bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical approach of a neuron model with memristive membranes
Authors: Guo Yitong , Wu Fuqiang , Yang Feifei , Ma Jun
Published: November 2023

The membrane potential of a neuron is mainly controlled by the gradient distribution of electromagnetic field and concentration diversity between intracellular and extracellular ions. Without considering the thickness and material property, the electric characteristic of cell membrane is described by a capacitive variable and output voltage in an equivalent neural circuit. The flexible property of cell membrane enables controllability of endomembrane and outer membrane, and the capacitive properties and gradient field can be approached by double membranes connected by a memristor in an equivalent neural circuit. In this work, two capacitors connected by a memristor are used to mimic the physical property of two-layer membranes, and an inductive channel is added to the neural circuit. A biophysical neuron is obtained and the energy characteristic, dynamics, self-adaption is discussed, respectively. Coherence resonance and mode selection in adaptive way are detected under noisy excitation. The distribution of average energy function is effective to predict the appearance of coherence resonance. An adaptive law is proposed to control the capacitive parameters, and the controllability of cell membrane under external stimulus can be explained in theoretical way. The neuron with memristive membranes explains the self-adaptive mechanism of parameter changes and mode transition from energy viewpoint.
Breakup regimes of the long-time dynamics of a finite-size air filament in a dense fluid
Authors: Osama Muhammad , Agbaglah G. Gilou
Published: November 2023

The long-time dynamics of a quiescent finite-size three-dimensional air filament in a static liquid is studied using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The two ends of the air filament retract under the effect of surface tension and form bulges. A long filament with the aspect ratio Γ = 30 is considered to trigger the end-pinching regime of the filament rupture. The study focuses on the effect of the Ohnesorge number, which relates viscous forces to inertia and surface tension forces. Depending on the value of the Ohnesorge number, two or three successive ruptures of the filament are observed. Wavy structures form at the interface of the air filament after the first rupture and lead to a subsequent breakup in the middle of the filament or in several places depending on the corresponding Ohnesorge number. The size distribution of the bubbles generated is provided and shows an average diameter twice as large as the initial diameter of the air filament. Microbubbles are generated, and their number is shown to increase when the Ohnesorge number decreases.
The asymptotic distribution of the permutation entropy
Authors: Rey A. A. , Frery A. C. , Gambini J. , Lucini M. M.
Published: November 2023

Ordinal patterns serve as a robust symbolic transformation technique, enabling the unveiling of latent dynamics within time series data. This methodology involves constructing histograms of patterns, followed by the calculation of both entropy and statistical complexity—an avenue yet to be fully understood in terms of its statistical properties. While asymptotic results can be derived by assuming a multinomial distribution for histogram proportions, the challenge emerges from the non-independence present in the sequence of ordinal patterns. Consequently, the direct application of the multinomial assumption is questionable. This study focuses on the computation of the asymptotic distribution of permutation entropy, considering the inherent patterns’ correlation structure. Furthermore, the research delves into a comparative analysis, pitting this distribution against the entropy derived from a multinomial law. We present simulation algorithms for sampling time series with prescribed histograms of patterns and transition probabilities between them. Through this analysis, we better understand the intricacies of ordinal patterns and their statistical attributes.
Unravelling diverse spatiotemporal orders in chlorine dioxide-iodine-malonic acid reaction-diffusion system through circularly polarized electric field and photo-illumination
Authors: Maiti Tarpan , Ghosh Pushpita
Published: November 2023

Designing and predicting self-organized pattern formation in out-of-equilibrium chemical and biochemical reactions holds fundamental significance. External perturbations like light and electric fields exert a crucial influence on reaction-diffusion systems involving ionic species. While the separate impacts of light and electric fields have been extensively studied, comprehending their combined effects on spatiotemporal dynamics is paramount for designing versatile spatial orders. Here, we theoretically investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of chlorine dioxide-iodine-malonic acid reaction-diffusion system under photo-illumination and circularly polarized electric field (CPEF). By applying CPEF at varying intensities and frequencies, we observe the predominant emergence of oscillating hexagonal spot-like patterns from homogeneous stable steady states. Furthermore, our study unveils a spectrum of intriguing spatiotemporal instabilities, encompassing stripe-like patterns, oscillating dumbbell-shaped patterns, spot-like instabilities with square-based symmetry, and irregular chaotic patterns. However, when we introduce periodic photo-illumination to the hexagonal spot-like instabilities induced by CPEF in homogeneous steady states, we observe periodic size fluctuations. Additionally, the stripe-like instabilities undergo alternating transitions between hexagonal spots and stripes. Notably, within the Turing region, the interplay between these two external influences leads to the emergence of distinct superlattice patterns characterized by hexagonal-and square-based symmetry. These patterns include parallel lines of spots, target-like formations, black-eye patterns, and other captivating structures. Remarkably, the simple perturbation of the system through the application of these two external fields offers a versatile tool for generating a wide range of pattern-forming instabilities, thereby opening up exciting possibilities for future experimental validation.
Spectroscopy of van der Waals nanomaterials: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Mambakkam S. V. , Law S.
Published: November 2023

