bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A three-headed plantaris muscle: evidence that the plantaris is not a vestigial muscle?
Authors: Olewnik Łukasz , Zielinska N. , Karauda P. , Tubbs R. Shane , Polguj M.
Published: May 2020

The plantaris is a small muscle that typically originates at the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the knee joint capsule, from where it continues distally, forming a long and slender tendon. However, considerable controversy surrounds the status of this seemingly inconspicuous muscle: is it a residual muscle, or one that it is just developing? In addition, both the proximal and distal attachments are highly morphologically variable. These variations can lead to many diseases. Interestingly, the course of the PM tendon is also variable. The present case study presents a new description of a complex origin type and a rare course of the PM tendon. Understanding of the PM and its tendon has clear clinical value and is a significant indicator of the development of interest in this overlooked muscle.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for high-thickness cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kofler Lukas , Kofler Katrin , Schulz Claudia , Breuninger Helmut , Häfner Hans-Martin
Published: May 2020

Squamous cell carcinomas are among the most common skin tumors and show a risk of metastasis depending on various factors such as tumor thickness, localization, histological subtype and immune status of the patient. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) SLNB represents a possibility for assessing the locoregional lymph node status. In this study, the role of the SLNB in lymph node status and survival was analyzed. Retrospectively, 720 patients with high-risk squamous cell carcinoma (tumor thickness > 5 mm) were examined. 150 patients agreed to SLNB, 570 patients did not undergo histologic confirmation of lymph node status and were included directly in follow-up. In 101 patients, a sentinel lymph node was successfully marked and extirpated, followed by regular follow-up examinations.

A total of 11.11% of the patients showed lymph node metastasis in the course of their treatment, with no difference in the proportion of patients in the SLNB group (11.9%) and the observation group (11.4%) (p = 0.873). The proportion of distant metastasis also did not differ between the groups (p = 0.898). In 3.96% of the patients in the SLNB group, a metastasis was found in the sentinel lymph node. Tumor-specific death was observed in 7.14% of the patients in the SLNB group and 4.74% in the observation group (p = 0.269). Although SLNB is a principally suitable method for determining lymph node status, the available data do not provide any benefit regarding further metastasis or tumor-specific survival.
Protective effects of a comprehensive topical antioxidant against ozone-induced damage in a reconstructed human skin model
Authors: Pecorelli Alessandra , McDaniel David H. , Wortzman Mitchell , Nelson Diane B.
Published: May 2020

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a source of oxidative stress. This study examined the ability of a topical antioxidant (WEL-DS) to inhibit O3-mediated damage in a human epidermal skin model. Four groups of tissues (N = 24) were compared: Group 1 (control) were untreated and unexposed; Group 2 were untreated and exposed to O3 (0.4 ppm, 4 h); Group 3 were pretreated with WEL-DS and unexposed; Group 4 were pretreated with WEL-DS and exposed to O3 (0.4 ppm, 4 h). Pretreated tissues were topically treated with 20 uL of WEL-DS and incubated for up to 20 h at 37 °C [humidified, 5% carbon dioxide (CO2)]. After 24 h, tissues were re-treated with WEL-DS and exposed to O3. Tissues were evaluated for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts, NF-κB p65 response and histology. In O3-exposed groups, WEL-DS significantly inhibited ROS formation vs. untreated tissues (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with WEL-DS inhibited H2O2 production vs. untreated tissues (p < 0.05), and decreased NF-κB p65 transcription factor signal. Oxidative stress induction in O3-exposed tissues was confirmed by increased levels of 4-HNE protein adducts (marker of lipid peroxidation); WEL-DS application reduced this effect. WEL-DS inhibited damage in tissues exposed to O3 with no significant changes in epidermal structure. A comprehensive topical antioxidant significantly diminished O3-induced oxidative damage in a human epidermal skin model.
Tetraspanin CD9 affects HPV16 infection by modulating ADAM17 activity and the ERK signalling pathway
Authors: Mikuličić Snježana , Fritzen Anna , Scheffer Konstanze , Strunk Johannes , Cabañas Carlos , Sperrhacke Maria , Reiss Karina , Florin Luise
Published: May 2020

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents of various tumours such as cervical cancer. HPV binding to the cell surface of keratinocytes leads to virus endocytosis at tetraspanin enriched microdomains. Complex interactions of the capsid proteins with host proteins as well as ADAM17-dependent ERK1/2 signal transduction enable the entry platform assembly of the oncogenic HPV type 16. Here, we studied the importance of tetraspanin CD9, also known as TSPAN29, in HPV16 infection of different epithelial cells. We found that both overexpression and loss of the tetraspanin decreased infection rates in cells with low endogenous CD9 levels, while reduction of CD9 expression in keratinocytes that exhibit high-CD9 protein amounts, led to an increase of infection. Therefore, we concluded that low-CD9 supports infection. Moreover, we found that changes in CD9 amounts affect the shedding of the ADAM17 substrate transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) and the downstream phosphorylation of ERK. These effects correlate with those on infection rates suggesting that a specific CD9 optimum promotes ADAM17 activity, ERK signalling and virus infection. Together, our findings implicate that CD9 regulates HPV16 infection through the modulation of ADAM17 sheddase activity.
Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on haematological parameters in grades B and C periodontitis: an exploratory analysis
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Schröder Mario , Asendorf Anne , Schacher Beate , Oremek Gerhard M. , Kaiser Frank , Wohlfeil Martin , Nibali Luigi
Published: May 2020

Aim

Assessment of the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on haematological parameters in patients with grades B (BP) and C periodontitis (CP).

