bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Housing Transitions and Recovery of Older Adults Following Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Merdjanoff Alexis A , Piltch-Loeb Rachael , Friedman Sarah , Abramson David M
Published: October 2018

Objectives

This study explores the effects of social and environmental disruption on emergency housing transitions among older adults following Hurricane Sandy. It is based upon the Sandy Child and Family Health (S-CAFH) Study, an observational cohort of 1,000 randomly sampled New Jersey residents living in the nine counties most affected by Sandy.

Methods

This analysis examines the post-Sandy housing transitions and recovery of the young-old (55–64), mid-old (65–74), and old-old (75+) compared with younger adults (19–54). We consider length of displacement, number of places stayed after Sandy, the housing host (i.e., family only, friends only, or multi-host), and self-reported recovery.

Results

Among all age groups, the old-old (75+) reported the highest rates of housing damage and were more likely to stay in one place besides their home, as well as stay with family rather than by themselves after the storm. Despite this disruption, the old-old were most likely to have recovered from Hurricane Sandy.

Discussion

Findings suggest that the old-old were more resilient to Hurricane Sandy than younger age groups. Understanding the unique post-disaster housing needs of older adults can help identify critical points of intervention for their post-disaster recovery.
“Left Like Stones in the Middle of the Road”: Narratives of Aging Alone and Coping Strategies in Rural Albania and Bulgaria
Authors: Conkova Nina , Vullnetari Julie , King Russell , Fokkema Tineke
Published: October 2018

Objectives

We explore and compare older adults’ lived experiences and coping strategies in two postcommunist countries—Albania and Bulgaria. Wholesale youth outmigration and economic and institutional regional decline have led to decaying rural areas where older adults become “abandoned.” Aging alone, as couples or widowed, they are socially marginalized and in constant search for coping mechanisms which enable them to survive.

Methods

We adopt a social-psychology theoretical framework which distinguishes between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. Data include 28 in-depth interviews with older residents and participant observation in selected rural areas of the two countries.

Results

In both countries, rural social isolation is expressed as a lack of close family ties—mainly due to the removal through outmigration of children and grandchildren—and detachment from society at large. The most prevalent coping mechanism consists of practical and emotional support from non-kin ties, especially neighbors. Remittances help to resolve material needs, especially in Albania, where most rural young people migrate abroad. In both settings, a range of emotion-focused coping strategies were identified, including perceptions of decreased needs, lowered expectations about relationships, and satisfaction at the achievements of the younger generations.

Discussion

Similarities between research findings in Albania and Bulgaria reflect their shared political and institutional history. Although few, differences relate to a combination of contrasting migration and cultural patterns. In both settings problem- and emotion-focused adaptive strategies are overlapping, and successful aging efforts seem to be of a communal rather than an individualistic nature.
Normality operators and classical recapture in many-valued logic
Authors: Ciuni Roberto , Carrara Massimiliano
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we use a ‘normality operator’ in order to generate logics of formal inconsistency and logics of formal undeterminedness from any subclassical many-valued logic that enjoys a truth-functional semantics. Normality operators express, in any many-valued logic, that a given formula has a classical truth value. In the first part of the paper we provide some setup and focus on many-valued logics that satisfy some (or all) of the three properties, namely subclassicality and two properties that we call fixed-point negation property and conservativeness. In the second part of the paper, we introduce normality operators and explore their formal behaviour. In the third and final part of the paper, we establish a number of classical recapture results for systems of formal inconsistency and formal undeterminedness that satisfy some or all the properties above. These are the main formal results of the paper. Also, we illustrate concrete cases of recapture by discussing the logics $\mathsf{K}^{\circledast }_{3}$, $\mathsf{LP}^{\circledast }$, $\mathsf{K}^{w\circledast }_{3}$, $\mathsf{PWK}^{\circledast }$ and $\mathsf{E_{fde}}^{\circledast }$, that are in turn extensions of $\mathsf{{K}_{3}}$, $\mathsf{LP}$, $\mathsf{K}^{w}_{3}$, $\mathsf{PWK}$ and $\mathsf{E_{fde}}$, respectively.
Fanny Hensel, “Von dir, mein Lieb, ich scheiden muss” (1841) and “Ich kann wohl manchmal singen” (1846)
Authors: Rodgers Stephen
Published: October 2018

