bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociokulturna animacija v bolnišnici in pravica do kulture
Authors: Findeisen Dušana
Published: January 2015

Sociokulturna animacija ima v francoskih bolnišnicah dolgo tradicijo, ki se je najverjetneje začela v letih od 1800 do 1810 z Markizom de Sadom, ko je bil ta hospitaliziran v eni od pariških bolnišnic in je skupaj z bolniki pripravil gledališko predstavo, te pa se je udeležila domala vsa pariška družbena smetana. V letu 1999 so podpisali konvencijo »Kultura in zdravje« in kultura se je začela seliti v bolnišnice. Te so se začele spreminjati v ustanove, odprte v kraj, kjer delujejo, po drugi strani pa so bolniki in osebje tako pridobili drugačen pogled na telo in kulturo. Slovenska univerza za tretje življenjsko obdobje že dalj časa izobražuje bolnišnične kulturne mediatorje (svoje študente), ki znanje in kulturo, ki ju pridobivajo s študijem na univerzi, posredujejo bolnikom, sorodnikom bolnikov in osebju, vse v okviru Univerzitetnega kliničnega centra Ljubljana. V članku oblikujemo okvir za razmišljanje o pomenu in implikacijah temeljne pravice do kulture.
Schmidt-Hertha, Jelenc Krašovec, & Formosa (ur.): Learning across generations in europe: Contemporary issues in older adult education (Sense, 2014)
Authors: Ličen Nives
Published: January 2015

Knjiga je delo 15 avtorjev, ki so vsi ugledni raziskovalci na področju izobraževanja starejših. Izšla je v zbirki organizacije ESREA Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, ki je bila zasnovana prav z namenom objavljanja novih raziskav o izobraževanju odraslih v različnih geografskih in kulturnih okoljih. Izobraževanje starejših je najhitreje rastoče področje v sklopu vseživljenjskega učenja, zato je knjiga dobrodošla kot osvetlitev raziskovanja, oblikovanja politik in praks. Tako prakse kot politike se morajo namreč vzpostavljati v razmerju do novega pojava, zato sta hitro prenašanje spoznanj ter povezovanje med raziskovanjem, politiko in prakso zelo dobrodošli. Izobraževanje starejših se je kot organizirana dejavnost pojavilo šele v 50. letih prejšnjega stoletja v ZDA, kot so zapisali avtorji, in je področje, ki bo v prihodnjih desetletjih ob naraščanju števila starejših zahtevalo razvoj posameznih specialističnih in subspecialističnih polj znanja.
The Illyrian Provinces and the Reform of Territorial Administration
Authors: Kranjc Janez
Published: January 2015

The Illyrian Provinces were a rather short lived creation of Napoleon. The reasons for their foundation were strategic and economic. In order to bring the new territories closer to the French empire the administration of the Illyrian Provinces launched several reforms including a redesign of their territorial administration. Napoleon’s decree on the organization of Illyria established a new territorial division into provinces, districts, cantons, and municipalities (communes). Municipalities were basic territorial units. They were not units of local self-government but part of the centralized state structure. Therefore the mayors, their deputies, substitutes and members of municipal councils were not elected but nominated.
Valores éticos na organização e representação do conhecimento
Authors: Guimarães José Augusto Chaves , Milani Suellen Oliveira , Evangelista Isadora Victorino
Published: January 2015

Considerando que a atuação do bibliotecário é permeada pela dicotomia entre a não neutralidade do processo de organização e representação do conhecimento e o compromisso ético em buscar corresponder as necessidades informacionais de uma comunidade usuária cada vez mais culturalmente diversificada, destacam-se as possíveis tensões que podem ocorrer nesse contexto, em especial quanto aos valores éticos que permeiam a atuação do bibliotecário. Desse modo, este artigo propõe-se a apresentar um cenário teórico no que tange os valores e problemas éticos que permeiam os processos de organização e representação do conhecimento a partir de um panorama teórico que abrange vinte e dois anos – 1990 a 2012 − da literatura internacional da área de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação.
Technical Note: New particle formation event forecasts during PEGASOS-Zeppelin Northern mission 2013 in Hyytiälä, Finland
Authors: Nieminen T. , Yli-Juuti T. , Manninen H. E. , Petäjä T. , Kerminen V.-M. , Kulmala M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) occurs frequently in the global atmosphere. During recent years detailed laboratory experiments together with intensive field observations in different locations have provided insights into the vapours responsible for the initial formation of particles and their subsequent growth. In this regard, the importance of sulphuric acid, stabilizing bases such as ammonia and amines as well as extremely low volatile organics have been proposed. The instrumentation to observe freshly formed aerosol particles has developed to a stage where the instruments can be implemented as part of airborne platforms, such as aircrafts or a Zeppelin-type airship. Flight measurements are technically more demanding and require a greater detail of planning than field studies at the ground level. The high cost of flight hours, limited time available during a single research flight for the measurements and different instrument payloads in Zeppelin airship for various flight missions demanded an analysis tool that would forecast whether or not there is a good chance for a NPF event. Here we present a generalized methodology to derive NPF event probability that was used to optimise flying hours during Zeppelin campaign in Finland during the PEGASOS-Zeppelin Northern mission in 2013. Based on the existing knowledge we derived a method for estimating the nucleation probability that utilizes forecast air mass trajectories, weather forecasts and air quality model predictions. With the forecast tool we were able to predict the occurrence of NPF events for the next day with more than 90% success rate (10 out of 11 NPF event days correctly predicted).
Stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) in the vicinity of North Atlantic cyclones
Authors: Reutter P. , Škerlak B. , Sprenger M. , Wernli H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. It is well known that the storm tracks are a preferred region of stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE), but a systematic and climatological investigation of the connection between cyclones and STE has not yet been performed. We use two established ERA-Interim climatologies of STE and cyclones for the years 1979–2011 to quantify the amount of STE that occurs during the life cycle of North Atlantic cyclones. A Lagrangian method serves to identify individual STE events, and a sophisticated cyclone identification tool detects cyclones, their shape and size from the sea-level pressure field. Combining the two data sets reveals that roughly half of the total STE in the North Atlantic occurs in the vicinity of cyclones and that both downward and upward fluxes of mass across the tropopause (STT and TST, respectively) are more intense in deeper cyclones (lower minimum pressure) compared to less intense cyclones. In summer, STT and TST in the vicinity of cyclones are almost equal; in the other seasons, STT is larger by 15–45%. Cross-tropopause mass fluxes are enhanced by a factor of about two compared to climatology when a cyclone is present. On average, STE is strongest during the mature phase of cyclones, i.e., in a 24 h time window around the time of maximum intensity. Systematic patterns of exchange locations relative to the cyclone centre are identified via composite analysis and shed light on the different characteristics of STT and TST. During cyclone intensification and in the mature stage, TST is mainly confined to the cyclone centre, whereas STT occurs mainly in a region further southwest. During the decay of the cyclones, both STT and TST are most frequent close the cyclone centre, in a region with a~fairly low tropopause.
An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements
Authors: Wohlfahrt G. , Amelynck C. , Ammann C. , Arneth A. , Bamberger I. , Goldstein A. H. , Gu L. , Guenther A. , Hansel A. , Heinesch B. , Holst T. , Hörtnagl L. , Karl T. , Laffineur Q. , Neftel A. , McKinney K. , Munger J. W. , Pallardy S. G. , Schade G. W. , Seco R. , Schoon N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of living plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink of methanol, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates reflecting uncertainties in the approaches used to model, and the empirical data used to separately constrain these terms. Here we compiled micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight different study sites and reviewed the corresponding literature in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial ecosystem-scale methanol exchange and present an independent data-driven view of the land–atmosphere methanol exchange. Our study shows that the controls of plant growth on the production, and thus the methanol emission magnitude, and stomatal conductance on the hourly methanol emission variability, established at the leaf level, hold across sites at the ecosystem-level. Unequivocal evidence for bi-directional methanol exchange at the ecosystem scale is presented. Deposition, which at some sites even exceeds methanol emissions, represents an emerging feature of ecosystem-scale measurements and is likely related to environmental factors favouring the formation of surface wetness. Methanol may adsorb to or dissolve in this surface water and eventually be chemically or biologically removed from it. Management activities in agriculture and forestry are shown to increase local methanol emission by orders of magnitude; they are however neglected at present in global budgets. While contemporary net land methanol budgets are overall consistent with the grand mean of the micrometeorological methanol flux measurements, we caution that the present approach of simulating methanol emission and deposition separately is prone to opposing systematic errors and does not allow taking full advantage of the rich information content of micrometeorological flux measurements.
Multi-model simulation of CO and HCHO in the Southern Hemisphere: biogenic emissions and model uncertainties
Authors: Zeng G. , Williams J. E. , Fisher J. A. , Emmons L. K. , Jones N. B. , Morgenstern O. , Robinson J. , Smale D. , Paton-Walsh C. , Griffith D. W. T.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We investigate the impact of biogenic emissions on carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), with simulations using two different biogenic emission inventories for isoprene and monoterpenes. Results from four atmospheric chemistry models are compared to continous long-term ground-based CO and HCHO column measurements at SH NDACC sites, and to in situ surface CO measurements from across the SH, representing a subset of the NOAA GMD network. Simulated mean model CO using the CLM-MEGANv2.1 inventory is in good agreement with both column and surface observations, whereas simulations adopting LPJ-GUESS emissions markedly underestimate measured column and surface CO at most sites. Differences in biogenic emissions cause large differences in CO in the source regions which propagate to the remote SH. Significant inter-model differences exist in modelled column and surface CO, due mainly to differences in the models' oxidation schemes for volatile organic compounds; secondary production of CO dominates these inter-model differences. While biogenic emissions are a significant factor in modelling SH CO, inter-model differences pose an additional challenge to constrain these emissions. Corresponding comparisons of HCHO columns at two SH mid-latitude sites reveal that all models significantly underestimate the observed values by approximately a factor of 2. There is a much smaller impact on HCHO of the significantly different biogenic emissions in remote regions, compared to the source regions. Decreased biogenic emissions cause decreased CO export to remote regions, which leads to increased OH; this in turn results in increased HCHO production through methane oxidation. In agreement with earlier studies, we corroborate that significant HCHO sources are likely missing in the models in the remote SH.
