bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achieving rural revitalization in China: A suitable framework to understand the coordination of material and social space quality of rural residential areas in the plain
Authors: Qu Yanbo , Dong Xiaozhen , Zhan Lingyun , Zhu Weiya , Wang Sen , Ping Zongli , Zhang Bailin
Published: September 2021

The spatial system of rural residential areas is a key carrier to support the high‐quality development of rural residential areas. The effective identification of the space quality and its coordinated characteristics of rural residential areas are helpful to provide scientific basis for rural revitalization. From the perspective of space, the high‐quality development of rural residential area may be seen as a state of spatial coordination aiming at rural revitalization under the high‐level development of material space and social space. Taking Ningjin County of Shandong Province as the research area, this paper discusses the quality characteristics of rural residential areas in plains areas through representative case studies. For this purpose, the quality of material space and social space of these areas, and their coordinated development patterns, are obtained using the entropy weight TOPSIS, the mutual exclusivity matrix, and the coordinate quadrant method. Finally, the paper provides an identification of barriers by the obstacle degree diagnosis model and then proposes some quality improvement strategies for rural revitalization. The results show that: (a) The quality of material space and social space of rural residential areas in Ningjin County are medium and high. (b) The coordinated development patterns of material‐social space of rural residential areas in Ningjin County are characterized by medium‐quality‐led, low‐quality second‐class, high‐quality less. (c) The obstacle factors of high‐quality development of rural residential areas in Ningjin County are mainly reflected in the four dimensions of living space, production space, cultural space, and communication space. (d) Rural revitalization in Ningjin County can be achieved through the coordinated optimization of high‐quality development patterns, the focused improvement of medium‐quality development patterns, and the comprehensive consolidation of low‐quality development.
Silencing of Nesprin‐2 inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts from fibroblasts induced by mechanical stretch
Authors: Xu Quanchen , Miao Yuanxin , Ren Jizheng , Sun Yu , Li Cong , Cai Xia , Wang Zhiguo
Published: September 2021

Mechanical force plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar (HTS). Dermal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the key cells involved in HTS. Myofibroblasts in HTS possess different biochemical and biophysical characteristics by which myofibroblasts are often distinguished from fibroblasts. The role of mechanotransducers outside the nucleus in the pathogenesis of HTS has been reported in many studies. However, the role of Nesprin‐2 in HTS is not clear. Hence, we aim to construct a cell model of HTS and explore the role of Nesprin‐2 in this process. Myofibroblasts and fibroblasts were isolated from HTS and healthy skin tissues of the same patient. Fibroblasts were exposed to cyclic stretch with 10% magnitude and a frequency of 0.1 Hz for 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, respectively. After the cell model was confirmed, fibroblasts transfected with siRNA targeting human Nesprin‐2 were exposed to cyclic stretch. The mechanical behaviour and biochemical reaction of the dermal fibroblasts were analysed. The stretched fibroblasts at day 5 showed the same mechanotransductive and biochemical features as unstretched myofibroblasts. Mechanical strain could induce the myofibroblasts differentiation and a cell model of HTS was established successfully at day 5. The expressions of lamin A/C, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta 1, and collagen type I in fibroblasts were reduced by the silencing of Nesprin‐2. Mechanical strain could induce the myofibroblasts differentiation and silencing of Nesprin‐2 could block the mechanical stimulation of terminal myofibroblasts differentiation. Nesprin‐2 might be a potential target to treat the HTS.
Chatbots for language learning—Are they really useful? A systematic review of chatbot‐supported language learning
Authors: Huang Weijiao , Hew Khe Foon , Fryer Luke K.
Published: September 2021

Background

The use of chatbots as learning assistants is receiving increasing attention in language learning due to their ability to converse with students using natural language. Previous reviews mainly focused on only one or two narrow aspects of chatbot use in language learning. This review goes beyond merely reporting the specific types of chatbot employed in past empirical studies and examines the usefulness of chatbots in language learning, including first language learning, second language learning, and foreign language learning.

Aims

The primary purpose of this review is to discover the possible technological, pedagogical, and social affordances enabled by chatbots in language learning.

Materials & Methods

We conducted a systematic search and identifies 25 empirical studies that examined the use of chatbots in language learning. We used the inductive grounded approach to identify the technological and pedagogical affordances, and the challenges of using chatbots for students’ language learning. We used Garrison's social presence framework to analyze the social affordances of using chatbots in language learning

Results

Our findings revealed three technological affordances: timeliness, ease of use, and personalization; and five pedagogical uses: as interlocutors, as simulations, for transmission, as helplines, and for recommendations. Chatbots appeared to encourage students’ social presence by affective, open, and coherent communication. Several challenges in using chatbots were identified: technological limitations, the novelty effect, and cognitive load.

