bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem Services in Strategic Environmental Assessment: a Case Study of an Urban Development Plan in Gallipoli City
Authors: Semeraro Teodoro , Arzeni Stefano , Turco Alessio , Medagli Pietro
Published: December 2020

The growth of urban populations leads to cities and their suburbs to spread, expand, and replace agricultural and natural lands. Indeed, urbanization brings to land-use change, altering the relationship between human societies and environmental resources with loss of important natural and rural ecosystem goods and services. In urban areas, the elements that provide ecosystem services are defined as ‘green infrastructure’. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is an appraisal process introduced in the EU regulation with Directive 2001/42/CE to assess the effect of the Plans and Programmes on the environment and human well-being. An important part of SEA processes is represented by the analysis of different scenarios of the urban development with mitigation measures: actions must be implemented in order to avoid and reduce the expected adverse environmental impacts. Currently, among these measures, few or none takes into consideration the assessment of ecosystem services, and therefore, the concept of ecosystem services in urban planning is purely conceptual than practical. Starting from a case study in the Gallipoli municipality, South Italy, we propose a methodological analysis to evaluate ecosystem services in a SEA process. In particular, we have analyzed different urban scenarios in synergy with the mitigation measures proposed. The results show a decrease in ecosystem services passing from the current agricultural land use to an urban development forecast with the enhancement of ecosystem services if we apply specific mitigation actions to the original urban plan. Authors believe that a correct and profitable assessment of ecosystem services in SEA strategy allows passing from an approach mainly oriented towards a conservation purpose to an approach aimed also to the improvement of ecosystem services within the territory transformation processes. In accordance with the spontaneous vegetation and the typical crops of the area, the mitigation measures developed are mainly focalized on green infrastructures that can increase the ecological functions.
A Study on the Construction of Informal Learning Spaces (ILSs) on University Campuses in China
Authors: Wang Jierui
Published: December 2020

The main research object of this paper is informal learning spaces (ILSs) on Chinese university campuses. Due to the traditional educational system, Chinese dominated pedagogy is examination-oriented and talent training, which restrict students’ abilities of self-learning and group collaboration, so students lack reasonable and effective independent and cooperative learning opportunities and awareness. Additionally, because of the influence of national government will, most of Chinese university campuses construction process lack the consideration of the main users of them-students. They are hard to meet the students’ rich daily lives, lacking the construction of ILSs. The students’ learning and life on the campus are fixed on the three points of “classroom-dining hall-dormitory”. Lacking the construction of spatial layers and atmosphere, public spaces on campuses are difficult to attract students to stay, to carry out various activities and to meet the diverse learning patterns of contemporary university students. According to the problems above, this paper puts forward the construction strategy of ILSs on university campuses by means of interviews and questionnaire. On the basis of this theory, this paper analyses the various environmental factors on the campuses based on the survey questionnaire, and further puts forward the conceptive ILSs unit model, which is suitable for outdoor and indoor spaces on campuses. Finally, according to the classification of external space and internal space, the six sorts of campus spaces which are square, landscape, pedestrian, architectural entrance, architectural transport and architectural atrium, are discussed respectively, and the construction strategies and theoretical models of ILSs which are suitable for these spaces are summarised. With the reforming of China’s education, the pedagogy of higher education is changing gradually. The proportion of formal learning and informal learning will be balanced. Thus, the strategies and models this paper points out will help to advance this trend and the development of informal learning in Chinese higher educational institutions. However, the limitation is obvious, lacking of real cases to verify the validity of the results, so they are still theoretical.
Health-Promoting Places: Architectural Variety
Authors: Trojanowska Monika
Published: December 2020

There are pristine landscapes that are believed to stimulate the processes of healing. The purpose of this research is to find the features which can be installed into the urban environment to promote health and well-being. Many researchers stipulate that one of such qualities is a certain level of complexity and details. Dull, repetitious environments are linked to modern diseases. One of the important health-promoting features seems to be the architectural variety. In this paper selected aspects of architecture and health-promotion are discussed using examples from ecological neighborhoods in Europe.
Comparison of Geometric and Experimental Models for the Assessment of the Runout and Deposition Height of a Debris Flow in Cohesive Soils
Authors: Hurtado María Isabel , Vega Johnny Alexander , Hidalgo César Augusto
Published: December 2020

