bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common sense: making use of the sense of touch
Authors: Kilcoyne Anne
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the implications of a movement programme for the visually impaired which has been developed by Touchdown Dance. This company is geared to extending mobility and improving gait and posture through dance work based on 'contact improvisation', an influential contemporary dance form
The European Community and Britain's visually impaired citizens
Authors: Cooper Steven , Peters Jane
Published: March 2007

Despite twenty years of British membership of the European Community (EC), considerable uncer tainty still remains about the nature and workings of the Community, Britain's role within it and the potential benefits that the Community offers to its citizens. This paper will attempt to sketch an outline of the European Community, highlighting, with illustrative examples, its impact on visually impaired people in Britain and Europe.
Fine nets and stratagems: some present and future opportunities
Authors: Leach Allan
Published: March 2007

The following paper was presented by the author at the Second International Conference on Library Services to Visually Impaired Persons 1994 - and will also be published by Ulverscroft in the report of the complete conference proceedings. Changes in telecommunications, printing and computing prac tices are seen as leading to new delivery systems for all book and information users, whether visually impaired or not. Future developments will accelerate change and could greatly extend available services. They may also lead to a source of finance for a complete new system.
How the approach of guiding the hands of the visually impaired child can disturb his opportunity to build up strategies for tactile orientation
Authors: Nielsen Lilli
Published: March 2007

When a sighted person wants to show an object or an environment to a child or an adult who is visually impaired, the sighted person often uses the approach of guiding the child's or the adult's hands over the surface of the object or from one specific spot in the environment to another.

The person who is visually impaired seems to dislike being exposed to this approach. Even the infant who is blind reacts with disappointment or by withdrawing his hands. Is this reaction just an emotional protest or should it rather be seen as the child trying to protect his cognitive abilities?
Gaining Access to Employment Opportunities
Authors: Tillsley Christine
Published: March 2007

Work plays a central role in life, not only as a source of income but also as a means of gaining a sense of personal identity and sustaining status and self-respect. Yet the majority of disabled people are excluded from paid work and are therefore unable to access either the economic or social benefits it affords. An estimated three out of four visually impaired people of working age are neither in employment nor in a position to access the opportunities it can offer. In Summer 1996, as part of a study investigating access to employment amongst people with vision problems, the RNIB conducted a survey of 60 individuals who had previously been interviewed in the RNIB surveys of adults and children (Bruce et al 1991; Walker et at 1992)1, 3 . This article presents the main findings of this follow-up survey and explores the ways in which access to employment for visually impaired people could be improved.
Coping with the National Curriculum in Modern Foreign Languages: An equal opportunities issue? (Part Two of Two)
Authors: Gray Carol , Gray Carol
Published: March 2007

In the concluding half of her article on access by visually impaired children to modem language teaching (continued from BJVI 15.1 pp. 10-14) Carol Gray explores data from the questionnaire dealing with staff qualifications, levels of in-class support for integrated pupils, attitudes to language teaching and learning, information technology and opportunities for travel before questioning whether or not there are equal opportunities.
Towards Access and Equity: The Education of Students with Visual Impairment in New Zealand
Authors: Nagel Gwen
Published: March 2007

This Paper reports on the educational services for students with visual impairment in New Zealand. Data shows that there are 1,139 early childhood and school students of whom four percent are Braille users and 40% have multiple needs. The Government's recently implemented special education policy is outlined, together with spedalist educational provision for students with visual Impairment Issues and trends relating to inclusive education, the parentiprofessional partnership and advocacy, early intervention, students with multiple special needs, services for the Maori population, training and technology are explored.
A Comparison of Emotional Consequences of and Changes in Equity Over Time Using Global and Domain-Specific Measures of Equity
Authors: Sprecher Susan
Published: March 2007

A sample of romantic partners completed several measures of perceived equity in regard to their relationship, at multiple times over almost five years. Three of the measures were one-item global assessments and one measure was detailed and based on Foa and Foa's (1974) classification of resources. The measures were compared on descriptive properties (e.g., percentage of participants who chose the equity category), their degree of association with the other equity measures, and the results obtained for two research questions: What is the association between equity/inequity and specific emotional reactions? How does equity change with the passage of time? The major findings were that partners tended to agree in their perceptions of equity, inequity was more common in the domain of money than in other resource areas, equity in the service domain was more highly associated with overall equity judgments for both men and women than was equity in other relationship domains, underbenefiting inequity but not overbenefiting inequity was associated with overall distress experienced as a result of exchange, and perceptions of equity remained generally stable over time. Although the different equity measures yielded some different findings, there were more similarities than differences.
'He was Our Child from the Moment We Walked in that Room': Entrance Stories of Adoptive Parents
Authors: Krusiewicz Erin Shank , Wood Julia T.
Published: March 2007

