bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Granulated Fenbendazole as a Treatment for Helminth Infections in Dogs
Authors: Roberson Edward L. , Burke T. Michael
Published: February 2025

A granulated formulation of fenbendazole was tested in 95 dogs harboring naturally occurring infections of Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia spp and in 19 laboratory-reared Beagle pups experimentally infected with Toxascaris leonina. The drug was administered in moistened dry dog food or in canned dog food. In dosage titration and confirmational studies, using worm counts in naturally infected dogs, the drug was 98%-100% effective at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 3 days against the commonly occurring nematodes of dogs (ascarids, hookworms, and whipworm) and against Taenia tapeworms. A dosage of 20 mg/kg for 5 days was equally effective against nematodes, but only 73% of the dogs were cleared of Taenia tapeworms. There was no activity at either dosage against Dipylidium tapeworms. Dosages of 100 or 150 mg/kg for a single treatment and 5 or 25 mg/kg daily for 3 days were unsatisfactory with respect to nematodes and tapeworms.

Induced infections of T leonina were eliminated from all treated dogs at the dosage and dosing period tested (50 mg/kg/day for 3 days). Fourteen untreated controls expelled 13% of T leonina burdens.

It was concluded that granulated fenbendazole is effective in dogs against natural infections of T canis, A caninum, T vulpis, Taenia spp, and experimentally induced infections of T leonina at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight day for 3 days
Myocardial Necrosis Secondary to Neural Lesions in Domestic Animals
Authors: King J. M. , Roth L. , Haschek W. M.
Published: February 2025

Focal myocardial necrosis secondary to neural lesions was diagnosed in 2 dogs and 1 horse. In each case, the neural lesions were traumatic in origin. Spinal cord injury was evident in 1 dog; brain damage was evident in the other dog and presumably in the horse.

Retrospective analysis of necropsy material showed that many species were affected, without apparent age or sex predisposition. Central nervous system injury resulting from trauma, infection, or space-occupying lesions was associated with acute myocardial necrosis in all cases. The myocardial necrosis was rarely fatal; however, it did cause cardiac arrhythmias.
The Role of Face Flies in an Episode of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Gerhardt Reid R. , Allen John W. , Greene Wallace H. , Smith Paul C.
Published: February 2025

Cattle partially protected from face flies (Musca autumnalis) had much less infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and yielded fewer isolates of hemolytic Moraxella boυis than did similar cattle that received no face fly protection. The number of new isolates of M boυis from the unprotected cattle was highly correlated with the number of face flies observed on the cattle. Close physical proximity to cattle infected with M boυis was important in the spread of the bacteria to previously uninfected cattle; however, it did not require physical contact among the cattle to spread from herd to herd. Moraxella boυis first began to spread from herd to herd after face fly populations exceeded 10/animal for 1 month. Keratoconjunctivitis was not observed in 53% of the cattle from which M boυis was isolated. Moraxella boυis was isolated from 4 of 45 pools of face flies collected from animals in the untreated herds.
Atrial fibrillation in horses: A review of 106 clinical cases, with consideration of prevalence, clinical signs, and prognosis
Authors: Deem Debra A. , Fregin G. Frederick
Published: February 2025

One hundred six cases of equine atrial fibrillation (af) at the University of Pennsylvania were reviewed to determine common clinical signs and prognosis. Prevalence was estimated by comparing horses with af with equine admissions over a 10-year period (1970-1979).

Exercise intolerance was the most common clinical sign of af (64 horses). Twenty-five horses had exercise-associated epistaxis and 26 were dyspneic. Eleven horses were clinically normal, but none was used for racing. Edema and venous congestion indicative of congestive heart failure (chf) were evident in 13 horses, and all died.

All horses had an irregular heart rate and rhythm, and the pulse and intensity of heart sounds were variable. Although resting heart rates ranged from 17-120 beats/min, the mean heart rate was 41 beats/min. Of 87 horses with recorded cardiovascular findings, 16 had a pulse deficit and 18 had murmurs of grade III/V or greater intensity. Thirteen (72%) of the latter horses died (11 with chf), and all had gross cardiac lesions. Neither clinical signs nor resting heart rate enabled the clinician to predict response to therapy for af or to derive a long-term prognosis, except in horses with chf and/or loud murmurs.

Necropsy results were available for 24 horses. Cardiac lesions in 12 horses with chf included valvular insufficiency, endocarditis, myocarditis, ventricular septal defect, and pericardial effusion. Similar lesions were found in some horses that died for reasons other than chf, whereas others had no pathologic changes.

From 1970 through 1979, there was a significantly higher prevalence of af among Standardbred admissions (0.66%) than among Thoroughbred admissions (0.23%; P<0.001). The mean age of affected Standardbreds (5.4 ± 2.3 years) was lower than that for affected Thoroughbreds (7.3 ± 3.9 years), and the af prevalence in 4- to 7-year-old admissions was significantly higher in Standardbreds (P ⦤ 0.0001).

