bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra-simplified design and quantitative analysis for the optical system of compact laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Yan Jiujiang , Liu Ke , Ma Jinxiu , Li Yang , Li Kailong , Wei Hongwei
Published: December 2024

Optimization and simplification of optical systems represent a milestone in advancing the development of handheld and portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) systems towards smaller, more integrated forms. This research, for the first time, conducted a comprehensive optimization design and comparative analysis of three compact LIBS system Optical paths: the paraxial optical path (OP), the off-axis OP, and the reflective OP. The differences in spectral intensity and stability among these paths were revealed, providing a scientific basis for selecting the optimal OP for LIBS systems. The research found that the paraxial OP excels in spectral performance and quantitative analysis accuracy, making it the preferred choice for compact LIBS systems. Specifically, the paraxial OP significantly enhances spectral intensity, achieving a 6 times improvement over the off-axis OP and an even more remarkable 150 times increase compared to the reflective OP, greatly enhancing detection sensitivity. Additionally, the relative standard deviation, spectral stability index, maintains a consistently low level, ranging from 10.9% to 13.4%, significantly outperforming the other two OPs and ensuring the reliability of analytical results. In the field of quantitative analysis, the paraxial OP also demonstrates higher accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, comparing to other OPs. The quantitative analysis models for Si, Cu, and Ti elements exhibit excellent fitting, providing users with high-quality quantitative analysis results that are of great significance for applications in material science, environmental monitoring, industrial inspection, and other fields. In summary, this study not only confirms the enormous application potential of the paraxial OP in compact LIBS systems but also provides valuable practical experience and theoretical support for the miniaturization and integration of LIBS systems. Looking ahead, with continuous technological advancements, the design of the paraxial OP is expected to further propel the widespread adoption of LIBS technology in portable, on-site detection applications.
Explicit estimates for the sum ∑_{𝑘=0}ⁿ𝑘!𝑛\choose𝑘²(-1)^{𝑘}
Authors: Ernvall-Hytönen Anne-Maria , Matala-aho Tapani
Published: December 2024

We are interested in finding an explicit estimate to the binomial sum
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper Q Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis equals sigma-summation Underscript k equals 0 Overscript n Endscripts k factorial StartBinomialOrMatrix n Choose k EndBinomialOrMatrix squared left-parenthesis negative x right-parenthesis Superscript k">

Q
n

(
x
)
=

∑

k
=
0

n

k
!

(

n
k

)

2

(
−
x

)

k

Q_n(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{n} k! {n\choose k}^2 (-x)^{k}

at

x
=
1

x=1

for

n
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…

n=0,1,2,\ldots

. Despite its own interest the polynomial

Q
n

(
x
)

Q_n(x)

is important as the denominator in the Padé identity of the Euler’s factorial series

E
(
x
)
=

∑

k
=
0

∞

k
!

x
k

E(x) = \sum _{k=0}^{\infty } k! x^k

as well as its close connection to a classical Laguerre polynomial
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis equals StartFraction 1 Over n factorial EndFraction e Superscript x Baseline left-parenthesis StartFraction d Over d x EndFraction right-parenthesis Superscript n Baseline left-parenthesis e Superscript negative x Baseline x Superscript n Baseline right-parenthesis">

L
n

(
x
)
=

1

n
!

e
x

(

d

d
x

)

n

(

e

−
x

x
n

)

L_n(x) = \frac {1}{n!} e^x \left (\frac {d}{dx}\right )^n (e^{-x}x^n)

. Our main result is the explicit bound
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartAbsoluteValue upper L Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis minus StartRoot StartFraction e Over pi EndFraction EndRoot dot StartStartFraction cosine left-parenthesis 2 StartRoot n EndRoot minus StartFraction pi Over 4 EndFraction right-parenthesis OverOver n Superscript 1 slash 4 Baseline EndEndFraction plus StartFraction 17 Over 48 EndFraction StartRoot StartFraction e Over pi EndFraction EndRoot StartStartFraction sine left-parenthesis 2 StartRoot n EndRoot minus StartFraction pi Over 4 EndFraction right-parenthesis OverOver n Superscript 3 slash 4 Baseline EndEndFraction EndAbsoluteValue greater-than StartFraction 0.51 Over n EndFraction">

|

L
n

(
1
)
−

e
π

⋅

cos
⁡
(
2

n

−

π
4

)

n

1

/

4

+

17
48

e
π

sin
⁡
(
2

n

−

π
4

)

n

3

/

4

|

>

0.51
n

\begin{equation*} \left |L_n(1)-\sqrt {\frac {e}{\pi }}\cdot \frac {\cos (2\sqrt {n}-\frac {\pi }{4})}{n^{1/4}} +\frac {17}{48}\sqrt {\frac {e}{\pi }}\frac {\sin (2\sqrt {n}-\frac {\pi }{4})}{n^{3/4}}\right |>\frac {0.51}{n} \end{equation*}

for all

n
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…

n=0,1,2,\ldots

, which replaces the Fejér’s asymptotic formula from 1909. As a corollary of this, one also gets a new proof for the bound

|

Q

n

(
1
)

|

≤
n
!

|Q_{n}(1)| \le n!

