bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Maternal Rh0 Antibody Combining Properties and Severity of Erythroblastosis
Authors: Goodman Harold S. , Masaitis L. , Mizera G.
Published: January 2023

A comparison of quantitative agglutination curves obtained with maternal Rh0 antisera, shows a relationship between antibody-combining properties and the severity of erythroblastosis. A few exceptions were noted. Curves of greater magnitude than could be expected from the severity of the disease were found to be due to the presence of γM saline-agglutinating Rh0 antibodies. Curves weaker than expected from the severity of the disease were shown, by agglutination-inhibition, to be due to antibodies capable of producing a strong primary attachment to the red cells. A strong primary attachment would appear to be a more important antibody property in the initiation of erythroblastosis than the secondary attachment, which results in agglutination.

In general, the immune response in pregnancy was found to be less potent than that attainable by artificial immunization. The maternal antibodies produced in response to Rh0 incompatible fetal red cells appeared to be as variable in their combining properties as those encountered in any other immune system.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Gery Igal , Waksman Byron H.
Published: January 2023

Treatment of adult rats with bovine γ-globulin induced specific unresponsiveness to a later challenge with antigen and adjuvant. Various parameters of the immune response were inhibited to varying degree, among them the development of Arthus and delayed skin reactivity, formation of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody, and immune clearance. Nonaggregated antigen was found to be more effective than the aggregated form in the induction of unresponsiveness. Doses as low as 0.02 mg induced significant depression of certain responses, Arthus reactivity in particular, and maximal inhibition followed doses of 2.0 mg. No zone effect was observed, comparable to that reported in mice. A maximal effect was observed when pretreatment was given 4 or 12 days prior to challenge; unresponsiveness decreased progressively at longer intervals (35 or 70 days). Intravenous antigen administered simultaneously with or 4 days after the challenge reduced the subsequent response to a moderate extent. The pretreatment itself elicited formation of circulating antibody but was nonetheless effective in inducing unresponsiveness. Irradiated recipients of spleen cells from pretreated donors showed a transient inability to react following a standard challenge. Repeated injection of zymosan (accompanied by enhanced reticuloendothelial activity) enhanced antibody formation induced by injection of antigen intravenously and prevented partially its ability to suppress the response to later challenge.
The Binding of Naturally Occurring Anti-B Isohemagglutinins to the B Antigens of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Toro Hermilio A.
Published: January 2023

The binding of naturally occurring anti-B isohemagglutinins to the B antigens of human red cells was investigated using the log-probit assay method of Wilkie and Becker to measure the antibody free and fixed at equilibrium. Sera from three group A1, two A2 an Ax and three group OO male donors with no history of previous immunization by blood or blood group substances were investigated with similar results. The binding characteristics of these anti-B populations were tested by reacting varying amounts of antiserum with different concentrations of B erythrocytes ranging from 3000 to 48,000 cells/mm3 and determining the free and fixed antibody concentrations for each antiserum-cell mixture at equilibrium. The ratio of antibody fixed per cell to the antibody free was plotted against the antibody fixed per cell according to the method of Scatchard. Each concentration of red cells gave a distinct binding curve when so plotted. From these results, it was concluded that the B sites of human erythrocytes are not homogeneous in their binding affinities or specificities for the isoantibody.

Heterogeneity of the binding affinities of the antibody against the B sites was suggested by the finding that the binding characteristics of the antibody remaining in supernatant fluids of reaction mixtures equilibrated at 37, 25 and 4°C differed with changes in temperature (25 and 4°C) at which the free antibody contents of supernatant fluids were assayed. Demonstration of marked differences in the binding curves given by antibody absorbed and then eluted from a high (48,000/mm3) and a low (3000/mm3) concentration of B cells and the antibody present in the whole serum confirmed the heterogeneity of the naturally occurring anti-B isoantibody of two group OO sera.
Allergen-Binding Activity of γE, γG and γA Antibodies in Sera from Atopic Patients
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Hornbrook Margaret M.
Published: January 2023

The antibodies associated with γG-, γA-, γM- and γE-globulins in the sera of ragweed sensitive patients were titrated by radioimmunodiffusion using I131-labeled antigen E and rabbit antibodies specific for each of these immunoglobulins. Quantitative measurements of the allergen-binding activities of the γG, γA and γE antibodies in the specimens were made by precipitation of the radioactive allergen-antibody complexes with rabbit antibodies. The titer of the antibodies in the radioimmunodiffusion method paralleled their allergen-binding activities. The skin-sensitizing activity of the patients' sera, which was determined by Prausnitz-Küstner reactions with antigen E, correlated with the allergen-binding activity of γE antibody but not with that of γG or γA antibodies. γM antibody was not detected in most of the samples containing high reaginic activity. Precipitation of γE-globulin removed the skin-sensitizing activity of the sera. These findings support the hypothesis that the reaginic antibody is associated with γE-globulin.

