bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleeping Beauty or the Beast? – The Metabolic Syndrome from an Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Perspective
Authors: Tarnow Lise , Klinkenbijl Brigitte , Woehrle Holger ,   Professor Chief physician, DMSc, Clinical Research Unit, STENO Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark,   Market Development Manager Diabetes and Sleep Apnoea Europe, ResMed, Switzerland,   Medical Director Europe, ResMed Science Center and Consultant, Sleep and Ventilation Center Blaubueren, Lung Center Ulm, Germany.
Published: June 2015

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a significant health issue. Patients with cardiovascular disease as well as patients with diabetes have a high prevalence of OSA, and the prevalence of coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke and diabetes is increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Physiological responses to OSA include sympathetic activation, neurohumoral changes and inflammation, all of which are precursors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. International guidelines are starting to recognise the importance of OSA for patients with cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure and hypertension. Diagnosis is important, and home-based sleep testing devices can facilitate this process. Treating OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension, but more research is needed to determine which components of the metabolic syndrome respond best to the addition of CPAP therapy.
Future Perspectives in Glucose Monitoring Sensors
Authors: Frontino Giulio , Meschi Franco , Bonfanti Riccardo , Rigamonti Andrea , Battaglino Roseila , Favalli Valeria , Bonura Clara , Ferro Giusy , Chiumello Giuseppe ,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,   Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
Published: June 2015

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing. Improved glucose control is fundamental to reduce both long-term micro- and macrovascular complications and short-term complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia. Frequent blood glucose monitoring is an essential part of diabetes management. However, almost all available blood glucose monitoring devices are invasive. This determines a reduced patient compliance, which in turn reflects negatively on glucose control. Therefore, there is a need to develop noninvasive glucose monitoring devices that will reduce the need of invasive procedures, thus increasing patient compliance and consequently improving quality of life and health of patients with diabetes.
Current and Future Perspectives in Thyroid Carcinoma Treatment
Authors: Sáez José Manuel Gómez ,   Chief Clinician, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona and Professor, University of Barcelona.
Published: June 2015

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem and evaluation with neck and thyroid ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy are the most accurate methods for evaluating and identifying those that require surgical resection. The surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma is the most common and recommended approach. Post-operative131I remnant ablation is used to eliminate the post-surgical thyroid remnant and may facilitate the early detection of recurrence. The conclusion of two important recent studies is that the use of recombinant human thyrotropin and low131I dose, 30 mCi, for post-operative ablation may be sufficient for the management of low-risk thyroid cancer. Recently, multi-targeted kinase inhibitors have emerged as promising treatments for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers based on mutation detection in samples from thyroid cancer. Motesanib, sorafenib, vandetanib, sunitinib, lenvatinib, imatinib and cabozantinib are multi-kinase inhibitors that have the ability of inhibiting the rearranged during transection(RET)and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and other kinases, and have been used in advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. By contrast, axitinib and pazopanib seem to act only as anti-angiogenic agents. Anaplastic thyroid carinoma is often advanced and metastatic at diagnosis. Patients with localised disease not amenable to surgical resection can be treated with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
Improving Quality of Life in Patients with Pituitary Tumours
Authors: Crespo Iris , Santos Alicia , Resmini Eugenia , Valassix Elena , Martínez-Momblán Maria Antonia , Webb Susan M ,   Endocrinology/Medicine Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,   Endocrinology/Medicine Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,   Endocrinology/Medicine Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,   Endocrinology/Medicine Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,   Endocrinology/Medicine Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,   Escola Universitària d’Infermeria, Hospital Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.,   Endocrinology/Medicine Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), IIB-Sant Pau, ISCIII and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
Published: June 2015

Evaluation of health-related quality of life (QoL) in people with pituitary tumours has received much attention over the last 10–15 years. Most of them show impaired QoL, but little is known about how to prevent impairment or how to improve QoL. Our aim is to review what is known about QoL in pituitary tumours patients and to highlight the areas worth improving, for the patient’s well being. The article has four sections: acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, prolactinomas and non-functioning adenomas. Control of comorbidities is usually an important factor to prevent QoL impairment; however, each disease has specific characteristics that should be properly addressed in order to obtain full patient recovery after successful therapy.
Ezetimibe in the Treatment of Patients with Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Nehme MD Mayssam A , Upadhyay MD Ashish ,   Resident in Internal Medicine,   Assistant Professor of Medicine, Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, US
Published: June 2015

