bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Afferent and Spinal Cord Expression of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Message, Protein, and Antibody Concerns
Authors: Solorzano Carlos , Villafuerte David , Meda Karuna , Cevikbas Ferda , Bráz Joao , Sharif-Naeini Reza , Juarez-Salinas Dina , Llewellyn-Smith Ida J. , Guan Zhonghui , Basbaum Allan I.
Published: January 2015

There is continuing controversy relating to the primary afferent neurotransmitter that conveys itch signals to the spinal cord. Here, we investigated the DRG and spinal cord expression of the putative primary afferent-derived “itch” neurotransmitter, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Using ISH, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry, we conclude that GRP is expressed abundantly in spinal cord, but not in DRG neurons. Titration of the most commonly used GRP antiserum in tissues from wild-type and GRP mutant mice indicates that the antiserum is only selective for GRP at high dilutions. Paralleling these observations, we found that a GRPeGFP transgenic reporter mouse has abundant expression in superficial dorsal horn neurons, but not in the DRG. In contrast to previous studies, neither dorsal rhizotomy nor an intrathecal injection of capsaicin, which completely eliminated spinal cord TRPV1-immunoreactive terminals, altered dorsal horn GRP immunoreactivity. Unexpectedly, however, peripheral nerve injury induced significant GRP expression in a heterogeneous population of DRG neurons. Finally, dual labeling and retrograde tracing studies showed that GRP-expressing neurons of the superficial dorsal horn are predominantly interneurons, that a small number coexpress protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ), but that none coexpress the GRP receptor (GRPR). Our studies support the view that pruritogens engage spinal cord “itch” circuits via excitatory superficial dorsal horn interneurons that express GRP and that likely target GRPR-expressing interneurons. The fact that peripheral nerve injury inducedde novoGRP expression in DRG neurons points to a novel contribution of this peptide to pruritoceptive processing in neuropathic itch conditions.
PAR1-Activated Astrocytes in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Stimulate Adjacent Neurons via NMDA Receptors
Authors: Vance Katie M. , Rogers Richard C. , Hermann Gerlinda E.
Published: January 2015

Severe autonomic dysfunction, including the loss of control of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, is a common comorbidity of stroke and other bleeding head injuries. Previous studies suggest that this collapse of autonomic control may be caused by thrombin acting on astrocytic protease-activated receptors (PAR1) in the hindbrain. Using calcium imaging and electrophysiological techniques, we evaluated the mechanisms by which astrocytic PAR1s modulate the activity of presynaptic vagal afferent terminals and postsynaptic neurons in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Our calcium-imaging data show that astrocytic and neuronal calcium levels increase after brain slices are treated with the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN-NH2. This increase in activity is blocked by pretreating the slices with the glial metabolic blocker fluorocitrate. In addition, PAR1-activated astrocytes communicate directly with NST neurons by releasing glutamate. Calcium responses to SFLLRN-NH2in the astrocytes and neurons significantly increase after bath application of the excitatory amino acid transporter blockerdl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) and significantly decrease after bath application of the NMDA receptor antagonistdl-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (dl-AP5). Furthermore, astrocytic glutamate activates neuronal GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Voltage-clamp recordings of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) from NST neurons show that astrocytes control presynaptic vagal afferent excitability directly under resting and activated conditions. Fluorocitrate significantly decreases mEPSC frequency and SFLLRN-NH2significantly increases mEPSC frequency. These data show that astrocytes act within a tripartite synapse in the NST, controlling the excitability of both postsynaptic NST neurons and presynaptic vagal afferent terminals.
Integration of Purkinje Cell Inhibition by Cerebellar Nucleo-Olivary Neurons
Authors: Najac Marion , Raman Indira M.
Published: January 2015

Neurons in the cerebellar cortex, cerebellar nuclei, and inferior olive (IO) form a trisynaptic loop critical for motor learning. IO neurons excite Purkinje cells via climbing fibers and depress their parallel fiber inputs. Purkinje cells inhibit diverse cells in the cerebellar nuclei, including small GABAergic nucleo-olivary neurons that project to the IO. To investigate how these neurons integrate synaptic signals from Purkinje cells, we retrogradely labeled nucleo-olivary cells in the contralateral interpositus and lateral nuclei with cholera toxin subunit B-Alexa Fluor 488 and recorded their electrophysiological properties in cerebellar slices from weanling mice. Nucleo-olivary cells fired action potentials over a relatively narrow dynamic range (maximal rate, ∼70 spikes/s), unlike large cells that project to premotor areas (maximal rate, ∼400 spikes/s). GABAAreceptor-mediated IPSCs evoked by electrical or optogenetic stimulation of Purkinje cells were more than 10-fold slower in nucleo-olivary cells (decay time, ∼25 ms) than in large cells (∼2 ms), and repetitive stimulation at 20–150 Hz evoked greatly summating IPSCs. Nucleo-olivary firing rates varied inversely with IPSP frequency, and the timing of Purkinje IPSPs and nucleo-olivary spikes was uncorrelated. These attributes contrast with large cells, whose brief IPSCs and rapid firing rates can permit well timed postinhibitory spiking. Thus, the intrinsic and synaptic properties of these two projection neurons from the cerebellar nuclei tailor them for differential integration and transmission of their Purkinje cell input.
Vertebrate Epidermal Cells Are Broad-Specificity Phagocytes That Clear Sensory Axon Debris
Authors: Rasmussen Jeffrey P. , Sack Georgeann S. , Martin Seanna M. , Sagasti Alvaro
Published: January 2015

