bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sacral bone mineral density (BMD) assessment using opportunistic CT scans
Authors: Hoel Ryan J. , Ledonio Charles G. T. , Takahashi Takashi , Polly David W.
Published: July 2016

This study seeks to establish a method for opportunistic evaluation of sacral bone mineral density. This is a retrospective review of 109 scans from 109 patients who had renal‐protocol computed tomography (CT) scans performed for any indication during a 3‐month period at a single academic institution in 2014. In the collected CT scans, sacral CT‐attenuation in multiple regions of interest (ROI) was compared to the L1 CT‐attenuation, an internal reference standard, to determine if a correlation existed. The sacral ROI were analyzed to determine regions of higher and lower attenuation. All sacral ROI had strong correlations with lumbar spine attenuation values, and these values became even stronger when transitional vertebrae were excluded. Sacral attenuation values varied predictably by location, and matched relationships were shown by prior volumetric bone mineral density studies. We conclude that sacral CT‐attenuation can be used in opportunistic CT scans to determine sacral bone mineral density. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:160–166, 2017.
Influence of grafting with acrylate compounds on the conformational rearrangements of silk fibroin upon electrospinning and treatment with aqueous methanol
Authors: Pavoni Eleonora , Tsukada Masuhiro , Taddei Paola
Published: July 2016

Silk fabrics from Bombyx mori silkworm were grafted with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as well as a binary system of HEMA and 4‐hydroxybutyl acrylate (HBA) and then analysed by Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to elucidate the interactions between the components and their possible conformational changes. The samples were then dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid and electrospun; the influence of the grafted polymers on the silk fibroin rearrangements upon these treatments was investigated by vibrational spectroscopy. Upon grafting, the fabrics underwent conformational rearrangements towards a more unordered state, although they kept their prevailing β‐sheet conformation; also the polymeric component underwent hydrogen bonding and backbone rearrangements upon interaction with silk fibroin and the occurrence of strong covalent bonds cannot be excluded. By immersing the as‐electrospun grafted and pure fibroin nanofibres (prevalently unordered) in aqueous methanol, they partially recovered the β‐sheet content observed in the corresponding starting fabrics; the percentage of recovery decreased along the series: pure silk > HEMA‐grafted silk > HEMA and HBA‐grafted silk. This trend suggests that the presence of the polyHEMA grafted component hinders the silk fibroin recrystallization into β‐sheet upon aqueous methanol treatment; moreover, the addition of the more sterically hindered HBA monomer in the grafting system further prevented this process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational study of spectral matching algorithms for identifying Raman spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Tan Xiaofeng , Chen Xiangling , Song Shuzhong
Published: July 2016

To facilitate experimental development of a Raman‐based chemical sensor for identifying 16 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and selection of an appropriate spectral matching algorithm for use with the sensor, computer simulations are carried out for evaluating the performance of several spectral matching algorithms in identifying Raman spectra of target PAHs in the presence of strong interference from co‐existent PAH spectra. The studied algorithms are the following: the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Euclidean distance, and the cosine distance in the spectral space and in a normalized principal component space (CD‐NPCA). The simulations are performed with mixture Raman spectra synthetized from a reference Raman spectral library of the 16 PAHs in the 1000–1700 cm−1 fingerprint spectral range that is calculated using density functional calculations. Receiver operating curves are generated for each target PAH and spectral algorithm pair to assess the performance of the algorithms. It is shown from the study that the CD‐NPCA outperforms the others in terms of speed and discriminating power for identifying the target spectra in the mixture spectra due to dimensionality reduction and an angular augmentation effect of input spectral data. This study provides a cost‐effective way for designing the Raman‐based sensor for PAH detection and paves the way for future experimental development of such a sensor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate and its impurities by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography after precolumn derivatization: Identification of four impurities
Authors: Hui Wenkai , Sun Lili , Zhang Hui , Zou Liang , Zou Qiaogen , Ouyang Pingkai
Published: July 2016

We report the development and validation of a stability‐indicating reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method with precolumn derivatization for the separation and identification of the impurities of ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate, a novel protein kinase inhibitor. 2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate was chosen as the derivatizing reagent and triethylamine was added as catalyst. 200 μL sample solution (1 mg/mL), 600 μL derivatizing reagent (1 mg/mL), and 200 μL triethylamine solution (1%, v/v) were mixed and reacted at 40°C for 30 min. The separation was achieved on an Inertsil C18 ODS‐3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using mobile phases including 10 mmol monopotassium phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and methanol in gradient mode. The column temperature was adjusted at 25°C and the flow rate at 1 mL/min. The detection was carried out at 220 nm. Different precolumn derivatization conditions as well as the high‐performance liquid chromatography conditions were optimized. Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate and its four impurities were detected and quantitated, among which two new compounds were characterized. The proposed method was validated and proven to be selective, accurate, and precise and suitable for the quantitative analysis of ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate.
Two‐dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography × reversed‐phase liquid chromatography for the preparative isolation of potential anti‐hepatitis phenylpropanoids from Salvia prattii
Authors: Dang Jun , Shao Yun , Zhao Jianqiang , Mei Lijuan , Tao Yanduo , Wang Qilan , Zhang Li
Published: July 2016