, and even more.
Greek Physicians to whom Hippocrates Transmitted the Art of Medicine
Authors: Usaybiʿah Ibn Abi¯
Published: December 2024

Ibn Abī Usaybiʿah continues with the Greeks, starting with Hippocrates and moving on to others more famous as philosophers, such as Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. These are included both because of the strong link between philosophy and medicine and to satisfy the expectations of...
Building Bodies
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 6 puts the resources of the last three chapters to work in constructing the cosmos out of nothing more than two fundamental bodies, the principles, or archai: divine reason (logos), which is the agent of everything that happens, and slack matter (hulē), which is the patient in everything that happens. The hylomorphic thinker rightly asks, how will you make one body out of many bodies, what relation could be tighter than that of matter and form, the wax and its shape? And the Stoic replies: causal unity, the interaction of agent and patient bodies completely coextended in a through and through blend (krasis di’ holou). When a designing agent gives form and structure to the thick, slack patient with which it is coextended, there is a special kind of interaction between the bodies, one in which the agent is the sustaining cause of a newly generated individual. No Forms required!
The Lekta, Why Language is Earthborn Too
Authors: de Harven Vanessa
Published: December 2024

Chapter 12 argues that the lekta or sayables, roughly the meanings of our words, also depend on body for their subsistence, inheriting their semantic content from rational impressions (which are themselves bodies). First, lekta are inalienably semantic entities (sēmainomena). Secondly, the rational impressions on which the lekta are said to subsist have their own semantic content prior to the lekta that depend on them—rational impressions have the propositional content to give to the lekta. Therefore, the lekta are products of thought. And the specter of subjectivism need not threaten; the lekta remain objective and fit to do their dialectical duties as the bearers of truth value, what enters logical relations, as well as the objects of assent, belief, and impulse. And the role of lekta in the causal context does not change matters either: lekta are not effects in the causal chain, but explananda in a dialectical context.
Fifteenth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–2 Introductory.

3–9 The battle for Paris.

9–37 Astolfo sails away from Alcina’s island, and hears prophecies about Charles V.

38–90 Astolfo defeats Caligorant and slays Orrilo.

91–105 Astolfo on pilgrimage to Jerusalem with Grifon and Aquilant.

To achieve victory, whether by good fortune or...
Thirtieth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–4 Introductory.

4–17 Orlando commits more devastation and swims to Africa.

17–75 Ruggiero slays Mandricard in a duel.

75–95 Bradamant fretfully awaits Ruggiero’s return.

Allow your reason to be mastered by sheer pique, put up no defence against it, leave blind rage to force...
Thirty-Fourth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–3 Introductory.

4–43 Astolfo visits hell and hears Lydia’s story.

44–67 Astolfo visits the Earthly Paradise and meets St. John.

68–92 With St. John he visits the moon to recover Orlando’s wits.

O ravenous, baneful harpies! How ruthlessly you wreak divine vengeance at every...
Thirty-Sixth Canto
Authors: Ludovico Ariosto
Published: December 2024

1–10 Introductory.

11–58 The abortive fight of Marfisa and Bradamant, with Ruggiero’s intervention.

58–84 Atlas reveals the kinship of Ruggiero and Marfisa, and what follows from it.

A noble heart, wherever it be found, will always be gracious—it cannot be otherwise: it has derived...
School Closures and Respiratory Infections Transmission and Mortality: Evidence from School Holidays in Poland
Authors: Zaremba Krzysztof
Published: December 2024

This study examines the impact of temporary school closures on influenza transmission and respiratory mortality, leveraging a natural experiment from winter break timings in Polish schools. Using causal inference methods on 12 years of ILI (Influenza-Like Illness) data and two decades of respiratory death records, the analysis shows significant reductions in ILI incidence within four weeks post-closures in an average season: 75% among school-aged children, 55% in adults, 26% in pre-school children, and 31% in the elderly, compared to pre-vacation averages. Notably, a 7% decrease in respiratory mortality was observed among the elderly, highlighting school closures as an effective public health intervention for reducing influenza spread and mortality among high-risk groups.
Single-pass top-N subgraph centrality of graphs via subspace projections
Authors: Kalantzis Vassilis , Kollias Georgios , Ubaru Shashanka , Abe Naoki , Horesh Lior
Published: December 2024

Subgraph centrality is a widely used centrality measure to rank the the importance of vertices in graphs. Due to the cubic cost of matrix diagonalization, subgraph centrality scores are typically approximated via projection onto an invariant subspace computed by a Krylov subspace eigenvalue solver. However, for dynamically evolving graphs or graphs whose corresponding adjacency matrix does not fit in the system memory, the application of memory-bound Krylov subspace eigenvalue solvers can be expensive. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to approximately identify the most influential nodes of networks under the constraint that each entry of the corresponding adjacency matrix is loaded only once. To achieve this, the algorithm parses the graph one subgraph at a time and accumulates previously processed graph information via updating a partial spectral factorization through a Rayleigh–Ritz projection. Several options to set the Rayleigh–Ritz subspace are discussed while numerical experiments performed on real-world graph datasets verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. In particular, one of the approaches discussed in this paper incurs only linear complexity with respect to the update size.
Urbanization-driven environmental shifts cause reduction in aminopeptidase N activity in the honeybee
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Caccia Silvia , Polidori Carlo
Published: December 2024

