bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tourism public-private partnership (PPP) projects: an exploratory-sequential approach
Authors: Ghanem Marwa , Elshaer Ibrahim , Saad Samar
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to address the absence of a thorough understanding of commitment in tourism public-private partnerships (PPP) by exploring antecedents of PPP commitment and their underpinning relationships in regard to the destination management system (DMS).

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical investigation of the case of the Egyptian DMS, a PPP which was forsaken by the government partner and which subsequently failed. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are used for a comprehensive overview of the researched phenomena pertaining to external and internal stakeholders.

Findings

The results indicated that stakeholder management, relational capital, perceived benefits and stakeholder capabilities could influence intentions to commit to a tourism PPP project. Also, the latter three factors were found to mediate the relationship between stakeholder management and long-term PPP commitment. The results also shed light on the important aspects of non-contractual, interpersonal relationships between internal and external PPP stakeholders.

Originality/value

This research pioneers inquiries on the commitment of Tourism PPP/DMS projects and its possible drivers in a non-Western context. Also, this study contributes to knowledge by exploring the relationship within and between internal (partners) and external (e.g. local service providers) stakeholder groups and provided evidence on the crucial role of both on long-term PPP commitment and success. The current study has a few significant contributions to the PPP literature regarding the commitment and success of PPP in the complicated environments in which tourism PPP projects are operated. Moreover, this study offers essential information and practices for improving partner relationships with external stakeholders.
Fox Cluster determinants for iron biooxidation in the extremely thermoacidophilic Sulfolobaceae
Authors: Counts James A. , Vitko Nicholas P. , Kelly Robert M.
Published: August 2021

Within the extremely thermoacidophilic Sulfolobaceae, the capacity to oxidize iron varies considerably. While some species are prolific iron oxidizers (e.g. Metallosphaera sedula), other species do not oxidize iron at all (e.g. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius). Iron oxidation capacity maps to a genomic locus, referred to previously as the ‘Fox Cluster’, that encodes putative proteins that are mostly unique to the Sulfolobaceae. The role of putative proteins in the Fox Cluster has not been confirmed, but proteomic analysis here of iron‐oxidizing membranes from M. sedula indicates that FoxA2 and FoxB (both cytochrome c oxidase‐like subunits) and FoxC (CbsA/cytochrome b domain‐containing) are essential. Furthermore, comparative genomics (locus organization and gene disruptions) and transcriptomics (polarity effects and differential expression) connect these genomic determinants with disparate iron biooxidation and respiration measurements among Sulfolobaceae species. While numerous homologous proteins can be identified for FoxA in genome databases (COX‐like domains are prevalent across all domains of life), few homologues exist for FoxC or for most other Fox Cluster proteins. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest this locus may have existed in early Sulfolobaceae, while the only other close homologues to the locus appear in the recently discovered candidate phylum Marsarchaota.
Strengthening undergraduate food science programs: Comparing industry relevance of the Institute of Food Technologists' Essential Learning Outcomes with graduate proficiency levels
Authors: Hingston Patricia A. , Bracewell Deanna D.
Published: August 2021

Fifty‐five Essential Learning Outcomes (ELOs) comprise the required content for food science degrees approved by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), yet the importance of each outcome for graduate industry readiness is expected to vary. To analyze this variance, we assessed the industry relevance of IFT's recently revised (2018) ELOs and compared them to The University of British Columbia's food science graduate proficiency levels. Additionally, we investigated key learning experiences and future directions of the industry to further strengthen food science programs. Significant, positive correlations were found between industry ELO importance ratings and alumni (r = 0.229, p = 0.002) and new graduate (r = 0.476, p < 0.001) self‐reported proficiency levels. ELOs in food safety, critical thinking, and professionalism were rated by industry as most important for graduates. Beyond IFT requirements, labs, case studies, and industry exposure through site visits, Co‐op, and guest speakers were rated the most effective course learning activities. Industry respondents advised food science programs ensure a strong background in hands‐on product development, application of government regulations, and project management. As the IFT considers further ELO refinements, our study suggests that inclusion of business, sustainability, and food science‐specific computational skills could enhance graduate professional preparedness and impact. We hope this study will inform appropriate ELO weighting within food science curricula so that collectively we can best prepare graduates to address food science challenges of the future.
Delivery and evaluation of a food science professional development training for Mississippi career technical education teachers
Authors: Hendrix Jasmine D. , Campbell Yan L. , Zhang Xue , Downey Laura H. , Jagger Carla B. , Schilling M. Wes
Published: August 2021

Professional development for Career Technical Education (CTE) is needed to effectively implement food science curricula in secondary education courses. Providing CTE teachers with professional development training supports increased awareness of food science academic and career pathways among students. The goal of this study was to assess a food science professional development training for Mississippi CTE teachers that would increase their self‐perceived knowledge, self‐perceived ability to conduct specific food science skills, and self‐efficacy to implement food science‐based instruction.

