bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharing the Burden
Authors: Maffly-Kipp Laurie F.
Published: December 2014

Last week, sandwiched in between updates on Beyoncé's trip to the West Coast and sighting of the latest super moon, the Huffington Post featured an article by power preacher Lillian Daniels entitled “Spiritual But Not Religious? Please Stop Boring Me.” Daniels lamented her situation on long plane flights, where she had to endure the stories of fellow travelers who, upon finding out she is a minister, confessed their rejection of religious institutions in favor of finding spirituality in sunsets and walks on the beach. Inevitably, they would present their experience to her as a revelation: “Like people who go to church don't see God in the sunset! Like we are these monastic little hermits who never leave the church building. How lucky we are to have these geniuses inform us that God is in nature.” Daniels' article represents a backlash coming from the institutional end of the spectrum, but her plea for loyalty to religion-in-community was met by many who found her (apparently, according to the comments section) insulting, condescending, and close-minded.
DIRECTLY FINITE ALGEBRAS OF PSEUDOFUNCTIONS ON LOCALLY COMPACT GROUPS
Authors: CHOI YEMON
Published: December 2014

An algebraAis said to be directly finite if each left-invertible element in the (conditional) unitization ofAis right invertible. We show that the reduced group C*-algebra of a unimodular group is directly finite, extending known results for the discrete case. We also investigate the corresponding problem for algebras ofp-pseudofunctions, showing that these algebras are directly finite ifGis amenable and unimodular, or unimodular with the Kunze–Stein property. An exposition is also given of how existing results from the literature imply thatL1(G) is not directly finite whenGis the affine group of either the real or complex line.
MAPS PRESERVING THE LOCAL SPECTRUM OF PRODUCT OF OPERATORS
Authors: BOURHIM ABDELLATIF , MASHREGHI JAVAD
Published: December 2014

LetXandYbe infinite-dimensional complex Banach spaces, and${\mathcal B}$(X) (resp.${\mathcal B}$(Y)) be the algebra of all bounded linear operators onX(resp. onY). For an operatorT∈${\mathcal B}$(X) and a vectorx∈X, let σT(x) denote the local spectrum ofTatx. For two nonzero vectorsx0∈Xandy0∈Y, we show that a map ϕ from${\mathcal B}$(X) onto${\mathcal B}$(Y) satisfies$ \sigma_{\varphi(T)\varphi(S)}(y_0)~=~\sigma_{TS}(x_0),~(T,~S\in{\mathcal B}(X)), $if and only if there exists a bijective bounded linear mappingAfromXintoYsuch thatAx0=y0and either ϕ(T) =ATA−1or ϕ(T) = -ATA−1for allT∈${\mathcal B}$(X).
The Right of Return: Chinese displaced persons and the International Refugee Organization, 1947–56
Authors: OYEN MEREDITH
Published: December 2014

This article examines the rise of the international refugee regime in Asia, focusing on the work of the International Refugee Organization in repatriating overseas Chinese from mainland China back to their homes in Southeast Asia from 1947 to 1956. It looks both at how the International Refugee Organization inherited this repatriation project from its predecessor—the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration—and its survival after a civil war installed a new, Communist government on the Chinese mainland. Doing so reveals the extent to which both Chinese governments had to rely on outside assistance to fulfil an important task of maintaining positive ties between Chinese abroad and the homeland. Using research from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives in Beijing and Taipei, as well as records from relevant parties in the British and American governments, this article places the repatriation programme and the larger efforts of the International Refugee Organization in Asia in a broader context of regional foreign relations and the origins of the Cold War.
Oxford Philosophy in the 1950s
Authors: Searle John R.
Published: December 2014

During the period roughly of the 1950s Oxford was generally regarded as the most important center of philosophy in the world, the one where the most interesting philosophical activity was going on. It was indeed so distinctive that the very name ‘Oxford Philosophy’ meant not just the philosophy that happened to be practiced in Oxford but a special kind of philosophy that gave a central importance to the study of language as the major topic of philosophical investigation. It is not an exaggeration to describe this period as a golden age of Oxford Philosophy. Quite by coincidence, my initial stay in Oxford from 1952–1959 happened to be during the high watermark of Oxford Philosophy.
Global Cultural Law and Policy in the Age of Ubiquitous Internet
Authors: Burri Mira
Published: December 2014

Digital technologies and the Internet in particular have transformed the ways we create, distribute, use, reuse, and consume cultural content; have impacted the workings of the cultural industries, and more generally the processes of making, experiencing, and remembering culture in local and global spaces. Yet, few of these, often profound, transformations have found reflection in law and institutional design. Cultural policy toolkits, in particular at the international level, are still very much offline and analog and conceive of culture as static property linked to national sovereignty and state boundaries. The article describes this state of affairs and asks the key question of whether there is a need to reform global cultural law and policy and if yes, what the essential elements of such a reform should be. The article is informed by the ongoing and vibrant digital copyright and creativity discourse1but seeks to address also the less discussed, non–intellectual property tools of the cultural policy package. It thematizes the complexity and the interconnectedness of different fields of policymaking, as various decisions critical to cultural processes are made by institutions without cultural mandate. While this problem is not entirely new and is naturally triggered by the intrinsic duality of cultural goods and services, the article argues that the digital networked environment has only accentuated complexity, spillover effects, and unintended consequences. The question is how to navigate this newly created and profoundly fluid space, so as to ensure the preservation and sustainable provision of culture. The article hopes to contribute to the process of finding answers to this taxing question by identifying a few essential elements that need to be taken into consideration when designing future-oriented cultural policy.
Imaging Samples in Silica Aerogel Using an Experimental Point Spread Function
Authors: White Amanda J. , Ebel Denton S.
Published: December 2014