The objective of this paper is to validate if one dimensional runout and height deposition prediction models are suitable for large-scale landslides (debris flows in cohesive soils) based on a small-laboratory-scale test, because landslides are unpredictable hazards and involve a great quantity of triggering variables which in most cases determine the mass movement behavior during its trajectory. Due to many of these variables cannot be obtained from theoretical methods, since they are natural to the soil composition, and to the high rheological variation this soil masses suffer during all the deposition process, it is necessary finding adaptable tools and assessment methods that require simple information, such as terrain slope and soil water content. This becomes one of the main reasons for this type researches. A laboratory experiment was designed which ground slope and soil water content were involved. Several laboratory-scale trials were performed, analysed, compared and validated with one-dimensional runout prediction models as Fahrböschung model and modified gradient model, where its suitability is discussed. Regarding models that involve more advanced tools for the analysis of a landslide, like the modified gradient model, it can be affirmed that its results are reliable and clearly reflect the sliding mass behaviour in a real scenario, without mentioning the advantages using a tool like geographic information system in cases where an exhaustive analysis of all the variables that influence a landslide is needed. In conclusion, a geometric model as the modified gradient model can be used for important analysis that require runout and height deposition estimations for the calculation of a structure physical vulnerability subject to the lateral forces of a sliding soil mass. This is an important parameter to cities planning.
Short Review on Soil-Structure Implementation in Base Isolated Structures
Authors: Bezha Kristiana , Yanik Arcan
Published: December 2020

Structural control is a subject that has been gaining interest for almost the last forty years. However, soil-structure interaction (SSI) implementation in control studies is relatively new, but it has attracted many researchers’ attention for both theoretical and experimental research. Besides structural control SSI is an important topic which should be studied more. SSI was not considered during the design stages of different structures, which led in the unexpected results after the earthquakes. In this paper the studies considering SSI in base isolated structures are reviewed. From the structural and earthquake engineering point of view, many studies considered near or far fault earthquakes and used scaled mathematical models for numerical examples. Most of the research is based on existing results of the earthquakes and real building damages. On the other hand, there are some researchers who designed scaled structures to perform experimental works under artificial earthquake excitation in order to investigate the seismic performance of the structures. This study aims to demonstrate the conclusion and numerical examples obtained from base isolation studies considering SSI. With regards to the short review, it can be mentioned that SSI affects the structure and the behaviour of the base isolation. Considering SSI in base isolation research might increase the authenticity of the corresponding study and might result in more realistic results than fixed base structural analysis.
Perception of Structure-Borne Sound in Buildings in Context of Vibration Comfort of Human in the Buildings
Authors: Nering Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

Structure-borne noise is an extremely complex issue considering comfort of room users. The purpose of this work is to focus on the impact of vibration on humans in building together with the structure-borne noise generated by vibrating partitions of the room. Radiation of noise from vibrating partitions creates structure-borne noise, which is an additional stimulus, in addition to mechanical vibration of the floor. This means it may result in reduced comfort. Based on the review of current knowledge, it can be concluded that the perception of two simultaneous stimuli causes more annoyance than considering stimuli separately. Considering the fact that vibrations and structure-borne noise, due to the mechanics of the phenomenon, usually occur together, it is necessary to analyse the existing comfort assessment criteria. In addition, validity of given existing criteria has to be verified in the light of the phenomenon of structure-borne noise. This task was carried out using models with different approaches to the phenomenon. Basing on the given values of accelerations or velocities of floor two models were created. First model consists of single vibrating plate, with known vibration velocity. Vibrating plate radiates sound inside the modelled room. Sound pressure level was estimated using simple theoretical formulas present in literature. Second model is prepared as 3D FEM model with shell elements surrounding the room. Air was modelled inside room with 3D elements. Sound pressure level was calculated from simulations. The work aimed at determining the legitimacy of the assumption in the Polish standard PN-B-02171:2017 of mechanical vibration perception threshold and the admissible values determining mechanical vibrations.
Deformability of Steel-Fiber Beams with External Tape Reinforcement
Authors: Kinasz Roman , Bilozir Vitaliy , Shmyh Roman , Bidenko Ivanna
Published: December 2020

