bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abdullah Quilliam, Marmaduke Pickthall and the Politics of Christendom and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Nash Geoffrey
Published: August 2017

Abdullah Quilliam and Marmaduke Pickthall are arguably the most significant British converts to Islam in the period of their lifetimes. Much has been made of both men’s attempts to balance loyalty to Islam with their membership of the British nation. This chapter discusses the context of their leave-taking from Christianity before situating them as international Muslim actors. It probes their divergences, notably over the issue of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II’s Caliphate and pro-Turkish agitation during the First World War, and their similarities on the Ottoman issue and its relation to their visions of Islam as a living faith. Increasingly scrutiny returns to the Ottoman polity and the significance of its loss for Islam in the modern world. Their varied responses raise stimulating perspectives on whether modernist thought of the Young Ottoman/Turk type has anything to offer, and if the search for a unified Islamic authority still has purchase, as well as what role if any race and nationalism should have in a confluence of Islamic peoples. Both men warned of dangers facing the Muslim umma, before the Ottoman reference point was lost and extremism, fundamentalism, radicalism and sectarian conflict became norms.
Disagreement, Value, Measure
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 reconstructs the largely under-appreciated analysis of value disagreement in Plato’s Euthyphro. The chapter rejects a long-standing agreement among interpreters, namely, that in the Euthyphro Plato takes the pious to be a basic value property. Instead, the chapter argues, the pious is a relational value that presupposes a more fundamental assessment of actions, people, and so on, as good. On the proposed reading, the Euthyphro identifies the good as basic, and it emphasizes that the good is the kind of value people disagree about. The dialogue lays out a research project, one that is to be undertaken rather than already accomplished: how to account for the nature of the good, given pervasive and persistent disagreement and the lack of an established standard to resolve it.
The Metaphysics of the Sphere of Action
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 7 examines a principle Aristotle formulates in Nicomachean Ethics I.3: ethics must be adequate for its domain. The ethicist must ask herself what her inquiry is about, study the nature of her theory’s subject matter, and observe norms of theorizing that are adequate for it. The subject matter of ethics is value as it figures in human life. Aristotle ascribes two features to this value: difference and variability. Other theorists, he notes, are misled by difference and variability and become relativists. They observe a lack of strict regularity and falsely conclude that the domain of value is messy, unsuitable for any general insights. In Aristotle’s view, the sphere of agency displays for the most part regularities. The chapter defends this proposal as an important metaphysical insight and discusses how it adds to the much-debated claim that situations in which agents act are particulars.
Introduction
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

The introductory chapter provides context for the central issues explored in the book, introduces the country cases, and highlights the book’s contribution to scholarship and to water policy. The chapter provides an overview of the global water crisis and explains the rise of water privatization as part of the neoliberal development agenda. It introduces Chile and Bolivia as iconic cases in global water policy circles; Chile as a paradigmatic case of water privatization, and Bolivia as the birthplace of the human right to water and sanitation. The chapter also introduces the global aspects of the book, including the international campaign for the human right to water, the nature of economic, social, and cultural human rights, and the relationship of these rights to more mainstream civil and political rights. The chapter also explains the book’s research methodology and approach.
Conclusion
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

The conclusion synthesizes the main findings from the empirical chapters in response to the three research questions guiding the book, modifies the “moments of social transformation” model of rights realization, and proposes hypotheses to guide future research. The chapter reviews the key mechanisms, actors, and pathways that lead to acceptance of the right to water and sanitation at the global level, and to the fulfillment of these rights in Chile and Bolivia. The main contributions of the book are presented, including the finding that neoliberal approaches to water policy have the potential to weaken state capacity to fulfill the right to water and sanitation, and that implementing a human rights-based approach to water policy alone will not lead to social transformation. Rather, meaningful social transformation in the water sector requires mechanisms for citizen participation, accountability, and the creation of alternatives to the state/market binary.
The Hybrid Media System
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

