bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kajian Bahasa Arab dari A Historis hingga Historis
Authors: Susiawati Wati
Published: November 2019

Language is essentially the sound, which is in the form of waves of air coming out of the lungs through sound pipes and across speech organs or sound devices. Arabic, as one of the Semitic languages, has special features in sound aspects that no other language has. Arabic is a language that has unique characteristics and is different from other languages in the world. The characteristics and uniqueness of the Arabic language between them is the language of derivation (ishtiqâq), rich in sound, language that is rich in form (ṣîghah), language of taṣrîf, i’râb, a language rich in expressions, various kinds of sentence techniques, languages that are rich in syntax (naḥw) and others.
Performing Religious Services in Trading Interaction
Authors: Halidin Ali , Zakiah Sitti , Mahsyar Mahsyar
Published: November 2019

There are two communication approaches had been mentioned in this study, firstly: the cultural communication strategy, and the second: communication habit. Cultural communication seeks to describe the interests that was built by seeing the opportunities and the benefits of the trade that was occurred between the merchant community around on the two holy lands of Medina and Mecca to the visitors and pilgrims or commonly referred to as umrah pilgrims. There are two trading strategies with the use of the Indonesian language. The firstly because of the largest number of Umrah pilgrims each year to the Nabawi Mosque in Medina and illegitimate mosques in Makkah (alharam). Secondly, the habitual communication, namely mapping cultural ties was not only done by the marriage or kinship relations assimilation), but this is the cultural linkage can occur because each individual has the same interests or needs each other. The method used was descriptive qualitative, by observing, the real communication patterns was happened between Indonesian Umrah pilgrims and traders from Arab and Middle Eastern communities around the Nabawai mosque of Medina and the Haram Makkah. The specific communication pattern is trading communication with the approaching to the cultural elements and Indonesian nationalism in it, so that the impression is more interesting. It’s looked the merchants around the two holy lands were good at attracting the interest and enthusiasm to the shopping for the visitors and pilgrims from Indonesia, by greeting and offering prices using Indonesian language.  While the Indonesian pilgrims are well known having the strong nationalism and cultural culture, so the flavors arose, such as feel in the village themselves and having kinship if they heard the mother's language and culture used by others.
Biosorption of Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium Ions by Aspergillus terreus Immobilized in a Natural Matrix
Authors: SUN YIH-MIN , HORNG CHING-YI , CHANG FU-LIN , CHENG LI-CHUN , TIAN WEN-XUAN
Published: November 2019

Our aim was to investigate the biosorption of Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2 from aqueous solution by Aspergillus terreus (both free and immobilized on loofa sponge discs). Our results show that the adsorption capacity of fungal biomass on loofa sponge (FBLS) is superior to free fungal biomass (FFB). The adsorption selectivity by FBLS was in the order Pb2+>Hg2+>Cd2+. The maximum metal ions adsorbed was 247.2, 37.7, 23.8 mg/g FBLS for Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+, respectively. Metal uptake by FBLS was affected by the pH of the metal solution, but independent of temperature (10-50 degrees C). The Langmuir model was more suitable than the Freundlich model to describe the biosorption process of FBLS. The regenerated FBLS was found to be effective for repeated use for five cycles without significant loss in adsorption capacity. This research demonstrates that FBLS possesses excellent capacity for Pb2+ biosorption from aqueous solution and industrial wastewaters.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of some Quaternary Morpholinium Chlorides
Authors: BRYCKI BOGUMIŁ , DEGA-SZAFRAN ZOFIA , MIRSKA ILONA
Published: November 2019

The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 31 morpholinium chlorides, divided into five series depending on the substituents attached to the nitrogen atom, N-carboxyalkyl-morpholinium chlorides (1a-e), N-carbalkoxymethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium chlorides (2a-f), N-carbethoxymethyl-N-alkyl-morpholinium chlorides (3a-g), N-carbalkoxymethyl-N-dodecyl-morpholinium chlorides (4a-f) and N-carboxymethyl-N-alkyl-morpholinium chlorides (5a-g) is reported. The compounds investigated were tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Trichophyton menthagrophytes. The most active are compounds with a long N-alkyl group and with the substituent CH2COOC(n)H(2n-1) (n = 8-16).
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Metallo-beta-Lactamase Positive and Negative Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: SĘKOWSKA ALICJA , HRYNIEWICZ WALERIA , GNIADKOWSKI MAREK , DEPTUŁA ALEKSANDER , KUSZA KRZYSZTOF , GOSPODAREK EUGENIA
Published: November 2019

Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a worldwide increasing and one of the most disturbing problems, given these antibiotics are drugs of choice in the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase producing strains. In this study the antibiotic susceptibility of metallo-beta-lactamase-positive and negative Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from intensive care unit (ICU) patients was evaluated. The presence of genes encoding MBLs was determined with a commercial kit hyplex MBL ID (BAG HEALTH CARE). The MBL-producing isolates were the first K. pneumoniae isolates of this kind identified in Poland. It seems that methods for detecting MBLs in Enterobacteriaceae should be included in contemporary standards of microbiological diagnostics in the country.
Evaluation of Quantitative PCR Measurement of Bacterial Colonization of Epithelial Cells
Authors: SCHMIDT MARCIN T. , OLEJNIK-SCHMIDT AGNIESZKA K. , MYSZKA KAMILA , BORKOWSKA MONIKA , GRAJEK WŁODZIMIERZ
Published: November 2019