The minimum dose of the skin-sensitizing antibody required for giving positive Prausnitz-Küstner reactions was estimated. Comparisons were made between the γE antibody in patients' sera and rabbit antibody specific for antigen E, with respect to the allergen-binding activity. The binding activity of γE antibody present in the minimum dose of five patients' sera required for giving positive reactions was comparable to that of 2 × 10-6 µgN of the rabbit antibody.
Enhanced Immunologic Sensitization of Mice by the Simultaneous Injection of Antigen and Specific Antiserum
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Morrison Sherie Leaver
Published: January 2023

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of antigen in controlling the immune response. Mice injected with an antigen-antibody combination in slight antigen excess were reinjected with antibody at different times. The amount of antibody injected was adjusted to leave the animal devoid of both antigen and antibody. The removal of excess antigen reduced the immune response as measured on the 8th day. The degree of suppression was inversely related to the length of time between the injections. Mice injected with an antigen-antibody combination at equivalence did not respond. If the mice were reinjected with antigen, an immune response was detected on the 8th day. The magnitude of the immune response thus obtained is proportional to the amount of antigen used in the second injection. These results demonstrate that the initial immune response can be divided into two steps. The first step involves the establishment of the immune response without antibody synthesis and this step is initiated by the complexed antigen. The second step involves the triggering of antibody synthesis which is initiated by persisting antigen. A model of cellular events is proposed and discussed.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Induced in Mice by Active and Passive Means
Authors: Munoz J.
Published: January 2023

Immediate hypersensitivity of the Arthus type was produced in mice sensitized actively or passively. The most successful procedure of producing strong hypersensitivity to hen's egg albumin (HEA) was by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 to 1 mg in Freund's adjuvant, either containing or lacking mycobacteria, and then skin testing them successively on the 20th, 25th and 30th days thereafter. Almost 100% of the mice react strongly during the second and third skin test. The circulating antibody response showed that whenever skin test reactions are observed, circulating antibodies are present and that skin test with as little as 0.8 µg of HEA produced a noticeable increase in circulating antibody titers as well as enhancement of skin sensitivity.

The Arthus reactions produced by transferring hyperimmune mouse serum to mice were similar to those produced in actively sensitized animals. It required at least 250 µg of mouse anti-HEA antibody nitrogen given intraperitoneally to produce skin sensitivity. As much as 1000 µg of AbN of a rabbit anti-HEA serum failed to produce visible skin sensitization.

Histologic studies of the skin reactions showed that the predominant cell type infiltrating the reaction site was the polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Only in those mice sensitized with HEA in complete Freund's adjuvant were there, at 24 to 48 hr after skin test, a few areas with mononuclear cells present.

It was concluded that the reactions observed were of the Arthus type and that the 24-hr reactions observed were residual Arthus reactions. No true delayed hypersensitivity to HEA was observed.
A Sensitive Hemagglutination Assay Method for Dinitrophenyl-Specific Antibodies
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Levytska Vera
Published: January 2023

A sensitive and specific passive hemagglutination (HA) assay for 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific antibodies is described. Red blood cells (RBC) are sensitized by coupling DNP groups to their surfaces. The sensitivity of the method was obtained by the use of “optimally sensitized” RBC and a serum diluent containing dextran and fetal calf serum. The method detects as little as 0.005 to 0.010 µg/ml of anti-DNP antibody protein. The method was found to be about three times more sensitive for antibodies with relatively high affinity (Ko, 1010 L/mole), than for those with low affinity (Ko, 106 L/mole).
Specificity of the Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses to Myxoviruses
Authors: Heffner Reid Russell , Schluederberg Ann
Published: January 2023

Studies with inactivated measles virus in guinea pigs showed: The early response to primary antigenic stimulus was production of 19S antibody alone.A 7S antibody component was regularly demonstrated in the later phases of the primary response.The secondary response to the same antigen was characterized by a rapid increase in 7S antibody production and by the absence of 19S.Five of six animals failing to produce detectable hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies during the 1st week of immunization showed an accelerated 19S and 7S antibody responses to an injection given on the 7th day.Antibody responses to challenge with monkey-grown measles virus and chick-grown measles virus appeared identical in animals immunized with chick-grown vaccine.

Studies with mumps and DA viruses in monkeys showed: Previous exposure to DA virus did not alter the primary nature of the response to mumps virus.The primary response to mumps infection did not alter the secondary character of the heterologous DA antibody rise.
A Mechanism of Bacterial Interference in vitro
Authors: Ribble John C.
Published: January 2023

A strain of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (strain W) inhibited the growth of a coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (strain 502A) when both were growing in liquid medium. Inhibition of growth was abolished by the addition of nicotinamide.

Bacteria-free filtrates of cultures of strain W failed to fully support the growth of strain 502A or the growth of several other Gram-positive bacteria. Addition of small amounts of nicotinamide or boiling restored the capacity of the filtrates to support growth.

