bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of stratocumulus cloud prediction in the Met Office forecast model during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Abel S. J. , Walters D. N. , Allen G.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Observations in the subtropical south east Pacific obtained during the VOCALS-REx field experiment are used to evaluate the representation of stratocumulus cloud in the Met Office forecast model and to identify key areas where model biases exist. Marked variations in the large scale structure of the cloud field were observed during the experiment on both day to day and on diurnal timescales. In the remote maritime region the model is shown to have a good representation of synoptically induced variability in both cloud cover and marine boundary layer depth. Satellite observations show a strong diurnal cycle in cloud fraction and liquid water path in the stratocumulus with enhanced clearances of the cloud deck along the Chilean and Peruvian coasts on certain days. The model accurately simulates the phase of the diurnal cycle but is unable to capture the coastal clearing of cloud. Observations along the 20° S latitude line show a gradual increase in the depth of the boundary layer away from the coast. This trend is well captured by the model (typical low bias of 200 m) although significant errors exist at the coast where the model marine boundary layer is too shallow and moist. Drizzle in the model responds to changes in liquid water path in a manner that is consistent with previous ship-borne observations in the region although the intensity of this drizzle is likely to be too high, particularly in the more polluted coastal region where higher cloud droplet number concentrations are typical. Another mode of variability in the cloud field that the model is unable to capture are regions of pockets of open cellular convection embedded in the overcast stratocumulus deck and an example of such a feature that was sampled during VOCALS-REx is shown.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
Authors: Birner T. , Bönisch H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Comparison between simulated and observed chemical composition of fine aerosols in Paris (France) during springtime: contribution of regional versus continental emissions
Authors: Sciare J. , d'Argouges O. , Sarda-Estève R. , Gaimoz C. , Gros V. , Zhang Q. J. , Beekmann M. , Sanchez O.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Hourly concentrations of inorganic salts (ions) and carbonaceous material in fine aerosols (aerodynamic diameter, A.D.<2.5 μm) have been determined experimentally from fast measurements performed for a 3-week period in spring 2007 in Paris (France). The sum of these two chemical components (ions and carbonaceous aerosols) has shown to account for most of the fine aerosol mass (PM2.5). This time-resolved dataset allowed investigating the factors controlling the levels of PM2.5 in Paris and showed that polluted periods with PM2.5<15 μg/m3 were characterized by air masses of continental (North-Western Europe) origin and chemical composition made by 75% of ions. By contrast, periods with clean marine air masses have shown the lowest PM2.5 concentrations (typically of about 10 μg/m3); carbonaceous aerosols contributing for most of this mass (typically 75%). In order to better discriminate between regional and continental contributions to the observed chemical composition and concentrations of PM2.5 over Paris, a comparative study was performed between this time-resolved dataset and the outputs of a chemistry transport model (CHIMERE), showing a relatively good capability of the model to reproduce the time-limited intense maxima observed in the field for PM2.5 and ion species. Different model scenarios were then investigated switching off regional and European (North-Western and Central) emissions. Results of these scenarios have clearly shown that most of the ions observed over Paris during polluted periods, were either transported or formed in-situ from gas precursors transported from Northern Europe. By opposite, long-range transport from Europe appeared to poorly contribute to the levels of carbonaceous aerosols observed over Paris. The model failed to properly account for the concentration levels and variability of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) determined experimentally by the EC-tracer method. The abundance of SOA (relatively to organic aerosol, OA) was as much as 75%, showing a poor dependence on air masses origin. Elevated SOA/OA ratios were also observed for air masses having residence time above ground for less than 10 h, suggesting intense emissions and/or photochemical processes leading to rapid formation of secondary organic aerosols.
Volatile organic compound emissions from Larrea tridentata (creosotebush)
Authors: Jardine K. , Abrell L. , Kurc S. A. , Huxman T. , Ortega J. , Guenther A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from plants impacts both climate and air quality by fueling atmospheric chemistry and by contributing to aerosol particles. While a variety of ecosystems have been investigated for VOC emissions, deserts remain essentially unstudied, partially because of their low biomass densities and water limitations. However, during the North American monsoon, a pronounced increase in rainfall from an extremely dry June (<5 mm precipitation) to a rainy July (>80 mm) occurs over large areas of the Sonoran desert in the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. We present results from the CREosote ATmosphere Interactions through Volatile Emissions (CREATIVE 2009) field study in Southern Arizona aimed at quantifying emission rates of VOCs from creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) during the summer 2009 monsoon season. This species was chosen because of its vast distribution in North and South American deserts and because its resins have been reported to contain a rich set of VOCs. We observed a strong diurnal pattern with branch emissions and ambient concentrations of an extensive suite of VOCs with maxima in early afternoon. These include VOCs typically observed in forest sites (oxygenated VOCs and volatile isoprenoids) as well as a large number of other compounds, some of which have not been previously described from any plant including 1-chloro-2-methoxy-benzene and isobutyronitrile. Although generally considered to be derived from anthropogenic sources, we observed emissions of aromatic compounds including benzene, and a broad range of phenolics. Dimethyl sulfide emissions from creosotebush were higher than reported from any previously studied plant suggesting that terrestrial ecosystems should be reconsidered as an important source of this climatically important gas. We also present direct, primary emission measurements of isoprene and its apparent oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and 3-methyl furan (the later three compounds are typically assumed to form from secondary reactions within the atmosphere), as well as a group of compounds considered to be fatty acid oxidation products. These results suggest that one important function of some VOCs in creosotebush is as an antioxidant. We also find that emissions of nitriles from creosotebush represent an unaccounted for loss of nitrogen from arid ecosystems. Our results demonstrate the richness of creosotebush volatile emissions and highlight the need for further research into their atmospheric and ecological impacts.
