bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaplasticity and Reservoir Computing in Bio‐Realistic Artificial Synapses with Embedded Localized Au‐Nanoparticle‐Based Memristors
Authors: Mahata Chandreswar , Kim Gimun , So Hyojin , Ismail Muhammad , Hsu Chih‐Chieh , Kim Sungjoon , Kim Sungjun
Published: December 2024

This research reports on the control of short‐term and long‐term memory in transition metal oxides embedded with localized gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs). The HfTiOx/TiSiOx switching layer, after the orderly and uniform insertion of Au‐NPs, demonstrates uniform cycle‐to‐cycle DC switching with an ON–OFF ratio >10. Stable low‐resistance states (LRS) and high‐resistance state (HRS) are maintained up to 104 s with multilevel memory characteristics due to the control of oxygen vacancy concentrations. The localized Au‐NPs enhance the local electric field near the HfTiOx/Au‐NP interface, forming controlled conductive filaments, while the high concentration of oxygen vacancies creates a permanent conduction path inside TiSiOx after the electroforming process. The ITO/HfTiOx/Au‐NP/TiSiOx/TaN memristor exhibits stable, controllable gradual bipolar switching and mimics several biological memory functions, including pulse‐width‐dependent plasticity, spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity, pulse‐frequency‐dependent plasticity, and experience‐dependent plasticity. Additionally, a performance of 50k SET/RESET cycles without any significant degradation is achieved and the facilitation of long‐term potentiation/depression are demonstrated. With the help of controlled oxygen vacancy generation on the surface of Au‐NP inside the HfTiOx/TiSiOx switching layer, the memristor can emulate metaplasticity. Evaluation of a reservoir computing system utilizing the volatile switching of the memristor shows efficient processing of temporal data information which is essential for neuromorphic systems.
Efficient and Selective Lithium Extraction from Brine Water Via a Photothermal Sandwich Sieve Structure
Authors: Zhong Hong , Zhao Qinghua , Lai Zhongyu , Xu Dan , Ji Yaxiong , Wang Shifeng , Qin Qi
Published: December 2024

Lithium is being recognized as a strategic resource on a global scale, mainly because of its growing importance in the production of lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Due to its uneven geographical distribution and limited availability on Earth, extracting lithium from brines and seawater presents a sustainable supply pathway. However, conventional lithium extraction techniques are still challenging, necessitating significant costs and energy consumption. This study primarily employs a solar‐utilizing selective extraction strategy for efficient lithium harvesting by designing a solar‐thermal sandwich sieve structure. Herein, a portable solar‐driven lithium extraction device has been developed based on HKUST‐1 and LIG. Due to the sub‐nano channels provided by HKUST‐1, the hydrated Li+ can selectively pass through the MOF layer. The excellent solar heating of the layer enables the device an accelerate vapor escaping, it then facilitates the delivery of Li+, resulting in lithium accumulation at the interface for convenient collection. The maximum lithium extraction capacity in one cycle is 1467 mg m−2, demonstrating good Li+ selectivity absorption with a high Mg2+/Li+ ratio under 1 solar illumination. Moreover, the device shows excellent cycle stability. This work offers an integrated solar utilization for scalable and sustainable lithium extraction from brine water.
Recent Advances in Single‐Atom Catalyst for Solar Energy Conversion: A Comprehensive Review and Future Outlook
Authors: Mehmood Saad , Sk Saddam , Abraham B. Moses , Ahmadipour Mohsen , Pal Ujjwal , Dutta Joydeep
Published: December 2024

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are becoming increasingly recognized as highly promising catalytic materials, distinguished by their exceptional atomic efficiency, superior selectivity, and elevated activity levels. This review offers a detailed and comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in SACs, focusing on synthesis strategies, photocatalytic energy conversion applications, and advanced characterization techniques. Various synthetic approaches for fabricating atomically dispersed catalysts are elaborated concisely, emphasizing the importance of achieving precise atomic regulation on compatible supports to ensure strong metal–support interactions. Furthermore, the advanced characterization techniques by analytical tools are illustrated for a deep exploration of catalytic activity and mechanistic insights into uniformly dispersed SACs. Specifically, different kinds of support materials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), their subset zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) with diverse coordination and electronic environments are examined. Further, advances in computational techniques and machine learning are transforming SACs development by improving predictive accuracy and reducing trial‐and‐error methods, thereby accelerating the discovery of stable and active catalysts. Finally, current challenges and prospects of SACs based on MOFs, and g‐C3N4 are addressed, providing valuable insights for the continued development and application of these catalysts in various industrial processes and environmental remediation efforts.
Dual Fluorometric and Colorimetric Chemosensor Based on Poly(Arylene Ether Nitrile)s Functionalized Zn(II)Porphyrins for Selective Detection of Cyanide
Authors: Sivakumar Gomathi , Babu Anashwara , Ghanti Bholanath , Swathi J. , R Silambarasan , Nutalapati Venkatramaiah , Banerjee Susanta , Maji Samarendra
Published: December 2024

