bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Crookston, Mn, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

Certified B size seed was planted May 26 in a Bearden silt loam dryland soil. Soil moisture was above normal. Plots were 4 40 inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Admire treatments were applied at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied in approximately 20 gal/acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer. Foliar treatments were broadcast applied on 29 June and 9 and 30 July. Larval ratings were 0 = None and 5 = approx. 35 per plant. No phytotoxicity was noted. Late blight appeared early in August and could not be totally controlled so plants were (killed) early (12 Sept). These yields are much below normal.
Foliar Sprays to Control Aphids on Fall Spinach, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Spinach was planted on 5 Sep in a commercial field owned by VanKesteren Farms in Tasley, VA. The crop was planted across the field in beds 5 ft wide with 2 ft of bare ground between beds. Each bed contained 6 rows of spinach. For the experiment, an area of the field with high numbers of GPA was selected and divided into 20 ft X 5 ft plots. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a RCB. A single application of each treatment was made with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of the number of GPA on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot on the dates indicated in the table. On the last date, the number of mummies/10 leaves was also counted. The mummies were aphids killed by entomopathic fungi and, in much lower numbers, by parasitic wasps. Mummies attached to the leaves, as well as live aphids, render the produce unmarketable.
Control Of Insects On Tomato, 1995
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were planted 30 May at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 8 ft apart, arranged in a RCB with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips and delivering 16.3 gal water/acre at 30 psi. Sprays were applied 1 Aug. Insects were counted by destructively sampling 5 whole plants in each plot on 4 Aug. Results are presented as the average number of insects per 5 plants.
Control of European Corn Borer Larvae on Reproductive Stage Field Corn, 1994
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Various pesticides were applied to blister stage (R6 stage) field corn on 9 Aug, near North Platte, NE. The treatments were applied with a CO2-charged backpack sprayer through 8001 flat fan nozzles at 30 psi, in a total volume of 21 gal/acre. Each treatment was applied to 3 by 10 m plots and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. On the day of application, neonate ECB larvae were applied, in corn cob grit, to the axils of 3 leaves of 5 plants in each plot. Artificially infested plants were collected 40 DAT, split from root to tassel and evaluated for the presence of ECB caused cavities, the total length of ECB caused cavities and live ECB larvae. The incidence of lodged plants was determined 48 DAT on 20 consecutive plants from the middle of each of the center 2 rows of each plot. BGM infested leaves were attached to 2 plants in each plot 2 d prior to application. Seven, 14, and 28 DAT the size of spider mite colonies were rated, on a 0-6 scale, on the underside of the 4 lowest leaves of the previously infested plants. These plants were also evaluated for the presence of arthropod predators.
Effect of Selected Insecticides for Thrips Control on Cotton in North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. , Edmisten Keith , Straughn Edward
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting from a positive displacement device mounted above the planter on 25 May at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station in Edgecombe County, NC. Liquid at-planting treatments were applied from a tractor at 3.5 mph with 20 gpa water through 8003 flat fan nozzles at 20 psi directed into the seed furrow. The foliar treatments were applied on 8 and 13 Jun via a CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 18 inches over the row. Plots were 4 rows X 50 ft, with 4 reps, arranged in a RCBD. The 11 treatments were evaluated for plant height, adult and immature thrips establishment, fruit load, percent opened bolls and yields. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT. Plots were harvested with a 2-row John Deere mechanical picker from the middle 2 rows on 19 Oct.
Evaluation of Foliar and Infurrow Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Cotton in Mississippi, 1995
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38 inch spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 unsprayed buffer rows between plots. Insecticides applied in-furrow at planting on 10 May were applied with belt cone applicators (Temik 15G) or by CO2-powered plot applicators with a single 9001VF flat fan nozzle per row turned to direct the spray into the seed furrow and calibrated to apply 10 gpa at 2 mph (Orthene 90S at 1.1 lb[AI]/acre and Admire 2F). Insecticides were applied on 7 Jun with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with two TX4 hollow cone nozzles spaced at 19 inches and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 35 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. Five plants/plot were collected at random by cutting plants at ground level with scissors and gently placing them in Ziploc bags for transportation to the lab. Samples were then washed with a mixture of Clorox, water and a drop of dishwashing detergent into a sieve with 125 micron openings. Thrips were then washed onto filter paper for counting, and adults were identified to species by use of a dissection microscope. Representative insects were identified to species by use of phase contrast microscopy. Plots were not harvested.
