bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Word‐order and imagery in the recall of adjective‐noun phrases
Authors: Richardson John T. E.
Published: September 2007

Previous research using French material and subjects has found that noun‐adjective pairs are easier to recall than adjective‐noun pairs, which suggests that linguistic rules are important in determining performance. However, experiments using English material have also suggested that noun‐adjective phrases are easier, although in English these pairs violate grammatical conventions. The latter findings have been interpreted as supporting the view that mental imagery is important in remembering. However, these studies are faulty in various respects. In an experiment on free recall, using English material, the grammatical order (adjective‐noun) was found to produce better performance than the reversed order (noun‐adjective), but only because reversed phrases tended to be reported in the conventional order. This supports the original view that grammatical constraints affect recall.
Field dependence‐independence in Navajo children
Authors: Dinges Norman G. , Hollenbeck Albert R.
Published: September 2007

Twenty Navajo boys and 20 Navajo girls 9 1/2 years of age were administered the Children's Embedded Figures Test. Mean scores were compared to Anglo normative scores for the same age range taken from Witkin et al. (1971). In contrast to previous research and hypothesized results, the Navajo sample scored significantly higher in a field independent direction than the Anglo sample. A multi‐factor explanation comprised of genetic, environmental, experiential and linguistic factors unique to the Navajo is suggested to account for this outcome.
Nature of intellectual development of Punjabi children
Authors: Ghuman Paul A. S.
Published: September 2007

This research was planned to probe into the nature of cognitive development of four groups of Punjabi children. Children aged 10 to 11 years, belonging to four sub‐cultural groups (mainly based on caste) were randomly selected from six primary schools. Following our previous research in this field (Ghuman, 1975) two major hypotheses were set up: (1) The professional group (mainly based on high castes) would be significantly better on a range of cognitive tasks than the other three groups; (2) The Harijans (the lowest caste) would be the most field‐dependent group. All the children were tested on a battery of Piagetian tests, a Number test, WISC Block Design and the Coloured Progressive Matrices. The data were analysed by the analysis of variance and t‐test techniques. Both the hypotheses were supported. Children's responses on the Piagetian tests were analysed in greater detail and an attempt is made to relate the performance of the children to their social and educational experiences.
TRAINING CONSERVATION OF QUANTITY (LIQUIDS) IN WEST AFRICAN (BAOULE) CHILDREN
Authors: Dasen Pierre R. , Lavallée Margot , Retschitzki Jean
Published: September 2007

A developmental ‘lag’ is found in the Conservation of Quantity (Liquids) in a sample of 73 rural, schooled Baoulé children (Ivory Coast, West Africa) aged 7 to 14 years. This study was designed to investigate if this ‘lag’ could be reduced or bridged through training and whether it could be attributed to differences in ‘performance’ or in ‘competence’.

A sub‐sample of 28 children aged 7 to 9 years was divided into two matched groups, one being trained for Conservation of Liquids and the other for Class Inclusion (Lavallée and Dasen in press). Statistically significant training effects were observed, which generalized to other concrete operational concepts and remained stable over at least one month.

Since no ‘actualization’ or very fast learning occurred, the ‘lag’ was attributed to differences in competence; the training was sufficient to bridge the developmental lag.
SOCIAL TRADITIONALISM AND PERSONALITY: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL VALUES AND PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES*
Authors: Nedd Albert N.B. , Marsh Nicholas R.
Published: September 2007

Three personality variables ‐ field dependence‐independence cognitive style, tolerance of ambiguity and machiavellianism ‐ and two social value variables ‐ conformity‐self‐assertion and fatalism‐personal efficacy ‐ were used to investigate the relationship between attachment to norms of social traditionalism and personality orientation. Subjects were 218 first‐level supervisors from five industrial plants in Auckland, New Zealand. They were classified into four cultural groups depending on whether they were immigrant or indigenous Polynesians or Europeans. It was found that, with the exception of fatalism‐personal efficacy and machiavellianism, social values were significantly correlated with personality attributes. The direction of these associations supported the hypothesis that attachment to norms of social traditionalism is associated with low levels of psychological development, while attachment to norms of modernity is associated with high levels of psychological development.
THE PACE OF LIFE: REVISITED
Authors: Bornstein Marc H.
Published: September 2007

Ambulation is one routine aspect of the pace of life. In Western societies at least, human ambulation varies in a linear fashion with the size of the local population. This relation can be described adequately by the formula, Velocity = 0.86 log Population + 0.05. Ergonomical, cognitive, social, and economic explanations for this result are examined, and hypotheses for further cross‐cultural investigation of urban‐rural differences in pace of life are proposed.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Feather N.T.
Published: September 2007

Berry, J.W., R. Kalin and D.M. Taylor, Multiculturalism and ethnic attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Printing and Publishing Supply and Services, 1977.
ACCURACY OF JUDGMENT OF VALUE SYSTEMS: A FIELD STUDY OF OWN AND ATTRIBUTED VALUE PRIORITIES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Feather N.T.
Published: September 2007

