bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heartmind Literacy: Compassionate Imagining & The Four Brahmavihāras
Authors: Eppert Claudia
Published: December 2020

This paper addresses the primacy of reason over emotion in much of Western philosophy and education. It brings Theravadan Buddhist wisdom to bear upon Western philosophical and educational conceptions of emotion, empathy, and compassion. More specifically, it discusses the four Brahmavihāras, or Divine Abodes. These abodes are considered boundless states of heartmind awareness that dismantle the bifurcation of mind/emotion and embody ideals of social engagement and peace. If cultivated, or dwelled in, they can overturn negative and destructive impulses, freeing the mind from greed, hatred, and delusion. They include Mettā, or loving-kindness, Karunā, or compassion, Muditā or sympathetic joy, and Uppekā or equanimity. In some respects, these abodes reflect aspects of contemporary Western understandings of empathy and compassion. However, they also elaborate upon and differ significantly from these understandings. North American learning outcomes, particularly in such areas as English language arts and peace education, seek to support the cultivation of emotional literacy in students with the hopes that such cultivation will initiate and enhance responsive and responsible relations with self, other, and environment. Insight into these abodes can consequently shed light on possibilities for deepening ethical, emotional, and educational engagement in North America.
Rethinking Combative Dialogue: Comparative Philosophy as a Resource for Examining Models of Dialogue
Authors: Mattice Sarah A.
Published: December 2020

In this essay I am concerned with our understanding of philosophical dialogue. I will examine the most prevalent western model of dialogue—the combat model—and suggest some flaws in this model. I will outline concerns as to how standards for what counts as ‘philosophical’ are determined, and use this outline to frame preliminary objections to conceiving of philosophical dialogue as combative. Noting that philosophy is a socially and historically rooted practice, I argue that the view of philosophy as a kind of combat has its origins in features of ancient Greek life. Next, I will look to other cultures and traditions for differing conceptual resources. Specifically, I look to ancient China’s philosophical narrative as one that does not primarily conceive of philosophy in terms of combat. I conclude by suggesting the relevance of this inquiry into methodology for practices of teaching philosophy.
Hermeneutics and Phenomenology Problems When Applying Hermeneutic Phenomenological Method in Educational Qualitative Research
Authors: Kakkori Leena
Published: December 2020

Hermeneutic phenomenology is a research method used in qualitative research in the fields of education and other human sciences, for example nursing science. It is a widely used method example in Scandinavia, and Van Manen is well known for his hermeneutic phenomenological method. In many studies the hermeneutic phenomenological method is inarticulate or ambiguous. Researchers generally lack a common understanding of what this method actually is. One reason for that is that the expression “hermeneutic phenomenological method” is contradiction in terms. Hermeneutics and phenomenology have their own distinct history. Hermeneutics and phenomenology as philosophical disciplines have their own distinct aims and orientations. Hermeneutic is orientated to historical and relative meanings. Phenomenology in Husserlian sense is orientated to universal and absolute essences. Martin Heidegger connects hermeneutics and phenomenology in very sophisticated manner as hermeneutical phenomenology and he provides a very specific definition of his brand of phenomenology. For Heidegger, hermeneutical phenomenology is the research of the meaning of the Being as a fundamental ontology. However, this kind of phenomenology is of no use for educational qualitative research.
Open-mindedness in Three Dimensions
Authors: Higgins Chris
Published: December 2020

In this programmatic essay, I approach the question "What is open-mindedness?" through three more specific questions, each designed to foreground a distinct dimension along which the analysis of open-mindedness might proceed: When is open-mindedness? What is not open-mindedness? and, Where is open-mindedness? The first question refers to the temporal dimension of open-mindedness, which I analyze in terms of Dewey’s distinction between recognition and perception and the psychoanalytic concept of disavowal. The second question refers to the dialectical dimension of open-mindedness, to what the many aspects of closed-mindedness reveal about open-mindedness. Here I recall Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean. The third question refers to the dimension of scale, asking what open- and closed-mindedness look like on the interpersonal and social levels. To bring out this third dimension, I draw on Jonathan Lear's reading of the Republic and psychoanalytic group dynamics theory. Through these three related inquiries I show the range of this central intellectual virtue and bring out its connections to two central, related features of the moral life: the need for integration and the need for openness to newness and complexity.
Notes on saying and showing, beauty, and other ideas of interest to art and education, with reference to Ludwig Wittgenstein
Authors: Richmond Stuart
Published: December 2020

Conventionally, it is true an essay has a structure that moves progressively and logically from a beginning to a conclusion. In this group of small essays, I would like to explore my interests in the arts and education by working more with broad strokes, letting meanings emerge from passages in a less linear way, more like a collage, for example. Perhaps such an approach will be congenial for the arts, which are elusive, felt and expressive as much as conceptual.
“The Play’s the Thing”: Mathematization as Dramatization
Authors: Mellamphy Dan , Biswas Mellamphy Nandita
Published: December 2020

