bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of anti-inflammatory effects of bee venom in experimentally induced adjuvant arthritis
Authors: Tekeoğlu İbrahim , Akdoğan Mehmet , Çelik İlhami
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multisystemic inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of the joints. An effective treatment method of the disease has not been developed yet. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) venom (BV) on serum inflammatory parameters, serum antioxidant load and clinical parameters of experimentally induced adjuvant arthritis in rats.

Material and methods

A total of 35 Wistar albino male rats were used. The animals were divided into 5 groups. First group animals served as negative controls. The second, third, fourth and fifth groups were used for experimental arthritis induction. Following clinical development of arthritis, the first group was subcutaneously administered 0.2 ml of physiological saline, and the second, third and fourth groups were treated subcutaneously with 2 µg/kg, 4 µg/kg and 20 µg/kg once a week three times. Physiological saline injected fifth group animals were used as a sham-treatment group. Clinical observations and evaluation of arthritis were made at the 15th day, and at the end of the experiment. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, paraoxonase, serum aryl esterase, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) were determined in cardiac blood samples taken at the end of the 29th day.

Results

From the data, total oxidant level (TOL) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were calculated. Significant improvements were observed in the clinical signs of arthritis and inflammatory markers such as in IL-1, TNF-, IL-6 and TOL and OSI in the 20.0 µg/kg BV-administered group. Bee venom administration did not cause any significant increase in ALT and AST values or signs of liver toxicity.

Conclusions

Bee venom treatment was effective in alleviation of symptoms of the experimental rat adjuvant arthritis by means of clinical observation and serum inflammatory markers.
Mesenchymal stem cells in systemic sclerosis therapy
Authors: Dudek Daniel Witold , Walczuk Ewa , Wajda Anna , Paradowska-Gorycka Agnieszka
Published: November 2020

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disorder with a high mortality rate. There are still many unknowns concerning the pathophysiology of this disease, due to its clinical heterogeneity. Since there is still no curative treatment, researchers focus on finding novel methods to help the patients. One of the valid options is cellular therapy, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapy yields great expectations. These cells possess especially valuable attributes regarding key points of SSc. Nevertheless, the effectiveness and safety of this therapy must undergo a rigorous process of veri­fication.