Cellular debris created by developmental processes or injury must be cleared by phagocytic cells to maintain and repair tissues. Cutaneous injuries damage not only epidermal cells but also the axonal endings of somatosensory (touch-sensing) neurons, which must be repaired to restore the sensory function of the skin. Phagocytosis of neuronal debris is usually performed by macrophages or other blood-derived professional phagocytes, but we have found that epidermal cells phagocytose somatosensory axon debris in zebrafish. Live imaging revealed that epidermal cells rapidly internalize debris into dynamic phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate-positive phagosomes that mature into phagolysosomes using a pathway similar to that of professional phagocytes. Epidermal cells phagocytosed not only somatosensory axon debris but also debris created by injury to other peripheral axons that were mislocalized to the skin, neighboring skin cells, and macrophages. Together, these results identify vertebrate epidermal cells as broad-specificity phagocytes that likely contribute to neural repair and wound healing.
Agonist-Dependent Modulation of Cell Surface Expression of the Cold Receptor TRPM8
Authors: Toro Carlos A. , Eger Stephanie , Veliz Luis , Sotelo-Hitschfeld Pamela , Cabezas Deny , Castro Maite A. , Zimmermann Katharina , Brauchi Sebastian
Published: January 2015

The spatial and temporal distribution of receptors constitutes an important mechanism for controlling the magnitude of cellular responses. Several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family can regulate their function by modulating their expression at the plasma membrane (PM) through rapid vesicular translocation and fusion. The mechanisms underlying this regulation are not completely understood, and the contribution of vesicular trafficking to physiological function is unknown. TRPM8 receptors are expressed in mammalian peripheral sensory neurons and are essential for the detection of cold temperatures. Previously, we showed that TRPM8-containing vesicles are segregated into three main pools, immobile at the PM, simple diffusive and corralled-hopping. Here, we show that channel expression at the PM is modulated by TRPM8 agonists in F11 and HEK293T cells. Our results support a model in which the activation of TRPM8 channels, located at the PM, induces a short-lived recruitment of a TRPM8-containing vesicular pool to the cell surface causing a transitory increase in the number of functional channels, affecting intrinsic properties of cold receptor responses. We further demonstrate the requirement of intact vesicular trafficking to support sustained cold responses in the skin of mice.
Impairment of chaperone‐mediated autophagy leads to selective lysosomal degradation defects in the lysosomal storage disease cystinosis
Authors: Napolitano Gennaro , Johnson Jennifer L , He Jing , Rocca Celine J , Monfregola Jlenia , Pestonjamasp Kersi , Cherqui Stephanie , Catz Sergio D
Published: January 2015

Metabolite accumulation in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) results in impaired cell function and multi‐systemic disease. Although substrate reduction and lysosomal overload‐decreasing therapies can ameliorate disease progression, the significance of lysosomal overload‐independent mechanisms in the development of cellular dysfunction is unknown for most LSDs. Here, we identify a mechanism of impaired chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) in cystinosis, a LSD caused by defects in the cystine transporter cystinosin (CTNS) and characterized by cystine lysosomal accumulation. We show that, different from other LSDs, autophagosome number is increased, but macroautophagic flux is not impaired in cystinosis while mTOR activity is not affected. Conversely, the expression and localization of the CMA receptor LAMP2A are abnormal in CTNS‐deficient cells and degradation of the CMA substrate GAPDH is defective in Ctns−/− mice. Importantly, cysteamine treatment, despite decreasing lysosomal overload, did not correct defective CMA in Ctns−/− mice or LAMP2A mislocalization in cystinotic cells, which was rescued by CTNS expression instead, suggesting that cystinosin is important for CMA activity. In conclusion, CMA impairment contributes to cell malfunction in cystinosis, highlighting the need for treatments complementary to current therapies that are based on decreasing lysosomal overload.
Vallicula multiformis Rankin, 1956 (Ctenophora, Platyctenida): first record from the Indian Ocean
Authors: Prasade Amruta , Apte Deepak , Kale Purushottam , Oliveira Otto M.P.
Published: January 2015

The benthic ctenophore Vallicula multiformis Rankin, 1956 is recorded for the first time in the Arabian Sea, from the Gulf of Kutch, west coast of India in March 2013. This occurrence represents a remarkable extension of its geographic distribution that until now included only known the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Salutogenetic approach to professional training of future teachers
Authors: Ionova O.M.
Published: January 2015