Thirty‐one teachers participated in the 2‐h professional development training that provided teachers an experiential learning opportunity to learn and apply food science concepts. Results indicated that the food science professional development training was effective at increasing teachers’ self‐perceived knowledge and ability to conduct food science skills since the average scores (five‐point Likert‐type scale, n = 28) in all statements increased (p < 0.001) post training. For example, teachers self‐perceived knowledge of the five D's of food product development at pre‐survey (M = 2.00 ± 0.94) increased (p < 0.001) after the training (M = 4.29 ± 0.60). In addition, teachers’ self‐perceived ability to employ the five D's of food product development before the training (M = 0.31 ± 0.54, three‐point scale) significantly increased (p < 0.05) post training (M = 1.72 ± 0.53). Post training, more than 77% of the teachers “agreed” or “strongly agreed” to six out of nine self‐efficacy statements which affirmed their belief to teach food science concepts. Overall, teachers were satisfied with the food science professional development training.
Differential effects of phenolic extracts from red‐fleshed apple peels and flesh induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells
Authors: Li Cui Xia , Lin Zhen Xian , Zhao Xian Hua , Zuo Wei Fang , Wang Nan , Zhang Zong Ying , Chen Xue Sen
Published: August 2021

Red‐fleshedapples are preferredbecause of their high content of phenolics and antioxidants in peel and pulp. Herein, we evaluated the mechanisms of apple peel polyphenolic extracts (APP) and apple flesh polyphenolic extracts (AFP) from the new red‐fleshed apple in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis on human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The antiproliferative activities were determined by the CCK8 assay. The expression of proteins was determined using Western blot. We found that the content of polyphenols and flavonoids in APP was significantly higher than that in AFP, and 14 main phenolic compounds in APP and AFP were quantified using UPLC–MS/MS techniques. Besides, the significant inhibition effects of APP and AFP were achieved through Akt pathway by inducing apoptosis (significantly upregulating reactive oxygen species [ROS] levels, and downregulating expression of pAkt, pBad, Bcl‐2, promoting Cytochrome c release, activating Cle‐Caspase 9, and inducing expressions of Cle‐Caspase 3 and Cle‐PARP), and inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest (increased expressions of p‐p53 and p21 and decreased expressions of PCNA and Cyclin D1). And the inhibition effect of APP was stronger than that of AFP. These results suggest that AFP and APP may be excellent sources of natural chemicals for treating triple‐negative breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells.

Practical Application

The effects of antiproliferation of phenolic extracts from red‐fleshed apple peels and flesh on human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells were evaluated. The data may clarify the functional parts of red‐fleshed apple and provide some basis for scientific researchers and consumers to recognize and exploit red‐fleshed apple.
Optimization of incorporating κ‐Carrageenan‐based gels on improving cloud stability, physical stability, and viscosity of ready‐to‐drink mango juice
Authors: Giridharaprasad Sairagul , Ravi Dinesh Kumar , Miller Kaviya , Rajoo Baskar
Published: August 2021

κ‐Carrageenan gels were explored for improving the stability of ready‐to‐drink (RTD) mango juice.RTD mango juice with an acidity of 0.3% and a Brix of 18° was prepared. Two gels, bi‐gel and hydrogel, were incorporated in RTD mango juice to study the effect of gel dosage, resting time, and homogenizing time on selected attributes (cloud and physical stability, and viscosity), determined using second‐order Box–Behnken design, in combination with response surface methodology. The coefficient of determination values for all models was found to be higher than 90%. The fluid behavior of RTD mango juice after the addition of gels tends to fit Herschel–Bulkley's model. The behavior of RTD mango juice's fluid was found to change from shear thickening to shear thinning after the addition of gels. For hydrogel‐based RTD mango juice, maximum cloud stability (3.012 abs), physical stability (66.49%) with minimum viscosity (4120 cP) resulted from optimized conditions of gel dosage (9 mL), resting time (1 h), and homogenizing time (33 s). For RTD mango juice, hydrogel can be preferred over bi‐gel due to its melt‐in‐your‐mouth sensation with high physical and cloud stability.

Practical Application

Ready‐to‐drink mango juice is consumed by a large number of people worldwide. However, an increase in the storage period causes coagulation of the pulp particles, resulting in undesired distinct layers of pulp and water content. In this study, κ‐Carrageenan gels were added to RTD mango juices to avoid such separation and improve cloud and physical stability. The findings from this study might serve as a roadmap for developing high‐quality, stable RTD products.
Elucidation of the low resistant starch phenotype in Phaseolus vulgaris exhibited in the yellow bean Cebo Cela
Authors: Hooper Sharon D. , Bassett Amber , Sadohara Rie , Cichy Karen A.
Published: August 2021

Dry beans(Phaseolus vulgaris) are rich in complex carbohydrates including resistant starch (RS). RS, the starch fraction that escapes digestion, typically ranges from 35% in raw beans to 4% in cooked beans. A low RS bean genotype, Cebo Cela, was identified with 96% less RS (1.5% RS) than normal raw beans. The goal of this research was to elucidate the factors responsible for this low RS phenotype. The low RS phenotype was evaluated in whole bean flour and starch in Cebo Cela (yellow), Canario (yellow), Alpena (navy) and Samurai (otebo). α‐Amylase activation was found to be a major contributor of the low RS content phenotype of the whole bean flour for Cebo Cela (–21.9% inhibition). Total starch (43.6%–40.2%), amylose (31.0%–31.5%), molecular weight and chain length distributions of amylose and amylopectin did not contribute to the low RS phenotype. Yellow bean starches were digested nearly 1.5 times (95%–94%) faster than starch granules from otebo and navy beans (65%–73%) due to lower proportions of amylopectin chains.