In preclinical trials, animal models proved to be a valuable source of scientific knowledge regarding SSc. Because of that, it has been possible to test autologous or allogeneic MSCs from various sources in many clinical trials. A lot of aspects still have to be determined to assess their potential in the management of SSc, probably in association with other therapies.
Revisiting the trend in the occurrences of the “warm Arctic–cold Eurasian continent” temperature pattern
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Sui Cuijuan , Sun Bo
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The recent increasing trend of “warm Arctic, cold continents”
has attracted much attention, but it remains debatable as to what forces are
behind this phenomenon. Here, we revisited surface temperature variability
over the Arctic and the Eurasian continent by applying the self-organizing-map
(SOM) technique to gridded daily surface temperature data. Nearly 40 % of
the surface temperature trends are explained by the nine SOM patterns that
depict the switch to the current warm Arctic–cold Eurasia pattern at the
beginning of this century from the reversed pattern that dominated the 1980s
and 1990s. Further, no cause–effect relationship is found between the
Arctic sea ice loss and the cold spells in the high-latitude to midlatitude Eurasian
continent suggested by earlier studies. Instead, the increasing trend in
warm Arctic–cold Eurasia pattern appears to be related to the anomalous
atmospheric circulations associated with two Rossby wave trains triggered by
rising sea surface temperature (SST) over the central North Pacific and the
North Atlantic oceans. On interdecadal timescale, the recent increase in the
occurrences of the warm Arctic–cold Eurasia pattern is a fragment of the
interdecadal variability of SST over the Atlantic Ocean as represented by
the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and over the central Pacific
Ocean.
Ozone affected by a succession of four landfall typhoons in the Yangtze River Delta, China: major processes and health impacts
Authors: Zhan Chenchao , Xie Min , Huang Chongwu , Liu Jane , Wang Tijian , Xu Meng , Ma Chaoqun , Yu Jianwei , Jiao Yumeng , Li Mengmeng , Li Shu , Zhuang Bingliang , Zhao Ming , Nie Dongyang
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Landfall typhoons can significantly affect O3 in the Yangtze
River Delta (YRD) region. In this study, we investigate a unique case
characterized by two multiday regional O3 pollution episodes related to
four successive landfall typhoons in the summer of 2018 in the YRD. The
results show that O3 pollution episodes mainly occurred during the
period from the end of a typhoon to the arrival of the next typhoon. The
time when a typhoon reached the 24 h warning line and the time when the
typhoon dies away in mainland China can be roughly regarded as time
nodes. Meanwhile, the variations of O3 were related to the track,
duration and landing intensity of the typhoons. The impact of typhoons on
O3 was like a wave superimposed on the background of high O3
concentration in the YRD in summer. When a typhoon was near the 24 h warning
line before it landed on the coastline of the YRD, the prevailing wind
originally from the ocean changed to be from inland, and it transported lots
of precursors from the polluted areas to the YRD. Under influences of the
typhoon, the low temperature, strong upward airflows, more precipitation and
wild wind hindered occurrences of high O3 episodes. After the passing
of the typhoon, the air below the 700 hPa atmospheric layer was warm and
dry, and the downward airflows resumed. The low troposphere was filed with
high concentration of O3 due to O3-rich air transported from the
low stratosphere and strong photochemical reactions. It is noteworthy that
O3 was mainly generated in the middle of the boundary layer
(∼ 1000 m) instead of at the surface. High O3 levels remained in
the residual layer at night, and would be transported to the surface by
downward airflows or turbulence by the second day. Moreover, O3 can be
accumulated and trapped on the ground due to the poor diffusion conditions
because the vertical diffusion and horizontal diffusion were suppressed by
downward airflows and light wind, respectively. The premature deaths
attributed to O3 exposure in the YRD during the study period were 194.0,
more than the casualties caused directly by the typhoons. This work has
enhanced our understanding of how landfall typhoons affect O3 in the
YRD and thus can be useful in forecasting O3 pollution in regions
strongly influenced by typhoon activities.
The baseline wander correction based on the improved ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) algorithm for grounded electrical source airborne transient electromagnetic signals
Authors: Li Yuan , Gao Song , Zhang Saimin , He Hu , Xian Pengfei , Yuan Chunmei
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The grounded electrical source airborne transient
electromagnetic (GREATEM) system is an important method for obtaining
subsurface conductivity distribution as well as outstanding detection
efficiency and easy flight control. However, there are the superposition of
desired signals and various noises for the GREATEM signal. The baseline wander
caused by the receiving coil motion always exists in the process of data
acquisition and affects measurement results. The baseline wander is one of
the main noise sources, which has its own characteristics such as being low frequency, large amplitude, non-periodic, and non-stationary and so on.
Consequently, it is important to correct the GREATEM signal for an inversion explanation. In this paper, we propose improving the method of ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) by adaptive
filtering (EEMD-AF) based on EEMD to
suppress baseline wander. Firstly, the EEMD-AF method will decompose the
electromagnetic signal into multi-stage intrinsic mode function (IMF)
components. Subsequently, the adaptive filter will process higher-index IMF
components containing the baseline wander. Lastly, the de-noised signal will
be reconstructed. To examine the performance of our introduced method, we
processed the simulated and field signal containing the baseline wander by
different methods. Through the evaluation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
and mean-square error (MSE), the result indicates that the signal using
the EEMD-AF method can get a higher SNR and lower MSE. Comparing correctional data
using the EEMD-AF and the wavelet-based method in the anomaly curve profile
images of the response signal, it is proved that the EEMD-AF method is practical and effective for the suppression of the baseline wander in
the GREATEM signal.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PRECISION OF A SMART-PHONE POLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR A SECOND-ORDER CLIFF SURFACE DEFORMATION STUDIES
Authors: Eboigbe M. A. , Kidner D. B.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Coastal cliff is almost a vertical elongated structure with a wave-cut notch and a landslip. Cliffs are geological formations with an almost unpredictable and unstoppable detachment between constitutes formations. Due to health, safety, environmental, and military restrictions, there are more regulations and restrictions on the use of drones. There are also the issues of portability and high cost for the purchase of hybrid drones and Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS). These negate the regular monitoring of the coastal cliff. This research develops a rapid, low-cost, and precise digital photogrammetry methodology for the continuous monitoring of the cliff by using the pole as the platform and a mobile phone as a sensor. The most practical vertical camera angle, image overlaps, survey distance to the cliff, and realistic time range for surveys are all determined from the basic surveying principles. Precise geometrically related point clouds generated are with or without the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The standard deviation for “alignment and surface deviation” at every point on each point cloud is ± 0.05 m in the Northing and ± 0.12 m on the Easting’s for the self-calibrated digital camera and without the use of GNSS control points. With the GNSS controls, the maximum deviation in the XYZ coordinates is ± 5 cm. Change analysis performed identifies areas of cut, fill, and the segment of threats in all point clouds. The photogrammetric technique developed is very cheap, simple, and reliable with minimum labor. The results obtained indicate the applicability of this methodology for second-order cliff Deformation study.
The contribution of air temperature and ozone to mortality rates during hot weather episodes in eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017
Authors: Krug Alexander , Fenner Daniel , Mücke Hans-Guido , Scherer Dieter
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Hot weather episodes are globally associated with excess mortality rates. Elevated ozone concentrations occurring simultaneously also contribute to excess mortality rates during these episodes. However, the relative importance of both stressors for excess mortality rates is not yet known and assumed to vary from region to region. This study analyzes time series of daily observational data of air temperature and ozone concentrations for eight of the largest German cities during the years 2000 and 2017 with respect to the relative importance of both stressors for excess mortality rates in each city. By using an event-based risk approach, various thresholds for air temperature were explored for each city to detect hot weather episodes that are statistically associated with excess mortality rates. Multiple linear regressions were then calculated to investigate the relative contribution of variations in air temperature and ozone concentrations to the explained variance in mortality rates during these episodes, including the interaction of both predictors. In all cities hot weather episodes were detected that are related to excess mortality rates. Across the cities, a strong increase of this relation was observed around the 95th percentile of each city-specific air temperature distribution. Elevated ozone concentrations during hot weather episodes are also related to excess mortality rates in all cities. In general, the relative contribution of elevated ozone concentrations on mortality rates declines with increasing air temperature thresholds and occurs mainly as a statistically inseparable part of the air temperature impact. The specific strength of the impact of both stressors varies across the investigated cities. City-specific drivers such as background climate and vulnerability of the city population might lead to these differences and could be the subject of further research. These results underline strong regional differences in the importance of both stressors during hot weather episodes and could thus help in the development of city-specific heat–ozone–health warning systems to account for city-specific features.
Multiphase, decoupled faulting in the southern German Molasse Basin – evidence from 3-D seismic data
Authors: Shipilin Vladimir , Tanner David C. , von Hartmann Hartwig , Moeck Inga
Published: November 2020

