bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating fMRI-Based Estimation of Eye Gaze During Naturalistic Viewing
Authors: Son Jake , Ai Lei , Lim Ryan , Xu Ting , Colcombe Stanley , Franco Alexandre Rosa , Cloud Jessica , LaConte Stephen , Lisinski Jonathan , Klein Arno , Craddock R Cameron , Milham Michael
Published: June 2019

The collection of eye gaze information during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is important for monitoring variations in attention and task compliance, particularly for naturalistic viewing paradigms (e.g., movies). However, the complexity and setup requirements of current in-scanner eye tracking solutions can preclude many researchers from accessing such information. Predictive eye estimation regression (PEER) is a previously developed support vector regression-based method for retrospectively estimating eye gaze from the fMRI signal in the eye’s orbit using a 1.5-min calibration scan. Here, we provide confirmatory validation of the PEER method’s ability to infer eye gaze on a TR-by-TR basis during movie viewing, using simultaneously acquired eye tracking data in five individuals (median angular deviation < 2°). Then, we examine variations in the predictive validity of PEER models across individuals in a subset of data (n = 448) from the Child Mind Institute Healthy Brain Network Biobank, identifying head motion as a primary determinant. Finally, we accurately classify which of the two movies is being watched based on the predicted eye gaze patterns (area under the curve = 0.90 ± 0.02) and map the neural correlates of eye movements derived from PEER. PEER is a freely available and easy-to-use tool for determining eye fixations during naturalistic viewing.
Clinical outcomes after implantation of quadripolar compared to bipolar left ventricular leads in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Erath Julia W , Benz Alexander P , Hohnloser Stefan H , Vamos Mate
Published: June 2019

Aims

Some retrospective and prospective studies in heart failure patients with indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) suggest better clinical outcomes for quadripolar (QP) left ventricular (LV) leads over bipolar (BP) leads. Although, lead failure remains an important safety concern, when using these more complex, novel electrodes. To evaluate safety and efficacy outcomes for QP vs. BP LV leads in patients receiving CRT.

Methods and results

We performed a comprehensive literature search through 2018 in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies comparing patients with QP and BP LV CRT leads. A total of 12 studies were selected for analysis comprising 31 403 patients (QP lead: 22 429 patients; BP lead: 8974 patients). Eight studies examined the effects of CRT on survival. In these studies, use of QP electrodes was associated with significantly better survival compared to patients with BP LV leads (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.50–0.76; P < 0.01). Clinical improval measured in New York Heart Association functional class (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.34–1.01; P = 0.05) and hospitalization rates (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.83; P < 0.01) were also improved in patients receiving QP leads. Lead malfunctions defined as LV lead failure resulting in lead deactivation (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.34–0.98; P = 0.04) or LV lead dislodgement requiring LV lead replacement/repositioning (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.31–0.75; P < 0.01) were more often encountered among patients with BP leads compared to patients with QP leads.

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis suggests distinct benefits of QP over BP electrodes in patients undergoing CRT.
N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplementation Improves Functional Connectivity Within the Cingulate Cortex in Early Psychosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mullier Emeline , Roine Timo , Griffa Alessandra , Xin Lijing , Baumann Philipp S , Klauser Paul , Cleusix Martine , Jenni Raoul , Alemàn-Gómez Yasser , Gruetter Rolf , Conus Philippe , Do Kim Q , Hagmann Patric
Published: June 2019

Background

There is increasing evidence that redox dysregulation, which can lead to oxidative stress and eventually to impairment of oligodendrocytes and parvalbumin interneurons, may underlie brain connectivity alterations in schizophrenia. Accordingly, we previously reported that levels of brain antioxidant glutathione in the medial prefrontal cortex were positively correlated with increased functional connectivity along the cingulum bundle in healthy controls but not in early psychosis patients. In a recent randomized controlled trial, we observed that 6-month supplementation with a glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, increased brain glutathione levels and improved symptomatic expression and processing speed.

Methods

We investigated the effect of N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation on the functional connectivity between regions of the cingulate cortex, which have been linked to positive symptoms and processing speed decline. In this pilot study, we compared structural connectivity and resting-state functional connectivity between early psychosis patients treated with 6-month N-acetyl-cysteine (n = 9) or placebo (n = 11) supplementation with sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (n = 74).

Results

We observed that 6-month N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation increases functional connectivity along the cingulum and more precisely between the caudal anterior part and the isthmus of the cingulate cortex. These functional changes can be partially explained by an increase of centrality of these regions in the functional brain network.

