomagnetic variometers operating in Helsinki in the 19th century were not constant throughout the years of operation 1844–1897. Specifically, the adopted scale value of the horizontal force variometer appears to be too low by ~ 30% during the years 1866–1874.5 and the adopted scale value of the declination variometer appears to be too low by a factor of ~ 2 during the interval 1885.8–1887.5. Reconstructing the heliospheric magnetic field strength from geomagnetic data has reached a stage where a reliable reconstruction is possible using even just a single geomagnetic data set of hourly or daily values. Before such reconstructions can be accepted as reliable, the underlying data must be calibrated correctly. It is thus mandatory that the Helsinki data be corrected. Such correction has been satisfactorily carried out and the HMF strength is now well constrained back to 1845.
Modelling static 3-D spatial background error covariances – the effect of vertical and horizontal transform order
Authors: Wlasak M. A. , Cullen M. J. P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A major difference in the formulation of the univariate part of static background error covariance models for use in global operational 4DVAR arises from the order in which the horizontal and vertical transforms are applied. This is because the atmosphere is non-separable with large horizontal scales generally tied to large vertical scales and small horizontal scales tied to small vertical scales. Also horizontal length scales increase dramatically as one enters the stratosphere. A study is presented which evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each approach with the Met Office Unified Model. It is shown that if the vertical transform is applied as a function of horizontal wavenumber then the horizontal globally-averaged variance and the homogenous, isotropic length scale on each model level for each control variable of the training data is preserved by the covariance model. In addition the wind variance and associated length scales are preserved as the scheme preserves the variances and length scales of horizontal derivatives. If the vertical transform is applied in physical space, it is possible to make it a function of latitude at the cost of not preserving the variances and length scales of the horizontal derivatives. Summer and winter global 4DVAR trials have been run with both background error covariance models. A clear benefit is seen in the fit to observations when the vertical transform is in spectral space and is a function of total horizontal wavenumber.
Methane and nitrous oxide exchange over a managed hay meadow
Authors: Hörtnagl L. , Wohlfahrt G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) exchange of a temperate mountain grassland near Neustift, Austria, was measured during 2010–2012 over a time period of 22 months using the eddy covariance method. Exchange rates of both compounds at the site were low, with more than 95% of the half-hourly fluxes of CH4 and N2O ranging between ±10 and ±1 nmol m−2 s−1, respectively. The meadow acted as a sink for both compounds during certain time periods, but was a clear source of CH4 and N2O on an annual time scale. Therefore, both gases contributed to an increase of the global warming potential (GWP), effectively reducing the sink strength in terms of CO2-equivalents of the investigated grassland site. In 2011, our best guess estimate showed a net GHG sink of −32 g CO2-equ. m−2 yr−1 for the meadow, whereby 55% of the CO2 sink strength of −71 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 was offset by CH4/N2O emissions of 7/32 g CO2-equ. m−2 yr−1. When all data were pooled, the ancillary parameters explained 26/38% of observed CH4/N2O flux variability, and up to 62/75% on shorter time scales in-between management dates. In case of N2O fluxes, we found highest emissions at intermediate soil water contents and at soil temperatures close to zero or above 14 °C. In comparison to CO2, H2O and energy fluxes, the interpretation of CH4 and N2O exchange was challenging due to footprint heterogeneity regarding their sources and sinks, uncertainties regarding post-processing and quality control. Our results emphasize that CH4 and N2O fluxes over supposedly well-aerated and moderately fertilized soils cannot be neglected when evaluating the GHG impact of temperate managed grasslands.
N2O, NO, N2, and CO2 emissions from tropical savanna and grassland of Northern Australia: an incubation experiment with intact soil cores
Authors: Werner C. , Reiser K. , Dannenmann M. , Hutley L. B. , Jacobeit J. , Butterbach-Bahl K.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in Northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (3 savanna, 1 pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emission were very low (<7.0 ± 5.0 μg NO-N m−2 h−1; <0.0 ± 1.4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) or in case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μg N m−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8 ± 5.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short-lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% at 50% SM and 30 °C ST. N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. Emissions were controlled by SM and ST for N2O and CO2, ST and pH for NO, and SM and pH for N2.
Automated landform classification in a rockfall-prone area, Gunung Kelir, Java
Authors: Samodra G. , Chen G. , Sartohadi J. , Hadmoko D. S. , Kasama K.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This paper presents an automated landform classification in a rockfall-prone area. Digital terrain models (DTMs) and a geomorphological inventory of rockfall deposits were the basis of landform classification analysis. Several data layers produced solely from DTMs were slope, plan curvature, stream power index, and shape complexity index; whereas layers produced from DTMs and rockfall modeling were velocity and energy. Unsupervised fuzzy k means was applied to classify the generic landforms into seven classes: interfluve, convex creep slope, fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope, lower slope and channel bed. We draped the generic landforms over DTMs and derived a power-law statistical relationship between the volume of the rockfall deposits and number of events associated with different landforms. Cumulative probability density was adopted to estimate the probability density of rockfall volume in four generic landforms, i.e., fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope and lower slope. It shows negative power laws with exponents 0.58, 0.73, 0.68, and 0.64 for fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope and lower slope, respectively. Different values of the scaling exponents in each landform reflect that geomorphometry influences the volume statistics of rockfall. The methodology introduced in this paper has possibility to be used for preliminary rockfall risk analyses; it reveals that the potential high risk is located in the transportational middle slope and colluvial foot slope.
