bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Functional Testing of a Novel Blood Pulse Wave Velocity Sensor
Authors: van Velzen Marit H. N. , Loeve Arjo J. , Mik Egbert G. , Niehof Sjoerd P.
Published: October 2017

The multiphotodiode array (MPA) is a novel transmission photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the finger. To validate the MPA, a setup was built to generate a red laser dot traveling over the MPA with known and constant scanning velocities. These scanning velocities were chosen to include speeds at least twice as high as those found in the normal range of PWV in healthy populations and were set at 12.9, 25.8, 36, or 46.7 m/s. The aim of this study was to verify the functionality of the MPA: performing local noninvasive PWV measurements. To illustrate the applicability of the MPA in clinical practice, an in vivo pilot study was conducted using the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) technique. The in vitro accuracy of the MPA was ±0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.6% at the applied scanning velocities. The MPA can measure PWVs with a maximum deviation of 3.0%. The in vivo pilot study showed a PWV before the FMD of 1.1±0.2 m/s. These results suggest that this novel MPA can reliably and accurately measure PWV within clinically relevant ranges and even well beyond.
New Ring Specimen Geometries for Determining the Failure Locus of Tubulars
Authors: Al-Khaled M. A. , Barsoum I.
Published: October 2017

Pressure vessels designed in accordance with the ASME BPVC code are protected against local ductile failure. Recent work has shown that local ductile failure highly depends on the stress state characterized by both stress triaxiality (T) and the Lode parameter (L). In this paper, the effect of stress state on the ductility of a tubular steel is studied. Two ring specimen configurations were optimized to allow the determination of the ductile failure locus at both tensile and plane strain loadings. The geometry of both ring specimen configurations was optimized to achieve a plane strain (L=0) condition and a generalized tension (L=-1) condition. Notches with different radii were machined on both types to achieve a wide range of stress triaxiality. Specimens were manufactured from SA-106 carbon tubular steel and were tested to determine the ductile failure loci as a function of T and L. Failure locus of SA-106 steel was constructed based on the failure instants and was found to be independent of the Lode parameter. The ASME-BPVC local failure criterion showed close agreement with experimental results (EXP).
Comparative Performance and Model Agreement of Three Common Photovoltaic Array Configurations
Authors: Boyd Matthew T.
Published: October 2017

Three grid-connected monocrystalline silicon arrays on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) campus in Gaithersburg, MD have been instrumented and monitored for 1 yr, with only minimal gaps in the data sets. These arrays range from 73 kW to 271 kW, and all use the same module, but have different tilts, orientations, and configurations. One array is installed facing east and west over a parking lot, one in an open field, and one on a flat roof. Various measured relationships and calculated standard metrics have been used to compare the relative performance of these arrays in their different configurations. Comprehensive performance models have also been created in the modeling software pvsyst for each array, and its predictions using measured on-site weather data are compared to the arrays' measured outputs. The comparisons show that all three arrays typically have monthly performance ratios (PRs) above 0.75, but differ significantly in their relative output, strongly correlating to their operating temperature and to a lesser extent their orientation. The model predictions are within 5% of the monthly delivered energy values except during the winter months, when there was intermittent snow on the arrays, and during maintenance and other outages.
A reversible single-molecule switch based on activated antiaromaticity
Authors: Yin Xiaodong , Zang Yaping , Zhu Liangliang , Low Jonathan Z. , Liu Zhen-Fei , Cui Jing , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Venkataraman Latha , Campos Luis M.
Published: October 2017

We use the concept of aromaticity to create an electrochemically activated single-molecule switch.
Enhanced mobility CsPbI
3
quantum dot arrays for record-efficiency, high-voltage photovoltaic cells
Authors: Sanehira Erin M. , Marshall Ashley R. , Christians Jeffrey A. , Harvey Steven P. , Ciesielski Peter N. , Wheeler Lance M. , Schulz Philip , Lin Lih Y. , Beard Matthew C. , Luther Joseph M.
Published: October 2017

Perovskite quantum dot coupling tuned by A-site cation halide treatment yields a record quantum dot solar cell efficiency.
Evaluation of a newly introduced tonsillectomy operation record for the analysis of regional post-tonsillectomy bleed data: a quality improvement project at the London North West Healthcare NHS Trust
Authors: Lechner Matt , Chandrasekharan Deepak , Vithlani Rohan , Sutton Liam , Grandidge Carly , Elmiyeh Behrad
Published: October 2017

