bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Perspectives on the Diffusion of Management Knowledge
Authors: Lervik Jon Erland , Lunnan Randi
Published: September 2004

This article presents an in-depth case study of the adoption patterns of performance management within a Norwegian multinational enterprise. The case allows the contrasting of a set of theoretical perspectives that provide different accounts of management knowledge diffusion. We review four perspectives named Conformity, Transfer, Translation and Local Modification, and find that each perspective can account for only parts of the observed adoption patterns in the multinational. The perspectives complement each other and together they provide more comprehensive ‘lenses’ for studying the diffusion of management knowledge. For future research, we suggest three strategies: to develop multi-perspectives typologies of diffusion outcomes, to develop multi-perspective process models, and to develop a meta-theory with propositions specifying conditions when different outcome types will be prevalent.
The Machinations of Change: BEEPEEARR,Debunking and the ‘In-Between’
Authors: Collins David
Published: September 2004

This article examines recent developments in management knowledge in an attempt to rethink the everyday strategies, practices and processes that make change in organizations. Focusing on business process re-engineering (BPR), it offers a critical analysis of the production and consumption of management knowledge which seeks an engagement with the experiences of practitioners. Employing a Latourian account of the making of ideas and of the ‘hybrids’ of nature and culture, the article explores the limitations of both BPR and those critiques that would debunk it as so much faddish nonsense. The article concludes by suggesting five ways in which this Latourian account of the making of change alters our appreciation of the ways and means of guru theorizing in general and the modus operandi of BPR in particular.
Desiccant Cooling at the University of Lincoln: A Case Study
Authors: Halliday S. P. , Beggs C. B.
Published: September 2004

The desiccant cooling cycle is a novel open heat-driven cycle which can be used both to cool and to dehumidify air. Although desiccant cooling systems have been used in Scandinavian buildings for over 20 years, they have only relatively recently been used in the United Kingdom (UK). This paper describes the operation of a desiccant cooling system at the University of Lincoln, which was among the first facilities in the UK to install such a system. The desiccant system at the University of Lincoln was monitored for the period September 1998 to August 1999. The results of this monitoring programme reveal the system to be an effective low-energy solution.
‘Intruder Alert! Intruder Alert!’ Video Games in Space
Authors: Guins Raiford
Published: September 2004

Running through the maze of video game history, this article considers the relationship between geographies of game play, routine images of game play in popular culture, and the frequently obscured diversity of video game culture. Geographies of game play foreground the materiality of video games - that is, as an object in specific historical locations that have changed over time. This includes the often overlooked and transitory spaces occupied by threshold games. Displacing the centrality of arcades, the home, and the content of video games, enables a corrective scrutiny of the ephemera of video game culture and its potential to expand the cultural memory of minoritarian subjectivity’s relation to digital media; it accounts for who played, and how playing in different spaces bears on an understanding of games’ place in televisual space.
Applying the Concept of ‘Best Practice’ to International Schools
Authors: Codrington Stephen
Published: September 2004

This article explores the appropriateness and implications of adopting and adapting the business-oriented concept of ‘best practice’ in international schools. Because businesses and international schools tend to have contrasting goals and time-frames within which they seek to achieve their objectives, it is expected that ‘best practice’ in schools will differ from ‘best practice’ in the corporate world. A model of ‘best practice’ that suits the needs of international schools should also acknowledge the shift in approaches to learning from behaviourism through cognitivism to constructivism. It is argued that best practice in international schools should focus on achieving the goals of the mission statement in a manner that adapts flexibly to meet the individual needs of each student, includes ongoing professional development and feedback for teachers, and emphasizes a clear separation of governance and management.
Stochastic Measure of Fatigue Crack Damage for Health Monitoring of Ductile Alloy Structures
Authors: Ray Asok
Published: September 2004

This paper models a stochastic measure of fatigue crack damage in ductile alloys that are commonly encountered in structures and machinery components of complex mechanical systems such as land, air, ocean, and space vehicles. The constitutive equations of the damage measure are built upon the physics of fracture mechanics and are substantiated by Karhunen-Loe` ve decomposition of fatigue test data where statistical orthogonality of the estimated measure and the resulting estimation error is demonstrated in a Hilbert space setting. The non-stationary probability distribution (PDF) function of the damage estimate is generated in a closed form without numerically solving stochastic differential equations in the Wiener integral or It integral setting. The model of crack damage measure allows real-time execution of decision algorithms for health monitoring, risk assessment, and life prediction of mechanical structures on inexpensive platforms such as a Pentium processor. The stochastic model of fatigue crack damage measure is in good agreement with experimental data sets for 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys.
Sensor Validation for Structural Systems with Additive Sensor Faults
Authors: Abdelghani Maher , Friswell Michael I.
Published: September 2004

