bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of wheat varieties (Triticum spp.) through seed morphology
Authors: Patel J. B. , Ukani J. D. , Babariya C. A. , Ramani P. S.
Published: January 2019

An experiment was carried out at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, to characterize 28 wheat varieties of different species [17 varieties (MP 4010, HI 1500, HI 1531, HI 1544, GW 1, GW 503, DL 788-2, HD 2932, GW 11, GW 173, GW 190, GW 273, LOK 1, GW 322, MP 3288, GW 366 and GW 496) of Triticum aestivum, 9 varieties (HI 8381, HI 8498, HI 8627, HI 8713, A 28, A 206, GDW 1255, GW 1139 and RAJ 1555) of Triticum durum and 2 varieties (DDK 1025, DDK 1029) of Triticum dicoccum)] released for general cultivation in Gujarat at state level as well as at the National level in Central India based on the seed morphological characters. Based on the seed colour, the varieties were grouped into amber (25), white (1) and red (2). On the basis of seed shape, wheat varieties were separated in to round (2) ovate (7), oblong (12) and elliptical (7). On the basis of seed size, varieties were grouped into medium seed size (5), bold seed size (15) and very bold seed size (8). On the basis of seed hardness, varieties were grouped into soft (1), semi-hard (7) and hard (20). Based on the seed germ width, varieties were grouped into medium (15), wide (9) and narrow (4) seed germ width types. The varieties were grouped based on the seed crease into three groups, as medium (11),shallow (12) and deep (5) grain crease types. Based on the brush hair length, wheat varieties were grouped as short (17), medium (7) and long (4) brush hair length types.
Egg shell morphology of an amblyceran louse, Hohorstiella rampurensis (Phthiraptera) infesting ring dove, Streptopelia decaocta
Authors: Singh Padam , Madan Jagirti , Gupta Nidhi
Published: January 2019

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study showed that miniature rice grain like egg shell of Hohorstiella rampurensis was covered by obliquely placed opercular disc. The apophyses were present only on one side of the egg shell. There were 25-35 long elongated rod like apophyses (apically turned), which were arranged in 3-4 rows and occurred in pair. The nature of egg shell of H. rampurensis characteristically differed from that of H. lata (the only species of Hohorstiella studied, so far). The study further indicates about the role of egg morphology as a guide to louse taxonomy.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and its applicability in aquaculture systems and aquatic animal health management: An overview
Authors: Kanyal Pooja , Roshan P.M. Rameez , Danish Mohd , Anita Anita , Khati Akansha , Chauhan R.S.
Published: January 2019

Global aquaculture production in 2012 touched new high of 90.4 million tonnes including 66.6 million tonnes of food fish and 23.8 million tonnes of aquatic algae providing 19.2 kg per capita food fish suppy. Aquaculture is reported to suffer heavy production and financial losses due to fish infections caused by microbial pathogens. Therefore in order to make aquaculture industry more sustainable, effective strategies to control fish infections are urgently needed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is an emerging, low-cost anti-microbial approach to the treatment of locally occurring infections and also for the treatment of aquaculture water and waste waters. Already proven effective in various medical and clinical applications, it utilizes three vital components: a photosensitizing agent (PS), a light source of an appropriate wave length and oxygen. aPDT has got a potential of being a preferred choice over antibiotics in aquaculture systems because of its non-target specificity, few side effects, lack of the pathogenicity reversal and re-growth of the micro-organism after treatment and the lack of development of resistance mechanisms. The technique has been proved effective in vitro against bacteria (including drug-resistant strains), yeasts, fungi, viruses, parasites and even the stubborn biofilms. Although preliminary results indicate that this technology has a high potential to disinfect waters in aquaculture system and also in hatcheries and seed production units, but it clearly needs more deep knowledge and multi-dimenstional approach.
Varieties and mulching influence on weed growth in wheat under Indo- Gangetic plain of India
Authors: Mani Diwakar , Singh M.K. , Prasad S.K.
Published: January 2019

Weeds are one of the primary factors responsible for reducing wheat yield. Despite, herbicides’ being one of the important components of weed management programme in India, but it was not adopted by resource poor farmers. Keeping these facts in view, a field experiment was carried out at Agricultural research farm, Institute of Agricultural sciences, Banaras Hindu University during the rabi (winter) season of the year 2012-13 to scrutinize the influence of ‘mulching’ and ‘varieties’ on weed control potential as well as growth and yield of wheat. The treatments comprised of five wheat varieties (C-306, K-8027, K-0307, DBW-39 and HD-2888) and four mulching treatments (No-mulch, paddy straw 6t/ha, maize straw 6t/ha, and saw dust 6t/ha). Surface application of paddy straw mulch 6t/ha considerably reduced the density and biomass of broad leafed weeds and grasses and showed higher weed control efficiency over other treatments like maize straw 6t/ha, saw dust 6t/ha and no-mulch. Varieties DBW-39 and K-0307 was highly effective in smothering of the weeds and produced higher dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, number of grain/earhead, biological yield and harvest index of wheat.
Studies on physico-chemical constituents in different cultivars of citrus fruits under Lucknow condition, India
Authors: Patel Arun , Singh Balveer , Ram R. B. , Thirupathi N.
Published: January 2019

