bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum Theory from First Principles
Authors: D'Ariano Giacomo Mauro , Chiribella Giulio , Perinotti Paolo
Published: January 2017

Quantum theory is the soul of theoretical physics. It is not just a theory of specific physical systems, but rather a new framework with universal applicability. This book shows how we can reconstruct the theory from six information-theoretical principles, by rebuilding the quantum rules from the bottom up. Step by step, the reader will learn how to master the counterintuitive aspects of the quantum world, and how to efficiently reconstruct quantum information protocols from first principles. Using intuitive graphical notation to represent equations, and with shorter and more efficient derivations, the theory can be understood and assimilated with exceptional ease. Offering a radically new perspective on the field, the book contains an efficient course of quantum theory and quantum information for undergraduates. The book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and students in physics, computer science and philosophy, as well as the curious outsider seeking a deeper understanding of the theory.
New research on the Hungarian Early Neolithic
Authors: Whittle Alasdair
Published: January 2017

The unresolved questions about the beginning of the Neolithic period across Europe still abound (Whittle 1996). How did the phenomenon spread? What indeed was the phenomenon, and was it the same from region to region? Who were the principal actors involved and where did they come from? Were they permanently settled? What impact did they have on their environments? What use did they make of their various subsistence resources? How quickly were changes introduced and why?
The fortifications and water supply systems of Constantinople
Authors: Bayliss Richard , Crow James
Published: January 2017

An archaeological survey of the Thracian hinterland of Constantinople led by James Crow (Newcastle University) began in 1994 and its first stage is due for completion this year (2000). The main focus of the project over the past five years has been the Anastasian Wall, a 6th-century monumental linear fortification stretching some 56 km from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and situated c. 65 km from the city itself. In places the Wall survives up to 5 m high, but for the most part it lies obscured deep within the forests of central and northern Thrace, together with its associated forts, an outer ditch and a complement of massive towers.
Teaching the past in the United Kingdom's schools
Authors: Henson Don
Published: January 2017

Contrary to popular opinion, there is no national curriculum in schools in the United Kingdom. Instead, there are four separate curricula for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. These cover education in state-funded schools between the ages of 5 and 16. The curricula in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, whose school and university systems share the same basic framework, are structured in similar ways, use similar jargon and are statutory (they lay down the minimum that has to be taught). The Scottish school and higher education system, however, has always been distinctive. The curriculum in Scotland is structured along very different lines and takes the form of non-statutory guidelines. Differences between the curricula may well increase in future since education is part of the responsibilities being transferred to the new devolved parliament/assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The birth of educational archaeology in South Africa
Authors: Esterhuysen Amanda B.
Published: January 2017

Archaeology in education has been introduced in South Africa only recently as the politics of the past precluded the application of archaeology in the classroom. This paper presents the background to South African education and educational archaeology and discusses some of the issues and studies undertaken in South Africa. It also offers comment on the factors which determine and shape educational archaeology of the present and those that may affect the discipline of archaeology in the future.
Urban centres and the emergence of empires in Eastern Inner Asia
Authors: Rogers J. Daniel , Ulambayar Erdenebat , Gallon Mathew
Published: January 2017

The inner mechanics of Mongol empires are revealed through recent surveys by an American-Mongolian team. The large political confederations of high mobility which traditionally characterise the great Mongol empires of the first and second millennia AD are shown to have made use of highly sophisticated urban places which feature advanced planning and design, and impressive monumentality serving a variety of specific functions. Planning included open spaces within the walls reserved for the erection of tents.
Matrilocality during the prehistoric transition to agriculture in Thailand?
Authors: Bentley R. Alexander , Pietrusewsky Michael , Douglas Michele T. , Atkinson Tim C.
Published: January 2017

Stable isotopes in teeth are providing important correlations between ancient people and the geographical location of their childhood homes. In an exciting new application, the authors measured the varying signatures of strontium, oxygen and carbon isotopes in the teeth of a sequence of people buried in Thailand during the period of the introduction and intensification of agriculture. Preliminary results point to the arrival of immigrant men, followed by a change in the relationship between the sexes: the women grow up on local food, the men have access to more widespread resources. This perhaps implies a matrilocal system, where forager men raised elsewhere marry into farming communities. It provides a likely antithesis to the social consequences of introducing agriculture into central Europe.
The Fluency Amplification Model supports the GANE principle of arousal enhancement
Authors: Carbon Claus-Christian , Albrecht Sabine
Published: January 2017

The GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model described by Mather et al. offers a neurophysiological basis for the arousal mechanism which is essential for empirical aesthetics and Gestalt processing. More generally, the core principle of perception can be interpreted as a continuous processing of competing arousal states, yielding selective amplification and inhibition of percepts to deduce the meaning of a scene.
Arousal-biased preferences for sensory input: An agent-centered and multisource perspective
Authors: Kaspar Kai
Published: January 2017