Abstract. We use three-dimensional seismic reflection data from the southern German Molasse Basin to investigate the structural style and evolution of a geometrically decoupled fault network in close proximity to the Alpine deformation front. We recognise two fault arrays that are vertically separated by a clay-rich layer – lower normal faults and upper normal and reverse faults. A frontal thrust fault partially overprints the upper fault array. Analysis of seismic stratigraphy, syn-kinematic strata, throw distribution, and spatial relationships between faults suggest a multiphase fault evolution: (1) initiation of the lower normal faults in the Upper Jurassic carbonate platform during the early Oligocene, (2) development of the upper normal faults in the Cenozoic sediments during the late Oligocene, and (3) reverse reactivation of the upper normal faults and thrusting during the mid-Miocene. These distinct phases document the evolution of the stress field as the Alpine orogen propagated across the foreland. We postulate that interplay between the horizontal compression and vertical stresses due to the syn-sedimentary loading resulted in the intermittent normal faulting. The vertical stress gradients within the flexed foredeep defined the independent development of the upper faults above the lower faults, whereas mechanical behaviour of the clay-rich layer precluded the subsequent linkage of the fault arrays. The thrust fault must have been facilitated by the reverse reactivation of the upper normal faults, as its maximum displacement and extent correlate with the occurrence of these faults. We conclude that the evolving tectonic stresses were the primary mechanism of fault activation, whereas the mechanical stratigraphy and pre-existing structures locally governed the structural style.
Understanding the role of water and tillage erosion from 239+240Pu tracer measurements using inverse modelling
Authors: Wilken Florian , Ketterer Michael , Koszinski Sylvia , Sommer Michael , Fiener Peter
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Soil redistribution on arable land is a major threat for a sustainable use
of soil resources. The majority of soil redistribution studies focus on
water erosion, while wind and tillage erosion also induce pronounced
redistribution of soil materials. Tillage erosion especially is understudied, as it does not lead to visible off-site damages. The analysis
of on-site/in-field soil redistribution is mostly based on tracer studies,
where radionuclide tracers (e.g. 137Cs, 239+240Pu) from nuclear
weapon tests are commonly used to derive the erosion history over the past
50–60 years. Tracer studies allow us to determine soil redistribution patterns but integrate all types of soil redistribution processes and hence do not
allow us to unravel the contribution of individual erosion processes. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of water and tillage erosion
leading to soil patterns found in a small hummocky ground moraine kettle
hole catchment under intensive agricultural use. Therefore, 239+240Pu-derived soil redistribution patterns were analysed using an inverse
modelling approach accounting for water and tillage erosion processes. The
results of this analysis clearly point out that tillage erosion is the
dominant process of soil redistribution in the study catchment, which also
affects the hydrological and sedimentological connectivity between arable
land and the kettle hole. A topographic change up to 17 cm (53 yr)−1 in
the eroded parts of the catchment is not able to explain the current soil
profile truncation that exceeds the 239+240Pu-derived topographic change substantially. Hence, tillage erosion already started before the
onset of intense mechanisation since the 1960s. In general, the study
stresses the urgent need to consider tillage erosion as a major soil
degradation process that can be the dominant soil redistribution process in
sloped arable landscapes.
Loan-Words: Economy, Equivalence, and Debt in the Arabic Translation Debates
Authors: Deuchar Hannah Scott
Published: November 2020