It is postulated that the growth of strain W results in the production of an inhibitor which interferes with the metabolism of nicotinamide.
Formation and Isolation of Rabbit Antibodies to a Synthetic Antigen of Low Molecular Weight
Authors: Borek Felix , Stupp Yehudit , Sela Michael
Published: January 2023

Repeated intradermal inoculation of rabbits with a low-molecular weight synthetic antigen, p-azobenzenearsonate-hexa-l-tyrosine, in Freund's complete adjuvant, induced formation of precipitating anti-p-azobenzencarsonate antibodies. These antibodies were isolated by the use of a specific immunoadsorbent, prepared from a cross-reacting antigen and bromoacetylcellulose. Their physical properties were found to be very similar to those of antibodies, usually formed against high molecular weight antigens. Some indirect evidence was obtained supporting the view that the antigen employed acts on the antibody-forming system independently rather than in combination with proteins of the host.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Cells and Tissues: Differential Susceptibility of Antigens to Physical or Chemical Treatment
Authors: Chiu Shiau-Yen , Baker Patricia J. , Brand K. Gerhard
Published: January 2023

Antigenic extracts of cultivated human cells were subjected to various treatments. These included heating for 30 min at temperatures between 56 and 98°C, extraction with ether and acetone, repeated freezing and thawing, treatment with pepsin, and others. Treated and untreated samples were examined in agar double immunodiffusion tests against a battery of 23 anti-cell reference sera which specifically indicated a number of defined antigenic components. Especially heat and acetone treatments were found to exert selective effects on individual antigens, in this way aiding in their characterization and identification. Preliminary attempts have been made to correlate chemical, structural and antigenic characteristics of cellular components.
Subgroups of L Type Bence-Jones Proteins
Authors: Ruffilli A. , Baglioni C.
Published: January 2023

An antiserum has been prepared against a type L Bence-Jones protein (BJ 27) and a BJ 27 “fragment,” which contains only the distinctive peptides of this protein. The distribution of antigenic determinants of BJ 27 and BJ 27-“fragment” among a set of L type Bence-Jones proteins has been studied. L type proteins are heterogeneous with respect to antigenic determinants of the BJ 27-fragment. The inter pretation of these data is discussed.
Skin Sensitizing Antibodies: A Comparative Study of Canine and Human PK and PCA Antibodies and a Canine Myeloma Protein
Authors: Rockey John H. , Schwartzman Robert M.
Published: January 2023

Canine reaginic antibody from 13 atopic animals with hypersensitivity to ragweed pollens has been separated from other canine immunoglobulins, including the γM-globulins, a canine polymeric (10 S) myeloma protein and a canine γG-antibody eliciting a passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction in the guinea pig, by Sephadex G 200 gel filtration and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The canine reaginic antibody also has been compared with atopic human reaginic antibody, human isohemagglutinins with intermediate sedimentation coefficients, human anti-tetanus toxoid (PCA) antibody and pathologic human immunoglobulins, and has been found to be closely similar in size to the human reaginic antibody.

The ability of canine reaginic antisera to elicit a dermal anaphylactic Prausnitz-Küstner reaction was markedly reduced after exposure to 2-mercaptoethanol.
A Quantitative Precipitin Study of Porcine Fibrinogen Employing Paired Labels
Authors: Fritz Robert B. , Lassiter Sylvester , Day Eugene D.
Published: January 2023

Globulins from single bleedings of individual rabbits were used to delineate the quantitative precipitin reaction of porcine fibrinogen and its homologous antibody. The use of paired radioactive labels in both antigen and antibody, as an aid in studying the quantitative precipitin reaction, was established. Porcine fibrinogen prepared by different methods yielded antigens with differing immunochemical properties. The effective antigenic valence of one preparation was 27; of another, over 50. Precipitin titrations with one resulted in classically linear Heidelberger plots; with another, in curvilinear departures from the ideal in antibody excess regions.
Duration of Immunity to Tuberculosis in Mice Vaccinated Intravenously with Oil-Treated Cell Walls of Mycobacterium Bovis Strain Bcg
Authors: Anacker R. L. , Barclay W. R. , Brehmer W. , Larson C. L. , Ribi E.
Published: January 2023

Resistance of mice to aerosol infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv engendered by intravenous (i.v.) administration of BCG cell walls treated with Drakeol 6-VR or viable BCG has been studied by determining the number of virulent organisms and the presence of tuberculous lesions in 1) lungs of vaccinated and uninoculated control mice 1 month after challenge infection at various intervals up to 28 weeks after immunization and in 2) lungs of mice challenged 1 month after immunization and sacrificed at various intervals up to 231 days after challenge. Mice inoculated with the cell wall vaccine and challenged at various intervals consistently had fewer and smaller tuberculous lung lesions than did the BCG-vaccinated and control mice at all intervals tested, fewer organisms in the lungs than did the control mice at all intervals tested, and fewer organisms in the lungs than did the BCG-vaccinated mice at all times except at the longer intervals (21 to 28 weeks) when the numbers for both were about equal.

