bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PATTERNS OF LATER LIFE EDUCATION AMONG TEENAGE MOTHERS
Authors: RICH LAUREN M. , KIM SUN-BIN
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the phenomenon of later life education among women who first give birth as teenagers. The analysis first considers patterns of educational attainment through the middle 30s for all women, disaggregated by age at first birth. This allows for an examination of the amount of education received by teen mothers relative to women who delay giving birth until adulthood. The analysis also considers racial-ethnic differences in patterns of attainment. Next, the analysis is restricted to teen mothers and focuses on an examination of the composition of educational attainment according to the amount of time that has elapsed since the first birth. The findings suggest that later life education among teen mothers is an important and understudied phenomenon with implications for welfare reform and adult education policies.
Quetiapine for Hypnogogic Musical Release Hallucinations
Authors: David Raymund R. , Fernandez Hubert H.
Published: March 2007

Musical release hallucinations are complex auditory phenomena, affecting mostly the deaf geriatric population, in which individuals hear vocal or instrumental music. Progressive hearing loss from otosclerosis disrupts the usual external sensory stimuli necessary to inhibit the emergence of memory traces within the brain, thereby "releasing" previously recorded perceptions. Responses to conventional antipsychotic agents have been variable and extrapyramidal and other side effects have limited their use. We report the first case of hypnogogic release hallucinations successfully treated with the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine. The patient is an 88-year-old woman with progressive deafness who complained of hearing the piano, drums, or a full orchestra every time she was about to fall asleep. She accused her neighbor of hosting loud parties. Physical, neurologic, and psychiatric examination and work-up were unremarkable. She was treated with low-dose quetiapine affording near total resolution of hallucinations without adverse effects. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:210-211).
Functional Status and Clinical Correlates in Cognitively Impaired Community-Living Older People
Authors: Landi Francesco , Onder Graziano , Cattel Caterina , Gambassi Giovanni , Lattanzio Fabrizia , Cesari Matteo , Russo Andrea , Bernabei Roberto
Published: March 2007

We describe the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a population of community-living older people, its associa tion with functional decline, and degree of comorbidity. In addition, we examined the relationship between different levels of cognitive impairment and mortality. We conducted an observational study of 1787 patients aged 65 years and above with any degree of cognitive impairment. Patient data were collected with the Minimum Data Set for Home Care. More than 50% of patients had some level of cognitive impairment, which correlates with the degree of physical frailty. On the contrary, patients with cognitive impairment appear to have fewer comorbid conditions and are less likely to receive medications than patients with normal cognitive status. In particular, hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis are found more frequently among patients with normal mental status compared with those showing some level of cog nitive defects. Yet, more severe cognitive impairment is associated with a higher mortality rate. Demented patients are characterized by a high prevalence of functional disability and by increased mortality. This increased morbid ity and mortality rate is associated with a lower prevalence of comorbid clinical conditions and drug use, relative to patients with normal cognitive performance. The present findings support the possibility that severe cognitive impairment has an independent effect on survival. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:21-27).
Lack of Association between the Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Depression in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Liu Chia-Yih , Hong Chen-Jee , Liu Tsung-Yun , Lin Ker-Neng , Wang Pei-Neng , Chi Chin-Wen , Chuang Ya-Yun , Liu Hsiu-Chih
Published: March 2007

The ∈4 allele of apolipoprotein (apo E) is one of the risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the association between apo E genotypes and depression in patients with AD. A psychiatrist interviewed all patients and their caregivers for depression using a Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, and for the severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Twenty-five of the 149 patients with AD were diagnosed with depressive disorders. The numbers of patients in each apo E genotype were 10 in ∈2/3, 2 in ∈2/4, 74 in ∈3/3, 46 in ∈3/4, and 17 in ∈4/4. We did not find an association between depression and the presence or absence of the ∈4 or ∈2 allele. The HDRS scores were not different in patients with AD with the ∈4 or ∈2 allele or in those patients without them. Our study did not find an association between depression and the apo E ∈4 or ∈2 allele in AD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:20-23).
Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone Concentrations Are Not Dependent on Age or Creatinine Clearance among Elderly Subjects
Authors: Maxwell Rae Ann , Sweet Robert A. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Rosen Jules , Kirshner Margaret A. , Kastango Kari B. , Pollock Bruce G.
Published: March 2007

