bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of pulsed electric field on colloidal properties and storage stability of carrot juice
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhao Wei , Yang Ruijin , Zhang Sha
Published: July 2012

The effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high‐temperature short time (HTST) on the colloidal properties of carrot juice initially after PEF processing and throughout storage period were studied. Compared with HTST treatments, PEF treatments have less effect on the colloidal properties, such as cloud stability, zeta potential, viscosity and particle size distribution (PSD). Pectin methyl esterase (PME) could influence the colloidal properties of carrot juice by de‐esterification of the pectin. In the present work, PME activity was reduced significantly as electric‐field strength (from 15 to 30 kV cm−1) and treatment time (from 100 to 800 μs) increased. The results also showed that the emergency of a new peak in PSD of samples occurred when the electric intensity exceeded 30 kV cm−1. Images of transmission electron microscopy showed that particles slightly gathered after PEF treatment. However, under HTST treated, these smaller particles aggregated into net‐like structures that further gathered larger particles. At the micro level, both PEF treated (30 kV cm−1, 800μs) and HTST treated kept good stability for more than 1 month.
The preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by wet media milling
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Jiali , Xia Wenshui
Published: July 2012

Three different molecular weights of chitosan were pulverised to nanoparticles by wet media milling. The effects of the milling on properties of chitosan, such as viscosity average molecular weight (Mv), ash content, the degree of deacetylation (DD), particle size, chemical structure, colour, swelling power and apparent viscosity, were investigated. Our results showed that high (578.3 kDa), medium (181.6 kDa) and low (66.3 kDa) molecular weight chitosan with particle size of 342.7, 358.1 and 346.2 μm were milled to nanometre range after 1, 1.5 and 2.5 h of milling, respectively. After 5 h of milling, the particle sizes of the three samples were decreased to 543.8, 366.6 and 308.4 nm, respectively. Chitosan did not show significant increase in ash contents after milling. The milling decreased the Mv of chitosan, but did not change DD and the chemical structure. The suspension of chitosan nanoparticles was of cream‐white colour. The swelling powder and apparent viscosity of chitosan increased after the milling treatment.
Evaluation of spray drying conditions on properties of microencapsulated oregano essential oil
Authors: Alvarenga Botrel Diego , Vilela Borges Soraia , Victória de Barros Fernandes Regiane , Dantas Viana Arianne , Maria Gomes da Costa Joyce , Reginaldo Marques Gerson
Published: July 2012

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate variations in powder characteristics with respect to spray drying operating parameters including both feed rates (L min−1) and inlet temperatures (°C). Inlet temperatures around 180 °C provided the lowest values for moisture. Powder recovery was significantly affected (P < 0.10) by inlet air temperature and feed rate, where a raise in inlet temperature and feed rate resulted in higher powder recovery. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed for water activity, solubility and hygroscopicity between treatments. Regarding oil retention, the results showed a significant (P < 0.05) interaction between the two studied factors. A tendency for higher values of oil retention was observed when using combinations of high inlet temperatures/low feed rates and low inlet temperatures/high feed rates. Particle size distribution averaged 2.0, 8.1 and 18.3 μm for D10, D50 and D90, respectively. The morphology of particles showed no cracks in most capsules. The results indicate that high temperature (185 °C) and moderated feed rate (0.63 L min−1) are the best spray drying conditions.
A Rasch analysis of nurses’ ethical sensitivity to the norms of the code of conduct
Authors: González‐de Paz Luis , Kostov Belchin , Sisó‐Almirall Antoni , Zabalegui‐Yárnoz Adela
Published: July 2012

Aims and objectives.  To develop an instrument to measure nurses’ ethical sensitivity and, secondarily, to use this instrument to compare nurses’ ethical sensitivity between groups.

Background.  Professional codes of conduct are widely accepted guidelines. However, their efficacy in daily nursing practice and influence on ethical sensitivity is controversial.

Design.  A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted.

Participants.  One hundred and forty‐three registered nurses from Barcelona (Spain) participated in the study, of whom 45·83% were working in primary health care and 53·84% in hospital wards.

Methods.  A specifically designed confidential, self‐administered questionnaire assessing ethical sensitivity was developed. Knowledge of the nursing code and data on ethical sensitivity were summarised, with the quality of the questionnaire assessed using Rasch analysis.

Results.  Item on knowledge of the code showed that one‐third of nurses knew the contents of the code and two‐thirds had limited knowledge. To fit the Rasch model, it was necessary to rescore the rating scale from five to three categories. Residual principal components analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale. Three items of the questionnaire presented fit problems with the Rasch model. Although nurses generally have high ethical sensitivity to their code of conduct, differences were found according to years of professional practice, place of work and knowledge of the code (p < 0·05).

Conclusions.  The questionnaire showed acceptable psychometric properties to achieve the proposed objective. Nurses’ ethical sensitivity to the norms of the code was high. However, many factors might influence the degree of ethical sensitivity. Further research to measure ethical sensitivity using invariant measures such as Rasch units would be valuable.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Other factors, such as assertiveness or courage, should be considered to improve ethical sensitivity to the code of conduct. Rigorous measurement studies and analysis in applied ethics are needed to assess ethical performance in practice.
An action research study to explore the nature of the nurse consultant role in the care of children and young people
Authors: Gregorowski Anna , Brennan Eileen , Chapman Susan , Gibson Faith , Khair Kate , May Lindy , Lindsay‐Waters Anne
Published: July 2012

Aims and objectives.  An action research study was undertaken to explore the development of the nurse consultant role when caring for children and young people.

