bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Updated MISR dark water research aerosol retrieval algorithm – Part 1: Coupled 1.1 km ocean surface chlorophyll a retrievals with empirical calibration corrections
Authors: Limbacher James A. , Kahn Ralph A.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. As aerosol amount and type are key factors in the atmospheric correction required for remote-sensing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) retrievals, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) can contribute to ocean color analysis despite a lack of spectral channels optimized for this application. Conversely, an improved ocean surface constraint should also improve MISR aerosol-type products, especially spectral single-scattering albedo (SSA) retrievals. We introduce a coupled, self-consistent retrieval of Chl together with aerosol over dark water. There are time-varying MISR radiometric calibration errors that significantly affect key spectral reflectance ratios used in the retrievals. Therefore, we also develop and apply new calibration corrections to the MISR top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance data, based on comparisons with coincident MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations and trend analysis of the MISR TOA bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) over three pseudo-invariant desert sites. We run the MISR research retrieval algorithm (RA) with the corrected MISR reflectances to generate MISR-retrieved Chl and compare the MISR Chl values to a set of 49 coincident SeaBASS (SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System) in situ observations. Where Chlin situ < 1.5 mg m−3, the results from our Chl model are expected to be of highest quality, due to algorithmic assumption validity. Comparing MISR RA Chl to the 49 coincident SeaBASS observations, we report a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.86, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.25, and a median absolute error (MAE) of 0.10. Statistically, a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicates that it is not possible to distinguish between MISR Chl and available SeaBASS in situ Chl values (p > 0.1). We also compare MODIS–Terra and MISR RA Chl statistically, over much broader regions. With about 1.5 million MISR–MODIS collocations having MODIS Chl < 1.5 mg m−3, MISR and MODIS show very good agreement: r = 0. 96, MAE  =  0.09, and RMSE  =  0.15. The new dark water aerosol/Chl RA can retrieve Chl in low-Chl, case I waters, independent of other imagers such as MODIS, via a largely physical algorithm, compared to the commonly applied statistical ones. At a minimum, MISR's multi-angle data should help reduce uncertainties in the MODIS–Terra ocean color retrieval where coincident measurements are made, while also allowing for a more robust retrieval of particle properties such as spectral single-scattering albedo.
Long-range forecasts for the energy market – a case study
Authors: Hyvärinen Otto , Mäkelä Antti , Kämäräinen Matti , Gregow Hilppa
Published: April 2017

