bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘York Imperial’ and 3 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates of treatments are listed as amounts/acre/alternate side. Spray dates for treatments were: May 19 nd 26; Jun 4, 12, 22 and 30; Jul 8, 16, 24 and 31; Aug 10, 19 and 28; Sep 4. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, captan, zineb and calcium chloride. Average temperatures were: May 59.9°F, Jun 9.9°F, Jul 73.2°F, Aug 70.0°F and Sep 62.6°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 3.17, Jun 4.11, Jul 2.79, Aug 4.08 and Sep 3.02. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid infested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree.
Residual Control of Boll Weevil, 1981
Authors: Conley Jim , Hunkapiller Paul
Published: March 2022

On Aug 3, a caged boll weevil study was initiated at Mississippi State University to determine the residual effectiveness of several insecticides. Plots were 2 rows wide (0.9m) and 30.48 m long. Two buffer rows separated plots. Insecticide applications were made with a CO2 powered hand sprayer equipped with two TX4 spray tips/row delivering 65 liter/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2. Adult boll weevils were obtained from the Gast Rearing Facility at MSU. Cotton-Dacron cages (0.9 m x 0.65 m) were placed over individual cotton plants and tied securely at the base of the stalk.
Residual Toxicity Studies of Eight Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bug, 1981
Authors: Gross W. L. , Gaylor M. J. , Estes P. E.
Published: March 2022

Tarnished plant bugs, Lyguslineolaris, were collected from butterweed, Erigeroncanadensis, near Auburn, AL. An indoor spray table equipped with a conveyor belt, a 500 ml spray tank, and a #8001 Teejet nozzle was used to simulate field spraying. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 5.2 gpa at 20 psi. Discs, 2.5 cm dia, were cut from leaves of greenhouse-grown cotton plants. The discs were placed on a moistened paper towel on a wooden board and sprayed with insecticides. Sprayed discs were placed in 0.75 oz plastic creamer cups containing a 2.5 cm disc of moistened filter paper to keep leaf tissue turgid. Cups were sealed with plastic caps. Five adult tarnished plant bugs were placed on each treated leaf disc at 0, 18, 24, 48 and 74 hr post-treatment, and checked for mortality after 24 hr. Each of 10 treatments were replicated 6 times.
Effect of Chlordimeform on Yield, 1981
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this test was to determine the number of applications and the rate necessary to enhance the yield as claimed by the manufacturers. Stonevilie 213 variety cotton was planted May 13 on Loring wilt loam soil at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Plots were 4 x 38 inch rows by 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Pinhead square reatments were initiated Jul 10 and continued Jul 15, 20 (3 applications), 24, 30, and Aug 4 (6 applications). Insecticides were applied with a 4-row boom at the rate of 9.1 gal/acre (3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70 nozzles per row) with a CO2 pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. All plots were oversprayed Jun 10 with Bidrin to suppress thrips and aphids and Aug 4 and Sep 11 with standard bollworm insecticides to suppress bollworms.
Insecticide Control of Plant Bugs and Effect on Beneficial Spp., 1981
Authors: Mullins Walton , Gallaher Martin L.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this test was to evaluate some of the currently recommended insecticides for plant bug control at half-rates and to determine their effect on beneficial populations. Delcot 311 was planted on May 29 at the lee Farm, University of Missouri - Delta Center, PortageviIie, MO. Sixteen-row plots, 100 ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied Jui 14 with at the rate of 5 gal/acre with an air-pressurized system mounted on an 8 row Hahn 300 Hi-boy high clearance sprayer. Plots were sampled with a sweep net (100 sweeps/plot) at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post-treatment. Counts were analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
Control of Spider Mites on Cotton, 1981
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Acaracides were applied to Acala SJ-2 cotton planted Apr 18 near Shatter, CA in 40 inch rows. Individual plots were 8 rows wide and 70 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and applied Jun 29. On Jul 21 both formulations of PIictran and Mitac at both rates were reapplied. Applications were made by high clearance sprayer equipped with drop booms using 5 solid cone nozzles per row delivering 47 gal/acre at 40 psi. Mainstem leaves (fifth unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled on 5 post-treatment dates and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts were made of all active stages of the Tetranychid complex; only adult female counts are reported as they represent a consistent proportion of the total population. Mite counts were transformed by x + 0.5 for statistical analysis. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting the 4 center rows of each plot on Oct 22.
Lygus Bug Control on Cotton, 1979 AND 1980
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Single applications of insecticides for lygus bug control were made on Acala SJ-2 cotton at the University of California West Side Field Station. Individual plots were 24 rows wide 940 inch centers) and 150 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were made with a high clearance sprayer equipped with drop booms, through 5 nozzles/row delivering 25 gal/acre at 40 psi. Application dates were Jul 31, 1979 and aug 5, 1980. Sweep net (lygus bugs) and D-Vac (lygus bugs and predators) samples were taken 1.7.14 and 21 days post-treatment. Insect counts are reported as sums of the 4 post-treatment samples and were transformed by x + 0.5 for analysis. Yields were determined by mechanical harvest of the center 4 rows of each plot. Sweep net samples one day pre-treatment were 14.5 and 11.4 L. hesperus per 50 net sweeps in 1979 and 1980 respectively.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Oats, 1980
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in winter oats. Insecticides were applied May 30 on ‘Windsor’ oats grown on the Eastern VA Research Station in Richmond County near Warsaw, VA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 3 replications. Individual plots were 4 rows 16 ft long and spaced 0.6 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the foliage with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 26.5 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 72 hr after treatment by comparing the number of larvae per 3 row ft in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots. All 4 insecticides provided satisfactory control. However, % mortality in the Furadan, Malathion, and Larvin plots was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than in the Toxaphene plots.
Corn Earworm Control in Peanuts, 1981
Authors: Rohlfs W. M. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Wiregrass Substation at Headland, AL. Three treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each of the .004 ha plots was 4 rows wide (91.4 cm row spacing) and 11.28 m long. Treatments were applied on Jul 21 with a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with D2 nozzles operating at 25 psi and delivering 232 liters/ha. Insect populations were sampled on Jul 23 by shaking peanut vines vigorously in a 1 m section of row; vines were than rolled back and the number of living H. zea were counted and recorded. Three pre-spray (Jul 21) and 3 48 hr post-spray (Jul 23) samples were taken from each plot.
Contact Toxicity of Insecticides Against the Brown Planthopper, Whitebacked Planthopper and Green Leafhopper, 1981
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Basilio R. P.
Published: March 2022

