bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of microwave heating of a dielectric
Authors: Funawatashi Yuichi , Suzuki Tateyuki
Published: April 2003

Microwave heating of a dielectric in a cavity was analyzed numerically with the FDTD method with the aim of devising new methods for reducing uneven heating typical of microwaving. The dielectric was assumed to be water and the frequency of a microwave was taken to be 1 GHz. It was found that the electric field is highly dependent on the position of the dielectric in a cavity. The temperature distribution reflects the profile of the RMS value of the electric field in the dielectric, although there appears to be no effect of the short wavelength typical of the electric field. The heating rate depends on the position of the dielectric. In the case of a higher effective loss factor a microwave decays immediately after entering the dielectric, and the temperature of the interior remains low. These results indicate that the uneven heating is due to at least two causes: standing wave and rapid decay of a microwave. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(3): 227–236, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10087
Evaluation tests of 1700 °C class turbine cooled blades for a hydrogen fueled combustion turbine system
Authors: Okamura Takanari , Kawagishi Hiroyuki , Koga Akinori , Itoh Shoko
Published: April 2003

The development of 1700 °C class hydrogen fueled combustion turbine system with output of 500 MW and thermal efficiency of over 60% (HHV) has been conducted in the World Energy Network (WE‐NET) program. This paper describes the development of the first‐stage turbine cooled stator and rotor blades applied to the power generation system. The conceptual design of these cooling blades which were served in hot steam flow was carried out. The hybrid cooling method combining recovery cooling with partial ejection cooling was chosen from several cooling systems from a viewpoint of plant efficiency, operational reliability, and durability of cooled blades. Also, the single crystal superalloy (SC) as a blade substrate and thermal barrier coating (TBC) were applied. The experiments of the scale model turbine cooled blades were carried out using a hydrogen–oxygen combustion wind tunnel with practical steam conditions of 1700 °C and 2.5 MPa. The cooling effectiveness and metal temperature at rated condition and the soundness of TBC and blade substrate of the first stage stator and rotor test blades were clarified. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(3): 237–252, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10088
Influence of inclination angle, attack angle, and arrangement of rectangular vortex generators on heat transfer performance
Authors: Tanaka Takeo , Itoh Masaaki , Hatada Toshio , Matsushima Hitoshi
Published: April 2003

We have studied the enhancement of heat transfer by vortex generators. Experiments were performed on rectangular‐type vortex generators mounted on a parallel‐plate heater, and the heat transfer coefficient of the heater surface and pressure drop in the duct were measured. These measurements indicated that a rectangular vortex generator (called a double‐inclined winglet), with inclination angle of the vortex generator surface to the heater surface (β) at 60°, and the attack angle to the flow direction (γ) at 45°, maximizes the local Nusselt number of the heater surface. It was also found that a group of double‐inclined winglets has an optimal arrangement in a winglet array, longitudinal pitch and transverse pitch, that maximizes the ratio [Colburn's dimensionless heat transfer coefficient JH]/[friction factor f]. The results of numerical calculations showed that the double‐inclined winglet was superior to the conventional rectangular vortex generator in heat transfer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(3): 253–267, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10089
Thermal contact resistance between an element and a housing in an aluminum electrolytic capacitor
Authors: Suzuki Osamu , Sasaki Kaname , Kuwahara Heikichi
Published: April 2003

Cooling performance of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, whose element pressed on the inner bottom surface of the capacitor housing in order to decrease thermal contact resistance between the element and the housing, was measured and improved. It was found that a thermally conductive elastomer decreases this contact resistance. The elastomer with a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm was inserted between the bottom surface of the capacitor element and the plain metal surface. Experimental measurements show that the contact resistance with the 0.5‐mm‐thick elastomer is smaller than that without an elastomer. A simple analysis was also developed for predicting the thermal contact resistance with different elastomer thicknesses, and these predicted resistances agree reasonably well with the experimental measurements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(3): 268–277, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10090
Fluid flow and heat transfer of natural convection adjacent to upward‐facing inclined heated plates
Authors: Kimura Fumiyoshi , Kitamura Kenzo , Yamaguchi Manabu , Asami Toshihiko
Published: April 2003

Turbulent transition mechanism and local heat transfer characteristics of the natural convective flows over upward‐facing inclined plates were investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in the range of modified local Rayleigh numbers from 104 to 8 × 1014 and of inclination angles θ from 0 to 90°. The flow fields over the plate and the surface temperatures of the plate were visualized with dye and liquid crystal thermometry. The results showed that longitudinal vortices play a main role in the turbulent transition over the plate of θ < 72°. These vortices appear first in the laminar boundary layer, then detach from the plate and, finally become distorted. It is found that the heat transfer is enhanced markedly by the detachment and the distortion of these vortices. The local heat transfer coefficients were measured in the laminar, transitional, and turbulent regions. The results show that the coefficients in the turbulent region become identical and independent of inclination angles. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(3): 278–291, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10091
Selective descriptor pruning for QSAR/QSPR studies using artificial neural networks
Authors: Turner Joseph V. , Cutler David J. , Spence Ian , Maddalena Desmond J.
Published: April 2003

