bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Flame Detector using a 4-wavelength Infrared Sensor
Authors: Jung Jong-Jin , Song Seok-Jin
Published: September 2021

In this study, the effectiveness and feasibility of a flame detector using a 4-wavelength infrared sensor that can compensate for the non-fire alarm disadvantages of the existing infrared flame detector was analyzed. The proposed flame detector adds an additional infrared sensor to the existing flame detector that uses two or three infrared sensors. The information from the additional sensor was used to determine non-fire alarms. To determine the fire/non-fire, wavelength information of the flame emitted from the fire source is required. To obtain this wavelength information, various fire sources, such as halogen lamps, spectrum analysis, fan heaters, and arc welding, were analyzed. To analyze the wavelength characteristics of each fire source, spectrum analysis (fast fourier transform, FFT) of wavelengths was performed in the central processing unit (CPU) of the flame detector, and the intensity of each wavelength was measured. Additionally, two wavelengths (3.95 μm and 5.3 μm) were used to discriminate non-fire alarms, and the parameters for judging fire/non-fire more accurately were derived using the information on these two wavelengths. To confirm the operation characteristics of the 4-wavelength infrared sensor flame detector, a fire test was performed using n-heptane. The results of the experiment indicate that the fire signal was generated accurately in the fire source experiment using n-heptane, and the non-fire alarm could be accurately identified in the non-fire source experiment of halogen lamps, fan heaters, and arc welding.
Using cognitive linguistic principles to encourage production of metaphorical vocabulary in writing
Authors: Bennett Phil
Published: September 2021

Learners in academic English environments face considerable demands on their lexical knowledge. The problem is more than just the acquisition of a large vocabulary, they must also develop an awareness of the range of meanings that words can convey. Academic discourse is known to make frequent use of metaphorical vocabulary to express abstract notions. This article reports on a two-semester investigation into learner production of conventional metaphorical vocabulary in an anthropology course. Analysis of written output revealed that control group metaphor use correlated strongly with overall proficiency, but that experimental group learners responded to the treatment in a more complex fashion.
Initial evaluation of AWSuM: A pilot study
Authors: Mizumoto Atsushi
Published: September 2021

This article reports on a pilot study to evaluate usability, effectiveness, and impact of Academic Word Suggestion Machine (AWSuM), a webbased, innovative tool, powered by the combination of rhetorical moves and lexical bundles with an auto-complete feature. Eight L2 writers participated in the study. Their open-ended comments after using the tool were qualitatively analyzed and classified in thematic categories. The results showed that the developed tool brought about beneficial effects that genre writing pedagogy explicitly aims to achieve. Implications are discussed in terms of the potential role that a tool like AWSuM could play in the teaching and learning of technology-enhanced genre writing.
Weed Flora Dynamics in Maize (Zea mays L.) Field as Influenced by Cover Crop Types and Planting Densities at Jalingo, Northeast, Nigeria
Authors: Michael G. C. , Tijani-Eniola H. , Nwagwu F. A. , Olaniyi O. W.
Published: September 2021

Aim: Competition from weeds is an obstacle to profitable maize production. Knowledge of weed species limiting productivity is essential for sustainable management. A two years field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a leguminous cover crop, akidi (Vigna unquiculata sub-sp sequipedalis) and two non-leguminous cover crops (melon and sweet potato) planted at three densities on weed flora composition and shift in maize at Jalingo, North-eastern Nigeria.

Study Design: There were 11 treatments replicated three times in a randomized complete block design.

Methodology: Low, moderate and high densities (20,000, 30,000 and 40,000 stands/ha respectively) of Akidi, Melon and Sweet potato (A1, A2, A3, M1, M2, M3, S1, S2, S3) with weeded (C1) and unweeded (C2) checks constituted the treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Weed flora abundance, percentage density, percentage frequency, frequency index and percentage contributions were determined from a 50cm x 50cm quadrat thrown twice per plot at various phases of maize growth.

Results: Thirteen weed families made up of 11 broad leaves, one grass and one sedge were identified. The abundance was in the order Broad leaf > Grass > Sedges. The most abundant weed species were: Imperata cylindrica L (3.8), Mucuna utilis (3.0), Oldenlandia herbacea L. (2.6) Sida acuta Burm F, Tridax procumbens L. (2.5 each), Leucas martinicensis, Pennisetum pedicellatum (2.3 each). Commelina benghalensis, Cyperus difformis (3.5), Digitaria horizontalis, Fimbristylis littoralis (2.8 each). The influence of selected cover crops on individual weed percentage the contribution shows: Commelina benghalensis ( C2<C1 < M <S< A), Euphorbia hyssopifolia (C2<M/S < A<C1), Euphorbia heterophylla (M<S<A), Leucasmartinicensis (C1<C2<M<A<S), Mucunautilis (S<M<C1<C2<A) and Sida acuta (M<S<A<C2<C1) while grassy weeds, Imperata cylindrical (A<C2<S<M), Pennisetum pedicellatum (A<C2), Digitaria horizontalis (C1/ C2< A < M <S), Kyllinga squamulata (M/S <C2<A <C1). Commelina spp. increased in status from an accessory (21.2%) to abundance (66.7%) while others increased from rare to accessory (from 0.0 to 20-40%).