Traditional Tibetan medicine is important for discovery of drug precursors. However, knowledge of the chemical composition of traditional Tibetan medicines is very limited due to the lack of appropriate chromatographic purification methods. In the present work, Salvia prattii was taken as an example, and an off‐line hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/reversed‐phase liquid chromatography preparative method was developed for the purification of phenylpropanoids with high purity from a crude sample of Salvia prattii. Based on the separation results of four different chromatographic stationary phases, the first‐dimensional preparation was performed on an XAmide preparative column with the crude sample concentration of 62.0 mg/mL, and five main fractions were obtained from the 12.4 g crude sample with a recovery of 54.8%. An XCharge C18 preparative column was applied in the second‐dimensional preparation to further isolate the phenylpropanoids from the redissolved first‐dimensional fractions with concentration of approximately 50.0 mg/mL. The purities of the phenylpropanoids isolated from the crude sample of Salvia prattii were higher than 98%, indicating that the method was efficient for the purification of phenylpropanoids with high purity from Salvia prattii. Additionally, this method showed great potential in the preparation of phenylpropanoids and can serve as a good example for the purification of phenylpropanoids from other plant materials.
Equiaffine geometry of level sets and ruled hypersurfaces with equiaffine mean curvature zero
Authors: Fox Daniel J. F.
Published: July 2016

Basic aspects of the equiaffine geometry of level sets are developed systematically. As an application there are constructed families of 2n‐dimensional nondegenerate hypersurfaces ruled by n‐planes, having equiaffine mean curvature zero, and solving the affine normal flow. Each carries a symplectic structure with respect to which the ruling is Lagrangian.
Saying “No” to Cake or “Yes” to Kale: Approach and Avoidance Strategies in Pursuit of Health Goals
Authors: David Meredith E. , Haws Kelly L.
Published: July 2016

In developing plans for achieving health‐related goals, two fundamentally different strategies are often used: focusing on healthy foods that one should include in their diet, such as kale (referred to as “approach”), and focusing on unhealthy foods that one should exclude from their diet, such as cake (referred to as “avoidance”). The present research examines the differential effectiveness of approach‐ and avoidance‐based strategies across levels of self‐control, highlighting differences in food choices. The results reveal that those low in self‐control focus on avoidance items they really like and approach items that are less appealing, while those higher in self‐control show an opposite pattern, leading to more‐motivating plans. In addition, the results show that the self‐control by strategy type interaction on liking leads to differences in propensity to choose healthy items. Overall, this research highlights the importance of understanding differences in the implementation of commonly recommended strategies to improve one's health and wellness.
Pleasure and the Control of Food Intake: An Embodied Cognition Approach to Consumer Self‐Regulation
Authors: Petit Olivia , Basso Frédéric , Merunka Dwight , Spence Charles , Cheok Adrian David , Oullier Olivier
Published: July 2016

Consumers try to avoid temptation when exposed to appetizing foods by diverting their attention away from their senses (e.g., sight, smell, mouthfeel) and bodily states (e.g., state of arousal, salivation) in order to focus on their longer term goals (e.g., eating healthily, achieving an ideal body weight). However, when not including sensations in their decision‐making processes, consumers risk depleting their self‐regulatory resources, potentially leading to unhealthy food choices. Conversely, based on the concept of “embodied self‐regulation,” the suggestion is made that considering bodily states may help consumers regulate their food choices more effectively. A new model is proposed that facilitates understanding observed consumer behavior and the success or failure of self‐control in food intake. It is argued that bodily states and sensory information should be considered when modeling consumer behavior and developing health‐related advocacy and communication campaigns. The model proposed here leads to new perspectives on consumer consumption behavior and health policy research and strategies.
The Role of Anticipated Emotions in Purchase Intentions
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Belanche Daniel , Casaló Luis V. , Flavián Carlos
Published: July 2016

Key personal inputs to decision making reside in expectations about whether a purchase or nonpurchase will make one feel better. Integrating several theoretical approaches, this research proposes a holistic framework formed by four kinds of anticipated emotions (AEs) resulting from the crossing of positive‐ or negative‐valenced emotions with action or inaction. Specifically, this research proposes that consumers under a purchase scenario tend to consider positive and negative AEs of both purchase and nonpurchase in their decisions. Research in this area to date has been sparse and focused mostly on AEs with regard to purchase, but not nonpurchase. The results of four studies confirm that AEs influence purchase decisions in a coordinated way depending on their instrumentality, motivating purchase or nonpurchase. AEs also partially mediate the effect of outcome valence on purchase decisions. Taking the status quo bias as a theoretical basis, this work proposes that the amount of information of favorable and unfavorable outcome messages has a greater influence on AEs motivating purchase than AEs motivating nonpurchase. Finally, future research lines are proposed to expand the use of this fourfold framework and more generally to understand the role of forward‐looking emotions in decision processes.
Brand Ownership As a Central Component of Adolescent Self‐esteem: The Development of a New Self‐esteem Scale
Authors: Isaksen Katja , Roper Stuart
Published: July 2016