I argue that the GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model basically explains an arousal-based amplification of emotional stimuli, whereas effects on neutral stimuli indicate a contextualization process aiming to reduce stimulus ambiguity. To extend the model's validity, I suggest distinguishing between internal and external emotional sources, as well considering the stimulus valence and addressing age-related differences in attention and memory preferences.
Importance of amygdala noradrenergic activity and large-scale neural networks in regulating emotional arousal effects on perception and memory
Authors: Roozendaal Benno , Luyten Laura , de Voogd Lycia D. , Hermans Erno J.
Published: January 2017

Mather and colleagues postulate that norepinephrine promotes selective processing of emotionally salient information through local “hotspots” where norepinephrine release interacts with glutamatergic activity. However, findings in rodents and humans indicate that norepinephrine is ineffective in modulating mnemonic processes in the absence of a functional amygdala. We therefore argue that emphasis should shift toward modulatory effects of amygdala-driven changes at the network level.
The anatomical and physiological properties of the visual cortex argue against cognitive penetration
Authors: Gur Moshe
Published: January 2017

We are consciously aware of visual objects together with the minute details that characterize each object. Those details are perceived instantaneously and in parallel. V1 is the only visual area with spatial resolution and topographical exactitude matching perceptual abilities. For cognition to penetrate perception, it needs to affect V1 image representation. That is unlikely because of the detailed parallel V1 organization and the nature of top-down connections, which can influence only large parts of the visual field.
Perception, cognition, and delusion
Authors: Ross Robert M. , McKay Ryan , Coltheart Max , Langdon Robyn
Published: January 2017

Firestone & Scholl's (F&S) critique of putative empirical evidence for the cognitive penetrability of perception focuses on studies of neurologically normal populations. We suggest that a comprehensive exploration of the cognition–perception relationship also incorporate work on abnormal perception and cognition. We highlight the prominence of these issues in contemporary debates about the formation and maintenance of delusions.
Carving nature at its joints or cutting its effective loops? On the dangers of trying to disentangle intertwined mental processes
Authors: Goldstone Robert L. , de Leeuw Joshua R. , Landy David H.
Published: January 2017

Attention is often inextricably intertwined with perception, and it is deployed not only to spatial regions, but also to sensory dimensions, learned dimensions, and learned complex configurations. Firestone & Scholl's (F&S)'s tactic of isolating visual perceptual processes from attention and action has the negative consequence of neglecting interactions that are critically important for allowing people to perceive their world in efficient and useful ways.
A ‘ghastly interregnum’: the struggle for architectural heritage conservation in Belfast before 1972
Authors: MCCLELLAND ANDREW G.
Published: January 2017

This article explores the creation of the system for the conservation of architectural heritage in Northern Ireland, evidencing the struggle for convergence within the UK before 1972. The agency of networked individuals, close state–civil society interrelationships and the innovative actions of conservationist groups in response to legislative and practice inadequacies in the 1960s are discussed. In particular, a series of ‘pre-statutory lists’ are introduced, highlighting the burgeoning interest in industrial archaeology and Victorian architecture in Belfast and the prompt provided to their creation by redevelopment. The efforts of conservationists were eventually successful after the collapse of Devolution in the early 1970s.
Satellite DNA methylation status and expression of selected genes inBos indicusblastocysts producedin vivoandin vitro
Authors: Urrego R. , Bernal-Ulloa S.M. , Chavarría N.A. , Herrera-Puerta E. , Lucas-Hahn A. , Herrmann D. , Winkler S. , Pache D. , Niemann H. , Rodriguez-Osorio N.
Published: January 2017

Bovine embryos producedin vivoandin vitrodiffer with respect to molecular profiles, including epigenetic marks and gene expression profiles. This study investigated the CpG methylation status in bovine testis satellite I (BTS) andBos taurusalpha satellite I (BTαS) DNA sequences, and concomitantly the relative abundance of transcripts, critically involved in DNA methylation (DNMT1 and DNMT3A), growth and development (IGF2R) and pluripotency (POU5F1) inBos indicusembryos producedin vitroorin vivo. Results revealed that methylation of BTS were higher (P< 0.05) in embryos producedin vitrocompared with theirin vivoproduced counterparts, while the methylation status of BTαS was similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in transcript abundance for DNMT3A, IGF2R and POU5F1 between blastocysts producedin vivoandin vitro. However, a significantly lower amount of DNMT1 transcripts was found in thein vitrocultured embryos (P< 0.05) compared with theirin vivoderived counterparts. In conclusion, this study reported only minor changes in the expression of developmentally important genes and satellite DNA methylation related to thein vitroembryo production system.
Guns, Gore and God: Bishop Gore and the First World War
Authors: Waddell Peter
Published: January 2017

Many have been deeply critical of the Church of England’s response to the First World War, which has been seen as insufficiently critical of Government policy and too influenced by the war spirit. Charles Gore (Bishop of Oxford, 1911–19) provides a fascinating case study of how one independently minded Anglican thinker arrived at swift and unwavering support for the war, while simultaneously trying to mount a ‘counterpoise’ to some elements of the war mentality. This article describes and evaluates Gore’s use of the just war tradition, and the efficacy of the counterpoise he attempted. Analysis of his thought reveals a curious mix of hard-headed strategic realism about what would secure a just and lasting peace, and striking naiveté about what war actually entailed.
Towards a Definition of ‘Implementing Measures’ under Article 263, Paragraph 4, TFEU
Authors: Buchanan Camilla , Bolzonello Luca
Published: January 2017

