bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Humidity and Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Disintegration Rate of Coal Gangue in Cold and Arid Regions: A Case Study from Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Gong Chuangang , Yang Liya
Published: September 2024

Coal extraction in China is increasingly moving towards colder regions such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. However, these mines face land restoration challenges due to a scarcity of fertile topsoil. This study explores the potential of coal gangue, a mining byproduct, as a viable substitute for topsoil. The study examines the effects of humidity fluctuations and freeze–thaw cycles, both individually and in combination, on the weathering disintegration of coal gangue. Coal gangue samples were subjected to controlled laboratory conditions simulating environmental factors. Fourteen interventions were analyzed, and the findings indicated that the combined application of humidity and freeze–thaw cycles significantly accelerated the disintegration process, outperforming the individual interventions. In addition, it was found that significant temperature variations caused the moisture and salts within the gangue to expand, which affected the rate of disintegration. The study showed that the rate of weathering disintegration was significantly higher in conditions of saturated humidity–freeze–thaw cycles compared to unsaturated humidity conditions. This highlights the essential role of ice crystals in accelerating the weathering process during temperature fluctuations. This study highlights the importance of humidity over temperature in the weathering and disintegration of coal gangue. It also suggests that freeze–thaw cycles can enhance this process. The study provides valuable insights for the management and utilization of coal gangue in cold and arid regions.
Dynamic Enhanced Weighted Drainage Catchment Basin Method for Extracting Geochemical Anomalies
Authors: Cui Zijia , Chen Jianping , Zhu Renwei , Zhang Quanping , Zhou Guanyun , Jia Zhen , Liu Chang
Published: September 2024

Geochemical measurements of stream sediments are practical for small-scale mineral exploration. However, traditional grid interpolation methods cause element concentrations to diffuse and smooth out anomalies, particularly in complex terrains, making it challenging to reflect the actual distribution of elements accurately. We applied the Dynamic Enhanced Weighted Drainage Catchment Basin (DE-WDCB) method to enhance the retention and identification of local anomalies by limiting the scope of analysis to specific drainage units. This method reduces interference from varying background values across different watersheds, effectively enhancing geochemical element anomalies and aligning better with geomorphic conditions. The DE-WDCB method was tested in the Duobaoshan–Heihe area, a significant copper polymetallic mineral district in northeastern China. Compared with traditional grid interpolation methods, the DE-WDCB method retained and strengthened low and weak abnormal information of favorable mineralization elements, particularly in the Luotuowaizi area. The method demonstrated a higher spatial coverage rate with mineral points and a more vital ore-indicating ability. Specifically, the DE-WDCB method identified anomalies with a mean accuracy of 63.57% (p < 0.05, 95% CI: 47.64%–79.50%), compared to 50.53% for traditional methods. In conclusion, in regions with a complex topography and watershed differences, the DE-WDCB method effectively reduces local geochemical background interference, accurately identifies low and weak geochemical anomalies, and better reflects the actual distribution of elements. This makes it a significantly advantageous method for geochemical anomaly extraction, delineating higher-confidence exploration targets in the Sandaowan–Luotuowaizi area in the east and the triangular area between Duobaoshan, Yubaoshan, Sankuanggou, and the midstream highlands of the Guanbird River in the west.
Dynamics of Friendship Index in Complex Networks
Authors: Grigoriev Alexey , Mironov Sergei , Sidorov Sergei
Published: September 2024

We study the evolution of the friendship index in complex social networks over time. The elements of the networks are the users, and the connections correspond to the interactions between them. The friendship index of a node is defined as the ratio of the average degree of its neighbors to the degree of the node itself. Obviously, in the process of network growth, the value of the friendship index for any node in the network may change due to the fact that new edges can be attached to this node or its neighbors. In this paper, we study the dynamics of the friendship index of a single node over time for growth networks generated on the basis of the preferential attachment mechanism. We find both the asymptotics of their expected values and the variances over time. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the friendship index for five real networks.
Turmeric Essential Oil Constituents as Potential Drug Candidates: A Comprehensive Overview of Their Individual Bioactivities
Authors: Orellana-Paucar Adriana Monserrath
Published: September 2024

The therapeutic properties of turmeric essential oil have been extensively documented in both preclinical and clinical studies. Research indicates that its primary active compounds are promising candidates for addressing a wide range of pathologies, exhibiting anticancer, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, cardiovascular, hypoglycemic, dermatological, hepatoprotective, neurological, antiparasitic, antiviral, insecticidal, antifungal, and antivenom activities. While numerous compounds possess similar potential applications, the isolated active constituents of turmeric essential oil stand out due to their unique pharmacological profiles and absence of toxicity. This literature review meticulously compiles and analyzes the bioactivities of these constituents, emphasizing their molecular mechanisms of action, reported pharmacological effects, and potential therapeutic applications. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of currently available clinical and preclinical findings related to individual turmeric essential oil compounds, while also identifying critical knowledge gaps. By summarizing these findings, this work encourages further research into the isolated compounds from turmeric oil as viable drug candidates, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
Amphetamine-like Deferiprone and Clioquinol Derivatives as Iron Chelating Agents
Authors: El Safadi Mahmoud , Wilson Katie A. , Strudwicke Indigo J. , O’Mara Megan L. , Bhadbhade Mohan , Rawling Tristan , McDonagh Andrew M.
Published: September 2024

