bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Return on investment of public health interventions: a systematic review
Authors: Masters Rebecca , Anwar Elspeth , Collins Brendan , Cookson Richard , Capewell Simon
Published: March 2017

Background

Public sector austerity measures in many high-income countries mean that public health budgets are reducing year on year. To help inform the potential impact of these proposed disinvestments in public health, we set out to determine the return on investment (ROI) from a range of existing public health interventions.

Methods

We conducted systematic searches on all relevant databases (including MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; AMED; PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus) to identify studies that calculated a ROI or cost-benefit ratio (CBR) for public health interventions in high-income countries.

Results

We identified 2957 titles, and included 52 studies. The median ROI for public health interventions was 14.3 to 1, and median CBR was 8.3. The median ROI for all 29 local public health interventions was 4.1 to 1, and median CBR was 10.3. Even larger benefits were reported in 28 studies analysing nationwide public health interventions; the median ROI was 27.2, and median CBR was 17.5.

Conclusions

This systematic review suggests that local and national public health interventions are highly cost-saving. Cuts to public health budgets in high income countries therefore represent a false economy, and are likely to generate billions of pounds of additional costs to health services and the wider economy.
Functional Characterization of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Geometry
Authors: Corman Etienne , Solomon Justin , Ben-Chen Mirela , Guibas Leonidas , Ovsjanikov Maks
Published: March 2017

We propose a novel way to capture and characterize distortion between pairs of shapes by extending the recently proposed framework of shape differences built on functional maps. We modify the original definition of shape differences slightly and prove that after this change, the discrete metric is fully encoded in two shape difference operators and can be recovered by solving two linear systems of equations. Then we introduce an extension of the shape difference operators using offset surfaces to capture extrinsic or embedding-dependent distortion, complementing the purely intrinsic nature of the original shape differences. Finally, we demonstrate that a set of four operators is complete, capturing intrinsic and extrinsic structure and fully encoding a shape up to rigid motion in both discrete and continuous settings. We highlight the usefulness of our constructions by showing the complementary nature of our extrinsic shape differences in capturing distortion ignored by previous approaches. We additionally provide examples where we recover local shape structure from the shape difference operators, suggesting shape editing and analysis tools based on manipulating shape differences.
Memory B Cells of Mice and Humans
Authors: Weisel Florian , Shlomchik Mark
Published: March 2017

We comprehensively review memory B cells (MBCs), covering the definition of MBCs and their identities and subsets, how MBCs are generated, where they are localized, how they are maintained, and how they are reactivated. Whereas naive B cells adopt multiple fates upon stimulation, MBCs are more restricted in their responses. Evolving work reveals that the MBC compartment in mice and humans consists of distinct subpopulations with differing effector functions. We discuss the various approaches to define subsets and subset-specific roles. A major theme is the need to both deliver faster effector function upon reexposure and readapt to antigenically variant pathogens while avoiding burnout, which would be the result if all MBCs generated only terminal effector function. We discuss cell-intrinsic differences in gene expression and signaling that underlie differences in function between MBCs and naive B cells and among MBC subsets and how this leads to memory responses.
Hemoglobin inhibits albumin uptake by proximal tubule cells: implications for sickle cell disease
Authors: Eshbach Megan L. , Kaur Amandeep , Rbaibi Youssef , Tejero Jesús , Weisz Ora A.
Published: March 2017

Proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction, including tubular proteinuria, is a significant complication in young sickle cell disease (SCD) that can eventually lead to chronic kidney disease. Hemoglobin (Hb) dimers released from red blood cells upon hemolysis are filtered into the kidney and internalized by megalin/cubilin receptors into PT cells. The PT is especially sensitive to heme toxicity, and tubular dysfunction in SCD is thought to result from prolonged exposure to filtered Hb. Here we show that concentrations of Hb predicted to enter the tubule lumen during hemolytic crisis competitively inhibit the uptake of another megalin/cubilin ligand (albumin) by PT cells. These effects were independent of heme reduction state. The Glu7Val mutant of Hb that causes SCD was equally effective at inhibiting albumin uptake compared with wild-type Hb. Addition of the Hb scavenger haptoglobin (Hpt) restored albumin uptake in the presence of Hb, suggesting that Hpt binding to the Hb αβ dimer-dimer interface interferes with Hb binding to megalin/cubilin. BLAST searches and structural modeling analyses revealed regions of similarity between Hb and albumin that map to this region and may represent sites of Hb interaction with megalin/cubilin. Our studies suggest that impaired endocytosis of megalin/cubilin ligands, rather than heme toxicity, may be the cause of tubular proteinuria in SCD patients. Additionally, loss of these filtered proteins into the urine may contribute to the extra-renal pathogenesis of SCD.
Early, but not late, treatment with human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates cisplatin nephrotoxicity through immunomodulation
Authors: Park Ji Hyeon , Jang Hye Ryoun , Kim Do Hee , Kwon Ghee Young , Lee Jung Eun , Huh Wooseong , Choi Soo Jin , Oh Wonil , Oh Ha Young , Kim Yoon-Goo
Published: March 2017