The diffusion and rapid evolution of new communication technologies has created a pressing need to understand the complex forces reshaping media and politics. Who is emerging as powerful in this new context? Written by a leading scholar in the field, this book provides a new, holistic interpretation of how political communication now works. In The Hybrid Media System Andrew Chadwick reveals how political communication is increasingly shaped by interactions among older and newer media logics. Organizations, groups, and individuals in this system are linked by complex and ever-evolving relationships based on adaptation and interdependence. Chadwick shows how power is exercised by those who create, tap, and steer information flows to suit their goals, and in ways that modify, enable, and disable the agency of others across and between a range of older and newer media settings. The [CE1][NN2]book examines a range of examples of this systemic hybridity in flow in political communication contexts ranging from news making in all of its contemporary “professional” and “amateur” forms, to parties and election campaigns, to activist movements and government communication. Compelling stories bring the theory to life. From American presidential campaigns to WikiLeaks, from live prime ministerial debates to hotly contested political scandals that evolve in real time, from historical precedents stretching back five hundred years to the author's unique ethnographic data gathered from recent insider fieldwork among journalists, campaign workers, bloggers, and activist organizations, this wide-ranging book maps the emerging balance of power between older and newer media technologies, genres, norms, behaviors, and organizational forms.
Power, Interdependence, and Hybridity in the Construction of Political News: Understanding WikiLeaks
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 builds on several of the news-making themes presented in chapter 4. Here, however, the book takes a different tack by examining the extraordinary rise to prominence of WikiLeaks in the late 2000s and early 2010s. This chapter tells the story of the symbiotic relationship that emerged between WikiLeaks, its network of supporters, and those professional journalists who were so crucial to the success of the 2010 war logs and embassy cables “megaleaks.” The chapter shows how the effective resources for taking action in the hybrid media system in this case emerged from the relational power and interdependence among WikiLeaks, the newspaper and broadcast media, and the distributed online networks of activists that mobilized in support of both WikiLeaks and the professional journalists during the U.S. government's unprecedented attempts to censor the internet during late 2010 and early 2011.
Symphonic Consonance in Campaign Communication: Reinterpreting Obama for America
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapters 6 and 7 expand further upon the theme of political organization by considering recent developments in the field of American election campaigning. Chapter 6 provides a detailed reinterpretation of the fabled 2008 Obama for America campaign and shows how this became a decisive period in the ongoing construction of the hybrid media system in American media and politics. The chapter argues that the Obama campaign's significance in building a new model for successful presidential campaigning lay not in its use of the internet per se, but in how it so ruthlessly integrated online and offline communication, grassroots activism and elite control, and older and newer media logics. Obama for America displayed a keen and hitherto neglected awareness of the continuing power of older media logics in election campaigns.
Hybrid Norms in Activism, Parties, and Government
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 9 builds on the ethnographic approach of Chapter 8 but switches the focus to the fields of political activism, election campaigning, and government communications. It draws on fieldwork among party communication staff; communications staff working inside government departments and in the Prime Minister's Office in Number 10 Downing Street; the director of a prominent public relations company; and members of the renowned million-strong progressive political activist network, 38 Degrees. The chapter reveals how integrated divisions of labor between older and newer media practices are emerging in the daily work of actors in these fields, and how the different types of integration are sometimes bolstering and sometimes weakening the power of those whose dominance rests upon older broadcasting and print media practices.
Donald Trump, the 2016 U.S. Presidential Campaign, and the Intensification of the Hybrid Media System
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 10 extends the conceptual framework to the extraordinary 2016 U.S. election, showing how Donald Trump’s rise and Hillary Clinton’s downfall were enabled by key aspects of the hybrid media system. The chapter deciphers the main components of Trump’s digital campaign, in particular its shift toward an intensive Facebook advertising strategy and its use of targeted advertising to try to reduce turnout among potential Democrat voters. It shows how Trump was able to translate his celebrity capital into political capital through the use of social media, particularly Twitter, to influence press and television coverage. Chapter 10 also discusses how hybrid media played a decisive role in the Women’s March, the biggest single-day protest in U.S. history. The march, when integrated with the actions of professional fact-checking journalists, became an important part of the counter-inauguration that subverted Trump’s ability to set the agenda during his first week in office.
Conclusion
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

The conclusion to the book draws together the book's main arguments about hybridity, power, systems, and media logics.
Open Approaches to Promoting Innovation and Economic Growth
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