The accumulation of iron in dopaminergic neurons can cause oxidative stress and dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Iron chelation therapy may reduce dopaminergic neurodegeneration, but chelators should be targeted towards dopaminergic cells. In this work, two series of compounds based on 8-hydroxyquinoline and deferiprone, iron chelators that have amphetamine-like structures, have been designed, synthesized and characterized. Each of these compounds chelated iron ions in aqueous solution. The hydroxyquinoline-based compounds exhibited stronger iron-binding constants than those of the deferiprone derivatives. The hydroxyquinoline-based compounds also exhibited greater free radical scavenging activities compared to the deferiprone derivatives. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the hydroxyquinoline-based compounds generally bound well within human dopamine transporter cavities. Thus, these compounds are excellent candidates for future exploration as drugs against diseases that are affected by iron-induced dopaminergic neuron damage, such as Parkinson’s disease.
Unravelling the Influence of Extraction Techniques on Protein Yield and Nutritional Value in Lesser Mealworm Larvae
Authors: Fuso Andrea , Leni Giulia , Caligiani Augusta
Published: September 2024

In the present work, chemical and enzymatic assisted techniques were compared for protein extraction from lesser mealworm larvae (LM, Alphitobius diaperinus), recently approved as a novel food in the European Union. All extracts showed appreciable nutritional quality, with quantities of essential amino acids above the reference standard. Conventional alkali extraction allowed the isolation of only 73% of the protein, preserving the amino acid composition but potentially causing denaturation or racemisation. The “stepwise” method, following the Osborne fractionation, improved protein recovery to 91% by isolating four fractions with different solubility properties. Additionally, enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus licheniformis proteases was also tested, and it provided hydrolysates with an average degree of hydrolysis of 14%, making them a potential hypoallergenic solution. Overall, these findings indicate the ability to tailor the composition of LM protein to meet specific needs, offering promising prospects for the use of insect protein ingredients in various applications.
Self-Assembled Ferritin Nanoparticles for Delivery of Antigens and Development of Vaccines: From Structure and Property to Applications
Authors: Cao Shinuo , Ma Dongxue , Ji Shengwei , Zhou Mo , Zhu Shanyuan
Published: September 2024

Ferritin, an iron storage protein, is ubiquitously distributed across diverse life forms, fulfilling crucial roles encompassing iron retention, conversion, orchestration of cellular iron metabolism, and safeguarding cells against oxidative harm. Noteworthy attributes of ferritin include its innate amenability to facile modification, scalable mass production, as well as exceptional stability and safety. In addition, ferritin boasts unique physicochemical properties, including pH responsiveness, resilience to elevated temperatures, and resistance to a myriad of denaturing agents. Therefore, ferritin serves as the substrate for creating nanomaterials typified by uniform particle dimensions and exceptional biocompatibility. Comprising 24 subunits, each ferritin nanocage demonstrates self-assembly capabilities, culminating in the formation of nanostructures akin to intricate cages. Recent years have witnessed the ascendance of ferritin-based self-assembled nanoparticles, owing to their distinctive physicochemical traits, which confer substantial advantages and wide-ranging applications within the biomedical domain. Ferritin is highly appealing as a carrier for delivering drug molecules and antigen proteins due to its distinctive structural and biochemical properties. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the use of self-assembled ferritin as a novel carrier for antigen delivery and vaccine development, discussing the molecular mechanisms underlying its action, and presenting it as a promising and effective strategy for the future of vaccine development.
Impact of Clinical Use of Probiotics on Preterm-Related Outcomes in Infants with Extremely Low Birth Weight
Authors: Wu Wei-Hung , Chiang Ming-Chou , Fu Ren-Huei , Lai Mei-Yin , Wu I-Hsyuan , Lien Reyin , Lee Chien-Chung
Published: September 2024

Background: Preterm birth significantly contributes to mortality and morbidities, with recent studies linking these issues to gut microbiota imbalances. Probiotic supplementation shows promise in mitigating adverse outcomes in preterm infants, but optimal timing and guidelines remain unclear. This study assesses the benefits of probiotic supplementation for preterm infants without consistent guidelines. Methods: This retrospective study examined extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units from 2017 to 2021. Mortality and preterm-related outcomes were compared between infants receiving probiotics and those not. Subgroup analyses based on probiotic initiation timing were conducted: early (≤14 days), late (>14 days), and non-probiotic groups. Results: The study included 330 ELBW infants: 206 received probiotics (60 early, 146 late), while 124 did not. Probiotic supplementation was associated with lower overall mortality (adjusted OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.09–0.48) and decreased mortality from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or late-onset sepsis (LOS) (adjusted OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03–0.45). Early probiotics reduced overall mortality, NEC/LOS-related mortality, and NEC/LOS-unrelated mortality. Late probiotics decreased overall mortality and NEC/LOS-related mortality. Early probiotic use also expedited full enteral feeding achievement. Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation reduces mortality and improves feeding tolerance in preterm infants. Establishing guidelines for probiotic use in this population is crucial.
Effects of Supplementation with a Microalgae Extract from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Containing Fucoxanthin on Cognition and Markers of Health in Older Individuals with Perceptions of Cognitive Decline
Authors: Yoo Choongsung , Maury Jonathan , Gonzalez Drew E. , Ko Joungbo , Xing Dante , Jenkins Victoria , Dickerson Broderick , Leonard Megan , Estes Landry , Johnson Sarah , Chun Jisun , Broeckel Jacob , Pradelles Rémi , Sowinski Ryan , Rasmussen Christopher J. , Kreider Richard B.
Published: September 2024

Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) is a microalgae extract that contains fucoxanthin and has been shown to enhance cognitive function in younger populations. The present study assessed if PT supplementation affects cognition in healthy, young-old, physically active adults with self-perceptions of cognitive and memory decline. Methods: Forty-three males and females (64.3 ± 6.0 years, 79.8 ± 16.0 kg, 27.0 ± 4.0 kg/m2) with perceptions of cognitive and memory decline completed the double-blind, randomized, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled intervention clinical trial. Participants were counterbalanced by sex and BMI and randomly allocated to their respective 12-week supplementation interventions, which were either the placebo (PL) or 1100 mg/day of PT containing 8.8 mg of fucoxanthin (FX). Fasting blood samples were collected, and cognitive assessments were performed during the testing session at 0, 4, and 12 weeks of intervention. The data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate general linear model (GLM) analyses with repeated measures, pairwise comparisons, and mean changes from baseline analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the clinical significance of the findings. Results: FX supplementation significantly affected (p < 0.05) or exhibited tendencies toward significance (p > 0.05 to p < 0.10 with effect sizes ranging from medium to large) for word recall, picture recognition reaction time, Stroop color–word test, choice reaction time, and digit vigilance test variables. Additionally, FX supplementation promoted a more consistent clinical improvement from baseline values when examining mean changes with 95% CIs, although most differences were seen over time rather than between groups. Conclusions: The results demonstrate some evidence that FX supplementation can improve working and secondary memory, vigilance, attention, accuracy, and executive function. There was also evidence that FX promoted more positive effects on insulin sensitivity and perceptions about sleep quality with no negative effects on clinical blood panels or perceived side effects. Additional research should investigate how FX may affect cognition in individuals perceiving memory and cognitive decline. Registered clinical trial #NCT05759910.
Antihypertensive Effects of Lindera erythrocarpa Makino via NO/cGMP Pathway and Ca2+ and K+ Channels
Authors: Shin Sujin , Park Junkyu , Choi Ho-Young , Bu Youngmin , Lee Kyungjin
Published: September 2024

Studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of Lindera plants. This study was undertaken to reveal the antihypertensive properties of Lindera erythrocarpa leaf ethanolic extract (LEL). Aorta segments of Sprague–Dawley rats were used to study the vasodilatory effect of LEL, and the mechanisms involved were evaluated by treating specific inhibitors or activators that affect the contractility of blood vessels. Our results revealed that LEL promotes a vasorelaxant effect through the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathway, blocking the Ca2+ channels, opening the K+ channels, and inhibiting the vasoconstrictive action of angiotensin II. In addition, the effects of LEL on blood pressure were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats by the tail-cuff method. LEL (300 or 1000 mg/kg) was orally administered to the rats, and 1000 mg/kg of LEL significantly lowered the blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure decreased by −20.06 ± 4.87%, and diastolic blood pressure also lowered by −30.58 ± 5.92% at 4 h in the 1000 mg/kg LEL group. Overall, our results suggest that LEL may be useful to treat hypertensive diseases, considering its vasorelaxing and hypotensive effects.
The Relationship between Vitamin D, Inflammatory Markers, and Insulin Resistance in Children
Authors: Okuyan Omer , Dumur Seyma , Elgormus Neval , Uzun Hafize
Published: September 2024

Objective: In this study, we investigated 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D, vitamin D), inflammatory hematologic ratios such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), monocyte/HDL-C ratio (MHR) and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) and possible relationships with insulin resistance (IR) in children. Methods: A total of 210 individuals, including 96 children with IR and 114 children without IR, aged 6–18 years, who were admitted to the Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic at Medicine Hospital, Istanbul Atlas University were included in our study. Result: Compared to patients without IR, NLR, PLR, SII, and MHR were significantly higher in patients with IR. Fasting insulin, PAI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and HOMA-β were significantly higher and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was considerably lower in patients with IR compared to those without IR. NLR, SII, and MHR were lower in normal vitamin D groups than the others (p < 0.001). PLR was lower in the group with normal vitamin D levels than the groups with insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D (D < 21). Conclusions: We found that vitamin D deficiency in childhood is related to increased levels of circulating inflammatory markers (NLR, PLR, MHR, PAI), IR, and decreased insulin sensitivity. According to our results, supplementation of vitamin D may be beneficial in averting IR and enhanced systemic inflammation
The Chem-Sex Inventory Scale (CSI): A Tool to Assess the Mental Health Risk of Chemsex Behaviors in Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Del Pozo-Herce Pablo , Baca-García Enrique , Martínez-Sabater Antonio , Pérez-Elvira Rubén , Gea-Caballero Vicente , Chover-Sierra Elena , Satústegui-Dordá Pedro José , Tovar-Reinoso Alberto , Rodríguez-Velasco Francisco José , Sánchez-Barba Mercedes , Pérez Jesús , Juárez-Vela Raúl
Published: September 2024