Light microscopy is a powerful tool that allows for many types of samples to be examined in a rapid, easy, and nondestructive manner. Subsequent image analysis, however, is compromised by distortion of signal by instrument optics. Deconvolution of images prior to analysis allows for the recovery of lost information by procedures that utilize either a theoretically or experimentally calculated point spread function (PSF). Using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), we have imaged whole impact tracks of comet particles captured in silica aerogel, a low density, porous SiO2 solid, by the NASA Stardust mission. In order to understand the dynamical interactions between the particles and the aerogel, precise grain location and track volume measurement are required. We report a method for measuring an experimental PSF suitable for three-dimensional deconvolution of imaged particles in aerogel. Using fluorescent beads manufactured into Stardust flight-grade aerogel, we have applied a deconvolution technique standard in the biological sciences to confocal images of whole Stardust tracks. The incorporation of an experimentally measured PSF allows for better quantitative measurements of the size and location of single grains in aerogel and more accurate measurements of track morphology.
Increased Cerebral Vascular Reactivity in the Tau Expressing rTg4510 Mouse: Evidence against the Role of Tau Pathology to Impair Vascular Health in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wells Jack A , Holmes Holly E , O'Callaghan James M , Colgan Niall , Ismail Ozama , Fisher Elizabeth MC , Siow Bernard , Murray Tracey K , Schwarz Adam J , O'Neill Michael J , Collins Emily C , Lythgoe Mark F
Published: December 2014

Vascular abnormalities are a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Imaging of cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) is a powerful tool to investigate vascular health in clinical populations although the cause of reduced CVR in AD patients is not fully understood. We investigated the specific role of tau pathology in CVR derangement in AD using the rTg4510 mouse model. We observed an increase in CVR in cortical regions with tau pathology. These data suggest that tau pathology alone does not produce the clinically observed decreases in CVR and implicates amyloid pathology as the dominant etiology of impaired CVR in AD patients.
Profiling phenolic glycosides in Populus deltoides and Populus grandidentata by leaf spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Snyder Dalton T. , Schilling M. Christina , Hochwender Cris G. , Kaufman Arlen D.
Published: December 2014

Leaf spray tandem mass spectrometry is used for high-throughput determination of the phenolic glycosides in members of Salicaceae.
Introduction of a mediator for enhancing photocatalytic performance via post-synthetic metal exchange in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)
Authors: Sun Dengrong , Liu Wenjun , Qiu Mei , Zhang Yongfan , Li Zhaohui
Published: December 2014

Introduction of Ti as a mediator in Ti substituted NH2-Uio-66(Zr) is an effective way to improve its photocatalytic performance.
Benzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole in recycled water, surface water and dishwashing detergents from Perth, Western Australia: analytical method development and application
Authors: Alotaibi M. D. , Patterson B. M. , McKinley A. J. , Reeder A. Y. , Furness A. J.
Published: December 2014

A simplified analytical method was developed and used to assess the occurrence of benzotriazole and 5-methyl benzotriazole and removal rates in various Western Australian environmental water samples.
Rotating disk slurry electrodeposition of platinum at Y-zeolite/carbon Vulcan XC-72R for methanol oxidation in alkaline media
Authors: Suleiman Amal , Menéndez Christian L. , Polanco Ramón , Fachini Esteban Rosim , Hernández-Lebrón Yaritza , Guinel Maxime J.-F. , Roque-Malherbe Rolando , Cabrera Carlos R.
Published: December 2014

Platinum was electrodeposited onto Y-zeolite and Y-zeolite (Y)/Vulcan XC-72R (V) to produce Pt/Y/V and Pt/Y catalysts using a rotating disk slurry electrode technique.
An axisymmetric model for the analysis of dynamic surface tension
Authors: Arias S. I. , Fernández J. R. , García-Rio L. , Mejuto J. C. , Muñiz M. C. , Núñez C.
Published: December 2014

An axisymmetric model accounts for dynamic surface tension of non-ionic surfactants under consideration of diffusive adsorption behaviour with a finite diffusion length.
Preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer beads and their recognition for baicalein
Authors: Wang Song , Wang Bing , Si Huitong , Shan Juanjuan , Yang Xinlin
Published: December 2014

Fe3O4–β-CD@MIPs were synthesized by UAPP using MAA as a functional monomer and EGDMA as a crosslinker in the presence of Fe3O4–β-CD nanoparticles as the template and baicalein (BAI) as the imprinting molecule.
QSPR study on the photolysis half-life of PCDD/Fs adsorbed on spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needle surfaces under sunlight irradiation by using a molecular distance-edge vector index
Authors: Jiao Long , Wang Xiaofei , Bing Shan , Xue Zhiwei , Li Hua
Published: December 2014