Selection of optimal descriptors in quantitative structure–activity–property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) studies has been a perennial problem. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been used widely in QSAR/QSPR studies but less widely in descriptor selection. The current study used ANNs to select an optimal set of descriptors using large numbers of input variables. The effects of clean, noisy, and random input descriptors with linear, nonlinear, and periodic data on synthetic and real data QSAR/QSPR sets were examined. The optimal set of descriptors could be determined using a signal‐to‐noise ratio method. The optimal values for the rho parameter, which relates sample size to network architecture, were found to vary with the type of data. ANNs were able to detect meaningful descriptors in the presence of large numbers of random false descriptors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 891–897, 2003
Predicting structural models for silicon clusters
Authors: Zacharias Carlos Renato , Lemes Maurício Ruv , Dal Pino Arnaldo , Santo Orcero David
Published: April 2003

This article introduces an efficient method to generate structural models for medium‐sized silicon clusters. Geometrical information obtained from previous investigations of small clusters is initially sorted and then introduced into our predictor algorithm in order to generate structural models for large clusters. The method predicts geometries whose binding energies are close (95%) to the corresponding value for the ground‐state with very low computational cost. These predictions can be used as a very good initial guess for any global optimization algorithm. As a test case, information from clusters up to 14 atoms was used to predict good models for silicon clusters up to 20 atoms. We believe that the new algorithm may enhance the performance of most optimization methods whenever some previous information is available. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 869–875, 2003
Theoretical study of the interaction between a high‐valent manganese porphyrin oxyl‐(hydroxo)‐Mn(IV)‐TMPyP and double‐stranded DNA
Authors: Arnaud Philippe , Zakrzewska Krystyna , Meunier Bernard
Published: April 2003

Cationic porphyrin derivatives such as meso‐tetrakis(4‐N‐methylpyridinium)porphyrin, TMPyP, have been shown to interact with double‐stranded DNA. The manganese derivative, Mn(III)‐TMPyP, activated by an oxygen donor like potassium monopersulfate, provides an efficient DNA‐cleaving system. Previous experimental work1 has shown that DNA cleavage by the Mn(III)‐TMPyP/KHSO5 system was due to an oxidative attack, within the minor groove of B‐DNA, at the C5′ or C1′ carbons of deoxyribose units. The aim of this study was to use molecular modeling to elucidate the specificity of the interactions between the transient active species oxyl‐Mn(IV)‐TMPyP and the DNA target. Geometric parameters, charges, and force field constants consistent with the AMBER 98 force field were calculated by DFT methods. Molecular modeling (mechanics and dynamic simulations) were performed for oxyl‐(hydroxo)‐Mn(IV)‐TMPyP bound in the minor groove of the dodecamer d(5′‐TCGTCAAACCGC)‐d(5′‐GCGGTTTGACGA). Geometry, interactions, and binding energy of the metalloporphyrin located at the A.T triplet region of the dodecamer were analyzed. These studies show no significant structural change of the DNA structure upon ligand binding. Mobility of the metalloporphyrin in the minor groove was restrained by the formation of a hydrogen bond between the hydroxo ligand trans to the metal‐oxyl and a DNA phosphate, restricting the access of the oxyl group to the (pro‐S) H atom at C5′. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 797–805, 2003
Packing optimization for automated generation of complex system's initial configurations for molecular dynamics and docking
Authors: Martínez José Mario , Martínez Leandro
Published: April 2003

Molecular Dynamics is a powerful methodology for the comprehension at molecular level of many chemical and biochemical systems. The theories and techniques developed for structural and thermodynamic analyses are well established, and many software packages are available. However, designing starting configurations for dynamics can be cumbersome. Easily generated regular lattices can be used when simple liquids or mixtures are studied. However, for complex mixtures, polymer solutions or solid adsorbed liquids (for example) this approach is inefficient, and it turns out to be very hard to obtain an adequate coordinate file. In this article, the problem of obtaining an adequate initial configuration is treated as a “packing” problem and solved by an optimization procedure. The initial configuration is chosen in such a way that the minimum distance between atoms of different molecules is greater than a fixed tolerance. The optimization uses a well‐known algorithm for box‐constrained minimization. Applications are given for biomolecule solvation, many‐component mixtures, and interfaces. This approach can reduce the work of designing starting configurations from days or weeks to few minutes or hours, in an automated fashion. Packing optimization is also shown to be a powerful methodology for space search in docking of small ligands to proteins. This is demonstrated by docking of the thyroid hormone to its nuclear receptor. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 819–825, 2003
Structures and energies of D‐galactose and galabiose conformers as calculated by ab initio and semiempirical methods
Authors: Rahal‐Sekkal Majda , Sekkal Nezha , Kleb Dirk C. , Bleckmann Paul
Published: April 2003

