bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of the Development of a New City on the Life of Indigenous Communities: A Case From Nusantara Capital City (IKN), Indonesia
Authors: Bahzar Mohammad
Published: July 2024

The impact of the construction of the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) on the indigenous community of  is significantly felt, with findings showing that this development overlooks the rights of the indigenous community. Despite aiming for progress, the  indigenous community feels marginalized and concerned about the sustainability of their livelihoods. The purpose of this research is to understand the existence of the  indigenous community in the face of the onslaught of the IKN development and the protection of the rights of the  indigenous community. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques include observation, documentation, and interviews with relevant parties. The results of this research indicate that the existence of the  indigenous community is threatened due to the IKN development's lack of attention and disregard for the protection of the rights of the  indigenous community, such as threats to their living space, ambiguity regarding customary land rights, and ambiguity in regulations specifically concerning recognition, protection, and respect for the rights of the  indigenous community.
Narrative Review on Complicated Cholecystitis: An Update on Management
Authors: H.R Kumar
Published: July 2024

Complicated cholecystitis is a term used to describe the local complications that occur in acute cholecystitis. It included gangrenous, empyema and perforation of the gallbladder. The diagnosis of these conditions involves clinical, laboratory investigations and imaging modalities. The treatment of complicated cholecystitis is by performing a cholecystectomy, either by an open or laparoscopic method. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a high conversion rate due to inflammation of the gallbladder which makes dissection difficult. Subtotal cholecystectomy is an alternative surgical procedure in patients who have adhesions at the calot’s triangle. We have conducted this review article to look at the types of complicated cholecystitis, and the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid against Mosaic Virus Disease in Capsicum annum
Authors: Surekha T. , Patil Sushma , Udayasree T.
Published: July 2024

India is the world's leading producer, consumer, and exporter of chilli, a commodity with significant worldwide value. Pests, diseases, and viruses pose serious risks to chillies, resulting in large losses every year. A phenolic derivative that is widely distributed in the kingdom of plants, salicylic acid, is known to regulate a number of physiological and biochemical processes, including thermogenesis, plant signaling or defense, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Salicylic acid's potential as a plant regulator led to the conduct of this study to ascertain its potentized form's effectiveness in varying potencies in preventing Chilli mosaic virus disease in Capsicum annum plants and improving plant parameters. Four groups were used in the study: Group A, B, C and D were administered for placebo, 6C, 12C, 30C respectively. The parameters analyzed in each group are plant height, number of chillies, weight of the chilli, size of the chilli, number of leaves and total yield. The ANOVA single-factor test was used to statistically assess the obtained data. The variations in plant parameters (plant height, number of chilies, weight of the chilli, size of the chilli, number of leaves, and total yield) amongst the four study groups were, respectively, 148.25, 219.58, 67739.8, 14.48, 75.6, and 6.71. At the 5% level, the computed value of F is 11.55, greater than the table value of F crit 2.77 with degrees of freedom v1 = 5 and v2 = 18. Strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis is provided by the obtained P value of 0.000041, which is less than 0.01. According to the findings of this study, Salicylic acid is effective in enhancing the parameters of capsicum annuum infected with the Chilli mosaic virus at varying potencies.
Biochemical Characterization, Antimicrobial Potency, and Metallic Nanoparticle Generation from Tridax procumbens Extracts
Authors: A. S. Gbadamosi , M. O. Oseni , B. A. Adetukonbo , O. A. Oseni
Published: July 2024

Several studies have mainly focused primarily on seeking promising ways to solve major human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neuro-degenerative disease. In the quest for new antimicrobial and modifications of existing ones, interestingly, medicinal plants have emerged as the preferred and safest source of various medicines, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Plants and their bio-active compounds hold potential as antimicrobial agents to combat these diseases and are pioneers in the discovery of new medicines. Tridax procumbens is a highly promising species that produces secondary metabolites that have been reported to possess a variety of medicinal uses, including anti-anemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anesthetic properties. This species has a long history of traditional use by different communities. This study aimed to investigate the medicinal properties of phytochemicals constituents and other biochemical components. The phytochemical screening, Vitamin C content antioxidants and antimicrobial properties as well as green synthesis of three metallic nanoparticles of the Tridax procumbens leaf extracts were determined using standard analytical procedures. The extracts of the leaves was found to contain medicinal important phytochemical constitutes; strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The metallic nanoparticles were characterized with FTIR peaks around 4000, 3705, 2777, 1800, 1500 cm-1for AgNP, CuNP and ZnNP. Both the plant extracts and all the nanoparticles exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against the tested pathogens. Based on the results obtained in this study, this species could potentially serve as an effective, safe, and affordable source of treatment of certain ailments and drug development against major human diseases that pose threats worldwide.
Cultivation of Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty)- A Versatile Medicinal and Aromatic Plant
Authors: Sharma Yashaswini
Published: July 2024