Methods

Eight BP and 46 CP patients received full-mouth periodontal debridement within 48 h, if positive for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (4 BP, 17 CP). Clinical data were collected prior and 12 weeks after periodontal therapy. Blood was sampled prior to and 1 day as well as 6 and 12 weeks after the first SD visit. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin value, haematocrit (HCT), mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC), platelets (PLT) and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) were assessed.

Results

Both groups showed significant clinical improvement (p < 0.05). Using univariate analysis, MCV was noticeably lower in CP than BP at all examinations, HCT only at baseline. For CP, MCHC was noticeably higher 12 weeks after SD than at baseline and 1 day (p ≤ 0.005) and Hsp27 increased noticeably at 1 day (p < 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed African origin to be associated with lower MCV and female sex with lower MCHC.

Conclusion

Based on multivariate analysis, periodontal diagnosis (BP/CP) was not associated with haematological parameters measured in this study or serum Hsp27. In CP, nonsurgical periodontal therapy improved MCHC 12 weeks after SD. Also in CP Hsp27 was increased 1 day after SD.
Cost-effectiveness of biennial screening for diabetes related retinopathy in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared to annual screening
Authors: Thomas Rebecca L. , Winfield Thomas G. , Prettyjohns Matthew , Dunstan Frank D. , Cheung Wai-Yee , Anderson Philippa M. , Peter Rajesh , Luzio Stephen D. , Owens David R.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Examine the health and economic impact of extending screening intervals in people with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) without diabetes-related retinopathy (DR).

Setting

Diabetic Eye Screening Wales (DESW).

Study design

Retrospective observational study with cost-utility analysis (CUA) and Decremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (DCER) study.

Intervention

Biennial screening versus usual care (annual screening).

Inputs

Anonymised data from DESW were linked to primary care data for people with two prior screening events with no DR. Transition probabilities for progression to DR were estimated based on a subset of 26,812 and 1232 people with T2DM and T1DM, respectively. DCER above £20,000 per QALY was considered cost-effective.

Results

The base case analysis DCER results of £71,243 and £23,446 per QALY for T2DM and T1DM respectively at a 3.5% discount rate and £56,822 and £14,221 respectively when discounted at 1.5%. Diabetes management represented by the mean HbA1c was 7.5% for those with T2DM and 8.7% for T1DM.

Sensitivity analysis

Extending screening to biennial based on HbA1c, being the strongest predictor of progression of DR, at three levels of HbA1c 6.5%, 8.0% and 9.5% lost one QALY saving the NHS £106,075; £58,653 and £31,626 respectively for T2DM and £94,696, £37,646 and £11,089 respectively for T1DM. In addition, extending screening to biennial based on the duration of diabetes > 6 years for T2DM per QALY lost, saving the NHS £54,106 and for 6-12 and > 12 years for T1DM saving £83,856, £23,446 and £13,340 respectively.

Conclusions

Base case and sensitivity analyses indicate biennial screening to be cost-effective for T2DM irrespective of HbA1c and duration of diabetes. However, the uncertainty around the DCER indicates that annual screening should be maintained for those with T1DM especially when the HbA1c exceeds 80 mmol/mol (9.5%) and duration of diabetes is greater than 12 years.
Experimental Investigations of the Fe-Mn-Ti System in the Concentration Range of up to 30 at.% Ti
Authors: Walnsch Alexander , Kriegel Mario J. , Fabrichnaya Olga , Leineweber Andreas
Published: May 2020

The ternary Fe-Mn-Ti system was investigated in the compositional range of up to 30 at.% Ti for temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to the melting temperature. Based on the metallographic investigation of as-cast alloys a partial liquidus projection was constructed, revealing large primary solidifying regions for the phases A1, A2, A12, A13, C14 and Mn4Ti. Isothermal heat treatments at 1000 and 1200 °C revealed wide homogeneity ranges for the Mn-based phases A12 and A13 at Ti contents between 5 and 20 at.% and up to 65 at.% of Fe, indicating an electron-mediated stabilization of both phases for the simultaneous solution of Fe and Ti.
Application of Bias- and Variance-Corrected SST on Wintertime Precipitation Simulation of Regional Climate Model over East Asian Region
Authors: Shin Seok-Woo , Kim Tae-Jun , Kim Jin-Uk , Goo Tae-Young , Byun Young-Hwa
Published: May 2020

