bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Administrator and Faculty Evaluation
Authors: Schumacher Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Concern for accountability in higher education is not new Administrators are periodically faced with the need to design and implement mechanisms for evaluating the myriad aspects of instructional pro gram delivery One aspect that frequently evokes emotional and defensive behavior is that of faculy evaluatron. Faculty need to become aware of the critical issues which face administrators and are linked to faculty evaluation, namely, finance, governance, accountability, flexibility, and goals. The role of the administrator in educating the faculty does not end with a heightened appreciation of the publics to be served. The administrator must also be aware of evaluative research as a groundwork in facilitating faculty involvement in the development and implementation of a faculty evaluation system.
Work Values Contrasts at the Associate and Baccalaureate Student Levels in the Medical Laboratory Sciences
Authors: Dietrich Marie C. , Doran Rodney L.
Published: March 2007

The work values patterns of female and male students at the two- and four-year levels of an allied health profession have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine these patterns in students at the associate and baccalaureate levels of the clinical laboratory sciences occupational area. Responses from 320 students on Super's Work Values Inven tory led to the conclusion that the two-year students placed greater emphasis on extrinsic values related to work outcomes. Additionally, male students (who are the minority sex in this discipline) maintained a more masculine work values profile stressing independence and management in comparison with female respondents. Therefore, a student's educational level or sex has an impact on his/her work orientation. These differences in work values were demonstrable despite commonality in career choice. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Organizational Effects On Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: King Richard D. , Hougland James G. , Shepard Jon M. , Gallagher Eugene B.
Published: March 2007

Normalization has gained wide acceptance as a goal that residential institutions for the mentally retarded should strive to achieve, but many organizations have been shown to have difficulty achieving the goal. Theo ries developed from the organizational contingency perspective suggest that or ganizations with bureaucratic structures will have particular difficulty accomplish ing the nonroutine tasks associated with normalization Our major purpose was to test the usefulness of such theories for the evaluation of mental retardation facilities by ascertaining whether a less bureaucratic organization for the mentally retarded would achieve greater success than a more bureaucratic organization. The closing of a large public hospital and the subsequent transfer of most of its residents to two new facilities (one of which was more bureau cratic than the other) allowed us to exam ine bureaucracy's effect on treatment A s predicted, the analysis showed that the less bureaucratic organization produced a greater average positive change in behavior than did the more bureaucratic organi zation A number of clinical and demo graphic characteristics of the residents which could have influenced the observed changes in behavioral level were identified and controlled. They were not found to ex plain the differences between facilities Other factors, which could not be con trolled in this study, provide suggestions for future research.
Perinatal Mortality and Medical Care Effectiveness:
Authors: Ashford J.R.
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with using perinatal mortality as an indicator of the effectiveness of medical care. Perinatal mortality rates in various birthweight groups within the below 2,501 gram range are negatively correlated with perinatal mortality rates in the above 2,500 gram birthweight group. Areas with relatively high perinatal mortal ity rates among low-weight births tend to have relatively low perinatal mortality rates among higher weight births and vice versa. Mortality rates for all birthweights vary 2:1. When the above 2,500 gram birthweight group is considered, the range of variation between the best and worst is as great as 4:1. The association between 23 indicators of socioeconomic conditions and various crude and standar dized perinatal mortality rates is examined. Although low birthweight is piasitively correlated with socioeconomic disadvantage, standar dization for birthweight does not remove the association between overall perinatal mortality and many of the socioeconomic variables. Such variables commonly have a significant association with perinatal mortality among higher weight births, but no significant association with perinatal mortality among low-weight births or vice versa. Perinatal mortality rates covering all birth weight groups may well conceal important effects from the point of view of monitoring the effectiveness of the service provided.
A Vna Home Health Care Program
Authors: Legge Jerome S.
Published: March 2007

Many studies have been compiled which report patient characteristics and patterns in the utilization of health care services. Very little information is available on the characteristics of patients who refuse sers'ices in a particular program. This article emplov s a sample of 246 home health care patients to describe the characteristics of persons refusing services compared to a group "normall/v " terminating service. The method employed is discriminant anal}sis. The results of the study are substantively consistent with the theoretical and empirical literature on health care utilization. Those refusing service were less likel/v to be insured and tended to have multiple admissions to the program. They Here less inclined to improve in functional status, despite a tendenc y toward a longer stay in the program. Curious/i', fewer nursing visits occurred for these patients, despite their longer stays. Itnplications of the studvfor program management are discussed.
Quality Assurance and Program Evaluation
Authors: Baker Frank
Published: March 2007