Purpose: disclosure of a nature and characteristics of the Movement for the renewal of adult education (New Adult Learning Movement - NALM) as salutogenetic approach to the training of future teachers. Results: to analyze the nature and characteristics of salutogenetic approach to training of future teachers, which is based on anthroposophical methodological foundations and practically realized in the world as Movement for the renewal of adult education. Described the theoretical basis and direction of training (academic training, learning experiences, inner spiritual development), that allow to activate the internal intention of the person, arouse will of students to learn throughout life and contributes to the healthy development of the whole structure of the individual. Conclusions: were reported health saving forms and methods of education of future teachers: the organization of health-improving educational space, development of integrated programs (integration of educational elements - lectures, discussions, group work, project work, art classes, social exercises, etc.), the rhythmic organization of educational process taking into account the human biorhythms, work with the biography of a man, pedagogical diagnostics and etc.
Indexes of hemodynamics in a dosage of physical activity in girls against the background of low systolic blood pressure
Authors: Levchenko V. A.
Published: January 2015

Purpose: to examine the state of hemodynamics, blood oxygenation levels in girls with hypotensive type neurodystonia in a dosed physical load. Material : The study involved 59 women with hypotensive type neurodystonia aged 18-19 years and 14 healthy women the same age. Results : It was found that the girls on the background of low systolic blood pressure observed early hemodynamic response from the very first steps (25-50 W) bicycle stress test in the form of increased heart rate, stroke volume, pulse pressure. At the height of the stress test in 76.27 % of girls showed a reduction in blood oxygenation indices and lengthening of the period of recovery. Conclusions : The dose of girls in physical activity with hypotension, place high demands on the cardiovascular system, the restructuring of which is accompanied by inadequate oxygen supply systems in operation, adjustment disorder, low capacity for work that requires a non-drug methods of rehabilitation in the form of regular dose of physical activity, breathing exercises .
Determining the level of a high school student qualities of coordination in the process by biathlon training stabilography
Authors: Troyanovska M. N.
Published: January 2015

Purpose : conduct biomechanical analysis of coordination qualities of girls in the course of employment biathlon. Material : еhe study involved a group of biathlon at the age of 15-16 years. Total surveyed 30 people. To measure the biomechanical parameters of stability of the body biathletes used system based on computer stabilography. Results : the method stabilographic control function of body balance allows to evaluate the static-dynamic stability of the body and the work of the vestibular system biathletes. Developed training programs with exercises for improving specific qualities and technical skill athletes. Presents the evaluation of the quality of coordination of the vertical position of the body when standing in a difficult position. Conclusions : in the training process newbies need to pay attention to the study of functional stability of the vestibular sensory system.
Model characteristics of competitive activity of different skilled female volleyball players
Authors: Shchepotina N.Y.
Published: January 2015

Purpose: to determine and compare the model characteristics of competitive activity and an integrated assessment of highly qualified and skilled volleyball players. Material : the study involved 49 highly qualified and 53 qualified volleyball players. Results : identified indicators of competitive activity (intensity factors, mobility, aggressiveness, efficiency and effectiveness ratio of attack-block) and the integral evaluation of volleyball players of various skill levels. Developed a scale evaluation. Built model. Also, a comparison of model characteristics of competitive activity volleyball. Conclusions : the significant differences are fixed model characteristics of competitive activity in athletes of high qualification of different roles. Qualified volleyball, these differences are not so pronounced. This demonstrates the universality of minor league players.
Unraveling the Core of The Gran Pirámide From Cholula, Puebla. A Compositional and Microstructural Analysis of the Adobe
Authors: Pérez N. A. , Bucio L. , Lima E. , Cedillo C. , Grimaldi D. M.
Published: January 2015

The Gran Pirámide, a Mexican cultural heritage site, is located at the archaeological site of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico. At the base of its platform this pyramid is the largest in the world. It was built in layers from 800 to 1100 AD by the Cholultecan pre-Hispanic culture. The archaeological site is famous by its great mural paintings that have been well-studied. The pyramid was built with earthen construction, a system of multiple bulding episodes with layers of adobe. The building material, adobe, has not been well studied. Due to its fragile condition, a more extensive study was conducted to understand the behavior of the building and the mural paintings substrate, in order to propose conservation strategies.

Geological context of the area was the starting point to propose the relevant materials used in its construction. That was a fundamental key for the interpretation of the experimental techniques used that include X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), 29Si and 27Al Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance with Magic-Angle Spin (NMR-MAS), Thermal Analysis, Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and colorimetric measurements.

The results obtained from the original adobes have been compared with fresh soils from horizons related with pre-Hispanic activity. The results indicate presence of amorphous materials and neo-mineral formation besides feldspars and opal. The amorphous phases have been identified by NMR-MAS and SEM.

Differences were found in the composition from the adobe used for the joints, mainly in the clay fraction, that can be distinguished by color and that guided to group the information acquired.

