bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct synthesis of graphene from adsorbed organic solvent molecules over copper
Authors: Pang Jinbo , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Fu Lei , Mendes Rafael G. , Libera Marcin , Placha Daniela , Martynková Grazyna Simha , Trzebicka Barbara , Gemming Thomas , Eckert Juergen , Rümmeli Mark H.
Published: July 2015

We show the direct synthesis of graphene from adsorbed organic solvent molecules over copper by annealing in hydrogen.
Solar power generation enhancement of dye-sensitized solar cells using hydrophobic and antireflective polymers with nanoholes
Authors: Lim Joo Ho , Leem Jung Woo , Yu Jae Su
Published: July 2015

A negatively tapered nanohole-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) antireflective protection layer with a hydrophobic surface improves the sunlight absorption of dye-sensitized solar cells.
On the understanding of BF3·Et2O-promoted intra- and intermolecular amination and oxygenation of unfunctionalized olefins
Authors: Yang Chun-Hua , Fan Wen-Wen , Liu Gong-Qing , Duan Lili , Li Lin , Li Yue-Ming
Published: July 2015

BF3·Et2O was found to be effective for the amination and oxygenation of unfunctionalized olefins. In the presence of 3 equiv. of BF3·Et2O, intra- and intermolecular amination and oxygenation reactions could be realized in up to 99% isolated yields.
Determination of nitrite in real food and water samples by a novel terbium-macrocycle complex
Authors: Yin Jinghua , Liu Zhixue , Zhao Tong , Jin Yingjin , Zhou Xin , Wu Xue
Published: July 2015

A novel terbium-macrocycle complex (Tb-Ac) was designed and synthesized for selective and sensitive sensing towards NO2− in real food and water samples, as well as living cells, in terms of reliable accuracy and practicability.
Properties of indium doped nanocrystalline ZnO thin films and their enhanced gas sensing performance
Authors: Pati Sumati , Banerji P. , Majumder S. B.
Published: July 2015

Enhancement of gas sensing performance of indium doped ZnO thin film at optimal indium concentration as compared to its undoped counterpart.
NiCo-embedded in hierarchically structured N-doped carbon nanoplates for the efficient electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid
Authors: Zhang Xianglan , Yan Wenfu , Zhang Jianan , Li Yuanyuan , Tang Wanyu , Xu Qun
Published: July 2015

NiCo-embedded hierarchically structured N-doped carbon nanoplates (NiCo-NPs-in-N/C) were facilely synthesized via a one step in situ reduction pyrolysis strategy for efficiently electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid.
Preparation of an amino acid-based polymer monolith for trimodal liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Nan , Shen Yong , Qi Li , Li Zhibo , Qiao Juan , Chen Yi
Published: July 2015

A versatile method for preparing a trimodal polymer monolith was proposed by direct copolymerization of amino acid-based monomer and methylenebisacrylamide. Moreover, separation of a protein mixture could be achieved on the resultant monolith.
Low-cost replication of plasmonic gold nanomushroom arrays for transmission-mode and multichannel biosensing
Authors: Li Wanbo , Xue Jiancai , Jiang Xueqin , Zhou Zhangkai , Ren Kangning , Zhou Jianhua
Published: July 2015

A low-cost, facile approach was developed for replication of plasmonic gold nanomushroom arrays, which performed in transmission mode and showed excellent refractive index sensitivity comparable to that of normal surface plasmon resonance sensors.
Thermal, mechanical and optical transport properties of nanocomposite materials based on triethoxysilane-terminated polyimide and TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Dinari Mohammad , Asadi Parvin
Published: July 2015

Novel polyimide/TiO2 nanocomposites with good mechanical, optical and thermal properties were prepared by the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles into silane terminated polyimide.
Simultaneous determination of two flavonoids based on disulfide linked β-cyclodextrin dimer and Pd cluster functionalized graphene-modified electrode
Authors: Ran Xin , Yang Long , Zhao Genfu , Ye Hanzhang , Zhang Yanqiong , Fan Shuangmei , Xie Xiaoguang , Zhao Hui , Li Can-Peng
Published: July 2015

Illustration of the SS-β-CD–Pd@RGO nanohybrids simultaneously sensing baicalin and luteolin by an electrochemical strategy.
Potent inhibition of miR-27a by neomycin–bisbenzimidazole conjugates
Authors: Nahar Smita , Ranjan Nihar , Ray Arjun , Arya Dev P. , Maiti Souvik
Published: July 2015

Potent downregulation of oncogenic miRNA is obtained by conjugation of neomycin and bisbenzimidazoles.
In situ preparation of graphene oxide supported Pd nanoparticles in an ionic liquid and the long-term catalytic stability for the Heck reaction
Authors: Liu Dan , Zhang Changjun , Wang Fei , Huang Zhongyuan , Zhang Ningshuang , Zhou Haihui , Kuang Yafei
Published: July 2015

The double protection of the organic cation [BMIM]+ and RGO can reduce the collision and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Hence, the in situ prepared Pd/RGO can exhibit high efficiency and long-term catalytic stability for the Heck reaction in the ionic liquid.
Hierarchical NiCo2O4 nanosheet-decorated carbon nanotubes towards highly efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation
Authors: Cheng Hui , Su Yu-Zhi , Kuang Pan-Yong , Chen Gao-Feng , Liu Zhao-Qing
Published: July 2015