This article examines a public debate about Arabic translation that took place in Cairo in March 1908. The social transformations of the long nineteenth century had been accompanied in Egypt by a parallel upheaval in conceptions of language, and by 1908 Arabic, like the global economy, seemed threatened by crisis. Some speeches from the debate actually connect these crises, equating linguistic meaning with financial value or critiquing the “costliness” of literary style; others conceive translation as an exchange predicated on equivalence between languages and governed by abstract economic laws. Scholars have suggested that the cultural violence of colonialism has structured modern Arabic literary production and defined its place within world and comparative literary studies. Here, I ask how that place might be reconceived if early twentieth-century Arabic theories of literature and language are understood as embedded not only in colonial ideological paradigms, but also in (imperial) capitalist logics of market efficiency and infinite exchangeability.
“A Mouthful of Air”: Modern Poetry and the Idea of Presence
Authors: Nicholls Peter
Published: November 2020

This article reads in tandem works by three poets, George Oppen, Paul Celan, and Yves Bonnefoy, arguing that each in different ways seems to commit poetry to a pursuit of “presence.” The idea of lyric poetry as a privileged expression of the “here-and-now” continues to be prominent in what is known as the “New Lyric Theory” (I examine the work of Jonathan Culler as one example), though this can seem awkwardly at odds with the widely accepted critique by Jacques Derrida of what he called “the metaphysics of presence.” I propose that although my three poets variously celebrate the “presencing” powers of poetry they do so as a means of showing how the actual impossibility of grasping Being in language becomes the necessary condition of the poem's emergence as a form of skeptical self-reflection. “Presence,” however emphatically proposed and desired by these poets, is in fact always compromised by something other to it that sets limits to the very project of poetry. In recognizing those limits, and in negotiating them through figures such as the Heideggerian “rift” (Oppen), the Celanian “breathturn” and Bonnefoy's “opacity,” modern poetry may, paradoxically, present itself as something “otherwise than being” (Levinas).
“Investigate the misusage of technology as a gesture of freedom”: Glitch Dysfunction in New Media Art and Art Education
Authors: Sweeny Robert
Published: November 2020

Digital dysfunction in contemporary new media art can be used to outline possibilities for productive and even radical applications of the digital in art educational practices. In this paper, I will analyze the work of a number of contemporary new media artists who use the motif of the glitch. I will provide suggestions for pedagogical approaches that relate and respond to these specific artistic tactics: the provocative, playful, and probing ways that new media art deals with various forms of dysfunction. Art educators at many levels can learn much about how digital technologies can be used to make art by studying how digital technologies fail.
Voters of Populist Parties and Support for Reforms of Representative Democracy in Belgium
Authors: van Dijk Lisa , Legein Thomas , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Marien Sofie
Published: November 2020

Voters of Populist Parties and Support for Reforms of Representative Democracy in Belgium

Recently, studies have burgeoned on the link between populism and demands for democratic reforms. In particular, scholars have been debating the link between populist citizens or voters and support for referendums. In this article, we examine voters of populist parties (Vlaams Belang (VB) and Parti du Travail de Belgique-Partij van de Arbeid (PTB-PVDA)) in Belgium in 2019 and we look at their attitudes towards various types of democratic reforms. We find that voters of populist parties differ from the non-populist electorate in their support for different kinds of reforms of representative democracy. Voters of VB and PTB-PVDA have in common stronger demands for limiting politicians’ prerogatives, for introducing binding referendums and for participatory budgeting. While Vlaams Belang voters are not significantly different from the non-populist electorate on advisory referendums, citizens’ forums or technocratic reform, PVDA-PTB voters seem more enthusiastic.
How Issue Salience Pushes Voters to the Left or to the Right
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , van Erkel Patrick , Jennart Isaïa , Lefevere Jonas , Baudewyns Pierre
Published: November 2020

How Issue Salience Pushes Voters to the Left or to the Right

Recent research demonstrates that political parties in western Europe are generally structured along one dimension – and often take more or less similar ideological positions on the economic and cultural dimension – whereas the policy preferences of voters are structured two dimensionally; a considerable part of the electorate combines left-wing stances on one dimension with right-wing stances on the other. These ideologically ‘unserved’ voters are the main focus of this study. Using data from a large-scale survey in Flanders and Wallonia, we demonstrate how the salience of the two dimensions explains whether these unserved voters ultimately end up voting for a right-wing or a left-wing party. Specifically, we show that these voters elect a party that is ideologically closest on the dimension that they deem most important at that time. To summarise, the findings of this study confirm that salience is a key driver of electoral choice, especially for cross-pressured voters.
Gender en geweld
Authors: Guns Wendy , Janssen Janine
Published: November 2020

Gender and violence – About how the Netherlands navigates between gender neutrality and international attention for violence against women

