bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chrysidoidea Wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in Conventional Coffee Crops and Agroforestry Systems in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Martins André Luis , Lemes José Ricardo Assmann , Lopes Paulo Rogério , Dias Angélica Maria Penteado
Published: November 2020

Agroforestry systems represent the integration of agricultural crops with native vegetation. These systems are of great importance to minimize the agricultural impact in the land through intercropping of these vegetations. Despite of the importance of Chrysidoidea as parasitoids wasps associated with different groups of insects, there is no study comparing the assemblages of these hymenopterans in conventional and agroforestry systems in Brazil. The “Pontal do Paranapanema”, located in the extreme west of the state of São Paulo (Brazil), has historically been occupied by coffee crops and some small areas of agroforestry systems. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the abundance and composition of Chrysidoidea wasp fauna in different conventional coffee crops and agroforestry systems located in this region. To do so, we collected in six different localities in the “Pontal do Paranapanema” using a Malaise trap in each locality with collections occurring monthly between June 2011 and July 2012. A total of 3,623 Chrysidoidea specimens of three families were collected: Bethylidae, with four genera and a total of 3,396 individuals, representing 93.73% of the total collected; Chrysididae with 11 genera and 151 individuals (4.16%), and Dryinidae with five genera and 76 individuals (2.09%). In terms of abundance, the agroforestry was responsible for most of the individuals collected (n = 2029), followed by the conventional systems with 1,406 individuals and the transitional with 188. The most abundant genera were Epyris and Dissomphalus, responsible for about 92% of the total of Chrysidoidea collected. Most of the genera of Chrysididae were collected in the conventional systems alone or in both conventional and agroforestry systems. For Bethylidae and Dryinidae, no genera were found exclusively in the conventional system. It is expected that the structural complexity of each one of the different ecosystems impact directly in the fauna of Chrysidoidea parasitoids associated.
Breeding review of Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus in Brazil with contributions on nests and egg biometry
Authors: Frias Rodolfo Teixeira , Porto Lucas Rocha Melo , Fischer Luciano Gomes , Mancini Patrícia Luciano
Published: November 2020

The Gray-hooded Gull (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus) is a seabird distributed in almost all South American countries. However, breeding information on the species in Brazil is scarce. In this study, literature review and search in online databases (WikiAves and eBird) were carried out to gather breeding information on the species in the country and nests of the Gray-hooded Gull were recorded on the northern coast of the Rio de Janeiro state. Literature review indicated breeding records in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte states. On WikiAves, 19 records of the species with nests, eggs, chicks and breeding colonies were reported between 2009 and 2020, in Macau, Rio Grande do Norte and one adult hatching at Rio Grande do Sul. In August 2019, two nests were recorded at Ubatuba lagoon (22°09′S and 41°18′W) in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, in the Quissamã municipality in Rio de Janeiro. The nests were described and monitored during five weeks. Each nest contained two eggs and was built with the grass Paspalum vaginatum. Over time, the eggs were degraded and disappeared from the nests, without signs of hatching and possible predation. This study compiles for the first time all the breeding information on the species in Brazil and contributes with data about the nests and egg biometry.
Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Authors: Mariotto Lucas Ribeiro
Published: November 2020

Local fauna inventories provide primary key information on diversity and distribution of species for conservation purposes. The Atlantic Forest holds 50% of anuran species in the country and the main threats to the conservation of this fauna are habitat reduction and fragmentation. The present study brings information on the local richness and species composition of four anuran taxocenoses from the subtropical Atlantic Forest of Paraná and Santa Catarina states, Brazil. Data collection included breeding sites surveys (N = 56) and literature review. Richness and beta diversity were compared through rarefaction/extrapolation curves, local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD), beta partitioning and cluster analysis. Anuran from 46 species were registered and local richness differences were observed on the rarefaction/extrapolation curves and on asymptotic analysis. Nevertheless, the LCBD did not detect differences in species composition among the four taxocenoses. The turnover was the predominant component of beta diversity. The geographical distances explain species composition for all localities compiled in this study. The differences among local richness may be related to environmental impacts, emphasizing the need for conservation of biodiversity in the remnants of Atlantic forest.
Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: El Khoudary Samar R. , Aggarwal Brooke , Beckie Theresa M. , Hodis Howard N. , Johnson Amber E. , Langer Robert D. , Limacher Marian C. , Manson JoAnn E. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Allison Matthew A. ,   On behalf of the American Heart Association Prevention Science Committee of the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing
Published: November 2020