Risperidone is extensively metabolized to an active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH), which is dependent on renal clearance. Risperidone and 9-OH clearances are reduced in the elderly when compared to young subjects. The objective of this study was to determine whether among elderly subjects, risperidone and 9-OH clearance would further decline with increasing age and decreasing creatinine clearance (CrCl). Twenty geriatric inpatients were evaluated in a naturalistic setting with regard to total daily risperidone dose and dosing interval. Creatinine clear ance was determined using an 8-hour urine collection. Risperidone and 9-OH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to examine the impact of age and CrCl on con centrations of risperidone, 9-OH, their sum, and the quotient of 9-OH/risperidone. Mean age was 76.4 ± 9 years (range 56-91). Mean CrCl was 55.4 ± 32.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range 17-142 mL/min/1.73 m2). Mean risperidone daily dose was 1.3 ± 0.7 mg. Steady-state risperidone and 9-OH concentrations were 4.1 ± 5.3 ng/mL and 9.1 ± 6.2 ng/mL, respectively. Mean 9-OH/risperidone was 6.2 ± 6.1. Concentrations of risperidone, 9-OH, their sum, and 9-OH/risperi done were not significantly correlated with age or CrCl. These results were unchanged when concentrations were corrected for total daily risperidone dose. Among elderly subjects, risperidone and 9-OH clearance do not decline with increasing age or declining CrCl. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:77-81).
Autoclave Processing of PEEK/Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Manson Jan-Anders E. , Seferis James C.
Published: March 2007

The influence of processing conditions on the laminate quality for auto claved carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been studied. The pro cessing temperature, pressure, and hold-time were the major variables examined, and their influences on the structure and properties for an 8-ply thick laminate were investigated. The structural evaluation performed on a macroscopic level in terms of compaction, resin/fiber homogeneity and void content, as well as morphological studies, showed a well-defined lower processing temperature limit at approximately 375°C, for satisfactory laminate quality. The lower processing temperature limit was also corroborated by the fracture toughness properties of the laminate. Contrary to processing temperature, pro cessing pressure and hold-times showed a secondary influence on the final laminate quality.
Thermoplastic Prepreg Manufacture
Authors: Goodman K.E. , Loos A.C.
Published: March 2007

Continuous graphite fibers were impregnated with thermoplastic resin using a research scale, single tow, drum winding prepreg machine. The method of impregnation was a solution dip, with a wedge-slit die. Several parameters were varied but special atten tion was given to the fiber tow velocity and the fiber tow tension. Prepreg samples were evaluated to determine volatile and resin contents. Photomicrographs were taken to deter mine the degree of impregnation and the fiber/resin distribution.
A New Approach to the Forming of Thermoplastic-Matrix Continuous-Fiber Composites — Part 2: Experiments and Model
Authors: Ramani K. , Miller A.K. , Cutkosky M.R.
Published: March 2007

"Die-less forming" is a new concept, intended to manufacture long compo nents of continuous-fiber thermoplastic-matrix composites. The concepts behind die-less forming have been tested in experiments on a two-roller demonstration machine. The experiments focused on finding the effects of important forming parameters on the shape. Laminates with special lay-up were also made and formed to study the effect of lay-up on shape.

Quasi-isotropic laminates showed an unexpected "excess bending." An elastic/visco- plastic model has been developed to explain and predict this excess bending during die- less forming. The model is rate dependent and captures the shape dependency on strain rate, transverse feed magnitude and the lay-up. The model is based on the application of the principle of virtual displacements. The model predicts the net bend angle well for quasi-isotropic laminates.
Fiber-Matrix Interactions in Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Pangelinan Adriano B. , Mccullough R.L. , Kelley Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Mechanisms by which the surface of a fiber can influence the local polymer behavior are reviewed. A survey of existing surface data suggests that current fiber surface treatments appear to have been optimized for polar thermosetting systems rather than thermoplastic composites. Assessments of fiber-polymer interaction energies for a variety of thermoplastic composites suggest that an interphase zone may be created by entropically driven mechanisms that promote the accumulation of low-molecular- weight species in the vicinity of the fiber. The implications of such low-molecular-weight sheaths are discussed.
Effect of Fiber Cross-Section Shape on the Elastic Response of Composite Materials
Authors: Whitney James M.
Published: March 2007

A laminate analogy is developed for predicting the elastic constants and stresses in a unidirectional composite containing continuous fibers with rectangular pack ing geometry. Although fiber cross-sectional shape can be arbitrary, the present model is developed for circular and elliptical fibers. All nine elastic constants and the stress concen tration factors at the fiber/matrix interface are determined. Effect of fiber shape on in plane and bending properties of laminates is then examined using the results of the micro mechanics as input to classical laminated plate theory calculations.
Power, Hierarchy, and Change
Authors: Coopman Stephanie J. , Meidlinger Katherine Burnett
Published: March 2007

