bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Referral patterns to and from inpatient psychiatric services: a social network approach.
Authors: Nakao K , Milazzo-Sayre L J , Rosenstein M J , Manderscheid R W
Published: November 2008

Interorganizational linkages have assumed more import for mental health service systems during the past three decades because of increased levels of complexity in service delivery patterns. This analysis examines these linkages from a relational perspective, with network of patient referral patterns as the basic unit. Multidimensional scaling is employed to discern patterns of interorganizational linkages in national patient referral data collected by the National Institute of Mental Health in 1975 and 1980 for patient samples from inpatient psychiatric services of state and county mental hospitals, private psychiatric hospitals, and public and nonpublic general hospitals. The multidimensional scaling techniques distinguish two structural characteristics of the interorganizational linkages of psychiatric inpatient services--public vs private services, and drift over time in referral patterns. Public and private inpatient psychiatric services are differentiated principally in terms of degree of interaction with legal agencies and private practice psychiatrists. Chronological change in referral patterns is characterized principally by changes in the degree of interaction with other inpatient or outpatient psychiatric services. Methodologically and theoretically, the techniques and findings described can enhance our understanding of interorganizational linkages and dynamics.
Modern contraceptive practice in rural Appalachia.
Authors: Gairola G A , Hochstrasser D L , Garkovich L E
Published: November 2008

This paper examines contraceptive practice in a traditionally high fertility and economically disadvantaged rural county of central Appalachia. A key consideration is the extent to which the modernization of birth control observed nationally has diffused to and been adopted within this rural area. Data from the community study indicate that professional family planning services are, in fact, widely available and easily accessible to the vast majority of county residents. Interviews with a random sample of 407 currently married women of childbearing age, 15-45 years, revealed that 87 per cent of contraceptors were using either sterilization, the pill, or the IUD, with sterilization used by close to half of all couples practicing family planning. Moreover, this widespread use of modern contraceptives and sterilization was found among all educational and income groups.
The benefits of evaluating close associates of child tuberculin reactors from a high prevalence group.
Authors: Sullam P M , Slutkin G , Hopewell P C
Published: November 2008

To determine the efficacy of evaluating persons (associates) in close contact to children with significant tuberculin reactions, we prospectively evaluated 831 associates of 297 children younger than eight years who had significant (greater than or equal to 10 mm) tuberculin reactions. Eighty-seven per cent of the index reactors were foreign-born, as were 84 per cent of the associates. All associates were evaluated by tuberculin skin testing; chest roentgenograms and sputum cultures were obtained if indicated. Four hundred sixty-one (55 per cent) of the associates had significant tuberculin reactions, and 15 had current tuberculosis. However, only three of these cases were newly discovered (total case rate: 1.81/100, new case rate: 0.36/100). Two of the three new cases were detected in the associates of children younger than three years of age. In addition, 338 candidates for isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy were found. We conclude that although the yield of new cases was low, the evaluation of associates did provide a convenient, high yield method of identifying candidates for INH preventive therapy. Moreover, it served as a useful mechanism for monitoring the adequacy of other case-finding activities.
PERSONALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Tobey James A.
Published: November 2008

A score card for health officers is a novel suggestion, but nevertheless one in accord with good common sense. Mr. Tobey argues that a responsible business executive is chosen with great care, and a health officer has more responsibility than most business executives. In his scale professional qualities are given the lowest place and personal qualities, the highest.
INFLUENZA AND PNEUMONIA
Authors: Maloy Bernard S.
Published: November 2008

At the Chicago meeting this author spoke in the General Sessions and was asked to continue beyond the time limit. There was discussion and endorsement. It was characterized to be a treatment of the older fashion much employed by physicians during the epidemic.
PUBLIC HEALTH WORK IN INDIA
Authors: Jenks Harry N.
Published: November 2008

Many endemic centres of communicable disease lie in the Orient and therefore the future fight of preventive medicine must be largely in Eastern countries. Mr. Jenks, with some years of experience in Hindustan as sanitary engineer, outlines racial conditions that are fundamental. They must be recognized in any plan for bettered sanitation.
ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES AGAINST INFLUENZA
Authors: Freeman Allen W.
Published: November 2008

Science has not yet revealed any successful specific measures against influenza. Isolation and popular education are the only justifiable general methods known at present. Energies must be directed to preventing the complications rather than to preventing influenza. Research is needed and health officers can help by securing accurate records.
AMERICAN RED CROSS HEALTH CRUSADE
Authors: Peters William H.
Published: November 2008

Dr. Peters draws attention to the fact that no big work has been generally done to relieve those debilitated by influenza. There is hardship and need and slow recovery. Cincinnati organized relief along these lines, the Red Cross and the Health Department working in coöperation. Organization and results are given in some detail.
NEED AND METHOD OF COÖRDINATING FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH AGENCIES IN PROMOTING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Authors: Schereschewsky J. W.
Published: November 2008

This author says that what the country needs is not extension of Federal authority so much as health education of the people to support what exists. The U. S. P. H. S. has already all the power that may constitutionally be given to a Federal health agency. It has a distinct industrial health program, and all it needs is good financial support.
PUBLIC HEALTH WORK IN INDIA
Authors: Jenks Harry N.
Published: November 2008