Background  Five nurse consultants in different areas of specialist care in a tertiary paediatric hospital undertook the study when implementing the new role of nurse consultant into the hospital.

Methods.  Action research meetings took place over a year. The nurse consultants then collated and analysed data using thematic analysis during the second year. A research fellow facilitated meetings, carried out participant observation, and coordinated the action research project.

Results.  Data analysis revealed 22 subthemes grouped into four overarching themes: shaping the role; shaping child‐centred care through consultancy; taking responsibility for practice; and leadership. These roles and their ease and complexity within the nurse consultant role are examined in further detail in this paper. Balancing the four key components in a newly developing role was initially complex and required support. Over time the nurse consultants developed the necessary skills to perform fully in all areas. A major challenge was developing the research role, a key function of the nurse consultant role. By the end of the study, all nurse consultants were actively embarking upon their own research either in preparation for or as part of Doctoral studies.

Conclusions and relevance to clinical practice.  While there are many similarities with nurse consultants in adult practice, one major difference was the nurse consultant role in supporting families when caring for children and young people. This meant having a three‐way communication style: with the family, the child/young person, and other healthcare professionals. This communication style was observed by the research fellow in participant observation of the nurse consultants undertaking clinical care and is described further in the analysis of the role.
Chronic pain and the family: the experience of the partners of people living with chronic pain
Authors: West Caryn , Usher Kim , Foster Kim , Stewart Lee
Published: July 2012

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of chronic pain on the partner and family of a person with chronic pain.

Background.  Chronic pain impacts not only on the individual but also their partner and/or other family members. Families of people with chronic pain have reported feeling powerless, alienated, emotionally distressed, and isolated. These impacts have affected their relationship with the person with chronic pain.

Design.  An interpretive qualitative design using in‐depth interviews and thematic analysis was undertaken.

Methods.  Purposive sampling and in‐depth interviewing were undertaken to develop a rich description of the experience.

Results.  Findings indicate the impact of chronic pain on the family is extensive, resulting in physical, social, and emotional changes. Four themes were revealed: (1) Family loss, (2) Life changes, (3) Emotional impact of pain, and (4) Future plans.

Conclusion.  This study reinforces and expands current knowledge regarding the impact of chronic pain on partners and families. Understanding this phenomenon opens opportunities for nurses and other health workers to develop and implement strategies to better support partners/families in the future.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses can help reduce the negative impact of pain by including families in assessment, education, referral and treatment processes, and by offering support and education to partners/families.
Foot health and self‐care activities of older people in home care
Authors: Stolt Minna , Suhonen Riitta , Puukka Pauli , Viitanen Matti , Voutilainen Päivi , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: July 2012

Aims and objectives.  To assess the foot health of older people and their self‐care activities in home care. The ultimate goal is to prevent foot problems in older people and to develop the assessment skills of nurses working in home care.

Background.  Foot health problems are one reason why older people seek home care services. These problems are prevalent in older people, and they can impair performance of daily activities and threaten functional ability. However, studies in this field have concentrated on foot problems related to specific diseases. Non‐disease‐related research on foot health from the preventative perspective is lacking.

Design.  A descriptive explorative design was used.

Methods.  The foot health of older people was assessed by visiting home nurses with the Foot Health Assessment Instrument, and older people’s foot self‐care activities were evaluated with the Foot Self‐Care Activities Structured Interview in 2010. The data were analysed statistically.

Results.  Older people in home care have multiple foot health problems. The most prevalent problems were oedema, dry skin, thickened and discoloured toenails and hallux valgus. Caring for one’s feet was a problem for many older people.

Conclusions.  Older people’s foot health needs to be assessed regularly to recognise foot health and self‐care problems. Health care professionals have a vital role in preventing, recognising and caring for foot health in older people.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The foot health of older people needs to be improved by supporting older people in foot self‐care and developing preventive nursing interventions. Regular foot health assessments and their documentation are crucial in preventing serious foot problems in older people. Moreover, multiprofessional collaboration is important to promote foot health in older people.
An initial evaluation of a family‐based approach to weight management in adolescents attending a community weight management group
Authors: Avery A. , Pallister C. , Allan J. , Stubbs J. , Lavin J.
Published: July 2012

Background:  Family‐based approaches are recommended for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. Given the large numbers of obese children, scalable practical solutions are required. The present study evaluated a family‐based national programme that aimed to empower adolescents to adopt healthier lifestyles.

Methods:  Group facilitators supporting more than six young members (11–15 years) participated in the study. A questionnaire was designed to determine the characteristics of the adult attending with the adolescent, any health professional recommendations given and the young member’s integration within traditional adult weight management groups. Data on measured height and weight [and calculated body mass index (BMI)], sex and attendance were collated from member’s records.

