bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites: phenolic acids and flavonoids in different in vitro systems of shoot cultures of the endangered plant species—Eryngium alpinum L.
Authors: Kikowska Małgorzata , Thiem Barbara , Szopa Agnieszka , Ekiert Halina
Published: February 2020

In vitro cultures give the opportunity to perform the phytochemical studies on the protected species without harvesting the plant material from the natural environment. Shoots of Eryngium alpinum L. were multiplied on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in various systems, namely on the solid media and in two liquid cultures—stationary and agitated, as well as via regeneration from callus. The biomass increments were closely correlated with the number of shoots arising from one explant, which was connected with the supplementation of the culture media with the studied plant growth regulators. The methanolic extracts from shoots grown in the tested systems were subjected to phenolic acids and flavonoids qualitative and quantitative analysis. Biomass from in vitro shoot cultures accumulated from 19.59 to 32.95 times more phenolic acids [the total content ranged from 272.52 to 458.38 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)] and from 3.02 to 4.43 times more flavonoids (the total content ranged from 100.03 to 146.98 mg/100 g DW), depending on the culture system, than the extracts from basal leaves from the intact plant (13.91 and 33.16 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The phenolics present in shoot cultures include seven phenolic acids—3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, caftaric, caffeic, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic, and rosmarinic acids, and three flavonoids—isoquercetin, quercitrin and robinin. The best system for shoot proliferation resulting in the highest biomass growth and phenolic acids and flavonoids accumulation was solid culture on MS medium with BAP, IAA, and GA3 (each 1.0 mg/l). The aim of this work was to check the effect of various culture systems (stationary and agitated, on solidified and in liquid media) on the production of phenolic compounds in E. alpinum shoots cultured in vitro.
Die unmöglichen Subjekte des Postfundamentalismus
Authors: Sörensen Paul
Published: February 2020

Der Beitrag attestiert den gegenwärtig viel diskutierten Theorien radikaler Demokratie eine erziehungstheoretische Leerstelle. Wie in Auseinandersetzung mit Chantal Mouffe und Jacques Rancière gezeigt werden soll, gründet diese Nichtthematisierung in erster Linie in der theoriearchitektonischen Zentralstellung einer als absolut postulierten Kontingenzannahme. Infolgedessen sind radikaldemokratische Theorien entweder gezwungen, Fragen der Erziehung unbeachtet bzw. dem Zufall zu (über)lassen, oder aber eine radikaldemokratische Bildung zu propagieren, die ihrem Anspruch auf Abbildung von Grundlosigkeit nicht gerecht werden kann. Ausgehend von dieser dilemmatischen Konstellation werden abschließend einige Gedanken skizziert, wie dennoch eine zumindest radikaldemokratisch inspirierte Antwort auf diese Problemstellung aussehen könnte.
Effects of dietary and physical activity interventions on generic and cancer-specific health-related quality of life, anxiety, and depression in colorectal cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ho Mandy , Ho Judy W. C. , Fong Daniel Y. T. , Lee C. F. , Macfarlane Duncan J. , Cerin Ester , Lee Antoinette M. , Leung Sharron , Chan Wynnie Y. Y. , Leung Ivy P. F. , Lam Sharon H. S. , Chu Natural , Taylor Aliki J. , Cheng Kar-Keung
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To assess the effects of dietary and physical activity (PA) interventions on generic and cancer-specific quality of life (QoL), anxiety, and depression levels among adult Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors.

Methods

Two-hundred twenty-three adult CRC survivors within 1 year of completion of primary cancer treatment were randomized to receive dietary, PA or combined intervention, or usual care for a 12 monthduration, under a 2 (diet vs usual care) × 2 (PA vs usual care) factorial design. Generic and cancer-specific QoL was assessed using a Chinese version 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) scale, respectively. Anxiety and depression was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Linear mixed models were used for examining the intervention effects.

Results

Participants receiving dietary intervention experienced a significant improvement in the generic measure of QoL (SF-6D utility scores, mean difference 0.042, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.081) at 12 months, the cancer-specific QoL scores (mean difference 3.09, 95%CI 0.13 to 6.04), and levels of depression (P = 0.015) at both 12 and 24 months follow-up. Participants receiving PA intervention only demonstrated a significant improvement in SF-6D utility index (mean difference 0.039, 95%CI 0.002 to 0.077) and physical functioning (mean difference 2.85, 95%CI 1.00 to 4.70) at 6 months.

Conclusions

Dietary intervention improved the generic and cancer-specific QoL and depression in CRC survivors.

Trial registration

The study was prospectively registered on 17 October 2012 at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01708824).

Implications for Cancer Survivors

CRC survivors can benefit from dietary interventions in alleviating depression and improving overall health-related QoL.
Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)—New Research Directions for Personalised Medicine in Cardiovascular Prevention
Authors: Nilsson Peter M. , Korduner Johan , Magnusson Martin
Published: February 2020

Purpose of Review

To discuss new findings on the heterogeneity of obesity and associated risks.

