bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das plantare amelanotische Melanom: Ein Wolf im Schafspelz
Authors: Bertlich Ines , Enk Alexander , Toberer Ferdinand
Published: August 2022

Hintergrund, Anamnese und Untersuchungen Das Amelanotische Melanom (AM) ist ein Subtyp des Melanoms, bei dem die Melanozyten wenig oder keine Melaninsynthese betreiben. Da es klinisch nicht die typische, dunkle Pigmentierung des Melanoms zeigt, wird es oftmals als gutartiger Hauttumor oder entzündliche Dermatose verkannt und daher zu spät oder fehlerhaft behandelt. Diese Übersicht aus 4 Fällen dient der Veranschaulichung der Warnzeichen von plantaren AM (PAM), die jedem klinisch tätigen Mediziner bekannt sein sollten.

Therapie und Verlauf Wir präsentieren eine Fallserie aus 4 Patienten mit PAM und beschreiben detailliert die Bandbreite des klinischen Erscheinungsbildes sowie den Krankheitsverlauf.

Folgerung PAM können verschiedene klinische Ausprägungen annehmen und insbesondere ältere Patienten mit multiplen Nebenerkrankungen sind gefährdet für eine Fehldiagnose. Wir empfehlen daher generell eine diagnostische Biopsie bei jeder plantaren Ulzeration, wenn diese nach 6 Wochen kein Therapieansprechen zeigt.
Sicherheit von Brillengläsern mit DIMS-Technologie und Atropin in der Kombinationstherapie der Myopieprogression
Authors: Kaymak Hakan , Mattern Ann-Isabel , Graff Birte , Neller Kai , Langenbucher Achim , Seitz Berthold , Schwahn Hartmut
Published: August 2022

Hintergrund Es soll die Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr beim Tragen von Brillengläsern mit DIMS-Technologie (DIMS: Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments) in der Kombination mit Atropin
evaluiert werden.

Patienten und Methoden An 12 jungen Erwachsenen (Alter: 24 – 45; 30,1 ± 5,7 Jahre) wurde der Fernvisus und die Kontrastempfindlichkeit (KE), sowie Blendempfindlichkeit bei Versorgung
mit DIMS-Brillengläsern allein und in der Kombination mit 0,01% Atropin untersucht.

Ergebnisse Durch Atropineinwirkung vermindert sich der Fernvisus beim Blick durch den zentralen Bereich des DIMS-Brillenglases nicht; bei Blendung und unter Atropin kommt es zu einem
Visusabfall um 0,10 logMAR. Beim erzwungenen Blick durch den DIMS-Bereich vermindert sich der Fernvisus durch Atropineinwirkung ohne Blendung um 0,09 logMAR; bei Blendung ist durch Atropin
kein weiterer Visusabfall zu beobachten. Die Kontrastempfindlichkeit mit DIMS-Gläsern wird durch Atropineinwirkung nicht relevant verändert. Hinsichtlich der Blendempfindlichkeit findet sich
bei DIMS-Gläsern keine für das Sehen und die Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr relevante Sehbeeinträchtigung. Zusätzliche Atropinisierung hat keinen Einfluss auf die Blendempfindlichkeit.

Schlussfolgerung DIMS-Brillengläser sind sicher im Straßenverkehr und verursachen keine relevante Beeinträchtigung des Sehens, auch nicht unter Einfluss von 0,01% Atropin.
DIMS-Brillengläser sind daher auch bei der Behandlung von progressiven Myopien in der Kombinationstherapie mit Atropin sicher.
A Visible-Light-Driven Approach to Free Alcohol from Esters of Quinone Propionic Acid
Authors: Yang Yong-Qing , Xu Ximing , Lu Zheng , Xu Yue , Wen Ze , Xie Changhong , Xie Chengyue , Yu Mengqian , Gao Lingyun
Published: August 2022

Release of alcohol from quinone propionic esters (QPEs) propelled by visible-light is reported. 1°, 2°, and allylic alcohols could be freed from the corresponding QPEs under radiation from blue LED bulb in the presence of a photocatalyst. Ten examples are listed and the yields are good to excellent. Possible mechanism has been proposed and further applications of quinone propionic acid (QPA) in photochemistry would be expected.
Recent Concepts for Supramolecular 2D Materials
Authors: Gallego Lucía , Woods Joseph F. , Rickhaus Michel
Published: August 2022

Bottom-up approaches are one strategy geared towards designing novel two-dimensional materials. Supramolecular polymerization has proven to be an effective way of obtaining these architectures due to the increasing control and tunability offered by different functional groups, which are not afforded by conventional polymerization. In this short review, we highlight examples of supramolecular assemblies held together by well-known non-covalent interactions, as well as new approaches that are becoming more relevant in recent years.
Microsurgical Approach for True Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: Literature Review and Illustrative Case
Authors: Masuoka Jun , Yoshioka Fumitaka , Furukawa Takashi , Koguchi Motofumi , Ito Hiroshi , Inoue Kohei , Ogata Atsushi , Nakahara Yukiko , Abe Tatsuya
Published: August 2022

True posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms are rare. Although true PCoA aneurysms have been reported to be located close to the internal carotid artery, at the middle part of PCoA, or close to the posterior cerebral artery; the best surgical approach to treat true PCoA aneurysms in each location remains unclear. We conducted a literature review using data from PubMed. Data on demographics, location, and projecting direction of the aneurysm, surgical approach, and surgical complications were collected. A total of 47 true PCoA aneurysms were included. Twenty-nine aneurysms originated from the proximal portion, 10 from the middle portion, and 6 from the distal portion; there were two giant aneurysms. The ipsilateral pterional approach was used for 37 true PCoA aneurysms (27 in proximal portion, 8 in middle portion, and 2 in distal portion of PCoA). The anterior temporal approach was used for two distal-portion aneurysms and one giant aneurysm. The anterior subtemporal approach was used for one distal-portion aneurysm. The subtemporal approach was used for two middle-portion aneurysms and one giant aneurysm. The contralateral pterional approach was used for two proximal-portion and one distal-portion aneurysms. Although most true PCoA aneurysms can be treated by the pterional approach, other means such as anterior temporal and subtemporal approaches can be applicable for aneurysms in the middle and distal portions of the PCoA or giant aneurysms. Surgeons should select an appropriate approach for each aneurysm while considering the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Autonomic Dysreflexia following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Balik Vladimír , Šulla Igor
Published: August 2022

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening condition of the autonomic nervous system following spinal cord injury at or above T6. One of the most common symptoms is a sudden increase in blood pressure induced by afferent sensory stimulation owing to unmodulated reflex sympathetic hyperactivity. Such episodes of high blood pressure might be associated with a high risk of cerebral or retinal hemorrhage, seizures, heart failure, or pulmonary edema. In-depth knowledge is, therefore, crucial for the proper management of the AD, especially for spine surgeons, who encounter these patients quite often in their clinical practice. Systematical review of the literature dealing with strategies to prevent and manage this challenging condition was done by two independent reviewers. Studies that failed to assess primary (prevention, treatment strategies and management) and secondary outcomes (clinical symptomatology, presentation) were excluded. A bibliographical search revealed 85 eligible studies that provide a variety of preventive and treatment measures for the subjects affected by AD. As these measures are predominantly based on noncontrolled trials, long-term prospectively controlled multicenter studies are warranted to validate these preventive and therapeutic proposals.
Intravascular Lithotripsy in Calcified Peripheral Lesions: Single-Center JEN-Experience
Authors: Aftanski Pawel , Thieme Marcus , Möbius-Winkler Sven , Kretzschmar Daniel , Klein Friederike , Schulze P. Christian
Published: August 2022

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) shows increasing need for revascularization therapy. Interventional success in calcified lesions is limited. Here, intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), modifying intimal and medial calcium, is a promising treatment approach. A single-center, prospective all-comers registry for patients undergoing peripheral IVL was established to examine treatment success in PAD with severe vessel calcification. Periprocedural safety events as well as short-term and intermediate follow-up clinical data were evaluated. Between December 2018 and January 2021 all consecutive patients receiving peripheral lithotripsy at our center were analyzed. Clinical and angiographic data were evaluated. Angiographic images were analyzed using a semiautomatic software for quantitative vessel analysis. Eighty-five lesions in 61 limbs were treated with IVL in 51 patients presenting with Rutherford classes 2 to 5. Most lesions (68%) were localized in the superficial femoral artery. Mean calcified lesion length was 102.5 mm (10–390 mm), with a median peripheral arterial calcium score of 3, indicating a highly calcified status. In 58% of the patients, IVL was used as a stand-alone therapy. IVL resulted in a mean acute luminal gain of 2.6 ± 0.9 mm, resulting in stenosis reduction by 42.1 ± 15%. Mean ankle brachial index (ABI) improved significantly from 0.6 to 0.8 (p < 0.0001) on day 1 after the intervention and remained stable at 6 months. This large real-world data of peripheral IVL reports compelling safety in a complex patient cohort. For the first time, clinical follow-up data demonstrated a sustained significant improvement in ABI after 6 months.
Association between Prenatal Marijuana and Tobacco Smoke Exposures and Small for Gestational Age at Birth
Authors: Abdelwahab Mahmoud , Klebanoff Mark A. , Venkatesh Kartik K.
Published: August 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the association of prenatal marijuana exposure with and without tobacco smoke exposure and small for gestational age (SGA) at birth.

Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of the prospective Lifestyle and Early Achievement in Families (LEAF) cohort enrolled from 2010 to 2015. We included singleton nonanomalous liveborn pregnancies. We assessed marijuana use inclusive of any pregnancy urine specimen with a Δ9-THC-COOH concentration of more than 15 ng/mL by mass spectrometry, self-report on questionnaire, and/or electronic health record; and self-reported maternal tobacco use. Because of the high co-frequency of marijuana with tobacco exposure in pregnancy and the known association between tobacco and fetal growth restriction, we modeled the exposure as: both marijuana and tobacco (hereafter “co-use”), only marijuana, only tobacco, and neither (reference). Incidence of SGA in each group was compared with the neither group. The primary outcome was SGA less than 10th percentile, and secondarily less than 5th percentile, using parity-specific definitions per 2017 US natality reference data.