The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) sounding network: operations, processing and analysis
Authors: Jensen M. P. , Toto T. , Troyan D. , Ciesielski P. E. , Holdridge D. , Kyrouac J. , Schatz J. , Zhang Y. , Xie S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) took place during the spring of 2011 centered in north-central Oklahoma, USA. The main goal of this field campaign was to capture the dynamical and microphysical characteristics of precipitating convective systems in the US Central Plains. A major component of the campaign was a six-site radiosonde array designed to capture the large-scale variability of the atmospheric state with the intent of deriving model forcing data sets. Over the course of the 46-day MC3E campaign, a total of 1362 radiosondes were launched from the enhanced sonde network. This manuscript provides details on the instrumentation used as part of the sounding array, the data processing activities including quality checks and humidity bias corrections and an analysis of the impacts of bias correction and algorithm assumptions on the determination of convective levels and indices. It is found that corrections for known radiosonde humidity biases and assumptions regarding the characteristics of the surface convective parcel result in significant differences in the derived values of convective levels and indices in many soundings. In addition, the impact of including the humidity corrections and quality controls on the thermodynamic profiles that are used in the derivation of a large-scale model forcing data set are investigated. The results show a significant impact on the derived large-scale vertical velocity field illustrating the importance of addressing these humidity biases.
Distinguishing cirrus cloud presence in autonomous lidar measurements
Authors: Campbell J. R. , Vaughan M. A. , Oo M. , Holz R. E. , Lewis J. R. , Welton E. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. 2012 Level-2 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite-based cloud data sets are investigated for thresholds that distinguish the presence of cirrus clouds in autonomous lidar measurements, based on temperatures, heights, optical depth and phase. A thermal threshold, proposed by Sassen and Campbell (2001) for cloud top temperature Ttop ≤ −37 °C, is evaluated versus CALIOP algorithms that identify ice-phase cloud layers using polarized backscatter measurements. Derived global mean cloud top heights (11.15 vs. 10.07 km above mean sea level; a.m.s.l.), base heights (8.76 km a.m.s.l. vs. 7.95 km a.m.s.l.), temperatures (−58.48 °C vs. −52.18 °C and −42.40 °C vs. −38.13 °C, respectively, for tops and bases) and optical depths (1.18 vs. 1.23) reflect the sensitivity to this constraint. Over 99 % of all Ttop ≤ −37 °C clouds are classified as ice by CALIOP Level-2 algorithms. Over 81 % of all ice clouds correspond with Ttop ≤ −37 °C. For instruments lacking polarized measurements, and thus practical estimates of phase, Ttop ≤ −37 °C provides sufficient justification for distinguishing cirrus, as opposed to the risks of glaciated liquid-water cloud contamination occurring in a given sample from clouds identified at relatively "warm" (Ttop > −37 °C) temperatures. Although accounting for uncertainties in temperatures collocated with lidar data (i.e., model reanalyses/sondes) may justifiably relax the threshold to include warmer cases, the ambiguity of "warm" ice clouds cannot be fully reconciled with available measurements, conspicuously including phase. Cloud top heights and optical depths are investigated, and global distributions and frequencies derived, as functions of CALIOP-retrieved phase. These data provide little additional information, compared with temperature alone, and may exacerbate classification uncertainties overall.
Multi-wavelength optical measurement to enhance thermal/optical analysis for carbonaceous aerosol
Authors: Chen L.-W. A. , Chow J. C. , Wang X. L. , Robles J. A. , Sumlin B. J. , Lowenthal D. H. , Zimmermann R. , Watson J. G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. A thermal/optical carbon analyzer equipped with seven-wavelength light source/detector (405–980 nm) for monitoring spectral reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) of filter samples allowed "thermal spectral analysis (TSA)" and wavelength (λ)-dependent organic-carbon (OC)–elemental-carbon (EC) measurements. Optical sensing was calibrated with transfer standards traceable to absolute R and T measurements, adjusted for loading effects to report spectral light absorption (as absorption optical depth (τa, λ)), and verified using diesel exhaust samples. Tests on ambient and source samples show OC and EC concentrations equivalent to those from conventional carbon analysis when based on the same wavelength (~ 635 nm) for pyrolysis adjustment. TSA provides additional information that evaluates black-carbon (BC) and brown-carbon (BrC) contributions and their optical properties in the near infrared to the near ultraviolet parts of the solar spectrum. The enhanced carbon analyzer can add value to current aerosol monitoring programs and provide insight into more accurate OC and EC measurements for climate, visibility, or health studies.
