bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent in situ hybridization mapping of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in donkey
Authors: Bugno M. , Klukowka‐Rötzler J. , Słota E. , Witarski W. , Gerber V. , Leeb T.
Published: June 2007

The physical localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene was performed on donkey chromosomes. Bacterial artificial chromosome DNA containing the equine EGFR gene was used to map this gene by fluorescent in situ hybridization on donkey metaphase chromosomes. The gene was mapped on donkey 1q21.1 region.
In vitro selection and plant regeneration of copper‐tolerant plants from leaf explants of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘Xanthi’
Authors: Rout G. R. , Sahoo S.
Published: June 2007

Copper tolerance of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi in vitro was achieved through plant regeneration from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA, 0.1–0.25 mg/l IAA and 60 μm Cu. Tolerant organogenic calli showed more vigorous growth in medium containing 60 μm Cu than the non‐tolerant calli. Standard growth parameters such as fresh and dry weight of organogenic callus, growth tolerance index (GTI), enzyme activity (peroxidase and catalase) and copper accumulation were used as indicators of copper tolerance. The activities of peroxidase and catalase as well as estimation of protein, total amino acid and chlorophyll were greater in tolerant calli than non‐tolerant ones. The GTI in the 4 weeks after the beginning of treatments yielded significant differences among the tolerant and non‐tolerant organogenic callus cultures. The accumulation of copper in the tolerant calli increased significantly with an increase in copper concentration in the medium. Shoot bud regeneration was achieved in both tolerant and non‐tolerant organogenic calli on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l IAA. The tolerant regenerated shoots were rooted on half‐strength basal MS medium with 60 μm Cu for selection of tolerant clones. This study may help in the selection and characterization of Cu‐tolerant lines of N. tabacum cv. ‘Xanthi’ for building conservation strategies and also for phytoremediation programmes.
Drought effects on yield and its components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Chauhan J. S. , Tyagi M. K. , Kumar A. , Nashaat N. I. , Singh M. , Singh N. B. , Jakhar M. L. , Welham S. J.
Published: June 2007

Effects of drought on yield and yield components were investigated during the spring season 2000–2001 by growing 14 Indian mustard genotypes under irrigated and rain‐fed conditions at Bharatpur and Jobner. A disease and pest management schedule was followed when required. The drought susceptibility index (DSI) for seed yield and component characteristics was calculated to characterize the relative tolerance of genotypes. Plant height, primary branches, secondary branches per plant, 1000‐seed weight and seed yield were reduced under rain‐fed conditions. The top five genotypes at Bharatpur that showed tolerance to moisture stress for seed yield, as indicated by their lowest DSI, were, in descending order PSR‐20, PRO‐97024, JMMWR‐941, IS‐1787 and PCR‐7, whereas at Jobner these were JMMWR‐941, RC‐1446, PSR‐20, RH‐819 and ‘Varuna’. Of these, PSR‐20 and JMMWR‐941 were among the top six at both locations. These genotypes also showed relatively low DSI for one or more characteristics, such as primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, harvest index and seed : husk ratio. Genotypes with the lowest DSI, particularly for seed yield at both locations, would serve as useful donors in the breeding programme for improving the drought tolerance of existing Indian mustard cultivars.
Moderate Seasonality in Testis Function of Domestic Cat
Authors: Blottner S , Jewgenow K
Published: June 2007

Contents

Adult male domestic cats are known to produce sperm throughout the year, although sexual activity is influenced by geographical location. In the northern hemisphere, feral domestic cats reproduce usually between January and July. Thus, seasonality in testicular activity might be suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate gametogene and endocrine activity of cat testis throughout the entire year. Testes and epididymides (n = 10–12 per month) were collected after castration. Spermatogenesis was quantified by assessment of testicular sperm per testis and by flow cytometric analysis of the cells with different DNA content. Sperm from cauda epididymis were evaluated according to motility and morphological integrity. Testicular testosterone concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Testis mass and sperm production varied moderately throughout the year. Significant seasonal variations were observed in the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase of cell cycle (p = 0.004) and the meiotic transformation (ratio of haploid : tetraploid cells; p = 0.021). Changes in testicular testosterone concentration were more pronounced and showed periods with high (spring) and significantly reduced testosterone levels (autumn). A marked seasonal alteration (p < 0.001) with a peak in March was assessed in the percentage of progressively motile sperm. The proportion of morphological intact sperm was also significantly higher in spring compared with winter time (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study suggests moderate seasonal changes in quantity of sperm, more pronounced annual variation in hormone production and a distinct seasonal influence on functional sperm parameters in domestic cat.
Effect of Follicle Stimulation Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone on Cumulus Cell Expansion and In Vitro Nuclear Maturation of Canine Oocytes
Authors: Lee H‐S , Seo Y‐I , Yin X‐J , Cho S‐G , Lee S‐S , Kim N‐H , Cho S‐K , Kong I‐K
Published: June 2007

