bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Arts in Promoting Tourism: A Case of tourism Development in Thamel Area
Authors: Bhatta Chiranjivi
Published: February 2017

Thamel is a touristic area in Kathmandu which has become the main attraction for tourists for the last more than three decades. It is popularly known as the heart of tourists industry in Kathmandu. It was developed along with the arrival of hippies, many of them were artists too. Before that, the tourist attraction was concentrated in Jhonchen area. Hippies came to Nepal in search of enlightenment and spent weeks in Thamel. Along with the tourism promotion through arts and culture, there are lots of challenges in promoting arts and tourism in Thamel which needs special attention from the government of Nepal. It is crucial to recognize the important role that arts play in the positive and healthy tourism development of any society. Government needs to have strategies for partnership between arts, tourism and economic development because it is the key to foster a strong tourism destination. The union of arts and tourism celebrates human authenticity, and increases opportunities for self improvement and creates more genuine experiences along with the employment opportunities directly and indirectly.
Facing PhD Pre-Viva: Suggestions from a Supervisor
Authors: Timsina Tatwa P.
Published: February 2017

No abstract available
Reaction of Meldrum's Acid with an Aminomethylating Agent and Nitroalkanes
Authors: Zhang Jun-Wei , Xue Jin-Hui , Zhang Hua-He , Xu Fan , Chen Qing-Guang , Li Jing-Hua
Published: February 2017

5-(2-Nitroalkyl)isopropylidene malonate and 5,5′-(2-nitro-1,3-propylidene)bis(isopropylidene malonate) were easily synthesised by one-pot tandem reaction of substituted Meldrum's acids with the aminomethylating agent (Me2NCH2OAc) and nitroalkanes in the presence of a weak acid, such as acetic acid.
Reactivity of Neodymium and Samarium Nitrides
Authors: Kuzyaev Dmitry M. , Maleev Alexander A. , Kulikova Tatyana I. , Vorozhtsov Dmitry L. , Bochkarev Mikhail N.
Published: February 2017

The reaction of NdN and SmN with iodine gave the iodide-nitrides (NdI2)3N(DME)4 and (SmI)3N2(THF)2, which are inert towards sulfur, in contrast to the neodymium and dysprosium iodide-nitrides prepared by the reaction of LnI2 with N2. Reaction of NdN and SmN with C6F5OH and CpH gave the organolanthanide derivatives Ln(C5F5O)3(THF)n (Ln = Nd or Sm) and Cp3Sm with moderate and low yields, respectively. Phenylacetylene and styrene do not react with SmN.
Exploiting a Step in Diterpenoid Biosynthesis by the Fungus Fusarium Fujikuroi
Authors: Hanson James R.
Published: February 2017

The scope of the microbiological transformation of ent-kaurenoid diterpenes by the fungus Fusarium (Gibberella) fujikuroi which utilise the ent-kaurene and ent-kauren-19-oic acid oxidases and the ring contraction of ring B to gibberellin is reviewed. Constraints arising from the presence of 3α, 15α and 18-hydroxyl groups are noted. The development of a group of potential plant growth regulators which inhibit the ring contraction step in gibberellin biosynthesis is described.
A New Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Penicillium Expansum
Authors: Chen Xue-Peng , Ma Lie-Feng , Zhan Zha-Jun
Published: February 2017

A new pyrrolizidine alkaloid with an unusual O-bridge, named penexpandine, was isolated from the cultures of Penicillium expansum ACCC 30904, together with two known alkaloids, communesins A and B. The structure of the new compound was established by detailed analyses of the spectroscopic data, especially 1D- and 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Assessments of Some Quinazolines and Their Annulated Systems
Authors: Hemdan Magdy M. , Youssef Ahmed S.A. , El-Mariah Fatma A. , Hashem Heba E.
Published: February 2017

The syntheses of some new derivatives of quinazoline and their annulated derivatives are described in this work. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of the new products was evaluated using agar well diffusion methods with determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations against six pathogenic bacteria and three pathogenic fungi. Most of the new compounds are potent as antimicrobial agents.
Perception Of Nursing Middle Managers About The Evidence-Based Management
Authors: Spiri Wilza Carla , Kurcgant Paulina , Pereira Maria Valeria
Published: February 2017

Objective: to comprehend the experience of nursing middle managers of an accredited public hospital, from São Paulo state, about the evidence-based management.

Method: case study and analysis of thematic content in the stages of unity of meaning, condensed meaning unity, interpretation of the underlying meaning, sub-theme and theme. Nine manager nurses participated. The data collection was done through a script with questions that, according to the convenience of the participants, were answered by electronic mail. The data were analyzed in the light of the theoretical reference of the managerial process in nursing and the evidence-based management.

