bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF CYTOPLASM ON SEED SETTING IN ALFALFA
Authors: MICHAUD R. , BUSBICE T. H.
Published: March 2010

Differences in cross-fertility were observed when four alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones designated A, B, C, and D were used reciprocally as male or female. The clone C cytoplasm was determined to be the source of these reciprocal differences. Plants with clone C cytoplasm performed poorly as male parents, but normally as female parents. The mode of action of the clone C cytoplasm on the male function was not determined, but it appeared to be different from that which causes incomplete pollen development. Plants containing clone C cytoplasm produced an abundance of normal appearing pollen grains. In general, clone C cytoplasm had a negative effect on seed set, clone A and D cytoplasms had positive effects, and clone B cytoplasm had no effect relative to the other three. Selection among cytoplasms in alfalfa for improved seed set and for use in the production of partial-hybrid varieties was discussed.
FUNGI ON STOKES ASTER PLANTS
Authors: KILPATRICK R. A. , UECKER F. A.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-six fungi were isolated from Stokes aster plants at Glenn Dale and Beltsville, Maryland in 1975 and 1976. Alternaria alternata, Phomopsis and Phyllosticta comprised 75% of the total isolates.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 29. Melilotus alba Desr. and M. officinalis (L.) Lam.
Authors: TURKINGTON ROY A. , CAVERS PAUL B. , REMPEL ERIKA
Published: March 2010

This summary of biological data is for white sweet-clover (Melilotus alba Desr.) and yellow sweet-clover (M. officinalis (L.) Lam.) which occur as weeds of roadsides and waste places across the southern half of Canada. M. alba extends into the Canadian Shield region and is found in a greater variety of habitats.
COULTER DURUM WHEAT
Authors: LEISLE D.
Published: March 2010

Coulter is a new durum wheat cultivar developed from the cross D.T. 188/D.T. 224//D.T. 182 at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Coulter is similar to the cultivar Hercules in resistance to disease and lodging. It is 1.5 days later and slightly shorter-strawed. The major agronomic attribute of Coulter is its higher yield performance in the Black soil zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
EFFECTS OF RHIZOBIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROGEN FIXATION AND GROWTH OF FIELD PEAS
Authors: SOSULSKI F. , BUCHAN J. A.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogenase activities of single and multistrains of Rhizobium during the growing season were low and the inoculation treatments failed to increase yields or nitrogen contents of Century field peas. Nitrogen fertilization at seeding severely depressed nitrogenase activity but markedly increased forage and seed yields as well as protein contents.
A TEST FOR JUVENILITY AS AN INDEX OF ROOTABILITY IN CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

The occurrence of less phloem fibre and less ring continuity in the tissue of the Ottawa rootstocks at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan compared to tissue supplied from two sources at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Sidney, British Columbia appears to explain the ease of rooting from softwood cuttings at Saskatoon. A test using phloroglucinol-HCL on cross sections of the mid-internodal region of the basal internode (first fully elongated internode adjacent to bud scars) of 1-yr-old wood in the dormant condition, to determine the amount of fibre in the phloem and the occurrence of gaps in the ring, is suggested as a means to assess the potential ability to root from softwood cuttings. It is further suggested that stools must be pruned severely annually to preserve the rooting potential and pruned to ground level to attain the most juvenile tissue for new propagation blocks. The clone should be distributed as rooted cuttings rather than budsticks.
EFFECTS OF RATES OF N AND REGROWTH INTERVALS ON YIELDS AND QUALITY OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS GROWN AS A SUMMER ANNUAL
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , CALDER F. W.
Published: March 2010

Italian ryegrass (IRG) (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Lemtal) was grown on a sandy loam and/or on a fine sandy loam in 1974, 1975, and 1976. IRG was fertilized three times each year with 40, 80, or 120 kg N/ha/application and harvested at 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-wk intervals starting in July. Dry matter (DM) yield increased with the rate of applied N. Four-week harvest intervals generally resulted in the greatest DM yields ranging from 4.32 to 7.11 t/ha. Droughty conditions in 1975 reduced the growth and resulted in small DM yields particularly on sandy loam. The mean total N concentrations of IRG ranged from 2.40 to 3.68% and was approximately proportional to applied N. Longer regrowth intervals decreased total N concentrations by. 12–.56% units per week. Applied N did not influence the in vitro disappearance of DM (IVDDM), whereas longer regrowth intervals reduced IVDDM in 1975. The harvest system with a 4-wk regrowth interval and 80 kg N/ha/apphcation resulted in satisfactory DM, N, and digestible DM yields and appeared to be a suitable system for IRG grown as a summer annual.
QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF ASSIMILATES IN COMPONENT ORGANS OF MAIZE DURING REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH
Authors: FAIREY N. A. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Maize plants were grown under nutrient culture in the field at 44,400 plants/ha, in individual containers buried in the soil, to study the quantitative distribution of dry matter (DM), sugars, free amino acids plus amides, starch and residual matter (principally structural carbohydrate, protein and mineral matter) in component organs, including roots, during reproductive growth. The rate of development of these plants was faster than that of soil-grown, border-row plants seeded on the same day; silk emergence was advanced by 10 days. In the 15 days after tassel emergence, root dry weight increased from 11.4 to 25.6 g. The shoot-to-root ratio was 5.4 at tassel emergence and had doubled by grain maturity. Whole-plant DM contained approximately 23% sugars and 2% starch during the early stages of grain development, but with advancing maturity, sugar concentration declined to 8% whereas starch concentration increased to 16%. The proportions of DM in the free amino acid plus amide and residue fractions remained at about 4 and 69%, respectively, during grain filling. Although the concentration of sugars in the cob-plus-grain DM declined from 36 to 9% between 10 and 31 days after silking, the quantity of sugars remained constant. During the same period, the concentration of starch in the DM of the cob plus grain increased from 6.5 to 41.3%. The concentration of sugars in leaf DM decreased basipetally, and generally with time, throughout the grain-filling period. The concentration of sugars in stem DM increased during early kernel growth and then declined; the relative decline increased with successive internodes up the stem. The concentration of free amino acids plus amides was greatest in organs of the lower part of the plants. Root DM contained concentrations of free amino acids plus amides approximately twice that of sugars throughout the study; sugars were always less than 5% of root DM and their concentration declined towards grain maturity. Vegetative organs always contained less than 2% DM as starch.
EFFECTS OF OZONE ON GROWTH OF FOUR WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
Authors: LUMIS G. P. , ORMROD D. P.
Published: March 2010

