bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Following Through
Authors: John Neuhaus Richard
Published: September 2018

The response to the Hartford Appeal has far exceeded the expectations of those who initiated it and of those who participated in drafting the final document. Whatever its faults, it shows every sign of becoming a point of reference that can enliven the kind of debate both its critics and admirers say, they hoped for.

The two most frequent misunderstandings of the Appeal are: (1) that it is aimed mainly, if not exclusively, against the left; and (2) that it is supposed to be some new kind of ecumenical statement of faith. To the second misunderstanding it should be enough to note that the Hartford group had no intention of saying all we believe about God, nature, the Church, the Christ, and human history. We did intend to say some things we thought needed saying about the current state of theology and religion in America.
Two Chinas Revisited
Authors: Myers Robert J.
Published: September 2018

If we no longer have Richard Nixon to kick around, we nonetheless have the former president's advice. On U.S. policy toward China, he states: “China, with its population and resources, is eventually going to be a superpower. It is vital that we help them become a superpower associated with the West rather than one that is against us.”

Sounds reasonable enough, until we consider the options. To announce such a goal might, in the short term, play hob with our diplomatic bargaining positions vis-à-vis Beijing itself or come at the expense of our traditional allies in Asia. And if this is to be the polar star of U.S. foreign policy over the long term, as Nixon suggests, what about other legitimate U.S. interests; what about the notion of the proper play of the international balance of power and America's concern for human rights and democratic values?
Southeast Asia Seen From Japan
Authors: Yano Torn
Published: September 2018

If there was a single development that stbod out among everything that transpired in Asia in 1975 it was the capitulation of South Vietnam to a pro-Communist regime. The "fall" of Vietnam holds implications that extend far beyond contemporary Southeast Asia;it was an event that perfectly symbolized the play-out in Asia of the entire history of postwar politics. Regardless of how one may judge the war in Vietnam itself, or the whole issue of Indochina, for that matter, to overlook the wider significance of what culminated in 1975 is to lose one's grip on any real understanding of what the Vietnam war meant.
A Time Between Votes
Authors: Bradley William L.
Published: September 2018

With the coming of Jimmy Carter something ended, and something else began. As if to celebrate—however sadly—the end of an age, more than eight hundred surviving members of Roosevelt's New Deal recently gathered in Washington for a party. "We didn't want to wait another year," said one of the organizers of the occasion, "because some of these people won't be here then".
Nuclear War Comes to the Mideast
Authors: Pranger Robert J.
Published: September 2018

This is a story about how nuclear war came to the Middle East. Events are fictitious. Description of nuclear capabilities and effects are actual. The sequence of events, however, is quite probable if peace negotiations should break down totally in the next few years. This story is told in an effort to gain some foresight into how a nuclear calamity might-be prevented in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
South Africa: A Wealth of Repression
Authors: Gaither Bill
Published: September 2018

From June 16 until the end of this year there will be 618 individual moments of silent protest in South Africa. That is the number of people known to have been killed during six months of low-level disruption, which exploded a hundred times into full-scale uprising. There is even a published list: alphabetized, date and cause of death, home address, age.
A Future for the U.S. in Southeast Asia
Authors: Underhill Francis T.
Published: September 2018

Since the fall of Saigon in April, 1975, the United States has been attempting to define a new security role for itself in Southeast Asia. Our ejection from the Indochina peninsula terminated a quarter-century of confused and distorted perceptions of American priorities and interests in the region, so it is natural that it is followed by a period of reevaluation and adjustment. Nevertheless, there has been a clear lack of urgency in defining a new role for ourselves in the area, and the reasons for the delay are not hard to find
The Ironic Consequences of Conservatism
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

In The White House Years, Henry Kissinger is, as ever, faithful to the conservative view of international relations he has espoused since his early study of Metternich. Yet, unlike Metternich, he is writing in a liberal democracy and must justify the survivalist ethic of balance- of-power Realpolitik in terms that give it what he calls at one point a "moral compass." What that consists in is not explicitly enunciated, but presumably it is related to the "idealism...humanity...and the embodiment of men's hopes" that in an eloquent passage he describes as his image of America when he was a boy suffering persecution in Nazi Germany.
The Improbable Alliance
Authors: Truitt J. Frederick
Published: September 2018

The strident first-round offensive in the Carter administration's human rights crusade is over. In retrospect the first phase of the human rights movement had a noble purpose, yet failed to capture and hold the high ground of national policy and public support. It failed as national policy because it did not comprehend the fundamental relationship between human rights, prosperity, international trade, and investment. Public support declined because asymmetric, therefore hypocritical, publicity of human rights violations concentrated on minor blemishes on the record of U.S. business abroad while ignoring more terrible disfigurements of human rights.
Australia and the "Boat People"
Authors: Duncan Bruce F.
Published: September 2018

Australia is being forced to hard decisions about its future. More than 3,500 war refugees from Southeast Asia have sailed to northern Australia in the past two years. About 2,500 fled to Darwin harbor from East Timor after the invasion by Indonesia in 1976, and more than 1,000 Indochina refugees have trickled down to Australia's north coast in twenty-nine small boats.

