bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate-driven trends in agricultural water requirement: an ERA5-based assessment at daily scale over 50 years
Authors: Rolle Matteo , Tamea Stefania , Claps Pierluigi
Published: February 2022

The impact of climate variability on the water requirements of crops is a key issue in a globalized world with unprecedented population and unevenly distributed water resources. Changes of hydro-climatic forcings may have significant impacts on water resources use, considering the possible effects on irrigation requirements and crop water stress. In this work, a comprehensive estimation of crop water requirements over the 1970–2019 period is presented, considering 26 main agricultural products over a 5 arcmin resolution global grid. The assessment is based on a daily-scale hydrological model considering rainfed and irrigated scenarios, driven by hydro-climatic forcings derived from ERA5, the most recent climate reanalysis product within the Climate Change Service of the Copernicus Programme. Results show the heterogeneous impact of climate variability on harvested areas of the world, quantified by water stressed days and irrigation requirement rates. Increases of irrigation requirement rates were found on more than 60% of irrigated lands, especially in regions like South Europe, North-East China, West US, Brazil and Australia, where the mean rate increased more than 100 mm yr−1 from 1970s to 2010s. The daily analysis of water requirements shows that crops require significantly more days of irrigation per season, especially in Europe, Africa and South-East Asia. Statistically significant trends of water stress duration were found over 38% of rainfed croplands, while only 6% of croplands has been affected by negative trends and shorter stress duration, mainly in India, Malaysia, North Europe and coastal regions of central western Africa.
The variational theorem for the scattering length in low dimensions and its applications to universal systems
Authors: Cherny Alexander Yu
Published: February 2022

The variational theorem for the scattering length (Cherny and Shanenko 2000 Phys. Rev. E 62 1646–1659) is extended to one and two dimensions. It is shown that the arising singularities can be treated in terms of generalized functions. The variational theorem is applied to a universal many-body system of spinless bosons. The extended Tan adiabatic sweep theorem is obtained for interacting potentials of arbitrary shape with the variation of the one-particle dispersion. The pair distribution function is calculated at short distances by means of the variation of the potential. The suggested scheme is based on simple quantum mechanics; it is physically transparent and free from any divergence.
Chemical Components, Pollen and Bioactivity of Stingless Honey Bee Kelulut (Heterotrigona itama) Meliponiculture from Samarinda, East Kalimantan
Authors: Saputra S H , Nurlina S
Published: February 2022

The stingless honey bee (Trigona sp) has various types, one of which is Heterotrigona itama. Currently, in East Kalimantan, especially in Samarinda, many kelulut honey is meliponiculture, namely in North Samarinda Sub district in Tanah Merah village, Lubuk sawah village and Gunung Lingai village. Are there differences in the chemical components, pollen and bioactivity of kelulut honey (H. itama) in several villages in Samarinda. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the chemical components, pollen and bioactivity of kelulut honey (H. itama) meliponiculture from several villages in Samarinda. The research method is taking honey directly from the location of kelulut honey meliponiculture. The honey obtained is analyzed in the laboratory for the parameters of chemical components, pollen and honey bioactivity. The data obtained is processed with average values and presented in tables or graphs. The data obtained is processed with average values and presented in tables or graphs. The results showed that stingless honey bee kelulut (H. itama) had chemical components in the form of flavonoids and coumarins. Pollen found in H. itama from Tanah Merah village came from 8 species, Lubuk Sawah 10 species, Gunung Linagei 7 species, the type of unit is monand, pollen size is medium to very large, pollen forms are oblate spheroidal, prolate spheroidal, subprolate and pollen ornament consists of eschinate, psilate, scabrate and verrucate. Inhibition against DPPH 3 from honey was 68.87% -61.75% and antimicrobial Staphylococcus aureus.19.22 mm-15.78 mm (strong) and Eschercia coli 17.44 mm-22.58 mm (strong-very strong).
New Dogashima Medium as Subculture Medium Improve the Growth of Vanda tricolor Shoots from Embryogenesis
Authors: Ashihah F R , Rineksane I A , Astuti A
Published: February 2022

Vanda tricolor is an orchid endemic to Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta Indonesia. Efforts to propagate Vanda tricolor through in vitro culture have been carried out to restore the Vanda tricolor population that has decreased due to the eruption and human exploitation. The shoots that have been obtained must be transferred to a new medium by subculture. This study aimed to obtain the best medium for growth and enlargement of Vanda tricolor orchid shoot from organogenesis and embryogenesis by in vitro culture. This research is an experimental study conducted in a laboratory using a completely randomized design with a single factor, namely shoot growth from organogenesis and embryogenesis on various subculture medium. The explants used were shoot explants from organogenesis and shoot explants from embryogenesis which were subcultured into Murashige and Skoog Medium, Vacint and Went Medium and New Dogashima Medium without plant growth regulator. 0.2 g/l activated charcoal and 0.5 ml/l Plant Preservative Mixture was added into each medium. Each treatments was repeated 3 times, each replication consist of 3 samples. The results showed that the shoots from embryogenesis subcultured into the New Dogashima Medium without growth regulators was the best treatment for the enlargement of Vanda tricolor orchid.
Ecophysiology Identification and Flower Morphology of Rafflesia arnoldii at Forest Ecosystem of Bengkulu Province
Authors: Samidjo G S , Oktavidiati E , Sunaryadi
Published: February 2022