In this study, the regional climate of East Asia was dynamically downscaled using Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3-Regional Atmosphere (HadGEM3-RA) forced by the historical simulation data (1979–2005) of HadGEM2-AO produced by the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS). To understand the impact of corrected SST on regional climate simulation, we integrated the experiments using uncorrected (UC_SST) and Bias- and Variance-corrected (BCVC_SST) HadGEM2-AO SST and used the simulated data driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis data and HadGEM2-AO data. Examination of the spatial distribution, statistics, and interannual variation on wintertime precipitation over East Asia indicates that BCVC_SST reduced the overestimation of the climatological mean precipitation. In order to understand the impact of corrected SST on variability, we investigated the relationship between winter snowfall in South Korea and SST over East Asia. The negative correlation coefficient between the winter precipitation and the SST of the seas surrounding Korea appears in the result of observation data. The experiment result using BCVC_SST simulated the negative correlation between the winter snowfall and the SST around Korea more realistically than that of the simulations using UC_SST and HadGEM2-AO data. These results indicate that corrected SST helps to improve the variability of snowfall and SST simulated by HadGEM3-RA. However, time lag about the years when had peak point of SST appeared in the results compared between BCVC_SST experiment and observation data. The peak years shown in the result of the BCVC_SST experiment were similar to that of HadGEM2-AO data. At these results, even though the corrected SST improves climatological mean and variability of simulated data, it has the limitation not to overcome the error such as time lag showed in GCM SST. Additionally, the analysis of the snowfall in South Korea describes that SST is passively used for the source of snowfall and atmospheric variables mainly lead the intensity and the amount of snowfall.
The application of PEF technology in food processing and human nutrition
Authors: Nowosad Karolina , Sujka Monika , Pankiewicz Urszula , Kowalski Radosław
Published: May 2020

During the last decades, many novel techniques of food processing have been developed in response to growing demand for safe and high quality food products. Nowadays, consumers have high expectations regarding the sensory quality, functionality and nutritional value of products. They also attach great importance to the use of environmentally-friendly technologies of food production. The aim of this review is to summarize the applications of PEF in food technology and, potentially, in production of functional food. The examples of process parameters and obtained effects for each application have been presented.
The Effects of an Indigenous Health Curriculum for Medical Students
Authors: Lewis Melissa E.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Indigenous patients experience a variety of healthcare challenges including accessing and receiving needed healthcare services, as well as experiencing disproportionate amounts of bias and discrimination within the healthcare system. In an effort to improve patient-provider interactions and reduce bias towards Indigenous patients, a curriculum was developed to improve first-year medical students’ Indigenous health knowledge.

Method

Two cohorts of students were assessed for their Indigenous health knowledge, cultural intelligence, ethnocultural empathy, and social justice beliefs before the lecture series, directly after, and 6 months later.

Results

Results of paired t test analysis revealed that Indigenous health knowledge significantly improved after the training and 6 months later. Some improvements were noted in the areas of cultural intelligence and ethnocultural empathy in the second cohort.

Conclusions

It is feasible to teach and improve Indigenous-specific health knowledge of medical students using a brief intervention of lectures. However, other critical components of culturally appropriate care including social justice beliefs and actions, ethnocultural empathy, and cultural humility may require increased and immersed cultural training.
Exact and heuristic approaches for a new circular layout problem
Authors: Hungerländer Philipp , Maier Kerstin , Pachatz Veronika , Truden Christian
Published: May 2020

We discuss a new facility layout problem, the so-called Directed Circular Facility Layout Problem . The aims to find an optimal arrangement of machines on a circular material handling system such that the total weighted sum of the center-to-center distances between all pairs of machines measured in clockwise direction is minimized. Several real-world applications, like for example the optimal arrangement of a set of cutting tools on a tool turret, can be modeled as a . Further, the generalizes a couple of layout problems that are well-discussed in literature. We show that the can be modeled as a Linear Ordering Problem . Hence, it can be solved efficiently by using exact and heuristic approaches for the . First, we apply a Semidefinite Programming as well as an Integer Linear Programming approach. Moreover, we use a Tabu Search and a Variable Neighborhood Search heuristic, for solving the . Finally, we compare the practical performance of our approaches in a computational study.
Twice-daily intravenous bolus tacrolimus infusion
Authors: Hashmi Hamza , Bhandari Shruti , Kumar Rohit , Tripathi Prashant , Rhodes Jill Blancett , Figg Lindsay , Baize Timothy , Krem Maxwell M. , Hegazi Mohamed , Emmons Robert
Published: May 2020

Objective/Background:

Among patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, continuous intravenous (IV) tacrolimus infusion is frequently used for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. Twice-daily intermittent IV tacrolimus dosing may confer safety and convenience benefits.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective chart review of 66 patients who received twice-daily IV bolus tacrolimus for GvHD prophylaxis. The primary end point of the study was safety, as measured by renal toxicity. The secondary end points included mean tacrolimus serum concentrations, incidence of grades II–IV acute GvHD, electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and neurologic toxicity.

Results:

There was acceptable, possibly favorable, incidence of renal toxicity (42%) and no significant difference in grades II–IV GvHD (37%), compared with published data. Mean tacrolimus blood concentrations were not affected by occurrence of renal toxicity.