Flood design recipes vs. reality: can predictions for ungauged basins be trusted?
Authors: Efstratiadis A. , Koussis A. D. , Koutsoyiannis D. , Mamassis N.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Despite the great scientific and technological advances in flood hydrology, everyday engineering practices still follow simplistic approaches that are easy to formally implement in ungauged areas. In general, these "recipes" have been developed many decades ago, based on field data from typically few experimental catchments. However, many of them have been neither updated nor validated across all hydroclimatic and geomorphological conditions. This has an obvious impact on the quality and reliability of hydrological studies, and, consequently, on the safety and cost of the related flood protection works. Preliminary results, based on historical flood data from Cyprus and Greece, indicate that a substantial revision of many aspects of flood engineering procedures is required, including the regionalization formulas as well as the modelling concepts themselves. In order to provide a consistent design framework and to ensure realistic predictions of the flood risk (a key issue of the 2007/60/EU Directive) in ungauged basins, it is necessary to rethink the current engineering practices. In this vein, the collection of reliable hydrological data would be essential for re-evaluating the existing "recipes", taking into account local peculiarities, and for updating the modelling methodologies as needed.
Ventilation of the Mediterranean Sea constrained by multiple transient tracer measurements
Authors: Stöven T. , Tanhua T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Ventilation is the primary pathway for atmosphere–ocean boundary perturbations, such as temperature anomalies, to be relayed to the ocean interior. It is also a conduit for gas exchange between the interface of atmosphere and ocean. Thus it is a mechanism whereby, for instance, the ocean interior is oxygenated and enriched in anthropogenic carbon. The ventilation of the Mediterranean Sea is fast in comparison to the world ocean and has large temporal variability. Here we present transient tracer data from a field campaign in April 2011 that sampled a unique suite of transient tracers (SF6, CFC-12, 3H and 3He) in all major basins of the Mediterranean. We apply the transit time distribution (TTD) model to the data in order to constrain the mean age, the ratio of the advective / diffusive transport and the number of water masses significant for ventilation. We found that the eastern part of the eastern Mediterranean can be reasonably described with a one-dimensional inverse Gaussian TTD (IG-TTD), and thus constrained with two independent tracers. The ventilation of the Ionian Sea and the western Mediterranean can only be constrained by a linear combination of IG-TTDs. We approximate the ventilation with a one-dimensional, two inverse Gaussian TTD (2IG-TTD) for these areas and demonstrate a possibility of constraining a 2IG-TTD from the available transient tracer data. The deep water in the Ionian Sea has a mean age between 120 and 160 years and is therefore substantially older than the mean age of the Levantine Basin deep water (60–80 years). These results are in contrast to those expected by the higher transient tracer concentrations in the Ionian Sea deep water. This is partly due to deep water of Adriatic origin having more diffusive properties in transport and formation (i.e., a high ratio of diffusion over advection), compared to the deep water of Aegean Sea origin that still dominates the deep Levantine Basin deep water after the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) in the early 1990s. The tracer minimum zone (TMZ) in the intermediate of the Levantine Basin is the oldest water mass with a mean age up to 290 years. We also show that the deep western Mediterranean has contributed approximately 40% of recently ventilated deep water from the Western Mediterranean Transition (WMT) event of the mid-2000s. The deep water has higher transient tracer concentrations than the mid-depth water, but the mean age is similar with values between 180 and 220 years.
Seasonal cycle of solar energy fluxes through Arctic sea ice
Authors: Arndt S. , Nicolaus M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Arctic sea ice has not only decreased considerably during the last decades, but also changed its physical properties towards a thinner and more seasonal cover. These changes strongly impact the energy budget and might affect the ice-associated ecosystem of the Arctic. But until now, it is not possible to quantify shortwave energy fluxes through sea ice sufficiently well over large regions and during different seasons. Here, we present a new parameterization of light transmittance through sea ice for all seasons as a function of variable sea ice properties. The annual maximum solar heat flux of 30 × 105 J m−2 occurs in June, then also matching the under ice ocean heat flux. Furthermore, our results suggest that 96% of the total annual solar heat input occurs from May to August, during four months only. Applying the new parameterization on remote sensing and reanalysis data from 1979 to 2011, we find an increase in light transmission of 1.5% a−1 for all regions. Sensitivity studies reveal that the results strongly depend on the timing of melt onset and the correct classification of ice types. Hence, these parameters are of great importance for quantifying under-ice radiation fluxes and the uncertainty of this parameterization. Assuming a two weeks earlier melt onset, the annual budget increases by 20%. Continuing the observed transition from Arctic multi- to first year sea ice could increase light transmittance by another 18%. Furthermore, the increase in light transmission directly contributes to an increase in internal and bottom melt of sea ice, resulting in a positive transmittance-melt feedback process.
Counter-Memory, Heterochronia, and “History Painting” (After Géricault): Dierk Schmidt’s SIEV-X—On a Case of Intensified Refugee Politics
Authors: Tello Veronica
Published: June 2014

