bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serosurvey for tick-borne diseases in dogs from the Eastern Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Spolidorio Mariana Granziera , Minervino Antonio Humberto Hamad , Valadas Samantha Yuri Oshiro Branco , Soares Herbert Sousa , Neves Kedson Alessandri Lobo , Labruna Marcelo Bahia , Ribeiro Múcio Flavio Barbosa , Gennari Solange Maria
Published: February 2014

Canine ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are the most prevalent tick-borne diseases in Brazilian dogs. Few studies have focused attention in surveying tick-borne diseases in the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 129 blood samples were collected from dogs living in the Brazilian eastern Amazon. Seventy-two samples from dogs from rural areas of 19 municipalities and 57 samples from urban stray dogs from Santarém municipality were collected. Serum samples were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) with antigens ofBabesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and six Rickettsia species. The frequency of dogs containing anti-B. canis vogeli, anti-E. canis, and anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies was 42.6%, 16.2%, and 31.7%, respectively. Anti-B. canis vogeli antibodies were detected in 59.6% of the urban dogs, and in 29.1% of the rural dogs (P < 0.05). For E. canis, seroprevalence was similar among urban (15.7%) and rural (16.6%) dogs. ForRickettsia spp., rural dogs presented significantly higher (P < 0.05) prevalence (40.3%) than urban animals (21.1%). This first study on tick-borne pathogens in dogs from the Brazilian eastern Amazon indicates that dogs are exposed to several agents, such asBabesia organisms, mostly in the urban area; Spotted Fever group Rickettsia organisms, mostly in the rural area; andEhrlichia organisms, in dogs from both areas studied.
Paratrichodina africana (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) of wild and cultured Nile tilapia in the Northern Brazil
Authors: Tavares-Dias Marcos , Marchiori Natália da Costa , Martins Maurício Laterça
Published: February 2014

The present work morphologically characterizes Paratrichodina africana from the gills of wild and farmed Nile tilapia from Northern Brazil (eastern Amazonia). Ninety fish were captured for parasitological analysis in Macapá, State of Amapá, from a wetland area bathed by the Amazon River commonly called ‘Ressaca do Zerão’ (n = 52), as well as from a local fish farm (n = 38). Wet smears of the skin and gills of the captured fish were air dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate by Klein's method for posterior examination of the adhesive disc structures. Total prevalence of parasitism was 16.6% (23% in fish from wetland and 7.8% in farmed fish). Characterized as a small-sized trichodinid, it presented the following measures: 33.2 ± 4.7 µm body diameter, 17.5 ± 2.1 µm adhesive disc, 10.0 ± 0.9 µm denticulate ring, and 22.6 ± 2.0 denticles. Paratrichodina africana reported in this study strongly resembles those described for other localities, but it differs by presenting greater body length. This is the fourth report of P. africana parasitizing a host fish.
Usefulness of serological ELISA assay forTaenia saginata to detect naturally infected bovines
Authors: Paulan Silvana de Cássia , Gonzáles Rutilia Marisela Hernándes , Peralta Laura Adalid , Vicentini-Oliveira Josy Campanhã , Biondi Germano Francisco , Conde Edda Sciuto , Parkhouse Robert Michael Evans , Nunes Cáris Maroni
Published: February 2014

Bovine cysticercosis, a cosmopolitan disease caused by Taenia saginata, leads to economic losses due to carcass devaluation at slaughter. Sanitary inspection at slaughterhouses, the routine diagnostic method in Brazil, lacks the necessary sensitivity to detect the mildly infected cattle that are typically encoutered in Brazil. In this study we have tested cattle sera from animals diagnosed as positive and negative by veterianry inspection for (1) anti-parasite antibodies using metacestodes antigens (T. solium vesicular fluid and T. saginata secretions) and (2) the HP10 secreted antigen of viable metacestodes. The cut-off values were calculated by ROC curve for intense and mild infections conditions, and by the classical method ( for negative samples). The sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic tests were different depending on the assumed cut-off value and, importantly, whether the infection was mild or intense. In spite of these observations, however, such ELISA assays for serum antibodies and parasite antigens constitute an important tool for epidemiological porposes, and in establishing priorities for the control of bovine cysticercosis.
Reversible phase transfer of quantum dots by gas bubbling
Authors: Francés-Soriano Laura , Pocoví-Martínez Salvador , González-Béjar María , Pérez-Prieto Julia
Published: February 2014

Amine-capped, lipophilic CdSe/ZnS quantum dots can be transferred in the presence of a switchable surfactant, specifically N′-oleyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidine, from an organic phase to water and then reverted to the organic phase simply by the addition/removal of carbon dioxide. The strategy is based on interdigitation of the surfactant between the non-polar ligands of the nanoparticles. The reversibility of the phase transfer is possible in at least ten cycles, after which the initial quantum dots, with their optical features preserved, can be recovered by simple precipitation in methanol, followed by centrifugation. This approach is most appealing, since external stimulus (carbon dioxide bubbling) could be obtained from a waste product, which is easily removed from the system by nitrogen bubbling. This article contains supporting information that will be made available online once the issue is published.
Model, synthesis and applications of graphene oxide: a review
Authors: Sen Low H. , Nainar Mohamed Ansari M. , Begum Shahida
Published: February 2014