Some commonforces have led to increased attention to quality assurance andprogram evaluation in the United States. However, these two types of public accountability have developed relatively independently, resulting in somewhat different but related approaches to examining health care. The similarities and differences between qualityof-care assurance and program evaluation are discussed as related to their definitions and approaches to data collection and utilization. Pressures to integrate quality assurance and program evaluation and evidence of a convergence in the two types of assessment activities are also presented. The article concludes with a discussion of thefuture role of the states and localities in assuming responsibilityfor these two types of accountability.
The Attending Round Observation System
Authors: Weinholtz Donn , Everett George , Albanese Mark , Shymansky James
Published: March 2007

Two separate reliability studies were conducted on an observational instrument derivedfrom previous qualitative research and designedfor collecting data on teaching behaviors demonstrated by attending physicians during attending rounds. The first study involved five observers coding 17 20-minute, videotaped segments of attending rounds. The second study involved two observers coding27 two-hour attending round sessions as they occurred live on hospital wards. The reliability estimates from both studies were quite high, indicating that the instrument shows promise for use in both research and evaluation studies.
Consultation Letters as a Method for Assessing in-Training Performance in a Department of Medicine
Authors: Mccain Glenn A. , Molineux James E. , Pederson Linda , Stuart R. Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This study examined thefeasibility of using outpatient consultation letters as a means of assessing the clinical performance of clerks and house staff in a large teaching hospital. A total of 222 assessments were obtained based on samples of consultation problems from two clinical services. The method involved a two-stage rating scale based on the performance areas of Data Base, Problem Formulation, Diagnostic Tests, Management and Overall Assessment. The technique was investigated in terms of the objectivity, reliability, validity and efficiency of the performance ratings. Product-moment coefficients were used to assess interand intrarater agreement in scoring the consultation letters. These analyses identified a consistent difficulty in assessing the category of Data Base. For the remainingperformance categories, interrater coefficients in the range .19-.76 and intrarater coefficients in the range .23-.96 were obtained Other preliminary findgs indicated good potentialfor a reliable and valid assessment. The method is technically feasible, and is based on a novel and reasonably unobtrusive approach to assessing trainee performance in a clinical setting.
An Exploratory Study of Physicians' Clinical Judgment
Authors: Laduca Anthony , Engel John D. , Chovan John D.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an exploratory application of social judgment theory (SJT) to analysis of physicians' clinical judgment. The study reflects the interest of the investigators in evaluating the utility of SJT in assessments of an important component of physicians'clinical skills. In the opening section, research on judgment is described relative to other contemporary approaches. A description of the conceptual underpinnings of SJT is provided next, followed by data obtained in a preliminary application of SJT to physicians' clinical judgment in management of ambulatory patients with chronic illness. Discussion of results is restricted to possible interpretations of various measures of clinical judgment. In the closing sections the structure of a broad research agenda is outlined.
Strategies in Comparison of Methods for Scoring Patient Managementproblems
Authors: Webster G. D. , Shea J. A. , Norcini J. J. , Grosso L. J. , Swanson D. B.
Published: March 2007

The study was designed to determine whether alternative scoring strategies result in improved measurement properties of patient management problems (PMP). For each of 16 PMPs used in a certifying examination, thefollowingscoringsystems were developed: proficiency, efficiency, select, omit, data gathering, therapy, absolute (dichotomouspass/fail), goal-oriented, and an empiric expert score. Scores with each system were developedfor 4,590firsttime takers and compared to two external criterion measures, namely, the examinees' "clinical-competence" rating by their program director, and the examinees'membership in a "high" or "low" criterion status group. The results demonstrated high correlations between all scoring systems and high correlations with simultaneous multiple-choice (MCQ) scores. Each showed moderate correlation with the validity measures. Using regression analysis, none of the PMPs coresprovided significant unique incremental validity not provided by MCQ scores. The implications of these data in the use of PMPs in certifying or licensure examinations are discussed.
Advances in Quantitative Techniques for Making Medical Decisions
Authors: Dawson Neal V. , Cebul Randall D.
Published: March 2007