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is a versatile medicinal and aromatic plant mainly used for soil and conservation purposes. It is a perennial grass species with a densely tufted enormous root system that grows up to two meters long. The fibrous roots are highly aromatic and used for extraction of essential oils used in high-grade perfumes as a base or fixative for their long-lasting characteristic odor. The fragrant dry roots are traditionally used for water purification in south India. Besides, the consumption of vetiver-treated water has cooling properties and refreshes the body and mind. It also acts as a deodorant and stimulant, aids digestion, and has carminative, colic, anthelmintic, and antioxidant properties. It is a very hard grass, suitable for growing in wastelands, arid regions, and hill slopes with the least maintenance. The worldwide demand for vetiver oil was estimated at around 408.8 t/year in 2019, and the growth was reported to increase at a CAGR of 7.8 % from 2020-2027. India consumes 100 tons of vetiver oil annually; the domestic production is only 20 tons, and the remaining 80 % of the oil is imported. Hence, there is a lot of scope for increasing the vetiver area in India and globally. Looking at its vast utilization and demand, an attempt has been made to present the improved cultivation practices of vetiver based on the literature survey and experience.
Evaluation of Probiotic Attributes of Isolated Yeast Strains from Fruits and Bread
Authors: L Malashree , Y K Anushree , Akshaykumar
Published: July 2024

Aims: To characterize the probiotic attributes of yeasts obtained from fruit and bread  samples.
Study Design:
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar,
Karnataka, India, between June 2022 and March 2023.
Methodology:3 samples (Litchi, orange and bread) were taken to isolate yeasts using pour plate method. The obtainedcolonies were isolated, purified and cultured on YMM (Yeast maintenance media) and checked for prelimenary identification, biochemical tests followed by probiotic characterization using acid and bile test.
Results: The yeast counts were only obtained from litchi and orange but not in bread sample. The counts were 4.20, 3.3 and 0 log10cfu/g for litchi, orange and bread respectively with significant difference (P=.05). Isolated yeasts of 5 numbers were identified as Saccharomyces species and those were subjected for acid and bile tolerance test to check probiotic attributes. All the isolates showed tolerance to both acid and bile with significant difference.
Conclusion: The isolated yeast strain possess some probiotic characteristics and use of probiotic yeasts by humans through food gives biotherapeutic value.
Awareness about Nutritional Benefits of Millets among Young Adults of Ayodhya District, India
Authors: Dixit Garima , Jamal Zeba , Singh Akanksha , Pandey Ritika
Published: July 2024

Millets are the group of small seeded grasses that have various benefits. Millets are also known as super nutritious grain which have multiple health and nutritional benefits. Millets have versatility which can be used for various dishes and it is one of the sustainable choices for agriculture and has great impact on environment. The impact of millet on environment are an excellent source of nutrients and have outstanding characteristics related to climate adaptation. Thus, millets could contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forth by the United Nations [1]. The aim was to assess the consumption of millets and to explore awareness about nutritional benefits of millets among young adults of Ayodhya district. The study participants were young adults between 18-32 years pursuing studies in various disciplines in Ayodhya district. Data regarding the awareness, consumption, opinion, knowledge, preferences and the taste of millets among young adults were collected using a Google questionnaire 100 responses were collected. Gender females are more aware about the benefits of millets and high education level shows they are more knowledgeable about benefits of millets. The majority of respondents heard bout millets but regularly did not consume them and also did not knew about difference of major, minor and pseudo millets categorically. Some people didn’t like the taste of it but knew the importance of millets. The purpose for the study and its potential contributions to understanding young adult’s awareness and behaviours towards millet products and a demographic pivotal in shaping future food trends and dietary habits. With the growing recognition of millets as nutritious, climate-resilient crops, understanding the factors influencing their acceptance and integration into diets is crucial for promoting sustainable food systems and improving public health.
A Comprehensive Review of the Effect and Mitigation of Climate Change on Sericulture
Authors: G S Sujatha , Kumar Gadde Anil , Teja Katta Subramanya Sai , Devi Dharanikota Lalithambica , E Vidya Madhuri , Panda Aradhana , J S Rupali , Gautam Saransh Kumar
Published: July 2024

