bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tools of Olympus 593 Development
Authors: Johnson P.J.
Published: February 2008

IN recent years there have been many papers covering the choice of powerplant for the supersonic transport aeroplane and several relating specifically to the Concorde. The subjects which have been covered include the choice of engine cycle, development history, propulsion controls and other design aspects. In the majority of these papers the environmental conditions which the supersonic engine experiences have been stressed but only brief references have been made to the ways and means whereby these conditions can be simulated on the test bed or in altitude test facilities.
Glow Discharge Electron Beam Welding
Authors: Maskrey J.T. , Isaacs G.T. , Ford S.D. , Easton K.W. , Dugdale R.A. , Desport J.A.
Published: February 2008

The high voltage, low pressure glow discharge is an efficient source of high energy electrons. Recent advances in the subject indicate the great scope it offers as a flexible means for delivering heat to a workpiece in a controlled manner. A wide range of beam shapes can be designed and electron beam welding at roughing pump pressures by these techniques looks promising. We describe our welding experience with point focus beams at power levels up to about 1 kW and with line and ring focus beams up to about 3 kW. Conduction limited welds were made in various metals by both conventional traversing of the workpiece and by single shot stationary application.
A Guide for the Care of Mechanical Design Engineers
Authors: Brass Edward A.
Published: February 2008

THE fact that the mechanical design engineer requires special treatment is well known to most engineering managers. Within the typical engineering department, the mechanical design engineers will generally own the distinction of being the most temperamental, the most self‐centred, the most introverted, the most fractious, the most lacking in team spirit, the most productive, the most dedicated, and the hardest to replace members of the organization.
Airworthiness Objectives for Civil Powered Lift Aircraft
Authors: Meiklem P.
Published: February 2008

THE types of powered lift aircraft which can be conceived are many and varied. Over the last 10 to 15 years a surprisingly large number of as have been tested on experimental machines, which have flown with varying degrees of success. The setbacks in terms of discarded or unproven concepts outweigh the successes in the form of erational types or of prototypes capable of commercial development; nevertheless, many valuable sons have been learnt. This evolutionary process has some way to go. The last few years have seen er new aircraft, but a proliferation of paper sibility studies, and their conclusions are as merous as their authors. However, at last a pattern beginning to emerge of the roles to be played by wered‐lift aircraft and the particular types which ty be best suited to fulfil them.
A Review of the Configuration Development of the U.S. Supersonic Transport
Authors: Swan Walter C.
Published: February 2008

IN October 1968 The Boeing Co. announced that the configuration of the U.S. SST had been changed from an integrated wing‐tail, variable‐sweep‐wing design to the fixed‐wing B2707–300. In early 1969 both the FAA and Boeing announced that the firm was preparing to proceed with the final design and construction of the B2707–300 configuration. Since that time Boeing has proceeded to refine and improve the detailed design in anticipation of further funding of the programme for construction and flight testing of two prototypes.
Advances in Engine Technology: Cooled Turbines
Authors: Barnes J.F.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH numerous papers and lectures presented to the Royal Aeronautical Society have mentioned the upward trend in turbine inlet gas temperatures, there has been no review of the status of blade cooling technology since 1956, when Ainley's classic paper ‘The High Temperature Turbo‐jet’ was published. Accordingly it is the aim of this paper to present such a review. Before doing so it is worth while to compare the engine situation today with what it was in 1956. At that time, much of the available experience in the U.K. on air cooled turbines was based on experimental units, designed for the express purpose of measuring blade temperatures under controlled conditions of cooling airflow and high gas temperature. These research turbines had also yielded some useful preliminary data on the aerodynamic effects of cooling air discharge and on thermal stress and creep problems. Some engine experience had been attained, mainly (in the U.K.) with engines such as the Avon, Conway and Tyne. Whereas many of the research turbine and cascade blades had fairly complex patterns of relatively small cooling passages, the blades which had been submitted to engine running usually had a few comparatively large passages. Rotating blades were made exclusively by forging and extrusion processes from wrought nickel‐base alloys. Some nozzle guide vanes were cast.
The Development of Hiduminium‐RR.58 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Doyle W.M.
Published: February 2008

SEVERAL years before the British and French Governments decided, separately, to initiate feasibility studies into the building of a supersonic transport passenger‐carrying aircraft with an auminium alloy as the main structural material, the Research and Development Division of High Duty Alloys Ltd. began to compare the relative merits of selected Hiduminium alloys in anticipation of this possible new application. It was appreciated that the life requirement, for ecenomic reasons, would be between 20,000 and 30,000 hours and that the saturation skin temperature, due to kinetic heating, at speeds of Mach 2·2 and 2·5 would be about 120° and 150°C, respectively. The Division's considerable experience in the field of developing aluminium alloys for acro‐gas turbine applications for service at temperatures higher than this range, made us optimistic about the possibility of being able to develop a wrought aluminium alloy which would meet all the mechanical property requirements for the construction of a SST aircraft.
Automatic Testing of Avionic Units
Authors: Parker A.H.
Published: February 2008