Case C-456/13 P, T&L Sugars Ltd and Sidul Açúcares v Commission, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 28 April 2015, ECLI:EU:C:2015:284

Article 263 TFEU allows applicants to challenge regulatory acts which are of direct concern to them and do not entail implementing measures. In this judgment the Court confirmed that the degree of discretion afforded to implementing authorities is irrelevant when determining the existence of implementing measures. This note explores some of the consequences of that finding on the structure of the system of remedies under the Treaties.
Biogenic Oxygen on the Moon Could Hold Secrets to Earth's Past
Authors: Wendel JoAnna , Kumar Mohi
Published: January 2017

Lunar orbiting data show that terrestrial oxygen rains down periodically on the Moon, enticing researchers with an opportunity to study Earth's ancient atmosphere.
Small-seeded Hakea species tolerate cotyledon loss better than large-seeded congeners
Authors: El-Amhir Sh-hoob , Lamont Byron B. , He Tianhua , Yan George
Published: January 2017

Six Hakea species varying greatly in seed size were selected for cotyledon damage experiments. The growth of seedlings with cotyledons partially or completely removed was monitored over 90 days. All seedlings perished by the fifth week when both cotyledons were removed irrespective of seed size. Partial removal of cotyledons caused a significant delay in the emergence of the first leaf, and reduction in root and shoot growth of the large-seeded species. The growth of seedlings of small-seeded species was less impacted by cotyledon damage. The rate of survival, root and shoot lengths and dry biomass of the seedlings were determined after 90 days. When seedlings were treated with balanced nutrient solutions following removal of the cotyledons, survival was 95–98%, but 0% when supplied with nutrient solutions lacking N or P or with water only. The addition of a balanced nutrient solution failed to restore complete growth of any species, but the rate of root elongation for the small-seeded species was maintained. Cotyledons provide nutrients to support early growth of Hakea seedlings, but other physiological roles for the cotyledons are also implicated. In conclusion, small-seeded Hakea species can tolerate cotyledons loss better than large-seeded species.
Predictive radiogenomics modeling of EGFR mutation status in lung cancer
Authors: Gevaert Olivier , Echegaray Sebastian , Khuong Amanda , Hoang Chuong D. , Shrager Joseph B. , Jensen Kirstin C. , Berry Gerald J. , Guo H. Henry , Lau Charles , Plevritis Sylvia K. , Rubin Daniel L. , Napel Sandy , Leung Ann N.
Published: January 2017

Molecular analysis of the mutation status for EGFR and KRAS are now routine in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. Radiogenomics, the linking of medical images with the genomic properties of human tumors, provides exciting opportunities for non-invasive diagnostics and prognostics. We investigated whether EGFR and KRAS mutation status can be predicted using imaging data. To accomplish this, we studied 186 cases of NSCLC with preoperative thin-slice CT scans. A thoracic radiologist annotated 89 semantic image features of each patient’s tumor. Next, we built a decision tree to predict the presence of EGFR and KRAS mutations. We found a statistically significant model for predicting EGFR but not for KRAS mutations. The test set area under the ROC curve for predicting EGFR mutation status was 0.89. The final decision tree used four variables: emphysema, airway abnormality, the percentage of ground glass component and the type of tumor margin. The presence of either of the first two features predicts a wild type status for EGFR while the presence of any ground glass component indicates EGFR mutations. These results show the potential of quantitative imaging to predict molecular properties in a non-invasive manner, as CT imaging is more readily available than biopsies.
Young Bone-Marrow Sca-1+ Stem Cells Rejuvenate the Aged Heart and Improve Function after Injury through PDGFRβ-Akt pathway
Authors: Li Shu-Hong , Sun Lu , Yang Lei , Li Jiao , Shao Zhengbo , Du Guo-Qing , Wu Jun , Weisel Richard D. , Li Ren-Ke
Published: January 2017

Bone marrow (BM) reconstitution with young BM cells in aged recipients restores the functionality of cardiac resident BM-derived progenitors. This study investigated the cell type primarily responsible for this effect. We reconstituted old mice with BM cells from young or old mice and found that the number of stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1) cells homing to the heart was significantly greater in young than old chimeras. We then reconstituted old mice with young BM Sca-1+or Sca-1−cells. We found that Sca-1 cells repopulated the recipient BM and homed to the heart. The number of BM-derived cells in the aged myocardium co-expressing PDGFRβ was 3 times greater in Sca-1+than Sca-1−chimeric mice. Sca-1+chimeras had more active cell proliferation in the infarcted heart and improved ventricular function after MI. The improved regeneration involved activation of the PDGFRβ/Akt/p27Kip1pathway. Sca-1+stem cells rejuvenated cardiac tissue in aged mice. Restoration of the Sca-1+subset of stem cells by BM reconstitution improved cardiac tissue regeneration after injury in aged mice.
Isolation and characterization of a spotted leaf 32 mutant with early leaf senescence and enhanced defense response in rice
Authors: Sun Liting , Wang Yihua , Liu Ling-long , Wang Chunming , Gan Ting , Zhang Zhengyao , Wang Yunlong , Wang Di , Niu Mei , Long Wuhua , Li Xiaohui , Zheng Ming , Jiang Ling , Wan Jianmin
Published: January 2017