The primary objective of this audit and quality improvement project was to retrospectively analyse regional post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage data as per national recommendations. However, this process highlighted the need for high-quality routinely collected data; something that was not always available via retrospective audit and thus does not enable formal aetiological factor analyses. We therefore created further secondary objectives to facilitate our primary audit objective. These secondary objectives were (1) to introduce a standardised tonsillectomy operation proforma to improve completeness and quality of routinely collected data and (2) to evaluate and validate proforma use and usefulness in improving using routine data collection to help with a repeated audit of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhages with the eventual aim to help improve operative outcomes by identifying potential associated factors. The retrospective audit component, the prospective audit and the quality improvement component were all carried out at the Northwick Park Hospital and Central Middlesex Hospital (London North West Healthcare NHS Trust). First, 642 tonsillectomy records (2012–2014) were retrospectively reviewed. Free-text operative documentation and, where possible, potential factors associated with post-tonsillectomy haemorrhages were analysed. In addition, completeness of data available before and after the introduction of (A) a new paper-based and (B) electronic surgical record proforma was reviewed (2014–2015). Over a 2-year period, 62 of the 642 (9.7%) audited tonsillectomy patients had a post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage, and 19 of these (2.9%) had to return to theatre for surgical arrest of the haemorrhage. Bipolar diathermy was the most commonly used technique. During this period, data available from routine operative documentation in the surgical operation notes were variable and thus did not allow identification of potential factors associated with post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. The completeness and quality of data significantly improved after the introduction of a standardised paper-based proforma with sections for required details based on known risk factors for post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage and required operative details. Quality and completeness of data was further improved after the introduction of an electronic version.This electronic proforma will allow prospective spiral auditing results, early identification of raised bleeding rate, and provide individual surgeon audit results.
Effectiveness of a multi-component quality improvement intervention on rates of hyperglycaemia
Authors: Franco Thérèse , Aaronson Barry , Brown Laurel , Blackmore Craig , Rupp Stephen , Lee Grace
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted, hospital-wide glycaemic control quality improvement programme.

Methods

The quality improvement intervention comprised three components, derived through root cause analysis: standardising and simplifying care (including evidence-based order sets), increasing visibility (through provider access to clinical data and direct feedback) and educational outreach (directed at the entire institution). Effectiveness was determined at a single urban acute care hospital through time-series analysis with statistical process control charts. Primary outcomes included rate of hyperglycaemia and rate of hypoglycaemia.

Results

The study included 70 992 hospital admissions for 50 404 patients, with 3 35 645 patient days. The hyperglycaemia ratio decreased 25.2% from 14.1% to 10.5% (95% CI 3.3 to 3.9 percentage points, p<0.001). The ratio of patient days with highly elevated blood glucose (>299 mg/dL) decreased 31.8% from 4.8% to 3.3% (95% CI 1.4 to 1.7 percentage points, p<0.001). Hypoglycaemia ratio decreased from 5.2% to 4.6% (95% CI 0.27 to 0.89 percentage points, p<0.001) in patients with diabetes, but increased in patients without diabetes from 1.2% to 1.7% (95% CI 0.46 to 0.70 percentage points, p<0.001).

Conclusions

We demonstrate improved hospital-wide glycaemic control after a multifaceted quality improvement intervention in the context of strong institutional commitment, national mentorship and Lean management
Reducing medical-surgical inpatient falls and injuries with videos, icons and alarms
Authors: Cuttler Sasha J , Barr-Walker Jill , Cuttler Lauren
Published: October 2017

Background

Inpatient falls and subsequent injuries are among the most common hospital-acquired conditions with few effective prevention methods.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of patient education videos and fall prevention visual signalling icons when added to bed exit alarms in improving acutely hospitalised medical-surgical inpatient fall and injury rates.

Design

Performance improvement study with historic control.

Setting

Four medical-surgical units in one US public acute care hospital.

Study participants

Adult medical-surgical inpatients units.

Interventions

A 4 min video was shown to patients by trained volunteers. Icons of individual patient risk factors and interventions were placed at patients’ bedsides. Beds with integrated three-mode sensitivity exit alarms were activated for confused patients at risk of falling.

Main outcome measures

The main outcome measure is the incident rate per 1000 patient days (PDs) for patient falls, falls with any injury and falls with serious injury. The incident rate ratio (IRR) for each measure compared January 2009–September 2010 (baseline) with the follow-up period of January 2015–December 2015 (intervention).

Results

Falls decreased 20% from 4.78 to 3.80 per 1000 PDs (IRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.96); falls with any injury decreased 40% from 1.01 to 0.61 per 1000 PDs (IRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.94); and falls with serious injury 85% from 0.159 to 0.023 per 1000 PDs (IRR 0.15, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.85). Icons were not fully implemented.

Conclusion

The first known significant reduction of falls, falls with injury and falls with serious injury among medical-surgical inpatients was achieved. Patient education and continued use of bed exit alarms were associated with large decreases in injury. Icons require further testing. Multicentre randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of icons and video interventions and exit alarms.
Poor cough flow in acute stroke patients is associated with reduced functional residual capacity and low cough inspired volume
Authors: Ward Katie , Rao Prashant , Reilly Charles C , Rafferty Gerrard Francis , Polkey Michael I , Kalra Lalit , Moxham John
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Each year 7 million people die of stroke worldwide; most deaths are caused by chest infections. Patients with acute stroke have impaired voluntary cough flow, associated with increased risk of chest infections. Reduced functional residual capacity (FRC) could lead to impaired cough flow. We therefore compared FRC in acute hemiparetic stroke patients and controls and explored its relationship with volume inspired before cough and voluntary cough peak flow.

