bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique thermodynamic relationships for ΔfHoand ΔfGofor crystalline inorganic salts. I. Predicting the possible existence and synthesis of Na2SO2and Na2SeO2. Addendum
Authors: Vegas Ángel , Liebman Joel F. , Jenkins H. Donald Brooke
Published: December 2016

Addendum to Vegaset al.[(2012),Acta Cryst.B68, 511–527].
Crystal structure of bis{μ-(E)-2-[(2-oxidophenylimino)methyl]quinolin-8-olato-κ4O,N,N′,O′}bis[dibutyltin(IV)]
Authors: Carlos Camacho-Camacho , Naytzé Ortiz-Pastrana , Ariadna Garza-Ortiz , Irma Rojas-Oviedo
Published: December 2016

Condensation of 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carbaldehyde with 2-aminophenol gave the (E)-2-[(2-hydroxyphenylimino)methyl]quinolin-8-ol derivative that reacted with di-n-butyltin oxide with release of H2O to yield the chelate title complex, [Sn2(C4H9)4(C16H10N2O2)2]. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP-1, with two independent centrosymmetric dimers in the unit cell. Each features a typical pincer-type structure where the dianionic ligand is tetradentate, coordinating to the central tin atom through both phenolate oxygen atoms, as well as through the quinoline and imine N atoms. Each metal atom adopts a distorted pentagonal–bipyramidal SnC2N2O3coordination arising from theN,N′,O,O′-tetradentate deprotonated Schiff base, one bridging phenolate O atom of the neighbouring ligand and two butyl groups in the axial sites.
Profiling information-seeking behaviour of distance learning students in Wawasan Open University
Authors: Vighnarajah  , Ali Hassan Farzanah , Abd Aziz Norhasni , Siew Lee Ooi
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Wawasan Open University Library undertook a survey study, based on the Wilson’s revised model of information behaviour (1999), to profile information-seeking behaviour of their distance students in using library resources in their research and learning activities. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Using random sampling method, samples were selected to ensure proper representation of the population across four schools of studies and five regional centres. A total of 550 questionnaires were sent to undergraduate and postgraduate students, and 435 completed questionnaires were returned with a success response rate of 79 per cent.

Findings

Findings indicated significant differences between undergraduate and postgraduate students in using the university’s MyDigital Library and physical library for their information needs. Findings also indicated significant difference between first-year and post-first-year students in using internet search engines as part of their information-seeking process.

Practical implications

Students improving on their information-seeking behaviour in the learning and research work paved way for them to better experience university vivacity and not isolate themselves from distance learning.

Originality/value

This paper acknowledges the importance of promoting good information-seeking behaviour among distance learners in the scholarship of learning and research work. The paper also amplifies the important role library plays in minimizing students’ sense of isolation in university learning experience.
Organizational effects and labor behavior of domestic violence
Authors: Castro-Gonzáles Segundo J. , Arias Díaz Orquídea , Irizarry Quintero Anamari
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Using a proposed model, the purpose of this paper is to categorize small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) owners/managers’ perceptions of customer service, and of the manifestations and observable behaviors in relation to the most frequent repercussions of domestic violence in the workplace.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 73 SME owners/managers was selected; a survey with 44 variables was used for data collection; and factorial and canonical analysis techniques were used to analyze the data.

Findings

The following were found: among the most frequent manifestations of domestic violence in SME customer services, there are four categories that explain 69.46 percent of the model of variance: threats and continuous absences, frequent mistakes and bad relationships, physical damage/lack of concentration and negative manifestation with low self-esteem; among observable behavior at the workplace, there are four categories that explain 65.35 percent of the model of variance: lack of concentration/tearfulness, fear/insecurity, limited attention to customers and continuous threats; finally there is a 96.70 percent probability of the SMEs’ productivity being affected (loss of customers and low production), through three manifestations of domestic violence detected in the employees: tiredness, sleepiness and tearfulness.

Research limitations/implications

This research is circumscribed to only one geographical zone in Puerto Rico.

Practical implications

Even only three manifestations of domestic violence in workers will significantly decrease productivity. When SME managers detect these, they can take action to mitigate the problem for the benefit of the workers.

Originality/value

This study is a pioneer proposal in its analytical quantitative approach on domestic violence in Puerto Rico and its repercussions on the productivity of the service sector, using canonical analysis.
Organizational structure and innovation: analysis from the strategic co-alignment
Authors: Marín-Idárraga Diego Armando , Cuartas Juan Carlos
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of the co-alignment of structural variables on innovation, wherein Bogotá-based SMEs, belonging to the industrial, commercial and services sectors, were used as samples.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted using a causal inference methodology and through the application of a structural equation model.

