bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant diet sets the tone for parasympathetic regulation of resting heart rate: Development of vagal tone from 3 months to 2 years
Authors: Pivik R T , Andres A , Tennal K , Gu Y , Armbya N , Cleves M A , Badger T M
Published: June 2021

The parasympathetic nervous system (PS) influences are critical in the autonomic control of the heart. To examine how early postnatal diet affects PS development, we used a measure of tonic PS control of cardiac activity (vagal tone) derived from resting heart rate recordings in 158 breastfed (BF), 159 milk formula‐fed (MF) and 148 soy formula‐fed (SF) infants at ages 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 mo. Artifact‐free recordings were analyzed using mixed models adjusted for gestation, SES, maternal IQ and scores on standardized measures of psychopathology. Across the study period vagal tone increased with age for all groups (p < .001) and was higher in SF than MF or BF infants (p ≤ .05), but the rate of increase slowed sooner for BF infants (BF at 6–9 mo; MF and SF at 9–12 mo) and vagal tone remained lower in BF infants after 9 mo. Thus, PS control of heart rate differs between BF and formula‐fed infants. The earlier slowing of vagal tone development in BF than formula‐fed infants has the effect of establishing a lower level of resting vagal tone in BF children. Since higher resting vagal tone has been associated with better neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive outcomes, these data suggest advantages for formula‐fed infants, particularly SF boys, compared with BF infants for these outcomes. Supported by USDA ARS CRIS 6251–51000‐006–03S
Prevalence of food allergies (FA) and asthma and associated risk factors in the STRONG Kids Program (SKP)
Authors: Paige Katie N. , Teran‐Garcia Margarita , Donovan Sharon M.
Published: June 2021

FA are most prevalent in children under age five and are linked to family history, ethnicity, early‐life feeding practices, absence of breastfeeding (BF) and presence of other atopic diseases, including asthma. Chi‐squaredtests were used to compare risk factors in children (ages 3–5) with and without FA enrolled in SKP, a longitudinal study of childhood obesity and health within an ecological framework. In the SKP cohort (n=423), 12% of kids had FA or sensitivity and 8.5% were diagnosed with asthma. Gender, BMI percentile and ethnicity were not associated with risk of allergy. Children with FA were three‐times more likely to have asthma (95% CI 1.48–7.29, p=0.003) and other chronic diseases (95% CI 1.95–6.81, p<0.0001). Peanut, fruit and cow's milk allergies were most common in the SKP cohort (4.3%, 3.0%, and 2.8% respectively). Family history of FA was associated with allergy occurrence in children (p<0.0001). BF longer than six months was associated with a lower occurrence of soy (p=0.02) and fruit (p=0.03) allergies, but no protective effect against other FA was observed (p=0.18). Family history, lack of BF and other chronic conditions were risk factors for FA in SKP participants.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA 2011–67001‐30101
ACSL5‐specific siRNA reduces human adipocyte differentiation
Authors: Killion Elizabeth Ann , Lee Mi Jeong , Greenberg Andrew
Published: June 2021

When fatty acids (FA) enter cells, long chain acyl CoA synthetases (ACSL) add a CoA group to form fatty acyl CoAs. Fatty acyl CoAs are then utilized to generate triaclyglycerol (TAG), cholesterol ester, phospholipid, or they are oxidized. There is limited knowledge about the role of the five known ACSL isoforms in human adipocytes. We found that ACSL5 mRNA expression increased the most (~2–3 fold) of the ACSL isoforms in human subcutaneous adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes. To define the role of ACSL5, human preadipocytes were transfected with either ACSL5‐specific siRNAs or a scrambled siRNA oligonucleotide. ACSL5‐specific siRNAs decreased the ACSL5 mRNA expression by 81% (±1.2%) in differentiated human preadipocytes as compared to those transfected with scrambled siRNA oligonucleotide. Transfection of ACSL5 siRNAs reduced TAG accumulation by visual inspection, reduced the expression of PPAR‐γ and C/EBP‐α (transcription factors necessary for preadipocyte differentiation), as well as SREBP1c, Perilipin, and FAS expression. ACSL5 expression appears to be necessary for adipocyte differentiation. Ongoing studies are further defining the role of ACSL5 in adipocyte biology. This work was supported by grant 58–1950‐7–707 from USDA Agricultural Service.

Grant Funding Source: USDA Agricultural Service grant 58–1950‐7–707
Genetic variation within the selenoproteome influences anxiety‐related behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Benner Maia J , Hardy Ronald W , Settles Matt L , Robison Barrie D
Published: June 2021

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for brain function, and Se deficiency is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Polymorphisms in the selenoproteome (Se‐dependent proteins that mediate the biological effects of Se) influence individual requirements and responses to Se. We tested the hypothesis that variation within the selenoproteome influences the behavioral response to Se. We fed four zebrafish strains diets varying in the level of Se (control, Se deficient, and Se supplemented). We measured anxiety behaviors, whole body Se concentration, and selenoproteome gene expression in the diencephalon using both microarrays and Real Time PCR. Se concentration increased linearly with increasing dietary Se for all strains. We observed sex and population dependent responses to Se in anxiety behaviors and transcription of selenoproteome genes. The transcriptional results were often characterized by hormesis, in which high and low Se levels produced similar deviations from control levels. We are now using RNASeq to identify genetic polymorphisms in the zebrafish selenoproteome that may mediate response to Se. Research support included NIH COBRE, NCGR INBRE, NSF IOS, and the University of Idaho Student Grant Program.