Preemptive treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can attenuate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). However, it is uncertain whether MSC treatment after the development of renal dysfunction prevents AKI progression or if MSC immunomodulatory properties contribute to MSC therapy. In this study, human umbilical cord blood (hUCB)-derived MSCs were used to compare the effects and mechanisms of early and late MSC therapy in a murine model. After cisplatin injection into C57BL/6 mice, hUCB-MSCs were administered on day 1 (early treatment) or day 3 (late treatment). With early treatment, cisplatin nephrotoxicity was attenuated as evidenced by decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and reduced apoptosis and tubular injury scores on day 3. Early treatment resulted in downregulation of intrarenal monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and IL-6 expression and upregulation of IL-10 and VEGF expression. Flow cytometric analysis showed similar populations of infiltrated immune cells in both groups; however, regulatory T-cell (Treg) infiltration was 2.5-fold higher in the early treatment group. The role of Tregs was confirmed by the blunted effect of early treatment on renal injury after Treg depletion. In contrast, late treatment (at a time when BUN levels were 2-fold higher than baseline levels) showed no renoprotective effects on day 6. Neither the populations of intrarenal infiltrating immune cells (including Tregs) nor cytokine expression levels were affected by late treatment. Our results suggest that early MSC treatment attenuates renal injury by Treg induction and immunomodulation, whereas a late treatment (i.e., after the development of renal dysfunction) does not prevent AKI progression or alter the intrarenal inflammatory micromilieu.
Responses of distal nephron Na+transporters to acute volume depletion and hyperkalemia
Authors: Frindt Gustavo , Yang Lei , Uchida Shinichi , Weinstein Alan M. , Palmer Lawrence G.
Published: March 2017

We assessed effects of acute volume reductions induced by administration of diuretics in rats. Direct block of Na+transport produced changes in urinary electrolyte excretion. Adaptations to these effects appeared as alterations in the expression of protein for the distal nephron Na+transporters NCC and ENaC. Two hours after a single injection of furosemide (6 mg/kg) or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; 30 mg/kg) Na+and K+excretion increased but no changes in the content of activated forms of NCC (phosphorylated on residue T53) or ENaC (cleaved γ-subunit) were detected. In contrast, amiloride (0.6 mg/kg) evoked a similar natriuresis that coincided with decreased pT53NCC and increased cleaved γENaC. Alterations in posttranslational membrane protein processing correlated with an increase in plasma K+of 0.6–0.8 mM. Decreased pT53NCC occurred within 1 h after amiloride injection, whereas changes in γENaC were slower and were blocked by the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone. Increased γENaC cleavage correlated with elevation of the surface expression of the subunit as assessed by in situ biotinylation. Na depletion induced by 2 h of furosemide or HCTZ treatment increases total NCC expression without affecting ENaC protein. However, restriction of Na intake for 10 h (during the day) or 18 h (overnight) increased the abundance of both total NCC and of cleaved α- and γENaC. We conclude that the kidneys respond acutely to hyperkalemic challenges by decreasing the activity of NCC while increasing that of ENaC. They respond to hypovolemia more slowly, increasing Na+reabsorptive capacities of both of these transporters.
Strategies for obstacle avoidance during walking in the cat
Authors: Chu Kevin M. I. , Seto Sandy H. , Beloozerova Irina N. , Marlinski Vladimir
Published: March 2017

In a study of feline locomotor behavior we found that the preferred strategy to avoid a small obstacle is circumvention. During circumvention, stride direction changes but length and temporal structure are preserved. Another strategy, stepping over the obstacle, is used in narrow walkways. During overstepping, two strides adjust. A stride preceding the obstacle decreases in length and duration. The following stride negotiating the obstacle increases in height while retaining normal temporal structure and nearly normal length.
Shear Stress Counteracts Endothelial CX3CL1 Induction and Monocytic Cell Adhesion
Authors: Babendreyer Aaron , Molls Lisa , Dreymueller Daniela , Uhlig Stefan , Ludwig Andreas
Published: March 2017

Flow conditions critically regulate endothelial cell functions in the vasculature. Reduced shear stress resulting from disturbed blood flow can drive the development of vascular inflammatory lesions. On endothelial cells, the transmembrane chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine promotes vascular inflammation by functioning as a surface-expressed adhesion molecule and by becoming released as soluble chemoattractant for monocytic cells expressing the receptor CX3CR1. Here, we report that endothelial cells from human artery, vein, or microvasculature constitutively express CX3CL1 when cultured under static conditions. Stimulation with TNFαunder static or very low shear stress conditions strongly upregulates CX3CL1 expression. By contrast, CX3CL1 induction is profoundly reduced when cells are exposed to higher shear stress. When endothelial cells were grown and subsequently stimulated with TNFαunder low shear stress, strong adhesion of monocytic THP-1 cells to endothelial cells was observed. This adhesion was in part mediated by transmembrane CX3CL1 as demonstrated with a neutralizing antibody. By contrast, no CX3CL1-dependent adhesion to stimulated endothelium was observed at high shear stress. Thus, during early stages of vascular inflammation, low shear stress typically seen at atherosclerosis-prone regions promotes the induction of endothelial CX3CL1 and monocytic cell recruitment, whereas physiological shear stress counteracts this inflammatory activation of endothelial cells.
Normalization of Bilateral Adrenal Gland Enlargement after Treatment for Cryptococcosis
Authors: Muraoka Yuka , Iwama Shintaro , Arima Hiroshi
Published: March 2017