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, who have a notable increase in the risk for this disease after menopause and typically develop coronary heart disease several years later than men. This observation led to the hypothesis that the menopause transition (MT) contributes to the increase in coronary heart disease risk. Over the past 20 years, longitudinal studies of women traversing menopause have contributed significantly to our understanding of the relationship between the MT and CVD risk. By following women over this period, researchers have been able to disentangle chronological and ovarian aging with respect to CVD risk. These studies have documented distinct patterns of sex hormone changes, as well as adverse alterations in body composition, lipids and lipoproteins, and measures of vascular health over the MT, which can increase a woman’s risk of developing CVD postmenopausally. The reported findings underline the significance of the MT as a time of accelerating CVD risk, thereby emphasizing the importance of monitoring women’s health during midlife, a critical window for implementing early intervention strategies to reduce CVD risk. Notably, the 2011 American Heart Association guidelines for CVD prevention in women (the latest sex-specific guidelines to date) did not include information now available about the contribution of the MT to increased CVD in women. Therefore, there is a crucial need to discuss the contemporary literature on menopause and CVD risk with the intent of increasing awareness of the significant adverse cardiometabolic health–related changes accompanying midlife and the MT. This scientific statement provides an up-to-date synthesis of the existing data on the MT and how it relates to CVD.
Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitor LDN 27219 Age-Dependently Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Resistance Arteries
Authors: Pinilla Estéfano , Comerma-Steffensen Simon , Prat-Duran Judit , Rivera Luis , Matchkov Vladimir V. , Buus Niels Henrik , Simonsen Ulf
Published: November 2020

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme which in the open conformation exerts transamidase activity, leading to protein cross-linking and fibrosis. In the closed conformation, TG2 participates in transmembrane signaling as a G protein. The unspecific transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine causes vasorelaxation in rat resistance arteries. However, the role of TG2 conformation in vascular function is unknown. We investigated the vascular effects of selective TG2 inhibitors by myography in isolated rat mesenteric and human subcutaneous resistance arteries, patch-clamp studies on vascular smooth muscle cells, and blood pressure measurements in rats and mice. LDN 27219 promoted the closed TG2 conformation and inhibited transamidase activity in mesenteric arteries. In contrast to TG2 inhibitors promoting the open conformation (Z-DON, VA5), LDN 27219 concentration-dependently relaxed rat and resistance human arteries by a mechanism dependent on nitric oxide, large-conductance calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels 7, lowering blood pressure. LDN 27219 also potentiated acetylcholine-induced relaxation by opening potassium channels in the smooth muscle; these effects were abolished by membrane-permeable TG2 inhibitors promoting the open conformation. In isolated arteries from 35- to 40-week-old rats, transamidase activity was increased, and LDN 27219 improved acetylcholine-induced relaxation more than in younger rats. Infusion of LDN 27219 decreased blood pressure more effectively in 35- to 40-week than 12- to 14-week-old anesthetized rats. In summary, pharmacological modulation of TG2 to the closed conformation age-dependently lowers blood pressure and, by opening potassium channels, potentiates endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Our findings suggest that promoting the closed conformation of TG2 is a potential strategy to treat age-related vascular dysfunction and lowers blood pressure.
Plasma Trough Concentrations of Antihypertensive Drugs for the Assessment of Treatment Adherence
Authors: Groenland Eline H. , van Kleef Monique E.A.M. , Bots Michiel L. , Visseren Frank L.J. , van der Elst Kim C.M. , Spiering Wilko
Published: November 2020

Biochemical drug screening by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in plasma is an accurate method for the quantification of plasma concentrations of antihypertensive medications in patients with hypertension. Trough concentrations could possibly be used as drug-specific cutoff values in the biochemical assessment of (non-)adherence. We performed a literature review and meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies to determine plasma trough concentrations of amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, and valsartan. PubMed was searched for pharmacokinetic studies up to September 2020. Eligible studies reported steady-state mean trough concentration and their variance. Pooled trough concentrations were estimated using a three-level random effects meta-analytic model. Moderator analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. One thousand three hundred eighteen potentially relevant articles were identified of which 45 were eligible for inclusion. The pooled mean trough concentration was 9.2 ng/mL (95% CI, 7.5–10.8) for amlodipine, 41.0 ng/mL (95% CI, 17.4–64.7) for hydrochlorothiazide, and 352.9 ng/mL (95% CI, 243.5–462.3) for valsartan. Substantial heterogeneity was present for all 3 pooled estimates. Moderator analyses identified dosage as a significant moderator for the pooled trough concentration of amlodipine (β
1
=0.9;
P
<0.05), mean age, and mean body weight for the mean trough concentration of hydrochlorothiazide (β
1
=2.2,
P
<0.05, respectively, β
1
=−4.0,
P
<0.05) and no significant moderators for valsartan. Plasma trough concentrations of amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, and valsartan, measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, are highly heterogeneous over the different studies. Use of the pooled trough concentration as a cutoff in the biochemical assessment of adherence can result in inaccurate diagnosis of (non-)adherence, which may seriously harm the patient-physician relationship, and is therefore not recommended.
Laser‐Assisted Removal of Embedded Vena Cava Filters: A First‐In‐Human Escalation Trial in 500 Patients Refractory to High‐Force Retrieval
Authors: Kuo William T. , Doshi Ankur A. , Ponting John M. , Rosenberg Jarrett K. , Liang Tie , Hofmann Lawrence V.
Published: November 2020

Background

Many patients are subject to potential risks and filter‐related morbidity when standard retrieval methods fail. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the laser sheath technique for removing embedded inferior vena cava filters.

