bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecotypic variation affects the conservation of North American badgers endangered along their northern range extent
Authors: Weir Richard D. , Kinley Trevor A. , Klafki Richard W. , Apps Clayton D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter is based on ecological information on 82 radio-tagged badgers (39 F, 43 M) among three study populations in British Columbia, Canada between 1996 and 2010, data that were collected to learn more about the ecology of badgers and consider how variation in their ecology might inform regional conservation strategies. The widely spaced, lower density prey and distribution of soil deposits suitable for digging in British Columbia likely required badgers to use substantially larger areas, relative to the core range, in which to acquire sufficient energy to survive and reproduce. Strikes from automobiles were the primary cause of death among all radio-tagged badgers and this source of mortality is pervasive throughout the limited distribution of badgers in British Columbia. Despite their potential for high fecundity, populations of badgers in British Columbia likely remain at considerable risk compared to those in the core of the species’ range.
Giant otters: using knowledge of life history for conservation
Authors: Groenendijk Jessica , Hajek Frank , Johnson Paul J. , Macdonald David W.
Published: January 2018

The giant otter is an endangered South American carnivore with a facultatively cooperative social system that may be affected by local ecology. This chapter synthesises demographic data arising from a 16 year study of a population inhabiting patchily distributed and resource-rich oxbow lakes in the floodplain of Manu National Park, in the Department of Madre de Dios, Peru. It explores how giant otter group size and composition relates to territory size, and how reproductive success is affected by territory quality. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings for giant otter conservation in southeastern Peru, in the face of increased human/giant otter conflict; tourism; and mining, logging and agricultural pressures, and highlights the need for a giant otter habitat conservation corridor along the Madre de Dios River.
On the mortality and management of a ubiquitous musteloid: the common raccoon
Authors: Zeveloff Samuel I.
Published: January 2018