In 2013, the Lviv National Agrarian University patented the construction of a steel-fiber concrete beam, additionally reinforced with an external steel ribbon armature with end anchors. This technical solution allows reducing the cost of the structure by reducing the complexity of its manufacture, due to the absence of a reinforcing frame in the structure. The purpose of this work is to develop proposals for a refined calculation method of deflections of steel-fiber concrete beams with tape reinforcement on the basis of our experimental studies. 3 beams with dimensions 1500x150x60 mm were manufactured. Beam B-1, reinforced with steel tape 1500x60x3 mm with end stops, did not contain fiber. Beams BF-2 and BF-3 in addition to the specified reinforcement contained fiber, corresponding the coefficient of fiber reinforcement by volume, ρfν
= 1,5% i 2% respectively. Compressed prisms of 400x100x100 mm and stretched samples of 700x100x60 mm were also tested to determine the mechanical characteristics of concrete and steel-fiber concrete. Loose beams with a working run of 1400 mm were tested with concentrated force applied along the middle of the length. Mass production fiber produced both in Ukraine and abroad with bent ends HE 1050 1 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length was used for reinforcement. The percentage of fiber reinforcement by volume of concrete beams was taken ρfν
= 1.5% and 2% to provide enough bearing capacity of the inclined sections. The cement of grade 400 (activity 42.3 MPa) of the Ivano-Frankivsk plant was used to obtain C20 /25 concrete. The test samples were made of fine-grained concrete containing sand from the Yasinets quarry with a fineness modulus of not more than 2.5. Mixtures for beams were made in a forced mixer. The composition of the mixture was chosen so that the settling of the cone did not exceed 4-6 cm and that the fiber did not settle to the bottom of the form. The composition of the mixture per 1 m3 of the mixture was as follows: cement - 549 kg, sand - 1647 kg, water - 285,5 l. The deflections of the steel-concrete beams were smaller than the steel-concrete beams at equal moments. For example, at the moment of 210 kN·cm the experimental deflection values of beams B-1, BF-2 and BF-3 were equal to 0.116; 0.081 and 0.064 cm, and at the moment 420 kN·cm - 0.380; 0.213 and 0.140 cm, respectively. In this paper, it is proposed to determine deflections using the Mora integral and taking into account the results of the calculation of beams by deformation method. The ratio of theoretical and experimental values of deflections was equal to 0.93 … 1.14.
The Marina Bay Sands Complex in Singapore: A Modern Marvel of Structure and Technology
Authors: Szolomicki Jerzy , Golasz-Szolomicka Hanna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents architectural and structural analysis of the Marina Bay Sands complex in Singapore, which consists of a hotel, an exhibition and convention centre with shopping centers, two theatres and Art-Science museum. The Moshe Safdie Architects architectural studio created an unusual complex that shows Singapore as a center of innovation, culture and entertainment. This complex fits perfectly into the architecture of Singapore, which is full of ecological solutions and surrounded by vegetation that is dominated by orchids (the national flower of Singapore). Hotel Marina Bay Sands is the main building of the complex. The hotel complex consists of three 55-storey towers and is situated on the axes of two streets. The spectacular design, which is now the island’s hallmark, required many complicated structural solutions that can be considered as a modern marvel of structure and technology. The design of the hotel building, the co-contractor of which was Arup Company, due to its geometry and location on the reclaimed land of Marina Bay was recognized as the most difficult architectural task in the world. The important aim in the design of the whole complex was to ensure perfect sound and thermal insulation inside the buildings while using natural elements. In the Art-Science Museum, as well as in the two theatres, a façade cladding system consisting of blocks of mineral wool was used, which significantly increases the evacuation time in the event of a fire. The complex, which is characterized by high strength buildings, good acoustics and high fire safety, was created thanks to multi-sector cooperation. Marina Bay Sands complex have played important role in development of technological and structural solutions for such type of structures.
Selected Modern Public Culture and Educational Buildings in Countries of the Persian Gulf
Authors: Golasz-Szolomicka Hanna , Szolomicki Jerzy
Published: December 2020

