bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Imperative to Write
Authors: Fort Jeff
Published: September 2014

This book poses the question of an imperative to write as it was claimed, elaborated, and undergone by three of the twentieth century’s most philosophically informed writers, Franz Kafka, Maurice Blanchot, and Samuel Beckett. All three of these writers stress repeatedly and in multiple ways the hyperbolic and exclusive nature of the necessity to write, but the terms of this necessity waver between a groundless and categorical imperative that shadows Kant’s moral philosophy, and a sheer, unstoppable compulsion which at its extremes raises the specter of torture. The book shows that in each case this wavering course maps out a trajectory residually similar to that of the classical notion of the sublime found in Kant, but rather than leading to a supersensible power and a metaphysical moral vocation, the adventures undergone by these writers reveal an otherworldly space of uncanny images and endless fictive speech: literary space not as a reflection of the world but as its infernal, unreal and abyssal ground. Drawing on the thought of Heidegger, Freud, Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe, the book shows that Kafka, Blanchot and Beckett deliberately destitute their texts of any treasures promised by literature in its sublime or redemptive tendencies. Structured as profoundly melancholic, their texts are traversed by dead and dying bodies, ghosts and revenants, and voices compelled to speak in a void, but in their figurative and linguistic specificites they also bear witness to singularities of time and experience from which their extreme fictions, and their haunting imperatives, are derived.
Gettysburg Religion
Authors: Longenecker Steve
Published: September 2014

This book argues that the religious history of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding area, the Border North, was particularly modern for its time and reveals much about larger American society. Refinement, for example, was pervasive and typified American religion. The diversity of Gettysburg religion, including multiple denominations, ethnicity, doctrinal disagreements, and higher education (a seminary and a college), created variety remarkable for a small antebellum town but characteristic of modern America. Race added more diversity to the community and predicted national trends beyond the Civil War when all blacks became emancipated and controlled their own religious organizations but otherwise remained second-class citizens. When the two armies collided in Gettysburg, life turned upside-down for this lively, diverse religious community, but afterwards congregations repaired their facilities and resumed their quest for improvement. This, the book argues for moderate rather than seismic change during the Civil War era with the most conspicuous adjustment coming with the growth of civil religion, which after the war became permanently embedded in the modern American nation-state. In this way, too, Gettysburg religion belonged to the future. Finally, the book gives special emphasis to everyday religious activity and idiosyncrasies that make human behavior so interesting. Thus, this little town and the region teach fascinating lessons about American life.
Sophistical Practice
Authors: Cassin Barbara
Published: September 2014

Sophistics is the paradigm of a discourse that does things with words. It is not pure rhetoric, as Plato wants us to believe, but it provides an alternative to the philosophical mainstream. A sophistic history of philosophy questions the orthodox philosophical history of philosophy: that of ontology and truth in itself. This book showcases unusual Presocratics, wreaking havoc with the fetish of true and false. Their logoi perform politics and perform reality. Their sophistic practice can shed crucial light on contemporary events, such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, where, to quote Desmond Tutu, “words, language, and rhetoric do things,” creating things like the new “rainbow people.” Transitional justice requires a consistent and sustainable relativism: not Truth, but truth for, and enough of the truth for there to be a community. Philosophy itself is about words before it is about concepts. Language manifests itself in reality only as multiplicity; different languages perform different types of worlds; and difficulties of translation are but symptoms of these differences. This desacralized untranslatability undermines and deconstructs the Heideggerian statement that there is a historical language of philosophy that is Greek by essence (being the only language able to say what “is”) and today is German.
War after Death
Authors: Miller Steven
Published: September 2014

This book considers forms of violence that regularly occur in actual wars but do not often factor into the stories we tell about war, which revolve invariably around killing and death. Recent history demonstrates that body counts are more necessary than ever, but the fact remains that war and death is only part of the story—an essential but ultimately subordinate part. Beyond killing, there is no war without attacks upon the built environment, ecosystems, personal property, artworks, archives, and intangible traditions. Destructive as it may be, such violence is difficult to classify because it does not pose a grave threat to human lives. Nonetheless, the book argues that destruction of the nonhuman or nonliving is a constitutive dimension of all violence—especially forms of extreme violence against the living such as torture and rape; and it examines how the language and practice of war are transformed when this dimension is taken into account. Finally, the book offers a rethinking of psychoanalytic approaches to war and the theory of the death drive that underlies them.
The Rebellious No
Authors: Vahanian Noëlle
Published: September 2014