This essay examines the disruption of linear time in experimental forms of “history painting” as represented by Dierk Schmidt’s SIEV-X—On a Case of Intensified Refugee Politics (2001-2005). It analyses how the aesthetics of heterochronoia—multiple temporalities—play a crucial role in the development of a new understanding of the politics of “history painting.” As Schmidt’s work reveals, a radical conception of history exists outside the “singular moment,” and in dialogue with heterogenous visual cultures (news media, art history, advertising). In attempting to understand the import of Schmidt’s work, this essay considers his methodologies for creating a heterochronous mode of history painting, particularly his anachronistic engagement with the work of Theodore Géricault and the iconic history painting, The Raft of the Medusa. Unlike previous critical responses to Schmidt’s work, this paper argues that (after Géricault) the artist’s use of investigative “journalistic” methodologies for SIEV-X—On a Case of Intensified Refugee Politics do not generate an aesthetics of exposé but rather an aesthetics of “fictionalization.” This aesthetic is defined by the recalibration of documentary and speculative data as a means to reconceive the landscape of the perceptual. The findings of this research demonstrate that the use of disparate fragments—or data—to visualize otherwise diminishing historical events underpins contemporary history painting’s capacity for advancing a distinct economy of affect that circumvents the limitations of the news media and its “monopoly on reality.”
Vision and Desire in Postcolonial Australia: A Conversation with Alison Ravenscroft
Authors: Randolph Kira
Published: June 2014

