bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated with 2,7-Naphthalene Disulfonate and Its Selective Uptake of Aromatic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kameda Tomohito , Yamazaki Takashi , Yoshioka Toshiaki
Published: November 2009

Mg–Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with 2,7-naphthalene disulfonate ion (2,7-NDS·Mg–Al LDH) was prepared by coprecipitation and was found to selectively take up aromatic compounds from aqueous solutions. The amount of material absorbed by 2,7-NDS·Mg–Al LDH depends on the electron-donating or -withdrawing properties of the functional groups on the molecules to be absorbed. The absorption mechanism is dependent on π–π stacking interactions between the aromatic ring of the molecules to be absorbed and the naphthalene moiety of 2,7-NDS2−.
Unusual Photochromic Behavior of C3-Methoxy-Substituted Bis(2-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene
Authors: Uchida Kingo , Sumino Hibiki , Shimobayashi Yumiko , Ushiogi Yousuke , Takata Atsushi , Kojima Yuko , Yokojima Satoshi , Kobatake Seiya , Nakamura Shinichiro
Published: November 2009

A bis(2-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene having methoxy groups at both reactive carbon atoms was synthesized and the quantum yields of cyclization and cycloreversion reactions were found to be 0.29 and 0.27, respectively. Usual bis(3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentenes with methoxy groups at both reactive carbon atoms show much lower cycloreversion quantum yields. The unusual large yield was explained by theoretical methods. Additionally the compound did not show any coloration in crystalline state upon UV irradiation, even though the distance between both reactive carbon atoms is less than 4 Å. The reason was discussed by using the crystallographic data.
The Impact of Tissue Fixatives on Morphology and Antibody-based Protein Profiling in Tissues and Cells
Authors: Paavilainen Linda , Edvinsson Åsa , Asplund Anna , Hober Sophia , Kampf Caroline , Pontén Fredrik , Wester Kenneth
Published: November 2009

Pathology archives harbor large amounts of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples, used mainly in clinical diagnostics but also for research purposes. Introduction of heat-induced antigen retrieval has enabled the use of tissue samples for extensive immunohistochemical analysis, despite the fact that antigen retrieval may not recover all epitopes, owing to alterations of the native protein structure induced by formalin. The aim of this study was to investigate how different fixatives influence protein recognition by immunodetection methods in tissues, cell preparations, and protein lysates, as compared with formalin. Seventy-two affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies were used to evaluate seven different fixatives. The aldehyde-based fixative Glyo-fixx proved to be excellent for preservation of proteins in tissue detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), similar to formalin. A non-aldehyde–based fixative, NEO-FIX was superior for fixation of cultured cells, in regard to morphology, and thereby also advantageous for IHC. Large variability in the amount of protein extracted from the differently fixed tissues was observed, and the HOPE fixative provided the overall highest yield of protein. In conclusion, morphological resolution and immunoreactivity were superior in tissues fixed with aldehyde-based fixatives, whereas the use of non-aldehyde–based fixatives can be advantageous in obtaining high protein yield for Western blot analysis. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
The Candidate Oncogene CYP24A1: A Potential Biomarker for Colorectal Tumorigenesis
Authors: Horváth Henrik C. , Lakatos Péter , Kósa János P. , Bácsi Krisztián , Borka Katalin , Bises Giovanna , Nittke Thomas , Hershberger Pamela A. , Speer Gábor , Kállay Enikö
Published: November 2009

The main autocrine/paracrine role of the active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3), is inhibition of cell growth and induction of cell differentiation and/or apoptosis. Synthesis and degradation of the secosteroid occurs not only in the kidney but also in normal tissue or malignant extrarenal tissues such as the colon. Because 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) is considered to be the main enzyme determining the biological half-life of 1,25-D3, we have examined expression of the CYP24A1 mRNA (by real-time RT-PCR) and protein (by immunohistochemistry) in normal human colon mucosa, colorectal adenomas, and adenocarcinomas in 111 patients. Although 76% of the normal and benign colonic tissue was either completely devoid of or expressed very low levels of CYP24A1, in the majority of the adenocarcinomas (69%), the enzyme was present at high concentrations. A parallel increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 in the same samples suggests that overexpression of CYP24A1 reduced local 1,25-D3 availability, decreasing its antiproliferative effect.
The E3 Ligase Axotrophin/MARCH-7: Protein Expression Profiling of Human Tissues Reveals Links to Adult Stem Cells
Authors: Szigyarto Cristina A. , Sibbons Paul , Williams Gill , Uhlen Mathias , Metcalfe Su M.
Published: November 2009