Findings

The results indicate that organizational structure has an influence on innovation, although this is true only for some variables and only when the analysis is performed separately. When performed under strategic co-alignment conditions, however, its influence becomes greater.

Originality/value

Organizational structure and innovation are determining factors of organizational performance. Although the strategic co-alignment theory has provided points of reference to understanding the phenomenon of organizational performance, there are still many gaps left to be filled. Additionally, it also requires empirical validation especially in relation to Colombian SMEs – and this is where this work makes a contribution.
Once learned, never forgotten: effective leadership development with social construction as a threshold concept
Authors: Billsberry Jon
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss leadership development with social construction as the underpinning theory.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an autoethnographic study of the author’s insights from teaching leadership from a social construction perspective.

Findings

The social construction approach to leadership looks and behaves as a threshold concept in leadership. It takes students’ learning to a higher level, opens up a new curriculum, and changes their understanding of leadership for good.

Originality/value

The discovery that the social construction approach to leadership looks and behaves as a threshold concept suggests that there is something fundamentally important with this perspective. It positions the social construction approach as an overarching theory that helps students re-evaluate, appreciate, and find value in traditional leadership theories.
Exploiting formal, non-formal and informal learning when using business games in leadership education
Authors: Børgesen Kenneth , Nielsen Rikke Kirstine , Henriksen Thomas Duus
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to address the necessity of allowing non-formal and informal processes to unfold when using business games for leadership development. While games and simulations have long been used in management training and leadership development, emphasis has been placed on the formal parts of the process and especially on the gaming experience.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on a qualitative study of a French management game on change management, in which the game-based learning process is examined in light of adult learning.

Findings

This paper concludes that less formal dialogues that stem from formal activities make important contributions to the learning process. Consequently, the use of business games in leadership development should be didactically designed to facilitate such dialogues. While playing the game takes center stage, activities such as theory presentations, reflective processes, and less formal discussions must be allowed a place in an otherwise crammed learning process and to take up that space at the cost of playing the game.

Research limitations/implications

As the study is based on a qualitative assessment, the impact of the different parts of the process is not assessed.

Practical implications

This paper suggests that the use of business games in leadership development should focus more on the processes and activities surrounding the game rather than narrowly focusing on the game.

Originality/value

This paper suggests a novel approach to using business games that is not aligned with the current practice of emphasizing the game as the focal point of the process.
The Mandela Portal – an assessment of global visitors using Web analytics
Authors: Katuu Shadrack
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to perform a longitudinal assessment of the visitors to the Mandela Portal using Web analytics over a period of seven years, between 2009 and 2015.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on Web analytics methodology that consists of a four-step process and utilises the first and second steps with data collected using Google Analytics.

Findings

The research process found a number of trends relating to the Portal’s visitors, including changes in the ranking of countries from which the visitors accessed the website as well as the variety of language settings in the Web browsers. It identified some issues both with the Google Analytics tool and broader implications on the trustworthiness of data.

Originality/value

This paper provides an analysis of Web visitors to the Mandela Portal, offering trends that are only possible when viewed over a long period. It also explores issues of data trustworthiness.
Implementing the open-source Koha-ILS at the Deutsche Schule Charlotte
Authors: House Martin D.
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This study aims to present the successful implementation of the Koha-integrated library system (ILS) for libraries that seek an open-source alternative. This study is best suited for small libraries with limited collections and limited funding. The selection process between Koha and Evergreen is described, as is cataloging, patron setup and library workflow changes. Finally, lessons learned are presented.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a case study which describes the events as they occurred between 2013 and 2014.

Findings

The Koha-ILS appears to be the open-source system with the most online support, easiest to install and manage. Although the experience of libraries may vary, the Deutsche Schule Charlotte library took the pragmatic approach. Koha was chosen because it could be successfully installed, had an intuitive and web-based interface and could be easily explained to volunteers.

Research limitations/implications

This is a single case study at a very small library.

Practical implications

This study broadly demonstrates the requirements for implementing the Koha-ILS and how it can be accomplished even with library volunteers.

Social implications

The Koha-ILS can be a good alternative, despite limitations, for small libraries who need a robust ILS system with few bells and whistles.

Originality/value

This study presents a finite view of the implementation and use of the Koha-ILS. The physical setting, availability of capable volunteers and administration’s willingness to experiment with a system may not be reproducible in other locales.
Governance and climate variability in Chinchiná River, Colombia
Authors: Acevedo Erika Cristina , Turbay Sandra , Hurlbert Margot , Barco Martha Helena , Lopez Kelly Johanna
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to assess whether governance processes that are taking place in the Chinchiná River basin, a coffee culture region in the Andean region of Colombia, are adaptive to climate variability and climate extremes.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed research method was used by reviewing secondary research sources surrounding the institutional governance system of water governance and disaster response and semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with producers and members of organizations within the institutional governance system.