This chapter initially provides an overview of the current distribution and status of the common raccoon in North America. Its overall numbers and distribution, and even its utilization of certain habitats have changed dramatically; all largely within the past century. This contribution then examines how the numbers of raccoons that are killed or ‘harvested’ have changed during the last century. The term ‘harvest’ is commonly used by wildlife managers in North America to refer to the number of animals taken by hunters and trappers, for sport, or to utilize and sell their fur. The policies that determine raccoon exploitation by such practices are herein reviewed. There is an assessment of whether and how population variables are considered in establishing these hunting and trapping policies. Ultimately, this analysis reveals the state of raccoon management and offers thoughts about its potential paths.
Law’s Contradictions
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes concrete Egyptian and Tunisian cases that showcase the interplay between continuity and rupture. These cases illustrate the lack of a systemic relation between law and revolution. On the one hand, the judiciary that interprets and applies the law is part of the very social and political conflicts it is supposed to resolve. On the other hand, the law is incoherent and there are often resources within the legal materials to play it both ways. Thus, the different forces at work use both continuity and rupture to advance their positions. Furthermore, legitimacy discourse mediates the contradictions between law and revolution in the experience of different legal and political actors. This mediation serves an ideological role because it presupposes a binary dichotomy between continuity and rupture, papers over law’s incoherence by reducing it to a singular voice, and reduces revolution to an event rather than a process.
Revolutionary Constitution-making
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that revolutionary constitution-making processes—like those in Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya—face profound legitimation challenges. It argues, first, that constitutional enactment does not necessarily signify a rupture from the old constitution (and hence revolutionary success). The revolution may fail (to produce a rupture) even if it succeeds (to enact a new constitution). Additionally, state continuity may be a necessary condition for successful constitution-making, but it is insufficient to secure a unified will during constitutional enactment and the process of institutionalizing revolutionary will. Finally, it argues that the theoretical requirement for inclusion and participation in legitimate constitution-making is not self-evident in practice as it has varying effects. Participation in constitution-making processes is controversial and contestable and does not guarantee either stability or normative acceptability.
Fluctuations
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.
Hunting with Hounds in Neo-Latin
Authors: Moul Victoria
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the wide-ranging imitation and appropriation of Grattius in Europe during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries following the rediscovery of the text in the early years of the sixteenth century. Particular attention is focused on Giovanni Darcio’s poem, Canes (1543), Girolamo Fracastoro’s poem, Alcon (attested from at least 1555), and Jacques Vanière’s version of the Cynegetica in the sixteenth and final book of his magisterial work, Praedium Rusticum (1730). The chapter demonstrates how these authors were attracted to Grattius’ poem for his focus on (animal) medicine and his celebration of the value of human skill, agility, and ingenuity.
Hunting and the Seventeenth-Century English Gentleman
Authors: Waters Mike
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Christopher Wase’s edition of Grattius with the first ever English translation (1654). It traces the turbulent life of Wase and shows how his personal, academic, and professional circumstances converged to make Grattius an ideal subject of study and dissemination: it provides an apolitical scholarly project to secure a return to academic life; its difficulty to read and translate into rhymed verse showcases Wase’s literary talent; the theme of hunting is aimed at pleasing Wase’s noble employer, whose family had a long tradition of hunting and breeding dogs; and it does no harm that the poem is relatively positive towards Britain, whose dogs receive praise.
Authority
Authors: Roșu Felicia
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 examines the coronation and enthronement of elected rulers. The chapter focuses on legitimacy problems, which differed from ruler to ruler but were often related to the circumstances of their respective elections: Báthory’s position in Transylvania was complicated by his secret allegiance to the Hungarian king and the public suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan; Henry’s short reign in Poland-Lithuania was plagued by his refusal to confirm his electoral conditions after his coronation; and Báthory’s reign in Poland-Lithuania had to address the consequences of his contested election. However, disobedience was only permitted within certain boundaries. The moment of enthronement marked the end of lawful opposition to a disfavoured candidate; from that point onward, opposition became unlawful rebellion, unless it fell under the conditions discussed in chapter 4. Additionally, some tensions had deeper roots in social and political problems that predated the adoption of the elective system.
The Absolute Constitution
Authors: Schupmann Benjamin A.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 analyzes Schmitt’s constitutional theory and how it complements his state theory. It begins with Schmitt’s criticism of the predominant positivist conception of the constitution. Schmitt argued that the positivists’ “relativized” conception of the constitution was committed above all to the equal chance of any belief to be enacted into law. This chapter then analyzes Schmitt’s counterargument that, without a prior and “absolute” commitment to some substantive value, a constitution could not fulfill its basic purpose of providing a clearly defined and stable public order. Schmitt’s typology of Relative and Absolute Constitution maps onto his state theoretical distinction between mechanical state and absolute state. This chapter concludes by discussing Schmitt’s later analysis of the concept nomos and how his analysis builds on and develops his earlier work on the concept of the absolute constitution.
The Guardian of the Constitution
Authors: Schupmann Benjamin A.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 analyzes Schmitt’s theory of dictatorship. Schmitt’s theory of dictatorship was part of his broader criticism of positivism and its inability to effectively respond to the instabilities mass democracy wrought on the state and constitution. Positive laws, including constitutional amendment procedures, could themselves become threats to the fundamental commitments of public order. The suspension of positive laws might be justified. Schmitt argued dictatorship was a necessary final bulwark against this sort of revolutionary threat. The dictator, as guardian of last resort capable of acting outside positive law, could become necessary for a state to survive internal enemies. Yet, although dictatorship could suspend positive law, Schmitt argued it did not suspend the fundamental public order of the state and constitution—a distinction positivism was unable to recognize. This chapter concludes with an analysis of Schmitt’s discussion of the role of the president as guardian of the constitution.
Dirac Notation and Transformation Theory
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 opens with a brief review of some basic features of quantum mechanics, including the Schrödinger equation, linear and angular momentum and the theory of the hydrogenic atom: It also includes complete orthonormal sets of eigenfunctions, the translation operator, current, spin, equation of continuity, gauge transformation, determinant & permanent multiparticle energy eigenfunctions for noninteracting particles and the Pauli exclusion principle. Attention is then focused on Dirac bra-ket notation and complete sets of commuting observables. In this connection, representations and transformation among representations are discussed in detail for the Schrödinger system state vector and the eigenstates, as well as bra-ket matrix elements of operators. Finally, Schwinger’s interpretation of ket-bra matrix operator structures (Schwinger “Measurement Symbols”) in terms of annihilation and creation of systems in eigenstates is introduced.
Identical Particles and Second Quantization: Occupation Number Representation
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Focusing on systems of many identical particles, Chapter 2 introduces appropriate operators to describe their properties in terms of Schwinger’s “measurement symbols.” The latter are then factorized into “creation” and “annihilation” operators, whose fundamental properties and commutation/anticommutation relations are derived in conjunction with the Pauli exclusion principle. This leads to “second quantization” with the Hamiltonian, number, linear and angular momentum operators expressed in terms of the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation number representation. Finally, the concept of coherent states, as eigenstates of the annihilation operator, having minimum uncertainty, is introduced and discussed in detail.
Thermodynamic Green’s Functions and Spectral Structure
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Multiparticle thermodynamic Green’s functions, defined in terms of grand canonical ensemble averages of time-ordered products of creation and annihilation operators, are interpreted as tracing the amplitude for time-developing correlated interacting particle motions taking place in the background of a thermal ensemble. Under equilibrium conditions, time-translational invariance permits the one-particle thermal Green’s function to be represented in terms of a single frequency, leading to a Lehmann spectral representation whose frequency poles describe the energy spectrum. This Green’s function has finite values for both t>t′ and t and G1< (respectively) obey a simple proportionality relation that facilitates the introduction of a spectral weight function: It is also interpreted in terms of a periodicity/antiperiodicity property of a modified Green’s function in imaginary time capable of a Fourier series representation with imaginary (Matsubara) frequencies. The analytic continuation from imaginary time to real time is discussed, as are related commutator/anticommutator functions, also retarded/advanced Green’s functions, and the spectral weight sum rule is derived. Statistical thermodynamic information is shown to be embedded in physical features of the one- and two-particle thermodynamic Green’s functions.
Introduction
Authors: Wasserman Ryan
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 explains the concept of time travel, clarifies the main question to be addressed, and previews the paradoxes to come. Section 1 explains the traditional view of time travel as involving a discrepancy between “personal” and “external” time. Section 2 contrasts this kind of time travel with other, purported examples of time travel. Section 3 distinguishes a number of different questions about time travel, including the question of whether or not time travel is compatible with the laws of metaphysics—particularly those having to do with the nature of time, freedom, causation, and identity. Finally, section 4 provides an outline of the rest of the book by introducing some of the key paradoxes to be addressed. Other topics in this chapter include time, causation, and metaphysical grounding.
Shakespeare's Originality
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: January 2018