Optimized geometries and total energies of some conformers of α‐ and β‐D‐galactose have been calculated using the RHF/6‐31G* ab initio method. Vibrational frequencies were computed at the 6‐31G* level for the conformers that favor internal hydrogen bonding, in order to evaluate their enthalpies, entropies, Gibbs free energies, and then their structural stabilities. The semiempirical AM1, PM3, MNDO methods have also been performed on the conformers GG, GT, and TG of α‐ and β‐D‐galactose. In order to test the reliability of each semiempirical method, the obtained structures and energies from the AM1, PM3, and MNDO methods have been compared to those achieved using the RHF/6‐31G* ab initio method. The MNDO method has not been investigated further, because of the large deviation in the structural parameters compared with those obtained by the ab initio method for the galactose. The semiempirical method that has yielded the best results is AM1, and it has been chosen to perform structural and energy calculations on the galabiose molecule (the disaccharides constituted by two galactose units α 1,4 linked). The goal of such calculations is to draw the energy surface maps for this disaccharide. To realize each map, 144 different possible conformations resulting from the rotations of the two torsional angles ψ and ϕ of the glycosidic linkage are considered. In each calculation, at each increment of ψ and ϕ, using a step of 30° from 0 to 330°, the energy optimization is employed. In this article, we report also calculations concerning the galabiose molecule using different ab initio levels such as RHF/6‐31G*, RHF/6‐31G**, and B3Lyp/6‐31G*. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 806–818, 2003
Polarized basis sets of Slater‐type orbitals: H to Ne atoms
Authors: Ema I. , García de la Vega J. M. , Ramírez G. , López R. , Fernández Rico J. , Meissner H. , Paldus J.
Published: April 2003

We present three Slater‐type atomic orbital (STO) valence basis (VB) sets for the first and second row atoms, referred to as the VB1, VB2, and VB3 bases. The smallest VB1 basis has the following structure: [3, 1] for the H and He atoms, [5, 1] for Li and Be, and [5, 3, 1] for the B to Ne series. For the VB2 and VB3 bases, both the number of shells and the number of functions per shell are successively increased by one with respect to VB1. With the exception of the H and Li atoms, the exponents for the VB1 bases were obtained by minimizing the sum of the Hartree–Fock (HF) and frozen‐core singles and doubles configuration interaction (CISD FC) energies of the respective atoms in their ground state. For H and Li, we minimized the sum of the HF and CISD FC energies of the corresponding diatoms (i.e., of H2 or Li2) plus the ground‐state energy of the atom. In the case of the VB2 basis sets, the sum that was minimized also included the energies of the positive and negative ions, and for the VB3 bases, the energies of a few lowest lying excited states of the atom. To account for the core correlations, the VBx (x = 1, 2, and 3) basis sets for the Li to Ne series were enlarged by one function per shell. The exponents of these extended (core‐valence, CV) basis sets, referred to, respectively, as the CVBx (x = 1, 2, and 3) bases, were optimized by relying on the same criteria as in the case of the VBx (x = 1, 2, and 3) bases, except that the full CISD rather than CISD FC energies were employed. We show that these polarized STO basis sets provide good HF and CI energies for the ground and excited states of the atoms considered, as well as for the corresponding ions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 859–868, 2003
Comparative studies of quasi‐relativistic density functional methods for the description of lanthanide and actinide complexes
Authors: Vetere Valentina , Maldivi Pascale , Adamo Carlo
Published: April 2003

We present a comparative Density Functional Theory (DFT) study based on two different implementations of relativistic effects within the Kohn–Sham (KS) approach, to describe the metal–ligand interaction in I3M‐L complexes (L = NH3, NCCH3, CO and M = La, Nd, U). In the first model, the scalar corrections were included by a quasi‐relativistic approach (QR) via the so‐called ZORA or Pauli Hamiltonians, while in the second, these effects are taken into account in a quasi‐Relativistic Effective Core Potential (RECP). These relativistic approaches were used in conjunction with various gradient corrected (GGA) or hybrid (SCH) functionals. The structural parameters obtained from geometry optimizations have been compared to experimental structural trends, and rationalized by a KS orbital analysis. Both approaches provide similar results for mainly ionic metal–ligand bonds (e.g., for the σ‐donor ligand L = NH3). For the π‐acceptor ligands (NCCH3, CO), the QR approach is in agreement with experimental trends and consistent with the presence of a backbonding interaction between U(III) and the neutral ligand, which does not exist in the lanthanide homologues. The GGA/RECP methods also reproduce this phenomenon, while the SCH/RECP scheme fails to describe this interaction. The role of the RECP, of its size, and of additional polarization functions has also been examined. Finally, the failure of the SCH/RECP approach was interpreted as a consequence of a bad estimation of frontier orbital energy levels in the uranium and ligand species. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 850–858, 2003
Novel topological index for research on structure‐property relationships of complex organic compounds
Authors: Jiang Yu‐Ren , Liu Jing‐Ya , Hu Yue‐Hua , Fujita Toyohisa
Published: April 2003

