bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trial-by-Trial Adaptation of Movements during Mental Practice under Force Field
Authors: Anwar Muhammad Nabeel , Khan Salman Hameed
Published: May 2013

Human nervous system tries to minimize the effect of any external perturbing force by bringing modifications in the internal model. These modifications affect the subsequent motor commands generated by the nervous system. Adaptive compensation along with the appropriate modifications of internal model helps in reducing human movement errors. In the current study, we studied how motor imagery influences trial-to-trial learning in a robot-based adaptation task. Two groups of subjects performed reaching movements with or without motor imagery in a velocity-dependent force field. The results show that reaching movements performed with motor imagery have relatively a more focused generalization pattern and a higher learning rate in training direction.
Effects of Surface Modification of Nanotube Arrays on the Performance of CdS Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Danhong , Pan Nengqian , Liao Jianjun , Cao Xiankun , Lin Shiwei
Published: May 2013

CdS-sensitized TiO2nanotube arrays have been fabricated using the method of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction and used as a photoanode for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Before being coated with CdS, the surface of TiO2nanotube arrays was treated with TiCl4, nitric acid (HNO3), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), respectively, for the purpose of reducing the interface transfer resistance of quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. The surfaces of the modified samples represented the characteristics of superhydrophilic and hydrophobic which directly affect the power conversion efficiency of the solar cells. The results showed that surface modification resulted in the reduction of the surface tension, which played a significant role in the connectivity of CdS and TiO2nanotube arrays. In addition, the solar cells based on CdS/TiO2electrode treated by HNO3achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.17%, which was 42% higher than the reference sample without any modification.
A Promise in the Treatment of Endometriosis: An Observational Cohort Study on Ovarian Endometrioma Reduction by N-Acetylcysteine
Authors: Porpora Maria Grazia , Brunelli Roberto , Costa Graziella , Imperiale Ludovica , Krasnowska Ewa K. , Lundeberg Thomas , Nofroni Italo , Piccioni Maria Grazia , Pittaluga Eugenia , Ticino Adele , Parasassi Tiziana
Published: May 2013

Urged by the unmet medical needs in endometriosis treatment, often with undesirable side effects, and encouraged by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) efficacy in an animal model of endometriosis and by the virtual absence of toxicity of this natural compound, we performed an observational cohort study on ovarian endometriosis. NAC treatment or no treatment was offered to 92 consecutive Italian women referred to our university hospital with ultrasound confirmed diagnosis of ovarian endometriosis and scheduled to undergo laparoscopy 3 months later. According to patients acceptance or refusal, NAC-treated and untreated groups finally comprised 73 and 72 endometriomas, respectively. After 3 months, within NAC-treated patients cyst mean diameter was slightly reduced (-1.5 mm) versus a significant increase (+6.6 mm) in untreated patients (P=0.001). Particularly, during NAC treatment, more cysts reduced and fewer cysts increased their size. Our results are better than those reported after hormonal treatments. Twenty-four NAC-treated patients—versus 1 within controls—cancelled scheduled laparoscopy due to cysts decrease/disappearance and/or relevant pain reduction (21 cases) or pregnancy (1 case). Eight pregnancies occurred in NAC-treated patients and 6 in untreated patients. We can conclude that NAC actually represents a simple effective treatment for endometriosis, without side effects, and a suitable approach for women desiring a pregnancy.
Hem-o-Lok Clip in the First Part of Duodenum after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Seyyedmajidi Mohammadreza , Hosseini Seyed Ashkan , Hajiebrahimi Shahin , Vafaeimanesh Jamshid
Published: May 2013

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) have become the standard surgical procedure for cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis. During the operation, cystic duct and vessels are usually controlled by Hem-o-Lok clips. We report a case with a complaint of severe abdominal pain for the previous 20 days. Her medical history was unremarkable except for laparoscopic cholecystectomy 8 months ago. In upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, two Hem-o-Lok clips at anterior wall of the first part of duodenum were detected. Therefore, the clip can migrate during postoperative period and Hem-o-Lok is not a very safe ligation method during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
RobustH∞Control of Uncertain T-S Fuzzy Time-Delay System: A Delay Decomposition Approach
Authors: Gong Cheng , Han Chunsong
Published: May 2013

This paper is concerned with the problem of robustH∞control for a class of uncertain time-delay fuzzy systems with norm-bounded parameter uncertainties. By utilizing the instrumental idea of delay decomposition, the decomposed Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is introduced to uncertain T-S fuzzy system, and some delay-dependent conditions for the existence of robust controller are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). When these LMIs are feasible, a controller is presented. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Best Proximity Points for Generalizedα-ψ-Proximal Contractive Type Mappings
Authors: Jleli Mohamed , Karapınar Erdal , Samet Bessem
Published: May 2013

We introduce a new class of non-self-contractive mappings. For such mappings, we study the existence and uniqueness of best proximity points. Several applications and interesting consequences of our obtained results are derived.
Cosmic Muon Detection for Geophysical Applications
Authors: Oláh László , Barnaföldi Gergely Gábor , Hamar Gergő , Melegh Hunor Gergely , Surányi Gergely , Varga Dezső
Published: May 2013

