bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size and location of host‐plant shape the spatial pattern of forest insect
Authors: Jing Tian‐Zhong , Cai Xiao‐Lin , Lu Hua‐Yang , Dai Li‐Min , Liu Li‐Ping , Bai Li , Li Xiang , Li Man‐Yu , Wen Yi , Han Qing
Published: September 2022

Insect–host relationships can generate spatial patterns. The effect of plant species has been widely investigated, whereas the effect of plant size was ignored.

The authors characterized the spatial pattern of the swift mothEndoclita excrescensButler by combining spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and spatial point pattern analysis (SPPA). Two contiguous plots of monospecific plantations of Manchurian ashFraxinus mandshuricawith different diameters at breast height (DBH) were sampled, and the position, DBH, and count of attack holes of each ash tree were recorded.

The aggregation at the landscape scale is far stronger than those at the stand scale. At the landscape scale, trees with small number of bored holes were close to each other at distances ofr < 4 m. None of the significant patterns were found at the stand scale.

SADIE results showed a strong association between count of attack holes and DBH at the landscape scale, whereas weak association at the stand scale. SPPA results showed that, either at the landscape or stand scale, the locations of ash trees were randomly distributed at small distance, but aggregated at large distance. The counts of holes are only dependent on the point (tree) at small distances (r < 2.5 m) at the landscape scale. These results provide basic information for sampling and precision‐targeted controlling programs.
Astrocytes show increased levels of Ero1α in multiple sclerosis and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model
Authors: Samtleben Samira , Mina Lucas , Yap Megan C. , Branton William G. , Yousuf Muhammad Saad , Tenorio Gustavo , Ballanyi Klaus , Giuliani Fabrizio , Kerr Bradley J. , Power Christopher , Simmen Thomas
Published: September 2022

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models are characterized by cellular inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). The sources and consequences of this inflammation are currently not completely understood. Critical signs and mediators of CNS inflammation are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote inflammation. ROS originate from a variety of redox‐reactive enzymes, one class of which catalyses oxidative protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, the unfolded protein response and other signalling mechanisms maintain a balance between ROS producers such as ER oxidoreductin 1α (Ero1α) and antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase 8 (GPx8). The role of ROS production within the ER has so far not been examined in the context of MS. In this manuscript, we examined how components of the ER redox network change upon MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that unlike GPx8, Ero1α increases within both MS and EAE astrocytes, in parallel with an imbalance of other oxidases such of GPx7, and that no change was observed within neurons. This imbalance of ER redox enzymes can reduce the lifespan of astrocytes, while neurons are not affected. Therefore, Ero1α induction makes astrocytes vulnerable to oxidative stress in the MS and EAE pathologies.
Nietzsche on the sociality of emotional experience
Authors: Creasy Kaitlyn
Published: September 2022

In this paper, I explore the sociality of emotional experience in the work of Friedrich Nietzsche. Specifically, I describe four key mechanisms through which an individual's sociocultural context shapes her emotional experience on Nietzsche's view—emotional contagion as habitual affective mimicry, the production of emotions' felt character through the assimilation of dominant social beliefs and norms, affective interpretation à la Christopher Fowles, and the imposition of dominant notions of emotional appropriateness—fleshing out a dimension of Nietzsche's thought which is largely taken for granted but remains undertreated. After detailing these mechanisms, I argue that attending to the sociality of emotional experience in Nietzsche's thought is crucial not only for understanding key elements of his moral psychology (including certain of his reflections on freedom and self‐transformation), but also for understanding his interpretation of nihilism as a psychological‐affective phenomenon produced by the society to which one belongs. On Nietzsche's view, attending to the sociality of emotion helps individuals recognize the way in which the sociocultural contexts they inhabit might undermine their flourishing—and also helps them envision the conditions (especially sociocultural conditions) requisite for healthier, more empowering emotional lives.
Group interventions for mental health and parenting in parents with adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lyu Renhui , Lu Shuang , Ma Xinyao
Published: September 2022

Objective

This meta‐analysis synthesizes the effects of group parenting interventions (GPIs) on mental health and parenting‐related outcomes among parents with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

Background

Parents' history of ACEs can jeopardize parental mental health and impede their children's development through dysfunctional parenting. GPIs are increasingly applied to parents with ACEs, but their effectiveness remains to be synthesized.

Method

We identified 12 relevant studies that involve 709 families from PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL Plus, and Embase. The overall intervention effect size was estimated by adjusted pooled standardized mean difference using random‐effects models, and moderator analyses were performed to explore the variability in intervention effects. Risks of bias and publication bias were also assessed.

Results

Most of the parents in the included studies were mothers from ethnic minority groups who had limited family support and a low socioeconomic status. The average age of parents ranged from 18 to 32 years. GPIs showed small positive effects on parenting (Hedge's g = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.22, 0.49]) and parent mental health (g = 0.34, CI [0.16, 0.53]), with some variability across the studies.

Conclusion

GPIs show promising effects in improving parenting and mental health among parents who have experienced early‐childhood trauma.

