bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of mean climate trends and climate variance on beaver survival and recruitment dynamics
Authors: Campbell Ruairidh D. , Nouvellet Pierre , Newman Chris , Macdonald David W. , Rosell Frank
Published: May 2012

Ecologists are increasingly aware of the importance of environmental variability in natural systems. Climate change is affecting both the mean and the variability in weather and, in particular, the effect of changes in variability is poorly understood. Organisms are subject to selection imposed by both the mean and the range of environmental variation experienced by their ancestors. Changes in the variability in a critical environmental factor may therefore have consequences for vital rates and population dynamics. Here, we examine ≥90‐year trends in different components of climate (precipitation mean and coefficient of variation (CV); temperature mean, seasonal amplitude and residual variance) and consider the effects of these components on survival and recruitment in a population of Eurasian beavers (n = 242) over 13 recent years. Within climatic data, no trends in precipitation were detected, but trends in all components of temperature were observed, with mean and residual variance increasing and seasonal amplitude decreasing over time. A higher survival rate was linked (in order of influence based on Akaike weights) to lower precipitation CV (kits, juveniles and dominant adults), lower residual variance of temperature (dominant adults) and lower mean precipitation (kits and juveniles). No significant effects were found on the survival of nondominant adults, although the sample size for this category was low. Greater recruitment was linked (in order of influence) to higher seasonal amplitude of temperature, lower mean precipitation, lower residual variance in temperature and higher precipitation CV. Both climate means and variance, thus proved significant to population dynamics; although, overall, components describing variance were more influential than those describing mean values. That environmental variation proves significant to a generalist, wide‐ranging species, at the slow end of the slow‐fast continuum of life histories, has broad implications for population regulation and the evolution of life histories.
Cyclin D1, E‐cadherin and beta‐catenin expression in FIGO Stage IA cervical squamous carcinoma: diagnostic value and evidence for epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Koay Mei Hui E , Crook Maxine , Stewart Colin J R
Published: May 2012

Koay M H E, Crook M & Stewart C J R  (2012) Histopathology Cyclin D1, E‐cadherin and beta‐catenin expression in FIGO Stage IA cervical squamous carcinoma: diagnostic value and evidence for epithelial–mesenchymal transition

Aims:  Immunohistochemistry is helpful in distinguishing cervical neoplastic lesions from their histological mimics, but has contributed less towards the sometimes problematic distinction of in‐situ and superficially invasive tumours. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be a mechanism of invasion in cervical neoplasia and expression of EMT‐associated proteins could prove useful in this diagnostic setting.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemical expression of cyclin D1, E‐cadherin and beta‐catenin was assessed in 22 biopsy specimens from FIGO Stage IA cervical squamous carcinomas, all of which also included foci of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3, nine biopsies of CIN 3 adjacent to carcinoma, and 10 cases of CIN 3 only. Most invasive tumour cells expressed cyclin D1 and showed a reduction in E‐cadherin and beta‐catenin staining. Nuclear beta‐catenin expression was not observed. Cyclin D1 staining was reduced or showed altered distribution in most cases of CIN 3, while adhesion protein expression generally was preserved. However, altered protein expression similar to that of invasion was seen in some CIN lesions.

Conclusions:  Most superficially invasive cervical squamous carcinomas show immunophenotypical changes consistent with EMT. These alterations, particularly cyclin D1 expression, may be useful diagnostically. Similar changes in CIN 3 lesions may indicate the acquisition of increased invasive potential.
Cadmium exerts its toxic effects on photosynthesis via a cascade mechanism in the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis PCC 6803
Authors: TÓTH TÜNDE , ZSIROS OTTÓ , KIS MIHÁLY , GARAB GYŐZŐ , KOVÁCS LÁSZLÓ
Published: May 2012

Despite intense research, the mechanism of Cd2+ toxicity on photosynthesis is still elusive because of the multiplicity of the inhibitory effects and different barriers in plants. The quick Cd2+ uptake in Synechocystis PCC 6803 permits the direct interaction of cadmium with the photosynthetic machinery and allows the distinction between primary and secondary effects. We show that the CO2‐dependent electron transport is rapidly inhibited upon exposing the cells to 40 µm Cd2+ (50% inhibition in ∼15 min). However, during this time we observe only symptoms of photosystem I acceptor side limitation and a build of an excitation pressure on the reaction centres, as indicated by light‐induced P700 redox transients, O2 polarography and changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Inhibitory effects on photosystem II electron transport and the degradation of the reaction centre protein D1 can only be observed after several hours, and only in the light, as revealed by chlorophyll a fluorescence transients, thermoluminescence and immunoblotting. Despite the marked differences in the manifestations of these short‐ and long‐term effects, they exhibit virtually the same Cd2+ concentration dependence. These data strongly suggest a cascade mechanism of the toxic effect, with a primary effect in the dark reactions.
Efficacy and safety of the interleukin‐1 antagonist rilonacept in Schnitzler syndrome: an open‐label study
Authors: Krause K. , Weller K. , Stefaniak R. , Wittkowski H. , Altrichter S. , Siebenhaar F. , Zuberbier T. , Maurer M.
Published: May 2012

Background

Schnitzler syndrome (SchS) is a rare disease with suspected autoinflammatory background that shares several clinical symptoms, including urticarial rash, fever episodes, arthralgia, and bone and muscle pain with cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes respond to treatment with interleukin‐1 antagonists, and single case reports of Schnitzler syndrome have shown improvement following treatment with the interleukin‐1 blocker anakinra. This study evaluated the effects of the interleukin‐1 antagonist rilonacept on the clinical signs and symptoms of SchS.

