bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiazimuth versus wide-azimuth acquisition designs for sub-Messinian imaging: A finite-difference modeling study in West Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Kabir Nurul , Lee Kyoung-Jin , Rietveld Walter , Barley Brian , Keggin Jim , Johnson Graham
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we present a recently completed, extensive finite-difference (FD) modeling study over the West Nile Delta area in Egypt. The primary objective was to analyze the impact of various acquisition geometries on the pre-Messinian image quality. We used an innovative methodology for building the velocity and density models representative of the complexity of the offshore Nile Delta. Synthetic data showed many of the challenging features observed on field data. This allowed us to meaningfully quantify the impact of various acquisition geometries on image quality. We found that a surprisingly determinant factor influencing the final image quality is the offset distribution of the contributing traces. As offset distributions can be adjusted after the fact by applying a suitable offset-dependent weighting to recorded data, we find that by making careful use of offset weighting we can reap some of the same benefits of more complex acquisition schemes with simpler acquisition design.
The Secret Life of NAD+: An Old Metabolite Controlling New Metabolic Signaling Pathways
Authors: Houtkooper Riekelt H. , Cantó Carles , Wanders Ronald J. , Auwerx Johan
Published: April 2010

A century after the identification of a coenzymatic activity for NAD+, NAD+ metabolism has come into the spotlight again due to the potential therapeutic relevance of a set of enzymes whose activity is tightly regulated by the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of this metabolite. In fact, the actions of NAD+ have been extended from being an oxidoreductase cofactor for single enzymatic activities to acting as substrate for a wide range of proteins. These include NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and transcription factors that affect a large array of cellular functions. Through these effects, NAD+ provides a direct link between the cellular redox status and the control of signaling and transcriptional events. Of particular interest within the metabolic/endocrine arena are the recent results, which indicate that the regulation of these NAD+-dependent pathways may have a major contribution to oxidative metabolism and life span extension. In this review, we will provide an integrated view on: 1) the pathways that control NAD+ production and cycling, as well as its cellular compartmentalization; 2) the signaling and transcriptional pathways controlled by NAD+; and 3) novel data that show how modulation of NAD+-producing and -consuming pathways have a major physiological impact and hold promise for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.
Minireview: Estrogen Receptor-β: Mechanistic Insights from Recent Studies
Authors: Deroo Bonnie J. , Buensuceso Adrian V.
Published: April 2010

The discovery of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in 1996 stimulated great interest in the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ERβ action. We now know that ERβ plays a major role in mediating estrogen action in several tissues and organ systems, including the ovary, cardiovascular system, brain, and the immune system, and that ERβ and ERα generally play distinct physiological roles in the body. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of ERβ action, particularly in vitro, there remains a large gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ERβ elicits its biological functions in a true physiological context.
Direct Synthesis of Diphenyl Carbonate by Electrocarbonylation at a Pd2+-supported Anode
Authors: Murayama Toru , Arai Yuji , Hayashi Tomohiko , Yamanaka Ichiro
Published: April 2010

The first electrochemical synthesis of diphenyl carbonate was accomplished using triethylamine/tetrabutylammonium perchlorate/phenol/dichloromethane or sodium phenoxide/phenol/acetonitrile electrolyte at a [PdCl2/activated carbon and vapor grown carbon fiber] anode, 1 atm CO and 25 °C. Sodium phenoxide functioned as a promoter, triethylamine, and a supporting electrolyte, tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, for the carbonylation.
Using Protein-imprinted Polymers as Artificial Antibodies to Isolate Immunoglobulin Binding Protein (BiP) and Study Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Xia Jianjun , Long Yi , Guo Minjie , Liu Huijuan , Wang Ying , Mi Huaifeng
Published: April 2010

In this work, protein-imprinted polymers (PIPs) synthesized by introducing assistant recognition polymer chains (ARPCs) could be used as artificial antibodies in a similar manner to study protein–protein interactions by immunoprecipitation by using biological antibodies. Bacterially expressed BiP was used as template. The ARPCs could enhance the recognition specificity of the PIPs for template protein significantly. It was confirmed that FK506-binding protein (FKBP23) could bind to immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) in the ER regulated by concentration of Ca2+ using artificial antibodies of PIP. The concentration of Ca2+ at which the interactions between BiP and FKBP23 were disrupted was in accordance with results obtained by using biological antibodies. Therefore, this new type of PIP provides a feasible alternative to biological antibodies in biochemical research.
A Chlortoluron Sensor based on Molecularly Imprinted Sensitive Membranes
Authors: Li Jianping , Jiang Fuyang
Published: April 2010

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by a reaction among template molecules of chlortoluron, functional monomers of methacrylic acid, and a crosslinker of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide. Chlortoluron could be analyzed in the range of 0 to 3.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 2.21 × 10−8 mol L−1. Water samples were assayed and recoveries were obtained, ranging from 99% to 102%.
Removing an Air Layer from a Superhydrophobic Surface in Flowing Water
Authors: Sakai Munetoshi , Nakajima Akira , Fujishima Akira
Published: April 2010