Field Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs in Mississippi, 1995
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 2 rows wide by 50 ft long with 4 unsprayed buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied on 22 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a single Spraying Systems TX4 hollow cone nozzle and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 38 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15 inch diam sweep net. After plots were sprayed and allowed to dry, fine mesh cloth sleeve cages were placed on each of 2 plants per plot and fastened at the mainstem with a ponytail holder. Ten plant bugs were then placed into each cage. The bags were then fastened at the top with another ponytail holder. Twenty-four h after infestation, ihe plants were cut below the bags and were transported to the lab where mortality data was taken. Insects failing to move when prodded were classified as dead.
Control of Soybean Looper and Beet Armyworm in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against soybean looper and beet armyworm. Plots in both consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft, planted 15 Jun and arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied in both tests on 23 Aug with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 44 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using two 25-sweep samples/plot with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Rows 1 and 2 were sampled 2 DAT and rows 3 and 4 were sampled 7 DAT. No rainfall occurred during these tests. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1995
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established approximately 10 miles east of Hazelton, ID. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the plots were furrow irrigated. Eight treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22 inch row spacing) by 30 ft. Alleys were cut between plots to give 25 ft of row per plot. On 18 Apr all plots were planted at which time sidedress applications of Temik and band applications of Temik, Counter, and Aztec were made. Temik was placed 2 inches to the water side of the furrow and 2-3 inch deep for the sidedress applications (SAP). Aztec, Counter and the other Temik application were applied as a 4 inch band over the row (i.e., behind press wheel) and chain incorporated (BAP). On 25 May, post-emergence band applications (BPE) of Temik, Counter and Lorsban were made. Temik and Counter were applied as a 4 inch band (BPE) over the row and chain incorporated. Lorsban was applied as a 3-4 inch banded spray (early fly emergence, EF) using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer (20 gpa at 30 psi). On 12 Jun, a Lorsban treatment was made (peak fly emergence, PF) using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer as previously described. On 1 Aug after most larval feeding had ended, five adjacent beets were dug from the middle of rows two and five to give 10 beets per plot for rating root maggot damage. Weights of the 10 beet samples were also taken at this time. The beets were washed and rated for damage using 2 rating schemes: The five point system was 0 = no scars; 1 = \-b small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = one-half to three-quarters root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than three-quarters of root area damaged, dying beet. The seven point system was 0 = no damage; 1 = l-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars, or up to 3 larger scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = 4 large scars to one-quarter root surface covered with scars; 5 = one-quarter to one-half root surface covered with scars; 6 = one-half to three-quarter root area blackened by scars; 7 = more than three-quarter root surface blackened, dying beet. On 14 Sep sugar beets in rows 3 and 4 (middle 2 rows) in all treatment plots except the Aztec treatment, were machine lifted, hand topped and untared weights were taken for yield estimates. All data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls.
Furadan 4F Soil Treatment Vs Asana Xl 0.66e For Season-Long Sunflower Beetle Control, Valley City, Nd, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: December 2017

Four 80 acre commercial sunflower fields were divided into 40 acre strips 0.5 mile in length. Furadan at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied with the seed at planting time in 1 strip and a similar strip was left untreated. Fields were bordered with 32 treated rows Asana XL was applied by air in equal width strips perpendicular to the direction of planting. An early treatment using Asana XL in 1.0 gpa total was applied at the 4-6 leal plant stage. A late treatment of Asana XL was applied at bud stage; both applications were made to 1 strip, and one strip remained untreated. Treatments were randomized and arranged in a split plot design. Individual plot size was approximately 10 acres. Yields were obtained by taking two 3 ft X 20 ft subsamples per 10 acre plot from the center of each 10 acres. Means were compared using LSD.
Evaluation of Merit 75Wsp for Extended Management of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass at University Park, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 10 X 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 6 8O02VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 756 ml of water/80 ft2 or delivering 2.5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (14 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 70°F; RH, 62%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 73.9% sand, 21.0% silt, 5.1% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 31.6%; organic matter, 5.4%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; time of application, mid morning; and clear skies. The area received 0.2 inch of irrigation immediately after treatment (14 Jun). Efficacy data was recorded on nine sampling dates (23 Jun, 30 Jun, 7 Jul, 14 Jul, 28 Jul, 11 Aug, 23 Aug, 8 Sep, 13 Sep) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Lemon Joy™dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.