Sericulture, the practice of silkworm cultivation to produce silk, has been around for thousands of years and is even a part of cultural significance in Asia. But, the changes in climate change have created so many problems due to physical and physiological factors that are affecting silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) as well as mulberry plants which is primary food of silkworm. In this review, we address about the influence of climate change on sericulture by discussing pertinent studies in relation to rising temperatures and temperature changes; self-defensive responses related with heat waves; precipitation changes. Growth and cocoon quality in the optimal range for silkworm are so critical to temperature and humidity, that deviating from them lowers silk production while higher numbers can deteriorate death rates. In addition, climate change results in shifts of mulberry plant physiology and pest dynamics which are additional complications to sericulture practices.In alignment with the above, research and development is oriented toward climate-resilient silkworm breeding lines, improved mulberry cultivation practices, and modern technologies like remote sensing and GIS for efficient resource management. Works of planned future interest include bettering the quality of genetic research for the development of more resilient silkworm strains and the performance of comprehensive vulnerability assessments to formulate suitable adaptation strategies. Ensuring the resilience and economic viability of the sericulture industry in the face of climate change is crucial for sustaining long-term silk production if the mitigation measures discussed in this paper are put in place.
Effect of Sowing Dates and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield, Quality and Economics of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.) SFM 1
Authors: Rashid Zahida , Nissar Saima , Ahngar Tanveer Ahmad , Bhat Raies A , Nasseer Sabina , Majid Shabeena , Mir Aamir H , Bashir Sabiya , Shehnaz Efath , Anayat Rakhshanda , Dar Z. A
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to assess the effect of sowing dates and nitrogen levels on yield, yield attributes quality, and economic return of Shalimar Fodder Maize-1 (Zea mays L.). An experiment was carried out at Crop Research Farm of the Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Wadura, during Kharif 2022. The experiment consisted of four sowing dates, S1 (15th April), S2 (15th May), S3 (15thJune), and S4 (15th July) and four nitrogen levels, N0 (0 kg ha-1), N1 (60 kg ha-1), N2 (120 kg ha-1) and N3 (180 kg ha-1) as sub-plot treatments, laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that the early date of sowing S1 (15th April) had significantly higher values in yield, yield attributes, and quality parameters viz., number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein content (%), ADF (%), NDF (%), and ash content (%) than other sowing dates, while S4 (15th July) had significantly lower growth, yield, and quality parameters. However, S1 (15th April) recorded a significantly lower leaf stem ratio, which was seen to be decreasing with an increase in sowing dates. Among different nitrogen levels, the yield and quality parameters viz., leaf stem ratio, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein, and ash content were significantly influenced by increasing levels of nitrogen, being maximum with N3 (180 kg ha-1), which was at par with N2 (120 kg ha-1), whereas N0 (control) recorded significantly lower growth, yield, and quality parameters. Furthermore, NDF (%) and ADF (%) decreased as nitrogen levels increased, and were lowest at N3 (180 kg ha-1). In terms of economic suitability, the treatment combination of S1N3 (15th April + 180 kg ha-1) had the highest net returns (Rs. 143841.7 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.87), followed by S1N2 (15th April + 120 kg ha-1) with net return (Rs. 120721.3 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.45).
Coproduction in the U.S. Department of Defense: Examining How the Evolution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Expands Non‐Traditional Partner Engagement
Authors: Franklin Aimee L. , Mott Tara , Williams T. H. Lee
Published: January 2014

This study examines interactions between the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and its non‐traditional partners. Facilitated by advances in technology hardware and software, the nature of collaboration has changed significantly, shifting from authoritarian to symbiotic relationships. We find that DoD partners have expanded to include geographic information systems (GIS) and information technology professionals, and individual GIS users. As more non‐traditional, external partners become involved, the DoD attempts to exert informational power over its partners to assure data integrity and preserve data security. We consider an appropriate role for the DoD in a polycentric regime where public value increasingly is coproduced. This leads us to consider, by analogy, if there are other public policy arenas where data integrity and security concerns will lead to a similar approach.
Assessing the Link Between Online Mass Media and Trust in Government: Evidence From Seoul, South Korea
Authors: Porumbescu Gregory A.
Published: January 2014

This study examines the influence of citizens' use of online mass media on levels of trust in government, shedding light on the process by which citizens' use of online mass media serves to influence their levels of trust in government. I hypothesize that citizens' use of online mass media influences the relationship between citizens' predispositions toward government in general, and their levels of trust in government in particular, with perceptions of government performance acting as a mediating factor. To test this hypothesis a mediated moderation analysis is conducted using data from a sample of 907 Seoul citizens. The results suggest that citizens' use of online mass media has a positive indirect influence on their levels of trust in government. However, the strength of this influence decreases with more frequent use of online mass media.
The Influence of Group Communication, Government–Citizen Interaction, and Perceived Importance of New Media on Online Political Discussion
Authors: Liu Na , Zhang Xinzhi
Published: January 2014

Online political discussion is a growing form of political behavior and plays an important role in political deliberation in the new media age. This article examines “daily talk” as a type of political deliberation, and emphasizes two overlooked factors that influence online political discussion: direct government–citizen interactions and perceptions of the importance of new media for online political discussion. It also examines the moderation effects of perceived importance of new media on group communication and government–citizen interaction. Survey data analysis from the 2008 Civic Engagement survey from the Pew Internet & American Life Project (n = 2,251) reveals that citizens' interactions with both members of their political group and government officials have positive influences on the frequency of online political discussion. Meanwhile, the association between online political discussion and online group communication becomes stronger when one perceives that new media are less important as source of political information. The theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Bridging Normative Democratic Theory and Internet Technologies: A Proposal for Scaling Citizen Policy Deliberations
Authors: Liston Vanessa , Harris Clodagh , O'Toole Mark
Published: January 2014