With the synergistic effect of the oxidized carbon nanotubes, hierarchical NiCo2O4 nanosheet-decorated carbon nanotubes exhibit superior OER catalytic performance.
Preparation of recyclable CdS photocatalytic and superhydrophobic films with photostability by using a screen-printing technique
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Feng , Cao Wei , Li Taohai
Published: July 2015

A PDMS-coated CdS film has been deposited by screen-printing in glass and then used in the decolouration of organic pollutants and possesses superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties.
Efficient small molecular ternary solar cells by synergistically optimized photon harvesting and phase separation
Authors: An Qiaoshi , Zhang Fujun , Sun Qianqian , Wang Jian , Li Lingliang , Zhang Jian , Tang Weihua , Deng Zhenbo
Published: July 2015

The champion PCE (7.40%) of optimized ternary solar cells is much higher than the PCEs sum (6.98%) of binary solar cells.
Preparation and characterization of double macromolecular network (DMMN) hydrogels based on hyaluronan and high molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Fan Changjiang , Zhang Chao , Liao Liqiong , Li Sheng , Gan Weiping , Zhou Jinping , Wang Dong-An , Liu Lijian
Published: July 2015

Ultra-strong and resilient double macromolecular network (DMMN) hydrogels with a more evenly distributed polymer network and a double-network structure have been developed.
MOF-templated rough, ultrathin inorganic microcapsules for enzyme immobilization
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Shi Jiafu , Zhang Shaohua , Wu Hong , Jiang Zhongyi , Yang Chen , Wang Yuxin , Tang Lei , Yan Anfu
Published: July 2015

Enzyme-containing ultrathin titania microcapsules with rough surfaces were prepared by using MOF as a hard template to mediate the hierarchical structures of the microcapsule shell.
Thermoelectric transport and microstructure of optimized Mg2Si0.8Sn0.2
Authors: de Boor J. , Gupta S. , Kolb H. , Dasgupta T. , Müller E.
Published: July 2015

We have optimized the thermoelectric material Mg2Si0.8Sn0.2 and analyzed the electronic transport employing a single parabolic band model.
Correction: Differential effects of p38 and JNK activation by GSK3 on cadmium-induced autophagy and apoptosis
Authors: Jung Ki-Tae , Kim Hak-Ryul , Lee Byung-Hoon , Kim Seong-Hwan , So Keum-Young , An Tae-Hun , Lee Hyun-Young , Oh Seon-Hee
Published: July 2015

Correction for ‘Differential effects of p38 and JNK activation by GSK3 on cadmium-induced autophagy and apoptosis’ by Ki-Tae Jung et al., Toxicol. Res., 2015, 4, 976–985.
Designing sequence sets with good correlation properties based on PSD fitting
Authors: Wu Hao , Fu Qiang , Li Yunxiang , Xia Yang
Published: July 2015

Sequence sets with good correlation properties lie at the core of many communication and radar applications. A new approach to the design of sequence sets is proposed. The ideal correlation matrix is defined, and the design problem is formulated as a power spectral density (PSD) fitting problem. In this manner, a simpler minimisation problem is obtained, and an iterative method is applied to solve it. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed approach is superior to that of the previous state‐of‐the‐art algorithm.
Analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency with modulatable transmission
Authors: Lin Xian Qi , Yu Jia Wei , Chen Zhe , Zhang Peng Cheng , Li Peng Fei
Published: July 2015

A modulatable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is achieved using a slotted circle ring structure. The circle ring structure is used to induce a polarisation‐independence resonance with a low Q factor, while the slot is etched to obtain a polarisation‐dependence resonance with a high Q factor. The EIT effect is obtained when the two resonances have nearby resonant frequencies but with different Q factors. As both resonant modes are excited by the external field independently, different coupling strength is achieved simply by adjusting the polarisation angle. Then the transmission of EIT is successfully modulated. The design concept is well validated both by simulation and measurement.
Multi‐angular ground‐based SAR system for soil surface roughness characterisation
Authors: Wang H.Q. , Méric S. , Allain S. , Pottier E.
Published: July 2015

A ground‐based (GB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system is proposed for soil surface roughness discrimination at the C‐band. By using this GB‐SAR system, the multi‐angular SAR measurement is realised at different resolution cell sizes. The specific levels of surface roughness are set deliberately to analyse the roughness contribution on the multi‐angular SAR signature in a controlled experimental condition. Based on the GB‐SAR measurement, the effect of incidence angle on SAR sensitivity is studied under two resolution cell sizes for retrieving soil surface roughness. The results show that, the using the GB‐SAR system, the high incidence angle configuration (e.g. > 40°) is optimal to discriminate surface roughness, which is more significant at small resolution cell sizes (e.g. 30 cm). This study indicates the effectivity of the GB‐SAR system to validate the SAR backscattering mechanisms.
Connecting wearable textile transmission lines: all‐textile fabrication solutions and design techniques
Authors: Tsolis A. , Alexandridis A.A. , Whittow W.G. , Vardaxoglou J.C.
Published: July 2015