The physico-chemical studies were conducted on the citrus fruits of sweet orange cv. Mosambi Local-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and Sweet Mandarin cv. Chinese Orange, Kinnow, Nagpur Mandarin, Local Mandarin-1 and Local Mandarin- 2. The Sweet Orange cultivar was highest size in Mosambi Local-3 with maximum fruit volume 204 ml and flesh weight 139.66 g followed by Mosambi Local-4. The juice recovery percent was maximum in Mosambi Local-3 28.63 and the highest specific gravity was found in Mosambi Local-1 (0.99) followed by Mosambi Local-2 (0.94). The different cultivars of Sweet Orange were recorded varies from the total soluble solid 7.60 to 12.66 percent, reducing sugar 4.13 to 7.08 per cent, total sugar 5.90 to 10.12 per cent, tritrable acidity 0.52 to 0.83 per cent, ascorbic acid 46 to 74.80 mg/100g and pH 3.92 to 4.98. The juice percent was determined in Kinnow 53.20 g after that Nagpur santra 51.30 g. The chemical attributes of Sweet Mandarin were found as total soluble solid varied from 8.96 to 12.20 per cent, reducing sugar 3.22 to 6.60 per cent, total sugar 5.73 to 10.04 per cent, titrable acidity 0.84 to 2.24 per cent, ascorbic acid 25.96 to 36.13mg/100 g and pH 3.84 to 4.60. However, the Sweet Orange cultivars Mosambi Local-3 and Mosambi Local-4 and Sweet Mandarin cv. Local Mandarin-1 were suitable for export, making of non alcoholic beverages, easy for bottling and frozen products grown under Lucknow conditions.
Smothering effect of different crops on weed Malva neglecta Wallr.
Authors: Kaur Charanjeet , Mehra Sat Paul
Published: January 2019

Field study was conducted at experimental farm of Punjab Agricultural University ,Ludhiana (India) during rabi seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with fourteen treatments having combination of seven different crops viz. bread wheat, durum wheat, six - rowed barley, two-rowed barley, raya, gobhi sarson, linseed and two weed control treatments i.e. hand weeded and unweeded. The study was planned with an objective to find out the most suitable Rabi crop that can suppress the weeds to maximum extent with minimum reduction in yield as there was no herbicide available which can control the weeds in an effective manner. Minimum weed dry matter accumulation was observed in raya (0.97qha-1 in the weeded plot) whereas maximum dry matter accumulation was observed in bread wheat (8.3qha-1), followed by durum wheat (6.1qha-1), linseed(5.0qha-1), barley (6-row) (4.9qha-1), barley (2-row) (2.6qha-1) and gobhi sarson (2.4qha-1). Raya (Brassica juncea) showed maximum suppressing poten-tial as minimum per cent reduction in crop yield of unweeded over weeded (7.4%) and minimum per cent increase in weed dry matter of unweeded over weeded( 44%) was observed in this crop. Gobhi sarson (Brassica napus) was the next best smothering crop followed by barley (2-row), barley (6-row), linseed, durum wheat and bread wheat, respectively in suppressing the M. neglecta. Two hand weedings treatment proved better in controlling the weeds as compared to unweeded treatment.
Effect of different growth regulators on in vitro micro-propagation of Kufri Frysona
Authors: Mohapatra Priyadarshani P. , Batra V.K. , Kajla Subhash , Poonia Anil K. , Kumar N. Manoj
Published: January 2019

In the present investigation, experiment was conducted for in vitro micro-propagation with different concentration of growth regulators in different explants Sprouts and Shoot tips of potato cultivar Kufri Frysona. The maximum survival percentage (40) of sprouts and (100%) of shoot tips were obtained when the explants were surface sterilized with 0.2% bavistin & 0.4% streptocyclin (45minutes) and 0.1% mercuric chloride (60seconds). Sterilized explants were inoculated on MS basal supplemented with various growth regulators and established successfully. The maximum shoot induction (62.5±1.44%) in 11.3±0.33 days and (74.0 ± 2.13 %) in 10.0 ± 0.50 days were reported on medium PM1 (BAP 0.25 mg/l) in sprouts and shoot tip explants respectively. The sprouted explants were further sub-cultured on MS media supplemented with various growth regulator alone and in combination for in vitro multiplication. In Kufri Frysona (11.2) shoots were obtained on MS medium fortified with 0.25mg/l BAP + 0.01mg/l IAA on 42th day of subculture. In vitro rooting was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l NAA in Kufri Frysona after 10 days. Rooted plantlets were successfully hardened in green house using different types of potting mixture and finally transferred to field. The protocol will be very useful for large-scale production of disease free planting material of potato (S. tuberosum) in future.
Effect of farm yard manure, phosphorus and sulphur on yield parameters, yield, nodulation, nutrient uptake and quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Das S. K. , Biswas B. , Jana K.
Published: January 2019