Conclusion: Akidi was more effective on broad-leaved weeds while melon and sweet potato were more effective on grasses and Commelina benghalensis need to be monitored.
Ethno Medicinal Plants Used for Wound Healing Properties in Tinsukia District, Assam: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Gogoi Pal , Laskar Moksood Ahmed , Sen Saikat , Dey Biplab Kumar , Choudhury Rejwan Ahmed , Borgohain Republica , Ansari Sajidul Hoque
Published: September 2021

Wound healing is a vital physiological process that helps to retain the integrity of the skin after it has been damaged, whether by accident or by a deliberate operation. In Tinsukia district, Assam, tribal people and folklore traditions employ a wide variety of plants/plant extracts/decoctions or pastes to cure wounds. This study is designed to explore the ethnomedicinal plants used for the wound healing properties by the people of Tinsukia district, Assam. The Documentation of potential ethnobotanical information of traditionally used medicinal plant with wound healing activity will facilitates the scientific evaluation to look forward into a leading scientific prospect for the development of new herbal therapy for wound healing.
Ethical Perception of Tax Evasion: Determinants and Consequences on Voluntary Tax Compliance
Authors: Saragih Arfah Habib , Putra I Dewa Nyoman Suartama
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the factors of ethical perception of tax evasion. We also investigate the effect of ethical perception on tax compliance. Surveys were conducted with 291 participants consist of student, lecturer, professional, and business owner from various backgrounds and majors. Our analysis shows a negative and significant effect of idealism, tax knowledge toward the ethical perception of tax evasion, a positive and significant impact of relativism toward the ethics perception of tax evasion, and no significant effect of religiosity and educational level toward the ethics perception of tax evasion. We found that ethical perception is a significant predictor of voluntary tax compliance.
Colombian parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Perceptions, experiences, and expectations
Authors: Hughes Marie Tejero , Magaña Sandra , Gonzales Wendy , Núñez Giselle , Moreno-Angarita Marisol
Published: September 2021

Families play a critical role in supporting their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in advocating for their health and educational needs. However, many families around the world experience social, emotional, and financial difficulties, as well as challenges navigating various systems in search for the services and supports their children require. Colombia has made some recent strides in supporting the needs of families of children with ASD, but there is still concern among families that their children are not receiving adequate services. Thus, we were interested in learning more about what it was like to parent a child with ASD in Colombia. In particular, we focused on investigating the families' perceptions, experiences, and aspirations for their child with ASD by conducting focus group interviews. Four primary themes emerged from these interviews with Colombian parents, which included the impact of the disability diagnosis on the family, the systemic and societal challenges they faced, the strengths they saw in their child, and their future aspirations and expectations for their child. Implications for developing culturally responsive parent education programs are discussed.
Longitudinality in primary health care: an integrative literature review / Longitudinalidade na atenção primária à saúde: revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Figueira Maura Cristiane e Silva , Caldas Laura Passos , Pereira Jéssica de Aquino , Bazílio Jennifer , Vilela Maria Filomena Gouveia , Silva Eliete Maria
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: analisar a produção científica que descreve a longitudinalidade na Atenção Primária à Saúde e verificar como ocorre nos serviços. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura de estudos que tratam sobre a longitudinalidade do cuidado nos serviços. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Literatura Latino-America e Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Public MEDLINE, SciVerseScopus e no Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde utilizando os termos: “Primary Health Care”, “Longitudinality” e “Public Health”. Resultados: 18 artigos, os quais foram categorizados pela sua similaridade nos temas: estudos sobre os atributos da APS, participação dos usuários na efetivação da longitudinalidade e longitudinalidade no cuidado à criança. Conclusão: a confiança mútua entre profissionais e usuários, a continuidade da atenção, a escuta, a credibilidade e a vinculação do usuário com os profissionais configuram a longitudinalidade nos serviços de saúde.
Quality of life after kidney transplantation: integrative review / Qualidade de vida após o transplante renal: revisão integrativa
Authors: Pinto Karina Daneilly Cavalcanti , Cavalcanti Alessandra do Nascimento , Maia Eulália Maria Chaves
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: Analisar como a literatura apresenta a qualidade de vida em paciente transplantado renal. Métodos: estudo de revisão nas bases: MEDLINE, LILACS e SCIELO. Utilizou-se os descritores “Kidney Transplantation” e “Quality of Life”, combinando-se com o operador booleano AND. Após consideração dos critérios, foram analisados integralmente 15 artigos. Resultados: As publicações evidenciaram que o transplante contribui para melhoria da qualidade de vida do paciente, ainda assim, se comparado à população geral essa qualidade é inferior. Fatores como: presença de comorbidades, tempo de transplante, nível de escolaridade e aspectos psicológicos influenciam a visão que o paciente possui da sua qualidade de vida. Conclusão: a qualidade de vida após o transplante é envolta de múltiplos aspectos e particularidades. A constatação  dos benefícios do transplante para o doente renal, não isenta a possibilidade da existência de dimensões negativas as quais podem comprometer a percepção da qualidade de vida.
Perceived Risk and Associated Shielding Behaviors in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Cook Claire , Cox Huel , Fu Xiaoqing , Zhang Yuqing , Stone John H. , Choi Hyon K. , Wallace Zachary S.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To investigate the perceived risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection and outcomes as well as shielding practices among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We surveyed participants with RA in a large health care system between July 16 and November 8, 2020. Participants reported RA treatment, COVID‐19 risk perception, and shielding practices (eg, masks, social distancing, and quarantining). We examined the association of demographic and disease‐specific factors with risk perception and the association of risk perception with shielding practices.