Articles relating decision theory to medical problems have appeared in the medical literature over the past thirtyyears. Mostof the work important to recent advances has been performed in the past 10 to 15 years. We describe the progress which occurred between 1978 and 1988: an increased acceptance of quantitative approaches, advances in analytical techniques, simplification of older methods to enhance accessibility, and a better understanding of the interface between methods that prescribe how decisions should be made and those that describe how decisions actually are made. We also discuss problems that have not been overcome and those which reflect the "growing pains" of success, including increased scrutiny by non-methodologist medical content experts.
Changes in Self Evaluations During Third-Year Clinical Rotations
Authors: Peters Antoinette S. , Schimpfhauser Frank T.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to determine whether, as the result of clinical experience in the third year of medical school and feedback on their performance from instructors, students would be able to perceive their areas of weakness, improve performance, and develop a perception of their performance that increasingly conformed to how faculty perceived them. Students evaluated their own performance in each rotation and compared their ratings with faculty ratings of them, using the same 16-item evaluation checklist. Students tended to rate themselves higher on all factors than the faculty rated them. Both faculty and students tended to give higher ratings in successive rotations, but changes in students' ratings were approximately twice those of faculty members from the first to last rotations. Students' perceptions of their performance seemed most subject to change in the areas of knowledge and management skills.
Validity and Reliability of Psychosocial Factors Related to Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Zapka Jane G. , Harris Donald R. , Stoddard Anne M. , Costanza Mary E.
Published: March 2007

This research explored the construct validity of hypothesized survey items and data reduction procedures for selected psychosocial constructs which are frequently used in breast cancer screening research. Factor analysis was used to validate relationships between survey items and hypothesized constructs suggested by several theories of behavior change. These constructs included perceived barriers and benefits of breast cancer screening compliance behavior. Reliability analyses were then used to evaluate the consistency of the resultant scales applied across three data sets, resulting from surveys conducted by two different methods (telephone and in-person interview) over three time periods. These analyses found reliability coefficients ranging from .53 to .69.
A Strategy to Encourage the Evaluation of Health Education Programs
Authors: Popham W. James
Published: March 2007

In the face of health educators' reluctance to evaluate their programs and the absence of suitable rewwds orpunishments to encourage such evaluations, a materials-based strategy to reduce the aversiveness ofprogram evaluadon is proposed.
Evaluating the Constructvalidity of Work Commitment Measures
Authors: Gaither Caroline A.
Published: March 2007

A detailed description of the use of confirmatory factor analysis when evaluating the construct validity of work commitment measures is provided Using a random sample of 841 licensed pharmacists, evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the measures of career commitment, organizational commitment, career withdrawal intention, and job withdrawal intention was obtained. The factor loadings, error variances, and fit indices all indicated an adequate fit. The psychometric properties of each scale indicated that the scale items had high reliabilities. The results of these analyses indicate that confirmatory factor analysis provides an alternative to exploratory analyses when determining the construct validity of work commitment concept measures. Continued use of these scales is recommended in other professional groups so that these results may be replicated
A Research Agenda for Licensing and Certification Testing Validation Studies
Authors: Haladyna Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The set of articles appearing in this issue of Evaluation & the Health Professions provides an in-depth examination of the validation process for licensing and certification test score decisions. The winter 1990 issue of Edu- cational Measurement: Issues and Practice also contains an excellent set of articles about licensing and certification tests. These special editions are much needed because these kinds of testing programs are increasing in numbers and aim to ensure public safety, promote growth ofprofessions, and positively affect the careers of persons dedicated to serving in these professions. This article will comment on issues raised by the authors of these articles. But before doing this, a context is described that affects these issues.
Chart Review
Authors: Wu Louis , Ashton Carol M.
Published: March 2007

Imperfections of chart review as a data collection method are detailed, with particular emphasis on the issue of reliability. The authors identify 125 journal articles published between 1991 and 1992 in which the authors'conclusions were based principally on chart reviewfindings and were either clinical or health care epidemiology studies, or quality assessment studies. Eight percent of epidemiology studies and 56% of quality assessment studies presented data on interrater reliability. Forty-fourpercent of epidemiology studies and 20% of quality assessment studies did not describe the number of chart reviewers involved. Forty-three percent of epidemiology studies and 28% of quality assessment studies used supplementary data sources. The authors conclude that the validity and utility of studies based on chart review would be enhanced by attention to interrater relability and the use of supplementary data sources.
Silences of the media: whiting out Aboriginality in making news and making history
Authors: Banerjee Subhabrata Bobby , Osuri Goldie
Published: March 2007