Leaf senescence is a complex biological process and defense responses play vital role for rice development, their molecular mechanisms, however, remain elusive in rice. We herein reported a rice mutant spotted leaf 32 (spl32) derived from a rice cultivar 9311 by radiation. The spl32 plants displayed early leaf senescence, identified by disintegration of chloroplasts as cellular evidence, dramatically decreased contents of chlorophyll, up-regulation of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and malondialdehyde, as physiological characteristic, and both up-regulation of senescence-induced STAY GREEN gene and senescence-associated transcription factors, and down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated genes, as molecular indicators. Positional cloning revealed that SPL32 encodes a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT). Compared to wild type, enzyme activity of GOGAT was significantly decreased, and free amino acid contents, particularly for glutamate and glutamine, were altered in spl32 leaves. Moreover, the mutant was subjected to uncontrolled oxidative stress due to over-produced reactive oxygen species and damaged scavenging pathways, in accordance with decreased photorespiration rate. Besides, the mutant showed higher resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae than its wild type, coupled with up-regulation of four pathogenesis-related marker genes. Taken together, our results highlight Fd-GOGAT is associated with the regulation of leaf senescence and defense responses in rice.
Nation-building and presidential rhetoric in Belarus
Authors: Klymenko Lina
Published: January 2017

This paper studies the Belarusian nation as envisioned by the president in his political speeches delivered on the country’s Independence Day. The theoretical framework of the paper rests upon an understanding of the discursive construction of national identity. This analysis of the presidential speeches utilizes principles of the Discourse Historical Approach (DHA). As a special genre of texts, political speeches aim to offer normative guidance and a sense of societal consensus to the public. The paper reveals that in the construction of a national community in Belarus, the presidential speeches ambiguously refer to historical memory, socio-economic development, the political system and the country’s foreign relations.
Prédicats de mesure et objet(s)
Authors: Serrano Laura Pino , Pedreira Nuria Rodríguez
Published: January 2017

L’étude aborde la problématique de l’accord du participe passé des verbes dits métrologiques en français. Nous tenterons d’éclairer le statut ambigu du segment avec lequel s’effectue l’accord afin de déterminer s’il s’agit d’un vrai objet (COD) ou d’un autre type de complément. Partant des données obtenues lors d’une enquête linguistique adressée à des étudiants français et espagnols de la Faculté de Philologie, nous essaierons de déceler les raisons qui poussent nos étudiants à respecter ou à enfreindre le protocole d’accord du participe passé des verbes conjugués avecavoir(Vaux Av). Nos résultats confirmeront qu’il est grand besoin de simplifier les règles d’accord existantes parce qu’elles sont artificielles, peu transparentes et qu’elles manquent enfin d’une base grammaticale ferme et solide.
Coagulation and rheological behaviors of soy milk colloidal dispersions
Authors: Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: January 2017

Coagulation and rheological behaviors of soy milk are reviewed from the viewpoint of colloidal dispersion system. From the results of relative viscosity in the range of small oil body volume fractions, oil bodies containing oleosin behave as rigid spheres. The Krieger–Dougherty equation was found to describe relative viscosities well under high oil body volume fraction. These results indicate that oil bodies in soy milk behave as though suspended matter. Cross-linking between colloid particles occurs when the coagulant is added, and bulky clusters are formed. The viscosity rises due to the hydrodynamic effects of these bulky clusters. A new viscosity equation that combines the Krieger–Dougherty equation and the effective volume fraction could describe the viscos behavior well for wide range of solid contents. Tofu is made by adding a coagulant to soy milk. For lipid concentrations of less than 2%, rupture stress increases depending on the lipid concentration, whereas at concentrations of more than 3%, rupture stress tends to decline. Kinugoshi tofu samples have a maximum value for rupture stress depending on lipid concentration. Digestion of oleosin in high-fat soy milk using papain treatment results in the centrifugal separation of soy milk cream easily. This result indicates that oleosin let oil bodies in soy milk stable. Therefore, it is important to control the state of soy milk colloidal dispersions.
Assisting Farmers Through Concessionary Loans: Insights from Ohio's Linked‐Deposit Program
Authors: Froerer Landell S. , Adams Dale W , Lee Warren F.
Published: January 2017