Grant Funding Source: NIH COBRE, NCGR INBRE, NSF IOS, and the University of Idaho Student Grant Program
Maternal Dietary Canola Oil Suppresses Mammary Carcinogenesis in Rat Offspring
Authors: Park Chung Sun , Mabasa Lawrence , Cho Kyongshin , Walters Mark William
Published: June 2021

The objective was to investigate the effect of maternal dietary canola oil on the susceptibility of female offspring to mammary carcinogenesis. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or diet containing 10% canola oil. At weaning, mammary tissues were collected for analyses of mammary development genes. Dams were then replaced by their offspring for the mammary tumorigenesis experiments. At 50 days of age, mammary carcinogenesis was induced in the offspring by an intraperitoneal injection of N‐nitroso‐N‐methylurea. Tumor tissues were collected for analysis of genes by quantitative real‐time PCR and protein expression by Western blot. The offspring of canola oil‐fed dams showed a 15% reduction in tumor incidence. These canola diet‐offspring also exhibited significantly decreased tumor multiplicity (47%) and tumor volume (80%). While canola oil diet did not change the mRNA expression of beta casein, acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase alpha, and tumor suppressor 53, transcription of gamma‐glutamyltransferase 1 was significantly higher in the canola dams and offspring. Results suggest a potential protective effect of maternal dietary canola oil on mammary cancer risk of the offspring. These findings may be important in devising maternal nutritional strategies to reduce long term breast cancer risk in humans. Supported by the USDA‐NIFA and the Northern Canola Growers Association.
Prevalence of chronic hypopituitarism after blast concussion
Authors: Wilkinson Charles W. , Colasurdo Elizabeth A. , Pagulayan Kathleen F. , Shofer Jane B. , Peskind Elaine R.
Published: June 2021

Studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from all causes have reported a prevalence of chronic hypopituitarism, defined by deficient production of one or more pituitary hormones measured at least one year after injury, of 25–50%. Hypopituitarism is associated with fatigue, anxiety, depression, insomnia, cognitive dysfunction, and deleterious changes in body composition and cardiovascular function. However, the prevalence of hypopituitarism after blast concussion/mild TBI (mTBI) has not previously been investigated. We measured twelve pituitary and target organ hormones in blood samples from Veterans of deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan with mTBI and from Veterans of deployment without blast exposure. Criteria for identifying abnormal hormone levels were derived from measurement of basal hormone concentrations in male non‐Veteran control subjects. Preliminary results indicate that 42% of individuals with blast mTBI exhibited abnormal hormone levels suggestive of pituitary dysfunction, with the most prevalent deficiencies being consistent with hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency. These findings of a high frequency of hypopituitarism after blast concussion similar to that found in other forms of TBI provide support for the value of routine hormonal screening in facilitating the recovery and rehabilitation of blast‐exposed Veterans. Supported by DoD PT0753 and the Dept. of Veterans Affairs.
Immunohistochemical localization of multiple aquaporins in eel (Anguilla rostrata) kidney
Authors: Cutler Christopher Paul , Harry Shelbe , Phelps Taylor , Garrett Jordan , Ogden Daniel
Published: June 2021

Although there have been a few studies investigating the location of teleost fish aquaporins. To date little is still known concerning this topic. In the eel, eleven aquaporin genes have been cloned and sequenced from osmoregulatory tissues such as gill, gut and kidney and custom antibodies raised against specific aquaporin peptide antigens. Results show that eel aquaporin 1 (aquaporin 1) is expressed in the apical membranes of a subset of renal tubules and in endothelial cells lining blood vessels as shown previously. A duplicate copy of aquaporin1, AQP1dup (AQP1b using zebrafish nomenclature) was also expressed in a subset of renal tubules but was located in vesicles in the apical pole of the tubule cells rather than in the apical membrane. Aquaporin 8 (AQP8ab in zebrafish) was also expressed in a subset of renal tubules but was located in the basal pole of cells and also stained red blood cells, whereas AQP8b (AQP8aa in zebrafish) expression was located in and adjacent to, cells expressing chromogenic pigment granules. Aquaporin 4b, a novel eel aquaporin was expressed in lines or rings of cells, in unknown structures not associated with either renal tubules or blood vessels. For aquaglyceroporins, AQP3 stained only red blood cells whereas AQPe (AQP10b in zebrafish), stained connective tissue with weak staining in the basal pole of some renal tubules.

C.P. Cutler is funded by the National Science Foundation NSF IOS 0844818.
Heat stroke induces a local inflammatory response in skeletal muscle of mice during 24 hours of recovery
Authors: Urso Maria L , Lee Andrew J , Leon Lisa R
Published: June 2021