For a type of Hindu conception of sanitary precaution, Mr. Jenks notes three kinds of “boiled” water: first, water merely heated till it steams; second, really boiled, but then strained through dirty cloths, and, third, really boiled, but cooled by adding raw water. Such practices and the distribution of drinking water in leather sacks, customs universally observed like the great gatherings of pilgrims, together with religious prejudices make sanitary progress very slow.
THE MILK INDUSTRY AND THE WAR
Authors: North Charles E.
Published: November 2008

Dr. North knows what he is writing about. No food industry is so much discussed as the production and marketing of milk. Everyone engaged in it places the responsibility somewhere else. Dr. North goes to the root of the matter with facts and figures, and shows lack of coöperation, coördination and organization.
PROBLEMS OF CANNING
Authors: Bigelow Willard D.
Published: November 2008

This is a short and direct story in a matter in which everyone is interested, canned goods. The author shows the need of standardization and says a few things about milk.
LEGITIMATE USE OF NARCOTICS IN WAR TIME
Authors: Bishop Ernest S.
Published: November 2008

Dr. Bishop here takes up the discussion of one of the greatest problems of the day. This is one of two sterling papers presented at Chicago, for the publication of which the Journal has had a good many requests. It is the intention to follow this by Dr. Bishop's second address to make the story the more complete.
THE EXAMINATION OF B. COLI IN WATER
Authors: Kahn Reuben L.
Published: November 2008

Dr. Kahn goes at the technical details of his examination directly and clearly. He presents the results of experience for the benefit of others in proper sequence and without argument.
A MEDIAN ENDEMIC INDEX
Authors: Hitchcock John S. , Carey Bernard W.
Published: November 2008

The endemic index is a time saver for busy health officials. It permits the delegating of enormous routine work to a clerical staff. By the devices a serious condition is automatically brought to the attention of the staff, who notify the chief.
GROUP MEDICINE
Authors: Davis Michael M.
Published: November 2008

Dr. Davis emphasizes the wastefulness of present methods of family doctoring. He says that the existing system should be replaced by a co-ordinated one, which for the poor is exemplified in hospitals and dispensaries. He pleads for efficiency in the treatment of the man of moderate income as well as for the penniless.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF NUTRITIONAL SURVEYS IN UNITED STATES ARMY CAMPS
Authors: Murlin John R. , Miller Caspar W.
Published: November 2008

Before the war there had never been presented to food experts in this country an opportunity for the extended study of nutrition comparable to that afforded these investigators. Their report sets forth details of observations which support the “training ration,” which is appetizing and secures a proper distribution of the nutrients.
A BRIEF REVIEW OF INDIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION AND A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF CORROBORATIVE LABORATORY RESEARCH
Authors: Cumming James G.
Published: November 2008

Risk of infecting the hand through careless dishwashing, mess-kit washing being the method considered, has already been discussed by this author. Here he follows up field observation with laboratory tests. He oxonerates home dishwashing and states that it is not a major route of hand infection.
HOSPITAL FOOD NEEDS
Authors: Hoskins R. G.
Published: November 2008

There are eight classes of men in the military hospital including attendants, and for each class there should be a different dietary. Major Hoskins explains this, tells clearly the common sources of waste of food, notes the amount, and suggests lines of conservation.
THE SCORING OF HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN CITIES OF NEW YORK STATE
Authors: Brooks Paul B.
Published: November 2008

A helpful report of progress in an official New York State test. It shows defects in current practices, emphasizes the relationships of budget to results, notes the value of spot maps, and dwells on the importance of all public health education.
NARCOTIC DRUG ADDICTION: A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
Authors: Bishop Ernest S.
Published: November 2008

Dr. Bishop tells us that drug addicts are sick men and not criminals. They ought to receive treatment instead of being sent to jail. Medical, legislative and popular ideas are all in error. He calls for a revolution to wake up the doctors and educate the people.
SOME MEDICAL ASPECTS OF THE HIGH COST OF LIVING
Authors: Harris Louis I.
Published: November 2008

What do the working people omit from the table when food is dear? How much does old “H. C. L.” reduce their nutrition? How many women are forced into shops; how many children obliged to labor? These are the health problems that Dr. Harris has been investigating in New York City among large groups of the population.
PROSTITUTION AND COMMUNITY SYPHILIS
Authors: Goodman Herman
Published: November 2008

In Porto Rico, where half the older Spanish soldiers and one-quarter of an American army of occupation had venereal infection, isolation and care of prostitutes reduced the increase to only four new army cases in six months among twelve thousand men. This shows the possibilities of prevention.
A UNIVERSITY HEALTH SERVICE
Authors: Forsythe Warren E.
Published: November 2008

Here are hints of value for community medical service as well as for that of a school. Few colleges have developed a real health service for their students, but there are many that need one. The development at the University of Michigan, with five years of experience, ought to be helpful to institutions throughout the country.
A FEW FACTS TO REMEMBER IN THE INTERPRETATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Authors: Castleman Philip , Bailey Karl R.
Published: November 2008

