bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of Attitudes and Personality Characteristics among 60 Youthful Offenders
Authors: White William F. , Porter Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

60 youthful offenders scaled 21 concepts with 12 bipolar adjectives of the semantic differential. The scaled concepts were clustered in semantic space by a multidimensional interrelational affective technique. Interpretation of the relationships of the concepts was based on the distance function of the evaluation and potency dimensions. “Death,” “black,” “police,” and “girl” were observed with the highest D2 function and were the most intensely stimulating affective concepts. A canonical correlational analysis was applied to the semantic factor scores of each concept and scores on the High School Personality Questionnaire. Measures of personality did not appear in the same system of relationships with any one of the 21 concepts.
Commonality of Word Association Response in Schizophrenia as a Function of Premorbid Adjustment, Chronicity, and Paranoid Status
Authors: Deckner C. William , Cromwell Rue L.
Published: September 2011

The Kent-Rosanoff Word Association test was administered to 102 hospitalized, adult, male schizophrenics. Neither chronicity nor paranoid status differentiated commonality of word association response. Premorbid adjustment level differentiated, but differences were in the direction opposite to those reported in previous research. That is, schizophrenics with poor premorbid adjustment exceeded those with good premorbid adjustment in mean commonality score.
Reappraisal of the Validity of a Short Short Form of Wechsler's Scales
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

The validity of Vocabulary and Block Design (V-BD) as a short form of the WAIS, the WISC, and the WPPSI was reappraised, using a formula that takes subtest unreliability into account, and a table was presented for converting the sum of scaled scores on V-BD directly to an estimate of Full Scale IQ.
An Evaluation of an Ethnocentrism Scale with Reference to Item Content and Response Style
Authors: Stacey Barrie G.
Published: September 2011

The BE-scale was developed to provide a measure of ethnocentrism relevant to the contemporary situation in Britain. It was constructed by a procedure reflecting the viewpoint of the response-style advocates and standardized on a small sample in Sheffield. A replication study has been carried out in Glasgow. This study shows that the scale is reliable and has stable characteristics, though it does not have a high level of acceptability in the population at large and its factorial structure is psychologically uninterpretable. The shortcomings of the scale stem largely from the use made of negatively worded items.
Creativity: Reported Family Patterns and Scoring Methodology
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Foxman Diane J.
Published: September 2011

Two predictions about family patterns associated with creativity were made and supported, with 75 Ss from three randomly selected undergraduate classes: (a) college students having spent most of their lives with both parents will be more creative than students spending most of their life with one or none and (b) living at home while attending college will be negatively associated with creativity. Other findings about family patterns and creativity are also presented. In addition, data are presented suggesting the value of the regular as opposed to a more liberal scoring of the Unusual Uses test; and, the superiority of using Ss' three most preferred shapes as an indicator of complexity preference rather than using a complexity score based on most minus least preferred shapes. A second study with 63 Ss supported some of the findings in Study I and suggested that the context in which Ss were tested did not influence the correlations between brick-use fluency and preference for complexity.
Effects of Paraphrasing Clinical Interview Items on Structured Responses
Authors: Gannon D. R. , Tyler D. W.
Published: September 2011

