bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: THE ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF THE NICKEL SULFIDES. 2. TRINICKEL DISULFIDE
Authors: POWER G. P.
Published: April 2016

Das anodische und kathodische Verhalten von synthetischem Heazlewoodit, Ni3S2 , in sauren Lösungen wird cyclischvoltammetrisch, durch Ring‐Scheiben‐Untersuchungen, anhand potentiostatischer Transienten und coulometrisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE INITIATION OF SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF A FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL AT LOW TEMPERATURES AND OXYGEN PRESSURES
Authors: HULTQUIST G. , LEYGRAF C.
Published: April 2016

Ein ferritischer Edelstahl des Typs Fe‐18 Cr‐2 Mo wird im Temp.‐Bereich 285‐495°C und O2‐Partialdrücken zwischen l0′° und 10 ′ Torr oxidiert und die chemische Zusammensetzung der gebildeten dünnen Oxidschicht Auger‐Elektronen‐spektroskopisch analysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HEXAIODO ANIONS OF TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM, HAFNIUM, PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM: PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE CESIUM SALTS
Authors: SINRAM D. , BRENDEL C. , KREBS B.
Published: April 2016

Die Salze (Ia) werden durch eine Thermo‐Reaktion der Iodid‐Komponenten, die Salze (Ib) durch Fällen ihrer Anionen aus saurer Lösung mit überschüssigem CsI dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Relations Between Enthalpies of Complexation, Stability Constants and Metal Cation Radii.
Authors: OSMAN M. M. , SALEM T. M. , GAYED N. J. L.
Published: April 2016

Für die Bildung von 1:1‐Komplexen zwischen einem gegebenen Liganden und verschiedenen zweiwertigen Metallionen (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) werden zwei neue Beziehungen zwischen der Komplexbildungsenthalpie bzw. der Stabilitätskonstanten und dem Radius des Metallkations mitgeteilt.
ChemInform Abstract: A Promising Class of Reagent(Synthon) for Cycloaddition Reagent Design and Study of 1,4‐Dithiins.
Authors: OJIMI N. , MASHIMA J. , HAYAKAWA K. , KANEMATSU K. , OSAWA E.
Published: April 2016

1,4‐Dithiine besitzen eine hohe Reaktivität gegenüber elektronenreichen Dienen wie Cyclopentadien oder Anthracen.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoreaction of Imide Derivatives with a Nitrogen in Their Side Chains: Syntheses of Multi‐Cyclic Nitrogen Heterocycles by Their Photocyclization.
Authors: TAKECHI H. , OYADOMARI S. , MACHIDA M. , KANAOKA Y.
Published: April 2016

Die photochemische Cyclisierung der Imide (I) und (II) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: LAYERED COMPOUNDS. PART LXX. PHOTODIMERIZATION OF BENZENE. PHOTOCHROMISM OF LAYERED DITHIACYCLOPHANE
Authors: HIGUCHI H. , TAKATSU K. , OTSUBO T. , SAKATA Y. , MISUMI S.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Photolyse des Dithiacyclophans (I) entsteht ein Addukt (II), das thermisch wieder zu (I) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON TRANSFER. 51. REACTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN RADICALS WITH METAL‐CENTER OXIDANTS
Authors: SINGH A. N. , GELERINTER E. , GOULD E. S.
Published: April 2016

Riboflavin (I) erleidet in wäßriger HClO4‐Lösung durch Eu2+ oder V2+ sukzessive Einelektronreduktionen, die zuerst das Radikalion (II) und schließlich die Dehydroverbindung (III) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT REDUCTION OF FUNCTIONALIZED POLYCYCLIC AROMATICS INTO PARENT HYDROCARBONS
Authors: NODE M. , NISHIDE K. , OHTA K. , FUJITA E.
Published: April 2016

Mehrkernige Aromaten mit funktionellen Gruppen (I) werden unter energischen Bedingungen mit Aluminiumchlorid und Ethylmercaptan (II) zu den Aromaten (III) defunktionalisiert, während unter milderen Bedingungen als Zwischenstufen dieser Reaktion die Ethylthio‐Aromaten (IV) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE METHOD FOR INTRODUCTION OF ACYL GROUPS INTO PYRIDINE NUCLEI VIA TRIMETHYLSTANNYLPYRIDINES AND ‐QUINOLINES
Authors: YAMAMOTO Y. , YANAGI A.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Trimethylstannylverbindungen (I) und (IV) entstehen bei der Reaktion mit Säurechloriden (II) die entsprechenden Acylpyridine (III) bzw. Acylchinoline (V).
ChemInform Abstract: POLYHALOGENATED BICYCLO(4.2.0)OCTA‐1,5,7‐TRIENES. X. AROMATIZING NUCLEOPHILIC C SUBSTITUTIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS OF POLYHALOGENATED 2,5‐DIPHENYLBICYCLO(4.2.0)OCTA‐1,5,7‐TRIENES
Authors: ROEDIG A. , GANNS E.‐M.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (Ia) reagiert mit NaOMe bei Raumtemp. unter Aromatisierung des Sechsringes zu dem chromatographisch trennbaren Gemisch der Bicyclen (II), (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SULFONIO‐ AND AMMONIOKETENE N,O‐, N,S‐, AND N,N‐ACETALS
Authors: BOEHME H. + , AHRENS G. , KRACK W.
Published: April 2016

Methylierung und Deprotonierung führen zur Umwandlung von Methylmercaptoacet‐ bzw. ‐thioacetamid (I) in die Sulfoniumsalze (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF PERMETHRIC ACID. STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CHIRAL COPPER CARBENOID REACTION
Authors: ARATANI T. , YONEYOSHI Y. , NAGASE T.
Published: April 2016

Salicylaldehyd (II) kondensiert mit den optischen Antipoden des Amino‐alkohols (I) und Cu(Il′)‐acetat zu den optisch aktiven Cu‐Komplexen (III), die die Addition von Diazoessigsäure‐1‐menthylestern (V) an die Diene (IV), speziell (IVb), zu optisch aktiven ′Cyclopropanen enantioselektiv beeinflussen.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Adamantane‐Heterocycles by the Electrophilic Substitution Reaction with Unsaturated Silanes.
Authors: SASAKI T. , OHNO M. , NAKANISHI A.
Published: April 2016

Aus 1‐Chloradamantan (I) und den Silanen (II) werden in Gegenwart von Lewis‐Säuren die substituierten Adamantane (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐2‐ACETYL‐8‐METHOXY‐5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12‐OCTAHYDROBENZOCYCLODECENE: A MEDIUM SIZED RING, RING‐C AROMATIC HORMONE ANALOG
Authors: THIES R. W. , YUE S. T.
Published: April 2016