A new method for connecting transmission lines is presented without using rigid connectors in order to implement a fully textile interconnecting system appropriate for signal transmission in wearable applications. This method is applied to textile striplines and named ‘complementary overlap’. The proposed method is examined from 1 to 6 GHz covering the frequency bands of the target applications: ISM (WLAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee etc.) and L‐band (GPS).
Salient object detection based on meanshift filtering and fusion of colour information
Authors: Li Jian , Chen Haifeng , Li Gang , He Bin , Zhang Yujie , Tao Xiaojiao
Published: July 2015

Colour and its spatial distribution are the main information currently used to detect salient objects in an image, but this cannot always guarantee satisfying performance. To deal with this problem, a salient object detection algorithm has been presented based on meanshift filtering and fusion of colour information. Superpixel segmentation is used to analyse the images by sets of pixels instead of single pixel, which improves the robustness of the algorithm to noises, as well as the efficiency. Meanshift filtering is used to detect the modes of every superpixel in spatial domain and range domain, respectively, which is the basis of the subsequent calculation. Each target therefore offers almost the same saliency and the spatial distribution of which will be easier to analyse. The fusion of colour contrast and colour concentration as well as centre prior is used as criterion to evaluate the saliency of every single superpixel. According to the tests of the algorithm on the open popular dataset, it has been proved that the algorithm presented in this work shows better results in both the aspect of effectiveness and efficiency, compared with its traditional equivalents.
The Essential Role of Circulating Thyroglobulin in Maintaining Dominance of Natural Regulatory T Cell Function to Prevent Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Brown N. K. , Morris G. P. , Flynn J. C. , Kong Y. M.
Published: July 2015

Several key findings from the late 1960s to mid-1970s regarding thyroid hormone metabolism and circulating thyroglobulin composition converged with studies pertaining to the role of T lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroiditis. These studies cemented the foundation for subsequent investigations into the existence and antigenic specificity of thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells (nTregs). These nTregs prevented the development of autoimmune thyroiditis, despite the ever-present genetic predisposition, autoantigen (thyroglobulin), and thyroglobulin-reactive T cells. Guided by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis as a fixed set-point regulator in thyroid hormone metabolism, we used a murine model and compared at key junctures the capacity of circulating thyroglobulin level (raised by thyroid-stimulating hormone or exogenous thyroglobulin administration) to strengthen self-tolerance and resist autoimmune thyroiditis. The findings clearly demonstrated an essential role for raised circulating thyroglobulin levels in maintaining the dominance of nTreg function and inhibiting thyroid autoimmunity. Subsequent identification of thyroglobulin-specific nTregs as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ in the early 2000s enabled the examination of probable mechanisms of nTreg function. We observed that whenever nTreg function was perturbed by immunotherapeutic measures, opportunistic autoimmune disorders invariably surfaced. This review highlights the step-wise progression of applying insights from endocrinologic and immunologic studies to advance our understanding of the clonal balance between natural regulatory and autoreactive T cells. Moreover, we focus on how tilting the balance in favor of maintaining peripheral tolerance could be achieved. Thus, murine autoimmune thyroiditis has served as a unique model capable of closely simulating natural physiologic conditions.
On the supnorm form of Leray’s problem for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Schütz Lineia , Zingano Janaína P. , Zingano Paulo R.
Published: July 2015

We show that t3/4  u(⋅,t) L∞(R3)→0 as t → ∞ for all Leray-Hopf’s global weak solutions u(⋅, t) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in ℝ3. It is also shown that t u(⋅,t)−eΔtu0 L∞(R3)→0 as t → ∞, where eΔt is the heat semigroup, as well as other fundamental new results. In spite of the complexity of the questions, our approach is elementary and is based on standard tools like conventional Fourier and energy methods.
A flexible tactile sensor calibration method based on an air-bearing six-dimensional force measurement platform
Authors: Huang Bin
Published: July 2015

A number of common issues related to the process of flexible tactile sensor calibration are discussed in this paper, and an estimate of the accuracy of classical calibration methods, as represented by a weight-pulley device, is presented. A flexible tactile sensor calibration method that is based on a six-dimensional force measurement is proposed on the basis of a theoretical analysis. A high-accuracy flexible tactile sensor calibration bench based on the air-bearing six-dimensional force measurement principle was developed to achieve a technically challenging measurement accuracy of 2% full scale (FS) for three-dimensional (3D) flexible tactile sensor calibration. The experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of the air-bearing six-dimensional force measurement platform can reach 0.2% FS. Thus, the system satisfies the 3D flexible tactile sensor calibration requirement of 2% FS.
Long-term laser frequency stabilization using fiber interferometers
Authors: Kong Jia , Lucivero Vito Giovanni , Jiménez-Martínez Ricardo , Mitchell Morgan W.
Published: July 2015

We report long-term laser frequency stabilization using only the target laser and a pair of 5 m fiber interferometers, one as a frequency reference and the second as a sensitive thermometer to stabilize the frequency reference. When used to stabilize a distributed feedback laser at 795 nm, the frequency Allan deviation at 1000 s drops from 5.6 × 10−8 to 6.9 × 10−10. The performance equals that of an offset lock employing a second, atom-stabilized laser in the temperature control.
Instrument for precision long-term β-decay rate measurements
Authors: Ware M. J. , Bergeson S. D. , Ellsworth J. E. , Groesbeck M. , Hansen J. E. , Pace D. , Peatross J.
Published: July 2015