The removal of a surface air layer from a superhydrophobic coating in flowing water was evaluated using a laser beam and a high-speed camera. It proceeded via three steps: (1) removal of the top unstable air layer, (2) retention of air in the bottom of the surface microstructure, and (3) replacement of air in the microstructure with water. Different flow velocities result in different removal rates of the surface air layer.
Preservation of Architectural Heritage through 3D Digitization
Authors: Pavlidis George , Tsiafakis Despoina , Koutsoudis Anestis , Arnaoutoglou Fotis , Tsioukas Vassilios , Chamzas Christodoulos
Published: April 2010

Continuity and relation to the past are inherent in human nature. The remains of the past constitute culture and cultural heritage. Preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage appear to be, nowadays, a universal priority. Historic/architectural monuments are among the most significant categories of cultural heritage and their 3D digitization appears to be a chief way towards that direction. 3D digitization of architectural heritage is a very specific problem in the digitization domain. Since size, budget and applicability are some of the most important factors in choosing an appropriate digitization method, and since there is not an all-in-one solution in digitization, this problem cannot be always addressed by using one technique. In this paper we review methods that are available for 3D digitization of architectural heritage and we present two case studies of real-world digitization projects involving monuments and urban areas.
Simulating Residual Stresses in Ribbons of Amorphous Metallic Alloys
Authors: Pozdnyakov V. A. , Borisov O. V. , Filippova V. P.
Published: April 2010

A new method of simulation of residual stresses in ribbons of amorphous metallic alloys is proposed. The model considers the total deformation remaining in an amorphous metallic alloy during the quenching from liquid state to be the sum of elastic (residual ductile-elastic) and thermal deformations. The latter is related to the temperature through the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material. It is assumed that incompatibility of the residual deformations is the cause of residual macro-stresses. The thickness of the ribbon is considered to be much less than the other dimensions. Residual stresses on the free surface (not in contact with the drum) are assumed to be equal to zero. The results are discussed for an amorphous alloy: Fe50Ni30B20. Concerns related to the development of technology for amorphous metallic alloys production include: when curvature radius increases, the curvature accordingly decreases; the value of the stress relaxation factor decreases upon contact of the ribbon with the surface of the drum; increase of the drum temperature and length of the field of its contact with the solidified ribbon, leading to a decrease of ribbon curvature.
pH Measurement in Bioethanol by Using Different Electrodes and according to International Standards
Authors: Borges P. P. , Fraga I. C. S. , Marques B. S. R. , Dias J. C. , Cunha V. S.
Published: April 2010

The importance of Brazilian bioethanol as biofuel has been increasing significantly. Its origin from renewable sugar cane is able to reduce carbon in the atmosphere and is one of the factors that contribute for reducing global warming. Because of the difficulty in measuring pH in nonaqueous solutions, Inmetro, the Brazilian Metrology Institute, has focused its attention on the needs for accurate and reliable pH measurements, as part of its work in developing and producing certified reference material (CRM) of bioethanol. This paper aims to present the studies of pH measurement in CRM of bioethanol from sugar cane (approximately 99.6 % ethanol content) using two commercial pH electrodes with different internal filling electrolytic solutions. One electrode, containing potassium chloride (KCl), was specified in the American standard, ASTM D6423, and the other one, containing lithium chloride (LiCl), was specified in the Brazilian standard, ABNT NBR 10891, and European standard EN 15490. These studies have shown that there was a significant difference among the pH values (more than 1.0 pH unit) measured by the different electrodes related to its internal filling solution. The results have shown that a harmonization of the standardization on the pH measurement is needed in order to make possible its use and application as analytical parameter.
Evaluation of Slip Resistant Plates for Roadway Applications
Authors: Chehab Ghassan R. , Kale Vishal
Published: April 2010

The presented study aims at evaluating the performance of slip resistant plates used in roadway construction to cover trenches, ditches, and potholes. Characteristics of the plate, including the surface friction, corrosion susceptibility, and resistance to abrasion are evaluated. Comparisons based on those attributes among various types of plates are conducted. The merit of the presented study mainly lies in the methodology and techniques adopted in evaluating the plates rather than ranking their performance. A customized corrosion tank built according to ASTM standards is used to apply salt fog spray on all the plates to induce corrosion. Surface friction is measured using the British Pendulum Tester for both uncorroded plates and corroded plates. To evaluate the abrasion resistance, the surfaces are subjected to wear and abrasion induced by repetitive wheel trafficking applied using the one third-scale Model Mobile Load Simulator. The drop in surface friction as a function of degree of corrosion and loading cycles is measured at regular intervals to evaluate the resistance to abrasion for each plate. Recommendations for improving the durability of the plates with welded deposits are suggested.
Experimental Determination of Galvanic Anode Current Output for Common Geometries Used in Civil Works Applications
Authors: Marsh Charles P. , Bushman James B.
Published: April 2010