Methods

Eight patients with SchS were included in this prospective, single‐center, open‐label study. After a 3‐week baseline, patients received a subcutaneous loading dose of rilonacept 320 mg followed by weekly subcutaneous doses of 160 mg for up to 1 year. Efficacy was determined by patient‐based daily health assessment forms, physician's global assessment (PGA), and measurement of inflammatory markers including C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and S100 calcium‐binding protein A12 (S100A12).

Results

Treatment with rilonacept resulted in a rapid clinical response as demonstrated by significant reductions in daily health assessment scores and PGA scores compared with baseline levels (P < 0.05). These effects, which were accompanied by reductions in CRP and SAA, continued over the treatment duration. Rilonacept treatment was well tolerated. There were no treatment‐related severe adverse events and no clinically significant changes in laboratory safety parameters.

Conclusion

Rilonacept was effective and well tolerated in patients with SchS and may represent a promising potential therapeutic option (NCT01045772 [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier]; EudraCT #2006‐004290‐97).
Comparison of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in water pipe and cigarette smokers
Authors: BOSKABADY MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN , FARHANG LILA , MAHMODINIA MAHBOBEH , BOSKABADY MORTEZA , HEYDARI GHOLAM REZA
Published: May 2012

Background and objective:  A major type of smoking in Middle Eastern countries is water pipe (WP) smoking. In the present study, pulmonary function tests (PFT) and respiratory symptoms (RS) were compared in WP smokers and deep inspiration (S‐DI) or normal inspiration (S‐NI) cigarette smokers.

Methods:  Pulmonary function and RS were compared among WP smokers, deep or normal inspiration cigarette smokers, and non‐smokers.

Results:  All PFT values in WP smokers and S‐DI, but only some values in S‐NI, were lower than those of non‐smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In addition, all PFT values in WP smokers and S‐DI were lower than the corresponding values in S‐NI, except for forced expiratory volume in 1 s and maximal expiratory flow at 25% of forced vital capacity (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). The prevalence of RS, except for sputum production, was greater in all three groups of smokers than in non‐smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). However, the severity of most RS in WP smokers and S‐DI, but only the severity of wheezing in S‐NI, was greater than that in non‐smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). There were inverse correlations for PFT values and positive correlations for RS, with duration and total amount of smoking (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  The results from this study showed that there was a profound effect of WP smoking on PFT values and RS, which were similar to the effects of deep inspiration cigarette smoking.
Anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil under spontaneous respiration assisted with high‐frequency jet ventilation for tracheobronchial foreign body removal in 586 children
Authors: Hu Sheng , Dong Hai‐long , Sun Yan‐yan , Xiong Dong‐fang , Zhang Hao‐peng , Chen Shao‐yang , Xiong Li‐ze
Published: May 2012

Background:  Foreign body aspiration is a common life‐threatening event in young children. Tracheobronchial foreign body removal is usually performed by rigid tracheobronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Anesthetic and ventilation techniques vary greatly among anesthesiologists and institutions. In the present retrospective study, we report our anesthetic experience over 5 years. We describe complications and outcomes and analyze the clinical characteristics of anesthesia and ventilation.

Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed relevant clinical findings of 586 pediatric patients treated with rigid tracheobronchoscopy under general anesthesia. All procedures were performed under inhaled sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil infusion, with spontaneous respiration assisted by high‐frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) and topical airway anesthesia.

Results:  Among 586 patients, the foreign body was successfully removed by rigid tracheobronchoscopy in 558 patients, and no foreign body was found in 28 patients. Laryngospasm was observed during the procedure in five patients. Hypoxemia was observed in 15 patients (2.6%). No severe complications or deaths occurred. The mean operation time was 22 min and the average hospital stay was 2 days.

Conclusion:  Inhaled sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil infusion, with spontaneous respiration assisted by HFJV and topical airway anesthesia, is safe and effective for tracheobronchial foreign body removal.
Divergent selection on locally adapted major histocompatibility complex immune genes experimentally proven in the field
Authors: Eizaguirre Christophe , Lenz Tobias L. , Kalbe Martin , Milinski Manfred
Published: May 2012