Beginning where the great masters of suspicion ended, this book aims for a renewal of theological thinking not by way of an argument against the death of God or on behalf of the postmodern turn of religion, but instead by extending and radicalizing an iconoclastic and existentialist mode of thought. A theological thinking whose point of departure assumes and accepts the critiques of religion launched by Nietzsche, Freud, Marx, and Feuerbach can make no metaphysical or ontological claims: theology is a strictly secular discourse, like any other discourse, but it is aware of its limitations and wary of great promises-its own included. It is a thinking that takes theological desire seriously as a rebellious force working within, but against an anthropomorphic, phallogocentric worldview. Its faith is that secular theological desire can be a force against the constitutive indifference of thought, the myopic fundamentalism of any literalism, the rule of nobody, or even the biopower that produces docile subjectivities in an age of capitalism. Theological thinking thus becomes a meditative act of rebellion and a way not to forget not to say nothing. Meditative and aphoristic instead of argumentative, this book offers an original and constructive engagement with issues such as indifference, belief, madness, and love.
Thresholds of Illiteracy
Authors: Acosta Abraham
Published: September 2014

This book reevaluates Latin American theories and narratives of cultural resistance by advancing the concept of “illiteracy” as a new critical approach to understanding scenes or moments of social antagonism. “Illiteracy,” it claims, can offer us a way of talking about what cannot be subsumed within prevailing modes of reading, such as the opposition between writing and orality, that have frequently been deployed to distinguish between modern and archaic peoples and societies. The book is organized as a series of literary and cultural analyses of internationally recognized postcolonial narratives. It tackles a series of the most important political/aesthetic issues in Latin America that have arisen over the past thirty years or so, including indigenism, testimonio, the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, and migration to the United States via the U.S.-Mexican border.Through a critical examination of the “illiterate” effects and contradictions at work in these resistant narratives, the book goes beyond current theories of culture and politics to reveal radically unpredictable forms of antagonism that advance the possibility for an ever more democratic model of cultural analysis.
Becoming Christian
Authors: Britton Dennis Austin
Published: September 2014

The infidel-conversion motif—in which Jews and Muslims convert to Christianity—is a staple of romance narratives by Roman Catholic writers in medieval and early modern Europe. Baptisms and conversions of infidels lead to an important telos of the romance genre: Despite their narrative wanderings and deferrals, romances often contain transformations of identity that lead to the incorporation of the other into Christian community. Uses of the infidel-conversion motif wane in post-Reformation England, however, in the wake of a Protestant theology that deemphasized the power of baptism to create Christian identity. Whereas Catholic theology had asserted that Christian identity begins with baptism, numerous theologians in the Church of England denied the necessity of baptism for salvation and instead treated Christian identity as a racial characteristic passed from parents to their children. The Church of England’s baptismal theology transformed Christians and “infidels” into distinctive races. This book examines English translations of Calvin, treatises on the sacraments, catechisms, and sermons alongside works by Edmund Spenser, John Harington, William Shakespeare, John Fletcher, and Phillip Massinger. Through charting the intersections of race, Protestant theology, and literary form, this book intervenes in critical debates about the relationship between racial and religious identity in early modern England, as well as in discussions of the social implications of romance.
Ordinary Oblivion and the Self Unmoored
Authors: Rapp Jennifer R.
Published: September 2014

Rapp begins with a question posed by poet Theodore Roethke: “should we say that the self, once perceived, becomes a soul?” Through her examination of Plato's Phaedrus and her insights about the place of forgetting in a life, Rapp answers Roethke's query with a resounding “yes.” In so doing, Rapp offers a re-imagined view onto the Phaedrus, a recast interpretation of Plato's relevance to contemporary life, and an innovative account of forgetting as a fertile fragility constitutive of humanity.
The crux of Rapp's account of forgetting and her re-reading of Plato is the idea that ordinary forms of oblivion in a life are essential for change, knowledge, and truer seeing beyond the self. Ordinary moments of oblivion both saturate and fissure a life, as well as make possible the decomposing and generative processes of reading required--and risked--by Plato's texts. It is through these processes that the soul becomes forged, such that, argues Rapp, the religious dimension of Plato's philosophy rests not in metaphysics but arises from the texts themselves.
Building upon Socrates’ suggested method of “forming an image of the soul through words” Rapp documents the vibrant, boundary-blurring images of the soul in the Phaedrus to illustrate how Plato's conception of the soul is not narrowly dualistic, but pliantly construed in a way befitting our porous nature. Her attention to the Phaedrus and her meditative apprehension of the permeable character of human life leave our understanding of both Plato and forgetting inescapably altered, if not resolved.
Zboczowe lasy klonowo-lipowe Aceri-Tilietum Faber 1936 w Polsce północno-wschodniej [The Aceri-Tilietum Faber 1936 maple-linden slope forests in North-Eastern Poland]
Authors: Jutrzenka-Trzebiatowski Antoni
Published: September 2014

The study presents a synthesis of floristic-sociological investigations of maple-linden slope forests of the Aceri-Tilietum association, occuring in North-Eastern Poland. Field research was carried out in 97 forest objects, in which 350 phytosociological releves and 14 measures of the biological structure of tree-stands were collected. Also, 209 literature releves were employed. Three subassociations, eight variants and two geographical races were distinguished. Habitat estimates were carried out with the ELLENBERG (1974) bioindication method. Also, the present state of legal protection of Aceri-Tilietum in that area is presented and attention is directed to necessary requirements in that field.
Pour une déconstruction des corpus musicaux canoniques d’Asie intérieure
Authors: During Jean
Published: September 2014