Das Methoxyketon (II) reagiert mit der Vinylsiliciumverbindung (I) zum Addukt (III) das basisch zum bicyclischen Keton (IV) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A DIRECT N‐ACYLATION OF INDOLE WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: TERASHIMA M. , FUJIOKA M.
Published: April 2016

Die Acylierung von Indol (I) gelingt mit Carbonsäuren (II) unter Katalyse von Borsäure (III), wobei die N‐Acyl‐ Derivate (IV) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Transformation of 1,4‐Dithiin to 1,3‐Dithiole.
Authors: KOBAYASHI K. , MUTAI K.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Thermolyse des Dithiins (I) entstehen unter Ringverengung die Derivate (II) und (III) in Abhängigkeit vom Lösungsmittel in wechselnden Verhältnissen.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANS‐TRANS‐ AND CIS‐TRANS‐1,4‐BIS(R‐PYRAZOLYL‐4‐VINYL)BENZENES
Authors: ANDREEVA M. A. , KARIM A. K. KH. , ZAKHAROV V. F. , PEREVALOV V. P.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzung der 4‐Formylpyrazole (I) mit 1,4‐Xylylen‐bis‐triphenylphosphoniumchlorid (II) führt zu den Divinylverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVITY IN CYCLOADDITIONS. IX. CYCLOADDITIONS OF NITRILE OXIDES TO INDOLES. REACTIVITY AND REGIOCHEMISTRY
Authors: CARAMELLA P. , CODA CORSICO A. , CORSARO A. , DEL MONTE M. , MARINONE ALBINI F.
Published: April 2016

Die Indole (II) reagieren mit Benzonitriloxid (Ia) ‐ erzeugt in situ aus Benzhydroximsäurechlorid mit Triethylamin oder Natronlauge ‐ bzw. mit Mesitonitriloxid (Ib) mit hoher Regioselektivität zu den Cycloaddukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Morphan Derivatives from Norbornadiene by Skeletal Transformation.
Authors: INOUE H. , UMANO K. , ORIGUCHI T.
Published: April 2016

Das Azabicyclooctadienderivat (III) wird aus Norbornadien (I) und Benzolsulfonylazid (II) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Azaaromatics Using Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts.
Authors: ABE Y. , OHSAWA A. , IGETA H.
Published: April 2016

Halogensubstituierte Aza‐Heterocyclen wie (I) und (V) werden mit Alkinen wie (III) oder (VI) in Gegenwart des Palladium‐Komplexes (IV) verknüpft.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐(AMINOALKYL)‐ AND 3‐BENZYL‐4(3H)‐QUINAZOLINONES
Authors: ROUBINEK F. , VAVRINA J. , BUDESINSKY Z.
Published: April 2016

Das Chinazolon (I) wird über das Epoxyderivat mit N,N‐Dimethyl‐p‐phenylendiamin zu dem Aminoderivat (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF 2‐CHLORO‐4‐METHYLTHIOQUINAZOLINE WITH ALKYLAMINES IN DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
Authors: MIKI H. , YAMADA J.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der Amine (II) mit dem Chinazolin (I) zu den Produkten (III)‐(VII) wird in Abhängigkeit von dem sterischen Einfluß der Substituenten R1 und R2 untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A ONE‐POT AND SELECTIVE PREPARATION OF 2‐(N‐ALKYL‐4‐CHLOROBUTYLAMINO)‐4‐CHLOROQUINAZOLINES
Authors: MIKI H.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Chinazolindione (I) mit Phosphoroxychlorid in Gegenwart der N‐Alkylpyrrolidine (II) werden neben der Dichlorverbindung (III) die Chlorbutylaminoderivate (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Enlargement Reactions of Benzene Derivatives with Alkoxycarbonylnitrene.
Authors: KUMAGAI T. , SATAKE K. , KIDOURA K. , MUKAI T.
Published: April 2016

Die thermische Reaktion von Azidoameisensäuremethylester (II) mit Di‐tert.‐butylbenzol (I) führt zu einem Gemisch aus den Derivaten (III)‐(VI), das chromatographisch getrennt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PENTABORANE(11) WITH BIS(TRIMETHYLPHOSPHINE)‐DIBORANE(4)
Authors: KAMEDA M. , KODAMA G.
Published: April 2016

Im Gegensatz zu B2H6 und B4H1o wird Bs‐Hn bei Reaktion mit B,H4°C 2 PMe3 nicht unsymm. gespalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Ozonolysis of O‐3‐Butenylphosphorodiamidates.
Authors: TAKAMIZAWA A. , MATSUGO S. , MATSUMOTO S.
Published: April 2016

Die Ozonolyse der Phosphorsäuremonobutenylesterdiamide (I) wird bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A STUDY OF THE PROTONATION OF PHOSPHOLYL ANIONS. THE PREPARATION OF 2‐H‐PHOSPHOLE DIMERS
Authors: DE LAUZON G. , CHARRIER C. , BONNARD H. , MATHEY F.
Published: April 2016

Aus den 1‐Phenyl‐phospholen (I) erhält man mit Kalium die entsprechenden Salze, deren Anionen bei der Protonierung zu unbestän‐ digen l‐H‐Phospholen (II) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF METHYL‐ AND ISOPROPYLANTIMONY HALIDES
Authors: BREUNIG H. J. , KANIG W.
Published: April 2016

Die Trialkylantimonverbindungen (I) werden von den Halogenen (II) zu den Trialkylantimondihalogeniden (III) oxidiert; diese lassen sich thermisch zu den Dialkylantimonhalogeniden (IV) zersetzen, die mit (II) zu den Dialkylantimontrihalogeniden (V) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ALUMINUM(+) AND MAGNESIUM(+) IONS WITH ALCOHOLS AND ORGANIC HALIDES IN THE GAS PHASE
Authors: UPPAL J. S. , STALEY R. H.
Published: April 2016

Mittels Ioncyclotronresonanz‐Spektroskopie wird die Chemie von A1" und Mg mit Alkylhalogeniden und Alkoholen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT ROUTE TO MONOCYCLOPENTADIENYLZIRCONIUM(IV) COMPLEXES
Authors: ERKER G. , BERG K. , TRESCHANKE L. , ENGEL K.
Published: April 2016