This article presents study results of a state‐sponsored concessionary loan program for farmers in Ohio started in 1985. Four criteria are used to evaluate the program: its overall costs to the state, extent to which subsidies reached financially stressed farmers, relative size of the subsidies compared to farmers' needs, and extent to which the program provided additional funds to participating farmers. Conclusions are that the program cost the state about $12 million, that only a small percentage of the financially stressed farmers in Ohio received benefits, that the subsidies provided were small compared to need, and that the program resulted in little additional lending to farmers.
Biology and Economics of Recommendations for Insecticide-Based Management of Soybean Aphid
Authors: Koch Robert L. , Potter Bruce D. , Glogoza Phillip A. , Hodgson Erin W. , Krupke Christian H. , Tooker John F. , DiFonzo Christina D. , Michel Andrew P. , Tilmon Kelley J. , Prochaska Travis J. , Knodel Janet J. , Wright Robert J. , Hunt Thomas E. , Jensen Bryan , Varenhorst Adam J. , McCornack Brian P. , Estes Kelly A. , Spencer Joseph L.
Published: January 2017

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, remains the key insect pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in the north-central United States. Management of this pest has relied primarily on scouting and application of foliar insecticides based on an economic threshold (ET) of 250 aphids per plant. This review explains why this ET remains valid for soybean aphid management, despite changes in crop value and input costs. In particular, we review how soybean aphid impacts soybean yield, the role of biology and economics in recommendations for soybean aphid management, and the short- and long-term consequences of inappropriately timed insecticide applications.

Accepted for publication 13 December 2016.
T3SS effector VopL inhibits the host ROS response, promoting the intracellular survival ofVibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Souza Santos Marcela de , Salomon Dor , Orth Kim
Published: January 2017

The production of antimicrobial reactive oxygen species by the nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex is an important mechanism for control of invading pathogens. Herein, we show that the gastrointestinal pathogenVibrio parahaemolyticuscounteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using the Type III Secretion System 2 (T3SS2) effector VopL. In the absence of VopL, intracellularV. parahaemolyticusundergo ROS-dependent filamentation, with concurrent limited growth. During infection, VopL assembles actin into non-functional filaments resulting in a dysfunctional actin cytoskeleton that can no longer mediate the assembly of the NADPH oxidase at the cell membrane, thereby limiting ROS production. This is the first example of how a T3SS2 effector contributes to the intracellular survival ofV. parahaemolyticusto support the establishment of a protective intracellular replicative niche.
On the completeness of the β→ω transformation in metastable β titanium alloys
Authors: Šmilauerová Jana , Harcuba Petr , Kriegner Dominik , Holý Václav
Published: January 2017

The completeness of the β→ω transformation in ω particles in a Ti–8 at.%Mo (Ti–15 wt%Mo) single crystal was investigated by measuring the X-ray diffraction maximum 20{\overline 2}2, which is forbidden in both the pure body-centred cubic β phase and the hexagonal ω phase, and also the diffraction maxima 0001, 0002 and 10{\overline 1}1, which are forbidden in the β phase and allowed in ω. From a comparison of the integrated intensities and widths of the diffraction peaks with simulations, the effective (mean) degree of the transformation was determined and the radial profile of the transformation degree in an ω particle was estimated.
Mentoring teacher trainees of mathematics for ESL learners in post-compulsory education
Authors: Norley Kevin
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the experiences and challenges brought about by subject-specific mentoring within a distinctive learning environment, namely, mathematics for English as a second language (ESL) classes for 16-18-year-olds. The reflection is carried out over the stages of the mentoring process during an academic year within a college of further education in England with the purpose of adding to the store of knowledge on mentoring mentees who are specialists in mathematics.

Design/methodology/approach

The author employs an auto-ethnographic methodology.

Findings

Amongst its conclusions, the author argues that through a mentor demonstrating specific numeracy methods and techniques to mentees, and making them aware of language issues facing ESL learners relating to terminology used in mathematics, mentees are more able to develop their learners’ numeracy skills and relevant language skills, hence facilitating their adaption and integration into the English education system.

Research limitations/implications

Research on the pedagogy of mathematics teaching, as well as language issues relating to terminology used in mathematics, needs to be considered during the mentoring of teacher trainees who are specialists in mathematics. In addition, specific language issues need to be considered for those mentees who are likely to have ESL learners in their classes.

Social implications

In challenging some of the conventions of mathematics teaching, the paper addresses issues of inequality through identifying strategies designed to improve the educational opportunities of 16-18-year-old ESL learners.

