bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kant, Proust, and the Appeal of Beauty
Authors: Mothersill Mary
Published: June 2017

In quite different ways Kant and Proust argue that beauty is no mere source of pleasure, and that to account for what is distinctive about its concept we must make sense of an idea of necessity or requirement that does not apply to ordinary pleasures. But they differ radically in how the normative aspect of the judgment of beauty is to be understood. Kant argues that judgment of beauty is expressed in what he calls a “universal voice” which demands the agreement of everyone. Proust’s view is hard to summarize but is exemplified in scenes where the beautiful object is experienced as making a kind of claim on the beholder, and where, unlike the case of the “agreeable” pleasure of food and drink, the issue is not whether the object satisfies some antecedent appetite for pleasure but rather whether one’s own responsiveness is adequate to the beauty of the object.
Proust and the Limits of the Will
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

Beginning with the famous theme of “involuntary memory,” the project of Proust’s novel is organized along several axes by the themes of forms of value (metaphysical, epistemic, and erotic or interpersonal) which depend on the surpassing or the evading of the voluntary, or conscious, exercises of the will. This paper attempts to display some of this organization and in so doing seeks to show the connection between the themes of solipsism and its overcoming, jealousy, skepticism and the interpretation of the inadvertent signs given off by others, and some of the paradoxes in the desire for the desire of another.
On Frankfurt’s The Reasons of Love
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

Frankfurt’s 2004 book is a summation of several of the central themes of his philosophical work of the past twenty years: the idea of caring about something as central to the problem of identification, wholeheartedness and the problem of ambivalence, the relation between love, volitional necessity and freedom, and the importance of “final ends” in providing unity to what would otherwise remain inchoate or discontinuous in one’s life and will. This paper critically examines the role that unity and coherence plays in Frankfurt’s vision, and his case against ambivalence, in particular the comparison between division in the will and incoherence in one’s beliefs.
Iris Murdoch and Existentialism
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

Iris Murdoch was one of the first philosophers in English to respond to Sartre’s early works. Initially a sympathetic interpreter, by the time of The Sovereignty of Good, she had turned against Existentialism in favor of a vision finding inspiration in Plato and Simone Weil. For many philosophers in the anglophone world the picture of Existentialism (particularly its Sartrean version) in Sovereignty became accepted as a reasonably accurate, albeit devastating, account of that loose trend in philosophy. But Murdoch’s portrayal is in fact a willful distortion, in part because Murdoch creates an amalgam-figure to attack, which includes the behaviorism in Oxford philosophy at the time and the utilitarianism of philosophers like R. M. Hare, neither of which have any serious connection with French Existentialism. In so framing her attack, Murdoch obscures how much her own vision in Sovereignty and elsewhere owes to the Existentialism tradition.
Anscombe on Practical Knowledge
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

The notion of “practical knowledge” is a central part of the philosophical account of intentional action in Elizabeth Anscombe’s monograph Intention. It is characterized in a number of different ways: as a form of “non-observational” knowledge of what one is doing, as the way a person knows what she will do when this is grounded in an intention and not a mere prediction, as a “non-contemplative” mode of knowing that is “the cause of that which it understands.” The paper attempts to organize and show the coherence of these various strands in Anscombe’s conception of practical knowledge, and argues that it enables us to understand both how the agent’s perspective on what she is doing plays a constitutive role in the identity of the intentional action in question, while yet allowing that a person can fail to do what she takes herself to be doing.
The Story of My Life
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

If narrative is thought to be a privileged form of understanding a human life, what relation does that thought bear to the idea of the “agent’s point of view?” This essay returns to an early source of this debate, the claims for the priority of narrative self-understanding in Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue and, in particular, a disagreement he registers with the early Sartre. It explores an Existentialist critique of the idea of “living one’s life as a story,” and in doing so seeks to rescue it from a certain psychological (or perhaps “phenomenological”) interpretation of the “agent’s point of view” on which both MacIntyre and Sartre rely. It argues that the exclusive focus on narratives that concern individual human lives, as capturing or failing to capture “life as it is lived,” are in various ways distorting of both the nature of narrative form and the understanding of human lives.
Catching Sight of the Buddha
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at one mechanism through which animals can dramatically improve their karmic situations, in spite of their low status and abilities. In some stories, an animal physically sees the Buddha, spontaneously gives rise to prasāda (faith), dies shortly thereafter, and is reborn in one of the lower heavens that populate the Buddhist cosmos. On the one hand, the mechanism of prasāda provides a loophole that bypasses the animal’s lack of moral agency and allows it to escape from its animal rebirth. On the other hand, the narratives that illustrate this mechanism show a strong concern with limiting what an animal can achieve by this means in order to safeguard the prerogative of being human. This chapter analyzes five narratives from the Divyāvadāna and Avadānaśataka in which this theme occurs.
Mirror for the Buddha
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