This article examines the disjunctures in representations of indigenous Australian histories in the Australian media. In this article we attempt to align stories of the past with present narratives of nationhood in a radical manner so as to uncover the modes of institutionalized silences which govern public discourses with regard to Aboriginal histories. By focusing on the media coverage of the Port Arthur incident in Tasmania, where a lone gunman killed 35 people, we examine the construction of silences around Aboriginal massacres in the public sphere.
The birth of news discourse: changes in news language in British newspapers, 1880-1930
Authors: Matheson Donald
Published: March 2007

This article examines some changes in news style in British newspapers between about 1880 and 1930 and proposes that they provide evidence of the emergence of a coherent and self-sufficient discourse of the news. It argues that changes in the ways in which the news has represented the world are as important as technological or economic changes to the development of the 20th-century news form, and that it is therefore important to look closely at issues of language. It suggests that three main developments in news texts occurred: the wide range of voices and styles of the Victorian press became subsumed under a single universal news voice; the status of the news text changed from being a collection of raw information to being a form of knowledge in itself; and the news developed independence from the conventions of public discourse.
The Role of Friends in Caregiving
Authors: Himes Christine L. , Reidy Erin B.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the formal health care system and in the health of the population are likely to increase the need for informal care of the sick and disabled. At the same time, high rates of divorce, a retreat from marriage, and increasing participation of women in the labor force are likely to decrease the ability of families to provide care. This research uses data from the National Survey of Families and Households to examine the role that friends play in the provision of care. The authors find that among caregivers, women providing care to a friend are more likely to be age peers and less likely to be employed or married than family caregivers. Friends seem less likely than family to take on care responsibilities when those responsibilities may conflict with other roles. If friends are to become a greater part of the care network, policies that encourage and enable the participation of nonfamily members will be important.
Nursing Home Deficiencies in the United States
Authors: Mullan Joseph T. , Harrington Charlene
Published: March 2007

This is a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of deficiencies in nursing homes obtained from the On-line Survey Certification and Reporting system (OSCAR), a national database on nursing home quality maintained by the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). A major goal was to identify a core set of items that would reliably reflect a meaningful set of dimensions of problems in quality of care. The analysis suggests that it is reasonable to posit a model of eight underlying factors to which state surveyors are responding as they assign deficiencies to nursing homes. Forty items are robust indicators of the eight dimensions of problems in quality of care. The data contain considerable random and probably systematic error worth understanding. Establishing that the data contain systematic variability is crucial because OSCAR data are a potentially valuable source of quality of care information for researchers, policymakers, and consumers.
False Consciousness of Kind
Authors: O'Gorman Hubert J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the misconceptions of the elderly regarding the severity of problems experienced by most of the aged. Using data taken from the National Council on the Aging's 1974 national survey, the analysis shows (1) that the elderly greatly overestimate the seriousness of problems encountered by most elderly individuals; (2) that the more serious a problem is personally for respondents, the more likely they are to attribute it falsely to the majority of other elderly; and (3) that many of the aged without very serious problems mistakenly perceive themselves as different from most of the other aged. The data also show that these findings hold regardless of the elderly respondents' positions in the social structure. These patterns of pluralistic ignorance constitute a false consciousness of kind that is strikingly similar to that reported in studies of the misperceptions of racial values.
Age, Deprivation, and Personal Competence
Authors: Carp Frances M. , Carp Abraham
Published: March 2007

There is difficulty in developing conceptual models that apply through-out the adult years. For example, that of Campbell et al. (1976) accounts for the behavior of people aged 18-54, but not those older. Their findings of positive response bias in satisfaction with conditions of everyday living, not only in the old but also in the poorly educated and those with low incomes, suggests that concepts of deprivation and sense of personal competence are needed in a model that will include the elderly. The inadequacy of the Campbell et al. model for older persons may derive from age-related differences in these variables. In this study of four samples of people 60 and older (the group whose data most poorly fit the Campbell et al. model), sense of personal competence and situational deprivation accounted for statistically significant and meaningful amounts of variance in domain satisfactions and in overall well-being, supporting the need to include them in explanatory models relevant to older people.
Antecedent Factors Related to Changing Work Expectations
Authors: Goudy Willis J.
Published: March 2007

