bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water, sanitation, and hygiene in selected health facilities in Ethiopia: risks for healthcare acquired antimicrobial-resistant infections
Authors: Elema Teshome Bekele , Negeri Abebe Aseffa , Verstraete Lavuun , Desta Adey Feleke , Al-Mulla Taha , Goyol Kitka , Baye Kaleab
Published: December 2024

Background

Inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in health facilities, and the low adherence to infection control protocols can increase the risk of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections (HAIs). The risk for HAIs can increase morbidity, and mortality, health care cost, but also contribute to increased microbial resistance.

Objectives

The study aimed to assess WASH facilities and practices, and levels of nosocomial pathogens in selected health facilities in Oromia Region and Southern, Nations and Nationalities and Peoples (SNNPs) Region.

Materials and methods

An observational cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the WASH facilities in health care in SNNPs (Bulle and Doyogena) and Oromia (Bidre) regions through interviews and direct observations (n = 26 facilities). Water and surface samples were collected from major hospitals and health centers. A total of 90 surface swabs and 14 water samples were collected identified, characterized and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Epi-info was used for data entry and the data was subsequently exported to Stata version 17 for data cleaning and analysis.

Results

Water supply, toilet facilities, and waste management procedures were suboptimal (below the minimum standards of WHO). Only 11/26 of the health facilities had access to water at the time of the survey. The lowest hand-hygiene compliance was for Bidre (4%), followed by Doyogena (14%), and Bulle (36%). Over 70% of the identified bacteria were from four categories: Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. These bacteria also found in high-risk locations including neonatal intensive care units, delivery and surgical rooms. Antimicrobial susceptibility detected in ≥50% of the isolates for penicillin, cefazolin, ampicillin, oxacillin, and cotrimoxazole, and ≥ 50% of the isolates displayed multi-drug resistance.

Conclusion

Investing in WASH infrastructures, promotion of handwashing practices, implementing infection prevention and control (IPC) measures and antibiotic stewardship is critical to ensure quality care in these settings. We recommend careful use of higher generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.
Research on occupational health and safety management in the context of big data
Authors: Hwang Qianrui , Yao Min , Li Shugang , Wang Fang , Li Zheng , Liu Tongshuang
Published: December 2024

At present, with the rapid development of China’s economy and industrial transformation, the situation of China’s occupational health and safety is grim, and at this stage, there are still problems such as unsound laws and regulations and standard system, weak awareness of the primary responsibility of the enterprise, weak supervisory, technical capacity, and backward application of information technology. Based on the current situation of occupational health and safety management at home and abroad and relevant theories, this study adopts the method of systematic review and takes the evaluation of China’s occupational health and safety management system as the theme and conducts a valuable exploration of the evaluation research of China’s occupational health and safety management system, analyzes the current situation of occupational health and safety from the aspects of prevention and control of occupational diseases, prevention and control of safety accidents, and monitoring of the psychology of insecurity, and researches the two aspects of governmental regulation and social responsibility It analyzes the current situation of occupational health and safety from the aspects of prevention and control of occupational diseases, prevention and control of safety accidents and monitoring of unsafe psychology, and studies the current situation of post-performance evaluation of the development of OHS management system from the aspects of government supervision and social responsibility, aiming at providing countermeasure suggestions for the sustainable development of OHS management system in China. The research indicates that in the context of the new economic normal, effectively safeguarding workers’ occupational health rights and interests, promoting sustainable and robust economic and social development, as well as enhancing the sustainability of China’s occupational health and safety management system have emerged as challenging yet pivotal areas for comprehensive exploration.
Integrating collaborative robots in manufacturing, logistics, and agriculture: Expert perspectives on technical, safety, and human factors
Authors: Pietrantoni Luca , Favilla Marco , Fraboni Federico , Mazzoni Elvis , Morandini Sofia , Benvenuti Martina , De Angelis Marco
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the implementation of collaborative robots across three distinct industrial sectors: vehicle assembly, warehouse logistics, and agricultural operations. Through the SESTOSENSO project, an EU-funded initiative, we examined expert perspectives on human-robot collaboration using a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from 31 technical experts across nine European countries through an online questionnaire combining qualitative assessments of specific use cases and quantitative measures of attitudes, trust, and safety perceptions. Expert opinions across the use cases emphasized three primary concerns: technical impacts of cobot adoption, social and ethical considerations, and safety issues in design and deployment. In vehicle assembly, experts stressed the importance of effective collaboration between cobots and exoskeletons to predict and prevent collisions. For logistics, they highlighted the need for adaptable systems capable of handling various object sizes while maintaining worker safety. In agricultural settings, experts emphasized the importance of developing inherently safe applications that can operate effectively on uneven terrain while reducing workers’ physical strain. Results reveal sector-specific challenges and opportunities: vehicle assembly operations require sophisticated sensor systems for cobot-exoskeleton integration; warehouse logistics demand advanced control systems for large object handling; and agricultural applications need robust navigation systems for uneven terrain. Quantitative findings indicate generally positive attitudes toward cobots, particularly regarding societal benefits, moderate to high levels of trust in cobot capabilities and favorable safety perceptions. The study highlights three key implications: (1) the need for comprehensive safety protocols tailored to each sector’s unique requirements, (2) the importance of user-friendly interfaces and intuitive programming methods for successful cobot integration, and (3) the necessity of addressing workforce transition and skill development concerns. These findings contribute to our understanding of human-robot collaboration in industrial settings and provide practical guidance for organizations implementing collaborative robotics while considering both technological advancement and human-centered design principles.
Stepwise multi-stage resection technique for surgical extraction of a partially erupted mandibular third molar with inferior alveolar nerve entrapment: a case report
Authors: Alsaegh Mohammed A. , Fayyad Elyazia , Jalal Farah , Mulhem Hana , Qasho Manar , Mohannad Nour , Moughrabel Wissam
Published: December 2024