Dyslipidemia is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While statin therapy remains the most important component of dyslipidemia management, a substantial proportion of patients on statin monotherapy fails to achieve guideline-recommended lipid levels. Ezetimibe is a secondline lipid-lowering agent that reduces sterol absorption, and has a favorable effect on lipid profile. This article reviews studies examining the role of ezetimibe on lipid profile, metabolic biomarkers, and cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with metabolic diseases. Special focus is given to studies in patients with dyslipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. The controversy surrounding the role of ezetimibe in mitigating atherosclerosis is also highlighted. The article concludes that the ezetimibe–statin combination improves lipid parameters and helps attain guidelinerecommended lipid goals in patients with metabolic diseases. However, further research is needed to better understand the role of ezetimibe monotherapy, and the impact of ezetimibe on clinical cardiovascular outcomes.
Lixisenatide – A New Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vidal Josep ,   Head, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
Published: June 2015

Optimal glycaemic control is essential to managing risks in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, glycaemic control remains poor among type 2 diabetes patients, particularly the control of post-prandial glucose (PPG). Almost half of patients treated with basal insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) do not achieve their glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) goals, despite achieving fasting plasma glucose (FPG) control. Glycaemic control targets have emphasised FPG targets, but PPG contributes significantly to overall glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have shown substantial efficacy in improving overall glycaemic control but have differing effects on PPG, which is a result of their different mechanisms of action. Lixisenatide is unique among existing GLP-1 receptor agonists in that it is short acting but given as a once daily dose, and exerts its main effects during the prandial period. It has demonstrated efficacy in an extensive clinical trial programme. In particular, it has shown a beneficial effect on PPG compared with existing GLP-1 receptor agonists, probably a result of its effect on slowing gastric emptying. This has provided a strong rationale for its use as add-on therapy to long-acting basal insulin analogues, in cases where the latter is not providing adequate glycaemic control. The additive effects on glycaemic control may lead to a new treatment approach to manage blood glucose and prevent long-term complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Evaluation of the JuniorSTAR® Half-unit Insulin Pen in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes – User Perspectives
Authors: Klonoff David , Nayberg Irina , Rabbone Ivana , Landgraf Wolfgang , Domenger Catherine , Danne Thomas ,   Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Health Services, San Mateo, California, US,   Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Health Services, San Mateo, California, US,   Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, Italy,   Sanofi, Paris, France,   Sanofi, Paris, France,   Auf der Bult Children and Youth Hospital, Hannover, Germany
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses the results of a survey on the usability of a new half-unit insulin pen, JuniorSTAR® (CE mark pending, under the responsibility of Haselmeier), in children with type 1 diabetes. Insulin pen devices have advantages over the traditional vial-and-syringe method of insulin delivery, including improved patient satisfaction and adherence, greater ease of use and superior accuracy, especially when delivering small doses of insulin. The accuracy and design of insulin pens is particularly important in the paediatric population. Young children often require half-unit adjustments. As the incidence of type 1 diabetes is expected to increase in the coming years in children less than 5 years old, a higher use of half-unit dosing pens may be anticipated. A survey with JuniorSTAR half-unit insulin pen has shown that it is easy to use, read, carry and dial back. This was confirmed by patients and also by nurses. In conclusion, the JuniorSTAR half-unit pen is well suited to the lifestyle of young people with type 1 diabetes and could help them to gain autonomy to self-inject.
Can Bariatric Surgery be Considered Standard Therapy to Treat Type 2 Diabetes?
Authors: Meyvis Karen , Block Christophe De , Gaal Luc F Van ,   Endocrinologist,   Associate Professor of Medicine,   Professor of Medicine and Head, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Published: June 2015

With the rapid increase in obesity there has been a pronounced increase in obesity-related metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Bariatric surgery is a highly effective treatment for achieving long-term weight loss and is increasingly recognised to have benefits in diabetes treatment and cause improvement in other metabolic factors. Recent small randomised trials reported better glycaemic control after surgical intervention compared to pharmacological therapy. Physiological studies suggest a surgery-specific, weight-independent effect on glucose homeostasis. Long-term efficacy is to be proven. Consensus on definition of diabetes and diabetes remission must be achieved. Larger multicentre, randomised trials need to be done to clarify the place of metabolic surgery in diabetes treatment algorithms.
The Emerging Health Benefits of Coffee with an Emphasis on Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Bidel Siamak , Tuomilehto Jaakko ,   National Institute for Health and Welfare and Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland,   Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Austria; Red RECAVA Grupo, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
Published: June 2015