Results: six themes were revealed: Evidence-based management and management process; Evidence-based management strengths; Evidence-based management challenges; the leader and the Evidence-based management; Hospital accreditation and evidence-based management and Experiences with the evidence-based management.

Conclusion: the scientific knowledge and the experiences in the work are sources of evidences that interfere, positively, in the quality and safety of the patient. Leadership training, planning, team empowerment and involvement are essential for the development of this practice. Strategies need to be discussed and implemented so that the management process is based on evidences.
Incarcerated Health: Profile Of The Multidisciplinary Team Provider Of Health Assistance In Prisons
Authors: Cartaxo Gomes de Arruda Aurilene Josefa , Cavalcanti da Silva Cesar , Caxias de Souza Maurício , Tavares da Fonseca Leila de Cássia , Costa de Santana Sely
Published: February 2017

Objective: draw a profile of the multidisciplinary team provider of health assistence in prisions.

Method: an exploratory and descriptive study developed at the Instituto Libertador Penitentiary Sílvio Porto, a medium security establishment, located in the municipality of João Pessoa-PB.

Results: the health care of prisoners has not been developed in order to comply with the legislation established in the National Health Plan of the Penitentiary System (PNSSP), since it does not meet its numerical prerequisite.

Conclusion: it is urgent to propose and implement differentiated forms of work organization that have an impact on the process and on the quality of care provided to individuals with deprivation of liberty.

Keywords: Health; Prisons; Patient Care Team
The Pivotal Role of CXCR7 in Stabilization of the Pulmonary Epithelial Barrier in Acute Pulmonary Inflammation
Authors: Ngamsri Kristian-Christos , Müller Anika , Bösmüller Hans , Gamper-Tsigaras Jutta , Reutershan Jörg , Konrad Franziska M.
Published: February 2017

Acute pulmonary inflammation is still a frightening complication in intensive care units and has a high mortality. Specific treatment is not available, and many details of the pathomechanism remain unclear. The recently discovered chemokine receptor CXCR7 and its ligand stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)-1 are known to be involved in inflammation. We chose to investigate the detailed role of CXCR7 in a murine model of LPS inhalation. Inflammation increased pulmonary expression of CXCR7, and the receptor was predominantly expressed on pulmonary epithelium and on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMNs) after transepithelial migration into the alveolar space. Specific inhibition of CXCR7 reduced transepithelial PMN migration by affecting the expression of adhesion molecules. CXCR7 antagonism reduced the most potent PMN chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2/3. After inhibiting CXCR7, NF-κB phosphorylation was reduced in lungs of mice, tight junction formation increased, and protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage diminished, showing the impact of CXCR7 on stabilizing microvascular permeability. In vitro studies with human cells confirmed the pivotal role of CXCR7 in pulmonary epithelium. Immunofluorescence of human lungs confirmed our in vivo data and showed an increase of the expression of CXCR7 in pulmonary epithelium. Highlighting the clinical potential of CXCR7 antagonism, nebulization of the agent before and after the inflammation showed impressive anti-inflammatory effects. Additional CXCR7 inhibition potentiated the effect of SDF-1 antagonism, most probably by downregulating SDF-1 and the second receptor of the chemokine (CXCR4) expression. In conclusion, our data identified the pivotal role of the receptor CXCR7 in pulmonary inflammation with a predominant effect on the pulmonary epithelium and PMNs.
Taking Our Seat at the Table: Community Cancer Survivorship
Authors: Polo Katie M. , Smith Caitlin
Published: February 2017

Cancer survivors are at risk for occupational performance issues related to activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, work, and social and community participation. Occupational therapy practitioners can address these performance issues by offering services within existing community cancer survivorship programs that focus on adaptive and compensatory strategies to facilitate meaningful lifestyles and optimize health and well-being. Occupational therapy services do not currently exist at these community sites, nor are occupational therapy practitioners recognized as providers in existing community cancer survivorship programs. Recognition of practitioners’ distinct value in cancer survivorship, advocacy for occupational therapy services in the community, development of supporting documentation for occupational therapy’s role in community survivorship, and research on the efficacy of interventions in community cancer survivorship are needed to expand occupational therapy’s role with this growing population.
The social media logic of political interaction: Exploring citizens’ and politicians’ relationship on Facebook and Twitter
Authors: Kalsnes Bente , Larsson Anders Olof , Enli Gunn Sara
Published: February 2017

