bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Chinese Medicine and Subsequent Surgery in Women with Uterine Fibroid: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Su Shan-Yu , Muo Chih-Hsin , Morisky Donald E.
Published: October 2012

Background. Chinese medicine (CM) has been used to relieve symptoms relevant to uterine fibroids.Objective. This study investigated the association between the use of CM and the incidence of uterine surgery in women with uterine fibroids.Subjects and Methods. This retrospective cohort study extracted records for 16,690 subjects diagnosed with a uterine fibroid between 2000 and 2003 from the National Health Insurance reimbursement database. The risk factors for surgery were examined via Cox proportional hazard analysis, and the difference in incidence of surgery between CM users and nonusers was compared using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) derived from Poisson's models.Results. After an average follow-up period of 4.5 years, the cumulative incidence of uterine surgery was significantly lower in CM users than CM nonusers (P<0.0001). Compared to CM nonusers, CM users were more unlikely to undergo uterine surgery (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.17, 0.19). The incidence of surgery in CM users was dramatically different from that for CM nonusers (IRR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.18).Conclusion. The risk of uterine surgery among fibroid patients who used CM was significantly decreased, implying an effective treatment of fibroid-related symptoms provided by CM.
Calcium Signalling and Liver Regeneration
Authors: Garcin Isabelle , Tordjmann Thierry
Published: October 2012

After partial hepatectomy (PH) the initial mass of the organ is restored through a complex network of cellular interactions that orchestrate both proliferative and hepatoprotective signalling cascades. Among agonists involved in this network many of them drive Ca2+movements. During liver regeneration in the rat, hepatocyte cytosolic Ca2+signalling has been shown on the one hand to be deeply remodelled and on the other hand to enhance progression of hepatocytes through the cell cycle. Mechanisms through which cytosolic Ca2+signals impact on hepatocyte cell cycle early after PH are not completely understood, but at least they include regulation of immediate early gene transcription and ERK and CREB phosphorylation. In addition to cytosolic Ca2+, there is also evidence that mitochondrial Ca2+and also nuclear Ca2+may be critical for the regulation of liver regeneration. Finally, Ca2+movements in hepatocytes, and possibly in other liver cells, not only impact hepatocyte progression in the cell cycle but more generally may regulate cellular homeostasis after PH.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mn–C–CodopedTiO2Nanoparticles and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye under Sunlight Irradiation
Authors: Xin Wei , Zhu Duanwei , Liu Guanglong , Hua Yumei , Zhou Wenbing
Published: October 2012

Novel visible-light-active Mn–C–TiO2nanoparticles were synthesized by modified sol-gel method based on the self-assembly technique using polyoxyethylenes orbitan monooleate (Tween 80) as template and carbon precursor and manganese acetate as manganese precursor. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, XPS, and laser particle size analysis. The XRD results showed that Mn–C–TiO2sample exhibited anatase phase and no other crystal phase was identified. High specific surface area, small crystallite size, and small particle size distribution could be obtained by manganese and carbon codoped and Mn–C–TiO2exhibited greater red shift in absorption edge of samples in visible region than that of C–TiO2and pure TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized catalyst was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange (MO) solution under the sunlight irradiation. The results showed that Mn–C–TiO2nanoparticles have higher activity than other samples under sunlight, which could be attributed to the high specific surface area, smaller particle size, and lower band gap energy.
Energy Efficiency Adaptation for Multihop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Chehri Abdellah , Mouftah Hussein T.
Published: October 2012

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are considered as a suitable solution for long-time and large-scale outdoor environmental monitoring. However, an important feature that distinguishes the WSNs from traditional monitoring systems is their energy constraints. In fact, these nodes have often a limited and usually nonreplenishable power source. Therefore managing these limited resources is a key challenge. In this paper we use an optimization scheme based on adaptive modulation and power control for a green routing protocol. The optimization mechanism is subject to certain QoS requirements in terms of total end-to-end delay time and bit error rate. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can, theoretically, reduce the consumed energy of the sensor nodes almost to half.
Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO: Al Films under Different Light Sources
Authors: Pradhan Prashant , Alonso Juan Carlos , Bizarro Monserrat
Published: October 2012

ZnO and Al doped ZnO films were produced by spray pyrolysis. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the decomposition of the methyl orange dye using different light sources: ultraviolet light, artificial white light, and direct sunlight. The films were also tested under darkness for comparison. The ZnO films were able to degrade the test pollutant under UV and sunlight in more than a 60% after 180 min of irradiation and a scarce degradation was obtained using white light. However, the Al doped ZnO films presented a very high degradation rate not only under UV and sunlight (100% degradation), but also under white light (90% degradation after the same irradiation time). An unexpected high degradation was also obtained in the dark, which indicates that a nonphotonic process is taking place parallel to the photocatalytic process. This can be due to the extra electrons—provided by the aluminum atoms—that migrate to the surface and produce radicals favoring the decomposition process even in the dark. The high activity achieved by the ZnO: Al films under natural conditions can be potentially applied to water treatment processes.
Factors Contributing to Urban Malaria Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: De Silva Prathiba M. , Marshall John M.
Published: October 2012