Rafflesia flower, especially Rafflesia arnoldii, is a rare flower that is the pride and icon of Bengkulu Province. The population is decreasing over time and recently it is found that the size of the flower crown is relatively narrow. Conservation efforts begin with an inventory and identification of ecophysiological conditions and morphological characters, especially in several forest ecosystems in the Bengkulu Province. The target of this research is, in the end, a future conservation model based on cultivation technology. The survey method was used in this study. Data obtained through direct observation of the Bengkulu forest ecosystem habitat and interviews with representatives of the presence of Rafflesia flowers. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively-analytic. The results showed that 9 (nine) R. arnoldii flowers were found in various phases with the conditions attached to their host plant, namely Tetrastigma sp. This flower is found at the coordinate point of 4 ° 26'55 "S, 103 ° 15'14" E in Bungin Tambun III Village, Padang Guci Hulu District, Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province, and this location is only 12 meters from the water source. Several flower phases were found, namely Copula (6-9 months), Brakta (3-5 months), and Perigon blooming (1-2 weeks) One of the phases of this orange flower has reached the blooming phase with 5 crowns, 53 cm in diameter, the diaphragm is 31 cm wide and 50 cm high. Environmental conditions at the time of flowering include temperatures ranging from 24-25 °C, with humidity (RH) 80-85%.
Application of Agrodeco™ Cultivation of Maize Intercropping with Peanuts in Rainfed Rice Fields
Authors: Setiapermas M N , Nurlalily R
Published: February 2022

Increasing corn production is usually done by increasing the planting area (including intercropping) and applying technology. The technology applied to increase productivity is integrated crop management and the application of climate change adaptation and mitigation. One of the technology components is the management of organic fertilizers with the use of biodecomposers in the area of land to be planted. One of the biodecomposers is Agrodeco™ from the Agricultural Research and Development Agency. Agrodeko is a consortium biodecomposer from Trichoderma fungal strains, N-fixing in the form of non-pathogenic yeast and Candida sp which grows fast and is able to produce enzymes needed to decompose plant tissue. While the varieties grown in a development area can be used composite corn. The activity was carried out in Jeron Village from June to October 2017. Planting area for activities is around 4000 m2. There were 3 (three) treatments applied, namely cropping patterns (monoculture and intercropping), corn varieties (Srikandi Kuning and Provit A) and fertilizer doses (farmer's dose and recommended dose (with Agrodeco™ application)). In monoculture cropping system, yields were not significantly different between Srikandi Kuning and Provit A, but the productivity of Provit A (3.8 tons/ha) was higher than Srikandi Kuning (3.4 tons/ha). In the intercropping system, the productivity of Provit A corn at the farmer dose treatment (1.2 tons/ha) was significantly different from the recommended fertilizer dose treatment (2.2 tons/ha.
Fabrication Rapitest Luster Leaf Color Change-Based for Soil pH Measurement: Comparison Study
Authors: Asriyani N , Mufti N , Zulaikah S , Abadi M T H
Published: February 2022

Agricultural productivity is hindered by low soil fertility. One of the causes is the condition of pH levels on agricultural land. pH measurement can be done using Rapitest Luster Leaf based on discoloration. Rapitest fabrication uses a colorimetric method by mixing reagents and indicators. Rapitest is characterized using XRD, XRF, EDX, and FTIR. Rapitest has been fabricated compared to Rapitest Luster Leaf. Rapitest on soil pH measurement provides color indicator is deep red, orange to yellow, light green, and green. The color indicates when pH is 0-1 the solution is deep red, the pH is about 2-3 the solution is orange to yellow, the pH is about 3-4 the solution is light green, the pH is about 5-7 green. XRD analysis indicates both of Rapitest contain Barium Sulfate (BaSO4). Based on XRF testing, Barium content of 88% and Sulfate of 5.9%. The EDX results showed the rapitest content of fabrication results close to the reference result of Oxygen (O) 61.37 At%, Sulfur (S) 17.91 At%, and Barium (Ba) 20.72 At%. Based on FTIR results in the range of 1190 cm-1 indicate sulfonate. In the range 1055, 983, and 648 cm-1 indicate sulfate ion. In the range 698, 648, 597 cm-1 indicate disulfide. Based on the results of the analysis, Rapitest in this study have similarities to Rapitest Luster Leaf.
Application of Goat Manure Briquettes on Red Chili Cultivation in Coastal Sandy Soil
Authors: Budiyanto G , Mulyono  , Achmad F
Published: February 2022