Originality/value

The originality of the paper lies not only in its focus on the nuances of subject-specific mentoring, within the context of a particular target group, namely, 16-18-year-old ESL learners studying functional skills mathematics in a college of further education, but in its attempts to address the challenges that can arise when contesting, through theory and practice, education conventions.
Quality of referral: What information should be included in a request for diagnostic imaging when a patient is referred to a clinical radiologist?
Authors: G Pitman Alexander
Published: January 2017

Referral to a clinical radiologist is the prime means of communication between the referrer and the radiologist. Current Australian and New Zealand government regulations do not prescribe what clinical information should be included in a referral. This work presents a qualitative compilation of clinical radiologist opinion, relevant professional recommendations, governmental regulatory positions and prior work on diagnostic error to synthesise recommendations on what clinical information should be included in a referral. Recommended requirements on what clinical information should be included in a referral to a clinical radiologist are as follows: an unambiguous referral; identity of the patient; identity of the referrer; and sufficient clinical detail to justify performance of the diagnostic imaging examination and to confirm appropriate choice of the examination and modality. Recommended guideline on the content of clinical detail clarifies when the information provided in a referral meets these requirements. High‐quality information provided in a referral allows the clinical radiologist to ensure that exposure of patients to medical radiation is justified. It also minimises the incidence of perceptual and interpretational diagnostic error. Recommended requirements and guideline on the clinical detail to be provided in a referral to a clinical radiologist have been formulated for professional debate and adoption.
Effects of host abundance on larch budmoth outbreaks in theEuropeanAlps
Authors: Hartl‐Meier Claudia , Esper Jan , Liebhold Andrew , Konter Oliver , Rothe Andreas , Büntgen Ulf
Published: January 2017

Outbreaks of the larch budmoth (LBM) in theEuropeanAlps are among the most documented population cycles and their historical occurrence has been reconstructed over 1200 years.

Causes and consequences of cyclicLBMoutbreaks are poorly understood and little is known about populations near the margin of the host's distribution range.

In the present study, we quantify historicalLBMoutbreaks and associated growth reductions in host trees (European larch). Tree‐ring data collected from 18 sites between approximately 500 and 1700 m a.s.l. in theNorthern pre‐Alps are compared with data from theWesternAlps andTatraMountains, as well as with nonhostNorway spruce.

Highly synchronized host and nonhost growth in theNorthern pre‐Alps shows that periodicLBMoutbreaks are largely absent near the distributional limit of larch. By contrast, growth patterns in theWesternAlpsLBMcore region are indicative ofLBMevents. Although climatic conditions in theNorthern pre‐Alps andTatraMountains would allowLBMoutbreaks, low host plant abundance is likely the key driver for the absence of cyclic outbreaks in these regions.

The results obtained in the present study suggest that, in addition to the climatic conditions, host‐species abundance is critically important for the occurrence of periodicLBMoutbreaks and the determination of the respective outbreak range.
Promoting Strengths and Resilience in Single‐Mother Families
Authors: Taylor Zoe E. , Conger Rand D.
Published: January 2017

Mothering can be particularly demanding for single women who are more vulnerable to a variety of risks ranging from economic hardship to poor psychological functioning. These risks place their children at higher risk of experiencing maladjustment. Examining factors that contribute to the well‐being of single mothers and, in turn, their parenting may be one of the most effective ways of contributing to children's adjustment. This article highlights two factors, perceived social support and specific internal resources, that (a) substantially contribute to single mothers’ well‐being, (b) are linked to positive parenting behaviors, and (c) are amenable to change. The authors highlight the current research in these focus areas and explore how these two particular risk modifiers have potential to be changed via behavioral interventions.
Endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided tissue acquisition: How to achieve excellence
Authors: Bhatia Vikram , Varadarajulu Shyam
Published: January 2017

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided tissue acquisition is a basic forte of an endosonographer. The multiple skills required to accomplish successful results include not only the puncture itself, but also proper lesion identification, correct puncture sequence, collaboration with the pathologist onsite or remotely, proper handling of the specimens, choosing one or more of cytology, cell‐block, and/or tissue core preparation and, last, deciding the immunohistochemistry (IHC) panels and ancillary tests which may be needed for the current case. Error in any of these decisions may lead to incomplete or inconclusive information from the procedure, even if the aspirate is ‘adequate.’ In the present review, we will describe the technical aspects of EUS‐guided tissue acquisition, current needles available and how to choose between them, and how to appropriately handle the specimen. We will also discuss the optimal approach to common targets including lymph nodes, pancreatic masses, pancreatic cysts, and subepithelial lesions.
Towards a Rhizomatic Understanding of the Desistance Journey
Authors: PHILLIPS JAKE
Published: January 2017

Although the ‘desistance as a (zigzag) journey’ metaphor has proved useful in terms of translating theory into practice, this article makes the case that it is insufficient for conveying the truly complex, social, unpredictable and ‘messy’ process of desistance from crime. The article uses what we know about the process of desistance to discuss the utility of Deleuze and Guattari's (2013) rhizomatic theory in recasting the desistance journey metaphor. In doing so it is suggested that the desistance journey should be understood in terms of its endless and multiplicitous nature, a symbol of metamorphosis, and it argues that our focus should be on understanding the ‘desister as nomad’. This, the article concludes, holds important ramifications for the way in which we understand and implement desistance‐focused practice in the criminal justice system.
Association Between Serum β2‐Microglobulin Levels and Prevalent and Incident Physical Frailty in Community‐Dwelling Older Women
Authors: Kim Miji , Suzuki Takao , Kojima Narumi , Yoshida Hideyo , Yoshida Yuko , Hirano Hirohiko , Won Chang Won , Kim Hunkyung
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To investigate whether higher serum β2‐microglobulin (B2M) levels, a kidney function marker, are associated with prevalent and incident frailty in community‐dwelling older women.