This chapter challenges the common view that Fanny Hensel’s songs are spontaneous, unpredictable, and guided by “fantasy.” An examination of her song beginnings—which tend to veer quickly from their home keys—reveals that Hensel relied on a handful of recurring patterns but presented them in such a way as to create the illusion of fantasy. The essay focuses on two contrapuntal “schemata” common in her songs—involving opening modulations to the submediant or supertonic—and presents analyses of two songs that use both schemata: “Von dir, mein Lieb, ich scheiden muss” (1841) and “Ich kann wohl manchmal singen” (1846). Taken together, these songs offer the clearest demonstration of Hensel’s uncanny ability to compose pieces that seem to wander freely, as if guided only by the needs of the present moment, even as they tread well-worn paths.
Marriage, Divorce, and Widowhood
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the legal, social, and economic status of women in marriage, divorce, and widowhood. Modern readers often imagine ancient women’s lives as being tightly circumscribed by the authority of their fathers or husbands. This portrait may be applicable to women in many places or times, but it is inaccurate in many respects for the Roman world of the first and second centuries. Although Roman law assumed women’s inferiority to men, it also created legal pathways for women’s independent legal status, property ownership, and participation in civic life. Similar social patterns are reflected in the New Testament.
Speech and Silence
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

The silence of women has often been seen as a rule of ancient culture. This chapter explores evidence from the Roman period of how this social rule was practiced. The assumption that women should defer to men was sometimes expressed through silence. However, other social norms supported women’s speech. Women often spoke with authority to women and men as they pursued their everyday tasks and responsibilities. They were praised for speaking on political and social matters as they acted as advocates for their families and communities. Prayer and prophecy were conventional forms of speech by women. Women in the New Testament also spoke in a variety of settings.
Introduction
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

The text is a vehicle of representation. Literature is a verbal reconstruction of a world, analogous to the visual representation of the world in art. It may represent the real world (in which case it may appear historical even when it is not), or a non-real world. A literary interpretation of the Bible probes the Bible’s construction of the world and analyzes the forms of expression through which that world is constructed....
Plot and Theme in the Book of Ruth
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores plot and theme in the book of Ruth as an example of narrative analysis. The book is identified as a short story with a dilemma facing the family of Elimelech from the town of Bethlehem and the tribe of Judah. The family history of Elimelech and the role of the Moabite Ruth in it are examined first as a self-contained narrative and then in the context of Israel’s national history. The family dilemma is resolved with the birth of an heir for the family of Elimelech and the contribution of the family to the tribe of Judah to Israel’s national storyline is further revealed in the kingship of David, a descendant of Elimelech and Ruth.
Reception History and Classical Stories
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

Reception history provides examples of how characters in Old Testament narratives are interpreted in the New Testament, post-biblical Judaism, and Islam. The examples provided are drawn from those discussed in previous chapters and include Abraham, Isaac, Hagar, Ishmael, Ruth, Boaz, and Orpah. Various communities of faith have interpreted their lives in light of these canonical characters. Historically these communities of faith made the OT narratives not only formative for their identity, but often the stories became classical texts for the larger communities in which they lived. The chapter concludes with the question of how modern, secular readings of these canonical characters and stories should proceed, given the increasing cultural distance between past and present.
A New South Vision
Authors: Cardon Nathan
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 explores the motives behind the expositions. New South boosters at the fairs presented an argument for an industrial, modern, and imperial South. They exhibited the region as future-oriented, open to northern investment and industrial development. At the same time, the expositions were not singular spaces. The fairs looked to the future, while celebrating the region’s past. They praised the machine, while remaining ambiguous about its true effects. Architecture suggested the stability and achievements of the past and yet subtly condemned the modern city. Despite these contradictions, the Atlanta and Nashville expositions did present a fairly unified vision. A dream that made few excuses for the southern past, the fairs spread bourgeois values in the present and suggested a future in which a class and racial hierarchy joined to form a peaceful yet powerful New South.
First Steps Toward Understanding Honor Killing
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the oddity and complexity of honor killing. Sample incidents are discussed to reveal the general features of honor killing as a traditional practice significantly different from other forms of femicide. Adopting the Human Rights Watch definition of honor killing as a neutral and provisional guide, the chapter argues that honor killing should be distinguished from crimes of passion, domestic violence, and crimes of violence. Honor killings uniquely involve perceived obligations to execute a dishonored female where male blood relatives serve as killers and killing is a means of restoring family honor. Although most common in Muslim-majority countries, this practice occurs globally and apparently at an increasing rate. There is continuing public support for honor killing in some countries where it has been traditional despite increased official efforts to criminalize the practice. There is no special connection between Islam and honor killing. No religion endorses honor killing.
Introduction
Authors: Ingalls Monique M.
Published: October 2018