Field experiments were conducted for three years at Pulses and Oilseeds Research Station, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India during rabi 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the effects of farm yard manure (FYM), phosphorus and sulphur on yield parameters, yield, nodulation, nutrient uptake and quality of chickpea. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications having twelve treatment combinations viz. two levels of FYM (F0-0 t ha-1, F1 -5 t ha-1) as factor A , three levels of phosphorus (P0 -0 kg ha-1, P30 -30 kg ha-1, P60 -60 kg ha-1) as factor B and two levels of sulphur (S0 -0 kg ha-1, S20 -20 kg ha-1) as factor C. Experimental results revealed that yield attributing characters, yield and protein content of chickpea were significantly influenced by FYM, phosphorus, sulphur and interaction effects of these three factors. Significantly higher seed yield (2458.03 kg ha-1) was obtained with the application of FYM 5 t ha-1 over it’s non application. Application of 60 kg ha-1 phosphorus recorded significantly higher seed yield (2735.50 kg ha-1) of chickpea cultivar Anuradha. Application of 20 kg ha-1 sulphur recorded significantly higher seed yield (2532.32 kg ha-1) over it’s non application in a sulphur deficient soil. Among the interaction effects application of 60 kg ha-1 phosphorus and 20 kgha-1 sulphur in Farm yard manure(5 t ha-1 ) treated plot recorded highest seed yield (2979.3 kg ha-1) . Application of sulphur 20 kg ha-1 increased the nodule no. by 14.4 %. Application of 60 kg ha-1 phosphorus and 20 kg ha-1 sulphur in Farm yard manure treated plot (5 t ha-1) increased the nodule no. by 62.3%. Varying levels of phosphorus along with sulphur and FYM significantly improved the nutrient uptake by chickpea in a sulphur deficient soil. Application of 60 kg ha-1 phosphorus and 20 kg ha-1 sulphur in Farm yard manure treated plot (5 t ha-1) along with recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium proved to be the best treatment combination for increasing the productivity of chickpea and thereby increasing the pulse production of the country.
Assessment of per se performance, combining ability, hybrid vigour and reaction to major diseases in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
Authors: Yamanura Yamanura , Lokesha R. , Kantharaju V. , Muniswamy S.
Published: January 2019

An experiment was carried out using seven cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CGMS) lines as females and seven diversified testers as males in a line × tester design. The analysis of variance for parents, females x males, hybrids and parents vs hybrids showed significant differences for almost all characters studied indicating the presence of sufficient variability among parents. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that mean squares due to females and line x tester interaction were significant for most of the characters. Thereby it is suggested that the variation in hybrids in respect of seed yield may be strongly influenced by the female lines. Analysis of variance revealed that the ratio of variance due to GCA to SCA was less than unity for all the characters indicating that these traits may be under the influence of non additive gene action and these characters are more likely to be improved through heterosis breeding. The gca effects of parents revealed that ICPA-2043, ICPA-2047, ICPA-2078, AKT-9913, BDN-2 and GRG-811 were good general combiners for seed yield and it’s direct compo-nents. The top three crosses exhibiting high specific combing ability effects along with their Per se performance, standard heterosis and gca status of the parents indicated that the cross combinations ICPA-2092 x GRG-811, ICPA-2043 x ICP-7035 and ICPA-2047 x RVKP-261 were good specific combiners for seed yield. These parental combinations are being used for exploitation of hybrid vigour. The good general combiners (ICPA-2043, ICPA-2047, ICPA-2078, AKT-9913, BDN-2 and GRG-811) and promising crosses viz. ICPA-2047 x GRG-811 and ICPA-2047 x BDN-2 were resistant for SMD and Fusarium wilt diseases, having high mean performance, positive sca effects for seed yield were identified from the present investigation and these may be useful in future breeding program.
Implications of hybrid vigour, combining ability and per se performance in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
Authors: Yamanura Yamanura , Muniswamy S. , Ramesh Ramesh
Published: January 2019

Three CGMS lines were crossed with 17 testers in a line × tester design during Kharif 2013 and sufficient number of hand pollinated seeds was produced. The resultant 51 hybrids along with their 20 parents and standard check variety (Maruti) were evaluated in RBD design with two replications. Combining ability analysis evinced predominance of non-additive gene effects for 7 characters indicating relevance of heterosis breeding for improving yield attributes. The gca effects of parents revealed that ICPA-2043, GRG-2009, GRG-2009-2, LAXMI, LRG-41 and JKM-197 were good general combiners for seed yield and it’s direct components. The estimates of sca effects revealed that 11 experimental hybrids had significant, desirable and positive sca effects for seed yield/plant. Among these, three best crosses were selected on the basis of per se performance for ascertaining their association with sca effects of seed yield per plant and its attributes. The investigation identified the good general combiners (ICPA -2043, GRG-2009, GRG-2009-2, LAXMI, LRG-41 and JKM-197) and promising crosses (ICPA-2043 X GRG-2009-2, ICPA-2047 X GRG-2OO9 and ICPA-2043 X ICPL-288) showing high mean and significant positive sca effects involved high × high gca effects of parents. These parental combinations may be used in breeding program for exploitation of hybrid vigour.
Evaluation of cultivars and packing materials during preparation and storage of ber candy
Authors: Singh Balveer , Pathak Sanjay
Published: January 2019

Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is known as poor man’s fruit and is rich in protein, phosphorus, calcium, carotene and vitamin-C. The present investigation was conducted at laboratory Department of Post Harvest Technology collage of Horticulture and forestry, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the year 2010-11. The physico-chemical characteristics were evaluated for different caltivars viz., Illaichi, Ponda, Umran, Gola, Banarsi Karaka and Narendra Ber Sel-2. The cultivars physico-chemical composition of ber fruit and organoleptic quality of candies Banarsi Karaka was found best suited among all cultivars for making of candy. Storage studies indicated that LDPE film was better in comparison to glass jar and plastic jar for packaging of ber candy at ambient temperature and candy was found in good condition after 9 months of storage period in LDPE film. The maximum cost benefit ratio of ber candy was found to be 1: 1.25 than packed in LDPE film followed by plastic jar and glass jar.
Efficacy of dormancy breaking methods in paddy genotypes
Authors: Hanumanthappa D. , Vasudevan S.N. , Maruthi K. , Maruthi J.B. , Sebastian Anil
Published: January 2019