Development and characterisation of a state-of-the-art GOME-2 formaldehyde air-mass factor algorithm
Authors: Hewson W. , Barkley M. P. , Gonzalez Abad G. , Bösch H. , Kurosu T. , Spurr R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Space-borne observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) are frequently used to derive surface emissions of isoprene, an important biogenic volatile organic compound. The conversion of retrieved HCHO slant column concentrations from satellite line of sight measurements to vertical columns is determined through application of an air mass factor (AMF), accounting for instrument viewing geometry, radiative transfer, and vertical profile of the absorber in the atmosphere. This step in the trace gas retrieval is subject to large errors. This work presents the AMF algorithm in use at the University of Leicester (UoL), which introduces scene specific variables into a per-observation full radiative transfer AMF calculation, including increasing spatial resolution of key environmental parameter databases, input variable area weighting, instrument specific scattering weight calculation, and inclusion of an ozone vertical profile climatology. Application of these updates to HCHO slant columns from the GOME-2 instrument is shown to typically adjust the AMF by ±10%, compared to a~reference algorithm without these advanced parameterisations. Furthermore, the new UoL algorithm also incorporates a full radiative transfer error calculation for each scene to help characterise AMF uncertainties. Global median AMF errors are typically 50–60%, and are dominated by uncertainties in the HCHO profile shape and its corresponding seasonal variation.
On the role of circulation and mixing in the ventilation of oxygen minimum zones with a focus on the eastern tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Brandt P. , Bange H. W. , Banyte D. , Dengler M. , Didwischus S.-H. , Fischer T. , Greatbatch R. J. , Hahn J. , Kanzow T. , Karstensen J. , Körtzinger A. , Krahmann G. , Schmidtko S. , Stramma L. , Tanhua T. , Visbeck M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Ocean observations are analysed in the framework of Collaborative Research Center 754 (SFB 754) "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" to study (1) the structure of tropical oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), (2) the processes that contribute to the oxygen budget, and (3) long-term changes in the oxygen distribution. The OMZ of the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), located between the well-ventilated subtropical gyre and the equatorial oxygen maximum, is composed of a deep OMZ at about 400 m in depth with its core region centred at about 20° W, 10° N and a shallow OMZ at about 100 m in depth, with the lowest oxygen concentrations in proximity to the coastal upwelling region off Mauritania and Senegal. The oxygen budget of the deep OMZ is given by oxygen consumption mainly balanced by the oxygen supply due to meridional eddy fluxes (about 60%) and vertical mixing (about 20%, locally up to 30%). Advection by zonal jets is crucial for the establishment of the equatorial oxygen maximum. In the latitude range of the deep OMZ, it dominates the oxygen supply in the upper 300 to 400 m and generates the intermediate oxygen maximum between deep and shallow OMZs. Water mass ages from transient tracers indicate substantially older water masses in the core of the deep OMZ (about 120–180 years) compared to regions north and south of it. The deoxygenation of the ETNA OMZ during recent decades suggests a substantial imbalance in the oxygen budget: about 10% of the oxygen consumption during that period was not balanced by ventilation. Long-term oxygen observations show variability on interannual, decadal and multidecadal timescales that can partly be attributed to circulation changes. In comparison to the ETNA OMZ, the eastern tropical South Pacific OMZ shows a similar structure, including an equatorial oxygen maximum driven by zonal advection but overall much lower oxygen concentrations approaching zero in extended regions. As the shape of the OMZs is set by ocean circulation, the widespread misrepresentation of the intermediate circulation in ocean circulation models substantially contributes to their oxygen bias, which might have significant impacts on predictions of future oxygen levels.
Moderate forest disturbance as a stringent test for gap and big-leaf models
Authors: Bond-Lamberty B. , Fisk J. P. , Holm J. A. , Bailey V. , Bohrer G. , Gough C. M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Disturbance-induced tree mortality is a key factor regulating the carbon balance of a forest, but tree mortality and its subsequent effects are poorly represented processes in terrestrial ecosystem models. It is thus unclear whether models can robustly simulate moderate (non-catastrophic) disturbances, which tend to increase biological and structural complexity and are increasingly common in aging US forests. We tested whether three forest ecosystem models – Biome-BGC (BioGeochemical Cycles), a classic big-leaf model, and the ZELIG and ED (Ecosystem Demography) gap-oriented models – could reproduce the resilience to moderate disturbance observed in an experimentally manipulated forest (the Forest Accelerated Succession Experiment in northern Michigan, USA, in which 38% of canopy dominants were stem girdled and compared to control plots). Each model was parameterized, spun up, and disturbed following similar protocols and run for 5 years post-disturbance. The models replicated observed declines in aboveground biomass well. Biome-BGC captured the timing and rebound of observed leaf area index (LAI), while ZELIG and ED correctly estimated the magnitude of LAI decline. None of the models fully captured the observed post-disturbance C fluxes, in particular gross primary production or net primary production (NPP). Biome-BGC NPP was correctly resilient but for the wrong reasons, and could not match the absolute observational values. ZELIG and ED, in contrast, exhibited large, unobserved drops in NPP and net ecosystem production. The biological mechanisms proposed to explain the observed rapid resilience of the C cycle are typically not incorporated by these or other models. It is thus an open question whether most ecosystem models will simulate correctly the gradual and less extensive tree mortality characteristic of moderate disturbances.