Implications

Addressing the needs of parents with ACEs warrants a comprehensive intervention framework. Interventions for parents with ACEs should balance the focus on building healthy parent–child attachment and addressing parents' personal emotional needs.
Single‐cell analytical technologies: uncovering the mechanisms behind variations in immune responses
Authors: Kashima Yukie , Reteng Patrick , Haga Yasuhiko , Yamagishi Junya , Suzuki Yutaka
Published: September 2022

The immune landscape varies among individuals. It determines the immune response and results in surprisingly diverse symptoms, even in response to similar external stimuli. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying such diverse immune responses have remained mostly elusive. The utilization of recently developed single‐cell multimodal analysis platforms has started to answer this question. Emerging studies have elucidated several molecular networks that may explain diversity with respect to age or other factors. An elaborate interplay between inherent physical conditions and environmental conditions has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the importance of modifications by the epigenome resulting in transcriptome variation among individuals is gradually being revealed. Accordingly, epigenomes and transcriptomes are direct indicators of the medical history and dynamic interactions with environmental factors. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has recently become one of the most remarkable examples of the necessity of in‐depth analyses of diverse responses with respect to various factors to improve treatment in severe cases and to prevent viral transmission from asymptomatic carriers. In fact, determining why some patients develop serious symptoms is still a pressing issue. Here, we review the current “state of the art” in single‐cell analytical technologies and their broad applications to healthy individuals and representative diseases, including COVID‐19.
Effect of cyclic softening and mean stress relaxation on fatigue crack initiation in a hemispherical notch
Authors: Qvale Paul , Zarandi Ershad P. , Arredondo Alberto , Ås Sigmund K. , Skallerud Bjørn H.
Published: September 2022

Corroded surfaces of offshore mooring chains typically show a very irregular shape with different pit geometries. Fatigue tests were performed in three‐point bending on specimens with hemispherical notches, representing an idealized geometry of a corrosion pit. Digital image correlation was used to detect crack initiation lives and locations. The aim of the study was to quantify mean stress relaxation (MSR) and its influence on fatigue initiation life. MSR data were obtained from strain‐controlled fatigue tests on R4‐grade offshore mooring chain steel. Interestingly, MSR was observed even at a stress amplitude below the cyclic yield stress. For initiation lives below 100,000 cycles, significant improvement in predictions was obtained if cyclic softening and MSR were accounted for. Using only the monotonic stress‐strain curve led to less accurate predictions. For longer lives, scatter in the base material
data and residual stresses from machining of the notch made predictions less accurate.
Leadership matters: World language program leadership & teacher practices
Authors: Ritz Catherine , Sherf Nicole
Published: September 2022

The Challenge

Does leadership matter? In K‐12 world language programs, will a program leader or primary evaluator who is a world language specialist have an impact on teacher practices? The lack of attention to school leadership in our field has left us guessing. Its time to focus research on the importance of program leadership.
Assessment of plaque control efficacy using two types of toothbrushes in young adults: An interventional crossover study
Authors: Nair Uma P. , Ravindra Shivamurthy , Reddy Raghavendra N.
Published: September 2022

Objective

Evaluation of plaque removal efficacy of short‐headed toothbrush as compared to conventional/traditional toothbrush.

Method

A total of 20 subjects meeting the inclusion criteria were considered. Selected subjects were divided into test and control groups. Initially, subjects were advised to refrain from brushing teeth for 24 h, to determine the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) at the baseline. Further, crossover observation between the groups was recorded based on short‐headed toothbrush (Curaprox CS 5460) and traditional brushes (ultrasoft). Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to gather preferences and experiences of each subject.

Results

In terms of plaque removal, the short‐headed toothbrush and the conventional toothbrush demonstrated comparable results. In terms of PI and GI, the intergroup comparison revealed no significant differences (p = 0.878). Individual acceptability of the short‐headed toothbrush was shown to be higher in the questionnaire survey.

Conclusion

It was observed that both toothbrushes showed similar efficacy. However, the subjects preferred short‐headed toothbrush.

Clinical relevance

Short‐headed toothbrushes comprising a higher number of bristles can be recommended in terms of better oral hygiene.
Childhood follow‐up of the GRoW randomized trial: Metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women with overweight or obesity
Authors: Deussen Andrea R. , Louise Jennie , Dodd Jodie M.
Published: September 2022

Background

Metformin for women with overweight or obesity during pregnancy has been evaluated in randomized trials to reduce adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The effect on longer‐term child health remains of interest.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of in‐utero exposure to metformin on child health compared with no exposure.

Methods

We assessed children born to 513 women who participated in the Metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women with overweight or obesity: the GRoW randomized trial, where women were randomized to receive either metformin or placebo during pregnancy. Child weight, height, anthropometry, diet, physical activity and neurodevelopment were assessed at six and 18 months and three to five years of age. The main outcome was BMI z‐score > 85th centile for age and sex.