6 paraphrasers ( Ps) of varied professional experience each paraphrased the same 30 MMPI items. VA patients ( N = 33) sorted all 180 items plus the original ( O) items and 40 fillers into two categories, True and False. Results showed that there are significant differences among items with respect to the consistency of response by Ss, and significant differences among Ss in consistency of sorting O items and their variations. There were large differences among various pairs of Ps in the number of identical responses elicited from Ss.
Test-Retest Reliability and the Significance of Doubtful Responses in the Edwards Personality Inventory
Authors: Oakland James A.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of correlations between test-retest scores of 45 university students over a nine-week period, the test-retest reliability of scales in Book IA of the EPI was judged satisfactory. Inclusion of doubtful answers in the scale score did not alter the reliability or validity of the scale. The significance of these findings to users of the EPI and to those constructing objective personality tests was discussed.
Effects of Video Playback of a Person on His Self-Concept
Authors: Blount H. Parker , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of a video playback of a person on his self-concept. Ss in teams of 3 were randomly assigned to a video playback condition (VP) or a no video playback condition (NVP). Each team had both VP and NVP Ss. All Ss taught a 7-min. lesson which was video recorded. The VP Ss saw a video playback of their presentation, and both VP and NVP Ss completed measures of Body-cathexis, Self-cathexis, Self-concept, Public-self, Teacher-self, Self-acceptance, Self-criticality, Dominance and Self-assurance, and Flexibility. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference between the VP and NVP Ss on each of the self-concept variables measured. Although no significant differences were found, the direction of difference was significantly consistent. Following a video playback Ss tended to perceive themselves more favorably.
One Man's Adequacy is Another Man's Failure
Authors: Lefcourt Herbert M. , Steffy Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of adequacy in the role of a student nurse by supervisors and students themselves were compared with adequacy reflecting behaviors in laboratory tasks. Contrary to prediction it was found that adequacy in laboratory tasks was inversely related to nurse-role adequacy as judged by supervisors and students. Questions concerning the generality of such psychological constructs as adequacy are raised.
Some Correlates of Self-Reported Fear
Authors: Spiegler Michael D. , Lieber Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The relative fearfulness of persons representing a wide age range (13 to 85 yr.) was assessed by a self-report inventory consisting of subscales containing “realistic” and “unrealistic” fears. In general, women reported more fear than men. Age differences appeared in the form of a U-shaped pattern from adolescence to senior citizenry for realistic fears. For unrealistic fears there were no significant age differences. Highly reliable positive correlations were found between self-reported fear and social desirability. The over-all pattern of results is discussed in terms of age and sex roles in our culture.
Lever-Pressing Performance for Brain Stimulation on F-I and V-I Schedules in a Single-Lever Situation
Authors: Brown Stephen , Trowill Jay A.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to lever press for electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) and ultimately were assigned to either a fixed interval 1 min. (FI-1 min.) or a variable interval 1 min. (VI-1 min.) schedule of reinforcement. All Ss easily attained and maintained responding on the schedule to which they had been assigned. Patterns of responding during training and extinction were similar to those observed when conventional rewards, such as food or water, are used. Fixed-interval Ss demonstrated scalloped responding; variable-interval Ss demonstrated steady rates of responding. The implications of these results for understanding ESB as a reward are discussed.
Generalization and the Isi in Human Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Vandament William E.
Published: September 2011

Following 80 eyelid conditioning trials with a 400-, 600-, or 800-msec. ISI, Ss were given 20 extinction trials to a test stimulus, then shifted to the acquisition CS for 10 extinction trials. Generalized extinction was found negatively related to ISI with no systematic ISI trends observed for generalization of positive response tendencies.
Differences in Verbal Creative Thinking Abilities between Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Fluency, flexibility, and originality scores were obtained from Thinking Creatively With Words, Form A, given to 418 deaf and hearing children in Grades 4, 5 and 6. These divergent thinking scores were higher for deaf children. Fluency scores were dependent upon hearing status, grade level, and sex but not in interaction with each other. Flexibility scores were independent of hearing status, sex, and grade level. Originality scores were dependent upon hearing status, sex, and grade level and upon interaction of grade level with hearing status.
Toward a Conception of Behavior Based on Concepts of Approach-Withdrawal and Adaptation Level
Authors: Tarantino Santo J.
Published: September 2011

The basic responding nature of organisms is emphasized in an integration of concepts from comparative, physiological, and social psychology. A formulation is offered which states that organisms will make expansive approach responses to stimuli slightly or moderately deviant from the adaptation level and that such responses involve innervation of extensor muscles and are associated with positive affect. Conversely, stimuli strongly deviant from the adaptation level will evoke restrictive withdrawal responses which involve innervation of flexor muscles and are associated with negative affect. An integration of these concepts is used to explain phenomena and data from various areas of psychology.
Conjugate Reinforcement of Radio Listening
Authors: Edwards Joseph S. , Peek Vickie
Published: September 2011

In conjugate reinforcement the rate of Ss responding directly controls the intensity of a reinforcing event. Four conjugate contingencies were used to evaluate radio listening as a reinforcer for human operant responding. Results from 2 Ss clearly demonstrated that radio listening can be used like other events to reinforce response rates. The method of directly recording the listening response was also sensitive to commercials.
A Further Methodological Study of the Measurement of Interpersonal Aggression
Authors: Knott Paul D.
Published: September 2011

The 9 highest (HH) and 9 lowest (LH) scorers on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory out of a sample of 115 males were placed into an identical situation in which they received mild shocks on 6 of 60 trials. All Ss were angered by this procedure according to their scores on a self-report mood inventory. The HH and LH Ss significantly differed from each other on measures of number and intensity of shocks used and in terms of the first trial on which they retaliated. No apparent evidence was found for the notion that number and intensity of shocks measure different processes of interpersonal aggression.
Effects of Four Reinforcement Schedules on the Generalization Gradient
Authors: Miller Adam , Swan John
Published: September 2011

This study compared the relative effects of 4 reinforcement schedules (FR, FI, VR, VI), and a random control, upon the gradient of generalization for human Ss. During color discrimination learning, ratios and intervals were selected to equalize response rates among schedules and overlearning established equal response latencies among schedules. The different schedules did not produce significantly different gradients.
Self-Concepts and Ideal-Self Concepts of Run-Away Youths: Counselling Implications
Authors: Levinson Boris M. , Mezei Harry
Published: September 2011