Cryptococcosis usually occurs in immunocompromised patients and can cause enlargement of the adrenal glands, although the morphologic changes after treatment have not been reported in detail. We report the case of 24-year-old man with fevers, headaches, and impaired consciousness who had been treated with glucocorticoids for a protein-losing gastroenteropathy. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed cryptococcal meningitis. Computed tomography showed bilateral adrenal enlargement. A retrospective analysis revealed that the enlargement had been detected 5 months before admission and gradually increased. The enlargement was improved with antifungal therapy and normalized 6 months later. This is the first report describing morphological changes in the adrenal glands associated with cryptococcal meningitis. Adrenal enlargement by cryptococcosis can be improved without any abnormal findings, including calcifications, which may be a unique characteristic from other diseases, including tuberculosis.
Fractional Order Memristor No Equilibrium Chaotic System with Its Adaptive Sliding Mode Synchronization and Genetically Optimized Fractional Order PID Synchronization
Authors: Rajagopal Karthikeyan , Guessas Laarem , Karthikeyan Anitha , Srinivasan Ashokkumar , Adam Girma
Published: March 2017

This paper introduces a fractional order memristor no equilibrium (FOMNE) chaotic system and investigates its adaptive sliding mode synchronization. Firstly the dynamic properties of the integer order memristor no equilibrium system are analyzed. The fractional order memristor no equilibrium system is then derived from the integer order model. Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation with fractional order are investigated. An adaptive sliding mode control algorithm is derived to globally synchronize the identical fractional order memristor systems and genetically optimized fractional order PID controllers are designed and used to synchronize the FOMNE systems. Finally the fractional order memristor no equilibrium system is realized using FPGA.
Chicken Swarm Optimization Based on Elite Opposition‐Based Learning
Authors: Qu Chiwen , Zhao Shi’an , Fu Yanming , He Wei
Published: March 2017

Chicken swarm optimization is a new intelligent bionic algorithm, simulating the chicken swarm searching for food in nature. Basic algorithm is likely to fall into a local optimum and has a slow convergence rate. Aiming at these deficiencies, an improved chicken swarm optimization algorithm based on elite opposition‐based learning is proposed. In cock swarm, random search based on adaptive t distribution is adopted to replace that based on Gaussian distribution so as to balance the global exploitation ability and local development ability of the algorithm. In hen swarm, elite opposition‐based learning is introduced to promote the population diversity. Dimension‐by‐dimension greedy search mode is used to do local search for individual of optimal chicken swarm in order to improve optimization precision. According to the test results of 18 standard test functions and 2 engineering structure optimization problems, this algorithm has better effect on optimization precision and speed compared with basic chicken algorithm and other intelligent optimization algorithms.
Chlamydial Type III Secretion System Needle Protein Induces Protective Immunity againstChlamydia muridarumIntravaginal Infection
Authors: Koroleva Ekaterina A. , Kobets Natalie V. , Shcherbinin Dmitrii N. , Zigangirova Naylia A. , Shmarov Maxim M. , Tukhvatulin Amir I. , Logunov Denis Y. , Naroditsky Boris S. , Gintsburg Alexander L.
Published: March 2017

Chlamydia trachomatisimposes serious health problems and causes infertility. Because of asymptomatic onset, it often escapes antibiotic treatment. Therefore, vaccines offer a better option for the prevention of unwanted inflammatory sequelae. The existence of serologically distinct serovars ofC. trachomatissuggests that a vaccine will need to provide protection against multiple serovars.Chlamydiaspp. use a highly conserved type III secretion system (T3SS) composed of structural and effector proteins which is an essential virulence factor. In this study, we expressed the T3SS needle protein ofChlamydia muridarum,TC_0037, an ortholog ofC. trachomatisCdsF, in a replication-defective adenoviral vector (AdTC_0037) and evaluated its protective efficacy in an intravaginalChlamydia muridarummodel. For better immune responses, we employed a heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol in which mice were intranasally primed with AdTC_0037 and subcutaneously boosted with recombinant TC_0037 and Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A mixed in a squalene nanoscale emulsion. We found that immunization with TC_0037 antigen induced specific humoral and T cell responses, decreasedChlamydialoads in the genital tract, and abrogated pathology of upper genital organs. Together, our results suggest that TC_0037, a highly conserved chlamydial T3SS protein, is a good candidate for inclusion in aChlamydiavaccine.
Isotretinoin as a Possible Environmental Trigger to Autoimmunity in Genetically Susceptible Patients
Authors: Nugroho Jocelyn , Schweiger Bahareh
Published: March 2017