This article outlines the development of a new scale to measure adolescent self‐esteem. The new scale addresses weaknesses in existing measures that have failed to consider the growth of the consumer society in the Western world and the impact of this on the formation of adolescent self‐esteem. The development of this scale includes extensive qualitative research with over 100 high school pupils, which led to a series of quantitative data collection and analysis processes to develop the scale. In the final stage, data were collected from 889 pupils and analyzed to confirm the validity and reliability of the new measure. The result of this work is a 21‐item self‐esteem scale comprising of four distinct, yet interrelated factors: self‐evaluation, social ability, social comparison effects, and notably, brand ownership. The findings provide an updated and upgraded measure of self‐esteem that takes into consideration the specific audience of adolescents living in a consumer culture. The scale development process demonstrates that when considering the formation of self‐esteem, the influence of the use and possession of commercial brands is as relevant as the traditional factors/components such as academic achievement or sporting prowess.
A Series of 211 Children with Probable Essential Tremor
Authors: Ghosh Debabrata , Brar Harmeet , Lhamu Ugen , Rothner A. David , Erenberg Gerald
Published: July 2016

Background

The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical features, course, and treatment of essential tremor (ET) in children.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted over 25 years (1984–2011). Inclusion criteria were age <21 years and satisfying the core diagnostic criteria for ET. Primary exclusion criteria included other neurological findings, tremorogenic medications, sudden onset/stepwise progression, primary orthostatic tremor, and isolated task specificity; and secondary exclusion criteria were abnormal neuroimaging or metabolic/thyroid studies. Cases were reviewed for age, sex, family history, tremor characteristics, functional impairment, treatment, and follow‐up.

Results

In total, 211 children had ET, including 130 males and 81 females. The mean ± standard deviation age was at diagnosis was 14.09 ± 5.0 years, the age of onset was 9.71 ± 5.62 years, and the age of onset was birth in 7 children. One hundred ninety‐nine children had bilateral hand tremor, 34 had asymmetry, 9 had unilateral onset but later became bilateral. Twelve children had voice tremors, 13 had leg tremors, 5 had head tremors, and 7 had trunk tremors. Tremor at rest was present in 20 children. Thirty‐five percent of the children had a family history of ET, including in a father (n = 21), mother (n = 13), brother (n = 6), sister (n = 3), and other family member (n = 28). Fifty‐five percent of patients had functional disabilities, including writing (n = 66), eating (n = 28) drinking from a cup (n = 13), typing (n = 4), playing instruments (n = 6), buttoning (n = 6), and playing (n = 3). For treatment, 33 patients received propranolol, 1 received atenolol, 13 received primidone, 3 received metoprolol, and 1 received nadolol. In total, 99 patients were followed for a mean ± standard deviation of 1.82 ± 2.21 years.

If left untreated, tremor remained unchanged in 33 patients, and 7 had an apparent short‐term improvement. On propranolol, 15 of 20 patients significantly improved.

Conclusions

This is the largest series to date of ET in children. The current findings indicate that onset at birth is possible, family history is less common in children than in adults, and tremor at rest is possible. Functional disability was noted in 55% of children, and 29.4% required medication.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Parkinson's Disease Mild Cognitive Impairment Battery Using the Movement Disorder Society Task Force Criteria
Authors: Bezdicek Ondrej , Nikolai Tomas , Michalec Jiri , Růžička Filip , Havránková Petra , Roth Jan , Jech Robert , Růžička Evžen
Published: July 2016

Background

The aim of the present study was to provide empirical evidence regarding the classification accuracy of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) neuropsychological battery (NB) in the determination of Parkinson's disease mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI).

Methods

The present cross‐sectional study included 106 PD patients subjected to PD‐MCI classification at Level I and 120 healthy controls (HCs). All HC and PD subjects were then assessed with MDS‐NB at Level II and matched according to age and education using different thresholds (1.5 and 2.0 standard deviations [SDs] below average).

Results

We found that Level I and II resulted in different classifications of PD‐MCI status. Detection thresholds of –1.5 SD and –2.0 SDs at Level II had also a significant impact on the discriminative validity of all measures in the MDS neuropsychological battery, based on area under the curve analyses. Overall, semantic fluency showed the highest potential in all comparisons not only between PD‐MCI and HC, but also between PD‐MCI and PD with no deficit (PD‐ND).