Tornado activity in Greece within the 20th century
Authors: Nastos P. T. , Matsangouras J. T.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Tornado activity is associated with extreme convective weather which can cause extended damage and even in some cases the loss of life. The complex inland terrain of Greece along with the Ionian Sea at the west and the Aegean Sea at the east appear to be a favorable area for fury phenomena such as tornadoes, waterspouts and funnel clouds. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of tornado activity in Greece for the period 1900–1999 are presented. The spatial distribution of tornadoes, waterspouts and funnel clouds reveals the vulnerability of specific geographical areas, such as the west Greece and the south Aegean Sea. As far as the intra annual variability is concerned, the maximum of tornado activity dominates within the cold period of the year (October–March) while according to the daily distribution, tornadoes happen frequently during the warm hours of the day. It is remarkable to mention that in Greece, within the 20th century, the tornado activity caused the loss of 4 lifes, the injury of 40 people and numerous damages on human constructions and cultivations.
The global chemistry transport model TM5: description and evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version 3.0
Authors: Huijnen V. , Williams J. E. , van Weele M. , van Noije T. P. C. , Krol M. C. , Dentener F. , Segers A. , Houweling S. , Peters W. , de Laat A. T. J. , Boersma K. F. , Bergamaschi P. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Le Sager P. , Eskes H. J. , Alkemade F. , Scheele M. P. , Nédélec P. , Pätz H.-W.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version of the global chemistry transport model TM5 (Tracer Model 5, version TM5-chem-v3.0). A full description is given concerning the photochemical mechanism, the interaction with aerosol, the treatment of the stratosphere, the wet and dry deposition parameterizations, and the applied emissions. We evaluate the model against a suite of ground-based, satellite, and aircraft measurements of components critical for understanding global photochemistry for the year 2006. The model exhibits a realistic oxidative capacity at a global scale. The methane lifetime is ~8.9 years with an associated lifetime of methyl chloroform of 5.86 years, which is similar to that derived using an optimized hydroxyl radical field. The seasonal cycle in observed carbon monoxide (CO) is well simulated at different regions across the globe. In the Northern Hemisphere CO concentrations are underestimated by about 20 ppbv in spring and 10 ppbv in summer, which is related to missing chemistry and underestimated emissions from higher hydrocarbons, as well as to uncertainties in the seasonal variation of CO emissions. The model also captures the spatial and seasonal variation in formaldehyde tropospheric columns as observed by SCIAMACHY. Positive model biases over the Amazon and eastern United States point to uncertainties in the isoprene emissions as well as its chemical breakdown. Simulated tropospheric nitrogen dioxide columns correspond well to observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument in terms of its seasonal and spatial variability (with a global spatial correlation coefficient of 0.89), but TM5 fields are lower by 25–40%. This is consistent with earlier studies pointing to a high bias of 0–30% in the OMI retrievals, but uncertainties in the emission inventories have probably also contributed to the discrepancy. TM5 tropospheric nitrogen dioxide profiles are in good agreement (within ~0.1 ppbv) with in situ aircraft observations from the INTEX-B campaign over (the Gulf of) Mexico. The model reproduces the spatial and seasonal variation in background surface ozone concentrations and tropospheric ozone profiles from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre to within 10 ppbv, but at several tropical stations the model tends to underestimate ozone in the free troposphere. The presented model results benchmark the TM5 tropospheric chemistry version, which is currently in use in several international cooperation activities, and upon which future model improvements will take place.
Improving QPF by blending techniques at the Meteorological Service of Catalonia
Authors: Atencia A. , Rigo T. , Sairouni A. , Moré J. , Bech J. , Vilaclara E. , Cunillera J. , Llasat M. C. , Garrote L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The current operational very short-term and short-term quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) at the Meteorological Service of Catalonia (SMC) is made by three different methodologies: Advection of the radar reflectivity field (ADV), Identification, tracking and forecasting of convective structures (CST) and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models using observational data assimilation (radar, satellite, etc.). These precipitation forecasts have different characteristics, lead time and spatial resolutions. The objective of this study is to combine these methods in order to obtain a single and optimized QPF at each lead time. This combination (blending) of the radar forecast (ADV and CST) and precipitation forecast from NWP model is carried out by means of different methodologies according to the prediction horizon. Firstly, in order to take advantage of the rainfall location and intensity from radar observations, a phase correction technique is applied to the NWP output to derive an additional corrected forecast (MCO). To select the best precipitation estimation in the first and second hour (t+1 h and t+2 h), the information from radar advection (ADV) and the corrected outputs from the model (MCO) are mixed by using different weights, which vary dynamically, according to indexes that quantify the quality of these predictions. This procedure has the ability to integrate the skill of rainfall location and patterns that are given by the advection of radar reflectivity field with the capacity of generating new precipitation areas from the NWP models. From the third hour (t+3 h), as radar-based forecasting has generally low skills, only the quantitative precipitation forecast from model is used. This blending of different sources of prediction is verified for different types of episodes (convective, moderately convective and stratiform) to obtain a robust methodology for implementing it in an operational and dynamic way.
Complex behavior of marine animal tissue extracts in the competitive binding assay of brevetoxins with rat brain synaptosomes
Authors: Whitney Philip L. , Delgado Jesus A. , Baden Daniel G.
Published: July 2010

