bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mercury in coniferous and deciduous upland forests in Northern New England, USA: implications from climate change
Authors: Richardson J. B. , Friedland A. J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Climatic changes in the northeastern US are expected to cause coniferous stands to transition to deciduous stands over the next hundred years. Mercury (Hg) sequestration in forest soils may change as a result. In order to understand potential effects of this transition, we studied aboveground vegetation and soils at paired coniferous and deciduous stands on eight mountains in Vermont and New Hampshire, US. Organic horizons at coniferous stands accumulated more Total Hg (THg) (42 ± 6 g ha−1) than deciduous stands (30 ± 4 g ha−1). Total Hg pools in the mineral horizons were similar for coniferous (46 ± 8 g ha−1) and deciduous stands (45 ± 7 g ha−1). Soil properties (C, % clay, and pH) explained 56 % of the variation in mineral soil Hg concentration when multiple regressed. Foliar and bole wood Hg concentrations were generally greater for coniferous species than deciduous species. We estimated Hg mean residence time (MRT) in the organic and mineral horizons at coniferous and deciduous stands using a simple two-box model. Organic horizon MRT were longer at coniferous stands (183 ± 44 yr) than deciduous stands (65 ± 15 yr). Mineral soil horizon MRT values were also longer for coniferous stands (386 ± 57 yr) than for deciduous stands (188 ± 27 yr). We concluded that organic horizon Hg accumulation is influenced by vegetation type but mineral horizons are primarily affected by soil properties. Further investigations into the effect of vegetation type on volatilization, atmospheric deposition, and leaching rates are needed to constrain regional Hg cycling rates.
Abrupt climate variability of eastern Anatolia vegetation during the last glacial
Authors: Pickarski N. , Kwiecien O. , Langgut D. , Litt T.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Detailed analyses of the Lake Van pollen and stable oxygen isotope record allow the identification of millennial-scale vegetation and environmental changes in eastern Anatolia throughout the last glacial. The climate within the last glacial period (∼75–15 ka BP) was cold and dry, with low arboreal pollen (AP) levels. The driest and coldest period corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 (∼28–14.5 ka BP) dominated by the highest values of xerophytic steppe vegetation. Our high-resolution multi proxy record shows rapid expansions and contractions that mimic the stadial-interstadial pattern of the Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events as recorded in the Greenland ice cores, and thus, provide a linkage to North Atlantic climate oscillations. Periods of reduced moisture availability characterized at Lake Van by enhanced xerophytic species correlates well with increase in ice-rafted debris (IRD) and a decrease of sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic. Furthermore, comparison with the marine realm reveals that the complex atmosphere–ocean interaction can be recognized by the strength and position of the westerlies in eastern Anatolia. Influenced by rough topography at Lake Van, the expansion of temperate species (e.g. deciduous Quercus) was stronger during interstadials DO 19, 17–16, 14, 12 and 8. However, Heinrich events (HE), characterized by highest concentrations of ice-rafted debris in marine sediments, are identified in eastern Anatolia by AP values not lower and high steppe components not more abundant than during DO stadials. In addition, this work is a first attempt to establish a continuous microscopic charcoal record over the last glacial in the Near East, which documents an initial immediate response to millennial-scale climate and environmental variability and enables the shed light on the history of fire activity during the last glacial.
Serving the Needs of the Latina Community for Health Information
Authors: Yaros R. A. , Roberts J. , Powers E. , Steiner L.
Published: July 2015

Latinos remain the largest US population with limited health literacy (Andrulis D.P. & Brach, 2007). Concerned with how local media can meet the information needs of underserved audiences, we interviewed Latinas who were pregnant or mothers of young children living in a Spanish speaking community, and surveyed 33 local health professionals. Findings are that Latina women’s most common source of health information was family and friends. They said they tune to Spanish television and radio programs, but gave low grades to news media for health information. Medical professionals agreed that Latinas generally get their health information through friends and family, and rated the media poorly in terms of serving Latinas’ needs. Since the data indicate that the local news media are not serving Latinas’ health information needs as much as they could, we offer recommendations to potentially exploit new technological affordances and suggest expansion of conventional definitions of health literacy.
Qualitative Examination of African American Women's Perspectives about Depression
Authors: Holden K. B. , Belton A. S. , Hall S. P.
Published: July 2015

Gaining greater understanding about the various psychosocial, socio-cultural, and environmental factors that may influence experiences of depression among African American women (AAW) helps elucidate how this mental illness impacts the lives of this population. Sixty-three adult AAW comprised the study’s convenience sample.  Specifically, focus group cohorts inclusive of women from an academic institution, a primary healthcare clinic, and an urban community setting were conducted.  Results indicated six (6) dominant common themes as issues that may increase risk for depression among diverse AAW.  Similarities and differences about perspectives that contributed to depression were delineated among the three cohorts of AAW.  These results are important for mental/behavioral health researchers, practitioners, and public health professionals that are engaged in the design and implementation of culturally centered and gender-specific prevention and intervention strategies targeted to AAW at risk for depression.
Health Care for Modern Families: Practical suggestions concerning care for families of gay men and lesbians
Authors: Olson L. C.
Published: July 2015