Discussion and Conclusion

A set of rudimentary design principles for chatbots are proposed for meaningfully implementing educational chatbots in language learning, and detailed suggestions for future research are presented.
Pre‐injection ultrasound scanning for treating temporal hollowing
Authors: Lee Won , Moon Hyoung‐Jin , Kim Min‐Sueng , Cheon Gwahn‐Woo , Yang Eun‐Jung
Published: September 2021

Background

Hyaluronic acid filler injection is commonly administered to correct temple hollowness, typically through deep temporal injection. Since the vascular distribution at the injection site can be diverse, studies on avoiding damage to the corresponding blood vessels are needed.

Aims

To assess the commonly used hyaluronic acid filler injection site in the temple region, 1cm lateral and 1 cm above from the end of eyebrow, using a Doppler ultrasound to detect any anatomic variations in the blood vessels.

Patients/Methods

Thirty patients (60 temples, right and left) were examined using Doppler ultrasonography. An 8‐17 MHz ultrasound probe was used to discriminate between the anatomic layers of the temple. Blood vessels found in each anatomical layer were subsequently investigated.

Results

Among the 30 patients included in this study, we found temporal region arteries 1 cm above and 1 cm lateral to the distal end of the eyebrow in 9 patients; However, no arteries were detected in the temples of 21 patients. The presence or absence of arteries was bilateral in all patients.

Conclusions

The anatomical layers with blood vessels varied among patients. The variability could give rise to complications. Possible anatomic variations at the temple should be carefully identified using pre‐injection ultrasonography, and harming blood vessels should be avoided while injecting hyaluronic acid filler for temple augmentation.
A questionnaire survey on a feeling of loneliness of the mothers raising children
Authors: Yagi Asami , Ueda Yutaka , Taniguchi Mariko , Ikeda Sayaka , Matsuzaki Satoko , Takiuchi Tsuyoshi , Arahori Hitomi , Miyoshi Ai , Hirai Kei , Kimura Tadashi
Published: September 2021

Aim

A feeling of isolation childcare mothers' face is a serious social problem in Japan because the relationships with mothers and local communities have grown sparser. The purpose of this study was to clarify the feelings of isolation of mothers during childcare and the factors related to it.

Methods

We conducted a questionnaire survey in Yao City, Osaka. We mailed out a questionnaire survey of 1293 mothers with infants who had either a 4‐month or 42‐month routine health checkup during the period from September to December of 2018.

Results

There was no association between “feeling lonely while raising my child” and the absence of “people who helped raise my children.” On the other hand, it was found that the mothers' inner feelings, such as “I wasn't satisfied with my childcare environment” (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.32–4.91, p = 0.0052) or “I lacked confidence in my own childcare abilities” (OR: 6.21, 95% CI: 4.31–8.95, p < 0.0001), were associated with their sense of loneliness.

Conclusions

Mothers' “sense of loneliness” was shown to be best correlated with their dissatisfaction with the environment of their childcare and with their lack of confidence in raising their own children.
Inferring signs from purposeful samples: The role of context in competency assessment
Authors: Born Marise Ph. , Stegers‐Jager Karen M. , van Andel Chantal E. E.
Published: September 2021

Context

Medical students' clinical competencies are customarily assessed using convenience samples of performance from real practice. The question is how these convenience samples can be turned into purposeful samples to extrapolate students' overall competency profile at the end of medical school, particularly given the context specificity of clinical performance. In this paper, we will address this issue of inferring signs from samples using insights from the discipline of psychology.

Theoretical perspective

We adapted Smith's theory of predictor validity of universals, occupationals and relationals to the context of clinical competency assessment.Universalsare characteristics required by all working individuals and therefore not context dependent.Occupationalsrefer to characteristics required by certain jobs but not others and therefore are dependent on task‐related features of an occupation.Relationalsare required in a specific organisational context with habitual ways of working together.

Application

Through seven propositions, we assert that generalising from samples of assessed clinical competencies during clerkships to generic competencies (i.e., signs) is dependent on whether characteristics are universals, occupationals and relationals, with universals most and relationals least generalisable.

Conclusion

When determining what types of ratings to use to evaluate medical student competence, medical education has shown too little nuance in considering the degree to which particular characteristics are likely to be generalisable, approaching the issue in an all‐or‐none manner. Smith's distinction between universals, occupationals and relationals offers a promising way forward that has implications for assessment, student selection and career choice.
Ependymosarcoma harboring C11orf95:RELA fusion transcript: Report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Mahajan Swati , Nambirajan Aruna , Sharma Agrima , Suri Vaishali , Sardana Hardik , Phalak Manoj , Garg Ajay , Sharma Mehar C.
Published: September 2021

