bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of RBL-STEM learning tools to improve students' computational thinking skills in solving plant disease classification problems using convolutional neural network segmentation
Authors: Yunita Nury Wulandari  , Arika Indah Kristiana  , Dafik
Published: January 2025

This research aims to develop Research Based Learning (RBL) and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) based learning tools to improve students' computational thinking skills. The tools include a student task design (RTM), a student worksheet (LKM) and a learning outcome test (THB). Using Thiagarajan's 4D development model (define, design, develop, disseminate), the device was tested on students using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach for citrus plant disease classification using data from quadcopter drones. The validation results showed that the device was valid with an average score of 3.85 (96.42%). The practicality of the device is very high with an implementation score of 3.85 (96.36%) and a positive student response of 90.08%. The effectiveness of the device was demonstrated by 90% of students achieving classical completeness on the post-test and an increase in computational thinking skills from 0% (high) on the pre-test to 92% on the post-test. The paired sample t-test results also confirmed the statistically significant increase. This learning tool proved to be valid, practical and effective, contributing to technology-based learning innovation in modern agriculture.
Quantitative determination of cellulose content of peels of selected plants growing in Enugu Urban
Authors: Enem Chukwudike Eric  , Chikezie Kenechukwu Cosmas  , Adeoye Kayode Abiodun  , Babarinde Taofeek Olajide  , Ifeanyichukwu Blessed Chisom  , Ezenwa Nwaeze Franklyn
Published: January 2025

Recycling agricultural waste into industrial raw materials can lessen pollution in the environment and encourage entrepreneurship among the increasing number of unemployed life science graduates. This study created cellulose from plantain and cassava peels that had physicochemical characteristics similar to those of cellulose that are made commercially. For 16 hours, 90% ethanol was used to defat the powdered cassava and plantain peels (CPP and PPP, respectively), with sporadic shaking using a mechanical shaker set to 150 rpm. Every defatted PP was dried for seven hours at 800C in a hot air oven. Deproteination was accomplished by soaking in 1mol of NaOH solution at a PH of 11.6 for 24 hours at a ratio of 1.10w/v (100g PP/1000ml). For three hours, the deflated and deproteinated PPP and CPP were immersed in 15% hydrogen peroxide. Hausner's Quotient of CPC and PPC, bulk density, packed density, hydrated density, emulsifying activity, and water and oil retention capabilities were all examined. For CPP and PPP, the peel powders have crude fat concentrations of 3.20% and 2.18%, respectively, and protein contents of 4.50% and 3.85%. The bulk densities of CPC, PPC, and CC are 0.52, 0.55, and 0.21, respectively, while their packed densities are 0.68, 0.73, and 0.28. The CC (1.98) has a lower water retention capacity (WRC) than the CPC (3.09) and PPC (2.96). The ORC of 3.23 for the CC was higher than that of the PPC and CPC (0.11).
Functional group profiling of medicinal plants using FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Mayuresh Dev  , Madhura Mukadam
Published: January 2025

The chemical diversity of plants underpins their extensive use in medicine, cosmetics, and industry. This study utilizes Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to identify and characterize the functional groups present in five medicinal plants: Curcuma longa (turmeric), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Aegiceras corniculatum (mangrove), Zingiber officinale (ginger), and Piper nigrum (black pepper). FTIR spectroscopy is a non-destructive, rapid technique that identifies molecular vibrations associated with functional groups such as O-H, C-H, C=O, and N-H, facilitating the characterization of both organic and inorganic compounds. The plants analyzed are known for their therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of various functional groups, including hydroxyl, carbonyl, aliphatic C-H, and aromatic groups. The fingerprint region (600–1500 cm⁻¹) exhibited complex absorption bands specific to each plant, reflecting the molecular structure and chemical composition of their bioactive compounds. Unique spectral features such as metal-ligand vibrations in Aegiceras corniculatum highlight the diverse phytochemical profile of this plants. This study underscores the potential of FTIR spectroscopy in identifying bioactive compounds, facilitating their applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development, and contributing to the growing database of FTIR spectral signatures for medicinal plants.
Unveiling Hepatitis C: Causes, Impact and advances in treatment
Authors: Palak Khanna  , Rajshree Chauhan  , Turdaliev Samatbek Orozalievich  , Gowri Sheebamol  , Jishan Siddiqui  , Mohammad Maz  , Md Tanvir Rehman
Published: January 2025

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection continues to pose a major global health issue, with around 58 million chronic cases reported worldwide and about 1.5 million new infections each year. This virus is a primary contributor to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leading to approximately 290,000 deaths annually (WHO, 2022). The introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies has transformed HCV treatment, with sustained virologic response (SVR) rates surpassing 95% across various genotypes. However, challenges remain in meeting the World Health Organization's target of eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030. Key obstacles include low diagnosis rates, as only 21% of those infected with HCV are aware of their condition, and restricted access to treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

This article reviews the latest epidemiological trends related to HCV, focusing on the disparities in disease burden and access to healthcare. It discusses innovative diagnostic methods, such as point-of-care testing, and emphasizes the importance of universal screening programs in areas with high prevalence. Additionally, we look at new therapeutic strategies, including pan-genotypic DAAs and their effects on marginalized communities. Lastly, we examine public health initiatives aimed at enhancing HCV prevention, such as harm reduction programs and vaccination efforts for co-infections like hepatitis B.