Du Maghreb à l’Asie centrale ont été édifiés des monuments musicaux comme les nuba-s arabo-andalouses, les ayin-s mevlevi, le radif persan ou mugam azerbaïdjanais, le maqom boukharien ou khorazmien, l’onikki muqam ouïgour, et bien d’autres. Afin de mieux comprendre leur genèse et donc leur organisation, au-delà de la façade qu’ils présentent, on se propose de déconstruire quelques-uns de ces répertoires, de retracer les étapes de leur canonisation et d’en évaluer les conséquences. Cette démarche se justifie d’autant plus que la plupart d’entre eux sont actuellement promus à une reconnaissance officielle qui les expose à des entreprises de restauration ou de fixation susceptibles de conduire à la fossilisation, de les réduire de la mémoire au souvenir, et au-delà, à la « mémorialisation ». Face à des phénomènes de cet ordre, l’approche de l’ethnomusicologue ne se réduit pas à décrire, analyser et modéliser, mais peut aussi relever d’options esthétiques et l’engager positivement dans le processus dont il veut rendre compte.
Musique et émotion
Authors: Fernando Nathalie , Egermann Hauke , Chuen Lorraine , Kimbembé Bienvenu , McAdams Stephen
Published: September 2014

Cet article prend pour prétexte une expérimentation menée en 2011 par une ethnomusicologue et une équipe de psychologues de la musique pour évoquer les problématiques reliées au travail interdisciplinaire. Le sujet qui fait l’objet de la recherche concerne les émotions évoquées par la musique en lien avec l’expressivité de la musique. L’hypothèse qui motive ce travail est l’existence éventuelle d’universaux musicaux en relation avec la signification expressive de la musique. De fait, la démarche est comparative et implique des populations pygmées et occidentales nord-américaines. Alors que la neuropsychologie de la musique aborde les dimensions à la fois cognitives et physiologiques du phénomène musical, l’ethnomusicologie se consacre à l’analyse du discours et des comportements musicaux qui prennent place dans un contexte socioreligieux donné. L’article pose les nombreux défis et avantages de l’intégration des savoirs et des disciplines. En interrogeant la part de la nature et de la culture dans les productions artistiques humaines, il insiste sur la perspective anthropologique de l’étude qui fait en sorte que les deux disciplines peuvent remettre conjointement au centre des débats les questions de l’esthétique musicale, de la fonction de la musique dans la société, voire de la définition même de la culture.
Active RNAP pre-initiation sites are highly mutated by cytidine deaminases in yeast, with AID targeting small RNA genes
Authors: Taylor Benjamin JM , Wu Yee Ling , Rada Cristina
Published: September 2014

Cytidine deaminases are single stranded DNA mutators diversifying antibodies and restricting viral infection. Improper access to the genome leads to translocations and mutations in B cells and contributes to the mutation landscape in cancer, such as kataegis. It remains unclear how deaminases access double stranded genomes and whether off-target mutations favor certain loci, although transcription and opportunistic access during DNA repair are thought to play a role. In yeast, AID and the catalytic domain of APOBEC3G preferentially mutate transcriptionally active genes within narrow regions, 110 base pairs in width, fixed at RNA polymerase initiation sites. Unlike APOBEC3G, AID shows enhanced mutational preference for small RNA genes (tRNAs, snoRNAs and snRNAs) suggesting a putative role for RNA in its recruitment. We uncover the high affinity of the deaminases for the single stranded DNA exposed by initiating RNA polymerases (a DNA configuration reproduced at stalled polymerases) without a requirement for specific cofactors.
Performance-oriented Architecture and the Spatial and Material Organisation Complex. Rethinking the Definition, Role and Performative Capacity of the Spatial and Material Boundaries of the Built Environment
Authors: Hensel Michael Ulrich
Published: September 2014

This article is based on the proposition that performance-oriented design is characterised by four domains of ‘active agency’: the human subject, the spatial and material organisation complex and the environment (Hensel, 2010). While these four domains are seen to be interdependent and interacting with one another, it is nevertheless necessary to examine each in its own right. However, the spatial and material organisation complex contains both the spatial and material domains, which are interdependent to such a degree that these need to be examined in relation to one another and also in relation to the specific environment they are set within and interacting with. To explore this combined domain within the context of performance-oriented design is the aim of this article, in particularly in relation to the question of the definition and performative capacity of spatial and material boundaries. The various sections are accompanied by research by design efforts undertaken in specified academic contexts, which are intended as examples of modes and areas of inquiry relative to the purpose of this article.
Designing performativity for mixed reality installations
Authors: Morrison Andrew , Davies Alex , Brečević Geska , Sem Idunn , Boykett Tim , Brečević Robert
Published: September 2014

