bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency
Authors: Brown Li‐An K. , Clark Ian , Brown Julianne R. , Breuer Judith , Lowe David M.
Published: March 2017

Norovirus is acknowledged to be a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and its importance as a cause of chronic infection in immune deficient hosts is increasingly recognised. Current evidence suggests that a coordinated response of innate immune mechanisms, CD8+ cytotoxicity and a humoral response, with CD4+ orchestration, is necessary for norovirus clearance. We explain how primary immune deficiency impairs these host defences and predisposes to chronic infection, associated with protracted diarrhoea, weight loss, and requirement for parenteral nutrition. The mucosal villous atrophy frequently seen in norovirus infection appears to be immune mediated, suggesting that some functional immune response is required in order for chronic norovirus infection to become symptomatic in primary immune deficiency.

We provide a comprehensive summary of published cases of norovirus infection in patients with primary immune deficiency. Spontaneous viral clearance has been described; however, the majority of reported cases have had prolonged and severe illness. Treatment strategies are discussed in detail. Approaches that have been tried in patients with primary immune deficiency include exclusion diets, enteral and intravenous immunoglobulins, breast milk, immunosuppressants, ribavirin, and nitazoxanide. To date, only ribavirin has been used with apparent success to achieve clearance of chronic norovirus in primary immune deficiency, and randomised controlled trials are needed to evaluate a number of promising therapies that are discussed.
Cloud‐based Real‐time Outsourcing Localization for a Ground Mobile Robot in Large‐scale Outdoor Environments
Authors: Zhu Xiaorui , Qiu Chunxin , Deng Fucheng , Pang Su , Ou Yongsheng
Published: March 2017

Cloud robotics is the application of cloud computing concepts to robotic systems. It utilizes modern cloud computing infrastructure to distribute computing resources and datasets. Cloud‐based real‐time outsourcing localization architecture is proposed in this paper to allow a ground mobile robot to identify its location relative to a road network map and reference images in the cloud. An update of the road network map is executed in the cloud, as is the extraction of the robot‐terrain inclination (RTI) model as well as reference image matching. A particle filter with a network‐delay‐compensation localization algorithm is executed on the mobile robot based on the local RTI model and the recognized location both of which are sent from the cloud. The proposed methods are tested in different challenging outdoor scenarios with a ground mobile robot equipped with minimal onboard hardware, where the longest trajectory was 13.1 km. Experimental results show that this method could be applicable to large‐scale outdoor environments for autonomous robots in real time.
Early Literacy Among Zambian Second Graders: The Role of Adult Mediation of Word Writing in Bemba
Authors: Kalindi Sylvia C. , McBride Catherine , Dan Lin
Published: March 2017

Considering the importance attached to writing as a life skill, this study investigated the nature and variability of adults’ aid to Zambian second graders in the context of shared writing in Bemba (first language), and the relations between this support and students’ literacy and cognitive‐metalinguistic skills. Fifty‐seven children and their caregivers were videotaped while writing word items in Bemba. To document the adults’ literate mediation (i.e., letter–sound correspondences) and print mediation (i.e., letter formation), the adult support was coded at the letter level, and demand for precision mediation (i.e., expectation for correcting writing errors) was coded at the word level. Results revealed that the adults provided diverse but mostly low‐level support for literate and print mediation dimensions. In contrast, the adults also provided high‐level support for the demand for precision dimension. Overall, adult literate support uniquely explained children's word reading and writing, including orthographic awareness and alphabet sound knowledge, and print support explained children's alphabet knowledge and orthographic awareness. Furthermore, demand for precision support was also linked to students’ word reading and phonological awareness. Thus, despite providing low‐level writing support, adult support was associated with children's literacy and language‐related skills. The results also underscore the potential importance of caregivers as literacy resources to enhance acquisition of literacy skills in an orthography and region not commonly investigated (i.e., Bemba in sub‐Saharan Africa).
First Characterization of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a Powerful Paracrine Tool Endowed with Regenerative Potential
Authors: Balbi Carolina , Piccoli Martina , Barile Lucio , Papait Andrea , Armirotti Andrea , Principi Elisa , Reverberi Daniele , Pascucci Luisa , Becherini Pamela , Varesio Luigi , Mogni Massimo , Coviello Domenico , Bandiera Tiziano , Pozzobon Michela , Cancedda Ranieri , Bollini Sveva
Published: March 2017

Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFS) have shown a distinct secretory profile and significant regenerative potential in several preclinical models of disease. Nevertheless, little is known about the detailed characterization of their secretome. Herein we show for the first time that hAFS actively release extracellular vesicles (EV) endowed with significant paracrine potential and regenerative effect. c-KIT+ hAFS were isolated from leftover samples of amniotic fluid from prenatal screening and stimulated to enhance EV release (24 hours 20% O2 versus 1% O2 preconditioning). The capacity of the c-KIT+ hAFS-derived EV (hAFS-EV) to induce proliferation, survival, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The hAFS-EV regenerative potential was also assessed in a model of skeletal muscle atrophy (HSA-Cre, SmnF7/F7 mice), in which mouse AFS transplantation was previously shown to enhance muscle strength and survival. hAFS secreted EV ranged from 50 up to 1,000 nm in size. In vitro analysis defined their role as biological mediators of regenerative, paracrine effects while their modulatory role in decreasing skeletal muscle inflammation in vivo was shown for the first time. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly induced the enrichment of exosomes endowed with regenerative microRNAs within the hAFS-EV. In conclusion, this is the first study showing that c-KIT+ hAFS dynamically release EV endowed with remarkable paracrine potential, thus representing an appealing tool for future regenerative therapy.
Microfluidic‐Nanofiber Hybrid Array for Screening of Cellular Microenvironments
Authors: Kamei Ken‐ichiro , Mashimo Yasumasa , Yoshioka Momoko , Tokunaga Yumie , Fockenberg Christopher , Terada Shiho , Koyama Yoshie , Nakajima Minako , Shibata‐Seki Teiko , Liu Li , Akaike Toshihiro , Kobatake Eiry , How Siew‐Eng , Uesugi Motonari , Chen Yong
Published: March 2017

Cellular microenvironments are generally sophisticated, but crucial for regulating the functions of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Despite tremendous effort in this field, the correlation between the environmental factors—especially the extracellular matrix and soluble cell factors—and the desired cellular functions remains largely unknown because of the lack of appropriate tools to recapitulate in vivo conditions and/or simultaneously evaluate the interplay of different environment factors. Here, a combinatorial platform is developed with integrated microfluidic channels and nanofibers, associated with a method of high‐content single‐cell analysis, to study the effects of environmental factors on stem cell phenotype. Particular attention is paid to the dependence of hPSC short‐term self‐renewal on the density and composition of extracellular matrices and initial cell seeding densities. Thus, this combinatorial approach provides insights into the underlying chemical and physical mechanisms that govern stem cell fate decisions.
Selective conjunction of context‐sensitivity and octagon domain toward scalable and precise global static analysis
Authors: Heo Kihong , Oh Hakjoo , Yi Kwangkeun
Published: March 2017

We present a practical technique for achieving a scalable and precise global static analysis by selectively applying context‐sensitivity and the octagon relational domain. For precise analysis, context‐sensitivity and relational analysis are key properties, but it has been hard to practically combine both of them. Our approach turns on those precision improvement features only when the analysis is likely to improve the precision to resolve given queries. The guidance comes from an impact pre‐analysis that estimates the impact of a fully context‐sensitive and relational octagon analysis. We designed a cost‐effective pre‐analysis and implemented this method in a realistic octagon analysis for full C. The experimental results show that our approach proves eight times more queries, while saving the time cost by 73.1% compared with a partially relational octagon analysis enabled by a syntactic heuristic. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development and developmental consequences of social essentialism
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Mandalaywala Tara M.
Published: March 2017

People often view certain ways of classifying people (e.g., by gender, race, or ethnicity) as reflecting real distinctions found in nature. Such categories are viewed as marking meaningful, fundamental, and informative differences between distinct kinds of people. This article examines the development of theseessentialistintuitive theories of how the social world is structured, along with the developmental consequences of these beliefs. We first examine the processes that give rise to social essentialism, arguing that essentialism emerges as children actively attempt to make sense of their environment by relying on several basic representational and explanatory biases. These developmental processes give rise to the widespread emergence of social essentialist views in early childhood, but allow for vast variability across development and cultural contexts in the precise nature of these beliefs. We then examine what is known and still to be discovered about the implications of essentialism for stereotyping, inter‐group interaction, and the development of social prejudice. We conclude with directions for future research, particularly on the theoretical payoff that could be gained by including more diverse samples of children in future developmental investigations.WIREs Cogn Sci2017, 8:e1437. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1437

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging

Philosophy > Knowledge and Belief
Downwind pre‐aligned rotors for extreme‐scale wind turbines
Authors: Loth Eric , Steele Adam , Qin Chao , Ichter Brian , Selig Michael S. , Moriarty Patrick
Published: March 2017

Downwind force angles are small for current turbines systems (1–5 MW) such that they may be readily accommodated by conventional upwind configurations. However, analysis indicates that extreme‐scale systems (10–20 MW) will have larger angles that may benefit from downwind‐aligned configurations. To examine potential rotor mass reduction, the pre‐alignment concept was investigated a two‐bladed configuration by keeping the structural and aerodynamic characteristics of each blade fixed (to avoids a complete blade re‐design). Simulations for a 13.2 MW rated rotor at steady‐state conditions show that this concept‐level two‐bladed design may yield 25% rotor mass savings while also reducing average blade stress over all wind speeds. These results employed a pre‐alignment on the basis of a wind speed of 1.25 times the rated wind speed. The downwind pre‐aligned concept may also reduce damage equivalent loads on the blades by 60% for steady rated wind conditions. Even higher mass and damage equivalent load savings (relative to conventional upwind designs) may be possible for larger systems (15–20 MW) for which load‐alignment angles become even larger. However, much more work is needed to determine whether this concept can be translated into a practical design that must meet a wide myriad of other criteria. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daily precipitation grids for Austria since 1961—development and evaluation of a spatial dataset for hydroclimatic monitoring and modelling
Authors: Hiebl Johann , Frei Christoph
Published: March 2017