The removal of lower third molars is one of the most common surgical procedures in routine dental practice. However, perforation of the mandibular third molars by the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is a rare occurrence. These cases are considered to carry a heightened risk of IAN injury due to the nerve being entrapped within the tooth. This case report details the experience of a 43-year-old female who visited the clinic for surgical removal of her lower third molar. She reported a six-month history of pain in area of tooth number 38, along with persistent hypersensitivity radiating through the lower lip and chin on the left side of her face, accompanied by abnormal sensations and numbness occurring alongside the pain. The case includes entrapment of IAN within the root of the partially erupted tooth, causing neurosensory disturbances. The associated lower third molar was extracted using a stepwise multi-stage resection technique in order to preserve the entrapped nerve. The patient's pain improved after surgery. This report contributes to current clinical knowledge and practices for extracting teeth with IAN entrapment. It addresses a gap in the limited and outdated literature on such cases.
Spatial distribution and urban–rural disparity of unmet need for family planning among married/in-union women in Ethiopia: a spatial and decomposition analysis
Authors: Kebede Shimels Derso , Mamo Daniel Niguse , Adem Jibril Bashir , Walle Agmasie Damtew , Tsega Yawkal , Addisu Elsabeth , Tadese Zinabu Bekele , Enyew Ermias Bekele
Published: December 2024

Background

High unmet need for family planning combined with other factors, such as high early marriage and teenage pregnancy, increases the risk of developing obstetric fistula and other complications. This study aimed to assess spatial distribution and urban–rural disparities of unmet need for family planning among married/in-union women in Ethiopia.

Methods

The study was conducted on secondary data from a cross-sectional survey that was conducted nationally between September and December 2019 using a two-stage cluster design on a total of 265 enumeration areas. A total weighted sample of 5,349 married/in-union women was included in the analysis. ArcGIS Pro and SaTScan software were used to handle spatial analysis. Finally, multivariable decomposition analysis via a logit model was used to decompose the observed difference in unmet need by the compositional difference and the difference in effects of explanatory variables between places of residence.

Results

Spatial distribution of unmet need for family planning was clustered in Ethiopia with a global Moran's I index value of 0.25 (p-value = 0.004). Accordingly, enumeration areas in West Hararge, Arsi, Bale, Gujji, Borena, Jimma, and East Wellega zones of Oromia region, and Gurage, Hadiya, Silte, Gedio, Sidama, Wolaita, Alaba, and Dawro zones of South Nation and Nationality People region, and the southern part of Zone 3 in Afar region were detected as hotspot areas. The decomposition results revealed that there is a significant disparity in unmet need between urban and rural resident women (0.074, p-value < 0.001). Endowment and coefficient factors accounted for the urban–rural disparity, contributing 68.32% and 31.68%, respectively. Household size, husband’s opinion of family planning, community acceptance of family planning, woman’s age at first sexual intercourse, and the woman's age were key determinants of the urban–rural disparity.

Conclusion

The results revealed a significant disparity in the unmet need for family planning based on place of residence, with a clustered spatial distribution across the study area and notable hotspot areas. Thus, targeted interventions should focus on mobilizing resources to high-risk areas and addressing the needs of high-risk groups to reduce the observed variation.
Untangling sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations: towards targeting the KRAS/MAPK pathway
Authors: Jabarkheel Rashad , Li Lun , Frankfurter Maxwell , Zhang Daniel Y. , Gajjar Avi , Muhammad Najib , Srinivasan Visish M. , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Kahn Mark
Published: December 2024

