bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but Not Endothelial Cells, Serve as the Major Cellular Source of Intimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts
Authors: Wu Weiwei , Wang Chunyan , Zang Huimei , Qi Lei , Azhar Mohamad , Nagarkatti Mitzi , Nagarkatti Prakash , Cai Guoshuai , Weiser-Evans Mary C.M. , Cui Taixing
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Neointima formation is a primary cause of intermediate to late vein graft (VG) failure. However, the precise source of neointima cells in VGs remains unclear.

Approach and Results:

Herein we clarify the relative contributions of mature vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to neointima formation in a mouse model of VG remodeling via the genetic-inducible fate mapping approaches. Regardless of the magnitude of neointima formation, the recipient arterial and the donor venous SMCs contributed ≈55% of the neointima cells at the anastomotic regions, whereas only donor venous SMCs donated ≈68% of the neointima cells at the middle bodies. A small portion of the SMC-derived cells became non-SMC cells, most likely vascular stem cells, and constituted 2% to 11% of the cells in each major layer of VGs. In addition, the recipient arterial ECs were the major cellular source of re-endothelialization but did not contribute to neointima formation. The donor venous ECs donated ≈17% neointima cells in the VGs with mild neointima formation and conditional media from ECs after endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition suppressed vascular SMC dedifferentiation.

Conclusions:

The recipient arterial and donor venous mature SMCs dominate but contribute distinctly to intimal hyperplasia at the anastomosis and the middle body regions of VGs. The recipient arterial ECs are the major cellular source of re-endothelialization but do not donate neointima formation in VGs. Only the donor venous ECs undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is marginal for generating neointima cells but is likely required for controlling the quality of VG remodeling.
DDR1 (Discoidin Domain Receptor-1)-RhoA (Ras Homolog Family Member A) Axis Senses Matrix Stiffness to Promote Vascular Calcification
Authors: Ngai David , Lino Marsel , Rothenberg Katheryn E. , Simmons Craig A. , Fernandez-Gonzalez Rodrigo , Bendeck Michelle P.
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Vascular calcification is a pathology characterized by arterial mineralization, which is a common late-term complication of atherosclerosis that independently increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events by fourfold. A major source of calcifying cells is transdifferentiating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Previous studies showed that deletion of the collagen-binding receptor, DDR1 (discoidin domain receptor-1), attenuated VSMC calcification. Increased matrix stiffness drives osteogenesis, and DDR1 has been implicated in stiffness sensing in other cell types; however, the role of DDR1 as a mechanosensor in VSMCs has not been investigated. Here, we test the hypothesis that DDR1 senses increased matrix stiffness and promotes VSMC transdifferentiation and calcification.

Approach and Results:

Primary VSMCs isolated from
Ddr1
+/+
(wild-type) and
Ddr1
−/−
(knockout) mice were studied on collagen-I–coated silicon substrates of varying stiffness, culturing in normal or calcifying medium. DDR1 expression and phosphorylation increased with increasing stiffness, as did in vitro calcification, nuclear localization of Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), and expression of other osteochondrocytic markers. By contrast, DDR1 deficient VSMCs were not responsive to stiffness and did not undergo transdifferentiation. DDR1 regulated stress fiber formation and RhoA (ras homolog family member A) activation through the RhoGEF (rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor), Vav2. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility reduced Runx2 activation and attenuated in vitro calcification in wild-type VSMCs. Finally, a novel positive feedforward loop was uncovered between DDR1 and actomyosin contractility, important in regulating DDR1 expression, clustering, and activation.

Conclusions:

This study provides mechanistic insights into DDR1 mechanosignaling and shows that DDR1 activity and actomyosin contractility are interdependent in mediating stiffness-dependent increases in VSMC calcification.
Impact of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Durability on Life Expectancy in Low-Risk Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Tam Derrick Y. , Wijeysundera Harindra C. , Naimark David , Gaudino Mario , Webb John G. , Cohen David J. , Fremes Stephen E.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Recent clinical trial results showed that transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is noninferior and may be superior to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for mortality, stroke, and rehospitalization. However, the impact of transcatheter valve durability remains uncertain.

Methods:

Discrete event simulation was used to model hypothetical scenarios of TAVR versus SAVR durability in which TAVR failure times were varied to determine the impact of TAVR valve durability on life expectancy in a cohort of low-risk patients similar to those in recent trials. Discrete event simulation modeling was used to estimate the tradeoff between a less invasive procedure with unknown valve durability (TAVR) and that of a more invasive procedure with known durability (SAVR). Standardized differences were calculated, and a difference >0.10 was considered clinically significant. In the base-case analysis, patients with structural valve deterioration requiring reoperation were assumed to undergo a valve-in-valve TAVR procedure. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the impact of TAVR valve durability on life expectancy in younger age groups (40, 50, and 60 years).