We describe an experimental setup for making precision measurements of relative β-decay rates of 22Na, 36Cl, 54Mn, 60Co, 90Sr, 133Ba, 137Cs, 152Eu, and 154Eu. The radioactive samples are mounted in two automated sample changers that sequentially position the samples with high spatial precision in front of sets of detectors. The set of detectors for one sample changer consists of four Geiger-Müller (GM) tubes and the other set of detectors consists of two NaI scintillators. The statistical uncertainty in the count rate is few times 0.01% per day for the GM detectors and about 0.01% per hour on the NaI detectors. The sample changers, detectors, and associated electronics are housed in a sealed chamber held at constant absolute pressure, humidity, and temperature to isolate the experiment from environmental variations. The apparatus is designed to accumulate statistics over many years in a regulated environment to test recent claims of small annual variations in the decay rates. We demonstrate that absent this environmental regulation, uncontrolled natural atmospheric pressure variations at our location would imprint an annual signal of 0.1% on the Geiger-Müller count rate. However, neither natural pressure variations nor plausible indoor room temperature variations cause a discernible influence on our NaI scintillator detector count rate.
Development of two-band infrared radiometer for irradiance calibration of target simulators
Authors: Yang Sen , Li Chengwei
Published: July 2015

A detector-based spectral radiometer has been developed for the calibration of target simulator. Unlike the conventional spectral irradiance calibration method based on radiance and irradiance, the new radiometer is calibrated using image-space temperature based method. The image-space temperature based method improves the reproducibility in the calibration of radiometer and reduces the uncertainties existing in the conventional calibration methods. The calibrated radiometer is then used to establish the irradiance transfer standard for the target simulator. With the designed radiometer in this paper, a highly accurate irradiance calibration for target simulators of wavelength from 2.05 to 2.55 μm and from 3.7 to 4.8 μm can be performed with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of calibration of 2.18%. Last but not least, the infrared radiation of the target simulator was measured by the infrared radiometer, the effectiveness and capability of which are verified through measurement of temperature and irradiance and a comparison with the thermal imaging camera.
Experimental station for laser-based picosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy
Authors: Dorchies F. , Fedorov N. , Lecherbourg L.
Published: July 2015

We present an experimental station designed for time-resolved X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). It is based on ultrashort laser-plasma x-ray pulses generated from a table-top 100 mJ-class laser at 10 Hz repetition rate. A high transmission (10%–20%) x-ray beam line transport using polycapillary optics allows us to set the sample in an independent vacuum chamber, providing high flexibility over a wide spectral range from 0.5 up to 4 keV. Some XANES spectra are presented, demonstrating 1% noise level in only ∼1 mn and ∼100 cumulated laser shots. Time-resolved measurements are reported, indicating that the time resolution of the entire experimental station is 3.3 ± 0.6 ps rms.
Lifetime of inner-shell hole states of Ar (2p) and Kr (3d) using equation-of-motion coupled cluster method
Authors: Ghosh Aryya , Pal Sourav , Vaval Nayana
Published: July 2015

Auger decay is an efficient ultrafast relaxation process of core-shell or inner-shell excited atom or molecule. Generally, it occurs in femto-second or even atto-second time domain. Direct measurement of lifetimes of Auger process of single ionized and double ionized inner-shell state of an atom or molecule is an extremely difficult task. In this paper, we have applied the highly correlated complex absorbing potential-equation-of-motion coupled cluster (CAP-EOMCC) approach which is a combination of CAP and EOMCC approach to calculate the lifetime of the states arising from 2p inner-shell ionization of an Ar atom and 3d inner-shell ionization of Kr atom. We have also calculated the lifetime of Ar2+(2p−13p−1) 1D, Ar2+(2p−13p−1) 1S, and Ar2+(2p−13s−1) 1P double ionized states. The predicted results are compared with the other theoretical results as well as experimental results available in the literature.
System-dependent exchange–correlation functional with exact asymptotic potential and εHOMO ≈ − I
Authors: Gledhill Jonathan D. , Tozer David J.
Published: July 2015

Density scaling considerations are used to derive an exchange–correlation explicit density functional that is appropriate for the electron deficient side of the integer and which recovers the exact r → ∞ asymptotic behaviour of the exchange–correlation potential. The functional has an unconventional mathematical form with parameters that are system-dependent; the parameters for an N-electron system are determined in advance from generalised gradient approximation (GGA) calculations on the N- and (N − 1)-electron systems. Compared to GGA results, the functional yields similar exchange–correlation energies, but HOMO energies that are an order of magnitude closer to the negative of the vertical ionisation potential; for anions, the HOMO energies are negative, as required. Rydberg excitation energies are also notably improved and the exchange–correlation potential is visibly lowered towards the near-exact potential. Further development is required to improve valence excitations, static isotropic polarisabilities, and the shape of the potential in non-asymptotic regions. The functional is fundamentally different to conventional approximations.
Gas phase synthesis of non-bundled, small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes with near-armchair chiralities
Authors: Mustonen K. , Laiho P. , Kaskela A. , Zhu Z. , Reynaud O. , Houbenov N. , Tian Y. , Susi T. , Jiang H. , Nasibulin A. G. , Kauppinen E. I.
Published: July 2015

