bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"A via que facilita é a mesma que dificulta": estigma e atenção em HIV-Aids na estratégia saúde da família - ESF
Authors: Zambenedetti Gustavo , Both Nalu Silvana
Published: May 2013

Este estudo buscou analisar a atenção em HIV-Aids na Estratégia Saúde da Família - ESF, levando-se em consideração a dinâmica do estigma associada a Aids, sob a perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde. O estudo foi realizado com duas equipes da ESF que compõem uma unidade de saúde em Porto Alegre-RS. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem e um grupo focal com os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. A análise realizada se deteve sobre três eixos: a percepção dos profissionais sobre o estigma relacionado a Aids; a participação dos profissionais na dinâmica do segredo/encobrimento/revelação do diagnóstico; a participação dos profissionais na (re)produção de estigmas. Os resultados apontaram a necessidade da dinâmica do estigma ser considerada no planejamento das ações e serviços em saúde, visando facilitar o acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento, a construção de vínculo e confiança entre usuários e profissionais.
"Meu prazer agora é risco": sentidos sobre sexualidade entre jovens de um grupo sobre saúde
Authors: Barros João Paulo Pereira , Colaço Veriana de Fátima Rodrigues
Published: May 2013

A sexualidade assumiu a condição de centralidade subjetiva pelo entrecruzamento de diversos demarcadores da Modernidade, como a legitimação do saber-verdade da ciência, a afirmação da individualidade e a institucionalização dos segmentos infanto-juvenis. Partindo dessa premissa, este artigo analisa sentidos produzidos por jovens sobre "sexualidade" em um grupo de discussão sobre saúde, com base em uma pesquisa-intervenção operacionalizada por observações-participantes e pela formação de oficinas sobre saúde, em uma escola pública de Fortaleza. Acerca dos sentidos sobre "sexualidade", as articulações entre "sexualidade" e "risco" se sobressaíram em relação às conexões entre "sexualidade" e "prazer". Isso sugere a força de um viés educativo baseado na scientia sexualis, aludido por Michael Foucault, operando com uma visão normativa-prescritiva da sexualidade, reiterando-a, mediante o signo da "prevenção", como tecnologia de governo. Usando como ferramenta o conceito de biopolítica, aponta-se que tais questões remetem à instalação de um paradigma de "gestão do risco" na contemporaneidade.
Transtornos mentais e comportamentais relacionados ao trabalho: o que a psicologia tem a dizer e a contribuir para a saúde de quem trabalha?
Authors: Souza Wladimir Ferreira de
Published: May 2013

Este breve ensaio tem por objetivo colocar em discussão algumas das contribuições advindas de importantes publicações a respeito da problemática relacionada aos transtornos mentais e comportamentais e suas vinculações com o trabalho. Quanto a isso, verifica-se que a Psicologia, enquanto ciência e profissão, encontra-se diante de inúmeros desafios a superar, os quais concernem tanto à formação dos profissionais, quanto à sua atuação nos mais diversos campos.
O processo de avaliação psicológica no estado do Paraná
Authors: Chiodi Cinthia da Silva , Facci Marilda Gonçalves Dias
Published: May 2013

A avaliação psicológica das queixas escolares e a utilização dos testes psicológicos fazem parte da atuação do psicólogo escolar. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada em relatórios de avaliação psicoeducacional elaborados por psicólogos, buscando compreender como a avaliação psicológica está sendo realizada pelos profissionais psicólogos no Estado do Paraná. Foram analisados 36 relatórios para encaminhamento de alunos de 5ª a 8ª séries para a Sala de Recursos. De maneira geral, pudemos constatar que 93,44% dos psicólogos utilizam testes de inteligência, mas muitos deles também utilizam observações e analisam as atividades escolares para avaliar as queixas escolares, não se limitando a uma visão psicométrica. A partir dos fundamentos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, entendemos que a avaliação deve considerar as potencialidades dos alunos e deve ter como meta contribuir para que eles se apropriem do conhecimento científico elaborado pelos homens.
Análise cinematográfica do filme "O Fantasma da Ópera" segundo a psicologia junguiana
Authors: Souza Kátia Ovídia José
Published: May 2013

Este trabalho pretende estabelecer um diálogo entre o filme "O Fantasma da Ópera (2004)" de Joel Schumacher, com a aplicação de conceitos junguianos. Buscamos compreender o filme seguindo o modelo interpretativo proposto por Franz, que é utilizado em contos de fada. Aplicamos categorias junguianas à narrativa cinematográfica, sendo a trama principal um exemplo da dificuldade da heroína do filme com o masculino, isso é a consequência dos aspectos não integrados em sua sombra: ou seja, uma identificação feminina que a coloque como mulher e não apenas como filha, menina, puela. Os aspectos não integrados dizem respeito à sua sexualidade feminina, sua anima. O complexo a possui, ele favorece que aspectos de sua feminilidade não sejam integrados ao ego.
¡Ya no estás en la casa! Tecnologías de la escolarización
Authors: Boom Alberto Martínez
Published: May 2013