QSPR study on the photolysis half-life of PCDD/Fs adsorbed to spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needle surfaces under sunlight irradiation.
Guided routing on spinning microfluidic platforms
Authors: Kazemzadeh Amin , Ganesan P. , Ibrahim Fatimah , Kulinsky Lawrence , Madou Marc J.
Published: December 2014

A robust two stage passive microvalve is devised that can be used for (a) changing the flow direction continuously from one direction to another, and (b) liquid/particle distribution in centrifugal microfluidics.
Controlled synthesis of high metal-loading, Pt-based electrocatalysts with enhanced activity and durability toward oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Li Shushuang , Liu Huiyuan , Wang Ying , Xu Wei , Li Jia , Liu Yuan , Guo Xinwen , Song Yujiang
Published: December 2014

High metal-loading electrocatalysts with improved activity and durability were synthesized by using metallic ion-containing reversed micelles adsorbed on carbon.
Structural determinants in a library of low molecular weight gelators
Authors: Morris Kyle L. , Chen Lin , Rodger Alison , Adams Dave J. , Serpell Louise C.
Published: December 2014

The structures of hydrogels formed by naphthalene dipeptide library were explored using a combined approach of electron microscopy, X-ray fibre diffraction and circular dichroism.
Nanoparticle scaffolds for syngas-fed solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Boldrin Paul , Ruiz-Trejo Enrique , Yu Jingwen , Gruar Robert I. , Tighe Christopher J. , Chang Kee-Chul , Ilavsky Jan , Darr Jawwad A. , Brandon Nigel
Published: December 2014

Ceramic scaffolds have been produced from a mixture of nanoparticles and larger particles using conventional ink formulation and screen-printing techniques. The resultant scaffolds have lower sintering temperatures and higher porosity and cells produced from these have better performance at lower temperatures and under syngas.
Preparation of protein imprinted polymer beads by Pickering emulsion polymerization
Authors: Zhou Tongchang , Zhang Ka , Kamra Tripta , Bülow Leif , Ye Lei
Published: December 2014

Protein recognition sites are created on the surface of crosslinked polymer beads using interfacial molecular imprinting technique. The surface imprinted protein recognition sites enable fast and selective protein separation.
Visible light detectors based on individual ZrSe3and HfSe3nanobelts
Authors: Xiong Wei-Wei , Chen Jin-Qiang , Wu Xing-Cai , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: December 2014

ZrSe3and HfSe3nanobelts were synthesized using a chemical vapor transport method. Photodetectors based on individual nanobelts of ZrSe3and HfSe3were fabricated, which demonstrated a good photoresponse to visible light.
X-ray magnetic spectroscopy of MBE-grown Mn-doped Bi2Se3 thin films
Authors: Collins-McIntyre L. J. , Watson M. D. , Baker A. A. , Zhang S. L. , Coldea A. I. , Harrison S. E. , Pushp A. , Kellock A. J. , Parkin S. S. P. , van der Laan G. , Hesjedal T.
Published: December 2014

We report the growth of Mn-doped Bi2Se3 thin films by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), SQUID magnetometry and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Epitaxial films were deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates by co-evaporation. The films exhibit a spiral growth mechanism typical of this material class, as revealed by AFM. The XRD measurements demonstrate a good crystalline structure which is retained upon doping up to ∼7.5 atomic-% Mn, determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and show no evidence of the formation of parasitic phases. However an increasing interstitial incorporation of Mn is observed with increasing doping concentration. A magnetic moment of 5.1 μB/Mn is obtained from bulk-sensitive SQUID measurements, and a much lower moment of 1.6 μB/Mn from surface-sensitive XMCD. At ∼2.5 K, XMCD at the Mn L2,3 edge, reveals short-range magnetic order in the films and indicates ferromagnetic order below 1.5 K.
Identification and characterization of the interactive proteins with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α
Authors: Nga Bui Thi To , Luziga Claudius , Yamamoto Misa , Kusakabe Ken Takeshi , Yamamoto Yoshimi
Published: December 2014

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2α (CTLA-2α) is a potent inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Recombinant CTLA-2α is known to be a potent, competitive inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. In this study, cathepsin L, cathepsin C, and tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-related protein 1 (TINAGL1) were identified as novel interactive proteins of CTLA-2α by the yeast two-hybrid screening system. The direct interactions and co-localization of these proteins with CTLA-2α were confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The disulfide-bonded CTLA-2α/cathepsin L complex was isolated from mouse tissue. CTLA-2α was found to be specific and consistently expressed on the maternal side of the mouse placenta. Double immunofluorescence analysis showed that CTLA-2α was co-localized with cathepsin L, cathepsin C, and TINAGL1 in placenta. A simple cell-based fluorescence assay revealed that CTLA-2α exhibited inhibitory activity toward cathepsin C in live cells, which indicated that CTLA-2α is a novel endogenous inhibitor of cathepsin C.
The opioid system majorly contributes to preference for fat emulsions but not sucrose solutions in mice
Authors: Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Okahashi Tatsuya , Matsumura Shigenobu , Okafuji Yoko , Adachi Shin-ichi , Tsuzuki Satoshi , Inoue Kazuo , Fushiki Tohru
Published: December 2014