Ependymoma is a relatively rare glial tumor of the central nervous system that arise from the cells lining the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymosarcoma (ES) is a newly introduced tumor entity of uncertain prognosis characterized by a rare phenomenon of a malignant mesenchymal transition arising within an ependymoma. ESs are surgically challenging tumors for diagnosis and therapy with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Here, we report two diagnostically challenging cases of primary ES in a 25‐year‐old female and a 17‐year‐old male. Both the cases presented with progressive and sequential neurological deficits over a period of five to eight months, and histological examination revealed a biphasic gliomesenchymal architecture comprised of anaplastic ependymomatous and sarcomatous components. Molecular genetic analysis revealed the presence of type 1 C11orf95:RELA fusion transcript. To date, 22 cases of ES have been reported in the literature, and only one case harbored type 1 C11orf95:RELA fusion transcript.
Improving sepsis screening and care in a developing nation health setting: A description of implementation
Authors: Alberto Laura , Marshall Andrea P. , Walker Rachel M. , Pálizas Fernando , Aitken Leanne M.
Published: September 2021

Evidence on sepsis screening and care in developing nations is insufficient to inform implementation practices in hospital wards. The aim of this multi‐method study was to describe and evaluate the implementation of a three‐step intervention (sepsis screening, alert activation, care) in five wards in Argentina in 2017. The implementation involved three stages: (1) context assessment, (2) development/participation in implementation strategies, and (3) evaluation of intervention adherence. Results were variable. The context assessment (Stage 1) demonstrated the value of education, proactivity towards care and team structures. Strategies developed (Stage 2) included sepsis screening and response guide, education, team rounding, posters, champions, audit/feedback and knowledge brokering. In Stage 3, staff screened 92% patients (506/547) for sepsis at ≥60% of set times; only 33% (21/64) patients had a sepsis alert activated when needed. A similar proportion of patients who had alerts activated (n = 16, 76%) or not (n = 32, 74%) received at least one element of care. The use of implementation strategies resulted in adherence to some aspects of the intervention. Future research is needed to improve sepsis screening and alert activation and care in this setting.
ZmCTLP1 is required for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and the basal endosperm transfer layer in maize kernels
Authors: Hu Mingjian , Zhao Haiming , Yang Bo , Yang Shuang , Liu Haihong , Tian He , Shui Guanghou , Chen Zongliang , E Lizhu , Lai Jinsheng , Song Weibin
Published: September 2021

Maize kernel weight is influenced by the unloading of nutrients from the maternal placenta and their passage through the transfer tissue of the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and the basal intermediate zone (BIZ) to the upper part of the endosperm.

Here, we show that Small kernel 10 (Smk10) encodes a choline transporter‐like protein 1 (ZmCTLP1) that facilitates choline uptake and is located in the trans‐Golgi network (TGN). Its loss of function results in reduced choline content, leading to smaller kernels with a lower starch content.

Mutation of ZmCTLP1 disrupts membrane lipid homeostasis and the normal development of wall in‐growths. Expression levels of Mn1 and ZmSWEET4c, two kernel filling‐related genes, are downregulated in the smk10, which is likely to be one of the major causes of incompletely differentiated transfer cells. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 also reduces the number of plasmodesmata (PD) in transfer cells, indicating that the smk10 mutant is impaired in PD formation. Intriguingly, we also observed premature cell death in the BETL and BIZ of the smk10 mutant.

Together, our results suggest that ZmCTLP1‐mediated choline transport affects kernel development, highlighting its important role in lipid homeostasis, wall in‐growth formation and PD development in transfer cells.
Huff and puff and blow down: invasive plants traits response to strong winds at the Southern Oceanic Islands
Authors: Saiz Hugo , Renault David , Puijalon Sara , Barrio Miguel , Bertrand Mathilde , Tolosano Matteo , Pierre Aurélien , Ferreira Charly , Prouteau Clémentine , Bittebiere Anne‐Kristel
Published: September 2021

Invasions constitute a major driver of biodiversity changes. Insular plant communities are particularly vulnerable to invasions and are relevant models for investigating mechanisms supporting the establishment and spread of introduced plants. Terrestrial flora of sub‐Antarctic islands must often thrive in highly windy habitats, thus imposing strong mechanical constraints on individuals. Many alien plants at the sub‐Antarctic islands are of tropical or temperate origins, where they were exposed to less stringent wind conditions. As wind likely represents a strong environmental filter for the successful establishment and further geographic spread of plants, they should have developed responses to resist and successfully colonize the Iles Kerguelen. We studied responses to wind of three herbaceous species that are invasive at Iles Kerguelen. We sampled plant individuals at different locations, under windy and sheltered conditions. Traits related to wind avoidance and tolerance and to resource acquisition were measured. We additionally assessed individual performance (biomass) to determine the consequences of trait variations. We focused on trait mean and variance, in particular, through the calculation of hypervolumes. This study emphasized that wind has important effects on plant economics spectrum, including traits involved in mechanical avoidance and light acquisition, with varying strategies, which seem to depend on the biological type of the species (grass versus non‐grass). Wind generally reduces individual performance, and this negative effect is not direct but operates through the modification of plant trait values. Furthermore, analyses performed at the hypervolume scale indicate that not only functional trait mean but also its variability account for plant performance. The existence of contrasting growth strategies to cope with local environmental conditions suggests that invaders will be able to occupy different niches, which may ultimately impact local communities. Our results highlight the importance of considering multi‐traits responses to meaningfully capture plant adjustments to stress.
Interaction network structure and spatial patterns influence invasiveness and invasibility in a stochastic model of plant communities
Authors: Kinlock Nicole L. , Munch Stephan B.
Published: September 2021

