bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a new in vivo model for head and neck cancer
Authors: Dinesman Alan , Haughey Bruce , Gates George A. , Aufdemorte Thomas , Von Hoff Daniel D.
Published: April 2016

We have developed an improved model for studying in vivo nonsurgical treatment of head and neck cancer. In situ oral cavity implantation has been documented, but its natural history is not defined. In light of this, an improved model is described. Forty‐two nude mice had tumor cells from one of two established laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines implanted into the floor of the mouth. The tumor mass was measured and followed. When the tumor burden was great enough to cause cachexia, the animals were killed and submitted for microscopic examination. Pulmonary metastases were noted in 44%, bone invasion in 80%, angioinvasion in 76%, and soft tissue invasion in 96% of the animals. Growth characteristics in the head and neck have not been documented in previous models. Our model not only exhibits the locally invasive activity typically associated with malignant neoplasms, but also closely paralleis the results of clinical studies examining the percent of end stage patients and autopsies with pulmonary metastases. Therefore, this model should open the way for more meaningful in vivo studies of nonsurgical treatment modalities for both local and metastatic tumor foci in head and neck cancer.
Human adenoidal organ culture: A model to study nontypable haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and other bacterial interactions with nasopharyngeal mucosa—Implications in otitis media
Authors: Bernstein Joel M. , Hard Robert , Cui Zhi D. , So Nobuo , Fisher John , Ogra Pearay L.
Published: April 2016

Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) has become the predominant cause of both acute suppurative otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion. It has now been well‐demonstrated that both outer membrane proteins and restriction fragment analysis of the bacterial genomes of concomitant nasopharyngeal and middle ear effusion isolates of NTHI are identical. It is therefore of critical importance to understand the mechanisms whereby bacteria that are present in normal healthy children in small numbers become the predominant organism in the nasopharynx in otitis media. The studies presented here suggest that nontypable Haemophilus influenzae can effectively decrease ciliary function as measured by stroboscopic illumination of ciliary beat frequency on human adenoidal organ culture. This organism also produces significant histopathologic and ultrastructural damage to the epithelial cells and cilia of adenoid organ culture, demonstrated by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The data suggest the following hypothesis: Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae can destroy mucociliary function and allow increased bacterial replication in the mucus overlying the nasopharyngeal mucosa. The mucociliary system of the eustachian tube may also be involved in a a similar manner, thus allowing bacteria to enter the middle ear space via the eustachian tube.
Stomal recurrence after laryngectomy: Interrelated risk factor study
Authors: Rubin Jennifer , Johnson Jonas T. , Myers Eugene N.
Published: April 2016

This study was designed to identify pathogenic factors in recurrent carcinoma at the tracheal stoma. The charts of 444 patients with laryngeal cancer who were treated surgically between 1976 and 1988 revealed stomal recurrence in 15 (3.4%). Eighty percent of the patients with stomal recurrence had tumors in the subglottis. In comparison to patients with different sites involved this was significant (p < 0.001). Other variables examined and analyzed included primary stage, previous treatment, neck pathologic status, neck treatment, age, sex, postoperative adjunctive therapy, and timing of tracheotomy. Tumor involvement of the subglottis is the single most important variable in stomal recurrence of carcinoma. Previous conservation laryngeal surgery and preoperative/emergency tracheotomy are not related to stomal recurrence of carcinoma. Mean length of survival for patients with stomal recurrence of carcinoma in our series was 8.9 months. Two patients were successfully treated with extensive surgical resection. The dismal prognosis of stomal recurrence of carcinoma suggests that management of this condition should focus on prevention. Treatment of patients with tumors of the subglottis should include attention to the paratracheal region and superior mediastinum, in conjunction with laryngectomy immediately after initial diagnosis.
Thermochemotherapy in inoperable head and neck cancer
Authors: Davis R. Kim , Gibbs Frederic A. , Sapozink Michael D. , Farver Max , Harker Graydon
Published: April 2016

A combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy approach was used to treat five patients with locally advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck whose tumors had failed to respond to chemotherapy. In two patients, tumor had recurred after initial combined modality therapy (surgery/radiation) and had failed to respond to one course of cisplatin/5‐fluorouracil (cisplatin/5‐FU) chemotherapy. The three remaining patients were enrolled onto a phase II evaluation of induction chemotherapy with cisplatin/fluorouracil for advanced head and neck carcinomas and had failed to achieve a partial remission after one treatment cycle. Palpable cervical tumors were heated to 40° to 42° C for 30 to 40 minutes, during which time cisplatin (100 mg/m2) was infused intravenously. A 5‐day infusion of 5‐fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2/d) followed. Despite less than a partial response to previous cisplatin/fluorouracil chemotherapy alone, two patients had complete clinical resolution of the heated tumor volume with two cycles of the combined thermochemotherapy approach. One patient achieved a partial remission with this approach. The remaining two patients died shortly after the initial thermochemotherapy treatment, as a result of progressive tumor growth. The two complete responders were subsequently treated with radiation (1 patient) and radical neck dissection (1 patient) and remained without evidence of disease 2 and 26 months after the completion of therapy, respectively. The toxicity of this combined modality approach was acceptable and appeared to be no greater than had been experienced during earlier treatment with chemotherapy alone. Further studies using a combination of these treatment modalities for locally advanced head and neck carcinomas are warranted.
New stoma stent applicable in long‐term tracheostomy
Authors: Eliachar Isaac , McDonnell Matthew , Nguyen Dat
Published: April 2016