Adoptive parents engage in a complicated process of weaving entrance stories that construct the meaning of how their children were born, separated from birth parents, and integrated into their adoptive families. To understand adoptive parents' entrance stories, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 adoptive parents. Thematic analysis revealed five interactive themes that resonate in the entrance stories told by adoptive parents: dialectical tensions, destiny, compelling connection, rescue, and legitimacy. In concert, these themes create coherent accounts that affirm adopted children and adoption as a valid way of enlarging families.
Aggressive Children's Perceptions of Behaviorally Similar Peers: The Influence of One's Own Behavioral Characteristics on Perceptions of Deviant Peers
Authors: White Karen J. , Rubin Elizabeth C. , Graczyk Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Students (grades 3, 7, and 10) classified as aggressive, withdrawn, or nondeviant responded to descriptions of four types of hypothetical male peers: aggressive (AG), withdrawn (WD), aggressive-withdrawn (AW), and neutral (NEU). Aggressive students were more likely to report that they would include the AG peer in social activities than did the withdrawn and nondeviant children. Similarly, the aggressive group had fewer negative affective responses to the AG peer stimuli than did the nonaggressive groups. Findings were consistent with other researchers' assertions that aggressive students evidence a self-serving bias in evaluations of their competence and a tendency to discount their role in aggressive exchanges. Within-subject differences revealed that, on some dimensions, aggressive children made fewer distinctions among the deviant hypothetical peers than did nondeviant and withdrawn children. Results are discussed in terms of how similarities between the perceiver and target can inform both research and clinical efforts to modify children's emotional and behavioral reactions to deviant peers.
Laypersons' Conceptions of Social Relationships: A Test of Contract Theory
Authors: Kayser Egon , Schwinger Thomas , Cohen Ronald L.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to test three hypotheses derived from contract theory concerning laypersons' conceptions of social relationships. Data collected in a questionnaire administered to male and female university students at one West German university and one college in the United States provided evidence for distinctions among three relationship types: loving or caring relationships, friend or associate relationships, and work relationships. Each relationship type is distinguished from the others on the basis of a relatively unique configuration of three characteristic features: affective climate, the primary goal (and profile of subsidiary goals) of participants, and the relative importance of various resources exchanged in the relationship. The evidence also suggests that individuals possess similar configurations in conceptualizing social relationships in various types of small groups and social relations in various spheres of institutionally organized social activity. No significant sex or nationality differences were observed.
Attributions Associated with Significant Turning Points in Premarital Relationship Development and Dissolution
Authors: Lloyd Sally A. , Cate Rodney M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe attributions about significant changes in involvement level during the course of permarital relationship development and dissolution. The Retrospective Interview Technique (RIT) (Fitzgerald & Surra, 1981) was employed to reconstruct, for 100 individuals, the history of serious, heterosexual, romantic relationships that had dissolved within the last twelve months. The average length of such relationships was 15.70 months. In all, 1,988 attributions were made concerning 797 significant turning points in these relationships. The attributions broke down as follows: 43 percent dyadic, 30 percent individual, 15 percent network, 12 percent circumstantial. Chi-square tests were conducted to test whether the distribution of the four types of attributions varied as a function of (1) stage of the relationship, (2) sign and magnitude of the change in the relationship, (3) gender and (4) initiator of the breakup of the relationship. Results indicate significant differences in the distributions of attributions for all four of these breakdowns. Discussion centres around the role of attributions in relationship development versus dissolution and around gender differences in romantic relationships.
Interpersonal Congruency Theory Revisited: A Revision and Extension
Authors: Backman Carl W.
Published: March 2007

While the basic premise of interpersonal congruency theory - that stability and change in persons' behaviour are a function of stability and change in their relations with others - remains tenable, a number of modifications to this approach to personality seem warranted. The theory suffered from an overemphasis on the effects of the views of others on the self and on the role of various congruency-producing processes in maintaining stability while neglecting their role in self-creation and change. Furthermore, the focus was on the individual's unilateral attempt to maintain congruency rather than on viewing the resulting relationship and the identities therein as unique products of both partners' attempts to create, maintain and at times change themselves and the character of their relationship. The revised theory rectifies those defects and places greater emphasis on self presentation and altercasting. Both of these processes are given expanded meaning and are viewed as occurring in the conduct of both partners and in their conversations. A number of new lines of research are suggested by this reformulation, including further work on these two processes and on role selection and portrayal as well as on the dynamics of problematic identities.
Accepting Advice: A Modifier of Social Support's Effect on Well-Being
Authors: Tripathi Rama C. , Caplan Robert D. , Naidu R.K.
Published: March 2007