This article takes up the concept of performativity prevalent in the humanities and applies it to the design of installation arts in mixed reality mode. Based on the design, development and public access to two specific works, the concept is related to a form of research by design. We argue that the concept of performativity may be further usefully employed in investigations (design and research, artistic and public) into digital arts where complex intersections between concepts, technologies, dramaturgy, media and participant actions are in flux and together constitute the emergence and experience of a work. Theories of performativity are related to these two works in an argument that further suggests there is room in research by design to also include ‘performative design’. The article is the result of a wide-ranging interdisciplinary collaboration and aims to convey some sense of that in its reporting style, content and analysis.
Vedlikehald av ein konstruert kontrovers – kunstpedagogikk og handverkstradisjon i kunst- og handverksfaget
Authors: Brænne Karen
Published: September 2014

Med bakgrunn i nordisk historieforsking på skulefaga Kunst og handverk, Bild/Billedkunst og Slöjd (Sverige og Danmark) studerer eg korleis to fagideologiske ståstadar, den kunst­pedagogiske og den handverksfaglege tradisjonen, vert segmentert innan ein norsk kunst- og designdidaktisk fagkontekst. Spørsmålet som vert handsama er korleis ulike sider ved form­gjevings­aktiviteten får verdi som ideologi hjå fagaktørar innan det kunst- og design­didaktiske feltet. Frå denne ideologiske framstillinga tematiserer artikkelen korleis delar av fag­fellesskapet har dyrka ein kunstig og forelda kontrovers mellom kunstpedagogikk og hand­verks­­tradisjonar. Den vedlikehaldne kontroversen synest å ha bidratt til at utviklinga av den verbale språkkulturen i det kunst- og designdidaktiske feltet har stagnert.
Preparing design students for strategic design
Authors: Rasmussen Jørgen , Mortensen Bo Schiønning , Jensen Birgitte Geert
Published: September 2014

This paper deals with how the visual approach from a design process can help inform companies about future opportunities at a strategic level. The paper follows an innovation project where design students worked with five companies at a 1-day workshop and with one company through a 2-week project. In both processes the students worked visually with mapping and making sense of large amounts of data that may influence the company’s strategy. They also synthesized these finding by creating conceptual suggestions for the company’s future products. This paper discusses the lessons learned from the innovation project and reflects on which new knowledge, methods and techniques designers should be aware of when participating in multidisciplinary strategic processes and new educational initiatives. This paper shows how the design profession’s traditional visual tools and methods for concept development can be used to facilitate discussions for companies facing strategic challenges. It also underlines the importance of rethinking design skills and communication when moving into strategic processes.
Teaching strategic and systems design to facilitate collaboration and learning
Authors: Liem Andre
Published: September 2014

As strategic and systems approaches are becoming more relevant in design education when it concerns collaborative projects with the industry, an explicit systems design methodology is needed to structure collaboration and learning among students, educators, and the Norwegian industry. This article describes three alternative studio projects for teaching strategic and systems design with the involvement of Norwegian companies. Besides this, the approaches and fundamental theories of design thinking and reasoning, which are characteristic of these projects, were reflected against each other. In the undergraduate (year 2) systems thinking design studio, the challenge was to train students to understand how system elements are rationally interconnected with their suprasystems and subsystems based on usability and man-machine interactions. In addition to the challenges pertaining to systems thinking, collabora­tive learning and designing based on a mentorship learning concept were introduced in the Vertical Design Studio, which involved second- and third-year students. Concerning the postgraduate fourth-year strategic design projects with the industry, the challenge was to involve Norwegian companies in product planning and goal finding as well as in innovation and design activities and to assess how supportive and receptive these companies were towards radical innovation/diversification. The analysis of completed projects shows that the Norwegian industry is supportive of strategic design but is rather conservative and risk averse when it concerns accepting and implementing radical innovation initiatives. Referring to user-centred and context-based innovation, this article also supports the implementation of a systems approach to facilitate social and hierarchical learning across the second-year systems design studio, second- and third-year vertical studios, and fourth-year strategic design studio.
DRS // CUMULUS Oslo 2013. The 2nd International Conference for Design Education Researchers
Authors: Nielsen Liv Merete
Published: September 2014

This international conference is a springboard for sharing ideas and concepts about contemporary design education research. Contributors are invited to submit research that deals with different facets of contemporary approaches to design education research. All papers will be double-blind peer-reviewed. This conference is open to research in any aspect and discipline of design education. Conference theme: Design Learning for Tomorrow - Design Education from Kindergarten to PhD
Pictorial Involvement. Providing access to philosophical texts via visualization through artistic practice
Authors: Reichl Veronika , Keitsch Maria Martina
Published: September 2014