Sub-Saharan Africa suffers by far the greatest malaria burden worldwide and is currently undergoing a profound demographic change, with a growing proportion of its population moving to urban areas. Urbanisation is generally expected to reduce malaria transmission; however the disease still persists in African cities, in some cases at higher levels than in nearby rural areas.Objective. This paper aims to collate and analyse risk factors for urban malaria transmission throughout sub-Saharan Africa and to discuss their implications for control.Methods. A systematic search on malaria and urbanisation was carried out focusing on sub-Saharan Africa. Particular interest was taken in vector breeding sites in urban and periurban areas.Results. A variety of urban vector breeding sites were catalogued, the majority of which were artificial, including urban agriculture, tyre tracks, and ditches. Natural breeding sites varied according to location. Low socioeconomic status was a significant risk factor for malaria, often present in peri-urban areas. A worrying trend was seen in the adaptation of malaria vector species to the urban environment. Urban malaria is highly focused and control programs should reflect this.Conclusion. As urbanisation continues and vector species adapt, continued monitoring and control of urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is essential.
Gold Nanorod‐Mediated Photothermal Modulation for Localized Ablation of Cancer Cells
Authors: Hong Yoochan , Lee Eugene , Choi Jihye , Oh Seung Jae , Haam Seungjoo , Huh Yong-Min , Yoon Dae Sung , Suh Jin-Suck , Yang Jaemoon
Published: October 2012

We estimated the photothermal transduction efficiency of gold nanorod (GNR) solutions for different GNR concentrations and irradiation laser power. In particular, we verified that the degree of cell death area could be modulated by GNR concentration and irradiation laser power. The efficacy of GNR‐produced photothermal ablation of cancer cells was evaluated by irradiating GNRs in the presence of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells with a near‐infrared (NIR) laser at different laser power densities and irradiation times. GNR‐induced photothermal ablation was applied successfully to cancer cells at various NIR laser power densities and irradiation times and was characterized with live‐dead cell staining. Through these techniques, we established the system for not only verification of induced photothermal effect using NIR laser and thermocouple, but also identification of uptake efficiency for GNRs and cell viability using dark field and fluorescence imaging, respectively.
Cognitive Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease and Their Relation to Dementia: A Data-Driven Approach
Authors: Liepelt-Scarfone Inga , Gräber Susanne , Fruhmann Berger Monika , Feseker Anne , Baysal Gülsüm , Csoti Ilona , Godau Jana , Gaenslen Alexandra , Huber Heiko , Srulijes Karin , Brockmann Kathrin , Berg Daniela
Published: October 2012

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a substantial cognitive heterogeneity, which is apparent in different profiles and levels of severity. To date, a distinct clinical profile for patients with a potential risk of developing dementia still has to be identified. We introduce a data-driven approach to detect different cognitive profiles and stages. Comprehensive neuropsychological data sets from a cohort of 121 Parkinson’s disease patients with and without dementia were explored by a factor analysis to characterize different cognitive domains. Based on the factor scores that represent individual performance in each domain, hierarchical cluster analyses determined whether subgroups of Parkinson’s disease patients show varying cognitive profiles. A six-factor solution accounting for 65.2% of total variance fitted best to our data and revealed high internal consistencies (Cronbach’s alpha coefficients>0.6). The cluster analyses suggested two independent patient clusters with different cognitive profiles. They differed only in severity of cognitive impairment and self-reported limitation of activities of daily living function but not in motor performance, disease duration, or dopaminergic medication. Based on a data-driven approach, divers cognitive profiles were identified, which separated early and more advanced stages of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease without dementia. Importantly, these profiles were independent of motor progression.
CD34 Expression in the Stromal Cells of Alveolar Adenoma
Authors: De Rosa Nicolina , Maiorino Alfonso , De Rosa Ilaria , Curcio Carlo , Sellitto Carmine , Amore Dario
Published: October 2012

The alveolar adenoma of the lung is a rare benign tumor characterized by a proliferation of both the alveolar epithelial cells and the mesenchymal septal cells. Immunohistochemically, the epithelial cells stain for cytokeratin (CK) AE1AE3, CK7, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), and surfactant apoprotein confirming the derivation by the type 2 pneumocytes. The stromal cells are negative for these markers but they show focally smooth muscle and muscle-specific actin positivity. We describe two cases that showed immunohistochemically a CD34 positivity of the mesenchymal septal cells. This aspect has been previously described in a two cases report, but not emphasized by the authors as a distinctive feature of the lesion. We consider this CD34 positivity as a marker of immaturity or stemness of the lesional septal spindle cells, that could be responsible of the different phenotypic and morphological profile of the interstitial cells, that could be, therefore, considered neoplastic and not reactive.
Diagnostic Role of Chromosomal Instability in Melanoma
Authors: Dabas Nitika , Byrnes Diana M. , Rosa Ashley M. , Eller Mark S. , Grichnik James M.
Published: October 2012