Microbial colonization is an important step in establishing pathogenic or probiotic relations to host cells and in biofilm formation on industrial or medical devices. The aim of this work was to verify the applicability of quantitative PCR (Real-Time PCR) to measure bacterial colonization of epithelial cells. Salmonella enterica and Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell line was used as a model. To verify sensitivity of the assay a competition of the pathogen cells to probiotic microorganism was tested. The qPCR method was compared to plate count and radiolabel approach, which are well established techniques in this area of research. The three methods returned similar results. The best quantification accuracy had radiolabel method, followed by qPCR. The plate count results showed coefficient of variation two-times higher than this of qPCR. The quantitative PCR proved to be a reliable method for enumeration of microbes in colonization assay. It has several advantages that make it very useful in case of analyzing mixed populations, where several different species or even strains can be monitored at the same time.
The Molecular Evidence of Babesia microti in Hard Tics Removed from Dogs in Warsaw (Central Poland)
Authors: ZYGNER WOJCIECH , BĄSKA PIOTR , WIŚNIEWSKI MARCIN , WĘDRYCHOWICZ HALINA
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to specify the occurrence and prevalence of Babesia microti in hard ticks removed from dogs in Warsaw (central Poland). Among 590 collected ticks, 209 were identified as Ixodes ricinus, and 381 as Dermacentor reticulatus. B. microti DNA was detected in 11 out of 590 (1.86%) samples of ticks. The DNA of the parasite was detected only in lysates from female I. ricinus ticks (11 out of 193; 5.7%). The result of this study is the first evidence of B. microti in I. ricinus ticks in Warsaw.
Modulation of IAA Production in Cyanobacteria by Tryptophan and Light
Authors: PRASANNA RADHA , JOSHI MONICA , RANA ANUJ , NAIN LATA
Published: November 2019

Cyanobacteria represent less a investigated group of prokaryote, in terms of their plant growth promoting potential, especially in relation to the production of phytohormones. The present investigation was aimed towards analyzing growth kinetics, indole acetic acid (IAA) production and acetylene reduction activity (ARA) as an index of nitrogen fixation in two selected cyanobacterial strains belonging to the genus Anabaena, as influenced by tryptophan supplementation and light:dark conditions. Interesting observations were recorded in terms of enhancement of IAA production accompanied by protein and chlorophyll accumulation in the two cyanobacterial strains grown in media without tryptophan and incubated under light:dark or continuous light conditions. Colorimetric and chromatographic analyses supported the observations that tryptophan is not essential as a precursor for IAA biosynthesis in these cyanobacteria. Further study is in progress to identify genes involved in the tryptophan independent pathway for IAA biosynthesis.
Purification and Characterization of an Extracellular Protease from Bacillus subtilis EAG-2 Strain Isolated from Ornamental Plant Nursery
Authors: GHAFOOR AFIA , HASNAIN SHAHIDA
Published: November 2019

Bacillus subtilis EAG-2 strain isolated from an ornamental plant nursery produced a highly active extracellular protease. It was purified to apparent homogeneity by successive purification steps. The SDS-gel of purified protease revealed a single band of 27 KDa on 10% polyacrylamide gel. Proteolytic activity was confirmed by using two different zymographic methods. Interestingly, the enzyme showed two clear activity bands in both cases. The optimum proteolysis for this protease was observed at pH 8.5 and 65 degrees C. The enzyme was highly stable up to 80% after 30-50 degrees C for 60 minutes. It also remained stable at pH 6.5-9.0 after 4 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. Its activity was reduced to 16% and 25% by PMSF and APMSF which indicates its relation to serine proteases. An increase in activity was noticed in the presence of Ca(+2), Zn(+2) and Ba(+2). On the other hand, it worked effectively with different natural substrates. Hence EAG-2 protease might be a useful contribution to the enzyme industry in Pakistan based upon its distinctive properties.
Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and Mouse Fibroblasts
Authors: CHMIELEWSKI TOMASZ , TYLEWSKA-WIERZBANOWSKA STANISŁAWA
Published: November 2019

Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes are an infectious agent of Lyme borreliosis. The aim of our studies was to investigate the fate of engulfed B. burgdorferi cells in L-929 mouse fibroblasts and to observe development of intracellular infection in vitro after 2 and 48 h. Electron microscopic studies reveal consecutive stages of B. burgdorferi spirochetes penetration to mouse fibroblasts in vitro. It has been observed, as a first step attachment and engulfment of spirochetes followed by formation of vacuoles. After 48 hours of infection, vacuoles of fibroblastic cells have been seen full of B. burgdorferi bacteria and latter they have been released from infected cells to extracellular space. It can be the evidence that B. burgdorferi multiply intracellulary.
Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Leptospira spp. by Multiplex Real-Time PCR (TaqMan) Assay
Authors: BEDIR ORHAN , KILIC ABDULLAH , ATABEK ERDINC , KUSKUCU AHMET MERT , TURHAN VEDAT , BASUSTAOGLU A. CELAL
Published: November 2019

Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira, is one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Several molecular techniques have been developed for detection and differentiation between pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira spp. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and simple assay for specific detection and differentiation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. by multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay using primers and probes targeting Leptospira genus specific 16S ribosomal RNA gene, the pathogen specific lig A/B genes and nonpathogen Leptospira biflexa specific 23S ribosomal RNA gene. Sixteen reference strains of Leptospira spp. including pathogenic and nonpathogenic and ten other negative control bacterial strains were used in the study. While the 16S primers amplified target from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires, the ligA/B and the 23S primers amplified target DNA from pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay detection limit, that is, the sensitivity was found approximately 1 x 10(2) cells/ml for ligA/B gene and 23S ribosomal RNA gene, and 10 cells/ml 16S ribosomal RNA. The reaction efficiencies were 83-105% with decision coefficients of more than 0.99 in all multiplex assays. The multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay yielded negative results with the ten other control bacteria. In conclusion, the developed multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay is highly useful for early diagnosis and differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires in a reaction tube as having high sensitivity and specificity.
Methanogenic Diversity Studies within the Rumen of Surti buffaloes Based on Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase A (mcrA) Genes Point to Methanobacteriales
Authors: SINGH KRISHNA M. , PANDYA PARESH R. , PARNERKAR SUBHASH , TRIPATHI AJAI K. , RAMANI UMED , KORINGA PRAKASH G. , RANK DHARAMSHI N. , JOSHI CHAITANYA G. , KOTHARI RAMESH K.
Published: November 2019

Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are considered to be one of the more potent forms of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Many strategies to reduce emissions are targeting the methanogens that inhabit the rumen, but such an approach can only be successful if it targets all the major groups of ruminant methanogens. Therefore, basic knowledge of the diversity of these microbes in breeds of buffalo is required. Therefore, the methanogenic community in the rumen of Surti buffaloes was analyzed by PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene. A total of 76 clones were identified, revealing 14 different sequences (phylotypes). All 14 sequences were similar to methanogens belonging to the order Methanobacteriales. Within Methanobacteriales, 12 clones (6 OTUs) were similar to Methanosphaera stadtmanae and the remaining 8 phylotypes (64 clones) were similar to unclassified Methanobacteriales. Overall, members of the Methanobacteriales dominated the mcrA clone library in the rumen of Surti buffalo. Further studies and effective strategies can be made to inhibit the growth of Methanobacteriales to reduce methane emission from the rumen which would help in preventing global warming.
Chromate Reduction by Cell-Free Extract of Bacillus firmus KUCr1
Authors: SAU GOPI BALLAV , CHATTERJEE SWAGATA , MUKHERJEE SAMIR KUMAR
Published: November 2019

Microbial enzymatic reduction of a toxic form of chromium [Cr(VI)] has been considered as an effective method for bioremediation of this metal. This study reports on the in vitro reduction of Cr(VI) using cell-free extracts from a Cr(VI) reducing Bacillus firmus KUCr1 strain. Chromium reductase was found to be constitutive and its activity was observed both in soluble cell fractions (S12 and S150 and membrane cell fraction (P150). The reductase activity of S12 fraction was found to be optimal at 40 microM Cr(VI) with enzyme concentration equivalent to 0.493 mg protein/ml. Enzyme activity was dependent on NADH or NADPH as electron donor; optimal temperature and pH for better enzyme activity were 70 degrees C and 5.6, respectively. The Km value of the reductase was 58.33 microM chromate having a V(max) of 11.42 microM/min/mg protein. The metabolic inhibitor like sodium azide inhibited reductase activity of membrane fraction of the cell-free extract. Metal ions like Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and As3+ stimulated the enzyme but others, such as Ag+, Hg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, inhibited Cr(VI) reductase activity.
Occurence and Chracterization of Colletotrichum dematium (Fr.) Grove
Authors: MACHOWICZ-STEFANIAK ZOFIA
Published: November 2019

Colletotrichum dematium was isolated from caraway for the first time in Poland in 2005. Isolations of this fungus were repeated in 2006 and 2007. The cultures of fungus were obtained from superficially disinfected leaves, root necks, roots, stems and umbels. The isolates were identified on culture media: PDA and malt agar with addition of pieces of caraway stems and on the base of macro and microscopic structures. Studies on the biotic effect between C. dematium and other species of phyllosphere fungi of caraway showed that the majority of the studied species limited the growth and development of C. dematium, but the size of the limiting effect was different. The species from Trichoderma and Gliocladium genera were the most effective against C. dematium, causing degeneration and lysis of hyphae and precluded the formation of the pathogen's acervuli and conidia. C. dematium in dual culture with E. purpurascens, A. radicina, S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea and R. solani produced an inhibition zone which indicated its capacity for antibiosis.
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Genotype Patterns of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Urinary Tract Infected Patients
Authors: ABOU-DOBARA M.I. , DEYAB M.A. , ELSAWY E.M. , MOHAMED H.H.
Published: November 2019

Thirty nine isolates of Escherichia coli, twenty two isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and sixteen isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract infected patients were analyzed by antimicrobial susceptibility typing and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by microdilution and E Test methods. From the antibiotic susceptibility, ten patterns were recorded (four for E. coli, three for K. pneumoniae and three for P. aeruginosa respectively). Furthermore, genotyping showed seventeen RAPD patterns (seven for E. coli, five for K. pneumoniae and five for P. aeruginosa respectively). In this study, differentiation of strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa from nosocomial infection was possible with the use of RAPD.
rDNA-Based Genotyping of Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans
Authors: NAWROT URSZULA , PAJĄCZKOWSKA MAGDALENA , WŁODARCZYK KATARZYNA , MECLER IZABELA
Published: November 2019

