bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences Using Peer Assessment on Small Group Discussions in Medical Ethics
Authors: CHEONG Yooseock
Published: May 2019

Purpose: While peer-assessment (PA) is not new in higher education, it is not commonly used in medical schools in Korea. PA has been suggested as a method to enhance self-directed learning in various fields of education, but whether it actually improves performance is unclear. This study evaluated the impact of peer-assessment on small group discussions in medical ethics classes, and attempted to determine the suitability of PA for the evaluation of medical students.
Methods: A questionnaire was developed consisting of 6 questions concerning students’ opinions of PA results. The surveyed was administered in 2010 and 2011 to fifth-year medical students at one medical college in South Korea; the participating students had recently performed PA at the end of a course in medical ethics. Student scores within groups were compared with their satisfaction with the PA results, opinions about PA, and opinions about the burdens of doing PA. Students were also asked to indicate what percentage of their PA scores they would want to contribute to their overall grades in the course.
Results: A total of 91 students (82.4% male) participated in the survey. The average satisfaction score of the PA results is 6.32(±2.88) out of 10. A statistically significant correlation was found between students’ final PA scores and their levels of satisfaction with the PA (r=-0.471, p=0.000), their agreement with PA procedure (r=0.515, p=0.000), and the burden they experienced in doing PA (r=-0.312, p=0.000). On average, subjects thought that the PA should constitute about 24.5% of their final grade in the course.
Conclusion: PA is promising as an alternative method of evaluating students’ contributions within small group discussions in medical ethics curricula. Further work is required to understand how PA can be used more effectively to enhance the learning experience.
Ethical Issues in End-of-Life Decision Making:A New Model for Medical Decisions*
Authors: LEE Eun Young
Published: May 2019

Although informed consent was introduced as a method for respecting patient autonomy in the medical decision-making process, it fails to involve various contextual aspects of medical decisions. Informed consent presupposes personal rationality and only accepts choices made by the individual patient. Thus,if the family of an incompetent patient makes decisions on the patient’s behalf, those choices are not seen as autonomous. Accordingly, a new perspective is needed, one which strengthens patient autonomy and reflects the fact that, in countries such as Korea, a patient’s family members are properly regarded as proxy decision makers with the right to become involved in discussions and decisions concerning the patient’s medical treatment. Traditional shared decision-making is a collaborative process involving the patient and doctor. It excludes, not only the patient's family, but also ethical consultants that can act as mediators to help resolve any conflicts. This article critically analyzes the traditional shared decisionmaking process and then proposes a new shared decision-making model.
Nurses’ Ethical Difficulties in Emergency Department*
Authors: CHOE Kwisoon , LEE Kyoung Sook , HAM Mi Young
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to explore the ethical difficulties experienced by emergency department nurses in hospital settings. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 12 nurses working in emergency department. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to identify ethical difficulties. Four themes were emerged from the qualitative data: difficulty of advocacy for patients’ good, ethical disagreement, ethical immaturity, and ethical stress. This study will provide a theoretical basis for developing ethical guidelines that enable emergency room nurses to make decision ethically.
The Concept and Necessity of Medical Practice
Authors: LEE Hyo Jean
Published: May 2019

Although modern medicine cuts physicians off from patients as a matter of convenience and efficiency, patients want doctors to respect them and to treat them with careful consideration and professional skill. As a service given by doctors for treating patients’ health issues, medical practice has four components: physician, patient, problem, and process. This article sheds light on these four components and examines medical practice from three unique perspectives: pathological, humanistic, and social.
Generational Justice in the Distribution of Health Care Resources: N. Daniels' Prudential Life-Span Account
Authors: PARK SANG HYUK
Published: May 2019

The problem of generational justice in modern welfare states is how to equitably distribute social burdens and benefits of the welfare system across generations in a society. Because of the aging of society, however, contributors to the welfare system got fewer whereas beneficiaries from the welfare system got more. In the 1980's, 'liberal' welfare institutions seemed to fail to maintain generational equity so that 'liberal' welfare institutions, and 'liberalism' itself were harshly criticized. Against these criticisms, Daniels proposed a liberal theory of generation justice, 'prudential life-span account'. In this paper, I try to provide its adequate understanding and defend it. To achieve my aim, I clarify its horizontal and vertical contexts and draw its theoretical and practical implications. Actually, the problem of 'generational justice' is not one, but two problems which are 'justice between age groups' and 'justice between birth cohorts'. Justice between age groups is typically understood as a problem of interpersonal distribution. Considering the fact that we all age, it should be understood as a problem of interpersonal distribution. So understood, the guiding principle of justice between age groups is the principle of prudence which is adequately framed. Regarding justice between birth cohorts, all birth cohorts have to solve the problem of justice between age groups and the only sustainable solution is to maintain a stable transfer system between young and old generations. To maintain this transfer system, co-existing birth cohorts should make benefit ratios approximate to equality. After clarifying 'prudential life-span account, I defend it from Mckerlie's criticism.
Health Personnel's Comprehension of Death in Korea*
Authors: JO Kae Hwa , KIM Gyun Moo
Published: May 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the personal meaning of death through the health personnel's death metaphor. Methods: A qualitative study design was utilized. Data were collected from the clinical experiences of physicians, nurses, and paramedics. Data were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The texts were essays written by 43 health care personals about the impressions on death through their clinical experience. Results: There were three themes and fourteen theme clusters classified. The three themes that emerged were: death of human body as a medical failure; death as an occupational neutrality and controled emotion; and conversed death from a bad habit. Conclusion: The findings suggest a number of themes that health personnel's reported about meaning of death experiences through death metaphor that could be explored as a way of improving end-of-life care.
Necessities and Required Measures to Revise the KPMA's Promotion Code
Authors: KANG Hancheol
Published: May 2019

