bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSIS OF TOURISM ENHANCEMENT OF THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE ENSEMBLE OF APOSTOLIC CHURCHES OF ARMENIA
Authors: Sanasaryan A. , Viñals M. J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Among thousands of UNESCO World Heritage Sites around the world, three groups belong to the Republic of Armenia; Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots (2000), Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin (1996, 2000), and Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley (2000). All of them are distinctive representatives of Armenian Apostolic Church. Their uniqueness lies in their historical origin (dating back to the 4th century), singular architectural style and their ability to provide spiritual support to Armenians from ancient times. Almost all of them are still used for their original (religious) purpose. Nevertheless, in some cases poor public visitation is observed. Being the first example of this kind of research in Armenia, the objective of this study is to analyse and make a diagnosis of the current condition of the sites regarding the public visitation and tourism uses, as well as to propose heritage enhancement tools to improve the physical and intellectual access to them. The methodology includes the combination of observational fieldwork, revision of scientific bibliography, as well as preparation of a complete heritage inventory of these sites. Assessments are performed both from the tourism point of view and for the intrinsic values of these monuments, following technical criteria. The results of this study attest to the tourism potential of those churches. Particularly, the Monastery of Geghard and the Cathedral of Echmiatsin are unique and of significant importance due to their accessibility, good conservation conditions and attractiveness.
STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HMONG MINORITY'S VERNACULAR DWELLINGS AT HUAYUAN COUNTY IN XIANGXI AREA (CHINA)
Authors: Long L. , Gan Z. , Zhang D. , Semprebon G.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Hmong vernacular dwellings are an indispensable and essential branch of traditional Chinese architecture, which bears the profound history of the integration of minority culture and Han culture for thousands of years. As a typical representative of the Hmong settlement in China, the Hmong Village in Huayuan County, western Hunan Province, has the distinct characteristics of respecting nature and making good use of terrain in the construction of vernacular dwellings, which embodies the unique regional, historical, cultural and national character. Firstly, the article analyzes the influence of terrain, landform, climatic environment, historical culture, and social structure on the layout, shape, and materials of the rural homes of the Hmong people in Huayuan County. Secondly, by analyzing the elements of the courtyard space, the layout characteristics of the courtyard, and the organization mode of the courtyard group, the overall spatial characteristics of the residential courtyard are analyzed. At the same time, from the perspective of a single residential house, to sort out the characteristics of its type as well as the floor plan, building structure, material colour, and detailed decoration. Finally, it emphasizes that the Hmong vernacular dwellings in Huayuan County, embody the distinctive cultural connotation of the Hmong nationality, and show the unique aesthetic and romantic sentiment of the Hmong vernacular architecture to the world.
EXPERIENCES OF SOCIAL PARTICIPATION IN RECOVERY TO RECONNECT A COMMUNITY TO ITS HERITAGE
Authors: de Dato P. , Hernández Navarro Y.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Intervention in private vernacular heritages often causes of the loss of its cultural values in the same way as its abandonment brings it to a condition of irreversible ruin. This reflection is valid for public heritage, but in this sphere the detachment caused by ignorance, forgetfulness and contempt, contrasting with the very idea of heritage, seems to be more serious. This work starts from the reflection on the degradation of certain historical-cultural resources due fundamentally to the lack of maintenance and abandonment, leading to a strategy based on social participation as a key to success in the recovery of heritage in general. The proposal is born from the analysis of the successful intervention experiences of different assets which from the beginning have incorporated the direct and active participation of the respective communities, not only in the enhancement of the assets once they have been intervened, but also in the physical process of the intervention through craftsmanship based on the traditional trades of construction. In both cases presented in this study direct participation has allowed the traditional construction techniques and their associated cultural values to become known, to train the population in techniques to guarantee the maintenance of heritage resources in the future, to recover traditions, ethnographic culture and local history, and finally to rebuild the broken links of attachment to the cultural heritage.
DON VICTOR AND THE MAINTENANCE BOOKLETS: A STRATEGY TO STIMULATE THE RESILIENCE OF THE VERNACULAR HERITAGE OF SOUTHERN ECUADOR
Authors: Cardoso Martinez F. , Barsallo Chávez G. , Astudillo Cordero S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Among the most powerful reasons for the loss of heritage buildings in Ecuadorian Andean cities, the lack of valuation of these buildings by their owners has been persistently noted. Faced with this weakness, the value of the property is considered only for its exclusive real estate value which exposes the demolition to old buildings for speculative purposes. The gap established between the technical valuation of buildings by “experts” and the valuation of these by their owners or inhabitants, has not been possible to overcome for many reasons: The diverse interests, the economic needs of the owners, the difficulties to activate maintenance actions in a more spontaneous and simple way, and the progressive disappearance of people who know how to do it. Understanding the communication of ideas, values and procedures as a powerful tool to mitigate the distances between diverse actors, the CPM project of the University of Cuenca, has developed a series of tools aimed at maintaining the heritage buildings of Cuenca and its region. For this, the characteristics of local architecture, the colloquial language, the tradition of local graphic expressions and other forms of popular dissemination have been considered, resulting in a compendium of 11 documents that includes a cartoon with the name "The Adventures of Don Victor" and 10 thematic booklets in which problems are identified and basic solutions for heritage preservation are offered.
