bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lollard Women Priests?
Authors: Aston Margaret
Published: March 2011

The role of women in heresy has long been a matter for observation and comment. It must be attributed to historians' lack of interest, rather than lack, of evidence, that the Lollards have until now escaped analysis on this front. There are certainly grounds for supposing that they, like Cathars and Waldensians, derived a large measure of support from members of the female sex. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, as earlier, unorthodoxy offered women outlets for religious activity that were not to be found in the established church.— But, while the sources can tell us a good deal about women participating in the Lollard movement as learners, readers and expounders of the gospel and other vernacular texts, the question of whether they ever advanced to the point of acting as priests is less easily answered. We know, indeed, very little about Lollard rites of any kind, and this makes it all the more worth while exploring fully what evidence we have. This little is enough to show that at one formative stage at least in Lollard development, claims were being advanced for women as capable of priesthood.
The Eastern Schism of 907 and the Affair of the Tetragamia
Authors: Boojamra John L.
Published: March 2011

The fourth marriage of the emperor Leo vi set in motion a complicated series of events involving not only the canonical question of marriage in the Christian life, but also ecclesiastical schism, Church-State relations, and papal ecclesiastical policy. The affair of thetetragamia, centering as it did around the personalities of the emperors Leo vi, Alexander, and Romanus Lecapenus and the patriarchs Nicholas Mysticus and Euthymius, was perhaps the most significant event of early tenth-century Byzantine political and ecclesiastical life.
Vincent Alsop and the Emancipation of Restoration Dissent
Authors: Beddard R. A.
Published: March 2011

The Presbyterian congregation which used to meet in Tothill Street, Westminster, during the later Stuart period is now chiefly remembered for its succession of distinguished pastors. There were three of them, each a figure of importance in the dissenting community of London: first Thomas Cawton, a Bartholomean, under whose direction the congregation was formed and held together in the precarious years following the enactment of religious Uniformity; then Vincent Alsop, an accomplished controversialist who took issue with the doctors of the Church of England, and who, for a quarter of a century, faithfully tended his flock in good times and bad; finally there was Dr. Edmund Calamy, the learned historian of Caroline nonconformity, one of a new generation of Presbyterian divines, during whose early ministry the meeting removed from Tothill Street to other and more spacious premises in the nearby Princes Street. Our present purpose is to take a closer look at one of these ministers, the middle one—Vincent Alsop, ‘a man of great worth and piety’, who superintended his Westminster congregation from 1677 to 1703, the year of his death. His ministry, as we shall show, was to make an important contribution to the emancipation of Old Dissent, especially in the 1680s.
The Transmission by the English Carthusians of some Late Medieval Spiritual Writings
Authors: Sargent Michael G.
Published: March 2011

From its foundation the Carthusian Order cultivated letters as the most fitting form of labour for those who dwell apart in the desert; for although they lived and worked in strict solitude, they still spoke to the Christian world through the books which they wrote, copied and transmitted. Adam of Dryburgh (†1212 at Witham), one of the first and best-known English Carthusian authors, wrote of this activity in his work On the Quadripartite Exercise of the Cell, recalling a passage of the Consuetudines of Guigo 1 which is often cited as evidence of the Carthusian attitude to letters:

‘If the prior has so provided, there is one work to the performance of which you ought especially to attend; that is either that you learn to write (if, of course, you can learn), or if you can and know, that you do write. This work is, as it were, immortal work; work, if one may say so, not passing but lasting; work certainly, may we say, and yet not work; the work, finally, which, among all other works is most fitting to literate
religious men …
William of Corbeil and the Canterbury York Dispute
Authors: Bethell Denis
Published: March 2011

The immediate purpose of this article is narrative, in particular its aim is to draw attention to two little-known incidents in the early life of William of Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury (1123–36) and to a rearrangement of the chronology of the Canterbury-York dispute in the 1120s, and, in general, to tell part of the story of that dispute again. The story is worth telling because it is colourful and dramatic and crowded with incident, because it is almost all that we know of a remote and thinly-documented period of English Church history, and because it marks an entirely new interest in English affairs on the part of the popes, who took part in the dispute with an energy and effect unparallelled since the seventh century. Despite (or perhaps because of) the excellence of the sources—Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, and Hugh, precentor of York—the story has only once been told at all fully for its most important period, that from 14 August 1114 to 9 December 1128—by Mr. Nicholl, in his recently published ‘Life’ of Thurstan, archbishop of York (1114–40). Naturally, he concentrated on Thurstan, the greater man of the two, the man with the better case, the victor in the dispute, of whom much more is known. This article is intended to give a brief synopsis of the early life of the loser, to tell of his early introduction to the dispute and his eventual part in it.
The Chronology of the Gregorian Mission to England: Bede's Narrative and Gregory's Correspondence
Authors: Markus R. A.
Published: March 2011

Professor Margaret Deanesly and Père Grosjean have devoted some discussion to Dom Suso Brechter's study of the sources for the English mission of Gregory the Great. The debate which it has since provoked has centred almost exclusively on the question of the authenticity of the Responsa attributed to Gregory the Great in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People [H.E.], i, 27. Mr. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill has rightly insisted that ‘Dom Brechter's book discusses much more than the Gregorian Responsa’. It is my purpose in this paper to consider some of Dom Brechter's arguments concerning the course and the chronology of the English mission, and his attack on the accuracy of Bede's account and on his honesty.
Resistance to Tithes in the Middle Ages
Authors: Constable Giles
Published: March 2011