Debate persists whether coffee is beneficial or problematic for human health. Coffee consumption has been associated with a decrease in risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that healthy, habitual coffee drinkers are more protected from the risk of contracting diabetes than individuals who do not drink coffee. Coffee consumption has been associated with a reduced incidence of impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycaemia and insulin sensitivity. Data suggest that several coffee components, such as chlorogenic acids, are involved in the health benefits of coffee. Various mechanisms for this protective effect have been proposed, including effects on incretin release, liver glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Epidemiological data support numerous other health benefits for coffee, including reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD), a protective effect against some neurodegenerative conditions, a favourable effect on liver function and a protective effect against certain cancers. These associations are based mainly on observational studies and are currently insufficient to recommend coffee consumption as an interventional strategy for risk reduction in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. While excessive consumption can have adverse effects on some conditions, particularly in terms of sleep quality, these effects vary among individuals and most people do not have any symptoms from coffee drinking. Moderate coffee consumption is associated with no or little risk of severe diseases and may offer substantial health benefits. Thus, coffee is a safe, low-energy beverage and suitable for most adult people.
Hippocampal Volume in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Murray Michael , Stanley Molly , Lugar Heather M , Hershey Tamara ,   Undergraduate Researcher, Department of Psychiatry,   PhD Candidate, Department of Neurology,   Image Analyst, Department of Psychiatry,   Professor, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, US
Published: June 2015

The hippocampus plays an important role in human memory and is known to be vulnerable to extreme hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia in animal models of type 1 diabetes. Within humans with type 1 diabetes, exposure to glycaemic extremes has been associated with alterations in hippocampal structure and in memory function, but results are inconsistent. It has been hypothesised that the effects of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia on the hippocampus may depend on when during neurodevelopment these extremes occur, possibly explaining some of these inconsistencies. However, data addressing this concept are limited. We review here the existing literature on this complex topic and suggest future avenues of required research.
Exercise is Medicine—The Importance of Physical Activity, Exercise Training, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lavie Carl J ,   Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Director, Stress Testing Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, and Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US, Johannsen Neil ,   Assistant Professor, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University and Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US, Swift Damon ,   Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US, Sénéchal Martin ,   Postdoctoral Researcher, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Earnest Conrad ,   Professor, Department for Health, University of Bath, UK and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US, Church Timothy ,   Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US, Hutber Adrian ,   Vice President, Exercise is Medicine, American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, US, Sallis Robert ,   Department of Family Medicine, Fontana Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente, Southern California, California, US, Blair Steven N ,   Professor, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, US
Published: June 2015

Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. Diet and physical activity (PA)-based lifestyle interventions have been shown to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes in patients at high risk. Regular PA substantially reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes and a high level of PA is associated with a substantial reduction in type 2 diabetes risk. In addition, there is strong evidence suggesting a steep inverse relationship between both PA and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Of particular concern is the dramatic, steep increase in mortality among patients with low CRF. An important point is that obese individuals who are at least moderately fit have a lower mortality risk than those who are normal weight but unfit. A large body of evidence demonstrates that exercise improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; the greatest improvements are achieved with combined aerobic and resistance training. A primary goal of public health strategies is to promote PA and move patients out of the least fit, high-risk cohort by increasing PA among the least active. Any plan to deal with the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes must give major attention to low PA and how this can be reversed in the general population.
A Patient-level Analysis of Efficacy and Hypoglycaemia Outcomes Across Treat-to-target Trials with Insulin Glargine Added to Oral Antidiabetes Agents in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: DeVries J Hans ,   Consultant Endocrinologist, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Meneghini Luigi ,   Professor, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, US, Barnett Anthony H ,   Honorary Consultant and Professor of Medicine, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, Reid Timothy ,   Medical Director, Mercy Diabetes Center, Janesville, Wisconsin, US, Dain Marie-Paule ,   Sanofi, Paris, France, Landgraf Wolfgang ,   Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany and Third Medical Clinic, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Vlajnic Aleksandra ,   Sanofi US Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey, US, Traylor Louise ,   Sanofi US Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey, US, Bergenstal Richard M ,   Executive Director and Research Clinician, International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
Published: June 2015