TYPOLOGICAL STUDY AND CATALOGUING OF LATE MEDIEVAL MANOR HOUSES OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY (SPAIN)
Authors: Luengas-Carreño D. , Crespo de Antonio M. , Sánchez-Beitia S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Manor Houses were the homes and centres of operation of Basque noble families during the Late Medieval Period. From early defensive Tower Houses to the Palaces of the early 16th century, Manor Houses evolved during the Late Middle Ages, adapting to different historical periods. Despite their heritage value, these buildings are in danger of being lost. Investigations of past centuries encouraged the emergence of false beliefs around Manor Houses – excessively old constructive periods, assignment of defensive origins to most buildings, etc.–. This has resulted in serious errors in heritage catalogues and, subsequently, a high number of unfortunate architectural interventions. This paper aims to analyse and characterize the typological evolution of Basque Manor Houses, in order that the results be used as guideline for future protection strategies. The work was divided into three sections: field work, documentary research and historical-constructive analysis. Collected data was uploaded into QGIS software, which was then used to carry out a comparative analysis. An inventory of 2050 Manor Houses has been developed, which includes a “Red List” of 472 buildings in danger of being lost. Five typologies of Manor Houses have been identified: one with a defensive function – the Tower House – and four types of non-defensive constructions – Tower Palace, Rural Palatial House, Large Palace and Village Manor House –. Most of the existent Basque Manor Houses were built after the mid-15th century and were non-defensive from their original construction.
THE EFFECTS OF RISING SEA LEVELS ON THE CONSERVATION OF ROMAN FISH TANKS IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
Authors: Caballero F. J. , Viñals M. J. , Tormo S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The continuous sea level rising affects all those built heritage elements located near the seacoasts and oceans all over the world. Some of the most affected sites are the found Roman coastal fish tanks which were scattered along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and had the purpose of breeding and keeping the fish in captivity. This study will analyze the current consequences of this phenomenon in these sites, mainly on those located in Spain. It will also analyze the effects in structures because of their submergence, the effects of erosion, the different reasons for coast line variations, the risks of sea storms and floods. Estimations are also made and they are based on the forecasts of sea-level rises in order of what it is being published in scientific fields. Finally, the pernicious effects that these types of infrastructures and their associated elements will suffer in a short or medium term will be studied.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL CENTRES IN MASONRY BUILDING AGGREGATES: APPLICATION TO THE CITY OF SCARPERIA, ITALY
Authors: Cardinali V. , Cristofaro M. T. , Ferrini M. , Nudo R. , Paoletti B. , Tanganelli M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The seismic vulnerability of masonry building aggregates is very difficult to determine, since it is affected by many uncertainties. The most uncertain quantities concern the historical periodization of structural aggregates. Moreover, the studies made at the urban scale can hardly be thorough, and usually the knowledge achieved on the single units is not fully satisfactory, so that the structural designer has to deal with uncompleted architectonical surveys and partial data; one of the most important problems concerns the lack of knowledge about the boundary conditions between adjacent structures. In order to perform mechanical analyses, an extensive knowledge of materials and techniques adopted is required. In this paper, an integrated methodology for the seismic assessment of building aggregate is presented. It concerns a multidisciplinary knowledge-based approach calibrated over the historical centres and the urban aggregates; the procedure joins different aspects, such as the use of modern technologies for an integrated knowledge, plans reconstructions through archival documents, laser scanner digital survey of urban fronts, non-destructive investigations of the materials. GIS and BIM platforms have been used to implement and collect data in order to perform detailed analyses. The information allowed to assess the seismic vulnerability of the building aggregates and the expected damage scenarios through empirical methodologies. The city of Scarperia, founded a few kilometres from Florence during the Medieval Age and characterized by a medium seismicity, has been chosen as a case study for the presented procedure.
