bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deux territoires sidérurgiques en reconversion : la Lorraine au miroir du Luxembourg
Authors: Raggi Pascal
Published: October 2019

À partir des années 1880, la Lorraine et le Luxembourg ont été marqués par un puissant développement de l’industrie minière et sidérurgique. Durant les années 1960, les mines de fer puis la sidérurgie connaissent des difficultés croissantes, entraînant des dizaines de milliers de suppressions d’emplois et une reconversion brutale. Il est habituel d’opposer le Luxembourg, devenu une place financière prospère, à la Lorraine, qui aurait manqué sa reconversion. L’histoire industrielle et sociale de ces deux territoires voisins, des années 1960 jusqu’au début des années 2010, permet d’examiner leur désindustrialisation, les points communs et les différences dans la lutte contre celle-ci, ainsi que les résultats des mesures de reconversion.
Toxicology of Dyes
Authors: Singh Aarti , Mittal Anupama , Jangid Nirmala Kumari
Published: October 2019

Colours play a prominent and dominant role in human life. The dominating feature of any product has been found with its colours elevating the market of colouration in different sectors. Studies have shown that around 10,000 dyes are being circulated in market. Chemistry has been found to lead this industry of colours. Vast production of fabric colours include azo dyes, whereas anthroquinone is also one of the prevailing complexes for cotton and fabric dyeing. The toxic level of the dyes and pigments are not confined till manufacturing but also have after usage effect of the products. It has been found that the chemicals have a carcinogenic effect on human health. During the manufacturing procedure, around 50% of dye stuff gets along with the effluents of the industry leading to release of colourful water. Modification in choice of chemicals is being considered to lessen the toxic effects of existing complexes. This chapter is mainly focused on the toxicology of dyes.
Inspiring Poor Women to Empower Themselves
Authors: Nthomang Keitseope
Published: October 2019

Empirical studies on the impact of micro level intervention strategies on poverty among poor women in Botswana are lacking, yet women are a valuable asset for the economy of the country. Continued marginalization and disempowerment of women has become a serious problem which merit urgent attention. This article investigates the potential of the Grow Model in transforming the lives of 14 women who belong to the Kgopolano GROW Group in Molepolole, Botswana. Data was collected in May 2014 using primarily in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The analysis utilized both content and thematic approaches. The results showed how the Grow Model has inspired women to empower themselves and self-transform into productive and prosperous lives. The results affirm the strength of the GROW model in promoting empowerment for social change in marginalized contexts. Key policy recommendations recognizes the limitations of the GROW model and build on its strengths.
Forest Fire Danger Assessment Using Meteorological Trends
Authors: Badmaev Nimazhap Bayarzhapovich , Bazarov Aleksandr Vladimirovich , Sychev Roman Sergeevich
Published: October 2019

The chapter presents the results of research in the Republic of Buryatia, where the number and area of fires have increased over the past 20 years due to the rise in temperature and aridity. Most of the fires are registered in the large river valleys where pine forests are formed, which have low soil moisture capacity. Fewer fires occurred on the Eastern Sayans, Khamar-Daban ridges, and the Stanovoye Highlands, where the precipitation maximum falls. A correlation analysis was carried out between meteorological parameters and fires in climate-contrasting forests. The lack of precipitation at the end of the previous summer, combined with the hot and dry spring weather of the current year, have a significant impact on fires in the arid ecosystems of the Transbaikal middle mountains. In the humid coastal climate of the Eastern Baikal region, the high temperature of the air determines the fires, but there is no precipitation.
Satellite based standardized terrain maps: a case study
Authors: Singhroy V , Barnett P
Published: October 2019

The Ontario Geological Survey and the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing are currently preparing a series of satellite based terrain maps for a 250,000 square kilometer area of the boreal forest region in Northwest Ontario. The purpose of this provincial and
federal mapping program is to produce a series of 1:100 000 standardized, satellite based engineering-terrain maps that will be published as a provincial map series. The terrain maps are being used to plan forestry roads and other civil engineering works in support of forest harvesting programs in
the region. They are also used to verify forest productivity models in the boreal forest. This paper presents the interpretation methodologies and examples of the satellite based standardized terrain maps. Our results show that image maps produced from a combination of DEM and TM can provide a base
on which to interpret and overlay engineering terrain units at a scale of 1:100,000 for large areas of the boreal forest regions in northern Canada. This method will result in considerable savings in time and cost when compared to traditional air photo methods.
Logiciel d'echantillonnage pour le polycorder
Authors: Bastien R
Published: October 2019

The Crustal Oynamics Section of the Earth Physics Branch is using the micro-computer Polycorder made by the company Omnidata to sample. filter and store numerical data. This computer has the advantage to be compact and light-weight despite having a memory
capacity of 32 K. Sophisticated software using the Kalman filter allows real-time filtering of time series data that are recorded simultaneously from several channels. The use of the Kalman filter is justified by the fact that it allows a significant extension of the amount of time that the system
can operate unattended white producing a high-fidelity output.