This is one of the helpful hints for health officers that the Journal intends to present once in a while. The question about interpretation was asked and Dr. Castleman prepared an answer. It was so good an explanation that it seemed worthy of wide distribution, and here it is.
HOW THE ARMY CONTROLLED DISEASE
Authors: Soper George A.
Published: November 2008

Eight defenses against disease in Army camps are outlined by Major Soper. The information is valuable for civil administration as well as military. The lines include draft examination, detention, instruction, camp construction, literature, coöperation between military and civil authorities, daily inspection, quarantine and the hospital.
Die Zweckgemeinde – auch ein waldpolitisches Referenzmodell | The Special Purpose District – also a policy reference model
Authors: Spindler Jürg de
Published: November 2008

The article is a contribution taken from the Public Choice Theory and concerns the improvement of requirements in forest policy in order to obtain an optimal forest economy. The subjects under study are institutional aspects based on the reference models known as Special Purpose Districts. These provide criteria for shaping the political level which includes institutions in charge of the public forest and is endowed with political authority, competence and responsibility. In this, two main principles are decisive: the institutional and the organisational congruity. Only when, as far as is possible, compatibility has been consistently established between these two can a further step be taken in the optimal development at the operational level. For the institutions in charge define the positive and negative incentives for the decision-makers within the operational units and thus the efficiency of the forest policy.
The symmetry group of the CAFFE model
Authors: Faria Sérgio H.
Published: November 2008

A new ice-sheet flow model called CAFFE (Continuum-mechanical Anisotropic Flow model based on an anisotropic Flow Enhancement factor) has recently become a source of considerable controversy within the glaciological community. Its main proponents (Placidi, Greve and Seddik) defend the thesis that this model can describe the effect of induced anisotropy on ice-sheet flow, while others assert that the CAFFE model is merely an isotropic model. Here I resolve this dispute by rigorously deriving the symmetry group of the CAFFE model.
Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Fungi Cultures
Authors: Levy L. M. , Cabrera G. M. , Wright Jorge E. , Seldes A. M.
Published: November 2008

A screening of metabolites guided by antimicrobial and citotoxic bioassays was conducted with several fungi. The bioactive compounds were isolated and identified from the active extracts.
UV Spectral Properties of Benzophenone. Influence of Solvents and Substituents
Authors: Castro G. T. , Blanco S. E. , Giordano O. S.
Published: November 2008

The effect of the solvent and the substituents on the UV spectroscopic properties of substituted benzophenones was studied.
Isomerisation of Methyl (E) 2-Bromo-3-(4-XC6H4)-propenoates
Authors: Badajoz Mercedes A. , Montani Rosana S. , Cabaleiro Mercedes
Published: November 2008

The geometric isomerisation of the title compound induced by bromine or chlorine appears to involve ionic pair species resulting from the nucleophilic attack of the halogen.
Improved Synthesis of N-Substituted Quinolinimides Using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Blanco M. M. , Perillo I. A. , Schapira C. B.
Published: November 2008

The synthesis of several quinolinimidoacetic acid derivatives (I) by two different routes, starting from quinolinic anhydride or quinolinimide, is described. In all cases better yields and decreased reaction times were achieved employing microwave irradiation as an alternative source of energy.
Reactivity Studies of 5,6-Dimethyl- and 3,5,6-Trimethyl -1,2,4-Triazine–N4-Oxide Against Different Electrophiles
Authors: Cerecetto H. , González M. , Saenz P. , Seoane G.
Published: November 2008

It describes the regioselectivity studies of 5,6-Dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine-N4-oxide using different electrophiles.
Binding Constant of Amines to Water/AOT/n-Hexene Reverse Micelles. Influence of the Chemical Structure
Authors: Zingaretti L. , Correa N. M. , Boscatto L. , Chiachiera S. M. , Durantini E. N. , Bertolotti S. G. , Rivarola C. V. , Silber J. J.
Published: November 2008

The distribution of different amines between n-hexane bulk and the micellar pseudophase of AOT reverse micelles were measured by a fluorometric method. An independent method was used to corroborate the incorporation of the amines to the interface. The effect of the amine structure on the binding constant was analysed.
Comparison Between Aqueous and Nonaqueous AOT-Heptane Reverse Micelles Using Acridine Orange as Molecular Probe
Authors: Falcone R. D. , Correa N. M. , Biasutti M. A. , Silber J. J.
Published: November 2008

Aqueous and nonaqueous AOT/n-heptane reverse micelles where characterized by UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy of AO. The study shows the presence of the dimer in aqueous reverse micelles which is not present in the nonaqueous systems. It seems that there is a conversion of the dimer to monomer in the aqueous reverse micelles at high AOT concentration. In the nonaqueous systems, there is only partition of the monomer. The apparent constants of these processes were calculated.
Separation of the Pigment of an Amaranth
Authors: Scoles Gladis Ester , Pattacini Silvia Haydeé , Covas Guillermo Federico
Published: November 2008

It is known that current quality requirements require the utilization of natural colorants in the foods. The objective of the present work is to extract the pigment amaranthus from fresh leaves of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. cv Don Pedro to characterize it through spectroscopic techniques, to be used as natural colorants.
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Using Spiropyran and Diarylethene Photochromic Acceptors
Authors: Giordano L. , Macareno J. , Song L. , Jovin T. M. , Irie M. , Jares-Erijman E. A.
Published: November 2008