Although crucial for the understanding of adaptive evolution, genetically resolved examples of local adaptation are rare. To maximize survival and reproduction in their local environment, hosts should resist their local parasites and pathogens. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with its key function in parasite resistance represents an ideal candidate to investigate parasite‐mediated local adaptation. Using replicated field mesocosms, stocked with second‐generation lab‐bred three‐spined stickleback hybrids of a lake and a river population, we show local adaptation of MHC genotypes to population‐specific parasites, independently of the genetic background. Increased allele divergence of lake MHC genotypes allows lake fish to fight the broad range of lake parasites, whereas more specific river genotypes confer selective advantages against the less diverse river parasites. Hybrids with local MHC genotype gained more body weight and thus higher fitness than those with foreign MHC in either habitat, suggesting the evolutionary significance of locally adapted MHC genotypes.
Predictors of decrease in ankle–brachial index among patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hoe J. , Koh W.‐P. , Jin A. , Sum C.‐F. , Lim S.‐C. , Tavintharan S.
Published: May 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e304–e307 (2012)

Aim  Screening for peripheral arterial disease, a complication among patients with diabetes, is performed by periodic assessment of ankle–brachial index. We aimed to study the degree of ankle–brachial index change over time and factors associated with significant change.

Method  We assessed difference between two ankle–brachial index measurements over time in a consecutive series of 82 patients with Type 2 diabetes. All patients had ankle–brachial index > 0.9 but ≤ 1.3 for the first measurement, and significant ankle–brachial index decrease was defined as a decrease of > 0.1 in the follow‐up measurement compared with the baseline.

Results  The mean follow‐up duration was 27.6 (median 30.0) months. Significant ankle–brachial index decrease was seen in 20.7% of patients, including 5% with follow‐up ankle–brachial index of ≤ 0.9, consistent with the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease. After adjusting for age and gender, higher baseline HbA1c and serum creatinine levels, increase in follow‐up serum LDL cholesterol levels compared with baseline and history of retinopathy were predictors of significant ankle–brachial index decrease.

Conclusions  Our study suggests that, within two years, one in five patients with diabetes and a normal ankle–brachial index may have significant progression of peripheral arterial disease. Annual ankle–brachial index assessment and better control of hyperlipidaemia may thus be required for at‐risk patients with poor glycaemic control, renal impairment and retinopathy.
Decreased GAD65‐specific Th1/Tc1 phenotype in children with Type 1 diabetes treated with GAD‐alum
Authors: Axelsson S. , Hjorth M. , Ludvigsson J. , Casas R.
Published: May 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1272–1278 (2012)

Aim  The balance between T helper cell subsets is an important regulator of the immune system and is often examined after immune therapies. We aimed to study the immunomodulatory effect of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD‐alum) in children with Type 1 diabetes, focusing on chemokines and their receptors.

Methods  Blood samples were collected from 70 children with Type 1 diabetes included in a phase II clinical trial with GAD‐alum. Expression of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CCR4 was analysed on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with GAD65 using flow cytometry, and secretion of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants with Luminex.

Results  Expression of Th1‐associated CCR5 was down‐regulated following antigen challenge, together with an increased CCR4/CCR5 ratio and CCL2 secretion in GAD‐alum‐treated patients, but not in the placebo group.

Conclusion  Our results suggest that GAD‐alum treatment has induced a favourable immune modulation associated with decreased Th1/Tc1 phenotypes upon antigen re‐challenge, which may be of importance for regulating GAD65 immunity.
The variation of tree beta diversity across a global network of forest plots
Authors: De Cáceres Miquel , Legendre Pierre , Valencia Renato , Cao Min , Chang Li‐Wan , Chuyong George , Condit Richard , Hao Zhanqing , Hsieh Chang‐Fu , Hubbell Stephen , Kenfack David , Ma Keping , Mi Xiangcheng , Supardi Noor Md. Nur , Kassim Abdul Rahman , Ren Haibao , Su Sheng‐Hsin , Sun I‐Fang , Thomas Duncan , Ye Wanhui , He Fangliang
Published: May 2012

Aims  With the aim of understanding why some of the world's forests exhibit higher tree beta diversity values than others, we asked: (1) what is the contribution of environmentally related variation versus pure spatial and local stochastic variation to tree beta diversity assessed at the forest plot scale; (2) at what resolution are these beta‐diversity components more apparent; and (3) what determines the variation in tree beta diversity observed across regions/continents?

Location  World‐wide.

Methods  We compiled an unprecedented data set of 10 large‐scale stem‐mapping forest plots differing in latitude, tree species richness and topographic variability. We assessed the tree beta diversity found within each forest plot separately. The non‐directional variation in tree species composition among cells of the plot was our measure of beta diversity. We compared the beta diversity of each plot with the value expected under a null model. We also apportioned the beta diversity into four components: pure topographic, spatially structured topographic, pure spatial and unexplained. We used linear mixed models to interpret the variation of beta diversity values across the plots.

Results  Total tree beta diversity within a forest plot decreased with increasing cell size, and increased with tree species richness and the amount of topographic variability of the plot. The topography‐related component of beta diversity was correlated with the amount of topographic variability but was unrelated to its species richness. The unexplained variation was correlated with the beta diversity expected under the null model and with species richness.