A portable cosmic muon detector has been developed for environmental, geophysical, or industrial applications. The device is a tracking detector based on the Close Cathode Chamber, an MWPC-like technology, allowing operation in natural underground caves or artificial tunnels, far from laboratory conditions. The compact, low power consumption system with sensitive surface of 0.1 m2measures the angular distribution of cosmic muons with a resolution of 10 mrad, allowing for a detailed mapping of the rock thickness above the muon detector. Demonstration of applicability of the muon telescope (REGARD Muontomograph) for civil engineering and measurements in artificial underground tunnels or caverns are presented.
A Numerical Well-Balanced Scheme for One-Dimensional Heat Transfer in Longitudinal Triangular Fins
Authors: Rusagara I. , Harley C.
Published: May 2013

The temperature profile for fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients will be considered. Assuming such forms for these coefficients leads to a highly nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) which cannot easily be solved analytically. We establish a numerical balance rule which can assist in getting a well-balanced numerical scheme. When coupled with the zero-flux condition, this scheme can be used to solve this nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) modelling the temperature distribution in a one-dimensional longitudinal triangular fin without requiring any additional assumptions or simplifications of the fin profile.
Validation of Data Association for Monocular SLAM
Authors: Guerra Edmundo , Munguia Rodrigo , Bolea Yolanda , Grau Antoni
Published: May 2013

Simultaneous Mapping and Localization (SLAM) is a multidisciplinary problem with ramifications within several fields. One of the key aspects for its popularity and success is the data fusion produced by SLAM techniques, providing strong and robust sensory systems even with simple devices, such as webcams in Monocular SLAM. This work studies a novel batch validation algorithm, the highest order hypothesis compatibility test (HOHCT), against one of the most popular approaches, the JCCB. The HOHCT approach has been developed as a way to improve performance of the delayed inverse-depth initialization monocular SLAM, a previously developed monocular SLAM algorithm based on parallax estimation. Both HOHCT and JCCB are extensively tested and compared within a delayed inverse-depth initialization monocular SLAM framework, showing the strengths and costs of this proposal.
Some Elementary Aspects of Means
Authors: Hajja Mowaffaq
Published: May 2013

We raise several elementary questions pertaining to various aspects of means. These questions refer to both known and newly introduced families of means, and include questions of characterizations of certain families, relations among certain families, comparability among the members of certain families, and concordance of certain sequences of means. They also include questions about internality tests for certain mean-looking functions and about certain triangle centers viewed as means of the vertices. The questions are accessible to people with no background in means, and it is also expected that these people can seriously investigate, and contribute to the solutions of, these problems. The solutions are expected to require no more than simple tools from analysis, algebra, functional equations, and geometry.
Incidental Discovery of a Testicular Plasmacytoma at Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Hathaway Amanda R.
Published: May 2013

Testicular plasmacytomas are a rare phenomenon reported in the literature and they can occur as a solitary plasmacytoma, as a recurrence of multiple myeloma, or concurrently in an active myeloma. We report the case of a 43-year-old man who presented with back pain and was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. A CT scan performed to determine the extent of disease revealed an incidental mass in the testicle. Immunohistochemical staining of the mass revealed monoclonal cytolpasmic IgA in the tumor cells and serum studies showed this same immunoglobulin. Following orchiectomy, radiotherapy to the vertebra, chemotherapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, and doxorubicin, and an autologous bone marrow transplant, the patient is alive twelve months after diagnosis and is in complete remission.
On Intuitionistic Fuzzy Filters of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Coframes
Authors: Thumbakara Rajesh K.
Published: May 2013

Frame theory is the study of topology based on its open set lattice, and it was studied extensively by various authors. In this paper, we study quotients of intuitionistic fuzzy filters of an intuitionistic fuzzy coframe. The quotients of intuitionistic fuzzy filters are shown to be filters of the given intuitionistic fuzzy coframe. It is shown that the collection of all intuitionistic fuzzy filters of a coframe and the collection of all intutionistic fuzzy quotient filters of an intuitionistic fuzzy filter are coframes.
EUS-Guided Vascular Procedures: A Literature Review
Authors: Bokun Tomislav , Grgurevic Ivica , Kujundzic Milan , Banic Marko
Published: May 2013

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is continuously stepping into the therapeutic arena, simultaneously evolving in different directions, such as the management of pancreatic and biliary diseases, celiac neurolysis, delivering local intratumoral therapy, and EUS-guided endosurgery. EUS-guided vascular procedures are also challenging, considering the variety of vascular pathology, proximity of the vascular structures to the GI tract wall, high resolution, and real-time guidance offering an attractive access route and precise delivery of the intervention. The literature on vascular therapeutic EUS demonstrates techniques for the management of upper GI variceal and nonvariceal bleeding, pseudoaneurysms, and coiling and embolization procedures, as well as the creation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. The paucity of studies, diversity of study designs, and the number of animal model studies hamper a systematic approach to the conclusion and decision making important to clinicians and healthcare policy makers. Nevertheless, theoretical benefits and findings up to date concerning technical feasibility, efficacy, and safety of the procedures drive further research and development in this rather young therapeutic arena.
Worldwide Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer: Update on Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Authors: Pellegriti Gabriella , Frasca Francesco , Regalbuto Concetto , Squatrito Sebastiano , Vigneri Riccardo
Published: May 2013