Mice inoculated with the cell wall vaccine, challenged 1 month later and sacrificed at various intervals after challenge, had fewer and smaller lung lesions than did the BCG-vaccinated and control mice at all intervals up to 231 days after challenge, fewer virulent organisms in the lungs than did the control mice at all times, and fewer organisms in the lungs than did the BCG-vaccinated mice at all times except at the later intervals (180 to 231 days) when the numbers were nearly the same. Lung weights of mice inoculated with the cell wall vaccine were greater than those of the BCG-vaccinated and control mice at the time of challenge; resistance of the mice to challenge was correlated with lung weight, but it is not known whether this lung enlargement was directly related to immunity. These results indicate that the BCG cell wall vaccine, when administered i.v., confers to mice, for an extended period of time, resistance to aerosol infection superior or equal to that afforded by viable BCG.
Reaction of Dissociated IgM Anti-γ-Globulins with Rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Authors: Schrohenloher Ralph E.
Published: January 2023

Purified preparations of IgM anti-γ-globulins (rheumatoid factors) were isolated from the sera of two patients. Subunits of the preparations, produced by reduction and alkylation, were found to retain the capacity to combine with both rabbit and human IgG. Evidence was obtained that the subunits reacted with structures in the Fc-fragment of the IgG molecules. These observations on the anti-γ-globulin subunits are consistent with the known activities and specificities of human IgM anti-γ-globulins.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate
Authors: Reed Norman D. , Jutila John W.
Published: January 2023

A single injection of cortisol acetate into neonatal Swiss mice induced a highly fatal wasting disease. The course of the disease was less severe if the mice were older at the time of injection. Mortality following neonatal cortisol administration was lower in conventionally reared (CR) mice given oral Terramycin (62%) and in germ-free (GF) mice (32%) than in CR mice (95%). However, many symptoms characteristic of the wasting disease were observed in the antibiotic-treated and GF mice. GF mice, due to the low mortality in these animals, were used in studying the effects of neonatal cortisol acetate administration. The neonatal injection of cortisol acetate caused a rapid and severe involution of the thymus and spleen, and peripheral blood lymphocyte depletion. The lymphoid involution was followed, within 30 days, by morphologic recovery. The ability of mice to reject a tumor allograft was impaired for at least 50 days following neonatal cortisol treatment. The data reported support the concept that wasting mice, being immunologically deficient due to the primary effects of cortisol acetate on the thymus and other lymphoid tissues, are invaded and killed by microorganisms present in their environment.
Opsonization of Group a Streptococci by Complement Deficient Blood from a Patient with Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
Authors: Stollerman Gene H. , Alberti Humberto , Plemmons James A.
Published: January 2023

A patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema was studied during two severe crises of edema at approximately 6-month intervals. C′2 serum levels ranged from 34 to 60 units/ml (normal controls 300 to 500 units/ml) and total complement (C′H50) levels ranged from 18 to 23 units/ml (controls 30 to 45 units/ml).

Despite the C′ abnormality, the HAE patient's plasma showed normal coopsonin activity, that is, the rate of phagocytosis and destruction of encapsulated group A streptococci was optimal. Semi-quantitative assays of coopsonin in the HAE patient and in normal controls were made by diluting the plasma of each, respectively, in the plasma of a coopsonin-deficient individual who had normal C′ and C′2 levels. Opsonic tests made with these plasma dilutions showed normal levels of coopsonin in the HAE patient.

The above studies provide further evidence for the independence of C′ and streptococcal coopsonin and indicate that the marked depletion of C′2 which occurred in a patient with HAE was not limiting for any function C′ may have in the opsonization of encapsulated group A streptococci.
Hypersensitivity to Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Strejan Gill , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs were immunized with a crude Ascaris suum extract emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-Ascaris antibodies were obtained from three separate serum pools as follows: 1) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 33% saturation and subsequent electrophoretic separation on Geon blocks; 2) by decomplementation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequent specific precipitation with and dissociation from a thiolated Ascaris extract; and 3) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate only.

Aliquots from all the preparations were absorbed with a rabbit anti-guinea pig 7 S γ1 serum, and antigenically pure guinea pig 7 S γ2 anti-Ascaris antibodies as well as unabsorbed controls were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs.

The results indicated that guinea pig 7 S γ2 anti-Ascaris antibodies were able to elicit local anaphylactic reactions of the skin. Although the reactions appeared later (1½ to 4 hr after challenge) than in the classical PCA, the possibility of a reversed passive Arthus-type reaction was ruled out.
Plasma Protein Constituents of Amyloid Fibrils
Authors: Cathcart Edgar S. , Wollheim Frank A. , Cohen Alan S.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits immunized with crude whole fibrils from three amyloidotic spleens formed antibodies to the following plasma proteins: γ-A-immunoglobulin, γ-G-immunoglobulin, fibrinogen, a protein with β-globulin mobility and a protein with α-1-globulin mobility (P-component). Only P-component was present in each of the three different fibril preparations. When the amyloid fibrils were subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation, it was possible to demonstrate that not only were the fibrils relatively free of contaminants, as determined by electron microscopy, but that γ-G-immunoglobulin which had been observed in the original crude preparation was no longer present. P-component was later identified in glycine extracts from sucrose-separated fibrils from four patients with primary amyloidosis, three patients with secondary amyloidosis and one patient with amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma. Finally, the sedimentation coefficient of P-component was compared with that of albumin (4 S), γ-A- and γ-G-immunoglobulin (7 S) and γ-M-immunoglobulin (19 S) using a continuous sucrose gradient. It was found to be less than 19 S but greater than 7 S.
The Effect of Antigenic Competition on Antibody Production to Heterologous Proteins, Termination of Immunologic Unresponsiveness and Induction of Autoimmunity
Authors: Weigle William O. , High Gloria J.
Published: January 2023