Long-term geochemical and hydraulic measurements in a characteristic confined/unconfined aquifer system of the younger Pleistocene in northeast Germany
Authors: Merz C. , Steidl J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The paper presents a data base of hydrochemical and hydraulic groundwater measurements of a younger Pleistocene multilayered, unconfined/confined aquifer system in NE Germany. The Institute of Landscape Hydrology of the Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e. V. operates seven groundwater monitoring wells in the Quillow catchment located in the Uckermark region (Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany). From July 2000 to March 2014, water samples were collected periodically on different days of the year and at depths between 3 and 5 m (shallow wells) and 20 and 25 m (deeper wells) below the surface. The parameters pH value, redox potential, electric conductivity, water temperature, oxygen content, spectral absorption coefficient and concentration of hydrogen carbonate, ammonium, phosphate, chloride, bromite, nitrite, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcite, dissolved organic carbon, iron(II) and manganese were determined for each sample (doi:10.4228/ZALF.2000.266). The measurements, taken over a period of 14 years, include a high variation of hydraulic situations represented by a corresponding database of detected groundwater heads. The hydraulic head was measured between 2000 and 2014 (doi:10.4228/ZALF.2000.272).
ICON-ART 1.0 – a new online-coupled model system from the global to regional scale
Authors: Rieger D. , Bangert M. , Bischoff-Gauss I. , Förstner J. , Lundgren K. , Reinert D. , Schröter J. , Vogel H. , Zängl G. , Ruhnke R. , Vogel B.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We present the first stage of a new online-coupled global to regional scale modelling framework for the simulation of the spatiotemporal evolution of aerosols and trace gases. The underlying meteorological model is the new nonhydrostatic model system ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) which allows a local grid refinement with two-way interactions between the grids. We develop the extension ART (Aerosol and Reactive Trace gases) with the goal to simulate interactions between trace substances and the state of the atmosphere. Within this paper, we present the basic equations and give an overview of the physical parameterizations as well as numerical methods we use. First applications of the new model system for trace gases, monodisperse particles and polydisperse particles are shown. The simulated distribution of two very short-lived substances, Bromoform (CHBr3) and Dibrommethane (CH2Br2) reflecting the fast upward transport shows a good agreement with observations and previous model studies. Also, the shape of the simulated tropical profiles is well reproduced. As an example for the treatment of monodisperse particles we present the simulated ash plume of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010. Here, a novel approach for the source function is applied. The pattern of the simulated distribution of volcanic ash particles shows an agreement with previous studies. As an example for the treatment of a polydisperse aerosol, where number densities and mass concentrations are accounted for, we simulated the annual emissions of sea salt. We obtain a total emission flux of 26.0 Pg yr−1 and an emission flux of particles with diameter less than 10 μm of 7.36 Pg yr−1.
High-quality observation of surface imperviousness for urban runoff modelling using UAV imagery
Authors: Tokarczyk P. , Leitao J. P. , Rieckermann J. , Schindler K. , Blumensaat F.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Modelling rainfall–runoff in urban areas is increasingly applied to support flood risk assessment particularly against the background of a changing climate and an increasing urbanization. These models typically rely on high-quality data for rainfall and surface characteristics of the area. While recent research in urban drainage has been focusing on providing spatially detailed rainfall data, the technological advances in remote sensing that ease the acquisition of detailed land-use information are less prominently discussed within the community. The relevance of such methods increase as in many parts of the globe, accurate land-use information is generally lacking, because detailed image data is unavailable. Modern unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) allow acquiring high-resolution images on a local level at comparably lower cost, performing on-demand repetitive measurements, and obtaining a degree of detail tailored for the purpose of the study. In this study, we investigate for the first time the possibility to derive high-resolution imperviousness maps for urban areas from UAV imagery and to use this information as input for urban drainage models. To do so, an automatic processing pipeline with a modern classification method is tested and applied in a state-of-the-art urban drainage modelling exercise. In a real-life case study in the area of Lucerne, Switzerland, we compare imperviousness maps generated from a consumer micro-UAV and standard large-format aerial images acquired by the Swiss national mapping agency (swisstopo). After assessing their correctness, we perform an end-to-end comparison, in which they are used as an input for an urban drainage model. Then, we evaluate the influence which different image data sources and their processing methods have on hydrological and hydraulic model performance. We analyze the surface runoff of the 307 individual subcatchments regarding relevant attributes, such as peak runoff and volume. Finally, we evaluate the model's channel flow prediction performance through a cross-comparison with reference flow measured at the catchment outlet. We show that imperviousness maps generated using UAV imagery processed with modern classification methods achieve accuracy comparable with standard, off-the-shelf aerial imagery. In the examined case study, we find that the different imperviousness maps only have a limited influence on modelled surface runoff and pipe flows. We conclude that UAV imagery represents a valuable alternative data source for urban drainage model applications due to the possibility to flexibly acquire up-to-date aerial images at a superior quality and a competitive price. Our analyses furthermore suggest that spatially more detailed urban drainage models can even better benefit from the full detail of UAV imagery.
