bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How the IMF By induces a By component in the closed magnetosphere and how it leads to asymmetric currents and convection patterns in the two hemispheres
Authors: Tenfjord P. , Østgaard N. , Snekvik K. , Laundal K. M. , Reistad J. P. , Haaland S. , Milan S. E.
Published: October 2015

We used the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global magnetohydrodynamics model to study the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component on the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. When the IMF reconnects with the terrestrial magnetic field with IMF By≠0, flux transport is asymmetrically distributed between the two hemispheres. We describe how By is induced in the closed magnetosphere on both the dayside and nightside and present the governing equations. The magnetosphere imposes asymmetric forces on the ionosphere, and the effects on the ionospheric flow are characterized by distorted convection cell patterns, often referred to as “banana” and “orange” cell patterns. The flux asymmetrically added to the lobes results in a nonuniform induced By in the closed magnetosphere. By including the dynamics of the system, we introduce a mechanism that predicts asymmetric Birkeland currents at conjugate foot points. Asymmetric Birkeland currents are created as a consequence of y directed tension contained in the return flow. Associated with these currents, we expect fast localized ionospheric azimuthal flows present in one hemisphere but not necessarily in the other. We also present current density measurements from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment that are consistent with this picture. We argue that the induced By produces asymmetrical Birkeland currents as a consequence of asymmetric stress balance between the hemispheres. Such an asymmetry will also lead to asymmetrical foot points and asymmetries in the azimuthal flow in the ionosphere. These phenomena should therefore be treated in a unified way.
Stochastic excitation of seismic waves by a hurricane
Authors: Tanimoto Toshiro , Valovcin Anne
Published: October 2015

We investigate how a tropical cyclone (Hurricane Isaac in 2012) generated seismic ground motions using seismic and barometric data from the Earthscope network. In the frequency band 0.01–0.02 Hz, seismic and surface pressure amplitudes show a systematic decreasing trend with distance from the center of the hurricane. However, the decreasing rate is much higher for seismic waves than for pressure. We develop a stochastic theory of seismic wave excitation by surface pressure that connects these two observed data sets; surface pressure is the excitation source, and seismic data are the resulting seismic wave field. This theory contains two parameters: (i) the pressure power spectral density (Sp) and (ii) the correlation length in the pressure field (L). Using the formula, we solve for the spatial variation of correlation lengths. The solution shows that longer correlation lengths in pressure are near the hurricane center. Because seismic wave excitation is proportional to L2Sp, the excitation for seismic waves becomes effectively more localized closer to the center. Also, the scaling relation between L and Sp leads to an excitation source which is approximately proportional to the third power of surface pressure. This centralized source for seismic wave excitation explains why the decreasing rate with distance is higher for seismic data than for barometric data. However, this spatial coherence mechanism may not be the only process, as strong turbulence near the center may cause transient bursts of pressure and also induce higher temporal correlation. These alternative mechanisms need to be carefully analyzed in the future.
The mid‐IR Absorption Cross Sections of α‐ and β‐NAT (HNO3 · 3H2O) in the range 170 to 185 K and of metastable NAD (HNO3 · 2H2O) in the range 172 to 182 K
Authors: Iannarelli R. , Rossi M. J.
Published: October 2015

Growth and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption in transmission of the title nitric acid hydrates have been performed in a stirred flow reactor (SFR) under tight control of the H2O and HNO3 deposition conditions affording a closed mass balance of the binary mixture. The gas and condensed phases have been simultaneously monitored using residual gas mass spectrometry and FTIR absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Barrierless nucleation of the metastable phases of both α‐NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) and NAD (nitric acid dihydrate) has been observed when HNO3 was admitted to the SFR in the presence of a macroscopic thin film of pure H2O ice of typically 1 µm thickness. The stable β‐NAT phase was spontaneously formed from the precursor α‐NAT phase through irreversible thermal rearrangement beginning at 185 K. This facile growth scheme of nitric acid hydrates requires the presence of H2O ice at thicknesses in excess of approximately hundred nanometers. Absolute absorption cross sections in the mid‐IR spectral range (700–4000 cm−1) of all three title compounds have been obtained after spectral subtraction of excess pure ice at temperatures characteristic of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Prominent IR absorption frequencies correspond to the antisymmetric nitrate stretch vibration (ν3(NO3−)) in the range 1300 to 1420 cm−1 and the bands of hydrated protons in the range 1670 to 1850 cm−1 in addition to the antisymmetric O–H stretch vibration of bound H2O in the range 3380 to 3430 cm−1 for NAT.
The detectability of climate engineering
Authors: Bürger Gerd , Cubasch Ulrich
Published: October 2015