Background: Chemsex has been defined as the deliberate use of drugs for prolonged sexual intercourse between gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Drugs associated with chemsex can trigger mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, risk of psychosis and suicidal ideation, social isolation, stigmatization, and even loss of impulse control and lack of coping strategies. Currently, the increase in illicit drugs in a sexual context is considered an outbreak of a public health emergency. Objective: The aim of this study is the construction and validation of the Chem-Sex Inventory (CSI), a new scale to assess the mental health risk of chemsex behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted to study 563 participants. Data were collected through an online questionnaire between January and April 2023, and the construct validity of the CSI was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The sample was, on average, 36 years old (SD: ±9.2). The majority of gender identity was cisgender (97.7%). A factor structure was found that can be summarized in four dimensions: emotional instability, risk of psychosis, altered body perception, and risk of suicide. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) presents adequate reliability values, with a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.87 for all dimensions and a McDonald’s omega above 0.88 with a good fit of the 42 items. Conclusions: Our study has shown that the Chem-Sex Inventory (CSI) scale has factorial validity and could be used in clinical practice and research to measure the behavioral contribution of the chemsex phenomenon in MSM.
The Roles of Glutathione and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes and COVID-19
Authors: Los Evan , Ford George , Tuell Dawn , Macariola Demetrio , Stone William
Published: September 2024

Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection increases the risk of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diabetes, in turn, increases COVID-19 susceptibility and contributes to increased COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress has emerged as a common factor driving the pathogenesis of diabetes and COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The mechanistic links between oxidative stress, diabetes, and COVID-19 have primarily been studied in adults and will be summarized in this review. However, we suggest that studying these interconnections in children and young adults is critical since early intervention is optimal for improving outcomes. At the height of the pandemic, COVID-19 was a leading cause of death in children and young people, and people in this age group are as susceptible to COVID-19 as adults and the elderly. Glutathione is the primary water-soluble intracellular antioxidant and can be deficient in both diabetes and COVID-19. Glutathione is a tripeptide containing cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. Strategies to increase glutathione levels may be beneficial in helping to manage COVID-19-induced diabetes and diabetes-induced COVID-19 risk. Dietary supplementation with glycine plus n-acetyl-l-cysteine may be optimal since it contains two metabolic glutathione precursors.
Oral Staphylococcus Species and MRSA Strains in Patients with Orofacial Clefts Undergoing Surgical Rehabilitation Diagnosed by MALDI-TOF MS
Authors: Oliveira Mateus Cardoso , Boriollo Marcelo Fabiano Gomes , Souza Angélica Cristina de , Silva Thaísla Andrielle da , Silva Jeferson Júnior da , Magalhães-Guedes Karina Teixeira , Dias Carlos Tadeu dos Santos , Bernardo Wagner Luís de Carvalho , Höfling José Francisco , Sousa Cristina Paiva de
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the occurrence and dynamics of oral Staphylococcus species in patients with orofacial clefts undergoing surgical rehabilitation treatment. Patients (n = 59) were statistically stratified and analyzed (age, gender, types of orofacial clefts, surgical history, and types of previous surgical rehabilitation). Salivary samples were obtained between hospitalization and the return to the specialized medical center. Microbiological diagnosis was performed by classical methods, and MALDI-TOF MS. MRSA strains (SCCmec type II, III, and IV) were characterized by the Decision Tree method. A total of 33 (55.9%) patients showed oral staphylococcal colonization in one, two, or three sampling steps. A high prevalence has been reported for S. aureus (including HA-, MRSA and CA-MRSA), followed by S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, S. sciuri, S. haemolyticus, S. lentus, S. arlettae, and S. warneri. The dynamics of oral colonization throughout surgical treatment and medical follow-up may be influenced by (i) imbalances in staphylococcal maintenance, (ii) efficiency of surgical asepsis or break of the aseptic chain, (iii) staphylococcal neocolonization in newly rehabilitated anatomical oral sites, and (iv) total or partial maintenance of staphylococcal species. The highly frequent clinical periodicity in specialized medical and dental centers may contribute to the acquisition of MRSA in these patients.
Anti-Amnesic Effect of Agastache rugosa on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice
Authors: Kang Sohi , Lee Nari , Jung Bokyung , Jeong Huiyeong , Moon Changjong , Park Sang-Ik , Yun Seungpil , Yim Teresa , Oh Jung Min , Kim Jae-Won , Song Ji Hoon , Chae Sungwook , Kim Joong Sun
Published: September 2024