Over the past few decades Persian Gulf countries have been strategically working towards diversification of their economies by transforming their natural resources exploitation incomes into other areas of investment and infrastructure. Economic transformation have always affected on urban development. New urban identity of the leading countries of the Persian Gulf creates a new paradigm by constructing a new tradition as alternative contemporary heritage. Analyzing the development strategy of the Gulf cities, which main goal was to achieve the global city statute, three directions of this transformation can be distinguished. The first one is to transform the city into a replica of global metropolises such as New York, Chicago or Hong Kong. The second is the implementation of international projects related to the construction of cultural and educational buildings of global importance. The third direction is related to the concept of organizing global events. In this paper, the authors focused on the architectural and structural analysis of selected public culture and educational buildings in Doha (Qatar) and Dubai (United Arab Emirates). These countries have developed their vision for the future by giving unprecedented importance to the cultural and educational sector and have invested in economically powerful and rapidly growing regional cultural and educational hubs, what has provided domestic and international benefits of both the financial and reputational nature. At the beginning of the XXI century, Dubai and Doha introduced a new model of urbanism. As a result, Doha was designated as the “Arab Capital of Culture” by UNESCO in 2010. Doha’s and Dubai’s plan for world class of cultural and educational buildings include, among others, buildings such as the National Museum of Qatar, the Museum of Islamic Art, the Qatar National Congress Center, the Dubai Opera House and the Dubai Future Museum.
Recycling of Wood-Polymer Composites in Relation to Substrates and Finished Products
Authors: Stanaszek-Tomal Elżbieta
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, the aim is to minimize the impact of a product or service on the environment in all phases of its life cycle. In particular, this applies to those in which the impact is greatest. One of the techniques that allow comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of manufactured products is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). With this method, an environmental declaration is made for the products obtained. WPC composites can be made in a sustainable way, without wasting any material and without altering. WPC composites can be made in a sustainable way, without wasting any material and without altering. Composites with wood fillers may be competitive to materials with inorganic fillers. Wood-polymer composites can be produced from original natural raw materials. They can also be obtained as a result of recycling, where either wood or polymers come from the recyclate. It is also possible to use both components from recovery. Another way is to use WPC as a future raw material. Research on the utilization of waste from such materials is also conducted in a number of research centres, taking material recycling as the basic direction, and technical products are manufactured from the obtained recyclate.
The Technologies Optimization for the Treatment of Underground Water with Iron and Arsenic Content – A Case Study
Authors: Dumitru Petre-Pavel , Florescu Constantin , Girbaciu Alina , Vâju Dumitru
Published: December 2020

Generally, in Romania, the water treatment aimed at removing the classic compounds of iron, manganese, ammonium, nitrates / nitrites, etc. by the known classical technologies (chemical coagulation, precipitation, decantation, slow / fast filtration with free / under pressure, disinfection). When in the raw water, besides the classical compounds, heavy metals semi-metals are also found, together with the classical treatment technologies, advanced technologies are required combined, known as hybrid processes (Electro-coagulation / EC, oxidation, adsorption / exchange ions, membrane filtration -UF / NF / RO), which can lead to the desired results. Along with iron, manganese, ammonium, nitrites / nitrates, arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the Earth’s crust. Arsenic in drinking water is a global problem affecting the population worldwide because the arsenic and its components have carcinogenic properties. Regarding the elimination of arsenic (As) found in the water especially collected from the underground, the studies and researches applied were much more restricted and the applications completely isolated, at present the subject being more intensely approached. This situation is also caused by the fact that the Water Framework Directive no.98_83_CEE, transposed into national legislation, lowered the Arsenic (As) chemical indicator limit to 10 μg As / L (from 50 μg As / L). An alternative / complementary technology with low maintenance costs for underground treatment is Electro-oxidation/coagulation (EC), which has been of increasing interest in the last decade. The use of pilot stations / equipment for studying potential treatment technologies is essential for optimizing the treatment schemes and in order to avoid the implementation of costly technologies that cannot work for various reasons. In this case study, it was analysed comparatively from the efficiency point of view combining and optimizing oxidation-coagulation-filtration technologies in a pilot station for water treatment with iron, manganese and arsenic content, coming from the medium depth underground source (western Romania). In the initially provided technological flow (oxidation with ozone, multimedia filtration and disinfection with hypochlorite for the remanence), an electro-coagulation / oxidation (EC) cell was introduced upstream of the multimedia filter. This process aimed at eliminating the use of chemicals (ferric chloride) from the coagulation process that would have caused the rapid alteration of the multimedia filter and consequently increased operating costs. The results showed that compared to conventional technologies, the EC advantage includes high disposal efficiency, a compact treatment plant and the possibility of complete automation.
Remediation and Monitoring of Unstable Slope of Railway Cut
Authors: Kopecký Miloslav , Ondrášik Martin , Brček Martin
Published: December 2020

As part of the railway tracks modernization in Slovakia, a cut with a maximum depth of approximately 11 meters and a length of approximately 200 meters was built in the vicinity of the capital Bratislava. During the realization of the cut, in complicated engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions, several instabilities and landslides occurred. This resulted in several remediation measures on a 200-meter long cut which were not considered in the original design proposal. After construction, geotechnical monitoring is carried out on the slope. The geotechnical monitoring aims to verify and control the effectiveness of remediation measures to maintain the safe operation of the rail transportation. This paper evaluates the results of 3-year geotechnical monitoring and analyses its relationship to the given warning level.
MOC Cement-Based Composites with Silica Filler and Wood Chips Ash Admixture
Authors: Pivák Adam , Pavlíková Milena , Záleská Martina , Jankovský Ondřej , Lojka Michal , Pavlík Zbyšek
Published: December 2020