This article offers a first person perspective concerning how health care providers can better recognize modern families and improve health care for them, especially families founded by gay men and lesbians in U.S. culture. It interweaves information concerning the historical, legal, and economic situation impinging on gay men and lesbians while offering personal stories in dealing with health care professionals. The article references germane scholarly literature for further reading throughout.
Editorial
Authors: Reggio David
Published: July 2015

Editorial
Drivers of Firm’s Value: Panel Data Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Tiwari Ranjit , Kumar Brajesh
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to classify the value drivers into broad categories and then identify the major drivers of firm’s value for Indian manufacturing industry and also work out the sectorial sensitivity of value drivers. To achieve the objectives of the study we first derive the value driver’s model next we use panel regression with different model specifications to empirically analyse the major drivers of firm’s value. Our study reveals that sales, net margin, book value, dividend per share, beta and earnings per share are the six major financial drivers of value. All the strategic drivers when included in the model have significant relation with value without disturbing the r-square of the model. Thus, it is clear that apart from generic financial drivers, firms need to put more attention on strategic choices they make, because it is the strategic choice that will give firms an edge over others in developing economies like India. Further, we also observe sector specific priorities of the value drivers. This paper provides academicians and practitioners with an overview of the applicability of value drivers for Indian manufacturing industry. Further, the study will fill the gap in literature by adding value drivers’ evidence from one of the fastest growing economies in the world and will benefit researchers in arriving at common consensus for value drivers in emerging economies. 
An Umma of Accountability Al-Ghazālī against Domination
Authors: Decosimo David
Published: July 2015

This article elucidates the place of domination, or subjection to another's arbitrary power, in al-Ghazālī's political thought, especially his Counsel for Kings. Scholars have long thought conceptions of liberty unimportant to or absent from medieval Islamic political thought but have neglected the possible presence of conceptions of liberty as non-domination. Drawing on recent work stressing his lifelong political engagement and self-understanding as his age's “Reviver” (mujaddid), this article argues that al-Ghazālī is deeply concerned with domination and implicitly forwards a robust conception of liberty in terms of non-domination. In form and substance, Counsel for Kings would establish and publish theologically grounded relations of reciprocity and accountability by which political power would be constrained against arbitrariness. With others who conceive of liberty as non-domination, al-Ghazālī identifies flattery as a special threat to liberty and deploys his doctrine of “commanding right and forbidding wrong” (ḥisba) as an antidote to it and to domination more broadly. By it, and other means, he advances a non-dominating politics of mutual recognition, or can be read as doing so, even if other strands of his thought push in competing directions.
An all-European holiday?
Authors: van Drongelen H.J. , TenHoor J. , Rombouts S.J.
Published: July 2015

An all-European holiday? De vakantieregeling in de Arbeidstijdenrichtlijn en het Burgerlijk Wetboek

Het recht op vakantie is inmiddels niet meer weg te denken uit het arbeidsrecht. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de samenhang tussen het Europese recht op vakantie dat is neergelegd in de Arbeidstijdenrichtlijn en de regeling van het recht op vakantie in onze nationale wetgeving. Daarbij komt een aantal vragen aan de orde. Wat betekent de Europese regelgeving en rechtspraak voor het recht op jaarlijkse vakantie van de Nederlandse werknemer? Op welke punten is het Nederlandse recht geharmoniseerd en op welke punten, wellicht ten onrechte, (nog) niet? Ook komt aan de orde of daar waar de Nederlandse wetgever heeft geprobeerd om het nationale recht te harmoniseren, dit wel succesvol is geweest. De beantwoording van deze vragen leert dat er een aantal onduidelijkheden bestaat rondom het Europese recht op vakantie en de vertaling daarvan door de Nederlandse wetgever.
Grenzen aan sociale concurrentie bij vrij verkeer van diensten en bij mededinging
Authors: Jaspers A.P.C.M.
Published: July 2015

Grenzen aan sociale concurrentie bij vrij verkeer van diensten en bij mededinging

HvJ EU C-549/13, JAR 2014/264 (Bundesdruckerei GmbH) en HvJ EU C-413/13, JAR 2015/19 (FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media/FNV KIEM)

In deze annotatie worden twee arresten van het Hof van Justitie van de EU besproken onder de noemer van sociale concurrentie die het gevolg zouden kunnen zijn van de toepassing van twee grondbeginselen van de Europese Unie: vrij verkeer en mededinging. In de zaak Bundesdruckerei is aan de orde of een overheidsinstantie in haar aanbestedingsvoorwaarden mag opnemen dat het bedrijf dat de opdracht uitvoert, moet garanderen dat het minimumuurloon dat geldt voor de lidstaat waarin het bedrijf gevestigd is, ook wordt betaald aan werknemers van een bedrijf in een andere lidstaat waar de werkzaamheden feitelijk worden verricht. Het VWEU verbiedt dat in artikel 56, tenzij de inbreuk op het vrij verkeer objectief gerechtvaardigd wordt. Het HvJ EU komt met toepassing van de criteria, doel, geschikt en noodzakelijk, tot de conclusie dat er een gerechtvaardigd doel kan zijn – bescherming van werknemers – maar dat de voorwaarde niet geschikt en noodzakelijk is om dat doel te bereiken.