Structures with a large number of sensors and actuators are becoming more common, and their applications vary from active control to damage location. This large amount of spatial information should be used to advantage to continuously monitor the correct functioning of the sensors during normal operation. Errors introduced by faulty sensors can cause a loss of performance and erroneous conclusions, and this paper analyses additive sensor faults. Two residual generation schemes are proposed to monitor sensor faults, namely the modal filtering approach and the so-called Parity Space approach. These residuals are then tested using a probabilistic approach using a 2 test to determine if there is a faulty sensor. These approaches are demonstrated on a simulated cantilevered beam excited at its tip and also on an experimental subframe structure.
Risky Behavior, Juveniles, Guns, and Unintentional Firearms Fatalities
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Mays G. Larry
Published: September 2004

Risky behaviors contribute to a host of teenage misfortunes, including high rates of sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancies, and accidental deaths. This state-level study examines whether these behaviors also contribute to unintentional firearms fatalities in juvenile populations. Controlling for indicators of socioeconomic status, social disorganization, and the firearms density, the authors found that these unintentional deaths are consistently associated with state-level indicators of risky behavior. Accidental firearms deaths were also associated with rural populations as well as reductions in socioeconomic status. Also examined were the influences of child access prevention (safe storage), overall firearms laws, and background checks on firearms fatalities. Contrary to initial expectations, child access prevention laws were significantly associated with lower rates of unintentional firearms fatalities in the general population but were not associated with reductions in accidental firearms deaths in juvenile populations.
Boundary Objects and Group Analysis: Between Psychoanalysis and Social Theory
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: September 2004

This paper explores possible connections between recent developments in social theory and group analysis, which could also have consequences for the conceptualization of group-analytic practice. Drawing on discussions from the sociology of scientific knowledge, specifically studies in sciences and technology, I offer an account and partial appropriation of some features of actor network theory. The concept of ‘boundary object’ is explored, through an attention to potential psychodynamic readings of these ideas and application to psychotherapeutic contexts. I also explore the interpretive potential of such frameworks to group-analytic approaches, in terms of offering analytic tools for the conceptualization of its practice within material, discursive and political contexts.
Dysregulation of granulocyte, erythrocyte, and NK cell lineages in Fli-1 gene–targeted mice
Authors: Masuya Masahiro , Moussa Omar , Abe Takanori , Deguchi Takao , Higuchi Tsukasa , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Spyropoulos Demetri D. , Watson Dennis K. , Ogawa Makio
Published: September 2004

Targeted disruption of the Friend leukemia integration 1 (Fli-1) proto-oncogene results in severe dysmegakaryopoiesis and embryonic lethality. We used morula-stage aggregation as a strategy to further clarify the hematopoietic defects of the Fli-1 gene-targeted mice. Analyses of lineage expression of Fli-1+/- and Fli-1-/- cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of chimeric mice consistently demonstrated reduced numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes and increased numbers of natural killer (NK) cells. Transplantation studies using sorted Fli-1 mutant cells produced similar findings. Clonal culture studies of bone marrow cells revealed increased numbers of granulocytic and early erythroid progenitors in the Fli-1+/- cells. The sorted Fli-1-/- bone marrow cells revealed specific down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPϵ, and the receptors for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), consistent with their critical roles in granulopoiesis. Collectively, these observations suggest previously unknown physiologic roles for Fli-1 in granulocytic, erythroid, and NK cell proliferation and differentiation. Production of chimeras by morula-stage embryo aggregation is an effective way to unravel cell-autonomous hematopoietic defects in gene-targeted mice.
Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: an immunohistochemical study of 11 cases
Authors: Vecchione Andrea , Galetti Tommaso Prayer , Gardiman Marina , Ishii Hideshi , Giarnieri Enrico , Pagano Francesco , Gomella Leonard G , Croce Carlo M , Baffa Raffaele
Published: September 2004

Background

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare but very aggressive variant of kidney carcinoma that arises from the epithelium of Bellini's ducts, in the distal portion of the nephron. In order to gain an insight into the biology of this tumor we evaluated the expression of five genes involved in the development of renal cancer (FEZ1/LZTS1, FHIT, TP53, P27
kip 1, and BCL2).

Methods

We studied eleven patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for primary CDC. All patients had an adequate clinical follow-up and none of them received any systemic therapy before surgery. The expression of the five markers for tumor initiation and/or progression were assessed by immunohistochemistry and correlated to the clinicopathological parameters, and survival by univariate analysis.