Introduction.Isotretinoin is commonly used to treat cystic acne. Definitive mechanisms of action for isotretinoin are not known though despite many side effects having been documented. Various case reports have noted autoimmune diseases succeeding isotretinoin treatment.Case Report.A 16-year-old female presents with symptoms of tremors, lack of focus, sleeplessness, emotional liability, bulging eyes, loose stools, heat intolerance, and missed menstrual periods. Symptoms manifested shortly after the patient finished a course of oral isotretinoin treatment for acne. Physical exam showed resting tremors, bilateral proptosis, hyperactivity, and rapid speech. A diagnosis of Graves’ Disease was made by correlating symptoms, physical exam findings, ultrasound, and positive family history of autoimmune thyroid disease.Conclusion.Emergence of autoimmune thyroid diseases depends upon genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Mechanism of action for isotretinoin is not known but the drug may play a role in triggering autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals.
Response of Blood Perfusion at ST 36 Acupoint after Drinking Cold Glucose or Saline Injection
Authors: Wang Guangjun , Jia Shuyong , Li Hongyan , Wang Ze , Tian Yuying , Zhang Weibo
Published: March 2017

Skin blood flux (SkBF) changes caused by drinking cold water are generally associated with vagal tone and osmotic factors in digestive system. According to acupuncture theory, change of SkBF at ST 36 might reflect the functional changes of digestive system. The aim of this study is to analyze the changes of SkBF after drinking 3°C 0.9% saline or 5% glucose injection by monitor blood flux at bilateral ST 36. The results indicated that, after drinking different cold water, the change ratio of SkBF at right side ST 36 has been different. Because all solutions have the same temperature (3°C) and both saline and glucose solution have the same osmolality, suggesting that the SkBF changes resulting from drinking cold water are not regulated just by the vagal tone and osmolality, there must have been other factors. These results have not been consistent with the frequency domain results of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Coherence analysis of blood flux signals at bilateral ST 36 indicated that there have been different coherence‐frequency curves among different groups in special frequency bands, which suggested that coherence analysis might provide a potential tool to evaluate different status.
An Exceptional Case of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Van de Vyver Celine , Damen Jorn , Haentjens Carl , Ballaux Dominique , Bouts Benoit
Published: March 2017

We present a case of diabetic ketoacidosis, known as one of the most serious metabolic complications of diabetes. We were confronted with rapid neurological deterioration and unseen glycaemic values, which reached almost 110 mmol/L, subsequently resulting in hyperkalaemia and life-threatening dysrhythmias. This is the first reported live case with such high values of blood glucose and a favourable outcome.
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum: A Case Report of Successful Arthroscopic Treatment
Authors: Ribeiras Cabral J. , Henriques R. , Matoso J. Arvela , Martins S. , Sarmento M.
Published: March 2017

Introduction.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a localized disorder of the subchondral bone, in a region with limited healing capacity. Although its aetiology is still unknown, it has been associated with repetitive microtrauma. The natural history of this disease involves the evolution for degenerative joint disease in approximately half of the patients, with early identification and treatment being critical to optimizing the outcome.Case Presentation.We present a rare case in our practice, illustrating a capitellar OCD in a fifteen-year-old White male without an identified cause of repetitive microtrauma.Conclusion.In this case prompt diagnosis and arthroscopic-assisted treatment led to a successful result.
TMsim: An Algorithmic Tool for the Parametric and Worst‐Case Simulation of Systems with Uncertainties
Authors: Trinchero Riccardo , Manfredi Paolo , Stievano Igor S.
Published: March 2017

This paper presents a general purpose, algebraic tool—named TMsim—for the combined parametric and worst‐case analysis of systems with bounded uncertain parameters. The tool is based on the theory of Taylor models and represents uncertain variables on a bounded domain in terms of a Taylor polynomial plus an interval remainder accounting for truncation and round‐off errors. This representation is propagated from inputs to outputs by means of a suitable redefinition of the involved calculations, in both scalar and matrix form. The polynomial provides a parametric approximation of the variable, while the remainder gives a conservative bound of the associated error. The combination between the bound of the polynomial and the interval remainder provides an estimation of the overall (worst‐case) bound of the variable. After a preliminary theoretical background, the tool (freely available online) is introduced step by step along with the necessary theoretical notions. As a validation, it is applied to illustrative examples as well as to real‐life problems of relevance in electrical engineering applications, specifically a quarter‐car model and a continuous‐time linear equalizer.
Spontaneous Iliopsoas Hematoma following Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer
Authors: Markey Jeffrey D. , Alemi A. Sean , Naunheim Margaret L. , Faden Daniel L. , Heaton Chase M. , Seth Rahul
Published: March 2017