Contents

In general, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play important roles in the regulation of cumulus cell expansion and oocyte maturation. We investigated the effects of supplementation of FSH or LH in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium on the incidence of cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation in canine oocytes. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in TCM‐199 supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 1 mg/ml cysteine, 0.2 mm pyruvic acid and different concentrations of FSH or LH (control, 0.5, 5 or 50 μg/ml) at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 in air for 72 h. The cumulus cell expansion was measured by microscopic visualization, and nuclear maturation of denuded oocytes was determined by staining with 10 μg/ml Hoechst33342 for 30 min. The cumulus cell expansion in the 5 μg/ml FSH group (397.2 ± 64.3 μm) was significantly higher than those in the control, 0.5, and 50 μg/ml FSH groups (168.3 ± 19.1, 286.0 ± 69.7 and 300.0 ± 84.3 μm, respectively; p < 0.05). However, there was no difference in cumulus cell expansion among the control, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/ml LH groups (165.6 ± 20.2, 160 ± 26.5, 172 ± 20.5 and 168 ± 23.1 μm, respectively; p > 0.05). After 72 h of IVM, the proportion of nuclear development to the MI–MII stage in the 0.5 μg/ml FSH group (15.1%) was higher than those in the control, 0.5 and 50 μg/ml FSH groups (0.9%, 6.5% and 8.0%, respectively; p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in nuclear maturation to the MI‐MII stage among control, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/ml LH groups (4.6%, 2.3%, 5.4% and 8.6%, respectively; p > 0.05). This study indicated that a FSH supplement in IVM medium can increase cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation, while the nuclear maturation rate remained low. Further studies are required to improve the nuclear development to the MI–MII stages in canine oocytes.
Tilt‐test diagnosis of hypotensive transient ischaemic attacks
Authors: Jardine D. L. , Hurrell M. A. , Fink J.
Published: June 2007

Eight elderly patients with postural hypotension who presented with transient ischaemic attacks are reported. Six patients underwent head‐up tilt testing with continuous blood pressure monitoring. During tilt, postural hypotension was found in five patients and in three patients transient ischaemic attacks were reproduced. Postural hypotension is probably a rare cause of transient ischaemic attacks, but may be underrecognized.
Controlled synthesis of the DSF cell–cell signal is required for biofilm formation and virulence in Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Torres Pablo S. , Malamud Florencia , Rigano Luciano A. , Russo Daniela M. , Marano María Rosa , Castagnaro Atilio P. , Zorreguieta Angeles , Bouarab Kamal , Dow John Maxwell , Vojnov Adrián A.
Published: June 2007

Virulence of the black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is regulated by cell–cell signalling involving the diffusible signal factor DSF. Synthesis and perception of DSF require products of genes within the rpf cluster (for regulation of pathogenicity factors). RpfF directs DSF synthesis whereas RpfC and RpfG are involved in DSF perception. Here we have examined the role of the rpf/DSF system in biofilm formation in minimal medium using confocal laser‐scanning microscopy of GFP‐labelled bacteria. Wild‐type Xcc formed microcolonies that developed into a structured biofilm. In contrast, an rpfF mutant (DSF‐minus) and an rpfC mutant (DSF overproducer) formed only unstructured arrangements of bacteria. A gumB mutant, defective in xanthan biosynthesis, was also unable to develop the typical wild‐type biofilm. Mixed cultures of gumB and rpfF mutants formed a typical biofilm in vitro. In contrast, in mixed cultures the rpfC mutant prevented the formation of the structured biofilm by the wild‐type and did not restore wild‐type biofilm phenotypes to gumB or rpfF mutants. These effects on structured biofilm formation were correlated with growth and disease development by Xcc strains in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These findings suggest that DSF signalling is finely balanced during both biofilm formation and virulence.
Effects of environmental conditions on the nitrifying population dynamics in a pilot wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Lydmark Pär , Almstrand Robert , Samuelsson Kristina , Mattsson Ann , Sörensson Fred , Lindgren Per‐Eric , Hermansson Malte
Published: June 2007

The effect of environmental conditions, especially ammonium concentration, on community composition and nitrification activity of nitrifying bacterial biofilms in a pilot wastewater treatment plant was examined. A decreasing ammonium gradient was created when four aerated tanks with suspended carrier material were serially fed with wastewater. Community composition was analysed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes as well as partial 16S rRNA and amoA gene analysis using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) and sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization probes identified at least five ammonia‐oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and two nitrite‐oxidizing bacterial (NOB) populations. A change in nitrifying community was detected in the tanks, indicating that ammonium was an important structuring factor. Further, we found support for different autoecology within the Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage, as at least one population within this lineage increased in relative abundance with ammonium concentration while another population decreased. Absolute numbers of AOB and NOB growing in biofilms on the carriers were determined and the cell specific nitrification rates calculated seemed strongly correlated to ammonium concentration. Oxygen could also be limiting in the biofilms of the first tank with high ammonium concentrations. The response of the nitrifying community to increased ammonium concentrations differed between the tanks, indicating that activity correlates with community structure.
Genetic diversity and population structure ofEscherichia coliisolated from freshwater beaches
Authors: Walk Seth T. , Alm Elizabeth W. , Calhoun Lisa M. , Mladonicky Janice M. , Whittam Thomas S.
Published: June 2007