De andere zaak (FNV KIEM) sluit aan op staande rechtspraak van het HvJ EU dat cao’s zijn uitgezonderd van het mededingingsrecht, mits aan een paar voorwaarden wordt voldaan. Mag een vakbond minimumtarieven voor zelfstandigen in een cao vastleggen? Als een vakbond dat doet, treedt hij dan op als werknemers- of als werkgeversvereniging? Doorslaggevend is of er sprake is van ‘echte’ zelfstandigheid of van schijnzelfstandigheid. Naast de bekende criteria als vrijheid van uitvoering van de werkzaamheden, afhankelijkheid van de opdrachtgever, het dragen van financiële en commerciële risico’s introduceert het HvJ EU het criterium: is de betrokkene als gewone werknemer in de onderneming van de opdrachtgever werkzaam ofwel is hij met de werknemer gelijk te stellen? Een vraag voor de nationale rechter.
Collectieve acties uit solidariteit, als correlarium van de vrijheid van collectief overleg (artikel 6 ESH) en van de vrijheid van vakvereniging (artikel 11 EVRM)
Authors: Dorssemont F.
Published: July 2015

Collectieve acties uit solidariteit, als correlarium van de vrijheid van collectief overleg (artikel 6 ESH) en van de vrijheid van vakvereniging (artikel 11 EVRM)

HR 31 oktober 2014, JAR 2014/298 (Enerco)

In 2014 dienden twee hoge rechtscolleges een uitspraak te doen over de rechtmatigheid van collectieve acties die in het teken stonden van solidariteit. Het meest recente arrest is van Hollandse bodem. Op 31 oktober 2014 sprak de Hoge Raad zich uit over de voorziening in cassatie die FNV Bondgenoten en de vakvereniging Het Zwarte Korps inleidden tegen een arrest van het Gerechtshof Arnhem-Leeuwarden. Nagenoeg acht maanden eerder diende het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens zich uit te spreken over de vraag of de Britse wettelijke bepalingen die solidariteitsstakingen (secondary actions) verboden een aantasting inhielden van de door artikel 11 EVRM gewaarborgde vrijheid van vakvereniging. In deze bijdrage wordt het arrest van de Hoge Raad geanalyseerd en geduid. Het Enerco-arrest wordt in drievoud gecontextualiseerd. De eerste contextualisering is van rechtsvergelijkende aard. In een tweede beweging wordt onderzocht hoe de door de Hoge Raad gegeven interpretatie van artikel 6 ESH zich verhoudt tot de ‘jurisprudentie’ (lees: de conclusies van het Europees Comité voor Sociale Rechten) en met enkele spraakmakende commentaren van het Europees Sociaal Handvest in verband met de rechtspositie van de uit solidariteit gevoerde collectieve actie. Tot slot wordt het Enerco-arrest geconfronteerd met het arrest RMT/VK
Burgerparticipatie en ‘crafting’ in het lokale veiligheidsbeleid
Authors: van der Land Marco , van Stokkom Bas
Published: July 2015

Citizen participation and crafting professionals in local safety and security policy

An increasingly large degree of ‘public craftsmanship’ is demanded from professionals working in neighborhoods where citizens actively participate in security issues. The central question in this article is what role these neighbourhood professionals – mostly civil servants, (community) police officers and welfare professionals – play in facilitating and supporting civic projects in the field of security, how they create their ‘own’ social order outside of the formal policy domain of the organizations involved, and how they keep the public interest in mind. On the basis of three types of neighbourhood based projects – Neighbourhood Watches, ‘The Neighbourhood Governs’, and Residential Budgets – questions about the improvising and ‘crafting’ work of professionals are explored in this article. Such work is much needed in order to successfully establish connections between the different parties involved, navigate between the interests of citizens and organizations, recruit civilians while simultaneously amending their aspirations and expectations, safeguard public interests and ensure the progress of projects. Some professionals back away from these additional tasks and responsibilities they are increasingly face with. In many neighbourhoods much more is required from professionals however than the traditional roles as they were once defined by police, welfare and municipal organizations. In particular, the ‘new’ crafting professionals need to be able to deal with unreasonable expectations of ‘angry citizens’ who tend to dominate citizen participation in local security issues, act impartially and be accountable to the larger public, show personality and street credibility, and, finally, be attentive to unequal outcomes with regard to the distribution of safety and security projects in neighborhoods and districts.
Positieve veiligheid: een kwestie van vertrouwen
Authors: van Marle Fenna
Published: July 2015

Positive security: a matter of trust

The concept of security is mainly used in a negative way as it is related to the prevention and repression of matters which are perceived as not secure or not safe. This article provides a definition of positive security in order to provide a starting point for research and for working on positive security in the field. The influence of the belief in the idea of social engineering on the negative view of security is discussed and the way in which this is a hindrance to security. The meaning of the concept of security is outlined by focusing on the origin of this concept, the difference between objective and subjective security and by distinguishing it from the absence of crime. Research on public familiarity is covered which is argued to be an important concept in relation to positive security as it shows the importance of trust and predictability. The statement that trust is crucial to security is further supported by examining this relationship from a psychological perspective. In addition agency is introduced as the second factor, next to trust, as conditions for creating positive security. Finally, the focus is on the practical utility of the operationalisation of positive security for further research on the way positive security is shaped in practice.
Cell Therapy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Renal Progenitors Ameliorates Acute Kidney Injury in Mice
Authors: Toyohara Takafumi , Mae Shin-Ichi , Sueta Shin-Ichi , Inoue Tatsuyuki , Yamagishi Yukiko , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Kasahara Tomoko , Hoshina Azusa , Toyoda Taro , Tanaka Hiromi , Araoka Toshikazu , Sato-Otsubo Aiko , Takahashi Kazutoshi , Sato Yasunori , Yamaji Noboru , Ogawa Seishi , Yamanaka Shinya , Osafune Kenji
Published: July 2015