Results:  Questionnaires were completed by 22 facilitators (15% response rate), representing data for 128 young members with complete weight data available for 106. All members had a joining BMI > 91st centile, with 68% >98th centile. The mean (SD) number of weeks attended was 12.5 (8.1), with 19% (20) having attended for more than 20 weeks with 62% still attending. A mean (SD) BMI Z‐score change of 2.49 (0.72) to 2.27 (0.74) was achieved (P < 0.001). The relationship of the adult supporter to the young member was varied, with 62% either already members or joining alongside their daughter/son. Limited guidance was provided by health professionals before or during attendance. Facilitators were comfortable about the age mix within groups.

Conclusions:  The community weight management organisation studied takes a family‐based approach and successfully supports young members to manage their weight.
Role of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ and NOP Receptors in the Response to Acute and Repeated Restraint Stress in Rats
Authors: Delaney G. , Dawe K. L. , Hogan R. , Hunjan T. , Roper J. , Hazell G. , Lolait S. J. , Fulford A. J.
Published: July 2012

Central nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)‐expressing neurones are abundantly expressed in the hypothalamus and limbic system and are implicated in the regulation of activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) and stress responses. We investigated the role of the endogenous N/OFQ receptor (NOP) system using the nonpeptidic NOP antagonist, JTC‐801 [N‐(4‐amino‐2‐methylquinolin‐6‐yl)‐2‐(4‐ethylphenoxy‐methyl)benzamide monohydrochloride], during the HPA axis response to acute physical/psychological stress (60 min of restraint). Although i.v. JTC‐801 (0.05 mg/kg in 100 μl) had no significant effect on restraint‐induced plasma corticosterone release at 30 or 60 min post‐injection, i.v. JTC‐801 (0.05 mg/kg in 100 μl) in quiescent rats significantly increased basal plasma corticosterone at the 30‐min time‐point compared to i.v. vehicle (1% dimethysulphoxide in sterile saline). Central injection of JTC‐801 i.c.v. was associated with increased Fos expression in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus 90 min after infusion compared to vehicle control. These findings contrast to the effects of i.c.v. UFP‐101, a NOP antagonist that we have previously shown to have no effect on HPA activity in quiescent rats. To determine whether restraint stress was associated with compensatory changes in N/OFQ precursor (ppN/OFQ) or NOP receptor mRNAs, in a separate study, we undertook reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation analysis of ppN/OFQ and NOP transcripts in the brains of male Sprague–Dawley rats. In support of an endogenous role for central N/OFQ in psychological stress, we found that acute restraint significantly decreased preproN/OFQ transcript expression in the hippocampus 2 h after stress compared to unstressed controls. PpN/OFQ mRNA was also reduced in the mediodorsal forebrain 4 h after stress. NOP mRNA was reduced in the hypothalamus 2 h after restraint and at 4 h in mediodorsal forebrain and hippocampus. In situ hybridisation analysis showed that acute restraint significantly decreased ppNN/OFQ in the central amygdala, with significantly increased expression in bed nucleus and reticular thalamus associated with repeated restraint. There was a strong trend for reduced NOP mRNA in the bed nucleus of acute and repeated restraint groups, although there were no other significant changes seen. Although the exact mechanisms require elucidation, the findings obtained in the present study provide evidence indicating that the endogenous N/OFQ system is involved in both acute and chronic restraint stress responses. In summary, our findings confirm the significant role of endogenous NOP receptors and tonic N/OFQ function in the response to the psychological stress of restraint.
Stress vulnerability and the effects of moderate daily stress on sleep polysomnography and subjective sleepiness
Authors: PETERSEN HELENA , KECKLUND GÖRAN , D'ONOFRIO PAOLO , NILSSON JENS , ÅKERSTEDT TORBJÖRN
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how sleep physiology is affected by naturally occurring high work stress and identify individual differences in the response of sleep to stress. Probable upcoming stress levels were estimated through weekly web questionnaire ratings. Based on the modified FIRST‐scale (Ford insomnia response to stress) participants were grouped into high (n = 9) or low (n = 19) sensitivity to stress related sleep disturbances (Drake et al., 2004). Sleep was recorded in 28 teachers with polysomnography, sleep diaries and actigraphs during one high stress and one low stress condition in the participants home. EEG showed a decrease in sleep efficiency during the high stress condition. Significant interactions between group and condition were seen for REM sleep, arousals and stage transitions. The sensitive group had an increase in arousals and stage transitions during the high stress condition and a decrease in REM, whereas the opposite was seen in the resilient group. Diary ratings during the high stress condition showed higher bedtime stress and lower ratings on the awakening index (insufficient sleep and difficulties awakening). Ratings also showed lower cognitive function and preoccupation with work thoughts in the evening. KSS ratings of sleepiness increased during stress for the sensitive group. Saliva samples of cortisol showed no effect of stress. It was concluded that moderate daily stress is associated with a moderate negative effect on sleep sleep efficiency and fragmentation. A slightly stronger effect was seen in the sensitive group.
Novel insights into the emergence of pathogens: the case of chestnut blight
Authors: GRÜNWALD NIKLAUS J.
Published: July 2012