Conclusion:

We conclude that administration of IV tacrolimus twice daily over 4 h may be safe and effective in preventing GvHD in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant.
Testing for COVID-19: willful ignorance or selfless behavior?
Authors: THUNSTRÖM LINDA , ASHWORTH MADISON , SHOGREN JASON F. , NEWBOLD STEPHEN , FINNOFF DAVID
Published: May 2020

Widespread testing is key to controlling the spread of COVID-19. But should we worry about self-selection bias in the testing? The recent literature on willful ignorance says we should – people often avoid health information. In the context of COVID-19, such willful ignorance can bias testing data. Furthermore, willful ignorance often arises when selfish wants conflict with social benefits, which might be particularly likely for potential ‘super-spreaders’ – people with many social interactions – given people who test positive are urged to self-isolate for two weeks. We design a survey in which participants (n= 897) choose whether to take a costless COVID-19 test. We find that 70% would take a test. Surprisingly, the people most likely to widely spread COVID-19 – the extraverts, others who meet more people in their daily lives and younger people – are themostwilling to take a test. People's ability to financially or emotionally sustain self-isolation does not matter to their decision. We conclude that people are selfless in their decision to test for COVID-19. Our results are encouraging – they imply that COVOD-19 testing may succeed in targeting those who generate the largest social benefits from self-isolation if infected, which strengthens the case for widespread testing.
Pragmatic evaluation of a midstream urine collection technique for infants in the emergency department
Authors: Crombie Tighe , Slinger Robert , Barrowman Nicholas J. , McGahern Candice , Smith Lauren , Chu James , McCoy Karen , Akiki Salwa , Agarwal Amisha , Plint Amy C.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Our objective was to examine the performance characteristics of a bladder stimulation technique for urine collection among infants presenting to the emergency department (ED).

Methods

This prospective cohort study enrolled a convenience sample of infants aged ≤ 90 days requiring urine testing in the ED. Infants were excluded if critically ill, moderately to severely dehydrated, or having significant feeding issues. Bladder stimulation consisted of finger tapping on the lower abdomen with or without lower back massage while holding the child upright. The primary outcome was successful midstream urine collection within 5 minutes of stimulation. Secondary outcomes included sample contamination, bladder stimulation time for successful urine collection, and perceived patient distress on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS).

Results

We enrolled 151 infants and included 147 in the analysis. Median age was 53 days (interquartile range [IQR] 27–68 days). Midstream urine sample collection using bladder stimulation was successful in 78 infants (53.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 45–60.9). Thirty-nine samples (50%) were contaminated. Most contaminated samples (n = 31; 79.5%) were reported as “no significant growth” or “growth of 3 or more organisms”. Median bladder stimulation time required for midstream urine collection was 45 seconds (IQR 20–120 seconds). Mean VAS for infant distress was 22 mm (standard deviation 23 mm).

Conclusions

The success rate of this bladder stimulation technique was lower than previously reported. The contamination rate was high, however most contaminated specimens were easily identified and had no clinical impact.
FANO HYPERSURFACES WITH ARBITRARILY LARGE DEGREES OF IRRATIONALITY
Authors: CHEN NATHAN , STAPLETON DAVID
Published: May 2020

We show that complex Fano hypersurfaces can have arbitrarily large degrees of irrationality. More precisely, if we fix a Fano index $e$, then the degree of irrationality of a very general complex Fano hypersurface of index $e$and dimension n is bounded from below by a constant times $\sqrt{n}$. To our knowledge, this gives the first examples of rationally connected varieties with degrees of irrationality greater than 3. The proof follows a degeneration to characteristic$p$argument, which Kollár used to prove nonrationality of Fano hypersurfaces. Along the way, we show that in a family of varieties, the invariant ‘the minimal degree of a dominant rational map to a ruled variety’ can only drop on special fibers. As a consequence, we show that for certain low-dimensional families of varieties, the degree of irrationality also behaves well under specialization.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2462
Authors: King William Casey , Gordon Richard
Published: May 2020

On March 28, 2019, less than two weeks after the Christchurch, New Zealand massacre, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2462. It stands as a signal of the United Nations' continued recognition of the critical importance of finance in combatting and countering global terrorism. Unfortunately, it may also be an indication that states are not doing what they have been urged to do in previous resolutions. The text of 2462 and its preamble are riddled with language like “Reminding,” “Reaffirming,” “Encouraging,” and “Noting with Concern,” rather than with language and ideas that break new ground.
Georgia v. Russia (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
Authors: Sterio Milena
Published: May 2020

In a January 31, 2019 decision, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR, or Court) held that Russia, the respondent state, should pay Georgia, the applicant state, 10 million euros as just satisfaction for violations committed by Russia against Georgian nationals; these violations had previously been established in the Court's main judgment in 2014 (Georgia v. Russia). The Court also held that Georgia should distribute this amount to approximately fifteen hundred Georgian victims, which had been identified in the Court's main judgment in 2014. In this important decision, the ECtHR continued to build on its recent case law, in holding that just satisfaction, in the form of monetary compensation, was appropriate and available in an interstate dispute.
Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorisation of an Investigation into the Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Int'l Crim. Ct.)
Authors: Worboys Jonathan P.
Published: May 2020

On April 12, 2019, Pre-Trial Chamber II of the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute of the ICC (Rome Statute) refusing to authorize an investigation into the situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (the Decision).
Views Adopted by the Committee Under Article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol, Concerning Sanila-aikio v. Finland, Communication No. 2668/2015, and Klemetti Käkkäläjärvi et al., Communication No. 2950/2017 (H.R. Comm'n)
Authors: Magallanes CJ Iorns
Published: May 2020