Graphene oxide (GO) is a precursor for the most prospective material – graphene – in the event of top-down approach. Nevertheless, GO promises a variety of applications such as photonics, memory devices, adsorbent, biomaterial, clinical application and so on. This review highlights different methods of GO synthesis in addition to various models of GO. Functional groups on GO sheets are the main contributing factors for properties of composite material system, which sequentially cater for specific application.
Genetic Diversity and Classification of Cytoplasm of Chinese Elite Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] Germplasm
Authors: Liu Zhengli , Zhang Ting , Li Cong , Bai Guihua
Published: February 2014

A single cytoplasmic source of foxtail millet male sterile lines has become a major limiting factor for wide utilization of heterosis in foxtail millet. To explore genetic diversity of Chinese foxtail millet cytoplasm, 23 pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) primers that showed a high level of polymorphism among selected 14 genetically diverse foxtail millet accessions were identified after screening 34 pairs of consensus mtDNA primers that were derived from various plant species. The 23 pairs of primers were used to analyze genetic diversity of cytoplasm in 111 Chinese elite foxtail millet accessions. Genetic similarity coefficients for differentiation of cytoplasmic types were calculated based on the phylogenetic tree and female‐parent‐derived pedigree graph of all the tested accessions. The results show that the genetic diversity of foxtail millet cytoplasm is low, which makes Chinese foxtail millet germplasm vulnerable to the infection by cytoplasm‐related diseases. The 111 tested accessions can be classified into eight cytoplasmic types: Qinyuanmujizui, Huangruangu, Riben60ri, Dahuanggu, Yingsuigu, Heizhigu, MissingI, and MissingII. The eight cytoplasmic types matched with the geographic and ecological distribution pattern of the most tested accessions. The results provided a scientific foundation for rationally utilizing these germplasm lines, diversifying cytoplasmic types in male sterile lines, and further improving hybrid foxtail millet cultivars.
Multiple Leaf Measurements Improve Effectiveness of Chlorophyll Meter for Durum Wheat Nitrogen Management
Authors: Wang Guangyao , Bronson Kevin F. , Thorp Kelly R. , Mon Jarai , Badaruddin Mohammad
Published: February 2014

Simple and rapid methods are needed to measure durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) nitrogen (N) status and make on‐site N application decisions for increased crop yield and grain quality. Although chlorophyll meters (SPAD meters) have been widely tested for cereal crop N management, significant variation in SPAD meter readings among growing seasons, locations, and crop cultivars makes them challenging. Experiments with six durum wheat cultivars and six N fertilizer rates were conducted in Arizona in the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons to test whether multiple leaf SPAD readings on the same plants can improve estimation of crop N status by SPAD meters. The relationships between N nutrition index (NNI) and SPAD readings on the most recent fully expanded leaves (SPAD1), Sufficiency Index or normalized SPAD index (SI), Normalized difference SPAD index (NDSPAD), and the differences in SPAD readings between the second most recent and most recent fully expanded leaves (SPAD21) were compared. The results showed SPAD1 varied with growing season, growth stage, and durum wheat cultivar. All three indices, SI, NDSPAD, and SPAD21, improved the prediction of durum wheat N status compared to SPAD1. The SI measured at Feekes 10.5 or mean SI over growth stages (Feekes 5, 10, and 10.5) performed better than the other three indices in predicting crop yield. This study suggests that using SPAD21 can improve the effectiveness of the SPAD meter compared to SPAD1 and that SPAD21 can be as effective as SI without requirement of reference plots in durum wheat N management.
Selection for Biomass Yield in Upland, Lowland, and Hybrid Switchgrass
Authors: Casler Michael D. , Vogel Kenneth P.
Published: February 2014

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a candidate for cellulosic bioenergy feedstock development in many parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. Breeding for increased biomass yield is a viable and desirable research objective to improve both economic and energy yields per hectare. The objectives of this study were to estimate progress from (i) selection for biomass yield in upland switchgrass, (ii) selection for winter survival, biomass yield, and biomass quality in lowland switchgrass, and (iii) advanced‐generation heterosis effects in four upland × lowland hybrid switchgrass populations. Selection for increased biomass yield in upland switchgrass resulted in mean genetic gains for of 0.71 Mg ha−1 per cycle (8% per cycle = 4% yr−1) for biomass yield. Selection for increased biomass yield in lowland switchgrass resulted in mean genetic gains of 0.89 Mg ha−1 (18% = 1% yr−1) for biomass yield. Mean high‐parent heterosis between upland and lowland ecotypes was 3.57 Mg ha−1 (43%). These gains in biomass yield resulted in significant increases in ethanol production for a fermentation platform or high heating value for a combustion platform. Biomass yield is a moderately heritable trait in switchgrass and it can be readily improved in both upland and lowland populations using conventional breeding methods.
Inheritance of Secondary Morphological Traits for Among‐and‐Within‐Family Selection in Upland Tetraploid Switchgrass
Authors: Price David L. , Casler Michael D.
Published: February 2014