The factors governing invasiveness and invasibility are important for understanding invasions in plant communities, but most previous work does not incorporate network‐level interaction structure. We addressed this gap by simulating perennial plant communities at multiple life stages that varied in species richness and interaction network structures (transitive and intransitive), characteristics associated with species coexistence, using a stochastic lattice model that incorporated local competition, facilitation, and dispersal. Resident communities were invaded with alien species that varied in their fecundity, dispersal, and competitive abilities. We found that community structures that are known to promote coexistence also increased invasibility; communities with intransitive interaction networks on the whole were more invasible than transitive communities. However, the interaction between species richness and network structure was complex, as intransitive communities with few species were relatively resistant and transitive communities with many species were relatively invasible. Thus, simple rules linking intransitivity and diversity may not reflect the complex relationships between community structure and dynamics that occur in more realistic spatial systems. Spatial patterns of clustering and segregation were associated with higher invasibility and successful invaders intensified these patterns in communities, particularly at large spatial scales. Invasiveness and alien species abundance were associated with species‐level characteristics (fecundity and dispersal), but community‐level characteristics were also important, particularly competitive tolerance to the resident community. These results emphasize the importance of a community‐level approach, involving network‐level structure and spatial patterns, in adding nuance to our understanding of invasions in plant communities.
Child health care nurses’ experiences of language barriers during home visits
Authors: Bohlin Veronica , Nolbris Margaretha Jenholt , Wigert Helena
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of the study was to explore the communication tools that child healthcare nurses can use during home visits to families when language barriers exist.

Design

Qualitative study using data collected from focus group sessions.

Sample

Six semi‐structured focus group interviews with twenty nurses in child healthcare services.

Measurements

The results were analyzed with a thematic content analysis.

Results

The analysis resulted in two themes: Using pictures as support in the conversation, with subthemes Not using pictures as support, Wanting to know how to use pictures as support, Pictures as support for invitations, Different types of pictures as support, and Alternative means of communication with the subthemes Possibilities of using an interpreter, Obstacles to using an interpreter, Mixed communication.

Conclusion

If language barriers are present during home visits, decision‐making nurses in Child Health Care (CHC) put families in an unequal position when communicating with them. These results point to a need for more education, guidelines and support regarding alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) tools and structures to assist in overcoming language barriers.
Genome‐wide identification studies – A primer to explore new genes in plant species
Authors: Safder I. , Shao G. , Sheng Z. , Hu P. , Tang S.
Published: September 2021

Genome data have accumulated rapidly in recent years, doubling roughly after every 6 months due to the influx of next‐generation sequencing technologies. A plethora of plant genomes are available in comprehensive public databases. This easy access to data provides an opportunity to explore genome datasets and recruit new genes in various plant species not possible a decade ago. In the past few years, many gene families have been published using these public datasets. These genome‐wide studies identify and characterize gene members, gene structures, evolutionary relationships, expression patterns, protein interactions and gene ontologies, and predict putative gene functions using various computational tools. Such studies provide meaningful information and an initial framework for further functional elucidation. This review provides a concise layout of approaches used in these gene family studies and demonstrates an outline for employing various plant genome datasets in future studies.
From Brexit to VOX: Populist Policy Narratives about Rurality in Europe and the Populist Challenges for the Rural‐Urban Divide*
Authors: Valero Diana E.
Published: September 2021

The spread of radical‐right populist movements across Europe in recent years have been explained from a geographical perspective by a differentiated political behavior in rural areas, rooted in socio‐economic differences and a theory of a “revenge of the places that do not matter”. The objective of the article is to contribute to the characterization of the current populist narratives on rurality and potential new rural‐urban cleavages. Using the “Narrative Policy Framework”, the article explores two complementary case studies through a qualitative analysis of media pieces. The first case study explores narratives on rurality across the European Union between 2015 and 2019, giving an overview of how rural areas are depicted in policy narratives and the role and potential for discourses rooted in perceptions of “left‐behind places.” The second case study explores in depth how the Spanish radical‐right party VOX articulates its policy narrative on rurality. The analysis of both cases illustrates the existence of a complex narrative fabric on rurality across rural areas in Europe and how radical‐right populism reproduces a narrow concept of rurality, anchored in the idea of abandonment that may be contributing to the creation of a new rural‐urban cleavage.
Validation of blood gas analysis in arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis
Authors: Menezes Maria do Mar , Caeiro Fernando , Fernandes Sara , Nolasco Fernando
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Arterial blood gas analysis is a minimally invasive technique used in our daily practice but is not a complication free technique. The aim of this study was to validate results from blood gas analysis obtained from the arteriovenous fistula (AVF)/graft as a surrogate marker of the arterial blood gas analysis.