The study of van der Waals (vdW) materials has seen increased interest in recent years due to the wide range of uses for these materials because of their unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. This area has recently expanded further into studying the behavior of vdW nanomaterials as decreasing dimensions open up opportunities to interact with these materials in new ways. However, measuring the band structures of nanomaterials, which is key to understanding how confinement affects material properties and interactions, comes with several challenges. In this review, we survey a range of techniques for synthesizing and characterizing vdW nanomaterials, in order to outline the key material and characterization challenges. This includes controlling the Fermi level in vdW nanoparticles, preparing these particles for either ensemble or individual particle measurement, as well as protecting the pristine surface from oxidation.
Improvement of the algebraic stress model for separated flows based on field inversion and machine learning
Authors: Yi Chen , Tang Denggao , Zeng Fanzhi , Li Yao , Yan Chao
Published: November 2023

Due to the difficulties of precisely calculating the turbulence intensity within the separated shear layer using traditional turbulent models, computing strongly separated flows is a key task of considerable interest. In this paper, the Reynolds stress functional expression is improved toward an explicit algebraic stress model for separated flows that are similar to hump flows using a data-driven framework of field inversion and machine learning that can take model consistency into account during the model correction process. The iterative Kalman filter algorithm is utilized to address the inversion problem, and the inversion results are used as training data for correction models that are trained using random forest regression. For model verification and validation, we employ both the curved backward-facing step and bump cases. The findings indicate that the inversion produces favorable outcomes, and the enhanced model developed utilizing the inversion data exhibits good generalizability.
A new proxy for Earth’s past energy imbalance
Authors: Lopatka Alex
Published: November 2023

Oxygen-isotope measurements of ocean-bottom organisms are an excellent indicator of the atmosphere’s radiation flux.
“Peaceful” nuclear explosives?
Authors: Pell Hannah
Published: November 2023

Proponents of Project Plowshare argued that using nuclear explosives for peaceful means offered technical and economic advantages. But getting the biggest bang for the buck didn’t outweigh the varied environmental and sociopolitical costs of their use.
A relativistic dialog
Authors: Hughes Scott A.
Published: November 2023

General Relativity: The Theoretical Minimum, Leonard Susskind and André Cabannes
A timely retrospective
Authors: Kharel Savan
Published: November 2023

On the Origin of Time: Stephen Hawking’s Final Theory, Thomas Hertog
An immune memory–structured SIS epidemiological model for hyperdiverse pathogens
Authors: de Roos André M. , He Qixin , Pascual Mercedes
Published: November 2023

A hyperdiverse class of pathogens of humans and wildlife, including the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
, relies on multigene families to encode antigenic variation. As a result, high (asymptomatic) prevalence is observed despite high immunity in local populations under high-transmission settings. The vast diversity of “strains” and genes encoding this variation challenges the application of established models for the population dynamics of such infectious diseases. Agent-based models have been formulated to address theory on strain coexistence and structure, but their complexity can limit application to gain insights into population dynamics. Motivated by
P. falciparum
malaria, we develop an alternative formulation in the form of a structured susceptible-infected-susceptible population model in continuous time, where individuals are classified not only by age, as is standard, but also by the diversity of parasites they have been exposed to and retain in their specific immune memory. We analyze the population dynamics and bifurcation structure of this system of partial-differential equations, showing the existence of alternative steady states and an associated tipping point with transmission intensity. We attribute the critical transition to the positive feedback between parasite genetic diversity and force of infection. Basins of attraction show that intervention must drastically reduce diversity to prevent a rebound to high infection levels. Results emphasize the importance of explicitly considering pathogen diversity and associated specific immune memory in the population dynamics of hyperdiverse epidemiological systems. This statement is discussed in a more general context for ecological competition systems with hyperdiverse trait spaces.
Optimal mechanical interactions direct multicellular network formation on elastic substrates
Authors: Noerr Patrick S. , Zamora Alvarado Jose E. , Golnaraghi Farnaz , McCloskey Kara E. , Gopinathan Ajay , Dasbiswas Kinjal
Published: November 2023