The introduction sets out the book’s scope, argument, and goals; places the exploration in historical and cultural context; and frames the study in relationship to recent scholarship in ethnomusicology, evangelical studies, and congregational music studies. It first defines contemporary worship music from both North American and global perspectives and discusses that music’s relationship to closely related Christian popular-music genres. The chapter then situates the rise of contemporary worship music in relationship to several important social developments, including the widespread conflicts over music and worship in evangelical churches (the “worship wars”), the development of the Christian-music recording industry, the adoption of new technologies within congregational worship, and the influence of pentecostal-charismatic practices. Finally, in describing the book’s research methods, the introduction identifies several challenges the author faced in navigating distance and proximity in the field as a result of her own religious upbringing as an evangelical and her complex relationship to communities in her study.
Divinity in Part or in Full?
Authors: Martin S. Rebecca
Published: October 2018

Tanit (tnt) was a word used in Phoenician as a divine title and as the name of a goddess who was fundamentally relational. The epithet tnt pn bʿl, “Tanit Face-of-Baʿal,” shows that Tanit was the sky god Baʿal’s mouthpiece, face, or some other manifestation of a part of him. The epithet both indicates that these gods formed a paredros, or divine pair, and that the pairing had something to do with the interdependence of their bodies. It is believed that Tanit was represented in art aniconically, anthropomorphically, and in the form of the so-called sign of Tanit. The last is a usually diminutive motif in which a grouping of quasi-corporeal elements resulted in a schematic human form. This brief survey of texts and images argues that the “sign of Tanit,” like the epithet tnt pn bʿl, expressed the transcendence of the natural world through the rejection of corporeal wholeness. Both the “sign” and the epithet underscore the extra-human qualities of the Tanit and Baʿal pairing, especially with respect to the interrelation and appearance of their bodies.
“An achievement that reflects its native soil”
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

The third chapter focuses on several French-language musical films, known as opérettes filmées (filmed operettas), that were produced by American and German companies and intended for French audiences. Because French production was slow to adopt sound film technology, many French personnel (directors, composers, and actors) worked on their first sound films through these international contexts. The films analyzed in this chapter—Chacun sa chance, Le Chemin du paradis, and Il est charmant—drew influence from a range of stage genres from different national traditions, and attempted to negotiate theatrical and cinematic aesthetics. Furthermore, in the opérettes filmées, filmmakers attempted to bring an element of fantasy back to cinema that many feared the realism of spoken dialogue had displaced. This chapter reveals how the genre made an important contribution to a broader critical acceptance of sound film in France.
“The Music Has Something to Say”
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 6 focuses on a well-known case of conflict surrounding a film’s music: the beloved 1934 film L’Atalante. The second collaboration between experimental filmmaker Jean Vigo and film composer Maurice Jaubert, L’Atalante had a disastrous initial release. In an attempt to make the film more broadly accessible, the producers edited the film substantially, replacing parts of Jaubert’s score with the popular song “Le Chaland qui passe.” In altering the soundtrack, they altered an important narrative subtext: a reflexive fixation on synchronized sound film, expressed through a focus on the magic of musical playback technologies. This chapter traces the differences between the two versions of L’Atalante, arguing that Vigo’s fascination with mediated music, and the producers’ attempt to fit the film’s music into a commercially successful paradigm, reflects continuing concerns from both sides about how mediated sound would affect French cinema in the mid-1930s.
Individuating Part–Whole Relations in the Biological World
Authors: Kaiser Marie I.
Published: October 2018

What are the conditions under which one biological object is a part of another biological object? This chapter answers this question by developing a general, systematic account of biological parthood, specifying two criteria for biological parthood: substantial spatial inclusion requires biological parts to be spatially located inside or in the region that the natural boundary of the biological whole occupies; compositional relevance captures the fact that a biological part engages in a biological process that must make a necessary contribution to a condition that is minimally sufficient to one or more of the characteristic behaviors of the biological whole. Instead of emphasizing their diversity, this chapter asks what biological part–whole relations have in common and what constrains their existence. After presenting her account, the author discusses how far it can cope with hard cases (e.g., redundant parts) and reveals the merits and limits of monism.
Writing Up Methods in Team-Based Qualitative Research
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

Methodological writing on complex teams is examined from three perspectives: (1) in process, (2) ideal, and (3) methodological literature. Under the topic of in-process methodological writing, the reader will learn how to construct bins for methodological documentation, from logs and memos to coding and the ongoing construction of a methodological library. Periodic reviews of methodological work will also be discussed. Ideal descriptions of methodology, which are in constant flux, are required throughout the conduct of a project, and this section provides useful, hands-on examples of these forms and how they can serve team needs. In the last section, the reader will learn about new ways to kick-start team writing on methodological issues. This chapter emphasizes the importance of methodological writing to the endeavor of qualitative research, urging qualitative researchers to savor the joys of methodological writing as they would the joys of reporting on substantive findings.
Substantive Writing in Team-Based Qualitative Research
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

