bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pragmatic Assessment of the Polarity and Modality in J. P. Clark’s “Streamside Exchange”
Authors: Iroegbu Obinna Inns , Akinwumi Olutola Olafisayo
Published: April 2022

Sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic features as established by elements of Modality and Polarity usually constitute a crucial part to explication of the language of literary texts. In J.P. Clark’s poem, “Streamside Exchange”, the special application of transitivity as indicated by lexico-semantic features offers a peculiar reading which yields insightful meanings. At a superficial level of reading, there appears, as many scholars hold, an apparent simplicity of texture or wording. However, at a more informed examination of the poem, there is a display of compelling complexity especially at the levels beyond lexis or wording. The interactive session reflects a structural dichotomy between the interrogative MOOD of the child’s statement, which is polar in nature, and the response of the bird which displays a combination of declarative and imperative features. The study is mainly for a clearer understanding of underlying linguistic features in the short conversation between the child and the bird that feature as interlocutors. Moreover, the analysis is also in partial response to previous readings and rendition of the text, particularly the substitution of ‘shall’ with ‘has’ in latter versions of the poem which has shown remarkable accounts that appear less objective if reviewed from a purely linguistic approach.
The Ideological Manifestations in War Poetry: A Critical Stylistic Perspective
Authors: Khalil Sarab , Sahan Wafa’ A.
Published: April 2022

Ideologies can be traced back and extracted through formal aspect of language where the authors’ choices reflect the world view they construct in order to influence their receptors. This study aims at extracting ideologies of war in war poetry relying upon the model of critical stylistics proposed by Leslie Jeffries (2010). The model presents ten textual-conceptual tools of analysis; one of which, ‘negating’, has been adopted as a tool of analysis in this paper to extract the hidden ideologies. The study came to the conclusion that the textual conceptual tool of analysis, negating, as a formal textual aspect guides into manifesting the hidden ideologies of the text producer about war and this is achieved through creating a virtual positive world in receptor’s mind to be juxtaposed with the actual negated world in order to build expectations.
Learning Through SMS in Saudi EFL Classroom: An Inter-University Study of Learner Perceptions and Achievement of Autonomy
Authors: Fakih Abdul-Hafeed
Published: April 2022

Technology as a learning tool or otherwise holds great attraction for learners today. The current study explored the impact of Short Messages as Learning Tool (SMLT) on EFL Saudi learners learning confused English words. It also gauges learners' satisfactions towards using such tools on their autonomy and language proficiency. The study pursued a quasi-experiment research design. It recruited 80 EFL learners across Najran University and Qassim University, KSA. To ensure parity of existing language proficiency and learning success, the Oxford Placement Test is administered once before and once at the end of the intervention to all of the 80 participants to obtain comparative values.. Furthermore, a semi-structured interview is also used with three randomly selected participants from each of the experimental groups to obtain data on individual perceptions of the EFL learners to the use of MALL in the EFL classroom. Content analysis is used to identify dominant themes in these. Findings revealed that learners acquisition for confusing words were developed to a great extent in both universities. Moreover, the study found that there is no significant difference in the students' achievement attributed to the learning sittings, Z = .935. Finally the students expressed satisfaction in terms of their autonomy ratings and complementary points of view on the use of SMS, based on the semi-structured interviews. The current research is useful as its findings can apply to mobile teaching and text messaging in the English classroom for EFL curriculum developers and English language teachers.
Refusal Strategies Used in Algerian Spoken Arabic in Response to Offers
Authors: Benbouya Amel , Rabab’ah Ghaleb
Published: April 2022

This study reports the findings of a study on strategies of refusal used in Algerian Spoken Arabic (ASA) in response to offers. The study included 30 native Algerians (15 males and 15 females) enrolled at the University of Mohammed Seddik Ben Yahia, Jijel, Algeria. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used an Oral Discourse Completion Task (ODCT), which included six hypothetical scenarios representing three social statuses (Equal-Equal, Low-High, and High-Low). The findings revealed that Algerian Arabic speakers recorded preference to use direct refusal strategies in their response to offers from all status interlocutors (equal, higher, and lower). It was also found that negative willingness/ability was the most frequently used strategy to refuse all status interlocutors’ offers. The researchers recommend conducting a further research on the realization of the speech act of refusal in English as a foreign language by Algerians.
Mycobiome and Microbiome in Seborrheic Dermatitis
Authors: Lee Dong Heon , Jung Hye Jung
Published: April 2022