Conclusions

N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation has a positive effect on functional connectivity within the cingulate cortex in early psychosis patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study suggesting that increased brain glutathione levels via N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation may improve brain functional connectivity.
Cryptococcus neoformans infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected patients at an inner-city tertiary care hospital in the Bronx
Authors: Yoon Hyun Ah , Felsen Uriel , Wang Tao , Pirofski Liise-anne
Published: June 2019

Cryptococcus neoformans causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the most significant predisposing condition, but persons with other immunodeficiency states as well as phenotypically normal persons develop cryptococcosis. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients with a diagnosis of cryptococcosis between 2005 and 2017 at our inner-city medical center in the Bronx, an epicenter of AIDS in New York City, and analyzed demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment, and mortality for these patients. In sum, 63% of the cases over this 12-year period occurred in HIV-infected patients. And 61% of the HIV-infected patients were non-adherent with antiretroviral therapy, 10% were newly diagnosed with AIDS, and 4% had unmasking cryptococcus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The majority were Hispanic or black in ethnicity/race. HIV-uninfected patients (47/126) were older (P < .0001), and the majority had an immunocompromising condition. They were less likely to have a headache (P = .0004) or fever (P = .03), had prolonged time to diagnosis (P = .04), higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose levels (P = .001), less CSF culture positivity (P = .03), and a higher 30-day mortality (P = .03). Cases in HIV-uninfected patients were often unsuspected during their initial evaluation, leading to a delay in infectious diseases consultation, which was associated with mortality (P = .03). Our study indicates that HIV infection remains the most important predisposing factor for cryptococcosis despite availability of antiretroviral therapy and highlights potential missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis and differences in clinical and prognostic factors between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients.
Nuclear-dominated accretion flows in two dimensions – II. Ejecta dynamics and nucleosynthesis for CO and ONe white dwarfs
Authors: Fernández Rodrigo , Margalit Ben , Metzger Brian D
Published: June 2019

We study mass ejection from accretion discs formed in the merger of a white dwarf with a neutron star or black hole. These discs are mostly radiatively inefficient and support nuclear fusion reactions, with ensuing outflows and electromagnetic transients. Here we perform time-dependent, axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations of these discs including a physical equation of state, viscous angular momentum transport, a coupled 19-isotope nuclear network, and self-gravity. We find no detonations in any of the configurations studied. Our global models extend from the central object to radii much larger than the disc. We evolve these global models for several orbits, as well as alternate versions with an excised inner boundary to much longer times. We obtain robust outflows, with a broad velocity distribution in the range 102–104 km s−1. The outflow composition is mostly that of the initial white dwarf, with burning products mixed in at the ${\lesssim } 10\rm {-}30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ level by mass, including up to ∼10−2 M⊙ of 56Ni. These heavier elements (plus 4He) are ejected within ≲ 40° of the rotation axis, and should have higher average velocities than the lighter elements that make up the white dwarf. These results are in broad agreement with previous one- and two-dimensional studies, and point to these systems as progenitors of rapidly rising (∼ few day) transients. If accretion on to the central BH/NS powers a relativistic jet, these events could be accompanied by high-energy transients with peak luminosities ∼1047–1050 erg s−1 and peak durations of up to several minutes, possibly accounting for events like CDF-S XT2.
An emission spectrum for WASP-121b measured across the 0.8–1.1 μm wavelength range using the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Mikal-Evans Thomas , Sing David K , Goyal Jayesh M , Drummond Benjamin , Carter Aarynn L , Henry Gregory W , Wakeford Hannah R , Lewis Nikole K , Marley Mark S , Tremblin Pascal , Nikolov Nikolay , Kataria Tiffany , Deming Drake , Ballester Gilda E
Published: June 2019

WASP-121b is a transiting gas giant exoplanet orbiting close to its Roche limit, with an inflated radius nearly double that of Jupiter and a dayside temperature comparable to a late M dwarf photosphere. Secondary eclipse observations covering the 1.1–$1.6\, \mu{\rm m}$ wavelength range have revealed an atmospheric thermal inversion on the dayside hemisphere, likely caused by high-altitude absorption at optical wavelengths. Here we present secondary eclipse observations made with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 spectrograph that extend the wavelength coverage from $1.1\, \mu{\rm m}$ down to $0.8\, \mu{\rm m}$. To determine the atmospheric properties from the measured eclipse spectrum, we performed a retrieval analysis assuming chemical equilibrium, with the effects of thermal dissociation and ionization included. Our best-fitting model provides a good fit to the data with reduced $\chi ^2_\nu =1.04$. The data diverge from a blackbody spectrum and instead exhibit emission due to H− shortward of $1.1\, \mu{\rm m}$. The best-fitting model does not reproduce a previously reported bump in the spectrum at $1.25\,\mu{\rm m}$, possibly indicating this feature is a statistical fluctuation in the data rather than a VO emission band as had been tentatively suggested. We estimate an atmospheric metallicity of $[{\rm M}/{\rm H}]= {1.09}_{-0.69}^{+0.57}$, and fit for the carbon and oxygen abundances separately, obtaining $[{\rm C}/{\rm H}]= {-0.29}_{-0.48}^{+0.61}$ and $[{\rm O}/{\rm H}]= {0.18}_{-0.60}^{+0.64}$. The corresponding carbon-to-oxygen ratio is ${\rm C/O} = 0.49_{-0.37}^{+0.65}$, which encompasses the solar value of 0.54, but has a large uncertainty.
The abundance and physical properties of O vii and O viii X-ray absorption systems in the EAGLE simulations
Authors: Wijers Nastasha A , Schaye Joop , Oppenheimer Benjamin D , Crain Robert A , Nicastro Fabrizio
Published: June 2019