Sixty-three of 77 horses (82%) treated orally with quinidine sulfate converted to normal sinus rhythm for a period greater than 2 days; 12 subsequently reverted to af, and 7 of these were retreated and converted. In 6 horses, af converted without treatment. Most horses returned to their previous performance levels after conversion.
Acid-base and electrolyte alterations in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Koterba Anne , Carlson Gary P.
Published: February 2025

In examination of the acid-base and electrolyte status of 7 horses with acute exertional rhabdomyolysis, the most consistent abnormality was hypochloremia. Metabolic acidosis was not evident in any of the horses. Therefore, the use of sodium bicarbonate in treatment of such disorders may not be indicated in all cases.
90Sr for treatment of periocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse
Authors: Frauenfelder Harry C. , Blevins William E. , Page Edwin H.
Published: February 2025

90Sr was used to treat periocular squamous cell carcinomas in 17 horses. The shortest period of follow-up was 1 year, and the longest was 6 years. The overall nonrecurrence rate was 89%. Three recurrent lesions were successfully retreated.
Patterns of occurrence of disk disease among registered Dachshunds
Authors: Ball M. U. , McGuire J. A. , Swaim S. F. , Hoerlein B. F.
Published: February 2025

A pedigree study of 536 registered Dachshunds with intervertebral disk disease revealed patterns of occurrence consistent with a genetic model involving the cumulative effect of several genes, with no dominance or sex linkage, subject to environmental modification. In 2 families studied, there were 52 cases of idd among 84 Dachshunds in 15 litters, a prevalence of 62%, as compared with the estimated breed prevalence of 19%. It was concluded that Dachshunds from high-prevalence lineages should be considered to be genetically high risk and that breeders should avoid using them in breeding.
Acid-base and electrolyte values in dogs with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Twedt David C. , Moore Robert W. , Leib Michael S. , Wright Mollie
Published: February 2025

Twenty dogs with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv) and 37 clinically normal dogs had arterial blood drawn for analysis of pH and blood gases. There was no statistically significant difference between values from the 2 groups. By calculation of the anion gap and by assessing arterial bicarbonate concentration, it appeared there were concomitant and offsetting factors, resulting in normal values for pH, blood gases, and anion gap in dogs with gdv. The results obtained indicated that sodium bicarbonate therapy should not be used in dogs with gdv.
Repeat transplacental transfer of Toxoplasma gondii in dairy goats
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Six does inoculated with the GT-1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii aborted or gave birth to kids transplacentally infected with T gondii. In the next breeding season, does were bred to a T gondii-negative buck. Four of the 6 does gave birth to kids not infected with T gondii. At 139 days after breeding, 1 doe gave birth to 3 kids infected with T gondii. Kid 1 was born alive but died within 1 hour of birth; kid 2 was born dead; and kid 3 was born weak then euthanatized 1 day after birth. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from fetal cotyledons and brain, heart, lung, liver, thigh muscle, and spinal cord of each kid. Microscopically, evidence of interstitial nodular pneumonia, hepatic necrosis, nonsuppurative myositis, myocarditis, and encephalitis was found in each kid. The 6th doe aborted 2 disintegrated fetuses at about 3 months of gestation.
Is polioencephalomalacia associated with high-sulfate diets?
Authors: Raisbeck M. F.
Published: February 2025

During 1979 and 1980, rations containing high concentrations of gypsum or other sulfate salts were noticed to be a common feature of several episodes of polioencephalomalacia (pem) diagnosed at the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL).

A retrospective study of 72 herds represented by all 6- to 18-month-old cattle necropsied at the VMDL between Sept 1 and Dec 31, 1980, was undertaken. Information about diet and husbandry was collected for each herd by interviews with the owner. Polioencephalomalacia occurred in 18 of 21 herds fed high-sulfate (>2% sulfate) rations, but in only 1 of 51 herds not fed such rations. The data demonstrated a statistically significant and possible causal relationship between pem in cattle and high-sulfate rations.
Vaccine-induced rabies in four cats
Authors: Esh James B. , Cunningham James G. , Wiktor T. J.
Published: February 2025

Vaccine-induced rabies in 4 cats was characterized by rigid posterior paralysis. In 3 cats, paralysis began in 1 hindlimb and rapidly spread to the other hindlimb. Later, forelimb and cranial nerve deficits were noticed. Onset of clinical signs was 13 to 17 days after im vaccination with an ERA-strain modified live-virus rabies vaccine approved for use in cats. Each cat eventually was euthanatized.

In each case, brain tissue was found to contain rabies virus on fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation studies. An antibody titer against rabies virus was found in the csf of 1 cat. In each case, viral isolates were shown to be of an ERA strain rather than natural (“street”) rabies.
Clinical fascioliasis in domestic goats in Montana
Authors: Leathers C. W. , Foreyt W. J. , Fetcher A. , Foreyt K. M.
Published: February 2025

Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica infection) was diagnosed in a herd of domestic goats in Montana. Twenty-eight goats died after a month-long clinical course of anorexia, weight loss, depression, lethargy, and decreased milk production. Clinical laboratory findings included anemia, low hemoglobin content, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, eosinophilia, and high hepatic enzyme activity. The livers of affected goats had extensive parenchymal necrosis, fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia.