THE great expansion in the use of complex electronic equipment over the past few years has imposed an ever increasing problem of testing and maintaining such equipments on both the source manufacturer and the user. Automatic testing can to a large degree solve this problem by increasing the speed and reliability of the testing method and by reducing the manpower involved.
The Evolution of Aircraft Instruments
Authors: McKinlay W.H.
Published: February 2008

SINCE the end of the Second World War there has been a gradual evolution in the accuracy and reliability of aircraft instrumentation. This has been achieved primarily by the application of new technologies to the equipment itself and also by the introduction of new sensors. The evolution in the nature and form of the cockpit displays themselves has been less pronounced and certainly not as notable as in other areas such as automatic landing.
A Compact Dual Purpose Wind Tunnel
Authors: Boswell R.P.
Published: February 2008

WHEN the new building, to house the Faculty of Engineering in the University of Bristol, was completed some years ago, a relatively large low speed wind tunnel was one of the items of equipment to be designed to fit into the Aeronautical Laboratory space. As compact a design as possible was desired and after a general layout had been decided upon it was proposed to build a one‐third scale model to check on the performance of the design. In fact, two such models were designed and built, and it is the second of these, which overcame some of the difficulties encountered in the first layout, which is described here.
The Economics of Military Aviation
Authors: Davies Handel
Published: February 2008

THERE are at present some 45,000 aircraft of various types in service in the air forces of the non‐communist world. Most of these aircraft will need to be replaced in the course of the next decade. A growing number of the world's air forces are also being equipped with guided missile systems. It is not easy to put a monetary value on the business which will arise from this. But taking into account the fact that defence expenditure is showing little sign of declining anywhere in the world, and that air defence is likely to absorb an increasing proportion of defence budgets, the demand in the non‐communist world for military aircraft and missiles with their spares during the next decade could well amount in value to some £50 billion.
A New High Strength Glass for Aircraft Transparencies
Authors: Hands D.L.A. , Kay S.E.
Published: February 2008

THE improved performance of modern aircraft and the trend towards larger aircraft has resulted in thicker and larger glazings. Designers are looking for stronger materials to reduce the weight penalty. Although plastics with their lower density are being employed to some extent, glass has better resistance to scratching, chemical attack and fire, and can be used at much higher temperatures. There is therefore a considerable interest in a high strength glass. This report describes such a product, namely Triplex Ten Twenty, developed by the Triplex Safety Glass Co. Ltd. of the United Kingdom. This product is already being used on Concorde and is commercially available.
Inlet Flow Field Simulation Techniques for Engine/Compressor Testing
Authors: Younghans J.L. , Moore M.T. , Collins T.P. , Direnzi J.G.
Published: February 2008

DEVELOPMENT efforts in both the B‐70 and F‐111 programmes have demonstrated that steady‐state pressure distortion considerations are no longer sufficient to determine if the inlet/engine components of the propulsion system are compatible and operate in a stable manner for all flight conditions. Modern high speed aircraft operate in modes where the effects of shocks and boundary layers produce an inlet distortion environment which has considerable temporal variation. Early in a programme, the engine manufacturer must determine design requirements to enable operation with combined steady and unsteady flow distortions.
High Temperature Turbine Design Considerations
Authors: Suciu S.N.
Published: February 2008

THE effect of higher turbine inlet temperature on the performance of an aircraft gas turbine engine can be quite dramatic. It can be used to increase the exhaust velocity of a dry turbojet to providea higher specific thrust; to increase the bypass ratio of a turbofan engine to improve its propulsive efficiency; to optimize the thermodynamic cycle at a higher pressure ratio to improve its specific fuel consumption; to reduce the amount of afterburner fuel flow in an augmented turbojet to improve its specific fuel consumption, or to increase the work output of a turboshaft engine. If the thrust or power of the engine is held constant, a size, cost and/or weight reduction can result. If the size of the engine is held constant growth capability can be provided.
Training and Operations of Air Traffic Control Services
Authors: Wilson T.
Published: February 2008

DURING the late 40s the impetus given to air transport development by the war began to spread to some of the then more remote parts of the world. The lack of certain parallel developments on the ground became apparent, in particular the need for better communication facilities and air traffic control. War‐time necessities had led to the building up of satisfactory communications and an air traffic control system in Europe and parts of the Middle East, but the operational needs of airlines now had to be met outside these areas, for example in North Africa, Central Africa, and the area around the Arabian or Persian Gulf as it is variously called. This led to the formation of International Aeradio Ltd. in 1947.
The Value and Purpose of Digital ATC Simulation
Authors: Harrison R.N.
Published: February 2008