The study presents an analysis of the restriction pattern ofrDNA fragments of 95 C. albicans isolates previously classified on the basis of the presence of the intron in rDNA into genotypes A (62 isolates), B (28), and C (5). Most isolates (61) with genotype A were classified as "subtype a" and one as "subtype d" (Karahan and Akar; 2005). No differences were observed in the restriction patterns of the tested genotype B isolates. Similarly, most genotype C strains (4/5) showed the same restriction pattern. The results indicate low subtyping variations of the analyzed isolates, which is in contrast to published data obtained from a Turkish collection of yeasts.
Simultaneous Degradation of Waste Phosphogypsum and Liquid Manure from Industrial Pig Farm by a Mixed Community of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Authors: RZECZYCKA MARZENNA , MIERNIK ANTONI , MARKIEWICZ ZDZISLAW
Published: November 2019

The utilization of pig manure as a source of nutrients for the dissimilatory reduction of sulfates present in phosphogypsum was investigated. In both types of media used (synthetic medium and raw pig manure) increased utilization of sulfates with growing COD/SO4(2-)ratio in the medium was observed. The percent of sulfate reduction obtained in synthetic medium was from 18 to 99%, whereas the value for cultures set up in raw liquid manure was from 12% (at COD/SO4(2-) of 0.3) up to as high as 98% (at COD/SO4(2-) equal 3.80). Even with almost complete reduction of sulfates the percent of COD reduction did not exceed 55%. Based on the results obtained it was concluded that the effectiveness of removal of sulfates and organic matter by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) depends to a considerable degree on the proportion between organic matter and sulfates in the purified wastewaters. The optimal COD/SO4(2-)ratio for the removal oforganic matter was between 0.6 and 1.2 whereas the optimal ratio for the removal of sulfates was between 2.4 and 4.8.
Peroxidase Activity In the Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans DSM 771
Authors: PAWŁOWSKA-ĆWIĘK LUCYNA
Published: November 2019

Earlier research demonstrated the secretion of benzoate, which must be oxygenated to its 4-hydroxy derivative in order to be included in further sulfate uptake processes. The present study on Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans DSM 771 was designed to determine the activity and catalytic specificity of the enzyme (most probably peroxidase) catalyzing the hydroxylation of secreted benzoate. Peroxidase activity measured with ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzathiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) during cultivation indicated the greatest activity on the third and thirteen days (3.4 and 2.3 nkat per ml sample respectively). The highest (0.7979) correlation coefficient was calculated between peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide levels. The cell walls from 3- and 13-day cultures were subjected to an isolation procedure, PIPES (piperazine-N,N'-bis (2-ethane-sulfonic acid) extract followed by preparative electrophoresis. The extracts of a approximately 30 kDa band on the gel were analyzed by Western blotting and the membrane was stained with TMB (3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine-specific for the presence of peroxidase). This same protein was incubated for 6 h with benzoate, H2O2, Na2SO4. The product formed a complex with Fe3+, whose maximum absorption spectra (501.7 nm) corresponded with a ferric complex of synthetic 4-hydroxy-3-sulfo-benzoate. The H2S level during the cultivation was higher in culture grown with 15.5 mM 4-hydroxy-3-sulfo-benzoate than in culture with lactate supplemented with 15.5 mM sulfate. The role of peroxidase in oxygen utilization and sulfate uptake is discussed.
Probiotic Properties of Yeasts Isolated from Chicken Feces and Kefirs
Authors: RAJKOWSKA KATARZYNA , KUNICKA-STYCZYŃSKA ALINA
Published: November 2019

The probiotic potential of 3 yeasts strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from kefirs and feces was investigated and compared with 3 isolates from medicines and 2 collection strains (ATCC) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Genetic identification of yeasts based on karyotypes indicated their affiliation to Saccharomyces spp. although chromosomal polymorphism was observed. Concerning probiotic characteristics survival in simulated gastric and intestinal environment were examined. The survival of all tested yeasts in medium of pH 2.5 was comparable and equaled 86.8-97.1% after 8 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. The fecal isolate, probiotic and collection yeasts showed also high resistance to pH 1.5 and their survival was 85.3-92.1%, whereas for kefir strains it amounted to 33.1 and 38.9%. All yeasts tested demonstrated high resistance to synthetic bile salts as well. In the presence of 0.1% sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate the reduction of cell number by only 1 log unit after 4 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C was observed. However, 1.0% addition of ox bile did not affect their viability. In simulated gastric and intestinal environment survival of fecal, probiotic and collection strains was 86.3-93.7% after 4 hours of incubation in media with addition of 3 g/l pepsin and 1 g/l pancreatin. Kefir isolates were more sensitive to these conditions and a further 10% reduction of cell number in relation to probiotic yeasts was observed. The tested strains, except for kefir isolates, were able to grow at 37 degrees C. All the tested strains survived in sufficient number to create the possibility of proper action in the human body, although fecal, probiotic and collection strains tolerated the conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract better than food-borne yeasts.
Resistance of Bacterial Biofilms Formed on Stainless Steel Surface to disinfecting Agent
Authors: KRÓLASIK JOANNA , ŻAKOWSKA ZOFIA , KRĘPSKA MILENA , KLIMEK LESZEK
Published: November 2019