Background: A better understanding of hypoglycaemia risk when insulin is used in combination with one or more oral antidiabetes agents may assist in the treatment decision-making process for the clinician and address concerns regarding hypoglycaemia when initiating or intensifying insulin therapy. The objective of this study was to analyse efficacy and hypoglycaemia outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin glargine (IG) with metformin (MET), sulphonylurea (SU) or MET+SU. Methods: Patient-level data were pooled from 15 randomised, treat-to-target trials (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] targets <5.6 mmol/l) with a duration ≥24 weeks. Efficacy outcomes included glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), FPG and HbA1c target achievement. Overall hypoglycaemia events were assessed by a confirmed PG value of <3.9, <3.1 and <2.8 mmol/l or assistance required; daytime, nocturnal (00:01–05:59 AM); and severe (assistance required or with confirmed PG <2.0 mmol/l). Results: Overall, 2,837 IG patients were analysed, with either MET (634), SU (906) or MET+SU (1,297) as background oral antidiabetes agents. Endpoint HbA1c in IG+MET and IG+MET+SU-treated patients was significantly lower than in IG+SU-treated patients (adjusted difference –0.32 %; p=0.0001 and –0.33 %; p=0.0002, respectively). Fewer patients achieved endpoint HbA1c <7.0 % with IG+SU (32 %) versus IG+MET (57 %) or IG+MET+SU (49 %). IG+SU and IG+MET+SU led to significant increases in overall, daytime and nocturnal hypoglycaemia versus IG+MET; severe hypoglycaemia was rare. Weight gain was lowest in IG+MET patients (adjusted difference –1.51 kg versus IG+SU; p<0.0001; –0.78 kg versus IG+MET+SU; p=0.0037) despite higher insulin doses (0.51 U/kg versus 0.43 and 0.42 U/kg, respectively). Conclusions: Better glycaemic goal achievement and reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain were observed with IG+MET versus IG+SU and IG+MET+SU, albeit with an increased insulin dose requirement.
Interstitium versus Blood Equilibrium in Glucose Concentration and its Impact on Subcutaneous Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems
Authors: Scuffi Cosimo ,   Scientist, Scientific and Technology Affairs Department, A. Menarini Diagnostics, Florence, Italy
Published: June 2015

The relationship between both interstitial and blood glucose remains a debated topic, on which there is still no consensus. The experimental evidence suggests that blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels are correlated by a kinetic equilibrium, which as a consequence has a time and magnitude gradient in glucose concentration between blood and interstitium. Furthermore, this equilibrium can be perturbed by several physiological effects (such as foreign body response, wound-healing effect, etc.), with a consequent reduction of interstitial fluid glucose versus blood glucose correlation. In the present study, the impact of operating in the interstitium on continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) will be discussed in depth, both for the application of CGMs in the management of diabetes and in other critical areas, such as tight glycaemic control in critically ill patients.
Psychophysical Exams as Early Indicators of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Pescosolido Nicola , Buomprisco Giuseppe ,   Professor, Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences,   Resident Physician (Intern), University “Sapienza” of Rome, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Sense Organs, Rome, Italy
Published: June 2015

Retinopathy is a serious and common complication of diabetes that represents the leading cause of blindness, among people of working age, in developed countries. It is estimated that the number of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) will increase from 126.6 million in 2011 to 191 million by 2030. The visual function that seems to be affected first in the course of DR is probably the contrast sensitivity; in addition, being mainly a macular function, the perception of colour is also compromised. Moreover, the duration of the disease, the levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and the presence of cystoid macular oedema are strongly associated with the impairment of fixation stability in patients with diabetes with clinically significant macular oedema, suggesting the possible diagnostic role of microperimetry. The test of contrast sensitivity and the microperimetry and the chromatic sensitivity tests have proved to be useful, safe, reproducible and inexpensive tools to diagnose the disease early.
Current Conveyor: Novel Universal Active Block
Authors: Singh Indu Prabha , Singh Kalyan , Shukla S. N.
Published: June 2015