Methods

21 patients within 2 weeks of first-ever middle cerebral artery territory (MCA) infarct (mean (SD) age 68 (11) years, 10 females) and 30 controls (58 (11) years, 15 females) underwent FRC and voluntary cough testing (cough inspired volume and peak flow) while semirecumbent. FRC was expressed as % predicted; cough inspired volume was expressed as % predicted VC and cough peak flow as % predicted PEF. A clinician scored stroke severity using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).

Results

Patients’ reclined FRC, voluntary cough peak flowand cough inspired volume were reduced compared with controls (p<0.01 for all): patients’ median (IQR) FRC 76 (67–90) % predicted, mean (SD) cough inspired volume 64 (20) % predicted and mean (SD) peak cough flow 61 (32) % predicted despite them having only mild stroke-related impairments: median NIHSS score 4 (IQR 2–6). Univariate linear regression analyses showed FRC predicted cough inspired volume (adjusted R2=0.45) and cough inspired volume predicted cough flow (adjusted R2=0.56); p<0.01 for both. Sitting patients upright increased their FRC by median 0.210 L.

Conclusions

FRC and cough inspired volume in the reclined position are significantly reduced in acute hemiparetic stroke patients with mild impairments; both factors are associated with poor voluntary cough peak flow.
Tailored first-line and second-line CDK4-targeting treatment combinations in mouse models of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Chou Angela , Froio Danielle , Nagrial Adnan M , Parkin Ashleigh , Murphy Kendelle J , Chin Venessa T , Wohl Dalia , Steinmann Angela , Stark Rhys , Drury Alison , Walters Stacey N , Vennin Claire , Burgess Andrew , Pinese Mark , Chantrill Lorraine A , Cowley Mark J , Molloy Timothy J , Waddell Nicola , Johns Amber , Grimmond Sean M , Chang David K , Biankin Andrew V , Sansom Owen J , Morton Jennifer P , Grey Shane T , Cox Thomas R , Turchini John , Samra Jaswinder , Clarke Stephen J , Timpson Paul , Gill Anthony J , Pajic Marina
Published: October 2017

Objective

Extensive molecular heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), few effective therapies and high mortality make this disease a prime model for advancing development of tailored therapies. The p16-cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6-retinoblastoma (RB) protein (CDK4) pathway, regulator of cell proliferation, is deregulated in PDA. Our aim was to develop a novel personalised treatment strategy for PDA based on targeting CDK4.

Design

Sensitivity to potent CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991 (palbociclib) was correlated to protein and genomic data in 19 primary patient-derived PDA lines to identify biomarkers of response. In vivo efficacy of PD-0332991 and combination therapies was determined in subcutaneous, intrasplenic and orthotopic tumour models derived from genome-sequenced patient specimens and genetically engineered model. Mechanistically, monotherapy and combination therapy were investigated in the context of tumour cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) signalling. Prognostic relevance of companion biomarker, RB protein, was evaluated and validated in independent PDA patient cohorts (>500 specimens).

Results

Subtype-specific in vivo efficacy of PD-0332991-based therapy was for the first time observed at multiple stages of PDA progression: primary tumour growth, recurrence (second-line therapy) and metastatic setting and may potentially be guided by a simple biomarker (RB protein). PD-0332991 significantly disrupted surrounding ECM organisation, leading to increased quiescence, apoptosis, improved chemosensitivity, decreased invasion, metastatic spread and PDA progression in vivo. RB protein is prevalent in primary operable and metastatic PDA and may present a promising predictive biomarker to guide this therapeutic approach.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the promise of CDK4 inhibition in PDA over standard therapy when applied in a molecular subtype-specific context.
Rethinking safety in numbers: are intersections with more crossing pedestrians really safer?
Authors: Xu Pengpeng , Xie Siqi , Dong Ni , Wong Sze Chun , Huang Helai
Published: October 2017

Objective

To advance the interpretation of the ‘safety in numbers’ effect by addressing the following three questions. How should the safety of pedestrians be measured, as the safety of individual pedestrians or as the overall safety of road facilities for pedestrians? Would intersections with large numbers of pedestrians exhibit a favourable safety performance? Would encouraging people to walk be a sound safety countermeasure?

Methods

We selected 288 signalised intersections with 1003 pedestrian crashes in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2012. We developed a Bayesian Poisson-lognormal model to calculate two common indicators related to pedestrian safety: the expected crash rate per million crossing pedestrians and the expected excess crash frequency. The ranking results of these two indicators for the selected intersections were compared.

Results

We confirmed a significant positive association between pedestrian volumes and pedestrian crashes, with an estimated coefficient of 0.21. Although people who crossed at intersections with higher pedestrian volumes experienced a relatively lower crash risk, these intersections may still have substantial potential for crash reduction.