Australian expatriate students and indigenous Niuginean students in the higher grades of secondary schools in Papua New Guinea ranked either the terminal or instrumental values from the Rokeach Value Survey, first for self then for the other group. Results indicated that there were distinctive differences in the average value systems pertaining to self when the two groups were compared and that neither group was able to make accurate judgments of the value priorities of the other. These results were discussed in terms of the various influences affecting value systems in different national groups, the effects of limited social contact on accuracy of judgment, and the difficulty of making accurate judgments about the value priorities of other groups considered in the aggregate.
SOCIAL IDENTITY IN PUERTO RICO*
Authors: Giles H. , Llado N. , McKirnan D.J. , Taylor D.M.
Published: September 2007

This study examines the social identity of 384 high school students from four age levels (10, 12, 15 and 17 years‐old) in Puerto Rico. This complex society represents an interesting context because of the potential relevance of a number of dimensions for identity including language, cultural heritage, economic status, religion and political beliefs. An important methodological refinement is introduced in order to permit simultaneous examination of these various dimensions in terms of Puerto Rican identity. Three major dimensions of the students' social identity emerged from multidimensional scaling analyses and these were seen to contrast with previous research on ethnic identity in Canada, the United States and Wales.
LOCUS OF CONTROL IN INDIA: A CROSS‐CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE*
Authors: Khanna Prabha , Khanna J.L.
Published: September 2007

A study of 376 high school graduates representing equal numbers of male‐female, age groups of 20–30 and 40–50 years and Hindu, non‐Hindu Indians were examined on Rotter's I‐E Scale. Contrary to earlier reports (Carment 1974) the group was not more internal than previously reported scores of other cultures. A 2 times; 2 times; 2 ANOVA revealed that sex and religion contributed significantly. Belief in the theory of Karma and socioeconomic status also contributed significantly. Similar analyses of three subscales of I‐E, Personal Control, Control Ideology and Systems Control showed some reversals of results of total I‐E.
FAMILY AND COMMUNALLY RAISED (KIBBUTZ) CHILDREN 20 YEARS LATER: BIOGRAPHICAL DATA*
Authors: Beit‐Hallahmi Benjamin , Nevo Baruch , Rabin Albert I.
Published: September 2007

Two groups of individuals, one made up of persons raised in the kibbutz communal system, and the other of persons raised in traditional families, who had been first studied in 1955 as part of a comparative research project, were studied again twenty years later. The follow‐up study included 146 individuals, amounting to 85% of the original groups, whose average age in 1975 was around 30. The two groups were compared on several aspects of psychosocial functioning, such as place of residence, work, marital status, military service and psychosomatic symptoms. The similarities and the differences between the two groups are discussed in the context of the two respective child rearing systems.
SOCIAL DIFFICULTY IN THREE CULTURES
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: September 2007

An extended, piloted, version of the Bryant and Trower (1974) Social Situations Questionnaire was administered in Natal, South Africa, to nurses from three cultural groups: African, Indian and European, who were matched in terms of age, sex, education, occupation, and language competence. There was a significant difference between the three groups' self‐reported social difficulty with the Europeans (Whites) expressing least social difficulty and the Africans (Blacks) most. Discriminant analysis revealed the items which showed most differences in the réponse between the three groups. The similarities and differences between the cultural groups in self‐reported social difficulty are discussed within the context of their sociopolitical and cultural experience, and socialization. Implications for cross‐cultural research in social skills are noted.
THE LEARNING OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMERGENT BILINGUAL REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Opoku J.Y.
Published: September 2007

A developmental theory of bilingualism was advanced for children acquiring English for the first time at school in developing countries. It was argued that there would be a separation of an English representational (meaning) system from the mother‐tongue representational system following greater competence in English. Degree of separation of representational systems for three groups of children was measured by two indices derived from word association data. The theory received support on one index but was not supported on the other index. It was concluded that theories that postulate separate representational systems for adult competent bilinguals more adequately account for the findings of this study.
LEVEL OF PROCESSING EFFECTS ON HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRIES WITH KANA (JAPANESE PHONETIC SYMBOLS) WORDS
Authors: Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2007

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of levels and types of higher‐order processing to which the stimulus was subjected.