Application of organic matter could prevent a high infiltration problem commonly found in coastal sandy soil. Due to its slow-release properties, organic matter added to this sandy soil may improve the groundwater retention capacity. This study was aimed to investigate the capacity of goat manure briquettes (GMB) in comparison with goat manure to support the productivity of red chili cultivated in coastal sandy soil. The study was carried out in a completely randomized design consisting of 3 doses of goat manure briquettes (GMB) and goat manure (GM) applied (30, 35, 40 tons/ha) with 12 replications. Each dose was applied to the fertilized soils (400 kg/ha urea + 300 kg/ha SP-36 + 300 kg/ha KCl) then incubated for a week. These treated soils were then used for red chili cultivation. Plant growth and yield were monitored and data collected were statistically analysed using DNMRT with significance level of 5%. GMB application showed insignificant effect towards the chili performance in sandy soil. In contrast, GM application revealed higher plant performance and yield. Application of 40 tons/ha GM exhibited the highest fruit weight compared to other treatments. According to these results, the formulation of GM into briquette might reduce its capacity in supporting plant growth.
Consumer Preferences on Durian Fudge Product from Nine Formulations of Sugar Combination and Durian Flesh
Authors: Awanis  , Lesmayati S , Qomariah R , Anggreany S
Published: February 2022

Processing of durian flesh was an alternative solution to solve the decrease in selling price of durian during the harvest time, to increase the shelf life of durian and to increase added value of durian. Durian fudge is a type of candy made from durian. In order to fit with the consumer preference in terms of colour, aroma, taste and texture, research of durian fudge processing with various formulation was conducted. The purpose of this study was to find a formulation that according to the consumer preference. In this study, 9 formulations of durian fudge were made, then each formulation was assessed by 27 untrained panellist. To determine consumer acceptance, test performed using a preference scale (1-5). The data from the test results were analysed statistically with Kruskal Wallis and continued with Mann Whitney test at the 5% level. The results of study showed that the production yield from these 9 formulations was ranged from 487-603 grams. The results of consumer preferences assessments in terms of colour, aroma, taste and texture of durian fudge showed that all formulation of durian fudge were quite liked by the panellists. The treatment of sugar combination and durian significantly affect consumer preference on the parameters of colour, aroma, taste and texture. Based on the average value of all quality parameters, formulation of fudge durian that most liked by consumer was A2B3 (Sugar combination (S: G) 396:4 g.
Effect of Pre-cooling and Chitosan Treatment on Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Quality During Cold Storage
Authors: Prabasari I , Pamungkas U R R , Setiawan C K
Published: February 2022

Precooling showed promises treatment for chilling injury symptom in the fruit. The research aimed to determine the effect of pre-cooling dan coating treatment using chitosan to the internal browning symptoms of pineapples during cold storage at 10°C. The pineapples of cultivar “Smooth Cayenne” were treated with 6 treatments, namely P0C0 (no pre-cooling and no chitosan), P0C1 (no pre-cooling and chitosan), P1C0 (1-day pre-cooling and no chitosan), P1C1 (1-day pre-cooling and chitosan), P2C0 (3-day pre-cooling and no chitosan), P2C1 (3-day pre-cooling and chitosan). Fruits qualities were evaluated by their weight loss, firmness, chilling injury, and chemical compounds including titratable acidity, phenol compounds, and reducing sugar. The analyses were performed on day 7, 14, 21, 28, and 28+3 days of storage. Each treatment was replicated three times and the data was analyzed using factorial complete randomized design (CRD). The result showed that pre-cooling and chitosan was able to inhibit chilling injury and prolong the shelf life of “Smooth Cayenne” pineapple.
Role of The Barn Owl Tyto alba javanica as a Biological Agent For Rat Pest Control in The Oil Palm Plantation of Bumitama Agri Ltd.
Authors: Murgianto F , Edyson  , Putra S K , Ardiyanto A
Published: February 2022

The Rat was one of the main pests in oil palm plantations cause able to significantly reduce oil palm yield. This research aimed to know the role of T. alba in controlling rat pest attacks in oil palm plantations. Observations were made on estates that had different ratios/hectare of T. alba nest boxes such as Pantai Harapan Estate (1:54), Kruing Estate (1:80), and Sungai Mirah Estate (1: 162). The presence of T. alba was observed every month at each nest box. The attack rate of rats was observed every month during January – December 2020 through a census attack in each plant block. Kruing estate was the highest nest box occupancy rate of T. alba of 37 %. The occupancy rates of Pantai Harapan Estate and Sungai Mirah Estate were 31% and 6%, respectively. While the rate of rat attacks in Pantai Harapan Estate, Kruing Estate, and Sungai Mirah Estate were 0.70 % a, 0.60 % a, 2,30 % b, respectively. The barn owl T. alba can control the attack of rats naturally and reduce the use of rodenticide. Rodenticide applications at Bumitama Agri Ltd for rat pest control in 2020 also decreased by 45% when compared to applications in 2019.
Comparison on Fusarium Basal Rot Occurrence among Shallot Cultivations in Bantul Regency
Authors: Aisyah S N , Khoiruddin M , Hidayat T , Astuti A
Published: February 2022