Abstract. We examined the feasibility of long-range forecasts of temperature for needs of the energy sector in Helsinki, Finland. The work was done jointly by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) and Helen Ltd, the main Helsinki metropolitan area energy provider, and especially provider of district heating and cooling. Because temperatures govern the need of heating and cooling and, therefore, the energy demand, better long-range forecasts of temperature would be highly useful for Helen Ltd. Heating degree day (HDD) is a parameter that indicates the demand of energy to heat a building. We examined the forecasted monthly HDD values for Helsinki using UK Met Office seasonal forecasts with the lead time up to two months. The long-range forecasts of monthly HDD showed some skill in Helsinki in winter 2015–2016, especially if the very cold January is excluded.
The nitrogen, carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a grazed, cut and fertilised temperate grassland
Authors: Jones Stephanie K. , Helfter Carole , Anderson Margaret , Coyle Mhairi , Campbell Claire , Famulari Daniela , Di Marco Chiara , van Dijk Netty , Tang Y. Sim , Topp Cairistiona F. E. , Kiese Ralf , Kindler Reimo , Siemens Jan , Schrumpf Marion , Kaiser Klaus , Nemitz Eiko , Levy Peter E. , Rees Robert M. , Sutton Mark A. , Skiba Ute M.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Intensively managed grazed grasslands in temperate climates are globally important environments for the exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We assessed the N and C budget of a mostly grazed and occasionally cut and fertilised grassland in SE Scotland by measuring or modelling all relevant imports and exports to the field as well as changes in soil C and N stocks over time. The N budget was dominated by import from inorganic and organic fertilisers (21.9 g N m−2 a−1) and losses from leaching (5.3 g N m−2 a−1), N2 emissions (2.9 g N m−2 a−1), and NOx and NH3 volatilisation (3.9 g N m−2 a−1), while N2O emission was only 0.6 g N m−2 a−1. The efficiency of N use by animal products (meat and wool) averaged 9.9 % of total N input over only-grazed years (2004–2010). On average over 9 years (2002–2010), the balance of N fluxes suggested that 6.0 ± 5.9 g N m−2 a−1 (mean ± confidence interval at p > 0.95) were stored in the soil. The largest component of the C budget was the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), at an average uptake rate of 218 ± 155 g C m−2 a−1 over the 9 years. This sink strength was offset by carbon export from the field mainly as grass offtake for silage (48.9 g C m−2 a−1) and leaching (16.4 g C m−2 a−1). The other export terms, CH4 emissions from the soil, manure applications and enteric fermentation, were negligible and only contributed to 0.02–4.2 % of the total C losses. Only a small fraction of C was incorporated into the body of the grazing animals. Inclusion of these C losses in the budget resulted in a C sink strength of 163 ± 140 g C m−2 a−1. By contrast, soil stock measurements taken in May 2004 and May 2011 indicated that the grassland sequestered N in the 0–60 cm soil layer at 4.51 ± 2.64 g N m−2 a−1 and lost C at a rate of 29.08 ± 38.19 g C m−2 a−1. Potential reasons for the discrepancy between these estimates are probably an underestimation of C losses, especially from leaching fluxes as well as from animal respiration. The average greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of the grassland was −366 ± 601 g CO2 eq. m−2 yr−1 and was strongly affected by CH4 and N2O emissions. The GHG sink strength of the NEE was reduced by 54 % by CH4 and N2O emissions. Estimated enteric fermentation from ruminating sheep proved to be an important CH4 source, exceeding the contribution of N2O to the GHG budget in some years.
Limitations of Demand- and Pressure-Driven Modeling for Large Deficient Networks
Authors: Braun Mathias , Piller Olivier , Deuerlein Jochen , Mortazavi Iraj
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The calculation of hydraulic state variables for a network is an important task in managing the distribution of potable water. Over the years the mathematical modeling process has been improved by numerous researchers for the utilization in new computer applications and the more realistic modeling of water distribution networks. But, in spite of these continuous advances, there are still a number of physical phenomena that cannot be tackled correctly by current models. This paper will take a closer look on the two modeling paradigms given by demand and pressure driven modeling. The basic equations are introduced and parallels are drawn to the optimization formulations from electrical engineering. These formulations guarantee existence and uniqueness of the solution. One of the central questions in the French and German research project ResiWater is the investigation of the network resilience in case of extreme events or disasters. Under such extraordinary conditions where models are pushed beyond their limits we talk of deficient network models. Examples of deficient networks are given by highly regulated flow, leakage or pipe bursts and cases where pressure falls below the vapor-pressure of water. These examples will be presented and analyzed on the solvability and physical correctness of the solution with respect to demand and pressure driven models.
Automatic True North detection during absolute magnetic
declination measurement
Authors: Gonsette Alexandre , Rasson Jean , Bracke Stephan , Poncelet Antoine , Hendrickx Olivier , Humbled François
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Absolute magnetic measurements are of great importance in magnetic observatories. They allow not only instrument calibration but also data quality checking. They require the Vertical and the geographic North as reference directions, usually determined by means of a level and by pointing an azimuth mark respectively. We present here a novel system able to measure the direction of the magnetic field, of the Vertical and True-North. A design of a North-seeker is proposed taking into account sensor bias as well as misalignment errors. Different methods are derived from this model and measurement results are presented. A measurement test at high latitude is also shown.
Evaluation of soil moisture in CMIP5 simulations over the contiguous United States using in situ and satellite observations
Authors: Yuan Shanshui , Quiring Steven M.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of soil moisture simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) extended historical experiment (2003 to 2012). Soil moisture from in situ and satellite sources is used to evaluate CMIP5 simulations in the contiguous United States (CONUS). Both near-surface (0–10 cm) and soil column (0–100 cm) simulations from more than 14 CMIP5 models are evaluated during the warm season (April–September). Multimodel ensemble means and the performance of individual models are assessed at a monthly timescale. Our results indicate that CMIP5 models can reproduce the seasonal variability in soil moisture over CONUS. However, the models tend to overestimate the amount of both near-surface and soil column soil moisture in the western US and underestimate it in the eastern US. There are large variations across models, especially for the near-surface soil moisture. There are significant regional variations in performance as well. Results of a regional analysis show that in the deeper soil layers, the CMIP5 soil moisture simulations tend to be most skillful in the southern US. Based on both the satellite-derived and in situ soil moisture, CESM1, CCSM4 and GFDL-ESM2M perform best in the 0–10 cm soil layer and CESM1, CCSM4, GFDL-ESM2M and HadGEM2-ES perform best in the 0–100 cm soil layer.
Environmental Audit and Re-assessment of Some Selected Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites in Knowsley, UK
Authors: Ayeni Kikelomo , Ayeni Omotayo , Henson Mickey B. , Jegede Tunde
Published: April 2017

The research involved conducting a site inventory and proposing a management strategy for six selected Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGSs) namely: Kirkby Brook, Kirkby Brook Waterfall, Knowsley Brook, Knowsley Park, Statd Moers Park and Charlotte’s Pagsy. The RIGSs are located in Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council (MBC), Merseyside County which is North-West of the United Kingdom. The ages of the rock formation in the area range from Carboniferous to Quaternary with respect to geological timescale. A descriptive research approach was adopted for the study of the RIGSs and data was generated in-situ through geological mapping. This involved direct recording of geological observations in the study area which included site description and assessment, and condition monitoring of the geologically interesting features for a period of four months; October 2012 to January 2013. Photographs were taken to illustrate the site condition at the time the research was conducted. Results showed that the condition at the sites was generally poor and this indicates that a geoconservation management plan is required for the sites suggesting ways of managing and conserving the RIGSs.This research demonstrates how geo-conservation can inform and enlighten individuals; and how the geological and geomorphological features, processes and sites can contribute to the aesthetics of the environment. It also suggests how it could render socio-economic support for sustainable development to give a strong basis for valuing the abiotic resources and promote the importance of geosciences through the role of sustainable geological key elements and land resources.
The Return: Intertextuality of the Reminiscing of Karelian Evacuees in Finland
Authors: Savolainen Ulla
Published: April 2017