By integrating findings from recent studies and reports, this article highlights the necessity for collaborative global efforts to address the challenges of HCV elimination. Strategies that emphasize prevention, early detection, and fair access to treatment are crucial for alleviating the HCV disease burden and reaching elimination goals.
Measuring the Impact of Gamification on Motivation and English Language Learning Outcomes: A Case Study
Authors: Imron Ahmad , Setya Budi Beni , Mujayanah Sri
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the impact of gamification on motivation levels, vocabularyacquisition, and speaking skills in English language learning. Employing a quantitativepre-experimental design, the research engaged 21 high school students. Mean scores werecalculated for baseline assessments and post-intervention evaluations, providing acomprehensive understanding of participants' initial proficiency and the observedenhancements. Results revealed a substantial increase in motivation levels post-gamification intervention, with a mean score rising from 3.8 to 4.7. This noteworthyimprovement underscores the positive influence of gamification on participants' overallengagement. Similarly, vocabulary acquisition exhibited significant progress, as reflectedin the increase from a baseline mean score of 4.2 to 5.2 post-intervention. The findingssuggest the potential efficacy of gamification in fostering enhanced vocabulary acquisitionamong learners. Speaking skills also demonstrated notable advancement, with a baselinemean score of 3.9 rising to 4.9 post-intervention. These improvements collectively highlightthe positive impact of the gamification strategy on specific learning outcomes, particularlyin enhancing participants' speaking skills. This study contributes valuable insights to thefield of English language education, offering evidence of the benefits of gamification inenhancing motivation and language learning outcomes. The findings can inform educators,curriculum designers, and policymakers in optimizing instructional approaches, creatingdynamic and engaging learning environments to facilitate improved language proficiencyamong students.
Adaptation of sterile wheat plants to soil under conditions of root treatment with exometabolites of basidiomycetes
Authors: Shupletsova O. N. , Tovstik Е. V. , Popyvanov D. V.
Published: January 2025

In 2023-2024 the adaptation of wheat at the in vitro stage to ex vitro was studied after transfer to soil and root treatment (50 ml) with the сulture filtrate (CF) of xylotrophic basidiomycetes: Phellinus igniarius PI1, Ganoderma lucidum GL, Ganoderma applanatum GA, Fomes fomentarius FF2 and Lentinula edodes LE. Treatment with CF (without dilution, diluted 10 and 100 times) was carried out when planting the plants in the soil and on the 25th day of their growth. The adaptive capacity of sterile plants to soil was assessed by the survival rate, growth indicators and the content of polyphenols in plant tissue. G. lucidum CL, regardless of 10-and 100-fold dilution, reduced the survival (by 40–60 %) and subsequent growth of wheat (tillering by 1.4–1.6 times, stem biomass by 1.2–7.3 times аnd root growth by 1.8–3.5 times relative to the control without treatment with CF). Against the background of various concentrations of F. fomentarius and L. edodes CF, tillering increased by 1.3–2,0 times, the mass of the aboveground part by 1.3–1.5 times, and roots by 2–6 times. The content of polyphenols in plants depended on the fact of treatment with CF and the type of fungi: in the aboveground part it varied from 16.8 to 25.4 mg/g, in the roots from 19.0 to 29.1 mg/g. In the total structure of polyphenols, the proportion of free forms in the aboveground biomass was 23.7–43.1 % and in the roots – 5.1–9.2 %. An increase in the level of free polyphenols was noted in wheat roots upon application of CF of all tested fungi (except G. lucidum GL). A conclusion was made about the effect of CF on the efficiency of adaptation of sterile plants to soil during the transition period in vitro/ex vitro – positive for F. fomentarius FF2 and L. edodes LE, negative for G. lucidum GL, no significant effect for P. igniarius PI1 and G. applanatum GA.
Extrusion of rice grits with lingonberry pomace hydrolysate: moisture content and characteristics of the extrudate
Authors: Sharikov A. Yu. , Ivanov V. V. , Amelyakina M. V. , Sokolova E. N. , Ionov V. V. , Serba E. M.
Published: January 2025