This chapter, with an emphasis on writing about the substantive findings of a project, begins with turning our attention to the interpretive work that brings those findings into view. Interpretive work includes building up and then layering interpretive memos that fix propositions, often through interpretive meetings. Teams offer special opportunities for this work through their ability to “work the boundaries” of their multiple members. These activities will lead to the beginning of the writing process, and this chapter provides detailed information on the ways teams can develop collective writing opportunities for members that will expand their writing capacities. Teams also offer advantages in testing the trustworthiness of the results of the work. A major focus of this chapter is on two questions: What might you report? What form can that report take? In addition to traditional formats, this chapter provides extensive discussion of new and creative approaches substantive writing can take.
The Legacy of Salomon Maimon
Authors: Nisenbaum Karin
Published: October 2018

Salomon Maimon decisively influenced the development of post-Kantian German Idealism, but there is little consensus on how to interpret most aspects of his thought, including the nature and philosophical significance of his skepticism and the reasons why he challenged Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories in the Critique of Pure Reason. In this chapter, Nisenbaum argues that the two ideas that define Fichte’s doctrine of science, or Wissenschaftslehre—the necessity of a common derivation of all a priori knowledge from one principle, and the idea that philosophy should be based on freedom—can be traced back to Maimon’s Essay on Transcendental Philosophy. It is also argued that, by emphasizing the regulative role of the ideas of pure reason in Kant’s account of empirical cognition, Maimon enables a rereading of the argumentative structure of the first Critique that reveals the relationship between sensibility, understanding, and reason. This rereading of the first Critique shows that Kant has the resources to address Maimon’s key challenges, but it also puts pressure on Kant’s discursive account of human cognition.
Emma’s Pensive Meditations
Authors: Freeland Cynthia
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on the role of shame in Emma Woodhouse’s moral development in Jane Austen’s Emma. It shows similarities between Austen’s theory of moral virtue and Aristotle’s. Both emphasize the need for finely tuned perception as well as habits of feeling and appropriate action. Like Austen, Aristotle treats shame as a spur to moral growth. Emma learns from her mistakes; she feels shame after acting badly, and Mr. Knightley serves as Emma’s moral tutor. But it is unclear in Aristotle whether young people learn to be virtuous more through pleasure or through pain. The chapter examines where Austen’s view falls in this debate. Finally, it addresses the worry that Emma’s guidance by Mr. Knightley reflects the sexist view that women need moral guidance from their husbands. The author argues that Knightley’s remarks to Emma about her character indicate that Austen is not vulnerable to this criticism.
Misreading Emma
Authors: Davies David
Published: October 2018

