bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dutch Embassy to Asante in 1857: The Journal of David Mill Graves
Authors: Yarak Larry W.
Published: May 2006

Historians would readily agree that among the most important sources for Asante history are the written accounts of foreign visitors who traveled to Kumase during the nineteenth century. A work such as Ivor Wilks's Asante in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1975), for example, is almost unthinkable without T. E. Bowdich's Mission from Cape Castle to Ashantee (London, 1819) and Joseph Dupuis' Journal of a Residence in Ashantee (London, 1824). These two published and reprinted primary sources are justly famous for their rich evocations of encounters with Asantehene Osei Tutu Kwame (reigned 1804-23) and members of his court. But there are a number of unpublished accounts—and those published in relatively obscure places—which also contain important historical data but which are lesser known and less often cited by scholars. In English one thinks of, among others, British Governor William Winniett's journal of his visit to Kumase in 1848; in French the extensive notebooks of Marie-Joseph Bonnat; and in German, the report of the missionary A. Riis.

A number of Dutch-speaking visitors also traveled to Kumase during the nineteenth century and left valuable written accounts, though few have ever been published. Language barriers have often prevented full use of the rich data they contain. Among the more important are those of Willem Huydecoper in 1816-17, Jacob Simons in 1831-32, Jacobus de Bruijn in 1836-37, H. S. Pel in 1842, and David Mill Graves in 1857, extracts from whose journal I have translated below.

Graves served as secretary on a Dutch diplomatic and trade mission which was dispatched by Governor J. van den Bossche to the Asantehene, Kwaku Dua Panin (reigned 1834-67) in July 1857.
The History of the Baga in Early Written Sources
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: May 2006

The extent of secure knowledge of the past of the groups of people known in scholarly literature as Baga is inconsiderable. This is in part because of the limited European interest in past times in the Baga homeland (on the coast of the post-colonial state of Guinée), and also in part because of limited scholarly investigations in recent times (the post-colonial state did not help by for long exiling or barring from access non-Marxist scholars).

Ethnographic and linguistic investigations have been undertaken only since the mid-nineteenth century and still amount to very little, with even less in print. Archeological investigations have yet to begin, apart from the brave attempt of Fred Lamp to date certain artefacts stylistically. As a result, in the 1990s the connotation and exact range of application of the term “Baga” remain unclear and the precise linguistic relationship of “the Baga language” with those neighboring languages that appear to form a language group is known only in outline. What this means that it is impossible to sum up the earlier history of the Baga briefly. The reader who continues and bravely tackles the listing and discussion of sources that follows will, however, be able to assess how much of the history can be securely reconstructed.

It is understandable that the desire to construct a history for the Baga has latterly turned on the interpretation of oral traditions. Such traditions now preferred by the Baga—or at least by certain sections, strata, or individuals—are patently of great interest to the anthropologist inasmuch as they depict what the present-day Baga, or some of them, wish to see as their past history and thus throw light on contemporary ideology and popular mindsets.
Ethnographic Appropriations: German Exploration and Fieldwork in West-Central Africa
Authors: Heintze Beatrix
Published: May 2006

German voyages of ‘discovery’ and field research in that part of Africa which, politically or linguistically, has been subject to Portuguese influence in past centuries, and still is so—an area which therefore corresponds for the most part (and also sufficiently so) to present-day Angola—has so far received only sporadic attention in corresponding historical writings. Nor for the most part have they been taken into account as ethnographic sources, language barriers above all being responsible for this. This is hardly because they are negligible in terms of either their numbers or the information they contain. In the last third of the nineteenth century especially, west-central Africa, in which Portuguese had been alingua francafor centuries, became a special area of attraction for German travelers. Admittedly, the published results are far from even. One, Augspurger's, is interesting above all for the early date of his report. The scientific reputation of others, like the Jaspert brothers, is extremely dubious. For yet others, like Baum and Jessen, ethnographic documentation was of only marginal interest. The greater part of Wilhelm's sketches have been lost.

On the other hand, one cannot write knowledgeably about the Loango coast without consulting Brun's and Pechuël-Loesche's reports. Any statement on northeast Angola in the last quarter of the nineteenth century will lose in value if one fails to use Pogge, Lux, Buchner, and Schütt. Studies on the Kisama without Mattenklodt or on the Cokwe without Baumann's great monograph would at best be a skeleton, at worst a distortion, in the context of what is possible.
Sangalan Oral Traditions as Philosophy and Ideologies
Authors: N'Daou Mohamed Saidou
Published: May 2006

Sangalan is located in northeast Guinea in the région of MaliYambering. It was a federation of groups of villages, consisting of three taane (kafo in Malinke, districts or groups of villages): Dombiya, Uyukha, and Djulabaya. To these three taane correspond three ethnic subgroups, the Dombiyanne, Uyukhanne, and Djulabayanne. The Dombiyanne were mostly the Keita families; the Uyukhanne the Camara; and the Djulabayanne the Nyakhasso. The people of Sangalan are Dialonka—those living in Sangalan are called the Sangalanka. They are originally all from Dialonkadougou, at first a province of the Soso empire founded and ruled by Sumanguru Kante, and later a province of the empire of Mali, created by Sundiata Keita in the thirteenth century. The Sangalanka call themselves “Sosoe Forine” (Old Sosoe), the Sosoe who lived on the high mountains (dialon) of both the Soso and Manden empires. They call the other Sosoe, living along the Guinean coast, Bani Sosone (Sosoe of the Coast, near the water). The Soso Forine and Bani Sosone lived in the Futa Jallon and were driven away by the Fulani invaders in the eighteenth century.
An Alternative Text of King Agaja of Dahomey's Letter to King George I of England, 1726
Authors: Law Robin
Published: May 2006