Antibody production to protein antigens, termination of acquired immunologic unresponsiveness and the production of autoantibody were inhibited in rabbits as the result of antigenic competition. In some cases the rabbits failed to make a detectable immune response and were unresponsive to a subsequent injection of the antigen given at a later time. The degree of inhibition of the immune response depended on the relative antigenicity of the competing antigens. Inhibition of antibody production did not occur in rabbits rendered specifically unresponsive to the competing antigen. Antigenic competition markedly inhibited the production of circulating antibody to thyroglobulin in rabbits immunized with arsanil-sulfanil-thyroglobulin, but did not inhibit the development of thyroiditis.
Density Gradient Centrifugation Studies on Rubella Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita
Published: January 2023

Rubella virus preparations consisting of concentrated fluids from infected BHK -21 cultures and alkaline buffer extracts of infected cells were subjected to equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose, Ficoll and cesium chloride density gradients. In sucrose gradients two distinct complement-fixing (CF) moieties were demonstrated, one at densities of 1.23 to 1.19 g/ml, and the other at densities of 1.14 to 1.08 g/ml. The more dense antigen was shown to correspond to large particle antigen, and the lighter to small-particle (“soluble”) antigen, which are separable by Sephadex gel filtration. Infectivity was generally found in the region of the dense, large-particle CF antigen, although in some experiments it showed a wider range of densities. Treatment of large- and small-particle antigens with ether did not markedly alter their densities, suggesting that lipids are not an integral part of either CF antigen. Ficoll gradients could be used to separate large-particle CF antigen and infectious virus from the light, small particle CF antigen, but the densities obtained in these gradients were too low to permit the large-particle CF antigen and infectious moiety to equilibrate in the gradient; instead they were recovered in the pellet. In CsCl gradients both CF antigens and infectious virus showed higher apparent buoyant densities than those obtained in sucrose or Ficoll gradients, possibly due to interaction of the cesium with the viral components.
Development of Immunologic Competence in Germfree and Conventional Mice
Authors: Bosma M. J. , Makinodan T. , Walburg H. E.
Published: January 2023

The immunologic competence of dispersed spleen cells from germfree and conventional mice was assessed in terms of hemagglutinin and hemolysin formation in a cell transfer system and in intact mice. The results revealed that germfree and conventional mice are immunologically alike as judged by: a) numbers of immunocompetent progenitor cells in the spleens of 3- and 13-week-old mice, b) kinetics of hemagglutinin and hemolysin formation by spleen cells of 3-, 9- and 13-week-old mice, and of intact 13-week-old mice and c) rate and magnitude of immunologic growth of the spleen during the first 25 weeks after birth. Thus, naturally occurring microbial flora and maternal antibodies are not basic requisites for the normal development of progenitors of hemagglutinin- and hemolysin-synthesizing cells.
Suppression of Transferred Allogeneic Spleen Cells in the Mouse: Active Induction and Passive Transfer by Antiserum
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B.
Published: January 2023

Splenic cells of inbred mice were transferred to irradiated recipient mice of the same or a different inbred strain following stimulation with sheep erythrocyte or Shigella O antigen. In syngeneic recipients, the corresponding antibodies rose to a maximum on the 10th to 14th day and then declined slowly at approximately log2=1 per month over a maximum observation period of 3 months. In allogeneic recipients, maximal titers attained were lower, the decrease began earlier, and titers fell rapidly to below measurable levels before the 20th day following transfer. In various strain combinations, involving differences at the H2 locus, a wide range could be found between maximal titers attained in syngeneic and allogeneic recipients, this difference varying between log2 0 and 6.

In an allogeneic transfer of spleen cells, CBA to Balb, the prior injection of CBA cells into the recipients caused rejection of subsequently transferred CBA cells. The rejection was demonstrated both by failure of the appearance of antibody in the recipient and by the absence of fatal graft-vs.-host reactions. The extent of the rejection reflected the immunizing dose of spleen cells and the interval between immunization and cell transfer. Rejection of transferred antigen-stimulated CBA spleen cells was also conferred adoptively by spleen cells of Balb mice, previously injected with CBA cells.

Antiserum of Balb mice to CBA spleen cells suppressed antibody production by transferred CBA cells whether injected into the recipient animal or incubated with the spleen cells prior to transfer.
Antigenic Analysis of Extracts of Human Heart Tissue: Cardiac Antigens with Limited Distribution in other Organs
Authors: Kushner Irving , Kaplan Melvin H.
Published: January 2023

The organ specificity of antigenic constituents of human myocardial extracts were studied by immunodiffusion. An antigen limited to heart and kidney (HK) and variably detectable in liver, and a second antigen limited to heart and skeletal muscle (HM) were present in saline extracts of adult human hearts. HK related antigen was present also in extracts of monkey heart but not in hearts of other mammalian species tested. HK antigen could not be detected in the hearts of newborn human infants but was found regularly present in hearts of adults, and was considered to be elaborated sometime after birth.