We describe the preparation and photophysical characterization of two model compounds designed to test a new approach for the quantitative determination of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in biological systems. The method enables modulation of FRET by exploiting the unique reversible spectral properties of photochromic diarylethenes and spiropyrans to create switchable energy acceptors.
Polymerization Mechanism of α,α’-bis(Tetrahydrothiophenio)-β-xylene Dichloride
Authors: Almassio Marcela , Garay Raúl O.
Published: November 2008

A experimental study was performed regarding the influence of the base nature and solvent on the reactive intermediate concentration in the base-promoted bissulfonium salts polymerization. Such polymerization reaction is part of a synthetic procedure used to prepare conjugated polymers. In addition, a theoretical study suggest that a one-electron transfer could be involved in the initiation step.
Local Effects of Retrovirally Transduced Endostatin-Expressing Human Umbilical Cord Blood CD34+ Cells on Transplanted Malignancy in a Mouse Model of Hepatic Cancer
Authors: Jiang Zao , Teng Gao-Jun , Chen Bao-An , Xu Zheng-Feng , Hu Jie , Shao Ze-Ye
Published: November 2008

Antiangiogenesis has been exploited as an effective approach to inhibit the growth of solid tumors. This technique has been evaluated using various vectors in several xenograft animal models to demonstrate the efficacy of endostatin gene therapy against cancer growth. However, previous studies have not examined the use of cord blood CD34+ cells as endostatin-producing cells for gene therapy against hepatoma. This exploratory study was done to investigate the local effects of CD34+ cells transduced with the endostatin gene on a mouse xenograft tumor model. The human endostatin gene was transferred into CD34+ cells using the recombinant retrovirus plasmid, pLncx/endo. Expression was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, confirming the stable expression and secretion of endostatin from the transferred CD34+ cells. The proliferation of vascular endothelial cells was evaluated by MTT assay and found to decrease by about 59.9% when treated with the supernatant of cultured transfected CD34+ cells in vitro. These genetically modified cord blood CD34+ cells were implanted intratumorally and tumor regression was evaluated after 2 weeks. The average size of a xenograft tumor in the CD34+/endo group was reduced 31.39% compared to that in the untreated mice or those transplanted with CD34+ cells transduced with a control vector. The microvascular density of the tumor decreased 62.45% in the treated group. The expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) also decreased significantly in the treated group. Moreover, the apoptotic index (AI) of tumors, as evaluated by TUNEL staining, was significantly enhanced in the treatment group. Our findings indicate that angiogenesis of the xenograft tumor in mice may be inhibited by local administration of genetically modified CD34+ cells expressing the endostatin gene. This novel approach may lead to a new direction of cell-based gene therapy for malignancy.
Evaluation of Drug-Metabolizing and Functional Competence of Human Hepatocytes Incubated under Hypothermia in Different Media for Clinical Infusion
Authors: Gómez-Lechón María José , Lahoz Agustín , Jimenez Nuria , Bonora Ana , Castell José V. , Donato María Teresa
Published: November 2008

Hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as a method to support patients with liver insufficiency. Key factors for clinical cell transplantation to progress is to prevent hepatocyte damage, loss of viability and cell functionality, factors that depend on the nature of the tissue used for isolation to a large extent. The main sources of tissue for hepatocyte isolation are marginal livers that are unsuitable for transplantation, and segments from reduced cadaveric grafts. Hepatocellular transplantation requires infusing human hepatocytes in suspension over a period of minutes to hours. The beneficial effect of hypothermic preservation of hepatocytes in infusion medium has been reported, but how critical issues towards the success of cell transplantation, such as the composition of infusion medium and duration of hepatocyte storage will affect hepatocyte quality for clinical cell infusion has not been systematically investigated. Infusion media composition is phosphate-buffered saline containing anticoagulants and human serum albumin. The supplementation of infusion media with glucose or N-acetyl-cystein, or with both components at the same time, has been investigated. After isolation, hepatocytes were suspended in each infusion medium and a sample at the 0 time point was harvested for cell viability and functional assessment. Thereafter, cells were incubated in different infusion media agitated on a rocker platform to simulate the clinical infusion technique. The time course of hepatocyte viability, funtionality (drug-metabolizing enzymes, ureogenic capability, ATP, glycogen, and GSH levels), apoptosis (caspase-3 activation), and attachment and monolayer formation were analyzed. The optimal preservation of cell viability, attaching capacity, and functionality, particularly GSH and glycogen levels, as well as drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, was found in infusion media supplemented with 2 mM N-acetyl-cystein and 15 mM glucose.
Hypertension, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Uterine Fibroid Diagnosis in Midlife
Authors: Mitro Susanna D. , Wise Lauren A. , Waetjen L. Elaine , Lee Catherine , Zaritsky Eve , Harlow Siobán D. , Solomon Daniel H. , Thurston Rebecca C. , El Khoudary Samar R. , Santoro Nanette , Hedderson Monique M.
Published: April 2024

Importance

Fibroids are benign neoplasms associated with severe gynecologic morbidity. There are no strategies to prevent fibroid development.

