bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Corrosion-Induced Cracks and Steel Corrosion Depth of Carbonated Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams
Authors: Gao Pengfei , Wang Jian , Chen Bo , Bai Mingxin , Song Yuanyuan
Published: December 2024

The durability of carbonated recycled aggregate concrete (C-RAC) beams is still unclear at present. In this paper, the characteristics of corrosion-induced cracks and the steel corrosion depth of C-RAC beams were investigated through the accelerated corrosion test. The results showed that when accelerating corrosion to the 40th day, compared to the non-carbonated recycled aggregate concrete (NC-RAC) beam, the corrosion-induced cracking area of the C-RAC beam with a 100% carbonated recycled coarse aggregate (C-RCA) replacement ratio decreased by 40.00%, while the total length of the corrosion-induced cracks (CCs) increased by 51.82%. The type of probability distribution for the width of the CCs on the tension side of the C-RAC beams was a lognormal distribution. Compared with the NC-RAC beam, the mean value of the width of the CCs of the C-RAC beam with a 100% C-RCA replacement ratio decreased by 66.67%, the crack width distribution was more concentrated, and the quartiles and median were all reduced. With an increase in the C-RCA replacement ratio, the fractal dimension and the scale coefficient of CCs on the tension side of the beams showed an approximate trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The distribution of the corrosion depth of longitudinal tensile steel bars in the C-RAC beams was a mainly normal distribution. When the C-RCA replacement ratio increased from 30% to 100%, the mean value of the corrosion depth of the longitudinal tensile steel bars decreased by 33.46%, and the trend of changes in the quartiles and medians was basically the same as the trend of changes in the mean value. The research results can provide some reference for promoting the engineering application of C-RAC beams.
The Novel HDAC Inhibitor OBP-801 Promotes MHC Class I Presentation Through LMP2 Upregulation, Enhancing the PD-1-Targeting Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Narukawa Tsukasa , Yasuda Shusuke , Horinaka Mano , Taniguchi Keiko , Tsujikawa Takahiro , Morita Mie , Ukimura Osamu , Sakai Toshiyuki
Published: December 2024

Background: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been reported to exhibit immunomodulatory activities, including the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I). Although the immunoproteasome plays a pivotal role in MHC class I antigen presentation, its effect on immunotherapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. Methods: This study assessed whether OBP-801, a novel HDAC inhibitor, affects the expression of immunoproteasome subunits and subsequently the MHC class-I-mediated anti-cancer immunity in ccRCC. We analyzed the data of 531 patients with ccRCC from the Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Clear Cell Carcinoma database. We further evaluated the treatment efficacy of the combination of OBP-801 and anti-PD-1 in a ccRCC mouse model. Results: Low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 2 was correlated most positively with CD3E, CD8A, and CD8B expression and estimated CD8+ T cell number. In vitro studies showed that OBP-801 upregulated MHC class I presentation by inducing LMP2 expression in the ccRCC cell lines RENCA, 786-O, and Caki-1. In vivo studies in a syngeneic mouse model with subcutaneous implantation of RENCA cells showed that OBP-801 treatment increased the percentage of CD45+CD3e+ T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The combination of anti-PD-1 antibody and OBP-801 enhanced the anti-tumor effect, LMP2 protein expression, and MHC class I presentation in tumor cells. MHC class I presentation in the tumors of each mouse was positively correlated with the percentage of CD45+CD3e+ T cells. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that OBP-801 promotes MHC class I presentation through LMP2 upregulation in tumor cells and thereby potentiates PD-1-targeting therapy. These data suggest that the combination of OBP-801 and anti-PD-1 treatment is a promising therapeutic strategy for ccRCC.
Current Treatment Methods in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Krupa Kamila , Fudalej Marta , Cencelewicz-Lesikow Anna , Badowska-Kozakiewicz Anna , Czerw Aleksandra , Deptała Andrzej
Published: December 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant tumour worldwide. Depending on the stage of the tumour and liver function, a variety of treatment options are indicated. Traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are ineffective against HCC; however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection, and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for advanced HCC. On the other hand, liver transplantation is recommended in the early stages of the disease. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like lenvatinib and sorafenib, immunotherapy and anti-angiogenesis therapy, including pembrolizumab, bevacizumab, tremelimumab, durvalumab, camrelizumab, and atezolizumab, are other treatment options for advanced HCC. Moreover, to maximize outcomes for patients with HCC, the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) along with targeted therapies or local ablative therapy is being investigated. This review elaborates on the current status of HCC treatment, outlining the most recent clinical study results and novel approaches.
Anemia in Myelofibrosis: A Focus on Proactive Management and the Role of Momelotinib
Authors: Al-Ali Haifa Kathrin , Kuykendall Andrew T. , Ellis Catherine E. , Sampath Janardhan , Mesa Ruben
Published: December 2024