We present a floating catalyst synthesis route for individual, i.e., non-bundled, small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a narrow chiral angle distribution peaking at high chiralities near the armchair species. An ex situ spark discharge generator was used to form iron particles with geometric number mean diameters of 3–4 nm and fed into a laminar flow chemical vapour deposition reactor for the continuous synthesis of long and high-quality SWCNTs from ambient pressure carbon monoxide. The intensity ratio of G/D peaks in Raman spectra up to 48 and mean tube lengths up to 4 μm were observed. The chiral distributions, as directly determined by electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope, clustered around the (n,m) indices (7,6), (8,6), (8,7), and (9,6), with up to 70% of tubes having chiral angles over 20°. The mean diameter of SWCNTs was reduced from 1.10 to 1.04 nm by decreasing the growth temperature from 880 to 750 °C, which simultaneously increased the fraction of semiconducting tubes from 67% to 80%. Limiting the nanotube gas phase number concentration to ∼105 cm−3 prevented nanotube bundle formation that is due to collisions induced by Brownian diffusion. Up to 80% of 500 as-deposited tubes observed by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy were individual. Transparent conducting films deposited from these SWCNTs exhibited record low sheet resistances of 63 Ω/□ at 90% transparency for 550 nm light.
Energy benchmarks for methane-water systems from quantum Monte Carlo and second-order Møller-Plesset calculations
Authors: Gillan M. J. , Alfè D. , Manby F. R.
Published: July 2015

The quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) technique is used to generate accurate energy benchmarks for methane-water clusters containing a single methane monomer and up to 20 water monomers. The benchmarks for each type of cluster are computed for a set of geometries drawn from molecular dynamics simulations. The accuracy of QMC is expected to be comparable with that of coupled-cluster calculations, and this is confirmed by comparisons for the CH4-H2O dimer. The benchmarks are used to assess the accuracy of the second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) approximation close to the complete basis-set limit. A recently developed embedded many-body technique is shown to give an efficient procedure for computing basis-set converged MP2 energies for the large clusters. It is found that MP2 values for the methane binding energies and the cohesive energies of the water clusters without methane are in close agreement with the QMC benchmarks, but the agreement is aided by partial cancelation between 2-body and beyond-2-body errors of MP2. The embedding approach allows MP2 to be applied without loss of accuracy to the methane hydrate crystal, and it is shown that the resulting methane binding energy and the cohesive energy of the water lattice agree almost exactly with recently reported QMC values.
Matched dipole probe for magnetized low electron density laboratory plasma diagnostics
Authors: Rafalskyi Dmytro , Aanesland Ane
Published: July 2015

In this paper, a diagnostic method for magnetized and unmagnetized laboratory plasma is proposed, based on impedance measurements of a short matched dipole. The range of the measured electron densities is limited to low density plasmas (1012–1015 m−3), where other diagnostic methods have strong limitations on the magnetic field strength and topology, plasma dimensions, and boundary conditions. The method is designed for use in both large- and small-dimension plasma (<10 cm) without or with strong non-homogeneous magnetic field, which can be undefined within the probe size. The design of a matched dipole probe allows to suppress the sheath resonance effects and to reach high sensitivity at relatively small probe dimensions. Validation experiments are conducted in both magnetized (B ∼ 170 G) and unmagnetized (B = 0) low density (7 × 1012 m−3–7 × 1013 m−3) low pressure (1 mTorr) 10 cm scale plasmas. The experimentally measured data show very good agreement with an analytical theory both for a non-magnetized and a magnetized case. The electron density measured by the matched dipole and Langmuir probes in the range of 7 × 1012 m−3–7 × 1013 m−3 show less than 30% difference. An experimentally measured tolerance/uncertainty of the dipole probe method is estimated to ±1% for plasma densities above 2 × 1013 m−3. A spatial resolution is estimated from the experiments to be about 3d, where d is the dipole diameter. The diagnostic method is also validated by comparing the measured plasma impedance curves with results of analytical modelling.
Anisotropy of iron-platinum-arsenide Ca10(PtnAs8)(Fe2−xPtxAs2)5 single crystals
Authors: Yuan F. F. , Sun Y. , Zhou W. , Zhou X. , Ding Q. P. , Iida K. , Hühne R. , Schultz L. , Tamegai T. , Shi Z. X.
Published: July 2015

The upper critical field Hc2 anisotropy of Ca10(PtnAs8)(Fe2−xPtxAs2)5 (n = 3, 4) single crystals with long FeAs interlayer distance (d) was studied by angular dependent resistivity measurements. A scaling of the angular dependent resistivity was realized for both single crystals using the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau (AGL) approach with an appropriate anisotropy parameter γ. The AGL scaling parameter γ increases with decreasing temperature and reaches a value of about 10 at 0.8Tc for both single crystals. These values are much larger than those of other iron-based superconductors (FeSCs). Remarkably, the values of γ2 show an almost linear increase with the FeAs/FeSe interlayer distance d for FeSCs. Compared to cuprates, FeSCs are less anisotropic, indicating that two dimensionality of the superconductivity is intrinsically weak.
Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a magnetized plasma column at oblique incidence
Authors: Ghaffari-Oskooei Sara S. , Aghamir Farzin M.
Published: July 2015

Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a magnetized plasma column is investigated using Maxwell's equations and applying boundary conditions. Backscattering cross section is evaluated by analytic solution of electric fields inside and outside of plasma column. Plots of backscattering cross section versus frequency, for the range up to J band, reveal two main peaks and two sidebands. Effects of plasma density and radius, as main parameters determining the characteristics of plasma column, on backscattering are discussed. Furthermore, the effect of electromagnetic wave incidence angle on backscattering of plasma column is included in the analysis. The influence of wave incidence angle and frequency, as well as, plasma density and radius on scattering pattern, which is an indicator of the distribution of scattered power in different azimuthal angles, is discussed.
RF breakdown experiments in “cold” slow wave structures under experimental circumstances of high power microwaves
Authors: Zhang Dian , Zhang Jun , Jin Zhenxing , Yang Jianhua , Zhong Huihuang , Zhou Shengyue
Published: July 2015

RF breakdown tests in “cold” slow wave structures (SWSs) are executed under experimental circumstance of high power microwave (HPM). All the SWSs under tests are made of stainless steel and are designed as traveling wave structures, which operate at π/2 mode of TM01 wave. The “cold” SWSs are fed by an X-band overmoded relativistic backward wave oscillator, which generates TM01 mode at 9.46 GHz with power around 1.8 GW, pulse duration about 100 ns, and repetition rate of 30 Hz. In the tests, the variances of peak surface electric field (Es-max, 0.53 MV/cm–1.79 MV/cm), number of periods (2–6 periods) of SWSs, and external magnetic field (Bext, 0–2.5 T) versus RF breakdown effects are recorded. The tests results indicate that the input microwave energy is mainly absorbed, not reflected by the RF breakdown process in traveling wave SWSs. Both larger magnitude of Es-max and more numbers of periods of SWSs aggravate the microwave absorption in the breakdown process and bring about shorter transmission pulse width. However, little correlation between RF breakdown effects and Bext is observed in the tests. Further theoretical and experimental studies would be helpful for understanding of the effects of Bext on RF breakdown and breakdown mechanisms under the experimental circumstances of HPM sources.
Phase diagram of magnetic states in nickel submicron disks
Authors: Wren Tom , Gribkov Boris , Petrashov Victor , Kazakova Olga
Published: July 2015

We present a detailed study of the magnetic states in sub-micron nickel disks in the diameter range of 300–900 nm and thickness of 15–55 nm using magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic simulations. In this dimensional range, we find three main magnetic states, namely: the single domain state, the vortex state, and the stripe domain state. We identify the crossover dimensions between these magnetic states, demonstrating that the disk thickness is the dominant parameter, which is further supported by the fact that the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the Ni films is thickness dependant and plays a dominant role at large thicknesses. Experimental results are in a very good agreement with micromagnetic modelling using the out-of-plane effective anisotropy constant. Using in-situ high resolution Magnetic Force Microscopy techniques, we investigate in detail the motion of the vortex core under applied in-plane magnetic field and find that vortex nucleates and annihilates at ∼100 Oe.
Discrete decoding based ultrafast multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Wei Zhiliang , Lin Liangjie , Ye Qimiao , Li Jing , Cai Shuhui , Chen Zhong
Published: July 2015

The three-dimensional (3D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy constitutes an important and powerful tool in analyzing chemical and biological systems. However, the abundant 3D information arrives at the expense of long acquisition times lasting hours or even days. Therefore, there has been a continuous interest in developing techniques to accelerate recordings of 3D NMR spectra, among which the ultrafast spatiotemporal encoding technique supplies impressive acquisition speed by compressing a multidimensional spectrum in a single scan. However, it tends to suffer from tradeoffs among spectral widths in different dimensions, which deteriorates in cases of NMR spectroscopy with more dimensions. In this study, the discrete decoding is proposed to liberate the ultrafast technique from tradeoffs among spectral widths in different dimensions by focusing decoding on signal-bearing sites. For verifying its feasibility and effectiveness, we utilized the method to generate two different types of 3D spectra. The proposed method is also applicable to cases with more than three dimensions, which, based on the experimental results, may widen applications of the ultrafast technique.
Microfluidic reflow pumps
Authors: Haslam Bryan , Tsai Long-Fang , Anderson Ryan R. , Kim Seunghyun , Hu Weisheng , Nordin Gregory P.
Published: July 2015

A new microfluidic pump, termed a reflow pump, is designed to operate with a sub-μl sample volume and transport it back and forth between two pneumatically actuated reservoirs through a flow channel typically containing one or more sensor surfaces. The ultimate motivation is to efficiently use the small sample volume in conjunction with convection to maximize analyte flux to the sensor surface(s) in order to minimize sensor response time. In this paper, we focus on the operational properties of the pumps themselves (rather than the sensor surfaces), and demonstrate both two-layer and three-layer polydimethylsiloxane reflow pumps. For the three-layer pump, we examine the effects of reservoir actuation pressure and actuation period, and demonstrate average volumetric flow rates as high as 500 μl/min. We also show that the two-layer design can pump up to 93% of the sample volume during each half period and demonstrate integration of a reflow pump with a single-chip microcantilever array to measure maximum flow rate.
Permittivity transition from highly positive to negative: Polyimide/carbon nanotube composite's dielectric behavior around percolation threshold
Authors: Sun Yiyi , Wang Junli , Qi Shengli , Tian Guofeng , Wu Dezhen
Published: July 2015