Results

Of 494 participants, 195 (40%), 169 (34%), and 130 (26%) strongly agreed, agreed, or were uncertain/disagreed that their RA put them at higher risk for COVID‐19 or poor outcomes, respectively. Younger age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98), having a comorbidity (OR: 1.60), and biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) use (OR: 1.75) were independently associated with a higher perceived risk. Among those who strongly agreed, agreed, or were uncertain/disagreed that they had greater risk, 165 (85%), 118 (70%), and 69 (53%), respectively, practiced all three shielding measures (P < 0.0001). Those who strongly agreed or agreed that they were at higher risk were more likely to use all three shielding practices (OR: 4.16 and 1.97, respectively). bDMARD use and glucocorticoid use were associated with using all three shielding measures (OR: 1.99 and 1.81, respectively).

Conclusion

Perception of COVID‐19 risk among patients with RA varies substantially. Factors associated with perceived risk are different from those found to be associated with worse outcomes in observational studies. Greater perceived risk is associated with more strict shielding, which has implications for patient education and mental health.
Recent Progress on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Metal Halide Perovskites@Metal Oxide
Authors: Duan Yanyan , Wang De‐Yi , Costa Rubén D.
Published: September 2021

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have become a promising candidate in a myriad of applications, such as light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, lasing, photodetectors, photocatalysis, transistors, etc. This is related to the synergy of their excellent features, including high photoluminescence quantum yields, narrow and tunable emission, long charge carrier lifetimes, broad absorption spectrum along with high extinction absorptions coefficients, among others. However, the main bottleneck is the poor stability of the MHPs under ambient conditions. This is imposing severe restrictions with respect to their industrialized applications and commercialization. In this context, metal oxide (MOx) coatings have recently emerged as an efficient strategy toward overcoming the stabilities issues as well as retaining the excellent properties of the MHPs, and therefore facilitate the development of the related devices’ stabilities and performances. This review provides a summary of the recent progress on synthetic methods, enhanced features, the techniques to assess the MHPs@MOx composites, and applications of the MHPs@MOx. Specially, novel approaches to fabricate the composites and new applications of the composites are also reported in this review for the first time. This is rounded by a critical outlook about the current MHPs’ stability issues and the further direction to ensure a bright future of MHPs@MOx.
Crosstalk‐Free, Stretching‐Insensitive Sensor Based on Arch‐Bridge Architecture for Tactile Mapping with Parallel Addressing Strategy toward Million‐Scale‐Pixels Processing
Authors: Shao Ruomei , Wang Chunnan , Zhao Jingru , Yang Hang , Sun Shuqing
Published: September 2021

In the field of biomimetic electronics, flexible sensors with both high resolution and large size are attracting a lot of attention. However, attempts to increase the number of sensor pixels have been thwarted by the need for complex inner circuits and the resulting interferences with the output. Technological challenges, such as real‐time spatiotemporal mapping and long‐time reliability, must be resolved for large‐scale sensor matrices. This paper reports a simple and robust sensor with an arch‐bridge architecture (ABA) to address these challenges. The device, which consists of an anti‐icing all‐transparent material system, is fabricated by immobilizing ABA ionic arrays on predefined grooves on the substrate. It systematically integrates ABA structure‐designing, resistance‐position‐sensing, and parallel‐addressing logic, allowing for an improvement of three orders of magnitude in the scanning speed (million‐scale pixels) without logical “diagnose confusion.” In addition, it can withstand 100 000 stretching cycles without functional failure. It is also resistant to interferences from stretching. humidity, wet surfaces, and power lines. The proposed strategy is envisaged to serve as a general solution for high‐density, large‐area tactile sensors in various applications.
Plant disease threats to food security in the Northern Great Plains of North America
Authors: Byamukama Emmanuel , Pérez‐Hernández Oscar , Yabwalo Dalitso Nobble
Published: September 2021