Cells self-organize into functional, ordered structures during tissue morphogenesis, a process that is evocative of colloidal self-assembly into engineered soft materials. Understanding how intercellular mechanical interactions may drive the formation of ordered and functional multicellular structures is important in developmental biology and tissue engineering. Here, by combining an agent-based model for contractile cells on elastic substrates with endothelial cell culture experiments, we show that substrate deformation–mediated mechanical interactions between cells can cluster and align them into branched networks. Motivated by the structure and function of vasculogenic networks, we predict how measures of network connectivity like percolation probability and fractal dimension as well as local morphological features including junctions, branches, and rings depend on cell contractility and density and on substrate elastic properties including stiffness and compressibility. We predict and confirm with experiments that cell network formation is substrate stiffness dependent, being optimal at intermediate stiffness. We also show the agreement between experimental data and predicted cell cluster types by mapping a combined phase diagram in cell density substrate stiffness. Overall, we show that long-range, mechanical interactions provide an optimal and general strategy for multicellular self-organization, leading to more robust and efficient realizations of space-spanning networks than through just local intercellular interactions.
Multimodal steerable earthworm-inspired soft robot based on vacuum and positive pressure powered pneumatic actuators
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Chen Baojun , Liu Jianbin
Published: November 2023

This article presents a multimodal steerable earthworm-inspired soft robot based on vacuum and positive pressure powered pneumatic actuators capable of crawling both inside pipelines and on planar surfaces. The optimized modular vacuum pressure-driven actuator can generate deformation and anchoring motion through a unified structure under low vacuum pressure, giving it significant speed advantages and multi-modal locomotion capabilities. Meanwhile, the positive pressure powered actuator (PPPA) enables the robot to achieve controlled multi-directional and multi-degrees-of-freedom steering, moreover, enhances the consistency of the driving mechanism. The incorporation of front-end pressure sensing enables the robot to autonomously detect and evaluate pressure, facilitating automatic obstacle avoidance through the activation of corresponding turning units of PPPA. In the process of optimizing motion parameters, the overall motion efficiency has been improved by 16.7% by improving the control law. Through adjustments and optimizations of the interval time (cycle time), the robot is able to achieve a speed of 7.16 mm s−1 during planar locomotion and 1.94 mm s−1 during in-pipe locomotion. Using the developed robot, we conducted a series of turning experiments, including surface obstacle avoidance and cross-plane crawling, which demonstrated its enhanced capability in cross-plane steering and locomotion. Its related speed indicators showcase superior overall performance compared to other developed robots of the same type.
Septins modulate the autophagy response after nutrient starvation
Authors: Perucho-Jaimes Luis , Do Jonathan , Van Elgort Alexandria , Kaplan Kenneth B.
Published: November 2023

The pathways that induce macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter) in response to the stress of starvation are well conserved and essential under nutrient-limiting conditions. However, less is understood about the mechanisms that modulate the autophagy response. Here we present evidence that after induction of autophagy in budding yeast septin filaments rapidly assemble into discrete patches distributed along the cell cortex. These patches gradually mature over 12 h of nutrient deprivation to form extended structures around Atg9 membranes tethered at the cortical endoplasmic reticulum, a class of membranes that are limiting for autophagosome biogenesis. Loss of cortical septin structures alters the kinetics of autophagy activation and most dramatically extends the duration of the autophagy response. In wild-type cells, diffusion of Atg9 membranes at the cell cortex undergoes transient pauses that are dependent on septins, and septins at the bud neck block the diffusion of Atg9 membranes between mother and daughter cells. We conclude that septins reorganize at the cell cortex during autophagy to locally limit access of Atg9 membranes to autophagosome assembly sites, and thus modulate the autophagy response during nutrient deprivation.
Neuronal membrane proteasome-derived peptides modulate NMDAR-dependent neuronal signaling to promote changes in gene expression
Authors: Türker Fulya , Brennan Anna , Margolis Seth S.
Published: November 2023

The neuronal membrane proteasome (NMP) degrades intracellular proteins into peptides that are released directly into the extracellular space, whereby they stimulate neurons to promote signaling mechanisms that remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal stimulation promotes NMP activity and, subsequently, enhanced production of NMP peptides. We show that these neuronal activity-dependent NMP peptides can rapidly promote N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent calcium influx in neurons. This leads to sustained phosphorylation of the well-defined stimulus-induced transcription factor, cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB). Downstream of these events, we identified changes to neuronal target genes which included increased expression of immediate early genes (e.g., Fos, Npas4, Egr4) and other genes known to have critical neuroregulatory roles. Further observations led to the discovery that NMP peptide-induced changes in gene expression is dependent on NMDARs and independent of AMPA receptors or voltage-gated sodium channels. These data demonstrate that NMP peptides are endogenous and selective activators of NMDA receptors and act as sufficient and novel stimuli within the context of neuronal activity-dependent signaling. This novel pathway is parallel to classic neuronal activity-dependent programs and points to NMP and its resulting peptides as potential modulators of neuronal function.
The home-help service in Denmark
Authors: Holstein Bjorn E , Due Pernille , Almind, Gert , Holst Erik
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses mainly upon the home-help service in Denmark. The service has been and is the backbone of home-care policies over the years. The context within which it operates is as follows. Counties are responsible for the funding of hospitals, general practitioners, and a number of specialized institutions such as psychiatric nursing homes. Most other health and social services are organized and financed by the local municipalities (‘communes’). Access to general practitioners is free and unrestricted, and the practitioner refers patients to hospitals, practising specialists, physiotherapy, and home nursing. Access to social services is decided by the local social services department. Tables 1 and 2 in Appendix 2 provide data on expenditure for health and social services in Denmark.
Infections of the head and neck
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin
Published: November 2023