In an earlier issue of this journal I published the text of a letter to King George I of England written in the name of King “Trudo Audati” (better known under the name which he is given in in local tradition, Agaja) of the west African kingdom of Dahomey. Although dated 1726, this letter was received in England only in 1731, when it was belatedly delivered to London by Bulfinch Lambe, a former employee of the Royal African Company of England, who had spent some time in captivity in Dahomey, and who claimed to have written the letter at King Agaja's dictation. Lambe was accompanied to England by an African interpreter called “Captain Tom,” who vouched for the letter's authenticity; this man's African name was given as “Adomo Oroonoko Tomo,” though the middle name “Oroonoko” at least was surely not authentic, but borrowed from the popular romantic novel by Aphra Behn, Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave (1689). An official enquiry by the Board of Trade decided that the letter itself was a forgery, though on grounds I at least find unpersuasive; but it was acknowledged that Lambe had been charged with some sort of message from King Agaja, and arrangements were made for the repatriation of the interpreter “Adomo Oroonoko Tomo” to Dahomey, which was effected in the following year, 1732.
Fieldwork Ain't Always Fun: Public and Hidden Discourses on Fieldwork
Authors: Lecocq Baz
Published: May 2006

Before I start, I would like to stress that the following is in no way meant as a complaint. Neither would I like you to think that I am disgusted by fieldwork in general, and fieldwork in Mali in particular. The point that I want to get across is that the personal emotional experience and state of mind during fieldwork have an impact on the way fieldworkers, in being their own instruments, practice their research. We would like to believe that this emotional state is one of euphoria, but in reality it includes negative experiences and feelings. These feelings should be accounted for—not just personally, but also professionally.

There exists a dichotomy between open and hidden discourse about experiences in the field among social scientists practising fieldwork. This dichotomy is as old as fieldwork itself and gained some acknowledgment of existence after the publication of Malinowski'sDiary in the Strict Sense of the Term(Malinowski 1967). This dichotomy consists of a representation of fieldwork experiences towards colleagues and the larger audience as ideal, unproblematic, and among the best experiences a person can have in life. It is almost like a holiday. It is only in an informal setting, usually the pub, that some dare to speak of the danger, nuisance, despair, and general inconvenience of it all. Even talking about severe illness or other dangers is often done with the self assured attitude of someone capable of facing Armageddon and getting out alive. Apparently, Indiana Jones does exist.
Medical Anthropology, Subaltern Traces, and the Making and Meaning of Western Medicine in South Africa: 1895–1899
Authors: Lalu Premesh
Published: May 2006

All things in nature are interesting to study, and especially humanity. The different phases in the different classes of life cannot fail to be interesting, and a medical man can gain a far greater insight through such study into the domestic life of his fellow creatures than anyone else.

The word “progress” has its true meaning and significance in the higher walks of medicine. It does not mean a mere improvement in the principles and art of healing. It means a practical victory and conquest over nature by man. Now the greatest of all the aims of civilisation is the acquisition of natural knowledge, the conquest and subdual of nature to the service of the happiness of man.

The aim of the present paper is to examine the concept of western medicine in South Africa by exploring the forms through which its authority was established. The paper is based on an analysis of theSouth African Medical Journal (SAMJ), which resurfaced after 1893 as a monthly publication. Rather than seeing theSAMJas a documentary source, I consider it to be a powerful representation of the making and meaning of western medicine and an indicator of the ascendancy and limits of western medicine. Most importantly, theSAMJillustrates the intersection between an emergent western medical episteme and a larger colonial discourse of race and sexuality.
The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous
Authors: Mandiringana E. , Stapleton T.J.
Published: May 2006

In the works of many generations of white writers on Africa, the “Great White Hunter” has remained one of the most powerful and enduring images. A model of Caucasian masculinity, he quickly masters a hostile and wild environment in ways which amaze the aboriginal population, who are usually portrayed as savage and incompetent. Perhaps the best known real-life example of this classic image was Frederick Courteney Selous, a product of the English public school system, who hunted elephants in southern and central Africa during the 1870s and 1880s. Never having made much money from the ivory trade because of the dwindling number of elephants, Selous became an employee of Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company (BSAC) in the 1890s and worked towards the colonization of Southern Rhodesia. After fighting against the Ndebele in 1893 and 1896, Selous eventually based himself in England and became a recognized environmental expert, safari guide, and collector/seller of zoological specimens.