Based on bonding parameters such as Yang's Electronegative Force Gauge Yi, electronic number of valence layer Zi, number of combined hydrogen atoms hi, number of bonding electron bi, and quantum number such as the highest main quantum number of valence layer ni, a novel atomic valence δ is defined and a novel topological index 1χY is derived from the atomic valence. The atomic valence is defined as δ = (Zi − hi)bi/nYi, while the topological index is expressed as 1χY ∑ (δδ)−1/2. Subsequently, the index 1χY is utilized to study the structure‐property relationships of complex organic compounds. The results of correlativity showed that the index is highly and extensively correlated with such properties as solubility of phenyl chlorides, gas chromatographic retention index of alkoxyl silanes, and toxicity of heterocyclic nitrogen‐containing compounds. Moreover, predicted values are quite consistent with experimental ones when the index is employed to predict the partition coefficient (log P) of fatty alcohols, phenyl chlorides, and barbitals. Compared to the topological indices reported in the literature, the universality and reliability of 1χY to the properties of complex organic compounds have been distinctively improved, and its calculating process is simple and convenient. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 842–849, 2003
Inverse Monte Carlo procedure for conformation determination of macromolecules
Authors: Bathe Mark , Rutledge Gregory C.
Published: April 2003

A novel numerical method for determining the conformational structure of macromolecules is applied to idealized biomacromolecules in solution. The method computes effective inter‐residue interaction potentials solely from the corresponding radial distribution functions, such as would be obtained from experimental data. The interaction potentials generate conformational ensembles that reproduce thermodynamic properties of the macromolecule (mean energy and heat capacity) in addition to the target radial distribution functions. As an evaluation of its utility in structure determination, we apply the method to a homopolymer and a heteropolymer model of a three‐helix bundle protein [Zhou, Y.; Karplus, M. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94, 14429; Zhou, Y. et al. J Chem Phys 1997, 107, 10691] at various thermodynamic state points, including the ordered globule, disordered globule, and random coil states. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 876–890, 2003
Algorithm for normal mode analysis with general internal coordinates
Authors: Kamiya Kenshu , Sugawara Yoko , Umeyama Hideaki
Published: April 2003

A technique for performing normal vibrational analysis for biological macromolecules using general internal coordinates is proposed. The technique is based on the conventional algorithm for calculating the second derivatives of potential and kinetic energies using intramolecular dihedral angles, intermolecular translation, and rotation as variables [Braun, W. et al., J Phys Soc Jpn 1984, 53, 3269]. We extend the algorithm to include more general internal coordinates, bond stretching, angle bending, and so forth, without assuming two‐body interactions. The essential point is the separation of the variables for potential functions and vibrational analysis. With our technique, we can arbitrarily choose any combination of internal coordinates as variables, free from the functional form of potential energy. We can analyze complex systems such as a multiple molecular system including solvents or a transition state of chemical reactions. In addition, mixed use of the potentials of molecular mechanics and quantum chemistry is possible. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 826–841, 2003
8‐oxoguanine lesioned B‐DNA molecule complexed with repair enzyme hOGG1: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Pinak Miroslav
Published: April 2003

The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of DNA mutagenic oxidative lesion, 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐oxoguanine (8‐oxoG), complexed with the repair enzyme, human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1), was performed for 1 nanosecond (ns) in order to describe the dynamical process of DNA‐enzyme complex formation. After 900 picoseconds of MD the lesioned DNA and enzyme formed a complex that lasted until the end of the simulation at 1 ns. The complex was mainly represented by the overlapping van der Waals surfaces of DNA and enzyme molecules. The amino group of arginine 324 was located close to the phosphodiester bond of the nucleotide with 8‐oxoG enabling chemical reactions between amino acid and lesion. The broken hydrogen bonds resulting in locally collapsed B‐DNA structure were observed at the lesion site. The phosphodiester bond at C5′ of 8‐oxoG was displaced to the position close to the amino group of arginine 324. The water‐mediated hydrogen bond network was formed in each contact area between DNA and enzyme, further enhancing the stability of the complex. In the background simulation of the identical molecular system with the native DNA, neither the complex nor the water‐ mediated hydrogen bond network was observed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 898–907, 2003
Significance of serum IgA levels and serum IgA/C3 ratio in diagnostic analysis of patients with IgA nephropathy
Authors: Maeda Atsuko , Gohda Tomohito , Funabiki Kazuhiko , Horikoshi Satoshi , Shirato Isao , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: April 2003