Background. In the last decades, thyroid cancer incidence has continuously and sharply increased all over the world. This review analyzes the possible reasons of this increase.Summary. Many experts believe that the increased incidence of thyroid cancer is apparent, because of the increased detection of small cancers in the preclinical stage. However, a true increase is also possible, as suggested by the observation that large tumors have also increased and gender differences and birth cohort effects are present. Moreover, thyroid cancer mortality, in spite of earlier diagnosis and better treatment, has not decreased but is rather increasing. Therefore, some environmental carcinogens in the industrialized lifestyle may have specifically affected the thyroid. Among potential carcinogens, the increased exposure to medical radiations is the most likely risk factor. Other factors specific for the thyroid like increased iodine intake and increased prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis cannot be excluded, while other factors like the increasing prevalence of obesity are not specific for the thyroid.Conclusions. The increased incidence of thyroid cancer is most likely due to a combination of an apparent increase due to more sensitive diagnostic procedures and of a true increase, a possible consequence of increased population exposure to radiation and to other still unrecognized carcinogens.
TIE-2 and VEGFR Kinase Activities Drive Immunosuppressive Function of TIE-2–Expressing Monocytes in Human Breast Tumors
Authors: Ibberson Mark , Bron Sylvian , Guex Nicolas , Faes-van't Hull Eveline , Ifticene-Treboux Assia , Henry Luc , Lehr Hans-Anton , Delaloye Jean-François , Coukos George , Xenarios Ioannis , Doucey Marie-Agnès
Published: May 2013

Purpose: Tumor-associated TIE-2–expressing monocytes (TEM) are highly proangiogenic cells critical for tumor vascularization. We previously showed that, in human breast cancer, TIE-2 and VEGFR pathways control proangiogenic activity of TEMs. Here, we examine the contribution of these pathways to immunosuppressive activity of TEMs.

Experimental Design: We investigated the changes in immunosuppressive activity of TEMs and gene expression in response to specific kinase inhibitors of TIE-2 and VEGFR. The ability of tumor TEMs to suppress tumor-specific T-cell response mediated by tumor dendritic cells (DC) was measured in vitro. Characterization of TEM and DC phenotype in addition to their interaction with T cells was done using confocal microscopic images analysis of breast carcinomas.

Results: TEMs from breast tumors are able to suppress tumor-specific immune responses. Importantly, proangiogenic and suppressive functions of TEMs are similarly driven by TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase activity. Furthermore, we show that tumor TEMs can function as antigen-presenting cells and elicit a weak proliferation of T cells. Blocking TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase activity induced TEMs to change their phenotype into cells with features of myeloid dendritic cells. We show that immunosuppressive activity of TEMs is associated with high CD86 surface expression and extensive engagement of T regulatory cells in breast tumors. TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase activity was also necessary to maintain high CD86 surface expression levels and to convert T cells into regulatory cells.

Conclusions: These results suggest that TEMs are plastic cells that can be reverted from suppressive, proangiogenic cells into cells that are able to mediate an antitumoral immune response. Clin Cancer Res; 19(13); 3439–49. ©2013 AACR.
Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Variant Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Aparicio Ana M. , Harzstark Andrea L. , Corn Paul G. , Wen Sijin , Araujo John C. , Tu Shi-Ming , Pagliaro Lance C. , Kim Jeri , Millikan Randall E. , Ryan Charles , Tannir Nizar M. , Zurita Amado J. , Mathew Paul , Arap Wadih , Troncoso Patricia , Thall Peter F. , Logothetis Christopher J.
Published: May 2013

Purpose: Clinical features characteristic of small-cell prostate carcinoma (SCPC), “anaplastic,” often emerge during the progression of prostate cancer. We sought to determine the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in patients meeting at least one of seven prospectively defined “anaplastic” clinical criteria, including exclusive visceral or predominantly lytic bone metastases, bulky tumor masses, low prostate-specific antigen levels relative to tumor burden, or short response to androgen deprivation therapy.

Experimental Design: A 120-patient phase II trial of first-line carboplatin and docetaxel (CD) and second-line etoposide and cisplatin (EP) was designed to provide reliable clinical response estimates under a Bayesian probability model with early stopping rules in place for futility and toxicity.