Background: Anemia is a common and progressive clinical manifestation of myelofibrosis that may occur as part of the disease pathogenesis as well as due to the myelosuppressive effects of some treatments, with a substantial impact on quality of life, prognosis, and healthcare resource utilization. Despite these burdens, anemia management has traditionally been a secondary priority to spleen and symptom control, due in part to the limitations of available therapeutic approaches. With the initial regulatory approvals of momelotinib, a Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), JAK2, and activin A receptor type 1 inhibitor that provides anemia-related benefits in addition to addressing splenomegaly and symptoms, re-evaluation of anemia as an early and prominent treatment consideration is warranted. Methods: In this review, we discuss the journey of patients with myelofibrosis and anemia across various severities and clinical scenarios. Results: Summarized are traditional approaches to anemia management and the clinical trial efficacy and safety data that support momelotinib as an option in each setting from mild to severe anemia, including in the context of co-occurring thrombocytopenia. Conclusions: With the availability of momelotinib and other emerging therapies directed at anemia control, early treatment of anemia to avoid progression and support improvement in eligible patients with myelofibrosis should be a primary consideration.
TPC2: From Blond Hair to Melanoma?
Authors: Abrahamian Carla , Ouologuem Lina , Tang Rachel , Fröhlich Thomas , Bartel Karin , Grimm Christian
Published: December 2024

Two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) is expressed in endolysosomes throughout the human body, as well as in melanosomes of melanocytes. Melanocytes produce pigment, i.e., melanin, which determines hair and skin color but also protects from UV light. Extensive exposure to UV light is one of the major risk factors for the development of melanoma, which develops from pigment-producing cells, i.e., melanocytes. In recent years, several human TPC2 single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified to increase the likelihood of carriers presenting with blond hair and hypopigmentation. These variants were all characterized as gain-of-function versions of TPC2. Vice versa, the loss of function of TPC2 increases melanin production and reduces cancer hallmarks such as proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis formation. The activity of TPC2 is controlled in a complex manner, with several endogenous ligands as well as a number of interacting proteins being involved. We will discuss here the role of TPC2 in pigmentation and its potential to impact melanoma development and progression and highlight recent findings on Rab7a as an enhancer of TPC2 activity.
Effect of α-FeOOH in KOH Electrolytes on the Activity of NiO Electrodes in Alkaline Water Electrolysis for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Kim Tae-Hyun , Jeon Jae-Hee , Kim Ji-Eun , Kang Kyoung-Soo , Yoon Jaekyung , Park Chu-Sik , Jung Kwangjin , Han Taeyang , Lee Heonjoong , Joo Hyunku , Lee Hyunjoon
Published: December 2024

Iron cation impurities reportedly enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of Ni-based catalysts, and the enhancement of OER activity by Fe cations has been extensively studied. Meanwhile, Fe salts, such as iron hydroxide and iron oxyhydroxide, in the electrolyte improve the OER performance, but the distinct roles of Fe cations and Fe salts have not been fully clarified or differentiated. In this study, NiO electrodes were synthesized, and their OER performance was evaluated in KOH electrolytes containing goethite (α-FeOOH). Unlike Fe cations, which enhance the performance via incorporation into the NiO structure, α-FeOOH boosts OER activity by adsorbing onto the electrode surface. Surface analysis revealed trace amounts of α-FeOOH on the NiO surface, indicating that physical contact alone enables α-FeOOH to adsorb onto NiO. Moreover, interactions between α-FeOOH and NiO were observed, suggesting their potential role in OER activity enhancement. These findings suggest that Fe salts in the electrolyte influence OER performance and should be considered in the development of OER electrodes.
Heterogeneization of Biodiesel Production by Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Oleins
Authors: Domínguez-Barroso Vanesa , Herrera Concepción , Larrubia María Ángeles , Gonzalo López Carlos , Ramos Diego Bouzas , Alemany Luis J.
Published: December 2024

The production of biodiesel via simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions of residual fats such as palm oleins, with variable TG and FFA composition, using methanol and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) or an acid carbon-based structured catalyst (SO3H-C) as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts respectively, has been investigated. The influence of various parameters, such as methanol to oil molar ratio, operating temperature, amount of catalyst, or nature and composition of the raw materials on the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield was studied. It was determined that increasing the methanol to oil molar ratio resulted in an increase in the conversion of TG and FFA and a higher FAME yield; besides, reaction temperature has a strong effect. The best conditions tested to obtain the highest FAME yield (99.2%) was a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, 120 °C (12 bar), a reaction time of at least 1 h, and 3% MSA as a homogeneous catalyst. The work demonstrated that an acidic solid catalyst, SO3H-C, homemade prepared, could be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the simultaneous process under the optimized reaction conditions, achieving a complete esterification conversion with some limitations with respect to the transesterification reaction and a FAME yield close to 90.5%.
DABCO/Amberlyst® 15-Cocatalysed One-Pot Three-Component Aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction Under Green Conditions
Authors: Bosica Giovanna , De Nittis Riccardo , Vella Refalo Matthew
Published: December 2024

The one-pot multicomponent aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction was performed under green conditions using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and Amberlyst® 15 as a co-catalyst, at ambient temperature and under negligible amounts of non-hazardous solvent. A number of α-methylene-β-amino acid derivatives were produced in good to excellent yields from different arylaldehydes, p-toluenesulfonamide and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The environmental benignity of the process is accounted by the low E-factor (0.7) and high atom economy (95%) values obtained.
Preparation of Biochar-Loaded Er3+-Doped BiOCl Ultrathin Nanosheets Composite Photocatalysts and Their Photodegradation Performance of TC-HCl
Authors: Cai Junxi , Huang Hai , Zhu Zhi , Han Donglai , Hu Bo , Li Hongping , Tang Xu
Published: December 2024