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions characterized by abnormal connections between parenchymal arteries and veins, bypassing a capillary bed, and forming a nidus. Brain AVMs are consequential as they are prone to rupture and associated with significant morbidity. They can broadly be subdivided into hereditary vs. sporadic lesions with sporadic brain AVMs representing the majority of all brain AVMs. However, little had been known about the pathogenesis of sporadic brain AVMs until the landmark discovery in 2018 that the majority of sporadic brain AVMs carry somatic activating mutations of the oncogene, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS), in their endothelial cells. Here, we review the history of brain AVMs, their treatments, and recent advances in uncovering the pathogenesis of sporadic brain AVMs. We specifically focus on the latest studies suggesting that pharmacologically targeting the KRAS/MEK pathway may be a potentially efficacious treatment for sporadic brain AVMs.
Effects of distiller’s dried grains with solubles on enteric methane emissions in dairy and beef cattle: a meta-analysis
Authors: Malik Muhammad Irfan , Li Jianping , Capucchio Maria Teresa , Hassan Talal , Sun Xuezhao
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of grain fermentation for ethanol production, are extensively used in livestock feed. Given their nutrient composition, DDGS could potentially influence methane (CH4) emissions, a significant greenhouse gas concern in ruminant production systems. This study utilized a multilevel random-effects meta-analysis to assess the impact of DDGS inclusion in cattle diets on CH4 production and yield.

Methods

The literature search was conducted on 23 July 2024. Studies reporting CH4 emissions and dry matter intake (DMI) in cattle fed DDGS-based diets were identified, and data extraction was performed. The meta-analysis calculated the mean difference (MD) for DMI and CH4 yield and the relative mean difference (RMD) for CH4 production across the selected studies.

Results

A total of k = 25 effect sizes from 10 studies were included in the DMI meta-analysis. DDGS had no significant effect on DMI in dairy or beef cattle (p = 0.770, MD = 0.070, 95% confidence interval [CI] from −0.420 to 0.561). For CH4 production, k = 24 effect sizes from 10 studies were analyzed, revealing no significant effect (p = 0.759, RMD = −1.045, 95% CI: from −8.025 to 5.935). Similarly, the meta-regression model indicated that the diet’s ether extract (EE) had no significant influence (p = 0.815, 95% CI from −1.121 to 1.409) on CH4 production. For CH4 yield, k = 23 effect sizes from 10 studies were included, with results showing no significant effect (p = 0.475, MD = −0.434 g/kg DMI, 95% CI: from −1.673 to 0.805). The regression model for the EE content of the diet also showed no significant impact on CH4 yield (p = 0.311, 95% CI: from −0.366 to 0.122).

Discussion

The findings suggest that the inclusion of DDGS does not significantly affect DMI, enteric CH4 production, or CH4 yield in cattle. Moreover, the EE content in DDGS-containing diets does not significantly influence CH4 outcomes. These results indicate that DDGS can be incorporated into cattle diets without exacerbating CH4 emissions, contributing to sustainable livestock feeding practices.
Allocating New Slots in a Multi-Airport System Based on Capacity Expansion
Authors: Liu Sichen , Wang Shuce , Hu Minghua , Yang Lei , Liu Lei , Wang Yan
Published: December 2024

Over time, the rapid expansion of civil aviation infrastructure has led to the establishment of multi-airport systems (MASs) or Metroplex, where airports situated in close proximity form interconnected networks. Given that individual airport capacities often fall short of meeting flight scheduling demands, devising effective multi-airport flight scheduling methods becomes imperative. This article introduces a novel MAS slot expansion configuration framework centered on coupling terminal areas. In contrast to conventional airport capacity slot expansion approaches, this framework demonstrates superior configurational efficacy within respective airport terminal environments. The model outlined in this research identifies the terminal control sector as the pivotal resource node within the interconnected terminal area, aiming to maximize the total expanded slots while minimizing the overall unfairness among airports within the terminal airspace. Employing the ε-constraint method facilitates the transformation of the minimization objective into solvable constraint conditions. Subsequently, leveraging Beijing Metroplex as a case study, the research devises benchmark, single-airport, multi-airport minimum, and multi-airport maximum scenarios to compare and analyze configuration outcomes in terms of key resource allocation impacts and coupled resource utilization efficiencies. Ultimately, employing the AirTOp fast-time simulation model validates each scenario, demonstrating that the proposed configuration method yields reduced delay levels and fewer conflicts in simulation environments.
The Warmth of Sarudango: Modelling the Huddling Behaviour of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Sueur Cédric , Ishizuka Shintaro , Kaigaishi Yu , Yamamoto Shinya
Published: December 2024