Results: Seventy-four of 113 (65.4%) and 24 of 71 (33.8%) were progression free after four cycles of CD and EP, respectively. Median overall survival (OS) was 16 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 13.6–19.0 months]. Of the seven “anaplastic” criteria, bulky tumor mass was significantly associated with poor outcome. Lactic acid dehydrogenase strongly predicted for OS and rapid progression. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration strongly predicted OS but not rapid progression. Neuroendocrine markers did not predict outcome or response to therapy.

Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that patients with “anaplastic” prostate cancer are a recognizable subset characterized by a high response rate of short duration to platinum-containing chemotherapies, similar to SCPC. Our results suggest that CEA is useful for selecting therapy in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer and consolidative therapies to bulky high-grade tumor masses should be considered in this patient population. Clin Cancer Res; 19(13); 3621–30. ©2013 AACR.
Autophagy Opposes p53-Mediated Tumor Barrier to Facilitate Tumorigenesis in a Model of PALB2-Associated Hereditary Breast Cancer
Authors: Huo Yanying , Cai Hong , Teplova Irina , Bowman-Colin Christian , Chen Guanghua , Price Sandy , Barnard Nicola , Ganesan Shridar , Karantza Vassiliki , White Eileen , Xia Bing
Published: May 2013

Hereditary breast cancers stem from germline mutations in susceptibility genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2, whose products function in the DNA damage response and redox regulation. Autophagy is an intracellular waste disposal and stress mitigation mechanism important for alleviating oxidative stress and DNA damage response activation; it can either suppress or promote cancer, but its role in breast cancer is unknown. Here, we show that similar to Brca1 and Brca2, ablation of Palb2 in the mouse mammary gland resulted in tumor development with long latency, and the tumors harbored mutations in Trp53. Interestingly, impaired autophagy, due to monoallelic loss of the essential autophagy gene Becn1, reduced Palb2-associated mammary tumorigenesis in a Trp53–wild-type but not conditionally null background. These results indicate that, in the face of DNA damage and oxidative stress elicited by PALB2 loss, p53 is a barrier to cancer development, whereas autophagy facilitates cell survival and tumorigenesis.

Significance: Our findings directly show a tumor-promoting role of autophagy in a new model of hereditary breast cancer. Given the close functional relationship and the genetic similarity between PALB2 and BRCA1/2, our results further suggest that inhibition of autophagy may represent a new avenue to the prevention or treatment of a significant portion of hereditary breast cancers, namely those associated with DNA damage and oxidative stress. Cancer Discov; 3(8); 894–907. ©2013 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 826
Experience of Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Treatment of Large Impacted Proximal Ureteral Stones
Authors: Long Qilai , Guo Jianming , Xu Zhibing , Yang Yuanfeng , Wang Hang , Zhu Yanjun , Zhang Yongkang , Wang Guomin
Published: May 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mini- percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the treatment of large impacted proximal ureteral stones. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 163 patients who underwent mini-PCNL between January 2006 and August 2010. Mean age was 48.6 years and mean stone size was 18.4 mm. Hydronephrosis and/or hydroureterosis appeared in all patients. In the prone position, percutaneous access (16-Fr sheath) was established by placement of an access needle into the intended calyx under fluoroscopic guidance or combined with ultrasound guidance for complete obstruction by stones while the contrast agent cannot transit. Pneumatic or ultrasonic probes were used throughout ureterorenoscopy for lithotripsy. The ureteral stents and nephrostomy tube were placed at the end of the procedure. Mean drop in hemoglobin, operative time, success rate, hospital stay, and complications were assessed. Results: Mini-PCNL operations were performed successfully in all patients. Mean operation time was 37 min. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.6 days. All cases were followed up for 6-20 months. No major complications like hemorrhage, perforation or organic injury were noted during the operation or postoperatively. The stone-free rate in all patients was 95.7%. Calculus had no recurrence during the follow-up period. Hydronephrosis and hydroureterosis disappeared or were relieved. Conclusions: Mini-PCNL is a safe and effective therapy for large impacted proximal ureteral stones.
Treatment of Traumatic Corneal Abrasions: A Three-Arm, Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Menghini Moreno , Knecht Pascal B. , Kaufmann Claude , Kovacs Ronald , Watson Stephanie L. , Landau Klara , Bosch Martina M.
Published: May 2013

Purpose: To compare three different treatment modalities for traumatic corneal abrasions. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, masked, three-arm clinical study of patients presenting with superficial corneal foreign bodies. Treatment modalities were: (1) pressure patching with ofloxacin ointment (patch group, PG, n = 18), (2) therapeutic contact lens with ofloxacin eye drops (contact lens group, CLG, n = 20) and (3) ofloxacin ointment alone (ointment group, OG, n = 28). Primary outcome measure was the difference of the mean corneal abrasion area between the three groups at 3 different time points (baseline, day 1 and day 7). Results: A total of 66 patients were included in the study over a period of 2 years. Mean initial corneal abrasion area was 3.6 ± 3.4 mm2 in the PG, 4.2 ± 4.0 mm2 in the CLG and 3.7 ± 3.1 mm2 in the OG (p = 0.875). Differences in corneal abrasion area at any time point were not statistically significant (abrasion area decrease from presentation to day 1 was 3.4 ± 3.3 mm2 in the PG, 4.1 ± 4.0 mm2 in the CLG and 3.5 ± 3.1 mm2 in the OG, p = 0.789). The epithelium was healed in all patients at day 7. Conclusions: Treating traumatic corneal abrasions by pressure patching, a bandage contact lens or ointment alone was equal in reducing the abrasion area or reducing pain. According to our results the treatment of choice for traumatic abrasions may be adapted to the needs and preferences of the patient.
‘The Ideal Mesh?'
Authors: Klinge Uwe , Park Joon-Keun , Klosterhalfen Bernd
Published: May 2013