Escherichia coliis an important member of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and warm‐blooded animals (primary habitat). In the external environment outside the host (secondary habitat), it is often considered to be only a transient member of the microbiota found in water and soil, although recent evidence suggests that some strains can persist in temperate soils and freshwater beaches. Here we quantified the population genetic structure ofE. colifrom a longitudinal collection of environmental strains isolated from six freshwater beaches along Lake Huron and the St. Clair River in Michigan. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed extensive genetic diversity among 185E. coliisolates with an average of 40 alleles per locus. Despite evidence for extensive recombination generating new alleles and genotypic diversity, several genotypes marked by distinct MLEE and MLST profiles were repeatedly recovered from separate sites at different times. A PCR‐based phylogrouping technique showed that the persistent, naturalizedE. colibelonged to the B1 group. These results support the hypothesis that persistent genotypes have an adaptive advantage in the secondary habitat outside the host.
Bacteriophage ecology in a small community sewer system related to their indicative role in sewage pollution of drinking water
Authors: Gino Efrat , Starosvetsky Jeana , Armon Robert
Published: June 2007

In view of various studies looking for the merit of coliphages as indicators of water pollution with viruses originating from faecal material, a small agricultural community (population of approximately 1500 inhabitants of all ages, 2–3 km from Haifa) was selected in order to understand these bacteriophage ecology (F‐RNA and somatic coliphages) in its sewer and oxidation pond system. Along the sewer lines, it was possible to isolate constantly both bacteriophage types (F‐RNA and somatic coliphages) at 102−104 plaque‐forming units (pfu) ml−1. The average numbers of somatic and F‐RNA phages isolated from oxidation pond were 103−104 pfu ml−1; however, somatic coliphages were undetectable for several months (April–August). Significant high correlation (0.944 < R2 < 0.99) was found between increased anionic detergent concentrations and F‐RNA coliphage numbers. Infants less than 1 year old excreted both phage types and few only F‐RNA coliphages (at high numbers > 105 pfu g−1) for up to 1 year. The excretion of F‐RNA coliphages was highly linked to Escherichia coli F+ harborage in the intestinal track as found in their faecal content. Finally, three bacterial hosts E. coli F+, F– and CN13 tested for survivability in sewage filtrate revealed that E. coli F+ had the highest survivability under these conditions. Presence of somatic and F male‐specific phages in sewer lines of a small community are influenced by several factors such as: anionic detergents, nutrients, temperature, source (mainly infants), shedding and survival capability of the host strain. Better understanding of coliphages ecology in sewer systems can enhance our evaluation of these proposed indicator/index microorganisms used in tracking environmental pollution of water, soil and crop contamination with faecal material containing enteric viruses.
Evidence of a shift from featural to configural face processing in infancy
Authors: Schwarzer Gudrun , Zauner Nicola , Jovanovic Bianca
Published: June 2007

Two experiments examined whether 4‐, 6‐, and 10‐month‐old infants process natural looking faces by feature, i.e. processing internal facial features independently of the facial context or holistically by processing the features in conjunction with the facial context. Infants were habituated to two faces and looking time was measured. After habituation they were tested with a habituation face, a switch‐face, or a novel face. In the switch‐faces, the eyes and mouth of the habituation faces were switched. The results showed that the 4‐month‐olds processed eyes and mouth by feature, whereas the 10‐month‐olds processed both features holistically. The 6‐month‐olds were in a transitional stage where they processed the mouth holistically but the eyes still as a feature. Thus, the results demonstrated a shift from featural to holistic processing in the age range of 4 to 10 months.
THE PRO‐LIFE ARGUMENT FROM SUBSTANTIAL IDENTITY AND THE PRO‐CHOICE ARGUMENT FROM ASYMMETRIC VALUE: A REPLY TO PATRICK LEE
Authors: REIMAN JEFFREY
Published: June 2007

Lee claims that foetuses and adult humans are phases of the same identical substance, and thus have the same moral status because: first, foetuses and adults are the same physical organism, and second, the development from foetus to adult is quantitative and thus not a change of substance. Versus the first argument, I contend that the fact that foetuses and adults are the same physical organism implies only that they are the same thing but not the same substance, much as living adults and their corpses are the same thing (same body) but not the same substance. Against Lee's second argument, I contend that Lee confuses the nature of a process with the nature of its result. A process of quantitative change can produce a change in substance. Lee also fails to show that foetuses are rational and thus have all the essential properties of adults, as required for them to be the same substance. Against the pro‐choice argument from asymmetric value (that only the fact that a human has become conscious of its life and begun to count on its continuing can explain human life's asymmetric moral value, i.e. that it is vastly worse to kill a human than not to produce one), Lee claims that foetus's lives are asymmetrically valuable to them before consciousness. This leads to counterintuitive outcomes, and it confuses the goodness of life (a symmetric value that cannot account for why it is worse to kill a human than not produce one) with asymmetric value.
USES OF RESPECT AND USES OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO
Authors: GIBSON SUSANNE
Published: June 2007