The current output from various common galvanic (sacrificial) anode geometries used in immersion service was experimentally determined. The results showed a specific functional dependence on exposed surface area and a scalable inverse relationship to the resistivity of the surrounding electrolyte medium. The use of this information as applied to cathodic protection design is also presented using three of the most readily available freshwater sacrificial anode metal alloys.
Technique for Continuously Monitoring Core Body Temperatures to Prevent Heat Stress Disorders in Workers Engaged in Physical Labor
Authors: Nagano Chikage , Tsutsui Takao , Monji Koichi , Sogabe Yasuhiro , Idota Nozomi , Horie Seichi
Published: April 2010

Technique for Continuously Monitoring Core Body Temperatures to Prevent Heat Stress Disorders in Workers Engaged in Physical Labor: Chikage Nagano, et al. Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan

Objectives

Measuring core body temperature is crucial for preventing heat stress disorders in workers. We developed a method for measuring auditory canal temperatures based on a thermocouple inserted into a sponge‐type earplug. We verified that the tip of this thermocouple is positioned safely, allowing the wearer to engage in normal physical tasks; this position averaged 6.6 mm from the tympanic membrane.

Methods

To assess this technique, we had six healthy male students repeat three cycles of exercise and rest (20 min of exercise and 15 min of rest) in a temperature‐controlled chamber with temperatures set at 25, 30, or 35°C, while monitoring the auditory canal, esophageal, rectal, and skin temperatures.

Results

We observed differences of a mere 0.30–0.45°C between rectal temperatures and auditory canal temperatures measured with the thermocouple, the smallest such difference reported to date in studies involving auditory canal temperature measurement.

Conclusions

We conclude that monitoring temperatures based on a technique involving an auditory canal plug can be used to estimate rectal temperatures accurately, and thereby to avoid conditions leading to heat stress disorders.
Single‐Tooth Implant Placement and Loading in Fresh and Regenerated Extraction Sockets. Five‐Year Results: A Case Series Using Two Different Implant Designs
Authors: Zafiropoulos Gregory‐George K. , Deli Giorgio , Bartee Barry K. , Hoffmann Oliver
Published: April 2010

Background: Implant‐supported restorations are a commonly used treatment modality. However, insufficient data are available that compare treatment outcomes of implant restorations using different protocols. Similarly, data comparing the treatment outcomes of different implant designs are limited.

Methods: This retrospective, non‐randomized study evaluates 241 single implants in 241 patients (127 males and 114 females; mean age: 49.3 years; range: 45 to 75 years). Tapered‐type (TAP; n = 118) and cylindric screw‐type (CYL; n = 123) implants were used. Implants were grouped into the treatment categories of immediate placement, delayed placement, immediate non‐occlusal loading, and delayed loading. Clinical parameters, including clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP), were recorded at examinations at baseline (BSL) and 1 (E1), 3 (E3), and 5 years (E5) after loading with the final restoration.

Results: Eleven implants were lost (five CYL and six TAP). CAL and PI outcomes were similar for both implant types. No significant influence of implant position was found. A CAL loss of 1.5 mm was observed during the first 3 years. The type of implant and timing of placement showed no significant influence on the survival rate, whereas the failure rate was lower for immediate non‐occlusal loaded implants.

Conclusion: The type of implant, position, and timing of placement and loading did not influence the survival rate of this treatment method.
Three‐Dimensional Architecture and Cell Composition of a Choukroun's Platelet‐Rich Fibrin Clot and Membrane
Authors: Dohan Ehrenfest David M. , Del Corso Marco , Diss Antoine , Mouhyi Jaafar , Charrier Jean‐Baptiste
Published: April 2010

Background: Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF; Choukroun's technique) is a second‐generation platelet concentrate for surgical use. This easy protocol allows the production of leukocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin clots and membranes starting from 10‐ml blood samples. The purposes of this study were to determine the cell composition and three‐dimensional organization of this autologous biomaterial and to evaluate the influence of different collection tubes (dry glass or glass‐coated plastic tubes) and compression procedures (forcible or soft) on the final PRF‐membrane architecture.

Methods: After centrifugation, blood analyses were performed on the residual waste plasmatic layers after collecting PRF clots. The PRF clots and membranes were processed for examination by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Approximately 97% of the platelets and >50% of the leukocytes were concentrated in the PRF clot and showed a specific three‐dimensional distribution, depending on the centrifugation forces. Platelets and fibrin formed large clusters of coagulation in the first millimeters of the membrane beyond the red blood cell base. The fibrin network was very mature and dense. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the PRF architecture between groups using the different tested collection tubes and compression techniques, even if these two parameters could have influenced the growth factor content and biologic matrix properties.

Conclusions: The PRF protocol concentrated most platelets and leukocytes from a blood harvest into a single autologous fibrin biomaterial. This protocol offers reproducible results as long as the main production principles are respected.
Clinical Periodontal and Microbiologic Parameters in Patients With Crohn's Disease With Consideration of the CARD15 Genotype
Authors: Stein Jamal M. , Lammert Frank , Zimmer Vincent , Granzow Marie , Reichert Stefan , Schulz Susanne , Ocklenburg Christina , Conrads Georg
Published: April 2010

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) was reported to have oral manifestations. However, data on periodontal parameters and oral microbiology in CD are rare. Recent studies showed associations of variants in the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)15 gene with CD that are involved in the immune response toward bacterial products. Our aim is to investigate the periodontal status and prevalence of periodontal pathogens in patients with CD under consideration of the CARD15 polymorphism.