Although the major part of this chapter will be devoted to sections on the ear, nose, and throat, and the eyes, we begin by remembering the proximity of these parts of the body and the common pathogens that affect them all. If we use abbreviation ‘TEJ\’S’ (throat, ears and eyes, nose, and sinuses), it serves as an aide-m&moire for the 10 major colonizing and infecting organisms of the area (Table 6.1). Most of these bacterial organisms can both colonize and cause infection and part of the clinical and microbiological skill involved in making a diagnosis is related to deciding when a colonizing organism has become an infecting one. The issue is further complicated if the bacterial infection is secondary to a viral infection.
Infections of the urinary tract
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin
Published: November 2023

Urinary tract infection is one of the commonest conditions seen in general practice and about 3% of consultations are for related symptoms. Indeed, infections of the urinary tract are among the most common of all bacterial infections, with schoolgirls, sexually active young women, men with prostatic hypertrophy, and the elderly being the groups principally affected.
Infections of the bones and joints
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin
Published: November 2023

There is very little written about the incidence of these infections in general practice: concerning acute bacterial infections, one of the GP authors of this chapter, during 25 years of practice, recalls about five cases of acute osteomyclitis in children, two adult cases of tuberculous spinal infection, and one acute and severe infection in a knee joint following an insect bite. Conversations with colleagues with equivalent experience also revealed answen of a similar order of magnitude; the reader may like to make comparable inquiries! Morbidity statistics from general practice confirm our clinical impression and report incidence rates for all bone and joint infections of l per IO 000 years at risk.
Theprevention of infection during travel abroad
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin
Published: November 2023

In 1949 UK residents made 1.7 million visits abroad. In 1995 the figure was 41.5 million, of which 7.7 million were beyond Europe. An increasing number of these trips are made to countries in the Far East, Africa, and other subtropical and lropical areas and the speed of air lravel ensures that many individuals arc returning home within the incubation period of tropical discascs.
Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin
Published: November 2023

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in previously healthy homosexual men in 1981 and is now recognized as being the most severe manifestation of illness resulting from infection with a retrovirus, now known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pandemic of infection due to HIV is the most dramatic epidemic of infectious disease in modern times and, despite major efforts, continues to progress world-wide and have an enormous impact upon health care provision. Although, in the UK, genitourinary medicine and infectious disease specialists have borne much of the responsibility for the clinical care of individuals infected with HIV, the infection and its ramifications impact on all involved in health c;1re; general practitioners are increasingly involved in the management of such people. The complexities of the consequences of HIV infection are sufficient to warrant hooks of their own and hence this account cannot be very detailed and certainly not comprehensive: further details can be obtained from specialist texts.
Health care technology assessment and health-related quality of life
Authors: Revicki Dennis A
Published: November 2023

Although considerable progress has been made in reaching consenques about the conceptualization of HRQOL. difference5 still exist in how it i operationalized and measured (713,601). The World Health Organization defined health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease (751). Patrick and Erickson (524) view HRQOL more broadly as the value assigned to the duration of survival as modified by impairments, functional status, perceptions, and social opportunities influenced by disease, injury, or treatment.
Nutrition a reference handbook
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E
Published: November 2023

This book provides in a single volume, all of the nutritional information that is likely to be required by anyone working in the fields of diet and health, food, and nutrition. It consists principally of tables of data, suitably annotated, with notes on the interpretation of the data presented. The information presented here has never previously been available in a single reference work, but has been scattered in a wide variety of sources, including the literature on nutrition, food science and technology, labelling legislation, biochemistry, physiology, clinical medicine and paediatrics. In each section the information is arranged in order of increasing detail or complexity, so that it is easy to find a simple answer to a question, and reading further reveals more detailed information. All terms are clearly defined and the non-specialist reader has been considered throughout. The book includes a comprehensive index and has been extensively cross-referenced. A full bibliography refers the reader to original research literature. The information is arranged in the following sections: *body composition and anthropometry *growth and development *energy nutrition and physiology *overweight and obesity *protein-energy malnutrition *macronutrients *carbohydrates (including non-starch polysaccharides), fats, proteins-including overviews of metabolic pathways micronutrients: vitamins and minerals-including metabolic functions, requirements, reference intakes, deficiency diseases etc *food additives and contaminants *food composition and labelling legislation *glossary
Nutrition
Authors: Thorogood Margaret
Published: November 2023