As long‐term tracheostomy becomes a more common procedure, the need has arisen for a means of maintaining stoma patency. This article presents a new self‐retained physiologic prosthesis intended for use as a stoma stent in long‐term tracheostomy. It may also be applied in a wide range of short‐term conditions. The concepts and techniques of long‐term tracheostomy are highlighted. Experience in applying this stent in 75 patients with a followup of more than 28 months is presented.
Permeability of the round window membrane to horseradish peroxidase in experimental otitis media
Authors: Kim Chong Sun , Cho Tai Kwon , Jinn Tae Hoon
Published: April 2016

The permeability of the round window membrane (RWM) was studied by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the different stages of otitis media developed in guinea pigs, and it was compared with normal RWM under transmission electron microscopic examination. The experimental model of otitis media was developed by inoculation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspension. When HRP could penetrate into the inner layer of a normal RWM, the duration of HRP instillation into the round window niche was 10 minutes. The permeability of the RWM in otitis media was as follows: 3‐day animals showed penetration of HRP into the middle layer. In 1‐week animals, HRP had penetrated into the inner layer in all 10 ears. In 2‐week animals, HRP had penetrated into the inner layer in 6 of 11 ears. In 4‐week animals, however, HRP was not seen in 6 of 7 ears. HRP had penetrated through the damaged focus of the epithelial cells by inflammation. These results suggest that any derangement of the epithelial linings could increase the penetration of HRP and also ototoxic materials into the inner ear through the RWM.
Distribution of neuropeptide‐like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the canine larynx
Authors: Kawasoe Michiru , Shin Takemoto , Masuko Sadahiko
Published: April 2016

The distribution of neuropeptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the canine larynx was examined. In the epithelium of supra‐ and subglottic regions, a dense distribution of substance P (SP)‐ and calcitonin gene‐related polypeptide (CGRP)‐immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers was observed. Some vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)‐IR intraepithelial nerve fibers were also seen in the subglottic region. In the laryngeal glands, a dense distribution of VIP‐IR nerve fibers with a few SP‐ and enkephalin (ENK)‐IR nerve fibers were found around the acini. In the walls of arteries in the lamina propria, many VIP‐, SP‐, and CGRP‐IR nerve fibers were seen, whereas neuropeptide Y‐, ENK‐, and VIP‐IR nerve fibers were predominantly distributed around the arteries in the vocal muscle. In the free edge of the vocal cord, few immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected within the epithelium and around the arteries in the lamina propria. These results suggest that there are regional differences in the occurrence of peptides in nerve fibers innervating the epithelium and the blood vessels in the larynx and that the perception mechanism of the epithelium and the regulatory system of local blood flow are varied according to their location in the larynx.
Hearing improvement after acoustic tumor removal
Authors: Shelton Clough , House William F.
Published: April 2016

Hearing improvement after removal of an acoustic tumor is an uncommon occurrence. Hearing improvement was observed in 8.5% of acoustic tumor removals performed using the middle fossa approach in an attempt to preserve hearing. Improvement in speech discrimination occurred most frequently and was of greatest magnitude compared with changes in the speech reception threshold or pure‐tone average. No preoperative factors were predictive of postoperative hearing improvement. Findings support the conclusion that candidates for hearing preservation surgery should be chosen on the merits of their existing preoperative hearing and not on the basis of anticipated improvement.
Surgical approaches to congenital atresia of the external auditory canal
Authors: Molony Timothy B. , De La Cruz Antonio
Published: April 2016

During the past 4 years, 22 patients with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal underwent 24 initial operations by either an anterior or transmastoid approach. No attempt at randomization was made, but the two groups were similar in number and pathology (in 14 cases approach was anterior and in 10 cases approach was transmastoid). Followup ranged from 6 months to 4 years. Hearing results were similar in the two groups (71% with air‐bone gap less than 30 dB). There were no instances of facial nerve injury or sensorineural hearing loss. Facial nerve monitoring was used. Complications of stenosis and drainage were more common with the transmastoid approach. In both groups, hearing results were accomplished with the patients' intact ossicles or prosthetic reconstructions. Meticulous soft‐tissue technique, with split‐thickness grafts covering all exposed bone, is the key to preventing stenosis. For the three cases of patients with thick, acellular atresia plates, a different approach was developed. Maintaining proper orientation during the medial dissection is more difficult in these cases. By opening the antrum primarily and identifying the lateral canal, ossicles, and facial nerve, an ear canal can then be created anteriorly with these landmarks in view. An intact canal wall‐like procedure is carried out. Although hearing results are similar, the anterior approach, because of fewer postoperative complications, is now our procedure of choice. Proper orientation and soft‐tissue technique are the keys to successful correction of the congenitally atretic ear canal.
Fungal diseases of the sinuses
Authors: Corey Jacquelynne P. , Romberger Charles F. , Shaw Gary Y.
Published: April 2016