These results provide new information on the composition and microstructure of adobes from the Gran Pirámide of Cholula. Further studies will involve soil physics methods and erosion tests to complete the task of having a comprehensive knowledge of the earth architecture of the pyramid.
Corneal injuries: incidence and risk factors in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Werli-Alvarenga Andreza , Ercole Flávia Falci , Botoni Fernando Antônio , Oliveira José Aloísio Dias Massote Mourão , Chianca Tânia Couto Machado
Published: January 2015

Patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) may present risk for corneal injury due to sedation or coma. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of corneal injuries; to identify the risk factors and to propose a risk prediction model for the development of corneal injury, in adult patients, in an intensive care unit of a public hospital. This is a one year, prospective cohort study with 254 patients. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, univariate and logistic regression. Of the 254 patients, 59.4% had corneal injuries and the mean time to onset was 8.9 days. The independent variables that predispose to risk for punctate type corneal injury were: duration of hospitalization, other ventilatory support device, presence of edema and blinking less than five times a minute. The Glasgow Coma Scale and exposure of the ocular globe were the variables related to corneal ulcer type corneal injury. The injury frequencies were punctate type (55.1%) and corneal ulcers (11.8%). Risk prediction models for the development of punctate and corneal ulcer type corneal injury were established.
The agony of choice: different empirical mortality models lead to sharply different future forest dynamics
Authors: Bircher Nicolas , Cailleret Maxime , Bugmann Harald
Published: January 2015

Dynamic models are pivotal for projecting forest dynamics in a changing climate, from the local to the global scale. They encapsulate the processes of tree population dynamics with varying resolution. Yet, almost invariably, tree mortality is modeled based on simple, theoretical assumptions that lack a physiological and/or empirical basis. Although this has been widely criticized and a growing number of empirically derived alternatives are available, they have not been tested systematically in models of forest dynamics.

We implemented an inventory‐based and a tree‐ring‐based mortality routine in the forest gap model ForClim v3.0. We combined these routines with a stochastic and a deterministic approach for the determination of tree status (alive vs. dead). We tested the four new model versions for two Norway spruce forests in the Swiss Alps, one of which was managed (inventory time series spanning 72 years) and the other was unmanaged (41 years). Furthermore, we ran long‐term simulations (~400 years) into the future under three climate scenarios to test model behavior under changing environmental conditions.

The tests against inventory data showed an excellent match of simulated basal area and stem numbers at the managed site and a fair agreement at the unmanaged site for three of the four empirical mortality models, thus rendering the choice of one particular model difficult. However, long‐term simulations under current climate revealed very different behavior of the mortality models in terms of simulated changes of basal area and stem numbers, both in timing and magnitude, thus indicating high sensitivity of simulated forest dynamics to assumptions on tree mortality.

Our results underpin the potential of using empirical mortality routines in forest gap models. However, further tests are needed that span other climatic conditions and mixed forests. Short‐term simulations to benchmark model behavior against empirical data are insufficient; long‐term tests are needed that include both nonequilibrium and equilibrium conditions. Thus, there is the potential to greatly improve the robustness of future projections of forest dynamics via more reliable tree mortality submodels.
Theoretical Basis of Isochronal and Modified Isochronal Back-Pressure Testing of Gas Wells
Authors: Aziz K.
Published: January 2015

The theory of gas well testing is briefly reviewed and the theoretical validity of the isochronal and the modified isochronal tests is demonstrated for conditions of laminar flow.

Introduction

The isochronal and modified isochronal methods of gas well testing are in common use these days. Both of these methods could be called unsteady-state methods, as the reservoir is not required to reach steady state during the course of these tests. The practical utility of these tests is well established, but there seems to be no completely satisfactory discussion of their theoretical basis. The manual of gas well testing published by the Oil and Gas Conservation Board of Alberta gives a theoretical explanation for the isochronal test using the radius-of-drainage concept. For the modified isochronal test, the analysis presented in the Board manual is incomplete. In this short paper, theoretical bases for both tests are developed from the unsteady-state theory.
Oil-Water Interface Measurements in Bottom Water Drive Pools
Authors: Gray W.J. , Willmon G.J.
Published: January 2015

A study of the advance of the oil-water interface in a bottom water drive reservoir permits an evaluation of flushing efficiency and therefore the field's ultimate recovery. The current position of the oil-water interface in a producing field is normally determined by analyzing the performance of producing wells, or by actually measuring its elevation in observation wells. This report discusses the use of both production and observation well data to estimate the position of the oil-water contact. As observation wells provide the most reliable data, the report also discusses the choice and preparation of wells for observation service and the problems encountered in locating an interface in the wellbore which corresponds with the interface in the reservoir. It also outlines a recommended procedure for surveying observation wells.
Systems Approach to Reservoir Engineering: Optimum Development Planning
Authors: Rowan G. , Warren J.E.
Published: January 2015

Reservoir development is a problem which does not appear to have attracted much attention in the literature. This problem arises whenever the future planning for a newly discovered or partially developed reservoir is under review and the following question is posed: "What drilling and/or production policy should be adopted to maximize the return from a given operation in the presence of practical constraints?"

This question is difficult because of the many factors involved – some of which are not known with any degree of certainty. At the present time, it is not possible to provide a completely satisfactory answer; but some of the salient points may be studied and considerable insight concerning the nature of the problem may be gained. In this paper, the problem is approached via systems theory; i.e., the reservoir is considered to be a dynamic system the behaviour of which is reflected in the pressure- production history. This concept leads to a simple model in terms of which development is considered as a control problem.

This unconventional approach is shown to be consistent with some current reservoir engineering practices, but it has distinct advantages over them because it is possible to specify economic criteria as part of the formulation and, hence, to consider the question of optimal policy. On this basis, reservoir development is the counterpart of the optimal control problem with which so much of the modern systems theory is concerned.