Agastache rugosa, a traditional Asian herbal medicine, is primarily used for digestive problems; yet, its cognitive benefits remain unexplored. This study evaluated the anti-amnesic effects of A. rugosa extract (ARE) on scopolamine (SCO)-induced memory impairment in mice. Mice received 100 or 200 mg/kg ARE orally for 5 days, followed by SCO injection. The ARE demonstrated significant antioxidant (DPPH IC50: 75.3 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory effects (NO reduction). Furthermore, the ARE significantly improved memory performance in the passive avoidance test (escape latency: 157.2 s vs. 536.9 s), the novel object recognition test (novel object preference: 47.6% vs. 66.3%) and the Morris water maze (time spent in the target quadrant: 30.0% vs. 45.1%). The ARE reduced hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity (1.8-fold vs. 1.1-fold) while increasing choline acetyltransferase (0.4-fold vs. 1.0-fold) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype I (0.3-fold vs. 1.6-fold) expression. The ARE improved hippocampal neurogenesis via doublecortin- (0.4-fold vs. 1.1-fold) and KI-67-positive (6.3 vs. 12.0) cells. Therefore, the ARE exerts protective effects against cognitive decline through cholinergic system modulation and antioxidant activity, supporting its potential use as a cognitive enhancer.
RETRACTED: Alhakamy et al. Ceftriaxone and Melittin Synergistically Promote Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1622
Authors: Alhakamy Nabil A. , Caruso Giuseppe , Eid Basma G. , Fahmy Usama A. , Ahmed Osama A. A. , Abdel-Naim Ashraf B. , Alamoudi Abdulmohsin J. , Alghamdi Shareefa A. , Al Sadoun Hadeel , Eldakhakhny Basmah M. , Caraci Filippo , Abdulaal Wesam H.
Published: September 2024

The journal retracts the article, “Ceftriaxone and Melittin Synergistically Promote Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats” [...]
Application of Nanotechnology and Phytochemicals in Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Dareowolabi Boluwatife Olamide , Thiruvengadam Rekha , Moon Eun-Yi
Published: September 2024

Cancer is well recognized as a leading cause of mortality. Although surgery tends to be the primary treatment option for many solid cancers, cancer surgery is still a risk factor for metastatic diseases and recurrence. For this reason, a variety of medications has been adopted for the postsurgical care of patients with cancer. However, conventional medicines have shown major challenges such as drug resistance, a high level of drug toxicity, and different drug responses, due to tumor heterogeneity. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulations could effectively overcome the challenges faced by conventional treatment methods. In particular, the combined use of nanomedicine with natural phytochemicals can enhance tumor targeting and increase the efficacy of anticancer agents with better solubility and bioavailability and reduced side effects. However, there is limited evidence in relation to the application of phytochemicals in cancer treatment, particularly focusing on nanotechnology. Therefore, in this review, first, we introduce the drug carriers used in advanced nanotechnology and their strengths and limitations. Second, we provide an update on well-studied nanotechnology-based anticancer therapies related to the carcinogenesis process, including signaling pathways related to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Wnt, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Notch, and Hedgehog (HH). Third, we introduce approved nanomedicines currently available for anticancer therapy. Fourth, we discuss the potential roles of natural phytochemicals as anticancer drugs. Fifth, we also discuss the synergistic effect of nanocarriers and phytochemicals in anticancer therapy.
A Descriptive Review on the Potential Use of Diatom Biosilica as a Powerful Functional Biomaterial: A Natural Drug Delivery System
Authors: Kang Sunggu , Woo Yeeun , Seo Yoseph , Yoo Daehyeon , Kwon Daeryul , Park Hyunjun , Lee Sang Deuk , Yoo Hah Young , Lee Taek
Published: September 2024

Although various chemically synthesized materials are essential in medicine, food, and agriculture, they can exert unexpected side effects on the environment and human health by releasing certain toxic chemicals. Therefore, eco-friendly and biocompatible biomaterials based on natural resources are being actively explored. Recently, biosilica derived from diatoms has attracted attention in various biomedical fields, including drug delivery systems (DDS), due to its uniform porous nano-pattern, hierarchical structure, and abundant silanol functional groups. Importantly, the structural characteristics of diatom biosilica improve the solubility of poorly soluble substances and enable sustained release of loaded drugs. Additionally, diatom biosilica predominantly comprises SiO2, has high biocompatibility, and can easily hybridize with other DDS platforms, including hydrogels and cationic DDS, owing to its strong negative charge and abundant silanol groups. This review explores the potential applications of various diatom biosilica-based DDS in various biomedical fields, with a particular focus on hybrid DDS utilizing them.
Exploring Protein-Based Carriers in Drug Delivery: A Review
Authors: Ferraro Claudia , Dattilo Marco , Patitucci Francesco , Prete Sabrina , Scopelliti Giuseppe , Parisi Ortensia , Puoci Francesco
Published: September 2024