Fruit and berry pomaces are promising sources of biologically active compounds: dietary fibers, phenolic compounds, pectins, carotenoids, and natural antioxidants that have preventive and therapeutic effects in metabolic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurodegenerative diseases. The active inclusion of pomaces as by-products in the food technologies contributes to the transition to more sustainable industrial processes. The study was conducted to investigate the influence of the moisture content of the mixture during the processing of rice with hydrolysate of lingonberry pomace on the operating parameters of extrusion, technological and physicochemical characteristics of the extrudates. Lingonberry pomace hydrolysate was obtained by an enzymatic method using a complex of biocatalysts, including pectinase, cellulase, protease and lipase. The hydrolysate was dried, added in an amount of 5 % to rice and extruded varying the moisture content in the range of 15–21 %. Control samples were rice extrudates obtained with a moisture content of 15 and 21%. An increase in the moisture of the extruded mixture led to a decrease the extrusion temperature from 160 to 152 °C, the torque from 80 to 52 %, the pressure from 4.0 to 2.4 MPa, and the specific mechanical energy from 0.152 to 0.099 kW h/kg. In terms of structural and mechanical properties, an increase in moisture of mixture with hydrolyzed lingonberry pomace leads to a decrease in the quadratic expansion coefficient from 7.3 to 3.5. The bulk density increases from 89.5 to 243.2 g/dm3 , the hardness of the extrudates – from 7.5 to 39.0 N, the average crushing force – from 3.4 to 16.1 N. The frequency of microfractures during puncture and deformation as a characteristic of porosity decreases from 3.5 to 2.0 mm-1 . The dynamic viscosity of suspensions of extrudates with lingonberry pomace hydrolyzate increases significantly with increasing moisture content during extrusion from 2.0 to 4.0 Pa s. The trends in changes in thermomechanical processing modes determined by the amount of water in the system, technological and structuralmechanical properties for the control and experimental mixtures were identical without significant differences. It was established that the maximum content of phenolic compounds of 679. 6 mg/kg corresponds to extrudates with hydrolyzed lingonberry pomace produced at minimum moisture of 15 %, by moisture of 21 % the content of phenolic compounds is only 223.1 mg/kg
The influence of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on the balance of organic carbon in spring wheat crops in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals
Authors: Demin E. A. , Miller S. S.
Published: January 2025