The arrival of these people poses far more important questions than their relatively small numbers would suggest. Perhaps for the first time Australia is asking how it could become a multiracial society that includes significant numbers of Asian settlers. The “boat people,” as these refugees are called, have hammered home the fact that the Australian mainland is geographically closer to Indonesia than to the southern island state of Tasmania, though many Australians continue to think of their country as being in “Euro-merica.“
In Memoriam: Tran Van Tuyen
Authors: Dam-Phuong Tran Thi
Published: September 2018

In May, a brief communication from a source close to my family in Saigon informed me that they have just learned that my father, Tran Van Tuyen, whom they had not seen since he was sent to “reeducation” detention in June, 1975, died in confinement “in the North” on October 28, 1976.

This sad message from Vietnam coincides with news just released by Hanoi's embassy in Paris to Amnesty International and the International Fellowship of Reconciliation, stating that my father died of a “cerebral hemorrhage.” Curiously, when Pham Van Dong, prime minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, visited Paris in the spring of 1977, he told people making human rights inquiries about my father that he was still alive; and earlier this year Hanoi's propaganda machine released a barrage of attacks against my father.
The Literature of War
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: September 2018

The literature of the First World War, to begin with that one, illustrates a tragic paradox: The most destructive of human enterprises can nourish the most creative. Probably no single event in history allowed the transformation of so many intense personal experiences—often presented for outspokenly didactic reasons or as cries of impotent frustration or as necessary therapy—into works of art that transcended the limited circumstances of their birth. No responsible account of this century's imaginative literature could omit Robert Graves'sGood-bye to All That, Ford Madox Ford'sParade's End, William Faulkner'sSoldiers' PayandA Fable, Emest Hemingway's AFarewell to Arms, William March'sCompany K, Henri Barbusse'sUnder Fire, Jaroslav Hašek'sThe Good Soldier: Schweik, Arnold Zweig'sThe Case of Sergeant Grisha, or the lyric poetry of Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon, and Charles Hamilton Sorley. To this list might be added such seminal works of modernism as T.S. Eliot'sThe Waste Land, Ezra Pound'sHugh Selwyn Mauberley, and Virginia Woolf'sJacob's Room.These are not “war poems” or “war novels,“ in any narrow sense, but they clearly would not exist had there been no war.
“Miss Freedom” Awards Are, at Best, Irrelevant
Authors: Quigley Thomas E.
Published: September 2018

It is not at all clear that Mr. Gastil's exercise should be treated with full seriousness. The question of “freedom” is, to be sure, at least the second most urgent issue of our time, ceding pride of place only to the increasing problematic of our very survival. But Mr. Gastil's painfully pretentious puffery (I said it was hard to take seriously) does nothing to advance and something to confuse our understanding of the problem.
Conspiracy, Bargaining, Transformation: Three Views of Soviet Intentions in Europe
Authors: Caldwell Lawrence T.
Published: September 2018

This fall and winter promise to be among the most significant periods in the history of European diplomacy. The divided halves of Europe have locked horns in two sets of negotiations— mutual force reductions (MFR) and the conference on security and cooperation in Europe (CSCE). They may transform European and world politics in fundamental ways.
U.S. Tax Law and the Price of Oil
Authors: T. Rand Christopher
Published: September 2018

The new administration in Washington has found it can afford to begin devoting attention to the malaise which has been besetting the nation's economy in recent years. More particularly, it is addressing last year's spectacular and unwarranted rise in the world export price of oil.
Beyond the Sinai Agreement
Authors: Fulbright J. W.
Published: September 2018

The significance of the Egyptian-Israeli interim agreement of 1975 is less in its specifications than in its implications, and these, as matters stand, are by no means clear. If the disengagement generates momentum toward further, more substantial agreements and toward a general settlement, Dr. Kissinger's diplomacy will be vindicated as successful and farsighted. If, on the other hand, the agreement becomes an excuse for Israeli intransigence, extremism on the part of one or more of the Arab parties, and a holiday from statesmanship during the forthcoming American political season, the Sinai accord will stand—depending upon events—as something between a futile exercise and an outright disaster.
Selling the Caribbean
Authors: Tessitore John
Published: September 2018

Last November nearly two thousand conferees from the United States and twenty-six Caribbean nations gathered in that most Caribbean of all cities, Miami. The occasion was the annual conference on trade, investment, and development in the Caribbean Basin—die seventh such conference to date. This year, however, there was a difference. President Reagan had announced his Caribbean Basin Initiative in February of 1982 at a meeting of the Organization of American States; and on August 5, 1983, following often delicate negotiations with Congress and a score of governments, the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act became law.
Renewal in Poland
Authors: Matthews John P. C.
Published: September 2018