Axotrophin/MARCH-7 was first identified in mouse embryonic stem cells as a neural stem cell gene. Using the axotrophin/MARCH-7 null mouse, we discovered profound effects on T lymphocyte responses, including 8-fold hyperproliferation and 5-fold excess release of the stem cell cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Our further discovery that axotrophin/MARCH-7 is required for targeted degradation of the LIF receptor subunit gp190 implies a direct role in the regulation of LIF signaling. Bioinformatics studies revealed a highly conserved RING-CH domain in common with the MARCH family of E3-ubiquitin ligases, and accordingly, axotrophin was renamed “MARCH-7.” To probe protein expression of human axotrophin/MARCH-7, we prepared antibodies against different domains of the protein. Each antibody bound its specific target epitope with high affinity, and immunohistochemistry cross-validated target specificity. Forty-eight human tissue types were screened. Epithelial cells stained strongly, with trophoblasts having the greatest staining. In certain tissues, specific cell types were selectively positive, including neurons and neuronal progenitor cells in the hippocampus and cerebellum, endothelial sinusoids of the spleen, megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, crypt stem cells of the small intestine, and alveolar macrophages in the lung. Approximately 20% of central nervous system neuropils were positive. Notably, axotrophin/MARCH-7 has an expression profile that is distinct from that of other MARCH family members. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Selective Expression of Huntingtin-associated Protein 1 in β-Cells of the Rat Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Liao Min , Chen Xingxing , Han Jinhong , Yang Shiming , Peng Ting , Li He
Published: November 2009

Huntingtin-associated protein-1 (HAP1) was initially identified as a binding partner of huntingtin, the Huntington's disease protein. Based on its preferred distribution among neurons and endocrine cells, HAP1 has been suggested to play roles in vesicular transportation in neurons and hormonal secretion of endocrine cells. Given that HAP1 is selectively expressed in the islets of rat pancreas, in this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of HAP1 in the islets. In rats injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin, which can selectively destroy β-cells of the pancreatic islets, the number of HAP1 immunoreactive cells was dramatically decreased and was accompanied by a parallel decrease in the number of insulin-immunoreactive cells. Immunofluorescent double staining of pancreas sections showed that, in rat islets, HAP1 is selectively expressed in the insulin-immunoreactive β-cells but not in the glucagon-immunoreactive α-cells and somatostatin immunoreactive δ-cells. In isolated rat pancreatic islets, ×80% of cells expressed both HAP1 and insulin. Expression of HAP1 in the INS-1 rat insulinoma cell line was also demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining. Western blotting further revealed that HAP1 in both the isolated rat pancreatic islets and the INS-1 cells also has two isoforms, HAP1A and HAP1B, which are the same as those in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrated that HAP1 is selectively expressed in β-cells of rat pancreatic islets, suggesting the involvement of HAP1 in the regulation of cellular trafficking and secretion of insulin.
In search of the crystal structure of low quartz
Authors: Baur Werner H.
Published: November 2009

A comparison of numerous determinations of unit cell dimensions and of crystal structure refinements of low quartz, SiO2, shows that there exists no study at a defined temperature and at ambient pressure of a chemically well characterized sample, for which we have precise unit cell lengths and at the same time positional coordinates of high precision for the silicon and oxygen atoms. An analysis of the available data from 18 carefully selected measurements of cell lengths and 25 determinations of positional coordinates results in an averaged structure at 291 K in space groupP3121 with unit cell dimensions:a= 4.9130(1) Å,c= 5.4047(1) Å; and standardized coordinates:x(Si) = 0.5301(2),x(O) = 0.4139(5),y(O) = 0.1466(4) andz(O) = 0.1188(3); the silicon atom is in Wyckoff position 3a (x, 0, 1/3) and the oxygen atoms are in Wyckoff position 6c (x, y, z). Error estimates for cell dimensions and coordinates are taken as the mean of the observed e.s.d.‘s in the various original structure refinements. The bond lengths within one coordination tetrahedron are, twice each, Si–O,a 1.604(2) Å and Si–O,b 1.613(2) Å; the angles around the silicon atom are O,a–Si–O,a 109.0(1)°, O,b–Si–O,b 109.5(1)°, and twice each O,a–Si–O,b 110.4(1)° and O,b–Si–O,a 108.8(1)°; the Si–O–Si angle between two tetrahedra is 143.7(1)°. For the time being this is the best currently available estimate of the geometry of the crystal structure of low quartz.
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Childhood Urolithiasis
Authors: Polito Cesare , Manna Angela La , Signoriello Giuseppe , Marte Antonio
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to establish the clinical presentation and features of pain attacks in children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and urolithiasis.

METHODS: We compared the rate of previous appendectomy among 100 consecutive patients with that of 270 control subjects. We also compared the frequency of pain attacks with that reported by children with functional or organic gastrointestinal RAP.

RESULTS: Fifty-three patients had no history of dysuria or gross hematuria, and only 35 had hematuria at the first visit; 41 patients were evaluated for urolithiasis only because of a family history of kidney stones associated with RAP. Twenty-nine patients had been previously hospitalized for abdominal symptoms. Sixteen patients and 4 control subjects (1.5%) had undergone a previous appendectomy (P < .0001). Two to 28 months before the diagnosis of urolithiasis, 37 patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography, which did not show urinary stones. Sixty-nine percent of subjects younger than 8 years of age had central/diffuse abdominal pain. The mean frequency of pain attacks was 4 to 9 times lower than in patients with functional or organic gastrointestinal RAP.