WATER-RISK MANAGEMENT IN TCHOGHA ZANBIL WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN IRAN, WITH A FOCUS ON THE ANCIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Nakhaei M. , Correia M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Water-risk management is one of the most challenging issues in the conservation of earthen sites, because of the inherent weakness of earth to moisture, and also the severe damage after rainfall as a result of a combination of many factors in the deterioration processes. In Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site (WHS) in Iran, this problem causes more damage due to the heavy rains that impact the site in a short period of time. The property encompasses a vast area, which makes regular maintenance more difficult. Also, there are insufficient strategies for controlling water runoff on the structures. Archaeological studies have revealed an ancient system for managing surface water at this site which could be compatible and adaptable for further development of the current management system. This study aims to present sustainable approaches in managing water-risk in the Tchogha Zanbil WHS, by identifying the authenticity values, investigating the problems and challenges in the current water-management system, and more importantly, assessing ancient strategies for controlling water, based on archaeological evidence.
EARTHEN HERITAGE, CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND COMMODIFICATION IN A WORLD HERITAGE SITE (QUEBRADA DE HUMAHUACA, JUJUY, ARGENTINA)
Authors: Barada J. , Tomasi J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Contemporary reflections on the conception and conservation of architectural heritage have led to new perspectives on certain categories, such as authenticity, within a more dynamic understanding of social facts. Historically, local communities have rethought and transformed their architecture within the framework of becoming reality. This change is inherent in their condition of existence, and necessary to consider the multiplicity of institutionalized actors that raise agendas and actions that intersect in a complex way with the dynamics of World Heritage sites. This paper will analyze the implications of these processes through the study of earthen architecture in Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina). The site is at risk due to the exponential growth of tourism and the process of transformation in different dimensions of local realities. Transformations in vernacular architecture will be analyze considering three dimensions and intersections. On the one hand, changes in practices of local builders within their own dynamics; on the other, the conservation actions on the architecture that have formal declarations of protection; finally, commodification of vernacular architecture due to tourist activities. The approach of this paper will focus on technical aspects, within a conceptual framework as social facts, based on the survey and fieldwork carried out in recent years. This case study could act as a precedent for similar researches and would be useful for guidelines in global earthen heritage conservation projects.
DANGER IN HERITAGE BY FORGETFULNESS. VICENTE SANCHO ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Burguete-Gil C.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. We are used to considering the risks on the architectural heritage as direct attacks on it, such as abandonment, degradation of materials, … However, the loss of said assets can be caused simply by ignorance of them. This is the case of Vicente Sancho Fuster and his work. Vicente Sancho Fuster worked during the first decade of the 20th century in Valencia. His work is part of the trend of Valencian Art Nouveau, along with Vicente Ferrer and Demetrio Ribes. However, he is barely known due to his sudden death at age 35. His work continues being virtually unknown today, even by architects, despite its enormous interest and significance for the history of local and national Art Nouveau architecture. The greatest impediment to the study of his creation is the location of the works he created, because the references found are marked by inaccuracy and lack of data. As a result we find both: works attributed to Vicente Sancho Fuster that are not his own, and works attributed to other authors but in which his signature appears. At the same time, when his work is compared with some of the Art Nouveau buildings which have been protected by municipal law, it can be shown that both deserve to have the same consideration.
DISTURBANCES IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TOGO'S RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Authors: Hernández Navarro Y. , de Dato P. , Langa Lahoz A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. According to the United Nations (UN) Africa accounts for only 13% of the world's urban population and less than half of the inhabitants of this continent (43%) live in urban areas (Xinhua News Agency, 2017). Therefore, the cultural importance of rural architecture in this context is remarkable both locally for each society and generally for human knowledge. As Paul Oliver pointed out, vernacular architecture is the architectural language of people with their ethnic, regional and local dialects (Oliver, 1997), and it should be considered a treasure containing the knowledge, development and progress of a civilization. The formal and material results of this development lead to the reopening of the debate on its sustainability and its effects on human behaviour. The structural changes of rural habitats are putting the preservation of their cultural heritage at serious risk. The current demand for habitability fosters the use of imported materials such as cement and sheet metal to replace earthen walls and straw roofing in the simple constructions, solutions that deceptively improve the comfort of the inhabited spaces. The present article analyses residential construction typologies of traditional rural settlements of Togo, where the constructive, formal and technical variety is replaced by general solutions that, without achieving the desired housing improvement, are nonetheless contributing to the social detachment from traditions that represent the cultural identity of each community. The methodology aims at the identification and characterization of traditional residential typologies, and a final consideration evaluates the balance between sustainable development and the conservation of cultural values in rural settlements.