In the experiment 1, two different physical identity matches with Kana (Japanese phonetic symbols) words, one involving two operations while the other involves one operation, were required, and no visual field difference was found though two operations task yielded longer RTs than in one operation task. Experiment 2, where two different name identity matches, one involving linguistic and spatial operations while the other involves linguistic operation, revealed that (1) a significant right visual field advantage is found in the linguistic operation task; however, this tendency disappears in the two operation task, (2) the two operation task yields longer RTs than the one operation task does. These results suggest that the levels of information processing and types of higher‐order processing (spatial operation in this study) are important factors in determining hemispheric asymmetry effects.
COHERENCE AS A MEASURE OF FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE IN CHILDREN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DELAY OF GRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL CLASS
Authors: Lomranz J. , Shmotkin D. , Katznelson D.B.
Published: September 2007

The relationship between social class (SC), delay of gratification (DG), and coherence of future time perspective (FTP) was investigated with a revised measure of coherence. Sixty sixth‐grade Israeli children, recruited from middle vs. low social class groups were administered a future events arrangement (FEA) task, and a “candy puppet” (CP) measurement of DG. Results indicated that the two groups differed significantly on both variables and that FEA and CP correlate significantly and positively. However, partial correlation between FEA and CP, which controlled the SC variable, was nonsignificant. No sex effects were found in any of the investigated variables. Results were interpreted as lending support to the revised concept of coherence. Theoretical aspects of future time perspective are discussed, as well as further necessary research.
ADOLESCENTs' EXPECTATIONS OF FUTURE EVENTS ‐ A CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY OF AUSTRALIANS, AMERICANS, AND INDIANS
Authors: Sundberg Norman D. , Poole Millicent E. , Tyler Leona E.
Published: September 2007

An important developmental task of adolescents is to consider future possibilities and begin to make choices and plans. In this investigation, samples of 15‐year‐olds of both sexes from small towns in India, the United States, and Australia were asked to list seven important events they expected in the future, to indicate the approximate time that would elapse before the occurrence of each, and whether each was pleasant or unpleasant. Raters categorized responses for content. The two American samples, twelve years apart, were very similar in their responses. All groups listed predominantly pleasant events. Australian girls showed longer time spans than American girls; and Indian boys, but not girls, produced longer time spans than most of the Australians or Americans. A number of significant differences in the content of responses appeared.
ON THE CONCEPT OF FUTURE TIME ORIENTATION: CONSIDERATIONS OF SOME FUNCTIONs' AND MEASUREMENTs' IMPLICATIONS*
Authors: Gjesme Torgrim
Published: September 2007

Empirical studies have revealed contradictory results concerning future time orientation and various other factors. The lack of consensus between the concept and measurements is postulated to be the main reason for the diversity in results. It is necessary to differentiate between (a) experimentally induced future (time) orientation and future time orientation (FTO) considered as a personality trait, and (b) between dimensions of FTO and the manifestation and functional significance of these dimensions in behavior. It is suggested that measurements of FTO should be related to nonspecific situations in order to avoid that certain valences, and thereby different degrees of arousal of FTO, are induced in the FTO measure itself.
TOWARD A PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Triandis Harry C.
Published: September 2007

A theoretical framework is outlined that links variables of the physical, sociocultural, and economic environment with psychological variables and the latter with economic growth. The predictability and ease of extraction of resources, the extent to which there is planning, concern with time, for the future, willingness to defer gratification, accuracy of keeping appointments, assembling of many elements into coordinated systems, interpersonal trust, eagerness to cooperate with others, small power distance, moderate risk taking, and emphasis on self‐control and hard work are linked to economic growth.
CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF WORK AND ITS RELEVANCE TO SOCIETIES OF THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: Cherns Albert
Published: September 2007

It is argued that the concept of work is central to consideration of the future both of the industrialized and the Third World. Work must be sharply distinguished from paid employment to which we cannot look to provide entitlement to full citizenship, a role which it has acquired over a comparatively short period of time in industrial civilization. Work and education are artificially divided, the price for which is greatly higher in the developing than in the developed world. Sociotechnical assessment should be undertaken to ensure that the selection of technologies for use in developing countries will meet their requirements for the encouragement and growth of social and political as well as manual skills. There is a need for community processes to be studied and understood without neglect of their historical dimension.
THE USE AND IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGY IN VENEZUELA: TWO EXAMPLES
Authors: Salazar Jose Miguel
Published: September 2007

Two cases are presented to illustrate how psychological knowledge and technology have been used in Venezuela. The first case relates to the use of psychological technology in Venezuelan politics where it is possible to identify a change from “caudillismo” to a more democratic “voting against” political culture. There is evidence that imported political compaigning techniques and extensive use of polling have been a factor of some importance in such change. The second case refers to the activities of the Minister for the Development of Intelligence, who has started a group of projects to improve cognitive functioning in different age groups. These programs are too recent to ascertain their effectiveness; so data is reported on an opinionative evaluation of one of the projects, carried out among Venezuelan psychologists and pediatricians.
TRANSFERENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND ITS IMPACT ON MEXICO
Authors: Diaz‐Guerrero Rogelio
Published: September 2007

The impact of the transfer of the psychological knowledge from the developed countries to Mexico, is briefly described. It is clear that scientific psychological methodology and contents were introduced to Mexico at the end of the 19th Century. The impetus to the National Educational System was primarily derived from psychometric methods and secondarily from modern conceptions of education. The professional psychological practice in Mexico today is practically indistinguishable from its exercise in the developed nations as far as client services are concerned. On the other hand, there is relatively scarce and often inept use of professional or applied research techniques to the social problems of groups or to the evaluation of programs. The impact on pure and applied research, none the less, has been extensive and a relatively large number of people are doing research in several areas of psychology, particularly cross‐cultural, neuro‐psychological, the experimental analysis of behavior, action and interdisciplinary research in social and educational psychology.

