bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rita Dove’s Micro-Poetics of Space
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

The macro-poetics of space approaches Rita Dove’s oeuvre as a whole. It examines the sequence of sections within a single work, as well as the development of themes and strategies of space throughout her work, rather than individual units dealt with in the micro-poetics of Chapter 2.

In the present study of a poetic representation and revision of space and time, Immanuel Kant’s concepts outlined in his “Transcendental Aesthetic” are of continuing interest: Space, Kant maintains, is in no sense a property of things in themselves, nor in relation to one another. It is pure perception and presents itself to our consciousness as an infinite, undivided magnitude. The seeming plurality of spaces stems but from limitations of the whole. Time, to Kant, is neither an empirical, objective conception, nor an independent substance but a form of inner sense. How we perceive ourselves and our inward state determines the way we define time. In itself, or apart from the time-conscious subject, time is nothing at all (22–35).
Transcultural Space, Place, and Movement In The Buildings- and Künstlerroman
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

Dove’s collection of eight short stories, titled Fifth Sunday (1985), lays the foundation for her first novel, Through the Ivory Gate (1992). The topics of FS that rare fifth Sunday in a month—are autobiographically colored like many of the poems and passages in this novel. They address growing up in middle America and coming to terms with a range of life’s twists and tests, first loves and betrayals, forgiveness, dark memories of marginalization, and exposure to as well as gleeful encounters with the arts. In short, FS is a journey from Valerie’s loss of innocence in the first story to Aunt Carrie’s intense level of experience in the final piece. Included and expanded in IG are FS’s “Second-Hand Man” (IG chapter 4) and “Aunt Carrie” (IG chapter 13). In the former, a wife of six months dis­ covers that her husband has been married before and grimly waits three days for him to fall asleep so that she can shoot him. In the latter, Aunt Carrie entrusts her life’s secret, an incestuous teenage liaison between siblings, to her maturing niece.
Myths’ Remakes
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

Myth begins in anecdote—telling a story in order to entertain-but it also constructs a narrative as a way of explaining our place and our progress in the world . . . A myth or a legend becomes indispensable through the retelling. Why do we still repeat these tales and listen to them with such pleasure? Be­ cause they touch the yearning inside us; they explain our impulses on a level deeper than logic but do not require blind faith, because they are allegorical. They explain some of the mysteries of our own existence and our relationships with each other. For me, to work with myths is a way of getting at the ineffable. (1995: 20f)

The Oedipal conflict of incest and patricide in the context of slavery and miscegenation in DF, and the Demeter-Persephone cycle of death and renewal in ML, indeed prove their perpetuity in a contemporary setting. While ML centers on mothers and daughters, DF focuses on mother-son relations, yet in both cases a promising young African American faces the controversies of white worlds.
Knowledge, Press, and the Popularization of Islamism
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

After the 1860s, the burgeoning press and the proliferation of published books helped disseminate knowledge, they also played a crucial role in both the rapid spread of Islamism and in its internalization by the middle and lower classes. Direct access to and a near monopoly of new and more diverse sources of knowledge allowed the intellectual strata of the middle classes to carve out a uniquely effective position of power and influence.1 Students of Muslim intellectual history agree that the bulk of knowledge in traditional Islamic society, being religious, was mastered by the religious establishment, and that “struck right at the heart of person-to-person transmission of [Islamic] knowledge.”2 According to this theory, then, use of the printed word and the spread of secular knowledge broke the monopoly of the ulema.
“We Come Here to Remember”: Creating the Memorial in Oklahoma City
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