Rodents show a stronger preference for fat than sucrose, even if their diet is isocaloric. This implies that the preference mechanisms for fat and sucrose differ. To compare the contribution of the opioid system to the preference of fat and sucrose, we examined the effects of mu-, delta-, kappa-, and non-selective opioid receptor antagonists on the preference of sucrose and fat, assessed by a two-bottle choice test and a licking test, in mice naïve to sucrose and fat ingestion. Administration of non-selective and mu-selective opioid receptor antagonists more strongly inhibited the preference of fat than sucrose. While the preference of fat was reduced to the same level as water by the antagonist administration that of sucrose was still greater than water. Our results suggest that the preference of fat relies strongly on the opioid system, while that of sucrose is regulated by other mechanisms in addition to the opioid system.
Functional and structural characteristics of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Pyrococcus horikoshii
Authors: Yabuta Yukinori , Kamei Yukiko , Bito Tomohiro , Arima Jiro , Yoneda Kazunari , Sakuraba Haruhiko , Ohshima Toshihisa , Nakano Yoshihisa , Watanabe Fumio
Published: December 2014

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) requires 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor and is widely distributed in organisms from bacteria and animals. Although genes encoding putative MCMs are present in many archaea, they are separately encoded in large and small subunits. The large and small subunits of archaeal MCM are similar to the catalytic and AdoCbl-binding domains of human MCM, respectively. In Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3, putative genes PH1306 and PH0275 encode the large and small subunits, respectively. Because information on archaeal MCM is extremely restricted, we examined the functional and structural characteristics of P. horikoshii MCM. Reconstitution experiments using recombinant PH0275 and PH1306 showed that these proteins assemble in equimolar ratios and form of heterotetrameric complexes in the presence of AdoCbl. Subsequent immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-PH0275 and anti-PH1306 antibodies suggested that PH0275 and PH1306 form a complex in P. horikoshii cells in the presence of AdoCbl.
Essentials to Understand Probabilistic Graphical Models: A Tutorial about Inference and Learning
Authors: Sinoquet Christine
Published: December 2014

The aim of this chapter is to offer an advanced tutorial to scientists with no background or no deep background on probabilistic graphical models. To readers more familiar with these models, this chapter is to be used as a compendium of definitions and general methods, to browse through at will. Intentionally self-contained, this chapter first begins with reminders of essential definitions such as the distinction between marginal independence and conditional independence. Then the chapter briefly surveys the most popular classes of probabilistic graphical models: Markov chains, Bayesian networks, and Markov random fields. Next probabilistic inference is explained and illustrated in the Bayesian network context. Finally parameter and structure learning are presented.
Process morphology
Authors: Inkelas Sharon
Published: December 2014

The counterpart to morphologically conditioned phonology is morphology which is manifested as a phonological process other than concatenation of morphemes. When such a process is the sole mark of a morphological category, the interchangeable terms “realizational morphology” and “process morphology” apply. This chapter surveys process morphology and compares it to morphologically conditioned phonology. Process morphology is a challenge to morphological theories which are highly item-based: not every case of process morphology can be reanalyzed as additive. How a particular phonological process is characterized—as morphologically conditioned phonology or process morphology—is highly relevant to the diagnosis of multiple exponence. The close study of process morphology potentially informs theories of morphologically conditioned phonology and bears on the testing of hypotheses regarding the range of variation within a given language in its phonological patterns.
Morphologically derived environment effects
Authors: Inkelas Sharon
Published: December 2014

Some phonological patterns are imposed only in morphologically derived environments, i.e. those produced by a morphological operation like affixation or reduplication or compounding. This chapter surveys a number of cases of this kind, termed “nonderived environment blocking,” and explores the question of whether they can all be reduced to a single principle. While the canonical case of a stem-final segment alternating in the company of a suffix are easily dealt with by various theories, less canonical examples of derived environment effects are less tractable. This chapter explores the variety of theoretical analyses that have been developed for the range of cases that have been observed, ranging from the older strict cyclity approach to the newer Comparative Markedness, and concludes that none extends to the full range of cases. The chapter concludes by exploring the question of whether morphologically derived environment effects are in fact a unified and distinct phenomenon or whether this apparent phenomenon is better subsumed into the more general category of morphologically conditioned phonology.
Large volume re-irradiation with bevacizumab is a feasible salvage option for patients with refractory high-grade glioma
Authors: Back Michael , Gzell Cecelia E. , Kastelan Marina , Guo Linxin , Wheeler Helen R.
Published: December 2014

Background

Clinical studies of re-irradiation (ReRT) for relapsed high-grade glioma (HGG) have generally reported the use of small volume ReRT techniques such as stereotactic radiosurgery in selected patients with isolated focal relapse. This study reports the outcome with large-volume ReRT to manage the more common mescenario of extensive diffuse relapse of HGG.

Methods

All HGG patients managed with an overlapping second course of radiation therapy (RT) for refractory progression of HGG between October 2009 and April 2013 were included. ReRT was initially used with bevacizumab (BEV), then used when disease was refractory to BEV, and finally used upfront with BEV-naïve patients. Tumor volume (GTV) and specific RT dosimetry factors, including the target volume treated (PTV), and cumulative RT dose maximum (Dmax), were analyzed. Median survival post ReRT was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and SPPS v19 software.