Many aspects of diet have been associated with varying the risk of coronary heart disease (CHO), from drinking boiled coffee to eating garlic. This chapter will concentrate principally on the major components of dietary intake which appear to be associated with CHO, that is, fibre, dietary cholesterol, antioxidant containing fruit and vegetables, and, most importantly, both the type and amount of fat. Evidence relating to hypertension and diet is reviewed in Chapter 2.
Adult life
Authors: Jewell David
Published: November 2023

Adulthood is the time when men are most absent from the doctor’s office, and little is written about it in the medical literature. We want to redress this deficiency and a surprising number of chapters in the book concern themselves with disorders and diseases that occur in adult males. It is a time of many life events like marriage, fatherhood, divorce, and work-related problems. Men’s emotions in this phase of life have come under scrutiny by both sexes and the consensus seems to be that adult males are quite afraid of their emotions. This has implications for the manner in which men deal with health symptoms and life crises. The language used to express depressive feelings has an emotional content that may well be rejected or denied by men, and this in turn has important implications for history-taking. The vulnerability of the adult single male to depression and suicide is highlighted in this chapter. Is there such a thing as the male menopause? The author is emphatic that there is not, making his arguments worth sceptical scrutiny.
Later life
Authors: Freer Charles
Published: November 2023

Men who survive have to come to terms with the consequences of old age. Old age is seen as being a period of multiple losses: employment and the financial independence it brings, loved ones, fitness, and freedom from illness. As a consequence of the earlier differences in mortality, men beyond the age of 65 are increasingly outnumbered by women and can become truly less visible with time. However, as this chapter points out, it is beguilingly easy for younger men and women to adopt an unrealistic negative view of old age. The experience of older men can be both positive and enriching. The challenge for doctors is to resist the tendency towards ageism and be prepared to do the simple things that help to make this possible.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Kinghorn George , Slack Richard , Bury Gerard
Published: November 2023

While HIV/AIDS has not reached the apocalyptic predictions of the mid-1980s, it is a disease that demands a wide range of knowledge and expertise, from screening to terminal care. Fortunately, many of the skills needed are already in the domain of medicine. A male patient with HIV will spend over 90% of his life in the community being looked after by his GP. Some patients do not disclose their HIV status to their GP because of fears about confidentiality and competence. As the illness progresses, its management becomes increasingly complex, like many of the chronic diseases we already manage. This complexity is reflected in the authorship of this chapter which includes a genito-urinary physician, an infectious disease specialist, and a GP. The authors have dealt with many aspects of HIV/AIDS, but such is the pace of progress in its treatment that they expect some of it will be out of date by the time the book is published.
Urological problems
Authors: Gillatt David , Cox Brian
Published: November 2023

It is in the area of urology that doctors deal with problems that are unique to men. Yet even in this specialty there is a striking absence of information concerning the effects of urological problems and their management on men as people. Men’s lack of knowledge about their genito-urinary system has been uncovered by opinion pollsters rather than the medical profession. We still know little about men’s health beliefs, fears and coping strategies in this area. Urologists are not solely responsible for this state of affairs as it merely reflects a wider blindness to a men’s agenda in health and illness. This chapter deals with the epidemiology and management of common diseases that affect the male genito-urinary tract. It deals with management issues that general practitioners are likely to come across in sharing care with their specialist colleagues.
Needs of particular groups
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter
Published: November 2023

Statistics show us that more than 50 per cent of all head-injury cases are young men aged between 17 and ZS years and that most of the injuries happen in road traffic accidents. The two next largest groups are pre-school children who fall from windows, down stairs, or from playground equipment, and old people who are mostly injured in falls at home. People in these and other special groups can all have the same sorts of problems that were discussed in Chapter 5, but often with important individual variations. This chapter discusses the particular problems that head injury raises for some special categories of people and what can be done to help them. However, remember when you are reading this section that all cases are different. Not all small children will have the problems that we talk about and not all older people will find head injury so difficult to overcome.
How long will it take for the patient to recover?
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter
Published: November 2023