Results

The number of children with BMI >85th centile was similar between treatment groups at all time points. At 18 months and three to five years of age, more than half of the children had a BMI z‐score > 85th centile, indicating a high risk of childhood obesity.

Conclusions

We did not show evidence of the benefit of metformin for children of women with overweight or obesity during pregnancy adding to the growing literature on the lack of effect of pregnancy interventions in reducing longer‐term risks of childhood obesity.
Initiation of the alternative pathway of complement and the history of “tickover”
Authors: Pangburn Michael K.
Published: September 2022

The evolutionary history of complement suggests that the alternative pathway arose prior to the arrival of the classical and lectin pathways. In these pathways, target specificity is provided by antibodies and sugar specific lectins. While these efficient initiation systems dominate activation on most targets, the alternative pathway produces most of the C3b and 80%‐90% of the C5b‐9. While the tickover process, originally proposed by Peter Lachmann, provided ancient hosts with a crude self/non‐self‐discriminatory system that initiated complement attack on everything foreign, tickover clearly plays a more minor role in complement activation in modern organisms possessing classical and lectin pathways. Spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway via tickover may play a major role in human pathologies where tissue damage is complement‐mediated. The molecular mechanism of tickover is still not convincingly proven. Prevailing hypotheses include (a) spontaneous hydrolysis of the thioester in C3 forming the C3b‐like C3(H2O) in solution and (b) “enhanced tickover” in which surfaces cause specific or non‐specific contact activated conformational changes in C3. Theoretical considerations, including computer simulations, suggest that the latter mechanism is more likely and that more research needs to be devoted to understanding interactions between biological surfaces and C3.
Small particles with large impact: Insights into the unresolved roles of innate immunity in extracellular vesicle‐mediated cardiovascular calcification
Authors: Turner Mandy E , Bartoli‐Leonard Francesca , Aikawa Elena
Published: September 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular calcification, and immune cell infiltration and inflammation have a central role in this process. EVs egress from various cardiovascular cell types, which when acquiring specific properties, become calcifying. These calcifying EVs form nidi for microcalcification, which can progress to the macrocalcification lesions that are visualized clinically. We make the distinction between inflammatory‐driven and mineral dysregulation‐driven calcification, which both share EVs as a central initiator. In inflammation‐mediated calcification, inflammation precedes microcalcification and results from EV release from macrophages. Local cellular crosstalk mediated by EVs as well as circulating EVs and other inflammatory nanoparticles, such as calciprotein particles and lipoproteins, are also critical in the progression of cardiovascular calcification. It is imperative that future work links the already established and to be discovered roles of inflammation and innate immunity in cardiovascular calcification to these key signaling and functional roles of these nanoparticles. It remains an understudied area with high potential to unravel mechanistic roles and has important implications in drug target research.
BNT162b2 vaccination reduced infections and transmission in a COVID‐19 outbreak in a nursing home in Germany, 2021
Authors: Meyer Emily Dorothee , Sandfort Mirco , Bender Jennifer , Matysiak‐Klose Dorothea , Dörre Achim , Bojara Gerhard , Beyrer Konrad , Hellenbrand Wiebke
Published: September 2022

Background

A SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak was detected in a nursing home in February 2021 after residents and staff had received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in January 2021.

Methods

Nursing home staff, long‐term residents and day‐care receivers were included in a retrospective cohort study. We calculated attack rates (AR), secondary AR (SAR) and their 95% binomial confidence interval (CI), and we compared them using Fisher's exact test or chi‐squared test, depending on the sample size. We used Poisson regression with robust error estimates to calculate vaccine effectiveness against SARS‐COV‐2 infections. We selected variables based on directed acyclic graphs. As a proxy for viral load at diagnosis, we compared the mean Ct values at diagnosis using t tests or Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results

The adjusted vaccine effectiveness against infection was 56% (95% CI: 15–77%, p = 0.04). Ct values at diagnosis were higher when intervals after receiving the second vaccination were longer (>21 vs. ≤21 days: 4.48 cycles, p = 0.08). The SAR was 67% lower in households of vaccinated (2/9 [22.2%]) than of unvaccinated infected staff (12/18 [66.7%]; p = 0.046). Vaccination rates were lowest among staff with close physical contact to care‐receivers (46%). The highest AR in vaccinated staff had those working on wards (14%).

Conclusions

Vaccination reduced the risk for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, viral load and transmission; however, non‐pharmaceutical interventions remain essential to reduce transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, even for vaccinated individuals. Vaccination coverage of staff ought to increase reduction of infections among themselves, their household members and residents.
Neural sensitivity to peer feedback and depression symptoms in adolescents: a 2‐year multiwave longitudinal study
Authors: Pagliaccio David , Kumar Poornima , Kamath Rahil A. , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Auerbach Randy P.
Published: September 2022

Background

Depression risk increases during adolescent development, and individual differences in neural sensitivity to peer feedback (rejection vs. acceptance) may be a key diathesis in understanding stress‐related depression risk.