Honeybees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) are managed pollinators in anthropized landscapes but suffer adverse physiological effects from urbanization due to increased pollution, higher temperatures and a loss of habitat quality. Previous studies in various animal taxa have shown how responses of digestive enzymes, such as Aminopeptidase N (APN), can indicate stress conditions and thus be used to measure the harmfulness of anthropogenic disturbance. However, no studies have focused on bees. Here, we sampled honeybee foragers along an urbanization gradient in the Metropolitan City of Milan (Italy) and measured the APN activity. After briefly characterizing the midgut APN activity under different pH and temperature conditions, we found that APN activity was lower at urban sites with higher temperatures (Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect). Furthermore, an increasing proportion of meadows (semi-natural flowered areas) and a decreasing proportion of urban parks (managed urban green areas)—both higher in less urbanized sites—were associated with higher APN activity. Our results suggest that severe urban conditions may cause a reduction in APN activity, but that the UHI effect alone is not directly involved. Although the actual urbanization-related factors driving our results remain unclear, we suggest that impoverishment of food sources may play a role. As aminopeptidases are involved in pollen digestion, our results may indicate a possible impairment of the digestive capacity of honeybees in highly urbanized areas.
Does the pain experienced during orthodontic treatment and bracket removal depend on the architecture of the bracket or debonding method?
Authors: Gibas-Stanek Marta , Fudalej Piotr
Published: December 2024

Background

The fear of pain during the various stages of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is a common concern of patients. Therefore, the present research aimed to thoroughly investigate the impact of bracket architecture on pain perception during active treatment, debonding, and adhesive removal.

Materials

One hundred consecutive patients who completed treatment with one of two bracket systems (2-slot brackets with an integral base or conventional twin brackets with foil mesh) were included in this prospective cohort study. Participants were asked to evaluate the level of pain encountered throughout their orthodontic treatment with the fixed appliances and during bracket and adhesive removal, utilizing a 0–10 numerical rating scale. Two different methods of bracket removal (bracket debonding pliers and Lift-Off Debonding Instrument) and adhesive removal (adhesive removal pliers and rotary instrument) were tested.

Results

Our study found moderate and comparable levels of pain during active treatment in both groups (4.4 ± 1.6 in the 2-slot group and 3.9 ± 1.9 in the Twin group). Debonding of brackets with integral base caused more discomfort compared to conventional twin brackets and using bracket removal pliers elicited more pain sensations than when Lift-Off Debonding Instrument were employed. Patients are likely to prefer adhesive removal methods involving rotary instruments despite the sound and vibrations produced by contra-angle handpiece.

Limitations

The lack of randomization in patient grouping introduces an increased risk of bias.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that the bracket architecture, particularly the construction of the bracket base, affects the level of discomfort experienced during debonding.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06324162, Registered 20 March 2024—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06324162
Characterization of beta2-adrenergic receptor knockout mouse model during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection
Authors: Belay Tesfaye , Sahu Rajnish , Dennis Vida , Cook Kaitlyn , Ray Alexis , Baker Danielle , Kelly Ashlei , Woart Nathasha
Published: December 2024

Chlamydia genital infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. A mouse model has been developed in our laboratory to better understand the effect of cold-induced stress on chlamydia genital infection and immune response. However, the stress mechanism affecting the host response to Chlamydia muridarum genital infection remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate a role for the beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), which binds noradrenaline and modulates the immune response against chlamydia genital infection in a mouse model. A successful β2-AR homozygous knockout (KO) mouse model was used to study the infection and analyze the immune response. Our data show that stressed mice lacking the β2-AR are less susceptible to C. muridarum genital infection than controls. A correlation was obtained between lower organ load and higher interferon-gamma production by CD4+ and CD8+ cells of the KO mice. Furthermore, exposure of CD4+ T cells to noradrenaline alters the production of cytokines in mice during C. muridarum genital infection. This study suggests that the blockade of β2-AR signaling could be used to increase resistance to chlamydia genital infection. We value the β2-AR KO as a viable model that can provide reproducible results in investigating medical research, including chlamydia genital infection.
Expression of Random Sequences and de novo Evolved Genes From the Mouse in Human Cells Reveals Functional Diversity and Specificity
Authors: Aldrovandi Silvia , Fajardo Castro Johana , Ullrich Kristian , Karger Amir , Luria Victor , Tautz Diethard
Published: December 2024