As events continue to unfold in Poland, Western experts still fail to realize that what they are witnessing is not simply a “revolt of the workers” joined later by intellectuals, farmers, and students. Rather, it is a fullscale social and spiritual revolution, what the Poles prefer to call odnowa, renewal. It had been fomenting for four extraordinary years before it burst through the crust at Gdansk, and it has roots deep in Polish history. What the general public—and possibly some Kremlin leaders—still fail to grasp is that Solidarity is not just a labor union but a mass movement involving the overwhelming majority of the Polish people, including 39 per cent of the Communist party.
Reflections on the New Pessimism
Authors: Hurn Christopher J.
Published: September 2018

About thirty years ago behavioral scientists introduced the idea of a “zero-sum” game. Poker, chess, and football—these were “zerosum” games. Winning the game implied that someone else lost; an advantage for one party was necessarily a disadvantage for another. At that time the “zero-sum” analogy was not applied to societies as a whole. If the middle class increased its wealth, this did not imply that the resources of the lower class were decreased. The success of Western industrial societies did not necessarily imply the poverty of underdeveloped countries. The total wealth of the planet could expand; the extension of rights to blacks and other minorities did not necessarily undermine the position of the majority. These were the guiding assumptions of liberals in the sixties.

But today these assumptions are under attack. The metaphor of the “zero-sum” game is now thought to describe societies as a whole.
Intellectuals, Bureaucrats, and the New Sacerdotalism
Authors: Gann L.H.
Published: September 2018

During the last two centuries or so, Western intellectuals have experienced a considerable rise in status and employment. A research fellow today normally occupies a more enviable position than the average author in the early eighteenth century, who commonly had to fawn on an aristocratic patron for his daily bread. From the second part of the eighteenth century the market for writers and teachers vastly expanded. The miseries once experienced by ill-paid scribblers in “Grub Street” in early Georgian London became a matter of legend. Education has now become one of the world's major growth industries.

In Great Britain—despite the country's economic difficulties—the annual rate of growth of educational expenditure has consistently exceeded the average annual growth of the Gross National Product.
The Nuclear Trade
Authors: Poneman Daniel
Published: September 2018

In May, 1974, the Indian Government detonated a "peaceful nuclear explosion." The device contained heavy water supplied by the United States and plutonium that had been reprocessed from the spent fuel of a research reactor supplied by Canada. That event shocked the governments involved in international nuclear commerce into greater efforts to prevent the diversion of civil nuclear assistance to military purposes. By 1976, France and West Germany had joined the United States in pledging not to export facilities for the production of plutonium. Two years later the major suppliers agreed upon guidelines intended to ensure that international safeguards would be applied to all sensitive nuclear exports.
Mounties on the Loose
Authors: Goldstein Robert Justin
Published: September 2018

According to a recent publication of the U.S. State Department, “The Canadian record in protection of human rights is one of the finest in the world.” Although President Carter has frequently spoken about threats to human rights in Communist and Third World countries, he has seemingly endorsed the State Department view by not saying a word about problems in Canada. Carter's silence has been largely matched by that of the American press, with the result that few Americans know that within the last year Canada has been rocked by a continuing scandal in which it has been revealed that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP—yes, the “Mounties“) has for decades been systematically and secretly opening mail, breaking into homes and offices, and obtaining confidential tax, unemployment, and medical records, and checking into all candidates for political office.
The Democratic Prospect
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: September 2018

I wish to explore, first of all, the nature of the crisis of liberal democracy and will argue that it is essentially a crisis of meaning. If, as I believe, we are entering a new period of ideological candor and contest, we must examine some inhibiting factors in making the case for liberal democracy. These factors are in large part internal to Western thought, but they are also increasingly vulnerable to our perspective on the future ofthe “third” and “fourth” worlds, that is, to the poor. Finally, I wish to suggest some directions that could sustain and enliven our hope for the democratic prospect.

The first twinges of anxiety have turned into a torrent of rumors building toward a new consensus that democracy is now on the defensive and probably in decline. What some view with fear and others with hope is not all that sudden or all that new.
A Good Thing in Northern Ireland
Authors: McCreary Alf
Published: September 2018

A small Roman Catholic girl called Mary, from one of the ghetto areas of Belfast, was playing with a friend near the seaside on a sunny day in spring, far away from the troubled streets near her home.