Through writing six books and numerous articles from 1881 to the 1910s, Selous successfully created and popularized an image of himself as a skilled, yet sporting, hunter, a painfully honest gentleman of the bush, and a friend, as well as leader, of Africans. He was an adventurer with a dramatic habit of narrowly escaping danger and these episodes were often illustrated through drawings in his books. Discussing one such incident, a writer of hunting stories once remarked that “throughout Lobengula's country the story went that Selous was the man even the elephants could not kill. It helped to build the ‘Selous Legend’ among the Rhodesian tribes.”
Contribution des sources françaises à la connaissance de l'actuelle Guinée-Bissau à la fin du XVIIè me siècle
Authors: Boulégue Jean
Published: May 2006

Dans les années qui suivirent la prise de Gorée par les Français (en 1677), plusieurs dirigeants de la compagnie concessionnaire française manifestèrent un grand intérêt pour les “Rivières du Sud.” Leur intention, bien sûr, était d'y étendre les activités commerciales de leur compagnie et, si possible, de les appuyer par un établissement militaire. On sait que ce dernier projet, tenté par Brüe en 1699 dans l'île de Bolama, puis en 1700 dans l'île de Bissau, échoua finalement devant l'opposition des Portugais. De cette période, et de cette politique, sont restées deux importantes descriptions françaises des régions situé es entre la Gambie et le Corubal (c'est-à-dire actuellement en Casamance et en Guinée-Bissau):

- celle de Michel Jajolet de La Courbe, relatant un voyage effectué par l'auteur lui-même de juillet 1686 à février 1687. La Courbe sera directeur de la concession française du Sénégal de 1689 à 1693. Auparavant, il avait été envoyé en mission d'inspection par la direction parisienne de la compagnie. Avant son retour en France (via les Antilles), il entreprit un voyage qui le mena d'abord, par voie de terre, d'Albréda, sur la Gambie, à Cacheu, en passant à hauteur de Ziguinchor. De Cacheu, il embarqua pour Bissau, où la compagnie française avait un commis, et, de là, il rayonna dans les îles et dans les fleuves. Ce voyage est assez bien connu puisque les manuscrits de La Courbe ont été retrouvés et publiés au début du siècle par Cultru. On sait aussi que quelques pages (seize exactement) manquaient au texte manuscrit.
The Cowboys: A Nigerian Acculturative Institution (ca. 1950)
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: May 2006

From 1952 to 1955 I carried out field research in eastern Nigeria, centered at Enugu, and I wrote the paper below, with the present title, before leaving Nigeria, which to my regret I have never revisited. It is reproduced with a very slightly edited text (but added explanatory footnotes), since it now supplies a twofold historical testimony, first, to an African situation, and second, to the discourse interests (and terminology) of an expatriate “colonialist,” a British academic historian, half a century ago. In the paper I commented on the first. I now let the second speak for itself. The article should incite Nigerian scholars—or ex-Cowboys—to question, correct, enlarge, and update my account.
The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements
Authors: Maaba Brown Bavusile
Published: May 2006

On 19 September 1998, Professor Sibusiso Bhengu, the South African Minister of Education, officially opened the National Arts and Heritage Cultural Centre (NAHECS) archives at the University of Fort Hare. This archive houses documentation from three former liberation movements: the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, the Azanian People's Organization and the Black Consciousness Movement of Azania. Bhengu, from 1991 to 1994 the first black rector of Fort Hare, had signaled a new era for the university.

It was during Bhengu's administration that the university received ANC archival documents, firstly from the Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College (SOMAFCO), the ANC school in Tanzania during the exile period between 1978 and 1992, followed by other documents from ANC missions in different parts of the world. The arrival of these sources, which are lodged in the University Library, was followed by the official opening of the ANC archives on 17 March 1996 by Deputy President Thabo Mbeki of behalf of Nelson Mandela. Even before they were officially opened, the university had begun to receive scholars who combed the documents in an effort to reconstruct the history of the exiled liberation movements. Fort Hare historians also utilized the archives.

The presence of the ANC archives at Fort Hare seems to have inspired Mbulelo Mzamane, Bhengu's successor as Vice Chancellor, to state that Fort Hare should be a home for all South African liberation movements' archival material. Soon, sources from the three liberation movements were sent to the university and the former Centre for Cultural Studies (CCS), now NAHECS, took charge of the documents. While these papers were being sorted out, a building was being constructed on campus to house the papers.
MafA Expression and Insulin Promoter Activity Are Induced by Nicotinamide and Related Compounds in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Ye Diana Z. , Tai Mei-Hui , Linning Katrina D. , Szabo Csaba , Olson L. Karl
Published: May 2006

Nicotinamide has been reported to induce differentiation of precursor/stem cells toward a β-cell phenotype, increase islet regeneration, and enhance insulin biosynthesis. Exposure of INS-1 β-cells to elevated glucose leads to reduced insulin gene transcription, and this is associated with diminished binding of pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX-1) and mammalian homologue of avian MafA/l-Maf (MafA). Nicotinamide and other low-potency poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors were thus tested for their ability to restore insulin promoter activity. The low-potency PARP inhibitors nicotinamide, 3-aminobenzamide, or PD128763 increased expression of a human insulin reporter gene suppressed by elevated glucose. In contrast, the potent PARP-1 inhibitors PJ34 or INO-1001 had no effect on promoter activity. Antioxidants, including N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, or quercetin, only minimally induced the insulin promoter. Site-directed mutations of the human insulin promoter mapped the low-potency PARP inhibitor response to the C1 element, which serves as a MafA binding site. INS-1 cells exposed to elevated glucose had markedly reduced MafA protein and mRNA levels. Low-potency PARP inhibitors restored MafA mRNA and protein levels, but they had no affect on PDX-1 protein levels or binding activity. Increased MafA expression by low-potency PARP inhibitors was independent of increased MafA protein or mRNA stability. These data suggest that low-potency PARP inhibitors increase insulin biosynthesis, in part, through a mechanism involving increased MafA gene transcription.
Impaired Crkl Expression Contributes to the Defective DNA Binding ofStat5bin Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Laloraya Malini , Davoodi-Semiromi Abdoreza , Kumar G. Pradeep , McDuffie Marcia , She Jin-Xiong
Published: May 2006