The systemic inflammatory response to heat stroke (HS) has been well‐characterized, but the effect of passive heat exposure on local inflammation in skeletal muscle is unknown. We hypothesized that passive HS would induce an inflammatory response in skeletal muscle independent of histological damage. The time course of heat shock proteins (HSP‐27, ‐70), toll‐like receptors (TLR‐2, ‐4), myokines (IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF), and a transcription factor (c‐Jun) were measured in the diaphragm of passive HS C57BL/6 mice at maximum core temperature (Tcmax, 42.7ºC), ~3h and 24h of recovery. Histopathology did not show damage to the diaphragm through 24h of recovery. HSP27 decreased at Tcmax, but remained similar to controls from 3–24h of recovery. Conversely, HSP70 increased 40.8% above controls at 24h. TLR2 was not affected by HS but TLR4 showed a 60.3% decrease at Tcmax that returned to baseline by 3h. Remarkable changes were observed in c‐Jun and IL‐10, which increased 55.8% and 73.1% from Tcmax through 3h, respectively. IL‐6 and TNF were similar to controls through 24h. Our results demonstrate a local inflammatory response in skeletal muscle during HS recovery in the absence of tissue damage. IL‐10 may provide protection through HSP stimulation, IL‐6 and TNF inhibition, and induction of cell survival signaling pathways. Research supported by MRMC. Author views not official US Army or DOD policy.
Early craniofacial bone growth and maturation of Fgfr2+/P253R mice and littermates
Authors: Percival Christopher , Pankratz Talia , Huang Yuan , Zhou Xueyan , Jabs Ethylin W , Li Runze , Richtsmeier Joan T
Published: June 2021

Our goal was to quantify the maturation of individual craniofacial bones and determine how the Fgfr2 P253R mutation modifies cranial bone maturation. Bone volumes and relative bone density histograms were measured from computed tomography images of Fgfr2+/P253R Apert craniosynostosis syndrome model mice and unaffected littermates at E15.5, E16.5, E17.5, P0, and P2. This data was used to quantify ontogenetic change in individual bone density and to test for differences in relative density between the two genotypes. Individual bones increase in volume and density at different rates across embryonic and perinatal development. While many bones of the Fgfr2+/P253R mice display larger volumes than those of littermates by P0, they generally display smaller volumes at P2. Relative bone density of the frontal and some facial/palatal bones is reduced for Fgfr2+/P253R mice at P2, but not before. These differences suggest a postnatal shift in the effect of the mutation on bone growth and maturation. Some of the most significant differences in craniofacial maturation between the two genotypes occur within the facial skeleton, identified as a region of significant dysmorphology in these mice and in humans carrying mutations for FGFR‐related craniosynostosis syndromes. Work supported in part by grants from the NSF to CJP (BCS‐1061554); the NIDCR/NIH and ARRA to JTR (R01DE018500; 3R01DE018500–02S1; R01DE022988).

Grant Funding Source: NIDCR/NIH; NSF
The influence of dentition on the developing mandible in a mouse model
Authors: Holmes Megan Anne
Published: June 2021

Developing dentition is considered an important influence on mandibular size and shape. Previously, it was shown that mandibular size and shape was affected in mice carrying an Fgfr2C342Y/+ mutation, specifically in the ramus rather than alveolar region. Here it is hypothesized that molar size will have a more significant correlation with size and shape of the mandibular alveolar region compared to the ramal region throughout ontogeny. Micro‐CT scans of adult (n=20), perinatal (n=9) and prenatal (n=9) wildtype and mutant mice were used to reconstruct total molar surface area and to collect 3‐D landmark data. Shape and size analyses for each region were conducted using EDMA. Partial correlations were used to test the influence of molar size.

Results partly support the stated hypotheses. Principle coordinate plots demonstrate a clear separation in both alveolar and ramal shape between mutant and wildtype mice at each age range. Comparisons of geometric mean using t‐tests reveal that ramal size is significantly smaller in prenatal and adult mutants (p<0.05) but not in the alveolar region (p>;0.05). Partial correlations did not suggest that molar size had a stronger influence on alveolar regions. In conclusion, the alveolar region is less affected than the ramus, however it is not clear whether the dentition is driving this regional difference. It is possible that other ontogenetic factors are masking this signal.

Grant Funding Source: NSF
Design and characterization of Thermotoga maritima glycerol dehydrogenase to reduce inactivation by Dihydroxyacetone
Authors: Gross Phillip G , Beauchamp Justin , Vieille Claire
Published: June 2021

Enzyme catalysis for production of commercially useful compounds is a competitive alternative to traditional chemical synthesis. Thermotoga maritima glycerol dehydrogenase (TmGlyDH) is a potential industrial enzyme for the production of dihydroxyacetone (DHA), the active ingredient of sunless tanning products, from glycerol. Our studies showed that TmGlyDH loses up to 40% of activity when incubated with 200 mM DHA at 50°C for 15 min, with inactivation roughly fitting an exponential decay model. Inactivation likely occurs by the Maillard reaction, where DHA reacts with the amino acids lysine and arginine forming a Schiff base then undergoing rearrangements. Intact and inactivated proteins were digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin and fifteen modified residues were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The targeted Lys and Arg residues were substituted with Gln by site‐directed mutagenesis of the TmGlyDH gene. Mutants were expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), and purified. We will report on the mutant enzymes’ activity and their resistance to inactivation by DHA.

This project was supported by an MSU Honors College Professorial Assistantship and MSU Lyman Briggs College Undergraduate Research Support to PGG, by a US Department of Education GAANN fellowship to JB, and by NSF grant CBET 0756703 and USDA CSREES National Research Initiative grant 2008–35504‐04611 to CV.
γ‐Oryzanol inhibits the adipogenesis of adipose‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Minatel Igor Otavio , Pierine Damiana Tortolero , Aldini Giancarlo , Colzani Mara , Han Sang‐Ik , Correa Camila Renata , Fecchio Denise , Yeum Kyung‐Jin
Published: June 2021

