bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Soul to Hip-Hop
Authors: Nava Alejandro
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the emergence of hip-hop to the rise of an apocalyptic era. Though hip-hop has its roots in the music of soul, R & B, funk, blues, and jazz, it went much further than its predecessors into the modern heart of darkness. In hip-hop studies, this swerve from the music of the past is frequently traced to a rupture that occurred sometime between the civil rights era and the generations that immediately followed. Forced to dwell in the rubble of the dreams of the 1960s, the children who came of age in the late twentieth century became increasingly disenchanted with traditional values and claims of progress. From their ghetto-centric vantage point, a view through broken windows and ruined infrastructures, injustice had not disappeared as much as it had disguised itself in new forms.
Hausaland’s Islamic Modernity
Authors: Eltantawi Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a history of the rise of Islam in west Africa, in particular to Hausaland, which is today’s Northern Nigeria. The chapter then concentrates on the Sokoto Jihad and subsequent caliphate led by Uthman Dan Fodio. The chapter traces his intellectual history, highlighting his engagement with the Arabian peninsula and championing of unifying the Hausaland region under the textual regimen of the Maliki school of Islamic law. The second layer of the sunnaic paradigm, the role the Sokoto jihad plays in contemporary northern Nigerian idealizations of an ideal Islamic society, is explained. Idealization of scholars and hudud punishments are shown to be reinscribed into Nigeria’s present moment as a source of authentication of the 1999 sharia experiment.
Colonialism
Authors: Eltantawi Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter delves into Nigeria’s experience with British colonialism, which culminated in the death of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1903. The chapter opens with pro-1999 shari’ah proponents reflecting on how they understand this experiment to redeem the trauma and rupture Nigerian’s suffered under colonialism. These pro-shari’ah proponents also understand international human rights standards as a form of neo-colonialism and take pride in opposing them. The chapter ends by showing how the British declaration of the “Native Courts Proclamation” in 1903 whereby stoning was outlawed exacerbated Nigerian tensions, as stoning was never practiced in Nigeria before this point. Therefore the declaration was considered an attack on Islamic law itself, called “legal warfare.”
A Quality Education for Whom?
Authors: Lung-Amam Willow S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how migrants' educational priorities and practices reshaped Silicon Valley neighborhoods and schools. For many Asian American families, high-performing schools have been among the most important factors drawing them to particular communities around the region and to their imagined geography of “good” suburban neighborhoods. The academic culture and practices that Asian Americans introduced in Fremont schools, however, has been met with considerable resistance. A case study of the Mission San Jose neighborhood in Fremont shows that as large numbers of Asian American families moved into the community, primarily for access to its highly ranked schools, many established White families moved out. This pattern of so-called White flight was driven in part by tensions between Asian American and White students and parents over educational values, school culture, and academic competition.
Afterword
Authors: Lung-Amam Willow S.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter discusses the immigration debates which are still ongoing in the United States. It discusses the beginnings of Donald Trump's presidency, particularly the rising number of hate crimes directed toward minorities as well as a series of executive orders which many have criticized as being anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim. The chapter also describes the efforts at protesting such anti-minority stances, as well as concerted efforts by communities as well as top officials and executives of high-tech giants such as Google, Apple, and so on to maintain their commitment to diversity and inclusion. The chapter closes with some final insights into these circumstances, drawing out the lessons discussed in the rest of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter discusses how Colombians grappled with the violence during and after the period known as La Violencia. It shows that, far from enjoying widespread usage during the era it defines, “La Violencia” only came into being in the mid-1960s, the result of alienation from a nearly decade-long experiment with democratization and social reform which thus failed to define Colombia's recent past. The emergence of La Violencia as a temporal concept is moreover the story of the FARC's (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) creation, for the latter formed less out of the politics of 1960s revolution than from disillusionment with that same intervening period of democratic and reformist projects.
The Making of the Creole Peace, 1958–1960
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how the Lleras administration's political pardon and agrarian lending program extended to frontier Communists such as Manuel Marulanda an opportunity to restore their rights and livelihoods. Though Latin American historians have concentrated on the grander utopian visions of geopolitical insurgency and revolutionary politics that took shape after the Cuban revolution of 1959, the crux of Colombian politics remained in these local, regional, and national contexts. Moreover, situating peace alongside violence accordingly entails a sweeping reinterpretation of not only Colombian history but also the Latin American 1960s—ostensibly an era of revolutionary violence. A focus on peace reveals a greater coherence to the words and decisions of well-known historical figures such as Marulanda.
Peace and Violence, 1959–1960
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how Marulanda's changing relationship with the state from the creole peace to the FARC owed much to the mutual transformations of ideas and practices of violence. In key moments of the transition, violence-as-practice in the countryside—particular forms of homicide in specific spatial contexts—intersected with political events in the capital to shape notions of peace and violence. One such instance came about during the very formation of the creole peace in 1959–60, when returning desplazados were met with threats and assassination. The chapter explores how, for Marulanda and others, the consequent change in relations with the government seemed to demand a return to physical force.
Reformist Paths, 1960–1964
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how, although various indicators of violence continued to fall, the practice of peace proceeded differently at the local, regional, and national levels after 1960. In Bogota, a fresh vision of convivencia took hold, the creation of a new class of letrado. Led by the sociologist Orlando Fals Borda, social scientists pioneered developmentalist policies that picked up where the Lleras administration's initiatives to “rehabilitate” rural Colombia had left off. By cataloging the country's social realities and designing state agencies to meet the perceived needs of the pais nacional—thus hopefully eliminating the structural causes of violence—these social scientists advanced their own variant of convivencia. Their applied scientific knowledge and role in a growing government apparatus moreover placed them at the forefront of global developmentalism.
Confrontation, 1963–1966
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the place of Colombian Communism within the redefinition of democracy, convivencia, and reform in the countryside. The construction of the FARC out of this convergence cemented Manuel Marulanda's status as Colombia's best-known frontier Communist. However, Marulanda exemplified but one of many possible paths for Gran Tolima's Communists between 1962 and 1965. In concert with regional elites, Bogota's social scientists, and select military officers, many of Marulanda's comrades chased peaceable solutions to displacement and development until the end. The absence of these actors and repertoires from accounts of the FARC's creation highlights a final step in the creole peace's fade from memory. As the product of Marulanda's alienation from the National Front experiment, the FARC's formation represented a rural counterpart to Fals' La Violencia.
Names and Epithets
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: January 2018