This paper describes the current conveyors used as a basic building block in a variety of electronic circuit in instrumentation and communication systems. Today these systems are replacing the conventional Op-amp in so many applications such as active filters, analog signal processing, and converters. A detailed study is presented here for its applications.
Information and Communication Technology
Authors: Singh Manoj Kumar , Yadav Sunil Kumar
Published: June 2015

This approach is the complete contrast with the conventional methods of education and entrepreneurship development but requires the candidates to have ICT literacy and interest in self-improvement. Need and urgency of educating large masses can not be under estimated, when the country is poised for rapid growth. However, even after so many years of hard efforts a significant percentage of child population remains uneducated and high dropout rates even at middle and secondary level educations remains a complex problem along with the fact that ICT literacy and education in a wider sense has not taken root. The recent reports dealing with Seelampur (Delhi) UNESCO inspired project on ICT based education have categorically and convincingly demonstrated, that it can be used to unlock the subject understanding capabilities and entrepreneurship idea generation potentials of the participants, not possible through standard education or distance education methods These new ICT based methods rely on collaborate learning, "ICT Literacy" and use the self organization mechanism for understanding or new knowledge creation. The idea and the technology behind this approach through promising have not been fully understood as yet . Therefore, it is proposed to take up activities in this direction at two different levels as a part of the project proposition. To study evolve and promote the mechanism of "Self Organization" in learning through deconstruction of information through ICT literacy based approach on the web and local enrolment , leading to construction of new domain knowledge and development of participants capabilities towards entrepreneurship. To take up the development of tools and technologies for creating the course work based on the ICT literacy approach for the collaborative and interactive learning environment. To evolve methods of localizing the information, and the introduction of local idioms for the education of ethnic linguistic and gender groups.(This is considered important in ICT based approach of education).
Evaporative Heat Transfer Coefficients During Sensible Heating of Milk
Authors: Kumar Mahesh , Kumar Sudhir , Prakash Om , Kasana K. S.
Published: June 2015

In this article, the evaporative heat transfer coefficients for sensible heating phase of milk in a stainless steel pot during khoa making by conventional heating method have been reported. Various indoor experiments were performed for sensible heating of milk in a stainless steel pot under open condition by varying heat inputs from 240 watts to 420 watts. The experimental data were used to determine the values of evaporative heat transfer coefficients which were observed to decrease with an increase in rate of heating. It is also observed that the evaporative heat transfer coefficient increases significantly with the increase in operating temperature for each rate of heat inputs. The experimental error in terms of percent uncertainty was also evaluated.
Chaos, Complexity and Synchronization in Dynamical System Using Bond Graph
Authors: Singh Manoj Kumar , Singh Bharat Raj
Published: June 2015

This paper describes a method for approaching an arbitrary parameter with initial outline, slider and simulation model, systematical and quantitative bond graph model of vehicle dynamic system. It illustrates a typical bond graph and object models using the three basic modules of the software. For brevity, only small problems are considered for simulation of vehicle dynamic system model. Bond graph techniques reveal its strength and beauty in developing a clear and simplified model for vehicle dynamic system. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) generates discrete Fourier transform of a time-varying signal and stores it into a disk file containing discredited numerical values for all the system states, ranging over the entire simulation interval. In this paper, a vehicle dynamic Modeling and Simulation involving three partners viz., Vehicle model, Vehicle parameter and Vehicle simulator, are taken into consideration. This process consists of both modeling and simulating closely associated with each other. Vehicle dynamics is the science that studies the kinematics of wheeled land vehicles with its dimensions and benefits to mechanisms, suspensions and steering mechanisms. The dynamics of computer models of vehicles using Bond graph technique originated by H. M. Paynter, presents a tool for continuous system modeling in a graphical sense, by generalizing the physical phenomenon such as: Mechanical Dynamic System. The role of computerized modeling and simulation in engineering design continues to increase as companies are striving to gain competitive advantages by reducing the time required to move from concept to final product.
Image Compression By Speck With Reduced Memory
Authors: Ali Amanat , Khan Amir Athar , Alam Sanawer , Kidwai N. R.
Published: June 2015