In this study, biochar-loaded E3+:BiOCl (C/3E3+:BiOCl) was synthesized with varying levels of E3+ doping using a one-step solvothermal method and used for tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) degradation. Their structure, shape and morphology were not only characterized by power X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) but also by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra and upconversion (UC). The results indicated a significant enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst following the introduction of Er3+. The composite material C/3E3+:BiOCl, with a doping concentration of 3 mol%, demonstrated the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving an impressive visible light degradation efficiency of 89.2% for TC HCl within 90 min. This marks an increase of 33.5% compared to the BiOCl monomer and 17.4% compared to C/BiOCl. Additionally, when exposed to light with wavelengths exceeding 600 nm, C/3E3+:BiOCl maintained a photodegradation efficiency of 44.3%, while BiOCl and C/BiOCl showed no photocatalytic activity under the same conditions. This finding highlights the effectiveness of BiOCl as a doping matrix, which enhances the photocatalytic performance of BiOCl through the upconversion effect of E3+ and the electron transfer mechanisms associated with biochar.
Enhancing RNA-Based Technologies Using Enzyme-Derived Lipoamino Acids
Authors: Azevedo Sofia F. , Faustino Célia M. , Ribeiro Maria H. L.
Published: December 2024

This work aims to contribute to nucleic acid therapy advances by highlighting RNA interactions with novel compounds, namely lipoaminoacids (LAAs), which show great potential as non-viral vectors. LAAs not only retain the advantages associated with current non-viral vectors, namely fewer health risks, but also can form stable lipoplexes with genetic material, positioning them as promising candidates for advanced gene delivery systems. The biosynthesis of LAAs, using the enzymes, porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), and a mixture of PPL and papain, enhanced the production, making them more environmentally friendly with reduced production costs, increasing their interest. Conductivity, absorbance at 260 nm, viscosity, and ethidium bromide fluorescence displacement assays were performed to study the characteristics of these lipoaminoacids and their interactions with nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) regarding a potential vector gene delivery system. The Gibbs energy of micellization of lipoaminoacid biosynthesized with PPL was −27.7 kJ/mol, showing great efficiency in micelle formation. All the obtained lipoaminoacids showed successful encapsulation of RNA, demonstrating the potential of these compounds for vector gene therapy.
Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction Driven by Mo-Based Double-Atom Catalysts Anchored on Graphdiyne
Authors: Chi Xiaoyu , Cang Yaqi , Wang Jianhua , Li Qing , Fan Xing , Lin Haiping
Published: December 2024

An electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) presents an appealing strategy for ammonia (NH3) production at ambient conditions. Through systematic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the eNRR performance of 23 double-atom catalysts has been investigated. These catalysts are composed of a Mo atom and a transition metal atom anchored on the graphdiyne (GDY), and they are named MoM-GDYs. Among the 23 MoM-GDYs studied, 14 MoM-GDYs highlighted catalytic selectivity by inhibiting a competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and demonstrated commendable eNRR catalytic performance. MoRu-GDY, MoMo-GDY, MoFe-GDY and MoY-GDY exhibited excellent eNRR catalytic activity with limiting potentials of −0.05 V, −0.13 V, −0.21 V and −0.24 V, respectively. These 14 catalysts favor N2 adsorption compared to H and exhibit less negative UL than the −0.98 V benchmark of the stepped Ru(0001) surface. Among them, MoRu-GDY has the best catalytic activity with an UL of −0.05 V. The excellent catalytic performance originates from the synergistic effect of the dual catalytic sites, where the alternation of the consecutive and enzymatic paths effectively reduces the limiting potentials. In addition, the catalytic activity can be evaluated using ΔG*NH3 − ΔG*NH2 as a theoretical descriptor, while UL and the ΔG*NH3 − ΔG*NH2 fit coefficient R2 reached 0.99. These findings not only contribute to the development of dual-atom electrocatalysts for eNRR but also offer a valuable pathway for identifying new eNRR catalysts with high activity and selectivity.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Alkylation of Methyl Heteroarenes with Alcohols
Authors: Guo Bin , Zhang Jing , He Lin , Zhou Xin-Yuan , Xing Kai-Wen , Young David J. , Li Hong-Xi
Published: December 2024

Transition-metal-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization is a useful transformation for the construction of C–C bonds. A versatile and easy-to-perform protocol in this respect is the C-alkylation of methyl heteroarenes with alcohols using auto-transfer hydrogenative (ATH) reactions. Various transition metal catalysts based on Ir, Pt, Ru, Ni, Co, Fe and Mn have been employed for the construction of chain-elongated alkyl-substituted heterocyclic compounds using this chemistry. Water is the only byproduct and the starting alcohols are less toxic, readily available, more easily handled and more atom-economical substrates than their halogen counterparts. This review details recent advances in this synthetic methodology, describing the scope, reaction mechanism, chemo-selectivity and applications.
Co-Ce Clay-Based Materials: Their Feasibility as Catalysts for Soot and CO Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Courtalón Natalia L. , Milt Viviana G. , Dieuzeide María L. , Miró Eduardo E. , Banús Ezequiel D. , Bortolozzi Juan P.
Published: December 2024