In most parts of the world, research on the human embryo is subject to tight controls. In the United Kingdom it is restricted by means of both a fourteen‐day time limit and the permitted purposes of the research. One of the ways in which the argument for these restrictions has been put is in terms of respect. That is, the human embryo is said to be the kind of thing that is worthy of a measure of respect such that there are limits to what can be done to it. This paper considers some of the ways in which this principle of respect has been understood as well as some objections to the very idea that research resulting in the destruction of the human embryo can claim to show that embryo respect. It will be argued that an account of ‘respectful destruction’ can be articulated on the grounds of our shared finitude as human moral agents, and in particular on the grounds of our shared lack of certainty regarding the moral status of the embryo.
Photodynamic therapy in a series of rosacea patients
Authors: Bryld LE , Jemec GBE
Published: June 2007

Background  Rosacea is a common disease that often has a chronic intermittent course despite current treatment; therefore, additional treatment options are desirable. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown.

Objectives  We have previously suggested that photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) may be of benefit as rosacea therapy. The purpose of this study was to further assess the possible benefit of this treatment of rosacea.

Methods  An exploratory review of case notes from rosacea patients treated with PDT was performed. Patients referred to our department with rosacea were offered PDT if requesting an alternative to previously tried conventional therapy. Routine MAL‐PDT with methylaminolevulate and red light was given one to four times; results were evaluated 1–2 months after PTD was initiated and subsequently followed up.

Results  Good results were seen in 10 out of 17 patients, and fair results in another 4 patients. The majority of patients treated could stop or significantly reduce other rosacea therapy for a period lasting from about 3 months and up to 2 years. The study is limited by strong selection bias, and the clinical evaluation was obtained from case notes and photos.

Conclusions  An apparent effect of MAL‐PDT on rosacea could be observed. This is in accordance with our previous experience, and observations made by other researchers. A future randomized controlled trial therefore seems justifiable.
Information Uncertainty and Post‐Earnings‐Announcement‐Drift
Authors: Francis Jennifer , Lafond Ryan , Olsson Per , Schipper Katherine
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  We examine whether rational investor responses to information uncertainty (IU) explain properties of and returns to the post‐earnings‐announcement‐drift (PEAD) trading anomaly. Consistent with a rational learning explanation, we find that: (1) unexpected earnings (UE) signals that are characterized as having greater IU have more muted initial market reactions; (2) extreme UE portfolios are characterized by securities with higher IU than non‐extreme UE portfolios; and (3) within the extreme UE portfolios, high IU securities are more prevalent and earn larger abnormal returns than low IU securities. Further tests show that prior evidence of greater PEAD profitability for higher idiosyncratic volatility securities is explained by the greater information uncertainty associated with these securities.
Termination Fees in Mergers and Acquisitions: Protecting Investors or Managers?
Authors: André Paul , Khalil Samer , Magnan Michel
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Institutional investors closely monitor termination fees in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). We argue that their magnitude reflects either agency problems or efficiency considerations. Focusing on M&A involving Canadian targets between 1997 and 2004, we assess the determinants and market impact of termination fees. Our findings show that the Thomson's SDC Platinum™Worldwide Mergers&Acquisitions Database underestimates their extent. Results suggest that termination fees are essentially an efficient mechanism as they are relatively higher in M&A with high merger costs, a cash component and expected operating synergies. Stock market returns surrounding the deal announcement do not differ across levels of relative termination fees.
Chronic physical illness and mental health in children. Results from a large‐scale population study
Authors: Hysing Mari , Elgen Irene , Gillberg Christopher , Lie Stein Atle , Lundervold Astri J.
Published: June 2007

Background:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in detecting emotional and behavioural problems among children with chronic illness (CI).

Methods:  Parents and teachers of a population of primary school children in Norway (n = 9430) completed a questionnaire including the SDQ, and a question about chronic illness. A total of 74% (n = 7007) of the parents participated. A sub‐sample (n = 1040) was given a psychiatric diagnostic evaluation according to the Development and Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA).

Results:  According to parent reports, 537 (8%) children had a CI. The SDQ revealed an increased risk of emotional and behavioural problems in children with CI as compared with non‐CI peers, both among boys (OR = 2.10 CI 95% 1.56–2.83) and girls (OR = 2.11 CI 95% 1.49–2.99). Children with CI also showed an increased risk of psychiatric disorder as assessed by the DAWBA (OR = 1.70 CI 95% 1.04–2.85). Both the sensitivity and specificity of the SDQ in predicting a psychiatric diagnosis were high, even when only information from parents was included.