Das für die Synthese von Cyclopentadienyltriarylzirconiumverbindungen nützliche Ausgangsprodukt (II) erhält man durch photoinduzierte Chlorierung von Zirconocendichlorid (I), wobei in einem Chlorradikalkettenprozeß (II) und (III) als einzige Reaktionsprodukte erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(CYCLOPENTADIENYLS) WITH TRANSITION METAL‐MERCURY BONDS. PART 4. FORMATION N OF NIOBIUM‐MERCURY BONDS AND X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BIS(CYCLOPENTADIENYL)TRIS((DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATO)MERCURIO)NIOBIUM
Authors: KERGOAT R. , KUBICKI M. M. , GUERCHAIS J. E. , NORMAN N. C. , ORPEN A. G.
Published: April 2016

Das aus Dichloro‐bis‐[cyclopentadienyl]‐Nb mit Li‐dihydrido‐bis‐ [2‐methoxyethoxy]‐aluminat dargestellte Trihydrid (II) reagiert in situ mit drei Äquiv.
ChemInform Abstract: IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF SOME MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN TETRAHYDRIDES
Authors: CRABTREE R. H. , HLATKY G. G.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von (I) bzw. direkt von WCl6 wurden die Komplexe (II) unter Verwendung von LiBHEt3 als Reduktionsmittel dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A Study of Bis(iminodiacetato)cobaltates(II) and (III).
Authors: LUKES I. , SMIDOVA I.
Published: April 2016

Die Li‐, Na‐ und Ba‐Salze (Ia) und (Ib) werden durch Reaktion von Iminodiessigsäure mit stöchiometrischen Mengen der entsprechenden Hydroxide und CoCl2 in Wasser dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: EPR Studies of Solvent Coordination in Bis(dimethylglyoxime)cobalt(II) Complexes as Catalysts für Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene.
Authors: ROCKENBAUER A. , GYOER M. + , KWIECINSKI M. , TYRLIK S.
Published: April 2016

Die EPR‐Spektren von Diaquound Di‐morpholin‐cobaloxim in DMF, MeCN, PhCN, Diglyme, DMSO, PhCHO, PhAc, Ac‐O‐Et, MezCO, CH2Cl2 und CHCl3 wurden in gefrorenen Lösungen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Metal Complexes. Part 3. The pH‐Controlled Equilibrium of Diastereoisomeric Pairs of Ternary cis‐Ru(II)‐Diimine Complexes with L‐Glutamic Acid.
Authors: VAGG R. S. , WILLIAMS P. A.
Published: April 2016

Durch Lösen der entsprechenden kristallinen cis‐Dichlorobis‐[diimin]‐rutheniumkomplexe in heißem Wasser und Zugabe von Mg‐L‐glutamat‐trihydrat werden die neutralen A,A‐Komplexe (D erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR SELECTIVE AMINO ACID PROTECTION OF MESO‐2,2′‐DIAMINODICARBOXYLIC ACID: AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF FK‐156
Authors: HEMMI K. , TAKENO H. , OKADA S. , NAKAGUCHI O. , KITAURA Y. , HASHIMOTO M.
Published: April 2016

Aus der Aminosäure (I) entsteht das Bis‐N‐carboxy‐anhydrid (II), das mit Carbazinsäurebenzylester (III) zum Dihydrazid (IV) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐7‐DEAZAGUANOSINE AND EFFECT OF BASE CONCENTRATION ON PHASE‐TRANSFER GLYCOSYLATION
Authors: SEELA F. , HASSELMANN D. , WINKELER H.‐D.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Phasentransfer‐Glycosylierung des Pyrrolopyrimidins (I) mit der Halogenose (II) wird bei Verwendung von 50proz. NaOH das α‐Anornere (IIIa) überwiegend erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONCISE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐TERT‐BUTYL 8‐O‐TERT‐BUTYLDIMETHYLSILYLNONACTATE
Authors: BARRETT A. G. M. , SHETH H. G.
Published: April 2016

Das leicht zugängliche Tri‐O‐acetyl‐D‐ribonolacton (I) ergibt bei der Behandlung mit 1,8‐Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec‐7‐en (DBU) das Eliminierungsprodukt (II), das durch Hydrierung und Reduktion in das Halbacetal (III) und weiter in das Lacton (V) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PHEROMONES. XXXV. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESES OF 1,4‐ALKADIENES
Authors: BESTMANN H. J. , KOSCHATZKY K.‐H. , PLENCHETTE A. , SUESS J. + , VOSTROWSKY O.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kombination einer E‐stereoselektiven Julia‐Synthese mit den entsprechenden Z‐stereoselektiven Wittig‐Reaktionen werden die (9Z,12E)‐Tetradeca‐dienylacetate (Va), ‐dienole (Vb) und ‐diensäureester (VI) dargestellt [der Anteil des (Z,E)‐Isomeren beträgt im Falle (Va) 92%].
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NONAHYDRATE AND PENTAHYDRATE OF ALUMINUM SULFATE
Authors: GANCY A. B.
Published: April 2016

Die Dehydratisierung eines Hydrats der Zusammensetzung Al,(SO4)3°C 15.4 2 H,O‐0.0206 Al2O3 unter l at H2O‐Dampfdruck führt zu Haltepunkten bei 120 und bei 160°C, entsprechend einem Nona‐ und einem Pentahydrat.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF A HYDRATED PYROCHLORE CONTAINING MIXED‐VALENCE BISMUTH(III,V) AND POTASSIUM
Authors: TREHOUX J. , ABRAHAM F. , THOMAS D.
Published: April 2016

Die Pyrolyse eines Pyrochlors der Zusammensetzung [KLI3Bi%T34][Biä′f"BiäT78105‐86(H2O)o.97 wird untersucht (DTA, TGA, Hochtemp.‐ Gaschromatographie, Röntgenbeugungsmessungen).
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF THE COPPER SELENATES, CUSEO4.5H2O AND CUSEO4.2CU(OH)2
Authors: GOBERT E. , LACHENAL G. , VIGNALOU J. R.
Published: April 2016

Die thermische Zers. von CuSeO4′ 2 Cu(OH), führt entsprechend den Gleichungen A‐B über die nur in einem engen Temp.‐Bereich stabile Phase CuSeO4′ CuO zu dem Selenit CuSeO3 (Gleichung C), das in die Oxyselenit‐Phase CuSeO3′ CuO übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐BENZOSEMIQUINONE AND ITS METAL CHELATES. ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE INVESTIGATION OF RADICALS FROM THE PHOTOLYSIS OF CATECHOL IN THE PRESENCE OF COMPLEXING METAL IONS
Authors: FELIX C. C. , SEALY R. C.
Published: April 2016