This study examined stories told by the members of a Roman Catholic parish staff to each other in informal settings. In analyzing the stories collected, the authors focused on the ways in which storytelling and stories reinforced or challenged the organization’s power structure and reflected changes in cultural traditions. Storytelling was generally collaborative, with listeners actively participating. Although the process of cooperative storytelling indicated the egalitarian nature of the group, much story content reinforced the church’s hierarchy. In addition, some stories reflected tensions between changes in the larger culture and maintenance of the status quo within the organization. Observing and gathering naturally occurring organizational stories revealed the ways in which storytelling is participative and grounded in story histories.
Leader-Member Exchange, Perceived Organizational Justice, and Cooperative Communication
Authors: Lee Jaesub
Published: March 2007

This study examined the extent to which (a) the quality of leader-member exchanges (LMXs) affected perceptions of distributive and procedural organizational justice and (b) perceptions of organizational justice influenced cooperative communication in the work group. Findings indicated that subordinates in low-quality LMXs perceived less distributive and procedural fairness than their peers in high-quality LMXs. Furthermore, as subordinates perceived greater fairness in distributive outcomes and procedures, they tended to believe that communication in the work group was more cooperative.
Assessing the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II)
Authors: Weider-Hatfield Deborah
Published: March 2007

The ROCI-II, as one of the more recently developed instruments, is distinguished by its emphasis on individual predispositions, its belief in maintaining a balance in the amount of conflict in the organization, and its concern for effectiveness in managing conflicts. The scale treats communication implicitly as a set of strategies used to achieve interpersonal goals and as a way of equalizing the amount of conflict in the system. This article commends the internal reliabilities of the scale but questions the factor structure of the items. It calls for research on the predictive validity of the instrument and on the way to determine the appropriateness of a style in a particular situation.
The Applied Value of Laboratory Research
Authors: Cardy Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Laboratory studies and studies conducted with students are frequently criticized for questionable generalizability. The basis for the criticism has simply been that because students and laboratory settings are not managers and work settings, findings based on the former may not have anything meaningful to say about the latter. This commentary focuses on the issue of generalizability of laboratory studies and, more generally, explores the utility of both laboratory and field studies. Rationale for each approach and criteria for assessing each are offered.
Communicator Style, Media Use, Organizational Level, and Use and Evaluation of Electronic Messaging
Authors: Rice Ronald E. , Chang Shan-Ju , Torobin Jack
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the role of communicator style, other media use, and organizational level in influencing the adoption, use, and evaluation of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in two organizations. Although overall, communicator styles have only a very weak influence, the relaxed and precise styles (in the hypothesized direction) and the friendly style (opposite to the hypothesized direction) do maintain some slight associations in multivariate analyses. Although the characteristics of media suggested by theories of social presence and information richness provide some foundation for these influences, other CMC characteristics and organizational contexts, as well as other approaches, also provide useful frameworks for understanding the slight role of communicator style.
Measuring Uncertainty within Organizational Relationships
Authors: Jorgensen Jerry D. , Petelle John L.
Published: March 2007

The article examines the CL7 instrument as a potential measurement for organizational researchers pursuing their investigations in the area of relational uncertainty and uncertainty reduction. The article includes an overview of the CLUES (CL7) instrument, a discussion of the instrument's reliability and validity, and its application to organizational communication research. The article suggests that the CL7 instrument has demonstrated unidimensionality in low-context cultures, high reliability, and known validity in a wide array of relational types.
A Feedback Loop Model of Postmerger Performance
Authors: Bastien David T.
Published: March 2007

Most of the research on mergers and acquisitions has focused on the organization(s) undergoing a merger. Numerous studies have observed a common syndrome marking the postacquisition period. Poor organizational performance is one of the regular symptoms of this syndrome, yet little attention has been addressed to the role of customers, whose patronage is a prime determinant of economic performance, and competitors. A case study was developed of a merger of two local organizations. Data were collected from customers and competitors, and the analysis led to a feedback loop model of customer and competitor roles in postmerger performance. Among the important observations are: (a) organizational change causes customers to change vendors, (b) the announcement of a merger fuels efforts by competitors to “steal” market share, and (c) organizational change leads to more organizational change. These dynamics are, furthermore, a function of communication between the merging organizations and their customers.
From Face-to-Face Meeting to Video Teleconferencing
Authors: Hart Paul , Svenning Lynne , Ruchinskas John
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted among video teleconferencing users from three separate sites of a large aerospace firm to determine whether users perceived changes in the formal meeting genre when comparing face-to-face exchange with video teleconferencing. The findings indicated preliminary evidence of relationships between greater perceived importance of structural mechanisms and task-focused exchange, structural mechanisms and meeting outcomes, and task-focused exchange and meeting outcomes among meeting participants. Among meeting chairpersons, the preliminary findings indicated relationships between greater perceived importance of preparation before meetings and chair direction, preparation, and number of decisions made during meetings, and preparation and minutes used to coordinate activities between meetings. These findings are consistent with shifts one might expect when time constrains the use of video teleconferencing.
Gender, Psychological Type and Conflict Style Preference
Authors: Sorenson Paula S. , Hawkins Katherine , Sorenson Ritch L.
Published: March 2007