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which scaling and erythema occur on various
body parts, such as the scalp, eyebrows, nasolabial folds, and ears. Although it is a common skin disease, its
pathogenesis remains unclear. It has various causes, including microorganisms and immune and nervous system
abnormalities that act in a complex manner. The skin mycobiome/microbiome, an important factor in SD occurrence,
is being actively studied. Among the skin microorganisms related to SD, Malassezia and Cutibacterium have been
extensively studied. Recently, it was revealed that various microorganisms are related in several ways. The study
of changes in mycobiome/microbiome involves comparing types and abundances of microorganisms and degrees
of microbial diversity; patients and healthy individuals; the lesion and nonlesion areas; and affected body parts.
Several studies on the mycobiome/microbiome associated with SD have shown relatively consistent results; however,
some have revealed different outcomes. These variations occur because of differences in individuals, study groups,
and sampling/study methodology. Therefore, further research is needed for the application the results of these
studies in the treatment of SD.
Specific event-related data presentation changes embitterment affect - an experimental study
Authors: Muschalla Beate , Monne Emilia
Published: April 2022

Background: During the corona pandemic increased rates of embitterment have been found in the general population. As embitterment occurs reactive to triggers related to experienced negative events, and as people were steadily exposed to pandemic-related information, the research question arises: Can embitterment be triggered by pandemic-related information in form of infection rates displayed in figures? Method: Within an experimental design we investigated whether a figure presenting infection rates in an aggravated manner (seemingly strong infection increase and then stable course, experimental group, EG, n=138) leads to stronger embitterment increase, as compared to a figure presenting infection rates seemingly stable (control group, CG, n=155). Accompanying characteristics with potential influence on embitterment have been assessed: wisdom, general belief in a just world, perceived injustice events during the pandemic. Results: In contrast to the experimental hypothesis, the EG decreased in embitterment after reading the aggravated infection rates figure, whereas the CG rested stable. People with higher wisdom scores had a lower embitterment level after watching the infection data. There was no association between perceived pandemic-related injustice events and embitterment after watching the infection data. Belief in a just world slightly decreased over the course in both groups. Discussion: By means of pandemic-related data presentation, embitterment affect can be changed. Contradictory to expectation, the aggravated presentation led to a reduction of embitterment. This example shows that even simple but specific information presentations can induce changes in state affect, and this happens independently from other relevant characteristics (such as perceived injustice events during pandemic, or general belief in a just world). Professionals who present event-related data in public should explain these data and be aware that information and data presentation may relevantly impact on peoples affects.
The age groups more affected by SARS-CoV-2 in children and the role of schools in the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel - January 2020-March 2021
Authors: Bassal Ravit , Indenbaum Victoria , Mendelson Ella , Lustig Yaniv , Keinan-Boker Lital
Published: April 2022

We analyzed data from a serological study performed on 2,765 samples from the Israeli National Sera Bank (INSB), established in 1997 in the Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC) collected from children aged 0-<16 years during January 2020-March 2021. Trends in seropositivity rates to SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated using Joinpoint within specific age groups and compared to educational institutions activity. Seropositivity rates increased significantly in the 0-<6 and 12-<16 years age groups and were parallel in the 0-<6 years age group and partially parallel in the 12-<16 years to educational institutions activities. Non-significant increase in seropositivity rates were observed in the age groups 6-<10 and 10-<12 years. Apparently, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in children was driven not only by educational activities but also by other factors.
A Pediatric Lung Assist System
Authors: Omecinski Katelin , Federspiel William
Published: April 2022

Respiratory disease remains a pervasive medical condition amongst the pediatric health population. Mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are used to bridge patients to transplant or recovery when conventional therapy fails. Patients undergoing these treatments may be sedated for extended periods of time, resulting in deconditioning of the patient’s musculature. Patients who remain awake on ECMO, however, can participate in physical therapy and combat muscle wasting. Typical ECMO circuits are complex and present a major consumer of hospital resources for these patients undergoing rehabilitation and ambulation. Our research group has pursued the integration of mechanical circulatory and respiratory assistance into a compact platform device, the ModELAS, to address this clinical need. The aim of this review is to summarize published work on the pediatric application of the ModELAS. A breadth of topics will be reviewed, including the design requirements, device evolution, in-vitro results, and in-vivo results of the device.
Past, Present and Future Perspective of Application of Nanobiotechnology in Pharmacology and Innovative Therapeutics
Authors: Mweetwa Larry , Mampane Tiro , Kenaope Thatoyaone , Mosala Bonang , Pule Kenneth , Obure Gerald , Mothibe Getrude
Published: April 2022

Nanobiotechnology is a multi-strategic approach that engineers biological components (atoms and molecules) at the nanoscales. The concept was introduced as an effective alternative with drug delivery and targeting properties. Nanobiotechnology has several applications in cancerous disease, autoimmune, inflammation, infectious, and viral diseases, and for the management of COVID-19. Nanoparticles have biomimetic properties, encapsulation, and safety formulation of drugs, and all these properties give them an advantage over conventional drug strategies. Nanobiotechnology research is currently progressive and needs extensive exploration and understanding for its potential use in future innovations. The present review studied the concept of nanobiotechnology, its origin, mechanism of drug delivery and targeting, applications, and future perspective in pharmacology and innovation to decipher its role in future advanced research.
Progression of COVID-19 in six South American countries with different vaccination coverage
Authors: Sagripanti Jose-Luis , Aquilano Daniel
Published: April 2022