“I know what's wrong with Northern Ireland,” said Mary in that matter-of-fact tone all children use when they believe they have discovered one of the great secrets of life. “My mother told me what was the matter in Ulster. It's all the Protestants' fault.” There was a long silence. Her friend Betty finally spoke up. “ Well.. .I'm a Protestant.” There was another silence. Mary hesitated, and then said slowly. “You are not a ‘Protestant’ at Corrymeela. You're a nice person, and I like you.”
The Hard (and Sometimes Hopeful) Facts About This Hungry World
Authors: Tweeten Luther
Published: September 2018

It is the best of times. Per capita food production in 1977 was near record levels in both developed and developing countries. World production of grains in 1977 was 9 per cent over 1974 production. World production in 1978 is forecast by the U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service to be up 4 per cent over 1977, despite controls that reduced U.S. wheat production by 10 per cent. The foreign grain crop in 1978 is expected to establish a new record. The result is an anticipated 5 per cent boost in grain stocks carried into 1979. World grain stocks are expected to total 192 million metric tons by the beginning of crop year 1979 and constitute 14 per cent of utilization, compared to 11 per cent in 1975. Expected stocks will be near levels deemed adequate by U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization standards and more than adequate if based on an analysis by D. Gale Johnson of the University of Chicago and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Black South Africans Must "Schedule Their Suffering"
Authors: Pogrund Benjamin
Published: September 2018

Chief Gatsha Buthelezi is a dazzling, and controversial, figure on the South African scene. Of royal blood—a direct descendant of the great Zulu warrior kings of the last century—he draws the natural respect of many of the country's nearly five million Zulus. They form the biggest single population group, outstripping the ruling whites in number. Buthelezi is as conscious of his hereditary role as are his followers

Through his political actions of unceasing attack against racial apartheid, Buthelezi, aged fifty, also earns the support of many other blacks. He is a vocal and articulate proponent of a united and nonracial South Africa, which brings him white liberal support.
Sakharov and the Nuclear Test Ban
Authors: York Herbert
Published: September 2018

Since 1958 it has been the stated policy of both the United States and the USSR to achieve a treaty that would ban all nuclear weapons tests. Andrei Sakharov, we now know, played a major, perhaps crucial, role in this matter. And several American scientists, including myself, played a role in establishing and carrying out U.S. policy in this same regard. During the formative period of the late '50s and early '60s we had no idea who Sakharov was or what he was doing. I believe if we had, we would have done a much better job, but the everpresent curtain of Soviet secrecy prevented it.
Politics and the Vatican
Authors: O'Grady Desmond
Published: September 2018

The hopes for a diminution of the “Italian factor” in the Vatican's concerns seem destined to founder. Despite new attitudes that emerged at the time of the Vatican Council, older patterns persist and impose themselves.

When the Socialists entered into a coalition with the (Catholic) Christian Democrats in 1962, it looked as if the Vatican would gradually reduce its links with Italian politics. This prospect would have been consistent with the encouragement the Vatican Council, just under way in 1962, gave to Catholics to collaborate with others in the building of the terrestrial city. Consistent also with Pope John's alleged remark: “Italy should be no more important to the Vatican than the Philippines.”
Energy, Independence, and the U.S.
Authors: Shaw Milton , Gannon Francis X.
Published: September 2018

In the intense debates about the energy needs of the United States and how those needs can best be met, Americans for Energy Independence has taken a number of strong positions. Given both your truly formidable background in energy development and your own heavy schedule, why, Mr. Shaw, did you decide to serve on the Advisory Panel of AEI? What do you expect or hope it will accomplish?

SHAW: What first attracted me was AEI's objective of acting openly—as a public interest group—to stimulate policies and actions for moving the U.S. rapidly toward reasonable energy self-sufficiency. This means in fuel resources and energy supplies.
Patriotic Declaration of Democracy
Authors: Christians Korean
Published: September 2018

Today we celebrate the fifty-seventh anniversary of the March First Independence Movement. Compelled by the aspirations of our people that resounded throughout the world on that day in 1919 and moved by the patriotic spirit of our forefathers, we take this occasion to make a solemn and patriotic declaration, both at home and abroad, concerning democracy.

The division of Korea at the end of World War II shattered the hopes that had filled the hearts of our people at the time of Liberation from Japanese rule. This tragic division once more cast a dark shadow over the future of our nation. Yet to the end our people refused to give up their cherished hope. They rose up out of the ashes of the Korean War, they crushed the dictatorship of Syngman Rhee through the Righteous Uprising of April 19, and they reestablished in every heart the hope for realization of a free and democratic society.
The Mind of the Most Powerful Man in the World
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: September 2018

John Chancellor did it again last night. On NBC's “Nightly News” he referred to the presidency of the United States as “the most powerful political office in the world.” The key word there is ”political.” I recall that until a couple of years ago secular commentators routinely referred to the presidency as the most power ful office in the world, period. Until John Paul II came along. If with Hannah Arendt we distinguish power from force, asserting that power is force combined with moral authority, then it seems reasonable to view John Paul II as the most powerful person in the world today. Reagan and, presumably, Brezhnev can unleash more lethal force. But no leader can compare with the pope's power to direct the loyalties of hundreds of millions of people around the globe.
Yugoslavia at the Edge
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: September 2018