Although the Korean Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association's Promotion Code has actual binding power over the medical community, the pharmaceutical industry and the medical community currently have cast their doubtful and skeptical eyes on the Code's legitimacy and efficacy. It is undeniable that the Code has many intrinsic problems such as the absence of provision allowing physicians' consultations and lectures, the unrealistic case number and compensation allowed in post marketing surveillance and the ambiguity of clinical trials provision. It's notable that such problems are not found in the United States or Japanese pharmaceutical promotion codes. In this context, it is highly needed to revise the provisions of the Code containing such problems in order to enhance the legitimacy of the Code.
Ethical Process for Development and Clinical Application of an Innovative Medical Procedure*
Authors: KANG Myoung Sheen , LEE Yoon-seong , CHOI Bomoon , LEE Dong Soo , LEE Sang Moo , LEE Seon Heui , KOO Young-Mo , PARK Jaehyun , LEE Ilhak , PARK Jiyong , KOH Younsuck
Published: May 2019

Medical care largely depends on developments of medical sciences and technologies. Development of innovative medical procedure have to be based on medical evidence. And ethical climate among individual physicians, academic societies, specialists' organization, and healthcare institution which applies the procedure is as much critical as the ethical stance of the developer. Therefore, it is necessary to make decisions on clinical application and evaluation, social costs and benefits, reimbursement through rational procedure and standards taking into account issues like medical evidence and conflict of interests. Especially, in the case of innovative surgical and surgico-medical procedure, the adoption has almost been up to non-formal studies until recently. Formal review process based on basic principles of biomedical research ethics and evidence-based medicine, is to be proposed for development of innovative surgical and medical procedures. And this process is to be an integral part of biomedical technology assessment and ethical regulation. This paper suggests an ethical guideline for ethical review and evaluation of a new medical procedure from its initial attempt to clinical application. Though focused on innovations, this suggested guideline is also applicable to a new medical procedure. The paper consists of four parts. Firstly, it outlines the general discussion about surgical innovations from the ethical viewpoint. Secondly, prior researches about the need of guideline are reviewed. Thirdly, under this background, basic principles for process of review and evaluation, and fourthly, the very process is proposed. Lastly, the further suggestions in connection with health care policy are given.
Moral Sensitivity, Attitude, and Nursing Practices for Older People among Nurses in Long Term Care Hospitals
Authors: CHANG Hye-Young , SONG Ju-Eun , KIM Yong-Soon , YOU Mi-Ae
Published: May 2019

This study was a descriptive correlational study to examine the relationships among moral sensitivity, attitude, and nursing practices for older people among nurses in long term care hospitals. Data collection was performed from June 30 to September 15, 2012 using a self-administered questionnaire from 208 nurses. The instruments used for this study were the moral sensitivity questionnaire, the scale for attitudes toward age groups, and the nursing practices tool. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Win 19.0 program. The mean score of the moral sensitivity was 5.10 out of 7 point scale and the mean score of the attitude toward older people was 3.05 out of 5 point scale. On a 4 point scale, the mean score of the nursing practices was 3.78. There was a significant positive correlation between moral sensitivity and nursing practices. These results showed that the moral sensitivity was the important factor of nursing practices among nurses in long term care hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to develop on-the-job training programs focused on improvement of moral sensitivity and positive attitudes toward older people in order to high quality of nursing care in long term care hospitals.
Analysis of the Degree of Cancer Patients’ Awareness on Clinical Trials: A View of Subject’s Protection
Authors: KIM Jiye , YI Seung Yoon , LEE Hye Ran
Published: May 2019