This chapter contrasts the accepted account with more progressive notions of what constitutes progress. It shows that scholars of information production, software development, and the networking industries have long recognized that the fundamental economic characteristics of the social organization of production can be framed not only based on an argument around scarcity—as the present market regulatory account does—but alternatively also on a story about abundance. This reading involves the promotion of new innovation through commons-based systems of economic production that underlie new models of technological and cultural innovation, as well as the teachings and lessons from open source, intellectual property law’s negative space and the literature on spillover effects and modern infrastructure economics. The chapter shows how market access thinking can be applied not only to traditional infrastructure resources such as waterways, highways, or bridges but also to everyday consumer goods and services.
From Market Access to Cumulative Innovation
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues for a reinvigorated role of the market access doctrine and references a number of important antitrust and intellectual property law decisions in which courts have given priority to market access. It finds a novel function for market access to play within antitrust and intellectual property law liability: courts that grant plaintiffs access to a defendant’s production output should refer to a three-step test under which they inquire (1) whether the inventor, through first-mover advantages, has reaped a sufficient reward such that contractual or intellectual property rights protection would no longer be required to facilitate innovation, (2) whether competitors were able to challenge the proprietary platform’s position in the market without the possibility of granting access, and (3) whether competitors seeking to benefit from market access will make use of it to facilitate the introduction of new goods rather than merely to copy the initial invention.
Summary of Results
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

The persuasive force of the accepted account’s property logic has driven antitrust and intellectual property law jurisprudence for at least the past three decades. It has been through the theory of trademark ownership and the commercial strategy of branding that these laws led the courts to comprehend markets as fundamentally bifurcated—as operating according to discrete types of interbrand and intrabrand competition—a division that had an effect far beyond the confines of trademark law and resonates today in the way government agencies and courts evaluate the emerging challenges of the networked economy along the previously introduced distinction between intertype and intratype competition. While the government in its appeal to the Supreme Court in ...
Introduction
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

The introduction sets to explain why it is important to look at the question of attribution: in short, it is central to defense and deterrence strategies. Furthermore, the introduction presents the different nuances of sponsorships to distinguish: from writing code without being aware of its intended malicious use, to states refusing to cooperate in investigations. The chapter goes on with exposing three common misconceptions that have permeated the debate on attribution: that it is a technical problem; that it is unsolvable; and that it is unique. These misconceptions will be debunked in turns throughout the remaining chapters. Finally, the chapter summarizes the argument and key terms such as "attribution" and cyber attacks.
Standards of Proof
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

When can we consider that an attack is attributed, if attribution is not dependent on court proceedings? Do we need "appropriate" standards for the attribution of cyber attacks? What would such standards look like? This chapter starts by noting that there is a mismatch between how attribution functions, and how the law operates. Attribution is not contingent on legal proceedings, and can occur despite a lack of condemnation by a court. This lack of reliance on strict standards of evidence leads us to consider the following argument: that attribution is easily malleable. On top of the reliance of attribution on judgment, two factors notably underpin this malleability: an apparent lack of scrutiny for the evidence presented in cases of cyber attacks, and the use of non-conclusive criteria that are nevertheless presented as decisive. This malleability can be of great help to officials who seek to convince an audience of their attribution claims.
Private Companies
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

What specific constraints do private companies face? What is the role of private companies in outing state-sponsored attacks? States accused of cyber attacks use three commonly recurring arguments to try to undermine claims by private companies—but as with judgment inherent to attribution, these arguments are based on characteristics inherent to the functioning of cyber security companies. Accused states attempt to bring into question the companies’ independence, and so to undermine the validity of their claims. To do so, they point out that many former government officials work for the company in question; that the timing of reports being published can appear to be in support of a government’s policies; and that companies are not always keen on attributing any attacks at all, and are focused only on particular, official enemies of the state. This chapter will verify the strength of these arguments. It concludes that such critiques of private companies often lack an evidence base, exaggerate certain points, and can read at times closer to conspiracy theory than to serious counterarguments.
Conclusion
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

The conclusion starts by summarizing the contributions of this
book, before considering what the future of attribution may look like. It briefly analyzes the consequences for privacy of large metadata collection, and the effects on Internet governance of attribution mechanisms being revealed. More specifically, it contends that the potential breaking up of the Internet into multiple ‘Internets’ will reshape the practice of cyber security to some extent, but that the political limitations of attribution will remain very similar. This last chapter also briefly outlines the basis for future work by showing that attribution is not only limited to cyber attacks but also emerges in many other situations, involving the need to strike a "right" balance between anonymity, privacy and security, which is one of the key challenges of the twenty-first century. Hence, the approach to attribution will reflect how society wishes to address the anonymity-privacy-security triangle, and how it has the potential to shape the balance between these three questions for years to come.
Space
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