THE mid‐nineteen sixties saw the introduction of digital techniques into ATC simulation. Because of the long time cycle covering the writing of a specification, the assessment of tenders and the manufacture of the equipment, there are still not many digital ATC simulators in operation. Limiting the count to those which operate in real time and have a simulated radar output, there are probably no more than can be counted on the fingers of one hand. However, on the basis of orders already placed this figure will double by 1972, and by 1974 the increase could well be tenfold.
Test Facility for High Thrust Aero Engines
Authors: Pitt W.J.
Published: February 2008

WIDE‐BODIED intercontinental airliners, modern airbus concepts and the advanced technology of the turbofan engines with high bypass ratios have created new and increasingly exacting demands on support equipment and services. None more so than in the engine test field. Less than five years ago the largest test bench then being produced by John Curran Ltd. was, with its 50,000 lb. thrust capacity, more than adequate for testing engines existing at that time. Today, engines near this capacity are in regular service and engines with higher capacities are in development.
The Growth of Avionics
Authors: Coombs L.F.E.
Published: February 2008

AVIONICS, meaning the application of electronics to airborne systems and equipment, is now both a convenient and acceptable description. The word avionics began to be used extensively in aviation literature about ten years ago. The earliest references to its use are in North America in the mid‐fifties.
First lightweight disc brakes for a civil airliner
Authors: STIMSON I.L.
Published: February 2008

THE CONCORDE looks as if it will be the first civil airliner to have lightweight disc brakes. In common with many of the major developments in the history of aviation Concorde stands to gain very considerably from weight saving and values of weight saving in excess of £250/lb are seriously discussed, this figure being the justifiable cost of weight saving to the constructor in the basic build of the aircraft.
Formation flight technology
Authors: SPEER T.K. , MILLS E.C. , TATE J.L.
Published: February 2008

IN THIS article the evolution of formation flight technology is traced including discussion of the primary characteristics of three specific station keeping system concepts developed by Lockheed‐Georgia. One of the most significant aspects of the overall formation flight problem is that of stability of the formation in a dynamic environment. Detailed simulation studies of the dynamic station keeping geometry have been performed, and the results are presented in the form of fundamental formation flight stability criteria. The extension of present‐day technology to development of formation flight systems for short range aircraft such as helicopters and V/STOL transports is considered briefly.
The load on the brake parachute of a jet aeroplane under the influence of the engine wake
Authors: SANDSTROM RUNE
Published: February 2008

BRAKE parachutes are used on aeroplanes, as a complement to the wheel brakes, in order to reduce the landing run, for instance when landing on slippery runways. Normally, the landing is performed with an engine speed, which after touch down corresponds to ground idle power. This idle power varies for different types of aeroplanes, which means that the engine jet in certain cases can give a considerable contribution to the load on the deployed brake parachute, caused by the aeroplane velocity.
Planning and operational aspects of “on condition” philosophies
Authors: NOWLAN F.S.
Published: February 2008

DURING recent years many airlines have realised that overhaul time controls alone have had little success in controlling failure frequency. Considerable effort has subsequently been devoted to identifying and continuing those scheduled maintenance activities which are effective in protecting reliability characteristics, and identifying and discontinuing those scheduled maintenance activities which are ineffective in controlling reliability characteristics.
Evolution of the hydrofluidic liquid SAS
Authors: EVANS RICHARD A. , FOSDICK G.W.
Published: February 2008

A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER of the helicopters presently in the US Army inventory are inherently unstable and use pressurised hydraulic fluid in the hydromechanical flight control system. The development of a hydrofluidic stability‐augmentation system which can be integrated into the helicopter primary control system, offering promise of improved reliability, maintainability, and reduced cost over conventional electromechanical stability augmentation systems, has been accomplished.
Remote power control for aircraft generating and distribution systems
Authors: BURNS D.O.
Published: February 2008

Remote power control basically means control at a distance of major switching operations in a generating and distribution system.
Counter rotating STOL discs
Authors: ANDREW G.M.
Published: February 2008

A ROTATING PLASTIC DISC, such as a Frisbee, indicates high lift coefficients. To examine this phenomenon, experimental research was conducted, using a specially‐constructed rotating water tank. Test results demonstrated both lift increase and drag decrease for rotating discs compared to values for nonrotating discs.
Criteria for self loosening of fasteners under vibration
Authors: JUNKER GERHARD H.
Published: February 2008

A UNIQUE TEST method and apparatus now make it possible to reproduce conditions of vibration that are not only certain to loosen bolted joints but which also closely simulate actual conditions. It can be shown that properly preloaded fasteners loosen as a result of rotation as soon as relative motion occurs between the mating threads and between the bearing surfaces of the fastener and the clamped material.
The increasing scope of hygrometry
Authors: PARKER T.D.
Published: February 2008

IN COMMON with most instrumentation, hygrometry is expanding at an ever‐increasing rate. Some of the more versatile types are used in such widely diversified applications as monitoring perspiration rates in flying suits, and checking for condensation conditions in radio bays.
Criteria for self loosening of fasteners under vibration
Authors: JUNKER GERHARD H.
Published: February 2008