As we have seen, intense interest in a memorial to those killed in the bombing was evident within a few days after the bombing as suggestions from around the world poured into the mayor’s and governor’s offices. There was widespread concern, however, that an influential person or group would successfully make a case for a memorial that would represent the triumph of personal taste over community conviction.
“God Named This Land to Us”
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The measles epidemic that led to the killings at the Waiilatpu mission might seem a twist of historical chance. That it came when it did was happenstance, but in the history of conquest, diseases have played a recurring, ghastly, and enormously important role. They helped shape how empires fell out across the globe, including America’s roll into Nez Perce country.
Leaving Home
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The Lolo trail ran about a hundred miles north and east from Weippe Prairie over the Bitterroot Mountains. It began at three thousand feet above sea level and rose in places to well above twice that. Sherman later wrote later that it was “universally admitted. [to be] one of the worst trails for man and beast on this continent.” On both sides of the divide, it was no straight incline but a series of peaks and troughs that sometimes dipped or rose more than two thousand feet in a mile. Parts of the twisting path were rocky and barren, parts muddy and slick in wet weather. Thick timber closed in for much of the way, and in places it was scarcely a footpath along the rims of canyons hundreds of feet deep. During the summer, it was bisected by dozens of freshets. A dependable road was not built over the pass until 1962.
War in Wonderland
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Almost exactly five and half years earlier, on March 1, 1872, President Grant had signed the Yellowstone Act. It withdrew more than two million acres from the public domain, most of it in northwest Wyoming, with a bit lapping into Idaho and Montana. As the rest of the West was being sold, homesteaded, or devoted to some other developmental pur- pose, this corner was to be saved as “a pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people.” Yellowstone was the world’s first national park.
Eeikish Pah and Return
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Indian Territory wasn’t so bad, commissioner of Indian affairs E. A. Hayt wrote. The temperature there differed only slightly from that in Idaho. While maybe true according to an annual mean, on the basis of human experience the claim was astounding. The summer heat in what is today eastern Oklahoma is relentless, and the low altitude, about eight hundred feet, and high humidity keep the nights close and uncomfortable. For people acclimated to the high, dry air of the Wallowa valley and the Salmon River country, it must have seemed like living compressed in a warm, wet sponge. Winters, too, can be brutal there. Arctic fronts barrel down with snow, sleet, and freezing rain, and as on all the Great Plains, there is little to slow down the punch, certainly nothing like the mountain walls and protective canyons of the Nez Perces’ homeland.
The Enabling Index
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

Most governments, both at the central and metropolitan level, do notyet approach housing policy in an integral fashion, nor do they coordinate housing policy with macroeconomic policies, social welfare policies, or urban development policies. They can be said to have some housing policies, but not a housing policy. Several European countries have adopted more comprehensive housing policies, moving toward managing the housing sector as a whole. This move has been gradual, and it has been easier in some countries than in others. Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Germany, countries that had “less social divisiveness, and more coherence in managing the economy as a whole” stand out as having made more progress on this front [Pugh,1980, 191], but on the whole the policy environment of the housing sector is still largely fragmented. Interestingly, in a number of countries, important elements of housing policy are already in place, but they are still not recognized as critical components of a comprehensive housing policy regime.
Conditions in the Residential Construction Sector
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

A second set of housing market conditions—the conditions in the residential construction sector-requires a deeper understanding of house-building as seen from the perspective of the builders themselves. Ample and affordable housing relies heavily on the builders’ ability to produce it inexpensively and quickly, as well as to respond creatively to changes in the context and the policy environment governing the sector. Whether or not conditions in the house-building industry allow it to do so is of fundamental concern to housing policy. An enabling housing policy should create conditions for that industry that, at the very least, lower construction costs for a given level of quality. In this chapter we introduce the perspective of builders. We then discuss monitoring and measurement in the residential construction sector, and finally, we investigate what accounts for the variations in conditions in the sector.
What ethics can contribute to health policy
Authors: Churchill Larry R
Published: October 2023

Why bring ethics to health policy? Of course, in one sense it is already there. There are ethical assumptions and implications for all health policies and ethical aspects to every process of policy making. For example, issues of who receives the burdens and benefits under various policies are irreducibly moral issues, and Eli Ginsberg’s essay in this volume describes some of these issues for U.S. policy in the last century. Likewise, policy-making rules and procedures can be fair or morally arbitrary, and the essay by Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson presents a deliberative model they believe satisfies the requirements for fairness. These ethical dimensions are so pervasive that it is hard to imagine a health policy or policy-making procedure without them. But while these ethical dimensions are easy to identify, they are rarely given systematic scrutiny. Aside from a handful of scholars working on issues of justice in allocation or on the social goals and priorities in health care, policy questions are not a routine part of the work of most bioethicists.
Electrophysiological Properties of Intrinsic Cardiac Neurons
Authors: Adams David j. , Cuevas Javier
Published: October 2023

Cardiac performance is determined by the rate and strength of contraction of the heart. There is increasing evidence indicating that intrinsic cardiac neurons interact with extracardiac intrathoracic ganglia and the central nervous system to control the heart and are capable of independently monitoring and influencing cardiac function. Aspects of cardiac function that are subject to control by intracardiac neurons include chronotropic actions (changes in heart rate), dromotropic actions (changes in conduction of excitation) mediated by pacemaker and conducting cells, and inotropic actions (changes in contractile force) mediated by atrial and ventricular myocytes. In addition, the coronary circulation and aspects of cardiac valve function are likely to be influenced. Evidence obtained from histochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological studies both in vivo and in vitro strongly suggest that neurons form functional afferent, efferent, and local circuits within the cardiac nerve plexus. This plexus acts as a complex site for the integration and modification of sensory in­ put and cardiac output. Indeed, rather than being a simple relay station, the cardiac nerve plexus seems to share many similarities with the complex neural network of the enteric nervous system.
Psychological Aspects of Heart Disease
Authors: Gagnon Christine , Ramachandruni Srikanth , Bragdon, Edith E , Ships David S
Published: October 2023