Huddling behaviour is observed across various mammalian and avian species. Huddling, a behaviour wherein animals maintain close physical contact with conspecifics for warmth and social bonding, is widely documented among species in cold environments as a crucial thermoregulatory mechanism. Interestingly, on Shodoshima, Japanese macaques form exceptionally large huddling clusters, often exceeding 50 individuals, a significant deviation from the smaller groups observed in other populations (Arashyama, Katsuyama, and Taksakiyama) and climates. This study aims to uncover the mechanisms behind the formation and size of these huddling clusters, proposing that such behaviours can be explained by simple probabilistic rules influenced by environmental conditions, the current cluster size, and individual decisions. Employing a computational model developed in Netlogo, we seek to demonstrate how emergent properties like the formation and dissolution of clusters arise from collective individual actions. We investigate whether the observed differences in huddling behaviour, particularly the larger cluster sizes on Shodoshima compared to those in colder habitats, reflect variations in social tolerance and cohesion. The model incorporates factors such as environmental temperature, cluster size, and individual decision-making, offering insights into the adaptability of social behaviours under environmental pressures. The findings suggest that temperature plays a crucial role in influencing huddling behaviour, with larger clusters forming in colder climates as individuals seek warmth. However, the study also highlights the importance of joining and leaving a cluster in terms of probability in the dynamics of huddling behaviour. We discussed the large clusters on Shodoshima as a result of a combination of environmental factors and a unique social tolerance and cohesion among the macaques. This study contributes to our understanding of complex social phenomena through the lens of self-organisation, illustrating how simple local interactions can give rise to intricate social structures and behaviours.
Carotenoids from Halophilic Archaea: A Novel Approach to Improve Egg Quality and Cecal Microbiota in Laying Hens
Authors: Dou Xufeng , Zhang Guodong , Tang Hao , Chen Xiaoxue , Chen Beibei , Mei Yuxia , Jiao Haihong , Ren Min
Published: December 2024

Carotenoids from different sources have different structures and functions, and their dietary components benefit the health of various organisms. The effects of halophilic Archaea-derived C50 carotenoids on poultry egg quality and gut microbiota remain largely unexplored. In this study, we isolated a carotenoid-secreting strain of Halalkalicoccus paucihalophilus, TRM89021, from the Pamir Plateau. We characterized the carotenoid pigments produced by this strain; the major components were bacterioruberin and its derivatives. The effects of these carotenoids on the egg quality and cecal microbiota composition of hens were investigated. Compared to the basal diet group (BDG), supplementation with carotenoids in the carotenoids-supplemented diet group (CDG) resulted in significantly lower a* and b* scores at week 5 and lower b* scores and Haugh units at week 2, while egg strength and weight were higher. CDG also showed increased yolk antioxidant capacity, higher glutathione peroxidase levels, and significantly lower catalase levels (p < 0.05). Plasma analysis revealed elevated total bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels, along with reduced inorganic phosphorus levels in the CDG (p < 0.05). No significant differences in cecal microbiota diversity were observed between the groups at any taxonomic level. This result suggests that halophilic archaea-derived carotenoids have the potential to be used as natural feed supplements to improve egg quality. Our study provides a theoretical basis for applying archaea-derived carotenoids in poultry diets.
Effect of Cassava Bioethanol By-Products and Crude Palm Oil Feeding on Fatty Acid Composition of Beef Meat and Fat in Crossbred Thai Indigenous Heifers
Authors: Phoemchalard Chirasak , Prommachat Ronnachai , Tathong Tanom , Uriyapongson Suthipong
Published: December 2024

The quality and nutritional value of meat are significantly attributed to the composition of fatty acids (FAs). This investigation used gas chromatography to assess FAs in longissimus et lumborum (LL), semimembranosus (SM), and subcutaneous fat (SC) tissues of 18 heifers feeding low (15%, LCEP) or high (30%, HCEP) cassava bioethanol by-products (CEP) and 0 (CPO-0), 2 (CPO-2), or 4% (CPO-4) crude palm oil (CPO). The experimental diet was provided at 1.75% of body weight, along with free access to rice straw and water for 150 days. The results showed that the highest content of saturated (SFAs, 50.14, 42.76, and 68.76%, mainly C16:0), monounsaturated (MUFAs, 44.89, 49.14, and 30.41%, mainly C18:1n9c), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 4.96, 8.10, and 0.84%, mainly C18:2n6c and C18:2n6t) were observed in LL, SM, and fat tissues. CPO supplementation significantly affected the FAs in LL and SM meat, with CPO-2 and CPO-4 diets leading to decreased SFAs and increased MUFAs and PUFAs compared to the CPO-0 diet. Multivariate analysis showed the most important FAs that highlight discrimination between different oil supplementation levels (CPO-0 vs. CPO-2, CPO-0 vs. CPO-4, CPO-2 vs. CPO-4) in LL (C18:2n6c, C20:3n3, C13:0), SM (C13:0, C18:0, C13:0), and SC fat (C18:2n6t, none, none) tissues. This data generates key insights into FA profiles resulting from different levels of oil supplements in cattle diets, which could influence future research on precision nutrition in beef production.
Laban Effort in Empty-Handed Interactions of Hindustani Dhrupad Vocal Improvisation
Authors: Paschalidou Stella
Published: December 2024