Currently, more than 200 different textile constructions, so-called ‘meshes', are available for use world-wide in the more than 20 million operations performed annually for the reinforcement of tissues. As any reintervention at the mesh-tissue compound is a surgical challenge, sometimes resulting in almost untreatable defects, huge efforts are being made to improve the biological and functional performance of the meshes. Based on numerous experimental and clinical studies in the past 20 years, our understanding of them has improved markedly. This includes the biomechanical aspects and the histopathological evaluation of the recipient tissue. Sufficiently large pores as well as structural stability in case of mechanical strain have been identified to be crucial to reduce excessive inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, large pores prevent bridging of the foreign body reaction through the pore and thereby help to reduce clinical adverse events as erosion, shrinkage or pain. However, with regard to the many different indications for meshes, there will never be one single ideal mesh for all purposes. To achieve an optimal performance, every construction should be designed according to the specific functional requirements, charging the surgeon to identify the best mesh for his purpose.
Rapid Improvement of Hepatic Steatosis after Initiation of Leptin Substitution in a Leptin-Deficient Girl
Authors: von Schnurbein J. , Heni M. , Moss A. , Nagel S.A. , Machann J. , Muehleder H. , Debatin K.M. , Farooqi S. , Wabitsch M.
Published: May 2013

Background: Leptin deficiency is associated with severe obesity and metabolic disturbances. Increased liver fat content has been reported in only one case beforehand, even though hepatic steatosis is a typical comorbidity of common obesity. It is also frequent in patients with lipodystrophy where it resolves under leptin therapy. Subject and Methods: In 2010, we reported a leptin-deficient patient with a novel homozygous mutation in the leptin gene and severe hepatic steatosis. We have now studied serum changes and changes in liver fat content during the substitution with recombinant methionyl human leptin. Results: After 23 weeks of leptin substitution, elevated transaminases, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels normalized. After 62 weeks, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance improved from 10.7 to 6.0 and body fat mass dropped from 50.2 to 37.8%. Liver fat content was drastically reduced from 49.7 to 9.4%. The first changes in liver fat content were detectable after 3 days of therapy. Conclusion: Our patient showed a remarkable reduction of liver fat content during the treatment with recombinant methionyl human leptin. These changes occurred rapidly after initiation of the substitution, which implies that leptin has a direct effect on hepatic lipid metabolism in humans as it is seen in rodents.
Morphological Change of Inner Retinal Layer on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography following Macular Hole Surgery
Authors: Kim Kook Young , Yu Seung-Young , Kim Moosang , Kim Eung Suk , Kwak Hyung Woo
Published: May 2013

Background/Aims: To investigate the morphological changes of the inner retinal layer by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) after idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (MH) surgery. Methods: In a retrospective study, the authors evaluated 52 eyes of 49 patients with MH closed following vitrectomy. All patients were followed postoperatively for more than 6 months. Cross-sectional and retinal surface images were obtained using Cirrus high-definition OCT before and after surgery. In 24 of the 52 eyes, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) was analyzed. Results: The incidence of dissociated optic nerve fiber layer (DONFL) increased gradually over time after surgery. 57.7% had defects of only the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and 30.8% had defects in the inner plexiform layer at 6 months after surgery. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity did not differ significantly based on the depth of the DONFL (p = 0.299). There were no changes in FAF in the area with DONFL. Conclusions: DONFL is characterized by progressive defects that are not limited to RNFL thickness. The healing process after vitrectomy for MH is not limited in the RNFL affecting deeper structural changes. Further investigations are required to evaluate the pathophysiological mechanism of inner retinal change after MH surgery.
Dual-Color High-Resolution Fiber-FISH Analysis on Lethal White Syndrome Carriers in Sheep
Authors: Pauciullo A. , Fleck K. , Lühken G. , Di Berardino D. , Erhardt G.
Published: May 2013