We assess the detection and attribution (D&A) of climate engineering (CE) as a function of their duration after initiation. We employ “surrogate” climates where observations are mimicked by simulations. Unlike classical, stationary D&A, the null hypothesis for this analysis is the nonstationary gradual warming caused by continued greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, which creates a number of theoretical and technical complications. Adapting D&A to this nonstationary setting requires several ad hoc assumptions whose validity is analyzed and discussed. We study the stratospheric sulfur injection scenarios G3 and G4 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project. For G3, which smoothly balances global warming with a corresponding cooling, the effect is smaller initially and harder to detect. Temperature and precipitation signals are detectable about a decade after commencing CE and attributable a few years later (details depending on model and scenario). The G4 scenario consists of a continuous injection of 5 Tg SO2 (roughly one fourth of the Pinatubo eruption per year), which represents a shock‐like forcing that is easier and earlier detectable, just after a few years. Later into the century, uncertainty in GHG sensitivity increasingly dominates the background noise, hampering G4 detection. Spatiotemporal CE fingerprints produce more stable D&A results, with smoother dependence on time. Spatial resolution (within the range of a few spherical harmonics) is less relevant. We argue that especially for early detectability, climate predictions (with proper initialization from observations) are more promising. Many details depend on the choice of climate model for observation and fingerprint. We discuss the potential and limitation of using multimodel ensembles.
Sensitivity of burned area in Europe to climate change, atmospheric CO2 levels, and demography: A comparison of two fire‐vegetation models
Authors: Wu Minchao , Knorr Wolfgang , Thonicke Kirsten , Schurgers Guy , Camia Andrea , Arneth Almut
Published: October 2015

Global environmental changes and human activity influence wildland fires worldwide, but the relative importance of the individual factors varies regionally and their interplay can be difficult to disentangle. Here we evaluate projected future changes in burned area at the European and sub‐European scale, and we investigate uncertainties in the relative importance of the determining factors. We simulated future burned area with LPJ‐GUESS‐SIMFIRE, a patch‐dynamic global vegetation model with a semiempirical fire model, and LPJmL‐SPITFIRE, a dynamic global vegetation model with a process‐based fire model. Applying a range of future projections that combine different scenarios for climate changes, enhanced CO2 concentrations, and population growth, we investigated the individual and combined effects of these drivers on the total area and regions affected by fire in the 21st century. The two models differed notably with respect to the dominating drivers and underlying processes. Fire‐vegetation interactions and socioeconomic effects emerged as important uncertainties for future burned area in some European regions. Burned area of eastern Europe increased in both models, pointing at an emerging new fire‐prone region that should gain further attention for future fire management.
Microstructures and Corrosion Behaviors of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Strengthened by Nanotwinned Austenitic Grains
Authors: Yan Fengkai , Tao Nairong , Pan Chen , Liu Li
Published: October 2015

A novel type of nanotwinned austenitic stainless steel consisting of the nanotwinned grains embedded in coarsened nano‐sized grains and recrystallized matrix was synthesized. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that the nanotwinned samples exhibit a higher passive ability in the acidic solution and a comparable pitting resistance in chloride solution in comparison with that of their coarse grained counterparts. The effects of the microstructure, specifically the presence of nanotwinned grains, on the corrosion resistance are discussed. The nanotwinned austenitic stainless steel possesses an excellent combination of strength and ductility as well as corrosion resistance.
Efficient Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells via Ionomer Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Wang Kai , Liu Chang , Yi Chao , Chen Long , Zhu Jiahua , Weiss R. A. , Gong Xiong
Published: October 2015

The surface of the solution‐processed methylammonium lead tri‐iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite layer in perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero‐HSCs) tends to become rough during operation, which inevitably leads to deterioration of the contact between the perovskite layer and the charge‐extraction layers. Moreover, the low electrical conductivity of the electron extraction layer (EEL) gives rises to low electron collection efficiency and severe charge carrier recombination, resulting in energy loss during the charge‐extraction and ‐transport processes, lowering the efficiency of pero‐HSCs. To circumvent these problems, we utilize a solution‐processed ultrathin layer of a ionomer, 4‐lithium styrenesulfonic acid/styrene copolymer (LiSPS), to re‐engineer the interface of CH3NH3PbI3 in planar heterojunction (PHJ) pero‐HSCs. As a result, PHJ pero‐HSCs are achieved with an increased photocurrent density of 20.90 mA cm−2, an enlarged fill factor of 77.80%, a corresponding enhanced power conversion efficiency of 13.83%, high reproducibility, and low photocurrent hysteresis. Further investigation into the optical and electrical properties and the thin‐film morphologies of CH3NH3PbI3 with and without LiSPS, and the photophysics of the pero‐HSCs with and without LiSPS are shown. These demonstrate that the high performance of the pero‐HSCs incorporated with LiSPS can be attributed to the reduction in both the charge carrier recombination and leakage current, as well as more efficient charge carrier collection, filling of the perforations in CH3NH3PbI3, and a higher electrical conductivity of the LiSPS thin layer. These results demonstrate that our method provides a simple way to boost the efficiency of pero‐HSCs.
A Multi‐optical Collector of Sunlight Employing Luminescent Materials and Photonic Nanostructures
Authors: Bozzola Angelo , Robbiano Valentina , Sparnacci Katia , Aprile Giulia , Boarino Luca , Proto Antonio , Fusco Roberto , Laus Michele , Andreani Lucio Claudio , Comoretto Davide
Published: October 2015