CONCLUSIONS: Because of the inconstant occurrence of dysuria and hematuria, the location of pain in areas other than the flank, and the lack of calculi shown on imaging studies performed after pain attacks, the urologic origin of pain may be overlooked and ineffective procedures performed. The possibility of urolithiasis should be considered in children with RAP who have a family history of urolithiasis and/or infrequent pain attacks, even when dysuria and hematuria are lacking, and in younger children even when pain is not lateral.
Demographic Characteristics, Care, and Outcomes for Children with Oral Clefts in Three States Using Participants from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Authors: Damiano Peter , Tyler Margaret , Romitti Paul A. , Druschel Charlotte , Austin April A. , Burnett Whitney , Kizelnik-Freilich Sara , Robbins James M.
Published: November 2009

Objective:

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether there were differences in the characteristics and outcomes of care for children with oral clefts (OCs) among population-based samples in three states.

Design:

Data on the health status and on speech and esthetic outcomes were collected using structured telephone interviews conducted during 2005–2006 with mothers of children with OCs aged 2 to 7 in Arkansas, Iowa, and New York.

Participants:

Mothers of children born with nonsyndromic OCs on or after January 1, 1998, and on or before December 31, 2003, in Arkansas, Iowa, or New York. Subjects were identified through their participation in the ongoing National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

Main Outcome Measures:

Demographic characteristics, rating of cleft care, severity of condition, health status, esthetic outcomes, and speech problems were evaluated by state of residence.

Results:

Children with OCs from Arkansas were from lower income families, and their parents were less likely to be married. Children with OCs from Arkansas were more likely to have special health care needs and to require mental health care. Few differences were found across states in type of cleft, severity of cleft, or outcomes of cleft care.

Conclusions:

Combining results from population-based samples across multiple studies increases the variability of sample characteristics. Including multiple states can be an efficient way to learn more about the outcomes of medical care for less common conditions such as oral cleft.
Rotation-Transposition Correction of Nasal Deformity in Tessier Number 1 and 2 Clefts
Authors: Rashid Mamoon , Islam Muhammad Zia ul , Tamimy Muhammad Sarmad , Haq Ehtesham ul , Aman Samina , Aslam Ayesha
Published: November 2009

Objective:

To formulate a standardized procedure for repair of the nasal component of Tessier number 1 and 2 clefts.

Patients and Methods:

The procedure was performed from 1998 to 2007 in 13 patients with congenital nasal clefts of different degrees of expression corresponding to Tessier 1 and 2. The patients’ ages ranged from 3 months to 28 years. There were 10 male and three female patients. In the absence of any standard published technique for these rare defects, we devised our own method, which we find uniformly applicable to all such cases. We use a composite muco-chondro-cutaneous lateral alar flap to recreate the alar rim. The resulting defect on the lateral nasal wall is then covered with a transposition flap from the dorsum. An alar rim z-plasty was added in cases where notching was evident.

Results:

In all cases, no problem of flap viability was encountered and all healed well with minimal scarring. The postoperative results were satisfactory and have remained stable over an average 6-month follow-up period.

Conclusions:

We recommend this technique to be used for the correction of nasal deformity associated with Tessier clefts number 1 and 2. We feel that this technique is relatively simple and easily reproducible.
Sagittal Maxillary Growth in Patients with Unoperated Isolated Cleft Palate
Authors: Chen Zhen-Qi , Qian Yu-Fen , Wang Guo-Min , Shen Gang
Published: November 2009

Objective:

To examine the sagittal maxillary growth during mixed and permanent dentition in patients with unoperated isolated cleft palate.

Patients:

A total of 41 patients with nonsyndromic unoperated isolated cleft palate, 16 with mixed dentition and 25 with permanent dentition.

Main Outcome Measures:

Cephalograms were analyzed to compare these patients with those with isolated cleft palate who had been repaired operatively as well with normal individuals.

Results:

The unoperated patients in mixed dentition showed reduced anterior-posterior length of the maxilla. In adults with unoperated isolated cleft palate with permanent dentition, the measurements showed maxillary retrusion as well as reduction in the anterior-posterior maxillary length.

Conclusion:

Sagittal growth of the maxilla appears to be inhibited in patients with unoperated isolated cleft palate, which became more severe with age.
Combined Use of Infraorbital and External Nasal Nerve Blocks for Effective Perioperative Pain Control during and after Cleft Lip Repair
Authors: Salloum Mariah L. , Eberlin Kyle R. , Sethna Navil , Hamdan Usama S.
Published: November 2009

Perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing cleft lip and palate repair is complicated by the risk of postoperative airway obstruction. We describe a technique of combined infraorbital and external nasal nerve blocks to reduce the need for opioid analgesia. Using this technique, we have successfully performed cleft lip repair under local anesthesia alone, without general anesthesia or intravenous sedation, in adolescents and adults. In children, this technique can reduce the need for postoperative opioids. We describe this novel analgesic approach to decrease opioid requirements and minimize perioperative risk.
Dental Arch Relationship in Children with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following Warsaw (One-Stage Repair) and Oslo Protocols
Authors: Fudalej Piotr , Hortis-Dzierzbicka Maria , Dudkiewicz Zofia , Semb Gunvor
Published: November 2009

Objective:

To compare the dental arch relationship following one-stage repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in Warsaw with a matched sample of patients treated by the Oslo Cleft Team.