The system of compulsory tithes in the Middle Ages has long been used by protestant and liberal historians as a stick with which to beat the medieval Church. ‘This most harassing and oppressive form of taxation’, wrote H. C. Lea in his well-knownHistory of the Inquisition, ‘had long been the cause of incurable trouble, aggravated by the rapacity with which it was enforced, even to the pitiful collections of the gleaner’. Von Inama-Sternegg remarked on the growing hatred of tithes in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, especially among the small free landholders, ‘upon whom the burden of tithes must have fallen most heavily’. Gioacchino Volpe said that tithes were ‘the more hated because they oppressed the rich less than the poor, the dependents on seigneurial estates less than the small free proprietors to whose ruin they contributed…. At that time tithes were both an ecclesiastical and secular oppression, a double offence against religious sentiment and popular misery’. G. G. Coulton, writing before the introduction in England of an income tax at a rate of over ten per cent., proclaimed that before the Reformation tithes ‘constituted a land tax, income tax and death duty far more onerous than any known to modern times, and proportionately unpopular’.
Willi Dansgaard
Authors: Steffensen Jørgen Peder
Published: March 2011

Willi Dansgaard, a great pioneer of climate research, died on 8 January 2011 at the age of 88. He was born on 30 August 1922 and grew up in the centre of Copenhagen where his parents had an engraving shop. He finished his university degree in physics, mathematics and astronomy in 1947 with a gold medal award for a thesis on X-ray dosimetry at the Biophysics Laboratory of the University of Copenhagen. From 1947 to 1951 he was employed by the Danish Meteorological Institute where he worked in geomagnetism and meteorology. In 1947–1948 he spent a year at the geomagnetic observatory in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland, and this led to a life long affection for that country.
Political economy and tax reform in parliament: Spain's attempt to implement income tax in 1868-1869
Authors: San-Julián-Arrupe Javier
Published: March 2011

The influence of economic ideas in parliamentary debates has attracted increasing attention in the analysis of the institutionalisation of political economy in the liberal age in the Western world. Within this framework, this paper explores a particular case: the relevance of economic ideas and the role of economists in the debates that took place in the Spanish Parliament in 1869 following the bill issued by the Minister of Finance Figuerola to establish a tax on personal incomes. Economic ideas and parliamentarian economists played a significant role in the design of the income tax as a key tool to modernise Spain's tax system, and in the subsequent parliamentary discussions.
Risk sharing agreements: What lessons from Italy?
Authors: Garattini Livio , Casadei Gianluigi
Published: March 2011

Italy is one of the few countries that have matured substantial experience of risk-sharing agreements so far. The first performance-based arrangement was agreed in July 2006, and as of October 2010, eighteen contracts have been in force.

The complex management of discount schemes is entirely based on Web registries run by AIFA, the Italian drug agency. The system validates each prescription and automatically requests the hospital pharmacy by e-mail to release the drug. If a patient meets nonresponder criteria, the hospital pharmacist should apply for pay-back to the manufacturer.

There are still some important question marks to address. First of all, nonresponders have to be documented by health authorities, otherwise any undocumented nonresponder will be paid as a success. Another question concerns pre-set timing. Although the scientific rationale of the nonresponder criteria for each drug has not been made public, time frames appear too short to allow a reliable assessment. Another question is whether regions, which are financially accountable in Italy for pharmaceutical expenditure, are really able to claw back refunds from manufacturers. Unfortunately here again there are no official figures, and regions do not seem yet able to quantify the amount of pay-back matured in the 4 previous years. The delayed and incomplete availability of pay-back procedures may be one explanation.
Mind sharpeners for scientists: The EQUATOR Network
Authors: Mäkelä Marjukka , Kaila Minna , Stein Ken
Published: March 2011

Scientific reports should be orderly, clear, and unambiguous. Clarity is even more important for health technology assessments (HTAs), which aim at supplying reliable and up-to-date evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and cost of healthcare interventions. Increasingly assessments also provide information about the effects of technologies on organization of care, as well as relevant legal, social, and ethical considerations.
Evaluation of different culture systems with low oxygen tension on the development, quality and oxidative stress-related genes of bovine embryos producedin vitro
Authors: Arias Maria Elena , Sanchez Raul , Felmer Ricardo
Published: March 2011

