bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFICACY OF SALMONELLA GALLINARUM KILLED VACCINE
Authors: Khatun R. , Parvez M. A. , Hossain M. G. , Saha S.
Published: July 2013

The study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of Salmonella gallinarum vaccine prepared at the Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Research and Production Centre (LPVRPC), Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The vaccine induced immune response both in chicken and mice are determined by PHA antibody titre and protection test. The highest PHA antibody titer was at 15 days after booster vaccination in both chickens and mice. The chickens and mice of vaccinated groups conferred 100% protection following challenge infection with the virulent isolate of Salmonella gallinarum given at 2 weeks after final immunization through i/m route (p <0.01). Differential leukocyte count (DLC) was performed in vaccinated mice and it was revealed that 11% increase in lymphocyte count in vaccinated group compared to control group (p <0.01). Finally, passive protection test in chickens that the protective value in terms of overall survival rate was 100% (p <0.001). These results clearly demonstrated that the Salmonella gallinarum vaccine of LPVRPC induced satisfactory level of antibody titre.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15645
BLUEBERRY INHIBITS LPS-INDUCED MURINE MICROGLIA CELL ACTIVATION AND CELL DEATH
Authors: Miah M. A. , Choi S. S. , Lee S. H.
Published: July 2013

Microglia activation plays a pivotal role in varying stress conditions including oxidation, inflammation and certain neurodegenerative diseases. iNOS and PrxI are known to up regulate in LPS-activated microglia in vitro. Natural fruits including various berries containing both antioxidants and anti-inflammatory polyphenols may attenuate such stress conditions. We investigated the effects of blueberry extracts (BBE) on the LPS-activated stress related genes up regulation using BV-2 microglia cells in vitro. BV-2 cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS, were pre-incubated with 50 µg/ml BBE for 0, 1 h and 12 h, and treated with 1µg/ml LPS for 24 h . The levels of mRNA and protein expression showed significant differences in iNOS and PrxI among the treatment groups. Hoechst and PI staining showed that BBE protects cells from activation induced death. Intracellular levels of ROS were increased by LPS stimulation over the level in the control cells whereas BBE treatment significantly lowered the LPS stimulated ROS levels at a time dependent manner. High expressions of iNOS and PrxI are indication of microglia activation and treatment with BBE in LPS-activated BV-2 cells cause down regulation of stress-related genes expression and protect the cells from over activation and death. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15651
Microsatellite primers in the foundation tree species Pinus edulis and P. monophylla (Pinaceae)
Authors: Krohn Andrew L. , Flores‐Rentería Lluvia , Gehring Catherine A.
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in the foundational tree species Pinus edulis to investigate population differentiation of P. edulis and hybridization among closely related species.

• Methods and Results: Using a hybridization protocol, primer sets for 11 microsatellite loci were developed using megagametophyte tissue from P. edulis and scored for polymorphism in three populations of P. edulis and a single P. monophylla population. The primers amplified simple and compound di‐, tri‐, and pentanucleotide repeats with two to 18 alleles per locus.

• Conclusions: These results demonstrate the utility of the described primers for studies of population differentiation within and among P. edulis populations as well as across putative hybrid zones where P. edulis may coexist with sister species.
Development of 16 microsatellite markers within the Camassia (Agavaceae) species complex and amplification in related taxa
Authors: Culley Theresa M. , Leng Ju‐Fang , Kephart Susan R. , Cartieri Francis J. , Theiss Kathryn E.
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: The North American genus Camassia is an ecologically important group whose variability and evolution are little understood, being influenced by hybridization and geographic isolation. We developed microsatellite markers to investigate patterns of gene flow, population structure, and taxonomic relationships within this group.

• Methods and Results: Using a traditional approach with biotin‐labeled probes, we developed 16 microsatellite primers in three species of Camassia: C. howellii, C. leichtlinii, and C. quamash. The number of alleles per locus averaged 3.94 per species, and levels of heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.00 and 0.033 to 0.917 for observed and expected heterozygosities, respectively. All primers amplified to varying extents in additional species (C. angusta, C. cusickii, C. scilloides) and in putative species in a related genus (Hastingsia alba, H. atropurpurea, H. bracteosa, H. serpentinicola).

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers exhibit variation and are useful for ongoing studies of integrative taxonomy and population differentiation within this species complex.
Development and characterization of microsatellite primers in Geranium carolinianum (Geraniaceae) with 454 sequencing
Authors: Shirk Rebecca Y. , Glenn Travis C. , Chang Shu‐Mei , Hamrick J. L.
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Geranium carolinanum, a North American winter annual herb, for use in population genetic analyses.

