bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Synod on the Family
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a case analysis of the Catholic Church’s Synod on the Family, an assembly of bishops convened in Rome in October 2014 and October 2015, to address the changing nature of Catholics’ lived experiences of marriage and family life. The chapter argues that the Synod can be considered a postsecular event owing to its deft negotiation of the mutual relevance of doctrinal ideas and Catholic secular realities. It shows how its extensive pre-Synod empirical surveys of Catholics worldwide, its language-group dialogical structure, and the content and outcomes of its deliberations, by and large, met postsecular expectations, despite impediments posed by clericalism and doctrinal politics. The chapter traces the Synod’s deliberations, and shows how it managed to forge a more inclusive understanding of divorced and remarried Catholics, even as it reaffirmed Church teaching on marriage and also set aside a more inclusive recognition of same-sex relationships.
Inhospitable World
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Inhospitable World explores the connection between cinema and artificial weather, climates, and even planets in or on which hospitality and survival are at stake. Cinema’s dominant mode of aesthetic world-making is often at odds with the very real human world it is meant to simulate. The chapters in this book take the reader to a scene—the mise-en-scène—where human world-making is undone by the force of human activity, whether it is explicitly for the sake of making a film, or for practicing war and nuclear science, or for the purpose of addressing climate change in ways that exacerbate its already inhospitable effects. The episodes in this book emphasize our always unnatural and unwelcoming environment as a matter of production, a willed and wanted milieu, however harmful, that is inseparable from but also made perceivable through film. While no one film or set of films adds up to a totalizing explanation of climate change, cinema enables us to glimpse anthropogenic environments as both an accidental effect of human activity and a matter of design. Chapters on Buster Keaton, American atomic test films, film noir, the art of China’s Three Gorges Dam, and films of early Antarctic exploration trace parallel histories of film and location design that spell out the ambitions, sensations, and narratives of the Anthropocene, especially as it consolidates into the Great Acceleration starting in 1945.
Nobody's Girl Friday
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Looking back on her career in 1977, Bette Davis remembered with pride, “Women owned Hollywood for twenty years.” She had a point. During the 1930s and 1940s, the press claimed Hollywood was a generation or two ahead of the rest of the United States in terms of gender equality and employment, with women constituting 40% of film industry employees. Mary C. McCall Jr. was elected president of the Screen Writers Guild three times, and a quarter of all screenwriters were women. Barbara McLean was known as “Hollywood’s Editor-in-Chief.” She and her colleague Margaret Booth supervised their studios’ feature outputs and could order retakes on any director’s work. One woman ran MGM behind the scenes. Over a dozen women worked as producers of major feature films. Edith Head told American women what to wear for decades. Executive Anita Colby, “ ‘the Face with a brain to match,” told them how to do everything else. But historians, critics, and the public have largely forgotten this period and persist in seeing studio-era Hollywood as a place where the only careers open to women were passive, pretty directors’ dummies on-screen or underpaid, anonymous secretaries off-screen. This book tells another story of a “golden age” for women’s employment in the film industry and of Hollywood’s ranks of powerful organization women.
The Power of Godliness
Authors: Stapley Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The Power of Godliness explores Mormon liturgical history to elucidate Mormon cosmology and lived religion. Mormons use rituals, patterns of worship, and conceptions of priesthood to order their lives and the universe. What Mormons have meant by “priesthood” has evolved over time and in relation to ecclesiology, authority, gender, and race. For much of the nineteenth century, Mormons conceptualized their family relationships formalized through sealing rituals over their temple altars, as a priesthood and materialized heaven. This heavenly structure was eternal, and consequently church leaders struggled to fairly manage its construction. Ultimately, church leaders changed their emphasis from a gender-inclusive priesthood of heaven to a priesthood on earth that is discursively male. Baby blessings demonstrate this shift: from serving as an important delimiter of communal salvation among Mormons in the faith’s earliest years, they grew into an annunciation of the heaven created in temples and then became an important public demonstration of a priestly fatherhood. Mormon authority is further explored in the analysis of female ritual healing and in association with the creation of formal “ordinances” of the church. Last, Christian folk practice that has often been denigrated as “magic,” such as the use of seer stones, among Mormons is contextualized as part of a transatlantic exchange of ideas and peoples. Mormons integrated folk practitioners who believed in an open heaven by channeling their impulses through the formal liturgy of the church and organizing them through the priesthood bureaucracy.
Priesthood Ordination
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