How original was Shakespeare and how was Shakespeare original? This book sets about answering these questions by putting them in historical context and investigating how the dramatist worked with his sources: plays, poems, chronicles, and prose romances. Shakespeare’s Originality unlocks its topic by showing through a series of case studies that range across the output—from the mature comedies to the great tragedies, from Richard III to The Tempest—what can be learned about the artistry of the plays and the nature of early modern authorship by thinking about these sources (including newly identified ones) after several decades of neglect. Discussion is enriched by such matters as Elizabethan ruffs and feathers, actors’ footwork, chronicle history, adaptations, notable performances, debts to classical tragedy, scepticism, magic and science, the agricultural revolution, and ecological catastrophe. This work is intended to be accessible to the general reader as well as a resource for students.
The Tempest to 1756
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: January 2018

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Shakespeare’s plays were often read and performed in ‘altered’ versions. This chapter explores the characteristics and rationale of the Davenant and Dryden adaptation of The Tempest and others up to 1756. The aim is to explore the uses to which The Tempest was put in the construction of ‘Shakespeare’s originality’ during a period of change in theatrical culture, scholarship, editing, and aesthetics, over the course of which the play was believed to have been written without sources. By investigating the drama’s debts to the writings of Virgil, Montaigne, and William Strachey, and also to ideas about empire, colonization, and ecology, this chapter underlines the extent to which this belief was mistaken while setting up an analysis of the play’s relationship with agricultural science and ecological anxiety—both factors that complicate the image of Shakespeare as a poet of Nature.
Gender
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

