bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction Model of Air Temperature in Relation to Field and Remotely Sensed Data in Baghdad Greater Area
Authors: Al-Totanje A. R. , Jasim S. N.
Published: April 2023

Recently, scientific research paid attention on the air temperature increase of the urban cities. Many technologies were involved in order to identify the relationship among the air temperature and the affective factors. This research was aimed to build a prediction model of air temperature based on the field and remotely sensed data of Landsat 8 OLI. The model building consists of two factors, the first of which was a field measurement of air temperature for specified areas in Baghdad, Iraq. While the second factor was obtained using the remote sensing technology to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Normalized difference water index (NDWI), Normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), and Land surface temperature (LST). Results of the multiple regression relationship among the measured factors reveals significant values that supports the model. The methodology of this study could be employed to help the environmental researchers to predict the air temperature in Baghdad city based on satellite data. We recommend applying the prediction model based on both seasons for the most significant results of air temperature measures, we also recommend evaluating this model on urban arid and cold climates.
Environmentally Friendly Method for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery by In-Situ Upgrading Process Based on Catalytic Steam Injection
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Assal Jawad R.
Published: April 2023

Any crude oil with an API gravity below 20 is considered heavy crude, and crude oil with an API gravity below 10 is considered extremely heavy. Conventional oil is lighter and less dense than unconventional oil resources such as heavy oil, extra-heavy oil, and bitumen. When the world’s conventional crude oil stocks are depleted, heavy oil resources will be well-positioned to continue satisfying demand for petroleum products. The economic viability of heavy oil depends on its quality being increased. The use of a catalytic steam injection in-situ upgrading technique to improve heavy oil recovery is discussed here. Previous research has shown that in-situ upgrading has a high catalytic ability to upgrade heavy crude oil by decreasing viscosity, increasing the amount of saturates (obviously low carbon number alkanes), and causing the thermal decomposition of high molecular weight substances such as asphaltenes and resin. There may be advantages to in-situ upgrading over more traditional methods of surface upgrading.
Adsorptive Removal of Potentially Toxic Elements From Wastewater Using Peanut Shells Biochar
Authors: Maki Rusol , Qasim Bashar
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the peanut shell biochar that prepared by physical activation using pyrolysis process at 550°C as a low cost adsorbent for metal ions removal from wastewater. The biochar surface morphology, chemical functional groups and the porous structure were investigated by SEM, FTIR and BET method respectively. Different parameters that affect the metal ions adsorption were taken in consideration during adsorption experiments. These parameters included pH value (3 – 8), initial metal concentration (5 – 100mg/l), biochar dose (0.5 – 4g), contact time (5 – 240 min) and temperature (25 – 60°C). The results showed that the optimum metal ions adsorption conditions were pH 6, metal concentration 20mg/l, biochar dose 2.5g, 60min of contact time and 60°C of solution temperature. The adsorbent removal efficiency for the studied metal ions exceeded 80% from the total metal concentration. The obtained results confirmed the efficiency of the biochar from peanut shell as an active adsorbent for metal ions removal from aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of Water Quality in Al-Dalmaj Marsh Environment by Using some Pollution Indicators
Authors: Murad Faris Nasir , Al-Zurfi Sadiq Kadhum Lafta , Al-Naji Ahmed J.
Published: April 2023

In this paper, water was sampled in ten sites of the Dalmaj marsh in Iraq. Using a pollution index, total concentrations of heavy metals were evaluated to look into their distributions and pollution levels. The degree of pollution of water for cadmium, lead, chromium and iron was assessed using the heavy metals pollution index (HPI) and heavy metals evaluation index (HEI) and contamination degree (CD). Results showed that by using pollution indexes, the HPI, HEI, and CD were classified as medium to high in all sites. The water of the marsh was more contaminated because of the continuous addition of these metals imported from discharges of wastes to the Euphrates River that ends up on this marshland water surface. Thus, it confirms that there was a potential contamination of heavy metals, especially in water and sediments. These concentrations need more attention and consideration to either maintain the low level of heavy metals or keep them even lower.
The Impacts of Petroleum on Environment
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz , Al-Assal Jawad R.
Published: April 2023

Petroleum is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds, most of which primarily contain carbon and hydrogen in varying proportions. Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are small, explosive, and volatile, to large, non-volatile, are all included in the mixture of hydrocarbons. Toxicological effects of a hydrocarbon depend on its molecular weight, family of hydrocarbons, creature exposed to it, and life-cycle stage of the exposed organism. Studies have shown that exposure to the toxic chemicals in crude oil, such as para-phenol compounds and volatile benzene, might have an adverse effect on human health. Furthermore, when there is an oil spill at sea, the wind and water currents disperse the oil, causing a thin slick to migrate across the ocean’s surface. There are numerous simultaneous chemical and physical changes. Reviewing the long-term effects of petroleum on the environment is the aim of this paper in terms of the impact on human health, plants, and marine life.
Flowers and Fruits Abortion in Fruit Trees ... Causes and Solutions: A review
Authors: Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Alalaf Ayad H. , Al-Hayali R. E. Y. , Al-Taey D.K.A.
Published: April 2023