Priorities are: (1) Systematic teaching at the graduate level of the statistical and computational methodology of psychology in the context of research design and evaluation; (2) The operationalization or transferring to every day language of the concepts and techniques of psychology for use of the general public; (3) The better staffing of many, particularly the private schools of professional psychology.
COMMENTARY: THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGY ON THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Serpell Robert
Published: September 2007

Parts of the basic conceptual framework of Western psychology have been imported, sometimes blindly, into the design of many Third World countries' education, industry, law and health services. Psychology needs to demonstrate its relevance to the particular sociocultural conditions of these countries and to development policy in each of these fields. This requires close collaboration with other social sciences. Theories and techniques developed in Western societies (e.g., pre‐school enrichment and aptitude testing) need to be unpackaged so that Third World policy‐makers can decide which aspects are most relevant to their goals. Revitalization of endogenous cultural development is essential for developing a valid and socially acceptable psychology. This requires both sensitivity to the cultural load of Western psychology and systematic exploration of distinctive indigenous concepts.
MOTHERS' DEVELOPMENTAL TIMETABLES IN TWO CULTURAL GROUPS*
Authors: Goodnow Jacqueline J. , Cashmore Judith , Cotton Sandra , Knight Rosemary
Published: September 2007

To explore differences in concepts about development, mothers in two cultural groups were interviewed to determine: (a) their developmental timetables (the ages at which they expected various skills to appear); (b) the extent to which they taught various skills before school; and (c) the extent to which they perceived several qualities, once established, as stable over time. Variables were the child's gender, the child's birth order (first or not first to begin school), and the mother's ethnic background (Australian‐born or Lebanese‐born). Gender and birth order showed minimal effects; ethnicity had a strong effect in areas (a) and (b) but not (c). The results bring out the content of mothers' ideas, raise questions about factors affecting this content, and point to some aspects of mothers' ideas as inter‐related.
LIFE RECEDES WHEN EXCHANGE FAILS: CLINICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AMONG TURKISH PATIENTS
Authors: Gailly Antoine
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a multidimensional analysis of a young Turkish ill woman. The psychological interpretation is based on clinical data and on projective techniques, i.e., the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach Test. The psychological interpretation is combined with a semantic interpretation of the symbolic cultural processes. This anthropological approach concentrates on the temporal and spatial aspects of the culturally established symbolic congruence between the subject's bodily acts and her socio‐cultural environment (in particular the subject's family and their discourse).
CONSCIOUSNESS IN EXTREMITY: DISCOURSE ON MADNESS AMONG THE TABWA OF ZAIRE
Authors: Davis‐Roberts Christopher
Published: September 2007

The madman makes it possible for us to grasp the radical potential of consciousness at its limits. He contradicts the other person's discursive thinking towards the virtually inarticulable or unthought self.

The Lakeside Tabwa of Shaba, Zaire, apprehend madness in three rather different, discursive domains. There is, firstly, wazimu, or its ‘mature’, incurable form, kizenzezia, considered as a fact of social life. It is seen as inverting the norms or functions of personhood and undoing those of mentality. It breaks down reciprocity, it is the negative function of ‘Death’. Secondly, it is in the prodromal illness, mubulibuli, and certain related emotion states, that madness appears as the artefact of another's malicious and intrusive ‘Desire’: the madman is said to have ‘closed anger’ in his heart alienating him from ongoing experience and interaction. Finally, in the diviner, the ‘otherness’ of gaze and speech is transformed into the normative power of clairvoyance bringing about its own logic and historicity. Here, the inversion of personhood becomes an emblem of insight and ‘Law’, but at the risk of insanity. The ethnographic encounter with the very otherness of the thinking of madness and of another culture toward the unthought itself is, in a sense, epistemogenic.
SYMBOL AND PSYCHOSOMATIC SYMPTOM IN BODILY SPACE‐TIME: THE CASE OF THE YAKA OF ZAIRE
Authors: Devisch Renaat
Published: September 2007