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid loss of renal function resulting from various etiologies, with a mortality rate exceeding 60% among intensive care patients. Because conventional treatments have failed to alleviate this condition, the development of regenerative therapies using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) presents a promising new therapeutic option for AKI. We describe our methodology for generating renal progenitors from hiPSCs that show potential in ameliorating AKI. We established a multistep differentiation protocol for inducing hiPSCs into OSR1+SIX2+ renal progenitors capable of reconstituting three-dimensional proximal renal tubule-like structures in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that renal subcapsular transplantation of hiPSC-derived renal progenitors ameliorated the AKI in mice induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury, significantly suppressing the elevation of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels and attenuating histopathological changes, such as tubular necrosis, tubule dilatation with casts, and interstitial fibrosis. To our knowledge, few reports demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy with renal lineage cells generated from hiPSCs have been published. Our results suggest that regenerative medicine strategies for kidney diseases could be developed using hiPSC-derived renal cells.

Significance

This report is the first to demonstrate that the transplantation of renal progenitor cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has therapeutic effectiveness in mouse models of acute kidney injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, this report clearly demonstrates that the therapeutic benefits come from trophic effects by the renal progenitor cells, and it identifies the renoprotective factors secreted by the progenitors. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of developing regenerative medicine strategy using iPS cells against renal diseases.
Maintain Your Membranes to Know When To Replace Them
Authors: Walker Troy
Published: July 2015

Successful budget planning requires a degree of certainty for timing low‐pressure membrane replacement. As membrane technology for water treatment matures, membrane maintenance, life cycles, and investments are considerations for growing numbers of water utilities.
Community Volunteers Monitor Water System Security
Authors: Stephens Scott , Haynie Linda
Published: July 2015

Homeland security for critical infrastructure is a shared responsibility, requiring coordinated action among federal, state, and local governments; the private sector; and concerned citizens. The Austin Water Utility (AWU) and Austin Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management help advance infrastructure and community security and resilience by partnering with and training community volunteers for disaster preparedness and monitoring key water assets.
Le féminisme du care et la pensée politique d’Hannah Arendt
Authors: Bourgault Sophie
Published: July 2015

Au cours des 20 dernières années, plusieurs féministes ont cru bon de puiser au sein de l’oeuvre de la théoricienne du politique Hannah Arendt afin de penser une éthique ducarequi serait véritablement émancipatrice et démocratique. L’auteure montre dans son article pourquoi ce recours à Arendt est problématique, et ce, à l’aide d’une réflexion sur deux éléments importants que l’éthique ducarea apportés à la philosophie politique : d’abord, la réarticulation de plusieurs débats en fait de besoins (plutôt que de droits); ensuite, une transformation radicale du concept de « voix ». En conclusion, l’auteure offre quelques réflexions sur l’un des défis auxquels fait face le féminisme ducare: penser son institutionnalisation.
L’éthique du care et les voix différentes de l’enquête
Authors: Paperman Patricia
Published: July 2015

L’auteure présente dans son article une analyse de l’éthique féministe du soin (care) qui souligne certaines de ses implications méthodologiques et épistémologiques. L’éthique ducarebouscule les manières habituelles de concevoir l’éthique et le politique, mais également les manières de produire des connaissances. Elle implique de substituer aux dichotomies savantes une approche différente, relationnelle, des phénomènes sociaux et moraux. La connaissance ducarecomme éthique et processus organisé d’activités commence avec la connaissance qu’en ont ses protagonistes le plus souvent exclus en tant que sujets. L’abandon d’une posture monologique apparaît alors comme une condition de l’enquête dans la perspective ducare.
La dépendance, les services publics, le care et le discours familialiste
Authors: Hamrouni Naïma
Published: July 2015

En renouant le lien entre éthique ducareet politique égalitariste, Eva Feder Kittay propose une théorie éthico-politique qui donne l’une des justifications les plus fortes à l’inclusion au contrat social des personnes en situation de handicap et des femmes qui en ont soin. Le modèle d’État-providence ducarepromu par l’auteure s’appuie cependant sur une vision distributive de la justice de genre qui n’est que partielle. Il ravive l’idéologie familialiste s’appuyant sur une vision romancée de la vie privée et fournit du même coup des munitions aux adeptes néolibéraux de la désinstitutionnalisation. Enfin, il contribue à sceller l’alliance entre les femmes et le foyer à l’heure où le ressac antiféministe se fait le plus vivement ressentir.
Le programme Éthique et culture religieuse et l’éthique du care
Authors: Gendron Claude
Published: July 2015