The global community is currently solving several interconnected problems of global climate change and food security. The key to solving these problems is carbon, which is one of the most active greenhouse gases, as well as humic substances, which are the basis of arable land fertility. To implement the adopted "4 ppm" concept, it is necessary to find solutions to increase the absorption of organic carbon by arable soils and select the optimal elements of the farming system for specific soil and climatic conditions. The objective of the study was to study the effect of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on the balance of organic carbon in spring wheat crops in 2023 in the, Tyumen Region (forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals). The scheme of the experiment: control (natural nutrition level) and variants with doses of NP fertilizers calculated for the planned yield: 3.0 t/ha (N95P46); 4.0 t/ha (N153P94); 5.0 t/ha (N211P142) and 6.0 t/ha (N270P190). Carbon dioxide emissions were measured using a chamber method and an AZ77535 infrared gas analyzer. Before harvesting, sheaves were sampled to determine the straw yield in 4-fold repetitions per 1 m2 , after harvesting – soil to determine the amount of root and stubble residues (RCR) using the method of N. Z. Stankov. Subsequently, the organic carbon content in plant residues was determined according to GOST 27980. During the growing season, carbon emissions in spring wheat crops without the use of fertilizers amounted to about 2400 kg/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers increased carbon dioxide production by 28–73 % relative to the control. It was noted that every 10 kg/ha active ingredient of mineral fertilizers increased carbon emission by 40.6 kg/ha in terms of pure carbon. Fertilizers in doses of N95-153Р46-94 did not affect the Corg content in spring wheat straw. The use of higher doses of mineral fertilizers led to a decrease in this indicator by 0.8 %. No reliable effect of mineral fertilizers on the Corg content in RCR was noted, the values of which varied from 41.3 to 42.0 % of dry matter. The return of organic carbon to the soil with plant residues in the control reached 2.2 t/ha, in the fertilized variants this indicator increased to 2.8–3.8 t/ha. When refusing to use fertilizers, a negative carbon balance is observed in the soil – Corg losses over the year of study amounted to 196 kg/ha. Fertilizer application at doses from N95P46 to N153P94 provided an increase in Corg in the soil of 93–96 kg/ha over the study period. Fertilizer application at doses above N211P142 led to a negative balance of Corg in the soil – losses reached 188–350 kg/ha.
The effect of soil cultivation systems on agronomic and physical properties of dark gray soil and productivity of the field crop rotation link
Authors: Dementyev D. A. , Fadeev A. A.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the research is to identify the most effective and preferable variant of the basic autumn tillage for inclusion of dark gray forest soil into the tillage system when sowing spring crops. The research was carried out in 2021–2023 in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic in the link of the field crop rotation "barley–peas–oats". Moldboard and non-moldboard autumn soil tillage methods were compared: plowing (26–28 cm) – control; cultivation (15–17 cm); disking (12–14 cm); without tillage. The tillage system was completed by surface early pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 6 cm. During the studied years, the average soil density in the 0–30 cm layer was within the optimal values: after moldboard plowing it was 0.93–1.09 g/cm3 , after cultivation – 0.98–1.13 g/cm3 , without basic tillage– 1.05–1.20 g/cm3 . The average values of the soil porosity after plowing were in the range of 50.4–62.5 % and decreased with the abandonment of the basic tillage to 52.0–57.4 %. In arid conditions of 2021 growing season, the total supply of productive moisture in the 0–30 cm soil layer was 12–14 % higher after cultivation than after plowing. The analysis of the structural and aggregate state of the soil (0–20 cm) revealed an increase in the proportion of dusty particles by the end of the experiment after plowing from 3.9 to 6.9 %. When using a stubble cultivator as the basic tillage unit, the proportion of the lumpy fraction increased. The average annual productivity of the crop rotation link during moldboard plowing was the highest – 20.5 c/ha of grain units per 1 ha, after cultivation – 19.5 c of grain units per 1 ha. At the same time, plowing is the most expensive and economically unprofitable way of basic soil preparation. After cultivation with a KOS-3.0 combined stubble cultivator, the profitability of crop cultivation was significantly higher – 9.4–18.1 % after cereals in dry years and 96.9 % after peas under optimal hydrothermal conditions (for plowing – 8.3–4.2 % and 73.7 %, respectively).
The effect of Phytostimplus on blood biochemical parameters, average daily growth and disease resistance of calves
Authors: Latushkina N. A.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the Phytostimplus supplement on the clinical and physiological status, average daily growth and viability of calves during the dairy growing period. The phytobiotic contained an extract from three herbs (safflower rhaponticum, crowned sickle, viscose meadowsweet) and lactic acid microorganisms dried lyophilically. The work was carried out in 2023. The experiment involved calves of the Holstein breed, starting at the age of 2 days. Experimental and control groups of 10 heads each were formed. In the control group, the calves were kept on a regular diet, without the use of any drugs. The additive was soldered to calves of the experimental group at a dose of 30.0 ml / head per day after preliminary dilution in water. The duration of the experiment was 2 months. Thirty days after the start of the experiment, the albumin in the calves of the experimental and control groups exceeded the reference values by 17.8–18.1 %. In both groups of calves, α-globulin decreased in comparison with the physiological norm by 3.3–4.1 %, γ-globulin – by 6.0–6.2 %. A decrease of β-globulin by 5.5 % was observed in animals in the experiment. The rest of the studied blood parameters of calves (urea, zinc sulfate test) in both groups were within the normal range and did not differ significantly. By the end of the experiments, the total protein in the calves in the experiment exceeded the indicator in the control by 30 %, albumin – by 8.1 %, γ-globulin – by 4.9 %, while there was a decrease in α-globulin by 8.6 %, β-globulin – by 4.4 %. The studied parameters did not exceed the limits of the physiological norm. The duration of treatment of enteritis in calves in the experimental groups turned out to be less than in the control with Phytostimplus by 0.7±0.2 days. The safety of animals by the end of the experiments was 100 %. The average daily increase in live weight of calves after the use of phytobiotics for 60 days exceeded that in the control by 4.9 %.
The applicability of the mid-range infrared spectroscopy method to establish the quality indicators of compound feed
Authors: Belyakov M. V. , Nikitin E. A.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the research is to study the functional capabilities of medium–wave infrared spectroscopy to determine the quality indicators of concentrated compound feed. The study investigated the nutrient content (the total number of amino acids and carbohydrates) by reflective infrared spectroscopy in 4-component compound feed and compared with the results of chemical analysis performed by arbitration methods. The optical properties were investigated and a comparative analysis of all 4 components of the feed was carried out (ground corn grain, beet pulp, corn bard, rapeseed meal). For the first time, spectral absorption characteristics of compound feed and its components in the mid-infrared area were obtained and a representative range for determining quality indicators was revealed. The infrared spectra were obtained using a MICRAN-3 microscope connected to the SIMEX FT-801 infrared Fourier spectrometer using the Savitsky-Goley algorithm. It has been established that the spectral absorption characteristics of α(k) have a maximum range of 710–1275 cm-1 for all feed components. The maximum tself is at 1060–1090 cm-1. The characteristics are qualitatively similar, but the largest reflection in the maximum area is characteristic of ground corn, and the smallest is for rapeseed meal. Integral reflection parameters were obtained in the absorption areas of proteins, fats and carbohydrates with an error of no more than 7.2 %. Beet pulp absorbs more than other components in the range of 800–1170 cm-1. For corn bard and ground corn, the absorption is approximately the same for each range. In the areas of protein absorption, the value of the absorption coefficient is significantly lower and the difference in absolute values is less noticeable. It is assumed that the reflection of the α(k) characteristic in the maximum area is most dependent on the carbohydrate content in the studied components.
African swine fever: virus carriage and the role of surviving wild boar in the persistence and spread of infection (review)
Authors: Bespalova T. Yu. , Glazunova A. A.
Published: January 2025