We use the EAGLE cosmological, hydrodynamical simulations to predict the column density and equivalent width distributions of intergalactic O vii ($E=574 \, \rm {eV}$) and O viii ($E=654 \, \rm {eV}$) absorbers at low redshift. These two ions are predicted to account for $40 \, \hbox{ per cent}$ of the gas-phase oxygen, which implies that they are key tracers of cosmic metals. We find that their column density distributions evolve little at observable column densities from redshift 1 to 0, and that they are sensitive to active galactic nucleus feedback, which strongly reduces the number of strong (column density $N \gtrsim 10^{16} \, \rm {cm}^{-2}$) absorbers. The distributions have a break at $N \sim 10^{16}\, \rm {cm}^{-2}$, corresponding to overdensities of ∼102, likely caused by the transition from sheet/filament to halo gas. Absorption systems with $N \gtrsim 10^{16} \, \rm {cm}^{-2}$ are dominated by collisionally ionized O vii and O viii, while the ionization state of oxygen at lower column densities is also influenced by photoionization. At these high column densities, O vii and O viii arising in the same structures probe systematically different gas temperatures, meaning their line ratio does not translate into a simple estimate of temperature. While O vii and O viii column densities and covering fractions correlate poorly with the H i column density at ${N}_{\rm {H}\, \rm {I}} \gtrsim 10^{15} \, \rm {cm}^{-2}$, O vii and O viii column densities are higher in this regime than at the more common, lower H i column densities. The column densities of O vi and especially Ne viii, which have strong absorption lines in the UV, are good predictors of the strengths of O vii and O viii absorption and can hence aid in the detection of the X-ray lines.
Enhancer-mediated enrichment of interacting JMJD3–DDX21 to ENPP2 locus prevents R-loop formation and promotes transcription
Authors: Argaud Deborah , Boulanger Marie-Chloé , Chignon Arnaud , Mkannez Ghada , Mathieu Patrick
Published: June 2019

ENPP2, which encodes for the enzyme autotaxin (ATX), is overexpressed during chronic inflammatory diseases and various cancers. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the ENPP2 transcription remains elusive. Here, in HEK 293T cells, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the transcription process at ENPP2 locus through a NF-кB pathway and a reduction of H3K27me3 level, a histone repressive mark, by the demethylase UTX. Simultaneously, the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3/KDM6B was recruited to the transcription start site (TSS), within the gene body and controlled the expression of ENPP2 in a non-enzymatic manner. Mass spectrometry data revealed a novel interaction for JMJD3 with DDX21, a RNA helicase that unwinds R-loops created by nascent transcript and DNA template. Upon LPS treatment, JMJD3 is necessary for DDX21 recruitment at ENPP2 locus allowing the resolution of aberrant R-loops. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of a distant-acting enhancer decreased the expression of ENPP2 and lowered the recruitment of JMJD3–DDX21 complex at TSS and its progression through the gene body. Taken together, these findings revealed that enhancer-mediated enrichment of novel JMJD3–DDX21 interaction at ENPP2 locus is necessary for nascent transcript synthesis via the resolution of aberrant R-loops formation in response to inflammatory stimulus.
DNA processing by the MOBH family relaxase TraI encoded within the gonococcal genetic island
Authors: Heilers Jan-Hendrik , Reiners Jens , Heller Eva-Maria , Golzer Annika , Smits Sander H J , van der Does Chris
Published: June 2019

Relaxases of the MOBH family are often found on large plasmids, genetic islands and integrative conjugative elements. Many members of this family contain an N-terminal relaxase domain (TraI_2) followed by a disordered middle part and a C-terminal domain of unknown function (TraI_2_C). The TraI_2 domain contains two putative metal-binding motifs, an HD domain motif and an alternative 3H motif. TraI, encoded within the gonococcal genetic island of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is the prototype of the MOBH family. SAXS experiments showed that TraI_2 and TraI_2_C form globular structures separated by an extended middle domain. The TraI_2 domain cleaves oriT-ssDNA in a site-specific Mn2+ or Co2+ dependent manner. The minimal oriT encompasses 50 nucleotides, requires an inverted repeat 3′ of the nic-site and several nucleotides around nic for efficient cleavage. Surprisingly, no stable covalent relaxase-DNA intermediate was observed. Mutagenesis of conserved tyrosines showed that cleavage was abolished in the Y212A mutant, whereas the Y212F and Y212H mutants retained residual activity. The HD and the alternative 3H motifs were essential for cleavage and the HD domain residues D162 and D267 for metal ion binding. We propose that the active site binds two metal ions, one in a high-affinity and one in a low-affinity site.
Bessie Smith
Authors: Hill Melanie R.
Published: June 2019