Methods: Oral soft tissue alterations and periodontal parameters of 147 patients with CD were assessed. Subgingival plaque samples were analyzed for the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa; previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf; previously T. forsythensis), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Campylobacter rectus (Cr) using dot‐blot hybridization. CARD15 genotyping was performed with the a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay.

Results: A total of 36.7% of patients had oral manifestations predominated by gingival swellings (27.2%) and hyperplastic lesions of the buccal mucosa (20.4%). The mean probing depth and mean clinical attachment level were 3.6 and 3.8 mm, respectively. A total of 57.8% of the patients had a Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) score 3, and 31.3% of had a CPITN score 4. The prevalence of Aa, Pg, Pi, Tf, and Cr was 76.9%, 62.6%, 79.6%, 64.6%, and 94.6%, respectively. Pi was significantly less frequent in carriers of CARD15 mutations compared to the wild type (69.7% versus 87.7%; P = 0.008). All other pathogens and clinical periodontal parameters did not differ significantly as to the CARD15 polymorphism.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with CD have an increased prevalence and moderate severity of periodontitis. The colonization of periodontal pathogens, in particular Cr, might be of particular value for the periodontal manifestation of CD. Although a modulating impact on periodontal microbiota can be supposed, our data do not support the role of CARD15 in oral symptoms and periodontal lesions in patients with CD.
Human Papillomavirus‐16 Prevalence in Gingival Tissue and Its Association With Periodontal Destruction: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Horewicz Verônica V. , Feres Magda , Rapp Gisela E. , Yasuda Vania , Cury Patricia R.
Published: April 2010

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16 is detected in normal oral mucosa and several oral lesions, including squamous cell carcinoma, condyloma acuminatum, verruca vulgaris, focal epithelial hyperplasia, and periodontal diseases. It was hypothesized that HPV may be involved in periodontal breakdown and that periodontal tissue acts as a reservoir for the virus. Therefore, in this study, the prevalence of HPV‐16 in the gingival tissue of Brazilians with periodontal health or disease is investigated.

Methods: Fifty‐six gingival samples from subjects with chronic periodontitis, 26 samples from subjects with gingivitis, and 22 samples from subjects with healthy peridontium were analyzed. Total DNA was extracted, and the presence of HPV‐16 was assessed using a real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Positive and negative controls were included in the reactions.

Results: HPV‐16 was not detected in any of the 104 gingival samples evaluated; therefore, this virus showed no association with periodontal disease in this study.

Conclusion: In the population studied, HPV‐16 may not have participated in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis, and the gingival tissue did not act as a reservoir for this virus.
Experimental Periodontitis Induces Gene Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Liver and White Adipose Tissues in Obesity
Authors: Endo Yasumasa , Tomofuji Takaaki , Ekuni Daisuke , Irie Koichiro , Azuma Tetsuji , Tamaki Naofumi , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Morita Manabu
Published: April 2010

Background: Recent studies indicated that periodontitis induces systemic low‐grade inflammation. The increase in systemic low‐grade inflammation induced by periodontitis may alter the effects of obesity on the production of inflammatory molecules, including C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of periodontitis on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver and WAT in obese Zucker rats.

Methods: Obese Zucker rats and their lean litter mates were divided into four groups of six rats each: lean Zucker rats without periodontitis (control group), lean Zucker rats with periodontitis (periodontitis group), obese Zucker rats without periodontitis (obesity group), and obese Zucker rats with periodontitis (combination group). Periodontitis was ligature induced for 4 weeks in the periodontitis and combination groups, whereas the other groups were left unligated.

Results: At 4 weeks, the gene expression for CRP, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in the liver and CRP and IL‐6 in the WAT of combination groups was significantly higher than in each of the three groups. Serum TNF‐α in the periodontitis and obesity groups was significantly higher than in the control group. Serum CRP and TNF‐α in the combination group was significantly higher than in each of the three groups.

Conclusion: Systemic low‐grade inflammation after experimental periodontitis was associated with increased gene expression for hepatic levels of TNF‐α and CRP and adipose tissue levels of IL‐6 and CRP in the obese‐rat model.
Genetic Variants Associated With Neutrophil Function in Aggressive Periodontitis and Healthy Controls
Authors: Nibali L. , O'Dea M. , Bouma G. , Parkar M. , Thrasher A.J. , Burns S. , Donos N.
Published: April 2010

Background: Genetic polymorphisms that influence neutrophil function were proposed as possible risk factors for aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The aim of this study is to test whether a clinical diagnosis and specific genetic variants are associated with neutrophil activity in subjects with AgP and healthy subjects.