This is the continuation of the article by Gerhard H. Junker, of the European Research and Engineering Standard Pressed Steel Co, Unbrako. The first part, which appeared in October, covered the mechanism of self loosening. The E‐F‐N curves, surface integrity and test programme will be covered in the final part of this feature.
Safe expedition of air traffic
Authors: COLCHESTER C.D.
Published: February 2008

I PROPOSE to devote most of the article to air traffic control — the equipment involved, and the controllers, and that ‘in’ subject, the man‐machine interface. But first I intend to spend a little time on some other ground equipments, some navaids, which are much easier for an engineer to talk about because, so long as they keep on working, he can keep that awkward character, the man, out of the picture.
A fourth air conditioning group
Authors: SHERBOURNE R.B.
Published: February 2008

AS CONCORDE HAS GROWN considerably in size and capacity since the prototype, the air conditioning system has correspondingly been revised and together with refinements to the air bleed and temperature control aspects of the system now represents as nearly as possible the final production configuration.
‘Leaving the contractor much freer to organise himself’
Authors: CORNER P.
Published: February 2008

“WE NOW INTEND to define the end result in a considerable amount of detail and leave the contractor much freer to organise himself as best suits his particular product and the environment in which he works.”
DHC‐7 — the first good neighbour transport aircraft
Authors: TOPLIS A.F.
Published: February 2008

THE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER can provide helpful answers to the two most important questions of the communities affected by air transportation. Aircraft will be built which do not intrude on the every day existence of communities. Aircraft will be built whose airports only require tens of acres of land instead of thousands of acres. The DHC‐7 will be the first of them.
Mathematical method for calculating the optical characteristics of cone‐shaped cockpit windscreens
Authors: KOHLER HANSROBERT
Published: February 2008

THE CONCEPTION of the draftsman as described in Aircraft Engineering in December, 1964 is fast becoming a reality.
Computers speed flight testing
Authors: DODGSON HARVEY
Published: February 2008

THE ADVANCE in civil aviation made by Concorde has been reflected in the complexity of the flight test program, and in the volume of data that must be analysed following each test flight. There are some 3,500 transducers on Concorde 002 measuring variables such as pressure, temperature and stress. Data originating from these transducers as the result of a single test flight amounts to several million characters of raw data which must be converted to actual measurements and then analysed.
Prepared for overhauling the RB211
Authors: POPE H.J.
Published: February 2008

THIS MONTH, the engine overhaul shop of Imperial Airways assumes the commitment to overhaul and repair Rolls Royce RB211 engines and modules for the Lockheed 1011. The original organisation, transferred from Croydon to near Cardiff in 1940 and now named British Airways Engine Overhaul Ltd (BEOL), a division of British Airways, now overhauls and repairs no less than 13 different series of 5 basic engine types produced by 3 manufacturers, namely:
Models in the design of fuel systems
Authors: RIX W.J.
Published: February 2008

WHEN DEVELOPING SYSTEMS for a new aircraft, analytical and drawing techniques are used as far as possible to solve the various technical problems but there inevitably comes a point in the design where there is a need for assistance from some form of testing. The fuel system is no exception to this. Only in a very few minor cases can this work be delayed until the first aircraft is built; in the majority of cases the problems are of a fundamental nature which require a solution at an early stage in the design.
The selection and design of springs
Authors: ROPER R.S.
Published: February 2008

A SPRING is defined as a device for storing and retaining energy. This definition is very much a simplification and every designer should have some idea of what is involved in selection of springs and the design of them where necessary. This article only covers springs made from metallic materials, although mention must be made of the fact that springs may be devised from such materials as glass fibre reinforced plastics, rubber, air and other fluids.
Titanium flamecutting reduces airframe costs
Authors: GALLAGHER H.M.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH OXY‐GAS FLAMECUTTING has been in use by steel fabricators, mainly in the shipbuilding and chemical engineering industries, for some 50 years, the adoption of this technique by aircraft makers is quite recent but is now rapidly establishing itself as a major production method. On the one hand this is due to significant advances in flamecutting, while on the other hand rapidly rising production costs have focused the attention of airframe designers on what is inherently a low‐cost production process. Both these aspects are highlighted by 2 recent examples of the use of flamecutters, entirely different in application yet with the common factor of achieving astonishing reductions in production costs.
Aircraft Cleaning
Authors: Waud A.G.
Published: February 2008