Poly(arylene ether nitrile)s (PAENs) appended with Zn(II)‐porphyrin in varied molar percentages (5% and 10%) are developed as dual colorimetric and fluorometric sensors for highly sensitive and selective cyanide (CN−) detection. The materials, DP‐5%PAEN@Zn and DP‐10%PAEN@Zn, exhibit significant Soret band shifts at 420 ± 2 nm, accompanied by the appearance of a new absorption band at 436 ± 2 nm, indicating strong CN− binding with high association constants of 1.3 × 10⁴ M−¹ and 2.3 × 10⁴ M−¹, respectively. A prominent color change from purple to green allowed for naked eye detection. Spectrofluorimetric studies revealed turn‐off fluorescence with Stern‐Volmer constants (Ksv) of 99.85 × 103 M−¹ for DP‐5%PAEN@Zn and 121.08 × 103 M−¹ for DP‐10%PAEN@Zn, achieving limit of detection (LOD) of 0.177 and 0.099 ppb, respectively. DP‐10%PAEN@Zn demonstrated excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward CN−, and also reusability, as it remained functional after ten TFA treatment cycles. The mechanistic investigation, supported by photophysical, electrochemical, and DFT analyses, revealed a photoinduced electron transfer process via static quenching. Material stability is confirmed through photodegradability, prolonged time, temperature, and humidity testing. Prototype test kits are developed for real‐time visual CN− detection in remote and environmental samples (tap, lake, sewage, and soil). Additionally, a smartphone‐based color recognition assay is implemented for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
PSMA‐Targeting Imprinted Nanogels for Prostate Tumor Localization and Imaging
Authors: Zhang Tong , Berghaus Melanie , Li Yuan , Song Qingmei , Stollenwerk Maria M. , Persson Jenny , Shea Kenneth J. , Sellergren Börje , Lv Yongqin
Published: December 2024

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and tumor vasculature, making it an important biomarker. However, conventional PSMA‐targeting agents like antibodies and small molecules have limitations. Antibodies exhibit instability and complex production, while small molecules show lower specificity and higher toxicity. Herein, this work develops a novel PSMA‐targeting synthetic antibody to address prior limitations. This work synthesizes fluorescently labelled, N‐isopropylacrylamide‐based epitope imprinted nanogels (MIP‐M) using a dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles as template carriers with a linear epitope from PSMA's extracellular apical domain as the template. MIP‐M demonstrates high binding affinities for both the epitope template (apparent KD = 6 × 10−10 м) and PSMA (apparent KD = 2.5 × 10−9 м). Compared to reference peptides and human serum albumin, MIP‐M indicates high specificity. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy comparing cell lines displaying normal (PC3) and enhanced (LNCaP) PSMA expression levels, revealed that MIP‐M and a PSMA antibody exhibits comparable binding preferences for the latter cell line. Moreover, MIP‐M demonstrates selectivity on par with the PSMA antibody for targeting PSMA‐positive prostate tumor over normal tissue, enabling discrimination. This MIP‐M addresses stability, production, specificity and toxicity limitations of prior targeting agents and offer a promising alternative for PSMA‐directed cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Engineering Mild‐Photothermal Responsive and NO Donor Prussian Blue Nanozymes Using Mild Synthesis for Inflammation Regulation and Bacterial Eradication in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Li Zheng , Fan Xiaowan , Liu Ying , Yue Muxin , Wu Tingting , Wang Xing , Jiang Wei , Fan Kelong
Published: December 2024

Periodontitis, an infectious disease of periodontal tissues caused by oral bacterial biofilms, is characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and immune microenvironment imbalance. Multifunctional nanozymes, leveraging their physiochemical properties and enzymatic activities, offer promising antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory strategies for managing periodontitis. In particular, Prussian blue nanozymes (PBzymes) exhibit exceptional ROS control due to their robust catalytic activity, diverse antioxidant functions, and high biocompatibility. However, the practical application of traditional high‐temperature synthesis methods is limited. This study introduces a class of metal‐engineered PBzymes synthesized at room temperature, identified for their potent antioxidative activity and excellent photothermal performance at mild temperatures. Nitric oxide (NO) gas therapy offers promising strategies for targeting deep infections in periodontal tissues. Thus, sodium nitroprusside is introduced into PBzyme to create SPBzyme via an in situ loading method. NO release by SPBzyme enhances antibacterial effects and overcomes resistance linked to bacterial biofilms, resulting in mild‐photothermal antibacterial properties and synergistic antioxidant effects. In vitro antibacterial assays demonstrate the superior efficacy of SPBzyme under mild temperature conditions and near‐infrared light exposure. Furthermore, SPBzyme effectively reduces inflammation and has positive therapeutic effects in periodontal animal models. Overall, mild‐temperature photothermal NO release nanozyme therapy represents a novel approach for treating periodontitis.
Introducing La into a Customized Dual Cu Covalent Organic Framework to Steer CO2 Electroreduction Selectivity from C2H4 to CH4
Authors: Dong Xiao‐Yu , Chen Hong , Wang Shan , Zou Ru‐Yi , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Cai Jinmeng
Published: December 2024