Albendazole oral suspension (20 mg/kg) was used to treat 45 of the remaining goats twice, 30 days apart; 15 goats were untreated controls. Egg counts for the untreated group averaged 171 fluke eggs per gram of feces, which compared with less than 1 epg per gram for the treated group. Fifteen percent of the treated goats died, whereas 73% of the untreated goats died. On the basis of necropsy findings, albendazole treatment was regarded as >99% effective against adult F hepatica.
Congenital portacaval shunts in two cats: Diagnosis and surgical correction
Authors: Levesque Donald C. , Oliver John E. , Cornelius Larry M. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Kolata Ronald J.
Published: February 2025

Congenital portacaval shunts causing signs of hepatic encephalopathy were diagnosed and surgically corrected in 2 cats. A tentative diagnosis of portacaval shunt in each case was based on history, results of physical examination, and a high venous ammonia concentration. A definitive diagnosis was established by mesenteric portography and by direct visualization of the shunt vessel during surgery.
Colostral and milk antibody titers in cows vaccinated with a modified live-rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine
Authors: Myers Lyle L. , Snodgrass David R.
Published: February 2025

Colostral and milk whey rotavirus (rv) and coronavirus (cv) antibody titers stimulated in 15 beef heifers by vaccination with a modified live-rv-cv vaccine were compared with titers in 15 nonvaccinated heifers. Geometric mean antibody titers to rv in colostral and 3-day milk whey from vaccinated heifers were 2,807 and 92, respectively, and in control heifers were 1,613 and 71, respectively. Geometric mean antibody titers to cv in colostral and 3-day milk whey of vaccinated heifers were 877 and 13, respectively, compared with titers in nonvaccinated heifers of 731 and 7, respectively.

Differences in antibody titers between vaccinated and nonvaccinated heifers were not significantly different.
Prognostic value of endometrial biopsy in the mare: A retrospective analysis
Authors: de la Concha-Bermejillo Andrés , Kennedy Peter C.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective analysis was made of 79 endometrial biopsy specimens obtained from mares with histories of infertility. The specimens were classified into 3 standard prognostic categories, according to the severity of the histologic changes. The 36 mares that had few endometrial lesions (category I) had a foaling rate of 78%. The 29 mares that had more severe endometrial changes (category II) had a foaling rate of 55%. The 14 mares with the most severe endometrial lesions (category III) had a foaling rate of 35%. The pregnancy losses for each category were 9.7%, 23.8%, and 44.4%, respectively. It was concluded that uterine biopsy can be a useful aid in predicting fecundity in the mare when it is used in conjunction with evalution of the history, clinical examination, and appropriate diagnostic laboratory tests, but only if satisfactory biopsy specimens are obtained and examined by an individual who has the experience and training to interpret the lesions.
Role of macrophages in the expression of immune responses
Authors: Kende Meir
Published: February 2025

Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system have a crucial role as affector and effector cells in the body's defense against foreign cells and microorganisms. Macrophages function as the first line of defense via phagocytosis or opsonic phagocytosis as early as the promonocytic stage of their development. Macrophages act as affector cells via antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and they participate in the activation of T and B lymphocytes through the secretion of lymphostimulatory substances (monokines). In the cycle of reciprocal interactions, macrophages are themselves being activated via the secretory products of the lymphocytes—the lymphokines. Activated macrophages are endowed with effector functions exerted by their tumoricidal, microbicidal, and suppressor activities. Undoubtedly, additional research will enhance the importance and application of this unique cell type with multiple functions.
Evaluation of comparative cervical tuberculin skin testing in cervids naturally exposed to mycobacteria
Authors: Kollias George V. , Thoen Charles O. , Fowler Murray E.
Published: February 2025

A comparative cervical tuberculin skin test was evaluated in cervids with naturally acquired mycobacterial infections. The test exhibited a high degree of sensitivity (84%) and specificity (80%) in detecting infected animals but a low level of accuracy (57%) in differentiating Mycobacterium bovis infections from infections caused by Μ avium and other Runyon groups III and IV mycobacteria. This phenomenon was attributed to a low recovery rate of more than 1 species of mycobacteria from individuals with mixed infections.
Brucellosis in wild swine: A serologic and bacteriologic survey in the southeastern United States and Hawaii
Authors: Zygmont Sharon Μ. , Nettles Victor F. , Shotts Emmett B. , Carmen William A. , Blackburn B. O.
Published: February 2025

Sera from wild swine from 20 populations in 11 southeastern states and Hawaii were tested for brucellosis by the card, tube, plate, buffered plate antigen, complement-fixation, and rivanol tests. Twenty-one of 352 (6.0%) swine were considered seropositive, and these animals originated from 7 populations in 5 states: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Cultural examinations for Brucella suis also were made from subsamples of the swine tested serologically. Brucella suis biotype 1 was isolated from lymph nodes or seminal vesicles from wild swine in 2 areas in Florida and 1 in Louisiana.
Weight-length relationships of wild-caught and captive atlantic bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Ridgway S. H. , Fenner C. A.
Published: February 2025

Length and weight measurements were obtained on 144 Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Data were compared for wild-caught dolphins (n = 124), dolphins in training (n = 34), and dolphins that had died in an emaciated condition (n = 15).