A multifunctional, semitransparent photovoltaic device is proposed for harvesting sunlight over a tunable spectral range extending from the UV to the IR. Self‐assembled monolayers of nanospheres applied to luminescent concentrators provide a photon management architecture, which relies on luminescence and diffraction of light. The light diffraction is tuned by changing the sphere diameter to match the transparency region of the fluorophores. The importance of each optical mechanism is inferred from a systematic experimental investigation of the external quantum efficiency of fabricated devices, and from the calculation of the resulting photocurrent under the AM 1.5 solar spectrum. Compared to the conventional luminescent concentrator, relative photocurrent improvements are shown between 50% and 500% depending on the spectral properties of the device components. It has been demonstrated how to tailor the photovoltaic performances, the color and the degree of transparency of the device to provide a versatile photovoltaic unit for sustainable building‐integrated applications.
Organocopper‐Triggered Cyclisation of Conjugated Diene‐ynes: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Indenes
Authors: Arif Tanzeel , Borie Cyril , Tintaru Aura , Naubron Jean‐Valère , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Bertrand Michèle P. , Nechab Malek
Published: October 2015

Organocopper reagents react with readily available chiral conjugated diene‐ynes to give indene derivatives bearing two stereogenic centres. The investigation of this original reaction in optically pure series demonstrates that a double transfer of chirality is operating. A stereocontrolled cascade involving SN2′ followed by carbocupration and conjugate addition reactions accounts for the total recovery of the initial chirality. The scope and limitations of the reaction were investigated. The high diastereofacial discrimination in the cyclisation step allowed the construction of the quaternary stereocentre with excellent dr and ee, with the opposite configuration depending on the E‐ or Z‐configuration of the alkene in the starting material. Post‐functionalisation of indenes allowed the synthesis of indanyl derivatives containing four contiguous stereocentres.

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Elevation of neuron specific enolase and brain iron deposition on susceptibility‐weighted imaging as diagnostic clues for beta‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration in early childhood: Additional case report and review of the literature
Authors: Takano Kyoko , Shiba Naoko , Wakui Keiko , Yamaguchi Tomomi , Aida Noriko , Inaba Yuji , Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Kosho Tomoki
Published: October 2015

Beta‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), also known as static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood (SENDA), is a subtype of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). BPAN is caused by mutations in an X‐linked gene WDR45 that is involved in autophagy. BPAN is characterized by developmental delay or intellectual disability until adolescence or early adulthood, followed by severe dystonia, parkinsonism, and progressive dementia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows iron deposition in the bilateral globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN). Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in early childhood are limited. We report a 3‐year‐old girl with BPAN who presented with severe developmental delay and characteristic facial features. In addition to chronic elevation of serum aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor, she had persistent elevation of neuron specific enolase (NSE) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. MRI using susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) demonstrated iron accumulation in the GP and SN bilaterally. Targeted next‐generation sequencing identified a de novo splice‐site mutation, c.831‐1G>C in WDR45, which resulted in aberrant splicing evidenced by reverse transcriptase‐PCR. Persistent elevation of NSE and iron deposition on SWI may provide clues for diagnosis of BPAN in early childhood. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible Dimerization of Phosphine‐Stabilized Silylenes by Silylene Insertion into SiII–H and SiII–Cl σ‐Bonds at Room Temperature
Authors: Rodriguez Ricardo , Contie Yohan , Mao Yanli , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Baceiredo Antoine , Branchadell Vicenç , Kato Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2015

Contrary to the classical silylene dimerization leading to a disilene structure, phosphine stabilized hydro‐ and chloro‐silylenes (2 a,b) undergo an unique dimerization via silylene insertion into SiX σ‐bonds (X=H, Cl), which is reversible at room temperature. DFT calculations indicate that the insertion reaction proceeds in one step in a concerted manner.
In‐situ‐Bildung von (BN)2‐Pyrenen und elektrolumineszierenden Elementen im Festkörper
Authors: Wang Suning , Yang Deng‐Tao , Lu Jiasheng , Shimogawa Hiroyuki , Gong Shaolong , Wang Xiang , Mellerup Soren K. , Wakamiya Atsushi , Chang Yi‐Lu , Yang Chuluo , Lu Zheng‐Hong
Published: October 2015

Neuartige BN‐heterocyclische Verbindungen reagieren in einer doppelten Aren‐Photoeliminierung unter Bildung gelb fluoreszierender BN‐Pyrene mit zwei B‐N‐Einheiten. Bemerkenswert hierbei ist, dass die doppelte Aren‐Eliminierung auch durch elektrisch erzeugte Exzitonen in elektrolumineszierenden (EL) Bauelementen gesteuert werden kann. Dies ermöglicht die In‐situ‐Umwandlung von BN‐Heterocyclen in BN‐Pyrene im Festkörper und damit die Verwendung von BN‐Pyrenen als Emitter in EL‐Bauelementen. Dieses Phänomen der exzitongesteuerten Eliminierung (EDE) in situ wurde auch für weitere BN‐Heterocylen beobachtet.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Transnitrilation of Aryl Boronic Acids with Dimethylmalononitrile
Authors: Malapit Christian A. , Reeves Jonathan T. , Busacca Carl A. , Howell Amy R. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: October 2015