Customizing multi‐metal site catalysts for achieving controllable CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) product tuning holds immense promise yet poses formidable challenges. The traditional synthesis method of multi‐metal sites is the pyrolysis of metal‐containing precursors, which is inherently uncontrollable. Herein, a bottom‐up strategy is employed to customize and synthesize multi‐metal sites in covalent organic frameworks (COFs), aiming to controllably switch the CO2 reduction selectivity by regulating the electronic structure of active sites. Briefly, La element provides chances for manipulating and finetuning the electronic structure of the customized dual Cu sites, and converts the main catalytic product of CO2RR from ethylene to methane. Density functional theory calculations show that the introduction of La alters the electronic structure around Cu, enhances CO2 and H2O activation, and changes the formation of energy barriers of key intermediates. To the best of the author's knowledge, this study constructed the first example of customized multi‐metal site COF catalysts and provided new ideas for controllable modulation of products.
Point‐of‐Care Health Diagnostics and Food Quality Monitoring by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers‐Based Histamine Sensors
Authors: Ahmed Shahzad , Ansari Arshiya , Li Zhixuan , Mazumdar Hirak , Siddiqui Moin Ali , Khan Afzal , Ranjan Pranay , Kaushik Ajeet , Vinu Ajayan , Kumar Prashant
Published: December 2024

Histamine, a biogenic amine (BA), plays a significant role in various pathophysiological processes and is present in food supplies, serving as an indicator of freshness and microbial degradation. It is a major cause of food poisoning outbreaks, triggering allergic inflammatory responses. Detecting histamine in food is crucial because its toxic threshold does not affect the food's taste, making contaminated items appear normal. To address this challenge, label‐free and bioactive‐free electrochemical sensors utilizing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer the desired selectivity, scalability, and efficiency. MIPs are synthetic materials designed to mimic biological receptors. This paper reviews a decade of research on MIP‐assisted electrochemical sensors for histamine detection, focusing on their scalability, robustness, speed, and selectivity. The review critically analyzes the performance of these sensors in detecting histamine in food, beverages, human serum, and body diagnostics. Additionally, the current understanding of the physiological effects of endogenous and ingested histamine is reviewed, highlighting both established and emerging methods for its quantification in food and health management. The potential for transforming healthcare delivery through personalized Point‐of‐Care (POC) systems, integrated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet‐of‐Medical Things (IoMT) technologies, is also discussed.
Actuation‐Mediated Compression of a Mechanoresponsive Hydrogel by Soft Robotics to Control Release of Therapeutic Proteins
Authors: Wallace Eimear J. , O'Dwyer Joanne , Dolan Eimear B. , Burke Liam P. , Wylie Robert , Bellavia Gabriella , Straino Stefania , Cianfarani Francesca , Ciotti Gabriella , Serini Simona , Calviello Gabriella , Roche Ellen T. , Mitra Tapas , Duffy Garry P.
Published: December 2024

Therapeutic proteins, the fastest growing class of pharmaceuticals, are subject to rapid proteolytic degradation in vivo, rendering them inactive. Sophisticated drug delivery systems that maintain protein stability, prolong therapeutic effects, and reduce administration frequency are urgently required. Herein, a mechanoresponsive hydrogel is developed contained within a soft robotic drug delivery (SRDD) device. In a step‐change from previously reported systems, pneumatic actuation of this system releases the cationic therapeutic protein Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in a bioactive form which is required for therapeutic angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, in numerous clinical conditions. The ability of the SRDD device to release bioactive VEGF in a spatiotemporal manner from the hydrogel is tested in diabetic rats – a model in which angiogenesis is difficult to stimulate. Daily actuation of the SRDD device in the diabetic rat model significantly increased cluster of differentiation 31+ (CD31+) blood vessel number (p = 0.0335) and the diameter of alpha‐smooth muscle actin+ (α‐SMA+) blood vessels (p = 0.0025) compared to passive release of VEGF from non‐actuated devices. The SRDD device combined with the mechanoresponsive hydrogel offers the potential to deliver an array of bioactive therapeutics in a spatiotemporal manner to mimic their natural release in vivo.
Printing Untethered Self‐Reconfigurable, Self‐Amputating Soft Robots from Recyclable Self‐Healing Fibers
Authors: Gao Yidan , Tang Wei , Zhong Yiding , Guo Xinyu , Qin Kecheng , Wang Yonghao , Kramarenko Elena Yu. , Zou Jun
Published: December 2024

Regarding the challenge of self‐reconfiguration and self‐amputation of soft robots, existing studies mainly focus on modular soft robots and connection methods between modules. Different from these studies, this study focus on the behavior of individual soft robots from a material perspective. Here, a kind of soft fibers, which consist of hot melt adhesive particles, magnetizable microparticles, and ferroferric oxide microparticles embedded in a thermoplastic polyurethane matrix are proposed. The soft fibers can achieve wireless self‐healing and reversible bonding of the fibers by eddy current heating and can be actuated by magnetic fields. Moreover, the soft fibers are recyclable and printable. Building on this material foundation, an integrated material‐structure‐actuation printing strategy using soft fibers for the design and fabrication of soft robots are reported. The robots printed by this strategy can achieve their untethered motions and wireless self‐healing. Soft gripper, soft crawling robot, and soft multi‐legged robot, are then fabricated which demonstrates the self‐healing, self‐reconfigurable, self‐amputating, and sustainable performances of soft robots so as to adapt to different environments and tasks. This integrated material‐structure‐actuation printing strategy using soft fibers is universal, easy to implement, and mass‐manufactured, opening a door for sustainable, eco‐friendly, untethered, self‐reconfigurable, self‐amputating soft robots.
Targeting piRNA‐137463 Inhibits Tumor Progression and Boosts Sensitivity to Immune Checkpoint Blockade via De Novo Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhan Yuning , Tian Fanglin , Fan Weina , Li Xin , Wang Xiangyu , Zhang Hongxia , Hong Xin , Wang Xin , Cai Li , Song Yang , Xing Ying
Published: December 2024