On the surface, and according to the literature, Michif makes use of two different gender systems: the French sex-based system contrasting masculine and feminine gender, and the Algonquian animacy-based system contrasting animate with inanimate gender (see Bakker 1997; Papen 2002; Strader 2015). This chapter explores the morphosyntax and semantics of the two gender systems, focusing on their productivity. This chapter shows that while the Algonquian-type animacy-based distinctions remain productive and active throughout the Michif grammar, the Romance sex-based distinctions are now relevant mostly semantically, and are only minimally grammatically active. The chapter argues that this asymmetry in patterning suggests that there is also an asymmetry in the contribution of each language to the Michif grammar, with Plains Cree being the stronger influence.
Articles
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the article system in Michif. Articles are particularly problematic for the French DP/Plains Cree VP split posited for Michif (Bakker 1997). Despite being French-derived, the Michif articles do not behave like their French counterparts. Michif definite articles occupy a lower position within the DP than French definite articles do, and Michif lacks definiteness, despite having borrowed both the definite and indefinite articles. Even more problematically, the singular definite articles are used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian vocabulary—both within the DP and the VP. Thus, a piece of French morphosyntax has been appropriated to create structures that can be interpreted within Algonquian syntax, providing more evidence that ultimately the Michif DP is Algonquian, rather than French.
Random matrix theory and (big) data analysis
Authors: Bouchaud Jean-Philippe
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews methods from random matrix theory to extract information about a large signal matrix C (for example, a correlation matrix arising in big data problems), from its noisy observation matrix M. The chapter shows that the replica method can be used to obtain both the spectral density and the overlaps between noise-corrupted eigenvectors and the true ones, for both additive and multiplicative noise. This allows one to construct optimal rotationally invariant estimators of C based on the observation of M alone. This chapter also discusses the case of rectangular correlation matrices and the problem of random singular value decomposition.
Random matrices and number theory: some recent themes
Authors: Keating Jon P.
Published: January 2018