Proteins that emerge de novo from noncoding DNA could negatively or positively influence cellular physiology in the sense of providing a possible adaptive advantage. Here, we employ two approaches to study such effects in a human cell line by expressing random sequences and mouse de novo genes that lack homologs in the human genome. We show that both approaches lead to differential growth effects of the cell clones dependent on the sequences they express. For the random sequences, 53% of the clones decreased in frequency, and about 8% increased in frequency in a joint growth experiment. Of the 14 mouse de novo genes tested in a similar joint growth experiment, 10 decreased, and 3 increased in frequency. When individually analysed, each mouse de novo gene triggers a unique transcriptomic response in the human cells, indicating mostly specific rather than generalized effects. Structural analysis of the de novo gene open reading frames (ORFs) reveals a range of intrinsic disorder scores and/or foldability into alpha-helices or beta sheets, but these do not correlate with their effects on the growth of the cells. Our results indicate that de novo evolved ORFs could easily become integrated into cellular regulatory pathways, since most interact with components of these pathways and could therefore become directly subject to positive selection if the general conditions allow this.
Genome Assembly and Winged fruit Gene Regulation of Chinese Wingnut: Insights from Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses
Authors: Geng Fangdong , Zhang Xuedong , Ma Jiayu , Liu Hengzhao , Ye Hang , Hao Fan , Liu Miaoqing , Dang Meng , Zhou Huijuan , Li Mengdi , Zhao Peng
Published: December 2024

The genomic basis and biology of winged fruit are interesting issues in ecological and evolutionary biology. Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) is an important garden and economic tree species in China. The genomic resources of this hardwood tree could provide advanced genomic studies of Juglandaceae and their evolutionary relationships. Here, we reported a high-quality reference genome of P. stenoptera (N50 = 35.15 Mb) and provided a comparative analysis of Juglandaceae genomes. Paralogous relationships among the 16 chromosomes of the Chinese wingnut genome revealed eight main duplications representing the subgenome. Molecular dating suggested that the most recent common ancestor of P. stenopetera and Cyclocarya paliurus diverged from Juglans around 56.7 million years ago (Mya). The expanded and contracted gene families were associated with cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis, cytochrome P450, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. We identified large inversion blocks between the P. stenoptera genome and its relatives, which are enriched in genes related lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The twenty-eight individuals were clearly clustered into three groups responding to three species, namely Pterocarya macroptera, Pterocarya hupehensis, and P. stenoptera, based on whole genome resequencing data. Morphological and gene expression analysis showed that CAD, COMT, LOX, and MADS-box play important roles during the five developmental stages of wingnuts. Our study highlights the evolutionary history of the P. stenoptera genome and supports P. stenoptera as an appropriate Juglandaceae model for studying winged fruits. These results provide a theoretical basis for the evolution, development, and diversity of woody plant winged fruits.
Design and analysis of a hydrogen production system using hybrid concentrated photovoltaic thermal system integrated with an organic Rankine cycle
Authors: AL-Zoubi Omar H , Dhaliwal Arshdeep Singh , Trivedi Tapankumar , Shomurotova Shirin , Foladi Ali
Published: December 2024

This study evaluates an improved organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with a solar energy source for hydrogen production and presents functional results, validation, and sensitivity analysis. The increase in condenser outlet temperature causes a decrease in the total thermal efficiency, a decrease in the efficiency of the ORC, a decrease in the total electrical efficiency, and a decrease in hydrogen production. The most striking result is that the net generating power of the system is equal to 4200 W, which is equivalent to producing 0.02372 g/s of hydrogen and 0.0810 g/s of oxygen.
Weather Shocks in The Gambia: Macroeconomic Effects and Households Vulnerability
Authors: Bayo Ebrima , Busato Francesco , Cisco Gianluigi , Ferrara Maria
Published: December 2024

Climate change is increasing the frequency of weather shocks, which poses a significant challenge for agriculture-dependent economies such as those of sub-Saharan African countries. In this study, we present an innovative framework that combines empirical and theoretical procedures to investigate the propagation mechanism of weather shocks in The Gambia. We first document the propagation mechanism of a weather shock using a Structural Vector Auto-regressive (SVAR) model on the Gambia data. We construct and estimate a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to elucidate this mechanism. This model is enhanced to encapsulate the weather-dependent agricultural sector, the heterogeneity of households in terms of access to financial markets and the inflow of remittances. Our findings reveal that weather shocks in The Gambia (i) account for approximately 10% of GDP and agricultural output in the short run, (ii) significantly contribute to long-term consumption volatility,(iii) critically increase the volatility of Ricardian households’ consumption and (iv) stimulate an increase in the direct inflow of remittances to vulnerable households.
Moult cycle and setal development of the Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemon varians Leach, 1814 (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae)
Authors: Kim Kenneth , Antcliffe Jonathan , Daley Allison C , Robinson-Rechavi Marc
Published: December 2024

The Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemon varians Leach, 1814 is a common estuarine and brackish water species on Northern Atlantic coasts. Palaemon varians is an appealing model organism for studying arthropod developmental processes, such as moulting (ecdysis). Detailed morphological information on its moult cycle is still lacking, hence we have characterised the changes in the setal features corresponding to the moult stages of P. varians grown under laboratory conditions. The stages of the moult cycle were differentiated and described using microscopic analysis of the setae in the uropods of P. varians based on Drach’s classification system. Moult stages were defined as early and late post-moult (A and B), inter-moult (C), early-, mid- and late pre-moult (D0, D1, and D2), as well as ecdysis stage (E), the actual shedding of the exuvia. Average moult cycle duration was 8.7 days, where pre-moult accounted for the longest duration of 4.4 days on average. This study provides a morphological reference for determining the moult stage of P. varians without the use of invasive techniques, and thus it is well suited for repetitive observations of an individual to track the entire moulting process.
Characterizing hip joint morphology using a multitask deep learning model
Authors: Khosravi Bardia , Bukowiec Lainey G , Mickley John P , Oeding Jacob F , Rouzrokh Pouria , Erickson Bradley J , Sierra Rafael J , Taunton Michael J , Grigoriou Emmanouil , Wyles Cody C
Published: December 2024