The pyrethroids, MTI-500 and cypermethrin were applied as 0.0025% sprays and others as 0.075% sprays, equivalent to 0.025 and 0.75 kg ai/ha respectively as based on surface area of the petri dishes in which insects were treated. Treatments were replicated 4 times and consisted of 20 three-day-old adult females per replication.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1981
Authors: Morgan D. R. , Slaymaker P. H. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Rice was planted Apr 28 in Crowley silt loam at the Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart, AR. Both tests were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 (Test I) or 3 (Test II) replications. All plots were sampled for root-feeding larvae by taking 5 soil cores (9 cm dia x 7 cm deep) from the drill rows of each plot; they were processed by washing through a #40 U.S. Standard soil testing sieve and floating the larvae out in brine. Test I: Insecticides (all granular) were applied by hand shaker Jun 10 to plots measuring 5 x 15 ft. The test was flooded Jun 11 and sampled Jun 30. Test II: Plots were 5 ft in dia and enclosed by aluminum flashing to prevent water movement. They were flooded on Jun 12 and the weevil population supplemented by the addition of 68 weevils per plot on Jun 17. Treatments were applied as follows: SIR-8514 and FCR-1272 were applied with an AZ CO2 powered sprayer until the spray mixture ran off the plants (1 qt per plot); Ammo, Pounce, Cymbush, and Ambush were applied to the water surface in a hydrocarbon (Exxon 4543) at 1 gal/acre; Furadan and Oncol were applied by hand shaker. Larvae were sampled Jul 1.
Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Sorghum, 1981
Authors: All J. N. , Rogers B.
Published: March 2022

Dekalb BR64 was planted Jun 29 at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. The soil type was Appling sandy loam. A randomized complete block design was used with 3 row plots x 8.5 m long x 1 m wide x 1 m alleys, 5 replicates. Granules applied at planting time in a 15 cm band over the row and incorporated in the soil ca 3 cm deep. All plants in each plot were examined for lesser cornstalk borer damage 24, 31, 41 and 48 days after planting. Yield of dry matter (silage) was determined 140 days after planting by harvesting all plants in each plot.
Foliar Applications of Insecticides for Control of Chinch Bugs on Grain Sorghum, 1981
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Staples R.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted near Lincoln, NE (Lancaster Co.) in a commercial field of grain sorghum planted adjacent to a wheat field infested with chinch bugs. Each plot was 3 rows (0.76 m center) wide and 9 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with treatments replicated 5 times. A single application of 6 insecticides at various rates was applied on Jun 20 to the plots when sorghum was ca 41-56 cm to extended leaf. Sprays were applied at 2.1 kg/cm and 299 liters/ha through a boom fitted and 1 top nozzle and 2 drop nozzles/row. Weather 1 conditions at time of application were as follows: clear, calm, ca 32°C. Chinch bugs were counted 4, 48, and 96 hr post-treatment on 5 plants in each plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Seedcorn Maggot on Soybean, 1981
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Higgins R. A. , Pedigo L. P. , Higley L. G.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of 4 rows by 41 ft (30 inch row spacing) replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted on poorly drained Coland clay loam soil near Ames, IA. Before planting, meat and bonemeal (1 lb/20 ft row) were applied over the rows to enhance seedcorn maggot oviposition. Tests were planted on May 1. Damage ratings were taken on May 28 by sampling 6 x 1 m sections of row per plot. Damage ratings were total germination, percentage emerged seedlings with scarred cotyledons, and percentage emerged seedlings without plumules. Plots were harvested on Sep 25 by threshing 6 m of row per plot.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control on Soybeans with