In this article, I examine the intertextuality of reminiscence writings of Karelian evacuees in Finland. The main topics of these writings are the two journeys of evacuation from the ceded Karelia to Finland, which writers experienced as children during and after the Second World War, and journeys back to the region of their childhood, which became possible after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the case of negotiations surrounding spatiotemporal distance and the creation of bridges between the past and the present, I argue that intertextuality plays a crucial but somewhat underanalyzed role in reminiscing.
Animal Mistreatment in Business: Ethical Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Wang Yuanfang , Chan Peng
Published: April 2017

Animal mistreatment in businesses around the world is becoming a hotly debated topic. Many animal welfare laws protect wild animals and pets, but make exemptions for animals in farms, zoos or labs. There are economic benefits behind animal mistreatment since businesses can maximize profits by, for example, raising animals in crowded spaces, or forcing them to perform shows. However, ethical arguments on this issue reveal that animal mistreatment may actually cost more than humane animal treatment. Furthermore, consumer awareness on animal mistreatments is increasing, so this poses both a threat and opportunity to businesses. As society puts more and more value on sustainable green business today, inhumane animal treatments may harm a company's reputation and reduce its sales. Businesses should be aware of this trend and examine new humane alternatives to their traditional practices in order to stay competitive in the market.
Understanding the Behavioral Paradox of the Companies’ by Using "The Corporation" Documentary
Authors: Tunc Aysegul Ozbebek , Toplu Esra Kilicarslan Toplu , Yazici Selim
Published: April 2017

Films are widely used in business education to illuminate management concepts. Since films can provide a version of how theories and concepts can actually be put into practice, they have more lasting impression. On the other hand; ethical issue are complicated and they involve many processes and influences that are diverse and interlinked. That’s why it is difficult for students to understand potential conflicts of interest if they lack business experience or frame of reference. In this study, “The Corporation”, a documentary film by March Achbar, Jennifer Abbott and Joel Bakan, which has received awards in film festivals around the world, has been used for analysis to illustrate the behavioral paradox of corporations. Film analysis has been used as an educational tool in order to teach organizational behavior and management concepts since 1970s. To check our assumption we have designed a study to explore whether using "The Corporation" documentary in classroom settings will raise the awareness of the students about the role that corporations play in ethical, social, and environmental issues which are essential for business decisions, and thus enable the students -the future business managers-, to understand the paradoxical behaviors of corporations. After the students watched “The Corporation”, a quantitative analysis has been conducted by comparing the written essays of the students as regards their interpretation of the film.
Estimating Disease Risk of Diabetes Cases in the Presence of Underreporting
Authors: Emmanuel Oti-Boateng
Published: April 2017

In real life situations, the values of the response variable, which is the count data is mostly under-reported. In this work, we develop a model to cater for under-reporting in the case of count data. In particular, we allow under-reporting to vary spatially by regions through a probability captured by a binomial distribution. Count data mostly comes with a common property, which is the variance is greater than mean. When this happens, the recommended distribution is Negative Binomial (NB) instead of the usual Poisson distribution. The spatial variations of the disease were divided into correlated and uncorrelated parts. When a Negative Binomial was used, both the correlated and uncorrelated parts were all found to share a significant relationship with the relative risk for each region with more of contribution coming from the uncorrelated part. The model obtained was applied to diabetes data in Ghana. Disease maps for the diseases were also developed for Ghana. These maps are critical and informative to policy makers when coming up with preventive mechanisms in the face of scarce resources.
Establishment of Callus Induction and Cell Suspension Cultures of Dendrathema Indicum var. Aromaticum a Scented Chrysanthemum
Authors: Jin Liyan , Yang Yang , Gao Wenjie , Gong Mingxue , Wang Jijia , O. Anderson Neil , He Miao
Published: April 2017

Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum is an important aroma plant in genus Dendrathema, and the establishment of callus cultures and cell suspension cultures is the basement of further protoplast fusion studies, which make it possible to breed new fragrant chrysanthemum. In this study, the effects of different plant growth regulating substances in different concentrations on callus induction were investigated with stem segments, leaves, petioles as explants. The results showed that the optimal explants were lower stem segments according to the percentage of callus formation, callus hardness, growth potential and shoot differentiation. The optimal induction mediums were MS supplemented with 1.0 mg．l-12.4 D and 0.2 mg．l-1 6-BA. The cell suspension culture system was established by using the subculture calli. The results showed that the suitable inoculum size was 2g and the suitable cell suspension culture medium was MS supplemented with 0.2 mg．l-1 6-BA and 0.5 mg．l-1 2,4-D. The time course of cell growth showed that the greatest cell fresh weight appeared on day 14 and the highest cell viability on day 3.
An Integrated Simulation Optimisation Decision Support Tool for Multi-Product Production Systems
Authors: Alvandi Samira , Li Wen , Kara Sami
Published: April 2017