A point mutation in the Stat5b DNA binding domain in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse was shown to have weaker DNA binding compared with the B6 Stat5b. Here, we assessed the binding ability of the mutant Stat5b in the B6 genetic background (B6.NOD-c11) and the wild-type Stat5b in the NOD background (NOD.Lc11). To our surprise, the binding ability of Stat5b is inconsistent with the presence or absence of the Stat5b mutation in these congenic mice but is correlated with the expression levels of the Crkl protein, which was coprecipitated by an anti-Stat5b antibody. Both the expression of Crkl and the Stat5b binding ability are the highest in B6.NOD-c11 and the lowest in NOD while intermediate in B6 and NOD.Lc11 mice. We demonstrated that the adapter molecule Crkl can bind Stat5b and that the Crkl protein is a Stat5b binding cofactor. More importantly, profection of Crkl recombinant protein significantly increased Stat5b binding ability and rescued the binding defect of the NOD mutant Stat5b, suggesting that Crkl is a key regulatory molecule for Stat5b binding. Therefore, the defective Crkl expression may contribute to the development of diabetes in the NOD mice by exacerbating the defective Stat5b binding ability.
ZΟ-1 Expression and Phosphorylation in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Rincon-Choles Hernan , Vasylyeva Tetyana L. , Pergola Pablo E. , Bhandari Basant , Bhandari Kusum , Zhang Jian-Hua , Wang Wen , Gorin Yves , Barnes Jeffrey L. , Abboud Hanna E.
Published: May 2006

Cellular mechanisms responsible for the loss of capillary wall permselectivity in diabetic nephropathy are not well characterized. ZO-1 is a junctional protein involved in the assembly and proper function of a number of tight junctions and is also expressed at the junction of podocytes with the slit diaphragm. We investigated the effect of diabetes and high glucose concentration on the expression of ZO-1 in animal models of both type 1 and 2 diabetes and in rat glomerular epithelial cells. In diabetic animals, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed decreased expression of ZO-1 in glomeruli. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed redistribution of ZO-1 from the podocyte membrane to the cytoplasm in the diabetic animals. Exposure of rat glomerular epithelial cells to high glucose resulted in a decrease in the intensity of ZO-1 staining and redistribution of ZO-1 from the membrane to the cytoplasm, changes that are attenuated by blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. ZO-1 protein expression and serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of ZO-1 were also decreased in cells exposed to high glucose. These findings suggest that alterations in the content and localization of ZO-1 may be relevant to the pathogenesis of proteinuria in diabetes.
Knowledge management in case-based reasoning
Authors: ALTHOFF KLAUS-DIETER , WEBER ROSINA O.
Published: May 2006

This commentary describes two core knowledge management approaches that applied case-based reasoning as a methodological foundation for organizational systems managing experience. These research projects illustrate the presence of knowledge management in case-based reasoning by focusing on the dualism between case-based reasoning and organizational approaches targeting knowledge management goals.
Customer Care in Financial Service Organisations
Authors: Smith Anne M. , Lewis Barbara R.
Published: May 2006

Findings are presented from an investigation of customer care in
major UK organisations in the financial services sector, to include
banks, building societies and insurance companies. Attention was focused
on the need for customer care and service quality, and the development,
implementation and evaluation of customer care/service programmes, as
well as associated staff and management training activities.
The Differentiation of Bank Services to Small Firms
Authors: Binks Martin R. , Ennew Christine T. , Reed Geoffrey V.
Published: May 2006

Increased competitive pressure in the market for loanable funds has
encouraged the banks to place greater emphasis on the marketing of their
services to both corporate and personal customers. The small business
sector of the corporate market covers the majority of corporate accounts
and for a substantial volume of bank lending. However, the proliferation
of product differentiation in relation to small business customers in
order to improve banks′ competitive position appears to have been less
than successful. The small business sector is heterogeneous; customer
needs vary but there is little evidence to suggest that banks
differentiate their products sufficiently to appeal to distinct market
segments. On the contrary, despite competitive pressures and new
marketing strategies, small business customers generally perceive the
services provided by the different banks as indistinguishable.
Who Is My Neighbour?
Authors: Shropshire William O.
Published: May 2006

Christian theologians and official church organisations frequently
admonish members and believers to allow their economic decisions to be
governed by concern for economic justice, the common good, or service to
one′s neighbour. Friedrich Hayek, on the other hand, claims that today′s
large population and living standards have been made possible by a shift
from a morality of serving the known needs of neighbours to one of
following abstract rules of the market. Elaboration and development of
Hayek′s thesis shows that (1) individuals are probably unable to be
efficient when they try to help others, (2) one may be able to serve 30
or 40 neighbours by seeking justice but larger numbers will be better
served by following the rule of “buying cheap and selling
dear”, and (3) many people would suffer economic hardship if the
social teachings of theologians and the pronouncements of official
organisations were taken seriously by Christians.
Systematic Training – A Case Study
Authors: Reda Hussein M.
Published: May 2006