This paper examines citizens’ interactions with politicians in social media in what is referred to as an everyday context, unmediated by news media. Through a representative survey, we compare the influence of a series of socio-demographical variables such as political interest, age, gender and education on the interaction levels between citizens and politicians. The article argues that the social media logic can be operationalized into “connected affordances”: Redistribution, Interacting and Acknowledging — which are the three types of user practices on Facebook and Twitter. The study finds that Facebook is a service where “ordinary” people engage in political interaction with politicians — and receive replies from politicians — while Twitter is mostly used by just a small group of the population for these purposes. Hence, the popularity of Facebook could be seen as allowing for new connections between citizens and politicians without news media as mediators. Our results suggest that the stronger the political interest the citizens express, the more connective affordances are utilized — such as commenting and sharing. Political interest also impacts what response citizens receive from political actors in social media.
What are we missing? An empirical exploration in the structural biases of hashtag-based sampling on Twitter
Authors: D'heer Evelien , Vandersmissen Baptist , De Neve Wesley , Verdegem Pieter , Van de Walle Rik
Published: February 2017

The hashtag is a recognized and often used method to collect Twitter messages. However, it has its limits with respect to the inclusion of follow-messages, or @replies, that do not contain a hashtag. This paper explored to what extent the inclusion of non-hashtagged responses affected the study of interactions between Twitter users. We drew from the Twitter debate on the 2014 Belgian elections, collected under the #vk2014 hashtag. Our dataset included non-hashtagged responses to assess (1) how they differ from hashtagged responses; and, (2) how this affects the conversation network. The findings showed that (1) hashtagged responses were more likely to include other interactive elements (e.g., hyperlinks); and, (2) the inclusion of non-hashtagged responses generated larger and more reciprocal networks. However, central users further strengthened their position in the network.
Children in the cloud: Literacy groupware and the practice of reading
Authors: Meyers Eric M. , Nathan Lisa P. , Stepaniuk Casey
Published: February 2017

Through this paper we examine children’s literacy groupware, cloud-based reading management systems that combine digital reading collections with behaviour tracking and analysis, communication tools, and reader incentives. Children’s literacy groupware extends the notion of a digital library for children by providing value-added tools for teaching, monitoring, evaluating and encouraging young readers. We offer an analysis of two for-profit app-based systems that provide reading content and instruction for elementary age children in the United States and Canada. We question the influence of these systems on the practice of reading. How do systems for managing engagement with digital texts frame reading practice: the what, where, when and how of reading, including behaviours, attitudes and dispositions toward the practice itself?
The ethics of unbreakable encryption: Rawlsian privacy and the San Bernardino iPhone
Authors: Bay Morten
Published: February 2017

Inspired by the 2016 case of the encrypted Apple iPhone used by alleged terrorists in the San Bernardino, Calif. attack, this paper explores the question of whether the use of completely unbreakable encryption online or off-line would be considered ethical by the political philosopher John Rawls. Rawls is widely acknowledged as having played an important role in how we perceive freedom and liberty in Western democracies today, and his work on justice, fairness and liberty appears to be a great source of knowledge for politicians, policy-makers and activists. Several recent events and threats to national security of a technological nature have raised ethical questions about the relationship between state and citizen and how technological power should be divided between these two parties, particularly when it comes to the right to privacy. However, in contrast with a wide-spread perception of Rawls’ work, this article shows that there are cases in which Rawls’ principles actually place a limitation on liberty in these matters. This paper presents a thought experiment in which it becomes clear that Rawls’ advocacy for liberty did not extend to cases in which social cooperation in a well-ordered society would be obstructed. Based on a study of Rawls’ work, the author concludes that whereas Rawls would consider strong encryption both necessary and ethical, completely unbreakable encryption would be considered a violation of social cooperation and thus indefensible for Rawls.
Unlocking the sharing economy: Investigating the barriers for the sharing economy in a city context
Authors: May Spencer , Königsson Marcus , Holmstrom Jonny
Published: February 2017

The sharing economy has gained much attention recently as Airbnb and Uber are spreading across the world, but little is known about how to unlock the true potential of the sharing economy. As such, this study aims to unearth the barriers and challenges associated with the sharing economy platform environment in the city of Umeå, Sweden. The qualitative case study focuses on sharing economy efforts in the city of Umeå, a city characterized by high technical competency and world leading broadband connectivity, while having almost no activity in the digital sharing economy. The study identifies the barriers, pathways, and opportunities related to the sharing economy and how they apply to the city of Umeå. As such the study reveals the ways in which the sharing economy can help a city increase their digital density as well as making the city more attractive for those living in and traveling through the area.
Public and proud: How and why some citizens use their Facebook network as a personal public
Authors: Schwartz Sander Andreas
Published: February 2017

This paper is a qualitative study that examines how and why some citizens use their Facebook network as a personal public. The concept of the personal public in this study is defined by a relative sense of privacy in the closed individual Facebook network, together with a sense of publicness based on the mass and diversity of these connections. The paper goes on to argue that the individual may go through a reflection process as they move from personal thinking to public political communication. The process does not guarantee increased reflection, but it serves to show potential individual gains from public political communication that have so far been understudied in research on political debates on Facebook.
Reconstruction Following Tumor Resections in Skeletally Immature Patients
Authors: Levin Adam S. , Arkader Alexandre , Morris Carol D.
Published: February 2017