Urban liberties—the privileges and responsibilities linked to citizenship—were understood spatially. This chapter argues that urban politics were spatial politics. Space was not only the terrain upon which wider political battles were fought, but the object of contestation in its own right. The chapter identifies an idea of public space, in which ordinary citizens were anxious about and sensitive to its proper use. Spatial politics in towns were specifically about boundaries. Townspeople conceived a connection between three seemingly separate practices: encroachment upon streets and lanes; the segregation of religious houses within ecclesiastical closes; and the enclosure of common lands. In the course of their disputes, townspeople learned to become citizens.
Introduction
Authors: Ponte María de , Korta Kepa
Published: August 2017

In this introductory chapter the authors present the main themes of the volume, namely reference and representation in language and thought, alluding to their inception in Gottlob Frege’s seminal work on sense and reference and presenting the standard view in philosophy of language and mind about the main devices of reference and representation. Thus the authors not only present, briefly, the contents of all of the chapters—from discussions on our main referential devices, such as proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, and so on, and on probably the main target of representation, the self—but also situate the variety of perspectives and the approaches adopted in the long tradition inaugurated by Frege.
Indexicals and undexicals
Authors: Perry John
Published: August 2017

According to Kaplan, the character of “tomorrow” tells us that the reference of a use of “tomorrow” is the day after the time in context. That time is the time at which the utterance occurred, or might have occurred. So, to get to the reference, we need a function, call it FTom, from a day to the next day. And we need a day to serve as the argument for the function. Kaplan’s character tells us to pick the day during which the time in the context occurs. But is this always the right place to get the argument for FTom? Consider “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.” The chapter argues that “undexical” uses can be handled in a way that preserves what is right about Kaplan’s theory, by introducing utterances explicitly into our account; and that doing so illuminates some related epistemological issues.
Reference, intention, and context
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: August 2017

This chapter takes up some recently published arguments that purport to show that a demonstrative, as used on a given occasion, refers either on account of certain features of the context or in virtue of a certain speaker intention, which is distinct from the sort of referential intention that is part of the speaker’s total communicative intention. After these arguments are disposed of, it is argued that there is no good rationale for maintaining that demonstratives refer in their own right. Rather, they have meanings that constrain their literal use. Speakers can and do use them to refer and to communicate what they use them to refer to without there being any referential role for demonstratives themselves to play. If this is right, it raises some interesting questions for standard conceptions of semantics.
Semantic complexity
Authors: Ezcurdia Maite
Published: August 2017

Neale has presented a bold empirical thesis about noun phrases in natural language, namely that they are either semantically structured restricted quantifiers or semantically unstructured rigidly referring expressions. This chapter aims to undermine this thesis by questioning whether there are any prima facie or general reasons for believing it and for adopting the strategy of explaining seeming counterexamples away. The chapter questions the second disjunct, in particular whether there are any good reasons for thinking that there are no semantically structured or complex referring expressions. It reviews a variety of considerations from reference, rigidity, the intelligibility of sentences with referring expressions, Neale’s own act-syntactic framework, and syntax. It argues that none of these provides good prima facie or general motivation for upholding the thesis. It claims that referring expressions could be semantically complex and provides some reasons for thinking that complex demonstratives are an example.
The property theory and de se attitudes
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: August 2017

The property theory of de se belief denies that believing is a propositional attitude, maintaining instead that for Lingens to believe that he himself is lost is for him to self-attribute the property of being lost. For Lingens to believe that Lingens is lost is for him to self-attribute the independent property of being such that Lingens is lost. The chapter argues that this theory postulates differences where we expect uniformity, introduces unnecessary theoretical complexity, is false to a variety of linguistic and phenomenological facts, and fails to explain many psychological and linguistic facts. If “self-attribute a property” means “believing oneself to have the property,” then the theory provides no explanation of de se belief. The author sketches a propositional theory on which the objects of the attitudes are complexes of concepts (thoughts), de se attitudes involving one type of indexical concept.
Judges and Appearances
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

Cruise had erred in charging the arrested men solely on the evidence of an accomplice (McGlynn), and the recantation of McHugh had then further weakened the case against them. With the exception of McHugh, the prisoners were released on bail at the July assizes to stand trial the following March. Then, five men—McHugh, John Breslin, William Maxwell, James Gallagher, and Cormac Gillespie—were convicted and sentenced to twenty months with hard labour; McHugh’s conviction was soon overturned on appeal. The case garnered considerable press attention, with the involvement of national teachers in the Molly Maguires drawing much negative comment in Tory newspapers. Meanwhile, the other men named by McGlynn—or at least those who had turned up in court—were now scheduled to appear at the summer assizes.
Epilogue
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