URBAN-RURAL: “TIBURTINO” DISTRICT IN ROME AND RURAL VILLAGE “LA MARTELLA” IN MATERA AS EMBLEMATIC CASES OF SETTLEMENTS DURING THE ITALIAN RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Pontrandolfi R.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The architectural and urbanistic events of the Reconstruction in the post-World War II period in Italy are still today a topic of great relevance that deserves to be examined in depth, especially in relation to some examples of historical-testimonial value present, in particular, in the U.N.R.R.A. Casas (1947–62) development/project and the INA Casa Plan (1949–63). The revision of the principles of the modern movement in many construction experiences, established a sort of break in favor of an attempt to reinterpret the architectural tradition in a contemporary and local key so as to respond to the needs of local communities, through the use of a moderate and authentic language that represented them. In this sense, the trend of Italian Architectural Neorealism constitutes an event and an experience of great interest. The re-reading of that season deserves to be examined in depth through the analysis of two of the most emblematic cases: the “Tiburtino” INA Casa district in Rome (1949–54) and the “La Martella” U.N.R.R.A. Casas rural village in Matera (1951–55). In the two case studies, the dichotomy between urban-rural is underlined by the experimentation of new urban practices from an organicist approach, innovative typological aggregations and the search for a common language that would adopt the canons of the vernacular tradition with the efficiency of pre-war functionalism. The differences, but also the similarities, between the two cases will be analyzed in this contribution both from an urbanistic and typological-architectural point of view, in reference both to the different design approaches (some of the designers are involved in both experiences) and to the transformations of the two settlements in recent decades. The aim of the research work is to propose hypotheses for a sustainable recovery of the settlements.
THE STUDY OF DEPOPULATED HISTORICAL ENSEMBLES IN THE PROVINCE OF TERUEL: A TOOL TO MAP, PROTECT AND CONSERVE THEIR VERNACULAR HERITAGE AND IDENTITY
Authors: Villalba Montaner C.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. There are 23 rural historical ensembles listed as BIC in the province of Teruel, one of the most depopulated areas in Spain. On the one hand, the lack of economic and demographic pressure in this region has made it possible to preserve many of the typological features of their vernacular architecture. On the other hand, the loss of permanent inhabitants and skilled craftsmanship practitioners has led to a worrying lack of maintenance and abandonment, which threatens their future conservation. The Cultural Heritage Department (Gobierno de Aragón) has been promoting several studies aimed at the protection of 6 different listed case-studies (Albalate del Arzobispo, Calaceite, Rubielos de Mora, Mirambel, Beceite and Teruel). Despite being very small, municipalities are the only competent bodies for the elaboration of the Special Protection master plans of each HE, according to Urban Planning and Cultural Heritage legislation. Hence, the primary purpose of these studies is to support them by analysing their heritage significance and singularities so they can use them as the base for master plans. They will also help raise awareness of their cultural values among local communities, while avoiding the mere conservation of empty urban and rural landscapes. The methodology comprises the identification, analysis and diagnosis of the heritage values that build their identity, thanks to a thorough inventory of all the vernacular constructive techniques, components and zones with a distinguishable character within the urban tissue and its environment.
REVITALIZATION OF THE SENSE OF PLACE AND THE PROTECTION OF NORMALITY FOR LOCAL TEMPLES IN THE CONTEXT OF IN-SITU IN THE NORTHEAST, THAILAND
Authors: Wang W. , Wang H. Y.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Despite local people’s frequent visits to the local temples having historic sites, close attention is seldom paid to the existence of the sites. This research was a qualitative research study based on the theory of Genius Loci by Norberg Schultz in the context of in-situ concept, conducted on four local temples (Wat) in the Northeast of Thailand. From the perspective of ‘in-situ’, the study found the historic sites in these local temples in a dilemma where conservation or renovation was performed with a lack of scientific and rational guidance although the temples still play important roles in the local people’s daily life. The in-situ concept was not abided during the restoration and revitalization processes under the negotiation and conflict of multiple discourses. The historic sites were not integrated with other building and surrounding landscape, especially the extending boundary. The four elements: “atmosphere, belongingness, culture, and aesthetics” were thus weakened or became ambiguous and embodied in the sense of place. When the historic sites are revitalized based on the concept of in-situ under the protection of normality in everyday life, the sense of place should be perfectly represented through popularizing of the conscious conservation of cultural heritage and strengthened negotiation of multi-social forces. This is an alternative way of safeguarding cultural heritage in order to strengthen the aesthetic and cultural value of historic sites in local temples.
MAPPING AN URBAN CITY CENTRE FOR SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT: APPLICATION TO VALENCIA (SPAIN)
Authors: Basset-Salom L. , Guardiola-Víllora A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Seismic risk in urban city centres may be high, even when the city is in low to moderate seismic areas, due to the vulnerability of the residential buildings. To assess the seismic vulnerability and estimate the expected damage in case of occurrence of an earthquake, an up-to-date detailed and comprehensive information of the residential building stock, such as number of dwellings, location, age, geometry, stiffness irregularities, structure, constructive system and practices, among others, is needed. This paper presents the authors experience, describing the step by step procedure followed to obtain the required information to classify and catalogue the residential buildings of the historical neighbourhoods of the city of Valencia into a database. Official sources, like the Cadastral Database, the website of the Urban Planning Service of the city of Valencia, the Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, and the Historical Archive of the Valencian Architects Society, but also unexpected references are shared, pointing out the information that has been retrieved and its reliability. Additionally, relevant information must be obtained with an on-site data collection. This field work is essential not only to prove the accuracy of the abovementioned data but also to define some of the parameters related to the building vulnerability.The built database, included in a GIS system, has been used by the authors for seismic risk studies. This procedure can be implemented in future assessments at an urban scale.