Results

Eighteen HGG participants with refractory, bulky contrast-enhancing disease received ReRT. Thirteen participants had a maximum tumor diameter >5 cm, and median GTV was 54 cm3. Seven participants had BEV-refractory disease, and 8 participants were BEV naïve. ReRT dose was 35–40 Gy in 15 fractions; median PTV was 133 cm3, and median Dmax was 98.2 Gy. Median survival post ReRT for all participants was 8 months (95%CI, 5.8–10.2 months); with 10 months and 3 months for the BEV-naïve and BEV-refractory participants, respectively (P = .024). Two early participants, who were managed without BEV, were later salvaged with BEV, including one who required craniotomy for radiation necrosis at 6 weeks post RT. No other significant morbidity was reported.

Conclusion

ReRT combined with BEV is a feasible salvage treatment option for diffuse refractory HGG.
Estimation of erythrocyte surface area in mammals
Authors: Udroiu Ion
Published: December 2014

Measures of erythrocytes volume and surface are helpful in several physiological studies, both for zoologists and veterinarians. Whilst diameter and volume are assessed with ease from observations of blood smears and complete blood count, respectively, thickness and surface area, instead, are much more difficult to be obtained.

The accurate description of the erythrocyte geometry is given by the equation of the oval of Cassini, but the formulas deriving from it are very complex, comprising elliptic integrals. In this article three solids are proposed as models approximating the erythrocyte: sphere, cylinder and a spheroid with concave caps. Volumes and Surface Areas obtained with these models are compared to those effectively measured.
Shrinkage of dispersion parameters in the binomial family, with application to differential exon skipping
Authors: Ruddy Sean , Johnson Marla , Purdom Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

The prevalence of sequencing experiments in genomics has led to an increased use of methods for count data in analyzing high-throughput genomic data to perform analyses. The importance of shrinkage methods in improving the performance of statistical methods remains. A common example is that of gene expression data, where the counts per gene are often modeled as some form of an over-dispersed Poisson. In this case, shrinkage estimates of the per-gene dispersion parameter have led to improved estimation of dispersion in the case of a small number of samples.

We address a different count setting introduced by the use of sequencing data: comparing differential proportional usage via an over-dispersed binomial model. This is motivated by our interest in testing for differential exon skipping in mRNA-Seq experiments. We introduce a novel method that is developed by modeling the dispersion based on the double binomial distribution proposed by Efron (1986). Our method (WEB-Seq) is an empirical bayes strategy for producing a shrunken estimate of dispersion and effectively detects differential proportional usage, and has close ties to the weighted-likelihood strategy of edgeR developed for gene expression data (Robinson and Smyth, 2007; Robinsonet al., 2010). We analyze its behavior on simulated data sets as well as real data and show that our method is fast, powerful and gives accurate control of the FDR compared to alternative approaches. We provide implementation of our methods in the R packageDoubleExpSeqavailable on CRAN.
Drapery in Exile:EdwardIII,Colchester and theFlemings, 1351–1367
Authors: Lambert Bart , Pajic Milan
Published: December 2014

Throughout the fourteenth century,EdwardIIIissued several letters of protection encouragingFlemish textile workers to establish their trade inEngland. During the centuries that followed, historians have disagreed about the newcomers' contribution to the development of theEnglish drapery. Lacking in each debate were quantifiable data related to the presence of Flemish cloth‐workers onEnglish soil. This article argues that, between 1351 and 1367, over 100 immigrants from theLowCountries settled inColchester, twenty‐seven of whom wereFlemish textile manufacturers exiled fromFlanders and welcomed byEdwardIIIin 1351. Attracted by excellent natural conditions for clothmaking, a shortage of manpower following theBlackDeath and an open economic environment, they made a vital contribution to the town's development as an internationally renowned centre of textile production that was able to withstand the pattern of urban decay so prevalent in other parts of late medievalEngland.
Is an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile a risk factor for vasomotor menopausal symptoms? Results of a population‐based cohort study
Authors: van den Berg M J , Herber‐Gast G C M , van der Schouw Y T
Published: December 2014

Objective

Evidence suggests an association between vasomotor menopausal symptoms (VMSs), i.e. hot flushes and night sweats, and cardiovascular disease. However, the causal pathway is unclear. We investigated whether an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile is a risk factor for VMS later in life.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Women aged 50‐70 from the general population.

Population

The Prospect‐European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Prospect‐EPIC) cohort is a population‐based cohort of women who enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Follow‐up questionnaires were sent at 5‐year intervals for 15 years. Women who returned the third questionnaire, answered questions regarding lifetime VMS and did not report VMS prior to baseline were included in this study (n = 1295).

Methods

At baseline, the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was determined. We used logistic regression analysis to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between baseline FRS and incident VMS.

Main outcome measure

Incident VMS.

Results

At baseline (mean age ± standard deviation, 52.2 ± 3.6 years), 21.2% had a FRS > 10%. During follow‐up, 40.2% of women reported the onset of VMS. Adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, education and alcohol consumption, each point increase in FRS was associated with a decreased incidence of VMS [OR, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91–0.97)]. Additional adjustment for menopausal status attenuated the OR to null [OR, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95–1.01)]. None of the separate FRS variables were associated with VMS after adjustment for age.