The natural ability of microorganisms for adhesion and biofilm formation on various surfaces is one of the factors causing the inefficiency of a disinfection agent, despite its proven activity in vitro. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of disinfecting substances on bacterial biofilms formed on stainless steel surface. A universally applied disinfecting agent was used in the tests. Bacterial strains: Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas putida, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus hominis strains, were isolated from food contact surfaces, after a cleaning and disinfection process. The disinfecting agent was a commercially available acid specimen based on hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid, the substance that was designed for food industry usage. Model tests were carried out on biofilm formed on stainless steel (type 304, no 4 finish). Biofilms were recorded by electron scanning microscope. The disinfecting agent in usable concentration, 0.5% and during 10 minutes was ineffective for biofilms. The reduction of cells in biofilms was only 1-2 logarithmic cycles. The use of the agent in higher concentration--1% for 30 minutes caused reduction of cell number by around 5 logarithmic cycles only in the case of one microorganism, M. luteus. For other types: L. innocua, P. putida, S. hominis, the requirements placed on disinfecting agents were not fulfilled. The results of experiments proved that bacterial biofilms are resistant to the disinfectant applied in its operational parameters. Disinfecting effectiveness was achieved after twofold increase of the agent's concentration.
Antimicrobial Activity of Undecan-x-Ones (x = 2-4)
Authors: KUNICKA-STYCZYŃSKA ALINA , GIBKA JULIA
Published: November 2019

As a continuation of our research on the biological activity of undecan-x-ones (x = 2-4), their antimicrobial activity towards bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, yeast Candida mycoderma and mould Aspergillus niger, was investigated. The population viability of the tested microbial strains in the presence of undecan-x-ones was determined by the impedimetric and agar disc diffusion methods. Undecan-x-ones showed low antibacterial activity towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Undecan-2-one and undecan-3-one exhibited high activity towards C. mycoderma. All undecan-x-ones expressed the strongest effect on A. niger. The tests have proven that due to high fungistatic activity undecan-x-ones can be used to aid stabilization of food and cosmetic matrices.
Mechanism of Aniline Degradation by Yeast Strain Candida methanosorbosa BP-6
Authors: MUCHA KATARZYNA , KWAPISZ EWA , KUCHARSKA URSZULA , OKRUSZEK ANDRZEJ
Published: November 2019

The ability of some bacteria and filamentous fungi to degrade aniline and its derivatives was reported earlier in the literature. However, there was no information about the biodegradation of aniline by yeast strains. The present work is focused on yeast strain Candida methanosorbosa BP-6 which was isolated from the wastewater pool of the old dye factory "Boruta" in Zgierz by enrichment technique and identified by standard microbiological methods. We have found that strain C. methanosorbosa BP-6 readily grows in the presence of aniline and can degrade this substrate. Relatively good separation of peaks corresponding to aniline and its biodegradation intermediates allowed us their identification and quantification by HPLC methodology. We have found that major intermediates of this degradation are: catechol, cis,cis-muconic acid, muconolactone, 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone, 3-oxoadipic acid and succinic acid. Our results provide strong evidence that biodegradation of aniline by the yeast strain C. methanosorbosa BP-6 proceeds according to the intradiolic pathway.
New Antibacterial Therapeutics and Strategies
Authors: KUREK ANNA , GRUDNIAK ANNA M. , KRACZKIEWICZ-DOWJAT ANNA , WOLSKA KRYSTYNA I.
Published: November 2019

Studies on new antibacterial therapeutics and strategies are currently being conducted in many microbiological, pharmaceutical and biochemical laboratories. The antibacterial activity of plant-derived compounds as well as silver and gold nanoparticles is the subject of this minireview. The application of photodynamic therapy is also discussed.
Clonning, Expression and Identification by Immunohistochemistry of Humanized Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibody against Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein
Authors: LUN YONG-ZHI , CHENG JUN , ZHONG YAN-WEI , YU ZENG-GUO , WANG QI , WANG FANG , FENG JIE
Published: November 2019

Expression of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies on the surface of bacteriophage is widely used to prepare antibodies with pre-defined specificities. A phage antibody library containing the gene for scFv antibody against Hepatitis C virus core protein was panned with core protein immobilized on microtiter plate wells. After five rounds of panning 60 phage clones specific to core protein were obtained and one selected clone was sequenced. It was found that the specifically detected antigen consists of 774bp and is capable of encoding 257 amino acids in the patients but not in healthy persons.
The Occurrence and Comparative Phenotypic Characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. from Healthy and Diseased, Household and Shelter Dogs, Based on Routine Biochemical Diagnostic Methods
Authors: KASPROWICZ ANDRZEJ , BIAŁECKA ANNA , BIAŁECKA JOANNA , GODZISZ IZABELA , BARABASZ WIESŁAW , JAWORSKA OLGA , MAŁACHOWA NATALIA , MIĘDZOBRODZKI JACEK
Published: November 2019