Conclusion:  Children with CI in the general population are at increased risk of behavioural and emotional problems and psychiatric disorders. Given its high sensitivity and specificity the SDQ might work well as a screening instrument for behaviour/emotional problems and psychiatric disorder in children with CI.
Audiovisual speech integration and lipreading in autism
Authors: Smith Elizabeth G. , Bennetto Loisa
Published: June 2007

Background:  During speech perception, the ability to integrate auditory and visual information causes speech to sound louder and be more intelligible, and leads to quicker processing. This integration is important in early language development, and also continues to affect speech comprehension throughout the lifespan. Previous research shows that individuals with autism have difficulty integrating information, especially across multiple sensory domains.

Methods:  In the present study, audiovisual speech integration was investigated in 18 adolescents with high‐functioning autism and 19 well‐matched adolescents with typical development using a speech in noise paradigm. Speech reception thresholds were calculated for auditory only and audiovisual matched speech, and lipreading ability was measured.

Results:  Compared to individuals with typical development, individuals with autism showed less benefit from the addition of visual information in audiovisual speech perception. We also found that individuals with autism were significantly worse than those in the comparison group at lipreading. Hierarchical regression demonstrated that group differences in the audiovisual condition, while influenced by auditory perception and especially by lipreading, were also attributable to a unique factor, which may reflect a specific deficit in audiovisual integration.

Conclusions:  Combined deficits in audiovisual speech integration and lipreading in individuals with autism are likely to contribute to ongoing difficulties in speech comprehension, and may also be related to delays in early language development.
Family context and young children's responses to earthquake
Authors: Proctor Laura J. , Fauchier Angèle , Oliver Pamella H. , Ramos Michelle C. , Rios Martha A. , Margolin Gayla
Published: June 2007

Background:  Family context can affect children's vulnerability to various stresses, but little is known regarding the role of family variables on children's reactions to natural disaster. This prospective study examined the influence of predisaster observed parenting behaviors and postdisaster parental stress on young children's distress following an earthquake.

Methods:  Participants were 117 two‐parent families with a child age 4–5 at the initial assessment. The families experienced different degrees of impact from the earthquake. Pre‐earthquake family context comprised observations of parents’ positive and negative behaviors during a parent–child play task. Eight months after the earthquake, mothers reported symptoms of parental stress and children's distress.

Results:  Earthquake impact and children's distress symptoms were moderately correlated (r = .44), but certain pre‐earthquake parental behaviors moderated the relationship. The dose–response association between earthquake impact and children's symptoms did not hold for families in which fathers showed high levels of negative behaviors with daughters, or mothers showed low levels of positive behaviors with sons. In addition, results consistent with full mediation for boys (and partial mediation for girls) indicated that 86% of the total effect of earthquake impact on boys’ distress (and 29% on girls’ distress) occurred through the mediator of reported parental stress.

Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate that young children's responses to an abrupt, negative environmental event, such as an earthquake, are influenced in part by the nature of the parent–child relationship prior to the event as well as by the responses parents exhibit following the event.
Political Economy and the Problem of the Plebs in Eighteenth‐Century Britain
Authors: Dew Ben
Published: June 2007

One of the central debates in eighteenth‐century political economy concerned the role and status of the plebeian populace. This article examines the attempts by historians to understand the nature and significance of these discussions. I argue that writers have been engaged in answering two core questions. Firstly, how did attitudes to labour develop through the course of the eighteenth century and what was the role of Adam Smith's work within this process? Secondly, what was the relationship between political economy and the socio‐economic reality faced by the lower orders? In tracing the various responses to these questions, my analysis looks at both the work by historians of economics concerning the transition from mercantilism to classical political economy, and E. P. Thompson's account of the movement from ‘moral economy’ to ‘political economy’.
Long‐Term Effects of Brief Substance Use Interventions for Mandated College Students: Sleeper Effects of an In‐Person Personal Feedback Intervention
Authors: White Helene R. , Mun Eun Young , Pugh Lisa , Morgan Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

Background: It is known that brief interventions for mandated college students decrease alcohol use and/or related problems in the short term. However, none of the existing studies has followed students' past 6 months. Therefore, we compared the long‐term efficacy of 2 brief substance use feedback interventions for mandated college students.

Methods: We followed up mandated students (N=348) who were randomly assigned to either a brief motivational interview (BMI; n=180) or a written feedback‐only (WF; n=168) intervention at 4 months and 15 months postintervention.

Results: Long‐term follow‐up data revealed that students, at the aggregate level, decreased their peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, number of drinks per week, and number of alcohol‐related problems at 15 months postintervention compared with their baseline levels. With the exception of peak BAC, the observed long‐term reduction was mainly due to the positive change among students who received the BMI intervention. Students in the BMI intervention showed significantly lower levels of alcohol‐related problems at 15 months than those in the WF intervention. The BMI intervention more effectively reduced within‐individual alcohol‐related problems during the initial 4 months, and more successfully curbed the subsequent increase in alcohol use frequency and number of drinks per week during the 11 months between the 2 follow‐up assessments.