In this report, a series of composite films consisting of polyimide as the matrix and multi-wall carbon nanotubes as the filler (PI/MWCNTs) were prepared in a water-based method with the use of triethylamine. Their dielectric properties were tested under frequency of between 100 Hz and 10 MHz, and it was revealed that the permittivity value behaved interestingly around the percolation threshold (8.01% in volume). The water-based method ensured that fillers had high dispersibility in the matrix before percolation, which led to a relatively high dielectric constant (284.28). However, the overlapping caused by excess MWCNTs created pathways for electrons inside the matrix, turning the permittivity to negative. The former phenomenon was highly congruent with the percolation power law, while the latter could be explained by the Drude Model. AC conductivity was measured for more supportive information. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to record MWCNTs' microscopic distribution and morphology at the percolation threshold.
Ferromagnetism in Laves-phase WFe2 nanoparticles
Authors: Koten M. A. , Manchanda P. , Balamurugan B. , Skomski R. , Sellmyer D. J. , Shield J. E.
Published: July 2015

While rare-earth based Laves phases are known to exhibit large magnetostriction, the magnetic properties of some binary Laves phases containing transition metals alone are not well known. This is because many of these compounds contain refractory elements that complicate melt processing due to high melting temperatures and extensive phase separation. Here, phase-pure WFe2 nanoclusters, with the hexagonal C14 Laves structure, were deposited via inert gas condensation, allowing for the first known measurement of ferromagnetism in this phase, with MS of 26.4 emu/g (346 emu/cm3) and a KU of 286 kerg/cm3, at 10 K, and a TC of 550 K.
The natural emergence of asymmetric tree-shaped pathways for cooling of a non-uniformly heated domain
Authors: Cetkin Erdal , Oliani Alessandro
Published: July 2015

Here, we show that the peak temperature on a non-uniformly heated domain can be decreased by embedding a high-conductivity insert in it. The trunk of the high-conductivity insert is in contact with a heat sink. The heat is generated non-uniformly throughout the domain or concentrated in a square spot of length scale 0.1 L0, where L0 is the length scale of the non-uniformly heated domain. Peak and average temperatures are affected by the volume fraction of the high-conductivity material and by the shape of the high-conductivity pathways. This paper uncovers how varying the shape of the symmetric and asymmetric high-conductivity trees affects the overall thermal conductance of the heat generating domain. The tree-shaped high-conductivity inserts tend to grow toward where the heat generation is concentrated in order to minimize the peak temperature, i.e., in order to minimize the resistances to the heat flow. This behaviour of high-conductivity trees is alike with the root growth of the plants and trees. They also tend to grow towards sunlight, and their roots tend to grow towards water and nutrients. This paper uncovers the similarity between biological trees and high-conductivity trees, which is that trees should grow asymmetrically when the boundary conditions are non-uniform. We show here even though all the trees have the same objectives (minimum flow resistance), their shape should not be the same because of the variation in boundary conditions. To sum up, this paper shows that there is a high-conductivity tree design corresponding to minimum peak temperature with fixed constraints and conditions. This result is in accord with the constructal law which states that there should be an optimal design for a given set of conditions and constraints, and this design should be morphed in order to ensure minimum flow resistances as conditions and constraints change.
Switching kinetics of SiC resistive memory for harsh environments
Authors: Morgan K. A. , Fan J. , Huang R. , Zhong L. , Gowers R. P. , Jiang L. , de Groot C. H.
Published: July 2015

Cu/a-SiC/Au resistive memory cells are measured using voltage pulses and exhibit the highest ROFF/RON ratio recorded for any resistive memory. The switching kinetics are investigated and fitted to a numerical model, using thermal conductivity and resistivity properties of the dielectric. The SET mechanism of the Cu/a-SiC/Au memory cells is found to be due to ionic motion without joule heating contributions, whereas the RESET mechanism is found to be due to thermally assisted ionic motion. The conductive filament diameter is extracted to be around 4nm. The high thermal conductivity and resistivity for the Cu/a-SiC/Au memory cells result in slow switching but with high thermal reliability and stability, showing potential for use in harsh environments. Radiation properties of SiC memory cells are investigated. No change was seen in DC sweep or pulsed switching nor in conductive mechanisms, up to 2Mrad(Si) using 60Co gamma irradiation.
Chemistry of the Synthetic Strigolactone Mimic GR24
Authors: Bromhead Liam J. , Smith Jason , McErlean Christopher S. P.
Published: July 2015

This research paper describes a second-generation, enantioselective synthesis of (+)-GR24. This new strategy circumvents the need for ozonolysis, which may not be suitable for reactions performed on scale. This flexible new approach is then used to synthesise a novel bromo-GR24 analogue. Finally, the optimal solvent for making GR24 stock solutions is identified.
Phylogenetic effects on shoot magnesium concentration
Authors: White Philip J. , Bowen Helen C. , Farley Emily , Shaw Emma K. , Thompson Jacqueline A. , Wright Gladys , Broadley Martin R.
Published: July 2015