Major efforts are currently being undertaken to improve biomass yield in switchgrass. Among‐and‐within‐family selection has been proposed as an efficient selection scheme to increase rates of genetic gain. The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of three yield‐related traits (plant height, tiller count, and flowering date) and evaluate the suitability of those traits as within‐family‐selection criteria. Divergent selections of parents were made for each trait from an upland‐tetraploid population developed for use in temperate North America. Progeny from these selections were used to estimate narrow‐sense heritability by both parent–progeny regression and response to selection. Moderate heritability (0.41) was estimated for plant height but was greater for selection of increased height. Heritability for tiller count was low overall (0.06), with greater values observed for reduced tillering selections. Flowering date was estimated to have high heritability (0.75) overall in both selection directions. Plant height and flowering date both appear heritable on a spaced‐plant basis and may be effective selection criteria for within‐family selection. The relative value of among‐and‐within‐family selection within a practical breeding program will vary depending on what selection criteria are used and the timing of selections.
Association Mapping of Resistance to Yellow Rust in Winter Wheat Cultivars and Elite Genotypes
Authors: Tadesse W. , Ogbonnaya F.C. , Jighly A. , Nazari K. , Rajaram S. , Baum M.
Published: February 2014

Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) all over the world, particularly in the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region. Host plant resistance is the most economical and environment friendly approach to combating wheat rusts through the deployment of resistant cultivars. In this study, we report findings from an association mapping (AM) study of resistance to Pst in 167 facultative/winter elite wheat genotypes. The genotypes were evaluated for resistance to yellow rust (YR) at the adult plant stage and other agronomic traits for 2 yr (2011–2012) at ICARDA field station, Tel Hadya, Syria. The same genotypes were genotyped using 3051 diversity array technology (DArT) markers of which 1586 were of known chromosome positions. Out of the 167 genotypes evaluated for YR resistance, 65 genotypes (38.9%) were resistant, 20 genotypes (12%) were moderately resistant, 30 genotypes (18%) were moderately susceptible, and 52 genotypes (31.1%) were susceptible. Elite genotypes with high yield potential and YR resistance were identified and have been distributed to the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) for potential direct release and/or use as parents after local adaptation trials by the respective countries. Further, AM analysis using a mixed linear model (MLM), corrected for population structure and kinship relatedness and adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR), identified five genomic regions located on wheat chromosomes 2BL, 4BS, 6AS, 6BL, and 7BL which are significantly associated with genes conferring resistance to YR. The loci located on chromosome 4BS appeared to be a novel quantitative trait loci (QTL). These loci may be useful for choosing parents and incorporating new YR resistance genes into locally adapted wheat cultivars.
Distribution of rDNA in Diploid and Polyploid Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Fragile Sites in 45S rDNA Regions
Authors: Bustamante Fernanda O. , Rocha Laiane C. , Torres Giovana A. , Davide Lisete C. , Mittelmann Andréa , Techio Vânia H.
Published: February 2014

The distribution, number, and location of ribosome DNA (rDNA) regions on chromosomes were evaluated, and transcriptional activity was described in genotypes of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), as well as in an offspring resulting from interbreeding. Nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions were labeled with silver nitrate and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with 5S and 45S rDNA as probes. Hybridization procedures were performed on slides previously stained with the Ag‐NOR method. The 5S rDNA sites were highly conserved, while 45S rDNA sites had wide variability, even showing more than one site on the same chromosome. One of the genotypes had more than expected 45S rDNA sites. Approximately 95% of the cells at metaphases had at least one chromosome break/gap in the 45S rDNA site, resulting in chromosome fragmentation. Thus, 45S rDNA correspond to fragile sites in L. multiflorum. These events can affect genome organization and cause new chromosomal rearrangements which, along with some other factors, might be responsible for microevolutionary changes involved in differentiation and speciation. Not all 45S rDNA sites are transcriptionally active. Variation in both the number and size of nucleoli and mechanisms of nucleolar fusion were observed in L. multiflorum.
Genetics of Ginning Efficiency and Its Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlations with Agronomic and Fiber Traits in Upland Cotton
Authors: Bechere Efrem , Boykin J.C. , Zeng L.
Published: February 2014

Information regarding genetic variability and correlations of desirable traits provide a reliable basis for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) improvement. The objective of this research was to study the genetics of ginning efficiency and estimate genotypic correlations of ginning energy requirements and ginning rate with some agronomic and quality traits in two upland cotton crosses. F2 plants from two segregating families were used to produce F3 plants, from which 62 individual plants from each of the two populations were randomly harvested in 2009 to produce progeny rows which were planted in two replications at two environments at Stoneville, MS during 2010 and 2012. The highest broad‐sense heritability was observed for fuzz percentage followed by net ginning energy, gross ginning energy, and ginning rate. Significant positive genotypic correlations were observed between fuzz percentage, net ginning energy, and gross ginning energy. Fuzz percentage, however, had a significant negative genotypic correlation with ginning rate. Ginning rate was negatively and significantly correlated with net ginning energy and gross ginning energy. Net ginning energy had a significant positive genotypic relationship with gross ginning energy. These results hold true for both populations. Results also indicated a high genetic advance from selection for fuzz percentage. These results, coupled with the fact that fuzz percentage is easier, faster, and much less expensive to measure, make it a good candidate for selecting for ginning efficiency.
A Genomic Comparison of Homoeologous Recombinants of the Lr19 (T4) Translocation in Wheat
Authors: Somo Mohamed , Chao Shiaoman , Acevedo Maricelis , Zurn Jason , Cai Xiwen , Marais Francois
Published: February 2014