On November 1 and 2, 2018, the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations (the Committee) adopted views pursuant to Article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol in the cases of Sanila-Aikio v. Finland and Klemetti Käkkäläjärvi et al. In respect of both communications, the Committee considered that the interpretation made by the Finland Supreme Administrative Court (the Court), of who was eligible to be a member of the Sami Parliament's electoral roll, violated Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (the Covenant), read alone and in conjunction with Article 27, and in light of Article 1.
Prestige and relevance of the scholarly journals: Impressions of SIOP members
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Zickar Michael J. , Melick Sarah R.
Published: May 2020

Prestigious journals are widely admired for publishing quality scholarship, yet the primary indicators of journal prestige (i.e., impact factors) do not directly assess audience admiration. Moreover, the publication landscape has changed substantially in the last 20 years, with electronic publishing changing the way we consume scientific research. Given that it has been 18 years since the publication of the last journal prestige survey of SIOP members, the authors conducted a new survey and used these results to reflect on changing practices within industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. SIOP members (n = 557) rated the prestige and relevance of I-O and management journals. Responses were analyzed according to job setting, and were compared to a survey conducted by Zickar and Highhouse (2001) in 2000. There was considerable consistency in prestige ratings across settings (i.e., management department vs. psychology department; academic vs. applied), especially among the top journals. There was considerable variance, however, in the perceived usefulness of different journals. Results also suggested considerable consistency across the two time periods, but with some increases in prestige among OB-oriented journals. Changes in the journal landscape are discussed, including the rise of OHP as a topic of concentration in I-O. We suggest that I-O programs will continue to attract the top researchers in talent management and OHP, which should result in the use of a broader set of journals for judging I-O program impact.
Measuring and Comparing Municipal Policy Responses to COVID-19
Authors: Armstrong David A. , Lucas Jack
Published: May 2020

Municipal governments are experts in social non-distancing. From swimming pools to libraries, streetcars to public parks, municipalities bring residents together and move them around—services vital to a vibrant community in ordinary times, but potentially disastrous in a pandemic. Municipal decisions to shutter these services and enforce social distancing are thus crucial for a successful COVID-19 response.
Non-technical skills and otolaryngology: systematic review
Authors: Bannon R , Stewart K E , Bannister M
Published: May 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the published literature on non-technical skills in otolaryngology surgery and examine the applicability of any research to others’ practice, and to explore how the published literature can identify areas for further development and guide future research.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using the following key words: ‘otolaryngology’, ‘otorhinolaryngology’, ‘ENT’, ‘ENT surgery’, ‘ear, nose and throat surgery’, ‘head and neck surgery’, ‘thyroid surgery’, ‘parathyroid surgery’, ‘otology’, ‘rhinology’, ‘laryngology’ ‘skull base surgery’, ‘airway surgery’, ‘non-technical skills’, ‘non technical skills for surgeons’, ‘NOTSS’, ‘behavioural markers’ and ‘behavioural assessment tool’.

Results

Three publications were included in the review – 1 randomised, controlled trial and 2 cohort studies – involving 78 participants. All were simulation-based studies involving training otolaryngology surgeons.

Conclusion

Little research has been undertaken on non-technical skills in otolaryngology. Training surgeons’ non-technical skill levels are similar across every tested aspect. The research already performed can guide further studies, particularly amongst non-training otolaryngology surgeons and in both emergency and elective non-simulated environments.
Response to Rebecca Scott's “Discerning a Dignitary Offense”
Authors: Edwards Laura F.
Published: May 2020

I applaud Scott's contributions. In this comment, I would like to take them up and push them further. Doing so points to a very different understanding of people's relationship to law and the legal system in the nineteenth century than is now current in much of the historiography. That perspective, I argue, can transform our understanding of the law and legal change in the Civil War era and in the nineteenth century more broadly.
The characteristics of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance in western Yunnan, China
Authors: Chen Min , Zhu Qiongmei , Xing Hui , Chen Huichao , Jin Xiaomei , Dong Lijuan , Dai Jie , Yang Min , Yang Cuiyun , Jia Manhong , Ma Yanling
Published: May 2020

HIV-1 drug resistance can compromise the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). A survey of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance (PDR) was conducted in Lincang Prefecture of Yunnan Province. From 372 people living with HIV/AIDS initiating ART for the first time during 2017–2018, 322 pol sequences were obtained, of which 11 HIV-1 strain types were detected. CRF08_BC (70.2%, 226/322) was the predominant strain, followed by URF strains (10.6%, 34/322). Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) were detected among 34.2% (110/322) of the participants. E138A/G/K/R (14.3%, 46/322) and V179E/D/T (13.7%, 47/322) were the predominant DRMs. Specifically, E138 mutations commonly occurred in CRF08_BC (19.9%, 45/226). Among the DRMs detected, some independently conferred resistance, such as K65R (1.6%, 5/322), Y188C/F/L (0.9%, 3/322), K103N (0.6%, 2/322) and G190A (0.3%, 1/322), which conferred high-level resistance. The prevalence of PDR was 7.5% (95% CI: 4.6–10.3%) and the prevalence of non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance was 5.0% (95% CI: 2.6–7.4%), which is below the threshold (⩾10%) of initiating a public health response. In conclusion, HIV-1 genetic diversity and an overall moderate level of PDR prevalence were found in western Yunnan. PDR surveillance should be continually performed to decide whether a public health response to NNRTI resistance should be initiated.
A person-centered approach to studying associations between psychosocial vulnerability factors and adolescent depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in a Canadian longitudinal sample
Authors: Tisseyre Lalou , Lacourse Eric , Labelle Réal , Paquin Stéphane , Herba Catherine M.
Published: May 2020