Results:

Our cohort consisted of patients with aortic stenosis at low surgical risk with a mean age of 73.4±5.9 years. In the base-case scenario, the standardized difference in life expectancy was <0.10 between TAVR and SAVR until transcatheter valve prosthesis failure time was 70% shorter than that of surgical prostheses. At a transcatheter valve failure time <30% compared with surgical valves, SAVR was the preferred option. In younger patients, life expectancy was reduced when TAVR durability was 30%, 40%, and 50% shorter than that of surgical valves in 40-, 50-, and 60-year-old patients, respectively.

Conclusions:

According to our simulation models, the durability of TAVR valves must be 70% shorter than that of surgical valves to result in reduced life expectancy in patients with demographics similar to those of recent trials. However, in younger patients, this threshold for TAVR valve durability was substantially higher. These findings suggest that durability concerns should not influence the initial treatment decision concerning TAVR versus SAVR in older low-risk patients on the basis of current evidence supporting TAVR valve durability. However, in younger low-risk patients, valve durability must be weighed against other patient factors such as life expectancy.
Kuhn, Condorcet, and Comte: On the Justification of the “Old” Historiography of Science
Authors: Pinto de Oliveira J. C.
Published: June 2020

Despite the importance of the “historiographical revolution” in Kuhn’s work, he did not carry out a specific study about it. Without a systematic investigation into it, he even affirms that the “old” historiography of science (OHS) is unhistorical, suggesting its summary disqualification in the face of his “new historiography” of science (NHS). My wider project, of which this paper is a part, is to better discuss the issue of the justification of the NHS. In this paper, I discuss the justification (and the genesis) of the OHS, focusing on Condorcet and Comte and resorting especially to Koyré. This will allow us to understand that the relation between the OHS and the NHS is a new instance of inter-theoretical incommensurability. And, indeed, that the NHS is not stricto senso a new historiography. It is the same historiography used for other disciplines (art, philosophy), which in the twentieth century begins to be applied to science as well.
Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes and/or fungus on the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Authors: Manzoor Mujahid , Ahmad Jam Nazeer , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Javed Nazir , Haider Muhammad Saleem
Published: June 2020

The invasive red palm weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive palm pests in the world. More options are needed for its management, including optimised use of microbial entomopathogens (EP). The sub-lethal effects of an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (isolate WG-11) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) (at 1 × 104 spores ml−1) and two entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (at 100 infective juveniles (IJ) ml−1) and Steinernema carpocapsae (at 50 IJ ml−1) were evaluated in various combinations against laboratory-reared 3rd, 5th and 8th instar larvae of RPW in bioassays. Individual and combined effects of both EP were observed after the pre-application of B. bassiana fungus at 0-, 1- and 2-week intervals. Combined treatments were tested for antagonistic, additive and synergistic effects. Additive and synergistic effects were observed in B. bassiana/S. carpocapsae and in B. bassiana/H. bacteriophora combined treatments. Early instar larvae of RPW were more susceptible than older instars. Sole and combined EP treatments decreased pupation, subsequent emergence of RPW adults and hatching. Sub-lethal effects of EP were observed in R. ferrugineus following application at the above-mentioned rates to 3rd, 5th and 8th instar larvae, including reduced larval weights, increased larval, pre-pupal and pupal durations, reduced adult weights and life spans. Simultaneous combined applications of B. bassiana/S. carpocapsae and B. bassiana/H. bacteriophora at the above-mentioned rates against last instar (9th) larvae of R. ferrugineus reduced food consumption, frass production and affected weight gains.
The Trauma of Autopsy and the Transgression of History in Josephus’ Jewish War
Authors: Teets Sarah Christine
Published: June 2020

In the opening of the Jewish War, Josephus claims not only that his history represents the true and full account of the war, but that, in violation of Greek historiographical conventions, its language expresses his personal grief. Josephus’ expression of personal emotion differentiates him from the Greek tradition, in which lament is customarily expressed in other genres. Josephus borrows instead from the biblical tradition of lament to mourn the fall of Jerusalem. The concept of moral injury from trauma studies describes the psychological damage caused by betrayal in combat settings, a phenomenon which Josephus’ comments about the causes of the disaster resemble. This elucidates why Josephus emphasizes his emotions in his history, drawing on past Jewish responses to imperial-colonial encounters to shape his personalized response to the catastrophe of his own day.
Exploring Solutions to Foster ATMP Development and Access to Patients in Europe
Authors: Salvatore Vincenzo
Published: June 2020

There are several critical factors that have influenced the (un)success rate of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) over the first ten years since the EU Regulation 1394/2007 entered into force. This article provides an overview of the current regulatory scenario and outlines the outstanding challenges to be faced in order to further promote research and development of ATMPs and the issues to be considered in the perspective of a possible legislative reform.
Petr Sevast’anov and his expeditions to Mount Athos (1850s): two cartons from the French Photographic Society
Authors: Gerd Lora
Published: June 2020