The aim of this chapter is to motivate and describe some recent developments concerning the applications of random matrix theory to problems in number theory. The first section provides a brief and rather selective introduction to the theory of the Riemann zeta function, in particular to those parts needed to understand the connections with random matrix theory. The second section focuses on the value distribution of the zeta function on its critical line, specifically on recent progress in understanding the extreme value statistics gained through a conjectural link to log–correlated Gaussian random fields and the statistical mechanics of glasses. The third section outlines some number-theoretic problems that can be resolved in function fields using random matrix methods. In this latter case, random matrix theory provides the only route we currently have for calculating certain important arithmetic statistics rigorously and unconditionally.
Why is Wrongdoing Unwilling?
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 argues that Socrates’ claim ‘no one does wrong willingly’ is based not on psychological eudaemonism, but on the thesis that human nature seeks, and so we engage in purposive action in order to secure, our real good. Plato’s arguments for this thesis adopt and develop two sophistic ideas: (i) it is our nature to desire and pursue our real good, and (ii) that which we do or undergo contrary to our natural desires and pursuits we do or undergo unwillingly (akôn). The Gorgias uses (ii) to distinguish willingness and unwillingness in the case of instrumental actions; Socrates maintains that wrongdoing is unwilling because we undertake unjust actions for the sake of the happiness we naturally desire, but doing unjust things makes us unhappy. Across the dialogues, contrariety to our conative pro-attitude towards our actual good is what makes something (action, experience, character-state) unwilling.
Why is the Divided Soul Tripartite?
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 argues that in the Republic, the spirited part of the soul always follows the reasoning part, by acting on reason’s settled judgements of good and bad when reason does not actively calculate, and being checked by and following reason’s in-the-moment judgements when it does actively calculate. The spirited part is best understood as the non-calculating but reason-following part. In the Timaeus too, the spirited part of the soul is reason’s obedient servant, enabling reason to rule effectively and contemplate in peace. And the Phaedrus uses the characterization of the spirited part as reason’s executor to foreground reason’s philosophical nature.
An introduction to advance care planning: practice at the frontline
Authors: Mullick Anjali , Martin Jonathan
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of formal decision-making that aims to help patients establish decisions about future care that take effect when they lose capacity. In our experience, guidance for clinicians rarely provides detailed practical advice on how it can be successfully carried out in a clinical setting. This may create a barrier to ACP discussions which might otherwise benefit patients, families and professionals. The focus of this paper is on sharing our experience of ACP as clinicians and offering practical tips on elements of ACP, such as triggers for conversations, communication skills, and highlighting the formal aspects that are potentially involved. We use case vignettes to better illustrate the application of ACP in clinical practice.
Trade and Tillage
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the economic effects of war. Heavy taxation and disrupted export trade threatened recession each time war broke out. Coastal traders and fishing boats were vulnerable to raiders, as was agriculture on the Scottish borders and in the English Pale in Ireland. Yet there was another side to the story. Cloth was bought up to clothe soldiers and food to feed them, while arms traders, iron smelters, horse dealers, fortification builders, and English privateers, who attacked foreign shipping in the Channel and Atlantic, all did well. So did the borderers who raided the Scots for their livestock and those who made different varieties of corruption pay.
Kings and Peoples
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that engagement in war vitally shaped his subjects’ relationship with the king and their sense of national identity. War affected attitudes to the king’s authority and those who rebelled against it, to his care for his subjects, to national religion and national history, especially when orders went out to arrest enemy aliens or to recruit men for armies from many different parts of the realm. The contrast between dire civil conflict in the Wars of the Roses and the glorious victories of the Hundred Years War was a staple of popular history and shaped attitudes to Henry’s own wars. Henry’s wars left his successors a paradoxical legacy of admiration for his victories, his ships, and his fortifications, but allergy to his taxes and his large-scale recruitment.
Elusive Dancers and the Limits of Art in Nonnus’ Dionysiaka
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that the metamorphic dance scenes in Nonnus’ epic on Dionysus encapsulate the very nature of Nonnus’ poetry. It elucidates the metapoetic role of dance with a close reading of the proem of Book 1, which is dominated by the Homeric shape-shifter Proteus. It then turns to the dance contest in Book 19, which juxtaposes representational and acrobatic dances. The latter, nonrepresentational dance, which culminates in the dancer’s transformation into a river, is examined in detail, and the moral and aesthetic implications of this climax are discussed with particular attention to the internal audience’s interpretive response to the dancer’s metamorphosis.
Introduction
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

The introduction to the book introduces the reader to the method of naval warfare known as ‘maritime blockade’. Comparing and contrasting blockade to similar types of maritime interdiction operations, it outlines the particular characteristics that set blockades apart from sanctions, embargoes, and contraband operations. In particular, this part of the book provides insight into the author’s principal argument that there is a humanitarian gap in the law of maritime blockade that permits blockading powers to deliberately cause the starvation of the civilian population of a blockaded area. As a consequence, the introduction sets out the thesis that the contemporary law of maritime blockade is outdated and requires significant reform in order to remain valid in the context of twenty-first-century international humanitarian law (IHL)..
Maritime Neutrality Law
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

Neutrality is the legal framework that regulates the relationships between states that are engaged in armed conflict and those that are not. Commencing with a discussion on the development of the League of Armed Neutrality, this chapter examines the history and evolution of maritime neutrality law and how its development was influenced by maritime blockades and other maritime interdiction operations. Reviewing the traditional principles of maritime neutrality, particularly as set out in Hague Convention XIII, it reiterates that neutral status depends on the neutral state’s compliance with the rights and obligations concomitant with the law of neutrality. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the continuing applicability of the laws of neutrality in the era of the Charter of the United Nations.
The Historical Practice of Blockade
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

In spite of the fact that naval vessels have been interdicting merchant throughout history, maritime blockade is a relatively modern form of naval warfare. This chapter provides an overview of the major blockade operations that have occurred between the time of the Dutch Placaat of 1584 and the ongoing blockade of Gaza by the Israeli Navy. It examines how this method of warfare has evolved from being the mere seaward aspect of a sieges of port cities into strategic operations that can lay ruin to the economies of modern industrialized nations, and cause severe shortages of food and other necessities of life.
Blockade and the Civilian Population
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