Since the beginning of the 1980s, Yugoslavia has been so hard hit by economic crisis that the modern inflationary syndrome has overwhelmed both the triumphs and the pitfalls of its political system. The founder and preeminent leader of the country's socialist regime, Josip Broz Tito, died at the age of eighty-six in May, 1980, just as the effects of worldwide recession and the second oil crisis were reaching a climax. After thirty-five years of leadership, Tito left his multiethnic nation of nations with the superb sense of timing for which he was known. He also left 22 million Yugoslavs—including a million unemployed and a million working outside the country—with rapidly mounting debts to the International Monetary Fund and multinational private banks; dramatic shortages of imported fuel and raw materials; a fiscal crisis caused by overexpansion of state budgets on every level; and the tendency among political leaders of the six semiautonomous Yugoslav republics and two “autonomous” regions to compete among themselves for costly and capital-intensive new investment projects.
Japan and the Fear of Fighting
Authors: Passin Herbert
Published: September 2018

There is much talk lately about the rising level of defense interest in Japan. So far as I know, there is no country in the world over the size of 200,000 that does not have something in the nature of an armed force. At the extreme we have the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, and perhaps China. The range is from wide-scale, virtually all-spectrum military capacity to extremely limited capacity. Japan lies very much at the lower end of the scale: very limited in terms of possible missions, in terms of its own security doctrine, in terms of what domestic public opinion would permit, and in terms of Japan's perception of its position in the world.
American Weimar
Authors: Cook Robert Alan
Published: September 2018

We may very well stand at one of those decisive turning points of history which separate whole eras from each other. For contemporaries entangled, as we are, in the inexorable demands of daily life, the dividing lines between eras may be hardly visible when they are crossed; only after people have stumbled over them do the lines grow into walls which irretrievably shut up the past.

Hannah Arendt (1975)

In 1972 a conclave of distinguished American historians debated whether the United States was going the way of Germany's ill-fated Weimar Republic. (The colloquium proceedings were published in Social Re search, Summer, 1972.) They concluded that it was not, that the differences outweighed the similarities. But a few participants, such as Geoffrey Barraclough, were already worried, and today reappraisal seems overdue.
War News: Under New Management
Authors: Diederich Bernard
Published: September 2018

When, during the invasion of Grenada, Secretary of State George Schultz announced that newsmen were no longer “on our side,” he was correct. It's a far, far different world with wars far different from World War II, when our civilization was threatened and it would have been treason for a newsman to report from the “other side.” As a youth in the Pacific theatre of that war I saw my first foreign correspondent: He was uniformed and could have been a general.

It all began to change during Korea; not all newsmen were accredited in that United Nations war. When, in April, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the U.S. Marines and 82nd Airborne ashore in the Dominican Republic, some of us went ashore with the first wave of Marines. Daily we crossed the Marines’ lines to cover the rebel side of the war.
Promoting A National Mage
Authors: Bagdikian Ben H.
Published: September 2018

In 1942, shortly after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and removed any lingering doubts about America's total involvement in world affairs, the Voice of America opened its inaugural foreign broadcast with the announcement: "Daily at this time we shall speak to you about America and the war. The news may be good or bad. We shall tell you the truth."
Russia's Critical Intelligentsia
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2018

What happens to a country's genetic/cultural pool when more than fifty million of its citizens—over a fifth of its present population—die unnatural deaths or emigrate over sixty years? What happens when many of these people are among the country's most talented individuals—entrepreneurs, army officers, party leaders, successful farmers, leading writers, and the intelligentsia? And what happens to a country's capacity for critical analysis when, in addition to physical disasters on the scale indicated, it has been sealed off from the rest of the world and severe limits have been placed on discussion within the country?
Korea: What the Students Want
Authors: Hong Kai
Published: September 2018

After two decades of relative political stability and unprecedented economic progress, South Korea is once again racked with political disorder, civil strife, and student unrest. The trouble began in Seoul in May with massive demonstrations by students demanding free elections for a new government and a quick end to martial law. What followed was a virtually total military takeover of the government and even more inclusive martial law. The initially peaceful demonstrations escalated into grave civil strife, bringing Kwangju, the country's fourth largest city, under the control of protesting youths.
Forgiving vs. Fanaticism
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

I must describe J. Patrick Dobel as a “fanatic.” I do not mean all the offensive overtones that word has in ordinary speech. By “fanatic” I mean only a person who is not open to any revision of former opinions he held, and held sincerely, and at that point held for what he believed were good reasons. It can then come to pass that such a person defensively protects the righteousness of his view by now allowing no forgiveness to anyone who at that earlier time judged and acted differently. In other words, to forgive—no longer to exclude Robert McNamara from our ongoing political community—would be to admit that the author in some measure was wrong, or might have been. Or it is to admit that he too contributed unknowingly to the tragic outcomes for which McNamara and others were also responsible.
Cambodia: The Continuing Catastrophe
Authors: Stockwin Harvey
Published: September 2018