Upward continuation of the gravity field over the cape flattery test range
Authors: Valliant H D , Nagy D , Hearty D B , Rupert J D
Published: October 2019

The gravity field over the Cape Flattery Test Range was upwardcontinued to heights of 50, 300, 1500, and 3000 m. The accuracy of the upward-continued data ie believed to be a few milligals. It is shown however that the results are very dependent on the nature of
the gravity field outside the region of interest and discrepancies as large as 5 mGal were observed at 3000 m when the surrounding gravity field is ignored.
Velocity of the Lg phase from lower St. Lawrence earthquakes
Authors: Connors K , Adams J
Published: October 2019

The onset of the Lg phase propagates from Lower St. Lawrence earthquakes at 3.62 km/sec, and not at the standard model velocity of 3.57 km/sec. Adopting the new velocity removes a 10 km bias in the epicentres of some early earthquakes.
A geodetic network for crustal deformation studies at manic 3 Quebec
Authors: Swanson M T
Published: October 2019

Precise measurement of distances, angles and elevation differences are to establish a network of survey markers in the vicinity of the Manic 3 (P. Québec) dam site. The survey markers will be used as the reference points in the future studies on crustal
deformation. A statistical analysis of the adjustment results is used to estimate the magnitude of deformation that can be detected by geodetic measurements. The heavily wooded terrain affords an opportunity to examine a unique feature of a new type of survey tower.
Seismic wave velocities in a rock body at Chalk River, Ontario: part 1
Authors: Lam C P , Wright C
Published: October 2019

Seismic velocities in a rock body believed to consist largely of gneiss and monzonite were determined along three profiles at distances up to 1.3 km radiating at azimuths of 33°, 133° and 331° from a central borehole. The overlying glacial
sediments were assumed to form a different place wedge-shaped structure beneath each profile. The seismic velocities were then estimated using recordings of the seismic energy at hydrophones in the borehole instead of the usual reversed profile technique. The solutions for the P and S wave
velocities were 6.56 +/- 0.30, 6.09 +/- 0.30 and 5.40 +/- 0.30 km/s, and 4.09 +/- 0.18, 4.15 +/- 0.18 and 3.18 +/- 0.18 km/s respectively along each of the three profiles; the error estimates are quasi-absolute values, the calculated standard errors for the P and S wave velocities being 0.09 and
0.05 km/s respectively. The P wave velocities for the two profiles are significantly higher than those measured in the laboratory on samples from the borehole, whilst the comparatively slow travel times to the southeast of the borehole suggest a change in lithology below the profiles to the
northeast and northwest. The seismic sources used were a mechanical hammer and a shear wave gun.
Polynomial estimation of certain geomagnetic quantities, applied to a survey of Scandinavia
Authors: Haines G V
Published: October 2019

lt is mathematically convenient to describe the geomagnetic field over a small portion of the earth's surface in terms of polynomials in a polar stereographic coordinate system. The method is applied to data from an airborne magnetic survey of Norway, Sweden,
Finland and Denmark. conducted in 1965 by scientific imtitutes of the four countries and the Dominion Observatory of Canada. Polynomials of the third degree were fitted by the method of least squares to the observed values of two orthogonal horizontal components and the vertical component in three
independent analyses from the three polynomials, values of the north (X), east (Y) and vertical (Z) components, together with their standard errors, were computed at grid points. and are shown as contour charts. Charts of the vertical gradients (dx/dz, dY/dz, dZ/dz) and the vertical componcnt of
curl H, calculated from the polynomials, are also given. By statistical tests, the vertical component of curl H differs significantly from zero in two small regions. Geomagnetic components and vertical gradients calculated from the polynomials are compared with values computed from Cain's spherical
harmonie model GSFC (12/66). Finally, charts of the residuals, or differcnces between the observed field and the polynomial representation of the field, arc plotted, both as profiles along the flight paths and as vector diagram, in horizontal and vertical planes.
The 22.25 MHz radio telescope at the dominion radio astrophysical observatory
Authors: Costain C H , Lacey J D , Roger R S
Published: October 2019

Radio telescopes of the T and Cross configurations are compared and their relative merits discussed. A large T array built at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory for radio astronomical observations at 22.25 MHz (X= 13.5 m) is described. It consists of
624 full-wave dipoles above a reflecting screen 65,000 m2 in area. The dipoles are arranged in an east-west section of dimensions 96X X 2.5X and in a north-south section 32.5X X 4X. The instrument has a pencil-beam response of 1~ 1 X 1~7 at the zenith. Simultaneous observations at five
adjacent declinations are made with a time-sharing technique. Observations commenced in 1965 and will provide flux density measures for 400 to 500 radio sources down to a limiting flux density of 30 X 1 o--i 6wm - 2Hz -i. A map of the galactic background radiation from the sky north of-20°
declination is being prepared.
Mirabilis expansa Grown in Southern Illinois: Amino Acid Percentages Relative to Soil Amendments
Authors: Kritzer Van Zant Miriam S , Banz William J. , Apgar Gary , Lightfoot David A.