Results

Results showed that Fez1 protein expression was undetectable or substantially reduced in 7 of the 11 (64%) cases. Fhit protein was absent in three cases (27%). The overexpression of p53 protein was predominantly nuclear and detected in 4 of 11 cases (36%). Immunostaining for p27 was absent in 5 of 11 cases (45.5%). Five of the six remaining cases (90%) showed exclusively cytoplasmic protein expression, where, in the last case, p27 protein was detected in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Bcl2 expression with 100% of the tumor cells positive was observed in 4 of 11 (36%) cases. Statistical analysis showed a statistical trend (P = 0.06) between loss and reduction of Fez1 and presence of lymph node metastases.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that Fez1 may represent not only a molecular diagnostic marker but also a prognostic marker in CDC.
The global response to tropical heating in the Madden–Julian oscillation during the northern winter
Authors: Matthews Adrian J. , Hoskins Brian J. , Masutani Michiko
Published: September 2004

A life cycle of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) was constructed, based on 21 years of outgoing long‐wave radiation data. Regression maps of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for the northern winter show statistically significant upper‐tropospheric equatorial wave patterns linked to the tropical convection anomalies, and extratropical wave patterns over the North Pacific, North America, the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and South America. To assess the cause of the circulation anomalies, a global primitive‐equation model was initialized with the observed three‐dimensional (3D) winter climatological mean flow and forced with a time‐dependent heat source derived from the observed MJO anomalies. A model MJO cycle was constructed from the global response to the heating, and both the tropical and extratropical circulation anomalies generally matched the observations well. The equatorial wave patterns are established in a few days, while it takes approximately two weeks for the extratropical patterns to appear. The model response is robust and insensitive to realistic changes in damping and basic state. The model tropical anomalies are consistent with a forced equatorial Rossby–Kelvin wave response to the tropical MJO heating, although it is shifted westward by approximately 20° longitude relative to observations. This may be due to a lack of damping processes (cumulus friction) in the regions of convective heating. Once this shift is accounted for, the extratropical response is consistent with theories of Rossby wave forcing and dispersion on the climatological flow, and the pattern correlation between the observed and modelled extratropical flow is up to 0.85. The observed tropical and extratropical wave patterns account for a significant fraction of the intraseasonal circulation variance, and this reproducibility as a response to tropical MJO convection has implications for global medium‐range weather prediction. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Sea‐salt aerosols over the north‐east Atlantic: Model simulations of the ACE‐2 Second Lagrangian experiment
Authors: Glantz Paul , Svensson Gunilla , Noone Kevin J. , Osborne Simon R.
Published: September 2004

A one‐dimensional ensemble‐average model is used in this study to simulate the North Atlantic regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2) Second Lagrangian experiment, where the same air mass was followed in the trade wind area over the north‐east Atlantic during July 1997. The air mass was affected by increased sea surface temperatures and decreased synoptic‐scale subsidence on its way southward towards the Canary Islands. This caused the marine boundary layer (MBL) to grow from a shallow layer capped by a stratocumulus deck to a decoupled layer with cumulus clouds forming below the stratocumulus layer.

Several of the meteorological parameters obtained during a control run show reasonable agreement with observations. The model essentially captures the MBL growth, but the increase of the cloud top height occurs more slowly in the simulation than is indicated by the in situ observations. The sea surface temperature increase seems to be the most important factor for the deepening of the MBL.

The model simulates relatively steep vertical gradients in the sea‐salt mass concentrations both in the shallow and deeper MBLs, consistent with in situ measurements. Furthermore, the sea‐salt particle mass concentrations estimated by the model for most of the altitude levels in the MBL are within 22% of the observed concentrations of sea‐salt‐related ions. Turbulent mixing by wind shear did not create well‐mixed MBLs based on the sea‐salt mass concentrations. Vertical gradients in sea‐salt number and mass concentrations suggest a reduced influence of sea‐salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2004. S. R. Obsborne's contribution is Crown copyright.
Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay
Authors: Schneider Daniella
Published: September 2004

This article addresses the developments surrounding the continued detention and treatment of the detainees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and examines the legal issues arising from them. The present political environment has left deep scars in international and human rights law. The detention of some 660 individuals in Guantanamo Bay has caused academic and diplomatic disputes. There is a serious legal debate as to the legality of the detention. The USA has classified these men as ‘unlawful combatants’, who are not subject to the Geneva Convention of 1949, which regulates the treatment of detainees in an armed conflict. According to the US authorities, Taleban fighters and Al-Qaeda do not fall within the Geneva Conventions. No attempts have been made on behalf of the US to verify the detainees' legal status by way of a tribunal. This article examines the possibility of alternative legal recourses, such as the application of the Fourth Geneva Convention which protects civilians who fall in the hands of the enemy, the application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the USA has ratified, and finally the existence of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Each of these instruments, despite the complexity of their provisions, ensures a minimum standard of treatment of the detainees. The detainees' legal status, however, remains unclear; accordingly they are trapped in a legal black hole. Numerous attempts have been made to solve this international embarrassment. The USA opted for trial by military commission, to which the international community was strongly opposed. The measures carried out by the US authorities and by the British government in relation to the detention of suspected international terrorists are critically scrutinised in this article. Some detainees have been freed, which raises questions of possible compensation. Consideration is also given as to whether the legal measures taken until now are sufficient for the protection of their human rights. What is certain is that the treatment of possible terrorists has drastically changed, undermining human rights and civil liberties.
Multi-Biomarker Risk Stratification of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiac Troponin T and I in End-Stage Renal Disease for All-Cause Death
Authors: Apple Fred S , Murakami MaryAnn M , Pearce Lesly A , Herzog Charles A
Published: September 2004