The history of planting fruit trees dates back to the presence of mankind on Earth. The people’s interest in cultivating it has increased with the progress of their civilization, as the fruit has become important in human food and his environment. The fruit-growing areas of both types, evergreen and deciduous, spread from north to south of Iraq. Palm cultivation is concentrated in the southern provinces, while palm, citrus, olive, pomegranate and others are concentrated in the central provinces. In the northern regions, the cultivation of apples, grapes, olives, stone kernels and Nut fruits is widespread. The production of fruit trees in many countries of the world plays a major “economic” role in their renaissance because the production of these trees has a direct relationship to increasing national income. The production of these trees requires the employment of qualified technical labor, the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, modern irrigation systems, tree breeding and pruning, As well as the production of seedlings in nurseries. It has been observed that fruit trees are directly related to the food industries, such as preserving fruits by freezing or drying, and the manufacture of jams and juice, and what these industries need of high technologies. Moreover, the fruits of fruit trees, whether through fresh consumption or processing, have a high nutritional value due to the sugars, oils, fats, protein, mineral salts, vitamins and others. The abortion of flowers and newly set fruits in fruit trees varies according to different species, varieties, environmental conditions and horticultural service operations. Abortion may be desirable when the number of flowers and fruits set on the tree is many, and this is called (natural thinning). While the abortion is harmful if the number of flowers and fruits is few on the tree, which results in a lack of yield later.
Response of Papaya Seedlings to Foliar Application of Tryptophan and Agazone on some Growth Parameters
Authors: Khalil Hind Younis , Ismail Manar , Kazem Zahra
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out in the Imam Hussain shrine’s nursery in the Al-Hafiz district of Karbala between May 5 and November 11, 2021. As many as feasible 6 month old seedlings of homogenous growth were used to evaluate the effects of spraying tryptophan (Trp) and seaweed extract (Agazone) on the vegetative growth of papaya seedlings and their interactions. A factorial experiment involving spraying T-tryptophan acid at three levels T0, T1, and T2 corresponding to 0, 50, and 100 mg/L and spraying seaweed extract S at three levels S0, S1 and S2 corresponding to 0, 50, and 100 mg/L was carried out using a randomized complete block design R.C.B.D. with three replicates. 0, 5, and 10 ml/liter Following is a brief synopsis of the results: 1. Tryptophan T2 spraying was the best and generated the greatest averages for vegetative features such as stem diameter (47.6 mm), leaf area (226 cm2), fresh weight of vegetative growth (158.00 g of plant-1), and dry weight of vegetative growth (96.27 g plant-1). 2. Seaweed extract at level S2 considerably outperformed all vegetative qualities, such as stem height (47.1 cm) and diameter (53.7 mm). There are 5.79 leaves per plant-1, a total leaf area of 762 cm2, and a fresh weight of 154.74 g for vegetative growth per plant-1 (76.21 g.plant-1). 3. The interaction between the two factors of the study showed a significant effect in some of the studied traits, where the interaction T1S2 treatment achieved the highest values in most of the vegetative growth traits, including stem height (54.1 cm) and average number of leaves (6.83 leaves. plant-1) and the average total leaf area (885 cm2).
Effect of Different Levels of Pruning and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Quality and Quantity of the Volatile Oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Authors: Abbas Widyan A. , Tawfeeiq Anas M.
Published: April 2023

The experiment was performed in a greenhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping gardening, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University from November 2021 - May 2022. The experiment included two factors: the level of pruning (without pruning, moderate pruning, and severe pruning); the addition of nitrogen fertilizer at two levels (73.4 and 146.7 g N.L-1 in the form of urea (46% N) according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the nitrogen fertilization treatment (F2) significantly excelled in the quantity of oil (2.505 g. 50 g plant-1) and the specific weight of the oil (0.907 g.ml-1) and an increase in the active substances (Cinol, Limonene, and α-Pinene), which amounted to (32.701, 4.476, and 8.407 mg. g plant-1).
Effect of Salicylic Acid and Ultraviolet Rays on Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in Vitro
Authors: Nasseralla Al-Hasan A. , Almukhtar Sarab A.
Published: April 2023

This study was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the College of Agriculture - University of Karbala for the period from 2021 to 2022. The study included the use of plant tissue culture technique to obtain vegetative branches of rosemary using physical and chemical stimuli as well as plant growth regulators, the experiment was done by cultivating sterile branches tips With a length of 2 cm on MS medium prepared with different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30) mg.L-1 SA, Then the cultivated plants were exposed to ultraviolet rays at different intervals (10, 20) minutes for each concentration of SA. The results of the study showed that the concentration of 10 mg.L-1SA achieved the highest rate in the number and length of branches that reached (7.45 branches.Plant-1, 3.63 cm) respectively, while the concentration of 20 mg.L-1 achieved the highest average for the number of leaves and the fresh and dry weight of the shoot, and the average concentration of chlorophyll and carbohydrates in the shoot reached (16.86 leaves.plant-1, 3424 mg.gm-1, 2373 mg.gm-1, 3.57 and 4.28 mg.gm-1) respectively, and the effect of UV rays at 20 minute exceeded in achieving the highest average of the measured traits, which included the number and length of branches, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of the shoot, as well as the average concentration of chlorophyll and carbohydrates in the shoot (7.24 branches.plant-1, 4.04 cm, 16.89 leaves.plant-1, 3374 mg.gm-1, 2141 mg.gm-1, 3.67 and 4.32 mg.gm-1) respectively, while the comparison treatment achieved the lowest rate It reached (3.59 branches.plant-1, 2.39 cm, 14.21 leaves.plant-1, 2810 mg, 1366 mg, 2.56 mg.gm-1, 3.38 mg.gm-1) respectively.
The Response of Fig to Foliar Application of GA Combination (GA4+GA7) and Nutrition Liquid PRO-SOL on Some of the Growth Parameters
Authors: Al-Hamdani Kh. A. S. , Al-Ahbabi A. J. A. , Al-Majma’i G. Z. M.
Published: April 2023