Findings

This study found that there is a low response to extreme events. Hopefully, the growing national awareness and activity in relation to climate change and disaster will improve response and be downscaled into these communities in the future. Although, some learning has occurred at the national government level and by agricultural producers who are adapting practices, to date no government institution has facilitated social learning taking into account conflict, power and tactics of domination.

Originality/value

This paper improves the understanding of the vulnerability of rural agricultural communities to shifts in climate variability. It also points out the importance of governance institutions in enhancing agricultural producer adaptive capacity.
Patterns in hammertone paints
Authors: Erkmen Jülide
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine required paint and silicone proportions, their mixing rate and duration to eliminate the pattern problems caused by the misuse of silicone polymers in hammertone paints. Results of the findings aim at preventing raw material, manufacturing time and labour losses in hammertone paint production.

Design/methodology/approach

A paint formulation produced commercially was used. The effects of silicone proportion and mixing rate and paint and pigment density on the pattern formation within the paints, to which the spray painting method was applied, were investigated. Brightness controls of the produced paints were done, and the effect of the additive polymer on brightness was investigated. Photographs of paints for each practice were taken.

Findings

The most suitable silicone proportion and mixing conditions for the silver grey paints, in which Al non-leafing pigments were used, were calculated as 0.034-0.036 g/kg-paint and 15 s at 200 rpm, respectively. It was observed that the increase in pigment density increased required silicone proportion for the desired pattern. It was determined that mixing rate and duration were very significant in pattern formation, and that silicone decomposed and the pattern was disrupted in long-continued mixings. In addition, excess silicone use disrupted the pattern and decreased the paint brightness.

Research limitations/implications

This research was conducted for hammertone paints, which are industrial and self-patterned aluminium silvered decorative paints. The results can be used for hammertone paint production.

Practical implications

The results will enable manufacturers to produce hammertone paints more economically. Results can be used in the paint industry to produce such paint.

Originality/value

It is crucial to produce high-quality products using less raw materials in today’s industry, where the amount of raw materials is decreasing, and economical and reliable production is becoming increasingly important. When environmental impacts in the solvent-based paint industry are taken into consideration, paint production in shorter times is important for both workers’ and environmental health. As a result of this study, hammertone paints will be produced more economically by appropriate production conditions yet without any energy, raw material and time loss.
Determinants of ICT outsourcing among the locally-owned manufacturers in Malaysia
Authors: Yap Ching Seng , Lim Yet Mee , Jalaludin Farah Waheeda , Lee Teck Heang
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the level of information and communication technology (ICT) outsourcing and its determinants in the Malaysian locally owned manufacturing firms. Drawing on the transaction cost theory and the resource-based theory, four determinants – asset specificity, uncertainty, business skills and technical skills – were hypothesized to influence ICT outsourcing.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected using a questionnaire survey from 104 manufacturing firms listed on the Directory of Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers. Data were then analyzed using R package partial least squares path modeling.

Findings

The study reveals that slightly over two-thirds (68 per cent) of the surveyed manufacturers either fully or partially outsourced their ICT services. Asset specificity and uncertainty are found to be positively related to the level of ICT outsourcing, which contradict the prediction of the transaction cost theory. On the other hand, business skills and technical skills are not significantly related to the level of ICT outsourcing, which also conflict the resource-based arguments.

Research limitations/implications

The small sample size would not be able to make meaningful conclusion for the population; the small R2 value indicates that other important determinants of ICT outsourcing were not tested in this study, and the transaction cost theory and the resource-based theory do not adequately predict the level of ICT outsourcing in the Malaysian locally owned manufacturers.

Originality/value

The study serves as one of the first studies that tested the determinants of ICT outsourcing using the transaction cost theory and the resource-based theory in locally owned manufacturing firms of a developing country.
Analyzing and Interpreting Lime Burials from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939): A Case Study from La Carcavilla Cemetery
Authors: Schotsmans Eline M. J. , García‐Rubio Almudena , Edwards Howell G. M. , Munshi Tasnim , Wilson Andrew S. , Ríos Luis
Published: December 2016