The second of three chapters examining animal characters within the life-story of the Buddha, this chapter focuses on the elephant Pārileyyaka, who dwells with and serves the Buddha during a three-month rainy-season retreat, after the Buddha has retreated to the forest in a state of disgust at the quarreling monks of Kosambī. The chapter argues that Pārileyyaka serves as a mirror for the Buddha in various ways, reflecting the Buddha’s status as both consummate Renouncer and consummate Teacher. In addition, the chapter looks at another animal character in one version of the tale—a monkey who parallels the actions of the elephant. The Buddhist imagery surrounding elephants and monkeys is also addressed.
Billboard for the Buddha
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

The last of three chapters examining animal characters within the life-story of the Buddha, this chapter focuses on the fierce elephant Nāḷāgiri, sent forth on a rampage in order to kill the Buddha (by the Buddha’s evil cousin Devadatta), yet instantaneously tamed and made docile by the enormous power of his presence. The chapter argues that Nāḷāgiri serves as a billboard for the Buddha’s power and charisma, yet the relationship between them is complex. On the one hand, the encounter between the Buddha and Nāḷāgiri is a direct confrontation between Man and Beast, but on the other hand, it is also depicted as a contest between two “elephants.” The episode is further illuminated by comparison to Garry Marvin’s classic analysis of the Spanish bullfight. In addition, the Buddhist imagery surrounding elephants, lions, and jackals is also addressed.
Arbitration Law and Its Evolution
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter concentrates on the evolution of arbitration law in the United States. The story begins in the early 1900s with Justice Benjamin Cardozo’s endorsement of what was then the standard approach to ADR in the United States, which held that parties could not arbitrate disputes or choose the law governing a dispute. This chapter explains how American law has gradually moved away from that early view to the more modern approach, which favors arbitration as an ordinary expression of choice of law and choice of forum by contract. This chapter explains why the current approach is both economically and socially valuable to general society and is now a significant feature of every aspect of American commerce.
Regulation of Arbitration Law in the United States
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter surveys the main limitations placed upon private arbitration processes by the FAA and various state statutes in contemporary American arbitration law. These limits focus on three aspects of the arbitration process. First, arbitration law imposes various requirements on the formation of arbitration agreements. The chapter then explains how a different set of limitations is needed to govern religious arbitration, including the remedies that a religious court can impose, proposing that with only a few exceptions in the area of child custody, religious arbitration should be limited to resolving matters through financial awards. Secular society must hold tightly onto the keys of coercive governmental authority, and even given contractual permission, religious arbitration should be allowed no significant force. Second, great thought needs to be put into the question of what areas of law are outside the scope of arbitration, as we do not wish to have multiple standards.
Refining Religious Arbitration in the United States and AbroadThe Jewish Experience
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

The general framework established by American arbitration law creates various basic requirements for arbitration agreements to be recognized and arbitral awards to be enforced by courts. Even if faith-based arbitrators have observed all the formal legal requirements, they must still convince state courts and judges that their religious dispute resolution processes are genuinely fair, effective, and worth upholding as an alternative form of just adjudication. This chapter uses the Jewish-American arbitration experience to identify six measures that religious arbitration organizations can and should take in order to ensure an effective, legally viable, and judicially enforceable arbitration process, namely publication of formal, sophisticated rules of procedure; development of an internal appellate process; respect for both religious and secular legal norms; acknowledgment of commercial customs and general equity; reliance on arbitrators with broad dual-system expertise; assumption of an active role in internal communal governance, and external communal representation.
The Case against Religious Arbitration
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter is a review of the basic arguments against religious arbitration. “One Law for One People” argues that allowing any private law is bad. A second argument is that religious arbitration produces substantive injustice, and a related argument is that religious arbitration produces procedural injustices. Some argue that religious arbitration is often coercive and is used to entrench unjust power relations in religious communities, and others modify that to claim that religious arbitration cannot be adequately policed or regulated in liberal societies committed to religious freedom. Related to this is the claim that secular enforcement of religious arbitration violates disputants’ rights to freedom of religion and maybe even that secular recognition of religious arbitration promotes isolation and non-integration among religious communities.
Religious Arbitration as a Secular Value
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter states the case in favor of religious arbitration. The most important argument is that recognizing religious arbitration is a religious freedom imperative. Perhaps just as important, religious arbitration often resolves disputes better than does secular adjudication. Equally important, religious arbitration is necessary for resolving religious problems such as the agunah problem and very importantly, secular recognition of religious arbitration helps moderate and integrate religions generally. Related to that, secular recognition of religious arbitration promotes value sharing that enriches public policy and discourse. Precisely The chapter concludes by noting that precisely because as a society we can no longer agree on a single definition for what were once commonly held legal sacraments, religious arbitration is a fundamental tool to allowing many different and competing parts of society to flourish.
Discussion
Authors: Kulick Don
Published: June 2017