Nous allons tous mourir. We are all going to die,” he said one morning, talking with a group of journalists at Chamcar Mon. It was a sultry, thundery day. Not a breath of air stirred the mango trees. The perspiration pouring down the Prince's face looked suddenly like tears. To our protestations that no one wants Cambodia to die, Sihanouk insisted, almost angrily:

“But you don't understand. There is no hope. We have to die.“

—Michael Field, The Prevailing Wind (1965)

Another Holocaust.” “Fearful Tragedy.” “Looming Catastrophe.” Cambodia increasingly evokes phrases such as these—belatedly. Brief images of the emaciated and the starving, the dying and the dead flicker across the non-Communist world's TV. screens. They are only the tip of the iceberg.
Humanitarian Military Intervention
Authors: Nanda Ved P.
Published: September 2018

Government-sanctioned mass killings in Kampuchea and Uganda in recent years argue forcefully for military intervention on humanitarian grounds. While international law does permit such intervention in special circumstances, there remains the need to devise satisfactory procedures for carrying out this intervention as well as effective international mechanisms to ensure that it is not used to promote a nation's own self-interest.
The Geopolitics of the Dollar
Authors: Jeremiah Novak
Published: September 2018

A crucial turning point in geopolitical history occurred on November 1, 1978, when President Carter announced a massive borrowing of foreign currencies to save the U.S. dollar. For the first time since World War II the U.S. was forced to borrow from the International Monetary Fund; and for the first time since 1893 the U.S. Treasury will have to issue bonds denominated in foreign monies—in this case Japanese yen, West German marks, and Swiss francs.

What all this means is that the U.S. has acknowledged two things: that the European Economic Community (the EEC) and Japan are now its economic equals; and that America has forfeited the international economic supremacy it enjoyed since 1915.
Obligation, East & West
Authors: Pepper Thomas
Published: September 2018

World trade is often a purveyor of social and political values as well as of goods. The economic development of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore—and increasingly China itself—will likely bring attempts at changing today's standards of international commerce and law to bring them into greater conformity with those that prevail in the East. As this process unfolds, different concepts of obligation— as between the Judeo-Christian tradition prevalent in Europe and areas settled by Europeans and the Confucian tradition prevalent in China and other countries of East and Southeast Asia—will become far more noticeable than in the past.
Showdown in Jamaica
Authors: Illoway Curtis
Published: September 2018

International politics is looking increasingly like what Alice found when she stepped through the lookingglass, a chessboard of oddly assorted flamingos and dodo birds being moved about as pawns; of Red Bishops shouting "Off with his head!",- of walruses who weep false tears as they gobble up oysters; of Cheshire Cats with all-knowing smiles and nothing to say.
Classifying the LDCs
Authors: Rogers William C.
Published: September 2018

For a full generation the world, like Gaul, has been divided into three parts, the rich, the poor, and the Communists. Scholars and bureaucrats have devised these economic categories, calling them the developed world, the Communist countries, and the less developed countries (LDCs). In the last few years, however, these classifications have been bursting at the seams of their logic. Even the man in the street is beginning to wonder why such nations as Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Brazil are still "poor" LDCs and thus eligible for various aid programs. Visual evidence of their burgeoning wealth is available on TV and in the popular press. Yet the list of developed countries remains the same. It seems no one ever gets promoted.
The Nonexistence of Christian Political Philosophy
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

Those who lived by reason are Christians, even though they have been considered atheists: such as, among the Greeks, Socrates....

—Justin Martyr, The First Apology, ca. AD. 150

We live in a curious time. We are agreed that our educational and university system has been increasingly dominated for the past half century by a pseudoscientific philosophy that doubted on principle the validity of moral values. Our constitutional system is implemented through courts managed largely by a legal profession educated in such an amoral environment that any explicit value or religious criterion is practically precluded from being taught as true.
A More Pluralistic Ethic: In Response to DeMarco and Richmond
Authors: Gastil Raymond D.
Published: September 2018

By contrasting alternative moral responses to inequality Joseph P. DeMarco and Samuel A. Richmond have identified a major area of contemporary moral uncertainty. Some readers will object to the fact that their argument is buttressed by reference to a “no growth” future that is said to make obsolete the ethical answers that have satisfied us in the past. And indeed a strong argument can be made that growth will be with us for a long while yet, and this is almost surely the case if growth is seen qualitatively rather than quantitatively. However, their emphasis on this contemporary question should not be allowed to lead us astray, for the dilemmas of inequality are always with us. Most ethical thought has occurred in societies with essentially no growth presuppositions, and whatever doctrines we favor must be able to deal with such conditions. It is on this more fundamental, timeless, level that the argument should move.
The Debt Crisis: Winners & Losers
Authors: Gruhn Isebill V.
Published: September 2018

By now the origins of the debt crisis—too much borrowing by Third World countries and too much lending by banks and industrialized nations—are reasonably well understood. What has only just begun is a flood of scholarly articles and muckraking journalism about the collusion between various parties pursuing narrow profits rather than the wider public interest.