The panzootic of African swine fever (ASF) in Europe and Asia caused by viruses of genotypes I and II has led to a comprehensive scientific study of the course of this infection. Researchers have noted that a certain proportion of diseased animals survive. Detection of seropositive (antibody-positive) animals in ASF-affected countries of Europe was especially noticeable in wild boar populations. The role of seropositive animals ASF survivors in the persistence and spread of infection in the population has been long and controversially debated, as they may potentially become persistently infected, acting as virus carriers. The aim of this review was to summarize the current scientific and experimental results on the chronic course of ASF in Eurasian wild boar, virus carriage and spread of infection from surviving seropositive animals. In Eurasia different forms of ASF disease are currently observed in susceptible animals: peracute, acute, subacute, less frequently chronic and asymptomatic; the latter are found to be caused by circulating ASF viruses (ASFV) of reduced virulence. Two types of survivors animals are distinguished: 1) animals that develop persistent infection with periodic viremia and signs of subacute to chronic course; 2) animals that recover completely and clear of infection. Long-term persistence and complete elimination of the virus have been observed in survivors: in the last ten years, the time of virus excretion has been experimentally determined to generally range from 35 to 99 days. Survivors of the 1st type may play a role in the spread of the ASFV due to periodic viremia. Seropositive survived animals of the 2nd type due to their small numbers are not considered by some researchers to play a significant epidemiological role in the persistence of ASFV in wild boar populations. Experimental transmission of ASFV from surviving wild boars has been studied to date to a limited extent, such research should be continued. The knowledge gained in these areas will improve the understanding of the current situation of ASF in wildlife.
Expected efficiency of the Eurasian Submillimeter Telescopes (ESMT) at a Cassegrain focus in the range of 1-3 mm
Authors:   pecial Astrophysical Observatory RAS, Saint Petersburg branch  65, Pulkovskoe shosse, St. Petersburg, 196140, Russian Federation, Khaikin V.B. , Makoev G.A. ,   pecial Astrophysical Observatory RAS, Saint Petersburg branch  65, Pulkovskoe shosse, St. Petersburg, 196140, Russian Federation
Published: January 2025

The paper evaluates the atmospheric limitations and aberration losses of ESMT efficiency at the Cassegrain focus in the range of 1-3 mm. It is shown that the radio brightness temperatures of dry and humid atmospheres can differ by an order of magnitude and amount to Tb = 42 K / 69 K at a wavelength of 3 mm / 2 mm at PWV = 5 mm, which becomes critical for the sensitivity of cryo-radiometers. All ESMT aberration losses at a wavelength of 1–3 mm in the field of view FOV = ±15' do not exceed 2% except for the curvature of the image field (KPI). Expected losses from the KPI at a wave of 3 mm / 2 mm / 1 mm for a flat matrix with a counter-reflector diameter of d = 2.5 m are 10% / 20% / 90%, and the KPI itself can reach 17 mm at the edge of the image field. To compensate for the KPI, the phase centers of the horns of the matrix need to be located along the Petzval surface, which has a deviation from the plane of 2 mm at the edge of the image field. Single and multi-beam ESMT radiation patterns in the range of 2 mm and 3 mm for a two-dimensional and low-cost two-row matrix of receiving elements in the Cassegrain focus were calculated by the method of direct integration of the aperture. With their help, realistic expected images of the disk of the Sun with compact sources and active regions were obtained.
The Issue of Serbia’s Repayment of Debt to Russia on the Loan of 1876 (Based on Russian Diplomatic Documents)
Authors: Nikiforov Denis
Published: January 2025

The article analyses Serbia’s actions regarding the repayment of its debt to Russia under the Loan Agreement of 1876. The author examines all stages of Russian-Serbian relations concerning the repayment of this debt, as well as the circumstances that impacted the postponement of payment deadlines. In 1876, during the Serbian-Turkish War, Serbia entered into a loan agreement with three Russian banks. By 1890, Serbia’s main debt obligations to Russia included debts from the loans of 1867, 1876, and a credit agreement from 1890. The question of debt repayment was connected to the improvement of Russian-Serbian relations, as Russian diplomats consistently agreed to defer payments on loans, including the one from 1876. After gaining independence, Serbia found itself in a situation where obligations related to railway construction, military preparations, and institutional reforms required additional financing. The author highlights the presence of short-term loans and a budget deficit, which Serbia was only able to overcome by 1903. The political and economic challenges faced by Serbia resulted in the country being unable to repay its debt to Russia until 1911. However, the improvement in economic conditions eventually allowed the state to enter into a loan agreement with a French banking syndicate, which enabled Serbia to fully settle its debt obligations to Russia.
Glasnik: The Official Newspaper of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate on the Concordat of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Holy See, Signed in 1935
Authors:   Institute for Recent History of Serbia, Bajagić Dušan
Published: January 2025