The Lr19 translocation continues to provide broad resistance to Puccinia triticina in many parts of the world and can be particularly useful in resistance gene pyramids. Previously, an associated gene for yellow endosperm pigmentation precluded its use in many countries, and as a result, allosyndetic recombinants and mutants lacking the pigmentation genes have been developed. Such a primary white endosperm recombinant (Lr19‐149) and four secondary recombinants (Lr19‐149–252, −299, −462, and −478) were obtained in earlier studies. This study characterized the translocations making use of fluorescence genomic in situ hybridization (FGISH), simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence tagged site (STS), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The recombined segments were shown to be intercalary inserts of different size and were mapped to the most distal 7BL deletion bin. In addition to a previously reported duplication that involves the Wsp‐1 locus, primary recombinant −149 also has a deletion of the PSY‐1 containing region. These apparently small aberrations have been retained in three of the secondary recombinants that resulted from single, proximal crossovers. The fourth secondary recombinant (−478) resulted from a distal crossover that apparently restored a normal wheat telomeric region with single copies of the Wsp‐B1 and PSY‐B1 loci and appears to be the most useful.
An Introgression from Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) Affects Tomato Photosynthesis and Water Relations
Authors: Easlon Hsien Ming , Clair Dina A. St. , Bloom Arnold J.
Published: February 2014

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) stm9 (shoot‐turgor maintenance; located on chromosome 9) from chilling‐tolerant Solanum habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M. Spooner maintains plant water status via stomatal closure in response to root chilling, which induces a rapid onset form of root water stress. Here we examined the effect of an introgressed S. habrochaites chromosome 9 region, which contains QTL stm9, on water relations, photosynthesis, and yield in the field. Three near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with and without S. habrochaites chromosome 9 introgressions, and their parent cultivar T5, were evaluated in 2 yr of field experiments in Davis, CA. The NILs with a S. habrochaites introgression exhibited predawn and midday leaf conductances that were 23 and 10% smaller, respectively, than those of the NIL without the S. habrochaites introgression and the parent cultivar. This resulted in the NILs with the S. habrochaites region having 23% higher predawn leaf water potential, 13% higher midday leaf water potential, and 13% lower net photosynthesis than the NIL without the S. habrochaites introgression and the parent cultivar. Yield in the NILs containing small (NIL175) and large (NIL1322) introgressions of S. habrochaites decreased an average of 42 and 71%, respectively, compared with the NIL without the introgression and the parent cultivar. The effect of the introgression from S. habrochaites under nonchilling conditions may prove useful for understanding tradeoffs between productivity and transpiration.
Alkaloid Genotype Diversity of Tall Fescue Endophytes
Authors: Takach Johanna E. , Young Carolyn A.
Published: February 2014

Tall fescue {Festuca arundinacea Schreb. [syn Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.]}, a common forage grass used in temperate regions, forms mutually beneficial symbioses with hybrid epichloid endophytes, including the well‐described species Neotyphodium coenophialum. These endophytes confer many benefits to their plant hosts, including the production of bioactive alkaloids that deter insect and/or mammalian herbivory. Individual seeds from 176 tall fescue accessions were collected worldwide, including representatives of both Continental and Mediterranean morphotypes, and screened via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for endophyte incidence and potential chemotypic diversity. A total of 89 endophyte‐infected seed lines were identified and screened with markers representing key genes within the four alkaloid biosynthesis loci, EAS (ergot alkaloids), IDT (indole‐diterpenes), LOL (lolines), and PER (peramine). Endophyte alkaloid genotypes based on alkaloid biosynthetic gene‐specific patterns were developed for each infected seed, and the alkaloid potential for each endophyte was predicted. Genotype profiles were compared to those of 11 known tall fescue endophytes to identify genotype variation within species as well as the prevalence of each species. Some Plant Introduction (PI) accessions arising from multiple germplasm sources were determined to contain two to three independent endophyte genotypes across the seeds tested. The results from this study provide insight into the genotype and chemotype diversity of endophytes present in populations of tall fescue worldwide and support evidence that tall fescue endophytes are host specific.
Variability of Grain‐Filling Traits in Early Maturing CIMMYT Tropical Maize Inbred Lines
Authors: Gasura Edmore , Setimela Peter S. , Tarekegne Amsal , Icishahayo David , Edema Richard , Gibson Paul T. , Okori Patrick
Published: February 2014