El fenómeno de la escolarización puede ser analizado desde diversos enfoques, algunos la estudian como dato, otros la miran como decisión política, algunos otros se interesan en su función social como factor de inclusión; el presente trabajo no va por estas vías. Importa mejor detenerse en la descripción de ciertos detalles del inicio, por eso la utilización de fuentes primarias y documentos de época, para mostrar el proceso que conecta la aparición de la escuela pública con la ampliación de la escolarización como dispositivo gubernamental, es decir, una práctica que pasa por describir minucias del espacio y del tiempo escolar, la geometrización del cuerpo infantil, la insistencia en su quietud y obediencia como derroteros de una escolarización que puede ser entendida y asociada a una ortopedia moral.
Igreja e normalização de professores em São João Del-Rei (Minas Gerais)
Authors: Arruda Maria Aparecida
Published: May 2013

Este trabalho foi construído a partir da aproximação entre a história da educação e o tema da formação docente pelo viés do ensino confessional católico. Para tal, foi empreendido um estudo acerca do Curso Normal ofertado pelo Colégio Nossa Senhora das Dores, fundado em 1898 na cidade de São João del-Rei (MG), em que se buscava formar professoras para atuar em outros níveis de ensino. Tendo em vista sua equiparação, em 1905, às escolas normais oficiais do Estado de Minas Gerais, busquei investigar o modo como foi instituído esse novo estatuto jurídico em meio aos acontecimentos que o precederam.
Entre o altar e o trono: iniciativas de escolarização na capital imperial
Authors: Limeira Aline de Morais , Nascimento Fátima
Published: May 2013

Ao reconhecer que a produção da forma escolar moderna se efetivou por intermediações de forças distintas, investigamos iniciativas particulares de educação promovidas pela Igreja Católica. A partir das propagandas do Almanak Laemmert e de diversas informações do jornal O Apóstolo, foi possível localizar vestígios acerca da estrutura física, planos de estudos e valores propostos por alguns colégios particulares na Corte Imperial. O recorte cronológico abrange as décadas de 1870 e 1880, que compreendem a época da reforma Leôncio de Carvalho (1879). Também procuramos refletir acerca das relações estabelecidas entre o Estado Imperial e a Igreja Católica, e observar imbricações entre poderes públicos e privados, fenômeno que ultrapassa a sociedade oitocentista.
Remodelar a capital carioca e sua gente: educação e prevenção nos anos 1920
Authors: Silva José Cláudio Sooma , Rizzini Irma , Silva Maria de Lourdes
Published: May 2013

A cidade do Rio de Janeiro, na década 1920, foi marcada pela implementação de certas ações de governo que almejaram empreender um entrelaçamento das dimensões preventivas, educacionais e correcionais com as iniciativas de reforma urbana. O artigo, incidindo o foco sobre a legislação educacional, regulamentação da assistência social, relatórios de chefes de polícia, ofícios remetidos pela Diretoria Geral de Instrução, periódicos e registros fotográficos, problematiza algumas das justificativas acionadas no período que sublinhavam as potenciais contribuições que a reconfiguração dos comportamentos, hábitos e condutas da população prestaria para a tentativa de disciplinamento e harmonização do traçado arquitetônico e seus usos sociais.
El gobierno de la moral y la salud: educación alimentaria en el discurso pedagógico
Authors: Aisenstein Ângela , Cairo Maria Eugenia
Published: May 2013

Estudios epidemiológicos de la última década destacan a la malnutrición como una de las enfermedades del nuevo siglo. Para atender y prevenir estas problemáticas los Estados e instituciones de la sociedad civil diseñan distintos tipos de intervenciones para regular el régimen de ingesta de la población. Estas cuestiones no son nuevas. En Argentina ya desde las últimas décadas del siglo 19 y primeras del 20 parte del discurso pedagógico se orientó a enseñar a los niños y las niñas que asistían a la escuela primaria qué, cuánto y cómo comer. Este trabajo indaga las concepciones y prácticas sobre el tema que se articularon en el discurso pedagógico estatal y las acciones a través de las cuales se difundieron en Argentina. Se toman como fuentes dos revistas pedagógicas oficiales.
Cultura pedagógica e formação de professores: a biblioteca da escola normal de Piracicaba (1911-1920)
Authors: Nery Ana Clara Bortoleto
Published: May 2013

Pensando a biblioteca da escola de formação de professores como espaço de organização de cultura pedagógica, este artigo tem como objeto a biblioteca da Escola Normal de Piracicaba, interior de São Paulo, entre os anos de 1911 e 1920. Constituída ao longo do ciclo de vida da Escola Complementar de Piracicaba (1896-1911), e oficializada a partir de 1911, a biblioteca, além de espaço de formação do professor da Escola Normal e do aluno-leitor, teve o papel de organizar e disseminar uma determinada cultura pedagógica ao selecionar, ordenar e disponibilizar um conjunto de saberes, próprios da profissão docente. Sobre o estudo da cultura pedagógica incide a análise desta biblioteca.
A língua portuguesa como uma nova língua clássica
Authors: Mendonça Ana Waleska Pollo Campos
Published: May 2013