The purpose of the study was to establish guidelines for use in estimating when a dolphin is over- or underweight. Regression lines were plotted to give the minimal acceptable weight for any length from 185 to 265 cm.
Isolation of encysted Toxoplasma gondii from muscles of mule deer in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from muscles of 2 road-killed mule deer found near Bozeman, Mont, by feeding muscles to a Toxoplasma-free cat. The cat shed T gondii oocysts 5 days after ingesting muscles pooled from the 2 deer. One infective oocyst of this isolate of T gondii was lethal to mice.
Defects in collagen fibrillogenesis causing hyperextensible, fragile skin in dogs
Authors: Minor Ronald R. , Lein Donald H. , Patterson Donald F. , Krook Lennart , Porter Thomas G. , Kane Allen C.
Published: February 2025

Two unrelated mixed-breed dogs were donated for studies of their fragile, hyperextensible skin. Breeding of these dogs to bitches with normal skin showed that half of their male and female offspring also had fragile, hyperextensible skin, indicating that the defect was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait in both dogs. Electron microscopy showed distinct abnormalities in the packing of collagen into fibrils and fibers in affected skin. These packing defects in dermal collagen were identical in related dogs, but were slightly different in unrelated animals. A clinical test, the skin extensibility index, was used to quantitate the extensibility of affected and unaffected skin. This index ranged from 8% to 15% in normal dogs and from 17% to 25% in newborn pups and adult dogs with collagen packing defects. The tensile strength of dorsolateral thoracic skin of affected pups was only 5% to 10% of that of matched specimens of paired littermates. The hyperextensibility and fragility of skin were the only clinical signs, but radiographic and microradiographic studies revealed subclinical involvement of bone.
Complications associated with permanent pacemaker implantation in the dog
Authors: Bonagura John D. , Helphrey Melvin L. , Muir William W.
Published: February 2025

Serious complications developed in 11 dogs treated for bradycardia with surgical implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Complications resulted from underlying heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, drugs and anesthetic agents, surgery, pulse generator and pacemaker lead malfunction, and infection. As a result of these complications, 8 dogs died from 1 day to 35 months after surgery. Their mean survival time was 17 months. Three dogs are alive and doing well. Evaluation of clinical and electrocardiographic abnormalities were necessary for the successful management of complications in some of these patients. It was concluded that complications should be expected in dogs that are treated with cardiac pacemakers and that many of these problems can be anticipated and successfully treated.
Treatment of canine blastomycosis with ketoconazole
Authors: Dunbar Marvin , Pyle R. Lee , Boring J. Greg , McCoy C. Patrick
Published: February 2025

Four dogs with blastomycosis were treated with ketoconazole, and good results were obtained in 3 of the 4 cases. Dogs that responded to treatment had manifested a variety of the clinical forms of blastomycosis (osseous, pulmonary, lymphatic, and ocular), and all lesions in the dogs abated. There were no clinical signs or clinicopathologic evidence of adverse drug reaction or toxicosis. The results of the study suggested that ketoconazole is effective for the treatment of canine blastomycosis.
Clostridium perfringens cellulitis and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a horse
Authors: Reef Virginia B.
Published: February 2025

A 10-year-old Quarter Horse mare was referred for evaluation and treatment of a large pectoral skin slough and hemoglobinuria. The skin slough was secondary to Clostridium perfringens cellulitis and associated gas gangrene. Cold hemagglutinin disease was diagnosed and was suspected to be secondary to C perfringens septicemia. The autoimmune hemolytic anemia, severe intravascular hemolysis, and hemoglobinuria were treated with dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. The infection was treated with 20×106 units of sodium penicillin, iv, 4 times daily, and the wound was debrided. When the mare relapsed, treatment was changed to 6 g of chloramphenicol sodium succinate, iv, 4 times daily. The mare died on day 11 of hospitalization, despite intensive therapy.
Juvenile renal disease in Doberman Pinscher dogs
Authors: Chew D. J. , DiBartola S. P. , Boyce J. T. , Hayes H. M. , Brace J. J.
Published: February 2025

Renal failure was diagnosed in 22 young Doberman Pinscher dogs. The clinical findings were anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, lethargy, polydipsia, polyuria, and dehydration. Laboratory findings were azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, lymphopenia, nonregenerative anemia, hypercholesterolemia, and proteinuria. The kidneys were characterized pathologically by glomerular sclerosis, cystic glomerular atrophy, tubular dilatation, tubular atrophy, mononuclear interstitial inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, interstitial mineralization, and hyperplasia of the collecting duct epithelium.
Plasmapheresis-immunoadsorption for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus in a dog
Authors: Matus Robert E. , Scott Richard C. , Saal Stuart , Gordon Bruce R. , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: February 2025

Systemic lupus erythematosus was diagnosed in a 3-year-old, male German Shepherd Dog. Clinical signs included lethargy, partial anorexia, fever, joint swelling, and skin and oral ulceration. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:640 and immunofluorescence for immunoglobulin G at the dermal-epidermal junction in skin biopsy specimens. Treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide failed to induce remission. Intensive plasmapheresis-immunoadsorption, using purified Staphylococcus protein A in combination with low-dose prednisone therapy, resulted in sustained remission.
Clinical results of surgical correction of shoulder luxation in dogs
Authors: Vasseur P. B.
Published: February 2025