Fusarium basal rot (FBR) infecting shallot caused a significant yield loss to the shallot production. Severity of this disease was known to be highly diverse depending on the regions, varieties, cropping system applied and Fusarium species associated. This study was aimed to investigate the occurrence of Fusarium basal rot in several shallot cultivations in Bantul Regency. This study was carried out in five shallot fields representing midland (Imogiri Sub District) and lowland (Sanden and Kretek Sub Districts) of Bantul Regency. Survey of cropping system was performed in each field to identify the shallot varieties, intercropped as well as rotated crops. FBR occurrence were monitored in three different points per fields represented by 25 plants in each point. Our findings exhibited that cultural practice applied in shallot cultivation contributed more significant impact in decreasing the FBR occurrence compared to the geographical condition. FBR incidence varied among varieties and types of intercropping as well as rotation used. Among several aspects of cultural practice observed, application of intercropping and rotation suppressed the FBR infection significantly compared to the one cultivated in monocropping.
The Balance Composition of Urea and Sugar Palm Bagasse Compost and Its Effects on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine Max L.)
Authors: Sarjiyah  , Handoko N A
Published: February 2022

Demand for soybeans in Indonesia has not been matched by adequate soybean production. The productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.) in Indonesia is still low, one of which is the decrease in soil fertility due to the continuous use of inorganic fertilizers. Increasing soybean productivity can be done through the management of soil fertility by utilizing unused plant residues, one of which is sugar palm bagasse as organic fertilizer. This study aims to obtain the optimal balance between urea and sugar palm bagasse with an optimal mixture of gliricidia leaves to increase soybean yields. This research was conducted at the Greenhouse and Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta from June to October 2020. This study used a single factor design, namely the balanced dose of urea and sugar palm bagasse compost with a mixture of gliricidia leaves, consisting of five treatments, namely 1) Urea 100%. + 0% sugar palm bagasse compost; 2) 75% Urea + 25% sugar palm bagasse compost, 3) 50% Urea + 50% sugar palm bagasse compost, 4) 25% Urea + 75% sugar palm bagasse compost, and 5) 0% Urea + 100% sugar palm bagasse compost. Each treatment was repeated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the balance of using urea and bagasse compost with the optimal mixture of gliricidia leaves was 0% urea + 100% compost for bagasse which increased the soybean yield by 34% and was not significantly different from other treatments.
Study of polymer compositions for formation of impermeable inclusions in rock mass
Authors: Shilova TV , Rybalkin LA
Published: February 2022

Laboratory studies of two-component compositions based on polymersilicates and polyurethanes, developed to strengthen destroyed rocks and create impermeable inclusions in the rock mass, were carried out. The rheological properties of liquid components of polymer compositions for the temperature conditions of underground mining of solid minerals, physical and mechanical characteristics of hardened polyurethane and organomineral compositions have been determined.
Research of the resistance of the rock mass when implementing a conical tool into it
Authors: Danilov BB , Chanyshev AI , Cheshchin DO
Published: February 2022

Among various types of resistance of the rock mass to the penetration of a solid body into it, those are determined, with the overcoming of which not rebound, but the depth of penetration (viscous-plastic resistance) is associated. It is shown how at a given initial speed of the tool movement, at the depth and time of penetration measured in experiments, for a given geometry of the tool, the desired resistance function consisting of a constant term and a function that depends on the speed of movement is restored. More acceptable is the geometry of the tool at which the resistance of the medium to penetration for a given depth is minimal.
Innovations in the mining sector of the Kyrgyz economy
Authors: Kozhogulov KCh , Bespalov DA
Published: February 2022

The article analyzes the existing challenges and innovative approaches in the mining sector at macro and micro scale.
Universal test bench for studying automatic systems to control operating modes of hydraulic drilling machines and hydraulic equipment
Authors: Vasiliev VB , Muslimov AP , Vasiliev VA
Published: February 2022

The paper presents hydraulic diagrams of the developed universal test bench for the practical study of designed automation tools, obtaining their output parameters, as well as for adjusting hydraulic liquid flow controllers and analyzing the operability of automatic systems for regulating the operating modes of drilling machines. The operating principle of test bench and technical characteristics of its main hydraulic devices are investigated.
Mineral resources strategy and scientific-based management
Authors: Kornilkov SV
Published: February 2022

The paper discusses the issues of implementation of the Mineral Resources Strategy of the Russian Federation till 2035. The main objective is to develop a coordinated regional strategy that takes into account the planned structural changes in industry for the implementation of priority programs of engineering, metallurgy, industry of building materials and other industries, based on Russian and the world trends of minerals consumption in conditions of deterioration of quality and availability of raw materials. The paper formulates the main regional organizational and technological conditions to form the mineral resources programs with regard to the main trends of development and predicted technological changes in the mining industry.
Energy efficiency evaluation of high-pressure DTH hammers
Authors: Chernienkov EM , Yu Primychkin A , Yu Belozertseva L
Published: February 2022