This study was designed to assess the degree of cancer patients’ awareness of the nature of clinical trials (CT) and to provide basic information for further research in developing systems of protection for vulnerable patients. Patients diagnosed with cancer and admitted for chemotherapy or receiving outpatient treatment were surveyed. The survey consisted of three parts to gather information on (1) patients’ awareness of the nature of CT in general, (2) patients’ awareness of CT from medical perspectives, and (3) the relationship between intent to participate in CT and financial compensation. Eighty-five patients participated in the survey. In the first part, many patients answered that they would participate in the study lest they be put at a disadvantage for not participating, while others said they would participate because they felt they would receive special treatment. In the second part, scores were lowest in men, the elderly, the unemployed, and those who participated as a result of decisions made by their spouses. In the third part, rewards influenced women more than men, and patients in their 60s expected a greater reward than those in other groups. Most cancer patients may not be sufficiently aware of the nature of CT and may be vulnerable when making decisions by themselves. Therefore, it is necessary for patients to receive more information on CT and for the information to be presented in terms that patients can easily understand. A system for the protection of vulnerable patients may also be needed.
Factors Influencing Nurses’ Ethical Decision-Making Regarding End-of-Life Care
Authors: KIM Doo Ree , HAN Eun Kyoung , KIM Sang Hee , LEE Tea-Hwa , KIM Kyoung Nam
Published: May 2019

The ethical decision-making abilities of nurses are essential in enhancing the quality of life and death for patients and their family members. The purpose of this study was to describe the extent of nurses’ ethical decision-making abilities regarding end-of-life (EOL) care and to identify the factors that influence nurses’ ethical decisions. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was applied at two university-affiliated hospitals in South Korea using self-reported questionnaires concerning knowledge, attitudes, and ethical decision-making procedures regarding EOL care. A total of 192 nurses participated in the survey. Data were collected in December 2012 and analyzed with descriptive statistics, a Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regressions. Nurses’ ethical decision-making abilities regarding EOL care was positively correlated with nurses’ knowledge (r=0.27, p<0.001) but there was no correlation between attitudes (r=0.14, p=0.062). Knowledge and job satisfaction explained 25.3% of variance in nurses’ moral practice as the result of ethical decision-making. The findings of this study suggest that it is necessary for nurses who care for EOL patients to improve their knowledge and positive attitudes in order to enhance their competency in ethical decision-making.
The Effect of Using Photo-novella or Text Form Information on Subjects’ Understanding in the Consent Process: a Randomized, Controlled Design*
Authors: JEONG Ihn Sook
Published: May 2019

This study had two objectives: (a) to compare the level of patients’ understanding in the consent process when information is provided in text-based form with patients’ level of understanding when information is provided in photo-novella form (Wave 1); and (b) to compare the level of patients’ understanding when the routine informed consent process is supplemented with text-based information sheets (Wave 2). Twenty healthy male volunteers were consecutively recruited and randomly allocated to Group A (text-based form) or Group B (photo-novella form). Understanding was measured three times: at Wave 1, at Wave 2, and one week after Wave 2 (Wave 3). The choice type objective understanding (OU) measured at Wave 1, Wave 2, and Wave 3 was significantly higher in Group B than Group A. Both OU and subjective understanding (SU) increased from Wave 1 to Wave 2, but the changes were not statistically significant between the two groups. In conclusion, OU was higher for the photo-novella group than for the text-based group after receiving the information and remained so up until one week after the routine informed consent process. These results suggest that medical information for informed consent should be provided in photo-novella form.
A Study on the Nature of Nursing Ethics - Focusing on the Relationship between Nurses and Doctors*
Authors: KIM Sang Deuk
Published: May 2019

While nurses confront a wide variety of ethical issues, the core ethical issues for nurses relate to therelationship between nurses and doctors. These issues may be divided into two groups: those that relateto nurses’ ethical judgments and those that arise when nurses do not agree with the medical judgmentsof attending physicians. This article discusses both of these groups of issues separately. I argue that thatthe autonomy of nurses should be ensured for nursing ethics to come into existence as a unique formof professional ethics.
Understanding of Informed Consent and Decisional Regret among Participants in Cardiology Clinical Trials
Authors: YUN Eun Hwa , KIM Jung Soon , JEONG Ihn Sook
Published: May 2019

This study was aimed to identify the objective understanding (OU) and subjective understanding (SU) of the informed consent and decisional regret (DR) and to determine the related factors to them in the cardiology clinical trials. The participants were 60 patients participating in the phase III clinical trials. Data was collected after giving informed consent form for OU and SU of the informed consent and 4 weeks after participating in the clinical trials for DR using self-reported questionnaires. Mean of OU, SU, and DR were 74.6, 58.6 and 42.9 based on 100 points, respectively. The predictors of OU were reading informed consent repeatedly (p=0.004), higher education than middle school (p<0.001), and time to giving information to consenting (p=0.034), and these variables explained 45.3% of OU variation. The predictors of SU were giving information by research nurses (p=0.025), higher education than middle school (p<0.001), making question before consenting (p=0.035), and these variables explained 48.8% of SU variation. The predictors of DR were giving information by research nurses (p=0.004), age (p=0.046), and these variables explained 23.6% of DR variation. SU showed negative correlation with DR (r=-0.34, p=0.008). In conclusion, the understanding of the informed consent, especially SU, was significantly lower and negatively correlated with DR. Therefore, it is needed to improve understanding of informed consent among participants in cardiology clinical trials to reduce DR.
Commentary:Vulnerability in Emergency Medicine
Authors: 박 형욱
Published: May 2019