Understanding the literary pen as a fundamental tool that writes the narrative of black existence while also analyzing how the black woman’s voice in blues music represents black life is essential in exhibiting utile productions of knowledge and expressive culture in both literature and music. Known for her distinguished classification in music as the “Empress of the Blues,” Bessie Smith was a prominent blues singer of the 1920s. Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1894, Smith began singing as a street performer and danced in minstrel shows. In 1923, Smith was signed to Columbia Records, becoming the highest-paid blues singer of this epoch. Known for her classic recordings from “Down Hearted Blues” and “Back-Water Blues” to “St. Louis Blues,” “Need a Little Sugar in My Bowl,” and “Nobody Knows You When You’re Down and Out,” the 1920s and 1930s marked the zenith of Smith’s performance career. Not only was Smith constantly touring as a blues singer in the 1920s, but she also starred in the 1929 film St. Louis Blues. Smith produced 160 recordings with Columbia Records, and her collaborations with Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, and Benny Goodman, respectively a trumpeter, a pianist, and a clarinetist, heightened her blues/jazz mark in the entertainment industry. Smith’s voice resonates in the vocal performances of Billie Holiday, Aretha Franklin, Nina Simone, and Janis Joplin. Many scholars have paid homage to Bessie Smith’s musical ability and performative ingenuity through their anthologies, essays, novels, film, and music. While each source illustrates the skill of Bessie Smith as a prominent blues singer, the sources in each category also convey different ways in which readers see another iteration of Bessie Smith as blues woman and artist whose recordings in the early 20th century spoke to and protested the social ills of the black community. This bibliography is divided into sections on the common sources that provide a general perspective on blues music, primary sources that are fundamental to research on Bessie Smith and blues/jazz music structures, journal articles that provide a brief look into other scholars’ perspectives on Bessie Smith through poetry, the sonic structure of blues music and Bessie Smith’s vocal style, blues music’s portrayal in African American literature, and finally the element of the sermonic in blues music. The citations in this article, from books, essays, and journal articles, provide an interdisciplinary perspective on blues and jazz and on the eminence with which Bessie Smith wrote, sang, and preached the blues.
Transgender Media Studies
Authors: heinz matthew
Published: June 2019

Transgender media studies is a fairly recent area of scholarship emerging at the intersections of communication studies, cultural studies, digital media studies, film studies, gender studies, media studies, television studies, and transgender studies. The earliest scholarship in this field primarily consisted of analyses of portrayals of transsexual characters on the screen. With the gradual broadening of LGBTQ scholarship facilitating coverage of trans issues, the growing global visibility of trans, transgender, non-binary, and gender non-conforming people, and the intermittent expansion of trans legal and human rights, transgender media studies began to develop as a vibrant area of study of its own. Transgender media scholarship moved from pathologizing approaches to victimizing approaches to resilience-focused approaches while keeping the empirically documented and often legally enshrined marginalization and discrimination of transgender people in public consciousness. At this moment, transgender media scholarship continues to examine the portrayals of transgender characters on screen, but the methodological and epistemological approaches to transgender media have greatly expanded to include, for example, how transgender people use media to organize, how print and digital media influence transgender identity development, how media can be used to educate publics and provide support, how cisgender people respond to transgender portrayals in digital, print, and broadcast media; and how researchers can help challenge normativity, pay attention to intersectionality, and surface marginalization. Early dominant portrayals of transgender people consisted of white, middle-class, middle-aged heteronormative transgender women, and scholarship reflected these dominant portrayals. In the 21st century, transgender media discourse has mostly broadened to include transgender men and gender non-conforming people, people of color and Two-Spirit people, people of a range of sexual orientations and gender identities, young people and seniors. Arguably, much of the increased diversity in transgender media research is attributable to the fact that transgender and gender non-conforming researchers came out publicly and/or entered the academy and brought forth research agendas informed by lived experience. This bibliography is not exhaustive. It seeks to reflect the range of transgender media scholarship at this point in time, acknowledging that “transgender media” as a conceptual category captures a particular moment in time only. As social and biological understandings of “gender” and “sex” begin to shift and loosen, it is likely that media scholarship will present a more holistic approach to the complex relationships between (trans)gender and media.
José María Arguedas and Early 21st Century Cultural and Political Theories
Authors: Daly Tara , Feldman Irina
Published: June 2019