The important role of PIWI‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in tumors has garnered increasing attention. However, research on their role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains limited. Elevated levels of piRNA‐137463 have been linked to poor prognosis in LUAD patients. Inhibition of piRNA‐137463 curbed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells, enhanced T cell cytotoxicity through increased IFN‐γ secretion, disrupted cholesterol metabolism, and reduced intracellular cholesterol, lipid raft content, and PD‐L1 expression in LUAD cells. Bioinformatic prediction identified a potential interaction between piRNA‐137463 and lncRNA LOC100128494. Inhibiting piRNA‐137463 increased the stability and expression of LOC100128494, which further modulated insulin‐induced gene 1 protein (INSIG1) levels via a competitive endogenous RNA network involving LOC100128494 and miR‐24‐3p. Notably, the effect of piRNA‐137463 in LUAD cells is dependent on the expression of LOC100128494 and INSIG1. Inhibiting the expression of piRNA‐137463 with AntagopiRNA‐137463 suppressed tumor growth and metastasis via LOC100128494 in nude mice and enhanced the response of LUAD to anti‐PD‐1 therapy in immune‐competent mice. In summary, this study elucidates the role of piRNA‐137463 in the reprogramming of cholesterol metabolism, which drives the progression of LUAD, thereby identifying a new target for the comprehensive clinical management of LUAD.
The Distance‐Dependent Electric Field Theory for Sliding Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Bulathsinghala Rameesh L. , Deane Jonathan H.B. , Dharmasena R.D. Ishara G.
Published: December 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have demonstrated outstanding potential as energy harvesters and sensors for future wearable electronics. However, TENGs still require major improvements in their theory and optimization, especially for the sliding‐mode designs. Addressing this gap, a novel theoretical model based on the distance‐dependent electric field (DDEF) theory for sliding mode TENGs is presented here. The model is used to simulate the electrical outputs and impedance behaviour of a sliding mode TENG, and the results are verified experimentally. The outcomes indicate that compared to existing theoretical models, this new model provides higher accuracy in representing experimental TENG. Next, all the primary parameters (material, structural and motion parameters) which affect the sliding mode TENG are analyzed, uncovering new optimization strategies and more comprehensive parametric analysis compared to previous models. More importantly, the theoretical approach is equally applicable to sliding mode TENG as well as contact‐separation mode TENG. This eliminates the need for bespoke capacitor models for each TENG type, leading to a universal theoretical platform for TENGs. The new model facilitates cross‐comparison between different TENG working modes, uncovering a range of previously unreported output trends. Hence, this work significantly expands the understanding of TENGs, paving way to more efficient future device designs.
Potential of Japanese Macaques for Understanding Etiology and Seasonality of Repetitive Linear Enamel Hypoplasia in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Skinner Mark Fretson , Asami Mao , Skinner Matthew M. , Kato Akiko
Published: December 2024

Japanese macaques are ideal to advance understanding of a wide‐spread pattern of recurrent developmental distress in great apes, preserved as repetitive linear enamel hypoplasia (rLEH). Not only are they numerous, unendangered, and well‐studied, but they are distributed from warm‐temperate evergreen habitats in southern Japan to cool‐temperate habitats in the north, where they are adapted behaviorally and phenotypically to winter cold and seasonal undernutrition. We provide a pilot study to determine if enamel hypoplasia exists in Japanese macaques from the north and, if temporal patterns of enamel hypoplasia are consistent with seasonal cold, undernutrition and/or exposure to secondary plant compounds. High‐resolution casts of canine teeth from 15 males obtained from Shimokita Peninsula (latitude 41.3° N) between 2012 and 2014, whose skeletons are curated at the Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, were imaged by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Perikymata, the surface expression of regularly deposited imbricational layers of enamel, provide an estimate of time between and within hypoplastic enamel defects. Based on histological sections from five individuals, we determined Retzius periodicity to be 7 days. Evidence for recurrence, duration, and severity of 68 LEH defects was collected from perikymata counts as well as measurements of LEH angle of onset, depth and width. Male canine teeth show four to five recurrent, evenly‐spaced enamel defects per crown with a median of 54.8 (range 18–74) perikymata between defects; lasting on average 8.7 (range 1–20) perikymata. These translate into repetitive developmental distress averaging every 1.05 years, lasting 8.7 weeks, less than local winter foraging conditions (100 days). We conclude that linear enamel hypoplasia recurs circ‐annually among high‐latitude male monkeys from Japan. The triad of cold, hunger and anti‐feedants can be differentiated in future study through recourse to provisioned and un‐provisioned populations throughout the Japanese archipelago.
Early life exposure to structural sexism and late‐life memory trajectories among black and white women and men in the United States
Authors: Avila‐Rieger Justina F. , Adkins‐Jackson Paris B. , Hill‐Jarrett Tanisha G. , Robinson Whitney R. , Keyes Katherine M. , Schupf Nicole , Brickman Adam M. , Mayeux Richard P. , Manly Jennifer J.
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION

We investigated whether early life exposure to state‐level structural sexism influenced late‐life memory trajectories among United Staes (U.S.) ‐born women and men and determined whether associations differed between racialized groups.