Effort, commonly understood as the power of an action toward an intended goal, is acknowledged as an important aspect of music expressivity. Previous studies in Hindustani Dhrupad vocal improvisation, particularly those focusing on manual interactions with imaginary objects, have revealed the intricate connection between effort and various movement and melodic variables. The study employed manual annotations by participants who visually inspected and assessed the amount of effort that such interactions were perceived to require. However, since effort is inherently perceptual and subjective and the way that an observer makes assessments on effort levels remains a non-transparent process, the paper seeks to examine the applicability of the Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) system in this task. For this, it relies on a multi-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to infer manually annotated (numerical) effort levels from Laban’s (categorical) Effort Factors, namely Weight, Flow, Time, and Space, for two Dhrupad performances. The results suggest that apart from the Space factor, which was excluded for reasons delineated, a good part of effort’s variance can be explained through the remaining three statistically significant Effort Factors, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis that they are unrelated. By ascertaining this relationship, effort-related melodic aspects in Dhrupad improvisation can be predicted using the three Laban Effort Factors.
Options for Performing DNN-Based Causal Speech Denoising Using the U-Net Architecture
Authors: Hu Hwai-Tsu , Lee Tung-Tsun
Published: December 2024

Speech enhancement technology seeks to improve the quality and intelligibility of speech signals degraded by noise, particularly in telephone communications. Recent advancements have focused on leveraging deep neural networks (DNN), especially U-Net architectures, for effective denoising. In this study, we evaluate the performance of a 6-level skip-connected U-Net constructed using either conventional convolution activation blocks (CCAB) or innovative global local former blocks (GLFB) across different processing domains: temporal waveform, short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and short-time discrete cosine transform (STDCT). Our results indicate that the U-Nets can receive better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) when applied in the STFT and STDCT domains, with comparable short-time objective intelligibility (STOI) scores across all domains. Notably, the GLFB-based U-Net outperforms its CCAB counterpart in metrics such as CSIG, CBAK, COVL, and PESQ, while maintaining fewer learnable parameters. Furthermore, we propose domain-specific composite loss functions, considering the acoustic and perceptual characteristics of the spectral domain, to enhance the perceptual quality of denoised speech. Our findings provide valuable insights that can guide the optimization of DNN designs for causal speech denoising.
Feature Extraction and Attribute Recognition of Aerosol Particles from In Situ Light-Scattering Measurements Based on EMD-ICA Combined LSTM Model
Authors: Zhao Heng , Zhang Yanyan , Hua Dengxin , Fang Jiamin , Zhang Jie , Yang Zewen
Published: December 2024

Accurate identification and monitoring of aerosol properties is crucial for understanding their sources and impacts on human health and the environment. Therefore, we propose a feature extraction and attribute recognition method from in situ light-scattering measurements based on Bayesian Optimization, wavelet scattering transform, and long short-term memory neural network (BO-WST-LSTM), with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm for signal preprocessing. In this study, an experimental platform was utilized to gather light-scattering signals from particles with varying characteristics. The signals are then processed using the EMD-ICA noise reduction technique. Then, the wavelet scattering network is used to realize the adaptive extraction of the characteristics of the particle light-scattering signal, and the Bayesian Optimization model is used to optimize the hyperparameters of the LSTM neural network. The extracted scattering coefficient matrix is input into the LSTM for iterative training. Finally, the SoftMax layer’s probability classification method is applied to the identification of particle attributes. The results show that the multi-angle particle light-scattering signal detection system designed and built in this study performs well and is capable of effectively collecting particle light-scattering signals. At the same time, the proposed new method for particle property recognition demonstrates good classification performance for six different types of particles with a particle size of 2 μm, achieving a classification accuracy of 98.83%. This proves its effectiveness in recognizing particle properties and provides a solid foundation for particle identification.
Application of Task Allocation Algorithms in Multi-UAV Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Critical Review
Authors: Rinaldi Marco , Wang Sheng , Geronel Renan Sanches , Primatesta Stefano
Published: December 2024