Material:

Study models of 61 children (mean age, 11.2; SD, 1.7) with a nonsyndromic complete UCLP consecutively treated with one-stage closure of the cleft at 9.2 months (range, 6.0 to 15.8 months; SD, 2.0) by the Warsaw Cleft Team at the Institute of Mother and Child, Poland, were compared with a sample drawn from a consecutive series of patients with UCLP treated by the Oslo Cleft Team and matched for age, gender, and soft tissue band.

Methods:

The study models were given random numbers to blind their origin. Four examiners rated the dental arch relationship using the GOSLON Yardstick. The strength of agreement of rating was assessed with weighted Kappa statistics. An independent t-test was carried out to compare the GOSLON scores between Warsaw and Oslo samples, and Fisher's exact tests were performed to evaluate the difference of distribution of the GOSLON scores.

Results:

The intrarater and interrater agreements were high (K ≥ .800). No difference in dental arch relationship between Warsaw and Oslo groups was found (mean GOSLON score  =  2.68 and 2.65 for Warsaw and Oslo samples, respectively). The distribution of the GOSLON grades was similar in both groups.

Conclusions:

The dental arch relationship following one-stage repair (Warsaw protocol) was comparable with the outcome of the Oslo Cleft Team's protocol.
Hologram Encoding for Recording on Physical Media
Authors: Yaroslavsky Leonid , Astola Jaakko
Published: November 2009

The purpose of hologram encoding is converting complex valued samples of mathematical
holograms obtained in the result of synthesis of computer-generated holograms into data that can be
used to directly control physical parameters of recording media. This chapter overviews different
hologram encoding methods oriented on different recording media that can be used for this purpose.
Computer-Generated Holograms and Optical Information Processing
Authors: Yaroslavsky Leonid , Astola Jaakko
Published: November 2009

A remarkable property of lenses and parabolic mirrors is their ability of performing, in
parallel and at the speed of light, Fourier transform of input wave fronts and to act as “chirp”- spatial
light modulator. This basic property enables creating optical information processing systems for
implementation of optical Fourier analysis, image convolution and correlation. In this chapter, basic
properties of lenses and parabolic mirrors relevant to optical information processing are briefly
explained, elements of the theory of optical correlators for reliable target location in images are an
introduced and their different implementations of optical correlators are described.
Index
Authors: Yaroslavsky Leonid , Astola Jaakko
Published: November 2009

Full text available
On asymptotic linearity of L-estimates
Authors: Hönschová Erika , Rublík František
Published: November 2009

A theorem on asymptotic linearity of L-estimates is proved under general set of regularity conditions, allowing the sampled distribution to be non-integrable. The main result is the improvement in the order of the remainder term in the formula for asymptotic linearity of L-statistic. It is shown that in the case of the integral coefficients this term R
n = O
P(1/n) and the case of functional coefficients is also covered.
An Investigation of Bias in Reports of the National Assessment of Educational Progress
Authors: Braun Henry , Zhang Jinming , Vezzu Sailesh
Published: November 2009

This article investigates plausible explanations for the observed heterogeneity among jurisdictions in the exclusion rates of students with disabilities and English language learners in administrations of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). It also examines the operating characteristics of a particular class of methods, called full-population estimates (FPE), that carry out statistical adjustments to NAEP’s reported scores to address the possible bias due to differential exclusion rates. The conclusions are that for many states there is a strong likelihood of bias in the results reported and that neither the current NAEP procedure nor the FPE methodologies constitute an ideal solution to the problem. Some alternative methods and related research questions are indicated. It is suggested that the general strategy employed here may be useful in investigating similar questions in other large-scale assessment surveys.
A Proposal of Ecologic Taxes Based on Thermo-Economic Performance of Heat Engine Models
Authors: Barranco-Jiménez Marco  A. , Ramos-Gayosso Israel , Rosales Marco  A. , Angulo-Brown Fernando
Published: November 2009

Within the context of Finite-Time Thermodynamics (FTT) a simplified thermal power plant model (the so-called Novikov engine) is analyzed under economical criteria by means of the concepts of profit function and the costs involved in the performance of the power plant. In this study, two different heat transfer laws are used, the so called Newton’s law of cooling and the Dulong-Petit’s law of cooling. Two FTT optimization criteria for the performance analysis are used: the maximum power regime (MP) and the so-called ecological criterion. This last criterion leads the engine model towards a mode of performance that appreciably diminishes the engine’s wasted energy. In this work, it is shown that the energy-unit price produced under maximum power conditions is cheaper than that produced under maximum ecological (ME) conditions. This was accomplished by using a typical definition of profits function stemming from economics. The MP-regime produces considerably more wasted energy toward the environment, thus the MP energy-unit price is subsidized by nature. Due to this fact, an ecological tax is proposed, which could be a certain function of the price difference between the MP and ME modes of power production.
A New Norsesquiterpenoid from a Bornean Soft Coral Genus Nephthea
Authors: Ishii Takahiro , Matsuura Hiroshi , Zhaoqi Zhan , Santhanaraju Vairappan Charles
Published: November 2009

A new germacrane-type norsesquiterpenoid, 1-acetoxy-germacra-5E,10(14)-diene-4-one (1), as well as three known compounds, were isolated from the organic extracts of a Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis.
Regional Assessment of Aspen Change and Spatial Variability on Decadal Time Scales
Authors: Sankey Temuulen Tsagaan
Published: November 2009