METHODS

Participants were from the Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP; N = 2314) and Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 18,631). State‐level structural sexism was measured via U.S. census and administrative data and linked to participants in each study by birth year and state.

RESULTS

Exposure to greater structural sexism was associated with lower baseline memory performance among WHICAP women and HRS men and faster memory decline among women in both studies. Women born in the state with the highest structural sexism showed memory decline like that of those who were 9 years older. Structural sexism‐baseline memory associations were stronger among Black women than White women.

DISCUSSION

Early life exposure to structural sexism negatively impacts late‐life memory trajectories among women.

Highlights

A longitudinal measure captured state‐level structural sexism from 1900 to 1960.

Exposure to structural sexism was associated with worse late‐life memory outcomes.

Associations were strongest among women for memory decline.

The negative impact on memory performance was stronger among Black women.

Lowering structural sexism may, in turn, reduce memory decline among women.
Isoproterenol mechanisms in inducing myocardial fibrosis and its application as an experimental model for the evaluation of therapeutic potential of phytochemicals and pharmaceuticals
Authors: Bader Eddin Lujain , Nagoor Meeran Mohamed Fizur , Kumar Jha Niraj , Goyal Samer N. , Ojha Shreesh
Published: December 2024

Cardiac injury initiates repair mechanisms and results in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, which appears to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen in the cardiac interstitium. Many experimental studies have demonstrated that fibrotic injury in the heart is reversible; therefore, it is vital to understand different molecular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis to enable the development of antifibrotic agents. Of the many experimental models, one of the recent models that has gained renewed interest is isoproterenol (ISP)–induced cardiac fibrosis. ISP is a synthetic catecholamine, sympathomimetic, and nonselective β‐adrenergic receptor agonist. The overstimulated and sustained activation of β‐adrenergic receptors has been reported to induce biochemical and physiological alterations and ultimately result in cardiac remodeling. ISP has been used for decades to induce acute myocardial infarction. However, the use of low doses and chronic administration of ISP have been shown to induce cardiac fibrosis; this practice has increased in recent years. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous ISP has been widely used in preclinical studies to induce cardiac remodeling manifested by fibrosis and hypertrophy. The induced oxidative stress with subsequent perturbations in cellular signaling cascades through triggering the release of free radicals is considered the initiating mechanism of myocardial fibrosis. ISP is consistently used to induce fibrosis in laboratory animals and in cardiomyocytes isolated from animals. In recent years, numerous phytochemicals and synthetic molecules have been evaluated in ISP‐induced cardiac fibrosis. The present review exclusively provides a comprehensive summary of the pathological biochemical, histological, and molecular mechanisms of ISP in inducing cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. It also summarizes the application of this experimental model in the therapeutic evaluation of natural as well as synthetic compounds to demonstrate their potential in mitigating myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy.
Enhancing Oil Rejection in PVDF and PSF membranes: The Role of SiO2 NPs
Authors: Senol‐Arslan Dilek , Gul Ayse
Published: December 2024

Oily water negatively affects both land and marine ecosystems. To combat this, membrane production can effectively treat oil waste and recycle over 90% of it. This study compares the influence of SiO2 nanoparticles on oil rejection in two types of membranes: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSF). The SiO2 NPs are characterized by FTIR, SEM analysis, and zeta potential measurements. SiO2 NPs embedded PSF and PVDF membranes were characterized by FTIR, SEM analysis, contact angle, water permeability, oil rejection measurements, and recycling experiments. The results of the experiments showed that oil rejection reached maximum values of 92.2% for 2 wt% PSF/SiO2, and 94.1% for 2 wt% PVDF/SiO2 membranes. The experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of SiO₂ nanoparticles enhances the oil rejection efficiency of two distinct membrane types, exhibiting notable performance disparities contingent on the selected membrane material. This methodology achieves a recycling rate of over 90% for oil waste, signifying a substantial advancement in environmental protection and sustainable development. Consequently, the membrane production technique is regarded as an efficacious approach for the management and recycling of oil waste.
Large π‐Conjugated Structure Strategy for Optimizing Polyimide Film‐Forming Properties and Developing Gas Fluorescence Sensors
Authors: Wang Xuecheng , Xu Chunyan , Wang Chenyi , Zhao Xiaoyan
Published: December 2024