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) represent an emerging focus for many researchers and they are becoming progressively crucial in the development of new treatments. Great attention is given to all the challenges that a drug has to overcome during its journey across barriers and tissues and all the pharmacokinetics modulations that are needed in order to reach the targeting sites. The goal of these pathways is the delivery of drugs in a controlled way, optimizing their bioavailability and minimizing side effects. Recent innovations in DDSs include various nanotechnology-based approaches, such as nanoparticles, nanofibers and micelles, which provide effective targeted delivery and sustained release of therapeutics. In this context, protein-based drug delivery systems are gaining significant attention in the pharmaceutical field due to their potential to revolutionize targeted and efficient drug delivery. As natural biomolecules, proteins offer distinct advantages, including safety, biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them a fascinating alternative to synthetic polymers. Moreover, protein-based carriers, including those derived from gelatin, albumin, collagen, gliadin and silk proteins, demonstrate exceptional stability under physiological conditions, and they allow for controlled and sustained drug release, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current trends, challenges, and future perspectives in protein-based drug delivery, focusing on the types of proteins adopted and the techniques that are being developed to enhance their functionality in terms of drug affinity and targeting capabilities, underscoring their potential to significantly impact modern therapeutics.
Biodiversity and Reproductive Status of Beach-Cast Seaweeds from Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil: Sustainable Use and Conservation
Authors: Martins Iago A. G. , Basílio Thiago H. , dos Santos Igor L. F. , Fujii Mutue T.
Published: September 2024

The state of Espírito Santo has one of the greatest diversities of macroalgae along the Brazilian coast. Beach-cast seaweeds are a frequent phenomenon and exhibit great diversity. This study assessed stranded macroalgae’s composition and reproductive status to evaluate their potential for sustainable use by the local community. Monthly collections were carried out from March to November 2022, covering the rainy and dry seasons, on five beaches in Espírito Santo: three in the north and two in the south. At each beach, two 50 m transects were set up parallel to the coastline over the stranded algae patches, one near the wave-breaking zone during low tide and another around high tide, and three 1 × 1 m quadrants were randomly selected in each transect. All material within each quadrant was collected, resulting in six samples per beach. We identified 81 taxa, including 54 Rhodophyta, 16 Ulvophyceae and 11 Phaeophyceae. The taxon composition was relatively consistent across the studied regions, with the rainy season exhibiting the greatest species richness. Seventeen of the identified taxa had reproductive structures, although only four consistently presented these structures. Our results suggest that removing stranded macroalgae does not significantly impact their role as propagule sources.
Comparing Current and Future Land Suitability for Growing Rainfed Corn (Zea mays) in Georgia, USA
Authors: Kerry Ruth , Ingram Ben , Golden Connor S.
Published: September 2024

Land suitability (LS) classifications are essential for efficient and sustainable agricultural land use. With climate change, future LS classifications are necessary to ensure that crop growth remains sustainable and prevents land degradation. This study develops a current LS classification for rainfed corn (Zea mays) growth in the state of Georgia, USA, which is validated using historical census data on yield, acres planted, and corn crop lost. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between yield, acres planted, and crop loss percentage across LS classes for many years. Soil factors (Ph and soil texture) showed significant differences in fewer years compared to climate and topography factors, as soil factors can be altered by management practices such as liming and irrigation. Future LS classes determined by climate factors indicated a shift to the northwest of 150–300 km by the year 2100 based on the RCP4.5 or RCP8.5 emissions scenarios. The northwards shift in more suitable land due to rising maximum temperatures is expected to limit rainfed corn growth in Georgia in the future. As urban areas become more suitable for corn growth, farmers may need to plant crops earlier, irrigate, or switch to different crops. These results have important implications for agricultural planning and policy in the state of Georgia.
Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Maize DnaJ Family Genes in Response to Salt, Heat, and Cold at the Seedling Stage
Authors: Li Gang , Chen Ziqiang , Guo Xinrui , Tian Dagang , Li Chenchen , Lin Min , Hu Changquan , Yan Jingwan
Published: September 2024

DnaJ proteins, also known as HSP40s, play a key role in plant growth and development, and response to environmental stress. However, little comprehensive research has been conducted on the DnaJ gene family in maize. Here, we identify 91 ZmDnaJ genes from maize, which are likely distributed in the chloroplast, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Our analysis revealed that ZmDnaJs were classified into three types, with conserved protein motifs and gene structures within the same type, particularly among members of the same subfamily. Gene duplication events have likely contributed to the expansion of the ZmDnaJ family in maize. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements in ZmDnaJ promoters suggested involvement in stress responses, growth and development, and phytohormone sensitivity in maize. Specifically, four cis-acting regulatory elements associated with stress responses and phytohormone regulation indicated a role in adaptation. RNA-seq analysis showed constitutive expression of most ZmDnaJ genes, some specifically in pollen and endosperm. More importantly, certain genes also responded to salt, heat, and cold stresses, indicating potential interaction between stress regulatory networks. Furthermore, early responses to heat stress varied among five inbred lines, with upregulation of almost tested ZmDnaJ genes in B73 and B104 after 6 h, and fewer genes upregulated in QB1314, MD108, and Zheng58. After 72 h, most ZmDnaJ genes in the heat-sensitive inbred lines (B73 and B104) returned to normal levels, while many genes, including ZmDnaJ55, 79, 88, 90, and 91, remained upregulated in the heat-tolerant inbred lines (QB1314, MD108, and Zheng58) suggesting a synergistic function for prolonged protection against heat stress. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the ZmDnaJ family in maize and demonstrates a correlation between heat stress tolerance and the regulation of gene expression within this family. These offer a theoretical basis for future functional validation of these genes.
Early Biological Response to Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Alumina-Toughened Zirconia Composites Obtained by 3D Printing for Peri-Implant Application
Authors: Pedraza Riccardo , Mosca Balma Alessandro , Roato Ilaria , Orrico Clarissa , Genova Tullio , Baima Giacomo , Berta Giovanni Nicolao , Giura Andrea , Ribotta Luigi , Duraccio Donatella , Faga Maria Giulia , Mussano Federico
Published: September 2024