Over 500 victims of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) were buried in the cemetery of La Carcavilla (Palencia, Spain). White material, observed in several burials, was analyzed with Raman spectroscopy and powder XRD, and confirmed to be lime. Archaeological findings at La Carcavilla's cemetery show that the application of lime was used in an organized way, mostly associated with coffinless interments of victims of Francoist repression. In burials with a lime cast, observations made it possible to draw conclusions regarding the presence of soft tissue at the moment of deposition, the sequence of events, and the presence of clothing and other evidence. This study illustrates the importance of analyzing a burial within the depositional environment and taphonomic context.
An Assessment of How Facial Mimicry Can Change Facial Morphology: Implications for Identification
Authors: Gibelli Daniele , De Angelis Danilo , Poppa Pasquale , Sforza Chiarella , Cattaneo Cristina
Published: December 2016

The assessment of facial mimicry is important in forensic anthropology; in addition, the application of modern 3D image acquisition systems may help for the analysis of facial surfaces. This study aimed at exposing a novel method for comparing 3D profiles in different facial expressions. Ten male adults, aged between 30 and 40 years, underwent acquisitions by stereophotogrammetry (VECTRA‐3D®) with different expressions (neutral, happy, sad, angry, surprised). The acquisition of each individual was then superimposed on the neutral one according to nine landmarks, and the root mean square (RMS) value between the two expressions was calculated. The highest difference in comparison with the neutral standard was shown by the happy expression (RMS 4.11 mm), followed by the surprised (RMS 2.74 mm), sad (RMS 1.3 mm), and angry ones (RMS 1.21 mm). This pilot study shows that the 3D–3D superimposition may provide reliable results concerning facial alteration due to mimicry.
Photo‐Realistic Statistical Skull Morphotypes: New Exemplars for Ancestry and Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Caple Jodi , Stephan Carl N.
Published: December 2016

Graphic exemplars of cranial sex and ancestry are essential to forensic anthropology for standardizing casework, training analysts, and communicating group trends. To date, graphic exemplars have comprised hand‐drawn sketches, or photographs of individual specimens, which risks bias/subjectivity. Here, we performed quantitative analysis of photographic data to generate new photo‐realistic and objective exemplars of skull form. Standardized anterior and left lateral photographs of skulls for each sex were analyzed in the computer graphics program Psychomorph for the following groups: South African Blacks, South African Whites, American Blacks, American Whites, and Japanese. The average cranial form was calculated for each photographic view, before the color information for every individual was warped to the average form and combined to produce statistical averages. These mathematically derived exemplars—and their statistical exaggerations or extremes—retain the high‐resolution detail of the original photographic dataset, making them the ideal casework and training reference standards.
The Effectiveness of Trace DNA Profiling—A Comparison Between a U.S. and a U.K. Law Enforcement Jurisdiction
Authors: Bond John W. , Weart Jocelyn R.
Published: December 2016

Recovery, profiling, and speculative searching of trace DNA (not attributable to a body fluid/cell type) over a twelve‐month period in a U.S. Crime Laboratory and U.K. police force are compared. Results show greater numbers of U.S. firearm‐related items submitted for analysis compared with the U.K., where greatest numbers were submitted from burglary or vehicle offenses. U.S. multiple recovery techniques (double swabbing) occurred mainly during laboratory examination, whereas the majority of U.K. multiple recovery techniques occurred at the scene. No statistical difference was observed for useful profiles from single or multiple recovery. Database loading of interpretable profiles was most successful for U.K. items related to burglary or vehicle offenses. Database associations (matches) represented 7.0% of all U.S. items and 13.1% of all U.K. items. The U.K. strategy for burglary and vehicle examination demonstrated that careful selection of both items and sampling techniques is crucial to obtaining the observed results.
Effect of off‐farm income on smallholder commercialization: panel evidence from rural households in Ethiopia
Authors: Woldeyohanes Tesfaye , Heckelei Thomas , Surry Yves
Published: December 2016

This article investigates how off‐farm income affects crop output market participation decisions and marketed surplus of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. A double‐hurdle model is estimated using three waves of panel data from the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey. Unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for using a correlated random effect procedure and potential endogeneity of explanatory variables using a control function approach. The results show that off‐farm income has no significant influence on household crop output market participation. However, conditional on market participation, additional off‐farm earnings negatively affect the marketed surplus. This indicates that farmers use off‐farm earnings for consumption rather than for investment in agricultural production. Policy measures that promote rural investment may help increase returns to labor for land‐poor households participating in off‐farm work in the process of agricultural commercialization.
Mini C‐arm: faster, cheaper, safer?
Authors: Gieroba Tom J. , Williams Nicole , Antoniou Georgia , Cundy Peter J.
Published: December 2016

Background

Mini C‐arm image intensifiers (IIs) are promoted to permit lower radiation dose than traditional IIs with a lower purchase price and without the need for a radiographer, saving time. In real‐world usage, radiation dose is not always lower.