Reconstruction options in children after bone tumor resection are as varied as they are challenging. Advances in biologic and endoprosthetic design have led to many choices, all of which must be considered in the context of prognosis, treatment limitations, and patient/family expectations. The current experience and results of limb-sparing surgery following bone sarcoma resection in growing children are discussed, including allograft, autograft, and metallic prostheses alone and in combination, especially as they pertain to the knee. In some cases, the ablative options of amputation and rotationplasty must be seen as equal and, at times, superior choices to limb salvage.
Management of the Relapsed Clubfoot Following Treatment Using the Ponseti Method
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Pooya , Kelly Derek M. , Zionts Lewis E.
Published: February 2017

The Ponseti method to treat idiopathic clubfoot deformity has proven to be reliable, and several centers have reported excellent outcomes. Although the method has been dependable in obtaining initial correction of the foot, relapse rates ranging from 26% to 48% have been reported. When a relapsed deformity is detected early, treatment with a short series of manipulations and cast applications followed by resumption of postcorrective bracing may be all that is required to regain and maintain correction. In patients aged >2.5 years, especially those who may be refractory to further brace use, deformity correction by preoperative cast treatment, followed by anterior tibial tendon transfer to the third cuneiform, is a good treatment option. Other procedures, such as combined cuboid-cuneiform osteotomy, posterior ankle and subtalar release, and, rarely, comprehensive posteromedial release or correction by gradual distraction, may be useful in select patients.
Firearm-related Musculoskeletal Injuries in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Carter Cordelia W. , Sharkey Melinda S. , Fishman Felicity
Published: February 2017

Firearm injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents in the United States and take financial and emotional tolls on the affected children, their families, and society as a whole. Musculoskeletal injuries resulting from firearms are common and may involve bones, joints, and neurovascular structures and other soft tissues. Child-specific factors that must be considered in the setting of gunshot injuries include physeal arrest and lead toxicity. Understanding the ballistics associated with various types of weaponry is useful for guiding orthopaedic surgical treatment. Various strategies for preventing these injuries range from educational programs to the enactment of legislation focused on regulating guns and gun ownership. Several prominent medical societies whose members routinely care for children and adolescents with firearm-related injuries, including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Pediatric Surgical Association, have issued policy statements aimed at mitigating gun-related injuries and deaths in children. Healthcare providers for young patients with firearm-related musculoskeletal injuries must appreciate the full scope of this important public health issue.
Strategies for Proximal Femoral Nailing of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures: Lateral Decubitus Position or Traction Table
Authors: Sonmez Mesut Mehmet , Camur Savas , Erturer Erden , Ugurlar Meric , Kara Adnan , Ozturk Irfan
Published: February 2017

Background:

The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the traction table and lateral decubitus position techniques in the management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

Methods:

Eighty-two patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures between 2011 and 2013 were included in this study. All patients were treated surgically with the Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation implant (DePuy Synthes). Patients were randomized to undergo the procedure in the lateral decubitus position (42 patients) or with the use of a traction table (40 patients). Patients whose procedure was not performed entirely with a semi-invasive method or who required the use of additional fixation materials, such as cables, were excluded from the study. The groups were compared on the basis of the setup time, surgical time, fluoroscopic exposure time, tip-to-apex distance, collodiaphyseal angle, and modified Baumgaertner criteria for radiologic reduction.

Results:

The setup time, surgical time, and fluoroscopic exposure time were lower and the differences were statistically significant in the lateral decubitus group compared with the traction table group. The collodiaphyseal angles were significantly different between the groups in favor of the lateral decubitus method. The tip-to-apex distance and the classification of reduction according to the modified Baumgaertner criteria did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the groups.

Conclusions:

The lateral decubitus position is used for most open procedures of the hip. We found that this position facilitates exposure for the surgical treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures and has advantages over the traction table in terms of set up time, surgical time and fluoroscopic exposure time.
Management of Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: Does the Timing of Surgery Affect Outcomes?
Authors: Duyos Oscar A. , Beaton-Comulada David , Davila-Parrilla Ariel , Perez-Lopez Jose Carlos , Ortiz Krystal , Foy-Parrilla Christian , Lopez-Gonzalez Francisco
Published: February 2017

Background:

Open tibial shaft fractures require emergent care. Treatment with intravenous antibiotics and fracture débridement within 6 to 24 hours is recommended. Few studies have examined outcomes when surgical treatment is performed >24 hours after occurrence of the fracture.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 227 patients aged ≥18 years with isolated open tibial shaft fractures in whom the time to initial débridement was >24 hours. The statistical analysis was based on time from injury to surgical débridement, Gustilo-Anderson classification, method of fixation, union status, and infection status.