Mobilizing prevalent themes in the fields of mathematics education, literary criticism, and philosophy, this paper contextualizes ‘the mathematical’, ‘mathematical thinking’, and ‘mathematical pedagogy’ with respect to ancient Greek concept of mathesis, modern notions of mathematical agency, the Keatsian concept of negative capability, and the analogy of ‘staging’ a dramatic/mathematical ‘play’. Its central claim is that mathematization is dramatization—that learning mathematics (indeed, learning to learn, which is what the Greek mathesis actually means) is an activity of setting things up and (in this ‘set’ or ‘setting’) allowing things to play out (e-ducere). Beginning with Paul Ernest’s identification of the difference between absolutism and fallibilism in the philosophy of math education, and incorporating concepts from Pythagoras, Hippasus, Heraclitus (the ‘ancients’), Descartes, Kant, Keats (the ‘moderns’), as well as Freud, Heidegger, and Badiou (‘nos prochains’, to quote Klossowski ), we argue that ‘mathematical knowledge’ cannot be understood simply within the framework of logicism, formalism, or even simply as an epistemological articulation. Rather, we endeavour to show that the process of ‘learning mathematically’ allows us to gain insight into the foundations of ‘being’ itself (i.e. ontology). Learning to learn (mathesis) proceeds, as such, by way of staging and playing-out the half-known or unknown (the ill-seen and ill-said) in the hopes of uncovering the mystery (Greek myesis) at the heart of things.
Placing Education: The School as Architectural Space
Authors: Gislason Neil
Published: December 2020

School architecture is a vital part of the learning environment: An educational facility should actively support learning processes which are grounded on an applied, multidisciplinary curriculum. This paper argues, accordingly, that a school should provide flexible educative spaces which properly enable multiple forms of teaching and learning. Support for this thesis is drawn from spatial theory, John Dewey’s writing on educative spaces, architectural writing and ecological design theory. It is finally posited that we need move beyond certain industrial-era assumptions about learning, in order to lay the conceptual foundation for a dynamic notion of architecture for education.
A Reflection on Arts-Based Research
Authors: Forrest Michelle Evelyn
Published: December 2020

Concerns are raised regarding the place of the arts in education, specifically as they are used in the social science context of educational research under the title ‘arts-based research’. An examination of Elliot Eisner’s claim that art is research concludes that, though the arts may be used for display, data, or heuristic in educational research, they are not being recognised for their distinctive characteristics. John White’s critique of the theory of multiple intelligences is revisited to mitigate common claims for the arts based upon Gardner. Given the dominance of scientism in today’s research climate, it is argued that the arts take their rightful place as foil to research in its quest for certainty; that they be the antagonist mode of thought called for by John Stuart Mill.
Bridging the Divide between Being and Knowing: In Quest of Care-Ethical Agency
Authors: Beck Kumari , Cohen Avraham , Falkenberg Thomas
Published: December 2020

Taking up the theme of this year’s Congress – Bridging communities: Making public knowledge, making knowledge public – our panel’s three essays each examines from three different locations how knowledge and knowledge-making function in the contemporary market/knowledge economy: international education, autobiographical inquiry, and teacher education. The educational vision and commitment that these three distinct pieces share is ethics of care. Problematizing commodification of knowledge and its notion of having knowledge, we make the case for the centrality of being in human and societal living. We then make suggestions for how the being-dimension can be conceptualized and lived. In particular, we argue that caring, being present, self-knowing and human agency are central.
So Much Truth, so Much Being: Poetic Provocations to Philosophical Musings
Authors: Elza Daniela Bouneva , Manery Robert , Cohen Avraham
Published: December 2020

This bricolage of verses and prose, addresses the themes of poetics in and of philosophizing, and brings poetic provocations to philosophical musings. Authors muse on what it is to philosophize in the mood and mode of poetics, and why that matters for Education. Preliminary incursions are made into the issues of entrenched dualism between intellect (mind) and senses (heart), and ensuing privileging of the former over the latter. A collegially written introduction sets the general framework.
Nietzsche’s Übermensch as a Metaphor for Education
Authors: Fitzsimons Peter
Published: December 2020

Rather than appealing to universal truth or morality based on the power of reason, Nietzsche’s impassioned plea for resuscitating the embodied self as a source of ethics provides a new perspective on educational philosophy. Within the concept of Will to Power, he offers the notion of the Übermensch as a model for overcoming the social limitations of Christian morality and the dictates of fashion. In a formative state, ‘untimely men’ (and here, read ‘Nietzsche’) stand outside the homogenising influence of the State. Nietzsche’s Übermensch, involving a continuous process of ‘overcoming’ and ‘becoming’, is suggested as an alternative to the autonomous liberal subject as an educational ideal. It provides a perspective that contrasts with the egalitarian and collectivist notions that underpin social democracy and social justice as guiding ideals for educational endeavour. This paper questions the liberal hope that education is automatically the path to freedom and autonomy, arguing that education can be valued as a means of developing a reflective or critical view on our social predicament. Übermensch, perhaps the closest Nietzsche comes to an educational ideal, represents agonistic engagement with our social predicament and an overcoming of instrumental views about education. This paper investigates Nietzsche’s figure of the Übermensch and examines some functional aspects of that same figure that help to explain the notion of education relevant to this paper.
Aristotle and Pedagogical Ethics
Authors: Kakkori Leena , Huttunen Rauno
Published: December 2020