Methods

At baseline, adolescents (12–14 years old; N = 124) completed clinical interviews and self‐report symptom measures, and the Chatroom Task while MRI data were acquired. The majority of participants provided usable MRI data (N = 90; 76% female), which included adolescents with no maternal depression history (low risk n = 64) and those with a maternal depression history (high risk n = 26). Whole‐brain regression models probed group differences in neural sensitivity following peer feedback, and whole‐brain linear mixed‐effects models examined neural sensitivity to peer feedback by peer stress interactions relating to depression symptoms at up to nine longitudinal assessments over 2 years.

Results

Whole‐brain cluster‐corrected results indicated brain activation moderating the strong positive association between peer interpersonal stress and depression over time. This included activation in the anterior insula, cingulate, amygdala, and striatum during anticipation and receipt of feedback (i.e., rejection vs. acceptance). Moderation effects were stronger when examining peer interpersonal (vs. non‐interpersonal) stress and in relation to depression (vs. social anxiety) symptoms.

Conclusions

Neural responses to peer feedback in key social and incentive processing brain regions may reflect core dispositional risk factors that interact with peer interpersonal stressors to predict adolescent depression symptom severity over time.
Microencapsulation of red beet extract using chitosan‐Persian gum complex coacervates
Authors: Namazzadeh Ghazal , Ehsani Ali , Ghasempour Zahra
Published: September 2022

The coacervation technique is an efficient encapsulation process in which macromolecules with opposite surface charges interact, resulting in polymeric complexes. Hydroethanolic solvent (52%) was selected to obtain bioactive compounds from red beet using the mixture experimental design. Red beet extract was encapsulated in a complex of chitosan and negatively charged Persian gum. The optimum condition for coacervate formation was received at the chitosan to Persian gum ratio of 18:82 at pH 5.3. The coacervation yield of the two polysaccharides was 80%, and the zeta potential of dispersion was close to zero. Complex formation between two biopolymers was confirmed through FTIR. Micro‐sized coacervates showed 90% encapsulation efficiency for the betalain extract to coacervate dispersion ratio of 14.3%. The betalain‐loaded chitosan/Persian gum complex presented superior thermal stability compared with pure polysaccharides. The obtained complex can be applied to improve the stability of betalains and control their release in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Novelty Impact Statement

Equal mixture of water:ethanol resulted in maximum betalain extraction. Strong electrostatic complexation was approved between Persian gum and chitosan. Persian gum/chitosan coacervate demonstrated high loading capacity for betalains.
Metabolite profile of raw and cooked pasta from whole wheat grain enriched with Bambara groundnut
Authors: Oyeyinka Samson A. , Gbashi Sefater , Onarinde Bukola A. , Adebo Oluwafemi A. , Njobeh Patrick B.
Published: September 2022

This study assessed the metabolite profile of raw and cooked pasta from whole wheat grain enriched with Bambara groundnut using gas chromatography high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐HRTOF‐MS). Different metabolites (49), such as alcohols, amides, aldehydes, amines (4%), aromatic compounds (6%), fatty acids (4%), fatty acid ethyl ester (4%), ketones (6%), lipids (2%), nucleobase (2%), phenolic compounds (4%), plasticizer (2%), steroids, and terpenes (4%), were found in the pasta samples. Ester compounds (ethyl ester, fatty acid ethyl ester, and fatty acid methyl ester), miscellaneous compounds, and metabolites with pharmaceutical properties accounted for the bulk of the metabolites in the pasta samples. Uncooked pasta showed lower amounts (i.e., less diversity) of metabolites (10) compared with their cooked counterparts (21), but 18 similar metabolites were found in both cooked and uncooked pasta. Changes in the metabolite composition could be associated with transformation during cooking since a larger number of metabolites were formed after cooking. This study would guide future utilization of pulse‐enriched pasta and provide direction for further research in the metabolomic research space.