The improvement of the mucosal sealing around the implant represents a challenge, one that prompted research into novel materials. To this purpose, a printable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based composite loaded with alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) at increasing rates of 10, 20, and 40 wt.% was prepared, using a solvent casting method with chloroform. Disks were produced by 3D printing; surface roughness, free energy and optical contact angle were measured. Oral fibroblasts (PF) and epithelial cell (SG) tests were utilized to determine the biocompatibility of the materials through cell viability assay and adhesion and spreading evaluations. The highest level of ATZ resulted in an increase in the average roughness (Sa), while the maximum height (Sz) was higher for all composites than that of the unmixed PCL, regardless of their ATZ content. Surface free energy was significantly lower on PCL/ATZ 80/20 and PCL/ATZ 60/40, compared to PCL and PCL/ATZ 90/10. The contact angle was inversely related to the quantity of ATZ in the material. PF grew without variations among the different specimens at 1 and 3 days. After 7 days, PF grew significantly less on PCL/ATZ 60/40 and PCL/ATZ 80/20 compared to unmixed PCL and PCL 90/10. Conversely, ATZ affected and improved the growth of SG. By increasing the filler amount, PF cell adhesion and spreading augmented, while PCL/ATZ 80/20 was the best for SG adhesion. Overall, PCL/ATZ 80/20 emerged as the best composite for both cell types; hence, it is a promising candidate for the manufacture of custom made transmucosal dental implant components.
Tailoring Hydrogel Sheet Properties through Co-Monomer Selection in AMPS Copolymer Macromers
Authors: Daengmankhong Jinjutha , Pinthong Thanyaporn , Promkrainit Sudarat , Yooyod Maytinee , Mahasaranon Sararat , Punyodom Winita , Ross Sukunya , Jongjitwimol Jirapas , Tighe Brian J. , Derry Matthew J. , Topham Paul D. , Ross Gareth M.
Published: September 2024

This study investigates hydrogels based on 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (AMPS) copolymers, incorporating N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEA) and 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt (SPA). The addition of HEA and SPA is designed to fine-tune the hydrogels’ water absorption and mechanical properties, ultimately enhancing their characteristics and expanding their potential for biomedical applications. A copolymer of AMPS, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA) combined with methacrylic acid (MAA) as poly(AMPS-stat-CEA-stat-MAA, PACM), was preliminarily synthesized. CEA and MAA were modified with allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) through ring-opening, yielding macromers with pendant allyl groups (PACM-AGE). Copolymers poly(AMPS-stat-HEA-stat-CEA-stat-MAA) (PAHCM) and poly(AMPS-stat-SPA-stat-CEA-stat-MAA) (PASCM) were also synthesized and modified with AGE to produce PAHCM-AGE and PASCM-AGE macromers. These copolymers and macromers were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and GPC, confirming successful synthesis and functionalization. The macromers were then photocrosslinked into hydrogels and evaluated for swelling, water content, and mechanical properties. The results revealed that the PASCM-AGE hydrogels exhibited superior swelling ratios and water retention, achieving equilibrium water content (~92%) within 30 min. While the mechanical properties of HEA and SPA containing hydrogels show significant differences compared to PACM-AGE hydrogel (tensile strength 2.5 MPa, elongation 47%), HEA containing PAHCM-AGE has a higher tensile strength (5.8 MPa) but lower elongation (19%). In contrast, SPA in the PASCM-AGE hydrogels led to both higher tensile strength (3.7 MPa) and greater elongation (92%), allowing for a broader range of hydrogel properties. An initial study on drug delivery behavior was conducted using PACM-AGE hydrogels loaded with photosensitizers, showing effective absorption, release, and antibacterial activity under light exposure. These AMPS-based macromers with HEA and SPA modifications demonstrate enhanced properties, making them promising for wound management and drug delivery applications.
Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Parameter Dependency of Novel, Doubly Re-Entrant Auxetic Honeycomb Structures
Authors: Széles Levente , Horváth Richárd , Cveticanin Lívia
Published: September 2024