If you break an arm or a leg in an accident your doctor can usually tell you, to within a few days, how long you will need to be in hospital, for how long you will need to wear a plaster cast, and often how long it will be before you will be able to go back to work. If you also received a head injury in that accident most of these predictions become invalid.
Long-term adjustment
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter
Published: November 2023

It is a sad fact that not all head-injured patients will recover well enough for return to work or school ever to be considered. Even if these people carefully follow all the advice given in the last chapter, and even if they have extremely supportive families and employers, if they do not get back the mental and physical skills which they need to function in full open employment they will never be able to take this step.
Strategies for the prospective detection of access dysfunction
Authors: Besarab Anatole , Frinak Stanley
Published: November 2023

Delivery of prescribed hemodialysis requires a well-functioning vascular access that can supply blood pump flow rates of 400 ml/min or more without develop¬ing access recirculation. Failure of access function can limit the delivered dose of dialysis, one of the major determinants of survival on dialysis.
Psychopharmacological management of the medically ill older person
Authors: Flint Alastair J
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders in older people with physical illness. It focuses on aspects of treatment that are most relevant to the psychiatrist who is consulting to medical, surgical, or rehabilitation services. The chapter starts by reviewing the effects of ageing, physical illness, and drug interactions on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It also outlines the general principles of pharmacotherapy in the elderly. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to a review of the pharmacological management of the three ‘Ds’—depression, dementia, and delirium. There is also discussion of the treatment of anxiety, mania, and schizophrenia and other psychoses.
Vascular malformation of the spine
Authors: Kendall B E , Valentine A R
Published: November 2023

The contents of the spinal canal are rarely examined at routine autopsy, so the prevalence of asymptomatic spinal angiomas, including arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, is uncertain. The incidence of diagnosis of angiomas as a cause of spinal symptoms has increased with the introduction of modern neuroradiology. Overall such spinal angiomas constitute between 11 (Bergstrand 1963) and 20 per cent (Lombardi 1959) of angiomas of the central nervous system. The per- centage of dural fistulas relative to arteriovenous malformations is markedly increased in the spine compared with the cranium. The comparative incidence of spinal angiomas to tumours is from 2 to 4 per cent (Olivecrona 1957).
Tumours of the head and neck
Authors: Valavanis A , Christoforidis G
Published: November 2023

Endovascular neuroradiological techniques have evolved and now have an established role in the treatment of tumours of the head and neck. Treatment by embolization in this region aims to devascularize highly vascular tumours for preoperative or palliative management without disturbing the blood supply to adjacent normal structures. Advances in microcatheter technology and embolic agents and advances in the understanding of the functional anatomy of the head and neck have further contributed to the refinement and extended application of endovascular techniques. This chapter reviews the indications and techniques currently used, the potential complications of these procedures, and the efficacy of embolization for tumours of the cranial vault, skull base, and face and neck.
In and out of emotional and behavioural problems
Authors: Flouri Eirini , Buchann Ann , Bream Victoria
Published: November 2023

With the development of the longitudinal studies, especially the large national birth cohort studies, it became possible to plot the natural histories of children. Initially, these longitudinal studies painted a rather depressing picture of ‘continuity’ of maladjustment problems from childhood to adult life. Less attention was paid to ‘discontinuity’, or those young people who ‘recovered’ and became apparently normal adults.
Malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Ripamonti Carla
Published: November 2023

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a distressing outcome in patients with abdominal and pelvic primary and/or metastatic cancer. MBO may be the first manifestation of the abdominal disease or the consequence of advanced disease due to the failure of anticancer treatments. The exact frequency of MBO in cancer patients is not known. In highly selected groups of patients, retrospective and autoptic studies have estimated that MBO occurs in 4%–28.4% of patients with gastrointestinal cancer and in 5%–51% of patients with gynecological disease, in particular with ovarian cancer, where it is a major cause of death (1,2).
The American Indian in Western Legal Thought
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: November 2023

Robert Williams, a legal scholar and Native American of the Lumbee tribe, here traces the evolution of contemporary legal thought on the rights and status of the American Indian and indigenous tribal peoples. Beginning with an analysis of the Christian crusading era and its contribution to the West’s legal discourses on ‘heathen’ and ‘infidel’ peoples’ rights, Williams explores the sources and transformations of ideas that justified the New World conquests of Spain, England, and America. Long-held notions of the legality of European subjugation and colonization of ‘savage’ and ‘barbarian’ societies, he argues, impelled the West’s conquests in America. Today, the echoes of those racist and Eurocentric prejudices still reverberate in Westen legal discourse regarding native peoples’ rights. Williams argues strongly for the rejection of Western legal conceptions that reduce tribal people to culturally, politically, and morally inferior beings. He advocates the recognition of the equal sovereignty of indigenous nations to govern themselves in the world community. This work stands out as an important contribution to the growing movement for broader acceptance of indigenous peoples’ rights as sovereign, self-determining entities.
Dynamic Tension in Innovative, High Technology Firms: Managing Rapid Technological Change Through Organizational Structure
Authors: Schoonhoven Claudia Bird , Jelinek Mariann
Published: November 2023