Diagnostic analysis of clinical markers including serum IgA levels and serum IgA/C3 ratio in patients with IgA nephropathy is described. One hundred patients with IgA nephropathy (IgA nephropathy group) and 100 patients with other primary glomerular diseases (non‐IgA nephropathy group) were examined. The analysis was performed to distinguish between these two groups using four clinical markers: 1) more than five red blood cells in urinary sediments, 2) persistent proteinuria (urinary protein of more than 0.3 g/day), 3) serum IgA levels of more than 315 mg/dl, and 4) a serum IgA/C3 ratio of more than 3.01. Patients with three or four clinical markers were easily diagnosed as having IgA nephropathy in this study. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in these clinical markers between the good prognosis and relatively good prognosis groups (Groups I and II) and the relatively poor prognosis and poor prognosis groups (Groups III and IV) of IgA nephropathy patients. It appears that the presence of microscopic hematuria and/or persistent proteinuria, high serum IgA levels, and the serum IgA/C3 ratio are useful for distinguishing IgA nephropathy from other primary renal diseases. It is postulated that these clinical markers are also useful for diagnosis of IgA nephropathy without renal biopsy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:73–76, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D‐dimer and its relationship to fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDPs) in disorders associated with activation of coagulation or fibrinolytic systems
Authors: Moresco Rafael Noal , Vargas Luis Cláudio Rosa , Voegeli Carlos Franco , Santos Roberto Christ Vianna
Published: April 2003

Levels of D‐dimer and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDPs) are significantly elevated in patients with deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or other complications. The diagnosis of these disorders can be difficult, time‐consuming, and expensive. Assays for the detection of FDPs and D‐dimer are used in many laboratories to investigate these disorders. The aim of this study was to compare plasma D‐dimer levels obtained by the immuno‐turdimetric method (Liatest D‐Dimer Diagnostica Stago, Asnières, France) with plasma FDPs were measured by latex agglutination to investigate the relationship between these parameters. These immunoassays were tested in 144 blood samples from patients with suspected disorders associated with activation of coagulation or fibrinolytic systems. D‐dimer and FDPs assays were performed in plasma samples by the use of Liatest D‐dimer and plasma FDPs (Diagnostica Stago), respectively. Patients were divided into four groups according to plasma D‐dimer levels. In group 1, 47.4% had negative FDPs and 52.6% had positive FDPs. In group 2, 15.4% had negative FDPs and 84.6% had positive FDPs. In group 3, 10.3% had negative FDPs and 89.7% had positive FDPs. All of the patients in group 4 had positive FDPs. It was shown that plasma D‐dimer levels measured by Liatest D‐dimer have a relation to FDP levels measured by latex agglutination. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:77–79, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of RHD genes in Taiwanese RhD‐negative donors by the multiplex PCR method
Authors: Lee Y.‐L. , Chiou H.‐L. , Hu S.‐N. , Wang L.
Published: April 2003

The determination of the RhD phenotype is important in transfusion medicine. However, due to the complexity of D antigen expression, the routine serological method cannot differentiate all RhD variants. In addition, the induction of the anti‐D antibody is still the major cause of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Therefore, it is important to understand RHD gene profiles. To analyze the RHD gene profiles of Taiwanese RhD‐negative donors, the multiplex PCR method was applied to amplify RHD specific exons 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9. Based on the PCR results, the 156 RhD‐negative donors were divided into 12 groups according to the different expression patterns of the RHD gene. These 12 groups were further divided into three categories: type I=Rh Del (21.8%); type II = partial D, containing some exons (9.0%); and type III = true RhD‐negative (69.2%). The results indicated that 21.8% of RhD‐negative donors in Taiwan were RhDel, and 9% carried a part of the RHD gene. Six defined RhD variants were found in this study: four ROHar, one DVa, and two DIVb. However, no true RhD‐negative or RhDel donor with the CcdEe phenotype was found in this analysis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:80–84, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in renal cell carcinoma is correlated with cancer advancement
Authors: Yang Ching‐Chiang , Chu Kang‐Chu , Yeh Wen‐Meng
Published: April 2003

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) functions as a regulator of neovascularization in malignant cells. VEGF as a mitogen is thought to alter renal cell carcinoma formation and tumor progression. We investigated the expression of the VEGF gene in order to evaluate its clinical significance in renal cell carcinoma. Tissue samples from 198 patients with renal cell carcinoma were examined with an immunohistochemical stain for the expression of the VEGF gene. The expression rate was compared to 34 normal renal cortical samples obtained from renal surgery from noncancer patients. There were significant differences between normal renal cortex (0%) and cancer tissue (54.5%) in positive staining of VEGF protein (P<0.001). With the progression of tumor grade, the positive rate of VEGF gene expression significantly increased. The expression rate of the VEGF gene in the advanced group, such as with lymph node involvement or vein invasion, was greater than that in the locally confined group (P<0.001). The results revealed that expression of the VEGF gene is proportional to the formation and progression of renal cell carcinoma, which may allow VEGF to be used as a prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:85–89, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency does not result from mutations in the promoter region of the G6PD gene
Authors: Menounos Panayiotis G. , Garinis George A. , Patrinos George P.
Published: April 2003