Drawing on several examples through history, this chapter illustrates the devastating potential that maritime blockades can have when they are employed against modern societies that are dependent on maritime trade, and particularly on the importation of foodstuffs and agricutltural materials for the survival of their civilian populations. Revealing statistics that show that the blockade of Germany during the First World War caused more civilian deaths than did the allied strategic bombing campaign of the Second World War, and that the sanctions regime against Iraq killed far more people than did the 1991 Gulf War, it demonstrates that civilian casualties are often the true unseen cost of conducting blockade operations.
Baroque between the Wars
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This book re-examines the arts in the 1920s and 1930s, arguing that rather than being dominated by modernism, the period saw a dialogue between modern baroque—eclectic, playful, and open to influence from popular culture—and modernism, which was theory-driven, didactic, and exclusive, features which suggest that it was essentially a neoclassical movement. Thus the period is characterized by the ancient competition between baroque and classical forms of expression. The author argues that both forms were equally valid responses to the challenge of modernity by setting painting and literature in the context of ‘minor arts’ such as interior design, photography, fashion, ballet, and flower arranging, and by highlighting the social context and sexual politics of creative production. The chapters of the book pursue a set of interconnected themes, focused by turns on artists, artefacts, clients, places, and publicists, in order to test and explore the central idea.
Hiding in Plain Sight
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the careers of some of the statistically implausible proportion of women in the interwar arts who were lesbians. One focus is patronage: the partnership of Dody Todd and Madge Garland at the helm of British Vogue, who not only made camp fashionable but made the magazine a vehicle for informed opinion by paying serious money for articles; and rich lesbians’ patronage of other women. Another focus is on the development of a lesbian approach to art, architecture, and design, Eileen Gray’s buildings and why they enraged Le Corbusier, lesbian interiors, and the art of Marie Laurencin and Elsie de Wolfe, who in their different ways produced work so ‘feminine’ as to exclude the male completely.
Rococo Arcadia
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Murals are astonishingly common between the wars. In Britain they were less often created for private houses, because most people rented and moved frequently, but they were frequently commissioned for public spaces of all kinds. Like tapestries, murals were a form of decoration that modernist architects approved, because they were subordinate, without painting’s power to challenge. Decorators were also resistant to paintings. While many artists created murals, it is the work of Rex Whistler above all which encapsulates—in its fictiveness, whimsy, melancholy and effortless technical skill—much of what is distinctive about modern baroque.
A Commissariat for the Standing Army, c.1650–1764
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how the Estates were transformed from a military factor in the older sense of territorial defense into an essentially civilian support organization for the standing army. The growth and durability of the commissariat they established for guiding, billeting, feeding, and paying troops reflected the rise of the army and the central agency responsible for military economy known as the General Field War Commissariat. This development suggests how the Habsburg dynastic state could dispense with expensive institution-building because it was able to rely on already-extant, corporately ordered, and territorially organized social groups that exhibited institutional attributes and possessed local expertise.
Reform, Credit, and Compromise, 1749–63
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with two distinct periods following the reform of the annual Contribution in 1748. The years between 1749 and 1756 were characterized by the government’s persistent and largely successful attempt to ensure that the new Contribution was actually paid, as well as by a range of other reforms that induced prolonged conflict with the Estates. These initiatives included a “rectification” of the tax registers and the revitalization of the local princely domain. It was at this time that the “circle offices” as the extended arm of central authority in the countryside were established. With the outbreak of the Seven Years War (1756–63), the domestic tension subsided as the Estates and government reached a political compromise. Without the credit raised by the Estates’ good offices, the war effort could hardly have been sustained.
Renovation and Representation after 1790
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter divides into two sections. The first deals with what we shall call Leopold II’s “renovation” of the Estates following Joseph II’s death; the resolution of grievances from the previous reign; assemblies and officeholders; and the question of spheres of influence and participation in government. How did the circumstances of the Estates after 1790 differ from those before 1780? The second section treats the Estates’ inherent condition not only in relation to the changing ideas of representation under the impact of both the rise of contract theory in natural law and the Atlantic revolutions, but also in view of Austrian social and political conditions generally. To what extent were the Estates an anachronism by 1815?
Alone
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘alone’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Chance, Fate, and Providence
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘chance’, ‘fate’, and ‘providence’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Change
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘change’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
God
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘God’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Grace
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘grace’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
I
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘I’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Idol and Image
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘idol’ and ‘image’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Knowledge and Wisdom
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘knowledge’ and ‘wisdom’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the terms, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the ideas in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of these ideas therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
See and Seem
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘see’ and ‘seem’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the terms, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the ideas in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Introduction
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