The Russian antiquarian and explorer of the Orthodox East Petr Ivanovich Sevast’anov was one of the first to take photos of the architectural monuments, art treasures and manuscripts of Mount Athos. During the 1850s he organized several expeditions. In 1856, Sevast’anov studied photography in Paris at the atelier of Belloc and bought the materials and equipment needed. In March of 1857, he arrived at Athos and started his work in St. Andrew’s Skete. With the assistance of the librarian of St. Panteleimon’s Monastery Azarii, Sevast’anov got access to many Greek and Slavonic manuscripts. In October of 1857, he returned to Paris and presented the results of his work in a photo exhibition, followed by a public lecture at the Academy on February 5, 1858. The recently discovered two large format cartons of Sevast’anov’s photos at the French Photographic Society, along with the correspondence preserved in his archives, are an important contribution to the history of Byzantine Studies.
Epistemic Infrastructure for a Scientific Metaphysics
Authors: Bryant Amanda
Published: June 2020

A naturalistic impulse has taken speculative analytic metaphysics in its critical sights. Importantly, the claim that it is desirable or requisite to give metaphysics scientific moorings rests on underlying epistemological assumptions or principles. If the naturalistic impulse toward metaphysics is to be well-founded and its prescriptions to have normative force, those assumptions or principles should be spelled out and justified. In short, advocates of naturalized or scientific metaphysics require epistemic infrastructure. This paper begins to supply it. The author first sketches her conception of suitably naturalized or scientific metaphysics. She then lays out a number of candidate epistemic principles centring around the notion of theoretical constraint. The author offers several arguments for the principles, based on statistical likeliness, agreement, falsity avoidance, and methodological efficiency and inefficiency. Finally, she shows how scientific metaphysics satisfies the epistemic principles and is therefore preferable to its traditional rivals.
Abduction as a Method of Inductive Metaphysics
Authors: Schurz Gerhard
Published: June 2020

Like scientific theories, metaphysical theories can and should be justified by the inference of creative abduction (sec. 1–2). Two rationality conditions are proposed that distinguish scientific from speculative abductions: achievement of unification and independent testability (sec. 3). Particularly important in science is common cause abduction (sec. 4). The justification of metaphysical realism is structurally similar to scientific abductions: external objects are justified as common causes of perceptual experiences (sec. 6). While the reliability of common cause abduction is entailed by a principle of (Markov) causality (sec. 5), the latter principle has an abductive justification based on statistical phenomena (sec. 7).
L’ usage des fragments arabes (Le Caire, Taymūr Pāšā 290 aḫlāq) dans l’ édition arabo-latine de la Summa Alexandrinorum
Authors: Woerther Frédérique
Published: June 2020

Following the work of Dunlop (1974) and Badawī (1979), this study aims to prepare the way for a new edition of the Arabic fragments of the Iḫtiṣār al-Iskandarāniyyīn, which are preserved in Cairo manuscript Taymūr Pāšā 290 aḫlāq. This second phase of the project concerns a precise comparison between these Arabic fragments and the corresponding passages in the Arabo-Latin translation of the Summa Alexandrinorum, which was completed by Hermann the German in 1243 and will soon be published in a new edition. Comparing the Arabic fragments with the corresponding passages in Latin makes it possible: 1) to enhance earlier attempts to compile a glossary of Arabic and Latin terms as used by Hermann in his translations; 2) to evaluate how these Arabic fragments can properly be used for the new edition of the Arabo-Latin version of the Summa Alexandrinorum; 3) to draw some conclusions about the status of these Arabic fragments and Hermann’s methods, as well as Hermann’s underlying aims. The paper concludes by offering a methodological perspective on the forthcoming edition of the Summa Alexandrinorum in its Arabo-Latin version.
Prevent, Respond, Cooperate
Authors: Coco Antonio , de Souza Dias Talita
Published: June 2020

While disease outbreaks remain to a certain extent unforeseeable, international law provides a comprehensive legal framework requiring States to prevent their harmful consequences, effectively respond to ensuing health emergencies, and cooperate in achieving those aims. This contribution shows that, within this framework, many rules take the form of ‘due diligence’ obligations. Obligations of due diligence, albeit inherently flexible to accommodate different capabilities and circumstances, are binding on States. They impose a duty to act according to a standard of ‘good governance’: a State must employ its best efforts to realise certain common goals. At least five key sets of rules establishing due diligence duties are relevant to the Covid-19 outbreak: a) the ‘no-harm’ principle; b) international disaster law; c) the International Health Regulations; d) international human rights law; and e) international humanitarian law. We preliminarily identify some of the actions required from States to prevent new outbreaks and respond to the pandemic, whilst assessing compliance with applicable rules. We conclude that hard lessons learned during the current crisis should spur more decisive action to prevent and address future public health emergencies.
Cortinarius lentus (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae), a new species in section Calochroi

Authors: DOVANA FRANCESCO , BOCCARDO FABRIZIO , CLERICUZIO MARCO , VIZZINI ALFREDO
Published: June 2020