This section of the text looks back at the questions posed by the previous three chapters: Is it monologic? Is it dialogic? What difference does it make? Does it matter? The three chapters came to similar conclusions albeit through different emphases and by looking at different sorts of ethnographic material. The text here looks in more detail as to how they did this and makes some conclusions.
Monologue and Authority in Iran
Authors: Barry James
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyzes political discourse among Iranians in Iran and California and argues that community- and national-level discourses can be seen as competing unitary languages—counterposed monologues—that allow for heteroglossia only in limited ways. Beginning at the national level, it observes how official language about commitment to the Revolution, and Iran’s status as an Islamic republic, attempts to generate the centripetal force that will pull the nation together. At the community level, the chapter describes how leaders of the Armenian community craft unitary language to depict Armenians as people who speak a certain way, worship in a certain way (they are Christians), yet have displayed notable loyalty to the Iranian national ideal. The subject of ethnic groups is nettlesome for the country’s leaders. Nonetheless, the government attempts to enfold Armenians as loyal subjects by acknowledging their contributions to the Revolution and sacrifices during the 1980s war with Iraq.
Acting with One Voice
Authors: Goodman Jane E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter offers a critique of the well-worn claim that voluntary civic associations are inherently democratizing, modernizing forces. In 1930s‒1950s urban Algeria, unanimism—monological expression of unanimous group consensus in public rituals such as voting—was both what theater companies portrayed onstage and how they operated offstage. Contrary to theorists from Tocqueville to Habermas to Huntington, civic associations can have monological tendencies in which dialogism and plurality are downplayed. There are three possible sources of Algerian interest in public displays of unanimity. One is the Islamic reformist doctrine of tawḥīd, which holds that Muslims must unite in an emphatic return to principles of monotheism. Another is forms of practice found in traditional Berber village assemblies. The third is the machinations of the colonial state, which grouped all Algerians together as Muslims, “thus making Islam emerge as the single factor around which the indigenous population could unite.”
Discussion
Authors: Handman Courtney
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides some analysis and discussion on the previous three chapters. These chapters have aimed to help develop an overall critique of the normalized sense of monologism's coercive force and heteroglossia's expressive power: monologues do not always oppress and dialogues do not always create the conditions for voices to be heard, this text argues. There are as many ways of constituting social groups as there are ways of imagining monologic communication.
Introduction
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

The introduction provides an introduction to the research site, including the social and cultural context at Heartsboro Central School and in the community of Heartsboro. It addresses methodological questions, including the overall design of the research, approaches to data collection and analysis, and reflections on ethical issues involving research with children. It gives an overview of children’s musical tastes, interests, and practices, and it offers illustrative examples of “new media poetics” that set the stage for later chapters. It also situates the book in relationship to popular music studies and puts forward a theoretical approach to childhood as a social and cultural identity.
American Public Education and the Responsibility of its Citizens
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

Not only is the future of our public schools in jeopardy, so is our democracy. Public schools are central to a flourishing democracy, where children learn how to deliberate and solve problems together, build shared identities, and come to value justice and liberty. As citizen support for public schools wanes, our democratic way of life is at risk. While we often hear about the poor performance of students and teachers, the current educational crisis is at heart not about accountability, but rather about citizen responsibility. Yet citizens increasingly do not feel that public schools are our schools, that we have influence over them or responsibility for their outcomes. Citizens have become watchdogs of public institutions largely from the perspective of consumers, without seeing ourselves as citizens who compose the public of public institutions. Accountability becomes more about finding fault with and placing blame on our schools and teachers, rather than about taking responsibility as citizens for shaping our expectations of schools, determining the criteria we use to measure their success, or supporting schools in achieving those goals. This book sheds light on recent shifts in education and citizenship, helping the public to understand not only how schools now work, but also how citizens can take an active role in shaping them. It provides citizens with tools, habits, practices, and knowledge necessary to support schools. It offers a vision of how we can cultivate citizens who will continue to support public schools and thereby keep democracy strong.
Citizenship Education and Habits of Democracy
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