With recent advances in medicine, fungal diseases are becoming not only better understood, but also increasingly important in the management of patients with paranasal sinus disease. Fungal sinus diseases run the gamut from allergic fungal rhinitis and allergic fungal sinusitis, through fungus balls, to invasive and fulminant fungal sinusitis. Allergic fungal sinusitis may be thought of as the sinus counterpart of allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease. Patients typically are first seen with chronic sinusitis. They may be atopic, and the peripheral blood often shows elevated IgE levels and absolute eosinophil counts. Such patients may be managed conservatively, requiring only surgical drainage and corticosteroid therapy. Fungus balls are typified by the so‐called “aspergilloma.” Although patients often have some predisposing factor, such as local tissue hypoxia or massive fungal exposure, most patients are not immunocompromised. Fungus balls may be treated with the traditional Caldwell‐Luc operation or with newer endoscopic procedures. Invasive or fulminant fungal sinusitis generally occurs in immunosuppressed patients and merits aggressive surgical excision and debridement, as well as systemic chemotherapy, usually amphotericin B. In this article, we review fungal disease of the paranasal sinuses and present findings from our review of patients with chronic sinusitis.
Developing an objectives hierarchy for multicriteria decisions on land use options, with a case study of biodiversity conservation and forestry production from Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Sarkar Sahotra , Dyer James S , Margules Chris , Ciarleglio Michael , Kemp Neville , Wong Grace , Juhn Daniel , Supriatna Jatna
Published: April 2016

A framework was developed for the construction of an objectives hierarchy for multicriteria decisions in land use planning. The process began through identification of fundamental objectives; these were iteratively decomposed into a hierarchy of subobjectives until a level was reached at which subobjectives had measurable attributes. Values were derived for attributes through a variety of methods and weights assigned to objectives through preference elicitation. The framework assumed that the objectives could be incorporated into a linear value function; this required attributes to satisfy preference and difference independence conditions. Strategies were developed to address typical features that distinguish land use decisions from many other multicriteria decisions. The methodology was illustrated with a case study of land use planning in a forestry concession in the Merauke region of Papua Province, Indonesia. The problem involved severe hard constraints; the analysis showed how these can be accommodated within the framework. Results integrated interests and preferences of a diverse set of stakeholders (resident peoples, developers, and conservation professionals) and were intended for implementation. This methodology is extendible to other land use problems.
Adolescents’ Religiousness and Substance Use Are Linked via Afterlife Beliefs and Future Orientation
Authors: Holmes Christopher , Kim-Spoon Jungmeen
Published: April 2016

Although religiousness has been identified as a protective factor against adolescent substance use, processes through which these effects may operate are unclear. The current longitudinal study examined sequential mediation of afterlife beliefs and future orientation in the relation between adolescent religiousness and cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Participants included 131 adolescents ([Formula: see text] age at Time 1 = 12 years) at three time points with approximately 2-year time intervals. Structural equation modeling indicated that higher religiousness at Time 1 was associated with higher afterlife beliefs at Time 2. Higher afterlife beliefs at Time 2 were associated with higher future orientation at Time 2, which in turn was associated with lower use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana at Time 3. Our findings highlight the roles of afterlife beliefs and future orientation in explaining the beneficial effects of religiousness against adolescent substance use.
Two Lamps or One? An Illusionary Mirror
Authors: Ferraro F. Richard , Ferraro J. L. Foster , Brougham Cassidy
Published: April 2016

We asked 100 college students to view a picture ( Figure 1 ) and decide if there were two lamps or one lamp reflected in a mirror. Although the correct answer is two lamps, the vast majority (72%) answered seeing only one lamp. We discuss this illusion.
Inverted, Upright, and Blurred Faces Are Not Immune to the Attentional Blink
Authors: Eagles Sarah , Murphy Karen
Published: April 2016