Conclusions

In our cohort, an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile was not associated with VMS, and therefore we found no evidence for the involvement of a vascular mechanism in the etiology of VMS.
Spatial Extended Hazard Model with Application to Prostate Cancer Survival
Authors: Li Li , Hanson Timothy , Zhang Jiajia
Published: December 2014

This article develops a Bayesian semiparametric approach to the extended hazard model, with generalization to high-dimensional spatially grouped data. County-level spatial correlation is accommodated marginally through the normal transformation model of Li and Lin (2006, Journal of the American Statistical Association101, 591–603), using a correlation structure implied by an intrinsic conditionally autoregressive prior. Efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms are developed, especially applicable to fitting very large, highly censored areal survival data sets. Per-variable tests for proportional hazards, accelerated failure time, and accelerated hazards are efficiently carried out with and without spatial correlation through Bayes factors. The resulting reduced, interpretable spatial models can fit significantly better than a standard additive Cox model with spatial frailties.
Calcium dynamics in microbialite‐forming exopolymer‐rich mats on the atoll of Kiritimati, Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific
Authors: Ionescu D. , Spitzer S. , Reimer A. , Schneider D. , Daniel R. , Reitner J. , de Beer D. , Arp G.
Published: December 2014

Microbialite‐forming microbial mats in a hypersaline lake on the atoll of Kiritimati were investigated with respect to microgradients, bulk water chemistry, and microbial community composition. O2, H2S, and pH microgradients show patterns as commonly observed for phototrophic mats with cyanobacteria‐dominated primary production in upper layers, an intermediate purple layer with sulfide oxidation, and anaerobic bottom layers with sulfate reduction. Ca2+ profiles, however, measured in daylight showed an increase of Ca2+ with depth in the oxic zone, followed by a sharp decline and low concentrations in anaerobic mat layers. In contrast, dark measurements show a constant Ca2+ concentration throughout the entire measured depth. This is explained by an oxygen‐dependent heterotrophic decomposition of Ca2+‐binding exopolymers. Strikingly, the daylight maximum in Ca2+ and subsequent drop coincides with a major zone of aragonite and gypsum precipitation at the transition from the cyanobacterial layer to the purple sulfur bacterial layer. Therefore, we suggest that Ca2+ binding exopolymers function as Ca2+ shuttle by their passive downward transport through compression, triggering aragonite precipitation in the mats upon their aerobic microbial decomposition and secondary Ca2+ release. This precipitation is mediated by phototrophic sulfide oxidizers whose action additionally leads to the precipitation of part of the available Ca2+ as gypsum.
Gestational weight gain according to Institute of Medicine recommendations in relation to infant size and body composition
Authors: Henriksson P. , Eriksson B. , Forsum E. , Löf M.
Published: December 2014

Background

Intrauterine life may be a critical period for programming childhood obesity; however, there is insufficient knowledge concerning how gestational weight gain (GWG) affects infant fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM).

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between GWG according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations and infant size, FM and FFM. We also investigated if the associations were different for normal‐weight and overweight/obese women.

Methods

This study included 312 healthy Swedish mother–infant pairs. Infant body composition at 1 week of age was assessed using air‐displacement plethysmography. Maternal GWG was defined as below, within or above the 2009 IOM recommendations. Multiple regression analyses were used.

Results

Compared with women whose weight gain was within IOM recommendations, women with weight gain below the recommendations had infants that were shorter (−0.7 cm, P = 0.008) when adjusting for confounders. Normal‐weight women exceeding IOM recommendations had infants with higher FM (+58 g, P = 0.008) compared with normal‐weight women who gained within the recommendations. No corresponding association was observed for overweight/obese women.

Conclusions

Inadequate GWG was associated with shorter infants, while excessive GWG was associated with greater infant FM for women who were of normal weight before pregnancy.
In-vitro evidence of enhanced breast cancer resistance protein-mediated intestinal urate secretion by uremic toxins in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Lu Yang , Nakanishi Takeo , Hosomi Atsushi , Komori Hisakazu , Tamai Ikumi
Published: December 2014

Objectives

It has been reported that intestinal urate excretion is increased at chronic kidney disease (CKD) state. In this report, whether uremic toxins are involved in the upregulation of intestinal breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), an intestinal urate exporter, was examined.

Methods

Uremic toxins that were increased at least 15-fold at CKD state were selected for investigation. Caco-2 cells were exposed to these uremic toxins at clinically relevant concentrations. mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR, and flow cytometry was utilized to measure BCRP protein and function in Caco-2 cells. Transcellular secretory transport of [14C]urate was determined utilizing Transwell studies after uremic toxin exposure.

Key findings

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) treatment alone resulted in ∼3-fold increase in BCRP mRNA in Caco-2 cells. Membrane protein expression of BCRP in Caco-2 cells also was increased by 1.8-fold after treatment with IS. Intracellular accumulation of pheophorbide A, a selective BCRP substrate, was decreased by 22% after IS treatment for 3 days. Consistent with these findings, transcellular secretory transport of urate across Caco-2 cell monolayers was increased by 22%.