An efficient transnitrilation of aryl boronic acids with dimethylmalononitrile (DMMN) is described. This rhodium‐catalyzed electrophilic cyanation presents a novel approach to prepare aryl nitriles by using a carbon‐bound cyanating reagent which undergoes cross‐coupling with the aryl boronic acid. The reaction expands the degree of functional‐group compatibility exhibited by the transnitrilation of aryl Grignard and aryllithium reagents. A variety of aryl boronic acid derivatives and dialkylmalononitriles were amenable to the transnitrilation.
Ein beständiges 1,2‐Dihydrophosphasilen‐Addukt
Authors: Hansen Kerstin , Szilvási Tibor , Blom Burgert , Driess Matthias
Published: October 2015

Die Reaktion des Arylchlorosilylen‐NHC‐Addukts ArSi(NHC)Cl (1; Ar=2,6‐Trip2‐C6H3, NHC=(MeC)2(NMe)2C) mit einem Moläquivalent LiPH2.dme (dme=1,2‐Dimethoxyethan) liefert das erste 1,2‐Dihydrophosphasilen‐Addukt ArSi(NHC)(H)PH (2). Dieses Produkt ist in Lösung instabil und kann eine Kopf‐Schwanz‐Dimerisierung unter Bildung von [ArSi(H)‐PH]2 (3) und “freiem” NHC eingehen. Weitere Stabilisierung von 2 mittels Komplexierung mit {W(CO)5} liefert den isolierbaren 1,2‐Dihydrophosphasilen‐Wolfram‐Komplex [ArSi(NHC)(H)P(H)W(CO)5] (4). Zusätzlich konnte das 1‐Silyl‐2‐hydrophosphasilen ArSi(NHC)(H)PSiMe3 (5) synthetisiert und strukturell charakterisiert werden. Dichtefunktionalrechnungen bestätigen, dass die SiP‐Bindung in 2 und 4 hauptsächlich zwitterionisch ist, mit drastisch reduziertem Doppelbindungscharakter.
Halogenated Phenazines that Potently Eradicate Biofilms, MRSA Persister Cells in Non‐Biofilm Cultures, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Garrison Aaron T. , Abouelhassan Yasmeen , Kallifidas Dimitris , Bai Fang , Ukhanova Maria , Mai Volker , Jin Shouguang , Luesch Hendrik , Huigens Robert W.
Published: October 2015

Conventional antibiotics are ineffective against non‐replicating bacteria (for example, bacteria within biofilms). We report a series of halogenated phenazines (HP), inspired by marine antibiotic 1, that targets persistent bacteria. HP 14 demonstrated the most potent biofilm eradication activities to date against MRSA, MRSE, and VRE biofilms (MBEC=0.2–12.5 μM), as well as the effective killing of MRSA persister cells in non‐biofilm cultures. Frontline MRSA treatments, vancomycin and daptomycin, were unable to eradicate MRSA biofilms or non‐biofilm persisters alongside 14. HP 13 displayed potent antibacterial activity against slow‐growing M. tuberculosis (MIC=3.13 μM), the leading cause of death by bacterial infection around the world. HP analogues effectively target persistent bacteria through a mechanism that is non‐toxic to mammalian cells and could have a significant impact on treatments for chronic bacterial infections.
Sulfur‐Limonene Polysulfide: A Material Synthesized Entirely from Industrial By‐Products and Its Use in Removing Toxic Metals from Water and Soil
Authors: Crockett Michael P. , Evans Austin M. , Worthington Max J. H. , Albuquerque Inês S. , Slattery Ashley D. , Gibson Christopher T. , Campbell Jonathan A. , Lewis David A. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , Chalker Justin M.
Published: October 2015

A polysulfide material was synthesized by the direct reaction of sulfur and d‐limonene, by‐products of the petroleum and citrus industries, respectively. The resulting material was processed into functional coatings or molded into solid devices for the removal of palladium and mercury salts from water and soil. The binding of mercury(II) to the sulfur‐limonene polysulfide resulted in a color change. These properties motivate application in next‐generation environmental remediation and mercury sensing.
Closing the Nanographene Gap: Surface‐Assisted Synthesis of Peripentacene from 6,6′‐Bipentacene Precursors
Authors: Rogers Cameron , Chen Chen , Pedramrazi Zahra , Omrani Arash A. , Tsai Hsin‐Zon , Jung Han Sae , Lin Song , Crommie Michael F. , Fischer Felix R.
Published: October 2015

The thermally induced cyclodehydrogenation reaction of 6,6′‐bipentacene precursors on Au(111) yields peripentacene stabilized by surface interactions with the underlying metallic substrate. STM and atomic‐resolution non‐contact AFM imaging reveal rectangular flakes of nanographene featuring parallel pairs of zig‐zag and armchair edges resulting from the lateral fusion of two pentacene subunits. The synthesis of a novel molecular precursor 6,6′‐bipentacene, itself a synthetic target of interest for optical and electronic applications, is also reported. The scalable synthetic strategy promises to afford access to a structurally diverse class of extended periacenes and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as advanced materials for electronic, spintronic, optical, and magnetic devices.
Magnesium Corrosion Triggered Spontaneous Generation of H2O2 on Oxidized Titanium for Promoting Angiogenesis
Authors: Park Jimin , Du Ping , Jeon Jin‐Kyung , Jang Gun Hyuk , Hwang Mintai Peter , Han Hyung‐Seop , Park Kwideok , Lee Kwan Hyi , Lee Jee‐Wook , Jeon Hojeong , Kim Yu‐Chan , Park Jong Woong , Seok Hyun‐Kwang , Ok Myoung‐Ryul
Published: October 2015