This study used a person-centered approach to identify subgroups of adolescents who are at risk for depression and suicidal ideation. Latent class analysis was first applied to 1,290 adolescents from a Canadian cohort study in order to identify latent vulnerability subtypes based on 18 psychosocial vulnerability factors. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to study the associations between class membership and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation 2 years later. The moderating role of sex in the associations between latent classes and depressive symptoms was explored. Five latent classes were identified: Low Vulnerability (42%), Substance Use Only (13%), Moderate Vulnerability (28%), Conduct Problems (8%) and High Vulnerability (9%). Compared with the Low Vulnerability class, the probabilities of presenting depressive symptoms were higher for the Substance Use Only class, OR = 1.93, 95% CI [1.21, 3.06], the Moderate Vulnerability class, OR = 2.96, 95% CI [2.09, 4.20], the Conduct Problems class, OR = 3.03, 95% CI [1.84, 4.98], and the High Vulnerability class, OR = 5.4, 95% CI [3.42, 8.53]. Furthermore, interaction effects with sex were identified in relation to depressive symptoms only. The probability of presenting suicidal ideation was higher only for the High Vulnerability class, OR = 4.51, 95% CI [2.41, 8.43]. This study highlights the importance of a person-centered perspective that considers both vulnerability subtypes and sex because these associations are complex rather than linear or additive.
A cultural adaptation and validation of a child eating behaviour measure in a low- and middle-income country
Authors: Purwaningrum DN , Arcot J , Hadi H , Hasnawati RA , Rahmita RS , Jayasuriya R
Published: May 2020

Objective:

The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), a widely used instrument that has been validated mostly in high-income countries, has limitations in its factorial validity when used among different cultures. This study examines whether the CEBQ instrument is culturally appropriate and valid to be used in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) in a setting where child undernutrition remains prevalent.

Design:

The study employed a qualitative process to validate the content of items relative to the culture and setting, which was followed by a survey to test the psychometric properties of the instrument. Tests of factorial validity, convergent validity and reliability were performed.

Setting:

Three different socio-economic settings of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Participants:

The participants of this study were mothers of children aged 25–60 months. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-four mothers and the questionnaire validation process involved 238 mothers in the survey.

Results:

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis model with eight subscales provided the best fit (root-mean-square error of approximation = 0·048 (90 % CI 0·040, 0·057); Comparative Fit Index = 0·95 and Tucker Lewis Index = 0·95) after three new items and eight items from the original CEBQ were removed. Convergent validity with child’s weight was found for two subscales, slowness in eating and satiety responsiveness. Reliability measured using Cronbach’s alpha provided values between 0·62 and 0·78.

Conclusion:

The original eight-factor structure of the CEBQ showed adequate content validity and provided factorial, discriminant and convergent validity with mothers of preschool children living in a LMIC where child nutrition remains a significant public health issue.
Maternal depression trajectories from 3 months to 11 years postpartum and offspring body composition in early adolescence
Authors: Farías-Antúnez Simone , Matijasevich Alicia , de Barros Aluísio Jardim Dornellas , Santos Iná da Silva dos
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To investigate the effect of maternal depressive symptom trajectories, from 3 months to 11 years postpartum, on the offspring’s body composition at 11 years of age.

Design:

Data from the Pelotas 2004 Birth Cohort, from the perinatal interview and from the 3-, 12-, 24- and 48-month and 6- and 11-year follow-ups.

Setting:

Community-based sample from the city of Pelotas, located in southern Brazil with approximately 350 000 inhabitants. The maternal depression symptom trajectories were identified through a semi-parametric group-based modelling approach, using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with data from 3 months to 11 years postpartum.

Participants:

A total of 3467 (81·9 % of the total cohort).

Results:

Five trajectory groups of EPDS scores were identified (‘Low’, ‘Moderate low’, ‘Increasing’, ‘Decreasing’ and ‘Chronic high’). A total of 170 women (4·9 %) from the sample belonged to the ‘Chronic high’ group, having scored ≥13 EPDS points at every follow-up. Mean BMI in the ‘Low’ trajectory group was 0·77 (z-score 1·4), compared with 0·56 (z-score 1·4) in the ‘Chronic high’ group. Children from mothers in the ‘Chronic high’ group had lower fat mass (FM) (–1·34 ± 0·64 kg), FM% (–2·02 ± 0·85 percentage points) and FM index (–0·57 ± 0·27 kg/m2), compared with children from mothers in the ‘Low’ trajectory group. Adjusted analyses showed that sustained or transitory maternal depressive symptoms during childhood had no effect on the offspring’s body composition indices at 11 years of age.