Advice is not always wanted or correct. Nevertheless, it is sometimes difficult for the provider of advice to judge the quality of advice. Giving recipients the freedom to reject advice (and reducing their feeling of being obliged to accept it) may increase the chances that other forms of intended aid, such as social support, will continue to be accepted and to have beneficial effects on well-being. This may be particularly the case in obligatory relationships, such as between parent and child or between supervisor and subordinate compared to voluntary relationships, such as among friends. These hypotheses were tested with a cross-sectional survey design which gathered self-report questionnaire data from 207 university students facing the stress of annual examinations in India. The findings support the hypotheses. Evidence is presented which suggests that the freedom to reject advice is particularly important in obligatory relationships because the donor and recipient of advice are likely to differ in their diagnosis of the cause of problems. Attention is given to the costs and benefits which the advice-giver may incur by encouraging the recipient to feel free to reject advice.
Symbols of Relationship Identity in Relationship Cultures
Authors: Baxter Leslie A.
Published: March 2007

Relationships are unique mini-cultures in which the parties construct meaning systems in a variety of ways, including ritual enactments, stories and symbols. This study examines the content features and functions of the symbols by which relationship parties identify their relationships. A group of 108 randomly selected respondents from a university population was interviewed with regard to the relationship symbols for either a romantic relationship or a friendship relationship. Results indicated a total of 499 symbols which were distributed among five basic forms: behavioural actions, prior events/times, physical objects, special places and cultural artefacts. These types differed in their perceived importance, with Places and Events/Times perceived as the most important. Respondents attributed nine substantive functions to their relationship symbols, the most frequent of which were prompting recollection, indicating intimacy, promoting communion, providing stimulation/fun and affording seclusion from others. Romantic and friendship relationships did not differ in the quantity, valence, importance or functional richness of their respective relationship symbols; however, romantic relationships were more likely to have physical object symbols, whereas friendships were more likely to have behavioural action and event/time symbols. Relationship closeness was positively correlated with symbol valence, importance and functional richness. Females reported their relationship symbols to be more positive, more multi-functional and somewhat more important than the relationship symbols that males reported.
Person Perception of Type As and Type Bs: A Round Robin Analysis
Authors: DiPilato Marina , West Stephen G. , Chartier George M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the perceptions that others have of the interpersonal style and behaviors of Type As and Type Bs. Fifteen groups of six college males (three of each type) who were acquainted with each other were asked to rate themselves and the other members of the group on six Type A-related adjectives and other exploratory personality dimensions. The round robin design used in this study permitted a full analysis of the factors which affect person perception. It was found that Type As rated both Type As and Type Bs higher on the six Type A-related, but not on other adjectives.
The Politics of Intimacy: Costs and Benefits Determining Disclosure Intimacy in Male-Female Dyads
Authors: Cline Rebecca J. Welch
Published: March 2007

A review of previous research suggested a three-way interaction effect between gender of discloser, locus of evaluation of discloser and partner in influencing disclosure intimacy. A social exchange model predicted the specific structure of the interaction. Application of the model yielded four distinct theoretical intimacy investment levels. Fifty five males and fifty-five females responded to the locus of evaluation questionnaire and completed the Davis (1976) acquaintance exercise in male-female dyads. Using a median-split method, participants were labelled as internal or external evaluators. Results provided support for the predicted interaction effect and for the social exchange model. Results are discussed in terms of social exchange theory and the costs and benefits of intimacy, power and their intersection in the development of close relationships between women and men.
Consensus and the Domain of Personal Relations among Older Adults
Authors: Albert Steven M. , Moss Miriam
Published: March 2007

A sample of older men and women (n = 225) ranked a set of qualitative attributes of personal relations according to their degree of characterization of interaction with friends and relatives. Following the consensus methodology of Romney et al. (1986), each respondent ranking, or profile, was correlated with every other ranking to see how much respondents `correlate' with one another, yielding a measure of consensus in thinking about personal relationships. Although degree of consensus did not differ significantly across sex-marital groups, the mental health correlates of consensus differed between men and women, providing partial support for gender-linked differences in interpersonal culture.
Recipient Reactions to Social Support: Contributions of Enacted Support, Conflicted Support and Network Orientation
Authors: Barrera Manuel , Baca Louise M.
Published: March 2007