Early Mormons used the Book of Mormon as the basis for their ecclesiology and understanding of the open heaven. Church leaders edited, harmonized, and published Joseph Smith’s revelation texts, expanding understandings of ecclesiastical priesthood office. Joseph Smith then revealed the Nauvoo Temple liturgy, with its cosmology that equated heaven, kinship, and priesthood. This cosmological priesthood was materialized through sealings at the temple altar and was the context for expansive teachings incorporating women into priesthood. This cosmology was also the basis for polygamy, temple adoption, and restrictions on the participation of black men and women in the church. This framework gave way at the end of the nineteenth century to a new priesthood cosmology introduced by Joseph F. Smith based on male ecclesiastical office. As church leaders expanded the meaning of priesthood to comprise the entire power and authority of God, they struggled to integrate women into church cosmology.
Baby Blessing
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

The baby blessings performed by Mormon church elders were among the very first rituals adopted by the church. While Joseph Smith revealed no explicit details of this ritual beyond its necessity, church members began to perform it on the eighth day of the child’s life and in many cases associated it with naming the child. Baby blessings functioned in the early Zion period to delineate citizenship in the salvific community. After the fall of the temporal Zion and the rise of the Nauvoo Temple cosmology, baby blessings functioned to annunciate the sealed position of the child in the priesthood of heaven. After the arrival in the Great Basin, two concurrent practices emerged: the blessing of children at home by family members and the blessing at church by ecclesiastical leaders. In the twentieth century, church leaders focused exclusively on blessings at church, recasting them as the solemn duty of priesthood-holding fathers.
Cunning-Folk Traditions and Mormon Authority
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

Cunning-folk found what was lost, healed the sick, foretold the future, influenced love, and, perhaps most importantly, battled witches in a time when churches had lost interest in them. When Joseph Smith established Mormonism, American villages lacked cunning-folk, though aspects of their traditions remained on the fringes of society. Smith and other early church leaders translated aspects of this culture into the LDS Church’s liturgy and cosmology. However, he and other church leaders also created alternatives to cunning-folk practice that were more explicitly rooted in the patterns of the Bible. Key to this process of translation and creation was Mormonism’s explicit anticessationism and the establishment of institutional structures that integrated folk practitioners into the church by channeling their impulses into orthopraxic liturgical forms. This context is useful for explaining modern uses of CAM among Mormons and to further contextualize the rise of the priesthood bureaucracy that regulates Mormon lived religion.
Distributive Autonomy and the Foundational Problem of Campaign Finance
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

This chapter sketches the long-standing collision between traditional philosophical conceptions of liberty and equality, how campaign finance jurisprudence exemplifies this collision, and how the new principle of distributive autonomy avoids this collision. Distributive autonomy aims to achieve some congruence, fusion—perhaps even some synthesis—between the core constitutional values of liberty and equality in the touchy realm of first-order rights. Elections comprehend and profoundly shape autonomy, democracy, and distribution of power and wealth. Political campaigns erect the government, and government passes laws that routinely infringe on the autonomy of some and enhance that of others. Laws affect such first-order rights as political influence, privacy, and freedom from imprisonment, and lower-order rights involving the distribution of wealth and other matters. By permitting individuals to spend vast sums to influence political campaigns, the campaign finance cases shifted the entire paradigm of American democracy from decision-making based on participatory democracy to decision-making driven by donations.
The Carolene Products Paradigm of Participatory Democracy
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

Carolene Products embraced judicial responsibility of ensuring that everyone has a fair say in the formulation of public policy, including the distribution of societal resources. The case discusses protecting the key political rights of speaking and voting. In positioning itself as the referee over politics, the Court assumed the daunting challenge of fashioning a theory of democracy. Key to this has been the weak libertarian paradigm of free speech, which prohibits government censorship of speech. In essence, it requires: “Government generally cannot stop me from saying whatever I want to say.” In contrast, the strong libertarian paradigm of free speech shouts, “I can say whatever I want to say with whatever resources I have to say it.” Despite weakened protection for property rights, this strong libertarian paradigm has dramatically increased constitutional protection for property interests. Preeminently, the campaign finance cases hinge influence over elections, law, public policy, and all of government on wealth.
Health and Well-Being in Adolescence
Authors: Sawyer Susan M. , Patton George C.
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes how the profile of physical and mental health and well-being changes across adolescence. The biological context of healthy adolescent growth and development is reviewed, including secular patterns of puberty and brain maturation. The structural and social determinants of adolescent health are then described. Adolescent health outcomes, including patterns of risk behaviors, emerge from the interaction between biological influences and social health determinants. Estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life years are used to describe three patterns of adolescent health and well-being that vary by age, sex, and national wealth. Globally, the burden of disease increases across adolescence, varying markedly between and within countries. Comprehensive, multisectoral, evidence-informed actions are required that match these conspicuous adolescent health problems, emerging health risks, and major social determinants. Such actions, including quality education and health services, differ greatly from those that benefit younger children yet have similarly high benefit–cost ratios.
How to End Child Marriage Around the World
Authors: Sundaram Lakshmi , Travers Ellen , Branson Matilda
Published: March 2018