Conclusions: The results suggest that brief substance use interventions reduce the riskiest type of alcohol use (e.g., peak BAC) among mandated college students over the long term, and that sleeper effects of in‐person personal feedback interventions (PFIs) exist. In‐person PFIs in the context of a motivational interview may be more efficacious in the long term than written feedback‐only interventions for mandated students. Future studies comparing interventions for college students should extend follow‐up for longer periods of time.
Inconsistency Over Time in the Preferences of Older Persons with Advanced Illness for Life‐Sustaining Treatment
Authors: Fried Terri R. , O'Leary John , Van Ness Peter , Fraenkel Liana
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether preferences for future attempts at life‐sustaining treatment change over time in a consistent and predictable manner.

DESIGN: Observational cohort study.

SETTING: Community.

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty‐nine community‐dwelling persons ages 60 and older with advanced cancer, heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

MEASUREMENTS: Participants were asked, if faced with an illness exacerbation that would be fatal if untreated, whether they would undergo high‐burden therapy for a chance to avoid death and risk an impaired health state to avoid death. Interviews occurred at least every 4 months for up to 2 years.

RESULTS: When asked their willingness to undergo high‐burden therapy for a chance to avoid death, 35% had an inconsistent preference trajectory (e.g., becoming more and then less willing over time or vice versa). The proportion with inconsistent trajectories increased to 48% and 49% when asked their willingness to risk physical or cognitive disability, respectively, to avoid death. Participants with variable health states over time were more likely to have inconsistent trajectories, although inconsistent trajectories were also common in those with stable health states.

CONCLUSION: A large proportion of older persons with advanced illness have inconsistent trajectories of willingness to undergo burdensome therapy or risk an impaired health state for a chance to avoid death. Variability in their health state over time explained this in part, although the frequency of inconsistent trajectories even in those with stable health states suggests that preferences are influenced by transient factors rather than representing stable core values.
A Curriculum to Teach Internal Medicine Residents to Perform House Calls for Older Adults
Authors: Hayashi Jennifer L. , Phillips Karran A. , Arbaje Alicia , Sridharan Anirudh , Gajadhar Rachelle , Sisson Stephen D.
Published: June 2007

Physician house calls are an important but underused mode of delivering health care to a growing population of homebound elderly patients. One major barrier to internal medicine physicians making house calls is a lack of training in this setting. This article describes a needs assessment survey of residents from nine internal medicine residency programs for a house call curriculum that combines a longitudinal clinical experience with Internet‐based learning. Implementation of the curriculum was begun in July 2006, and data will be collected and results evaluated for at least 2 years. Several educational outcomes from the intervention are anticipated, including increased learner knowledge of house call medicine, improved learner confidence in making house calls, and program director satisfaction with the curriculum. This early work lays the foundation for determining the effect of a carefully designed curriculum on the number of practicing internists with the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to meet the growing need for physician house calls.
Hedging, Financing and Investment Decisions: A Simultaneous Equations Framework
Authors: Lin Chen‐Miao , Smith Stephen D.
Published: June 2007

We empirically investigate the interactions among hedging, financing, and investment decisions. We argue that the way in which hedging affects a firm's financing and investing decisions differs for firms with different growth opportunities. We find that high growth firms increase their investment, but not leverage, by hedging. However, we also find that firms with few investment opportunities use derivatives to increase their leverage.
Convertible Securities, Employee Stock Options and the Cost of Equity
Authors: Daves Phillip R. , Ehrhardt Michael C.
Published: June 2007

We provide a method for calculating the cost of equity and the cost of capital in the presence of convertible securities and employee stock options. We demonstrate how this approach can be applied if a company already has issued convertible claims or if it is considering doing so for the first time. We provide several numerical examples illustrating the significance of errors in estimating the cost of capital that can result when (1) employee stock options are ignored or (2) the observable stock price is used as a proxy for the unobservable underlying asset.
The Conserved Isoleucine–Valine–Phenylalanine Motif Couples Activation State and Endocytic Functions of β‐Arrestins
Authors: Burtey Anne , Schmid Eva M. , Ford Marijn G. J. , Rappoport Joshua Z. , Scott Mark G. H. , Marullo Stefano , Simon Sanford M. , McMahon Harvey T. , Benmerah Alexandre
Published: June 2007

Beta‐arrestins (βarrs) play a central role in the regulation of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). Their binding to phosphorylated activated GPCRs induces a conformational transition to an active state resulting in the release of their flexible C‐terminal tail. Binding sites for clathrin and the adaptor protein (AP)‐2 clathrin adaptor complex are then unmasked, which drive the recruitment of βarrs‐GPCR complexes into clathrin‐coated pits (CCPs). A conserved isoleucine‐valine‐phenylalanine (IVF) motif of the C‐terminal tail controls βarr activation through intramolecular interactions. Here, we provide structural, biochemical and functional evidence in living cells that the IVF motif also controls binding to AP‐2. While the F residue is directly involved in AP‐2 binding, substitutions of I and V residues, markedly enhanced affinity for AP‐2 resulting in active βarr mutants, which are constitutively targeted to CCPs in the absence of any GPCR activation. Conformational change and endocytic functions of βarrs thus appear to be coordinated via the complex molecular interactions established by the IVF motif.
An Acidic Cluster of the Cytoplasmic Tail of the RD114 Virus Glycoprotein Controls Assembly of Retroviral Envelopes
Authors: Bouard David , Sandrin Virginie , Boson Bertrand , Nègre Didier , Thomas Gary , Granier Christelle , Cosset François‐Loïc
Published: June 2007