Novelty Impact Statement

This study reported for the very first time the metabolite composition of pasta produced from whole wheat flour enriched with Bambara groundnut using a gas chromatography high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry technique. The study is of practical importance in understating the composition of bioactive compounds that are derivable from the consumption of whole wheat‐Bambara pasta and could further provide information for future studies in the metabolomic research space. In addition, climate‐smart but underutilized crops such as Bambara groundnut could be used in enriching staples and modifying the metabolite composition of staple foods such as pasta. The data provided in this study could also be valuable in designing future research for pulses with similar composition and characteristics to the Bambara groundnut.
Biosorption of phenolic compounds from Plinia cauliflora seeds in residual yeast: Kinetic, equilibrium, and bioaccessibility studies
Authors: Maroldi Wédisley Volpato , Maciel Giselle Maria , Rossetto Raquel , Bortolini Débora Gonçalves , Fernandes Isabela de Andrade Arruda , Haminiuk Charles Windson Isidoro
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the biosorption mechanisms of bioactive compounds from jaboticaba (Plinia cauliflora) seeds adsorbed on residual Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds before and after the biosorption process was tested using the simulated gastrointestinal digestion technique. The biosorption process was evaluated at different solution pH values (2, 4, 6, and 8). In the present study, the biosorption occurred more favorably in an acid solution medium, and the highest adsorption capacity was found at pH 2 (qe = 49 mg g−1). In alkaline conditions (pH > 7), the biosorption was disfavored. The biosorption kinetics of phenolic compounds from jaboticaba seed extract in yeasts showed a fast equilibrium time (45 min). In addition, 80% of biosorption occurred within the first 15 min. Regarding the isotherm studies, the increased adsorption capacity observed was directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of the initial solution, presenting an L‐type curve characteristic of monolayer adsorption. The Sips and Jovanovic monolayer models suggest that the maximum adsorption capacity (q) was 75 mg g−1. According to the separation factor (RL) of the Langmuir model, the adsorption of the phenolic compounds extracted from the jaboticaba seeds occurred favorably (RL = 0.509). In addition, the concentration of total phenolic compounds after simulated gastrointestinal digestion was reduced in crude and biosorbed extracts, with bioaccessibility values of 5.37 and 2.64, respectively. However, the concentration of these total compounds increased after intestinal digestion of the biosorbed yeast. The biosorption equilibrium time was reached at 45 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity for the concentrations studied was 50 mg g−1 at pH 2. These results show that S. cerevisiae is a biosorbent capable of protecting and releasing compounds during gastrointestinal digestion and acts as a polyphenol delivery system.

Novelty impact statement

Yeasts biosorbed with bioactive compounds of plants can be used as a delivery system of secondary metabolites where the enriched biomass act in preserving the antioxidant and bioaccessibility of the molecules.
Integration or isolation: Social identity threat relates to immigrant students’ sense of belonging and social approach motivation in the academic context
Authors: Froehlich Laura , Brokjøb Lise Gulli , Nikitin Jana , Martiny Sarah E.
Published: September 2022

Stigmatized individuals often feel threatened by negative stereotypes about their group. Previous research showed that concerns about being negatively stereotyped (i.e., social identity threat) have detrimental effects on performance in the stereotyped domain. Little research has focused on interpersonal consequences of negative stereotypes, despite their essential role for integration of stigmatized groups like immigrants. The current work examines the relations of social identity threat with sense of belonging and social approach motivation in immigrant university students, and the moderating effect of ethnic and national identity. Two studies with immigrant university students in Norway (total sample N = 252) showed that concerns about being negatively stereotyped at university were negatively associated with immigrant students’ sense of belonging to university which in turn related to lower social approach motivation toward other students. Further, social approach motivation predicted students’ behavioral intentions to approach social events. There was also first evidence for a moderating effect of ethnic and national identity on the relationship between social identity threat and sense of belonging. Practical implications for immigrants’ societal and educational integration are discussed.
Re‐evaluation of the low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test in dogs
Authors: Lim L. , Hulsebosch S. E. , Gilor C. , Reagan K. L. , Kopecny L. , Maggiore A. D. , Phillips K. L. , Kass P. H. , Vernau W. , Nelson R. W.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

This study aims to re‐evaluate the low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test 8‐hour cortisol cut‐point for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism in dogs using a solid‐phase, competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐seven client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring hypercortisolism and 30 healthy control dogs were prospectively recruited. Performance of the low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test was assessed using sensitivity, specificity and a receiver operating characteristic curve compared to a clinical diagnosis of hypercortisolism including response to treatment.

Results

Twenty‐four dogs were diagnosed with pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolism and three with adrenal‐dependent hypercortisolism. In 30 healthy control dogs, 8‐hour post‐dexamethasone cortisol concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 39 nmol/L. A receiver operating characteristic curve curve constructed from the 8‐hour post‐dexamethasone cortisol concentrations of hypercortisolism and control dogs demonstrated that the most discriminatory cut‐point was more than 39 nmol/L with sensitivity of 85.2% (95% confidence interval, 67.5% to 94.1%) and specificity of 100% (95% confidence interval, 88.7% to 100.0%) and an area under the curve of 0.963.

Clinical Significance

The optimal cut‐point of more than 36 nmol/L proposed by this study is similar to the currently accepted 8‐hour cortisol concentration cut‐point for diagnosing hypercortisolism when using a solid‐phase, competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay.
Western Sahara's Unlearned Lessons
Authors: Jett Dennis
Published: September 2022

The situation in the Western Sahara illustrates an unfortunate aspect of international relations: When countries pursue their national interests and ignore international principles, they can create problems that defy resolution. Such problems are often dumped in the lap of the United Nations, which frequently lacks the means to solve them. The struggle between Morocco's desire to annex the Western Sahara and the Algerian‐backed effort for it to be an independent country has led to an impasse. The United States has tried to have it both ways by making statements designed to suggest the two mutually exclusive options are possible. While this intractable dispute drags on and the possibility of renewed hostilities increases, a UN peacekeeping mission, established more than 30 years ago but that accomplishes little to nothing, continues with no end in sight.
Divine Self‐Disclosure in Filial Values: The Problem of Guided Goodness
Authors: Moser Paul K.
Published: September 2022