Gamma‐Oryzanol is one of the most abundant micronutrients in rice bran, reported to have hypocholesterolemic, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities in in vitro and animal studies. To determine the effect of γ‐oryzanol on lipid accumulation, human mesenchymal stem cells were treated with various concentrations of γ‐oryzanol. The cells were obtained from ATCC repository (Manassas, VA) and cultivated in basal medium up to 80% of confluence. After confluence, cells were seeded in 24‐well plates and differentiated into adipocytes for 17 d. During the maintenance phase (d 7–17) cells were treated with 0.1 – 1 μM of γ‐oryzanol (Wako, Japan). MTT assay confirmed no toxicity of γ‐oryzanol up to 10 μM. The medium was replaced every 3 days until the end of differentiation (d 17). Cell supernatants were analyzed 3 days after treatments by a HPLC system. It was found that 43%, 29% and 30% of γ‐oryzanol in the media were taken up by the cells treated with 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μM, respectively. γ‐Oryzanol and its metabolites in the cells are being analyzed by a high‐resolution LC‐MS/MS. Oil red O staining indicated significantly decreased (p<0.01) lipid accumulation by 45, 38, and 35% at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM of γ‐oryzanol respectively as compared with control. Thus, γ‐oryzanol rich in rice bran can be a potential anti‐adipogenic agent. [Supported in part by the USDA 58–1950‐7–707, USA, RDA (PJ008755), Korea, and CAPES BEX 5547/11–3, Brazil]
Dairy consumption among American children and adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2008 (1018.1)
Authors: Wang Huifen , Jacques Paul
Published: June 2021

Dairy foods are recommended as part of healthy diet, but little is known about recent trends in dairy consumption in the United States. We described the trend in dairy consumption from 1999 to 2008 among American children (2‐19 years) and adults (20+ years). We estimated dairy consumption from a single 24‐hour diet recall using the MyPyramid Equivalents Database and the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies from 5 continuous survey cycles (1999‐2000 to 2007‐2008) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of dairy consumption among children stayed at about 97% over time. In 2007‐2008, 41% and 20% of the children consumed 蠅2 and 蠅3 servings/day of total dairy, respectively, which was significantly lower than that in 2003‐2004, but similar to the prevalence in 1999‐2000 (P‐quadratic<0.001). Dairy was consumed by 92% of the adults in 1999‐2000 which increased to 94% by 2007‐2008 (P‐linear<0.01). Only 14% of adults consumed 蠅3 servings/day of total dairy in 1999‐2000, which did not change significantly over time. Overall, dairy consumption was more prevalent among children aged 2‐5 years; adults who were older (65+ years), female, higher‐educated, non‐smoking, or married; and children and adults who were non‐Hispanic white, normal‐weight or affluent. From 1999 to 2008, few Americans, irrespective of age, met the dietary intake recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by U.S. Department of Agriculture Agreement 58–1950–0‐014, and a research gr
Anthropometric standardization in the U.S. Affiliated Pacific: The Children’S Healthy Living Program (1024.6)
Authors: Li Fenfang , Wilkens Lynne , Novotny Rachel , Fialkowski Marie , Paulino Yvette , Nelson Randall , Bersamin Andrea , Martin Ursula , Jim Rally , Deenik Jonathan , Boushey Carol
Published: June 2021

Measurement standardization is essential for obtaining accurate and reliable data in multicenter sites. The purpose of this report is to describe anthropometric standardization findings from the Children’s Healthy Living Program (CHL). CHL is a multicenter study on childhood obesity in the US Affiliated Pacific: Alaska, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Freely Associated States of Micronesia, Guam and Hawaii. The Zerfas criteria (1) were used to compare the measurements between each trainee and a single expert. From Sept 2012 to Oct 2013, 74 staff participated in at least one of 26 training and standardization sessions. The percentages of trainees who failed (weight, height, waist, respectively) at the first training were: 23%, 58%, 80% (standard Zerfas criteria, SZ) and 7%, 23%, and 51% (alternate Zerfas criteria, AZ). Among the 74 staff, 46 had a second training, of which failure rates of weight, height, waist at the first session were 30% , 65%, and 87% (SZ) and 7% , 26% , and 63% (AZ) and at the second session were 7%, 50%, 80% (SZ), and 2%, 9% and 37% (AZ), respectively. 19 staff had 3 or more trainings. The SZ criteria were difficult to pass; however staff performance improved with more trainings, resulting in 39 staff members meeting AZ criteria for all 3 measures. (1) Zerfas, A.J. (1985).Checking Continuous Measures: Manual for Anthropometry. Los Angeles, CA: Div of Epi, SPH, UCLA.

Grant Funding Source: USDA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Eicosapentaenoic acid regulation of muscle lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro (1037.2)
Authors: Aljawadi Arwa , Lemieux Monique , Kalupahana Nishan , Claycombe Kate , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima
Published: June 2021

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega 3 fatty acid exerts potent anti‐inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects. We previously reported that mice fed high fat diets supplemented with EPA (HF‐EPA) were resistant to diet‐induced obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Here we further investigate both in vivo and in vitro the mechanisms by which muscle tissue contributes to the metabolic benefits of EPA. We compared changes in gene and protein expression and tissue metabolites in mice fed either HF or HF‐EPA for 11 weeks and in C2C12 cells treated with or without EPA. Docosahexaenoic acid, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol precursors were increased in muscle of mice fed HF‐EPA vs. HF. Surprisingly, EPA increased fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue but not in muscle. To determine mechanisms mediating direct effects of EPA in muscle in vitro, we used the mouse myocyte cell line C2C12 cells. Consistent with our findings in vivo, treatment of C2C12 cells with 50μM EPA increased lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) gene expression in a time‐dependent manner while fatty acid oxidation was unchanged. In conclusion, high fat diets supplemented with EPA increased saturated fatty acids and cholesterol precursors content in muscle with no significant changes in fatty acid oxidation. These findings suggest a possible unique role of EPA in mediating muscle cholesterogenesis in mice.