In this study, we investigated whether glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) promoter mutations are responsible for G6PD deficiency. We analysed the G6PD proximal promoter and the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in 65 G6PD‐deficient individuals, in which no mutations have been found in the G6PD gene coding sequences, using a nonradioactive polymerase chain reaction/single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR/SSCP) analysis. We identified no sequence variations in the G6PD core promoter or in the 5′ UTR of these G6PD‐deficient individuals, which indicates that G6PD deficiency is not associated with promoter mutations in the G6PD locus. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:90–92, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender‐related differences in hepatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes and aldehyde dehydrogenase in humans
Authors: Chrostek Lech , Jelski Wojciech , Szmitkowski Maciej , Puchalski Zbigniew
Published: April 2003

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which are most abundant in the liver, are the main enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism in humans. Gender‐related differences in total liver ADH and ALDH activity among different animal species have been observed in many studies. We measured total ADH and ALDH activity, and the activity of class I–IV ADH in the livers of male and female patients. Total ADH and class I and II ADH activities were significantly higher in males than in females (P=0.0052, P=0.0074, P=0.020, respectively). Class III and IV ADH and total ALDH activities were not significantly different between the genders (P=0.2917, P=0.0590, P=0.2940, respectively). The results of our study clearly show that there is a difference in enzymatic activity between male and female patients for those isoenzymes that actively participate in ethanol oxidation in the liver (class I and II ADH), although the main form of ADH in this organ is class III ADH. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:93–96, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a microplate ELISA for circulating E‐selectin: assay characterization, comparison with a commercial kit, wand establishment of normal reference values
Authors: Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Chang Pi‐Yueh , Li Chia‐Chi , Wu Tsu‐Lan , Sun Chien‐Feng , Wu James T.
Published: April 2003

E‐selectin, an adhesion molecule, is detectable in the blood. Serum levels of E‐selectin can be a prognostic indicator for various malignancies. We developed a microplate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of circulating E‐selectin by coating the microwell with monoclonal anti‐E‐selectin. We incubated the specimen and the biotinylated detecting antibody simultaneously, and used HPR‐conjugated streptavidin to generate a signal for quantification. The assay has a sensitivity of 3.8 ng/mL, and the coefficients of variation (CVs) for both within‐day and day‐to‐day precision were all <10%. Our in‐house‐made kit also compared well with a commercial kit from R&D Systems (r=0.95, slope=0.94). Using our kit we determined a normal reference value for Chinese individuals of different ages (30–80 years). We found no significant difference between females and males; however, age appeared to have an impact on the normal E‐selectin value. We found that normal individuals over 60 years old had higher levels of circulating E‐selectin (65.8±19.5 ng/mL, N=111) compared to those under 60 years old (59.5±18.1 ng/mL; P=0.002). Our kit appears to have sufficient sensitivity for detecting elevated circulating E‐selectin in various carcinomas. We believe that with the established normal reference value, our in‐house‐developed ELISA kit is well suited for routine clinical laboratory use. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:97–101, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐disclosure in psychotherapy practice and supervision: An introduction
Authors: Farber Barry A.
Published: April 2003

Disclosure in psychotherapy may be considered from multiple perspectives: therapist to patient, patient to therapist, trainee to supervisor, and supervisor to trainee. Individuals in each of these roles must decide if, when, and how they should articulate certain thoughts or feelings to their therapeutic counterpart. Multicultural considerations may well influence these decisions. The articles in this issue, including two that are research reviews, question the value and parameters of self‐disclosure in each of these contexts; they speak to the inevitable tension within psychotherapeutic dyads between the demands of open and honest disclosures and the equally potent countervailing forces of shame, tact, and appropriateness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 525–528, 2003.
Therapist self‐disclosure: Research‐based suggestions for practitioners
Authors: Knox Sarah , Hill Clara E.
Published: April 2003

After defining therapist self‐disclosure, we briefly discuss its theoretical foundations. We then move to our primary focus of presenting a number of suggestions for effective use of therapist self‐disclosure, based on the extant empirical literature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 529–539, 2003.
Self‐disclosure in psychoanalytic–existential therapy
Authors: Geller Jesse D.
Published: April 2003

This article is an effort to integrate contemporary psychoanalytic and existential perspectives on intentional therapist self‐disclosure. It offers a two‐stage decision‐making model that considers self‐disclosure from the vantage points of style and internalization. Clinical and research findings are presented to support the notion that the meanings a patient attributes to a particular self‐disclosure, and its power to move him or her towards greater health, is the product of a fluctuating matrix of interpersonal and intrapsychic variables. Special consideration is given to the challenges that arise during the early and termination stages of treatment and to the psychotherapy of therapists. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 541–554, 2003.
Therapist self‐disclosure in cognitive‐behavior therapy
Authors: Goldfried Marvin R. , Burckell Lisa A. , Eubanks‐Carter Catherine
Published: April 2003