Recent Findings

Obesity is a public health problem of immense importance on a global scale. However, epidemiological findings and clinical studies have revealed that obesity is a heterogeneous phenotype and that not all obese subjects run the same risk for complications. Current research has tried to describe so-called metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), defined by lack of risk factors included in the metabolic syndrome. These subjects will not escape long-term complications, but mortality risk is not increased. However, a new definition of MHO has recently been proposed, based on the lack of hospitalisation for somatic disease for decades in middle life. MHO subjects defined in this way are characterised by being “fat and fit” and also run a lower risk of long-term complications.

If MHO could be better understood, this could contribute to a more diverse clinical approach to obesity based on personalised medicine.
Effects of Playful Exercise of Older Adults on Balance and Physical Activity: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ehrari Humira , Larsen Rasmus Tolstrup , Langberg Henning , Andersen Henning Boje
Published: February 2020

There is evidence that one of the most important approaches to improving the healthy ageing of older adults is for them to carry out daily physical activity. However, motivation to engage in physical activity is often low in old age. This study investigated the potential of engaging older adults in playful exercise to increase physical activity and balance. A randomised control trial (RCT) was performed with 26 independently living older adults (initially 38, but 12 were lost to illness or death during the course of the project), mean age 83.54 (SD: 7.12), 19 women. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 16) or control (n = 12) (originally 19 in each group). The intervention consisted of playful exercise on Moto tiles 6 * 2 min twice a week over 10 weeks, while control group participants engaged in normal daily activities.

The intervention group participants improved functional balance (Berg’s Balance Score) by an average of 5.02 points, and the control group by 2.58 points (p = 0.11). No between-group difference was observed in physical activities outside exercise sessions (p = 0.82). The difference in gain of balance as measured by BBS was below statistical significance, as a result of the sample size being too small. However, trial results suggest that older pre-frail and frail adults who engage in a moderate playful exercise programme over at least 10 weeks may potentially experience a modest gain in balance. Moreover, the playful exercise created a joyous social atmosphere among the participants who spontaneously remarked that the play sessions were much more fun than their standard light exercise programme of one hour twice a week. This motivational outcome is important for adherence to any exercise programme and indeed for general well-being.
High diversity and pan-oceanic distribution of deep-sea polychaetes: Prionospio and Aurospio (Annelida: Spionidae) in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
Authors: Guggolz Theresa , Meißner Karin , Schwentner Martin , Dahlgren Thomas G. , Wiklund Helena , Bonifácio Paulo , Brandt Angelika
Published: February 2020

PrionospioMalmgren 1867 andAurospioMaciolek 1981 (Annelida: Spionidae) are polychaete genera commonly found in the deep sea. Both genera belong to thePrionospiocomplex, whose members are known to have limited distinguishing characters. Morphological identification of specimens from the deep sea is challenging, as fragmentation and other damages are common during sampling. These issues impede investigations into the distribution patterns of these genera in the deep sea. In this study, we employ two molecular markers (16S rRNA and 18S) to study the diversity and the distribution patterns ofPrionospioandAurospiofrom the tropical North Atlantic, the Puerto Rico Trench and the central Pacific. Based on different molecular analyses (Automated Barcode Gap Discovery, GMYC, pairwise genetic distances, phylogenetics, haplotype networks), we were able to identify and differentiate 21 lineages (three lineages composed solely of GenBank entries) that represent putative species. Seven of these lineages exhibited pan-oceanic distributions (occurring in the Atlantic as well as the Pacific) in some cases even sharing identical 16S rRNA haplotypes in both oceans. Even the lineages found to be restricted to one of the oceans were distributed over large regional scales as for example across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from the Caribbean to the eastern Atlantic (> 3389 km). Our results suggest that members ofPrionospioandAurospiomay have the potential to disperse across large geographic distances, largely unaffected by topographic barriers and possibly even between oceans. Their high dispersal capacities are probably explained by their free-swimming long-lived planktonic larvae.
A first approach to learning a best basis for gravitational field modelling
Authors: Michel Volker , Schneider Naomi
Published: February 2020

Gravitational field modelling is an important tool for inferring past and present dynamic processes of the Earth. Functions on the sphere such as the gravitational potential are usually expanded in terms of either spherical harmonics or radial basis functions (RBFs). The (Regularized) Functional Matching Pursuit and its variants use an overcomplete dictionary of diverse trial functions to build a best basis as a sparse subset of the dictionary. They also compute a model, for instance, of the gravitational field, in this best basis. Thus, one advantage is that the best basis can be built as a combination of spherical harmonics and RBFs. Moreover, these methods represent a possibility to obtain an approximative and stable solution of an ill-posed inverse problem. The applicability has been practically proven for the downward continuation of gravitational data from the satellite orbit to the Earth’s surface, but also other inverse problems in geomathematics and medical imaging. A remaining drawback is that, in practice, the dictionary has to be finite and, so far, could only be chosen by rule of thumb or trial-and-error. In this paper, we develop a strategy for automatically choosing a dictionary by a novel learning approach. We utilize a non-linear constrained optimization problem to determine best-fitting RBFs (Abel–Poisson kernels). For this, we use the Ipopt software package with an HSL subroutine. Details of the algorithm are explained and first numerical results are shown.
Correction to: Possible Mechanisms of Long-Term Trend of June Rainfall over the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Lee Hyeran , Song Hwan-Jin , Sohn Byung-Ju
Published: February 2020