HM antigen was identified as myoglobin. All mammalian species tested showed HM related antigen. The HM antigen was present in human fetuses as early as the 16th week of gestation.

The cross-reaction between a streptococcal cell wall antigen and human heart could not be related to HM or HK antigens or to other saline-soluble extractives of human heart, but rather to the particulate sedimentable fraction.
The Nature of Antibodies and the Immune Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)
Authors: Hodgins Harold O. , Weiser Russell S. , Ridgway George J.
Published: January 2023

Rainbow trout were immunized with three purified soluble proteins of different molecular sizes: BSA, BGG and KLH. Passive hemagglutinating antibodies were detected in a few of the trout anti-BSA sera on the 31st day and precipitins on the 73rd day after the initial injection of antigen. Only a small number of BSA-injected trout developed detectable antibodies at any interval. No detectable antibodies to BGG were produced by rainbow trout during a 5-month period of immunization. Specific anti-KLH precipitating antibodies were detected by the 22nd day after initial injection of antigen and were eventually produced by all surviving KLH-injected trout.

Rainbow trout isoimmune hemagglutinating antibodies resided in a serum fraction which contained 10.5 S and 13.5 S components. They migrated as β-globulins in immunoelectrophoresis.

No large- to small-molecule production shift analogous to the 19 S to 7 S production-shift in mammals was observed with either rainbow trout isoimmune hemagglutinating or immune precipitating antibody.

Specific natural anti-rabbit RBC hemagglutinins of rainbow trout sera consisted of both large and small molecules. These natural hemagglutinins represent distinctly different molecular species than immune isohemagglutinins.

The natural hemolytic activity of rainbow trout serum was in some respects similar to that of the antibody-complement systems of other species. However, it differed in that heat-inactivated trout sera could not be reactivated by various complements and sera, that heterologous or homologous antibody or guinea pig complement did not increase serum titers and that ammonium hydroxide did not significantly affect hemolysis by trout serum.
C′3c Deficient Human Sera with a βlc Precipitin Line
Authors: Torisu Motomichi , Arata Makoto , Sonozaki Hidekichi , Majima Hisashi
Published: January 2023

Extremely low reactivity of complement in 10 out of 2321 apparently healthy blood donors was reported. In these 10 cases, the reactivity of C′3c was about 0.15% of the value for sera in the normal control group. With the use of guinea pig complement component, C′3c inactivator was observed both in C′3c-deficient sera and in normal sera. After separation of C′3c from C′3c inactivator by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, it was concluded that low C′3c reactivity was due to an actual deficiency of C′3c. In immunoelectrophoresis, the β1c precipitin line with rabbit antiserum developed in all 10 cases of C′3c-deficient sera, and was not noticeably weaker than the corresponding line in control sera.
Sites of Synthesis of Serum Proteins
Authors: Stecher V. J. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

The medium requirements for the maintenance of serum protein formation by rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro were investigated. Macrophages from both species showed much higher levels of β1C and transferrin synthesis after a 48- or 72-hr incubation in a medium containing 20% as opposed to 1% newborn calf serum.

This requirement for serum in the medium could be satisfied by addition of hydrocortisone (0.1 to 0.2 µg/ml) to synthetic medium (minimal Eagle's medium (MEM)) in the case of rat but not with mouse macrophages. In the absence of serum protein, higher cortisol concentrations (1 µg/ml) did not maintain serum protein formation by rat macrophages. If, however, bovine serum albumin (5 mg/ml) was added to the MEM, concentrations of cortisol as high as 5 µg/ml were effective in supplementing the basic medium. A “buffering” capacity of serum albumin with respect to the effect of cortisol on macrophages is suggested by these findings.
Interaction of Rickettsiae and Phagocytic Host Cells
Authors: Wisseman C. L. , Fiset Paul , Ormsbee R. A.
Published: January 2023

Non-viable Coxiella burneti in Phase 2 is highly susceptible to phagocytosis in vitro by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in isologous serum derived from non-immune subjects. In the same non-immune system, non-viable C. burneti in Phase 1 is significantly more resistant to phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of Phase 1, but not Phase 2, C. burneti, is markedly enhanced by serum derived from human subjects convalescent from clinical Q fever. A soluble dimethylsulfoxide extract of Phase 1 C. burneti, containing Phase 1 antigen, neutralizes the opsonic action of convalescent serum.
An Antigenic Determinant of Human γG-Globulin Susceptible to Papain Digestion
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: January 2023

An antigenic determinant in human γG-globulin (HGG) is described which is susceptible to papain digestion. Both γ1- and γ2-antibodies against this determinant are readily shown in guinea pigs which have been rendered tolerant to papain digested HGG and immunized with the intact HGG molecule. Normal guinea pigs immunized solely with HGG, however, also possess antibodies against this determinant, but to a less marked degree.

The determinant is specific for the γ-type of heavy chain of human γG-globulin. γG-globulin preparations from a number of other species; human γA- and γM-immunoglobulins; Bence-Jones proteins types K and L and light chain preparations from normal human γG-globulin, all lack the antigenic determinant. It was present in all of the γG-myeloma proteins tested, however, including representatives of the γG1-, γG2-, γG3- and γG4-subclasses and was also found in isolated γ-chain preparations from normal γG-globulin.