A summary of a training programme proposal for an industrial
engineering division of a large company is presented. It also includes
background information pertaining to the division′s needs for training.
A systematic training programme model was developed and served as a
framework for proposal formulation. The training programme objectives
and method are stated. This programme consists of three basic elements:
(1) instructional media (2) systematic coaching, and (3) behaviour and
attitude enhancement. Plans and outlines for each of these elements are
also presented. Finally, training performance measurement criteria are
described, followed by recommendations for programme implementation.
Follett – The Pre‐Emptive Manageress
Authors: Graham Pauline
Published: May 2006

A biography of Mary Parker Follett (1868‐1933) who was one of the
most profound philosophers on business management. Her education, career
and philosophies are described and the relevance of her teaching to
present‐day management practices discussed.
New Challenges in Training
Authors: Johnston Ian
Published: May 2006

At present there are four challenges ahead: 1992, European
competition, demographic changes and skills shortages. Training is
important for future success and research shows that those companies
relating training to business objectives get the best payback from their
training investment. It is emphasised that the needs of the employer or
individual trainee should determine training provision.
Enhancing Self‐esteem and Confidence
Authors: Robinson Betty , Kleiner Brian
Published: May 2006

Managers need to know how to recognise when low esteem and lack of
confidence are contributing to a worker′s performance problems and how
to promote development of self‐image in this individual. This process
can be encouraged by providing a positive supportive atmosphere where
the individual can achieve success and build his or her own self‐image.
Careful attention must be given to task organisation, feedback,
reinforcement and appropriate interpersonal communication.
The Impact of a Changing Environment on Logistics Practices
Authors: Beaurepaire Richard
Published: May 2006

It is argued that one of the keys to successful management is the
harvesting of change. The implications of change on Australian
organisations in the 1990s, a period which the author believes will be
one of flat growth, are presented.
Performance Indicators within an English Polytechnic
Authors: Allsop P. , Findlay P. , McVicar M. , Wright P.
Published: May 2006

Early stages of research concerning the implementation and
evaluation of performance indicators within academic quality‐control
procedures of an English polytechnic are described. The related
perceptions of one distinctive group participating in validation/review
processes – the course “Rapporteurs” – are
considered before possible further developments of this qualitative
illuminative enquiry are outlined.
TQM Fact Finding Mission to Japan
Authors: Atkinson Philip
Published: May 2006

Discusses how a group of European manufacturing executives had the opportunity of seeing, first hand, the Japanese approach to TQM. Provides insights into their quality practices and identifies the key to TQM elements common to all successful Japanese organizations. Describes the emphasis placed on increasing the average knowledge base of the workforce. Contends that Japanese companies have invested more resources in production engineering, documents, and TQM observations. Summarizes that the group learned a lot about TQ but recognised that this “way of life” may not be so easy to implement within their own plants.
TQM Transforms Philips Germany
Authors: Frehr Hans‐Ulrich
Published: May 2006

Discusses how transforming a large company from a quality control style of management to TQM requires careful planning and senior management commitment. Reveals how Philips Germany′s 35,000 employees responded to the total quality challenge. Describes a quality policy explained by Deming′s “chain of reaction”. Contends that the wholehearted support of management is the most important element in the successful introduction of TQM ‐ unless those in authority understand and practise TQM, it is no use training the personnel. Concludes that beginning with a quality policy, an extensive well‐structured training programme which involves everybody has to be carried out. Asserts it is a continuous process which needs patience and permanent support from management.
Postprandial interstitial insulin concentrations in type 2 diabetes relatives
Authors: Sandqvist M. , Johanson E. H. , Ahrén B. , Axelsen M. , Schmelz M. , Smith U. , Jansson P.‐A.
Published: May 2006

Background  An endothelial barrier for the insulin transport from the circulation to the target tissues of insulin has previously been suggested to contribute to insulin resistance. The interstitial insulin concentration (I‐insulin) and insulin kinetics following a mixed meal have, however, previously not been characterized in human adipose tissue.

Subjects and methods  Eight nondiabetic first‐degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetes patients were recruited. Their I‐insulin was measured by microdialysis after a test meal with or without oral administration of the insulin secretagogue nateglinide (120 mg). In parallel, adipose tissue blood flow and lipolysis were measured by xenon‐clearance and microdialysis, respectively.

Results  The I‐insulin increased after the test meal, and this response was more prominent on the day the subjects received the nateglinide tablet when compared with the day the subjects received the placebo tablet [I‐insulin incremental area under the curve (IAUC) nateglinide 7612 ± 3032 vs. Plac 4682 ± 2613 pmol L−1 min; P < 0·05, mean ± SE]. However, the postprandial I‐insulinmax/P‐insulinmax ratio was similar on the two test days (nateglinide: 213 ± 62 vs. 501 ± 92 pmol L−1, I/P‐ratio: 0·38 ± 0·06 and placebo: 159 ± 39 vs. 410 ± 74 pmol L−1, I/P‐ratio: 0·36 ± 0·05). There was no difference in time of onset of insulin action in situ, or responsiveness, when comparing placebo and nateglinide.