Methods: This study describes the results of neutrophil analyses performed in 40 subjects (20 subjects with AgP and 20 healthy control subjects). Neutrophils were extracted from peripheral blood and analyzed in a masked manner for phagocytosis and oxidative burst by flow cytometry in response to Escherichia coli, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate p22 phagocytic oxidase subunit (p22phox) cytochrome b alpha gene (CYBA) C242T, crystallizable gamma fragment (Fcγ)IIa H/R, and FcγIIIb neutrophil antigen (NA)1/NA2 polymorphisms.

Results: Analyses in pairs of white subjects (n = 24) revealed that patients with AgP exhibited a higher oxidative burst in response to E. coli (P = 0.002) and P. gingivalis (P = 0.002) compared to healthy control subjects. The p22phox CYBA 242 T allele was associated with an oxidative burst in response to the challenge by two strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans (P = 0.018 and P = 0.046). The FcγIIa polymorphism was associated with the phagocytic index of E. coli (P = 0.024).

Conclusion: This study confirms previous reports of a higher oxidative burst associated with AgP and presented preliminary evidence that genetic factors may influence neutrophil function in patients with AgP and healthy individuals.
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Stimulates Glucose Production via the Hepatic Sympathetic Innervation in Rats
Authors: Yi Chun-Xia , Sun Ning , Ackermans Mariette T. , Alkemade Anneke , Foppen Ewout , Shi Jing , Serlie Mireille J. , Buijs Ruud M. , Fliers Eric , Kalsbeek Andries
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

The unraveling of the elaborate brain networks that control glucose metabolism presents one of the current challenges in diabetes research. Within the central nervous system, the hypothalamus is regarded as the key brain area to regulate energy homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothalamic mechanism involved in the hyperglycemic effects of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was determined during intracerebroventricular infusions of PACAP-38, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), or their receptor agonists. The specificity of their receptors was examined by coinfusions of receptor antagonists. The possible neuronal pathway involved was investigated by 1) local injections in hypothalamic nuclei, 2) retrograde neuronal tracing from the thoracic spinal cord to hypothalamic preautonomic neurons together with Fos immunoreactivity, and 3) specific hepatic sympathetic or parasympathetic denervation to block the autonomic neuronal input to liver.

RESULTS

Intracerebroventricular infusion of PACAP-38 increased EGP to a similar extent as a VIP/PACAP-2 (VPAC2) receptor agonist, and intracerebroventricular administration of VIP had significantly less influence on EGP. The PACAP-38 induced increase of EGP was significantly suppressed by preinfusion of a VPAC2 but not a PAC1 receptor antagonist, as well as by hepatic sympathetic but not parasympathetic denervation. In the hypothalamus, Fos immunoreactivity induced by PACAP-38 was colocalized within autonomic neurons in paraventricular nuclei projecting to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord. Local infusion of PACAP-38 directly into the PVN induced a significant increase of EGP.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that PACAP-38 signaling via sympathetic preautonomic neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus is an important component in the hypothalamic control of hepatic glucose production.
Low Perinatal Autopsy Rate in Malaysia: Time for a Change
Authors: Tan Geok Chin , Hayati Abdul Rahman , Khong Teck Yee
Published: April 2010

Our objectives were to determine the perinatal autopsy rate in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia and to quantify the value of the perinatal autopsy. All stillbirths, miscarriages, therapeutic abortions, and neonatal deaths between January 1, 2004, and August 31, 2009, were identified from the archives. The autopsy findings were compared with the clinical diagnoses. The autopsy reports were also reviewed to determine if it would be possible to improve the quality of the autopsies. There were 807 perinatal deaths, of which 36 (4.5%) included anautopsy. There were ethnic differences in the rate of autopsy, with the lowest rate among the Malays. The autopsy provided the diagnosis, changed the clinical diagnosis, or revealed additional findings in 58.3% of cases. Ancillary testing, such as microbiology, chromosomal analysis, and biochemistry, could improve the quality of the autopsy. This study provides further data on the perinatal autopsy rate from an emerging and developing country. It reaffirms the value of the perinatal autopsy. Attempts must be made to improve on the low autopsy rate while recognizing that the performance of autopsies can be enhanced through the use of ancillary testing.
Congenital Peribronchial Myofibroblastic Tumor: Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Morphology
Authors: Huppmann Alison R. , Coffin Cheryl M. , Hoot Andrew C. , Kahwash Samir , Pawel Bruce R.
Published: April 2010

Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor (CPMT) is a solid pulmonary tumor found in fetuses and neonates with pathology characterized by a proliferation of bland spindled cells with or without irregular cartilaginous islands. It has previously been reported in the literature as a fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and hamartoma, among other names. Although complications such as fetal hydrops can occur, the prognosis is generally good if the infant can survive long enough for mass resection. We present a case of a CPMT resected by antenatal fetal surgery at 23 weeks in gestation, with additional tumor resected following birth when the infant was 6 weeks of age. The pathology of this lesion showed a marked increase in the cartilaginous component after birth as well as a decrease in cellularity and mitotic activity. This case presents a unique opportunity to examine the progression of a congenital tumor excised by prenatal and postnatal resections.
Correct site surgery — are we up to standard?
Authors: Owers Corinne , Lees Emily , Roberts Julian
Published: April 2010