Grain‐filling rate (GFR), effective grain‐filling duration (EGFD), and total grain‐filling duration (TGFD) are important physiological traits of maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY) formation. To devise effective breeding strategies, the genetic nature of these traits is a prerequisite for improvement in early maturing maize. A study was conducted at CIMMYT‐Zimbabwe using an α‐lattice design with two replications in two environments to investigate the genetic variability of grain‐filling traits in 18 early maturing tropical maize inbred lines derived from CIMMYT germplasm. Highly significant differences were observed for GY, thousand‐grain weight (TGW), GFR, EGFD, TGFD, kernels per row (KR), and rows per cob (RC). The broad‐sense coefficient of genetic determination (the fixed parent equivalent of broad‐sense heritability) was above 70% for all of the traits. The highest GY was obtained from the inbred line T032‐30 (79.2 g plant–1) and the lowest from inbred line CML506 (37.6 g plant–1), respectively. Therefore, selecting for higher GFR and longer TGFD, especially the EGFD, can increase GY of early maize without extending days to physiological maturity (DPM).
Genetic Variation for Epidermal Conductance in Peanut
Authors: Rosas‐Anderson Pablo , Sinclair Thomas R. , Balota Maria , Tallury Shyam , Isleib Thomas G. , Rufty Thomas
Published: February 2014

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important legume that is often grown in drought‐prone areas. Low epidermal conductance (EC) may delay the dehydration of leaves and improve plant survival of severe water‐deficit stress. No reports of genetic variation for EC in peanut have been found in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to document genetic variation for EC among 21 peanut (Arachis spp.) genotypes in two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment. The effects of water‐deficit stress on EC and the association between EC and stomata density (SD) were also investigated. Tests for an influence of water‐deficit stress on EC were inconclusive. Comparison of EC and SD among genotypes failed to show any significant correlations in the various test environments. However, genetic variation for EC in peanut was found in both greenhouse experiments, with genotypes TMV 2, PI 298639, and VA 98R having very low EC. In the field, genotype SPT 06‐07 was found to have low EC. These results indicate that selection of genotypes with low EC is a viable approach in identifying peanut genotypes with improved capacity to survive severe soil water deficits.
Shortening the Breeding Cycle of Sorghum, a Model Crop for Research
Authors: Rizal Govinda , Karki Shanta , Alcasid Michael , Montecillo Florencia , Acebron Kelvin , Larazo Nikki , Garcia Richard , Slamet‐Loedin Inez Hortense , Quick William Paul
Published: February 2014

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a model C4 cereal for both basic and applied research. It has most of the traits of a model plant species: large embryos that are easy to rescue, moderate genome size of about 760 Mb, several unique traits not found in other species, plenty of seeds, and many important agronomic as well as commercial uses. However, it takes a long time to complete its breeding cycle. Other problems encountered during the research on sorghum breeding were early desiccation of embryos from mutants and wide hybridization, and the high‐yielding cultivars and plants grown in controlled environments are usually uniculm, which limits their use in crossing to obtain both selfed and crossed seeds. The objective of this research was to find ways to obtain cross‐ and self‐pollinated seeds from the same plant, conserve the vital embryos, and most important, shorten the breeding cycle. Two methods are reported here. The first method was to produce crossed as well as selfed seeds on the same panicle of the usually uni‐culm plant. The second method was to carry out embryo rescue to save vital embryos as well as shorten the breeding cycle from the regular 17 to 11 wk. By these two methods, the breeding cycle of sorghum was made comparable or even shorter than that of other model crops, which would allow the development of breeding materials much faster.
Proteomic Analysis Reveals Nitric Oxide Functions in Promoting Etiolated Barley Seedlings Greening
Authors: Chen Juan , Hu Wen‐Jun , Wang Chao , Liu Ting‐Wu , Xiao Qiang , He Bin‐Yuan , Wang Wen‐Hua , Chen Juan , Zheng Hai‐Lei
Published: February 2014

Light‐mediated greening is one of the most dramatic developmental processes in crops. Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, plays a critical role in crop growth and development. In this study, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, was found to significantly increase the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity during greening of etiolated barley seedlings. Improved chloroplast development was also observed. To better understand the promotion mechanism of NO in greening, differentially expressed proteins from barley seedlings with and without SNP treatment were investigated by proteomic analysis. Among more than 1000 protein spots separated, 85 of them were significantly changed by SNP treatment. Fifteen of these 85 protein spots were identified to be related to photosynthesis. In addition, a set of proteins, which are associated with metabolism, energy production and conversion, defense and development, signal transduction, hormones, transcription, and post‐translation modification were also regulated by NO. Taken together, these results reveal a comprehensive protein network regulated by NO in greening and facilitate the understanding of NO signaling in greening of etiolated plants.
Sources of Resistance to Sunflower Diseasesin a Global Collection of Domesticated USDA Plant Introductions
Authors: Talukder Zahirul I. , Hulke Brent S. , Marek Laura F. , Gulya Thomas J.
Published: February 2014