Paddy plays a pivotal role in Indian agriculture. It also possesses dormancy which needs to be studied thoroughly. Duration of dormancy usually ranges from 7 to 35 days. Environmental conditions that facilitate after-ripening in paddy is generally cool, moist substrate conditions referred to as stratification, chilling, or moist chilling, oxygen and other gases. 12 paddy genotypes were selected for the present investigation with various physical and chemical dormancy, breaking methods for freshly harvested seeds and the standard germination test was conducted thereafter. At 1% level of significance, heat treatment at 45°C for 72 h showed significantly highest mean germination (82.86%), seedling vigour index (2753), dehydrogenase activity (0.0449) and alpha amylase activity (12.14 mm) compared to other treatments and control.. The vigour index increased to 2753 (GA3 @ 50 ppm) from 985 in control. Significantly higher EC leachates was recorded in control (0.602) and lowest in heat treatment at 45°C for 72 hr (0.182) followed by HNO3 @ 1.5% (0.202) and GA3 @ 50 ppm (0.250) irrespective of the genotypes at 1% level of significance. Pre-heat treatment was followed by, HNO3 @ 1.5% and GA3 @ 50 ppm for germination (80.75%, 77.72%), dehydrogenase activity (0.0446,0.0443) and alpha amylase activity (12.10 cm,11.60 cm) respectively. The study is an exploration of cost effective treatment to alleviate seed dormancy in paddy with the background of biochemical observations for scientific explanation.
Comparative evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes based on distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing using physiological and morphological characters
Authors: Singh Divya Prakash , Marker Shailesh
Published: January 2019

A major challenge facing those involved in the testing of new plant varieties for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) is the need to compare them against all those of ‘common knowledge’. A set of maize inbred lines was used to compare how morphological and physio- logical characterization described variety relationships. An experiment was carried out to evaluate test of Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability using 26 physiological and 12 morphological characters. Minimum days for 50 % tasseling (50.66 and 50.66 days), minimum days for 50 % silking (53.66 and 53.66 days), minimum days for anthesis silking interval (3.0 and 2.6 days), maximum tassel branching (22.66 and 21.66), maximum cob height (89.70 and 89.16 cm) and maximum cob length (16.96 and 17.75 cm) were recorded in genotype AAIMS-1 in both experiments (2011 and 2012 respectively) and maximum cob width (12.51 and 13.11 cm) and maximum number of grain rows per cob (12.66 and 12.66) were recorded in genotype AAIMS-2 in both experiments (2011 and 2012 respectively). But maximum plant height (155.13 and 153.71cm), minimum days for maturity (86.00 and 88.00 days), maximum grain yield per plant (72.80 and 72.00 g) and maximum 100 seed weight (21.51 and 20.96 g) were recorded in genotype AAIMS-2 and AAIMS-1 respectively in both experiments conducted at experimental farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences during the year 2011 and 2012 respectively.
Effect of foliar spray of zinc, iron and boron on the growth, yield and sensory characters of guava (Psidium guajava L.) Cv. Sardar L-49
Authors: Bhoyar M. G. , Ramdevputra M.V.
Published: January 2019

The field experiment was carried to evaluate the response to the foliar application of micronutrients viz. zinc, iron and boron in single or in different combinations on guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar L-49 for various growth, yield and sensory parameters. From various combinations of micronutrients growth characters were remain uninfluenced. Combination of 0.5% Zinc sulphate + 0.5% Ferrus sulphate + 0.3% Borax significantly influenced fruit per shoot (3.6), overall yield (57.1 kg/tree) and sensory characters like aroma (7.7), taste (8.1), flavour (8.2), texture (7.5) and also overall acceptability (7.9). Application of 0.3% Borax significantly influenced flowers per shoot (5.3). Minimum fruit drop was recorded with application of 0.5% Ferrus sulphate + 0.3% Borax and minimum fruit drop per shoot observed in 0.5% Zinc sulphate + 0.3% Borax foliar application. The present study indicated that combined application of micronutrients enhanced fruit set, minimized fruit drop and overall yield. This has resulted in improved sensory characters in the guava fruit. This will lure consumers with appealing fruit that would enable farmers to earn a decent sum of money.
Isolation and characterization of mineral potassium solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere soils
Authors: Sen Arup , Padhan Dhaneshwar , Poi S.C.
Published: January 2019

Attempts were made to isolate potasium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from rhizosphere soil of different crops in Nadia district of West Bengal. A total of ten bacteria isolates were tested for K solubilization and characterized up to genus level based on morphological and biochemical characters. Among the ten isolates, six were gram positive rods belonging to genera Bacillus and remaining four isolates was gram negative rod belonging to genera Pseudomonas. The mechanisms involved in K solubilization and other agronomical beneficial traits were also analyzed for selected efficient strains. The diameter of zone of solubilization formed by the isolates on agar media supplemented with mica at 1 per cent ranged from 0.60 to 1.26 cm at 72 hours after incubation. In vitro K solubilization from mica powder by bacteria ranged from 3.23?g/ml to 41.20?g/ml at 20 days after inoculation. Organic acids production by the KSB isolates is the main reason for solubilization of potassium from mica powder. Results further suggested that the use of efficient potassium mobilizers can be a feasible option for meeting the K-requirement of crops.
Functional fitness: A key to independent and active living in the later age
Authors: Tewari Sonia , Kwatra Seema , Triphati Neha
Published: January 2019