Results Among 325 assessed mothers, 46% had neither exposure, 11% had only prenatal marijuana exposure, 20% only tobacco exposure, and 23% co-use exposure. A third (33%) of infants were SGA less than 10th percentile and 20% SGA less than 5th percentile. Marijuana exposure only was associated with an increased risk of SGA less than 10th percentile (43 vs. 26%; adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–2.69), and SGA less than5th percentile (30 vs. 13%; aRR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.15–4.47). Tobacco was not associated with SGA less than 10th percentile, but was with SGA less than 5th percentile (26 vs. 13%; aRR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.56). Co-use was not associated with increased SGA risk in multivariate analysis, but was in sensitivity analysis when tobacco use was defined using a cotinine assay rather than self-report (SGA <10th percentile, aRR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.24–3.15) and (SGA <5th percentile, aRR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.09–3.78).

Conclusion Prenatal marijuana exposure in addition to tobacco may increase the risk of SGA. Given the rising prevalence of marijuana use in pregnancy, further research is warranted to understand how in utero marijuana exposure may impact fetal growth and birth weight with and without tobacco exposure.

Key Points
Do efficiency and equity move together? Cross-dynamics of Health System performance and Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Paul Pavitra , Nguemdjo Ulrich , Ngami Armel , Kovtun Natalia , Ventelou Bruno
Published: August 2022

Efficiency within the health system is well recognised as key for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). However, achieving equity and efficiency simultaneously is often seen as a conflicting effort. Using 12 years of data (2003–2014) from the selection of a number of low- and lower middle-income countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Indonesia, Mongolia, Mozambique, Tajikistan, Togo, Uzbekistan and Yemen Republic), we compute an index of Universal health coverage (UHC), measure the health system’s performance (HSp) and, finally, investigate the cross-dynamics of the resulting HSp and the UHC previously obtained. We find that, with the few exceptions over the statistical sample, the causality between performances of the national health system and the universal health coverage is typically bidirectional. From an empirical standpoint, our findings challenge the idea from economic orthodoxy that efficiency must precede equity in healthcare services. Rather, our findings support the view of simultaneous efforts to improve expansion of the coverage and efficiency of the health system, directing attention towards the importance of organisation of the health system in the country context.
An approach to quantum conformal algebra
Authors: Boyallian Carina , Meinardi Vanesa
Published: August 2022

We aim to explore if, inside a quantum vertex algebra, we can find the right notion of a quantum conformal algebra.
Spatially resolved diagnostics for optimization of large ion beam sources
Authors: Serianni G. , Sartori E. , Agnello R. , Agostinetti P. , Agostini M. , Barbisan M. , Brombin M. , Candeloro V. , Dalla Palma M. , Delogu R. , De Muri M. , Fadone M. , Mario I. , Patton T. , Pimazzoni A. , Poggi C. , Pouradier-Duteil B. , Segalini B. , Shepherd A. , Spolaore M. , Taliercio C. , Ugoletti M. , Veltri P. , Zaniol B. , Pasqualotto R.
Published: August 2022

Giant negative ion sources for neutral beam injectors deliver huge negative ion currents, thanks to their multi-beamlet configuration. As the single-beamlet optics defines the transmission losses along the beamline, the extraction of a similar current for all beamlets is extremely desirable, in order to facilitate the beam source operation (i.e., around perveance match). This Review investigates the correlation between the vertical profile of beam intensity and the vertical profiles of plasma properties at the extraction region of the source, focusing on the influence of increasing cesium injection. Only by the combined use of all available source diagnostics, described in this Review, can beam features on the scale of the non-uniformities be investigated with a sufficient space resolution. At RF power of 50 kW/driver, with intermediate bias currents and a filter field of 2.4 mT, it is found that the central part of the four vertical beam segments exhibits comparable plasma density and beamlet currents; at the edges of the central segments, both the beam and electron density appear to decrease (probably maintaining fixed electron-to-ion ratio); at the bottom of the source, an increase of cesium injection can compensate for the vertical drifts that cause a much higher presence of electrons and a lower amount of negative ions.
Gut-liver-axis microphysiological system for studying cellular fluidic shear stress and inter-tissue interaction
Authors: Yang Jiandong , Imamura Satoshi , Hirai Yoshikazu , Tsuchiya Toshiyuki , Tabata Osamu , Kamei Ken-ichiro
Published: August 2022

To clarify the physiological and pathological roles of gut-liver-axis (GLA) in the human body, a GLA microphysiological system (GLA-MPS) holds great potential. However, in current GLA-MPSs, the importance of a physiologically relevant flow for gut and liver cells' cultivation is not fully addressed. In addition, the integration of individual organ perfusion, circulation flow, and organ tissue functions in a single device has not been achieved. Here, we introduce a GLA-MPS by integrating two cell-culture chambers with individually applied perfusion flows and a circulation channel with an on-chip pneumatic micropump under cell-culture chambers via a porous membrane for interconnecting them. We analyzed the fluid shear stress (FSS) with computational fluid dynamics simulations and confirmed that the physiologically relevant FSS could be applied to the gut (Caco-2) (8 × 10−3 dyn cm−2) and liver (HepG2) cells (1.2 × 10−7 dyn cm−2). Under the physiologically relevant flow, the Caco-2 and HepG2 cells in the GLA-MPS maintained a cell survival rate of 95% and 92%, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of functional proteins such as zonula occludens 1 (in Caco-2) and albumin (in HepG2) was enhanced. To demonstrate the GLA interaction, the inflammatory bowel disease was recapitulated by applying lipopolysaccharide for only Caco-2 cells. The inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, were induced in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. The presented GLA-MPS can be adapted as an advanced in vitro model in various applications for disease modeling associated with inter-tissue interactions, such as inflammatory disease.
A stochastic PDE approach to large N problems in quantum field theory: A survey
Authors: Shen Hao
Published: August 2022