Main conclusions  Because different components of beta diversity have different determinants, comparisons of tree beta diversity across regions should quantify not only overall variation in species composition but also its components. Global‐scale patterns in tree beta diversity are largely coupled with changes in gamma richness due to the relationship between the latter and the variation generated by local stochastic assembly processes.
Monetary Union and Pegging in the Presence of Labor Unions*
Authors: Korpos Attila
Published: May 2012

As the European Economic and Monetary Union grows, power over monetary policy is shifting away from the original founders. Previously, researchers have analyzed the impact of replacing an exchange‐rate peg with a monetary union in the presence of labor unions. In these studies, the authors have consistently concluded that unemployment in the country that originally controlled monetary policy will rise, although they cite very different reasons. In this paper, we present a more general model that reproduces the previous results in special cases and clarifies the relations across the results. In addition, the more general model shows that the results are reversed in certain conditions.
Falls in Newly Admitted Nursing Home Residents: A National Study
Authors: Leland Natalie E. , Gozalo Pedro , Teno Joan , Mor Vince
Published: May 2012

Objectives

To examine the relationship between nursing home (NH) organizational characteristics and falls in newly admitted NH residents.

Design

Observational cross‐sectional study from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2006.

Setting

NHs in the United States in 2006.

Participants

Individuals (n = 230,730) admitted to a NH in 2006 without a prior NH stay and with a follow‐up Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment completed 30 days or more after admission.

Measurements

The relationship between experiencing a fall noted on the MDS assessment and NH characteristics (e.g., staffing, profit and chain status, religious affiliation, hospital‐based facility status, number of beds, presence of a special care unit, funding) was examined, adjusting for NH resident characteristics.

Results

Twenty‐one percent of this cohort (n = 47,750) had experienced at least one fall in the NH at the time of the MDS assessment, which was completed for newly admitted NH residents who had at least a 30‐day stay. NHs with higher certified nursing assistant (CNA) staffing had lower rates of falls (adjusted odds ratio = 0.97, 95% confidence interval = 0.95–0.99).

Conclusion

For newly admitted NH residents, NHs with higher CNA staffing had a lower fall rate. In an effort to maximize fall prevention efforts, further research is needed to understand the relationship between CNA staffing and falls in this NH population.
Are Geriatricians More Efficient Than Other Physicians at Managing Inpatient Care for Elderly Patients?
Authors: Sorbero Melony E. , Saul Melissa I. , Liu Hangsheng , Resnick Neil M.
Published: May 2012

Objectives

To compare outcomes and measures of efficiency for hospitalized elderly adults managed by geriatricians with those managed by other physicians.

Design

Secondary data analysis using a system that integrates clinical and financial information for inpatient and outpatient services delivered throughout the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC). Propensity scores were developed based on participant sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and used to match participants based on the attending physician's specialty (geriatrician, n = 701; nongeriatrician, n = 11,549). Multivariate analyses using generalized estimating equations methods were performed.

Setting

Two UPMC hospitals in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Participants

Patients aged 65 and older admitted in 2002 in a medical diagnosis‐related group (DRG).

Measurements

Outcomes (inpatient mortality, 30‐day mortality, readmission) and efficiency measures (length of stay, total costs, and surplus, which is the difference between hospital costs and payment received for an admission).

Results

Elderly adults managed by geriatricians were significantly older (P < .001) and more likely to be male (P < .001) and had more diagnoses (P < .001). Propensity scores successfully balanced characteristics managed by the two groups. Patients of geriatricians had shorter length of stay (P < .001), lower costs per admission (P < .001), and greater surplus (P < .001) with no differences in outcomes. In multivariate analyses, there were not significant differences in outcomes, but patients of geriatricians had significantly shorter length of stay and lower costs per admission and generated more surplus for the hospitals.

Conclusion

Geriatricians were more efficient than other physicians in managing hospitalized elderly adults with medical DRGs frequently managed by geriatricians. This efficiency did not compromise patient outcomes.
Long‐Term Outcome After Catheter Ablation for Left Posterior Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia Without Development of Left Posterior Fascicular Block
Authors: WISSNER ERIK , MENON S YAMKUMAR DIVAKARA , METZNER ANDREAS , SCHOONDERWOERD BAS , NUYENS DIETER , MAKIMOTO HISAKI , ZHANG QINGYING , MATHEW SHIBU , FUERNKRANZ ALEXANDER , RILLIG ANDREAS , TILZ ROLAND RICHARD , KUCK KARL‐HEINZ , OUYANG FEIFAN
Published: May 2012

Long‐Term Outcome After Substrate‐Based Ablation of LPF VT During SR. Background: Catheter ablation of left posterior fascicular (LPF) ventricular tachycardia (VT) is commonly performed during tachycardia. This study reports on the long‐term outcome of patients undergoing ablation of LPF VT targeting the earliest retrograde activation within the posterior Purkinje fiber network during sinus rhythm (SR).

Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 24 consecutive patients (8 female; mean age 26 ± 11 years) referred for catheter ablation of electrocardiographically documented LPF VT. Programmed stimulation was performed to induce tachycardia, while mapping and ablation was aided by use of a 3D electroanatomical mapping system. Catheter ablation targeted the earliest potential suggestive of retrograde activation within the posterior Purkinje fiber network (retro‐PP) recorded along the posterior mid‐septal left ventricle during SR if LPF VT was noninducible.