This study proposes a new, doubly re-entrant auxetic unit-cell design that is based on the widely used auxetic honeycomb structure. Our objective was to develop a structure that preserves and enhances the advantages of the auxetic honeycomb while eliminating all negative aspects. The doubly re-entrant geometry design aims to enhance the mechanical properties, while eliminating the buckling deformation characteristic of the re-entrant deformation mechanism. The effects of the geometric modification are described and evaluated using two parameters, offset and deg. A series of experiments were conducted on a wide range of parameters based on these two parameters. Specimens were printed via the vat photopolymerization process and were subjected to a compression test. Our aim was to investigate the mechanical properties (energy absorption and compressive force) and the deformation behaviour of these specimens in relation to the relevant parameters. The novel geometry achieved the intended properties, outperforming the original auxetic honeycomb structure. Increasing the offset and deg parameters results in increasing the energy absorption capability (up to 767%) and the maximum compressive force (up to 17 times). The right parameter choice eliminates buckling and results in continuous auxetic behaviour. Finally, the parameter dependency of the deformation behaviour was predicted by analytical approximation as well.
Work as a Sense of Intra-Prison Community Insertion: The Social and Symbolic Resources That Pentecostal Communities Provide to Converts inside Prisons (1950–1970)
Authors: Mansilla Miguel Angel , Slootweg Johanna Corrine , Calderón Alicia Agurto
Published: September 2024

The objective of this article is to analyze the social and symbolic resources that intra-prison Pentecostalism provides to converted inmates for their intra- and then extra-prison community reintegration. To conduct this analysis, we present two sections. Firstly, we present a characterization of two prison spaces between 1950 and 1970: the Public Prison and the Santiago Penitentiary, both located in the city of Santiago de Chile. In them, Pentecostal communities developed and adjusted to the prison contexts with different proposals. Secondly, we see religious work as an organizer of meaning based on the three most important religious rituals of prison spaces: the invocation ritual, which is prayer as sacred work; music, which is sung work; and preaching, which is the work that makes the community grow. The theoretical framework we employ is that of structuralism, to adapt to the era explored in this article, complemented by the phenomenological proposal of René Girard. Methodologically, this study is a qualitative vision focused on the autobiography of a religious leader, to which two autobiographical novels of the time are added, in addition to institutional magazines (Pentecostal) and a magazine of journalistic reportage, to contextualize the information provided by the autobiography.
Vegetation Masking of Remote Sensing Data Aids Machine Learning for Soil Fertility Prediction
Authors: Winzeler Hans Edwin , Mancini Marcelo , Blackstock Joshua M. , Libohova Zamir , Owens Phillip R. , Ashworth Amanda J. , Miller David M. , Silva Sérgio H. G.
Published: September 2024

Soil nutrient content varies spatially across agricultural fields in hard-to-predict ways, particularly in floodplains with complex fluvial depositional history. Satellite reflectance data from the Sentinel-2 (S2) mission provides spatially continuous land reflectance data that can aid model development when used with point observations of nutrients. Reflectance from vegetation is assumed to obstruct land reflectance of bare soil, such that researchers have masked vegetation in models. We developed a routine for masking vegetation within Google Earth Engine (GEE) using Random Forest classification for iterative application to libraries of S2-images. Using gradient boosting, we then developed soil nutrient models for surface soils at a 250-ha agricultural site using S2 images. Soils were sampled at 2145 point locations to a 23-cm depth and analyzed for Ca, K, Mg, P, pH, S, and Zn. Results showed that masking vegetation improved model performance for models from subsets of the data (80% of samples used for model development, 20% validation), but full data sets did not require masking to achieve accuracy. Models of Ca, K, Mg, and S were successful (validation R2 > 0.60 to 0.96), but models for pH, P, and Zn failed. Bare soil composite images from S2 data are helpful in predicting soil fertility in low-relief floodplains.
Satellite Observations Reveal Northward Vegetation Greenness Shifts in the Greater Mekong Subregion over the Past 23 Years
Authors: Deng Bowen , Liu Chenli , Zhang Enwei , He Mengjiao , Li Yawen , Duan Xingwu
Published: September 2024

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) economic cooperation program is an effective and fruitful regional cooperation initiative for socioeconomic development in Asia; however, the vegetation change trends and directions in the GMS caused by rapid development remain unknown. In particular, there is a current lack of comparative studies on vegetation changes in various countries in the GMS. Based on the MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series data, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation coverage and their trends in the GMS from 2000 to 2022 using the Theil–Sen slope estimation, the Mann–Kendall mutation test, and the gravity center migration model. The key findings were as follows: (1) the NDVI in the GMS showed an overall upward fluctuating trend over the past 23 years, with an annual growth rate of 0.11%. The NDVI changes varied slightly between seasons, with the greatest increases recorded in summer and winter. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI in the GMS varied greatly, with higher NDVI values in the north–central region and lower NDVI values in the south. (3) A total of 66.03% of the GMS area showed increments in vegetation during the studied period, mainly in south–central Myanmar, northeastern Thailand, Vietnam, and China. (4) From 2000 to 2022, the gravity center of vegetation greenness shifted northward in the GMS, especially from 2000 to 2005, indicating that the growth rates of vegetation in the north–central part of the GMS were higher than those in the south. Furthermore, the vegetation coverage in all countries, except Cambodia, increased, with the most pronounced growth recorded in China. Overall, these findings can provide scientific evidence for the GMS to enhance ecological protection and sustainable development.