This article presents an experimental model for citizen deliberation that bridges the gap between developments in normative deliberative theory, and online participation and deliberation in practice. The Social Web for Inclusive and Transparent democracy (SOWIT) model is designed for integration into policy‐making processes. It is currently being developed in consultation with citizens, civil society organizations, and Councilors in an Irish local authority and will be implemented in 2014. Our approach is rooted in Dryzek and Niemeyer's (Dryzek and Niemeyer [2008]. American Political Science Review 102(4): 481–93) innovations in discursive representation and meta‐consensus as well as Bächtiger et al.'s (Bächtiger et al. [2010]. Journal of Political Philosophy 18: 32–63) sequential approach to deliberation. SOWIT pioneers a dynamic implementation of a meta‐consensus framework for structuring and incentivizing policy deliberations. In this article, we present the model, explain its normative rationale, and outline the experimental framework.
Determination of the source regions for surface to stratosphere transport: An Eulerian backtracking approach
Authors: Haines P. E. , Esler J. G.
Published: January 2014

A wide range of inverse problems in atmospheric transport and chemistry can be solved within the Eulerian backtracking framework. Here it is shown how a new and accurate numerical implementation can be used as an alternative to Lagrangian back trajectory methods in a wide class of process studies. As a key example, the question of how the (time‐averaged) stratospheric flux of a finite lifetime chemical species depends upon the location(s) of its surface source(s) is addressed. The resulting sensitivity maps are demonstrated to be robust features of the global atmospheric circulation, with relatively low interannual variability. The maps serve as an at‐a‐glance resource for policymakers wishing to compare the likely impact of proposed emission locations for very short lived halogenated species on the total loading of stratospheric chlorine and bromine.
Freshening drives contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Australian Antarctic Basin
Authors: van Wijk Esmee M. , Rintoul Stephen R.
Published: January 2014

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the Australian Antarctic Basin has become fresher and lighter since the late 1960s, with largest changes observed near the sources of AABW. The volume of AABW with neutral density (γn) > 28.30 kg m−3 decreased by ≥50% between 1969–1971 and 2008–2012, thinning at a rate of >100 m per decade. Contraction of dense AABW was balanced primarily by expansion of water lighter than γn = 28.15 kg m−3 prior to 1995 and by inflation of less dense classes of AABW after 1995. Oxygen concentrations remained unchanged in the densest AABW and increased on neutral surfaces for AABW with γn > 28.31 kg m−3, between 1995 and 2011–2012, consistent with continued ventilation over this time period. The observed changes in potential temperature, salinity, density, volume, and oxygen of AABW can be accounted for by freshening of the source waters but cannot be explained by changes in formation rate alone.
Relating Lagrangian and Eulerian horizontal eddy statistics in the surfzone
Authors: Spydell Matthew S. , Feddersen Falk , Guza R. T. , MacMahan Jamie
Published: January 2014

Concurrent Lagrangian and Eulerian observations of rotational, low‐frequency (10−4 to 10−2 Hz) surfzone eddies are compared. Surface drifters were tracked for a few hours on each of 11 days at two alongshore uniform beaches. A cross‐shore array of near‐bottom current meters extended from near the shoreline to seaward of the surfzone (typically 100 m wide in these moderate wave conditions). Lagrangian and Eulerian mean alongshore velocities V are similar, with a midsurfzone maximum. Cross‐shore dependent Lagrangian (σL) and Eulerian (σE) rotational eddy velocities, estimated from low‐pass filtered drifter and current meter velocities, respectively, also generally agree. Cross‐shore rotational velocities have a midsurfzone maximum whereas alongshore rotational velocities are distributed more broadly. Daily estimates of the Lagrangian time scale, the time for drifter velocities to decorrelate, vary between 40 and 300 s, with alongshore time scales greater than cross‐shore time scales. The ratio of Lagrangian to apparent Eulerian current meter decorrelation times TL/TA varies considerably, between about 0.5 and 3. Consistent with theory, some of the TL/TA variation is ascribable to alongshore advection and TL/TA is proportional to V/σ, which ranges between about 0.6 and 2.5. Estimates of TL/TA vary between days with similar V/σ suggesting that surfzone Lagrangian particle dynamics vary between days, spanning the range from “fixed‐float” to “frozen‐field” [Lumpkin et al., 2002], although conclusions are limited by the statistical sampling errors in both TL/TA and V/σ.
Cirrus cloud susceptibility to the injection of ice nuclei in the upper troposphere
Authors: Storelvmo T. , Herger N.
Published: January 2014