• Methods and Results: Genomic DNA enriched for repeat‐containing fragments was sequenced on the Roche 454 Titanium platform, resulting in 470 primer pairs developed from 1115 microsatellite‐containing sequences. A subset of 37 primer pairs was screened for polymorphism across three native and three invasive populations. We identified four monomorphic and eight polymorphic loci. Polymorphic loci contained between two and seven alleles per locus, and mean within‐population expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.290. Within populations, observed heterozygosity for individual loci ranged from zero to 0.857, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.046 to 0.559.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful for future studies of genetic diversity, structure, and mating systems across the geographic range of G. carolinianum, and may be transferable to other closely related species.
Dilemme westphalien et gouvernance internationale des biens publics mondiaux : le cas de la protection du climat
Authors: Quenault Béatrice
Published: July 2013

Face à l’insuffisante production/préservation des biens publics mondiaux (BPM) qui rend nécessaire une coopération internationale renforcée dans le contexte d’une mondialisation dérégulée, cet article explore plus avant ce concept récemment mis en avant par les Nations unies sur l’Agenda international afin d’apprécier sa pertinence à l’égard de l’objectif de développement durable qui l’a précédé de peu dans l’ordre des priorités affichées. Alors que plusieurs registres de justification sont possibles pour promouvoir la fourniture des BPM, l’accent est mis, en particulier, sur les difficultés de la négociation visant à préserver la stabilité climatique face aux souverainetés et aux égoïsmes nationaux.
Les avancées du mécanisme de développement propre : une étape décisive vers un développement « décarboné » au Sud ?
Authors: Lacour Pauline , Simon Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2013

Les stratégies de développement contemporaines se déploient dans un univers particulièrement incertain, soumis de surcroit à la contrainte climatique. Cette dernière est de plus en plus prise en compte par les pays du Sud, comme le témoigne la mise en œuvre des dispositions du Protocole de Kyoto, et plus spécifiquement le mécanisme de développement propre (MDP). À travers l’analyse du MDP, notre contribution examinera son efficacité dans les pays d’Asie pour deux dimensions majeures de la politique climatique des pays en développement : la réduction des émissions sectorielles de gaz à effet de serre et le transfert des technologies environnementales.
Investissements étrangers et développement : le cas du secteur de l'or au Mali
Authors: Mainguy Claire
Published: July 2013

Au Mali, le modèle de l'exploitation à grande échelle dans le secteur de l'or a eu des effets mitigés : devenu premier produit d'exportation, l'or génère des entrées de devises et des recettes publiques et a sans doute permis de compenser en partie la crise du secteur cotonnier. Mais ce mode d'exploitation, générant des liens très limités avec les entreprises locales, offre peu de perspectives de développement si les ressources issues du secteur de l'or ne sont pas utilisées dans le but de renforcer le capital humain et technique dans le cadre d'une diversification qui pourrait offrir, à terme, une alternative à l'exploitation de l'or, dont les réserves sont limitées.
Espaço público e “nova urbanidade” no contexto do direito á cidade
Authors: Carlos Ana Fani Alessandri
Published: July 2013

O desafiode pensara cidade em suaperspectiva espacialoferece um conhecimento queenvolve a construção deuma teoria da práticasócio-espacialurbana,para revelar osentido da realidadecomo um todo eas oportunidades queestão surgindo nohorizontepara a vida cotidianana cidade.Énesta perspectiva que se colocou umareflexão críticasobre o significado dareproduçãosocial de longo prazodo espaço urbano-capaz de iluminara armadilhade reduzir osentido da cidadena condiçãodereproduçãoforça oude capital,espaçosem sentidoda vida ou dacidadaniae da experiênciaindividual.Assim, oespaço público comoespaço-tempo na cidade revelouque cada sujeitoestá localizadoemum espaço específico, construído por uma rede de significadosexperientesem termos de experiênciacomo uma práticasócio-espacial. Assim, oespaço a)tem umareal e concretaobjetividade, eb) a dimensão subjetiva: a percepção de queos cidadãosconstroem sobrea realidade.Estes nãosão independentes epermitem na suadialética a compreensão dadimensão prática e da dimensão abstratada produçãoespacial.Assim, a cidade como um produtoda ação humanaé aobjetivaçãoque lhe dáo seu conteúdohistórico e social, é, ao mesmotempo,o sujeito se tornaconscientedessa produção.
A relação rural-urbano a partir das cidades ribeirinhas: o papel do comércio popular (feiras) na cidade de Afuá (PA)
Authors: Lomba Roni Mayer , Nobre-Júnior Benedito Baliero
Published: July 2013

O presente trabalho discute a relação campo-cidade e rural-urbano, tomando como base o estudo sobre o mercado popular ou feiras na cidade ribeirinha de Afuá-PA. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as diversas redes de abastecimentos na cidade e seus fluxos intrarregionais possuem conexões, principalmente com outras cidades e localidades existentes, pela rede fluvial, dinamizando a comercialização de produtos e mercadorias regionais (in natura) ou industrializadas. Nessa pesquisa é pontuada a dinâmica do comércio, pelo método de investigação/pesquisa, analisadas as contribuições teóricas, entrevistas, registros fotográficos, observação e entrevistas qualitativas, sendo instrumentos de suporte para efetivação da mesma. Este trabalho buscou (re)pensar os conceitos e definições da relação campo-cidade e rural-urbano no contexto das cidades ribeirinhas amazônicas; as especificidades da relação rural-urbano na cidade de Afuá, a partir da dinâmica desse tipo de comércio apontando sua importância nas diversas redes de fluxos que abastecem a cidade em termos culturais, econômicos e simbólicos. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam uma relação campo-cidade e rural-urbano bastante intrínseca nas cidades ribeirinhas amazônicas, que, mesmo com o advento da modernização implicando nas relações econômicas e sociais não desestruturaram o modo de vida ou uma territorialidade que historicamente ali fora construído.
Uso do solo e Dinâmica dos Nutrientes nas Águas do Reservatório da Hidrelétrica de Manso no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil Central
Authors: Santos Jeater Waldemar Maciel Correa , Oliveira Simoni Maria Loverde , Souza William Pietro de
Published: July 2013