To determine the staphylococcal colonization pattern in healthy and diseased dogs, living in two particular environments, a number of microbiological samples were taken. Overall, twenty dogs, either healthy or with infected skin lesions, were examined. In each case bacterial swabs were collected from the nasal mucosa, ear, perineum, lumbo-sacralis triangle, and from the infection sites if such were present. A total number of 104 isolates representing different staphylococcal species were isolated and identified using routine biochemical methods applied in diagnostic laboratories. Among 17 isolated staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus intermedius was the most common species isolated from both healthy or diseased dogs living either in animal shelter or household environments. The pattern of Staphylococcus sp. colonization differs considerably for animals living in the two tested habitats. In particular, S. aureus MRSA and MSSA isolates were detected only in infected skin lesion samples from animals that dwelled in the animal shelter. As could be expected, S. intermedius was found to be a predominant causative agent in canine skin infections. In our study, we demonstrated that S. intermedius in its carrier-state, inhabits mainly the mucosal membrane of the nasal vestibule. It was also found in the samples taken from the skin, the lumbo-sacralis triangle and perineum, but was rarely isolated from the ears.
Competitiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Strains in Mixed Inoculation of Clover (Trifolium pratense)
Authors: WIELBO JERZY , MAREK-KOZACZUK MONIKA , KIDAJ DOMINIKA , SKORUPSKA ANNA
Published: November 2019

Rhizobium leguminosarum by. trifolii (Rlt) establishes beneficial root nodule symbiosis with clover. Twenty Rlt strains differentially marked with antibiotic-resistance markers were investigated in terms of their competitiveness and plant growth promotion in mixed inoculation of clover in laboratory experiments. The results showed that the studied strains essentially differed in competition ability. These differences seem not to be dependent on bacterial multiplication in the vicinity of roots, but rather on complex physiological traits that affect competitiveness. The most remarkable result of this study is that almost half of the total number of the sampled nodules was colonized by more than one strain. The data suggest that multi-strain model of nodule colonization is common in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and reflects the diversity ofrhizobial population living in the rhizosphere.
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Classification and Typing Methods: an Overview
Authors: TURLEJ AGATA , HRYNIEWICZ WALERIA , EMPEL JOANNA
Published: November 2019

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main causes of hospital-acquired infections, but since late 1990s also the community-acquired. For better understanding of the S.aureus epidemiology there is an urgent need for creation of new typing method for SCCmec element. The molecular typing of MRSA for epidemiological purposes is investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and the SCCmec type assignment. In last few years not only new type of SCCmec (VI to XI) have been identified, but also additional subtypes (i.e. IVg-j) and different variants of already existed one (i.e. 5C2&5 and 2B2&5) were discovered. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize current knowledge about SCCmec classification and to discuss advantages and disadvantages of selected SCCmec typing methods.
Reaction Conditions for Maximal Cyclodextrin Production by Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase from Bacillus megaterium
Authors: ZHEKOVA BORIANA Y. , STANCHEV VESELIN S.
Published: November 2019

The effect of the reaction conditions (substrate concentration, enzyme dosage, and pH) on cyclodextrin production by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus megaterium was investigated by applying mathematical modeling methods. Adequate models were developed and they were used for determination of the optimal conditions for maximal formation of beta-cyclodextrins at minimal concentrations of a- and gamma-cydclodextrins. The main factor affecting the ratio of the products was pH of the reaction mixture. At pH 9 the enzyme formed mainly beta- and y-cyclodextrins and the ratio a:beta:gamma was 2.6:83.5:13.9; at pH 5 the ratio changed to 8.6:84.6:6.8. Mathematical models were used for determination of the conditions for maximal conversion of the substrate into cyclodextrins. 45.88% conversion of starch was achieved at 5% substrate concentration, 3.5 U/g enzyme dosage, and pH 7.4.
Strains Differentiation of Microsporum canis by RAPD Analysis Using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 Primers
Authors: DOBROWOLSKA ANITA , DĘBSKA JOANNA , KOZŁOWSKA MAGDALENA , STĄCZEK PAWEŁ
Published: November 2019

Molecular analysis of dermatophytes (based on PCR fingerprinting) revealed high clonal differentiation between the genus and species. Microsporum canis (zoophilic dermatophyte, belonging to genus Microsporum), responsible for most cases of tinea capitis in children, tinea corporis in adults and dermatophytoses in cats, is very unique in comparison with other dermatophytes. Results of most molecular studies show that there is no clonal differentiation within M. canis as distinct from other species. The aim of this study was application of (GACA)4 repetitive primer and (ACA)5 primer for typing of M. canis strains isolated from human and animals in Central Poland. Fungal strains: 32 clinical isolates of M. canis, originated from patients from Central Poland; 11 strains isolated from infected cats (6) and dogs (7), reference strains of M. canis (CBS 113480), T rubrum (CBS 120358), T mentagrophytes (CBS 120357) and E. floccosum (CBS 970.95). The genomic DNAs of the strains were used as a template in RAPD reaction. No differentiation was observed for the analyzed M. canis strains using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 typing.
Expression of Helicobacter pylori ggt Gene in Baculovirus Expression System and Activity Analysis of its Products
Authors: KONG MEI , XU MING , HE YA-LONG , ZHANG YOU-LI
Published: November 2019

The gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) of Helicobacter pylori (HpGT) is a newly found virulence factor. In an approach to gain insight into the gene function, the four domains of the HpGT were cloned and expressed in baculovirus expression system. The results of a functional assay showed that the HpGT products acted as GGT, even when the N-terminal 380 amino acids were deleted. However, only the full length open reading frame (ORF) of the HpGT gene was apparently effective on cell growth. This result indicated that the products of the full length ORF might have an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. In this paper, we are the first to report that changes of mitochondrial membrane potential can be detected using 5, 5', 6, 6'-tetrachloro-1, 1', 3, 3'-tetraethylbenzimidazole carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining in insect cells.
Chitin-Glucan Complex Production by Schizophyllum Commune Submerged Cultivation
Authors: SMIRNOU DZIANIS , KRCMAR MARTIN , PROCHAZKOVA EVA
Published: November 2019

Chitin-glucan complex is a fungal origin copolymer that finds application in medicine and cosmetics. Traditionally, the mycelium of Micromycetes is considered as an industrial chitin-glucan complex source. Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune submerged cultivation for chitin-glucan complex production was studied. In different S. commune strains chitin-glucan complex composed 15.2 +/- 0.4 to 30.2 +/- 0.2% of mycelium dry weight. Optimized conditions for chitin-glucan complex production (nutrient medium composition in g/l: sucrose - 35, yeast extract - 4, Na2HPO4*12H2O - 2.5, MgSO4*7 H2O - 0.5; medium initial pH 6.5; aeration intensity 21 of air per 11 of medium; 144 hours of cultivation) resulted in 3.5 +/- 0.3 g/l complex yield. Redirection of fungal metabolism from exopolysaccharide synthesis to chitin-glucan complex accumulation was achieved most efficiently by aeration intensity increase. Chitin-glucan complex from S. commune had the structure of microfibers with diameter 1-2 microm, had water-swelling capacity of 18 g/g, and was composed of 16.63% chitin and 83.37% glucan with a degree of chitin deacetylation of 26.9%. S. commune submerged cultivation is a potent alternative to Micromycetes for industrial-scale chitin-glucan complex production.
Inhibition of Lactophage Activity by Quinolinilporphyrin and its Zinc Complex
Authors: VODZINSKA NATALIA , GALKIN BORIS , ISHKOV YURIY , KIRICHENKO ANNA , KONDRATYUK ALEXANDRA , FILIPOVA TETIANA
Published: November 2019

The influence of free base of quinolinilporphyrin and its Zn complex on infectivity of lactophages E3, E5 and E17 has been studied. The results of our investigations show that inhibition of lactophage activity by Zn complex of quinolinilporphyrin at concentration 10 microM and 20 microM was in the range 53-62% and 65-85%, respectively. The presence of this porphyrin in nutrient medium prevents the propagation of bacteriophage infection in Lactococcus lactis, but does not affect the phage adsorption process. The free base of quinolinilporphyrin slightly inhibits the activity of lactophages.
A Two-Step Strategy for Molecular Typing of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates from Poland
Authors: JAGIELSKI TOMASZ , AUGUSTYNOWICZ-KOPEĆ EWA , PAWLIK KRZYSZTOF , DZIADEK JAROSŁAW , ZWOLSKA ZOFIA , BIELECKI JACEK
Published: November 2019

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the most challenging public health problems in the world. An important contributor to the global burden of the disease is the emergence and spread of drug-resistant and particularly multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (MDR), defined as being resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. In recent years, the introduction of different DNA-based molecular typing methods has substantially improved the knowledge of the epidemiology of TB. The purpose of this study was to employ a combination of two PCR-based genotyping methods, namely spoligotyping and IS6110-Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR to investigate the clonal relatedness of MDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients from Poland. Among the 50 isolates examined, 28 (56%) were clustered by spoligotyping, whereas IS6110-Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR resulted in 16 (32%) clustered isolates. The isolates that clustered in both typing methods were assumed to be clonally related. A two-step strategy consisting of spoligotyping as a first-line test, performed on the entire pool of isolates, and IS6110-Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR typing as a confirmatory subtyping method, performed only within spoligotype-defined clusters, is an efficient approach for determining clonal relatedness among M. tuberculosis clinical isolates.
Inhibition of Fibroblast Apoptosis by Borrrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella henselae
Authors: CHMIELEWSKI TOMASZ , TYLEWSKA-WIERZBANOWSKA STANISŁAWA
Published: November 2019

Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanism of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Borrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii, and Bartonella henselae bacteria on apoptosis measured as the level of caspase 3 activity in human fibroblast cells HEL-299. Our findings show that C. burnetii bacteria may inhibit the process of apoptosis in the host cells for a long time. This can permit intracellular survival in the host and mediatingthe development of chronic disease.
Identification and Characterization of the Trichoderma harzianum Gene Encoding α-1,3-Glucanase Involved in Streptococcal Mutan Degradation
Authors: WIATER ADRIAN , JANCZAREK MONIKA , PLESZCZYŃSKA MAŁGORZATA , SZCZODRAK JANUSZ
Published: November 2019

alpha-1,3-Glucanases (mutanases) are currently of great interest due to their potential use in the field of dental care. These enzymes have been reported in several bacteria, yeasts and fungi, but up to now, characterization of this family of proteins has been relatively poor. In this study, we identify and characterize a mutanase gene from Trichoderma harzianum CCM F-340. Sequence analysis, on the nucleotide and amino acid levels reveals that this alpha-1,3-glucanase is highly homologous to alpha-1,3-glucanases from T harzianum isolate CBS 243.71 and T asperellum CECT 20539. T. harzianum CCM F-340 mutanase is a 634-aa residue protein with a calculated molecular mass of 67.65 kDa, composed of two distinct, highly conserved domains (a long N-terminal catalytic domain and a short C-terminal polysaccharide-binding domain) separated by a less conserved Pro-Ser-Thr-rich linker region. The mutanase gene was expressed in an E. coli BL21 (DE3) host, under the transcriptional control of T7 promoter. The purified enzyme migrated as a band of about 68 kDa after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which coincided with the predicted size based on the amino acid sequence. Our data indicate that this e
Maize Plants Infestation by Fusarium spp. and Deoxynivalenol in Genetically Modified Corn Hybrid and Traditional Maize Cultivars
Authors: SELWET MAREK
Published: November 2019