The Northern Yaka see the body as an expanse bounded in time and space. Alimentary traffic, olfactory exchange, and procreation constitute oriented transitions of the body boundaries. They provide a spatiotemporal order (inner‐surface‐outer, high‐middle‐low, before‐simultaneous‐after, etc.) which, by symbolic transference, patterns the semantic integration of the social, natural and bodily domains and which is itself patterned by this integration. The body‐self has to do with the body as receptive of, and participating in, the activities of the other: in sensorial interaction, that is, in encounter, exchange, smelling, listening, speaking and seeing, individuals serve as reciprocal points of identification. They pattern, and are patterned by, the relationships between the psychosomatic and the sociocultural, between self and other, ascendant and descendant, male and female, etc. I am concerned with the ways these multidimensional relationships in and through the body acts and the body‐self may be symbolic, i.e., when they integrate, by differentiation and mediation in a metaphoro—metonymical process, the bodily, social and natural spheres; these relationships are symptomatic when they are disintegrative, dualistic, or intrusive.
STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY AND SOCIAL GOOD IN TZINTZUNTZAN
Authors: Foster Mary LeCron
Published: September 2007

Social ritual in a Mexican village is described as structural hierarchy with a common semantic base. Stretches of rule‐governed behavior are generated through a series of metaphoric transformations of physiological process. The concordant structure that is so‐derived constitutes a semantic network that provides and reinforces cultural equilibrium and shared ideology.
SOCIAL DISTANCE NORMS IN CANADA: EFFECTS OF STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS AND DOGMATISM*
Authors: Dion Kenneth L.
Published: September 2007

The effects of stimulus person characteristics (viz., race, occupational status, religion, and nationality) and the respondent's level of dogmatism upon the social distance responses of a sample of Canadian university students were examined. Occupational status, race, and nationality of the stimulus person emerged as significant determinants, with occupational status being by far the most important. Dogmatism was also correlated with social distance responses. Highly dogmatic persons, but not those low in dogmatism, focused on occupational status in deciding acceptable bounds of intimacy with others. Several explanations for the prominence of occupational status as a social distance cue are discussed. As well, directions for future research into social distance norms in Canada are suggested.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND JOB SATISFACTION: INDIA‐NIGERIA COMPARISON*
Authors: Saiyadain Mirza S.
Published: September 2007

This study examines the relationship between job satisfaction and personal characteristics on samples of 778 Indians and 620 Nigerians. The results indicate no relationship between sex, marital status, and annual income and job satisfaction for both the samples. Age showed quadratic and linear relationship with satisfaction for Indian and Nigerian samples respectively. Satisfaction increased with increasing number of dependents and work experience and decreased with increasing years of education for both the samples. The regression analysis showed that all seven personal characteristics accounted for 34.9 per cent and 71.7 per cent variation in job satisfaction for Indian and Nigerian employees, respectively. Culture and level of industrialization have been examined to explain the differences in the results.
WORK AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE*
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Hollenbeck John R.
Published: September 2007

Wilensky's (1960, 1961) proposition that the integration of work into one's total life is contingent upon the technological and social organization of the work was tested in a national probability sample of approximately 1,025 men and women. In line with Wilensky's arguments, it was found that a composit measure of job complexity and occupational status moderated the job satisfaction‐life satisfaction relationship. Specifically, the relationship between job‐ and life satisfaction was greatest for individuals with occupations characterized as complex and high in status. The magnitude of the detected moderating effects, as well as that of job satisfaction per se, on life satisfaction, were small, however. It is argued that the scope of variables considered in attempts to understand the relationship between life‐ and job satisfaction should be expanded and suggestions for future research are offered.
JOB DISSATISFACTION: WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES?
Authors: Henne Douglas , Locke Edwin A.
Published: September 2007

Although job dissatisfaction has been of central importance to industrial psychology for many years, there exists no general theory of the behavioral and psychological consequences of job dissatisfaction. This paper reviews the concept of job dissatisfaction, and argues that no particular consequence of job dissatisfaction is inevitable or necessary. The various psychological and behavioral consequences of job dissatisfaction are considered, and a heuristic guide for further research is suggested.
COGNITION VS AFFECT IN MEASURES OF JOB SATISFACTION
Authors: Organ Dennis W. , Near Janet P.
Published: September 2007

The authors find reasons to question whether conventional measures of job satisfaction capture the original conception of ‘morale’. In particular, evidence suggests that these measures reflect primarily cognitive evaluation rather than affective state or hedonic tone. Recent developments indicate that cognitive and affective systems may be somewhat independent of each other. Questions are raised concerning the appropriate means of measuring affect, as well as whether the antecedents and consequences of affect are expected to differ from those associated with cognitive appraisal.
POSITION CHARACTERISTICS ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING CHARACTERISTICS AND EMPLOYEE REACTIONS: TEST OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: Stepina Lee P.
Published: September 2007

This research examines the effectiveness of a conceptual framework designed to explain the relationships between several position and setting characteristics (e.g., position level, payment type, union representation, and geographical location of the organization) and employee reactions to the work and the work context. In general, the framework posits that position and setting characteristics influence employee reactions through their impact on the personal attributes of employees and on the characteristics of jobs these employees perform. Results provide substantial support for the conceptual framework. Implications of the findings for future research on the interactions among people, jobs, and organizational conditions are discussed.
SCHOOL ATTITUDES AND ADOLESCENTS' ASPIRATIONS: ETHNIC GROUP DIFFERENCES
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2007