COVID-19 seems to have progressed under two general assumptions: a) every new variant of SARS-Co V-2 should bear the worst consequences, thus justifying extension of government-mandated lock-downs, school and border closures, face mask wearing and other restrictive measures and b) that hastily developed experimental vaccines employing novel technologies would quickly and efficiently stop the pandemic by protecting from infection or, at the very least, by preventing complications and death. We tested these two hypotheses by analyzing the epidemiological data officially released by the governments of six countries in South America. We found that vaccination failed to prevent contagion by Omicron or by previous variants of SARS-Co V-2. Mortality has decreased with time since the start of global COVID-19 in early 2020 with Omicron showing the lowest mortality to date. This finding cursorily agreed with a beneficial effect of vaccination in each individual country but failed when countries with similar mortalities and different vaccination rates were analyzed. Thus, the slight but continued reduction in mortality through the duration of the pandemic and sharp decrease with Omicron do not correlate with the level of national vaccination among the countries studied. A more plausible explanation for the decrease in mortality through time is the natural attenuation of SARS-Co V-2 from successive passage through millions of susceptible and healthy hosts, as dictated by well-established principles of virology, immunology, and vaccinology dating at least from the mid 1950’s. The failure to prevent infection or to substantially reduce mortality as reported here should raise questions about the value of the massive vaccination campaigns in South America, particularly, considering the potential risks of adverse reactions (still to be fully determined) to experimental vaccines and the considerable cost to the stressed national economies of the region.
Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: New Insights in an Old Problem
Authors: Koulouridis Ioannis , Koulouridis Efstathios
Published: April 2022

Cis-diamino-dichloro platinum is one of the most widely used antineoplastic drugs. It is used therapeutically in 10-20% of all cancers. It is active against a variety of solid tumors such as head, neck, lungs, ovaries, cervix, bladder, etc. The therapeutic use of the drug is combined with significant toxicities such as: neurotoxicity (85-95%), ototoxicity (23-50%), nephrotoxicity (30%), gastrotoxicity and bone marrow suppression. Nephrotoxicity is a limiting condition since repeated episodes of acute kidney injury may lead to chronic kidney disease which then develops regardless of drug discontinuation. Unfortunately, nephrotoxicity and antineoplastic activity share common molecular mechanisms at the cellular level. Therefore, any attempt to reduce nephrotoxicity implies a reduction in the antineoplastic effect. Continuing investigation of the mechanisms underlying cisplatin nephrotoxicity upon molecular level has provided an enormous amount of knowledge concerning accumulation of the drug in renal epithelial cells, cellular damage via destruction of cellular organelles and cellular proteins as well as induction of repair and rescue mechanisms such as autophagy toward the improvement of cell survival. All these metabolic pathways are currently candidates for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, new therapeutic approaches based upon natural derivatives such as phytochemicals are under laboratory investigation hopping to add more effective treatments in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. In the present review we analyze the mechanisms of drug-induced cellular damage, the evidence so far, and developments in the effort to reduce nephrotoxicity without loss of drug activity.
Food and Celiac Disease Antibodies in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Chiba Toshimi , Mori Maiko , Ikenoue Yuka , Suzuki Kazuyuki
Published: April 2022

Background: Some foods can exacerbate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although the associations between the pathophysiology of IBS and IgG food antibodies levels are not well known. We examined IgG antibodies elicited in response to food and celiac disease in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Methods: Twenty patients with IBS-D and 20 healthy controls (HC), were enrolled. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to 88 dietary items were measured and scored in accordance with the rate of antibody positivity. Serum tissue transglutaminase-IgA (tTG-IgA) and IgA endomysial antibody (EMA) were measured as markers of celiac disease. Serum IgE antibodies were also measured. Results: For the 88-item food-related IgG scores there was no significant difference in the number of dietary items with a ≥ 0.5 IgG score between the IBS and HC groups. Total IgG scores between groups were not significantly different. Scores for wheat, rye, and oats were not significantly different for the IBS versus the HC group. IgG scores for apples were significantly higher in the IBS versus the HC group. Serum tTG-IgA and EMA titers were negative in both groups and not significantly different between groups. Serum IgE was also not significantly different between groups. One patient with high titers for wheat, rye, and oats had duodenal mucosa histology classified as Marsh 1 and was negative for human leukocyte antigen DQ haplotypes HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8. Conclusions: We investigated IgG antibodies to food, tTG-IgA, and EMA in patients with IBS-D in whom IgG levels are likely influenced by dietary habits.
Circadian rhythm in epilepsy: A brief note on clock gene expression
Authors: Srinivas Sujithra
Published: April 2022