By means of basic scientific methods – analysis and synthesis – the materials of the «Glasnik: The Official Newspaper of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate» on the Concordat, which the Yugoslav Minister of Justice Ludevit Auer and representatives of the Holy See signed in Rome on July 25, 1935, are analyzed. The article examines the texts published in the «Bulletin» since November 23, 1936, when Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović at a government meeting officially announced the transfer of the Concordat for ratification to the People's Assembly – the lower house of the People's Representation. Ratification was to take place before the end of the parliamentary session on July 24, 1937. The focus is on opinions, positions and assessments of the provisions of the Concordat, which, according to their functions, are divided into organizational, regulatory, material, personnel and others. The above determined the organizational framework and the nature of the functioning of the Roman Catholic Church as an organization and institution in the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The authors of the Bulletin expressed fears that the church's activities would acquire a pronounced missionary character, that it would freely and publicly carry out its religious mission in relation to a non-confessional environment, namely, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in which several denominations were represented, and in which Catholics did not constitute the majority of the population. This threatened to strengthen clericalism as an instrument of anti-Yugoslav policy, as well as the establishment of the hegemony of the Holy See. The policy could lead to serious political clashes and endanger peace and tranquility in the country.
Bulgarian Studies in China (1961–2023): Review with an Accent on the Study of the Bulgarian History
Authors:   Beijing Foreign Studies University, Zhan Yanyi
Published: January 2025

The teaching and study of Bulgarian history at Chinese universities has a history of more than 60-year. Bulgarian history classes have been held in China since 1961 and since then have played an important role in students' understanding of this country, its people and culture. Several generations of Chinese scholars have already made significant contributions to research of Bulgarian history. This article provides an overview of the history of teaching the Bulgarian language and Bulgarian studies in general in China, with the main focus on teaching and studying of Bulgarian history. For more than 60 years, the teaching of Bulgarian history has been central in Bulgarian studies in China. In addition to the required courses, the specialty also provides specialized lectures on various topics under the guidance of experts and scholars in the field from China and other countries. Chinese research in the relevant field is considered in the article in the broader context of the global scholarly tradition, while identifying the characteristic prospects of these studies. Chinese Bulgarian studies complement existing Bulgarian studies, which are mainly dominated by scholars from European and Western countries. The issue of the potential integration of these studies into a wide range of works on Slavic studies, Balkan studies and the history of Central and Eastern Europe is also being considered, as well as the fact that in China “regional and national studies” are included in the 14th category of interdisciplinary disciplines of the first level.
Tombstones and Tombstone Inscriptions Among the Greeks of Russia: What a Cemetery Can Tell Us
Authors:   European University at St. Petersburg, Nikitina Inna
Published: January 2025

This paper examines tombstones and tombstone inscriptions among the Greeks of Russia, descendants of immigrants from the Ottoman Empire. Based on field research of 2022–2024, the article analyzes data collected in the regions of compact residence of Greeks in the North Caucasus. Tombstones are divided into three periods: pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet. Pre-soviet gravestones are of three types: regular gravestones, flat gravestones and church-shaped stones. All these types of monuments were also common among the Greeks in Asia Minor. Inscriptions in pre-Soviet times were made mainly in Greek; the article describes the main features of the epitaphs of this period. In the socialist era, the Greek language disappears from tombstones, which may be associated with both the repressions of 1937 and the general trend towards Sovietization of cemeteries. The article describes a unique type of Soviet Greek tombstone, made in the style of traditional monuments. Despite the ideological control over burial sites, Greek graves in the North Caucasus retained Orthodox symbolism throughout the Soviet era. The post-Soviet period is characterized by a visible uniformity of monuments: they are all made in the same workshops, from the same material. But the visual information on the monuments, primarily the Greek language, shows the ethnicity of the deceased. Other characteristic features of Greek burials in modern Russia are also noted: “houses” for candles from Greece, decorative elements in antique style, images of churches.
“History is a Trap that is Hard to Escape”. Memoirs of V. I. Kosik in the Form of an Interview
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosik Victor , Stykalin Alexander ,   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Melchakova Ksenia ,   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2025

A prominent Russian expert in Balkan history Doctor of Historical Sciences Viktor Ivanovich Kosik (born in 1944) talks about his life and career at the request of the editors of the magazine “Slavic World in the Third Millennium”. Graduate of the Department of History of Southern and Western Slavs, Viktor I. Kosik initially specialized in problems of the modern history of Bulgaria. Later, in the 1970s, he worked for several years at the House of Soviet Culture in Belgrade and this experience contributed to the expansion of his horizons as a researcher. After completing his postgraduate studies at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, Viktor I. Kosik, a disciple of academician Yury A. Pisarev, became an employee of the Institute in 1982, and all his further professional activities are closely connected with Inslav. The subject of his earlier major works were the problems of the diplomatic history of the Balkans after the Berlin Congress of 1878 and, above all, Russian policy towards Bulgaria in the 1880s – 1890s. In the early 1990s, when the possibilities of studying the history of Russian post-revolutionary emigration on a broader documentary basis were expanding, Viktor Kosik was among the first historians who decided to devote themselves this field, not only in Russian archives, but also abroad. His numerous works on the history of Russian emigration in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria show the comprehensive contribution of immigrants from Russia to the culture, science, and social life of the countries that adopted them. These works brought Viktor I. Kosik recognition among the colleagues, historians. His deep knowledge of the history of Russian diaspora at the Balkans combines with interest in Russian social thought; he is the author of one of the first monographs on the system of views of Konstantin Leontyev in modern Russia. Viktor I. Kosik also addressed in a number of works the problems of church history of the Balkans in the 20th century. In the book “Mined Culture,” which was the result of many years of archival research and reflection on broad Balkan material about the difficult paths of the history of this region, Viktor Ivanovich tries to identify the origins of national intolerance, which poses a serious threat to the mutual understanding of neighboring peoples. He shared his thoughts about the fate of the Balkans with our readers. Viktor I. Kosik, who grew up in post-war Moscow, talks about his childhood, youth, student and graduate years, remembers teachers and senior colleagues, shares his impressions of trips to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, talks about his communication with prominent historians (domestic and foreign), as well as with members of Russian diaspora in the Balkan countries.
Gennadii Afanas'evich Tsykhun (30.10.1936–18.10.2024)
Authors:   Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Korina Natalia
Published: January 2025