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are being seen as the most promising type of autonomous vehicles in the context of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology. A key enabling factor for the current development of ITS technology based on autonomous vehicles is the task allocation architecture. This approach allows tasks to be efficiently assigned to robots of a multi-agent system, taking into account both the robots’ capabilities and service requirements. Consequently, this study provides an overview of the application of drones in ITSs, focusing on the applications of task allocation algorithms for UAV networks. Currently, there are different types of algorithms that are employed for task allocation in drone-based intelligent transportation systems, including market-based approaches, game-theory-based algorithms, optimization-based algorithms, machine learning techniques, and other hybrid methodologies. This paper offers a comprehensive literature review of how such approaches are being utilized to optimize the allocation of tasks in UAV-based ITSs. The main characteristics, constraints, and limitations are detailed to highlight their advantages, current achievements, and applicability to different types of UAV-based ITSs. Current research trends in this field as well as gaps in the literature are also thoughtfully discussed.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Attenuates Dyskinesias and FosB and c-Fos Expression in a Parkinson’s Disease Model
Authors: Ramírez-López Fernanda , García-Montes José Rubén , Millán-Aldaco Diana , Palomero-Rivero Marcela , Túnez-Fiñana Isaac , Drucker-Colín René , Roldán-Roldán Gabriel
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) may lead to disabling incontrollable movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been applied as non-invasive therapy to ameliorate motor symptoms and dyskinesias in PD treatment. Recent studies have shown that TMS-induced motor effects might be related to dopaminergic system modulation. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects of TMS are not fully understood. Objectives: To assess the expression of FosB and c-Fos in dopamine-D1 receptor-containing cells of dyskinetic rats and to analyze the effect of TMS on dyskinetic behavior and its histological marker (FosB). Methods: We investigated the outcome of TMS on cellular activation, using c-Fos immunoreactivity, on D1 receptor-positive (D1R+) cells into the motor cortex and striatum of dyskinetic (n = 14) and intact rats (n = 14). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of TMS on the dyskinesia global score and its molecular marker, FosB, in the striatum (n = 67). Results: TMS reduces c-Fos expression in D1R+cells into the motor cortex and striatum. Moreover, TMS treatment attenuated dyskinesias, along with a low stratal FosB expression. Conclusions: The current study shows that TMS depressed FosB and c-Fos expression in D1R+ cells of the dorsal striatum and motor cortex, in accordance with previous evidence of its capacity to modulate the dopaminergic system, thus suggesting a mechanism by which TMS may mitigate dyskinesias. Additionally, our observations highlight the potential therapeutic effect of TMS on dyskinesias in a PD model.
Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Cancer-Associated Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ryan Dylan , Bou Dargham Tarek , Ikramuddin Salman , Shekhar Shashank , Sengupta Soma , Feng Wuwei
Published: December 2024

Cancer and stroke are leading causes of global disability and mortality. With improvements in cancer-associated mortality and advancements in treatment of active malignancy, it is more common to encounter patients with ischemic stroke and active malignancy. Evidence suggests that cancer-associated ischemic stroke is a unique subtype of stroke; however, there is limited guidance when considering diagnostic workup, secondary prevention, rehabilitation, and future directions within this population. In this narrative review, we aim to describe the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, management, and future directions regarding understanding of cancer-associated ischemic stroke.
Impact of Physical Processes and Temperatures on the Composition, Microstructure, and Pozzolanic Properties of Oil Palm Kernel Ash
Authors: Torres-Ortega Ramón , Torres-Sánchez Diego , Saba Manuel
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, the global use of ashes derived from agro-industrial by-products, such as oil palm kernel shells, which are widely cultivated in Colombia and other tropical regions of the world, has increased. However, the application of these ashes in engineering remains limited due to their heterogeneity and variability. This study utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the influence of calcination temperatures, ranging from 500 °C to 1000 °C, as well as the physical processes of cutting, grinding, and crushing, on the silica content of the studied ashes. Specifically, the sample labeled M18A-c-m-T600°C-t1.5h-tr1h, which was subjected to a calcination temperature of 600 °C and underwent cutting and grinding before calcination, followed by post-calcination crushing, exhibited the highest silica concentration. Complementary techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were applied to this sample to evaluate its feasibility as an additive or partial replacement for cement in concrete. XRF analysis revealed a composition of 71.24% SiO2, 9.39% Al2O3, and 2.65% Fe2O3, thus, meeting the minimum oxide content established by ASTM C 618 for the classification as a pozzolanic material. Furthermore, XRD analysis confirmed that the sample M18A-c-m-T600°C-t1.5h-tr1h is in an amorphous state, which is the only state in which silica can chemically react with calcium hydroxide resulting from the hydration reactions of cement, forming stable cementitious products with strong mechanical properties.
Thermally Induced Polymorphic Changes in Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) Thin Layer Investigated Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Purica Munizer , Comanescu Florin Constantin , Dediu Violeta
Published: December 2024

Poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a versatile polymer that shows polymorphism, and most of its applications are based on its piezoelectric properties given by its polar crystalline phases. Increasing the polymer’s polar β-phase content has been a major pursuit in material science. We present the results on the evolution of induced polymorphic changes of PVDF through thermal treatment and the presence of the nano-ZnO with different morphologies. Three types of samples—a PVDF pure layer, PVDF:ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and PVDF:ZnO nanorods (NRs)—were subjected to stress by heating at different temperatures from 50 °C close to melting temperature, 170 °C. The changes in PVDF–ZnO composite layers were investigated in situ using an experimental setup consisting of a high-resolution micro-Raman spectrometer and a thermo-electric cell. The ZnO NPs and NRs added in PVDF lead to obtaining a PVDF nanocomposite in which the intensity of the β phase is much higher than that of the α phase: intensities ratio Iβ(840.6 cm−1)/Iα(798.9 cm−1) > 5.56. The phase is stable up to 150 °C, and with the increase in temperature to 170 °C, the β phase passes to a lower crystallinity α phase with a large amorphous content highlighted by the 400–700 cm−1 and 800–1000 cm−1 regions without Raman peaks.
Construction of Hybrid ZnO/SnO2 n–n Heterojunction with Hierarchical Porous Biomorphic Nanostructure as a High-Response Sensor for Methanol Gas
Authors: Liu Zong-Lai , Yang Zhao , Liu Bing , Chen Ya-Nan , Feng Wei
Published: December 2024