Methods and Results

Over an 8.5‐year period, 500 patients were prospectively enrolled in an institutional review board–approved study. There were 225 men and 275 women (mean age, 49 years; range, 15–90 years). Indications for retrieval included symptomatic acute inferior vena cava thrombosis, chronic inferior vena cava occlusion, and/or pain from filter penetration. Retrieval was also offered to prevent risks from prolonged implantation and potentially to eliminate need for lifelong anticoagulation. After retrieval failed using 3X standard retrieval force (6–7 lb via digital gauge), treatment escalation was attempted using laser sheath powered by 308‐nm XeCl excimer laser system (CVX‐300; Spectranetics). We hypothesized that the laser‐assisted technique would allow retrieval of >95% of embedded filters with <5% risk of major complications and with lower force. Primary outcome was successful retrieval. Primary safety outcome was any major procedure‐related complication. Laser‐assisted retrieval was successful in 99.4% of cases (497/500) (95% CI, 98.3%–99.9%) and significantly >95% (
P
<0.0001). The mean filter dwell time was 1528 days (range, 37–10 047; >27.5 years]), among retrievable‐type (n=414) and permanent‐type (n=86) filters. The average force during failed attempts without laser was 6.4 versus 3.6 lb during laser‐assisted retrievals (
P
<0.0001). The major complication rate was 2.0% (10/500) (95% CI, 1.0%–3.6%), significantly <5% (
P
<0.0005), 0.6% (3/500) (95% CI, 0%–1.3%) from laser, and all were successfully treated. Successful retrieval allowed cessation of anticoagulation in 98.7% (77/78) (95% CI, 93.1%–100.0%) and alleviated filter‐related morbidity in 98.5% (138/140) (95% CI, 96.5%–100.0%).

Conclusions

The excimer laser sheath technique is safe and effective for removing embedded inferior vena cava filters refractory to high‐force retrieval. This technique may allow cessation of filter‐related anticoagulation and can be used to prevent and alleviate filter‐related morbidity.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01158482.
Use of Oral Anticoagulation in a Real‐World Population With Device Detected Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kaplan Rachel M. , Ziegler Paul D. , Koehler Jodi , Landman Sean , Sarkar Shantanu , Passman Rod S.
Published: November 2020

Background

Guideline recommendations for oral anticoagulation (OAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are based on CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score alone. Patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices provide an opportunity to assess how the interaction between AF duration and CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score influences OAC prescription rates.

Methods and Results

Data from the Optum de‐identified Electronic Health Record data set were linked to the Medtronic CareLink database of cardiac implantable electronic devices. An index date was assigned as the later of 6 months after device implant or 1 year after Electronic Health Record data availability. Maximum daily AF duration (no AF, 6 minutes–23.5 hours, and >23.5 hours) was assessed for 6 months before index date. OAC prescription rates were computed as a function of both AF duration and CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score. A total of 35 779 patients with CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc scores ≥1 were identified, including 27 198 not prescribed OAC. Overall OAC prescription rate among the 12 938 patients with device‐detected AF >6 minutes was 36.7% and significantly higher in those with a maximum daily AF duration >23.5 hours (45.4%) compared with those with 6 minutes to 23.5 hours (28.7%). OAC prescription rates increased monotonically with both increasing AF duration and CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score, reaching a maximum of 67.2% for patients with AF >23.5 hours and a CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score ≥5.

Conclusions

Real‐world prescription of OAC increased with both increasing duration of AF and CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc score. This highlights the need for further research into the role of AF duration, stroke risk, and the need for anticoagulation in patients with devices capable of long‐term AF monitoring.
Renal Safety of Multimodal Brain Imaging Followed by Endovascular Therapy
Authors: Cereda Carlo W. , Mlynash Michael , Cippà Pietro E. , Kemp Stephanie , Heit Jeremy J. , Marks Michael P. , Lansberg Maarten G. , Albers Gregory W.
Published: November 2020

Background and Purpose:

Contrast-enhanced noninvasive angiography and perfusion imaging are recommended to identify eligible patients for endovascular therapy (EVT) in extended time windows (>6 hours or wake-up). If eligible, additional intraarterial contrast exposure will occur during EVT. We aimed to study the renal safety in the DEFUSE 3 (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke) population, selected with contrast-enhanced multimodal Imaging and randomized to EVT versus medical management.

Methods:

In the randomized DEFUSE 3 trial population, we compared changes in serum creatinine between baseline (before randomization) and 24 hours later. The primary outcome was the relative change in creatinine level between baseline and 24 hours in the EVT versus medical arm. The secondary outcome was a comparison between computed tomography (CT) versus magnetic resonance imaging selection in the EVT arm. The safety outcome was a comparison of the proportion of patients with criteria for contrast-associated kidney injury in the EVT versus medical arm and a comparison between CT versus magnetic resonance imaging selection in the EVT arm.