Due to their net warming effect, cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the climate system. A recently proposed climate engineering mechanism (CEM) intends to reduce high cloud cover by seeding cirrus clouds with efficient ice nuclei (IN) and therefore cool climate. Here, the susceptibility of cirrus clouds to the injection of ice nuclei in the upper troposphere is investigated in the extended Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5). Due to large uncertainties associated with the dominant ice nucleation mechanism in cirrus clouds, different control cases were simulated. In addition to pure homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, cases with competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and different fractions of mineral dust active as IN were considered. Whereas seeding in the pure heterogeneous case leads to a strong warming due to overseeding, an optimal seeding IN concentration of approximately 18 l−1 was found for the other cases. For the optimal seeding concentration, a reduction in the net cloud forcing (NCF) of up to 2 W m−2 was simulated, corresponding to a strong cooling effect. To optimize the cooling and minimize the amount of seeding material, globally nonuniform seeding strategies were tested, with minimal seeding in the summer hemisphere and in the tropics. With seeding applied to less than half the globe, an even stronger reduction in the NCF was achieved. This suggests that the CEM could work for an atmosphere even with considerable heterogeneous ice nucleation and that the desired cooling could be obtained without seeding the entire globe.
Stochastic simulation of intermittent rainfall using the concept of “dry drift”
Authors: Schleiss Marc , Chamoun Sabine , Berne Alexis
Published: January 2014

A stochastic rainfall simulator based on the concept of “dry drift” is proposed. It is characterized by a new and nonstationary representation of rainfall in which the average rain rate (in log‐space) depends on the distance to the closest surrounding dry areas. The result is a more realistic transition between dry and rainy areas and a better distribution of low and high rain rates inside the simulated rainy areas. The proposed approach is very general and can be used to simulate both unconditional and conditional rain rate time series, two‐dimensional fields, and space‐time fields. The parameterization is intuitive and can be done using time series and/or radar rain‐rate maps. Several examples illustrating the simulator's capabilities are given. The results show that the simulated time series and rain rate fields look realistic and that they are difficult to distinguish from real observations.
White House Climate Action Plan Hotly Debated in Senate Hearing
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2014

Emotions ran high among senators at a 16 January U.S. Senate hearing on the White House's Climate Action Plan; the hearing included administration officials and other supporters of the plan as well as opponents. The plan, which President Barack Obama presented in June 2013 (see Eos, 94(27), 239, doi:10.1002/2013EO270003), calls for cutting carbon pollution, preparing the nation for the impacts of climate change, and leading international efforts to address climate change.
Fostering Post‐Wildfire Research
Authors: Moody John A. , Martin Deborah A. , Robichaud Peter R. , Shakesby Richard A.
Published: January 2014

Post‐wildfire research is challenging because wildfires frequently burn in complex mountainous terrain, and responses are frequently driven by additionally complex mesoscale (on the order of 1 to 10,000 square kilometers), spatially and temporally variable rainfall. Thus, responses are highly variable spatially and transient in nature, producing shallow, unsteady overland flow on hillslopes (1 centimeter or less) and unsteady, non‐uniform flow in channels.
Improving estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from lakes
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2014

Lakes emit carbon dioxide and methane and thus are an important part of global climate. Many estimates of emissions for individual lakes are based on a measurement from a single location within the lake, but as Schilder et al. point out, emissions can vary across the lake. They collected methane and carbon dioxide measurements at several locations for each of 32 lakes in Europe and found that estimates based only on near‐shore measurements tended to underestimate diffusive emissions, whereas those based only on measurements taken at the lakes' center tended to overestimate emissions. The study provides a method to improve estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from lakes.
Highly Intensified Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering by Using Monolayer Graphene as the Nanospacer of Metal Film–Metal Nanoparticle Coupling System
Authors: Li Xuanhua , Choy Wallace C. H. , Ren Xingang , Zhang Di , Lu Haifei
Published: January 2014

It is widely accepted that surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement results from a combination of electromagnetic mechanisms (EM) and chemical mechanisms (CM). Recently, the nanoparticle‐film gap (NFG) system was studied due to its strong local enhancement field. However, there are still some technical limitations in establishing effective and simple ways for reliable and precise control of sub‐nanospacer. In addition, works on designing the nanospacer in NFG system for efficient interaction with target molecules for further improving SERS signals are rather limited. Here, a novel NFG system is proposed by introducing ultrathin monolayer graphene as well‐defined sub‐nanospacer between Ag NPs and Ag film (named G(graphene)‐NFG system). The new G–NFG system offers tremendous near‐field enhancement with one of the highest enhancement ratio of 1700 reported to date. These results show that the single‐layer graphene as a sub‐nanospacer renders the proposed G–NFG system with particularly strong EM enhancement (due to multiple couplings including the NP–NP couplings and NP‐film couplings) and additional CM enhancement in detecting some π‐conjugated molecules to function as a powerful tool in analytical science and the related fields.
Multibit Programmable Optoelectronic Nanowire Memory with Sub‐femtojoule Optical Writing Energy
Authors: Lu Ming‐Pei , Lu Ming‐Yen , Chen Lih‐Juann
Published: January 2014