Issues with legitimacy, publicness, and responsibility collectively lead to a vision of citizen preparation that I lay out in chapter eight. This introduces a cycle to support and maintain democracy through creating citizens who learn about and try it out as kids, practice it well years later, and are committed to supporting the public schools that foster it as adults. The alternative is to allow our current course to continue, a course that jeopardizes the strength of our democracy and erodes our capacity to participate in it. We have the opportunity to reorient that course to not only improve democracy and public schools now, but also to chart an improved course toward the growth and flourishing of democracy and public schools in the future.
Educating Citizens Through and For Democracy and Our Public Schools
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

In this chapter I offer some insight into our current context and needs in order to highlight some of the habits that schools should be fostering to sustain key elements of democracy and improve existing democracy. At the same time, I recognize that the educational approaches and goals themselves must be open to change. Aligned with the definition of responsibility I offered in chapter five, these habits are social and relational. They often entail a proclivity to act with others and are driven by concerns with the well-being of democracy and fellow citizens. Developing these habits can help our budding citizens fulfill their role responsibilities. I complete the cycle for sustaining democracy via education by describing improved citizenship education, including habits of democracy teachable within our schools, where we develop citizens through democracy and our public schools.
Political Fans and Cheerleaders
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: June 2017

Drawing on stories of citizens who voluntarily participate in the viral marketing of electoral candidates, as well as developments from the 2016 Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders campaigns, this chapter explores the complex intersection between traditional top-down electioneering and grassroots political promotion that emerges from popular culture. It considers how a fanlike cultural engagement with modern political brands fosters participatory forms of candidate promotion that extend far beyond a campaign’s official digital media outreach. Here, citizen marketers take on the role of cheerleaders for their political “teams,” seeking to model enthusiasm and rally their like-minded peers. This dynamic is becoming particularly important for outsider and insurgent candidates who depend on groundswells of grassroots momentum on social media and elsewhere to achieve electoral success. However, these practices also risk furthering the dynamics of political polarization and partisanship that threaten to divide the polity into self-enclosed and opposing camps.
News Spreaders and Agenda Setters
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the use of platforms such as Twitter to link to news articles about favored political issues and argues that the selective sharing of journalism on social media positions citizens in a public relations–like capacity, helping raise awareness for some truths and narratives over others. In the contemporary environment of information surplus, the grassroots curation of news serves as an entry point for citizens to participate in agenda-setting processes that are subtly, yet undeniably, persuasive in intention. The increasingly partisan character of political information itself, from ideologically charged news and satire to activist-oriented citizen journalism, fuels the marketing-like orientation of citizens who publicize and promote this content to peers. The chapter concludes with an analysis of for-profit news sites that depend on social sharing for their financial livelihood and addresses broader risks of political trivialization as journalistic content is shaped to “go viral” across like-minded peer networks.
Toward a Critical Literacy of the Citizen Marketer Approach
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: June 2017

This concluding chapter addresses the controversy of “slacktivism” and argues that mediated symbolic action does not necessarily become a substitute for other forms of political participation. However, it does present several notable risks: in addition to potentially exacerbating political polarization and partisanship, it may also attenuate the connection between symbolic victories in the media and complex political realities on the ground. The challenge, then, for those who adopt these practices is to work to retain and strengthen connections between style and substance, which requires introspection about the political content they spread to others and what they hope to achieve by doing so. In addition, a critical literacy of citizen marketing must also include an enhanced awareness of the broader power structures that bear upon it, from elite attempts to shape peer-to-peer political messaging flows to serve institutional agendas to gaps in technological access and skills that reproduce digital inequality.
Inconsistency in the Torah
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This book proposes a new approach to the Pentateuch’s narrative and legal inconsistencies that scholars have taken as signs of fragmentation and competing agendas. Recent studies of the scribal culture of the ancient Near East reveal that the models of textual growth hypothesized by biblicists often find no basis in the empirical evidence of these neighboring cultures. It reveals precursors for a variety of Pentateuchal inconsistencies in the narrative literature of the ancient Near East, deliberately deployed by a single agent. It explores the inconsistencies between the Pentateuch’s law corpora and arguing the view that these collections conflict with one another rests on an anachronistic understanding of ancient Near Eastern and biblical law as statutory law. It maintains that the historical critical approach to the Pentateuch has relied upon scholarly intuition concerning the inconsistencies found in the text. The recent pivot to empirical models constitutes a major challenge to traditional historical-critical method, mandating a review of its premises. The book includes a critical intellectual history of the theories of textual growth in biblical studies tracing how critics were influenced first by the fascination with science in the eighteenth century and then by Romanticism and Historicism in the nineteenth. These movements unwittingly led the field to adopt a range of commitments and interests that impede the proper execution of historical critical method in the study of the Pentateuch. It concludes by advocating a return to the hermeneutics of Spinoza and adopting a methodologically modest agenda.
Introduction
Authors: Berman Joshua A. , Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