As Portland cement and cement-based materials are the most widespread materials in construction industry, there is a concern to develop and search cement alternative materials with similar or better functional properties and a lower negative environmental impact. Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) is considered as low-energy and low-carbon binder possessing some advantageous properties superior to Portland cement. Therefore, lightweight MOC-based composites were designed and tested in the presented study. As filler, silica sand was used in composition of control composite mix. Later, it was partially replaced with wood chips ash coming from bioenergy production from biomass. The chemical composition and morphology of wood chips ash were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. For the hardened composites, bulk density, specific density, and total open porosity were measured. Among mechanical parameters, flexural and mechanical strengths were tested. The thermal performance of composites was studied using a transient hot disk method and the assessed parameters were thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. The use of fly ash led to the great decrease in porosity compared to the control materials with silica sand as only filler. The mechanical strength of all developed materials was high. Both the compressive strength and flexural strength decreased the dosage of wood chips ash in composite mix. However, the decrease in mechanical resistance was lower than the send replacement ratio. It clearly proved assumption of filler function of fly ash, whereas its assumed reactivity with MOC cement components was not proven. The heat transport was partially mitigated by wood chips use, similarly as heat storage. Based on the obtained data, the developed composites were considered as alternative low-carbon materials possessing interesting functional properties for construction practice. Moreover, the reuse of by-product from biomass bioenergy treatment can be considered as an environmentally friendly solution for production of sustainable advanced building materials.
Contradiction of Methodical and Technological Points of Views on Moisture Fighting Technologies On Walls of Architectural Heritage Buildings
Authors: Makýš Oto , Gašparík Jozef , Šťastný Patrik
Published: December 2020

The moisture affects all materials on the earth surface, but we have developed a specific sensitivity toward moistening of architectural heritage buildings. Water in construction materials and on their surface influences partially their technical state like their stability, but usually not that much as people can think. Unwanted moisture is usually dangerous at very soft construction materials, like clay bricks. But especially the water soluble salts, the water transports through the masonry, can act as a very dangerous destructive material, influencing destructively especially surface plasters. And in the case of historical wall paintings are the losses on cultural heritage invaluable. To deal with moisture effectively we can use some specific technologies, but the most effective ones have a specific destructive influence on the historical construction material. And this is the point of conflict between technical and methodical points of view. So the basic scientific questions in this field can be such ones: are the destructive technologies for fighting moisture in historic masonry really effective? And are they to be accepted also methodically?
Architecture of Defensive Gates of Western Ukraine Castles in the 16th – 17th Centuries
Authors: Okonchenko Olha , Kramarchuk Khrystyna , Milchevych Serhii
Published: December 2020

On the territory of Ukraine there have been preserved a number of castles which as relics of cultural heritage are attractive tourist landmarks. In modern information sphere, alongside great number of historical-descriptive sources on the castles of Ukraine, there is a market lack for the results of comparative and typological analysis of their defensive structures. In particular, investigation of the architecture of the castle entrance junctions as predominant structures of the castle complexes reflecting its representative and defensive functions is topical. The objectives of the investigation are: to determine the state of preservation of entrance gates in the castles of the 16th − 17th centuries in Western Ukraine; to define forming preconditions and factors in the period of their military functioning and after it; to identify and describe types of volumetric-spatial characteristics of the castle gates on the basis of the patterns of the systems of defensive structures organization formed in the history of military art; to characterize elements of entrance junctions (structures in front of the gates, external fortifications, lifting bridges) and external decoration of gate structures. As a result of the investigation, the degree of entrance gates preservation has been found. We have discovered that out of the whole range of castles functioning as defensive structures in the mid – 16th − 17th centuries in the western region of Ukraine only in the 9 of them there are gates with the integral volumetric-spatial structure operating as part of museum complexes and other public buildings; 8 gates are in ruins, still they have preserved volumetric-spatial structure; other 7 castle gates have preserved only separate fragments as part of the later structures or as ruins. Five variants of volumetric-spatial structure of the gates have been defined and analyzed. Relying on the structural analysis of the preserved gates and historical sources, we have found out that within the period of the 16th − 17th centuries when application of the firearms on the investigated territory was widespread, in the castles along with the prevailing number of structures characteristic of the bastion DS (defence system) there continued to function separate earlier structures peculiar to the tower and bastei DS. This is explained by the fact that some castles were laid down before the investigated period, which offers possibility of further investigation with the aim of going into the constructional history of the examined castles.
The Dome in Contemporary Monuments of the UAE between Tradition and Postmodernity
Authors: Amrousi Mohamed El , Elhakeem Mohamed
Published: December 2020