Alison Ravenscroft, author of The Postcolonial Eye: White Australian Desire and the Visual Field of Race, discusses her book with Kira Randolph.
Contemporary Art: World Currents in Transition Beyond Globalization
Authors: Smith Terry , Mathur Saloni
Published: June 2014

An edited transcript of a colloquium between Terry Smith, Mellon Professor of Contemporary Art History and Theory at the University of Pittsburgh, and Saloni Mathur, Associate Professor of the History of Art, University of California, Los Angeles, held at the Department of the History of Art and Architecture, University of Pittsburgh, on October 17, 2012.
Editorial Notes: Exhibition Complex: Displaying People, Identity, and Culture
Authors: Cymbala Amy
Published: June 2014

Editorial Notes on section relating to submissions from the symposium Exhibition Complex: Displaying People, Identity, and Culture held October 18-20, 2012 at the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Artist Statement: rial and tERROR
Authors: Khoshgozaran Gelare
Published: June 2014

Artist statement to accompany the work rial and tERROR (2011), included in this issue of Contemporaneity.
Likewise, as Technical Experts, But Not (At All) by Way of Culture (2012-2013).
Authors: Pahapill Leigh-Ann
Published: June 2014

For more information on this video, see Gabrielle Gopinath's "Skin Deep: Surfacing with Leigh-Ann Pahapill," included in this edition of Contemporaneity.
Unfolding the In-between Image: The Emergence of an Incipient Image at the Intersection of Still and Moving Images
Authors: Kondo Masaki
Published: June 2014

As digital technology has transformed various aspects of our screen culture over the past few decades, we have been witnessing a disappearing boundary between photographic still images and cinematic moving images. An emerging in-between image has become increasingly prominent in this new image culture, which attempts to negotiate the grey area between stillness and movement. This in-between image, manifest in a variety of formats and media, points to an increasingly solid middle ground between the traditional divisions of still and moving images. This paper builds a conceptual framework for analysing this new type of image and explores both the roots of this emergent category before focusing on its contemporary trajectory as exemplified by the work of Adad Hannah, Hiroshi Sugimoto, Jeff Wall, and James Nares.
Investigating Technology Options for Climate Policies: Differentiated Roles in ADAGE
Authors: Ross Martin T. , Sullivan Patrick T. , Fawcett Allen A. , Depro Brooks M.
Published: June 2014

This paper examines a range of technological and regulatory approaches to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Availability of new technologies will control how the economy and energy infrastructure respond to any future climate policies. How such policies interact with other types of environmental regulations will also influence the best options for meeting emissions goals. To investigate these effects, the ADAGE model is used to examine policy impacts for several climate and technology scenarios, focusing on key factors such as emissions, technology deployment, energy prices and macroeconomic indicators. In general, the simulations indicate that reductions in GHG emissions can be accomplished with limited economic adjustments, although the impacts depend on both the regulatory approaches used and the future availability of new low-carbon technologies.
A Clean Energy Standard Analysis with the US-REGEN Model
Authors: Blanford Geoffrey J. , Merrick James H. , Young David
Published: June 2014

A clean energy standard (CES) is a potential policy alternative to reduce carbon emissions in the electric sector. We analyze this policy under a range of technological assumptions, expanding on the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) 24 study scenarios, using a new modeling tool, US-REGEN. We describe three innovative features of the model: treatment of spatial and temporal variability of renewable resources, cost-of-service electric sector pricing, and explicit representation of energy end-use specific capital.

We find that varying technology assumptions results in vastly different futures, with large contrasts in the distribution and scale of inter-regional financial flows, and in the generation mix. We explore regional differences in how the costs of CES credits are passed through with cost-of-service vs. competitive pricing. Finally, we compare the CES to an economy-wide emissions cap. We find that although the two policies result in a similar generation mix, price and electricity end-use results differ.
Estimación en cálculo multiplicativo con números decimales
Authors: De Castro Hernandez Carlos , Castro Martínez Enrique , Segovia Álex Isidoro
Published: June 2014

La estimación en cálculo es una destreza básica, útil en la resolución de problemas aritméticos. En este artículo analizamos las dificultades, estrategias y errores en las estimaciones de cálculos aritméticos de multiplicación y división con números naturales y decimales. Empleamos una metodología mixta, cuantitativa-cualitativa, recogiendo datos mediante una prueba de estimación, seguida por una fase de entrevistas. Participan 131 estudiantes de Magisterio. Entre los resultados, los ítems con decimales menores que 0,1 son los más difíciles; con decimales menores que 1, más difíciles que con naturales o decimales mayores que 1; y las divisiones B (dividendo menor que divisor), más difíciles que las divisiones A (dividendo mayor que divisor). En la parte cualitativa, con entrevista semiestructurada, analizamos las estrategias y los errores al estimar. Detectamos cuatro estrategias básicas (primeros dígitos, sustitución, fracciones y algoritmo alternativo) y 15 tipos de errores (4 en la interpretación, 10 en la ejecución y 1 en la evaluación).
El proceso de descubrimiento en la clase de matemáticas: los razonamientos abductivo, inductivo y deductivo
Authors: Soler-Alvarez María Nubia , Manrique Pérez Viviana Helena
Published: June 2014