Over the past decades, the rising energy prices and imposing environmental regulations have motivated manufacturers to improve the energy efficiency of their manufacturing processes. Manufacturers need to also consider energy efficiency in addition to classical performance measures. The additional performance dimension (energy-related indicators) significantly increases the complexity of classical production planning problems (e.g. scheduling), already known as NP-hard problem).To overcome the inherited complexity, an integrated simulation-optimization framework is proposed. The proposed approach tackles scheduling problem in a multi-product/multi-machine manufacturing environment and optimizes several production objectives simultaneously. A case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach in a real-life industrial facility.
Tying Up the Loose Ends: The Determinants of Active Labour Market Policy in the Western Countries 1985-2013
Authors: Naatanen Ari-Matti
Published: April 2017

Knowledge on the determinants of Active Labour Market Policy (ALMP) spending accumulated during the 2000s. Despite these advances, the current research lacks a systematic approach to the relevant determinants. This article fills the research gaps by analysing simultaneously the 14 most frequently used determinants for the first time. In addition to these variables, this study introduces a new factor, namely the impact of economic crises. Through the analysis of the longest data period yet investigated of 20 Western countries and a comparison of methodological alternatives, this study both challenges and reinforces previous findings, as well as produces new ones. For example, it is the first investigation to reveal the positive effect of government indebtedness and economic crises on ALMP expenditure. However, the rivalry between the “usual suspects” continues, as the negative effects of budget deficits, foreign trade, and population ageing, and the positive effects of trade union density and GDP growth, were rediscovered in this analysis.
Clinicals And Upper Airway Characteristics in Obese Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Martinelli Eli O , Haddad Fernanda Louise M , Stefanini Renato , Moreira Gustavo A , Rapoport Priscila B , Gregório Luis Carlos , Tufik Sérgio , Bittencourt Lia Rita A
Published: April 2017

Introduction Obesity is a factor that is strongly related to the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults, although this association remains controversial for children.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and upper airway charactheristics, obtained by questionnaires, physical examination and laboratory tests, among obese children with and without OSA.

Method This was aprospective cohort study. 44 obese children (body mass index above the 95th percentile) were included in the study. Questionnaires, physical examination of the upper airway, nasofibrolaryngoscopy, polysomnography, and laboratory allergic tests were performed.

Results There were 22 male patients (50%), and the mean age was 7.6±2.5 years. OSA was present in 19 (43%) patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with and without OSA, in relation to clinical or laboratory allergic parameters. For the upper airway assessments, hypertrophy of the pharyngeal (p=0.001) and palatine (p=0.049) tonsils were the only parameters associated with OSA, and a modified Mallampati index of class III/IV also demonstrated a tendency towards being statistically associated with OSA (p=0.081). Moreover, these findings were confirmed to be factors associated with OSA in this group of children according to a logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions The occurrence rate of OSA in this obese pediatric population was high. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and a modified Mallampati index of class III/IV were the factors associated with OSA.
Sleep, Melatonin, and the Menopausal Transition: What Are the Links?
Authors: Jehan Shazia , Jean-Louis Giardin , Zizi Ferdinand , Auguste Evan , Pandi-Perumal Seitikurippu R. , Gupta Ravi , Attarian Hrayr , McFarlane Samy I. , Hardeland Rüdiger , Brzezinski Amnon
Published: April 2017

The pineal hormone Melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of the circadian sleep/wake cycle, mood, and perhaps immune functions, carcinogensis and reproduction. The human circadian rhythm of melatonin release from the pineal gland is tightly synchronized with the habitual hours of sleep. Peri- and postmenopausal women often complain of difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep, with frequent nocturnal and early morning awakenings. In this review we discuss the pathophysiology of melatonin function as it relates to sleep disorders in menopausal women, highlighting the potential use of exogenous melatonin during the menopausal transition and beyond.
Respiratory polygraphy monitoring of intensive care patients receiving non-invasive ventilation
Authors: Borsini Eduardo , Ernst Glenda , Blanco Magalí , Blasco Miguel , Bosio Martín , Salvado Alejandro , Nigro Carlos
Published: April 2017

Introduction Patients that started on Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) need to define several parameters selected on the basis of diurnal arterial blood gas and underlying disease. We hypothesize that respiratory polygraphy (RP) could be useful to monitor NIV. This retrospective work describes RP findings and their impact on the setting of continuous flow ventilators from patients on NIV of Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

Material and Methods Patient's data on NIV from at the ICU of Hospital Británico were included in this study. RP recordings were performed in all of them. Respiratory events, such as ventilatory pattern changes, impact on oximetry or tidal volume, were observed to modify the ventilatory mode after RP.

Results The RP findings have contributes to change the ventilatory mode for one third of the patients. The mean values of expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) and inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) were not significantly different across all the population before or after RP: 8.7±0.3 vs. 8.6±0.4; p<0.88 and 18.6±0.6 vs. 17.7±0.7; p<0.26 respectively, however, half the patients presented > 2 cmH2O pressure value changes after RP.