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a influência do uso e ocupação do solo que havia na área onde se formou o Reservatório de Manso - Chapada dos Guimarães-MT/Brasil - sobre a variação dos nutrientes das suas águas nas fases de enchimento (dez/1999 a dez/2000) e estabilização (dec/2001 a dec/2002). Para tanto foram utilizados recursos de geoprocessamento para classificação de imagens e produção dos mapeamentos de uso e ocupação da terra, análises estatísticas para avaliar a variância temporo-espacial dos dados limnológicos coletados in situ e, ainda, o nível de correlação destes com os dados de natureza espectral. Como resultados verificou-se que em apenas 7 meses a lâmina d’água do reservatório de Manso já havia inundado mais de 60% da área prevista para o seu enchimento deixando submersa praticamente toda a vegetação original existente nessa área, que era recoberta com 62% de florestas e savanas e 19% por gramíneas para pastagem. A decomposição orgânica dessa fitomassa inundada forneceu nutrientes para essa água, e influenciou na variação temporo-espacial das concentrações do nitrogênio total (NT) e fósforo total (PT), sobretudo na fase de enchimento do reservatório, onde sua contribuição pode ter sido mais importante que aquela decorrente da exportação de nitrogenados e fosfatados pelas suas sub-bacias de contribuição. Também se verificou a existência de correlação positiva entre o total de fitomassa inundada pelo lago do reservatório e a distribuição temporo-espacial das concentrações de nitrogênio total, e que o ritmo climático local teve influência sobre o comportamento das concentrações desses nutrientes, sobretudo no caso do fósforo total. Desse modo, concluiu-se que a metodologia adotada se mostrou eficiente para os objetivos do estudo, uma vez que permitiu compreender de que modo o uso e ocupação do solo da área inundada pelo reservatório de Manso influenciou na variação temporo-espacial da qualidade das águas desse corpo hídrico no período analisado.
Visões do Mundo
Authors: Poncet Patrick
Published: July 2013

Esta é a primeira tradução para a língua portuguesa do texto Visions Du Monde do geógrafo francês Patrick Poncet, atualmente diretor-fundador da agência de comunicação espacial MapsDesigners e da agência de consultoria em Inteligência espacial QualCity.O texto é parte da obra coletiva L’Invention du Monde: Une géographie de la mondialisation (Presses de Sciences Po, 2008) dirigida por Jacques Lévy, geógrafo que se destaca no estudo do “espaço das sociedades”, e quem também dirigiu, em parceria de Michel Lussault e com a participação de Patrick Poncet, o Dictionnaire de la Géographie et de l’espace des sociétés (Belin, 2003). Trabalhando nesta concepção de espaço, um olhar geográfico sobre os arranjos sociais dos lugares entrelaçados na escala do Mundo, este texto de Poncet trata dos desafios e das possibilidades de uma cartografia da Mundialização e seu papel na emergência de uma sociedade política de escala mundial. O autor propõe uma problematização de técnicas cartográficas, tais como as projeções, ao momento desta mudança de escalas e de métricas, criadora de espaços novos, religando de uma nova maneira os lugares do Mundo, para muitos novos e para os essenciais renovados. Esse conjunto de relações tece distâncias que são mais bem compreendidas em termos do caráter dinâmico do espaço geográfico do que pelo traçado do “espaço da geometria euclidiana, que é também aquele da folha sobre a qual se traça o mapa”. O desafio da representação dos deslocamentos, dos itinerários, de fluxos materiais e imateriais, contém uma complexidade geométrica que conduz a cartografia a combinar deformações, dando seu peso justo aos territórios e respeitando a topologia do fundo do mapa, para dar conta das lógicas de rede e de se concentrar nas relações entre os objetos. Aqui reside em particular o interesse pelas anamorfoses. Esta reflexão conduz Poncet a propor três mapas fundamentais do Mundo que são de alguma forma os três “fundos de mapa” da mundialização. Eles examinam as “três modalidades de gestão da distância” na geografia mundial: a “copresença”, a “circulação” e a “telecomunicação”. Este capítulo, que "prepara o terreno" do Mundo para o conjunto do livro, encontra eco em um capítulo final do livro ("Partager le Monde”, “Dividiro Mundo"), em que Patrick Poncet propõe quatro mapas que, combinando os três primeiros, representam os quatro "espaços" que compõem o Mundo. Este texto foi traduzido pela necessidade de disponibilizar aos lusófonos um exemplo concreto da renovação da geografia e da cartografia francesas
Logística e Usos do Território na Fachada Norte da França: o Porto de Dunkerque
Authors: Droulers Martine , Trevisan Leandro
Published: July 2013