Published: October 2019

English: Effects of structure and soil amendments on percentages of amino acids were examined with three hypotheses for the rare, ancient, drought resistant, indigenous Andean crop plant, Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. (Nyctaginaceae), grown in southern Illinois.  ANOVA and LS-Means analyses were run as pair-wise comparisons.  Percentages of amino acids, crude protein, and total protein were dependent variables.  Peat and steer manure percentages, used to amend sand plots at the time of their construction, were the soil amendments.  Significance for p-values was at .05 or less.  ANOVAs indicated several amino acids were present in significantly different amounts between roots and leafy parts of plants.  There was a statistically inconsistent effect from peat, and slight significance from steer manure. Exploratory analyses also indicate significantly different amounts of some amino acids between two indigenous varieties of the crop.

Spanish: Efectos de la estructura y el suelo enmiendas sobre porcentajes de aminoácidos fueron examinados con tres hipótesis para rara, antiguos, resistentes a la sequía, indígenas andinos cultivo planta Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. (Nyctaginaceae), crecido en el sur de Illinois.  ANOVA y análisis de LS medios fueron funcionados en SAS como comparaciones de pares.  Porcentajes de proteína cruda, aminoácidos y proteínas totales fueron las variables dependientes.  Porcentajes de estiércol turba y buey, utilizados para modificar parcelas de arena en el momento de su construcción, fueron enmiendas de suelo.  Es de importancia para los valores de p.05 o menos.  ANOVA han indicado que varios aminoácidos estaban presentes en cantidades significativamente diferentes entre las raíces y las partes de las plantas.  Hubo un efecto estadísticamente inconsistente de la turba y leve importancia del estiércol de buey.  Análisis exploratorios también indican significativamente diferentes cantidades de algunos aminoácidos entre dos variedades autóctonas de la cosecha.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF TOTAL AND TROPOSPHERIC OZONE COLUMNS OVER CHINA
Authors: Li X. , Li Y. J. , Ma Q. M. , Chen J. , Chen F. , Yang X. Y. , Wang Q. J.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. In this study, total ozone columns collected from nine sites of the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) in China are used to evaluate total ozone column monthly mean products of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The results show the correlated coefficient of the two datasets is 0.95. The long temporal variations and spatial distributions of the monthly mean products of the total ozone columns and tropospheric ozone columns in spring, summer, autumn and winter were plotted. The result shown in the pictures indicate that the total ozone columns gradually increase from low latitude to high latitude, reach the maximum value in winter and spring in Northeast China, and the values in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are lower than those of other regions of the same latitude. The monthly mean of total ozone columns at low latitude have no obvious seasonal variation. With the increase of latitude, the seasonal variation of monthly mean products of total ozone column becomes more and more obvious. Tropospheric ozone columns are the highest in summer, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest in winter, which are mainly concentrated in the more developed areas in eastern China. The lowest value of tropospheric ozone column in China occurs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in winter and the highest value in North China in summer. The study indicates that the total ozone columns vary with latitude while tropospheric ozone columns are more susceptible to human activities and natural conditions.
FY-4A SATELLITE BASED CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL VARIATION ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE CLOUD SEEDING OPERATIONS IN SICHUAN BASIN
Authors: Lin D. , Wang W. , Liu P. , Liu G. , Geng W.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Based on a satellite retrieval methodology, the cloud microphysical properties of two airborne cloud seeding operations in Sichuan Basin of Southwest China are analyzed in this paper. The methodology for the retrieval of the cloud particle effective radius (Re), cloud temperature (T) and microphysical structure is based on the data from the AGRI onboard the Chinese FY-4A satellite. A microphysical red–green–blue (RGB) composite visualization has been devised to qualitatively highlight the cloud composition. This RGB scheme is displayed by compositing visible 0.65 micron channel, near infrared 2.2 micron channel and infrared 11.0 micron channel. And the vertical structure and development status of the clouds are demonstrated by the T-Re profiles. The results show that after the cloud seeding operation on June 11, 2018, the cloud particle effective radius increases, and the ground observed PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants decrease as well. As for the cloud seeding operation on November, 17, 2018, the satellite inversion shows that the medium and low level clouds are rich in super-cooled water with small cloud particle effective radius. After the cloud seeding operation, the effective radius of the cloud droplets increases significantly. Both of these two cloud seeding operation in Sichuan Basin demonstrate obvious precipitation enhancement results in the seeding impact area.