While a robust Attentional Blink (AB) occurs for letters, digits, and objects, the evidence is mixed for face targets. The multiple channel hypothesis posits that both configural and featural channels operate for faces during an AB task and each channel has its own resource limitations. Consequently, if Target 1 (T1) only occupies one channel then Target 2 (T2) is processed via the other channel avoiding the AB. Three experiments employed a two-target-mask paradigm to examine the multiple channel hypothesis by varying the featural and configural processing requirements of T1 and T2 faces. Experiment 1 used clear upright and clear inverted faces, and Experiment 2 used blurred upright and clear inverted faces, to engage configural and featural processing, respectively. Experiment 3 centrally presented blurred upright and clear inverted faces to ensure that the results of the prior experiments could not be attributed to spatial shifts of attention to the target positions. Contrary to the multiple channel hypothesis, the results of all three experiments showed an AB for all conditions regardless of the T1 and T2 faces engaging the same or different processing channels. This study showed that faces suffer from the same processing impairments as other categories of targets during the AB.
A Pursuit Theory Account for the Perception of Common Motion in Motion Parallax
Authors: Ratzlaff Michael , Nawrot Mark
Published: April 2016

The visual system uses an extraretinal pursuit eye movement signal to disambiguate the perception of depth from motion parallax. Visual motion in the same direction as the pursuit is perceived nearer in depth while visual motion in the opposite direction as pursuit is perceived farther in depth. This explanation of depth sign applies to either an allocentric frame of reference centered on the fixation point or an egocentric frame of reference centered on the observer. A related problem is that of depth order when two stimuli have a common direction of motion. The first psychophysical study determined whether perception of egocentric depth order is adequately explained by a model employing an allocentric framework, especially when the motion parallax stimuli have common rather than divergent motion. A second study determined whether a reversal in perceived depth order, produced by a reduction in pursuit velocity, is also explained by this model employing this allocentric framework. The results show than an allocentric model can explain both the egocentric perception of depth order with common motion and the perceptual depth order reversal created by a reduction in pursuit velocity. We conclude that an egocentric model is not the only explanation for perceived depth order in these common motion conditions.
Uncharted waters: Navigating new configurations for urban service delivery in India
Authors: Das Priyam
Published: April 2016

Decentralization reconfigures urban water governance by transferring responsibilities for service delivery to local institutions and expanding the role for non-state actors. Consequently, community-managed water supply projects exemplify a proliferation of participatory arrangements—typically those that promise capacity building in low-income communities to enable them to partner with the state in delivering basic services. Drawing on a cross-case analysis of how three such projects unfolded on the ground in India, I examine the coproduction of water supply—a manifestation of the shift in water governance. The findings delineate its role in (re)shaping local-level state-community relations and underscore implications for urban service delivery.
De-studentification: emptying housing and neighbourhoods of student populations
Authors: Kinton Chloe , Smith Darren P , Harrison John
Published: April 2016

International scholarship on student geographies and urban change continues to advance knowledge of the intense commodification of student lifestyles and student housing. The main aim of this paper is to consider some of the hitherto under-researched wider knock-on effects of more commodified student housing markets. Here we present findings from the first-ever empirical study of de-studentification. Using the case study of Loughborough, we demonstrate how de-studentification is a process of change that has been stimulated by the increased supply of purpose-built student accommodation. We show that de-studentification leads to the depopulation and decline of some classical studentified neighbourhoods. Moreover, these urban transformations have several significant implications for pre-existing conceptualisations of urban change and student geographies. Notably, the impacts of de-studentification pose important questions for the conceptual boundaries of studentification – a prerequisite of de-studentification – and although, to date, dominant conceptualisations of studentification are wedded to upgrading-led representations of urban gentrification, it is shown that de-studentification, conversely, leads to physical downgrading and emptying of neighbourhoods in distinct phases. We therefore argue for a process-led definition of de-studentification, to illustrate how studentified neighbourhoods are gradually ‘emptied’ of student populations and student housing. More broadly, it is asserted that new student geographies are being created by the deepening neoliberalisation and commodification of higher education, which, in turn, will have unintentional consequences for wider social, cultural and economic relations in university towns and cities, such as emergent community cohesion and changing senses of place.
Creative processes: From interventions in art to intervallic experiments through Bergson
Authors: Williams Nina
Published: April 2016

The recent turn to creativity in geography has led to a proliferation of methodological frameworks that enable us to look at and think about the world differently. For the most part, creativity in geography gets mobilised as an artistic endeavour through empirical research with a particular person or product. One implication of this focus is that creativity gets tied to a foundational subject as the instigator of creative practice. In this paper I want to unpack creativity in geography through a particular theoretical lens, in order to explore a wider array of creative agencies. To this end I turn to Henri Bergson, and his very specific notion of creativity as a process of intuition at the interval. Crucially, Bergson offers a way of processually rethinking the corporeality and materiality of creative practice, enabling us to broaden our engagements with creativity so that they are more open to the diverse ways the material world engages us.
Cerebellar function and ischemic brain lesions in migraine patients from the general population
Authors: Koppen Hille , Boele Henk-Jan , Palm-Meinders Inge H , Koutstaal Bastiaan J , Horlings Corinne GC , Koekkoek Bas K , van der Geest Jos , Smit Albertine E , van Buchem Mark A , Launer Lenore J , Terwindt Gisela M , Bloem Bas R , Kruit Mark C , Ferrari Michel D , De Zeeuw Chris I
Published: April 2016

Objective

The objective of this article is to obtain detailed quantitative assessment of cerebellar function and structure in unselected migraine patients and controls from the general population.