En el presente artículo se exponen y analizan algunos resultados de una investigación desarrollada en la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional durante los años 2010 y 2011 (DMA-204-10). En esta investigación se caracterizan las diferentes formas de razonar usadas por un grupo de profesores de matemáticas en formación al resolver algunas actividades relacionadas con los números racionales e irracionales. El enfoque teórico usado para el desarrollo de la investigación retoma algunos aspectos de la teoría de Peirce sobre el método científico y sobre el razonamiento matemático, los cuales permiten interpretar las argumentaciones desarrolladas por los alumnos en la resolución de las diferentes actividades y discutir los resultados de otros estudios que se adscriben a la misma línea de investigación, como por ejemplo la propuesta de Cañadas y Castro (2007) sobre el proceso de conjeturación. Como resultado de este trabajo se obtiene la caracterización y clasificación de las diferentes formas de razonar empleadas en el proceso de descubrimiento matemático, así como algunos ejemplos de cada una de estas.
¿En qué medida utilizan los estudiantes de Física de Bachillerato sus propios errores para aprender? Una experiencia de autorregulación en el aula de secundaria.
Authors: Ardura Martínez Diego , Zamora Menéndez Ángela
Published: June 2014

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una experiencia en autorregulación del aprendizaje en el aula de física de secundaria. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es comprender cómo los estudiantes gestionan la información que les proporciona una prueba escrita sobre sus conocimientos, así como valorar la eficacia de la autorregulación que los estudiantes llevan a cabo a posteriori. Hemos encontrado deficiencias importantes en estos procesos y una relación significativa entre el éxito escolar y estos. Como consecuencia, observamos la necesidad de implementar en el aula estrategias que permitan a los estudiantes no solo el análisis de sus errores, sino también la toma de decisiones adecuadas para utilizarlos como un medio para el aprendizaje.
La educación en adultos mayores: percepción de dificultades de aprendizaje y calidad de vida
Authors: Moreno-Crespo Pilar
Published: June 2014

Nos encontramos en el proceso de metamorfosis de la pirámide poblacional a punta de lanza, que previsiblemente aumentará en altura y supondrá un reto para la sociedad. Estamos presenciando un incrementado del interés en la promoción de la calidad de vida para este sector poblacional, prueba de lo cual son la edición del Libro blanco del envejecimiento activo (Junta de Andalucía, 2010; IMSERSO, 2011) y la declaración del año 2012 como Año Europeo del Envejecimiento Activo y la Solidaridad Intergeneracional.
Formación inicial de maestros para la enseñanza de las ciencias. Diseño, implementación y evaluación de una propuesta de enseñanza
Authors: Martínez Chico María
Published: June 2014

El objeto de estudio del trabajo, reconociendo la importancia del docente para la mejora de la enseñanza de las ciencias, es la formación inicial de maestros y maestras. La escasez de trabajos y espacios de discusión abiertos sobre el diseño y contenido concreto de propuestas de formación inicial de maestros para enseñar ciencias, así como la gran divergencia existente en la comunidad científica sobre las finalidades, el contenido y las estrategias más adecuadas para realizar esta formación inicial justifican que nos planteamos y tratemos de dar respuesta a las siguientes preguntas:1. ¿Qué enfoque debería tener una adecuada enseñanza de ciencias en primaria?, ¿qué características debe tener un programa de formación inicial de maestros orientado por ese enfoque?2. ¿Es posible diseñar y desarrollar un programa de formación inicial de maestros, para enseñar ciencias, fundamentado que responda a esas características?3. El desarrollo de ese programa, ¿es potencialmente significativo para los estudiantes?, ¿produce mejoras en sus concepciones que favorezcan su competencia como docentes?4. ¿Es transferible un programa de esas características y orientado por esos supuestos?
Alfabetización científica en la etapa 3-6 años: un análisis de la regulación estatal de enseñanzas mínimas
Authors: García-Carmona Antonio , Criado Ana M. , Cañal Pedro
Published: June 2014