LEARNING FROM THE PAST TOWARD ENERGY RESILIENT STRATEGIES IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS. A CASE STUDY IN APULIA REGION (ITALY)
Authors: Cantatore E. , Fiorito F. , Fatiguso F.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The high exposure of future changes in temperature trends in the southern part of Mediterranean area encouraged scientific community in defining strategies aiming at the reduction of cooling needs as short and long-term goals. Furthermore, local urban properties and their transformation contribute in altering microclimate at the micro-scale. Focus on a specific part of urban built stock, historic districts represent an exception in managing processes of recovery and energy retrofit strategies due to their landscape values; moreover, these districts show their recent transformations caused by the previous abandonment phase and, often, consequent loss of blocks. In that context, the paper shows the representative case study of historic district of Molfetta, in Apulia region (Italy): here, the energy assessment takes into account the effect of the abandonment of the district during 60s on the in use residential built stock in a temporal-climate prediction. As it was well demonstrated in previous experiences, strategies for the energy retrofit of residential buildings in historic district should allow to identify their inherent bioclimatic behaviours according with the genius loci evidences; furthermore, recognize and correct previous failures represent the opportunity to “learn from the past” in the “resilient thinking” process, above all after traumatic events.
WINE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND VERNACULAR TYPOLOGIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN IBERIA: THREE CASE STUDIES IN ALENTEJO AND ANDALUSIA
Authors: Rosado A. C. , Aladro-Prieto J. M. , Pérez-Cano M. T.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. In the Mediterranean scenery of the south-western Iberian Peninsula, vineyards and wine-making have consistently been key pieces of the man-made cultural landscape, influencing urban design and even housing. This paper compares wine production influence in the cities of Borba, in Portuguese Alentejo, Jerez de la Frontera and Bollullos Par del Condado, in Spanish Andalusia, throughout the spheres of territorial organization, urban layout, presence of production buildings inside urban areas, and winemaker and wineworker housing. The study is based on architectonic surveys of building types: wineries, dwellings and houses with integrated wine production on both sides of the Guadiana River. The information gathered in surveys is complemented with data from historical documents, such as transaction records from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The research analyses cycles of prosperity for the three case studies – which are often coincident and related, within the frame of pre-industrial global trade – and the effects of those in winery and housing typologies. Across the studied area, vernacular winery types adhere to the same two categories, or typological lines, of building: the domestic winery and the autonomous building. Wine related architecture is still a key asset in these cities' material and cultural heritage, as it provides scale and uniqueness to the urban and rural ensembles, despite the fact that wine production has been removed from cities’ centres to outer industrial wineries. The memory of wine-induced prosperity is imprinted on the cities’ physical realities, giving meaning to their collective memories and proving to be an asset to future development.
ACTIONS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF HERITAGE. THE CASE OF THE TOWN WALLS OF MORELLA (CASTELLÓN, SPAIN)
Authors: Portela i Valls S. , Viñals M. J. , Muñoz Cosme G.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Morella is an archetypical medieval town that is home to many heritage buildings, protected by fortified walls and crowned by an imposing castle. Located in a mountainous area, this town is one of only four examples in the Valencian Region (Spain) that retain the entire defence perimeter. This defence heritage has been decisive not only in shaping the urban layout of the town, but also in the local lifestyle and traditions of the place: living inside the walls means being protected from the weather, but also inhabiting a limited environment and having social and cultural connotations. The process of enhancing the value of heritage buildings involves studying, analysing and understanding the elements they are made up of with the aim of proposing new uses based on their significance, their characteristics, the environment and social needs. To address this objective, the present work has carried out an architectural analysis of each of the towers and gates of the town walls, which has made it possible to study their characteristics and detect the potential for the interpretation of the heritage buildings in each section. The result is the ‘Walls Walking Tour’, a proposal for a public visit that divides the walled perimeter of Morella into five thematic areas that each offers different types of routes, activities and relationships with the environment. In short, this initiative contributes to the enhancement and cultural diffusion of Morella's defence heritage, and brings buildings and their history closer both to the local population and to visitors.