A comparative study of the self-concepts and the ideal-self concepts of 25 run-away youths indicated that they feel themselves mostly deficient in the evaluative area followed by the activity and potency areas. Implications for counselling these youths are discussed.
Attitudes toward Death of Np Patients Who Have Attempted Suicide
Authors: Cash Larry M. , Kooker Earl W.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that individuals who have attempted suicide would have more inconsistent attitudes toward death than would persons who had not attempted suicide. An attitude toward death scale was devised and administered to 20 NP patients who had attempted suicide, to 20 NP patients who had not, and to 40 upper-class and graduate university students. Positive, inconsistent, and negative categories were defined in terms of score ranges on the scale. By X2 test proportionately more of the suicidal group than of the other two fell in the inconsistent category. Scores of both psychiatric groups were distributed differently from those of the normal group and also from each other.
The Strong Vocational Interest Blank as a Measure of Success in the Training of Psychiatric Technicians
Authors: Kilburn Kent L. , McDole Gary , Smith Ruth E.
Published: September 2011

To distinguish those Psychiatric Technician Trainees at Porterville State Hospital who successfully complete their year's training from those who submit resignations in lieu of termination before completion of training, three measures of study skills and two personality inventories, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the California Psychological Inventory, were administered to all students at the beginning of training. Of the 54 scales on the Strong Form M, 12 including 7 of the 10 scales from Group V, the Social Service category, differentiated between males who remained and those who left ( p < .05). Essentially negative results were obtained for the study skills measures, the CPI, and the Strong Form W.
Expected Values of Correlated Measurements and Correction for Attenuation
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

The correlation between scores on two measurements or test procedures in a population is attenuated by variability of the individual measurements. If an individual's scores are uncorrected random variables, Xj and Yj, the “correction for attenuation” provides an estimate of the correlation between the expected values, EXj and EYj, in the population. However, if an individuals scores are correlated random variables, a plausible alternative in some situations, the usual correction formula is not applicable. This paper derives a general formula which includes correlation between expected values of correlated measurements and which reduces to the usual correction for attenuation in the case of uncorrected measurements.
Choice as a Value
Authors: Voss Stephen C. , Homzie M. J.
Published: September 2011

Rats permitted to locomote to a goal box via one of two major arms of a maze, preferred the alternative which provided the opportunity for further choice behavior. Choice as a value was discussed.
Ego Strength, Role-Position Salience and Community Tenure of the Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Wolkon George H.
Published: September 2011

Reanalysis of data from 178 patients suggests role-position salience can predict community tenure but not the measures of ego strength.
Use of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule with Delinquents
Authors: Watson Riley L. , Pasewark Richard A. , Fitzgerald Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

To determine if EPPS scores differentiate institutionalized delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents scores of 49 delinquent boys and 46 delinquent girls, age range 15 to 19 yr., were compared with scores of comparable nondelinquent groups. Delinquent boys scored significantly lower in Achievement, Deference, Affiliation, and Dominance. Delinquent females scored higher in Heterosexuality and lower in Endurance and Deference. Incomplete description of presumed need constellations in delinquency and inconsistency in male and female results obtained with the EPPS makes questionable the use of this instrument for the stated purpose.
Choice between Negative Alternatives: Dissonance Reduction or Regret?
Authors: Walster G. William , Walster Elaine
Published: September 2011

In 1962 an experiment investigated whether or not individuals commonly experience regret after making decisions. Results suggested Ss probably experienced more regret as time passed. There was no evidence that they ever succeeded in reducing dissonance. One of three current interpretations is that the more negative the choice alternatives, the more post-decisional regret a decision maker should experience. An experimental design to test alternative interpretations is proposed.
Personality Characteristics of Alcoholics in Relation to Age
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Normative data for the Personality Research Form (PRF) were reported on 4 different age groups of 377 hospitalized male alcoholics. Significant differences of means among age groups were found on 15 of the 22 personality scales. In comparison with a control group, alcoholics score significantly higher in Abasement, Affiliation, Cognitive Structure, Harmavoidance, Nurturance, Order, and Succorance, but significantly lower in Achievement, Aggression, Autonomy, Change, Dominance, Endurance, Exhibition, Play, and Sentience.
Anxiety, Learning Sets, and Sociopathy
Authors: Cullough James P. Mc , Adams Henry E.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine if lack of ability to profit from past experience was characteristic of primary or secondary sociopathics. Sociopathic and normal Ss were divided into high- and low-anxiety groups on the basis of the Lykken Activity Preference Questionnaire, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Welsh Anxiety Index. Using a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, Ss were given a series of problems in order to observe the rate of formation of learning sets, this being one method for determining whether S profits from past experience. “Learning to learn” occurred in all groups. There were no significant differences among the four groups regardless of the anxiety scale used. If either secondary or primary sociopathics do exhibit an inability to profit from past experience, then it may be only in learning situations which involve noxious stimuli.
Analysis of Moods in Personality Disorders
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Peterson David
Published: September 2011