L’auteure s’intéresse à l’apport de l’éthique ducareau domaine de l’éducation et cible plus particulièrement le programme Éthique et culture religieuse, implanté au Québec depuis 2008. Ainsi, une analyse des fondements de ce programme est effectuée, s’appuyant principalement sur les travaux de Nel Noddings, éthicienne et philosophe de l’éducation. À la suite de cette analyse, certaines objections soulevées à l’endroit de la théorie ducarede Noddings sont discutées.
Pseudo Almost Periodic Solutions for HCNNs with Time-Varying Leakage Delays
Authors: Tunç Cemil
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we consider a class of high-order cellular neural networks (HCNNs) model with time-varying delays in the leakage terms. We give some sufficient conditions which guarantee the exponential stability of pseudo almost periodic solutions for the model. The obtained results complement with some recent ones in the literature.The technique of proof involves the exponential dichotomy theory and the fixed point theorem. An illustrative example is given with an application.
Controls on the breach geometry and flood hydrograph during overtopping of noncohesive earthen dams
Authors: Walder Joseph S. , Iverson Richard M. , Godt Jonathan W. , Logan Matthew , Solovitz Stephen A.
Published: July 2015

Overtopping failure of noncohesive earthen dams was investigated in 13 large‐scale experiments with dams built of compacted, damp, fine‐grained sand. Breaching was initiated by cutting a notch across the dam crest and allowing water escaping from a finite upstream reservoir to form its own channel. The channel developed a stepped profile, and upstream migration of the steps, which coalesced into a headcut, led to the establishment of hydraulic control (critical flow) at the channel head, or breach crest, an arcuate erosional feature that functions hydraulically as a weir. Novel photogrammetric methods, along with underwater videography, revealed that the retreating headcut maintained a slope near the angle of friction of the sand, while the cross section at the breach crest maintained a geometrically similar shape through time. That cross‐sectional shape was nearly unaffected by slope failures, contrary to the assumption in many models of dam breaching. Flood hydrographs were quite reproducible—for sets of dams ranging in height from 0.55 m to 0.98 m—when the time datum was chosen as the time that the migrating headcut intersected the breach crest. Peak discharge increased almost linearly as a function of initial dam height. Early‐time variability between flood hydrographs for nominally identical dams is probably a reflection of subtle experiment‐to‐experiment differences in groundwater hydrology and the interaction between surface water and groundwater.
Geology, sulfide geochemistry and supercritical venting at the Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field, Cayman Trough
Authors: Webber Alexander P. , Roberts Stephen , Murton Bramley J. , Hodgkinson Matthew R. S.
Published: July 2015

The Beebe Vent Field (BVF) is the world's deepest known hydrothermal system, at 4960 m below sea level. Located on the Mid‐Cayman Spreading Centre, Caribbean, the BVF hosts high temperature (∼401°C) “black smoker” vents that build Cu, Zn and Au‐rich sulfide mounds and chimneys. The BVF is highly gold‐rich, with Au values up to 93 ppm and an average Au:Ag ratio of 0.15. Gold precipitation is directly associated with diffuse flow through “beehive” chimneys. Significant mass‐wasting of sulfide material at the BVF, accompanied by changes in metal content, results in metaliferous talus and sediment deposits. Situated on very thin (2–3 km thick) oceanic crust, at an ultraslow spreading centre, the hydrothermal system circulates fluids to a depth of ∼1.8 km in a basement that is likely to include a mixture of both mafic and ultramafic lithologies. We suggest hydrothermal interaction with chalcophile‐bearing sulfides in the mantle rocks, together with precipitation of Au in beehive chimney structures, has resulted in the formation of a Au‐rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit. With its spatial distribution of deposit materials and metal contents, the BVF represents a modern day analogue for basalt hosted, Au‐rich VMS systems.
Injection of iodine to the stratosphere
Authors: Saiz‐Lopez A. , Baidar S. , Cuevas C. A. , Koenig T. K. , Fernandez R. P. , Dix B. , Kinnison D. E. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Rodriguez‐Lloveras X. , Campos T. L. , Volkamer R.
Published: July 2015

We report a new estimation of the injection of iodine into the stratosphere based on novel daytime (solar zenith angle < 45°) aircraft observations in the tropical tropopause layer and a global atmospheric model with the most recent knowledge about iodine photochemistry. The results indicate that significant levels of total reactive iodine (0.25–0.7 parts per trillion by volume), between 2 and 5 times larger than the accepted upper limits, can be injected into the stratosphere via tropical convective outflow. At these iodine levels, modeled iodine catalytic cycles account for up to 30% of the contemporary ozone loss in the tropical lower stratosphere and can exert a stratospheric ozone depletion potential equivalent to, or even larger than, that of very short‐lived bromocarbons. Therefore, we suggest that iodine sources and chemistry need to be considered in assessments of the historical and future evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer.
Van Allen Probes observation and modeling of chorus excitation and propagation during weak geomagnetic activities
Authors: He Yihua , Xiao Fuliang , Zhou Qinghua , Yang Chang , Liu Si , Baker D. N. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B.
Published: July 2015