Spatial precipitation datasets that are long-term consistent, highly resolved and extend over several decades are an increasingly popular basis for modelling and monitoring environmental processes and planning tasks in hydrology, agriculture, energy resources management, etc. Here, we present a grid dataset of daily precipitation for Austria meant to promote such applications. It has a grid spacing of 1 km, extends back till 1961 and is continuously updated. It is constructed with the classical two-tier analysis, involving separate interpolations for mean monthly precipitation and daily relative anomalies. The former was accomplished by kriging with topographic predictors as external drift utilising 1249 stations. The latter is based on angular distance weighting and uses 523 stations. The input station network was kept largely stationary over time to avoid artefacts on long-term consistency. Example cases suggest that the new analysis is at least as plausible as previously existing datasets. Cross-validation and comparison against experimental high-resolution observations (WegenerNet) suggest that the accuracy of the dataset depends on interpretation. Users interpreting grid point values as point estimates must expect systematic overestimates for light and underestimates for heavy precipitation as well as substantial random errors. Grid point estimates are typically within a factor of 1.5 from in situ observations. Interpreting grid point values as area mean values, conditional biases are reduced and the magnitude of random errors is considerably smaller. Together with a similar dataset of temperature, the new dataset (SPARTACUS) is an interesting basis for modelling environmental processes, studying climate change impacts and monitoring the climate of Austria.
Revision of the concept of anti‐angiogenesis and its applications in tumor treatment
Authors: Yang Wen‐Hui , Xu Jun , Mu Jian‐Bing , Xie Jun
Published: March 2017

Anti‐angiogenesis therapy, by blocking formation of new blood vessels in tumors, is the standard‐of‐care therapy for various cancer types. The classic concept of anti‐angiogenesis is expected to turn a tumor into a “dormant” disease. However, the combination of anti‐angiogenesis agents with conventional therapeutics has generally produced only modest survival benefits for cancer patients in clinical trials. Therefore, the concept and applications of anti‐angiogenesis have evolved dramatically along with lessons learned from recent clinical experience. In this article, we will discuss the revised concept of anti‐angiogenesis therapy and the applications of anti‐angiogenesis drugs, and focus particularly on how to utilize current anti‐angiogenesis agents and develop new approaches to provide more benefits to patients with cancer.
Management of breast cancer brain metastases: Focus on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Yuan Peng , Gao Song‐Lin
Published: March 2017

After the introduction of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the overall survival (OS) among patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer has been substantially improved. However, among these patients, the incidence of brain metastases (BM) has been increasing and an increased proportion of them have died of intracranial progression, which makes HER2‐positive breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) a critical issue of concern. For local control of limited BM, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and surgical resection are available modalities with different clinical indications. Postoperative or preoperative radiation is usually delivered in conjunction with surgical resection to boost local control. Adjuvant whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) should be deferred for limited BM because of its impairment of neurocognitive function while having no benefit for OS. Although WBRT is still the standard treatment for local control of diffuse BM, SRS is a promising treatment for diffuse BM as the technique continues to improve. Although large molecules have difficulty crossing the blood brain barrier, trastuzumab‐containing regimens are critical for treating HER2‐positive BCBM patients because they significantly prolong OS. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are more capable of crossing into the brain and they have been shown to be beneficial for treating BM in HER2‐positive patients, especially lapatinib combined with capecitabine. The antiangiogenic agent, bevacizumab, can be applied in the HER2‐positive BCBM scenario as well. In this review, we also discuss several strategies for delivering drugs into the central nervous system and several microRNAs that have the potential to become biomarkers of BCBM.
¿Qué podemos hacer como educadores ante la anticiencia y los «hechos alternativos»?: trascendiendo la era de la mentira
Authors: Sánchez-Mendiola Melchor
Published: March 2017

Henos aquí, en el umbral de una nueva era, molestos, confusos, enojados, asustados y frustrados con lo que pasa en el mundo.
On the definition and the lower semicontinuity of certain quasiconvex integrals
Authors: Marcellini Paolo
Published: March 2017

Let us consider vector-valued functions

u:\mathrm{\Omega }\rightarrow \mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}}

, defined in an open bounded set

\mathrm{\Omega } \subset \mathrm{ℝ}^{n}

. Let

f(x, ξ)

be a continuous function in

\mathrm{\Omega }\: \times \:\mathrm{ℝ}^{n\mathrm{N}}

, quasiconvex with respect on

ξ

, that satisfies, for some

p ≦ q

, the growth conditions

c_1|ξ|^p ≦ f(x, ξ) ≦ c_2(1 + |ξ|^q)

.

The integral

\mathrm{I}(u) = \int _{\mathrm{\Omega }}f(x,\mathrm{D}u(x))dx

is well defined if

u \in \mathrm{H}^{1,q}(\mathrm{\Omega }\:;\mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}})

. We extend the integral

\mathrm I(u)

to functions

u \in \mathrm{H}^{1,p}(\mathrm{\Omega }\:;\mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}})

, and we study its lower semicontinuity in the weak topology of

\mathrm{H}^{1,p}(\mathrm{\Omega }\:;\mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}})

, in order to obtain existence of minima.