Eighteen dogs underwent surgery for shoulder luxation (1 bilateral); 12 were medial luxations and 7 were lateral luxations. After a mean follow-up period of 4.3 years, ambulation was normal in 7 of the 12 dogs (58%) that had medial luxation After a mean follow-up period of 4.4 years, ambulation was normal in 6 of the 7 dogs (86%) that had lateral luxation. Dogs with lateral luxation had few postoperative complications, whereas 4 of the 12 dogs with medial luxation experienced recurrence of the luxation, necessitating additional surgery.
Comparison of ACTH response and dexamethasone suppression as screening tests in canine hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Sixty-four dogs were shown to have hyperadrenocorticism. Seven dogs had an adrenal gland tumor removed at laparotomy. Twenty-six dogs were diagnosed as having pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. At necropsy, 16 of these 26 dogs had a pituitary tumor and bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia and 10 had bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia without evidence of a pituitary tumor. Thirty-one dogs were diagnosed as having hyperadrenocorticism after complete remission of all clinical signs following o,p'-DDD therapy. Each of the 64 dogs was tested by ACTH stimulation and by dexamethasone suppression to assess the pituitary-adrenal axis prior to surgery, necropsy, or treatment with o,p'-DDD (mitotane). The dexamethasone screening test was diagnostic more often than was the ACTH stimulation test in each of the 3 groups, ie, 100% vs 57% in the adrenal gland tumor group, 96% vs 88% in the pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism group, 87% vs 84% in the dogs that responded to o,p'-DDD therapy, and 92% vs 83 % in all 64 dogs. No dog with hyperadrenocorticism was normal on both endocrine tests. The response to dexamethasone administration in the adrenal gland tumor and pituitary-dependent groups of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism was similar. Significant differences were not seen in the response to ACTH stimulation in these 2 groups of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Either of these tests suggest hyperadrenocorticism if results are abnormal but do not provide evidence for differentiating between pituitary-dependent and adrenal gland tumor hyperadrenocorticism. Both tests were considered useful and reasonably reliable when attempting to confirm a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism.
Capillaria putorii in domestic cats in iowa
Authors: Greve J. H. , Kung F. Y.
Published: February 2025

Adult Capillaria putorii were found in the mucus of 11 of 60 (18.3%) cat stomachs. It was suspected that these nematodes had been carried into the stomachs during intestinal reflux. On fecal flotation, the parasite can be recognized by its characteristic egg. Although clinical signs or lesions were not attributed to infection with C putorii in these cats, it is important to be able to differentiate its egg from eggs of other Capillaria spp in cats.
Test for estimation of bovine hepatic lipid content
Authors: Herdt T. H. , Goeders L. , Liesman J. S. , Emery R. S.
Published: February 2025

The lipid content of bovine liver was found to be highly correlated with its specific gravity. This observation was used as the basis for a clinical test to estimate the liver lipid content in dairy cows. The test consisted of submerging needle biopsy specimens of liver into water and copper sulfate solutions with specific gravities of 1.025 and 1.055. On the basis of buoyancy in these liquids, bovine liver samples were classified accurately as containing greater than 34% lipid, greater than 25% lipid, greater than 13% lipid, or less than 13% lipid.
Minimal alveolar concentrations for halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in the cat
Authors: Drummond John C. , Todd Michael M. , Shapiro Harvey M.
Published: February 2025

The minimal alveolar concentrations for halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in the domestic cat were found to be 1.19 ± 0.05 (sem)%, 2.37 ± 0.06%, and 1.61 ± 0.04%, respectively. During the potency studies, it was observed that enflurane and isoflurane resulted in shorter wake-up times, compared with halothane. However, enflurane and isoflurane produced electroencephalographic (eeg) and clinical signs of cns irritability (eeg spiking, myoclonus) in normocapnic or mildly hypocapnic cats. In addition, enflurane and isoflurane caused greater airway irritability (coughing, salivation) than did halothane.
Stabilization of equine and bovine mandibular and maxillary fractures, using an acrylic splint
Authors: Colahan Patrick T. , Pascoe John R.
Published: February 2025

An intraoral methyl methacrylate splint was used to stabilize fractured mandibles, maxillas, and incisive bones. Cold-cure methyl methacrylate was formed to the mouth after the fractures were reduced. When it hardened, the methyl methacrylate was wired to the teeth. Six cases were successfully treated, using acrylic splintage. Minimal complications were encountered.
Suppurative cholangitis in cats
Authors: Hirsch V. M. , Doige C. E.
Published: February 2025

Suppurative cholangitis in 5 aged cats was characterized clinically by weight loss, depression, dehydration, icterus, and fever. The major abnormal laboratory findings were a severe left shift of wbc and a high, conjugated bilirubin concentration consistent with an inflammatory process and cholestasis. Gross pathologic findings included periductal biliary fibrosis (4 cats), periductal pancreatic fibrosis (2 cats), cholelithiasis (2 cats), deformation of the gallbladder (2 cats), and chronic interstitial pancreatitis (2 cats). Histopathologic findings in all cases were portal hepatic fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and suppurative exudate within dilated intrahepatic biliary ducts. Weight loss and portal fibrosis were suggestive of chronic, intermittent illness. The pathogenesis appeared to involve invasion of the bile duct by enteric bacteria. Cholangitis was observed to occur in association with pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, or anatomic abnormalities of the biliary tract.
Gastroesophageal ulceration and candidiasis in foals
Authors: Gross Thelma Lee , Mayhew Ian G.
Published: February 2025