Plant disease epidemics are responsible for millions of tons of yield loss from crops annually. To provide sufficient nutritious food, feed, fiber, and fuel for a growing world human population on a non‐expanding land resource, yield loss caused by plant pathogens must be minimized. The Northern Great Plains (NGP) region of the United States is a major crop‐producing region, but crop production in this region is threatened by climate variability, new pathogen or pathogen race development, limited in‐field management practices, pathogen synergism, and fungicide resistance in some fungal pathogens. To sustain stable food, feed, fiber, and fuel production from plants, concerted efforts from all stakeholders must be harnessed to develop new varieties that are resistant to plant pathogens and less sensitive to climate variability, promote use of integrated disease management (that incorporates resistant/tolerant varieties, plant disease prediction, and accurate disease diagnosis and assessment), and enhance early detection capabilities of new pathogens/races. Here, we review the current and near‐future likely plant disease epidemic concerns in the NGP of the United States and propose some actions to prevent or lessen the extent of the next plant disease epidemic development.
Victor McKusick and his role in the founding of the European School of Genetic Medicine
Authors: Romeo Giovanni , Bobrow Martin , Ferguson‐Smith Malcolm , Ballabio Andrea
Published: September 2021

Between 1988 and 2007, during the courses of the European School of Genetic Medicine, many of us had the opportunity to appreciate the tolerant and open‐minded personality of Victor McKusick. He was gifted with a unique foresight for the innovations introduced into medicine through the development of the Human Genome Project. The aim of our separate contributions in this article is to document how his insights had an important impact on the European medical training system.
Curing behavior and properties of epoxy monomers with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride
Authors: Chennapuram Madhu , Yoshida Yoshiaki , Endo Takeshi
Published: September 2021

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dianhydride (EDTADA) is a six‐membered cyclic anhydride that contains two tertiary amino groups in the structure. In this work, we have demonstrated that a curing reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and EDTADA proceeded efficiently without any accelerant such as tertiary amine and imidazole. This result proves that EDTADA can act as a self‐sustaining accelerant for the curing reaction of the epoxy monomers. On the other hand, the curing reaction of glycidol with EDTADA proceed successfully via an initiation step owing to the esterification of primary alcohol and anhydride moieties. In this case, we demonstrate that EDTADA also works as an amine catalyst for esterification. Moreover, we have studied the adhesive properties of two types of epoxy resin derived from DGEBA and glycidol with EDTADA.
A stitch in time saves… uncontrollable blood loss
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Tehrani David M.
Published: September 2021

Key Points

Suture‐based vascular closure devices are highly effective but can fail because of operator, patient, and procedure factors.

This report from the FDA MAUDE database of device failures included half where such failure led to bleeding or vascular injury requiring surgical or endovascular repair, and death in two patients.

This real‐world data is limited by self‐reporting and an unclear volume of procedures but may help operators understand the failure modes and potential consequences.
MANTA versus Perclose for large‐bore vessel closure: The evidence continues to grow
Authors: Postalian Alexander , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: September 2021

Key Points

The MANTA is a new, easy‐to‐use, collagen plug‐based vascular closure device specifically designed for large‐bore arteriotomy closure.

The authors report on their experience comparing the MANTA device with the Perclose ProGlide technique in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

They found similar rates of success and vascular complications with both devices, suggesting that MANTA is a suitable option for these patients.

It remains to be determined whether one device will emerge as the ideal choice for most patients.

Device cost is a significant barrier to widespread adoption, but price has decreased recently.
Impact of Ultrasound Amplitude on Crystallization of Borax Decahydrate in a Stirred‐Batch Crystallizer
Authors: Čelan Antonija , Milanović Iris , Ćosić Marija , Kuzmanić Nenad
Published: September 2021

The influence of ultrasound amplitude on nucleation kinetics and properties of the final product of borax decahydrate was investigated. Mechanical mixing in a stirred‐batch crystallizer was performed by a straight‐blade turbine (SBT) to ensure a complete suspension of crystals. The obtained results indicated that continuous sonication affects nucleation kinetics, but also the properties of the final product. An increase of the ultrasound amplitude decreases the metastable zone width which ultimately reflects on the final crystal size. Even though the mean crystal size was larger in the non‐sonicated system, it seems that the application of ultrasound shifts the crystal size distribution from bimodal to monomodal. But the shift comes at the cost of a substantial increase in power consumption.
Experimental and Modeling Studies on the Removal of Tars from Coal‐Derived Syngas Using Methyl Oleate
Authors: Mir Ilyas Yousuf , Kherdekar Pranav Vivekrao , Bhatia Divesh
Published: September 2021

The absorption of model tar compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) in methyl oleate is studied in a fixed‐bed absorption column. The dynamic system involving the recirculation of the tar‐rich solvent is modeled as a combination of various steady‐state snapshots in time, and this approach effectively predicts the performance of the absorber. The rate‐based model shows a good agreement with the experimental data as compared to the equilibrium‐based model. Further, a pilot‐scale absorber is designed for the removal of tars from syngas generated in a coal‐to‐methanol plant. The validated rate‐based model is used to predict the effect of various operating and geometry parameters on the absorption efficiency of the pilot‐scale absorber. The regeneration of the solvent by steam stripping and reboiled stripping is evaluated.
Nonlinear electronic density response of the ferromagnetic uniform electron gas at warm dense matter conditions
Authors: Dornheim Tobias , Moldabekov Zhandos A. , Vorberger Jan
Published: September 2021

