bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Response of School Social Work to Racial Segregation and Desegregation in American Public Schools
Authors: Guz Samantha
Published: October 2023

This chapter utilizes critical discourse analysis (CDA) to understand school social work’s response to school segregation and desegregation throughout the twentieth century. The chapter includes three analyses: (a) an analysis of school social work archives prior to Brown v. Board of Education I and II, (b) an analysis of social work archives during the Brown v. Board proceedings, and (c) an analysis of school social work archives after the court rulings. The historical analysis reveals that school social work reinforced racial segregation prior to Brown v Board and was largely unresponsive to the process of desegregation following Brown v. Board. This unresponsiveness is traced to school social work’s entrenched relationship with power manifested throughout the twentieth century as professional commitments that included investing in “scientific social reform,” situating social problems within individuals, and pursuing individual modes of change. The chapter concludes by framing professionalization as a form of interest convergence.
Everyday Whiteness and the Failure of the Private Life
Authors: Frey William R.
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the words of James Baldwin—his prophetic insights into the relationship between American public stances and private lives. How do White people live with such massive contradictions between how they present their lives publicly and how they live those everyday lives as individuals and as people with roles in institutions and professions oriented toward Whiteness? This chapter is written into the chasm between White people’s public stances and their private lives through an interrogation of Whiteness, performances of White people in social work (and the profession as a whole), and their everyday, mundane actions and behaviors. The chapter ends where it began, with Baldwin: “The price of change is awful and it is also extremely concrete, and one’s got to be prepared, I think, to lose everything one hoped for and everything one has.”
Using Futures Thinking to Imagine the Evolution of Antiracism Practice in Social Work
Authors: Nissen Laura Burney , Beaudoin Lillian , Bell Finn , Bradley Samuel L. , Brooks Lonny Avi , Dunagan Jake , Littman Danielle
Published: October 2023

Imagining an antiracist social work future is paramount in shaping a more just social work, especially in light of the racial harms embedded in the foundation and maintenance of the field. Foresight practice, while underutilized in social work, consists of tools that help plan for futures social workers seek and avoid futures they fear. This chapter uses scenario-building narratives to “pre-experience” possible futures: one in which antiracist social work ostensibly “grows,” one where antiracist social work is rebranded to “conserve” the profession, another with widespread “collapse” of antiracist social work, and, finally, a scenario wherein the field “transforms” to reimagine social work with antiracism at the center. The chapter concludes with a call for broader use of foresight practice in social work—to expand social workers’ sensibilities around what is possible and plan for the futures they want to build, while remaining vigilant about the futures they want to avoid.
Black Mothers Matter
Authors: Eaddy Natane , Hopkins Marcía , Montgomery Dominique Mikell
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that the racial disparity within child welfare is an indication of the system’s lack of consideration of the experiences, needs, and desires of Black mothers. It posits that this inattention to Black mothers is grounded historically in the enslavement of Black people and given credence through federal child welfare laws. In response to this injustice, the chapter proposes that to address racial disparity in the child welfare system, society must first embrace an abolitionist framework offering support to Black mothers. This abolitionist framework includes providing necessary supports to prevent Black mothers from encounters with policing systems like the child welfare system and developing family-centered policies and practices for all mothers.
Managing White Fragility
Authors: Spears Yolanda
Published: October 2023

As a Black woman faculty member teaching a diversity course at a predominantly White institution, the author finds it challenging to prepare White students to engage in antiracist pedagogy that encourages them to learn about their privileged positionality and power. The author witnesses how White students intellectually reproduce information about racialized groups but struggle to notice their role in the privileging of Whiteness. This chapter describes curricular strategies the author uses to help White students manage their defensiveness and anger toward her as a Black woman and sit in the discomfort of course content that highlights the experiences of people of color dissonant with the dominant White culture. One specific strategy the author uses to help White students connect to their racial privilege is a fifteen-episode podcast called Seeing White, where the hosts examine “where the notion of whiteness comes from” and unpack the purposely untold history of race in America.
Epilogue
Authors: Harty Justin S.
Published: October 2023