UTILITY POLES EXTRACTION FROM MOBILE LIDAR DATA IN URBAN AREA BASED ON DENSITY INFORMATION
Authors: Shokri D. , Rastiveis H. , Shams A. , Sarasua W. A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Utility poles located along roads play a key role in road safety and planning as well as communications and electricity distribution. In this regard, new sensing technologies such as Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanner (MTLS) could be an efficient method to detect utility poles and other planimetric objects along roads. However, due to the vast amount of data collected by MTLS in the form of a point cloud, automated techniques are required to extract objects from this data. This study proposes a novel method for automatic extraction of utility poles from the MTLS point clouds. The proposed algorithm is composed of three consecutive steps of pre-processing, cable area detection, and poles extraction. The point cloud is first pre-processed and then candidate areas for utility poles are specified based on Hough Transform (HT). Utility poles are extracted by applying horizontal and vertical density information to these areas. The performance of the method was evaluated on a sample point cloud and 98% accuracy was achieved in extracting utility poles using the proposed method.
SIMULTANEOUS LOCALIZATION AND MAPPING FOR SEMI-SPARSE POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Shokrzadeh P.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. 3D representation of the environment is a piece of vital information for most of the engineering sciences. However, providing such information in classical surveying approaches demands a considerable amount of time for localizing the sensor in a desired coordinate frame to map the environment. Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) algorithm is capable of localizing the sensor and do the mapping while the sensor is moving through the environment. In this paper, SLAM will be applied on the data of a lightweight 3D laser scanner in which we call semi-sparse point cloud, because of the unique specifications of the point cloud which comes from various resolutions in vertical and horizontal directions. In contrast to most of the SLAM algorithms, there is no aiding sensor to provide prior information of motion. The output of the algorithm would be a high-density full geometry detailed map in a short time. The accuracy of the algorithm has been estimated in a medium scale simulated outdoor environments in Gazebo and Robot Operating System (ROS). Considering Velodyne Puck accuracy which is 3 cm, the map was generated with approximately 6 cm accuracy.
USABILITY, STRENGTH AND PRACTICALITY OF THE UPCOMING HYSPIRI IN DETECTING MAIZE GRAY LEAFY SPOT IN RELATION TO SENTINEL-2 MSI, VENμS AND LANDSAT 8 OLI SPECTRAL BAND-SETTINGS
Authors: Sibanda M. , Mutanga O. , Dube T. , Odindi J. , Mafongoya P. L.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Considering the high maize yield loses that are caused by diseases incidences as well as incomprehensive monitoring initiatives in the crop farming sector of agriculture, there is a need to come up with spatially explicit, cheap, fast and consistent approaches for monitoring as well as forecasting food crop diseases, such as maize gray leaf spot. This study, therefore, we sought to investigate the usability, strength and practicality of the forthcoming HyspIRI in detecting disease progression of Maize Gray leafy spot infections in relation to the Sentinel-2 MSI, Landsat 8 OLI spectral configurations. Maize Gray leafy spot disease progression that were discriminated based on partial least squares –discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithm were (i) healthy, (ii) intermediate and (ii) severely infected maize crops. Comparatively, the results show that the HyspIRI’s simulated spectral settings slightly performed better than those of Sentinel-2 MSI, VENμS and Landsat 8 OLI sensor. HyspIRI exhibited an overall accuracy of 0.98 compared to 0.95, 0.93 and 0.89 exhibited by Sentinel-2 MSI, VENμS and Landsat 8 OLI sensor sensors, respectively. Further, the results showed that the visible section the red-edge and NIR covered by all the four sensors were the most influential spectral regions for discriminating different Maize Gray leafy spot infections. These findings underscore the added value and potential scientific breakthroughs likely to be brought about by the upcoming hyperspectral HyspIRI sensor in precision agriculture and forecasting of crop disease epidemics to ensure food security.
DISCRIMINATION OF TOMATO PLANTS (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) GROWN UNDER ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR EFFLUENT, NITRIFIED URINE CONCENTRATE AND COMMERCIAL HYDROPONIC FERTILIZER REGIMES USING MULTI-SOURCE SATELLITE
Authors: Sibanda M. , Mutanga O. , Magwaza L. S. , Dube T. , Magwaza S. T. , Odindo A. O. , Mditshwa A. , Mafongoya P. L.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. We evaluate the detection and discriminative strength of three different satellite spectral settings, namely, HyspIRI, the forthcoming Landsat 9 and Sentinel 2-MSI, in mapping tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown under hydroponic system using humanexcreta derived materials (HEDM), namely, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent and nitrified urine concentrate (NUC) and commercial hydroponic fertilizer mix (CHFM) as nutrient sources. Partial least squares – discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to discriminate tomatoes grown under these different nutrient sources. Results of this study showed that spectral settings of HyspIRI sensor can better discriminate tomatoes grown under different fertilizer regimes when compared to Landsat 9 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI spectral configurations. For instance, based on DA algorithm, HyspIRI exhibited high overall accuracy of 0.99 and a kappa statistic of 0.99 whereas Landsat OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI exhibited over accuracies of 0.94 and 0.95 as well as kappa statistics of 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. Further, the performance of DA was significantly different (α = 0.05) from that of PLS-DA based on the MaNemar tests. Overall, the performance of HyspIRI, Landsat 9 OLI-2 and Sentinel-2 MSI data seem to bring new opportunities for crop monitoring at farm scale.