Ozone exposure of coniferous plants during their second growing season for 4 consecutive days per week for 6 or 7 wk resulted in stimulation of shoot elongation in three of four species. No visible injury symptoms were noted. Compared to control plants, Pfitzer juniper and dense yew elongated significantly more at a low level (10 pphm for 4 wk and 20 pphm from week five to 6 or 7 wk) while white cedar elongated more at a high level (20 pphm for 4 wk and 40 pphm from week five to 6 or 7 wk). Elongation of tamarix juniper with no ozone exceeded that at either the low or the high level of exposure. Shoot elongation at the high level was equal to or less than that with no ozone for all species but white cedar. Plants exposed to the high level of ozone had generally lower chlorophyll contents, while the low level of ozone significantly increased chlorophyll a and b in Pfitzer juniper.
WELSH TRITICALE
Authors: LARTER E. N. , GUSTAFSON J. P. , ZILLINSKY F. J.
Published: March 2010

Welsh is a new cultivar of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) which was developed from a cooperative program center (CIMMYT) in Mexico, and the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba. It is higher yielding and earlier maturing than Rosner, the first triticale cultivar licensed in Canada.
A SIMPLE LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR DEHULLING AND CLEANING SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHENOPODIUM SEEDS
Authors: FISHER R. W. , WARREN W. C.
Published: March 2010

Chenopodium seeds are dehulled by shaking them with rubber discs in a stack of wire screens of several meshes. The seeds and much of the chaff collect on the lowest screen. Chaff and light seeds are then separated from heavy seeds in a device made of two powder funnels by winnowing in an airstream. The clean, heavy seeds drop by gravity through the higher velocity air entering at the lower end and are ready for immediate packaging and storage.
SOME FURTHER SPECIES OF MANIHOT WITH POTENTIAL VALUE TO CASSAVA BREEDING
Authors: NASSAR NAGIB M. A.
Published: March 2010

Screening of some wild Manihot species for tuber formation, growth habit and nature of habitat revealed several species with potential for introducing useful characters into cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through breeding programs.
INFLUENCE OF DURATION OF GROWTH, SEED SIZE, AND SEEDING DEPTH ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO HARDY WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: FREYMAN S.
Published: March 2010

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Kharkov 22 MC and Winalta, were grown for 14 or 28 days under controlled environment from large or small seed or from seed with about half the endosperm removed. The kernels were seeded either 1 or 5 cm deep. After a 14-day cold hardening period followed by a freezing test, plants that had grown actively for 28 days were hardier than those that had grown actively for only 14 days. Plants from large kernels were hardier than those from small kernels, which in turn were slightly hardier than those from kernels with half the endosperm removed. Deep seeding reduced cold hardiness. The treatments had a marked effect on the dry weight of crowns and a smaller effect on crown total available carbohydrate content, both of which were positively correlated with cold hardiness, whereas water content was negatively correlated with cold hardiness.
GENETICS OF RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY IN ALFALFA TO ALFALFA SICK SOIL
Authors: FAECHNER T. R. , BOLTON J. L.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa sickness occurs in central Alberta. It is characterized by yellowed, stunted, and poorly nodulated seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.). Alfalfa seedlings were grown on "sick soil" in a growth room and evaluated for height, disease rating, and yield of dry matter, during three cycles of selection for resistance and susceptibility. Results showed that recurrent phenotypic selection was an effective breeding method to increase resistance to alfalfa sickness. High broad sense heritabilities for height and disease rating suggested that genotypic variability exists within locally adapted cultivars. Low narrow sense heritabilities for height and disease rating in resistant genotypes indicated that additive genetic variation was small and successive cycles of recurrent selection would be necessary to develop resistance. High specific combining ability variance in the resistant and susceptible diallel crosses demonstrated large nonadditive genetic variation.
SOIL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ABSENCE OR SPARSE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLE ROOTS
Authors: WEBSTER D. H.
Published: March 2010