Conclusions

Our results show that the battery at Level II is applicable and that some measures, such as semantic fluency, have high discriminative validity in the detection of PD‐MCI versus PD‐ND and HCs.
Dystonia in a Patient with Autosomal‐Dominant Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia Type 1 Caused by Mutation in the POLG Gene
Authors: Rossi Malco , Medina Escobar Alex , Radrizzani Martin , Tenembaum Silvia , Perandones Claudia , Merello Marcelo
Published: July 2016

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A Retrospective Evaluation of the Frequency of Impulsive Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson's Disease Patients Treated with Continuous Waking Day Apomorphine Pumps
Authors: Barbosa Pedro , Lees Andrew J. , Magee Cathy , Djamshidian Atbin , Warner Thomas T.
Published: July 2016

Background

Impulsive compulsive behaviors (ICBs) can have a deleterious impact on the lives of patients with PD with orally active dopamine agonist treatment recognized as the greatest risk factor. However, the relationship between subcutaneous administration of the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, and impulsive compulsive behaviors is unknown.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 28 advanced PD patients treated with subcutaneous waking day apomorphine ambulatory minipumps at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (London, UK).

Results

Twelve of the patients had experienced impulsive compulsive behaviors before starting apomorphine. Reduction of oral dopamine agonist dose before apomorphine had led to complete resolution in 6 cases with no recurrence on long‐term apomorphine maintenance therapy. Six patients still had active impulsive compulsive behaviors when apomorphine was started. Four of these improved, and in the other 2 there was no worsening. Of the 16 patients with no previous history of impulsive compulsive behaviors who started apomorphine, only 1, who was still receiving concurrent levodopa, developed impulsive compulsive behaviors.

Conclusions

These data provide preliminary evidence that continuous apomorphine pump therapy has a lower proclivity to trigger or exacerbate impulsive compulsive behaviors than oral dopamine agonists. This is likely to be attributed to a more tonic stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors leading to desensitisation, but could also be attributed to a different pharmacological profile of apomorphine compared with orally active dopamine agonists. Apomorphine can be considered as a treatment option in patients who have developed disabling impulsive compulsive behaviors on oral agonist therapy whose motor handicap cannot be controlled adequately on l‐dopa alone. Further prospective studies are needed to provide a definitive answer to this question.
Empirical Scoring Functions for Affinity Prediction of Protein‐ligand Complexes
Authors: Pason Lukas P. , Sotriffer Christoph A.
Published: July 2016

The ability to rapidly assess the quality of a protein‐ligand complex in terms of its affinity is of fundamental importance for various methods of computer‐aided drug design. While simple filtering or matching critieria may be sufficient in fast docking methods or at early stages of virtual screening, estimates of the actual free energy of binding are needed whenever refined docking solutions, ligand rankings or support for the optimization of hit compounds are required. If rigorous free energy calculations based on molecular simulations are impractical, such affinity estimates are provided by scoring functions. The class of empirical scoring functions aims to provide them via a regression‐based approach. Using experimental structures and affinity data of protein‐ligand complexes and descriptors suitable to capture the essential features of the interaction, these functions are trained with classical linear regression techniques or machine‐learning methods. The latter have led to considerable improvements in terms of prediction accuracy for large generic data sets. Nevertheless, many limitations are not yet resolved and pose significant challenges for future developments.
Coupling and optimisation of online nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for process monitoring to cover the broad range of process concentration
Authors: Blanazs Alexander , Bristow Tony W. T. , Coombes Steven R. , Corry Tom , Nunn Mike , Ray Andrew D.
Published: July 2016

Real time online monitoring of chemical processes can be carried out by a number of analytical techniques, including optical and vibrational spectroscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). As each technique has unique advantages and challenges, combinations are an attractive option. The combination of a 500‐MHz 1H NMR and a small footprint mass spectrometer to monitor a batch reaction at process concentration was investigated. The mass spectrometer was coupled into the flow path of an online reaction monitoring NMR. Reaction mixture was pumped from a 100‐ml vessel to an NMR flow tube before returning to the vessel. Small aliquots were diverted into a sampling make‐up flow using an active flow splitter and passed to the mass spectrometer. Advantages of the combination were observed. 1H NMR was ideal for quantitation of high level components, whereas MS showed a greater capability for detecting those at low level. In preliminary experiments MS produced a limited linear relationship with concentration (0.02% to 2% relative concentration, 0.01 mg/ml–1.25 mg/ml), because of signal saturation at the higher concentrations. NMR was unable to detect components below 0.1% relative to concentration maximum. Optimisation of sample transfer to the MS extended the linearity to 10% relative to the concentration maximum. Therefore, the combination of online NMR and MS allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of reaction components over the full process range. The application of the combination was demonstrated by monitoring a batch chemical reaction and this is described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zwitterionic copolymer for controlling fluid loss in Oilwell cementing: Preparation, characterization, and working mechanism
Authors: Xia Xiujian , Feng Yakai , Guo Jintang , Liu Shuoqiong , Jin Jianzhou , Yu Yongjin
Published: July 2016