James Gallagher’s ‘trivial little story’ had become so eroded by the author’s time that it did not include some key facts—those facts were recovered from newspaper reports and records of state and estate. But the story was still told of how the man with most land in Beagh let his father go to the poorhouse. And there lay a great irony: he who had thrived in the place made by the squaring of the farms had not been accountable for his own portion. Yet there is another irony here, for he had simply done the complementary reverse of what those who told his trivial little story did themselves; he had done to his father what most smallholders did to members of their own generation and the one coming after them, that is, to their siblings and children.
Marriage as a Violation of Liberty
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers liberal objections to marriage. Perfectionist or comprehensive liberals should reject state-recognized marriage as limiting autonomy in the service of an unappealing and restrictive model of human perfection. But political liberals should go further, and reject state-recognized marriage as prima facie incompatible with neutrality. The chapter clarifies the nature of political liberal neutrality. Political liberalism is ambiguous between two forms of neutrality: strict and lax. Strict neutrality allows state action only if sufficiently weighty public reasons can be adduced in favour of a policy; lax neutrality permits the state to act just as long as some public reason can be given. If political liberalism is to be an interesting philosophical approach it will defend strict neutrality, so any public reasons offered in support of state-recognized marriage must be weighty enough to overcome the non-neutrality of that institution.
The Limitations of Contract
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

Many theorists defend relationship contracts. Some argue that enforceable relationship contracts should be available alongside existing or reformed state-recognized marriage, and available to either married or unmarried couples. Other theorists argue that relationship contracts are the best sort of legal regulation to replace marriage. It is this latter question that is the subject of this chapter. The chapter contrasts contract and directive models of regulation, and notes that contract appears more compatible with liberty than does directive. However, this appearance is illusory since contracts can undermine liberty, directives can enhance liberty, and even a contract regime requires default directives. Moreover, there are various problems with the enforcement of relationship contracts: neither specific performance nor compensatory alimony are good solutions. Relational contract theory attempts to deal with some of these problems but has its own limitations. The chapter concludes that contract is not the best replacement for marriage.
Marriage in the Marriage-Free State
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the extent to which the state should seek to regulate any private religious or secular marriages that citizens might enter into. In the marriage-free state citizens could still take part in religious or secular marriage ceremonies. This is why the marriage-free state is not a marriage-free society. It does not follow, however, that the state should take no interest at all in such marriages, since they may take place in the context of oppression or injustice. The chapter sets out the case for intervention in marriages that are not recognized by the state, drawing on the model of liberal intervention in cultural practices set out in Clare Chambers, Sex, Culture, and Justice: The Limits of Choice and also on the UK Equality Act 2010. The chapter includes a case study of the agunah problem in Orthodox Jewish marriage and divorce law.
Introduction
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

The introduction sets out the arguments of Against Marriage: An Egalitarian Defence of the Marriage-Free State. It starts with the question of the intended audience for the book, discussing the implications for those with both personal and political commitments. It outlines the negative thesis against marriage offered in Part One, and the positive thesis in favour of an alternative regulatory structure in Part Two. It summarizes the contents of each chapter. It also includes a discussion of the book’s location within ideal and non-ideal theory.
Nanoscale Device Physics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip
Published: August 2017

Nanoscale devices are distinguishable from the larger microscale devices in their specific dependence on physical phenomena and effects that are central to their operation. The size change manifests itself through changes in importance of the phenomena and effects that become dominant and the changes in scale of underlying energetics and response. Examples of these include classical effects such as single electron effects, quantum effects such as the states accessible as well as their properties; ensemble effects ranging from consequences of the laws of numbers to changes in properties arising from different magnitudes of the inter-actions, and others. These interactions, with the limits placed on size, make not just electronic, but also magnetic, optical and mechanical behavior interesting, important and useful. Connecting these properties to the behavior of devices is the focus of this textbook. Description of the book series: This collection of four textbooks in the Electroscience series span the undergraduate-to-graduate education in electrosciences for engineering and science students. It culminates in a comprehensive under-standing of nanoscale devices—electronic, magnetic, mechanical and optical in the 4th volume, and builds to it through volumes devoted to underlying semiconductor and solid-state physics with an emphasis on phenomena at surfaces and interfaces, energy interaction, and fluctuations; a volume devoted to the understanding of the variety of devices through classical microelectronic approach, and an engineering-focused understanding of principles of quantum, statistical and information mechanics. The goal is provide, with rigor and comprehensiveness, an exposure to the breadth of knowledge and interconnections therein in this subject area that derives equally from sciences and engineering. By completing this through four integrated texts, it circumvents what is taught ad hoc and incompletely in a larger number of courses, or not taught at all. A four course set makes it possible for the teaching curriculum to be more comprehensive in this and related advancing areas of technology. It ends at a very modern point, where researchers in the subject area would also find the discussion and details an important reference source.
Quantum optics and cavity QED with quantum dots in photonic crystals
Authors: Vučković Jelena
Published: August 2017