Methods

A retrospective review of prospectively collected data for 620 children undergoing forearm fracture reduction in theatre was undertaken. Imaging was performed with the Fluoroscan mini C‐arm or a comparison traditional II. Radiation dose and theatre time were recorded.

Results

There was no significant difference in radiation dose as measured by dose‐area product (0.013 versus 0.014 Gy.cm2, P = 0.22). We noted an inverse association between operator experience and radiation dose. The mini C‐arm allowed a shorter procedure time (26 versus 30 min, P < 0.001) and theatre time (13 versus 16 min, P < 0.001). Re‐displacement rates were similar (1.3 versus 2.2%). The Fluoroscan is AU$120 000 cheaper to purchase and AU$35 283 cheaper to run per year than the comparison II. Consultants had a 14% lower dose‐area product (0.012 versus 0.014 Gy.cm2, P < 0.001) and 18% shorter screening time (8 versus 9.8 s, P < 0.001) than registrars.

Conclusion

The Fluoroscan mini C‐arm II does not demonstrate a radiation saving during closed reductions of paediatric forearm fractures but allows shorter procedures and theatre time with similar re‐displacement rates. The purchase price is lower than a traditional II. We noted that operator experience reduces radiation dose.
Pre‐service teachers’ intention to adopt mobile learning: A motivational model
Authors: Baydas Ozlem , Yilmaz Rabia M.
Published: December 2016

This study proposes a model for determining preservice teachers’ intentions to adopt mobile learning from a motivational perspective. Data were collected from 276 preservice teachers and analyzed by structural equation modeling. A model capable of explaining 87% of the variance in preservice teachers’ intention to adopt mobile learning was developed. According to this model, preservice teachers’ attitudes and cognitive needs have an influence on their behavioral intention while their affective and social needs do not. Their social needs are influenced by their affective and cognitive needs. In addition, affective needs have an influence on their cognitive needs. Therefore, focusing on mobile learning's practices and their roles in preservice teacher training are important to develop effective ICT course contents.
Teaching and learning logic programming in virtual worlds using interactive microworld representations
Authors: Vosinakis Spyros , Anastassakis George , Koutsabasis Panayiotis
Published: December 2016

Logic Programming (LP) follows the declarative programming paradigm, which novice students often find hard to grasp. The limited availability of visual teaching aids for LP can lead to low motivation for learning. In this paper, we present a platform for teaching and learning Prolog in Virtual Worlds, which enables the visual interpretation and verification of program results in a straightforward fashion and requires students to adopt a collaborative problem‐solving approach. The results of the pilot application and student‐centered evaluation of the platform are encouraging regarding group learning performance and user experience. The paper contributes to current practice of teaching and learning LP by proposing a metaphor and a system that can empower the educational process with toy world examples visualized in a shared 3D environment.
Biphasic effects of propranolol on tumour growth in B16F10 melanoma‐bearing mice
Authors: Maccari Sonia , Buoncervello Maria , Rampin Andrea , Spada Massimo , Macchia Daniele , Giordani Luciana , Stati Tonino , Bearzi Claudia , Catalano Liviana , Rizzi Roberto , Gabriele Lucia , Marano Giuseppe
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose

Propranolol is a vasoactive drug that shows antiangiogenic and antitumour activities in melanoma. However, it is unknown whether these activities are dose‐dependent and whether there is a relationship between systemic vascular effects of propranolol and anti‐melanoma activity.

Experimental Approach

Effects of increasing doses of propranolol (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg·kg−1·day−1) on tumour growth were studied in B16F10 melanoma‐bearing mice. Histological and biochemical analyses were used to assess propranolol effects on angiogenesis and cancer cell proliferation. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was evaluated by measuring cardiac output and arterial BP.

Key Results

In vitro analyses revealed that B16F10 cells expressed β‐adrenoceptors, but neither isoprenaline, a β‐adrenoceptor agonist, nor the β‐blocker propranolol affected cancer cell proliferation. In vivo studies showed that the antitumour efficacy of propranolol follows a U‐shaped biphasic dose–response curve. Low doses (10 and 20 mg·kg−1·day−1) significantly inhibit tumour growth, whereas higher doses are progressively less effective. We also found that high‐dose propranolol stimulates tumour arteriogenesis whereas no effect on angiogenesis was observed at any dose. Based on these data and considering that propranolol is a vasoactive drug, we hypothesized that it causes systemic vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the dose and thus alters tumour perfusion and growth. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that propranolol has a biphasic effect on SVR with low and high doses producing vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively.