Four different amounts of anthracene groups were introduced into the polyimide (PI) backbone by one‐step polycondensation. This bulky and rigid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure effectively improved the solubility of the polyimide material. Therefore, the anthracene‐containing polyimides (ANPIs) were easily cast into the films at room temperature. The introduction of anthracene chromophores significantly developed the fluorescence performance of polyimides. It was found that the photoluminescence emission band of ANPIs migrated from the blue to the orange light region as the samples changed from solution to film. This is related to the aggregation of molecular chains in a solid state. Furthermore, ethanol and phenylethanol were selected to investigate the fluorescence response of the ANPI film. Interestingly, the sample displayed a noticeable luminescent “turn‐off” effect on the targets. It could be considered a convenient strategy for the detection of organic gases.
Post‐operative incidence of lymphedema after RARP with or without extended pelvic lymph node dissection in a cohort study
Authors: Clinckaert Andries , Ysenbaardt Laura , Bijnens Annabel , Van Calster Charlotte , Geraerts Inge , Joniau Steven , Devoogdt Nele , Bijnens Luc , Everaerts Wouter
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Lymphedema of the lower limbs and pubic area is a potential complication following extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) during robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). The incidence of lymphedema after ePLND has not been systematically reported in the literature. This study aimed to determine the incidence of lymphedema, describe its clinical characteristics and identify specific risk factors in patients undergoing RARP with or without ePLND.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary referral centre between April 2016 and July 2020. Structured electronic case report forms (eCRFs) integrated into the electronic health record system were used to document intraoperative, perioperative and postoperative data. The primary endpoint was the incidence of lymphedema. Secondary endpoints included risk factors for and localization of the postoperative lymphedema.

Results

A total of 500 patients who underwent RARP were included, with 301 patients undergoing ePLND and 199 patients without any form of PLND. Median follow‐up period was 18 (range 3–49) months. Seventy‐eight out of 301 (26%) of patients who underwent ePLND developed lymphedema, compared to only 2 out of 199 (1%) patients without ePLND. In most patients (49/301, 16%), lymphedema was mild (grade 1), whereas 29 patients (10%) developed grade 2 lymphedema. Twenty‐six patients (9%) received decongestive lymphatic therapy. The most frequent site of lymphedema occurrence were the lower (54%) and the upper legs (40%). The number of nodes removed during RARP was identified as a risk factor for post‐operative lymphedema (OR 1.04; p < 0.05).

Conclusions

In this cohort study, approximately one in four patients undergoing RARP with ePLND developed lower limb and/or midline oedema, whereas one in ten patients started decongestive lymphatic therapy for symptomatic lymphedema. These findings provide valuable information for patient counselling about the potential benefits and risks of ePLND.
Extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields targeting spleen modifies the populations of immunocytes in the spleen
Authors: Chen Sijia , Wei Wei , Wang Ziang , Zhu Jiazhen , Zhang Hailong , Wang Guihu , Guo Ni , Li Jun , Mu Yanhua , Zhang Naming , Li Zongfang
Published: December 2024

Our study focused on investigating the bioeffects of extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMFs) on the immune function of the spleen. We designed an electromagnetic instrument that can locally target on spleen, the spleens of mice were locally exposed to the ELF‐EMF (50 Hz, 30 mT) for 14 days (4 h/day). Parallelly, the isolated splenic T cells were exposed to ELF‐EMF (50 Hz, 15 mT) for 2 h. After the exposure, the splenocyte showed a reduced apoptosis rate. Among the splenocytes, the CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells accumulated, the percentage of B cells decreased. In vitro study demonstrated that ELF‐EMF induced the alteration of T cell subsets, showing an increased percentage of CD4+ T cells and a decreased percentage of CD8+ T cells. Within CD4+ T cells, the population of T helper (Th) 17 cells increased, and the population of regulatory T cells (Treg) cells decreased. The enrichment of the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB pathway in the splenic T cells was found to be reduced after exposure to ELF‐EMF. Our findings suggest that ELF‐EMF regulated the immune function of the spleen by changing the proportion of immune cells in the spleen. Specifically, the differentiation of spleen T cells was induced by ELF‐EMF toward Th17 cells and inhibited by ELF‐EMF into Treg cells. The NF‐κB signaling pathway probably accounts for the effects of ELF‐EMF on the spleen T cells.
The Progression‐Free‐Survival Ratio in Molecularly Aided Tumor Trials: A Critical Examination of Current Practice and Suggestions for Alternative Methods
Authors: Edelmann Dominic , Terzer Tobias , Horak Peter , Schlenk Richard , Benner Axel
Published: December 2024

The progression‐free‐survival ratio is a popular endpoint in oncology trials, which is frequently applied to evaluate the efficacy of molecularly targeted treatments in late‐stage patients. Using elementary calculations and simulations, numerous shortcomings of the current methodology are pointed out. As a remedy to these shortcomings, an alternative methodology is proposed, using a marginal Cox model or a marginal accelerated failure time model for clustered time‐to‐event data. Using comprehensive simulations, it is shown that this methodology outperforms existing methods in settings where the intrapatient correlation is low to moderate. The performance of the model is further demonstrated in a real data example from a molecularly aided tumor trial. Sample size considerations are discussed.
Visualize PIM‐1 Protein Function and Its Interaction With PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway Regulated by Its Active Sites Through FRET Biosensors
Authors: Li Na , Zhao Youyi , Wang Danbo , Shao Shuai , Zhang Zhengyao , Liu Bo
Published: December 2024