Freie Semichinonradikale, die durch Photoionisation von Brenzcatechin erhalten werden, können durch di‐ und tripositive Metallionen unter Bildung von Chelatkomplexen abgefangen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE REACTIVITY OF 2‐METHYL‐5,6,7,8‐TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE TOWARD ELECTROPHILIC REAGENTS AND THE PHENYL FREE RADICAL
Authors: BONGUE‐BOMA R. , RINAUDO J. , BONNIER J.‐M.
Published: April 2016

Die Friede1‐Crafts‐Acetylierung und ‐Bromierung des Naphthalins (I) zeigt eine hohe intramolekulare Selektivität zu den in 3‐Stellung substituierten Verbindungen (II), für die Benzoylierung und Nitrierung dagegen ist auch die Substitution in 1‐Stellung unter Bildung von (IIIb) bzw. (IIIc) von Bedeutung.
ChemInform Abstract: RUTHENIUM‐CATALYZED OXYGENATION OF CATECHOLS TO MUCONIC ACID ANHYDRIDES AND 2H‐PYRAN‐2‐ONES. INTRADIOL AND EXTRADIOL CLEAVAGE OF CARBON‐CARBON BOND
Authors: MATSUMOTO M. , KURODA K.
Published: April 2016

Durch 15‐stündige Oxidation des Catechins (I) in Gegenwart eines Ru‐Katalysators entstehen über das intermediäre o‐Chinon (II) das Anhydrid (III), dasPyranon (IV) und das instabile Ketolacton (V).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROMETALATION OF ALKYNES IN THE PRESENCE OF COPPER(I) DERIVATIVES
Authors: MASURE D. , COUTROT PH. , NORMANT J. F.
Published: April 2016

Durch Modifizierung von Düsobutylaluminiumhydrid (II) mit verschiedenen Kupfer(I)‐Verbindungen und Zusatz anderer Salze gelingt die selektive Hydroaluminierung von Acetylenen; hydrolytische Aufarbeitung liefert die entsprechenden endständigen Olefine.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐INTEGERRINECIC ACID
Authors: NARASAKA K. , UCHIMARU T.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend vom Methylcyclopentenon (I) erhält man mit Li‐Dimethylcuprat (II), CO2 und Diazomethan (III) den Methylcyclopentancarbonsäureester (IV), der mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure (V) zum Lactonester (VI) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF α,β‐DIFLUOROSTYRYLLITHIUM WITH TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE
Authors: KREMLEY M. M. , MOKLYACHUK L. I.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der halogenierten Styrole (I), (V) bzw. (VII) mit Trifluorchlorethylen (III) führt ‐ je nach Substituent im Ring ‐ zu den Derivaten (IV), (VI) bzw. (X).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐SULFONYLFORMAMIDRAZONES; PREPARATION AND STRUCTURE
Authors: JAKOBSEN P. , TREPPENDAHL S.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (III), (VI) und (IX) werden dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF Z,Z‐1,2,3,4‐TETRACHLORO‐1,3‐BUTADIENE‐1‐CARBONITRILE WITH THIOLATES
Authors: ROEDIG A. , GOEPFERT H. +
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) wird durch Dehydratisierung aus dem Amid (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: METACYCLOPHANES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. 3. A NOVEL REACTION OF 8,16‐BIS(BROMOMETHYL) (2.2)METACYCLOPHANES WITH PHENYLLITHIUM AND PREPARATION OF 8,16‐UNSYMMETRICALLY DISUBSTITUTED (2.2)METACYCLOPHANES
Authors: TASHIRO M. , YAMATO T.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der Bis‐brommethyl‐metacyclophane (I) mit Phenyllithium (II) liefert die tetracyclischen Spirokohlenwasserstoffe (III), die sich mit HX (IV) zu den Metacyclophanen (V) rückspalten lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: MANNICH BASES. XVII. AMINO‐ AND AMIDOALKYLATION OF 2‐METHYLNAPHTHOL OR 1‐NAPHTHOL
Authors: MOEHRLE H. + , TROESTER K. +
Published: April 2016

Das Methylnaphthol (IV) reagiert mit Morpholin (III) und Formaldehyd (II) zum Morpholinomethyl‐naphtho1 (I).
ChemInform Abstract: APPROACHES TO THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF TRITERPENES. VIII. THE ABC + D/E APPROACH. SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF 1β,4Aβ‐DIMETHYL‐7‐METHOXY‐1α‐((7,7‐ETHYLENEDIOXY)‐6,6‐DIMETHYL‐# 3‐OXOOCTYL)‐3,4,4A,9,10,10Aα‐HEXAHYDRO‐2(1H)‐PHENANTHRONE
Authors: APSIMON J. W. , SEQUIN R. P. , HUBER C. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (VII) wird durch Addition des Vinylketons (IV) an das von dem Enon (V) über den Silylether (VI) abgeleitete Li‐enolat dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REGIOSELECTIVITY OF THE FORMATION OF DIHYDRO‐ AND TETRAHYDROCARBAZOLES BY THE FISCHER INDOLE SYNTHESIS
Authors: REED G. W. B. , CHENG P. T. W. , MCLEAN S.
Published: April 2016

Die Phenylhydrazone der bei der Hydrolyse der entsprechenden Diels‐Alder‐Addukte entstehenden Ketone (III) bzw. (VI) werden durch Fischer‐Synthesen mit 7 ‐ 30proz. methanolischer H2SO4 als Kondensationsmittel in die Tetrahydrocarbazole (IV)/(V) bzw. die Dihydrocarbazole (VII)/(VIII) [Ausb. bezogen auf die Phenylhydrazone von (III) bzw. (VI)] übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF ANETHOLE WITH ACETALDEHYDE CATALYZED BY CATION EXCHANGE RESINS. EFFECT OF THE DEGREE OF SOLVATION OF THE REACTING SPECIES
Authors: EL GHARBI R. , DELMAS M. , GASET A.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Anethol (I) mit Acetaldehyd (II) in Gegenwart von Kationenaustauscherharzen wird in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln mit unterschiedlichem Solvatationsvermögen durchgeführt (Hexan, Toluol, Dioxan, Dimethoicyethan).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF α‐ AND Γ‐SUBSTITUTED AMIDES, PEPTIDES, AND ESTERS OF METHOTREXATE AND THEIR EVALUATION AS INHIBITORS OF FOLATE METABOLISM
Authors: PIPER J. R. , MONTGOMERY J. A. , SIROTNAK F. M. , CHELLO P. L.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von dem Carbonsäurechlorid (I) werden die Carbonsäuren (IV) bzw. (V) erhalten, die mit dem Bromid (VI) in die Verbindungen (VII) bzw. (VIII) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: FUNCTIONAL TRIMETHYLPHOSPHINE DERIVATIVES. 16. REACTION OF TERTIARY PHOSPHINES WITH METHYLENE DIHALIDES
Authors: KARSCH H. H.
Published: April 2016