Every cell in the human body is said to produce a cell specific rhythmicity, these rhythms are governed by the brains internal core clock. These rhythms are essential for maintaining day to day function of our body. These rhythms play a greater role in therapeutics as the drug perfusion in our body is time dependent. In neurology, a 24 hour rhythmic activity of epileptic seizure is a topic of greater interest. The rhythmic activity in epilepsy and seizure occurrence is related to the circadian variation in excitatory and inhibitory balance in neurons. There are two core circadian genes BMAL1 and CLOCK, that code for transcription factors, tend to influence the excitability and threshold of the seizure. Although there is uncertainties about the circadian rhythmicity that includes rhythm related factors such as time of the day seizure responses, frequency of occurrences of the seizures. In other cases the time of occurrences of the seizure is consequential to the severity of the seizures. However an improved seizure prediction can open new possibilities of research by understanding the efficacy of the treatment and the drugs used to control seizure. Better clarity on the severity and rhythmicity of the seizure can bring about newer and novel therapeutic options which can be beneficial in treatment of epilepsy. Lastly future studies in these area can clarify the seizure pathways involved in generating the rhythmic patterns in disease manifestation.
Intramedullary tuberculoma of thoracic spine: A rare location of an endemic disease
Authors: Tripathi Anuj Kumar , Rizwan Zahwa , Mufti Shagufta Tahir , Prakash Gyanendra
Published: April 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in India, alone contributing for two thirds of total cases worldwide. Spinal tuberculosis accounts for 1-2% of all cases of tuberculosis. However, spinal intramedullary tuberculoma occurs in as few as 2 out of 1000 cases of tuberculosis involving central nervous system. This may present in form of meningitis, tubercular spondylitis, arachnoididtis or tuberculomas mostly. The most common site of involvement is found to be the thoracic region of spine affecting relatively younger age groups and often seen in association with extraspinal tuberculosis disease. The source of intramedullary tuberculosis is mostly hematogenous spread from a site of primary TB elsewhere in the body which is usually the lungs.Due to rarity of the disease misdiagnosis is frequent.Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the investigation of choice and histopathological examination and culture are confirmatory methods for diagnosis of tuberculosis.Microsurgical resection is better option for rapidly progressing intramedullary tuberculosis cases. Here we report a rare case of isolated spinal intramedullary tuberculoma of thoracic spinal region.
Congenital epulis: A surgical and anaesthetic challenge
Authors: Bhattacharya Neela , Bhattacharya Kaushik , Dutta Susmita , Bhattacharya Aditya Shikar
Published: April 2022

Congenital Epulis or Neumann’s tumour is a rare benign outgrowth commonly from the maxilla in a new-born. It presents dramatically at birth of a child with breathing or feeding problems. The treatment in such symptomatic infants is prompt excision which presents a challenge to Surgeons but more so to the anaesthesiologist. A case report is presented here with a focus on the methods of anesthesia and surgery. A brief literature review is also presented.
Processos de Ensino e Aprendizagem de Biologia no Ensino Remoto Emergencial: Possibilidades de Inovação Pedagógica?
Authors: Conrad Bruno Cardoso , Ceschini Mayra da Silva Cutruneo , Cunha Fernando Icaro Jorge
Published: April 2022

No mundo, todas pessoas estão presenciando uma nova forma de comportamento social, nesse sentido, as estratégias de trabalho e, principalmente, o trabalho docente foi afetado. Frente a este cenário, a educação, em época de enfrentamento à COVID-19, passa a entender ainda mais a tecnologia como um instrumento de solução, adaptação, mas também de desigualdades. Assim, o ensino remoto veio para substituir as aulas presenciais, enquanto durar a situação de pandemia. Legislações foram modificadas, portarias foram criadas, para que os professores prosseguissem com o ensino. Este trabalho buscou mapear os elementos de inovação nas práticas pedagógicas, executadas por diferentes professoras, durante o período remoto, que se propõem a assegurar os processos de ensino e aprendizagem de conteúdos na área de Biologia. Para operacionalizar este estudo utilizou-se da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Os resultados apontam que, na visão dos participantes da pesquisa, o ensino remoto é prejudicial aos processos de ensino e aprendizagem em Biologia, sendo apontados como agravantes fatores espaço-temporais, tecnológicos e socioemocionais. Deste modo, os dados apontam o ensino remoto como uma forma de suprir a necessidade de contato escolar, mas que não proporciona aprendizagens significativas e espaços-tempos de ensino e aprendizagem inovadores, visto que as práticas pedagógicas para o ensino de Biologia não estão promovendo o protagonismo estudantil, tampouco garantindo o direito à aprendizagem dos estudantes.
Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem significativa. Ensino remoto emergencial. Inovação pedagógica. Teoria fundamentada nos dados.
Ensino Remoto Emergencial: Pesquisa sobre a Percepção Inicial dos Estudantes de Ensino Superior
Authors: Toti Michelle Cristine Silva , Xavier Amanda Rezende Costa , Bissoli Marcos Coelho
Published: April 2022