The teacher’s pedagogical ethics refers to the Kantian maxims that a teacher is obliged to follow. One could provide a list of the most crucial maxims that a teacher must absolutely not violate. We surely need these Kantian maxims in the teachers’ pedagogical ethics, although they tell us very little about the properties that good and moral teachers should possess. In teacher education we must of course elaborate on the ethical code of the teacher (maxims), but we must also consider the properties of a morally good teacher. A good source in endeavouring to find these properties is the book Aristotle wrote over 2,000 years ago, Nicomachean Ethics. According to Aristotle, a virtuous citizen must be educated. Without virtues (άρετή) – at least a certain degree of virtues – the polis community is impossible. Virtues are the human properties or action dispositions which facilitate the existence of telos, the purpose of a human being.” The telos of a man is to live a life worth living (eudaimon). Man achieves his telos by living a good life, which is a life lived according to certain virtues. In this article we consider what kind of a person a virtuous teacher is and what kind of a friend she is to her pupils.
Ethical Habituation and Pleasure
Authors: O'Leary Paul
Published: December 2020

Is it possible for a person to acquire virtues of character solely by reading books and/or attending lectures on ethical theory? According to Aristotle, no ethical theory, no matter how well formed and powerful, can eliminate the need for a well conducted ethical habituation. One element that allows such an habituation to play a significant role in the acquisition of the virtues is the link between virtue and pleasure. In short, no ethical theory can, on its own, provide a moral education since it cannot generate the experience of pleasure found in one who lives the life of the virtues.
“That’s Just Your Opinion!” - “American Idol” and the Confusion Between Pluralism and Relativism
Authors: Ruitenberg Claudia W.
Published: December 2020

Many student-teachers (and the students they teach) fail to understand the difference between opinions in the sense of preferences, and opinions in the sense of judgments. The phrase “That’s just your opinion!” (as wielded by contestants on the television series “American Idol”) is used to shield not only preferences but also judgments from public scrutiny. This misunderstanding springs from confusion between pluralism and relativism. Students’ fear of moral absolutism leads them to espouse relativism when they should be promoting pluralism. Within a conception of education as a social practice that mediates between the private and the public, students must learn both to justify their own judgments and to examine the judgments and justifications that others provide. This requires that students learn to distinguish “just my opinion” and “just your opinion” from morally significant judgments.
Resistance Reconceptualized
Authors: Leighteizer Valda Kathleen
Published: December 2020

In vernacular understandings or conversations about resistance as it occurs with students in public schools, it is frequently viewed as a negative action or set of behaviours to be changed or curtailed. This paper puts forward an argument that allows for the possibility of seeing moments of resistance as something to be recognized and celebrated with students. I do not suggest that resistance must always or only be viewed in this manner, but rather that it might be viewed thus, and thereby allow for multiple understandings of an action such as resistance.

Beginning with my own hegemonic understanding of resistance as a necessarily bad/undesirable characteristic or behaviour, I then build on Foucault’s relational approach to understanding power (and its operations), leading then to a discussion of student engagement as also a relational process and one that has more than one possible form. By offering a possibility of understanding student engagement as a process that works both within and outside the structures that produce and maintain the White, middle class, heterosexual, abled, Christian, male child as the defacto subject of schooling, I build an argument that opens a more fluid conception of resistance than the necessarily negative action it is often perceived to be.
Philosophy for Education: Towards Human Agency
Authors: Bai Heesoon
Published: December 2020

This paper considers the contribution of philosophy to education. First, a case is made that the fundamental goal of education is to cultivate human agency in the sense of being able to enact one’s freedom (as opposed to conditioned and habituated patterns of thinking, perception, and action) grounded in personal knowledge and ethics. This agency is named as ‘autonomy’ in this paper. Secondly, philosophy is conceived as an “art of living,” which has ancient roots in both the East and West. An argument is made that identifying philosophical activity as predominantly discursive and theoretical activity entrenches us in the “addiction” to conceptualization and blinds us to seeing that a map is not the territory. Human beings encompass the discursive as well as the non-discursive, theoretical as well as practical dimensions. Hence philosophy as an art of living must address all the dimensions. As an illustration, a number of exemplary philosophic arts pertaining to these practices are explored, including world-making through dialogue (Socratic); autobiographical experiment through philosophical writing (Nietzschean); human-making and self-transformation (Confucian); and mindfulness practice (Buddhist). The case is made that these practices combine to illustrate and demonstrate that philosophy is a practice devoted to the cultivation of fundamental human agency, namely autonomy.
Responsibility for Beliefs and Emotions
Authors: McCormick Miriam , Schleifer Michael
Published: December 2020

This paper maintains that the concept of responsibility must be extended to beliefs and emotions. It argues that beliefs and emotions have their crucial link through the element of judgment. Judgment refers to relationships in contexts of ambiguity and uncertainty; developing good judgment in children involves the question of similarities and differences in varying situations and contexts. Both beliefs and emotions are crucial to this process. Educators interested in helping develop better judgment must look at the relevant beliefs and emotions associated with the judgments we make. Just as children must be made aware of their responsibility for behaviour, so must they understand that they are responsible for their beliefs and emotions.
Le rôle de la philosophie de l'éducation dans la formation des maîtres
Authors: Gohier Christiane
Published: December 2020

We cannot talk about the role of philosophy of education in teachers' training programs without examining the relationship between philosophy and educational theories.

Even when theoreticians like Kieran Egan, for example, claim that education is a normative discourse that cannot be inferred from "local" empirical psychological research, the role of philosophy seems of utmost importance because philosophy has essentially to do with norms and values.