Theory dissemination in design can be labelled with what Rittel and Webber called a “wicked problem”. Design educators do not only struggle with the vague ontology of their discipline, but also with the fact that basic conjectures are seldom made explicit, which impedes possibilities for teaching design theory to students. This article addresses the question of how to facilitate theoretical understanding in design with the help of visualization through artistic practice. Following the introduction, which provides reasons for teaching philosophy in design at any rate, the second section presents features of a philosophy introduction course at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO). Section three introduces an experimental project on visualization through artistic practice conducted in this course in 2010. Section four presents project results by evaluating the students’ experiences. Conclusively, section five discusses benefits and challenges of this type of visualization for understanding theory in design. Results are meant to contribute to theory dissemination in the design disciplines.
The discursive (re)production of flexible capitalism. From culture and trade to culture as trade
Authors: Skrede Joar
Published: September 2014

In this article, a plan of action from the Norwegian government called “Culture and Trade” is analysed by means of critical discourse analysis (CDA). The document elaborates on how cultural life and business life can cooperate to become more competitive and create values. As a point of departure, a text and image analysis is undertaken, before the article builds up to a final discussion of the plan of action’s relation to society at large. The document is interpreted as reproducing and inculcating neo-liberal discourses on globalisation, competitiveness and flexibility. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that the plan of action is a document on culture as trade, rather than a document on culture and trade. Through discursive work it contributes to normalising uncertainty in flexible capitalism and to legitimising an instrumental use of culture.
Bokanmeldelse: Planetveien 12: Arne Korsmo og Grete Prytz Kittelsens hus. Et viktig bidrag til en betydningsfull boligs biografi
Authors: Skjerven Astrid
Published: September 2014

Boken tar for seg et av etterkrigsmodernismens hovedverk som allkunstverk og bolig. Forfatteren behandler husets idégrunnlag, planlegning og konstruksjon, samarbeidspartnere og hvilke endringer som er blitt foretatt gjennom tiden. Spesielt det siste er av høy relevans i forbindelse med vår egen tids praktisering av og diskusjoner omkring gjenbruk og transformasjon av våre kulturminner. Den inneholder også biografi og omtale av hans øvrige virksomhet, samt forfatterens tolkning av Planetveien. Blant det som savnes er en utdypende behandling av husets betydning som internasjonal møteplass og en mer analytisk gjennomgang av forholdet til samarbeidspartnerne, spesielt Grete Prytz Kittelsen. Og ikke minst kunne problematikken knyttet til bruk versus bevaring vært viet større oppmerksomhet. Alt i alt er dette en sjeldent god, engasjerende og viktig utgivelse. Snarere enn noen uttømmende fremstilling er boken en appetittvekker til det som ble skapt i forbindelse med Planetveien, og til det sentrale temaet transformasjon.
DRS // CUMULUS Oslo 2013. The 2nd International Conference for Design Education Researchers
Authors: Nielsen Liv Merete
Published: September 2014

14-17 May 2013, Oslo, NorwayWe have received more than 200 full papers for the 2nd International Conference for Design Education Researchers in Oslo.This international conference is a springboard for sharing ideas and concepts about contemporary design education research. Contributors are invited to submit research that deals with different facets of contemporary approaches to design education research. All papers will be double-blind peer-reviewed. This conference is open to research in any aspect and discipline of design educationConference themeDesign Learning for Tomorrow - Design Education from Kindergarten to PhDDesigned artefacts and solutions influence our lives and values, both from a personal and societal perspective. Designers, decision makers, investors and consumers hold different positions in the design process, but they all make choices that will influence our future visual and material culture. To promote sustainability and meet global challenges for the future, professional designers are dependent on critical consumers and a design literate general public.  For this purpose design education is important for all. We propose that design education in general education represents both a foundation for professional design education and a vital requirement for developing the general public’s competence for informed decision making.REGISTRATION AT http://www.hioa.no/DRScumulus
Book Review: Emerging Perceptions of Research by Design. Towards a Responsive Practice
Authors: Salama Ashraf M.
Published: September 2014

Design Innovation for the Built Environment: Research by Design and the Renovation of Practice, edited by Michael U. Hensel, an architect, professor, and expert in architecture tectonics at the Oslo School of Architecture—brings in one volume 16 chapters by over 20 scholars and academics from around the globe. This new publication presents provocative ideas about the present and the future of practice and pedagogy in built environment-related disciplines, as well as how they can be adopted and adapted to promote and support design innovation. Hensel adeptly puts together 16 contributions of committed expert academics and professionals into a unified volume that speaks to academics and professionals. Appreciating the potential opportunities that knowledge can create, contributions pave the road for a responsive built environment education and practice.
Available outdoor space and competing needs in public kindergartens in Oslo
Authors: Nilsen Askild Hjelkerud
Published: September 2014