Within orchards or groups of similar samples, the abundance of apple roots [Formula: see text] diameter was related to total soil porosity (Sta). Below a boundary soil porosity, roots were sparse or absent, and above this porosity, maximum root abundance tended to increase with increase in soil porosity. Depending upon soil texture, this boundary porosity varied from 29 to 39%. A previously derived model, which estimates boundary soil porosity (Stc) as a function of texture, accounted for most of these differences. If the model was correct, all boundary Sta – Stc values should have been zero and in four of six groups of samples the derived values were zero, + 1 or − 1. The greater departures from the expected in the remaining two groups (− 2 and + 4) may have been due to a tolerance of M. 12 rootstock to poor aeration and incomplete exploitation of potential rooting depth, respectively. With the exception of M. 12, apple roots were sparse or absent in samples with less than 10% air porosity at a tension of 100 cm (S100 cm). Poor development of roots in these samples was predicted by the model. In many samples with S100 cm > 10% there were few or no roots. Soil strength of many samples was within the range known to interfere with root development. For the purpose of recognizing a soil condition that will prevent apple root growth, Sta – Stc appears to be superior to the other criteria examined, i.e. Sta, S100 cm or soil strength.
EFFECTS OF MOLYBDENUM AND LIME ON THE YIELD AND MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATION OF CROPS GROWN ON ACID SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , CHIPMAN E. W. , MACKAY D. C.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted on a peat soil in the greenhouse to determine the effects of Mo and lime on the leaf tissue Mo concentration and yield of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), onions (Allium cepa L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.), and carrots (Daucus carota L.). Molybdenum treatments were: no added Mo, seed treated with Mo, and 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, 36.0, 72.0, and 144 ppm Mo added to the soil. Increases in soil pH from 4.3 up to 6.9 resulted in yield increases of all crops except lettuce. Seed treatment with Mo or small quantities of Mo added to the soil were necessary for optimum yield of all crops. For onions, cauliflower, and lettuce, the Mo seed treatment alone was sufficient. No visual abnormal leaf symptoms were observed with actual leaf tissue Mo concentrations of 192, 640 and 1,018 ppm in red clover, cauliflower, and onions, respectively. Liming generally increased the Mo concentration of crops, but the increase in concentration to applied Mo depended upon the level of lime. Synergism between Mo and lime was observed in tissue Mo concentration for onions and cauliflower. Antagonism between Mo and lime at high levels was observed in yields for cauliflower and carrots. Molybdenum applications of 4.5 ppm or higher resulted in red clover tissue containing greater than 10 ppm Mo, which when fed to cattle could be toxic.
GENETIC CONTROL OF VARIATION IN A SELECTED POPULATION OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS (ELYMUS ANGUSTUS)
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Progenies from a six-genotype diallel cross in Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) were studied to assess the pattern of genetic control for F1 seed weight and a number of seedling and adult plant characters. Variation in F1 seed weight was largely determined by the maternal parent, but some control by the pollen parent was apparent. Gene action was additive, but some nonadditive genetic effects were also present. All of the seedling characters, days to emerge, rate of leaf appearance, rate of tiller appearance and seedling dry matter yield showed additive control which is amenable to direct selection. Diallel analyses indicated that the adult plant characters, days to inflorescence appearance, digestible organic matter, total dry matter yield and total seed yield were controlled by strong additive control which is amenable to direct selection. The seedling characters, rate of leaf appearance, rate of tiller appearance and seedling dry matter yield were interrelated but only rate of tiller appearance was associated with adult plant yield.
GERMINATION, EMERGENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF FOXTAIL BARLEY
Authors: BANTING J. D.
Published: March 2010

The germination of foxtail barley collected from several sites was tested under constant and alternating temperatures in darkness and in light. Emergence of seedlings from three different soils and persistence in a fine-textured soil was also determined. Germination was greater at alternating than at constant temperature and was increased more by alternating temperatures of 20 and 30 °C for 18 and 6 h, than by 10 and 15 °C for 10 and 14 h, respectively, in darkness. Germination was reduced by light, the effect being most pronounced when the light was continuous and at constant temperature. Emergence was good in the top few centimeters of Regina heavy clay but was much less or absent in Weyburn loam and Asquith fine sandy loam except for the seeds on the surface. No emergence occurred from a depth of 7.5 cm or more. Loss of viability varied with each seed population and was greater in the first 2–3 yr in buried than in surface seeds. However, surface seeds did not remain viable as long and a few of the buried seeds were still alive after 7 yr in the soil. The amount of dormancy induction in surface seeds was high in the first spring following placement in the field. Small but observable increases in induction were also evident in buried seed at this time.
SCREENING OF FIELD PEA BREEDING LINES FOR PEA SEED-BORNE MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T. , ZIMMER R. C.
Published: March 2010

Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) was first identified in Canadian field pea (Pisum sativum L.) breeding lines in 1974. Since then, an extensive program has been underway to eradicate this virus from the breeding lines. At the Morden Research Station, nearly 2000 breeding lines were evaluated. The virus was assayed by infectivity tests using the local lesion host Chenopodium amaranticolor, and by a gel immunodiffusion test. PSbMV was detected in 1361 lines. The level of infection within lines varied from 1 to 3%. Due to the restricted extent of the virus in the breeding lines, it was possible to continue the breeding program without a serious loss in germplasm.
INFLUENCE DU STADE DE CROISSANCE À LA PREMIÈRE RÉCOLTE SUR LE RENDEMENT, LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE ET LES RÉSERVES NUTRITIVES DE LA FLÉOLE DES PRÉS
Authors: GERVAIS PAUL , ST-PIERRE J. C.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study on the stages of growth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) at harvest showed that the dry matter yields increased, in the spring growth, with advance in maturity. The highest annual yield was obtained, however, when the first cut was taken at the bloom stage. The percentage of crude protein, fat and ash decreased and that of crude fibre increased with the age of the plant. The Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn and Cu contents declined with maturity while the elements Mn, Al, Fe and B did not vary significantly. The food reserves in the lower stem internodes were low at the vegetative stage in the spring (11.7% of DM), but raised rapidly up to the bloom stage (33.9%).
FIELD CONFIRMATION OF AN INDEX FOR PREDICTING YIELD LOSS OF WHEAT AND BARLEY DUE TO WILD OAT COMPETITION
Authors: HAMMAN W. M.
Published: March 2010