The article “Possible Mechanisms of Long-Term Trend of June Rainfall over the Korean Peninsula”, written by Hyeran Lee, Hwan-Jin Song and Byung-Ju Sohn, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 08 January 2020 without open access.
Rumination, mood, and maladaptive eating behaviors in overweight and healthy populations
Authors: Kornacka Monika , Czepczor-Bernat Kamila , Napieralski Piotr , Brytek-Matera Anna
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The literature suggests that rumination (i.e., repetitive thinking about 1 or more negative concerns that is perceived as difficult to control) is linked to impaired emotional regulation and increases negative affect. Not only individuals suffering from overweight or obesity, but also healthy individuals might use emotional eating as a coping strategy to deal with negative affect caused by rumination. The aim of the present study was to determine the link between rumination and maladaptive eating strategies in participants with normal weight and overweight/obesity using trait and ecological momentary measures.

Method

In Study 1, 88 individuals from overweight/obese (N = 33) and control group (N = 50) filled in a series of questionnaires assessing trait rumination, and eating behaviors. In Study 2 momentary affect, rumination and eating behavior of 26 participants were assessed using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology.

Results

In Study 1, the moderated mediation model revealed that emotional eating mediates the link between rumination and uncontrolled eating or snacking, but only in healthy participants and not in the participants with overweight. The results of Study 2 suggest that when both momentary rumination and sad mood are entered into the model predicting momentary daily emotional eating, only rumination remains a significant predictor of emotional eating. This relationship is not modified by the fact that the participants are from healthy controls or the overweight/obese group.

Discussion

Study 1 provided evidence on the differential role of emotional eating in participants with normal weight and with overweight. Study 2 provided initial insights into the role of momentary mood and momentary repetitive thinking in the use of emotional eating in participants’ everyday lives. The differences in group effect in trait and EMA measures indicated also the importance of considering the consciousness of using rumination and emotional eating, while studying those processes in individuals with overweight.

Level of evidence

Level III, case-control analytic study.
Microwave Absorption of Crystalline Fe/MnO@C Nanocapsules Embedded in Amorphous Carbon
Authors: He Gaihua , Duan Yuping , Pang Huifang
Published: February 2020

Crystalline Fe/MnO@C core–shell nanocapsules inlaid in porous amorphous carbon matrix (FMCA) was synthesized successfully with a novel confinement strategy. The heterogeneous Fe/MnO nanocrystals are with approximate single-domain size which gives rise to natural resonance in 2–18 GHz. The addition of MnO2 confines degree of graphitization catalyzed by iron and contributes to the formation of amorphous carbon. The heterogeneous materials composed of crystalline–amorphous structures disperse evenly and its density is significantly reduced on account of porous properties. Meanwhile, adjustable dielectric loss is achieved by interrupting Fe core aggregation and stacking graphene conductive network. The dielectric loss synergistically with magnetic loss endows the FMCA enhanced absorption. The optimal reflection loss (RL) is up to − 45 dB, and the effective bandwidth (RL < − 10 dB) is 5.0 GHz with 2.0 mm thickness. The proposed confinement strategy not only lays the foundation for designing high-performance microwave absorber, but also offers a general duty synthesis method for heterogeneous crystalline–amorphous composites with tunable composition in other fields.
A review on the recycling of waste carbon fibre/glass fibre-reinforced composites: fibre recovery, properties and life-cycle analysis
Authors: Karuppannan Gopalraj Sankar , Kärki Timo
Published: February 2020

The growing use of carbon and glass fibres has increased awareness about their waste disposal methods. Tonnes of composite waste containing valuable carbon fibres and glass fibres have been cumulating every year from various applications. These composite wastes must be cost-effectively recycled without causing negative environmental impact. This review article presents an overview of the existing methods to recycle the cumulating composite wastes containing carbon fibre and glass fibre, with emphasis on fibre recovery and understanding their retained properties. Carbon and glass fibres are assessed via focused topics, each related to a specific treatment method: mechanical recycling; thermal recycling, including fluidised bed and pyrolysis; chemical recycling and solvolysis using critical conditions. Additionally, a brief analysis of their environmental and economic aspects are discussed, prioritising the methods based on sustainable values. Finally, research gaps are identified to highlight the factors of circular economy and its significant role in closing the life-cycle loop of these valuable fibres into re-manufactured composites.
Evidence based perioperative optimization of patients with obstructive sleep apnea in resource limited areas: A systematic review
Authors: Melesse Debas Yaregal , Mekonnen Zemenay Ayinie , Kassahun Habtamu Getinet , Chekol Wubie Birlie
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Obstructive sleep apnea is a syndrome characterized by periodic, partial, or complete obstruction in the upper airway during sleep. This, in turn, causes repetitive arousal from sleep to restore airway patency, which may result in daytime hyper somnolence or other daytime manifestations of disrupted sleep such as aggressive or distractible behavior in children. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a complex disorder with series physiological consequences. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome have an increased tendency for upper airway obstruction during sleep, which leads to repetitive apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness and increased cardiovascular morbidity.