95 psychiatric inpatients with the diagnosis of personality disorder and a history of acting-out behavior were rated by 3 observers on 52 mood items. A factor analysis resulted in 10 factors, 8 of which were interpreted as Friendliness—Hostility, Guilt, Activity, Fatigue, Efficiency, Depression, Confusion, Tension-anxiety. When these observer ratings were compared with self-ratings most differences appeared on the first factor, which suggests the presence of a social desirability response set. Contrary to popular conceptions of personality disorders a population with this diagnosis was rated high on Friendliness and relatively low on Hostility. However, absence of Guilt was confirmed.
Failure to Support the Hypothesis That Eating is Anticipatory of Need
Authors: Revusky Bow Tong
Published: September 2011

Le Magnen (1959) reported evidence that eating is a response to an anticipated rather than existing nutritional deficit. However, it is the contention of this paper that the evidence was based upon a statistical artifact. The purpose of the present experiment was to obtain the anticipatory effect using a modified procedure. In both Le Magnen's experiment and the present one, one meal preceded a long interval and followed a short interval while the other meal preceded a short interval and followed a long interval. Insofar as eating is anticipatory, more should be eaten at the meal which precedes the long interval than at the meal that precedes the short one. If eating is a response to an existing deficit, then more should be eaten at the meal that precedes the short interval because this meal also follows the long intermeal interval. There was no systematic relationship between the length of the intermeal interval (either preceding or following a meal) and the amount consumed.
Classroom Performance and Voice Characteristics as Measured by the Contour Sound Spectrogram: Preliminary Report
Authors: Gilmore T. Dan , Willis Edmond E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between changes in voice characteristics and academic performance were investigated. Ss who received a final grade of A showed increases in syllabic rate, pitch, and formant rate change while those receiving a grade of D or F tended to show decreases on these measures.
Marriage as a Factor in the Dyadic Perception of the Female Sex Role
Authors: Rappaport Alan F. , Payne David , Steinmann Anne
Published: September 2011

The concepts of man's ideal woman and woman's ideal woman were evaluated for 45 married and 45 dating couples drawn from a university community. Responses on the Inventory of Female Values indicated that married couples did not have more male-female consensus than did the dating couples for either concept. For both married and dating couples the discrepancy focused on the issue of what a man looks for in a woman.
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior in Rats as a Function of Brightness Cues
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Chappell Larue , Crowe Donald , Perry Paula C. , Redfearn Lyn
Published: September 2011

Brightness cues as a determinant of spontaneous alternation behavior were investigated in a maze that has been assumed to induce high probability visual attention. Rats were shown to demonstrate above chance level alternation behavior to brightness stimuli; spatial cues had no effect on alternation rates.
The California Psychological Inventory as a Measurement of Permissiveness-Restrictiveness and Love-Hostility
Authors: Beech Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

Styles of authority reflected on CPI sub-scales for love-hostility and permissiveness-restrictiveness indicated greater hostility but a close congruence on the permissive-restrictive dimension when compared with self-reported styles of authority in pastoral counseling ( n = 66).
Effect of Reverie on Recall of Word Associates
Authors: Zacker Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

It has been considered that amnesia for childhood events may in part be due to differences between the child's and the adult's states of consciousness rather than repression alone. 12 male undergraduates underwent each of 2 experimental conditions, one designed to foster alertness, the other a reverie state. Prior to each experimental condition Ss studied stimulus words, each paired with one of two associates. Half had one associate more typically a child's response and one associate more typically a young adult's response. After each experimental condition S named the first associate he recalled for each stimulus word. As predicted, more child-associates were recalled after the reverie condition than after the alert condition.
Sociometric Status in a Psychiatrically Deviant Adolescent Collectivity
Authors: Smith David Horton , Olson John T.
Published: September 2011