The obituary lists the main stages of the professional biography of prof. G. A. Tsykhun, an outstanding Belarusian Slavist and etymologist, theorist of areal linguistics and the initiator of a number of contrastive Belarusian-Slavic studies. His achievements, main works and his contribution to Belarusian and world linguistics are assessed.

Particular attention is paid to the central areas of his scholarly activity – etymology and areal linguistics, including his works on the Balkan Language Union and his role in the creation of a multi-volume etymological dictionary of the Belarusian language. Separately, the broad spectrum of prof. Tsykhun's research and his significance for Belarusian linguistics, which thanks to him has reached a global level in many aspects, are emphasized.

The assessment of the multifaceted heritage of G. Tsykhun is complemented by a description of him as a person, which is given against the background of memories of this remarkable scholar and personality.
Mental Health Status among Islamic University Students in Kushtia, Bangladesh
Authors: Sarker Pramath Chandra , Morshed Fahim , Ullah Nayamat
Published: January 2025

Abstract Background and aims: Mental health is an essential issue for the youth generation, especially students. Various factors affect student’s mental health. This study aims to assess the mental health status (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, and positive mental health) of university students in Kushtia, Bangladesh.Methods: The sample comprised 325 public university students, including 202 male and female 123 with a mean age of 23.26 years (SD = 1.79). Cross-sectional survey research was conducted using a structured questionnaire. All data was collected using the questionnaire that included the DASS-21 and PMH-9 scales. The collected data were examined using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Pearson correlation by SPSS version 26, and Microsoft Excel version 19.Results: According to the DASS-21 scale, A substantial number (35.7%) of Islamic university students had moderate depression. Many students reported severe (18.8%) and extremely severe (12.9%) depression. One-third of total students suffer extremely severe (33.5%) anxiety followed by severe (13.2%) and moderate (26.8%). After the COVID-19 pandemic, 25.5% of students reported overall moderate stress, 8.3% severe, and 1.2% extremely severe stress. Overall, the prevalence rate of moderate to extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress was 67.4%, 73.5%, and 35.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Further research is required to comprehend the high prevalence of mental health issues and design a better intervention and support program for students. This research may assist university authorities in understanding student mental health and taking proper measures. According to the study, university student mental health requires continual, appropriate interventions, support networks, and awareness campaigns.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Augment Motor Imagery Training: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bek Judith , Aziz Amna , Brady Nuala
Published: January 2025

Motor imagery training (MIT) is a widely used technique for motor learning and recovery. To optimize training outcomes, researchers have explored the integration of MIT with complementary approaches. One such approach is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which also shows promise as a method to enhance motor performance and neuroplasticity. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the synergistic effects of MIT combined with tDCS, with a specific focus on behavioral outcomes. Heterogenous methods across 16 studies with 432 participants in total, including both healthy and clinical populations, yielded mixed results. Nonetheless, the potential of anodal tDCS applied over the primary motor cortex to augment the beneficial effects of MIT for motor performance in healthy participants is suggested by the current literature. The benefits of combining tDCS with MIT in brain computer interface (BCI) protocols with stroke patients were less clear, which may relate to population differences, timing of stimulation, or the similarity between outcome measures and trained tasks. Overall, small samples and heterogeneous methods limit interpretation of the findings of combined intervention studies, and further research should aim to measure both behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes in larger samples as well as examining longer term synergistic effects.
Phonetic composition influences words’ aesthetic appeal and memorability
Authors: Matzinger Theresa , Kosic David
Published: January 2025