The separate phases of a systems study – systems identification and specification of control policies – are discussed in the context of reservoir development.
Temperature Profiles Along the Root with Gutta-percha Warmed through Different Heat Sources
Authors: Simeone Michele , Santis Roberto De , Ametrano Gianluca , Prisco Davide , Borrelli Marino , Paduano Sergio , Riccitiello Francesco , Spagnuolo Gianrico
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

To evaluate temperature profiles developing in the root during warm compaction of gutta-percha with the heat sources System B and System MB Obtura (Analityc Technology, Redmond, WA, USA). Thirty extracted human incisor teeth were used. Root canals were cleaned and shaped by means of Protaper rotary files (Dentsply-Maillefer, Belgium), and imaging was performed by micro-CT (Skyscan 1072, Aartselaar, Belgium).

Methods:

Teeth were instrumented with K-type thermocouples, and the roots were filled with thermoplastic gutta-percha. Vertical compaction was achieved through the heat sources System B and System MB, and temperature profiles were detect-ed by means of NI Dac Interface controlled by the LabView System. With both heat sources, higher temperature levels were recorded in the region of the root far from the apex. When the warm plugger tip was positioned at a distance of 3 mm from the root apex, temperature levels of about 180°C were used to soften gutta-percha, and no statistically significant differences were observed between peak temperatures developed by the two heating sources at the root apex. However, a temperature level higher than 40°C was maintained for a longer time with System MB.

Results:

Statistically significant differences were observed in peak temperature levels recorded far from the root apex. Thus, with a temperature of about 180°C and the warm plugger positioned at 3 mm from the root apex, both heating sources led to a temperature slightly higher than 40°C at the apex of the root, suggesting that the gutta-percha was properly softened.
Significance: A temperature level higher than 40°C was maintained for a longer time with System MB, thus providing an ad-equate time for warm compaction of the gutta-percha.
Individuals with Primary Osteoarthritis Have Different Phenotypes Depending on the Affected Joint - A Case Control Study from Southern Sweden Including 514 Participants
Authors: Karlsson Magnus K , Karlsson Caroline , Magnusson Håkan , Cöster Maria , Schewelov Tord von , Nilsson Jan Åke , Brudin Lars , Rosengren Björn E
Published: January 2015

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether primary osteoarthritis (OA), independent of affected joint, is associated with a phenotype that is different from the phenotype in a normative cohort.
Material and

Methods:

We included 274 patients with primary OA, 30 women and 32 men (mean age 66 years, range 42-84) with primary hip OA, 38 women and 74 men (mean age 61 years; range 34-85) with primary knee OA, 42 women and 19 men (men age 64 years, range 42-87) with primary ankle or foot OA and 20 women and 19 men (mean age 66 years, range 47-88) with primary hand or finger OA. Of all patients included with OA, 23% had hip OA, 41% knee OA, 22% ankle or foot OA and 14% hand or finger OA. Serving as references were 122 women and 118 men of the same ages who were population-based, included as a control cohort. We measured total body BMD (g/cm2) and proportion of fat and lean mass (%) with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Height, weight and BMI (kg/m2) were also assessed. We then calculated Z-scores (number of standard deviations difference from the mean value of the control cohort) in the OA patients and compared these between the groups.

Results:

Individuals with hand OA and controls had similar phenotype. Individuals with lower extremity OA, irrespective of the affected joint, had similar weight, BMI and BMD, but higher than in individuals with hand OA and controls (all p<0.05). Individuals with lower extremity OA had higher fat and lower lean mass than individuals with hand OA and controls (all p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Individuals with primary OA in the lower extremity have a phenotype with higher BMD, higher BMI, proportionally higher fat content and lower lean body mass content. The different skeletal phenotypes in our patients with OA in the lower extremity and patients with hand OA indicate that separate pathophysiologic pathways may be responsible for primary OA in different joints
Ceramic clays from the western part of the Tamnava Tertiary Basin, Serbia: Deposits and clay types
Authors: Radosavljevic Slobodan , Stojanovic Jovica , Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic Ana , Vukovic Nikola , Matijasevic Srdjan , Stojanovic Mirjana , Kasic Vladan
Published: January 2015

Based on geological, mineralogical, physical, chemical and technological
investigations in the Tamnava Tertiary Basin near Sabac town (western
Serbia), deposits of ceramic clays were studied. These ceramic clays are
composed of kaolin-illite with a variable content of quartz, feldspars,
mica, iron oxides and hydroxides, and organic matter. Four main types of
commercial clays were identified: i) red-yellow sandy-gravely (brick clays);
ii) grey-white poor sandy (ceramic clays); iii) dark-carbonaceous (ceramic
clays); and iv) lamellar (?interspersed?) fatty, poor sandy (highly
aluminous and ferrous clays). Ceramic clays are defined as medium to high
plastic with different ranges of sintering temperatures, which makes them
suitable for the production of various kinds of materials in the ceramic
industry.
Tertiary plutonic rocks of southern Serbia Vardar Zone as dimension stone
Authors: Kuresevic Lidja , Simic Vladimir
Published: January 2015