Deep learning is revolutionizing medical imaging analysis by enabling the classification of various pathoanatomical conditions at scale. Unfortunately, there have been a limited number of accurate and efficient machine learning (ML) algorithms that have been developed for the diagnostic workup of morphological hip pathologies, including developmental dysplasia of the hip and femoroacetabular impingement. The current study reports on the performance of a novel ML model with YOLOv5 and ConvNeXt-Tiny architecture in predicting the morphological features of these conditions, including cam deformity, ischial spine sign, dysplastic appearance, and other abnormalities. The model achieved 78.0% accuracy for detecting cam deformity, 87.2% for ischial spine sign, 76.6% for dysplasia, and 71.6% for all abnormalities combined. The model achieved an Area under the Receiver Operating Curve of 0.89 for ischial spine sign, 0.80 for cam deformity, 0.80 for dysplasia, and 0.81 for all abnormalities combined. Inter-rater agreement among surgeons, assessed using Gwet’s AC1, was substantial for dysplasia (0.83) and all abnormalities (0.88), and moderate for ischial spine sign (0.75) and cam deformity (0.61).
Patents, gendered bodies and innovation: a case study on contraceptives
Authors: Lai Jessica C
Published: December 2024

The Anthropocene, while a recently popularized term, is part of a long history theorizing human impact globally. Since the 1970s, a chief focus of modulating this impact was population control. While the Anthropocene is about the human impact on the Earth, to date, the contraceptive burden lies with women, using invasive technologies that can have highly detrimental side effects. This article uses patent records to consider the sources of this disparity, including how post-grant patent law theories based on incentives to innovate ignore gender narratives and the varying ways in which society evaluates different bodies, and how this has different consequences for invention and innovation. As we are not yet in a post-gender world, it is important that our post-grant patent theory considers gender. This is necessary if we are to meet the challenges that face all of humankind.
Treatise on International Criminal Law
Authors: Ambos Kai
Published: December 2024

Since the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998, international criminal law has rapidly grown in importance. This fully updated new edition of the third volume of a Treatise on International Criminal Law offers a comprehensive analysis of the procedures and implementation of international law by international criminal tribunals and the ICC. Through analysis of the framework of international criminal procedure, this volume considers each stage in the process of proceedings before the ICC, including the role of legal participants, the scope of jurisdiction, and the enforcement of sentences. This new edition has been expanded to include updated case law and relevant scholarly literature. Among others, it contains new (sub)sections on non-judicial investigative mechanisms, special forms of digital evidence, the ‘submission approach’ to material and information, trial management, and political elements within the ‘interests of justice’. The full three-volume Treatise addresses the entirety of international criminal law, re-stating and re-examining the fundamental principles upon which it rests, the manner in which it is enacted, and the key issues that are shaping its future. It is essential reading for practitioners, scholars, and students of international criminal law alike.
Why Wooden Artifacts of Historical and Cultural Importance Remain Well Preserved for Millennia in Waterlogged Buried Environments: Microscopy Provides a Clue
Authors: Singh Adya P , Chavan Ramesh R , Singh Shruti , Bari Ehsan
Published: December 2024

Prehistoric and man-made ancient wooden artifacts are continually being uncovered from anoxic waterlogged burial environments where they are protected from highly destructive oxygen-dependent wood-degrading fungi. Microscopy has played a crucial role in understanding why such valuable buried objects remain well preserved for millennia. Suitable microscopy techniques have revealed that under anoxic burial conditions, wood is attacked mainly by erosion bacteria, which are well adapted to functioning in such environments, but the speed of wood degradation is extremely slow, in most cases resulting only in surface deterioration even after thousands of years of burial of wooden objects. The information emerging from microscopy studies is also proving crucial in more precise targeting of technology development to adequately conserve/restore the excavated precious wooden artifacts for human benefit.
The Impact of Image Quality on Reliable and Specific Colocalization Analysis
Authors: Pelle Robin A , Ram Michel , Hemmerich Peter , Bottomley Amy L , Cole Louise , Berlinguer-Palmini Rolando , van der Voort Hans T M , van der Voort Nicolaas T M , Schoonderwoert Vincent T G
Published: December 2024