The Social Work, White Supremacy, and Racial Justice (SWWSRJ) symposium aimed to confront and address racism within the social work profession. As recent events, such as the shootings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, have forced America to reckon with its history of White supremacy, racism, and colonialism, the symposium sought to guide the future of social work towards confronting these issues. So, where do we go from here? To advance social work, six actions must be taken: learning from the past; acknowledging past atrocities against BIPOC communities; addressing Whiteness, racism, and colonialism concurrently; creating meaningful reform or engaging in abolition; teaching an inclusive social work history; and re-engaging historical research methods. By focusing on these six areas, social work can dismantle White supremacy, racism, and colonialization, and work towards a future that supports and uplifts BIPOC communities. The success of this effort depends on individual commitment to change and the willingness to listen and learn from diverse voices within the profession’s past. As we move forward, it is crucial to recognize the importance of this symposium and the potential for meaningful change. By actively engaging with the lessons presented and taking concrete action, social work can contribute to a more just and equitable society, ensuring that the ripple of change generated from the symposium extends far into the future. Ultimately, the answer to the question “where do we go from here?” lies within each participant’s dedication to implementing the knowledge and insights gained from the SWWSRJ symposium.
Wreckonomics 101
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David
Published: October 2023

This chapter gives the academic background to the approach in Wreckonomics. It delineates a form of political systems analysis that combines elements of political economy and systems theory in investigating powerful and damaging systems of intervention. It proceeds to delineate five systemic mechanisms that come together in a destructive yet gainful manner in various war and security systems. The first mechanism is the political fixation on a threat and its ostensible solution. This war fix interacts with the complex rigging of both solution and threat by a range of actors, the export of the costs of fighting it, the cascade of chaotic consequences that ensue from this distribution of costs and benefits, and the knowledge-fixing through which this destructive process is misrepresented to the benefit of its instigators. These elements are not simply sequential but interact in complex systemic ways.
A Life of Its Own
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the global war on terror. Looking at four real wars that evolved in the context of the war on terror, the chapter argues that the expansionary logic of the terror threat allowed for major gaming and benefits-chasing at a proliferating scale, moving from the heart of the global war on terror (Afghanistan) to its fringes (Sri Lanka and Syria) and on to one important site in the war’s long tail (Mali). The chapter relates this expansionary tendency to our systems mechanisms of fixation and gaming, showing how many local and national actors stood to benefit from tapping into the “war system.” As a consequence, both costs and games cascaded globally, in a parallel to processes identified in the Cold War system.
Introduction
Authors: Seamone Evan R.
Published: October 2023

This introduction provides context for the volume. On balance, the fifteen essays in this volume approach the topic of the uncounted psychological costs of war from an interdisciplinary perspective. While the true magnitude of related costs is yet to be fully realized, the diverse perspectives in each part shed important light on the definition, identification, measurement, and mitigation of unique combat-related mental health conditions. Mitigation of these risks may very well require an interdisciplinary team, including military policymakers, surgeons general of the Armed Forces, public health practitioners, psychologists, philosophers, and Veterans Affairs, to work together in codifying these sub-diagnostic conditions into formally recognized mental health disorders out of necessity, just as they did decades ago with the formal recognition of the sub-diagnostic condition of post-Vietnam syndrome.
The Look and Feel of Moral Injury
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2023

Philosophers usefully talk about the emotions that constitute a sense of moral accountability in terms of “reactive attitudes.” These include, on the negative side, guilt, shame, and moral disappointment toward self, resentment or moral disappointment and distrust toward others, and on the positive side, trust, hope, gratitude, and empathy toward self or others. The notion of reactive attitudes is essential in fleshing out the notion of moral injury and how it is experienced. Nevertheless, still what is missed in much of the philosophical and psychological literature is a discussion of the challenges of expressing those emotions in ways that have a chance of uptake and acknowledgment by self and others. What is missed are the pragmatics of expression and the subtle interpersonal transactions and reciprocations that can sow the seeds for moral healing. This chapter considers this interpersonal normative space.
Introduction
Authors: Sasson Vanessa R. , Scheible Kristin
Published: October 2023

This Introduction sets the plan for the project: a multivocal and multivalent retelling of the Buddha’s expansive life story, paying particular attention to its paradigmatic “blueprint” and never-ending story. The life story of the Buddha is the most central thread stitching together Buddhist thought and practice through history and cultures. We focus on South Asian sources, literary and material, to ground the story. We use the structuring idea “Buddha-life blueprint,” a term coined by John Strong, to discuss the repetitive life events that both construct and reveal a buddha’s biography in Buddhist sources. We trace episodically how the buddha of our day, Siddhārtha Gautama, came to be, and how his story endures.
The Final Birth
Authors: Reiko Ohnuma
Published: October 2023