A new species of Cortinarius sect. Calochroi, C. lentus, is described on the basis of morphological and genetic features. It is characterised by a yellow-orange to brown-orange pileus, initially violaceous pink lamellae, a cream to pale yellow universal veil, amygdaliform to almost citriform spores, coarsely verrucose, typically narrow (Qav = 1.9) and habitat preference for chestnut woods on acidophilic soil. It is compared with the closest species from a morphological point of view, in particular with C. leochrous and C. calochrous. In order to assess its relative position within Calochroi, a phylogenetic approach based on RPB1 and ITS regions was performed. The ITS phylogenetic analysis did not resolve the position of C. lentus within sect Calochroi, but in our RPB1 phylogenetic analysis, C. sublilacinopes is closely related.
Utricularia kamarudeenii (Lentibulariaceae): a new species from Kerala, India

Authors: ARYA SINDHU , RAJU RESHMA , ARUNRAJ PARAPPURAKKAL THAZHE , VISHNU WALSAN KALARIKKAL , BIJU PUNNAKOT , ANILKUMAR VENUGOPALAN NAIR SARADHAMMA
Published: June 2020

A new species of Utricularia named U. kamarudeenii, from the paddy fields of Kottayam district of Kerala, India, is described and illustrated. The new species resembles U. aurea but differs from it in the length of spur with respect to lower lip, deeply bilobed lower lip, presence of one type of trap having basal mouth without appendages and hexagonal shape of the seed.
Redescriptions of Stenocypris major major (Baird, 1859) and Stenocypris major sketi Petkovski & Meisch, 1996 (Ostracoda: Crustacea), with discussion on their taxonomic position
Authors: MOONCHAISOOK KHATTIYA , SAVATENALINTON SUKONTHIP
Published: June 2020

Stenocypris major major (Baird, 1859) and Stenocypris major sketi Petkovski & Meisch, 1996 were encountered in the Eastern part of Thailand. These two taxa are thus re-described based on Thai materials. The taxonomic position of S. major sketi is revised and placed as a separated species due to the distinct features in the valves and the soft parts morphology, especially in the presence of the postero-dorsal expansion on both valves, the different patterns of the posterior inner lamella margins and the caudal ramus morphology. Therefore, S. sketi Petkovski & Meisch, 1996 is erected for S. major sketi. The occurrence of S. sketi in the present contribution is the first report in Thailand and Southeast Asia. This taxon is thus far endemic to the Oriental region. The selected diagnostic characters of the genus Stenocypris are also briefly discussed.
A new species of the codlet genus Bregmaceros from the western Pacific Ocean (Gadiformes: Bregmacerotidae)
Authors: HO HSUAN-CHING , ENDO HIROMITSU , CHU TAH-WEI
Published: June 2020

Bregmaceros retrodorsalis sp. nov., a new codlet species is described based on specimens from shallow to deep waters off Japan and Melanesia. It differs from all congeners by having the origin of second dorsal-fin well posterior, above bases of 5th to 7th anal-fin rays and combination of the following characters: a pointed snout distinctly longer than eye diameter; upper lobe of opercle branched distally; body relatively slender, its depth 10.0‒13.0% SL; 13 principal caudal-fin rays (middle 11 branched); 52‒57 second dorsal-fin rays; 58‒63 anal-fin rays; 16‒18 transverse scale rows below dorsal-fin origin; 86‒93 longitudinal scale rows along body axis; vertebrae 55‒58; entire body evenly covered with melanophores, those on lateral sides forming regular longitudinal rows, one melanophores per scale; head and isthmus entirely, but loosely, covered with variably sized melanophores.
N,P-Doped Carbon Nanodots for Food-Matrix Decontamination, Anticancer Potential, and Cellular Bio-Imaging Applications
Authors: Bajpai Vivek K. , Khan Imran , Shukla Shruti , Kumar Pradeep , Chen Lei , Anand Satyesh Raj , Tripathi Kumud Malika , Bhati Anshu , Kang Sung-Min , Lee Hoomin , Kwak Cheol Hwan , Huang Minghan , Sonkar Sumit Kumar , Huh Yun Suk , Han Young-Kyu
Published: June 2020

We report a facile one-step thermal treatment method for the synthesis of biocompatible, fluorescent nitrogen-phosphorus-doped carbon nanodots (NPCDs) as multifunctional agents for the food matrix decontamination, cancer targeting, and cellular bio-imaging. NPCDs exhibit high toxicity
towards L. monocytogenes, as illustrated by fluorescent live-dead cell counting, disruption of membrane permeability/potential, changes in the levels of cellular ions, genetic materials, and proteins, as well as intracellular production of reactive oxygen species. The tryptophan and
protein peaks released in NPCDs treated cells contributed to indole ring breathing and correlated with induced cell death. NPCDs significantly inhibited bacterial biofilm formation on a solid substrate. NPCDs-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film crosslinked with 1% aminopropyltriethoxy
silane (APTES) via silane-hydroxyl linking as a food-grade wrap significantly reduced bacterial counts in a raw chicken food model. Furthermore, NPCDs induced apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells, as confirmed by the distorted cell morphology, fluorescence microscopic analysis, presence
of fragmented nuclei and the qPCR results of mRNA expression levels of apoptotic markers. Moreover, NPCDs were also applicable in utilized for the cellular bio-imaging of KM12-C colon cancer cells under confocal microscopy owing to their excellent luminescence properties. Overall, NPCDs represent
a promising platform to reduce the environmental health risks associated with hazardous pathogens, anticancer targeting, and their application in cellular bio-imaging as multifunctional targets/nanocarriers.
Resveratrol Nanoparticle Complex: Potential Therapeutic Applications in Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Zhou Hong , Shan Yungang , Tong Fei , Zhang Yi , Tang Jie , Shen Ruilin , Chen Deqing
Published: June 2020