Kim과 Paik [1]은 의료에서의 취약함이란 건강상태가 더 나빠질 수 있는 위험이 존재하거나 의료에 대한 접근성이 낮은 것이라고 정의한다. 이는 취약함의 범주를 매우 넓게 파악하는 것이다. 사실 저자의 지적처럼 취약함의 정의는 매우 확대되기도 한다.
Ethical Consideration in the Management of Children and Adolescent Patients
Authors: PARK June Dong
Published: May 2019

The rights of patient in the medicine is emphasized recently, especially the right to be appreciated and the right to get adequate information about the management. Self-determination with the informed consent is the most important factor in the decision. There are several limitations in the process of decision-making for medical treatment in the children. Children usually have not enough capacity for decision. But the children are constantly developing and they have different capacity for the decision on the stage of development. So, health care professionals should seek the best options to reflect the opinions of children in the decision-making. Consent of assent of the children should be based on the capacity of the children. All the decisions are should be for the best benefits of the children. If there are some debate on the decisions, health care professionals should consult to social worker or ask the discussion in th committee for medical ethics.
Commentary:Ethical Consideration in the Management of Children and Adolescent Patients
Authors: Koo Young-Mo
Published: May 2019

Park [1]이 본론 1-1) 환자의 동의능력을 설명하는 부분에서 “‘자기제어’라고도 표현할 수 있는 자율성”이라는 문구가 등장하는데, 여기서 ‘자기제어’란 ‘self-determination’을 의미하는 것으로 보인다. 만약 ‘self-determination’이라면 ‘자기제어’보다는 ‘자기결정’으로 옮기는 편이 옳다.
Practice of Psychiatry Ethics in the Clinical Applications
Authors: LIM Myung Ho
Published: May 2019

Psychiatric ethics, which is a field of medical ethics, could show complicated ethical conflicts due to the characteristics of psychiatry such as involuntary treatment. The author described the four basic principles of medical ethics including psychiatric ethics, and organized the clinical cases and theories of various ethical situations that are common in the clinical applications of psychiatry. The four principles of medical ethics are the principle of respect for autonomy, the principle of non-maleficence, the principle of beneficence including paternalism, and the principle of justice. The clinical situations of psychiatry described in this study include ethical problems relevant to restraint and isolation, ethical problems relevant to involuntary hospitalization, confidentiality problem, problems relevant to autonomy and others' benefit, surrogate decision making problem, problems relevant to the diagnosis of psychiatric patients, problems relevant to the relationships with the opposite sex between psychiatric patients, and agreement problem.
Commentary:Practice of Psychiatry Ethics in the Clinical Applications
Authors: Yoo Sang Ho
Published: May 2019

정신건강의학과(이하 정신과) 영역에서 주목해 보아야 할 윤리적 문제는 격리와 강박을 비롯한 강제 치료와 강제 입원, 환자의 비밀보장, 대리결정을 포함한 동의 문제 등 상당히 다양하다. 이번 글에서는 이 중에서도 강박(억제) 처치의 윤리적 정당성에 대해 검토해 보고자 한다. 강박(restraint)이란 환자의 신체적 활동을 제한하거나 구속하는 처치를 가리킨다. 물론 강박 처치는 정신과 영역에서만 활용되는 것은 아니다. 의식이 떨어져 있는 중환자실 환자를 관리하기 위한 목적에서부터 노인 환자의 안전이나 영양 섭취를 보장하기 위해서 강박 처치가 활용되곤 한다.
Curriculum in Nursing Ethics Based on Human Right*
Authors: YOON Hee Sang , KIM Gyung Hee
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to clarify educational curriculum in the nursing ethics which is contained human right concept, based on a Delphi study. A Delphi study was conducted in two round with faculty members who teach nursing ethics, clinical research nurse, dean of clinical research center as targeted panelists. Consensus was obtained on 4 chapters 15 items. There were 3 items related to the concepts of research ethics, 2 items related to human rights, 7 items related to nurse’s task in the clinical research, 3 items related to social responsibility. This study was carried out to develop curriculum in nursing research ethics for under graduate level for nursing students. The curriculum is expected to foster the ability to assist and cooperate good research.
An Analysis of U.S. Guidance for Obtaining the Electronic Informed Consent in the Clinical Trial
Authors: KIM Eun Ae
Published: May 2019

According to the international norms, the researcher who wants to conduct the clinical trial must obtain the informed consent from the research participant in order to protect their rights and welfare and to respect their autonomy. To obtain the informed consent appropriately, the researcher must provide the sufficient information and the detailed explanations about the research and allow adequate opportunity to ask questions before obtaining the informed consent. In Korea, these requirements are specified as the researcher’s legal liabilities both in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act and in the Korean Good Clinical Practice. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of the electronic media and process for obtaining the informed consent since the electronic informed consent is convenient for delivering and storing the information. However, it is questionable whether the use of the electronic media and process for obtaining informed consent satisfies the legal and ethical requirements laid out in the domestic law and the international norms because these principles and standards within them are created on the premise that the informed consent could be obtained on paper. So, in this article, I identify the ethical issues surrounding the electronic informed consent that require the attention not only of the researcher but also of the Institutional Review Board. In particular, I analyze and comment on the guidance concerning the electronic informed consent prepared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Trends of United States Court Cases on Ghost Surgery
Authors: SUNG Soo-Yeon
Published: May 2019