Conclusions RP recordings could contribute to broad range of data useful to make decisions about changes in programming and allowed to identify adverse events related to positive pressure.
Les risques sanitaires liés aux jardins collectifs : l’expertise sur le sol urbain en débat
Authors: Rémy Elisabeth , Branchu Philippe , Canavese Marine , Berthier Nathalie
Published: April 2017

On assiste aujourd’hui à un véritable paradoxe : les jardins collectifs urbains se développent en ville alors que les sols urbains sont peu connus. La localisation de ces jardins suscite des interrogations en termes de risques sanitaires puisque nombre d’entre eux ont été (et sont encore) implantés sur des délaissés urbains. Des controverses apparaissent sur la capacité du sol urbain à accueillir ou non des cultures à vocation alimentaire, ce que nous analysons à travers deux documents d’expertise. Nous mettrons ces deux guides techniques à l’épreuve de la notion de « science impliquée » pour expliciter d’abord les intentions et les valeurs qui constituent la démarche d’expertise ; il s’agit ensuite de comprendre ce qui distingue ces différentes formes d’expertise sur la question des cultures en ville à savoir : le rapport à la connaissance et à l’incertitude, le rapport au temps, le rapport au public et aux choix de sociétés.
Salubrité et santé dans l’action collective en matière de logement à Montréal
Authors: Goyer Renaud
Published: April 2017

Le logement est une question de santé publique. Depuis plusieurs années déjà, les acteurs institutionnels reconnaissent son importance pour la santé des individus et leur famille. En effet, à partir de la notion de « déterminants sociaux de la santé », des recherches ont établi l’importance de bonnes conditions de logement pour assurer la santé des individus. Elles ont également fourni aux acteurs collectifs actifs dans le domaine du logement de nouveaux arguments dans leur lutte contre le mal-logement. En utilisant la notion de l’identité collective (Melucci, 1996), notre objectif dans ce texte sera d’analyser comment la question de la santé construit, en partie, l’action collective d’un comité logement de Montréal, le Comité logement Saint-Laurent.
Les accidents de la route à Ouagadougou, un révélateur de la gestion urbaine
Authors: Nikiema Aude , Bonnet Emmanuel , Sidbega Salifou , Ridde Valéry
Published: April 2017

La relation entre mobilité et extension urbaine a donné naissance à plusieurs modèles de ville. Les pratiques d’aménagement, fortement dépendantes de l’automobile, ont participé au processus d’étalement urbain caractéristique des pays du nord. Ce modèle observé également dans les capitales africaines repose toutefois sur des modes de déplacements très variés, sources d’une grande vulnérabilité pour les usagers et d’un nombre élevé de traumatismes issus des accidents de la route. Cet article vise à comprendre en quoi l’aménagement urbain participe de cette vulnérabilité dans la capitale du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou. L’étude repose sur la géolocalisation des lieux d’accidents et des entrevues réalisées auprès des acteurs communaux. Les résultats montrent un lien fort entre étalement urbain et importance des accidents de la route de façon originale puisqu’ils sont caractéristiques des axes revêtus. Le développement de l’habitat est au coeur des politiques urbaines, la question de la mobilité est beaucoup plus récente, imposée par la croissance démographique. Cependant, la politique des transports en commun reste embryonnaire, le moyen de déplacement privilégié est le deux roues. Le pouvoir local ne semble pas avoir pour vocation de protéger les populations vulnérables en circulation, la valeur dominante en matière de conception du réseau routier reposant sous la garantie d’une mobilité toujours plus fluide et négligeant la sécurité routière. L’extension du réseau bitumé apparaît donc comme un facteur favorable à la multiplication des accidents de la route au Burkina Faso.
Le transport actif à Ottawa (Canada) face à des obstacles politiques tenaces
Authors: Saidla Karl , Préfontaine Anne , Clavier Carole , Crespin Renaud
Published: April 2017

Le développement du transport actif (TA), c’est-à-dire des déplacements utilitaires incluant la marche, le cyclisme et l’utilisation des transports en commun, est une stratégie utilisée par les villes pour stimuler l’activité physique. Ottawa est un exemple remarquable de succès à cet égard considérant les taux de TA dans le contexte nord-américain. Cependant, la pratique du TA y est plutôt faible si on la compare à celle des résidents des villes internationales les plus performantes, suggérant que cette difficulté à accroître les taux de TA pourrait être associée au contexte socioculturel nord-américain. En appliquant le cadre des coalitions de cause, cette étude met en lumière l’importance d’une catégorie d’obstacles politiques tenaces qui nuisent aux efforts de promotion à long terme du TA à Ottawa. Des entrevues individuelles ont été menées auprès de 21 experts en TA basés à Ottawa. Ces données ont été complétées par une revue de la littérature. La recherche démontre que les défis que pose le contexte socioculturel nord-américain et le système politique dans lequel la ville s’insère représentent de sérieux obstacles à la promotion du TA. Considérées dans une perspective de promotion de la santé en milieu urbain, ces conclusions suggèrent que les tenants de la santé publique devraient diriger leurs efforts d’influence dans des domaines qui ne sont pas traditionnellement les leurs, soit la fiscalité municipale et les cultures professionnelles et les pratiques des domaines des transports et de l’aménagement urbain.
La politique et les pratiques de santé en Guinée à l’épreuve de l’épidémie d’Ebola : le cas de la ville de Conakry
Authors: Somparé Abdoulaye Wotem
Published: April 2017