Spontaneous hematoma within the iliopsoas muscle (SIH) is a rare complication most commonly seen in coagulopathic patients. Often, patients undergoing microvascular free tissue transfer are anticoagulated for anastomotic patency. Here we describe two cases of postoperative SIH following contralateral anterolateral thigh (ALT) free tissue transfer for reconstruction of oncologic head and neck defects. Both patients described hip pain after mobilization and had a corresponding acute blood loss anemia. Diagnosis of SIH was confirmed by CT and both patients were managed conservatively. Given that anticoagulation is a common practice following head and neck free tissue transfer, surgeons should be aware of this potential complication.
New Solutions for System of Fractional Integro‐Differential Equations and Abel’s Integral Equations by Chebyshev Spectral Method
Authors: Zedan Hassan A. , Tantawy Seham Sh. , Sayed Yara M.
Published: March 2017

Chebyshev spectral method based on operational matrix is applied to both systems of fractional integro‐differential equations and Abel’s integral equations. Some test problems, for which the exact solution is known, are considered. Numerical results with comparisons are made to confirm the reliability of the method. Chebyshev spectral method may be considered as alternative and efficient technique for finding the approximation of system of fractional integro‐differential equations and Abel’s integral equations.
Leukocyte Trafficking in Cardiovascular Disease: Insights from Experimental Models
Authors: Jones Daniel P. , True Harry D. , Patel Jyoti
Published: March 2017

Chemokine-induced leukocyte migration into the vessel wall is an early pathological event in the progression of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of myocardial infarction. The immune-inflammatory response, mediated by both the innate and adaptive immune cells, is involved in the initiation, recruitment, and resolution phases of cardiovascular disease progression. Activation of leukocytes via inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules is instrumental in these processes. In this review, we highlight leukocyte activation with the main focus being on the mechanisms of chemokine-mediated recruitment in atherosclerosis and the response postmyocardial infarction with key examples from experimental models of cardiovascular inflammation.
Tailoring treatment of haemophilia B: accounting for the distribution and clearance of standard and extended half-life FIX concentrates
Authors: Iorio Alfonso , Fischer Kathelijn , Blanchette Victor , Rangarajan Savita , Young Guy , Morfini Massimo ,   for the Pharmacokinetic (PK) Expert Working Group of the International Prophylaxis Study Group (the IPSG)
Published: March 2017

The prophylactic administration of factor IX (FIX) is considered the most effective treatment for haemophilia B. The inter-individual variability and complexity of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of FIX, and the rarity of the disease have hampered identification of an optimal treatment regimens. The recent introduction of extended half-life recombinant FIX molecules (EHL-rFIX), has prompted a thorough reassessment of the clinical efficacy, PK and pharmacodynamics of plasma-derived and recombinant FIX. First, using longer sampling times and multi-compartmental PK models has led to more precise (and favourable) PK for FIX than was appreciated in the past. Second, investigating the distribution of FIX in the body beyond the vascular space (which is implied by its complex kinetics) has opened a new research field on the role for extravascular FIX. Third, measuring plasma levels of EHL-rFIX has shown that different aPTT reagents have different accuracy in measuring different FIX molecules. How will this new knowledge reflect on clinical practice? Clinical decision making in haemophilia B requires some caution and expertise. First, comparisons between different FIX molecules must be assessed taking into consideration the comparability of the populations studied and the PK models used. Second, individual PK estimates must rely on multi-compartmental models, and would benefit from adopting a population PK approach. Optimal sampling times need to be adapted to the prolonged half-life of the new EHL FIX products. Finally, costs considerations may apply, which is beyond the scope of this manuscript but might be deeply connected with the PK considerations discussed in this communication.

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Status, distribution and threats of kraits (Squamata: Elapidae: Bungarus) in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahsan M. F. , Rahman M. M.
Published: March 2017

Kraits (Bungarus spp.) of Bangladesh were studied between January 2014 and March 2015.  Five species of kraits are known to occur in Bangladesh.  These are the Common Krait Bungarus caeruleus, Banded Krait B. fasciatus, Lesser Black Krait B. lividus, Greater Black Krait B. niger and Wall’s Krait B. walli.  Banded Krait is the commonest and Lesser Black Krait is the rarest krait species in the country.  The status of these five kraits in Bangladesh has been assessed.  The distributions have been compiled and discussed, and some reasons for their population decline have also been pointed out.
A pre­liminary report on the impact of road kills on the herpetofauna species in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Santhoshkumar P. , Kannan P. , Veeramani A. , Samson A. , Karthick S. , Leonaprincy J.
Published: March 2017

To know the situation of road hits of amphibians and reptile species, a survey was conducted during the period 02 June 2013 to 25 May 2014.  A total of 172 incidents of road kill of different species were noticed, representing 12 species of herpetofauna, including five amphibian species of the families Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Microhylidae and Rhacophoridae, and seven species of reptiles of the families Scincidae, Agamidae, Uropeltidae, Colubridae, Natricidae and Xenodermatidae.  Reptiles were the most affected group (60%), of which more than 79.61% of the road kills were snakes.  The most affected snake species were endemic Xylophis perroteti (64.63%).
Forest ghost moth fauna of northeastern India (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae: Endoclita, Palpifer, and Hepialiscus)
Authors: Grehan John R. , Ismavel Vijay Anand
Published: March 2017