Annual White Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway in Lancaster Co., Nebraska, 1995
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Bargen K. Von , Grisso R. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 11/16 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.375 to 0.50 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 21%; air temperature 78°F; soil temperature 83°F; relative humidity 64%; wind direction and velocity 31° at 6 mph. Plots were 40 inches X 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were applied on 9 Aug 1995 using either a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place insecticide granular treatments at the soil-thatch interface (avg depth 0.5 inches), or a CO2 sprayer with an LF4 nozzle at 40 psi and delivering 3 gal/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 0.67 inches. Treatments were evaluated 28 DAT on 6 SEP by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs. Pretreatment counts indicated 10-20 SMC/ft2 with 18% eggs and 82% second instars in the test area.
Full Season Control of Japanese Beetle Grub Control with Merit, NH, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted 10 May on a golf course rough, Amherst, NH. Plots were 10 X 10 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design. Merit WP was applied in 4 gal water/1000 ft2 with a watering, can. Merit G granules were applied with a homemade salt shaker. Treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inch water after application. Plots were rated 30 Sep by counting the number of live grubs per 1 ft2. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 70°F; wind, 3 MPH; sky, clear; soil temperature, 1 inch, 60°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 5.4; slope 0%; soil texture, silt loam, 47% sand, 50% silt, 3% clay; soil organic matter, 6.9%; soil moisture, 21.8%.
Efficacy of Four Turf Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Larvae, Golf Course Rough, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Four turf insecticides (Triumph, Merit, Turcam, and Proxol) were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle larvae on a golf course fairway in Stockbridge, Mass. The fairway consisted of 40% perennial ryegrass, 30% Kentucky bluegrass, 25% annual bluegrass, and was mowed at ca. 2.0 inches. Pre-treatment samples on 14 Aug revealed ca. 18 grubs/ft2, 30% eggs, 65% first instars, 5% second instars. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. Triumph, Merit, and Turcam applications were made between 9:30 and 11:00 AM on 14 Aug 95. Proxol was applied on 14 Aug, 30 Aug, or 18 Sep. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: 14 Aug–air temp. 80° F, light scattered clouds, calm, low humidity; 30 Aug–air temp. 70° F, sunny, light W wind (<5 mph), low humidity; 18 Sep–air temp 75° F, sunny, moderate NW wind (10 mph); soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.8; water pH, 7.2-7.4; thatch 0.4 inch thick with moderate density. All plots were hand watered with 0.1 inch water immediately after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 2 Oct by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Peach, Season-Long Insect Control, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees on the Trevor Nichols Res. Com. (Peach 2) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 8 May (Pink and 1st OFM flight), 26 May (Petal Fall), 7 Jun (1C), 19 Jun (2C), 3 Jul (3C), 17 Jul (4C), and 28 Jul (5C). Rovral and Ferbam were applied separately to all treatments. OFM flagging evaluations were made on 7 Jun, 14 Jun, 21 Jun and 21 Jul by randomly selecting 100 terminals per replicate, or 400 per treatment, and examining them for damage. Mid-season fruit evaluations were made on 5 Jul by randomly picking 25 fruit from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, or 100 fruit per treatment, and examining them for damage as indicated in the table. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 14 Aug by picking 100 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 400 fruit per treatment, and examining them for damage as indicated in the table.
Effect of Insecticides on Celery Insectsc, 1995
Authors: Carson W. G. , Trumble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 29-30 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a RCB design. Applications were weekly from 5 Oct through 30 Nov (total of 9 applications for all chemicals except Avid and Avid + Lannate). Actual dates of applications were: 5, 12, 19, 26 Oct, and 3, 9, 16, 21, 30 Nov. Avid was applied on 5, 12 Oct and again on 3, 9, 30 Nov. The Avid + Lannate treatment was the same except that Lannate was applied on 19, 26 Oct and 16, 21 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 125 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H2O) was at 100 gpa. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5 1/2 X 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 16, 25, 31 Oct and 8, 16, 20, 30 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of BAW populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (6-7 Dec).