Este artigo trata de uma pesquisa realizada com estudantes do ensino superior, no contexto da pandemia da Covid19, precisamente no momento de transição do ensino presencial para o ensino remoto. A partir das demandas levadas pelos estudantes aos setores que prestam serviço de apoio pedagógico, foi construído um instrumento de pesquisa que objetivou captar a percepção dos estudantes sobre o ensino remoto. O instrumento, estruturado com perguntas fechadas e abertas, e disponibilizado aos estudantes por meio do sistema acadêmico da instituição, em maio de 2020, abordou questões relativas à organização das disciplinas ou unidades curriculares, às condições para o estudo remoto e à adoção de estratégias de estudo e aprendizagem compatíveis com o cenário. Os dados quantitativos foram tratados por análise multivariada de cluster, e os dados qualitativos foram categorizados por análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que a pesquisa relativa à percepção dos estudantes da instituição a respeito dos primeiros momentos das atividades remotas orientou decisões colegiadas sobre o ensino e o apoio aos estudantes, de modo a permitir que dificuldades surgidas no cenário de transição fossem sanadas institucionalmente. Contudo, os resultados sugerem que ainda é necessário investimento institucional na formação pedagógica, oferecida tanto a docentes quanto a discentes, no sentido de se fortalecer a aprendizagem de habilidades autorregulatórias que se reflitam no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem no ensino superior.
Palavras-chave: Ensino remoto emergencial. Ensino superior. Autorregulação da aprendizagem.
Type of Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns from Clinical Specimens in Yazd, Iran
Authors: Torki Alireza , Zahedi Mahlagha , Amirmozafari Nour
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims: Due to a wide variety of causes, various bacteria can acquire resistance to antibiotics. This study investigated the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the etiologic bacterial agents of various infections in patients referred to three hospitals in Yazd city, Iran.
Materials and Methods: A total of 336 clinical specimens including wound discharge, sputum, blood, bronchial fluid, pleural fluid, ascitic fluid, synovial fluid, stool, and trachea secretions were collected in three hospitals. Microbiological culturing in order to grow and identify the causative bacteria were performed. Antibiotic susceptibility determinations were done by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method.
Result: Among all organisms isolated, Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus. aureus, Staphylococcus. suprophyticus, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus. epidermidis and Entrococcus spp. were the most prevalent, respectively. The Escherchia coli isolates were the most antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacterium. It seems that the same organisms recovered from different hospital wards show different antibiotic susceptibility patterns.
Conclusion: The increased prevalence of resistant organisms in different hospitals may reflect a lack of proper antibiotic usage policy, resulting in the prolonged and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents.
Severe main bronchus obstruction due to pulmonary schwannoma: A Case Report
Authors: Shirinzadeh Ahmad , Ershadi Reza , Amouei Abdolhamid , Jafari Jamal , Soltani Hamidreza , Kargar Shadi , Binesh Fariba
Published: April 2022

Pulmonary schwannoma is a rare neoplasm that arises from peripheral nerve sheath, Schwann cells, in the lungs and mostly remains asymptomatic for months. This report presents a seven-year-old female patient with an occasional cough and fever. She was hospitalized due to the lack of response to outpatient treatments, including antibiotics and antifebrile. A biopsy was taken from the mass by bronchoscopy, and the pathology report indicated the presence of a low-grade spindle cell, Verocay body, and Antoni B areas. Based on the pathologic findings, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was requested. The results indicated diffusely positive for S-100 protein, and accordingly, the diagnosis of schwannoma was confirmed. Thoracotomy and lobectomy were performed. Tracheobronchial schwannoma can be treated with surgical resection or bronchoscopy.
Mortality among conﬁrmed Lassa Fever cases in Ondo State, Nigeria, January 2017- March 2019: A cross sectional study
Authors: Ilesanmi Olayinka S. , Ayodeji Oladele O. , Adedosu Nelson A. , Ojo Olalekan E. , Abejegah Chukwuyem , Jegede Tolulope O. , Adebayo Tajudeen T. , Ayeni Isiaka A. , Olatunde Lanre O. , Ahmed Liasu A.
Published: April 2022