Research on the effect of gender on interpersonal conflict in organizational settings has revealed contradictory findings. This research attempts to clarify the issue. One hundred and thirty-five experienced first- and mid-level managers responded to questionnaires regarding gender, psychological type, and conflict style preference. Consistent with previous research, results indicated that gender was related to psychological type: male respondents were predominantly “thinkers” and female respondents were predominantly “feelers.” Psychological type influenced conflict management for only one of five conflict style preferences. “Feelers” were more likely to choose an obliging style than were “thinkers.” Similarly, gender influenced conflict style preference for only one of five conflict management choices. Male respondents had a higher obliging score than did female respondents. Overall, however, results indicated that while psychological type may be a more powerful indicator of conflict style preference than is gender, neither factor accounted for a substantial amount of variance in conflict style preference. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Workplace Aggression as a Consequence of Negative Performance Feedback
Authors: Geddes Deanna , Baron Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Providing negative feedback to subordinates is one of the most difficult and stressful interactions in the workplace. Although such encounters may produce necessary changes and improved subordinate performance, they may also prompt retaliation and hostility. In this study, we examined managers' concerns and experiences with respect to this process. In particular, we focused on managers' experiences with aggressive employee reactions to negative feedback. Results suggest that most employee aggression following feedback is verbal, passive, and/or indirect in nature. Physical violence was the least likely form of aggressive reaction encountered by participating managers. Managers also reported one critical incident of aggression following feedback, and described problematic emotional, relational, and task-related consequences. Findings suggest the importance of preparing managers for potentially aggressive responses by employees, encouraging them to deliver negative feedback in a manner that minimizes the likelihood of aggression and considering alternative models with regard to appraisal practices.
Caring Science in a New Key
Authors: Eriksson Katie
Published: March 2007

A reorientation is going on in caring science. It could be called a new key characterized by more humanistically oriented thinking, which gives new significance to caring science. The sounding board of the new key is to be found in its ontological core. Its progress depends on whether we will succeed in laying bare the core of caring and developing its fundamental concepts and main theory. We need to regain the hermeneutical approach to penetrate into the core. Caring today needs this knowledge to help the patient in an increasingly complex world.
Effects of Promoting Patients' Participation in Self-Care on Postoperative Recovery and Satisfaction with Care
Authors: Hanucharurnkui Somchit , Vinya-nguag Pikul
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of patients' participation in self-care aimed at expediting the rate of recovery from surgery and increasing satisfaction with care received was tested with adult patients undergoing pyelolithotomy and nephrolithotomy. Forty subjects participating in the study were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 20) or a control group (n = 20). Patients in the experimental group participated in their self-care through nurse-patient interaction in addition to the usual care received in the setting. Results of the study indicated that patients in the experimental group had significantly less pain sensation and distress, used fewer analgesics, ambulated more, had fewer complications, and had higher satisfaction with care than patients in the control group. Since the experimental intervention was based on Orem's and King's theories, these findings support the value of application of these two nursing theories in practice.
Alternative Approaches to Nursing Practice: Application of Peplau, Rogers, and Parse
Authors: Martin Mary-Lou , Forchuk Cheryl , Santopinto Marc , Butcher Howard K.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates three major nursing theories in practice. The uniqueness of each theory is clarified through the presentation of nursing formulations and practice implications. The discussion provides a meta perspective of how practice based in nursing theory is different from traditional practice and how nursing theory can guide practice.
The Role of Theory in Qualitative Research
Authors: Mitchell Gail J. , Cody William K.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly philosophers and scientists have affirmed that all knowledge is theory-laden and that methods are theory-driven. These assertions raise important questions related to the role of theory in qualitative research. There are scholars who propose that qualitative research can enhance understanding and expand theoretical knowledge from a disciplinary perspective. And there are others who contend that qualitative inquiry is purely inductive and that its validity can therefore be judged by the extent to which preconceived theory is absent from it. The purpose of this article is to examine three qualitative methods, grounded theory, ethnography, and phenomenology, and their use in nursing in order to explicate the role of theory in knowledge development. The authors propose that, by nature, inquiry, discovery, and theoretical interpretation coexist simultaneously and must be recognized as such if the theory-research linkage is to advance nursing science through qualitative research.
Hospital Payment Source and Length-of-Stay
Authors: Johnson Lutjens Louette R.
Published: March 2007