Results:

Fractures débrided within 24 to 48 hours and 48 to 96 hours after injury did not show a statistically significant difference in terms of infection rates (P = 0.984). External fixation showed significantly greater infection rates (P = 0.044) and nonunion rates (P = 0.001) compared with intramedullary nailing.

Conclusion:

Open tibial shaft fractures should be débrided within 24 hours after injury. Our data indicate that after the 24-hour period and up to 4 days, the risk of infection remains relatively constant independent of the time to débridement. Patients treated with external fixation had more complications than did patients treated with other methods of fixation. Primary reamed intramedullary nailing appears to be a reasonable option for the management of Gustilo-Anderson types 1 and 2 open tibial shaft fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Level III retrospective study.
Prosthetic Joint Infections in Patients Undergoing Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Zeng Wenjing , Paul Deborah , Kemp Thomas , Elfar John
Published: February 2017

Introduction:

Little information is available regarding the rate of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) in patients undergoing carpal tunnel release (CTR) without antibiotic prophylaxis. Hand surgeons should be aware of patients’ history of arthroplasty.

Methods:

All patients who underwent CTR at our institution between 2012 and 2014 were identified and their charts were reviewed to identify those who had a history of total hip, knee, and/or shoulder arthroplasty. Further chart review consisted of identifying a history of PJI, use of perioperative antibiotics, and surgeon awareness of prior arthroplasty.

Results:

Two hundred seventy-five CTR surgeries were performed in patients who had previously undergone total joint arthroplasty (TJA). There were no PJIs in any group of patients (P = 0.01). Hand surgeon awareness of the presence of an arthroplasty history had no discernable effect on the choice to use antibiotics.

Conclusions:

There was a 0% rate of PJI in our series of patients with a history of TJA who underwent CTR. Overall hand surgeon awareness of TJA status was poor or poorly documented. Routine prophylactic antibiotics may not be indicated in patients undergoing CTR, even with the presence of a prosthetic joint.

Level of Evidence:

IV
The Role of the Orthopaedic Surgeon in Workers’ Compensation Cases
Authors: Daniels Alan H. , Kuris Eren O. , Palumbo Mark A.
Published: February 2017

Workers’ compensation is an employer-funded insurance program that provides financial and medical benefits for employees injured at work. Because many occupational injuries are musculoskeletal in nature, the orthopaedic surgeon plays an important role in the workers’ compensation system. Along with establishing the correct diagnosis and implementing an appropriate treatment plan, the clinician must understand the fundamental components of the workers’ compensation system to manage an injured employee. Ultimately, effective claim management requires collaboration among the employer, the employee, the legal representatives, the insurance company, and the orthopaedic surgeon.
Improving Students’ Vocabulary Mastery by Using Total Physical Response
Authors: Fahrurrozi .
Published: February 2017

This study aims to describe how Total Physical Response improves students’ vocabulary learning outcomes at the third-grade elementary school Guntur 03 South Jakarta, Indonesia. This research was conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2015 - 2016 with the number of students as many as 40 students. The method used in this research is a Classroom Action Research using the cycle model of Kemmis and Taggart. Class Action Research is conducted through the plan, class action or implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The data collection was done by using a non-test, test instruments and monitoring instruments in the form of action, and field notes. Validity and reliability of the instrument were reached through expert judgment. The results obtained from this study was the improvement in vocabulary learning outcomes of students by applying the Total Physical Response (TPR) method. Percentage of learning outcomes in the first cycle reached 74.13% and 83.38% in the second cycle. The percentage shows improvement of learning effectiveness by applying the Total Physical Response method. The first cycle resulted in an improvement of 64.29% and the second cycle resulted in an increase of 87.14%. Thus, learning process by using Total Physical Response (TPR) can improve students’ vocabulary learning outcomes. The implication of this study is that teaching vocabulary using the Total Physical Response is more effective.
Real Exchange Rate Misalignment in Jordan: The Permanent Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Abu Asab Noura
Published: February 2017

This study attempts to measure the real exchange rate misalignment in Jordan from 1980 to 2014. We examine the role of adopting the pegged exchange rate system to the US in 1995 in limiting/increasing misalignment. Applying the Johansen approach, a cointegrating relationship is found between the real exchange rate and a number of economic fundamentals that influence the long-run real exchange rate. Over a long examined period of exchange rate fixity, the real exchange rate is kept depreciated except after 2006-2008 over which the appreciation of the real exchange rate is noted. However, after 2011 misalignment receded as the real exchange rate matched the equilibrium real exchange rate. An attempt is also made to model the nexus between the growth of per capita income and misalignment. The exchange rate misalignment is found to significantly decrease the economic growth.
Helicopter Money: The New Form of Monetary Easing in the Eurozone?
Authors: Kyriazis Nikolaos A. , Economou Emmanouil M. L.
Published: February 2017