Background: In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the ability of single and multiple biomarker monitoring to predict adverse outcomes has not been well established. This study determined the prognostic value of multiple biomarkers for all-cause death over 2 years in 399 ESRD patients.

Methods: The risk of all-cause death was determined by use of multiple biomarkers based on concentrations for a reference population (normal) and cutoffs based on tertile distributions in the ESRD group. Biomarkers studied included N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; Dade Behring and Roche assays), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT; Roche) and I (cTnI; Dade Behring and Beckman Coulter assays). Relative risks of death were estimated and survival curves computed.

Results: A total of 101 deaths occurred during 594 patient-years of follow-up. Increased NT-proBNP concentrations were not predictive of death on the basis of the normal cutoffs. However, tertile analysis of NT-proBNP was significantly predictive of death and had a ROC area under the curve equivalent to or better than any of the other biomarkers. Biomarkers independently predictive of survival were hsCRP (P <0.001, either assay), cTnT (P <0.05), and cTnI (Dade, P <0.05). Two-year mortality rates were 6% (n = 45) with normal hsCRP, cTnI, and cTnT concentrations; 19% (n = 173) with increased hsCRP or cTnT and normal cTnI; 44% (n = 160) with both hsCRP and cTnT increased and normal cTnI; 61% (n = 21) with increased cTnI (Dade) or 47% (n = 74) with increased cTnI (Beckman) regardless of hsCRP or cTnT concentrations. Defined by the normal cutoffs, increased concentrations of biomarkers were present in various proportions of the 399 patients with ESRD: NT-proBNP, 99%; hsCRP, 46% (both Roche and Dade assays); cTnT, 85%; cTnI, 19% (Beckman assay) and 5% (Dade assay).

Conclusions: Although mechanisms likely vary for causation, increased plasma hsCRP, cTnT, and cTnI above the cutoffs for our reference (normal) population were all independently predictive of subsequent death in ESRD patients. Tertile analysis for NT-proBNP also demonstrated prognostic value.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kanyegirire Andrew T S , Crook Tim , Shingler Martin
Published: September 2004

African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Richard Fardon and Graham Furniss (eds.) (2000) Oxford: James Currey, 239 pp., ISBN 0-852-55828-7

Words at War - World War II Radio Drama and the Post-war Broadcasting Industry Blacklist, Howard Blue (2002)
Lanham and Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, 407 pp., ISBN 0-1808-4413-3

Writing for Radio, Vincent McInerney (2001) Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001, xii + 276 pp., no illustrations. ISBN 0-7190-5842-2 (hardback) £40.00 and 0-7190-5843-0 (paperback)
£14.99
IDENSITY(r): urbanism in the communication age
Authors: Sikiaridi Elizabeth , Vogelaar Frans
Published: September 2004

‘The new city presupposes that the cables of the interhuman relations are switched reversibly, not in bundles as with television, but in real networks, respons(e)ibly, as in the telephone network. These are technical questions; and they are to be solved by urbanists and architects.’
(Vilém Flusser 1990). To reinforce the significance of public space we have to deal with at least two ‘publics’ - the global and the local public - by creating spheres where local and global public space can fuse and interchange.
The Nanoneme Syndrome: Blurring of fact and fiction in the construction of a new science
Authors: Gimzewski Jim , Vesna Victoria
Published: September 2004

In both the philosophical and visual sense, ‘seeing is believing’ does not apply to nanotechnology, for there is nothing even remotely visible to create proof of existence. On the atomic and molecular scale, data is recorded by sensing and probing in a very abstract manner,
which requires complex and approximate interpretations. More than in any other science, visualization and creation of a narrative becomes necessary to describe what is sensed, not seen. Nevertheless, many of the images generated in science and popular culture are not related to data at all,
but come from visualizations and animations frequently inspired or created directly from science fiction. Likewise, much of this imagery is based on industrial models and is very mechanistic in nature, even though nanotechnology research is at a scale where cogs, gears, cables, levers and
assembly lines as functional components appear to be highly unlikely. However, images of mechanistic nanobots proliferate in venture capital circles, popular culture, and even in the scientific arena, and tend to dominate discourse around the possibilities of nanotechnology. The authors put
forward that this new science is ultimately about a shift in our perception of reality from a purely visual culture to one based on sensing and connectivity.
Influence of beech wood quality on bisulfite dissolving pulp manufacture. Part 1: Influence of log storage on pulping and bleaching
Authors: Sixta H. , Promberger A. , Koch G. , Gradinger C. , Messner K.
Published: September 2004