The determinant is destroyed by papain and pepsin digestion, and evidence is presented to indicate that the site is essentially composed of secondary and tertiary structural forces.
Cytotoxic Antibodies in Rabbit Anti-Leukocyte Serum: Relation to Suppression of Transferred Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Ogburn Clifton A. , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

Cytotoxic antibodies have been measured in rabbit antisera vs. rabbit leukocytes. These antibodies could be absorbed from anti-leukocyte sera by whole lymph node cells or by antigen-bearing cell membrane fragments and could be neutralized by butanol-solubilized preparations of rabbit histocompatibility antigens.

Such antibodies have been found in sera of individual rabbits twice injected with rabbit leukocytes or with the soluble histocompatibility antigens prepared from spleens and lymph nodes of rabbits. On the other hand, in antisera to soluble histocompatibility antigens from rabbit liver and in primary anti-leukocyte sera, cytotoxic antibodies could not be detected. This was in marked contrast to the levels in the same antisera of the antibody causing reduction in the number of rabbit lymph node cells which could produce hemolytic antibody plaques in vitro. The two antibody effects were also found in different concentrations in individual anti-leukocyte sera tested vs. cells of individual rabbits, and in chromatographic fractions of anti-leukocyte globulin.

In experiments designed to determine the relation of the two antibodies to the antibody causing suppression of rabbit lymph node cells transferred to recipient animals, antisera of the classes referred to were tested in all three systems vs. the same suspensions of lymph node cells. Close correlation was found between the degrees of plaque reduction and cell-transfer suppression in these antisera, but not between the cytotoxic and suppressive levels.
Reactions of Newcastle Disease Virus with Infectious Mononucleosis Sera in Agar Gel
Authors: Barron Almen L. , Friedman Arthur , Milgrom Felix
Published: January 2023

A gel diffusion test with infectious mononucleosis (IM) sera and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is described. IM serum diffusing against concentrated virus preparation was found to form a distinct reaction line. Lines formed by various IM sera merged in reactions of complete identity. Positive results were obtained with the VIC strain of NDV but not with the B1 strain of NDV or with other myxoviruses. Of 65 IM sera, 43 were positive in gel diffusion tests but only 2 of 125 non-IM sera gave positive results in this test. IM serum diffusing simultaneously against NDV and bovine erythrocyte stromata added to opposite wells formed reaction lines which crossed, pointing to complete nonidentity of the antigens and antibodies participating in the test with NDV and in the heterophile test. The immunizing stimuli which are possibly responsible for the formation of heterophile antibodies and antibodies combining with NDV are discussed. The data suggest that the gel diffusion test would be of value for diagnostic purposes.
Two Serologically Distinguishable Subclasses of µ-Chains of Human Macroglobulins
Authors: Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas
Published: January 2023

One of 16 antisera to pathologic macroglobulins detected serologic differences between them, thus permitting their division into at least two subclasses. Approximately one-third of 40 proteins reacted with this antiserum after it was absorbed with an antigenically deficient protein. The unique determinants were located on the heavy (µ)-chains. Though able to inhibit precipitation of reactive proteins, neither the heavy chains nor the 7 to 8 S monomers from reactive proteins were able to precipitate the absorbed antiserum.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Mandy William J.
Published: January 2023

Additional evidence for a naturally occurring serum factor, homoreactant (HR), originally shown to be reactive with Fab fragments of homologous γG-globulin, was extended by demonstrations of similar reactivity with (Fab′)2 and Fab′ fragments.

The reactions were provided by agglutinations and agglutination-inhibitions of human O Rh (+) erythrocytes sensitized with the fragments of pepsin digested rabbit anti-HEA antibody. Reduction and alkylation of the (Fab′)2 fragments did not affect its reactivity with HR.

Evidence for the presence of more than one naturally occurring serum factor was provided by cross-adsorption and cross-inhibition experiments. Normal rabbit serum or its corresponding γG-globulin fraction was shown to react specifically with Fab or with Fab′ fragments of homologous γG-globulins. Thus another criterion, namely specificity, was demonstrated for this naturally occurring serum antibody. As a corollary to HR specificity, the results support the concept that papain and pepsin cleave the γG-globulin molecules at different regions of the H-chains by revealing the first antigenic difference between the Fab and Fab′ fragments.