In this study data were collected from 16‐year‐old Australians from Anglo‐Australian, Greek and Southern Italian families to examine relations between adolescents' school‐related attitudes and their educational and occupational aspirations, after taking into account the influence on aspirations of social status and intellectual ability. Regression surfaces were constructed from hierarchical models that examined possible linear, interaction and curvilinear associations between the variables. The findings suggest the propositions that: (a) social status acts as an allocation factor such that low social status inhibits associations between early school attitudes and later aspirations; (b) in relation to intellectual ability, attitudes of early schooling have negligible or modest unique associations with adolescents' aspirations; and (c) relationships between social status, intelligence, attitudes and aspirations vary for adolescents from different ethnic groups indicating that ethnicity is an important contextual variable to include in investigations of aspirations.
LATERAL DIFFERENCES IN DIGIT AND NONSENSE FORM RECOGNITION AMONG JAPANESE AND ISRAELI SUBJECTS
Authors: Hatta Takeshi , Nachshon Israel
Published: September 2007

Digit and nonsense figure sequences which were arranged vertically or horizontally, were tachistoscopically presented to native Japanese and Hebrew readers to the left or right visual field. Both groups showed a right visual field superiority in the horizontal condition and a strong tendency toward a right visual field superiority in the vertical condition for the digit sequences, and no visual field difference was shown both in the vertical and horizontal conditions for the nonsense figure sequences. There was no difference between Japanese and Israelis in either the direction or the degree of the visual field differences. A slight influence of the different directional reading biases between both groups appeared in the analysis of serial position effect in recall, but this influence was not prominent. Based on these findings, cross‐cultural influences on cerebral functioning were discussed.
FACTOR STRUCTURE AND VALIDATION OF THE JUNIOR EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE BASED ON A ROMANIAN SAMPLE
Authors: Grigoroiu‐Serbânescu Maria
Published: September 2007

A cross‐cultural and clinical validity study of Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) was performed on a Romanian unselected sample of 865 children and a clinical sample of 387 children aged 10‐15. The loading pattern of the original form of JEPQ on Romanian children was compared with the English loading pattern; disagreement was found for 17,6% of P items, 16.6% of E items, 15% of N items, and 15% of L items. Concordance between JEPQ scores and clinical diagnosis (conduct disorders, adjustment reactions, and schizoid disorder of childhood and adolescence) was high for E scale, lower, but acceptable for N scale, and reduced for P scale.
CHILD LABOUR: AN UNDERDEVELOPED TOPIC IN PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Hobbs Sandy , Cornwell David
Published: September 2007

Certain issues concerning child labour are raised: Why do psychologists do so little research on children working, despite the fact that it is widespread? Does work harm the child's development or deprive the child of necessary opportunities for play? How should research on child labour be conducted?
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS BY JAPANESE AND AMERICAN MOTHERS AND CHILDREN ABOUT PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS*
Authors: Holloway Susan D. , Kashiwagi Keiko , Hess Robert D. , Azuma Hiroshi
Published: September 2007

In this study we examined the possibility that causal inferences about performance may help explain the relatively superior achievement of Japanese students in mathematics. Data from mothers and children in Japan and the U.S. were examined for (a) attributions about causes of performance in math; (b) intra‐family transmission of beliefs; and (c) effect of sex of child on attributions. Results showed that Japanese mothers and children emphasized effort, particularly for low performance, while American mothers and children emphasized ability. Beliefs of mothers and children were similar within country but not within family, suggesting that transmission is diffuse. Differences in attributions about performance of boys and girls did not appear in Japan and in the U.S. appeared for mothers only. The emphasis placed on attributions to effort seems to offer a highly motivating context for Japanese students.
THE ADOLESCENT'S CONSTRUCTION OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE, FORMAL THOUGHT AND SEX*
Authors: Demetriou Andreas , Charitides Leonidas
Published: September 2007

The adolescent's understanding of procedural justice and its possible relationships with age, formal thought and sex were investigated. Based on social cognition literature, four predictions were tested: (1) juridical understanding develops along a number of levels; (2) it is fully, partially, or not dependent on formal thought; (3) its dependence, if any, is limited to some of the abilities composing formal thought, i.e., the experimental abilities; (4) no sex differences exist. A battery of formal tasks and a questionnaire tapping juridical understanding were addressed to 120 adolescents, equally sampled from grades 8, 10, and 12, in order to test these predictions. Qualitative analysis showed the understanding of justice developed on four levels: naive realism, integrated realism, inquisitive thinking, intersystemic thinking. ANOVA applied on justice scores and the regression of justice on the formal scores validated predictions 2(b), 3, and 4. The kind of formal and postformal thought contributions to social cognition and the relationships among various social cognition domains were discussed.
PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES: GENDER, AGE, AND RACE CONTRASTS IN AN AUSTRALIAN SETTING*
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S. , De Lacey Philip R. , Saklofske Donald H.
Published: September 2007