Este artigo se propõe a estudar o processo de constituição da Gramática Portuguesa como uma cadeira autônoma, no âmbito das Reformas Pombalinas dos Estudos Menores. Estuda, particularmente, um conjunto documental constituído de uma Lei e Alvará Régio de 1770, que obrigava os professores régios de Gramática Latina a lecionarem previamente a gramática portuguesa a seus alunos. Esses documentos se articulam com a controvérsia que opôs a gramática dos oratorianos à dos jesuítas, no que se refere à língua na qual se deveria ensinar o Latim. Esta lei foi, posteriormente, complementada com a criação de uma cadeira autônoma de Português e de outras línguas modernas. Tal processo representou uma mudança significativa no estatuto do Português e do próprio Latim no âmbito dos estudos secundários e é uma expressão da dimensão modernizadora das reformas pombalinas no que se refere à afirmação da identidade nacional.
O corpo diferente: representações das raças humanas nos manuais escolares de zoologia
Authors: Cavadas Bento Filipe Barreiras Pinto
Published: May 2013

Este trabalho visou comparar o modo como os autores dos manuais escolares de Zoologia, da segunda metade do século 19 e do início do século 20, realizaram a transposição didática dos estudos antropológicos sobre as raças humanas para essas obras. Constataram-se diferenças na tipologia e nos carateres antropológicos utilizados para descrever as raças humanas. Aferiu-se, ainda, a existência de afirmações que vincularam o determinismo biológico porque alguns autores valorizaram física, moral e intelectualmente a raça caucasiana em detrimento das outras raças.
Species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in forests with Araucaria in Southern Brazil
Authors: Zandavalli Roberta Boscaini , Stürmer Sidney Luiz , Dillenburg Lúcia Rebello
Published: May 2013

This study aimed to characterize species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in three distinct forests with Araucaria angustifolia (native forest, reforestation with A. angustifolia and plantation with Pinus taeda) in the "Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula", State of Rio Grande do Sul, also accounting for seasonal variation. Six soil samples from each forest were collected from Araucaria angustifolia rhizosphere in four seasons during a one-year period, for identification of the AMF species. Spores were extracted by wet-sieving followed by centrifugation in water and 50% sucrose solution. The greatest richness (16 species) was found in the Araucaria reforestation and the lowest in the native forest (eight species). The season with higher species richness was different in each site. The most representative genera in all forests were Acaulospora and Glomus. Historical aspects and plant species composition can account for some of the differences among sites.
O gênero Ceratolejeunea Jack & Steph. (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) no Estado da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Bastos Cid José Passos , Yano Olga
Published: May 2013

Neste trabalho são referidas nove espécies pertencentes ao gênero Ceratolejeunea Jack & Steph. ocorrentes no Estado da Bahia, sendo que cinco constituem primeira referência para o Estado. Dados sobre o ambiente, substrato e distribuição geográfica são apresentados e discutidos, e comentados os caracteres morfológicos importantes para a delimitação das espécies. Chave para identificação das espécies ocorrentes na Bahia também é apresentada.
Espécies de Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes liquenizados) com máculas reticulares do litoral centro-sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Benatti Michel Navarro , Marcelli Marcelo Pinto
Published: May 2013

O levantamento das espécies de grandes parmélias que ocorrem no litoral centro-sul do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) revelou a presença de seis espécies de Parmotrema A. Mass. com córtex superior reticuladomaculado, anteriormente incluídas no gênero Rimelia Hale & Fletcher. Chave de identificação, descrições, comentários e ilustrações são apresentados, com base no material encontrado.
Morfologia de esporos de pteridófitas do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (São Paulo, Brasil): 17-Pteridaceae
Authors: Coelho Carolina Brandão , Esteves Luciano Mauricio
Published: May 2013

Foram estudados os esporos de onze espécies de pteridófitas pertencentes à família Pteridaceae no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI). A família está representada na área por cinco gêneros: Adiantum, Adiantopsis, Eriosorus, Pityrogramma e Pteris. Para todos os táxons estudados são apresentadas descrições, ilustrações e chave para a identificação das espécies.
Novas ocorrências de briófitas nos estados brasileiros
Authors: Peralta Denilson Fernandes , Bordin Juçara , Yano Olga
Published: May 2013

São citadas 79 espécies distribuídas em 65 gêneros e 38 famílias, sendo que 53 espécies são novas ocorrências e 26 tiveram a distribuição geográfica ampliada para os Estados de Ceará, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe e Distrito Federal. Trachycarpidium verrucosum (Besch.) Broth. é a primeira referência para o Brasil. São apresentadas ilustrações para 20 espécies.
Novos sinônimos e ocorrências em Paspalum L. (Poaceae)
Authors: Oliveira Regina Célia de , Valls José Francisco Montenegro
Published: May 2013

Propõe-se a sinonimização de quinze nomes referentes a espécies de Paspalum, grupo informal Plicatula: P. paludosum Swallen e P. validum Swallen em P. atratum Swallen, P. guaricense Swallen em P. centrale Chase, P. plicatulum Michx. var. villosissimum Pilg. em P. geminiflorum Steud., P. goyanum Swallen e P. plicatulum var. rigidum Döll em P. glaucescens Hack., P. gracile J. Le Conte e P. nicorae Parodi em P. lepton Schult., P. limbatum Henrard, P. formosum Swallen e P. pontanale Swallen em P. lenticulare Kunth, P. olivaceum Hitchc. & Chase em P. riparium Nees, P. plicatulum var. cinereum Döll, P. macedoi Swallen e P. kempffii Killeen em P. rojasii Hack. e P. telmatum Swallen em P. wrightii Hitchc. & Chase. Relata-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de P. lepton no estado brasileiro do Mato Grosso do Sul.
Population dynamics of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju, a Cyanobacteria toxic species, in watersupply reservoirs in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Gemelgo Marcina C. P. , Sant'Anna Célia L. , Tucci Andréa , Barbosa Heloiza R.
Published: May 2013

The Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs are main sources of public water supply to millions of people in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. They have been under intense antropic action as a result of domestic, industrial, farm and livestock waste being dumped in the reservoirs. Cyanobacteria develop very well in such an environment, producing blooms that are most often toxic. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii(Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju is a toxic species which is rapidly spreading all over the world and is abundant in the studied reservoirs. The goal of the study was to follow the year-round variation of the C. raciborskii population density and to correlate it with selected environmental factors. Samples were collected monthly on the surface of the water column and studied under a binocular optic microscope, whereas quantitative studies were carried out under an inverted microscope, according to the Utermöhl method. Among the phytoplankton community, organisms of the Cyanobacteria Class were represented by the greatest population density (cells mL-1). Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was one of the abundant species in the Billings reservoir, both in the dry and rainy season. The principal environmental factors that influenced C. raciborskii population dynamics were water temperature, high pH values and low euphotic zone values
Liquens como bioindicadores da qualidade do ar numa área de termoelétrica, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Martins Suzana Maria de Azevedo , Käffer Márcia Isabel , Lemos Alessandra
Published: May 2013

Os liquens são reconhecidos por serem muito sensíveis à poluição atmosférica, sendo assim sua utilização como indicadores biológicos da qualidade ambiental, tem sido um procedimento cada vez mais amplo. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do monitoramento passivo realizado na área de abrangência de uma usina termoelétrica, na região sul do Brasil. Os liquens foram avaliados em cinco pontos da usina onde foi amostrado um total de 50 forófitos. Foram registrados 45 táxons, cinco destes são citados na literatura como bioindicadores da qualidade do ar. As áreas amostradas não apresentam condições adequadas para o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento da micota liquenizada, pois sofrem influência antrópica direta. A ocorrência de espécies tolerantes à poluição pode ser explicada pelo desaparecimento das espécies mais sensíveis, proporcionando mais espaço para o seu desenvolvimento.
Estrutura e dinâmica de comunidades bentônicas dominadas por macrófitas na zona intramareal da Praia de Jacaraípe, Espírito Santo, Brasil
Authors: Barbosa Sulamita Oliveira , Figueiredo Marcia A. de O. , Testa Viviane
Published: May 2013

O recife parcialmente exposto da Praia de Jacaraípe é formado por algas calcárias vermelhas incrustantes com até 40 cm em espessura sobre uma comunidade recifal holocênica. Este trabalho visa descrever a composição da flora atual e estrutura do fitobentos desta comunidade, todavia não estudada. O levantamento ocorreu no verão e inverno, no platô e borda recifal. Foram amostrados 10 quadrados aleatórios ao longo de transectos de 20 m em cada habitat. Os resultados apontam para a presença de doze clorofíceas, quatro feofíceas, 34 rodofíceas e uma fanerógama marinha, totalizando 35 gêneros e 51 táxons. Foi identificada uma variação sazonal na riqueza específica somente na borda recifal, a qual apresentou uma flora menos rica no inverno. As algas calcárias articuladas tiveram maior biomassa e cobertura nas duas épocas estudadas. A distribuição espacial e temporal da flora está em acordo com padrões de tipo de substrato, hidrodinâmica e turbidez da água do mar encontrados em áreas recifais de todo o Brasil.
Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP: algas, 25: Bacillariophyceae (Naviculales: Pinnulariaceae)
Authors: Rocha Angélica Cristina Righetti da , Bicudo Carlos Eduardo de Mattos
Published: May 2013

Levantamento dos representantes da família Pinnulariaceae (Naviculales, Bacillariophyceae) do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram identificados dois gêneros (Caloneis com 1 e Pinnularia com 12 espécies) e 20 táxons no total, distribuídos em 13 espécies e sete variedades não típicas de suas respectivas espécies. Uma variedade, Pinnularia brauniana (Grunow) Mills var. sanctipaulensis Rocha, é descrita como nova para a ciência. Pinnularia brauniana (Grunow) Mills var. sanctipaulensis Rocha e P. subgibba Krammer var. lanceolata Gaiser & Johanser são, geograficamente, as espécies mais bem distribuídas no PEFI por ocorrerem em 5 localidades cada; e Caloneis hyalina Hustedt, Pinnularia biceps Gregory var. biceps, P. grunowii Krammer, P. joculata (Manguin) Krammer, P. schoenfelderi Krammer, P. subanglica Krammer, P. tabellaria Ehrenberg e P. viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg var. viridis as menos bem representadas, por ocorrerem em uma localidade apenas cada uma.
Molecular Characterization of Two Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins fromChilo suppressalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Liu Su , Qiao Fei , Liang Qing-Mei , Huang Yuan-Jie , Zhou Wen-Wu , Gong Zhong-Jun , Cheng Jiaan , Zhu Zeng-Rong
Published: May 2013

Sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) play an especially important role in insect pheromone communication. However, the SNMPs for the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a notorious rice pest, remain uncharacterized. Here we report the cloning and characterization of two novel SNMPs from the C. suppressalis, CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2. The CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2 cDNAs contained open reading frames (ORFs) of 1,572 and 1,569 bp, encoding proteins of 523 and 522 amino acid residues, respectively. The amino acid identity between the two deduced CsupSNMPs was low (30% identity), but they shared a high degree of similarity to previously characterized SNMP1s or SNMP2s from other moth species, which is consistent with phylogenetic analysis in which CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2 are clustered into two distinct groups based on their amino acid sequences. The expression patterns of CsupSNMPs in various adult tissues and in different developmental stages were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that both CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2 were abundantly expressed in the male and female antennae, reaching their maximum in the adult stage, suggesting the two genes are involved in the process of olfaction. Low levels of CsupSNMP2 also were expressed in nonolfactory tissues such as legs and wings, implying possible gustatory roles of the protein in the moth.
Responses of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to Conspecific Vibrational Signals and Synthetic Mimics
Authors: Rohde B , Paris T M , Heatherington E M , Hall D G , Mankin R W
Published: May 2013

Mate-seeking in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a vector of the economically damaging huanglongbing citrus disease, typically includes male—female duetting behaviors. First, the male calls by beating his wings at ≈170–250 Hz, producing vibrations that are transmitted along the host tree branches to the female. If receptive, she immediately replies, helping to direct the searching male toward her. The duetting and searching continues until the male locates the female. Males and females are similar in size and produce wingbeat vibrations with similar temporal and spectral patterns. A study of male and female responses to playbacks of recorded and synthetic mimics of different vibrational signals on citrus plants was conducted to better understand the range of signals to which D. citri respond and potentially to co-opt or disrupt their vibrational communication. In general, both sexes responded well to a variety of 0.3–0.5-s signals that included multiple harmonics of ≈200-Hz wingbeatfrequency chirps up to ≈1,400 Hz (where a chirp is a sine wave tone that sweeps across a narrow range of frequencies). There were only minor differences in female responses to signals containing different relative amplitudes of such chirps, and males readily located sources that played these multipleharmonic signals. The results are discussed in relation to mating-signal selectivity and the potential for developing automated methods to trap male D. citri by using vibrational signals.
Slip-line solution to active earth pressure on retaining walls
Authors: PENG M.X. , CHEN J.
Published: May 2013

The slip-line method is commonly used to solve the limit earth pressure on retaining walls, but to date there are still a number of problems that have not yet been solved. Based on limit equilibrium theory, the backfill is considered to be an ideal elastic-plastic material, which obeys the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, and is assumed to be an ideal continuous medium that is isotropic, homogeneous and incompressible (or non-expansive). Various factors of influence are considered in the calculation model. An elastic overburden is proposed as a replacement for traditional tension cracks. A new concept – stress singularity – and its stress boundary conditions are introduced, and a statically determinate and solvable mathematical model for the limit equilibrium problem is established without considering the stress–strain relationship of the soil. The slip-line stress field in the plastic zone of the backfill is solved by using the slip-line method, following which the active earth pressure on retaining walls and the soil reaction on the slip surface are derived. The geometric and mechanical similarity principle is first proposed by dimensionless analysis. The results show that the slip-line solution to active earth pressure is generally always greater than or equal to Coulomb's solution, and coincides with Rankine's solution or the classical Coulomb solution that satisfies the non-singularity conditions. Hencky's first and second theorems are not generally applicable.
MaxEnt versus MaxLike: empirical comparisons with ant species distributions
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Gotelli Nicholas J. , Ellison Aaron M.
Published: May 2013

MaxEnt is one of the most widely used tools in ecology, biogeography, and evolution for modeling and mapping species distributions using presence‐only occurrence records and associated environmental covariates. Despite its popularity, the exponential model implemented by MaxEnt does not directly estimate occurrence probability, the natural quantity of interest when modeling species distributions. Instead, MaxEnt generates an index of relative habitat suitability. MaxLike, a newly introduced maximum‐likelihood technique, has been shown to overcome the problem of directly estimating the probability of occurrence using presence‐only data. However, the performance and relative merits of MaxEnt and MaxLike remain largely untested, especially when modeling species with relatively few occurrence data that encompass only a portion of the geographic range of the species. Using geo‐referenced occurrence records for six species of ants in New England, we provide comparisons of MaxEnt and MaxLike. We show that by most quantitative metrics, the performance of MaxLike exceeds that of MaxEnt, regardless of whether MaxEnt models account for sampling bias and include greater model complexity than implemented in MaxLike. More importantly, for most species, the relative suitability index estimated by MaxEnt often was poorly correlated with the probability of occurrence estimated by MaxLike, suggesting that the two methods are estimating different quantities. For species distribution modeling, MaxLike, and similar models that are based on an explicit sampling process and that directly estimate probability of occurrence, should be considered as important alternatives to the widely‐used MaxEnt framework.
On Colimits and Elementary Embeddings
Authors: Bagaria Joan , Brooke-Taylor Andrew
Published: May 2013

We give a sharper version of a theorem of Rosický, Trnková and Adámek [13], and a new proof of a theorem of Rosický [12], both about colimits in categories of structures. Unlike the original proofs, which use category-theoretic methods, we use set-theoretic arguments involving elementary embeddings given by large cardinals such as α-strongly compact and C(n)-extendible cardinals.
Probabilistic Algorithmic Randomness
Authors: Buss Sam , Minnes Mia
Published: May 2013