Practical Application

This study is of value to the food industry because the yellow bean, Cebo Cela, is easily hydrolyzed by α‐amylase and also has α‐amylase promotion properties. Therefore, Cebo Cela can be used as an alternate starch source for ethanol fermentation and for the production of maltodextrins and fructose/glucose syrups which are used as food thickeners and sweeteners.
Preparation of pH‐indicator films based on soy protein isolate/bromothymol blue and methyl red for monitoring fresh‐cut apple freshness
Authors: Ran Ruimin , Wang Luyao , Su Yuhang , He Shujian , He Binbin , Li Cheng , Wang Caixia , Liu Yuntao , Chen Saiyan
Published: August 2021

Intelligent pH‐indicator films based on soy protein isolate (SPI) were prepared using pH‐sensitive dyes (bromothymol blue and methyl red). The addition of mixed indicators imparts pH‐indicator films with an appreciable microstructure, acceptable water resistance, and favorable optical properties. The incorporation of the mixed indicators did not lead to significant improvement in the mechanical properties of films due to weak ionic cross‐linking by hydrogen bonding between the SPI macromolecules and low‐molecular‐weight indicators. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy indicated hydrogen bond‐mediated intermolecular interactions, and scanning electron microscopy showed that BB/MR were well dispersed in the SPI film. The indicator addition hindered the sorption and passage of water molecules. The water vapor permeability, moisture sorption, moisture content, and total soluble matter were 4.32 to 6.12 ×10–12 g·cm/cm2·s·Pa, 36.70% to 73.33%, 25.28% to 44.11%, and 8.21% to 25.56%, respectively. Also, the addition of indicators reduced UV light transmittance with minimal effect on the transparency of the film. The presence of indicators enhanced the pH sensitivity, seen as a visible color reaction at different pHs (total color difference, ΔE > 5). When the pH‐indicator film containing 8 ml/100 ml final film emulsions was used to monitor the fresh‐cut apple freshness, a green color for fresh status was observed, which turned blue after 60 h. Collectively, our findings suggested that indicator‐containing SPI films have the potential for monitoring the freshness of fruits.

Practical Application

pH‐indicator films can help consumers to identify the freshness of packaged food by a change in the color of the packaging material, which is easily visible to the unaided eye without the need for opening the packaging. This protects consumers' interests.
Stock market liberalisation and corporate cash holdings: evidence from China
Authors: Huang Jianqiao , Chen Yunsen , Dai Xin , Ni Xiaoran
Published: August 2021

Using China’s staggered Mainland–Hong Kong Stock Connect programs (hereafter, Connect programs) as quasi‐natural experiments, we examine the impact of stock market liberalisation on corporate cash holdings. We find that the average cash holdings of the affected Chinese A‐share listed firms decreased significantly after the launch of the Connect programs. Further tests show that the relaxed financial constraints and the improved information environment are two plausible channels that allow stock market liberalisation to reduce corporate cash holdings. Overall, we offer original evidence showing how stock market liberalisation in emerging economies affects firms’ liquidity management decisions.
Capture‐induced vulnerability in male Shortnose guitarfish during their reproductive period
Authors: Prado Aline Cristina , Wosnick Natascha , Adams Kye , Leite Renata Daldin , Freire Carolina Arruda
Published: August 2021

The assessment of physiological responses to capture provides useful information for elasmobranch conservation. In particular, understanding these impacts in species caught as bycatch that are released after capture can predict their “post‐release” fate and aid in management plans. Although well studied in several species, capture‐stress is nonetheless frequently assessed without considering putative variability between sexes. Given the high mortality of pregnant Zapteryx brevirostris females reported in the literature, the present study aimed at determining greatest vulnerability period for males. Our results demonstrate that, when caught during the reproductive period, males display higher mortality (68%) than when caught outside the reproductive period (zero mortality). Seven out of 11 markers (i.e. sodium, chloride, potassium, lactate, phosphorus, triglycerides and condition factor) differed significantly following capture‐induced stress between males caught during the reproductive period and those caught outside this period. Results demonstrate the need for specific protocols during the reproductive period, also considering the influence of sex on physiological responses to stress for effective management.
Survival and growth of cactus species after a wildfire in central Argentina: Differences among species and the effects of microenvironment characteristics
Authors: Zupichiatti Veronica , Zeballos Sebastian R. , Whitworth‐Hulse Juan I. , Gurvich Diego E.
Published: August 2021