There is a need for a greater understanding of factors that influence individuals' satisfaction with social support. Theory and research on recipient reactions to aid guided the selection of variables for this study and its hypotheses. Results for seventy-eight mental health outpatients indicated that network orientation, conflicted support and enacted support had significant unique effects on support satisfaction. When psychological distress was the criterion, network orientation was a significant predictor, but its effect was not mediated by support satisfaction. The discussion focused on how network orientation, conflicted support and enacted support add to our understanding of recipient reactions to support.
Attachment Styles, Gender and Parental Problem Drinking
Authors: Brennan Kelly A. , Shaver Phillip R. , Tobey Ann E.
Published: March 2007

Bartholomew's (1990) four-category typology of adult attachment styles was compared with Hazan & Shaver's (1987) three-category typology in terms of three substantive issues. First, the same two dimensions were found to underlie both typologies, and the Bartholomew and Hazan & Shaver measures corresponded as predicted. Second, there were no gender differences on Hazan & Shaver's measure, in line with previous studies, but there were gender differences on Bartholomew's measure, especially in her two avoidant categories. More males than females were dismissing avoidants; more females than males were fearful avoidants. Third, a hypothesis advanced by Latty-Mann & Davis (1988) was confirmed. Adult children of alcoholics scored high on both avoidant and anxious-ambivalent scales of Hazan & Shaver's measure, and fell predominantly into Bartholomew's fearful-avoidant category, suggesting that at least some fearful adults are grown-up versions of the `disorganized, disoriented' children identified by Crittenden (1988) and by Main & Solomon (1990). These children are more common in families troubled by parental alcoholism, depression or abuse.
Optimism about Love Relationships: General vs Specific Lessons from One's Personal Experiences
Authors: Carnelley Katherine B. , Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: March 2007

Experiences with love in one's family of origin (between parent and child and between parents) and in recent romantic involvements were explored to understand better people's optimism about their success in intimate relationships. Two types of optimism were distinguished: optimism about future relationships in general, and optimism about marriage in particular. Experiences in own dating relationships predicted respondents' optimism about future love relationships, whereas one's parents' relationship with each other predicted optimism about marriage. Fourth-year college students' optimism judgments were more influenced by their own experiences in intimate relationships than were first-year students' judgments. It appears that specific lessons from personal experience are applied selectively to judgments about our success in intimate relationships. More general beliefs about relationships, measured through attachment style, seem to be broadly applied, for attachment style was associated with both types of optimism. Relationship with parents did not directly predict either type of optimism, yet the mother-child relationship emerged as the most powerful predictor of attachment style, suggesting the fundamental importance of our earliest experiences to our generalized relationship schemas.
Linking Love and Lies: A Formal Test of the Mccornack and Parks Model of Deception Detection
Authors: Levine Timothy R. , McCornack Steven A.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a replication and extension of the McCornack & Parks model of relational deception detection which argued that the association between relational involvement and accuracy in detecting deception is mediated by judgmental confidence and truth-bias; and that relational involvement, confidence, truth-bias and accuracy form a causal chain. Recent research testing some of these links has yielded results which cast doubt upon the validity of the model. Moreover, research examining suspicion has raised questions concerning the generalizability of the model across various levels of aroused suspicion. The present study represents the first rigorous path-analytic test of the model, as well as a test of the model's generalizability. Testing the model in a sample of ninety romantically involved couples, this study found unqualified support for the model as it was originally specified. In addition, the model seems to be generalizable across levels of aroused suspicion. The implications of the model for research on relationships are discussed.
Parental Divorce, Family Conflict and Friendship Networks
Authors: Jones Diane Carlson
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between parental divorce, family conflict and characteristics of the friendship network. It also evaluates the contributions of family and network characteristics to the prediction of friendship satisfaction and loneliness. College students from divorced ( n = 113) and intact families ( n = 96) reported on the friendship network characteristics (size, affective experiences and supportive behaviors), family conflict, friendship satisfaction and loneliness. The results indicate that the experience of parental divorce has limited effect on the characteristics and functioning of the friendship network. The more important developmental experience is that of family conflict since higher levels of family conflict appear to compromise network size and the affective quality of the friendships and to heighten the experience of loneliness. The pattern of results also supports a mediational model of the impact of family experiences on friendship satisfaction. This study demonstrates the importance of considering both past familial experiences and the characteristics of the network in order to understand the current functioning of close personal relationships.
Ties that Bind: Three Studies of Obligation in Adult Relationships with Family
Authors: Stein Catherine H.
Published: March 2007