Although unconventional measures by the ECB have been very extensive so as to fortify the Eurozone’s financial system the question of whether more drastic measures are necessary, is at the forefront of newly aroused academic debate. This paper’s main effort is to conceptualize helicopter drops in the Eurozone before hindsight in order to shed some light on how feasible are more drastic measures for the Eurozone and how they could further attenuate moral hazard problems. An early understanding of overt money financing will help in better driving monetary policy and emphasize whether the benefits of more and free money printing could bring about a heal for the wreckages of the EU membership status.
Time Series Analysis of the US Term Structure of Interest Rates Using a Bayesian Markov Switching Cointegration Model
Authors: Sugita Katsuhiro
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the US term structure of interest rates using a Bayesian Markov switching cointegration model that allows the cointegrating vectors, the number of cointegrating rank, the risk premium, and other parameters to change when regime shifts. We find that for any pair of the interest rates there is a strong support for the cointegrating implication of the expectation hypothesis at least in a stable regime, while for some pairs of the interest rates the cointegration does not occur in a high volatility regime. We find that a Markov switching cointegration model captures regime shifts that are corresponding to high inflation regime. In high inflation regime, variance is much higher for both the long and short rates and adjustment toward equilibrium is much faster than those in the other regime.
The Impact of Imports and Exports on the Size and Composition of Government Expenditures
Authors: Benarroch Michael , Pandey Manish
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the casual relationship between greater exposure to international trade and the size and composition of government expenditures, productive versus unproductive. To capture differential impacts on how government responds to greater international exposure three measures are used: the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP (openness), the ratio of exports to GDP, and the ratio imports to GDP. For all countries in aggregate, we find no causal relationship between openness and total government expenditures or productive and unproductive expenditures. For low-income countries however, there is a positive causal relationship between openness and productive government expenditures. Further, there is a positive causal relationship between the import ratio and productive expenditures for all countries as well as for low- and high-income countries separately. Exports, conversely, have no causal relationship with any measure of government expenditures. Our findings suggest that governments in economies with greater imports as a share of GDP increase productive expenditure to counteract the negative consequences from more exposure to foreign competition.
An Investigation into the Interest Elasticity of Demand for Money in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Approach
Authors: Nyumuah Felix S.
Published: February 2017

The issue as to whether the interest rate influences the demand for money in developing countries is still controversial. The aim of this study is to attempt to resolve this controversy. The study uses panel data from eight African countries to look at the interest elasticity of demand for money in developing countries. The countries used in the study are Angola (ANG), Equatorial Guinea (EQG), Gambia (GMB), Guinea-Bissau (GBS), Kenya (KNY), Mali (MLI), Nigeria (NGR) and Uganda (UGD). Overall, the study finds the interest rate to be inelastic in the short run but elastic in the long run. This finding suggests that monetary policy is ineffective in developing countries in the long run.
Estimating the Output Gap for Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alkhareif Ryadh M. , Barnett William A. , Alsadoun Nayef A.
Published: February 2017

The objective of this paper is to estimate annual potential output growth and the output gap for the Saudi economy over the period 1980 to 2015, looking at both total output and non-oil output. The focus on the latter is so that the progress in diversifying the economy might be examined and the possible impact of diversification on potential output might be measured. We use three methods for estimating potential output proposed in the macroeconomic literature. The methodologies include the Hodrick-Prescott filter, Kalman filter, and the production function approach. We compare the three over the entire sample and the last five years. Our findings suggest that the output gap (the difference between actual and potential output, as measured by real GDP) is positive on average over the entire period (i.e., actual output has on average exceeded potential); however, the gap has turned negative and has shrunk in recent years, as fiscal expenditures, particularly in infrastructure, have acted to better align actual and potential. Our analysis also indicated that growth in both potential GDP and total factor productivity have accelerated in the 2011-2015 period. In contrast, growth in these factors has slowed in many other countries, particularly the advanced economies. This better performance of the Saudi economy is possibly due to the development of a resilient financial sector in the Saudi economy.
Assessing Market Structure in Iranian Banking Sector Based on the Multiproduct Approach
Authors: Mahmodpour Kamran , Shahiki Tash Mohammad Nabi , Fotros Mohammad Hassan
Published: February 2017