The introduction opens by reviewing the fragmented state of the field of source criticism as it was presented in 2013, at a conference titled “Convergence and Divergence in Pentateuchal Theory: Bridging the Academic Cultures of Israel, North America, and Europe.” The premise of the book is that modern scholars who are doing diachronic work do so under anachronistic notions of literary unity. Examples are adduced from both the Baal Cycle and the Sefire Treaty which exhibit precisely the types of inconsistencies that scholars take as evidence of multiple authorship in the Pentateuch, even though each of these cognate compositions is assumed to be the work of a single hand. The Introduction then briefly describes the contents of each of the fourteen chapters of the book.
The Exodus Sea Account (Exod 13:17–15:19) in Light of the Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

The Exodus sea account bears strong affinities with the Kadesh Poem of Ramesses II. The two compositions share a lengthy and distinct common plot structure featuring many tropes which are distinct to these two works alone. The Exodus sea account is an appropriation of the Kadesh Poem, as part of an ideological battle with Ramesses II. The differences between the prose and poetic accounts of the crossing of the sea in Exodus chs. 14 and 15 are highly reminiscent of the types of differences between the multiple versions of the battle of Kadesh that Ramesses commissioned upon his return home from battle with the Hittites. The longest of the three inscriptions, the Kadesh Poem—universally understood as composed by one agent—is rife with the types of inner tensions and contradictions that often lead modern critics to conclude that the texts of the Hebrew Bible are the result of revision and redaction.
Retold History in the Book of Deuteronomy in Light of the Hittite Treaty Tradition
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter attends to the vexing question of the bald contradictions we encounter between the narratives of the book of Deuteronomy, and the parallel accounts found earlier in the Torah. This rewritten history is remarkable because in the form that we encounter it today—the received text of the Torah—there is no erasure. We first encounter the stories in the books of Exodus and Numbers; and then we encounter them reworked later in the text continuum of the Pentateuch, as part of Moses’s recollections, in the book of Deuteronomy. This chapter claims that what we witness in the Torah—rewritten history that does not displace earlier, conflicting versions of those same events—may be understood with recourse to the Late Bronze Age Hittite treaty prologue tradition, which is discussed in chapter 3.
Redacting the Torah’s Conflicting Laws: New Empirical Models
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter attends to the final form of law corpora, as exhibited in the received text of the Torah. Scholars have classically viewed redaction of the Torah as either a great compromise, or an attempt an anthology. The chapter offers a critique of those views and champions more recent models of Pentateuch redaction that see here instead a creative melding of reapplications of God’s word. Scholars who view the corpora as complementary, however, must also posit a strategy that accounts for the redaction of the Torah. Why are all the iterations retained in final redaction? This chapter identifies empirical models of legal texts that do what the Torah does: retain outdated law within an authoritative legal text. The examples are from American constitutional jurisprudence and rabbinic jurisprudence in the Mishnah. These models are invoked phenomenologically, as a heuristic aid to understand legal revision and drafting in biblical Israel.
A Critical Intellectual History of the Historical-Critical Paradigm in Biblical Studies
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter seeks to understand the origins of the intellectual commitments that shape the discipline today, and its halting disposition toward empirical models of textual growth. It examines how theorists over three centuries have entertained the most fundamental questions concerning the goals and methods of historical-critical study of the Hebrew Bible. The axioms that governed nineteenth-century German scholarship were at a great divide from those that governed earlier historical-critical scholarship, such as that of Spinoza. From there, the chapter offers a brief summary of the claims of contemporary scholars who are looking toward empirical models to reconstruct the textual development of Hebrew scriptures. The chapter concludes by demonstrating how this vein of scholarship undermines an array of nineteenth-century intellectual assumptions, but would have been quite at home in the earlier periods of the discipline’s history, and calling for a return to Spinozan hermeneutics.
Migrant Media
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 provides a history of southern migration and its impact on American culture at large. Most pointedly, black and white southern migrants to Los Angeles contributed in fundamental ways to the development of the Hollywood studio system, and the “southernization” of many of its institutions. Southern filmmakers included D. W. Griffith and many of his acolytes and younger peers. Other southerners occupied positions throughout the industry, and the enormous output of films registered southern history and culture in many ways: in the appearances of southern actors, in the presence of jazz, in films of every genre, and perhaps more than anything else in the ubiquitous presence of segregation, which the system as a whole had adopted for its own purposes.
The Silver Dream Accumulated
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 is devoted to the film-related activities of southern literary figures. From nineteenth-century writers including Mark Twain and Harriet Beecher Stowe (not a southerner by birth, but, as author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a huge influence on southern literary history) to modern figures like Thomas Dixon, William Faulkner, Lillian Hellman, and the Nashville Agrarians, the southern literary tradition made myriad contributions to film. Faulkner’s screenwriting work provides perhaps the most engaging example. Meanwhile, the efforts of African American writers to make similar contributions were limited by the hard facts of Jim Crow, leaving such important figures as Richard Wright and Langston Hughes, among many others, to generate their own opportunities, often abroad, in a far more uneven fashion. Black film critics like Lester A. Walton also emerged as important literary figures.
And the War Came
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 deals with the cinematic legacies of the Civil War, from very early documentary films featuring Confederate Memorial Days and battlefield reenactments to the two most significant feature films in the history of American motion pictures: The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind. D. W. Griffith’s singular career, and his enduring influence of the institutional structure of the medium and industry, is a central presence here, while the extraordinary popularity of Gone with the Wind as novel and film provided a sense of continuity with earlier Civil War films sympathetic to the Confederacy and its partisans.
Pruning Knife Busy
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 addresses film censorship in the South, and places this history in the larger context of the American film industry as a whole. From early boxing films such as the Johnson-Jeffries fight of 1910, which led southern politicians to ban interracial boxing films (and, in some cases, all boxing films) to the prodigious work of individual southern censors including Lloyd T. Binford of Memphis and Evan R. Chesterman of the State of Virginia, this history reveals the embeddedness of Jim Crow ideology within all sorts of film institutions. In the years after World War II, when film censorship practices came under greater scrutiny and legal threat, the work of southern film censors largely petered out, anticipating some of the coming confrontations of the Civil Rights Movement.
Mitigating the Cybersecurity Dilemma
Authors: Buchanan Ben
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers how the cybersecurity dilemma can be mitigated. It considers the ways in which states can act unilaterally to improve their baseline defenses, can form bilateral partnerships with other states, and can take action to signal that they are serious about addressing the problem. These include sending costly signals to other states in order to lend credibility to their professed intentions. In cybersecurity, zero day exploits and encryption policy offer opportunities to send costly signals. The chapter draws on Cold War history to provide conceptual examples for many of these actions.
Moses, the Mushites, and the Rise of the Levites
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