For the growing season (25 February – 30 October 2021), the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University conducted an experiment to convert the wooden canopy to a lath house. Spraying fig seedlings with a Gibberellin acid mixture and Pro-sol nutritional solution allowed researchers to examine the effects on the seedlings’ vegetative development characteristics and chemical content at 0, 25, and 50 mg.L-1. Plants were exposed to three different PRO-SOL nutritional solution concentrations ( 0, 75 and 150 mg.L-1.) There were three separate dates for the addition and distribution: the first on 15 March 2021, the second 15 days later, and so on for the third. A completely randomized block design was used for this study (RCBD). S.A.S., a pre-made statistical program, was used to evaluate the components and their interactions, and the findings were examined using an analysis of variance table. At the 0.05 probability level, the L.S.D. was determined to be the minimal detectable difference. Here is a quick rundown of the study’s findings: The growth rate of the plant, the number of leaves, the diameter of the stem, the number of new branches, the Chlorophyll, Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, and the ratio of Carbohydrates to Nitrogen, Protein, Potassium, and Phosphorous content of the leaves, all reached 46.89 cm, 13.44 sheets after being sprayed with a Gibberellin mixture, especially at the level of 50 mg.L-1 (GA2). One seedling, 16.00 mm in height, with 3.89 limbs. Seedling-1 had a SPAD value of 24.38, and its corresponding percentages were 2.69, 1.26, 2.36, 0.16, and 1.38. PRO-SOL 150mg, which is the maximum recommended dosage. The rate at which the plants in the study increased in height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of new branches, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and the ratio of carbohydrates to nitrogen, protein, and potassium all increased significantly in response to L-1 (Pr2). 50.33 inches, or 14.44 sheets, of phosphorus. One seedling, 17.3mm in diameter, with 4.67 branches. Seedling-1 had the lowest average for the aforementioned characteristics in the comparative treatment (25.38 SPAD units, 3.26 percent, 1.39 percent, 2.10 percent, 0.20 percent, and 1.58 percent). The binary interaction between the Gibberellin mixture and nutrient solution Pro-sol showed significant differences, especially the GA2 Pr2 treatment, which gave the highest rates for all studied traits.
Effect of Foliar Application of Humic Acid and Nano-NPK on Some Growth Characteristic of Apple Trees Malus Domestica Borkh
Authors: gli Jihan Qassem Hassan , Khalaf Jassim Mohammed
Published: April 2023

This study was carried out in one of the private orchards, which are 20 km away from Kirkuk province in the Altun Kobri area, during the period from May 2021 to August 2021, to study the effect of fertilizing with humic acid at three levels (0, 20, 40) gm and spraying with fertilizer The nano NPK with four levels (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5) g.L-1 in some growth characteristics and the yield of apple trees of the local Ibrahimi variety. The experiment was designed according to the design of randomized complete blocks (RCBD), a factorial investigation that included three factors of humic acid and four factors of the compound fertilizer nano NPK and with three replications, the number of treatments in each sector (12) treatments, and with 36 trees included in this experiment, and the treatments were distributed randomly on the experimental units, and for analyzing the data we use the SAS program, and the Duncan polynomial test was adopted under the probability level of 5%. The results showed that the humic acid fertilization gave significant differences in the averages of the studied traits, as the treatment of humic fertilizer at the level (40) gave the highest rate in the following characteristics (the chlorophyll content of the leaves and the proportion of potassium and phosphorous in the leaves). In contrast, the treatment (20) gave the highest rate in Characteristics (the percentage of nitrogen in leaves and leaf area). As for the treatment of spraying with nanocomposite fertilizer with a concentration of (3500), it achieved the highest rate in the characteristics (the content of chlorophyll in the leaves and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the leaves), while it gave the concentration (2500) the highest rate in the leaf area. The results also showed that the binary interaction achieved significant differences in the studied traits, as treatment (40) of humic fertilizer and (3500) of the nano-complex fertilizer achieved the highest rate in most of the studied features, namely (leaf area, leaf content of chlorophyll and phosphorous percentage in leaves).
Effect of Seedling Age and NPK Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var gongylodes) Planted in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Ghalib Wissam K. , Ghassan J. Z.
Published: April 2023

Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) ‘White Vienna cv.’ was grown in the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape in the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University in Salah al-Din, Iraq, during the winter of 2021–2022. The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of seedling age and NPK combinations on kohlrabi plant growth and yield. Most values for vegetative growth traits and yield were found to be highest for seedlings aged 45 days. Plant growth and yield were enhanced by applying a 120:90:50 kg, ha-1 NPK combination fertilizer rather than a single kind of NPK. For optimal growth and highest output, the 45-day-old seedlings plus the 120-90-50-kg-ha-1 NPK fertilizer combination treatment was chosen over other interaction treatments.
Taxonomic Characteristics and Phytochemicals of Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand-Mazz (Asreraceae) From Western Desert of Iraq
Authors: Atiyah Baydaa Abul Sattar , Khesraji Talib O.
Published: April 2023

In the present study, morphological, anatomical, and palynological characteristics of Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. (Asteraceae) from the western desert of Iraq were investigated. The Phytochemicals of this species were also studied. Morphological features of different plant parts ( stem, leaf, inflorescence, florets, bracts fruit, and pollen ) were reported. Anatomical properties of stem and leaf (including frequency of stomata, glandular and non-glandular hairs) were studied, based on cross-sections and stripped off the epidermi. Active contents (or phytochemicals) of the studied species, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and tannins were determined.
First Report of Aspergillus Leaf Spot on Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in Iraq
Authors: Al-Ghazali Noor A. , Hameed Zainab L. , Abu-Duka Ahmed B.
Published: April 2023

Leaf spots were noticed commonly on loquat trees in Alhussiania city, Karbala Province, Iraq. The associated fungus was isolated and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus based on the morphology (cultural and microscopic features) and molecular analysis (sequence of internal transcribed spacer rDNA). The pathogenicity of isolated fungus was confirmed through Koch’s postulates that were implemented by comparing the disease symptoms with those of naturally appeared and re-isolated from the inoculated leaves and re-identified. To best of our knowledge, this is the first record of A. fumigatus as causative agent of leaf spot on loquat (E. japonica) tree in Iraq and worldwide.
Effect of Foliar Application of Calcium and Nano-Chitosan on the Growth of Rose Seedlings
Authors: Ali Kawthar Kadhim , Asal Khalid Naji Abd
Published: April 2023

During 2021-2022 growing season atAl-Rafidain private nursery in Zayouna, Baghdad, researchers examined the impact of spraying calciumand nano-chitosan on the development, flowering, and storability of the rose variety Anglina. The experiment was set up as a factorial experiment with three replicates, testing foliar sprays of calcium at concentrations of 0, 150, and 200 mg. L-1 and nano-chitosan at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150mg.Liter-1. In particular, the number of leaves per plant increased to 75.70, the chlorophyll content increased to167.3 mg 100g -1 fresh weight, the dry matter percentage in the leaves increased to 41.45%, the total carbohydrate content in the leaves increased to 20,093 mg 100 g -1 fresh weight, the percentage of calcium in the leaves increased to1.108, and the vase life of the stored flowers increased to w days. When compared to the control treatment, which resulted in the lowest averages for the aforementioned traits, foliar spraying of nano-chitosan at a concentration of150 mg.l-1 resulted in superior vegetative and floral characteristics, including an increase in leaf number (66.70 leaves), leaf total carbohydrates (17.567% mg.100 g-1. Fresh weight), leaf percentage of calcium (1.1121%), and vase life after storage (8.18) days.
The Impact of Salinity, Putrescin, and Melatonin Interactions on Green Bean Vegetative Indicators
Authors: Maola Maha , Jaber Mohamed , Ayied Shatha
Published: April 2023