This article’s first aim is to find, the primary level of poly-product in Iranian banking section that causes the layout of the market between the banks become lower and bank concentration higher. To do that we use, the instance of Omni-product banks which is one of the most common approach developed by Penza & Rosse (1987). The first strand is related to bank cost function; and the other one to earnings multiproduct approach.In evaluating this experience-based examination and defining the effects of Omni-production on market penetration, we have applied a structural model to estimate demands on deposit services with study’s result like banks presenting traditional services such as loans and ATM cards. Additionally same modern facilities like brokerage services and capital bonds are of further market power versus those with only basic services. The economies of scope degree is sized via cost saving in scale of percentage which is produced through added figures of fruitful activities in comparison with only individual yield of product. Thus, so as to empirically distinguish economies of scope in poly-product banks, no.1 level of our investigation include modeling and speculating the function of bank’s cost.
Analysis of Criminal Responsibility of Users of Chemical Weapons in International Documents
Authors: Buolagh Mahmud , Zuori Habib
Published: February 2017

The article is written entitled "Analysis of criminal responsibility of the users of chemical weapons". The issue of chemical weapons and criminal responsibility of users of this weapon is very important because countries like Iran starting a war of aggression and invasion against violations of humanitarian law, international criminal is not considered responsibility for the instigators of war. This study aimed to explore international responsibility of individuals and legal assign and use of chemical weapons and the role of domestic law in support of victims of such weapons has been developed. The main hypothesis of this study tries to answer this question that what challenges are dominant criminal responsibilities of users of chemical weapons. It states that; the impact of global powers on international issues are the lack of law, guarantees, good performances and the most important challenges is the lack of cooperation by governments. This research, descriptive analysis of documents, according to primary sources, including data and legal jurisprudence and secondary sources, including laws papers has been developed. The findings of this study show that, the principles of international law banning the use of chemical weapons, in addition to the contract law, is customary international law, hence, even if the country has no weapons of mass destruction also a member of the international conventions, proscription, in case of violations of international humanitarian law can still be prosecuted in the s.
Investigate the Situation of Satisfaction of Social Relationships and Living Environment in Elders in Nursing Homes and Elders in the Family
Authors: Nickbakht Issa , Jaberi Alireza , Peyvandi Ahmad
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study is to compare the satisfaction of social and living conditions of elderly people living in nursing homes, with family environment. The research method is Survey. The population included elderly residents of a nursing home comfort in Karaj (60 Persons), and the number of seniors living in families in the city of Karaj. Due to the limited number of population, census method was used to determine sample size. Also, 60 seniors who lived in the area were selected by convenience sampling method, to study more precise and similar in both groups of seniors. The questionnaire included 11 questions on a Likert spectrum of very high (5), high (4), average (3), low (2) and very low (1) was used to collect data in this study. The research tools were used by the opinions of experts, and reviewed and revised. Therefore, the validity was confirmed. Parallel methods were used to measure the reliability of research. In this case, we refer to the first 20 participants, and questions were asked, and again the test was repeated a week later, and since, to obtain general information, the information is not different from those after of a week, the questionnaire was judged as valid. To analyze the findings, we used descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (t-test) with application software spss. The results showed that, on average satisfaction (of social relations and the environment) among residents of a nursing home, are 9.56 and 14.27, respectively, and in the elderly living at home is 14.09 and 18.84 respectively. Hypothesis test results also showed that satisfaction with social relationships and environment, studied two groups of elderly unequal, and this inequality is also significant.
Introduction to Thematic Section
Authors: Tarp Sven
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Is terminology specialized lexicography? The experience of French-speaking countries
Authors: Humbley John
Published: February 2017

La terminographie se réduit-elle à la lexicographie spécialisée? L’expérience que les pays francophones ont faite de la terminologie donne à penser qu’il s’agit plutôt de deux méthodologies proches, qui puisent en partie, mais non exclusivement, dans les mêmes sources, et qui ont des finalités qui ne sont pas nécessairement identiques. Une part importante de la distinction serait d’ordre culturel, et nous proposons une explication personnelle de cette spécificité, qui, en France comme au Québec, lie la terminologie, et donc la terminographie, à la politique linguistique.
Erarbeitung und Anwendung begrifflicher Strukturierungen
Authors: Picht Heribert
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Questioning the univocity ideal. The difference between socio-cognitive Terminology and traditional Terminology
Authors: Temmerman Rita
Published: February 2017

In this article we are questioning the univocity ideal of traditional Terminology. We show how traditional Terminology in line with Saussurian structuralism ignores part of the interplay between the elements of the semantic triangle. Cognitive semantics and functional linguistics have offered an alternative for the Saussurian structuralist approach. Several of their findings can be of use for the development of socio-cognitive Terminology.In the LSP of the life sciences, the structure of concepts reflects their episte-mological function. This could have consequences for the principles and methods of terminological description. While some concepts (like intron ) are clear-cut and can therefore be submitted to the principle of univocity, others (like blotting and biotech-nology) have prototype structure. For prototypically structured categories univocity can not be the aim as polysemy, synonymy and figurative language are part of their naming history.
Terminography and Lexicography. A Critical Survey of Dictionaries from a Single Specialised Field
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Kaufmann Uwe
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Thi kendes for ret - om lemmata og eksempler i juridisk fagleksikografi
Authors: Kjær Anne Lise
Published: February 2017