Methods

A total of 282 clinically well-defined participants (migraine with aura n = 111; migraine without aura n = 89; non-migraine controls n = 82; age range 43–72; 72% female) from a population-based study were subjected to a range of sensitive and validated cerebellar tests that cover functions of all main parts of the cerebellar cortex, including cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and vestibulocerebellum. In addition, all participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to screen for cerebellar lesions. As a positive control, the same cerebellar tests were conducted in 13 patients with familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1; age range 19–64; 69% female) all carrying a CACNA1A mutation known to affect cerebellar function.

Results

MRI revealed cerebellar ischemic lesions in 17/196 (8.5%) migraine patients and 3/79 (4%) controls, which were always located in the posterior lobe except for one control. With regard to the cerebellar tests, there were no differences between migraine patients with aura, migraine patients without aura, and controls for the: (i) Purdue-pegboard test for fine motor skills (assembly scores p = 0.1); (ii) block-design test for visuospatial ability (mean scaled scores p = 0.2); (iii) prism-adaptation task for limb learning (shift scores p = 0.8); (iv) eyeblink-conditioning task for learning-dependent timing (peak-time p = 0.1); and (v) body-sway test for balance capabilities (pitch velocity score under two-legs stance condition p = 0.5). Among migraine patients, those with cerebellar ischaemic lesions performed worse than those without lesions on the assembly scores of the pegboard task ( p < 0.005), but not on the primary outcome measures of the other tasks. Compared with controls and non-hemiplegic migraine patients, FHM1 patients showed substantially more deficits on all primary outcomes, including Purdue-peg assembly ( p < 0.05), block-design scaled score ( p < 0.001), shift in prism-adaptation ( p < 0.001), peak-time of conditioned eyeblink responses ( p < 0.05) and pitch-velocity score during stance-sway test ( p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Unselected migraine patients from the general population show normal cerebellar functions despite having increased prevalence of ischaemic lesions in the cerebellar posterior lobe. Except for an impaired pegboard test revealing deficits in fine motor skills, these lesions appear to have little functional impact. In contrast, all cerebellar functions were significantly impaired in participants with FHM1.
Migraine-tic syndrome: Two further case reports
Authors: Hinze Stephan , Davies Paul , Astbury Tess , Lane Russell
Published: April 2016

Background

Migraine-tic syndrome was first reported in 2004 in a 44-year-old woman who had concomitant symptoms of both typical trigeminal neuralgia and migraine. We report here two further cases of migraine-tic syndrome and speculate on the relevance of this condition to the pathophysiology of headache.

Case reports

A 43-year-old woman presented with typical trigeminal neuralgia symptoms that preceded the onset of migraine headache; both headache types responded to treatment with sumatriptan. A 35-year-old woman presented with trigeminal neuralgia that consistently followed the onset of migraine headache. The former aspect responded to baclofen, but the migraine headache required treatment with amitriptyline.

Discussion

These two patients provide further support for the presence of an overlap syndrome of migraine-tic. We suggest that there is a common pathway for trigeminal neuralgia and migraine.
Sex Differences in Career Guidance of Undergraduate Math Students and the Relation to Help-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Blondeau Lauren , Awad Germine H.
Published: April 2016

Males continue to dominate mathematics-related areas in graduate school and employment, possibly due to the differential guidance that they receive as students. In the present study, 180 undergraduates completed an online survey on the career and graduate school guidance they received from mathematics professors. Student sex, professor sex, and help-seeking behaviors were considered as possible correlates of career guidance. Students of both sexes reported similar help-seeking behaviors, but males received more career guidance from professors. Help-seeking levels along with an interaction term of student sex and professor sex significantly predicted career guidance. The influence of student sex on career guidance depended on professor sex. Male students with male professors received the greatest amount of career guidance. The differential career guidance may contribute to the pervasive sex gap within the mathematics field.
Memory, Persons and Dementia
Authors: Holton Richard
Published: April 2016

Memory is a complex phenomenon, so the loss of memory that occurs in dementia is equally complex. Accounts that deny personhood to dementia sufferers typically fail to accommodate that complexity.
A New Art of Dying as a Cultural Challenge
Authors: Leget Carlo
Published: April 2016

In North Atlantic culture dying is mostly seen as a personal event. The societal dimension of dying and the impact of the cultural horizon are often overlooked. In this contribution a revised version of a medieval Ars moriendi model is used as a lens to perceive the one-sidedness of North Atlantic culture.
A review of rotating stall in reversible pump turbine
Authors: Zhang Yuning , Zhang Yuning , Wu Yulin
Published: April 2016