To be able to plan a diverse and flexible environment in kindergartens, available and adequate space is needed, preferably an open and coherent space adaptable to change. Hence, size itself is a factor to control and regulate to ensure that children’s needs are met. The aim of this study was to investigate how the utilization of outdoor space responded to changes in applied norms and law over time. The hypothesis was that needs for space of a more administrative nature, such as parking, have been prioritized over play area. To test this hypothesis, 201 public kindergartens in Oslo’s outer city that offer full-day service were studied. The main findings were that the gross size of kindergartens in Oslo decreased by 12.6 m2 per child for those built after 2006 compared to those built before 1975, due to legal changes in these time intervals, and that play space per child constituted more than half of this decrease. In the same time period, the reduction in space for parking and roads on the premises decreased by only 1.6%. This finding suggests that norms founded in laws win the battle over space, even if this indirectly compromises the meeting of children’s needs for an adequate outdoor play area.
Undersøkende praksis - tema- og prosjektorientert bildeundervisning
Authors: Framgard Erling
Published: September 2014

På basis av fagkritiske holdning og sterkt inspirert av dansk billedpedagogikk, har jeg utviklet det jeg kaller Undersøkende praksis (UP). UP er tema- og prosjektorientert bildeundervisning og kan kort karakteriseres som prosessuell og problemløsende, der bildearbeidet blir lagt i et betydnings­leie, og der vi forholder oss til at bilder har betyd­ning og fungerer kommunikativt. En vesentlig forståelse er at bildebetydningene framkommer gjennom måten bildet er laget på. I dette arbeidet tilstrebes derfor et bevisst forhold mellom det som uttrykkes i bildene og måten det er uttrykt på. UP forsøker å syntetisere individorientert og disiplinorientert bildepraksis. Denne syntesen knytter seg til en tredje tradisjon som jeg kaller ‘Den tredje vei i bildepedagogikken’. UP inkluderer bildedidaktikk, bildeteori og skapende bildepraksis. Som bildepedagogikk har Undersøkende praksis målsetting om å bidra til en ny eller fornyet pedagogisk bildepraksis.
Editorial. Making, Materiality and Knowledge
Authors: Gulliksen Marte S. , Homlong Siri
Published: September 2014

This volume of FORMakademisk is a special issue which features articles based on presentations made at Making - an International Conference on Materiality and Knowledge, Notodden on September 24-27, 2012.  This FORMakademisk publication is accompanied by special issues from two other scientific journals, the New Zeeland–based Studies in Material Thinking (Freitas & Lutnæs, 2013) and the Nordic journal Techne A Series, published by NordFo (2013; Johansson & Porko-Hudd, forthcoming).
Jubileum og visjoner - 75 år på Notodden
Authors: Sandven Jostein
Published: September 2014

VELKOMMEN TILFAGKONFERANSE! Det er med glede vi på vegne av Institutt for forming og formgiving inviterer til fagkonferanse. 75 år på Notodden er verdt å markere! Vi står overfor nye store utfordringer og valg i et komplekst, globalt og uforutsigbart samfunn. Fagfeltet mener at estetikk og utdanning er viktigere enn noen sinne!  Innholdet i fagkonferansen vil bære i seg: Faghistorie, undervisningspraksis i dag (ved HiT og skoleverket), fagutvikling gjennom studenters arbeider, forskning og kunstprosjekter, utfordringer i fagdidaktiske grunnlagsproblem og veier videre. Dette formidles gjennom forelesninger, utstillinger, kortere presentasjoner, workshop og konferansedeltakeres bidrag.
A new call for quality. Shifting the paradigm for development policy in Greece through competitions
Authors: Psilopoulos Angelos
Published: September 2014

This paper is following up on Kouzelis, Psilopoulou and Psilopoulos (2010), where it was partly suggested that skipping architectural competitions in favour of a quantitative (i.e., fiscal) approach was a prevailing paradigm for the building procurement policy in Greece at the time. Here the aim is to trace a notable shift from that paradigm by reviewing three case studies: the case of the UpTo35 competition conducted as part of a private development scheme, the case of two ideas competitions organized by architecture review GreekArchitects.gr as part of an open discourse on politics and urban issues, and finally a general turn in policy by the ‘Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change including a new legislative framework aiming to establish a central role for architectural competitions in the development of public space. As these cases are studied in terms of narrative inquiry, the focus will be primarily on the incentives behind them and a proposal that they all find themselves on common ground by the narrative of simply ‘breaking with past practices’, in addition to introducing the notion of quality, not by prescribing it in qualificatory terms but rather by simply supporting and safeguarding it in both policy and will.
Editorial. Architectural competitions I - Exploring the phenomenon of competing in architecture and urban design
Authors: Andersson Jonas E , Rönn Magnus , Östman Leif
Published: September 2014

The combination of realising buildings with such architectural care that they become high-quality architecture and the momentum of introducing a competitive phase in this creative work may strike most people as odd. However, the phenomenon dates back to the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece, where the harmony between aesthetics and architectural realisation was assessed in a public voting process.
Book Review. Inger Marie Lid: Universal design. Core values​​, knowledge, and practices
Authors: Asmervik Sigmund
Published: September 2014