The design of a domestically produced DTH hammer for drilling holes in rocks of medium and high strength is presented. Using the mathematical modeling method, the serviceability of the hammer at an energy source pressure of 2.4 MPa is proved. The results of DTH hammer prototype testing at lab and full scale are presented.
Analysis of structure and material in the southwest of the Talnakh ore cluster
Authors: Miroshnikova LK , Yu Mezentsev A , Semenyakina NV
Published: February 2022

The issues of metallogenetic modeling of ore-forming systems for search purposes when studying sides and deep horizons of the mined deposits are considered. The object of the study is the geological and geochemical conditions of ore accumulation of various mineral composition and the concentration of useful components in various sections of the Talnakh ore-forming system. Mineral and geochemical zoning of the deposits reflect the degree of contamination of primary silicate and magmatic melts with crustal material. On the western and southern sides of the ore-forming system, ore mineralization is represented by low-sulfur associations of chalcopyrite minerals and is specialized in Cu–Ni–Co. The geochemical analysis of isotopes δ34S, 40Ar/36Ar, δ65Cu, 87Sr/86Sr suggests that the process of ore formation on the sides of the Talnakh ore cluster occurs under intense influence of the crust (sulfur source evaporite rocks) and near-surface water on the fluid in melting-fractionated sulphide magma enriched with copper, which results in the formation of chalcopyrite ore.
Development of the resource conservation concept of non-metallic minerals and remains of tailings
Authors: Myazin VP , Petukhova II , Shumilova LV , Balagurov AA
Published: February 2022

High technological loss of valuable ingredient during sand washing and low efficiency of waste use as the secondary raw materials reduces value for alluvial gold mining. It is proposed to improve the efficiency of combined low-waste technological schemes for free fine gold particles extraction and non-metallic clay and pebble products separation during mineral processing of hard- cleaning metalliferous sands. It is technological assessment of dump integrated use schemes for resource-saving technologies development which are used in gold mining objects. The purpose of using such technologies is producing construction materials and articles, road building, impervious screens making.
Applicability of manmade bottoms in extraction panels toward sustainable stoping with caving at deep levels in mines
Authors: Bekbergenov DK , Jangulova GK , Nasyrov RSh , Aiymbetov MM , Bektur BK , Abakanov AT
Published: February 2022

The authors discuss applicability of manmade bottoms (MB) in extraction panels, with fast reinforced-concrete support platform at the ore drawing and haulage level in stoping with caving. The structural components of the proposed-design MB capable to stand high overburden pressure in mining of thick ore bodies using the systems of stoping with caving in the conditions of unstable ore and enclosing rocks, including deep-level mining.
Ultrafast infrared plasmon switching in aligned carbon-nanotube optical resonators
Authors: Li Shunran , Ho Po-Hsun , Falk Abram L , Guo Peijun
Published: February 2022

Reconfigurable plasmonic materials are crucial components in active photonic devices for optical communication, signal processing, and sensing applications. Certain candidates including transparent conducting oxides, small-bandgap semiconductors (i.e. Ge, InSb), and conducting polymers can exhibit switchable free carrier concentrations triggered by optical, electrical or thermal excitations. Here, we show that aligned films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can serve as all-optically tunable plasmonic material in the mid-infrared range, thereby adding them to the library of switchable plasmonic materials. Interband optical pumping with femtosecond laser pulses results in the photoexcitation of free charge carriers, which transiently blueshifts the plasmon resonances of patterned, periodic SWCNT nano-resonators spanning the mid-infrared spectral range from 1700 to 2700 cm−1. The ultrafast plasmon modulation exhibits a nearly single-picosecond decay time, attributed to interband carrier relaxation and inter-tube charge transfer. Given that aligned films of SWCNTs have high thermal stability, excellent photostability, epsilon-near-zero property, and extremely large optical anisotropy, their dynamic tunability represents a promising pathway towards active optical devices in the technologically important mid-infrared range.
Proof of the elliptic expansion moonshine conjecture of Căldăraru, He, and Huang
Authors: Hong Letong , Mertens Michael , Ono Ken , Zhang Shengtong
Published: February 2022

Using predictions in mirror symmetry, Căldăraru, He, and Huang recently formulated a “Moonshine Conjecture at Landau-Ginzburg points” [arXiv:2107.12405, 2021] for Klein’s modular

j
j

-function at

j
=
0

j=0

and

j
=
1728.

j=1728.