Design

Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of a prospective cohort.

Setting

Population‐based cohort study in Tokyo, Japan.

Participants

Community‐dwelling women aged 75 and older with adequate data for assessing frailty status (N = 1,191) and a subset of participants without baseline frailty but with repeated frailty assessment at 2 and 4 years of follow‐up.

Measurements

The primary predictor was B2M level. Outcomes were prevalent and incident frailty during the 4‐year follow‐up period. Frailty was defined as presence of three of the five Fried criteria: weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low physical activity. Adjusted odds ratios for the main confounders were obtained using logistic regression. Discrete‐time Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the risk of developing frailty.

Results

The study included 241 (20.2%) women with prevalent frailty at baseline and 139 (21.1%) with incident frailty during the 4‐year follow‐up. On multivariate analysis adjusted for multiple potential confounders, the odds of prevalent frailty were 2.5 times as great with B2M levels of 1.9 to 2.1 mg/L as with levels less than 1.6 mg/L and 2.0 times as great with B2M levels of 2.2 mg/L or more. In the unadjusted model, B2M levels of 1.9 to 2.1 mg/L were associated with a greater incidence of frailty than B2M levels of less than 1.6 mg/L (hazard ratio = 1.72, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–2.86). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders, no significant association was noted between the highest B2M quartile and incident frailty.

Conclusion

Higher B2M levels were independently associated with greater frailty at baseline in older adults but only slightly associated with greater risk of incident frailty over 4 years of follow‐up.
Job stress and burnout: A comparative study of senior and head nurses in China
Authors: Luan Xiaorong , Wang Ping , Hou Wenxiu , Chen Lili , Lou Fenglan
Published: January 2017

Senior nurses can suffer from high job stress and burnout, which can lead to negative patient outcomes and higher turnover rates; however, few studies have examined this topic. We recruited 224 head and senior nurses from September to December 2015 using convenience and cluster sampling, to compare job stress and burnout levels between the two groups. The Nurse Job Stressors Inventory and Maslach Burnout Inventory scales were used to evaluate job stress and burnout, respectively. Results indicated that job stress scores significantly differed between head and senior nurses. The highest scoring subscales in both groups were time allocation and workload problems. Scores for the three burnout dimensions also significantly differed between the groups. Positive correlations between job stress and burnout were stronger among senior nurses than head nurses. Burnout may be higher among senior nurses given head nurses' potential for greater perceived job control. Our findings suggest that measures need to be taken to reduce burnout and turnover rates among senior nurses.
KESAN PEMBAKARAN PADA KEADAAN NISBAH KESETARAAN ɸ=0.8333 MENGGUNAKAN DWI PEMUSAR ALIRAN JEJARIAN
Authors: Rahim Muhammad Roslan , Mohd Jaafar Mohammad Nazri
Published: January 2017

Formation of nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and other emissions is increasing dramatically in the atmosphere. Due to this pressing issue, a study on combustion performance was conducted using a double radial swirler. In this study, a weak swirler with an angle of 30º is set as a primary swirler and strong swirlers each with an angle of 40º, 50º and 60º are set as secondary swirler. Combinations of these swirlers have increased internal recirculation of hot air and help to complete the mixing of fuel and air during combustion. Results show that the combination of 30º/60º swirler produced the best, more stable and shorter flame than the other combinations. Formation of NOX from the 30º/60º swirlers at equivalence ratio of 0.8333 is 27.3% lower than that from the combined 30º/40º swirlers. Other emissions such as CO, CO2 and UHC (Unburned Hydrocarbons) also show a reduction of 12.71%, 10.6% and 5.3%, respectively in the 30º/60º swirlers compared to those from the 30º/40º swirlers.
Program Kitar Semula: Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap ReDMac
Authors: Mohamed Elias Ezanee , Othman Zakirah , Mahidin Norlila , Mohd Nawi Mohd Nasrun , S.R Nadarajan Santhirasegaran
Published: January 2017

The issue of solid waste management through recycling programs in Malaysia have long been discussed in the mainstream media. However, the issue is still not taken seriously since until today the recycling rate is still low about 11 percent compared to developed countries, which already exceeds 70 percent. The situation is alarming because of its implications on the health and size of landfill is increasingly limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of customer awareness campaign supermarkets to recycle through the reward system through the use of automatic machines discharge bottle called Deposited Recycle Machine (ReDMac). Data were collected through a questionnaire and interviews. A number of respondents involved were 362 people and they were randomly selected from five different locations. The study found that 73.2% of respondents were aware of the recycling campaign held out of which 59.7% were admitted to participate in the recycling campaign, while 77.1% of respondents agreed with the reward system to encourage consumers to practice recycling. This study convinced that the best alternative is to recycle plastic bottle through the use ReDMac, as a new way to educate the society to love environmental.
A Proposed Relationship between Organizational Safety Practices and Safety Performance in the Manufacturing of Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia
Authors: Mat Saat Mohd Zaidi , Subramaniam Chandrakantan , Mohd Shamsudin Faridahwati
Published: January 2017