Trimethylphosphin (I) reagiert mit den Dihalogenomethanen (II) zu den Halogenomethyltrimethylphosphoniumsalzen (III), ‐ die in Gegenwart von Alkoholen (IV) und weiterem (I) über die Alkoxyphosphoniumsalze (V) zu den Alkylhalogeniden (VI), Trimethylphosphinoxid (VII) und den Tetramethylphosphoniumsalzen (VIII) zersetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SODIUM DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHORYLATED 1,1‐DICYANOETHANES
Authors: RYMAREVA T. G. , SANDAKOV V. B. , KHASKIN B. A. , PROMONENKOV V. K. , KOROLEVA T. I.
Published: April 2016

Die 1 ,1‐Dicyan‐ethen‐Derivate (I) reagieren mit den Dialkyl‐phosphiten (II) zu phosphorylierten 1,1 ‐Dicyan‐ethan‐Derivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5,6‐CARBORANO‐1,3,2‐DIOXAPHOSPHEPANES
Authors: NIFANT'EV E. E. , PROKOV'EVA T. YU. , MAGDEEVA R. K. , SKLYARSKII L. S. , GALSTYAN K. D.
Published: April 2016

Das Carboran‐diol (I) reagiert mit Phosphortrichlorid zu einem cyclischen Chlorphosphit, das zum Phosphit (II) verseift wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Reduction of 2‐Selenophenecarboxylic Acid.
Authors: GULTYAI V. P. , KONSTANTINOVA T. G. , MOISEENKOV A. M. , LITVINOV V. P. , KONAR A.
Published: April 2016

Die elektrochemische Reduktion der Titelverbindung (I) liefert nicht wie die von 2‐Furan‐ und 2‐Thiophencarbonsäure 2,5‐Dihydro‐Derivate, sondern ein Gemisch der drei dimeren Säuren (II), (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A TRUE SQUARE‐PLANAR TELLURIUM(II) COMPLEX WITH BIDENTATE LIGANDS. THE PREPARATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BIS(IMIDOTETRAPHENYLDITHIODIPHOSPHINO‐S,S′)TELLURIUM(II)
Authors: BJOERNEVAG S. , HUSEBYE S. , MAARTMANN‐MOE K.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (III) entsteht bei der Umsetzung des Dichlorothioharnstoff‐Te‐ Komplexes (I) mit einem Überschuß des Ammoniumsalzes (II) des Liganden.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGHER COORDINATE CYANIDE AND ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES. 15. REDUCTIVE COUPLING OF F COORDINATED ALKYL ISOCYANIDES IN SEVEN‐COORDINATE MOLYBDENUM(II) AND TUNGSTEN(II) COMPLEXES. REMOVAL OF THE COUPLED LIGAND AS AN OXAMIDE
Authors: GIANDOMENICO C. M. , LAM C. T. , LIPPARD S. J.
Published: April 2016

Durch reduzierende Kupplung von zwei Isocyanidliganden in den siebenfach koordinierten Kationen (I) werden die Komplexe (II) mit einem Acetylenliganden synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIAZOALKANE COMPLEXES OF MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN
Authors: HILLHOUSE G. L. , HAYMORE B. L.
Published: April 2016

Die Diazoalkane (II) reagieren mit den Bis‐[dithiocarbamato]‐tricarbonyl‐Mo‐ und ‐W‐Komplexen (I) zu den stabilen Diazoalkan‐Komplexen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEXES OF N,N′‐BIS(ACETOGLUCOSE)ETHYLENEDIAMINE WITH COPPER(II), NICKEL(II), AND COBALT(II)
Authors: PARASKEWAS S. M. , DANOPOULOS A. A. , MANTZOS CH.
Published: April 2016

Der Titelligand wird durch Umsetzung von Acetobromglucose in absolutem Chloroform und Ethylendiamin unter Feuchtigkeitsausschluß in 80proz. Ausb. dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE COMPOUNDS η5‐C5H5RUCOLR (L = CO,PPH3)
Authors: JOSEPH M. F. , PAGE J. A. , BAIRD M. C.
Published: April 2016

Die gewünschten monomeren Cyclopentadienyldicarbonyl‐Ru‐Anionen werden durch Behandlung der Dimeren (I) mit Alkalimetall‐hydridotriethylborat erhalten und setzen sich mit Alkylhalogeniden in die Alkyl‐Ru‐Verbindungen (II) um.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF Π‐(ARENE)METALLOCARBORANES CONTAINING IRON AND RUTHENIUM. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 3,1,2‐(η6‐1,3,5‐ME3C6H3)FEC2B9H11
Authors: HANUSA T. P. , HUFFMAN J. C. , TODD L. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Analogie zwischen dem CzßgHff ‐Ion und dem Cyclopentadienylliganden zeigt sich auch in Komplexen, die Arene am Metallzentrum gebunden enthalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHTHALOCYANINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. XX. ALKYL AMIDES OF ISOMERIC PHTHALOCYANINETETRA‐ AND ‐OCTASULFONIC ACIDS
Authors: SOLOV'EVA L. I. , MIKHAILENKO S. A. , CHERNYKH E. V. , LUK'YANETS E. A.
Published: April 2016

Es wird eine Reihe von Phthalo cyaninen wie (I) mit vier oder acht Sulfamoylgruppen beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL AND COBALT COMPLEXES OF OCTADEHYDROCORRINS WITH 4 PROPIONATE GROUPS
Authors: PEKEL' N. D. , MELENT'EVA T. A.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Dipyrrylmethan (I) und dem Formylpyrrol (II) erhält man in Gegenwart von HBr das Derivat (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPROPANE FORMATION FROM 4,5‐UNSATURATED THIOPHENYLETHERS. CONVERSION OF LIMONENE INTO CAR‐2‐ENE
Authors: FOURNERON J. D. , HARWOOD L. M. , JULIA M.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von dem Hydroxysulfid (I) bzw. von (+)‐(R)‐ Limonen (VI) werden nach angegebenem Schema die ungesättigten Sulfide (III) bzw. (‐)‐(IX) synthetisiert, die beim Behandeln mit einem Überschuß BuLi/Tetramethylethylendiamin unter Eliminierung der Ph‐S‐Gruppe Desoxychrysanthemol (IV) und Desoxylavandulol (V) bzw. (+)‐Caren (+)‐(X) und Carvomenthen (XI) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYAMINO ACIDS BY THE MIXED ANHYDRIDE METHOD WITHOUT PROTECTING THE HYDROXYL FUNCTIONS
Authors: UEKI M. , INAZU T.
Published: April 2016