José María Arguedas (born in Andahuaylas, Peru, in 1911; died in Lima, Peru, in 1969) was an important novelist, ethnographer, cultural advocate, and teacher. In the first two decades of the 21st century, the cultural and political depth of his work has been brought to further light through emergent research areas. Scholars now situate Arguedas’s work under the broader umbrellas of cultural and political theories. In the realm of political philosophy, Arguedas was influenced by the Marxist legacies of 1920s and 1960s Peru, and by such thinkers and activists as José Carlos Mariátegui and Hugo Blanco. Arguedas’s politics, and particularly his challenges to 1960s developmental discourse, anticipates some of the ideas behind the principle of “buen vivir / vivir bien,” a concept developed from indigenous worldviews that has been incorporated into the new Bolivian and Ecuadorian constitutions in the first decade of the 21st century. Arguedas’s insights into the possibilities of dialogue and collaboration between national politics and indigenous cosmologies prove relevant for the Andean contexts of the early 21st century. His potential contributions to ecocriticism, particularly via the intimate connection his novels express toward the natural environment, are also being recognized. In the realm of cultural theory and history, new studies on traditional modes of expression in Peru, such as music, dance, and performance, look back on Arguedas and his pioneer appreciation and preservation of oral traditions as well as his prescience around the impact of migration on the same. The early-21st-century adaptations of his works and ideas into plays or film for children attest to the cultural education that his work continues to promote. Arguedas was recognized in his lifetime as a brilliant teacher, and he personally conceived of teaching and cultural advocacy as one of his main cultural practices. His multifaceted teaching missions—to bring the Andean cultures to the attention of the elites, and to offer the indigenous students access to the necessary tools to navigate the landscape of national modernity—have been vigorously carried out after his death by cultural promoters, artists, and cultural critics with the same idea in mind: to exercise pedagogy to further emancipation. This article reviews both the scholarship on Arguedas and early-21st-century literary, philosophical, anthropological, and historical scholarship on the Andean world inspired by his ideas, as well as artistic productions in the Andean countries in the first two decades of the 21st century, which revisit Arguedas’s oeuvre and give it renewed relevance for the new century.
International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Forsythe David
Published: June 2019

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is the founding agency of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, this latter network sometimes referred to as the International Red Cross. The ICRC was officially organized in 1863 with a mission of encouraging help to the wounded in international war. It broadened its concern over time in a pragmatic response to human need, but is usually linked to war or other political violence. Its evolving focus on victims included not just the wounded but prisoners, civilians, refugees, those affected by certain means and methods of violence (e.g., poisonous and asphyxiating gases), missing persons, those in need of prosthetic services, the relatives of the detained, and migrants (defined broadly). Its focus also evolved in terms of situations: from international war to internal war, to internal troubles or tensions, to instability in vulnerable societies, to continuing need for especially water and sanitary services in post conflict societies, and to major cases of urban violence. First organized as a communications and support center for National Red Cross (and eventually Red Crescent) Societies, these now numbering some 190, it became an actor in the field itself. It recognizes but does not control these National RC Societies. Each operational unit of the RC network is legally independent. RC actors are linked by commitment to certain principles such as humanity, neutrality, impartiality, independence, and universality. The ICRC operates ultimately according to its own statutes as a Swiss civil society organization. Its governing board is comprised of only Swiss nationals, and this mono-nationality is widely seen as promoting its neutrality, the Swiss state being pledged to permanent neutrality. Mono-nationality also eliminates national competition in appointment to, and decisions by, the governing board. Its president, in the contemporary era drawn from past officials of the Swiss state with experience in foreign affairs, normally has great influence within the organization. The governing board (the ICRC Assembly) is made up of unpaid volunteers and only meets periodically. There is a director general and supporting professional staff for management of daily affairs. The staff is multinational. By tradition the ICRC plays a prominent role in the development of the international law of armed conflict (aka international humanitarian law) such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions for Victims of War and Additional Protocols. Much law in this domain is now developed by courts and national documents, sometimes adding to customary international law, rather than in diplomatic conferences called by Switzerland. The ICRC prioritizes help to victims in the field and usually engages in quiet diplomacy and thus avoids public judgments about precise violation of this law, in order to facilitate its access to victims.
Civil-Military Relations
Authors: Bruneau Thomas
Published: June 2019