In a recent Letter [T. Dornheim et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 085001 (2020)], we have presented the first ab initio results for the nonlinear density response of electrons in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime. In the present work, we extend these efforts by carrying out extensive new path integral Monte Carlo simulations of a ferromagnetic electron gas that is subject to an external harmonic perturbation. This allows us to unambiguously quantify the impact of spin‐effects on the nonlinear density response of the warm dense electron gas. In addition to their utility for the description of WDM in an external magnetic field, our results further advance our current understanding of the uniform electron gas as a fundamental model system, which is important in its own right.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Dehydrogenative Couplings of 8‐Aminoquinoline Amides at C5 Position with Acetonitrile, Ethers or Acetone
Authors: Liu Da , Xia Zhen , Xiao Yuanjiu , Yu Yongqi , Yu Lin , Song Zenan , Wu Qianlong , Zhang Junhui , Tan Ze
Published: September 2021

A novel and efficient method for highly regioselective cyanomethylation of 8‐aminoquinoline amides at C5 position was developed. Such reactions proceed under transition metal‐free and base‐free conditions. This protocol features simple operation, high efficiency, good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. Moreover, the etherification or acetonation products were also obtained when acetonitrile was replaced by ethers or acetone, and a radical process was involved in the reaction.
Assessing the Risks to Bats from Plant Protection Products: A Review of the Recent European Food Safety Authority Statement Regarding Toxicity and Exposure Routes
Authors: Brooks A.C. , Nopper J. , Weyers A. , Crosland H. , Foudoulakis M. , Haaf S. , Hackett M. , Lawrence A.
Published: September 2021

Wild birds and mammals that feed in agricultural habitats are potentially exposed to pesticides through various routes. Until recently, it has been implicitly assumed that the existing European Union risk assessment scheme for birds and mammals also covered bats (Chiroptera). However, recent publications raised concerns and, in 2019, a scientific statement was published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that concluded that bats were not adequately covered by the current risk assessment scheme. We review the evidence presented and assumptions made in the EFSA bat statement relating to toxicity, bioaccumulation, and exposure pathways (oral, dermal, and inhalation), in terms of their relevance for bats potentially foraging in agricultural areas in the European Union; we highlight where uncertainties remain and how these could be addressed. Based on our review, it is clear that there is still much uncertainty with regard to the appropriateness of the assumptions made in the EFSA bat statement. Significantly more information needs to be gathered to answer fundamental questions regarding bat behavior in agricultural landscapes, together with the relative sensitivity of bats to pesticide exposure. Given the current critical information gaps, it is recommended that quantitative risk assessments for bats not be performed for pesticides until more robust, reliable, and relevant data are available. The risk to bats can then be compared with that for birds and ground-dwelling mammals, to determine the protectiveness of the existing scheme and thus whether a bat scenario is indeed required and under what circumstances. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2978–2989. © 2021 Cambridge Environmental Assessments, part of RSK ADAS Ltd. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
An efficient edge based data structure for the compressible Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations on hybrid unstructured meshes
Authors: Akkurt Semih , Sahin Mehmet
Published: September 2021

An efficient edge based data structure has been developed in order to implement an unstructured vertex based finite volume algorithm for the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations on hybrid meshes. In the present approach, the data structure is tailored to meet the requirements of the vertex based algorithm by considering data access patterns and cache efficiency. The required data are packed and allocated in a way that they are close to each other in the physical memory. Therefore, the proposed data structure increases cache performance and improves computation time. As a result, the explicit flow solver indicates a significant speed up compared to other open‐source solvers in terms of CPU time. A fully implicit version has also been implemented based on the PETSc library in order to improve the robustness of the algorithm. The resulting algebraic equations due to the compressible Navier–Stokes and the one equation Spalart–Allmaras turbulence equations are solved in a monolithic manner using the restricted additive Schwarz preconditioner combined with the FGMRES Krylov subspace algorithm. In order to further improve the computational accuracy, the multiscale metric based anisotropic mesh refinement library PyAMG is used for mesh adaptation. The numerical algorithm is validated for the classical benchmark problems such as the transonic turbulent flow around a supercritical RAE2822 airfoil and DLR‐F6 wing‐body‐nacelle‐pylon configuration. The efficiency of the data structure is demonstrated by achieving up to an order of magnitude speed up in CPU times.
Economic and sustainability benefits of the United States Golf Association's investment in water, fertilizer, and pesticide management research
Authors: Thompson Cole S. , Kridel Donald J. , Kenna Michael P.
Published: September 2021