A novel hierarchical porous biomorphic ZnO/SnO was facilely synthesized in one step using bagasse as a bio-template. The structural features of the ZnO/SnO2 n–n heterostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that the as-prepared ZnO/SnO2 retained the original pore morphology of the bagasse material, and the ZnO/SnO2 was demonstrated with higher sensing performance as compared with the pure SnO2. Particularly, when the molar ratio of SnO2:ZnO = 1:1, the sensor displayed the highest response, showing an excellent response value of 37 under 100 ppm methanol at 340 °C. Meanwhile, the ZnO/SnO2 composite exhibited good gas selectivity and stability to methanol, which could mainly be attributed to the formation of n-n junctions between SnO2 and ZnO and the high capability of absorbed oxygen species of the ZnO/SnO2 composite.
A Dataset of Plant Species Richness in Chinese National Nature Reserves
Authors: Wang Chunjing , Yan Wuxian , Wan Jizhong
Published: December 2024

This comprehensive dataset on the number of plant species, genera, and families in 383 national nature reserves in China has been compiled based on the available literature. Heilongjiang Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region have the highest number of nature reserves. Species richness is relatively high in the Jinfoshan, Dabashan, Wenshan, Hupingshan, and Shennongjia Nature Reserves. This dataset provides important baseline information on plant species richness coupling with genus and family numbers in Chinese national nature reserves and should help researchers and environmentalists understand the dynamic species changes in various nature reserves. This detailed and reliable information may serve as the foundation for future plant research in Chinese nature reserves and play a positive role in promoting more effective natural protection, biological distribution, and biodiversity conservation in these areas.
An Intelligent Maneuver Decision-Making Approach for Air Combat Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning and Transformer Networks
Authors: Li Wentao , Fang Feng , Peng Dongliang , Han Shuning
Published: December 2024

The traditional maneuver decision-making approaches are highly dependent on accurate and complete situation information, and their decision-making quality becomes poor when opponent information is occasionally missing in complex electromagnetic environments. In order to solve this problem, an autonomous maneuver decision-making approach is developed based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) architecture. Meanwhile, a Transformer network is integrated into the actor and critic networks, which can find the potential dependency relationships among the time series trajectory data. By using these relationships, the information loss is partially compensated, which leads to maneuvering decisions being more accurate. The issues of limited experience samples, low sampling efficiency, and poor stability in the agent training state appear when the Transformer network is introduced into DRL. To address these issues, the measures of designing an effective decision-making reward, a prioritized sampling method, and a dynamic learning rate adjustment mechanism are proposed. Numerous simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the traditional DRL algorithms, with a higher win rate in the case of opponent information loss.
Tuning Corrosion Resistance and AC Soft Magnetic Properties of Fe-Co-Ni-Al Medium-Entropy Alloy via Ni Content
Authors: Peng Wenfeng , Xia Yubing , Xu Hui , Tan Xiaohua
Published: December 2024

Corrosion of soft magnetic materials during service can significantly impact their performance and service life, therefore it is important to improve their corrosion resistance. In this paper, the corrosion resistance, alternating current soft magnetic properties (AC SMPs) and microstructure of FeCoNixAl (x = 1.0–2.0) medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) were studied. Corrosion resistance is greatly improved with an increase in Ni content. The x = 2.0 alloy has the lowest corrosion current density (Icorr = 2.67 × 10−7 A/cm2), which is reduced by 71% compared to the x = 1.0 alloy. Increasing the Ni content can improve the AC SMPs of the alloy. When x = 1.75, the total loss (Ps) is improved by 6% compared to the x = 1.0 alloy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the increase in Ni content is beneficial for promoting the formation of the face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase, and the body-centered-cubic (BCC) phase is gradually divided by the FCC phase. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) shows that, with the increase in Ni content, the number of grain boundaries in the alloy is greatly reduced and numerous phase boundaries appear in the alloys. The degree of strain concentration is significantly reduced with the increasing Ni content. The corrosion mechanism of alloys is also discussed in this paper. Our study provides a method to balance the soft magnetic properties and corrosion resistance, paving the way for potential applications of Fe-Co-Ni-Al MEAs in corrosive environments.
The Quantum Memory Matrix: A Unified Framework for the Black Hole Information Paradox
Authors: Neukart Florian , Brasher Reuben , Marx Eike
Published: December 2024