The present study investigated different log storage conditions and their influence on the processability of the wood material in pulping and bleaching. For that purpose, logs were stored for about 15 months under dry and wet conditions. Besides a detailed chemical, physical and microbial characterization of the wood, cooking trials according to the standard magnesium acid bisulfite process and bleaching experiments at various conditions using a (E/O)-Z-P-sequence were performed. The dependency of pulp yield, delignification efficiency, the course of cellulose depolymerization and brightness on the different storage conditions was evaluated. Bleaching selectivity was comparable for pulps made from fresh and wet-stored wood. In the case of pulp made from dry-stored wood, between 60% and 300% more bleaching chemicals, expressed as OXE, were necessary to obtain the target brightness. Milled wood lignin was isolated from the beech wood samples to study possible structural changes attributable to different storage conditions. Permanganate oxidation was applied to investigate the most important lignin structures. Additionally, preliminary NMR studies were performed to gain supplementary information about the composition of the lignin moieties. UV microspectrophotometry in agreement with absorption difference spectra strongly suggests that the chromophore structures present in both unbleached and bleached pulp samples predominantly originate from polyphenolic compounds, which are attached to the cell wall and are deposited in the lumina of parenchyma cells. From the results obtained so far, it can be concluded that wet storage of beech wood logs efficiently prevents the formation of chromophore compounds which negatively affect acid bisulfite pulping.
Estimation of Pinus radiata D. Don tracheid morphological characteristics by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Schimleck L. R. , Evans R.
Published: September 2004

Eight Pinus radiata D. Don increment core samples were selected from a total of 32 cores for the development of calibrations for several tracheid morphological characteristics: coarseness, perimeter, radial and tangential diameter and wall thickness. Near infrared (NIR) spectra, obtained from the radial-longitudinal face of each core in 10-mm sections from pith to bark, were used to develop the calibrations. Calibrations for coarseness and wall thickness were excellent, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. Calibrations for the remaining characteristics were weaker (R2 ranged from 0.65 to 0.69). To test the predictive ability of the calibrations, two intact P. radiata increment cores (core A and B) were selected from the same set as the calibration samples. NIR-predicted tracheid coarseness and wall thickness were in strong agreement with measured (SilviScan-determined) values. Radial patterns of variation (NIR-predicted, measured) closely followed each other for both cores, but coarseness and wall thickness were underestimated for core B. Tracheid tangential perimeter was well predicted with R2 of 0.69 (core A) and 0.79 (core B). Relationships for the remaining characteristics were weak. Collection of NIR spectra in smaller increments, to capture more of the variation, may improve calibration.
Organosolv pulping of olive tree trimmings by use of ethylene glycol/soda/water mixtures
Authors: Jiménez L. , Rodríguez A. , Díaz M. J. , López F. , Ariza J.
Published: September 2004

This paper reports on the influence of independent variables
in the ethylene glycol/soda pulping of olive wood
trimmings (165–195°C, 30–90 min, ethylene glycol concentration
5–15%, soda concentration 2.5–7.5% and liquid/solid ratio 4–6), on the yield and Kappa index of the
pulps and the strength properties (breaking length, burst
index and tear index) of paper sheets. By using a central
composite factorial design, equations that relate each
dependent variable to the different independent variables
were obtained which reproduced the experimental results
for the dependent variables with errors less than 12%.
Using a temperature of 184°C, ethylene glycol and soda
concentrations of 15% and 7%, respectively, a liquid/solid
ratio of 5:1 and a cooking time of 30 min results in
yield, Kappa index, breaking length, burst index and tear
index values that depart by 14.3%, 8.2%, 17.1%, 17.0%
and 2.3%, respectively, from their optimum levels. These
conditions result in substantial savings in power consumption
and immobilised capital investments as they
involve a lower temperature, a lower liquid/solid ratio,
and a shorter time than the maximum values tested.
A contact free measurement method to determine internal stress states in glulam
Authors: Jönsson J. , Svensson S.
Published: September 2004