Conclusion:

Children raised by chronically depressed mothers have body composition indices at 11 years of age that are similar to those of children whose mothers have never been depressed.
Warum schätzen Mädchen ihre mathematischen Kompetenzen geringer ein als Jungen?
Authors: Steinmayr Ricarda , Weidinger Anne Franziska , Heyder Anke , Bergold Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung. Trotz sehr geringer Leistungsunterschiede in objektiven Leistungstests schätzen Mädchen ihre mathematischen Kompetenzen bereits im Grundschulalter geringer ein als Jungen. Basierend auf dem Erwartungs-Wert-Modell ( Eccles & Wigfield, 2002 ) wird überprüft, inwieweit Geschlechtsunterschiede im mathematischen Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept durch Eltern- und Lehrereinschätzungen der mathematischen Kompetenzen der Kinder sowie unterschiedliche Leistungsindikatoren erklärt werden können. Es wurden Selbst-‍, Eltern- und Lehrereinschätzungen der mathematischen Kompetenzen von N = 837 Kindern der vierten Klasse sowie deren Noten und objektive Leistungen in Mathematik erfasst. Jungen gaben ein höheres Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept an als Mädchen. Objektive Mathematikleistungen mediierten den Zusammenhang nicht, Mathematiknoten sowie Eltern- und Lehrereinschätzungen hingegen teilweise. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Rolle wichtiger Sozialisationspersonen und anderer potentieller Faktoren für die Entwicklung des mathematischen Fähigkeitsselbstkonzepts im Grundschulalter diskutiert.
Discovery of Mega‐Sheath Folds Flooring the Liwan Subbasin (South China Sea): Implications for the Rheology of Hyperextended Crust
Authors: Zhang C. , Manatschal G. , Pang X. , Sun Z. , Zheng J. , Li H. , Sun L. , Zhang J. , Zhao Y.
Published: May 2020

Sheath folds recognized on kilometer scale are rare and only described in salt tectonics in seismic data. Here, we present mega‐sheath folds spectacularly imaged in a 3‐D seismic survey in the seismic basement flooring the hyperextended Liwan subbasin in the northern margin of the South China Sea. The sheath folds show eye structures delimited by anastomosing discontinuities. The axial planes of the sheath folds are subparallel to a rift‐related, extensional detachment surface separating hyperextended seismic basement from the syn‐rift sedimentary sequence. The sheath folds as well as the anastomosing discontinuities formed during hyperextension by ductile shearing of the forearc inherited and prestructured metasediments. The ductile shearing eventually resulted in the metasediments derived from midcrust unroofed at the footwall of an extension detachment fault. The discovery of mega‐sheath folds and ductile deformation within the basement conflicts with the general assumption that hyperextended domains are in the brittle field. The new seismic observations show the importance of forearc inherited, prestructured anisotropic basement controlling the crustal rheology during hyperextension.
A First Look at Cloud Inhomogeneity and Its Effect on Lightning Optical Emission
Authors: Brunner Kelcy N. , Bitzer Phillip M.
Published: May 2020

Optical emission observed from lightning is the result of in‐cloud scattering, lightning channel geometry, and optical energy of the source discharge. To better understand how scattering affects measured optical emission, we developed a Monte Carlo model using an inhomogeneous scattering profile from a simulated storm using two‐moment bulk microphysics in the Weather Research and Forecasting model, including the concentration and size distribution of cloud droplets and ice particles. Within the Monte Carlo model lightning discharges are simulated as point and line sources. These idealized simulations indicate that for a lightning discharge at 7 km altitude approximately 22% and 13% of light, emitted near and away (respectively) from a reflectivity core will reach cloud top in a thunderstorm. The vertical gradient of the microphysical environment impacts light reaching cloud top regardless of overall particle concentration. Increasing cloud ice modifies the gradient of the microphysical profile and modulates the profile gradient effect.
High‐Fidelity Archeointensity Results for the Late Neolithic Period From Central China
Authors: Cai Shuhui , Tauxe Lisa , Wang Weilin , Deng Chenglong , Pan Yongxin , Yang Liping , Qin Huafeng
Published: May 2020

Archeomagnetism focuses on exploring high‐resolution variations of the geomagnetic field over hundreds to thousands of years. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive study of chronology, absolute and relative paleointensity on a late Neolithic site in central China. Ages of the samples are constrained to be ~3,500–3,000 BCE, a period when available paleointensity data are sparse. We present a total of 64 high‐fidelity absolute paleointensities, demonstrating the field varied quickly from ~55 to ~90 ZAm2 between ~3,500–3,000 BCE. Our results record a new archeomagnetic jerk around 3,300 BCE, which is probably non‐dipolar origin. The new results provide robust constraints on global geomagnetic models. We calculated a revised Chinese archeointensity reference curve for future application. The variations of absolute and relative paleointensity versus depth show good consistency, reinforcing the reliability of our results. This new attempt of combining absolute and relative paleointenstiy provides a useful tool for future archeomagnetic research.
Revised Estimates of Ocean Surface Drag in Strong Winds
Authors: Curcic M. , Haus B. K.
Published: May 2020