Reduced memory set partitioned embedded block (SPECK) image coder is proposed in this paper large runtime memory is required by the original SPECK algorithm due to use of linked lists, so it is unsuitable for memory constrained portable devices. In the proposed algorithm SPECK coder successfully replace the linked lists by fixed length state tables or markers, to keep track of set partitions and encoded information. The proposed algorithm neither uses any linked list nor any state table, therefore completely eliminating the use of any dynamic memory at the time of its execution. This also reduces the memory access time, thereby making it faster than the original SPECK, while retaining the embedded property and having coding efficiency close to original SPECK.
Sustainable Renewable Energy Development in India Through Ministry of Non- Conventional Energy Sources
Authors: Singh Manoj Kumar , Singh Bharat Raj
Published: June 2015

India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources, and it has one of the largest programs in the world for deploying renewable energy products and systems. Indeed, it is the only country in the world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable energy development, the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES). Since its formation, the Ministry has launched one of the world’s largest and most ambitious programs on renewable energy. Based on various promotional efforts put in place by MNES, significant progress is being made in power generation from renewable energy sources. India emerged in 2008 as an aspiring producer of solar PV. Both National and State Governments announced new policies to support solar PV manufacturing in special economic zones, including capital investment subsidies of 20 percent. These policies led to USD 18 billion in new solar PV manufacturing investment plans or proposals by a large number of companies.
We know where the non renewable energies – coal, oil and gas – are located and how these fuels are transported, combusted, and the power transmitted throughout the country over the power grid. Now, let’s look at the renewable energies hydro, solar, wind and biomass. According to the Energy Information administration (EIA) the annual average increase will be about 4.0 percent from 2002 to 2025. The projected growth in net electricity consumption for emerging market economies is driven in large part by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population growth assumption. It makes sense to the authors that all efforts and investment should consider accelerating these sustainable energy resources before committing to the same fossil fuel path as western nations. The fossil fuel strategy will surely bring price volatility from dwindling supplies and added pollution from carbon combustion.
Tapping India's wind, solar, biomass, and hydro could bring high quality jobs from a domestic resource. Renewable energy is the measure of the development of a nation like India extensive development of the renewable energy resources on the Indian subcontinent through MNES booming economic growth, rapid Industrialization and high standard of living of global population demand more and more energy in different forms.
Dual Band Slotted Microstrip P atch Antenna For Wireless Applications
Authors: Gupta Sushila , Johari Esha
Published: June 2015

This paper describes dual-band patch antenna. The dual-band operation is obtained by embedding a pair of Lshaped slots. Dual band antenna can reduce the size of antenna 40%, comparing with rectangular microstrip antennas on normal dielectric substrate, and have wider bandwidths for both bands. In this paper L-shaped slots patch antenna with length L= 25.74 mm and width W = 31.20 mm fabricated based on availability of Rogers Duorid 5880 dielectric material and a prototype antenna is developed. The dielectric constant of Rogers Duorid 5880 material is  r  2.2 having thickness h = 0.16 mm and copper thickness is 35 microns using a coaxial feeding method for dual band operation. The prototype antenna is operating in S band frequency range.
Voltage Stability Assessment in Radial Distribution Power System
Authors: Sageer Shivley , Sharma Om , Patel Ratul Rana
Published: June 2015

The voltage stability problem of distribution networks is associated with a rapid voltage drop because of heavy system load. To operate the distribution system under such critical conditions the integration of distributed resource improves the reliability of supplying power by improving voltage stability and reducing the power losses. This paper presents voltage stability analysis of radial distribution networks in the presence of distributed generation. The analysis is accomplished using different methods which can be evaluated at each node of the distribution system. In this paper study the all types of methods which is used to improve the Voltage Stability Assessment in radial distribution power system.
Review on Synthesis of ZnO Doped with Metal Composites and Its Structural Properties by Sol-gel Technique
Authors: Umar Shazia , Kumar Mahendra
Published: June 2015

ZnO is a material having unique structural ,optical and electrical properties doping level, The c-axis lattice parameter shifts towards higher values with increase of manganese content in the film.The first part of this paper represents the synthesis of ZnO thin film by sol-gel technique and study of its structural properties by XRD. The next part of this review presents the influence of Mn ,In doping on structural properties of ZnO by XRD studies.XRD study shows that all film prepared in this work have wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=b=3.260A o c=5.214Ao. The doped films are found to show (002) preferential growth at low. Indium concentrations. An increase in Indium concentration causes a decrease in crystalline quality of films as confirmed by XRD technique .The XRD spectra of Mn doped ZnO also show that all samples have hexagonal wurtzite structures. The doping favours c-axis orientation along (002) planes upto 5% of Mn.
QSAR Studies on Ant Malarial Activity of Diverse Set of Compounds for D6 Strain of P. falciparum
Authors: Thakur D. , Khatod Vandana , Asthana C. D. , Thakur S.
Published: June 2015