This article reports three exploratory studies that describe aspects of obligation in ongoing relationships with family. Using independent samples of young married couples and single, college-age adults, five dimensions of felt obligation were identified as expectations for appropriate behavior about: (1) family contact and participation in family ritual; (2) assistance; (3) conflict avoidance; (4) self-sufficiency; and (5) personal sharing in specific relationships with kin. Initial evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established for the felt obligation measure. Gender differences in felt obligation dimensions were found across studies with women generally reporting higher levels of obligation than did men. Felt obligation differed as a function of kinrole relationship (i.e. parents and in-laws, mother, father) across the three studies. Among married couples, felt obligation towards parents was related to higher levels of psychological symptomatology, depression and neuroticism for men but were not significantly related to mental health scores for women. The usefulness of the concept of felt obligation in the study of adult family relationships is discussed.
Atiachment Style and Heterosexual Relationships among Young Adults: A Short-Term Panel Study
Authors: Keelan J. Patrick R. , Dion Kenneth L. , Dion Karen K.
Published: March 2007

We investigated whether the relationship advantages reported for individuals with a secure attachment style persisted over a 4-month time period. The temporal stability of two self-report measures of attachment style was also investigated. `Secures' reported consistent levels of relationship satisfaction, relationship costs, relationship commitment, trust for their partners. `Insecures' (i.e. avoidants and anxious/ambivalents) reported decreasing levels of satisfaction, commitment and trust along with increasing relationship costs. Insecurely attached individuals from ended relationships characterized their relationships more negatively than insecures from intact relationships. Both self-report measures of attachment style were characterized by considerable short-term temporal stability.
Commitment to Dating Relationships and Cross-Sex Friendships in America and China
Authors: Lin Yuan-Huei W. , Rusbult Caryl E.
Published: March 2007

A cross-sectional survey study examined commitment processes in the dating relationships and cross-sex friendships of young adults residing in the United States or Taiwan. Feelings of commitment were stronger in relationships with greater satisfaction, poorer quality alternatives, greater investment size and greater centrality of relationship. However, there was little evidence that commitment was influenced by normative support for a relationship. The relationship between commitment and satisfaction was stronger for dating relationships than for friendships, as was the relationship between commitment and alternatives. Dispositions appeared to affect commitment primarily in indirect ways. For example, self-esteem, psychological femininity and perspective-taking were associated with features of interdependence such as perceived alternative quality or willingness to invest, which in turn were related to feelings of commitment. Finally, Americans reported weaker commitment than would be expected given other features of their interdependence with partners. The port and extend the generalizability of Rusbult's investment model.
Sex, Self-Esteem, Dependency and Extradyadic Sexual Experience as Related to Jealousy Responses
Authors: Buunk Bram P.
Published: March 2007

A study of a heterogeneous sample of 250 mostly married individuals examined the impact of sex, self-esteem, emotional dependency and extradyadic sexual experience upon betrayal-anger, disappointment and self-doubt as responses to extradyadic sexual behavior of the partner. Women scored higher in self-doubt and disappointment than men, but not in betrayal-anger. When the other variables were included as independent variables, women showed still more self-doubt than men when their partner committed adultery, and this was especially true for women of low self-esteem. Emotional dependency and one's own extradyadic sexual experience reduced all jealousy responses, whereas previous experience with adultery of the partner had a mitigating effect upon disappointment, especially among women. It is concluded that in general neither men nor women can be said to be more jealous, but that among women self-doubt and adaptation to the partner's adultery is a quite common pattern.
Personal Relationships as a Skilled Accomplishment
Authors: Burleson Brant R.
Published: March 2007

This article pursues some implications of viewing personal relationships as a skilled accomplishment. It suggests that the social skills through which people conduct their relationship can be an integrative focus for research, sketches an approach to social skills grounded in a functional analysis of personal relationships, and describes how this type of analysis can be coupled with a `doubly developmental' model of relationship change.
Research into Relationship Research Designs: Personal Relationships Under the Microscope
Authors: de Jong Gierveld Jenny
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates several characteristics of population sampling frames, sampling procedures and sample size as normally used in articles published in the JSPR. Limitations of the logic-in-use are discussed and several recommendations for future paths are suggested.
Understanding the Co-Occurrence of Marital Distress and Depression in Women
Authors: Assh S. Donna , Byers E. Sandra
Published: March 2007