Another way of looking at the "sciences" of education that renews our comprehension of their relationship is by analysing a new cognitive psychological approach named "metacognition" which rests on one's ability to understand one's own cognitive strategies and mechanisms of regulation. The well-known psychologist Adrien Pinard in Quebec has been working on those concepts lately, inspired by Flavell's model of cognitive regulation. This approach is remarkably similar both to Wilson's definition of procedural criteria which he claims educational theory is all about and to the very specific method of philosophy, that of analytical and reflective thought. Philosophy or reflective thought cannot be separated from practice in teacher training since education is not only a matter of pedagogical means but also of attitudes to and relationship with another person. Thus, besides theory and practice, a third parameter should be taken into account in the elaboration of a teacher training program: the meta-practice and theory parameter, or the reflection on one's own practice, which is essentially philosophical.
The Complete Artistic Self: Five Collaborators Talk about Barbara
Hannigan
Authors: Majeau-Bettez Emanuelle
Published: December 2020

Who is Barbara Hannigan, as a singer, performer, conductor, mentor, and
community-involved musician? What is the impact of her personality on the music
scene? How has her artistic character evolved throughout her formative and
professional years? With these questions in mind, I interviewed five of Hannigan’s
closest, and most important collaborators and mentors: Hans Abrahamsen, George
Benjamin, Gary Kulesha, Mary Morrison and Thomas Morris. Individually, the
interviews shed light on specific phases and events in Hannigan’s career, from her
undergraduate studies to the present. Taken as a whole, they open the door to
understanding Barbara Hannigan as a complete—and completely
fearless—artist.
O tabu da morte na modernidade: a COVID-19 como um reforço ao interdito
Authors: Paula Blanches de , Souza Lindolfo Alexandre de
Published: December 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir de que forma a pandemia da COVID-19, principalmente no aspecto do tratamento dado à doença por autoridades públicas, pode reforçar a perspectiva moderna de conceber a morte como um tema tabu. Para tanto, faz-se importante tomar Ariès (2017) como referencial teórico e apresentar as diferentes atitudes diante da morte propostas por esse autor: morte domada, morte de si mesmo, morte do outro, morte interdita e morte invertida. Ao retomar tais perspectivas, o artigo dá ênfase às duas últimas, as quais são importantes para contextualizar a morte como tabu em um contexto de modernidade. Em seguida, o texto pretende discutir em que medida uma leitura negacionista da pandemia da COVID-19, presente em discursos governamentais, contribui para um processo de reforço à dimensão da morte como interdito, com ênfase à banalização da morte e ao silenciamento do luto na sociedade.
Towards the Aesthetics of Early Friedrich Schlegel
Authors: Bychkov Victor
Published: December 2020

The subject of the study is the aesthetics of early Friedrich Schlegel. In his aesthetics, Schlegel continues the traditions of German classical philosophy, focusing special attention on the principles of the beautiful and sublime in art. Schlegel considers beauty, like morality, to be inherently inherent in a person who, along with the moral, has an "aesthetic imperative". As a "transcendental factor", beauty is based on disinterested pleasure and represents an ideal that ancient Greek art approached at one time, and the aspiration for which modern art lacks so much. The highest beauty is organic ("vegetative") like nature; two main "elements" make up the essence of beauty: "phenomenon" and "good". The beautiful in its broad sense also encompasses the sublime. Schlegel pays special attention to the ugly as an aesthetic category opposed to the beautiful and sublime, and gives an outline of the future theory of the ugly. He connects the ugly with the animal nature of man and shows that it is based on the disgusting, painful, monstrous, "beggarly chaos" of being, manifesting an absolute denial. В  The central aesthetic principles вЂ“ the beautiful and the sublime вЂ“ are opposed by two types of the ugly: the own ugly and the "sublimely ugly". Schelling considers art to be one of the main components of culture as a humanitarian factor and sees three types of culture: natural, organically growing on the basis of mythology (reached a high level in Antiquity), artificial, created on the basis of reason according to aesthetic laws (New European) and aesthetic, which means a special emphasis in culture on aesthetic essence, on artistry. Schlegel is convinced that further positive development of culture and art is possible only under the guidance of the "correct" aesthetic theory, the beginnings of which he learns from his contemporaries.
APPLICATION OF THE ANOMALOUS SCATTERING EFFECT IN TREATING THE PROBLEM OF DOUBLE IMAGES RESULTING FROM PATTERSON ANALYSIS
Authors: FAN HAI-FU  , ZHENG QI-TAI  , LI PENG-FEI  ,   中国科学院
Published: December 2020

In this paper a procedure is given, which makes use of the anomalous scattering effect in two dimensional reflections to discriminate the two-fold possibilities of atomic positions resulting from the analysis of certain three dimensinal Patterson functions. The procedure has been applied to solve an unknown structure of moderate complexity and proved to be effective.
PHASE DIAGRAM OF THE PSEUDO-BINARY SYSTEM Li4GeO4-Zn2GeO4
Authors: TANG DI-SHENG  , CHE GUANG-CAN  , CHEN LI-QUAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The pseudo-binary system Li4GeO4-Zn2GeO4 has been studied by means of DTA and X-ray diffraction techniques. According to the phase diagram established, Li14Zn(GeO4)4 ("LISICON") is a solid solution based on the high temperature phase of Li4GeO4 which is stabilized to room temperature by the addition of Zn2GeO4. Long period "aging" at room temperature of the ceramic specimens of "Lisicon" reduced its conductivity remarkably, for which the authors propose an additional explanation.
THE HARRIS SINGULARITY OF THE JOSEPHSON CURRENT OF A JUNCTION DRIVEN INTO NON-EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: MAO DE-QIANG  , GU YI-MING  , ZHOU ZI-FANG  , WU HANG-SHENG  ,   中国科学技术大学
Published: December 2020