Partery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and other developed countries. Along with a number of other factors thought to contribute to the high prevalence of CAD in developed societies (longer life expectancy, obesity, sedentary lifestyles), various psychological and social factors seem to influence cardiac function in ways that promote heart disease. Several such psychological, social, and behavioral factors will be discussed in this chapter, including type A behavior pattern, hostility, anger, depression, vital exhaustion, anxiety, mental stress, low social support, and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.
Denver Meets the Automobile
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D
Published: October 2023

Background At the end of the nineteenth century, Denver was an important regional center. It had grown from a mining town of less than five thousand residents in 1870 to a railroad hub with more than thirty-five thousand inhabitants in 1880, making it the largest settlement between Kansas City and the West Coast. Nine different railroads served the city, with lines extending eastward to Chicago, southward to Texas and New Mexico, and westward to the Pacific. Over the next decade Denver’s population tripled, surpassing one hundred thousand by 1890. Boosters and local politicians knew that Denver’s success would be short-lived if they failed to invest in the future. The cycle of boom and bust was all too familiar in nineteenth-century America, as Denver experienced firsthand when President Grover Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893. In the resulting Silver Crash, 400 nearby mines closed, twelve local banks went under, and 50,000 Denver-area workers were unemployed.
Bridges, Bypasses, and Boulevards
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D
Published: October 2023

THE POSTWAR HIGHWAY CRISIS IN VERMONT

After the end of World War II, highway boosters resumed their push for more government highway spending, with more crisis-laden rhetoric; at the same time towns like Middlebury struggled to adapt their infrastructure to keep up with the growing traffic on the heavily subsidized rural trunklines. Traffic congestion in densely settled areas continued to rise, while the gap between street and highway costs and the related revenues widened, at both state and local levels, precipitating a severe financial crisis in the late 1940s and early 1950s. According to congressional testimony from 1949, highway engineers estimated that Vermont would have to spend over $150 million ($1.1 billion in 2000 dollars) on highway repairs just to maintain the prewar status quo. To put this into perspective, total federal highway grants to Vermont each year averaged less than $1.5 million between 1946 and 1950, enough to pay for 1 percent of the backlog. Construction costs per mile had doubled since 1941, and winter maintenance costs per mile (sanding and plowing) had multiplied eight times since the Depression.
The Theory of Capital Structure and Financial Risk
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I will discuss the corporate finance implications on sovereigns of external shocks. Although much of the following discussion may be easily understandable to readers with strong backgrounds in finance theory, parts of it may be rougher at first for those without. For LDCs, external shocks usually mean one or both of two things—a sudden collapse in commodity prices or a sudden contraction of global liquidity. Because of the huge volume of international capital flows, the latter, in particular, can be very large relative to the size of most LDC economies. In table 6.1 I list the magnitude of certain capital flow reversals experienced by LDCs in recent decades. The reversal reflects the difference between inflows and outflows, as a percentage of GDP, over the indicated years. As the table shows, the size of these reversals can be extremely high.
Debt Restructurings within a Corporate Finance Framework
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

There is a long and extensive history of sovereign debt restructurings that stretches back hundreds of years and that is particularly rich in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.1 The process typically ranged from one or two years, in many cases, to the approximately sixty years that it took Mexico to resolve the issues related to its London market bond offerings of the 1820s. Before that particular process was completed, Mexico and its creditors experimented with interest capitalization, debt for equity swaps, collateralized lending, debt forgiveness, open market purchases, and the full panoply of restructuring techniques still used today. One hundred years after that restructuring was finally completed, Mexico was again involved in a sovereign debt restructuring, although this time the debt that was being restructured was in the form of bank loans. The process was shorter this time, but it was nonetheless complex.
The Mythology of Prehistoric Europe
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

It is impossible to be precise about the origins of mythology in Europe or anywhere else. The emergence of a tool-making protohuman being, Homo habilis, occurred some 2.2 to 1.6 million years ago in East Africa, and was followed by the more advanced Homo erectus, of whom remains dating from about 750,000 b.c.e. have been found in the European continent. It is not until the middle of the Paleolithic or Stone Age, the period marked by the development of stone tools that coincides with the geologic and climatological Pleistocene or Ice Age—that is, sometime after 500,000 and before 200,000 b.c.e.—that we find in the Europe of the so-called Heidelberg man (named for the skeletal remains of a Homo erectus found near Heidelberg, Germany, in 1907) the first tenuous archeological hints of what might possibly have been mythological conceptualization. It was then that symmetrical tools were crafted in sizes large enough to suggest ritual use, which prompted mythologist Joseph Campbell to hypothesize a “mythology and ritual lore of the hand ax, which in later myth and cult became linked to the idea of thunder (Thor’s hammer, the bolt of Zeus, Indra, etc.)” (Primitive, 393).
Greek Mythology
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