Objective

To examine associations of hypertension, antihypertensive treatment, anthropometry, and blood biomarkers with incidence of reported fibroid diagnosis in midlife.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation is a prospective, multisite cohort study in the US. Participants were followed-up from enrollment (1996-1997) through 13 semiannual visits (1998-2013). Participants had a menstrual period in the last 3 months, were not pregnant or lactating, were aged 42 to 52 years, were not using hormones, and had a uterus and at least 1 ovary. Participants with prior fibroid diagnoses were excluded. Data analysis was performed from November 2022 to February 2024.

Exposures

Blood pressure, anthropometry, biomarkers (cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein), and self-reported antihypertensive treatment at baseline and follow-up visits were measured. Hypertension status (new-onset, preexisting, or never [reference]) and hypertension treatment (untreated, treated, or no hypertension [reference]) were categorized.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Participants reported fibroid diagnosis at each visit. Discrete-time survival models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for associations of time-varying hypertension status, antihypertensive treatment, anthropometry, and biomarkers with incident reported fibroid diagnoses.

Results

Among 2570 participants without a history of diagnosed fibroids (median [IQR] age at screening, 45 [43-48] years; 1079 [42.1%] college educated), 526 (20%) reported a new fibroid diagnosis during follow-up. Risk varied by category of hypertension treatment: compared with those with no hypertension, participants with untreated hypertension had a 19% greater risk of newly diagnosed fibroids (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.91-1.57), whereas those with treated hypertension had a 20% lower risk (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56-1.15). Among eligible participants with hypertension, those taking antihypertensive treatment had a 37% lower risk of newly diagnosed fibroids (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.38-1.05). Risk also varied by hypertension status: compared with never-hypertensive participants, participants with new-onset hypertension had 45% greater risk of newly diagnosed fibroids (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.96-2.20). Anthropometric factors and blood biomarkers were not associated with fibroid risk.

Conclusions and Relevance

Participants with untreated and new-onset hypertension had increased risk of newly diagnosed fibroids, whereas those taking antihypertensive treatment had lower risk, suggesting that blood pressure control may provide new strategies for fibroid prevention.
Novel utilization and quantification of Xsight diaphragm tracking for respiratory motion compensation in Cyberknife Synchrony treatment of liver tumors
Authors: Zhang Jianping , Wang Lin , Xie Chenyu , Yang Zhiyu , Xu Benhua , Li Xiaobo
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The Xsight lung tracking system (XLTS) utilizes an advanced image processing algorithm to precisely identify the position of a tumor and determine its location in orthogonal x‐ray images, instead of finding fiducials, thereby minimizing the risk of fiducial insertion‐related side effects. To assess and gauge the effectiveness of CyberKnife Synchrony in treating liver tumors located in close proximity to or within the diaphragm, we employed the Xsight diaphragm tracking system (XDTS), which was based on the XLTS.

Methods

We looked back at the treatment logs of 11 patients (8/11 [XDTS], 3/11 [Fiducial‐based Target Tracking System‐FTTS]) who had liver tumors in close proximity to or within the diaphragm. And the results are compared with the patients who undergo the treatment of FTTS. The breathing data information was calculated as a rolling average to reduce the effect of irregular breathing. We tested the tracking accuracy with a dynamic phantom (18023‐A) on the basis of patient‐specific respiratory curve.

Results

The average values for the XDTS and FTTS correlation errors were 1.38 ± 0.65  versus 1.50 ± 0.26 mm (superior‐inferior), 1.28 ± 0.48  versus 0.40 ± 0.09 mm (left‐right), and 0.96 ± 0.32  versus 0.47 ± 0.10 mm(anterior‐posterior), respectively. The prediction errors for two methods of 0.65 ± 0.16  versus 5.48 ± 3.33 mm in the S‐I direction, 0.34 ± 0.10  versus 1.41 ± 0.76 mm in the A‐P direction, and 0.22 ± 0.072  versus 1.22 ± 0.48 mm in the L‐R direction. The coverage rate of FTTS slightly less than that of XDTS, such as 96.53 ± 8.19% (FTTS) versus 98.03 ± 1.54 (XDTS). The prediction error, the motion amplitude, and the variation of the respiratory center phase were strongly related to each other. Especially, the higher the amplitude and the variation, the higher the prediction error.