Bacillus

Thuringiensis

, 1980
Authors: Harper James D. , Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Two small plot field trials on soybeans were sprayed on Aug 27 at the Gulf Coast substation of the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station in Fairhope, AL. Pre-treatment samples taken by the shake cloth technique on that date indicated populations of velvetbean caterpillars (VCB) were present at levels of 7.4 small and 8.8 medium plus large larvae/3 row ft. All subsequent evaluative larval counts consisted of one 3 ft shake cloth sample/plot. Both tests utilized a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Second applications were made to each test on Sep 10. In the first test, 13 treatments were applied to plots of 6 rows (36 in row spacing) by 150 ft. Materials wee applied with a John Deere high clearance sprayer using 20 gal of water/acre under 60 psi at 3 mph. Three TX8 cone tip nozzles were used/row, 1 on center and 1/side on 15 inch drops. In the second test, 4 treatments were utilized. Materials were applied with a CO2 pressurized knapsack sprayer delivering 7.4 gal of formulation through 3 TX4 nozzles/row at 20 psi pressure while walking at 3 mph. Plot size was 3 rows by 70 ft.
Soybeans, Japanese Beetle Control, 1981
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E. , Wimmer D. R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental and registered insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against Japanese beetle on soybeans at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville, TN. Soybeans were planted in 38 inch rows on May 24. Plots were 6 rows x 20 ft with treatments replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied to the center 2 rows/plot with a 2 gal hand sprayer at 50 gal/acre spray. One treated row/plot was sampled by taking 5 sweeps along the row (ca 15 row ft) with a 15 inch dia insect net. The sample row was rotated on each date to reduce plant damage. The center 2 rows/plot were harvested on Oct 20.
Corn Earworm and Green Cloverworm Control on Soybeans in Alabama
Authors: Rohlfs W. M. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Six treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each of the 0.01 acre plots was 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 37 ft long. Treatments were applied Aug 27 with a CO2 back-pack sprayer equipped with D-2 nozzles operating at 27 psi and delivering 22 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3 ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides of the row. Larvae were identified, counted and recorded. One sample from each plot was taken pre-spray (Aug 26) and 24 h and 72 h post-spray (Aug 28 and 31).
Insecticide Sprays for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (SCB), Small Plot Screening Test, 1980
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Finger C. K. , Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates for control of season-long SCB infestations were applied in water to a block of 1st stubble crop sugarcane (Var. CP 48-103) at Sweet Home Plantation near Belle Rose, LA. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 6 times. Individual plots contained 3 rows (spaced 6 ft apart) that were 24.2 ft long. Each spray concentrate was applied from a single nozzle to the crop canopy at 30 psi with a knapsack sprayer that delivered 25 gal of finished formulation per acre, per application. All insecticide treatments were begun after sugarcane internodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks in check plots harbored small larvae in leaf sheaths. They were repeated only when that level of infestation was again found in Guthion-treated plots; application dates were Aug 4, 25, and Sep 18. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was evaluated at crop harvest (Oct 16-18) by comparing the % internodes expressing damage by seasonal populations of SCB larvae in treated plots with that found in untreated (check) plots. Twenty stalks, selected at random from the center row of each plot, were visually scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
Concentrations of Azinphosmethyl and Fenvalerate in Run-Off Water from Sugarcane, Sugarcane Borer Control, 1980, 1981
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Finger C. K. , Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L.
Published: March 2022

Azinphosmethyl (Guthion) and fenvalerate (Pydrin) were sprayed 4 times in 1980 (Jul 11, 29, Aug 14, and Sep 9) and 1981 (Jul 13, 30, Aug 19, and Sep 12) at a rate of 0.84 and 0.22 kg/ha for the respective insecticides. Each spray concentration was applied io the plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a compressed air knapsack sprayer that delivered 270 liters finished formulations per h.:, The study, designed to measure run-off from 0.016 ha plots under season-long control of sugarcane borer (SCB) infestations, was set up in a randomized complete block experimental design on commerce silt loam (fine-siIty, mixed, non-acid thermic aerie fluvaquents) soil on the St. Gabriel Experiment Station. Run-off was collected in 204 I (54 gal) drums buried in the soil at the downslope end of plots. Samples were collected, and drums emptied and cleaned on the same day of rainfall.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