People look at organizational change as, “Somebody did something wrong.” That’ s nuts, because there’ s absolutely no reason why an organization that you created two years ago has any relevance to the organization that you need two years from now. The beauty of this business is that the technology will always change (and thus) the organization, the interfaces, the customer interfaces, and the vendor interfaces are always going to change, because of the technology.
Resonant Two-Photon Ionization Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules in Supersonic Jets Volatilized by Pulsed Laser Desorption
Authors: Lubman David M , Li Liang
Published: November 2023

Mass spectrometry (MS) remains one of the most powerful means of chemical analysis based on exact mass identification of molecular species. One of the most active areas within this field has been the development of new and more versatile ionization sources. For identification purposes soft ionization methods are often desirable in which only the molecular or parent ion is obtained for mass analysis. However, an additional parameter for identification and structural analysis can be based upon the ability to produce fragment ions that are characteristic of the structure of that species. Numerous methods have been devised to produce soft ionization including chemical ionization (CI), fast atom bombardment (FAB), plasma desorption (PD), field ionization (Fl), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Other methods such as electron bombardment or collision-induced dissociation are capable of generating extensive fragmentation.
Technology Transfer in Strategic Alliances: Competitive Collaboration and Organizational Learning
Authors: Pucik Vladimir
Published: November 2023

In the late 1980s, one of the striking patterns in global competition was the rapidly growing number of interfirm cross-border coalitions. While such ventures are intrinsically difficult to manage (Killing, 1983), many experts argue that as business risks soar and competition grows more severe, alliances among firms from different countries are becoming one of the key strategic responses to the emerging patterns of competition: companies are expected to rely on international alliances with increasing frequency (Perlmutter and Heenan, 1986; Harrigan, 1984; Ohmae, 1985).
The Syrena (SYnthesis of REgional and NAtional Models) Model Complex
Authors: Granberg A G , Seliverstov V E , Suslov V I , Rubinshtein A G
Published: November 2023

Studies of multircgional input-output models and models of two-level economic systems-distinguishing between the “national economy” and the “rcgions”-have been conducted in the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering (IEIE) for more than fifteen years. During the first stage of this work, multiregional models were developed separately from regional models and were considered only as an instrument for the computation of centrally planned projections and analyses. As the studies devoted to regional models have advanced, however, the situation for a growing number of regions has changed: multiregional models have become an important instrument for the synthesis and coordinated solution of individual regional models. The main construction principle of the SYRENA (SYnthesis of REgional and NAtional economic models) model complex is as follows.
Competitive Advantage Through Design Tools And Practices
Authors: Rosenthal Stephen R , Tatikonda Mohan V
Published: November 2023

Selecting and implementing design tools and practices for use in the development of new products is more of a corporate bet than a guaranteed investment. Driven by the external forces of market opportunity, technological progress, and competitive pressure, manufacturing companies typically review available design tools and practices, hoping to choose those that will help produce a sustained competitive advantage. Unfortunately, such choices are often accompanied by confusion, unreasonable expectations, or misdirected effort.
Manufacturing For Design: Beyond The Production/R&D Dichotomy
Authors: Clark Kim B , Chew W Bruce , Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

Intense international competition in the 1980s has focused increasing attention in both the academic and popular press on fundamental sources of superior performance in manufacturing. Sizable gaps in productivity and quality between U.S. manufacturers and their Japanese and European competitors in a wide range of industries led to new perspectives on the role of inventory in production, the impact of statistics on process control, and the central role of committed, capable people in solving problems and achieving continuous improvement.
Cross-functional Teams: Blessing or Curse for New Product Development?
Authors: Ancona Deborah Gladstein , Caldwell Davide.
Published: November 2023