Retroviral core proteins, Gag and envelope (Env) glycoproteins are expressed from distinct cellular areas and therefore need to encounter to assemble infectious particles. The intrinsic cell localisation properties of either viral component or their capacity to mutually interact determines the assembly of infectious particles. Here, we address how Env determinants and cellular sorting proteins allow the Env derived from gamma retroviruses, murine leukemia virus (MLV) and RD114, to travel to or from late endosomes (LE), which may represent the Env assembly site of retroviruses in some cells. The individual expression of MLV Env resulted in its accumulation in LE in contrast to RD114 Env that required the presence of gamma retroviral Gag proteins. To discriminate between intrinsic intracellular Env localisation and gamma retroviral Gag/Env interactions in influencing Env viral incorporation, we studied Env assembly on heterologous lentiviral particles on which they are passively recruited. We found that an acidic cluster present at the C‐terminus of the RD114 Env cytoplasmic tail determines its sub‐cellular localisation and retrograde transport. Mutation of this motif induced late endosomal concentration of the RD114 Env, correlating with increased viral incorporation and infectivity. Reciprocally, the reinforcement of a poorly functional acidic motif in the MLV Env resulted in a marked decrease of its late endosomal localisation, leading to weakly infectious lentiviral particles with low Env densities. Finally, through upregulation versus downregulation of its cellular expression, we show that phosphofurin acidic‐cluster‐sorting protein 1 (PACS‐1) controls the function of the RD114 Env acidic cluster, assigning to this cellular effector a crucial role in modulation of Env assembly of some retroviruses.
Clathrin‐Coated Pits: Vive La Différence?
Authors: Benmerah Alexandre , Lamaze Christophe
Published: June 2007

Because of the discovery of coated pits and vesicles more than 40 years ago and the identification of clathrin as a major component of the coat, it has been assumed that clathrin‐coated pits (CCPs) are responsible for the uptake of most plasma membrane receptors undergoing internalization. The recent molecular characterization of clathrin‐independent routes of endocytosis confirms that several alternative endocytic pathways operate at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. This heterogeneous view of endocytosis has been expanded still further by recent studies, suggesting that different subpopulations of CCPs responsible for the internalization of specific sets of cargo may coexist. In the present review, we have discussed the experimental evidence in favor or against the existence of distinct parallel clathrin‐dependent pathways at the plasma membrane.
A Di‐Acidic Sequence Motif Enhances the Surface Expression of the Potassium Channel TASK‐3
Authors: Zuzarte Marylou , Rinné Susanne , Schlichthörl Günter , Schubert Andrea , Daut Jürgen , Preisig‐Müller Regina
Published: June 2007

We have characterized a sequence motif, EDE, in the proximal C‐terminus of the acid‐sensitive potassium channel TASK‐3. Human TASK‐3 channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the density of the channels at the surface membrane was studied with two complementary techniques: a luminometric surface expression assay of hemagglutinin epitope‐tagged TASK‐3 channels and voltage‐clamp measurements of the acid‐sensitive potassium current. Both approaches showed that mutation of the two glutamate residues of the EDE motif to alanine (ADA mutant) markedly reduced the transport of TASK‐3 channels to the cell surface. Mutation of the central aspartate of the EDE motif had no effect on surface expression. The functional role of the EDE motif was further characterized in chimaeric constructs consisting of truncated Kir2.1 channels to which the C‐terminus of TASK‐3 was attached. In these constructs, too, replacement of the EDE motif by ADA strongly reduced surface expression. Live‐cell imaging of enhanced green fluorescent protein‐tagged channels expressed in COS‐7 cells showed that 24 h after transfection wild‐type TASK‐3 was mainly localized to the cell surface whereas the ADA mutant was largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutation of a second di‐acidic motif in the C‐terminus of TASK‐3 (DAE) had no effect on surface expression. Coexpression of TASK‐3 with a GTP‐restricted mutant of the coat recruitment GTPase Sar1 (Sar1H79G) resulted in ER retention of the channel. Our data suggest that the di‐acidic motif, EDE, in human TASK‐3 is a major determinant of the rate of ER export and is required for efficient surface expression of the channel.
Empire, Exile, and England's ‘British Problem’: Recent Approaches to Spenser's Shepheardes Calender as a Colonial and Postcolonial Text
Authors: Mottram Stewart
Published: June 2007