Every year. 15 million girls are married before they turn 18. This chapter touches on how child marriage is a violation of human rights and holds back international development efforts; it reflects on progress over the past 5 years. Discussed is what it will take to end child marriage and support married girls effectively, and that there are no “silver bullets.” Efforts to end child marriage must be holistic and comprehensive and bring in a range of different actors. There are four overarching strategies needed: empowering girls; mobilizing families and communities; providing appropriate services; and ensuring a supportive legal and policy framework. The chapter concludes with recommendations on what needs to be done now if we want to accelerate progress toward a world free of child marriage, where girls and women are equal to boys and men and can achieve their potential in all aspects of their lives.
Adolescents and Armed Conflict
Authors: Betancourt Theresa S. , Zuilkowski Stephanie , Coles Emily , Collet Katharine , Jambai Musu
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the consequences of war on the development and mental health of adolescents. The discussion begins by framing prevention and intervention programs within the context of human security. The example of war-affected youth in Sierra Leone is used to illustrate the interrelatedness of the core security needs and rights of adolescents, using the SAFE model (safety/freedom from harm; access to basic physiological needs and health care; family and connection to others; and education/economic security) of child protection as a lens for analysis. The chapter proposes ideas for how to promote youth development and well-being in the context of violence and other forms of adversity.
Making Strategic Investments in Adolescent Well-Being
Authors: Camilletti Elena , Banati Prerna
Published: March 2018

Investing in young people is crucial to achieve inclusive development and uphold human rights. Adolescence is a unique window of opportunity whereby countries can benefit from investing in their educated, healthy, and gainfully employed young people. Evidence is needed to support how interventions are selected, implemented, and scaled up in developing countries. When nested within human rights–based policy efforts, economic appraisals such as cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses can support policymakers in formulating decisions on the types and extents of investments in adolescents and in sequencing interventions while moving toward the full realization of their rights. This chapter discusses key literature on cost analyses on investments in adolescents in low- and middle-income countries in six intervention areas: education, health, violence, child marriage, child labor, and multisectoral analyses. Evidence and information gaps are then suggested, and the importance of integrating cost analyses into human rights–based approaches to development is considered.
HIV Prevention Among Adolescents
Authors: Pettifor Audrey , Subramaniam Hamsa
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the latest information on HIV prevention among adolescents globally. An estimated 5.4 million young people aged 15–24 are living with HIV, accounting for 15% of the total burden of persons living with HIV worldwide. Adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24 years are at particularly high risk of HIV infection. This chapter reviews the latest evidence on HIV prevention interventions, including behavioral interventions; school-based sexuality education; adolescent-friendly health services; HIV testing, including the latest testing modalities; voluntary medical male circumcision; and antiretroviral therapy for prevention. Major challenges and success factors of successful prevention programs to date are reviewed. Also reviewed are key gaps in knowledge regarding HIV prevention and areas for improved prevention among adolescents.
Gender Equity and the SDGs
Authors: Dettori Elizabeth , Gupta Geeta Rao
Published: March 2018

This chapter identifies some of the most stubborn gender-based risks and vulnerabilities girls face as a cohort from preadolescence through late adolescence across the domains of personal capabilities, security, safety, economic resources, and opportunities. It reviews progress made during the Millennium Development Goal era in improving girls’ health and well-being and looks to the role of adolescent girls in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter concludes by recommending an approach for global partnership that is linked to national and local actions and that is centered on priority interventions that can catalyze change, at scale, for adolescent girls.
Self-Narratives and Nonhuman Selves
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