Taxonomic and biological information is reviewed for the forest Hepialidae of northeastern India, a poorly known group of moths in a region known for the global significance of its biodiversity.  The taxonomic and biological characteristics are described for genera known from the northeast - Endoclita, Palpifer, and Hepialiscus. A key is provided for distinguishing these genera and the genus Thitarodes known from nearby Bhutan, China, and Nepal, which is almost certainly present within the borders of India.  Taxonomic characteristics are described for 12 species from the northeast along with illustrations of the species and maps of their known distributions.  Information on species distributions is extremely fragmentary and it is considered very likely that most species have more extensive distributions than currently documented.  The northeastern Indian region represents a center of hepialid diversity comprising three principal distribution patterns: (i) local endemics, (ii) Himalayan, and (iii) northeastern.  Comparison of distribution records and major vegetation types indicate the absence of information on the hepialid fauna for much of the northeast region.  The principal challenge for future documentation and assessment of the hepialid fauna for this region, as with any other part of India, is the lack of modern descriptions of type specimens.  The inclusion of voucher collections of Hepialidae in future biodiversity surveys of northeastern India is to be strongly encouraged, particularly in the context of current and future environmental impacts affecting the sustainability of forest environments in the region.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association
Authors: McCrindle Brian W. , Rowley Anne H. , Newburger Jane W. , Burns Jane C. , Bolger Anne F. , Gewitz Michael , Baker Annette L. , Jackson Mary Anne , Takahashi Masato , Shah Pinak B. , Kobayashi Tohru , Wu Mei-Hwan , Saji Tsutomu T. , Pahl Elfriede ,   On behalf of the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention
Published: March 2017

Background:

Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that leads to coronary artery aneurysms in ≈25% of untreated cases. It has been reported worldwide and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries.

Methods and Results:

To revise the previous American Heart Association guidelines, a multidisciplinary writing group of experts was convened to review and appraise available evidence and practice-based opinion, as well as to provide updated recommendations for diagnosis, treatment of the acute illness, and long-term management. Although the cause remains unknown, discussion sections highlight new insights into the epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, natural history, and long-term outcomes. Prompt diagnosis is essential, and an updated algorithm defines supplemental information to be used to assist the diagnosis when classic clinical criteria are incomplete. Although intravenous immune globulin is the mainstay of initial treatment, the role for additional primary therapy in selected patients is discussed. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients do not respond to initial intravenous immune globulin, and recommendations for additional therapies are provided. Careful initial management of evolving coronary artery abnormalities is essential, necessitating an increased frequency of assessments and escalation of thromboprophylaxis. Risk stratification for long-term management is based primarily on maximal coronary artery luminal dimensions, normalized as
Z
scores, and is calibrated to both past and current involvement. Patients with aneurysms require life-long and uninterrupted cardiology follow-up.

Conclusions:

These recommendations provide updated and best evidence-based guidance to healthcare providers who diagnose and manage Kawasaki disease, but clinical decision making should be individualized to specific patient circumstances.
Visualizing Localized Reentry With Ultra–High Density Mapping in Iatrogenic Atrial Tachycardia
Authors: Luther Vishal , Sikkel Markus , Bennett Nathan , Guerrero Fernando , Leong Kevin , Qureshi Norman , Ng Fu Siong , Hayat Sajad A. , Sohaib S.M. Afzal , Malcolme-Lawes Louisa , Lim Elaine , Wright Ian , Koa-Wing Michael , Lefroy David C. , Linton Nick W.F. , Whinnett Zachary , Kanagaratnam Prapa , Davies D. Wyn , Peters Nicholas S. , Lim Phang Boon
Published: March 2017

Background—

The activation pattern of localized reentry (LR) in atrial tachycardia remains incompletely understood. We used the ultra–high density Rhythmia mapping system to study activation patterns in LR.

Methods and Results—

LR was suggested by small rotatory activations (carousels) containing the full spectrum of the color-coded map. Twenty-three left-sided atrial tachycardias were mapped in 15 patients (age: 64±11 years). 16 253±9192 points were displayed per map, collected over 26±14 minutes. A total of 50 carousels were identified (median 2; quartiles 1–3 per map), although this represented LR in only n=7 out of 50 (14%): here, rotation occurred around a small area of scar (<0.03 mV; 12±6 mm diameter). In LR, electrograms along the carousel encompassed the full tachycardia cycle length, and surrounding activation moved away from the carousel in all directions. Ablating fractionated electrograms (117±18 ms; 44±13% of tachycardia cycle length) within the carousel interrupted the tachycardia in every LR case. All remaining carousels were pseudo-reentrant (n=43/50 [86%]) occurring in areas of wavefront collision (n=21; median 0.5; quartiles 0–2 per map) or as artifact because of annotation of noise or interpolation in areas of incomplete mapping (n=22; median 1, quartiles 0–2 per map). Pseudo-reentrant carousels were incorrectly ablated in 5 cases having been misinterpreted as LR.