Quantum dots in optical nanocavities are interesting as a test-bed for fundamental studies of light–matter interaction (cavity quantum electrodynamics, QED), as well as an integrated platform for information processing. As a result of the strong field localization inside sub-cubic-wavelength volumes, these dots enable very large emitter–field interaction strengths. In addition to their use in the study of new regimes of cavity QED, they can also be employed to build devices for quantum information processing, such as ultrafast quantum gates, non-classical light sources, and spin–photon interfaces. Beside quantum information systems, many classical information processing devices, such as lasers and modulators, benefit greatly from the enhanced light–matter interaction in such structures. This chapter gives an introduction to quantum dots, photonic crystal resonators, cavity QED, and quantum optics on this platform, as well as possible device applications.
Employment-Services Sectors under Resource Scarcity and Uncertainty
Authors: Greer Ian , Breidahl Karen , Knuth Matthias , Larsen Flemming
Published: August 2017

Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector level, in showing how uncertainty and the resource squeeze configure power relations. It can affect the relative power of the purchaser over the provider. In Britain funding tends to empower large providers while in Denmark and Germany it tends to subordinate it to the funder. It can also affect power relations within the sector. British funding arrangements give large prime contractors a powerful position over their subcontractors (including non-profit and municipal agencies, while Germany and Denmark have fragmented employment-services sectors without a clear hierarchy.
Employment Relations and Labor Process
Authors: Symon Graham , Kirsch Johannes
Published: August 2017

The resource squeeze and uncertainty exacerbated by marketization can lead to disorganization trends in employment relations and tight management control in the labor process. This chapter presents findings from interviews with managers, worker representatives, and front-line workers concerning worker voice, pay setting, job insecurity, performance management, professional autonomy, and staff–client interactions. Management control in the labor process is directly related to the quality of the service, since they include the amount of interaction (whether there is a speedup), its nature (whether it is narrowly focused on job outcomes), and its distribution (whether there is creaming and parking). We show that the extent to which these outcomes differ within countries depends on degrees of resource scarcity and uncertainty specific to each market segment.
Putting the People Back into Networks
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

The central argument of this chapter is simple. We must move beyond typologies of networks and provide thick descriptions of the people who are members of the network. The chapter illustrates the arguments with three ‘factions’ of customers’ experience of networks including the daughter of Mrs K to whom her mother’s house ‘seems like a railway station’. The second illustration is based on a series of interviews with a senior manager who believes ‘we are in the shit if we don’t’ manage networks effectively. Finally, the chapter reports the views of a senior Whitehall bureaucrat who believes networking is essential to ‘keep the show on the road’. The chapter concludes that ethnography is a key tool for understanding networks.
Analysing Networks as Narratives of Beliefs and Practices
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter decentres policy networks; that is, it focuses on the way in which a network is created, sustained, or modified through the beliefs and actions of individuals. The first section outlines an anti-foundational approach to interpretation and the analysis of meaning based around the concepts of beliefs, practices, traditions, and dilemmas. The second section criticizes modernist-empiricist studies of networks. The third section uses the example of the ‘Everyday Maker’ to illustrate a decentred approach and show how it overcomes some of the perennial criticisms of policy networks such as the theory’s inability to explain change. The chapter shows how decentring, traditions, and dilemmas can be used to understand networks in governance.
It’s the Mix That Matters
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