Gastroesophageal candidiasis in association with ulceration was diagnosed in 5 foals in which signs of colic had been nonresponsive to medical treatment. The ulceration was found in the stomach of all foals and in the esophagus of 1 foal. Candida colonized hyperkeratotic mucosa surrounding the ulcers, and the associated inflammation resulted in splitting of the mucosal epithelium. Loss of the superficial mucosa may have allowed invasion by bacteria, leading to ulceration.
Feline hyperthyroidism: Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 131 cases
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kintzer Peter P. , Cavanagh Paul G. , Fox Philip R. , Ferguson Duncan C. , Johnson Gerald D. , Becker David V.
Published: February 2025

Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 131 cats during a 3½-year period. The cats ranged in age from 6 to 20 years; there was no breed or sex predilection. The most frequent clinical signs included weight loss, polyphagia, increased activity, polydipsia, polyuria, and vomiting. Common serum biochemical abnormalities included high values for alkaline phosphatase activity (75%), lactate dehydrogenase activity (66%), aspartate transaminase activity (66%), and alanine transaminase activity (54%). Electrocardiographic changes included tachycardia (≥240 beats/min) and increased R-wave amplitude in lead II (≥0.9 mV) in 66% and 29% of the 131 cats, respectively. Thoracic radiography in 82 cats revealed cardiomegaly in 40 (49%) of these cats; 16 cats with congestive heart failure also had pulmonary edema or pleural effusion. In 5 cats with markedly increased fecal volume, mean 48-hour fecal fat content was significantly greater than normal, with daily fat excretion 2 to 15 times the upper limit of normal. Base-line serum thyroxine concentrations were increased above normal range in all cats, whereas triiodothyronine concentrations were increased in 127 (97%) of the 131 cats. In 11 cats tested, mean thyroxine concentration did not increase significantly after thyroid-stimulating hormone administration. Mean 24-hour percentage of thyroid radioiodine uptake in 32 hyperthyroid cats was significantly higher (39.1%) than normal (9.2%). Thyroid scans, performed on 126 cats, showed enlargement and increased radionuclide accumulation in 1 thyroid lobe in 36 (29%) and both lobes in 90 (71%) of the cats.
Safety studies evaluating the effect of mebendazole on liver function in dogs
Authors: Van Cauteren H. , Marsboom R. , Vandenberghe J. , Will J. A.
Published: February 2025

The effect of repeated and exaggerated mebendazole administration was evaluated in dogs with and without experimentally induced altered liver function. Irish Setters and Toy Poodles were dosed at 1, 3, and 5 times the therapeutic dose (22 mg/kg) of mebendazole for 17 days, without any effect on the liver. Mixed breed dogs that received increasing doses of mebendazole at 11 to 110 times the therapeutic dose for 2 months did not show adverse effects and remained in good health throughout the experiment. There was not substantial evidence that carbon tetrachloride-induced liver changes were exacerbated by subsequent repeated treatments with mebendazole at 15 times the therapeutic dose. Additionally, in dogs whose liver function was compromised experimentally by glutathione depletion and microsomal enzyme induction, administration of mebendazole at this same dosage for 30 days did not result in any hepatotoxic effect. When mebendazole was given at 15 times the therapeutic dose prior to an hypoxic episode in dogs pretreated with a barbiturate and high protein diet, there was no evidence of any adverse effect on liver function.

These metabolic manipulations, in conjunction with mebendazole administration, failed to reveal any mechanism of hepatic dysfunction associated with mebendazole treatment. Unrecognized factors appear to be involved with the rare cases of hepatic dysfunction that have been reported after mebendazole administration. Only careful documentation of field cases and further laboratory research can identify these factors.
Canine prostatic fluid: Techniques of collection, quantitative bacterial culture, and interpretation of results
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Branam J. Edward , Ruby Annette L. , Johnson Deedra L.
Published: February 2025

Specimens of prostatic fluid were collected by ejaculation from 104 dogs after collection of a specimen of urethral contents and after collection of a urine specimen by antepubic cystocentesis. For purposes of data analysis, results of bacterial culture of the specimens were grouped according to individual colony counts in each specimen group (ie, urine, urethra, prostatic fluid). For purposes of this study, prostatic infection was defined as ≥2 log10 of one or more bacterial species in prostatic fluid over the number of colonies of the same species in the paired urethral specimens.
Failure of brewer's yeast as a repellent to fleas on dogs
Authors: Baker Norman F. , Farver Thomas B.
Published: February 2025

Active and inactive brewer's yeast, when given as a dietary supplement to dogs at the rate of 14 g/day, failed to repel or kill fleas. Twenty dogs in each of 3 groups were inoculated weekly for 7 weeks with 100 unfed cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). One group served as a control while one group received inactive and the other active yeast during the last 5 weeks of the trial. There were no significant differences in flea counts among the 3 groups during the first 4 weeks of yeast supplemental feedings. Total flea counts during the 5th week of yeast supplementation did not differ significantly from the counts on control dogs, although there was a significant difference between counts from dogs receiving active and those receiving inactive yeast.
Condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone and third metatarsal bone in 75 horses: Radiographic features, treatments, and outcome
Authors: Rick Mark C. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Pool Roy R. , Meagher Dennis
Published: February 2025