Currently, operations of reversible pump turbines in pumped hydro energy storage plant suffer great instability problems in the well-known S-shaped characteristic regions, leading to the failure of start, significant pressure fluctuations, and severe vibrations of the whole system. One of the physical origins of the above instability of reversible pump turbines is the rotating stall phenomenon generated at off-design conditions in generating mode. In this review, recent studies on the rotating stall of reversible pump turbines are critically reviewed with a focus on the generating mode. In reversible pump turbine, the rotating stall initiates at runaway and is fully developed at low discharge condition with characteristic rotating frequency being 50–70% of the impeller rotational frequency. Notorious effects induced by rotating stall include generation of large pressure fluctuation, channel blockage, and strong backflow, all of which contribute significantly to the instability of reversible pump turbine. Methods for identification of rotating stall are also introduced with plenty of examples. Finally, several suggestions on the future work are given and discussed.
Improving extended Kalman filter algorithm in satellite autonomous navigation
Authors: He Lina , Zhou Hairui , Zhang Gongyuan
Published: April 2016

With the goal of reducing dependence on ground tracking systems, satellite autonomous navigation technologies are developed quickly in the recent several decades. However, precise orbit determination at high orbital altitudes is an important and challenging problem. In this paper, the nonlinear real-time orbit determination problem is investigated. Combined with satellite dynamical model, extended Kalman filter is explored to estimate satellite orbit parameters. Further, considering errors occur in linearization processing, two improvements for the extended Kalman filter algorithm, i.e. extended Kalman filter-I and extended Kalman filter-II, are proposed based on Lagrange’s mean value theorem, and respectively focus on choosing better linear expansion point and Jacobian matrix calculation point. Extensive simulations show that extended Kalman filter-I and extended Kalman filter-II significantly enhance orbit accuracy, compared with extended Kalman filter. And the increases in calculation complexity are acceptable. Finally, the robustness of extended Kalman filter-I and extended Kalman filter-II is analyzed by given different initial position errors, and results show that extended Kalman filter-I and extended Kalman filter-II have better robustness than extended Kalman filter.
Attitudes of University Students Regarding Potential Conflicts in Socially Responsible Companies
Authors: Barrena-Martinez Jesus , Lopez-Fernandez Macarena , Marquez-Moreno Cristina , Romero-Fernandez Pedro Miguel
Published: April 2016

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasingly viewed as a strategic management tool for companies to draw in candidates. In this arena, international responsible rankings such as ‘The Great Place to Work’, ‘Family Responsible Employer Index (FREE)’ or ‘The Best Companies for Working Mothers’ put emphasis on the value of responsible behaviours, not only for surviving in the market, but also to ‘win the war for talent’. Using a sample of Spanish University students, this research aims to analyse the process of selecting responsible organizations to work and whether there is a possible future conflict of interest by students between their own and organizational values. Surprisingly, the university students assessed two opposing situations with the highest values: of looking to change employer and of letting time pass in order to ignore the conflict. The implications of the students’ assessments and the related factors which affect their decision-making criteria are explored in this article.
Cointegration of Bombay Stock Exchange with Major Asian Markets—A Copula Approach
Authors: Das Santanu
Published: April 2016

This article examines the level of cointegration of the weekly returns of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the representative index of India, with those of other major Asian markets of China (Shanghai), Hong Kong (Hangseng), Japan (Nikkei) and Taiwan using the vector autoregression (VAR) for long-term dependencies and copulas for tail dependencies. A linear relationship is observed among all these markets, but the upper and lower tail dependencies of the BSE with Nikkei and Hangseng are found to be much stronger. The Clayton copula was used to study the lower tail dependency and the Gumbel copula for the upper tail dependencies of the returns. These results will be helpful for international portfolio diversification and the investors may find India, Japan and Hong Kong markets attractive for such diversifications. In addition, the GARCH(1, 1) methodology was also employed for studying the long-term variances of each of the market and it is observed that the weekly volatility of Nikkei is much higher as compared to other markets, while that of the BSE is moderate. Apart from this, all these markets show excess kurtosis, pointing towards heavy-tailedness of the return series apart from the non-normality. The VAR results show that BSE weekly returns are affected by up to two lags of the Hong Kong stock market (HANG). At the same time, the NIKKEI and the SHANG are affected by up to 1 week and 2 week lags of the BSE, respectively.
Systematic Quality Monitoring For Specialized Palliative Care Services: Development of a Minimal Set of Quality Indicators for Palliative Care Study (QPAC)
Authors: Leemans Kathleen , Deliens L. , Van den Block L. , Vander Stichele R. , Francke A. L. , Cohen J.
Published: April 2016

Background:

A feasibility evaluation of a comprehensive quality indicator set for palliative care identified the need for a minimal selection of these indicators to monitor quality of palliative care services with short questionnaires for the patients, caregivers, and family carers.

Objectives:

To develop a minimal indicator set for efficient quality assessment in palliative care.