Molecular defects occurring in the endothelin receptor type-B (EDNRB) gene are known to be associated with pigmentary anomalies and intestinal aganglionosis in humans, rodents and horses. We carried out a cytogenetic investigation in 2 ewes heterozygous for the deletion of the EDNRB gene and in 2 more females as control. The RBA-banding showed that all 4 ewes were karyologically normal. EDNRB gene-specific probes were produced by PCR and cloning. The application of the R-banding and propidium iodide-staining fluorescent in situ hybridization allowed mapping the gene to OAR 10q22 and confirmed the heterozygous status of the ewes investigated for the EDNRB gene deletion. For the fine estimation of the gene length in sheep and for the correct sizing of the chromosomal gap, a dual-color FISH was applied to high-resolution DNA fibers in combination with digital imaging microscopy. The comparison of the DNA fiber barcodes indicated a chromosomal deletion larger than the EDNRB gene itself. The length of the gene, not known for sheep until now, was estimated to be ∼21 kb, whereas the microchromosomal deletion was ∼100 kb. EDNRB is located in a chromosomal region previously shown to be a fragile site. The applied method allowed locating the potential breakpoints, thus permitting further interesting prospective investigations also in the field of the fragile sites in sheep.
Eczematous Dermatitis Occurring on a Café-au-Lait Spot Long after Laser Radiation
Authors: Mihara Motoyuki
Published: May 2013

A 40-year-old woman presented with an itchy erythematosquamous change of a café-au-lait spot in her face. The onset of this change occurred just after her relocation. The café-au-lait spot had been irradiated by laser approximately 20 years ago. Clinically, there was a coin-sized erythema with a slight scale on the pigmented lesion in the left lateral orbital region. Histopathologically, the lesion demonstrated both spongiotic dermatitis and interface dermatitis together with lymphohistiocytic cell infiltration, in addition to moderate acanthosis and elongation of rete ridges with slight basal hyperpigmentation. From these clinical and histopathological findings, the lesion was diagnosed as eczematous dermatitis occurring on the café-au-lait spot after laser radiation. Another interesting histopathological finding was that some parts of a lobule of the sebaceous gland were occupied exclusively by degenerative atrophic sebocytes. From the viewpoint of pathogenesis, the eczematous dermatitis of this patient could have been an accompanying feature of a neurogenic inflammation occurring on the café-au-lait spot after laser radiation, and the atrophic change of a part of the sebaceous lobule might have been induced by a morphogenetic alteration of certain germinative cells of the sebaceous lobule due to laser radiation.
Mood Disorder as the Presenting Manifestation of Demyelination
Authors: Tapos D. , Sivaswamy L.
Published: May 2013

Objective: To report an unusual presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a teenager. Case Report: We report the case of a 16-year-old male who was diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder a year prior to his neurological consultation. Neurological examination showed evidence of mild lower extremity spasticity with ataxia and dysarthria. Imaging revealed lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: An organic basis for psychiatric disorders is often overlooked. Children presenting with symptoms suggestive of a mood disorder, decline in cognition or psychosis deserve a detailed neurological examination and appropriate imaging if indicated, before starting them on antidepressant or neuroleptic medication.
Initially Nondiagnosed Fabry's Disease when Electron Microscopy Is Lacking: The Continuing Story of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Trimarchi H. , Karl A. , Raña M.S. , Forrester M. , Pomeranz V. , Lombi F. , Iotti A.
Published: May 2013

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis is classified as either primary or secondary. We present a patient with a past history of biopsy-proven focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Despite initial response to dual blockade and steroids, proteinuria raised when steroids were decreased. After the patient was restarted on steroids, proteinuria did not improve. Another biopsy confirmed the previous diagnosis but suggested Fabry's disease, later confirmed by electron microscopy, α-galactosidase A serum and leukocyte deficiency as well as genetic studies. Proteinuria decreased when agalsidase β was prescribed in parallel with steroid tapering, increased with steroid discontinuation and improved with meprednisone administration. This report highlights the relevance of electron microscopy in kidney biopsy. In glomerulosclerosis, despite specific treatment, secondary hemodynamic and immunologic pathways may contribute to the development of proteinuria and accelerate the renal disease progression due to the primary disease. We discuss possible pathophysiologic pathways involved in proteinuria in Fabry's disease according to the biopsy and the therapeutic response.
Classification of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Loehr Laura R. , Agarwal Sunil K. , Baggett Chris , Wruck Lisa M. , Chang Patricia P. , Solomon Scott D. , Shahar Eyal , Ni Hanyu , Rosamond Wayne D. , Heiss Gerardo
Published: May 2013

Background—

An algorithm to classify heart failure (HF) end points inclusive of contemporary measures of biomarkers and echocardiography was recently proposed by an international expert panel. Our objective was to assess agreement of HF classification by this contemporaneous algorithm with that by a standardized physician reviewer panel, when applied to data abstracted from community-based hospital records.

Methods and Results—

During 2005–2007, all hospitalizations were identified from 4 US communities under surveillance as part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Potential HF hospitalizations were sampled by
International Classification of Diseases
discharge codes and demographics from men and women aged ≥55 years. The HF classification algorithm was automated and applied to 2729 (n=13 854 weighted hospitalizations) hospitalizations in which either brain natriuretic peptide measures or ejection fraction were documented (mean age, 75 years). There were 1403 (54%; n=7534 weighted) events classified as acute decompensated HF by the automated algorithm, and 1748 (68%; n=9276 weighted) such events by the ARIC reviewer panel. The chance-corrected agreement between acute decompensated HF by physician reviewer panel and the automated algorithm was moderate (κ=0.39). Sensitivity and specificity of the automated algorithm with ARIC reviewer panel as the referent standard were 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.69) and 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.76), respectively.