Background: Lassa fever (LF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease endemic in Ondo State, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with mortality among conﬁrmed LF cases.
Methods: A cross sectional study design was used by conducting a retrospective review of the records of all patients who had been treated for LF at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo since 2017 till March 2019. Descriptive statistics were done, case fatality rate was calculated. Chi square tests were used to explore associations. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of death. Data were analysed with SPSS version 23.0. P values ≤0.05 were statistically significant.
Results: The median age was 34 years, and the inter-quartile range was 24-48 years. A total of 30 deaths (case fatality rate [CFR] = 10.9%) were recorded, of which 24 (15.5%) were males. Also, the fatality rate increased from 1.6% in 2017 to 10.5% in 2018 and 16.7% in 2019. During peak period, mortality recorded was 15(8.5%) and non-peak periods (April to December), 14(14.9%) was recorded (p=0.104). Fatality was 12.5% (1 out of 8) among pregnant women with 100% foetal death. Patients aged 18-45 years had 0.25 odds of dying (AOR = 0.25; 95%CI= 0.08, 0.76) compared to those aged ≥ 46 years. Those who commenced ribavirin ≥7 days (AOR 4.1; CI = 1.06, 15.42) and those with elevated urea level (AOR 7.5; CI = 2.5, 23.1) have more odds of dying.
Conclusions: A well-coordinated LF outbreak response is needed both at LF peak non-peak periods.
Role of Students’ Media Literacy on Their Health: A Narrative Review
Authors: Montazeri Leili , Eslami Hossein , Afshani Seyyed Alireza
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Media literacy can be considered as strengthening media experiences. The media has a great impact on the health of people, including children. However, so far this issue has been understudied and scientific evidence is needed to make a decision.This study aimed to investigate roles of students’ media literacy on their health.
Methods: This study is a literature review with systematic search. Different electronic databases were used for a comprehensive literature search, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE to identify the records that match the mentioned inclusion criteria published from Januray 1st of 1990 to December 2020. The search resulted in 32 articles, of which 22 articles were removed (3 were not available, 12 were irrelevant, 7 were duplicates). Ten articles met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were those not published in peer reviewed journals, articles that address only one of the topics of media literacy or student health, and the age group of the subjects was over 18 years old or the students were not studied in primary and high school.
Results: This study showed that media literacy is effective on students' behaviors. These behaviors promote health or high-risk behaviors.  the main studies have been conducted on nutrition, obesity, health tips, smoking, drug addiction and alcohol consumption.
Conclusion: It is concluded   that the media has a great role in the health of students and this issue has been proven in previous studies. These effects both improve students' health and increase risky behaviors. Therefore, there is enough evidence for managers to decide to launch.
Effects of Aerobic Training on Caspase-3 Expression and Apoptosis in Hippocampus of Rats after Brain Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Dehghanizadeh Behzad , Fallahmohammadi Ziya , Taheri Kalani Abdolhossein , Mirghani Sayed Javad
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Although exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating stroke, the extent of this effect seems to depend on when exercise begins. Apoptosis plays a critical role after stroke. However, it is unclear whether early exercise inhibits apoptosis after stroke? The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of early aerobic training after stroke induction on caspase-3 protein expression and apoptosis in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats (weighting 210-252 gr) were purchased and randomly divided into four groups: sham, ischemia, training and ischemia+ training groups. Ischemia was induced by the occlusion of both common carotid arteries (CCA) for 45 min. Aerobic training was initiated at 24 hours after induction of ischemia, for eight weeks for 20-50 minutes and at a speed of 18-30 meters per minute in each session and five sessions per week. Forty eight hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed, then using immunohistochemical staining technique of caspase-3 protein expression and the rate of cell apoptosis were measured by hematoxylin and eosinophil (H&E) staining method in hippocampus of rats.
Results: The expression of caspase-3 protein and apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats in sham and training groups were significantly lower than in the ischemia and ischemia+ training groups (both; p<0.0001). Moreover, in the ischemia+ training group, the expression of caspase-3 protein and apoptosis showed a significant decrease compared to the ischemia group (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that eight weeks of early aerobic training can reduce the lesions induced-cerebral ischemia by reducing the expression of cell death-causing factors.
Wet Cupping Therapy Ameliorates the Inflammatory Responses in Mice Model of Allergic Asthma: An Experimental Histopathological Study
Authors: Joushan Abbas , Rajabi Sadegh , Agin Khosrow , Ayati Mohammad Hossein , Jafari Fatemeh , Daneshfard Babak , Shamsadin Athari Sayyed , Ghahremani Zeinab , Choopani Rasool
Published: April 2022

As an inflammatory disease of the lung, asthma is characterized by bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, inflammatory mediator release, and eosinophil recruitment. Cupping therapy is an ancient method of treatment for a vast range of ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic effects of wet cupping therapy (WCT) in a mouse model. A total number of 35 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7): Negative and positive control groups were administered Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. The remaining three OVA-challenged groups were treated with budesonide, one session, and two sessions of WCT. Finally, eosinophil counts, the gene expressions, and the protein levels of interleukins IL-5, -13, and -33 were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice. Lung tissues were removed and kept for histopathological evaluations. Both eosinophil counts and interleukin levels in BALFs were significantly diminished following WCT. Moreover, WCT prevented hyperplastic growth of goblet cells, overproduction of mucus, and inflammation of peribronchial and perivascular areas of lung tissue of mice compared to positive control group. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effects of WCT against asthma were comparable to budesonide. Our data suggested that the anti-asthmatic effects of WCT were mediated by reducing eosinophil trafficking and modulating Th2 inflammatory cytokines, leading to the histological changes of the lung. This may propose WCT as an efficient therapeutic approach to mitigate inflammatory complications of asthma.
Overview of Sang-e-Surma (Antimony Sulphide or Lead Sulphide): A Mineral Origin Unani Drug
Authors: . Mustehasan , Azhar Misbahuddin , Naushin Sofia , Urooj Mohd , Husain Gulam Mohammed
Published: April 2022