Cet article décrit et analyse les pratiques de santé des populations de la Guinée dans la capitale Conakry. Dans un contexte de dysfonctionnement du système de santé, il vise à montrer que les politiques de santé décentralisées sont peu efficaces, car les itinéraires thérapeutiques suivent le lien social et tendent à personnaliser les relations entre soignés et soignants. Les conséquences de ces politiques ont été autant d’obstacles pour maîtriser et contrôler les choix thérapeutiques des patients afin de lutter contre l’épidémie d’Ebola. Ces difficultés sont renforcées par le découplage entre les secteurs privés et publics de santé, et par la forte mobilité des populations entre le milieu rural et urbain.
Arguments sanitaires, actions autoritaires : le cas de la contestation d’une politique municipale « néo-hygiéniste » dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Brum Schaeppi Paula
Published: April 2017

Sur la base d’une recherche cartographique effectuée auprès de l’antenne de Rio de Janeiro du mouvementantimanicomialbrésilien, l’article analyse la mobilisation contre une politique municipale « néo-hygiéniste » : l’internement forcé de masse de personnes en situation d’itinérance sous prétexte de l’usage de substances psychoactives illicites, notamment du crack. Tout en situant le contexte récent de la politique de santé mentale dans son interface avec la « question des drogues » au Brésil, l’article cartographie les débats et perspectives militantes ainsi que de multiples affirmations présentes dans la contestation d’un dispositif étatique d’invisibilisation des marges sociales de l’espace urbain contemporain.
Saines habitudes de vie, inégalités sociales de santé et vieillissement : réflexions critiques et nouvelles perspectives en développement des communautés
Authors: Audet Mélisa , Paris Mario , Garon Suzanne , Dumas Alex
Published: April 2017

Au Québec, la prévention des maladies chroniques par la promotion des saines habitudes de vie est partie intégrante d’un discours bien implanté lorsqu’il est question de vieillir en santé. Cet article vise l’amorce d’une réflexion critique sur les fondements de ce discours dans une perspective de réduction des inégalités sociales de santé dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population. Notre analyse intègre les résultats de deux projets de recherche distincts portant sur la santé d’adultes québécois vieillissants afin de mettre en lumière des incompatibilités du discours préventif avec la réalité individuelle de sous-groupes défavorisés ainsi qu’avec certaines bases du développement des communautés. Nos constats permettent de dégager de nouvelles perspectives visant à outiller les décideurs publics et mieux soutenir les milieux locaux dans leur contribution à l’amélioration de la santé des aînés.
Dialogue qualitatif et quantitatif en théorisation enracinée pour étudier la créativité d’agences de publicité en région
Authors: Baillargeon Dany
Published: April 2017

La théorisation enracinée est reconnue pour appréhender avec profondeur les phénomènes, laissant « parler le terrain » dans la production d’une théorie des actions et processus. Cette proposition montre la façon don la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée (MTE) a été utilisée pour comprendre la culture créative de petites agences de publicité en région. Nous démontrons que le caractère itératif et l’ouverture aux phénomènes émergents propres à la MTE ont « engendré » une méthodologie mixte, comprenant entrevues, observations non participantes, collectes de documents et un questionnaire qui a considérablement enrichi notre compréhension de cette culture créative. En illustrant la mise en place de notre stratégie, nous présentons une façon de conduire une méthode mixte en contexte de MTE en plus d’offrir un regard sur le dialogisme entre les méthodes, dont une approche quantitative, et sur l’importance d’un solide cadrage conceptuel en amont de l’analyse pour faciliter la théorisation des processus à l’étude.
Stratégies de recherche par le projet enraciné induites par une architecture symptomatique
Authors: Pouleur Jean-Alexandre , Vanzande Ornella
Published: April 2017

À partir d’un cas particulier et caractéristique d’architecture, celui d’un hôpital, le potentiel d’une démarche de « recherche par le projet » est exploré. Ce cas est symptomatique du manque d’écoute des attentes du patient pour l’adaptation du projet architectural à ses besoins, notamment en ce qui a trait à l’organisation spatiale. Les hôpitaux analysés ont des formes génériques froides, hygiéniques et aseptisées qui ne rassurent pas le patient vivant un moment de malaise et souvent d’inquiétude. Ces formes spatiales sont généralement déduites de normes complexes et multiples. Ici, le parti est exactement inverse, la conception est directement induite par l’observation de l’architecture et l’écoute des usagers. De nouvelles stratégies de « recherche par le projet enraciné » en sont tirées. Ces stratégies émergent à partir de principes apparentés à la recherche-action et à la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée.
La posture du chercheur : liens émergents entre la MTE et la psychanalyse lacanienne
Authors: Lapointe Sophie
Published: April 2017