The United States Golf Association (USGA) has invested more than US$45 million in turfgrass and environmental research since 1983. This effort has developed research‐based management practices that have contributed to the efficient use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides on U.S. golf courses. Still, there is insufficient evidence of the economic benefits. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the golf industry's resource and economic benefits from the USGA's investment in water, fertilizer, and pesticide management research. Data were collected from an online survey focused on the benefits associated with golf facilities’ adoption of research‐based management practices in six primary areas of interest: (a) evapotranspiration‐based irrigation scheduling (water budgeting), (b) soil moisture sensing, (c) best management practices that reduce nonpoint source pollution by fertilizers and pesticides, (d) putting green construction techniques, (e) naturalized roughs, and (f) improved turfgrass cultivars. Only the first three areas are discussed in this study. Based on data from the survey, multiple econometric models were developed for each of the management practices. All three research‐based management practices have been widely adopted throughout the U.S. golf industry. Across the three management practices studied, modeling indicated a total annual financial benefit of US$1.03 billion to the golf industry. This compares with an estimated yearly Green Section budget of roughly US$10 million, of which US$2 million is for turfgrass and environmental research. Research investment by governments and industry leaders is critical to the sustainability of the golf industry.
Effect of bioactive glasses containing strontium and potassium on dentin permeability
Authors: Acevedo Luisa Alegria , Campos Letícia Antonelo , Dechandt Iolanda Cristina , Alegria Gustavo , Siqueira Renato Luiz , Zanotto Edgar Dutra , Carlos Serbena Francisco , Santos Fabio André
Published: September 2021

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is characterized by pain caused by an external stimulus on exposed dentin. Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed to mitigate this problem; however, none of them provide permanent pain relief. In this study, we synthesized and characterized experimental bioactive glasses containing 3.07 mol% SrO or 3.36 mol% K2O (both equivalent to 5 wt% in the glass), and evaluated their effect on dentin permeability to verify their potential to treat DH. The experimental materials were characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction to confirm the respective structures and chemical compositions. The reduction in the hydraulic conductance of dentin was evaluated at the three stages: minimum permeability; maximum permeability (24% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] treatment); and final dentin permeability after treatment with the bioactive glasses. They all promoted a reduction in dentin permeability, with a significant difference for each sample and posttreatment group. Also, a significant reduction in dentin permeability was observed even after a simulated toothbrushing test, demonstrating effective action of these materials against DH. Besides, incorporating 3.07 mol% SrO was a positive factor. Therefore, strontium's desensitizing and re‐mineralizing properties can be further exploited in bioactive glasses to promote a synergistic effect to treat DH.
Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and iron deficiency: a long‐term study
Authors: Kramer Tilmann , Wissmüller Max , Natsina Kristiana , Gerhardt Felix , ten Freyhaus Henrik , Dumitrescu Daniel , Viethen Thomas , Hellmich Martin , Baldus Stephan , Rosenkranz Stephan
Published: September 2021

Background

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease with limited survival. Iron deficiency (ID) correlates with disease severity and mortality. While oral iron supplementation was shown to be insufficient in such patients, the potential impact of parenteral iron on clinical measures warrants further investigation.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the long‐term effects of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) on iron status and clinical measures in patients with PAH and ID [ferritin < 100 μg/L or ferritin 100–300 μg/L and transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20%] who were on stable targeted PAH therapy, compared with matched controls without ID. Patients with ID received a single infusion of FCM (500 to 1000 mg). Clinical measures monitored included exercise capacity, World Health Organization (WHO) functional class, ESC/ERS risk status, and hospitalizations. The observation period was up to 18 months.

Results

One hundred and seventeen patients (mean age 60.9 ± 16.1 years; 64.1% females) with confirmed PAH and on stable targeted therapy for ≥3 months were included (58 with and 59 patients without ID who did not receive FCM). In patients with ID, iron supplementation with FCM resulted in an immediate and sustained improvement of iron status for up to 18 months (serum iron, ferritin, TSAT, all P < 0.01). Fourteen patients in the FCM group received a second FCM infusion after 9.6 ± 4.8 months due to recurrent ID. At 6 and 18 months after FCM infusion, 6 min walk distance improved from 377.5 ± 15.9 at baseline to 412.5 ± 15.1 and 400.8 ± 14.5 m, respectively (both P < 0.05). WHO functional class (P < 0.05) and ESC/ERS risk status also improved, and there was a reduction of hospitalizations for worsening PAH in the 12 months post vs. prior to iron repletion (P = 0.029). No significant changes were observed in the control group. FCM was well tolerated in all patients, with no severe adverse events.