This chapter is about the names and epithets of Greek gods, in particular the system of the ‘cultic double name’ by which in cult gods were mostly referred to by both their own name and an epithet, which might be either local (‘of Brauron’) or functional (‘of horses’). It discusses the history and implications of the frequent practice of omitting the name in favour of the epithet. It also treats usages in which gods were referred to by titles rather than proper names. It shows how Greek ways of referring to gods are like and unlike ways of referring to humans, and how these differences illuminate the perceived differences between the two categories of being.
Supreme, Ancestral, and Personal Gods
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: January 2018

In this chapter I consider special issues and categories: the meaning of gods said to be ‘of ‘ an individual, a form of expression found both in Anatolia and Syria, though not Greece, and perhaps having distinct origins in the two cases; the closest Greek equivalents to such gods ‘of’ an individual, namely his ‘ancestral’ gods, and the development which the concept of ancestral god underwent outside Greece; the forms of expression used to name a top god; the place of deities such as ‘the divine’ and ‘angels’ in a divine hierarchy. I enter the controversy about ‘Highest God’, siding with those who deny that this is a distinct new cult but emphasising the interest of the ‘anonymisation’ of that title.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: January 2018

Early in its first chapter, this book evoked the Griechische Götternamen of Hermann Usener. The great Wilamowitz, thanking Usener, his quondam teacher, for the gift of the book, spoke out, after some emollient paragraphs, with a blend of hyper-protestantism and brutal frankness: “Gefühl ist alles,” he wrote, “Name ist Schall und Rauch,” “Feeling is everything, name is noise and smoke” (a common German expression for a thing of no substance)....
Moving by the Spirit
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: January 2018

Drawing on two years of ethnographic research, this book explores Pentecostal Christianity in the kind of community where it often flourishes: a densely populated neighborhood in the heart of an extraction economy. On the Zambian Copperbelt, Pentecostal adherence embeds believers in relationships that help them to “move” and progress in life. These efforts give Copperbelt Pentecostalism its particular local character, shaping ritual practice, gender dynamics, and church economics. Focusing on the promises and problems that Pentecostalism presents, the book highlights this religion's role in making life possible in structurally adjusted Africa.
Boom and Bust, Revival and Renewal
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides the ethnographic background for the rest of this book. It begins by responding to James Ferguson's (1999) well-known study of Kitwe, which portrayed the Copperbelt as a place of decline and despair. In contrast to Ferguson's description, this chapter situates the Copperbelt in a broader historical context of boom and bust, with regular cycles of prosperity as well as poverty. This is one of the main reasons for the optimism found during fieldwork. The chapter also offers a description of Nsofu, focused on those features of township life that facilitate moving, namely economic diversity and the large number of Pentecostal churches. In addition, it traces the development of Pentecostalism in Zambia, beginning with the arrival of the first Pentecostal missionaries in the 1950s.
Making Moving Happen
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores moving as a value, an animating idea that gives social life on the Copperbelt its shape. It shows how people in Nsofu structure their relationships around the possibility of moving through two types of social ties. Most important here are relationships of patronage, or “dependence,” which connect poorer people to those with greater economic and social resources. People also move through relationships that produce alternating indebtedness, including rotating credit associations and the “committees” that finance expensive events like weddings. In both cases moving requires asymmetry, which makes these ties particularly vulnerable to the leveling forces of economic downturn, and the chapter concludes by describing how events like the 2008–2009 financial crisis have impacted the social world of Nsofu. It is these economic factors, coupled with a cultural emphasis on novelty, that make Pentecostalism especially compelling.
On the Potential and Problems of Pentecostal Exchange
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: January 2018