Se analiza la alfabetización científica promovida por la regulación de las enseñanzas mínimas para la etapa 3-6 años en España. Para ello, se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario combinando procesos de análisis inter-e intra-jueces como estrategia de validación y fiabilidad. Se valoró como el documento atiende las dimensiones relativas a la ciencia escolar: construcción de la ciencia escolar; axiología y psicología del aprendizaje de la ciencia; objetivos y competencias; contenidos; actividades, diseño y estrategias de enseñanza; recursos didácticos, y evaluación. Los resultados indican que la ciencia escolar sugerida en el documento no sintoniza, en una parte importante, con las tendencias actuales de la Didáctica de las Ciencias. A consecuencia de las carencias detectadas, se hacen algunas recomendaciones que mejorarían la propuesta oficial.
Proyecto de formación del profesorado universitario de Ciencias, Matemáticas y Tecnología, en las metodologías de Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas y Proyectos
Authors: Garmendia Mujika Mikel , Barragués Fuentes José Ignacio , Zuza Elosegi Kristina , Guisasola Aranzabal Jenaro
Published: June 2014

En este trabajo presentaremos el diseño e implementación del programa ERAGIN de la UPV/EHU, de formación del profesorado universitario en metodologías activas de enseñanza. Se presentarán las bases teóricas del programa, el diseño de formación, las dificultades encontradas, y las cuestiones que nos planteamos de cara al futuro. Los resultados que se han obtenido sobre la valoración del programa por parte de los participantes y sobre el cambio didáctico del profesorado son esperanzadores en cuanto a la efectividad del diseño de formación basado en la mentoría. En su conjunto, estos resultados nos animan a pensar que se trata de un programa de formación capaz de responder a los retos y compromisos sociales de nuestra Universidad.
Autonomic Dysfunction in Asian Indian T2DM Patients is Related to Body Fat Content Instead of Insulin Resistance: A DEXA Study
Authors: Poonam Punjabi  , Prashant Mathur  , R.C. Gupta  , Itisha Mathur  , Jyoti Thanvi  , Deepak Gupta  , Sandeep Mathur
Published: June 2014

Aim: To study autonomic dysfunction in Asian Indian T2DM patients by heart rate variability and it's relation with body fat content, distribution and insulin resistance.Subjects and Methods: Subjects: 33 T2DM patients aged (46.96 ± 8.90 yrs), and 33 healthy controls aged (44.08 ± 9.15 yrs).Methods: Short-term heart rate variability (HRV) was measured by impedance plethysmograph recording of pulse wave in distal superficial arteries. Time domain and Frequency domain analysis of HRV was carried out. Time domain parameters (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50) and frequency domain parameters (Total Power, LF power, HF Power, LF (nu), HF (nu), LF/HF Ratio) were determined. Body fat content and distribution was estimated by (DEXA). Insulin Resistance was assessed by HOMA-R. Student t test was used for comparison of parameters in two groups. Multiple regression was used to find out relation between parameters of adiposity and HRV.Results: Parameters rMSSD, pNN50, Total power, LF Power, HF Power were significantly lower in diabetics. Total power showed negative correlation with BMI and truncal fat (r=-.43; p
Analysis of the Caloric and Macronutrient Content of Meal Options Offered to Children at Popular Restaurant Chains
Authors: Deierlein Andrea L. , Coffman Kelley , Claudio Luz
Published: June 2014

Background: Previous research suggests that consumption of foods from restaurants is associated with poor dietary quality and adverse health outcomes. There are few studies that examine the nutrient content of children’s meal options offered at both sit-down and fast-food chain restaurants. The main objective was to describe the average energy and nutrient profiles of meal options on children’s menus at chain restaurants in the United States (US) and compare them to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Methods: The sample consisted of 13 sit-down and 16 fast-food restaurants ranked within the top 50 US restaurant chains in 2009 (meal nutrient content was accessed in 2010). There were 421 and 275 meal options listed on children’s menus from sit-down and fast-food restaurants, respectively. Descriptive statistics are presented for calories, fat, saturated fat, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and sodium.
Results: In general, nutrient contents of children’s meal options at sit-down and fast-food restaurants were similar. Meal options accounted for large percentages of the recommended daily intakes of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium and small percentages of the recommended daily intakes of fiber, carbohydrate, and protein for children. More than half of children’s meals at these restaurants exceeded recommendations for fat and saturated fat.
Conclusions: Children’s meal options at sit-down and fast-food restaurant chains that complied with the US Dietary Guidelines were limited. The majority of the meal options had fat, saturated fat and sodium contents that exceed recommendations, while providing low amounts of fiber.
Thermally Stable Multilamellar Structure of DNA/Cationic Lipid Complex in the Bulk State
Authors: Wu Ching-Mao , Lin Szu-Yin
Published: June 2014