Exotic, invasive pathogens have emerged repeatedly and continue to emerge to threaten the world’s forests. Ecosystem structure and function can be permanently changed when keystone tree species such as the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) are eliminated from a whole range by disease. The fungal ascomycete pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica is responsible for causing chestnut blight. Once the pathogen was introduced into the Eastern US, where chestnuts were predominant, chestnuts were all but eliminated. This pathogen is currently causing extensive damage in Europe. A study in this issue of Molecular Ecology sheds new light on the pattern and process of emergence of this devastating plant pathogen (Dutech et al. 2012). The authors used microsatellite markers to investigate the evolutionary history of C. parasitica populations introduced into North America and Europe. To infer sources of migrants and the migration events, the authors included putative source populations endemic to China and Japan, inferred potentially unsampled populations and conducted a multivariate population genetic and complex ABC analysis. Cryphonectria parasitica emerges as an example of an introduced pathogen with limited genotypic diversity and some admixture in the invaded ranges, yet repeated invasions into different areas of Europe and the United States. This work sheds new light on the emergence of C. parasitica providing compelling evidence that this pathogen emerged by repeated migration and occasional admixture.
The unusual mycobacterial chaperonins: evidence for in vivo oligomerization and specialization of function
Authors: Fan MingQi , Rao Tara , Zacco Elsa , Ahmed M. Tabish , Shukla Anshuman , Ojha Anil , Freeke Joanna , Robinson Carol V. , Benesch Justin L. , Lund Peter A.
Published: July 2012

The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses two chaperonins, one (Cpn60.1) dispensable and one (Cpn60.2) essential. These proteins have been reported not to form oligomers despite the fact that oligomerization of chaperonins is regarded as essential for their function. We show here that the Cpn60.2 homologue from Mycobacterium smegmatis also fails to oligomerize under standard conditions. However, we also show that the Cpn60.2 proteins from both organisms can replace the essential groEL gene of Escherichia coli, and that they can function with E. coli GroES cochaperonin, as well as with their cognate cochaperonin proteins, strongly implying that they form oligomers in vivo. We show that the Cpn60.1 proteins, but not the Cpn60.2 proteins, can complement for loss of the M. smegmatis cpn60.1 gene. We investigated the oligomerization of the Cpn60.2 proteins using analytical ultracentrifugation and mass spectroscopy. Both form monomers under standard conditions, but they form higher order oligomers in the presence of kosmotropes and ADP or ATP. Under these conditions, their ATPase activity is significantly enhanced. We conclude that the essential mycobacterial chaperonins, while unstable compared to many other bacterial chaperonins, do act as oligomers in vivo, and that there has been specialization of function of the mycobacterial chaperonins following gene duplication.
The highly dynamic CRISPR1 system of Streptococcus agalactiae controls the diversity of its mobilome
Authors: Lopez‐Sanchez Maria‐José , Sauvage Elisabeth , Da Cunha Violette , Clermont Dominique , Ratsima Hariniaina Elisoa , Gonzalez‐Zorn Bruno , Poyart Claire , Rosinski‐Chupin Isabelle , Glaser Philippe
Published: July 2012

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) confer immunity against mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in prokaryotes. Streptococcus agalactiae, a leading cause of neonatal infections contains in its genome two CRISPR/Cas systems. We show that type 1‐C CRISPR2 is present in few strains but type 2‐A CRISPR1 is ubiquitous. Comparative sequence analysis of the CRISPR1 spacer content of 351 S. agalactiae strains revealed that it is extremely diverse due to the acquisition of new spacers, spacer duplications and spacer deletions that witness the dynamics of this system. The spacer content profile mirrors the S. agalactiae population structure. Transfer of a conjugative transposon targeted by CRISPR1 selected for spacer rearrangements, suggesting that deletions and duplications pre‐exist in the population. The comparison of protospacers located within MGE or the core genome and protospacer‐associated motif‐shuffling demonstrated that the GG motif is sufficient to discriminate self and non‐self and for spacer selection and integration. Strikingly more than 40% of the 949 different CRISPR1 spacers identified target MGEs found in S. agalactiae genomes. We thus propose that the S. agalactiae type II‐A CRISPR1/Cas system modulates the cohabitation of the species with its mobilome, as such contributing to the diversity of MGEs in the population.
Implementation of a multi‐institutional diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma autopsy protocol and characterization of a primary cell culture
Authors: Caretti V. , Jansen M. H. A. , van Vuurden D. G. , Lagerweij T. , Bugiani M. , Horsman I. , Wessels H. , van der Valk P. , Cloos J. , Noske D. P. , Vandertop W. P. , Wesseling P. , Wurdinger T. , Hulleman E. , Kaspers G. J. L.
Published: July 2012

V. Caretti, M. H. A. Jansen, D. G. van Vuurden, T. Lagerweij, M. Bugiani, I. Horsman, H. Wessels, P. van der Valk, J. Cloos, D. P. Noske, W. P. Vandertop, P. Wesseling, T. Wurdinger, E. Hulleman and G. J. L. Kaspers (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 426–436

Implementation of a multi‐institutional diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma autopsy protocol and characterization of a primary cell culture