Conclusions—

The activation pattern of LR is of small stable rotational activations (carousels), and this drove 30% (7/23) of our postablation atrial tachycardias. However, this appearance is most often pseudo-reentrant and must be differentiated by interpretation of electrograms in the candidate circuit and activation in the wider surrounding region.
Analysis of Cardiac Myocyte Maturation Using CASAAV, a Platform for Rapid Dissection of Cardiac Myocyte Gene Function In Vivo
Authors: Guo Yuxuan , VanDusen Nathan J. , Zhang Lina , Gu Weiliang , Sethi Isha , Guatimosim Silvia , Ma Qing , Jardin Blake D. , Ai Yulan , Zhang Donghui , Chen Biyi , Guo Ang , Yuan Guo-Cheng , Song Long-Sheng , Pu William T.
Published: March 2017

Rationale:

Loss-of-function studies in cardiac myocytes (CMs) are currently limited by the need for appropriate conditional knockout alleles. The factors that regulate CM maturation are poorly understood. Previous studies on CM maturation have been confounded by heart dysfunction caused by whole organ gene inactivation.

Objective:

To develop a new technical platform to rapidly characterize cell-autonomous gene function in postnatal murine CMs and apply it to identify genes that regulate transverse tubules (T-tubules), a hallmark of mature CMs.

Methods and Results:

We developed CRISPR/Cas9/AAV9-based somatic mutagenesis, a platform in which AAV9 delivers tandem guide RNAs targeting a gene of interest and cardiac troponin-T promoter–driven Cre to
Rosa

Cas9GFP/Cas9GFP

neonatal mice. When directed against junctophilin-2 (
Jph2
), a gene previously implicated in T-tubule maturation, we achieved efficient, rapid, and CM-specific JPH2 depletion. High-dose AAV9 ablated JPH2 in 64% CMs and caused lethal heart failure, whereas low-dose AAV9 ablated JPH2 in 22% CMs and preserved normal heart function. In the context of preserved heart function, CMs lacking JPH2 developed T-tubules that were nearly morphologically normal, indicating that JPH2 does not have a major, cell-autonomous role in T-tubule maturation. However, in hearts with severe dysfunction, both adeno-associated virus–transduced and nontransduced CMs exhibited T-tubule disruption, which was more severe in the transduced subset. These data indicate that cardiac dysfunction disrupts T-tubule structure and that JPH2 protects T-tubules in this context. We then used CRISPR/Cas9/AAV9-based somatic mutagenesis to screen 8 additional genes for required, cell-autonomous roles in T-tubule formation. We identified RYR2 (Ryanodine Receptor-2) as a novel, cell-autonomously required T-tubule maturation factor.

Conclusions:

CRISPR/Cas9/AAV9-based somatic mutagenesis is a powerful tool to study cell-autonomous gene functions. Genetic mosaics are invaluable to accurately define cell-autonomous gene function. JPH2 has a minor role in normal T-tubule maturation but is required to stabilize T-tubules in the failing heart. RYR2 is a novel T-tubule maturation factor.
Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease
Authors: Tang W.H. Wilson , Kitai Takeshi , Hazen Stanley L.
Published: March 2017

Significant interest in recent years has focused on gut microbiota–host interaction because accumulating evidence has revealed that intestinal microbiota play an important role in human health and disease, including cardiovascular diseases. Changes in the composition of gut microbiota associated with disease, referred to as dysbiosis, have been linked to pathologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to alterations in gut microbiota composition, the metabolic potential of gut microbiota has been identified as a contributing factor in the development of diseases. Recent studies revealed that gut microbiota can elicit a variety of effects on the host. Indeed, the gut microbiome functions like an endocrine organ, generating bioactive metabolites, that can impact host physiology. Microbiota interact with the host through many pathways, including the trimethylamine/trimethylamine
N
-oxide pathway, short-chain fatty acids pathway, and primary and secondary bile acids pathways. In addition to these metabolism-dependent pathways, metabolism-independent processes are suggested to also potentially contribute to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. For example, heart failure–associated splanchnic circulation congestion, bowel wall edema, and impaired intestinal barrier function are thought to result in bacterial translocation, the presence of bacterial products in the systemic circulation and heightened inflammatory state. These are thought to also contribute to further progression of heart failure and atherosclerosis. The purpose of the current review is to highlight the complex interplay between microbiota, their metabolites, and the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. We will also discuss the roles of gut microbiota in normal physiology and the potential of modulating intestinal microbial inhabitants as novel therapeutic targets.
Sex‐Specific Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid and Risk of Stroke: A Dose‐Response Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Studies
Authors: Zhong Chongke , Zhong Xiaoyan , Xu Tian , Xu Tan , Zhang Yonghong
Published: March 2017

Background

Conflicting findings of the association between serum uric acid (
UA
) and stroke have been reported in both men and women, and it is unclear whether this association was different between men and women. We preformed this meta‐analysis to assess the sex‐specific effect of serum
UA
on the risk of stroke and its subtypes.