A series of Co-Ce clay-based catalysts were prepared via the wet impregnation method and tested for the catalytic combustion of diesel soot and carbon monoxide. The objective of this work was to find a suitable catalyst with an optimized active phase composition in order to structure this system using a 3D-printing technique. The physicochemical characterization indicated that the support was mainly composed of kaolinite and quartz. When supported on commercial clay, the mixture of oxides (Co3O4 spinel and CeO2 fluorite) had higher activity than the individual oxides. The formation of a solid Co-Ce solution was verified along with a synergistic effect between these two selected metal oxides. The optimal molar composition was Co:Ce = 90:10. The corresponding catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity for soot combustion, with 335 °C being the temperature of the maximum combustion rate. Also, it produced the best system for CO oxidation. This formulation showed a balanced proportion of Co3+ and Co2+ on the surface and had the highest content of Ce3+ surface species among the catalysts prepared, which played a key role in the oxidation reactions studied.
Enhanced Thermostability of Laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila Through Conjugation with mPEG-SC
Authors: García Leonardo L. O. , Florindo Raissa H. S. , Saez Vivian , Wojcieszak Robert , Ramon Jose , Itabaiana Jr. Ivaldo
Published: December 2024

The search for more sustainable reaction conditions has been necessary to obtain more selective processes. In this context, laccases have gained great notoriety in recent years. However, these enzymes are unstable in organic solvents and have low thermal stability. Alternatively, conjugation with PEG (PEGylation) can be essential to overcome these problems. In this work, the commercial laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila (LacMT) was subjected to PEGylation with PEG functionalized as succinimidyl carbonate (mPEG-SC), followed by assessing its thermal stability and catalytic activity. Mono-PEGylated LacMT derivatives were obtained, with less than 50% of the enzyme remaining in its native form. In addition, 10% of the bi-PEGylated species was successfully obtained according to gel electrophoresis analysis. The PEGylated derivatives showed a significantly reduced ABTS oxidation activity (98 ± 3 U/mg) compared to the native LacMT (407 ± 9 U/mg) but higher than the control enzyme without PEGylation (51 ± 2 U/mg), demonstrating that the addition of activated PEG to the protein resulted in better protection against the harmful action of the pH change required in the process. PEGylated LacMT retained more than twice the initial activity of the native protein at 40 °C during 24 h. In addition, PEGylated LacMT exhibited kinetic changes, whereas the catalytic turnover rate (kcat) of the PEGylated enzyme was reduced by 27% compared to the control. These findings are being reported for the first time. This sets precedents for constructing efficient catalytic systems involving laccases since no immobilized biocatalyst or commercial conjugate contains these proteins.
Sulfite Pretreatment Enhances Tobacco Stalk Deconstruction for Cellulose Saccharification and Lignin Pyrolysis
Authors: Li Dong , Wu Rui , Zhang Sheng , Liu Zhichang , Wei Pei , Hu Xin , Huang Lianfeng , Shen Xiaojun , Jiang Jungang , Wang Lei
Published: December 2024

Sulfite-catalyzed acid pretreatment to overcome the inherent recalcitrance of biomass offers a significant advantage in terms of obtaining high glucose conversion. However, the residual lignin after enzymatic hydrolysis has not been fully exploited. Herein, this study introduced a joint approach using sulfite-catalyzed acid pretreatment (SPROL) and pyrolysis to upgrade tobacco stalk to produce fermentable sugar, and the resulting lignin is used to produce bio-oil and bio-char. The results suggest that SPROL pretreated tobacco stalk yields a high cellulose-based glucose selectivity of 75.9% with 15 FPU/g substrate enzyme dosage at 50 °C after 72 h of enzymolysis. Lignin characterization reveals that sulfonation occurred during SPROL pretreatment, and as the dosage of sulfonating agent increased, the thermal stability of the residue lignin decreased. After sample pyrolysis at 600 °C for 30 min, approximately 22%, 33%, and 45% of the lignin undergoes conversion into bio-oil, bio-char, and gas products, respectively. The bio-oil analysis results demonstrated that acetic acid is the most abundant identified GC-MS component at around 69.91% at the optimal condition, which implied that it could be of high value when utilized for pyroligneous acid. This research provides a synthetic approach using the SPORL technique to process tobacco stalk into fermentable sugar, bio-oil, and bio-char, which is significant for the commercial utilization of agricultural waste into value-added products.
Effect of High Voltage Electrode Material on Methanol Synthesis in a Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactor
Authors: Masumbuko Robert Karisa , Kobayashi Nobusuke , Suami Akira , Itaya Yoshinori , Zhang Baiqiang
Published: December 2024