Work expectations change in later life, especially for those not expecting to retire. But relatively little is known about factors related to this change. Using data from panel members of the Retirement History Study, job and personal characteristics, economic and health statuses, and selected attitudes in 1971 are related to types of work expectation (expected and unexpected retirees, retirement and work planners, proretirement and prowork switchers) from 1971 to 1975. Job-related, attitudinal, and economic items differ most across the six work-expectation types. But, contrary to many previous studies, health status influences change in work expectations only slightly; only in combination with other variables do health items contribute to explaining why respondents appear in one work-expectation type rather than another.
Informal Support Networks among the Elderly
Authors: Chappell Neena L.
Published: March 2007

This article points to the current popularity of a family-nonfamily conceptual distinction in current gerontological research. It argues for the utility of a peer, intergenerational distinction, highlighting nonfamily age peers as an important but relatively neglected area of study. It presents empirical data exploring these concepts. It is only after a diversity of types of supports are examined (including availability of social support, interaction in and satisfaction with these relationships, and participation in various recreational activities) that the particular importance of nonfamily age peers becomes apparent. The data indicate the importance of these concepts, differentially, depending on the activity and type of interaction examined.
When Aging Begins
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: March 2007

By attempting to answer the question, "when does aging begin?" we can develop new theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the lifespan development. General criteria for such an approach are outlined and a specific theory offered for consideration. The habituation process has been studied effectively in infancy and early childhood. The subsequent course of habituation from later childhood through old age is suggested. A number of potentials and problems inherent in this theoretical approach are briefly discussed, as well as its possible relationship to psychodynamic defensive strategies intended to reduce anxiety.
Breadth of Categorization and Metaphoric Processing
Authors: Kramer Deirdre A. , Woodruff Diana S.
Published: March 2007

Breadth of categorization and metaphoric processing were studied in 30 young and 30 older adults to determine if older adults manifest a more integrative processing style. A categorization task containing 24 stories of everyday situations was developed from responses of subjects to a questionnaire assessing relevant themes. The task was administered along with a metaphor interpretation task. As predicted, older adults generated fewer categories than young adults, but age differences in breadth of categorization emerged only in the most highly educated group, interacting with sex. Highly educated older women showed greater breadth of categorization than their young counterparts as hypothesized, but highly educated older men showed less breadth of categorization than young men. Metaphoric processing, on the other hand, showed neither age nor gender related differences. Possible interpretations for the findings are considered.
An Individual Differences Perspective
Authors: Hertzog Christopher
Published: March 2007

This article sketches the fundamental characteristics of an individual differences orientation to gerontological research, with particular reference to adult cognitive development. It is shown that cross-sectional differences in variances and covariances often reported in the gerontological literature are consistent with the hypothesis of individual differences in patterns of change. However, different covariance structures at different cross-sectional age levels are also consistent with the hypothesis that the constructs being measured are qualitatively different at different ages. Longitudinal research explicitly measuring individual differences in change is required to differentiate between the two classes of hypotheses. The article outlines the general features of a research strategy that employs longitudinal designs and structural equation models to examine patterns and predictors of individual differences in adult cognitive development.
Financing Social Security Retirement for an Aging Population
Authors: McMillen Marilyn , Pugh Robert E.
Published: March 2007

A cross-national comparison of population age structure and of retirement benefits programs of the social security systems in eight developed countries is made to examine the different policy responses countries have made to the aging of their populations. The countries included are Austria, Canada, France, West Germany, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. For these countries comparisons are made of 1970 and 1980 measures of population composition, financial support, and benefit levels, and the interactions among the measures over the decade.
Social Security Beneficiaries Residing Abroad and Emigration
Authors: Kestenbaum Bert
Published: March 2007

The population of social security beneficiaries residing outside the United States, now approximately 340,000, is examined. One objective is to evaluate the implications of the growth of this population for the level of emigration; another is to classify those in this population according to citizenship and-for the first time-nativity.
The ADEA Amendment and Public Support for Older Workers
Authors: Ferraro Kenneth F.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research is to examine Americans' beliefs about older adults at work before and after the amendment of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in 1978. Two models are considered for understanding the relationship between age strata and public support for older workers: the group benefit model and the civil liberty model. The analysis gives general support to the civil liberty model: (1) age differences are related to the beliefs so that more recent cohorts are more likely than earlier ones to favor the work privileges and opportunities for older people and (2) Americans in general grew more favorable toward and concerned about older workers during the period surrounding the passage of the ADEA Amendment in 1978. Women were more likely than were men to support the privileges of older people to work regardless of age or competition for jobs by younger people.
Employer-Provided Health Care Plans for Retirees
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Kreps Juanita M.
Published: March 2007