Soit

\mathrm{\Omega } \subset \mathrm{ℝ}^{n}

un ouvert borné et soit

u:\mathrm{\Omega }\rightarrow \mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}}

. Soit

f(x, ξ)

une fonction continue sur

\mathrm{\Omega }\: \times \:\mathrm{ℝ}^{n\mathrm{N}}

, quasi-convexe en

ξ

et qui satisfait à la condition

c_{1}\left|\xi \right|^{p}≦f(x,\xi )≦c_{2}(1 + \left|\xi \right|^{q})

avec

p ≦ q

.

L’intégrale

\mathrm{I}(u) = \int _{\mathrm{\Omega }}f(x,\mathrm{D}u(x))dx

est bien définie si

u \in \mathrm{H}^{1,q}(\mathrm{\Omega }\:;\mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}})

. On étend l’intégrale

\mathrm I(u)

aux fonctions

u \in \mathrm{H}^{1,p}(\mathrm{\Omega }\:;\mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}})

et on étudie la semi-continuité dans la topologie faible de

\mathrm{H}^{1,p}(\mathrm{\Omega }\:;\mathrm{ℝ}^{\mathrm{N}})

pour obtenir l’existence de minimum.
Hopf bifurcation for fully nonlinear equations in Banach space
Authors: da Prato Giuseppe , Lunardi Alessandra
Published: March 2017

We study Hopf bifurcation for some fully nonlinear evolution equations in Banach spaces.

Nous étudions la bifurcation de Hopf pour des équations totalement non linéaires dans les espaces de Banach.
Partial regularity of minimizers of quasiconvex integrals
Authors: Giaquinta Mariano , Modica Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

We consider variational integrals

\int _{\mathrm{\Omega }}\mathrm{F}\left(x,\:u,\:\mathrm{D}u\right)dx

with integrands

F(x, u, p)

growing polynomially and of class

C^2

in

p

and Hölder-continuous in

(x, u)

. Under the main assumption that

F(x, u, p)

is strictly quasiconvex we prove that each minimizer is of Class

C^{1,μ}

in an open set

Ω_0 ⊂ Ω

with meas

(Ω − Ω_0) = 0

.

On considère des fonctionnelles du Calcul des Variations

\int _{\mathrm{\Omega }}\mathrm{F}\left(x,\:u,\:\mathrm{D}u\right)dx

et on suppose que

F(x, u, p)

ait une croissance polynomiale en

p

et soit de classe

C^2

en

p

et Hölderienne en

(x, u)

. Sous l’hypothèse que

F(x, u, p)

soit strictement quasiconvexe nous démontrons que les minima ont les dérivées premières Hölderiennes dans un ouvert

Ω_0 ⊂ Ω

de mesure totale égale à

Ω

.
Minimax principles for lower semicontinuous functions and applications to nonlinear boundary value problems
Authors: Szulkin Andrzej
Published: March 2017

Let

\mathrm X

be a real Banach space and

I

a function on

\mathrm X

such that

I = Φ + ψ

with

\mathrm{\Phi } \in \mathrm{C}^{1}\left(\mathrm{X},\mathrm{ℝ}\right)

and

ψ : X → (−∞, +∞]

convex, proper and lower semicontinuous. A point

u\in \mathrm X

is said to be critical if

ψ(u) ≠ +∞

and

〈Φ'(u), v − u〉 + ψ(v) − ψ(u) ≧ 0

∀v \in \mathrm X

. The paper contains a number of existence theorems for critical points of functions of the above mentioned type. Critical levels of saddle type are characterized by minimax principles. The results are applied to variational inequalities and variational equations with single- and multivalued operators, which arise from studying certain elliptic boundary value problems.

Soit

\mathrm X

un espace de Banach et

I

une fonction sur

\mathrm X

de la forme

I = Φ + ψ

, où

Φ

est

C^1

et

ψ

est convexe s. c. i., pouvant prendre la valeur

+∞

. On définit une notion naturelle de point critique, et l’on démontre des théorèmes d’existence par des méthodes de minimax, du type Liusternik–Schnivelman. On applique ces résultats à des équations et inéquations variationnelles de type elliptique.
A nonlinear scattering problem
Authors: Narayan Jack , Stengle Gilbert
Published: March 2017

We consider neutral nearly diagonal

n

-dimensional systems of the form

ε^2y' = ixΛ(x)y + g(x, ε, y)

. We study the propagation of solutions from

x = − ∞

to

x = + ∞

past the complete degeneracy of the linearized problem at

x = 0

. Under several conditions on

Λ

and

g

we show that for small

c

in

\mathbb C^n

there exists a global solution having the form

\begin{align*}
y &= \left\{\:\exp \:\frac{i}{\varepsilon ^{2}}\int _{0}^{x}s\mathrm{\Lambda }(s)ds\right\}c
&&\text{near } x = − ∞ \text{ and }\\
y &= \left\{\:\exp \:\frac{i}{\varepsilon ^{2}}\int _{0}^{x}s\mathrm{\Lambda }(s)ds\right\}\mathrm{S}(\varepsilon ,\:c)
&&\text{near } x = + ∞.
\end{align*}

Here

S(ε, c) \in \mathbb C^n

is the
scattering function
. Our main result is an asymptotic formula for

S(ε, c)

. We show that if

g(0, 0, y) = 0

and

g= Σg_{jk}(x, ε)y_jy_k + 0(|y|^3)

then

\begin{align*}
\mathrm{S}(\varepsilon ,\:c) = c &+ \mathrm{\Sigma }c_{j}c_{k}\left(2\mathrm{\pi }i\{\mathrm{\Lambda }(0)−(\lambda _{j}(0) + \lambda _{k}(0))\mathrm{I}\}\right)^{−1/ 2}\frac{∂g_{jk}}{∂\varepsilon }\left(0,0\right) \\
& + 0(\left|c\right|^{3}) + 0(\varepsilon ).
\end{align*}

To establish this formula we use the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser method and the Moser–Jacobowitz approximation method to obtain
a priori
estimates for solutions. These
a priori
estimates provide a rigorous justification for our calculation of explicit asymptotic formulas by a technique of matched asymptotic expansions.