Aging is a biological process and is associated with decrease in the physical activity level. With the aim of assessing the functional fitness level of senior citizens, sample size comprised of 90 i.e. 45 males and 45 females (15 male and 15 female from each age group viz. 60-64 year 65-69 year and 70-74 year) were chosen conveniently from Haldwani Block of district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. The Senior Fitness Test was conducted to collect experimental data. With age, lower body strength of males changes but not in case of females. The other functional parameters amongst males and females i.e. upper Body Strength, lower and Upper Body Flexibility, AerobicEndurance and Balance does not depend on the age. Out of six parameters of functional fitness, it was found that the average mean score of lower body strength (5.96), upper body strength (3.52) and aerobic endurance (4.85) of males and females are highly significant at 1% level of significant while average upper body flexibility (2.52) of males and females were significant at 5 % level of significance. With time, society has witnessed significant changes in lifestyle pattern, arising nuclear family groups, dual-earner families, competitiveness and rural-urban or cross-country immigration among young children. The scenario thus further placed need to lay emphasis onfunctional fitness of elderly population so that the older parents who are living alone can be functionally active and independent and care and rare themselves. Assessing the functional level of elderly can serve as a preventive measure prior to any functional limitations.
Status of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.cultivation and pesticide use in Golapar area of Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Kabdwal B.C. , Tewari Rashmi , Sharma Roopali , Kumar J.
Published: January 2019

Tomato is one of the most widely grown temperate vegetable crops grown in Himalayas and Tarai region of Northern India. Being the high value crop is important in raising the income of the farmers. However, from past few years, they are facing the problem of numerous diseases in the crop and subsequent yield losses and thusaffecting the economic status of the growers. Present study was carried out with the objective to discern the current status of disease occurrence in tomato and management strategies followed by the growers of Golapar area of District Nainital, a major tomato growing area of Uttarakhand state. Purposive sampling was followed for selection of the area and respondents were selected randomly. Data was collected through structured questionnaire. It was found that tomato is the key vegetable in the area and preference of the varieties was largely based on the marketable yield, larger fruit size, higher market price and also depends on the availability of seed with the local distributer. Average loss ranges from 20-80% due to late blight, leaf curl, early blight, wilt and stem rot diseases. Application of pesticides was exceedingly high as number of pesticide sprays was varied in the range of 10-40. However, disease management varied from 5-60% depending on the chemical application by the farmers. This study will be supportive to manipulate adopted strategies to reduce the losses and low cost proven technologies can be introduced for disease management for the benefit of the farmers.
In vitro plant regeneration in rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) through epicotyl segments by direct shoot organogenesis
Authors: Kaur Sukhjit
Published: January 2019

The effect of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of growth hormones on direct regeneration from one month old epicotyl segments of in vitro grown rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) seedlings was studied. The earliest bud induction in 7.5 days, highest bud induction frequency (98.50%), percent regeneration(90.53) were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1mglit-1) with an average number of 12.50 buds per explants. The epicotyls segments with proliferated buds were transferred to elongation media in order to improve the recovery of normal shoots. Maximum number of elongated shoots (8.50) was obtained on MS medium having BAP (0.5mglit-1) + Gibberellic Acid (GA3)(1.0 mglit-1).These elongated shoots were then rooted on MS medium containing Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.1mglit-1) + Indole-3-aceticacid(IAA)(0.5mglit-1) with highest rooting percentage(96%) and root number(5.0). Early (10.10 days) rooting was observed in MS medium supplemented with NAA1.0 mglit-1 + IBA0.5 mglit-1.The plantlet survival was 98.52%, when plantlets were transferred to plastic pots containing a mixture of garden soil and vermiculite (1:1). The hardened plants were successfully established in the soil. The present study developed protocol which can be reliably used for in vitro regeneration of rough lemon and for gene transfer studies in rough lemon, especially to induce salinity and Phytophthora tolerance.
Development of farm pond operational modeling using Neuro-Fuzzy technique
Authors: Sonawane Ashish V. , Hasan Murtaza , Singh Deepak
Published: January 2019

Study was conducted to derive operational model for a farm pond of 3000 cubic meter capacity at Center for protected cultivation technology (CPCT), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India which was the important source of irrigation water of the farm of the area 10 ha. The Neuro-Fuzzy approach was used to develop the operational model and to derive operational rules for proper irrigation scheduling of the horticultural crops grown at CPCT. Based upon the inputs like crop water requirement, evaporation losses and farm pond inflow the model predicting outflow of the reservoir was developed. The developed model was having high accuracy and predictability when tested statistically. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.96, whereas the model efficiency (E) was 0.97 which shows the high reliability of the model. The operating rules which were of ‘If-Then’ form were also developed which would lead to better management of the farm pond system and would also improve the irrigation scheduling at CPCT farm, IARI, New Delhi.
Effect of boron on growth, nutrition and fertility status of large cardamom in Sikkim Himalaya, India
Authors: Gudade B.A. , Babu Subhash , Bora S.S. , Dhanapal K. , Singh Raghavendra
Published: January 2019