This article’s main thesis is that divine self‐disclosure to humans is best understood in terms of manifested filial values with a distinctive moral intention aimed at cultivating righteousness. To that end, it identifies and clarifies a neglected problem of guided goodness and its significance for God’s self‐disclosure in manifested filial values. Part I characterizes the relevant values as the potential motivating powers of some goods to enable filial improvement relative to God’s perfect moral character. Part II explains how God is related to manifested filial values in terms of God’s active and empowering moral character and will. Part III illuminates how God can be experienced by humans through divine self‐disclosure in manifested filial values, including in morally searching interventions, such as nudges toward goodness, in conscience. Part IV portrays reciprocity between God’s moral will and human wills as central to human receptivity to divine self‐disclosure in manifested filial values. Part V clarifies how evidentially grounded assurance for faith in God can arise from divine self‐disclosure when cooperatively received by humans. Part VI contrasts my approach to the ground of faith in God with some views of Martin Buber and H. Richard Niebuhr. Moral phenomenology, aided by the apostle Paul, emerges as central to understanding divine self‐disclosure in manifested filial values.
Effects of personalized music intervention on nurse burnout: A feasibility randomized controlled trial
Authors: Matthew Josephine , Mike Lerinda , Huang Hui‐Chuan , Wang Chia‐Hui , Shih Chun‐Ying , Chen Yi‐Chen , Chiu Hsiao‐Yean
Published: September 2022

Burnout is highly prevalent among nurses; however, the effect of personalized music intervention on burnout remains unclear on nurses. We aimed to investigate the effects of personalized music intervention in relieving burnout among nurses. Forty‐two eligible nurses were recruited for an assessor‐blinded, two‐arm parallel randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to the following two groups: The personalized music group (n = 21), which listened to music of their choice for 30 min per session three times per week for 5 weeks; and the wait‐list control group (n = 21), which did not listen to any music for relaxation. At baseline, nurses in the personalized music group had worse emotional exhaustion and greater depression compared with the wait‐list control group. Results from an analysis of covariance using baseline emotional exhaustion and depression as covariates indicated that nurses who received personalized music intervention experienced less emotional exhaustion than the nurses in the wait‐list control experienced. Personalized music intervention can be used for nurses as an adjuvant approach to reduce emotional exhaustion and then improve their well‐being.
Soil geochemistry – and not topography – as a major driver of carbon allocation, stocks, and dynamics in forests and soils of African tropical montane ecosystems
Authors: Bukombe Benjamin , Bauters Marijn , Boeckx Pascal , Cizungu Landry Ntaboba , Cooper Matthew , Fiener Peter , Kidinda Laurent Kidinda , Makelele Isaac , Muhindo Daniel Iragi , Rewald Boris , Verheyen Kris , Doetterl Sebastian
Published: September 2022

The lack of field‐based data in the tropics limits our mechanistic understanding of the drivers of net primary productivity (NPP) and allocation. Specifically, the role of local edaphic factors – such as soil parent material and topography controlling soil fertility as well as water and nutrient fluxes – remains unclear and introduces substantial uncertainty in understanding net ecosystem productivity and carbon (C) stocks.

Using a combination of vegetation growth monitoring and soil geochemical properties, we found that soil fertility parameters reflecting the local parent material are the main drivers of NPP and C allocation patterns in tropical montane forests, resulting in significant differences in below‐ to aboveground biomass components across geochemical (soil) regions.

Topography did not constrain the variability in C allocation and NPP. Soil organic C stocks showed no relation to C input in tropical forests. Instead, plant C input seemingly exceeded the maximum potential of these soils to stabilize C.

We conclude that, even after many millennia of weathering and the presence of deeply developed soils, above‐ and belowground C allocation in tropical forests, as well as soil C stocks, vary substantially due to the geochemical properties that soils inherit from parent material.
Similarities and differences in iron homeostasis strategies between graminaceous and nongraminaceous plants
Authors: Chao Zhen‐Fei , Chao Dai‐Yin
Published: September 2022

Iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for both plant development and human nutrition. The maintenance of Fe homeostasis involves a complex network in which Fe signaling nodes and circuits coordinate tightly Fe transporters, ferric reductases, H+‐ATPases, low‐molecular‐mass metal chelators, and transporters of chelators and Fe–chelate complexes. Early‐stage studies have revealed different strategies for Fe homeostasis between graminaceous and nongraminaceous plants. Recent progress has refreshed our understanding of previous knowledge, especially on the uptake, phloem transport and systemic signaling of Fe. This review attempts to summarize recent exciting and potentially influential studies on the various routes of Fe uptake and distribution in plants, focusing on breakthroughs that have changed our understanding of plant Fe nutrition.
Implementation of a software application in staging and grading of periodontitis cases
Authors: Marini Lorenzo , Tonetti Maurizio S. , Nibali Luigi , Sforza Nicola M. , Landi Luca , Cavalcanti Raffaele , Rojas Mariana A. , Pilloni Andrea
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy and the inter‐rater agreement among general dentists when staging and grading periodontitis cases with the aid of a software application (SA) developed by the Italian Society of Periodontology and Implantology.