Plasma methanol synthesis from captured CO2 and renewable H2 is one of the most promising technologies that can drastically lower the carbon footprint in methanol production, but the associated high energy costs make it less competitive. Herein, we investigated the impact of the high-voltage electrode configuration on methanol formation. The effect of electrode materials Cu, Al, and stainless steel (SS) SUS304 on CO2 hydrogenation to methanol using a temperature-controlled pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor was examined. The electrode surface area (ESA) was varied from 157 mm2 to 628 mm2 to determine the effect on discharge characteristics and the overall influence of plasma surface reactions on methanol production. The Cu electrode showed superior methanol synthesis performance (0.14 mmol/kWh) which was attributed to its catalytic activity function, while the Al electrode had the least production (0.08 mmol/kWh) ascribed to the excessive oxide coating on its surface, passivating its ability to promote methanol synthesis chemical reactions. In all electrode materials, the highest methanol production was achieved at 157 mm2 ESA at a constant applied voltage. Lastly, the plasma charge concentration per discharge volume was determined to be an important parameter in fine-tuning the DBD reactor to enhance methanol synthesis.
One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Dispersed VO2 on g-C3N4 Nanomeshes for Advanced Oxidation
Authors: Deng Yangzhou , Zhang Yuqi , Wei Kunkun , Wang Yue , Zou Shihui , Liu Juanjuan
Published: December 2024

Advanced oxidation catalyzed by metal oxides is a promising approach for degrading organic pollutants in wastewater. A critical strategy to enhance the performance of these catalysts is optimizing the dispersion of their active components through innovative synthesis methods. In this study, we report a one-pot synthesis of g-C3N4 nanomeshes supported with highly dispersed VO2 catalysts (V-g-C3N4) for the advanced oxidation of methylene blue (MB). The characterization results reveal that the involvement of VCl3 in the pyrolysis of melamine facilitates the formation of g-C3N4 nanomeshes with abundant amino groups (NH/NH2). The strong interaction between vanadia species and amino groups prevents VO2 particles from agglomerating, resulting in a significantly higher vanadia dispersion than V-g-C3N4-im synthesized via the traditional impregnation method. V-g-C3N4 exhibits a sophisticated microstructure and surface structure, which leads to a rate constant 2.3-fold higher than V-g-C3N4-im in the catalytic degradation of methylene blue using H2O2 as the oxidant. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, trapping experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements reveal that the rapid adsorption and fast diffusion of MB over g-C3N4 nanomeshes, together with the efficient H2O2 activation into ·OH radicals via the V4+/V5+ redox cycle, synergistically contribute to the superior MB removal efficiency of V-g-C3N4. Moreover, V-g-C3N4 demonstrates no significant decrease in activity even after the fourth cycle, indicating its excellent stability during the pollutant removal process.
Novel mTORC2/HSPB4 Interaction: Role and Regulation of HSPB4 T148 Phosphorylation
Authors: Sluzala Zachary B. , Shan Yang , Elghazi Lynda , Cárdenas Emilio L. , Hamati Angelina , Garner Amanda L. , Fort Patrice E.
Published: December 2024

HSPB4 and HSPB5 (α-crystallins) have shown increasing promise as neuroprotective agents, demonstrating several anti-apoptotic and protective roles in disorders such as multiple sclerosis and diabetic retinopathy. HSPs are highly regulated by post-translational modification, including deamidation, glycosylation, and phosphorylation. Among them, T148 phosphorylation has been shown to regulate the structural and functional characteristics of HSPB4 and underlie, in part, its neuroprotective capacity. We recently demonstrated that this phosphorylation is reduced in retinal tissues from patients with diabetic retinopathy, raising the question of its regulation during diseases. The kinase(s) responsible for regulating this phosphorylation, however, have yet to be identified. To this end, we employed a multi-tier strategy utilizing in vitro kinome profiling, bioinformatics, and chemoproteomics to predict and discover the kinases capable of phosphorylating T148. Several kinases were identified as being capable of specifically phosphorylating T148 in vitro, and further analysis highlighted mTORC2 as a particularly strong candidate. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the HSPB4-mTORC2 interaction is multi-faceted. Our data support the role of mTORC2 as a specific kinase phosphorylating HSPB4 at T148, but also provide evidence that the HSPB4 chaperone function further strengthens the interaction. This study addresses a critical gap in our understanding of the regulatory underpinnings of T148 phosphorylation-mediated neuroprotection.
Proteomic Analysis Reveals Cadherin, Actin, and Focal Adhesion Molecule-Mediated Formation of Cervical Cancer Spheroids
Authors: Molika Piyatida , Leetanaporn Kittinun , Chiangjong Wararat , Choochuen Pongsakorn , Navakanitworakul Raphatphorn
Published: December 2024