Resveratrol (RES) is a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol with cardioprotective activities, antioxidant, antiplatelet, and antiinflammatory. However, its low aqueous solubility, chemical stability, and oral bioavailability, as well as a short circulation half-life greatly limit its clinical
applications. To overcome these limitations of RES, we synthesized a methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-oligomerization(D, L-Leucine) (mPEG-b-O(D, L-Leu)) nanoparticle (NP) as the carrier of RES and evaluated the myocardial-protective effectiveness of this RES/NP complex in rat
myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury models. We gauged the characterization of the NP through proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and then loaded RES on the nanocarrier
by hydrophobic interactions under physiological pH to extend the release time of RES and prolong its circulation half-life. Subsequently, we used rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2 cells) and rat MI/RI model to investigate the relationship between drug composition and myocardial preservation properties.
It was found that RES was encapsulated quickly and efficiently, and displayed an effectual loading-capacity and in vitro sustained-release. Anti-MI/RI effect of the RES/NP complex was found satisfactory in rat models in vivo using free RES as the control. This study suggested
that NP may prove to be a potent nanocarrier to augment the pharmacotherapy of RES against MI/RI.
A Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: Initial Tests
Authors: Waldron Abigail , Allen Ashley , Colón Arelis , Carter J. Chance , Angel S. Michael
Published: June 2020

A monolithic spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (mSHRS) is described, where the optical components of the spectrometer are bonded to make a small, stable, one-piece structure. This builds on previous work, where we described bench top spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRS), developed for planetary spacecraft and rovers. The SHRS is based on a fixed grating spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) that offers high spectral resolution and high light throughput in a small footprint. The resolution of the SHS is not dependent on a slit, and high resolution can be realized without using long focal length dispersing optics since it is not a dispersive device. Thus, the SHS can be used as a component in a compact Raman spectrometer with high spectral resolution and a large spectral range using a standard 1024 element charge-coupled device. Since the resolution of the SHRS is not dependent on a long optical path, it is amenable to the use of monolithic construction techniques to make a compact and robust device. In this paper, we describe the use of two different monolithic SHSs (mSHSs), with Littrow wavelengths of 531.6 nm and 541.05 nm, each about 3.5 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm in size and weighing about 80 g, in a Raman spectrometer that provides ∼3500 cm−1 spectral range with 4–5 cm−1 and 8–9 cm−1 resolution, for 600 grooves/mm and 150 grooves/mm grating-based mSHS devices, respectively. In this proof of concept paper, the stability, spectral resolution, spectral range, and signal-to-noise ratio of the mSHRS spectrometers are compared to our bench top SHRS that uses free-standing optics, and signal to noise comparisons are also made to a Kaiser Holospec f/1.8 Raman spectrometer.
The Impact of Pretrial Juvenile Detention on 12-Month Recidivism: A Matched Comparison Study
Authors: Walker Sarah Cusworth , Herting Jerald R.
Published: June 2020

Pretrial detention, the use of detention to ensure youth attend court hearings, makes up 75% of all juvenile detention admissions. Research investigating the impact of detainment on youth outcomes is limited and, when available, does not distinguish between different uses of detention. Consequently, little is known about the effects of detaining youth for this purpose. The current study examines the impact of pretrial detention on more than 46,000 juvenile cases across 32 jurisdictions. Using propensity score matching, analyses found that pretrial detention was associated with a 33% increase in felony recidivism and 11% increase in misdemeanor recidivism within one year, and a small effect for length of stay (1% increased risk per day). The analyses also revealed an interaction effect with prior criminal history indicating that this relationship shifts once a youth has a number of previous criminal filings.
Psychopathic Traits Among Serious Juvenile Offenders: Developmental Pathways, Multidimensionality, and Stability
Authors: Lee Yeungjeom , Kim Jihoon
Published: June 2020

The link between psychopathy and crime is well-known and a large body of literature has provided empirical support. However, the stability hypothesis of psychopathy has been a critical issue, and there are only a small number of stability studies adopting a developmental perspective. To fill this gap, the current study aims to identify the developmental pathways for the comprehensive psychopathic traits scale and three dimensions across the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The majority of adolescents show stability in their psychopathic traits from adolescent to early adulthood, whereas a small proportion of youth show changes. The findings from this study provide supports for the notion of early identification of young psychopathy. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Differential Item Functioning Effect Size From the Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis for a Meta-Analysis: A Simulation Study
Authors: Park Sung Eun , Ahn Soyeon , Zopluoglu Cengiz
Published: June 2020