Recently constructed cultural and religious complexes in Abu Dhabi display the clear references to Islamic ornament and the ‘dome’ as a symbolic element. Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque best manifests this through its cascade of domes and ornament. The Grand Mosque has become one of the most visited spaces in the city, which necessitated the creation of a processional underground route to organize its visitation process. Another example is Qasr Al Watan, which recently, in 2019, opened to the public, its white domes and Islamic ornament render it a popular site of visitation. The palatial complex has been equipped with a tourist center, gift shop and buses that transport its visitors. Qasr Al Watan’s domes, arches and ornaments are constructed with to reflect on known historical precedents. Taken together with Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque and the Emirates Palace, they reflect a comeback of postmodernism in Abu Dhabi. This paper focuses on cultural/religious buildings that exhibit ‘Domes’ and Islamic ornament with clear references to the historical precedents.
Modern Church Architecture in East Galicia as a Search for New Forms and National Style
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Diachok Oksana , Myroniuk Sofiia , Matsyshyna Zoia , Volska Svitlana , Kolodrubska Oleksandra
Published: December 2020

The article highlights some of the results of the scientific work on the study of sacral architecture in Western Ukraine, conducted by the Institute of Architecture and Design of Lviv Polytechnic National University in conjunction with the Department of Fine Arts and Design of Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University. The purpose of the article is to investigate the process of revival of sacral construction in the territory of East Galicia and to determine the role of the leading Ternopil architects in this process. It has been established that due to the long-term ban of temple construction by communist regime, sacral construction skills have been lost in Ukraine, as in other post-Soviet countries. The task was complicated by the low technological level of the construction industry. Architects and builders often had to experimentally revive construction techniques to create vaults, domes, sails and other architectural elements that were widely used in the creation of temples. Therefore, the first sacral buildings on the territory of the region were marked by a tendency to reproduce forms and images that historically took place at the end of 19-th – beginning of 20-th centuries. The process of transition from the tendency of reproduction of historical forms and images of Ukrainian sacral architecture of the late 19-th - early 20-th centuries to modern experiments in the construction of temples is traced. An analysis of the creativity of the leading Ternopil architects showed that many of them were involved in this process. Using national heritage in architecture, architects have become actively involved in the world’s processes of cultural development and in the search for Ukrainian identity in temple architecture. Usually, using traditional plans in the form of an elongated cross at the request of parish customers, architects after 1995 design modern buildings, the image of which is in harmony with the new trends in world sacral architecture. For the first time, data about some modern architects of Ternopil and new major temples in the territory of the region, created by their projects, have been introduced into the scientific circulation. Thus, the architecture of Ukrainian temples reflects ancient national traditions in combination with contemporary world trends in temple building.
A Hybrid Construction Method for Shallow Buried Urban Tunnel with Ultra-Small Clear Distance
Authors: Xu Qianen , Xu Weimin , Li Panshan , Liu Yang
Published: December 2020

During the construction process, it is difficult to ensure the structural safety of shallow buried tunnel with the ultra-small clear distance since the tunnel is prone to instability and the surrounding rock and soil are in an adverse stress condition. To address this issue, a hybrid construction method is proposed to enhance tunnel stability and reinforce the surrounding rocks and soil. First, aiming at an actual tunnel, numerical analysis are provided to compare the effectiveness of different construction methods such as the bench method, advanced reinforcement method, and grouting reinforcement method. Second, the performance of the combination of advanced reinforcement and grouting reinforcement are discussed, and, on the basis of this discussion, the hybrid construction method, combining the advanced small pipes reinforcement, middle rock wall reinforcement, and grouting reinforcement, is proposed. And the characteristics of proposed method is compared with the traditional CRD construction method. The results reflect that using the hybrid construction method can enhance the stability of the tunnel and its effect is similar to that of the CRD method. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed hybrid construction method is verified by using the measured data obtained during the construction of an actual tunnel with the ultra-small clear distance. The results shown that the proposed method can enhance the stability of the tunnel and improve the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and soil.
Outdoor Climate Parameters and Heat Energy Consumption for the Needs of Heating the Building
Authors: Nowoświat Artur , Pokorska-Silva Iwona
Published: December 2020