Conclusions  Microdialysis can now be used to measure the I‐insulin in human adipose tissue following a mixed meal. The data also showed that the transendothelial delivery of insulin occurs rapidly, supporting the concept that transcapillary insulin transfer is a nonsaturable process in nondiabetic first‐degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients.
Using Hicksian Surplus Measures to Examine Consistency of Individual Preferences: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: List John A.
Published: May 2006

This paper pits neoclassical theory against prospect theory by investigating several clean tests of the competing hypotheses. Consistent with previous work, the field experimental data suggest that prospect theory adequately organizes behavior among inexperienced consumers, whereas consumers with intense market experience behave largely in accordance with neoclassical predictions. The data indicate that the convergence in values occurs entirely because of lower Hicksian equivalent surplus values.
Neural Overexcitation and Implication of NMDA and AMPA Receptors in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Implying Zinc Chelation
Authors: Domínguez María‐Isabel , Blasco‐Ibáñez José‐Miguel , Crespo Carlos , Nacher Juan , Marqués‐Marí Ana‐Isabel , Martínez‐Guijarro Francisco‐José
Published: May 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Zinc chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) during nondamaging kainic acid administration enhances excitotoxicity to the level of cell damage. The objective of this work was to study the developing of the lesion in this model of temporal lobe epilepsy and the implications of the different types of glutamate receptors.

Methods: The antagonist of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor MK‐801, and the antagonist of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor GYKI52466, were used concomitantly with intraperitoneal administration of kainic acid (15 mg/kg) followed by DEDTC (150 mg/kg) in mouse. The animals were killed at different times from 4 h to 7 days. Fos proteins were used as markers of cell overexcitation; heat‐shock protein 72 (HSP72) as marker of cell stress.

Results: Neither kainic acid nor DEDTC alone, at the doses used, led to cell loss, HSP72 expression, or permanent Fos protein induction. When combined, the hilus and cornu ammonis were damaged; principal cells in these areas coexpressed c‐Fos and HSP72, with the exception of CA2; interneurons did not express HSP72 in any area. MK‐801 completely abolished damage and HSP72 expression from the hippocampus. GYKI52466 blocked CA1 damage and HSP72 expression in the CA1 but not in the CA3.

Conclusions: Synaptic zinc increases the tolerance of hippocampus to overexcitation. All the areas that are fated to die are determined simultaneously; the damage in the CA1 is not an extension of the damage in the CA3. Damage of the CA3 is dependent on kainate and NMDA receptors, whereas the damage of the CA1 depends on AMPA and NMDA receptors.
A Simple Manual Rosetting Method for Absolute CD4
+
Lymphocyte Counting in Resource-Limited Countries
Authors: Nouanthong Phonethipsavanh , Pata Supansa , Sirisanthana Thira , Kasinrerk Watchara
Published: May 2006

A CD4 monoclonal antibody which reacts with CD4
+
lymphocytes but does not react significantly with monocytes was generated and used to develop a simple method for CD4 count. In a comparison with standard flow cytometry, high correlation was obtained. The developed method can be an alternative to flow cytometry for resource-limited countries.
A simplified form of Stokes–Robinson equation
Authors: Pan Chai-Fu
Published: May 2006

In non-associated dilute aqueous electrolyte solutions, the deviation from ideality is principally attributed to the interionic interactions and hydration of ions. Stokes and Robinson combined Bjerrum's thermodynamic treatment of ion–solvent interactions with Debye–Hückel treatment of interionic interactions to obtain a two-parameter equation. In very dilute regions, the Stokes and Robinson's equation reduces to a much simpler form, i.e.[Formula: see text]Activity coefficients of an electrolyte at lower concentrations, say up to 0.1 m, can be calculated from the equation provided suitable values of &([a-z]+); and h are available. Solutions of hydrogen chloride and sodium chloride were chosen as examples. The results agree with the existing data very satisfactorily.
Metal complexes as antioxidants. II. Reaction of nickel di-n-butyldithiocarbamate and nickel diisopropyldithiophosphate with alkylperoxy radicals
Authors: Howard J. A. , Chenier J. H. B.
Published: May 2006

Nickel di-n-butyldithiocarbamate and nickel diisopropyldithiophosphate inhibit the α,α′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile initiated autoxidation of tetralin, styrene, and cyclohexa-1,4-diene by scavenging chain propagating alkylperoxy radicals. The rapid reaction of these complexes with alkylperoxy radicals has been confirmed by low temperature electron spin resonance studies. Kinetic data obtained by these two techniques are reported. Product studies suggest that alkylperoxy radicals (ROO•) are reduced by reaction with the nickel complex to the alcohol (ROH) while the nickel complex is oxidized to a Lewis acid.
Butenolides from citraconic anhydride and acetophenone: rearrangement to a 2,3-dihydro-3-furanone related to bullatenone
Authors: Strunz George M. , Kazinoti Pavle I.
Published: May 2006

Two related butenolides, one having fungitoxic properties, were obtained from the reaction of acetophenone with citraconic anhydride in the presence of n-butyllithium. The butenolides rearranged to a 3(2H)-furanone related to bullatenone on acid treatment.
Di-tert-butyl peroxide decomposition behind shock waves
Authors: Lewis David K.
Published: May 2006