In this Review, we review some recent rigorous results on large N problems in quantum field theory, stochastic quantization, and singular stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) and their mean field limit problems. In particular, we discuss the O(N) linear sigma model on a two- and three-dimensional torus. The stochastic quantization procedure leads to a coupled system of N interacting Φ4 equations. In d = 2, we show uniformity in N bounds for the dynamics and convergence to a mean-field singular SPDE. For large enough mass or small enough coupling, the invariant measures [i.e., the O(N) linear sigma model] converge to the massive Gaussian free field, the unique invariant measure of the mean-field dynamics, in a Wasserstein distance. We also obtain tightness for certain O(N) invariant observables as random fields in suitable Besov spaces as N → ∞, along with exact descriptions of the limiting correlations. In d = 3, the estimates become more involved since the equation is more singular. We discuss in this case how to prove convergence to the massive Gaussian free field. The proofs of these results build on the recent progress of singular SPDE theory and combine many new techniques, such as uniformity in N estimates and dynamical mean field theory. These are based on joint papers with Scott Smith, Rongchan Zhu, and Xiangchan Zhu.
Multiscale architecture: Mechanics of composite cytoskeletal networks
Authors: Lorenz C. , Köster S.
Published: August 2022

Different types of biological cells respond differently to mechanical stresses, and these responses are mainly governed by the cytoskeleton. The main components of this biopolymer network are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, whose mechanical and dynamic properties are highly distinct, thus opening up a large mechanical parameter space. Aside from experiments on whole, living cells, “bottom-up” approaches, utilizing purified, reconstituted protein systems, tremendously help to shed light on the complex mechanics of cytoskeletal networks. Such experiments are relevant in at least three aspects: (i) from a fundamental point of view, cytoskeletal networks provide a perfect model system for polymer physics; (ii) in materials science and “synthetic cell” approaches, one goal is to fully understand properties of cellular materials and reconstitute them in synthetic systems; (iii) many diseases are associated with cell mechanics, so a thorough understanding of the underlying phenomena may help solving pressing biomedical questions. In this review, we discuss the work on networks consisting of one, two, or all three types of filaments, entangled or cross-linked, and consider active elements such as molecular motors and dynamically growing filaments. Interestingly, tuning the interactions among the different filament types results in emergent network properties. We discuss current experimental challenges, such as the comparability of different studies, and recent methodological advances concerning the quantification of attractive forces between filaments and their influence on network mechanics.
Percolating transition from weak to strong turbulence in wind-induced water surface waves
Authors: Lo Wei-Shuo , Jou Ji-Lin , I Lin
Published: August 2022

Recent studies in hydrodynamic flows and nonlinear plasma waves have demonstrated the turbulent transitions from ordered laminar flows and ordered plane waves, respectively, with the formation of a large percolating turbulent cluster, after the sporadic emergence and decay of turbulent puffs in the spatiotemporal space. These transitions follow the similar order–disorder transition scenario in nonequilibrium extended systems, governed by percolation theory. Here, we experimentally investigate the unexplored issue of whether a similar transition scenario can be extended to wind-driven water waves, especially for the transition from weak to strong turbulent states. Localized sites in the y–t (y is normal to the wind direction) space are binarized into hot turbulent sites (HTSs) and cold turbulent sites depending on the instantaneous energy of the local wave height fluctuations. It is found that increasing the fetch (the distance x from the wind entrance) as increasing the effective drive leads to the transition from the weak to the strong turbulent state with a smooth rapid rise of the area fraction occupied by HTSs, and the formation of a large HTS cluster percolating through the y–t space after the sporadic emergence of HTS clusters. This generic transition behavior and the scaling exponents of the HTS fraction around the critical (percolating) fetch, and of the quiescent time and the quiescent distance between adjacent HTS clusters at the critical fetch, are akin to those around and at the critical point, respectively, for the 1 + 1D (dimensional) nonequilibrium system governed by the directed percolation theory.
Comment on “Linear stability of a rotating channel flow subjected to a static magnetic field” [Phys. Fluids 34, 054116 (2022)]
Authors: Priede Jānis
Published: August 2022

Recently, Sengupta and Ghosh [“Linear stability of a rotating channel flow subjected to a static magnetic field,” Phys. Fluids 34, 054116 (2022)] published a linear stability analysis of a pressure-driven channel flow, which is subject to rotation around a spanwise axis and a uniform magnetic field applied in the same direction. Unfortunately, the formulation of the magnetohydrodynamic part of the problem contains an elementary error, which makes the obtained results unphysical. The error is due to unfounded omission of the electric potential contribution in the induced electric current which, thus, does not satisfy the charge conservation.
Reynolds number and submergence ratio effects on turbulence structures in the shallow wake of a horizontal pipe located on a rough bed
Authors: Devi Kalpana , Hanmaiahgari Prashanth Reddy , Balachandar Ram , Vanteru Mahendra Reddy
Published: August 2022