‘Coker 319’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in 4 ft rows with 20 inch row spacing on May 12. Treatment plots, 40 ft (24 plants) x (12 ft) 3 rows, were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied to the prepared soil on May 5 using a Gandy applicator that covered a 4 ft swath. The granules were than incorporated by disking. In-row applications were applied in a furrow using a hand-operated duster and then a bed was formed over the furrow so that the granules were about 6 inches under the row. Side-dress treatments were applied on Jun 9 using a hand duster and then incorporated by cultivation. Liquid formulations were broadcast with a CO2 powered back sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 20 psi and then incorporated by disking. A heavy rain (3.8 inch) on Jun 6 caused some washing of the test area. The center row of each plot was examined for insects once every 2 weeks. Green peach aphids were counted on 2 upper leaves of 10 plants in each plot and the number of leaves destroyed by hornworms were counted on 22 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested from the center row of each plot, cured, weighed and graded for yield and value determinations.
Granular Application of Phorate Granules for Control of Chinch Bugs on Winter Wheat, 1981
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Pruess K. P. , Spomer S. M.
Published: March 2022

An on-farm test was conducted in Lancaster County near Lincoln, NE to assess the effectiveness of phorate granules against an adult population of chinch bugs infesting wheat in late Apr. The field had been in soybeans the previous year and had been planted to wheat in the fall of same year. Phorate granules (15G) at 1.12 kg ai/ha were applied on Apr 29 by a tractor-powered drop spreader 3.6 m wide to 9.1 x 18.2 m plots. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 8 times with phorate treatments appearing twice and the untreated check once per block. Weather conditions at time of application were as follow: clear, light breeze and 21°C. Pre- and post-treatment chinch bug counts were made by at least 3 people independently on each date and bug counts expressed as the mean number of chinch bugs/0.3 m row. Wheat was harvested on Jun 20 by harvesting two 4.57 m rows/plot and threshing the wheat heads with a plot thresher.
Apple, Spray Volume and Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Hickey Kenneth D.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted to determine what volumes of water/acre and what insecticides must be used to kill 3rd, 4th and 5th instar tufted apple budmoth larvae. Trees used were ‘Golden Delicious’ pruned to a height of 5.5 m. Treatments were randomized in a complete block design with 4 replicates of single tree plots. Sprays were applied to both sides of the trees and treated trees were separated by buffer trees. Treatments were applied on Jul 31 with sprayers driven at 2 mph. For the Lannate treatments, the amount of chemical/acre was the same but the amount of spray volume/acre varied. Treatments were evaluated by collecting all rolled leaves tree on Aug 5 and determining whether the larvae were live, dead or sick or whether they had pupated or were not present. Larval density was high in all trees.
Methods Improvement Trials Using the Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (GYPCHEK) of the Gypsy Moth, 1977
Authors: Munson Allen S. , Hubbard Harry B. , Reardon Richard C.
Published: March 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of gypsy moth NPV when applied using an equipment configuration of flat fan nozzles that duplicated spray characteristics (vmd = 250-350u; 33 droplets/cm ) obtained in the 1975 and 1976 field tests where 6 Beecomist nozzles were used. Treatments were assigned using a completely randomized design on 12 plots, each 14.2 ha, located in Union and Snyder counties, Pennsylvania. Initial applications were made when at least 15% of the gypsy moth larvae were in the 2nd instar and leaf expansion was at least 50% for white oak. The 2nd application was applied 7 days later. The standard formulation of GYPCHEK - 227 g of Shade, 4.4 ml of Chevron Spray Sticker and 4.7 liters of Pacific feed-grade molasses with water to make 18.7 liters of finished spray per hectare per application - was applied in the evening (between 4 p.m. and sunset) at 62x10° gypsy moth potency units/ha/application. Grumman AgCats equipped with standard spray booms and 6 Beecomist nozzles (Model 275) with 80 to 100 micron mesh sleeves on 52 flat fan Teejet nozzles (Model 8006) were used to apply the standard formulation of GYPCHEK to 6 plots. Swath width was 23 m and aircraft speed during application was 144.8 kph (90 mph). A Cessna AgTruck equipped with standard spray boom and 46 flat fan Teejet nozzles (Model 8006) was used to apply the standard formulation of GYPCHEK to 3 plots. Swath width was 18 m and aircraft speed during application was 193 kph (120 mph).
Chinch Bug Control on a Belle Avenue Home Lawn in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, 1981
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were applied Aug 19 to a chinch bug infested lawn, consisting of fine leafed fescue (80%) and KY bluegrass (20%). Due to the limited size of the home lawn, treatment plots were 5x5 ft. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Liquid formulations were applied in 1 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 1 gal of water. Environmental conditions were as follows: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature, 76°F; soil type, silt-clay-loam; percent organic matter, 3.2; soil pH, 7.2; soil condition, dry; and amount of thatch, 0.5 inch. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6 inch dia circular cans. Post-treatment counts were made 7 days later (aug 26). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10 min count (per location) was recorded and converted to ft2 count.
Control of Florida Wax Scale On ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ Holly, Alabama, 1981
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