We report correlated data on nightside chorus waves and energetic electrons during two small storm periods: 1 November 2012 (Dst≈−45) and 14 January 2013 (Dst≈−18). The Van Allen Probes simultaneously observed strong chorus waves at locations L = 5.8–6.3, with a lower frequency band 0.1–0.5fce and a peak spectral density ∼10−4 nT2/Hz. In the same period, the fluxes and anisotropy of energetic (∼10–300 keV) electrons were greatly enhanced in the interval of large negative interplanetary magnetic field Bz. Using a bi‐Maxwellian distribution to model the observed electron distribution, we perform ray tracing simulations to show that nightside chorus waves are indeed produced by the observed electron distribution with a peak growth for a field‐aligned propagation approximately between 0.3fce and 0.4fce, at latitude <7°. Moreover, chorus waves launched with initial normal angles either θ<90° or >90° propagate along the field either northward or southward and then bounce back either away from Earth for a lower frequency or toward Earth for higher frequencies. The current results indicate that nightside chorus waves can be excited even during weak geomagnetic activities in cases of continuous injection associated with negative Bz. Moreover, we examine a dayside event during a small storm C on 8 May 2014 (Dst≈−45) and find that the observed anisotropic energetic electron distributions potentially contribute to the generation of dayside chorus waves, but this requires more thorough studies in the future.
Mapping of decadal middle Adriatic oceanographic variability and its relation to the BiOS regime
Authors: Mihanović Hrvoje , Vilibić Ivica , Dunić Natalija , Šepić Jadranka
Published: July 2015

We analyzed long‐term time series of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations collected along the Palagruža Sill transect (middle Adriatic) between 1952 and 2010. The data have been mostly collected on seasonal basis, allowing for extraction of seasonal signal from the series. By applying Self‐Organizing Maps (SOM) method, a kind of unsupervised neural network method, the processes on a decadal time scale emerged as the most relevant for changes of oceanographic properties in the middle Adriatic area. Sensitivity studies revealed that oceanographic patterns obtained by SOM were not sensitive to shortening of time series, to removal of data from one station or to removal of DO from the analysis. Simultaneous SOM‐based mapping of sea surface heights in the northern Ionian Sea, with these heights serving as a proxy for the Adriatic‐Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS), revealed asymmetry between anticyclonic and cyclonic BiOS patterns and correlated the decadal oscillations in the middle Adriatic with the reversals in the BiOS circulation regimes. These reversals are found to either rapidly change oceanographic properties in the middle Adriatic (e.g., during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient) or to change them with a time lag of 2–3 years. The mapped connections may be used for a short‐time (a few years) forecasting of the Adriatic oceanographic properties or for mapping future climate decadal oscillations as seen by ocean climate models.
Right‐side cooling and phytoplankton bloom in the wake of a tropical cyclone
Authors: Huang S.‐M. , Oey Lie‐Yauw
Published: July 2015

The rightward tendency (in northern hemisphere) of enhanced phytoplankton bloom often observed in the wake of a tropical cyclone has commonly been attributed to the rightward bias of mixing due to stronger wind and wind‐current resonance. We demonstrated using a high‐resolution biophysical model that vertical mixing alone resulted only in weak asymmetry after the passage of the storm. The enhanced bloom was caused instead by decreased turbulence due to restratification by submesoscale recirculation cells preferentially produced on the right side, rightward shift of cool isotherms, and spin‐up of a subsurface jet. We showed using a two‐time scale asymptotic expansion that these slower‐evolving features were forced by resonance Reynolds stresses of the energetic and rapidly oscillating near‐inertial internal waves.
Influence of availability of TAO data on NCEP ocean data assimilation systems along the equatorial Pacific
Authors: Hu Zeng‐Zhen , Kumar Arun
Published: July 2015

It is reasonable to assume that the quality of an ocean reanalysis will depend not only on the ocean data assimilation system but also on the availability of observational data. Among the data assimilated in the tropical Pacific, observations from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moored array are an important contributor. Due to various reasons, in the last couple of years, TAO had a very low data delivery rate at some of the mooring sites. In this work, we examined the influence of the availability of in situ TAO data from all 10 equatorial mooring sites in 1999–2014 by comparing ocean temperature from two data assimilation systems at National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP): the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Our working hypothesis is that missing of in situ observational data should lead to less observational constraint, and consequently, larger divergence between ocean reanalyses. Compared with periods of no in situ TAO observations, the disagreements of ocean temperature between CFSR and GODAS are indeed smaller when in situ TAO observations are available. The disagreements are largest along the thermocline due to its being the region of strongest variability. Thus, it is suggested that without the constraint of in situ TAO observations, the inconsistency between the ocean reanalyses from two NCEP data assimilation systems is larger, highlighting the contribution of TAO observations. Moreover, it is also suggested that the disagreement of ocean temperature between GODAS and CFSR is mainly caused by the difference of the models used in the assimilation systems and the impact of in situ TAO availability plays a secondary, but important role. To improve the quality of the assimilation products, it is necessary both to reduce model bias and to assimilate more high‐quality data.
Imbibition of hydraulic fracturing fluids into partially saturated shale
Authors: Birdsell Daniel T. , Rajaram Harihar , Lackey Greg
Published: July 2015

Recent studies suggest that imbibition of hydraulic fracturing fluids into partially saturated shale is an important mechanism that restricts their migration, thus reducing the risk of groundwater contamination. We present computations of imbibition based on an exact semianalytical solution for spontaneous imbibition. These computations lead to quantitative estimates of an imbibition rate parameter (A) with units of
for shale, which is related to porous medium and fluid properties, and the initial water saturation. Our calculations suggest that significant fractions of injected fluid volumes (15–95%) can be imbibed in shale gas systems, whereas imbibition volumes in shale oil systems is much lower (3–27%). We present a nondimensionalization of A, which provides insights into the critical factors controlling imbibition, and facilitates the estimation of A based on readily measured porous medium and fluid properties. For a given set of medium and fluid properties, A varies by less than factors of ∼1.8 (gas nonwetting phase) and ∼3.4 (oil nonwetting phase) over the range of initial water saturations reported for the Marcellus shale (0.05–0.6). However, for higher initial water saturations, A decreases significantly. The intrinsic permeability of the shale and the viscosity of the fluids are the most important properties controlling the imbibition rate.
Preparation of Fine‐Grained and High‐Strength Mg–8Li–3Al–1Zn Alloy by Accumulative Roll Bonding
Authors: Wang Tianzi , Zheng Haipeng , Wu Ruizhi , Yang Jinliang , Ma Xudong , Zhang Milin
Published: July 2015