Three granitoid plutons of south-Serbian part of the Vardar Zone, of Tertiary
age were studied in order to establish their potential for utilization as
dimension stone. These rocks vary in composition from quartzmonconite to
quartzdiorite. Field study aimed at establishing the geological factors -
presence of fractures, harmful minerals, alterations, jointing type and
fabric homogeneity in order to determine the possibility of obtaining large
size blocks of stone from the plutons. Laboratory examinations comprised
petrological analyses and testing of technical properties. Stone from these
plutons has shown favourable results in both field and laboratory
examinations. Evaluation of the rock based on obtained laboratory testing
results is performed according to technical requirements of the Serbian
standard B.B3.200. It has shown that rocks from these plutons can be used as
dimension stone for the production of slabs for the exterior and interior
paving and cladding.
Fuzzy optimization in hydrodynamic analysis of groundwater control systems: Case study of the pumping station "Bezdan 1", Serbia
Authors: Bajic Dragoljub , Polomcic Dusan
Published: January 2015

A groundwater control system was designed to lower the water table and allow
the pumping station ?Bezdan 1? to be built. Based on a hydrodynamic analysis
that suggested three alternative solutions, multicriteria optimization was
applied to select the best alternative. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process
method was used, based on triangular fuzzy numbers. An assessment of the
various factors that influenced the selection of the best alternative, as
well as fuzzy optimization calculations, yielded the ?weights? of the
alternatives and the best alternative was selected for groundwater control at
the site of the pumping station ?Bezdan 1?.
Über einige Tüllenbeilvarianten im Zentralbalkan
Authors: Gavranovic Mario , Kapuran Aleksandar
Published: January 2015

Im Rahmen der Vorbereitung f?r die Gesamtdarstellung der bronzenen Beile aus
Serbien konnten einige lokale Formen mit einem begrenzten Verbreitungsradius
verzeichnet werden. Es handelt sich in erster Linie um mehrere Varianten der
T?llenbeile mit einer arkadenf?rmigen Facettierung auf dem Beilk?rper, einer
seitlichen ?se und einem verst?rkten T?llenwulst mit horizontalen Rippen
darunter. Im Bezug auf die Typologie, Verbreitung und den kultur-historischen
Kontext sind die meisten der hier pr?sentierten Funde bislang unzureichend
beschrieben. Die charakteristischen T?llenbeile lassen sich vermutlich als
Produkte der Werkst?tte im Zentralbalkan interpretieren. Wichtig in diesem
Zusammenhang sind noch pr?historische Kupferbergwerke, die im
Verbreitungsraum der umschriebenen Beile liegen.
New finds as a contribution to the study of the early bronze age in the southern part of the central Balkans
Authors: Bulatovic Aleksandar
Published: January 2015

In this paper, new sites are presented which were explored throughout the
protective excavations conducted along the E 75 motorway, as well as new
indicative finds from the sites in north-eastern Macedonia. These results
will complete the picture of life in the Early Bronze Age communities of the
territory of Southern Pomoravlje and Gornja Pcinja, as well as that of their
relationship with the neighbouring populations. Of particular importance are
the results of the investigation of this territory?s first explored
necropolis from this period, which enriched our knowledge of the spiritual
life of these communities.
Military graves from the Late Roman necropolis at slog in Ravna (Timacum Minus)
Authors: Petkovic Sofija , Miladinovic-Radmilovic Natasa
Published: January 2015

The necropolises of the Roman fortification and settlement Timacum Minus, in
the village of Ravna, near Knjazevac, were partially explored by systematical
and rescue archaeological excavations. The most extensively explored was the
part of the Late Roman necropolis on the eastern slope of the Slog hill,
about 400m west of the fortification, where 80 graves from this period have
been investigated. The analysis of the human osteological material, and the
archaeological finds from the aforementioned necropolis, confirmed 17
military graves, containing adult male individuals with traces of injuries,
stress markers and pathological changes, characteristic of a military
population, as well as military equipment and weapons. At the time of the
formation of the Late Roman necropolis at the site of Slog, during the second
half of the 4th and the first half of the 5th century, the garrison of the
Timacum Minus fortification consisted of an equestrian unit of
pseudocomitatenses Timacenses, a part of the auxiliary formation that secured
the forts and roads in the Timok region. Among the graves from the three
phases of the Late Roman necropolis, similarities as well as certain
differences are apparent, indicating changes in the structure of the civilian
and military population of Timacum Minus.
Illyricum du Nord et les Barbares à l'époque des Grandes migrations (Ve-VIe siècle)
Authors: Ivanisevic Vujadin , Kazanski Michel
Published: January 2015

Les auteurs disscutent des importants changements historiques et sociaux sur
la fronti?re danubienne qui ont fait suite ? l?an?antissement de l?arm?e
imp?riale ? Andrinople en 378. Cet ?chec ne fit qu?ouvrir toute grande la
porte ? l?installation des Barbares dans les provinces frontali?res de
l?Empire. Leur arriv?e, par vagues successives, devait avoir l?effet d?un
travail de sape, d?mantelant les capacit?s d?fensives de l?Empire sur ses
fronti?res septentrionales, tout en provoquant le repli des populations
locales plus ? l?int?rieur de l?Illyricum et dans les provinces balkaniques
m?ridionales.
Ein nachtrag zu den PBF-Bänden; Die den Zentralbalkan betreffen
Authors: Vasic Rastko
Published: January 2015