Materials and methods

Ten general dentists were asked to independently assess 25 periodontitis cases using the SA. Accuracy was estimated using quadratic weighted kappa and examiners' percentage of agreement with a reference diagnosis provided by a gold standard examiner. Inter‐rater agreement was evaluated using Fleiss kappa statistics.

Results

The overall case definition agreed with the reference diagnosis in 53.6% of cases. The agreements for each general dentist's pairwise comparisons against the reference definition were at least substantial in 100% of cases for stage, in 70% of cases for grade and in none of the cases for extent. Fleiss kappa was 0.818, 0.608, and 0.632 for stage, extent, and grade, respectively. The study recognized possible reasons that could lead to decreased accuracy using the SA.

Conclusions

Supported by the SA, general dentists have reached substantial inter‐rater agreement and highly accurate assignments of stage and grade. However, complete case definitions were correctly diagnosed in slightly over half of the cases.
Chronic actinic dermatitis: A 5‐year clinical analysis of 488 patients in China
Authors: Gu Qiaozhi , Zhang Zhen , Yang Jin , Gao Haiqing , Hu Yue , Xu Yu , Ren Jie , Luo Xiaoqun , Ma Li
Published: September 2022

Background/Purpose

Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is a spectrum of diseases with chronic photosensitivity occurring mostly among middle‐aged and older men. We seek to explore the characteristics and pathogenesis of CAD among the Chinese population.

Methods

The medical records of 488 CAD cases diagnosed by phototesting at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from January 2014 to December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

Among the 488 patients, 344 were male and 144 were female. 84.8% of the cases were over 40 years old at the age of onset, while the remaining with an early age of onset had a prevalence of atopic history of 21.6%. Up to 45.0% of the patients reported excessive sun exposure and outdoor activities before the initiation of symptoms. The typical skin lesions were erythema, papules and plaques laid predominantly in sun‐exposed areas. 42.8% of the cases showed sensitivity to UVB only, 20.7% were both sensitive to UVA and UVB, and 18.2% had UVA sensitivity only. The most predominant photoallergens were chlorpromazine (80.1%), thimerosal (17.2%), potassium dichromate (12.7%), etc. The most prevalent patch test allergens were potassium dichromate (24.4%), thimerosal (20.5%), formaldehyde (16.8%), etc.

Conclusions

CAD was more commonly seen in males over 40 years old. The action spectrum of Chinese patients is primarily in the UVB range. Exposure to excessive sunlight or contact allergens and photoallergens are important risk factors. Photobiology tests are essential in detecting photosensitivity and recognizing potential photosensitizers. Early avoidance of confirmed photoallergens and sun exposure may prevent photosensitive reactions from progressing into persistent photosensitivity.
Designing AI‐augmented healthcare delivery systems for physician buy‐in and patient acceptance
Authors: Dai Tinglong , Tayur Sridhar
Published: September 2022

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in augmenting healthcare is expected to grow substantially in future decades. Current research in medical AI focuses on developing, validating, and implementing point‐level AI applications in an ad hoc manner. To harness the full power of AI to improve the patient experience and outcomes at a societal scale, however, requires a gestalt shift—with a systematic understanding of AI in the context of healthcare—and so results in its widespread adoption. This translates to four pillars of incorporating AI into healthcare workflow, including physician buy‐in, patient acceptance, provider investment, and payer support (the “4Ps”). To achieve these 4Ps, it is imperative to design AI‐augmented healthcare delivery systems in view of (1) how physicians integrate AI into their clinical practice and (2) how patients perceive the role of AI in healthcare delivery. This will in turn boost provider investment and payer support. In this paper, we draw from the literature to discuss a series of research questions, including barriers to physician buy‐in and patient acceptance, transparency and disclosure, service design, and strategies for increasing AI uptake. We shed light on the principles of purposeful design for AI‐augmented healthcare delivery systems and propose a research agenda for operations management scholars to consider as they continue to strengthen their engagement with both healthcare professionals and AI developers.
Trading safety stock for service response time in inventory positioning
Authors: Qin Hanzhang , Simchi‐Levi David , Ferer Ryan , Mays Jonathan , Merriam Ken , Forrester Megan , Hamrick Alex
Published: September 2022

We study an inventory placement optimization problem where demand is sensitive to service response time, under the online retailing setting. The main challenge is to achieve the optimal trade‐off between revenue benefits from shorter delivery time and the increase in inventory cost associated with placing inventory closer to market demand. To predict the effects of modified demand under service response time variations, we introduce a demand prediction and elasticity model to quantify the sensitivity in demand for particular product categories. Of course, shortening response time by positioning products close to market demand may increase inventory costs. Hence, the team developed a novel data‐driven two‐stage stochastic programming approach complementing the demand prediction and elasticity model, which optimally trades safety stock with service response time and hence revenue increase. We then illustrate the impact of our approach through data provided by an e‐commerce retailer in North America. Our approach offers supply chain managers a general‐purpose decision support tool that optimizes the inventory network to generate recommended stocking levels for stores, distribution centers, and warehouses on a daily basis.
Political Ideology in Early Childhood: Making the Case for Studying Young Children in Political Psychology
Authors: Reifen‐Tagar Michal , Cimpian Andrei
Published: September 2022