Com a mundialização, os conjuntos portuários se equipam, conhecem grandes transformações territoriais e novas articulações entre os agentes da cidade/porto para confrontar a concorrência e ganhar parcelas do mercado. Com um mercado mundial em expansão competitiva, onde os grandes portos chineses figuram nos primeiros lugares, os portos da fachada do Mar do Norte possuem boas posições. Roterdã permanece o terceiro maior porto no volume total de cargas e mantém sua primazia na Europa. Entretanto, os portos franceses, particularmente Dunkerque (terceiro porto do país), se distanciam dos maiores portos europeus. Este declínio é resultado da desindustrialização, do atraso acusado pelos equipamentos logísticos ou da questão da governança? Parece evidente que seria em termos da organização produtiva que se coloca o futuro dos portos franceses. Assim, a entrada logística será privilegiada, porque esta variável orienta as novas modalidades do planejamento dos territórios e dos intercâmbios econômicos.
Health Knowledge among the Millennial Generation
Authors: Lloyd Tom , Shaffer Michele L. , Stetter Christy , Widome Mark D. , Repke John , Weitekamp Michael R. , Eslinger Paul J. , Bargainnier Sandra S. , Paul Ian M.
Published: July 2013

The Millennial Generation, also known as Generation Y, is the demographic cohort following Generation X, and is generally regarded to be composed of those individuals born between 1980 and 2000. They are the first to grow up in an environment where health-related information is widely available by internet, TV and other electronic media, yet we know very little about the scope of their health knowledge. This study was undertaken to quantify two domains of clinically relevant health knowledge: factual content and ability to solve health related questions (application) in nine clinically related medical areas. Study subjects correctly answered, on average, 75% of health application questions but only 54% of health content questions. Since students were better able to correctly answer questions dealing with applications compared to those on factual content contemporary US high school students may not use traditional hierarchical learning models in acquisition of their health knowledge.
Delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy: case report with a review of disease pathophysiology
Authors: Meyer Michael Andrew
Published: July 2013

Delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is a rare clinical phenomenon usually observed in a small number of carbon monoxide poisoning survivors. A similar phenomenon is reported here in a patient who successfully recovered from a large overdose of diazepam and methadone, but then abruptly declined 3 weeks after the initial event. Magnetic resnance revealed confluent white matter hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2 weighted sequences, and spectroscopy revealed elevated peaks in choline, creatinine, and lactate. Analysis and review of the literature suggests this phenomenon occurs on average about 19 days after the initial event. Although the pathophysiology remains obscure, it is noted here that the mean lucid interval coincides approximately with the replacement half-life for myelin related lipids and proteins.
Factors influencing the quality of patient data captured by nurses for the tuberculosis control programme in Oshakati District, Namibia
Authors: Kagasi Linda V. , Zungu Lindiwe , Hoque Muhammad E.
Published: July 2013

Effective tuberculosis control relies heavily upon the general health system of the country, particularly on well-functioning primary healthcare services. This study investigated factors influencing the quality of data for the tuberculosis control programme in Oshakati district in Namibia. A quantitative, contextual, cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted using 50 nursing personnel of different cadres who were sampled from five departments in Oshakati State Hospital. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Most participants reported that tuberculosis-related training improved correct recording and reporting amongst nursing personnel, which is a requirement for a quality tuberculosis control programme. The number of documents to be completed for each patient influences the quality of data recording and completeness. Factors such as the lack of resources and of adequate training as well as knowledge of tuberculosis control guidelines, in particular the use of records to capture the core tuberculosis indicators, influence the quality of data in the tuberculosis control programme. Knowledge, attitudes and practice are the main factors influencing the quality of data in the tuberculosis control programme in Oshakati district.Die effektiewe beheer van tuberkulose steun grootliks op die algemene gesondheidstelsel van ’n land, veral op die goeie werkende primêre gesondheidsorgdienste. Die studie het faktore wat die gehalte van data vir die teringbeheerprogram in die Oshakati Distrik in Namibië ondersoek.’n Kwantitatiewe, kontekstuele, kruisseksionele, beskrywende opname was onderneem met ’n steekproef van 50 verpleegpersoneel van verskillende kadres uit vyf departemente in Oshakati Staatshospitaal. Data was deur middel van ’n selftoegediende vraelys ingewin. Die meeste deelnemers het genoem dat teringverwante opleiding die korrekte afneem en rapportering onder verpleegpersoneel verbeter het, wat ’n vereiste is vir ’n gehalte teringbeheerprogram. Die aantal dokumente wat vir elke pasiënt voltooi moet word, beïnvloed die gehalte van data-aantekening en volledigheid. ’n Tekort aan bronne en gepaste opleiding, en kennis van tering-beheerriglyne, veral die gebruik van teringrekords om die kern teringaanwysers op te neem, was ander belangrike faktore wat die gehalte van data in die teringbeheerprogram beïnvloed het. Kennis, houdings en praktyk is die vernaamste faktore wat die gehalte van data in die program in die Oshakati Distrik beïnvloed.
Gaan na die mier, kyk na sy weë en word wys: Metafoor of paradigma?
Authors: Buitendag Johan
Published: July 2013