This study aims to assess the effect of salt stress by using concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 40, 20, 60) mmol. L-1. Putrescine (0.2 and 0.4) mmol. L-1 and Melatonin (0.2, 0.4) mmol. L-1 and their overlap in some physiological and phenotypic traits of a green bean plant. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomized design (CRD) as a two-factor experiment (putrescine and melatonin x sodium chloride salt concentrations). The results were statistically analyzed with 10 replications that included 20 root tips for each treatment, and the averages were compared using the least significant difference at the 0.05 probability. The results showed that the effect of salt stress led to a significant decrease in most of the studied traits, a concentration of 60 mmol. L-1 led to a decrease in the percentage of plant survival by average branch length, number of shoots, dry weight percentage, and chlorophyll content. Also, adding melatonin significantly increased most of the studied traits using concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mmol. L-1 compared to adding putrescin (0.2), as the average branch length increased by increase, the number of shoots, the survival rate of plants, the dry weight, and the percentage of chlorophyll. The experiment’s results also showed a significant effect of the interaction between salt stress and melatonin on most of the vegetative growth characteristics of green beans. The effect of putrescine led to a decrease in vegetative indicators due to its high concentration in the medium used in the experiment.
The Role of Sodium Chloride, Putrescine, and Melatonin on The Chemical Markers of Green Beans
Authors: Maola Maha , Ayied Shatha , Jaber Mohamed
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of salt stress using four different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 40, 20, 60) mmol. L-1 and four different concentrations of the growth regulators putrescine and melatonin (0, PUT 0.2, MEL 0.2, MEL 0.4) mmol. L-1 and their overlap in some chemical markers of a green bean plant. The experiment was carried out using the complete random design (CRD) as a factorial experiment with two factors and ten repetitions. The results showed that the effect of salt stress led to a significant decrease in most of the chemical traits as it resulted in a concentration of 60 mmol. L-1 led to a decrease in the percentage of nutrients, Nitrogen Potassium, and a significant increase in sodium percentage in shoots compared to the control treatment (no growth regulator was added). While the percentage of phosphorous in the shoots was decreased by a concentration of 40 mmol. L-1 compared to a concentration of 20 mmol. L-1 which gave the highest percentage. The results showed that the addition of melatonin led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits when using concentrations 0.2 and 0.4 mmol. L-1, in the percentage of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content in shoots, compared with the cultures grown under the influence of putrescin at a concentration of 0.2 mmol. L-1, which gave the lowest rate. As it gave the interaction treatment without adding sodium chloride with melatonin at a concentration of 0.4 mmol. L-1 had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the shoots. The treatment gave 20 mmol. L-1 NaCl with melatonin at a concentration of 0.4 mmol. L-1 had the highest percentage of phosphorus in the shoots. While the concentration was recorded at 60 mmol. L-1 NaCl with 0.4 mmol Melatonin. L-1 has the highest level of sodium content.
Effect of Shading Ratio, Benzyl Adenine and Organic Fertilizer ( Horti Boost 10) on the Content of Elements and some Chemical Compounds of Myrtle Plants (Myrtus communis L.)
Authors: Al-Dalwi Lanjah Mohammed Saeed , Al-Bakkar Alaa Hussien A. Q.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering / College of Agriculture / University of Kirkuk / Shwaro District, located at latitude (35.53°) and longitude (44.38°) for the city of Kirkuk for a period of ten months from June 2021 until April 2022, for seedlings of myrtle plant of the age The seedlings were homogeneous in size and height (2 ± 42 cm), and the study included the effect of three factors on the myrtle plant, the first factor was the percentage of shading (50% inside the wooden canopy and shading with green saran clip 75%), and the second factor was three levels of benzyl growth regulator Adenine at concentrations (0, 35, 70) mg.l-1, by two sprays, the first in October and the second in November, and the third factor was three levels of Horti boost10 organic fertilizer at concentrations (0, 1, 2) ml. Liter-1, the implementation of this study followed the design of randomized complete blocks RCBD with a factorial experiment with three replications and the number of seedlings was (2 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 2 = 108) seedlings. The results were analyzed using the SAS program and the averages were compared using the test Duncan’s polynomial at the 5% probability level, and the results showed that the effect of shading ratio at the intensity was 50% It led to a significant increase in the leaves content of nitrogen 2.76%, potassium 1.95%, protein 1.55%, respectively, and there were no significant differences between the averages when using benzyl adenine at different concentrations in the experiment. And when spraying with organic fertilizer, a significant increase was observed in most of the chemical elements, where the spraying at a concentration of 2 ml.l-1 was significantly superior to the leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, protein, and carbohydrate (3.18%, 0.134%, 1.93%, 1.80%, and 10.60 %) Straight.
Response of Growth and Yield of True Potato Seed Plants to Foliar Application with Organic Nutrients
Authors: Zainaldeen M. A. , Abdul Rasool I. J.
Published: April 2023

The experiment was carried out in the spring season of 2017 in the open fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad/Al-Jadriya camps in order to improve the growth and yield of potato plants resulting from the cultivation of true potato seeds of the hybrid BSS-295 by spraying with two organic nutrients. The experiment included two factors: First one was spraying with Megafol nutrient at concentrations 0, 1, 2 and 4 ml l-1 and the second was spraying with Algazone nutrient at concentrations 0, 1.5 and 3 ml l-1, the experiment was applied according to the complete randomized block design with three replications and the averages were compared according to the LSD test 5%. The results indicate that spraying Megafol at a concentration of 4 ml L-1 led to a significant increase in plant height (64.60 cm), and plant yield (214 g plant-1). Spraying Algazone at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 led to a significant increase in plant height (56.47 cm), number of total stems (7.07 stem plant-1), leaf area (0.822 m2 plant-1), number of tubers (9.56 tuber plant-1), and the yield of the plant (144.90 g of plant-1). The interaction between Megafol 4 ml L-1 with Algazone 3 ml L-1 gave the highest value of plant height, number of total branches, chlorophyll content of leaves, tuber weight and plant yield (67.17 cm, 9.15 stem, 374.90 mg 100 g-1, 18.77 g. tuber-1, 235.00 g.plant-1 Respectively).
Effect of Foliar Spray with Nano-NPK Fertilizer and Yeast Extract on Growth of Orange (C. sinensis L. Osb.) Washington Navel Variety
Authors: Jubeir S. M. , Hamdan A. Q. , Turkan S. M.
Published: April 2023