Air‐sea drag governs the momentum transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean and remains largely unknown in hurricane winds. We revisit the momentum budget and eddy covariance methods to estimate the surface drag coefficient in the laboratory. Our drag estimates agree with field measurements in low‐to‐moderate winds and previous laboratory measurements in hurricane‐force winds. The drag coefficient saturates at 2.6×10−3 and U10≈25 m s−1, in agreement with previous laboratory results by Takagaki et al. (2012,). During our analysis, we discovered an error in the original source code used by Donelan et al. (2004,). We present the corrected data and describe the correction procedure. Although the correction to the data does not change the key finding of drag saturation in strong winds, its magnitude and wind speed threshold are significantly changed. Our findings emphasize the need for an updated and unified drag parameterization based on field and laboratory data.
Adipocyte Piezo1 mediates obesogenic adipogenesis through the FGF1/FGFR1 signaling pathway in mice
Authors: Wang ShengPeng , Cao Shuang , Arhatte Malika , Li Dahui , Shi Yue , Kurz Sabrina , Hu Jiong , Wang Lei , Shao Jingchen , Atzberger Ann , Wang Zheng , Wang Changhe , Zang Weijin , Fleming Ingrid , Wettschureck Nina , Honoré Eric , Offermanns Stefan
Published: May 2020

White adipose tissue (WAT) expansion in obesity occurs through enlargement of preexisting adipocytes (hypertrophy) and through formation of new adipocytes (adipogenesis). Adipogenesis results in WAT hyperplasia, smaller adipocytes and a metabolically more favourable form of obesity. How obesogenic WAT hyperplasia is induced remains, however, poorly understood. Here, we show that the mechanosensitive cationic channel Piezo1 mediates diet-induced adipogenesis. Mice lacking Piezo1 in mature adipocytes demonstrated defective differentiation of preadipocyte into mature adipocytes when fed a high fat diet (HFD) resulting in larger adipocytes, increased WAT inflammation and reduced insulin sensitivity. Opening of Piezo1 in mature adipocytes causes the release of the adipogenic fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), which induces adipocyte precursor differentiation through activation of the FGF-receptor-1. These data identify a central feed-back mechanism by which mature adipocytes control adipogenesis during the development of obesity and suggest Piezo1-mediated adipocyte mechano-signalling as a mechanism to modulate obesity and its metabolic consequences.
Piezoelectricity and topological quantum phase transitions in two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled crystals with time-reversal symmetry
Authors: Yu Jiabin , Liu Chao-Xing
Published: May 2020

Finding new physical responses that signal topological quantum phase transitions is of both theoretical and experimental importance. Here, we demonstrate that the piezoelectric response can change discontinuously across a topological quantum phase transition in two-dimensional time-reversal invariant systems with spin-orbit coupling, thus serving as a direct probe of the transition. We study all gap closing cases for all 7 plane groups that allow non-vanishing piezoelectricity, and find that any gap closing with 1 fine-tuning parameter between two gapped states changes either the Z2 invariant or the locally stable valley Chern number. The jump of the piezoelectric response is found to exist for all these transitions, and we propose the HgTe/CdTe quantum well and BaMnSb2 as two potential experimental platforms. Our work provides a general theoretical framework to classify topological quantum phase transitions, and reveals their ubiquitous relation to the piezoelectric response.
Ancillary ligand increases the efficiency of heteroleptic Ir-based triplet emitters in OLED devices
Authors: Baek Seung-yeol , Kwak Seung-Yeon , Kim Seoung-Tae , Hwang Kyu Young , Koo Hyun , Son Won-Joon , Choi Byoungki , Kim Sunghan , Choi Hyeonho , Baik Mu-Hyun
Published: May 2020

The excellent contrast ratio, visibility, and advantages in producing thin and light displays let organic light emitting diodes change the paradigm of the display industry. To improve future display technologies, higher electroluminescence efficiency is needed. Herein, the detailed study of the non-radiative decay mechanism employing density functional theory calculations is carried out and a simple, general strategy for the design of the ancillary ligand is formulated. It is shown that steric bulk properly directed towards the phenylisoquinoline ligands can significantly reduce the non-radiative decay rate.
Regulated repression governs the cell fate promoter controlling yeast meiosis
Authors: Tam Janis , van Werven Folkert J.
Published: May 2020

Intrinsic signals and external cues from the environment drive cell fate decisions. In budding yeast, the decision to enter meiosis is controlled by nutrient and mating-type signals that regulate expression of the master transcription factor for meiotic entry, IME1. How nutrient signals control IME1 expression remains poorly understood. Here, we show that IME1 transcription is regulated by multiple sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) that mediate association of Tup1-Cyc8 co-repressor to its promoter. We find that at least eight TFs bind the IME1 promoter when nutrients are ample. Remarkably, association of these TFs is highly regulated by different nutrient cues. Mutant cells lacking three TFs (Sok2/Phd1/Yap6) displayed reduced Tup1-Cyc8 association, increased IME1 expression, and earlier onset of meiosis. Our data demonstrate that the promoter of a master regulator is primed for rapid activation while repression by multiple TFs mediating Tup1-Cyc8 recruitment dictates the fate decision to enter meiosis.