Although cognitive‐behavior therapy emphasizes between‐session change, therapist self‐disclosure within the session can be an effective tool for strengthening the therapeutic bond and facilitating client change. After noting the use of self‐disclosure in other theoretical orientations, we place self‐disclosure in the context of cognitive‐behavioral theories of reinforcement and modeling. Clinical vignettes illustrate the use of therapist self‐disclosure to provide feedback on the interpersonal impact made by the client, enhance positive expectations and motivation, strengthen the therapeutic bond, normalize the client's reaction, reduce the client's fears, and model an effective way of functioning. Therapists need to observe appropriate boundaries when self‐disclosing, and in particular, should consider their own motivations for self‐disclosing. Although more research is needed on the effects of self‐disclosure, cognitive‐behavior therapists have found that self‐disclosure can be a powerful intervention. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 555–568, 2003.
Cross‐cultural considerations of therapist self‐disclosure
Authors: Constantine Madonna G. , Kwan Kwong‐Liem Karl
Published: April 2003

Much of the existing literature on psychotherapist self‐disclosure has been with White or European American individuals. This article discusses cross‐cultural considerations related to therapist self‐disclosure. We present a clinical example of how therapist self‐disclosure might play an important role with regard to working with people of color. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 581–588, 2003.
Patient self‐disclosure: A review of the research
Authors: Farber Barry A.
Published: April 2003

Research shows that whereas most patients disclose deeply personal experiences in therapy, a significant proportion conceal some significant information. Findings also indicate that there are several categories of nondisclosed information (secrets, things left unsaid, and client reactions); that patients tend to withhold immediately experienced negative reactions; that disliked characteristics of oneself and parents are among the most thoroughly discussed issues in therapy while sex, aggression, and personal failure are least discussed; that men and women disclose to the same extent and on similar topics; that shame inhibits disclosure of negative affect; that a strong therapeutic alliance, overall tendency to be disclosing, and time in therapy facilitate disclosure; and that the discrepancy between disclosure and patients' ratings of salience of disclosure is a more powerful predictor of outcome than disclosure alone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 589–600, 2003.
Trainee disclosure in psychotherapy supervision: The impact of shame
Authors: Yourman David B.
Published: April 2003

Research indicates that psychotherapy trainees often withhold information from supervisors even though they are expected to be self‐disclosing in the supervisory process. A contributing factor to this nondisclosure is trainee shame. By its very nature, psychotherapy supervision is an endeavor in which trainees are likely to experience feelings of self‐doubt and shame. Because shame is an affect that often provokes a desire to hide oneself, it follows that supervisees experiencing more shame will be less likely to be forthcoming, especially about material that might be viewed negatively by their supervisors. The material most often withheld by trainees pertains to problems within the supervisory relationship. It appears that trainee shame and nondisclosure have the greatest impact upon the quality of the psychotherapy supervision itself, as opposed to the treatment being supervised. Four examples of supervisory dyads affected by trainee shame and nondisclosure are presented. Each case is examined in terms of what could have triggered the supervisee's shame, the consequences of the disrupted communications, and ways in which the situation might have been improved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 601–609, 2003.
Therapist self‐disclosure with children, adolescents, and their parents
Authors: Gaines Robert
Published: April 2003

Many therapists who work with children and adolescents make extensive use of self‐disclosure. However, these interventions have received little attention in the literature, and the basis for using them has not been well established. A developmental/relational perspective on the therapeutic process provides a cogent foundation using therapist self‐disclosure with children, adolescents, and their parents. Therapist self‐disclosure facilitates the negotiation of many important therapeutic tasks. Clinicians working with children and adolescents almost always work concurrently with parents, yet the nature of this work has not been clearly conceptualized. I advance a collaborative model for parent work, highlighting the essential role of therapist self‐disclosure. Extensive clinical examples of therapist self‐disclosure with children, adolescents, and their parents are provided. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 569–580, 2003.
Supervisor self‐disclosure: Balancing the uncontrollable narcissist with the indomitable altruist
Authors: Ladany Nicholas , Walker Jessica A.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this article is to provide supervisors with a framework to determine the effectiveness of self‐disclosure in supervision. We posit how self‐disclosures can be both memorable to the trainee and facilitative of supervision process and outcome, specifically the supervisory working alliance, trainee disclosure, and trainee edification. Case examples based on the literature and our own personal experiences are offered to illustrate the models' applicability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 611–621, 2003.
The many faces of self‐disclosure
Authors: Stricker George
Published: April 2003