In this study, meteorological data were analyzed for the needs of heating the building. For this purpose, data from a typical meteorological year were used, which allow determining the general characteristics of the building. Temperature analyses were carried out, modeling its changes over time. To this end, time series theory was used. In this analysis, the decomposition of the original time series was used. As a result, the obtained results were used for computer simulation for the test object.
The Future for Conventional Resources of Romania Used in Energy Production
Authors: Lucut Marinela , Girbaciu Alina , Stefanescu Camelia , Girbaciu Cristian
Published: December 2020

Humanity, as we know it, has always had a growing need for energy. The industrial revolution generated an excess in the exploitation of the Earth’s natural resources. As a result, global warming, climate change and CO2 emissions have become topics frequently addressed in various political, economic and in today’s press debates. Romania is no exception to this trend. Although the industrial revolution began a few decades later than in the developed countries such as England, France and the USA, environmental consequences follow the same path. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness of the direction and implications of using the so-called conventional resources in energy production. Energy resources are the material bases of a country’s energy policy, the premise of energy development studies. It is advisable to promote all energy sources and practices that are positive for the environment and to intensify efforts to manage the pollutant emissions generated by energy production. Even though some renewable energy sources have been exploited for a long time (for example, hydropower), it is essential to draw the attention of producers, consumers, governors and investors and other unconventional energy sources so that the electricity produced from renewable sources can grow in the near future. Governments will need to take measures in the area of taxation, subsidies and regulations, which will not only help them achieve their energy security and environmental goals, but also contribute to promoting technical progress and economic development. What it intends to present is the real state and trends of the conventional resources used in energy production in Romania
Street architectural models. Research on improving readability, ergonomics and safety of use
Authors: Kłopotowska Agnieszka
Published: December 2020

In the first decade of the new millennium, new urban furniture - tactile architectural models dedicated to the blind, began to appear in the spaces of Polish cities and towns. These facilities aroused great interest of tourists and city dwellers, enjoying special popularity among children. By 2017, this type of collection had over 70 objects, which placed Poland at the forefront of Europe. The new form of urban modelling dispelled spontaneously, without specific guidelines and regulations, which unfortunately led to the emergence and reproduction of many faulty solutions. In the years 2016 - 2018, the research team A. Kłopotowska, M. Kłopotowski conducted the first comprehensive research in Poland, based on analyses of the whole set of models, available until mid-2017. This text is the substantive continuation of the author’s 2017 publication entitled: Tactile architectural models as universal “urban furniture” (WMCAUS Conference, 2017). At that time, partial results of the research were presented, including the reasons for a street modelling career, the diversity of the Polish collection, problems arising from incorrect design, execution, sharing and use, and the reasons for faulty solutions. Currently, the author presents a report of the final stage of the team’s research to the date, consisting of the development of specific design and implementation guidelines, as well as technical and operational guidelines that can improve the quality of such studies as the universal urban furniture. The research results can be used as guidelines for the correct design of newly planned models, but also for the introduction of repair solutions for existing models.
Utilization of Modern Optical Methods for Creation of Digital Model of Human
Authors: Dědič Martin
Published: December 2020

The aim of the paper is to describe the methodology of creating a digital model of human using an optical 3D scanner. This methodology consists of several main phases, such as preparing the scan for human movement, scanning in the shortest possible time, and processing the data obtained by scanning. The data processing itself is divided into other sub-phases, which describe the individual steps necessary to create a digital model. The paper describes obstacles that need to be eliminated or minimized during 3D scanning in order not to disrupt the integrity of the model and to create a digital model.
Illumination of Objects and Lighting of Public Spaces
Authors: Fross Klaudiusz , Gumińska Anna
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the research presented in this work are qualitative analyzes regarding night illumination of public buildings and spaces in selected large cities. The research concerned selected objects, a fragment or the whole city. The quality of illumination, direct and indirect effects of lighting spaces and objects, and the impact of lighting on users were examined. The functions of illumination it performs in the city space were also studied. The main results of research and observation include the fact that night illuminations of cities play an important role and are beneficial in various profit zones. The combination of LED and photovoltaic technology gives excellent economic results. Inhabitants and tourists are staying in public spaces in the evening, walking and using gastronomic services. They stay longer and are happy to come back or recommend such places to others. The lighting of objects and spaces plays an important role, e.g. functional, aesthetic and functional. It allows you to ensure safety, pleasure and attractiveness of use, and allows you to extend the use of space and objects, and shapes the space by highlighting and highlighting important objects, the dominant. The most important conclusions should be that lighting and photovoltaic technologies are constantly evolving, becoming more effective and cheaper. It is also important to use the latest lighting solutions for new projects and shape the space depending on the users’ needs, using qualitative research of public space. Currently, there are trends in lighting buildings. There are probably no important objects without their night illumination. There are cities such as Budapest, Lion, Hong Kong, Opole, which have planned overall illumination of the whole or part of the city. Especially in the vicinity of the river or bay, the water is an additional element enhancing the aesthetic effects in the form of reflection of lights.
Role of Contemporary Landscape Architecture in Public Spaces in Terms of Shaping Architectural Education and Recreation - Selected Examples from China
Authors: Zhou Mo
Published: December 2020