Early diagnosis gives melanoma patients the best chance for long term survival. However discrimination of an early melanoma from an unusual/atypical benign nevus can represent a significant challenge. There are no current pathological markers to definitively define malignant potential in these indeterminate lesions. Thus, there is a need for improved diagnostic tools. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and is markedly prevalent in melanoma. Advances in genomics have opened the door for the development of molecular tools to better segregate benign and malignant lesions. This paper focuses on CIN in melanoma and the role of current diagnostic approaches.
Numerical Simulation of Water-Based Alumina Nanofluid in Subchannel Geometry
Authors: Nazififard Mohammad , Nematollahi Mohammadreza , Jafarpur Khosrow , Suh Kune Y.
Published: October 2012

Turbulent forced convection flow of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a single-bare subchannel of a typical pressurized water reactor is numerically analyzed. The single-phase model is adopted to simulate the nanofluid convection of 1% and 4% by volume concentration. The renormalization group k-εmodel is used to simulate turbulence in ANSYS FLUENT 12.1. Results show that the heat transfer increases with nanoparticle volume concentrations in the subchannel geometry. The highest heat transfer rates are detected, for each concentration, corresponding to the highest Reynolds number Re. The maximum heat transfer enhancement at the center of a subchannel formed by heated rods is ~15% for the particle volume concentration of 4% corresponding to Re = 80,000. The friction factor shows a reasonable agreement with the classical correlation used for such normal fluid as the Blasius formula. The result reveals that the Al2O3/water pressure drop along the subchannel increases by about 14% and 98% for volume concentrations of 1% and 4%, respectively, given Re compared to the base fluid. Coupled thermohydrodynamic and neutronic investigations are further needed to streamline the nanoparticles and to optimize their concentration.
The Global Convergence of a New Mixed Conjugate Gradient Method for Unconstrained Optimization
Authors: Yueting Yang , Mingyuan Cao
Published: October 2012

We propose and generalize a new nonlinear conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization. The global convergence is proved with the Wolfe line
search. Numerical experiments are reported which support the theoretical analyses and show the presented methods outperforming CGDESCENT method.
Floral Resources Used by Euglossini Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Coastal Ecosystems of the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Rocha-Filho L. C. , Krug C. , Silva C. I. , Garófalo C. A.
Published: October 2012

In spite of playing an important ecological role as pollinators of tropical ecosystems, orchid bees are still poorly known regarding their floral resources. Aiming at a better comprehension of the importance of different plants visited by the Euglossini and, consequently, their role in the maintenance and reproduction of plant species in tropical ecosystems, this study aimed at identifying the flowers visited by those bees in two different areas of the Atlantic Forest in the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Sampling was carried out from August 2007 to July 2009 in two coastal ecosystems in Ubatuba, Brazil. In order to obtain information on flower resources collected by Euglossini beesin loco, all bees observed on flowers were collected, pollinaria of Orchidaceae occasionally attached to the body of males were identified, and the pollinic analysis of 68 females was carried out. One hundred twelve bees from 14 species were associated to 105 plant species which represented pollen, nectar, resin, and fragrances sources. These data reinforce the relevance of orchid bees to the maintenance and reproductive success of many tropical plants.
Tracking Regional Tissue Volume and Function Change in Lung Using Image Registration
Authors: Cao Kunlin , Christensen Gary E. , Ding Kai , Du Kaifang , Raghavan Maghavan L. , Amelon Ryan E. , Baker Kimberly M. , Hoffman Eric A. , Reinhardt Joseph M.
Published: October 2012

We have previously demonstrated the 24-hour redistribution and reabsorption of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid delivered to the lung during a bronchoscopic procedure in normal volunteers. In this work we utilize image-matching procedures to correlate fluid redistribution and reabsorption to changes in regional lung function. Lung CT datasets from six human subjects were used in this study. Each subject was scanned at four time points before and after BAL procedure. Image registration was performed to align images at different time points and different inflation levels. The resulting dense displacement fields were utilized to track tissue volume changes and reveal deformation patterns of local parenchymal tissue quantitatively. The registration accuracy was assessed by measuring landmark matching errors, which were on the order of 1 mm. The results show that quantitative-assessed fluid volume agreed well with bronchoscopist-reported unretrieved BAL volume in the whole lungs (squared linear correlation coefficient was 0.81). The average difference of lung tissue volume at baseline and after 24 hours was around 2%, which indicates that BAL fluid in the lungs was almost absorbed after 24 hours. Regional lung-function changes correlated with the presence of BAL fluid, and regional function returned to baseline as the fluid was reabsorbed.
Application of Functionalized SWCNTs for Increase of Degradation Resistance of Acrylic Paint for Cars
Authors: Lucas Flores Osiel , Kharissova Oxana V. , Ortiz Méndez Ubaldo , Leija Gutiérrez Héctor , de Casas Ortiz Edgar , Kharisov Boris I.
Published: October 2012

Physical properties of automotive acrylic paint are improved by incorporation of three different types of carbon nanotubes: single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), OH‐functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotubes (OH‐SWCNTs), and aniline‐functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotubes (aniline‐SWCNTs). The formed composites are studied by electron miscroscopy methods and Raman spectrometry. It is found that the acrylic paints with addition of OH‐SWCNTs and aniline‐SWCNTs show better quality for their applications. In particular, the resistance against degradation by electron beam increased in ~500%.
A Randomized Phase II Trial of Vismodegib versus Placebo with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI and Bevacizumab in Patients with Previously Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Berlin Jordan , Bendell Johanna C. , Hart Lowell L. , Firdaus Irfan , Gore Ira , Hermann Robert C. , Mulcahy Mary F. , Zalupski Mark M. , Mackey Howard M. , Yauch Robert L. , Graham Richard A. , Bray Gordon L. , Low Jennifer A.
Published: October 2012

Purpose: Vismodegib, a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, has preclinical activity in colorectal cancer (CRC) models. This trial assessed the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adding vismodegib to first-line treatment for metastatic CRC (mCRC).