Field experiment was conducted at Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Spices Board Kabi research farm North Sikkim to find out the effect of Boron nutrition on growth, nutrient content and soil fertility status of large cardamom. The experiment was laid out in RBD comprising seven treatments (T1 soil application of borax@2.5 kg ha-1 ,T2 soil application of borax@5.0 kg ha-1, T3 foliar application of borax@0.25%, T4 foliar application of borax @0.5%, T5 foliar application of borax@0.25%+ soil application of borax@2.5 kg ha-1, T6 foliar application of borax@0.5%+ soil application of borax@2.5 kg ha-1 and T7 control). Results reveal that foliar application of borax@0.5%+ soil application of borax@2.5 kg ha-1 recorded the maximum values of immature tillers per clump (2.98 and 3.95) and mature tillers per clump (2.99 and 3.11) during both September, 2013 and March, 2014 and vegetative buds per clump (2.90 ). With regards to nutrient content in leaf of large cardamom among the treatments, foliar application of borax@0.5%+soil application of borax@2.5 kg ha-1 recorded highest nutrient acquisition However, its effect was statistically non significant on K, S, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe content and significant on N(2.59%), P (0.18%), Mg (0.39%) and B (15.45 ppm) content in leaf.
On-farm impact analysis of resource conservation technology on wheat at Tarai-Teesta Flood plain of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
Authors: Biswas B.
Published: January 2019

Adoption of resource conservation technologies (RCT) may improve the productivity, reduce cost and sustainability of wheat production in the irrigated areas of eastern Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of South Asia. Critical on –farm study on factors favouring adoption and non-adoption is required. Findings from an on-farm trial conducted during 2005-2009 are used to evaluate the on-farm impacts of zero tillage (ZT) in wheat from three sites at Tarai-Teesta flood plain of eastern IGP. On an average, there was 11.54% increase in productivity in ZT wheat over conventional tilled (CT) wheat. Water productivity increased from 1.99 kg m-3 in CT to 2.73 kg m-3 in ZT due to lower estimated water use (1147 m3 ha-1 in ZT than 1435 m3 ha-1 in CT) and higher productivity (3.38 t ha-1 in ZT than 3.03 t ha-1 in CT). Saving in tractor operation and diesel use in farmers’ ZT wheat fields were 3.23 and 19.09 hours ha-1. Sowing can be done earlier by one week through adoption of ZT machine for better utilization of limited winter. Savings in ZT on farmers’ fields were in the components of land preparation (1938 Rs ha-1), seed (462 Rs ha-1), nitrogen (269 Rs ha-1), phosphate fertilizer (104 Rs ha-1) and irrigation (380 Rs ha-1) over conventional wheat cultivation. Availability of zero-till seeder and its servicing, skilled operator and sometimes reluctance of local tiller operator for apprehension of lower earnings from single tillage pass are also revealed as the factors of non-adoption. More such in-depth studies should be conducted on site-specific basis so that it can be replicated more widely in areas for the benefit of the farming community.
Economics analysis of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Haryana, India
Authors: Kumar Parveen , Chauhan R. S. , Grover R. K.
Published: January 2019

In the present paper an attempt has been made to study the comparative economics of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Karnal district, Haryana. Production and marketing constraints under poly house cultivation have also been identified. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of a specially designed schedule. Simple statistical tool like Averages and percentages were used to compare, contrast and interpret the results properly. The overall findings of the study reveal that the cost of cultivation of tomato under poly houses was higher by Rs. 206816.90/acre as com-pared to open field conditions. At the same time, the net returns under poly houses were higher by Rs. 51097.54/acre. Farmers realized 53.71 % higher yield of tomato under poly house as compared to open field conditions. The gross return, returns over variable cost and net return were also higher by 106.94 %, 160.70 % and 48.70 %, respectively in case of poly house as compared to open field conditions. The results of the study also revealed that the tomato cultivation under poly houses has significantly contributed to the yield.
Signature capture of red soil patches and their acidity-A case study of Banka district, Bihar, India
Authors: Vimal Binod K. , Kumar Rajkishore , Choudhary C. D. , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Rakesh , Singh Y. K. , Kumari Ragini
Published: January 2019

Colour in soils as well as other object is the visual perceptual property which is perceived by human eye. They are governed by spectrum of light corresponding to wavelength or reflected energy of the material. Developed model for soil acidity is based on visual interpretation, principal component and spectral enhancement techniques by using of the satellite image (IRS LISS III, 2014). In this context, red soil patch is much sensitive in red spectral band comparison to green and blue spectral bands and perceived as red tone by human eyes but same soil patch appears green in false colour composite (FCC) image of NIR (0.70-0.80?m), Red (0.60-0.70 ?m) and Green (0.50-0.60?m) bands. The maximum coverage of red soil patches having low pH < 6.5 (1:2.5) was recognized in 44.07 per cent of the total geographical area (3019.56 sq.km) under Banka district. Maximum red soil patches having their acidity were recognised in Katoria (18.56%), Chanan (15.15%), Bounsi (10.44%) and Banka (9.92%) blocks. Overall results indicated that variation of tone in different bands helps for the separation of red soil patches.
Management of white fly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) through seed treatment in moth bean
Authors: Jakhar B.L , Panickar Bindu , Ravindrababu Y.
Published: January 2019