A method to determine the internal stress state across
the grain of glued laminated wood (glulam), as well as
the experimental equipment for measuring released
deformation are described in this paper. The internal
stress state is calculated from measured released deformations,
which are measured by a contact free method
based on a digital camera technique. Non-destructive
measurement of the modulus of elasticity in the cross-grain
direction is presented and the correlation between
dynamic and static modulus of elasticity is shown.
Results for a single specimen with induced moisture gradient
show that the largest stress found in the tests was
about 0.57 MPa, which is higher than the characteristic
value of tensile strength perpendicular to the grain. This
stress is based on released strain over the total length of
the slices cut from the specimens. FEM-simulations evaluating
the stress distribution within the specimen to
account for end effects indicate that the maximum stress
is about 30% higher.
Identification of Serpula lacrymans and other decay fungi in construction timber by sequencing of ribosomal DNA – A practical approach
Authors: Högberg N. , Land C. J.
Published: September 2004

We have approached species identification of wood decay fungi in construction wood by means of sequencing ribosomal DNA. Sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), which includes the 5.8S rDNA, is straightforward and provides a basis for species identification. Identification was either by BLAST search on sequences in GenBank or phylogenetic analysis. A number of important wood decay fungi such asSerpula lacrymans, S. himantioides, Antrodia serialis, A. sinuosa, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Fomitopsis pinicola, Resinicium bicolorandJunghuhnia collabenshave been successfully identified from fruitbodies and directly from wood samples. Sequence variants were found within the species sampled includingS. himantioides, the close relative ofS. lacrymans.But, among 27 samples from fruitbodies and mycelium ofS. lacrymans, unexpectedly, no sequence variation was detected.
Wood/plastic ratio: Effect on performance of borate biocides against a brown rot fungus
Authors: Simonsen J. , Freitag C. M. , Silva A. , Morrell J. J.
Published: September 2004

The effect of wood/plastic ratio and the presence of a
boron compound on resistance to biodegradation of
wood plastic composites (WPC's) by the brown rot fungus
Gloeophyllum trabeum was investigated in a soil
block exposure. Weight losses of all WPC's were generally
lower than those of solid wood, even when only
the wood component of the WPC was used in calculating
weight loss. Higher wood content was associated with
greater weight losses, suggesting that the plastic encapsulated
wood at lower wood levels. Borates markedly
reduced weight losses at all wood/plastic ratios. Weight
losses tended to be slightly lower with a Na/Ca borate
than with similar levels of zinc borate. Mechanical properties
did not correlate well with weight losses under the
conditions evaluated, but these effects may have been
masked by moisture sorption. The causes and implications
of these differences are discussed.
Key Articles and Guidelines in the Management of Hypertension
Authors: de Denus Simon , Hardy Angela M. , Olson Kari L. , Robinette Bryan
Published: September 2004

Hypertension is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Current management of hypertension, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, is based on an extensive amount of published literature. We present a list of publications, clinical trials, meta‐analyses, and clinical practice guidelines that we believe are essential in defining the current practice standards in the management of hypertension.
The Role of Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in the Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Hawkins David
Published: September 2004

Venous thromboembolism, which is manifested as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), represents a significant cause of death, disability, and discomfort. Two million people/year are affected by VTE, making it the third most common cardiovascular disease after coronary heart disease and stroke. The rationale for VTE prophylaxis stems from the clinically silent presentation of the disease and its prevalence among hospitalized patients. At greatest risk are patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery and those admitted to the intensive care unit with acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, respiratory disease, systemic infection, or other medical conditions that immobilize patients for 5 days or longer. Several anticoagulant regimens have been effective in reducing the risk of VTE after major orthopedic surgery. For patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement, treatment with adjusted‐dose warfarin, low‐molecular‐weight heparins, or fondaparinux may be used. Warfarin, which has been around for more than 50 years, is the only oral anticoagulant available for VTE prophylaxis. Ximelagatran, a new low‐molecular‐weight oral prodrug of the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran, has advantages over warfarin that may make it the drug of choice for prevention of VTE.
Smart Nanostructured Polymeric Coatings for Use as Remote optical Strain Sensors
Authors: Halary J. , Cookson P. , Stanford J.L. , Lovell P.A. , Young R.J.
Published: September 2004

This research study is aimed at developing a novel high‐resolution non‐contact stress/strain sensor system applicable for a wide variety of engineering components used in both laboratory and in‐the‐field (external) applications. Nanocomposites and nanostructured polymers with unique opto‐mechanical properties were developed as smart coatings. Remote polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the strain sensitivity of deformed coatings, and determine local strains on the micron scale directly from stress/strain induced Raman band shifts.
Cutting of SiC Fibers for Ti‐MMC Applications
Authors: Herkt M. , Heutling F. , Koch U.
Published: September 2004

This study compares different methods to cut SiC fibers as a semi‐finished product for the production of lightweight Ti‐MMC parts with high specific strength and stiffness for aerospace applications. Special attention has to be paid to the cutting surface morphology of fibers to get a homogeneous distribution of fibers in the final part. As a test, Titanium 6–4 coated and uncoated SiC fiber types have been cut with three different methods: bending, cutting the fibers with scissors, laser cutting.
Identifiability study of a liquid–liquid phase‐transfer catalyzed reaction system
Authors: Ben‐Zvi Amos , McAuley Kim , McLellan James
Published: September 2004