Impact of Insecticides on Tomato Insects 1996
Authors: Carson W.G. , Trumble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 18 June at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 25 Jul, 1, 8, 15, 22, 29 Aug, and 5, 12, 19 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gpa. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%, except Fortune AZA and Neemix (+0.5% crop oil) and Aphistar (+ silwet @ 2 oz./lOO gal.). Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 18 Sep, inclusive. On 23-25 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily by H. zed) and external damage (primarily by S. exigua and K. lycopersicella). Leafminer populations were moderate. Some treatments increased leafminer density as compared to the control.
Management of Whiteflies and Armyworm on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Fall 1995
Authors: Schuster David J. , Polston Jane E.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 13 Sept, 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-18 ft long rows on 5-ft centers and were irri-gated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Spray treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 27 Sept, 11, 18, 25 Oct, 1, 8, 15, 22, 29 Nov, 6, 13 and 20 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was outfitted with orange Albuz™ ceramic nozzles. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 6 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 90 gpa was applied the first six sprays (six nozzles) and 120 gpa was applied for the remaining six sprays (eight nozzles). Admire treatments were applied in 4 oz water/plant on 13 Sept. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of 10 plants in the middle row of each plot on 9 Oct, 6 Nov and 4 Dec. Numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) were counted and the data were averaged over all dates for analysis. All of the plants in each plot were examined weekly for symptoms of virus. There are two viruses present which have nearly indistinguishable symptoms: tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), a geminivirus vectored by the SLWF, and potato virus Y (PVY), a potyvirus vectored by several species of aphids. All fruit of marketable size were harvested from the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot on 15 and 22 Dec. The fruit were separated by the presence or absence of southern armyworm damage and were counted and weighed. At the end of the experiment, a sample of three terminal leaflets was collected from each plant with ToMoV symptoms from the middle row of two checks. The samples were frozen for later determination of the presence of ToMoV using nucleic acid spot hybridization and the presence of PVY using ELISA.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, 1996
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B. , Jasinski J. R. , Chen Z. Z.
Published: December 2017

A study to evaluate the efficacy of 5 foliar insecticide treatments to control PLH was conducted on second cutting alfalfa at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. Plots were 30 X 50 ft with four replications in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 21 Jun with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 35 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs was estimated prior to treatment and 7, 14 and 21 DAT by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and at 21 DAT to determine stem growth per treatment. Dry weight yield was determined from harvest of two 3.5 ft X 50 ft swaths taken with a custom built plot harvester with a flail cutter.
Control of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1996
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established in a RCBD 4 replicates of 10 X 30 ft in a commercial Canola field on the Dye Farm near Pomeroy, WA. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 29 gpa and 20 psi on 18 Jun. Conditions at treatment were 70° F with 7 mph wind at 7 p.m. All insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated at 0 (pretreatment), 2, 5, 7, 11 DAT for CSPW using 2 X 180 sweeps with a 14 inch sweepnet. Visual counts of CA colonies m2 and number of aphids per colony plus parasitized aphids were made on the same dates. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at crop maturity, and yield data calculated in lb/acre were collected per replicate by passing 1.0 m2 samples through a stationary thresher on 1 Aug.
Apple, Handgun Trials of New Insecticides Against Oblr, 1996
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted, high pressure (450 psi), handgun sprayer dilute to run off to single apple tree plots in 2 orchards: ‘Idared’ trees (Brown orchard), which were about 15 years old, 13 ft high, and planted 19 X 27 ft apart, and ‘Rome’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were about 8 ft high and planted 11 X 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, separated by unsprayed buffer trees, and replicated twice in each orchard. All materials were applied on a 3-spray schedule, at 1st hatch (2 Jul), mid-hatch (16 Jul), and on 29 Jul. Check plots were not sprayed with insecticides during the test. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals on each tree for live larvae on 9-11 Jul and again on 23-24 Jul. Fruit damage from the 1st summer generation of larvae was estimated initially on 1-2 Jul and again on 20-24 Aug by sampling up to 100 apples from each tree. At harvest (4 Oct for the ‘Rome’ applies in the Nesbit Orchard and 14-15 Oct for the ‘Idared’ applies in the Brown Orchard), up to 100 applies were sampled from each tree and OBLR damaged fruit was classified according to USDA grading standards into the categories of “Fancy”, #1, and culls.
Cotton Aphid Control with Various Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Studebaker Glenn
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in northeast Arkansas. Test plots consisted of four, 38-inch rows 30 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul with a hand-held boom calibrated to deliver 15.8 gpa through two TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles per row at 60 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3 and 6 DAT by counting the number of live cotton aphids on 10 leaves per plot. At 6 DAT an epizootic of the entomopathogenic fungus, Neozygites fresenii, was found to infect the occurring insects, reducing their number markedly in all plots by the 10 DAT.
Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methvl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1996
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 10 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard. The collected TPB were placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatments, the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instar) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 h plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Mortality data were analyzed with AOV, and means separated with LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil With Dimilin 1996B
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a non-replicated experimental use permit with 4 treatments. Whole plot size was 2.5 acres for the Dimilin treatments and 1.7 acres for the Furadan and untreated plots. Whole plots of Dimilin treatments were divided into 6 subplots of 0.42 acres (60 ft X 305 ft) with each bound by levees. Untreated and Furadan plots were divided into 3 subplots of 0.56 acres (80 ft X 305 ft) with each bound by levees. Rice was drill-seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 16 May and emerged on 21 May. Propanil 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied for weed control on 3 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a single application 95 lb N/acre as urea on 17 Jun. Permanent flood was established on 17-18 Jun. Dimilin in water was applied by aircraft at 10 gpa. Dimilin was applied as a split treatment 14 Jun (3 d before flood and again on 21 Jun (4 d after flood). Furadan 3G was applied by aircraft 10 d after permanent flood. On 8 and 15 Jul 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 6 plants/core were removed from subplots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Whole subplots were harvested with a combine on 1, 3 and 4 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Yields and insect counts were not statistically analyzed.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum,1993
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Two organophosphates, 4 pyrethroids, and corn oil were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of 6 sorghum hybrids of different maturity rates were mixed together and planted 27 Apr on rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Mixtures of hybrids of different maturity were used to simulate sorghum with non-uniform flowering as often occurs in fields of sorghum. Insecticide treatments were compared in 8-row X 6.1-m-long plots arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied by using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, through TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 2.5 kg/cm2, producing a finished spray volume of 62.9 liters/ha. Corn oil was applied using a controlled droplet applicator j with a size 20 orifice plate at 1.4 kg/cm2, giving a volume of 22.5 liters/ha. Conventional treatments were made on 29 Jun and 3 and 7 Jul. Daily treatments ) of Lorsban and corn oil were made from 29 Jun through 9 Jul. Data from plots where maximum sorghum midge control was achieved by using Lorsban daily through the flowering period were compared with that from untreated plots and plots where treatments were applied at conventional intervals of time. Corn oil was applied daily to determine the maximum control achievable by using this oil. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from the mid-dle 2 rows of each plot. Ten sorghum panicles were randomly selected before each insecticide application, enclosed in clear plastic bags, cut, and taken to the laboratory where adult sorghum midges were counted. Twenty panicles per plot were visually rated for damage on a scale of 1-9, where 1 = 0-10% and 9 = 81-90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand harvested from 2, 2.7-m sections of row per plot and mechanically threshed. Data were analyzed statis-tically by using ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Insect Pests on Soybeans, 1995
Authors: Taylor J. Delano , McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of six selected insecticides for control of soybean looper, velvetbean cater-pillar, threecornered alfalfa hopper, and stink bugs was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 1 Sep on ‘Davis’ soybeans planted in late May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide X 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide at each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gpa. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 4, 7, and 14 DAT by taking a 20-sweep sample with a 15-inch diam net from a single row. Soybeans were in a R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the test period. At harvest, seed samples were taken and evaluated for stink bug damage in all plots. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Tobacco Budworm and Hornworm Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1996
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. D.
Published: December 2017

Full-Season Test. In Test 1, flue-cured tobacco, variety K-326, was transplanted on 10 Apr at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines and included a preplant tank mixture of Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots, two rows wide (44-inch row spacing) by 25 ft long, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were separated on each side with a fallow border row and on each end with a 6-ft wide alley. On 31 May, 9 insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 24.5 gpa at 40 psi. The number of live budworms and hornworms on all plants of both rows were recorded from each plot prior to treatment (pre-t) and 3,7,10 and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Plants 2-11 on the second row were harvested on 21 Jun and cured weights were determined by factoring out the moisture. All data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated using DMRT. In Test 2, the K-326 tobacco used in Test 1 was striped of all leaves on 21 Jun, the stalks chopped down to a height of about 20 inches and allowed to regrow. This tobacco was side dressed with 16-0-0 at 100 lb/a after chopping. The plot size, randomization, and design remained the same as in trial 1. On 16 July, pre-treatment counts were made and the 9 treatments plus 2 TD 2344 treatments were applied on the regrowth tobacco. The number of live budworms and hornworms on all plants was recorded from each plot 3,7,10 and 15 DAT. The percent defoliation was visually determined for all plants in each plot on 25 and 31 Jul. All data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (P = 0.05).