The depiction of the Buddha’s final birth poses a seemingly insurmountable problem: On the one hand, all buddhas are human beings; they must experience a human birth and emerge from a human mother. On the other hand, in premodern Indian culture, female bodies and the process of giving birth were powerfully associated with cultural notions of impurity and suffering. The early Buddhist tradition solves this problem by turning the birth into a cosmic and communal event, involving not only a single female body and newborn son, but the entire cosmos of beings, as well as the natural world. Moreover, the birth extends not only outward toward the larger cosmos but also infinitely backward and forward in time. In this way, the Buddha’s final birth is removed from the profane realm of human history and instead becomes a cosmic blueprint adhered to by all buddhas without exception.
A Great Departure
Authors: Scheible Kristin
Published: October 2023

A close reading of the absent presence of the Bodhisattva in the Great Renunciation panel from Sanchi scaffolds this chapter. In this extended, penultimate scene prior to his awakening, the young prince Siddhārtha Gautama leaves the luxury of his palace and abandons the significant others who have helped him on the road to awakening. A whole cast of characters, both in this lifetime and through lifetimes past, have helped prepare the Bodhisattva through his dress rehearsals for the final act of awakening. The Bodhisattva sees things (such as the visions of old age, sickness, death, and renunciation) that prime him for insight. The road to awakening is so often characterized as a solitary endeavor, yet when we soften our sharp focus on the hero buddha-to-be, we recognize the impressive influence of various others on his story and the revealed/revealing work of the buddha blueprint.
Sorrow and its Ending in the Buddha’s Last Days
Authors: Heim Maria
Published: October 2023

The stories of the Buddha’s death are a close study of human emotions. They portray the visceral grief felt by some of the Buddha’s disciples at his passing, as well as the therapies of grief the Buddha counsels. The Buddha addresses the sadness of his followers variously and strategically as he offers comforting balm in some cases, and harsh but effective medicine in others. At the same time, the Buddha’s passage into “final nirvana” is an occasion for joy and release. The narrative reveals not only the close relationships the Buddha had with particular disciples whose grief is palpable, but also the cosmic nature of this final moment of the Buddha’s life. The story of the final nirvana holds together multiple truths at once, where love means loss, and where grief and joy commingle.
American Gnosis
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

American Gnosis explores contemporary American spirituality as you’ve never seen it before. This startling book will change how you see contemporary society—reading it is like putting on a pair of the revelatory eyeglasses in the cult film They Live. In recent and contemporary American literature and films, as well as in political life, we find many elements taken from the early Christian heretical category of “Gnosticism.” In fact, new forms of Gnostic religion are found across the Americas, in all kinds of unexpected places. This phenomenon calls for a new name: “neo-gnosticism.” In American Gnosis, Versluis surveys the prevalence of neo-gnostic metaphors in films and novels, as well as in contemporary politics, primarily on the right. He provides case studies of some major contemporary neo-gnostic figures and demonstrates how neo-gnostic thought contributes to critiques of politico-technological dystopian contemporary American and global society. American Gnosis introduces and discusses major neo-gnostic figures, some for the first time in scholarship, and also explores how neo-gnostic memes recur in social media and other sources, especially on the right. Versluis also explores the emergence of American gnosis in terms of perennialism, and as spiritually independent, reflecting the growing demographic category “spiritual but not religious.”
What Is Neo-Gnosticism and What Is Gnosis?
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

The primary terms, definitions, and concepts, including gnosis, Gnosticism, and neo-gnosticism, are discussed in the context of twentieth-century popular scholarship, including the scholarship of Hans Jonas, Theodore Roszak, Ioan Culianu, Harold Bloom, and April DeConick. Culianu’s important concept of conceptual “bricks” in the context of how Gnostic concepts emerge in contemporary society as neo-gnosticism. This concept leads to a discussion of gnostic dualism and gnostic spectra, including antignosis, inquisitionalism, political gnosis, and transcendence. Also considered are cosmological and metaphysical gnosis, and gnosis in popular, occultist, and Buddhist translation contexts. An intellectual framework, particularly in terms of neognosticism and gnosis, is provided for the book as a whole.
Understanding American Gnoses
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

The concepts of political ponerology, pathocracy, and the work of Andrew Lobaczewski can be discussed in an American context along with social media, social media censorship, and Gab, a free speech social media system. Also discussed is the work of Joshua Neal in American Extremist, who draws on the work of Lobaczewski to contextualize American social media censorship and cancel culture in terms of neo-gnosticism. Spirituality is explored on social media in relation to contemporary politics and the right, as well as American Buddhism and the right, including The Daily Lama, Brad Warner, and others. A posited hierarchy of political gnoses can be understood on different levels.
Musical Models of Democracy
Authors: Adlington Robert
Published: October 2023