The conjecture asserts that the

j
j

-function, when specialized at specific flat coordinates on the moduli spaces of versal deformations of the corresponding CM elliptic curves, yields simple rational functions. We prove this conjecture, and show that these rational functions arise from classical

2

F
1

_2F_1

-hypergeometric inversion formulae for the

j
j

-function.
Centrosomal enrichment and proteasomal degradation of SYS-1/β-catenin requires the microtubule motor dynein
Authors: Thompson Joshua W. , Michel Maria F. Valdes , Phillips Bryan T.
Published: February 2022

Caenorhabditis elegans β-catenin SYS-1 is asymmetrically regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling to differentially activate target genes, yet SYS-1 is symmetrically enriched at mitotic centrosomes to drive its mitotic turnover. The dynein microtubule motor is shown to be necessary for both the appropriate centrosomal enrichment of SYS-1 and its eventual clearance.
Literature and Form in the Renaissance
Authors: Brown Richard Danson
Published: February 2022

Literature during the Renaissance period was highly conscious of the language of form. Form is at once ambiguous, questionable, and has ramifications for a number of fields, including issues of line, meter, and versification on the one hand and broader questions of genre on the other. The verse line in 16th-century English literature shows in practice the tensions between humanist idealism and vernacular traditions, as writers of different generations struggled to find a form that would best capture the potential of a politically marginal, culturally ambitious, language. The sonnet is considered as a morphic form of enormous influence that shaped thinking and practice throughout Europe, as in texts by Louise Labé, Edmund Spenser, and Anne Locke. The typically Renaissance form of the stanzaic epic showcases another novel form, illustrated by the interlocking stanzas of Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene (1590–1596), and the ironic mimicking of that form with difference in Donne’s Metempsychosis (dated 1601 but not published until 1633).
Crisis Leadership in Higher Education: Historical Overview, Organizational Considerations, and Implications
Authors: Gigliotti Ralph A.
Published: February 2022

Colleges and universities are values-based organizations. These values help anchor an institution around a set of shared principles that, when enacted, provide guidance and stability in the pursuit of one’s mission. The realization of the tripartite mission of teaching, research, and service—and in some cases, community engagement and/or clinical excellence—hinges on the articulation, identification, and manifestation of some set of shared values. During times of stability and normalcy, the embodiment and enactment of core values may come quite naturally to the members of an organization, often with little reflection or deliberation. But amid the perilous conditions often present during periods of crisis, these values have the potential to recede from view as those with formal crisis responsibilities respond to the urgent demands of the moment. Crises, by their very nature, cause disruption, and they have the potential to threaten an organization’s core mission, purpose, or reason for existence. Within the context of higher education, the work of crisis leadership is made especially complex in light of the decentralized and loosely coupled organizational structure of colleges and universities, along with the traditions, decision making patterns, and limited opportunities for training and development that constrain institutions in responding to the complexity, urgency, and interdependent pressures characteristic of contemporary crises. Furthermore, the moral purpose of higher education, the diversity of stakeholders, and the wide range of potential crisis situations make the subject of crisis leadership in this context one of increased relevance and importance for scholars and practitioners alike.
Disabilities at Work
Authors: Zijlstra Fred , Mulders Henny
Published: February 2022

People with disabilities have more problems in finding adequate employment than people without disabilities. In most countries, the law requires that people with disabilities have equal rights and opportunities to find a job. However, in the various stages of finding a job—selection and recruitment, hiring, and employment—there are hindrances that place people with disabilities in a disadvantaged position. There are various options in the application process (i.e. ‘open hiring’), or offering accommodations in the workplace that can help to overcome the barriers people with disabilities face. Making changes to the work processes and job design is a form of ‘workplace accommodations’ that can help to create a better fit between requirements of the job and the capabilities and competences of applicants with a disability. This generally works best if the focus is on human resources related problems and needs in organizations, and it is explored to what extent people with disabilities or chronic diseases can be part of the solution to these organizational human resources-related problems.
Women in Senegal
Authors: Patterson Donna A.
Published: February 2022

Senegal’s history has been most influenced by its identity as a West African, Muslim-majority country with roots dating back to precolonial African empires. Senegalese women have long contributed to Senegal’s history and culture from ancient times to the present. While aspects of women’s lives have changed over the centuries, they have remained active in politics, as laborers, as entrepreneurs, and in different types of educational opportunities and training. Since independence in 1960, the country’s relative stability and economic growth have allowed women to expand their participation, especially in government and business.
Early Slavery in Bantu and Nilotic-speaking Africa: The Evidence from Historical Linguistics
Authors: Leitão de Almeida Marcos , FitzSimons William
Published: February 2022

The history of slavery runs deep in Africa, yet historians have rarely explored the early contexts in which Africans resorted to slaving. The burdens of remembering and reckoning with the global trades in African slaves have no doubt shaped this state of affairs, but examining the early history of slaveries in the continent is critical for understanding central themes of the African past, such as political formation, ethnicity, and economic development. While archaeology often appears silent on this topic, the method of historical linguistics can reveal how northeastern and central Africans resorted to slaving strategies as they settled new places, developed new ways of life, established polities, and faced climate change. Historical research thus shows that “slavery” was never a static institution in the continent, but a fraught category Africans constructed in diverse, albeit related, ways. Accounting for the ways in which Africans built such categories in particular contexts remains a major challenge facing historians of Africa’s earlier past.
Reduced Rank Regression Models in Economics and Finance
Authors: Cubadda Gianluca , Hecq Alain
Published: February 2022