With the possible exception of the Vedic-Hindu religion of India, the religion or religions associated with the ancient Greeks produced the world’s most complex and sophisticated mythology. Usually the Greek myths are read as individual stories. Only when we read them all in a book such as Robert Graves’s Greek Myths do we become aware that Greek mythology is, in fact, a single, gradually composed saga of the folk imagination and many talented authors, in which characters and events from the beginning of conceived time are interrelated in a complex web that touches on every imaginable aspect of the human experience. The early mythology of the ancient Greeks, that of the so-called archaic and classical periods of the middle and late Iron Age, was preceded by several Bronze Age or Helladic stages attached to particular geographic areas in the land we now call Greece.
Roman Mythology
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

As Greek mythology cannot be separated from its background of indigenous pre-Greek cultures, Roman mythology is intricately influenced by ancient Italic cultures, especially those of other Latin tribes, the non-Indo-European Etruscans, and the Greek colonizers of Sicily and southern Italy. By the beginning of the first millennium b.c.e. several tribes who spoke a form of Latin lived along the Tiber in an area known as Latium Vetus (Old Latium), bordered by the Etruscan and Sabine territories. The Latins were united in the worship of the god Jupiter Latiaris, whose sanctuary was on Mons Albanus, and of the goddess Diana Aricina, whose sacred grove was in Aricia. Elaborate ritual sacrifice was made to Jupiter Latiarus. Diana, whose name is formed from the same root as Jupiter, seems to have been just as important, representing night to Jupiter’s day and also demanding significant sacrifice. Later Diana, like the great goddess of Crete and the Artemis of Anatolia, would be reduced in stature.
Baltic, Slavic, and Balkan Mythology
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

Baltic peoples included Latvians, Lithuanians—not Christianized until the early fifteenth century—and Old Prussians, who inhabited what is now eastern Germany and the Baltics and land extending as far east as Moscow beginning in about the middle of the second millennium b.c.e. By the first millennium the Balts, whose languages are closer to the ancient Indo-European Vedic language than any other European language group, had developed from a hunter-gatherer culture into an agricultural one. Not surprisingly, then, what little we know of Baltic mythology is a combination of perhaps very ancient nature deities and deities closely associated with farming and fertility.
Finnic and Other Non-Indo-European Mythologies
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

Clearly, the dominant tradition in European mythology is that of the Indo-Europeans. There were, however, pockets of non-Indo-European mythology that survived into the historical period. We have already noted the importance of Minoan mythology for the Greeks and Etruscan mythology for the Romans, for instance. Other important mythologies existed in Spain. When the Romans, Celts, and others made their way to Spain, they encountered Tartessians, non-Indo-Europeans who, influenced by Phoenician traders and like the Romans, had adopted the goddess Astarte and who celebrated Habis, a culture hero who was responsible for the establishment of Tartessian customs. Another non-Indo-European culture in Spain were the Turdetans, who also worshipped Astarte. Iberians in Spain developed a cult around the somewhat similar goddess Tanit, a figure with Greek-inspired Artemis-like qualities (see Blazquez, “Ibesian Religion,” 6:547–51).
I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

A few years before, or better put, one or two years after the fall of the second brief constitutional period,6 in which a state of siege was declared against the island of Cuba and its Captain General, Don Francisco Dionisio Vives, a common sight in the streets of the district of El Angel was a youngster about twelve years old, who either because of her habit of wandering all about, or else because of other circumstances of which we shall speak in a moment, attracted everyone’s attention.Her face belonged to the same type as that of the virgins of the most renowned painters. For along with a high forehead, crowned with abundant naturally wavy black hair, she had very regular features, a straight nose descending from between her eyebrows and because it was rather short, raising her upper lip almost imperceptibly, baring two rows of little white teeth. Her eyebrows formed an arch and thus further shadowed her black almond eyes, which were all animation and fire.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Five or six years after the period to which we have confined ourselves in the two previous chapters, at the end of the month of September the convent of La Merced had begun the series of ferias with which until the year 1832 it was the custom in Cuba to celebrate religious holidays honoring the patron saints of churches and convents; these nine-day periods coincided at times with the cycle of the Sacrament, introduced into Cuban rites of worship as early as the first years of the century by His Reverence Bishop Espada y Landa.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