Substituting other unauthorized doctor for a surgeon given prior permission by the patient, or allowing an unauthorized doctor to perform surgery without proper supervision corresponds to ghost surgery. Ghost surgery constitutes an infringement on a patient's inherent personal right to control his/her own body and a right to well-informed decision on his/her intention. Such illegal medical practices destroy trust relationships between a doctor and a patient, and may be punished for violating criminal laws, the Medical Service Act, and the Act on Special Measures for the Control of Public Health Crimes. Assistance provided by a resident or a fellow surgeon under proper supervision after disclosing all substantial information related to surgery to a patient and obtaining informed consent does not fall under ghost surgery. The ghost surgery may happen in any hospital. To avoid this, the role, position and identification of the surgeon, including the surgeon's participation, should be disclosed on the written consent form, as well as in the obligatory explanation of the surgeon. The smooth communication and interaction between physicians and patients are essential for the success of treatment. It is important for a patient to ask questions about surgery in order to avoid ghost surgery and to get clear and comprehensible answers to the questions. The doctor should take responsibility for the patients well-being in the whole process of surgery as well as the doctor should not substitute a surgeon, practicing a deception on the patient, nor leave the operating room or the patient.
How Should Physicians Respond to Patient Requests for Medically Unnecessary Surgeries?:A Look at How a Doctor’s Duty to Inform Was Taught in a Doctoring Integration Course*
Authors: JEONG Chang Rok , KIM Syoon
Published: May 2019

How should physicians respond to patients who request medically unnecessary surgical procedures? This situation arises frequently in medical practice. Most medical colleges educate their students on how to deal with legal and ethical challenges they might encounter in clinical practice. This article introduces readers to how a doctor’s duty to inform patients, especially concerning the issue of medically unnecessary surgeries, was taught in a doctoring integration course at Yonsei University College of Medicine in South Korea. Furthermore, this article characterizes the moral responsibilities that were found in actual clinical cases. The overall aim of the aim of the article is to provide clinicians in South Korea with new perspectives with which to improve the practice of clinical medicine in this country.
A Study on the Management of Conflict of Interest for Ethical Considerations in Publication of Medical Journals in Korea
Authors: PARK Jin-Seon , CHOE Byung-In
Published: May 2019

Conflicts of interests (COIs) in academic publishing demand special attention because they call into question the objectivity, integrity, and credibility of research results. This article reports on an examination of the policies regarding COIs of medical journals in South Korea. As a point of comparison we first examined the COI policies of the top nine international medical journals as measured in terms of journal citation reports (JCRs). Each of these journals defined COIs and stated policies regarding both financial and non-financial COIs. Furthermore, all nine journals required full disclosure of any COIs. We then examined the 160 medical journals that are used by members of the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences (KAMS). We found that 142 journals (89%) had a COI policy but only 80 journals (56%) of these provided a definition of COIs. Furthermore, 139 journals (98%) had a policy in relation to financial COIs but only 64% had a policy regarding non-financial COIs. All of the journals required disclosure of any COIs. COI policies should be clear and specific in terms of defining the different types of COIs and identifying the precise disclosure requirements. A standardized policy will help to promote a better understanding of COIs for those involved in the publication process and protect the credibility and integrity of medical journals in Korea.
Contradictions in the Application of Biomedical and Health Law in South Korea*
Authors: JEONG Chang Rok
Published: May 2019

Genetic researchers in South Korea have been critical of the nation’s Personal Information Protection Act since its inception, concerned that it would interfere with valuable research. Personal information on medical care and health conditions is required for genetic research. However Article 18 of the Personal Information Protection Act severely limits the ability of genetic researchers to carry out their work. This article argues on the basis of the public benefits derived from genetic research that there should be exceptions for the purpose of genetic research to Article 18 of the Personal Information Protection Act.
Online Monitoring about Illegal Surrogacy Arrangement on a Commercial Basis in Korea*
Authors: MOON Hannah , PARK So-Youn , KIM Myung-Hee
Published: May 2019

In recent years surrogacy services in Korea, with increasing infertility as well as high quality Assisted Reproductive Technology, have emerged as serious problems. The Korea’s Bioethics and Safety Act on surrogacy bans illegal acts that provide or use an embryo, ovum or spermatozoon for money or act as broker for providing or using them. Since 2012, the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy (KoNIBP) performed online monitoring about these illegal acts by capturing the information and submitted the list of them to the Ministry of Health and Welfare to delete the posts. After the correction order, the number of illegal cases steadily declined from 2,025 illegal cases in 2012 to 748 cases in 2015 (decrease of nearly 4 cases per month). However, under current law, it is hard to regulate all improper behaviors from who seek or provide surrogacy services and this law is in dire need of reform. We call for legislation that regulates inappropriate surrogacy arrangement on a commercial basis. Furthermore, we also have an urgent need of social consensus involving parents, professionals and surrogate mother or father.
A Study on the Ethical and Legal Standards to Obtain the Patient’s Informed Consent about the Use of Investigational Product for Patient Treatment
Authors: KIM Eun Ae
Published: May 2019