Experimental design: Patients were randomized to receive vismodegib (150 mg/day orally) or placebo, in combination with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI chemotherapy plus bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) every 2 weeks until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Key secondary objectives included evaluation of predictive biomarkers and pharmacokinetic drug interactions.

Results: A total of 199 patients with mCRC were treated on protocol (124 FOLFOX, 75 FOLFIRI). The median PFS hazard ratio (HR) for vismodegib treatment compared with placebo was 1.25 (90% CI: 0.89–1.76; P = 0.28). The overall response rates for placebo-treated and vismodegib-treated patients were 51% (90% CI: 43–60) and 46% (90% CI: 37–55), respectively. No vismodegib-associated benefit was observed in combination with either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. Increased tumor tissue Hedgehog expression did not predict clinical benefit. Grade 3 to 5 adverse events reported for more than 5% of patients that occurred more frequently in the vismodegib-treated group were fatigue, nausea, asthenia, mucositis, peripheral sensory neuropathy, weight loss, decreased appetite, and dehydration. Vismodegib did not alter the pharmacokinetics of FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, or bevacizumab.

Conclusions: Vismodegib does not add to the efficacy of standard therapy for mCRC. Compared with placebo, treatment intensity was lower for all regimen components in vismodegib-treated patients, suggesting that combined toxicity may have contributed to lack of efficacy. Clin Cancer Res; 19(1); 258–67. ©2012 AACR.
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Analysis with Scanning Laser Polarimetry and RTVue-OCT in Patients of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Xue Kang , Wang Min , Chen Junyi , Huang Xin , Xu Gezhi
Published: October 2012

Purpose: To measure the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and that of normal controls by scanning laser polarimetry with enhanced corneal compensation (GDxECC) and RTVue-optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Fifty-two eyes of 26 patients were included. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations and testing with GDxECC. Twenty-eight of 52 eyes of RP patients underwent RTVue-OCT measurements. A group of 50 eyes of 25 normal subjects (controls) was also included. GDxECC measured RNFL thickness in the peripapillary area in all subjects as well as temporal-superior-nasal-inferior-temporal (TSNIT) parameters, including TSNIT means, superior and inferior region means, TSNIT standard deviation (SD), inter-eye symmetry and nerve fiber indicator (NFI). RTVue-OCT measured the mean, superior, inferior, temporal and nasal quadrant RNFL thickness. Result: In RP patients and controls, TSNIT means by GDxECC were, respectively, 65.00 ± 7.35 and 55.32 ± 5.20. Mean superior quadrant thicknesses were80.56 ± 10.93 and 69.54 ± 7.45. Mean inferior thicknesses were 80.58 ± 9.34 and 69.12 ± 7.78. SDs were 27.92 ± 5.21 and 28.23 ± 4.01. Inter-eye symmetries were 0.82 ± 0.17 and 0.87 ± 0.09. NFIs were 9.74 ± 8.73 and 16.81 ± 8.13. The differences between mean TSNIT, mean superior and mean inferior quadrant thicknesses and NFIs were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In RTVue-OCT measurements, the differences between mean, superior, inferior and temporal quadrant RNFL thicknesses were statistically significant (p = 0.0322, 0.0213, 0.0387, 0.0005). Conclusions: The RNFL measured by GDxECC was significantly thicker in RP patients than in controls. RNFL thickness measured by RTVue-OCT was significantly greater in RP patients than in controls in the superior, inferior and temporal regions. This contribution provides information on RNFL thickness and discusses the mechanism underlying this phenomenon.
Anisakis simplex Hypersensitivity Is Associated with Chronic Urticaria in Endemic Areas
Authors: Ventura M.T. , Napolitano S. , Menga R. , Cecere R. , Asero R.
Published: October 2012