Conclusion

The diaphragm has the potential to serve as an alternative to gold fiducial markers for detecting liver tumors in close proximity or within it. We also found that we needed to reduce the motion amplitude and train the respiration of the patients during liver radiotherapy, as well as control and evaluate their breathing.
Retrospective‐cost‐based model reference adaptive control of nonminimum‐phase systems
Authors: Mohseni Nima , Bernstein Dennis S.
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a novel approach to model reference adaptive control inspired by the adaptive pole‐placement controller (APPC) of Elliot and based on retrospective cost optimization. Retrospective cost model reference adaptive control (RC‐MRAC) is applicable to nonminimum‐phase (NMP) systems assuming that the NMP zeros are known. Under this assumption, the advantage of RC‐MRAC is a reduced need for persistency. The present paper compares APPC and RC‐MRAC under various levels of persistency in the command for minimum‐phase and NMP systems. It is shown numerically that the model‐following performance of RC‐MRAC is less sensitive to the persistency of the command compared to APPC at the cost of knowledge of the NMP zeros. RC‐MRAC is also shown to be applicable for disturbance rejection under unknown harmonic disturbances.
Stability Enhancement by Zero‐Point Spin Fluctuations: A Quantum Perspective on Bloch Point Topological Singularities
Authors: Tapia Alonso , Saji Carlos , Roldán‐Molina Alejandro , Nunez Alvaro S.
Published: April 2024

Bloch points represent singularities within magnetic materials. From a macroscopic viewpoint, their cores are points where the magnetization vector is undefined, resulting in unique topological characteristics that influence the magnetic behavior of their hosts. The picture is very different at the microscopic level, where quantum effects enter the scene. The spin variables' quantum dynamics effect on the BP's stability is revealed. Zero‐point fluctuations, intrinsic fluctuations within the quantum mechanical ground state originating from the uncertainty principle, play a fundamental role. It is found that quantum fluctuations bloom in the vicinity of the singularity, thereby reducing the effective magnetic moment in its neighborhood. This increases the overall stability of the BP. These methods also allow for a characterization of the magnonic eigenmodes surrounding and bound to the singularity. The latter leads to predict on quite general grounds several features of the magnonic spectra, its degeneration structure, and its splitting response under a magnetic field. The last result is coherent with the association of a magnetic moment to the orbital angular momentum of the magnons. This approach allows integration with multiscale algorithms to provide a realistic description of generic topological singularities.
Emerging Photoreforming Process to Hydrogen Production: A Future Energy
Authors: Shelake Sandip Prabhakar , Sutar Dattatray Namdev , Abraham B. Moses , Banerjee Tanmay , Sainath Annadanam V. Sesha , Pal Ujjwal
Published: April 2024

In the quest of renewable energy technologies, solar photoreforming emerges as one of the affordable yet challenging process for converting biomass into hydrogen, hydrocarbon fuels, and chemicals. This review highlights the state‐of‐the‐art photoreforming, elucidating its underlying mechanisms for the conversion of dissipated polymers into H2 and valuable chemicals. Biomass feedstocks such as carbohydrates, agricultural residues, glycopolymers, food wastes, and waste plastics are evaluated based on their chemical composition, energy content, and sustainability aspects, exploring the selection of appropriate bio‐renewable resources, considering their abundance, availability, and potential for hydrogen production. The impact of diverse process parameters on photoreforming efficiency is explored, encompassing factors like reaction temperature, pH, catalyst loading, reactor design, solvent effect, and light intensity across various sacrificial substrates. The discussion also considers their correlation with hydrogen production rate, selectivity, and energy efficiency. This review buckles on the design and synthesis of functional photocatalysts for biomass‐derived feedstock, highlighting their photocatalytic (PC) properties in biomass reforming processes and related feedstock into valuable chemicals and biofuel. The review also delves into potential pathways for future advancements including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), alongside addressing the challenges and insightful perspectives within this evolving field of future green energy.
Modeling Structural Elements and Functional Responses to Lymphatic‐Delivered Cues in a Murine Lymph Node on a Chip
Authors: Mazzaglia Corrado , Munir Hafsa , Lei Iek Man , Gerigk Magda , Huang Yan Yan Shery , Shields Jacqueline D.
Published: April 2024

Lymph nodes (LNs) are organs of the immune system, critical for maintenance of homeostasis and initiation of immune responses, yet there are few models that accurately recapitulate LN functions in vitro. To tackle this issue, an engineered murine LN (eLN) has been developed, replicating key cellular components of the mouse LN; incorporating primary murine lymphocytes, fibroblastic reticular cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells. T and B cell compartments are incorporated within the eLN that mimic LN cortex and paracortex architectures. When challenged, the eLN elicits both robust inflammatory responses and antigen‐specific immune activation, showing that the system can differentiate between non specific and antigen‐specific stimulation and can be monitored in real time. Beyond immune responses, this model also enables interrogation of changes in stromal cells, thus permitting investigations of all LN cellular components in homeostasis and different disease settings, such as cancer. Here, how LN behavior can be influenced by murine melanoma‐derived factors is presented. In conclusion, the eLN model presents a promising platform for in vitro study of LN biology that will enhance understanding of stromal and immune responses in the murine LN, and in doing so will enable development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve LN responses in disease.
Unique Advantages of Dendrimers‐Structured Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles over Traditional Hollow Ones in Delivering Bcl2‐Functional Converting Peptide for Multidrug Resistant Cancer Treatment
Authors: Wu Yuehuang , Ma Fangmei , Yu Lixue , Lin Ruimiao , Lin Sijin , Guo Zhihan , Zhou Min , Li Mingyu , Zhang Yi , Xie Jingjing
Published: April 2024