The primary aim of the research reported here is to examine elements of the theory of social organizations as adaptive systems as derived from Roy's model by investigating the ability of hospital payment source to predict length-of-stay. A retrospective review was conducted of 3,297 records of patients discharged under 1 of 10 frequently occurring diagnosis-related groups. Two groups were formed to isolate the contextual stimulipatients whose hospital care was paid for under a diagnosis-related-group payment system and patients whose hospi-. tal care was paid for under a per diem payment system. The Tilton 0 statistic indicated a high degree of similarity between the two patient groups. Thus, length-of-stay could not be effectively predicted based on the source of payment to the hospital.
Postmodernism and Knowledge Development in Nursing
Authors: Watson Jean
Published: March 2007

Postmodernism as a concept and periodizing point between centuries has been defined as both the beginning and the end of modernity. This article explores some of the dimensions of this moment and movement between centuries and the implications of the postmodern condition on the nursing profession. Amidst the health care reform angst of deconstructing and reconstructing, challenges and opportunities await nursing's evolution into its own postmodern paradigm. Manifestations of such a postmodern paradigm are already reflected in the epistemological shifts of nursing science and knowledge development. Challenges posed for nursing science by this disorientingly free-floating era are brought to light - away from the reaction worldview, past the reciprocal and into the transformative-simultaneous, where by nursing can emerge within its own unique postmodern discipline.
Building Knowledge Through Qualitative Research: The Road Less Traveled
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author specifies the ontological, epistemological, and methodological differences among selected borrowed qualitative research methods and the three extant nursing research methods. A further distinction is made between nursing knowledge per se and general knowledge that can be used by nurses. Building nursing knowledge requires a connection with extant nursing theories and frameworks.
The Language of Standards and Teacher Education Reform
Authors: Yinger Robert J. , Hendricks-Lee Martha S.
Published: March 2007

The key to successful professionalization of any practice is to convince clients and the public that a professional, as a result of education and practical experience, possesses unique knowledge and skills that can be employed to solve the particular problems of practice and thus serve client needs. Research and knowledge-based standards can convey the professional qualifications of teachers by creating a shared and public language of practice that not only describes how knowledge is used in practice but also becomes a vehicle for testing and elaborating the components of professional activity. Standards, when used in this manner by a developing profession, thus become a means to development and empowerment, not merely a means of external control.
The Quiet Reform in American Education: Policy Issues and Conceptual Challenges in the School-to-Work Transition
Authors: Crowson Robert L. , Wong Kenneth K. , Aypay Ahmet
Published: March 2007

A quiet reform has gone almost unnoticed in the many policy debates about improving America's schools. Labeled "The School-to-Work Revolution" by Lynn Olson and others, this little-noticed movement offers, at last, a solution to the constraining historical dualism between academic and vocational training. There is a new enthusiasm for and focus on the preparation-for employment side of American secondary education. However, although reinvigorated, the school-to-work revolution remains heavily threatened by our nation's reputation for low-quality vocational education and by some long-unresolved tensions with regard to social mobility and political control. This article discusses the need for additional theorizing about and policy-minded attention to the revolution and observes that valuable opportunities for improvement in job preparation are at hand in an increased national interest in economic development.
The Chasm between Rhetoric and Reality: The Fate of the "Democratic Ideal" When a Public University Becomes Elite
Authors: Nidiffer Jana , Bouman Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2007

The "democratic ideal"-the belief that any American, regardless of background, can attend college-is fully woven into the fabric of America's higher-education system. Historically, state colleges were the embodiment of this ideal. Yet, the democratic rhetoric did not always match the selective reality in terms of who attended state universities, especially around the turn of the 20th century. This study reveals that the University of Michigan, despite the impassioned rhetoric of its president, James Burrill Angell, had become increasingly elite and expensive by 1910. As a result, fewer students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds were able to attend. The university's rhetorical commitment to the poor; however, took another route as an increasingly research-oriented faculty began studying poverty and its related problems rather than admitting individual poor students.
Reform through School Networks: A New Kind of Authority and Accountability
Authors: Smith Andrew K. , Wohlstetter Priscilla
Published: March 2007