The homogeneous, gas phase thermal decomposition of di-tert-butyl peroxide has been studied in a single pulse shock tube. Samples containing 0.05% to 0.5% reactant in argon were heated to 528–677 K at total pressures of about 1 atm. Acetone and ethane were the only significant products. The reaction obeyed first order kinetics. The Arrhenius parameters, log A (s−1) = 15.33 ± 0.50, Eact (kJ/mol) = 152.3 ± 5.8, are in agreement with the bulk of the earlier reported results of lower temperature work, and with a recently reported result obtained via the very low pressure pyrolysis technique. Indications from some of the earlier work that the A factor may decline at high temperatures are not supported by the present study.
The log kexovs. log kendo correlation as a mechanistic criterion; on the mechanisms of solvolysis of norbornyl derivatives and base-catalyzed isotope exchange of norbornanones
Authors: Banerjee Sujit , Werstiuk Nick Henry
Published: May 2006

Rate data for the acetolysis of exo-norbornyl-sulfonates have been correlated with those for the corresponding endo isomers. It is shown that the slopes of the log kexovs. log kendo plots reflect the difference in delocalization between the transition states derived from the exo and endo isomers, respectively. The log kexovs. log kendo plot, which is comprised of the parent norbornyl sufonate and its derivatives substituted at the 5, 6, and 7 positions, has a slope of 1.11 ± 0.08, which establishes that σ bridging is absent in the transition state obtained from the exo isomer. A similar analysis of base-catalyzed hydrogen–deuterium exchange rates of norbornanones reveals that exo proton exchange is more sensitive to substituent effects than the corresponding endo process.
A kinetic study of nickel(II)–murexide complex formation in dimethylsulfoxide/nitromethane mixed solvents
Authors: Tong James P. K. , Langford Cooper H.
Published: May 2006

The rates of nickel(II)–murexide complex formation were studied in dimethylsulfoxide/nitromethane mixed solvents at 25 °C with the latter being an "inert" solvent, to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction. Results do not fit in detail with a D mechanism and the five-coordinated intermediate interpretation. Id mechanisms are able to explain the observations with and without invoking a nitromethane-containing intermediate, Ni(DMSO)5NM2+. Both mechanisms were tested with the aid of nmr data on solvation (second coordinate sphere nitromethane population). Ligand solvation unavoidably plays a major role in the determination of the encounter as well as the complex formation equilibrium. The simplest mechanism assumes an Id process in which the probability of encounter between Ni(DMSO)62+ and murexide ion is quite sensitive to solvent composition.
Succinimidyl esters of fatty acids for amino acid acylations
Authors: Paquet Alenka
Published: May 2006

Fatty acid N-hydroxysuccinimide esters have been prepared from the thallium(I) salt of N-hydroxysuccinimide and the corresponding acyl chlorides in essentially quantitative yields. These active esters were used for acylation of amino acid esters in organic solvents, or of free amino acids in aqueous medium. The title compounds were found to be selective towards the side chain amino group of lysine. An efficient preparation of ε-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine using benzyl succinimidyl carbonate is described.
An exciplex mechanism for the quenching of singlet excited states of aliphatic ketones by carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Loutfy Rafik O. , Somersall Allan C.
Published: May 2006

Non-classical energy transfer from the excited singlet states of aliphatic ketones to carbon tetrachloride leads to sensitized decomposition products and fluorescence quenching. The correlation of the ionization potentials for a wide variety of such ketones with the corresponding quenching constants from fluorescence data has been rationalized by an exciplex mechanism. The correlation implies that charge transfer from the excited ketone to the carbon tetrachloride is a major contribution to the exciplex state for which two possible structures are tentatively proposed.
Reactions of NaBH2S3 with some typical organic nitrogen compounds
Authors: Brindle Jean-Rock , Liard Jean-Louis , Bérubé Normand
Published: May 2006

The following substrates react with sulfurated sodium borohydride, NaBH2S3, to give the corresponding products as shown by the formulas in parentheses: azobenzene [Formula: see text], azoxybenzene [Formula: see text], phenyl isocyanate (C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3), N-nitrosodiphenylamine ((C6H5)2NH, (C6H5)2NNH2), diphenylcarbamyl chloride ((C6H5)2NH), phenyl isothiocyanate (C6H5NH2), benzyl carbamate (C6H5CH2OH), benzyl N-phenylcarbamate (C6H5CH2OH, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2SH), benzyl nitrite (C6H5CH2OH), benzyl nitrate (C6H5CH2OH), benzyl thiocyanate (C6H5CH2S2CH2C6H5), and pyridine-1-oxide (C5H5N). Benzotriazole, pyridine, phthalimide, and N,N′-diphenylurea were found to be stable towards NaBH2S3.The advantage of sulfurated sodium borohydride, NaBH2S3, over sodium borohydride, NaBH4, as a reducing agent was also proven when it was found that most of the above substrates were inert toward NaBH4 except for the following organic nitrogen compounds which reacted with NaBH4 to give the products indicated in parentheses: N-nitrosodiphenylamine ((C6H5)2NH), diphenylcarbamyl chloride ((C6H5)2NCH3), phenyl isothiocyanate (C6H5NHCH3), benzyl N-phenylcarbamate (C6H5CH2OH, C6H5NHCH3), and benzyl thiocyanate (C6H5CH2-S2CH2C6H5).
Réactions de substitution homolytique. V. Stéréosélectivité de différents radicaux cyclohexyles
Authors: Gruselle Michel , Fossey Jacques , Lefort Daniel , Lamarre Claude , Richer Jean-Claude
Published: May 2006