For one hundred years and more, musicians have been drawn to the potential of musical processes and relationships to embody democratic principles. This book is the first extended study of this ‘musical modelling of democracy’, as manifested in modern and experimental music of the global North. Four different approaches are surveyed in turn. In the music of Elliott Carter, democratic principles shape the textural relationships inscribed in the musical score. The indeterminate music of John Cage and his associates sought to democratise the composer–performer relationship by leaving open fundamental decisions about the realisation of a piece. Musicians have involved audiences in active participation, as a means to liberate them from a passive spectatorship. Free improvisation groups have experimented with new kinds of egalitarian relationship between ensemble members, in an effort to reject old hierarchies. In examining these different approaches, modern democratic theory is deployed to illuminate the achievements and ambiguities of musical models of democracy, stressing the heterogeneity of democracy as a concept, and the impossibility of conceiving specific democratic arrangements independently of particular, situated interests. An opening chapter establishes the contestability of democracy as a concept, and the book closes with a consideration of musical treatments of democracy in the age of Donald Trump.
Ungrounded
Authors: Adlington Robert
Published: October 2023

The book’s concluding chapter turns to the profound challenges confronting democracy in the 2020s. The post-foundationalist perspective that guides the analyses of earlier chapters is here compared to the post-truth era’s radical questioning of democratic norms. Does the post-foundational refusal to rule on the shape of democracy not amount precisely to the attitude of ‘radical indifference’ that today appears to imperil democracy’s very future? Current debates around democratic norms and the shape of democracy in an age of ‘epistemic chaos’ are assessed for their implications for the book’s analytical orientation. Attention is then turned to a number of recent musical models of democracy, which depart from the idealism of earlier approaches, reflecting instead the anxiety that is now widely felt around democracy’s prospects in the digitally mediated age.
Ethics for the Coming Storm
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: October 2023

How can we come to understand our existence on this earth, surrounded by the stark beauty of air and light and water, while living in a place we deliberately and carelessly abuse, where resources are becoming scarce, and where the well-being and basic health of our neighbors are threatened? In Ethics for the Coming Storm, Laurie Zoloth argues that our debates about environmental issues have largely been driven by the language of economics and political power, and have become both deeply divisive and symbolic, turning our differing truth claims and moral appeals into signs of identity. This discourse has utterly failed to change the human behavior or political and economic structures necessary to face global warming serious and directly. So Zoloth turns to another language, found in the texts and traditions of Jewish thought—the language of Scripture, the Talmud, and philosophy of Judaism—which, she contends, offers a different kind of argument for such a change. In fact, Zoloth claims, the traditions, histories, and texts of Jewish thought address precisely the sort of existential crisis that we now face, and thus deepen and enrich our public discourse about what to do and who to be. This book uses a careful attention to Scriptural, rabbinic, and philosophical sources in Jewish thought to provide a novel framework through which we can reassess the choices we make that affect our climate, our environment, and our social structures.
Risky Hospitality
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report about Syria to show how drought led to desperation and war. If exile is our essential existential condition, then the answer to that problem is hospitality, the welcoming of the stranger. Hospitality is the first and the last moral gesture of our time, for we must enact it even if we fail to stop global warming. In this, the chapter turns to the work of Hannah Arendt about the need for the “space of appearing” or the public square. Then it turns to the rabbinic discussions about the way that private choices affect the public good, using the example in the Talmud about building a wall and tossing the stones you don’t need into a public space, which is prohibited. The chapter argues that the moral problem of climate change is made more acute because of the abundance, wealth, and power of the West relative to countries in the developing world. The chapter considers the story of Joseph and his brothers in both the Hebrew Bible and the Quran to reflect on how the rabbinic imagination looks at the challenges of hospitality.
At the Last Well on Earth
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: October 2023

This chapter uses the methods of comparative feminist thought, Jewish thought, and the logic of Scriptural reasoning, which is a method of comparative exegesis, to explore the particular challenges that face women as the climate changes. Global warming most directly impacts the economies of water use. Since women in the developing world are largely responsible for the task of bringing water, for drinking, cooking, and washing, into the home, women will bear the first effects of global warming. In this way, global warming is a feminist issue. This chapter argues that this relationship is not new, for the difficulties faced by women in obtaining water have always been a matter of scarcity and power relationships. Thus, in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Qur’an, scenes of women at wells, negotiating for access, are central narratives. This chapter reflects on three Abrahamic accounts of women and water as a way to think about our current situation. It also reflects on the Papal Encyclical by Pope Francis to consider this issue.
Amending Democracy
Authors: Butler Leslie
Published: October 2023