The present investigation deals with the problems of unsatisfactory high‐temperature resistance, inferior salt tolerance and poor comprehensive performance for the domestic fluid loss additives. In this study, a zwitterionic polymer, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid/diallyldimethylammonium chloride/N,N‐dimethylacryl amide/acrylic acid used as fluid loss agent for oil well cementing, was synthesized by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution with ammonium persulfate and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine as initiator. The optimal synthesis conditions were obtained via single‐factor variable analysis. The compositions, micro‐structural morphologies, and thermal‐stability of polymer were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, SEM, DTG, and DSC techniques. The results manifested that the synthetic polymer cement slurry exhibited prominent advantages such as excellent fluid loss control capacity, thermal stability (up to 200°C), salt‐tolerance (saturated brine) and rheological behavior. Even more strikingly, the zwitterionic polymer showed less impact on hardening cement and accelerated the post compressive strength of set cement, verified through the ultrasonic method. Additionally, the mechanism of fluid loss control was found to rely mainly on improving the filter cake quality and the polymer chemisorptions on the surface of hydrated cement through SEM, permeability and TOC analysis. In consequence, the zwitterionic polymer enhanced the comprehensive properties of cement slurry and had great potential to apply in high temperature and high salinity oil‐well cementing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:78–88, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
“You don't know what's wrong with you”: an exploration of cancer‐related experiences in people with an intellectual disability
Authors: Flynn Samantha , Hulbert‐Williams Nicholas J. , Hulbert‐Williams Lee , Bramwell Ros
Published: July 2016

Objective

Few empirical studies have explored cancer‐related experiences of people with an intellectual disability (ID), despite rising cancer incidence in this population. The present research aims to better understand the experiences of this population from multiple perspectives, generating theory and further research questions.

Methods

Six people with ID and cancer, alongside 12 participants from their supportive network (including family and social and health care professionals), were interviewed; transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory.

Results

People with ID were often overlooked within cancer consultations and excluded from conversations about their care and treatment‐related decisions. Caregivers (family and paid) were relied upon to facilitate communication and understanding and supplement health care professional knowledge. Caregivers' attempts to protect the patient from distress harmed communication further; our interviewees suggest that increased involvement and empowerment mediated cancer‐related distress. Where health care professionals possessed good patient‐centered skills, and additional support was offered, people with ID were more likely to engage meaningfully in their cancer‐related experience.

Conclusions

Interestingly, emergent concepts were consistent with general psycho‐oncology literature; however, incidence and severity of difficulty was substantially greater in this sample. This disparity warrants further exploration, with a need for intervention research to develop effective ways of supporting health care professionals in enhancing patient‐centered skills with this population. In the clinical setting, patient involvement in health care decisions (despite problems associated with comorbidity) is imperative to optimize engagement.
Complicated community acquired pneumonia in childhood: Different types, clinical course, and outcome
Authors: Erlichman Ira , Breuer Oded , Shoseyov David , Cohen‐Cymberknoh Malena , Koplewitz Benjamin , Averbuch Diana , Erlichman Matti , Picard Elie , Kerem Eitan
Published: July 2016

The incidence of pediatric community acquired complicated pneumonia (PCACP) is increasing. Questions addressed: Are different types of PCACP one disease? How do different treatment protocols affect the outcome? Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of PCACP hospitalizations in the three major hospitals in Jerusalem in the years 2001–2010 for demographics, clinical presentation, management, and outcome. Results: Of the 144 children (51% aged 1–4 years), 91% of Jewish origin; 40% had para‐pneumonic effusion (PPE), 40% empyema (EMP), and 20% necrotizing pneumonia (NP). Bacterial origin was identified in 42% (empyema 79%, P = 0.009), most common S. pneumoniae (32%), group A streptococcus (9%). Patients with EMP, compared to PPE and NP, were less likely to receive prior antibiotic treatment (35% vs. 57% and 59%, respectively, P = 0.04). Mean hospitalization was longer in patients with NP followed by EMP and PPE (16.4 ± 10.6, 15.2 ± 7.9, and 12.7 ± 4.7 days, respectively), use of fibrinolysis was not associated with the outcome. All children had recovered to discharge regardless of antibiotic therapy or fibrinolysis. Answer: NP is a more severe disease with prolonged morbidity and hospitalization in spite of prior antibiotic treatment. All types had favorable outcome regardless of treatment‐protocol. Complicated pneumonia has an ethnic predominance. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:247–254. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weed seed inactivation in soil mesocosms via biosolarization with mature compost and tomato processing waste amendments
Authors: Achmon Yigal , Fernández‐Bayo Jesús D , Hernandez Katie , McCurry Dlinka G , Harrold Duff R , Su Joey , Dahlquist‐Willard Ruth M , Stapleton James J , VanderGheynst Jean S , Simmons Christopher W
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Biosolarization is a fumigation alternative that combines passive solar heating with amendment‐driven soil microbial activity to temporarily create antagonistic soil conditions, such as elevated temperature and acidity, that can inactivate weed seeds and other pest propagules. The aim of this study was to use a mesocosm‐based field trial to assess soil heating, pH, volatile fatty acid accumulation and weed seed inactivation during biosolarization.