This chapter once again focuses on the relationship between charisma and prosperity, this time through an analysis of “seed offerings”—the small gifts associated with the prosperity gospel that are believed to result in large blessings for the giver. All Copperbelt Pentecostals acknowledge the power of seed offerings, but they are likewise keenly aware of the problems they raise. Through a careful examination of the different registers through which believers interpret seed offerings, this chapter demonstrates how believers keep prosperity in its proper place even in this socially dangerous practice. By focusing on the priestly capacities of the leaders who receive a gift on God's behalf, Pentecostals work to protect seed offerings from the taint of corruption, allowing relationships between leaders and laypeople to develop through socially productive exchange.
The Circulation of Copperbelt Saints
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines what happens when Pentecostal social relationships break down after the promise of moving by the Spirit is not realized. Under these circumstances, some people decide that they no longer want to be part of Pentecostal communities, but most will simply choose to try their luck in another church, perhaps one of the new fellowships that regularly spring up in Nsofu and neighboring communities. The goal here is not to overemphasize the failures of Pentecostalism, but to show how the movement of believers from church to church serves as a mechanism of valuation, raising and lowering different congregations on the Copperbelt religious landscape. This analysis in turn allows us to revisit prominent social scientific arguments about schism, and to challenge these arguments by demonstrating that schism is about realizing values.
Conclusion
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter briefly explores those characteristics of Pentecostalism that make it especially effective at making claims about value—about what constitutes the good life. As a religion that is remarkably capable of resonating with local concerns wherever it is taken up, while at the same time critically engaging with local cultural models in a way that demands a response, Pentecostalism represents a potent framework for reimagining the terms of the good. The chapter argues that this capacity for creative value reconfiguration or realization is a key component of Pentecostalism's worldwide success. It then concludes by showing how the theory of value developed in this book responds to materialist critiques of the anthropology of Christianity by bringing together the ideological framework of Pentecostalism with the political economic context of the Copperbelt.
Model of Relationship Marketing and E-Commerce in Improving Marketing Performance of Batik SMEs
Authors: Farida Naili , Naryoso Agus , Yuniawan Ahyar
Published: January 2018

Various models of relationship marketing were developed with the aim to create sustainable performance. Old model of marketing is a conventional marketing that only rely on face to face marketing. However, in line with the advances in market information technology, customers should be pampered and served well. E-commerce and E-business is the application of busi-ness operations conducted through the Internet so that it can expand product marketing both in national and international markets. The purpose of this study is to develop and test models of relationship marketing, that is, the relationship among determinants of marketing performance increase. Sample in this study is 41 Batik SME owners in Semarang City. The analysis used in this study is the SEM-PLS. Data processing in this study uses the Smart PLS. The results of this study indicate that: (1) social capital has no influence on market capabilities; (2) relation-ship quality has influence on market capabilities; (3) entrepreneurial orientation has influence on social capital; (4) market capabilities has influence on marketing performance; (5) e-com-merce has influence on marketing performance, meaning that a better e-commerce or online marketing will be able to improve the marketing performance of SMEs.
Organizational Learning Culture, Consumer Satisfaction and Employee’s Attitude: Causality Analysis
Authors: Junita Audia
Published: January 2018

This research was conducted to explore the organizational learning culture in banking and its effect on customer satisfaction with the employee’s attitude as the intervening variable. The re-search was performed in Bank Syariah Mandiri’s business unit of Medan Region. The research design used hypothesis testing. The samples of this research were 52 frontline employees and 140 customers of Bank Syariah Mandiri in Medan Region. Primary data was collected by using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Results support that Bank Syariah Mandiri as State-owned enterprises in the field of financial services has implemented good or-ganizational learning culture. Organizational learning culture has significant effect to customer satisfaction through employee’s job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The attitudes of employees are integrated important intervening variables in mediating the relationship be-tween organizational learning culture and customer satisfaction. The role of attitude in medi-ating the influence of organizational learning culture to worker’s service behavior, in order to create consumer satisfaction in the banking sector, proven empirically.
Unstable Housing and Caregiver and Child Health in Renter Families
Authors: Sandel Megan , Sheward Richard , Ettinger de Cuba Stephanie , Coleman Sharon M. , Frank Deborah A. , Chilton Mariana , Black Maureen , Heeren Timothy , Pasquariello Justin , Casey Patrick , Ochoa Eduardo , Cutts Diana
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate how 3 forms of housing instability relate to caregiver and child health among low-income renter households.