As a complement to previous comparative studies focusing on cognition, this study compares a number of personality and behavioural traits of Australian Anglocelt and Aboriginal children. The personality scales are Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N), Psychoticism (P), Lie (L), Impulsiveness (Imp), Venturesomeness (Vent), and Empathy (Emp); and the behavioural scales are Relating (R), Asserting (A), Investing (I). and Coping (C). The personality scales were administered to 113 and 42 sixth‐ and ninth‐grade children, respectively. The teachers of the children completed a behavioural rating scale for each child. Thirty‐three sixth‐graders and 16 ninth‐grader were Aboriginal. Sixth‐grade males had higher means on P and Vent, while sixth‐grade females averaged higher on L, Emp, R, I, and C. Aboriginal sixth‐graders averaged higher on P, while Aboriginals overall averaged higher on E, R, A, I, and C than Anglocelts. Ninth‐grade males averaged significantly higher on E, Imp, and Vent, and lower on L. The only significant difference for ninth‐graders was that Aboriginals averaged higher on L. These results indicate cultural influences bearing upon contact, and support previous informal judgements that Aboriginal children tend to be more reserved in response to formal situations than Anglocelts. Implications are inferred for educational policy.
CARACTÉRISTIQUES PSYCHOLOGIQUES DE LA PRISE DE RISQUE MONÉTAIRE DES JOUEURS ET DES NON‐JOUEURS À LA ROULETTE*
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Mayrand Marie
Published: September 2007

This study compares different dimensions of the personality, the perception of control and risk‐taking behavior of gamblers and non‐gamblers exposed to American roulette. The analyses of the data revealed that no significant differences emerged among the two groups on personality or perception of control. Although gamblers started the game by stacking more money than non‐gamblers, the latter rapidly bet as much as the regular gamblers. Furthermore, risk‐taking behavior increased as the game progressed. The practical implications of the data are discussed in relation to the psychology of gambling.
THE MEETING OF TWO CULTURES: ETHNIC IDENTITY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF ITALIAN‐AUSTRALIAN ADOLESCENTS*
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Cichello Anthony M.
Published: September 2007

The present study was designed to explore both the predictors of ethnic identity and the relationship between ethnic identity and psychosocial adjustment. Perceptions of ethnicity and ethnic identity and measures of psychosocial adjustment were obtained from 82 Italian‐Australian adolescents. Parents' maintenance of cultural ties was associated with a strong sense of ethnic identity, however ethnic identity was relatively unimportant in predicting psychosocial adjustment. Cultural variables such as parents' embeddedness in the Italian community, the desire to assimilate into the Australian culture, and the perception of problems arising from minority group membership were of greater significance.
THE TRAINABILITY OF FORMAL THINKING: A CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISON
Authors: Van De Vijver Fons J.R. , Daal Muriël , Van Zonneveld Renée
Published: September 2007

In order to investigate what is learned in a training study on inductive reasoning, three tests were composed, involving two stimulus domains, namely letters and figures. Each test was composed on the basis of a set of explicitly defined item generating rules. The two figural tests were isomorphic tests, that is, they had identical problem structures but invoked different stimulus domains, simple geometric patterns and drawings of fruit. These tests were administered to pupils from grade 6 in The Netherlands, Surinam and Zambia. Half of each class was then trained at one of the three tests, while the other half did not get any training. During the training the pupils were taught to solve the items by trying to detect the features of the item generating rules. Four possible outcomes of transfer studies were postulated, differing in the generality of transfer of the results. By means of a Multivariate Analysis of Variance with Repeated Measures it was possible to differentiate between the four kinds of transfer; a pattern of fairly restricted transfer was demonstrated in each culture. Furthermore, in Zambia a remarkable score increase was found at the Letter Test, occurring both in the experimental and in the control condition. It was argued that this increase was caused by improved test‐taking skills, learned at the first test administration.
WHEN THE HELP IS DENIED: A STUDY OF ATTRIBUTION‐LINKED AFFECTIVE REACTIONS
Authors: Dalal Ajit K. , Tripathi Manjula
Published: September 2007

Two experiments were conducted to examine attribution‐affect linkages in situations where help is denied. In experiment 1, two helping scenarios, in social and in academic context, were presented. The causal explanations given for not helping were manipulated to see their effect on affective reactions of the person who was denied help. These explanations covered all eight combinations of locus (internal‐external), controllability (controllable‐uncontrollable), and stability (stable‐unstable) dimensions. For each explanation, undergraduate students of Allahabad University (N = 75) predicted affective reactions, assuming themselves to be the person denied help. Findings confirmed that attribution‐affect linkages were stable and systematic. Furthermore, controllability dimension accounted for most of the linkages. Experiment 2 (N = 45) tested the reversibility of the attribution‐affect linkages. In that, affective reactions were manipulated and subjects inferred the communicated explanations for not helping. The linkages reversible and consistent across two contexts were: sympathy‐uncontrollable, anger‐controllable, dislike‐controllable/ stable. Other emotions had either context‐specific linkages, or were attribution‐independent.
PREMARITAL BREAKUPS IN A TURKISH SAMPLE: PERCEIVED REASONS, ATTRIBUTIONAL DIMENSIONS AND AFFECTIVE REACTIONS
Authors: Hortacsu Nuran , Karanci A. Nuray
Published: September 2007