A seed treatment trial was conducted at research farm of Centre of Excellence for Research on Pulses, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. The experiment was conducted for the control of white fly by seed treatment, four insecticides were used for seed treatment with two different doses of each insecticides viz., Bifenthrin 10 EC, Imidacloprid 600FS,Thiomethoxam 35 FS and Fipronil 5%SC, these treatments were found significantly (at 5 %) superior over the control in reducing the white fly population in moth bean. The seed treatment with Thiomethoxam35 FS @5g/kg seeds found minimum white fly, Bemisia tabaci population (0.32 /leaf) followed by Imidacloprid 600FS @ 5 g/kg seeds (white fly 0.39/leaf) and maximum was recorded in control ( 1.06/leaf. Farmers are advised to use seed treatments with Thiomethoxam35 FS @5g/kg seeds or Imidacloprid 600FS @ 5 g/kg seeds before the sowing of moth bean crop for the control of white fly.
Synergetic effect of onion (Allium cepa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and garlic (Allium sativum) on in vitro iron bioaccessibility from cooked dehusked mungbean
Authors: Kaur Pardeep , Bains Kiran , Kaur Harpreet
Published: January 2019

The usage of combination of onion (Allium cepa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and garlic (Allium sativum) in legume preparations is vogue in North India but the amounts of these three additives need to be optimized to enhance iron bioavailability from the legumes. Four levels of the three additives were set where onion and tomato were added to 100 g of base legume i.e. dehusked mungbean (Vigna radiata) @ 25, 50, 75 and 100g each while garlic was added @ 5, 10, 15 and 20g. The inclusion of the combination of onion tomato and garlic at levels Level 1 (4.55), Level 2 (5.37), Level 3 (5.80) and Level 4 (7.11) had a significantly (p?0.05) higher ascorbicacid level when compared to the legume with no additive (0.26mg). ?-carotene content increased significantly (p?0.05) at all the levels (15.42 to 36.2?g) when compared to the legume with no additive (13.64?g/100 g fresh weight) Similarly, the in vitro iron bioaccessibility increased significantly (p?0.05) when the level of fortificationincreased, the percent increase being 11.9, 14.1, 25.6 and 54.6 % at Level 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively when compared to the legume with no additive . The study concluded that the combination of onion (100g), tomato (100g) and garlic (20g) can enhance the bioaccessibility of iron from legumes maximally, hence, the observation can be useful in evolving dietary strategies to maximize the bioavailability of minerals from legumes.
Computation of correlations of fortified vermicompost with sulphur on seed yield and nutrient content of mustard [Brassica juncea]
Authors: Parihar Suman , Kameriya P. R. , Choudhary Rakesh
Published: January 2019

Effect of sulphur and fortified vermicompost on growth and yield of mustard [Brassica juncea] was carried out at College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan) during rabi season: 2010-11. Sixteen treatment combinations comprising four levels of each sulphur and fortified vermicompost were evaluated. Grain yield (1993 kg ha-1) increased significantly (p < 0.05) up to 6.0 t vermicompost ha-1 along with 40 kg sulphur ha-1. As regards interactive effects of treatment, synergistic behavior was noted between 6.0 t vermi-compost ha-1 40 kg S ha-1 for seed yield, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents and also sulphur content and uptake by seed of mustard. The significantly higher P content in seed was recorded under 40 kg S ha-1 in combination with 4.0 t ha-1 vermicompost Combined effect of levels of vermicompost and sulphur on seed yield was found to be significant than control. The concomitant effect of 6.0 t vermicompost ha-1 and 40 kg S ha-1 application was found highly pronounced on seed yield and sulphur content in seed of mustard.
Eco-friendly fishing methods and techniques practiced in the northern hills zone of Chhattisgarh state, India
Authors: Mooventhan P. , Kadian K. S. , Kumar R. Senthil , Karpagam C. , Choudhary B. K.
Published: January 2019

Indian forests have the potential to safeguard the livelihood of forest dwelling people, particularly tribal people, who are among the most disadvantaged groups in our society. Tribal people generally depend on forests for their cultural, spiritual, and to varying degree of economic needs. Fishing is one of the important livelihood activities of the tribal community since the time immortal. Fishing provides the source of livelihood as well as nutritional security to the tribal family significantly. An explorative study was conducted in participatory mode to explore the eco-friendly fishing methods. Totally, 300 respondents were selected for this study. The data was documented with the help of participatory observation, focused group discussions with triangulation procedures. In the paper, eco-friendly fishing methods such as Kumani, Pahata, Mora, Donga, Pelna, Choppa, Mora, Gulel, Bhawarjal, Ditori, Beetaah, Chiwaar, Baahla and Jholna and their working procedures are discussed. Jholna used to catch small and medium sized fishes upto 5-7 kg/day. The production cost of this choppa is less than Rs. 250 and it is used to catch small sized fishes up to 1.5-2.5kg/day. Kumani is used to catch small sized fishes and crabs upto 1-2 kg/day. The making cost of Pelna is around Rs. 650 and it is used to catch fishes upto 6-7 kg/day. The construction cost of Pahata gear is around Rs. 2000 and It is used to catch medium to big sized fishes upto 8-10kg/day.
A study on innovativeness and regulating conflicts between the fishers and farmers in the Balua wetland
Authors: Mehta R.K. , Ojha S.N. , Yadav Vinod , Rai S.C. , Kumar Shivendra
Published: January 2019