The ultra-fine powder of Sang-e-Surma (Surma Stone), also known as Kohl, is used for various eye ailments either alone or in combination with other herbal or mineral ingredients. The earliest use of Surma is reported in Egypt about 3100 BC. Data from a number of studies conducted on Sang-e-Surma using modern analytical techniques have cleared the uncertainty that Surma stone is mainly composed of lead sulphide. Surma is reported to be used for impaired eye-sight, ophthalmia, cataract, itching, redness, irritation, watering of eyes, shedding of eyelashes and in the initial stage of cataract. The use of lead based Surma is discouraged owing to reports of lead toxicity though the sun glare protection and antimicrobial effects of Surma have been established. Reports on lead toxicity by the application of Surma in eyes are conflicting. Appropriately planned studies are warranted to elaborate the toxic effects of lead based Surma/kohl in terms of detoxification of Sang-e-Surma, preclinical toxicity and clinical trial.
The Effectiveness of Cupping in Iranian Researches: A Systematic Review of Animal and Human Studies
Authors: Mohammadi Kenari Hoorieh , Kordafshari Gholamreza , Moghimi Maryam
Published: April 2022

Cupping has a long history in Iran which is one of the most widely used methods in prevention and treatment of diseases in Persian medicine. However, it still has many opponents in the Iranian conventional medical community. So, this systematic review study was conducted to survey the scientific and authoritative articles related to wet and dry cupping that have been done in Iran and the diseases for which Iranian researchers have suggested cupping. In general, the effect of wet and dry cupping on various kinds of pain (e.g. headache, musculoskeletal pain, postpartum pain, etc.), as well as the effect of wet cupping on hematological and biochemical factors of blood were among the most common studies. Also, persistence of therapeutic effects of wet and dry cupping on various diseases was satisfactory. The results of this study showed that wet and dry cupping, even alone, are effective in the treatment of many diseases, and if the objections to the use of these two treatments are reduced, more extensive and high-quality researches in this regard will be done.
THE PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS REGARDING THE WAYS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL AT DISTRICT KECH BALOCHISTAN
Authors: Bashir Siraj , Shah Nasreen Aslam , Karim Hafsa , Farooq Kinsa , Ahmed Zohra Naseer
Published: April 2022

Purpose of the study: The study was designed to investigate students' perception of community involvement in public secondary schools in the district KechBalochistan.

Methodology: A quantitative method was employed for the current study and a descriptive study was designed to riposte the research questions. The sample size was delimited to 103 respondents. Data were gathered through Questionnaires which it was based on three clusters. Data were analyzed by utilizing the IBM SPSS version of 21.

Main Findings: The researcher had found that the community involvement in school activities was not statistically significant. The majority of the student’s perception was that their parental community didn’t attend school activities, it was to a low extent. The perceptions of students about parental involvement in school debate activities plus school publications activities in addition to the parental involvement in school club activities were low.

Applications of the study: The researcher had also suggested to the parents that their involvement in school activities plays a significant role in their academic performances.

Novelty/Originality of the study: The outcomes of the research or study will motivate or encouraged the community members, especially the parent community to involve themselves more in the school affairs process to enhance the students learning achievement.
"HERO" ARCHETYPE IN THE MODERN GERMAN LANGUAGE
Authors: IVASIUK Halyna O.
Published: April 2022