Sigmund Asmervik, dr.ing. Professor emeritus, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), has reviewed Inger Marie Lid’s book Universell utforming: Verdigrunnlag, kunnskap og praksis (Universal design: Core values​​, knowledge, and practices). He states that this book provides very good suggestions about topics relating to issues such as how people should be able to develop in the community with others and how to look after issues relating to dignity and bodily vulnerability. This expands and challenges the discourse around the concept of universal design, and is the book's most important contribution. As a textbook aimed at students of architecture and engineering, occupational therapy and physiotherapy studies, and otherwise to anyone who is engaged in universal design in practice, as it says on the publisher's website, it has some significant challenges.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Design. Toward a Taxonomy of Design Competencies
Authors: Røise Øivind , Edeholt Håkan , Morrison Andrew , Bjørkli Cato Alexsander , Hoff Thomas
Published: September 2014

What is it that designers talk about as mattering in their professional competencies? In this article, we empirically investigated industrial designers’ own assumptions on their design practice in relation to innovation. In applying a method potentially suitable for design research, interview statements from design professionals (n=17) were categorised according to 12 pre-selected categories of potential design core competencies. Of a total of 2,267 statements, 1,990 were classified as related to design competence. A qualitative classification of the statements revealed that 1,259 (63.3%) of these could be classified under the pre-set categories. The results showed that out of the 12 categories, ‘creativity’, ‘particular design methods and techniques’ and ‘user’ were emphasised. From the remaining statements, two additional categories were revealed: ‘teamwork’ and ‘project management’. These results can be used to reveal design professionals’ self-understanding of their contributions to innovation processes.
The Norwegian School Subject Art and Crafts - Tradition and Contemporary Debate
Authors: Digranes Ingvild
Published: September 2014

This article will show the development of the Norwegian school subject Art and Crafts from its beginning to what can be labeled the New Reconstructionist Stream seen today. It sums up the essence of the practice tradition and debate throughout the subject’s 120 years of history as a school subject in Norwegian general education (1st through 10th year). It addresses several theoretical approaches to describe the history of the subject, and compares these to the practice traditions as seen in original sources. It will trace how the strong practice tradition can be seen as one of the main reasons why the Norwegian Art and Crafts school subject show a new purpose for the content, a purpose that highlight democratic design and citizenship by introducing a global sustainable perspective in general education.
Några reflektioner över konstnärlig forskning, konstnärligt utvecklingsarbete, och konstnärlig verksamhet
Authors: Stenström Harald
Published: September 2014

I artikeln avhandlas nödvändigheten av attskilja mellan konstnärlig forskning och konstnärligt utvecklingsarbete respektive konstnärlig verksamhet. I artikeln argumenteras för att dessa skillnader finns och för att de bör definieras och klargöras av ansvariga myndigheter. Vidare hävdas att konstnärlig forskning bör ses som ett eget forskningsområde, en egen vetenskap, och jämställas med annan forskning/vetenskap, och på samma villkor. Detta mot bakgrund av den konstnärliga forskningens särskilda villkor under en tid av dess uppbyggnad och etablering. Slutligen argumenteras för nödvändigheten av forskarutbildning inom det konstnärliga området som såväl behörighets- som kvalificerings- och meriteringsgrundande för forskningsanslag och tjänster.
Hello Anthropocene, Goodbye Holocene
Authors: van der Pluijm Ben
Published: September 2014

The debate about an Anthropocene Epoch that follows the Holocene Epoch is lively, extensive and contentious. Since its informal introduction about 15 years ago, some reject the need for a new epoch entirely, whereas others debate its exact start in the Geologic Timescale. This commentary argues that epoch status for both the Holocene and the Anthropocene is unjustified and that, instead, we should define a Pleistocene‐Anthropocene epoch boundary.
Brine formation in relation to climate changes and ice retreat during the last 15,000 years in Storfjorden, Svalbard, 76–78°N
Authors: Rasmussen T. L. , Thomsen E.
Published: September 2014

Storfjorden, Svalbard, is an area of intense brine formation. The brine is cold, dense, rich in oxygen and CO2, and has reduced pH. Storfjorden is unique because it contains well‐preserved agglutinated foraminifera dating back to the beginning of the last deglaciation. We have investigated the distribution of calcareous and agglutinated benthic foraminifera, benthic oxygen and carbon isotopes, calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, and ice‐rafted debris in five cores from Storfjorden comprising the Holocene and the deglaciation. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct brine formation in the past under different climate scenarios. The data indicate that in Storfjorden the ratio of agglutinated to calcareous benthic foraminifera can be taken as a measure of the strength of brine formation. The foraminiferal data, which are supported by stable isotopes, degree of fragmentation, and geochemical parameters, signify that brine formation intensified during cold periods and weakened during warm periods. During the deglaciation, increased brine flow coincides with the Older Dryas, the Intra‐Allerød Cold Period, and the Younger Dryas. Brine formation increased from circa 8200 years B.P. reaching periodic maxima during the last 4000 years B.P. in response to the unstable climate. Maximum brine production correlates with the Dark Ages Cold Period circa 1500–1100 years B.P. and the Little Ice Age circa 600–100 years B.P. Lower production correlates with the Roman Warm Period circa 2500–2000 years B.P. and the Medieval Warm Period circa 1000–700 years B.P.
Flavin Coenzymes
Authors: Ghisla Sandro , Edmondson Dale E
Published: September 2014