From more than one point of view La Tinaja was a magnificent plantation, an adjective it fully deserved because of its extensive, luxuriant fields of sugarcane, because of its three hundred or more field hands to cultivate them, because of its great herd of oxen, its numerous carts and wagons, its 25-horsepower steam engine, recently imported from the United States at a cost of over 20,000 pesos, not to mention its horizontal sugar mill, also new, that had been assembled there and had cost half that sum.
VI
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

In order to show his zeal and industriousness, or else because he had mistaken what time it really was, since he went by the crowing of the cocks, the overseer of La Tinaja aroused people from their beds much earlier than usual on Christmas morning.With the last solemn toll of the bell, after drinking several cups of coffee, lighting a cigar, and tucking his weapons in his belt, he took down the key, called to his dogs, and went on foot to the slave quarters to open the iron gate at the entrance. He resolutely placed the heavy key in the lock, tried to make it turn in the ward and was unable to: “What the devil!” he said to himself.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

On a morning in the following year’s benign January, Cecilia’s heart skipped a beat, and she said to herself: Aha! He’s coming today.And from that moment on, she could think of nothing else or do anything useful. She peered out the window shutter countless times, believing in her anxiety that she would thereby hasten the arrival of the object of her worries; and an equal number of times, her soul and body swooning, she collapsed in the rocking chair leaning against the wall opposite. She became all eyes and ears, to little avail. On the contrary, her senses were so muddled that when she listened she failed to hear and when she looked intently she failed to see. This explains why several seconds went by before she became aware of her lover’s presence, filling the frame of the front door that had been left ajar, his adored image as if seen in a mirror.
V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

On the pretext of having to get a certain friend out of a debt backed by his word of honor, Leonardo managed to convince his wonderfully kind mother to make him an irreclaimable loan of fifty doubloons from her personal coffer.With this small sum of money the young man hastened to rent a little house on the Calle de las Damas and went about furnishing it with equal haste. He forgot nothing, nor did he neglect to have the things done that he thought necessary in a single central unit with no outbuildings, something that did not exist elsewhere at the time in Havana. In order to take care of all this he visited the secondhand shops in the Plaza Vieja; the hardware shops on the Calle de Mercaderes; the tinsmiths’ shops on the Calle de San Ignacio; the china shops on Ricla or Muralla; a secondhand furniture store on San Isidro and others closer to his new house.
The Death of Love in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Spilka Mark
Published: October 2023

One of the most persistent themes of the 1920s was the death of love in World War I. All the major writers recorded it, often in piecemeal fashion, as part of the larger postwar scene; but only Heming-way seems to have caught it whole and delivered it in lasting fictional form. His intellectual grasp of the theme might account for this. Where D. H. Lawrence settles for the shock of war on the Phallic Consciousness, or where Eliot presents assorted glimpses of sterility, Hemingway seems to design an extensive parable. Thus, in The Sun Also Rises, his protagonists are deliberately shaped as allegorical figures: Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley are two lovers desexed by the war; Robert Cohn is the false knight who challenges their despair; while Romero, the stalwart bullfighter, personifies the good life which will survive their failure. Of course, these characters are not abstractions in the text; they are realized through the most concrete style in American fiction, and their larger meaning is implied only by their response to immediate situations. But the implications are there, the parable is at work in every scene, and its presence lends unity and depth to the whole novel.
What’s Funny in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Hinkle James
Published: October 2023

Yet I propose to point to about sixty submerged jokes in The Sun Also Rises-if by “jokes” I can be understood to mean all of the various kinds of plays on words whose effect is incongruous or funny once they are recognized. Few of them will make anyone roll in the aisle, but they have their moments. My aim is not to defend Hemingway’s sense of humor or to sort his jokes into categories. My aim is simply to identify his jokes-to demonstrate by example that there are many more of them in The Sun Also Rises than we have realized. Playing with the multiple meanings inherent in words is a pervasive feature of Hemingway’s writing.
Myths and Nationalism
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Organized in the 1500s as the colony called New Spain, Middle America won its independence in 1821 and became, briefly, the “Mexican Empire.”

Two years later, Central America broke off from what would henceforth be called Mexico, and by 1839 the breakaway region had split into the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. (Panama, originally grouped with Spain’s South American colonies, separated from Colombia in 1903; and Belize, a special case, is a part of Guatemala taken over by Great Britain.)