Die N‐geschützten Amino‐ Säuren (I) reagieren mit Dimethylthiophosphinsäurechlorid (II) zu den gemischten Anhydriden (III), die sich mit Aminosäureestern (IV) zu den Amiden (V) und Thiophosphinigsäureamiden (VI) spalten lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐AMINO‐2,3,6‐TRIDEOXY‐D‐RIBO‐ AND ‐L‐LYXO‐HEXOFURANOSES SUITABLE FOR NUCLEOSIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: EL KHADEM H. S. , MATSUURA D.
Published: April 2016

Daunosamin und Epidaunosamin, die ausschließlich in der Pyranose‐Form vorliegen, werden in Furanose‐Derivate übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ′Synthesis of D‐Glucosyl Esters, Using Unprotected β‐D‐Glucose. Glycosyl Esters. Part 6.
Authors: PFANDER H. , LAEDERACH M. +
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der Säurechloride (I) mit Triazol (II) ergibt die N‐Acyltriazole (III), die mit ungeschützter β‐D‐Glucose (IV) regio‐ und stereoselektiv zu den Glucosylestern (V) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 6′‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)‐9‐METHYLLAUDANOSINE AND ITS DEGRADATION WITH ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
Authors: PRIOR S. , WIEGREBE W. , SARIYAR G.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des Alkaloids (I) mit Chlorameisensäureethylester (II) erhält man das Azecin (III) und nicht,wie gewünscht) eine Vorstufe für das Hydroxymethyl‐9‐methyllaudanosin (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 8‐AZAPURINE GLYCOSIDES STARTING FROM 1‐AZIDOGLYCOSIDES
Authors: CHRETIEN F. , GROSS B.
Published: April 2016

Die 1,2‐ciskonfigurierten Ribosylazide (I) reagieren mit Cyanacetamid unter der Bedingung a) zu den l′,2′‐trans‐konfigurierten Triazolen (II), die sich zu den Azahypoxanthylglycosiden (III) umsetzen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: FRAGMENTS OF BASIC NUCLEAR PROTEINS AND THEIR ANALOGS. IX. SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF MODEL ARGININE‐GLYCINE OLIGOPEPTIDES WITH DNA
Authors: AVDYUKOVA N. V. , SHIROKOVA A. G. , RADINA L. B.
Published: April 2016

Das Verhalten der Desoxyribonucleinsäure (DNS) gegenüber den Oligopeptiden (I)‐(IV), die nach gängigen Verfahren der Peptidchemie hergestellt werden, wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW TYPE OF PREFABRICATED FULLY PROTECTED RIBONUCLEOTIDE MONOMER UNITS AS USEFUL SYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES IN RAPID OLIGORIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: HONDA S. , TERADA K. , SATO Y. , SEKINE M. , HATA T.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend vom Ribonucleosid (I) wird das teilgeschützte Ribonucleosid (VI) in sechs Stufen auf dem skizzierten Syntheseweg dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCONTROLLED TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBIOTIC A‐23187 (CALCIMYCIN)
Authors: MARTINEZ G. R. , GRIECO P. A. , WILLIAMS E. , KANAI K. , SRINIVASAN C. V.
Published: April 2016

Der ausgehend vom Keton (I) zugängliche Alkohol (Va) wird durch Oxidation und Grignardreaktion zu einem trennbaren Gemisch der Vinylderivate (Vb) + (Vc) umgesetzt, die sich beide in mehreren Stufen in den Ester (VIa) bzw. dessen Folgeprodukt (VIb) überfüh; ren lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF VINYLOGOUS ESTER, CARBOXYLATE, AND AMIDE ENOLATES
Authors: HOPPE D.
Published: April 2016

Review: Kurze Übersicht.
Bimetallic Au@Pd‐Au Tadpole‐Shaped Asymmetric Nanostructures by a Combination of Precursor Reduction and Ostwald Ripening
Authors: Yamada Liliam K. , da Silva Anderson G. M. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , Haigh Sarah J. , Camargo Pedro H. C.
Published: April 2016

Bimetallic and asymmetric heterostructures represent an emerging class of nanomaterials. They allow for the combination of distinct compositions, shapes, and physicochemical features within a single particle, thus leading to intriguing properties. We demonstrate herein the synthesis of asymmetric Au@Pd‐Au tadpoles having a tail comprising a single Au nanorod and a spherical head composed of core@shell Au@Pd decorated with small Au NPs. This material was produced by a combination of Au deposition and Ostwald ripening at the surface of Au@Pd core‐shell NPs. The overall morphology could be tailored both by controlling the amount of AuCl4− employed as precursor and by altering the reaction time, leading to shape‐dependent optical and catalytic properties. We believe that these results may have important implications for the synthesis nanomaterials having novel morphologies and complex functionalities that can combine properties from their different components.
Carbon‐Monoxide‐Assisted Synthesis of Ultrathin PtCu Alloy Nanosheets and Their Enhanced Catalysis
Authors: Dai Lei , Zhao Yun , Qin Qing , Zhao Xiaojing , Xu Chaofa , Zheng Nanfeng
Published: April 2016

Ultrathin PtCu alloy nanosheets are synthesized by a facile, one‐pot, templateless hydrothermal method with the use of carbon monoxide (CO) as the capping agent. Due to their unique structure and possible synergetic effect, the ultrathin nanosheets show higher catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution and hydrogenation reactions. The developed method is also expected to generate exciting opportunities in creating ultrathin nanostructures with a wide range of alloy compositions for various catalytic applications.
Novel distribution pattern between coexisting sexual and obligate asexual variants of the true estuarine macroalga Ulva prolifera
Authors: Hiraoka Masanori , Higa Motoki
Published: April 2016