Positive emotional responses from pleasant experiences are known to enhance memory, yet the relationship between aesthetic appeal and linguistic memory remains understudied. To investigate this relationship, we designed pseudowords of varying appeal based on Crystal’s (1995) phoneme rankings. Native English-speaking participants actively memorized these pseudo-words and completed a free recall test, followed by two rounds of appeal ratings. Our results showed that, contrary to our predictions, pseudo-words designed to be of intermediate appeal were rated as more appealing than those designed to be highly appealing or unappealing. Nevertheless, pseudo-words designed to be highly appealing were recalled most frequently. Also, overall, recalled words received higher appeal ratings than non-recalled ones. These findings suggest that the phonetic and phonotactic composition of words may, indeed, have aesthetic value that correlates with words’ memorability. This encourages further exploration into how appeal interacts with other factors influencing linguistic cognition, including occurrence frequency or complexity. Our findings can inform applications in language learning, teaching, and marketing, while also offering theoretical contributions to our understanding of language evolution and change.
Antifungal Drug Resistance in Candida albicans: Identifying Novel Targets for the Development of Effective Antifungal Agents
Authors: Waykar Ravindra , Kumarapillai Srinivasakumar
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT:The pathogenicity of Candida albicans is facilitated by numerous virulence causes, including adhesins, morphogenesis, and phenotypic switching. The organism’s capability in the direction of switching between yeast and hyphal forms contributes to the severity of infections. The appearance of resistant strains has rendered current treatments less effective, necessitating the exploration of new drug targets and the progress of novel antifungal agents. Antifungal drug resistance is a multifaceted phenomenon involving genetic mutations, overexpression of efflux pumps, epigenetic changes, and biofilm formation, all regulated by complex genetic and transcriptional networks. The identification of potential drug targets in C. albicans is critical due to increasing resistance to existing antifungal agents. Recent studies have identified promising targets, for example the riboflavin metabolic pathway and unique protein kinases involved in regulating virulence and pathogenicity. Developing new antifungals is difficult due to C. albicans’ eukaryotic nature and resistance.Keywords: Candidiasis, Candida albicans, Antifungal drug resistance, Antifungal drug targets
Managing Emotions in Everyday Life: Why a Toolbox of Strategies Matters
Authors: Baldwin Chayce R. , Schertz Kathryn E , Orvell Ariana , Costello Cory Kennedy , Moser Jason , Ayduk Ozlem , Ethan
Published: January 2025

Emerging research indicates that people use multiple strategies to manage theiremotions in everyday life. Yet, we know little about what these strategy combinationslook like, how they function, or how individual differences influence these phenomena. We addressed these issues in two, 2-week daily diary studies performed during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (N=422; Data collected April & September 2020). Each evening, participants rated their level of COVID-19 anxiety and indicated which of 18 emotion regulation strategies they used to manage it. There was tremendous diversity in the strategy combinations people used: 74% of the combinations were unique across participants and included strategies seldom studied together (e.g., exercise, journaling, social interaction, and cognitive reframing). On average, using a given strategy predicted same-day use of another strategy with only 1% accuracy. Despite this variability, a set of features consistently predicted effective regulation: using large and healthy repertoires of strategies in diverse ways predicted reductions in anxiety over time. Psychologically distressed individuals experienced more daily anxiety and drew on a wider, but more unhealthy set of strategies. However, when they used adaptive strategy combinations, they benefited just as much as less distressed individuals. These results illuminate the anatomy of people’s emotion regulatory lives, underscoring the need to develop frameworks that capture the diverse ways people manage their emotions. They also identify specific mechanisms that interventions can target to improve how people manage their emotions under ecologically valid conditions.
How people decide to consume (more) alcohol when feeling stressed
Authors: Dora Jonas , Shinn Maxwell , Copeland Amber , Neilson Elizabeth , Weiss Nicole , Witkiewitz Katie , Murphy James , Field Matt , George William H. , King Kevin Michael
Published: January 2025

The tension reduction hypothesis posits that people consume alcohol to alleviate stress and negative emotions. Prior experimental studies supported this hypothesis by showing stress-induced increases in alcohol's absolute value. However, from a value-based decision-making perspective alcohol's value relative to alternatives should be more relevant for drinking decisions. We developed a novel experimental paradigm that subjected the hypothesis to a more stringent test by examining whether acute stress causes individuals to choose alcohol over appealing non-alcoholic alternatives, and the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this. Participants (N=160) rated various drinks and made repeated choices between alcoholic and non-alcoholic options before and after randomized manipulations of stress and alcohol intoxication (BrAC=.06%). Using drift diffusion modeling, we decomposed choices into three potential mechanisms: how carefully people make decisions, their sensitivity to prior drink prefer-ences, and their bias to choose alcohol regardless of preference. Results showed that stress moder-ately increased choices for alcohol, but only in sober participants. Stress primarily affected decision-making by inducing a bias toward alcohol during evidence accumulation, without impacting decision carefulness or general evidence sensitivity. This computational bias was stronger than observed in raw choice behavior, suggesting that while stress consistently biases evaluation toward alcohol, this bias only sometimes overcomes competing considerations. The boundary condition that stress effects appeared only in sober participants suggests the tension reduction hypothesis may primarily explain initial drinking decisions rather than choices about continued consumption. These findings advance our mechanistic understanding of how stress influences alcohol-related decision-making and suggest interventions might focus on strengthening competing motivations during high-stress moments, particularly during decisions about initiating drinking episodes.