INVESTIGATION OF FOREST CANOPY DENSITY CHANGES IN HYRCANIAN FOREST RESOURCES DURING 1987 TO 2002 USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Taefi Feijani M. , Azadnejad S. , Homayouni S. , Moradi M.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Forest canopy density (FCD) of seventeen protected areas of the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest are studied here. A modified version of FCD mapper based on spectral band fusion and customized threshold calibration that is optimized for Hyrcanian forests is used for this purpose. In this project, the results of applying the FCD model on three time series of satellite images have been analysed. This classification is based on the FAO standard and consist of four categories such as no-forest, thin, semi-dense and dense. These images, taken with TM and ETM sensors, belong to three-time series between 1987 and 2002. The results of this study indicate that the rate of growth or destruction of forests has been investigated in the regions. Then, using tables and diagrams of variations, the rate of growth or destruction of forest lands in the corresponding period in each class is determined. The FCD model has the ability to study the canopy loading classes in the annual time series.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAND USE/LAND COVER AND LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TABRIZ FROM 2000 TO 2017
Authors: Tahooni A. , Kakroodi A. A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the development of higher urban temperatures of an urban area compared to the temperatures of surrounding suburban and rural areas. Highly reflective urban materials to solar radiation present a significantly lower surface temperature and contribute to reducing the sensible heat released in the atmosphere and mitigating the urban heat island. Many studies of the UHI effect have been based on Land Surface Temperature (LST) measurements from remote sensors. The remotely sensed UHI has been termed the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect. This study examines Tabriz city land use/land cover (LULC) and LST changes using Landsat satellite images between 2000 and 2017. Maximum likelihood classification and single channel methods were used for LULC classification and LST retrieval respectively. Results show that impervious surface has increased 13.79% and bare soil area has decreased 16.2%. The results also revealed bare soil class LST after a constant trend become increasing. It also revealed the impervious surface LST has a decreasing trend between 2000 and 2011 and has a little change. Using materials that have low absorption and high reflectance decrease the effect of heat island considerably.
ESTIMATING ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS IN ZAGROS FOREST, IRAN, USING SENTINEL-2 DATA
Authors: Torabzadeh H. , Moradi M. , Fatehi P.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Accurate and reliable assessment of above-ground biomass (AGB) is important for the sustainable forest management, especially in Zagros forests, in which a frangible forest ecosystem is being threatened by anthropogenic factors as well as climate change effects. This study presents a new method for AGB estimation and demonstrates the potential of Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) data as an alternative to other costly remotely sensed data, such as hyperspectral and LiDAR data in unapproachable regions. Sentinel-2 performance was evaluated for a forest in Kurdistan province, west of Iran, using in-situ measured AGB as a dependent variable and spectral band values and spectral-derived vegetation indices as independent variables in the Random Forest Regression (RFR) algorithm. The influence of the input variables number on AGB prediction was also investigated. The model using all spectral bands plus all derived spectral vegetation indices provided better AGB estimates (R2 = 0.87 and RMSE = 10.75 t ha−1). Including the optimal subset of key variables did not improve model variance but slightly reduced the error. This result is explained by the technically-advanced nature of Sentinel-2, which includes fine spatial resolution (10, 20 m) and strategically-positioned bands (red-edge), conducted in different topographical conditions with an advanced machine learning algorithm. However, assessing its transferability to other forest types with varying conditions would enable future performance and interpretability assessments of Sentinel-2.
LIDAR AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPROACHES FOR MONITORING LAND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY IN EPHEMERAL GULLY SYSTEM
Authors: Xu X. , Tang Q.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. LIDAR and photogrammetry techniques were used to quantify the land surface morphology dynamics of ephemeral gully system based on the field investigation. LIDAR monitoring results showed that ephemeral gully occurred in the same location on the slope surface after every rainy season in the ephemeral gully system, then lateral topsoil was tilled and brought into the ephemeral gully channel, inducing 2 cm decrease around channel before rainy season of next year, which make it a cycle of erosion-tillage-erosion. During this process, imbricated landform was formed in ephemeral gully system. The photogrammetry monitoring results showed that most drop-sills distances in ephemeral gully channel were in 10 to 25 cm, while slope gradients were among 15° to 40°. The drop-sills distance and slope gradient showed negative exponent relationship. The results of this study showed that LIDAR technology can quickly acquire the topographic characteristics of the whole ephemeral gully system, while photogrammetry method could quickly acquire detailed morphology in ephemeral gully channel.
DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING USING GEOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND CASE-BASED FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH
Authors: Rahmani A. , Sarmadian F. , Mousavi S. R. , Khamoshi S. E.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. In low relief region such as plains, applied digital soil mapping has a controvertible issue, therefore, this study was aimed to digital mapping of soil classes at family levels by appropriate Geomorphometric variables along with fuzzy logic with area of 16,600 hectares in Qazvin Plain. Based on the geomorphologic map, the plain and pen plain are dominant landscape units. In this regards, 61 soil profiles were dogged. According to the expert’s opinion, covariates including diffuse insolation, standardized height, catchment area, valley depth and multiresolution valley bottom flatness (MrVBF) had the most important in order to generating soil map. Also, 19 fuzzy soil class maps were generated through using sample-based in ArcSIE software. Validation were carried out using achieved overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa index through error matrix. Subsequently, both ignorance and exaggerating uncertainty of hardened soil map were also done. The results showed that 19 soil families class were found. Accordingly, OA and the Kappa index were 54% and 46% respectively. The uncertainty of ignorance and exaggeration were obtained from 0 to 0.64 and 0 to 1, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that exaggerated uncertainty was the highest in the northern and the lowest in the southern regions. Generally, applied geomorphometric parameters had the specific importance in the low relief areas for mapping of soils that have not been assessed properly so far.
USING INDEX AND CUMULATIVE OVERLAY ANALYSES TO DETERMINE GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL TARGETS IN DAMAVAND REGION
Authors: Rahmati A. R. , Moradzadeh A. , Pahlavani P. , Rahmani M. R.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The Damavand region is located in the north of Iran and north-eastern of Tehran. In the present study, geothermal favorability map in this region has been prepared using two methods of data integration in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The purpose of this study is to introduce the areas with high potential of geothermal field in Damavand region for subsequent exploratory program. For this purpose, at first, necessary information layers identified and studied and then were processed. The 13 layers were identified and collected and integration with two cumulative and weighted index overlay methods and compared. After a survey of experts, the weights used in the weighted index overlay method were obtained from the Fuzzy /Ahp method. In the result of cumulative overlay method, south and southeast of Damavand volcano are favorable area for geothermal field but the result of the weighted index overlay method indicates the high potential of the southeastern region of Damavand. Comparing the results with gradient and thermal flux from drilling by the ENEL Italian Company, indicate the accuracy and precision of the obtained results.
A MULTI CRITERIA RECOMMENDATION MODEL FOR JAUNT
Authors: Razavi A. , Hosseinali F.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Nowadays, people in most parts of the world always visit, travel and have fun in their cities or other cities, and they spend considerable time and money in their city or in other cities as a tourist. The existence of an intelligent and automated system that can provide the most suitable recreational and cultural offerings at any time and place, with regard to financial capability and time and transport constraints, as well as individual interests and personalization; has always been felt. Recommender systems can be used to suggest suitable recreational options for the user. The main difference between the recommendation model in this study and the previous models is to focus on the short-term planning of a few hours for one day. Previous models were often based on planning a few days a week or days of the month. Also, the cost factor has been considered in this research, which has been less considered in previous models. We used collaborative filtering based on logistic regression to predict whether a type of places is a proper proposition to a user or not. Our case study is about recommending the board game cafés in the city of Kerman, Iran and the result shows that mixed groups between 15 to 30 years old are the best target and our model can predict if board game café is a good suggestion to different users. We used correlation based recommender systems when board game cafes are a proper suggestion for a user and there are at least two options for the user. In case there is no information about the user and his previous rating, popularity based recommender system can be useful. We also used content based recommender systems to give recommendations by having some background information about previous itineraries of a user and his rating to those.
BEECH TREE DENSITY ESTIMATION USING SENTINEL-2 DATA (CASE STUDY: KHYROUD FOREST)
Authors: Ronoud G. , Darvish Sefat A. A. , Fatehi P.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Obtaining information about forest attributes is essential for planning, monitoring, and management of forests. Due to the time and cost consuming of Tree Density (TD) using field measurements especially in the vast and remote areas, remote sensing techniques have gained more attention in scientific community. Khyroud forest, a part of Hyrcanian forest of Iran, with a high species biodiversity and growing volume stock plays an important role in carbon storage. The aim of this study was to assess the capability of Sentinel-2 data for estimating the tree density in the Khyroud forest. 65 square sample plots with an area of 2025 m2 were measured. In each sample plot, trees with diameter at the breast height (DBH) higher than 7.5-cm were recorded. The quality of Sentinel-2 data in terms of geometric correction and cloud effect were investigated. Different processing approaches such as vegetation indices and Tasseled Cap transformation on spectral bands in combination with an empirical approach were implemented. Also, some of biophysical variables were computed. To assess the model performance, the data were randomly divided into parts, 70% of sample plots were used for modelling and 30% for validation. The results showed that the SVR algorithm (linear kernel) with a relative RMSE of 23.09% and a R2 of 0.526 gained the highest performance for tree density estimation.