Wetlands store ground and surface water even when the rainfall is erratic. However, the rising demand for water and land to sustain the ever increasing population has manifested in many kinds of conflicts in wetlands. In the study area, Balua Chaur (wetland) in Bihar state of India, 16 conflicts emerged when the flooded lands offarmers was accessed by the fishers to fish. Such conflicts had further marginalized the already indigent fishers. Factor analysis, to reduce the socioeconomic and psychological variables of the fishers that were associated with innovativeness and further analysis of ANOVA and regression was used. In case of fishers, two major groups of interrelated variables that accounted for 60.6 % of the total variance were identified through this method. Factor 1 accounted for 34.8 % of the total variance that included innovativeness, income, education, mass media exposure, extension contact, livestock ownership, land ownership, mobile use collaborating and competing style of conflict management and named as innovative factors. The ANOVA table and stepwise multiple regression model exhibited that the nuclear family type and livestock have significant impact on the innovativeness of fishers with R2 value 0.255. In this paper, peace and prosperity model based upon the analysis of primary information collected from the fishers, farmers and key informants is proposed to foster innovativeness to enhance the productivity of wetland and resolve conflict to mobilize the resources in efficient and judicial manner.
Effects of sowing dates and irrigation regimes on grain quality of wheat grown under semi-arid condition of India
Authors: Meena Rajesh Kumar , Parihar S.S. , Singh Man , Khanna Manoj
Published: January 2019

An experiment was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of sowing dates and irrigation regimes on wheat grain quality. There was four sowing dates [November 1(S1), November 16 (S2), December 1(S3) and December 16 (S4)], in main plots and four irrigation regimes [25% (I1), 50% (I2) and 75% (I3) maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil moisture (ASM) and I4 – four critical growth stages in sub plots. The results revealed that hectolitre weight decreased from 80.2 and 81.4 kg hl-1 in S1 treatment to 78.3 and 79.4 kg hl-1 in S4 treatment and 79.9 and 81.5 kg hl-1 in I1 treatment to 79.0 and 79.9 kg hl-1 in I3 treatment in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Grain hardness outcome was ?75 in 2010-11 while it was <75 in 2011-12 irrespective of sowing dates and irrigation regimes. The highest percentage of flour recovery obtained in S1 treatment (68.2 and 63.2%) and I1 treatment (68.0 and 62.8%) with lowest coarse bran. On average, dry gluten content increased by 16.5 and 7.1% in S4 over S1 treatment in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Grain protein content increased from 11.9 and 12.8% in S1 treatment to 12.6 and 13.8% in S4 treatment in respective seasons. The milling and technological properties in S2 and I2 treatment was at par with S1 and I2 treatment. Therefore, it may be inferred that optimum milling and technological properties of wheat grain can be maintained by sowing till mid-November and irrigation scheduling up to 50% depletion of ASM.
Performance of strawberry cultivars in mid hill region of Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Kumar Jayant , Thakur Disha , Thakur Manish , Babita Babita
Published: January 2019

The present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of strawberry cultivars in mid hill region of Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh. For this purpose nine strawberry cultivars viz Addie, Belrubi, Brighton, Chandler, Dana, Etna, Fern, Pajaro and Selva were planted at spacing of 30 x 15 cm in double rows on raised beds of 1m × 3m size at Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Bajaura, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized block design. The maximum plant height (16.37cm) was recorded with cv. Belrubi and maximum plant spread was attained by cv. Fern (EW 23.27 cm and NS 21.03 cm), maximum leaf length (16.90 cm) was recorded by cv. Belrubi and minimum (10.00 cm) with cv. Dana. The maximum leaf area was recorded with Chandler (76.03 cm2). The maximum fruit weight (14.93gm), total soluble solids (12.00oB), reducing sugars (5.01%) and total sugars (5.44%) were recorded with cv. Chandler. The maximum fruit yield per plant was observed with cv. Belrubi (996.3g/plant) which was closely followed by cv. Chandler (966.7 g/plant). Thus from the above studies it is concluded that Strawberry cultivars Belrubi and Chandler were best for commercial cultivation in mid hill region of Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh.
Study of heterosis and combining ability for earliness and vegetative traits in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Tiwari Rajni , Singh Dinesh Kumar
Published: January 2019

The present investigation was undertaken to investigate the extent of heterosis and combining ability on earliness, vegetative traits and yield of Cucumber. A field experiment was designed in line x tester mating design with 11 parents (including 8 parthenocarpic lines namely Pant parthenocarpic cucumber-2, Pant parthenocarpic cucumber-3, Nun-3139, Nun-3121, Nun-3141, Infifnity, Isatis, Kian, and 3 monoecious testers namely PCUC-8, PCUC-15, Pant Kheera -1 {also known as PCUC-28}) and their 24 F1 hybrids to work out the heterosis and combining ability for earliness and yield characters. All traits pertinent to earliness and yield showed significant values for heterosis and combining ability. Appreciable heterosis in desirable direction was found over better parent and check parent by the cross PCUCP-3 x PCUC-15 for earliness characters viz. days to first female flower (-71.18 & -70.31), days to first harvest (-3.40 & -22.01) whereas Cross Kian x PCUC-15 showed maximum number of fruits per plant (8.36 & 106.35) and fruit yield (86.34 & 210.74 respectively). The crosses PCUCP-3 x PCUC-15 and Nun-3139 x PCUC-8 showed significant specific combining ability for earliness and yield characters. Cross Nun-3139 x PCUC-8 showed significant yield regarding heterosis and SCA. Regarding general combining ability for earliness parent Isatis and for yield characters parent Kian stood in top. Cross Nun-3139 x PCUC-8 showed Maximum specific combining ability for node number to first female flower (-0.98), number of fruits per plant (3.39) and fruit yield (220.57).