Results: Overall, 21/24 (87.5%) patients underwent successful catheter ablation in SR targeting the earliest retro‐PP, while 3/24 (12.5%) patients were successfully ablated during tachycardia. In none of the patients, ablation resulted in LPF block. No procedure‐related complications occurred. After a median follow‐up period of 8.9 (4.8–10.9) years, 22/24 (92%) patients were free from recurrent VT.

Conclusion: In patients presenting with LPF VT, ablation of the earliest retro‐PP along the posterior mid‐septal LV during SR results in excellent long‐term outcome during a median follow‐up period of almost 9 years. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1179–1184, November 2012)
Prevalence and Predictors of Cable Extrusion and Loss of Electrical Integrity with the Riata Defibrillator Lead
Authors: SHEN SHARON , BHAVE PRASHANT , GIEDRIMAS EVAN , PATEL TARAL , ARORA RISHI , CHICOS ALEXANDRU B. , GOLDBERGER JEFFREY J. , ILKHANOFF LEONARD , KIM MICHAEL H. , LIN ALBERT C. , PASSMAN ROD , LEE RICHARD , KNIGHT BRADLEY P. , KIM SUSAN S.
Published: May 2012

Prevalence and Predictors of Riata Cable Extrusion. Introduction: Recently, a medical advisory was issued regarding the Riata and Riata ST silicone endocardial defibrillator leads (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA, USA) addressing the issue of conductor cables extruding in an “inside‐out” fashion from the main body of the lead. However, little data exist to guide our management of patients with these leads.

Methods and Results: A retrospective analysis was performed of 84 patients with a Riata lead who underwent cine‐fluoroscopy and electrical evaluation as part of a screening program to assess for cable extrusion. All leads screened were dual‐coil except for one single‐coil lead. Of 84 patients, 23 patients (27.4%) had fluoroscopic evidence of cable extrusion. Multivariate analysis showed that the duration of time since lead implant and the presence of multiple right ventricular leads were significantly associated with cable extrusion. All 23 patients had normal electrical parameters on routine device interrogation. Fifteen of these 23 patients (65%) with extruded cables had high‐voltage shocks within 12 months of lead screening; only one patient demonstrated postshock electrical abnormalities.

Conclusions: The prevalence of cable extrusion in dual‐coil Riata leads is significantly higher at 27.4% than previously reported. The duration of time since implantation and the presence of multiple right ventricular leads are associated with cable extrusion. High‐energy shocks did not reveal electrical abnormalities in most patients with cable extrusion. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1207–1212, November 2012)
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: An Overview
Authors: Monchek Ruth , Wiedaseck Susan
Published: May 2012

This article reviews the different disease entities that fall under the classification of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). The conditions included range from molar pregnancy to the malignant forms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTN). These disorders all arise from abnormal placental trophoblastic development. The different types of GTD, symptomatology, and diagnostic modalities are examined. The various methods of treatment are reviewed. Although the management of GTD and GTN falls outside the scope of midwifery practice, midwives need to be aware of the incidence, risk factors, and symptoms for specific types of GTD in order to be able to diagnose and refer for treatment in a timely manner. Psychosocial aspects that affect the woman who has not only had a pregnancy loss but also may be faced with a life‐threatening illness are examined. The role of the midwife in the management, counseling, and follow‐up of GTD and GTN is discussed.
Decomposition‐Coarsening Model of SiOC/HfO2 Ceramic Nanocomposites Upon Isothermal Anneal at 1300°C
Authors: Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Nonnenmacher Katharina , Ionescu Emanuel , Riedel Ralf
Published: May 2012

Pronounced variations of the crystallite size of hafnia (HfO2) precipitates in silicon oxycarbide (SiOC)–HfO2 ceramic nanocomposites were studied by TEM upon annealing bulk samples at 1300°C for times ranging from 1 to 200 h. TEM investigations revealed homogeneous nucleation and crystallization of hafnia in the amorphous, Hf‐bearing SiOC matrix upon pyrolysis at 1300°C. Unexpectedly, high‐temperature anneal resulted in a pronounced coarsening of the hafnia crystallites at internal surfaces, due to a decrease of the C content at surface‐near regions. Based on the crystallite size, the diffusion coefficient of Hf was calculated via the Lifshitz‐Slyozov‐Wagner (LSW) theory for Ostwald ripening for both the bulk and internal surface regions. The diffusion coefficient of hafnium, DHf, in the C‐depleted surface areas was 10−18 m2/s, whereas DHf of the SiOC bulk was three orders of magnitude lower with 10−21 m²/s. The present work underlines that the polymer‐derived ceramics are in fact prone to phase separation and local chemical changes upon high‐temperature treatment and are not as stable as commonly considered.
Synthesis and Characterization of Single Crystalline Hafnium Carbide Nanowires
Authors: Yuan Jinshi , Zhang Han , Tang Jie , Shinya Norio , Nakajima Kiyomi , Qin Lu‐Chang
Published: May 2012