Conclusion

Intestinal urate secretion may be increased at CKD state partially by upregulation of intestinal BCRP by uremic toxins such as IS.
Orally administered novel cyclic pentapeptide P-317 alleviates symptoms of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Zielińska Marta , Chen Chunqiu , Mokrowiecka Anna , Cygankiewicz Adam I , Zakrzewski Piotr K , Sałaga Maciej , Małecka-Panas Ewa , Wlaź Piotr , Krajewska Wanda M , Fichna Jakub
Published: December 2014

Objective

The aim of our study was to characterize the effect of P-317, a novel cyclic derivative of morphiceptin, on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and abdominal pain in mouse models mimicking symptoms of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).

Methods

The effect of P-317 on mouse intestinal motility was characterized in vitro and in vivo in physiological and pathopysiological conditions. The antinociceptive action of P-317 was characterized in the mustard oil-induced abdominal pain model and the writhing test. Locomotor activity and grip-strength tests were used to evaluate the effect of P-317 in the central nervous system (CNS). To translate our study to clinical conditions, the semi-quantitative expression of μ-opioid receptors (MOP) and κ-opioid receptors (KOP) messenger RNA (mRNA) in human colonic samples from IBS-D patients was quantified.

Key findings

In vitro, P-317 (10−10–10−6 M) inhibited colonic and ileal smooth muscle contractions in a concentration-dependent, β-funaltrexamine and nor-binaltorphimine-reversible manner. In vivo, P-317 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p. and 1 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited GI transit, displayed a potent antinociceptive action in abdominal pain tests and did not influence the CNS.

Conclusion

P-317 produced a potent analgesic and antidiarrhoeal action in the mouse GI tract after oral administration. Given lower expression of MOP and KOP mRNA in IBS-D patients, P-317 is a promising peptide-based drug candidate for IBS-D therapy.
Mammal carcasses attract a swarm of mussels in the deep Atlantic: insights into colonization and biogeography of a chemosymbiotic species
Authors: Génio Luciana , Rodrigues Clara F. , Guedes Inês F. , Almeida Hélio , Duperron Sébastien , Hilário Ana
Published: December 2014

Five mammal carcasses were experimentally deployed at 1000 m depth in the Setubal Canyon (NE Atlantic) in March 2011 and the remaining bones were collected after 18 and 28 months. High numbers (1.92–6.27 individuals·cm2) of small mussels were found among a diverse invertebrate assemblage colonizing surfaces, crevices and cavities in the trabecular matrix of bones. In this study we characterized the mussel population and their associated bacteria and investigated population structure and settlement patterns. The results of molecular analysis indicated that the mussels are conspecific with the widely distributed bathymodiolin species ‘Idas’ simpsoni and harbor sulfur‐oxidizing bacterial symbionts. Modal decomposition of length‐frequency distributions and estimated shell growth rate suggested that settlement of ‘I.’ simpsoni is continuous and that post‐settlement mortality affects the population structure. This study reports the highest densities and fastest growth rates within bathymodiolin mussels occurring on organic substrates yet recorded and provides evidence for effective mussel recruitment in organic falls in the NE Atlantic Ocean. These results highlight the importance of ephemeral habitats on the biogeographic distribution and dispersal of chemosymbiotic species in deep‐sea ecosystems.
Factors affecting actualisation of the WHO breastfeeding recommendations in urban poor settings in Kenya
Authors: Kimani‐Murage Elizabeth W. , Wekesah Frederick , Wanjohi Milka , Kyobutungi Catherine , Ezeh Alex C. , Musoke Rachel N. , Norris Shane A. , Madise Nyovani J. , Griffiths Paula
Published: December 2014

Poor breastfeeding practices are widely documented in Kenya, where only a third of children are exclusively breastfed for 6 months and only 2% in urban poor settings. This study aimed to better understand the factors that contribute to poor breastfeeding practices in two urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya. In‐depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with women of childbearing age, community health workers, village elders and community leaders and other knowledgeable people in the community. A total of 19 IDIs, 10 FGDs and 11 KIIs were conducted, and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded in NVIVO and analysed thematically. We found that there was general awareness regarding optimal breastfeeding practices, but the knowledge was not translated into practice, leading to suboptimal breastfeeding practices. A number of social and structural barriers to optimal breastfeeding were identified: (1) poverty, livelihood and living arrangements; (2) early and single motherhood; (3) poor social and professional support; (4) poor knowledge, myths and misconceptions; (5) HIV; and (6) unintended pregnancies. The most salient of the factors emerged as livelihoods, whereby women have to resume work shortly after delivery and work for long hours, leaving them unable to breastfeed optimally. Women in urban poor settings face an extremely complex situation with regard to breastfeeding due to multiple challenges and risk behaviours often dictated to them by their circumstances. Macro‐level policies and interventions that consider the ecological setting are needed.
Deep peri‐implantitis: two cases treated with implant apicoectomy with follow‐up of at least 7 years
Authors: Kalyvas D. , Tarenidou M. , Zorogiannidis G. , Tsetsenekou E. , Grous A.
Published: December 2014

Aim

Deep periimplantitis is a lesion located in the periapical region of an osseointegtated implant. The aim of this study was to present 2 cases of this feature treated with apicoectomy.