Brevetoxins are produced by the marine dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis, an organism linked to red tide outbreaks, and the accompanying toxicity to marine animals and to neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans. Brevetoxins bind with high affinity to voltage‐sensitive sodium channels and cause increased sodium ion conductance and nerve cell depolarization. The brevetoxin competitive binding assay with tritium‐labeled brevetoxin 3 (3H‐PbTx‐3) and rat brain synaptosomes is a sensitive and specific assay for pure brevetoxins. Here we report that extracts of manatee, turtle, fish, and clam tissues contain components that interfere with the assay by cooperative, noncompetitive inhibition of 3H‐PbTx‐3 specific binding and increased nonspecific binding to synaptosomes. By determining the “apparent” toxin concentration (“[Toxin]”) in the extract at several assay concentrations, a reasonable correction for the complex inhibition could be made using a semilog plot to extrapolate [Toxin] to zero extract concentration to obtain [Toxin]0. Spiking 4 extracts with 60 nM PbTx‐3 caused [Toxin]0 to increase by 41 ± 8 nM, indicating that the noncompetitive components did not prevent the assay of toxin but did reduce the accuracy of the result. Fourfold repetition of the assay of 4 samples gave standard deviations of 25 to 60% of the value of [Toxin]0, so the error can be fairly large, especially for samples with little toxin. Purification of an extract with a 1 g sample prep column of C‐18 decreased the complex inhibition by about 3‐fold but did not eliminate interference in the assay. Nat. Toxins 5:193–200, 1997. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power of being present: the role of mindfulness on the relation between men's alcohol use and sexual aggression toward intimate partners
Authors: Gallagher Kathryn E. , Hudepohl Adam D. , Parrott Dominic J.
Published: July 2010