Hafnium carbide (HfC) is the most refractory compound known to mankind. A catalyst‐assisted chemical vapor deposition method has been applied to synthesize contaminant‐layer‐free single crystalline HfC nanowires. The nanowires have diameter of 20–80 nm and length of several tens of microns. High‐resolution transmission electron microscope images and electron diffraction patterns show that most of the nanowires grew in the <100> direction. Morphological and compositional analyses confirmed that the nanowire growth followed the vapor‐liquid‐solid mechanism. Field ion microscopy has also been used to reveal the surface structure of the tip of the nanowires.
Decreasing incidence of placental abruption in Finland during 1980–2005
Authors: TIKKANEN MINNA , RIIHIMÄKI OUTI , GISSLER MIKA , LUUKKAALA TIINA , METSÄRANTA MARJO , ANDERSSON STURE , RITVANEN ANNUKKA , PAAVONEN JORMA , NUUTILA MIKA
Published: May 2012

Objective. To study the incidence trends of placental abruption. Design. Register‐based retrospective study. Setting. The Finnish Medical Birth Register and Hospital Discharge Register. Population. A total of 6231 placental abruption cases among 1 576 051 deliveries. Methods. Data on demographic and pregnancy and delivery associated outcomes were collected. Data on overall incidence and maternal age were available 1980–2005. Data on other variables were available 1987–2005. Main outcome measure. Placental abruption Results. The overall incidence of placental abruption was 395/100 000 (0.4%). The incidence decreased 31%, from 487/100 000 in 1980 to 337/100 000 in 2005 (p < 0.001). The incidence was lowest among women aged 20–24 years (305/100 000) and highest among women aged ≥45 years (1309/100 000). During 1987–2005 the incidence was lowest among women with one or two deliveries (353/100 000) and highest in nulliparous women (382/100 000) and in women with three or more deliveries (595/100 000). The incidence was nearly double (577/100 000) among smoking compared with non‐smoking women (341/100 000). The incidence was highest between gestational weeks 26 and 29. Among newborns weighing <1500 g the incidence was higher (5734/100 000) than among those weighing ≥2500 g (251/100 000). The incidence was higher in multiple (903/100 000) than in singleton pregnancies (374/100 000). Conclusion. The incidence of placental abruption decreased during 1980–2005. The incidence was highest among women aged 45 years or more, multiparous and smoking women, in multiple pregnancies and in women with low birthweight newborns.
The prevalence of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome or hyperandrogenism
Authors: HOLM NINA SOFIE LILLEGAARD , GLINTBORG DORTE , ANDERSEN MARIANNE SKOVSAGER , SCHLEDERMANN DORIS , RAVN PERNILLE
Published: May 2012

Objective. Polycystic ovary syndrome may be associated with an increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, but substantial evidence for this remains to be established. We investigated the prevalence of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in a well characterized group of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and/or clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism. Design. Retrospective observational trans‐sectional study. Setting. Out‐patient clinic at the Departments of Endocrinology and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark. Population. In all, 963 premenopausal women consecutively referred with the diagnoses polycystic ovary syndrome and/or hirsutism during 1997–2008. Methods. All women underwent a standardized evaluation program. In 2011, The Danish Data Bank of Pathology was used to identify women with endometrial histology diagnoses (year range of diagnosis 1982–2011). Main outcome measures. Histology diagnoses, demographic variables. Results. Endometrial hyperplasia was diagnosed in 10 (1.0%) women and endometrial cancer in one (0.1%) woman. The median body mass index of these women was 30.6 kg/m2 compared with 26.8 kg/m2 in the total cohort. There were no differences between the cases and total cohort in terms of individual Rotterdam Criteria. In Denmark, 70 cases of endometrial cancer are diagnosed yearly in women 40–55 years, a prevalence of 0.4% in the corresponding period. Conclusion. The results of the present study do not suggest a higher prevalence of endometrial cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and/or clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism than in the general population.
Ovarian remnant syndrome: comparison of laparotomy, laparoscopy and robotic surgery
Authors: ZAPARDIEL IGNACIO , ZANAGNOLO VANNA , KHO ROSANNE M. , MAGRINA JAVIER F. , MAGTIBAY PAUL M.
Published: May 2012

Objective. To compare laparotomy, laparoscopy and robotic surgery in the management of ovarian remnant syndrome. Design. Retrospective comparative study. Setting. Mayo Clinic Arizona and Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA. Population. Women who underwent surgical treatment for ovarian remnant syndrome. Methods. The clinical records of 223 patients with histologically documented residual cortical ovarian tissue excised at Mayo Clinic by laparotomy, laparoscopy or a robotic approach, from January 1985 through February 2009, were reviewed. Data collected included the patient's age, body mass index, previous medical and surgical history, symptoms, prior management of ovarian remnant syndrome, preoperative imaging study, intraoperative details, postoperative course, complications and follow‐up data. Main outcome measures. Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Results. One hundred and eighty‐seven patients (83.9%) were operated by laparotomy, 19 (8.5%) by laparoscopy and 17 (7.6%) by a robotic approach. Estimated blood loss and length of stay were significantly lower in the robotic and laparoscopic groups compared with laparotomy (p < 0.01). After a mean follow‐up of 21.1 ± 32.4 months, the rate of pain improvement was 93.1, 94.4 and 71.4% for the laparotomy, laparoscopy and robotic surgery group, respectively. Conclusions. Robotic and laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome offer advantages over laparotomy in terms of reduced blood loss, lower postoperative complications and shorter length of stay.
Does antenatal physical therapy for pregnant women with low back pain or pelvic pain improve functional outcomes? A systematic review
Authors: RICHARDS EMMA , VAN KESSEL GISELA , VIRGARA ROSA , HARRIS PAULA
Published: May 2012