Aims: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal paediatric malignancy. Tumour resection is not possible without serious morbidity and biopsies are rarely performed. The resulting lack of primary DIPG material has made preclinical research practically impossible and has hindered the development of new therapies for this disease. The aim of the current study was to address the lack of primary DIPG material and preclinical models by developing a multi‐institutional autopsy protocol. Methods: An autopsy protocol was implemented in the Netherlands to obtain tumour material within a brief post mortem interval. A team of neuropathologists and researchers was available at any time to perform the autopsy and process the material harvested. Whole brain autopsy was performed and primary DIPG material and healthy tissue were collected from all affected brain areas. Finally, the study included systematic evaluation by parents. Results: Five autopsies were performed. The mean time interval between death and time of autopsy was 3 h (range 2–4). All tumours were graded as glioblastoma. None of the parents regretted their choice to participate, and they all derived comfort in donating tissue of their child in the hope to help future DIPG patients. In addition, we developed and characterized one of the first DIPG cell cultures from post mortem material. Conclusion: Here we show that obtaining post mortem DIPG tumour tissue for research purposes is feasible with short delay, and that the autopsy procedure is satisfying for participating parents and can be suitable for the development of preclinical DIPG models.
Two distinct types of dying back axonal degeneration in vitro
Authors: Öztürk G. , Cengiz N. , Erdoğan E. , Him A. , Oğuz E. K. , Yenidünya E. , Ayşit N.
Published: July 2012

G. Öztürk, N. Cengiz, E. Erdoğan, A. Him, E. K. Oğuz, E. Yenidünya and N. Ayşit (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 362–376

Two distinct types of dying back axonal degeneration in vitro

Aims: In many neurodegenerative diseases and following traumas, dying back degeneration is a common phenomenon that aggravates the pathology and may eventually lead to death of the affected neurone. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of dying back degeneration with an in vitro axonal injury model. Methods: We cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurones and with a precise laser beam, cut the axons they extended. Preparations were imaged continuously and images were analysed to describe and quantify ensuing events. Potential contributions of calpains and caspases to the degeneration were explored using specific inhibitors and immunohistochemistry. In vivo implications of the results were sought in nerve sections after sciatic nerve cut. Results: The proximal part of the transected axons went under basically two types of dying back degeneration, fragmentation and retraction. In fragmentation the cytoplasm became condensed and with concomitant axial collapse the axon disintegrated into small pieces. In retraction, the severed axon was pulled back to the soma in an organized manner. We demonstrated that fragmentation was associated with a high risk of cell death, while survival rate with retraction was as high as those of uninjured neurones. Regeneration of transected axon was more likely after retraction than following fragmentation. Activities of caspase‐3 and calpains but not of caspase‐6 were found linked with retraction and regeneration but not with the fragmentation. Conclusions: This study describes two quite distinct types of dying back degeneration that lead an injured neurone to quite different fates.
Controls on large‐scale patterns of fluvial sandbody distribution in alluvial to coastal plain strata: Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, Wasatch Plateau, Central Utah, USA
Authors: HAMPSON GARY J. , ROYHAN GANI M. , SAHOO HIRANYA , RITTERSBACHER ANDREAS , IRFAN NAWAZISH , RANSON ANDREW , JEWELL THOMAS O. , GANI NAHID D. S. , HOWELL JOHN A. , BUCKLEY SIMON J. , BRACKEN BRYAN
Published: July 2012

Current models of alluvial to coastal plain stratigraphy are concept‐driven and focus on relative sea‐level as an allogenic control. These models are tested herein using data from a large (ca 100 km long and 300 m thick), continuous outcrop belt (Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, central Utah, USA). Many channelized fluvial sandbodies in the Blackhawk Formation have a multilateral and multistorey internal character, and they generally increase in size and abundance (from ca 10% to ca 30% of the strata) from base to top of the formation. These regional, low‐resolution trends exhibit much local variation, but are interpreted to reflect progressively decreasing tectonic subsidence in the upper Blackhawk Formation and overlying Castlegate Sandstone. The trend may also incorporate progressively more frequent channel avulsion during deposition of the lower Blackhawk Formation. Laterally extensive coal zones formed on the coastal plain during shallow‐marine transgressions, and define the high‐resolution stratigraphic framework of the lower Blackhawk Formation. Large (up to 25 m thick and 1 to 6 km wide), multistorey, multilateral, fluvial channel‐complex sandbodies that overlie composite erosion surfaces occur at distinct stratigraphic levels, and are interpreted as fluvial incised valley fills. Low amplitude (<30 m) relative sea‐level variations are interpreted as the dominant control on stratigraphic architecture in the lower Blackhawk Formation, which was deposited up to 50 km inland from the coeval shoreline. In contrast, the high‐resolution stratigraphy of the upper Blackhawk Formation is poorly defined, and channelized fluvial sandbodies are poorly organized. Vertical and laterally offset stacking of a small proportion (<10%) of sandbodies produced ‘clusters’ that are not confined by ‘master’ erosion surfaces. Avulsion is interpreted to dominate the stratigraphic architecture of the upper Blackhawk Formation. This data‐driven analysis indicates that alluvial to coastal plain stratigraphic architecture reflects a combination of various allogenic controls and autogenic behaviours. The relative sea‐level control emphasized in sequence stratigraphic models is only rarely dominant.
Mg‐metasomatism of metagranitoids from the Alps: genesis and possible tectonic scenarios
Authors: Ferrando Simona
Published: July 2012