There are about 2200 cactus species, and most of them occur in fire‐prone ecosystems. Nevertheless, there is scarce information about fire effects on the ecology of cactus species. In this study, we assessed the effects of a wildfire on the survival and growth of coexisting globose cactus species and their relation with microenvironment conditions in rocky outcrops from the Córdoba Mountains, central Argentina. A fire event occurred in spring 2011, and measurements were recorded in the first subsequent growing season, in winter. We selected 26 rocky outcrops and established three 3 × 1 m plots per outcrop. In each plot, we quantified all cactus individuals of the four species present in the area: Echinopsis aurea, Gymnocalycium bruchii, G. mostii and Parodia submammulosa. We also recorded if each individual cactus was dead or alive, and measured its size and post‐fire growth. In addition, we measured the relative cover of rocks and bare soil, and the size of the rocks within a radius of 30 cm of each individual. Individual cactus survival (70–80%) did not vary among species. The highest post‐fire growth was recorded in G. bruchii. For E. aurea, P. submammulosa and G. mostii, post‐fire growth was negatively related to pre‐fire size, suggesting that smaller individuals recovered faster than larger ones. Microenvironment characteristics did not affect post‐fire growth in any of the species. Our results provide a preliminary insight into possible fire tolerance of globose cacti in the Córdoba Mountains, supported by their relatively high survival and growth after a fire event.
Prior iodine exposure and impact on thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: A prospective study
Authors: Bradbury Rachel A. , Christie‐David Darshika , Smith Howard C. , Byth Karen , Eastman Creswell J.
Published: August 2021

Aims

Iodine supplements are recommended for women planning pregnancy, but their impact on thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and into pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of iodine supplementation on thyroid function during COH.

Methods

One‐hundred and six euthyroid women (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.4–2.5 mIU/L) planning their first COH cycle were subdivided according to iodine supplementation (nil, <6 months, ≥6 months) and compared to levothyroxine (LT4)‐treated controls. Serial TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine and thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were recorded at four time points: (i) baseline, (ii) day 7 ovarian stimulation, (iii) ovulation trigger and (iv) two weeks post oocyte retrieval. Oocyte numbers, fertilisation rates and pregnancy outcome were recorded.

Results

TSH increased during COH for those women taking iodine supplements for ≥6 months (P = 0.025). One quarter recorded a TSH level >2.5 mIU/L before embryo transfer. A similar increase in TSH was demonstrated by LT4‐dependent controls (P = 0.024) but not the remaining subgroups. Tg levels did not change during COH in any group but decreased significantly post oocyte retrieval if nil iodine (P < 0.0001) or supplemented for ≥6 months (P < 0.005). Iodine supplementation did not influence oocyte count, fertilisation or implantation rates. Women taking iodine for <6 months were four times more likely to achieve a live birth than women taking iodine for longer.

Conclusions

Women taking iodine supplements for ≥6 months are less able to adapt to the thyroidal demands of COH, with responses comparable to LT4‐dependent patients.
Subxiphoid single‐port thymectomy: six‐year experience of a single center
Authors: Kang Do Kyun , Kang Min Kyun , Heo Woon , Hwang Youn‐Ho
Published: August 2021

Background

The subxiphoid single‐port approach for thymectomy has several advantages compared with conventional lateral transthoracic approaches. However, perioperative outcomes of subxiphoid single‐port thymectomy are still lacking. The objective of this study is to present our 6‐year experience of subxiphoid single‐port thymectomy, including our learning curve.

Methods

All consecutive 49 patients undergoing subxiphoid single‐port thymectomy between August 2014 and September 2020 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

We analyzed data of 49 patients (27 males and 22 females) with a median age of 58 years (range 49–68). Two patients presented postoperative complications. The conversion to a different approach was required in four cases. The median follow‐up time was 17 months (range 3–35) and locoregional recurrence was observed in one patient. There were no intraoperative deaths and postoperative mortality. The operation time cumulative summation learning curve analysis revealed that the curves descended from the 24th case.

Conclusions

The subxiphoid single‐port approach for thymectomy is a safe and feasible modality with few complications.
SRT1720 enhances maturity and quality of oocytes in aged mice
Authors: Liu Mei‐Ju , Chen Hong , Li Wen , Chen Xin‐Xia , Wang Chuan‐Hong , Sun Qing‐Yuan , Heng Xue‐Yuan
Published: August 2021

This study aims to investigate the morphology and distribution of mitochondria, spindles, and chromosomes in oocytes of aged mice and examine the effects of SRT1720 on oocyte maturation. C57BL/6J mice were divided into young (4–8 weeks) and aged groups (48–52 weeks). In vitro maturation media contained (0.05, 0.1, and 1.0 μM) SRT1720 and 0.1‐μM dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO control). The rate of chromosome misalignment and spindle misorientation in oocytes of aged mice were significantly higher than that of young mice (P < 0.01). Fluorescence intensity of mitochondria from oocytes of aged mice was significantly lower than that of young mice (P < 0.01). SRT1720 at 0.1 μM significantly improved oocyte maturation, fertilization, and blastocyst formation in aged mice compared with young mice (P < 0.01). Additionally, immunofluorescence intensity of mitochondria, normal spindle morphology, and chromosome alignment were notably enhanced with SRT1720 when compared with the DSMO control group for metaphase II (MII)‐stage oocytes matured in vitro (P < 0.01); 0.1‐μM SRT1720 enhanced the expression level of SRIT1 in oocytes from aged mice. In summary, the aged mice oocytes showed increased nuclear and cytoplasmic defects, whereas SRT1720 enhanced oocyte maturation and quality. We concluded that 0.1‐μM SRT1720 was an appropriate concentration for in vitro maturation media.
Flow cytometric analysis of cerebrospinal fluid improves detection of leukaemic blasts in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Thastrup Maria , Marquart Hanne Vibeke , Levinsen Mette , Modvig Signe , Abrahamsson Jonas , Albertsen Birgitte Klug , Frost Britt‐Marie , Harila‐Saari Arja , Pesola Jouni , Ulvmoen Aina , Wojcik Dorota Malgorzata , Taskinen Mervi , Hoffmann Marianne , Lausen Birgitte , Schmiegelow Kjeld ,   the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology (NOPHO)
Published: August 2021