This chapter, like the other chapters in Part I of the book, uses the concept of “self-narrative” to explore a variety of texts featuring nonhuman animals and human-animal relationships. Self-narratives have been defined by social psychologists as the stories people tell in order to make sense of and justify their own actions—with this storytelling process at once reflecting and helping establish relational ties with others. Using two primary case studies—Lauren Groff’s 2011 short story “Above and Below” and Jesse Reklaw’s 2006 graphic memoir Thirteen Cats of My Childhood—chapter 1 explores how different storytelling media as well as different methods of narration bear on the project of using self-narratives to situate human selves within a larger, trans-species ecology of selves.
Explanation and Understanding in Animal Narratives
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

With chapter 6 having described the way norms for mental-state ascriptions operate in a top-down manner in discourse domains, chapter 7 explores how individual narratives can in turn have a bottom-up impact on the ascriptive norms circulating within particular domains. To this end, the chapter discusses how Thalia Field’s 2010 experimental narrative Bird Lovers, Backyard employs a strategic oscillation between two nomenclatures that can be used to profile nonhuman as well as human behaviors: (1) the register of action, which characterizes behavior in terms of motivations, goals, and projects; and (2) the register of events, which characterizes behavior in terms of caused movements that have duration in time and direction in space. In braiding together these two registers, Field’s text suggests not only how discourse practices can be repatterned, but also how such repatterning enables broader paradigm shifts—in this case shifts in ways of understanding cross-species encounters and entanglements.
Media and Protest Logics in the Digital Era
Authors: Lee Francis L.F. , Chan Joseph M.
Published: March 2018

Digital and social media are increasingly integrated into dynamics of protest movements. They strengthen the mobilization power of movements, extend movement networks, facilitate new modes of protest participation, and lead to the emergence of new protest formations. Meanwhile, conventional media remain an important arena where the contest for public support between protesters and their targets play out. This book examines the role of the media—understood as an integrated system composed of both conventional media institutions and digital media platforms—in the formation and dynamics of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong in 2014. It grounds the analysis into the broad background of the rise of protest politics in Hong Kong since the early 2000s. More important, this book connects the case of the Umbrella Movement to recent theorizations of new social movement formations. It treats the Umbrella Movement as a case where connective action intervenes into a collective action campaign, leading to an extended occupation mixing old and new protest logics. The analysis shows how the media had not only empowered the protest movements in certain ways, but also introduced forces not conducive to the sustainability and efficacy of the movement. Conventional and digital media could also be used by the state to undermine protests. Through a combination of protester surveys, population surveys, analyses of news contents, and social media activities, this book reconstructs a rich and nuanced account of the Umbrella Movement, which helps shed light on numerous issues about the media-movement nexus in the digital era.
Contesting the Idea of Civil Disobedience
Authors: Lee Francis L. F , Chan Joseph M
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the pressure toward radicalization in the social movement sector in Hong Kong in the immediate years before the Umbrella Movement. The proposal of Occupy Central in early 2013 was understood against this background, and the chapter analyzes the discursive contestations surrounding the notions of Occupy Central and civil disobedience in the 20-month period between January 2013 and August 2014. The analysis shows that the Occupy Central campaign had to negotiate between the social movement sector’s urge to radicalize and the mainstream society’s emphasis on order. The result was a form of radicalization with self-restraint. The chapter ends with an analysis of citizens’ understanding of the concept of civil disobedience. It illustrates the civic education function of the Occupy Central campaign, and it also illustrates the role of digital and mass media in communicating the idea of civil disobedience.
Dispossession
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the dispossession of Rajpura for the Mahindra World City. It shows, first, how the Rajasthan government used real estate to produce compliance to dispossession. It then examines the initial consequences of this dispossession for both the village and the SEZ’s investors. Dispossession enabled Mahindra to arbitrage on the discrepancy between the cost of dispossessed land and its ultimate value as residential and commercial real estate, and to establish a tax-free enclave for India’s already booming “knowledge economy.” Conversely, it generated a cascading disaccumulation of agrarian assets within Rajpura. Dispossession undermined direct access to means of production and subsistence, destroyed a remunerative livestock economy, worsened already acute water shortages, and imposed disproportionate costs on women. It was against these substantial losses that Rajpura’s villagers weighed any gains from the SEZ.
Peasants in a Knowledge Economy
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