Although the use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been extensively studied, current systems employ external stimuli such as light or electrical energy to produce ROS, which limits their practical usage. In this report, biocompatible metals were used to construct a novel electrochemical system that can spontaneously generate H2O2 without any external light or voltage. The corrosion of Mg transfers electrons to Au‐decorated oxidized Ti in an energetically favorable process, and the spontaneous generation of H2O2 in an oxygen reduction reaction was revealed to occur at titanium by combined spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses. The controlled release of H2O2 noticeably enhanced in vitro angiogenesis even in the absence of growth factors. Finally, a new titanium implant prototype was developed by Mg incorporation, and its potential for promoting angiogenesis was demonstrated.
Preparation of a novel modified ceramic membrane for removal of nickel ions from aqueous phase
Authors: Zeng Jianxian , Qian Zhaohui , Zhang Xuejun , Zhou Hu , Zhang Peng , Yi Lianggang , Tian Jun
Published: October 2015

A novel modified ceramic membrane (CM‐SiO2‐A) has been prepared with the depositing and grafting technologies for removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solutions. Firstly, the silica was deposited onto the surface of initial ceramic membrane (CM) by using the in situ hydrolysis deposition method and activated to obtain the silanol groups. Then, 3‐[2‐(2‐aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl‐trimethoxysilane was grafted onto the silica layer to obtain the CM‐SiO2‐A. The CM‐SiO2‐A was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Further, the change of water flux and separation of Ni2+ were studied by using the modified membrane. Results showed that the water flux of CM‐SiO2‐A was decreased by 84.79% compared with the CM. The CM‐SiO2‐A had a much higher total rejection rate of Ni2+ (77.24%) than that of the un‐grafted membrane (1.02%) at initial Ni2+concentration of 10 mg/L and exhibits the potential for separation of low concentration of Ni2+ from aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of polysiloxane phosphonic acid doped polybenzimidazole high‐temperature proton‐exchange membrane
Authors: Li Huilin , Shen Chunhui , Yin Shanshan , Li Wei
Published: October 2015

Polysiloxane phosphonic acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) high‐temperature membranes were fabricated in this study. Polysiloxane phosphonic acid instead of phosphoric acid was used as a proton conductor to prevent acid from leaking. The membrane samples with different amounts of PBI were prepared and characterized with respect to the structure, thermal properties, oxidative stability, proton conductivity, and mechanical properties. The Fourier transform infrared results show that hydrogen bonds formed between PBI and polysiloxane phosphonic acid. Thermal analysis confirmed that the temperature at which membrane experienced 10% weight loss was above 230°C. None of the membrane samples broke into pieces after Fenton reagent testing. The proton conductivity of the membrane samples with 5% PBI was up to 0.034 S/cm at 140°C under nominally anhydrous conditions. The tensile strength of the membrane samples with 10% PBI was 18.3 MPa. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42956.
Local repair procedure for carbon‐fiber‐reinforced plastics by refilling with a thermoset matrix
Authors: Küchler Kristin , Staiger Elias , Hund Rolf‐Dieter , Diestel Olaf , Kirsten Martin , Cherif Chokri
Published: October 2015

Textile‐reinforced composites have given rise to an increasingly important key technology for lightweight construction in aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and many other industries. Because there exists no suitable repair procedure for carbon‐fiber‐reinforced plastics (CFRPs), damaged parts have to be replaced completely; this is extremely disadvantageous both ecologically and economically. With fiber‐reinforced composites used being more and more often, fast and efficient methods for the local repair of damaged CFRPs are essential. In this article, a novel repair procedure for CFRP is presented. The thermal activation by IR radiation of oxide semiconductors was used to locally degrade the thermoset matrix of the damaged CFRP through the maintenance of its structural stability and properties. The matrix‐free textile structure was then refilled with a thermoset epoxy matrix. Carbon fibers from the treated area were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and subsequently, tensile strength for single fibers to verify the effectiveness of the procedure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42964.
Behavioural interactions of diamondback terrapins with crab pots demonstrate that bycatch reduction devices reduce entrapment
Authors: McKee Rebecca K. , Cecala Kristen K. , Dorcas Michael E.
Published: October 2015

Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) have experienced declines throughout their range, and accidental mortality in crab pots is a significant conservation concern. To minimize the risk of terrapins entering crab pots, researchers have suggested the use of bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) to reduce the size of crab pot openings and thereby exclude terrapins from entering crab pots. Despite these recommendations, few studies have observed terrapin interactions with BRDs and effectively evaluated the efficacy of these devices at preventing the entry of terrapins into pots.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of BRD presence and orientation on terrapin behaviour around crab pots and overall terrapin capture rates.