Nous considérons des systèmes différentiels neutres à

n

dimensions presque diagonaux de la forme

ε^2y' = ixΛ(x)y + g(x, ε, y)

. Nous étudions la propagation des solutions depuis

x = − ∞

jusqu’à

x = + ∞

à travers la dégénérescence complète du problème linéarisé à l’origine. Moyennant diverses conditions sur

Λ

et

g

nous montrons que, pour

c

assez petit dans

\mathbb C^n

, il existe une solution globale de la forme

\begin{align*}
y &= \left\{\:\exp \:\frac{i}{\varepsilon ^{2}}\int _{0}^{x}s\mathrm{\Lambda }(s)\:ds\right\}c
&&\text{au voisinage de }x = − ∞, \text{ et }\\
y &= \left\{\:\exp \:\frac{i}{\varepsilon ^{2}}\int _{0}^{x}s\mathrm{\Lambda }(s)\:ds\right\}\mathrm{S}(\varepsilon ,\:c)
&&\text{au voisinage de }x = + ∞.
\end{align*}

Ici

S(ε, c)

est la fonction de scattering.

Notre résultat principal est une formule asymptotique pour

S(ε, c)

.

Pour l’établir, nous utilisons la méthode de Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser et la formule d’approximation de Moser–Jacobowitz pour obtenir des estimations
a priori
, qui nous permettent de justifier rigoureusement le calcul des formules asymptotiques par une technique de comparaison.
A note on harmonic maps between surfaces
Authors: Jost Jürgen
Published: March 2017

In this note, the relation between harmonic maps between surfaces and holomorphic quadratic differentials is investigated. Remember that if

Σ_1

and

Σ_2

are surfaces with conformal metrics

\mathrm{\sigma }^{2}dzd\bar z

and

\mathrm{\rho }^{2}dud\bar u

, resp., and

u : Σ_1 → Σ_2

is harmonic, then

\phi : = \rho ^{2}u_{z}\bar u_{z}dz^{2}

is a holomorphic quadratic differential on

Σ_1

(and

ϕ

vanishes identically if and only if

u

is conformal).

It has been an open question to which extent the converse is true, i.e. whether a map with holomorphic

ϕ

is harmonic.

In the article under consideration, a variational procedure is invented that produces a map with holomorphic

ϕ

in every homotopy class of maps between closed surfaces. While on one hand, thus conformal selfmaps of the two-sphere are obtained by a variational method, answering a question of Uhlenbeck, contrasting this existence result on the other hand with some nonexistence results for harmonic maps, one is led to a negative answer to the above converse question. An explicit example is displayed as well.

Dans cette note, on étudie la relation entre deux définitions pour les applications harmoniques

u

en dimension deux, l’une étant que la forme différentielle quadratique

\tag{1}
\omega : = \left|u_{x}\right|^{2}−\left|u_{y}\right|^{2}−2i\:\langle u_{x},u_{y}\rangle

(associée à

u

, où

z = x + iy

est une coordonnée conforme locale) soit holomorphe, l’autre étant l’équation différentielle du deuxième ordre

\tag{2}
\mathrm{\tau }(u) = 0

(2) implique que

ω

soit holomorphe. Nous déterminons, dans quelle mesure l’implication inverse n’est pas vraie, et donnons une réponse négative à une question de Eells–Lemaire. De plus, nous construisons une procédure variationnelle, qui donne des revêtements ramifiés conformes de

S^2

.
Random Walks and Heat Kernels on Graphs
Authors: Barlow Martin T.
Published: March 2017

This introduction to random walks on infinite graphs gives particular emphasis to graphs with polynomial volume growth. It offers an overview of analytic methods, starting with the connection between random walks and electrical resistance, and then proceeding to study the use of isoperimetric and Poincaré inequalities. The book presents rough isometries and looks at the properties of a graph that are stable under these transformations. Applications include the 'type problem': determining whether a graph is transient or recurrent. The final chapters show how geometric properties of the graph can be used to establish heat kernel bounds, that is, bounds on the transition probabilities of the random walk, and it is proved that Gaussian bounds hold for graphs that are roughly isometric to Euclidean space. Aimed at graduate students in mathematics, the book is also useful for researchers as a reference for results that are hard to find elsewhere.
Semiconductor Nanolasers
Authors: Gu Qing , Fainman Yeshaiahu
Published: March 2017