Using sociometric peer ratings, staff ratings, and hospital records, study was made of an entire hospital residential ward ( N = 33) of adolescent girls. The sociometric structure of the collectivity involved essentially three types of individuals; girls high on positive sociometric status measures (association, popularity), girls high on negative sociometric status measures (avoidance, reputed power), and girls low on both positive and negative sociometric status measures. Thus, positive and negative sociometric status appeared to be rather independent qualities for the present Ss rather than having a strong negative association as might be expected. High positive sociometric status was strongly and significantly correlated in a positive direction with higher psychiatric health, heterosexual interest, and (consistently the strongest among present factors) social initiative. Being younger and/or more asocially aggressive was significantly associated with high reputed power, which in turn was significantly correlated with high avoidance status. The girls low in both positive and negative sociometric status tended to be low on all of the other variables noted.
Characteristics of Obese University Females Who Lose Weight
Authors: Payne I. Reed , Rasmussen Della Mae , Shlnedling Martin
Published: September 2011

A comparison of 18 successful and 9 unsuccessful participants in group therapy for reducing weight was made of responses to the EPPS scales. Only the consistency scale differentiated between groups; however, the nurturance and succorance scales differentiated successful Ss from the normative population. Successful Ss felt more responsible on the goal check list, while unsuccessful Ss rated themselves on the check list as more self-satisfied and better able to establish meaningful relationships. Some possible explanations are suggested. A cross-validation study confirmed that unsuccessful Ss scored higher on the consistency scale of the EPPS. It is suggested that the consistency scale of the EPPS may serve as an effective screening device in treatment programs for the obese university female.
Authoritarian Trends in Contemporary Psychology: The Dominance of the Paradigm
Authors: Lambley Peter
Published: September 2011

This paper attempts to show how the concept of authoritarianism can be applied, in a metatheoretical sense, to the activities of paradigms found in modern psychology. The argument is advanced that current paradigm-languages tend to obscure important epistemological issues and create an aurora of authority that serves to curtail too self-critical thinking.
Comment on “Reply to Levonian”
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: September 2011

Silverman (1970) presents four objections to evidence cited by Levonian (1970) to support his argument on the need for control data in studies of self-esteem and persuasibility. However, it is considered here that the first and fourth objections are based on erroneous claims, while the second and third are based on spurious arguments.
Strength of Statistical Association for Two-Group Independent Sample Experiments
Authors: Runyon Richard P. , McMichael James S. , Corey Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2011

A table giving values of ω (strength of statistical association) is presented for the independent sample t test. The use of this table will enable the researcher to report the percentage of variance in the dependent variable accounted for by the independent variable. Judgments of the import of experimental results are more appropriately based on the magnitude of ω than on level of significance, t, or sample size.
Heart-Rate Response during Aversive Conditioning
Authors: De Vietti Terry L. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

36 rats were used to determine the effects of: (a) footshock before specific training, (b) CS duration (6 vs 60 sec.), and (c) form of aversive conditioning (CER vs CAR) on heart rate both during the presentation of the CS and between presentations. All three tested variables were effective in modifying the heart-rate response to the CS while only CS duration altered heart rates between CS presentations.
Conversion Reactions and Personality Traits
Authors: Thetford William N. , Schucman Helen
Published: September 2011

2 previously supported hypotheses were tested with 30 Ss showing conversion reactions. Relations between their symptoms and personality traits as identified by the Personality Assessment System (PAS) were studied. The results support the hypotheses and provide further evidence of the usefulness of the PAS in studying patient groups.
Acceptance of Generalized versus “Bona Fide” Personality Interpretation
Authors: Merrens Matthew R. , Richards William S.
Published: September 2011

Student responses to generalized and “bona fide” personality interpretations were explored in 2 experiments. The “fake” generalized interpretation was significantly preferred and more highly rated than interpretations based on 120 Ss' actual test scores. Explanations and consequences of these findings were discussed.
Secondary Reinforcement Based on Primary Brain Stimulation Reward
Authors: Trowill Jay A. , Hynek Kathleen
Published: September 2011

15 rats were trained to run in a straight runway for rewarding brain stimulation (ESB). A consistent color of goal box—ESB reward pairing existed during runway training. When subsequently rested in a T-maze where the goal box associated with ESB was placed on the initially nonpreferred side, Ss learned to run to that side with only the goal-box color as the reward. The results are held to conclusively demonstrate that secondary reward can be based on ESB as a primary reward. Also, results appear to challenge the view that drive is necessary for the demonstration of secondary reward.
Personal Sexual Attitudes and Behavior in Blacks and Whites
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Gilliard Rickie S.
Published: September 2011

A Sexual Attitude Survey was administered to 79 black and 118 white college students. Reported sexual attitudes and behavior among black males were significantly more liberal than those of black females, white females, and white males.
The Breakdown of the American Image: Comparison of Stereotypes Held by College Students over Four Decades
Authors: Sisley Emily L.
Published: September 2011