Insufficient calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) in the diets of humans and animals has negative effects on health. Knowledge of the concentrations of Ca and Mg in edible crops can help inform the formulation of appropriate diets. There are large differences in shoot concentrations of both Ca ([Ca]shoot) and Mg ([Mg]shoot) between angiosperm orders. For example, relative to other angiosperms, commelinid monocot species generally have lower [Ca]shoot and [Mg]shoot; species from the Cucurbitales, Malvales and Brassicales generally have higher [Ca]shoot and [Mg]shoot; and species from the Oxalidales and Caryophyllales generally have higher [Mg]shoot but similar [Ca]shoot, which results in higher [Mg]shoot/[Ca]shoot quotients. In this paper the evolution of the combined traits of high [Mg]shoot and high [Mg]shoot/[Ca]shoot quotient in the Caryophyllales was resolved at the family level. All Caryophyllales families had high mean [Mg]shoot and [Mg]shoot/[Ca]shoot quotients, suggesting that both of these traits evolved in an ancient ancestor of all Caryophyllales families.
Spatial and temporal variation of kelp forests and associated macroalgal assemblages along the Portuguese coast
Authors: Pinho Daniela , Bertocci Iacopo , Arenas Francisco , Franco João N. , Jacinto David , Castro João J. , Vieira Raquel , Sousa-Pinto Isabel , Wernberg Thomas , Tuya Fernando
Published: July 2015

Kelp communities are in decline in many regions. Detecting and addressing population declines require knowledge of patterns of spatial and temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of kelps and their associated organisms. We quantified kelp and associated macroalgal assemblages three times over a period of 2 years, at three regions along a natural gradient in temperature and nutrient availability across the Portuguese coast. Kelps were mostly found at the northern cool region (Viana do Castelo), which was also clearly separated from the two more southerly regions (Peniche, Sines) in terms of algal assemblage structure. This pattern was consistent, although varying in intensity, through time, providing support for this general spatial configuration. The overall richness of taxa increased towards lower latitudes. These findings indicated that kelp beds in southern Europe are currently restricted to northern Portugal, though supporting less diverse macroalgal assemblages compared with those located in central and southern Portugal.
George Henry Frederick Ulrich (1830–1900): pioneer mineralogist and geologist in Victoria
Authors: Birch William D. , Darragh Thomas A.
Published: July 2015

George Henry Frederick Ulrich (1830–1900) was educated at the Clausthal Mining School in Germany and arrived in Victoria in 1853. After a short period on the goldfields, he was employed on the Mining Commission and then on the Geological Survey of Victoria until its closure in 1868. In 1870 he was appointed Curator and Lecturer at the newly established Industrial and Technological Museum of Victoria. In 1878 he was appointed inaugural Director of the Otago School of Mines, New Zealand, a position he held until his death in 1900. His legacy includes detailed original maps of central Victorian goldfields, the foundation of the state’s geological collections, and among the first accounts of Victorian geology published in German periodicals, until now little known. As the only scientist of his times in Victoria with the qualifications and expertise to accurately identify and properly describe minerals, he provided the first comprehensive accounts of Victorian mineralogy, including the identification of the first new mineral in Australia, which he named maldonite. His contribution to mineralogy is recognised by the species ulrichite. Ulrich was universally respected for his scientific achievements and highly regarded for his personal qualities.
Erhard Eylmann: a German anthropologist in Australia
Authors: Monteath Peter
Published: July 2015

Erhard Eylmann (1860–1926) was a German scientist who devoted much of his working life to researching Australia, where he travelled extensively during the period 1896 to 1913. His primary field of expertise was anthropology, about which he wrote at great length in his major work Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Südaustralien (The Aborigines of the Colony of South Australia). This paper places Eylmann and his work in a tradition of German scientific endeavour which can be traced back to William Blandowski and Alexander von Humboldt. Eylmann’s insistence on the primacy of empirical methodology and his belief in the essential unity of all the scientific disciplines characterise his work. At the same time the paper argues that Eylmann’s approach to anthropological study was also indebted to practitioners outside Germany, in particular Francis Gillen and Baldwin Spencer. Similarly, there were other anthropologists in Eylmann’s own time – foremost among them Carl Strehlow – who adopted a very different paradigm in their efforts to understand indigenous Australians.
Ferdinand Mueller and the Royal Society of Victoria
Authors: Home R.W.
Published: July 2015

During the 1850s the botanist Ferdinand Mueller (later von Mueller) played a leading role in the affairs of the predecessor societies of the Royal Society of Victoria. He was president of the last of these, the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, when in January 1860 it was granted permission to style itself the Royal Society of Victoria. The formation of these societies also advanced Mueller’s own career at a crucial stage of its development. In particular, their commitment to publishing volumes of Transactions provided Mueller with a vehicle for publishing descriptions of the many new species he was identifying in the Australian flora, thus freeing him from his former dependence on colleagues in Europe to see his work into print. Following the launching of a series of his own, Fragmenta phytographiae australiae, in 1858, Mueller no longer had to depend on the local society, either, in order to see his botanical work published. When his experience and advice were ignored in the planning of the Burke and Wills Expedition and he became thoroughly disillusioned with fellow members of the Royal Society who were responsible for the debacle, he gradually distanced himself from the organisation and had little to do with it for many years thereafter.