That Fab′ fragments could be converted to Fab fragments by subsequent digestions with papain was demonstrated by 1) the loss of Fab′ HR specificity with the concomitant exposure of the Fab HR specific site and 2) the release of 4 to 5 peptides.
Antibody-Forming Cells in the Pronephros of the Teleost Lepomis Macrochirus
Authors: Smith A. Mason , Potter Michael , Merchant E. Bruce
Published: January 2023

Using a modification of the hemolytic plaque technique cells producing hemolytic antibody in L. macrochirus (bluegill) have been recovered from two organs, the spleen and the pronephros. The pronephros contained larger numbers of antibody-releasing cells, a finding which correlated with its more prominent lympho-reticular morphology. Marked similarities between the pronephric cellular architecture and that of mammalian lymph nodes suggest a common involvement in filtration of tissue fluids as well as in antibody formation. As such, the teleost pronephros may represent a primitive prototype of the more advanced mammalian lymph node.
Radioimmunodiffusion Inhibition Test for Detection of Blocking Autoantibody to Intrinsic Factor
Authors: Goldberg Leonard S. , Samloff I. Michael , Barnett Eugene V.
Published: January 2023

A radioimmunodiffusion inhibition test (RidIh) for the detection of blocking antibody to intrinsic factor is described. The test is based on the competition between blocking antibody and vitamin B12 for the B12-binding site of intrinsic factor. The RidIh appeared to be as sensitive as the charcoal assay in detecting blocking antibody. The introduction of the RidIh, together with the previously described radioimmunodiffusion test, offers an opportunity to test for both blocking and binding antibodies to intrinsic factor on the same slide.
Studies on the Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Authors: Levy David A. , Osler Abraham G.
Published: January 2023

An in vitro procedure has been described which utilizes the release of histamine from human leukocytes for assays of reaginic activity in human sera. The method involves incubation of leukocytes from nonallergic donors with serum of ragweed-sensitive individuals. Heparin and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid are included in the sensitization reaction mixtures. The cells are then freed of bulk serum constituents and tested for their capacity to release histamine on interaction with a purified protein antigen derived from ragweed pollen. The extent of histamine release is used as an index of serum reagin content.

Various parameters of the sensitization reaction have been explored to establish optimal conditions for valid comparisons of different specimens. The in vitro procedure yielded a high coefficient of correlation in comparative studies with the Prausnitz-Küstner skin test.

Serum assays for passive leukocyte sensitization (PLS) indicate that allergic individuals experience an annual increase in reaginic activity which is initiated during the pollination season. Highest PLS titers have been observed in the early fall, and lowest titers in August. Therapeutic immunization diminishes the annual pollen-induced elevation of PLS activity.
Studies of the Sensitization in Mice Induced by Cellular Fractions Containing H-2 Antigens
Authors: Corson Joseph M. , Mann Lewis T. , Dammin Gustave J.
Published: January 2023

The sensitization induced in inbred mice by the injection of antigenic fractions containing allogeneic H-2 antigens has been investigated.

Fractions injected intraperitoneally led to strong sensitization which was maximal in grafts placed on the 4th day and was of short duration. Fractions injected subcutaneously sensitized less intensely. Those injected intravenously were relatively ineffective, but when given in large doses sensitized strongly.

The injection of multiple small doses potentiated the response, but injection of multiple large doses led to a less intense, but more prolonged response than a single dose.

Injection of the antigenic fraction in Freund's adjuvant resulted in a loss of the ability to sensitize which may have been due to the denaturation of lipoprotein in the fraction during the emulsification step.
Spectrum of Human Cytomegalovirus Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Dreesman Gordon R. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda
Published: January 2023

The antigenic properties of two strains of monkey cytomegalovirus (CMV) were analyzed and compared with several human CMV strains. Analysis of the strains was made possible by utilization of selective cross-reactive sera obtained from African green monkeys recently taken into captivity. A uni-directional cross of complement-fixing (CF) reactivity was demonstrated in that certain monkey sera reacted with both monkey and some, but not all, human CMV strains; however, human sera reacted only with human CMV. In contrast, the serum neutralization reactions with these two systems were species specific; monkey sera neutralized only simian CMV strains and human sera neutralized only human CMV strains.

Monkey sera which contained CF antibodies against simian CMV gave a spectrum of reactivity when tested with five different strains of human CMV. About 90% of these monkey sera reacted with human CMV strain AD-169 but none reacted with strain C-87. Approximately 50% of these sera reacted with strains BC-13 and L-38E and 25% reacted weakly with the Davis strain. It was concluded that the various human CMV strains possess overlapping mosaics of CF antigens which can be differentiated with sera obtained from monkeys naturally infected with simian CMV.
Revisiting the southernmost occurrence of Brasilichnium elusivum Leonardi, 1981 with comments on the tetrapod track record of eolian environments
Authors: Francischini Heitor , Sipp Gabriel S. , Barcelos-Silveira André , Schultz Cesar L. , Dentzien-Dias Paula
Published: January 2023

Mammalian lineage is deep rooted in Mesozoic, with several taxa and ichnotaxa described worldwide. One of the most prolific mammaliaform ichnospecies is Brasilichnium elusivum, which is extremely abundant in the Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation of the Brazilian Paraná Basin, as well as in other Mesozoic ichnofaunas of North America and Africa. In this contribution, we revisited the proposed southernmost occurrence of B. elusivum using both classical and photogrammetric (3D digitization) approaches. The flagstone containing the studied material was found ex situ, in a sidewalk at Santa Cruz do Sul Municipality (the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil), and the results of the performed analysis showed that the tracks cannot be assigned to any ichnotaxon. Lastly, some significant issues related to ichnological research of ex situ track-bearing flagstones and large eolian deposits are discussed. Keywords: Early Cretaceous, Botucatu Formation, mesozoic mammals, South America, vertebrate ichnology.