Background: Chronic urticaria (CU) may affect up to 1% of the general population. Anisakis simplex hypersensitivity is frequent in areas where raw fish is consumed and A. simplex allergy represents a relevant cause of acute urticaria. We assessed the possible association between CU and A. simplex sensitization in an area where marinated fish is very frequently eaten. Methods: A thorough history of CU was sought in 919 adults seen at the Allergy Center, Bari. CU patients and 187 controls underwent skin-prick testing with a commercial extract of A. simplex, and reactors were recommended a 6-month raw-fish-free diet regimen. Responders were followed after a further 3 months. Results: Of 919 subjects, 213 (23%) met the criteria for CU and 106/213 (49.7%) were sensitized to A. simplex with a significant difference between patients aged >65 or <65 years (56 vs. 41%, respectively; p < 0.05). All patients hypersensitive to A. simplex were regular consumers of marinated fish. In a control population without CU, the prevalence of A. simplex sensitization was 16% (p < 0.001). The 6-month diet regimen led to the disappearance of urticaria in 82/106 cases (77%) versus 1/42 (2%) subjects who did not change their dietary habits (p < 0.001). All nonresponders were sensitized to house-dust mites. Of 75 responders who were followed-up after 3 months, CU relapsed in 88% of those who had reintroduced raw fish versus 14% of those who were still on the diet (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In areas where raw or marinated fish is frequently eaten, A. simplex hypersensitivity is a frequent cause of CU.
Self-Reported Incident Type 2 Diabetes in the Ibadan Study of Ageing: Relationship with Urban Residence and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Balogun Williams O. , Gureje Oye
Published: October 2012

Background: There is no incident study of diabetes among elderly Nigerians and it is unclear what factors may constitute risks for the condition in this society undergoing rapid social changes. Objective: This study explores the link between urban residence and socioeconomic status, and incident diabetes among community-dwelling elderly Nigerians. Methods: A cohort of 2,149 persons, aged 65 years and above, were recruited through a clustered multistage sampling in eight contiguous predominantly Yoruba-speaking states in south-western and north-central regions of Nigeria. Follow-up evaluation was conducted approximately 39 months after the baseline assessments. Face-to-face assessments obtained self-report of chronic medical conditions, including diabetes, using a standardized checklist as well as information on social factors, including residence. Incident diabetes was determined among persons who were free of the problem at baseline (n = 1,330). Results: At follow-up, 38 subjects had developed diabetes giving an incidence rate of 8.87% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.45–12.19] per 1,000 person-years. A stepwise relationship was found between incident diabetes and urbanicity as well as increasing economic status. The highest incidence of diabetes (13.57%; 95% CI: 8.75–21.03 per 1,000 person-years) occurred among subjects residing in urban areas, representing an adjusted relative risk of 4.25 (95% CI: 1.81–9.94) compared to those residing in rural areas. Also, compared with persons in the lowest economic group, those in the highest group had about a 3-fold elevated risk of having incident diabetes. Conclusion: Urban residence and increasing socioeconomic status are risk factors for new onset diabetes among elderly Nigerians. These social factors may be proxies for lifestyles that increase the likelihood of developing the disorder.
Animal Models for Autoimmune Liver Disease – What Is Relevant for Immune-Mediated Liver Disease
Authors: Hardtke-Wolenski Matthias , Taubert Richard , Jaeckel Elmar
Published: October 2012

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of the liver usually requiring lifelong immunosuppression. Steroids and azathioprine are the standard therapy, but the therapy is accompanied by strong side effects. Due to the fact that AIH is often recognized during the late course of disease, it is difficult to obtain knowledge about the immunological mechanisms responsible for initiation of the disease. Current AIH models have been helpful for understanding and modulating liver immune responses, but are not suited to study mechanisms in chronic AIH or to develop new therapies. While most common hepatitis models are more models of injury, transgenic AIH models deal with short-term hepatitis leading to tolerance, and models with natural antigens are either self-limited or have unknown target antigens. Therefore, new models with defined onset of AIH and a standardized course of disease are essential for a better understanding of the disease and to develop new therapies.
A Lecture on the Genetics of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Karlsen Tom H.
Published: October 2012

As a result of international collaborations and application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), a number of susceptibility genes for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have been detected over the recent years. The genetic architecture of PSC resembles prototypical HLA-associated autoimmune diseases almost as much as that of inflammatory bowel disease. All susceptibility loci reported have previously been detected in other phenotypes in accordance with a paradigm where risk loci detected by GWAS are likely to represent broad phenotypic features like inflammation rather than disease-specific affections. The risk loci have opened up for mechanistic studies in relevant model systems that are likely to enhance understanding of PSC pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the status and thinking on genetics of PSC as drawn from present data and a series of recent review articles. A particular emphasis will be put on future opportunities related to the incorporation of metagenomic data in the analysis.
Prevalence of Blepharospasm and Apraxia of Eyelid Opening in Patients with Parkinsonism, Cervical Dystonia and Essential Tremor
Authors: Rana Abdul-Qayyum , Kabir Ashish , Dogu Okan , Patel Ami , Khondker Sumaiya
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of blepharospasm (BSP), with and without apraxia of eyelid opening (AEO), in patients with parkinsonism, cervical dystonia (CD), and essential tremor (ET). BSP, with or without AEO, is associated with parkinsonism. There have been several reports of BSP in other dystonic conditions, but few looked at the incidence of BSP in ET patients. This study included 659 patients of which 357 had parkinsonism (276 idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and 81 atypical parkinsonism (57 progressive supranuclear palsy; 11 multiple system atrophy 13 corticobasal degeneration)), 274 had ET, 22 had CD, and 6 had spinocerebellar ataxia. Our results indicate that BSP (with or without AEO) was more prevalent in atypical parkinsonism (6 out of 81, 7.41%) than IPD (9 out of 276, 3.26%). The study also followed 10 (of the 28) patients with BSP to screen for the development of other movement disorders – of these, 2 developed Parkinson’s disease. We conclude then that BSP is common in parkinsonism and that BSP is more prevalent in atypical parkinsonism. We also conclude that BSP is not a common feature in ET patients (0 out of 274 patients reported BSP symptoms).
Modelling Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis with Family Data
Authors: O’Gorman Cullen , Lin Rui , Stankovich James , Broadley Simon A.
Published: October 2012