This unique resource explains the fundamental physics of semiconductor nanolasers, and provides detailed insights into their design, fabrication, characterization, and applications. Topics covered range from the theoretical treatment of the underlying physics of nanoscale phenomena, such as temperature dependent quantum effects and active medium selection, to practical design aspects, including the multi-physics cavity design that extends beyond pure electromagnetic consideration, thermal management and performance optimization, and nanoscale device fabrication and characterization techniques. The authors also discuss technological applications of semiconductor nanolasers in areas such as photonic integrated circuits and sensing. Providing a comprehensive overview of the field, detailed design and analysis procedures, a thorough investigation of important applications, and insights into future trends, this is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in optoelectronics, applied photonics, physics, nanotechnology, and materials science.
Why Representation Matters
Authors: Chauchard Simon
Published: March 2017

When members of groups that have long been marginalized finally gain access to political offices, it is expected that the social meaning of belonging to such a group will change and that these psychological changes will have far-reaching behavioral consequences. Supporters of political quotas granting such access often argue that they improve the nature of intergroup relations. However, these presumed psychological effects have remained surprisingly uncharted and untested. Do policies mandating the inclusion of excluded groups in political offices change the intergroup relations? If so, in what ways? By drawing on careful multi-method explorations of a single case - local-level electoral quotas for members of formerly 'untouchable' castes in India - this book provides nuanced, thorough and ultimately optimistic responses to these questions.
Criminal Enterprises and Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Arias Enrique Desmond
Published: March 2017

This book examines security in three cities that suffer from chronic violence: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Medellin, Colombia; and Kingston, Jamaica. In each, democratic states contend with subnational armed groups that dominate territory and play important roles in politics even as they contribute to fear and insecurity. Through a nested three-city six-neighborhood analysis of the role of criminal groups in governance, this research provides a deep understanding of the impact of crime on political experience. Neighborhoods controlled by different types of armed actors, operating in the same institutional context, build alliances with state officials and participate in political life through the structures created by these armed actors. The data demonstrate the effects criminal dominance can have on security, civil society, elections, and policymaking. Far from reflecting a breakdown of order, varying types of criminal groups generate different local lived political experiences.
Violence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: March 2017

Andrew Linklater's The Problem of Harm in World Politics (Cambridge, 2011) created a new agenda for the sociology of states-systems. Violence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems builds on the author's attempts to combine the process-sociological investigation of civilizing processes and the English School analysis of international society in a higher synthesis. Adopting Martin Wight's comparative approach to states-systems and drawing on the sociological work of Norbert Elias, Linklater asks how modern Europeans came to believe themselves to be more 'civilized' than their medieval forebears. He investigates novel combinations of violence and civilization through a broad historical scope from classical antiquity, Latin Christendom and Renaissance Italy to the post-Second World War era. This book will interest all students with an interdisciplinary commitment to investigating long-term patterns of change in world politics.
Woodland in the Neolithic of Northern Europe
Authors: Noble Gordon
Published: March 2017

The Neolithic period is one of the great transformations in human history - when agriculture first began and dramatic changes occurred in human society. These changes occurred in environments that were radically different to those that exist today, and in northern Europe many landscapes would have been dominated by woodland. Yet wood and woodland rarely figures in the minds of many archaeologists, and it plays no part in the traditional Three Age system that has defined the frameworks of European prehistory. This book explores how human-environment relations altered with the beginnings of farming, and how the Neolithic in northern Europe was made possible through new ways of living in and understanding the environment. Drawing on a broad range of evidence, from pollen data and stone axes to the remains of timber monuments and settlements, the book analyzes the relationship between people, their material culture, and their woodland environment.
The Core Model Iterability Problem
Authors: Steel John R.
Published: March 2017

Since their inception, the Perspectives in Logic and Lecture Notes in Logic series have published seminal works by leading logicians. Many of the original books in the series have been unavailable for years, but they are now in print once again. Large cardinal hypotheses play a central role in modern set theory. One important way to understand such hypotheses is to construct concrete, minimal universes, or 'core models', satisfying them. Since Gödel's pioneering work on the universe of constructible sets, several larger core models satisfying stronger hypotheses have been constructed, and these have proved quite useful. In this volume, the eighth publication in the Lecture Notes in Logic series, Steel extends this theory so that it can produce core models having Woodin cardinals, a large cardinal hypothesis that is the focus of much current research. The book is intended for advanced graduate students and researchers in set theory.
ACCURACY UNCOMPOSED: AGAINST CALIBRATIONISM
Authors: Levinstein B. A.
Published: March 2017

Pettigrew offers new axiomatic constraints on legitimate measures of inaccuracy. His axiom called ‘Decomposition’ stipulates that legitimate measures of inaccuracy evaluate a credence function in part based on its level of calibration at a world. I argue that if calibration is valuable, as Pettigrew claims, then this fact is an explanandum for accuracy-first epistemologists, not an explanans, for three reasons. First, the intuitive case for the importance of calibration isn't as strong as Pettigrew believes. Second, calibration is a perniciously global property that both contravenes Pettigrew's own views about the nature of credence functions themselves and undercuts the achievements and ambitions of accuracy-first epistemology. Finally, Decomposition introduces a new kind of value compatible with but separate from accuracy-proper in violation of Pettigrew's alethic monism.
Elementary model of internal electromagnetic pinch-type instability
Authors: Priede Jānis
Published: March 2017