Emancipation and Union victory were followed by the remaking of national citizenship. In the process, Americans were compelled to define the connection between democratic citizenship and the bounds of “universal” suffrage. This was a thorny question, consuming the attention of activists and commentators across published opinion, as well as all three branches of the federal government. Black women such as Frances Ellen Watkins Harper emerged as significant participants in these postwar debates, as they struggled to carve out space amidst a culture that tended to focus on, alternatively, the freedmen or white women. The scope and pace of change in the late 1860s alarmed many Americans, who seized on the issue of women’s enfranchisement as a way to slow the momentum of sweeping reform.
Epilogue
Authors: Butler Leslie
Published: October 2023

This concluding discussion shows how the woman question as a mode of analysis had begun to lose cultural traction by 1900. Among a generation of “new women,” such inquiries could seem outdated and unresponsive to the expanded opportunities that marked these women’s lives. Two “new women,” however, emerged in the early 1890s who would become important theorists of democracy. Anna Julia Cooper and Jane Addams made the experiences of Black and immigrant women central to their analysis. They reinvigorated elements of consistent democracy and a robust understanding of self-government and applied these to a new era. If posing difficult questions was the work of the nineteenth century, answering them remains the work of the present day.
Introduction
Authors: Rodriguez Nelson M. , Mizzi Robert C. , Allen Louisa , Cover Rob
Published: October 2023

This chapter serves as the introduction to the edited volume Queer Studies and Education: An International Reader. The chapter begins by situating the project of exploring international perspectives in queer studies and education within a broader discussion of analyses of the concepts of heteronormativity and normativity more generally. Critiques of heteronormativity and normativity have endured within queer studies scholarship since queer theory emerged in academe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The chapter then briefly reviews scholarship in the field of queer studies in education that illustrates the various ways that heteronormativity has been theorized and critically examined across a broad swath of educational research. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the contributors’ projects, collectively illustrating the breadth and depth of contemporary work being undertaken in the field of queer studies and education across different national contexts, topics, perspectives, and methodological approaches.
Queered Failure and Management Education
Authors: Rumens Nick
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the idea of queering U.K. management education by focusing on failure. Drawing from Halberstam’s writing on the queer art of failure, the chapter argues that management education can variously reproduce heteronormativity, entrenching the gender and sexual binaries that sustain it. Furthermore, management education can be understood as a process of organizing LGBT+ sexualities whereby desirable normalized LGBT+ subjects are constituted. A notion of queered failure can occasion opportunities for exposing and problematizing the discursive constitution of desirable LGBT+ subjects that relies on othering nonnormative sexual subjects. Reflecting on an example of failing to fail queerly in the management classroom, the chapter contextualizes queered failure in the practices of queer pedagogy, wherein insights are provided into how diversity management approaches to LGBT+ workplace topics can reproduce heteronormativity. This chapter underscores the fruitfulness of focusing on queered notions of how LGBT+ subjects often fail heteronormativity.
“No Queers, No Marching Bands”
Authors: Duque Tiago , Moura Gustavo
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the experiences of young queer (effeminate gay men or transvestites) members of school marching bands in the Brazilian city of Corumbá. Data were collected through ethnographic observations and interviews during the marching bands’ rehearsals and performances in the city. Following a queer lens, the chapter demonstrates the importance of school spaces in developing antioppressive and safer spaces. The analysis explores to what extent schools still emphasize binary gender expectations even among young queers. Moreover, the integration of such individuals into a process of social recognition should consider social markers (e.g., nationality, religion) other than sex and gender determinants.
Beyond “Abstinence Only”
Authors: Reygan Finn , McEwen Haley
Published: October 2023

Over the course of the past 25 years, a global movement calling itself “pro-family” has emerged in opposition to advances in gender- and sexuality-related rights within global governance arenas. The effects of the pro-family movement’s activism and movement building have begun to raise alarm among feminist and queer advocacy groups and scholars in many parts of the world. In Eastern and Southern Africa, the so-called pro-family movement has advanced a campaign against the implementation of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) and the provision of sexual and reproductive health support and services for young people. Attacks on CSE are related to pro-family attacks on gender studies as an academic discipline taking place in other parts of the world. The lessons learned from the region indicate that this countermovement is waging a well-funded and coordinated attack on gains made by queer and feminist social movements over the past 50 years through its transnational advocacy.
A Sheaf of Papers
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: October 2023