The prevalence and location of condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone and third metatarsal bone were analyzed for 69 Thoroughbred, 4 Standardbred, and 2 grade horses. The fractures were classified as complete-displaced (46), complete-non-displaced (6), and incomplete (21). Four horses had special incomplete (3) and complete (1) fractures of the third metatarsal bone, extending from the medial condyle into the diaphysis. Bone healing was monitored radiographically and the development of joint disease was analyzed on the basis of the type of fracture, presence of comminution of the fracture, and existence of lytic subchondral bony lesions. Postmortem examination of fractured condyles in 8 horses that were euthanatized at intervals ranging from a few days after injury up to 2 years following surgical repair permitted observations of the healing process. The ability to return to racing for Thoroughbreds with surgical repair, using bone screws, was compared with that for Thoroughbreds managed without surgery. Twelve of 38 horses with complete displaced fractures continued racing after surgery and 0 of 6 continued racing with conservative treatment. The 6 horses with complete-nondisplaced fractures were operated on and 4 continued to race following surgery. Eleven of 21 horses with incomplete fractures were operated on and 9 of the 11 returned to racing. The other 10 were treated conservatively and 9 of these continued to race. The winnings per race for the 35 Thoroughbreds analyzed were less than before the fracture occurred in those with complete fractures and in those with incomplete fractures treated with surgery. The 9 Thoroughbreds with incomplete condylar fractures treated conservatively had higher earnings after treatment than before.
X-ray computed tomography of brain tumors in cats
Authors: LeCouteur Richard A. , Fike John R. , Cann Christopher E. , Turrel Jane M. , Thompson Josephine E. , Biggart James F.
Published: February 2025

X-ray computed tomography (ct) was used to depict intracranial space-occupying lesions in 5 cats. Computed tomographic findings were confirmed by surgical biopsy in 2 cases and at necropsy in 3 cases. The detailed anatomic information provided by ct scans facilitated surgical removal of a brain tumor in 2 cats, and allowed accurate tumor localization and dose optimization for radiation therapy in 1 cat. It was concluded that ct provides information required for accurate diagnosis and treatment of feline brain tumors.
Embryo transfer for conserving valuable genetic material from swine herds with pseudorabies
Authors: James J. E. , James D. M. , Martin P. A. , Reed D. E. , Davis D. L.
Published: February 2025

Embryo transfer was used to conserve genetic material from 2 swine herds seropositive for pseudorabies virus (prv). Embryos (n=805) were recovered from 38 prv-seropositive Duroc sows in Iowa and, after 4 to 10 hours’ culture and shipment to Illinois, were transferred to 34 recipients from a herd seronegative for prv. All recipients remained seronegative for prv, and 22 of the recipients farrowed 208 pigs (189 alive) that also were seronegative for prv. There was no evidence of prv in the embryo recovery medium or in the uterine and oviductal cells recovered with the embryos. Transfer of morulae resulted in higher (P<0.02) farrowing rates than did transfer of 4- to 8-cell embryos, but litter size was not affected.
Association of parturient hypocalcemia with eight periparturient disorders in holstein cows
Authors: Curtis C. R. , Erb H. N. , Sniffen C. J. , Smith R. D. , Powers P. A. , Smith M. C. , White M. E. , Hillman R. B. , Pearson E. J.
Published: February 2025

The association between parturient hypocalcemia and 8 periparturient disorders (dystocia, retained fetal placenta, metritis, left displaced abomasum, foot problems, ketosis, mastitis, and coliform mastitis) was evaluated in 33 Holstein dairy herds (2,190 cows) that calved from March 1981 through February 1982.

There were highly significant (P<0.0001) associations between parturient hypocalcemia and dystocia, retained fetal placenta, ketosis, and mastitis. The odds ratios (multiplicative increases in occurrence) for these associations were 6.5, 3.2, 8.9, and 8.1, respectively. There was a significant (P<0.03) association between parturient paresis and coliform mastitis (odds ratio, 9.0). There was a tendency for association with left displaced abomasum (odds ratio, 3.4; P<0.06).
Radiotherapy of malignant nasal tumors in 21 dogs
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: February 2025

The nasal cavity of 21 dogs with malignant nasal neoplasia was treated with radiation. Preirradiation surgical debulking of the tumor was done in 18 of the dogs. Three dogs were treated with L-phenylalanine mustard after radiotherapy.

The range of survival times (5 to 79 months), mean survival time (25 months), median survival time (23 months), 1-year survival rate (57%), and 2-year survival rate (48%) were encouraging and suggested that the described treatment was satisfactory for malignant nasal tumors.

Dogs tolerated the treatment well. Signs of nasal cavity disease such as periodic nasal discharge, periodic sneezing, and occasional nasal obstruction by mucus persisted in surviving dogs.
Vulvar and vaginal tumors in the dog: A retrospective study
Authors: Thacher Christopher , Bradley Richard L.
Published: February 2025

Vulvar or vaginal neoplasia was diagnosed in 99 dogs. The most common clinical sign was vulvar discharge or the sudden appearance of a protruding mass from the vulva. Most of the dogs were old (average age, 10.8 years) and sexually intact. Of the 99 tumors, 72 were benign, 17 were malignant, and 10 were transmissible venereal tumors. Except for the transmissible venereal tumors, most tumors were of smooth muscle or fibrous tissue origin (leiomyoma, fibroma, and leiomyosarcoma). In the dogs with benign tumors, surgical excision of the tumor combined with ovariohysterectomy was effective in preventing recurrence of disease.
Juvenile renal disease in related Standard Poodles
Authors: DiBartola S. P. , Chew D. J. , Boyce J. T.
Published: February 2025