This study presents a new approach to synthesizing differential item functioning (DIF) effect size: First, using correlation matrices from each study, we perform a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) that examines measurement invariance of a test item between two subgroups (i.e., focal and reference groups). Then we synthesize, across the studies, the differences in the estimated factor loadings between the two subgroups, resulting in a meta-analytic summary of the MGCFA effect sizes (MGCFA-ES). The performance of this new approach was examined using a Monte Carlo simulation, where we created 108 conditions by four factors: (1) three levels of item difficulty, (2) four magnitudes of DIF, (3) three levels of sample size, and (4) three types of correlation matrix (tetrachoric, adjusted Pearson, and Pearson). Results indicate that when MGCFA is fitted to tetrachoric correlation matrices, the meta-analytic summary of the MGCFA-ES performed best in terms of bias and mean square error values, 95% confidence interval coverages, empirical standard errors, Type I error rates, and statistical power; and reasonably well with adjusted Pearson correlation matrices. In addition, when tetrachoric correlation matrices are used, a meta-analytic summary of the MGCFA-ES performed well, particularly, under the condition that a high difficulty item with a large DIF was administered to a large sample size. Our result offers an option for synthesizing the magnitude of DIF on a flagged item across studies in practice.
Questioning Bonhoeffer on Temptation
Authors: Munzer Stephen R.
Published: June 2020

This article engages critically and constructively with Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s biblical study ‘Temptation’ (1938). His study does not always do justice to the text of the New Testament or the theodicean and hamartiological issues pertaining to temptation. And his position that biblically temptation is not the testing of strength, but rather the loss of all strength and defenceless deliverance into Satan’s hands, is hard to defend. However, Bonhoeffer’s idea of Christ-reality undergirds his suggestion that all persons can find in Christ participation, help, and grace in resisting temptation. Bonhoeffer’s most important insight, which requires some unpacking, is that ‘my temptation is nothing other than the temptation of Jesus Christ in me.’
Life Positions and Depression: The Role of Convictions
Authors: Anne Michele , Boholst Fredrick A.
Published: June 2020

Life Position, one of the central concepts in Transactional Analysis, is a person’s convictions about the worth of the self and others—a basic psychological stand, which is deeply ingrained. There are four Life Positions: “I’m OK–You’re OK”, “I’m OK–You’re not OK”, “I’m not OK–You’re OK”, and “I’m not OK–You’re not OK”. Contradicting Berne’s theory of only one depressive position (“I’m not OK–You’re OK”), past findings showed that both “I’m not OK–You’re OK” and “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” positions relate to depression, with the “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” position relating to depression more strongly than the “I’m not OK–You’re OK” position. The disparity between Berne’s original theorizing of depression and the empirical findings may support an alternative conceptualization of the depressive’s Life Position, which was the theoretical gap of this research. This research aimed to investigate the differences in how each Life Position relates to depression, and how the underlying convictions of Life Position predict depression. The Life Position Scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were filled in by individuals of the general population. Post hoc analysis revealed that the “I’m not OK–You’re not OK” position related most to depression, followed by the “I’m not OK–You’re OK” position, the “I’m OK–You’re not OK” position, and finally the “I’m OK–You’re OK” position. The results also showed that both negative convictions of the self and others contributed significantly to depression, but the former predicted depression more than the latter. Applications of these findings into theoretical and therapy settings were explored.
Jeevika, Women and Rural Bihar: Cultural Impact of a Development Intervention
Authors: Pankaj Ashok
Published: June 2020

This article narrates a story of cultural change caused by livelihood intervention in rural Bihar (India). It shows that the impact of Jeevika, a microcredit-based rural livelihood promotion project, goes beyond its call for promoting livelihoods. The article recognises the distinction between structural and cultural aspects of social change and holds that an important impact of Jeevika on rural women of Bihar has been the cultural loosening of the patriarchal noose over their necks. It argues that the sustainability of such an impact is, however, unlikely, as the structural bases of patriarchy, namely, family, caste, land and agriculture, remain largely unaffected. Moreover, the whole process is exogenous—a creation of programme intervention.
The temperature effect on the inter-laminar shear properties and failure mechanism of 3D orthogonal woven composites
Authors: Li Juanzi , Fan Wei , Liu Tao , Yuan Linjia , Xue Lili , Dang Wensheng , Meng Jiaguang
Published: June 2020

Recent increases in the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, especially for high-temperature applications, has induced new challenges in evaluating their mechanical properties. The effects of temperature on the shear performance of 3-dimensional orthogonal and 2-dimensional plain woven composites were compared in this study through double-notch shear tests. A scanning electron microscope was employed to investigate the fiber/matrix interface properties to reveal the failure characteristics. The results showed that temperature had a visible impact on the inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS), deformation modes, and failure mechanism. The ILSS decreased as temperature increased, which was caused by the degradation of the matrix properties and fiber/matrix interface properties at high temperature. A finite element model was established to analyze the transient deformation process and the damage mechanism of the 3D orthogonal woven composite. This indicated that Z-binder yarns could improve the delamination resistance of 3D orthogonal woven composites, especially under high temperatures. The changes in failure modes of the 3D orthogonal woven composites was put down to thermal softening of the epoxy resin caused by high temperature and the undulation of the yarns.
Reading Grand Theft Auto: Improvisational Urban Literacy
Authors: Tanner Samuel Jaye
Published: June 2020