Reduced rank regression (RRR) has been extensively employed for modelling economic and financial time series. The main goals of RRR are to specify and estimate models that are capable of reproducing the presence of common dynamics among variables such as the serial correlation common feature and the multivariate autoregressive index models. Although cointegration analysis is likely the most prominent example of the use of RRR in econometrics, a large body of research is aimed at detecting and modelling co-movements in time series that are stationary or that have been stationarized after proper transformations. The motivations for the use of RRR in time series econometrics include dimension reductions, which simplify complex dynamics and thus make interpretations easier, as well as the pursuit of efficiency gains in both estimation and prediction. Via the final equation representation, RRR also makes the nexus between multivariate time series and parsimonious marginal ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) models. RRR’s drawback, which is common to all of the dimension reduction techniques, is that the underlying restrictions may or may not be present in the data.
Race and the Economics Professoriate in the United States
Authors: Price Gregory N.
Published: February 2022

In 1894, W. E. B. Dubois completed coursework for a doctorate in economics at the University of Berlin, and in 1921, Sadie Alexander was the first Black American to earn a doctorate in economics at the University of Pennsylvania. Notwithstanding these rare early accomplishments by Black Americans in economics, there seems to be a more than one century “color line” in the hiring of Black economists in the United States academic labor market. The persistence of Black economist underrepresentation in economics faculties in the United States suggests that a color line constraining the hiring of Black economics faculty endures. In general, and in particular among economics doctorate–granting institutions in the United States, when sorting them by the number of Black Americans on the economics faculty, the median economics department has no Black economics faculty. Findings from the extant literature on the hiring and representation of Black economists suggest that the underrepresentation of Black PhD economists in economics faculties is consistent with, and conforms to, a history of racially discriminatory employment exclusion. This color line could be constraining the production of economics knowledge that can inform public policies that would reduce racial inequality and improve the material living standards of Black Americans in the United States. Future research on the underrepresentation of Black PhD economists in economics faculties in the United States could potentially benefit from accounting for unobservables that may matter for the supply and demand of Black PhD economists. This includes, but is not limited to, what is not observed about individual PhD economist mentoring experiences and parental occupational backgrounds.
Quantum Dots/Spin Qubits
Authors: Harvey Shannon P.
Published: February 2022

Spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots represent a prominent family of solid-state qubits in the effort to build a quantum computer. They are formed when electrons or holes are confined in a static potential well in a semiconductor, giving them a quantized energy spectrum. The simplest spin qubit is a single electron spin located in a quantum dot, but many additional varieties have been developed, some containing multiple spins in multiple quantum dots, each of which has different benefits and drawbacks. Although these spins act as simple quantum systems in many ways, they also experience complex effects due to their semiconductor environment. They can be controlled by both magnetic and electric fields depending on their configuration and are therefore dephased by magnetic and electric field noise, with different types of spin qubits having different control mechanisms and noise susceptibilities. Initial experiments were primarily performed in gallium arsenide–based materials, but silicon qubits have developed substantially and research on qubits in silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor, silicon/silicon germanium heterostructures, and donors in silicon is also being pursued. An increasing number of spin qubit varieties have attained error rates that are low enough to be compatible with quantum error correction for single-qubit gates, and two-qubit gates have been performed in several with success rates, or fidelities, of 90–95%.
Contact Between Spanish and Portuguese in South America
Authors: Carvalho Ana M.
Published: February 2022

Spanish and Portuguese are in contact along the extensive border of Brazil and its neighboring Spanish-speaking countries. Transnational interactions in some border communities allow for ephemeral language accommodations that occur when speakers of both languages communicate during social interactions and business transactions, facilitated by the lack of border control and similarities between the languages. A different situation is found in northern Uruguay, where Spanish and Portuguese are spoken in several border towns, presenting a case of stable and prolonged bilingualism that has allowed for the emergence of language contact phenomena such as lexical borrowings, code-switching, and structural convergence to a variable extent. However, due to urbanization and the presence of monolingual dialects in the surrounding communities, Portuguese and Spanish have not converged structurally in a single mixed code in urban areas and present instead clear continuities with the monolingual counterparts.
Misconceptions About the Direction of Bias From Nondifferential Misclassification
Authors: Yland Jennifer J , Wesselink Amelia K , Lash Timothy L , Fox Matthew P
Published: February 2022

Measurement error is pervasive in epidemiologic research. Epidemiologists often assume that mismeasurement of study variables is nondifferential with respect to other analytical variables and then rely on the heuristic that “nondifferential misclassification will bias estimates towards the null.” However, there are many exceptions to the heuristic for which bias towards the null cannot be assumed. In this paper, we compile and characterize 7 exceptions to this rule and encourage analysts to take a more critical and nuanced approach to evaluating and discussing bias from nondifferential mismeasurement.
Unravelling the Idiosyncrasy and Commonality in L2 Developmental Processes: a Time-Series Clustering Methodology
Authors: Peng Hongying , Lowie Wander , Jager Sake
Published: February 2022