In a controlled laboratory setting, terrapins investigated crab pots more frequently when crab pots were baited with fish versus chicken. Terrapins were captured more frequently when BRDs were not installed. The presence of the BRDs also increased the length of time necessary for a terrapin to enter a crab pot and decreased the proportion of entries relative to the number of investigations. Vertically‐oriented BRDs were more effective than horizontally‐oriented BRDs at reducing terrapin captures.

To prevent the continued decline of terrapin populations due to crab fisheries, it is recommended that crabbers avoid the use of fish as bait in crab pots to reduce the attractiveness of pots to terrapins and fit all crab pots with vertically‐oriented BRDs to reduce terrapin entrapment.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restoration ecology of coastal lagoons: new methods for the prediction of ecological trajectories and economic valuation
Authors: De Wit Rutger , Rey‐Valette Helene , Balavoine Juliette , Ouisse Vincent , Lifran Robert
Published: October 2015

Conservation of the seven lagoons of the Palavas complex (southern France) has been severely impaired by nutrient over‐enrichment during at least four decades. The effluents of the Montpellier wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) represented the main nutrient input. To improve the water quality of these lagoons, this WWTP was renovated and upgraded and, since the end of 2005, its effluents have been discharged 11 km offshore into the Mediterranean (total investment €150 M).

Possibilities of ecosystem restoration as part of a conservation programme were explored by a focus group of experts. Their tasks were: (i) to evaluate the impact of the reduction of the nutrient input; (ii) if necessary, to design additional measures for an active restoration programme; and (iii) to predict ecosystem trajectories for the different cases. Extension of Magnoliophyta meadows can be taken as a proxy for ecosystem restoration as they favour the increase of several fish (seahorse) and bird (ducks, swans, herons) species, albeit they represent a trade‐off for greater flamingos. Additional measures for active ecosystem restoration were only recommended for the most impaired lagoon Méjean, while the least impaired lagoon Ingril is already on a trajectory of spontaneous recovery.

A multiple contingent valuation considering four different management options for the Méjean lagoon was used in a pilot study based on face‐to‐face interviews with 159 respondents. Three levels of ecosystem restoration were expressed in terms of recovery of Magnoliophyta meadows, including their impact on emblematic fish and avifauna. These were combined with different options for access (status quo, increasing access, increasing access with measures to reduce disturbance). The results show a willingness of local populations to pay per year about €25 for the highest level of ecological restoration, while they were only willing to allocate about €5 for additional footpaths and hides.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Superior Na3V2(PO4)3‐Based Nanocomposite Enhanced by Both N‐Doped Coating Carbon and Graphene as the Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Jin‐Zhi , Wu Xing‐Long , Wan Fang , Wang Jie , Zhang Xiao‐Hua , Wang Rong‐Shun
Published: October 2015

A superior Na3V2(PO4)3‐based nanocomposite (NVP/C/rGO) has been successfully developed by a facile carbothermal reduction method using one most‐common chelator, disodium ethylenediamintetraacetate [Na2(C10H16N2O8)], as both sodium and nitrogen‐doped carbon sources for the first time. 2D‐reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets are also employed as highly conductive additives to facilitate the electrical conductivity and limit the growth of NVP nanoparticles. When used as the cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the NVP/C/rGO nanocomposite exhibits the highest discharge capacity, the best high‐rate capabilities and prolonged cycling life compared to the pristine NVP and single‐carbon‐modified NVP/C. Specifically, the 0.1 C discharge capacity delivered by the NVP/C/rGO is 116.8 mAh g−1, which is obviously higher than 106 and 112.3 mAh g−1 for the NVP/C and pristine NVP respectively; it can still deliver a specific capacity of about 80 mAh g−1 even at a high rate up to 30 C; and its capacity decay is as low as 0.0355 % per cycle when cycled at 0.2 C. Furthermore, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also implemented to compare the electrode kinetics of all three NVP‐based cathodes including the apparent Na diffusion coefficients and charge‐transfer resistances.
Conditional survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Sasaki Koji , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Jain Preetesh , Jabbour Elias J. , Ravandi Farhad , Konopleva Marina , Borthakur Gautam , Takahashi Koichi , Pemmaraju Naveen , Daver Naval , Pierce Sherry A. , O'Brien Susan M. , Cortes Jorge E.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) significantly improve survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML‐CP). Conditional probability provides survival information in patients who have already survived for a specific period of time after treatment.

METHODS

Cumulative response and survival data from 6 consecutive frontline TKI clinical trials were analyzed. Conditional probability was calculated for failure‐free survival (FFS), transformation‐free survival (TFS), event‐free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) according to depth of response within 1 year of the initiation of TKIs, including complete cytogenetic response, major molecular response, and molecular response with a 4‐log or 4.5‐log reduction.

RESULTS

A total of 483 patients with a median follow‐up of 99.4 months from the initiation of treatment with TKIs were analyzed. Conditional probabilities of FFS, TFS, EFS, and OS for 1 additional year for patients alive after 12 months of therapy ranged from 92.0% to 99.1%, 98.5% to 100%, 96.2% to 99.6%, and 96.8% to 99.7%, respectively. Conditional FFS for 1 additional year did not improve with a deeper response each year. Conditional probabilities of TFS, EFS, and OS for 1 additional year were maintained at >95% during the period.