Methods:

This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocol. Search engines like PubMed through HINARI, Cochrane database, Google Scholar to get access for current and updated evidences on perioperative anesthetic management for patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Discussion:

Patients with a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea should be considered to be at increased risk for perioperative complications. Patients who had obstructive sleep apnea and at risk for obstructive sleep apnea should be identified before Surgery. The most effective and widely used treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is continuous positive airway pressure, it treats apnea –hypopnea by providing air under positive pressure through a nasal or facial mask thus creating a pneumatic splint in the pharynx, which prevents collapse of the pharyngeal airway.

Conclusion:

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who underwent procedures under anesthesia were at increased risk for perioperative complications compared with patients without the disease. The equipment for management of a difficult airway should be in place before induction of general anesthesia. Orotracheal tubes in various sizes, gum elastic bougie as well as a McCoy laryngoscope and a laryngeal mask airway were necessary.

Highlights:
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: February 2020

The conventional, clichéd image of a ‘hacker’ is that of a scruffy teenager whose face is obscured in the shadows of the inevitable hoodie. Hardly anyone pictures a cyber attacker in the robes of a crown prince. That may change.
The financial motivation to keep information secure
Authors: Stremlau Thorsten
Published: February 2020

The number one driver of the cyber security industry right now is the global push to digitally transform businesses. As a result, the way that companies need to protect their data and assets is changing and the security challenges they are facing are often situations with which they have very little experience.
Describing Law
Authors: Donelson Raff
Published: February 2020

Legal philosophers make a number of bold, contentious claims about the nature of law. For instance, some claim that law necessarily involves coercion, while others disagree. Some claim that all law enjoys presumptive moral validity, while others disagree. We can see these claims in at least three, mutually exclusive ways: (1) We can see them as descriptions of law’s nature (descriptivism), (2) we can see them as expressing non-descriptive attitudes of the legal philosophers in question (expressivism), or (3) we can see them as practical claims about how we should view law or order our society (pragmatism). This paper argues that we should understand these claims in the pragmatist way, as claims about how we should view law or order society.
Innovative education and training in high power laser plasmas (PowerLaPs) for plasma physics, high power laser matter interactions and high energy density physics: experimental diagnostics and simulations
Authors: Pasley John , Andrianaki Georgia , Baroutsos Andreas , Batani Dimitri , Benis Emmanouil P. , Ciardi Andrea , Cook Donna , Dimitriou Vasilios , Dromey Brendan , Fitilis Ioannis , Gatti Giancarlo , Grigoriadis Anastasios , Huault Marine , Pérez Hernández Jose Antonio , Kaselouris Evaggelos , Klimo Ondrej , Koenig Michel , Koundourakis George , Kucharik Milan , Limpouch Jiri , Liska Richard , Lopez Carlos Salgado , Malko Sophia , Olmos-Migueláñez Susana , Orphanos Yannis , Ospina Valeria , Papadogiannis Nektarios A. , Petrakis Stelios , Psikal Jan , Serena Rivetta Maria , Rodríguez-Conde María-José , Jorge Santos João , Sinor Milan , Skoulakis Alexandros , Tazes Ioannis , Pascual Laura Tejada , Tsitou Calliope , Vachal Pavel , Volpe Luca , Vyskocil Jiri , White Steven , Yeung Mark , Zerouli Ghassan , Tatarakis Michael
Published: February 2020

The second and final year of the Erasmus Plus programme ‘Innovative Education and Training in high power laser plasmas’, otherwise known as PowerLaPs, is described. The PowerLaPs programme employs an innovative paradigm in that it is a multi-centre programme, where teaching takes place in five separate institutes with a range of different aims and styles of delivery. The ‘in-class’ time is limited to 4 weeks a year, and the programme spans 2 years. PowerLaPs aims to train students from across Europe in theoretical, applied and laboratory skills relevant to the pursuit of research in laser plasma interaction physics and inertial confinement fusion. Lectures are intermingled with laboratory sessions and continuous assessment activities. The programme, which is led by workers from the Hellenic Mediterranean University and supported by co-workers from the Queen’s University Belfast, the University of Bordeaux, the Czech Technical University in Prague, Ecole Polytechnique, the University of Ioannina, the University of Salamanca and the University of York, has just finished its second and final year. Six Learning Teaching Training activities have been held at the Queen’s University Belfast, the University of Bordeaux, the Czech Technical University, the University of Salamanca and the Institute of Plasma Physics and Lasers of the Hellenic Mediterranean University. The last of these institutes hosted two 2-week-long Intensive Programmes, while the activities at the other four universities were each 5 days in length. In addition, a ‘Multiplier Event’ was held at the University of Ioannina, which will be briefly described. In this second year, the work has concentrated on training in both experimental diagnostics and simulation techniques appropriate to the study of plasma physics, high power laser matter interactions and high energy density physics. The nature of the programme will be described in detail, and some metrics relating to the activities carried out will be presented. In particular, this paper will focus on the overall assessment of the programme.
Mathematicians in Nuclear Reactor Theory
Authors: Davison B.
Published: February 2020