Conclusions and Implications

Propranolol inhibits melanoma growth in a U‐shaped biphasic manner. A direct relationship exists between SVR and anti‐melanoma activity.
Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory
Authors: Kuester Adam , Fall Eva , Chang Shu‐Mei , Baucom Regina S.
Published: December 2016

Human‐mediated selection can strongly influence the evolutionary response of natural organisms within ecological timescales. But what traits allow for, or even facilitate, adaptation to the strong selection humans impose on natural systems? Using a combination of laboratory and greenhouse studies of 32 natural populations of the common agricultural weed, Ipomoea purpurea, we show that herbicide‐resistant populations self‐fertilise more than susceptible populations. We likewise show that anther–stigma distance, a floral trait associated with self‐fertilisation in this species, exhibits a nonlinear relationship with resistance such that the most and least resistant populations exhibit lower anther–stigma separation compared to populations with moderate levels of resistance. Overall, our results extend the general finding that plant mating can be impacted by human‐mediated agents of selection to that of the extreme selection of the agricultural system. This work highlights the influence of human‐mediated selection on rapid responses of natural populations that can lead to unexpected long‐term evolutionary consequences.
Sequestration of nematocysts by divergent cnidarian predators: mechanism, function, and evolution
Authors: Goodheart Jessica A. , Bely Alexandra E.
Published: December 2016

Animals have evolved diverse mechanisms to protect themselves from predators. Although such defenses are typically generated endogenously, some species have evolved the ability to acquire defenses by sequestering defensive chemicals or structures from other species. Chemical sequestration is widespread among animals, but the ability to sequester entire structures, such as organelles, appears to be rare. Here, we review information on the sequestration of functional nematocysts, the stinging organelles produced by Cnidaria, by divergent predators. Nematocyst sequestration has evolved multiple times, having been documented in Ctenophora, Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca. For each of these phyla, we review the phylogenetic distribution, mechanisms, and possible functions of nematocyst sequestration. We estimate that nematocyst sequestration has evolved 9–17 times across these four phyla. Although data on the mechanism of sequestration remain limited, similarities across several groups are evident. For example, in multiple groups, nematocysts are transported within cells from the gut to peripheral tissues, and certain types of nematocysts are selectively sequestered over others, suggesting convergent evolution in some aspects of the sequestration process across phyla. Similarly, although the function of nematocyst sequestration has not been well documented, several studies do suggest that the nematocysts sequestered by these groups are effective for defense. We highlight several traits that are common to Ctenophora, Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca and suggest hypotheses for how these traits could have played a role in the evolution of nematocyst sequestration. Finally, we propose a generalized working model for the steps that may lead to the evolution of nematocyst sequestration and discuss important areas for future research.
Effectiveness of collagen/oxidised regenerated cellulose/silver‐containing composite wound dressing for the treatment of medium‐depth split‐thickness skin graft donor site wounds in multi‐morbid patients: a prospective, non‐comparative, single‐centre study
Authors: Konstantinow Alexander , Fischer Tatjana V , Ring Johannes
Published: December 2016

Split‐thickness skin grafting (STSG) is a widely used method in reconstructive surgery, but donor site wounds (DSWs) are often slow healing and painful. This prospective study evaluated the performance of a composite wound dressing containing collagen/oxidised regenerated cellulose in the treatment of medium‐depth (0·4 mm) DSWs in 25 multi‐morbid patients with chronic leg ulcers requiring STSG. The range of patients' ages was 44–84 years (mean 71·6 years) with DSW sizes ranging between 12 and 162 cm2 (mean 78 cm2). Comorbidities included anticoagulation therapy (15 patients), anaemia (11 patients), diabetes (6 patients) and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ulcer colonisation (6 patients). The first dressing change was performed after 10 days. Complete reepithelialisation was observed between the 10th and 34th day (mean 17·2, median 14 days). Postoperative medium to strong bleeding occurred in only five patients (four with anticoagulation). Wound pain levels one day after harvesting were only moderate (range 0–1·5, mean 0·5, median 0·5 on a six‐item scale). No wound infection was observed during the first dressing. The composite dressing used allowed for the fast healing of medium‐depth DSWs with minimal or no postoperative pain and bleeding in older multi‐morbid patients under anticoagulation treatment.
Effects of release procedures on the primary stress response and post‐release survival and growth of hatchery‐reared spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus
Authors: Guest T. W. , Rakocinski C. F. , Evans A. N. , Blaylock R. B.
Published: December 2016