Colocalization analysis is a well-established method to quantify the extent to which fluorescent signal of two different objects or molecule populations are related. Irrespective of the chosen colocalization approach (correlation, co-occurrence, or object-based), the results are fiercely affected by factors such as image background, noise, crosstalk, chromatic aberration, and the diffraction barrier of the optical microscope. Diffraction leads to a blurry appearance of the captured image as each point emitter is represented by the point spread function (PSF) in the image. The PSF structure is also highly dependent on the wavelength of the fluorophore and the type of microscope used for imaging. For example, confocal imaging would show two-point emitting fluorophores as colocalized within its 200 nm lateral resolution limit due to its relatively large PSF, whereas array detector, SMLM, or STED imaging may resolve these same objects as two distinct points. With its capacity to increase the resolution of both super-resolution and conventional microscopy data, deconvolution offers similarly more defined colocalization results by improving resolution, correcting out-of-focus signal, and reducing noise. In this article, we summarize the imaging conditions affecting colocalization analysis with a strong focus on image deconvolution and restoration. We present a range of tools in Huygens Software™ to correct for these imaging aberrations so that, when collectively applied, the fidelity of colocalization analysis is significantly enhanced.
A Graph-based Goat Pangenome Reveals Structural Variations Involved in Domestication and Adaptation
Authors: Bian Peipei , Li Jiaxin , Zhou Shishuo , Wang Xingquan , Gong Mian , Guo Xi , Cai Yudong , Yang Qimeng , Fu Jiaqi , Li Rongrong , Huang Shuhong , Luo Funong , Shah Ali Mujtaba , Lenstra Johannes A , Mwacharo Joram M , Li Ran , Ren Gang , Wang Xiaolong , Li Cong , Zheng Wenxin , Jiang Yu , Wang Xihong
Published: December 2024

Pangenomes can facilitate a deeper understanding of genome complexity. Using de novo phased long-read assemblies of eight representative goat breeds, we constructed a graph-based pangenome of goats (Capra hircus) and discovered 113-Mb autosomal novel sequences. Combining this multi-assembly pangenome with low-coverage PacBio HiFi sequences, we constructed a long-read structural variations (SVs) database containing 59,325 SV deletions, 84,910 SV insertions, and 24,954 other complex SV alleles. This resource allowed reliable graph-based genotyping from short reads of 79 wild and 1,148 worldwide domestic goats. Selection signal analysis of SV captured a novel immune-related domestication locus containing the galectin-9 gene and extra copies of the ruminant-specific galectin-9-like genes (LGALS9L), which have high tissue specificity. A segmental duplication in domestic goats generates three additional LGALS9L copies. Ancient goat genome sequences show a gradual increase in frequency of this duplication from the Neolithic to the present. Two other newly detected SVs also have higher selection signals than adjacent SNPs, a truncated-LINE1 deletion in EDAR2 associated with cashmere production and a VNTR-related insertion in PAPSS2 linked to high-altitude adaptation. In summary, the multi-assembly goat pangenome and long-read SV database facilitates detecting complex variations that are important in evolution and selection.
Evolutionary Novelty of Apolipoprotein D Facilitates Metabolic Plasticity in Lepidopteran Wings
Authors: Jia Shunze , Li Rongqiao , Li Yinghui , Huang Yuxin , Liu Minmin , Zhou Yanyan , Liang Yanting , Hao Zhihua , Xu Yusong , Wang Huabing
Published: December 2024

Understanding metabolic plasticity of animal evolution is a fundamental challenge in evolutionary biology. Owing to the diversification of insect wing morphology and dynamic energy requirements, the molecular adaptation mechanisms underlying the metabolic pathways in wing evolution remain largely unknown. This study reveals the pivotal role of the duplicated Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) gene in lipid and energy homeostasis in the lepidopteran wing. ApoD underwent significant expansion in insects, with gene duplication and consistent retention observed in Lepidoptera. Notably, duplicated ApoD2 was highly expressed in lepidopteran wings and encoded a unique C-terminal tail, conferring distinct ligand-binding properties. Using Bombyx mori as a model organism, we integrated evolutionary analysis, multiomics, and in vivo functional experiments to elucidate the way duplicated ApoD2 mediates lipid trafficking and homeostasis via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in wings. Moreover, we revealed the specific expression and functional divergence of duplicated ApoD as a key mechanism regulating lipid homeostasis in the lepidopteran wing. These findings highlight an evolutionary scenario in which neofunctionalization conferred a novel role of ApoD in shaping adaptive lipid metabolic regulatory networks during wing phenotypic evolution. Overall, we provide in vivo evidence for the functional differentiation of duplicate genes in shaping adaptive metabolic regulatory networks during phenotypic evolution.
Second Day
Authors: Galileo Galilei
Published: December 2024

Salviati.

We digressed so often and so far from the main theme of our discussions
yesterday that I think I will need your help to find the thread again before
we can proceed.

Sagredo.

I’m not surprised you are confused, since your memory is crowded...
In which the reader will perceive that Ameer Ali passed a busy afternoon
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

I had now only two matters on my hands; one to discover Zora if I could, the other
to endeavour to get the bills of exchange I had brought with me cashed.

Of the first I had but little hope; for since the day I...
How Ameer Ali bides tryste, and is not disappointed
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

We soon passed the suburbs of the city, and held on our way towards the Durgah. I was not without hope that we might fall in with Azima on the road; but in this I was disappointed. As we passed over the brow of...
Chapter IV
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

duke. I am sorry for thee; thou art come to answer

 A stony adversary, an inhuman wretch

 Incapable of pity, void and empty

 From any shew of mercy.