Persistent challenges in the nanofabrication of optoelectronic memory elements with ready size‐scalability, multibit data storage, and ultralow optical writing energy have limited progress toward the construction of optical data storage/buffering elements in high‐density photonic‐electronic circuits. Here, a multibit programmable optoelectronic nanowire (NW) memory is described that operates with an ultralow optical writing energy [ca. 180 aJ bit−1 (ca. 330 photons bit−1)] and a low standby power consumption (<1 pW) at room temperature. In this system, photoionized charged defects behave as surface trapped charges to achieve the electrical memory effect. As a result of the high surface electric field, the rate of dissociation of the photoexcited charge is amplified, thereby decreasing the optical writing energy. Moreover, the extremely high dynamic photoconductive gain (ca. 1010) makes it possible to write multibit optical data bit‐by‐bit into the NW. These findings should open new opportunities in next‐generation multifunctional nanochips for optical data storage/buffering, optical data processing, and optical sensing purposes.
Biomimetic Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidations: Fundamental Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Gelalcha Feyissa Gadissa
Published: January 2014

The state‐of‐the‐art in the non‐enzymatic iron‐catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of CC double bonds is reviewed within the broader context of biomimetic oxidation catalysis. After introducing fundamental concepts of oxygen activation in nature and by man, historical landmarks, recent breakthroughs, scopes and limitations in relation to existing methodologies and their impact on future directions are assessed, focusing mainly on progress made in the last five years.

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Chemoselective Carbon‐Carbon Cross‐Coupling via Palladium‐Catalyzed Copper‐Mediated CS Cleavage of Disulfides
Authors: Quan Zheng‐Jun , Lv Ying , Jing Fu‐Qiang , Jia Xiao‐Dong , Huo Cong‐De , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: January 2014

An efficient method for carbon‐carbon bond formation is described. The process employs the palladium‐catalyzed copper‐mediated cross‐coupling of diheteroaryl disulfides with arylboronic acids or alkynes to deliver CC coupling products through unreactive CS bond cleavage. The scope of the coupling reactions, including both the disulfides and arylboronic acids or alkynes, are documented.

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Contact dynamic modeling of a liquid droplet between two approaching porous materials
Authors: Navaz Homayun K. , Zand Ali , Atkinson Theresa , Nowakowski Albert , Gat Amir , Paikoff Sari
Published: January 2014

A computational fluid dynamics model based on a finite difference solution to mass and momentum conservation equations (Navier–Stokes equations) for a liquid droplet transport between two porous or nonporous contacting surfaces (CSs) is developed. The CS dynamic (equation of motion) and the spread of the incompressible liquid available on the primary surface for transfer are coupled with the Navier–Stokes equations. The topologies of the spread dynamic between and inside both surfaces (primary and CSs) are compared with experimental data. The amount of mass being transferred into the CS, predicted by the model, is also compared to the experimental measurements. The impact of the initial velocity on the spread topology and mass transfer into the pores is addressed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2346–2353, 2014
Increased efficiency in geographic ancestry assignment and human identification by combining lineage profiles: The case of the iranians
Authors: Tofanelli Sergio , Bertoncini Stefania , Farjadian Shirin , Ghaderi Abbas , Ferri Gianmarco , Romeo Giovanni , Luiselli Donata
Published: January 2014

Objectives

This research is a first empirical attempt to quantify the increase of the among‐groups variance and the probative value of a DNA evidence when combining profiles based on markers with uniparental inheritance.

Methods

Yfiler and HVS‐I panels of loci were analyzed in 130 healthy unrelated males from six Iranian native groups.

Results

A separate analysis of DNA profiles at the two lineage markers failed to detect a population substructure, whereas maximum levels of genetic diversity (HD = 1) and discrimination capacity (DC = 1) were obtained by combining the two profiles.

Conclusions

When combined, the forensic efficiency of routinely used panels of lineage markers can be largely sufficient to resolve cases of geographic ancestry and human identification even in genetically homogeneous populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:413‐416, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schnelle, zweifarbige Proteinmarkierung an lebenden Zellen für die hochauflösende Mikroskopie
Authors: Nikić Ivana , Plass Tilman , Schraidt Oliver , Szymański Jędrzej , Briggs John A. G. , Schultz Carsten , Lemke Edward A.
Published: January 2014