We analyse numerically a pinch-type instability in a semi-infinite planar layer of inviscid conducting liquid bounded by solid walls and carrying a uniform electric current. Our model is as simple as possible but still captures the salient features of the instability which otherwise may be obscured by the technical details of more comprehensive numerical models and laboratory experiments. Firstly, we show the instability in liquid metals, which are relatively poor conductors, differs significantly from the astrophysically relevant Tayler instability. In liquid metals, the instability develops on the magnetic response time scale, which depends on the conductivity and is much longer than the Alfvén time scale, on which the Tayler instability develops in well conducting fluids. Secondly, we show that this instability is an edge effect caused by the curvature of the magnetic field, and its growth rate is determined by the linear current density and independent of the system size. Our results suggest that this instability may affect future liquid-metal batteries when their size reaches a few metres.
On a stabilization mechanism for low-velocity detonations
Authors: Sow Aliou , Semenko Roman E. , Kasimov Aslan R.
Published: March 2017

We use numerical simulations of the reactive Euler equations to analyse the nonlinear stability of steady-state one-dimensional solutions for gaseous detonations in the presence of both momentum and heat losses. Our results point to a possible stabilization mechanism for the low-velocity detonations in such systems. The mechanism stems from the existence of a one-parameter family of solutions found in Semenko et al. (Shock Waves, vol. 26 (2), 2016, pp. 141–160).
Naturally occurring and added sugar in relation to macronutrient intake and food consumption: results from a population-based study in adults
Authors: Kaartinen Niina E. , Similä Minna E. , Kanerva Noora , Valsta Liisa M. , Harald Kennet , Männistö Satu
Published: March 2017

Associations between sugar intake and the remaining diet are poorly described in modern food environments. We aimed at exploring associations of high naturally occurring and added sugar intakes with sociodemographic characteristics, intake of macronutrients, fibre and selected food groups. Our data comprised 4842 Finnish adults aged 25–74 years, who participated in the population-based DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) study. Diet was assessed by a validated 131-item FFQ. The food item disaggregation approach was used to estimate sucrose and fructose intakes from natural sources (naturally occurring sugar) and all other sources (added sugar). Sex-specific trends in macronutrient, fibre and food group intakes across sugar type quartiles were determined with general linear modelling adjusting for age, energy intake, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, education and BMI. Overall, results were similar across sexes. Young age was found to be a determinant of higher added sugar and lower naturally occurring sugar intakes (P < 0·0001). High added sugar intake was associated with low fibre intake (P < 0·0001) accompanied with lower fruit (P < 0·0001 women; P = 0·022 men) and vegetable consumption (P < 0·0001) and higher wheat consumption (P = 0·0003 women; P < 0·0001 men). Opposite results were found for naturally occurring sugar. Butter consumption increased by 28–32 % (P < 0·0001) when shifting from the lowest to the highest added sugar intake quartile, while a decrease of 26–38 % (P < 0·0001) was found for naturally occurring sugar. Therefore, the associations of sugar types with dietary carbohydrate and fat quality seem opposing. Proper adjustments with dietary variables are needed when studying independent relationships between sugar and health.
Information Characteristics and Errors in Expectations: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Antoniou Constantinos , Harrison Glenn W. , Lau Morten I. , Read Daniel
Published: March 2017

We design an experiment to test the hypothesis that, in violation of Bayes’ rule, some people respond more forcefully to the strength of information than to its weight. We provide incentives to motivate effort, use naturally occurring information, and control for risk attitude. We find that the strength–weight bias affects expectations but that its magnitude is significantly lower than originally reported. Controls for nonlinear utility further reduce the bias. Our results suggest that incentive compatibility and controls for risk attitude considerably affect inferences on errors in expectations.
Consistent patterns of trophic niche specialization in host populations infected with a non-native copepod parasite
Authors: PEGG J. , ANDREOU D. , WILLIAMS C. F. , BRITTON J. R.
Published: March 2017

Populations of generalist species often comprise of smaller sub-sets of relatively specialized individuals whose niches comprise small sub-sets of the overall population niche. Here, the role of parasite infections in trophic niche specialization was tested using five wild fish populations infected with the non-native parasiteErgasilus briani, a copepod parasite with a direct lifecycle that infects the gill tissues of fish hosts. Infected and uninfected fishes were sampled from the same habitats during sampling events. Prevalence in the host populations ranged between 16 and 67%, with parasite abundances of up to 66 parasites per fish. Although pathological impacts included hyperplasia and localized haemorrhaging of gill tissues, there were no significant differences in the length, weight and condition of infected and uninfected fishes. Stable isotope analyses (δ13C,δ15N) revealed that the trophic niche of infected fishes, measured as standard ellipse area (i.e. the isotopic niche), was consistently and significantly smaller compared with uninfected conspecifics. These niches of infected fishes always sat within that of uninfected fish, suggesting trophic specialization in hosts. These results suggested trophic specialization is a potentially important non-lethal consequence of parasite infection that results from impaired functional traits of the host.
New developments in probing and targeting protein acylation in malaria, leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness
Authors: RITZEFELD MARKUS , WRIGHT MEGAN H. , TATE EDWARD W.
Published: March 2017