This study investigated factors related to the co-occurrence of marital distress and depression using a community-based sample of 128 women. Marital distress and depression were assessed at two levels of analysis: the global level and the level of daily marital satisfaction and dysphoric mood. Low rates of pleasing and high rates of displeasing marital exchanges were related to daily dysphoric mood and marital dissatisfaction as well as to global marital distress and depression. Marital exchanges were also related to both marital distress and depression at both levels of analysis when each disorder was considered separately. However, the association between depression and the quality of marital exchanges was accounted for by the degrees of marital distress. The quality of non-familial social interactions was not related to the co-occurrence of marital distress and depression. Overall, these findings suggest that, in women, the co-occurrence of marital distress and depression reflects the specific effects of marital exchanges. Dysfunctional beliefs were found to be common to both global marital distress and depression. Some evidence was found for some specificity in the maladaptive beliefs associated with marital distress and depressive symptomatology. Implications for further research are discussed.
Parenting as a Generator of Adult Development: Conceptual Issues and Implications
Authors: Palkovitz Rob
Published: March 2007

Professionals and laypersons frequently state that the transition to parenthood and engagement in parental roles set parents on strikingly different life-course trajectories than they would have experienced if they had never raised children. Specialists in life-span development and family studies discuss parenthood as though it is causally related to observed changes. However, while some theories and a handful of empirical studies have outlined differences between parents and non-parents, there is great need for further conceptualization in this area before empirical evidence can be marshalled to support or refute the contention that parenting is causally related to development. This paper synthesizes theory and empirical evidence from the fields of life-span development and family studies in an effort to further our understanding of the relationships between parenting and adult development.
Generating Reciprocity with Conduct Problem Children and their Mothers: The Effectiveness of Compliance Teaching and Responsive Parenting
Authors: Wahler Robert G. , Bellamy Allen
Published: March 2007

Two conduct problem boys and their mothers participated in parent-training interventions focussed on compliance teaching and responsive parenting. After baseline observations at home and in a clinic playroom, the two interventions were scheduled separately in alternating phases such that each occurred twice. Compared to their baseline behavior, the children showed increased compliance with their mothers during either intervention. The children also showed other patterns of prosocial reciprocity when their mothers were engaged in responsive parenting. These findings are discussed within a theoretical framework describing the relationship enhancing properties of interactional synchrony.
An Exploratory Study of Grandparents' and Stepgrandparents' Financial Obligations to Grandchildren and Stepgrandchildren
Authors: Ganong Lawrence H. , Coleman Marilyn
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine beliefs about intergenerational financial responsibilities between (step)-grandparents and (step)grandchildren. Two hundred women and 116 men responded to questions about hypothetical characters in multi-paragraph vignettes. Perceived obligations to assist a (step)grandchild pay for music schooling did not differ for grandparents and stepgrandparents. Divorce and remarriage of the middle generation did not affect grandparents' perceived obligations, but they did change perceptions about stepgrandparents' obligations to help. Stepgrandparents were no longer seen as obligated to assist following divorce and remarriage. The financial status of the oldest generation, prior commitments to assist, quality of the relationships, and mutual agreement between all family members were among the considerations that affected perceptions of intergenerational obligations for both grand parents and stepgrandparents.
Origins of Attachment: The Role of Context, Duration, Frequency of Observation, and Infant Age in Measuring Maternal Behavior
Authors: Isabella Russell A.
Published: March 2007

A total of 32 Caucasian women and their first-born infants (16 male, 16 female) were observed in multiple naturalistic and single free-play interactions at 1-, 4- and 9-months infant age: setting and coding procedures were held constant. Infant-mother attachment quality was assessed at 1 year. Analyses examined similarities among and differences between data derived from the two interactional contexts, and the relative utility of each in explaining individual differences in attachment quality. Data from individual naturalistic observations were not as reliable as data consolidated across naturalistic observations. Additionally, maternal sensitivity, as measured by repeated naturalistic observations, was far superior to sensitivity measured in the free-play context in accounting for individual differences in attachment quality-securely attached infants experienced higher levels of maternal sensitivity than did insecurely attached infants. Conversely, it was difficult to distinguish between naturalistic and free-play measures of maternal rejection in terms of their ability to account for individual differences in attachment-at 1 month, insecure-resistant infants experienced the highest levels of maternal rejection.
Parental Similarity on Child-Rearing Orientations: Effects of Stereotype Similarity
Authors: Deal James E. , Halverson Charles F. , Wampler Karen Smith
Published: March 2007