Merchant of Venice, Act IV, scene i

At the head of the advance, which consisted of...
Chapter VIII
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

1st murd. I am strong framed, he cannot prevail with me.

2nd murd. Spoken like a tall fellow that respects his reputation; come,
shall we fall to work?

Richard III, Act II, scene iv

‘Shookur Khoda!’ cried Peer Khan, as he rushed into...
Chapter IX
Authors: Taylor Philip Meadows
Published: December 2024

prince henry. Where shall we take a purse tomorrow, Jack?

falstaff. Where thou wilt, lad; I’ll make one; an I do not, call me villain
and baffle me.

Henry IV, Part 1

I have told you of my popularity among the Thugs, and when...
Mademoiselle Fifi
Authors: de Maupassant Guy
Published: December 2024

The Major, Count de Farlsberg, the Prussian commandant, was reading the last of his mail, lying back in a deep, tapestry-covered armchair, with his feet, still encased in riding-boots, propped up on the elegant marble mantelpiece in which his spurs, in the three months...
A Duel
Authors: de Maupassant Guy
Published: December 2024

The war was over. The Germans had occupied France. The whole country lay gasping
like some vanquished wrestler pinned beneath the knee of the victor.*

From Paris, a city racked with panic, hunger, and despair, the first trains had begun to leave. They headed...
The Request
Authors: de Maupassant Guy
Published: December 2024

Monsieur and Madame Serbois were sitting disconsolately at opposite ends of the
table, finishing lunch.

Madame Serbois, dainty and fair, with a pink complexion, blue eyes, and a very
affectionate manner, ate slowly, head bent, as though in the grip of sombre, tenacious
thoughts.

Monsieur...
The Grove of Olives
Authors: de Maupassant Guy
Published: December 2024

I

When the men of the tiny port of Garandou in Provence, on Pisca Bay, between Marseilles
and Toulon, sighted the Abbé Vilbois’s boat as he returned from fishing, they made their
way down to the beach to help haul her ashore.

The Abbé was...
Camp Life
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: December 2024

CAMP FIRE YARN. — No. 11

Pioneering

Pioneers are men who go ahead to open up a way in the jungles or
elsewhere for those coming after them.

When I was on service on the West Coast of Africa* I...
Endurance for Scouts;
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: December 2024

CAMP FIRE YARN. — No. 17

How to Grow Strong

 

A Scout’s Endurance

A scout lay sick in hospital in India with that most fatal disease called cholera. The doctor told the native man...
The Grand Remonstrance and the Making of a Royalist Party
Authors: Hyde Edward , Clarendon Earl of
Published: December 2024

At the same time as he accepted Strafford’s attainder, the King agreed to a bill preventing the dissolution of Parliament without its own consent. More radical measures against the Church were being planned: both Houses were debating a bill removing the clergy from all civil...
The Nadir of Royalism and the Death of Cromwell
Authors: Hyde Edward , Clarendon Earl of
Published: December 2024

The failure of the Scottish expedition, and the now seemingly impregnable position of the English republic, left few avenues open for the recovery of the kingdom. Despite royalist hopes, the political crises in England—Cromwell’s dispute with the Rump Parliament, his dismissal of it in April...
John Rogers
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

The Story, Life, and Martyrdom of Master John Rogers.

The fourth day of February [1555], suffered the constant martyr of God, Master John Rogers, concerning whose life, examinations, and suffering, here followeth in order set forth. And first touching his life and bringing up.

February...
Richard Woodman
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

The history of ten true godly disciples, and martyrs of Christ, burnt together in one fire at Lewes. Anno. 1557. June 22.

In the town of Lewes were ten faithful servants of God put in one fire, the twenty-second day of June. … Of the...
Rose Allin and Other Colchester Martyrs
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

As it is no new thing in those whom we call prelates and priests of the church,* to be raisers up of persecution against Christ and his poor flock: so is it much to be marvelled or rather lamented, that noble persons, and...
Edwin Sandys
Authors: King John N.
Published: December 2024

A brief discourse concerning the troubles and happy deliverance of the Reverend Father in God, Doctor Sandys, first Bishop of Worcester, next of London, and now Archbishop of York.

King Edward died, the world being unworthy of him, the Duke of Northumberland* came...
No innate Principles in the Mind.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. It is an established Opinion amongst some Men, That there are in the Understanding certain innate Principles; some primary Notions, Κοιναἱ ἕννοιαι,* Characters, as it were stamped upon the Mind of Man, which the Soul...
Of simple Ideas of Reflection.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. The Mind receiving the Ideas, mentioned in the foregoing Chapters, from without, when it turns its view inward upon it self, and observes its own Actions about those Ideas it has, takes from thence other...
Of Infinity.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Finite, and Infinite, seem to me to be looked upon by the Mind, as the Modes of Quantity, and to be attributed primarily in their first designation only to those things, which have parts, and are capable...
Of other Simple Modes.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. I have in the foregoing Chapters, shewn how from simple Ideas taken in by Sensation, the Mind comes to extend it self even to Infinity. Though these might be instances enough of simple Modes of the simple Ideas...
Of Adequate and Inadequate Ideas.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Of our real Ideas some are Adequate, and some are Inadequate. Those I call Adequate, which perfectly represent those Archetypes, which the Mind supposes them taken from; which it intends them to stand for, and to which...
Of True and False Ideas.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Though Truth and Falshood belong, in Propriety of Speech, only to Propositions; yet Ideas are oftentimes termed true or false. Though, I think, that when Ideas themselves are termed true or false, there is still...
Of Truth in general.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 2. Truth seems to me, in the proper import of the Word, to signify nothing but the joining or separating of Signs, as the Things signified by them, do agree or disagree one with another. The joining or...
Of Enthusiasm.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 3. I shall take the Liberty to consider a third Ground of Assent, which with some Men has the same Authority, and is as confidently relied on as either Faith or Reason, I mean Enthusiasm. Which laying by...
Of wrong Assent, or Errour.
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2024