The contributions of eight authors to this issue of In Session are discussed, with emphasis on who discloses what to whom, in what ways, and for what reasons. The primary conclusions concern the varieties of self‐disclosure, the motives for self‐disclosure, the appropriate outcome variable in studying self‐disclosure, the value of evidence, the importance of the context, and the crucial role of the relationship. Self‐disclosure, properly used, can be a significant contributor to successful psychotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 623–630, 2003.
Primary ascaridial perforation of the small intestine: Sonographic diagnosis
Authors: Chawla Ashish , Patwardhan Vasudha , Maheshwari Mohit , Wasnik Ashish
Published: April 2003

Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common helminth affecting humans. Ascariasis can result in serious complications, including intestinal obstruction and perforation. Early diagnosis and treatment of such complications reduces the risk of mortality. We present a case of sonographically diagnosed ascaridial perforation in a 5‐year‐old girl. On sonography, each ascarid appeared as 2 pairs of parallel lines, representing the worm's outer margins, flanking a central sonolucent line, representing its digestive tract. Sonography revealed ascarides in the peritoneal cavity and in some loops of the small bowel. Emergent laparotomy was performed to remove ascarides from the peritoneal cavity and terminal ileum, and the patient recovered well and was asymptomatic at a 3‐month follow‐up. Knowledge of the sonographic features described herein may aid in the evaluation of patients, especially children, in tropical countries who have clinical symptoms of ascariasis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 31:211–213, 2003
Suspicion of microscopic colitis raised by sonographic examination
Authors: Hollerweger Alois , Macheiner Peter , Brunner Walter
Published: April 2003

This report describes the case of a 57‐year‐old woman who was incidentally identified as having lymphocytic colitis after she underwent routine transabdominal sonographic examination. She initially reported having no irregularities in her bowel movements. Sonography revealed the following nonspecific findings: watery stool in the entire colon, slight thickening of the hypoechoic mucosal layer and moderate thickening of the hyperechoic submucosal layer of the colon, and no pathologic findings in the small intestine. On additional questioning, the patient said that she had had watery diarrhea for the last 10 years, with as many as 10 bowel movements daily. Endoscopic examination and biopsy were performed. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens showed lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa and some collagen deposits, consistent with a diagnosis of lymphocytic colitis. Treatment was begun with loperamide, sulfasalazine, and budesonide. Within 3 weeks of the start of treatment, the number of bowel movements decreased to 1–2 daily. Follow‐up sonography at that time revealed normalization of the bowel contents and disappearance of the thickened submucosal layer of the colon. Nonspecific sonographic findings like those in this case lead to the need to rule out various diseases through further appropriate evaluations to identify the correct diagnosis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 31:207–210, 2003
Diagnosis of caliceal diverticulum in two pediatric patients: A comparison of sonography, CT, and urography
Authors: Kavukcu Salih , Cakmakci Handan , Babayigit Arzu
Published: April 2003

Caliceal diverticulum is a rare disorder in which a urine‐filled cavity is connected to the renal calix by a narrow isthmus. Treatment of caliceal diverticulum varies depending on the complications, which include recurrent kidney infections, hematuria, and symptomatic calculi. The use of sonography may be insufficient for accurately diagnosing this condition; contrast urography, CT, or both also may be needed. We report the cases of 2 pediatric patients whose initial sonographic diagnosis was renal cystic disease but whose final diagnosis was caliceal diverticulum on contrast‐enhanced urography in 1 case and both urography and CT in the other case. The patients received no further treatment but continue to receive follow‐up care to monitor for the presence of infections and calculi. Accurate diagnosis of caliceal diverticulum in both cases spared the patients and their families the psychological burden of unnecessary further investigation of renal cystic disease. These cases emphasize the importance of using contrast‐enhanced imaging modalities for confirmation when sonographic findings suggest the presence of renal cystic lesions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:218–221, 2003
Idiopathic calcific constrictive pericarditis causing pulmonary stenosis associated with a ventricular septal defect mimicking tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Chien Shao‐Ju , Liang Chi‐Di , Ko Sheung‐Fat , Chang Jen‐Ping
Published: April 2003

We describe an unusual case of pulmonary stenosis caused by calcific constrictive pericarditis associated with a congenital ventricular septal defect in a 16‐year‐old boy who had a 2‐week history of progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, fatigue, and bilateral leg edema. Echocardiographic findings led to an initial diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot; however, findings on chest radiography and CT were suggestive of calcific constrictive pericarditis with pulmonary stenosis, which was then confirmed on cardiac catheterization. Total pericardiectomy and repair of the ventricular septal defect resulted in a satisfactory outcome. Follow‐up examinations at 6 and 20 months showed that the patient was asymptomatic and considered to have class I New York Heart Association functional status. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of calcific constrictive pericarditis with pulmonary stenosis associated with a ventricular septal defect. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:222–225, 2003