‘Nellie R. Stevens’ hollies growing in full sun (3 gal plastic pots, milled pine bark, peatmoss, and shale, 3:1:1, v/v/v) were treated twice with 3 compounds to determine efficacy in controlling florida wax scale. Foliar sprays were applied to run-off Jul 14 and 21 using compressed air sprayers with Nu-Film 17 as an adjuvant (0.5 pt/100 gal). Each treatment was replicated 3 times (single plant replicate) and arranged in a randomized block design. Efficacy was determined Jul 27 by examining 100°Florida wax scale per plant for mortality and scoring them as living if normally-colored and full-bodied or dead if they were discolored and shriveled or dried.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Mugo Pines, 1981
Authors: King Ed , Dillon Bonnie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Whitcomb Carl
Published: March 2022

Three different systemic insecticides were evaluated for control of Nantucket pine tip moth on mugo pines. The test was conducted on the 0SU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, OK. Treatments were applied on May 8. The mugo pines were approximately 12 inches tall and were being grown in 3 gal containers. All plants were watered after treatments were applied. Each treatment was replicated 10 times in a randomized block design. Prior to treatment all plants were found to be infested with first generation tip moth larvae. Two weeks after treatment all damaged ^terminals from plants were cut and inspected for dead larvae.
Black Vine Weevil Larval Control On Yew, Lake Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus medica ca 7 yr old growing 0.6 m apart in 7 rows planted ca 1 m apart were used for evaluating efficacy of candidate larvicides. The entire nursery is located on old Lake Erie lake bed characterized as Berrian fine sand. Treatments were applied to 5 replicates, each containing 2 rows of 8 plants, using a randomized complete block design. Tractor-mounted, electrically controlled Gandy granular applicators were used to distribute granules evenly over the treatment area. Two-thirds of the planting was treated only once, on Aug 11 or Oct 13. Other replicates were treated on both dates. On Aug 11 skies were cloudy with a light breeze and ambient temperature of 24-25°C. On Oct 13 ambient temperature was 7°C with winds of 25-30 kph under mostly cloudy skies. All materials were applied each time at the rate of 10 lb ai/acre. The experimental area was cultivated immediately before and after each application and received a soaking rain (ca 2-3 cm) within 48 hr. There was adequate rainfall throughout the summer for optimum plant growth, according to the nurseryman, so the block was not irrigated. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated in Mar-Apr, 1981 by taking four 20 cm deep x 10 cm dia core samples from near the crown at the cardinal compass directions of each of 3 plants/replicate. Soil was brought to the laboratory where it was scrutinized for presence of weevil larvae.
Phytotoxicity Tests, 1981
Authors: King Ed , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Two separate tests were conducted to evaluate RE-35394 0.3EC and Deltic 2.4EL at two different rates for phytotoxicity on 18 species of ornamentals in or near Stillwater, OK. Test 1 was conducted on Jun 9. It Involved treatment of four young field grown nursery stock located on a horticulture research farm outside Stillwater. Treatment was made with a 2 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 20 psi. All plants were treated to run-off. The check plants were treated with water to run-off. The temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 87°F and 12-20 mph. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Test 2 was applied on Jun 23 to established trees and shrubs throughout the Stillwater area. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55 sprayer equipped with a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet #43, which delivered 2.6 gal/min at 200 psi and 3.1 gal/mln at 300 psi. All plants were treated to run-off. The check plants were treated with water to run-off. The temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 90°F and 15-20 mph. Each treatment was replicated 2 times. In both tests the plants were examined 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment for phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity was recorded as none, mild, or severe.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Woody Ornamentals, Virginia, 1981
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Parnell L. A.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted in 1981 on 20 species of ornamental plants at X, 2X and 4X rates. This corresponds to 1.0, 2.4 and 3.6 lb ai/100 gal of Deltic 2.4EC, and 0.008, 0.016 and 0.032 lb ai/100 gal of Ortho RE-35394 0.3EC. Treatments of Deltic 2.4EC were applied on Jul 7, 1981, using a 1 gal B 4 G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off. Evaluation for possible injury was conducted on Jul 15 and Jul 21. Temperature at the time of treatment was 74°F. Rainfall from Jul 7 to Jul 21 was 0.39 inches. Treatments of RE-35394 0.3EC were applied on Jul 16 and evaluated for possible injury on Jul 28 and Aug 4. Temperature at the time of treatment was 79°F. Rainfall from Jul 16 to Aug 4 was 1.17 inches. No phytotoxicity was observed with either chemical on any of the 20 species tested in this study.
Nursery Stock Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1980-81
Authors: Parella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Robb K. L.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were applied to selected container-grown nursery stock and phytotoxic effects were determined. The following pesticides were selected based on their ability to control many pests commonly found on nursery stock (particularly the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchussulcatus (F.), and due to a lack of information necessary for their labeling in a nursery: Supracide 2E, Knox-Out 2FM, Ficam 76W, and Furadan 4F and 10G. These insecticides were applied on the following plants, Supracide - camel ia, podocarpus, ivy; Knox-Out - camelia, podocarpus, azalea; and Furadan 4F and 10G - azalea, camel ia, pine and podocarpus. Materials were applied until run-off with a handgun operating at from a 2-1/2 gpm (9.5 liters per min) piston pump at 125 psi, except Furadan 10G which was applied to the soil of individual pots. The soil was a modified University of CA mixture with a pH of ca 7.4. Insecticides were applied at 1X, 2X and 4X concentrations where 1X = recommended label rate. The recommended rates per 100 gal water for the chemicals evaluated are: Supracide, Knox-Out, Ficam, Furadan 4F - 0.5 lb, Furadan 10G was applied at 10.0 lb ai/acre (= 1X). Insecticides were applied on Nov 17, Dec 8, May 1, Jun 8 and 29. Data on phytotoxicity were recorded on a weekly basis for 4 weeks following spray application. No phytotoxicity was detected.
Phytotoxicity Tests on Greenhouse Geraniums, Massachusetts, 1981
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Red Delicious’ geraniums were treated on Sep 15 and again on Sep 29 with 10 different insecticides, with 2 plants treated for each rate tested. Plants were in 10 cm pots and blossoming when treated. Plants were rated for foliage and blossom damage 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after first treatment.
Bromeliad Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1981
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Isley Paul T.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were tested on bromeliads in the genus Tillandsia for phytotoxic effects. This genus was selected because it is the most common bromeliad marketed commercially and due to its known sensitivity to insecticides. This test was initiated in an attempt to find an alternative insecticide that would satisfy import quarantine requirements. Methyl bromide fumigation is currently used as a broad spectrum insecticide and this kills ca 50% of all plants treated. The following 5 insecticides, all with broad spectrum toxicity, were evaluated: Orthene 75S, Ficam 76W, Dursban 25W, Cygon 4E, and Larvin 500. Materials were applied by dipping plants for 5 sec in 1X, 2X and 4X concentrations where 1X = 4 oz ai/100 gal. Plants were dipped in a 20 gal tub (pH = 7.0). After dipping, plants were placed in the greenhouse where temperatures ranged between 26.7-32.2°C. Data on phytotoxicity were recorded weekly for 8 weeks.
Efficacy of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control in Urban Apartments, 1981
Authors: Robinson William H. , Patricia A. Zungoli , Farmer Bob R.
Published: March 2022