The author describes a set of papers that came into his hands belatedly, which Ioan Culianu had entrusted to a colleague just a few days before his murder, when he had received threats that made him fear for his life. Most of these papers were English translations of articles his mentor, benefactor, and idol, Mircea Eliade, had written in the late 1930s voicing his enthusiastic support for the Legion of the Archangel Michael (also known as the Iron Guard), Romania’s most important fascist movement. The fact that Culianu was so concerned to ensure the safety of this material is intriguing in itself and leads one to suspect it may have had some relation to his still unsolved murder.
A Hidden Past
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: October 2023

In 1927, at the age of twenty, Eliade established himself as the most eloquent, intelligent, and daring spokesperson for Romania’s “Young Generation.” Striking an apolitical stance, he argued that his generation’s mission was to draw on the nation’s traditions to create works of spiritual depth and cultural genius that would win Romania international recognition. By the mid-1930s circumstances had changed, and he struggled to maintain his position of generational leadership, as most of his friends and colleagues were becoming fervent supporters of the Legion of the Archangel Michael under the influence of Nae Ionescu, Eliade’s charismatic mentor. Founded by Corneliu Codreanu, the Legion presented and understood itself as a militant crusading force that would rid the Romanian nation and Orthodox Church of the alien influences at the root of all its problems, which it attributed to Romania’s Jews.
Beginning
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

The chapter covers the rise of the Antonii and the immediate antecedents of Mark Antony. His family’s close ties to Cicero are underlined. Antony’s youth is reviewed against the backdrop of traditional aristocratic values and practices, especially the designs of Roman education and the expectations of Roman high culture. The difficulties thrown up by our sources, including the ever-present influence of invective, are confronted. Antony’s physical appearance is queried but qualified by the conventions influencing ancient artistic representations as well as literary personal descriptions. Antony’s youth, including his sexual relationship with Fadia, his concubine, is investigated along with Antony’s first steps in civic life and provincial service. These aspects of Antony’s life are placed in the context of the politics surrounding the Catilinarian Conspiracy, the rise of the triumvirate uniting Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, and the popular politics of Publius Clodius Pulcher.
The Puzzle of Multiple Missions
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B.
Published: October 2023

After commenting on some historical trends in the development of peace operations, Chapter 1 lays out the central research questions of this book and defines peacekeeping “missions” as used in this book and in relation to related terminology such as “operations” and “mandates.” There is a brief review of past work in the field, along with an extended discussion on the theoretical and policy contributions made by the authors, but we ultimately find that past studies have not fully explored how multiple missions might be connected to one another in various ways. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book including brief summaries of each chapter.
Complex Mission Cases
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B.
Published: October 2023

Chapter 5 focuses on two operations—United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor or UNTAET (East Timor) and the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUC (Congo). These are complex operations that include more and different combinations of missions, including a number of peacebuilding missions. For each operation, we provide a brief overview of the conflict background and the key elements in the timeline for the operations. The core of the analysis is an assessment of the outcomes for each of the missions in the operation, with an eye to how they are connected in ways described by our expectations (or not).
The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B.
Published: October 2023

Chapter 6 focuses on a single operation—the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone or UNAMSIL (Sierra Leone)—which had the full number and range of missions elucidated in the theoretical expectations and covered in the compatibility indicators (nine in number). For this operation, the authors provide a brief overview of the conflict background and the key elements in the timeline for the operation. The core of the analysis is an assessment of the outcomes for each of the missions in the operation, with an eye to how they are connected in ways described by the study’s expectations (or not).
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B.
Published: October 2023

The concluding Chapter 7 takes stock of how well the study’s theoretical expectations comported with the collective results of the five case studies. It then provides a framework for organizing the various parts and stages of a peace operation, many of which are treated in this book. It offers the scholar and policymaker a broader vision of how peace operations unfold from preparations through processes and situational changes to post-operation developments. In the context of the volume’s framework, the authors return to many of the policy-relevant questions posed above. The book concludes with a discussion of a future research agenda that addresses questions unanswered or suggested by the study. It also considers the implications of new missions for peace operations in the context of compatibility and effectiveness concerns.
Bracero 2.0
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

Five million Mexican-born farm workers are employed on North American farms sometime during a typical year, including 50,000 in Canada, 3 million in Mexico, and 2 million in the United States. Almost all of these workers were raised in poverty in rural Mexico. Mexican farm workers who are employed on American and Canadian farms earn at least ten times more than they would earn in Mexico, whether they are guest workers, legal immigrants or naturalized citizens, or unauthorized workers. Mexican farm workers are also employed in Mexico on farms in the northern and central states that export fruits and vegetables to the United States; this group of workers includes internal migrants from Mexico’s poorer southern states. This book explores the impacts of Mexican migrant workers in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, the alternatives to farm workers in particular commodities, and policies to improve protections for farm workers. Mexican braceros, or guest workers, were significant in the 1950s, and this book explores the similarities and differences between the braceros of the past and the migrant farm workers in Canada, Mexico, and the United States today.
Farm Workers in the United States
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