Methods

A prospective observational study was made in 45 patients. We performed arterial and AVF/graft blood gas analysis and results were compared by a paired sample t Student test.

Results

Most of our subjects was male (68.9%) and the mean age was 67 years (±14).

Hemodialysis vintage was 63 months (±66), and vascular access age was 62 months (±56).

The more prevalent vascular access was left radiocephalic AVF (n = 16; 35.6%) and the main puncture artery was right radial artery (n = 27; 60.0%).

There were no statistically significant differences between the samples collected.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a possible alternative of arterial blood gas analysis in AVF/graft for hemodialysis patients. This could result in making an uncomfortable procedure almost painless and reducing complications. Future research should take place to include anatomical characteristics of the AVF or the circulation of recirculation.
All Roads Lead to Polenta: Cultural Attractors at the Junction of Public and Personal Culture
Authors: Boutyline Andrei , Cornell Devin , Arseniev‐Koehler Alina
Published: September 2021

In the process of retelling information, individuals often inadvertently transform it to be more consistent with their cultural schemas. We explore the long‐term cultural change inherent in this process, focusing on utterances about cultural tastes as our case study (e.g., music, food, and outdoor hobbies). We use a word embedding model to simulate a “telephone game” where each actor partially hears an utterance, uses their cultural schemas to guess the missing word, and tells the result to the next actor. While laboratory “telephone games” explore short transmission chains of approximately four steps, our approach lets us simulate these chains out to 1000 steps. We find that these chains are often pulled toward powerful “cultural attractors”—essentially points of least resistance where communications end up through transmission error alone. Moreover, some attractors operate across taste domains: transmission chains gravitate toward these attractors regardless of which cultural domain they begin in. The most powerful such attractor we located concerns high‐status, broadly liked food. Taste in food may thus have an underappreciated centrality within personal taste: verbal accounts describing taste in food may be particularly stable across multiple retellings, while accounts about other taste domains may become transformed into accounts of taste in food.
Energy facies: A global view of pyroclastic currents from vent to deposit
Authors: Doronzo Domenico M. , Giordano Guido , Palladino Danilo M.
Published: September 2021

Pyroclastic currents are described as gravity currents, and the classic conceptual model gives a first‐order importance to the density of such currents. This directs quantitative models to assume specific flow structures (shallow water or equilibrium turbulent boundary layer), which may apply to restricted volcanic areas independently of source dynamics or may correspond to source dynamics separate from topographic interaction. The recent introduction of two end‐members of pyroclastic currents, inertial and forced, is further developed here, leading to a global conceptual model in which source dynamics and topographic interaction are both taken into account. The concept of energy facies is defined here as the ensemble of the first‐order indicators of pyroclastic currents (topological aspect ratio, competence ratio and emplacement temperature) that are proxies of the energy of such currents. Nine energy facies are introduced with general applicability and with the goal to globally characterize pyroclastic currents from vent to deposit.
Redundant roles of four ZIP family members in zinc homeostasis and seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lee Sichul , Lee Joohyun , Ricachenevsky Felipe K. , Punshon Tracy , Tappero Ryan , Salt David E. , Guerinot Mary Lou
Published: September 2021

Zinc (Zn) is essential for normal plant growth and development. The Zn‐regulated transporter, iron‐regulated transporter (IRT)‐like protein (ZIP) family members are involved in Zn transport and cellular Zn homeostasis throughout the domains of life. In this study, we have characterized four ZIP transporters from Arabidopsis thaliana (IRT3, ZIP4, ZIP6, and ZIP9) to better understand their functional roles. The four ZIP proteins can restore the growth defect of a yeast Zn uptake mutant and are upregulated under Zn deficiency. Single and double mutants show no phenotypes under Zn‐sufficient or Zn‐limited growth conditions. In contrast, triple and quadruple mutants show impaired growth irrespective of external Zn supply due to reduced Zn translocation from root to shoot. All four ZIP genes are highly expressed during seed development, and siliques from all single and higher‐order mutants exhibited an increased number of abnormal seeds and decreased Zn levels in mature seeds relative to wild type. The seed phenotypes could be reversed by supplementing the soil with Zn. Our data demonstrate that IRT3, ZIP4, ZIP6, and ZIP9 function redundantly in maintaining Zn homeostasis and seed development in A. thaliana.
Annotating Black joy on the White City Estate
Authors: Télémaque Nathaniel
Published: September 2021

Black joy is a distinctive part of the Black experience. Amid the wakes of the tragic losses of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, and the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter Movements, in tandem with the rise of the global COVID‐19 pandemic, I photograph Black millennial experiences and the site of the White City Estate in Shepherd's Bush, West London as a visual artist, writer and geographer.
Outcomes of pregnant broodmares treated for colic at a tertiary care facility
Authors: Douglas Hope F. , Stefanovski Darko , Southwood Louise L.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate, following colic admission during pregnancy, (1) broodmare survival; (2) the frequency of recurrent colic in broodmares and its associated variables, and (3) pregnancy outcome and the variables associated with a negative pregnancy outcome.