Legally, the investigational product (IP) can be used only in the clinical trial (CT) since its safety and effectiveness are still under investigation. Nevertheless, on the humanitarian grounds and in the exceptional cases, IP can be used legally for the patients with life-threatening critical illness and no other treatment options (Treatment Use, TU) as well as for those in emergency situation as a result of life-threatening illness (Emergency Use, EU). It is important that informed consent (IC) should be obtained in all cases in which IP is used. However, unlike the cases of CT and EU, there are no specific legal standards regarding IC process for TU, other than that it should be in accordance with the legal standards for obtaining IC for CT. Recently, the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety announced the guideline related to EU and TU, but the specific standards related to obtaining IC for TU were not included in that guideline. So in this article, I propose the ethical and legal standards for obtaining IC for TU. For this, I compare TU with CT and EU to identify their similarities and differences. In particular, I analyze the specific legal standards for obtaining IC for CT and EU.
Exploration of the Biomedical Ethics Education Module Used in the UNESCO Bioethics Core Curriculum
Authors: BAEK Ji Yeon , LEE Eun Ae , JEONG Chang Rok
Published: May 2019

This article explores the biomedical ethics education module that is used in the UNESCO Bioethics Core Curriculum. Many universities across several countries have not yet incorporated bioethics into their curriculums. We believe that introducing UNESCO Bioethics Core Curriculum Casebook Series in universities will provide an incentive to include such a module in study programs, thus offering a strong foundation for the teaching and learning of biomedical ethics. In this article, the authors describe how they introduced teachers and students to the UNESCO-Bioethics Core Curriculum, based on the 2005 Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and then examined the model of biomedical ethics education provided in the UNESCO Bioethics Core Curriculum Casebook Series. As per the curriculum, the authors suggest that the teaching module should include the following four elements: objectives, content, methods, and evaluation.
Ethical Responses to Public Health Emergencies: The 2015 MERS Outbreak in South Korea
Authors: CHOI Eun Kyung
Published: May 2019

This article examines the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea in terms of the ethics of public health emergencies. A public health emergency is defined as a severe, sudden, and unpredictable threat to public health, which poses a substantial risk to normal social functioning. In response to public health emergencies legal rights may be suspended and individual liberties may be violated. Among the many ethical principles that are relevant in public health emergencies are protecting the public from harm, justice and fairness, liberty and respect, reciprocity, and duty to treat. The 2015 MERS outbreak raised several ethical issues, including the following, which are discussed in this article: 1) Ethical deliberation in preparing for public health emergencies, 2) balancing privacy and transparency, 3) respecting individual liberty in quarantine, and 4) ensuring that the duty to treat is respected.
A Critical Study of the Arguments for and against a Moratorium on Glivec*
Authors: JEONG Chang Rok , LEE Jin-won , KO Karam
Published: May 2019

Glivec (Imatinib) is a medication used in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. This medication, which is manufactured by Norvatis, was licensed for prescription in South Korea in 2002. After being found guilty of providing illegal rebates to doctors who prescribe Glivec, Norvatis was fined by the Korean Ministry of Health. However, this incident has given rise to a debate concerning how exactly Norvatis should be penalized for its illegal actions. On the one hand, some argue that stiffer punishments should be issued, including a moratorium on the sale of Norvatis medication in Korea. On the other hand, some argue that such actions will unfairly punish leukemia patients rather than targeting the company itself. In this article, we examine the medical, pharmaceutical, and ethical arguments that can be given on both sides of this issue.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Social Behavioral Researchers on Institutional Review Board (IRB) Reviews*
Authors: LEE Go-Eun , KIM Sanghee , KIM Min-Shik , OH Eui Geum
Published: May 2019