The primary aim of this investigation was to examine the association between men's level of mindfulness and histories of alcohol consumption and sexual aggression toward intimate partners. Participants were 167 heterosexual drinking males who completed self‐report measures of mindfulness, frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption during the past 12 months and sexual aggression against intimate partners during the past 12 months. Results indicated that a history of consuming larger amounts when drinking was associated with more frequent sexual coercion/aggression among men who reported low, but not high, levels of mindfulness. However, drinking more frequently by itself was not associated with more frequent sexual coercion/aggression. These results support the attention‐allocation model and suggest implications for future intervention research aimed at reducing alcohol‐related aggression. Aggr. Behav. 36:405–413, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender differences in risk factors for violence: an examination of the predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth
Authors: Penney Stephanie R. , Lee Zina , Moretti Marlene M.
Published: July 2010

The research literature on predicting violence is particularly lacking in specifying risk factors for violence in adolescent girls. The recently developed Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth [SAVRY; Borum et al., 2006] shows promise as it is empirically derived and incorporates dynamic factors in its assessment of risk. To date, there exists little information attesting to the reliability and validity of the SAVRY, and few investigations of the SAVRY's utility across gender. This study investigated the SAVRY in a sample of 144 high‐risk adolescents (80 males and 64 females), focusing on gender discrepancies in the predictive utility of the measure. Results indicate that the SAVRY moderately predicts violent and non‐violent reoffending in the entire sample, and also suggest that the SAVRY operates comparably across gender. Although not precluding the existence of gender‐specific domains of risk, current results suggest that validated risk factors in boys hold relevance for the prediction of violence and delinquency in girls. Aggr. Behav. 36:390–404, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monodisperse Mesoporous Silica Spheres Inside a Bioactive Macroporous Glass–Ceramic Scaffold
Authors: Mortera Renato , Baino Francesco , Croce Gianluca , Fiorilli Sonia , Vitale‐Brovarone Chiara , Verné Enrica , Onida Barbara
Published: July 2010

In the field of bone tissue engineering, monosized MCM‐41 spheres have been incorporated inside a bioactive glass–ceramic macroporous scaffold belonging to the SiO2CaOK2O (SCK) system so obtaining a multiscale hierarchical composite. The MCM‐41‐SCK system was prepared by dipping the glass–ceramic scaffold into the MCM‐41 synthesis solution and was characterized by means of XRD, micro‐XRD, N2 sorption and scanning electron microscopy. The MCM‐41 spheres inside the scaffold are highly uniform in diameter, as those synthesized in powder form. The adsorption capacity of the composite toward ibuprofen is three times higher than that of the MCM‐41‐free scaffold, because of the presence of the ordered mesoporous silica. Also the release behavior in SBF at 37 °C is strongly affected by the presence of MCM‐41 inside the scaffold macropores.
Bio‐inspired Photoelectric Conversion Based on Smart‐Gating Nanochannels
Authors: Wen Liping , Hou Xu , Tian Ye , Zhai Jin , Jiang Lei
Published: July 2010

Inspired by the light‐driven, cross‐membrane proton pump of biological systems, a photoelectric conversion system based on a smart‐gating, proton‐driven nanochannel is constructed. In this system, solar energy is the only source of cross‐membrane proton motive force that induces a diffusion potential and photocurrent flowing through the external circuit. Although the obtained photoelectric conversion performance is lower than that of conventional solid photovoltaic devices, it is believed that higher efficiencies can be generated by enhancing the protonation capacity of the photo‐acid molecules, optimizing the membrane, and synthesizing high‐performance photosensitive molecules. This type of facile and environmentally friendly photoelectric conversion has potential applications for future energy demands such as the production of power for in vivo medical devices.
Tuning Specific Biomolecular Interactions Using Electro‐Switchable Oligopeptide Surfaces
Authors: Yeung Chun L. , Iqbal Parvez , Allan Marzena , Lashkor Minhaj , Preece Jon A. , Mendes Paula M.
Published: July 2010

The ability to regulate biomolecular interactions on surfaces driven by an external stimuli is of great theoretical interest and practical impact in the biomedical and biotechnology fields. Herein, a new class of responsive surfaces that rely on electro‐switchable peptides to control biomolecular interactions on gold surfaces is presented. This system is based upon the conformational switching of positively charged oligolysine peptides that are tethered to a gold surface, such that bioactive molecular moieties (biotin) incorporated on the oligolysines can be reversibly exposed (bio‐active state) or concealed (bio‐inactive state) on demand, as a function of surface potential. The dynamics of switching the biological properties is studied by observing the binding events between biotin and fluorescently labeled NeutrAvidin. Fluorescence microscope images and surface plasmon resonance spectral data clearly reveal opposite binding behaviors when +0.3 V or −0.4 V vs. SCE are applied to the surface. High fluorescence intensities are observed for an applied positive potential, while minimal fluorescence is detected for an applied negative potential. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) results provided further evidence that NeutrAvidin binding to the surface is controlled by the applied potential. A large SPR response is observed when a positive potential is applied on the surface, while a negative applied potential induces over 90% reduction in NeutrAvidin binding.
Chemical and Physical Sensing by Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Related Devices
Authors: Someya Takao , Dodabalapur Ananth , Huang Jia , See Kevin C. , Katz Howard E.
Published: July 2010