Terra Nova, 24, 423–436, 2012

Mg‐metasomatic rocks (e.g. whiteschists, leucophyllites) derived from post‐Variscan granitoids are common in the Alps. Previously reported field, petrological, geochemical and fluid inclusion data are combined to trace the genetic processes and the associated tectonic scenarios. Many common features can be recognised in all of the continental Mg‐metasomatic rocks, indicating that the genetic process is likely common in the entire range of the Alps. This process assumes highly channelised fluids – derived from ultramafic rocks previously interacting with seawater – that infiltrated the continental crust along strain zones and produced chromatographic fractionation of major and trace elements. Three tectonic scenarios, involving distinct mantle sources, are proposed: rift‐related ocean‐continent transition, continental subduction and continent–continent collision. All these data suggest that the Mg‐metasomatism was diachronous and occurred at different structural levels during the Alpine history.
Epidemiologic study of dermatologic disorders among children in South Sinai, Egypt
Authors: Yamamah Gamal A. , Emam Hanaa M. , Abdelhamid Mahmoud F. , Elsaie Mohamed L. , Shehata Hany , Farid Tarek , Kamel Mohammed Ismail , Taalat Ahmed A.
Published: July 2012

Background  Few epidemiologic surveys have been carried out to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in the population of Egypt, particularly in the Sinai Peninsula. Thus, the necessity of such research in South Sinai is pressing. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of various skin diseases among children in South Sinai.

Methods  A community‐based protocol was followed. The study included 2194 children of both genders, 18 years of age and younger, and in six different localities within South Sinai. Data were collected by taking a full history and by systemic and dermatologic clinical examination that included the site, severity, distribution, and extent of skin lesions if present. Subjects were surveyed at general morbidity consultations and campaign field visits. The study was conducted from August 2008 to August 2009. Data were tabulated and analyzed statistically using Pearson’s chi‐squared test. Differences were considered significant at a P‐value of < 0.05.

Results  Findings revealed that 71.4% of the studied population had one or more skin diseases. The highest rate of prevalence applied to parasitic skin infestations (pediculosis capitis, 37.6%). Eczema or dermatitis were found in 25.8% of participants. Pityriasis alba occurred at a rate of 18.3% and seborrheic dermatitis at a rate of 6.7%. Xerosis was found in 11.8% of subjects, viral warts in 4.1%, photosensitivity in 4.1%, acne vulgaris in 2.6%, and fungal skin infections in 1.0%. Other skin diseases diagnosed in low numbers in the study children included impetigo, freckles, and scabies. Prevalences of vitiligo and psoriasis were very low (0.18% and 0.05%, respectively).

Conclusions  Infective parasitic diseases are a major health problem, particularly among younger children and in subjects of low socioeconomic status.
Post‐transplant critical care outcomes for pediatric multivisceral and intestinal transplant patients
Authors: Rowan Courtney M. , Vianna Rodrigo M. , Speicher Richard H. , Mangus Richard S. , Tector A. Joseph , Nitu Mara E.
Published: July 2012

Rowan CM, Vianna RM, Speicher RH, Mangus RS, Tector AJ, Nitu ME. Post‐transplant critical care outcomes for pediatric multivisceral and intestinal transplant patients.

Abstract:  This study reviews the post‐operative management of pediatric intestinal transplant patients at a single center with reporting of standard PICU benchmarks for quality of care. It is a retrospective, descriptive, chart review describing our institution’s experience between 2006 and 2010. Twenty patients were included. Median age at transplant was 1.6 yr. Median length of PICU stay was 12 days. Median ventilation time was two days. Median time for continuous sedation infusion was two days, with median continuous pain medication infusion of three days. All patients were placed on parental nutrition and started on enteral feedings between days 3 and 4. Forty percent of patients required hemodynamic support. Only 35% of patients required insulin therapy. Diuretics were frequently used in this patient population. There were no episodes of early rejection. The survival rate to PICU discharge was 95%. Our institution’s experience over the past four yr has been very successful with a short duration of mechanical ventilation, limited use of pain and sedation drips, early initiation of enteral feedings, minimal hemodynamic support, and a low mortality rate to PICU discharge despite a preponderance of complex MVTx recipients.
Ω3 fatty acids may reduce hyperlipidemia in pediatric renal transplant recipients
Authors: Filler Guido , Weiglein Geneva , Gharib Mireille Tina , Casier Shelley
Published: July 2012

Filler G, Weiglein G, Gharib MT, Casier S. Ω3 fatty acids may reduce hyperlipidemia in pediatric renal transplant recipients.