Such names and dates fit comfortably into the history of Europe in America. But what they fail to reveal is that the citizens of Mexico and its neighbor republics are mostly Indian people and people who have at least some Indian ancestry. This is a truth that has claimed increasing attention in the years since independence, as elected, or designated, governments struggle to accommodate a tradition of Spanish rule to the needs of a very American population.
The Emergence
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Southwest mythology has two great creation epics, The Dying God and The Emergence, to which may be added a deliverer cycle on the theme of the hero who returns to his mother or grandmother. Stories that do not fit into one of these three patterns tend to become secular literature, including trickster tales and stories for young children. Since all three of the principal epics have parallels in old Aztec and Maya myths, it has often been assumed that Southwest traditions derive from Mexican and Central American sources.
Remaking the World
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The watershed of the Columbia and the numerous short rivers immediately to its north and south form a region of coastal valleys and interior highlands that once shared a mythology of traveling heroes. In this country the idea of an as-if-human age, or myth time, everywhere present in North America, was perhaps more insistent than in any other region.
Making the World As It Is
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Myths about the creation of the earth and the origin of death are not normally included in the Coast-Plateau Transformer cycle. Either they appear as independent stories or they are assigned to the Trickster-Transformer, who is usually Coyote. Coyote’s fascination lies in his ability to bridge the gap between the scurrilous and the divine. People feel that he stands for humanity. He is the advocate of death and the steadfast champion of sexuality, yet by accident or design he is also the bringer of food and sometimes the creator of the world.
Myths for the Future
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

During the Ghost Dance activity of 1890, prophecies of world destruction swept through the Plains. People thought the earth was about to be destroyed and a new earth would come gliding out of the sky, bringing back the buffalo. The whites would vanish, and all the Indian ancestors-the ghosts-would return to life.
The Status Quo and Formulation of an Agenda
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

As I pondered what I had gotten myself into, I began to experience genuine feelings of panic. Would I be able to find the right people at the right institutions in Eastern Europe for developing projects that fell into the Mellon Foundations areas of interest and that would be of substantial benefit to the countries of the region? How many initiatives did I have to encourage and what fraction of those would turn out to be viable? How ambitious could I be about the size of the grants that I would recommend to the Foundation? And what was the total budget for grantmaking in Eastern Europe? In January 1990, I had no answers to these questions, and I had not received many guidelines from the Foundation. But in retrospect, I think this was all right, because it would have been premature to propose firm answers to these questions at such an early stage.

I got some preliminary insights into the “big picture” by reading a report about a December 15-16, 1989 meeting at the Carnegie Corporation and by attending a meeting on January 4, 1990, at the Ford Foundation devoted to a discussion of Czechoslovakia and another meeting on January 11, 1991, dealing with all of Eastern Europe. The first meeting was especially useful for me, a newcomer on the foundation scene, because it allowed me to meet the staff of other foundations, such as Enid Shoettle and Paul Balaran from the Ford Foundation, Colin Campbell and William Moody from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Kevin Quigley from the Pew Charitable Trusts, Allan Kassoff from IREX, William Luers, former U.S. Ambassador to Prague, George Soros, and many others. Countless foundations as well as distinguished West and East Europeans had been invited to the third meeting on January 11, 1991. Lord Dahrendorf, at that time warden of St. Anthony’s College at Oxford, was a featured speaker. Wendy Luers, president of the Charter 77 Foundation in New York, also played a prominent role at that meeting and asked me to address the group on the Mellon Foundation’s approach to providing assistance to the region.
Working with Libraries: The Beginning
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

I am fortunate to have spent my professional life at a university with a great library, and until I encountered East European libraries, I never dreamed how much damage 45 years of neglect could do. Since the Mellon Foundation has had a distinguished record of assisting research libraries in the United States, including the great independent research libraries such as the Folger, the Huntington, the Newberry, and the Morgan, it did not take much persuasion to get the green light from the Foundation to investigate what we could do for them in Eastern Europe. In 1990, the first year of Mellon activities in the region, there were so many small business development, computing and connectivity projects that I had only limited time to deal with libraries. But I did make some important contacts, many of which led to lasting relations between Mellon and some East European libraries, and made many friends in the library world. Even in that first year, I met in Hungary Béla Mader of the József Attila University in Szeged, Olga Gomba of Kossuth Lajos University in Debrecen, Miklós Fogarassy of the National Széchényi Library, and Gébor Vélyi of the Parliamentary Library in Budapest. In Czechoslovakia, I met Vojtéch Balík, National Librarian of Czechoslovakia and his deputies, Martin Svoboda and Adolf Knoll, and in Poland, Jadwiga Krajewska of the Warsaw University Library and Jan Pirozynski of the Jagiellonian University Library. While we did start to make some grants directly to East European libraries, much of the first year, and even some of the second, was spent in learning about library systems, needs, and agendas. But our work in the three (and later four) countries did not move in parallel, and the first grants of significant size in Hungary were in 1990, in Poland in 1991, and in Czechoslovakia in 1992. There were three principal types of library projects that the foundation funded: improvement of collections, training of librarians, and library automation. By the end, the third category had received by far the largest commitment of funds.
Lessons Learned
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

Our wanderings through the East European landscape were accompanied by many observations on what worked and what did not, but they were not systematic because they were always in the context of some particular project or activity. That fact does not diminish their usefulness, but it does make it somewhat more difficult to summarize the lessons we have learned.