The effects of Reynolds number and submergence ratio on mean velocity, separation length, Reynolds shear stresses (RSS), correlation coefficient, anisotropy, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are evaluated by modifying the free-stream velocity and pipe diameter to understand the fluid–structure interaction in the presence of a rough channel bed. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry is used to acquire three-dimensional velocity data in the experiments. The experimental data demonstrate that the non-dimensional separation length is linearly varying with the Reynolds number up to a critical Reynolds number, and after that, it becomes independent of the Reynolds number. The vertical profiles of the mean velocity, RSS, correlation coefficient, anisotropy, and TKE are not affected by the Reynolds number; however, their profiles are affected by the submergence ratio. The RSS and TKE are found to be larger for the higher submergence ratio below the top level of the pipe throughout the wake region. The reattachment point is found to be the most turbulent as the most pronounced peaks of RSS and TKE are occurring at this point. The quadrant analysis reveals that the RSS contribution of ejection events is higher for a lower submergence ratio, whereas the RSS contribution of the sweep events is higher for a higher submergence ratio. In conclusion, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the turbulent flow characteristics in the wake region of a bed-mounted horizontal circular pipe located on a fixed sand bed, especially the modification of the turbulence properties due to changes in the Reynolds number and submergence ratio.
Effects of physical form and wheat straw level in the diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen papillae morphometry, and carcass characteristics in Lohi lambs
Authors: Sohail M. A. , Rashid M. A. , Habib H. F. , Malik M. I. , Yousaf M. S. , Rehman H.
Published: August 2022

Context To achieve maximum growth and decrease fattening periods farmers tend to use a high concentrate diet in the total mixed ration (TMR). A larger particle size of straw may increase the concentrate level in the TMR and improve the performance without affecting the rumen health of lambs. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical form (PF) and wheat straw levels (SL) in the diet on growth performance, rumen health, and carcass characteristics of lambs. Methods Thirty-two male Lohi lambs (31.5 ± 2.5 kg, age 6–7 months) were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two physical forms [pelleted, conventional mashed] and two levels of straw (15% and 25%). The experiment lasted for 16 weeks including 2 weeks for dietary adaptation, 13 weeks for growth data collection, and 1 week for digestibility. Key results Lambs fed pelleted and 15% straw diets had greater dry matter intake than those offered mashed and 25% straw diets. Lambs fed 15% pelleted straw TMR displayed a greater final bodyweight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency than the other treatments. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility were higher in lambs fed on the pelleted and 15% straw diets compared to those fed on the mashed and the 25% straw diets. However, neutral detergent fibre digestibility was higher in the lambs fed 15% straw than those fed 25% straw diets. Lambs fed pelleted and 15% straw diets had longer papillae (P < 0.05), covering greater surface area than those fed on the mashed and 25% straw diets. Lambs fed on the pelleted and 15% straw diets had greater (P < 0.05) marbling score, rib eye area, empty live weight, hot carcass weight, and fat content than the lambs fed mashed and 25% straw diets. Conclusion Greater digestibility and feed intake of lambs fed a 15% pelleted straw TMR led to better growth performance, and improved carcass quality. Implications Feeding wheat straw-based pelleted TMR with 15% straw ground at 8 mm shows great potential to enhance the sustainable lamb production system in Pakistan.
Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the
Lifespan
Authors: Herschensohn Julia
Published: August 2022

How does knowledge of a first or second language develop, and how is that knowledge used in real time comprehension and production of one or two languages? Language development and processing are the central topics that this book explores, initially in terms of first language(s) and then in terms of additional languages. Human growth and development necessarily involve the passage of time, implicating this orthogonal factor and leading to the observation that capacities may vary across the lifespan. Two theoretical frameworks have historically attributed explanations for knowledge and use of language, nature versus nurture approaches: the former credits biogenetic intrinsic characteristics, while the latter ascribes environmental extrinsic experiences as the causes of developmental change. The evidence examined throughout this book offers a more nuanced and complex view, eschewing dichotomy and favoring a hybrid approach that takes into account a range of internal and external influences.
Research Methods in Vocabulary Studies
Authors: Durrant Philip , Siyanova-Chanturia Anna , Kremmel Benjamin , Sonbul Suhad
Published: August 2022

Understanding vocabulary and its role in language learning is one of the central tasks of applied linguistic research. It is also an area that has seen, and continues to see, huge progress in terms of the complexity and diversity of work being done. While this makes for a rich and exciting research scene, it can also make the task of developing vocabulary research skills a daunting one as specialist subfields develop ever more sophisticated concepts and methods. This book aims to give readers an understanding of the area that is both detailed and rounded by introducing them to understanding and doing vocabulary research from four key perspectives: corpus linguistics, psycholinguistics, language testing, and teaching and learning. Within each area, a state-of-the-art review describes fundamental concepts and commonly used methods, evaluates ongoing methodological debates, and points to areas for future development. It aims both to give readers a solid grounding in the specialized methods and debates associated with each area and to build connections across these specializations, considering points of contact and ways in which they can work together.
For a topology of derivational paradigms
Authors: Melloni Chiara , Dal Maso Serena
Published: August 2022