Objective. A systematic review was undertaken to update the understanding of the available evidence for antenatal physical therapy interventions for low back or pelvic pain in pregnant women to improve functional outcomes when compared with other treatments or no treatment. Data Sources. Seven electronic databases were systematically searched and supplemented by hand searching through reference lists. Methods of study selection. Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion and independently assessed the internal validity of the included trials using the Clinical Appraisal Skills Program tool. Results. Four trials with 566 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The validity of the trials was moderate. Exercise, pelvic support garments and acupuncture were found to improve functional outcomes in pregnant women with low back or pelvic pain. No meta‐analysis was performed because of the heterogeneity of functional outcome measures. Conclusions. While there is some evidence that physical therapy using exercise, acupuncture and pelvic supports may be useful, further research needs to consider other treatment modalities used by physical therapists and establish an appropriate, reliable and valid functional outcome measure to assess low back and pelvic pain in pregnancy.
A metric of biodiversity that integrates abundance, phylogeny, and function
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M.
Published: May 2012

A metric of biodiversity is proposed that combines three of its key components: abundance, phylogeny, and ecological function. This metric is an expansion of the current abundance‐based metric that uses Hill numbers, the effective number of types in a sample if all types had the same mean proportional abundance. I define analogous proportional measures of phylogenetic divergence and functional distinctiveness. Phylogenetic divergence is measured as the sum of the proportional share of each species of a given branch of a phylogeny. Functional distinctiveness can be measured in two ways, as the proportional share of each species of a specified ecological function, or as the relative distance of each species based on functional trait values. Because all three aspects of biodiversity are measured in the same fashion (relative proportions) in similar units (effective numbers of species), an integrated metric can be defined. The combined metric provides understanding of covariation among the components and how management for one component may trade off against others. The metric can be partitioned into components of richness and evenness, and into subsets and variation among subsets, all of which can be related through a simple multiplicative framework. This metric is a complement to, rather than a replacement of, current metrics of phylogenetic and functional diversity. More work is needed to link this new metric to ecological theory, determine its error structure, and devise methods for its effective assessment.
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of minor salivary glands
Authors: Gleber‐Netto Frederico Omar , Florêncio Taynara Nunes Guedes , de Sousa Silvia Ferreira , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães , Mendonça Elismauro Francisco , Aguiar Maria Cássia Ferreira
Published: May 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 603–609

Background:  Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of salivary glands. This tumor is characterized by a great variability in clinical behavior, and little is known about the pathological mechanisms involved in its variance. Angiogenesis is an important step in tumor progression and is believed to be an essential event for metastatic dissemination.

Methods:  We aimed to investigate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma measuring the density of neoformed and lymphatic vessels using CD105 and D2‐40 antibodies, respectively, and by immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF‐A and VEGF‐C proteins. It was also investigated the expression of D2‐40 in neoplastic cells.

Results:  We studied 26 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, which showed great angiogenic activity measured by neoformed vessel density. However, a low density of lymphatics was observed. VEGF‐A, VEGF‐C, and D2‐40 were commonly detected in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, but only VEGF‐A expression correlated with neoformed vessel density. Recurrence and nodal metastasis were associated with low VEGF‐A expression and low neoformed vessel density, indicating that impaired angiogenesis could lead to an aggressive phenotype.

Conclusions:  Angiogenesis seems important in the modulation of mucoepidermoid carcinoma pathogenesis; however, none of the parameters analyzed could predict tumor behavior.
Transfection of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 decoy oligodeoxynucleotides suppresses expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Imai Mie , Ishibashi Hiroaki , Nariai Yoshiki , Kanno Takahiro , Sekine Joji , Onimaru Mitsuho , Mori Yoshihide
Published: May 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012)

Vasculature development is thought to be an important aspect in the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Among the many angiogenic factors produced by tumor cells, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered to play a key role in angiogenic processes. VEGF synthesis is modulated by hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) function within the hypoxic microenvironment of growing cancer tissue. To inhibit HIF‐1 activation, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were synthesized and transferred with either the consensus sequence for HIF‐1 binding or a mutated form of this sequence. If we could transfer a large number of ODNs into the cancer cell nucleus, activated HIF‐1 might bind to the ODNs, resulting in inhibition of hypoxia‐induced VEGF synthesis. We transferred these ODNs into cultured oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (SAS cells) using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)‐liposome method. Hypoxia‐mediated expression of VEGF by cancer cells was suppressed by transfection of HIF‐1 decoy ODNs, but not by mutated HIF‐1 decoy ODNs. HIF‐1 decoy ODN transfection also inhibited VEGF protein synthesis. These results suggest that transfection with HIF‐1 decoy ODNs is effective for regulating tumor growth by reducing VEGF.
Hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy
Authors: PENG Jie‐Wen , LIN Gui‐Nan , XIAO Jian‐jun , JIANG Xiao‐Mei
Published: May 2012

Aim:  The effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) therapy on hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with prior resolved hepatitis B is not fully understood.