We introduce martingales defined by probabilistic strategies, in which randomness is used to decide whether to bet. We show that different criteria for the success of computable probabilistic strategies can be used to characterize ML-randomness, computable randomness, and partial computable randomness. Our characterization of ML-randomness partially addresses a critique of Schnorr by formulating ML randomness in terms of a computable process rather than a computably enumerable function.
A quasi-order on continuous functions
Authors: Carroy Raphaël
Published: May 2013

We define a quasi-order on Borel functions from a zero-dimensional Polish space into another that both refines the order induced by the Baire hierarchy of functions and generalises the embeddability order on Borel sets. We study the properties of this quasi-order on continuous functions, and we prove that the closed subsets of a zero-dimensional Polish space are well-quasi-ordered by bi-continuous embeddability.
On the definability of radicals in supersimple groups
Authors: Milliet Cédric
Published: May 2013

If G is a group with a supersimple theory having a finite SU-rank, then the subgroup of G generated by all of its normal nilpotent subgroups is definable and nilpotent. This answers a question asked by Elwes, Jaligot, Macpherson and Ryten. If H is any group with a supersimple theory, then the subgroup of H generated by all of its normal soluble subgroups is definable and soluble.
Local Knowledge Brokerage for Data-Driven Policy and Practice in Education
Authors: Vanhoof Jan , Mahieu Paul
Published: May 2013

The concept of ‘knowledge brokerage’ focuses on promoting the integration of the best available evidence into policy and practice-related decisions. In this study, emphasis is put on the knowledge brokerage role of cities. The study aims at finding similarities and differences in existing educational knowledge brokerage initiatives, at exploring the effectiveness of knowledge brokerage initiatives, and at explaining differences in the effectiveness of educational knowledge brokerage initiatives. Four medium-sized cities were investigated using a case study methodology. During the case studies a qualitative approach using document analysis and in-depth interviews was adopted. The article firstly describes the existing knowledge brokerage initiatives. The descriptive part also looks at the effectiveness of the studied knowledge brokerage initiatives by describing their (un)intended results. Afterwards three clusters of factors are introduced that can explain differences in the success of brokerage initiatives of cities: the policy context, the users and their organisation, and the knowledge brokerage system. The article stresses the importance of a context of trust, and a context that stimulates data use, and elaborates on findings regarding the impact of data literacy, data culture, the organisations' policy-making capacities, and a sense of urgency.
Exercise Prevents Fructose-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Young Subjects
Authors: Egli Léonie , Lecoultre Virgile , Theytaz Fanny , Campos Vanessa , Hodson Leanne , Schneiter Philippe , Mittendorfer Bettina , Patterson Bruce W. , Fielding Barbara A. , Gerber Philipp A. , Giusti Vittorio , Berneis Kaspar , Tappy Luc
Published: May 2013

Excess fructose intake causes hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic insulin resistance in sedentary humans. Since exercise improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant patients, we hypothesized that it would also prevent fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effects of exercise on circulating lipids in healthy subjects fed a weight-maintenance, high-fructose diet. Eight healthy males were studied on three occasions after 4 days of 1) a diet low in fructose and no exercise (C), 2) a diet with 30% fructose and no exercise (HFr), or 3) a diet with 30% fructose and moderate aerobic exercise (HFrEx). On all three occasions, a 9-h oral [13C]-labeled fructose loading test was performed on the fifth day to measure [13C]palmitate in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-triglycerides (TG). Compared with C, HFr significantly increased fasting glucose, total TG, TRL-TG concentrations, and apolipoprotein (apo)B48 concentrations as well as postfructose glucose, total TG, TRL-TG, and [13C]palmitate in TRL-TG. HFrEx completely normalized fasting and postfructose TG, TRL-TG, and [13C]palmitate concentration in TRL-TG and apoB48 concentrations. In addition, it increased lipid oxidation and plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations compared with HFr. These data indicate that exercise prevents the dyslipidemia induced by high fructose intake independently of energy balance.
The CTRB1/2 Locus Affects Diabetes Susceptibility and Treatment via the Incretin Pathway
Authors: ‘t Hart Leen M. , Fritsche Andreas , Nijpels Giel , van Leeuwen Nienke , Donnelly Louise A. , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Alssema Marjan , Fadista Joao , Carlotti Françoise , Gjesing Anette P. , Palmer Colin N.A. , van Haeften Timon W. , Herzberg-Schäfer Silke A. , Simonis-Bik Annemarie M.C. , Houwing-Duistermaat Jeanine J. , Helmer Quinta , Deelen Joris , Guigas Bruno , Hansen Torben , Machicao Fausto , Willemsen Gonneke , Heine Robert J. , Kramer Mark H.H. , Holst Jens J. , de Koning Eelco J.P. , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Pedersen Oluf , Groop Leif , de Geus Eco J.C. , Slagboom P. Eline , Boomsma Dorret I. , Eekhoff Elisabeth M.W. , Pearson Ewan R. , Diamant Michaela
Published: May 2013