Surface Application of Granular Insecticides for the Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs in North Carolina, 1996
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

A trial was conducted at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co. to evaluate three granular insecticide formulations for the control of mole cricket nymphs. Test plots 25 ft X 25 ft were established on a bermudagrass fairway with a history of mole cricket infestations. Treatments were replicated 4 times and randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on 10 Jul using a hand-held Republic EZ Handspreader®. Soil was moist at the time of application and 4 inch soil temperature was 89°F. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply approximately 0.25 inch of water to the test site following application. Examination of the plots the next day indicated that there was a high level of surface activity on the night of the application. The second of the split application of bifenthrin 0.05G treatment was given on 24 Jul and was followed by 0.25 inch of irrigation. Soil temperature on this date was 89°F. Soil at the test site was classified as Kureb fine sand with a pH of 6.1 and 0.41% humic matter. Sampling indicated that the fairway population was approximately 78% S. borellii and 22% S. vicinus. Plots were evaluated for fresh mole cricket damage on 31 Jul, 14 and 29 Aug, and 19 Sep, using the damage grid evaluation method developed by Dr. Pat Cobb at Auburn University. Five random m2 ratings (0-9) were made in each plot on each sample date. The actual damage means are reported in the table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Control of White Grubs with a Bt Biotoxin, 1996
Authors: Gibb T. J. , Buhler W. G. , Gerber C. K.
Published: December 2017

Several formulations of the ‘Buibui’ strain of Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis were evaluated with chemical insecticide standards for control of Japanese beetle grubs at the Purdue University Nursery Grounds, West Lafayette. IN. Treatment plots were 10 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times. Treatments were applied on 16 Aug. Granular formulations were applied with a homemade salt shaker. Dispersable formulations were mixed in 2-Liter plastic bottles and dispensed through a hole poked in the cap of the bottle. Plots were moist prior to application and received 1 cm of sprinkler irrigation immediately after treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 21°C and wind speed 1—5 mph. Efficacy was evaluated on 28 Sep by extracting cores from five random locations within each plot using a golf-hole cup cutter (0.90 square ft.) Soil to a depth of 4 inches, thatch and turfgrass from each core was examined for the presence of live grubs. The average number of live grubs from the five subsamples within each plot was used as the dependent variable in the statistical analysis of the data. There were two untreated plots in each replicate.
Management of Scarab White Grubs with Cruiser, Naturalis-T, and Oftanol on a Low Maintenance Turfgrass Area, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine fescue (80%) and weeds (20%) in Lewistown, PA. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Cruiser was applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 S.S. CO 7F-VS-5 flood jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (4 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 79.0%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 14.6; % silt, 59.5; % clay, 25.9; organic matter, 3.3%; 28.8% soil moisture (oven dry weight); water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, late-morning; and overcast skies. Rainfall occurred immediately after treatment. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of scarab white grubs/ft2 was recorded on October 7.
Twospotted Spider Mite Test, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

On 22 Jul, thirty-two, 6-inch tall New Guinea Impatiens in 4 inch square plastic pots held at tht Pesticide Research Center greenhouses, Michigan State University, were sampled by counting all active mites on the undersides of 4 leaves. The plants were then blocked by these counts and sprayed on 25 Jul with an R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 flat fan nozzle at 50 psi to first runoff. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with each replicate being an individual plant. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Jul, 2, 9, 20 and 28 Aug in the same mannei as the pretreatment. The plants sprayed with M-Pede followed by a Sanmite application 5 days later were treated on 25 Jul and 31 Jul.