§ 1. Knowledge being to be had only of visible certain Truth, Errour is not a Fault of our Knowledge, but a Mistake of our Judgment giving Assent to that, which is not true.

Causes of Errour.

But if Assent be grounded on Likelihood, if...
Which treats of the quality and manner of life of the renowned gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The Ingenious Gentleman: Don Quixote de la Mancha

FIRST PART

In a village of La Mancha,* the name of which I purposely omit, there lived not long ago, one of those gentlemen, who usually keep a lance upon a rack, an...
Which treats of the first sally the ingenious Don Quixote made from his Village.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Now, these dispositions being made, he would no longer defer putting his design in execution, being the more strongly excited thereto by the mischief he thought his delay occasioned in the world; such and so many were the grievances he proposed to redress, the...
How Don Quixote set at liberty several unfortunate persons, who were being taken, much against their wills, to a place they did not like.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Cid Hamet Ben Engeli, the Arabian and Manchegan author, relates, in this most grave, lofty, accurate, delightful, and ingenious history, that, presently after those discourses which passed between the famous Don Quixote de la Mancha and Sancho Panza his squire, as they are related...
How the priest and the barber put their design in execution with other matters worthy to be recited in this history.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The barber liked the priest’s contrivance so well, that it was immediately put in execution. They borrowed of the landlady a petticoat and head-dress, leaving a new cassock of the priest’s in pawn for them. The barber made himself a huge beard of the...
In which is finished the notable adventure of the troopers of the Holy Brotherhood; with the great ferocity of our good knight, Don Quixote.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

While Don Quixote was talking at this rate, the priest was endeavouring to persuade the troopers that Don Quixote was out of his wits, as they might easily perceive by what he did, and said that they need not give themselves any further trouble...
Of the ingenious conference between Sancho Panza and his master Don Quixote.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

‘Ha!’ quoth Sancho, ‘now I have caught you: this is what I longed to know with all my heart and soul. Come on, sir, can you deny what is commonly said everywhere, when a person is in the dumps; I know not what...
Giving an account, who the Knight of the Looking-glasses and his squire were.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Exceedingly content, elated, and vainglorious was Don Quixote, at having gained the victory over so valiant a knight, as he imagined him of the Looking-glasses to be; from whose knightly word he hoped to learn, whether the enchantment of his mistress continued,...
Of what befell Don Quixote with a discreet gentleman of La Mancha.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Don Quixote pursued his journey with the pleasure, satisfaction, and self-conceit already mentioned, imagining, upon account of his late victory, that he was the most valiant knight-errant the world could boast of in that age. He looked upon all the adventures, which
Of what befell Don Quixote with Doña Rodriguez the duchess’s duenna; together with other accidents worthy to be written, and had in eternal remembrance.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Above measure discontented and melancholy was the sore-wounded Don Quixote, having his face bound up, and marked, not by the hand of God, but by the claws of a cat; misfortunes incident to knight-errantry. During six days he appeared not in public; on one...
Which treats of matters relating to this history and to no other.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The duke and duchess resolved, that Don Quixote’s challenge of their vassal, for the cause above mentioned, should go forward; and, though the young man was in Flanders, whither he was fled to avoid having Doña Rodriguez for his mother-in-law, they gave orders for...
Memoirs of the Court of the King of Bantam
Authors: Behn Aphra
Published: December 2024

This money, certainly, is a most dev’lish thing! I’m sure, the want of it had like to have ruined my dear Philibella in her love to Valentine Goodland, who was, really, a pretty deserving gentleman, heir to about fifteen hundred pound a year, which, however,...
From Aesop’s Fables
Authors: Behn Aphra
Published: December 2024

LXXI
The Princesse de Clèves
Authors: de Lafayette Madame
Published: December 2024

Poised between the fading world of chivalric romance and a new psychological realism, Madame de Lafayette’s novel of passion and self-deception marks a turning point in the history of the novel. When it first appeared - anonymously - in 1678 in the heyday of French classicism, it aroused fierce controversy among critics and readers, in particular for the extraordinary confession which forms the climax of the story. Having long been considered a classic, it is now regarded as a landmark in the history of women’s writing.

In this entirely new translation, The Princesse de Clèves is accompanied by two shorter works also attributed to Mme de Lafayette, The Princesse de Montpensier and The Comtesse de Tende; the Introduction and ample notes take account of the latest critical and scholarly work.