Results:

In the DEFUSE 3 population (n=182, age 69±13, 51% female), mean creatinine decreased from a baseline of 0.98±0.33 mg/dL to 0.88±0.28 mg/dL at 24 hours (
P
<0.001). There was no difference in change between treatment groups: relative to baseline, there was a 6.3% reduction in the EVT group versus 9.2% in the medical group,
P
=0.294. Absolute decrease −0.08±0.18 in EVT versus −0.12±0.18 in medical,
P
=0.135; Among patients treated with EVT, there was no difference in 24-hour creatinine level changes between patients who were selected with CT angiography/CT perfusion (−0.08±0.18) versus magnetic resonance imaging (−0.07±0.19),
P
=0.808 or 6.8% reduction versus 4.8%,
P
=0.696. In the EVT arm, contrast-associated kidney injury was encountered in 4 out of 91 (4.4%) versus 2/90 (2.2%) in the medical arm
P
=0.682. In the EVT arm, contrast-associated kidney injury was evenly distributed between magnetic resonance imaging (1/22, 4.6%) versus CT 3 out of 69 (4.4%),
P
=1.0.

Conclusions:

Perfusion imaging before EVT was not associated with evidence of decline in renal function.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02586415.
How to teach digital reading?
Authors: Lim Fei Victor , Toh Weimin
Published: November 2020

This paper offers a discussion of the knowledge, skills, and awareness involved in digital reading. Reading, in this paper, is used in the broader sense to include deriving meaning from media on a digital screen. This paper synthesises key ideas from existing studies and presents a taxonomy for the teaching of digital reading. The taxonomy includes the development of: 1) the knowledge of linear and deep reading strategies; 2) basic and critical information skills; and 3) a multimodal semiotic awareness. The goal of this paper is to unpack the specific knowledge and skills for digital reading which will support educators, including classroom teachers and librarians, on the aspects to pay attention to as students engage in digital reading. This paper argues that, in addition to equipping students with the knowledge of reading strategies and information skills, an awareness of how the various semiotic modes make meaning is fundamental to effective digital reading.
Sciaphila atra (Triuridaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Borneo

Authors: DANČÁK MARTIN , HRONEŠ MICHAL , SOCHOR MICHAL
Published: November 2020

Sciaphila atra (Triuridaceae) from northern Borneo is described and illustrated. This species is similar to Sciaphila thaidanica from northern Thailand, but differs in distinctly darker stem and flowers, lower number of flowers, larger female flowers which usually have more tepals and wider tepals of male flowers. Taxonomy of Sciaphila secundiflora species complex is discussed in the paper. Key to currently accepted species of Sciaphila in Borneo is included.
Typification of Nietneria corymbosa (Nartheciaceae), the type of the generic name
Authors: SILVA DIEGO NUNES DA , FRAGA FERNANDA RIBEIRO DE MELLO , SANTANA MARIANA HENRIQUES
Published: November 2020

Nietneria is the only neotropical genus of Nartheciaceae, represented by two species: N. corymbosa and N. paniculata. The collections of the brothers Moritz Richard and Robert Hermann Schomburgk in the Guiana Shield are the first records of special value for Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy in this region. The brothers carried out an important set of botanical collections for the Guyana flora, in different periods and expeditions, which were organized in different series. Among these, the “Robert’s second collection series (Rob. ser. 2)”, corresponding to the period from 1841 to 1844, which resulted in the discovery of the genus Nietneria. In the present article, we provide a proper designation of a lectotype for Nietneria corymbosa, as a result of an ongoing monograph for the genus in Brazilian Flora 2020 Project. Along with this typification of the type of Nietneria, we provide important historical about original materials.
Observations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Surface Radiation over the Southern Ocean: An Overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES
Authors: McFarquhar Greg M. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Marchand Roger , Protat Alain , DeMott Paul J. , Alexander Simon P. , Roberts Greg C. , Twohy Cynthia H. , Toohey Darin , Siems Steve , Huang Yi , Wood Robert , Rauber Robert M. , Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Jensen Jorgen , Stith Jeffrey L. , Mace Jay , Um Junshik , Järvinen Emma , Schnaiter Martin , Gettelman Andrew , Sanchez Kevin J. , McCluskey Christina S. , Russell Lynn M. , McCoy Isabel L. , Atlas Rachel L. , Bardeen Charles G. , Moore Kathryn A. , Hill Thomas C. J. , Humphries Ruhi S. , Keywood Melita D. , Ristovski Zoran , Cravigan Luke , Schofield Robyn , Fairall Chris , Mallet Marc D. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Rainwater Bryan , D’Alessandro John , Wang Yang , Wu Wei , Saliba Georges , Levin Ezra J. T. , Ding Saisai , Lang Francisco , Truong Son C. H. , Wolff Cory , Haggerty Julie , Harvey Mike J. , Klekociuk Andrew R. , McDonald Adrian
Published: November 2020

Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, lidar, and other instruments to make comprehensive measurements of thermodynamics, surface radiation, cloud, precipitation, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nucleating particles over the SO cold waters, and in ubiquitous liquid and mixed-phase clouds common to this pristine environment. Data including soundings were collected from the NSF–NCAR G-V aircraft flying north–south gradients south of Tasmania, at Macquarie Island, and on the R/V Investigator and RSV Aurora Australis. Synergistically these data characterize boundary layer and free troposphere environmental properties, and represent the most comprehensive data of this type available south of the oceanic polar front, in the cold sector of SO cyclones, and across seasons. Results show largely pristine environments with numerous small and few large aerosols above cloud, suggesting new particle formation and limited long-range transport from continents, high variability in CCN and cloud droplet concentrations, and ubiquitous supercooled water in thin, multilayered clouds, often with small-scale generating cells near cloud top. These observations demonstrate how cloud properties depend on aerosols while highlighting the importance of dynamics and turbulence that likely drive heterogeneity of cloud phase. Satellite retrievals confirmed low clouds were responsible for radiation biases. The combination of models and observations is examining how aerosols and meteorology couple to control SO water and energy budgets.
Intensification and Maintenance of a Double Warm-Core Structure in Typhoon Lan (2017) Simulated by a Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Tsujino Satoki , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Yamada Hiroyuki , Ohigashi Tadayasu , Ito Kosuke , Nagahama Norio
Published: November 2020

Knowledge of the development and maintenance processes of double warm cores in tropical cyclones is important for full understanding of the dynamics of storm intensity changes. During its mature stage, Typhoon Lan (2017) had a clear double warm-core structure, which was observed by dropsondes. In this study, to investigate the intensification and maintenance of the double warm-core structure, a numerical simulation of the storm is performed with a cloud-resolving model and verified by dropsonde and satellite observations. A potential temperature budget and backward trajectories are diagnosed to examine intensification and maintenance processes in the simulated eye. The budget analysis indicates that, during the most rapidly intensifying stage, a double warm core is enhanced by axisymmetric subsidence warming in the eye. In the mature stage, upper-core warming is mostly canceled by ventilation due to vertical wind shear, but the lower core continues to warm by asymmetric advection, possibly associated with dynamical instability in the eyewall. The results raise a topic of interest: it is difficult to fully explain the axisymmetric subsidence warming process during the most rapidly intensifying stage by the dynamical response in an axisymmetric balanced vortex. The back-trajectory analysis indicates that the air mass associated with the subsidence is partly induced by inward acceleration in subgradient regions (unbalanced processes) in the eyewall.
The Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on the Aleutian Low
Authors: Dow William J. , Maycock Amanda C. , Lofverstrom Marcus , Smith Christopher J.
Published: November 2020

Past studies have suggested that regional trends in anthropogenic aerosols can influence the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) through modulation of the Aleutian low. However, the robustness of this connection is debated. This study analyzes changes to the Aleutian low in an ensemble of climate models forced with large, idealized global and regional black carbon (BC) and sulfate aerosol perturbations. To isolate the role of ocean feedbacks, the experiments are performed with an interactive ocean and with prescribed sea surface temperatures. The results show a robust weakening of the Aleutian low forced by a global tenfold increase in BC in both experiment configurations. A linearized steady-state primitive equation model is forced with diabatic heating anomalies to investigate the mechanisms through which heating from BC emissions influences the Aleutian low. The heating from BC absorption over India and East Asia generates Rossby wave trains that propagate into the North Pacific sector, forming an upper-tropospheric ridge. Sources of BC outside of East Asia enhance the weakening of the Aleutian low. The responses to a global fivefold and regional tenfold increase in sulfate aerosols over Asia show poor consistency across climate models, with a multimodel mean response that does not project strongly onto the Aleutian low. These findings for a large, idealized step increase in regional sulfate aerosol differ from previous studies that suggest the transient increase in sulfate aerosols over Asia during the early twenty-first century weakened the Aleutian low and induced a transition to a negative PDO phase.
Are Storm Characteristics the Same When Viewed Using Merged Surface Radars or a Merged Satellite Product?
Authors: Ayat Hooman , Evans Jason P. , Sherwood Steven , Behrangi Ali
Published: November 2020