Internationally the term ‘violence against women’ has been coined. In the Netherlands is referred to ‘violence in relations of dependency’. GREVIO has critiqued Dutch government for their ‘gender neutral’ approach towards intimate violence, amongst other things by using the term ‘violence in relations of dependency’ instead of ‘violence against women’. This contribution offers a critical analysis of GREVIO’s point of view regarding Dutch policies on domestic violence.
Twintig jaar groei van herstelrechtelijke programma’s
Authors: Lee Jee Aei , Dandurand Yvon
Published: November 2020

Twenty Years Growth of Restorative Justice programmes – Reflections based on the second edition of the UNODC handbook

In this contribution, the authors take stock of the many diverse restorative justice programs that have been implemented in many countries, worldwide, over the past twenty years, and that have involved a number of problems. They also discuss a number of new developments and areas of concern, including victim participation, the relationship with common law, cases of serious crime and the role of the community. The authors hope the new UNODC Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes to be as successful as the previous edition in promoting new ways to apply restorative justice principles in criminal matters and helping practitioners benefit from each other’s experience.
Safety systems of luggage transport in air traffic
Authors: Kobaszyńska-Twardowska Anna , Wantuła Monika
Published: November 2020

The transport system from the safety point of view consists of: technical objects, operators and human resources, operation safety subsystems, and system management center. In the area of these subsystems, there may be hazardous sources of external or internal character. Based on the analysis of transport systems, it is concluded that man causes numerous mistakes. The baggage control system and the persons responsible for the functioning of this system have a significant impact on airports' safety level. Dia-grams of multi-stage processes for checking hand luggage and checked baggage has been developed. Eighty-two flights departing from the airport, in which over 1500 passengers were checked-in, were observed to indicate gaps in procedures during baggage processing. They sent over 7500 luggage items in total. During the observation, passengers were asked whether they carried objects defined as hazardous in their hand luggage or checked baggage, and then the affirmative answers obtained were counted. During the check-in, passengers of all analyzed flights, while answering the "safety questions", declared 281 items, which we defined as hazardous. The study confirmed the hypothesis that the transport of dangerous objects in the wrong luggage type has not yet been eliminated and is a hazard source in air transport. Groups of travelers were indicated by a constant lack of awareness about the materials not permitted for air transport.
Karismatisk bergkrystall fra Ryfylkeheiane? Smykkestein som identitetsmarkør i yngre jernalder
Authors: Nyland Astrid J.
Published: November 2020

In the 1960s and 1970s, large scale surveys related to hydro power developments in montane areas in Southwest Norway, recorded several rock crystals deposits and sites where crystals from these had been used both in the Stone Age and the Late Iron Age period. The Late Iron Age sites were interpreted as the first proof of locally produced rock crystal beads. In this article, I combine the production sites and rock crystal deposits to describe the operational chain of local bead production. This serves as the point of departure for a consideration of the value ascribed raw materials, local or regional vs. imported goods. I argue that symbolic aspects beyond economic value may have been the incentive for the local production, that is, qualities, such as rock crystals’ aesthetic, affective, or indeed charisma. Rock crystal beads from Late Iron Age graves in Rogaland are used as examples.
Marianne Hem Eriksen: Architecture, Society and Ritual in Viking Age Scandinavia Doors, Dwellings, and Domestic Space.
Authors: Ljungkvist John
Published: November 2020

Bokanmeldelse av Marianne Hem Eriksens bok, Architecture, Society and Ritual in Viking Age Scandinavia Doors, Dwellings, and Domestic Space.
Die Treuhand als Rechtsform für Sondervermögen
Authors: Chen Dachuang
Published: November 2020

The trust account is one of the most commonly used legal tools in business and is the subject of numerous legal disputes. Due to the absence of a trust code, there are no uniform legal rules for the requirements of the trust account. Moreover, the protection of the trust accounts from creditors of the trustee and the settlor in compulsory enforcement and bankruptcy is unregulated. This thesis attempts to close the gap. First, the topic will be outlined on the basis of two rulings of the UK Supreme Court and the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH). Subsequently the rules set out in the German case law will be systematically analysed. The asset partitioning approach will then be chosen as the dogmatic starting point for the justification of the protective effect of the trust account. The trust will accordingly be qualified as a legal form for special patrimony, and the theory of special patrimony will be examined in depth. The crucial role of subjective and objective ringfencing in order to effect a partitioning of assets will be highlighted, and the rules in the jurisprudence critically evaluated from this point of view. The last chapter is a comparative presentation of Chinese trust law.
Betriebsregelungen im eisenbahnrechtlichen Lärmschutzsystem
Authors: Seiler Martin
Published: November 2020