Many educational reforms are implemented on a school-by-school basis where the individual or the school is often the target of the effort. But the problems of education transcend the capacity of one school working alone. Networking schools with each other or with partner organizations works to develop social capital; this can be an effective alternative to market-type or hierarchical approaches to reform. In the network model of organizing, authority and accountability are based on the social relationships between network participants. Focusing on new management roles within school networks, the authors' findings suggest that networks promote community-based collaboration, cost sharing, knowledge sharing, and the involvement of external partners. In contrast, challenges to the network strategy include the need for extensive training in group process skills and the need for quality information. The intent of this article is to make the language and discourse of networks more accessible to education reformers.
Teachers Unions and Educational Reform - A Comparative Perspective: The Cases of France and Israel
Authors: Gaziel Haim H. , Taub David
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of teachers unions in two centralized educational systems-France and Israel—on school reforms. The analysis of related documents and interviews with teachers union leaders and with high officials in the ministries of education reveal that since the 1970s, teachers unions in both countries have been demanding more say in educational policy reforms. For their part, governments in both countries show a great openness toward the demands of teachers unions, stemming from a liberal-societal corporatism point of view. Despite similarities between teachers union strategies and tactics in both countries, however, French teachers unions are more politically oriented. Their interest in being involved in the educational reform process stems from their active involvement in French politics in general. The Israeli teachers unions are much less involved in Israeli politics, and their wish to be involved in the educational reform process stems more from professional concerns.
Achieving Coordinated School-Linked Services: Facilitating Utilization of the Emerging Knowledge Base
Authors: Crowson Robert L. , Boyd William L.
Published: March 2007

Few reforms have captured the imagination and excitement that surrounds the notion of coordinated services for children. Numerous attempts are under way nationwide to change a fragmented system of services for children into more effective sets of partnerships. However, service organizations do not make partnerships easily, due to a number of issues ranging from autonomy to funding concerns. This article examines some basic assumptions and questions surrounding knowledge dissemination and utilization in the service coordination arena, seeking to draw facilitation strategies from a series of ongoing projects in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis. The authors also draw heavily on a body of emerging theory and inquiry known as "the new institutionalism."
Diversity in Practice: Perspectives on Concept, Context, and Policy
Authors: Hoffman Diane M.
Published: March 2007

Although diversity is a concept that has generated many policy initiatives, it is also an idea that merits closer critical analysis. This article argues that many efforts to support diversity are framed by discourses grounded in conceptualizations of culture, difference, and identity that, far from encouraging genuine multiculturalism, merely serve to perpetuate the status quo. Educators and policy makers need to become far more sensitive to the implicit stasis of current categories of thinking about difference so that more effective and pedagogically appropriate models for teaching and learning about diversity can be implemented.
The Micro politics of Accountability: The Case of Staff Appraisal
Authors: Timperley Helen S. , Robinson Viviane M. J.
Published: March 2007

Nowhere are the micropolitics within schools more evident than in staff appraisal. Currently, the New Zealand government is attempting to shift the evaluation of teachers from a predominantly professional form of accountability to a more democratic form in which teachers are held accountable for their performance to both central government and local communities. A survey of New Zealand secondary school principals indicates that preferred models of appraisal are primarily developmental and involve teachers being accountable only to their peers because they fear the loss of autonomy implied by being accountable to external stakeholders. In this chapter, we argue that it is possible to reconcile democratic accountability requirements and the developmental purpose of appraisal preferred by teachers. We illustrate this argument with an examination of the micropolitics of a New Zealand secondary school as it attempted to make the shift from an optional peer-focussed appraisal system to a more democratic form which served the needs of both teachers and external stakeholders.
The Religious Right and Public Education: The Paranoid Politics of Homophobia
Authors: Lugg Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

With the political rise of the U.S. Religious Right, public educators, administrators, and policy makers have faced numerous charges that public schools promote homosexuality. These charges have been made regardless of the actual content of various programs and curricula. Nevertheless, the typically incendiary charges seem an effective political tool in derailing and/or reshaping educational reform and program offerings. Drawing upon the methodologies of social historiography and historical policy analysis, this author examines the use of strategic homophobia by the Religious Right in their quest to "take back America,"concluding with a general discussion of homophobia, paranoid politics, and implications for educational policy makers and public school personnel.
New Advances in the Pharmacological Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Focus on Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Oliphant Catherine M. , Bonnema Scott M.
Published: March 2007

The introduction of a new class of anti-HIV agents, the protease inhibitors, has given new hope to patients with HIV infection. Use of these agents requires the pharmacist to have a complete knowledge of phar macokinetics, adverse reactions, drug-drug interactions, and resistance profiles. Patient compliance is one of the most important factors affecting the success and failure of protease inhibitor therapy. Pharma cists have the opportunity to positively influence outcomes of HIV therapy.
Internet Connections for Asthma
Authors: Carlstedt Bruce C.
Published: March 2007