Study design

Ambidirectional observational cohort study.

Animals

One hundred and four client‐owned broodmare admissions.

Methods

Admissions of pregnant mares from June 2010 until October 2016 were included. Data were collected until November 2017. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to evaluate variables associated with broodmare survival. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the variables associated with recurrent colic and pregnancy outcome.

Results

Broodmares from 73/104 (70.2%) admissions were discharged alive. Lesion category, admission hyperlactatemia (hazard ratio (HR) 3.24, 95%, CI 1.28‐8.22,P = .013), and admission high packed cell volume (HR 2.89, 95% CI 1.29‐6.47,P = .010) were associated with reduced survival. Recurrent colic was observed in broodmares from 33/70 admissions (47.1%). The final multivariable model for recurrent colic included Thoroughbred breed (OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.58‐16.4,P = .006) and age (OR .876, 95% CI .747‐1.03,P = .105). Overall, negative pregnancy outcome was 14/65 (21.5%). Lesion category, evidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in hospital (OR 31.2, 95% CI 2.09‐466.5,P = .013), and diarrhea in hospital (OR 379.3, 95% CI 97.1‐1482.0,P < .001) were associated with increased negative pregnancy outcome. Altrenogest administration was inversely associated with negative pregnancy outcome (OR 0.029, 95% CI .004‐.222,P = .001).

Conclusion

Pregnant broodmares admitted for colic had lower survival than anticipated and were at risk of recurrent colic. Markers of broodmare disease severity were associated with pregnancy outcome.

Clinical significance

Lesion category, hematologic variables (packed cell volume andl‐lactate concentration), evidence of SIRS, and diarrhea were useful for predicting broodmare and pregnancy outcomes.
Building a Transimperial Infrastructure
Authors: Koyagi Mikiya
Published: September 2021

Chapter 1 focuses primarily on British imperial officials prior to World War I to examine their visions of redirecting the flow of goods through infrastructural projects. It argues that the various trans-Iranian railway projects that they proposed were intended to reshape space transimperially. As such, the main goal was to link Europe with Asia through railways and steamships, and Iran’s significance lay in its location between Europe or Russia and India. Importantly, the perceived strategic interests of the empire were not the only reasons British officials advocated such reshaping of space. Rather, their goals were couched in the language of a civilizational project to revive Iran’s lost status as the corridor between East and West.
The Road to Salvation
Authors: Koyagi Mikiya
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 discusses railway imaginations among Iranians between the 1860s and World War I. It argues that nationalist discourse came to define a trans-Iranian railway as a measure to create a Tehran-centered national space, in contradistinction with imperial railway projects that sought to incorporate different parts of Iran into imperial spaces. This chapter also illustrates that it was Iranian encounters with railway technology in neighboring countries that shaped ideas about the role of the state, the relationship between railways and preexisting modes of transport, the purpose of building a railway, and other contentious issues. The first two chapters together highlight the importance of adopting a spatial framework that goes beyond Iran and the West.
The Tavern
Authors: Gollance Sonia
Published: September 2021

For centuries, most ordinary central and eastern European Jews lived in towns and villages, often running taverns at the local nobleman’s behest. There were few Jewish families in these rural communities, which often made it difficult to properly educate Jewish children. While the tavern was a space that ensured the family’s livelihood, it also confronted the tavernkeeper’s children with the temptation of peasant dancing. Indeed, taverns facilitated multiple forms of boundary-crossing. Rural Jewish families struggled, at least in literature, with passing on Jewish knowledge and customs to children who may have found the pastimes of their neighbors more compelling. Leopold Kompert’s Die Kinder des Randars (The Randar’s Children, 1848) and Leon Kobrin’s Yankl Boyle (1899) depict the ways the children of tavernkeepers struggled to reconcile their Jewish and rural identities.
The Ballroom
Authors: Gollance Sonia
Published: September 2021

Participation in social dancing was an important marker in the Jewish process of embourgeoisement. European Jewish literary texts portray the ballroom as site for testing Jewish admission to elite pastimes and present the ball as a window into Jewish cultural aspirations. The question of whether both Jews and Christians are included in these social spaces is an important issue in many of these texts, revealing the way the dance floor shows gendered pathways to acculturation. Authors frequently underscore this theme by using the dance floor in the service of (unsuccessful) marriage plots. This chapter explores two types of ballroom space: elite non-Jewish balls to which only very select Jews were invited (such as in Karl Emil Franzos’s Judith Trachtenberg, 1891) and Jewish balls that might also include non-Jewish guests (such as in Clementine Krämer’s Der Weg des jungen Hermann Kahn, The Path of Young Hermann Kahn, 1918).
Compromising on Hybrid Justice
Authors: Ciorciari John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the Khmer Rouge tribunal, and the danger of building a mixed court on a fragile political foundation. It shows how distrust and feuds between the United Nations and its Cambodian partners have contributed to a problematic and unwieldy design for the tribunal. The court has been able to deliver credible justice for cases in which UN and Cambodia government interests have aligned. However, its performance and perceived legitimacy have suffered from the divergent preferences of the partners, and the tribunal has had limited impact on Cambodia’s formidable rule-of-law challenges.
Imposing a Mixed Tribunal
Authors: Ciorciari John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the troubled effort to create, design, and manage a hybrid judicial process in Lebanon after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri. It shows how that country’s profound domestic divisions rendered the government unable to issue a clear delegation of sovereign authority. The UN Security Council therefore imposed a hybrid tribunal on Lebanon, and its legitimacy has been challenged from the start. Without strong domestic cooperation, the tribunal has been highly constrained, unable to apprehend suspects or conduct extensive outreach in the country. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon thus epitomizes the dangers of a fragile political foundation for shared sovereignty.
The Path Ahead
Authors: Ciorciari John D.
Published: September 2021