Conclusions

Conclusions on the safety in numbers effect based on a cross-sectional analysis should be reached with great caution. The safety of individual pedestrians can be measured based on the crash risk, whereas the safety of road facilities for pedestrians should be determined by the environmental hazards of walking. Intersections prevalent of pedestrians do not always exhibit favourable safety performance. Relative to increasing the number of pedestrians, safety strategies should focus on reducing environmental hazards and removing barriers to walking.
The disvalue of death in the global burden of disease
Authors: Solberg Carl Tollef , Norheim Ole Frithjof , Barra Mathias
Published: October 2017

In the Global Burden of Disease study, disease burden is measured as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The paramount assumption of the DALY is that it makes sense to aggregate years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs). However, this is not smooth sailing. Whereas morbidity (YLD) is something thathappens toan individual, loss of life itself (YLL) occurs when that individual’s life has ended. YLLs quantify something that involves no experience and does not take place among living individuals. This casts doubt on whether the YLL is an individual burden at all. If not, then YLDs and YLLs are incommensurable. There are at least three responses to this problem, only one of which is tenable: a counterfactual account of harm. Taking this strategy necessitates a re-examination of how we count YLLs, particularly at the beginning of life.
Endovascular treatment for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: predictors of outcome and retreatment
Authors: Sokolowski Jennifer D , Chen Ching-Jen , Ding Dale , Buell Thomas J , Raper Daniel M , Ironside Natasha , Taylor Davis G , Starke Robert M , Liu Kenneth
Published: October 2017

Objective

Although endovascular therapy has been widely adopted for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), its effect on clinical outcomes remains incompletely understood. The aims of this retrospective cohort study are to evaluate the outcomes of endovascular intervention for post-aSAH vasospasm and identify predictors of functional independence at discharge and repeat endovascular vasospasm treatment.

Methods

We assessed the baseline and outcomes data for patients with aSAH who underwent endovascular vasospasm treatment at our institution, including intra-arterial (IA) vasodilator infusion and angioplasty. Statistical analyses were performed to determine factors associated with good outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) and repeat endovascular vasospasm treatment.

Results

The study cohort comprised 159 patients with a mean age of 52 years. Good outcome was achieved in 17% of patients at discharge (26/150 patients), with an in-hospital mortality rate of 22% (33/150 patients). In the multivariate analysis, age (OR 0.895; p=0.009) and positive smoking status (OR 0.206; p=0.040) were negative independent predictors of good outcome. Endovascular retreatment was performed in 34% (53/156 patients). In the multivariate analysis, older age (OR 0.950; p=0.004), symptomatic vasospasm (OR 0.441; p=0.046), initial treatment with angioplasty alone (OR 0.096; p=0.039), and initial treatment with combined IA vasodilator infusion and angioplasty (OR 0.342; p=0.026) were negative independent predictors of retreatment.

Conclusion

We found a modest rate of functional independence at discharge in patients with aSAH who underwent endovascular vasospasm treatment. Older patients and smokers had worse functional outcomes at discharge. Initial use of angioplasty appears to decrease the need for subsequent retreatment.
String solutions in spherically-symmetric f(R) gravity vacuum
Authors: Dil Emre
Published: October 2017

Dynamical evolution of the cosmic string in a spherically symmetric [Formula: see text] gravity vacuum is studied for a closed and straight string. We first set the background spacetime metric for a constant curvature scalar [Formula: see text], and obtain the Killing fields for it. Using the standard gauge coordinates and constraints for both closed and straight strings, we present the equation of motions and find the solutions of them. We then analyze the dynamics of the string by studying the behavior of the string radius and periastron radius, with respect to both proper time and azimuthal angle, for various values of [Formula: see text] functions. Consequently, we conclude that the value of [Formula: see text] dramatically affects the closed string collapse time and the straight string angular deviation.
Comments on MacDowell–Mansouri gravity and torsion
Authors: López-Domínguez J. C. , Rosales-Quintero J. E. , Sabido M.
Published: October 2017

Starting with the MacDowell–Mansouri formulation of gravity with a [Formula: see text] gauge group, we introduce new parameters into the action to include the nondynamical Holst term, and the topological Nieh–Yan and Pontryagin classes. Then, we consider the new parameters as fields and analyze the solutions coming from their equations of motion. The new fields introduce torsional contributions to the theory that modify Einstein’s equations.
Improvement of the Quality of Surimi Products with Overdrying Potato Starches
Authors: Li Tangfei , Zhao Jianxin , Huang Jie , Zhang Wenhai , Huang Jianlian , Fan Daming , Zhang Hao
Published: October 2017

This study investigated the effect of overdrying potato starches on surimi products. The chemical composition of protein and chemical interactions, gel solubility, and protein conformation of the mixture of surimi gel protein, respectively, with 8% native potato starch and with 8% overdrying potato starch were investigated. The results show that the starch increased the insoluble protein content. In terms of the chemical interactions, the overdrying potato starch increased the amount of hydrogen bond and nondisulfide covalent bond and decreased the amount of ionic bond, which might stabilize the network structure of protein gel. The analysis of Raman Spectroscopy shows that more α-helices turn into random coin structure after the starch was added, which is conducive to higher strength and a better water retention ability of the surimi product.
Recent Fuzzy Generalisations of Rough Sets Theory: A Systematic Review and Methodological Critique of the Literature
Authors: Mardani Abbas , Nilashi Mehrbakhsh , Antucheviciene Jurgita , Tavana Madjid , Bausys Romualdas , Ibrahim Othman
Published: October 2017