High-resolution datasets offer the potential to improve our understanding of spatial and temporal precipitation patterns and storm structures. The goal of this study is to evaluate the similarities and differences of object-based storm characteristics as observed using space- or land-based sensors. The Method of Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) Time Domain (MTD) is used to identify and track storm objects in two high-resolution merged datasets: the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) final product V06B and gauge-corrected ground-radar-based Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) quantitative precipitation estimations. Characteristics associated with landfalling hurricanes were also examined as a separate category of storm. The results reveal that IMERG and MRMS agree reasonably well across many object-based storm characteristics. However, there are some discrepancies that are statistically significant. MRMS storms are more concentrated, with smaller areas and higher peak intensities, which implies higher flash flood risks associated with the storms. On the other hand, IMERG storms can travel longer distances with a higher volume of precipitation, which implies higher risk of riverine flooding. Agreement between the datasets is higher for faster-moving hurricanes in terms of the averaged intensity. Finally, MRMS indicates a higher average precipitation intensity during the hurricane’s lifetime. However, in non-hurricanes, the opposite result was observed. This is likely related to MRMS having higher resolution; monitoring the hurricanes from many viewing angles, leading to different signal saturation properties compared to IMERG; and/or the dominance of droplet aggregation effects over evaporation effects at lower altitudes.
A Macrolevel Study of Police Killings at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Authors: Gaston Shytierra , Fernandes April D. , DeShay Rashaan A.
Published: November 2020

We investigate macrolevel sources of police use of fatal force at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. Focusing on 580 U.S. counties from 2013 to 2018, we build a unique dataset and analyze whether violent crime, social disorganization, and racial conflict indicators predict police killings among six victim subgroups of Black, Hispanic, and White men and women. Regression results show that violent crime—and social disorganization, albeit less consistently—is positively associated with police killings of men, irrespective of race/ethnicity, and Hispanic women while having no significant impact on Black or White women. We find nuanced evidence that racial conflict shapes police use of fatal force across all six racial-ethnic-gender subgroups. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.
The Differential Relationship between Self-Control and Peer Influences over Time: Toward an Integrative Model of Offending Using a Dual-Systems Approach
Authors: Yim Ha-Neul
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative approach to unravel how both self-control and peer influence relate to offending. Deriving from a dual-systems framework, this study hypothesizes that individuals with varying levels of self-control will be differentially susceptible to the effects of both exposure to deviant peers and informal socializing with peers. Analyses are based on a sample of serious youthful offenders from the Pathways to Desistance Study. The results indicate that exposure to deviant peers has a stronger impact on offending for individuals with higher self-control, consistent with the hypothesis. However, individuals with higher self-control are more vulnerable to unstructured and unsupervised socializing with peers than those lower in self-control, which counters the hypothesis.
Explanatory Item Response Models for Dyadic Data from Multiple Groups
Authors: Murphy James P.
Published: November 2020

Like other quantitative social scientists, network researchers benefit from pooling information from multiple observed variables to infer underlying (latent) attributes or social processes. Appropriate network data for this task is increasingly available. The inherent dependencies in relational data, however, pose unique challenges. This is especially true for the ascendant tasks of cross-network comparisons and multilevel network analysis. The author draws on item response theory and multilevel (mixed effects) modeling to propose a methodological approach that accounts for these dependencies and allows the analyst to model variation of latent dyadic traits across relations, actors, and groups precisely and parsimoniously. Examples demonstrate the approach’s utility for three important research areas: tie strength in adolescent friendships, group differences in how discussing personal problems relates to tie strength, and the analysis of multiple relations.
The promise of flexicurity: Can employment and income security mitigate the negative effects of job insecurity?
Authors: Svetek Mojca
Published: November 2020

Flexicurity is an integral part of the EU Employment Strategy. Flexicurity promises that it is possible to simultaneously provide organisations with greater flexibility and offer workers the necessary level of security. This is achieved by replacing job security, which stems from a permanent employment contract, with employment and income security. The aim of this article is to present an individual-level investigation of the relationships between various elements of flexicurity, examining how they affect psychological well-being and job satisfaction. A heterogeneous sample of 432 adults employed under various types of employment arrangements participated in the study. The results showed that the type of employment arrangement was the main predictor of perceived job insecurity. Moreover, perceived job insecurity mediated the relationship between employment arrangement and psychological outcomes. Finally, employment and income security failed to mitigate the negative effect of job insecurity. The promise of flexicurity is therefore called into question.
Facing education reform: Change-related self-efficacy is linked to job insecurity via appraisal
Authors: Roczniewska Marta , Puchalska-Kamińska Malwina , Łądka-Barańska Agnieszka
Published: November 2020

Structural education reforms may pose a threat to teachers’ employment, leading to anxiety about the future of their jobs. This study examined the antecedents of job insecurity among Polish teachers ( N = 860) who had been subjected to rapid and major structural education reform in 2017. While previous studies have focused on self-efficacy as a buffer against the negative consequences of job insecurity, here the authors hypothesize that a higher change-related self-efficacy is linked to lower job insecurity via stress appraisal. The results show that self-efficacy is more strongly linked to lower hindrance appraisal than to higher challenge appraisal. Strengthening change-related self-efficacy as a personal resource and attenuating perceptions of change as a hindrance are vital steps in minimizing job insecurity and its effects.
Risk factors for acute pulmonary embolism in patients with off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: implications for nursing
Authors: Zhou Jinli , Cao Xiuhong , Du Yeping , Shi Yan , Pan Weiwei , Jia Suhong
Published: November 2020

Objective

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a serious complication after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG). We aimed to analyze the risk factors for APE in patients with OPCABG.