The present study was conducted to assess the development, quality and gene expression profile of oxidative stress-related genes of bovine embryos cultured in different culture systems with low oxygen tension (5% CO2, 5% O2and 90% N2). The systems assessed included: (1) an incubator chamber; (2) a plastic bag; and (3) a foil bag. The choice of culture system had no effect on cleavage rate at 72 h. However, significant differences (P< 0.01) were observed in the rate of blastocysts registered at day 7 (29.8, 20.2 and 12.7% for incubator chamber, plastic bag and foil bag, respectively). Total number of cells did not differ between systems, although the proportion of ICM:total cells was affected particularly in the plastic bag (19.5%), compared with the incubator chamber (31.4%). In addition, significant differences were found in the apoptotic:total cell ratio (3.3, 6.5 and 8.8% for the incubator chamber, plastic bag and foil bag, respectively), with apoptotic nuclei localised mainly in the ICM compartment of the embryo. The amount of reactive oxygen species was also different between culture systems and this effect was correlated with a higher expression ofSOD2,GSSandGPX1genes in embryos cultured in the gassed bags as compared with embryos cultured in the incubator chamber. In conclusion, these results give evidence that, under low oxygen tension, the incubator chamber is more efficient and generates higher number of, and better quality, embryos than gassed bag systems evaluated here and this effect was probably due to an increased level of reactive oxygen species in the gassed bags, which upregulates the expression of some antioxidant enzymes to compensate for hyperoxia conditions.
Processing Speed Mediates Executive Function Difficulties in Very Preterm Children in Middle Childhood
Authors: Mulder Hanna , Pitchford Nicola J. , Marlow Neil
Published: March 2011

Executive function and attention difficulties are reported in very preterm (VPT) children at school entry, but it is unclear if these remain at later ages and/or if these difficulties are mediated by more basic functions, such as processing speed. Processing speed has been shown to underlie academic and behavioral problems in VPT children in middle childhood (Mulder, Pitchford, & Marlow, 2010, 2011), so may also underpin executive function and attention difficulties. We investigated this by comparing VPT (gestational age <31 weeks;N= 56) to term children (N= 22) aged 9–10 years on a comprehensive battery of executive function and attention tasks from the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (Manly, Robertson, Anderson, & Nimmo-Smith, 1999) and NEPSY (Korkman, Kirk, & Kemp, 1998). Selective and sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, shifting, verbal fluency, planning, and processing speed were examined. Group differences favoring term children were shown on most executive function tasks (i.e., inhibition, working memory, verbal fluency, and shifting), all of which were mediated by slow processing speed in the VPT group, except response inhibition. Seemingly, processing speed is an important determinant underpinning many neuropsychological deficits seen in VPT children in middle childhood. (JINS, 2011,17, 445–454)
Courts as regulators: public interest litigation in India
Authors: RATHINAM FRANCIS XAVIER , RAJA A. V.
Published: March 2011

Environmental regulation in the developing countries is undermined by weak enforcement. Lack of information and public awareness are fundamental factors that render informal regulation by civil society ineffective. In India, a number of environmental problems have been addressed using the institution of public interest litigation (PIL) by ‘public-spirited’ citizens. This paper examines the economic advantage of PIL over other conventional legal forms. An important outcome of judicial interventions of this kind in environmental cases in India is aspillover effect, which generates public information via media coverage. Using a case study, we test whether the judicial directives that followed a PIL filed and the subsequent spillover effect of media publicity were effective in getting the state to enforce the standards. This is done using autoregressive distributed lag models and univariate structural break analysis. The results show that judicial intervention and public information were effective in controlling pollution.
Prevention and treatment of child and adolescent depression: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Vitiello B.
Published: March 2011

Objective.

To examine the current theoretical rationale and empirical evidence for preventing and treating major depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence.

Methods.

Selective review of recent controlled investigations on the efficacy and safety of preventive and treatment interventions.

Results.

Even more than in adults, pediatric clinical trials in depression are dominated by symptomatic improvement with non-specific clinical contact (on average, 50% ‘placebo response’). The additional benefit of specific psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatment is on average modest. Antidepressant medication is effective in speeding up improvement, but more than a third of patients do not reach full remission even after prolonged treatment. The advantage of routinely combining medication with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is unclear. Depressed suicidal adolescents can benefit from CBT and medications. CBT can protect high-risk youths from developing a depressive episode.

Conclusions.

Effective interventions to prevent and treat depression in youth exist, but their therapeutic benefit appears to be, on average, small, possibly due to the clinical heterogeneity subsumed under the current diagnostic construct of depressive disorder. More specifically, targeted interventions tailored to individual clinical and biological characteristics may result in greater effectiveness and overall efficiency.
Factor–structure of the Italian version of the Scale Of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS): a comparison with the English version
Authors: Comparelli A. , Savoja V. , Kotzalidis G. D. , Woods S. W. , Mosticoni S. , Vassallo F. , Soscia F. , Piccione R. , Palma G. , Pucci D. , Girardi P. , Conti L. , Tatarelli R.
Published: March 2011

Aims.

The 19-item ‘Scale Of Prodromal Symptoms’ (SOPS) and its semi-structured interview, the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS), have been developed to assess prodromes of psychosis. We assessed psychometric properties of the Italian version of the instrument.

Methods.

We collected socio-demographic and clinical data of 128 people seeking first-time psychiatric help in a large Roman area, either as outpatients at community facilities or as inpatients in psychiatric wards of two general hospitals. Participants were administered the Italian version of the SOPS and the 24-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Data were analysed through Pearson's correlation and factorial analysis.

Results.

The English and Italian SOPS versions showed similar psychometric properties and factorial structure. The best-fit model was trifactorial, explaining 90% of total variance, and roughly corresponding to the positive, negative, and general dimensions, with disorganisation spreading over the other dimensions. Compared with the BPRS, the Italian version of the SOPS showed construct validity and convergent validity.

Conclusions.