The ‘British Problem’, or new British history, began in the 1970s as a reaction to a sort of cultural myopia that reduced all British to purely English history. To identify a ‘British Problem’, then, was to encourage historians of England to view England in relation to its British neighbours, and to explore how far England's British relations have affected English political and cultural history. Recent years have seen the application of this new British history to the study of English literature, with early modernists approaching texts from a British perspective, arguing that England's colonial interests in Wales, Scotland and Ireland affected writing by Spenser and Shakespeare in particular. This article surveys recent critical interest in England's ‘British Problem’ as it applies to Tudor English literature, but it also asks that we do not forget England amid all this talk of England's burgeoning ‘British’ empire. Colonial interests apart, England also saw itself in the sixteenth century as ‘postcolonial’, as independent from Catholic Europe and the influence of Rome. The word ‘empire’ was used to describe England's postcolonial independence, even as it was used to encode England's colonial ambitions over Britain. The article, then, goes on to survey England's self‐image in the sixteenth century as an ‘empire’, or independent nation‐state, exploring how England came to be written at this time in relation to concepts of empire and exile associated with the Roman poet Virgil. It ends by focusing on recent critical interest in Spenser's Shepheardes Calender as both a colonial and postcolonial text, a text about England's relations to Britain as well as about England's relations to Rome.
Clinical Nurse Specialists' Use of Evidence in Practice: A Pilot Study
Authors: Profetto‐McGrath Joanne , Smith Karen Bulmer , Hugo Kylie , Taylor Michael , El‐Hajj Hannan
Published: June 2007

Background: The interest in finding ways to bridge the gap between nursing research and implementation of findings into practice has been increasing. Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) may be a bridge between frontline nurses and current developments in practice. While several researchers have studied the use of evidence by nurses in general, no known studies have been focused specifically on the use of evidence by CNSs.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to develop an understanding of the sources, nature, and application of evidence used by CNSs in practice and to investigate the feasibility of conducting a qualitative study focused on the CNS role in relation to evidence use in practice.

Methods: This pilot study is a descriptive exploratory design in the qualitative paradigm. Seven CNSs from a large Western Canadian health region were interviewed. Interview transcripts were reviewed for recurrent themes about sources of evidence, evidence use, and barriers and facilitators to evidence use.

Findings: CNSs access and use evidence from a variety of sources. All CNSs indicated that research literature was a primary source of evidence and research was used in decision‐making. Peers and experience were also important sources of evidence. CNSs used the Internet extensively to consult research databases, online sources of evidence, and to contact peers about current practice. CNSs also gathered evidence from frontline nurses, healthcare team members, and families before decision‐making. The choice of evidence often depended upon the type of question they were attempting to answer. Barriers cited by CNSs support previous research and included lack of time, resources, and receptivity at clinical and organizational levels. Facilitators included peers, organizational support, and advanced education.

Discussion: CNSs in Canada have advanced education and clinical expertise and many are employed in roles that permeate organizational management and clinical nursing care. It is suggested that qualitative research in naturalized settings that investigates the role of CNSs in relation to the dissemination of evidence in nursing practice needs attention.
Postnatal Debriefing Interventions to Prevent Maternal Mental Health Problems After Birth: Exploring the Gap Between the Evidence and UK Policy and Practice
Authors: Rowan Cathy , Bick Debra , Bastos Maria Helena da Silva
Published: June 2007

Background: Postnatal mental health problems range from transient psychological problems to depression, anxiety, psychosis, and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Debriefing is a structured psychological intervention to prevent postnatal psychological problems, particularly PTSD and depression. Many UK maternity service providers have established postnatal debriefing services, in some cases supported by policy, despite a lack of robust evidence. In this article, current evidence of the effectiveness of postnatal debriefing and the availability and current provision of debriefing offered in UK maternity services is described.

Methods: A structured literature review was undertaken.

Findings: Eight randomized controlled trials were conducted to evaluate debriefing or counseling interventions in childbirth settings, and seven studies were done to evaluate debriefing or counseling interventions provided within UK maternity services or describe the availability of such services. Results of six RCTs were that no differences in outcomes were found, one report indicated possible harm from debriefing, and two indicated a positive association related to a psychological intervention. Methodological issues might account for differing trial outcomes. No standard intervention was used in any RCTs or service interventions. Confusion apparently exists in use of the term “debriefing” in UK maternity service policy and practice. Although service evaluations showed that women valued opportunities to discuss their birth, evidence to support the content and timing of service provision and effectiveness of this was lacking.

Discussion: It might be appropriate to consider offering women an opportunity to discuss their childbirth experience and to differentiate this discussion from the offer of a formal debriefing, which is unsupported by evidence.

Implications for Practice/Conclusion: Midwives and other health care professionals who provide opportunities for women to talk about childbirth should be clear about terms used to describe the intervention, as well as the purpose and content of this. Differentiating between women who perceive their experience of childbirth as traumatic and those who develop symptoms of PTSD (for whom specific treatment may be required) is important. All health care professionals should be aware of the signs and symptoms of mental health problems after birth, which may include depression, anxiety, or psychosis in addition to PTSD.