Organic semiconductor films are susceptible to noncovalent interactions, trapping and doping, photoexcitation, and dimensional deformation. While these effects can be detrimental to the performance of conventional circuits, they can be harnessed, especially in field‐effect architectures, to detect chemical and physical stimuli. This Review summarizes recent advances in the use of organic electronic materials for the detection of environmental chemicals, pressure, and light. The material features that are responsible for the transduction of the input signals to electronic information are discussed in detail.
An Expeditious Copper‐Catalyzed Access to 3‐Aminoquinolinones, 3‐Aminocoumarins and Anilines using Sodium Azide
Authors: Messaoudi Samir , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouâd
Published: July 2010

An efficient copper‐catalyzed in situ C(sp2)NH2 bond formation to provide a range of 3‐aminoquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones and 3‐aminocoumarins from 3‐bromoquinolinones and 3‐bromocoumarins, respectively, has been achieved. The reaction conditions involve the use of copper powder as the catalyst, eco‐friendly ethanol as the solvent in the presence of pipecolinic acid as the ligand and ascorbic acid as the additive. The efficiency of this practical method was demonstrated in the synthesis of various anilines.
Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation of adsorption of nitrogen and oxygen in realistic nanoporous carbon models
Authors: Kumar Amit , Lobo Raul F. , Wagner Norman J.
Published: July 2010

Adsorption of nitrogen and oxygen in nanoporous carbons (NPC) is simulated using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, where the Steele potential (developed for gas interactions with graphite) is used to represent gas–carbon interactions. NPC models used for the adsorption simulations are developed using an isothermal‐isobaric (constant NpT) ensemble Monte Carlo algorithm whereby an initial polymer chain is evolved through a series of atomic displacement and bond rearrangement steps into the final carbon structure. These constant NpT carbon models are representative of real NPCs in terms of local structure and chemical composition. Predictions of nitrogen and oxygen sorption from our model NPCs show good agreement with experimental data. The isosteric heats of adsorption of both adsorbates lie within the range of experimental values for NPCs. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms of the two gases showsemi‐quantitative match with experimental adsorption isotherms. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Testing extraction and storage parameters for a fecal hormone method
Authors: Pappano David J. , Roberts Eila K. , Beehner Jacinta C.
Published: July 2010

Four experiments were conducted to test different aspects of a “field‐friendly” fecal hormone extraction method that utilizes methanol extraction in the field followed by storage on C18 solid‐phase extraction cartridges. Fecal samples were collected from geladas (Theropithecus gelada) housed at the Bronx Zoo, and the experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting to ensure maximum control. The experiments were designed to either simulate the conditions to which fecal samples are subjected during fieldwork or improve on an existing protocol. The experiments tested the relationship between fecal hormone metabolite preservation/recovery and: (1) the amount of time a sample is stored at ambient temperature; (2) the number of freeze/thaw cycles a sample undergoes; (3) the effectiveness of different extraction solutions; and (4) the effectiveness of different cartridge washes. For each experiment, samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay for fecal glucocorticoid (GC) and testosterone (T) metabolites. Results for each of the experiments were as follows. First, storage at ambient temperature did not affect hormone levels until 4 weeks of storage, with significant increases for both GC and T metabolites at 4 weeks. Second, hormone levels significantly decreased in samples after two freeze/thaw cycles for GCs and six freeze/thaws cycles for T. Third, for both GCs and T, hormone extraction using various methanol solutions was significantly higher than using 100% ethanol. Finally, using a 20% methanol solution to wash cartridges significantly increased GC levels but had no effect on T levels. These results suggest that, when utilizing C18 cartridges for fecal steroid storage, researchers should consider several methodological options to optimize hormone preservation and recovery from fecal samples. Am. J. Primatol. 72:934–941, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogeny and distribution of crested gibbons (genus Nomascus) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence data
Authors: Thinh Van Ngoc , Rawson Benjamin , Hallam Chris , Kenyon Marina , Nadler Tilo , Walter Lutz , Roos Christian
Published: July 2010