Methods:  From January 2006 to December 2010, 43 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative/anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) positive patients with newly diagnosed unresectable HCC were enrolled in the study. All underwent TACE therapy.

Results:  Four patients (9.3%) developed HBV reactivation with mild/moderate hepatitis. The median number of TACE cycles received was 3.5 (range 3–4 cycles). The median time interval between the occurrence of HBV reactivation and the completion of TACE therapy was 3 months (range 1–5 months) and their median HBV DNA level was 1.58 × 104 IU/mL (range, 1.65 × 103–6.42 × 104 IU/mL). After the introduction of lamivudine at the occurrence of HBV reactivation, all had resolution of hepatitis. An exploratory analysis indicated that significant predictors of HBV reactivation included increased serum total bilirubin coexisting with cirrhosis and the total number of cycles of TACE received.

Conclusion:  The administration of TACE therapy may increase the risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg‐negative/anti‐HBc‐positive patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC. Further studies are warranted to explore the optimal management of HBV reactivation in patients with prior resolved hepatitis B.
Efficacy of erlotinib in patients with advanced Non‐small‐cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Analysis of the Australian subpopulation of the TRUST study
Authors: BOYER Michael , HORWOOD Keith , PAVLAKIS Nick , DE SOUZA Paul , MILLWARD Michael , STEIN Brian , JOHNSTON Michael , ABELL Fiona , RISCHIN Danny
Published: May 2012

Aims:  The efficacy of erlotinib (Tarceva, Roche Products, Dee Why, Australia) has been demonstrated in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tarceva lung cancer survival treatment (TRUST) is an open‐label, single‐arm, phase IV global trial which investigated erlotinib in advanced NSCLC patients who had failed prior therapy or were unsuitable for chemo/radiotherapy. The aim of this analysis was to report the safety and efficacy of erlotinib in the Australian patient subpopulation.

Methods:  Patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC progressing after standard systemic chemotherapy or unsuitable to receive chemo/radiotherapy were eligible for the study. The patients were treated with erlotinib at 150 mg/day orally, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Results:  In Australia, 460 patients were recruited. Erlotinib was given as first‐line (16%), second‐line (49%) or third‐line (35%) treatment. In the intent‐to‐treat population (N = 460), the median progression‐free survival was 2.7 months (95% CI 2.3–3.4), 1‐year survival was 35% (95% CI 30–39%) and median overall survival was 6.9 months (95% CI 5.7–8.0). Tumor response rates were available for 363 patients, with a disease control rate of 58%. Of the 460 patients included in the safety analysis, 24% had one or more erlotinib‐related adverse event (AE). Rash was reported in 77% of patients, most commonly grade 1/2 (63%). Treatment‐related serious AE were reported in 7% of patients; most commonly diarrhea (2%). Dose modifications were required in 18% of patients.

Conclusions:  Outcomes for Australian patients confirmed the efficacy and tolerability of erlotinib for the treatment of advanced NSCLC in routine clinical practice.
Emergency laparoscopic repair for strangulated groin hernias: A single centre experience
Authors: Leung Alex L.H. , Yang George P.C. , Chan Oliver C.Y. , Lai Eric C.H. , Tang Chung‐Ngai , Li Michael K.W.
Published: May 2012

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopic management for strangulated groin hernias.

Patients and Methods

From January 2007 to December 2009, the perioperative and long‐term results of a consecutive series of patients who underwent laparoscopic repair of strangulated groin hernia were retrospectively analysed. The demographic data of patients, types of hernia, levels of peritoneal contamination, details of surgical techniques, hernia contents, conversion rate, operation time, postoperative complications, follow‐up time and recurrent rate were recorded.

Results

A total of 43 patients with strangulated groin hernia admitted via casualty during the study period were managed by the laparoscopic approach in our unit. We operated on 36 inguinal hernias, 10 femoral hernias and three obturator hernias; five of these were recurrent hernias, and six patients had concurrent groin hernias. We adopted a totally extraperitoneal (TEP) approach for 37 patients and the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach for four patients with femoral hernias; two obturator hernias were repaired by board ligaments. None required conversion. One patient had a small perforation of the small bowel during reduction of hernia content, which was repaired primarily; the TEP approach was performed subsequently. None had postoperative infection. One patient had haematoma, and five patients had seroma; all were treated conservatively. The mean operation time was 75 min. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.5 days. For those younger than 60 years, the mean postoperative hospital stay was 1.7 days. The mean follow‐up time was 14 months. There were no recurrences.

Conclusion

For selected patients, laparoscopic repair for strangulated groin hernias is safe and feasible, with a low rate of infection, complications and recurrence.