Based on the OS model, the Harris singularity of the Josephson current of a junction which is driven into non-equilibrium, is investigated.
TIGHT-BINDING CALCULATION FOR GaAs (110) SURFACE
Authors: XU YONG-NIAN  ,   复旦大学物理系
Published: December 2020

In the present work, the tight-binding calculation for the rotational relaxed GaAs (110) surface is studied. In order to simulate the semi-infinite crystal, a saturating slab model is adopted with the last layer of which being saturated by some quasi As and Ga atoms, so that the slab model can be considered as having one surface only. The LDOS thus obtained agrees well with that given by the conventional slab model.
THE COLLECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE BREMSSTRAHLUNG IN PLASMA
Authors: HE XIAN-TU  ,   北京8009信箱
Published: December 2020

It is well known that, in the bremsstrahlung formula derived by Birmingham and Dawson, the screening effects of ions on the fields were discarded. It is unapt to do so. In this paper a corrected formula, including the polarization effects of ionic fields, is derived. In many cases, the screening effects of ions can considerably reduce the energy of the bremsstrahlung.
THE QAUSILINEAR THEORY OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC CYCLOTRON INSTABILITY
Authors: KE FU-JIU  , CHEN YIAN-PING  , ZHOU YU-MEI  , C. S. WU  ,   (1)美国马利兰大学物理科学与技术研究所; (2)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

We consider the nonlinear saturation of a fast x mode instability near the electron cyclotron frequency due to electron population inversion. A quasilinear theory is discussed. The corresponding saturation time, amplitudes as well as the temporal evolution of the electron distribution functions are also studied.
THE PULSE OPTICAL-ACOUSTIC-OPTICAL EFFECT OF VISIBLE FLUORESCENCE INDUCED BY INTENSE INFRARED LASER RADIATION IN BCl3 MOLECULES
Authors: JIANG YI-FENG  , HUANG NAN-TANG  , XU JI-REN  , LIN GUANG-HAI  ,   (1)中国科学院力学研究所; (2)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The dependences of OAO fluorescence on space and time are investigated by using a time and space resolved method. The notable effect of the geometrical shape of the sample cell on OAO fluorescence is observed. A pulse acoustic wave and its relationship with OAO flurescence are recorded. It shows that the excited BC13 molecules are excited again becase of the action of the pulse acoustic wave By using of a simple model, the generation of OAO fluorescence and its axial shift are analysed. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data.
THE INHOMOGENEITY AND ANISOTROPY OF DEBYE CHARACTERISTIC TEMPERATURES
Authors: LU XUE-SHAN  , LIANG JING-KUI  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

As Debye chiracteristic temperature denotes the average vibration energy of atoms or ions in a costal, while different atoms in the crystal may have different vibration modes, or the same atom in a noncubie crystal may have different vibration modes along different directions, there arises the problem of inhomogeneity and anisotropy of characteristic temperatures.It is discussed in this paper the methods of investigating the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of characteristic temperatures in crystals.If there are two kinds of atoms (a) and (b) in a crystal, then the diffraction lines in the Debye-Scherrer photograph may be classified into two categories: in one of them the structure factor is the sum of the structure factors of respective atoms, F5= mFa + nFb, while in the other, the structure factor is the difference of the structure factors of respective atoms, F = gFa - qFd. Owing to the fact that both Fsobs and Fdobs are functions of sin θ/λ, so, if observed values of Fsobs and Fdobs are plotted against sin θ/λ, two smooth curves should be obtained, where Fobs= KFcalc. In the calculated structure factors, Fa= fa exp(-Ba sin2 θ/λ2) and Fb= fbexp(-Bb sin2θ/λ2), where fa and fb are the atomic scattering factors of the respective atoms, while Ba and Bb are Debye parameters of the respective atoms in the crystal. It is seen that from the two curves one can find the corresponding values of Fobsd or Fobss at the same abscissas as Fobss or Fobsd. If corresponding pairs of values are multiplied by proper coefficients and then be added or subtracted, a series of values of Fobs+ and obs- can be obtained which are now pure functions of Fa and Fb. Then if log (fa/Fobs+) and log (fb/Fobs-) are plotted agains sin2θ respectively, two straight lines can be obtained which should intercept at the same point on the ordinate axis, the slopes of which represent respectively Ba log e/λ2 and Bb log e/λ2, whence one can obtain Ba and Bb. For anisotropic crystals, a series of (h, k, 0) reflexions should be singled out. Just as in the case of isotropic crystals, one may plot log(Icalc/Iobs) against sin2θ, a straight line should be obtained, the slope of which gives 2B⊥ log e/λ2. Then single out another series of (0, 0, 1) reflexions. If one plots log (Icatc/Iobs) against sin2θ, then another straight line should be obtained, the slope of which gives 2B‖ log e/λ2. The two straight lines should intercept at the same point on the ordinate axis. Here B‖ and B⊥ represent the Debye parameters parallel and perpendicular to the principal axis respectively.Having datermined Debye parameters, characteristic temperatures can be obtained in the same way as we have described in our previous paper.The characteristic temperatures of CaF2 have been determined. It is shown that the characteristic temperature of Ca2+ ion in CaF2 crystals is 400K, while that of F-ion is 476K, the difference being 76K.
HAWKING RADIATION IN FOUR DIMENSIONAL STATIC RIEMANN SPACETIME
Authors: ZHAO ZHENG  ,   北京师范大学天文系
Published: December 2020