In recent times, paradigmatic approaches to word formation have become increasingly popular, but the very concept of derivational paradigm is still far from being clear and universally accepted: while paradigms are a useful construct for the treatment of inflectional phenomena, less straightforward is their adoption in the realm of derivation, which is characterized by numerous gaps and inconsistencies. The aim of our theoretical contribution is to discuss the representation that morphological entities and derivational relationships receive in paradigmatic approaches, especially those which are gaining popularity in recent developments of the research. Specifically, we will reflect on how word-internal and word-external morphological relationships are explained and modeled in different topological representations, starting from traditional organizations of cells in columns, to three-dimensional arrangements of morphological families, to schematic representations along the lines of the Construction Morphology framework and, finally, to Bybee’s multidimensional networks.
Interlocking paradigms in English compounds
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: August 2022

In this contribution, I consider the paradigmatic structure of compounds in English, showing that the various paradigms overlap and interlock, leading to a network of paradigmatic structures. I briefly consider the implications of such a structure for non-compound structures as well, and discuss how to deal with the productivity of paradigmatic structures in such a framework.
Complex verbs
Authors: Villalva Alina
Published: August 2022

Denominal and deadjectival complex verbs form a heterogenous set. They all belong to the coarse-grained class of causative verbs, but they may be obtained by different morphological processes, namely suffixation (code

n
→ codify

v
; laic

adj
→ laicize

v
), conversion (water

n
→ water

v
; dry

adj
→ dry

v
), or parasynthesis (globe

n
→ englobe

v
; rich

adj
→ enrich

v
). The focus of this paper is on the description and comparative analysis of the three processes, based mainly on data from European Portuguese (e.g., planificar

v
‘plan’, jogar

v
‘play’, esburacar

v
‘make a hole’, fragilizar

v
‘fragilize’, secar

v
‘dry’, envelhecer

v
‘grow old’) and English (e.g., codify, play, debug, fragilize, dry, enrich). The analysis will deal with each of these verb-forming processes individually and how they relate with each other.
Effect of Cr addition on the γ′ strengthened CoNiCrAlMo compositionally complex alloy
Authors: Pandey Prafull , Pantawane Mangesh V. , Baler Nithin , Ravi Raju , Makineni Surendra Kumar , Chattopadhyay Kamanio
Published: August 2022

The present study illustrates the effect of varying Cr content in Co51- xNi30Al10Mo5Nb2Ti2Cr x ( x = 2, 5, and 8 at.-%) compositionally complex alloys (CCAs). STEM-EDS analysis suggests a change in Mo partitioning from equal in both the phases (γ and γ′) in CCA-2Cr to the γ phase in CCA-5Cr and CCA-8Cr alloys. This peculiar compositional partitioning with Cr content beyond 2% brings a change in γ′ precipitate morphology from cuboidal to spheroidal in CCAs. The shape change-induced reduction in strain energy rendered a decrease in γ′ coarsening rate by ∼ 1/2, i.e. from 11.5 to 4.6 nm3/s in the CCA-2Cr and CCA-8Cr alloys, respectively. All three alloys show an anomalous increase in 0.2% proof stress (PS) with temperature and achieve peak values at 770°C.
Holography of the photon ring
Authors: Hadar Shahar , Kapec Daniel , Lupsasca Alexandru , Strominger Andrew
Published: August 2022

Space-based next-generation interferometers propose to measure the Lyapunov exponents of the nearly bound geodesics that comprise the photon ring surrounding the black hole M87*. We argue that these classical Lyapunov exponents equal the quantum Ruelle resonances describing the late-time approach to thermal equilibrium of the quantum microstate holographically dual to any Kerr black hole such as M87*. Moreover, we identify ‘near-ring regions’ in the phase space of fields propagating on Kerr that exhibit critical behavior, including emergent conformal symmetries. These are analogues for sub-extremal Kerr of the much-studied ‘near-horizon regions’ of (near-)extremal black holes. The emergent conformal symmetries greatly constrain the observational predictions for the fine photon ring substructure around M87* and for quasinormal gravitational-wave ringdowns, as well as any proposal for a quantum holographic dual to the Kerr black hole. More generally, we hope that our identification of several universal features of Kerr spectroscopy provides a useful starting point for a bottom-up approach to holography for astrophysical black holes.
A CMOS compatible thermoelectric device made of crystalline silicon membranes with nanopores
Authors: Bah Thierno-Moussa , Didenko Stanislav , Zhou Di , Zhu Tianqi , Ikzibane Hafsa , Monfray Stephane , Skotnicki Thomas , Dubois Emmanuel , Robillard Jean-François
Published: August 2022