The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) promotes glucose homeostasis and enhances β-cell function. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which inhibit the physiological inactivation of endogenous GLP-1, are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Using the Metabochip, we identified three novel genetic loci with large effects (30–40%) on GLP-1–stimulated insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamps in nondiabetic Caucasian individuals (TMEM114; CHST3 and CTRB1/2; n = 232; all P ≤ 8.8 × 10−7). rs7202877 near CTRB1/2, a known diabetes risk locus, also associated with an absolute 0.51 ± 0.16% (5.6 ± 1.7 mmol/mol) lower A1C response to DPP-4 inhibitor treatment in G-allele carriers, but there was no effect on GLP-1 RA treatment in type 2 diabetic patients (n = 527). Furthermore, in pancreatic tissue, we show that rs7202877 acts as expression quantitative trait locus for CTRB1 and CTRB2, encoding chymotrypsinogen, and increases fecal chymotrypsin activity in healthy carriers. Chymotrypsin is one of the most abundant digestive enzymes in the gut where it cleaves food proteins into smaller peptide fragments. Our data identify chymotrypsin in the regulation of the incretin pathway, development of diabetes, and response to DPP-4 inhibitor treatment.
Oxidative and Molecular Responses in Capsicum annuum L. after Hydrogen Peroxide, Salicylic Acid and Chitosan Foliar Applications
Authors: Mejía-Teniente Laura , Durán-Flores Flor de Dalia , Chapa-Oliver Angela , Torres-Pacheco Irineo , Cruz-Hernández Andrés , González-Chavira Mario , Ocampo-Velázquez Rosalía , Guevara-González Ramón
Published: May 2013

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important ROS molecule (Reactive oxygen species) that serves as a signal of oxidative stress and activation of signaling cascades as a result of the early response of the plant to biotic stress. This response can also be generated with the application of elicitors, stable molecules that induce the activation of transduction cascades and hormonal pathways, which trigger induced resistance to environmental stress. In this work, we evaluated the endogenous H2O2 production caused by salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (QN), and H2O2 elicitors in Capsicum annuum L. Hydrogen peroxide production after elicitation, catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities, as well as gene expression analysis of cat1, pal, and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (pr1) were determined. Our results displayed that 6.7 and 10 mM SA concentrations, and, 14 and 18 mM H2O2 concentrations, induced an endogenous H2O2 and gene expression. QN treatments induced the same responses in lesser proportion than the other two elicitors. Endogenous H2O2 production monitored during several days, showed results that could be an indicator for determining application opportunity uses in agriculture for maintaining plant alert systems against a stress.
Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soil: Impact on Microbial Biodegradation of Organic Compounds and Possible Improvement Strategies
Authors: Olaniran Ademola , Balgobind Adhika , Pillay Balakrishna
Published: May 2013

Co-contamination of the environment with toxic chlorinated organic and heavy metal pollutants is one of the major problems facing industrialized nations today. Heavy metals may inhibit biodegradation of chlorinated organics by interacting with enzymes directly involved in biodegradation or those involved in general metabolism. Predictions of metal toxicity effects on organic pollutant biodegradation in co-contaminated soil and water environments is difficult since heavy metals may be present in a variety of chemical and physical forms. Recent advances in bioremediation of co-contaminated environments have focussed on the use of metal-resistant bacteria (cell and gene bioaugmentation), treatment amendments, clay minerals and chelating agents to reduce bioavailable heavy metal concentrations. Phytoremediation has also shown promise as an emerging alternative clean-up technology for co-contaminated environments. However, despite various investigations, in both aerobic and anaerobic systems, demonstrating that metal toxicity hampers the biodegradation of the organic component, a paucity of information exists in this area of research. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the problems associated with the degradation of chlorinated organics in co-contaminated environments, owing to metal toxicity and shed light on possible improvement strategies for effective bioremediation of sites co-contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds and heavy metals.
Local Perception of Risk to Livelihoods in the Semi-Arid Landscape of Southern Africa
Authors: Bunting Erin , Steele Jessica , Keys Eric , Muyengwa Shylock , Child Brian , Southworth Jane
Published: May 2013

The United Nations and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change deem many regions of southern Africa as vulnerable landscapes due to changing climatic regimes, ecological conditions, and low adaptive capacity. Typically in highly vulnerable regions, multiple livelihood strategies are employed to enable sustainable development. In Botswana, livelihood strategies have diversified over time to include tourism and other non-agricultural activities. While such diversification and development have been studied, little is known about how locals perceive livelihood risks. This article analyzes perceptions of risk through a risk hazards framework. During the summer of 2010, 330 surveys were completed within seven villages in northern Botswana and the Caprivi Strip of Namibia. During the survey respondents were asked to list the biggest threats/challenges to their livelihoods. Responses were grouped into categories of risk according to the capital assets on which livelihoods depend: natural, physical, financial, human, and social. A risk mapping procedure was utilized, for which indices of severity, incidence, and risk were calculated. It is hypothesized that people’s perception of risk is directly dependent on environmental conditions and employment status of the household. Results indicate that problems related to natural and financial assets are the greatest source of risk to livelihoods. Furthermore, flood, drought, and other measures of climate variability are perceived as influential, typically negatively, to livelihood strategies.
Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics Using Nanotechnology
Authors: Lim Eun-Kyung , Jang Eunji , Lee Kwangyeol , Haam Seungjoo , Huh Yong-Min
Published: May 2013