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is commonly believed to be declining throughout western North America. Using a historical vegetation map and Landsat TM5 imagery, this study detects changes in regional aspen cover over two different time periods of 85 and 18 years and examines aspen change patterns with biophysical variables in the Targhee National Forest of eastern Idaho, USA. A subpixel classification approach was successfully used to classify aspen. The results indicate greater spatial variability in regional aspen change patterns than indicated by local-scale studies. The observed spatial variability appears to be an inherent pattern in regional aspen dynamics, which interacts with biophysical variables, but persists over time.
Reverse Transcriptase and Cellular Factors: Regulators of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription
Authors: Warren Kylie , Warrilow David , Meredith Luke , Harrich David
Published: November 2009

There is ample evidence that synthesis of HIV-1 proviral DNA from the viral RNA genome during reverse transcription requires host factors. However, only a few cellular proteins have been described in detail that affect reverse transcription and interact with reverse transcriptase (RT). HIV-1 integrase is an RT binding protein and a number of IN-binding proteins including INI1, components of the Sin3a complex, and Gemin2 affect reverse transcription. In addition, recent studies implicate the cellular proteins HuR, AKAP149, and DNA topoisomerase I in reverse transcription through an interaction with RT. In this review we will consider interactions of reverse transcription complex with viral and cellular factors and how they affect the reverse transcription process.
Defective Interfering RNAs: Foes of Viruses and Friends of Virologists
Authors: Pathak Kunj  B. , Nagy Peter  D.
Published: November 2009

Defective interfering (DI) RNAs are subviral RNAs produced during multiplication of RNA viruses by the error-prone viral replicase. DI-RNAs are parasitic RNAs that are derived from and associated with the parent virus, taking advantage of viral-coded protein factors for their multiplication. Recent advances in the field of DI RNA biology has led to a greater understanding about generation and evolution of DI-RNAs as well as the mechanism of symptom attenuation. Moreover, DI-RNAs are versatile tools in the hands of virologists and are used as less complex surrogate templates to understand the biology of their helper viruses. The ease of their genetic manipulation has resulted in rapid discoveries on cis-acting RNA replication elements required for replication and recombination. DI-RNAs have been further exploited to discover host factors that modulate Tomato bushy stunt virus replication, as well as viral RNA recombination. This review discusses the current models on generation and evolution of DI-RNAs, the roles of viral and host factors in DI-RNA replication, and the mechanisms of disease attenuation.
Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge by Peptide and Helper-Dependent Adenovirus Vaccines
Authors: Weaver Eric A. , Nehete Pramod N. , Nehete Bharti P. , Buchl Stephanie J. , Palmer Donna , Montefiori David C. , Ng Philip , Sastry K. Jagannadha , Barry Michael A.
Published: November 2009

Groups of rhesus macaques that had previously been immunized with HIV-1 envelope (env) peptides and first generation adenovirus serotype 5 (FG-Ad5) vaccines expressing the same peptides were immunized intramuscularly three times with helperdependent adenovirus (HD-Ad) vaccines expressing only the HIV-1 envelope from JRFL. No gag, pol, or other SHIV genes were used for vaccination. One group of the FG-Ad5-immune animals was immunized three times with HD-Ad5 expressing env. One group was immunized by serotype-switching with HD-Ad6, HD-Ad1, and HD-Ad2 expressing env. Previous work demonstrated that serum antibody levels against env were significantly higher in the serotype-switched group than in the HD-Ad5 group. In this study, neutralizing antibody and T cell responses were compared between the groups before and after rectal challenge with CCR5-tropic SHIV-SF162P3. When serum samples were assayed for neutralizing antibodies, only weak activity was observed. T cell responses against env epitopes were higher in the serotype-switched group. When these animals were challenged rectally with SHIV-SF162P3, both the Ad5 and serotype-switch groups significantly reduced peak viral loads 2 to 10-fold 2 weeks after infection. Peak viral loads were significantly lower for the serotype-switched group as compared to the HD-Ad5-immunized group. Viral loads declined over 18 weeks after infection with some animals viremia reducing nearly 4 logs from the peak. These data demonstrate significant mucosal vaccine effects after immunization with only env antigens. These data also demonstrate HD-Ad vectors are a robust platform for vaccination.
Influence of agricultural practices on Fusarium infection, fumonisin and deoxynivalenol contamination of maize kernels
Authors: Blandino M. , Reyneri A. , Vanara F. , Tamietti G. , Pietri A.
Published: November 2009