Herein, we report the use of nanostructured crystalline silicon as a thermoelectric material and its integration into thermoelectric devices. The proof-of-concept relies on the partial suppression of lattice thermal conduction by introducing pores with dimensions scaling between the electron mean free path and the phonon mean free path. In other words, we artificially aimed at the well-known ‘electron crystal and phonon glass’ trade-off targeted in thermoelectricity. The devices were fabricated using CMOS-compatible processes and exhibited power generation up to 5.5 mW cm−2 under a temperature difference of 280 K. These numbers demonstrate the capability to power autonomous devices with environmental heat sources using silicon chips of centimeter square dimensions. We also report the possibility of using the developed devices for integrated thermoelectric cooling.
Intense laser-generated ion beams propagating in plasmas
Authors: Robinson A P L
Published: August 2022

The generation of nuclear reactions using laser-generated proton and ion beams has been investigated for several years by a number of different research teams. Interpreting and understanding these experiments remains a challenge, which suggests that there are phenomena, processes, or effects not considered in the interpretive framework that is usually employed. In this paper, we examine the theoretical case for strong drag heating by the incident ion beam, and the generation of electric fields, which affect the propagation of the ion beam and thus the yield from nuclear reactions. We obtain an analytic metric,

Ξ
h

, for predicting the regime in which the drag heating heats the target so violently that ion–electron drag is suppressed. This compares favourably to ion kinetic hybrid simulations.
How sheath properties change with gas pressure: modeling and simulation
Authors: Beving L P , Hopkins M M , Baalrud S D
Published: August 2022

Particle-in-cell simulations are used to study how neutral pressure influences plasma properties at the sheath edge. The high rate of ion–neutral collisions at pressures above several mTorr are found to cause a decrease in the ion velocity at the sheath edge (collisional Bohm criterion), a decrease in the edge-to-center density ratio (h

l
factor), and an increase in the sheath width and sheath potential drop. A comparison with existing analytic models generally indicates favorable agreement, but with some distinctions. One is that models for the h

l
factor need to be made consistent with the collisional Bohm criterion. With this and similar corrections, a comprehensive fluid-based model of the plasma boundary transition is constructed that compares well with the simulation results.
The Hawking-Page-like phase transition from FRW spacetime to McVittie black hole
Authors: Abdusattar Haximjan , Kong Shi-Bei , Yin Yihao , Hu Ya-Peng
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamics especially the Hawking-Page-like phase transition of the McVittie space-time. We formulate the first law of thermodynamics for the McVittie black hole, and find that the work density W of the perfect fluid plays the role of the thermodynamic pressure, i.e. P:=-W. We also construct the thermodynamic equation of state for the McVittie black hole. Most importantly, by analysing the Gibbs free energy, we find that the Hawking-Page-like phase transition from FRW spacetime to McVittie black hole is possible in the case P > 0.
Quantitative evaluation of the supercontinuum laser eye dazzling effect: in vivo experimental research
Authors: Ma Qiong , Fan Yingwei , Kang Hongxiang
Published: August 2022

To quantitatively evaluate the dazzling effect of each spectrum band of the supercontinuum laser, we conducted experimental research to explore the safety and dazzling of animal eyes. Under the condition of dark adaptation, the rabbit eyes were irradiated with different power densities and spectral bands by frontal incident mode for 0.25 s, which was repeated ten times. The fundus of the rabbit eyes was examined using an ophthalmoscope, and the upper limit of safe power density was explored. Rabbit eyes were irradiated with different doses of dazzling light for 0.1 s. Visual electrophysiological signals were collected dynamically, and the recovery time of the electroretinogram (ERG)-b wave amplitude of the rabbit eyes was recorded and analyzed after laser irradiation. When the power density was 8.0 mW cm−2 in visible spectrum (vs.), the recovery time of the ERG-b wave in the rabbit eye was 4.11 ± 0.67 s. When the power density was 12.0 mW cm−2 in the full spectrum (FS), the recovery time of the ERG-b wave in the rabbit eye was 4.16 ± 0.55 s. The recovery time of the ERG-b wave was 4.50 ± 0.94 s at a power density of 4.6 mW cm−2 in FS-1 and 3.81 ± 0.11 s at a power density of 5.0 mW cm−2 in the FS-2. When the power density was 628.00 mW cm−2 in infrared spectrum (IS), the recovery time of the ERG-b wave was only 0.84 ± 0.09 s. The reference values for the upper limit of the safe irradiation power density of the supercontinuum laser are set as follows: 25.2 mW cm−2 in vs., 118.4 mW cm−2 in IS and 105.0 mW cm−2 in FS. The vs., FS, FS-1 and FS-2 of the supercontinuum laser had a good dazzling effect on rabbit eyes, and the dazzling effect was enhanced with increasing radiation power density, but the IS had little dazzling effect.
Amplitude and rotation of the ellipticity of harmonics from a linearly polarized laser field
Authors: Li Ping , Gao Na , Yu Rui-Xian , Wang Jun , Li Su-Yu , Guo Fu-Ming , Yang Yu-Jun
Published: August 2022

We simulate the dynamic response of

H
2
+

in a linearly polarized laser field by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The elliptically polarized high-order harmonics generated by