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL URBAN CENTRES: THE CASE STUDY OF CAMPI ALTO DI NORCIA, ITALY
Authors: Romis F. , Caprili S. , Salvatore W. , Ferreira T. M. , Lourenço P. B.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Seismic damage assessment is a valuable opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of vulnerability and risk methodologies applied to historic masonry buildings, giving the possibility of enhancing and optimizing mitigation and retrofit strategies. Vulnerability index methodologies are flexible and powerful tools for the seismic assessment at urban scale, able to provide a first screening of the critical issues present in masonry structural aggregates. The different structural features of the buildings, directly and indirectly influencing their structural behaviour, are measured through different weights and scores finally achieving a vulnerability indicator. In the present paper, four different vulnerability index methodologies are applied to the medieval city of Campi Alto di Norcia in Valnerina, Umbria, recently stroke by the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes. The accuracy of the adopted Iv methods is assessed based on the real damages’ analysis performed in the surrounding area, comparing results achieved from the application of considered methodologies to direct in-situ observations. Data collected during the 2016 post-earthquake damage surveys and usability assessment, together with the external visual inspections carried out and with the information coming from retrofitting design interventions performed between 1979 and 1997, are used.
VERNACULAR REHABILITATION AND REBUILDING FOR POST-CONFLICT MIGRATION AND RESETTLING
Authors: Dabaieh M. , Andriasyan M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Internal and external migration from vernacular settlements is not a new phenomenon. However, the scale and scope increased when forced migration is becoming exacerbated due to both armed conflicts and climate change. Political tensions are one of the most common threats to vernacular dwellings in conflict areas. Not only do destruction and vandalism cause harm to vernacular architecture, but people living in vernacular buildings are often forced to leave their homes in order to seek safety. On the other hand, vernacular architecture can help refugee crises in hosting countries. Billions of dollars are invested in establishing temporary refugee camps, yet we know for a fact they are rarely temporary. People stay in such camps for decades, commonly Cons located on the outskirts of cities, where vernacular settlements also tend to be. Investments in rebuilding, restoring and reusing vernacular settlements can be a win-win situation. The time and cost of the rehabilitation process might also not be suitable to many camps, or camp-like, contexts. Also, encounters some regulations for listed vernacular heritage sites that cannot be used as dwellings and must be kept as open museums. In this study, a proposal for reusing and rehabilitating vernacular settlements will be discussed together with reflections on challenges and obstacles. The case study chosen for this research is in the Middle East, where the majority of refugees settled after the Arab Spring. This paper demonstrates a methodology in which algorithmic modelling is applied to refugee settlement site planning.
SYMBOLIC USE OF DOMESTIC SPACE IN THE UPPER SVANETIAN (GEORGIA) VERNACULAR HOUSE
Authors: Sousa G. , Alcindor M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Upper Svaneti (Georgia) is a territory in almost permanent isolation amid the Caucasus mountain range. This strategic position, along with the military nature of its settlements made its defence so effective that Svaneti served as Georgia`s safehouse, protecting its chief historical and religious relics in times of crisis. This isolation also ensured the preservation of archaic cultural traditions and ancient rituals, such as animal sacrifices, ritual shaving and blood feuds, establishing what is known as popular religion. Some of these rituals, mainly those performed by women, take place in the domestic space. This paper, developed under the scope of the 3DPast project, aims to interpret the symbolic use of space in vernacular houses of Upper Svaneti. The methodological strategy combines architectonic survey with documental analysis and brings forward an interpretation of this vernacular house from a space anthropology perspective. The traditional svanetian house (machubi), is composed of a single volume, of rough quadrangular plan. The ground floor (machub) houses, during winter, the family and the cattle, while the upper floor (darbazi) was mostly used as the family residence during warmer periods. This analysis will focus specifically on the machub, where there are traces of the symbolic use of domestic space. The machub is composed of a single space with a central fireplace. This element is the axis of segmentation of female and male spaces inside the house. The present paper will address this gender-differentiated symbolic use of the domestic space through the scope of anthropology and of the Svanetian history.
EXPLORING FRAMEWORKS FOR A HISTORY OF EARTH BUILDING IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Hall M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Aotearoa New Zealand has a unique earth building heritage. For centuries, Māori used earth for floors and as a binder for fibrous walling materials. When settlers arrived in the nineteenth century, they brought earth building techniques with them, and in the early days of colonisation, earth buildings were commonplace. Many still survive, but as processed timber became readily available, building in earth declined; by the middle of the twentieth century it had almost ceased. Following renewed interest after World War Two, earth building continued into the twenty-first century, albeit as a non-standard form of construction. Databases compiled by Heritage New Zealand, Miles Allen, and the author, supplemented by accounts from a variety of sources, provide a relatively detailed record of earth buildings from all over Aotearoa but no cohesive history has yet been written. This paper considers possible approaches to writing such a history. Methodologies employed in local and international architectural histories are analysed, and a number of structural hierarchies are identified: for instance, Ronald Rael organises his material firstly by technique and then chronology in Earth Architecture, while Ted Howard uses location and then chronology for his Australasian history, Mud and Man. Information from New Zealand sources is then applied to these frameworks to arrive at an appropriate structural hierarchy for a complete history of earth building in Aotearoa.