Consistent model parameterization is an important issue when developing mathematical models because it dictates whether parameter values can be estimated uniquely. The problems inherent in model parameterization are presented in an identifiability study of a nonlinear liquid–liquid phase‐transfer reactor model. This reactor model was proposed by Chen et al., in a 1991 study, to describe the reaction between organic‐phase benzyl chloride and aqueous‐phase sodium bromide, using tetrabutylammonium as the phase‐transfer catalyst. The model consists of coupled differential and algebraic equations. Existing methods using differential‐algebra for testing identifiability of differential‐algebraic equation (DAE) models are computationally intensive for models with a large number of states and parameters. A new method for testing DAE systems for identifiability was recently proposed by Ben‐Zvi et al. Using this method, the model proposed by Chen et al. is shown to be locally unidentifiable, indicating that it is impossible to uniquely identify all of the model parameters. Two alternatives for simplifying the model to make it identifiable are discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:2493–2501, 2004
Separation of azeotropic mixtures using hyperbranched polymers or ionic liquids
Authors: Seiler Matthias , Jork Carsten , Kavarnou Asimina , Arlt Wolfgang , Hirsch Rolf
Published: September 2004

In this work the suitability of selected commercially available hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids as entrainers for the extractive distillation and as extraction solvents for the liquid–liquid extraction is investigated. Based on thermodynamic studies on the influence of hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids on the vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibrium of the azeotropic ethanol–water and THF–water systems, process simulations are carried out, which allow evaluating the potential of hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids as selective components for the mentioned applications in terms of feasibility and energetic efficiency. Both hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids break a variety of azeotropic systems. Since their selectivity, capacity, viscosity, and thermal stability can be customized, they appear superior to many conventional entrainers and extraction solvents. For the ethanol–water separation, the nonvolatile substances hyperbranched polyglycerol and [EMIM]+[BF4]− show a remarkable entrainer performance and therefore enable extractive distillation processes, which require less energy than the conventional process using 1,2‐ethanediol as an entrainer. Evaluation of a new THF–water separation process indicates the competitiveness of the suggested process and a considerable potential of using hyperbranched polymers as extraction solvents. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 50: 2439–2454, 2004
A case of Kabuki (Niikawa‐Kuroki) syndrome associated with manifestations resembling C‐trigonocephaly syndrome
Authors: David Grace , Sillence David , Hardwick Robert , Opitz John M.
Published: September 2004

We report a 2‐year‐old boy with overlapping manifestations of the Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) and Opitz trigonocephaly syndromes. The proband was initially diagnosed with Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome on the basis of metopic craniosynostosis, upslanting palpebral fissures, high arched palate, redundant skin folds at the back of the neck, ventricular septal defect, broad flat thumbs, bilateral single palmar creases, left talipes equinovarus, eventration of right hemidiaphragm, and bilateral inguinal hernia. However, as he grew older, his facial profile changed to that typical of Kabuki syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supernumerary ring chromosome 8: Clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization in a case report
Authors: Demori Eliana , Devescovi Raffaella , Benussi Daniela Gambel , Dolce Silvia , Carrozzi Marco , Villa Nicoletta , Miertus Jan , Amoroso Antonio , Pecile Vanna
Published: September 2004

We report on a 3‐year‐old male with developmental delay, autistic behavior, and minor abnormalities consistent with trisomy 8 syndrome whose cytogenetic analysis revealed mosaicism for a supernumerary ring chromosome (SRC). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies, using centromeric and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) probes, were performed to characterize further the supernumerary chromosome. The ring origin has been detected from the short arm of chromosome 8, resulting in r(8)(p10p23.1). Moreover, uniparental disomy (UPD) using microsatellite analysis was excluded. To our knowledge a total of 25 cases, confirmed by FISH, have been reported with either supernumerary marker or ring chromosome 8. We present a detailed clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization of this additional case in order to better define the genotype–phenotype correlation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism with severe microdontia and skin anomalies: Confirmation of a new syndrome
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Tanpaiboon Pranoot , Unachak Kevalee , Praphanphoj Verayuth
Published: September 2004

We report two related Thai children having a new syndrome of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD). The findings which classify them as having MOPD include IUGR, microcephaly, prominent nose and nasal bridge, small pinnae, short stature, cone‐shaped and ivory‐epiphyses, delayed bone age, slender long bones, and abnormal pelvis. The findings that distinguish them as having newly recognized syndrome consist of severe microdontia, malformed teeth, single‐rooted or rootless teeth, severely hypoplastic alveolar bone, café au lait spots, acanthosis nigricans, and areas of hypo‐ and hyperpigmented skin. The reported patients appear to have the same condition as the family reported by Kantaputra [2002: Am J Med Genet 111:420–428]. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mosaic ring 12p and total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Authors: Harris Darren L. , Siu Benjamin L. , Hummel Marybeth , Harbert Kerry , Senft Jamie , Sargent Linda , Wenger Sharon L.
Published: September 2004