In the collective unconscious of almost every nation there is an archetype of the hero, which is reflected in the linguistic picture of the world through the appropriate concept. The purpose of this study is to analyze the significance of the "hero" archetype in German linguistic culture. The object of research is the use of the lexeme HELD in German. The subject of the research is the syntagmatic and paradigmatic connections of the lexeme HELD, as well as the semantic content of the corresponding concept in the German language. In our study, we rely on such methods as analytical, descriptive, inductive, as well as sociological and logical-psychological techniques and the elements of distributive analysis. Results. The semantic content of the "hero" archetype in modern German linguistic culture has been established. Conclusions. In the German collective unconscious a hero is a person (man) who performs brave or extraordinary, socially significant deeds and who is distinguished by moral qualities, first of all courage, fearlessness and sacrifice, which brings him public recognition and fame, and makes him a role model. In another sense, the hero is the main protagonist of a certain work. Practical implementation. The results of the research can be used to form the intercultural competence of students and to study the mentality of the German people.
LEXEMES DESCRIBING CLOTHING AS A MARKER OF IMAGE DYNAMICS IN THE CYCLE OF STORIES BY I. A. BUNIN "DARK ALLEYS"
Authors: MURADIAN Iryna V.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this article is to study the lexemes included in the descriptions of I. A. Bunin clothes, in different stories of the cycle “Dark Alleys”. The object is the lexemes used by Bunin to describe the clothes of the heroes. The subject of study is marker lexemes that signal changes and dynamics of the artistic image. The material was the description of the clothes of the heroes and the lexemes used in them in all the texts of the cycle. Used for the analysis of lexemes that help to show the dynamics of the image. As a result of the research, the author comes to the following conclusions. In the cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” I. A. Bunin uses common lexemes for clothing. I. A. Bunin makes the description of clothing an important detail, a marker of the dynamics of the image. Clothes change depending on different situations, love experiences, decisions made and changes in the fate of the heroes. And as we could see, often the description of the characters’ clothes, its location in the text of the story is associated with the construction of the plot of the work.
IDEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF RUSSIAN AND GERMAN TERMS OF GLASS PRODUCTION
Authors: STEPANOVA Vera V.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the study is to make an ideographic classification of Russian and German terms of glass production. The object of the study is the terms of glass production functioning in the industry professional discourse of native speakers of Russian and German. The subject of the study is the semantic diversity of production terms, which is the basis for identifying thematic groups of terms and compiling an ideographic classification. In the course of the study, the continuous sampling method, the descriptive method, the analysis of contextual uses and definitions of terms were used. The result of the work is an ideographic classification of Russian and German terms of glass production, which includes twelve thematic groups. Conclusions. The selected thematic groups of production terms are the same for the Russian and German languages and include terms denoting: glass products, their defects, flaws and characteristics; raw materials and consumables, technological processes, methods and types of glass processing; energy carriers and waste products; equipment and works related to its installation, operation and repair; production space; industry professions and branch of activity. The practical value of the research lies in the fact that its results can be used in teaching comparative disciplines, as well as become the basis for compiling a bilingual terminological dictionary.
NONVERBAL MEANS OF TRANSMISSION OF THE SPIRITUAL EVOLUTION OF THE CHARACTERS OF MAXIM GORKY’S NOVEL “MOTHER”
Authors: TRẦNTHỊ Хuyến
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the article is to identify and show the means and ways of verbal transmission of non-verbal behavior, which testifies to the spiritual evolution of the central characters in Maxim Gorky’s novel “Mother”: Pelageya Nilovna Vlasova and her son Pavel. The object of study is the language units, by means of which facial expressions, gestures and other non-verbal behavior are transmitted, reflecting the spiritual evolution of the characters of this novel. The subject of the study is the means and mechanisms for the transmission of non-verbal meaning by its language intermediaries. The result of the analysis was the conclusion that in the novel “Mother”, non-verbal means as artistic details play an important role in conveying the evolutionary changes that occur in the spiritual life of the characters, allowing the author to give a capacious description of the heroes. Non-verbal means are realized in the text by describing situations with verbs, verbal phrases, epithets, comparisons, which give a visual representation of artistic images. Non-verbal means characterize each character, reveal the peculiarities of changes in their inner world, emphasizes the psychological state and character of the heroes. The portrait and psychological details of non-verbal means show us the maturity in the character of Pavel Vlasov — a strict, proud, staunch person, convinced of the correctness of what he is doing.
Percutaneous nephrostomy experience in pediatric patients: comparison of fine and thick needle techniques
Authors: NAS Omer Fatih , OZTEPE Muhammet , CANDAN Selman , KANDEMİRLİ Sedat Giray , BİLGİN Cem , İNECİKLİ Mehmet Fatih , ÖZKAYA Güven , ONGEN Gokhan , ERDOGAN Cüneyt
Published: April 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of needle size in pediatric percutaneous nephrostomy (PN) placement in terms of complications and success rates.
Methods: Seventy one percutaneous nephrostomies were performed in 51 patients aged 1 month to 18 years (mean 6.03 ± 5.88 years) between May 2012 and March 2020. Demographic data, indication for PN placement, puncture technique (calyceal entry level: upper, middle, lower pole or pelvis) and needle size, anesthesia type (general or local anesthesia), duration of catheter use and complications were retrospectively retrieved from the hospital electronic recording system.
Results: Thirty procedures were performed using a 21 gauge needle and 41 procedures using a 18 gauge needle. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, degree of hydronephrosis, and calyceal entry level. Technical success and complication rates were similar in two groups (p = 0.423).
Conclusions: In the pediatric age group, both 18 and 21 gauge needle techniques can be used safely based on the preference of the interventionalist.
Impact of university E-Learning environment on value orientations of students
Authors: Meruyert Shabden , Aigul Bulatbaeva , Aidyn Doshybekov , Laura Shalabayeva , Esenbaevna Kozhabergenova Gaukhar
Published: April 2022

Transferring values to future generations have become one of the important aims of education. This study aims to evaluate students’ views on the role of the online learning environment on the value orientations of university students. This study was carried out using the case study method, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of 25 students studying at various universities in Kazakhstan in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. The researchers created a semi-structured interview form to determine the role of the online learning environment on the value orientations of university students. As a result of the research, students found online learning advantageous in terms of gaining self-confidence, responsibility, a comfortable life, adaptability, respect for others, and acceptance of norms. They stated that the online learning environment is disadvantageous in terms of success, happiness, excitement, friendship, sharing, cultural and universal values.

Keywords:  E-Learning Environment; Kazakhstan; university environment; values;  value orientations.