Field trials were conducted to test the effectiveness of Orthene and Ficam W for cockroach control. Testing was in low-income apartments in Roanoke, VA. Pre-treatment population levels were assessed by placing five 1 qt. Mason jar traps (baited with boiled raisins) in each apartment overnight: 1 trap each under the kitchen sink, in pantry, by refrigerator, under bathroom sink, and in closet adjacent to bathroom. Aqueous solutions were applied with a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer equipped with a crack and crevice applicator. Three replicates for each rate were treated and monitored from May through Jul. Evaluation of treatment was made using the pre-treatment assessment procedure on selected post-treatment dates. Cockroaches captured were counted (except Ist-stage nymphs) and the number compared to pre-treatment value to determine percentage reduction.
Cattle, Ear Tags for the Control of Face Flies, Horn Flies and Stable Flies, 1981
Authors: Herald Freddie , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Ten Holstein steers were tagged with 2 Atroban ear tags/head and 5 mixed breed steers were tagged with 2 Deltamethrin tags/head in mid-Jun. Fly counts were made on all animals in each herd weekly until mid-Sep. Data are presented for every other week. Untreated cattle used for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatments was a mixed beef breed herd of 12 steers.
Residual Barn Treatments Using High Pressure Sprays for the Control of House Flies, 1981
Authors: Fischer F. J. , Hall R. D. , English L. M.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to the interior and exterior surfaces of 8 livestock barns located on the University of Missouri South Farm. A proximate, untreated barn served as control. All treatments were applied at the rate of 0.09 Iiter/m2 (1 gal/450 ft2) using a power sprayer delivering 1034 kPa (150 lb/in2). Fly populations were monitored prior to and at regular intervals post-treatment via a 0.25 m2 Scudder fly grill. Five 30 sec grid counts were taken at each observation in all locations.
Control of Two Species of Flood-Water Mosquitoes with

Baciilus

Thuringiensis

var.