Der Autor betrachtet neue Bronzefunde, Sicheln, Fibeln, Nadeln und Halsringe
aus dem Zentralbalkan, die seit der Publikation von vier PBF-B?nden zu
diesen Themen bekannt geworden sind. Er stellt fest, dass sie grosteils mit
den vorigen Zuordnungen nach Typen und Varianten korrespondieren, anders
gesagt, dass die Reihe Pr?historische Bronzefunde (PBF) ein sehr n?tzliches
Instrument f?r das Studium der Metallzeiten ist.
Simple and accurate approach for solving of nonlinear heat convective-radiative equation in fin by using the collocation method and comparison with HPM and VIM
Authors: Rahimi Petroudi , Ganji D.D. , Rostamiyan Y. , Rahimi E. , Khazayi Nejad
Published: January 2015

Collocation Method (CM) such as analytical technique, which does not need
small parameters is here used to evaluate the analytical approximate
solutions of the nonlinear heat transfer equation. The obtained results from
Collocation Method are compared with other analytical techniques such as
Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) and Variation Iteration Method (VIM).
Also, boundary value problem (BVP) is applied as a numerical method for
validation. The results reveal that the Collocation Method is very effective,
simple and more accurate than other techniques. Also, it is found that this
method is a powerful mathematical tool and can be applied to a large class of
linear and nonlinear problems arising in different fields of science and
engineering especially at some heat transfer equations.
Capturing light in Late Antique Ravenna a new interpretation of the archbishops’ chapel
Authors: Ivanovici Vladimir
Published: January 2015

Analysing the cultural context in which the archbishops? chapel in Ravenna
was built, the article proposes a new interpretation of the structure.
Designed in a period when the Catholic Church and the Arian court were
clashing, and displaying numerous baptismal motifs, the chapel seems to have
been designed as a secluded baptistery. The structure?s baptismal character
transpires from its architecture and iconography, analysed here on the
backdrop offered by Late Antique baptismal theory and iconography.
Iconographic images on the seals and coinage of the Doukas dynasty
Authors: Saranac-Stamenkovic Jasmina
Published: January 2015

The paper analyzes the iconography of the images on the seals and coins of
the Byzantine Doukas dynasty (1059-1078). It points to the iconographic
motifs the Doukas emperors introduced or reintroduced into Byzantine
sphragistics and numismatics. What is especially highlighted is the power of
the Byzantine imperial ideology of the divine origin of emperorship which
played a prominent role in the iconography of the imperial seals and coins of
the Doukas dynasty.
Patronal'nye izobrazenija v programme rospisej Spasskoj cerkvi Evfrosin'eva monastyrja v Polocke
Authors: Sarab'janov Vladimir
Published: January 2015

The murals of Christ`s Transfiguration cathedral in Polotsk (ca. 1161), which
were revealed during restoration in the last several years, include several
thematic strata. Among them especially notable is a group of images, related
to the patron saints. Distinguished among them are the figures of the patron
saints of the Polotsk ducal family, to which St. Euphrosynia of Polotsk, the
founder of the monastery and the builder of the Christ`s Church, belonged.
The composition ?Exaltation of the Cross? is set in one row with the patron
saints, thus revealing semantic correlation with the ktitors` portrait in
Kiev Saint Sophia and some other Kiev churches of tenth and eleventh
centuries, where the idea of Russia becoming a member of Christian community
is developed. At the same time, the patron theme is deeply intertwined with
the purpose of the Christ`s Church to serve as a family burial for St.
Euphrosynia.
Formulation and validation of a predictive model to correct blood glucose concentrations obtained with a veterinary point-of-care glucometer in hemodiluted and hemoconcentrated canine blood samples
Authors: Lane Selena L. , Koenig Amie , Brainard Benjamin M.
Published: January 2015

Objective—To determine the effect of PCV on veterinary point-of-care (POC) glucometer measurements in canine blood samples and develop a formula to correct the glucose concentration as measured by a point-of-care glucometer (POCgluc) given a known PCV.

Design—Experimental and prospective study.

Samples—Blood samples from 6 healthy dogs and from 30 hospitalized dogs.

Procedures—60 mL of heparinized blood was obtained from each of 6 healthy dogs. Samples were processed into packed RBCs and plasma. Packed RBCs were resuspended with plasma to achieve a range of PCVs from 0% to 94%. Duplicate POCgluc and PCV measurements were obtained for each dilution; following POCgluc measurements, plasma samples were analyzed for glucose concentration by a clinical laboratory biochemical analyzer (LABgluc). A correction formula for POCgluc was developed. Measurements of POCgluc, PCV, and LABgluc were also determined from blood samples of 30 dogs admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital.