Mycotoxins in cereals are an economic and health problem. They are mainly produced in the field and are influenced by environmental conditions during ripening and by agricultural practices. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of combined agronomic techniques on fumonisins and deoxynivalenol contamination in maize kernels. Six experimental fields were prepared in North Italy from 2005 to 2007. Two hybrids with different maturity times and 6 different combinations of agricultural practices (sowing time, plant density, N fertilisation and European corn borer (ECB) control with insecticide) were compared for ECB incidence and severity,Fusariumear rot incidence and severity,F. verticillioidesandF. graminearumkernel infection and fumonisin and deoxynivalenol contamination. In temperate climates, where ECB attack is consistent, the production of maize kernels with a low fumonisin content can be enhanced by a correct insecticide application against second-generation ECB larvae and by an early sowing date. In this study the application of the most careful practice led to a reduction in theFusariumear rot severity and fumonisin by 62% and 91%, respectively, compared to the worst practice. The fumonisin levels were less affected by N fertility, plant density and hybrid maturity. The presence of deoxynivalenol is related to late sowing and harvesting times, late maturity hybrids, high plant density and N fertilisation. The insecticide treatments did not significantly reduce deoxynivalenol contamination. The data in this study clearly show that the application of good agricultural practices in crop management strategies can effectively lead to good control of fumonisins and deoxynivalenol.
Influence of physiological factors on growth, sporulation and ochratoxin A/B production of the new Aspergillus ochraceus grouping
Authors: Abdel-Hadi A. , Magan N.
Published: November 2009

Recently, new species within the Aspergillus section Circumdati group responsible for ochratoxin production were
reported. This study has examined the impact of interactions between water activity (aw, 0.99-0.90), temperature
(20-35 °C) on growth, asexual spore production and ochratoxin A and B (OTA and OTB) on strains of each of the
three species from this new grouping (A. ochraceus, A. steynii, and A. westerdijkiae) for the first time. The maximum
growth occurred at 0.95 aw and 30 °C for both A. ochraceus and A. westerdijkiae, while it was at 0.99 aw and 30 °C
for A. steynii. No conidial spore production occurred at 0.99 aw in cultures of A. ochraceus and A. steynii but large
numbers of spores (2.3×107/cm2) were produced by A. westerdijkiae. Optimum temperature for spore production
was 0.95 aw and 30 °C for A. westerdijkiae and A. ochraceus, and 0.95 aw and 35 °C for A. steynii. Quantification
of OTA showed that optimum was produced at 0.99 aw, by A. steynii at 30 °C, for A. westerdijkiae at 25 °C and
for A. ochraceus at 20 °C. As water stress was imposed (0.95 aw), the temperature for maximum OTA production
changed. For example, for A. steynii and A. westerdijkiae this was at 35 °C, for A. ochraceus, 25 °C. Much less OTB
was produced relative to OTA, but the production followed the same pattern at all aw levels and temperatures.
This is the first detailed study to examine the similarities and differences in ecology of these related species in this
important mycotoxigenic group.
EFFECT OF TWO INSECT VIRUSES AND TWO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ON LARVAL AND PUPAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTING BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (FAB.) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Goerzen D.W. , Erlandson M.A. , Moore K.C.
Published: November 2009

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.), is an important pollinator of alfalfa in western Canada and is widely utilized for alfalfa seed production (Richards 1984). As a beneficial insect, the alfalfa leafcutting bee must be considered, along with the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., as a non-target organism of importance in evaluations of potential microbial control agents for use against major insect pest species on the Canadian prairies.
QUEEN HONEY BEE MANDIBULAR PHEROMONE DOES NOT AFFECT WORKER OVARY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Willis L.G. , Winston M.L. , Slessor K.N.
Published: November 2009

This study examined the dose-dependent effects of synthetic honey bee queen mandibular pheromone on the inhibition of worker ovary development. The range of doses examined was from 10−3 to 10 queen equivalents (Qeq) per day for 43 days; 1 Qeq was the amount of pheromone in an average pair of queen mandibular glands. Ovary class and ovariole number scores were used as estimates of worker ovary development. Queen mandibular pheromone did not inhibit ovary development in workers at any dose.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ENGRAVER BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: IPS SPECIES) ON MONTEREY PINES INFECTED WITH PITCH CANKER
Authors: Fox Joseph W. , Wood David L. , Koehler Carlton S.
Published: November 2009

Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun, and Marasas, a pine pathogen recently identified in California, may increase the distribution and abundance of Ips spp. on Monterey pines in Santa Cruz Co., CA. In all pine stands, Ips spp. tunneled into healthy branches and boles. Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) was the most abundant engraver beetle observed, followed by I. paraconfusus Lanier; I. plastographus (LeConte) was rare. Ips mexicanus was routinely captured in traps baited with racemic I. paraconfusus pheromone. During die winter, I. mexicanus excavated mass feeding cavities in shade-suppressed branches. In uninfected stands, 3% of the trees and only 0.3% of the branches were mass-attacked. In severely infected stands, 47% of the top one-third of the trees, 3% of all branches, and 91% of the branches declining due to infection by F. subglutinans were mass-attacked by Ips spp. On pitch canker-infected trees, I. mexicanus attacked cones and stems <1 cm in diameter. Sixty percent of the attacks on logs occurred inside or within 5 cm of the area covered with pitch canker-induced resin. When confined with logs, 45% of I. paraconfusus tunneled in or near pitch canker-induced resinous areas,21% near fresh chisel wounds, and 19% near resinous material produced by the Sequoia pitch moth. Synanthedon sequoiae (Hy. Edwards).
ROLE OF 2,4-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXY-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3-ONE (DIMBOA) IN THE RESISTANCE OF MAIZE TO WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Xie Y.S. , Arnason J.T. , Philogène B.J.R. , Lambert J.D.H. , Atkinson J. , Morand P.
Published: November 2009