Basal stalk rot (BSR) and head rot (HR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary are traditionally major diseases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the United States, while Phomopsis stem canker (PSC) caused by Phomopsis helianthi Munt.‐Cvet. et al. has become increasingly damaging in recent years. Host resistance is the most effective approach to managing these diseases. Here we report new sources of resistance to these diseases identified in the USDA sunflower Plant Introduction (PI) collection. A total of 260 PIs, including USDA‐ARS–developed inbred lines, were tested in multiple years and locations of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. The effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and G × E interaction were significant. Broad sense heritability (H2) for BSR, HR, and PSC were estimated as 0.70, 0.79, and 0.83, respectively, reflecting a large genetic variation in the panel for these diseases. A total of 6.2, 29.6, and 36.9% of the genotypes showed significantly higher resistance than checks against BSR, HR, and PSC, respectively. Two PIs, 531389 and 531366, were significantly more resistant than checks against all three diseases. Head rot disease incidence was positively correlated with PSC (r = 0.52, p < 0.0001), while it was negatively correlated with BSR (r = −0.16, p < 0.05). A total of 13 PIs, mostly from Hungary, exhibited dual resistance against HR and PSC. Overall, sufficient variation exists among germplasm sources to facilitate further resistance breeding of sunflower against BSR, HR, and PSC diseases.
Establishment and Rooting Response of Bermudagrass Propagated with Saline Water and Subsurface Irrigation
Authors: Serena Matteo , Leinauer Bernd , Schiavon Marco , Maier Bernd , Sallenave Rossana
Published: February 2014

Irrigating with non‐potable, saline water using a subsurface drip system has been suggested as a strategy to conserve water used for turfgrass. However, it is unknown if turfgrasses can be established from sod when saline water is applied from the subsurface. A two‐year study was conducted at New Mexico State University to investigate the establishment of ‘Princess 77’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] from sod, irrigated from either a sprinkler or a subsurface drip system, with potable (electrical conductivity [EC] = 0.6 dS m−1) or saline (EC = 2.2 dS m−1) water and propagated either early (mid‐March) or late (mid‐June). Establishment rate was calculated on the basis of percentage of green cover, which was determined by means of digital image analysis. At the end of each growing season, root samples were collected and analyzed for root weight density, root length density, and root diameter at three soil depths. When coverage data were averaged over water qualities, plots propagated in 2009 and irrigated from a sprinkler system established fastest, followed by sprinkler‐irrigated plots propagated in 2008. Drip‐irrigated plots were the slowest to reach full coverage. Root length density was higher in sprinkler‐irrigated plots than subsurface drip irrigation plots at all depths. In conclusion, early propagation of Princess 77 bermudagrass resulted in complete coverage with a denser root system at the end of the growing season, regardless of the water quality or irrigation system used. If propagated early, subsurface drip‐irrigated bermudagrass did not require supplemental irrigation from a temporary sprinkler system to successfully establish.
Congenital cholesteatoma of mastoid origin: A multicenter case series
Authors: Cvorovic Ljiljana , Djeric Dragoslava , Vlaski Ljiljana , Dankuc Dragan , Baljosevic Ivan , Pavicevic Ljubomir
Published: February 2014

Background/Aim. The mastoid is the rarest site for the onset of congenital
cholesteatoma (CC). The symptoms are atypical and minimal. The aim of this
multicenter retrospective descriptive study was to define this extremely rare
condition and its clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Methods.
We analyzed data files for a 15- year period in 4 tertiary otology centers
and discovered 6 patients with the diagnosis of CC of the mastoid. Results.
The clinical presentation of CC varied from incidental findings in patient to
patient with otogenic meningitis. The most common findings during surgical
procedures were mastoid cortex erosion, sigmoid plate dehiscence, dural
exposure and external canal wall destruction. Conclusion. CC of mastoid
origin tends to occur in adult patients probably because of minimal symptoms
and the delayed diagnosis. It can exist for years in a nonaggressive state
and develop to giant sizes. In children it is almost incidentally diagnosed.
Early imaging is necessary in order to prevent serious complication.
The assessment of electromagnetic field radiation exposure for mobile phone users
Authors: Buckus Raimondas , Strukcinskiene Birute , Raistenskis Juozas
Published: February 2014

Background/Aim. During recent years, the widespread use of mobile phones has
resulted in increased human exposure to electromagnetic field radiation and
to health risks. Increased usage of mobile phones at the close proximity
raises questions and doubts in safety of mobile phone users. The aim of the
study was to assess an electromagnetic field radiation exposure for mobile
phone users by measuring electromagnetic field strength in different settings
at the distance of 1 to 30 cm from the mobile user. Methods. In this paper,
the measurements of electric field strength exposure were conducted on
different brand of mobile phones by the call-related factors: urban/rural
area, indoor/outdoor setting and moving/stationary mode during calls. The
different types of mobile phone were placed facing the field probe at 1 cm,
10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm distance. Results. The highest electric field strength
was recorded for calls made in rural area (indoors) while the lowest electric
field strength was recorded for calls made in urban area (outdoors). Calls
made from a phone in a moving car gave a similar result like for indoor
calls; however, calls made from a phone in a moving car exposed electric
field strength two times more than that of calls in a standing (motionless)
position. Conclusion. Electromagnetic field radiation depends on mobile phone
power class and factors, like urban or rural area, outdoor or indoor, moving
or motionless position, and the distance of the mobile phone from the phone
user. It is recommended to keep a mobile phone in the safe distance of 10, 20
or 30 cm from the body (especially head) during the calls.
A single-server Markovian queuing system with discouraged arrivals and retention of reneged customers
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sharma Kumar
Published: February 2014