This article relies on nonrepresentational narrative research to consider improvisational urban literacy. The author uses narrative to theorize the choice to teach Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas in urban high school English classrooms. The author positions this decision as the surprising result of an improvisational, urban literacy pedagogy meant to locate and address issues of race and gender in a video game. This article calls for a broader view of textuality that affirms, supports, and celebrates emergent teacher decision making, as well as practices of urban literacy education that broaden the notion of what constitutes a text.
Remaining useful lifetime prediction of thermally aged power insulated gate bipolar transistor based on Gaussian process regression
Authors: Ismail Adla , Saidi Lotfi , Sayadi Mounir , Benbouzid Mohamed
Published: June 2020

This paper proposes a new approach for power electronic converters faults prognosis under-insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) failures. Power electronic converters such as inverters and rectifiers are crucial parts of most renewable energy systems. Usually, the power converters are subjected to a high failure frequency rate and lead to a power system shut down. These faults, generally, start with thermal overstress, leading to IGBT wear-out over time. In the considered application, the power electronic converters are supplied by a generator. The unbalance IGBT degradation has been artificially created through high amplitude thermal overstress utilizing a DC at the gate. The proposed prognosis approach is based on the computation of the time-domain features to extract the degradation behavior of the IGBT device. Then, the Gaussian process regression technique is applied to the remaining useful life estimation. Prognostic results in three IGBT cases illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed prognostic approach, leading to an effective prognostic procedure for IGBT faults in power electronic converters.
The Home Environments of Young Blind Children
Authors: Dote-Kwan J. , Hughes M.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to identify specific aspects of the home environment related to the development of young children with visual impairments. The subjects of the study were 18 mothers and their legally blind children, aged 20–36 months, with no other handicapping conditions. The overall home environments were found to be consistently favorable, despite the differences in the parents’ socioeconomic status. However, they were not significantly related to any developmental scores except for the positive relationship between the emotional and verbal responsiveness of some mothers and the expressive pragmatic language abilities of their children.
The Impact of Nondriving on Adults with Visual Impairments
Authors: Corn A.L. , Sacks S.Z.
Published: June 2020

This survey of 110 adults in 24 states provides information regarding how adults with visual disabilities arrange transportation, what they perceive to be the sources of frustration they face regarding their nondriving status, and how they perceive nondriving to affect their life-styles. In addition, the respondents reported on the extent to which they believed different categories of persons in their lives understand the logistical and psychosocial impact of being a nondriver.
The Usefulness of Tactual Maps of the New York City Subway System
Authors: Luxton K. , Banai M. , Kuperman R.
Published: June 2020

Sixteen blind and visually impaired people used three different types of tactual maps that presented information at three different levels of specificity, and a comparable control group of 15 subjects traveled the subways without the aid of the maps. After the initial experiment, the control group was allowed to use the maps as they chose for two weeks. In-depth interviews and questionnaires disclosed that the tactual maps influenced the participants’ perceptions and travel behavior.
Use of the HOME Inventory with Families of Young Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Rock S.L. , Head D.N. , Bradley R.H. , Whiteside L. , Brisby J.
Published: June 2020

The study reported here examined the usefulness of the Infant-Toddler and the Early Childhood forms of the HOME Inventory as applied to children who are visually impaired. The results indicated that families of children with visual impairments scored about the same as did families in the norm groups.
Perception of Facial Cues by Adults with Low Vision
Authors: Erber N.P. , Osborn R.R.
Published: June 2020

A variety of basic oral and facial features important for speech communication were arranged in order of decreasing visibility to form a functional vision screening test. A speaker with high-contrast facial features presented these stimuli to 40 adults with acquired low vision (aged 28–97 years). For many subjects, especially those with visual acuity ranging from about 20/80 to 20/500 (6/24 to 6/150), perception of oral/facial cues could not be predicted from the Snellen fraction.
Screen Transformations for Large-Character Access Systems
Authors: Blenkhorn P.
Published: June 2020

This article proposes some techniques for enhancing large-character computer access systems to enable users to operate them more easily and efficiently. These techniques involve mapping several areas of an application's screen into large characters and adapting this mapping in a context-specific way.
Looking Sociologically at Family Coping with Visual Impairment
Authors: Nixon H.L.
Published: June 2020

This article provides an overview of relevant sociological perspectives and knowledge about major social aspects of family coping with visual impairment. Special attention is given to the importance of the social structures and dynamics of families as social networks, the social construction of impairment experiences by families, family social support relations, and the visual impairment of older family members.
Anatomical Variations in Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves in Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Yin Chuanchang , Song Bin , Wang Xiaoyan
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To study terminal bifurcation of recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) with original direction to larynx entry and to decrease the risk of vocal cord paralysis in thyroid patients.