While real estate speculation differentiated Rajpura’s dispossessed farmers, this chapter shows that knowledge-intensive growth was so exclusionary for almost everyone that it made single-cropped agriculture and livestock rearing look attractive. Rajpura’s farmers lacked the requisite cultural capital for inclusion in the SEZ’s IT/ITES industry. A small minority received low-paying and insecure work as gardeners, security guards, janitors, and drivers through contractors. For almost no families did these jobs make up for lost agricultural assets. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and corporate social responsibility programs were ineffective substitutes for land, leaving many to wish they had it back. This non-labor-intensive and exclusionary growth helps to explain why ownership of even small agrarian assets—the semiproletarian condition—assumes such importance for farmers in contemporary India.
Intergenerational Communities
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

This chapter extends the previous chapter by asking whether the communities to which property owners owe obligations include future and/or past generations. The chapter argues that owners do indeed owe obligations to non-living members of generational communities. It argues further that with respect to members of future generational communities there are two types of obligations, one general, the other specific. The general obligation is to provide future generations with the basic material background conditions that are necessary for them to be able to carry out life-transcending projects that their forebears have transmitted to them. Specific obligations enable successive generational community members to whom particular life-transcending projects have been forwarded to be carried out in their intended way. These obligations are defeasible, rather than absolute, however.
Legacies and Memories in Movements
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Andretta Massimiliano , Fernandes Tiago , Romanos Eduardo , Vogiatzoglou Markos
Published: March 2018

This volume addresses long-term effects of democratic transitions on social movements in Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Spain. From the theoretical point of view, the main focus of reflection is on the long-term impact of eventful moments on social movements, especially the causal mechanisms through which legacies and memories of transformative protest events are produced and reproduced over time, enhancing and constraining contemporary movements’ repertoires and frames. The paths of democratic transitions set norms and institutions that affect protests in the long term. Without taking a deterministic view, we examine the ways in which the past is revisited and read anew how stories are selected, what is resilient, and what is transformed. While research on social movements started in Europe with historical work on labor movements, the impact of historical legacies and memories on social movements has not been much theorized. More in general, while there is a growing interest in memory, there is little systematic theory or comparative research on ways in which important events have long-lasting institutional consequences and are remembered by future generations. With this volume, we address this gap by reflecting on the ways in which critical junctures, especially the ones produced through mobilization from below, affect the social movements that follow. In particular, we analyze transitions to democracy as points of departure and look at the ways in which their paths—and especially social movements’ participation in them—play a role in enhancing and constraining the movements that follow.
Movement Legacies
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Andretta Massimiliano , Fernandes Tiago , Romanos Eduardo , Vogiatzoglou Markos
Published: March 2018

Chapter 4 analyzes movements’ legacies. Transitions to democracy create new cultural assumptions that shape the development of social movements: the ways in which activists identify social problems, organize, and protest over time. After conceptualizing the main models of social movement families, it examines their long-term evolution in each of the four countries, with a focus on the path dependency of the transition time but also on turning points in the movements’ post-transition histories. Building upon main concepts in social movement studies, it covers movements’ traditions as organizational structures (unions, parties, new social movements, anarchists, and so on), repertoires of action (strikes, demonstrations, innovations), and framing (left, libertarian).
A Mirror of Society
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2018

The introductory chapter develops a new understanding of both police and police reform in the post-Soviet context. Departing from the conventional interpretation of the police as merely an institution of coercion, the chapter defines it as a medium for state-society consensus on the limits of the state’s legitimate use of violence. Police reform is, in turn, a never-ending top-down and bottom-up collaboration that may experience both great leaps forward and great setbacks, as opposed to a definite sum of projects. Depending on a country’s specific political context, changing the way the police operate will require some type of revision in how and when the state wields its monopoly on legitimate violence.
Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2018

This chapter, on Kyrgyzstan, demonstrates how diverse and dynamic civil society mobilized in support of police overhaul following the state’s use of lethal force against civilian demonstrators in central Bishkek in 2010. The political leadership pledged to overhaul the police to avoid a repetition of bloodshed. Engaging with a range of NGOs, civic activists, and MPs, the Interior Ministry has addressed reform in a chaotic and unpredictable manner. Civil society actors representing NGOs bickered among themselves, while their demands to depoliticize the Interior Ministry differed altogether from those of the ministry. Nevertheless, the concept paper that emerged following numerous forums was driven by a consensus between a range of nonstate and state actors.
A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2018