To examine the impact made on safe surgical practice by the introduction of correct site surgery documentation in a children’s hospital containing a surgical unit in South Yorkshire. A retrospective audit of randomly selected case notes of children attending the hospital for an ENT/Plastic surgery/Orthopaedic/General surgical procedure during a period in 2006 or 2008. Outcome measures included the total, correct and legible completion of correct site surgery documentation pre-operatively. Significant improvement was noted between the 2006 and 2008 audits in the amount of patients being correctly marked (33% vs. 91%), however there were no forms in either study that were fully and correctly completed. Legibility of the forms also improved markedly between the studies (33% vs. 98%). The completion of correct site surgery forms improved with greater publicisation of the forms, however the practicality of the numbers of people required to complete the forms needs to be reviewed. The international introduction of such forms will generate valuable data as to the future utility of these checklists.
Hydrolase Activity in Transgenic Peanut
Authors: Chenault K. D. , Burns J. A. , Melouk H. A. , Payton M. E.
Published: April 2010

Fungal diseases of peanut are responsible for increased production costs and yield losses of up to 50% for peanut producers in the U.S. Few cultivars with disease resistance have been developed through traditional breeding practices. There is an urgent need for developing cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars that are resistant to the broad spectrum of fungal pathogens that pose a recurring threat to peanut health. Hydrolases such as chitinase and β-1-3-glucanase are known to degrade the cell walls of many fungi that attack plants, making them likely candidates for over-expression through genetic engineering to produce disease-resistant crops. Somatic embryos of the peanut cultivar Okrun were transformed with a chitinase gene from rice, and/or a β-1-3-glucanase from alfalfa via microprojectile bombardment. Regenerated Okrun lines were tested for the presence of the transgenes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot and for transgene expression by colorimetric assays. Transgenic lines exhibited hydrolase activities 0-37% above levels observed in nontransformed Okrun plants.
Genetic Relationships Among Peanut Cultivars and Breeding Lines in Shandong Province, PRC
Authors: Xue H. Q. , Isleib T. G.
Published: April 2010

Shandong province is the leading peanut-producing province in China which in turn is the leading peanut-producing country in the world. Shandong Peanut Research Institute (SPRI), an institute of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, has had an ongoing breeding program for more than 40 yr and is the source of the peanut cultivars that dominate production in Shandong province and northern China. About 75 peanut cultivars and breeding lines have been released in Shandong by SPRI and other institutions. The genetic base of Shandong peanut cultivars has been described as narrow. The objective of this study was to (a) determine the genetic contribution of main ancestors to the genetic base of Shandong peanut cultivars and (b) study the genetic relationships among the peanut cultivars released in Shandong province during 1950-1999. Twentysix ancestors were identified in the pedigrees of 69 improved lines, 24 ancestors of Chinese origin contributed 96.1% of the Shandong peanut genetic base, and two exotic introductions contributed only 3.6%. The four most important ancestors based on average coancestry with the 69 improved lines are Fu Hua Sheng (PI 436545), Shi Tou Qi (PI 430227 and PI 461435), Jianggezhuang Ban Man (PI 433351), and Shuyang Da Zhan Yang from which 67, 28, 27 and 19 lines were derived, respectively. Among the 20 dominant cultivars of Shandong province, recently released cultivars Lu Hua 14 and Lu Hua 15 have the lowest average coancestry with the others which means those two new cultivars' have the high genetic divergence. In contrast, the very popular cultivars Fu Hua Sheng, Baisha 1016, Xuzhou 68-4, Lu Hua 9, and the new cultivar 8130 were closely related to the other cultivars. The results suggest that the genetic base of Shandong peanut cultivars released before 1990 is narrow, but that cultivars released after 1990 have broadened the genetic base due to introduction and use of new germplasm in the pedigrees. This information will be used as a guide for peanut breeders in choosing parents and avoiding genetic vulnerability to pests. For new cross combinations, parents with low coefficients of coancestry should be chosen in order to keep enlarging the gene pool of the new cultivars.
Consumer Acceptability and Physicochemical Properties of Haitian Peanut Butter-Type Products (Mambas) Compared with U.S. Peanut Butter
Authors: Hinds M. J. , Jolly C. M. , Nelson R. G. , Donis Y. , Prophete E.
Published: April 2010