After explaining the idea of the differentiated polity, the chapter discusses the characteristics of governance with examples; institutional complexity, power-dependence, game playing, self-organizing, and steering. It argues that the shift to governance requires the new language of diplomacy, not marketization. Governments must choose between markets and networks and bureaucracy. It is the mix that matters. Networks are pervasive. Government is picking up the skills of indirect management, but slowly. This chapter aims to hasten that process by providing a language for exploring and managing the mix of governing structures in the differentiated polity. The new public management, whether in the guise of managerialism or institutional economics, is no longer the challenge confronting government. The challenge is diplomacy in governance. The Afterword expands on the ideas of governing structures, unintended consequences, and metagovernance.
On Life History
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter turns from ethnography to contemporary history, focusing on ‘life history’ as another example of blurring genres. The British tradition of political life history has six conventions: ‘tombstone’ biography; separation of public and private lives; life without theory; objective evidence and facts; character; and storytelling. The chapter reviews each before turning to the swingeing critique by ‘the interpretive turn’. Postmodernism deconstructed grand narratives by pronouncing the death of the subject and the author. The chapter outlines an interpretive approach that reclaims life history by focusing on the idea of ‘situated agency’: that is, on the webs of significance people spin for themselves against the backcloth of their inherited beliefs and practices. It explores, with examples, the implications of this approach for writing life history, stressing different uses for biography open to political scientists. It briefly discusses why the British tradition of political life history has proved resistant to change.
On Westminster
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is not an example of comparative politics but of area studies, a field that is descriptive, cultural, historical, and contextual, seeking to analyse a country or region. The chosen area is the dominion countries of the British Commonwealth. The chosen method is the textual analysis of primary sources: speeches, writings, evidence to inquiries, and interviews by heads of the public services. This chapter analyses how the heads of the public services articulate the traditions of ‘constitutional bureaucracy’ found in Westminster systems of parliamentary government and selectively draw on past understandings to understand present-day changes. It describes traditions under challenge that reshape reforms as reforms reshape them. In each case, it is not a question of ‘in with the new, out with the old’, but of ‘in with the new alongside key components of the old’. The myths and legends of yore remain germane to the modern public service.
Spain and Italy
Authors: Guillén Ana M. , Pavolini Emmanuele
Published: August 2017

Welfare states in Spain and Italy are similar in that they combine social insurance pensions with liberal means-tested benefits and tax-financed universal healthcare and education. Both have responded to the crisis with major austerity programmes and, particularly in Spain, some recalibration to meet the needs of unemployed and low-waged people. Childcare provision has expanded in both countries. Anti-immigrant feeling is much stronger in Italy than in Spain. One of the most striking changes is the rapid decline of trust in government and trade unions and the emergence of new anti-globalization and anti-austerity parties. Both countries face real problems in developing strategies that will satisfy their electorates without damaging government finances and their competitive position in globalized markets.
The Europeanization of the Welfare State
Authors: Leruth Benjamin
Published: August 2017

Since the ratification of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European integration project has been committed to reducing inequalities between member states. However, social inequalities remain high, and public support for the welfare state varies between countries. Some experts have suggested a common European social policy. This chapter analyses recent developments and future prospects at the European Union level. After discussing the initial ambitions of social policy harmonization, it focuses on the role of the EU during the Great Recession by examining the range of policy responses advocated by Brussels in order to fight against a multi-faceted crisis. These are dominated by the tightening of austerity, but include social investment and greater labour market flexibility. The final section reflects on the future of European integration after Brexit. It argues that further common policy development is only likely through agreements restricted to a particular a number of member states in an ‘ever more differentiated Europe’.
The Political Collapse of the Oligarchic Regime, 1426–1434
Authors: Field Arthur
Published: August 2017

The chapter contains an analysis of the speech of Rinaldo degli Albizzi at an oligarchic rally at the church of Santo Stefano in 1426 and discusses the debates over a new tax, the catasto, in 1422–7, Florence’s unsuccessful war to subject Lucca, from 1429 on, the oligarchic coup of 1433, and the Medici coup of 1434. It argues that the catasto, a capital tax, was an antipopular oligarchic initiative, an attempt to force the more economically thriving to contribute more toward financing Florentine wars. The chapter includes an overview of Florentine debates over who should be eligible for government office. It describes the oligarchic coup (the parlamento of 1433) and arrest and exile of Cosimo de’ Medici, then the triumphant return of the Medici (the parlamento of 1434) and the establishment of the Medici regime.
Traditional Culture and the Critique of Radical Humanism
Authors: Field Arthur
Published: August 2017