Innovative silica nanomaterials have made the significant advancements in curative therapy against cancers with multidrug resistance (MDR). The study on different‐nanostructured mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with discrepant pore sizes affecting biomacromolecules in resisting cancer MDR hasn't been reported yet. In this study, a systematic comparison of 6 nm‐pore sized hollow‐structured MSNs (HMSNs) and 10 nm‐pore sized dendrimers‐structured MSNs (LMSNs) for delivering Bcl‐2‐functional converting peptide (N9) or doxorubicin (DOX) to overcome cancer MDR is comprehensively carried out both in in vitro and in vivo resistant tumor models. The results show that both LMSNs and HMSNs exert no significant difference in delivering DOX to treat drug‐resistant cancers. However, compared with N9@HMSNs, N9@LMSNs display the increased loading efficiency, the improved cell‐penetrative capability, the higher cancer cell apoptosis effect, the enhanced tumor accumulation and retention efficiency, and the final elevated tumor inhibition efficiency. Unexpectedly, naked LMSNs without surface modification especially at high dosage produce relatively more serious toxicity than HMSNs whatever in cells, zebrafish embryo or mice models. Collectively, the data provide the sufficient theoretical evidence that LMSNs might be a better choice for delivering biomacromolecules to treat resistant cancers after appropriate surface functionalization such as with PEGylation to weaken its intrinsic toxicity.
Enabling High‐Temperature Atomic‐Scale Investigations with Combinatorial Processing Platforms Using Improved Thermal SiO2 Diffusion and Reaction Barriers
Authors: Akbarnejad Elaheh , Kostka Aleksander , Li Yujiao , Klein Matthias Karl , Kozhuharov Kamen , Fritz Georg , Kalt Samuel , Ludwig Alfred
Published: April 2024

Interactions at high temperatures between thin films and the Si substrate limit materials discovery using combinatorial processing platforms (CPPs). To overcome this, a diffusion and reaction barrier, SiO2, by thermal oxidation of Si tips is developed. The application of this diffusion barrier in CPPs for atomic‐scale investigations of new materials in atom probe tomography is reported. Thermal SiO2 layers (20 and 50 nm thick) are examined as barriers to separate coatings from Si tips. Pt is chosen as it easily forms silicides. CPPs are sequentially annealed in vacuum at 400 °C for 10 h, 600 °C for 2 h, and 800 °C for 2 h. The thermal SiO2 diffusion barrier remains stable and prevents intermixing at least up to 800 °C. Moreover, it provides improved film adhesion as dewetting of Pt on the oxide surface occurred at 800 °C instead of 600 °C without a thermal diffusion barrier. A comprehensive structural and chemical analysis of the Pt film, the thermal SiO2 layer, and their interfaces is performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. As a result, the thermal SiO2 forms a stable barrier, even at the lowest thickness of 20 nm, avoiding the formation of Pt silicides, even at 800 °C.
Inkjet‐Printed Red‐Emitting Flexible LEDs Based on Sustainable Inks of Layered Tin Iodide Perovskite
Authors: Vescio Giovanni , Dirin Dmitry N. , González‐Torres Sergio , Sanchez‐Diaz Jesús , Vidal Rosario , Franco Iván P. , Adhikari Samrat Das , Chirvony Vladimir S. , Martínez‐Pastor Juan P. , Vinocour Pacheco Felipe A. , Przypis Lukasz , Öz Senol , Hernández Sergi , Cirera Albert , Mora‐Seró Iván , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Garrido Blas
Published: April 2024

Inkjet printing has emerged as a promising technique for the fabrication of halide perovskite (HP) thin films, as it enables precise and controlled deposition of the perovskite ink on a variety of substrates. One main advantage of inkjet printing for the fabrication of HP thin films is its ability to produce uniform films with controlled thickness and high coverage, which is critical for achieving high‐performance devices. Additionally, inkjet printing allows for the deposition of patterned thin films, enabling the fabrication of complex device architectures such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, flexible LEDs based on inkjet printed Pb‐free HP thiophene‐ethylammonium tin iodide (TEA2SnI4) are produced that has gained attention as a potential alternative to Pb‐based HPs in optoelectronic devices due to its lower toxicity, environmental impact, and high performance. The role of ink solutions is compared using pure solvents: toxic dimethyl formamide (DMF) and more eco‐friendly dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Red‐emitting devices (λmax = 633 nm) exhibit, in ambient conditions, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 0.5% with a related brightness of 21 cd m−2 at 54 mA cm−2 for DMSO‐based LEDs. The environmental impacts of films prepared with DMSO‐based solvents ensure only 40% of the impact caused by DMF.
Advanced Optical Information Encryption Enabled by Polychromatic and Stimuli‐Responsive Luminescence of Sb‐Doped Double Perovskites
Authors: Zhao Yijun , Yang Xingru , Yang Lun , Xing Fangjian , Liu Cihui , Di Yunsong , Cao Guiyuan , Wei Shibiao , Yang Xifeng , Zhang Xiaowei , Liu Yushen , Gan Zhixing
Published: April 2024