The influence of the environment near the radical site on the stereoselectivity of the homolytic substitution reaction of variously substituted cyclohexyl radicals on the peroxidic oxygen of a peroxy acid has been studied using the thermal decarboxylation of peroxy acids. This reaction leads to stereoisomeric alcohols[Formula: see text]The radical behaves as if it were planar and, in general, an axial approach of the reagent is strongly favoured except when substituents increase the steric hindrance of the radical.The stereoselectivity is explained in terms of the relative importance of steric effects (for the axial approach) and of bond interactions (for the equatorial approach). It also depends on the flexibility of the ring. [Journal translation]
Derivatives of 2-pyrazolin-5-one. IV. Preparation and properties of two spiro[benzothiazoline-2,4′-[2]pyrazoline] derivatives
Authors: Coutts Ronald T. , El-Hawari Abdel-Monaem , Pound Norman J. , Abramovitch Rudolph A.
Published: May 2006

Reduction of 3-methyl-4-(2-nitrophenylthio)-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (2a) with sodium borohydride and palladium–charcoal gave two products which are identified as 3′-methyl-1′-phenylspiro[benzothiazoline-2,4′-[2]pyrazoline]-5′-one (3a) and 4-(2-mercaptophenylamino)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (4a). Evidence is presented in support of a reaction mechanism in which the spiro compound 3a is formed first and is then further reduced to the thiol 4a.Reduction of the 1,3-diphenyl-4-(2-nitrophenylthio)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (2b) with the same reducing agent proceeded in a similar manner and diphenyl products 3b and 4b, analogous to the spiro compound 3a and the thiol 4a, respectively, were formed.Some chemical properties of the thiol 4a were investigated; it formed a dimethyl derivative, a diacetate, and a tribenzoate.Reduction of the pyrazolones 2a and 2b with zinc and ammonium chloride produced the same spirobenzothiazolines 3a and 3b.
The photochemistry of some cis-dihalo rhodium(III) complexes
Authors: Sellan James , Rumfeldt Robert
Published: May 2006

The photochemistry of cis-[Rh(cyclam)X2]+ (where X = Cl, Br, or I) and cis-[Rh(en)2Cl2]+ have been studied. Whilst only halide aquation is observed for the cyclam complexes, amine aquation is the principal reaction mode for the ethylenediamine complex. In each case, the photosensitivity was greater for charge transfer excitation than ligand field excitation. Although this wavelength dependence was also exhibited for the corresponding trans complexes, the dependence on the leaving group which was [Formula: see text] for the trans complexes is completely reversed for cis-[Rh(cyclam)X2]+ where [Formula: see text] for ligand field excitation.The behaviour of cis-[Rh(en)2Cl2]+ and cis-[Rh(cyclam)I2]+ is seen to be consistent with the preferential amine activation predicted by the photochemical model proposed by Zink. The change in photospecificity observed with cis-[Rh(cyclam)Cl2]+ and cis-[Rh(cyclam)Br2]+ is interpreted as the result of distortion from effective tetragonal symmetry which causes the repulsive energy to become progressively more localized in the metal–halide bond.
Urea – boron trihalide adducts. IV. Ionic–covalent equilibria in the tetramethylthiourea–BF3 and tetramethylselenourea–BF3 systems and the influence of B2F7− formation
Authors: Hartman J. Stephen , Schrobilgen Gary J. , Stilbs Peter
Published: May 2006

Tetramethylthiourea and tetramethylselenourea form 1:1 BF3 adducts which are partially converted to ionic structures (donor)2BF2+.BF4− in solution. The degree of ionization is small except at low temperatures when BF3 is in excess; ionization is essentially complete at −90 °C when a sufficient excess of BF3 is present. Formation of B2F7− from BF4− and BF3 at low temperatures is responsible for this. Hence under these conditions the 1:1 adduct is replaced by (donor)2BF2+.B2F7−. The existence of ionic adducts is further confirmed by the identification of BF3Cl− and BF2Cl2− in the mixed-halogen system tetramethylthiourea–BF3–BCl3.Methyl group nonequivalence in the proton spectrum below −70 °C indicates restricted rotation about the central C—N bonds of coordinated tetramethylthiourea.
Crystal and molecular structure of (salicylaldehydato)diphenylboron
Authors: Rettig Steven J. , Trotter James
Published: May 2006

Crystals of (salicylaldehydato)diphenylboron are orthorhombic, a = 11.6548(5), b = 16.2983(5), c = 8.0806(2) Å, Z = 4, space group Pna21. The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R of 0.051 for 1386 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I). The BO2C3 ring has a distorted 'sofa' conformation. Bond lengths in the molecule (those not involving hydrogen atoms have been corrected for thermal motion) are: C—O, 1.263(4) and 1.334(4), B—O, 1.500(4) and 1.574(4), C—B, 1.603(5) and 1.610(5), C—C(salicylaldehyde), 1.368–1.423(5–8), C—C(phenyl), 1.352–1.413(5–11), and weighted mean C(sp2)—H, 0.96 Å.