Infants with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have a high frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Flow cytometric analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was recently demonstrated to be a sensitive method for detecting CNS involvement in childhood ALL. In the present study, CSF from 14 infants was collected at routine lumbar punctures and analysed by multicolour flow cytometry. At initial diagnosis, leukaemic blasts were detected in CSF by flow cytometry in 11 patients (78·6%) compared to seven patients (50%) by cytospin. Larger studies are needed to determine if CSF flow cytometry has prognostic value in infant ALL.
Quality of life following treatment for T1a glottic cancer with surgery or radiotherapy: outcomes from the Head and Neck 5000 cohort
Authors: O'Hara James , Whitmarsh Alex , Pring Miranda , Thomas Steve , Ness Andy
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To investigate the quality of life in patients treated with either RT or surgery alone for T1a glottic carcinoma.

Design

This prospective cohort study aims to assess generic‐ and disease‐specific patient‐reported QoL in patients treated with either surgery or RT for T1a glottic carcinoma.

Settings

Multicentre, secondary care specialist head and neck units in the UK.

Participants

Participants were recruited as part of the multicentre, prospective Head and Neck 5000 cohort between 2011 and 2014.

Main outcome measures

Baseline demographic data were collected. All participants completed the EORTC QLQ C30 and EORTC QLQ H&N35 questionnaires at baseline, 4 months, 12 months and after 36 months.

Results

One hundred and twenty three participants received radiotherapy only (n = 68) or surgery only (n = 55). Overall QoL scores were similar between both groups. The median (IQR) EORTC QLQ C30 summary scores at 12 months were 89.3 (79.1, 95.7) and 92.6 (74.4, 97.9) for the radiotherapy and surgery groups respectively. The equivalent summary scores for the EORTC QLQ H&N35 were 91.9 (83.8, 94.9) and 90.4 (85.5, 94.9). There was a modest difference in some QoL subscales between the groups, but no differences existed beyond 4 months.

Conclusions

Patient‐reported QoL is similar following either radiotherapy or surgery for T1a glottic carcinoma. These data support current guidance recommended TLM for this disease.
Using historical spy satellite photographs and recent remote sensing data to identify high‐conservation‐value forests
Authors: Munteanu Catalina , Senf Cornelius , Nita Mihai D. , Sabatini Francesco Maria , Oeser Julian , Seidl Rupert , Kuemmerle Tobias
Published: August 2021

High‐conservation‐value forests (HCVFs) are critically important for biodiversity and ecosystem service provisioning, but they face many threats. Where systematic HCVF inventories are missing, such as in parts of Eastern Europe, these forests remain largely unacknowledged and therefore often unprotected. We devised a novel, transferable approach for detecting HCVFs based on integrating historical spy satellite images, contemporary remote sensing data (Landsat), and information on current potential anthropogenic pressures (e.g., road infrastructure, population density, demand for fire wood, terrain). We applied the method to the Romanian Carpathians, for which we mapped forest continuity (1955–2019), canopy structural complexity, and anthropogenic pressures. We identified 738,000 ha of HCVF. More than half of this area was identified as susceptible to current anthropogenic pressures and lacked formal protection. By providing a framework for broad‐scale HCVF monitoring, our approach facilitates integration of HCVF into forest conservation and management. This is urgently needed to achieve the goals of the European Union's Biodiversity Strategy to maintain valuable forest ecosystems.
989. NICOTIANA WALPA
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Dodsworth Steven , Christenhusz Maarten J. M.
Published: August 2021

The Australian species Nicotiana walpa is newly described here from plants collected at the Uluru‐Kata Tjuta National Park in the Northern Territory, Australia, and illustrated from plants cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its discovery, ecology, cytology and cultivation are discussed.
997. NICOTIANA MURCHISONICA
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Przeslawski Rachel A. , Falvey Liam E. , Fay Michael F. , Christenhusz Maarten J. M.
Published: August 2021

Nicotiana murchisonica is described here. It is illustrated from plants collected along the Murchison River and tributaries in Western Australia and cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its discovery, ecology, cytology and cultivation are discussed.
999. NICOTIANA HESPERIS
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Christenhusz Maarten J. M.
Published: August 2021

Nicotiana hesperis is illustrated from plants collected near the Billabong Roadhouse in north‐western Western Australia, which were cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its taxonomic history, ecology, cytology and cultivation are discussed.
SPECIES DELIMITATION IN NICOTIANA SECT. SUAVEOLENTES (SOLANACEAE): RECIPROCAL ILLUMINATION LEADS TO RECOGNITION OF MANY NEW SPECIES
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Christenhusz Maarten J. M. , Palsson Ruth L. , Fay Michael F. , Dodsworth Steven , Conran John G. , Cauz‐Santos Luiz A. , Nollet Felipe , Samuel Rose , Paun Ovidiu
Published: August 2021