Grant Funding Source: Suported by USDA, AHA & TTU (COHS &OVPR)
Slower in vivo glucogenesis from starch oligomers by mucosal sucrase‐isomaltase (1039.8)
Authors: Lin Amy Hui‐Mei , Muniandy Anbuhkani , Diaz‐Sotomayor Maricela , Avery Stephen , Chacko Shaji , Yan Li‐Ke , Quezada‐Calvillo Roberto , Hamaker Bruce , Nichols Buford
Published: June 2021

While luminal α‐Amylase (AMY) is recognized as a starch digesting enzyme, the products require that glucose be hydrolyzed from the non‐reducing ends of the oligosaccharide produced. Two mucosal enzyme complexes are required for glucogenesis: Maltase‐glucoamylase (Mgam) is a fast and Sucrase‐isomaltase (Si) is a slow α‐glucosidase. Mgam was knocked‐out in mice with the objective of determining role of Si on in vivo starch digestion to glucose. 8 mice were fed 0.5 gm. of chow containing normal maize starch. 2 h after feeding they were euthanized and 4 segments of small bowel (SB) snap‐frozen. The segments were thawed and homogenized in water. Protein assays were by Bradford method. The homogenate was denatured in 80% ethanol at 80°C. Supernatant was collected by centrifugation. Free glucose of concentrated supernatant was determined by glucose oxidase/peroxidase. Soluble oligosaccharides were determined by diluting supernatant with buffer, pH 4.5, in 10% ethanol and 2.5 units of amyloglucosidase (AMG) added. Free glucose was assayed as above. Residual starch was assayed as glucose after hydrolysis to glucose of the gelatinized precipitate in 90% DMSO by the AMG/AMY method. Fractions were summed as total carbohydrate (CHO). All Assays were in triplicate. At 2 h wild type (WT) mice had a peak of residual starch in the distal jejunum (DJ); peak of oligomers in the proximal ilium (PI); and very little total CHO in the distal ilium (DI). Mgam nulls had significantly increased residual starch and total CHO in DI. When expressed as oligomers/starch there was significant accumulation in null DI. Compared with nulls, the free glucose/oligomers in WT was significantly increased in proximal Jejunum, PI, and DI. In conclusion, at 2 h after starch feeding the slower remaining Si activity of Mgam null can produce free glucose but precursor oligomers accumulate in DI and the total SB in vivo glucose production is significantly reduced compared to WT mice.

Grant Funding Source: USDA ARS
Differential cellular uptake and metabolism of curcuminoids in monocytes/macrophages: regulatory effects on lipid accumulation (1044.5)
Authors: Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Zingg Jean‐Marc , Kim Sharon , Thomas Michael , Dolnikowski Gregory , Azzi Angelo , Miyazawa Teruo , Meydani Mohsen
Published: June 2021

Curcumin (CUR), also known as diferuloylmethane, is obtained from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) and is present in dried turmeric powder at a concentration of 2‐5%. CUR has been shown to have several physiological activities, and we have previously shown that CUR may increase lipid accumulation in cultured THP‐1 monocytes/macrophages, but tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), an in vivo metabolite of CUR, had no such effect. In the present study, we have hypothesized that different cellular uptake and/or metabolism of CUR and THC might be a possible explanation for the previously observed differences in their effects on lipid accumulation in THP‐1. Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that CUR was readily taken up by THP‐1 monocytes/macrophages and slowly metabolized to hexahydrocurcumin sulfate. In contrast, uptake of THC was low. In parallel with CUR uptake, an increased lipid uptake was observed in THP‐1 macrophages but not with THC or with another CUR metabolite and structurally related compounds. From these results, it is possible to deduce that CUR and THC are taken up and metabolized differently in THP‐1 cells, which determine their biological activity. The remarkable differential cellular uptake of CUR, relative to THC and other similar molecules, may imply that the CUR uptake into cells may occur via a transporter.

Grant Funding Source: USDA agreement# 58‐1950‐0‐014
Chronic hypoxia increases the importance of BKCa channels to bradykinin‐mediated pulmonary vasodilation in fetal sheep (1089.18)
Authors: Blum‐Johnston Carla , Wee Chelsea , Blood Quintin , Wilson Rachael , Blood Arlin , Longo Lawerence , Wilson Sean
Published: June 2021

Bradykinin‐induced activation of the pulmonary endothelium triggers a nitric oxide (NO)‐ signaling pathway. Pathway activation causes vasodilation and is critical to the fetal transition at birth, which regulates lung blood flow and 02 uptake. Part of this vasodilation process includes stimulation of large‐conductance K+ (BKCa) channels that hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane of myocytes. Intrauterine chronic hypoxia (CH) may reduce vasodilation in the fetal transition, and contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Thus, we examined the effects of maturation and LTH on the role of BKCa channels during bradykinin‐induced vasodilation by performing wire‐myography on pulmonary arteries (PA) isolated from fetal or adult sheep that lived in normoxia at low altitude or from sheep that lived in CH at high altitude (3,801 m) for >100 days. BKCa channels were blocked with 1mM tetraethylammonium (TEA). Interestingly, bradykinin relaxed fetal hypoxic vessels more extensively than fetal normoxic vessels, indicating a compensatory response due to CH. TEA only reduced bradykinin‐induced vasodilation in the fetal hypoxic vessels. Overall, these results suggest that LTH amplifies the importance of BKCa channels to bradykinin‐induced vasodilation in fetal sheep, and the BKCa channel has the potential for being a future therapeutic avenue to treat pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NSF MRI 0923559, NIH HD069746,P01HD031226, R01HD003807,5P20 MD‐006988, LLUSOM
Insights into kidney function during recovery from anoxia in the painted turtle (1099.2)
Authors: Hill Craig , Warren Daniel
Published: June 2021