The factorial experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Design, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq through the growing season 2020 to investigate the vegetative growth response of navel orange seedlings grafted on the Citrus stocks to the spraying with balanced Nano-NPK (20-20-20) at four concentrations of (0,1,2 and 3) g. l-1 and yeast extract the following concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5) g.l-1. The results in the two seasons showed a superiority effects of the interaction treatments at the highest concentrations of both of Nano-Fertilizer and yeast extract which it reached to the characters plant high, stem diameter, leaves number, leaf area, leaves area, branches number and chlorophyll (26.253cm.seedling-1,1.6867 mm.seedling-1,42.80leaf.seedling-1,33.267cm2.leaf-1,46.25cm2.seedling-1,8.8067 branch.seedling-1 and 273.93 mg.100g-1fw) in the first season and (27.233cm.seedling-1,2.41 mm.seedling-1, 54.67leaf.seedling-1,34.400 cm2.leaf1-,53.40 cm2.seedling-8.8073 branch.seedling-1 and 268.0mg.100 g-1 fw) in the second season for the studied characters respectively. Also, the interaction treatment (N3Y3) at the highest level of both of Nano-NPK and yeast extract showed the best results in the percentage of dry matter, N, P and K leaves content while the control treatment was the least for all the studied characters.
Effect of Foliar Spraying with Putrescine and Indole Acetic Acid on Growth and Flowering of Two Strains of Snapdragon Plant cv. ‘Opus III/IV’
Authors: Taha Sanaa Thamer , Mohammad Saeed Abdul Kareem A. J.
Published: April 2023

During the autumn of 2022 and 2021, the experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse at the Baqubah center nursery, which is part of the Diyala Agriculture Directorate to check out what happens when you sprinkle foliar fertilizer with putrescine at concentrations 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1, symbolized by P0, P50, P100 and P150 mg L-1, respectively, and Indole acetic acid at concentrations 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1, symbolized by IAA0, IAA50, IAA100 and IAA150 mg L-1, respectively, on growth and flowering of two strains (white and red) of snapdragon plant (Antirrhinum majus L.) cv. ‘Opus III/IV’After being sprayed with putrescine through the leaves, Major enhancements were seen in nearly all aspects of the plant’s growth, both vegetative and floral. Plant height (111.49 cm), number of leaves (433.37 leaves plant-1), and flower stalk length (86.33 cm) were all significantly improved by foliar spraying treatment at a concentration of 150 mg L-1, while leaf area (4723.0 cm2) was significantly improved by spraying at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, and best results were achieved by spraying at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 (102.42 days). Foliar spraying with Indole acetic acid led to a significant increase in vegetative and flowering growth traits. Foliar spraying treatment at a concentration of 150 mg L-1 resulted in a significant increase in the traits represented by percentage of total carbohydrates (18.37%), nitrogen (2.93%), phosphorous (0.58%) and potassium (3.00%) in the leaves, number of inflorescences (10.75 inflorescence plant-1), while spraying treatment with concentration of 50 mg L-1 excelled and gave the best results for the vase life (9.55 days). It is clear from the results that the two strains varied in the traits of vegetative and flowering growth, where they varied in the strength showing of the traits, as the white strain excelled in most of the vegetative and flowering traits and showed a significant increase in number of leaves (421.90 leaf plant-1), leaf area (4516.56 cm2), flower stalk length (84.10 cm), and the vase life (10.11 days), while the red strain showed a significant effect in percentage of total carbohydrates (13.09%), nitrogen (2.21%), phosphorous (0.42%), potassium (2.32%) in the leaves, and number of inflorescences (9.33 inflorescence plant-1). All vegetative and floral growth parameters were significantly affected by the interaction between putrescine and Indole acetic acid in foliar spraying for two snapdragon plant strains. The best results were found in the red strain’s interaction treatment with spraying of Indole acetic acid at a concentration of 150 mg L-1 for total carbohydrate content (20.70%), nitrogen (3.18%), phosphorus (0.70%), and potassium (3.25%) in the leaves, as well as the number of inflorescences per plant (10.75 inflorescences plant-1). The white strain’s interaction treatment with spraying of putrescine at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 (102.42 days).
The Exogenous Application of Triacontanol, Boron and Low Biuret Urea Effects on Physical and Chemical Characteristic of Apple Fruits cv. Sharaby
Authors: Muhi Husam Mohammed , Abd Ali Mohammed
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted in a private orchard located at Al-Gadeda region/Diyala governorate during 2021 growing season on apple tree cv. Sharaby grafted on the Agmee rootstock, to study the effect of exogenous application of triacontanol, boron, and low biuret urea on physical and chemical characteristics of apple fruit, using RCBD with three factors, foliar spray of Triacontanol at three conc.(0, 5, and 10 ml liter -1) applied three times( Red bud stage, before full bloom and one month after fruits set, boron at two concentrations (0 and 100 ml liter-1) applied twice( before opening the bloom and two weeks later), and low biuret urea at 0, 0.5 and 1 % sprayed twice one month after fruits set and two weeks later), The results revealed a significant differences between treated plants compared with untreated one in most of the studied traits(Fruits length, Fruits diameter, juice Total Sugar, Sorbitol, and Mannitol ).
Effect of Nitrogenous, Organic and Biological Fertilizers on some Vegetative and Qualitative Characteristics of Spinach Plant Spinacea oleracea L.
Authors: Kazem Haneen Fadel , Mutar Khalid Abed
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala in Al-Hussainiya district of Karbala governorate during the autumn season 2021-2022 to study the response of some chemical and qualitative characteristics of spinach variety Viroflay, with 2 factors, the levels of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) represent the main plots and the sub plots the fertilization treatments of the secondary panels (Sub plot) and the experiment included 54 experimental units, and the differences were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at a probability level of 0.05. The results of the fertilizer addition (biological fertilizer + poultry manure) to the T6 treatment showed a significant superiority in the characteristics of vegetative growth, as it gave the highest rates and reached in plant height (23.71 cm. plant-1) And the average number of leaves (11.77 leaves. Plant-1) and the dry weight of the shoot (8.97 g. plant-1). The addition of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) when treated with N100% resulted in a significant superiority in the characteristics of vegetative growth, and the highest rates were in plant height (22.71 cm. Plant-1) And the average number of leaves (10.89 leaves. Plant-1), and the dry weight of the shoot (10.23 g. plant-1), The same treatment had a significant effect on the chemical indicators, as it recorded a clear decrease in the content of nitrates and oxalates, which amounted to (110.0 mg g-1and 81.20 mg g.100 ml) Plant respectively.
Effect of Brassinolide and Chitosan on Vegetative Growth and some Qualitative Parameters of Local and Blood Orange Fruits. Citrus sinensis L.
Authors: Lateef Sabreen Mohammed , Abbas Adib Jassim , Majeed Mustafa Rasheed
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted on orange trees variety(Local orange and blood orange) Citrus sinensis L. for the season 2021, to study the effect of the variety and spraying with Brassinolide regulator at a concentration of 0.015, 0.025 mg L-1 and Chitosan 0.5%, 1% on some vegetative growth characteristics and qualitative characteristics of orange fruits. It was designed using a randomized complete block design, and the difference between the means was tested using the least significant difference test at the 5% probability level. The results showed the superiority of the variety factor, as the local variety (V1) achieved a significant increase in the area of one leaf and the content of leaves from chlorophyll and carbohydrates, while the blood variety (V2) was significantly superior in reducing the acidity of the fruit juice and increasing the content of the fruits of total sugars. Concerning spraying treatments, the spraying with Brassinolide BL2 at a concentration of 0.025 mg L−1 was superior in the area of one leaf, the content of leaves from chlorophyll and carbohydrates and the increase in the content of fruits from total sugars, and the treatment of spraying with Chitosan Ch2 at a concentration of 1% had a significant role in increasing the area of one leaf and Leaves of chlorophyll and carbohydrates.
Effect of Nano and Mineral NPK in Vegetative Growth Parameter of Pear Saplings
Authors: Al-Karam Bara’a N. , Abood Moayad R.
Published: April 2023