The present study aimed to investigate the causal attributional dimensions used in the dissolution of premarital romantic relationships by using the subjects' own ratings, and to examine cultural influences on such dimensions. Twenty‐two items tapping dimensions revealed by previous research were prepared and administered to 135 Turkish students who have broken up a relationship within the past year. Respondents' ratings of their perceived principal reason for dissolution were subjected to factor analysis which revealed the following six factors: self‐control, partner's control, control external to the relationship, partner's lack of caring, instability, and transitoriness. The relationship between negative emotional reaction to the breakup and attributional dimensions and other dating‐related variables revealed that the intensity of involvement and attributing the dissolution to external factors increases, whereas, initiating the breakup decreases the negative emotional impact of such an experience. The results of the study were greatly overlapping with the findings reported in the western literature. The implications of the results were discussed in relation to research in heterosexual relationships.
PROBLEM SOLVING, PLANNING AND PERSONALITY*
Authors: Hunt Dennis , De Lacey Philip R. , Randhawa Bikkar S.
Published: September 2007

The present study was designed to investigate student behaviour in a river‐crossing problem in light of prior experience, intelligence, personality, mode of presentation and age. Ninety‐six students at Year 6 and 61 students at Year 8 from schools in Australia were administered the Eysenck Junior EPQ and IVE scales, together with six cognitive tasks used to index the Luria successive and simultaneous processing and planning functional units. Each student was given a river‐crossing problem presented in one of two modes and at one of two levels of difficulty. Success on the river‐crossing problem was found to be independent of age, mode of presentation or prior experience on the task. There was a significant effect due to problem awareness, intelligence and empathy and a mode by success interaction. An attempt was made to group students into problem‐solver ‘types’. The results were discussed in terms of the link between cognitive and affective variables and intervention programmes.
GENDER AND CULTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST PERFORMANCE: SOME ISRAELI FINDINGS
Authors: Zeidner Moshe
Published: September 2007

The major aim of this study was to assess the degree of interaction between gender and cultural group background in determining scholastic aptitude test attainment among college student candidates. The analyses were based on the college entrance aptitude test scores of 1778 Jewish and 1017 Arab student candidates applying for admission to a major Israeli university. A Manova of the subtest scores revealed significant main effects for both culture and gender and a significant gender × culture interaction effect. Separate Anovas for each of the individual subtests show significant gender × culture interaction effects for both the Mathematical and Figural Reasoning subtests, with a larger gender group differential ‐ in favor of the males ‐ among Jews than among Arabs. The interaction effect was attributed, in part, to two complementary culture‐specific factors, namely: (a) the positive self‐selection of Arab female college candidates of relatively high scholastic ability, thus serving to narrow the gender gap in the Arab group; (b) the varied opportunities for advanced technical training, enrichment and experience available mainly to Jewish males during their period of compulsorly military service, serving to enhance the gender gap in the Jewish group. In sum, the data suggest that culture may serve as an important moderator variable in determining the size of gender group differences in scholastic aptitude test attainment.
ABSTRACTIONS ET APPRENTISSAGE DES QUANTITES PHYSIQUES
Authors: Lalo Anne P.
Published: September 2007

In order to compensate the backwardness of the 7‐ to 13‐year‐old middle‐class pupils from Dakar compared to the upper‐class pupils, training tests are worked out for the acquisition of physical quantities. A double training ‐ for operations and for contents ‐ based upon pseudo‐empirical abstraction enable them to make up for this backwardness. If the results of the 7‐year‐old children do not challenge Piaget's hypothesis of the primacy of the operatory factors, the results of the older children reveal an absence of horizontal time‐lags. Once an operatory structure is initiated, there would be no discrepancy in the acquisition of the different physical quantities, but a correlative construction based upon mutual inferences from one content to the other.
THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF ACTIVITY LEVEL AND LOCUS OF CONTROL IN THE PERSONAL CONTROL‐JOB STRESS RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Perrewe Pamela L.
Published: September 2007

The present study examines the moderating effects of two personality types in the personal control‐job stress relationship. Individuals with a high activity level and belief in powerful others (dimension of external locus of control) had the strongest negative relationship between personal control and psychological anxiety. In addition, individuals with a high belief in chance or fate (dimension of external locus of control) had the strongest negative relationship between personal control and pulse rate. The findings suggest that employees with a high activity level and/or external locus of control benefit the most from having control over their work environment.