The factor–structure of the Italian version of the SOPS is similar to those of the English and Spanish versions, in that the factors emerged are the same (positive, negative, and general symptoms). The scale could be used to assess at-risk people in early intervention services.
Toward Stable Predictions of Apprentices’ Training Success
Authors: Schmidt-Atzert Lothar , Krumm Stefan , Lubbe Dirk
Published: March 2011

Mechanical (statistical) predictions have proven to be useful in personnel selection. However, such predictions require the use of an algorithm to aggregate different predictor scores. The identification of such an algorithm requires analyzing predictor and criterion data obtained from previous applicants. The present manuscript compared predictions made by two different statistical methods: artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple regression analysis. Therefore, three consecutive cohorts of apprentices (n = 322, 217, and 118) were examined. Algorithms were derived from one cohort and applied to more recent cohorts. It was shown that ANNs outperformed linear predictions in a cross-validation within the cohorts. However, applying trained ANNs to other samples resulted in a predictive power which was worse than most of the linear predictions. Thus, we conclude that ANNs should only be used as selection algorithm if their validity in different cohorts has been confirmed.
Embedding the Organizational Culture Profile Into Schwartz’s Theory of Universals in Values
Authors: Borg Ingwer , Groenen Patrick J. F. , Jehn Karen A. , Bilsky Wolfgang , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: March 2011

Person-organization fit (P-O fit) is often measured by the congruence of a person’s values and the values that he or she ascribes to the organization. A popular instrument used in this context is the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP; O’Reilly, Chatman, & Caldwell, 1991). The OCP uses 54 items that form eight factors in exploratory factor analysis. We investigate the extent to which the OCP can be embedded into Schwartz’s Theory of Universals in Values (TUV) that is formulated in terms of a circumplex in a two-dimensional plane. To address this question, we develop a nonstandard multidimensional scaling (MDS) method that enforces a TUV-based axial regionality onto the solution space together with a permutation test that assesses the consistency of the side constraints with the MDS representation. We find that the OCP can indeed be embedded into the TUV. The practical implication is that P-O fit can be assessed more simply by the congruence of the person’s and the organization’s positions on two value dimensions: risk versus rules and results versus relations.
The Effect of Target Attractiveness and Rating Method on the Accuracy of Trait Ratings
Authors: D. Sheppard Leah , Goffin Richard D. , Lewis Rhys J. , Olson James
Published: March 2011

There is widespread concern that attractive individuals may gain unfair advantages in competitive situations such as personnel selection. We investigated the relation between target attractiveness and the accuracy of trait judgments within a job interview simulation. Additionally, we were interested in examining whether attractiveness “biases” might be influenced by the method of rating traits. In this regard, we investigated a conventional absolute rating method and a new rating method called the Relative Percentile Method (RPM). Participants using the RPM rated targets more accurately. Generally, attractive targets were rated more positively and more accurately, calling into question the assumption that biases are responsible for the more positive ratings that attractive individuals receive. Implications for practice and for future research are discussed.
Slab segmentation and late Cenozoic disruption of the Hellenic arc
Authors: Royden Leigh H. , Papanikolaou Dimitrios J.
Published: March 2011

The Hellenic subduction zone displays well‐defined temporal and spatial variations in subduction rate and offers an excellent natural laboratory for studying the interaction among slab buoyancy, subduction rate, and tectonic deformation. In space, the active Hellenic subduction front is dextrally offset by 100–120 km across the Kephalonia Transform Zone, coinciding with the junction of a slowly subducting Adriatic continental lithosphere in the north (5–10 mm/yr) and a rapidly subducting Ionian oceanic lithosphere in the south (∼35 mm/yr). Subduction rates can be shown to have decreased from late Eocene time onward, reaching 5–12 mm/yr by late Miocene time, before increasing again along the southern portion of the subduction system. Geodynamic modeling demonstrates that the differing rates of subduction and the resultant trench offset arise naturally from subduction of oceanic (Pindos) lithosphere until late Eocene time, followed by subduction of a broad tract of continental or transitional lithosphere (Hellenic external carbonate platform) and then by Miocene entry of high‐density oceanic (Ionian) lithosphere into the southern Hellenic trench. Model results yield an initiation age for the Kephalonia Transform of 6–8 Ma, in good agreement with observations. Consistency between geodynamic model results and geologic observations suggest that the middle Miocene and younger deformation of the Hellenic upper plate, including formation of the Central Hellenic Shear Zone, can be quantitatively understood as the result of spatial variations in the buoyancy of the subducting slab. Using this assumption, we make late Eocene, middle Miocene, and Pliocene reconstructions of the Hellenic system that include quantitative constraints from subduction modeling and geologic constraints on the timing and mode of upper plate deformation.
On the propagation of a coupled saturation and pressure front
Authors: Vasco D. W.
Published: March 2011