Chapter 9 applies the book’s main theoretical argument outside the post-Soviet region, examining competitive authoritarian regimes in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. The chapter focuses on the local dynamics of authoritarian policing in democratic countries, as well as outbursts of democratic activism in deeply authoritarian states where the rationale for the use of force has been contested by bottom-up mobilization. Case studies of police transformation as a result of violence and subsequent public pressure are examined in the United States, Tunisia, Moldova and Mongolia. The chapter also analyzes instances of backlash in Venezuela, where public protests resulted in the expansion and toughening of state policing.
New to Long-Term Residential Care
Authors: MacLeod Krystal Kehoe , Day Suzanne , Smele Sandra
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how the social location of student novice researchers was instrumental in shaping their research experiences, relationships, and accounts as they navigated the complexities of conducting team-based rapid ethnography research in long-term residential care. Using emotional cues in their fieldnotes as indicators of important reflexive moments, the authors focus on four thematic areas where their experiences as student novice researchers enrich the understanding of team-based rapid ethnography in care homes: incorporating reciprocity into participant-observation; being ignored or challenged by research participants in their role as student researchers; positionality, power, and rapport building; and “natural observation” and knowledge production. The authors use their exploration of the challenges they faced and lessons they learned to offer recommendations for undertaking future ethnographic studies in long-term care settings and beyond.
Rapid Ethnography and a Knowledge Mobilization Project
Authors: Baines Donna , Gnanayutham Rachel
Published: March 2018

Knowledge mobilization (KM) or knowledge translation (KT) involves the dissemination of research findings to diverse audiences. This chapter reflects on the challenges of KM when impacts are likely to be diffuse, nonlinear, far-reaching and long-term, such as shifting public discourse and government priorities, rather than small, immediate, easily measured, technical impacts. Drawing on one of the project’s knowledge transfer initiatives known as the bookette (a short, accessible, multiformat book and book launches aimed at the public, media, and policymakers), the chapter argues that this strategy put findings into a range of people’s hands quickly, while leaving room for further KM activities as the project continued. The chapter considers the importance of team-based research and KM as research activities that extend and deepen the capacity of researchers, research partners, and the community to pursue social change. Strengths and challenges of team-based rapid ethnography are discussed in light of these challenges.
The Seven Deadly Sins
Authors: Glausser Wayne
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on an old and a new approach to analyzing the seven deadly sins: Thomas Aquinas’s medieval theology, and contemporary cognitive science. As different as the two perspectives might seem, they share a common indebtedness to Aristotle, and they entangle more compellingly than one might have expected. Certain themes occupy and key problems vex both theology and science. The chapter first sets out the Aristotle connection, then engages in comparative analyses of Aquinas and science for each of the deadly sins. Although there is no single, definitive text for contemporary cognitive science that has the authority of the Summa Theologica, a recent issue of Scientific American provides a helpful window onto recent work by psychologists and neuroscientists that relates to the deadly sins.
Psychedelic Last Rites
Authors: Glausser Wayne
Published: March 2018

This final chapter compares the Catholic sacrament of extreme unction with modern experiments in psychedelic therapy for the dying. Extreme unction has an unusual history within Christianity: Catholics embrace it as a last, crucial fortification of the soul that prepares someone for heaven, but Protestants, going back to Calvin, view it as a fraudulent mystification. Secular scientists have come up with something comparable to the old sacrament. Beginning in the 1960s, and resuming very recently, psychiatrists have experimented with LSD and psilocybin in an attempt to help patients with terminal cancer overcome anxiety and depression. This chapter explores all facets of the psychedelic “sacrament” as it entangles with extreme unction. The new therapy shares both the high purposes of the old last rites and some of the problems that have surrounded it.
Revelation and the “Principle That Proceeds From God”
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

A literal translation of the word apocalypse is “revelation.” For Woolman, revelation was the supernatural conveyance of God’s will to a human recipient. This revelation was primarily inward, and was transmitted through a divinely imparted “principle” that gave humanity access to God’s words, but that could be silenced if ignored. Receiving and applying divine revelation happened through “resignation,” in which Woolman believed that the carnal, human will was made subject to God’s will, and so man was aligned with God’s purposes and could know God’s will for himself and for human destiny. The content of divine revelation was a society directly governed by Christ’s presence in all things, such that Britons would change their habits, employments, and lifestyles to be consistent with God’s will, an alternative vision of British society from the one that was dominant in the eighteenth century.
Eschatology
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