Agriculture has unusual demographics. Most farm employers are older, white, and US citizens, while most farm workers are younger, minority, and noncitizens. The slowdown in unauthorized Mexico-US migration since 2008–9 means that there is an aging and settled Mexican-born farm workforce as well as youthful Mexican H-2A guest workers. Half of US farm workers are in the Pacific coast states, including a third in California, where state governments have enacted laws that require farm workers to be treated like nonfarm workers. This chapter opens several windows onto farm workers, explaining why and how the data sources vary in size and clarity to explain who works on US farms but converge in showing that US farm workers include a shrinking number of unauthorized and nonmigrant farm workers alongside a rising number of younger Mexican H-2A guest workers who fill seasonal farm jobs.
Vision, Mission, Strategy, and Culture as Core Concepts of Public Health Practice
Authors: Fraser Michael R.
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses how to cultivate and understand vision, mission, strategy, and culture in public health practices. It discusses the challenges of implementing strategy and how to build strategy through positioning and direction-setting, aiding vision and mission as well. The chapter covers organizational alignment of strategy aspects and vision, mission, and culture. The challenges of working in government complicate agency strategy, adding political, legislative, and regulatory layers to a leader’s already difficult tasks of clearly defining an organization’s direction and aligning the resources needed to get there. A public health agency’s strategic plan should summarize the unique and strategic position leadership wants to take in addressing a jurisdiction’s priorities. The chapter also revisits PH WINS, discussed in chapter 1.
Purpose, Passion, and the Public’s Health
Authors: Williams Amber Norris , Fraser Michael R. , Matthies Robin
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on employees in the public health workforce, specifically employee engagement, in a moment of national reckoning on racism and racial injustice that has had significant impact on governmental public health agencies. Beyond the long-standing work of public health agencies to address the long-term health impacts of racism, there is a need for agencies to make systemic changes internally in addressing discrimination, inequity, and exclusion. While employee engagement and motivation are important during typical operations, the COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the specific challenge and need to address these factors while responding to an extended worldwide crisis. Governmental public health leaders can increase employee engagement and unlock employee motivation by leveraging the important purpose and meaningful work of governmental public health as well as pay. While there are barriers in governmental systems that make extrinsic motivation challenging, leaders can create cultures that build upon intrinsic motivators to keep employees engaged.
Local Food
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

Locavorism—the injunction to locally produced foods—has been subjected to a barrage of philosophical critiques. Here two are examined carefully. In brief, they reject extreme locavorism in favor a more moderate view that acknowledges the impracticality of sourcing literally everything one eats on a local basis. Applied philosophers drawing primarily on consequentialist principles conclude that moderate locavorism is morally permissible but cannot be viewed as mandatory. This conclusion is reached by considering the ends sought by locavorism and noticing the many ways to reach these ends besides focusing on diets. The author questions if this approach has taken all the factors recommending locavorism into consideration. First, philosophers have not considered impacts from localizing the economy. When exchange circulates locally, there are arguments to think that it promotes local growth in economic well-being. Although these effects are not unique to food purchases, there are reasons why the food economy is a particularly effective domain to promote economic effects. Second, philosophers have not considered the ethical sense in which locavorism is a heuristic rather than a prescription. The moral argument for heuristics is analyzed in reference to Pascal’s wager, and prominent advocates of locavorism are shown to have advocated less for the outcomes a local diet can produce, but for its ability to induce greater openness to the full universe of moral possibilities.
The Ethics of Food Labels
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

The landscape of food product claims runs from pure advertising to mandated ingredient and nutrition information. Government-required warning labels are few in number and require support from scientific studies. However, the growing food movement has encouraged labels that many interpret as supporting healthful or ethical action: fair trade, humanely produced, etc. Questions about the ethics of labeling include when labels mislead in an unethical fashion and what information vendors are ethically required to provide, even if they are not legally required to do so. The dominant view has tended toward a utilitarian answer to both questions. Labels should be evaluated in terms of the consequences of providing (or requiring) information on a food product. However, a strict and scientistic interpretation of the consequentialist test may overstate the norm for the first question. Labels that do not improve health may nonetheless be desired and are not regarded as misleading by those who want them. An answer to the second question compares many claims intended to support ethical action on a par with religious claims, such as kosher or halal. Although providing such information is not ethically mandatory, a labeling policy that prevents venders from providing it on the grounds that there are no scientifically verifiable benefits violates religious liberty. The ethical test is a right of exit: people should be able to “opt out” of eating foods that conflict with their religious, ethical, and even idiosyncratic preferential values.
Firearms Law and History in a New Doctrinal Era
Authors: Blocher Joseph , Charles Jacob D. , Miller Darrell A.H.
Published: October 2023