Rough set theory has been used extensively in fields of complexity, cognitive sciences, and artificial intelligence, especially in numerous fields such as expert systems, knowledge discovery, information system, inductive reasoning, intelligent systems, data mining, pattern recognition, decision-making, and machine learning. Rough sets models, which have been recently proposed, are developed applying the different fuzzy generalisations. Currently, there is not a systematic literature review and classification of these new generalisations about rough set models. Therefore, in this review study, the attempt is made to provide a comprehensive systematic review of methodologies and applications of recent generalisations discussed in the area of fuzzy-rough set theory. On this subject, the Web of Science database has been chosen to select the relevant papers. Accordingly, the systematic and meta-analysis approach, which is called “PRISMA,” has been proposed and the selected articles were classified based on the author and year of publication, author nationalities, application field, type of study, study category, study contribution, and journal in which the articles have appeared. Based on the results of this review, we found that there are many challenging issues related to the different application area of fuzzy-rough set theory which can motivate future research studies.
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Associated with an Impacted Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Case Report with Five-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Karam Genno Najwa , Aoun Nicole , El Toum Sami
Published: October 2017

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), a benign (hamartomatous) lesion of odontogenic origin, is an uncommon tumor which affects mainly females in the second decade. This lesion is most commonly associated with an impacted maxillary canine. This paper reported a case of AOT, in a 16-year-old female, associated with an impacted maxillary left lateral incisor. The evolution of this tumor was followed over 36 months and 24 months after excision.
The Profile of Saudi Nursing Workforce: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Alboliteeh Mohammad , Magarey Judy , Wiechula Richard
Published: October 2017

Introduction. The Royal Monarchy in Saudi Arabia decreed that all sectors of the workforce would be subject to a policy of “Saudisation” to reduce the reliance on the expatriate workforce and to reduce the unemployment rate of Saudi nationals (Al-Mahmoud et al., 2012).Methodology. A cross-sectional design was chosen to investigate the research questions. The population of this study comprised Saudi Registered Nurses working in MOH hospitals in Riyadh which is the main health care provider in Saudi Arabia (Aboul-Enein, 2002; MOH, 2009).Results and Findings. A total number of 1,198 questionnaires were distributed and 61.2% (n=741) were returned. The findings of the study showed that the questionnaires were collected from an equal portion of the study locale and that a sample of 741 is enough to create a strong conclusion and answer the problem set in this study and all the questions in the study have been provided with answers with enough data and literatures to supports its findings.Conclusion and Recommendations. The results indicate that an increase in the recruitment of Saudi males may simply reflect cultural issues such as gender specific facilities and the Saudisation program’s nondiscriminatory approach to employment of both genders into nursing.
Assessment of Ocriplasmin Effects on the Vitreoretinal Compartment in Porcine and Human Model Systems
Authors: Jonckx Bart , Porcu Michael , Candi Aurelie , Etienne Isabelle , Barbeaux Philippe , Feyen Jean H. M.
Published: October 2017

Ocriplasmin (Jetrea®) is a recombinant protease used to treat vitreomacular traction. To gain insight into vitreoretinal observations reported after ocriplasmin treatment, we have developed anin vivoporcine ocriplasmin-induced posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) model in which we investigated vitreoretinal tissues by optical coherence tomography, histology, and cytokine profiling. Eight weeks postinjection, ocriplasmin yielded PVD in 82% of eyes. Subretinal fluid (85%) and vitreous hyperreflective spots (45%) were resolved by week 3. Histological analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV indicated no retinal ocriplasmin-induced ECM distribution changes. Retinal morphology was unaffected in all eyes. Cytokine profiles of ocriplasmin-treated eyes were not different from vehicle. In cell-based electrical resistance assays, blood-retinal barrier permeability was altered by ocriplasmin concentrations of 6 μg/mL and higher, with all effects being nontoxic, cell-type specific, and reversible. Ocriplasmin was actively taken up by RPE and Müller cells, and our data suggest both lysosomal and transcellular clearance routes for ocriplasmin. In conclusion, transient hyperreflective spots and fluid in a porcine ocriplasmin-induced PVD model did not correlate with retinal ECM rearrangement nor inflammation. Reversiblein vitroeffects on blood-retinal barrier permeability provide grounds for a hypothesis on the mechanisms behind transient subretinal fluid observed in ocriplasmin-treated patients.
Quality of Care during Neonatal Resuscitation in Kakamega County General Hospital, Kenya: A Direct Observation Study
Authors: Shikuku Duncan N. , Milimo Benson , Ayebare Elizabeth , Gisore Peter , Nalwadda Gorrette
Published: October 2017