Woolman’s eschatology was different from many of his peers in that he viewed the eschaton—the eon in which God’s ultimate purposes would be fulfilled—as already present in spiritual form. Woolman’s eschatology is best described as a spiritual “amillennialism,” which means that he did not believe the present time to be lacking anything that would need to be accomplished before God’s reign on earth could be established. Instead, he believed the faithful were already in a state that enacted the kingdom of God in the present, and so they were harbingers calling the world to actualize the completion of ultimate things. Woolman’s eschatology was informed by the Hebrew prophet’s concept of the “peaceable kingdom,” which supported his agrarian vision for colonial America. Moreover, Woolman believed God would bring the world into conformity with the kingdom that he believed he already experienced.
Culture, Context, and the Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in the Study of Human Development
Authors: Weisner Thomas S
Published: March 2018

The cultural community a child grows up in is arguably the most important influence in a child’s development. Culture and context should be incorporated into every research program in human development in our field. Ecocultural theory links structural and environmental conditions to the cultural learning environments of children and the everyday routines and activities that shape behavior and the minds of children. To do this, we require strong mixed methods, designs, samples, and analytical approaches. The world certainly is not linear, additive, and decontextualized, although for analytical purposes we can usefully model the world as if it were. This chapter discusses five research programs that use ecocultural models and integrate qualitative and quantitative methods: rural-urban migration and effects on parenting and children’s development in Kenya; sibling caretaking; countercultural families and children in California; families with children with disabilities in California; and interventions to support working poor families in Wisconsin.
Enoch’s Interactions with Angels
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: March 2018

This chapter collects various traditions which attest that Enoch enjoyed an intimate relationship with the angelic world. These include texts which describe how Enoch ascended to the heavenly realm and was entertained there by one or more named angels, or was shown certain sights by the angels which gave him insight into the workings of the cosmos and the course of human history. Alternatively, other texts depict certain angels who admire Enoch’s exemplary piety and who therefore descend to earth to befriend him and encourage him in his service to God. Thematic divisions include assemblages of texts which illustrate how Enoch served as a confidant and apprentice to the angels, other texts which depict Enoch wielding powers similar to those often associated with angels in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim texts, and testimonies about how Enoch functioned as an intermediary between certain angels and God or served as a witness against certain reprehensible behaviors exhibited by one angelic class known as ‘the Watchers.’ Two particular angels with whom Enoch/Idrīs enjoyed a special bond were the Angel of the Sun and the Angel of Death, and a number of texts which discuss their interactions are brought together in order to facilitate their further comparative study.
Energy and the Economic Foundations of the Sino–Russian Relationship
Authors: Bolt Paul J. , Cross Sharyl N.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 explores the economic relationship between Russia and China. Both governments have made it a priority to enhance economic linkages, with “One Belt, One Road” possibly being a vehicle for stronger integration. However, rising trade was disrupted in 2015 by slowed growth in China and a serious economic downturn in Russia, and structural features inhibit trade. Energy ties are the most important form of economic exchange between the two countries, with Russia being a major energy exporter and China needing secure, reliable supplies of oil and natural gas. Pipelines now deliver crude oil from Russia to China. Natural gas pipelines have been contracted but not yet built. Russia seems to have become more open to Chinese investments in energy and other fields since 2014, although it remains to be seen whether economic ties will eventually match the depth of the political relationship.
Introduction
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

Why care whether there is a necessary being? The chapter opens with an explanation of how the question of whether there is a necessary being matters in theology, cosmology, and debates about fundamental ontology. It is shown that some of the most important questions in these fields depend in one way or another on whether there is a necessary being. Some reason is provided to be optimistic that it is possible to make progress on the question of whether there is a necessary being. Toward that end, the results of a survey (www.necessarybeing.com) are also given, which suggests that the vast majority of people, including skeptics of a necessary being, are inclined to find plausible certain premises in deductive arguments for the existence of a necessary being. The stage is set for a detailed presentation and analysis of those arguments.
Cold Case Investigations in Context
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers empirical research on detective work, in particular those which emphasize the bureaucratic elements of detective work, the role of entrepreneurialism in investigations, and the concept of investigations being information and knowledge work. These studies note the realities of detective work and help to set the current study into context. What will also become clear here is that the rhetoric of investigations work differs to the reality of them. Research setting out the concept of the ‘scientification’ of policing and research on cold case reviews will also be illustrated noting how cold case investigations are a further development in the ‘scientification’ of policing.
Habits
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents a brief historical survey of action theorizing in organization research. Although central in the life of organizations, situated action has gradually been set aside by the mainstream of management and organization research as a theoretical object and a managerial issue, and replaced by the paradigm of information processing. The chapter illustrates the paradigm’s limits with two short case studies, setting out the pragmatist theory of action and its fundamental concept of “habit.” For pragmatists, meaningful action is the only way for human beings to be present in the world. They reject the “mind-first” view, where action is preceded and molded by “pure” thought, rooted in the idealist thought/action dualism. They reject the “stimulus–response” model and view habit as strictly dispositional and relational, compatible with situated meaning-making. They establish a constitutive link between belief and habit, thought and action. Their approach poses specific methodological and managerial challenges.
Trans-action
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