Conclusions

In addition to targeted therapy, correction of ID by parenteral iron supplementation with FCM appears feasible and safe, has sustained effects on iron status, and may improve the clinical status and hospitalization rates in patients with PAH. Larger controlled studies are required to confirm this finding.
Electrophoretic deposition of bioglass reinforced zirconia for biomedical application
Authors: Zac C.H. , Bushroa A.R. , Sarraf M. , Rizwan M. , Jamaludin M.F.
Published: September 2021

Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy is a bioinert material with low bioactive properties, which may hamper its bonding ability with body tissues that can be overcome by coating the metal with a bioactive glass layer, 45S5 reinforced zirconia. This coating can be deposited using an electrophoretic deposition process. In this study, a comparison is made between three types of coatings which are bioglass, pure zirconia and bioglass reinforced zirconia before and after heat treated. Mechanical evaluations using scratch tests and micro‐hardness tests are conducted to evaluate the adhesion strengths and hardness properties of the coatings. The results show the presence of oxygen, and variations in the amounts of bioglass and zirconia, due to the activity of crystallization. X‐ray diffraction confirms presence of all precursor elements in the coatings. The highest hardness value of 414 HV 2.942 is obtained for the sintered bioglass‐zirconia composite coating, as compared to the hardness of bare titanium alloy of 266 HV 2.942. The highest adhesion strength of 1929 mN is also obtained for the bioglass‐zirconia composite coating. These results show excellent performance for sintered bioglass‐zirconia composite coating, making it a potential coating material for biomedical implants.
An improved stress recovery technique for the unfitted finite element analysis of discontinuous gradient fields
Authors: Zhang Jian , Aragón Alejandro M.
Published: September 2021

Stress analysis is an all‐pervasive practice in engineering design. With displacement‐based finite element analysis, directly‐calculated stress fields are obtained in a post‐processing step by computing the gradient of the displacement field—therefore less accurate. In enriched finite element analysis (EFEA), which provides unprecedented versatility by decoupling the finite element mesh from material interfaces, cracks, and structural boundaries, stress recovery is further aggravated when such discontinuities get arbitrarily close to nodes of the mesh; the presence of small area integration elements often yields overestimated stresses, which could have a detrimental impact on nonlinear analyses (e.g., damage or plasticity) since stress concentrations are just a nonphysical numerical artifact. In this article, we propose a stress recovery procedure for enhancing the stress field in problems where the field gradient is discontinuous. The formulation is based on a stress improvement procedure (SIP) initially proposed for low‐order standard finite elements. Although generally applicable to all EFEA, we investigate the technique with the Interface‐enriched Generalized Finite Element Method and compare the procedure to other post‐processing smoothing techniques. We demonstrate that SIP for EFEA provides an enhanced stress field that is more accurate than directly‐calculated stresses—even when compared with standard FEM with fitted meshes.
The impact of income on public health and education expenditure: Evidence from the Indian states
Authors: Dash Santosh Kumar , Mohanty Asit Ranjan
Published: September 2021

In this study, we examine the long‐run impact of state‐level per capita income on public education expenditure and public health expenditure in 17 major Indian states over the period 1993–2017. To test for the existence of a unit root, we have employed the Zivot–Andrews test and the Clemente–Montañes–Reyes test, which allows for an endogenous structural break in the data series. These tests indicate that all variables are nonstationary. Autoregressive distributed lag model with one structural break is applied to find the cointegration of variables and estimate the cointegrating equation. The bounds test reveals the presence of a long‐run relationship between public health expenditure and per capita income in 12 out of 17 states, between public education expenditure and per capita income in 15 out of 17 states. The result shows that per capita income affects the public health and education expenditure of states. We find elasticities of public health expenditure and public education expenditure vary across states and are small in magnitude (less than one for most of the states). Our results suggest that public health and education expenditures are necessary goods. Based on the results, we also draw policy implications from our findings.
Registration of ‘CP 13‐4100’ sugarcane
Authors: Momotaz Aliya , Davidson R. Wayne , Islam Md S. , Sandhu Hardev S. , Zhao Duli , Sood Sushma , Baltazar Miguel , Coto Arbelo Orlando , Gordon Vanessa S. , McCord Per H.
Published: September 2021

‘CP 13‐4100’ (Reg. no. CV‐202, PI 698546) sugarcane cultivar (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA‐ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc. The Florida Sugarcane Variety Committee (FSVC) released CP 13‐4100 in June 2020 to growers for commercial cultivation on mineral (sand) soils. It originated from a polycross made at Canal Point (CP) on 3 Dec. 2008 where CP 96‐1252 was the female parent and the male parent was unknown and could be any one of genotypes used in the polycross. CP 13‐4100 was released by FSVC for its high cane and sucrose yields, acceptable commercial recoverable sucrose, and resistances to orange rust, leaf scald, Sugarcane mosaic virus strain E (mosaic), and smut, and acceptable levels of susceptibility to brown rust. CP 13‐4100 and commercial reference checks (i.e., CL 88‐4730, CP 96‐1252, CPCL 97‐2730) yield data were collected from 12 harvests (i.e. three crop cycles—plant cane, first, and second ratoon—at four sand‐soil locations) in final‐stage replicated yield trials. Compared with CL 88‐4730 and CPCL 97‐2730, CP 13‐4100 had significantly (P ≤ .0001) higher cane yield (tonnes of cane per hectare: 18.7 and 29.5%), sucrose yield (tonnes of sugar per hectare: 26.3 and 30.7%), and economic index (EI; 10.9–16.9%) and no significant differences from CP 96‐1252 in these traits. CP 13‐4100 tested negative for the Bru1 marker, which is linked to a quantitative major locus of brown rust resistance. CP 13‐4100 could be considered moderately tolerant to freezing among 23 tested genotypes.
From well‐known to changed everyday family life in families with childhood cancer: A grounded theory of disrupted family dynamic
Authors: Christensen Sophie Rex , Carlsen Line Thoft
Published: September 2021

Objective

Families affected by childhood cancer need to adapt either temporarily or permanently. This study identifies variables that influence this adaption in positive or negative ways by presenting a classic grounded theory.