An experiment during the two seasons 2019, 2020. The experiment conducted according to Split Plot Design by two factors; the first was addition Nano NPK with five levels (control, addition 7.5 g.plant-1, addition 15 g.plant-1, spray 1 g.L-1, spray 2 g.L-1). The second factor was four levels of Mineral NPK which were (control, 50 g.plant-1, 100 g.plant-1, 50 g.plant-1+1.5 g.L-1) respectively. N3 (spray 1 g.L-1 ) increased plant height, stem diameter first season, branch number second season, leaves area and leaves number in both seasons. Mineral NPK A2 (100 g.plant-1) treatment increased plant height, stem diameter second season. While A3 (50 g.plant-1+1.5 g.L-1) gave a significant stem diameter first season, increase second season in a leaves number and leaves area.
Impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Growth Performance of Carp Fish Exposed to CuSo4
Authors: Said Adeeb Faisal , Al-Taee Nidhal Tahseen Taha , Al-Taee Shahbaa Khalil Ebrahim
Published: April 2023

Contaminants are one of the biggest determinants of fish farming, and Cuso4 is considered one of the most important factors of pollution on microorganisms. Probiotics are among the most important feed additives and have a major role in improving the condition of fish. Yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are considered one of the best additives that have a role in reducing the effect of copper on fish. Therefore, our study was done in adding yeast to the diet to reduce the effect of Cuso4, and This experiment was conducted in the fish laboratory of the Department of Animal Resources / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul, where fish were brought from Erbil Governorate / Tarjan hatchery in ideal transport conditions and the fish were acclimatized in Ponds outside the laboratory for a week, after which the fish were sterilized with salt, and then the fish were transferred to the laboratory and after randomly distributing them with a weight of 35+-2 with 7 fish for each pond by 12 ponds every 3 treated ponds. The first treatment included the second control, the third yeast Cuso4, the fourth yeast and cuso4 and continued The experiment lasted for 56 days, and after the end of the experiment, it was noted that the yeast had improved the weight and growth parameters in general, and the yeast had reduced the effect of Cuso4 by the fourth treatment.
Studying the Efficiency of Fermented Local Corn on Some Physiological and Immunological Characteristics of Broiler
Authors: Hamza Zahraa Ryadh , Hammod Ali J.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa to examine the efficiency of fermented local corn on some physiological and immunological characteristics of broiler. 300 of one day old broiler (Ross 308), unsex with initial weight of 39g were used. Chicks were raised for 35 days in closed house divided into pens with 3m2for each and distributed randomly on 5 treatments with three replicates for each treatment (60 chicks for each treatment and 20 for each replicate). Treatments were prepared as follows: T1 (imported corn), T2 (unfermented local corn), T3 (replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 50%), T4 (replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 75%) and T5 (replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 100%). Results showed that fermenting local corn bySaccharomyces cerevisiae(1g/kg corn for 24h) was improved the nutritional value of corn particularly crude protein and fat as well as decreasing B1 aflatoxin to very low level. There were non significant differences between Haematological blood characteristics (hemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell and white blood cell), biochemical characteristics (total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and glucose) and immunological characteristics (antibody titers against Newcastle disease, antibody titers against avian infectious bronchitis, the relative weight of fabricius gland and the index of fabricius gland) in all Experimental treatments.
Effect of Adding Okra Powder and Vitamin C or E to the Diet on some Qualitative Characteristics and Oxidation Indices in the Eggs of Lohmann Brown-Lite Hens
Authors: Allaw Ahmed A. , Taha Ahmed T. , Saleh Zahraa M.
Published: April 2023