Israelensis

(BTI), 1981
Authors: Dickeson Robert L. , Clarke John L.
Published: March 2022

Late 3rd and early 4th instars of A. vexans and A. trivittatus were reared from egg obtained from field-collected adult females. Four treatments of 2 experimental B.t. formulations were applied to sod-lined wading pools containing 100 liters of tapwater using a 1 liter handsprayer. Pools were arranged in a split-plot design with 2 and 3 replicates performed Aug 22 and Sep 19, respectively. Mortality counts were taken 24 h post-treatment.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control with Amdro Insecticide Bait (Formulation A), 1980
Authors: Wilson B. H. , Guillaume R. R.
Published: March 2022

Study was conducted at the LSU Agric. Exp. Sta. at St. Gabriel in an improved pasture consisting primarily of a mixture of common bermudagrass and dallisgrass on sharkey clay soil. Eight circular (130 ft dia) plots were established for test purposes, 4 of which (randomly selected) were treated with Amdro bait and 4 of which served as checks. An inner circle (80 ft dia) in each plot served as a data-taking site. Pre-treatment counts of active mounds (minimum of 6 ants appearing on a disturbed mound) were taken Jun 24. Bait (1 lb formulated bait/acre) subsequently was applied the same day with a Cycleed Spreader. Active mound counts were taken 24, 48 and 72 hr and at 8, 14, 21, 48, 63, 98 and 125 days post-treatment. Means of treated and untreated plots were corrected for % control by Abbott’s formula.
Residual Treatments for House Fly Control in Cement Stanchion, Automatic Flush Swine Barns, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Yoran C. Lynn
Published: March 2022

House fly populations were monitored in multiple cement stanchion, automatic flush swine barns to assess the residual control of Atroban 25% WP, Ectlban 25% WP, and Rabon 50% WP- Three, 39 x 7.3 m, swine barns located near Madrid at the Iowa State University Bilsland Swine Farm were sprayed with Atroban or Ectiban at a rate of 0.05 liter/m2 (1 gal/750 ft2) or Rabon at 0.08 liter/m2 (1 gal/500 ft2) with a sprayer delivering 40 psi. Treated surface areas were primarily cement inside the barns. An identical, untreated swine barn was used as a control. Two test trials were conducted. Pre-treatment and weekly post-treatment fly population counts were made with 3 white 76 X 127 mm cards and 3 white 25 x 216 nm strips placed at equal intervals inside each barn.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1981
Authors: Weires R. W. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a handgun sprayer at 400 psi to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied at pink, Apr 20, 22, petal fall, May 14, and in 7 cover sprays, May 28, Jun 12, Jun 24, Jul 8, Jul 23, Aug 7, and Aug 20, using 4.2 gal spray/tree (403 gal/acre). Trees were 17-yrs-old, ca 12 ft high, on EM2 rootstock, and spaced 15 x 30 ft. The fungicide Baycor 50W was applied over the entire block at the rate of 8 oz form/acre along with 2 qt of Agridex/acre on Apr 28, May 19, Jun 2, and without the Agridex on Jun 23. Thinning sprays utilizing from 5-15 ppm of Naphthaleneacetic acid (depending upon the cultivar) were applied May 20. Early spring frosts reduced the fruit crop throughout the area while a later summer drought further stressed the trees. Temperatures were above normal for most the season while rainfall was considerably below normal. Pest populations, especialy plum curculio, tarnished plant bug, and gypsy moth, were above normal levels. Evaluation of insect damage was assessed by examining 100 fruits/cultivar/plot from ,Mcintosh, Sep 1, ,Cortland, Sep 10, and ,Golden Delicious, Sep 23.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1981
Authors: Bode W. M.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted within a commercial orchard comprised of 9-year-old trees. Single-tree plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 5 replications. Treated trees were separated within rows by at least one unsprayed tree and adult psylla were available to repopulate test plots. Treatments were applied on Jun 18 and Jul 24. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun operated at a pump pressure of ca 300 psi. Pear psylla eggs and nymphs were counted with a stereo microscope from samples of 10 terminal shoot leaves/tree.
Peach, Evaluation of Insecticides on Green Peach Aphid, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental and standard materials were applied on Apr 8 on mature Glohaven peaches. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min (32.49 liters/min) hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi (21.09 kg/cm2). Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated four times. Buds were in the late pink stage of development at the time treatments were applied. Treatment effects were evaluated on Apr 30 by counting the number of aphid colonies per tree. Treatments were reapplied on May 4 and two additional treatments were added. Evaluations on May 12 were made by counting the numbers of colonies per tree and by checking each colony for live aphids thus evaluating the effectiveness of the second application on existing aphid colonies. In addition to the insecticides being evaluated, other spray materials used include carbamate (Fermate), azinphosmethyl (Guthion) and captan.
Peach, Evaluation of Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at Cream Ridge, NJ in a 6-year-old orchard, variety Red Haven. Single-tree plots, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 2 gals/tree; 100 trees/Acre) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 225 psi. Temik and Furadan were applied as granules to the soil surface and ranked in on Apr 24, 1981 (late bloom). The spray treatments were applied on Apr 28 (petal fall), May 18 (shuck-off), Jun 11 and Jul 7 and 22. The crop was very light on most trees due to cold damage during bloom. Cat-facing damage was measured by examining up to 50 fruit per tree in 4 replicates on Jun 10. Green peach aphid and oriental fruit moth damage was estimated by examining the entire tree for aphid colonies or oriental fruit moth infested terminals. European red mite populations were estimated by collecting 15 or 25 leaves from each tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates, and counting the mites with the aid of a binocular microscope. Appropriate transformations were made for each data set prior to analysis of variance.
Control of Leafhopper on Concord Grapes, 1981
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Danko Lisa
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard infested with Erythroneura comes (Say). Plots were 6 vines long and 2 rows wide, replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied on May 21 using a Soil Serve granular applicator equipped with one drop tube positioned to discharge behind a single cultivator tooth one foot from the trellis row. Each side of the trellis was treated. Furrows were covered immediately following application. Soil type was a Wellington silt loam. Precipitation totalling 0.83 in occurred during the week following application; precipitation in Jun was normal (3.52 in) but was 2 in above normal in Jul (5.94 in), Aug (5.72 in), and Sep (4.29 in). Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected randomly per plot and by recording the percent of leaves injured per plot based on a 50-leaf sample.
Omnivorous Looper Control on Avocados, Apr 1980
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P.
Published: March 2022