Control of Spider Mites on Oleander Under Greenhouse Conditions, Fall 1996
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Oleander cuttings were rooted in 15 cm pots and allowed 8 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once with Osmocote (14-14-14) and irrigated every other day for three minutes by drip system. By the time we conducted the trial, the plants were moderately infested with twospotted spider mites. A single terminal leaf (fully expanded) was arbitrarily selected to monitor the efficacy of selected pesticides. Mites were brushed off the leaf using a mite-brushing machine, and the number of mites (all stages except eggs) was recorded. A pre-treatment count was taken on 11 Oct and was followed by a single treatment application. Post-treatment counts of live mites were taken weekly for three wks. Spray treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer at approximately 25 psi. Granular treatments were weighed on a balance in the greenhouse, placed directly on the soil in the pot, and irrigated into the soil for three min. A RBC design was used with 5 replicates per treatment. An ANOVA was performed on the data set, and Ryan’s Q was used to separate the means.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite, 1996
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Bergen J. R.
Published: December 2017

Two systemic insecticides were evaluated against TSSM on greenhouse grown miniature roses planted in 1 -gal containers. The miniature roses were planted in equal parts sphagnum peat and pumice and fertilized weekly with 20-20-20 fertilizer. Plants were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times with 5 plants/replicate. Pinpoint 15G and Merit 0.5G were manually applied to their respective pots on 11 Jun. Five terminal leaves were sampled in each treatment replicate at 3, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Numbers of aphids on three leaflets/leaf were counted with a stereoscopic microscope.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, Southern Minnesota, 1996
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Frenchik M. , Mote C. , Hoverstad T.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn [crylA(b) gene] against a natural ECB infestation in Waseca, MN. Plots measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30 inch row spacing) were established in Webster clay loam soil on 2 May at a rate of 33,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. First generation ECB measurements recorded Jul to Aug included % shotholing, leaf injury ratings, tunnel length and number. Measurements for second generation ECB recorded in Sept included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Yield data were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Nexter (Bas 3000 111) for Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1996
Authors: Childers C. C. , Gainey T. , Threlkeld D. K.
Published: December 2017

Nexter at two rates per acre were compared for efficacy against CRM with the same rates in combination with one or three concentrations of a NR FC435-66 petroleum oil, Nexter at the low rate tankmixed with both petroleum oil and copper hydroxide, three concentrations of petroleum oil applied alone, Agri-Mek tank-mixed with petroleum oil and copper hydroxide. Treatments were assigned to 3 X 3 (= 9 tree) or 3 X 4 (= 12 tree) plots in a RCB design, replicated 5 times on 10 ft tall trees with 11 X 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 29 and 30 Jul using an FMC 352 PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure (160 psi) adjusted to apply 250 gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. The fruit were also rated for damage in terms of % fruit surface russeted and % fruit rejected. Data on CRM counts and cumulative damage ratings were statistically analysed after log10 (X + 1) transformation. Untransformed means are presented in the tables for comparison.
Igr Evaluation Experiment 2,1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.5 acre block of 130-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. Trees measured 11 ft. in height and 10 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 replications (2 ‘Delicious’, 2 ‘Criterion’) of 9-tree plots (3 rows X 3 trees/row) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates (plant growth stage and degree-days after 1st pheromone trap catch in spring of CM, TABM, OFM) of application were 10 May (petal fall, 163,-, 296), 22 May (302, 161, 489), 3 Jun (410, 317, 644), 11 Jun (561, 508, 835), 26 Jun (900, 921, 1248), 11 Jul (1191, 1285, 1613), 25 Jul (1499, 1641, 1969), 8 Aug (1754, 1989, 2317), 21 Aug (1976, 2274, 2602), 30 Aug (2144, 2488, 2815), and 5 Sep (2237, 261 1, 2938). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, Asana, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by counting arthropod pests and injury on the periphery of the center tree in each plot periodically during the season. Control of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. OFM control was determined by counting injured terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was determined by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeding mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Effect of treatments against TABM was determined by counting leaf shelters and live larvae within leaf shelters per tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples/replication on 24 Sep.
Evaluation of Various Repellents for Control of Flea Beetle on Broccoli, 1996
Authors: Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Gerace Dan , Tupy Andrea
Published: December 2017

Broccoli (cv. Premium Crop) was planted on 13 May 1996 at the Horticulture Field Research Center in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of single 10 ft long rows with 15 in. in-row spacing, arranged in RCB design with six replications. Each plot consisted of 8 plants. Repellent treatments were applied on 20 and 30 May, and 3 and 24 June with hand-held sprayers. Plants were sprayed to the point of drip delivering a spray volume of approximately 167 ml for each plot. Insect counts were made on 21 and 31 May 4, 6, 11, 20, 24, and 28 Jun, and 1 and 11 Jul by whole plant examination of 4 plants in the center of each plot.