This introduces the rich literature that examines the relationship between the legal and the political and explains the main characteristics of the branch of scholarship called political jurisprudence. Although scholars have produced a rich body of knowledge about that relationship, they are not commonly identified as forming a distinct school. It is suggested that political jurists neither possess a common political philosophy nor hold similar views on political questions. They are political jurists because they deploy certain common methods and are participants in a common conversation about the relationship between the legal and the political and of the way that political authority is constituted.
Public Law as Political Jurisprudence
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

The main theme of this chapter is to suggest that the nature of public law is best explained by examining the conditions of its formation. This type of exercise reveals that public law is a modern concept which is formed by reworking the medieval idea of natural law in the context of the emergence of the modern idea of the sovereign state. In this chapter, the nature of the subject is explored through analysis of the writings of Bodin, Pufendorf, and Rousseau. The objective is to show not only that public law is a broader concept than positive law but that it also has an ambiguous character. These ambiguities permeate modern public law thought and leave it with a polarized consciousness.
Burke on Law, Revolution, and Constitution
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the main themes of Edmund Burke’s political jurisprudence. It suggests that those themes can be derived from the political stance he took on the four great issues of world affairs that most occupied the attention of his times: the revolutions in North America and in France, and the status of Ireland and India within the British Empire. It argues that Burke maintains a relatively consistent position over each of these controversies and that this derives from the main tenets of his political jurisprudence which rejected the type of metaphysical reasoning prominently exhibited in doctrines of natural rights.
Politonomy
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Carl Schmitt’s contribution to political jurisprudence. It approaches the issue through the concept of politonomy, a concept first alluded to by Schmitt but which he never developed. Politonomy seeks a scientific understanding of the basic laws and practices of the political. The chapter situates Schmitt within the German tradition of state theory and shows that his overall objective was to build a theory of the constitution of political authority from the most basic elements of the subject. It suggests that Schmitt occupies an ambivalent position in political jurisprudence and that this is because of his distrust of the scientific significance of general concepts. To the extent that he acknowledged the existence of a ‘law of the political’, this is found in Schmitt’s embrace of institutionalism in the 1930s and later in his account of nomos as the basic law of appropriation, division, and production.
Reason of State/State of Reason
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the history of political-legal reasoning. It suggests that this history begins in the Renaissance with the emergence of a doctrine of ‘reason of state’, a doctrine which was widely debated between the late-sixteenth and early-eighteenth centuries but remained contentious throughout. It argues that reason of state continued to exert an influence in the modern political world, but that that influence is complicated by changes in the nature and forms of government. Most importantly, the modern state presents itself as a constitutional state and once the constitution is established as ‘fundamental law’, whatever remains of reason of state discourse is subsumed under the idea of ‘constitutional legality’. Consequently, those elements of the doctrine that live on in contemporary practice no longer fall into a distinct category of reason of state; they have become a facet of the emergence of the modern ‘state of reason’.
Outsider Antitrust
Authors: Fox Eleanor M
Published: January 2018

The United Nations has published the Sustainable Development Goals, which it aspires to achieve by 2030. The goals aspire to end poverty and hunger, build dignity, and create an inclusive, safe, and environmentally sound society. To much of the world community, markets are the problem, not the solution. This chapter argues the contrary; namely, that markets properly harnessed to work for development and for the people are an essential prong in the plan to end poverty, hunger, and exclusion by empowering people to help themselves. It shows how Competition Law in the service of markets helps to achieve these goals.
BRICS and the Global Competition Law Project
Authors: Ivanov Alexey Yurievich
Published: January 2018