What makes action or meaning social or organizational? How is the social dimension maintained through changing situations? In trying to answer such questions, much of the organization literature oscillates between individualism and holism, or tries to relate two so-called “levels”—the “micro” level of local action and the “macro” level of social structures. The pragmatists reject such dualist deadlocks. They propose a view of sociality as an ongoing process rather than a state. Actors, far from being individuals engaging in socialization processes, are continuously constructing themselves in the very movement of addressing others. This chapter presents the static view of sociality as shared mental or artificial representations. In light of a few examples, it stresses the limits of sharedness approaches and presents the dialogical view of sociality developed by the pragmatist authors, leading to the theory of trans-action, a situated and mediated framework, referring to a relational ontology that fuses temporality and sociality.
Community of inquiry
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

Pragmatist inquiry involves a group of inquirers who face a break in their experience and pursue existential motives. They must continuously build reciprocal intelligibility. The felicitous outcome requires reciprocal trust, transforming the group of inquirers into a temporary community. The community dimension of inquiry is illustrated through a case study: the implementation of an integrated management information system in an electricity company. It identifies the roles of two types of communities: communities of practice, characterized by common practice, and communities of inquiry, characterized by the diversity of practices but an agreed general concern. The concept of community of inquiry was initially sketched by classic pragmatist authors and later developed by organization scholars, particularly in the field of public management. It is related to Follett’s view of “group organization” as the basis of democratic life and Latour’s concept of “matter of concern.”
Abduction
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

Abduction was introduced by Peirce, first as an abstract logical concept, and secondly as an epistemological model, the first step of inquiry: hypothesizing. In response to doubt, abduction builds a plausible and testable, but not yet tested, hypothesis. Peirce, in his later writings, outlined the further extension of abduction to the analysis of invention as a social process of action. In this chapter, abduction is characterized as a collective effort to invent new habits for the future. Organization scholars have used this notion for methodological reflection, but rarely involved it when theorizing the emergence of novelty in organizations. After recalling the original logical and epistemological definitions of abduction by Peirce, this chapter presents a case study from the area of urban planning that suggests applying the theory of abduction to organizational or inter-organizational doubtful and exploratory situations. The implications of this view for organization research and managerial practices are discussed.
Pragmatism, a process perspective on organizations
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

Mainstream organization studies have long conceptualized organizations as structures imposing order on individual and collective practices. Many organization scholars see organizing as an ongoing process, given the ceaseless adaptative experience of organizations. After an account of the “process turn” in organization studies, this chapter identifies six key questions about the characteristics of organizing processes and analyzes the process orientation of pragmatism and the specific contribution of the main pragmatist thinkers to process thought. It clarifies the pragmatist responses to the six key issues: (1) Organizing is an intrinsic dimension of ordinary activity rather than a specific process reflexively examining activity; (2) organizing is a relational/trans-actional rather than (inter-)subjective process; (3) organizing is a teleological rather than self-contained and autopoietic process; (4) organizing operates segmentation and unification, spatializing and temporalizing at the same time; (5) organizing is both experience-based and creative, it entangles cognition and intuition; (6) organizing is ediated by signs.
Evidence and Its Limits
Authors: Littlejohn Clayton
Published: March 2018

On a standard way of thinking about the relationships between evidence, reasons, and epistemic justification, a subject’s evidence consists of her potential reasons for her beliefs, these reasons constitute the normative reasons that bear on whether to believe, and justification is taken to result from relations between a subject’s potential reasons for her beliefs and those beliefs. This chapter argues that this view makes a number of mistakes about the rational roles of reasons and evidence and explores some parallels between practical and theoretical reasons. Just as justified action is unobjectionable action, justified belief is unobjectionable belief. Just as you cannot object to someone deciding to do something simply on the grounds that their reasons for acting didn’t give them strong reason to act, you cannot object to someone believing something simply on the grounds that they didn’t believe for reasons that gave their beliefs strong evidential support.