AIRCRAFT CLEANING was originally a function carried out by the catering or engineering departments of airlines, but following the pattern of commercial and industrial cleaning, the trend in recent years has been to move away from direct labour and to employ a specialist contractor. Cleaning in almost every field has become a sophisticated business, employing the use of specialised chemicals, materials and equipment, with the added need to thoroughly train and supervise staff, to keep pace with the growth in technology and the public demand for cleanliness. There are of course other advantages of employing a specialist contractor, not the least being the question of cost saving. In a labour intensive industry it is essential to achieve maximum labour utilisation. Aircraft Cleaning Services Ltd have gone a long way towards this end and rationalised their airfield operations by offering a comprehensive service to all airlines or handling agents.
Air Reconnaissance Cameras
Authors: Sexton W.J.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH the development of air reconnaissance cameras has been dictated by the requirements of operational flying in times of war, reconnaissance missions not only continue to be flown in times of peace but contribute significantly to the maintenance of that peace, e.g. Cuba. Among the current array of electro‐optical reconnaissance sensors the particular value of the air camera is its ability, under appropriate conditions, to provide ground resolution of high quality, a facility that is particularly important in stand‐off reconnaissance. It is with the improvement of this facility that much of the current development in cameras for low and high altitude reconnaissance has been concerned and some notable progress has been made particularly in the field of panoramic cameras.
Specialised Services for the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Rainbow Beverley S.
Published: February 2008

TEESDALE Tools Limited, a precision machine shop with a total work force of 65 employees, is situated on the eastern outskirts of Bristol within a few miles of both the M4/5 Almondsbury interchange and the London/S. Wales Bristol ‘Parkway’ rail terminal. An ideal position with regard to transport and communication within the British Isles.
Helicopter Flight Simulators
Authors: Matthews N.O.
Published: February 2008

FLIGHT simulators have been in use for many years as training aids and research facilities for fixed wing aircraft. Some helicopter simulators have been built for both training and research purposes but, in the main, these devices have treated the Helicopter problem by considering the aircraft as having similar characteristics, once air‐borne, to the fixed wing aircraft. Such simulators have not, therefore, been capable of simulating hover and vertical movement particularly from the visual point of view. Some helicopter research simulators have, however, been used in the United States but the limitations of these machines were such that they were never developed as training aids.
Selective Plating — Part 1
Authors: Rubinstein Mary
Published: February 2008

BIGNESS presents its own problems, as those engaged in overhauling Boeing 747 aircraft have already discovered. Take as an example, the problem of overhaul cadmium plating the wing outer cylinder on the main landing gear. This component is nearly 10 ft long and approximately 5 ft across, with a surface of approximately 100 square feet requiring electroplating. It was originally plated in a tank 5 ft by 6 ft by 12 ft deep, containing over 2500 gallons of solution. A tank of this capacity holds over $5000 worth of cadmium solution and nearly $15 000 worth of anodes. It requires a power supply of at least 7500 amperes. Total cost of such an installation, including cleaning and rinsing tanks, aproximates $50,000. Is any company willing to invest $50 000 in a new plating line required only to refinish one or two wing outer cylinders per month? Or, are they prepared to pack up large, cumbersome components, ship over long distances for outside plating, and wait impatiently for their return?
Some Aids to Maintenance
Authors: Jarvis S.R.
Published: February 2008

IN 1957, when the Engine Overhaul Facility of British Airways was set up at London Airport, its brief was relatively straight‐forward, namely to overhaul and repair Dart turbo‐prop engines and, later on, Garrett Airborne Auxiliary Power Units (APU's) up to performance certification stage.
Control of Quality in an Aero‐Engine Factory
Authors: Trewin E.T.
Published: February 2008

IN the industrial activity of today, total Quality and its derivatives of Control, Assurance, and Engineering is being developed as the answer to the consumer criticism of shoddy goods. The control of Quality by various statistical methods has many advocates, but we must turn the clock back many centuries to look for a more realistic operation of Quality and its achievement.
British Airways in Germany
Authors: Ford Terence E.
Published: February 2008

A RECORD of punctuality and reliability has been built up over the past few years by the Super One Eleven aircraft of British Airways. In particular, this relates to the S‐111's use on routes between the UK and Germany and on the internal services to and from Berlin and the West. The latter constitutes the largest part of the operations of the Manchester‐based S‐111 Division.
Human Factors and Flight Deck Design
Authors: Rolfe J.M.
Published: February 2008

THE flight deck is the aircrew's primary point of contact with the aeroplane. Unlike the rest of the aeroplane which is designed with the specific objective of exceeding human capabilities the flight deck must be designed with human limitations very much in mind.
Stainless Steels and Alloys in air and space‐craft
Authors: Sanderson L.
Published: February 2008

Materials and particularly metals for use in producing modern aircraft and space vehicles must have the ability to withstand damage, and this requirement becomes increasingly important. For example, if the materials used have high mechanical strength, corrosion‐resistance and tensile strength, they do not automatically become ideal choices. The properties more specifically asked for are the ability of the metals to withstand fracture on impact and also the degree to which they are likely to propagate cyclic cracks.
Steady incompressible jet flow—an engineer's guide
Authors: Jones C.N.
Published: February 2008

The literature on jets is extensive but scattered. A concise guide is needed, and this paper attempts (at the risk of over‐simplification) to summarise some of the available information, both theoretical and experimental (some of it obtained in the Department of Mechanical Engineering) on those jet properties which are important in engineering — velocity profile and decay, spread, entrainment and static pressure.
The remotely piloted helicopter
Authors: Ford Terence E.
Published: February 2008