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) technique is used to manufacture fine‐grained and high‐strength Mg–8Li–3Al–1Zn alloy. Then, investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties. Results show that, the ARB‐processed sheet possesses good bonding performance. The ARB refines the grains and causes the phase distribution to be scattered. With the increase of ARB passes, the σ0.2, σb, and hardness values are enhanced, whereas the elongation value first decreases, then slightly increases with the increase of ARB passes. The ARB5 sheet possesses the smallest grain size (about 3 µm) and the best comprehensive mechanical properties, the tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are 287.02 MPa, 12.5%, and 77.2 HV0.05, respectively.
Antifouling on Gecko's Feet Inspired Fibrillar Surfaces: Evolving from Land to Marine and from Liquid Repellency to Algae Resistance
Authors: Ma Shuanhong , Ye Qian , Pei Xiaowei , Wang Daoai , Zhou Feng
Published: July 2015

In nature, biological creatures (including plants and animals) have self‐cleaning capability despite the vagaries of the environment, i.e., from sky to land, and then to marine and vagaries of foulants (non‐living and living). Gecko's feet have the general self‐cleaning property both in air and underwater so as to keep their feet all clean for traveling through changing their adhesion. The present work reports Gecko's fibrillar structures to demonstrate general antifouling property in air through hydrophobicity and underwater after modification with hydrophilic polymer brushes. Fibrillar polypropylene (PP) nanoarrays are fabricated by hot embossing, exhibiting superhydrophobic antifouling in air. By grafting hydrophilic polyelectrolyte brushes (PSPMA) via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, they show superoleophobic antifouling of oil droplet and algae adhesion underwater. The effect of the structure of PP nanofiber arrays on the wettability and adhesion behavior is evaluated in detail. The results provide an important scientific principle for fabricating self‐cleaning low‐fouling materials with micro/nanostructure, with the hydrophobic ones being more applicable in air and the hydrophilic ones well suited underwater.
Detecting COOL Impacts on United States–Canada Bilateral Hog and Pork Trade Flows
Authors: Rude James , Felt Marie‐Hélène , Twine Edgar
Published: July 2015

This paper examines the impact of mandatory Country of Origin Labeling on American imports of Canadian hogs and pork by testing for structural change. Given the uncertainties over the timing of the implementation and reform of COOL, we implement statistical procedures that endogenously test for structural change over multiple time periods. We find evidence that COOL has impacted U.S./Canada feeder and slaughter hog trade flows. In contrast, we found no evidence of structural change for pork trade flows that could be associated with COOL. [EconLit citations: Q17; C12].
Externally validated predictive clinical model for untreated del(17p13.1) chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients
Authors: Stephens Deborah M. , Ruppert Amy S. , Weirda William G. , Jones Jeffrey A. , Woyach Jennifer A. , Maddocks Kami , Jaglowski Samantha M. , Andritsos Leslie A. , Flynn Joseph M. , Grever Michael R. , Lozanski Gerard , Tam Constantine , O'Brien Susan , Keating Michael J. , Muthusamy Natarajan , Abruzzo Lynne V. , Heerema Nyla A. , Byrd John C.
Published: July 2015

Little is known about outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with del(17p13.1) karyotype at diagnosis. We reviewed 114 de novo del(17p13.1) CLL patients seen at our institution. Using proportional hazards models to identify pretreatment clinical variables significantly associated with treatment‐free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS), we developed a simplified risk score for de novo del(17p13.1) CLL patients to predict TFS and OS based on these variables. These scores, particularly the very highest, can be utilized to identify high‐risk patients for expedient enrollment on clinical trials. Our data support careful observation for low‐risk patients, potentially preventing unnecessary use of aggressive therapies. Am. J. Hematol. 90:967–969, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐dose alemtuzumab in refractory/relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Genetic profile and long‐term outcome from a single center experience
Authors: Sciumè Mariarita , Vincenti Daniele , Reda Gianluigi , Orofino Nicola , Cassin Ramona , Giannarelli Diana , Gaidano Gianluca , Rossi Davide , Cortelezzi Agostino
Published: July 2015

Relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents a clinical challenge, in particular when high risk gene mutations occur. In this setting, alemtuzumab was recognized to be effective. This retrospective study evaluates long‐term efficacy and tolerability of low‐dose alemtuzumab in relapsed/refractory CLL and correlates clinical outcome with biological feature. Sixty‐two consecutive patients (median age 68 years) were evaluated; alemtuzumab was administered 30 mg weekly for up to 18 weeks. Among the patients included in the analysis, 37% were fludarabine‐refractory, 33.3% carried a TP53 disruption, 14.8% a NOTCH1 mutation and 9% a SF3B1 mutation. Overall response rate (ORR) was 61.3% (complete remission 25.8%). After a median follow‐up of 43 months, overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were 43.1 and 15 months, respectively; while ORR was 77.8% for patients carrying TP53 disruptions (OS 33.8 months) and 43.5% for fludarabine‐refractory patients (OS 30 months). Noteworthy, long‐term survivors (OS ≥ 36 months) were 54.8%. None of the biological poor risk factors negatively impacted on ORR, PFS and OS. Grade ≥3 cytopenia occurred in 24.2% patients, 6.5% experienced a grade ≥3 non‐CMV infection and no grade ≥3 CMV‐event occurred. In conclusion, low dose‐alemtuzumab is safe and effective in relapsed/refractory CLL, also in a long‐term follow‐up and high‐risk genetic subgroups. Am. J. Hematol. 90:970–974, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utility of interim and end‐of‐treatment PET/CT in peripheral T‐cell lymphomas: A review of 124 patients
Authors: El‐Galaly Tarec Christoffer , Pedersen Martin Bjerregård , Hutchings Martin , Mylam Karen Juul , Madsen Jakob , Gang Anne Ortved , Bøgsted Martin , de Nully Brown Peter , Loft Annika , Nielsen Anne Lerberg , Hendel Helle Westergreen , Iyer Victor , Gormsen Lars Christian
Published: July 2015

According to the updated guidelines for imaging in lymphoma, 18F‐FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is recommended for staging and evaluation of treatment response in FDG‐avid lymphomas. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of PET/CT in nodal peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL). Patients with newly diagnosed nodal PTCL (peripheral T‐cell lymphoma NOS, anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma, or angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma) seen at five Danish hematology centers during the period 2006 to 2012 were included, if they had been pretherapeutically staged with PET/CT. Medical records were reviewed for baseline clinical and follow‐up information. Staging, interim (I‐PET), and end‐of‐treatment PET/CT (E‐PET) studies were centrally reviewed, and reported using the Deauville 5‐point score (DS). A total of 124 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The median age was 58 years, and 88% received CHOP/CHOP‐like therapy. Five years PFS and OS of the study population was 36.8% (95% CI 27.3–46.4) and 49.7% (95% CI 38.9–59.6), respectively. The presence of PET/CT‐ascertained lung and/or liver involvement was associated with a worse outcome. The sensitivity of PET/CT for detecting biopsy‐defined bone marrow involvement was only 18% (95% CI 4–43). An interim DS >3 was not prognostic for worse OS and PFS among CHOP/CHOP‐like treated patients in uni‐ or multivariate analyses. A DS >3 after treatment predicted a worse prognosis. In conclusion, I‐PET was not predictive of outcome in CHOP/CHOP‐like treated PTCL patients when using the DS. Prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal use of PET/CT in PTCL including the role of quantitative PET/CT analysis. Am. J. Hematol. 90:975–980, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of allergic rhinitis and desloratadine on the submandibular gland in a rat allergy model
Authors: Tatar Arzu , Parlak Secil Nazife , Yayla Muhammet , Ugan Rustem Anil , Polat Elif , Halici Zekai
Published: July 2015

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and antihistamine usage can cause xerostomia. The study aims to examine if AR, antihistamines, and the use of antihistamines in AR have histopathological effects on the submandibular gland. The study also investigates the effect of oxidant and antioxidant plasma parameters.

Methods

Thirty‐two adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into the 4 following groups: the control group (C group); the AR group; an antihistamine‐treated group (AH group); and an AR plus antihistamine‐treated group (AR+AH group). The AR and AR+AH groups were sensitized using ovalbumin. The AR+AH and AH groups received desloratadine. The histopathological effects of AR and desloratadine treatment on the submandibular glands (SMGs) and the values of the oxidative and antioxidative serum parameters were evaluated.

Results

Histopathological examination of sections of the SMGs from the AR and AH groups revealed that vacuolization was present in the mucous acinar and ductal cells and that the number of connective‐tissue cells was greater than that of the control group. The appearances of the AR+AH–group sections were similar to those of the control group. The superoxide dismutase activity level and the glutathione level were relatively decreased in these groups compared with those of the control group. The malondialdehyde level in the AR group was increased compared with that of the control group.

Conclusion

The AR‐induced pathological changes were diminished by desloratadine treatment. Thus, the new‐generation antihistamine desloratadine may be used to treatment of AR patients who have xerostomia.
Sodium‐Naphthalenide‐Driven Synthesis of Base‐Metal Nanoparticles and Follow‐up Reactions
Authors: Schöttle Christian , Bockstaller Pascal , Popescu Radian , Gerthsen Dagmar , Feldmann Claus
Published: July 2015

Mo0, W0, Fe0, Ru0, Re0, and Zn0 nanoparticles—essentially base metals—are prepared as a general strategy by a sodium naphthalenide ([NaNaph])‐driven reduction of simple metal chlorides in ethers (1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME), tetrahydrofuran (THF)). All the nanoparticles have diameters ≤10 nm, and they can be obtained either as powder samples or long‐term stable suspensions. Direct follow‐up reactions (e.g., Mo0+S8, FeCl3+AsCl3, ReCl5+MoCl5), moreover, allow the preparation of MoS2, FeAs2, or Re4Mo nanoparticles of similar size as the pristine metals (≤10 nm).