Go to the ant, consider her ways, and be wise. Metaphor or paradigm? This article takes as its point of departure two citations. The one is from Marshall and Zohar’s contention that the wave-particle dualism is more than a metaphor and the other is from Clayton claiming that indeterminacy was not merely a temporary epistemic problem, but reflected an inherent indeterminacy of the physical world itself. What does it mean if it is not a mere way of speaking? The author of this article departs from the premise that the task of systematic theology is the endeavour to understand reality and that this is a collective enterprise together with other sciences as well. A constructive empiricism could indeed lead to an understanding of reality where reality is more than merely idealistically conceived. Truth is therefore to be replaced with a pragmatic, but value-laden concept of understanding or comprehension. This has the effect that both epistemology and ontology have to be revisited and subsequently panentheism too. The argument finds its niche in Old Testament wisdom literature and Proverbs 6:6 forms the lens of reference. The late South African ethologist Eugène Marais’s epic work, The Soul of the Ant, is applied to illustrate such a proposed epistemic community.
Emotion episodes of Afrikaans-speaking employees in the workplace
Authors: Jonker Cara S. , Van der Merwe Althea
Published: July 2013

Orientation: Emotions must be investigated within the natural contexts in which they occur. It therefore becomes crucial to study episodes in the workplace.Research purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the positive and negative emotion episodes and frequencies of working Afrikaans-speaking adults.Motivation for the study: To date, no study has been conducted to determine emotion episodes amongst White Afrikaans-speaking working adults in South Africa. Gooty, Connelly, Griffith and Gupta also argue for research on emotions in the natural settings in which they occur – the workplace.Research design, approach and method: A survey design with an availability sample was used. The participants (N = 179) consisted of White Afrikaans-speaking working adults. The Episode Grid was administered to capture the emotion episodes.Main findings: The main emotion episodes reported on with positive content included goal achievement, receiving recognition and personal incidents. Emotion episodes with negative content included categories such as behaviour of work colleagues, acts of boss/superior/management and task requirements.Practical and/or managerial implications: The findings are useful for managers who want to enhance the emotional quality of the work-life of employees. Changes could be made, for example, to practices of giving recognition within work environments and the clarification of task requirements. The knowledge on emotion episodes could be very useful in planning interventions.Contribution and/or value-adding: The findings and results of this study provided insight into emotion episodes as events in the workplace can cause positive and negative workplace experiences. This information should be taken into consideration with regard to wellness and emotion measurement efforts.
Lateral incisor agenesis, canine impaction and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a South European male population
Authors: Delli Konstantina , Livas Christos , Bornstein Michael M.
Published: July 2013

Objective: To assess the prevalence of lateral incisor agenesis impacted canines and supernumerary teeth in a young adult male population. Materials and Methods: The panoramic radiographs of 1745 military students (mean age: 18.6 ± 0.52 years) who attended the Center of Aviation Medicine of the Armed Forces of Greece during the period 1997-2011 were initially analyzed for lateral incisor agenesis by two observers. After exclusion of the known orthodontic cases, a subgroup of 1636 examinees (mean age: 18.6 ± 0.44 years) was evaluated for canine impaction and supernumerary teeth. Results: Twenty-eight missing lateral incisors were observed in 22 military students, indicating an incidence of 1.3% in the investigated population. No lateral incisor agenesis was detected in the mandibular arch. A prevalence rate of 0.8% was determined for canine impaction in the sample of young adults. The majority of impacted teeth (86.7%) were diagnosed in the maxillary arch. Thirty-five supernumerary teeth were observed in 24 examinees (prevalence rate: 1.5%). The ratio of supernumerary teeth located in the maxilla versus the mandible was 2.2:1. The most common type of supernumerary tooth was the upper distomolar. Conclusion: The prevalence of lateral incisor agenesis, canine impaction, and supernumerary teeth ranged from 0.8 to 1.5% in the sample of male Greek military students.
Are the low-shrinking composites suitable for orthodontic bracket bonding?
Authors: Buyuk Suleyman Kutalmis , Cantekin Kenan , Demirbuga Sezer , Ali Ozturk Mehmet
Published: July 2013