Much has been accomplished in Eastern Europe by western foundations and governments, but there have also been some failures, which have been roundly criticized. However, just as the critics may have overstated the extent of the failures, so those of us who have been selecting and funding projects may well have exaggerated the importance of the successes. Democratic forms of government have been introduced successfully, and I think permanently, in a number of countries of the region. Market economies have taken hold, new market-oriented institutions have been created, and businesses have been streamlined. Higher education has been partially reformed and libraries have been modernized. The NGO sector has grown and civil society organizations are making an impact. But higher educational reform in some countries is badly lagging, discrimination against minorities has barely been dented, the hearts and minds of many in responsible positions show no sign of change, and advocates of authoritarianism are lurking in some corners. What has characteristically worked was the transfer of knowledge and technology; the failures have typically occurred in transferring values. While it is neither unexpected nor unforgivable for western donors to scale down their activities in the region, it is premature to declare victory.
The Politics of Global Financial Regulation Lessons from the Fight Against Money Laundering
Authors: Helleine0072* Eric
Published: October 2023

Particularly prominent in the new debate on global financial reform is the widespread interest in the reregulation of global financial markets. Gone is the rhetoric of a few years ago that governments are powerless in global finance and that the financial globalization trend is inevitable and irreversible. The new conventional wisdom asserts that global financial markets will survive and flourish only if public authorities are actively involved in promoting this outcome through various regulatory activities.
Azole Antifungal Drugs
Authors: Como Jackson , Dismukes William E
Published: October 2023

The introduction of the azole class of antifungal drugs with the licensing of miconazole in 1979 marked the beginning of a new era in therapy for systemic fungal diseases. Although miconazole, an intravenous formulation associated with significant toxicity, is no longer commercially available, it set the stage for the development and subsequent licensing of three oral azole drugs, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole. For many systemic mycoses, these drugs have been effective and safe alternatives to the older antifungal drugs, amphotericin B, a member of the polyene class and for years the so-called “gold standard” of therapy, and flucytosine, a fluorinated pyrimidine. Ketoconazole introduced in 1981, fluconazole (1990), and itraconazole (1992) have been attractive agents because of their excellent spectrum of activity against Candida species and the endemic fungi (e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis) overall efficacy, safety, and ease of oral administration. However, these drugs for the most part lack significant activity against mould pathogens, the important group of emerging opportunistic fungi. Consequently, the past several years have witnessed the development of an exciting group of second generation triazole drugs (see under CHEMISTRY), which possess an expanded spectrum of activity, especially against various moulds and resistant Candida species. Voriconazole, approved in 2002, is the first of these to become commercially available; posaconazole (SCH 56592) and ravuconazole (BMS 207147) are the two other triazoles that are far along in development but not yet licensed. Our purpose in this chapter is to compare and contrast the pharmacologic properties of the older oral azoles and the newer triazoles and to provide perspective on the clinical indications for these agents.
Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Pappas Peter G
Published: October 2023

Solid organ transplantation has become an effective life-sparing modality for thousands of patients with organ failure syndromes. In spite of important advances in surgical technique and immunosuppressive regimens that have made solid organ transplantation a safer procedure today when compared to previous decades, there remain substantial risks of infection and other complications related to the procedure. Among the infectious complications of organ transplantation, none is associated with a greater impact on morbidity and mortality than invasive fungal infections (IFI) (Paya, 1993; Hibberd and Rubin 1994; Hadley and Karchmer, 1995a; Dictar et al, 2000). Fungal infections in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) vary in frequency, etiology, and pathogenesis according to the type of organ transplant procedure. Variations in immunosuppressive regimens, surgical technique, infection control, and exposure history further complicate evaluation of these patients. Moreover, the incidence of IFIs among this group of patients varies considerably from center to center, and an understanding of the overall burden of these infections according to type of organ transplant is lacking. Thus, the clinician is faced with a number of challenges in assessing the OTR with possible IFI. First, there is a lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic assays that might lead to earlier intervention. Second, once a diagnosis of proven or suspected fungal infection is established, therapy is frequently toxic, which may be dose-limiting. Third, significant potential for drug–drug interactions exists between existing antifungal agents and immunosuppressive agents. Fourth, only limited data are available that facilitate early identification of patients who are at the highest risk for IFI within each transplant group. This chapter describes risk factors for developing IFIs among OTRs, reviews the specific fungal pathogens, and discusses an approach to the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of these potentially devastating infections.
William Henry Sleeman and the Suttee Romance
Authors: Sabin Margery
Published: October 2023