Die steigende Nachfrage nach fortschrittlicher Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und hochauflösenden bildgebenden Verfahren (SRM) erfordert die Entwicklung neuer Methoden zum Markieren von Proteinen mit kleinen, photostabilen Fluorophoren, wenn möglich mehrfarbig. Die Technologie zur Erweiterung des genetischen Codes ermöglicht den positionsspezifischen Einbau einer nichtnatürlichen Aminosäure (UAS) mit chemisch biokompatibel modifizierbaren funktionellen Gruppen in lebenden Zellen. Wir präsentieren das Design und die Synthese neuer UAS mit gespanntem Alken als nichtnatürlicher Funktionalität, die erhöhte Stabilität und verbesserte Einbauraten bei ausgezeichneter Reaktivität gegenüber Tetrazinen in Diels‐Alder‐Cycloadditionen (SPIEDAC) aufweisen. Darüber hinaus stellen wir eine fein abgestimmte, selektiv verbesserte SPIEDAC‐Variante (seSPIEDAC) vor, die eine zu SPIEDAC orthogonale, effiziente und empfindliche Proteinmarkierung ermöglicht. Eine Kombination aus seSPIEDAC und SPIEDAC ermöglicht es uns, Proteine in lebenden Zellen mit zwei verschiedenen Fluorophoren zu markieren. Wir demonstrieren das Potenzial dieser Methode anhand der Visualisierung des Insulinrezeptors (IR) sowie Virus‐ähnlicher Partikel (VLP) mithilfe zweifarbiger, hochauflösender Mikroskopie.
Photonic Crystals for Chemical Sensing and Biosensing
Authors: Fenzl Christoph , Hirsch Thomas , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: January 2014

This Review covers photonic crystals (PhCs) and their use for sensing mainly chemical and biochemical parameters, with a particular focus on the materials applied. Specific sections are devoted to a) a lead‐in into natural and synthetic photonic nanoarchitectures, b) the various kinds of structures of PhCs, c) reflection and diffraction in PhCs, d) aspects of sensing based on mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, and purely chemical stimuli, e) aspects of biosensing based on biomolecules incorporated into PhCs, and f) current trends and limitations of such sensors.
Magnetic Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Surface‐Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Determination and Degradation of Toxic Anilines and Phenols
Authors: Han Xiao Xia , Chen Lei , Kuhlmann Uwe , Schulz Claudia , Weidinger Inez M. , Hildebrandt Peter
Published: January 2014

Mesoporous M‐TiO2 NCs, functionalized by PATP, can capture toxic anilines and phenols by azo coupling. Loading these nanodevices with Ag NPs offers the possibility for a sensitive quantitative determination of target compounds by SERRS spectroscopy, which allows multiplex detection because of the specific vibrational fingerprints. Sensitivity and selectivity can be further enhanced by concentrating the hybrid particles by an external magnet and compound‐specific binding (anilines versus phenols). The bound toxic compounds can be degraded by TiO2‐assisted photocatalysis after removal of the loaded hybrid particles from the sample solution with an external magnet. The degradation process can be enhanced in the presence of plasmonic Ag nanostructures.
Reaction modeling of urethane polyols using fraction primary secondary and hindered‐secondary hydroxyl content
Authors: Ghoreishi Rima , Zhao Yusheng , Suppes Galen J.
Published: January 2014

The effect of primary, secondary, and hindered‐secondary hydroxyl groups on reactions and temperature profiles of polyurethane gels was investigated and modeled using a computer simulation that simultaneously solves over a dozen differential equations. Using urethane gel reaction temperature profiles of the reference compounds 1‐pentanol, 2‐pentanol, and Voranol 360 reactivity parameters were determined for reference primary, secondary, and hindered‐secondary hydroxyl moieties. The reaction parameters, including Arrhenius constants and heats of reaction, were consistent with previous values reported in literature. The approach of using fractions primary, secondary, and hindered‐secondary hydroxyl content to characterize reactivity sets the basis for a powerful approach to simulating/predicting urethane reaction performance with limited data on new polyols and catalysts. This code can be used for all polyols, as the kinetic parameters are based on the fraction primary, secondary, and hindered‐secondary alcohol moieties, not the type of the polyol. Kinetic parameters are also specific to catalysts where at least one parameter specific to each catalyst is necessary to simulate the impact of that catalyst. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40388.
Preparation and application of phosphorous‐containing bio‐polyols in polyurethane foams
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Chen Fangeng , Ma Lin , Zhou Xuesong
Published: January 2014

A bio‐polyol phosphonate acting as the polyol component in the preparation of polyurethane foam was synthesized from the liquefaction product of bagasse by the halogenation of the liquefaction product followed by the Michaelis–Arbuzov rearrangement. The FT‐IR spectra showed that phosphorus‐containing groups were introduced into the polyol chain. The data of the viscosity and the hydroxyl number suggested that the bio‐polyol phosphonate would be a good polyol component in the preparation of polyurethane foam. The limiting oxygen index of polyurethane foam containing bio‐polyol phosphonate varied in the range of 24–28, while that of polyurethane foam without bio‐polyol phosphonate was 23, demonstrating that the introduction of the phosphorus‐containing group into the polymer helped to improve the flame retardancy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40422.
A Review (Research and Patents) on Jasmonic Acid and Its Derivatives
Authors: Ghasemi Pirbalouti Abdollah , Sajjadi Seyed Ebrahim , Parang Keykavous
Published: January 2014