Using an asymptotic technique, valid for a medium with smoothly varying heterogeneity, I derive an expression for the velocity of a propagating, coupled saturation and pressure front. The asymptotic approach produces an explicit expression for the slowness, the inverse of the velocity, of a propagating two‐phase front. Because of the nonlinearity of the governing equations, the velocity of the propagating front depends upon the magnitude of the saturation and pressure changes across the front in addition to the properties of the medium. Thus, the expression must be evaluated in conjunction with numerical reservoir simulation. The slowness is governed by the background saturation distribution, the saturation‐dependent component of the fluid mobility, the porosity, the permeability, the capillary pressure function, the medium compressibility, and the ratio of the slopes of the relative permeability curves. Numerical simulation of water injection into a porous layer saturated with a nonaqueous phase liquid indicates that two modes of propagation are important. The fastest mode of propagation is a disturbance that is dominated by the change in fluid pressure. This is followed, much later, by a coupled mode associated with a much larger saturation change. These two modes are also observed in a numerical simulation using a heterogeneous porous layer. A comparison between the propagation times estimated from the results of the numerical simulation and predictions from the asymptotic expression indicates overall agreement.
Marine bacterial, archaeal and protistan association networks reveal ecological linkages
Authors: Steele Joshua A , Countway Peter D , Xia Li , Vigil Patrick D , Beman J Michael , Kim Diane Y , Chow Cheryl-Emiliane T , Sachdeva Rohan , Jones Adriane C , Schwalbach Michael S , Rose Julie M , Hewson Ian , Patel Anand , Sun Fengzhu , Caron David A , Fuhrman Jed A
Published: March 2011

Microbes have central roles in ocean food webs and global biogeochemical processes, yet specific ecological relationships among these taxa are largely unknown. This is in part due to the dilute, microscopic nature of the planktonic microbial community, which prevents direct observation of their interactions. Here, we use a holistic (that is, microbial system-wide) approach to investigate time-dependent variations among taxa from all three domains of life in a marine microbial community. We investigated the community composition of bacteria, archaea and protists through cultivation-independent methods, along with total bacterial and viral abundance, and physico-chemical observations. Samples and observations were collected monthly over 3 years at a well-described ocean time-series site of southern California. To find associations among these organisms, we calculated time-dependent rank correlations (that is, local similarity correlations) among relative abundances of bacteria, archaea, protists, total abundance of bacteria and viruses and physico-chemical parameters. We used a network generated from these statistical correlations to visualize and identify time-dependent associations among ecologically important taxa, for example, the SAR11 cluster, stramenopiles, alveolates, cyanobacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Negative correlations, perhaps suggesting competition or predation, were also common. The analysis revealed a progression of microbial communities through time, and also a group of unknown eukaryotes that were highly correlated with dinoflagellates, indicating possible symbioses or parasitism. Possible ‘keystone’ species were evident. The network has statistical features similar to previously described ecological networks, and in network parlance has non-random, small world properties (that is, highly interconnected nodes). This approach provides new insights into the natural history of microbes.
Intramyocellular Lipid and Insulin Resistance: Differential Relationships in European and African Americans
Authors: Ingram Katherine H. , Lara‐Castro Cristina , Gower Barbara A. , Makowsky Robert , Allison David B. , Newcomer Bradley R. , Munoz A. Julian , Beasley T. Mark , Lawrence Jeannine C. , Lopez‐Ben Robert , Rigsby Dana Y. , Garvey W. Timothy
Published: March 2011

Insulin resistance has been associated with the accumulation of fat within skeletal muscle fibers as intramyocellular lipid (IMCL). Here, we have examined in a cross‐sectional study the interrelationships among IMCL, insulin sensitivity, and adiposity in European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs). In 43 EA and 43 AA subjects, we measured soleus IMCL content with proton‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy, insulin sensitivity with hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp, and body composition with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. The AA and EA subgroups had similar IMCL content, insulin sensitivity, and percent fat, but only in EA was IMCL correlated with insulin sensitivity (r = −0.47, P < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.56, P < 0.01), percent fat (r = 0.35, P < 0.05), trunk fat (r = 0.47, P < 0.01), leg fat (r = 0.40, P < 0.05), and waist and hip circumferences (r = 0.54 and 0.55, respectively, P < 0.01). In a multiple regression model including IMCL, race, and a race by IMCL interaction, the interaction was found to be a significant predictor (t = 1.69, DF = 1, P = 0.0422). IMCL is related to insulin sensitivity and adiposity in EA but not in AA, suggesting that IMCL may not function as a pathophysiological factor in individuals of African descent. These results highlight ethnic differences in the determinants of insulin sensitivity and in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome trait cluster.
CRP Is Related to Higher Leptin Levels in Minority Peripubertal Females Regardless of Adiposity Levels
Authors: Spruijt‐Metz Donna , Emken B. Adar , Spruijt Mishala R. , Richey Joyce M. , Berman Laura J. , Belcher Britni R. , Hsu Ya‐Wen , McClain Arianna D. , Lane Christianne J. , Weigensberg Marc J.
Published: March 2011