An interdisciplinary perspective on social and physical determinants of seismic risk
Authors: Lin K.-H. , Chang Y.-C. , Liu G.-Y. , Chan C.-H. , Lin T.-H. , Yeh C.-H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. While disaster studies researchers usually view risk as a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, few studies have systematically examined the relationships among the various physical and socioeconomic determinants underlying disasters, and fewer have done so through seismic risk analysis. In the context of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, this study constructs five hypothetical models to test different determinants that affect disaster fatality at the village level, namely seismic hazard intensity, population, building fragility, demographics and socioeconomics. The Poisson Regression Model is used to estimate the impact of natural hazards and social factors on fatality. Results indicate that although all of the determinants have an impact on the specific dimension of seismic fatality, some indicators of social inequality, such as gender ratio, dependency ratio, income and its SD, are the driving determinants deteriorating vulnerability to seismic risk. These findings have strong social implications for policy interventions to mitigate such disasters. This study presents an interdisciplinary investigation into social and physical determinants in seismic risk.
Atmosphere–ocean interactions in the Greenland Sea during solar cycles 23–24, 2002–2011
Authors: Binns P. E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Relationships between solar activity and climate in the North Atlantic region have long been reported and, more recently, mechanisms have been proposed to explain these. Normally such relationships are tested over decadal time scales. Here, daily sea surface temperature fields bridging the period of exceptionally low solar activity between solar cycles 23 and 24 have been analysed. The day-to-day variability of the fields has been measured and the fields have been classified, using cluster analysis. The main water masses are clearly expressed, together with detail of their interactions. Three features relate to the level of solar activity. First, there is a statistically significant difference in the day-to-day variability of the sea surface temperature field between the period of lowest solar activity and the remaining periods. Second, during the transition from summer to winter, there are systematic, inter-annual changes in the day-to-day variability of the sea surface temperature field. Third, the forms of the late summer temperature fields exhibit symmetry about the years of lowest solar activity. These features are attributable to variability in the passage of weather systems. The influence on North Atlantic surface climate of variations in the solar ultraviolet band acting through the stratosphere has been reported in a number of studies. This provides a credible mechanism for solar activity influencing sea surface temperatures in the Greenland Sea.
Changes in the firn structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet caused by recent warming
Authors: de la Peña S. , Howat I. M. , Nienow P. W. , van den Broeke M. R. , Mosley-Thompson E. , Price S. F. , Mair D. , Noël B. , Sole A. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric warming over the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last two decades has increased the amount of surface meltwater production, resulting in the migration of melt and percolation regimes to higher altitudes and an increase in the amount of solid ice from refrozen meltwater found in the firn above the equilibrium line. Here we present observations of near-surface (0–20 m) firn conditions in western Greenland obtained from campaigns between 1998 and 2014. We find a sharp increase in firn ice content in the form of thick widespread layers in the percolation zone, which decreases the capacity of the firn to store meltwater. The estimated total annual ice content retained in the firn in areas with positive surface mass balance west of the ice divide in Greenland reached a maximum of 74 ± 25 Gt in 2012, compared to the 1958–1999 average of 13 ± 2 Gt, while the percolation zone area more than doubled between 2003 and 2012. Increased melt and column densification resulted in surface lowering averaging −0.80 ± 0.39 m yr−1 between 1800 and 2800 m in the accumulation zone of western Greenland. Since 2007, annual melt and refreezing rates in the percolation zone at elevations below 2100 m surpass the annual snowfall from the previous year, implying that mass gain in the region is now in the form of refrozen meltwater. If current melt trends over high elevation regions continue, subsequent changes in firn structure will have implications for the hydrology of the ice sheet and related abrupt seasonal densification could become increasingly significant for altimetry-derived ice sheet mass balance estimates.
INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC THERMAL TREATMENT ON YOUNG'S MODULUS CHANGES IN A NATURAL RUBBER–BASED COMPOUND: STUDY BY AFM NANOINDENTATION
Authors: Linck T. , Mruk R. , Zielinski B. , Bistac S. , Brogly M.