Abstract:  Life expectancy after pediatric renal transplantation remains lower than that of the normal population largely due to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hyperlipidemia is a potentially modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Retrospective chart review of all available pediatric renal transplant patients (26) in a single center with assessment of anthropometry, renal function, steroid, calcineurin or mTOR inhibitor exposure and Ω3 FA supplementation. Eighteen transplant recipients without Ω3 FA supplementation served as control. Nutrition and supplement surveys were conducted with standardized questionnaires. Fasting cholesterol values were compared using the latest value prior to start of Ω3 FA and at last follow‐up. Eight patients (five receiving mTOR inhibitor) started Ω3 FA supplementation at a mean dose of 29.2 ± 12 mg of EPA/kg and 16.1 ± 7.4 mg DHA/kg body weight. Median duration of treatment was 2.5 yr (range 0.8–5.9 yr) and their total fasting cholesterol at last follow‐up dropped significantly from 5.08 ± 0.97 (control group 3.77 ± 0.81, p = 0.0084) to 4.17 ± 0.54 mm (p = 0.0158). High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol increased not significantly from 1.74 ± 0.49 to 2.02 ± 0.93 mm. No patient had increased bleeding. Supplementation of omega‐3 FAs may reduce hyperlipidaemia after pediatric renal transplantation.
Relational memory in psychotic bipolar disorder
Authors: Sheffield Julia M , Williams Lisa E , Cohen Neal , Heckers Stephan
Published: July 2012

Sheffield JM, Williams LE, Cohen N, Heckers S. Relational memory in psychotic bipolar disorder.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 537–546. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  Recent research has highlighted the phenotypic and genetic overlap of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder parallel those seen in schizophrenia, particularly for bipolar disorder patients with a history of psychotic features. Here we explored whether relational memory deficits, which are prominent in schizophrenia, are also present in patients with psychotic bipolar disorder.

Methods:  We tested 25 patients with psychotic bipolar disorder on a relational memory paradigm previously employed to quantify deficits in schizophrenia. During the training, participants learned to associate a set of faces and background scenes. During the testing, participants viewed a single background overlaid by three trained faces and were asked to recall the matching face, which was either present (Match trials) or absent (Non‐Match trials). Explicit recognition and eye‐movement data were collected and compared to those for 28 schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy subjects from a previously published dataset.

Results:  Contrary to our prediction, we found psychotic bipolar disorder patients were less impaired in relational memory than schizophrenia subjects. Bipolar disorder subjects showed eye‐movement behavior similar to healthy controls, whereas schizophrenia subjects were impaired relative to both groups. However, bipolar disorder patients with current delusions and/or hallucinations were more impaired than bipolar disorder patients not currently experiencing these symptoms.

Conclusions:  We found that patients with psychotic bipolar disorder had better relational memory performance than schizophrenia patients, indicating that a history of psychotic symptoms does not lead to a significant relational memory deficit.
Bipolar disorder type II revisited
Authors: Frances Allen , Jones K Dayle
Published: July 2012

Frances A, Jones KD. Bipolar disorder type II revisited. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 474–477. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Design and implementation of a closed‐loop control system for infusion of propofol guided by bispectral index (BIS)
Authors: REBOSO J. A. , MÉNDEZ J. A. , REBOSO H. J. , LEÓN A. M.
Published: July 2012

Background

This study describes the design of a hypnosis closed‐loop control system with propofol. The controller used a proportional‐integral (PI) algorithm with the bispectral index (BIS) as the feedback signal. Our hypothesis was that a PI closed‐loop control could be applied in clinical practice safely keeping the BIS within a pre‐determined target range.

Methods

The adjustment of the PI parameters was based on simulation. The procedure had three steps: obtaining a patient model using data from 12 patients, designing and adjusting the controller in simulation, and fine tuning the PI parameters in a pilot study (10 patients). The resulting controller was tested in 24 American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I–II patients. The controller directly decides the infusion rate of propofol, and no model is necessary in its online operation. The BIS target was set to 50. Remifentanil was used for analgesia.

Results

We evaluated the efficiency and safety of the automatic feedback system. It worked properly in all the patients. The median performance error was −1.62, and the median absolute performance error was 11.03. Average propofol‐normalized consumption was 5.3 ± 1.8 mg/kg/h. Mean percentage of BIS in the range 40–60 was 83%. Mean time to open eyes was 8 ± 4 min. Time to extubation was 9 ± 5 min. Hemodynamic adverse event or intraoperative awareness were not recorded.

Conclusions

The closed‐loop system was able to maintain the BIS within an acceptable range of levels. The control of a propofol infusion guided by the BIS is feasible without hemodynamic instability in ASA I/II patients.
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome treated with a double epidural blood patch
Authors: BELEÑA J. M. , NUÑEZ M. , YUSTE J. , PLAZA‐NIETO J. F. , JIMÉNEZ‐JIMÉNEZ F. J. , SERRANO S.
Published: July 2012

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is considered to be a very rare disease. It is characterised by an orthostatic headache in the absence of a past history of a trauma or a dural puncture. SIH is caused by a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage demonstrated by neuroradiological studies in most of the patients. Conservative treatment usually includes bed rest, hydration and administration of caffeine or steroids. However, when the patient is refractory to the conservative treatment, an epidural blood patch (EBP) is performed. We report a 34‐year‐old woman with SIH and no neuroradiologically demonstrable clear point of CSF leakage, who was treated with a double EBP at two different levels (lumbar and thoracic) in the same procedure. The patient was successfully managed, and she was still asymptomatic at the 18 months follow‐up. After review of literature, we observed that execution of a double EBP at the same time is not a common procedure for treatment of SIH. We consider that simultaneous use of two EBP could be useful as a novel treatment in those cases of SIH without demonstration of CSF leakage.
The perioperative combination of methadone and ketamine reduces post‐operative opioid usage compared with methadone alone
Authors: PACREU S. , FERNÁNDEZ CANDIL J. , MOLTÓ L. , CARAZO J. , FERNÁNDEZ GALINSKI S.
Published: July 2012

Background

A synergy between ketamine and methadone (ME) to produce antinociception has been demonstrated in experimental neuropathy. We wanted to compare post‐operative opioid requirements in patients undergoing multilevel lumbar arthrodesis after the administration combined ME–ketamine (MK) or ME alone.