Flavins are yellow chromophores in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and essential for practically all metabolic processes. They occur in nature in a variety of forms. The core of the flavin cofactor is the (iso)alloxazine nucleus with the most common forms as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). A number of flavin cofactors are covalently linked to their apoproteins. The covalent linkage is, in general, via a modification of the benzene subnucleus and functional groups of amino acid side chains. As cofactors, flavins are distinguished by their ability to catalyse a wide variety of different processes. These include oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions, the activation of dioxygen, electron transfer, photo(bio)chemistry, the emission of light, reactions such as rearrangements not involving apparent, net redox steps, regulation processes and structural roles.

Key Concepts:

A salient property of the flavin cofactor core is its ability to catalyse a vast variety of chemical reactions.

Chemical variation of a basic molecule (the isoalloxazine) leads to several (modified) coenzymes that can differ significantly in their catalytic properties.

The type and position of the modification is a key determinant for the properties of the (modified) coenzyme.

Modified cofactors can be used – upon substitution of the native cofactor – to study the mechanisms of the catalysed reactions.

The cofactor interacts with the protein in many different ways. These, in turn, affect the properties of the cofactor as a catalyst. The result is a disparate selection of catalytic functions.

The flavin has – depending on its redox and ionisation state – characteristic spectral properties (both with respect to absorbance and fluorescence). These are conveniently employed to analyse the different species, their properties and conversions.
Caulimoviridae
(Plant Pararetroviruses)
Authors: Geering Andrew DW
Published: September 2014

Family
Caulimoviridae
comprises seven genera of plant viruses whose members replicate by reverse transcription and whose virions contain
double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
. In a recent survey of the international scientific community,
Cauliflower mosaic virus
(CaMV), the type species of the family, was ranked sixth in the world in a list of the most scientifically or economically important plant viruses. This notoriety is due purely to the major conceptual advances that have been made in plant virology using CaMV as a model pathogen. However, several relatively lesser known viruses in the family, such as
Rice tungro bacilliform virus
and
Cacao swollen shoot virus
, are very serious constraints to crop production in tropical regions of the world. In this article, information on the taxonomy, replication cycle, vector transmission, epidemiology and disease management of this important group of plant viruses is summarised.

Key Concepts:

The
Caulimoviridae
is the only family of plant viruses with a double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) genome, and in common with all viral retroelements, incorporates a reverse transcription step in the replication cycle.

Cauliflower mosaic virus
is the type species of the family, and has been a very important model plant virus for elucidating fundamental aspects of virus replication, cell‐to‐cell movement and aphid transmission.

Members of the
Caulimoviridae
are most prominent in tropical regions, where they cause serious diseases such as rice tungro, cacao swollen shoot and banana streak disease.

The most important component of a control programme for these viruses is to reduced inoculum levels by using clean planting material, avoiding overlapping crops, and removing diseased plants and alternative hosts of the virus.

In some host species, infection can arise as a consequence of activation of viral DNA that is integrated in the nuclear genome of the plant.
HIV
Life Cycle and Inherited Co‐Receptors
Authors: Bukrinsky Michael I
Published: September 2014

Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) is a
Lentivirus
of the family
Retroviridae
, members of which cause a number of neurological and immunological diseases in humans and animals. HIV is the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The disease is caused by virus‐mediated depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, preferentially CCR5‐positive memory T cells. Most of these cells localise to mucosal tissue, in particular gut mucosa, and disruption of the gut mucosal barrier is an early feature of HIV infection that determines the pathogenesis of the disease. More than 20 years of intensive studies identified the molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication and disease pathogenesis and provided the foundation for development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccine. This article provides a brief overview of the HIV life cycle and focuses on receptors that determine viral binding and entry into the target cells.

Key Concepts:

Virus entry into target cell is initiated by interaction between gp120 and cell receptors.

HIV preferentially targets memory CD4+ T cells that localise to mucosal lymphoid tissue, in particular the gut mucosa.

HIV replication includes a number of distinct steps: virus–cell fusion and entry, uncoating, reverse transcription and formation of the pre‐integration complex (PIC), PIC nuclear entry and integration, transcription and translation of proviral DNA, viral assembly and release of nascent virions and maturation and formation of infectious virions.

To infect a target cell, virus needs to counteract the activity of multiple cellular antiviral factors (APOBEC3, SAMHD1, tetherin), most of which activated by interferon. HIV accessory proteins have evolved to perform this function.

Receptors determine not only the first step of HIV interaction with the target cell, but also regulate post‐entry events in viral replication.

Characterisation of the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV replication and interaction with the target cells provides an opportunity to develop anti‐HIV therapeutics and vaccine.