Methods and Results

Prospective studies that reported sex‐specific association of
UA
levels with stroke or reported in a certain sex were included. Dose‐response relationships were assessed by the generalized least squares trend estimation, and summary effect estimates were evaluated with random‐effect models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the potential sources of heterogeneity and the robustness of the pooled estimation. Altogether, 13 prospective studies were identified in this study. The summary of relative risks (95% CIs) of stroke for a 1‐mg/dL increase in serum
UA
levels were 1.10 (1.05–1.14) for men and 1.11 (1.09–1.13) for women. There is no significant difference in the effect of
UA
on future stroke risk between men and women (
P
interaction
=0.736). Subgroup analyses showed that the significant associations persisted in most stratifications, and sensitivity analyses according to various inclusion criteria yielded similar results. A nonlinear relationship was observed in men (
P
non‐linearity
<0.001), with risk increasing significantly from a
UA
of 6 mg/dL and more steeply at higher
UA
levels.

Conclusions

Elevated serum
UA
levels were significantly associated with modestly increased risk of stroke in both men and women and have similar adverse effects on development of stroke in both sexes.
Structure and Environment of Polar Mesocyclones over the Northeastern Part of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Watanabe Shun-ichi I. , Niino Hiroshi , Yanase Wataru
Published: March 2017

Polar mesocyclones (PMCs) are mesoscale cyclonic vortices that develop poleward of the main polar front. The Sea of Japan is one region where PMCs frequently occur during winter. In this paper, the general characteristics of the structure and environment of PMCs that form over the northeastern part of the Sea of Japan and move southward are examined using composite analysis and numerical simulation. The composite analyses show that the synoptic-scale environment of the PMCs is characterized by a zonal temperature gradient at lower levels and a trough accompanied by cold air at upper levels. These elements of the environmental field form a reverse shear. The mesoscale structure of the PMCs exhibits characteristics of baroclinic development, while it is also accompanied by condensational heating. The numerical simulation in which the composite fields are used for the initial and boundary conditions successfully reproduces a realistic PMC. In this numerical simulation, the mesoscale structures are almost smoothed out in the initial and boundary fields, indicating that the PMCs spontaneously form and develop when the large-scale environment becomes favorable. Sensitivity experiments in which moisture is removed demonstrate that condensational heating is crucial for the genesis and development of the PMC. The sensitivity experiments also show that the warm sea surface temperature in the Strait of Tartary and the Sea of Japan to the west of Hokkaido Island, and the topography of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region provide favorable conditions for the development of the PMCs.
Lesser of Two Evils? Political Organization–Public Relationship in the 2016 Election
Authors: Sweetser Kaye D.
Published: March 2017

Using a national sample of first-time voters ( N = 1,465), this online survey investigated relationship theory in political public relations. Looking at one’s relationship with both major U.S. political parties during the 2016 U.S. presidential election, this study seeks to determine the level of relationship and variables that might predict it. Results indicate that these first-time voters had moderate-to-low relationships with the parties. Even so, relationship with one’s party is predicted by authenticity of your party’s candidate and the level of credibility you assign your party.
Demonstrating Power
Authors: Wouters Ruud , Walgrave Stefaan
Published: March 2017

How do public opinion signals affect political representatives’ opinion formation? To date, we have only limited knowledge about this essential representative process. In this article, we theorize and examine the signaling strength of one type of societal signal: protest. We do so by means of an innovative experiment conducted among Belgian national and regional politicians. Elected officials were exposed to manipulated television news items covering a protest demonstration. Following Tilly’s previously untested WUNC claim, four features of the event were manipulated: the demonstrators’ worthiness, unity, numerical strength, and commitment. We argue that these protest features present elected officials with useful cues about what (a segment of) the public wants. We find that these cues affect elected officials’ beliefs. The salience they attach to the protest issue, the position they take, and their intended actions all change as a consequence of exposure. The size of a protest event (numbers) and whether the protesters agree among themselves (unity) are the most persuasive protest factors. The effects of the protest signals come on top of strong receiver effects. We find no evidence that elected officials’ predispositions moderate the effects of the protest features.
Current Treatment Strategies for Intracranial Aneurysms: An Overview
Authors: Zhao Junjie , Lin Hao , Summers Richard , Yang Mingmin , Cousins Brian G. , Tsui Janice
Published: March 2017

Intracranial aneurysm is a leading cause of stroke. Its treatment has evolved over the past 2 decades. This review summarizes the treatment strategies for intracranial aneurysms from 3 different perspectives: open surgery approach, transluminal treatment approach, and new technologies being used or trialed. We introduce most of the available treatment techniques in detail, including contralateral clipping, wrapping and clipping, double catheters assisting coiling and waffle-cone technique, and so on. Data from major trials such as Analysis of Treatment by Endovascular approach of Non-ruptured Aneurysms (ATENA), Internal Subarachnoid Trial (ISAT), Clinical and Anatomical Results in the Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (CLARITY), and Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) as well as information from other clinical reports and local experience are reviewed to suggest a clinical pathway for treating different types of intracranial aneurysms. It will be a valuable supplement to the current existing guidelines. We hope it could help assisting real-time decision-making in clinical practices and also encourage advancements in managing the disease.