Materials and methods

Two cases of deep periimplantitis located in the maxillary premolar region are presented in this report. Both the lesions were situated in the apical segment of otherwise osseointegrated and long (15 mm) implants. They were treated with surgical debridement, apicoectomy, bone substitute and antibiotics.

Results

Bone overheating, proximity to periapical lesions or previous inflammation seem to be the three possible causes of the lesions in the cases presented. The follow‐up period of 7 and 10 years indicates that implant apicoectomy is a safe and reliable treatment choice.

Conclusions

The treatment of choice for deep periimplantitis is implant apicoectomy, unless the implant is mobile, where implant removal is preferable.
Clinical efficacy of lamotrigine and changes in the dosages of concomitantly used psychotropic drugs in Alzheimer's disease with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: a preliminary open‐label trial
Authors: Suzuki Hidenobu , Gen Keishi
Published: December 2014

Aim

We investigated the clinical efficacy and changes in the dosages of concomitantly used psychotropic drugs in lamotrigine therapy in Alzheimer's disease with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).

Methods

This study was a 16‐week, preliminary open‐label trial. The subjects were 40 inpatients. The outcome measures assessed were BPSD and cognitive function. BPSD was assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and cognitive function was assessed with the Mini‐Mental State Examination. The changes in the dosages of concomitant psychotropic drugs were also assessed.

Results

Although the mean changes from baseline NPI scores and the two NPI subscales (anxiety and irritability) were significantly lower within the lamotrigine therapy group, no significant differences were found when we compared the lamotrigine therapy group to the control group. The mean decrease from baseline on the NPI agitation subscale, however, was significantly greater in the lamotrigine therapy group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mean decrease from baseline in the diazepam‐equivalent dose was significantly greater in the lamotrigine therapy group than in the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that the administration of lamotrigine to patients with severe Alzheimer's disease with BPSD may be effective and may make it possible to avoid increasing the dosage of antipsychotic medications prescribed to elderly patients.
Pseudoephedrine and circadian rhythm interaction on neuromuscular performance
Authors: Pallarés J. G. , López‐Samanes Á. , Fernández‐Elías V. E. , Aguado‐Jiménez R. , Ortega J. F. , Gómez C. , Ventura R. , Segura J. , Mora‐Rodríguez R.
Published: December 2014

This study analyzed the effects of pseudoephedrine (PSE) provided at different time of day on neuromuscular performance, side effects, and violation of the current doping cut‐off threshold [World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA)]. Nine resistance‐trained males carried out bench press and full squat exercises against four incremental loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% one repetition maximum [1RM]), in a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over design. Participants ingested either 180 mg of PSE (supra‐therapeutic dose) or placebo in the morning (7:00 h; AMPLAC and AMPSE) and in the afternoon (17:00 h; PMPLAC and PMPSE). PSE enhanced muscle contraction velocity against 25% and 50% 1RM loads, only when it was ingested in the mornings, and only in the full squat exercise (4.4–8.7%; P < 0.05). PSE ingestion raised urine and plasma PSE concentrations (P < 0.05) regardless of time of day; however, cathine only increased in the urine samples. PSE ingestion resulted in positive tests occurring in 11% of samples, and it rose some adverse side effects such us tachycardia and heart palpitations. Ingestion of a single dose of 180 mg of PSE results in enhanced lower body muscle contraction velocity against low and moderate loads only in the mornings. These mild performance improvements are accompanied by undesirable side effects and an 11% risk of surpassing the doping threshold.
HLA‐DRB1*11:106, a variant of HLA‐DRB1*11, discovered in a Chinese bone marrow donor
Authors: Lin F. ‐Q. , Li X. ‐F. , Zhang X. , Zhang K. ‐L. , Li J. ‐P.
Published: December 2014

HLA‐DRB1*11:106 has 1 nucleotide change from HLA‐DRB1*11:01:01 at nucleotide 155 (G → A).
The full length genomic sequence of a novel HLA‐C*03 allele: HLA‐C*03:219
Authors: Crijns V. B. G. , Palusci F. , Schouten H. C. , Voorter C. E. M. , Tilanus M. G. J.
Published: December 2014

HLA‐C*03:219 differs from HLA‐C*03:04:01:01 by a non‐synonymous substitution in the α3 domain (T216I).
A new HLA‐B allele, B*44:203, sequenced in a Spanish Caucasian cord blood unit
Authors: Sánchez‐Gordo F. , Balas A. , Gomez‐Zumaquero J. M. , Prat I. , Vicario J. L.
Published: December 2014

HLA‐B*44:203 shows one nucleotide difference to B*44:03:01 at codon 171 (TAC>CAC, Y171>H171).
HLA‐A*24:287, a novel variant of HLA‐A*24:02:01:01, discovered in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: December 2014

One nucleotide replacement in codon 182 of HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐A*24:287.
TRAUBE WAVES AND MAYER WAVES
Authors: Halliburton W. D.
Published: December 2014

The evidence available points to the conclusion that the large sweeping waves seen during asphyxia in curarised animals are identical with similar waves sometimes noticeable in the arterial blood‐pressure tracings of uncurarised animals. They are probably of vaso‐motor origin; it seems appropriate to designate them after their original discoverer Traube. The waves described by S. Mayer are of an entirely different nature, and are produced in an artificial manner: they have no physiological significance.