METHODS:

Caregivers of children 0 to 48 months of age were interviewed in 5 urban medical centers from May 2009 to December 2015. Caregivers reported on the following: caregiver health, maternal depressive symptoms, child’s health, lifetime hospitalizations, developmental risk, and 3 housing circumstances, which were categorized as being behind on rent in the past 12 months, multiple moves (≥ 2 in past 12 months), and child’s lifetime history of homelessness. Associations with caregiver and child health outcomes were examined through multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS:

Of 22 324 families, 34% had at least 1 of the following adverse housing circumstances: 27% had been behind on rent, 8% had made multiple moves, and 12% had a history of being homeless. Overlap between these was limited; 86% experienced only 1 adverse housing circumstance. Each circumstance was individually associated with increased adjusted odds of adverse health and material hardship compared with stable housing. Households behind on rent had increased adjusted odds of fair and/or poor caregiver health (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77–2.05), maternal depressive symptoms (aOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.51–2.93), child lifetime hospitalizations (aOR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10–1.27), fair and/or poor child health (aOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.28–1.56), and household material hardships. Families with multiple moves and history of homelessness had similar adverse caregiver, child, health, and hardship outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Three forms of housing instability were associated with adverse caregiver and child health among low-income renter households. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends social screening within health care; providers could consider assessing for behind on rent, multiple moves, and homelessness in high-risk practices.
Propuesta metodológica para la zonificación de la susceptibilidad y amenaza por movimientos en masa en proyectos lineales: Caso de estudio Tramo 2, vía Medellín - Turbo
Authors: Jiménez Johanna Andrea , Aristizábal Edier
Published: January 2018

Aunque en la literatura existen diferentes métodos para la determinación de la susceptibilidad por movimientos de masas, pocos han considerado las particularidades de los proyectos lineales. En el presente trabajo se propone la combinación de métodos heurísticos, estadísticos y modelación física para evaluar y zonificar la susceptibilidad y amenaza por movimientos en masa en proyectos lineales, teniendo en cuenta su escala regional y local. Para la zonificación regional se propone el método de Análisis Condicional, y para la zonificación local modelos con base física: el método de SHALSTAB para laderas en suelo, y el índice de TOBIA para laderas en roca. La validación de la metodología fue realizada utilizando la Curva de Éxito y el área bajo la curva (AUC). Los resultados arrojan un adecuado desempeño de los modelos implementados, y la obtención de valiosa información necesaria previa a la construcción del proyecto y operación, permitiendo definir sectores críticos.
Geomorfología sísmica y elementos en ambientes fluvio lacustres en un sector de los Llanos Orientales (Colombia)
Authors: Castillo-López Luis Antonio , Vargas-Cuervo German
Published: January 2018

Actualmente disciplinas como la Geomorfología sísmica, permite integrar datos de superficie, constituyendo una nueva visión para la interpretación de datos geológicos, especialmente en áreas donde no se hace posible obtener de manera directa información de superficie y del subsuelo. Así, métodos indirectos como la sísmica tridimensional, análogos en superficie y la estratigrafía de secuencias, han permitido determinar la geomorfología y elementos arquitecturales, en zonas del subsuelo a varios kilómetros de profundidad; presentando geometrías características, que posibilitan delinear y mapear elementos arquitecturales de depósitos de canal. Como ejemplo, en la Cuenca de los Llanos Orientales, a lo largo de toda su extensión, se presentan una serie de elementos arquitecturales, los cuales se establecen por medio de las asociaciones de facies que permiten definirlos en el subsuelo, además de ser interpretados, mediante la estratigrafía de secuencias.
Az N-terminális pro-B natriureticus peptid jelentősége a felnőtt korú congenitalis szívbetegek gondozásában – Eredmények a CSONGRAD Regiszterből
Authors: Ambrus Nóra , Havasi Kálmán , Berek Krisztina , Kalapos Anita , Hartyánszky István , Bogáts Gábor , Forster Tamás , Nemes Attila
Published: January 2018

Abstract:

Introduction: The prognostic role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level was confirmed in chronic heart failure and congenital heart diseases irrespective of the aetiology. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare NT‑proBNP measured in the clinical practice and important clinical and echocardiographic parameters in patients with adult congenital heart diseases under our care. Method: Data of a total of 70 patients were analysed; 34 patients had corrected tetralogy of Fallot and 19 patients had corrected transposition of the great arteries. In 17 further cases, patients with other congenital vitiums have been involved in the study. In all cases, out-patient examination was performed with electrocardiography, echocardiography and NT-proBNP measurement. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) stages of the patients were determined and the patients filled in a questionnaire regarding their quality of life. Results: Elevated NT-proBNP level resulted in a worse quality of life (visual analogue scale, VAS) and an increased right ventricular end diastolic diameter; the incidence of arrhythmia increased as well. Negative correlation was found between the NT-proBNP level and the VAS value (r = –0.45, p = 0.0001) and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) (r = –0.67, p = <0.0001). ROC analysis showed that NT‑proBNP≥668.1 pg/ml was the cut-off value that most accurately predicted NYHA class III–IV (sensitivity 93%, specificity 63%, area under the curve 80%, p = 0.001). Similarly, NT-proBNP≥184.7 pg/ml was found to be the cut-off value most accurately predicting LV-EF below 55% (sensitivity 66%, specificity 67%, area under the curve 77%, p = 0.02). Conclusions: NT-proBNP has a role in the evaluation of adult patients with congenital heart diseases and in determining the prognosis of these patients, and in addition to other examinations used in the follow-up of these patients, NT-proBNP may help in determining the time of reoperation or potential heart transplantation. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(4): 141–148.
A residualis kockázat útvesztői: a maradék lipid és gyulladásos kockázat csökkentése az atherosclerosis prevenciójában
Authors: Márk László , Harangi Mariann , Paragh György
Published: January 2018