RICE CROP MAPPING USING SENTINEL-1 TIME SERIES IMAGES (CASE STUDY: MAZANDARAN, IRAN)
Authors: Saadat M. , Hasanlou M. , Homayouni S.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Policymaking and planning agricultural improvement require accurate and timely information and statistics. In Iran, collecting and acquiring agricultural statistics is often done in the traditional methods. Related studies have proved that these methods mostly contain some mistakes. Multi-temporal acquisition strategies of remotely sensed data provide an opportunity to improve rice monitoring and mapping. Studying and monitoring rice paddies in vast areas is limited by the presence of cloud cover, the spatial and temporal resolution of optical sensors, and the lack of open access or systematic Radar data. Sentinel-1 satellite data, which are free to access and has a high quality of spatial and temporal resolution, can provide a great opportunity for monitoring crop products, especially rice. In this study, Sigma Nought, Gamma Nought and Beta Nought time series of Sentinel-1 data in VV, VH and VV+VH polarizations were employed for extracting areas under rice cultivation in the region of Mazandaran province, Iran. These satellite data are taken regularly every 12 days, according to the season of the region, from March 21st to September 22nd of 2018. In this study, in order to specify the rice paddies area, several fieldworks were randomly carried out for two weeks, and field data were collected as well. Field data including rice paddies areas and non-rice areas were collected as ‘Test and Train data set’ and then the Random Forrest (RF) algorithm was carried out to determine the rice paddies area. The classification result was validated using test samples. The accuracy of all classifications results are over 80% and the best result is related to Sigma Nought and gamma Nought of VH polarization, with an accuracy of 91.37%. The results showed a high capability to evaluate and monitor rice production at moderate levels in a vast area which is regularly exposed to the cloud cover.
PEDESTRIAN DEAD RECKONING USING SMARTPHONES SENSORS: AN EFFICIENT INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM IN COMPLEX BUILDINGS OF SMART CITIES
Authors: Saadatzadeh E. , Chehreghan A. , Ali Abbaspour R.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This paper proposes an indoor positioning method using Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) based on the detection of the mode of the user’s smartphone. In the first step, to determine the mode of carrying the smartphone (Holding, Calling, Swinging) by suitably formed feature vectors based on sensor data, three classification algorithms (Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)) are evaluated. From the classification algorithm perspective, the decision tree algorithm had the best performance in terms of processing time and classification. Secondly, to determine the user position, the step detection is performed by defining the upper threshold and time threshold for Acceleration norm values. The orientation component is obtained by combining accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope data using Complementary Filtering and Principal Component Analysis based on Global Acceleration (PCA-GA) methods. The mean standard deviation along the direct path for the three modes of carrying (Holding, Calling, and Swinging) were obtained 6.22, 6.82, and 14.68 degrees, respectively. Localization experiments were performed on 3 modes of carrying a smartphone in a rectangular geometry path. The mean final error of positioning from ordinary walking for the three modes of holding (Calling, Holding, Swinging) were obtained 2.11, 2.34, and 4.5 m, respectively.
CLASSIFIER FUSION OF POLSAR, HYPERSPECTRAL AND PAN REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR IMPROVING LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Saadi R. , Hasanlou M. , Safari A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The combined use of PolSAR and hyperspectral data can improve the classification accuracy. This paper proposes a new classification approach for combining use of PolSAR and hyperspectral image data sets. At the first step, polarization signature is generated from coherency matrix of PolSAR image data. In the second step, in order to improve spatial resolution, the Hyperion image was pan-sharped with the ALI Pan image. In the third step, the Random Forest (RF) classifier is used for classifying PolSAR and hyperspectral data sets in five different classes including: Water (Wa), urban area (Ur), vegetation (Vg), road (Ro), and soil (So). Then, in order to fuse the output of RF for incorporated two data sets, simple majority voting (MV) and weighted majority voting (WMV) methods are used. Three UAVSAR, Hyperion and ALI images that acquired on April 2015 was chosen for this study. The results showed the ability of the polarimetric data for classifying urban and vegetation, and hyperspectral images for water, soil and road classes. Also, the combination of two data sets by using of WMV method causes the improvements of the classification performance.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A CONTROLLER TO ACHIEVE OPTIMUM SEEDING RATE WITH SPECIFIC SPATIAL MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Authors: Saberi A. , Khesali E. , Fakhri M. , Enayati H. , Koushapoor M.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Achieving optimal seeding rates in different areas of the field is very important for maximizing crop yield. Nowadays, spatial management of croplands as a modern technology has been recommended in precision agriculture systems. Agricultural inputs such as seed, fertilizers, herbicides, etc., should be optimized with field conditions in different areas. For example, fertilizing and moisture should being compatible. Due to changes in these two factors, optimum seeding rates might being different in a field; areas with higher fertility or higher soil moisture have the higher seed rates. An applicable method to reach the ability of variable seeding rates in agricultural machines is to add controllers to the conventional fixed seeding rate seed drills. In the spatial management technology for seeding in a variable rate, first, the map of required seed for seeding practice is prepared for each particle of the field and then loaded in the machine at GIS format. The controller controls the seed rate continuously using the GIS map and the spatial position of the machine at field is provided by positioning systems. The aim of this study was to select the best closed-loop variable rate control system for Hassia seed drill shifting from a fixed rate to variable rate. To this end, Assessment of the performance of a control system that mounted on the seed dill and vary the rotational speed of the seed metering drive shaft performed. The control system was included a 250-watt DC engine, gearbox with constant gear ratio, two encoders (first for sensing the seed drill speed and second for sensing the rotational speed of the engine), position receiver and navigation, DC engine controller, and a portable computer for collecting data. The response time for transmitting seeding rate by the controller was determined from low to high 4/7 seconds and from high to low 2/5 seconds.