Design:

A 2 round modified Research ANd Development corporation in collaboration with the University of California at Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) expert consultation.

Setting/Patients:

Thirteen experts in palliative care (professionals and patient representatives).

Measurements:

In a home assignment, experts were asked to score 80 developed indicators for “priority” to be included in the minimal set on a scale from 0 (lowest priority) to 9 (highest priority). The second round consisted of a plenary meeting in which the minimal set was finalized.

Results:

Thirty-nine of the 80 indicators were discarded, while 19 were definitely selected after the home assignment, and 22 were proposed for discussion during the meeting; 12 of these survived the selection round. The final minimal indicator set for palliative care consists of 5 indicators about the physical aspects of care; 6 about the psychosocial aspects of care; 13 about information, communication, and care planning; 5 about type of care; and 2 about continuity of care.

Conclusion:

A minimal set of 31 indicators reflecting all the important issues in palliative care was created for palliative care services to assess the quality of their care in a quick and efficient manner. Additional topic-specific optional modules are available for more thorough assessment of specific aspects of care.
“A Progression and a Regression at the Same Time”: Hybrid Masculinities and Entrepreneurial Selfhood
Authors: Whitmer Jennifer M.
Published: April 2016

Research suggests normative masculinities are increasingly defined through consumption, particularly the consumption of fashions and cosmetics. Much existing research examines heterosexual men’s reluctance to embrace consumer masculinities due to cultural associations, which associate consumption with femininities and subordinated masculinities. However, not all men are reluctant consumers. Little research has examined the relationship between masculinity and aesthetic consumption in a cultural context in which the body is increasingly framed as a tool for self-promotion and upward mobility. Drawing on qualitative research on male personal style bloggers, I examine the masculinities of men who actively turn the gaze on themselves, performing creative class ambitions through the display of the dressed body. I find privileged bloggers incorporate elements of non-hegemonic masculinities into the performance of hybrid masculinities, which allow them to distance themselves from the negative associations of hegemonic masculinity while continuing to reproduce sexual difference and hierarchies.
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Career Calling Scale for Korean Emerging Adults
Authors: Kim Haram J. , Praskova Anna , Lee Ki-Hak
Published: April 2016

This study set to provide an age- and culturally-appropriate measure of career calling for Korean young adults. We conducted a literature review and identified a suitable, 15-item Career Calling Scale for Emerging Adults. We translated all items into Korean, back-translated into English, and verified for accuracy. An exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors reflecting those of the original scale ( other-oriented meaning, active engagement, and personal meaning; Stage 1; N = 152), and a confirmatory factor analysis supported that these loaded on a higher order factor of career calling (Stage 2; N = 260). The scale showed good internal consistency, and scale validity was supported by finding positive correlations with well-being and a second measure of career calling and a negative correlation with career indecision. The findings support our argument that career calling, viewed as a salient and meaningful career goal, is a relevant concept for Korean young adults.
Cadaveric Analysis of the Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
Authors: Lilyquist Michael , Shaw Adam , Latz Kevin , Bogener James , Wentz Brock
Published: April 2016

Background:

Unstable ankle fractures with syndesmotic injuries commonly occur and can result in significant morbidity. Although the need for an anatomic reduction is clear, there is still debate surrounding the optimal operative treatment. Recent literature shows an increasing interest in anatomic ligament repair or reconstruction in the acute and chronic syndesmosis injury. Despite this trend, there is insufficient literature detailing anatomy of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. In the literature that does exist, there is controversy regarding the ligamentous anatomy of the syndesmosis. None of the current literature describes an anatomic constant that may be used as an intraoperative reference for anatomic ligament reconstructions.

Methods:

Ten sets of tibia and fibula free of all soft tissue were used to analyze osseous structures. Another 10 nonpaired, fresh-frozen specimens were used to study the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. These were measured using a 3-dimensional tracking system. Measurement of each ligament width at origin and insertion, length, and distance from the tibial articular cartilage was performed.

Results:

The superior and inferior insertions of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament measured 22.7 mm and 3.4 mm proximal to the distal articular cartilage of the tibia, respectively. The superior insertion of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament measured 15.2 mm proximal to the articular cartilage. The superior and inferior insertions of the interosseous ligament measured 31.8 mm and 9.2 mm proximal to the distal articular cartilage, respectively. The inferior transverse ligament was a prominent identifiable structure in 70% of specimens.

Conclusions:

The superior margin of the distal articular cartilage could serve as a consistent anatomic landmark for reconstruction. The inferior transverse ligament is an identifiable structure in 70% of the specimens studied.