Crested gibbons, genus Nomascus, are endemic to the Indochinese bioregion and occur only in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and southern China. However, knowledge about the number of species to be recognized and their exact geographical distributions is still limited. To further elucidate the evolutionary history of crested gibbon species and to settle their distribution ranges, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 79 crested gibbon individuals from known locations. Based on our findings, crested gibbons should be classified into seven species. Within N. concolor, we recognize two subspecies, N. concolor concolor and N. concolor lu. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that the northernmost species, N. hainanus, N. nasutus, and N. concolor branched off first, suggesting that the genus originated in the north and successively migrated to the south. The most recent splits within Nomascus occurred between N. leucogenys and N. siki, and between Nomascus sp. and N. gabriellae. Based on our data, the currently postulated distributions of the latter four species have to be revised. Our study shows that molecular methods are a useful tool to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among crested gibbons and to determine species boundaries. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1047–1054, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does nonnutritive tree gouging in a rainforest‐dwelling lemur convey resource ownership as does loud calling in a dry forest‐dwelling lemur?
Authors: Rasoloharijaona Solofonirina , Randrianambinina Blanchard , Joly‐Radko Marine
Published: July 2010

Nonhuman primates may defend crucial resources using acoustic or chemical signals. When essential resources are limited, ownership display for a resource may be enhanced. Defending resources may depend on population density and habitat characteristics. Using the Milne Edwards' sportive lemurs (Lepilemur edwardsi) and weasel sportive lemurs (L. mustelinus) as models, we tested whether two cryptic nocturnal lemur species differing in population density and habitat show differences in their vocal and chemical communication for signaling ownership of resources.L. edwardsiinhabits a western dry deciduous forest in a high‐density population, whereasL. mustelinusis found in an eastern rainforest in low density. We followed tenL. edwardsi(six males and four females) and nineL. mustelinus(four males and five females) for 215 hr during the early evening (06:00–10:00 p.m.) and the early morning (02:00–05:00 a.m.) and recorded their behavior using focal animal sampling. We found that both species differed in their vocal and chemical communication.L. edwardsiwas highly vocal and displayed loud calling in the mornings and evenings while feeding or in the vicinity of resting places. In contrast,L. mustelinusnever vocalized during observations, but displayed tree‐gouging behavior that was never observed inL. edwardsi. Tree gouging occurred more often during early evening sessions than early morning sessions. Subjects gouged trees after leaving their sleeping hole and before moving around. We suggest that, in weasel sportive lemurs, non‐nutritive tree gouging is used as a scent‐marking behavior in order to display ownership of sleeping sites. Altogether, our findings provide first empirical evidence on the evolution of different communication systems in two cryptic nocturnal primate species contrasting in habitat quality and population density. Further investigations are needed to provide more insight into the underlying mechanisms. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1062–1072, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of saliva for assessment of stress and its effect on the immune system prior to gross anatomy practical examinations
Authors: Lester S. Reid , Brown Jason R. , Aycock Jeffrey E. , Grubbs S. Lee , Johnson Roger B.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the longitudinal effects of a series of stressful gross anatomy tests on the immune system. Thirty‐six freshman occupational therapy students completed a written stress evaluation survey, and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and prior to each of three timed‐practical gross anatomy tests. Cortisol, secretory IgA (sIgA), and IL‐12 concentrations were measured within the salivary samples by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The total scores from the stress surveys were used as markers for environmental stress. Data were compiled for each student at baseline and prior to each examination and were compared by repeated‐measures MANOVA and Pearson's correlation test. Following normalization for protein concentration and flow rate, the concentrations of IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐12, and sIgA progressively increased from baseline to the third test. Cortisol concentrations, following normalization for flow rate, were highest prior to the first test and became significantly reduced prior to second and third test. Prior to second and third test, salivary concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐12, and sIgA were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). In contrast, prior to third test, there was a negative correlation between salivary concentrations of cortisol and IL‐12 (P < 0.05). Progressive increases in salivary sIgA, IL‐6, IL‐2, and IL‐12 concentrations from the first to the third test coincident to decreased salivary cortisol suggest that the initial examination stressors precede significant effects on the immune system. These data suggest that there may be latent effects of examination stress on the immune system and that saliva can be used to predict these effects. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Accommodation of Nonstandard Entries in a Serial List Made by Computer
Authors: Richmond Phyllis A. , Gill Marcia K.
Published: July 2010

The need to merge computerized lists of serials described with two major and apparently mutually exclusive forms of entry required special programs for automatic generation of alternative entry and cross‐references. These programs made it possible to create a union list without losing the capability of using a different form of entry for special libraries, two of which were involved in this study.
A Computer‐Based System for Serial Records at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
Authors: Verity John B. , Crocker Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2010