Learners’ self-initiated language learning with mobile technology occurring outside the classroom is often contextualized, heterogeneous, and idiosyncratic. In this study, we propose a time-series clustering methodology for researching informal mobile language learners’ learning and development of another language, with a view to unravelling the essential uniquenesses and commonalities in learners’ developmental processes. Intensive longitudinal writing samples from nine English learners in China were collected and analysed with the methodology proposed, which first depicted individual-level developmental trajectories of writing complexity that were often idiographic or individual-specific, and then distilled salient developmental patterns that transcended the individual heterogeneity. These typically occurring patterns across individuals demonstrated a more predictable and interpretable manifestation of informal language learners’ developmental processes. Methodological and pedagogical implications of adopting the time-series clustering methodology are discussed.
Optimal minimax random designs for weighted least squares estimators
Authors: Azriel D
Published: February 2022

This work studies an experimental design problem where the values of a predictor variable, denoted by $x$, are to be determined with the goal of estimating a function $m(x)$, which is observed with noise. A linear model is fitted to $m(x)$, but it is not assumed that the model is correctly specified. It follows that the quantity of interest is the best linear approximation of $m(x)$, which is denoted by $\ell(x)$. It is shown that in this framework the ordinary least squares estimator typically leads to an inconsistent estimation of $\ell(x)$, and rather weighted least squares should be considered. An asymptotic minimax criterion is formulated for this estimator, and a design that minimizes the criterion is constructed. An important feature of this problem is that the $x$ values should be random, rather than fixed. Otherwise, the minimax risk is infinite. It is shown that the optimal random minimax design is different from its deterministic counterpart, which was studied previously, and a simulation study indicates that it generally performs better when $m(x)$ is a quadratic or a cubic function. Another finding is that, when the variance of the noise goes to infinity, the random and deterministic minimax designs coincide. The results are illustrated for polynomial regression models and a generalization is given in the Supplementary Material.
Evolution of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach according to the IDEAL framework
Authors: Lee Shen-Han , Moorthy Ram , Nagala Sidhartha
Published: February 2022

Background

The IDEAL Framework is a scheme for safe implementation and assessment of surgical innovation. The transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is a new innovation in thyroid surgery that eliminates the need for a cervical incision. Despite considerable interest and adoption worldwide, significant scepticism remains regarding the outcomes and cost-effectiveness for healthcare systems. The aim of this narrative review was to appraise the available literature and examine whether TOETVA has progressed in line with the IDEAL Framework.

Methods

A literature review of PubMed with a focus on historical and landmark studies was undertaken to classify the evidence according to the different stages of the IDEAL Framework.

Results

Several different transoral approaches were developed by a small of number of surgeon-innovators on animals and cadavers, and subsequently in first-in-human studies. The trivestibular approach emerged as the safest technique, with further refinements of this technique culminating in TOETVA. The basic steps and indications for this technique have been standardized and it is now being replicated by early adopters in many centres worldwide. The development of TOETVA has closely aligned with the IDEAL Framework, and is currently at stage 2B (Exploration).

Conclusion

There is need for multi-institutional collaborations and international registry studies to plan high-quality randomized trials comparing TOETVA with other remote-access approaches and collect long-term follow-up data. In countries where TOETVA has yet to be adopted, the IDEAL Framework will be a useful roadmap for government regulators and professional societies to evaluate, regulate, and provide best practice recommendations for the adoption of this technique.
The relationships between dynamic resting-state networks and social behavior in autism spectrum disorder revealed by fuzzy entropy–based temporal variability analysis of large-scale network
Authors: Feng Yu , Kang Xiaodong , Wang Hesong , Cong Jing , Zhuang Wenwen , Xue Kaiqing , Li Fali , Yao Dezhong , Xu Peng , Zhang Tao
Published: February 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a core deficit in social processes. However, it is still unclear whether the core clinical symptoms of the disorder can be reflected by the temporal variability of resting-state network functional connectivity (FC). In this article, we examined the large-scale network FC temporal variability at the local region, within-network, and between-network levels using the fuzzy entropy technique. Then, we correlated the network FC temporal variability to social-related scores. We found that the social behavior correlated with the FC temporal variability of the precuneus, parietal, occipital, temporal, and precentral. Our results also showed that social behavior was significantly negatively correlated with the temporal variability of FC within the default mode network, between the frontoparietal network and cingulo-opercular task control network, and the dorsal attention network. In contrast, social behavior correlated significantly positively with the temporal variability of FC within the subcortical network. Finally, using temporal variability as a feature, we construct a model to predict the social score of ASD. These findings suggest that the network FC temporal variability has a close relationship with social behavioral inflexibility in ASD and may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting ASD symptom severity.