H
2
+

irradiated by the linearly polarized laser field are systematically investigated. The result shows that the amplitude and rotation of the ellipticity of harmonics are affected by the alignment angle and internuclear distance of the molecule. Analyzing the change in forces acted on the ionized electrons and the trajectories of the electrons, the phenomena are found to be due to the change in the direction of the total Coulomb forces from the two nuclei felt by the recollided ionized electrons in the direction perpendicular to the laser polarization direction. Based on the influence law, we can select the harmonics with a specific frequency band under different alignment angles and then synthesize the isolated attosecond pulses with different rotations, which can be continuously converted from right-handed circular polarization, linear polarization, and left-handed circular polarization by changing the alignment angle. This study provides a new possible approach to the real-time detection of molecular states by using attosecond pulses and obtaining more optimized harmonics with molecular properties.
Commissioning of the PADME experiment with a positron beam
Authors: Albicocco P. , Assiro R. , Bossi F. , Branchini P. , Buonomo B. , Capirossi V. , Capitolo E. , Capoccia C. , Caricato A.P. , Ceravolo S. , Chiodini G. , Corradi G. , De Sangro R. , Di Giulio C. , Domenici D. , Ferrarotto F. , Fiore S. , Finocchiaro G. , Foggetta L.G , Frankenthal A. , Garattini M. , Georgiev G. , Giacchino F. , Ghigo A. , Gianotti P. , Gontad F. , Iazzi F. , Ivanov S. , Ivanov Sv. , Kozhuharov V. , Leonardi E. , Long E. , Martini M. , Martino M. , Miccoli A. , Oceano I. , Oliva F. , Organtini G.C. , Pinna F. , Piperno G. , Pinto C. , Raggi M. , Safai Tehrani F. , Saputi A. , Sarra I. , Sciascia B. , Simeonov R. , Spadaro T. , Spagnolo S. , Spiriti E. , Tagnani D. , Tsankov l. , Taruggi C. , Valente P. , Variola A. , Vilucchi E.
Published: August 2022

The PADME experiment is designed to search for a
hypothetical dark photon A'
produced in positron-electron
annihilation using a bunched positron beam at the Beam Test Facility
of the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. The expected
sensitivity to the A'
-photon mixing parameter ϵ
is 10-3, for A'
mass ≤ 23.5 MeV/c
2 after
collecting ∼ 1013 positrons-on-target.

This paper presents the PADME detector status after commissioning in
July 2019. In addition, the software algorithms employed to
reconstruct physics objects, such as photons and charged particles,
and the calibration procedures adopted are illustrated in detail.
The results show that the experimental apparatus reaches the design
performance, and is able to identify and measure standard
electromagnetic processes, such as positron bremsstrahlung and
electron-positron annihilation into two photons.
AlphaCAMM, a Micromegas-based camera for high-sensitivity screening of alpha surface contamination
Authors: Altenmüller Konrad , Castel Juan F. , Cebrián Susana , Dafni Theopisti , Díez-Ibáñez David , Galán Javier , Galindo Javier , García Juan Antonio , Irastorza Igor G. , Luzón Gloria , Margalejo Cristina , Mirallas Hector , Obis Luis , de Solórzano Alfonso Ortiz , Pérez Oscar
Published: August 2022

Surface contamination of 222Rn progeny from the
 238U natural decay chain is one of the most difficult
background contributions to measure in rare event searches
experiments. In this work we propose AlphaCAMM, a gaseous chamber
read with a segmented Micromegas, for the direct measurement of
 210Pb surface contamination of flat samples. The detection
concept exploits the readout capabilities of the Micromegas
detectors for the reconstruction of 210Po alpha tracks to
increase the signal-to-background ratio. We report here on the
design and realization of a first 26 × 26 cm2 
non-radiopure prototype, with which the detection concept is
demonstrated by the use of a new algorithm for the reconstruction of
alpha tracks. AlphaCAMM aims for minimum detectable 210Pb 
activities of 100 nBq cm-2 and sensitivity upper limits
about 60 nBq cm-2 at 95% of C.L., which requires an
intrinsic background level of 5×10-8 alphas cm-2 
s-1. We discuss here the prospects to reach these sensitivity
goals with a radiopure AlphaCAMM prototype currently under
construction.
Metapragmatic Knowledge and Transfer of Learning across Speech Acts
Authors: Taguchi Naoko , Chen Ying , Qin Yuqing
Published: August 2022

This study explored the relationship between metapragmatic knowledge and transfer of learning from one speech act to another. Using a digital application, 105 Chinese learners of English received implicit instruction on how to formulate a high-imposition request to someone in a higher social status and larger social distance. Immediately after the instruction, they reported what they thought they learned or noticed during the instruction, which served as an indication of their metapragmatic knowledge. After this, they completed immediate and delayed post-tests that assessed their knowledge of the instructed speech act (request-making) as well as their knowledge of the uninstructed speech act, advice-giving (transfer item). Results showed that the participants made significant gains in their productive knowledge of both speech acts after the instruction. The participants’ metapragmatic knowledge significantly correlated with their test performance for both speech acts. These findings indicate that transfer of learning from one speech act to another can occur after instruction. The findings also support that metapragmatic knowledge established during instruction is related to the transfer.
The lower motor neuron homunculus
Authors: Ravits John , Stack Julia
Published: August 2022

Penfield’s motor homunculus anthropomorphizes the cerebral level of motor control, the upper motor neuron. However, it leaves the cranial and spinal motor neurons unrepresented. Here Ravits and Stack redress the imbalance by presenting a lower motor neuron homunculus.