Cancer spheroids are spherical, three-dimensional (3D), in vitro assemblies of cancer cells, which are gaining importance as a useful model in cancer behavior studies. Designed to simulate key features of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, spheroids offer reliable insights for drug screening and testing applications. We observed contrasting phenotypes in 3D cervical cancer (CC) cultures. Thus, in this study, we compared the proteomes of 3D and traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures of CC cell lines, HeLa, SiHa, and C33A. When cultured in in-house poly-(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-coated plates under conditions suitable for 3D spheroid formation, these CC cell lines yielded spheroids exhibiting different features. Proteomic analysis of cells cultured in 2D and 3D cultures revealed similar protein profiles but remarkable differences in the expression levels of some proteins. In SiHa and C33A cells, the upregulation of key proteins required for spheroid formation was insufficient for the formation of compact spheroids. In contrast, HeLa cells could form compact spheroids because they upregulated the proteins, including cadherin-binding, cytoskeleton, and adhesion proteins, necessary for spheroid formation during the remodeling process. Overall, this study unravels the mechanisms underlying the formation of spheroids in the commonly used CC cell lines.
Increasing Wear Resistance of Ploughshare by Electrofriction Treatment
Authors: Sagdoldina Zhuldyz , Baizhan Daryn , Berdimuratov Nurbol , Rutkowska-Gorczyca Malgorzata , Maulet Meruert , Bolatov Sanzhar
Published: December 2024

Surface layers of agricultural machinery working bodies are subjected to intensive abrasive wear during operation, which leads to rapid wear of equipment and reduction of its service life. To increase the wear resistance of the working surfaces of tools, the method of induction cladding using ‘Sormait-1’ materials is widely used. However, after coating, additional heat treatment is required, which improves physical and mechanical properties of the material and increases its durability. When using electrofriction technology (EFT) hardening, the surface of the parts is subjected to melting under the influence of electric arcs, which affects the surface characteristics of the coatings. In this work, two types of surface treatment of L53 steel were investigated: induction cladding using ‘Sormait-1’ material, as well as a combination of induction cladding and subsequent electrofriction treatment. The coatings were characterized and compared with the substrate in terms of the following parameters: microstructure, phase composition, hardness distribution, and friction-wear characteristics. After induction cladding of the Sormait-1 material, a dendritic structure was formed; however, subsequent electrofriction treatment resulted in a reduction of this dendritic structure, which contributed to an increase in the hardness of the material. The average hardness of the coatings after electrofriction treatment was 786 HV0.1, which is more than three times the hardness of the substrate. Furthermore, the influence of structural characteristics and hardness on abrasive wear resistance was examined in accordance with ASTM G65 international standards. Field tests were conducted on plough shares before and after electrofriction hardening to evaluate their performance. Each ploughshare was scanned with a structured 3D scanner before and after use in the field. From the scan data, the cutting-edge profile was calculated and three key parameters were determined: linear wear, volumetric wear, and mass reduction. According to the results of field tests, it was found that the service life of the blades hardened by electrofriction technology was 12%–14% higher compared to serial blades processed by induction cladding with the use of ‘Sormait-1’ material. Operational tests of hardened plough shares confirmed the results of laboratory tests and proved the advantages of electrofriction technology for increasing the wear resistance of soil tillage machine working bodies.
Tribological Properties and Wear Mechanism of Phenolic Resin Incorporated Rare Earth Oxides
Authors: Jiang Bingchun , Gu Yanglang , Zhao Yuncai , Zou Yaoping , Wan Shaochen , Zhang Tong
Published: December 2024

Different proportions of rare earth oxides, specifically cerium oxide and yttrium oxide, were incorporated into phenolic resin-based friction materials to mitigate the thermal degradation of resin-based friction materials. The effects of these additives on the mechanical properties and tribological performance of resin-based friction materials were thoroughly investigated, and the microstructure and phase composition were characterized via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The addition of rare earth oxides favorably improved the density, hardness, compression strength, and shear strength of the composites, with rare earth yttrium oxide dominating the hardness of the composites and cerium oxide dominating the compression strength of the composites, but changes in the ratio of the two had a small effect on their density, shear strength, and impact strength. Among them, the highest density, hardness, compressive strength, and shear strength of the modified sample could reach 2.310 g/cm3, 118 HRL, 187.5 MPa, and 43.5 MPa, respectively, and their properties were improved by 7.7%, 14.6%, 19%, and 51%, respectively, compared with the unmodified sample Y0. The incorporation of rare earth oxides was not conducive to the improvement of the fade friction coefficient and recovery friction coefficient of the composites, but was beneficial to the stabilization of the recovery friction coefficient of the composites and the reduction in their average wear rate, with the yttrium oxide-dominated matched samples focusing on high-temperature stability, and cerium oxide-dominated matched samples focusing on the antioxidant reduction property. The homogeneous dispersion and synergistic enhancement effect of the rare earth oxides in the matrix materials enhanced the structural integrity and densification of the matrix materials and improved the interfacial strength and surface wear resistance of the composites. The worn surface of the unmodified sample Y0 was mainly abrasive and thermal fatigue wear, the worn surface of the yttrium oxide-dominated matched samples Y1 and Y2 was mainly abrasive wear, and the worn surface of the cerium oxide-dominated matched samples Y3 and Y4 was mainly adhesive and thermal fatigue wear.
LD-Pumped 228 nm Nd:GdVO4/Cr4+:YAG Passively Q-Switched Solid-State Laser
Authors: Xu Can , Shen Weihan , Hu Ke , Xu Dongxin , Hao Ruozhu , Fan Lixiang , Zhao Zhibin , Li Zaijin , Chen Hao , Qiao Zhongliang , Qu Yi
Published: December 2024