Customer impatience has a very negative impact on the queuing system under
investigation. If we talk from business point of view, the firms lose their
potential customers due to customer impatience, which affects their business
as a whole. If the firms employ certain customer retention strategies, then
there are chances that a certain fraction of impatient customers can be
retained in the queuing system. A reneged customer may be convinced to stay
in the queuing system for his further service with some probability, say q
and he may abandon the queue without receiving the service with a probability
p(=1? q). A finite waiting space Markovian single-server queuing model with
discouraged arrivals, reneging and retention of reneged customers is studied.
The steady state solution of the model is derived iteratively. The measures
of effectiveness of the queuing model are also obtained. Some important
queuing models are derived as special cases of this model.
Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Gender Discrimination in the Audit Profession
Authors: Dalton Derek W. , Cohen Jeffrey R. , Harp Nancy L. , McMillan Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2014

This paper tests a model of perceived gender discrimination in the audit profession. Using a sample of 234 female auditors employed in public accounting firms, we examine the effects of workgroup composition factors and organizational climate factors on perceived gender discrimination, along with the impact of perceived gender discrimination on several critical organizational outcomes. We find that female auditors report lower levels of gender discrimination when employed (1) in firms with more female partners, (2) in firms with stronger ethical climates, (3) in firms that are more supportive of alternative work arrangements, and (4) in firms that provide higher levels of top management support for the personal well-being of their employees. Further, we find that perceived gender discrimination is associated with lower organizational citizenship behavior and higher turnover intentions. Implications for research and public policy are discussed.
On the Use of Checklists in Auditing: A Commentary
Authors: Boritz J. Efrim , Timoshenko Lev M.
Published: February 2014

Experimental studies concerning fraud (or “red flag”) checklists often are interpreted as providing evidence that checklists are dysfunctional because their use yields results inferior to unaided judgments (Hogan et al. 2008). However, some of the criticisms leveled against checklists are directed at generic checklists applied by individual auditors who combine the cues using their own judgment. Based on a review and synthesis of the literature on the use of checklists in auditing and other fields, we offer a framework for effective use of checklists that incorporates the nature of the audit task, checklist design, checklist application, and contextual factors. Our analysis of checklist research in auditing suggests that improvements to checklist design and to checklist application methods can make checklists more effective. In particular, with regard to fraud risk assessments, customizing checklists to fit both client circumstances and the characteristics of the fraud risk assessment task, along with auditor reliance on formal cue-combination models rather than on judgmental cue combinations, could make fraud checklists more effective than extant research implies.
Glycation of Apolipoprotein C1 Impairs Its CETP Inhibitory Property: Pathophysiological Relevance in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bouillet Benjamin , Gautier Thomas , Blache Denis , Pais de Barros Jean-Paul , Duvillard Laurence , Petit Jean-Michel , Lagrost Laurent , Vergès Bruno
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

Apolipoprotein (apo)C1 is a potent physiological inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). ApoC1 operates through its ability to modify the electrostatic charge at the lipoprotein surface. We aimed to determine whether the inhibitory ability of apoC1 is still effective in vivo in patients with diabetes and whether in vitro glycation of apoC1 influences its electrostatic charge and its CETP inhibitory effect.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

ApoC1 concentrations and CETP activity were measured in 70 type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, 113 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 83 control subjects. The consequences of in vitro glycation by methylglyoxal on the electrostatic properties of apoC1 and on its inhibitory effect on CETP activity were studied. An isoelectric analysis of apoC1 was performed in patients with T1D and in normolipidemic-normoglycemic subjects.

RESULTS

An independent negative correlation was found between CETP activity and apoC1 in control subjects but not in patients with diabetes. HbA1c was independently associated with CETP activity in T1D patients. In vitro glycation of apoC1 modified its electrostatic charge and abrogated its ability to inhibit CETP activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The isoelectric point of apoC1 in T1D patients was significantly lower than that in control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

The ability of apoC1 to inhibit CETP activity is impaired in patients with diabetes. Glycation of apoC1 leads to a change in its electrostatic properties that might account, at least in part, for a loss of constitutive CETP inhibition and an increase in plasma CETP activity in patients with diabetes.
Genetic Risk Score Associations With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: Cox Amanda J. , Hsu Fang-Chi , Ng Maggie C.Y. , Langefeld Carl D. , Freedman Barry I. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Bowden Donald W.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

Given the high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes, identifying and understanding predictors of CVD events and mortality could help inform clinical management in this high-risk group. Recent large-scale genetic studies may provide additional tools in this regard.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Genetic risk scores (GRSs) were constructed in 1,175 self-identified European American (EA) individuals comprising the family-based Diabetes Heart Study based on 1) 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2) 30 SNPs with previously documented associations with CVD in genome-wide association studies. Associations between each GRS and a self-reported history of CVD, coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC) determined by noncontrast computed tomography scan, all-cause mortality, and CVD mortality were examined using marginal models with generalized estimating equations and Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