Indices of competition of 0.0339 for wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thel.) and 0.0230 for wild oats in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as developed by Dew (1972) were confirmed. Actual yield loss determinations were made by utilizing data collected from herbicide-treated (considered wild oat-free) and non-treated areas on field-scale trials scattered across Western Canada.
ALTEX SUMMER RAPE
Authors: KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

Altex is a high yielding, early maturing oilseed summer rape (Brassica napus L.) which produces seed low in glucosinolates and seed oil low in erucic acid. Altex is best adapted to central and northern Alberta and the Parkland area of Saskatchewan. Seed quality is similar to that of Tower and Regent cultivars.
FAILURE OF MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA TO OVERWINTER IN QUEBEC
Authors: HOGGER C. H. , ESTEY R. H. , JOHNSON A. W.
Published: March 2010

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) imported from southern Georgia in two successive seasons, on tomato transplants, failed to overwinter in field soil at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.
EFFET DES APPLICATIONS REPETEES D’HERBICIDES ET DES DATES DE PREPARATION DU SOL SUR LES CHANGEMENTS DE POPULATIONS DES MAUVAISES HERBES
Authors: DESCHENES J. M. , RIOUX R.
Published: March 2010

The immediate and residual effect of diclofop methyl (2(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester)), diclofop methyl plus 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid), and the 2,4-D/mecoprop (2,(4-chloro-1-tolyl oxy) propionic acid)/dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) mixture applied during 2 consecutive yr and for two dates of soil preparation has been evaluated on plots sown and unsown with oats (Avena sativa L.). The population changes observed during the 2 yr of herbicide applications have been related to the nature of the products and were of short duration. No difference between the herbicide treatments has been observed 1 yr after the treatment. Soil preparation in early June and the presence of oats have reduced considerably the weed populations during the 2 yr of herbicide applications. This effect has been noticeable 1 yr after the treatments. Herbicides are not solely responsible for weed population changes. From this study, it appears that cultural practices play a role as important as herbicides in controlling weed populations at least on a short-term basis.
INHIBITING INFECTION OF ALFALFA SEEDLINGS BY PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS BY TREATING SEED WITH OXAMYL
Authors: TOWNSHEND J. L. , POTTER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Seedling alfalfa roots (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’) were protected from infection by Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) when alfalfa seed was treated with aqueous oxamyl at concentrations exceeding 2000 ppm. No infection occurred after oxamyl treatment at 32 000 ppm. Neither germination nor nodulation of alfalfa was adversely affected by treatment with oxamyl.
RENDEMENT DE LA LUZERNE (CULTIVAR SARANAC) INOCULEE AVEC UNE SOUCHE TRES EFFICACE DE RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI EN PRESENCE D’AUTRES ESPECES DE RHIZOBIUM
Authors: ANTOUN H. , BORDELEAU L. M. , LACHANCE R. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE ON THE RESPONSE OF GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES TO CO2 TREATMENT
Authors: MEHERIUK M.
Published: March 2010

Golden Delicious apples were treated at 0 °C with 15% CO2 for 10 days prior to controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Respiration and ethylene production were suppressed in the treated fruit immediately after treatment and during storage but the suppression was more persistent in the early-harvested fruit. Also, firmness retention was greatest in the early-harvested fruit.
A GASOMETRIC APPARATUS FOR MONITORING EVAPORATION RATE FROM PLANT TISSUES DURING TRANSPIRATION AND DRYING
Authors: BITTMAN S. , STEPPLER H. A.
Published: March 2010

An open gasometric system was devised to continuously measure and record evaporation rates from plant tissues before (transpiration) and after (drying) excising from the plant. Changes in humidity in plant chambers were monitored with a dew point hygrometer during steady-state air flow through the apparatus. The apparatus is best suited for comparing changes in drying rates of different samples.
THREE BRAZILIAN MANIHOT SPECIES WITH TOLERANCE TO STRESS CONDITIONS
Authors: NASSAR NAGIB M. A.
Published: March 2010

A study of natural habitats of three wild Manihot species, M. caerulescens Pohl, M. stipularis Pax, and M. procumbens Mueller has revealed certain genetic potentialities in the material. It has been possible to detect, among other characteristics, resistance to drought and excessive soil toxicity and adaptation to cool temperature.
INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF 14C-LABELLED ASSIMILATE IN MAIZE AT FLOWERING
Authors: EDMEADES G. O. , FAIREY N. A. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