Western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) are well‐known for being able to survive anoxia for 120 days at 3°C and tolerate plasma lactate concentrations approaching 200 mM. Given that the turtle becomes hyperglycemic and accumulates lactate during anoxia, the potential to exceed the renal transport maxima for these metabolites exists. Here we assessed the role of the kidney during six hours of anoxia at 20°C and 39 hours of recovery from anoxia. Turtles received both subclavian artery and cloacal catheters for continual monitoring of plasma and urine metabolites. Our hypothesis that kidney function would decline in tandem with arterial PO2 was supported, as urinary flow rate decreased significantly by more than 90%. During the first half of recovery, there was significant appearance of lactate and glucose in the urine; the renal transport maxima for these metabolites were likely exceeded. The excretion of lactate during recovery, though energetically wasteful, may help to relieve the lactic acidosis incurred through the anoxia. This research was funded by Saint Louis University, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation
More is not always better: a hidden cost of the flight‐fecundity trade‐off in the hawk moth, Manduca sexta (1100.2)
Authors: Wone Bernard , Ojha Jaika , Contreras Heidy , Davidowitz Goggy
Published: June 2021

Flight and reproduction are two energetically demanding life‐history traits, but empirical data for the existence of a trade‐off between them is equivocal. Trade‐offs are partly determined by the amount of resources available: trade‐offs are more pronounced when resources are scarce and can be undetectable when resources are abundant. Using Manduca sexta hawk moths (Sphingidae) we tested the effects of nectar concentration (0%, 6%, 12%, 24%) and flight duration (0.5 h and 2.0 h) on flight performance, fecundity and the trade‐off between these two traits. Flight performance was highest on 24% nectar with significant within‐subjects interaction effects for distance and duration with diet, flight, and days flown. Nectar concentration was positively correlated with flight metabolic rate when standardized for speed and postprandial metabolic rate increased with nectar concentration. As a consequence, moths that were fed 6% nectar produced significantly more eggs compared to unfed moths or moths fed higher concentration nectar. Muscle mass was negatively correlated with egg number suggesting a trade‐off between flight structure (but not flight performance) and fecundity. The number of eggs or muscle mass had no effect on flight performance. Most importantly, our results suggest that the high‐energy content of resources can be a hidden cost underlying the flight‐fecundity trade‐off.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NSF grant IOS‐1053318
Salt‐inducible kinase 1 knockout mice show a salt‐retaining phenotype and salt‐sensitive hypertension (1136.5)
Authors: Pinho Maria , Pires Nuno , Igreja Bruno , Brion Laura , Bertorello Alejandro , Soares‐da‐Silva Patricio
Published: June 2021

Essential hypertension is associated with alterations of sodium homeostasis, which promote abnormal accumulation of water in the intravascular compartment leading to blood pressure elevations. Salt‐inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) belongs to the AMPK family and a single nucleotide polymorphism within the human SIK1 gene is associated with hypertension [lower SIK1 activity is associated with higher blood pressure (HBP)]. SIK1 network mediates sodium‐dependent signals that modulate the activity of the Na+,K+‐ATPase. We aimed to study the role of SIK1 in cardiovascular and renal homeostasis using SIK1 knockout (KO) mice. No differences in BP were observed between sik1‐/‐ and sik1+/+ mice under 0.3% NaCl diet; however, the sik1‐/‐ mice challenged with an acute or chronic 8% NaCl diet showed increased SBP. We found that under an 8% NaCl diet, Na+, K+ and Cl‐ excretion was significantly lower in sik1‐/‐ mice compared with wild type mice, despite similar plasma aldosterone levels. The impaired ability of sik1‐/‐ to eliminate Na+ under 8% NaCl diet was accompanied by hyperkalemia. Signs of fibrosis were observed in sik1‐/‐ mice kidneys (increased glomerular and interstitial collagen deposition) vs. wild type mice. At the molecular level, this phenotype was accompanied by an increased in collagen α1 and α4 and MMP9 mRNA, and a reduction in E‐cadherin and nephrin mRNA levels. These results indicate that the presence of SIK1 is necessary to prevent the development of hypertension.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by FCT (PIC/IC/83204/2007).
Variability in mechanisms associated with tolerance to progressive reductions in central blood volume (1157.3)
Authors: Convertino Victor , Carter Robert , Hinojosa‐Laborde Carmen
Published: June 2021