This is a lengthy analysis of the ideas and forms of discourse of those who endorsed cultural continuity, particularly the continuity of traditions related to the “three crowns” of Florence: Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. in reality, this traditional culture was the basis of the intellectual culture of the oligarchs. Most traditionalists, though not all of them, appreciated romantic and chivalric literature, cultivated the Italian language, and preferred Aristotle to Plato. Traditionalists attacked radical humanists such as Niccolò Niccoli (the humanist closest to Cosimo de’ Medici) as someone at best useless to society and at worst dangerous to it. The chapter introduces a theme that will be developed later in the book, namely that the Latin (or classical) culture—and not the vernacular culture—was the “popular culture” of the period.
Poggio and the Ideology of the Medici Regime
Authors: Field Arthur
Published: August 2017

The chapter looks at how Poggio (1380–1459) went from early book hunting (the source of his fame today) to becoming the major ideologue of the Medici regime (without him, it was believed, Cosimo de’ Medici was feeble and weak). The chapter includes Poggio’s discussion of “true nobility” (nobility as revered by the traditionalists was nothing), the proper use of money, and the role of law and power. It explores Poggio’s materialist view of law, which is sometimes regarded as pre-Machiavellian. Also discussed are questions of gender and “social mingling,” what Burckhardt would later describe as the “equalization” of women and classes. Sources include Poggio’s letters, dialogues, and jokes (the Facetiae).
Conclusion
Authors: Field Arthur
Published: August 2017

I have attempted in this study to describe two forms of humanism in early Renaissance Florence. One drew upon the rich traditions of the fourteenth century, the wisdom and exuberance of Dante, and the humanist learning and poetic flair of Petrarch. This culture was further enriched by the political humanism of the great Florentine chancellor, Coluccio Salutati, and by the introduction of Greek studies by Manuel Chrysoloras....
Legitimacy Decline and Party Decline
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B. , Farrell David M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the decline of political parties as a possible cause of the decline of legitimacy. Political parties constitute a link between the citizens and the political system, and therefore a loss of support could delegitimize the political system. However, the decline of political parties can only cause legitimacy decline if they are indeed in decline and if there is a causal relationship between citizens’ involvement in political parties and political support. The chapter argues that empirical evidence for party decline is limited, as parties may have undergone transformation rather than decline. Using ESS data from 2002 to 2010, the chapter finds only weak relations between political support and party membership and party closeness. However, being close to a particular party is more important than being a member of a political party, and is interpreted as a sign that the party system facilitates citizens in making meaningful political choices.
Dissecting the Causal Chain from Quality of Government to Political Support
Authors: van der Meer Tom
Published: August 2017

This chapter investigates to what extent cross-national differences in political support can be explained by the quality of government. The quality of government perspective implies that the executive ought to be bound by its own rules: impartiality and rule of law. The chapter formulates and tests hypotheses about the effects of governmental impartiality, rule of law, bureaucratic professionalism, and corruption on citizens’ political support using data from the ESS 2012. Of these indicators, it is the impartiality of policy implementation by the national bureaucracy that stands out as a consistently significant, robust, and strong predictor of political support.
Political Support in the Wake of Policy Controversies
Authors: Esaiasson Peter , Gilljam Mikael , Persson Mikael
Published: August 2017

This chapter tests to what extent variation in political support over time is influenced by political events. Analyzing an event within the realm of “normal politics,” i.e. a policy decision in a local community to close down schools in an affluent Swedish municipality, the authors study changes in political support among affected citizens and non-affected citizens before decision, after decision, and after implementation. They identify four mechanisms that cause citizens to maintain political support even when faced with a policy decision that affects them negatively: procedural fairness, compromise decisions, fading memories, and constitutional arrangements for vertical division of power. The chapter explores to what extent each of these mechanisms mediates the effect of a policy decision on political support, and find that the partial recovery of political support among negatively affected citizens was mainly driven by compromise decisions and procedural fairness.
Variations on Embodied Cognition
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: August 2017

This chapter maps out a range of embodied cognition (EC) theories, starting with ‘weak EC’, which focuses on body-formatted representations and the neural reuse hypothesis, and remains close to traditional cognitivist conceptions of the mind. This approach to EC is then contrasted to functionalist proposals for extended mind, to a biological model of EC, and finally to enactivist proposals. Each section includes discussions of the empirical evidence for these approaches. The chapter concludes by arguing that weak EC’s representationalist conception of brain function is not compatible with the more radical conceptions of EC, which suggest that we rethink how the brain works within a dynamical brain–body–environment system.