2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), the major hydroxamic acid present in corn root, was studied for its effects on western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte). Exogenously applied DIMBOA caused mortality in western corn rootworm larvae feeding on fresh corn roots. The LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) value (fiducial limits) was 153 ppm (108–209) and the LC90 value was 917 ppm (560–2297). The deleterious effects of DIMBOA on western corn rootworm larvae possibly are due to both feeding deterrence and toxicity. In a replicated pot trial during two growing seasons, two corn lines developed by Agriculture Canada from CIMMYT collections, ITR 3872 with high DIMBOA content in roots, and NTR-2 Ger. 4042 with low DIMBOA content in roots, were evaluated for resistance to western corn rootworm larvae. The results indicated that the high DIMBOA line (but not the low DIMBOA line) stressed western corn rootworm larvae to produce inferior adults based on the measurement of adult emergence number, adult weight, and adult head-capsule width. The effect of western corn rootworm on both corn lines with different DIMBOA levels was measured based on plant growth parameters including plant height, stem thickness, plant fresh weight, root fresh weight, plant dry weight, and root dry weight. ITR 3872 (high DIMBOA) showed significantly less damage than NTR-2 Ger. 4042 (low DIMBOA) in almost all plant parameters measured. The results suggest that DIMBOA may in some instances contribute to the resistance of corn to western corn rootworm larvae.
THE GREEN APPLE APHID,APHIS POMIDEGEER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AS PREY OF POLYPHAGOUS ARTHROPOD PREDATORS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Hagley Elmer A.C. , Allen W.R.
Published: November 2009

In Ontario several species of polyphagous arthropods consumed nymphs and apterous adults of the green apple aphid,Aphis pomiDeGeer, as determined by serological assays and feeding trials. The most abundant predators on apple tree foliage were the reduviidAcholla multispinosaL., the miridCampylomma verbasci(Meyer), the coccinellidsCoccinella septempunctataL. andAdalia bipunctataL., and coccinellid and chrysopid larvae. An efficacy index developed to assess the effectiveness of foliage-inhabiting predators indicated that those with the greatest potential wereChrysopalarvae and adultC.septempunctatain 1987, and adultC.septempunctataandC.verbasciin 1988. The earwig,Forficula auriculariaL., showed potential as a predator ofA.pomiin 1989. Of the epigeal arthropods tested, the carabidsAmara aeneaDeGeer,Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositumL., andHarpalus aeneusF., and the antsFormica fuscagroup,Myrmica ameryanaForel, andM.monticolaWheeler were the most active feeders onA.pomi.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PENICILLATE DIPLOPODS OF THE FAMILY POLYXENIDAE (DIPLOPODA: PENICILLATA) FROM CHINA
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi , Liang Lairong
Published: November 2009

A fifth species of the genus Eudigraphis, E. sinensis sp.nov., and a third species of the shinoharai group of the genus Polyxenus, P. hangzhoensis sp.nov., are described, representing the first records of penicillate diplopods from China.
A NEW SPECIES OFCOLIAS(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) FROM ARCTIC CANADA
Authors: Troubridge James T. , Philip Kenelm W.
Published: November 2009

A new species,Colias johanseni, is described. This species has male androconia similar toColias meadiiEdwards, 1871, and many palaearctic, neotropical, and ethiopian species, but the wing pattern is generally similar to that ofColias heclaLefèbvre, 1836. Thus far, it has been found only on dry tundra at Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Canada.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF HOMASPIS (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE, CTENOPELMATINAE)
Authors: Barron John R.
Published: November 2009

The Nearctic species of the genus Homaspis Foerster, parasites of various species of sawflies on coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs, were revised. There are 10 species of which seven were described as new. These were placed in three species groups as follows: the areolatus group including H. areolatus and H. petiolatus spp.nov.; the cristatus group including H. cristatus and H. pectinatus spp.nov.; and the interruptus group, including H. interruptus (Provancher), H. slossonae Cushman, H. brevis sp.nov., H. cephalciae sp.nov., H. albipes Davis, and H. cavatus sp.nov. Relationships of the species groups were discussed.
THE RESPONSE OF FLAX TO DIFFERENT POPULATION DENSITIES OF THE RED-BACKED CUTWORM, EUXOA OCHROGASTER (GN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Ayre G.L.
Published: November 2009

Controlled field studies carried out in plots within a field of NorMan flax, Linum usitatissum L., showed that the loss of flax plants caused by the red-backed cutworm was proportional to the number of cutworm larvae present. A density of 16 larvae per 0.5 m2 destroyed most plants by severing the plant stems at the soil surface. The loss of only some plants at larval densities lower than 16 larvae per 0.5 m2 resulted in a small but significant increase in per plant yield but the increase did not completely compensate for the yield reductions caused by plant loss. The larvae removed plants in blocks with the result that the density of the remaining plants was unchanged and the opportunity for compensating plant growth was limited. An equation defining this relationship between larval densities and yield is presented. Ancillary experiments in which the population of cutworm larvae was sequentially sampled showed that, after an initial loss of about 20% when the plots were established in the field, the larval population remained constant. The proportion of the larvae found around damaged plants also remained constant until the larvae became immobile through preparation for pupation. Because of this stable relationship, reliable estimates of potential crop loss from cutworm larvae in flax should be possible by sampling for cutworms only around damaged plants within a specified row length.
RESPONSES OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS TO SEX PHEROMONE RELEASED FROM FILTER PAPER AND RUBBER SEPTA
Authors: Sanders C.J.
Published: November 2009