Purpose: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI), and microleakage of low-shrinking and conventional composites used as an orthodontic bracket bonding adhesive. Materials and Methods: A hundred twenty non-caries human premolars, extracted for orthodontic purposes, were used in this study. Sixty of them were separated into two groups. Brackets were bonded to the teeth in the test group with Silorane (3M-Espe) and control group with Transbond-XT (3M-Unitek). SBS values of these brackets were recorded in MPa using a universal testing machine. ARI scores were determined after the failure of brackets. The remaining 60 teeth were divided into two groups and microleakage was evaluated by the dye penetration method. Statistical analyses were performed by Wilcoxon, Pearson Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U tests at P < 0.05 level. Results: The mean SBS for Transbond XT was significantly greater than low-shrinking composite (P < 0.001). Significant differences (χ2 =29.60, P < 0.001) were present between the two groups for the ARI scores. Microleakage values were lower in low-shrinking composite than in the control group, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Although low-shrinking composite produced insufficient SBS and ARI scores, microleakage values were lower in low-shrinking composite than in the control group on the etched enamel surfaces, when used as a bracket bonding composite.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in root-filled teeth with persistent infection: Monitoring of the endodontic retreatment
Authors: Endo Marcos S. , Ferraz Caio C. R. , Zaia Alexandre A. , Almeida Jose F.A. , Gomes Brenda P. F. A.
Published: July 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo microorganisms detected in root-filled teeth with post-treatment apical periodontitis and quantify colony-forming units (CFU) during endodontic retreatment. Materials and Methods: Fifteen root-filled teeth had their previous gutta-percha removed and were randomly instrumented before being divided into three groups and medicated with either [Ca (OH) 2 + 2% CHX gel], [Ca (OH) 2 + 0.9% NaCl] or 2% CHX gel. Samples were taken after removal of gutta-percha (S1), after chemomechanical preparation using 2% CHX gel (S2), and after inter-appointment dressing (S3) for 7 or 14 days later. Cultivable bacteria recovered from infected root canals at the three stages were counted and identified by means of culture and PCR assay (16S rDNA). Quantitative data were statistically analyzed by using Mann-Whitney test in which pairs of groups were compared (P < 0.05). Results: CFU counts decreased significantly from S1 to S2 (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between S2 and S3 (P = 0.3093) for all three experimental groups. Chemomechanical preparation and intra-canal dressing promoted significant median reductions of 99.61% and 99.57%, respectively, in the number of bacteria compared to S1 samples. A total of 110 cultivable isolates were recovered by culture technique from 32 different species and 7 different genera. Out of the 13 target species-specific primer of bacteria analyzed, 11 were detected during endodontic retreatment. Conclusion: The great majority of taxa found in post-treatment samples were Gram-positive bacteria, although Gram-negative bacteria were found by molecular methods. Moreover, our results showed that gutta-percha removal and chemomechanical preparation are effective for root canal disinfection, whereas additional intra-canal dressing did not improve disinfection.
Hybridization quality and bond strength of adhesive systems according to interaction with dentin
Authors: Salvio Luciana Andrea , Di Hipólito Vinicius , Martins Adriano Luis , de Goes Mario Fernando
Published: July 2013

Objective: To evaluate the hybridization quality and bond strength of adhesives to dentin. Materials and Methods: Ten human molars were ground to expose the dentin and then sectioned in four tooth-quarters. They were randomly divided into 5 groups according to the adhesive used: Two single-step self-etch adhesives - Adper Prompt (ADP) and Xeno III (XE), two two-step self-etching primer systems - Clearfil SE Bond (SE) and Adhe SE (ADSE), and one one-step etch-and-rinse system - Adper Single Bond (SB). Resin composite (Filtek Z250) crown buildups were made on the bonded surfaces and incrementally light-cured for 20 s. The restored tooth-quarters were stored in water at 37΀C for 24 h and then sectioned into beams (0.8 mm 2 in cross-section). Maximal microtensile bond strength (μ-TBS) was recorded (0.5 mm/min in crosshead speed). The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey′s test (α = 0.05). Thirty additional teeth were used to investigate the hybridization quality by SEM using silver methenamine or ammoniacal silver nitrate dyes. Results: SE reached significantly higher μ-TBS (P < 0.05); no significance was found between ADSE and XE (P > 0.05), and between SB and ADP (P > 0.05); ADSE and XE were significantly higher than SB and ADP (P < 0.05). The bonding interface of SB showed the most intense silver uptake. SE and ADSE showed more favorable hybridization quality than that observed for ADP and XE. Conclusions: The bond strength and hybridization quality were affected by the interaction form of the adhesives with dentin. The hybridization quality was essential to improve the immediate μ-TBS to dentin.
Comparative study of surface microhardness of methacrylate-based composite resins polymerized with light-emitting diodes and halogen
Authors: Sabatini Camila
Published: July 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymerization with quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) and light-emitting diodes (LED) on the surface microhardness of eight commercially available light-polymerized, methacrylate-based composite resins, with different filler particle composition (microfill, minifill, nanohybrids, and microhybrids) immediately after polymerization, after 24 hours, and after three months of storage. Materials and Methods: Eighty disk-shaped specimens were prepared using a split Teflon mold (6 × 2 mm) and were irradiated with either the QTH (Elipar 2500; 600 mW/cm 2 ) for 20 seconds or an LED (Bluephase G2; 1,200 mW/cm 2 ) for 40 seconds. The microhardness values were recorded using a Vickers hardness tester at a 300 g load for 15 seconds, immediately after polymerization, after 24 hours, and after three months of dark aging in distilled water at 37°C. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey′s test. Results: The baseline values demonstrated a significant effect of the composite and the interaction composite-LCU on the microhardness (P < 0.05). At 24 hours, only the composite variable showed a significant effect on the hardness values (P < 0.05). After three months, the composite, LCU, and the interaction composite-LCU all demonstrated a significant effect on the microhardness (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The effectiveness of polymerization, measured in terms of surface hardness, was shown to be dependent not only on the type of light curing unit, but also on the type of composite. Moreover, the choice of composite was shown to affect the performance of the light curing unit.
The effect of different organic solvents on the degradation of restorative materials
Authors: Martos Josué , Machado Silveira Luiz Fernando , Silveira Carina Folgearini , Suita de Castro Luis Antonio , Ferrer-Luque Carmen María
Published: July 2013