A computer‐based system for processing the library records associated with journal subscriptions has been in daily routine operation for 3 years. Handling approximately 3, 500 subscriptions, the system uses a small, second‐generation computer (IBM 1401). Monthly batches of turnaround cards are produced for both daily check‐in of journals and weekly processing of binding units. The most distinctive feature of the system is a daily listing produced by a high‐speed printer (30, 000 lines per minute); each list supersedes the previous day's list and includes full information for each subscription in the system. Elaborately formated for user convenience, the list displays current check‐in record, bound and unbound holdings, and material in the binding process. By‐products of the system are address labels for distributing issues after check‐in and various lists of holdings organized for use by staff, customers, and subscription agents. The benefits and costs are discussed and qualitatively evaluated; sufficient hard data are not available for a definitive quantitative study.
The Role of the Federal Government in Information Systems in Education
Authors: Burchinal Lee G.
Published: July 2010

The Office of Education provides important and wide‐ranging support for library and information science activities. These activities include research development, buildings and other facilities, operational expenses, and training. In addition, the Office of Education is providing leadership and funds in support of information and dissemination systems designed to help advance education at all levels. These efforts are oriented toward the achievement of four objectives: (1) development of effective and efficient information transmission systems, (2) development of information analysis products, (3) support of dissemination and utilization capabilities in the state and local educational agencies, and (4) development of a research and development program to improve information transmission and utilization capabilities at all levels in American education.
Student‐to‐Student Interaction in Computer Time‐Sharing Systems
Authors: Bryan Glenn L.
Published: July 2010

The importance of computer time sharing is clear. Both individualized instruction (as provided by Computer‐Assisted Instruction systems) and conventional timesharing system organization, however, tend to isolate students from needed interaction with other people. This paper discusses the class of interactions called “student‐to‐student” interactions.
Computers Are for Concepts
Authors: Reno Charles
Published: July 2010

This paper describes how one high school became involved in computing, and how the computer there is used to extend the teacher's facilities and capabilities. The computer provides three important advantages in helping to understand concepts: It provides the opportunity for discovery, exploration, and extension, opportunities that are often lacking with ordinary instructional methods.
An Experimental Framework For Observing the Indexing Process
Authors: Clarke Dan C. , Bennett John L.
Published: July 2010

An experimental framework for observing an indexing task carried out in a laboratory environment is described. The computer‐based, interactive Negotiated Search Facility served as the instrument which the experimenter used to monitor the indexing task and the tool which the indexer used to carry out the task. The methodology developed enables us to gain an experimental control that is characteristic of laboratory environments and a breadth of process observation that is characteristic of case studies, An initial indexing experiment is described and we highlight the training procedure necessary to enable people who are not computer‐oriented to make effective use of an interactive terminal.
Cost Effectiveness of Current Awareness Sources in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: ASHMOLE R. F. , SMITH D. E. , STERN B. T.
Published: July 2010

In a previous paper from The Wellcome Foundation (Scott et al., 1971) a technique was described for measuring the usefulness of a commercial data base by comparing the choice of papers and of indexing terms to those chosen as relevant to the organization. In this second paper we are comparing the cost effectiveness of several commercial data bases, journal scanning by information scientists, and the impact of private communication.
A Correlation of Bibliographic Data Elements for use in a Generalized File Management System
Authors: Elchesen Dennis R.
Published: July 2010

Data elements contained in sixteen commercial and national bibliographic data bases have been merged to form a single, correlated set. This correlation, part of a generalized file management system developed at LLL, has led to several improvements in the Laboratory's activities in current awareness and information retrieval: standardization of the system command language, increased uniformity in output display formats, a mechanism for selective extraction and transfer of records among data bases, and simplification of the programming required for data conversion. The correlation is compatible with most existing and proposed data‐element standards and may prove useful in any information system employing multiple bibliographic data bases.
Problems of Compilation and Evaluation of Property Data of Substances and Materials
Authors: Golashvili T. V.
Published: July 2010

The establishment of a numerical data system intends to provide science and technology with reliable information on the properties of substances and materials and this causes a variety of new problems. The most urgent of these is the problem of developing basic methodological principles underlying the processes of data collection, evaluation, recommendation and dissemination.
Check List for Information Environment
Authors: Thompson Harold B.
Published: July 2010

Factors which must be considered in comparing information systems ore: (1) Are the bases textual or data and what is the completeness and reliability required? (2) Is access provided by author, corporate author, title, and/or subject matter? (3) Is the indexing genersl or specific; the vocabulary controlled or not; by whom is indexing done and how thorough is it? (4) Is storage total or extracts, full size, microform, or magnetic? (5) Can input costs be reduced by combining with other necessary operations? (6) Who is to retrieve, what does he retrieve, and how rapid must the response be?
On Clustering Techniques in Information Science
Authors: Swanson Rowena W.
Published: July 2010