Nanoparticles have been investigated as drug carriers, because they provide a great opportunity due to their advantageous features: (i) various formulations using organic/inorganic materials, (ii) easy modification of targeting molecules, drugs or other molecules on them, (iii) effective delivery to target sites, resulting in high therapeutic efficacy and (iv) controlling drug release by external/internal stimuli. Because of these features, therapeutic efficacy can be improved and unwanted side effects can be reduced. Theranostic nanoparticles have been developed by incorporating imaging agents in drug carriers as all-in-one system, which makes it possible to diagnose and treat cancer by monitoring drug delivery behavior simultaneously. Recently, stimuli-responsive, activatable nanomaterials are being applied that are capable of producing chemical or physical changes by external stimuli. By using these nanoparticles, multiple tasks can be carried out simultaneously, e.g., early and accurate diagnosis, efficient cataloguing of patient groups of personalized therapy and real-time monitoring of disease progress. In this paper, we describe various types of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, as well as theranostic systems.
Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis Using Object-Based Classification Approach in Munessa-Shashemene Landscape of the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Kindu Mengistie , Schneider Thomas , Teketay Demel , Knoke Thomas
Published: May 2013

The objective of this study was to analyze land use/land cover (LULC) changes in the landscape of Munessa-Shashemene area of the Ethiopian highlands over a period of 39 years (1973–2012). Satellite images of Landsat MSS (1973), TM (1986), ETM+ (2000), and RapidEye (2012) were used. All images were classified using object-based image classification technique. Accuracy assessments were conducted for each reference year. Change analysis was carried out using post classification comparison in GIS. Nine LULCs were successfully captured with overall accuracies ranging from 85.7% to 93.2% and Kappa statistic of 0.822 to 0.924. The classification result revealed that grasslands (42.3%), natural forests (21%), and woodlands (11.4%) were dominant LULC types in 1973. In 2012, croplands (48.5%) were the major LULC types followed by others. The change result shows that a rapid reduction in woodland cover of 81.8%, 52.3%, and 36.1% occurred between the first (1973–1986), second (1986–2000), and third (2000–2012) study periods, respectively. Similarly, natural forests cover decreased by 26.1% during the first, 21.1% during the second, and 24.4% during the third periods. Grasslands also declined by 11.9, 17.5, and 21.1% during the three periods, respectively. On the contrary, croplands increased in all three periods by 131, 31.5, and 22.7%, respectively. Analysis of the 39-year change matrix revealed that about 60% of the land showed changes in LULC. Changes were also common along the slope gradient and agro-ecological zones with varying proportions. Further study is suggested to investigate detailed drivers and consequences of changes.
A Novel Power Efficient Location-Based Cooperative Routing with Transmission Power-Upper-Limit for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Shi Juanfei , Calveras Anna , Cheng Ye , Liu Kai
Published: May 2013

The extensive usage of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has led to the development of many power- and energy-efficient routing protocols. Cooperative routing in WSNs can improve performance in these types of networks. In this paper we discuss the existing proposals and we propose a routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks called Power Efficient Location-based Cooperative Routing with Transmission Power-upper-limit (PELCR-TP). The algorithm is based on the principle of minimum link power and aims to take advantage of nodes cooperation to make the link work well in WSNs with a low transmission power. In the proposed scheme, with a determined transmission power upper limit, nodes find the most appropriate next nodes and single-relay nodes with the proposed algorithm. Moreover, this proposal subtly avoids non-working nodes, because we add a Bad nodes Avoidance Strategy (BAS). Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm with BAS can significantly improve the performance in reducing the overall link power, enhancing the transmission success rate and decreasing the retransmission rate.
Introducing blended learning: An experience of uncertainty for students in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Kemp Linzi J.
Published: May 2013

The cultural dimension of Uncertainty Avoidance is analysed in this study of an introduction to blended learning for international students. Content analysis was conducted on the survey narratives collected from three cohorts of management undergraduates in the United Arab Emirates. Interpretation of certainty with blended learning was found in: student skills with technology; student acknowledgement of course organisation; and student appreciation of online feedback. Uncertainty with the introduction of blended learning was found: when membership was assigned for group work, higher quality research methods were introduced; where course structure lacked detail, increased time was required for new and different online activities. These international students, from countries with a high score on Uncertainty Avoidance, exhibited that dimension when introduced to blended learning. The implications of these findings are discussed, and strategies suggested for introducing blended learning to international students. The limitations of the study are considered, and a direction for future research is suggested. This is the first study on undergraduates in the Middle East for the effects of a cultural dimension when introducing blended learning. The findings increase the body of knowledge that relates to learning technology in the international business classroom.Keywords: learning culture; blended learning pedagogy; differentiating cultures; learning design(Published: 15 May 2013)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2013, 21: 18461 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v21i0.18461
Lettre de Ptolémée Evergète III à Xanthos de Lycie
Authors: Bousquet Jean
Published: May 2013

Publication d'une importante inscription inédite trouvée en 1978 au Létôon de Xanthos.
Les topoi de l'éloge chez Ménandros le Rhéteur
Authors: Pernot Laurent
Published: May 2013

Étude des deux traités de rhétorique consacrés aux éloges oratoires qui nous sont parvenus sous le nom de Ménandros le Rhéteur. La différence d'esprit entre les deux ouvrages et certaines divergences de détail conduisent à les attribuer à deux auteurs différents.