Abstract:

Since cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality worldwide, the reduction of their risk is a crucial point of present-day medicine. It has been proven unequivocally that the administration of various treatments has a favorable effect on the frequency of cardiovascular events and on the atherosclerosis leading to them. Although systematic and guideline-driven administration of these drugs has led to a decrease in the incidence and mortality of vascular events, the leading position of this group of diseases in mortality and morbidity has not changed. That is why medicine, besides keeping up actual guidelines optimally, is always searching for new modalities to further decrease residual risk. This residual risk can be diverse. The present paper summarizes the possibilities of reducing residual lipid and residual inflammatory risk after treatment according to the guidelines. It has been proven that lowering LDL-cholesterol below 1.8 mmol/l has a further advantage on the occurrence of vascular events. Treating the elevated lipoprotein(a), triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol levels should decrease the residual lipid risk. Statins and statin-ezetimibe combination, besides lipid modulation, have an anti-inflammatory effect proved by C-reactive protein level reduction. Canakinumab has solely inflammation reducing effect through the inhibition of interleukin-1β. It was administered subcutaneously once in 3 months in a large-scale clinical study and it has shown a 15% reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke and cardiovascular death, which opens new horizons in the anti-inflammatory treatment of atherosclerosis. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(4): 124–130.
Pendekatan Eksplorasi Berbasis Intuisi Pada Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis
Authors: Susilawati E , Syaf Agus Hikmat , Susilawati Wati
Published: January 2018

. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis antara siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran pendekatan eksplorasi berbasis intuisi dengan siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran konvensional berdasarkan PAM. Data diperoleh melalui instrumen tes dan nontest yang diberikan kepada 74 siswa SMP kelas VIII yang terdiri dari 37 siswa pada kelas eksperimen, dan 37 siswa pada kelas kontrol. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data bahwa terdapat perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis antara siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran pendekatan eksplorasi berbasis intuisi dengan siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran konvensional secara keseluruhan berdasarkan PAM (pandai, cukup, lemah). Aktivitas guru dan siswa pada saat pembelajaran dengan pendekatan eksplorasi berbasis intuisi telah terlaksana dengan baik. Pendekatan eksplorasi berbasis intuisi dapat memfasilitasi proses intuisi, penemuan konsep, dan aplikasi konsep sehingga kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa lebih baik dari pada pembelajaran konvensional.
Zawieszenie, umorzenie oraz zrzeczenie w procesie małżeńskim w kontekście procesowej reformy papieża Franciszka z 2015 roku
Authors: Rozkrut Tomasz
Published: January 2018