RESIDENTIAL EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE IN MULA (SPAIN): STUDY AND CATALOGUING OF ITS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
Authors: López Martínez F. J. , La Spina V. , Fernández del Toro J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The city of Mula (Region of Murcia, Spain), of Islamic origin and built on the top of a hill, is dominated by the spectacular Renaissance castle of Velez and a mediaeval defensive wall. The wall remains, those still standing, consist of several enclosures and sections built in rammed earth. As many of these are a magnificent example of defensive earthen architecture, the Castle of Mula has been widely analysed and recently protected by a Master Plan. However, Mula’s unique old town, an Asset of Cultural Interest in the category of Historic-Artistic Complex, with its irregular and narrow streets at the foot of the castle, includes residential constructions (mansions, palaces and humble dwellings) made with earth. The traditional residential architecture of Mula includes characteristic 2- or 3-storey buildings with sloping roofs. However, there are no specific studies on these and the use of earth as a construction material. The main aim of the study therefore is to carry out an initial identification and cataloguing of the different earthen construction techniques in the historic residential buildings of the old town and their relation to the residential typology of Mula.
A BURIAL GRAVE AT TELL KEILA, PALESTINE
Authors: Manzano Fernández S. , Vegas F. , Cristini V. , Hueto Escobar A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The recent excavation of the Tell Keila archaeological site in the Hebron Governorate (Palestine) has revealed new burial graves among the already known in the region of Judea (Yezerski, 2013), providing innovative guidelines for understanding the scope of the funeral typology which was characteristic of the Second Iron Age and Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantian periods and their subsequent occupations. 49 tombs have been inventoried in total, among which it is worth noting the largest, number 26, which is located in the immediate surroundings of the Tell. Its rich architecture has enabled a more comprehensive study and comparison, and when the excavation campaign ended in 2018 numerous elements characteristic of the funeral customs, local ways of life at the time, and state of conservation of the construction had been identified. The geometry and spaces were exactly identified with a complete metric and photo-rectified survey of the tomb which took into consideration the limitations imposed on the work by the local socio-cultural and socio-economic context.
Role of ‘One Stop Crisis Centre’ in Identifying and Assisting Victims of Violence in an Indian Health Care Setup
Authors: Verma Prachi , Puri Payal , Sharma Dhruv , Singh Shreya
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Cases of female targeted violence often go uncounted in India. To identify the unreported cases of violence, Sukoon was established in 2014 as a hospital-based ‘One Stop Crisis Centre’ (OSCC). Sukoon provides counselling, police assistance and legal aid to the victims. The aim of the present study was to recognize the role of Sukoon in preventing violence against women (VAW) in the region.Methods: Secondary data was extracted from 430 victims who approached Sukoon from August 2014 through January 2017. Data was collected on different variables: age, marital status, nature of violence, medium through which victims approached Sukoon and type of assistance provided. Significance of association of studied factors with the type of assault was investigated using χ2 test.Results: Age of study-victims ranged from 4 to 75 years with a median age of 26 years and mean age of 27.61 years with standard deviation of 10.56 years. Major types of VAW (96.51%) were domestic violence, sexual assault, physical assault and poisoning. The types of violences were significantly associated with victims’ age (χ2 =5.76, d.f.=1, p<0.05) and marital status (χ2 = 98.23, d.f=4, p<0.001). About 78% of victims were identified from Sukoon through screening and counseling. Around 69% of the cases were resolved directly by Sukoon or through police assistance.Conclusion: The above results indicate a significant role of Sukoon in screening victims of violence and providing them required assistance within the hospital environment in one location. Such centers should be further promoted by the government to address the issues of VAW.
Virtud republicana y virtud cortesana: el 'Fiesko' de Schiller y el 'Tasso' de Goethe
Authors: Salmerón Infante Miguel
Published: July 2020

Este artículo compara dos dramas de Schiller y Goethe. Respectivamente Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua (1783) y Torquato Tasso (1790). Fiesko presenta la pugna por la restauración de la república genovesa que acabe con el despótico dictado de los Doria. Tasso expone las dificultades de un poeta que desarrolla su escritura en un ámbito cortesano. Es decir, Schiller escribe sobre la virtud republicana y Goethe sobre la cortesana. Los conflictos dramáticos son significativos de sus tipologías de lo trágico. Schiller en la colisión despotismo-libertad política, Goethe en la coerción que un marco externo ejerce sobre la individualidad. Lo irresoluble de ambos conflictos es indicio de las contradicciones de la virtud republicana y la cortesana.