Background. Birth asphyxia is the leading cause of neonatal mortality in Kenya. Quality care during neonatal resuscitation (NR) can contribute to a reduction in neonatal mortality related to birth asphyxia by 30 percent. This study assessed the quality of care (QoC) during NR for newborns with birth asphyxia. Methods. Direct observations of 138 newborn resuscitations were done in labor ward and maternity theatre. Twenty-eight healthcare providers were observed 3–5 times using a structured checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated and quality of care scores computed. Ordered logistic regression model identified HCPs characteristics associated with the QoC scores during NR. Results. Overall QoC scores were good for airway clearance (83%). Suctioning in meconium presence (40%) was poorly performed. Years of experience working in maternity were associated with good drying/stimulation (β = 1.86, P=0.003, CI = 0.626–3.093) and airway maintenance (β = 1.887, P=0.009, CI = 0.469–3.305); nurses were poor compared to doctors during initial bag and mask ventilation (β = −2.338, P=0.05, CI = −4.732–0.056). Conclusion. Key steps in NR are poorly performed during drying and warmth, airway maintenance in meconium presence, and ventilation. Mentorship with periodic refresher training can improve the care provided during NR.
Pyogenic Odontoid Osteomyelitis with Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Aiyer Rohit , Hwang Janice , Yu Edward H.
Published: October 2017

71/F presented with left sided headaches and neck pain with nuchal rigidity progressively worsening over 3 weeks with no other neurologic symptoms. Odontoid osteomyelitis with epidural abscess was discovered on further workup with neuroimaging. Concurrent jugular vein and transverse sinus venous thrombosis was also found and suspected to be secondary to the pyogenic odontoid osteomyelitis. Patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics for the osteomyelitis as well as intravenous heparin for the venous thrombosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in literature of transverse sinus venous thrombosis secondary to odontoid osteomyelitis.
Current Tissue Molecular Markers in Colorectal Cancer: A Literature Review
Authors: Peluso Gaia , Incollingo Paola , Calogero Armando , Tammaro Vincenzo , Rupealta Niccolò , Chiacchio Gaetano , Sandoval Sotelo Maria Laura , Minieri Gianluca , Pisani Antonio , Riccio Eleonora , Sabbatini Massimo , Bracale Umberto Marcello , Dodaro Concetta Anna , Carlomagno Nicola
Published: October 2017

Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most spread neoplasia types all around the world, especially in western areas. It evolves from precancerous lesions and adenomatous polyps, through successive genetic and epigenetic mutations. Numerous risk factors intervene in its development and they are either environmental or genetic.Aim of the Review. Alongside common screening techniques, such as fecal screening tests, endoscopic evaluation, and CT-colonography, we have identified the most important and useful biomarkers and we have analyzed their role in the diagnosis, prevention, and prognosis of CRC.Conclusion. Biomarkers can become an important tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic process for CRC. But further studies are needed to identify a noninvasive, cost-effective, and highly sensible and specific screening test for their detection and to standardize their use in clinical practice.
Interpolative Boolean Networks
Authors: Dobrić Vladimir , Milošević Pavle , Rakićević Aleksandar , Petrović Bratislav , Poledica Ana
Published: October 2017

Boolean networks are used for modeling and analysis of complex systems of interacting entities. Classical Boolean networks are binary and they are relevant for modeling systems with complex switch-like causal interactions. More descriptive power can be provided by the introduction of gradation in this model. If this is accomplished by using conventional fuzzy logics, the generalized model cannot secure the Boolean frame. Consequently, the validity of the model’s dynamics is not secured. The aim of this paper is to present the Boolean consistent generalization of Boolean networks, interpolative Boolean networks. The generalization is based on interpolative Boolean algebra, the [0,1]-valued realization of Boolean algebra. The proposed model is adaptive with respect to the nature of input variables and it offers greater descriptive power as compared with traditional models. For illustrative purposes, IBN is compared to the models based on existing real-valued approaches. Due to the complexity of the most systems to be analyzed and the characteristics of interpolative Boolean algebra, the software support is developed to provide graphical and numerical tools for complex system modeling and analysis.
Protective Effects of Pyridoxamine Supplementation in the Early Stages of Diet-Induced Kidney Dysfunction
Authors: Chiazza F. , Cento A. S. , Collotta D. , Nigro D. , Rosa G. , Baratta F. , Bitonto V. , Cutrin J. C. , Aragno M. , Mastrocola R. , Collino M.
Published: October 2017

Pyridoxamine, a structural analog of vitamin B6 that exerts antiglycative effects, has been proposed as supplementary approach in patients with initial diabetic nephropathy. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying its protective role has been so far slightly examined. C57Bl/6J mice were fed with a standard diet (SD) or a diet enriched in fat and fructose (HD) for 12 weeks. After 3 weeks, two subgroups of SD and HD mice started pyridoxamine supplementation (150 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. HD fed mice showed increased body weight and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas pyridoxamine administration significantly improved insulin sensitivity, but not body weight, and reduced diet-induced increase in serum creatinine and urine albumin. Kidney morphology of HD fed mice showed strong vacuolar degeneration and loss of tubule brush border, associated with a drastic increase in both advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and AGEs receptor (RAGE). These effects were significantly counteracted by pyridoxamine, with consequent reduction of the diet-induced overactivation of NF-kB and Rho/ROCK pathways. Overall, the present study demonstrates for the first time that the administration of the antiglycative compound pyridoxamine can reduce the early stages of diet-dependent kidney injury and dysfunction by interfering at many levels with the profibrotic signaling and inflammatory cascades.
MicroRNA-214 Suppresses Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells by Targeting ATF4
Authors: Yao Siqi , Zhao Wei , Ou Qianmin , Liang Lanchen , Lin Xuefeng , Wang Yan
Published: October 2017