It has been proved in this paper that in general the horizons in 4-dimensional static Riemann spacetime will produce Hawking radiations and the radiative temperature is proportional to the surface gravity k of the horizon.This work is extended to the state that there exist electromagnetic fields. We point out that the static electric potential which effects Hawking radiative spectrum may originate from the electrie charge inside the hos,izoii as well as outside the hosizon.The Rindler radiations in uniform accelerated frames and the Hawking radiations from Schwarzsehild B. H., Keissner-Nordstrom B. H. as wall as Schwarzschild-de Sitter universe horizons are the special cases of our present general theory.It is pointed out that the equivalence principle Is still effective and Rindlerradiations do originate from the horizons of the Rindler frames of reference. Hawkingradiation only has relation with dynamic effect K near the horizon, but has no relation with curvature of the spaeetime.
INDEXING OF HIGH ORDER LAUE SPOTS BY A DIFFERENCE VECTOR METHOD
Authors: LIU WEN-XI  , ZHAO CHANG-AN
Published: December 2020

A new indexing method on the spots of high order Lane zone in electron diffraction pattern has been developed. The first spot indices of high order Laue zone are determined immediately by means of measuring the distances between the bright dif-feraction spots and a vector composition procedure the indices of the spot closest to the centre and other spots are then derived.
ENERGY CONSERVATION OF NON-LINEAR DRIFT WAVES IN THE COHERENT RENORMALIZATION
Authors: ZHANG YANG-ZHONG  ,   中国西南物理研究所
Published: December 2020

By using the perturbative expansions of 〈j⊥· E⊥〉 it was proved that the coherent renormalization theory acquired the energy conservation of non-linear drift waves within the sixth order.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF THE IONIC CONDUCTOR SINGLE CRYSTALS UNDER THE ACTION OF A DC FIELD
Authors: XU ZHENG-YI  , ZHU YONG  , ZHANG DAO-FAN  , LI CHEN-XI  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In our previous works, it had been found the apparent dielectric constant ∈c′ of α-LiIO3 single crystal increases as a bias DC field is applied in the c direction. And it had been attributed to result of ionic conduction. In this paper, the dielectric properties of KLiSO4 and NaCl single crystals under the action of a DC field have been investigated. Similar to the situation of α-LiIO3 single crystal, the phenomenon of change of the apparent dielectric constant was observed in these crystals. It verified the conclusion mentioned above. We also studied the dependences of this property of ionic conductors on temperatures, frequencies and ambient atmosphere. The condition under which this phenomenon appeares was discussed.
COLLISIONAL AND INHOMOGENEOUS BROADENING EFFECTS IN GAS-FLOW AND CHEMICAL LASERS——THE THEORETICAL MODELS
Authors: GAO ZHI  ,   中国科学院力学研究所
Published: December 2020

The analytical models which are used to predict the performance of gas-flow and chemical lasers are enumerated and compared. These analytical models include the currently accepted theory of Lorentz-Gauss line shape factor, the present theory of rectangular line shape factor and the theory presented in ref. [5]. For the idealized configuration of the mixing layer of diffusion chemical lasers, the specific results corresponding to the theories mentioned above are developed in brief. Analysis shows that for the general case in which the transition is simultaneously inhomogeneous broadened and collisionally broadened, particularly for the case in which the inhomogeneous broadening is dominant, the difference among the results of the two theories of line shape factor and the theory of article [5] are quite significant. The results of the theory of rectangular line shape factor are more precise than those of Lorentz-Gauss line shape factor. And the computing-time required by the theory of rectangular line shape factor is less than that of Lorentz-Gauss line shape factor.
INVESTIGATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL SUPERCOOLING IN LITHIUM SODIUM STRONTIUM NIOBATE CRYSTALS GROWN BY CZOCHRALSKI METHOD AND IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY
Authors: XIAO CHAO-MANG  , LU KUN-QUAN  , ZHU BO-LIAN  , WANG CHANG-QING  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The constitutional supercooling in single crystal grown by Czoehralski method has been studied by observing grind and polished and etched specimen with microscopy method. Structure transition temperature of the SNLN crystals has been studied under high temperature utilizing polarization lightmicroscope. The constitutional supercooling and internal growth striation in the SNLN crystals have been overcome and the optical homogeneity of the crystals have been improved by employing optimum growth condition and technique.
ON THE STABILITY OF DRIFT WAVE IN THE CYLINDRICAL PLASMA
Authors: ZHANG CHENG-FU  , WANG SHI-JIN  ,   (1)北京大学物理系; (2)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In the slab model the so-called universal modes are absolutly stable. How about the cylindrical plasma? The main difference is that instead of the out-going boundary condition in the slab mode, in the cylindrical plasma there is not any wave energy outgoing at r=0 and r=∞. This may change the stabilities of the modes effectively.Assuming exponential plasma density and current profiles, the integral eigen-equa-tion of drift wave has been derived. In the ease of slow radial variation, it can be converted into a second order differential equation. The equation has been solved numerically. The results show that the unstable modes do exist. The comparison between the two models (cylindrical one and slab one) has been made.
DEEP LEVELS OF TRANSITION IMPURITIES IN SILICON
Authors: XIA JIAN-BAI  ,   中国科学院半导体研究所
Published: December 2020