Proces kościelny, w szczególności kanoniczny proces dotyczący orzeczenia nieważności małżeństwa, najczęściej kończy się wydaniem wyroku. Dotyczy to również kanonicznego procesu małżeńskiego, czyli zwykłego procesu spornego, procesu dokumentalnego oraz nowej formy kanonicznego procesu małżeńskiego, tj. procesu małżeńskiego skróconego przed biskupem. Prawodawca kodeksowy przewiduje także inne formy zakończenia procesu kanonicznego. Do wspomnianych sposobów należą: zawieszenie instancji, tymczasowe zawieszenie instancji, umorzenie instancji oraz zrzeczenie się instancji. Szczególnym przypadkiem w procesie małżeńskim jest zawieszenie instrukcji sprawy, czyli postępowania procesowego, oraz uzupełnienie zgromadzonego materiału celem otrzymania dyspensy super rato; ponadto istnieje także możliwość przekształcenia zwykłego procesu spornego w „proces biskupi”. Należałoby również podkreślić, przede wszystkim z praktycznego punktu widzenia, że współczesny kanoniczny proces małżeński, właśnie dlatego, że ma się zakończyć stosunkowo szybko, powinien być dobrze przygotowany. W szczególności dużego praktycznego znaczenia nabiera tutaj zaproponowane przez reformę procesową papieża Franciszka badanie przedprocesowe (duszpasterskie), które powinno odbywać się w nowych strukturach parafialnych lub diecezjalnych, a stworzonych dla wiernych będących w separacji lub rozwiedzionych, podających w wątpliwość ważność ich małżeństwa lub przekonanych o jego nieważności. Powyższe nowe struktury mogłyby posłużyć także jako miejsce, w którym można by podjąć ewentualne próby pogodzenia małżonków, naturalnie o ile jest to jeszcze praktycznie możliwe. Reforma procesu małżeńskiego papieża Franciszka z roku 2015 jest na tyle dynamiczna, że należy ją odnieść również do zawieszenia, umorzenia oraz zrzeczenia instancji, które być może niecodziennie spotyka się w praktyce sądów Kościoła; winny być jednak przedstawione sytuacje prawne poprawnie stosowane w praktyce sądowej.
Raising campus awareness on issues of globalization in veterinary medical education
Authors: Artemiou Elpida , Gilbert Gregory E. , Fuentealba Carmen , Greenhill Lisa
Published: January 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), due to its geographic location, provides an opportunity to raise awareness regarding issues of globalization in veterinary medical education, specifically in relation to diversity and acculturation. This manuscript discusses RUSVM's demographics and raises awareness concerning challenges North American students may experience when immersed in an environment where the racial mix of the university is predominantly White, vastly different than the community in which it resides.RUSVM students, faculty and support staff (n=1448) were invited to complete the American Veterinary Medical Association climate survey. Survey response rate was 36%. Students and faculty self-identified as White (80% and 76%, respectively), and support staff self-identified as African American or Black (71%). Non-US Faculty reported a legal residence of Europe 8%, Africa 2%, or the Caribbean (44%), and support staff of Saint Kitts and Nevis (68%). Non-US students, most often indicated Canadian residency. Qualitative analyses resulted into three themes addressing university climate (35%), culture privilege (42%), and professionalism (24%). Matriculation of North American students wishing to study abroad should include deliberate discussions with respect to diversity, cultural and social contexts supporting acculturation, and adaptation to a broader academic environment.
PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ASCORBIC ACID AT INFLUENZA INFECTION
Authors: Zarubaev V. V. , Slita A. V. , Lavrentyeva I. N. , Smirnov V. S.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, AA) is an essential nutrient of the human diet due to its participation on numerous regulatory and enzymatic processes. AA takes part in such vital physiological processes as hormone production, collagen synthesis, stimulation of the immune system, etc. In the present review the activities of AA are considered that provide its protective effect at influenza infection. This effect can be result of direct virus-inhibiting activity of AA as well as of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress during influenza infection leads to nonspecific damage of the pulmonary tissue and subsequent inflammation of the lungs. The antioxidant activity of AA results in alleviation of infection due to suppression of tissue damage as well as in inhibition of reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction and regulatory reactions. After oxidation by ROS, AA is converted to dehydroascorbic acid (DAA) and inhibits the key enzymes of NF-κB pathway, such as kinases IKKα and IKKβ. AA itself blocks the activity of another component of the NF-kB pathway, kinase IKKβ(SS/EE), whose activity is directed to the phosphorylation of the factor IκBα. As a result, activation of NF-κB and its transport to the nucleus does not occur. Thus, AA performs a dual function: first, it neutralizes free radicals, preventing them from activating NF-κB, and secondly, the product of its oxidation, DAA, further blocks the activation of this pathway. In addition, in some cases AA results in the decrease in the infectious activity of influenza virus that is not due to the antioxidant activity of AA, but to direct virus-inhibiting activity. Taken together, the presented data suggests that the use of drugs with antiviral and antioxidant activity, as a combination of individual drugs or, as in the case of AA, as a single drug with complex activity, for treatment of influenza has advantages over the etiotropic drug monotherapy scheme.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT UNITS
Authors: Lyubimova A. V. , Ryakhovskikh S. A. , Shalyapina N. A. , Brodina T. V. , Averyanova M. Yu. , Aslanov B. I. , Nechaev V. V.
Published: January 2018

The aim of the study was to identify the epidemiological features of bacterial infections in patients and circulation of epidemiologically significant microorganisms in the bone marrow transplant (BMT) units. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in three BMT departments. To identify the epidemiological features of bacterial infections, a prospective observational study was conducted from 01 April 2014 to 31 August 2014 (91 patients) which included active detection of cases of infection and microbiological examination of patients. In order to detect the circulation of epidemiologically significant microorganisms, point prevalence studies (59 patients, 170 environmental samples) were conducted. To study the role of colonization, microbiological monitoring of patients on admission to the department was carried out, and repeated every week before discharge. Swab samples from skin and mucous membrane of the oral cavity and stool sampleswere included in the monitoring. In total, 639 samples from 50 patients were tested. Results. The study revealed a high incidence of infectious complications in BMT patients (100 cases of bacterial infections in 57 patients: sepsis 30.8 per 100 patients, pneumonia 26.4 per 100 patients, urinary tract infections 32.9 per 100 patients, soft tissue infection 9.9 per 100 patients, catheter-associated bloodstream infection 9.9 per 100 patients). Most infections were caused by Gram-negative bacteria, in particular K. pneumoniae. The onset of disease manifestation was preceded by colonization of the patient with these microorganisms. Fatal outcomes were observed from sepsis and pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae and/or P. aeruginosa. Sepsis and pneumonia were often associated with cytopenia, RR 2.63 [95% CI 1.52–4.57] p = 0.004 and RR 3.97 [95% CI 2.19–7.19] p 0.001 respectively. In course of observation, the frequency of colonization of patients with microorganisms susceptible to antibiotics decreased, and colonization with resistant pathogens increased. A series of prevalence studies revealed a constant circulation of VRE in the BMT units with a contacttransmission via household objects. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative microorganisms did not have a constant circulation and appeared sporadically against the background of the constant circulation of susceptible strains of these pathogens. Conclusions. Prospective epidemiological surveillance and microbiological monitoring are required in the BMT units. Widespread contamination of household objects in the environment indicates the need to strengthen the hygienic education of patients and visitors as well as disinfection of these facilities. In addition, we recommend introduction of weekly fecal screening cultures to monitor intestinal colonization of patients with MDRO.
Experimental study on the fracture toughness of concrete reinforced with multi-size polypropylene fibres
Authors: Liang Ninghui , Dai Jifei , Liu Xinrong , Zhong Zuliang
Published: January 2018