Emma Woodhouse misreads the intentions, and the significance of the actions, of those around her in ways that reflect both her projects and her own acknowledged or unacknowledged desires. Moreover, Emma is innovative in its wide use of “free indirect style”: readers view the fictional events largely through a third-person narrative inflected by Emma’s consciousness of these events. A consequence, for most critics, is that the first-time receiver will have difficulty detecting Emma’s misreadings. Contrary to this view, this chapter argues that, far from deliberately obscuring details of the narrative in this way, Austen’s particular use of the free indirect style allows her to furnish the receiver with the clues necessary to see Emma as the misreader that she is. The first-time receiver is intended to register Emma’s misreadings, and one who fails to do so is themselves misreading Emma. Emma, so understood, bears on debates about the cognitive values of literature.
Introduction
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This introduction provides the recent cultural context regarding the election of Pope Francis as a proponent of liberation theology and the connections with black and feminist liberation theologies. Offers the main arguments, scope, and themes for the book and the long historical context of the relationship between the United States and Latin America.
Liberatory Sensibilities
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines how, as a fully actualized salvation, liberation contained the spiritual, economic, political, social, and bodily realms of existence. Furthermore, liberationists challenged the meaning and location of divine transcendence and sought to exchange the salve of otherworldly hope offered to subjugated people for a historical struggle toward freedom undertaken by the oppressed themselves. Against modern individualism, they sought to awaken the political potential of solidarity among oppressed people through consciousness-raising education. Not categorically excluding the possibility of violence, they called for the advocacy of a prophetic minority placing themselves at the nexus of denunciation and revolutionary change.
New Foundations
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter surveys the historical relationship between social scientific thought and theology, and the fact/value distinction that plagued both disciplines. The migration into theology of social scientific theory, historicism, and pragmatism in the early twentieth century served as a foundation for constructing a new theological method that recast the relationship between the text, the self, and the world. The question of whether science would replace religion in determining the lived values of a society occupied social thinkers. Finding common ground required traversing the gulf between facts and values. In the course of the twentieth century, epistemological questions gave way to ethical ones. The question of right action replaced the question of what was true. Developments of social theory recognizing a plurality of knowledge allowed a mutual recognition. These changes contributed to the liberationist theological method, one that began with the world rather than with abstract truth applied to the world.
The Feminine Principle
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the language of identity and the search for group solidarity among women and found in the idea of sisterhood. A common story of oppression became the means for group cohesion. Through consciousness-raising, women’s liberation carried the seeds of a radical theology and sought to forge a common story of struggle. Feminist theologians turned to women’s history and biography and the new narrative theology as a means to create sacred stories of oppression and liberation. They attempted to recover the feminine principle and the image of the Great Mother, threatening the movement with essentialism and obscuring the differences among women due to race and class.
Systemic Leadership and Energy: The Argument
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces the issue of how systemic leadership and energy are intertwined. One compound question is: How did we shift from a primarily agrarian economy to a primarily industrial economy, and how did this shift shape world politics? We develop an interactive model of the significant factors involved in this change, not all of which necessarily had an equal impact in each single case. A second set of questions involve the linkages between the systemic leadership that emerged from these historical processes and the global warming crisis of the twenty-first century. How is systemic leadership linked to the crisis in the first place? What is systemic leadership’s likely role in responding to the crisis?
Revising the Framework: Energy and Eurasian History
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

This chapter first theorizes as if each system leader has been similar in terms of the resource foundations it has brought to the arena and what it has been able to do with those foundations. Earlier leaders were much weaker than later leaders. What accounts for the difference? Our answer is that system leaders have had variable claims to leads in commerce, technology, and energy. When they combined all three, they became very powerful. The chapter then addresses one of the central issues of Big History: the swinging of the socioeconomic, military, and political lead from western Eurasia to eastern Eurasia and back to western Eurasia and North America in what is sometimes referred to as the “Great Divergence.” This oscillation was put in motion by the discovery of agricultural techniques that gave the West a lead to innovate all sorts of things. Gradually the East caught up, until at one point Rome and Han China were roughly equal. After Rome declined and the Han Empire fragmented, China came back in the Sui–Tang–Song dynasty period, while western Europe remained fragmented. However, the medieval Chinese lead did not persist. Ultimately, the West was able to forge ahead by combining new energy sources and technology. Now, China may be catching up once again.
Wonderful Design
Authors: Whitesell Lloyd
Published: October 2018

Glamour is an elusive aspect of cinematic style. This book critically examines previous scholarship on glamour; defines the concept as a compound of artifice, allure, and magic; and examines the phenomenon at work in the genre of the film musical. The focus is on the role of music in representing glamour, and the stylistic and semiotic conventions by which glamour is embodied in sound. The book develops an analytical framework that applies across media, the better to appreciate music’s collaborative role within multimedia spectacle. First, glamour is situated as one of a handful of “style modes” orienting stylistic treatment in musical numbers. Second, glamour is shown to blend four distinct aesthetic parameters: sensuousness, restraint, elevation, and sophistication. Instead of being interpreted in relation to film narrative, the musical number is treated as a semiautonomous locus of meaning and expression, with its own formal demands and the power to eclipse narrative logic. Dozens of musical numbers are analyzed, drawn from more than eighty films, exploring glamour from the perspectives of arranging and orchestrational technique, the fantasies awoken in the spectator, and the invocation of magical belief. Anticonsumerist critiques of glamour are evaluated alongside counterarguments upholding glamour’s transformative and sustaining potential. Concluding discussion shows how the musical genre has affinities with the hybrid aesthetic of “magical realism.”
A Sonic Lexicon
Authors: Whitesell Lloyd
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on orchestrational technique, explaining the role and importance of arrangers and orchestrators. It surveys musical conventions (of timbre, texture, gesture, sonority, and performance style) commonly used to convey each of the four aesthetic parameters introduced in chapter 2 (sensuousness, restraint, elevation, and sophistication). Bringing in noncinematic examples such as songs by the Pet Shop Boys, Joni Mitchell, and Steely Dan, it shows how these glamour conventions remain active in different popular music idioms to the present day. The chapter concludes by noting that glamour, like other style modes, can be played for different effects, including comedy and camp subversion; but it can also be played straight, with no ironic commentary in mind, and it is essential to appreciate when extravagance takes dignified forms.
Enduring Minds in Austen
Authors: Auyoung Elaine
Published: October 2018