This Communication raiser the issue that an important factor to be considered in applying clustering techniques to information storage and retrieval problems is the use to be made of the resultant groupings. The different purposes that different classifications serve and the different types of responses that appear satisfactory for different types of queries and different typos of users, for example, suggest that an examination of cluster criteria differentiation as a function of purpose may be fruitful in the exploitation of clustering techniques.
Structure of the Biomedical Literature
Authors: Narin Francis , Pinski Gabriel , Gee Helen Hofer
Published: July 2010

The structure and interrelations of the biomedical journal literature are investigated as a preparatory step for studies of biomedical research activity. Using newly developed methods of bibliographic citation analysis, approximately 900 biomedical journals are classified into approximately 50 separate fields and into four research levels. The research‐level scale indicates research orientation ranging from clinical observation to basic research. Measures of influence are then obtained for individual journals, for biomedical fields and for research levels. The fields of biochemistry and physiology are shown to have the highest citation influence.

A hierarchical influence diagram is presented to display the influence of 42 fields within biomedicine. Hierarchical influence diagrams are also presented for several individual fields showing the influence structure and citation relationships among their component journals. The combination of a subject, a level and an influence measure provides a unified framework for planned research activity analysis.
The Epidemiology of Research on “Anomalous Water”
Authors: Bennion Bruce C. , Neuton Laurence A.
Published: July 2010

The epidemiological idea‐dissemination model is applied to bibliographic data on anomalous water (or “polywater”) research. This data encompasses a definite and closed time period. Results indicate the need for a more refined epidemic model.
FIRST: Flexible Information Retrieval System for Text
Authors: Dattola Robert T.
Published: July 2010

An on‐line document retrieval system is described which combines a data base management system with automatic processing of natural language queries and abstracts. Data consists of an abstract, from which index terms are automatically extracted, along with bibliographic and descriptive information. The data base management system is used to store bibliographic and descriptive information, providing direct access to documents with specified bibliographic or descriptor items. Methods originally developed in the SMART project are used for abstract analysis: stemming algorithm, cosine function for query‐document comparisons, ranked output, and clustered document collection. Searches are entered and performed on‐line, with output consisting of document abstracts ranked in decreasing order of similarity with the query. Additional facilities include off‐line searches, SDI, and display of data base statistics. Future plans and improvements are also discussed.
A Systems Evaluation of the Educational Information System for Ontario
Authors: Lawton Stephen B. , Auster Ethel , To David
Published: July 2010

Approaches to the evaluation of on‐line bibliographical retrieval services have so far failed to assess the interrelationships of the various components of the services. This article presents a comprehensive framework for such an evaluation. Variables used in the framework include events occurring during a search cycle; role and status; knowledge and opinion; and cost, price, and demand. The framework is applied to the evaluation of the Educational Information System for Ontario (EISO) on‐line service in order to determine the relationships between search processing variables associated with costs and output variables measuring the client's gain in knowledge and degree of satisfaction.
SEQUEL as a Language for Document Retrieval
Authors: Macleod Ian A.
Published: July 2010

Traditionally the information retrieval community has avoided the type of data base management systems used in business applications. In this article it is shown how SEQUEL, a language designed for use in a data base management system, is potentially suited to a document retrieval system. The disadvantages of SEQUEL as it currently exists are discussed, and some extensions are proposed which appear to eliminate many of these disadvantages.
Application of Queueing Network Models to Optimization of Resource Allocation within Libraries
Authors: Smith J. Macgregor , Rouse Nilliam B.
Published: July 2010

The activities within a library are combined with the library's floor plan to develop a representation of the library as a network of queues. This model can be used to predict average patron processing times and costs, as well as potential processing bottlenecks, as they are affected by demand characteristics and floor plan variations. Application of the model to an actual library is illustrated. Finally, an approach to optimal allocation of library resources within a queueing network framework is discussed.
Idea Tactics
Authors: Bates Marcia J.
Published: July 2010

An information search tactic is a move made to further a search. In this article, 17 “idea tactics” are presented: tactics to help generate new ideas or solutions to problems in information searching. The focus of these tactics is psychological; they are intended to help improve the information specialist's thinking and creative processes in searching. The tactics are applicable to all kinds of situations—both bibliographic and reference searches, and in both manual and online systems. Research leads for the study of idea tactics are suggested, and experimental design problems associated with the testing of all sorts of search tactics are discussed.