The early Israelite priesthood formed among priest-saint groups beyond the boundaries of chiefdoms. The traditions regarding Moses outshine those of virtually all other such venerated figures, arising from the dominance of his (ostensible) descendants, the Mushites, throughout major sanctuaries in the Canaanite highlands in the twelfth century BCE. It is around these priestly lineages that the Levite caste was built, derived from lay families devoted to the sanctuaries where priestly clans like the Mushites dominated. Yet by the mid-eleventh century, the Levites emerged as the preeminent priestly caste following the decline of a major Mushite line (the Elides) and sanctuary (Shiloh). By this time, Moses became a mythic patron of all Levites rather than functioning as a bloodline ancestor of one priestly line.
The Levite Scribes, Part 2
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

The Jeremiah tradition extends the Deuteronomistic project, presenting scribes as the levitical bearers of Jeremiah’s prophetic teachings. This is rooted in Jeremiah’s own Levite heritage, alongside strong indications that he was enculturated in Deuteronomistic scribalism. What is implicit in Deuteronomy is made explicit in Jeremiah vis-à-vis the scribal transmission process and the relationship between Levite scribes and revelation: Jeremiah 36 and 51:59–64a are especially significant in fleshing out the intimate and even genetic relationship between the potency of YHWH’s divine word and the pen of (Levite) scribes. The texts they created—especially the precursor to the MT Jeremiah tradition—emerge as surrogate sanctuaries wherein identity is anchored in literary form. To transmit and teach these texts was to maintain and redefine who was, or who could be, part of Israel in exile.
From Scribes to Sages
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