This chapter draws on social psychological models of impression formation to show how Pride and Prejudice enables readers to acquire uncommonly durable mental models of its characters. This makes it possible to explain why Jane Austen’s readers have sometimes claimed that even flat characters devoid of psychological complexity can seem as lifelike and familiar as actual friends. The chapter also presents a new way to account for another distinctive feature of Austen’s reception history, which is the tendency for fans of Austen’s novels to display a possessive desire for friendship with the author herself. From a sociolinguistic perspective, Austen’s ironic, impersonal, and indirect style of narration permits readers to feel as if they share private rapport with the implied author.
Monstrous Hollywood
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: October 2018

This chapter is the mirror image of the previous one. It looks at narratives about has-been female stars in the context of the studio system’s demise during the 1950s and 1960s. These somewhat later backstudios depict the agency and sexuality of an older female star, who no longer has the safe haven of the studio to control or at least cushion her excessive behavior, as a “monstrous” perversion of femininity. In these films the mature female star personifies the incoherence of the Hollywood brand as a result of the studio system’s implosion, just as her excessive figure is treated as its cause, not its symptom. The chapter closes with a glance at the millennial backstudio, S1m0ne (2002), which takes as its premise the possibility of a computer-generated star and which registers the same anxieties about powerful female actors that these midcentury backstudios enact.
There Is No Slave or Free
Authors: Patterson Stephen J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the all-pervasive and brutal reality of slavery in the ancient world and the tentative, ambiguous responses of early Christians to it. Paul’s attempts were particularly tepid. Later authors who forged letters in Paul’s name removed all ambiguity: “Let slaves be obedient to their masters.” Still, there is evidence that others confronted the violence and indignities of slavery more boldly. The chapter also explores some of this evidence: the letters of Ignatius, Pliny’s letter to Trajan concerning the Christiani, and the once-popular, but now little-remembered work, The Shepherd of Hermas. This minority voices, however, were no match for the cultural forces that finally made Christianity an apologist for slavery and its legacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Patterson Stephen J.
Published: October 2018

The conclusion of the book argues that the first Christian creed was not about the nature of God, Christ, or salvation. Nor was it a declaration that we are all the same. It was a statement of solidarity expressing a people’s deep commitment to overcoming the three great ways by which human beings commonly underwrite the human tendency to denigrate the other, to disempower, disenfranchise, dehumanize, and even enslave other people on the grounds that they are different: race, class, and gender. It was about denying a caste system. It also reflects on this history in light of stark new reminders in 2016 that Western culture has not yet put its caste system behind it, that many are eager to exploit race, class, and gender for personal gain and to encourage our fears and suspicions of the other.
Failing to Play by the Rules
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada , Intemann Kristen
Published: October 2018

This chapter assesses whether focusing on rules of engagement for fruitful discussions about competing scientific views provides a good strategy for reliably identifying normatively inappropriate dissent (NID). It discusses some of the rules for effective criticism dominant in the philosophy of science literature: shared standards, uptake, and expertise. It shows that although all these criteria appear eminently reasonable as requirements for transformative criticism, what they actually involve is not straightforward. Some of the interpretations of these criteria are likely to identify as inappropriate dissent that is actually epistemically valuable, while other interpretations of these criteria would fail to pinpoint the very cases of dissent that some consider paradigm cases of NID.
Values in Science and the Erosion of Trust
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada , Intemann Kristen
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers another factor that plays a role in eroding the public’s trust in science: concerns about the negative influence of nonepistemic values in science, particularly in controversial areas of inquiry with important effects on public policy. It shows that the credibility of scientists can be undermined when the public perceives that scientists have a political agenda or will be biased by their own personal or political values. However, to assume that the best way to address this problem is try to eliminate such values from science altogether would be a mistake. Ethical and social values are necessary and important to knowledge production. Consequently, the chapter explores alternative strategies to increase transparency and stakeholder involvement so as to address legitimate concerns about bias and sustain warranted trust in scientific communities.
On the Spirit of a Man
Authors: Hollingworth Miles
Published: October 2018

If you go looking for whether Wittgenstein believed in anything, you miss the point. His philosophy was the performance of his hunch that the irreducible point of human experience is something that may as well be considered fiction, because it certainly cannot ever survive its translation into nonfiction—Into language, truth, and logic. There is always this fictional You. And then some fraction after, there is Your Story. Between these two, in some strange place, is where Wittgenstein believed that philosophy should shimmer and ache. In this chapter, we come to realize that the search for Wittgenstein’s spirit will do strange things to the design of this book.
Sex and the Last Stand
Authors: Hollingworth Miles
Published: October 2018