Many large employers extend health care coverage to retired workers. The unfounded liabilities associated with these plans are large and growing rapidly. Currently, there is relatively little explicit federal regulation governing the administration and funding of these plans. As a result, public policy is evolving through a series of court decisions and FASB guidelines. This article examines the incidence of retiree health insurance, the economic issues involved in this type of compensation, and the emerging public policies associated with employer-provided health insurance for retirees.
Filial Responsibility Laws
Authors: Bulcroft Kris , Van Leynseele June , Borgatfa Edgar F.
Published: March 2007

A review of the state statutes on filial responsibility was conducted in the summer of 1988 in order to determine the current governmental orientations toward family support of the elderly. At the present time, 30 states have statutory standards regarding filial responsibility. Variations between state statutes exist with regard to definitions of need for support of an older family member who was to be held accountable for support, penalties for nonsupport, and enforcement procedures. The constitutionality of current state statutes is discussed, and consideration is given concerning the feasibility of such filial responsibility statutes based on the notion of the "traditional" family.
Interregional Elderly Migration and Population Redistribution in Four Industrialized Countries
Authors: Rogers Andrei , Watkins John F. , Woodward Jennifer A.
Published: March 2007

Though differing in cultures, languages, and socioeconomic attributes, the industrialized nations of the world share a common characteristic: relatively low fertility levels and relatively high proportions of elderly people. These elderly persons are not spread uniformly across their national territories; they exhibit distinct population geographies. This article examines the elderly migration and population redistribution process in four industrialized countries, identifies their principal retirement regions, and analyzes the sources of regional elderly population growth in these regions. It concludes that the United Kingdom and the United States are approaching the final stages of their "elderly mobility transition," whereas Japan is only entering the first stage, with Italy occupying a position somewhere in between.
Informal Support Patterns of Older African-American and White Women
Authors: Hatch Laurie Russell
Published: March 2007

In this study of informal support patterns of older African-American and White women, a particular focus is the examination of potential interaction effects between race and variables representing three major areas of life experience: family, paid work, and religious participation. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Household, results from regression analyses show statistically significant interaction effects between race and religious participation. Specifically, for four dependent variables measuring dimensions of giving and receiving help, attendance at religious social events was more important in predicting the informal support patterns of older African-American women than those of older White women. These results provide support for Taylor's recommendation that formal service providers use the organizational structure of churches to more effectively provide services to African-American elderly. Results from this study also raise questions concerning whether the hierarchy of primary care providers reported in the caregiving literature is applicable to members of different racial or ethnic groups.
Racial Differences among Users of Long-Term Care
Authors: Wallace Steven P. , Snyder Judy L. , Walker Georgia K. , Ingman Stanley R.
Published: March 2007

A representative sample of 317 adult day care (ADC) participants from most ADC centers in Missouri in 1990 is analyzed to determine whether there are different patterns of ADC use by African-Americans and Whites. The data show that African-American elderly use ADC at twice the rate of older Whites. No racial differences were found in the functional or cognitive need levels of participants, but African-American participants are much more likely than Whites to depend on children as primary caregivers and to rely on Medicaid. Multivariate analysis shows that caregiver variables are as important as need, predisposing, and enabling variables in explaining the number of days per week of ADC used. African-American elderly will be especially affected by incorporating caregiver needs into research and policy.
Minority Group Status, Health Transitions, and Community Living Arrangements among the Elderly
Authors: Angel Ronald J. , Angel Jacqueline L. , Himes Christine L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines patterns of change in functional capacity among Black and non-Latino White older persons over a 4-year period using the 1988 Longitudinal Study of Aging. The results reveal that among all three groups, improvements in functional capacity often follow declines, but they also show that Blacks are more likely than non-Latino Whites to suffer protracted declines in functional capacity, ultimately resulting in more serious incapacity. The central objective of the article is the development of a conceptual model to identify those factors that account for racial and ethnic group differences in health and functional capacity as well as the documented greater propensity of Black and Latino elderly to rely on informal sources of support in the community rather than on formal long-term care.
Bridging Uncertainty in Management Consulting: The Mechanisms of Trust and Networked Reputation
Authors: Glückler Johannes , Armbrüster Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the market of management consulting and identifies institutional and transactional uncertainty as its principal features. Based on these uncertainties, we argue that competition in this market takes place on entirely different grounds than in other business sectors. We suggest that the main drivers of competitiveness are neither price nor measurable quality, but rather experience-based trust and a mechanism we label ‘networked reputation.’ An embeddedness perspective is employed to develop the concept of networked reputation as an intermediate mechanism that complements the duality of system versus personal trust and accounts for firm growth. We reinterpret secondary data on the German consulting market, illustrate the significance of these mechanisms, and demonstrate how management consulting is situated in structures of social relations.
Studying Social Transformation
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: March 2007