Among new fields of application of mathematics that have arisen since the war one of the more important is the theory of nuclear reactors. The reader need hardly be reminded of the role that atomic energy is bound to play in our future. As an indication, however, of the amount of unclassified research that has to go and is going into the development of its peaceful applications it can be mentioned that there are now several scientific periodicals both in the U.S.A. and in Britain entirely devoted to problems appertaining to nuclear reactors. Much of this work, in particular most of the work regarding the diffusion and slowing down of neutrons, is entirely mathematical in nature.
Frames, reasoning, and the emergence of conventions
Authors: Campigotto Nicola
Published: February 2020

This paper examines the perceptual and reasoning processes that underpin regularities in behaviour. A distinction is made between situations as they are, or as described by an omniscient external observer, and situations as agents see or frame them. Different frames can stem from differences in culture, experience and personality, as well as from other context-specific factors. Drawing upon David Lewis’sConvention(1969), I show that consistency between reasoning and experience does not preclude individuals from understanding the same state of affairs differently, and that agents’ beliefs about others’ beliefs may well be wrong. As a result, cases may occur in which conventions are sustained by false but mutually consistent and self-confirming beliefs.
From Academic Discourse to Political Decisions? The Case of the Xinjiang Ethnic Unity Education Textbook Reform
Authors: Zhao Taotao , Tok Sow Keat
Published: February 2020

Between 2009 and 2014, against the background of the Xinjiang ethnic unity education textbook reform (2009–2010), vigorous academic debate on China's ethnic policy reform took place. Two academic cliques – one championing reform and the other representing the status quo – gradually came to the fore in this debate and competed to influence policy. This research seeks to unpack the mechanisms in China's knowledge regime that allow one agent (such as a think tank or academic) to prevail over others. Agents have an impact on policymaking mainly through connections with the decision-making body. This research uses three variables (ideological connection, level and nature of the connection) to analyse the relative policy influence of different agents in the debate. This research is among the first to provide an in-depth analysis of the debate's policy impact at the local level. The reform clique prevailed in this case because of its ability to bond with and influence higher-level decision-making bodies. Beginning in 2014, the Chinese Communist Party officially adopted the reform clique's language because of its alignment with the Party's growing need to maintain security in ethnic minority areas. Furthermore, key reform clique players continue to have an impact on the national policy shift.
Influence of temperature on prevalence of health and welfare conditions in pigs: time-series analysis of pig abattoir inspection data in England and Wales
Authors: Lee H. , Perkins C. , Gray H. , Hajat S. , Friel M. , Smith R. P. , Williamson S. , Edwards P. , Collins L. M.
Published: February 2020

The prevalence of many diseases in pigs displays seasonal distributions. Despite growing concerns about the impacts of climate change, we do not yet have a good understanding of the role that weather factors play in explaining such seasonal patterns. In this study, national and county-level aggregated abattoir inspection data were assessed for England and Wales during 2010–2015. Seasonally-adjusted relationships were characterised between weekly ambient maximum temperature and the prevalence of both respiratory conditions and tail biting detected at slaughter. The prevalence of respiratory conditions showed cyclical annual patterns with peaks in the summer months and troughs in the winter months each year. However, there were no obvious associations with either high or low temperatures. The prevalence of tail biting generally increased as temperatures decreased, but associations were not supported by statistical evidence: across all counties there was a relative risk of 1.028 (95% CI 0.776–1.363) for every 1 °C fall in temperature. Whilst the seasonal patterns observed in this study are similar to those reported in previous studies, the lack of statistical evidence for an explicit association with ambient temperature may possibly be explained by the lack of information on date of disease onset. There is also the possibility that other time-varying factors not investigated here may be driving some of the seasonal patterns.
Malposition of left atrial disc and feasibility of recapturing Figulla-II Occlutech septal occluder
Authors: Sadiq Masood , Qureshi Ahmad U. , Amin Zahid
Published: February 2020

We report a case of Figulla-II Occlutech septal occluder malposition with residual shunt at posteriosuperior margin of an atrial septal defect. Improvising its bioptome type delivery cable, same system was used to recapture the device and redeploy it successfully. This report highlights a potential malfunction of Figulla-II Occlutech disc and the advantage of its delivery system for retrieval of the device.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION IN POST-WAR AMERICA: NEW INSIGHTS FROM THEODORE SCHULTZ AND JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH
Authors: Chirat Alexandre , Le Chapelain Charlotte
Published: February 2020