And what about Heidegger and Kant and the whole history of Western philosophy? Isn’t the final metaphor for a science that doesn’t think and an imperative that is categorical the vision that we are one day going to be having sex with machines? Isn’t that how we are going to square the circle of the Western mind? For if the circle of it truly enough shows that we are predestinated rather than free, aren’t we going to have to square it by seeking out the ultimate humiliation—Then do that Kantian trick where we turn around and call that humiliation’s endurance our virtue? By going to its final extreme, we will prove our loyalty and our love. In our subjection to a tasteless, faceless, painful sex we will prove our freedom and autonomy of will.
Meet a Community and Its Arts
Authors: Schrag Brian , Buren Kathleen J. Van
Published: October 2018

Step 1 guides readers through the discovery and description of a community and its arts. It helps readers think about what a community is; choose a community and start a Community Arts Profile; begin learning about a community and its arts through practical activities; and start exploring a community’s social and conceptual life. It introduces research methods such as participant observation, interviewing, note-taking, audio- or videorecording, and photography. It also addresses legal and ethical considerations for arts advocates. Finally, Step 1 includes examples from author experiences and highlights further resources for readers.
Specify Goals for a Better Life
Authors: Schrag Brian , Buren Kathleen J. Van
Published: October 2018

Step 2 describes three broad categories of possible goals for community arts programs: identity and sustainability; health and well-being; and human rights. Following a critical discussion of these terms, Step 2 provides examples of projects around the world that have targeted or are working toward these goals. Subsections include discussions of valuing identity, teaching children, and using media; healing, reconciliation, and rest and play; and social justice, education, literacy, and economic opportunity. Step 2 concludes with a discussion of steps to take within communities to select a goal. Throughout this section, readers are reminded that goals must emerge from and be owned by the community, not inserted from the outside.
Analyze Genres and Events
Authors: Schrag Brian , Buren Kathleen J. Van
Published: October 2018

Step 4, the bulk of the Guide, comprises three parts: Part A, “Describe the Event and Its Genre(s) as a Whole”; Part B, “Explore the Event’s Genre(s) through Artistic Domain Categories”; and Part C, “Relate the Event’s Genre(s) to Its Broader Cultural Context.” Part A teaches readers how to collect information about an event and its genres. It advises readers to explore an event by looking through seven “lenses”: space, materials, participant organization, shape of an event through time, performance features, content, and underlying symbolic systems. Part B applies the seven lenses to exposing which—if any—elements of the following five artistic domain categories occur in the event: music, dance, drama, oral verbal arts, and visual arts. These arts are addressed in turn, so that readers can jump to the sections that relate most closely to their work. Part C helps readers to connect artistry in an event with broader cultural contexts. Numerous research questions, suggested activities, and practical examples are provided throughout Step 4.
Catechists and Catechism
Authors: Farriss Nancy
Published: October 2018

The religious orders recruited the aid of the Indian ruling classes in introducing Christianity, and this alliance served to support both the new religion and the old elites. Their monopoly of alphabetic literacy helped to guarantee their status within indigenous society and provided a vital tool for mediating with the Spanish overlords. Although generally denied access to the highest ranks within the church, Indian elites received a privileged education that placed them in control of parish administration and parish schools, where the ABCs of reading and the basic catechism lessons were linked in the same printed primers. The religious orders debated how much religious instruction was required for a valid baptism. Christian identity was measured by the ability to recite the basic prayers, but rote learning unenhanced by explanation produced a weak grasp of Christian doctrine.
The Problem of Meaning
Authors: Farriss Nancy
Published: October 2018

Missionaries and Indian elites cooperated in translating the gospel message into the indigenous languages. They faced an inevitable trade-off between fidelity to Christian orthodoxy and intelligibility within the alien Mesoamerican culture. The result was either a deficit of meaning for the neophytes or a surplus of meaning created by attaching alien indigenous connotations to the Christian discourse. Zapotec and other indigenous doctrinal texts reveal a range of choices: at one extreme, terms deemed untranslatable, like “God” and “soul,” were imported as loan words; at another extreme, difficult terms were given elaborate explanatory glosses (periphrasis) in the target language, which elucidated meaning but at the expense of economy and fluency of expression.
Other Ways of Being Human
Authors: Anderson Greg
Published: October 2018