Overweight is related to higher levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and leptin, which have been independently associated with increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome. Elevated CRP may trigger leptin resistance by inhibiting the binding of leptin to its receptors. We cross‐sectionally examined the relationship between CRP, leptin, BMI z‐score, percent body fat (%BF) assessed by air plethysmography (BodPod), and insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response (AIRg) measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test in 51 Latina and African‐American females (77% Latina), mean age 9.2 (±0.9) years, at either Tanner Pubertal Stage (TPS) 1 (n = 25) or TPS 2 (n = 26). Females at TPS 2 had higher BMI z‐scores, %BF (23% ± 10.1 vs. 30% ± 10.0, P = 0.02), AIRg (976.7 ± 735.2 vs. 1555.3 ± 1,223 µIU/ml, P = 0.05), fasting insulin (11.0 ± 10.8 vs. 17.2 ± 13.6 µlU/ml, P = 0.00) and leptin levels (11.0 ± 7.1 vs. 19.6 ± 10.9 ng/ml, P < 0.001) than those at TPS 1. There were no ethnic differences in any of the measured variables. CRP was positively correlated with BMI z‐score (P = 0.001), %BF (P = 0.006), fasting insulin and AIRg (P = 0.02), and fasting leptin (P = 0.00), and negatively correlated with SI (P = 0.05). A linear regression model showed that CRP independently explained 10% (P = 0.00) of the variance in leptin after adjusting %BF, TPS, ethnicity, habitual physical activity and SI. Hence, low‐grade inflammation may contribute to prolonged leptin exposure and leptin resistance, even in healthy children.
Impact of metal binding on the antitumor activity and cellular imaging of a metal chelator cationic imidazopyridine derivative
Authors: Roy Mithun , Chakravarthi Balabhadrapatruni V. S. K. , Jayabaskaran Chelliah , Karande Anjali A. , Chakravarty Akhil R.
Published: March 2011

Water soluble cationic imidazopyridine species (1) having metal binding sites induces metal-assisted caspase dependent apoptosis in cancer cells and enhanced photodynamic effect in the presence of Fe2+or Zn2+ions.
Magnetic polyurethane elastomers with wide range modulation of elasticity
Authors: Mitsumata Tetsu , Ohori Suguru
Published: March 2011

When a magnetic field is applied, the elastic modulus of a magnetic polyurethane elastomer increases by a factor of 277 of the off-field modulus. The elastomer exhibits high fracture strain and maintains the giant magnetoelasticity under air for more than half a year.
Soft magnetic properties of (Ni80Fe20)1−x(Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4)x films for high frequency applications
Authors: Lu Guangduo , Zhang Huai-wu , Xiao John Q. , Tang Xiaoli , Xie Yunsong , Zhong Zhiyong
Published: March 2011

A series of (Ni80Fe20)1−x(Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4)x films were fabricated on Si substrates by means of radio frequency magnetron sputtering and the electrical and magnetic properties were studied. Optimal films with the desired properties of low coercivity Hc ∼ 4 Oe, high saturation magnetization 4πMs ∼ 14.5 kG, and high electrical resistivity ρ ∼ 1500 μΩ cm were obtained. The permeability spectra measured shows that its natural ferromagnetic resonant frequency was about 3.4 GHz. The tested results shown that the sputtering power had an important effect on the films properties and that it can be convenient to adjust the natural ferromagnetic resonant frequency of the films.
Microwave properties of high-aspect-ratio carbonyl iron/epoxy absorbers
Authors: Yang Ruey-Bin , Liang Wen-Fan
Published: March 2011

Flake-shaped carbonyl iron (FCI) powder was prepared by ball milling spherical carbonyl iron (SCI) powder for 20 h. The thicknesses of the FCI particles were ∼0.1–0.3 μm with a diameter of ∼5–10 μm. The milling process increased the aspect ratio from ∼1 for spherical powder to an aspect ratio of ∼20–100 for flake one. The complex permittivity (ɛ′ − jɛ″) and permeability (μ′ − jμ″) were measured by the transmission/reflection method in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz for composites with various weight ratios of SCI and FCI. The results show that all ɛ′, ɛ″, μ′ and μ″ substantially increased after the milling treatment. Compared to SCI particles, the FCI particles exhibit higher permeability, higher permittivity, and better absorbing properties within the frequency test range. The magnetic loss tangent of FCI composites shows that FCI, with their large shape anisotropy, may have a higher resonance frequency and exceed the Snoek’s limit in the gigahertz frequency range. For the 50 wt. % FCI composite with a thickness of 3 mm, the reflection loss at 5.5 GHz reaches −23.0 dB.
Landau–Lifshitz magnetization dynamics driven by a random jump-noise process (invited)
Authors: Mayergoyz I. , Bertotti G. , Serpico C.
Published: March 2011

In the paper, a jump-noise process is introduced in magnetization dynamics equations in order to account for random thermal effects. It is demonstrated that in the case of small noise, Landau–Lifshitz and Gilbert damping terms emerge as average effects caused by the jump-noise process. This approach leads to simple formulas for the damping constant in terms of the scattering rate of the jump-noise process. These formulas also reveal the dependence of the damping constant on magnetization. The analysis of random switching of magnetization caused by the jump-noise process is presented. It is shown that the switching rate at very low temperatures may appreciably deviate from the predictions of thermal activation theory, which is consistent with experimental observations of low temperature switchings and is usually attributed to the phenomenon of “macroscopic tunneling” of magnetization.
Testing and analysis of common mode characteristics of Ethernet transformers
Authors: Bowen D. , Krafft C. , Mayergoyz I.
Published: March 2011

The testing of the common mode transfer characteristics of Ethernet transformers with (and without) inductive chokes is presented. The experimental results are compared with analytical models of common mode transfer functions of Ethernet transformers. The theory and experiment data are found to be in good agreement.
Antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between GaMnAs layers separated by a nonmagnetic GaAs:Be spacer
Authors: Leiner J. , Tivakornsasithorn K. , Liu X. , Furdyna J. K. , Dobrowolska M. , Kirby B. J. , Lee H. , Yoo T. , Lee Sanghoon
Published: March 2011

Interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) between two Ga0.95Mn0.05As layers separated by Be-doped GaAs spacers was investigated using magnetometry and neutron scattering measurements, which indicated the presence of robust antiferromagnetic IEC under certain conditions. We argue that the observed behavior arises from a competition between the IEC field and magnetocrystalline anisotropy fields intrinsic to GaMnAs layers. We estimate the magnitude of the IEC field and show how it decays with increasing temperature.
Spin correlations and electron transport in MnBi:Au films
Authors: Kharel P. , Skomski R. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: March 2011

The structural, magnetic, and electron transport properties of Mn55−xAuxBi45 (x = 0, 4.5) thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering have been investigated. The magnetization of the MnBi films decreases and the coercivity increases due to Au doping. The temperature dependence of resistivity between 2 to 300 K shows that the films are metallic but the 4.5% Au-doped film shows a Kondo behavior with resistance minimum at 10.2 K. The magnetoresistance is anisotropic and the positive transverse magnetoresistance is significantly enhanced (16.3% at 70 kOe) by Au doping. We interpret these data in terms of a model in which Au atoms preferentially substitute for Mn atoms on the Mn lattice, and some Mn atoms are displaced to interstitial sites in the NiAs structure. These interstitial Mn atoms are coupled antiferromagnetically to the Mn atoms on the original Mn lattice leading to the large decrease in magnetization, Kondo effect, and the positive magnetoresistance.
Reduction of switching current by spin transfer torque effect in perpendicular anisotropy magnetoresistive devices (invited)
Authors: Sbiaa R. , Lua S. Y. H. , Law R. , Meng H. , Lye R. , Tan H. K.
Published: March 2011

Spin transfer torque-based magnetic random access memory with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) provides better scalability and lower power consumption compared to those with in-plane anisotropy. Spin transfer torque switching in magnetoresistive spin valves with PMA is investigated. The hard layer is made of (Co/Pd) multilayer, whereas the soft layer is a lamination of (CoFe/Pd) and (Co/Pd). By the insertion of an in-plane spin polarizer adjacent to the perpendicular anisotropy free layer, thus creating a modified-dual spin valve, a significant reduction of about 40% in the current density required for spin torque transfer switching was observed. By using a spin polarized current with different pulse widths down to 10 ns, the barrier energy EB in 100-nm-diameter devices was found to be reduced from 1.1 to 0.43 eV. Besides the reduction of switching current density in a device with PMA, the new structure shows a clear increase in magnetization switching speed as revealed by micromagnetic simulation.
Nonaqueous synthesis and magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals with narrow size distributions
Authors: Jeong Jaeho , Min Ji Hyun , Song Ah-Young , Lee Ji Sung , Ju Jae-Seon , Wu Jun Hua , Kim Young Keun
Published: March 2011

We report the nonaqueous synthesis and magnetic properties of narrowly size distributed ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals of two different particle sizes by nanoemulsion, of which structure and properties were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and physical property measurement system. The morphological and structural characterization show the high crystallinity and excellent particle size distribution of the ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals in the diameters of 5.37 ± 0.68 nm and 6.44 ± 0.95 nm, separately. Meantime, the corresponding magnetic measurements reveal the strong size dependence and well-defined nanomagnetism of the nanocrystals.
Effects of SiN overcoat on recording performances in perpendicular media
Authors: Zhang Kezhao , White Richard L.
Published: March 2011

We have investigated the effects of SiNx overcoat on bulk magnetic properties and recording performances in perpendicular media. Difference in recording parameters between disks with SiNx and carbon overcoats is mainly due to the difference in writeability caused by coercivity change during SiNx overcoat deposition. The bulk magnetic properties of the cap in the recording layer are affected by the reaction with silicon and nitrogen. Although SiNx overcoat changes writeability, it does not alter the intrinsic dependence of recording parameters on writeabilty.
A multidomain modeling of the magnetoelastic behavior for nondestructive evaluation
Authors: Lazreg S. , Hubert O.
Published: March 2011

Magnetic methods are widely used for the nondestructive evaluation of magnetic materials. Evaluation of the state of the material being measured requires accurate modeling of the behavior of the material associated to a low computation time. A two-scale reversible modeling for isotropic polycrystals is proposed. Magnetization and magnetostriction behaviors under uniaxial stress are simulated.
Neutron diffraction studies on the Heusler alloy Ni50Mn37Sb13
Authors: Rama Rao N. V. , Chelvane J. Arout , Chandrasekaran V. , Morozkin A. V. , Lamsal J. , Yelon W. B. , Nirmala R. , Suresh K. G. , Malik S. K.
Published: March 2011