Many studies have showed that 60 percent to 80 percent of all industrial accidents were likely due to human errors.  Inability of employees to manage work overload, provide appropriate response, and conduct proper activities are the bases for human erors.  Safety performance in SMEs is an issue of concern because of increasing accidents and injury rates.  Due to the vulnerability of SMEs to workplace accidents and illnesses researchers have begun to develop a considerable interest in addressing the issue.  The aim of this paper is to review related empirical literatures and emphasize the necessity to examine safety performance among manufacturing SMEs in Malaysia.  This paper discusses the role of organizational safety practices that may have an influence on safety performance.  Toward the end of the paper, a conceptual model illustrating the relationships between organizational safety practices and safety performance will be presented.
The Influence Of College Experience On Entrepreneurial Intention Among IKBN Students
Authors: Md Salleh Nor Hanis , Abd Rani Shamsul Huda , Latief Donny Abdul
Published: January 2017

The study was conducted using a questionnaire that was distributed to 365 students of IKBN Kuala Perlis. The data obtained from this survey was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 20.0. The descriptive analysis was used to identify the profile of the IKBN Kuala Perlis' students.This study uses probability sampling design that apply unrestricted or simple random sampling where the element of population was known and every element has an equal or non-zero chance of being selected as sample subject. While through regression analysis it proved that, all these variables are significantly influence the entrepreneurial intention among skills-based students.
Factors for Maintenance Priority in Malaysian University
Authors: Kim Wing Alan Chong , Mohammed Abdul Hakim , Abdullah Mat Naim
Published: January 2017

Proper maintenance planning is required to ensure the upkeep for buildings. However, maintenance of university buildings are often plague with challenges such as poor  maintenance, increasing maintenance backlogs and insufficiency of budget allocation. Thus, maintenance prioritisation is practiced as part of the solution to these challenges. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of issues and factors related to maintenance prioritisation through literature review. It discusses the issues faced by maintenance manager in deciding priorities for maintenance work. The consideration for factors when deciding maintenance priorities is also presented in this paper. While there are a lot factors listed in previous literatures, this paper attempts to provide a general guideline for the factors that are considered in setting maintenance priorities. These factors are organisation's objective, risk, performance measurement, resources, and stakeholders. By following and incorporating these factors in deciding priorities, a maintenance programme can be designed to achieve better maintenance planning in universities.
Mobile Learning for Engineering Education Reform
Authors: Zarei Ataollah , Mohd. Yusof Khairiyah , Daud Mohd Fadzil , Awang Hj. Hamid Dayang Hjh. Tiawa
Published: January 2017

Due to the numerous challenges facing engineering education, it should be reformed especially in engineering curricula, teaching methods and teachers’ preparation. Regarding the mobile learning innovations and lack of research about its capabilities for facilitating engineering education reform, this paper aims to investigate and synthesize mobile learning potentials to support the reforming process by reviewing existing studies. The reviewed papers were analyzed using theme analysis method. Providing more opportunities to achieve professional skills and improving personal, authentic and collaborative learning activities, enhancing the quality, accessibility and acceptability of learning resources are the main benefits of mobile learning for engineering education.
Design and Learning Strategies Applied in Mooc: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mamman Babakura , Yusof Azizah , AbuHassna Hassan M M , Aly Hanan , Al-Ahmadi Turki , Atan Noor Azean , Harun Jamalludin , Mohamad Said Mohd Nihra Haruzuan , Ismail Zaleha , Yahaya Nooraffandy , Khair Fawazul
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the study is to examines the dominant design and learning strategy used by various MOOCs platforms to foster students’ Self Directed Learning. Method used in the study was based on the search of relevant literature through online database such as IEEE Explore, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and ResearchGate. The keywords in the search for the relevant literature include MOOCs and learning strategy, MOOCs and design strategy, MOOCs and Self Directed Learnig. The result of the meta-analysis revealed that the most frequently used learning strtegies by the various MOOCs platforms are the social construcvist and peer-to-peer approach to learning. These two strategies are found to be related to cMOOCs and xMOOCs. Similarly, of all the designs the dominant design strategy use by MOOCs providers is cMOOC and partially the blended or hybrid MOOCs. The study revealed the dominant learning strategies employed by MOOCs platforms. This may help other MOOCs designers to give emphasis to the use of best learning strategies and perhaps improve on the existing ones. The findings may also have implication to students willling to acquire knowledge through MOOCs to choose the appropriate instruction strategy that will Foster SDL.
Papers of note in
Science
355
(6323)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: January 2017

This week's articles include new research about how dengue virus can deplete platelets; a distinct N-end rule pathway for turnover of gluconeogenic enzymes in yeast; and the involvement of SUMO, ubiquitin, and the proteasome in meiotic recombination.