A simple model about transition impurities in semiconductors is proposed, and the impurity energy levels and wave functions produced by substitutional and interstitial atoms in silicon are calculated by Green's function method. It is shown that the properties of these two kinds of impurities are remarkably different. The substitutional atom can produce impurity energy level only when Vd, the atomic level of d state, is below the top of valence band. It's wave function is mainly dangling bond state, and gradually turns into bond state when the energy level approaehs the edge of conduction band. The interstitial atom can produce impurity energy level only when Vd is above the top of valence band. It's wave function is mainly d state of central atom and gradually turns into weak antibond state. Finally, the chemical trend and some experimental facts of transition impurity energy levels are qualitatively explained.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF NiSi2
Authors: XU JIAN-HUA  , XIE LEI-MING  , XU YONG-NIAN  ,   (1)复旦大学现代物理研究所; (2)中国科学院上海冶金研究所
Published: December 2020

The electronic structure of NiSi2 was calculated by using the self-consistent LMTO method. Our result was found to be in resonable agreement with the results of AEUPS photoemission experiment and other calculations. The change in the Ni electron configuration was found to be responsible for the Ni3p3/2 core level binding energy shift; the decrease of Ni3d electrons weakened the screening effect for the Ni3p electrons. The result of calculation showed that the ionicity plays a minor role in chemical bond.
OBSERVATION OF THERMAL EMISSION AND NON-THERMAL EMISSION FROM ELECTRON CYCLOTRON EMISSION IN CT-6B TOKAMAK PLASMA
Authors: CUI BIN-SHENG  , KUANG LONG-HAI  , MA DAN-BO  , LIU SHI-MING  ,   (1)中国科学院电子学研究所; (2)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the results of observation of electron cyclotron emission in CT-6B TOKAMAK device plasma is presented. The ECE was detected by using PME radiometer which can work at fundamental (35GHz) mixing or second harmonic (70GHz) mixing. It was obtained that when the device discharged under low runaway condition, the received signal emission at second harmonic mixing showed that it was the thermal emission associated with electron temperature; while under runaway condition, the receiving of emission at fundamental mixing showed that it was the nonthermal emission of the runaway electrons.
A QUARKONIUM POTENTIAL MODEL WITH A NON-ZERO GLUON EFFECTIVE MASS
Authors: LIN DA-HANG  , XIE FENG-XIAN  ,   中国人民解放军海军工程学院
Published: December 2020

Assuming that the gluon possesses a non-zero effective mass μ, we derive an effective Hamiltonian for quarkonium by non-linear U(l) gauge field theories. For μ=0.2 GeV, 0.4 GeV and 0.6 GeV, we calculate the spectra for charmonium and upsilon, which are in good agreement with experiment. Finally, we discuss the effect of gluon mass on the spectra and potential.
THE GROUP Ⅶ ELEMENTS CHEMISORPTION ON Si(111) AND Ge (111) SURFACES
Authors: XU YONG-NIAN  , ZHANG KAI-MING  ,   复旦大学现代物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In the present paper, the cluster model and the charge self-consistent EHT method are used to study the chemisorptions of group VII elements on both Si (111) 1×1 and Ge(111)1×1 surfaces. The chemisorbed sites are determined by minimizing the total energy. For Cl, the absorption takes place on the atop sites for both Si (111) and Ge (111) surfaces. For I, the result shows that the threefold hollow sites of both surfaces are more preferable. For Br, both the atop and the threefold hollow sites seem to be possible on both surfaces. However, for Br/Si(lll)l×1 the atop site is more stable, whereas for Br/Ge (111)1×1 the threefold hollow site is more stable. Finally, the trend of the chemisorptions of the group VII atoms on the two surfaces are discussed and comparison with the recent SEXAFS results presented.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE STUDY OF 3Cu(IO3)2·H2O CRYSTAL
Authors: ZHANG YONG-FENG  , LI JIAN-MIN  , XU YUAN-ZHI  , LI XIAO-PING  , SUN QIONG-LI  ,   (1)中国科学院福建物质结构研究所; (2)中国科学院技术大学近代化学系
Published: December 2020

The electronic absorption spectrum of the spherocrystal of bellingerite 3Cu(IO3)2·2H2O, was measured, two strong absorption bands appeared at 9140 cm-1 and 15250 cm-1. The low-symmetric crystal field splitting, which is as great as 6110cm-1, was observed for the first time. Resolving the absorption curve, we obtained 8 Gauss-type absorption peaks at 8590, 10690, 10870, 12190, 13500, 14510, 15330 and 16500 cm-1, respectively. By analyzing its EPR spectrum, we got g=2.141±0.004. The experimental results were discussed quantitatively using the ligand field theory and the radial wave function, of nonfree copper(II). The calculated values were in agreement with the experimental results. Thus the electronic structure of bellingerite crystal was interpreted comprehensively.
SYMMETRY DETERMINATION OF LiZnTa3O9 AND LiCaTa3O9 CRYSTALS BY CBED
Authors: YANG CUI-YING  , ZHOU YU-QING  , SHU QI-MAO  , XIA HONG-CHANG  , CHEN YING-PING  , FENG GUO-GUANG  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