Two selective insecticides were tested for control of early instar omnivorous looper (OL) larvae on 6-yr-old avocado trees (18 ft x 22 ft spacing) located in Ventura County, CA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 6 single-tree replicates. On Apr 3, applications were made by hand-gjn with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (4 gal/tree - 400 gal/acre). These concentrations are equivalent to those made by helicopters. At least one unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees both within and between rows. Treatments were evaluated on Apr 14 by examining 10, 8-inch-long branch terminals with at least one 6 inch lateral branc per tree. Terminals were randomly selected from the outer perimeter of the tree at a height of 2-6 ft above ground. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Grapefruit, Citrus Rust Mite (Crm) Control, 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Sorrell R. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single tree plots replicated 5 times. An unsprayed buffer tree separated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 250 psi, ca 4 gal/tree, using a John Bean sprayer on Jun 1. Water pH was 5.8. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (Crm), 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Sorreli R. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 5 times in each of 3 tests. An unsprayed buffer trees separated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilue with a hand-gun at 250 psi, ca 9 gal/tree (Test 1); 300 psi, ca 3.5 gal/tree (Test 2); and 550 psi, ca 8 gal/tree (Test 3) using a truck-mounted sprayer on Jul 2, 7, and 24, respectively. Water pH was 7.9 (Test 1), 5.3 (Test 2), and 8.1 (Test 3J. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1980
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature ‘Schley’ pecan trees at the Louisiana State University Pecan Research and Extension Station, Shreveport, LA. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks with 2 trees per treatment per block. Applications were made May 29 with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving about 35 gal of spray. Evaluation occurred on Jun 2 by counting the aphids present on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm and Cabbage Looper, 1981
Authors: Dapsis L. J. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Market Prize’ cabbage was transplanted to the field on Jun 4 in Sunderland, MA. Ammonium nitrate at 130 lb/acre was applied on May 3. Treflan (6E) at 1.5 lb ai/acre was applied and disced the soil on May 1 for weed control. The soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 7.0. There were two 20 ft rows per treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were based on 3 ft row spacing, applications were made with a 3 gal stainless steel backpack sprayer in 40 gal water/acre.
Carrot Weevil Control in Carrots, 1979
Authors: Grafius E. , Collins R. , Love A. P. , May T.
Published: March 2022

Carrots were planted on May 7. Plots were arranged In a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Replications 1-3 were in the bed nearest the windbreak (source of infestation) and replictlons 4-5 were in the second bed. Each plot consisted of one 7-row bed by 30 ft long. Plots were sprayed on Jun 13, 20, 27; Jul 11, 18, 25; Aug 1, 8, 15, 27; Sep 17, with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 20 gpa (early in season) or 40 gpa (beginning Jul 11). A 10 ft section from the middle row of each plot was harvested on Sep 24, damaged and undamaged carrots from each plot were counted am weighed.
Control of Lygus Bugs on Carrot Seed Crops with Temik, 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Lydin L. V. , Butt B. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Chantenay Red Core’ carrots grown for seed in Ephrata sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthids) soil near Quincy, WA, were sidedressed with Temik at the time of bolting. The granules were injected 3 inches into the soil 5 inches from the plant row on May 22. The plots were rill irrigated within 1 week of the application. Each of the 3 replications in the randomized complete block design consisted of a plot 12 rows wide by 50 ft long. The rows were 22-and the plants 6-12 inches apart. Efficacy was determined by counting the number of lygus in 10-sweep samples/plot at weekly intervals from Jun 1 through Aug 14. Phytotoxicity was determined by counting the number of plants in 8, 5-ft row sections in each plot at harvest on Aug 2. The weight and percentage germination of seed samples from these same sections was also recorded. Seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in petri dishes in a controlled environment.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1981
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ col lards were direct seeded in 3-row plots 37.5 ft long on Jul 2. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by a guard row. the treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom build row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 18, and 25; Sept 1 and 8. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3$ damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.