CONCLUSIONS

In the era of TKIs, patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase who survived for a certain number of years maintained excellent clinical outcomes in each age group. Cancer 2016;122:238–248. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
In vitro evaluation of the effects of anti‐fungals, benzodiazepines and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on the glucuronidation of 19‐norandrosterone: implications on doping control analysis
Authors: Palermo Amelia , Alessi Beatrice , Botrè Francesco , de la Torre Xavier , Fiacco Ilaria , Mazzarino Monica
Published: October 2015

We have studied whether the phase II metabolism of 19‐norandrosterone, the most representative metabolite of 19‐nortestosterone (nandrolone), can be altered in the presence of other drugs that are not presently included on the Prohibited List of the World Anti‐Doping Agency. In detail, we have evaluated the effect of non‐prohibited drugs belonging to the classes of anti‐fungals, benzodiazepines, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on the glucuronidation of 19‐norandrosterone. In vitro assays based on the use of either pooled human liver microsomes or specific recombinant isoforms of uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl‐transferase were designed and performed to monitor the formation of 19‐norandrosterone glucuronide from 19‐norandrosterone. Determination of 19‐norandrosterone (free and conjugated fraction) was performed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry after sample pretreatment consisting of an enzymatic hydrolysis (performed only for the conjugated fraction), liquid/liquid extraction with tert‐butylmethyl ether, and derivatization to form the trimethylsilyl derivative. In parallel, a method based on reversed‐phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization with acquisition in selected reaction monitoring mode was also developed to identify the non‐prohibited drugs considered in this study. Incubation experiments have preliminarily shown that the glucuronidation of 19‐norandrosterone is principally carried out by UGT2B7 (39%) and UGT2B17 (31%). Inhibition studies have shown that the yield of the glucuronidation reaction is reduced in the presence of the anti‐fungals itraconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole, of the benzodiazepine triazolam and of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen, while no alteration was recorded in the presence of all other compounds considered in this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of left ventricular filling and pulmonary artery pressure following unilateral renal artery total occlusion stenting in a patient with recurrent congestive heart failure complicated by renovascular hypertension and renal failure
Authors: Kawarada Osami , Kitajima Ryota , Sugano Yasuo , Noguchi Teruo , Anzai Toshihisa , Ogawa Hisao , Yasuda Satoshi
Published: October 2015

Recurrent congestive heart failure related to renal artery disease is an important clinical entity that is typically observed in bilateral renal artery stenosis or solitary functioning kidney. However, the relationship between heart failure and unilateral renal artery disease, especially that with total occlusion, remains unclear. We report a successful management by unilateral renal artery total occlusion stenting with an evidence of improvement of left ventricular filling and pulmonary artery pressure in case of a patient suffering from medical therapy resistant recurrent congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Diversity of Coordination Modes, Structures, and Properties of Chiral Metal–Organic Coordination Complexes of the Drug Voriconazole
Authors: Li Qing , Wu Tao , Lai Jian‐Cheng , Fan Zeng‐Lu , Zhang Wei‐Qiang , Zhang Guo‐Fang , Cui Dan , Gao Zi‐Wei
Published: October 2015

Five chiral metal–organic coordination compounds (CMOCCs), {[Cu4O(Lvcz)2Br4]·H2O}n (1), {[Cd(HLvcz)2(NO3)2]·0.25H2O}n (2), {[Cu2(HLvcz)2I2]·H2O}n (3), {[Ag(HLvcz)2]CF3SO3}n (4), and {[Co2(HLvcz)(bdc)2(dmf)2]·dmf·3H2O}n (5; HLvcz = voriconazole, bdc = terephthalic acid), have been successfully prepared and structurally characterized. The chiral drug ligand voriconazole exhibits diverse modes of coordination in the five complexes, resulting in the formation of various architectures and properties. Complex 1 is a tetranuclear cluster, complex 2 exhibits a 1D double‐strand chain structure in which hydrogen‐bonding interactions lead to a 3D supramolecular network, complex 3 is a 1D chain structure with two different types of rings based on the rhombic dimer Cu2I2, complex 4 is a 2D structure with 63 topology that contains four types of C–H···F hydrogen bonds, and complex 5 affords a 3D framework with sxa topology. Their properties, such as chirality, second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) effects, ferroelectric behavior and dielectric anomalies, have been investigated in the solid state.
The evolutionary psychology of small‐scale versus large‐scale politics: Ancestral conditions did not include large‐scale politics
Authors: Geher Glenn , Carmen Rachael , Guitar Amanda , Gangemi Bernadine , Sancak Aydin Gökçe , Shimkus Andrew
Published: October 2015