The effect of temperature on the two types of multilamellar structures, LI and LII, formed by the complexes of DNA with a cationic lipid, cholesteryl 3β-N-(dimethylamionethyl) carbamate (DC-Chol), in the bulk state has been investigated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). LI phase composing of A-DNA intercalated between the lipid bilayers with tilted tails was formed at lower lipid-to-base pair molar ratio (x < 2), while LII phase consisting of B-DNA bound to untilted lipid was formed at x > 2. In addition to the differences in lipid packing state and DNA conformation, these two lamellar phases also displayed different thermal stability. LI phase was highly thermally stable as its interlamellar distance remained essentially unperturbed even after the denaturation of A-DNA in the complex at elevated temperature. By contrast, the interlamellar distance of LII phase decreased with increasing temperature due to the release of bound water and B-DNA denaturation.
Preferential Solvation of Acetaminophen in Propylene Glycol + Water Co-Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Peña María Ángeles , Delgado Daniel Ricardo , Martínez Fleming
Published: June 2014

The preferential solvation parameters defined as the differences between the local mole fraction of solvents around analgesic drug acetaminophen and those for the bulk co-solvent composition in propylene glycol + water mixtures were derived from their thermodynamic properties by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals (IKBI) and the quasi-lattice-quasi-chemical (QLQC) methods. It is found that acetaminophen is sensitive to solvation effects, so according to IKBI method the preferential solvation parameter δ´xPG,A, is negative in water-rich mixtures but positive in medium compositions and in co-solvent-rich mixtures. It is conjecturable that in water-rich mixtures the hydrophobic hydration around the aromatic ring and methyl group present in the drug plays a relevant role in the solvation. The bigger drug solvation by co-solvent in mixtures of similar solvent proportions and in propylene glycol-rich mixtures could be due mainly to polarity effects. Otherwise, according to QLQC method, this drug is preferentially solvated by the co-solvent in all the mixtures.
Bioaugmented Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulosic Substrates Using Co-Cultures of Shigella flexneri str. G3 and Clostridium acetobutylicum X9
Authors: Gao Lingfang , Varrone Cristiano , Sheng Tao , Liu Chong , Chen Chuang , Liu Wenzong , Wang Aijie
Published: June 2014

Bioaugmented fermentation of cellulosic substrates to produce biohydrogen via co-culture of isolated strains was investigated. Two mesophilic anaerobic bacterial strains, known for their ability to hydrolyze cellulosic substrates, were taken in consideration: Shigella flexneri str. G3, which shows high cellulolytic activity but cannot ferment oligosaccharides to bioenergy, and Clostridium acetobutylicum X9, able to convert microcrystalline cellulose into hydrogen. The ability of the selected strains to effectively convert different cellulosic substrates to hydrogen was tested on carboxymethyl cellulose (AVICEL), as well as pretreated lignocellulosic material such as Bermuda grass, corn stover, rice straw, and corn cob. Results showed that co-culture of Shigella flexneri str G3 and Clostridium acetobutylicum X9 efficiently improved cellulose hydrolysis and subsequent hydrogen production from carboxymethyl cellulose. Hydrogen production yield was enhanced from 0.65 mol H2 (mol glucose)−1 of the X9 single culture to approximately 1.5 mol H2 (mol glucose)−1 of the co-culture, while the cellulose degradation efficiency increased from 50% to 95%. Co-culture also efficiently improved hydrogen production from natural lignocellulosic materials (which was up to 4-5 times higher than mono-culture with X9), with the highest performance of 24.8 mmol L-1 obtained on Bermuda grass. The results demonstrate that co-culture of S. flexneri G3 and C. acetobutylicum X9 was capable of efficiently enhance cellulose conversion to hydrogen, thus fostering potential biofuel applications under mesophilic conditions.