Methods:

The RLNs of 294 patients (482 sides) were dissected according to the branches into the larynx, and the original direction of each RLN trunk in thyroid surgery was recorded.

Results:

(1) About 30.9% of the RLNs gave off multiple branches into the larynx. (2) Two and 3 branches of RLNs into the larynx were found in 25.5% and 5.4% of the cases, respectively. (3) In 0.4% or 2 cases, the RLN trunk combined with the inferior branch of the vagus nerve. (4) Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve appeared in 2 cases. (5) On the left side, 68.0%, 25.6%, and 6.4% of cases were found with 1, 2, and 3 bifurcations of RLN to larynx entry, respectively. On the right side, 69.8%, 25.8%, and 4.4% cases were identified with 1, 2, and 3 bifurcations of RLN to larynx entry, respectively. (6) The combining dissection approach was proved as successful and safe for protecting the RLN with no permanent RLN paresis.

Conclusions:

Because of the anatomical variation in RLNs with extralaryngeal bifurcation, it is necessary to increase the awareness of surgeons about these variations so as to protect bifurcated nerves in thyroid surgery.
When and Why Narcissists Exhibit Greater Hindsight Bias and Less Perceived Learning
Authors: Howes Satoris S. , Kausel Edgar E. , Jackson Alexander T. , Reb Jochen
Published: June 2020

The present research sought to examine the impact of narcissism, prediction accuracy, and should counterfactual thinking—which includes thoughts such as “I should have done something different”—on hindsight bias (the tendency to exaggerate in hindsight what one knew in foresight) and perceived learning. To test these effects, we conducted four studies (total n = 727). First, in Study 1 we examined a moderated mediation model, in which should counterfactual thinking mediates the relation between narcissism and hindsight bias, and this mediation is moderated by prediction accuracy such that the relationship is negative when predictions are accurate and positive when predictions are inaccurate after accurate predictions. Second, in Study 2 we examined a moderated sequential mediation model, in which the relation between narcissism and perceived learning is sequentially mediated through should counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias, and importantly, this sequential mediation is moderated by prediction accuracy. In Study 3 we ruled out could counterfactual thinking as an alternative explanation for the relationship between narcissism and hindsight bias. Finally, by manipulating should counterfactual thinking in Study 4, our findings suggest that this type of thinking has a causal effect on hindsight bias. We discuss why exhibiting some hindsight bias can be positive after failure. We also discuss implications for eliciting should counterfactual thinking. Our results help explain why narcissists may fail to learn from their experiences.
Preparation and properties of melamine-formaldehyde rigid closed-cell foam toughened by ethylene glycol/carbon fiber
Authors: Li Chunhui , Ma Haihong , Zhou Zhengfa , Xu Weibing , Ren Fengmei , Yang Xinyuan
Published: June 2020

Toughing melamine-formaldehyde (MF) rigid closed-cell foams were prepared by using ethylene glycol (EG) and carbon fiber (CF) as composite toughening agents. The pulverization rate, compressive strength, bending strength, cellular structure, closed-cell ratio, water absorption ratio, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and char yield were characterized to study the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and fire-retardant properties of as-prepared toughing MF rigid foams. The pulverization rate result showed that introduction of composite modifier can obviously improve the toughness of MF rigid foams. The cellular structure, closed-cell ratio, and water absorption results showed that the addition of EG/CF can increase the closed-cell ratio and control the cell size of MF rigid foams. The compressive strength and bending strength results showed that the incorporation of composite modifier of MF rigid foams dramatically improved the mechanical properties. The LOI, char yield, and thermal stability results showed that the toughing MF rigid foams remained more intact char skeleton with flame-retardant effect, thus reducing the fire hazards. The as-prepared toughing MF rigid foams showed the best comprehensive performance with pulverization rate of 5.21%, compressive strength of 355.3 kPa, bending strength of 0.44 MPa, closed-cell ratio of 79.1%, water absorption of 9%, thermal conductivity of 0.031 W m−1 K−1, and LOI of 39.6%. Compared with unmodified MF rigid foams, toughing rigid closed-cell MF foams possess excellent pulverization rate, compressive strength, bending strength, cellular structure, thermal insulation, and flame retardancy.
Sociology and evolutionary biology: A troubled past, a promising future
Authors: Schutt Russell K
Published: June 2020

The New Evolutionary Sociology offers a comprehensive review of the history of evolutionary analysis in sociology that demonstrates its present value ‘once old biases and prejudices are mitigated and, eventually, eliminated’ (p. 14). In the book’s first part, the authors highlight the prominence of evolution in the theorizing of sociology’s founders and the reaction against this approach when it was used to support ethnocentrism, racism, and fascism. The second part describes non-sociologists’ attempts to reconnect evolutionary biology and social science through sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. The book’s last part presents new evolutionary approaches within sociology, focusing primarily on comparative research with primates and a neurosociological explanation of the evolution of the human brain.