In this volume of Curtis's Botanical Magazine, we increase the number of species recognised in Nicotiana sect. Suaveolentes to 38, up from the 21 recorded in the Flora of Australia published 39 years ago, but we estimate the final number is likely to exceed 60. We examine the reasons why so many unrecognised species exist. Several Australian and American botanists have previously specialised in Nicotiana but did not detect such diversity. We have carried out many fieldtrips, seen most known species in the wild and have grown these accessions from diverse areas side‐by‐side in cultivation to avoid basing decisions about species characteristics on features heavily influenced by environmental plasticity. In the end, we conclude that it is a mixture of focused and extensive fieldwork and more recent genomic, genetic and karyological studies combined in the process of reciprocal illumination, that has enabled us to describe so many new species. We also briefly focus on the topic of why Nicotiana is so species‐rich in Australia.
Combined endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticoduodenostomy with percutaneous reverse rendezvous technique for the treatment of isolate right intrahepatic bile duct stricture
Authors: Chantarojanasiri Tanyaporn , Ratanachu‐ek Thawee
Published: August 2021

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A role for cerebral cortex in the suppression of innate defensive behaviour
Authors: Natale Silvia , Esteban Masferrer Maria , Deivasigamani Senthilkumar , Gross Cornelius T.
Published: August 2021

The cerebral cortex is widely accepted to be involved in the control of cognition and the processing of learned information. However, data suggest that it may also have a role in the regulation of innate responses because rodents, cats or primates with surgical removal of cortical regions show excessive aggression and rage elicited by threatening stimuli. Nevertheless, the imprecision and chronic nature of these lesions leave open the possibility that compensatory processes may underlie some of these phenotypes. In the present study we applied a precise, rapid and reversible inhibition approach to examine the contribution of the cerebral cortex to defensive behaviours elicited by a variety of innately aversive stimuli in laboratory mice. Pharmacological treatment of mice carrying the pharmacogenetic inhibitory receptor hM4D selectively in neocortex, archicortex and related dorsal telencephalon‐derived structures resulted in the rapid inhibition of cerebral cortex neural activity. Cortical inhibition was associated with a selective increase in defensive behaviours elicited by an aggressive conspecific, a novel prey and a physically stressful stimulus. These findings are consistent with a role for cortex in the acute inhibition of innate defensive behaviours.
Interplay between NMDA receptor dynamics and the synaptic proteasome
Authors: Ferreira Joana S. , Kellermayer Blanka , Carvalho Ana Luísa , Groc Laurent
Published: August 2021

Proteasome activity at the excitatory synapse plays an important role in neuronal communication. The proteasome translocation to synapses is mediated by neuronal activity, in particular the activation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These receptors are composed of different subunits with distinct trafficking properties that provide various signalling and plasticity features to the synapse. Yet whether the interplay between the proteasome and NMDAR relies on specific subunit properties remain unclear. Using a combination of single molecule and immunocytochemistry imaging approaches in rat hippocampal neurons, we unveil a specific interplay between GluN2B‐containing NMDARs (GluN2B‐NMDARs) and the synaptic proteasome. Sustained proteasome activation specifically increases GluN2B‐NMDAR (not GluN2A‐NMDAR) lateral diffusion. In addition, when GluN2B‐NMDAR expression is downregulated, the proteasome localization decreases at glutamatergic synapses. Collectively, our data fuel a model in which the cellular dynamics and location of GluN2B‐NMDARs and proteasome are intermingled, shedding new lights on the NMDAR‐dependent regulation of synaptic adaptation.
Capturing the spatial variability of algal bloom development in a shallow temperate lake
Authors: Ortiz David A. , Wilkinson Grace M.
Published: August 2021

Algal blooms can have profound effects on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and have the potential to interrupt valuable ecosystem services. Despite the potential ecological and economic consequences of algal blooms, the spatial dynamics of bloom development in spatially complex ecosystems such as shallow lakes remain poorly characterised. Our goal was to evaluate the magnitude and drivers of spatial variability of algal biomass, dissolved oxygen, and pH over the course of a season, in a shallow lake in order to better understand the spatial dynamics of algal blooms in these ecosystems.

We sampled 98 locations in a small eutrophic lake on a 65‐m grid for several parameters (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), weekly over 122 days. This was done to estimate the dynamics of variability and spatial autocorrelation during the course of multiple bloom events. We also compared the spatial measurements to a high frequency sensor deployed at a fixed station and estimated the optimal spatial sampling resolution by performing a rarefaction analysis.

Spatial heterogeneity of algal pigments was high, particularly during bloom events, and this pattern and the overall severity of the bloom were not well captured with the fixed station monitoring. The pattern of algal pigments and other limnologically important variables (dissolved oxygen and pH) was related to the direction of prevailing winds 24 hr prior to sampling, the shallow northern basin where the main surface inlet is located, and heavy precipitation. Additionally, a dense bed of floating‐leaf macrophytes contributed to local patchiness in all variables. Finally, from the rarefaction analysis we found that minimal information about the mean state of the ecosystem was gained after c. 30 locations had been sampled.