This paper will focus on some principles for lexicographical treatment of a type of fixed word combinations, which could be referred to in English as “stereotyped expressions” (in German: “Routineformeln”), more specifically stereotypes commonly and repeated-ly used as stable parts of certain types of legal documents. The question is raised where word combinations of that kind should be placed in a bilingual law dictionary. Should they be placed as entries according to their status as language units? Or shold they be indicated as examples of the use of the words of which they consist? It is argued that neither of the solutions is good. In stead, stereotypes should be cited in articles describing the documents of which they are a stable part.
Introduction to Thematic Section
Authors: Jensen Kjær , Lauridsen Ole
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Spørgsmål og svar - komparativt dansk-italiensk
Authors: Jensen Bente Lihn , Korzen Iørn , Skytte Gunver
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Comparaison et reversibilité en français
Authors: Boysen Gerhard
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
En oldfransk og en oldoccitansk morfologi
Authors: Skårup Povl
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
The Position of Clitics in Phrases with an Infinite Verb Form in Romance Languages
Authors: Söhrman Ingmar
Published: February 2017

No abstracts.
Anmeldelsens teori og praksis
Authors: Hansen Carsten
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Lille håndbog i nudansk anmelderi
Authors: Jørgensen John Chr.
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
(U)formulerede anmeldelsespolitikker ved en række lingvistiske tidsskrifter. En sammenfatning og karakteristik
Authors: Hansen Carsten
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
At anmelde i Hermes - tidsskrift for sprogforskning
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Frandsen Finn
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Mig og anmeldelserne
Authors: Jarvad Pia
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Forskernes fy-ord
Authors: Christensen Anne Flindt
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Journalistiske kvikheder
Authors: Rasmussen Palle
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Distinct modes of SMAD2 chromatin binding and remodeling shape the transcriptional response to NODAL/Activin signaling
Authors: Coda Davide M , Gaarenstroom Tessa , East Philip , Patel Harshil , Miller Daniel S J , Lobley Anna , Matthews Nik , Stewart Aengus , Hill Caroline S
Published: February 2017

NODAL/Activin signaling orchestrates key processes during embryonic development via SMAD2. How SMAD2 activates programs of gene expression that are modulated over time however, is not known. Here we delineate the sequence of events that occur from SMAD2 binding to transcriptional activation, and the mechanisms underlying them. NODAL/Activin signaling induces dramatic chromatin landscape changes, and a dynamic transcriptional network regulated by SMAD2, acting via multiple mechanisms. Crucially we have discovered two modes of SMAD2 binding. SMAD2 can bind pre-acetylated nucleosome-depleted sites. However, it also binds to unacetylated, closed chromatin, independently of pioneer factors, where it induces nucleosome displacement and histone acetylation. For a subset of genes, this requires SMARCA4. We find that long term modulation of the transcriptional responses requires continued NODAL/Activin signaling. Thus SMAD2 binding does not linearly equate with transcriptional kinetics, and our data suggest that SMAD2 recruits multiple co-factors during sustained signaling to shape the downstream transcriptional program.
Translating Legal Collocations in Contract Agreements by Iraqi EFL Students-Translators
Authors: A. Abdulwahid Muntaha , Binti Zainon Hamzah Zaitul Azma , Hajimaming Pabiyah , Alkhawaja Hussein W.
Published: February 2017

Legal translation of contract agreements is a challenge to translators as it involves combining the literary translation with the technical terminological precision. In translating legal contract agreements, a legal translator must utilize the lexical or syntactic precision and, more importantly, the pragmatic awareness of the context. This will guarantee an overall communicative process and avoid inconsistency in legal translation. However, the inability of the translator to meet these two functions in translating the contract item not only affects the contractors’ comprehension of the contract item but also affects the parties’ contractual obligations. In light of this, the purpose of this study was to find out how legal collocations used in contract agreements are translated from Arabic into English by student-translators in terms of (1) purely technical, (2) semi-technical, and (3) everyday vocabulary collocations. For the data collection, a multiple-choice collocation test was used to be answered by 35 EFL Iraqi undergraduate translator-students to decide on the aspects of weaknesses and strengths of their translation, thus decide on the aspects of correction. The findings showed that these students had serious problems in translating legal collocations as they lack the linguistic knowledge and pragmatic awareness needed to achieve the legal meaning and effect. They were also unable to make a difference among the three categories of legal collocations, purely technical, semi-technical, and everyday vocabulary collocations. These students should be exposed to more legal translation practices to obtain the required experience needed for their future career.