The behavioral responses of male spruce budworm moths to a wide range of loadings of synthetic sex pheromone on filter paper and rubber septa were investigated in a wind tunnel. The highest proportion of males flying upwind and reaching filter-paper dispensers occurred at pheromone loadings of between 0.1 and 10 μg. Above these loadings, males were activated but upwind flight was arrested before the moths reached the pheromone source. No such arrestment occurred with rubber septa up to the maximum loading assayed, 1 mg. Up to 72% of the males that reached a septum attempted to copulate with it, but even this response was less than that to a septum in the presence of pheromone emitted by females. This confirms previous conclusions that the synthetic pheromone blend used here, 95:5 (E:Z-11-tetradecenal) is incomplete.
THE USE OF MONOTERPENES AS KAIROMONES BY IPS LATIDENS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Miller D.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

The responses of Ips latidens (LeConte) to multiple-funnel traps baited with various monoterpenes were determined in stands of lodgepole pine in British Columbia. β-Phellandrene was attractive to I. latidens in the absence of the pheromone ipsenol. β-Phellandrene increased the attraction of I. latidens to ipsenol-baited traps while α-pinene, 3-carene, terpinolene, and myrcene reduced trap catches. Differential responses by males and females to sources of ipsenol with or without β-phellandrene suggest that the information conveyed to males differs from that conveyed to females. Species-specific responses to monoterpenes by I. latidens and three sympatric species of scolytids suggest that unique combinations of kairomones could be important in facilitating matings with conspecifics. Pheromones need not be the sole constituent of species-specific chemical messages.
VIRULENCE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE–BACTERIA COMPLEXES FOR LARVAE OF NOCTUIDS, A GEOMETRID, AND A PYRALID
Authors: Morris O.N. , Converse V. , Harding J.
Published: November 2009

Nine entomopathogenic nematode–bacteria complexes were screened for their virulence against larvae of six noctuids, a geometrid, and a pyralid. Ninety-six-hour LD50’s of steinernematids (and heterorhabditids) ranged from 1 to 3 (1–8) infective juveniles inGalleria mellonella(L.), 1–71 (2) inPeridroma soucia(Hbn.), 1–10 (1–3) inMamestra configurata(Wlk.), 1–28 (3–7) inEuxoa ochrogaster(Gn.), 19 inLacanobia radix(Wlk.), 22–60 (4) inPseudaletia unipuncta(Haw.), 2–95 (111) inAgrotis ipsilon(Hufn.), and 3–28 inPaleacrita vernata(Peck). The nematode,Steinernema feltiaeLIC, a cold-hardy strain isolated in Newfoundland, was highly virulent forG.mellonellaandM.configurata, but not forP.souciaandE.ochrogaster. The number of nematodes invading larvae and the number produced were greater inG.mellonellathan in other insects tested. Nematode–bacteria complexes that showed potential for controlling cutworms includedS.feltiae,S.glaseri,S.bibionis,Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, andH.heliothidis.
VERTICAL GROWTH RESPONSE OF PONDEROSA PINE INFESTED BY WESTERN PINE SHOOT BORER, EUCOSMA SONOMANA KEARFOTT (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Thier R.W. , Marsden M.A.
Published: November 2009

Incidence of the western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, and tree growth measurements from 5687 ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., were recorded in the Calf Pen plantation Payette National Forest, ID. The percentage of trees infested by shoot borer generally increased as tree height increased.

Infestation of the tree’s leader usually resulted in reduced height growth especially where needle length was shortened in the leader. Height growth of infested leaders was less than uninfested leaders. This difference in height growth increased with the total height of the tree as measured in the previous year.
EFFECTS OF SEMIOCHEMICAL BAITING ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF FELLED AND UNFELLED LETHAL TRAP TREES FOR SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), MANAGEMENT IN AREAS OF HIGH AND LOW BEETLE POPULATIONS
Authors: Gray D.R. , Holsten E. , Pascuzzo M.
Published: November 2009

A two by two factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design tested single and combined effects of tree felling and semiochemical baiting on the attractiveness of spruce (Picea spp.) trees treated with monosodium methanearsenate (MSMA) to Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) in British Columbia and Alaska. In British Columbia, tree felling and semiochemical baiting had significant effects on attack density, but in Alaska only tree felling had a significant effect. Semiochemical baiting had a significant effect on within-tree attack distribution in British Columbia but cot in Alaska, regardless of the felling treatment. The felled treatment captured more beetles than the not-felled treatment regardless of the baiting treatment in British Columbia, but only in the absence of a semiochemical bait in Alaska. The differences between the two locations may have been caused by lower temperatures and beetle population density in Alaska. Effective spruce beetle management with MSMA-treated trees requires tree felling, and beetle capture can be improved with the use of a semiochemical bait.