Access to the Internet has provided opportunities for information retrieval and communication all over the world. Numerous asthma organizations, professional associations, educational institutions, and individuals with an interest in asthma provide websites which may be useful to patients, caregivers, and health care professionals.
Cultural Differences in Music Chosen for Pain Relief
Authors: Good Marion , Picot Bradford Lee , Salem Safaa Gaber , Chin Chi-Chun , Picot Sandra Fulton , Lane Deforia
Published: March 2007

Nurses use music therapeutically but often assume that all patients will equally appreciate the same type of music. Cultural differences in music preferences are compared across five pain studies. Music preferences for pain relief are described as the most frequently chosen type of music for each culture. Findings indicate that in four studies, musical choices were related to cultural background (p = .002 to .049). Although the majority in each group chose among the other types of music, Caucasians most frequently chose orchestra music, African Americans chose jazz, and Taiwanese chose harp music. For culturally congruent care, nurses should become aware of cultural differences in music preference and provide culturally specific selections among other music expected to have a therapeutic effect.
Adolescent Violence
Authors: Breakey Suellen , Wolf Karen A. , Nicholas Patrice Kenneally
Published: March 2007

Adolescent violence is a major public health problem. Because of their roles in community and hospital settings, nurses have an opportunity to limit the epidemic of violence. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived levels of knowledge, the value of further education, resource utilization, and attitudes of nurses caring for adolescent victims of violence. Data were collected from 60 nurses employed at an urban public hospital. Results of the study indicate that 50% of the respondents had high scores on the perceived knowledge section of the survey. However, the majority of nurses (82.5%) felt inadequately educated about violence. The attitudes reported with the most frequency were frustration (78%), anger (59%), and powerlessness (58%). The results of this study indicate a need for additional violence education for nurses, particularly in the areas of available resources and intervention for adolescent victims of violence.
A Collaborative Research Project on Therapeutic Touch
Authors: Dowling Jacqueline S. , Bright Mary Anne
Published: March 2007

The current shift toward granting funds for collaborative research proposals means that graduate nursing students must be prepared to participate in the collaborative research process. The authors describe how master’s and doctoral students worked together with faculty to establish group norms, investigate, design, and disseminate a research proposal on Therapeutic Touch. Project goals, description of group members, and the benefits and limitations of collaborative research also are included. Evaluating the collaboration as a challenging yet enjoyable learning experience, students and faculty shared a successful scholarly endeavor that ultimately led to funding and implementation of a research proposal on Therapeutic Touch.
A Didactic Example of Latent Curve Analysis Applicable to the Study of Aging
Authors: Li Fuzhong , Duncan Terry E. , Mcauley Edward , Harmer Peter , Smolkowski Keith
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This article provides an example and application of growth curve analysis for modeling individual differences in behavioral rates of change in aging. The latent curve modeling approach to the analysis of change allows researchers to describe change as a continuous process and to address issues related to individual differences in change over time. Methods: Data are used from the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA) on change in activities of daily living (ADLs) in the elderly. Analyses involved direct maximum likelihood estimation using complete and incomplete cases. Results: It is possible to statistically capture developmental changes. Change in participants’ ADLs was characterized by a negative linear trajectory, and there was evidence of significant individual variability in the starting point of the trajectory and the rate of change over time. Discussion: The article discusses the utility of latent curve analysis in aging research as well as other techniques that are extensions of latent curve analysis.
Sustained Personal Autonomy
Authors: Ford Amasa B. , Haug Marie R. , Stange Kurt C. , Gaines Atwood D. , Noelker Linda S. , Jones Paul K.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This study addresses the following question: What characteristics of urban, noninstitutionalized elders predict which individuals are most likely to remain independent of personal assistance during a 2-year observation period? Methods: A population-based sample of 602 noninstitutionalized urban residents aged 70 and older was followed for 2 years. Results: Ninety-eight of the 487 survivors remained independent. Factors associated with sustained independence were relatively younger age, male gender, fewer medical conditions, good physical function, and nonsmoking. The attitudes “favors family or self over agency assistance” and “does not expect filial obligation” were also independently associated. Discussion: The results are consistent with previous studies of successful aging and showthat attitudes expressed at baseline favoring personal independence are associated with sustained autonomy during a period of at least 2 years.
A Green Prescription Study
Authors: Pfeiffer Barbara A. , Clay Steven W. , Conatser Robert R.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To determine if a written exercise prescription increases physical activity when added to verbal advice. Methods:Forty-nine community-dwelling older adults supplied their geriatricians with baseline data on their exercise levels using a questionnaire. Participants were randomly placed in a verbal advice only group or a verbal advice plus written prescription, “green” prescription, group. Outcomes were assessed after 6 weeks. Results:Both groups showed a significant increase in time spent in physical activity. However, no significant differences between groups due to the effects of the different advice modalities were found. Conclusions:Geriatricians can effectively promote physical activity among sedentary older adults through goal-oriented physical activity advice.
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics of Anglophone Canadian and U.S. Snowbirds
Authors: Martin Harry W. , Hoppe Sue Keir , Marshall Victor W. , Daciuk Joanne F.
Published: March 2007