It is perhaps both natural and understandable that most of these analyses and commentaries are focusing on the complexity of the problem and offering complicated cures. After all, the number and variety of countries in debt is large and growing. Similarly, the number of public, private, bilateral, and multilateral institutions involved in the crisis constitutes a mind-boggling alphabet soup. The jargon too is forbidding. There is financing and refinancing, scheduling and rescheduling, Special Drawing Rights and Structural Adjustment, to mention only what every newspaper reader has to struggle through. And there is the umbrella term conditionality, which, of course, is difficult to understand in the intricate detail of its application, implementation, and implication.
Foreign Aid: Euthanasia or Reform?
Authors: Ranis Gustav
Published: September 2018

No aspect of our foreign relations produces more yawns on Main Street or occasional discomfort along Pennsylvania Avenue than our programs of economic assistance to developing countries. If we rather arbitrarily date the beginnings of that effort to coincide with President Truman's Point Four Inaugural, we are now in the thirty-first year of an enterprise that has already cost us more than $150 billion, with no end in sight. As to results, the general feeling is one of frustration, of being overwhelmed and undercompensated. It does not help to have other international and domestic problems clamoring for attention while one developing country after another denounces either our indifference or our interference. Instead of success and gratitude we seem to be reaping continuous foreign policy debacles amongst erstwhile or current Third World aid recipients—from Nicaragua and Mexico to Afghanistan and Iran.
Verifying SALT
Authors: Colby William E.
Published: September 2018

Salt II looms as the subject of our next great national debate. The SALT sellers and the Salt shakers have already outlined their campaign plans. And it is plain even now that a major element of the debate will be the verification process. As the intensity of the debate grows, so too does the likelihood of confusion for a public assailed by cries of alarm on one side and smooth assurances on the other, both proffering platoons of experts, dazzling data, and prognostications of doom if their views are not accepted.
Conversations in Central America
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

In El Salvador I think that President Duarte is trying hard. Fidel Chavez Mena, his foreign minister, and José Antonio Morales Ehrlich, the other Christian Democratic member of the junta, are both good men. Manuel Ungo [of the FDR] is not bad and not good. I looked at the agrarian reform and inspected a farm and it seemed to be well run, but they can't make a cent because of the world price of coffee. The price of coffee is Salvador's number one problem. Cayetano Carpio, the top Communist in El Salvador, is a very stubborn man—very hard to deal with. You can deal with some Communists. Fidel Castro is a real bastard, but you can deal with him.

The people in Washington think they know what they are doing, but they don't. I have had hundreds of experiences with the U.S. Government.
Guatemala: Politics by Other Means
Authors: O'Mara Richard
Published: September 2018

Columnist Alvaro Contreras Velez waved a blunt, black pistol. He held it with firm delicacy, his little finger extended elegantly. “I take this everywhere I go,” he said. He slipped the piece back into his desk drawer then seated himself on the couch. He talked about Guatemala, the most beautiful of the Central American states, the most populous, yet a dark and dangerous place. He said he thought his people were tired of military rule. It has been interminable in their history. They would probably vote against General Anibal Guevara and for one of his three civilian opponents in the elections of March 7, three days away.

General Romeo Lucas Garcia's time in office had run out and General Guevara was the government's hand-picked candidate. Urgent needs were pressing upon the regime: helicopters, possibly napalm, and weapons of a heavier order than they could get from Israel, their regular supplier.
Kissinger and the Limits of Power
Authors: Buultjens Ralph
Published: September 2018

In the early 1970s the international relationships that had been frozen since soon after World War II showed signs of decongealing. Sensing the historical moment, the Nixon administration aspired to be both the catalyst and the beneficiary of this time of rare opportunity. As national security assistant and then secretary of stale, Henry Kissinger was uniquely situated to participate in, shape, and observe these efforts. The first volume of his memoirs, White House Years, detailed his part in the early Nixon period, January. 1969, to January, 1973. Now he continues the story in a weighty second volume. Years of Upheaval (Little. Brown; 1,283 pp.; $24.95) takes us from 1973 to the Nixon resignation in August, 1974.
New Pals for Argentina
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

The banners can be seen across the major highways of Venezuela: “The Malvinas Are Argentine.” This impeccably democratic country that since 1958 has been an island of freedom in a sea of Latin American military dictatorships has taken the lead in supporting ihe Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands. Long one of the closest U.S. allies in the hemisphere, Venezuela now vigorously denounces the U.S. support of Britain and openly discusses the replacement of the Organization of American States with an all-Latin regional organization. Even the Catholic bishop of Cumana, in eastern Venezuela, called the U.S. position “traitorous and perfidious” (traicionera y desleal). Caracas has also offered petroleum and military aid to Argentina, and it has been a central coordinating point for discussions about Latin American joint diplomatic action against Great Britain.
Toward Detente II
Authors: Magstadt Thomas M.
Published: September 2018