To study the effect of the addition of multi-size polypropylene fibres (PPFs) on the fracture characteristics of concrete, two sizes of fine PPF and one size of coarse PPF were used to fabricate eight sets of PPF-reinforced concrete notched beam specimens with different fibre mix proportions. Three-point bending tests were conducted to obtain the load–displacement curves of each group of specimens. The test results showed that the addition of mixed fibres led to significant increases in initial fracture toughness and unstable toughness of the concrete specimens. In addition it was found that the smaller the fibre diameter and the closer this diameter to the size of microcracks, the more obvious was the inhibitory effect on microcrack expansion. Specimens mixed with one type of fine PPF showed an increase in initial fracture toughness of 17%. Specimens mixed with three different types of PPF showed an increase of 68% in unstable toughness while specimens with the addition of only one type of fibre showed an increase of only 10%, indicating that the addition of fibres of different sizes produces benefits in mixing and leads to improved unstable toughness. The initial fracture toughness and unstable toughness of each group of specimens were calculated based on the double-k fracture criterion and the mechanism by which fibres improve the fracture characteristics of concrete is discussed.
Effects of iron, manganese and zinc enriched coffee and tea wastes on lettuce – a field trial
Authors: Ombódi Attila , Morikawa Claudio Kendi
Published: January 2018

Ensuring proper microelement supply under alkaline soil conditions could be a challenge even with the application of synthetic chelates. In this study, the application of coffee and tea wastes enriched with water soluble inorganic iron, manganese and zinc compounds was compared to water solution application of the same compounds at the same amount on a field with an alkaline Calcaric Arenosol. One butterhead and two iceberg lettuce cultivars were used as test plants. The effects of microelement enriched wastes on microelement availability in the soil, measured by DTPA-TEA method, was not clear-cut. However, the soil application of those microelement enriched wastes increased the nutritional value of lettuce by resulting in significantly higher concentration in cores for all the three investigated microelements. The highest rate of increase was observed for iron. As a consequence, lettuce heads accumulated significantly higher amount of iron, while this was not the case for manganese and zinc. There were comprehensive differences in the microelement concentration of the cores of the three investigated cultivars, with the butterhead type having especially high iron concentration. Head weights were not affected by the treatments. Hence, under the field conditions of this study, higher microelement concentration and uptake in the lettuce heads was not a prerequisite for good lettuce yield, as it was proved by the results of a zero control. However, the soil application of microelement enriched coffee and tea wastes for supplying microelements for lettuce in alkaline soil proved to be promising, especially for iron.
Determination of compost maturity using the Hot Water Percolation (HWP) method
Authors: Kovács Dénes , Aleksza László , Füleky György
Published: January 2018

Maturity is one of the parameters that needs to be examined when producing composts. The present paper aims to evaluate whether the Hot Water Percolation (HWP) method elaborated for soil analysis can be used to determine the maturity of composts. The methods involves percolating boiling water through dry, ground compost samples, followed by the measurement of the dissolved carbon and mineral nitrogen contents and the spectral properties of the solution. Two groups of compost samples were examined. In one group the above parameters were recorded throughout the 42-day maturing process, while in the other group these parameters were measured on 7 samples judged to be mature and 5 judged to be fresh. The HWP-soluble NH4-N/NO3-N ratio was less than 0.16 in mature composts; for both compost groups the HWP-C value was less than 100 mg L-1, absorbance at 254 nm was 1.0-2.0 cm-1, the E4/E6 ratio was generally less than 2.0 and the SUVA (specific UV absorption) value at least 1.4 but generally higher, depending on the initial materials. The extracts obtained using the HWP method provide a good demonstration of the maturity stages in the composting process in spite of the speed of extraction.
Response of soybean and barley to Fertdolomite application on acid soil
Authors: Kovacevic Vlado , Antunovic Manda , Varga Ivana , Iljkic Dario , Jovic Jurica
Published: January 2018