Data from a survey of anglophone Canadian snowbirds wintering in Florida and one of U.S. snowbirds in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley are used to compare the two groups in terms of sociodemographics, chronic health conditions, and use of health services. The Canadians were younger and reported fewer chronic problems than did the U.S. snowbirds; Canadians aged 65 and over had a lower reported prevalence for four of five chronic conditions than did persons of the same age in the Canadian population. In contrast, the U.S. snowbirds had higher reports on four of the conditions than did U.S. Whites aged 65 and over. Hypotheses are suggested for future research, and methodological issues are discussed.
Readiness of Older Adults to Stop Smoking in a Televised Intervention
Authors: Clark Melissa A. , Kviz Frederick J. , Prohaska Thomas R. , Crittenden Kathleen S. , Warnecke Richard B.
Published: March 2007

Smokers aged 60 and older who enrolled in a televised smoking cessation program were compared with older smokers in the target population, using data from telephone interviews. Multiple logistic regressions identified factors that differentiated older smokers at various stages of readiness to quit. Within the target population, smokers planning to quit someday (N = 238) were more likely to have had greater concern about health effects of smoking and perceived a stronger desire by others for them to quit than smokers with no such plan (N= 127). Compared with older smokers in the target population who were planning to quit someday, program registrants (N = 95) perceived greater severity of lung cancer, had greater concern about the health effects of smoking, perceived greater reduction of lung cancer risk from quitting, and had more determination to quit. These findings indicate important factors according to the stage in the smoking cessation process that must be considered when intervening with older smokers
Functional Status and the Use of Formal Home Care in the Year before Death
Authors: Grabbe Linda , Demi Alice S. , Whittington Frank , Jones Jo M. , Branch Laurence G. , Lambert Richard
Published: March 2007

A National sample of persons who died in 1986 was analyzed to obtain a valid estimate of the relationship between functional status and the provision of formal home care during the last year of life. Community-based care has become increasingly important as the size of the elderly population increases and the cost for institutional care rises. When people need help in caring for themselves because of illness, frailty, or disability, community-based care may be more appropriate than acute or institutional care. The year before death is often a time of dependence and a high intensity of health service consumption. Although care at home is provided primarily by families, formal home care is also a critical component in any continuum of care.
Mammography Interventions for 65- to 74-Year-Old HMO Women
Authors: King Eunice S. , Ross Eric , Seay Janet , Balshem Andrew , Rimer Barbara
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the impact of two interventions designed to encourage mammography use among HMO women aged 65-74 who had not had a mammogram within the past year and had not used their referral for a free mammogram. Ninety days after the referral mailing, women were randomized to receive (a) a survey, (b) a survey in addition to telephone mammography counseling, or (c) a survey, telephone counseling, and a letter. Follow-up data indicated that only 13% of control group women compared to 27% who received phone counseling and 32% who received counseling and a letter obtained a mammogram within 120 days following the baseline survey and/or intervention. Results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that having received either of the interventions, mammography history, access ease, breast cancer/mammography beliefs, and having a friend or family member with breast cancer were independently and significantly related to mammography use.
Predicting Discharge Outcomes of VA Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Mehr David R. , Williams Brent C. , Fries Brante.
Published: March 2007

This article's purpose was to identify predictors of discharge outcomes of VA nursing home stays. Using data tapes, diagnostic and assessment data were assembled on elderly individuals admitted to VA nursing homes nationwide during Fiscal Year 1987. Six-month outcomes for 3 groups were considered: all residents (n = 5,895), and those remaining in care after 6 (n = 2,815) and 12 months (n = 1,812), respectively. Logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of death and community discharge. Limited activities of daily living (ADL) dependency, younger age, and receipt of rehabilitation services most consistently predicted community discharge. ADL dependency, older age, oxygen use, terminally ill prognosis, malignancy, and congestive heart failure most consistently predicted mortality. For both dependent variables, predictive ability declined as stay length increased. Predicting death and community discharge become increasingly problematic as stay lengthens. Comparing observed versus expected discharge outcomes has limited usefulness as a quality-improvement tool.