Forty years ago, when the world was plunging headlong toward total war, the Soviel Union was America's ally. Ten years later the same Soviet Union was being scorned as the home of “Godless communism” and the enemy of everything sacred to ihe “free world.” With the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. the two nations were facing each other across an abyss so large that nuclear war seemed a distinct possibility. Ten years after that, at the Moscow Summit of 1972. an American president with unimpeachable anti-Communist credentials was supping with yesterday's devil in the very capital of world communism; Nixon and his hosts managed to produce an “orgy of agreements” (the phrase is Max Frankel's), including the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT 1) and the start of an era called detente. Within six years another American president was announcing that “America is now free of the inordinate fear of communism.”
Japan in the Middle East
Authors: Beeman William O.
Published: September 2018

There is hardly a nation in the world with a more prominent economic and trade role in the Middle East than Japan. By the same token, few nations are as illequipped to deal with the region on any but strictly economic terms.

Japan's Middle Eastern trade has become absolutely vital to its economic well-being at the very time that political events have reached new levels of chaos in the region. Now in Tokyo voices are being raised in alarm at the shallowness of Japanese foreign policy for the Middle East. At a recent seminar, Toyoaki Ikuta of the Institute of Energy Economics stated flatly: “Japan has no ability militarily or politically to influence Middle Eastern affairs. If there is a problem in oil supply, of all the industrial nations Japan would be the hardest hit. Because of this, Japan must make a greater contribution to security in the Middle East.’
Arming the Third World
Authors: LaRocque Gene R. , Goose Stephen D.
Published: September 2018

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. those who are cold and are not clothed.

— President Dwight D. Eisenhower April 16, 1953

Often ignored in the flurry of contradictory facts and figures, charges and countercharges about the nuclear arms race between the U.S. and the USSR and the conventional arms race between NATO and the Warsaw Pact is the degree to which Third World nations have been building large and increasingly potent armed forces. During the 1970s, Third World nations—some 130 of the world's 161 nations—spent more than $800 billion on military forces and munitions.
One Answer to Terrorism
Authors: Shook Lawrence
Published: September 2018

At 4:15 on the rainy afternoon of February 3, 1975, a San Diego Sheriff's Department SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) team mistakenly shot and killed fifteen-year-old Leland Phelps in Oceanside, California. The boy was being held hostage by a barricaded sniper. Seconds after Phelps was shot his captor, an out-of-work twenty-year-old carpenter, took his own life. A large gathering of spectators had pressed in to watch the drama. Many who saw what happened, and many others who later analyzed it on the basis of reports, blamed the police for the outcome. There is a widespread feeling that the police themselves created the situation, spawning circumstances of confusion and fear from which, in the language of law enforcement, “fatal force” was the logical result.
On Collaboration & Resistance
Authors: Rand Richard
Published: September 2018

We know, or we think we know, what happened in 1945, and therefore President Reagan travels to Europe this month. There was triumph, we remind ourselves on the fortieth anniversary of the Allied victory, but there was also the revelation of Dachau. We also found Hitler, and now we live with Hitler, remembering other names that have become entangled with his: Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Mylai. the Gulag…. Small wonder, then, that the terms of warfare preoccupying us today are terms of complicity and noncomplicity, terms such as “collaboration” and “resistance.” (Reagan himself thinks nothing of comparing the Contras of Nicaragua to the heroes of the Maquis.) Preoccupied by such terms, we are bound to think of France, of Occupied France and the Vichy.
The Institutionalization of Values
Authors: Turchin Valentin F.
Published: September 2018

It has come as a surprise to me that quite a number of the reviewers of my book The Inertia of Fear and the Scientific Worldview (Columbia University Press, 1981) classify my views as “nonliberal” and inconsonant with pluralistic democracy. “Like Alexander Solzhenitsyn, whose disdain for parliamentary democracy is well documented,” contends Joshua Rubenstein in The New Republic. “Turchin's ideas reflect a fundamental distrust of conventional politics.” Says David Paul Rebovich in Worldview: “While he advocates democratic rights, he has little affection for Western-style liberalism.” And Michael Scammell asserts quite unequivocally in the London Times that “Turchin…disagrees with political pluralism.”
The U.S. in South Africa
Authors: Suarez Rafael
Published: September 2018

Chief Gatsha Buthelezi, in conflict with both the current South African Government and supporters of violent revolutionary action, is said to offer a nonviolent, multiracial, and liberal-democratic approach to the struggle against apartheid. The controversial Zulu chief, chief minister of the tribal “homeland” of KwaZulu, and leader of the (legal) Inkatha movement in South Africa, was interviewed on February 18 at Occidental College, Los Angeles, during a ten-day tour of the United States. Rafael Suarez, Jr., is a Los Angeles-based correspondent for Cable News Network, through whose courtesy this interview has been made available to Worldview.