Where sexual and asexual forms coexist within a species, the asexuals are often found to be prevalent in marginal habitats. This asexual distribution pattern has received evolutionary attention linked to the paradox of sex. In many marine species, there is a distributional trend of asexual modes being more common in lower salinity waters regarded as the ecogeographic marginal, being explained by negative effects of low salinities on sexual reproductive success. However, the distribution pattern of estuarine species recently adapted to low salinity waters has remained unknown. The brackish macroalga Ulva prolifera being a major benthic component of estuarine ecosystems includes a sexual variant and obligate asexual variants by means of motile spores. We examined the sexual–asexual distribution pattern of this alga along a salinity gradient in river estuaries. Surprisingly, opposite to the distributional trend of marine organisms, the results clearly showed the persistent predominance of sexuals in the lower salinity reaches than the asexuals. In addition, a frequent alternating of dioecious gametophytes and sporophytes in the sexual population was observed, suggesting the sexual reproductive process would be robustly performed in the low salinity waters. Considering U. prolifera had evolved from the ancestral marine species to become a true estuarine species of which the core habitat is the low salinity reaches, in a broad sense its sexual–asexual distribution pattern would be involved in asexual marginal occupations of the species range previously reported in other organisms. Based on the frozen niche variation model, we can give a concise explanation for the evolutionary process of this pattern; multiple asexuals with frozen genotypic variation had arisen from sexual ancestors undergoing low salinity adaptation and share the estuarine habitat with the sexuals at present.
Oncostatin M overexpression induces skin inflammation but is not required in the mouse model of imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like inflammation
Authors: Pohin Mathilde , Guesdon William , Mekouo Adela Andrine Tagne , Rabeony Hanitriniaina , Paris Isabelle , Atanassov Hristo , Favot Laure , Mcheik Jiad , Bernard François‐Xavier , Richards Carl D. , Amiaud Jérôme , Blanchard Frédéric , Lecron Jean‐Claude , Morel Franck , Jégou Jean‐François
Published: April 2016

Oncostatin M (OSM) has been reported to be overexpressed in psoriasis skin lesions and to exert proinflammatory effects in vitro on human keratinocytes. Here, we report the proinflammatory role of OSM in vivo in a mouse model of skin inflammation induced by intradermal injection of murine OSM‐encoding adenovirus (AdOSM) and compare with that induced by IL‐6 injection. Here, we show that OSM potently regulates the expression of genes involved in skin inflammation and epidermal differentiation in murine primary keratinocytes. In vivo, intradermal injection of AdOSM in mouse ears provoked robust skin inflammation with epidermal thickening and keratinocyte proliferation, while minimal effect was observed after AdIL‐6 injection. OSM overexpression in the skin increased the expression of the S100A8/9 antimicrobial peptides, CXCL3, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20, and Th1/Th2 cytokines, in correlation with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. In contrast, OSM downregulated the expression of epidermal differentiation genes, such as cytokeratin‐10 or filaggrin. Collectively, these results support the proinflammatory role of OSM when it is overexpressed in the skin. However, OSM expression was not required in the murine model of psoriasis induced by topical application of imiquimod, as demonstrated by the inflammatory phenotype of OSM‐deficient mice or wild‐type mice treated with anti‐OSM antibodies.
Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction and pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves by multiresponse surface methodology
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Celia , Gilbert‐López Bienvenida , Mendiola Jose Antonio , Quirantes‐Piné Rosa , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Ibáñez Elena
Published: April 2016

This work aims at studying the optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) by multi‐response surface methodology (RSM) to test their efficiency towards the extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves. The extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TF), DPPH scavenging method and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay were considered as response variables while effects of extraction time, percentage of ethanol, and temperature were studied. Extraction time of 20 min, 42% ethanol and 158°C were the MAE optimum conditions for achieving extraction yield of 26 ± 2%, EC50 15 ± 2 μg/mL, 16 ± 1 Eq Trolox/100 g dry leaf, 5.2 ± 0.5 mg Eq quercetin/g dry leaf, and 86 ± 4 mg GAE/g dry leaf. Regarding PLE, the optimum conditions that allowed extraction yield of 56 ± 2%, EC50 21 ± 3 μg/mL, 12 ± 2 mmol Eq Trolox/100 g dry leaf, 6.5 ± 0.2 mg Eq quercetin/g dry leaf, and 59 ± 6 mg GAE/g dry leaf were 128°C, 35% of ethanol, and 20 min. PLE enabled the extraction of phenolic compounds with a higher number of hydroxyl‐type substituents such as kaempferol diglycoside and its acetyl derivatives and those that are sensitive to high temperatures (glucosinolates or amino acids) while MAE allowed better recoveries of kaempferol, quercetin, and their glucosides derivatives.
Bed scour by debris flows: experimental investigation of effects of debris‐flow composition
Authors: Haas Tjalling de , Woerkom Teun van
Published: April 2016

Debris flows can grow greatly in size by entrainment of bed material, enhancing their runout and hazardous impact. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of debris‐flow composition on the amount and spatial patterns of bed scour and erosion downstream of a fixed to erodible bed transition. The experimental debris flows were observed to entrain bed particles both grain by grain and en masse, and the majority of entrainment was observed to occur during passage of the flow front. The spatial bed scour patterns are highly variable, but large‐scale patterns are largely similar over 22.5–35° channel slopes for debris flows of similar composition. Scour depth is generally largest slightly downstream of the fixed to erodible bed transition, except for clay‐rich debris flows, which cause a relatively uniform scour pattern. The spatial variability in the scour depth decreases with increasing water, gravel (= grain size) and clay fraction. Basal scour depth increases with channel slope, flow velocity, flow depth, discharge and shear stress in our experiments, whereas there is no correlation with grain collisional stress. The strongest correlation is between basal scour and shear stress and discharge. There are substantial differences in the scour caused by different types of debris flows. In general, mean and maximum scour depths become larger with increasing water fraction and grain size, and decrease with increasing clay content. However, the erodibility of coarse‐grained experimental debris flows (gravel fraction = 0.64) is similar on a wide range of channel slopes, flow depths, flow velocities, discharges and shear stresses. This probably relates to the relatively large influence of grain‐collisional stress to the total bed stress in these flows (30–50%). The relative effect of grain‐collisional stress is low in the other experimental debris flows (<5%), causing erosion to be largely controlled by basal shear stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bright Field Microscopy to Detect Decoy Cells Due to BK Virus Infection in the Fresh and Unstained Urine Sediment in Kidney Allograft Recipients
Authors: Poloni José A. T. , Pinto Gabriel G. , Giordani Maria S. B. , Keitel Elizete , Inocente Nadiana , Voegeli Carlos F. , Fogazzi Giovanni B. , Pasqualotto Alessandro C. , Rotta Liane N.
Published: April 2016

Background

BK virus (BKV) may reactivate in kidney allograft recipients ultimately leading to BKV nephropathy and graft loss. Decoy cells (DCs) are one of the early marks of BKV reactivation, and these can be detected in the urine sediment.