RESULTS

Biosolarization for 8 days using 2% mature green waste compost and 2 or 5% tomato processing residues in the soil resulted in accumulation of volatile fatty acids in the soil, particularly acetic acid, and >95% inactivation of Brassica nigra and Solanum nigrum seeds. Inactivation kinetics data showed that near complete weed seed inactivation in soil was achieved within the first 5 days of biosolarization. This was significantly greater than the inactivation achieved in control soils that were solar heated without amendment or were amended but not solar heated.

CONCLUSION

The composition and concentration of organic matter amendments in soil significantly affected volatile fatty acid accumulation at various soil depths during biosolarization. Combining solar heating with organic matter amendment resulted in accelerated weed seed inactivation compared with either approach alone. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Modulation of light absorption by optical spacer in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Kim Kangmin , Jung Buyoung , Kumar Neetesh , Eom Yoomin , Kim Woochul
Published: July 2016

Lead halide perovskite solar cells with planar heterojunction configuration have recently attracted tremendous attention because of their excellent power conversion efficiencies. The modulation of optical absorption by using an optical spacer layer is a unique method to enhance the device efficiency. Here, we demonstrate the application of thin ZnO layer that act as an optical spacer that enhance the power conversion efficiency perovskite devices from 8.92% to 10.7%, which is mainly due to increment in short‐circuit current density by 16% compared to the reference solar cell. The simulation data revealed that ZnO acts as an optical spacer layer that shifts length (average) of electric field |E|2 distribution from 500 nm to 750 nm wavelength is 25 nm in the perovskite layer. Which represents that exciton generation region is moved to near the hole transport layer that enhances the exciton dissociation efficiency and device efficiency.
Open Access UHPSFC/MS – an additional analytical resource for an academic mass spectrometry facility
Authors: Herniman Julie M. , Langley G. John
Published: July 2016

Rationale

Many compounds submitted for analysis in Chemistry at the University of Southampton do not retain, elute or ionize using open access reversed‐phase ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (RP‐UHPLC/MS) and require analysis via infusion. An ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry approach was implemented to afford high‐throughput analysis of these compounds with chromatographic separation.

Methods

A UPC2‐TQD MS system has been incorporated into the open access MS provision within Chemistry at the University of Southampton, using an ESCi source (electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) and an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source. Access to instrumentation is enabled via a web‐based interface (RemoteAnalyzer™).

Results

Compounds such as fluorosugars, fullerenes, phosphoramidites, porphyrins, and rotaxanes exhibiting properties incompatible with RP‐UHPLC/MS have been analyzed using automated chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. The speedy return of data enables research in these areas to progress unhindered by sample type. The provision of an electronic web format enables easy incorporation of chromatograms and mass spectra into electronic files and reports.

Conclusions

The implementation of UHPSFC/MS increases access to a wide range of chemistries incompatible with reversed‐phase chromatography and polar solvents, enabling more than 90% of submitted samples to be analyzed using an open access approach. Further, chromatographic separation is provided where previously flow injection or infusion analyses were the only options. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of a Vertical‐Slot Fish Pass for the Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. and Habitat Recolonization
Authors: Pereira E. , Quintella B. R. , Mateus C. S. , Alexandre C. M. , Belo A. F. , Telhado A. , Quadrado M. F. , Almeida P. R.
Published: July 2016

In 2011, a vertical‐slot fish pass was built at the Coimbra Açude‐Ponte dam (Mondego River, Portugal), approximately 45 km upstream from the river mouth. The performance of this infrastructure for sea lamprey passage was evaluated between 2011 and 2015 using several complementary methodologies, namely radio telemetry [conventional and electromyogram (EMG)], passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry and electrofishing surveys. During the study period, the electrofishing revealed a 29‐fold increase in the abundance of larval sea lamprey upstream of the fish pass. Of the 20 radio‐tagged individuals released downstream from the dam, 33% managed to find and successfully surpass the obstacle in less than 2 weeks, reaching the spawning areas located in the upstream stretch of the main river and in one important tributary. Fish pass efficiency was assessed with a PIT antenna installed in the last upstream pool and revealed a 31% efficiency, with differences between and within migratory seasons. Time of day and river flow significantly influenced the attraction efficiency of the fish pass, with lampreys negotiating it mainly during the night period and when discharge was below 50 m3 s−1. Sea lampreys tagged with EMG transmitters took 3 h to negotiate the fish pass, during which high muscular effort was only registered during passage, or passage attempts, of the vertical slots. The use of complementary methodologies provided a comprehensive passage evaluation for sea lamprey, a species for which there is a considerable paucity of valuable data concerning behavioural, physiological and environmental influences on obstacle negotiation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening the Suitability of Levee Protected Areas for Strategic Floodplain Reconnection Along the LaGrange Segment of the Illinois River, USA
Authors: Remo J. W. F. , Guida R. J. , Secchi S.
Published: July 2016