Human capital theory has suffered much criticism. The filter theory of education (Arrow 1973), the theory of education as a “signal” (Spence 1973), and the theory of “screening” (Stiglitz 1975), for instance, have seriously challenged it from within mainstream economics, and heavy criticism has also come from other paradigms, with Franck Bailly (2016) recently documenting the critique from the radical school. Within this set of ideas that flourished in the post-WW II period and challenged human capital theory, John Kenneth Galbraith’s analysis of the dynamics of the education process is often neglected. In his original institutionalist and firm-based approach to the evolution of education, Galbraith placed great emphasis on the issue of the requirements of the planning system when he tackled the issue of human capital investment. More surprisingly—since he is unanimously recognized as the “founding father” of the “human capital revolution”—Theodore Schultz himself developed a substantial critique of human capital theory that shares some ground with Galbraith’s. The aim of this contribution is to provide new insights into the history of post-WW II ideas in the field of economics of education by reviewing Schultz’s and Galbraith’s respective analyses of education and highlighting their proximities. Both authors raise doubts regarding the idea that the aggregation of individual choices must be regarded as the relevant generative mechanism of the dynamic of education and the basis of the allocation of education resources. Consequently, both question the equivocal concept of student sovereignty.
Weekly variation in diet and physical activity among 4–75-year-old Danes
Authors: Nordman Matilda , Matthiessen Jeppe , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Ritz Christian , Hjorth Mads F
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To compare dietary intake and physical activity (PA) between days of the week in a large sample of the Danish population; furthermore, to investigate the influence of gender and age as determinants for weekly variation.

Design:

Analysis was based on cross-sectional data from the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2011–2013. Dietary intake and PA were assessed by 7 d of pre-coded food diaries and pedometer-determined step counts. Dietary intake and PA on weekdays (Monday–Thursday), Friday, and weekend days (Saturday and Sunday) were compared using linear mixed models.

Setting:

Survey with national representation, conducted in Denmark between 2011 and 2013.

Participants:

A random sample of 4–75-year-old Danes,n3934 andn3530 in analysis of dietary intake and PA, respectively.

Results:

Energy intake during Friday and weekend days was 7–20 % higher compared with weekdays, while step counts were 10 and 17 % lower on Saturday and Sunday, respectively (allP< 0·001). Energy density of liquids and solids, consumption of added sugar, alcohol, discretionary foods, beer, wine and sugar-sweetened beverages were substantially higher, and consumption of dietary fibre, vegetables, fruit and wholegrain products were lower, during Friday and weekend days compared with weekdays (allP< 0·001). The observed patterns were present across gender and age, although weekly variation was most pronounced among children and relatively modest among the elderly.

Conclusions:

Weekend health behaviours of Danes display less favourable eating and PA behaviour compared with weekdays, making the weekend an important target for public health interventions aiming to improve dietary intake and PA behaviour.
Chemicals, cans and factories: how grade school children think about processed foods
Authors: Bleiweiss-Sande Rachel , Goldberg Jeanne , Evans E Whitney , Chui Ken , Bailey Caitlin , Sacheck Jennifer
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To determine how children interpret terms related to food processing; whether their categorisation of foods according to processing level is consistent with those used in research; and whether they associate the degree of processing with healthfulness.

Design:

Qualitative data were collected from ten focus groups. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted.

Setting:

Four elementary and afterschool programmes in a large, urban school district in the USA that served predominantly low-income, racial/ethnic minority students.

Participants:

Children, 9–12 years old, in the fourth–sixth grades (n 53).

Results:

The sample was 40 % male, 47 % Hispanic with a mean age of 10·4 ± 1·1 years. Children’s understanding of unprocessed foods was well aligned with research classifications, while concordance of highly processed foods with research categorisations varied. Five primary themes regarding the way children categorised foods according to their processing level emerged: type and amount of added ingredients; preparation method; packaging and storage; change in physical state or sensory experience; and growing method. Most children associated processing level with healthfulness, describing unprocessed foods as healthier. The most common reason provided for the unhealthfulness of processed foods was added ingredients, including ‘chemicals’ and ‘sugar’.

Conclusions:

The current study demonstrated that children have a working knowledge of processing that could be leveraged to encourage healthier eating patterns; however, their understanding is not always consistent with the classification systems used in research. The vocabulary used by researchers and consumers to talk about processing must be reconciled to translate findings into actionable messages.
A review of congenital tremor type A-II in piglets
Authors: Stenberg Hedvig , Jacobson Magdalena , Malmberg Maja
Published: February 2020

Congenital tremor (CT) is a neurological disease that affects new-born piglets. It was described in 1922 and six different forms, designated type AI-V and type B, are described based on the causative agents, as well as specific histological findings in the central nervous system (CNS). The various forms present with identical clinical signs consisting of mild to severe tremor of the head and body, sometimes complicated with ataxia. By definition, all A-forms have hypomyelination of the CNS, whereas there are no histopathological lesions with the B-form. The cause of the A-II form was long unknown, however, at present several different viruses have been proposed as the causative agent: porcine circovirus-II (PCV-II), astrovirus, PCV-like virus P1, and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Currently, APPV is the only virus that has been proven to fulfill Mokili's Metagenomic Koch's Postulates. Following infection of the pregnant sow, the virus passes the placental barrier and infects the fetus. Interestingly, no clinical signs of disease have been associated with APPV in adult pigs. Furthermore, other viruses cannot be ruled out as additional potential causes of CT. Given the increased interest and research in CT type A-II, the aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge.
Early integration of palliative care in a long-term care home: A telemedicine feasibility pilot study
Authors: Perri Giulia-Anna , Abdel-Malek Nada , Bandali Aysha , Grosbein Haddas , Gardner Sandra
Published: February 2020