Evolving BRICS cooperation in Competition Law and policy provides new hope. It aims to embrace the peculiarities of globalization in its current phase. All BRICS jurisdictions are desperately searching for a solution that shortcuts the developmental track. The group’s experimentalist energy and creativity are extremely important for the current phase of global economic development. Not only is an institutional structure of the global order in transition, but also the very nature of the global marketplace. The new global competition policy should focus on facilitation of openness among global networks and value chains through the reduction of the manipulative and exclusionary potential of networks. BRICS cooperation can help make the global marketplace fairer and more equal, and can promote competition encouraging a broader dissemination of knowledge and advanced technologies, while eliminating barriers imposed on the global flows of innovation by the global technological monopolies and cartel-like technological joint ventures.
Introduction
Authors: Lapidge Michael
Published: January 2018

Introduction: The forty passiones translated in this volume represent a genre of Christian-Latin literature that has seldom attracted attention and is poorly understood; yet in sum they constitute a remarkable body of literature composed during the period between 425 and 675, and provide valuable evidence of the sentiments and beliefs of ordinary Christians of that time — their aversion to pagan practices, their admiration for virginity, their firm commitment to orthodoxy — as well as evidence for the machinery of Roman legal procedure. Since the passiones appear to have been composed by the clerics who were custodians of the martyrial churches and shrines in Rome, in response to the ever-increasing volume of pilgrim traffic to these shrines, and since these clerics appear not to have received the benefit of the highest grade of Roman education, they provide first-hand evidence for the sub-élite Latin of the time. The passiones are works of pure fiction: they abound in absurd errors of chronology, and of the Roman magistrates who figure in them, very few can be identified (this is one of the reasons why the passiones have largely been ignored by historians of late antiquity). Of the forty passiones, some twenty-one treat martyrs who are attested in sources earlier than c. 384, and who may be considered ‘authentic’ martyrs (which is not to say that the descriptions of their arrest, trial, torture and execution — which are often described in ludicrous terms — are similarly ‘authentic’). The remaining passiones treat persons concerning whom there is no reliable evidence that they were martyrs: some are the names of pious persons who donated property to the church; others are the result of pure invention. In any case, there is very little evidence that large numbers of Christians were martyred at Rome in the period before the ‘Peace of the Church’ (c. 312): certainly not the large numbers implied by the fictional passiones. No records of trials of Christians from the period before c. 312, so for their accounts of the trials the authors of the fictitious passiones were obliged to model their accounts on genuine accounts of trial proceedings involving Christians in proconsular Africa (the so-called acta proconsularia); but many features of the trials described in the passiones are imaginary: for example, the lengthy debates between the presiding magistrate or judge and the martyr on questions of Christian belief (the virtues of virginity, the evils of paganism), some of which devolve into lengthy sermons by the martyrs. In any case, the martyrs in the passiones never succeed in converting the judge, and are accordingly sentenced to torture (often described in excruciating, and sometimes absurd, detail) and execution. In most passiones, the bodies of the martyrs are recovered by pious Christians and buried in identifiable shrines (usually in suburban cemeteries).
Property and Possession in Medieval Celtic Societies
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2018

The sources drawn upon for this paper are legal manuals. These come from the seventh and eighth centuries in the case of Ireland and, for Wales, from the thirteenth. Alongside some similarities in the way the two legal traditions handled concepts of property, there were also huge differences. The Irish texts are, on the whole, richer and more detailed. Where they are most rewarding is in the accounts they give of relationships and procedures presupposing distinctions between forms of property and possession: clientship, claims to land, pledging, and distraint. In Welsh law there are some clear parallels, most evidently in the case of claims to land, but the main interest lies in a more elaborate and explicit set of concepts. In Irish law, on the other hand, the main interest lies not in explicit conceptual distinctions but rather in distinctions implied by different areas of law, particularly by legal rituals.