The objective of the performed investigations was to isolate pathogenic fungi from contaminated maize cobs, to assess the appearance of maize cob fusariosis and to determine grain contamination with deoxynivalenol in the cultivation of genetically modified maize containing a gene resistance against European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) as well as selected non-modified cultivars. The plant material comprised the following genetically modified maize cultivar: DKC 3421 YG (MON 810) and non-modified cultivars obtained from Smolice Plant Breeding Ltd., IHAR Group: Junak (FAO 210-220), Prosna (FAO 220), SMH (FAO 230), Baca (FAO 220). Prior to harvesting, the occurrence of maize cob fusariosis was determined in the 89 (BBCH) developmental ripening stage. Microbiological assessment was carried out on grains selected from cobs characterized by various pathological symptoms. In 2008, a total of 133 isolates was obtained from the examined samples of infected maize plants, of which 51 isolates were species-identified, while in 2009, the total of 123 isolates were determined, of which 63 were species-identified. In both experimental years, the majority of isolates contained fungi from the Fusarium genus. The performed analysis of mean levels of cob contamination by fusarioses revealed that DKC 3421 YG (MON 810) and SMH (FAO 230) cultivars showed the smallest levels of contamination as well as the lowest percent of cob contamination per plant, while Junak (FAO 210-220) and Baca (FAO 220) cultivars were characterized by the highest degree of contamination. The lowest deoxynivalenol concentrations were determined in years 2008 and 2009 in the case of the DKC 3421 YG (MON 810) cultivar, whereas Prosna (FAO 220) cultivar was characterized by the highest deoxynivalenol concentration.
Changes in Gut Microbiota in Children with Atopic Dermatitis Administered the Bacteria Lactobacillus casei DN – 114001
Authors: KLEWICKA ELŻBIETA , CUKROWSKA BOŻENA , LIBUDZISZ ZDZISŁAWA , ŚLIŻEWSKA KATARZYNA , MOTYL ILONA
Published: November 2019

Gut microbiota was analyzed in children, aged 6-18 months and suffering from atopic dermatitis before and after 3 month supplementation of their diet with Lactobacillus casei DN--114001 in a dose of 109 cells daily. On completion of this period the total number of fecal Lactobacillus sp. cells decreased from 7.86 Log10 CFU/g to 6.40 Log10 CFU/g. After the next 5 months (without dietary supplementation with the probiotic bacteria) the level of Lactobacillus sp. cells was maintained at the latter value. During the dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain, the level of Bifidobacterium cells was maintained at 6.15-6.89 Log10 CFU/g while after 5 months it decreased to 5.57 Log10 CFU/g. The population of Clostridium sp. was reduced after 3 months of dietary supplementation from 6.49 to 5.83 Log10 CFU/g and was maintained at the latter level during the next 5 months. The dietary supplementation had no effect on populations of Bacteroides sp., Enterococcus sp. and Enterobacteriaceae. Supplementation of children who developed atopic dermatitis with the preparation of Lactobacillus casei DN - 114001 positively affected their gut microbiota in terms of bifidobacteria and clostridia populations.
Comparison of Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis with Multilocus Sequence Typing and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: SADOWY EWA , SIEŃKO ALEKSANDRA , HRYNIEWICZ WALERIA
Published: November 2019

Enterococcus faecalis represents recently an important etiological agent of health care-associated infections (HAIs) and there is a need for evaluation and comparison of typing methods available for this microorganism. We tested multilocus VNTR (variable-number tandem repeats) analysis (MLVA) on a well-characterized collection of 153 clinical isolates of E. faecalis, corresponding to 52 multilocus sequence types and 67 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. MLVA showed high discriminatory power, discerning 111 different types (diversity index equal 98.9%). The concordance MLVA/MLST and MLVA/PFGE was 0.95 and 0.74, respectively. High discriminatory power of MLVA indicates its utility for local epidemiology such as outbreak investigation, and for differentiation of clones defined by other methods.
Influence of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Cefotaxime, Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin on Adhesion of Escherichia coli Strains to Polystyrene
Authors: ZALAS-WIĘCEK PATRYCJA , GOSPODAREK EUGENIA , PIECYK KATARZYNA
Published: November 2019

The present study investigated the ability of sub MICs of cefotaxime, imipenem and ciprofloxacin to interfere with adhesion of E. coli strains to polystyrene (selected polymer used in studies on microorganisms' adhesion). It was observed that cefotaxime and imipenem at 1/2 and 1/4 MICs decreased the adherence of E. coli strains to polystyrene significantly. 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 MICs of ciprofloxacin generally decreased the adhesive properties of E. coli strains, but two E. coli strains showed a noticeable enhancement of adhesion after incubation at sub MICs of this antibiotic.