Methods

A cohort of 102 kidney transplant patients was followed during months 3 and 6 after the transplant procedure. Urine samples were obtained to detect the presence of DC in the fresh and unstained urine sediment under bright field microscopy (BFM), in concomitance to the determination of the amount of BK viruria by qPCR.

Results

Decoy cells were found in 14.7% of patients (15/102). There was a strong agreement (P < 0.001) between qualitative DC detection by two experienced analysts and by qPCR. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, specificity, and accuracy of BFM were 80%, 75%, 97%, and 75%, respectively. Test sensitivity was 16%. The comparative method was the qPCR.

Conclusions

Despite its limited sensitivity, BFM of unstained urine sediment is an easily available, fast and cheap method to identify DCs in the population of kidney allograft recipients. The diagnostic performance of BFM on the hands of less experienced analysts deserves further investigation.
Excitatory effect of norepinephrine on neurons in the inferior vestibular nucleus and the underlying receptor mechanism
Authors: Peng Shi‐Yu , Zhuang Qian‐Xing , Zhang Yong‐Xiao , Zhang Xiao‐Yang , Wang Jian‐Jun , Zhu Jing‐Ning
Published: April 2016

The central noradrenergic system, originating mainly from the locus coeruleus in the brainstem, plays an important role in many physiological functions, including arousal and attention, learning and memory, anxiety, and nociception. However, little is known about the roles of norepinephrine (NE) in somatic motor control. Therefore, using extracellular recordings on rat brainstem slices and quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR, we investigate the effect and mechanisms of NE on neuronal activity in the inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN), the largest nucleus in the vestibular nuclear complex, which holds an important position in integration of information signals controlling body posture. Here, we report that NE elicits an excitatory response on IVN neurons in a concentration‐dependent manner. Activation of α1‐ and β2‐adrenergic receptors (ARs) induces an increase in firing rate of IVN neurons, whereas activation of α2‐ARs evokes a decrease in firing rate of IVN neurons. Therefore, the excitation induced by NE on IVN neurons is a summation of the excitatory components mediated by coactivation of α1‐ and β2‐ARs and the inhibitory component induced by α2‐ARs. Accordingly, α1‐, α2‐, and β2‐AR mRNAs are expressed in the IVN. Although β1‐AR mRNAs are also detected, they are not involved in the direct electrophysiological effect of NE on IVN neurons. All these results demonstrate that NE directly regulates the activity of IVN neurons via α1‐, α2‐, and β2‐ARs and suggest that the central noradrenergic system may actively participate in IVN‐mediated vestibular reflexes and postural control. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic metal–organic framework MIL‐100(Fe) microspheres for the magnetic solid‐phase extraction of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples
Authors: Du Fuyou , Qin Qun , Deng Jianchao , Ruan Guihua , Yang Xianqing , Li Laihao , Li Jianping
Published: April 2016

In this work, a magnetic metal–organic framework designated as MIL‐100(Fe) was prepared and applied as a magnetic solid‐phase extraction sorbent for the determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples by coupling with high‐performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The magnetic microspheres exhibited large surface areas and high extraction ability, making them excellent candidates as sorbents for enrichment of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Under the optimized experimental conditions, good sensitivity levels were achieved with low detection limits ranging from 32 to 2110 pg/mL and good linearities with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990 for the investigated 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The proposed method has been validated in the analysis of real water samples with mean recoveries in the range of 81.4–126.9% at four spiked levels and the relative standard deviations in the range of 1.3–17.0%. The magnetic MIL‐100(Fe) microspheres were stable enough for 150 extractions without a significant loss of extraction performance.
A Pilot Study of Tailored Cognitive–Behavioral Resilience Training for Trauma Survivors With Subthreshold Distress
Authors: Zalta Alyson K. , Tirone Vanessa , Siedjak Jennifer , Boley Randy A. , Vechiu Catalina , Pollack Mark H. , Hobfoll Stevan E.
Published: April 2016

This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of tailored cognitive–behavioral resilience training (TCBRT) for trauma‐exposed individuals with a variety of subsyndromal psychological symptoms. TCBRT is a brief, flexible intervention that allows individuals to select the areas they wish to target using common cognitive–behavioral change principles. There were 14 individuals (78.6% female) who were recruited from a major medical center and enrolled in the 5‐session intervention. There were 12 (85.7%) who completed all TCBRT sessions, and 2 (14.3%) who dropped out after 3 sessions. All participants reported that they received benefit from, were engaged in, and were satisfied with the intervention. Of the 12 with postintervention data, 5 of the participants demonstrated reliable increases in resilience and 6 demonstrated reliable decreases in anxiety. These improvements appeared to be maintained at 2‐month follow‐up; of the 11 participants with follow‐up data, 5 demonstrated reliable increases in resilience and 6 demonstrated reliable decreases in anxiety. Our findings suggested that TCRBT was acceptable to trauma‐exposed individuals with varying types of subthreshold distress.
Asset ownership and incentives in early shareholder capitalism: Liverpool shipping in the eighteenth century
Authors: Silverman Brian S. , Ingram Paul
Published: April 2016

Research summary: We explore captain‐ownership and vessel performance in eighteenth‐century transatlantic shipping. Although contingent compensation often aligned incentives between captains and shipowners, one difficult‐to‐contract hazard was threat of capture during wartime. We exploit variation across time and routes to study the relationship between capture threat and captain‐ownership. Vessels were more likely to have captain‐owners when undertaking wartime voyages on routes susceptible to privateers. Captain‐owned vessels were less readily captured than those with nonowner captains, but more likely to forgo voyage profits to preserve the vessel's safety. These results are consistent with multitask agency, where residual claims to asset value rather than control rights influence captain behavior. This article is among the first to empirically isolate mechanisms distinguishing among major strands of organizational economics regarding asset ownership and performance.

Managerial summary: Organizations face an enduring challenge: Owners hire an executive to act on their behalf, but it is difficult to ensure that the executive indeed acts in their interests. In this study, we exploit a useful historical context—eighteenth‐century transatlantic shipping from Liverpool—to explore the cause and effect of a captain's becoming part‐owner of his vessel. Captains became part‐owners for voyages likely to encounter enemy privateers. Captain‐owners were less likely to be captured, but were more willing to forgo cargo profits to preserve the vessel's safety. Our results provide a useful analogy to modern firm owners who must determine whether to award equity to executives, and to managers who must determine whether to provide assets to employees or rely on employee self‐provision of assets (e.g., tools for tradespeople). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.