High tolerance to reductions in central blood volume has been associated with higher heart rate (HR), sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Using subjects classified as high tolerance to lower body negative pressure (LBNP), we tested the hypothesis that subjects with BRS > 1.0 would demonstrate greater LBNPtolerance associated with higher HR, PVR, and SNA than subjects with BRS <1.0. Methods: 112 subjects underwent LBNP to presyncope. SNA was measured via microneurography (N= 19) and arterial pressure (AP) was measured by finger photoplethysmography. BRS was auto‐calculated (WinCPRS) as ∆RR/∆AP. BRS was used to dichotomize subjects into two groups (Group 1 = BRS > 1.0, N = 49, and Group 2 = BRS < 1.0, N = 67). Results: Both groups had similar tolerance times (1849±260 vs. 1839 ±253 sec), AP (78±11 vs. 79±12 mmHg), and cardiac output (4.5±1.2 vs. 4.7 ± 1.1 L/min) at presyncope. Group 1 (BRS>1.0) had lower HR (107 ± 19 vs. 131 ± 20 beats/min), higher SV (45 ± 15 vs. 36 ± 15 ml), less SNA (45 ± 13 vs. 53 ± 7 bursts/min), and less increase in PVR (4.1 ± 1.3 vs. 4.5 ± 2.6) compared to Group 2 (BRS < 1.0). Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, higher HR, SNA and BRS were not associated with greater tolerance to reduced central blood volume. In a cohort of high tolerant subjects, some individuals rely on cardiac filling and vagal withdrawal to defend AP while others rely on sympathoexcitation.

Grant Funding Source: Department of Defense
Cats that successfully vent gastric acid‐derived CO2 exhibit different muscle activation than those that do not (1178.13)
Authors: Held Heather , Dean Jay , Lindsey Bruce , Pitts Teresa , Rose Melanie , Mortensen Ashley , Nicholas Justine , Baekey David , Davenport Paul , Bolser Donald
Published: June 2021

We previously reported that inhaling 10% CO2 increased efflux of CO2‐laden gas from cats’ stomachs. Anesthetized cats were surgically instrumented: we measured electromyograms (EMGs) from respiratory and oropharyngeal muscles, including crural diaphragm (CD) and upper esophageal sphincter (UES), as well as tracheal and esophageal gas flow and composition. Animals were exposed to six, 10‐min bouts of 10% CO2 breathing separated by 10 min air breathing. All animals produced gastric CO2 and expelled it during cough, but half failed to expel CO2 during normal breathing (non‐responders (NR) n=4). Responders (Re, n=4) expelled gastric CO2 during normal breathing. EMGs were compared by t‐test to determine if different levels of muscle activation were present in the two groups. EMG signals were rectified and analyzed breath‐by‐breath for inspiratory (ins) and expiratory (exp) values and are presented as mean percent of the highest value observed for that animal ± SE.

Compared to Re, NR had higher UES activation during CO2 (15.7±2.1 vs. 21.0±1.9% ins; 15.5±2.1 vs. 19.0±1.1% exp). During air, only ins was different (11.9±1.8 vs. 16.8±1.8%). NR had higher CD activation during ins CO2 (43.9±1.0 vs. 49.4±3.2% ins) but lower activation during exp CO2 (16.5±1.9 vs. 5.7±0.9%) and exp air (15.2±2.0 vs. 5.7±0.9%) breathing. These results show differences in muscle activation between Re and NR, though they suggest that the diaphragmatic portion of the lower esophageal sphincter is less important than suspected.

Grant Funding Source: NIH HL89104, HL103415 & ONR
Cultural context is associated with intent to pursue nutrition careers in a diverse population (118.4)
Authors: McEligot Archana , Chandler Laura , Tran Natalie , Pillazar Lyanna , Steinberg Francene
Published: June 2021

Childhood obesity is a growing epidemic, and without an appropriate workforce training and education, the epidemic may continue to escalate. The current study focuses on increasing the number of diverse students entering childhood obesity and nutrition‐related careers via developing nutrition education curricula, integrating cultural contextual issues. Using baseline data, we assessed predictors associated with students’ intent to pursue childhood obesity and nutrition‐related careers. Undergraduate students (N = 208) at a comprehensive university completed an 82‐item survey. Factor analysis yielded seven constructs: intent to pursue future careers in nutrition/childhood obesity, knowledge of childhood obesity and social influence, knowledge of childhood obesity and cultural influence, general understanding of physical activity, understanding of children’s physical activity, knowledge of nutrition and obesity, and knowledge of foods and disease risks. The sample represented a diverse population with 41% API, 33% Latino, and 26% NHW. Results indicate that after controlling for social class, GPA, and the number of units completed in health science, those who reported higher knowledge of cultural influence on childhood obesity are more likely to have interest in pursuing nutrition/childhood obesity careers (p = .009). Further, we found a significant (p=0.02) higher intent for Latino students to pursue nutrition careers that involve cultural factors related to childhood obesity. These findings have important implications of including a curriculum focusing on the socio‐cultural aspects of childhood obesity to potentially increase the number and interest of students entering nutrition‐related fields.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Higher Education Challenge grant, #
Fathers’ and grandmothers’ motivation to serve as volunteer peer educators to improve maternal and child nutrition in Western Kenya (119.2)
Authors: Martin Stephanie , Thuita Faith , Muhoma Terry , Bingham Allison , Mukuria Altrena
Published: June 2021

Suboptimal maternal and child nutrition practices contribute to high rates of stunting and mortality in Western Kenya. In formative research to understand the sociocultural context of nutrition, mothers identified fathers and grandmothers as highly influential, and they, in turn, expressed a desire to better support family nutrition. We implemented a peer‐led group dialogue‐based intervention designed to engage fathers and grandmothers to improve nutrition practices. After four months, we conducted a qualitative process evaluation to document peer educators’ and group members’ experiences. In‐depth interviews with 19 peer educators and 19 focus group discussions with members were conducted and analyzed thematically. We found that father and grandmother peer educators were motivated by improved communication with mothers, increased respect and appreciation from their families, and group members’ positive changes in behavior. Fathers also reported being motivated by increased respect from the community. Findings suggest it is important to build on culturally‐defined roles for fathers as providers and grandmothers as advisers, develop targeted messages specific to these roles, and officially recognize their training and contributions as peer educators. Understanding participation and motivation is central to the success, sustainability, and scalability of peer‐led nutrition interventions.