To open Part Two (“The Many Real Worlds of the Past”), the book begins its ethical case for an ontological turn in history by establishing the past’s extraordinary ontological diversity. Drawing on a lengthy inventory of ethnographies and histories, the chapter adduces evidence for non-modern ontologies from a broad range of environments, including precolonial Mexico, India, Bali, and Polynesia, medieval Europe, Ming China, and the lifeworlds of various indigenous peoples in Amazonia, South East Asia, Melanesia, and Africa. The cumulative result is a panorama of ontological alterities, indicating wide historical variabilities in the essences and foundations of human existence, in the ways humans experience, say, personhood and subjectivity, kinship and sociality, materiality and ideality, mortality and rationality, humanity and divinity, and the sources, means, and ends of life itself. Yet the tools of our conventional historicism cannot account for these variabilities, since they all presuppose the truth of an ontology that prevails only in our capitalist modernity.
The Kantian Insight
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Kant bases a table of metaphysical categories on a table of the forms of judgments. Peirce regards Kant’s initial table of the forms of judgments as superficial and hasty. He criticizes it on four grounds. First, Kant has failed to recognize that by his own lights his table calls for a second set of categories. Second, Kant ought to have regarded his table as a table of propositions rather than of judgments. Third, Kant has failed to reduce the table to the fewest predicables possible. Fourth, Kant has peculiarly attempted to derive his set of metaphysical categories from a set of syncategorematic terms. Moreover, as Peirce develops a more mature classification of the sciences, he concludes that the categories ought to be found first in mathematics, a part of which is formal logic, and then traced through phenomenology, normative science (including logic as semiotics), and metaphysics.
The Surprise of Donor Siblings
Authors: Hertz Rosanna , Nelson Margaret K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes how children respond to learning that they have donor siblings. Children who learn about donor siblings when they are in middle school are more likely to be surprised than those who learn about them as younger children. The chapter also describes how they react to meeting them. One consequence of meeting donor siblings is that children come to believe that traits they share with others might have their origins in the genetic material inherited from an unknown donor. The chapter discusses differences between boys and girls in learning about donor siblings and how children differentiate between their understanding of the meaning of donor siblings and their understanding of the significance of siblings who live with them.
Michael’s Clan
Authors: Hertz Rosanna , Nelson Margaret K.
Published: October 2018

The same-sex couples highlighted in this narrative are members of the “families of choice” cohorts that arose during the 1980s. Although they were establishing a new family form, the mothers in a two-mother family told their child that he had a sperm donor “father” whom he could meet when he turned eighteen. When the meeting occurred, the two formed a limited father-child bond. The donor provides emotional support, but he does not offer any material support. When other offspring from the same donor contact him, the donor introduced the donor siblings to each other. The members of this network reconsider ideas about the relative influence of nature and nurture. Yet ideas about chosen families remain central to the manner in which the members relate to one another. Born between 1986 and 1990, the kids in this network were between twenty-four and twenty-eight years old at the time of the interviews.
The 7008 Builders
Authors: Hertz Rosanna , Nelson Margaret K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces the members of the 7008er network at the occasion of a significant gathering, when seven families with children born from the same sperm donor come together at a hotel in the Midwest. From the beginning, the children in this network seek to construct themselves as a family. Love, trust, and harmony serve as guideposts in the unscripted land of donor-linked families. They also use structures they know from traditional families, such as a sibling pecking order. As the group expands to incorporate new members, the original narrative of family membership fails to describe the reality of competing allegiances among teenagers. Instead of remaining a coherent group, the members of this network break into a number of separate factions. Born between 1995 and 2001, the kids interviewed are between fifteen and nineteen years old.
Committing to Others
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: October 2018

We in Erewhon will have the means, the motive and the confidence to avow many of our beliefs. A means of avowing the belief that p is to assert that p, since this forecloses the misleading-mind excuse. A motive for doing so is that the communication thereby becomes more expensive and more credible; I deny myself a way of getting off the hook in the event of a miscommunication: viz., by claiming I must have misread my own mind. And the confidence required is supplied by the fact that I can consciously make up my mind on various issues by consulting the data and seeing where they lead me; I do not have to resort to introspective self-scanning. By parallel arguments we in Erewhon will be led to avow not only beliefs but also desires and intentions, relying on desiderata to play a role analogous to that of data in the case of beliefs. And we will be led by the same token to pledge various intentions—and intentions only—foreclosing the possibility of changing our mind as well as the possibility of having been misled about our minds. Avowals and pledges of these kinds are commitments in the non-moral, game-theory sense: they represent wagers in which we stake our reputations on living up to our words.