Development by Westland of the WISP plan symmetric helicopter (that is to say, one which is sensibly symmetrical about the rotor axis shaft) has advanced to the stage at which four of these aircraft have been constructed for use in a short range surveillance system which is being produced for the Ministry of Defence. It should be emphasised that this particular role of surveillance of the remotely piloted helicopter (RPH) is only one of the many uses envisaged.
Flight Control System FRG 70 D Realization and Testing…
Authors: DRTIL H. , SCHULZ H.
Published: February 2008

The FRG 70 D integrated flight control system feeds back heavily coupled the deviation values of the angle of attack and the flight path as well as all essential state vectors to the elevator and thrust, and makes therefore possible the accurate control of the state of flow and the flight path. The digital design of the FRG 70 D is mounted in a housing 1/2 ATR long. The input of nominal values and the mode selection is made by means of a digital pilot control unit. A data processor included in the control unit organizes the data transfer between flight control system and control unit and takes over further data processing tasks for the purpose of relieving the flight control system.
COMED — The cockpit display of the future
Authors: Hare E.W.
Published: February 2008

COMED is an acronym derived from Combined Map and Electronic Display. Topographical information recorded in full‐colour on 35 mm film can be displayed on the screen of COMED. Graphical information generated electronically can also be projected on the COMED screen. This includes scan converted radar, alphanumeric data from a computer, or video signals (either 625 or 875 lines) obtained from low‐light television (LLTV) or forward‐looking infrared (FLIR) cameras and sensors. Both the photographic and electronically‐generated information can be displayed either separately, or together. Thus a moving‐map indicating the aircraft's present position can be shown on COMED with, superimposed upon it, waypoints, command tracks and any other data, either graphical or alphanumeric, that may be relevant. Battle intelligence could also be displayed electronically by super‐imposing on the COMED projected map such details as enemy SAM sites, defended areas, forward edges of battle zones and similar tactical details.
A service to the smaller airport operator
Authors: LE MARCHANT H.F.
Published: February 2008

The rapid acceleration of the opening up of vast tracts of sparsely populated areas in many parts of the world for development and exploration of natural resources necessitates the most speedy and efficient transport communications to the forward base areas. In most circumstances, by nature of terrain and otherwise virtual inaccessibility, the only method is by air. Thus, airstrips, small airports and helipads have been built to accommodate the air traffic serving such areas and their presence is growing in increasing numbers.
All Weather Cockpit Canopies … 2
Authors: BURNHAM FRANK
Published: February 2008

Advanced, all‐weather, birdproof, cockpit transparencies created for the Canadair CL‐600 Challenger executive jet give it the greatest crew visibility of any competitive aircraft — about 20 per cent more.
Escape System Technology
Authors: FORD TERRY
Published: February 2008

Known throughout the world, the Martin‐Baker Company has become an organisation whose sole business is the design, development and production of escape systems. These include ejections seats, command ejection systems, canopy jettison, miniature detonation cord, automatic inflation of liferaft and life vest, and all the related sub‐systems that are required by an aircraft design team. Thousands of lives have been saved in conditions varying from high altitude emergencies to those occurring while an aircraft is still on the ground during its take‐off run. Escape from VTOL aircraft is also a valuable asset as has been shown in successful ejections from uncontrollable situations that have arisen with these types. RAF and Royal Navy aircraft have been equipped with Martin‐Baker systems for many years, and among overseas customers, the US Navy has been using them from the early days.
Technology of the Rolls‐Royce RB211 Engine
Authors: COPLIN JOHN F.
Published: February 2008

The evolution of large fan engines in the late 1960s brought major advances in the technology and operating economics of engines for large transport aircraft. Today, engines of this type account for well over half the world sales (by value) of commercial aero‐engines.
Inventions and How to Patent Them
Authors: DOUGHTY GEORGE
Published: February 2008

In 1973 we published a booklet bearing the above title. This outlined points the inventor should observe in seeking patent protection using the legislation and procedures existing at that time.
Research Developments for Aircraft Safety
Authors: HODGE KENNETH E.
Published: February 2008

NASA's role in aeronautics is, by charter, to improve the usefulness, performance, speed, safety, and efficiency of U.S. civil and military aeronautical vehicles and to preserve U.S. leadership in aeronautical science and technology and its applications. To fill that role, NASA has oriented its aeronautics research and technology (R & T) programme to meet the near‐term and far‐term technology needs of the aviation industry, aircraft operators, government regulatory agencies, and the military services. NASA coordinates closely with those organizations in defining the R & T needs and the objectives for its aeronautics programme. The programme objective of potentially greatest interest to attendees of the International Air Safety Seminar is “To generate technology required for safer, more economical, efficient, fuel‐conservative, and environmentally acceptable air transportation systems to satisfy current and projected national needs.” In the spirit of this international meeting, I should note that certain NASA aeronautical research disciplines include cooperative efforts with the government aeronautical research organizations of several foreign countries.
Problems of Older Jet Aeroplanes—A Regulatory Authority View
Authors: CHAPLIN J.C.
Published: February 2008