The literature encompassed within the area of civil-military relations (CMR) is extremely broad. The focus in this bibliography is primarily on CMR as a subfield of comparative politics in that it deals with the power relations between the military and civilians. This bibliography is concerned with the classic question, raised in the 1st century ce by Juvenal: Who will guard the guardians? From this perspective, CMR is generally about power and politics of an organization with a monopoly in arms to exercise political power. While foreign states and international organizations may influence CMR, particularly during democratic transitions, it is essentially a national phenomenon. International law does, however, pertain in most of the roles and missions the military are tasked with. Not included in this bibliography are the following topics: military history, strategy and doctrine, sociology of the armed forces including recruitment, gender, race, and health. Thus, important authors such as Morris Janowitz and Charles Moskos will not be included. This bibliography will break new ground in four ways: First, in giving attention to military effectiveness as well as the traditional focus on civilian control; second, in giving attention to roles and missions currently executed by the military; third, in including non-democracies, democracies, and those in transition; and fourth, in including the roles of private contractors in the mix of civil-military relations. The six primary sections in this bibliography are the following: Democratic Civilian Control is mainly about the United States and its emphasis is on the military taking political power, even though the American military has never sought to take power. CMR in Contemporary Non-Democratic Regimes focuses on China, Russia, and Egypt as they are all globally important non-democratic regimes, with varied relationships between the military and civilians. CMR in Democratic Transitions is included as the military is a key actor in virtually every transition from the beginning of Third Wave of democratization, starting in Lisbon, Portugal, on April 25, 1974. CMR in the Context of Roles and Missions is included as it details that the military mainly implements roles and missions not involving conflict with other militaries, and includes the role of international law. The section on CMR Including Democratic Civilian Control and Military Effectiveness is included as attention must be paid to effectiveness in the different roles and missions for military organizations. And, finally military roles and missions assumed by Non-Military For-Profit Private Enterprises are included as involvement of private enterprise raises questions regarding the state’s putative monopoly of power and roles of the military.
For a Law of Public Contract Per Se: An Intervention from Liberal Contract Theory
Authors: McLean Janet M
Published: June 2019

Judges in judicial review cases in New Zealand and the UK currently begin with the presumption that the existence of a contract means that the matter should be treated as a private law one—at least in the absence of a special ‘public element’. This article argues that all contracts with government entities should be treated as presumptively public. Such a position can be justified by recourse to liberal contract theory. Arthur Ripstein’s Kantian theory identifies the critical role of the state in securing the background conditions for the operation of private law. These are unsettled when a government entity is one of the parties to a contract.
Social evaluations under conflict: negative judgments of conflicting information are easier than positive judgments
Authors: Nohlen Hannah U , van Harreveld Frenk , Cunningham William A
Published: June 2019

In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how the brain facilitates social judgments despite evaluatively conflicting information. Participants learned consistent (positive or negative) and ambivalent (positive and negative) person information and were then asked to provide binary judgments of these targets in situations that either resolved conflict by prioritizing a subset of information or not. Self-report, decision time and brain data confirm that integrating contextual information into our evaluations of objects or people allows for nuanced (social) evaluations. The same mixed trait information elicited or failed to elicit evaluative conflict dependent on the situation. Crucially, we provide data suggesting that negative judgments are easier and may be considered the ‘default’ action when experiencing evaluative conflict: weaker activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during trials of evaluative conflict was related to a greater likelihood of unfavorable judgments, and greater activation was related to more favorable judgments. Since negative outcome consequences are arguably more detrimental and salient, this finding supports the idea that additional regulation and a more active selection process are necessary to override an initial negative response to evaluatively conflicting information.
Multivariate modeling for retained protein and lipid1
Authors: Moraes Luis Eduardo
Published: June 2019

Energy efficiencies and maintenance parameters have been traditionally estimated with a linear regression model that treated metabolizable energy intake as the dependent variable and protein and lipid depositions as the independent variables. Several studies have described the statistical issues associated with this approach, such as the reverse role of dependent and independent variables and a potential multicollinearity issue due to the high correlation between protein and lipid depositions. Biased regression techniques have been proposed to minimize the harmful effects of multicollinearity on the estimates of energy efficiencies. These approaches, however, only partially addressed the issues described for the linear regression approach. A first multivariate approach was developed by L. J. Koong in the 1970s, who estimated the energy parameters using a set of simultaneous equations. This multivariate approach has been considerably extended in the past two decades with the complete characterization of model’s biological interpretation under different feeding conditions, the simultaneous estimation of maintenance requirements, the extension of the model to a mixed-effects framework, and the implementation of a Bayesian framework for model fitting. The multivariate approach has been successfully applied to model energy deposition and partitioning by mice, pigs, salmon, and rainbow trout. However, multivariate models are, in general, harder to fit than linear regression models due to 1) larger number of parameters, 2) issues with parameter identifiability, and 3) overall lack of algorithm convergence. Therefore, with the recent availability of easy to use and efficient computer packages for model fitting, the use of a Bayesian framework seems to be an attractive approach for fitting multivariate models describing protein and lipid deposition.
Application of the California Net Energy System to grazed forage: feed values and requirements
Authors: Lalman David L , Andresen Claire E , Holder Amanda L , Reuter Ryan R , Foote Andrew P
Published: June 2019