Levee‐protected floodplains along the 125‐km LaGrange Segment (LGS) of the Illinois River were screened for their abiotic suitability for alternative ecosystem services (ESs), including wetland creation, habitat, floodwater denitrification and flood‐tolerant agriculture. The suitability framework developed for this study builds upon the Land Capability Potential Index and is informed by the current understanding of the linkages between river hydrology, hydraulics, floodplain soils, floodplain vegetation and floodplain nutrient cycling. In addition to screening these floodplain areas for alternative ESs, we demonstrate how this framework can be combined with economic assessments of current floodplain services to inform how strategic floodplain reconnection (i.e. restoration of hydrologic linkages between river and floodplain for the purpose of flood mitigation and provisioning of alternative ESs) could be used to work towards sustainable floodplain management. Results show that ESs increase with upstream distance from the LaGrange Lock and Dam. This is attributed to the operation of the lock and dam generating a water level that would result in the inundation of a substantial portion of floodplain (>70 km2) up to ˜60 km upstream if the levees were to be removed or set back. Comparison of the profits from current floodplain agriculture with the potential profits of flood‐tolerant agriculture suggests that overcoming the economic costs of floodplain reconnection within the LGS will likely require both conversion of reconnected floodplain lands to flood‐tolerant agriculture and payments for ESs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s from Waste Biomass: A Combined Chemical–Biological Approach
Authors: Flanagan James C. A. , Myung Jaewook , Criddle Craig S. , Waymouth Robert M.
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) utilizing methane and alkenoates derived from recycled PHAs is reported. Medium‐chain length (C6 – C9) and short‐chain length (C4 – C5) polyhydroxyalkanoates were catalytically pyrolyzed to generate a range of 2‐alkenoates. The microbial copolymerization of the recovered alkenoates with methane in the presence of methanotrophic bacteria generated poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) homopolymers from even‐numbered alkenoates and, significantly, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) copolymers with tunable compositions from odd‐numbered alkenoates.
Exploring the Syntheses of Novel Glycomimetics. Carbohydrate Derivatives with Se‐S‐ or Se‐Se‐ Glycosidic Linkages
Authors: Illyés Tünde‐Zita , Balla Sára , Bényei Attila , Kumar Ambati Ashok , Timári István , Kövér Katalin E. , Szilágyi László
Published: July 2016

A convenient route to Se‐S‐glycoside derivatives was developed using glycosyl isoselenuronium salts as glycosylselenenyl transfer reagents toward thiols. Aliphatic and aromatic thiols were found to react in the presence of N,N‐diisopropylethylamine as a base and furnished alkyl‐ or aryl glycosylselenenylsulfide derivatives. S‐glycosylselenenyl‐cysteines were obtained similarly via reactions with O,N‐protected cysteine. Reactions with monosaccharide thiols provided disaccharide mimics featuring Se‐S‐ interglycosidic bonds. Further disaccharide mimics with Se‐Se interglycosidic linkage were obtained from the starting isoselenuronium salts via reactions with protected monosaccharide derivatives bearing selenol groups in 6‐ or 4‐position. The novel glycomimetics are expected to open new perspectives in biological activities and/or mechanistic studies due, i.a., to the rather uncommon Se‐S‐ or Se‐Se bonds incorporated into a carbohydrate framework.
Polyaniline/Carbon Nitride Nanosheets Composite Hydrogel: A Separation‐Free and High‐Efficient Photocatalyst with 3D Hierarchical Structure
Authors: Jiang Wenjun , Luo Wenjiao , Zong Ruilong , Yao Wenqing , Li Zhanping , Zhu Yongfa
Published: July 2016

A polyaniline (PANI)/carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) composite hydrogel with 3D hierarchical nanostructure is synthesized via in situ polymerization. The 3D hierarchical structure is robust and stable, making the composite hydrogel separation‐free and easy to recycling. It is highly excellent in removing organic pollutant for PANI/CNNS composite hydrogel on account of the cooperation of adsorptive preconcentration and the following photocatalytic oxidation. Pollutants are first adsorbed and concentrated into the 3D hierarchical nanostructure of the composite hydrogel. Then the pollutants are in situ oxidized via photocatalysis. The promoted photocatalytic performance can be mainly ascribed to the outstanding interfacial charge separation and photoelectrochemical performance. A new idea of the construction of 3D hierarchical photocatalysts is presented, which can be applied in the sustainability field.
Morphology Engineering for High‐Performance and Multicolored Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with Simple Device Structures
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Cheng Tai , Wang Fuzhi , Dai Songyuan , Tan Zhan'ao
Published: July 2016