In challenging the Aaronide use of text for ritual authority in the first part of the Persian period, the Levites factored text into a wisdom curriculum that moved beyond Aaronide-ritual contexts. Nehemiah 8 provides a sort of model for this process, subjecting the Pentateuch to new terms of revelation through sapiential exegesis. But the creation of the Book of the Twelve served as the ultimate masterstroke, yielding a new model for how Levite sages actualized and facilitated revelation through their literary activity and study of textual sources. The Chronicler’s depiction of the Levites as prophets by virtue of their chanting and teaching of prophetic texts finds its roots in the ideology embedded in and expressed by the Book of the Twelve: YHWH’s presence was affirmed and indeed invoked through the sapiential engagement of prophetic texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2017

The cumulative effects of the historical and intellectual developments discussed in this volume left a deep impression on the Jewish literature of the Late Persian and Hellenistic periods. Chronicles and the Psalms show signs of Levite traditions worked into a sacred curriculum, and the Book of Daniel shows resistance to the normalization of Levite scribal/sapiential traditions. These traditions carry implications for the origins of Jewish midrash, and find their way into new myths cultivated in ancient rabbinic and Christian texts for the purposes of defining (and redefining) identity boundaries within and between those groups.
The Changing Fate of Private Ownership since 1949
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the changing fate of the private sector. It traces the evolution of private ownership since 1949, with a focus on several major twists and turns that profoundly changed the fate of private business during and after the Mao era. This survey is further substantiated with a comprehensive statistical mapping of the decline of the public sector and a number of important features of the re-emerging private sector in economic reforms, including organizational forms, geographic variations, sectoral distributions, and changes over time. In so doing, the chapter brings up a number of key questions that will be addressed in the ensuing chapters.
God’s Ambassador to the World
Authors: Martin William
Published: June 2017

This chapter chronicles Billy Graham’s missions and influence around the world. Throughout his career, Graham held more than two hundred preaching missions of varied length in more than eighty countries and reached virtually every country in the world through various electronic media. In the process, he developed reputation, influence, and authority that enabled him to play a dominant role in creating a worldwide evangelical movement. This chapter describes the representative and most important evangelistic efforts on each of the continents other than North America where he proclaimed the Christian gospel in a substantial way. In addition, it gives a brief account of major international conferences that he and his BGEA associates organized, joining Christians from almost every nation into a world in ecumenical concord.
A Politics of Conversion
Authors: Evans Curtis J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter suggests that Billy Graham’s political and social vision is most aptly described as a “politics of conversion,” a means to enlist Christians to participate more actively in changing the nation to reflect their values and beliefs. In his early ministry, Graham offered assessments of social and political issues that put him at odds with any straightforward valorization of America as a chosen nation. Even so, Graham’s growing alarm at the sexual revolution, the “rights revolution,” crime in urban centers, the negative implications of technology, and rapidly growing communism all led him increasingly toward a conservative political position. Graham then was a catalyst in the emergence of a politics of family values, patriotism, and fighting crime that gained enormous support across the country by the late 1960s and laid the religious groundwork for the emerging New Christian Right’s strong opposition to the cultural and social agenda of leftist liberalism.
“Heavenly Houston”
Authors: Dochuk Darren
Published: June 2017