'Menschen'. Frauenfiguren Karla Königs
Authors: Wójcik Bartosz
Published: July 2020

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el estado alemán de entonces llegó bruscamente a su fin. La transformación social había empezado mucho antes y continuaba todavía después de 1918. La recopilación de piezas cortas en prosa de Karla König, titulada Menschen, ofrece una “instantánea” de esos cambios en la sociedad de Pomerania (Occidental), reflejados a través de una imagen literaria de la mujer. El artículo describe y analiza los personajes femeninos retratados por König, cuya gama puede interpretarse como una escenificación de diferentes caminos del paulatino proceso de emancipación.
Sobre el testimonio del perpetrador en 'Flughunde' de Marcel Beyer. Desenmascarando sus dispositivos lingüísticos y discursivos
Authors: Giménez Calpe Ana
Published: July 2020

En la novela Flughunde, publicada en 1995, Marcel Beyer, un autor de la tercera generación nacido en 1965 y, por lo tanto, sin vivencias directas ni de la época del nazismo ni de la posguerra, articula, a partir de una serie de datos históricos relacionados con la muerte de los hijos de Magda y Joseph Goebbels, una ficción en la que se plantea la cuestión de la fiabilidad de los testigos, fundamentalmente, cuando se trata de relatos de perpetradores. El objetivo del artículo es analizar cómo la novela aborda la representación del perpetrador, así como descubrir las estrategias discursivas del texto para desenmascarar el discurso del perpetrador, que intenta ocultar su responsabilidad en los crímenes cometidos durante el nazismo.
'Big Brother' Germany and Spain: a Linguistic Characterization from a Theory of Register
Authors: Bertomeu Pi Pau
Published: July 2020

The aim of this paper is to justify the suitability of using Big Brother as a means of addressing the study of colloquial register in German and Spanish. Drawing on the conceptualization of register as a continuum (Briz Gómez 2010), in the following pages we examine an unpublished bilingual corpus consisting of conversations in daily routine contexts. The analysis of the data reveals that the situational features are highly colloquial in the interactions studied, and shows a specific display of the following parameters: control on language production, lexical in/accuracy, deixis, un/familiar treatment, syntax, extra/linguistic contextualization and tone. In conclusion, this qualitative study sheds light on the language used in conversations in reality television and lays the foundation to consider Big Brother an adequate corpus for analyzing colloquial register in both languages.
Las modificaciones semánticas y funcionales del prefijo ent- en los neologismos verbales en alemán
Authors: Delgado Aguilar Alba , Strunk Oliver
Published: July 2020

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de las modificaciones semánticas y funcionales de los neologismos verbales alemanes prefijados con ent-, uno de los prefijos más productivos y con una configuración morfo-semántica más compleja. Concretamente se defiende que, si bien se producen los mismos cambios semánticos en verbos lexicalizados y en neologismos prefijados, predomina en estos últimos la modificación privativa y la modal reversativa, generando además nuevas relaciones entre la base verbal prefijada y la carga semántica de ent-. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la necesidad de un estudio morfológico de estas formaciones para una mejor descripción lexicográfica.
Microparametric variation in the syntax of Spanish and Greek pronominal subjects
Authors: Giannakou Aretousa , Sitaridou Ioanna
Published: July 2020

The present research aims to investigate the interface phenomenon of third-person subject distribution in two prototypical null subject (NS) languages, Greek and Spanish focusing on Chilean Spanish, in adult monolingual speakers. The data were obtained from oral production of narratives (Study 1) and anaphora resolution (AR) (Study 2). All elicited data were submitted to statistical analyses while the production data were as well qualitatively scrutinised. Greek and Spanish were directly compared in order to discover differences between them, which were expected to emerge in the scope of the overt subject pronoun (OSP). The two languages were largely similar, sharing analogous clause structures and displaying generally similar properties on the distribution of subject forms, i.e. NS, OSP, as well as lexical subjects (LS) in oral production. The findings, confirming the predictions, showed crosslinguistic differences in the scope of OSP in topic shift (TS) between the languages due to deictic distinctions, with Greek OSP carrying deictic properties, which are less pronounced in its Spanish counterpart. This evidences the fact that NS languages may not be identical regarding subject distribution. Another key aspect, which emerged in the oral production data in both Greek and Spanish, was the felicitous use of NS in TS contexts. NS were also found to be flexible or ambiguous in AR in both languages, thereby displaying a more variable distribution than sometimes assumed.