Objective

Palliative care plays an essential role in enhancing the quality of life and quality of death for residents in long-term care homes (LTCHs). Access to palliative care specialists is one barrier to providing palliative care to LTCHs. This project focused on palliative telemedicine, specifically evaluating whether integration of early palliative care specialist consultation into an LTCH would be feasible through the implementation of videoconferencing during routine interdisciplinary care conferences.

Method

This was a mixed-methods evaluation of a pilot program implementation over 6 months, to integrate early palliative care into an LTCH. There were two pilot communities with a total of 61 residents. Resident demographics were collected by a chart review, and palliative telemedicine feasibility was evaluated using staff and family member surveys.

Results

For the 61 residents, the average age of the residents was 87 years, with 61% being female and 69% having dementia as the primary diagnosis. The mean CHESS (Change in Health, End-Stage Disease, Signs, and Symptoms) and ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scores were 0.8 and 4.0, respectively, with 54% having a Palliative Performance Scale score of 40. Seventeen clinical staff surveys on palliative teleconferences were completed with the majority rating their experience as high. Ten out of the 20 family members completed the palliative teleconference surveys, and the majority were generally satisfied with the experience and were willing to use it again. Clinical staff confidence in delivering palliative care through telemedicine significantly increased (P = 0.0021).

Significance of results

The results support the feasibility of videoconferencing as a means of palliative care provision. Despite technical issues, most clinical staff and families were satisfied with the videoconference and were willing to use it again. Early integration of palliative care specialist services into an LTCH through videoconferencing also led to improved self-rated confidence in the palliative approach to care by clinical staff.
Spatially Asymmetric Increase in Hot Electron Fraction in the Io Plasma Torus During Volcanically Active Period Revealed by Observations by Hisaki/EXCEED From November 2014 to May 2015
Authors: Hikida R. , Yoshioka K. , Tsuchiya F. , Kagitani M. , Kimura T. , Bagenal F. , Schneider N. , Murakami G. , Yamazaki A. , Kita H. , Nerney E. , Yoshikawa I.
Published: February 2020

The satellite Io, which has volcanoes and is located at 5.9 RJ from the center of Jupiter, is a powerful plasma source in the magnetosphere. The heavy ions originating from Io form a torus‐like structure and emit radiation. The pickup energy and hot electrons are believed to power the Io plasma torus. Voyager data showed that a trace amount of hot electrons (at several hundreds of eV) exist in the torus. The origin of hot electrons, that is, plasma heating and/or transport mechanisms, have been mentioned in previous research. However, the contribution of each mechanism toward supplying hot electrons remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we explored the time variation and spatial structure of hot electrons by spectroscopic observations using the Hisaki satellite. In this study, the radial distributions of plasma densities and temperatures were derived from the emission line intensities in the extreme ultraviolet range of day of year (DOY) 331 in 2014 to DOY 134 in 2015, which includes the Io's volcanically active period. We found that hot electrons inside the torus began to increase particularly on the duskside ~40 days after the onset of volcanic activity. This result suggests that the mass increase in the torus with volcanic activity enhanced the plasma transport from the outside within a specific region or via a local heating process.
Effects of Topography and Realistic Drag on the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitude Jet in a Dry Model
Authors: Pithan F. , Polichtchouk I.
Published: February 2020

Climate models have substantial biases in the climatological latitude of the Southern Hemisphere eddy‐driven jet and the time scale of annular mode variability and disagree on the jet response to climate change. Zonally symmetric dry dynamical cores are often used for idealized modeling of the jet response to forcing and its sensitivity to model setup changes. The limits to which these models represent the key mechanisms that control the jet in complex models or the real world have not been systematically investigated. Here we show that substantial intermodel differences in jet latitude and strength can arise from differences in dynamical cores and resolved topography. Including topography and a more realistic surface drag in a dry model substantially alters the jet response to changes in drag strength. Using real‐world maps, enhanced drag over land shifts the jet poleward, whereas enhanced drag over the ocean leads to an equatorward shift. No universal relationship between annular mode time scale and forced response emerges in the dry model with topography. These results suggest that zonally symmetric models with Rayleigh drag lack important mechanisms that control the behavior of the midlatitude jet in coupled climate models. A dry model with topography and quadratic surface drag can fill this gap in the model hierarchy.
Thank You to Our 2019 Reviewers
Authors: Goñi Miguel , Desai Ankur , Huntzinger Deborah
Published: February 2020