The California Net Energy System (CNES) has been successfully used for many years to generate estimates of grazing animal energy requirements, supplemental needs, and energy value of grazed forage diets. Compared to pen feeding situations, validation of feed nutritive value estimates or animal performance projections are extremely difficult in grazing animals because many of the system inputs are constantly changing. A major difficulty in applying this or any energy accounting system in the field is acquiring accurate estimates of forage intake. We discuss the various equations available to estimate forage intake for grazing animals with emphasis on beef cows. Progress has been made in recent years although there remains substantial discrepancy among various equations, particularly in the upper range of forage digestibility. Validation work and further development is needed in this area. For lactating cows, our conclusion is that the adjustment of intake for milk production (0.2 kg increase in forage intake per kg of milk produced) needs to be increased to a minimum of 0.35. A particular challenge with the CNES for grazing beef cows is the dramatic interaction that can occur between genetic potential for production traits and nutrient availability. Examples from literature are provided and a case study is presented demonstrating that energy requirements are dynamic and depend on nutrients available in grazing systems. The CNES is a useful tool in grazing beef cattle management although there remains substantial opportunity and need to improve inputs and validate the system in grazing situations.
Contribution of nutrient fluxes to the evolution of the net energy systems, example of the INRA feeding system for beef cattle
Authors: Ortigues-Marty Isabelle , Agabriel Jacques , Vernet Jean , Sepchat Bernard , Al-Jammas Marwa , Nozière Pierre
Published: June 2019

Energy feeding systems define energy as a whole, but progress made to define metabolizable energy (ME) as the sum of the metabolizable nutrients produced by digestion and available for tissue metabolism in a wide range of nutritional situations opens the way to quantitatively model and predict nutrient fluxes between and within tissues and organs and improve predictions of energy use. This review addresses the contribution of nutrient flux concepts and data to the evolution of the Institut de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) energy feeding system for growing and fattening cattle and evaluates the outcomes on the net energy (NE) requirements. It summarizes recent progress made to quantitatively predict nutrient fluxes both at digestive and visceral levels. It reviews how nutrient flux concepts and results were introduced in the recently updated INRA feeding system, resulting in improvements in the accuracy of the revised digestible energy (DE) and ME value of diets. The use of an independent database showed that for diets fed to fattening cattle, DE and ME concentrations were downgraded for low-energy-dense diets and upgraded for high-energy-dense diets. We are also showing that compared with its previous version, the updated INRA system improves the quantitative relationship between ME supply and flows of metabolizable nutrients. Evidence is provided on how measured nutrient fluxes at portal level were used to evaluate the predicted flows of metabolizable nutrients. This review then revisits the NE values of diets for fattening cattle as defined by the INRA feeding system and not updated yet. Using an independent database and at similar ME intake, carcass composition was shown to be linearly related to the energy density of diets for fiber-rich diets but not for concentrate-rich diets, suggesting that the efficiency of energy utilization of ME into NE is not linearly related to differences in the composition of the gain. Accounting for the balance of metabolizable nutrients or their proxies in models used to predict carcass composition from ME intake can improve predictions. Overall partitioning aggregated energy fluxes into their subcomponent nutrient fluxes in a more physiological approach offers promising perspectives for the evolution of NE feeding systems.
Benchmarking calving management practices on western Canada cow–calf operations1
Authors: Pearson Jennifer M , Pajor Edmond A , Caulkett Nigel A , Levy Michel , Campbell John R , Windeyer M Claire
Published: June 2019

Benchmarking current calving management practices and herd demographics in the western Canadian cow–calf production system helps to fill the gap in knowledge and understanding of how this production system works. Further investigation into the relationships between management decisions and calf health may guide the development of management practices and protocols to improve calf health, especially in compromised calves after a difficult birth. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to describe current calving management practices on western Canadian cow–calf ranches and to investigate the association of herd demographics with herd-level incidence of calving assistance, morbidity, mortality, and use of calving and colostrum management practices. Cow–calf producers were surveyed in January 2017 regarding herd inventory and management practices during the 2016 calving season. Ninety-seven of 110 producers enrolled in the western Canadian Cow-Calf Surveillance Network responded. Average herd-level incidence of assisted calvings was 4.9% (13.5% heifers, 3.2% cows), stillbirths was 2.1% (3.3% heifers, 1.9% cows), preweaning mortality was 4.5%, and preweaning treatment for disease was 9.4% (3.0% neonatal calf diarrhea, 3.8% bovine respiratory disease, 2.6% other diseases). Greater than 90% of producers assisted calvings and would intervene with colostrum consumption if the calf did not appear to have nursed from its dam. Late calving herds (i.e., started calving in March or later) had significantly lower average herd-level incidence of assistance, treatment for disease, and mortality (P < 0.05). In earlier calving herds (i.e., started calving in January or February) producers had shorter intervals between checking on dams for signs of calving or intervening to assist with a calving (P < 0.05). In early calving herds, producers were more likely to perform hands-on colostrum management techniques such as placing the cow and calf together or feeding stored, frozen colostrum (P < 0.05). There were no associations between herd size and herd-level incidences or management techniques (P > 0.05). This study suggests that in western Canada earlier calving herds are more intensively managed, whereas later calving herds are more extensively managed. Herd demographics may be important to consider when investigating factors associated with management strategies, health, and productivity in cow–calf herds.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Return to Work Rate Following Heart Transplantation and the Contributing Role of Illness Perceptions
Authors: Thomson David , Maddison Anna , Sharp John
Published: June 2019