The distribution pattern of 14C-labelled assimilate in the flowering shoot of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in the field at three plant densities (50 000, 100 000 and 150 000 plants/ha) was determined by labelling with 14CO2 at 1 day after anthesis. Shoots were harvested 4 days later. Four leaf positions were fed 14CO2 at each density; relative to the ear leaf (EL), these were EL+4 (i.e. fourth leaf above ear leaf), EL+2, EL, and EL-2. At the lowest plant density EL-4 was also labelled. The dominant factor influencing assimilate distribution was the position of the assimilating leaf rather than plant density. Assimilate from upper leaves supplied the tassel, upper stem, and ear preferentially. Assimilate from lower leaves supplied the lower stem and ear. Among leaf positions the ear leaf supplied the greatest percentage of its assimilate (26% at 50 000 plants/ha and 19% at 150 000 plants/ha) to the developing cob (rachis plus grain initials). As density increased so did the proportion of labelled assimilate remaining in labelled leaves. Coefficients of variation, computed among individual plants, indicated that assimilate distribution to reproductive organs was more variable than that to vegetative organs and that this variability increased with planting density.
PARTIAL CONTROL OF BITTER PIT IN NORTHERN SPY APPLES WITH A POST-HARVEST DIP IN CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: WEBSTER D. H. , FORSYTH F. R.
Published: March 2010

Bitter pit of Northern Spy apples that were stored in air and in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage was decreased by a post-harvest dip in 4% CaCl2 solution containing 0.35% Keltrol. The calcium treatment also decreased breakdown, loss of fruit firmness, and loss of fruit acidity, and increased Ca content of apple cortex tissue. There was no fruit injury. The dip treatment increased rots in one instance, presumably from dispersal of fungal spores during the dipping process and not due to an effect of calcium. Absorption of Ca was slightly greater in CA storage than in air storage. Percent of apples with bitter pit (all treatments combined) was positively correlated with K content of leaf tissue, with Mg and K content of undipped fruit cortex tissue and with (K + Mg)/Ca ratios (eq/eq) of leaf and of undipped fruit cortex tissue. Leaf Ca was significantly related to pit when combined with leaf (K + Mg)/Ca in multiple regressions.
APRICOT BLOSSOM THINNING WITH DINITRO-ORTHO-BUTYLPHENOL
Authors: LOONEY N. E. , KILLICK R. G.
Published: March 2010

Dinitro-ortho-butylphenol (dinoseb) applied as a blossom-time spray effectively reduced the amount of hand-thinning required and increased the average weight of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruits at harvest. Concentrations of 75–150 ppm active chemical, applied when 60–100% of the flowers were open, satisfactorily thinned the Tilton and Wenatchee cultivars. No phytotoxicity was observed. Over-thinning was observed with other cultivars where the blossom density was low or where the cultivar was self-sterile.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY DORMANCY IN WILD OAT SEEDS
Authors: RICHARDSON STEVEN G.
Published: March 2010

Germination in response to gibberellic acid was used as an assay for wild oat seed dormancy. In growth chamber studies removal of glumes, a 5 °C reduction in night temperature (20 °C day/15 °C night vs. constant 20 °C), and a shorter photoperiod (12 vs. 18 h) during the period following panicle emergence reduced subsequent germination (increased dormancy) of mature seeds. Dormancy of field-grown wild oat seeds increased with increasing seed maturity and was affected by planting location and associated crop.
MODELING DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND YIELD OF GRAIN SORGHUM
Authors: HODGES TOM , KANEMASU E. T. , TEARE I. D.
Published: March 2010

General models requiring simple, readily available input data are needed for large area yield forecasting. Daily dry matter accumulation of a grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) crop was modeled with photosynthesis and respiration equations requiring only daily meteorological variables (solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and precipitation), leaf area index, and stage of development. The equations were based on carbon dioxide exchange rates of sorghum measured with field chambers and an infrared gas analysis system. Higher rates of photosynthesis after floral initiation were attributed to increased sink capacity. Reduction of rate of photosynthesis due to high temperature and water stresses was included in the model. Respiration was modeled as a photosynthesis-dependent component and temperature-biomass dependent component. Dry matter predicted by the model was within 10 to 15% of dry matter measured in Kansas, Texas, and Nebraska. Panicle weight was estimated as a function of dry matter accumulation at half bloom, net photosynthesis after half bloom, translocation of previously stored material, and water and temperature stresses during panicle initiation and bloom. Grain yield, assumed to be 80% of panicle weight, was highly related to measured grain yield (R2 of.58).
RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL FERTILITY TO COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT CROWNS
Authors: FREYMAN S. , KALDY M. S.
Published: March 2010

In two controlled-environment experiments, N fertilizer applied to a Dark Brown prairie soil decreased cold hardiness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), while P applied in the absence of N had little effect. When applied together, P counteracted the effect of N and produced plants as hardy as those that had received no fertilizer. The soil was rich in K; consequently application of additional amounts of this element had no effect on cold hardiness. The correlation coefficient between dry weight of crowns and cold hardiness (LT50) was not sigificant, but that between water content and LT50 was highly significant.
YIELD AND WEIGHT PER SEED IN BUCKWHEAT AFTER FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND ANTITRANSPIRANTS
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Six growth regulators and three antitranspirants were applied to field-grown buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) during the flowering and seed development stages. Three rates of each chemical were applied and one and two applications of each were made. None of the treatments improved yield. Daminozide (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) increased weight per seed.
AN INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE CHROMOSOME CARRYING THE GENE Un6 OF BARLEY
Authors: WOLFE R. I. , LARTER E. N.
Published: March 2010