Methods

In this retrospective, observational study, patients with OPCABG who were treated in our hospital from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020 were included. The basic characteristics of patients and results of preoperative laboratory examinations were collected and analyzed.

Results

A total of 707 patients with OPCABG were included and the incidence of APE was 3.21%. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a history of smoking, number of bypass grafting, duration of surgery, and age were significant risk factors for APE in patients with OPCABG. The areas under the curves of LVEF, number of bypass grafting, duration of surgery, and age were 0.773, 0.759, 0.738, and 0.723, respectively. The cutoff values of LVEF, number of bypass grafting, duration of surgery, and age were 59.84, 3.18, 237.42, and 73.28, respectively.

Conclusions

LVEF, a history of smoking, number of bypass grafting, duration of surgery, and age may be risk factors for APE in patients with OPCABG. Early measures should be taken to target these risks to prevent APE.
Chronic adenoiditis
Authors: Wang Hai
Published: November 2020

In addition to acute adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy/vegetation, chronic adenoiditis is another disease of the adenoids. However, most physicians overlook chronic adenoiditis or confuse it with adenoid hypertrophy/vegetation. The incidence of chronic adenoiditis has increased in recent years as a result of higher rates of chronic nasopharyngeal or upper airway infections. The clinical characteristics of chronic adenoiditis can include but are not restricted to the following: long-term infection (especially bacterial infection); obstruction of the upper airway; infections of adjacent regions, such as the nose, nasal sinus, pharyngeal space, middle ear, and atlantoaxial joint; induced upper airway cough syndrome; and the presence of several “infectious-immune” diseases, including rheumatic fever, autoimmune nephropathy, and anaphylactoid purpura. To date, no consensus on the treatment of chronic adenoiditis is available. However, adenoidectomy can address the local obstruction, and some patients benefit from systemic or local anti-bacterial therapy. Physicians in the Departments of Otolaryngology, Respiration, and Pediatrics should be familiar with the clinical manifestations of chronic adenoiditis and try to develop effective treatment methods for this disease.
Frequent co-reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus in patients with cytomegalovirus viremia under immunosuppressive therapy and/or chemotherapy
Authors: Hatayama Yuki , Hashimoto Yuki , Motokura Toru
Published: November 2020

Objective

Co-reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) occurs in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients, but the clinical relevance of this is unknown. We aimed to determine the frequency of EBV reactivation in patients with CMV viremia and to explore its clinical significance.

Methods

Serum or plasma CMV and EBV DNA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR in 82 patients who received immunosuppressive therapy and/or chemotherapy and underwent CMV antigenemia tests.

Results

CMV DNA was positive in 55 patients, with EBV reactivation being found in 29 of these (52.7%). EBV co-reactivation was significantly associated with aging (>64 years vs. ≤64 years, odds ratio 4.07, 95% confidence interval 1.06–15.6). When older patients were divided into two groups according to age, EBV co-reactivation occurred more frequently in early-old patients (aged 65–74 years) than in late-old patients (aged ≥75 years) (100.0% vs. 53.3%, respectively). Steroid pulse treatment was administered significantly more often in the early-old group than in those aged ≤64 years and ≥75 years (72.7% vs 27.6% vs 14.3%, respectively).

Conclusions

Co-reactivation of EBV in patients with CMV viremia highlighted early-old patients and may reflect treatment intensity as well as immunosenescence.
The Sarcophagus Lid of Iahirdis: British Museum EA 1640
Authors: Rouvière Laurie
Published: November 2020

This article is the publication of the sarcophagus lid British Museum EA 1640 belonging to the nb-nḫt ( nebnakht) Iahirdis. The present study focuses in particular on the dating and origin of this object, as well as on the priestly titles held by its owner and his father. Interestingly, the graphic peculiarities analysis of the signs used in the inscriptions also revealed that the scribe sometimes chose to combine hieroglyphic, cursive and hieratic writings.
Psychometric Assessment of the Short Grit Scale Among Czech Young Adults
Authors: Schmidt Fabian T. C. , Sudzina František , Botek Marek
Published: November 2020

The Grit Scale measures perseverance of effort and consistency of interest. The objective of this study is to validate the Czech adaptation of the Short Grit Scale using a sample of N = 302 Czech university students. The analysis of item characteristics and factor structure revealed good results. To investigate convergent and discriminant validity, learning approaches and the Big Five personality traits were used. Latent correlations with the Big Five personality traits and the facets of conscientiousness revealed the expected relationships for grit and the facet perseverance of effort in particular. All in all, the results indicate the validity of the Czech version of the Grit Scale.
Cryocarboxy Surgery for the Treatment of Congenital Melanocytic Nevi of the Face, a New Addition of Simple Treatment for a Troublesome Problem
Authors: Elmelegy Nader Gomaa
Published: November 2020