Small-scale food processors in Haiti manufacture peanut butter-type products, locally called mambas. Mambas are prepared from ground, roasted peanuts, and may be flavored with sugar or pimiento peppers, but contain no stabilizers. This study compared acceptability by Haitian consumers and some physicochemical properties of mambas and U.S. peanut butter. Three types of mambas—Plain (no sugar or salt added), Sucre (with sugar and salt), and Pimente (with crushed pimiento peppers and salt)—and U.S. Crystal® smooth peanut butter were evaluated by 199 panelists ranging in age from 14 to 77 yr, and from three urban districts in Haiti. A randomized complete block design was used for the study. Samples in souffle cups were labeled with three-digit random codes. Panelists indicated their feelings about intensity levels of color, oily appearance, peanut flavor, sweetness, spiciness, and smooth mouth feel of the samples on five-point Just-About-Right scales. Color of the U.S. peanut butter (U.S., h° = 73.1 ± 0.70, L value = 58.9 ± 0.60) and mamba sucre (MS, h° = 74.0 ± 0.72, L value = 57.6 ± 0.74) was considered Just-Right (JR) by 67 and 57% of panelists, respectively, but the mamba pimente (MP, h° = 78.0 ± 1.27, L value = 60.4 ± 2.21) was too pale (63%). Oily appearance of all products was acceptable to 51-59% of the participants. The peanut flavor of U.S., MS, and MP was JR for 77, 80, and 74% of panelists, respectively, whereas it was too low in the plain mamba (M) for 41% of the panelists. Sixty-six and 67%, respectively, of panelists liked the sweetness of U.S. and MS, but M and MP were not sweet enough for 72 and 68%, respectively, of the panelists. Products U.S., MS, M, and MP contained 9.4 ± 0.29, 11.6 ± 0.30, 4.7 ± 0.08, and 3.7 ± 0.34% sugar, respectively. Fifty-five percent of panelists indicated that the spiciness of MP was JR, whereas 82-92% felt that the other products were not spicy enough. Panelists (63-75%) felt that the products had an acceptable mouth feel, but MS and MP were liked the most (75%). Results indicate that Haitian consumers prefer mambas that have sweet and pimiento flavors to unflavored products.
Sensory Quality Evaluation of Market-Grade-Sized Red Testa Seed Associated With TSWV Infection from Peanut Genotypes of Varying Resistance Levels1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G.
Published: April 2010

With the increasing impact of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) on peanut production, concerns have been voiced by peanut processors that this disease has a negative impact on roasted peanut flavor quality. A descriptive sensory panel evaluated selected TSWV-resistant [Florida MDR 98, C-99R, UF97318] and susceptible (Florunner) genotypes for sensory quality differences by comparing market-grade sized (jumbo, medium, and No. 1 runner) red testa and normal seed from plants grown at two sites—Lewiston, NC and Marianna, FL. The triangle difference test and descriptive evaluation were performed on roasted peanut paste samples. Panelists were able to discern differences between pastes from normal and red testa seeds which most often were discerned in UF97318. Discernment became more pronounced as the market-grade size decreased from jumbo to medium to No. 1. Intensity of roasted peanut and sweet attributes was highest in Florida MDR 98 and lowest in UF97318. It was more difficult to achieve a constant roasted paste color in red testa than in normal samples. However, this difference had no effect on panelist's evaluation of sensory attributes. A specific factor enabling the panelists to discern differences between red testa and normal roasted paste samples was not identified. It is probable that the ability to discern differences between red testa and normal samples was the result of an accumulation of minor flavor differences.
Soil Temperature in the Peanut Pod Zone with Subsurface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Sorensen R. B. , Wright F. S.
Published: April 2010

Maintaining soil temperatures at specified levels (below 29 C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is vital to crop growth, development, and pod yield. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are not designed to wet the soil surface. Possible lack of moisture in the pod zone could result in elevated soil temperatures that could be detrimental to the peanut crop. The objective of this study was to document the response of pod zone soil temperature when irrigated with a SDI system. Thermocouple sensors were inserted at 5-cm soil depth in the crop row and at specified distances from the crop row in SDI and nonirrigated (NI) treatments. Maximum hourly and daily soil temperature data were measured at three locations, one in Virginia and two in Georgia. The maximum daily soil temperature decreased as plant canopy increased. During the first 50 d after planting (DAP), the average maximum soil temperature was 1 to 2 C cooler for both the SDI and NI treatments than the average maximum air temperature. From 50 DAP to harvest, the average maximum soil temperatures for SDI and NI treatments were 6 C cooler than the average maximum air temperature. During pod filling and maturation, the average maximum soil temperature was about 5 C cooler (27 C) for SDI treatments than the maximum air temperature and 2 C cooler than the recommended 29 C. Soil temperature in the NI treatments did exceed 29 C during periods of drought but decreased to values similar to SDI treatments immediately following a rainfall event. Overall, SDI can maintain maximum soil temperatures below critical values (29 C) during peanut fruit initiation to crop harvest.
Tolerance of Virginia-Type Peanut to Different Application Timings of 2,4-DB
Authors: Baughman T. A. , Grichar W. J. , Jordan D. L.
Published: April 2010

Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of 2,4-DB application timings on yield and market quality of virginia-type peanut. Trials were conducted at three locations in Texas and one location in North Carolina in 1997, 1998, and 1999. 2,4-DB at 0.45 kg ae/ha was applied 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 d after planting (DAP). Additional timings included combinations of 30 DAP followed by (fb) 60, 90, or 120 DAP; 60 DAP fb 90 or 120 DAP; and 90 DAP fb 120 DAP. Peanut yield, market grade factors, and pod and seed weight were not influenced by various application timings of 2,4-DB.
Market System Model to Predict the Effects of Regulatory and Processing Practices on the Removal of Aflatoxin from Peanuts1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Giesbrecht F. G. , Slate A. B.
Published: April 2010