L’objectif de cet article est de démontrer que jumeler la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée (MTE) à une écoute et une analyse d’orientation psychanalytique favorise la compréhension de phénomènes sociaux complexes. La posture du chercheur qui est présentée respecte à la fois la méthode propre à la MTE et celle du travail de recherche du psychanalyste. L’épistémologie de ces méthodes est centrée sur l’élaboration par le récit du vécu des participants représentant leurs histoires et leurs cultures ainsi que sur l’écoute et l’analyse de la structure langagière qui permet de rendre compte de l’organisation de l’inconscient. Le fait de rassembler ces méthodes apporte, d’une part, un savoir heuristique obtenu par une démarche itérative afin d’arriver à produire de nouvelles théories et contribue, d’autre part, à une quête centrée sur la vérité du sujet. Une nouvelle compréhension du phénomène devient alors accessible, puisqu’elle est basée sur une logique de la découverte. Les exemples présentés sont tirés d’une étude psychanalytique sur le phénomène d’intimidation chez des pairs à l’adolescence.
L’induction pour mieux comprendre le processus de réadaptation chez des individus ayant subi un traumatisme
Authors: Michallet Bernard , Falardeau Marie-Chantal , Chouinard Jocelyn
Published: April 2017

La recherche qualitative et inductive est peu utilisée dans le domaine de la santé. Pourtant, ce type d’approche permet de saisir la complexité des interventions menées, notamment de réadaptation, en se focalisant sur la réalité des usagers des services et des intervenants. C’est pourquoi cette méthode a été privilégiée lorsque nous avons voulu comprendre l’impact d’une intervention inductive novatrice, le Fil d’Ariane, sur le processus de réadaptation d’individus ayant subi un traumatisme. L’objectif de cette étude est ainsi double : 1) démontrer les apports de la recherche inductive pour mieux comprendre l’impact des interventions en réadaptation; 2) mieux comprendre les effets d’une intervention inductive novatrice, le Fil d’Ariane. Pour ce faire, des entretiens semi-dirigés avec des usagers et des intervenants ont été réalisés. Ces entrevues révèlent, entre autres, l’importance de l’accompagnement de l’usager par l’intervenant, d’un engagement profond et authentique de l’usager envers le Fil d’Ariane, de même que d’un suivi personnalisé pour l’usager. D’un autre côté, l’intervention exige des intervenants un haut niveau d’engagement, un temps de rédaction important ainsi que des qualités d’écoute et d’empathie.
From velocity and attenuation tomography to rock physical modeling: Inferences on fluid‐driven earthquake processes at the Irpinia fault system in southern Italy
Authors: Amoroso O. , Russo G. , De Landro G. , Zollo A. , Garambois S. , Mazzoli S. , Parente M. , Virieux J.
Published: April 2017

We retrieve 3‐D attenuation images of the crustal volume embedding the fault system associated with the destructive Ms 6.9, 1980 Irpinia earthquake by tomographic inversion of t* measurements. A high QP anomaly is found to be correlated with the 1980 fault geometry, while the QS model shows regional‐scale variations related to the NE edge of the uplifted pre‐Tertiary limestone. An upscaling strategy is used to infer rock properties such as porosity, consolidation, type of fluid mixing, and relative saturation percentage at 8–10 km fault depth. We constrain the porosity and consolidation in the ranges 4–5% and 5–9, respectively, with the possible fluid mixes being both brine‐CO2 and CH4‐CO2. The consolidation parameter range indicates high pore pressures at the same depths. These results support the evidence for a fracture system, highly saturated in gases and a seismicity triggering mechanism at the fault zone, which is strongly controlled by fluid‐induced pore pressure changes.
Benefits and pitfalls of GRACE data assimilation: A case study of terrestrial water storage depletion in India
Authors: Girotto Manuela , De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Reichle Rolf H. , Rodell Matthew , Draper Clara , Bhanja Soumendra N. , Mukherjee Abhijit
Published: April 2017

This study investigates some of the benefits and drawbacks of assimilating terrestrial water storage (TWS) observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) into a land surface model over India. GRACE observes TWS depletion associated with anthropogenic groundwater extraction in northwest India. The model, however, does not represent anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals and is not skillful in reproducing the interannual variability of groundwater. Assimilation of GRACE TWS introduces long‐term trends and improves the interannual variability in groundwater. But the assimilation also introduces a negative trend in simulated evapotranspiration, whereas in reality evapotranspiration is likely enhanced by irrigation, which is also unmodeled. Moreover, in situ measurements of shallow groundwater show no trend, suggesting that the trends are erroneously introduced by the assimilation into the modeled shallow groundwater, when in reality the groundwater is depleted in deeper aquifers. The results emphasize the importance of representing anthropogenic processes in land surface modeling and data assimilation systems.
A complete 4DCT‐ventilation functional avoidance virtual trial: Developing strategies for prospective clinical trials
Authors: Waxweiler Timothy , Schubert Leah , Diot Quentin , Faught Austin , Stuhr Kelly , Castillo Richard , Castillo Edward , Guerrero Thomas , Rusthoven Chad , Gaspar Laurie , Kavanagh Brian , Miften Moyed , Vinogradskiy Yevgeniy
Published: April 2017

Introduction

4DCT‐ventilation is an exciting new imaging modality that uses 4DCT data to calculate lung‐function maps. Because 4DCTs are acquired as standard of care for lung cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, 4DCT‐ventiltation provides functional information at no extra dosimetric or monetary cost to the patient. The development of clinical trials is underway to use 4DCT‐ventilation imaging to spare functional lung in patients undergoing radiotherapy. The purpose of this work was to perform a virtual trial using retrospective data to develop the practical aspects of a 4DCT‐ventilation functional avoidance clinical trial.