In full respect of the original, historical, cultural and natural conditions of the original site, contemporary Landscape Architecture can help to convert the site into public space characterised with a full range of functionalities. Extending the social offer of given sites with leisure and recreation options, the landscape architecture contributes to reshape public spaces into better and more sustainable places. Referring to three different case studies exemplifying the transformation of abandoned sites into functional public space during urban and rural regeneration in China, the paper focuses on the research of regeneration of sites converted into public space intended to provide recreation, leisure and educational opportunities to local communities. Through the application of a variety of forms and techniques, the contemporary Landscape Architecture can increase the appeal of public space and its vitality. This paper aims to present the results of the analysis of three different modern landscape designs implemented in abandoned areas. The referred to examples clearly testify for the fact that the contemporary landscape architecture can effectively promote the integration of education and leisure to create open space compliant with the ecological principles of sustainable development, i.e. where identification and assessment of the relationship between Landscape Architecture and the surroundings, identification and assessment of the diversity and attractiveness of public space and possible Landscape Architecture solutions can turn into direct benefits for the space users.
Housing Conditions of Elderly People in Poland
Authors: Przybyła Katarzyna , Hełdak Maria , Marcak Izabela Kurtyka
Published: December 2020

The aim of the study is to determine the actual housing conditions of retired persons in terms of their place of residence, households of the elderly, type of buildings where they live and their willingness to move to a different apartment, adapted to the needs connected with movement limitations of the elderly. Research was conducted on a group of people in post-working age who live in a region of Lower Silesia in Poland. The main tool used was public opinion survey. The conducted analyses revealed that in rural areas, retired persons live in multi-generation families, while in towns – with their spouses or alone. Country dwellers prefer to spend their old age where they have lived before, while city inhabitants are much more willing to move from their apartments to flats adapted to the special needs of the elderly. This applies to all age groups of respondents.
Wave Forecasting Dependent from Bottom Roughness: The Case of the Marano and Grado Lagoon
Authors: Pascolo Sara , Petti Marco , Bosa Silvia
Published: December 2020

Several forecasting curves have been developed in order to provide a useful estimation of the wind wave field generated on shallow depths. In particular, these equations can be successfully applied in confined and sheltered basins, such as lakes, or even lagoons and semi – enclosed estuarine in coastal environments. The important role of the bottom friction dissipation in the generation process has been deeply recognized, leading to a reformulation of the available curves in terms of the equivalent bed roughness. In the present study, the recent new set of equations is considered and applied to a coastal lagoon. The results in terms of significant wave height and peak period are compared to those derived from a complete numerical model and other previous curves. The performed application corroborates and further validate the forecasting equations.
Assessment Methods for Fire Durability of Intumescent Fire Protection Coatings
Authors: Eremina Tatiana , Korolchenko Dmitry , Minailov Denis
Published: December 2020

Fire durability of intumescent coatings is their ability to retain their fire-protective properties under fire conditions (under the influence of real temperature conditions of fire). The peculiarities of application of intumescent fire-protective coatings in single-storey buildings on the steel frame with account of fire load are considered. In this study, the fire hazard assessment of single-storey buildings on a steel frame with the use of sandwich panels as enclosing structures is made. The analysis of fire load values has been made. Numerical experiments on estimation of the indoor fire temperature regime have been carried out. For estimation of influence of temperature modes of fire on fire resistance of steel structures the software complex “Fire Dynamics Simulator” was used, which implements the field mathematical model. Various fire temperature modes (temperature-time dependencies) were obtained. Modelling of fire temperature modes was performed without taking into account active fire protection systems. The most critical and unfavourable by their consequences fire scenarios, used later for solving the heat engineering problem, have been chosen by experts. Numerical experiments on heating of steel structures were carried out by solving the heat engineering problem in conditions of non-stationary heat influence at standard temperature conditions according to ISO 834 and at fire temperature conditions obtained by modelling results. The estimation of equivalent fire duration on loss of bearing capacity for steel structures is made. ANSYS mechanical” computing complex was used for modelling the heating of steel structures, which allows us to perform heat engineering calculation of the structure on the basis of its software model.