Global change and the increasing importance of transnational flows and networks in all areas of social life create new challenges for the social sciences. However, their underlying assumptions are linked to their origins in Western models of industrialization and nation-state formation. There is still considerable national specificity in modes of organization, theoretical and methodological approaches, research questions, and findings. In contrast, social transformation studies can be understood as the analysis of transnational connectedness and the way this affects national societies, local communities, and individuals. New research approaches include a focus on transnational processes; analysis of local dimensions of change using participatory methods; and the construction of international and interdisciplinary research networks.
Linkage Deficits in Transnational Politics
Authors: Etzioni-Halevy Eva
Published: March 2007

Globalization entails the development of a set of transnational organizations, and these are becoming major arbiters of power and policies. These organizations are headed by elites and thus, in addition to national elites, we now have a second layer of transnational elites. This article examines the linkages between such elites and the public in two organizations: the International Monetary Fund and the European Union. Its argument is that such links, or couplings, between elites and the public are of crucial importance to democracy, and to progress toward a more egalitarian distribution of socio-economic resources. Further, it documents a series of deficits in elite-public linkages in the two organizations analyzed. When linkages are deficient this means that democracy in these transnational organizations is flawed as well. Concomitantly, and partly because of the same inadequacy in their coupling with the public, these elites are also instrumental in increasing socio-economic inequalities.
Debate: Goods, Games, and Institutions—Part 2
Authors: Aggarwal Vinod K. , Dupont Cédric
Published: March 2007

In “Goods, Games, and Institutions,” we discussed the underlying conditions under which institutions might promote cooperation among states. Our unified theoretical framework specifies bargaining games based both on the costs and benefits of different types of goods and actors' capabilities. Klaus Wallner argues in his critique in this issue that our modeling approach is seriously flawed. We show that Wallner comes to his conclusion because of several simple analytical errors on his part. After pointing out the flaws in his reasoning, we show that our framework is robust and can be easily extended to explore key features of international relations.
The Causes of the Second World War in Europe: A New Scientific Explanation
Authors: Vasquez John A.
Published: March 2007

Few political scientists have attempted to apply general theories of war to explain specific cases. This analysis takes a new and non-realist explanation of war derived from a review of quantitative peace research conducted in the last thirty years to identify the general causes of the Second World War in Europe. Two causal paths to war are theoretically delineated as typical of a pattern associated with the onset of world war: one that centers around the use of power politics to resolve territorial disputes, and a second that makes the initial interstate war expand to include more and more actors.
Conflict and Order: Justice in Negotiation
Authors: Zartman I. William
Published: March 2007

When institutions are not present to establish decision rules and authority hierarchies, negotiations are necessary to turn conflict into order. More than simply an exercise to be determined and explained by power, negotiation requires an agreement on the appropriate notion of justice to govern the subsequent disposition of details and resolution of the conflict. This thesis is illustrated by five cases: negotiations over South-Western Africa (Namibia and Angola) between 1977 and 1988; over disarmament in Europe between 1984 and 1986; over the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis; and over two economic issues, the 1983-84 contract renegotiations between Ghana and its aluminum consortium and the 1977-79 trade negotiations over gas between Mexico and the United States.
Women Managers and the Gendered Construction of Personal Relationships
Authors: GRANT JAN
Published: March 2007

This article explores the complex interactions among gender, power, and desire in the construction of personal relationships among a group of 92 female managers. The participants inhabited senior and middle managerial or professional positions in five different work sectors. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and a written questionnaire. Experiences and perceptions of past and current personal relationships are explored and interpreted through a gender analysis. The interaction between managerial careers and relationships in the private sphere are examined, and the connection between power and social/sexual desirability is investigated. Major conclusions drawn include that the structure of desire is resistant to change, that gendered marital expectations are still influencing the way that marital relationships are lived out, that new constructions of personal relationships are more likely to be played out in new relationships, and that the link between social/sexual desirability and power is gendered.
Family Therapy's Response to Family Diversity
Authors: LESLIE LEIGH A. , MORTON GOLDIE
Published: March 2007