This study is a descriptive survey research to examine knowledge and attitudes of social behavioral researchers on Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviews. The data for this study was collected from structured questionnaires sent by email to 650 social behavioral researchers, including graduate students, in South Korea. A total of 165 researchers answered the survey, and 124 of these answer sets were included in the study. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS/WIN version 21.0. The level of objective knowledge (mean score 16.01±4.04 out of 24; average correct answer 66.7%) and subjective knowledge (39.95±19.81 out of 80) was low. The attitude score was slightly more positive than the norm (3.49±0.56 out of 5). The knowledge and attitudes scores varied in accordance with certain characteristics of the subjects, such as education level, major, research experience, etc. The level of objective knowledge was significantly and positively correlated with both subjective knowledge (r=.327, p<.001) and attitude (r=.221, p=.014). The main findings of this study can be used as a foundation for developing effective educational programs for social behavioral researchers.
Nursing Ethics Research in Korea from 2009 to 2016*
Authors: KIM Shinmi , LEE Insook , KIM Se Young , NOH Yoon Goo , PARK Bohyun
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the current state of nursing ethics research in Korea by analyzing original research articles published in the Korean Citation Index from 2009 to 2016. A total of 87 articles were analyzed and summarized in terms of topic, study respondent, design, publishing journal, and keywords. The three most frequently studied topics are (a) ethical awareness, (b) attitude and recognition about ethical issues, and (c) nursing ethics education, in order. Study respondents were mainly nurses (44.9%) and nursing students (42.7%). The most frequently used research design was survey (74.2%), and most articles were published in non-nursing journals. On the basis of these results, several recommendations concerning research topics, methodologies, and suggestions for the future nursing ethics research were made.
The Implications of Care Ethics in Research Involving Vulnerable Subjects: Obtaining Informed Consent*,**
Authors: LEE Eun Young
Published: May 2019

This article examines special protection measures within international regulations and domestic laws for vulnerable subjects in research involving human subjects. An ethic of care that respects individuality and promotes altruism toward vulnerable subjects is proposed. In order to realize this ethic of care, four principles based on relational, mutual, and critical considerations are proposed. In research on human subjects, the four care principles can be realized as a dialogic interaction in the informed consent process, although dialogic interaction has limitations as a concrete guideline for the entire consent process. Finally, this article recommends a care checklist that researchers can write personally.
Ilustração empírica da pertinência da longitudinalidade. Cidadania docente e desempenho dos estudantes universitários
Authors: Rego Arménio
Published: May 2019

Pretende-se mostrar a pertinência dos estudos longitudinais através de uma ilustração empírica. A investigação visa testar o modo como quatro dimensões de cidadania docente universitária (comportamento empático, orientação prática, conscienciosidade pedagógica e cortesia) se relacionam com as classificações obtidas pelos estudantes. Os comportamentos de cidadania dos professores foram descritos pelos estudantes cerca de dois meses antes de conhecerem a classificação obtida na disciplina. Os resultados revelam que apenas a dimensão “cortesia” denota valor explicativo significativo das notas. Esta evidência contrasta com valores explicativos superiores obtidos em estudo anterior, no qual as descrições da cidadania docente foram prestadas quando os estudantes já estavam na posse da classificação obtida na disciplina.
A reflexão na prática docente: alguns limites para a sua efectivação. O caso da informática na educação
Authors: Ribeiro Nunes Leonel Jorge
Published: May 2019

A formação de professores tem sido alvo de muitas investigações, demonstrando a necessidade de se repensar e procurar alternativas viáveis para a sua continuidade. Sob esta perspectiva, surgiu nas últimas décadas uma tendência denominada de Formação Reflexiva de Professores, fundamentada num exame da situação actual da docência, e que não separa a formação inicial da formação continua, tendo como referencia a prática docente.

Como ponto central desta tendência recente, apresenta-se a constituição do professor reflexivo, a partir de um novo entendimento da prática docente, onde a experiência ganha relevância enquanto parte do «savoir faire» próprio da profissão.

Este texto pretende discutir a reflexão como elemento da prática docente, preocupado em perceber como ocorre, no ambiente da docência, a sua efectivação, a sua elaboração no quotidiano do professor, procurando entender alguns dos limites que se apresentam.
Prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Un aporte desde la neurociencia y el aprendizaje basado en proyectos ABP
Authors: Silva Monsalve Alexandra María , Mendoza Girado José Fernando , Girado Ruiz Aurelia Isabel
Published: May 2019

El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas avanza cada vez con más fuerza en los jóvenes, y es el deber de las instituciones educativas responder a este gran desafío con proyectos que prevengan y mitiguen la problemática; por ello, el proyecto de investigación pretende dar respuesta implementado una estrategia de participación comunitaria a partir del ABP, como una metodología innovadora en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, que fusionado con las TIC despierta interés en el estudiante permitiendo concentración y atención, además de incrementar la capacidad creativa frente a la realización de proyectos. La población beneficiaria son los estudiantes de grado séptimo, quienes, atraídos por la utilización de las TIC, se acoplaron al desarrollo del trabajo y a partir de la motivación realizada se involucraron en el proceso de aprendizaje. La metodología ABP utilizada ofrece a los estudiantes la posibilidad de gestionar, analizar y sintetizar un producto final que concretamente dé respuesta al desafío formulado por cada equipo de investigación. El proyecto tiene su fundamentación teórica en los aportes de la neurociencia, la cual fue muy importante para comprender el funcionamiento del cerebro, sus partes y afectaciones por el consumo de las SPA en menor o mayor grado y dependiendo de la sustancia. En el análisis de la incidencia de la estrategia pedagógica fue necesario aplicar un instrumento de validación, donde se evidenció claramente que a mayor conocimiento de los factores de riesgo y del impacto negativo de las sustancias psicoactivas mayor prevención al consumo por parte de los estudiantes
Intervención sobre las Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) desde el contexto educativo
Authors: Pardos Véglia Alexandra , González Ruiz María
Published: May 2019