Trisomic analysis indicated that the dominant gene Un6 which conditions immunity in barley to race 2 of loose smut (Ustilago nuda) is not on chromosomes 4, 5 or 6. No linkage was detected between Un6 and the V locus for spike row number of chromosome 2.
RESISTANCE OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS TO YELLOW LEAF BLOTCH
Authors: BERKENKAMP B. , MEERES J.
Published: March 2010

Highly significant differences were found when alfalfa cultivars and lines were rated for resistance to yellow leaf blotch. The data and observations indicate that resistance is complex and may be difficult to obtain by selection.
A MECHANICAL DEVICE FOR CRACKING PRUNUS PITS
Authors: REID W. S. , NICHOLLS C. F. , LAYNE R. E. C.
Published: March 2010

A lever actuated roller cam press with upper and lower interchangeable anvils of different configurations for cracking prunus pits is described. The best combination of anvils reduced seed damage from 12% to 3% and increased the speed of cracking from 5 to 18 pits/minute compared with a manual hammer and anvil method.
EFFECT OF GRASS SPECIES AND ROW SPACING ON DANDELION ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH
Authors: DARWENT A. L. , ELLIOTT C. R.
Published: March 2010

The size of dandelions (Taraxacum officinale Weber) growing in intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), crested wheatgrass (A. cristatum L.), a northern biotype of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a southern biotype of bromegrass, meadow fescue (Festuca elatior L.), creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. genuina L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was effectively reduced by decreasing the row spacing of each grass from 100 cm to 20 cm. Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) had only a minor effect on dandelion size regardless of the row spacing at which it was planted. Within any given row spacing between 20 and 100 cm, dandelion density was not affected by grass species. However, as the row spacing decreased the average density of dandelions growing in the seven grass species also decreased.
GERMINATION, AFTERRIPENING, EMERGENCE, PERSISTENCE AND CONTROL OF PERSIAN DARNEL
Authors: BANTING J. D. , GEBHARDT J. P.
Published: March 2010

Low temperatures were conducive to germination of Persian darnel (Lolium persicum Boiss and Hohen.). Light stimulated germination at temperatures above 10 °C. Seeds exposed to 10 °C for 16 h, and 30 °C for 8 h, with and without light, showed an average increase in germination of 25% in light. Dry seeds afterripened or lost their dormancy rapidly at a constant temperature of 20 °C. Dormancy was lost slowly in seeds stored at + 1 °C or lower, but occurred more rapidly at alternating temperatures of − 3 and + 20 °C than at + 1 and + 20 °C. Seeds in moist soil afterripened faster at alternating temperatures, near 0 to + 20 °C, than at constant temperatures. There was little difference in the emergence of Persian darnel in Regina heavy clay, Asquith sandy loam or Weyburn loam from a depth of 5 cm or less. At depths below 7.5 cm, emergence was very limited or not observed. In two populations, more than 90% of the seeds on the surface or buried in the soil died within 2 yr. Seeds collected in 1973 and put out in June 1974 persisted longer on the surface than in the soil. After 3 yr not more than 2% of the seeds buried in the soil were viable. Under greenhouse conditions, diclofop methyl controlled Persian darnel at the three-leaf stage, but not the five-leaf stage. Compared to foliar or foliar and soil applications, a soil-incorporated treatment of diclofop methyl gave the most pronounced reduction in height and dry weight of Persian darnel seedlings.
THE EFFECTS OF SEEDING RATE, SEEDING DATE AND LOCATION ON GRAIN YIELD, MATURITY, PROTEIN PERCENTAGE AND PROTEIN YIELD OF SOME SPRING WHEATS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: BRIGGS K. G. , AYTEN-FISU ATTINAW
Published: March 2010

Five Canada Utility and two Canada Western Red Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested at three Central Alberta locations under 18 conditions of seeding management, consisting of six seeding rates (30–180 kg/ha) combined with three seeding dates. Main effects of dates (D), rates (R) and genotypes (G) were significant at one or more locations for grain yield, days to maturity, grain protein percentage and protein yield. Based on the average response of the seven genotypes, early seeding combined with seeding rates of 90 kg/ha or more gave optimum yield with a minimum number of days to maturity. Main effects were not always the same at all locations, implying G × Location interactions. Significant G × R and G × D interactions were recorded for all variables at one or more locations, although their magnitude was not as great as for the main effects. A significant G × R × D effect was also recorded at one or more locations for grain yield, days to maturity and protein yield. Existence of significant G × R, G × D and G × R × D effects suggests that new wheat cultivars, particularly when of novel germplasm type, should be checked for response to variable seeding management at different locations, in order to capitalize on any favorable interactions.
THE EFFECT OF HAIL DAMAGE ON BARLEY
Authors: GILBERTSON K. M. , HOCKETT E. A.
Published: March 2010