The revival of scholarly attention to the vexed subject of Hindu widow burning comes partly from its long, conspicuous, and now suspect role in British imperial self-justification, starting in the nineteenth century.1 Historical interest is reinforced by current widespread public uncertainty about how to think and what, if anything, to do about continuing social practices such as female circumcision, female infanticide, and other violent behaviors against women that retain cultural sanction in some parts of the world.
Epilogue: Pankaj Mishra and Postcolonial Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Sabin Margery
Published: October 2023

Thanks to the World Wide Web, readers from all over may now converse, even in “real time, “ with authors in India and elsewhere. The shorthand style and the cryptic pseudonyms of e-mail obscure identities and locations. Thus Pankaj Mishra, the young Indian journalist, literary critic, and author of a first novel, The Romantics, fielded random questions from Delhi on a Saturday in February 2000, in a chat room sponsored by Rediff Music Shop.
Introduction
Authors: Tabarrok Alexander
Published: October 2023

No one goes to the barricades for efficiency. For liberty, equality, or fraternity, perhaps, but never for efficiency. Efficiency’s failure as a revolutionary battle cry is rather puzzling, at least to an economist. Efficiency is the one thing everyone should go to the barricades for. Will the chapters in this volume therefore inspire marches on city hall? It’s doubtful, but even modest moves toward more efficient policies can be highly valuable. Ronald Coase, the 1991 winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, argued that an economist who delays a bad policy from being implemented by as little as a week has earned his salary for a lifetime. Presumably an economist who encourages a good policy has done the same. Coase’s own contribution to more efficient public policy, his 1959 proposal to auction off the radio spectrum, was not adopted until 1993. Coase, however, was not disappointed by the nearly forty years of delay. The first nine spectrum auctions alone raised over $20 billion in revenue and reduced deadweight costs by close to $1 billimi.
The Organ Shortage: A Tragedy of the Commons?
Authors: Tabarrok Alexander
Published: October 2023

The current system for motivating the supply of human organs has failed to end the shortage. Thousands of people die every year while they wait helplessly for an organ transplant and thousands more will die in the next few years. These deaths could be avoided if more people signed their organ donor cards. Yet, every year, the organ shortage tends to become worse as medical technology increases the number of potential beneficiaries while social apathy and fear keep the number of donors relatively constant. Today, roughly 60,000 people are waiting for organ transplants, although less than 10,000 will become donors. Despite a prominent advertising campaign with Michael Jordan as spokesperson and a national campaign of pastors, rabbis, and other clergy supporting donation, the number of donors remains far below what is necessary to save everyone on the waiting list.
The Pursuit Of Fairness
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

Affirmative action strikes at the heart of deeply held beliefs about employment and education, about the concepts of justice and fairness, and about the troubled history of race relations in America. Published on the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, this is the only book available that gives readers a balanced, non-polemical, and lucid account of this highly contentious issue. Beginning with the roots of affirmative action, Anderson describes African-American demands for employment in the defense industry--spearheaded by A. Philip Randolph’s threatened March on Washington in July 1941--and the desegregation of the armed forces after World War II. He investigates President Kennedy’s historic 1961 executive order that introduced the term “affirmative action” during the early years of the civil rights movement and he examines President Johnson’s attempts to gain equal opportunities for African Americans. He describes President Nixon’s expansion of affirmative action with the Philadelphia Plan--which the Supreme Court upheld--along with President Carter’s introduction of “set asides” for minority businesses and the Bakke ruling which allowed the use of race as one factor in college admissions. By the early 1980s many citizens were becoming alarmed by affirmative action, and that feeling was exemplified by the Reagan administration’s backlash, which resulted in the demise and revision of affirmative action during the Clinton years. He concludes with a look at the University of Michigan cases of 2003, the current status of the policy, and its impact. Throughout, the author weighs each side of every issue--often finding merit in both arguments--resulting in an eminently fair account of one of America’s most heated debates. A colorful history that brings to life the politicians, legal minds, and ordinary people who have fought for or against affirmative action, The Pursuit of Fairness helps clear the air and calm the emotions, as it illuminates a difficult and critically important issue.