This chapter addresses an understudied context of Graham’s racial encounters between the early 1950s and 1980s: evangelical entrepreneurialism. Though careful not to reduce faith to financial interest, it asserts that the “world” in which Graham acted upon racial concerns and civil rights was fashioned out of an imperative to realign America with market principles. In particular, it describes and explains how Graham formed close friendships with Texas evangelicals and voiced a shared belief in their “Sunbelt” creed that a color-blind society would be created only when the regulatory state stood aside and let individuals operate to their fullest philanthropic potential, for the benefits of open markets, fairer race relations, and godlier communities.
Libraries and Communication in the Ancient World
Authors: Nicholls Matthew
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 broadens traditional scholarship on ancient libraries so as to gauge the roles of these institutions in promoting the exchange and transmission of ideas and values, and the mobility of people, objects, and texts. The privileged ability of libraries to select and canonize texts has long been appreciated, but recognition of their widespread communicative value in Greek and Roman society is a revealing recent advance. After surveying the libraries of Hellenistic rulers and Roman aristocrats, Nicholls concentrates on Augustus’ new regime at Rome, which elevated the importance and visibility of libraries by virtue of their sheer physical scale, the scope of their collections, and above all their open embrace of a broad, public readership.
Diplomatic Communication in the Ancient Mediterranean
Authors: Ager Sheila L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter takes up the topic of diplomacy in the Mediterranean world. Ager shows that, in this world of manifold networks, the safeguards provided by formal, permanent international institutions of the modern type were lacking, and diplomacy by no means necessarily took improved relations as its goal. Although envoys were not professionals, the means of conducting diplomacy were varied and sophisticated, and the slowness of ancient travel did not prevent extensive exchanges. Symbolic messages of various kinds (including inscriptions, monuments, and coins) had an important role to play. In certain circumstances, kinship diplomacy might prove decisive, as might “deprecation” offered by third parties to avert a catastrophe.
Communicating Through Maps
Authors: Talbert Richard
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the conceptual foundations of Roman map-making and worldview, and finds that instead of representing the earth as accurately as was possible at the time, the few surviving maps depict, and glorify, Roman rule of the larger part of the inhabited world. In their own distinctive ways the colossal Marble Plan of the city of Rome and the elongated Peutinger world-map were each costly signals. A sense of Roman worldview can also be recovered from geographical portable sundials.
Fierce Fish Who Pee
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents an analysis of the linguistic styles used in performances by African American drag queens in Texas in the 1990s. After a discussion on the general background on drag and the specific details of the drag queens in this study, an overview of drag queen language ideologies is provided. Attention is given to a “white-woman” style of speaking similar to stereotyped views of women’s language. For the drag queens in this study, mastering the white-woman style was seen as a crucial component of success as a drag performance. An analysis of drag performances is given, focusing on the ways in which contrasting linguistic styles are combined. Although the white-woman style was labeled as being associated with race, the analysis presented in this chapter suggests the appropriation has more to do with indexing patterns of social class.
The Class Menagerie
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the appropriation of stereotypes of southern speech among early members of the (gay male) bear subculture. Bear subculture emphasizes the properties of being heavyset and having higher-than-average amounts of body hair. The chapter begins with an overview of bear subculture, including a history of the emergence of the subculture in the early 1990s. The chapter then discusses the emergence of bear slang and the use of the “bear codes” on the Bear Mailing List. It is argued that early bear subculture constructed gay masculinity through the appropriation of stereotyped representations of southern working-class men. An analysis of language use on the Bear Mailing List reveals the use of Mock Hillbilly, a linguistic style characterized by the exaggerated representations of Appalachian and Ozark dialects of English, including the use of eye-dialect in email messages. It is argued that the appropriation of southern stereotypes allowed early bears to construct a form of masculinity that aligned with being overweight.
The National-Socialist Campaign Against Natural Law
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks in detail at the rejection by the National-Socialists of Natural Law. The flat rejection of the rationalist traditions of Natural Law resulted in a conflict between National-Socialism and the advocates of Natural Law traditions. The chapter looks at the two opposing groups to try to fathom the historical significance of the National-Socialist attitudes toward Natural Law. In order to do this, it is stated, an examination of the role of religious elements in Natural Law is essential. However, it is argued, the religious elements are not the only consideration. While it is true that the Christian religion is both historically and doctrinally bound to Natural Law, rationalistic Natural Law is not necessarily dependent on the Christian notions with which it has often been associated. Both sides are discussed in detail.
Setting the Problem
Authors: Carvalho Henrique
Published: June 2017

This introductory chapter presents the context of the preventive turn, looking at how recent changes and transformations to the framework of criminal law and criminal liability have been represented in terms of doctrine and criminalization. It pays particular attention to how these changes have been interpreted by criminal law scholars. It describes and engages with what has been termed the liberal model of criminal law and with how this model has been contrasted with the rationale behind preventive criminal offences. It then identifies a tension around dichotomies found in criminal law theory, such as that between punishment and prevention and that between liberty and security, which suggests a paradoxical relationship between liberal law and one of its main precepts, the notion of individual autonomy and liberty. The last part of the chapter lays out the methodology applied throughout the book, its main assumptions and its overall structure.
Criminal Subjectivity and Socio-Political Imagination
Authors: Carvalho Henrique
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the main conceptual building blocks for a reconceptualization of the subject of criminal law and its role in the process of criminalization. It focuses mainly on an examination of how the criminal law and its subject are intrinsically related to how liberal societies are imagined, and how these images are in turn linked to a specific conceptual context and history. The chapter investigates the links between criminal law and notions such as citizenship and civilization, and the role of criminal law in the maintenance of civil order. It also presents the core of what is the main argument of the book, namely, that the subject of criminal law is intrinsically ambivalent, torn between the notions of responsibility and dangerousness.