The study employed 300 laying hens at 34 weeks of age, divided into 5 treatments with 3 replicates per replication of 20 birds each, to determine the impact of adding okra powder and vitamins C and E to (Brown-Lite Lohman) egg broiler diets on certain qualitative egg features and oxidation indicators. The treatments were: (T1): control treatment without any addition, (T2) 250 mg vitamin C / kg diet, (T3) 200 mg vitamin E / kg diet, (T4) 2 gm okra powder / kg diet, (T5) ) Add 4 gm of okra powder / kg diet. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the relative weight of shell, white and yolk compared with the control treatment. And the shell thickness was much greater in the addition treatments than in the control. Compared to the control group, the addition treatments recorded a significant decrease in the value of the peroxide number and an increase in the concentration of estrogen in the egg, indicating that okra at 4 g / kg of feed contributed to the improvement in antioxidants in the egg.
Effect of Adding Curcuma Longa L. Powder on the Colostrum, Milk Production and its Composition and Growth of Newborns in Awassi ewes
Authors: Al-Khafaf Ahmed Abdulmohsen , El-Rawi Elham Abdulhmed , Abdullah Mohammed Najem
Published: April 2023

In this study, 18 pregnant Awassi ewes were used to study the effect of different levels of turmeric in productive performance, ewes were divided into three equal groups. The three groups were fed six weeks before birth until weaning on a basal diet with a protein content of 14.46 and energy of 2583 kcal/kg. First group fed without additive (control), while turmeric powder was added to feed intake of the second and third groups by 5 and 10 g / day / ewe respectively. The results indicated that the use of turmeric powder 5g/day /ewe led to a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the colostrum yield at the first day after lambing, actual milk production, percentage of protein and solids non-fat; and the body weights of lambs in weeks (8, 10 and 12). No significant differences were observed in the components of colostrum, and the ewes body weights.
The Influence of the Lambing Season on Awassi Sheep Milk Quality, Milk Productivity, and Biochemical Traits
Authors: Al-Hamdani Abdul Rhman B. , Al-Hamdani Khalid H. S. , Al-Farha Abd Al-Bar
Published: April 2023

The current study was carried out from October 15, 2021, to June 15, 2022, in the area of animal production at the Agricultural Technical College, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq. 24 Awassi ewes between the ages of 2-3, were employed in the study and split into two groups. In the first group, 12 ewes had winter lambs in December–January and 12 ewes had spring lambs in March–April. This was required to determine how the season affected some productive and biochemical blood features. The milk yield and its components of Awassi sheep, and some biochemical characteristics, as well as the number of somatic cells in milk, the estrus of the ewes were standardized using vaginal sponges. The season had a noticeable effect on milk production, as ewes with spring births produced significantly more milk in the second, fourth, eighth, and tenth weeks after birth. In the eighth and tenth week of the experiment, non-fat solids were consumed. Except for the fourth week of the trial, the number of somatic cells in the milk of spring-born ewes increased significantly (P0.05) in all other weeks of the study. The proportions of fat, protein, and solid non-fat percentages increased significantly. In addition to an increase in the number of somatic cells increased significantly and the incidence of mastitis in the milk of ewes with spring births.
Impact of Coenzyme Q10 and Wheat Germ Oil on some Measures of Oxidation and Reproductive System Activity of Local Rabbits Buck Under Oxidative Stress Conditions
Authors: Al-Janabi Abdul Khaliq A. F. , Al-Samarai Eman A. M.
Published: April 2023

Effects of different levels of 0.0 and 100 mg Coenzyme Q10/kg diet (CoQ10), 0.00 and 3 gm. WGO /kg (WGO) on a number of oxidation parameters, sex hormones, and histological structure of the testis in local rabbits buck were investigated under oxidative stress condition. A total 54 rabbits aged 4-5 months, randomly assigned to six treatments. Nine / treatment and three replicates per each. The results showed a significant decrease in GOT and GPT enzymes for T3 and T4 compared with the T1 and T2. With a significant decrease in cortisol levels. Treatments 3 and 4 showed a significant improvement in the GSH and MDA concentrations of normal and stressed rabbits compared with the control and the second. Treatment with H2O2 recorded decrease in hormones FSH, LH and testosterone compared to others. Whereas, treatments with CoQ10 and WGO, recorded an improvement in the concentration of FSH and LH hormones compared with others. The addition of Coenzyme Q10 and wheat germ oil improved histological structure of the testicle. We can conclude treatment with CoQ10 and WGO improved parameters of oxidation and the level of sex hormones, and histological structure of the testis.