Malaria spread by sporozoa of p.falciperum and is well known as an infectious lethal disease.Sometimes it causes death if the medicine is not given in time.Only a limited number of drugs can now prevent and cure malaria.For in vitro testing the clones D6 and NF54 of p. felciperum are most often used.These are resistant to present drugs like mefloquine.The data set based on the D6 strains consisting of 57 organic compounds was collected from different sources and their antimalarial activity is predicted by taking different parametric models.
Metabolism of Jatropha : A Biodiesel Plant in Relation to Four Major Types of Indian Soils as Growing Medium
Authors: La'Verne Sapna , Tandon P. K. , Rai Vibhuti
Published: June 2015

Various types of soils are found in India that differs widely in their physico-chemical characteristics. Their response towards plants varies for the growth and development for example, in the Jatropha plant which is an important biodiesel plant. Experiments were carried in clay pots to study the effects of four types of soils (as growing medium) viz. Alluvial, Mountain, Desert and Red on certain metabolic parameters in Jatropha curcus plant.
Lot of variations with regard to certain metabolic parameters such as concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoid and protein along with the activities of two iron enzymes i.e. catalase and peroxidase were recorded. These are discussed in the light of metabolic activity with important results being discussed.
Optimization Technique For Surface Roughness Prediction in Turning Operation
Authors: Ojha Gaurav Kumar , Yadav Gyanendra Kumar , Yadav Pankaj Kumar
Published: June 2015

Surface roughness has a great influence on the functional properties of the product. Finding the rules that how process factors and environment factors affect the values of surface roughness will help to set the process parameters of the future and then improve production quality and efficiency. Since surface roughness is impacted by different machining parameters and the inherent uncertainties in the machining process, how to predict the surface roughness becomes a challengeable problem for the researchers and engineers. In this paper an attempt is made to review the literature on optimizing machining parameters in turning processes. Various conventional techniques employed for machining optimization include geometric programming, geometric plus linear programming, goal programming, sequential unconstrained minimization technique, dynamic programming etc. The latest techniques for optimization include fuzzy logic, scatter search technique, genetic algorithm, Taguchi technique and response surface methodology.
Sustainability and Dynamism of R Factor to Preserve the Viability of Investment Portfolios: Mature Field Oil Contracts in Peruvian Northwest
Authors: Bravo Reynaldo Cervantes , Cacha Jesús Manuel , Quiñones Víctor Alexei
Published: June 2015

Sustainable management in the Oil Industry is one of the crucial tasks to account for the wealth of a country. Usually they are expressed as a monetary benefit to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of its economy; and biodiversity, which are influenced significantly under the criteria of the stakeholders, in the context of sustainability policies with stringent regulatory character given by Governments.

This sustainability creates a dynamic interaction between social and economic policies that usually involves a decision-making process under uncertainty; given the lack of information and the different approaches taken by the company and / or reviewers. These agents are usually a barrier for governments to get a reasonable agreement with Petroleum; that means an equitable sharing between the States - Petroleum Companies with respect to their working interest.

A new approach is proposed to obtain the ideal government-take and royalties from oil contracts, based on the dynamic model of evaluation projects proposed in the Paper (SPE-169416-MS). This approach follows a fair methodological research study that shows a probabilistic model for estimating oil assets criteria for risks inherent in this kind of projects, and expressed with risk estimation "Pseudolimitante" which shows a dynamic and evolving time factor ‘R’ (Accumulated revenue / Accumulated expenses). Currently, the "R" factor plays a key role in Latin America and the Caribbean countries, so as to the feasibility of projects in mature fields; therefore, the evolution and dynamism of this factor depends on the optimal implementation upon regional characteristics and the degree of depletion reservoirs, which define the conditions of future contracts.

Once defined the portfolio with better range of remuneration to be negotiable, we will analyze the dependence of the differential risk with Incremental Gain, generating a percentile distribution (expressed in MUS$/differential risk) and parameterized in the range of 0% to 100%. This distribution allows us to obtain an ideal compensation, following an analysis that can share the risk investment; as well as the expected gain with the Peruvian State considering a 50% risk.