ANALYSIS OF THE PRECIPITATION CLIMATE SIGNAL USING EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION (EMD) OVER THE CASPIAN CATCHMENT AREA
Authors: Sabzehee F. , Nafisi V. , Iran Pour S. , Vishwakarma B. D.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we employ Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) together with Hilbert Transform to analyze precipitation time series over the Caspian Sea catchment. Several studies have shown that EMD can extract nonlinear and non-stationary signals better than Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelet Transform. EMD decomposes the time series into a finite number of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) in the time-frequency domain, while FFT helps us operate either in the time or the frequency domain, which fuels limitations such as the inability of nonstationary signal processing and the lack of time transparency. Although Wavelet Transform is shown to be better than FFT, it fails to detect the instantaneous frequencies and needs to have prior information about characteristics of the data. On the other hand, EMD has shown that it is almost able to determine the signal characteristics with no previous assumptions to estimate the instantaneous frequencies of the signal. In this work, EMD is applied to identify the main frequencies of precipitation time series. Thereafter, a statistical procedure is used to identify the prominent IMF of the original signal.We use the correlation coefficient, Minkowski distance and variance test to extract the relevant and prominent IMFs. The results show that IMF 1–3 are the relevant components and are related to annual and biennial variations of precipitation time series over the Caspian catchment during 2003–2016, respectively.
INVESTIGATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GRACE TWS AND SOIL MOISTURE IN SARAKHS CATCHMENT
Authors: Sabzehee F. , Nafisi V. , Iran Pour S. , Vishwakarma B. D.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Drought is a gradual phenomenon that may intensify with time. In fact, drought is the result of interactions between natural and human activities and usually appears in the following ways: reduction in water resources, accelerating desertification, the vegetation cover change and etc. Monitoring and predicting drought is essential for sustainable water management and mitigating socio-economic damages. The GRACE satellite mission provided monthly Earth’s gravity field anomalies, which can be processed to obtain changes in Total Water Storage (TWS) content. TWS is a sum total of various compartments of water near the surface of the Earth, such as soil moisture, surface water, snow, etc. In this study, we analyze GRACE TWS and the modelled soil moisture (SM) over Sarakhs catchment in north-east of Iran, between 2003–2016. We find a time lag of 19 months between GRACE TWS and soil moisture, where both TWS and soil moisture content show negative trend over Sarakhs catchment. Our findings are similar to other reports on the water scarcity in this region.
TRAFFIC COLLISION TIME SERIES ANALYSIS (A CASE STUDY OF KARAJ–QAZVIN FREEWAY)
Authors: Sanayei R. , Vafainejad A. R. , Karami J. , Aghamohammadi H.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The application of Auto-correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Auto-correlation Function (PACF) in recent years has been improved in analyzing big traffic data, modelling traffic collisions and decreasing processing time in finding collision patterns. Accident prediction models for short and long time can help in designing and programming traffic plans and decreasing road accidents. Based on the above details, in this paper, the Karaj-Qazvin highway accident data (1097 samples) and its patterns from 2009 to 2013 have been analyzed using time series methods.In the first step, using auto correlation function (ACF) and partial auto correlation function (PACF), the rank of time series model supposed to be autoregressive (AR) model and in the second stage, its coefficients were found. In order to extract the accident data, ArcGIS software was run. Furthermore, MATLAB software was used to find the model rank and its coefficients. In addition, Stata SE software was used for statistical analysis. The simulation results showed that on the weekly scale, based on the trend and periodic pattern of data, the model type and rank, ACF and PACF values, an accurate weekly hybrid model (time series and PACF) of an accident can be created. Based on simulation results, the investigated model predicts the number of accident using two prior week data with the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) equal to three.
PROPOSING A NEW METHOD FOR ENCRYPTING SATELLITE IMAGES BASED ON HASH FUNCTION AND CHAOS PARAMETERS
Authors: Sedighi M. , Mahmoudi S. K. , Amini A. S.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Due to the importance of providing security in satellite imagery and their transmission, in this paper, a new method for encrypting satellite images based on Hash key-based symmetric cryptographic algorithm is proposed which is developed by combining the generated key and chaos mapping parameters. The benefits of this algorithm are high security, high sensitivity and using dynamic encryption blocks. The proposed algorithm consists of three main parts: in the first section, the encryption key is created using the SHA-512 Hash function. In the second section, the initial values and the parameters of the mapping Chaos are determined by the algebraic functions that are related to the primary key. In the third section, with the help of the encryption block, the encrypted image is finally obtained. The purpose of this article is to increase the security of encrypting satellite images by creating an unspecified encryption block to deal with a variety of attacks. In this regard, both aspects of security and performance of the proposed algorithm have been analysed and the results are evaluated.