The conclusion ties together the major analytic findings of the book. It draws policy implications of the study, reviews recent trends, and reflects on the prognosis for shared sovereignty in fragile states.
The Oriented Spray Cooling System for Heat Rejection and Evaporation
Authors: Bowman Charles F. , Taylor Robert E. , Hubble Jerry D.
Published: September 2021

Spray ponds offer significant advantages over mechanical draft cooling towers (MDCTs) including superior simplicity and operability, lower preferred power requirements, and lower capital and maintenance costs. Unlike a conventional spray pond in which spray nozzles are arranged in a flat bed and water is sprayed upward, the oriented spray cooling system (OSCS) is an evolutionary spray pond design in which nozzles are mounted on spray trees arranged in a circle and are tilted at an angle oriented toward the center of the circle. As a result, each nozzle is exposed to essentially ambient air as water droplets drag air into the spray region while the warm air concentrated in the center of the circle rises. Both of these effects work together to increase air flow through the spray region. Increased air flow reduces the local wet-bulb temperature of the air in the spray pattern, promoting heat transfer and more efficient cooling. The authors have developed analytical models to predict the thermal performance of the OSCS that are based on classical heat and mass transfer and kinetic vector relationships for spherical water droplets that rely only on generic experimental thermal performance data. Therefore, the model is not limited in application with regard to spray pressure or nozzle spacing or orientation and is not limited by droplet size considerations. This paper describes specific details such as nozzle type, orientation, and drop spectrum and details on the analytical model never before published that are used to predict the OSCS performance. The paper compares the predicted performance of the OSCS with the rigorous full-scale field test results that were measured in compliance with Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements at the Columbia Generating Station where the ultimate heat sink (UHS) is two OSCS.
Application of Planar Laser Rayleigh Scattering for Measurement of Gas Temperature Distributions in Effusion Jet Cooled Panels Exposed to High Temperatures
Authors: Grasso Gregory S. , Snyder Kevin R. , Cetegen Baki M.
Published: September 2021

This experimental study examines the use of planar laser Rayleigh scattering to measure instantaneous gas temperature distributions at different heights above the surface of an effusion cooled plate. An experimental test rig was used to model combustor conditions with a bulk crossflow temperature of 1500 K. Carbon dioxide was used as coolant at multiple blowing ratios ranging from 1.12 to 11.1. A “temperature-pegging” methodology was used to process Rayleigh light scattering images to create high resolution and accurate temperature images at heights of 2, 2.75, and 3.5 mm above the surface of a prototypical effusion plate. Measured temperature distributions were used to calculate root-mean-square (RMS) distributions, and were also converted to film effectiveness maps based on the upstream crossflow gas and effusion coolant temperatures. It is found that the film cooling region spreads upstream with increasing effusion jet blowing ratio parameter. The RMS deviation of gas temperatures over each measurement plane shows that the RMS fluctuations are low inside and outside the effusion film, but are high near the film edge. At a given height above the effusion panel, the RMS fluctuations decrease in the film region with increasing blowing ratio. Film effectiveness follows similar trends with high film effectiveness region expanding with increasing effusion jet blowing ratios.
Fuel Performance Modeling at High Burn-Up by FEMAXI-6 Code
Authors: Lüley Jakub , Vrban Branislav , Čerba Štefan , Osuský Filip , Nečas Vladimír
Published: September 2021

The scope of the current research in the field of fuel performance is primarily aimed at an improvement of the operating reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of the reactors in operation. The current requirement of nuclear industry is to have fuel suitable for load follow operation. Fission gas release, pellet-cladding mechanical interaction, and stress corrosion cracking are the main phenomena that limit the variability of reactor operation from a safety perspective. To reasonably predict the fuel performance limits, it is necessary to benchmark the computational tools against high-quality experimental data. This work is devoted to the calculation of fuel performance using the code FEMAXI-6 based on the longest irradiation experiment in the Halden reactor. The fuel burn-up was approaching 90 MWd/kgUO2 in three selected rods, which were equipped with the pressure sensors and were subjected to extensive postirradiation examination. During the experiment, the rods were exposed to several periods of power cycling. The rods were manufactured with different fuel grain size and fuel-to-clad gap size.
Computational Modeling in High School Physics First: Postcards from the Edge
Authors: Apple Lillian , Baunach John , Connelly Glenda , Gahlhoff Sonia , Romanowicz Colleen Megowan , Vieyra Rebecca Elizabeth , Walker Lucas
Published: September 2021