Conclusions—

Although the automated classification improved efficiency and decreased costs, its accuracy in classifying HF hospitalizations was modest compared with a standardized physician reviewer panel.
p53 Mediates Autophagy and Cell Death by a Mechanism Contingent On Bnip3
Authors: Wang Erika Yan , Gang Hongying , Aviv Yaron , Dhingra Rimpy , Margulets Victoria , Kirshenbaum Lorrie A.
Published: May 2013

Myocardial ischemia and angiotensin II activate the tumor suppressor p53 protein, which promotes cell death. Previously, we showed that the Bcl-2 death gene Bnip3 is highly induced during ischemia, where it triggers mitochondrial perturbations resulting in autophagy and cell death. However, whether p53 regulates Bnip3 and autophagy is unknown. Herein, we provide new compelling evidence for a novel signaling axis that commonly links p53 and Bnip3 for autophagy and cell death. p53 overexpression increased endogenous Bnip3 mRNA and protein levels resulting in mitochondrial defects leading to loss of mitochondrial ΔΨ
m
. This was accompanied by an increase in autophagic flux and cell death. Notably, genetic loss of function studies, such as Atg7 knock-down or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyl adenine, suppressed cell death induced by p53—indicating that p53 induces maladaptive autophagy. Our previous work demonstrated that Bnip3 induces mitochondrial defects and autophagic cell death. Conversely, loss of function of Bnip3 in cardiac myocytes or Bnip3
−/−
mouse embryonic fibroblasts prevented mitochondrial targeting of p53, autophagy, and cell death. To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence for the dual regulation of autophagy and cell death of cardiac myocytes by p53 that is mutually dependent on and obligatorily linked to Bnip3 gene activation. Hence, our findings may explain more fundamentally, how, autophagy and cell death are dually regulated during cardiac stress conditions where p53 is activated.
Diplomat in Chief? Assessing the Influence of Presidential Evaluations on Public Diplomacy Outcomes Among Foreign Publics
Authors: Golan Guy J. , Yang Sung-Un
Published: May 2013

The current study builds on previous knowledge of international public opinion by examining the role that the evaluation of a nation’s leader may have on evaluations of the nation by a foreign public. More specifically, the study examines the impact of the so-called Obama effect on attitudes toward the United States in the nation of Pakistan. The study analyzed a large subset of data ( N = 1,254) from the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. The results of the analysis point to significant relationships among confidence in Obama’s leadership, approval of Obama’s foreign policies, U.S.–Pakistan relations, and favorability toward the United States. The study discusses the theoretical implications of the findings along with the contextual implications on U.S. public diplomacy.
Acute Insulin Resistance Assessed by the Homeostatic Model Assessment in Acute Coronary Syndromes Without Previously Known Diabetes
Authors: Lazzeri Chiara , Valente Serafina , Chiostri Marco , Attanà Paola , Mattesini Alessio , Gensini Gian Franco
Published: May 2013

We assessed the incidence and the prognostic role for early death of acute insulin resistance (by means of homeostatic model assessment [HOMA] index) in 1350 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) consecutively admitted to our intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU). The incidence of HOMA positivity was 5% (68 of 1350), with the highest percentage of HOMA positivity among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with HOMA positivity showed a higher body mass index ( P = .003), lower values of admission and discharge left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; P < .001 and P = .003, respectively), and higher levels of peak troponin I (Tn I; P < .001). The HOMA index was an independent predictor of early death (odds ratio 1.724, 95% confidence interval 1.252-2.375, P = .001). In patients with ACS and without previously known diabetes, acute insulin resistance (HOMA index) is associated with a larger myocardial damage (ie, higher values of peak Tn I and lower LVEF) and a greater inflammatory activation (indicated by correlation with leukocyte count). The HOMA positivity was an independent predictor of in-ICCU mortality.
The Knowledge and Awareness of Hypertension Among Patients With Hypertension in Central Poland
Authors: Michalska Marta , Rysz Jacek , Pencina Michael J. , Zdrojewski Tomasz , Banach Maciej
Published: May 2013

We assessed the differences in the knowledge and level of awareness of hypertension among patients with hypertension from Central Poland; 248 (57.6% females) patients diagnosed with hypertension completed a questionnaire. Most (79%) of the patients were unaware of the optimal blood pressure (BP) range. The elderly patients did not know the symptoms of hypertension (23.7%), were not willing to make lifestyle changes (57%-65%), and had a poor awareness of hypertension therapy in the absence of symptoms (28.7%). Poor BP control occurred mainly in rural residents (10.7%) and in people with higher education (39.3%). Untreated patients with hypertension did not know the symptoms of hypertension (29.2%), rarely measured BP (37.5%), but were more likely to engage in regular physical activity (70.8%). Efforts should be made to improve knowledge of hypertension, especially among the rural population, the elderly patients, those with a low-education level, and in young males who had the highest BP.
An evaluation of the ‘Think First’ program
Authors: Burgoyne Karen , Tyson Graham
Published: May 2013