The same list of 84 adjectives used by college students to assign traits to Americans in 1932 (Katz & Braly, 1933) and in 1950 (Gilbert, 1951) was used again in 1970. Striking differences in willingness to stereotype are noted, and the often-contradictory traits chosen by Ss generally changed in a “negative” direction from those of earlier studies. Findings support the general notion that today's youth view their country and its people very differently from Ss tested a few decades ago. This suggests not only the need for new approaches to educating students but also has methodological implications for research design in studies of social attitudes.
Suicide Attempts and Threats as Goal-Directed Communications in Psychotic Males
Authors: Kangas Pamela , Mahrer Alvin R.
Published: September 2011

15 suicide attempters and 33 threateners were compared with each other and with 276 control male psychiatric patients on a Psychological Problem Inventory. Results indicated that suicide attempters were characterized by patterns of self-rejection and aggressive tendencies. Threateners were characterized by suicidal sexual anxiety, self-directed aggression, and a trend toward inadequacy. Implications were drawn relative to the motivational goals of attempters and threateners.
Psychology of Scientist: XXX. Credibility of Psychologists: An Empirical Study
Authors: Goodstein Leonard D. , Brazis Karen Lee
Published: September 2011

In order to evaluate the effects of bias among psychologists, two virtually identical abstracts of presumably empirical research in the area of astrology were prepared, one with positive findings and the other with negative findings. The data collected by mail from a random selection of professional psychologists indicated that those Ss receiving the negative abstract rated the study as better designed, more valid, and as having more adequate conclusions than those receiving the positive abstract. The many emotionally charged spontaneous comments included with the responses suggests that strong affective reactions are involved, as well as prejudgments.
Acquisition, Transfer, and Retention of Matching by Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Jackson William J. , Pegram G. Vernon
Published: September 2011

Acquisition of noncorrective simultaneous matching by 11 rhesus monkeys varied a good deal, especially in the number of trials spent on position preference. When monkeys were required to transfer from color matching to form matching, there was a decrement in performance with only 2 of 10 subjects performing above chance during the first day of transfer, although most of the remaining animals performed above chance during the second day. The acquisition curves for form were more gradual than for color and the monkeys did not revert to a position preference during transfer. After 14 days of form matching the monkeys were retested on color matching and showed very high savings.
Age Differences in Self-Ratings of Confidence
Authors: Botwinick Jack
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis of decreased self-confidence in later life was tested by comparing self-ratings of 18 elderly and young adult Ss ( Ns = 40, 18) with two questionnaires. When specific information was involved, old and young were similar with respect to confidence in the correctness of response. When judgments about oneself were involved, the older Ss indicated more self-confidence than the young, not less. The relation between age and confidence seems to be a matter of context.
Mass Function and Equipotentiality: A Reanalysis of Lashley's Retention Data
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: September 2011

Detailed analyses of “subgroups” of Ss, defined by lesion size and locus, for Lashley's (1929) retention data suggested that parietal neo-cortical damage resulted in deficits that were relatively independent of total lesion size. It was suggested that Lashley's retention data provided questionable support for the principles of equipotentiality and mass function as he presented them and he did not include enough Ss to assess the validity of these principles for measures of acquisition following brain damage.
Effects of Contingent and Noncontingent Token Reinforcement upon Classroom Performance
Authors: Rickard Henry C. , Clements Carl B. , Willis Jerry W.
Published: September 2011

5 boys attending a therapeutic summer camp were exposed to 1 ½ hr. of programmed instruction in mathematics per day for 28 days. Following an 8-day baseline period during which no tokens were given, the awarding of tokens was made contingent upon classroom productivity. After 10 days of contingent reinforcement, Ss received noncontingent tokens for 3 days after which for 7 days tokens were again contingent upon classroom performance. The token-incentive program was effective in controlling classroom productivity. A standard achievement test indicated concurrent academic gains in arithmetic but no gains (actually, a loss) in a subject (language) in which no instruction was received.
Effect of Role-Inducing Instructions on Performance on a New Test of Creative Thinking
Authors: Price Alan D.
Published: September 2011

The Modified Bennett Test (MBT) is briefly described and preliminary reliability and validity data are provided by a report of the results of a study in which it was used to test the effects of role-inducing instructions on creative thinking. Ss came for 2 sessions in which they were given an instructional set to assume the role of either an unregulated character or a regulated character. Subsequent to the role-inducing instructions, Ss responded to half of the items of the MBT. The role-inducing instructions and the items of the MBT were counterbalanced in a repeated measures design with each S serving as his own control. It was hypothesized that the responses given in the unregulated condition would, in general, be more creative than those given in the regulated condition. The hypothesis was confirmed.
Inter-Item Associative Strength and Proactive Inhibition in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Mills John A. , Winocur Gordon
Published: September 2011