Methods

The study included 96 stage III lung cancer patients. A 4DCT‐ventilation map was calculated using the patient's 4DCT‐imaging, deformable registration, and a density‐change‐based algorithm. Clinical trial inclusion assessment used quantitative and qualitative metrics based on the patient's spatial ventilation profile. Clinical and functional plans were generated for 25 patients. The functional plan aimed to reduce dose to functional lung while meeting standard target and critical structure constraints. Standard and dose‐function metrics were compared between the clinical and functional plans.

Results

Our data showed that 69% and 59% of stage III patients have regional variability in function based on qualitative and quantitative metrics, respectively. Functional planning demonstrated an average reduction of 2.8 Gy (maximum 8.2 Gy) in the mean dose to functional lung.

Conclusions

Our work demonstrated that 60–70% of stage III patients would be eligible for functional planning and that a typical functional lung mean dose reduction of 2.8 Gy can be expected relative to standard clinical plans. These findings provide salient data for the development of functional clinical trials.
Natural History and Predictors of Progression to Sjögren's Syndrome Among Participants of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Registry
Authors: Shiboski Caroline H. , Baer Alan N. , Shiboski Stephen C. , Lam Mi , Challacombe Stephen , Lanfranchi Hector E. , Schiødt Morten , Shirlaw Penelope , Srinivasan Muthiah , Umehara Hisanori , Vivino Frederick B. , Akpek Esen , Bunya Vatinee , Vollenweider Cristina F. , Greenspan John S. , Daniels Troy E. , Criswell Lindsey A. ,   the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Research Groups
Published: April 2017

Objective

To explore changes in the phenotypic features of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and in SS status among participants in the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) registry over a 2–3‐year interval.

Methods

All participants in the SICCA registry who were found to have any objective measures of salivary hypofunction, dry eye, focal lymphocytic sialadenitis in minor salivary gland biopsy, or anti‐SSA/SSB antibodies were recalled over a window of 2 to 3 years after their baseline examinations to repeat all clinical examinations and specimen collections to determine whether there was any change in phenotypic features and in SS status.

Results

As of September 15, 2013, a total of 3,514 participants had enrolled in SICCA, and among 3,310 eligible, 771 presented for a followup visit. Among participants found to have SS using the 2012 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria, 93% again met the criteria after 2 to 3 years, and this proportion was 89% when using the 2016 ACR/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. Among those who did not meet ACR or ACR/EULAR criteria at baseline, 9% and 8%, respectively, had progressed and met them at followup. Those with hypergammaglobulinemia and hypocomplementemia at study entry were, respectively, 4 and 6 times more likely to progress to SS by ACR criteria than those without these characteristics (95% confidence interval 1.5–10.1 and 1.8–20.4, respectively).

Conclusion

While there was stability over a 2–3‐year period of both individual phenotypic features of SS and of SS status, hypergammaglobulinemia and hypocomplementemia at study entry were predictive of progression to SS.
Interaction of AlSi7Mg with Oxide Ceramics
Authors: Fankhänel Beate , Stelter Michael , Voigt Claudia , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: April 2017

The development of new active filters for the melt filtration in aluminum industry requires investigations of the interaction of aluminum and its alloys with novel filter materials. The requested filter effects require information about the wettability and potential chemical reactions between the filter material and the metal. Wetting experiments (sessile drop technique at 950 °C under vacuum) of an AlSi7Mg alloy on oxide ceramics (Al2O3, MgAl2O4, 3Al2O3 · 2SiO2, TiO2) in two different surface qualities are carried out. The results show that in all cases, the wettability determined in case of a polished substrate is in good agreement to those of the coated substrates representing real filters. The measured differences of the contact angles are caused by the increased roughness of the substrates’ surface primarily. All substrates but the pure Al2O3 form reactive systems in presence of the AlSi7Mg alloy.
Phase Stability of a Mechanically Alloyed CoCrCuFeNi High Entropy Alloy
Authors: Thangaraju Shanmugasundaram , Bouzy Emmanuel , Hazotte Alain
Published: April 2017

A CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy (HEA) is prepared from the high purity elemental Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, and Ni powders by mechanical alloying (MA) at different milling speed (200 or 350 rpm). Mechanically alloyed powder samples are subsequently annealed at different temperatures (300, 500, 700, and 800 °C). Microstructures, chemical composition, and phase stability of the powders are studied using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS). The results show that, a single phase stable FCC solid solution is formed within 5 and 50 h of milling at 350 and 200 rpm, respectively. The single FCC phase is identified to be thermally stable upto 800 °C and then it is decomposed into two FCC phases. The second FCC phase is found to be rich in Cu. The precipitation of the Cu rich phase is likely due to the positive enthalpy of mixing of Cu with other alloying elements.