Si bien la historia de la Neuroeducación es relativamente corta (sólo en la última década se comienza a aplicar al ámbito académico los métodos derivados de la neurociencia), el interés por esta disciplina es creciente y su eficacia para la mejora de aspectos importantes del contexto educativo parece demostrarse y concretarse cada vez más. Con el fin de comprender mejor los conceptos de las nuevas disciplinas como Neuroeducación o Neuropsicología infantil y, sobre todo, de aportar una propuesta práctica de aplicación de la Neurodidáctica en el aula, este artículo de revisión bibliográfica resume en primer lugar los conceptos básicos de estas disciplinas, para potenciar tanto el rendimiento académico como el ejecutivo en contexto educativo. Dentro del ámbito de la neuroeducación, las Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) constituyen un nuevo constructo que ha cobrado especial interés en los últimos años. Por ello, en un segundo lugar, este trabajo propone dos ejemplos de programas de intervención sobre las capacidades ejecutivas de metacognición y autorregulación, aplicables o adaptables al aula o a actividades educativas más amplias para niños de Educación Infantil y Primaria.
ACRONYM. III. Radial Velocities for 336 Candidate Young Low-mass Stars in the Solar Neighborhood, Including 77 Newly Confirmed Young Moving Group Members
Authors: Schneider Adam C. , Shkolnik Evgenya L. , Allers Katelyn N. , Kraus Adam L. , Liu Michael C. , Weinberger Alycia J. , Flagg Laura
Published: May 2019

Young, low-mass stars in the solar neighborhood are vital for completing the mass function for nearby, young coeval groups, establishing a more complete census for evolutionary studies, and providing targets for direct-imaging exoplanet and/or disk studies. We present properties derived from high-resolution optical spectra for 336 candidate young nearby, low-mass stars. These include measurements of radial velocities and age diagnostics such as Hα and Li λ6707 equivalent widths. Combining our radial velocities with astrometry from Gaia DR2, we provide full 3D kinematics for the entire sample. We combine the measured spectroscopic youth information with additional age diagnostics (e.g., X-ray and UV fluxes, color–magnitude diagram positions) and kinematics to evaluate potential membership in nearby, young moving groups and associations. We identify 77 objects in our sample as bona fide members of 10 different moving groups, 14 of which are completely new members or have had their group membership reassigned. We also reject 44 previously proposed candidate moving group members. Furthermore, we have newly identified or confirmed the youth of numerous additional stars that do not belong to any currently known group and find 69 comoving systems using Gaia DR2 astrometry. We also find evidence that the Carina association is younger than previously thought, with an age similar to the β Pictoris moving group (∼22 Myr).
Exploring Reionization-era Quasars. IV. Discovery of Six New z ≳ 6.5 Quasars with DES, VHS, and unWISE Photometry
Authors: Yang Jinyi , Wang Feige , Fan Xiaohui , Yue Minghao , Wu Xue-Bing , Li Jiang-Tao , Bian Fuyan , Jiang Linhua , Bañados Eduardo , Beletsky Yuri
Published: May 2019

This is the fourth paper in a series of publications aiming at discovering quasars at the epoch of reionization. In this paper, we expand our search for z ∼ 7 quasars to the footprint of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Data Release One (DR1), covering ∼5000 deg2 of a new area. We select z ∼ 7 quasar candidates using deep optical, near-infrared (near-IR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR) photometric data from the DES DR1, the VISTA Hemisphere Survey, the VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy survey, the UKIRT InfraRed Deep Sky Surveys—Large Area Survey (ULAS), and the unblurred coadds from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explore (WISE) images (unWISE). The inclusion of DES and unWISE photometry allows the search to reach ∼1 mag fainter, comparing to our z ≳ 6.5 quasar survey in the northern sky. We report the initial discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of six new luminous quasars at z > 6.4, including an object at z = 7.02, the fourth quasar yet known at z > 7, from a small fraction of candidates observed thus far. Based on the recent measurement of z ∼ 6.7 quasar luminosity function using the quasar sample from our survey in the northern sky, we estimate that there will be ≳55 quasars at z > 6.5 at M
1450 < −24.5 in the full DES footprint.
Probing the Time Variation of the Effective Newton’s Constant with Optimal Redshift Weights
Authors: Li Jian , Zhao Gong-Bo
Published: May 2019

We propose a new method for probing the time variation of the effective Newton’s constant G
eff, based on the optimal redshift weighting scheme, and demonstrate the efficacy using the DESI galaxy spectroscopic survey. We find that with the optimal redshift weights, the evolution of

can be significantly better measured: the uncertainty of

can be reduced by a factor of 2.2 ∼ 12.8 using the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey sample at z ≲ 0.45, and by a factor of 1.3 ∼ 4.4 using the DESI Emission Line Galaxies sample covering 0.65 ≲ z ≲ 1.65.