To help explain the apparent poor post‐release success of hatchery‐reared (HR) spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, this study examined the effects of handling, transport and release procedures on the stress response of two age classes [48 and 80 day post‐hatch (dph)] of HR C. nebulosus, as measured by cortisol concentrations and the post‐release survival and growth of 48 and 80 dph HR C. nebulosus. As a proxy for stress, tissue cortisol was measured at various times during the handling, tagging (80 dph), transport, acclimation and release process. To consider the implications of the pre‐release stressors, growth and survival were monitored in separate field experiments for each age class of acclimated post‐transport C. nebulosus using control C. nebulosus that only experienced anaesthesia, transport, acclimation and a net release v. experimental C. nebulosus that underwent the entire routine procedure, including anaesthesia, tagging, transport, acclimation and gravity release through a pipe. For 48 dph C. nebulosus, mean cortisol varied significantly throughout handling and transport, increasing more than six‐fold from controls before decreasing in mean concentration just prior to release. For 80 dph C. nebulosus, cortisol varied throughout handling, tagging and transport, first increasing more than three‐fold compared with control C. nebulosus, before decreasing and rising slightly just prior to release. For 48 dph C. nebulosus within field enclosures, survival was high and similar for control and experimental groups; experimental C. nebulosus, however, were shorter, lighter and lower in condition than control C. nebulosus. For 80 dph C. nebulosus within field enclosures, fewer experimental C. nebulosus survived and those that did survive were of lower condition than C. nebulosus from the control group. Small untagged C. nebulosus may survive the release procedure better than larger C. nebulosus carrying a coded‐wire tag. These findings document some ways in which pre‐release practices may translate into detrimental effects on post‐release success of HR C. nebulosus.
Occupational Violence and Aggression Experienced by Nursing and Caring Professionals
Authors: Shea Tracey , Sheehan Cathy , Donohue Ross , Cooper Brian , De Cieri Helen
Published: December 2016

Purpose

To examine the extent and source of occupational violence and aggression (OVA) experienced by nursing and caring professionals. This study also examines the relative contributions of demographic characteristics and workplace and individual safety factors in predicting OVA.

Design

A cross‐sectional study design with data collected using an online survey of employees in the nursing and caring professions in Victoria, Australia.

Methods

Survey data collected from 4,891 members of the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (Victorian branch) were analyzed using logistic regression.

Findings

Sixty‐seven percent of respondents reported experiencing OVA in the preceding 12 months, with nearly 20% experiencing OVA on a weekly or daily basis. The dominant sources of OVA were patients (79%) or relatives of patients (48%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that respondents working in public hospitals and aged care facilities were more likely to experience OVA, compared to those working in other workplaces. While higher levels of safety compliance reduced the likelihood of experiencing OVA, role overload and workplace safety factors such as prioritization of employee safety and leading indicators of occupational health and safety were stronger predictors.

Conclusions

The likelihood of healthcare workers experiencing OVA varies across demographic and workplace characteristics. While some demographic characteristics and individual safety factors were significant predictors, our results suggest that a greater reduction in OVA could be achieved by improving workplace safety.

Clinical Relevance

The study's outcomes identify workforce segments that are most vulnerable to OVA. The study also highlights workplace safety factors such as the prioritization of employee safety that might assist in the reduction of OVA.
A review on antiviral activity of the Himalayan medicinal plants traditionally used to treat bronchitis and related symptoms
Authors: Amber Rahila , Adnan Muhammad , Tariq Akash , Mussarat Sakina
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Bronchitis is a common respiratory tract infection of humans mainly caused by influenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus. The aim of this review was to gather fragmented literature on ethnomedicinal plants used against bronchitis in the Himalayan region and their in-vitro validation against bronchitis causing viral pathogens.

Key findings

Present review contains ethnomedicines of total 55 plants from different countries of the Himalayas. Most of the literature reported was from India followed by Pakistan, China and Nepal. Familiarly used plant families for bronchitis treatment in the Himalayan region were Leguminosae (six plants) and Lamiaceae (five plants). Leaves and roots were the most common parts used in ethnomedicines against bronchitis. Of these 55 plants, only six plants have been studied in vitro against viral pathogens causing bronchitis. Different compounds like monoterpenoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, sesquiterpenes, benzoic and phenolic compounds were reportedly isolated from these plant extracts having strong antiviral potential.