Chronic renal failure was diagnosed in 6 young Standard Poodles from 2 related litters. Clinically, the disease was characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and bony deformities suggestive of fibrous osteodystrophy. Laboratory evaluation revealed azotemia and hypercholesterolemia in all 6 dogs and nonregenerative anemia in 3 dogs. Two dogs had hyperphosphatemia and another 2 were hypercalcemic. Isosthenuria and proteinuria were found in both dogs for which urinalyses were available. The kidneys were characterized pathologically by interstitial fibrosis, variable interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, tubular atrophy, tubular dilatation, tubular basement membrane mineralization, cystic glomerular atrophy, and immaturity of glomeruli, with inconspicuous capillary lumens.
Kochia scoparia poisoning in cattle
Authors: Dickie Charles W. , James Lynn F.
Published: February 2025

Cattle consuming only high-sulfate water (2.3 g/L) and Kochia scoparia in a marginal pasture in southeastern Colorado were periodically monitored by serum chemical profiles. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, and serum bilirubin values were abnormally high over extended periods, suggesting chronic toxicosis, but the toxicosis seemed accentuated after substantial rains, when plant growth was accelerated, and flowering, pollination, and early seed development were occurring. Clinical disease was manifested primarily as photosensitization. Polio-encephalomalacia was also produced. Evidence of a thiamin-destructive principle in K scoparia was obtained.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the dog: A review of 30 cases
Authors: Matus Robert E. , Leifer Connie E. , MacEwen E. Gregory
Published: February 2025

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed in 30 dogs. Diagnosis was confirmed by examination of blood smears and bone marrow aspirates. The most common clinical signs were lethargy, anorexia, splenomegaly, and pallor of mucous membranes. Three dogs were not treated, 3 dogs were treated with prednisone, and 3 dogs were treated with cyclophosphamide; survival times in these 9 dogs ranged from 1 to 60 days. Twenty-one dogs were treated with vincristine and prednisone; of these, complete remission was achieved in 4 dogs and partial remission was achieved in 4 dogs, with survival times ranging from 8 to 241 days.
Medical and surgical management of gastric obstruction from a hairball in the rabbit
Authors: Gillett Nancy A. , Brooks Dale L. , Tillman Philip C.
Published: February 2025

Gastric hairballs in a colony of mature laboratory rabbits were associated with chronic, partial, or complete gastric obstruction and inanition. Clinical signs included anorexia, decreased fecal output, weight loss, and depression. The differentiation of anorexia induced by hairballs, stress, and other causes presented a diagnostic dilemma. Radiographs could not be relied upon to differentiate gastric hairballs from normal gastric contents. Combined medical and surgical management optimized successful recovery. Supportive therapy was given 12 to 24 hours before surgical removal of the hairball and was continued postoperatively for 72 hours.
Steatitis and fat necrosis in captive alligators
Authors: Larsen R. E. , Buergelt C. , Cardeilhac P. T. , Jacobson E. R.
Published: February 2025

Steatitis and fat necrosis were identified in a group of 123 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) kept in an enclosed pond and fed a diet of only fish for more than 10 years. All affected animals were outwardly healthy and had had no signs of disease in the period immediately before slaughter. The diagnosis was made at the time of commercial slaughter for harvest of meat and hides. Lesions consisted of firm yellow-brown masses distributed in fat tissue throughout the body. The histopathologic diagnosis was granulomatous steatitis, with fat necrosis, based on the finding of multinucleated giant cells, ceroid, and multiple foci of inflammatory cells.
Pathophysiology of excessive iron storage in mynah birds
Authors: Gosselin S. J. , Kramer L. W.
Published: February 2025

Hepatic iron overload was diagnosed in young and adult Rothschild's mynah birds. By light microscopic evaluation, it was determined that there was progressive accumulation of iron pigment with age in the hepatocytes. The Kupffer's cells of the liver, the reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen, and the phagocytic cells in the small intestine were negative for Prussian blue (iron) pigments. These observations suggested that diet had only a minor influence on the iron distribution in the mynah birds. This was confirmed by comparing iron distribution in the liver and spleen of mynah birds with that in other exotic birds receiving the same diet as the mynah birds. The syndrome of excessive iron overload in the mynah birds shared most of the important histopathologic characteristics with idiopathic (hereditary) hemochromatosis in human beings.
Prevalence of antibody to bovine herpesvirus 1 in wild ruminants captive in United States zoos
Authors: Doyle L. G. , Heuschele W. P.
Published: February 2025

Serum samples (n = 1,146) representing 100 species of exotic ruminants now captive in United States zoos were assayed for neutralizing antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus (bovine herpesvirus 1). Thirty-four animals (3%) of 11 species had antibody to ibr virus. Because of the low prevalence of ibr antibody found, it was concluded that vaccination against ibr virus probably is not necessary for captive wild ruminants in United States zoos.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in captive exotic ruminants
Authors: Doyle L. G. , Heuschele W. P.
Published: February 2025

Antibody to bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus was found in 174 of 1,905 (9.1%) exotic ruminants. Of the seropositive animals, 129 had titers of at least 1:8. When serums from zoos that had vaccinated against bvd were excluded from analysis, 60 of 1,390 samples (4.3%) were seropositive for bvd. Noncytopathogenic strains of bvd virus were isolated from 5 exotic ruminants.