Methods

This was a randomised double‐blind study. During sevoflurane–remifentanil anaesthesia, 11 patients in each group received the following: ketamine bolus (0.5 mg/kg) after tracheal intubation, followed by an infusion of 2.5 μg/kg/min in the MK or saline bolus plus infusion in the ME group. Post‐operative analgesia – during 48 h – was provided by patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA), delivering bolus containing the following: ME 0.25 mg plus ketamine 0.5 mg in the MK group or ME 0.5 mg in the ME group. Lockout was 10 min, maximum of 3 boluses/h in both groups. Before closing the wound, all the patients received intravenous (i.v.) ME 0.1 mg/kg, dexketoprophen and paracetamol. Pain intensity was evaluated by a numerical rating scale (NRS), on arrival at recovery room (RR) and 24 and 48 h after surgery. In the RR, i.v. ME was administered until NRS was 3 when PCA was started. Dexketoprophen and paracetamol were administered 48 h.

Results

Remifentanil requirements were higher in the MK group (P = 0.004). Patients in the MK group received 70% less ME by PCA at 24 h (MK vs. ME group, median and interquartile range) – 3.43 mg (1.9–6.5) vs. 15 mg (9.65–17.38) (P < 0.001) – and at 48 h – 2 mg (0.5–3.63) vs. 9.5 mg (3.5–13.75) (P = 0.001). Patients in the MK group also attempted less doses, at 24 h: 19.5 (12.75–79.5) vs. 98 (41.5–137) (P = 0.043). Both groups had similar NRS values and comparable side effects.

Conclusions

Perioperative ketamine–ME combination significantly decreased opioid consumption by PCA.
Redefinition of the map position and validation of a major quantitative trait locus for fire blight resistance of the pear cultivar ‘Harrow Sweet’ (Pyrus communis L.)
Authors: Le Roux Pierre‐Marie F. , Christen Danilo , Duffy Brion , Tartarini Stefano , Dondini Luca , Yamamoto Toshiya , Nishitani Chikako , Terakami Shingo , Lespinasse Yves , Kellerhals Markus , Patocchi Andrea
Published: July 2012

With 3 figures and 2 tables

In a previous study, a QTL analysis was conducted on a pear F1 progeny derived from a cross ‘Passe Crassane’ (PC) × ‘Harrow Sweet’ (HS). Four genomic regions associated with fire blight resistance were identified, including two main QTL located on linkage groups (LGs), 2A and 4 of ‘Harrow Sweet’ (HS02A and HS04). In the present study, we report the combination of LGs HS02A and HS02B into a single LG by mapping additional SSR loci from Malus or Pyrus spp. We could thereby precisely identify a single major QTL on LG HS02. We also confirm a putative QTL on LG HS04 by including new SSR markers to the pre‐existing LG HS04. Based on SSR marker analysis of ‘Harrow Sweet’ pedigree, the major HS02 QTL is presumed to originate from the cultivar ‘Early Sweet’, while the HS04 QTL was traced from ‘Harrow Sweet’ back to ‘Bartlett’. We also describe the validation of the major HS02 QTL for the fire blight severity trait in a second F1 progeny derived from a cross ‘Angelys’ × ‘Harrow Sweet’.
Prezygotic interspecific hybridization barriers between kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and four wild relatives
Authors: Satya Pratik
Published: July 2012

Use of interspecific hybridization in genetic improvement of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), a multipurpose crop, is limited by low cross‐compatibility. Previous hybridization studies suggest that part of incompatibility barrier is prezygotic. Pollen germination, stigma receptivity and growth of alien pollen on kenaf pistil were studied using wild relatives of kenaf. Four wild and semi‐domesticated species, H. surattensis, H. acetosella, H. radiatus and H. vitifolius, were used as pollen donors in the present experiment. H. radiatus exhibited highest pollen germination (65.89%) on H. cannabinus stigma. For closely related species (H. surattensis, H. acetosella, H. radiatus), stylar incompatibility was noticed, while for distantly related species H. vitifolius, the incompatibility was stigmatic. Number of pollen tubes entering ovule of H. cannabinus pistil was higher for H. radiatus (1.30). Alien pollen growth and penetration of pollen tube through ovule were higher in species sharing same genome of H. cannabinus. High callose deposition was observed in incompatible crosses, suggesting a general mechanism for prezygotic incompatibility in Hibiscus section Furcaria. Callose deposition in incompatible crosses increased with time.