Pro‐viral Insertion site for the Moloney Murine Leukemia virus 1 (PIM‐1) is widely involved in various biological processes and diseases, which is based on its structure and functional sites. However, the relationship between active sites and function of PIM‐1 kinase remains unclear due to the lack of effective study approaches in live cells. Herein, to visualize the effect of different active sites in PIM‐1 protein on its function activity and relation with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, three mutant probes of EPHY which was developed previously based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to detect PIM‐1 kinase activity in living cells were further constructed and transfected into cells followed by treating with PIM‐1 inhibitors, ATP and PI3K inhibitor, respectively. The results showed that Lys67 is related to substrate binding and catalytic activity of PIM‐1 kinase, thereby directly regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Pro81/Asn82 are primarily participated in PIM‐1 binding to ATP, thus also involving in the modulation on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, but play less role in the interaction between PIM‐1 protein and its substrate. Asp167 has few effects on both the catalytic function activity of PIM‐1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, even though the binding ability of PIM‐1 protein to its substrate is dramatically inhibited by D167A mutation. Altogether, the mutant probes works well as visualization tools to unearth the function of active sites in PIM‐1 kinase, not only facilitating the further clarification of molecular mechanism underlying PIM‐1 related signaling pathways, but also shedding light on drug development and disease therapy targeting PIM‐1 protein.
Real‐World Prevalence, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes for Patients With HER2 (ERBB2)‐Mutant Metastatic Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer, From a US‐Based Clinico‐Genomic Database
Authors: Waliany Sarah , Nagasaka Misako , Park Leah , Lam Clara , Jiang Zoe , Lin Feng , Neal Joel W.
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Targeted therapies have been shown to improve outcomes in metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) with driver mutations. We evaluated the real‐world prevalence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) tumor gene mutations among patients with mNSCLC and described historical treatments and outcomes in patients with HER2‐mutant mNSCLC, during a period when there was no approved targeted therapy for HER2‐mutant mNSCLC.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective observational study used a US nationwide de‐identified NSCLC clinico‐genomic database. Eligible patients were adults diagnosed with HER2‐mutant mNSCLC from January 2014 to July 2021 without co‐occuring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tumor mutations. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize prevalence, baseline characteristics and treatment patterns. Clinical outcomes were estimated with Kaplan–Meier analyses.

Results

Among 9206 patients with mNSCLC, 164 (1.78%) met the eligibility criteria (mean age: 67.3 years, 63.4% White, 56.7% female, and 53.0% with a smoking history). 132/164 (80.5%) had at least one line of treatment. Platinum‐based chemotherapy (45.5%) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) with chemotherapy (28.0%) were the most frequently used first‐line treatments. The median (95% confidence interval [CI]) real‐world (rw) progression‐free survival in first‐line was 5.5 (4.8, 6.2) months and 3.0 (2.3, 4.2) months in second‐line. The median rw overall survival in first‐line was 13.2 (10.6, 18.4) months and 8.2 (6.6, 13.2) months in second‐line.

Conclusion

During this study period, the most common regimens were platinum‐based chemotherapy with or without ICI in first and second line, and median rwOS was 13.2 and 8.2 months, respectively. These results indicate the need for more effective targeted therapies in this patient population.
Short‐Course Blinatumomab Treatment as a Bridge to Further Salvage Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory B‐Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Retrospective Single‐Center Study
Authors: Yin Jin , Cai Xiaoya , Qian Bingxin , Liu Ying , Li Dengju
Published: December 2024

Backgroud

The high cost of blinatumomab in full doses of full treatments has led to dose reduction and fewer treatment cycles for most patients in China. With current needs for cost‐efficiency and resource management in health care, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical effects of short‐course blinatumomab treatment for R/R Ph‐ B‐ALL at our center.

Methods

Blinatumomab was administered with 24‐h continuous intravenous infusion (9 μg/day for the first 3 days and 28 μg/day for 6–10 days). The clinical data of 30 R/R B‐ALL patients were collected and analyzed.

Results

A total of 25 patients (83.3%) including 13 (43.3%) with a high leukemic load (> 50%) achieved morphological CR. Twelve patients (40%) were MRD‐negative. The estimated 2‐year OS rate was 82.62%. The 2‐year PFS rate was 78.35%. The estimated 2‐year OS and PFS were significantly better in patients receiving further treatment.

Conclusions

Our findings provide novel insights into the optimization of blinatumomab therapy, proposing a viable treatment alternative that aligns with current needs for cost‐efficiency and resource management in health care.
Structural Diversity and Mutational Challenges of Toll‐Like Receptor 4 Antagonists as Inflammatory Pathway Blocker
Authors: Batin Rahaman S. K. , Nandi Sandip K. , Mandal Sudip Kumar , Debnath Utsab
Published: December 2024

Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator that activates bacterial inflammation through its signaling pathway. It binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) to dimerise the TLR4‐MD2‐LPS complex. The TLR4 mediated signaling pathway stimulates cytokine production in humans, initiating inflammatory responses. Overactivation of the TLR4 pathway can trigger binding of LPS to the TLR4‐MD2 complex, which may lead to the development of several inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the TLR4‐MD2 complex is a potential therapeutic target for the identification of new and effective anti‐inflammatory agents. Various biologically active TLR4 and MD2 targeting natural and synthetic molecules are explored with anti‐inflammatory activity in micromolar ranges. But no FDA‐approved drugs are available in the market as of now, and some are discontinued in clinical trials due to drug resistance and severe side effects. In this review, we have assessed recent molecular advancements in TLR4‐MD2 antagonists which are showing direct inhibition in lower micro and nanomolar levels. Along with it, protein informatics analysis of the binding pockets of wild type and mutated TLR4‐MD2 proteins are also discussed here to give a new insight about the changes in physicochemical properties of the ligand binding area. We have also pointed out several important residues in three different sites of the large LPS binding pocket of TLR4‐MD2 complex to understand probable binding affinity of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs). In addition, the present status of clinical trials for TLR4 antagonists is also reviewed. The current assessment will pave a future perspective to design different small molecules as a direct inhibitor of TLR4‐MD2 complex for anti‐inflammatory activities.
A Tale of Two Lakes: Divergent Evolutionary Trajectories of Two Daphnia Populations Experiencing Distinct Environments
Authors: Wersebe Matthew J. , Günther Torsten , Morton Philip K. , Weider Lawrence J. , Frisch Dagmar
Published: December 2024