This study revealed how spatially heterogeneous shallow lakes are over the course of a single season, and that the magnitude of variability was highest during biologically intensive periods such as algal blooms. As such, continued research is needed across a range of trophic conditions to better understand the structure of horizontal variability in lakes. Overall, these data demonstrate the need for spatially explicit monitoring to better understand the dynamics and drivers of algal blooms in shallow lakes and to better manage ecosystem services.
West Nile virus is predicted to be more geographically widespread in New York State and Connecticut under future climate change
Authors: Keyel Alexander C. , Raghavendra Ajay , Ciota Alexander T. , Elison Timm Oliver
Published: August 2021

The effects of climate change on infectious diseases are a topic of considerable interest and discussion. We studied West Nile virus (WNV) in New York (NY) and Connecticut (CT) using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model climate change scenario, which allows us to examine the effects of climate change and variability on WNV risk at county level. We chose WNV because it is well studied, has caused over 50,000 reported human cases, and over 2200 deaths in the United States. The ecological impacts have been substantial (e.g., millions of avian deaths), and economic impacts include livestock deaths, morbidity, and healthcare‐related expenses. We trained two Random Forest models with observational climate data and human cases to predict future levels of WNV based on future weather conditions. The Regional Model used present‐day data from NY and CT, whereas the Analog Model was fit for states most closely matching the predicted future conditions in the region. Separately, we predicted changes to mosquito‐based WNV risk using a trait‐based thermal biology approach (Mosquito Model). The WRF model produced control simulations (present day) and pseudo‐global warming simulations (future). The Regional and Analog Models predicted an overall increase in human cases of WNV under future warming. However, the Analog Model did not predict as strong of an increase in the number of human cases as the Regional Model, and predicted a decrease in cases in some counties that currently experience high numbers of WNV cases. The Mosquito Model also predicted a decrease in risk in current high‐risk areas, with an overall reduction in the population‐weighted relative risk (but an increase in area‐weighted risk). The Mosquito Model supports the Analog Model as making more realistic predictions than the Regional Model. All three models predicted a geographic increase in WNV cases across NY and CT.
Water use efficiency of poplars grown for biomass production in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Pilipović Andrej , Headlee William L. , Zalesny Ronald S. , Pekeč Saša , Bauer Edmund O.
Published: August 2021

Water availability and other site conditions influence poplar biomass productivity and affect clonal performance due to genotype × environment interactions. It is important to select genotypes with high water use efficiency (WUE) that maximizes yield with available amounts of water at sites, while avoiding drought stress and growth impacts to the trees. During drought, stomatal closure induces increased accumulation of δ13C carbon isotope in tree tissues, which is strongly correlated with WUE of trees and usually expressed through carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). Our primary objectives were to evaluate differences in WUE among poplar genotypes grown in the Midwestern United States, and to identify genotypes with high WUE for future deployment on water‐limited sites in the region. Sites included 10‐year‐old biomass plantations in Escanaba, Michigan; Waseca, Minnesota; and Ames, Iowa established from 2000 to 2001 with seven poplar genotypes’ three genomic groups. Following harvest, height, diameter, and biomass were determined. Wood samples were collected from individual growth rings to assess annual ring width and WUE through δ13C and Δ. Aboveground dry biomass varied among sites (p = .0007), clones (p < .0001), and their interactions (p = .0134), ranging from 3.1 to 14.0 Mg ha−1 year−1. Δ varied among sites (Δ = 18.9–19.7‰; p < .0001) and clones (Δ = 18.6–19.9‰; p < .0001), indicating effects of site conditions on WUE of tested genotypes. Clones varied in their water‐conserving strategies. Some clones were characterized as water consumers with high growth and high WUE (“C916000”; “C916400”), while other genotypes were water conservers using lower amounts of water with moderate biomass production (“NC13624”; “NC13649”; “NM2” to a certain extent). Although δ13C carbon isotope accumulation correlates with WUE, Δ should only be used for selection when it is integrated with other parameters such as productivity, soils information, and climate data.
Caring for a sick or injured child during the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown in 2020 in the UK: An online survey of parents' experiences
Authors: Neill Sarah , Carter Rachel , Jones Ray , Roland Damian , Bayes Natasha , Tavaré Alison , Hughes Joanne , Turner Tracy , Chynoweth Jade , Tan Chantal , Moll Henriette , Lakhanpaul Monica
Published: August 2021

Background

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the first UK lockdown (March to May 2020) witnessed a dramatic reduction in children presenting to primary/emergency care, creating concern that fear of the virus was resulting in children presenting late.

Methods

An online survey was co‐developed with UK parents to understand the impact of the lockdown on parents' help‐seeking for, and care of, their sick/injured child(ren). The survey was advertised through social media and snowballing to parents whose children had been ill/injured during the lockdown. Analysis used descriptive statistics, SPSSv25 and thematic analysis.

Results

The survey was fully completed by 198 UK parents. The majority asked for help (144/198): from their family doctor (78), national helplines (48) or an Emergency Department (23). Most reported that their decision‐making had not changed, although how they sought help had changed. A few parents reported that the severity and duration of illness had increased because of uncertainty about and/or difficulty accessing services. Parents did not always report seeking help for symptoms rated red or amber by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Parents reported accessing information through the internet or using information that they already had.

Parent Contribution

This was a collaboration with parents from survey development to dissemination, with two parents being integral members of our research team.