Results—Values of LABgluc for each sample were similar at any PCV. As PCV decreased, POCgluc was falsely increased; as PCV increased, POCgluc was falsely decreased, compared with LABgluc. The absolute difference between POCgluc and LABgluc increased as the PCV changed from 50%. Compared with POCgluc, the corrected POCgluc had a significantly improved correlation with LABgluc, which was also reflected in improvements in Clarke and consensus error grid analyses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that in dogs with hemodilution or hemoconcentration, POCgluc did not reflect actual patient glucose concentrations. Use of a correction formula reduced this error. Corrected POCgluc data had strong, significant correlations with LABgluc data.
Internal obturator muscle transposition for treatment of perineal hernia in dogs: 34 cases (1998–2012)
Authors: Shaughnessy Magen , Monnet Eric
Published: January 2015

Objective—To evaluate the outcome of dogs with perineal hernia treated with transposition of the internal obturator muscle.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—34 dogs.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs with perineal hernia surgically treated from 1998 to 2012 were reviewed. Diagnostic methods and surgical techniques were recorded. Dogs were assigned preoperative and postoperative clinical sign scores. Complication and recurrence rates were evaluated over time. Risk factors were determined.

Results—Median follow-up time was 345 days (range, 22 to 1,423 days). Complications were observed in 10 dogs. Tenesmus (n = 9), dyschezia (7), fecal impaction (3), stranguria (4), hematochezia (2), urinary incontinence (2), diarrhea (1), urinary tract infection (1), and megacolon (1) occurred following surgery. Bladder retroflexion at the time of initial evaluation or surgery was not a risk factor for complication (hazard ratio, 1.72). One year after surgery, 51.2% dogs were free of complications. Three dogs developed a perineal hernia on the contralateral side between 35 and 95 days after surgery. The 1-year recurrence rate was 27.4%. Median time for recurrence was 28 days after surgery (range, 2 to 364 days). Postoperative tenesmus was a risk factor for the development of recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.29).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Internal obturator muscle transposition was used for primary repair of perineal hernia in dogs. Recurrence was recorded as long as 1 year after surgery. Tenesmus was a risk factor for the development of recurrence after treatment of perineal hernia with internal obturator muscle transposition.
Incidence of and risk factors for postoperative regurgitation and vomiting in dogs: 244 cases (2000–2012)
Authors: Davies John A. , Fransson Boel A. , Davis Anastacia M. , Gilbertsen Aaron M. , Gay John M.
Published: January 2015

Objective—To determine the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative regurgitation and vomiting (PORV) in dogs.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—244 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Dogs referred for nonelective surgery in the first 3 months of 2000 and 2012 were included. Breed; sex; age; weight; body condition score; emergency status; food withholding status; history of vomiting or regurgitation; American Society of Anesthesiologists score; presence of diabetes or hypothyroidism; preoperative PCV and total solids concentration; anesthesia protocol; corticosteroid, opioid, neuromuscular blocking agent, and nitrous oxide usage; anesthesia time; surgery time; type of surgery; and occurrence of vomiting or regurgitation within 24 hours after recovery from anesthesia were recorded. Data were analyzed by means of the Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and logistic regression.

Results—30 of 244 (12.3%) dogs meeting study inclusion criteria developed PORV. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PORV between the 2000 (12/111 [10.8%]) and 2012 (18/133 [13.5%]) cohorts, although the incidence of regurgitation was higher in 2012. Univariate logistic regression identified the most significant risk factors as gastrointestinal surgery (OR, 11.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.11 to 40.03), premedication without strong sedatives including either an α2-adrenoceptor agonist or acepromazine (OR, 5.36; 95% CI, 1.89 to 15.17), American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 4 (OR, 5.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to 26.15), history of vomiting or regurgitation (OR, 5.12; 95% CI, 1.83 to 14.31), emergency surgery (OR, 4.08; 95% CI, 1.29 to 12.90), neurologic surgery (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.02 to 9.92), sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.25 to 6.13), and being sexually intact (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.07 to 5.27). Multivariate analysis was not clinically useful owing to the low sensitivity and specificity of the model.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Between 2000 and 2012, there was no change in the incidence of PORV for dogs undergoing neurologic, orthopedic, and soft tissue surgical procedures; however, the proportion of dogs that regurgitated increased significantly in 2012. Preoperative antiemetic prophylaxis should be considered in dogs undergoing gastrointestinal surgery and in those in which other risk factors are present.
Doomed from the Start? Great Power Interventions in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Jervis David
Published: January 2015

This study identifies the attitudes and initial policies common to the British, French, American and Soviet interveners in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan and links those attitudes and polices to the ultimate defeat of each of these interveners.
The Politics of Plato and His Objection to Democracy
Authors: Topaloğlu Aydin
Published: January 2015

Ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, had not only had political desires but had also tried to engage in active politics. But after a big frustration, especially with the trial of Socrates, he turned away from politics and criticized the political phenomena of his own time under the name of democracy. In his fascinating works we find his political ideas, ambitions, adventures, approvals and disapprovals. For Plato society or an ideal state must be organized and controlled not by masses, but by persons who really know what the norms are. The troubles of mankind will never cease until either true genuine philosophers attain political power or the rulers of states by some dispensation of providence become genuine philosophers.