The application of this methodology is adapted to the Peruvian Northwest fields by means of a case study of a mature field, and on the way of renegotiation of Oil Contracts Services, between Oil Companies and the Peruvian Government represented by Perupetro; where a Factor “R” model expressed by an equation defined by a Probabilistic and Deterministic Study is incorporated. Likewise, this methodology will serve as a powerful principle in the future to optimize processes in the Estimation of unconventional reserves subject to these characteristics of uncertainty but at a higher level in terms of the input variables.
Reduction of Risk to the Environment, Communities and the Company when Operating in a very Sensitive Environment
Authors: Benalcazar Fernando L. , Valdivieso Sebastian
Published: June 2015

In 2005, EnCana decided to focus its business in North America and to exit Ecuador. In light of this, the Company implemented a proposed strategy to provide an environmental and social legacy to its hosting country, specifically to its Yasuni National Park (YNP). The strategy added permanent value and high-impact to existing conservation efforts led by the Ecuadorian authorities. EnCana operated in Ecuador from late 1999 to early 2006. The Company was responsible of developing Blocks 14 and 17 inside YNP, both concessions highly sensitive in social and environmental terms. YNP is a UNESCO biosphere reserve since 1989.

Considering UNESCO's objectives for biosphere reserves are “…to conserve natural ecosystems, to provide protective legislation, in situ conservation, encourage regional planning and rural development, encourage local participation in land use and environmental education” three key projects were identified for executing this legacy:

Replacing high-risk aerial flow lines by sub fluvial crossing under Tiputini River; Relocating the YNP Park Ranger Station; Building two forestry control facilities.

Some petroleum companies operating in the Ecuadorian Amazon Basin conducted multiple development activities adjacent to YNP since the 1980s without considering environmental impacts related to above-ground flow lines. Activities such as the illegal exploitation of timber as result of the expansion of the oil frontier by constructing new access roads to remote locations had a detrimental impact on the YNP. Applying state-of-the-art directional drilling, an underground river crossing was built in 2006 and all above ground flow lines, even those attached to an existing road-bridge, were decommissioned, dismantled and placed inside the crossing, which is operating up-to-date without incidents.

On the control side, the Ecuadorian Government's illegal forestry control effectiveness was dramatically improved in the area by having its most relevant facility relocated and two new facilities built. These facilities were made available to them when the Company partnered with the Ministry of Environment and an associated Trust Fund.
Heading to a Culture With No Incidents, Integrating New Technologies For the Strengthening of the Road Safety Culture
Authors: Rodríguez Mesa M.. , Martinez D. F.
Published: June 2015

The World Health Organization, through its report, global status of road safety (2013) argues that worldwide about 1.24 million deaths from traffic accidents occur each year and 3,000 deaths are reached every day.

Colombia is no stranger to this problem; an example of this, is the sum of deaths and injuries from the period 2002-2012, a figure of nearly 62,000 Colombians killed and more than 443,000 injured in traffic accidents is obtained.

Mansarovar Energy in its contribution to the national road safety plan, brings together the various actors in traffic, and works under strategic pillars, always in favor of strengthening safety road culture and full compliance of national legislation.

Corporate Management: Strategic Road Safety Plan which includes the regulatory framework and behavior for staff and suppliers.

Human behavior: Education and training, campaigns, measures and control actions.

Vehicles: Regulation and evaluation of vehicles looking for a safe fleet.

New technologies: The use of new technologies (GPS vehicle control monitoring) had an impact on the decrease of road incidents at Mansarovar Energy, this technology is focused on monitoring driving habits.

Communities: They play a key role in developing road safety strategies, this work with community leaders comprises: Use of equipment owned by people in the region, alligned with safety standards.Linking all driving staff to road safety campaigns.Timely payment of traffic tickets.Safety Road campaigns with regional entities, Road Police and Ruta del Sol.Installation of new technologies inside the regional vehicles.Full compliance with national legislation.Safety based on HSE 24/7 behavior standards.

These actions showed an outcome, reflected in the decrease of incidents in the area of influence.

There was also a positive side effect on the community, as all the actions taken towards the implementation of control measures, vehicle mantainance and drivers certification, have finally generated economic activities around, contributing to the promotion of employment and economic growth in the region.