Clinical Relevance:

This article clarifies the anatomy and provides measurements from an anatomic constant that can guide reconstruction and intraoperative evaluation of the syndesmosis.
Interlocking Nailing Versus Interlocking Plating in Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Reinhardt Sophia , Martin Heiner , Ulmar Benjamin , Döbele Stefan , Zwipp Hans , Rammelt Stefan , Richter Martinus , Pompach Martin , Mittlmeier Thomas
Published: April 2016

Background:

Open reduction and internal fixation with a plate is deemed to represent the gold standard of surgical treatment for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Standard plate fixation is usually placed through an extended lateral approach with high risk for wound complications. Minimally invasive techniques might avoid wound complications but provide limited construct stability. Therefore, 2 different types of locking nails were developed to allow for minimally invasive technique with sufficient stability. The aim of this study was to quantify primary stability of minimally invasive calcaneal interlocking nail systems in comparison to a variable-angle interlocking plate.

Material and Methods:

After quantitative CT analysis, a standardized Sanders type IIB fracture model was created in 21 fresh-frozen cadavers. For osteosynthesis, 2 different interlocking nail systems (C-Nail; Medin, Nov. Město n. Moravě, Czech Republic; Calcanail; FH Orthopedics SAS; Heimsbrunn, France) as well as a polyaxial interlocking plate (Rimbus; Intercus GmbH; Rudolstadt, Germany) were used. Biomechanical testing consisted of a dynamic load sequence (preload 20 N, 1000 N up to 2500 N, stepwise increase of 100 N every 100 cycles, 0.5 mm/s) and a load to failure sequence (max. load 5000 N, 0.5 mm/s). Interfragmentary movement was detected via a 3-D optical measurement system. Boehler angle was measured after osteosynthesis and after failure occurred.

Results:

No significant difference regarding load to failure, stiffness, Boehler angle, or interfragmentary motion was found between the different fixation systems. A significant difference was found with the dynamic failure testing sequence where 87.5% of the Calcanail implants failed in contrast to 14% of the C-Nail group ( P < .01) and 66% of the Rimbus plate. The highest load to failure was observed for the C-Nail. Boehler angle showed physiologic range with all implants before and after the biomechanical tests.

Conclusion:

Both minimally invasive interlocking nail systems displayed a high primary stability that was not inferior to an interlocking plate.

Clinical relevance:

Based on our results, both interlocking nails appear to represent a viable option for treating displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.
Invisible actors
Authors: Lahey Michael
Published: April 2016

This article focuses on the role web application programming interfaces (APIs) play in the television (TV) industry’s social media efforts. Web APIs are coding interfaces that allow different databases of information to communicate with one another. The widespread implementation of web APIs as a standard for information sharing offers a way for TV companies to more easily cobble together a presence in connected viewing environments. In this light, web API acts as, what Joshua Braun calls, ‘transparent intermediaries’ that actively shape the range of possibilities available in these types of intermedial partnerships. I explain web APIs before showing how they relate to media studies through the TV show Psych’s forays into designing social media experiences. Additionally, I will explain how web API-connected digital environments are used to facilitate what Tiziana Terranova calls soft control as web APIs embody Web 2.0 ideologies that celebrate information sharing between businesses that track audience attention.
Can continuing professional development utilizing a game-centred approach improve the quality of physical education teaching delivered by generalist primary school teachers?
Authors: Miller Andrew , Eather Narelle , Gray Shirley , Sproule John , Williams Cheryl , Gore Jennifer , Lubans David
Published: April 2016

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a continuing professional development (CPD) intervention in producing changes in physical education (PE) teaching practice and PE teaching quality by generalist primary school teachers when the CPD addressed the use of a game-centred approach. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in seven primary schools in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia. One year six teacher from each school was randomized into the Professional Learning for Understanding Games Education (PLUNGE) intervention ( n = 4 teachers) or the 7-week wait-list control ( n = 3) condition. The PLUNGE intervention (weeks 1–5) used an instructional framework to improve teachers’ knowledge, understanding and delivery of a game-centred curriculum, and included an information session and weekly in-class mentoring. The intervention was designed to enhance content and pedagogical knowledge for the provision of pedagogy focused on a broad range of learning outcomes. Teaching quality was assessed at baseline and follow-up (weeks 6 and 7) via observation of two consecutive PE lessons using the Quality Teaching Lesson Observation Scales. Linear mixed models revealed significant group-by-time intervention effects ( p < 0.05) for the quality of teaching (effect size: d = 1.7). CPD using an information session and mentoring, and a focus on the development of the quality of teaching using a game-centred pedagogical approach was efficacious in improving the quality of PE teaching among generalist primary school teachers.
Rotator cuff tears: Review of epidemiology, clinical assessment and operative treatment
Authors: Wani Zubair , Abdulla Mohamed , Habeebullah Awais , Kalogriantis Socrates
Published: April 2016

Rotator cuff tears (RTCs) are the most common cause of shoulder disability. There has been a proportional increase in the prevalence of RCT in accordance with the rising trend of an ageing population. In this article we review the current literature encompassing RCT epidemiology, risk factors and aetiopathogenesis. We also summarize the current diagnostic modalities, treatment options, rehabilitation and outcomes.