Periodontitis is the main cause of adult tooth loss. Stem cell-based tissue engineering has become a promising therapy for periodontitis treatment. To date, human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) have been shown to be a favorable source for tissue engineering, but modulatory mechanisms of hPDLSCs remain unclear. Approximately 60% of mammalian genes are the targets of over 2000 miRNAs in multiple human cell types, and miRNAs are able to influence various biological processes in the human body, including bone formation. In this study, we found that after osteogenic induction, miR-214 was significantly decreased in hPDLSCs; therefore, we examined the effects of miR-214 on osteogenic differentiation. Computational miRNA target prediction analyses and luciferase reporter assays revealed that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a direct target of miR-214. We prepared cells overexpressing miR-214 and found that miR-214 negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. For the target of miR-214, ATF4 protein expression level was decreased after induction. In conclusion, we found that miR-214-ATF4 axis is a novel pathway for regulating hPDLSC osteogenic differentiation.
Planning and Design of Equitable Free-Floating Bike-Sharing Systems Implementing a Road Pricing Strategy
Authors: Caggiani Leonardo , Camporeale Rosalia , Ottomanelli Michele
Published: October 2017

Promoting a more sustainable development of urban realities is one of the most important goals of the recent decades. One possible strategy to undertake in order to achieve this objective is the implementation of a road pricing: tolling private cars when passing by certain roads of the network could be a way to tone down the traffic congestion and, at the same time, encourage the shifting towards more sustainable means of transport. In this context, we suggest a method to distribute in a fair way the outcomes/revenues of this pricing strategy. In particular, we propose to design a free-floating bike-sharing system whose resources could be allocated in the territory according to spatial and social equity principles. The relation between the amount of the tolls, the number of days of application of the policy, and the pursued equity is investigated, and both a numerical application (to a test network and to a real case study) and a sensitivity analysis in support of the method are enclosed.
Preservation of Bioactive Compounds and Quality Parameters of Watermelon Juice Enriched with L-Citrulline through Short Thermal Treatment
Authors: Tarazona-Díaz Martha P. , Martínez-Sánchez Ascensión , Aguayo Encarna
Published: October 2017

L-citrulline is a nonessential amino acid with demonstrated health benefits for humans, and watermelon is a fruit rich in this amino acid. The juice industry is developing functional beverages through the enrichment with external bioactive compounds; this kind of industry uses conventional pasteurization because of its efficiency and simplicity. In this experiment, the effects of pasteurization (80°C for 40 s or 90 s) and storage (4°C for 30 days) on different parameters were evaluated in a watermelon juice (3.68 g kg−1of natural L-citrulline) enriched with external L-citrulline (12 g kg−1). Enzymatic activity (peroxidase, pectin methyl esterase, and polygalacturonase) was inactivated (74 to 89%, 89 to 90%, and 11 to 15%, resp.) with the pasteurization treatment, obtaining the highest degradation with the longest heating time. According to the rheology study, the juice’s elasticity was mainly affected by type of heat treatment while its viscosity was more stable and affected by storage time. A reduction in bioactive compounds content, around 10–16% for lycopene and 19–20% for L-citrulline, was observed after the pasteurization treatments, with a higher decrease with increased treatment time. Storage time also induced a reduction in lycopene and L-citrulline. The shelf life was limited by sensorial parameters.
Optical Coherence Tomography: Basic Concepts and Applications in Neuroscience Research
Authors: Ibne Mokbul Mobin
Published: October 2017

Optical coherence tomography is a micrometer-scale imaging modality that permits label-free, cross-sectional imaging of biological tissue microstructure using tissue backscattering properties. After its invention in the 1990s, OCT is now being widely used in several branches of neuroscience as well as other fields of biomedical science. This review study reports an overview of OCT’s applications in several branches or subbranches of neuroscience such as neuroimaging, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, and neuroembryology. This study has briefly summarized the recent applications of OCT in neuroscience research, including a comparison, and provides a discussion of the remaining challenges and opportunities in addition to future directions. The chief aim of the review study is to draw the attention of a broad neuroscience community in order to maximize the applications of OCT in other branches of neuroscience too, and the study may also serve as a benchmark for future OCT-based neuroscience research. Despite some limitations, OCT proves to be a useful imaging tool in both basic and clinical neuroscience research.
Tilt, Decentration, and Internal Higher-Order Aberrations of Sutured Posterior-Chamber Intraocular Lenses in Patients with Open Globe Injuries
Authors: Zhu Xiangjia , Zhang Yinglei , He Wenwen , Ye Hongfei , Jiang Chunhui , Lu Yi
Published: October 2017