Published: January 2015

The determination and study of Young's modulus at the nanometric scale in an efficient and fast way is carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a specific thermal treatment on Young's modulus changes from the surface toward the bulk of a cured natural rubber (NR)–based compound. The AFM nanoindentation experiments were conducted on a cross-linked NR sample. Following a depth profiling analysis method, AFM deflection distance curves were measured every 40 μm from the oxygen-exposed surface toward the bulk, and then the Hertz's model was applied to force-indentation curves for the calculation of the Young's modulus. Investigations on the thermal-treated samples revealed an overall increase of the Young's modulus along the samples after heating. Moreover, a decrease of Young's modulus values from the surface exposed to oxygen during heating toward the bulk was observed, indicating a stiffening of the sample at the surface.
La Tipicidad de los Delitos contra los Derechos de Autor y los Derechos Conexos
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Jeovanny Joel
Published: January 2015

El aumento en la comisión de los ilícitos penales contra los Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos, se ha producido la mayoría de veces por el desconocimiento en la materia por parte de algunos de nuestros operadores de justicia, así como por la forma en que regula la acción penal el nuevo Código Procesal Penal; al calificar la acción de los delitos de la materia, como delitos de acción pública a instancia particular, lo que implica que de no existir denuncia por parte de los titulares de los derechos, el Ministerio Público no puede actuar de oficio. No cabe duda que esta regulación ha sido un retraso en la protección de los derechos en referencia, no obstante que el Estado se ha comprometido al firmar y ratificar acuerdos internacionales sobre la materia, como el Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1744 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 5-25
Ley Orgánica de las Zonas de Empleo y Desarrollo Económico (ZEDE)
Authors: Editora La
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1768 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 113-129
Ley de la Policía Militar del Orden Público
Authors: Editora La
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1769 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 133-137
Relações de dominância entre as políticas fiscal e monetária: uma análise para economia brasileira no período de 2003 a 2009.
Authors: Araujo Jevuks Matheus , Besarria Cássio Da Nobrega
Published: January 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se a relação de dominância fiscal, verificada por Blanchard (2004), para economia brasileira no período de 1999 a 2003 permanece sendo válida para o período de 2003 a 2009. Especificamente, tem-se o propósito de identificar a existência de uma relação de longo prazo entre as séries, assim como, procurar alguma relação de repasse entre as políticas monetária e fiscal no curto prazo. Foram utilizados para compor a base de dados, informações do índice baseadas nos bônus (títulos de dívida) emitidos pelos países emergentes (EMBI+), informações do sistema eletrônico de liquidação e custódia (Selic), dívida líquida do setor público (% PIB), índice da taxa de câmbio efetiva real e a necessidade de financiamento do setor público (NFSP). Para identificar a relação de longo prazo entre as séries, assim como, a relação de repasse entre as políticas monetária e fiscal no curto prazo foi utilizado o modelo (VECM). Os resultados mostraram que as políticas monetária e fiscal estão interligadas, como apontaram os coeficientes de ajuste de desequilíbrios longo prazo (vetor de co-integração) e que para o período analisado prevaleceu um regime de dominância monetária.
Decomposição da Desigualdade de Renda Salarial do Estado do Ceará
Authors: Araujo Jair Andrade , Vasconcelos Joyciane Coelho
Published: January 2015

O artigo apresenta a evolução da desigualdade de rendimentos nos Estados da Região Nordeste do Brasil e faz-se um estudo empírico dos determinantes desta no Estado do Ceará. Busca-se entender a conexão existente entre educação, mercado de trabalho e desigualdade de renda. Para isso, utiliza-se os microdados da PNAD para os anos 2001, 2006 e 2012. Aplicar-se a metodologia de decomposição proposto por Fields (2002) que é possível identificar os fatores que causaram a redução na desigualdade de salários com base nas suas principais fontes de produção e reprodução: imperfeições de mercado e heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores. Concluí-se que ocorreu discriminação por sexo, onde os homens são melhores remunerados que a mulheres, no entanto, essa discriminação vem se reduzindo no período analisado. A decomposição mostra que as variáveis educação e formal, são os mais importantes determinantes da desigualdade de renda salarial no período 2006-2012.
Criação e Destruição de Empregos na Indústria Metropolitana do Nordeste
Authors: Sailva Filho Luís Abel , De Araújo Juliana Bacelar , De Queiroz Silvana Nunes , Da Silva Fábio José Ferreira
Published: January 2015

O mercado de trabalho metropolitano do Nordeste brasileiro é diferenciado de suas áreas de menor projeção econômica. As metrópoles de Fortaleza, Recife e Salvador são detentoras de elevadas quantidades de unidades produtivas de todos os setores de atividade econômica, distinguindo-se das demais áreas da região. O presente estudo analisa o mercado de trabalho e a criação e destruição de postos de trabalho na atividade industrial nas áreas geográficas especificadas – antes e pós-crise econômica de 2008. Para tanto, foram utilizados os dados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais – RAIS e do Cadastro Geral de Empregados e Desempregados – CAGED, do Ministério do Trabalho e do Emprego – MTE. Metodologicamente, recorre-se a uma revisão de literatura e, em seguida, à construção de indicadores de criação e destruição de vagas no emprego formal metropolitano nordestino. Os resultados mostram relativo destaque da construção civil em relação às demais atividades, e seletividade por idade, escolaridade e faixa de remuneração As metrópoles apresentaram piora nos indicadores do emprego industrial da região e mantiveram as diferenças entre si.