After a severe hailstorm at Fort Ellis, Montana, an experienced hail insurance adjuster estimated 90–100% damage in replicated yield plots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). After harvest, grain yield losses for all 66 entries in the nursery were found to range from 26 to 84%. A group of 11 cultivars selected for further study averaged 55% less than normal yield with a range of 29–82%. Yield and heading date were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated for all cultivars (r = 0.39*, n = 42), within six-rowed cultivars (r = 0.79*, n = 7), and for the 11 selected cultivars (r = 0.62*, n = 11). Although there was no significant correlation between yield and heading date within two-rowed cultivars, a group of two-rowed early isogenics was significantly reduced in grain yield compared to their late counterparts. The number of days between heading and time of hail damage was a better indicator of final yield loss than number of culms remaining (the criterion used for hail-adjuster estimates of damage). Regrowth is more likely to occur in barley if the hail damage is near or before heading time rather than 5–15 days after heading. Therefore, the positive correlation in this test between late heading date and yield is because the later entries had just headed out when the hail came, while the low yielding entries headed 10–15 days before the hailstorm.
DIKEGULAC-SODIUM REDUCES SHOOT ELONGATION OF FAIRVIEW JUNIPER
Authors: LUMIS G. P. , JOHNSON A. GAIL
Published: March 2010

A foliar spray application of 0.1% dikegulac-sodium (Atrinal) on Juniperus chinensis L. ’Fairview’ was an effective chemical pruning agent. As the concentration of dikegulac was increased from 0.1 to 0.4% terminal shoot growth was greatly reduced and injury increased while lateral branching was not influenced.
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF SORGHUM BICOLOR L. MOENCH. 3. SEED GERMINATION UNDER OSMOTIC STRESS
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G. , SIMPSON GRAHAM M. , FLOTRE DONNA M.
Published: March 2010

The germination characteristics of two cultivars, NK300 and M35, of Sorghum bicolor were studied under situations of different water potential. When seeds were germinated either in soil with low water content or in the osmotica D-mannitol, sucrose and polyethylene glycols 6000 and 20 000, the cultivar NK300 gave a faster rate and higher percentage germination than the cultivar M35. Germination in osmotica can predict only the relative ability of a cultivar to germinate in soil of low water content. The cultivar NK300 was less inhibited in germination by the growth regulator abscisic acid than M35. Under conditions of osmotic stress, the growth regulator gibberellic acid increased the germination of M35 seed but not of NK300. Osmotic stress inhibition of germination is not due to decreased water uptake but rather appears to be due to an inhibition of metabolism in cells which have sufficient turgor potential to permit cell expansion.
RELATION OF WEATHER VARIABLES TO INCIDENCE OF ZEARALENONE IN CORN IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: SUTTON J.C. , BALIKO W. , FUNNELL H.S.
Published: March 2010

Incidence of zearalenone was estimated according to frequency with which the mycotoxin was detected in corn (Zea mays L.) samples received for mycotoxin analyses at the Veterinary Services Laboratory, in Guelph, Ontario. Sampling periods were 1 Sept. to 31 May in 6 successive yr. Frequency of zearalenone was high in 1975–76, moderate in 1972–73, 1976–77 and 1977–78, and low in 1973–74 and 1974–75. Incidence of zearalenone-positive samples for each 104 ha grain corn was highest in a zone extending from the Bruce Peninsula to the Niagara region. Incidence of zearalenone-positive corn samples correlated strongly with rainfall for August, but only moderately or weakly with rainfall for July, September and October. Rain promoted zearalenone accumulation indirectly by favoring epidemic development in corn of the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Correlations between zearalenone frequencies and temperatures were weak. Persistent wetness in corn increased ear rot development and incidence of zearalenone.
ABSENCE OF A CORRELATION BETWEEN NITRATE REDUCTASE AND SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION EFFICIENCY IN RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI
Authors: ANTOUN H. , BORDELEAU L. M. , PRÉVOST D. , LACHANCE R. A.
Published: March 2010

Specific activities of the assimilatory and "regulatory" types of nitrate reductase were studied in 41 strains of Rhizobium meliloti having different symbiotic nitrogen fixation activities. Both nitrate reductase enzymes were present in very effective and ineffective strains and no significant correlation was found between the specific activities of the two enzymes and the dry matter yields of alfalfa obtained with the 41 strains. Measurements of the specific activities of the two nitrate reductase enzymes in the vegetative bacteria cannot be used as a rapid physiological test for the selection of very effective strains of R. meliloti.
EFFECT OF SEED WEIGHT ON COLEOPTILE DIMENSIONS IN BARLEY
Authors: CECCARELLI S. , PEGIATI M. T.
Published: March 2010

The relationships between seed weight and coleoptile size were studied in seven cultivars and two F2 populations of winter barley (Hordeum sativum Jess.). Variability for seed weight within a cultivar does not affect variability for coleoptile length; the differences in seed weight within a cultivar affect both coleoptile basal width and coleoptile fresh weight. When cultivars differing in seed weight are compared, there is no indication of any relationship between seed weight and either coleoptile length or coleoptile fresh weight. Removal of part of the endosperm did modify the relationship between seed weight and coleoptile size: the within-cultivars regression analysis showed that the weight of mutilated seeds significantly affected coleoptile length.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ROW SPACINGS AND PLANT ARRANGEMENTS ON SOYBEANS
Authors: SAFO-KANTANKA OSEI , LAWSON NORMAN C.
Published: March 2010

Two short-season soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars, Altona and Clay, were tested in narrow rows (10, 15, 20 and 30 cm), and at four rectangularities (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4) giving plant densities that ranged from 11 000 to 4 000 000 plants per hectare. Significant yield differences were demonstrated by narrowing row width, but not by changing rectangularity. In a second experiment, the same cultivars were grown in rows 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm apart, but with the density held constant at 670 000 plants/ha. This resulted in respective rectangularities of 1:1.5, 1:6, 1:13.6 and 1:24. Neither seed yield nor its components showed any significant response to row spacing in the second experiment.
INCREASED STAND ESTABLISHMENT OF IMPATIENS WALLERANA IN RESPONSE TO MAXIMIZED GERMINATION RATES
Authors: SIMMONDS JOHN
Published: March 2010