The experimental design was 2 × 2 factorial, with 2 levels of prior list (one or none), 2 of response term inter-item associative strength (high or low), and a 15-min. retention interval. The expectation was that high inter-item associative strength would reduce proactive inhibition. The hypothesis failed; the proportion of function words per list had no effect on recall.
Death as a Psychosomatic Condition: Prolegomena to a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Casler Lawrence
Published: September 2011

A study has been undertaken to assess the effects of hypnotic suggestions for longevity. 50 volunteer college students are receiving suggestions that they will live to be at least 120 years old, without loss of physical or mental capacities. A control group, randomly selected from the same pool of volunteers, are receiving no such suggestions. An account of the results will appear in about 100 yr.
Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values: 1. Factor Structure for a Combined Sample of Male and Female College Students
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

A principal components analysis was performed on the self-ratings (for a combined sample) obtained from the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values ( N = 150 combined sample of 102 male and 48 female college students). The obtained principal components were then rotated according to the varimax procedure. The varimax factors obtained were: esthetic, social, and religious.
Influence of Information about Ability and Non-Ability on Personnel Selection Decisions
Authors: Griffitt William , Jackson Thomas
Published: September 2011

The influences on simulated personnel selection decisions of a job applicant's intellectual ability and the degree to which his opinions agreed with those of an evaluator were investigated in a factorial experiment using 78 undergraduates. Both variables significantly ( p < .01) influenced recommendations to hire or not hire the applicant. The results were discussed with respect to the influence of valid and invalid job-success predictors on selection decisions.
The von Restorff Isolation Effect Employing One and Three Isolates
Authors: Steil Peter , Hynum Leslie
Published: September 2011

60 college students were required to learn a serial list of 13 three-letter nouns either with the middle item (E1) or the three middle items (E2) isolated, or without any isolates (C), to a learning criterion of two perfect trials. Employing the perceptual enhancement of isolation, it was found that there was a significant facilitation of the learning of the isolated item in E1. This facilitation did not occur when three items were isolated nor was the learning of the list as a whole facilitated in either E1 or E2.
Measuring Racial Attitudes in a Situational Context
Authors: Sedlacek William E. , Brooks Glenwood C.
Published: September 2011

The Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) was developed to measure the attitudes of whites toward blacks. Each of two forms contained the same situations, bipolar scales and instructions, except that the word “black” was inserted into each situation in Form B and Form A made no reference to race. The SAS was administered to 405 white students at the University of Maryland. Forms were distributed randomly and Ss were unaware that two forms were administered. The validity of the SAS was determined by the mean response difference between Form A and Form B, using t tests. Fifty-five of the 100 items were significant beyond the .05 level. Thus, there was strong evidence that the insertion of the word “black” into each situation caused Ss to respond differently.
Factors Affecting Response to White Intellectual Standards at Two Negro Colleges
Authors: Katz Irwin , Epps Edgar G. , Atchison Calvin O. , Perry Aubrey
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were done on the effects of the race of an examiner and objective probability of success (Pa) on southern Negro college students' performance at cognitive tasks that were defined as mental tests with white norms. The tasks were arithmetic and digit-symbol substitution. The hypothesis was that Ss would perform better with a Negro tester when Pa was low or medium but as well or better with a white tester when Pa was high. The prediction was confirmed in Exp. I, which was carried out at an academically nonselective institution. Exp. II was a replication at an academically more selective institution. Here S's responded more favorably to the white tester in all Pa conditions. Individual differences in general success-failure orientation were not related to performance.
Modification of Forced-Choice Format for Use in Personnel Selection and Appraisal
Authors: Nash Allan N.
Published: September 2011

Implications of a “mixed triad” format for forced-choice scales on the acceptability and validity of such scales in selection and appraisal instruments are discussed and results of a pilot study ( N = 15) which is interpreted as supporting the use of the suggested format for such instruments are presented.
Note on Treatment of Migraine Using Behavior Therapy Techniques
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

3 college students were treated for migraine headaches by a combination of techniques. 3 students received no treatment. Over 8 wk. treated Ss reported fewer headaches and lessened pain.
Non-Volunteer Subjects: Temporal Effects
Authors: Weigel Richard G. , Weigel Virginia M. , Hebert John A.
Published: September 2011

Differences in study habits and attitudes were found in samples of general psychology students ( N = 318) drawn at varying times during the academic term, although differences in manifest needs were not. The temporal differences in students' study habits and attitudes could well affect the generalizability of experimental findings.
Religious Beliefs and Self-Disclosure
Authors: Jennings Floyd L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between religious beliefs and scores on Jourard's self-disclosure scale was investigated ( N = 83). The correlation between beliefs and self-disclosure was zero-order. Ss did perceive themselves to be significantly more “liberal” in religious beliefs than they felt their parents would expect.
Positive Mental Health of Workers as Related to Memory Optimism, Work Competency and Personified Values
Authors: Meltzer H. , Ludwig David
Published: September 2011