Congenital melanocytic nevi of the face cause substantial psychological and cosmetic problems in affected patients. The treatment of giant congenital nevi has been a long-standing challenge, but currently, various treatment options, such as cryotherapy, chemical peeling, electrical cautery, laser therapy, and surgery, have been tried for the treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi. In this article, we present our experience and the outcomes of the use of controlled carbon dioxide gas as a cryogen in the treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi. This study included 42 patients with varying sizes of congenital melanocytic nevi seen from January 2014 to April 2019. Cryocarboxy surgery was performed in all cases. The average evaluation score of our patients was excellent in 28 (66.6%) cases, good in 9 (21.4%) cases, satisfactory in 5 (12%) cases, and we had no poor results. Cryocarboxy surgery is a good addition to the armamentarium for the treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi. Carbon dioxide is a cheap, non-explosive, and readily available gas.
Video Analysis and Ethnographic Knowledge: An Empirical Study of Video Analysis Practices
Authors: Meier zu Verl Christian , Tuma René
Published: November 2020

This paper discusses the practical foundations of ethnographically informed video analysis by investigating empirically one of the core activities of video research in sociology: the video data session. Most discussions are shaped by methodological considerations, little is known however about actual video analysis practices. By making these practices itself an object of analysis, we do show how interpretation is a social and communicative activity. In doing so, we highlight different forms of knowledge that are a resource for and topic of ethnography and video analysis. To frame our argument, we discuss the current methodological discourse on videography. Subsequently, we focus on empirical video data from video data sessions of a research network in order to discover the details of video analysis practices. We conclude this paper by highlighting our empirical findings: Video analysis is carried out communicatively by labelling knowledge, creating quotable objects through bodily reenactments, translating professional knowledge, and reassessing irritations.
Social Movements in Iran: How Well Does the Dominant Narrative Work?
Authors: Hoominfar Elham
Published: November 2020

In this paper, I apply the typical stages of social movements—emergence, coalescence, and institutionalization—to an Iranian environmental social movement. I show how each of the stages does, or does not, play out in the Iranian case, using interview data and documentary analysis. The first two stages of social movements are achieved in the movement. But, due to a centralized state that uses violence and repression, the movement cannot play on the stage of the dominant narrative’s institutionalization. However, the movement is not in decline. I suggest using the idea of “persistence/resistance” for the last stage rather than institutionalization, as institutionalization may be just a form to assure that social movements will persist. There are other cases like this movement around the world, but there is not a specific argument to challenge the limitations of the dominant narrative. My study helps scholars rethink this narrative according to the context of the countries in their research.
The Association of Neighborhood Medical Facilities with Aging in Place and Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Brown Janene R. , Hirsch Jana A. , Judd Suzanne E. , Hurvitz Philip M. , Howard Virginia J. , Safford Monika , Moore Jeffrey , Lovasi Gina S.
Published: November 2020

Objectives: Aging in place (residential stability) is a desirable means of aging where adults remain in their homes, even when facing challenges that impair their capacity for self-care. Residential stability, especially following acute health challenges, depends on individual and community factors, possibly including proximity to medical facilities. Methods: We explored the association between the density of medical facilities around homes with risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI) and with aging in place following incident MI. Results: Densities of neighborhood pharmacies were not associated with aging in place or time to MI. High densities of neighborhood clinical care facilities were significantly associated with decreased residential stability. Discussion: The lack of significant associations between medical facility exposures and MI-related outcomes, coupled with prior findings, casts doubt on their salience and may indicate that other neighborhood features are more strongly associated with these outcomes.
Validation of a multiplex PCR assay to detect Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale in cattle in Uruguay in the absence of a gold standard test
Authors: Parodi Pablo , Corbellini Luis G. , Leotti Vanessa B. , Rivero Rodolfo , Miraballes Cecilia , Riet-Correa Franklin , Venzal José M. , Armúa-Fernández María T.
Published: November 2020

Detection of bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale is based on the reading of Giemsa-stained blood or organ smears, which can have low sensitivity. Our aim was to improve the detection of bovine Babesia spp. and A. marginale by validating a multiplex PCR (mPCR). We used 466 samples of blood and/or organs of animals with signs and presumptive autopsy findings of babesiosis or anaplasmosis. The primers in our mPCR amplified the rap-1a gene region of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, and the msp-5 region of A. marginale. We used a Bayesian model with a non-informative priori distribution for the prevalence estimate and informative priori distribution for estimation of sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for smear detection of Babesia spp. were 68.6% and 99.1%, and for A. marginale 85.6% and 98.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for mPCR detection for Babesia spp. were 94.2% and 97.1%, and for A. marginale 95.2% and 92.7%, respectively. Our mPCR had good accuracy in detecting Babesia spp. and A. marginale, and would be a reliable test for veterinarians to choose the correct treatment for each agent.