A genetic contribution to susceptibility is well established in multiple sclerosis (MS) and 57 associated genetic loci have been identified. We have undertaken a meta-analysis of familial risk studies with the aims of providing definitive figures for risks to relatives, performing a segregation analysis and estimating the proportion of the overall genetic risk that currently identified genes represent. We have used standard methods of meta-analysis combined with novel approaches to age adjustment to provide directly comparable estimates of lifetime risk. The overall recurrence risk for monozygotic twins was 18.2% and for siblings 2.7%. The recurrence risk for dizygotic twins was significantly higher than for siblings. The overall estimate of sibling relative risk (λS) was 16.8. Risks for older relatives (parents, siblings, aunts, uncles and cousins) show a latitudinal gradient, in line with population risk. No latitudinal gradient for λS was seen. Segregation analysis supports a multiplicative model of one locus of moderate effect with many loci of small effect. The estimated contribution of the 57 known MS loci is 18–24% of λS. This meta-analysis supports the notion of MS being in part the result of multiple genetic susceptibility factors and environmental factors.
Bubble Chamber Clotting during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Vertical versus Horizontal Blood Flow Entry
Authors: Baldwin Ian , Fealy Nigel , Carty Paula , Boyle Martin , Kim Inbyung , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: October 2012

Background: The continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) bubble trap chamber is a frequent site of clotting. Aims: To assess clot formation when comparing our standard ‘vertical’ blood entry chamber (BEC) with a new ‘horizontal’ BEC. Methods: Adult ICU patients requiring CRRT were treated with the vertical BEC and then a similar subsequent cohort with the horizontal BEC in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration mode. Results: 40 chambers were assessed for each design. Circuit life was 13.9 ± 9.5 h for the vertical and 17.7 ± 15.9 h for the horizontal BEC (p = 0.33). APTT, however, was higher for the horizontal BEC (55.7 ± 34.7 vs. 37.4 ± 9.0, p < 0.002) and no difference in circuit life was found after multivariable analysis. A clotting score ≥3 was observed in 85% of all chambers. There was no difference in chamber clotting score (vertical 3.6 ± 1.03 vs. horizontal 3.8 ± 1.0, p = 0.5). In addition, no difference was found when scores were divided into two groups using a ‘likelihood’ to clot analysis (p = 1.0). Conclusion: CRRT horizontal BEC were not associated with less clotting compared to our standard vertical BEC.
Early Systolic Blood Pressure Changes in Incident Hemodialysis Patients Are Associated with Mortality in the First Year
Authors: Sipahioglu Murat H. , Usvyat Len , Liu Li , Abbas Samer R. , Raimann Jochen G. , Rosales Laura , Levin Nathan W. , Kotanko Peter
Published: October 2012

Background: In incident hemodialysis (HD) patients, the relationship between early systolic blood pressure (SBP) dynamics and mortality is unknown. Methods: Baseline SBP levels were stratified into 5 categories ranging from <120 and ≥180 mm Hg. Early pre-HD SBP change was defined as the slope of pre-HD SBP from week 1 to 12 and categorized in quartiles (Q1, lowest slope). SBP slopes were computed for each patient by simple linear regression. Results: In 3,446 incident HD patients (42% females, 44% black, age 62 ± 15 years), the median pre-HD SBP slope was –1.7 (Q1) to +2.3 (Q4) mm Hg/week. In an adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis, patients with declining SBP (slope Q1) had higher mortality compared to patients with increasing pre-HD SBP (slope Q4) at 12 months (hazard ratio 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.35–3.01). In addition, patients with baseline pre-HD SBP <120 mm Hg showed higher mortality compared to the reference group (SBP ≥180 mm Hg) at 12 months (hazard ratio 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.03–3.45). Conclusion: Baseline pre-HD SBP and early SBP dynamics are associated with mortality in the first year of dialysis. Patients who had low (pre-HD SBP <120 mm Hg) or declining SBP had the highest mortality rates. Particular attention is warranted in incident HD patients with low or declining SBP.
Continuation of Smoking after Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer: An Independent Prognostic Factor?
Authors: Kikidis Dimitrios , Vlastarakos Petros V. , Manolopoulos Leonidas , Yiotakis Ioannis
Published: October 2012