The popular literature is often prone to lambasting U.S. management practices as the culprit responsible for the trade deficit, the loss of technological leadership, and the lag in U.S. competitiveness. The cry has gone out to revamp our organizations; to move away from specialized jobs to broader work responsibilities; away from narrow functional perspectives to an enterprise-wide view; and away from rigid hierarchies to more fluid, flexible structures that can be more reactive to technological, market, and competitive change (Drucker, 1988; Kanter, 1989; Mintzberg, 1988).
Interlanguage Requestive Hints
Authors: Weizman Elda
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the use of Hints as a request strategy by learners. It addresses the question of regularities to be observed in the use of requestive Hints by language learners with various mother tongues at different proficiency levels, and the similarities or differences between them and native speakers. This analysis contributes both to our knowledge of learners’ pragmalinguistic behavior, as well as to our understanding of indirectness. The study was conducted within the framework of the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) (cf. Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989), and focuses on a comparison of Hebrew learners (hence-forth HL) with Hebrew native speakers (henceforth HN), examined in the context of a larger body of CCSARP data. Drawing on findings concerning the situational variation and the use of Hint substrategies by native speakers (Blum-Kulka, 1989; Weizman, 1989), I propose to examine whether the opacity inherent in Hints is exploited by learners as a strategy of communication, whether the impact of situational variations marks Hint selection by learners as it does with native speakers, and whether the use of Hint substrategies is comparable in the two groups.
Explaining NNS Interactional Behavior: The Effect of Conversational Topic
Authors: Zuengler Jane
Published: November 2023

As Kasper (1989) points out, interlanguage (IL) performance is now understood as a variable phenomenon. Much of the variability is both normal and systematic. IL variation, in fact, represents a major focus of current second language acquisition (SLA) research and theory, and is the theme of conferences and books in the field (e.g., the 1987 Applied Linguistics Conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan; the 1990 Second Language Research Forum[SLRF] at Eugene, Oregon; books by Eisenstein[ed.], 1989; Gass, Madden, Preston, & Selinker[eds.], 1989; Tarone, 1988). Increasingly, research has investigated IL performance in native speaker-nonnative speaker (NS-NNS) interactions. The findings point to a number of factors that cause IL performance to vary. One such factor emerging now is that of conversational topic. Though topic has been called “one of the most under-researched areas in the study of IL variation” (Tarone, 1988, 119), there is a small but growing body of empirical studies on conversational topic necessary to consider if we are to understand learner acquisition and performance of conversational skills.
An Assessment of the Productivity Impact of Information Technologies
Authors: Loveman Gary W
Published: November 2023

The United States has recently suffered through a protracted period of low productivity growth and has experienced essentially no growth in real wages since 1973 (see Love man & Tilly, 1988). Hope for a rebound in productivity growth is often linked to the continued improvement and diffusion of information technologies (IT),1 which have recently undergone massive price declines and increased enormously as a proportion of capital spending.2 Table 4.1 compares the evolution of computer prices with those for other components of producers’ durable equipment: One dollar’s worth of quality-adjusted computing power in 1970 cost $73.60 in 1950, and only 5 cents in 1984. Meanwhile, a 1970 dollar’s worth of non-IT equipment cost only 59 cents in 1950 but rose to $2.54 in 1984. Changes in relative prices of this magnitude have straightforward implications from economic principles: Producers will substitute IT capital for other factors of production to the extent that is optimal given production technologies; output will rise as product prices fall; and total welfare will increase. The decline in the price of IT therefore has positive implications opposite to those precipitated for consumers by the earlier energy crisis, in which an important factor of production became radically more expensive.3
Stalin’s Peasants
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

The collectivization of Russian farms was the cornerstone of Soviet agricultural policy during the 1930s. Fitzpatrick's book, about Soviet forced collectivization and its impact on the Russian village, will be the first in Western or Soviet literature to explore the dramatic transformation of peasant life caused by collectivization. It is based on new and unknown material from recently-opened Soviet archives. In this richly textured and fascinatingly detailed book, the author analyses the peasants' strategies of resistance and survival in the state-inflicted drama of the collectivized village. For the first time it is possible to see real people behind the facade of the Soviet propaganda account of the happy "Potemkin Village". The regime's own strategy involved humiliation and violence. Fitzpatrick's study is truly a landmark in studies of the Stalinist period - a thickly-documented social history told from the traumatic experiences of that long-suffering underclass of peasants. Her study has been called a "breakthrough" by specialists in her field and will affect how the history of the Soviet period will be done by subsequent generations of scholars.
Crossroads to Community: Jude the Obscure and the Chronotype of Wessex
Authors: Farrell John P
Published: November 2023

Remembrance, return, and repetition are eerie experiences in Thomas Hardy. Peter Casagrande points out that “the ‘truth”‘ Hardy attempted to exhibit in The Return of the Native, his most tellingly titled book, “is the law of nature that he had contended with from the beginning-that all is change and all change decay Thus homecoming and its attendant hope of personal and social renewal must be seen as futile and destructive, even unnatural” (1982, 127). J. Hill is Miller has recently read Hardy’s marked emphasis on repetition as a Freudian scenario: “[E]ach man or woman moves forward through life repeating an unsuccessful attempt to reach again a seemingly lost primal unity” (1982, 135).