A review of the Experimental Approaches Used in Clinical Studies to Evaluate the Health Benefits of Plant Food Supplements Associated With Infectious Diseases
Authors: Naidoo Dashnie , Mancama Dalu T. , Meoni Paolo , Maharaj Vinesh J. , Van Rooyen Schalk
Published: January 2015

The objective of this review was to evaluate the experimental approaches used in clinical trials to support the benefit claims of plant food supplements (PFS) with reported activity on infectious diseases. A literature search was conducted on a list of 309 plant species currently used in food supplements in Europe using the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) PubMed Database to identify all the clinical trials for evaluating the benefit claim for preventing or treating infectious diseases in humans. The searches included a combination of terms related to the name of plants, class of infectious agents and therapeutic activities against infectious disease. By limiting the searches to clinical studies, only 27 articles representing 19 plant species were identified. From this list, 13 papers from the 10 plants most extensively researched were critically evaluated for assessing methods used to assess the benefits of PFS. Different study designs were used ranging from an open trial with no placebo or control and no randomization to double-blind randomized placebo controlled trials including a crossover design. Although the experimental approaches described in this review were found to be suitable for evaluating the benefit claims of PFS for treating infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, the clinical study design should be more standardised as many studies lacked a control group and sufficient population size to be statistically acceptable taking into consideration patient variability. The reporting of the results varied and should also be standardised to include all the study parameters and data collected.
Comparative Toxicities of Hydrastis Canadensis L., Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium L. Against Brine Shrimps (Artemia salina) Using Dosage Mortality Curve: A Probit Approach
Authors: Mahwish Ahmed Karim  , Ghazala H. Rizwani  , Afaq Ahmed Sidddiqui   , Muhammad Farhanullah Khan
Published: January 2015

Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium were compared for their toxicities against brine shrimps (Artemia salina). After applying statistical method of probits to the experimental data, H. canadensis was found to be the most toxic with the LC50 of 3.236 mg/ml, while, B. aristata showed moderate toxic potential showing that of 60.264 mg/ml and A. millefolium manifested the highest value, that is, 41297.5 mg/ml.
Effect of Spirulina platensis Supplementation on Nutritional and Biochemical Parameters of Under Five Years Malnourished Children from an Orphanage in Douala, Cameroon
Authors: Kana Sop Marie Modestine  , Namadi Muhamadu  , Tetanye Ekoe  , Gouado Inocent
Published: January 2015

Malnutrition is the underlying cause of 50% of morbidity and mortality in the under-five age group. Its frequencies have been increasing in young Cameroon children during the past three decades (stunting ≥ 38%; anemia ≥ 58%; Zinc ≥ 69% and vitamin A ≥ 38%)
We carried out a prospective study to assess the supplementation effect of Spirulina platensis on moderate and mild malnutrition on children under five years old. Seven children (4-5 years) were enrolled in this study. Children were enrolled in nutritional rehabilitation for 25 days. Each child received 8g of supplement daily, 4g in the morning and 4g in the evening. Anthropometric and haematologic parameters were measured before and after rehabilitation.
Mild and moderate malnutrition, wasting and underweight was seen in 4 children anthropometrically (no child was stunted) and haematologically in all 7 children before rehabilitation started. The children were weighted four times (First week at enrollment (W1), week 2 (W2), Week 3 (W3), Week 4 (W4)). After 25 days, a significant gain in weight was observed and varying from 17.21 ± 2.00Kg (W1) to 18.45 ± 2.07Kg (W2) and from 18.143 ± 1.77Kg (W3) to 18.67 ± 1.93Kg (W4) with their respective P- values at 0.02 (W2), 0.02 (W3) and 0.04 (W4) after rehabilitation. The following biomarkers and their constants also showed a significant variation: calcium (73.91 ± 16.89mg/L vs 88.41 ± 14.83mg/L (p = 0.03), mean cell volume (86.14 ± 4.38 fl vs 83.86 ± 4.83 fl (p = 0.04) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (32.10 ± 0.38 g/dL vs 34.27 ± 3.35 g/dL (p = 0.03) respectively before and after rehabilitation. Other biomarkers (proteins, haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophiles, eosinophiles, basophiles, monocytes, lymphocytes) had also increased in non a significant manner.
The study showed that spirulina platensis impact positively in the fight against malnutrition by improving weight and raising the blood content of biomarkers due to its high content of proteins (60-70%) and pigments.