The film morphology is extremely significant for solution processed perovskite devices. Through fine morphology engineering without using any additives or further posttreatments, a full‐coverage and high quantum yield perovskite film has been achieved based on one‐step spin‐coating method. The morphologies and film characteristics of MAPbBr3 with different MABr:PbBr2 starting material ratios are in‐depth investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and time resolved photoluminescence. High performance organometal halide perovskite light‐emitting didoes (PeLEDs) based on simple device structure of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/perovskite/TPBi/Ca/Al are demonstrated. The green PeLED based on MAPbBr3 shows a maximum luminance of 8794 cd m−2 (at 7.3 V) and maximum current efficiency of 5.1 cd A−1 (at 5.1 V). Furthermore, a class of hybrid PeLEDs by adjusting the halide ratios of methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3, where X is Cl, Br, or I) are also demonstrated at room temperature. These mix‐halogenated PeLEDs show bright luminance (above 100 cd m−2) with narrow and clean emission bands over the wide color gamut.
A new basal chaeomysticete (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Late Oligocene Pysht Formation of Washington, USA
Authors: Peredo Carlos Mauricio , Uhen Mark D.
Published: July 2016

Modern baleen‐bearing mysticetes are descendant from archaic, toothed mysticetes known from the Late Eocene and Oligocene of the Pacific Ocean. These toothed mysticetes, such as aetiocetids and mammalodontids, dominate the Oligocene fossil record. However, larger bodied eomysticetids have recently been described from the Oligocene of the Pacific and western Atlantic. These eomysticetids lack functional teeth as adults and are thus considered to be the earliest members of Chaeomysticeti. A new fossil from the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State, including a partial skull, tympanic bullae, mandibles and postcrania, is here described as Sitsqwayk cornishorum gen. et sp. nov. S. cornishorum is a Late Oligocene mysticete lacking functional teeth and is the most phylogenetically basal chaeomysticete. Accordingly, S. cornishorum exhibits a mosaic of aetiocetid and eomysticetid characteristics. The presence of S. cornishorum in the North Pacific, and its phylogenetic position relative to the eomysticetids from the Southern Ocean, suggests a possible a North Pacific point of origin for Chaeomysticeti.
A congestion reduction mechanism using D2D cooperative relay for M2M communication in the LTE‐A cellular network
Authors: Cheng Rung‐Shiang , Huang Chung‐Ming , Cheng Guan‐Shiun
Published: July 2016

The Long Term Evolution‐advanced cellular network is designed for human‐to‐human communication. When a large number of machine‐to‐machine (M2M) devices are trying to access the network simultaneously, it leads to a low random access (RA) successful rate and high congestion problem, which may cause the waste of radio resources, packet loss, latency, extra power consumption, and the worst, M2M service error. There is an urge to propose an efficient method for M2M communication on the LTE‐A network to resolve the congestion problem. In this paper, we propose a congestion reduction mechanism, which can analyze and model the RA procedure on the Long Term Evolution‐advanced network, to find out the collapse point in the RA procedure and then design a scheme named device‐to‐device cooperative relay scheme to relieve the congestion problem. Meanwhile, this work also adds a relay access barring algorithm to improve performance and an RA resource separation mechanism for human‐to‐human communication. The proposed method can effectively reduce the network congestion problem. Simulation results show that the network throughput and the congestion can be significantly improved using the proposed mechanism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body composition dynamics of common eider during winter: An application of the deuterium dilution method
Authors: Beuth Joshua M. , Paton Peter W. C. , Osenkowski Jason E. , McWilliams Scott R.
Published: July 2016

The nearshore and offshore waters of southern New England provide some of the most important wintering habitat for sea ducks in North America. Understanding changes in sea duck body composition during winter could provide insights into current habitat quality and potential effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the body condition of sea ducks. We used the deuterium dilution method, a nonlethal approach, to investigate intraseasonal variation and differences between genders in body composition of 86 adult common eiders (Somateria mollissima) during winter (2011 and 2012) in southern New England. Both male (n = 39) and female (n = 47) eiders increased fat mass by 75% in late winter compared with early winter. Wet lean mass of males remained constant throughout the winter, while that of females decreased by 10%. These seasonal increases in fat stores of eider suggest that birds were able to secure adequate resources to improve their body condition over winter. Our estimates of body composition of eider during winter in southern New England can be used as a baseline when conducting future research to evaluate effects of anthropogenic disturbance and disease. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.