The smart materials with multi‐color and stimuli‐responsive luminescence are very promising for next generation of optical information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting, but these materials are still scarce. Herein, a multi‐level information encryption strategy is developed based on the polychromatic emission of Sb‐doped double perovskite powders (SDPPs). Cs2NaInCl6:Sb, Cs2KInCl6:Sb, and Cs2AgInCl6:Sb synthesized through coprecipitation methods exhibit broadband emissions with bright blue, cyan, and orange colors, respectively. The information transmitted by specific SDPP is encrypted when different SDPPs are mixed. The confidential information can be decrypted by selecting the corresponding narrowband filter. Then, an encrypted quick response (QR) code with improved security is demonstrated based on this multi‐channel selection strategy. Moreover, the three types of SDPPs exhibit three different water‐triggered luminescence switching behaviors. The confidential information represented by Cs2NaInCl6:Sb can be erased/recovered through a simple water spray/drying. Whereas, the information collected from the green channel is permanently erased by moisture, which fundamentally avoids information leakage. Therefore, different encryption schemes can be designed to meet a variety of encryption requirements. The multicolor and stimuli‐responsive luminescence greatly enrich the flexibility of optical information encryption, which leaps the level of security and confidentiality.
Sign Reversal of Spin‐Transfer Torques
Authors: Kim Dae‐Yun , Ain Qurat ul , Nam Yune‐Seok , Yu Ji‐Sung , Lee Seong‐Hyub , Chang Jun‐Young , Kim Kitae , Shim Woo‐Young , Kim Duck‐Ho , Je Soong‐Geun , Min Byoung‐Chul , Rhim Sonny H. , Choe Sug‐Bong
Published: April 2024

Spin‐transfer torque (STT) and spin‐orbit torque (SOT) form the core of spintronics, allowing for the control of magnetization through electric currents. While the sign of SOT can be manipulated through material and structural engineering, it is conventionally understood that STT lacks a degree of freedom in its sign. However, this study presents the first demonstration of manipulating the STT sign by engineering heavy metals adjacent to magnetic materials in magnetic heterostructures. Spin torques are quantified through magnetic domain‐wall speed measurements, and subsequently, both STT and SOT are systematically extracted from these measurements. The results unequivocally show that the sign of STT can be either positive or negative, depending on the materials adjacent to the magnetic layers. Specifically, Pd/Co/Pd films exhibit positive STT, while Pt/Co/Pt films manifest negative STT. First‐principle calculations further confirm that the sign reversal of STT originates from the sign reversal of spin polarization of conduction electrons.
Assessing Key Issues Contributing to the Degradation of NCM‐622 || Cu Cells: Competition Between Transition Metal Dissolution and “Dead Li” Formation
Authors: Adhitama Egy , Demelash Feleke , Brake Tobias , Arifiadi Anindityo , Vahnstiege Marc , Javed Atif , Winter Martin , Wiemers‐Meyer Simon , Placke Tobias
Published: April 2024

Combining LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 (NCM) as cathode with bare Cu as anode will potentially lead to next‐generation batteries that are smaller, lighter, and can run for longer periods on a single charge. However, maintaining high performance and a long lifespan of NCM || Cu cells is challenging as it can be affected by various factors from both the cathode and the anode. From the cathode, it is well‐known that transition metal (TM) dissolution accelerates cell degradation. From the anode, one of the main challenges is the formation of high surface area Li deposits which later transform into “inactive Li” or “dead Li”. In this study, a comprehensive assessment regarding these competing factors (i.e., TM deposits and “dead Li”) is discussed. Accelerated TM dissolution is accomplished by introducing TM‐containing additives into the electrolyte. The effects of these competing factors and their degradation mechanism are studied quantitatively and qualitatively through inductively coupled plasma, i.e., optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The “dead Li” influence is analyzed quantitatively using gas chromatography. The results demonstrate the obvious deleterious impact of dissolved TM ions on cell performance. At the same time, “dead Li” has also become a notable factor for a sudden capacity drop.
Wearable Sensor‐Based Multi‐modal Fusion Network for Automated Gait Dysfunction Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Tang Lu , Wang Xiangrui , Lian Pengfei , Lu Zhiyuan , Zheng Qibin , Yang Xilin , Hu Qianyuan , Zheng Hui
Published: April 2024

Gait, fundamental to human movement, becomes compromised in cerebral palsy (CP), a childhood‐onset central nervous system motor disorder. Precise assessment of patients’ gait is crucial for tailored rehabilitation interventions. Currently, clinical scales assessing CP gait dysfunction mostly, while valuable, rely on subjective clinician observations. To enhance objectivity and efficiency in CP diagnosis and rehabilitation, there is a need for more objective assessment procedures. This study introduces a multi‐modal and multi‐scale feature fusion (MMFF) framework, a new framework for automating gait dysfunction assessment in children with CP. By utilizing surface electromyography and acceleration signals recorded during children's walking, MMFF generates a feature vector enriched with adaptively refined feature maps, cross‐mode correlations, and both local and global information. Validation of MMFF's effectiveness is evident through an accomplished classification accuracy of 99.13%. The mean values for precision, recall, and F1‐score in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)‐1, GMFCS‐2, and GMFCS‐3, reaching 99.00%, 99.00%, and 98.33%, respectively, further reflect the accuracy of functional assessments at each level. This study underscores MMFF's potential as an objective, streamlined tool for clinicians, promising improved gait assessment and well‐informed rehabilitation strategies for children with CP.