The Himalayan regions possess variety of ethnomedicinal plants used against respiratory diseases, but still there are only few studies related with their in-vitro validation. We invite the attention of researchers for detailed ethnopharmacological and phytochemical studies on unexplored plants used to treat bronchitis for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
Secondary prophylaxis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the comparison of direct‐acting antivirals with pegylated interferon and untreated cohort
Authors: Vukotic R. , Di Donato R. , Conti F. , Scuteri A. , Serra C. , Andreone P.
Published: December 2016

During the past two decades, several studies showed reduced rates of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in patients with HCV‐related cirrhosis after interferon‐based antiviral therapies respect to untreated controls, even without reaching viral clearance. The recent development of new all‐oral regimens with direct‐acting antivirals has radically improved the therapeutic management of hepatitis C. Nevertheless, paradoxical, or at least unexpected, high rates of both occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after a treatment with direct‐acting antivirals, have been reported in the recent literature. These findings generated a strong rebound in the hepatology community and are at present still controversial. We sought to compare the hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence‐free survival of a historical cohort treated with pegylated interferon/ribavirin and an untreated cohort with a cohort treated with direct‐acting antivirals.
Repeated Famotidine Administration Results in a Diminished Effect on Intragastric pH in Dogs
Authors: Tolbert M.K. , Graham A. , Odunayo A. , Price J. , Steiner J.M. , Newkirk K. , Hecht S.
Published: December 2016

Background

Famotidine is an acid suppressant commonly administered to dogs. Prolonged famotidine use in people results in decreased efficacy, but the effect in dogs is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the effect of repeated oral administration of famotidine or placebo on intragastric pH and serum gastrin in dogs. We hypothesized that famotidine would have a diminished effect on intragastric pH on day 13 compared to day 1.

Animals

Six healthy adult colony Beagles.

Methods

Randomized, 2‐factor repeated‐measures crossover design. All dogs received oral placebo or 1.0 mg/kg famotidine q12h for 14 consecutive days. Intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH on treatment days 1–2 and 12–13. Mean pH as well as mean percentage time (MPT) that intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 were compared between and within groups by analysis of variance. Serum gastrin was measured on days 0, 3, and 12 for each treatment.

Results

Continued administration of famotidine resulted in a significant decrease in mean pH, MPT ≥3, and MPT ≥4 (P < .0001) on day 12 and 13. This resulted in a mean decrease in pH by 1.63 on days 12 and 13 compared to days 1 and 2. Furthermore, a mean decrease of MPT ≥3 and MPT ≥4 by 33 and 45% was observed for the same time period, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Continued administration of famotidine results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in dogs. Caution is advised when recommending long‐term, daily oral administration of famotidine to dogs.
Blood Pressure Measurements in 780 Apparently Healthy Cats
Authors: Payne J.R. , Brodbelt D.C. , Luis Fuentes V.
Published: December 2016

Background

Mean systolic blood pressure in apparently healthy cats has been reported as approximately 125 mmHg using direct assessment, but there is greater variability in reported values using indirect assessment. Increasing age and the white‐coat effect are associated with increased systolic blood pressure.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To report Doppler‐derived blood pressure measurements from a large population of apparently healthy cats and to assess epidemiologic factors associated with recorded blood pressures.

Animals

A total of 780 cats in rehoming centers enrolled in a screening program for heart murmurs and cardiac disease.

Methods

Cats were considered healthy based on history and physical examination. Cats with known hypertension, hyperthyroidism, or clinical signs of systemic disease and pregnant or nursing queens were excluded. After an acclimatization period, systolic blood pressure was measured using the Doppler sphygmomanometry method following the recommendations of theACVIMConsensus Statement. General linear model analysis was performed to identify factors associated with variation in systolic blood pressure.

Results

Median (interquartile range,IQR) systolic blood pressure for the group was 120.6 (110.4–132.4) mmHg. Factors significantly associated with higher systolic blood pressure in a general linear model were increased age, increased nervousness, male sex, neutering, or history of being a stray. The model explained 29.2% of the variation in systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The age, demeanor, sex, neuter status and history of being a stray should be taken into account when assessing systolic blood pressure in apparently healthy cats.
A different kind of ecological modelling: the use of clay model organisms to explore predator–prey interactions in vertebrates
Authors: Bateman P. W. , Fleming P. A. , Wolfe A. K.
Published: December 2016

We review the use of clay models to explore questions about predation rates on small vertebrate taxa that are typically difficult to observe directly. The use of models has a relatively long history and we examine the range of taxa studied, which includes squamate reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds. Within this review, we have also included studies of model eggs, which are used in nest predation studies. We review the questions that have been asked and the interpretations arising from the data. The use of clay model animals has provided us with insights into how differences in prey morphology, size, and colour influence the rate at which they are attacked by predators. This allows us insights into the ecological, behavioural and evolutionary selective pressures of different predators on small vertebrate prey, including analysis of what characteristics predators target and how predators approach their prey (e.g. which part of the body is attacked). Further available interpretations include how regional and habitat variation influences predation events on models. We also briefly discuss the potential for clay models to study interspecific sociality and competition. Finally, we review the problems and limitations with the method and make some suggestions for further studies and amendments to help standardize this creative tool for ecological research.