Plain Language Summary

The Editors of JGR‐Biogeosciences recognize the 791 reviewers who contributed 1,235 reviews in 2019. The outstanding efforts of these reviewers are integral to the impact and success of the journal.
Inhibition of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor corrects maternal inflammation-induced microglial and synaptic dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities
Authors: Ikezu Seiko , Yeh Hana , Delpech Jean-Christophe , Woodbury Maya E. , Van Enoo Alicia A. , Ruan Zhi , Sivakumaran Sudhir , You Yang , Holland Carl , Guillamon-Vivancos Teresa , Yoshii-Kitahara Asuka , Botros Mina B. , Madore Charlotte , Chao Pin-Hao , Desani Ankita , Manimaran Solaiappan , Kalavai Srinidhi Venkatesan , Johnson W. Evan , Butovsky Oleg , Medalla Maria , Luebke Jennifer I. , Ikezu Tsuneya
Published: February 2020

Maternal immune activation (MIA) disrupts the central innate immune system during a critical neurodevelopmental period. Microglia are primary innate immune cells in the brain although their direct influence on the MIA phenotype is largely unknown. Here we show that MIA alters microglial gene expression with upregulation of cellular protrusion/neuritogenic pathways, concurrently causing repetitive behavior, social deficits, and synaptic dysfunction to layer V intrinsically bursting pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of mice. MIA increases plastic dendritic spines of the intrinsically bursting neurons and their interaction with hyper-ramified microglia. Treating MIA offspring by colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors induces depletion and repopulation of microglia, and corrects protein expression of the newly identified MIA-associated neuritogenic molecules in microglia, which coalesces with correction of MIA-associated synaptic, neurophysiological, and behavioral abnormalities. Our study demonstrates that maternal immune insults perturb microglial phenotypes and influence neuronal functions throughout adulthood, and reveals a potent effect of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors on the correction of MIA-associated microglial, synaptic, and neurobehavioral dysfunctions.
Therapeutic effects of Tetanus neurotoxin in spinal cord injury: a case series on four dogs
Authors: Hesse Stefan , Kutschenko Anna , Bryl Beatrice , Deutschland Martin , Liebetanz David
Published: February 2020

Study design

Case series on four dogs.

Objectives

To determine the alleviation of motor symptoms in spinal cord injury (SCI) by tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT).

Setting

Different Berlin veterinary clinics, Germany.

Methods

We report on the effect of intramuscular injections of low-dose TeNT into paretic hind limb muscles 2–157 weeks after SCI due to lumbar disc herniation in a clinical case series on four dogs. All dogs underwent unsuccessful or incomplete surgical decompression prior to TeNT treatment. TeNT was injected on a compassionate basis. Stance, gait ability and the diameter of the rectus femoris muscle were assessed as parameters.

Results

All four dogs improved their stance and three of these dogs improved in gait at 4 and 6 weeks after TeNT injections without evidence of side effects or spreading of TeNT effects. At the same time, the size of the rectus femoris muscle diameter increased considerably as compared with baseline (baseline: 100%; 4 weeks: 148.7% ± 10.9%; 6 weeks: 137.1% ± 7.9%).

Conclusions

Facilitation of α-motor neurons by TeNT injections into paretic hind limb muscles of four dogs improved standing and/or gait abilities and partly reversed muscle atrophy after SCI. The absence of generalized or painful muscle spasms supports the safety of low-dose TeNT. Therefore, TeNT might evolve as a promising therapeutic option for muscle paresis of central origin, e.g. in individuals with SCI, stroke or multiple sclerosis.
Metabolic potentials of archaeal lineages resolved from metagenomes of deep Costa Rica sediments
Authors: Farag Ibrahim F , Biddle Jennifer F , Zhao Rui , Martino Amanda J , House Christopher H , León-Zayas Rosa I
Published: February 2020

Numerous archaeal lineages are known to inhabit marine subsurface sediments, although their distributions, metabolic capacities, and interspecies interactions are still not well understood. Abundant and diverse archaea were recently reported in Costa Rica (CR) margin subseafloor sediments recovered during IODP Expedition 334. Here, we recover metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of archaea from the CR margin and compare them to their relatives from shallower settings. We describe 31 MAGs of six different archaeal lineages (Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota, Heimdallarchaeota, Bathyarcheota, Thermoplasmatales, and Hadesarchaea) and thoroughly analyze representative MAGs from the phyla Lokiarchaeota and Bathyarchaeota. Our analysis suggests the potential capability of Lokiarchaeota members to anaerobically degrade aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. We show it is genetically possible and energetically feasible for Lokiarchaeota to degrade benzoate if they associate with organisms using nitrate, nitrite, and sulfite as electron acceptors, which suggests a possibility of syntrophic relationships between Lokiarchaeota and nitrite and sulfite reducing bacteria. The novel Bathyarchaeota lineage possesses an incomplete methanogenesis pathway lacking the methyl coenzyme M reductase complex and encodes a noncanonical acetogenic pathway potentially coupling methylotrophy to acetogenesis via the methyl branch of Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. These metabolic characteristics suggest the potential of this Bathyarchaeota lineage to be a transition between methanogenic and acetogenic Bathyarchaeota lineages. This work expands our knowledge about the metabolic functional repertoire of marine benthic archaea.