Methods

This inductive, qualitative study included 69 childhood cancer patients, 39 siblings, 42 parents, and 24 childhood cancer survivors from 104 families.

Results

The families enter a social process after diagnosis characterized by either shuttling between the well‐known and the new or being in a situation with both aspects. The extent depends on the stage of the treatment (initial phase, during treatment, or the end of the course of treatment) and on four variables: (1) the diagnosis and prognosis; (2) the course of the disease, including duration of treatment or hospitalizations, and separation from the remaining family; (3) the child's current state, including symptoms, hospitalizations, and current risk of death or relapse; and (4) whether previous and current needs have been met.

Conclusions

These variables offer a possible explanation of insufficient coping strategies, and they should be used to identify potentially vulnerable families. The dynamic of the variables imply that families should be reevaluated during each of the three phases, as the risk of changes to the family's everyday life may increase and therefore their needs may also change.
The disposition effect and admiration seeking
Authors: Max Suchanek , Liêu Minh‐Lý
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the relationship between the disposition effect and personality traits and aims to find an additional explanation of this bias in a willingness to pay for admiration. We conduct a personality assessment, a stock trading game and a sealed‐bid English auction for 84 individual investors. The gathered data correspond with the literature on a descriptive level; however, even though admiration‐seeking behavior is an important part of social interaction, there is no significant willingness to pay for it. Furthermore, we do not see any influence of personality on the disposition effect. Our findings add to the ongoing discussion of personality traits in connection with behavioral biases.
Long‐term side effects and lingering symptoms post COVID‐19 recovery
Authors: Zarei Mohammad , Bose Deepanwita , Nouri‐Vaskeh Masoud , Tajiknia Vida , Zand Ramin , Ghasemi Mehdi
Published: September 2021

Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), our understanding regarding the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of this disease have been improving. However, we still have limited data on long‐term effects and lingering symptoms of post COVID‐19 recovery. Despite predilection of COVID‐19 for lungs, multiple extra‐pulmonary manifestations appear in multiple organs and biological systems and with continued infection and recovery worldwide. It is necessary that clinicians provide patients with previous SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with expectations of long‐term effects during or after recovery from COVID‐19. Herein, we review the long‐term impact of COVID‐19 on different organ systems reported from different clinical studies. Understanding risk factors and signs and symptoms of long‐term consequences after recovery from COVID‐19 will allow for proper follow‐up and management of the disease post recovery.
Neubau der Neckarbrücke Benningen
Authors: Maulhardt Christoph , Haug Holger , Schumm Marc
Published: September 2021

Im Zuge der neuen Ortsumfahrung der Gemeinde Benningen ist in den vergangenen beiden Jahren eine elegant geschwungene neue Neckarbrücke entstanden. Die 195 m lange Stahlverbundbrücke bildet neben ihrer wichtigen Funktion zur Reduzierung der Verkehrsbelastung in Benningen ein gestalterisch prägendes Bauwerk, das sich in die Umgebung der Weinberge an der Neckarschleife harmonisch einfügt. Das wartungsarme, semi‐integrale Tragwerk weist aufgrund seiner doppelt gekrümmten Form im Grund‐ und Aufriss eine komplexe Geometrie sowie weitere Besonderheiten in der konstruktiven Ausbildung der Detailpunkte auf. Dabei sind insbesondere die nachgiebig auszuführenden Gründungen im Bereich der Flusspfeiler, die monolithische Verbindung der Stummelpfeiler zu den aus Stahlhohlkastenquerschnitten gebildeten Schrägstielen und die Ausbildung der markant gestalteten Rahmenecken zu nennen. Über die daraus resultierenden Herausforderungen und Lösungen innerhalb der Planung und Bauausführung wird im Folgenden berichtet.
Azido‐Alkynes in Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Indole Syntheses
Authors: Greiner Luca C. , Matsuoka Junpei , Inuki Shinsuke , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: September 2021

The exploitation of nitrogen‐functionalized reactive intermediates plays an important role in the synthesis of biologically relevant scaffolds in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Those based on gold carbenes carry a strong potential for the design of highly efficient cascade processes toward the synthesis of compounds containing a fused indole core structure. This personal account gives a detailed explanation of our contribution to this sector, and embraces the reaction development of efficient gold‐catalyzed cascade processes based on diversely functionalized azido‐alkynes. Challenging cyclizations and their subsequent application in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds and natural products conducted in an intra‐ or intermolecular fashion are key features of our research.