An infant born with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) was found to have an extra chromosome present as a small ring. Spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis identified the material as a duplication involving the short arm of chromosome 12. Previous cases describing a variety of cytogenetic abnormalities that have been associated with TAPVR are reviewed along with prior cases of duplication 12p with their associated findings. We believe ours is the first case to report the occurrence of mosaic ring 12p and its association with TAPVR. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual communication between breeding male and female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), and its relationship to infant care
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Jacoris Steve , Snowdon Charles T.
Published: September 2004

Male cotton‐top tamarins have been shown to be responsive to female scent cues of ovulation, and are known to actively participate in infant care during the time when their mates are fertile. We measured urinary androgen levels and glucocorticoids in seven father tamarins for the first month following the birth of infants to determine 1) whether male tamarins showed an androgen response to their mate's postpartum ovulation, 2) when androgens rise relative to ovulation, 3) whether there is a glucocorticoid response, and 4) whether males alter their parenting behavior during their mate's receptive period. All of the males showed a significant increase in urinary androgens prior to the female's postpartum LH peak, which indicated ovulation. The hormonal increase, which included estradiol, occurred 3–7 days prior to the female's LH peak at a time that coincided with the female's follicular period. Corticosterone levels also peaked during that time, but did not correlate with androgen changes. Fathers did not alter their daily infant‐carrying patterns relative to the androgen increase or at the time of the mate's LH peak. We conclude that male cotton‐top tamarins experience an increase in androgens that coincides with their mate's postpartum ovulation, which ensures optimal fertility. However, this sexual communication does not alter father–infant interactions, which already occur at a high rate in this species. Am. J. Primatol. 64:57–69, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance rank and fecal testosterone levels in adult male Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Muehlenbein Michael P. , Watts David P. , Whitten Patricia L.
Published: September 2004

In an attempt to describe hormone–behavior interactions in a sample of wild male chimpanzees, we quantified testosterone in 67 fecal samples obtained from 22 adult male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. A mixed‐model methodology that controlled for age‐class identified a significant positive association between testosterone levels and dominance rank. The results are consistent with those reported from a separate, smaller chimpanzee community in the same population in a study that analyzed testosterone levels in urine [Muller & Wrangham, 2004]. As in that earlier study, our results held during a period of social stability, which is not consistent with predictions of the “challenge hypothesis.” We concur with Muller and Wrangham [2004] that the challenge hypothesis requires modification to explain the chimpanzee data, because fission‐fusion sociality in chimpanzees makes challenges unpredictable. We also discuss the utility of fecal samples and a mixed‐model statistical method for behavioral endocrinology studies. Am. J. Primatol. 64:71–82, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative data on training new world primates to urinate
Authors: Smith Tessa E. , Mccallister Josephine M. , Gordon Stephen J. , Whittikar Melanie
Published: September 2004

This study assessed the effectiveness of operant conditioning in training three species of captive callitrichid primates (Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, and Saguinus imperator) to urinate on demand. There were three goals to the study: 1) to develop a system for quantitatively assessing positive reinforcement training; 2) to ascertain whether or not positive reinforcement techniques can be used to train callitrichid monkeys to urinate on demand, and if so, how many training sessions are required; and 3) to determine the effect on urination behavior of the trainer entering the cage to collect a urine sample. Positive reinforcement with a continuous reinforcement schedule was used to capture a natural behavior: urination. Training sessions (30 min each) were conducted at dawn thrice weekly during five consecutive phases: habituation, control, training (animals were rewarded for urinating), maintenance (animals had reached a defined training criteria and continued to be rewarded for urinating), and collection (animals were rewarded for urinating, and the trainer entered the cage to collect the sample). The numbers of 30‐min training sessions required to train the three monkey species (L. rosalia, C. geoffroyi, and S. imperator) were five, six, and eight, respectively. For the three species, the mean number of urinations per animal was significantly greater during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. However, the three species differed significantly in the manner in which the rates of urination changed across the five phases. A higher proportion of subjects urinated during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. Latency to first urination varied significantly across the five phases, with significantly reduced latencies to urinate during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. The entry of the trainer into the cage to collect the urine sample did not appear to alter urination behavior. We demonstrate that operant conditioning techniques, which typically incur minimal cost, time investment, and disturbance, can be used to increase the quantity of urine samples collected for physiological analysis, the proportion of animals that urinate, and the speed of sample collection. Am. J. Primatol. 64:83–93, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.