Purpose. To evaluate the tilt, decentration, and internal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of sutured posterior-chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients with open globe injuries. Methods. 46 consecutive patients (47 eyes) who underwent transsclerally sutured IOL implantation were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Nineteen eyes had a history of open globe injury. The tilt and decentration of the IOLs and the visual quality were measured 1 month after surgery. Results. The horizontal tilt and decentration of the IOLs in the open-globe-injury group were significantly higher than those in the control group (both P<0.05). In the open-globe-injury group, the horizontal decentration was significantly greater in the limbus-sclera-involved group (n=11) than in the only-cornea-involved group (n=8, P=0.040). The internal coma, 3rd-order, and total HOA values at pupil sizes of 4 mm (P=0.006) and 6 mm (P=0.013) were significantly higher in the open-globe-injury group than in the controls. Consequently, the optical quality data for the modulation transfer function and the Strehl ratio (all P<0.05) were significantly poorer in the open-globe-injury group. Conclusions. Open globe injuries damage the structural integrity of the eyeball, resulting in more-misaligned sutured IOLs and poorer visual quality.
Android Rooting: An Arms Race between Evasion and Detection
Authors: Nguyen-Vu Long , Chau Ngoc-Tu , Kang Seongeun , Jung Souhwan
Published: October 2017

We present an arms race between rooting detection and rooting evasion. We investigate different methods to detect rooted device at both Java and native level and evaluate the counterattack from major hooking tools. To this end, an extensive study of Android rooting has been conducted, which includes the techniques to root the device and make it invisible to the detection of mobile antimalware product. We then analyze the evasion loopholes and in turn enhance our rooting detection tool. We also apply evasion techniques on rooted device and compare our work with 92 popular root checking applications and 18 banking and finance applications. Results show that most of them do not suffice and can be evaded through API hooking or static file renaming. Furthermore, over 28000 Android applications have been analyzed and evaluated in order to diagnose the characteristics of rooting in recent years. Our study shows that rooting has become more and more prevalent as an inevitable trend, and it raises big security concerns regarding detection and evasion. As a proof of concept, we have published our rooting detection application to Google Play Store to demonstrate the work presented in this paper.
How Well Can Modern Nonhabitual Barefoot Youth Adapt to Barefoot and Minimalist Barefoot Technology Shoe Walking, in regard to Gait Symmetry
Authors: Xu Y. , Hou Q. , Wang C. , Simpson T. , Bennett B. , Russell S.
Published: October 2017

We aim to test how well modern nonhabitual barefoot people can adapt to barefoot and Minimalist Bare Foot Technology (MBFT) shoes, in regard to gait symmetry. 28 healthy university students (22 females/6 males) were recruited to walk on a 10-meter walkway randomly on barefoot, in MBFT shoes, and in neutral running shoes at their comfortable walking speed. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected using an 8-camera motion capture system. Data of joint angles, joint forces, and joint moments were extracted to compute a consecutive symmetry index. Compared to walking in neutral running shoes, walking barefoot led to worse symmetry of the following: ankle joint force in sagittal plane, knee joint moment in transverse plane, and ankle joint moment in frontal plane, while improving the symmetry of joint angle in sagittal plane at ankle joints and global (hip-knee-ankle) level. Walking in MBFT shoes had intermediate gait symmetry performance as compared to walking barefoot/walking in neutral running shoes. We conclude that modern nonhabitual barefoot adults will lose some gait symmetry in joint force/moment if they switch to barefoot walking without fitting in; MBFT shoe might be an ideal compromise for healthy youth as regards gait symmetry in walking.
Reversal of Proximal Renal Tubular Dysfunction after Nucleotide Analogue Withdrawal in Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Sobhonslidsuk Abhasnee , Numthavaj Pawin , Wanichanuwat Jirachaya , Sophonsritsuk Areepan , Petraksa Supanna , Pugasub Alongkorn , Jittorntam Paisan , Kongsomgan Anucha , Roytrakul Sittiruk , Phakdeekitcharoen Bunyong
Published: October 2017

Aims. Proximal renal tubular dysfunction (PRTD) is an infrequent complication after nucleotide analogue therapy. We evaluated the outcomes of PRTD and nephrotoxicity after nucleotide analogue withdrawal in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods. A longitudinal follow-up study was performed in patients with PRTD after nucleotide analogue discontinuation. Serum and urine were collected at baseline and every 3 months for one year. The fractional excretion of phosphate (PO4), uric acid (UA), and potassium and tubular maximal reabsorption rate of PO4to glomerular filtration rate (TmPO4/GFR) were calculated. Renal losses were defined based on the criteria of substance losses. Subclinical PRTD and overt PRTD were diagnosed when 2 and ≥3 criteria were identified.Results.Eight subclinical and eight overt PRTD patients were enrolled. After nucleotide analogue withdrawal, there were overall improvements in GFR, serum PO4, and UA. Renal loss of PO4, UA, protein, andβ2-microglobulin reduced over time. At one year, complete reversal of PRTD was seen in 13 patients (81.2%). Improvements in PRTD were seen in all but one patient.Conclusion. One year after nucleotide analogue withdrawal, PRTD was resolved in most patients. Changes in TmPO4/GFR, urinary protein, andβ2-microglobulin indicate that urinary biomarkers may represent an early sign of PRTD recovery.