The 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser, leveraging its advantages of short wavelength, high photon energy, and low thermal effect, can significantly enhance the Raman signal in resonance Raman spectroscopy and demonstrates broad application potential in areas such as precision processing of photonic devices. This paper investigates a solid-state linear-cavity passively Q-switched 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser. Firstly, the laser employs an Nd:GdVO4 crystal as the gain medium, combined with Cr4+:YAG crystal passive Q-switching technology to generate 912 nm pulsed fundamental frequency light. Subsequently, a lithium metaborate (LBO) crystal is used to generate 456 nm second-harmonic light, and finally, a barium metaborate (BBO) crystal is utilized to achieve 228 nm fourth-harmonic laser output. In this paper, we investigate the variation in 456 nm and 228 nm laser output power under the cavity length of 63 mm. Ultimately, at a pump power of 41.75 W, the highest average power of 670 mW was achieved for a 456 nm blue laser output with a repetition rate of 12 kHz and a pulse width of 32 ns. Additionally, a maximum average power of 18 mW was obtained for a 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser output, featuring a repetition rate of 12 kHz and a pulse width of 33 ns.
Silver Linings: Electrochemical Characterization of TiO2 Sol-Gel Coating on Ti6Al4V with AgNO3 for Antibacterial Excellence
Authors: Both Julia , Szabó Gabriella Stefania , Ciorîță Alexandra , Mureșan Liana Maria
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to synthesize TiO2 and silver-containing TiO2 layers on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy substrates, also known as titanium grade 5 (TiGr5), to provide corrosion resistance and antibacterial activity. The TiO2 layers were prepared through the sol-gel method and dip-coating technique. Silver introduction into the layers was performed in two different ways. One was the impregnation method by dipping the TiO2 layer-covered metal in aqueous AgNO3 solutions of various concentrations (TiO2/AgNO3), and the other was by direct introduction of AgNO3 into the precursor sol (Ag-TiO2). The two methods for incorporating AgNO3 into the coating matrix are novel, as they preserve silver in its ionic form rather than reducing it to metallic silver. The samples were put through electrochemical characterization, namely potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and were tested in Hank’s solution, simulating a physiological environment. The behavior of the layers was monitored over time. Also, the thin layers’ thickness and adhesion to the substrate were determined. Microbiological evaluation of the Ag-doped coatings on glass substrates confirmed their significant bactericidal activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Among the two types of coatings, the impregnated coatings demonstrated the most promising electrochemical performance, as evidenced by both EIS and potentiodynamic polarization analyses.
An Econometric and Time Series Analysis of the USTC Depeg’s Impact on the LUNA Classic Price Crash During Spring 2022’s Crypto Market Turmoil
Authors: Diop Papa Ousseynou
Published: December 2024

The cryptocurrency market is characterized by extreme volatility, with events such as the Terra-LUNA crash of 2022 raising significant questions about the resilience of algorithmic stablecoins. This paper investigates the collapse of LUNA Classic during the USTC depeg, focusing on the role of trading volumes and collateral assets like Bitcoin in amplifying the price crash. Using a Vector Logistic Smooth Transition AutoRegressive (VLSTAR) model, we analyze daily data from October 2020 to November 2022 to uncover how exogenous volumes influenced LUNA’s price trajectory during the crisis. Our findings reveal that high trading volumes, particularly during regime two (the post-depeg period), significantly exacerbated the price decline, validating the impact of large-scale liquidations on LUNA’s price path. Additionally, Bitcoin volumes played a critical role in destabilizing the system, confirming that the liquidity of underlying collateral assets is pivotal in maintaining price stability. These insights contribute to understanding the systemic vulnerabilities in algorithmic stablecoins and offer implications for future stablecoin design and risk management strategies. They are relevant for investors, policymakers, and researchers seeking to be aware of market volatility and prevent future crises in stablecoin ecosystems.
The Effects of Adaptive Gamification in Science Learning: A Comparison Between Traditional Inquiry-Based Learning and Gender Differences
Authors: Zourmpakis Alkinoos-Ioannis , Kalogiannakis Michail , Papadakis Stamatios
Published: December 2024

Gamification has become a topic of interest for researchers and educators, particularly in science education, in the last few years. Students of all educational levels have consistently faced challenges when grasping scientific concepts. However, the effectiveness of gamification, especially in terms of academic performance, has shown mixed results. This has led researchers to explore a new alternative approach, adaptive gamification. Our study compared the effects of adaptive gamification with traditional inquiry-based learning. Two classes of 9-year-old students participated, with the experimental group using adaptive gamification and the control group following a more conventional teaching approach using inquiry-based lessons and experiments. Both groups were tested before and after the lessons, and their results were analyzed using SPSS. The findings revealed that while both groups showed a significant difference after the lessons, the experimental group had significantly higher scores than the control group. Particularly significant results were observed regarding learning improvements based on students’ gender, with female and male students in the experimental group demonstrating significant improvement. In contrast, in the control group, only the male students displayed significant learning improvement. This research contributes significantly to the relatively new field of adaptive gamification in science education and the improvement of students’ science learning, particularly in the context of gender differences.
Evaluating the Liming Potential of Mytilus galloprovincialis Shell Waste on Acidic Soils
Authors: Lolas Alexios , Molla Katerina , Georgiou Konstantinos , Apostologamvrou Chrysoula , Petrotou Alexandra , Skordas Konstantinos , Vafidis Dimitris
Published: December 2024