In medicinal chemistry there is a growing interest in using small molecules, including plant stress hormones. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its volatile methyl ester (MJ), collectively termed jasmonates, are lipid‐derived cyclopentanone compounds that occur ubiquitously and exclusively in the plant kingdom. This review covers the synthesis, usage, and biological activities of JA and its derivatives. A brief overview of the available information on JA and its features is given, followed by a detailed review of JA and its derivatives as drugs and prodrugs; the properties in plants and the synthesis in recent patents are described. This review shows the direction of long‐term drug/nutraceutical safety trials and provides insights for future research in this area. Research on JA continues to be of major interest. Recent innovations offer hope for the development of new therapeutics in related fields. It is anticipated that several analogs can be advanced to preclinical and clinical studies.
A combined method to find the bifurcation start point: An example of a two‐species reaction in a non‐adiabatic agitated batch gas–solid catalytic reactor
Authors: Chien Yu‐Shu , Li Hsing‐Ya , Chiu Wei‐Ming , Lin Yen‐You , Chang Hung‐Chen
Published: January 2014

The combination of the tangent analysis method (TAM) and the root of the discriminator equation can easily be used to find the bifurcation start point and to avoid steady‐state multiplicity for non‐adiabatic reaction systems. However, its limitation is that it can only be applied to the systems, whose orders of characteristic equations are equal to or less than 3. In this paper, we extend the root of the discriminator equation to a fourth order characteristic equation and derive a clear and explicit formula to overcome the flaw of the combined method. An operating strategy to reach a single steady state with a high reaction conversion is proposed. An example of a non‐adiabatic agitated batch gas–solid catalytic reactor with a two species‐reaction is demonstrated.
Determination of Nutrient Deficiency in Stormwater from the Wood Industry for Biological Treatment
Authors: Svensson Henric , Hansson Henrik , Hogland William
Published: January 2014

The efficiency of biological treatment systems in degrading organic matter is affected by both the available nutrients and the efficiency of the microbial organisms that carry out the degradation. This study assesses whether a wetland treatment system treating stormwater from a wood industrial site faced nutrient deficiency or lacked efficient microbes, and whether addressing these possible problems could enhance the degradation of organic matter in the system. The stormwater was a mix of industrial stormwater, irrigation water and leachate from woodchip piles. The industry mainly processes pedunculate oak, which is known to create a leachate high in polyphenols. This water is currently treated in a pilot‐scale wetland system and an aerated lagoon. To study whether the treatability could be enhanced by addition of nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, micronutrients), headspace respirometry was used. The effect of adding microbes from a paper mill activated sludge system was also evaluated. Our results showed that all nutrient additions had a positive effect on the treatability of the stormwater. In particular, the addition of nitrogen showed a 12% rise in chemical oxygen demand reduction over 336 h. However, addition of paper mill activated sludge did not enhance the degradation of organic matter; instead, a toxic effect of the stormwater was shown.
Understanding the singlet and triplet states in magnetic resonance
Authors: Nagashima Kaz , Velan S. Sendhil
Published: January 2014

Long‐lived spin states of magnetic resonance can extend the coherence of magnetic moments beyond the time scale defined by the spin‐lattice relaxation time, T1, which was once believed to be an unchangeable limit of the life span. The characteristic of this relatively new finding is the formation of an antisymmetric energy state in a coupled spin system, the so‐called singlet spin state, which becomes immune to intramolecular dipolar interactions. Sequestration of nuclear spin coherence from relaxation processes could lead to several unprecedented advantageous outcomes, such as spectral narrowing, intensity enhancement, and image contrast. Unfortunately, there are limited studies on singlet and triplets in magnetic resonance and hence its logic is not yet appreciated by the community. This article summarizes the basic theories of singlet–triplet states in magnetic resonance. The fundamentals of singlet–triplet formation are explained by reviewing recent publications by forerunners in the field. Detailed calculations are given to interpret the basics, aiming to provide an overview and guide for the beginners in this field. Mathematica® is extensively utilized to simplify the product operator analysis of the pulse sequences and the conversion of spin operator matrices between the Zeeman product basis and the singlet–triplet basis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 42A: 165–181, 2013.
A correlation between NMR peak intensities and a fictitious spin 1/2 presentation of the z‐component of nuclear spins I > 1/2
Authors: Eliav Uzi
Published: January 2014

In a recent publication, it was suggested that for I > 1/2 the peaks intensities can be interpreted to be the result of spin dynamics along the z axis. The intensity ratios were found to be independent of the magnetic field, suggesting that the important factor determining the peak intensities is the operator Iz, and its interaction with the radio frequency magnetic field. In the current comment, we suggest that a presentation of this operator as a superposition of fictitious spins 1/2 provides an alternative explanation for the correlation between the Iz operator and the peak intensities. It is further shown that the correlation between the Iz operator and the NMR peak intensities is valid only for nonselective excitation or under conditions where Fermi's golden rule applies. The relevance of the spin‐lock experiment for such a correlation is discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 42A: 182–186, 2013.