Previous research findings on similarity between parents on child-rearing orientations have been questioned as more recent research has found fairly high stereotype effects between spouses. The present report addressed issues of level and consistency of similarity over time, using data from the first 4 years of a 5-year study of 136 families and their preschool children. Parental similarity was assessed using the Block Child-rearing Practices Report (CRPR). Standard estimates of similarity as well as estimates of a dyadic-level similarity score, with stereotype effects removed, were obtained. While correlations across time were positive and significant for both scores, the dyadic score was significantly lower than the unadjusted score at all time points. Results indicated that earlier significant findings, between similarity and marital relations, family relations and child outcomes, were caused almost completely by stereotype effects.
Comparing Reasons, Practices and Effects of ISO 9000 Certification and TQM Implementation in Norwegian SMEs and Large Firms
Authors: Sun Hongyi , Cheng Tsz-Kit
Published: March 2007

This article records the empirical research that investigates the reasons behind, practices and effects of ISO 9000 certification and Total Quality Management (TQM) implementation in small and medium-sized (SME) and large manufacturing companies. The research is based on a survey of 180 Norwegian manufacturing companies. The main findings are (I) the SMEs implement ISO 9000 standards and TQM mainly because of market and customer demand or external pressure rather than internal initiation; (2) in practicing TQM, the SMEs focus on informal, people-oriented approaches; large firms are relatively more structured, organized and process-oriented; (3) different facets of TQM contribute differently in SMEs and large firms; (4) no significant relation exists between the current ISO 9000 certification and TQM practices/improvement of business performance. The conclusion is that there are some significant differences between SMEs and large firms in implanting ISO 9000 certification and TQM. These differences trigger discussions on practical implications for managers in SMEs and large firms. Finally, the limitations of the research and implications for future research are explored.
Gender Differences in Strategy and Human Resource Management
Authors: Verheul Ingrid , Risseeuw Peter , Bartelse Gaby
Published: March 2007

The present study aims at investigating the existence of gender differences in entrepreneurship. The focus is on differences in strategy and human resource management (HRM) between male and female entrepreneurs in Dutch real estate brokerage. Several propositions are explored using data from in-depth interviews. The present study shows that gender differences in entrepreneurship do exist. In particular, there are gender differences with respect to the path to entrepreneurship, growth-levels, degree of diversification and type of leadership.
How to provide business information from the public purse: lessons from Newcastle
Authors: Tagg Lawrence
Published: March 2007

The development of Newcastle's Business and Technical Library is analysed. Lessons drawn include: the need to get out into the market place; make your service fit market needs; tell your customers how you can help them; sell your product; direct mail works wonders, and the need to take risks. The article concludes with a short discussion on how these lessons can be applied by other libraries.
Business information sources in the food industry
Authors: Hilliam Moira A.
Published: March 2007

Analyses leading sources of business information in the food and drinks sector: statistics, journals, directories, reports, and online services.
Encoding and Decoding the People
Authors: Dicks Bella
Published: March 2007

This article notes the `vernacular aesthetic' at work in the new breed of experience-centred heritage museums, which foreground and celebrate the ordinary lives of `the people'. It seeks to understand how constructs of `the people' are produced at such museums. Many existing treatments of heritage museums have analysed them as symptoms of totalizing trends, rather than coming to terms with how they work as sites of cultural communication. By drawing on Stuart Hall's theory of encoding/decoding, the article presents a linked analysis of the encoding and decoding of `the people' at a heritage museum in South Wales. It discusses how this museum was set up, through particular relations of production and frameworks of knowledge, and shows how the heritage texts are the negotiated and hybrid outcome of the conflicts that shaped encoding. It then traces the circuit of communication through to a visitor study, which asked visitors what impressions of `the people then' they had formed during their visit. A particular concern was to explore how visitors positioned their present lives in relation to the past, and how popular mythologies of `community' are deployed in this process.
`Four Mothers'
Authors: Lemish Dafna , Barzel Inbal
Published: March 2007

The article presents a thematic analysis of newspaper coverage and indepth interviews with activists of an anti-occupation protest movement in Israel called `Four Mothers'. It suggests that journalists employed several gender-biased discourse strategies that framed the movement as a `mother's voice' rather than a civil one: emphasizing the maternal, rather than the issues addressed by the movement; use of biased patterns to introduce female activists; and compartmentalization of the movement's activities. In light of the movement's significant political gains, these strategies can be interpreted in conflicting ways. One possibility explored is that playing to gender-appropriate expectations in the public sphere can serve as a subversive strategy to legitimize the infiltration of a female perspective to a national discourse on traditionally perceived male issues of war and security.
Research Note: Global Medium — Local Tool?
Authors: Aldísardóttir Lóa
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to broaden the discussion of the World Wide Web, by looking at the phenomenon of web journalism and globalization theories from a non-Anglo-American viewpoint. The hypothesis is put forth that the global web-media will mainly be used as local tools. This argument is backed up by two surveys. A survey of 126 news-sites from 19 countries dilutes the myth that English is considered by all to be the standard web language. The backbone of the article's argument is, however, to be found in the results of a survey carried out on an Icelandic news-site, which support the present hypothesis, that web-media will mainly be used locally and that the global distribution of web-media will predominantly be exploited by expatriates, tourists and niche publications.
Exploring a Model of De-Ethnicization
Authors: Milikowski Marisca
Published: March 2007