The current research question sought to examine political psychology as it relates to evolutionary mismatch. The basic hypothesis is that people will be more cognitively prepared to think about political situations that are relatively small in scale compared with political situations that are large in scale. This research also examined the effects of whether the political situation is highly relevant to oneself. To test these questions, 49 young adults were presented with four sets of instructions. They were asked to write paragraphs describing (i) a large‐scale, self‐relevant political situation, (ii) a large‐scale non‐self‐relevant political situation, (iii) a small‐scale self‐relevant political situation, and (iv) a small‐scale non‐self‐relevant political situation. Paragraphs generated by the participants were analyzed using Tyler's () Writing Sample Readability Analyzer. Results demonstrated that paragraphs designed for large‐scale political situations had more sentences and were less readable than paragraphs designed for small‐scale situations—while paragraphs designed for small‐scale political situations were relatively readable and included more words per sentence, suggesting that, consistent with the core hypothesis, participants had an easier time processing information related to small‐scale political situations than large‐scale political situations. Implications for the nature of modern politics are discussed.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Changes Cerebral Oxygenation on the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Bulimia Nervosa: A Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Pilot Study
Authors: Sutoh Chihiro , Koga Yasuko , Kimura Hiroshi , Kanahara Nobuhisa , Numata Noriko , Hirano Yoshiyuki , Matsuzawa Daisuke , Iyo Masaomi , Nakazato Michiko , Shimizu Eiji
Published: October 2015

Previous studies showed that food craving in eating disorders can be weakened with high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The aims of this study were to assess cerebral oxygenation change induced with rTMS and to assess the short‐term impact of rTMS on food craving and other bulimic symptoms in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). Eight women diagnosed with BN according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria participated in this study. We measured haemoglobin concentration changes in the DLPFC with near‐infrared spectroscopy during cognitive tasks measuring self‐regulatory control in response to food photo stimuli, both at baseline and after a single session of rTMS. Subjective ratings for food cravings demonstrated significant reduction. A significant decrease in cerebral oxygenation of the left DLPFC was also observed after a single session of rTMS. Measurement with NIRS after rTMS intervention may be applicable for discussing the mechanisms underlying rTMS modulation in patients with BN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Fluvial seed dispersal of riparian trees: transport and depositional processes
Authors: Cunnings Adrienne , Johnson Edward , Martin Yvonne
Published: October 2015

Fluvial seed dispersal considers both the transport and deposition of seeds where channel geomorphic structures, hydrology and seed dispersal traits contribute to transport times and depositional locations. This study examines the influence of stream flow patterns on fluvial seed dispersal of buoyant white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) seeds by applying a one‐dimensional transport model. Conceptually, the model separates the stream into two components: (i) the main channel where the seeds are transported downstream; and (ii) the transient storage zone where seeds are temporarily detained or deposited on the river bank. Transport processes are characterized by an advection–dispersion equation which is coupled to a transient storage model using an exponential decay term. The model parameters: longitudinal dispersion (DL), exchange coefficient (α), main channel area (A) and storage zone (As) are estimated based on field experiments conducted in a confined, bedrock‐gravel bed river with pool‐riffle morphology located in coastal northern California. The riparian zone is inhabited by Alnus rhombifolia that disperse buoyant seeds in mid‐spring coinciding with the end of the wet, Mediterranean season. Artificial seeds, with similar traits of buoyancy and density to alder seeds, were used to quantify transport times and depositional locations. Preferential deposition resulted in stream reaches with larger As, high As/A ratios, and faster exchange coefficients corresponding to divergent stream flow (back‐eddies, re‐circulating flow, flow expansions) caused by geomorphic structures such as the ends of bar/riffle features and bends in the stream. The results demonstrate the importance of transient storage for seed transport and depositional processes. Morphological features that increase a channel's complexity create complex flow structures that detain seeds and provide a greater opportunity for deposition to occur. The model provides a simplification of river hydraulics to represent dispersal dynamics and lends itself to further understanding of hydrochory processes and associated population structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolved inorganic carbon sourcing using δ13CDIC from a karst influenced river system
Authors: McClanahan Kegan , Polk Jason , Groves Chris , Osterhoudt Laura , Grubbs Scott
Published: October 2015

Rivers, representing the primary conduits of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the continents to the oceans, are important components to the global carbon cycle. To better understand the complex carbon cycling dynamics within two nested, mixed lithology watersheds, two sites were studied along the karst influenced upper Green River in south‐central Kentucky, USA. Weekly samples were collected from June 2013 through May 2014 and analyzed for δ13CDIC. The mixing model IsoSource was employed to better understand source partitioning differences over seasonal time spans and across the two nested basins. In both the lithologically mixed upstream basin (53% carbonate rocks, 47% siliciclastic) and carbonate rock dominated downstream basin (96% carbonate rocks in the drainage area between Greensburg and Munfordville, 78% in the total area upstream from Munfordville), DIC was primarily derived from soil respiration. The proportion of DIC from dissolved carbonate minerals derived from the downstream carbonate rock dominated basin was similar to the upstream basin, due to carbonate mineral dissolution having such a consistent effect on the overall DIC content of the river. Seasonally, soil respiration provided the most DIC from fall to winter. Early spring precipitation, combined with limited seasonal photosynthesis, shifted groundwater to be the primary source of DIC, bringing in a flush of carbonate mineral‐rich water during higher flows. This study provides insight into carbon dynamics across multiple lithologies and the important influence of seasonality using carbon isotope sourcing to determine carbonate mineral dissolution variability and aid in understanding its contribution to global carbon flux quantification. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.