The content analysis of the life and work stories including memories of pleasant and unpleasant experiences and personified values of 143 workers were made as a basis of obtaining indices of positive mental health. The categories used for assessing mental health were: (1) self-regard, (2) maturity, (3) personality organization, (4) relation to environment. These factors, as well as the total mental health index, were correlated with measures of memory optimism, work competency and personified values. In general, the findings may be summarized as follows: Positive correlations were found for the indices of mental health with memory optimism and work competence. Workers with dominant political values rated higher in self-regard than did workers whose values were dominantly economic. Implications for industrial organizations and motivational research are considered.
Vocational Aspirations of Second-Grade Girls
Authors: Looft William R.
Published: September 2011

41 second-grade girls in a Catholic school were asked about their vocational interests or aspirations from two different perspectives: (a) their desired occupational goals and (b) their realistic expectations regarding their occupational goals. To the first question most girls nominated vocations which were very sex-role stereotyped and altruistic (nurse and teacher were most common); to the second question Ss tended to (a) repeat their original response, (b) change their expectation to becoming mothers and housewives, or (c) express that they did not know what they would be. The findings suggest that sex-role expectations pertaining to vocational aspirations are acquired and solidified far sooner than the time when the individual actually has to begin to make decisions regarding his adult life.
Psychosocial Factors in Early Release from Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Korman Maurice , Giller Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Extensive demographic and psychometric information was collected on 813 consecutively admitted psychiatric patients. Those male patients who were discharged with medical advice in 75 days or less tended to show less severe pathology on admission together with a history of some stability and interpersonal success, yet saw themselves as troubled in a number of areas and in need of help. While a more favorable diagnosis was equally predictive of early release in females, measures reflecting the significance of marriage and family were featured prominently. Males and females differed markedly, however, with regard to the relationship of presenting symptoms (as derived by the Cornell Index) to early release from hospitalization.
Comparison of Effectiveness of Group-Counseling Procedures
Authors: McCarthy Barry W.
Published: September 2011

The present study compared, using delayed multiple-criteria measures, the effectiveness of two different group-counseling techniques with college Ss who expressed a desire to improve their academic performance. The procedures were a more traditional approach focusing on personal-emotional problems and one on development of behaviors appropriate for college achievement. Groups were compared with two control groups on three criteria, pre-post change scores in grade point average, adjustment scores, and study habits and attitudes scores. The 5 hypotheses were not supported. Implications for research and practice in group counseling were discussed.
Note on the Costello-Comrey Anxiety Scale (CCAS)
Authors: Ogston Don , Drakeford Grant C.
Published: September 2011

The note reports a study of the reliability, validity and dis-criminability of the CCAS. The scale compared very favorably with other accepted measures of anxiety. Its economical length and nine-point response mode suit it for use in both applied and research settings.
Intrinsic-Extrinsic Aspects of Work and Their Demographic Correlates
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael , Zdep S. M.
Published: September 2011

An objective paper-and-pencil instrument was used to identify intrinsically and extrinsically oriented employees at each of three job levels. Analyses were then conducted to determine the demographic correlates of this distinction. Results indicated that intrinsically oriented groups at the supervisory and salaried non-supervisory levels tended to be younger, better educated, and have more dependents than their extrinsically oriented fellow employees. Of the variables investigated, level of education possessed the largest consistent relationship with the intrinsic-extrinsic criterion.
A Second Study Training College Adults to Think Creatively with Words
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

105 college Ss were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups. Es were exposed to 5 creative thinking strategies for 240 min. or twice the training time used in an earlier study. The longer training significantly increased the probability of the occurrence of original responses as measured by two tests of originality.
T-Group Training and Self-Actualization
Authors: Cooper Cary L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the impact of T-group training on trainees' self-actualization. Trainees were given the Personal Orientation Inventory before and after 2 1-wk. T-groups. They showed significant change in the direction of becoming more independent and self-supporting, more flexible, more sensitive to their own needs and feelings, more spontaneous and more accepting of aggression.
Effects of Food Deprivation on Spontaneous Activity and Blood Glucose
Authors: Tarpy Roger M.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1, rats were food-deprived for either 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 days in a wheel or stabilimeter. Activity increased with deprivation for the wheel groups only, whereas blood glucose decreased in both conditions but significantly more for the wheel groups. Glucose was more highly related to weight loss than activity. In Exp. 2, groups were deprived in the wheels but prevented from running just prior to blood analysis. No short-term effect was observed; rather glucose changes were the same as found in Exp. 1. A possible relationship between glucose and activity is discussed.