The Think First program was implemented in five NSW correctional centres between 2003 and 2007. This study is a longitudinal evaluation of Think First using the pre- and post-test scores of four questionnaire measures (the Social Problem Solving Inventory – Revised; Barratt Impulsivity Scale, version 11; Locus of Control Behaviour; and the Crime PICS, version II), in a sample of 135 male participants. Significant change in a pro-social direction was found on the Locus of Control Behaviour, all of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and Crime PICS II subscales and two of the Social Problem Solving Inventory – Revised subscales. Completion of Think First improved impulsivity levels, criminal thinking styles and some aspects of social problem solving ability. There appeared to be particularly positive effects on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Locus of Control scores post-program.
Policing, planning and sex: Governing bodies, spatially
Authors: Crofts Penny , Hubbard Phil , Prior Jason
Published: May 2013

Literatures on the regulation of conduct have tended to focus on the role of policing and the enforcement of criminal law. This paper instead emphasizes the importance of planning in shaping conduct, using the example of how planning shapes sexual conduct to demonstrate that planning can, in different times and places, exercise police-type powers. We illustrate this by analysing the regulation of brothels in Sydney and Parramatta, NSW, Australia, providing a case study of spaces of sexuality that historically were constructed and regulated as criminal, but have since become lawful. This paper examines the ways in which these transitions in law have been differently expressed and accomplished through local planning enforcement. In making such arguments, the paper emphasizes not only the potential for planners to act like police, but also the capacity of planning to supplant policing as a key technique of governmentality.
Cops and dobbers: A nodal cartography of onshore migration policing in New South Wales
Authors: Weber Leanne , Wilson Amanda , Wise Jenny
Published: May 2013

Most public and scholarly debate about immigration in Australia has focused on irregular arrivals of asylum seekers by sea and the harsh system of externalised border controls designed to deter and contain them. This paper concentrates on the operation of Australia’s internal borders. We present a critical account of onshore migration policing networks in the Australian state of New South Wales, which are conceptualised as a distinctive form of policing. Using the techniques of nodal cartography described by Johnston and Shearing (2003) we identify the institutions, mentalities and technologies driving the development of migration policing networks and discuss their structure and internal dynamics. We then examine the means by which chains of public and private actors are recruited to perform a migration policing role, drawing on Garland’s ideas about government-at-a-distance ( Garland, 1997 ). We identify responsibilising strategies that capitalise on overlapping organisational interests, others that are underpinned by the threat of legal sanctions, and others that are directed towards changing the behaviour of unlawful non-citizens themselves. We conclude that the Australian state is not diminished by adopting a networked approach to onshore migration policing, but instead garners significant resources which it can then invest in the construction of a multi-faceted, structurally-embedded and potentially ubiquitous border.
Secondary victims and the trauma of wrongful conviction: Families and children’s perspectives on imprisonment, release and adjustment
Authors: Jenkins Sion
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the experiences of secondary victims of wrongful conviction, including the children of appellants and those families suffering bereavement following homicide. Most wives, mothers and children affected by miscarriages of justice continued to suffer from symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder despite the appellant’s quashed conviction and release from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). In cases where the victim of crime (where alive) and defendant come from the same family the trauma experienced by the appellant and family can be catastrophic, leading to broken relationships and prolonged trauma. This paper will examine the consequences of families’ victimisation and consider those factors that contribute further to their pain. The article will conclude that most secondary victims continue to suffer from their traumatic experiences and that the children of appellants suffer particularly from the injustice of learning to cope with the wrongful conviction and imprisonment of a parent.
One retrospective of Pacific criminology
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: May 2013

On the occasion of receiving the Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology’s Distinguished Criminologist Award, John Braithwaite reflects on his time in the field. He defends a public-critical-professional-policy criminology of a more distinctively Pacific character. He canvasses options for the Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology to continue long-term leadership towards not only an Asian future, but also a Pacific future that can be a path to distinctive contributions from Southwest Pacific criminology to all the social sciences.
Examining Differential Math Performance by Gender and Opportunity to Learn
Authors: Albano Anthony D. , Rodriguez Michael C.
Published: May 2013

Although a substantial amount of research has been conducted on differential item functioning in testing, studies have focused on detecting differential item functioning rather than on explaining how or why it may occur. Some recent work has explored sources of differential functioning using explanatory and multilevel item response models. This study uses hierarchical generalized linear modeling to examine differential performance due to gender and opportunity to learn, two variables that have been examined in the literature primarily in isolation, or in terms of mean performance as opposed to item performance. The relationships between item difficulty, gender, and opportunity to learn are explored using data for three countries from an international survey of preservice mathematics teachers.