Infections by protozoan parasites, such asPlasmodium falciparumorLeishmania donovani, have a significant health, social and economic impact and threaten billions of people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions of developing countries worldwide. The increasing range of parasite strains resistant to frontline therapeutics makes the identification of novel drug targets and the development of corresponding inhibitors vital. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important modulators of biology and inhibition of protein lipidation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of parasitic diseases. In this review we summarize the latest insights into protein lipidation in protozoan parasites. We discuss how recent chemical proteomic approaches have delivered the first global overviews of protein lipidation in these organisms, contributing to our understanding of the role of this PTM in critical metabolic and cellular functions. Additionally, we highlight the development of new small molecule inhibitors to target parasite acyl transferases.
Political Competition and the Initiation of International Conflict
Authors: Goldsmith Benjamin E. , Semenovich Dimitri , Sowmya Arcot , Grgic Gorana
Published: March 2017

Although some scholars claim that the empirical evidence for the very low instance of interstate war between democracies is well established, others have raised new challenges. But even if democratic peace is observed, its theoretical explanation remains unresolved. Consensus has not emerged among competing approaches, some of which are criticized for offering monadic logic for a dyadic phenomenon. This article synthesizes recent literature to advance a simple, but distinct, explicitly dyadic theory about institutionalized political competition, leading to expectations that it is the most important source of democratic peace. While the authors are far from the first to consider political competition, their approach stands out in according it the central role in a dyadic theory focused on the regime type of initiators and target states. They argue that potential vulnerability to opposition criticism on target-regime-specific normative and costs-of-war bases is more fundamental than mechanisms such as audience costs, informational effects, or public goods logic. Incumbents in high-competition states will be reluctant to initiate conflict with a democracy due to anticipated inability to defend the conflict as right, necessary, and winnable. The authors present new and highly robust evidence that democratic peace is neither spurious nor a methodological artifact, and that it can be attributed to high-competition states’ aversion to initiating fights with democracies.
BOUNDARY CROSSING PROBABILITIES FOR THE CUMULATIVE SAMPLE MEAN
Authors: Singham Dashi I. , Atkinson Michael P.
Published: March 2017

We develop a new measure of reliability for the mean behavior of a process by calculating the probability the cumulative sample mean will stay within a given distance from the true mean over a period of time. This probability is derived using boundary-crossing properties of Brownian bridges. We derive finite sample results for independent and identically distributed normal data, limiting results for data meeting a functional central limit theorem, and draw parallels to standard normal confidence intervals. We deliver numerical results for i.i.d., dependent, and queueing processes.
Analytic spread and non-vanishing of asymptotic depth
Authors: MIRANDA–NETO CLETO B.
Published: March 2017

LetSbe a polynomial ring over a fieldKof characteristic zero and letM⊂Sbe an ideal given as an intersection of powers of incomparable monomial prime ideals (e.g., the case whereMis a squarefree monomial ideal). In this paper we provide a very effective, sufficient condition for a monomial prime idealP⊂ScontainingMbe such that the localisationMPhasnon-maximal analytic spread. Our technique describes, in fact, a concrete obstruction forPto be an asymptotic prime divisor ofMwith respect to the integral closure filtration, allowing us to employ a theorem of McAdam as a bridge to analytic spread. As an application, we derive – with the aid of results of Brodmann and Eisenbud-Huneke – a situation where the asymptotic and conormal asymptotic depths cannot vanish locally at such primes.
An Augmented Strapdown Inertial Navigation System using Jerk and Jounce of Motion for a Flying Robot
Authors: Bayat Milad , Atashgah MA Amiri
Published: March 2017

This paper offers an algorithm for enhancement of positioning accuracy of a quad-rotor flying robot, based on jerk and jounce of motion. The suggested method utilises the first and second numerical derivatives of the vehicle's acceleration and augments the mathematical model in the estimation process. For this purpose, the Kalman Filter (KF) is implemented for integration of a Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The required data are collected from a low-cost/quality Micro Electromechanical Sensors (MEMS) during an assisted flight. For increasing the precision and accuracy of the collected data, all instruments including accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers are calibrated before the experiments. Moreover, to reduce and limit the measurement noises of the MEMS sensor, a low-pass filter is applied; this is while sensors in the autopilot are affected by high levels of noise and drift, which makes them inappropriate for accurate positioning. The experimental results exhibit an improvement in positioning and altitude sensing through augmentation of the loosely coupled SINS/GNSS navigation method.
Study of Automatic Anomalous Behaviour Detection Techniques for Maritime Vessels
Authors: Sidibé Abdoulaye , Shu Gao
Published: March 2017

The maritime domain is the most utilised environment for bulk transportation, making maritime safety and security an important concern. A major aspect of maritime safety and security is maritime situational awareness. To achieve effective maritime situational awareness, recently many efforts have been made in automatic anomalous maritime vessel movement behaviour detection based on movement data provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS). In this paper we present a review of state-of-the-art automatic anomalous maritime vessel behaviour detection techniques based on AIS movement data. First, we categorise some approaches proposed in the period 2011 to 2016 to automatically detect anomalous maritime vessel behaviour into distinct categories including statistical, machine learning and data mining, and provide an overview of them. Then we discuss some issues related to the proposed approaches and identify the trend in automatic detection of anomalous maritime vessel behaviour.