Die Lärmbelastung durch den Eisenbahnverkehr ist ein Thema von dauerhafter gesellschaftlicher, wirtschaftlicher und politischer Relevanz. Eine Möglichkeit zur Reduzierung dieser unerwünschten Nebenwirkung kann die behördliche Anordnung betriebsregelnder Maßnahmen – beispielsweise Geschwindigkeits- oder Durchfahrtsbeschränkungen – sein. Das Werk analysiert die in diesem Zusammenhang relevantesten Rechtsfragen unter nationalem sowie europäischem Recht. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der eisenbahnrechtlichen Planfeststellung. Die Rechtslage außerhalb der Fachplanung wird ebenfalls begutachtet. Auf dieser Grundlage werden ferner potentielle Reformmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt.
Föderalismus
Authors: Sturm Roland
Published: November 2020

This is the third, thoroughly revised edition of the textbook on federalism. Based on the latest research results, it helps students to learn about federalism by offering them questions to discuss and answer. Comparative federalism is analysed in detail in the chapters on federalism theory, the institutional characteristics of federalism (including Second Chambers), financial federalism, electoral politics, direct democracy and party systems. The book reflects on challenges to federalism, such as the coronavirus crisis, federalism reforms and threats of secession. It also discusses decentralisation in the UK, France, Poland and the Czech Republic as possible alternatives to deepening federalism.
Pesticides and Human Health
Authors: Shah Riaz
Published: November 2020

Pesticides are used in managing pests and their use will continue in future because of food security and vector control. Most pesticides are potentially toxic to human beings resulting in severe health consequences. There is also evidence that parental exposure, as well as, exposure in early life or adolescence could increase the longer-term risks. Pesticide exposures have been linked to many human diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, diabetes, and obesity, respiratory diseases, organ diseases and system failures. People who are exposed to pesticides are at a greater risk to develop various cancers including non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), leukemia, brain tumors, and cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, stomach, colorectal, liver, and the urinary bladder. The cell culture is an excellent experimental model reflecting human exposure to pesticides at a molecular level which is necessary to understand the hazards. Pesticide users should be aware of their risks and proper handling, as well as must use personal protective equipment which is effective in reducing damage to human health. Carcinogenic pesticides must be eliminated and sustainable and new approaches in pest management should be encouraged.
Humanizing Calculus
Authors: Cirillo Michelle
Published: November 2020

The history and the mathematics used by Newton and Leibniz in their invention of calculus. The exploration of this topic is intended to show students that mathematics is a human invention. Suggestions are made to help teachers incorporate the mathematics and the history into their own lessons.
A Model for Constructing Higher-Level Classroom Assessments
Authors: Dekker Truus
Published: November 2020

The use of a Dutch pyramid model that may help teachers design assessment problems that go beyond procedural operations. The author offers a design for producing a balanced, time restricted test, which reflects conceptual understanding as well as factual and procedural knowledge.
Exploring the United Nations' Human Development Index
Authors: Somers Kay B.
Published: November 2020

The human development index (HDI) is an international index used for comparing human well-being across countries. The activities that follow introduce this index and provide a look at an important method for finding a summary measure of a not readily quantifiable concept. The computational details behind this index provide a way to explore mathematical concepts such as scaling, averages, linear relationships, and logarithms. Further investigations allow use of the index to explore some statistical ideas. Because the activities use real data, they provide another way for students to see the utility of mathematics. To understand the context of the activities, students will be asked to read and think about the input values that are needed to compute such an index.
Lessons from Mr. Larson: An Inductive Model of Teaching for Orchestrating Discourse
Authors: Truxaw Mary P. , DeFranco Thomas C.
Published: November 2020

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has consistently recognized communication as essential to reform-oriented mathematics teaching (NCTM 1991, 2000). “Through communication, ideas become objects of reflection, refinement, discussion, and amendment. The communication process also helps build meaning and permanence for ideas and makes them public” (NCTM 2000, p. 60). However, talking does not ensure that thinking and understanding follow. The quality and type of discourse affect its potential for promoting mathematical understanding (Kazemi and Stipek 2001).
A Writing Workshop in Mathematics: Community Practice of Content Discourse
Authors: Fernsten Linda
Published: November 2020

It was once again time to model a writing workshop in my graduate class for teachers and teacher candidates. The language arts and social studies majors were poised and ready, while the mathematics majors were asking if this exercise had any relevancy to their teaching. As a mathematician who seemed to be speaking for them had written, “One reason I chose mathematics for my undergraduate major was that it didn't require papers. Math homework called for solving problems or proving theorems, and that was just fine with me” (Burns 2004, p. 30). Many mathematicians in my classes believe that they are not qualified to “teach writing,” reporting that their only pedagogical training in this area was their own experience in writing papers. Ause (1993) claims, “Our experiences as students and training as teachers often teach us two things about student writing: students write it and teachers read it—both, usually, in isolation. Writing seems to be full of silent suffering on everybody's part“ (p. 162). A writing workshop can change all of this. My mathematics students have agreed that workshops are useful for dispelling writing fears, furthering understanding of mathematical processes, advancing student learning in writing strategies used by mathematicians, and expanding mathematical discourse through targeted discussion and cooperative work.
Let's Talk: Promoting Mathematical Discourse in the Classroom
Authors: Stein Catherine A.
Published: November 2020