Background:

Social rehabilitation, including return to work (RTW), is a key indicator of transplant success. However, little is known regarding the RTW rate following heart transplantation or the factors influencing this. The objective of this study was to examine RTW among heart transplant recipients and identify associated predictors.

Methods:

Attendees of the post–heart transplant clinic based at the Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Scotland, were invited to respond to a mailed survey comprising a demographic form, an employment history questionnaire, and a modified Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Frequency distributions, χ2 test, and stepwise regression were used to examine employment history and associated factors.

Results:

Sixty percent of transplant recipients reported working 12 mo prior to transplant compared with 50% of recipients at 1-y post-transplant. Forty-four percent of all working-age recipients were currently employed, a relatively median rate compared with those found in previous studies. Univariate analysis revealed “receipt of benefits,” “time off work pre–heart transplant,” “employment 12 mo pre–heart transplant,” “employment at listing,” “perceived work ability,” “discharge age,” “illness consequences,” “illness concern,” and “emotional representation” as predictors of RTW. Logistic regression modeling revealed “time off work pre–heart transplant” and “perceived work ability” to have the most significant influence on RTW, explaining 62% of the variance in outcome.

Conclusions:

Psychological and demographic variables influence RTW after heart transplant. Knowledge and understanding of these variables facilitate the design of interventions and services to help promote RTW and social rehabilitation. Study limitations are discussed, and suggestions for similar research and the outpatient clinic are provided.
Refractive index matched, nearly hard polymer colloids
Authors: Smith Gregory N. , Derry Matthew J. , Hallett James E. , Lovett Joseph R. , Mykhaylyk Oleksander O. , Neal Thomas J. , Prévost Sylvain , Armes Steven P.
Published: June 2019

Refractive index matched particles serve as essential model systems for colloid scientists, providing
nearly
hard spheres to explore structure and dynamics. The poly(methyl methacrylate) latexes typically used are often refractive index matched by dispersing them in binary solvent mixtures, but this can lead to undesirable changes, such as particle charging or swelling. To avoid these shortcomings, we have synthesized refractive index matched colloids using polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) rather than as polymer latexes. The crucial difference is that these diblock copolymer nanoparticles consist of a
single core-forming
polymer in a
single
non-ionizable solvent. The diblock copolymer chosen was poly(stearyl methacrylate)–poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PSMA–PTFEMA), which self-assembles to form PTFEMA core spheres in
n
-alkanes. By monitoring scattered light intensity,
n
-tetradecane was found to be the optimal solvent for matching the refractive index of such nanoparticles. As expected for PISA syntheses, the diameter of the colloids can be controlled by varying the PTFEMA degree of polymerization. Concentrated dispersions were prepared, and the diffusion of the PSMA–PTFEMA nanoparticles as a function of volume fraction was measured. These diblock copolymer nanoparticles are a promising new system of transparent spheres for future colloidal studies.
Uncovering a mitochondrial unfolded protein response in corals and its role in adapting to a changing world
Authors: Dimos Bradford A. , Mahmud Siraje A. , Fuess Lauren E. , Mydlarz Laura D. , Pellegrino Mark W.
Published: June 2019

The Anthropocene will be characterized by increased environmental disturbances, leading to the survival of stress-tolerant organisms, particularly in the oceans, where novel marine diseases and elevated temperatures are re-shaping ecosystems. These environmental changes underscore the importance of identifying mechanisms which promote stress tolerance in ecologically important non-model species such as reef-building corals. Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular stress and have dedicated recovery pathways including the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, which increases the transcription of protective genes promoting protein homeostasis, free radical detoxification and innate immunity. In this investigation, we identify a mitochondrial unfolded protein response in the endangered Caribbean coralOrbicella faveolata, by performingin vivofunctional replacement using a transcription factor (Of-ATF5) originating from a coral in the model organismCaenorhabditis elegans. In addition, we use RNA-seq network analysis and transcription factor-binding predictions to identify a transcriptional network of genes likely to be regulated by Of-ATF5 which is induced during the immune challenge and temperature stress. Overall, our findings uncover a conserved cellular pathway which may promote the ability of reef-building corals to survive increasing levels of environmental stress.