The problems of older jet aeroplanes as seen by one regulatory authority— the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)—are reviewed. Whilst attention is given primarily to airworthiness matters, a number of operational subjects are also considered. The particular problem of structure of the aeroplane is mentioned but the other information which an authority needs is also set out. Attention is paid to the design standard of the aeroplane, the physical standard of the particular aeroplane, and the role of the operator. In the case of imported aeroplanes, especially when they are already old when imported, the intention is to ensure that the standard achieved is not less than it would have been had the aircraft been operated on the British register from the beginning, and is also broadly similar to that of the current generation of equivalent aircraft.
The Energy Problem — Its Effect on Aircraft Design
Authors: TYE WALTER
Published: February 2008

This is the first of a series of articles which examine the problem of future energy supplies and the likely effects on aircraft design. The energy problem is clearly a major issue which can affect the world in many ways. Aircraft design is but one small segment of the many applications of engineering which will need to respond to the challenge of a fast changing energy situation. To form a picture of the nature of the aircraft design challenge requires some appreciation of the wider issues of the future energy situation. Thus these articles include both the general and the particular.
Address Selective Surveillance Radar
Authors: STEVENS M.C.
Published: February 2008

An improved Secondary Surveillance Radar system which will overcome many of the present defects in today's SSR has been developed by Cossor Electronics Limited working in conjunction with the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) and the Civil Aviation Authority.
Brochuremanship
Authors: VIDEAN DAVID
Published: February 2008

Before an aircraft is allowed into the air to earn its keep, such organisations as the FAA, ARB, IATA, BOT, CAA, ATC and ATLB (to name but a few) have to be consulted. Yet in spite of all the regulations now governing aviation there is one large area of activity with no controlling body. This industry within an industry allows unrestricted scope for the dreamers, the woolly thinkers and those whose philosophy is based on a remark attributed to the late Sam Goldwyn — ‘My mind is made up. Don't confuse me with facts’.
ICAO Technical Assistance Projects
Authors: VIVIAN JACK
Published: February 2008

Excluding a dip in 1977, this programme of aid to developing countries has experienced rapid growth over the past eight years and annual funding is expected to more than double by 1984…
Civil Aviation Safety
Authors: TYE WALTER
Published: February 2008

In this series of articles, I shall be looking at the past, present, and future of civil aviation safety. The remote past record is of interest, if only to show the giant strides which have been taken in securing safety since the inception of air transport in the early 1920's. The most recent past is of more significance as it provides the best technical indication of where we stand today. The future is perhaps the most interesting of all, but of course facts have to give way to speculation.
The Rolls‐Royce Gem
Authors: Buck Christopher
Published: February 2008

A review of the extensive development which has brought this engine to its current status; an assessment of what has been achieved; and an examination of future development programmes to match the engine to the needs of the helicopter industry.
Powering Mini RPVs
Authors: Short David
Published: February 2008

The late Harry Weslake, the founder of Weslake Limited was born in Exeter in 1897. Whilst still in his early teens he became fascinated by combustion engine carburettors and registered several pioneering patents covering carburettors jointly with his father (he was too young to register them on his own). By the early 1920's he had founded his own company. His twin diffuser carburettor named the Wex (for Weslake‐Exeter) was being widely used at this time by the motor cycle trials and car racing fraternity at Brooklands and elsewhere. This involvement with racing continued for fifty years. The name Weslake becoming a by‐word in motor racing circles.
Civil Aviation Safety
Authors: TYE WALTER
Published: February 2008

The first article in this series introduced the topic of air safety with a somewhat parochial review of trends in U.K. air transport. This present article expands the horizons to the international scene. My purpose is to examine trends over the last few years, and then to attempt a forecast of what can be expected in the next decade.
The DC‐10: A Special Report
Authors: douglas McDonnell
Published: February 2008

To set the record straight There is no point, a rule as old as Aristotle tells us, in debating a question that can be settled simply by examining the facts. It is ridiculous, in other words, to argue about whether the Yankees won the 1964 World Series. A glance at the record book will settle the matter immediately. Discussion will settle it never.
Civil Aviation Safety
Authors: TYE WALTER
Published: February 2008

In the first two articles the past trends of improvement in air safety were discussed. The indications for the short term future are that replacement of the older aircraft remaining in the world fleets by modern types will lead to continued improvement. However, if an upward trend is to be maintained long term, then new types of aircraft will have to offer specific advances in airworthiness, and in parallel further improvements in operational procedures made. This article looks at the prospects and the constraints.
How Do Aircraft Break Down?
Authors: FIELDING J.P.
Published: February 2008