As part of reform-based mathematics, much discussion and research has focused on the idea that mathematics should be taught in a way that mirrors the nature of the discipline (Lampert 1990)—that is, have students use mathematical discourse to make conjectures, talk, question, and agree or disagree about problems in order to discover important mathematical concepts. In fact, communication, of which student discourse is a part, is so important that it is one of the Standards set forth in Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000).
Teacher-Orchestrated Classroom Arguments
Authors: Choppin Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

One great challenge of the reform inspired by NCTM's Standards (1989, 2000) has been to transform classroom discourse in ways that actively involve students and use their ideas as sources of mathematical ideas in the classroom community. In this article, I present a type of classroom discourse—teacher-orchestrated classroom argument—that serves those functions.
Whole Number Multiplication: There's More to It Than Might Be Expected!
Authors: Graybeal Christy
Published: November 2020

Before you read any further, write down your prediction. Did you guess 987 × 65 or maybe 975 × 86? Do not feel embarrassed— those were my first guesses as well! Although it is not immediately obvious, there is more to this problem than might at first be expected.
Parents Are Not the Enemy: Ten Tips for Improving Parent-Teacher Communication
Authors: Hawes Kathy
Published: November 2020

When I started teaching, more than fifteen years ago, the only advice I received on communicating with parents was “Call early with good news before a problem comes up.” While good advice, this wasn't nearly enough guidance to get me through my first year of teaching. Ideally, parents and teachers should work together to ensure each student's success. Unfortunately, teachers sometimes fear parents' clout with administrators, while parents often worry that teachers will “retaliate” against their child. This perceived adversarial relationship often interferes with effective parent-teacher communication. Parents who have limited English proficiency or who did not come through the U.S. education system have an additional handicap in communicating with their children's teachers.
Connecting Research to Teaching: Using Pólya to Overcome Translation Difficulties
Authors: Jacobbe Tim
Published: November 2020

The four-step problem-solving process outlined by George Pólya (1973) in his masterpiece How to Solve It is a simple yet thorough method of improving students' abilities to solve problems. The process focuses on heuristic reasoning, whose purpose, according to Pólya, is to “discover the solution of the present problem” (1973, p. 112). Pólya's problem-solving process is simple enough for an elementary school student to understand and apply, yet thorough enough to be useful to mathematics graduate students. Teaching students to solve problems, regardless of their complexity, is one of the most important lessons that teachers can pass on.
Optimization of Cubic Polynomial Functions without Calculus
Authors: Taylor Ronald D. , Hansen Ryan
Published: November 2020

How to find the relative maximum and minimum values of a cubic polynomial by using algebra or precalculus and calculus. Then, extreme values are computed.
Are You Connected? Fostering Exploration with Unexpected Graphs
Authors: Edwards Michael Todd , Reinhardt Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2020

The importance of unexpected calculator graphs as a vehicle for encouraging critical classroom dialogue. Specific examples are provided along with explanations and fixes for the calculator graphs. Authors give examples of student versus computer versions of graphing, how to change domain or range to make the graph easier to view, the limitations of graphing calculators, and how to eliminate graphing gaps.
Building Intuitive Arguments for the Triangle Congruence Conditions
Authors: Piatek-Jimenez Katrina
Published: November 2020

A hands-on activity that uses straws and pipe cleaners to explore and justify the triangle congruence conditions. The author uses the activities to explain when and why an idea is a postulate, theorem, accepted without need for proof, which ones need proof.
Development and Evaluation of an Automated Algorithm to Estimate the Nutrient Intake of Infants from an Electronic Complementary Food Frequency Questionnaire
Authors:   Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Manerkar Komal , Harding Jane , Conlon Cathryn , McKinlay Christopher
Published: November 2020