Aim: The aim of the study is to examine if continuation of smoking after treatment is an independent factor affecting the prognosis of laryngeal cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 153 patients met the inclusion criteria for this prospective study, and they were followed up for 12–60 months. Smoking cessation/continuation rates were recorded and associated with disease recurrence and overall patient survival. Results: The recurrence rate was 35.29%. Twenty-five percent of the patients continued smoking after treatment, 75% stopped. Of the patients who quit smoking, 28.69% died during the follow-up period, compared to 52.63% of those who continued (p = 0.0047). The respective recurrence rates were 28.7 and 55.26% (p = 0.0022). A stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis eliminated potential confounders regarding the overall survival rate and confirmed that time between symptom onset and diagnosis, T and N stage and continuation of smoking after treatment are statistically significant factors. Among them, continuation of smoking was found to have the strongest correlation to the overall survival rate. Conclusion: Continuation of smoking after treatment of laryngeal cancer is an independent negative prognostic factor. From a clinical standpoint, all patients with known laryngeal cancer should be strongly encouraged to quit smoking.
High-Density Lipoprotein and 4F Peptide Reduce Systemic Inflammation by Modulating Intestinal Oxidized Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Navab Mohamad , Reddy Srinivasa T. , Van Lenten Brian J. , Buga Georgette M. , Hough Greg , Wagner Alan C. , Fogelman Alan M.
Published: October 2012

Oxidized phospholipids are found in the vasculature of animal models of atherosclerosis, in human atherosclerotic lesions, and in other inflammatory diseases. Oxidized phospholipids cause vascular and nonvascular cells to initiate an inflammatory reaction. Metabolites of arachidonic acid, such as 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, can mimic some of the inflammatory properties of oxidized phospholipids. In vitro and in vivo normal high-density lipoprotein (HDL), normal apolipoprotein A-I, and apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides, each likely acting in a different manner, prevent the inflammatory reaction characteristic of atherosclerosis, and this is associated with decreased levels of oxidized lipids in tissues and cells. HDL from animal models of atherosclerosis or from humans with atherosclerosis or from humans or animals with other chronic inflammatory diseases does not prevent the inflammatory reaction characteristic of atherosclerosis and may even enhance the inflammatory reaction. In mice and perhaps humans, ≈30% of the steady-state plasma HDL-cholesterol pool is derived from the small intestine. The metabolism of phospholipids by gut bacteria has been recently implicated in atherosclerosis in both mice and humans. Studies with apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides suggest that the small intestine is a major tissue regulating systemic inflammation in mouse models of atherosclerosis and may be important for determining the functionality of HDL.
Comparison of Two Different Cloud Climatologies Derived from CALIOP-Attenuated Backscattered Measurements (Level 1): The CALIPSO-ST and the CALIPSO-GOCCP
Authors: Chepfer H. , Cesana G. , Winker D. , Getzewich B. , Vaughan M. , Liu Z.
Published: October 2012

Two different cloud climatologies have been derived from the same NASA–Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)-measured attenuated backscattered profile (level 1, version 3 dataset). The first climatology, named Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations–Science Team (CALIPSO-ST), is based on the standard CALIOP cloud mask (level 2 product, version 3), with the aim to document clouds with the highest possible spatiotemporal resolution, taking full advantage of the CALIOP capabilities and sensitivity for a wide range of cloud scientific studies. The second climatology, named GCM-Oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product (CALIPSO-GOCCP), is aimed at a single goal: evaluating GCM prediction of cloudiness. For this specific purpose, it has been designed to be fully consistent with the CALIPSO simulator included in the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP) used within version 2 of the CFMIP (CFMIP-2) experiment and phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).

The differences between the two datasets in the global cloud cover maps—total, low level (P > 680 hPa), midlevel (680 < P < 440 hPa), and high level (P < 440 hPa)—are frequently larger than 10% and vary with region.

The two climatologies show significant differences in the zonal cloud fraction profile (which differ by a factor of almost 2 in some regions), which are due to the differences in the horizontal and vertical averaging of the measured attenuated backscattered profile CALIOP profile before the cloud detection and to the threshold used to detect clouds (this threshold depends on the resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio).
The Turn Once Again Toward Practice-Based Teacher Education
Authors: Zeichner Ken
Published: October 2012

Current work to identify the core teaching practices that should be included in teacher education curriculum is a part of a long-standing tradition of reform in American teacher education. This article situates the proposals of Hiebert and Morris and the contemporary work to which it is linked within this historical tradition and identifies several issues that need to be addressed by this current work. These include the task of developing a system that unlike performance-based systems in the past is evidence-based, manageable, and sustainable, and that does not ignore important aspects of good teaching.
Technical issues that affect the use of retrofit panel thermal shutters in commercial buildings
Authors: Hashemi A , Gage S
Published: October 2012

Retrofit insulated window shutters are examined. An initial investigation reveals that internal shutters are more viable in this context. Condensation is identified as a potential risk. Extensive investigations using modelling software as well as site and laboratory experiments are described which demonstrate that this risk is low. The thermal effectiveness of internal shutters is modelled and laboratory tested.