Objective: To evaluate the solubility of three restorative materials exposed to the different endodontic solvents. Materials and Methods: The organic solvents eucalyptus oil, xylol, chloroform, and orange oil, with distilled water as the control group was utilized. The restorative materials light-cured resin (Filtek Z250/3M ESPE), light-cured-resin-reinforced glass ionomer (Riva Light Cure LC/Southern Dental Industries SDI]) and resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer/3M ESPE) were analyzed. A total of 50 disks containing specimens (2 mm Χ 8 mm Ø) were prepared for each of the three classes of restorative materials, which were divided into 10 groups (n = 5) for immersion in eucalyptus oil, xylol, chloroform, orange oil or distilled water for periods of either 2 min or 10 min. The means of restorative material disintegration in solvents were obtained by the difference between the original preimmersion weight and the postimmersion weight in a digital analytical scale. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance while the difference between the materials was analyzed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. The significance level set at 0.05. Results: Vitremer showed the highest solubility, followed by Riva LC, and these were statistically different from eucalyptus oil, xylol, chloroform, and distilled water (P < 0.05). Regarding the immersion time in solvents, there were no significant differences between the two tested periods (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The solvents minimally degraded the composite resin, although they did influence the degradation of both resin-modified glass ionomer resin and resin reinforced with glass ionomer.
The effects of three different mouth rinses in a 4-day supragingival plaque regrowth study
Authors: Ulkur Feyza , Arun Tulin , Ozdemir Fulya
Published: July 2013

Objective: This study compares the effects of three different mouth rinses with respect to reducing Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) colony counts on the teeth and tongue surfaces. Materials and Methods: In this study, comparison tests using the alcohol-free 0.1% chlorhexidine mouth rinse, alcohol-containing essential oil mouth rinse, and alcohol-free essential oil-containing mouth rinse were conducted. Patients were instructed to avoid mechanical cleaning with either a toothbrush or toothpick for 4 days. The first samples were collected from teeth surfaces and the dorsum of the tongue after a professional cleaning, and the second samples were collected after a 4-day plaque re-growth period. The supragingival plaque from the buccal surfaces of teeth #11, 14, 31, 34 as well as samples from the dorsum of the tongue, were assessed using the Dentocult® strips. Results: The Listerine® and Ondrohexidine® groups did not show any statistically significant differences between the values of the two samples (P = 0.734, P = 0.307). The MC® group and the control group showed significantly higher results than the first sample values. The effectiveness of the mouth rinses on S. mutans colony counts from the teeth surfaces were higher in the Listerine® , Ondrohexidine® , and Mouthwash Concentrate® groups. The difference between the first and second samples of the S. mutans colony counts from the tongue surface was found to be statistically significant, and S. mutans colony counts were higher than the first sample (P = 0.015). Conclusion: Alcohol and essential oil-containing Listerine® mouth rinse, alcohol-free Ondrohexidine® , alcohol-free essential oil-containing MC® mouth rinse had the same effect on S. mutans counts, higher than the 1% alcohol solution on teeth surface. They had the ability to maintain the S. mutans counts at the same level for 4 days in patients who did not perform any mechanical oral hygiene regimen.
Fluid flow evaluation of coronal microleakage intraorifice barrier materials in endodontically treated teeth
Authors: Bayram H. Melike , Çelikten Berkan , Bayram Emre , Bozkurt Alperen
Published: July 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the coronal microleakage intraorifice barrier materials, called CoroSeal (CS), fissur sealant (FS), flowable composite FC, and policarboksilate cement (PC), by using the computerized fluid filtration method. Materials and Methods: Fifty freshly extracted, single-canal human maxillary central teeth were used in this study. The teeth were decoronated to a standardized root length of 15 mm. After preparation and irrigation, all the teeth were obturated with gutta-percha and AH-Plus. In all teeth, the coronal 2 mm of root filling was removed and replaced with one of the intraorifice barriers. According to intraorifice barriers, teeth were divided randomly into 4 experimental groups (n = 10) and 2 control groups (n = 5). Group 1: CS; Group 2: FS; Group 3: FC; and Group 4: PC. Positive Control Group: No barrier material was used. Negative Control Group: Roots were completely coated with the nail polish, including the orifice. Leakage was evaluated by using a computerized fluid filtration model. Differences in fluid filtration among groups were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis Test and multiple comparisons test. Results: A value of P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Statistical analysis has indicated that the CS leaked significantly less than other groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between FS and PC (P < 0.05), in contrast there was no significant difference between FS and FC (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Using the CS material as an intraorrifice barrier material reduced amount of microleakage as compared with FS, FC, and PC.
Galvanic gold plating for fixed dental prosthesis
Authors: Ozcelik Tuncer Burak , Yilmaz Burak
Published: July 2013

Metal ceramic partial fixed dental prostheses have been commonly used for the replacement of missing teeth for many years. Because of an increase in the price of gold, base metal alloys have been the choice of alloy for the fabrication of metal ceramic restorations in many dental clinics. Some major disadvantages of base metals are their corrosion and the dark coloration they may cause at the crown margins. This article describes a galvanic gold-plating technique, which is used to minimize corrosion and improve the esthetics of metal ceramic restorations fabricated with Cr-Co base metal alloys. This technique involves the deposition of a 6 μm to 8 μm 24 K gold layer directly onto the Cr-Co cast prosthesis framework. The technique improves metal surface properties, making them more biocompatible and usable, however, requires additional equipment and experienced laboratory technicians. Clinical studies should be performed to corroborate the long term success of this technique.
Bone regeneration with plasma-rich-protein following enucleation of traumatic bone cyst
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Kumar Krishna , Ramakrishna T. , Bhadranna Abhishek
Published: July 2013