Background: We previously validated a four-day complementary food frequency questionnaire (CFFQ) to estimate the nutrient intake in New Zealand infants aged 9-12 months. However, manual entry of the CFFQ data into nutritional analysis software was time-consuming. Therefore, we developed an automated algorithm and evaluated its accuracy by comparing the nutrient estimates with those obtained from the nutritional analysis software. Methods: We analysed 50 CFFQ completed at 9- and 12-months using Food Works nutritional analysis software. The automated algorithm was programmed in SAS by multiplying the average daily consumption of each food item by the nutrient content of the portion size. We considered the most common brands for commercially prepared baby foods. Intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients were compared between methods using Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The automated algorithm did not have any significant bias for estimates of energy (kJ) (MD 15, 95% CI -27, 58), carbohydrate (g) (MD -0.1, 95% CI -1.2,1.0), and fat (g) (-0.1, 95% CI -0.3,0.1), but slightly underestimated intake of protein (MD -0.4 g, 95% CI -0.7,-0.1), saturated fat, PUFA, dietary fibre, and niacin. The algorithm provided accurate estimates for other micronutrients. The limits of agreement were relatively narrow. Conclusion: This automated algorithm is an efficient tool to estimate the nutrient intakes from CFFQ accurately. The small negative bias observed for few nutrients was clinically insignificant and can be minimised. This algorithm is suitabl
The Relationship between Eating Behaviors of Children and Mothers, and Nutritional Status of Children
Authors: Aktac F.E. Gunes, S. , Islamoglu A.H. , Akduman G.
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Parents have a significant impact on child nutrition and the child's eating habits in long-term behavior. This study aims to examine the effects of mothers' attitudes on the eating behaviors of children and the determination of their nutritional status.
Method: Children's eating habits and mothers' eating attitudes were examined in 417 children with face-to-face interviews using the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). The participants' anthropometric characteristics were determined, and body mass indexes (kg/m2) were calculated. AnthroPlus software was used to determine the children’s BMI-for-age Z-scores. BeBiS nutrition information system was used to assess children’s food intake.
Results: The mothers' median BMI was above the overweight threshold. The lowest CFQ score was for perceived child weight, and the maximum score was for food restriction. Significant differences were found in mothers ages, mothers' BMIs, children's WAZ and BAZ scores, and BMIs, weight (p<0.001), perceived parent weight scores (p=0.04), and pressure to eat (p=0.04). Families should be conscious about nutrition for the protection and promotion of children's health.
Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework)
Authors: Petersen Rodney , Santos Danielle , Smith Matthew C. , Wetzel Karen A. , Witte Greg
Published: November 2020

This publication from the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE)
describes the Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework), a fundamental
reference for describing and sharing information about cybersecurity work. It expresses
that work as Task statements and describes Knowledge and Skill statements that provide a
foundation for learners including students, job seekers, and employees. The use of these
statements helps students to develop skills, job seekers to demonstrate competencies,
and employees to accomplish tasks. As a common, consistent lexicon that categorizes and
describes cybersecurity work, the NICE Framework improves communication about how to
identify, recruit, develop, and retain cybersecurity talent. The NICE Framework is a
reference source from which organizations or sectors can develop additional publications
or tools that meet their needs to define or provide guidance on different aspects of
cybersecurity education, training, and workforce development.
Virtual Reconstruction of Molodi Manor near Moscow: Research Sources, Methods and Technologies
Authors: Kondrasheva Daria Ivanovna
Published: November 2020

This article describes virtual reconstruction of Molodi Manor near Moscow which has the status of a monument of federal significance. As research methods, the author uses 3D modeling technologies and restores the virtual appearance of the main building, the outbuilding of the barn and the surrounding park complex of the first half of the 19th century. The author uses such modern software as Autodesk 3ds Max, AutoCAD, CorelDRAW, AdobePhotoshop and some others. In addition to a detailed description of the process and modeling methods, the work also studies the history of the manor itself. The article is divided into three parts each reflecting separate stages of the research. The first one speaks about the history of Molodi Manor. The second part gives a brief description of the sources used to create a three-dimensional model of the manor complex understudy. Some particularly important graphic sources, in particular photographs, maps and drawings, are included in the article for illustrative purposes. The basis of the reconstruction is dimensional plans, sections and other drawings provided by the Central State Archive of Moscow Oblast. The third part deals with the practical stage of the research. It reveals methods and technologies for constructing the 3D model, tells the reader about the difficulties that the author inevitably faced in the process of virtual reconstruction. The research is carried out within the project of the Historical Information Science Department of Moscow State University aimed at reconstructing virtual appearance of Moscow Oblast manors.    
Virtual Reconstruction of Pushchino-on-Nara Manor near Moscow: Research Sources, Methods and Technologies
Authors: Mamonova Svetlana Alekseevna
Published: November 2020

Manors of the 18th - early 20th centuries located near Moscow can boast their specificity within the socio-cultural context of the history of Russia. After a period of oblivion for most of the twentieth century, the manors of Moscow Oblast started to attract researchers of Russian culture, architecture and everyday life in pre-revolutionary Russia. Today most of the well-known manors of Moscow Oblast, once famous for their architecture, park culture, remarkable social history associated with the names of the famous Russians are in ruins. One of the main characteristic features of the manor culture is its synthetic nature that requires combined efforts of specialists belonging to different interdisciplinary approaches to study it. The article analyzes the complex of identified sources that have the potential for creating a 3D-reconstruction of the main house of the manor and elements of the manor complex and which, taken together with the literature, make it possible to study the history of Pushchino-on-Nara manor and its owners. Virtual reconstruction makes it possible to visualize the appearance of this cultural heritage site and demonstrate the opportunities to use three-dimensional computer modeling techniques in historical research by the example of the manor reconstruction. The article also tells us about the author’s use of modern software (Adobe Photoshop, SketchUp and Twinmotion) to solve the goals set. The research was carried out in collaboration with the Central State Archive of Moscow Oblast.