Practical application: This article results from research into the possibility of creating a retrofit thermal shutter system for existing commercial buildings. Building on earlier research, the paper examines whether this type of shutter is best fixed externally or internally to existing brick clad buildings and concludes that the latter is the best strategy. It then examines whether condensation between existing glazing and the outer shutter face is a problem and finds that this is not a significant issue. The way is clear for the development of this type of system as an alternative to costly triple glazing solutions.
Are Employee Benefit Programs Being Given Enough Credit for Their Effect on Employee Attitudes?
Authors: Giancola Frank L.
Published: October 2012

Over the past 10 years, human resources (HR) professionals have shown a tendency to underestimate the importance that employees place on employee benefit programs in terms of job satisfaction and employee attraction. Surveys show that employees value benefits over most other HR programs and that HR professionals are not in tune with those preferences. Possible reasons for the difference in opinion are that HR professionals are unaware of employee survey findings, the lack of respect sometimes given to benefit programs by HR professional associations and consultants and outdated job satisfaction studies cited in human resource and organizational behavior textbooks.
Mom-and-Pops or Big Box Stores
Authors: Hicks Michael J. , Keil Stanley R. , Spector Lee C.
Published: October 2012

This article explores WalMart’s impact on the retail sector in the counties in which it is located, as well as in surrounding counties, by examining the number and size of retail outlets, by retail category. Using statewide data as well as a case study incorporating econometric modes, we find that the main impact of the entrance of a WalMart primarily falls on competitive big box stores. Furthermore, we find that the long-run adjustment to the entrance of a WalMart takes between 18 and 36 months.
Research status of active cooling of endothermic hydrocarbon fueled scramjet engine
Authors: Ning Wang , Yu Pan , Jin Zhou
Published: October 2012

The active cooling with endothermic hydrocarbon fuel is proved to be a very effective approach for scramjet thermal protection. This article has summarized the research status of active cooling of endothermic hydrocarbon fueled scramjet engine from the following five aspects, cooling capacity and heat sink measurement, thermal and catalytic cracking, coking suppression, heat transfer characteristics, and injection, mixing, ignition, and combustion performance, and suggestions on the further study of active cooling of endothermic hydrocarbon fueled scramjets are put forward. The total heat sink of endothermic hydrocarbon fuel is found to be sufficient for scramjet cooling as the additional chemical heat sink is generated from cracking reactions, and catalytic cracking is proved to be better, because of its low cracking starting temperature, high conversion percentage, and good selectivity. As for coking mitigation, approaches are usually made from eliminating the oxygen dissolved in the fuel, reducing the amount of coking-foregoing substances, and doing some special treatments on the metal surface. The heat transfer of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels presents two enhancements. The first one is related to the variation of parameters near the critical point while the second one is a result of cracking reactions. The cracked products are proved to have better performance of injection, mixing, ignition, and combustion, and this is especially attractive for scramjets as effective mixing and stable ignition and combustion has always been difficult.
Telomere length is associated with ACE I/D polymorphism in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy
Authors: Fyhrquist Frej , Eriksson Anders , Saijonmaa Outi , Nordestgaard Børge G , Kontula Kimmo , de Faire Ulf , Ibsen Hans , Kjeldsen Sverre , Os Ingrid , Dahlöf Björn
Published: October 2012

Introduction:

Short telomeres are often associated with cardiovascular risk factors and age-related diseases, while the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism (DD, ID, II) has shown such associations less consistently. We hypothesized that telomere length and association of telomere length with cardiovascular risk is affected by ACE (I/D) genotype.

Methods:

We measured leucocyte telomere length (LTL) by Southern blot and analysed ACE I/D genotypes in 1249 subjects with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We examined interactions of ACE I/D genotype with LTL and cardiovascular risk.

Results:

Mean LTL in DD or ID genotype was shorter (8.15 and 8.14 kb, respectively), than in II genotype (8.27 kb, p=0.0005). This difference was significant in the younger subjects (55–64 years, p=0.02) but not in the older group (65–80 years, p=0.56 ). In DD but not I/D or II genotype, proportion of short telomeres (<5 kb) was related to Framingham risk score.

Conclusions:

Shorter LTL in genotypes DD or ID suggests a negative effect of the D allele on telomere length. Homozygocity for the D allele appears to strengthen the association of telomere length with increased cardiovascular risk in elderly hypertensive subjects with LVH.
Application of Algebra Curriculum-Based Measurements for Decision Making in Middle and High School
Authors: Johnson Evelyn S. , Galow Patricia A. , Allenger Robert
Published: October 2012

This article reports the results of a study examining the utility of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) in algebra for predicting performance on a state math assessment and informing instructional placement decisions for students in seventh, eighth, and tenth grades. Students completed six Basic Skills algebra probes across different time schedules and took their respective grade-level state math assessment. Using a dichotomous pass/fail variable based on whether students met grade-level proficiency, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to assess the CBM’s predictive validity. Rates of improvement (ROIs) were computed using the Tukey method to collect initial information on whether these measures would help monitor student progress. Finally, to determine whether these measures might inform instructional programming, a MANOVA using course assignment as the grouping variable and CBM, ROI, and state assessment performance as the dependent variables was conducted for the tenth-grade students. Results indicate that these measures show promise to predict which students might not meet grade-level proficiency standards as well as to determine whether students are progressing in the curriculum. Implications for practice are discussed.