As family diversity has increased in recent decades, the profession of marriage and family therapy has struggled to be responsive. The authors review efforts by marriage and family therapists in the past 30 years to incorporate an understanding of diverse families into clinical theory and practice. In addition, the authors examine recent trends in response to family diversity and consider how this may influence future treatment.
Family Interactions During Three Programs
Authors: STONEMAN ZOLINDA , BRODY GENE H.
Published: March 2007

This research was designed as an initial test of a model that posits that family interactions during television viewing are partially determined by the interaction of interests of different family members in the program being viewed and the roles assumed by each family member. Thirteen two-parent families with two male children between the ages of 3 and 6 were observed in their homes while watching three television programs: the evening national news, the Pink Panther cartoon show, and the Muppet show. Time-sampled data were collected on attention and verbalizations for each family member, and event-recorded data were collected on managing and question-asking sequences during each program. Family interaction differed across the three programs. Children were less responsive during the cartoon show, while fathers were less interactive during the news. Mothers maintained a responsive parenting role across programs. The findings provide initial support for the proposed model.
The Necessity of a Family Perspective
Authors: OOMS THEODORA
Published: March 2007

Contrary to many reports the family theme in public policy is alive and well. This article argues for a reevaluation of the direction of much previous research and writing about “family policy.” Efforts should not focus on debates about the content or utility of a “national family policy” but on the process of policymaking: how to encourage the necessary family perspective in the development, implementation, and monitoring of sound social policy. This article briefly outlines the six essential components of a family perspective and discusses some of the barriers to its incorporation in research and policy. A number of the vehicles that have been suggested are reviewed, including a Family Department and family impact statements. I conclude that the most promising model is a family commission, a model that is being successfully tried in Great Britain and Australia. The article ends with a summary of seven major emerging social policy issues that must be addressed from a family perspective. These constitute an agenda for policy-oriented research for the years ahead.
Economic Distress and Families
Authors: VOYDANOFF PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of economic distress on families and analyzes policies and programs that prevent, reduce, and alleviate economic distress. The prevention of economic distress requires job creation and retention programs and an integrated program of income supports. Economic distress may be reduced through reemployment, a shift in the family work effort, or participation in the informal economy. Families cope with economic distress through financial management, decisions regarding family composition, definitional coping, and the use of social supports. Large-scale economic changes and frequent recessions are challenging policymakers, communities, and families to develop creative and innovative strategies to prevent, reduce, and alleviate economic distress.
Men Who Batter Women
Authors: EDLESON JEFFREY L. , EISIKOVITS ZVI , GUTTMANN EDNA
Published: March 2007

This article critically reviews the evidence pertaining to men who batter. The problem of conceptualizing definitional issues and current data on the scope and incidence of woman battering are discussed. Evidence on variables that have been related to or used to explain why men batter is outlined and critiqued. This article concludes by proposing a new theory-building and research agenda that will enhance current understandings of battering and of the men who do it.
Prebirth Prediction of the Quality of the Mother-Infant Interaction
Authors: OATES DEBRA SCHNEIDER , HEINICKE CHRISTOPH M.
Published: March 2007

A predictive method involving the assessment of prebirth functioning and the anticipated quality of parenting is described and developed in order to facilitate identification of families at risk for future parenting. The association between these predictions and selected outcome criteria was studied in a representative sample of 46 families. Both the quantitative and qualitative results support the hypothesis that those families where mother and father were both characterized during the prebirth assessments as above average on adaptation-competence, capacity for relationships, and their positive view of their marriage, and who were expected to provide an optimal parent care environment, did in fact enhance a mother-infant relationship characterized by positive mutuality and responsiveness. It is assumed that the prebirth assessments and predictions, even though global in nature, effectively reflect a profile of family system and individual characteristics that are likely to enhance the development of positive mother-infant mutuality. We stress “enhance” because the characteristics of the infant, such as his or her irritability, are also going to influence the quality of the emerging transaction (Heinicke et al., 1985; Matheny, Riese, and Wilson, 1985).