Multiple initiatives contend that all students should master computational thinking, including the Next Generation Science Standards, the K-12 Framework for Computational Thinking, and Code.org. In turn, many physics teachers have begun to explore a variety of approaches to integrating computational modeling through programming. These activities go beyond graphical analysis tools and interactive simulations that have been a recent staple for physics educators.
TiltTray: A 3D-Printed Apparatus to Teach Inclined-Plane Physics Through Smartphone Portrait-Landscape Transitions
Authors: Larnder Chris I.
Published: September 2021

Today’s students are increasingly immersed in a landscape of screens and handheld digital devices through which a good deal of their interactions with the world around them are mediated. Physics educators, meanwhile, continue to rely on traditional human interactions with the physical world, such as sliding down a ramp or throwing a baseball, in order to illustrate fundamental concepts in physics. Regrettably, these interactions are decreasingly representative of the kinds of everyday activities that our students engage in, reducing their degree of engagement with the material. A new opportunity lies in the behavior of smartphones in response to sustained tilted orientations, which has for some time become a familiar mechanism of interaction between students and many of the mobile apps that they engage with on a daily basis. Here we demonstrate how a methodical investigation of this digital-era mechanism can be used to introduce the inclined plane, a standard topic in most introductory mechanics courses. We also present an open-source 3D-printed apparatus designed to support this investigation and the experiences from well over 1000 students in three different colleges.
Wave Reflections in a Circular Ripple Tank
Authors: Dieguez Gisselle , Karpenkopf Jonathan , Labrador Aaron , Gimenez Ludmila , Guerra Julian , Fulton Jack , Walecki Wojciech J.
Published: September 2021

Although ripple tanks have been used in the past to perform wave simulations for electromagnetic and acoustic phenomena, especially before the advent of computers, they are still often used to demonstrate wave propagation in high school and college physics classrooms. Usually ripple tanks have a rectangular shape. The wave propagating through the tank interacts with smaller slits, reflecting surfaces, and similar objects. Sophisticated circular ripple tanks have been built in the past, but their main purpose was for the study of wave phenomena in rotating systems. John Fleming in his book describes an elliptical ripple tank, but it is not clear if he actually built one. He discusses the possibility of generating a wave at one of the focal points of an ellipse and focusing it at the other.
Measurement of g using a pendulum and a smartphone proximity sensor
Authors: Deng Xiaorong , Zhang Jiarui , Chen Qiushi , Zhang Junhui , Zhuang Wei
Published: September 2021

The use of sensors in smartphones to do physical experiments is a boom in the past decade, such as acceleration sensor,1,2 light sensor,3,4 magnetometer,5,6 camera,7,8 and gyroscope. However, few people study the application of proximity sensors in physical experiments, although, in our view, the employment of the proximity sensor is more accurate than other sensors (see Table I). For further research, this paper proposes a method to measure the oscillation period of a simple pendulum based on the proximity sensor integrated in the smartphone and determines the experimental value of the gravitational acceleration. Theoretical background
Subjective Sleep Patterns and Jet Lag Symptoms of Junior Netball Players Prior to and During an International Tournament: A Case Study
Authors: Lever Jonathon R. , Janse van Rensburg Dina C. , Jansen van Rensburg Audrey , Fowler Peter , Fullagar Hugh H.K.
Published: September 2021

Purpose: To assess the impact of long-haul transmeridian travel on subjective sleep patterns and jet lag symptoms in youth athletes around an international tournament. Methods: An observational descriptive design was used. Subjective sleep diaries and perceived responses to jet lag were collected and analyzed for a national junior netball team competing in an international tournament. Sleep diaries and questionnaires were completed daily prior to and during travel, and throughout the tournament. Results were categorized into pretravel, travel, training, and match nights. Means were compared performing a paired Student t test with significance set at P < .05. Data are presented as mean (SD) and median (minimum, maximum). Results: Athletes reported significantly greater time in bed on match days compared with training (P < .001) and travel (P = .002) days, and on pretravel days compared with travel (P < .001) and training (P = .028) days. Sleep ratings were significantly better on pretravel days compared with match (P = .013) days. Perceived jet lag was worse on match (P = .043) days compared with pretravel days. Significant differences were also observed between a number of conditions for meals, mood, bowel activity, and fatigue. Conclusion: Youth athletes experience significantly less opportunity for sleep during long-haul transmeridian travel and face disruptions to daily routines during travel which impact food intake. Young athletes also experience disturbed sleep prior to and during competition. These results highlight the need for practices to alleviate jet lag symptoms and improve the sleep of young athletes traveling for tournaments in an effort to optimize recovery and performance.