Research in political psychology largely ignores early childhood. This is likely due to the assumption that young children lack the cognitive capacity and social understanding needed for political thought. Challenging this assumption, we argue that research with young children is both possible and important for political psychologists. We focus on the topic of political ideology to demonstrate our argument. We review recent evidence revealing that social cognition in early childhood—and even infancy—is already oriented toward group living in ways that set the foundation of political thought. Young children notice key dimensions of group living (e.g., group boundaries, hierarchies, norms) and use them to guide their reasoning and behavior. Beyond these basic proto‐political sensitivities, young children also display proto‐political attitudes: valenced and/or prescriptive cognitions about dimensions of group living that have political significance (e.g., disliking nonconforming group members, believing that hierarchy between groups is wrong). Even more reminiscent of mainstream political psychology, young children's proto‐political sensitivities and attitudes exhibit systematic individual differences that can roughly be mapped onto three ideological orientations common among adults: authoritarianism, social dominance, and hawkish ideology. We discuss ways in which research with young children is critical for a complete understanding of adult political psychology.
Association between age‐related hearing loss with tinnitus and cognitive performance in older community‐dwelling Chinese adults
Authors: Zhang Weibin , Ruan Jian , Zhang Ruxin , Zhang Min , Hu Xiuhua , Han Zhao , Ruan Qingwei
Published: September 2022

Aim

To examine how the severity of age‐related hearing loss (ARHL) and tinnitus or the presentation of ARHL with tinnitus is associated with overall cognition, in terms of specific cognitive domains in older community‐dwelling Chinese adults.

Methods

The study recruited 429 participants aged ≥58 years (mean age, 72.91 ± 7.014 years; female proportion, 57.30%), excluding those with dementia, disability, and severe mental illness. Patients were classified into normal cognition, pre‐mild cognitive impairment (pre‐MCI), and MCI according to the normative z‐scores of neuropsychological test battery. The severity of ARHL and tinnitus was measured by pure‐tone audiometry and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Cognitive impairment and low functions in specific cognitive domains were used as dependent variables in multiple regression analyses adjusted for covariates.

Results

ARHL severity was positively associated with MCI and low executive function, delayed memory, and language function. Only individuals with mild (odds ratio (OR) 1.791; CI, 0.952–3.373; P = 0.071), and moderate and the disaster tinnitus (OR, 2.493; CI, 0.982–6.328; P = 0.055) were marginally associated with increased odds of MCI in model 1. Individuals with ARHL and tinnitus (OR, 3.888, CI = 1.481–10.205; OR, 4.471, CI = 1.636–12.219) were independently associated with high risk for MCI in models 1 and 2.

Conclusions

ARHL severity and the presentation of ARHL or ARHL with tinnitus were associated with overall cognition. ARHL severity was independently associated with executive function, delayed memory, and language function. The association between tinnitus severity and cognition is not clear. But the group with ARHL and tinnitus is a high‐risk group with cognitive impairment.

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT2017K020.
Segmental sequencing of the upper body segments in unconstrained maximum overarm throws: An implication for coaching
Authors: Fu Allan Chak Lun , Cobley Stephen Paul , Sanders Ross Howard
Published: September 2022

Overarm throwing is an essential fundamental movement skill (FMS). Competency in throwing is critical to encourage physical activity throughout lifespan. However, the segmental sequencing characteristics of skilled throwing to achieve maximum ball release speed are unclear. Further, the standard instructions for segmental sequencing in coaching manuals are anecdotal and not based on scientific evidence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the critical features of upper‐body sequencing in skilled throwing for maximum speed. This would enable revised instructions for coaching throwing based on scientific evidence. The three‐dimensional kinematics of 144 right‐handed unconstrained maximum overarm throws were captured and analyzed. The quartiles of participants with the fastest and lowest ball release speed, normalized by height, were defined as the Skilled Group and Less Skilled Group, respectively. Paired t‐tests were used to determine the differences in times of successive events within groups and independent t‐tests for between‐group differences in temporal space between events for all sequences. A characteristic segmental sequence of each group was defined as a sequence with significant within‐group differences in two successive events (p < 0.001), while a critical segmental sequence was defined as a sequence with significant differences in temporal space both within groups and between groups (p < 0.001). The Skilled Group had six characteristic sequences, while two were found for the Less Skilled Group, summarized in the conceptual model. A single critical sequence of non‐throwing arm elbow extension prior to shoulder extension was found. Five evidence‐based instructions were recommended to add to the Australian FMS instruction manual.