We present the Quantum Memory Matrix (QMM) hypothesis, which addresses the longstanding Black Hole Information Paradox rooted in the apparent conflict between Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). This paradox raises the question of how information is preserved during black hole formation and evaporation, given that Hawking radiation appears to result in information loss, challenging unitarity in quantum mechanics. The QMM hypothesis proposes that space–time itself acts as a dynamic quantum information reservoir, with quantum imprints encoding information about quantum states and interactions directly into the fabric of space–time at the Planck scale. By defining a quantized model of space–time and mechanisms for information encoding and retrieval, QMM aims to conserve information in a manner consistent with unitarity during black hole processes. We develop a mathematical framework that includes space–time quantization, definitions of quantum imprints, and interactions that modify quantum state evolution within this structure. Explicit expressions for the interaction Hamiltonians are provided, demonstrating unitarity preservation in the combined system of quantum fields and the QMM. This hypothesis is compared with existing theories, including the holographic principle, black hole complementarity, and loop quantum gravity, noting its distinctions and examining its limitations. Finally, we discuss observable implications of QMM, suggesting pathways for experimental evaluation, such as potential deviations from thermality in Hawking radiation and their effects on gravitational wave signals. The QMM hypothesis aims to provide a pathway towards resolving the Black Hole Information Paradox while contributing to broader discussions in quantum gravity and cosmology.
Physically Consistent Resolving Simulations of Turbulent Flows
Authors: Heinz Stefan
Published: December 2024

Usually applied simulation methods for turbulent flows as large eddy simulation (LES), wall-modeled LES (WMLES), and detached eddy simulation (DES) face significant challenges: they are characterized by improper resolution variations and essential practical simulation problems given by huge computational cost, imbalanced resolution transitions, and resolution mismatch. Alternative simulation methods are described here. By using an extremal entropy analysis, it is shown how minimal error simulation methods can be designed. It is shown that these methods can overcome the typical shortcomings of usually applied simulation methods. A crucial ingredient of this analysis is the identification of a mathematically implied general hybridization mechanism, which is missing in existing methods. Applications to several complex high Reynolds number flow simulations reveal essential performance, functionality, and computational cost advantages of minimal error simulation methods.
Spent Coffee Grounds (SCGs) as a Soil Amendment: The Effects of Composting Time on Early Sunflower Development
Authors: Sinclair Catherine L. , Irga Peter J. , Duani Gabrielle , Torpy Fraser R.
Published: December 2024

The unsustainability of current and future agricultural use has led to increased interest in using organic waste products, such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and compost, as alternative nutrient supplements. While SCGs are initially phytotoxic, upon composting, they can be utilised as a soil amendment; however, the minimum length of composting time required is not well known. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to identify the concentration where raw SCGs are toxic to sunflower seedling growth and to assess the age and concentration at which composted SCGs are most effective for crop soil addition. Both raw and composted SCG substrates demonstrated higher water-holding capacities and electrical conductivity levels than commercial soil mix, though differences were observed in pH, with raw SCGs being acidic and composted SCGs being neutral. Concentrations of raw SCGs ≥ 35% caused large reductions in germination, plant height, cotyledon and true leaf emergence. SCGs composted for 6 months were non-toxic for sunflower seedlings and most effective at ≥35%, which could potentially reduce composting times by 50%. The addition of raw or composted SCGs also reduced the root/shoot ratio, though the cause and effects are currently unknown.
The Annual Dynamics of the Water Source of an Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Community in the Gobi Desert of the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Zhu Yajuan , Wang Guojie , Xin Zhiming , Wang Aqing , Ma Yuan
Published: December 2024

The Gobi Desert is one of the harsh terrestrial ecosystems distributed on the Mongolian Plateau and northwest China. Water is the key restricting environmental factor for the Gobi Desert plants’ growth. Exploring the annual dynamic of water sources for the vulnerable plants in the Gobi Desert helps to understand their adaptation to the arid climate and is fundamental for their conservation, e.g., the vulnerable plant Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) S. H. Cheng. The water source of the dominant and companion shrubs in a Gobi Desert A. mongolicus community was determined by comparing the δD and δ18O values of their xylem water and different layers of soil water using the MixSIAR model from spring to autumn over two years. The results showed that A. mongolicus mainly utilized 50–150 cm of middle and deep soil water. However, it also used 10 or 25 cm of surface soil water after heavy rains in the early spring and moderate rains in the autumn of 2021 and after heavy rains in the summer of 2022. Three companion shrubs (Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim, Caragana korshinskii Kom, and Convolvulus tragacanthoides Turcz.) had similar main water sources, competing for relatively reliable deep soil water with the dominant A. mongolicus during droughts in 2021 and 2022. Moreover, A. mongolicus utilized more deep soil water in 2021 with less rain. However, C. tragacanthoides used more shallow soil water during the growing season of 2022 with more rain. Therefore, four xerophytic shrubs in the A. mongolicus community utilized soil water in different layers based on their ability to adapt to the annual fluctuation of rain in the Gobi Desert.