While ethnicization refers to the formation of social boundaries aiming to protect the integrity of (presumed) ethnic-cultural heritages, de-ethnicization refers to the `undoing' of such boundaries. Media can support developments in either direction. The conceptual model that is developed in this article distinguishes between two dimensions of discursive (de-)-ethnicization, the first dimension addressing ethnic-cultural difference as such, and the second dimension addressing social and political implications. The model is subsequently applied to make sense of empirical findings which suggest that Turkish satellite television, viewed in the context of the Netherlands, has the rather unexpected effect of de-ethnicizing young Turkish migrants' perceptions of cultural difference.
Broadcasting Finance and Programme Quality: An International Review
Authors: Blumler Jay G. , Brynin Malcolm , Nossiter T. J.
Published: March 2007

This article was originally a report for the British government's Peacock Committee on Financing the BBC. Comparative conclusions concerning the impact of different funding arrangements for the range and quality of television programming are drawn from analyses of broadcasting systems in Britain, the United States, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and West Germany. Common trends and pressures are identified. Prime-time television schedules are compared. British programme performance is evaluated. A purpose for public service broadcasting in a period of telecommunications change is proposed. The principal options of broadcasting finance are reviewed in the light of international experience: full advertising; limited advertising; sponsor-ship; co-production finance; and the licence fee.
Rethinking Women and the News
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: March 2007

Dutch research on women and the news has shown a quantitative and qualitative underrepresentation of women in news production and news content. Thereupon it is often concluded that news content will change when the number of women journalists increases. This conclusion is not unique for Dutch research, but can also be found in reports from various other countries. However, the conclusion is not supported by empirical evidence, is based upon simplistic assumptions about women on the one hand and news production on the other, and can—in a strategic sense—only lead to disappointments. Research questions that take the complexity of the concept of femininity and news production into account are needed if research on women and the news is not to repeat already known results.
Polish Broadcasting: The Choices Ahead
Authors: Jakubowicz Karol , Jedrzejewski Stanisław
Published: March 2007

Political crises in Poland have frequently been accompanied by criticisms of the system of mass communication; no more so than during the birth of `Solidarity'. These criticisms may be regarded as attempts to modify perceptions of the political role of the media, and thus the philosophy underlying the system itself. Employing an analytical framework which regards the structure of broadcast media in any period as the result of a compromise between the conflicting pressures created by specifically social determinants and more general processes of societal change, this article considers how recent social and political events in Poland might affect the present and future development of Polish broadcasting.
Television and Young People's Reading Behaviour: A Review of Research
Authors: Beentjes Johannes W.J. , van der Voort Tom H.A.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of the available research evidence this article examines whether television induces young people to read less and to develop a preference for qualitatively inferior reading material. Several hypotheses proposing mechanisms by which television is supposed to stimulate or reduce reading are discussed. The findings are inconclusive but most studies suggest that television reduces the amount of reading. Young people's reading preferences are influenced by television, because books, the film versions of which have been broadcast, gain in popularity. Whether or not television influences the development of a preference for easy reading material, such as comics and picture-dominated books has not been investigated. Suggestions are made to improve the conclusiveness of future research.
Expert and Lay Participation in Television Debates: An Analysis of Audience Discussion Programmes
Authors: Livingstone Sonia M. , Lunt Peter K.
Published: March 2007

The television audience discussion programme is critically analysed as a cultural forum in which the viewer-as-citizen may participate in public debate. These programmes place experts and ordinary viewers face to face in a studio audience to discuss an issue of current social concern. The viewer thus plays a role as joint author of the text. The programmes raise issues of citizenship, political participation, the active viewer and the cultural forum. The genre is analysed using Goffman's participation framework to reveal the conventions of the genre and the role of the reader. It is argued that in some respects these programmes represent a `managed show', offering the illusion of participation, while in other respects, they construct a role for the active viewer which legitimates and celebrates ordinary understandings while simultaneously devaluing expertise.