Conclusions

Our questionnaire was completed by parents who were not deterred from seeking help for their sick or injured children. Even for these parents, the lockdown changes to services created uncertainty about, and barriers to, accessing medical help for their children.
Effectiveness of CPP‐ACP and fluoride products in tooth remineralization
Authors: de Oliveira Patrícia Regina Almeida , Barreto Luísa Schubach da Costa , Tostes Mônica Almeida
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To compare the effectiveness of the casein phosphopeptide‐stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) in the in situ remineralization of enamel exposed with two different degrees of preformed enamel lesions.

Methods

One hundred and sixty 3 × 3 × 2 mm human enamel slabs were demineralized and divided into two subgroups according to the baseline surface hardness (SH = B1≤150 and B2 >150). During each of four 10‐day experimental periods, 10 participants wore intra‐oral removable acrylic palatal expanders with four human enamel slabs with preformed lesions (B1 and B2): CO1 and CO2—Control: silica dentifrice without fluoride; MP1 and MP2: MI Paste; MPP1 and MPP2: MI Paste Plus; and FD1 and FD2: Fluoride dentifrice. The Knoop hardness test (50/15s Micromet 2001, Buehler) was performed after demineralization (B1 and B2) and after treatment (T1 and T2).

Results

SH was higher in all treatment groups, when compared with the controls, except for CO2 (Mann‐Whitney Wilcoxon Test; p < 0.05). The %SH was similar between MPP2 and FD2 and between MPP2 and MP2; however, FD2 and MPP2 products were more effective in microhardness recovery. In B1, all treatment groups were similar.

Conclusion

MPP and FD are more effective in preventing demineralization in enamel subsurface lesions.
On the oxidation behavior of ZrB2–SiC–VC composites
Authors: Arab Seyed Mohammad , Shahedi Asl Mehdi , Ghassemi Kakroudi Mahdi , Salahimehr Behnam , Mahmoodipour Kosar
Published: August 2021

In this study, near‐fully dense ZrB2–SiC–VC (75‐20‐5 vol%) composite was manufactured through hot pressing at 1850°C under the pressure of 40 MPa for 60 min. Then the oxidation examination of the composite was carried out under different durations and temperatures. The microstructure and phase evolution after hot pressing and oxidation processes were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry. The VC addition led to the formation of ZrC and VSi2 phases, which assisted the densification of the composite by removing ZrO2 from the particles’ surface. The oxides of ZrO2, SiO2, ZrSiO4, V2O5, and VO2 formed distinct layers on the sample during the oxidation at 1700°C for 4 h with a parabolic regimen and activation energy of 177.5 kJ/mol.
Differences in microstructure and mechanical properties between Y‐TZP and AL2O3‐doped Y‐TZP/bioglass ceramics
Authors: Soubelet Clara G. , Albano María P.
Published: August 2021

Y‐TZP (YZ) and Al2O3‐doped Y‐TZP (AYZ) bioceramics with addition of different contents of a refractory bioglass were fabricated. The influence of the glass addition and sintering temperature on the densification behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties of YZ and AYZ was studied. The developed ceramics contained small amounts of ZrSiO4 and Ca2P2O7 phases within the ZrO2 matrix. The incorporation of glass to YZ promoted the ZrO2 phase partitioning and enhanced the ZrO2 grain growth at all the sintering temperatures, whereas the glass addition in AYZ prevented the Y2O3 redistribution between ZrO2 grains and limited the ZrO2 grain growth at 1300–1400°C. The hardness of the samples with glass was not significantly altered by using either YZ or AYZ. A slight increase in the fracture toughness with increasing glass content was found for YZ, while the fractured toughness of AYZ decreased by the glass addition. The more pronounced ZrO2 phase partitioning of YZ with glass decreased the flexural strength, whereas AYZ maintained almost unaltered its flexural strength at a high level by the glass incorporation.
Administration of pharmacological sleep aids prior to, during and following critical illness
Authors: Wong Cliff , Ho Jankin , Ankravs Melissa J. , Sharrock Lucy , Kee Kirk , Goldin Jeremy , MacIsaac Christopher , Presneill Jeffrey J. , Ali Abdelhamid Yasmine , Deane Adam M.
Published: August 2021

Background

Sleep in the intensive care unit (ICU) is frequently disturbed and this may have a detrimental effect on recovery.

Aim

To determine the use of pharmacological sleep aids in critically ill patients prior to, during and after ICU admission.

Methods

We conducted a single‐centre period prevalence study of all adult patients admitted to a university‐associated adult medical‐surgical ICU for more than two nights in a 3‐month period ending September 2019. The major outcome of interest was the proportion of ICU patients who had a pharmacological sleep aid administered prior to, during and after ICU admission. Associations of selected patient variables with sleep aid prescription in the ICU were summarised both as unadjusted univariable comparisons and as adjusted effect estimates returned by a multivariable logistic regression model.

Results

During the study period, 370 patients met all eligibility criteria. A pharmacological sleep aid was identified prior to hospital admission in 34 (9%) patients and in 62 (17%) patients during ICU admission. Of the 340 ICU survivors, 292 remained in the same hospital. Of these, 96 (33%) received a pharmacological sleep aid at least once during their post‐ICU general hospital ward stay. Pre‐hospital sleep aid use, male sex, longer ICU admission and higher APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) III scores were associated with sleep aid prescription in the ICU.

Conclusions

Pharmacological sleep aids are administered frequently in the ICU with administration increasing substantially after ICU discharge.