The weighted 13-SNP GRS was associated with prior CVD (odds ratio [OR] 1.51 [95% CI 1.22–1.86]; P = 0.0002), CAC (β-coefficient [β] 0.22 [0.02–0.43]; P = 0.04) and CVD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.35 [1.10–1.81]; P = 0.04) when adjusting for the other known CVD risk factors: age, sex, type 2 diabetes affection status, BMI, current smoking status, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The weighted 30-SNP GRS was also associated with prior CVD (OR 1.33 [1.08–1.65]; P = 0.008), CAC (β 0.29 [0.08–0.50]; P = 0.006), all-cause mortality (HR 1.28 [1.05–1.56]; P = 0.01), and CVD mortality (HR 1.46 [1.08–1.96]; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support the utility of two simple GRSs in examining genetic associations for adverse outcomes in EAs with type 2 diabetes.
Predictors of Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Children
Authors: Prince Rhiannon L. , Kuk Jennifer L. , Ambler Kathryn A. , Dhaliwal Jasmine , Ball Geoff D.C.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) in children and examine the demographic, adiposity, and lifestyle predictors of MHO status.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 8–17 year olds with a BMI ≥85th percentile who were enrolled in a multidisciplinary pediatric weight management clinic from 2005–2010. Demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic data were retrieved by retrospective medical record review. Participants were dichotomized as either MHO or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) according to two separate classification systems based on: 1) insulin resistance (IR) and 2) cardiometabolic risk (CR) factors (blood pressure, serum lipids, and glucose). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of MHO using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MHO-IR was 31.5% (n = 57 of 181) and MHO-CR was 21.5% (n = 39 of 181). Waist circumference (OR 0.33 [95% CI 0.18–0.59]; P = 0.0002) and dietary fat intake (OR 0.56 [95% CI 0.31–0.95]; P = 0.04) were independent predictors of MHO-IR; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (OR 1.80 [95% CI 1.24–2.62]; P = 0.002) was the strongest independent predictor of MHO-CR.

CONCLUSIONS

Up to one in three children with obesity can be classified as MHO. Depending on the definition, adiposity and lifestyle behaviors both play important roles in predicting MHO status. These findings can inform for whom health services for managing pediatric obesity should be prioritized, especially in circumstances when boys and girls present with CR factors.
Migratory Activity of Circulating Mononuclear Cells Is Associated With Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Spinetti Gaia , Specchia Claudia , Fortunato Orazio , Sangalli Elena , Clerici Giacomo , Caminiti Maurizio , Airoldi Flavio , Losa Sergio , Emanueli Costanza , Faglia Ezio , Madeddu Paolo
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

Prediction of clinical outcome in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) is unsatisfactory. This prospective study investigates if the abundance and migratory activity of a subpopulation of circulating mononuclear cells, namely, CD45dimCD34posCXCR4posKDRpos cells, predict major amputation and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for CLI.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A consecutive series of 119 type 2 diabetic patients with CLI was enrolled. CD45dimCD34posCXCR4posKDRpos cells were assessed by flow cytometry upon isolation and also after spontaneous or stromal cell-derived factor 1α−directed migration in an in vitro assay. The association between basal cell counts and migratory activity and the risk of an event at 18-month follow-up was evaluated in a multivariable regression analysis.

RESULTS

Time-to-event analysis of amputation (n = 13) showed no association with the candidate predictors. Sixteen cardiovascular deaths occurred during 18 months of follow-up. Abundance of CD45dimCD34posCXCR4posKDRpos cells was not associated with cardiovascular mortality. Interestingly, in vitro migration of CD45dimCD34posCXCR4posKDRpos cells was higher in patients with cardiovascular death compared with event-free subjects (percentage of migrated cells median value and interquartile range, 0.03 [0.02–0.07] vs. 0.01 [0.01–0.03]; P = 0.0095). Multivariable regression model analysis showed that cell migration forecasts cardiovascular mortality independently of other validated predictors, such as age, diagnosed coronary artery disease, serum C-reactive protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In this model, doubling of migrated cell counts increases the cardiovascular death hazard by 100% (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The new predictor could aid in the identification of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes requiring special diagnostic and therapeutic care after revascularization.
HUMAN FACTOR — THE WEAKEST LINK OF SECURITY SYSTEM
Authors: Chojnowska Małgorzata , Królikowska Iwona
Published: February 2014

The authors of the following article reveal what happens with so-called ‘human factor’ on board during routine work as well as in life-threatening situations. They analyze two groups of variables, which determine safe behaviors: subjective (emotional, temperamental, sense of control, vocational experiences, individual experiences in emergencies) and social conditioning (organizational culture of workplace, safety culture). They point out, that in todays’ maritime education the analysis of human behaviors on board and broadening of ideals of maritime safety culture, are being devoted not enough attention. No safety system, even the most advanced one in respect of procedures, law, technology or corporeality can reduce all the possibilities of making a mistake by a human being. Therefore the authors put forward a thesis that it is a human factor that is the weakest link of security system. Based on this theory future trainings of mariners should focus on reduction of human factor in the process of making mistakes.