A spreadsheet model was developed to predict the aflatoxin distribution among peanut lots in the market system from farmer stock marketing through storage, shelling, and blanching. The model calculates the aflatoxin distribution among lots after each major regulatory and processing stage in the market system from the buying point to the manufacturer. Model development is based on statistical and mathematical relationships derived from previous research on the effects of sampling plans and processing methods on the change in aflatoxin levels in peanuts. The USDA and the peanut industry can use the model as a tool to compare and evaluate the efficacy of proposed new regulations and processing methods on removing aflatoxin without actual costly implementation. The model also points out potential areas where information is missing and research is needed to better manage aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. The model is used to evaluate the peanut market system where farmers' stock peanuts are chemically tested for aflatoxin.
Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) Control in Strip-Tillage Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Production
Authors: Johnson W. C. , Prostko E. P. , Mullinix B. G.
Published: April 2010

Studies were conducted from 1999 through 2001 in Georgia to develop Texas panicum management systems in strip-tillage peanut production into a killed rye cover crop. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replications. Main plots were preemergence (PRE) herbicides for annual grass control—ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, metolachlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, and a nontreated PRE control. All plots were irrigated immediately after PRE applications to activate herbicides. Subplots were postemergence (POST) graminicides applied 28 d after peanut emergence—sethoxydim, clethodim, and a nontreated POST control. POST graminicides were applied with a crop oil concentrate. None of the PRE herbicides alone adequately controlled Texas panicum in strip-till peanut production, even with optimum activation with irrigation. Sethoxydim and clethodim controlled Texas panicum at least 91%, regardless of PRE treatments. Peanut yields were greater where ethalfluralin or pendimethalin PRE were applied sequentially with a POST graminicides, compared to PRE herbicides or POST graminicides alone. This suggests that, while POST graminicides effectively control Texas panicum, the reduced efficacy of dinitroaniline herbicides is still beneficial. The additional cost of a POST graminicide needs to be factored into production budgets for strip-tillage peanut production.
Sensory Comparison of Runner Peanut Market Grades from Selected Varieties1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G.
Published: April 2010

Peanut processors have often inquired about the sensory quality difference between market grades. A literature search indicates that information on this subject is not directly available nor uniformly presented. Where statistical tests were applied, larger size grades of peanuts generally were measurably superior in flavor to those of the smallest size grade (Jumbo Runner or virginia extra large kernels and medium versus No. 1). However, in none of the cited studies did panelists make paired comparisons of different grades of peanuts to determine whether the difference in flavor was discernable. In this study, a triangle comparison testing was used to determine if trained panelists could discern a flavor difference between adjacent grades of runner peanuts and the sensory attributes that might contribute to discernment. Discernment was attained in four out of 10 combinations: Jumbo Runner versus medium kernels of Florida MDR 98 and all three comparisons of medium versus No. 1. When the flavor data were pooled across combinations, panelists were able to correctly discern the difference between Jumbo Runner and Medium kernels 49% of the time (P < 0.05) and between medium and No. 1 kernels 90% of the time (P < 0.01). The adjusted mean sensory scores were significantly different among the three grades for fruity and sweet attributes but not for roasted peanut or bitter due to the presence of interaction between kernel size and genotype. The flavor intensity range between medium and No. 1 kernels for fruity and sweet was greater than 0.5 units. This difference is probably the reason why panelists were able to correctly discern between them 90% of the time. The basis for this discernment between Jumbo Runner and medium kernels appeared to be differences in bitterness, but the direction of the difference was not consistent across genotypes.
Influence of Preplant Applications of 2,4-D, Dicamba, Tribenuron, and Tribenuron Plus Thifensulfuron on Peanut
Authors: Prostko E. P. , Grey T. L. , Johnson W. C. , Jordan D. L. , Grichar W. J. , Besler B. A. , Brewer K. D. , Eastin E. F.
Published: April 2010

Field trials were conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas to evaluate the effects of preplant applications of 2,4-D, dicamba, tribenuron, and tribenuron plus thifensulfuron on peanut yield. Herbicides were applied 30, 15, 7, or 0 d before planting (DBP) in conventional production systems in Georgia and Texas, and 28, 21, 14, 7, and 0 DBP in no- and strip-tillage systems in North Carolina. Amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D did not affect peanut yield at any time of application in any state. Dicamba reduced peanut yield when applied at 0 DBP in two of seven trials. Tribenuron did not affect peanut yield regardless of preplant interval. However, tribenuron plus thifensulfuron reduced yields when applied at 7 DBP in one of five trials. These data suggest that 2,4-D, tribenuron, and tribenuron plus thifensulfuron can be safely used for preplant weed control in peanut when applied 7 DBP. Dicamba should be applied a minimum of 15 DBP.