Grant Funding Source: Support for this research was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development
Lower dietary intake of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids predict cognitive decline (124.4)
Authors: Scott Tammy , Lichtenstein Alice , Tucker Katherine
Published: June 2021

Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are the predominant long‐chain fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) in the brain and are important for maintaining neuronal membrane fluidity, signaling, and modulation of inflammation. The primary source for both DHA and AA, as well as for DHA’s precursor eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is from dietary intake. Our objective was to assess whether lower dietary intake of DHA, EPA, or AA were risk factors for cognitive decline in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study cohort (n=733; mean age = 57y, SD ± 7.5). Cognitive testing was conducted at baseline and two‐year follow‐up; composite scores for executive function and memory were derived. Cognitive decline was defined as 蠅 1 SD decrease in score. Baseline LC‐PUFA intake was determined through food frequency questionnaire. Statistical models were adjusted for baseline cognitive scores, demographics, lifestyle variables, health co‐morbidities and energy and fat intake. Quintiles of DHA, EPA, AA, and combined DHA+EPA intake were calculated. Results showed that being in the lowest four quintiles of DHA (<=.195 g), EPA (<=.101 g), AA (<.217 g), or combined intake (<=.30 g) was predictive of executive function decline over two years [OR=1.88 (95% CI 1.05‐3.37); OR=2.08 (95% CI 1.13‐3.81); OR=2.42 (95% CI 1.15‐5.10); OR=2.21(95% CI 1.21‐4.06), p<0.05; respectively]. Lower baseline DHA, EPA or AA were not predictive of memory decline.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by: USDA agreement No. 58‐1950‐0‐014 and NIH grants P01 AG023394 and P50 HL105185
Calcium supplementation during pregnancy improves tibial bone density at one year post‐partum in racially diverse women (250.3)
Authors: Hacker Andrea , King Janet , Van Loan Marta , Gertz Erik , Adams Mickye , Sawyer Aenor , Fung Ellen
Published: June 2021

Low calcium intakes during pregnancy may mobilize the maternal skeletal calcium to meet fetal needs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maternal calcium supplementation on peripheral cortical and trabecular bone loss during pregnancy (PG) and gain postpartum (PP). Sixty‐four women (21 African American, 20 Caucasian, 10 Hispanic, 9 Asian, 4 Other) were enrolled in the study at 16 weeks gestation and randomized to 1000 mg of calcium/day (CA) or placebo during PG. Measurements were done at 16, 26 and 36 weeks of PG and 4 and 12 months PP for osteocalcin (OST), c‐peptide of type 1 procollagen (CICP), or c‐terminal telopeptide (CTx). Trabecular and cortical bone mineral density (BMD) and content were assessed at the tibia by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. 80% of subjects have completed the study to date. Calcium intake averaged 906±596 mg /day at baseline. There was a significant difference between CA and Placebo in OST, p=0.025; CICP, p=0.012 and CTx, p=0.008 in PP time points. Using intention to treat analysis, and general linear models for longitudinal data, adjusting for baseline, the CA group had significantly greater increases in total BMD at the 4 and 12 mo PP visits (p=0.043), and a trend towards an increase in trabecular BMD (p=0.064) at 12 mo PP, compared to Placebo. These data suggest that supplemental calcium during pregnancy may improve BMD recovery in the postpartum period.

Grant Funding Source: USDA #UL1RR024131
Maternal low protein diet induces muscle mitochondrial respiration impairment, catch‐up growth and PGC‐1α expression (271.6)
Authors: Claycombe Kate , Roemmich James , Johnson W
Published: June 2021

Malnutrition during the fetal growth period followed by postnatal catch‐up growth results in obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To determine whether a prenatal low protein diet followed by postnatal high fat diet increase offspring’s propensity to obesity and T2D, obese‐prone female Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed 8% (low protein; LP) or 20% protein (normal protein; NP) diets 3 weeks prior to mating. Dams were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. Postnatally, male offspring were fed 10% (normal fat; NF) or 45% (high fat; HF) diets for 12 weeks. Maternal LP and post natal HF diets resulted in offspring obesity and increased insulin resistance. Recent studies showed that reduction in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator‐1alpha (PGC‐1α) increases risk for T2D due to decreased mitochondria biogenesis and oxidative metabolic function. No studies have demonstrated whether maternal LP and postnatal HF diets influence muscle PGC‐1α expression, mitochondria biogenesis, and mitochondrial oxidative respiratory functions. Data showed that skeletal muscle PGC‐1α protein expression is increased while mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate is decreased by maternal LP while postnatal HF diets had no effect. Mitochondria biogenesis, mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenic factors including nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and cytochrome c oxidase 1and 4 (COX‐1 and 4) were unaffected by maternal LP and postnatal HF diets. Interestingly, skeletal muscle mitochondrial expression of acetylated succinate dehydrogenase was increased which may account for the decreased skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory in LP offspring. Taken together these data suggest that maternal LP and postnatal HF diets increase risk for T2D and muscle catch‐up growth while decreasing oxidative metabolic function.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA Agricultural Research Service Project #5450‐51000‐047‐00D.