The stationary field experiment with the application of granulated dolomite (MgCO3 x CaCO3) enriched with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Fertdolomite: 24.0 % CaO + 16.0 % MgO + 3.0 % N + 2.5 % P2O5 + 3.0 % K2O) in rates 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1 on standard fertilization was started on 13th November 2007 on the acid soil (pH in 1n KCl: 3.90). The trial was conducted by randomized block design in four replicates (basic plot 40 m2). Standard fertilization of trial was applied in the next years for crops in rotation. In this study the response of soybean (2010) and winter barley (2012/2013) was shown. The average grain yield of soybean was 4830 kg ha-1 with variation among the treatments ranging from 4341 to 5361 kg ha-1. At the rates 10 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 soybean yields were significant increased for 8% and 16%, respectively and additionally by 6% at the highest rate of fertolomite. Fertdolomite had a moderate positive effect on protein contents in grain, while oil content was independent on the treatments. The average grain yield of barley was quite low (3630 kg ha-1), mainly due to low ears density (average 493 per m2) which was affected by oversupplies of precipitation in winter period under less permeable soil conditions. Extreme variations of precipitation regime are in connection with climatic change. Due to the application of 10 and 20 t ha-1 of Fertdolomite, yields of barley were significantly increased by 20% and 34%,respectively. However, the rates of 40 t ha-1 showed a non-significant difference of the barley yield as compared to the control level. The ear densities were significantly increased by application ≥ 10 t ha-1 Fertdolomite rates. Improvement of soil status by liming, adequate fertilization and similar managements contribute to the alleviation of detrimental effects of soil limitations and recent climate change on field crop yields.
COMBINAÇÃO DE ESPAÇAMENTO ENTRELINHAS E DENSIDADE POPULACIONAL NO AUMENTO DA PRODUTIVIDADE EM MILHO
Authors: BOIAGO RAFAEL , GARCIA RENATO , SCHUELTER ADILSON RICKEN , BARRETO RAFAEL , DA SILVA GLACY JAQUELINE , SCHUSTER IVAN
Published: January 2018

RESUMO - Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do arranjo espacial e da densidade de semeadura na produtividade de cinco híbridos de milho, em dois locais no cultivo de verão. Foram utilizados espaçamentos de 80 cm e de 45 cm entrelinhas, e densidades de semeadura de 42.000, 52.000, 62.000 e 85.000 plantas ha-1. As avaliações foram conduzidas em Cascavel-PR e em Rio Verde-GO. Foram observados efeitos significativos para os fatores principais (híbrido, espaçamento entrelinhas e densidade), mas não foram observadas interações entre os fatores, com exceção da interação densidade x híbrido em Rio Verde. Houve maior efeito do espaçamento entrelinhas do que da densidade populacional na produtividade de todos os híbridos. No espaçamento de 45 cm entrelinhas, os híbridos produziram, em média, 36% a mais do que no espaçamento de 80 cm, nos dois locais avaliados. Houve aumento de produtividade com aumento da densidade de semeadura até 75 mil plantas ha-1 em Cascavel, e até 85 mil plantas ha-1 em Rio Verde. Palavras-chave: Zea mays, arranjo espacial de plantas, sistemas de cultivo. COMBINING ROW SPACING AND POPULATION DENSITY IN INCREASING MAIZE YIELD  ABSTRACT - This study aimed to evaluate the effects of spatial arrangement and plant density from five corn hybrids at two locations in the summer season. Row spacing used were 80 cm and 45 cm between rows and plant densities were 42,000, 52,000, 62,000 and 85,000 plants ha-1. The evaluations were conducted in Cascavel, State of Paraná, and Rio Verde, State of Goiás, Brazil. Significant effects were observed for the main effects (hybrid, row spacing and density), but there were no interactions between the main effects, with the exception of the interaction between density x hybrid in Rio Verde. There was a greater effect of row spacing than the population density on yield of all hybrids. With the row spacing at 45 cm the hybrids yielded, on average, 36% more than at a spacing of 80 cm, in the two locations. There was a trend for increased productivity with increased seeding rate up to 75,000 plants ha-1 in Cascavel, and up to 85,000 plants ha-1 in Rio Verde. Keywords: Zea mays, spatial arrangements, cultivation systems.
Aplicación del método Famacha© en dos tipos de explotación caprina en Popayán (Cauca, Colombia)
Authors: Appel Uruburu Venus Alma , Quiroz Acosta Liseth Andrea , Noguera Ortega Daniel Alejandro
Published: January 2018

La capricultura en Colombia es un sector productivo en desarrollo; por lo tanto, es importante evaluar e implementar estrategias para el control de las parasitosis, una de las principales problemáticas en este tipo de explotación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la aplicación del método Famacha© para el control de parásitos en dos sistemas de explotación caprina. Dicho método se aplicó a diez caprinos en un sistema de manejo estabulado y en uno semiestabulado, y se evaluó carga parasitaria, hematocrito, puntaje Famacha© y número de desparasitaciones, mensualmente, durante seis meses. Los dos sistemas de explotación caprina tuvieron el mismo grado de infección parasitaria, y no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0,05) respecto a hematocrito, recuento de huevos por gramo de heces, puntaje Famacha© y número de desparasitaciones durante el periodo de estudio.