The sustainable management of aquaculture by-products is crucial for advancing circular economy practices. Mediterranean mussel shell waste, rich in calcium carbonate, presents a sustainable alternative to conventional liming materials, especially for mitigating soil acidification, a very important and common issue that limits crop productivity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of processed mussel shell waste in enhancing soil pH, organic matter, and nutrient availability. A 180-day pot experiment using highly acidic soil (pH < 4.5) collected from a local field was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design. Treatments involved two grain sizes of mussel shell powder (Fine: <1 mm; Coarse: 1–2 mm) at rates between 0.1 and 6%. Treated soil pH was measured monthly, whereas organic matter, available phosphorus (P), and exchangeable potassium (K) were measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The results revealed significant improvements in pH, organic matter, available phosphorus (P), and exchangeable potassium (K), particularly in the Fine Powder treatments. However, total nitrogen (N) remained unaffected. These findings highlight the potential of mussel shells as an eco-friendly and cost-effective amendment, advancing sustainable agriculture and waste recycling, thus contributing to broader conservation efforts by reducing the environmental footprint of aquaculture waste and supporting biodiversity and ecosystem resilience through sustainable resource management.
Gopal as a Sustainable Alternative: Chemical, Rheological, and Mechanical Insights
Authors: Yamin Raden Anwar , Nurhidayati Zuni Asih , Hidayatiningrum Laely Fitria , Hamdani Dani
Published: December 2024

The availability of petroleum asphalt, derived from non-renewable natural sources, is steadily declining in tandem with dwindling petroleum reserves. To mitigate the reliance on petroleum, alternative renewable natural sources are being explored for use as both modifiers and replacements for petroleum asphalt, particularly as binders in asphalt mixtures. The development of bio-asphalt represents a significant innovation aimed at reducing or even eliminating the dependence on petroleum as a source of asphalt. This paper examines the chemical, rheological, and mechanical properties of Gopal (Gondorukem Asphalt), a bio-asphalt derived from Gondorukem (gum rosin) and CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Two types of Gopal, Gopal-GEM130 and Gopal-GEG90, were analyzed using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) tests, with Pen 60 petroleum asphalt serving as a control for comparison. The results indicate that the chemical groups of Gopal-GEG90 and Gopal-GEM130 share 86% similarity with those of Pen 60 petroleum asphalt. Compared to Pen 60, Gopal-GEM130 is less toxic and less alkaline, while Gopal-GEG90 is also less toxic but more alkaline. Rheologically, Gopal-GEG90 and Gopal-GEM130 fall within the same classification as Pen 60, based on the Pen 60 classification grade of asphalt. Gopal-GEG90 exhibits slightly better stripping resistance and lower aging resistance than Pen 60, whereas Gopal-GEM130 demonstrates significantly better stripping resistance but lower aging resistance. Performance-wise, both Gopal variants belong to the same performance grade (PG64S) as Pen 60 petroleum asphalt. However, Gopal-GEG90 has slightly better rutting resistance compared to Pen 60 but lower than Gopal-GEM130, and it ages faster with lower fatigue resistance. Conversely, Gopal-GEM130 has superior rutting resistance but lower fatigue resistance and ages faster than Pen 60 petroleum asphalt.
The Role of Prenatal Ultrasound Examination in Predicting the Outcomes of Ovarian Fetal Cysts: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Montaguti Elisa , Petrachi Benedetta , Fiorentini Marta , Arosio Viola , Doroldi Sara , Dionisi Camilla , Bernardi Vito , Pilu Gianluigi
Published: December 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate prenatal ultrasound features, fetal postnatal outcomes, and the need for postnatal surgery in the suspicion of ovarian torsion. Methods: We included patients with a singleton pregnancy with a suspicion of ovarian fetal cyst referred to our center. Data derived from prenatal ultrasound evaluations, delivery, and postnatal follow-up were then extracted from the hospital registers. Results: The ultrasound features of 32 fetal ovarian cysts and related neonatal outcomes were analyzed. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 32 weeks (28–36), while the mean diameter of the cyst diagnosis was 34.8 ± 13.2 mm. In 78.1% of cases, the cysts did not change their characteristics during pregnancy, while in 9.4%, they increased their dimensions, and in 12.5%, they reduced their size. In 78.1% of cases, the diagnosis was confirmed postnatally, and in 40% of cases, a spontaneous regression occurred during follow-up. Surgery was performed in 60% of cases, and most of the time (66.7%), an adnexectomy was required. Conclusions: An unfavorable outcome was associated with cystic dimensions and ultrasound feature modifications during pregnancy. However, our study demonstrated that a hemorrhagic content is not always indicative of adnexal torsion, and spontaneous resolution may occur. In addition, only a few of the simple anechoic cysts managed surgically presented with necrosis at histopathological examination; therefore, a conservative approach might be proposed in those cases.