Most studies of local adaptation substitute the correlation between spatial distance and environmental heterogeneity for the temporal dynamics over which local adaptation evolves. The availability of detailed ecological and genomic information from lake sediments provides an opportunity to study local adaptation with unparalleled clarity from the temporal perspective. Inference can be further enhanced by including multiple lakes along ecological axes to further isolate the effects of ecological change in driving local adaptation. Lakes throughout the world face the impact of numerous anthropogenically induced environmental changes. Top among these is the eutrophication of freshwaters from agriculture, development, and land‐use change. Here, we use the genetic information recorded in lake sediments of two lakes experiencing contrasting histories of land‐use change to study the evolution of local adaptation in the lakes’ Daphnia pulicaria populations. Utilizing nextRAD derived single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in resurrected clonal lineages, we studied the evolutionary trajectories of Daphnia pulicaria in both lakes. Using gene–environment correlations and Fst tests for selection, we found SNPs that appear to be under selection in both lakes. Specifically, we found more outlier SNPs in the highly impacted lake using Fst‐based tests for selection. Conversely, gene–environment tests revealed the reverse pattern. We discuss numerous facets of experimental design that must be considered when using resurrection ecology to study local adaptation and critically evaluate how they may have impacted the of this investigation.
Study on the Improvement of Cognitive Impairment Induced by Scopolamine in Mice by Forsythia suspensa Essential Oil
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Liujing , Niu Xuyang , Li Shanshan , Liu Huimin , Xia Lan , Chen Xuewu , Liu Qinglei
Published: December 2024

In this study, the mechanism of Forsythia suspensa essential oil (FSEO) on cognitive disorders was investigated based on network pharmacology and animal experiments. The common targets of AD diseases and the main components of FSEO were collected through GeneCards, PubChem, STRING and other databases, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network maps were established. GO functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed using DAVID and Metascape databases, and the enrichment results were verified using the scopolamine (SCO) cognitive impairment mouse model. The results of network pharmacological analysis showed that FSEO involved 107 potential therapeutic targets, among which MAPK1, MAPK3 and ESR1 were the core targets, which were closely related to the regulatory pathways of MAPK cascade, 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic synapses, dopaminergic synapses and oxidoreductase activity. The results of animal experiments showed that FSEO improved cognitively impaired behaviours, reduced central cholinergic neuron damage and oxidative stress in the mouse brain and increased the content of monoamine transmitters in the mouse brain. Animal experiments further validated the results of the FSEO network pharmacology analysis.
Medial opening low tibial osteotomy shifts the load laterally not only at the ankle joint but also at the knee joint
Authors: Wanezaki Yoshihiro , Kurokawa Hiroaki , Ueno Yuki , Tablante Adrian , Mei Nan , Yinghao Li , Taniguchi Akira , Suzuki Akemi , Takakubo Yuya , Takagi Michiaki , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of medial opening low tibial osteotomy (LTO) on lower limb alignment, including the knee joint, 1 year after low tibial osteotomy.

Methods

This study included 20 legs of 20 patients (mean age, 66.8 ± 5.4 years) who underwent LTO for medial ankle osteoarthritis and evaluated the changes in the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA), percentage hip‐to‐ankle line (%HA), percentage hip‐to‐calcaneal line (%HC), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), knee joint line convergence angle (K‐JLCA), tibio‐calcaneal angle (TCA), tibial anterior surface angle (TAS), tibio‐plafond inclination (TPI), talar inclination (TI), ankle joint line convergence angle (A‐JLCA), mechanical ankle joint axis point (MAJAP) on radiographs and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) ankle/hindfoot scale before and 1 year after low tibial osteotomy.

Results

The mean preoperative/postoperative measured values showed the following: HKA (degrees) of 1.0 ± 3.7/−0.8 ± 3.7; %HC of 38.8 ± 10.0/53.8 ± 16.1; MPTA (degrees) of 85.6 ± 2.4/87.6 ± 2.1; and A‐JLCA (degrees) of 4.2 ± 2.9/1.1 ± 2.3 respectively. Including other measurements, a significant increase in the %HA, %HC, MPTA, TCA, TAS, MAJAP and JSSF ankle/hindfoot scale was observed postoperatively, whereas a significant decrease in the HKA, TPA, TI and A‐JLCA was observed postoperatively (p < 0.05). With the numbers available, no significant differences were observed between the preoperative and postoperative values of K‐JLCA (n.s.).

Conclusion

After LTO, the entire lower limb alignment became valgus, and the loading points of the knee and ankle joints shifted laterally. These changes must be considered when performing LTO, especially in patients with lateral knee OA.

Level of Evidence

Ⅳ