Traumatic bone cyst is an uncommon non-epithelium lined cavity and is seen frequently in young individuals. The lesion occurs more commonly in the mandible, involving the posterior region. It is generally asymptomatic and is diagnosed on routine radiographic examination. The cystic cavity is usually empty and there is scanty material for histological examination. Surgical curettage is usually done and recurrence is rare. A case of traumatic bone cyst occurring in the anterior region of mandible in a young boy is presented. Following surgical intervention, plasma-rich-protein was placed in the cystic cavity. The lesion showed progressive resolution and bone regeneration of the cystic cavity within a short period of time.
Repair of a fractured implant overdenture gold bar: A clinical and laboratory technique report
Authors: Vohra Fahim , Al Fawaz Amani
Published: July 2013

This clinical report explains a convenient, efficient, yet effective alternative for management of fractured substructure cast bars for implant-retained overdentures. The technique allows the fracture to be repaired at low cost and short time without remaking the substructure and the denture and further allowing the patient to keep their denture. The report sketches the clinical and laboratory procedures involved in the repair.
Bacterial Community Structure and Composition in Soils under Industrial Poultry Production Activities: An Observational study
Authors: Shange Raymon S. , Ankumah Ramble O. , Zabawa Robert , Dowd Scot E.
Published: July 2013

Confinement is the predominant method of producing poultry and eggs for consumption in the US. Because of its high-density approach, the potential health threats regarding pathogenesis in animals and humans have raised concerns. Although there best management practices exist to control the persistence and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in poultry houses, very little is known about the bacterial communities, and poultry houses are potential pathogen sinks. We assessed the contribution of industrial poultry production to the structure and composition of bacterial communities in the soils at a poultry production site. Soil samples were collected from under poultry housing areas, litter storage areas, and an accompanying pasture adjacent to the production area; and environmental DNA was extracted from the samples. Following validation and amplification, DNA was sequenced using bacterial-tag encoded pyrosequencing. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the soils showed no significant differences in species richness according to observed and estimated operational taxonomic units (Chao1 and rarefaction). Proteobacteria were the major phyla present in all samples ranging from 37.1% in the soils under poultry houses to 53.4% of the sequences identified under pasture soils. Significant shifts in specific taxa were observed, including drops in the abundance of Acidobacteria observed from the poultry house to litter storage soils ( P < 0.05) α-Proteobacteria increased from poultry house soil (10.9%) to pasture soils (32.8%, P < 0.01) and soils under litter storage (22.3%, P < 0.05). The phyla Bacteroidetes, which were observed between poultry house and pasture soils, dropped significantly from 21.8% to 7.2% ( P < 0.05). Clustering exhibited a closer relationship between the soils under pasture and litter storage, while those under the poultry houses were unique. Pathogenic genera were also found in greater abundance under the poultry houses, which raises the question of persistence and re-colonization of bedding material even in the presence of mitigation attempts.
Association of Putative Members to Family of Mosquito Odorant Binding Proteins: Scoring Scheme Using Fuzzy Functional Templates and Cys Residue Positions
Authors: Manoharan Malini , Sankar Kannan , Offmann Bernard , Ramanathan Sowdhamini
Published: July 2013

Proteins may be related to each other very specifically as homologous subfamilies. Proteins can also be related to diverse proteins at the super family level. It has become highly important to characterize the existing sequence databases by their signatures to facilitate the function annotation of newly added sequences. The algorithm described here uses a scheme for the classification of odorant binding proteins on the basis of functional residues and Cys-pairing. The cysteine-based scoring scheme not only helps in unambiguously identifying families like odorant binding proteins (OBPs), but also aids in their classification at the subfamily level with reliable accuracy. The algorithm was also applied to yet another cysteine-rich family, where similar accuracy was observed that ensures the application of the protocol to other families.
Monoclonal Antibodies: A Tool in Clinical Research
Authors: Ansar Waliza , Ghosh Shyamasree
Published: July 2013

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are an old immunological tool with applications in the fields of immunology, biotechnology, biochemistry, and applied biology. Production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by Georges Kohler of West Germany and Cesar Milstein of Argentina. Modern-day research on MAbs from laboratories worldwide is revealing additional applications in diverse branches of sciences. Recently, MAbs have been widely applied in the field of clinical medicine. Currently, MAbs account for one-third of all the new therapeutic treatments for breast cancer, leukemia, arthritis, transplant rejection, asthma, and psoriasis, with many more late-stage clinical trials being conducted. In this review, we outline the (i) production of MAbs, (ii) application of MAbs, (iii) antibody engineering, and (iv) pharmaceutical application of MAbs. The future prospect of this review lies in the applicability of monoclonal antibodies as a molecule for understanding and monitoring the biology of disease and its role in research, clinical, diagnostic, analytical, and pharmaceutical applications.