This introduction provides an overview of the plan and layout for the volume, including summaries of the chapters that address a wide variety of firearms technology, regulation, and development throughout U.S. history. Historical work has long played a prominent role in scholarly and legal debates about the interplay between gun rights and regulation, especially since the Supreme Court’s 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller. The Court’s 2022 decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, which mandates an exclusively historical test for Second Amendment claims, raises the importance of this type of new historical evidence. The voices of a wide range of methodologically diverse scholars help to showcase how much context matters in understanding the scope of historical firearms regulation.
The Life She Saves May Be Her Own
Authors: Stange Mary Zeiss
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on a Washington Supreme Court decision concerning the self-defense rights of a woman named Yvonne Wanrow. The chapter brings a critical lens to analyze feminist arguments for arming women to deal with aggressive violence and how State v. Wanrow sheds light on those arguments. It argues that the Wanrow case demonstrates the problems with conventional legal instructions about self-defense “when issues of gender, race and class were factored in.” The Washington Supreme Court ultimately reversed Wanrow’s conviction because of flawed jury instructions that embedded gender stereotypes into the legality of self-defense. It is no coincidence, the chapter argues, that the case unfolded at the same time that radical feminists were arguing that women had the right and sometimes the need to resort to lethal self-defense.
Prohibitions on Private Armies in Seven State Constitutions
Authors: Miller Darrell A.H.
Published: October 2023

This chapter tracks the rise and fall of corporate employment of private militias to protect property and suppress labor unrest during the Gilded Age, as marked by the fortunes of the most prominent of these private forces—the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The chapter then shows how anti-Pinkerton sentiment manifested itself in express prohibitions in seven state constitutions on a corporation’s ability to either employ or import armed agents and explains what that prohibition means for notions of public and private power with respect to the right to keep and bear arms.
The Puzzle
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

In order to understand whether and how the Gilded Age presidents affected the economy, we first need a basic picture of how the nation’s economy performed and a comparison of the different presidential administrations. This chapter therefore presents an index of thirty-two years of indicators and estimates of those aspects of economic performance that Americans find most important. These data are then used to approximate a rough quantitative comparison of the economy under the presidents who served from 1869 until 1901. The economic data suggest that, in terms of presidential administrations, the US economy appears to have flourished under Hayes, Harrison, and McKinley; was mixed or floundered under Grant (first term), Garfield, and Cleveland (first term); and crashed under Grant (second term), Arthur, and Cleveland (second term). The same data paint an introductory picture of how the overall US economy evolved during the Gilded Age. These are not intended as perfect, or final, assays of these presidents’ economic performance. Rather, this exercise is meant to construct an initial, basic ranking upon which to build additional evidence in the subsequent chapters. Finally, this chapter provides a brief explanation of four theories that claim to describe the relationship between the president and the economy.
Ulysses S. Grant, Second Term
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

During Grant’s second term, business and politics were increasingly woven together into a web of greed and corruption. Railroads entered a grand new phase of consolidation and influence. There also appeared new industrial corporations in steel, oil, rail manufacture, and wheat production. Silver emerged as a political rival to gold and the greenback. Democrats regained political parity with the Republicans. To get out the vote, state and local political machines mastered the arts of graft and patronage. Meanwhile, new political movements based on currency, agricultural, and anti-monopoly interests came forth to agitate the electoral waters. And to kick it all off, during late summer 1873 the first great industrial recession and financial crisis of the era struck, damning the remainder of Grant’s presidency to economic misery. Grant attempted to navigate these economic squalls by doggedly adhering to the same approach as in his first term. His primary concerns remained his desire to defend freedom, justice, and equality for African Americans, while reconciling with the ex-Confederate South, and to do so while adhering to the “hard money” ideology that he believed essential for American creditworthiness. This proved an impossible trilemma. Grant’s dedication to “hard money” eliminated monetary policy as a short-term solution to the depression. Other ideas for federal interventions to relieve the economy were then shot down as either too encouraging of partisan corruption or too contrary to conservative government. Grant was either unwilling or unable to form the political coalitions necessary to overcome these objections. The results were economically disastrous.