Substantial differences in germination rates of 10 Impatiens wallerana cultivars were demonstrated. Over the temperature range 15–30 °C, germination curves of the fast-germinating cultivars showed strong temperature dependence, whereas the slow-germinating cultivars showed only minor responses to temperature. The optimum germination temperature for all cultivars was 25 °C. Although continuous light (1200 lx) significantly enhanced germination, the degree of response was relatively small and cultivar-specific. Gibberellic acid (3 × 10−5 to 1.5 × 10−3 M) could substitute for the light requirement in these cultivars. A strong positive correlation between the rate of germination and the level of seedling establishment was demonstrated.
RELATIONSHIP OF ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER WITH SPRING BLACK STEM
Authors: RICHARD C. , GUIBORD M. O’C.
Published: March 2010

Spring black stem spots, from which Phoma medicaginis was isolated, were observed surrounding alfalfa blotch leafminer pinholes. A significant correlation was found between the occurrence of spring black stem and the insect.
CASCADE OAT
Authors: ALLEN H. T. , KAUFMAN M. L.
Published: March 2010

The spring oat cultivar Cascade (Avena sativa L.) was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta. It was tested in the Alberta Regional Oat Test 1974–1978 under the selection number 364-12 and was entered in the Western Co-operative Oat Test 1975–1978 as OT726. It was licensed (No. 1920) in April 1979 and has been assigned the Plant Gene Resources of Canada number CN0001793.
EFFECT OF IMMATURITY ON THE MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY OF RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: TIPPLES K. H.
Published: March 2010

Red spring wheat, grown in four separate years at a Manitoba location, was cut at various stages of maturity, allowed to dry in the ear, threshed and subjected to milling, analytical, rheological and baking tests in order to determine the effect of immaturity on end use quality. Moisture content in the ripening wheat fell steadily, from a level of 55–75% (depending on the year) around 10 days following anthesis to 15–25% around 40 days following anthesis. Patterns of changes in quality data were more closely related to moisture content at cutting than to number of days from anthesis. Maximum test weight and grade were usually obtained for wheat cut at a moisture content of 45% or lower, whereas maximum dry weight was not achieved unless kernel desiccation was allowed to continue to 30–35% moisture. Wheat protein content (13.5% moisture basis) reached a minimum at about 50% moisture (around 15–28 days following anthesis) then increased by 0.5–1.3 percentage units to its final value at full ripeness. Acceptable milling quality was achieved when wheat was allowed to ripen to about 47% moisture before cutting although a further slight improvement was noted with further ripening. Flour-damaged starch content tended to decrease steadily with increasing maturity and this resulted in a decrease in flour Farinograph water absorption with increasing maturity. Physical dough characteristics indicated an increase in gluten strength with increasing maturity as manifested by increases in dough development time and extensigram area. Loaf volume was at a normal level for the protein content for all but the most immature samples although crumb color, as flour color, was poor for samples cut above 47% moisture.
INCREASED SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT OF IMPATIENS WALLERANA IN RESPONSE TO LOW TEMPERATURE OR POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL SEED TREATMENTS
Authors: SIMMONDS JOHN
Published: March 2010

Seeds of Impatiens wallerana ’Elfin Scarlet’ were pre-treated with low temperature (8 °C) imbibition and hypertonic osmotic solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 in an attempt to improve seedling establishment under greenhouse conditions. Seeds held at 8 °C for 7 or 14 days germinated faster at 25 °C than non-treated seeds; seedling development was more rapid and there was a significant improvement in seedling establishment. Application of a soil cover improved seedling establishment in both control and pre-treated seeds. PEG pre-treated seeds germinated within 24 h of being released from osmotic control. The optimum pre-treatment was determined to be PEG −7.5 bars for 10 days, which resulted in 80% germination within 24 h, more advanced seedling development after 5 days, 92% seedling establishment and earlier flowering. Although PEG pre-treatments were superior to the low temperature pre-treatments, they are not readily applicable on a large scale. However, low temperature seed pre-treatment can be easily utilized to improve seedling establishment in commercial production.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SHORELINE MARSH COMMUNITIES ALONG LAKE HURON IN ONTARIO
Authors: FAHSELT DIANNE , MAUN M. ANWAR
Published: March 2010

In July 1978, twelve shoreline marsh areas were surveyed along the east coast of Lake Huron. The mean dry weight of each species was determined per unit area in every marsh, and the diversity and dominance indices were calculated. Sums of squares agglomeration technique showed that the two northernmost sites were the most distinctive floristically. Of the remainder, three of the more southern marshes located near the Bruce Nuclear Power Development clustered together into a separate group.
ANALYSIS OF CORN SEEDS FOR FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS
Authors: FARNWORTH E. R. , NEISH G. A.
Published: March 2010

A corn seed lot which had been overwintered in the field prior to storage and rejected as unsuitable for feed by sight inspection had less than 0.02 μg/g aflatoxins and less than 0.2 μg/g zearalenone. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum, the presumptive producers of these toxins, were also isolated at low levels. Other potentially toxigenic fungi were recovered but analyses for several additional mycotoxins were negative.