Symmetry determination by CBED has been carried out for LiZnTa3O9 and LiGaTa3O9 crystals, which were first grown in our laboratory, LiZnTa3O9 is rhombohedral with lattice parameters, a=0.557 nm, a=56.12°,The point group is 3m and the space group is R3c. LiCaTa3O9 is tetragonal with lattice parameters a=0.778 nm, c=0.783nm. The point group is 4/mmm.
THE CORRELATION FUNCTION OF ELECTRONS AT METAL SURFACES (Ⅰ)——HABTBEB-FOCK APPROXIMATION
Authors: FENG WEI-GUO  , SUN XIN  ,   复旦大学物理系
Published: December 2020

The correlation bunction of inhomogeneous electron system at the metal surface has been calculated in the Hartree-Fock approximation.
A STUDY OF CONCENTRATION PROFILE OF LOW-MASS IONS IMPLANTED IN METALS BY R. B. S.
Authors: QU ZHEN-YUAN  , MA TIA-LIANG  , GAO NAI-FEI  , ZHANG HONG-TAO  , XIONG JIA-JIONG  ,   清华大学物理系
Published: December 2020

The concentration profiles of high-dose implanted N+ (5×1017 atom/cm2, 100 keV) in iron foils (about 4000? thick) and iron bulk sample (industrial purity) were measured by E. B. S. via α-particle of energy in order of MeV. A dip was found in backscat-tering spectrum of the substrate, as a result of the high-dose impurity, implantation a method was developed to calculate the concentration profile of impurity based on the dip.
THE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POSITRON LIFETIME SPECTRA
Authors: HE YUAN-JIN  , CAO BI-SONG  ,   清华大学物理系
Published: December 2020

A new method of analysing positron annihilation lifetime spectra in the fraquency domain by Fourier transform is proposed. Some characteristics of the transform of the positron annihilation spectrum and the potential advantages of this method are briefly discussed.
THE TIME EFFECTS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF PHASE TRANSITION IN InSb FILMS CONDENSED AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: CAO XIAO-WEN  , ZHANG YU-HENG  ,   (1)中国科学技术大学物理系; (2)中国科学院等离子体物理研究所
Published: December 2020

In this work, the time effects and superconductivity in the process of phase transition in InSb films condensed at low temperatures are studied. The following important experimental results are obtained: (a) Between occurrence of the first and the second conductance jump, the film samples are in the same amorphous metallic state, and have the same superconducting transition temperature Tc. (b) The relationship between Tc and annealing temperature ta is very similar to that between conductivit σ and Ta. (c) After the second jump, the conductance decreases, during the process of super conducting transition in certain transition zone R(T), the samples transform gradually from perfect to partially superconducting, (d) There are obvious time effects in the process of phase transition.
OPTICAL ROTATION AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF LiKSO4 CRYSTAL
Authors: JIA WEI-YI  , WANG HUAN-YUAN  , SHEN SI-XIANG  , HUANG YU-ZHEN  , GU BEN-YUAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

Optical rotatory dispersion of LiKSO4 crystal was pleasured at room temperature. The "crystal" nsodel of optical rotation fits well to the experimental results. In the temperature range from -180℃ to 680℃, four phase transitions were observed by means of optical rotation measurement: Phase F3 Phase F2 Phase F1 Phase X670℃→Phase α. The two transitions at low temperatures show obvious temperature hysteresis. All the transition temperatures are different from sample to sample. The relation between the transition sequence shown above and the data reported in literatures is discussed.
ON THE METALLIC CONDUCTIVITY OF DOPED POLYPYRROLE FILM
Authors: WANG PING  , WAN MEI-XIANG  , BI XIAN-TONG  , YAO YOU-XIN  , QIAN REN-YUAN  ,   中国科学院化学研究所
Published: December 2020

Polypyrrole films doped with BF4-,HSO4- and ClO4- were prepared by electrochemical method. Electrical conductivities of these samples and their temperature dependences were measured by four-probe method and VSC (voltage shorted compaction) method respectively. Experimental results indicate that the apparent temperature dependence of the conductivity as obtainted by the usual four-probe method, exhibits the character of typieal semiconductor, this feature is due to the contact resistance in the interblock or intergranular regions of the film. The measurement cannot reflect the true conductivity intrinsic to the doped polypyrrole film. However, the method devi-ced to short circuit the intergranular contact resistance does actually show the metallic temperature dependence of the conductivity of doped polypyrrole film, its conductivity increases with decreasing temperatures.When the polypyrrole film doped with BF4- was .partially reduced electrochemi-cally to a room temperature conductivity of 6-9 (Ω·cm)-1, the film exhibit a metal-semiconductor transition at 100 K as obtained by VSC measurement. IR-spectra indicates that the polypyrrole chain undergo certain structural changes during the electrochemical reduction process.
STUDY ON TRANSIENT OPTICAL BISTABILITY OF QUASI-RESONANT-ABSORPTIVE DYE MEDIUM
Authors: HE GUANG-SHENG  , ZHOU FU-XIN  , LIU SONG-HAU  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
Published: December 2020

Using intense pulsed laser beam of 5320 ? to excite the BDN dye solution inside the F-P interferometer, we have found the transient and intrinsic optical bistability effect. The various possible mechanisms to induce the refractive-index change of the sample medium and their relative contributions have been estimated; finally it is confirmed that in the duration of input laser pulse the refractive-index variation increases with time approximately in the form of semi-cubic parabola, and the main mechanism to cause this variation is the opto-thermal effect of the sample medium.