The astronomical costs of poor reliability in both military and civil aircraft have led to increased efforts by designers and operators to improve reliability. One of the most powerful ways of doing this is to examine the good and bad points of current aircrafts' performance to see where improvements may be made. This process is heavily dependent on the quality of reliability information available to the industry.
Is it Safe?
Authors: TYE WALTER , LLOYD TED
Published: February 2008

This is the first of a series of articles about the methods used to achieve high safety standards in civil aircraft which employ complex systems. The topic is a large one, and some of the procedures of safety assessment are elaborate. The basic principles are, however, straightforward, and the purpose of these articles is to present a general picture of what is involved.
Airworthiness—the lessons to be learned
Authors: Heath A.J.
Published: February 2008

At the beginning of this series of articles Mr. Major sought a definition of the word “airworthiness”. Having consulted the Concise Oxford Dictionary he was clearly less than satisfied with the simplicity of the dictionary's definition that “airworthy” meant “fit to fly”. Certainly this seems to be a very simple phrase to encompass such a complex subject which in turn depends upon so many engineering and personal disciplines. However, it is a simple and concise statement; it is also the corner stone of the advice handed by the Air Navigation Order to the Civil Aviation Authority in respect of its duty in relation to issuing a United Kingdom Certificate of Airworthiness — that is the Authority must be satisfied that the aircraft is fit to fly having regard to the things such as design, construction, flight trials and so on that we readily associate as having a direct bearing on the safety of an aircraft.
Photographic Methods in Aircraft Maintenance
Authors: Joachim Bernhardt Jorg
Published: February 2008

The Hosselblad camera system which was used by American astronauts on their moon landing mission, is now being used to help locate faults in aircraft.
Is it Safe?
Authors: TYE WALTER , LLOYD TED
Published: February 2008

An essential of a satisfactory safety assessment is that it should be methodical. With an elaborate system, the sheer number of possible occurrences to be considered makes a systematic approach the one with the best prospects that nothing is overlooked. The particular approach is a matter of choice. It will depend on the system to be analysed; whether it is complex or simple; whether it embodies novel or well‐established features in its design; and whether its failure affects safety in a critical way.
The Pervading Digit
Authors: GRICE W.
Published: February 2008

In 1983 the Boeing 757 will be delivered to British Airways with a triple redundant autopilot, a dual flight management system, a thrust control system, an electronic flight instrument and engine indicating system and many other complex electronic control and indicating systems which will be engineered in digital technology. By way of contrast, in 1927 the first commercial aeroplane built by Boeing, the Model 40, went into service with nothing that could be called avionics and with very little even in the way of electrical equipment.
The Future of the Air Transport and Travel Industry Training Board
Authors: PAYNE H.W.
Published: February 2008

The Manpower Services Commission, through its Training Services Division (TSD) has carried out an urgent review of future training arrangements in each sector of the economy.
Information Display and Systems
Authors: Medlam J.W.N.
Published: February 2008

The characteristic requirements for flight information displays for the Public and for airport staff are essentially different while the actual information is the same. The Public search for information about a single flight on a one at a time basis. However, airport staff need to be aware of all pertinent information at all times in order to carry out their jobs.
Electronic Flight Information Display
Authors: FORD TERRY
Published: February 2008

Demonstrations undertaken in flight of the Smiths Industries Electronic Flight Instrumentation System (EFIS) at RAE Bedford; at Toulouse for Airbus Industries; and for a variety of authorities and companies in North America; are the first to show an integrated colour CRT system in its natural environment. The EFIS has been installed in the RAE One‐eleven aircraft and comprises 8in. by 8in. display units to ARINC 725 Form Factor D, for primary flight and navigation data. Although there have been only two displays for the demonstrations, there could be six in a typical production aircraft flight deck. The flexibility of installation and the ability to make software changes enables the system to be adapted to meet the needs of an operator, and in addition, different display unit configurations are also being developed.
Unistructure—A New Concept for Light Weight Integrally Stiffened Skin Structure
Authors: BRIMM DANIEL J.
Published: February 2008

Unistructure is a new concept for lightweight integral rib‐reinforced skin structures that is readily adaptable to many configurations. The rib cross sections are a form of I beam. The rib reinforcing patterns considered here are isogrid and waffle, (i.e. triangular and rectangular constructions) but any desirable form can be produced. This paper provides an over‐view of the methods of fabrication and the structural performance features of Unistructure. Comparisons are made with honeycomb, skin/stringer, and integral‐machined structures. These comparisons indicate that the combined ease‐of‐fabrication and performance advantages of Unistructure warrant its consideration in many applications.
The UH‐60A Black Hawk: A World‐wide Force Multiplier
Authors: KEFFORD BOB
Published: February 2008

The UH‐60A BLACK HAWK helicopter, Fig. 1, is the US Army's first true squad carrying assault helicopter. Its primary mission is to transport infantry units into combat, re‐supply those units while in combat, and perform the associated functions of aeromedical evacuation and repositioning of reserves.