The evolution of martensitic to austenitic transformation in Ni50Mn37Sb13 has been studied usingtemperature dependent neutron diffraction, thermal property, and magnetization studies. Differential scanning calorimetric studies reveal a martensitic transformation TM around 291 K. The magnetization data yield a ferromagnetic ordering temperature of 329 K in the austenitic phase and 230 K in the martensitic phase. The analysis of the powder neutron diffraction data in the temperature range of 325–12 K indicates a structural transition from a high temperature cubic L21 type structure to an orthorhombic structure. At 270 K, both cubic and orthorhombic phases coexist. Anisotropic unit cell changes are observed at the martensitic transformation: The unit cell expands by about 1.5% along the a axis, by about 2.5% along the c axis, and compresses by about 4.28% along the b axis. Both cubic and orthorhombic phases show commensurate collinear ferromagnetic ordering with a magnetic moment of ∼3.67 μB/Mn in Mn (2a and 2f) sites.
The influence of Si addition on the glass forming ability, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the Gd-Fe-Al glassy ribbons
Authors: Zhao X. G. , Lai J. H. , Hsieh C. C. , Fang Y. K. , Chang W. C. , Zhang Z. D.
Published: March 2011

The effects of Si substitution for Al on the glass forming ability, Curie temperature TC, magnetocaloric effect, and refrigeration capacity (RC) of melt-spun Gd-based Gd65Fe20Al15−xSix (x = 0–7) glassy ribbons have been investigated. The small amounts of Si substitution for Al in the Gd65Fe20Al15−xSix glassy ribbons with high Tx/Tm (> 0.70) and small ΔTm (ΔTm = Tm−Tx) promote the formation of high thermal stability of these alloys. The Si addition leads to an increase of Curie temperature TC of glassy ribbons from 181 K for x = 0 to 227 K for x = 7. The maximal magnetic entropy changes −ΔSM and RC values for magnetic field change of 50 kOe are about 4.70–5.20 J/kg K and 710–760 J/kg, respectively. The large RC values are due to the broad temperature range of the half maximum of ΔSM peak (∼ 200 K), which is caused by the change of the amorphous disorder structure. The moderate ΔSM and large RC values jointly make the Gd65Fe20Al15−xSix glassy ribbons promising candidates for magnetic refrigeration materials working at temperature range of 100–300 K.
A comparative ab initio study on electric-field dependence of magnetic anisotropy in MgO/Fe/Pt and MgO/Fe/Au films
Authors: Tsujikawa M. , Haraguchi S. , Oda T. , Miura Y. , Shirai M.
Published: March 2011

We have investigated the electric field (EF) effect on the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) in thin films MgO/Fe/M(001) (M = Au and Pt) by means of first-principles density-functional calculations. The EF dependence of the MAE is enhanced significantly in the film with the Pt substrate compared to that with the Au substrate. This enhancement is attributed to the EF-induced hybridization between Fe 3d- and Pt 5d-orbitals. This implies that the Pt layer stacked on the magnetic layer strengthens the sensitivity of devices for bias-voltage-induced magnetic control.
Dielectric properties of Gd3Ba2Mn2Cu2O12 manganocuprate
Authors: Rayaprol S. , Kaushik S. D. , Kumar N. , Gaur N. K. , Saha J. , Patnaik S.
Published: March 2011

The magnetocapacitance and magnetoresistance of Gd3Ba2Mn2Cu2O12 (Gd-3222) has been measured in the temperature range of 2–300 K. The capacitance increases with increasing temperature from 2–300 K, and exhibits a steplike feature at ∼95 K (for 1 kHz). On increasing the probe frequency this step gets broaden and shifts to higher temperature ∼150 K (for 75 kHz). The observation of frequency dependence in capacitance and dielectric loss (tan δ) exhibits Maxwell–Wagner type relaxor behavior in this compound. Magnetocapacitance was observed on the application of magnetic field. No observable magnetoresistance could be observed in this compound, indicating that the magnetoelectric coupling observed from the dielectric constant measurement with and without magnetic field, is of capacitive origin. The results of magnetocapacitance and magnetoresistance of the Gd-3222 compound are presented in the light of current interest in exploring manganite systems for multiferroic properties.
Dependence of magnetization process on thickness of Permalloy antidot arrays
Authors: Merazzo K. J. , del Real R. P. , Asenjo A. , Vázquez M.
Published: March 2011

Nanohole films or antidot arrays of Permalloy have been prepared by the sputtering of Ni80Fe20 onto anodic alumina membrane templates. The film thickness varies from 5 to 47 nm and the antidot diameters go from 42 to 61 nm, for a hexagonal lattice parameter of 105 nm. For the thinner antidot films (5 and 10 nm thick), magnetic moments locally distribute in a complex manner to reduce the magnetostatic energy, and their mostly reversible magnetization process is ascribed to spin rotations. In the case of the thicker (20 and 47 nm) antidot films, pseudodomain walls appear and the magnetization process is mostly irreversible where hysteresis denotes the effect of nanoholes pinning to wall motion.
Reconfigurable composite right/left-handed magnetic-metamaterial waveguide at sub-wavelength scale
Authors: Meng Fan-Yi , Zhang Kuang , Wu Qun , Jong-Chul Lee
Published: March 2011

A reconfigurable composite right/left-handed waveguide loaded by magnetic-metamaterial at a sub-wavelength scale is designed and investigated. The propagating mode in the reconfigurable magnetic-metamaterial waveguide (RMMW) can be switched between the left-handed and right-handed modes by changing the position of the metamaterial in the waveguide. Such RMMWs can be widely applied in the design of novel electronic devices. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify the controllability of the RMMW. Transmission characteristics, electromagnetic field distributions, dispersion curves, and effective constitutive parameters for the RMMW are simulated. It is shown that the simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.