bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porous Pt Nanospheres Incorporated with GOx to Enable Synergistic Oxygen‐Inductive Starvation/Electrodynamic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Lu Zijie , Gao JiaYu , Fang Chao , Zhou Yi , Li Xiang , Han Gaorong
Published: July 2020

Glucose‐oxidase (GOx)‐mediated starvation by consuming intracellular glucose has aroused extensive exploration as an advanced approach for tumor treatment. However, this reaction of catalytic oxidation by GOx is highly dependent on the on‐site oxygen content, and thus starvation therapy often suffers unexpected anticancer outcomes due to the intrinsic tumorous hypoxia. Herein, porous platinum nanospheres (pPts), incorporated with GOx molecules (PtGs), are synthesized to enable synergistic cancer therapy. In this system, GOx can effectively catalyze the oxidation of glucose to generate H2O2, while pPt triggers the decomposition of both endogenous and exogenous H2O2 to produce considerable content of O2 to facilitate the glucose consumption by GOx. Meanwhile, pPt induces remarkable content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) under an alternating electric field, leading to cellular oxidative stress injury and promotes apoptosis following the mechanism of electrodynamic therapy (EDT). In consequence, the PtG nanocomposite exhibits significant anticancer effect both in vitro and in vivo. This study has therefore demonstrated a fascinating therapeutic platform enabling oxygen‐inductive starvation/EDT synergistic strategy for effective tumor treatment.
Toward a Reversible Mn4+/Mn2+ Redox Reaction and Dendrite‐Free Zn Anode in Near‐Neutral Aqueous Zn/MnO2 Batteries via Salt Anion Chemistry
Authors: Zeng Xiaohui , Liu Jiatu , Mao Jianfeng , Hao Junnan , Wang Zhijie , Zhou Si , Ling Chris D. , Guo Zaiping
Published: July 2020

Rechargeable aqueous Zn/MnO2 batteries are very attractive large‐scale energy storage technologies, but still suffer from limited cycle life and low capacity. Here the novel adoption of a near‐neutral acetate‐based electrolyte (pH ≈ 6) is presented to promote the two‐electron Mn4+/Mn2+ redox reaction and simultaneously enable a stable Zn anode. The acetate anion triggers a highly reversible MnO2/Mn2+ reaction, which ensures high capacity and avoids the issue of structural collapse of MnO2. Meanwhile, the anode‐friendly electrolyte enables a dendrite‐free Zn anode with outstanding stability and high plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency (99.8%). Hence, a high capacity of 556 mA h g−1, a lifetime of 4000 cycles without decay, and excellent rate capability up to 70 mA cm−2 are demonstated in this new near‐neutral aqueous Zn/MnO2 battery by simply manipulating the salt anion in the electrolyte. The acetate anion not only modifies the surface properties of MnO2 cathode but also creates a highly compatible environment for the Zn anode. This work provides a new opportunity for developing high‐performance Zn/MnO2 and other aqueous batteries based on the salt anion chemistry.
Sodium‐Ion Batteries Paving the Way for Grid Energy Storage
Authors: Hirsh Hayley S. , Li Yixuan , Tan Darren H. S. , Zhang Minghao , Zhao Enyue , Meng Y. Shirley
Published: July 2020

The recent proliferation of renewable energy generation offers mankind hope, with regard to combatting global climate change. However, reaping the full benefits of these renewable energy sources requires the ability to store and distribute any renewable energy generated in a cost‐effective, safe, and sustainable manner. As such, sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have been touted as an attractive storage technology due to their elemental abundance, promising electrochemical performance and environmentally benign nature. Moreover, new developments in sodium battery materials have enabled the adoption of high‐voltage and high‐capacity cathodes free of rare earth elements such as Li, Co, Ni, offering pathways for low‐cost NIBs that match their lithium counterparts in energy density while serving the needs for large‐scale grid energy storage. In this essay, a range of battery chemistries are discussed alongside their respective battery properties while keeping metrics for grid storage in mind. Matters regarding materials and full cell cost, supply chain and environmental sustainability are discussed, with emphasis on the need to eliminate several elements (Li, Ni, Co) from NIBs. Future directions for research are also discussed, along with potential strategies to overcome obstacles in battery safety and sustainable recyclability.
Drought‐tolerant transcription factors identified inArachis dardaniandArachis ipaënsis
Authors: Cason J. M. , Simpson C. E. , Rooney W. L. , Brady J. A.
Published: July 2020

In this study, a greenhouse transcriptome study with 7‐d‐imposed drought was conducted onArachis dardaniKrapov. & W.C. Greg. (GK 12946) and the reference speciesA. ipaënsis(Krapov. and W.C. Greg.) (K 30076) (B genome donor of the cultivated peanut) to identify candidate genes associated with drought. Differential gene expression analysis (EdgeR Test) of the normalized reads per kilobase million (RPKM) values was conducted with a fold value ≥ |2| at theP ≤ .05 level using CLC Genomics Workbench v8.1. Statistically significant transcript levels associated with drought tolerance were identified in relation to the putative drought speciesA. dardaniGK 12946 and the reference speciesA. ipaënsisK 30076 which have not been reported previously in peanut and will serve as candidate genes for marker development and gene introgression in future research.
Complex movement disorder in a patient with heterozygous YY1 mutation (Gabriele‐de Vries syndrome)
Authors: Carminho‐Rodrigues Maria Teresa , Steel Dora , Sousa Sergio B. , Brandt Gregor , Guipponi Michel , Laurent Sacha , Fokstuen Siv , Moren Aurea , Zacharia André , Dirren Elisabeth , Oliveira Renata , Kurian Manju A. , Burkhard Pierre R. , Bally Julien F.
Published: July 2020

YY1 mutations cause Gabriele‐de Vries syndrome, a recently described condition involving cognitive impairment, facial dysmorphism and intrauterine growth restriction. Movement disorders were reported in 5/10 cases of the original series, but no detailed description was provided. Here we present a 21‐year‐old woman with a mild intellectual deficit, facial dysmorphism and a complex movement disorder including an action tremor, cerebellar ataxia, dystonia, and partial ocular apraxia as the presenting and most striking feature. Whole‐exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous de novo mutation in YY1 [NM: 003403.4 (YY1): c.907 T > C; p.(Cys303Arg)], classified as pathogenic according to the ACMG guidelines.
A One‐Pot Dearomative Approach to C4‐Alkylated Tetrahydropyridines and Tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Dong Linru , Ma Xinyue , Fan Yu , Wang Dong
Published: July 2020

A regioselective one‐pot approach to the synthesis of C4‐alkylated tetrahydropyridines (THPs) and tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) by dearomatization of pyridines and quinolines has been developed. The transformation is achieved by the BF3 ⋅ OEt2‐mediated, C4‐selective addition of Grignard reagents, followed by a cascade of enamine protonation and the subsequent Et3SiH reduction of the resulting iminium ions. This protocol not only provides a facile synthetic approach to C4‐substituted THPs and THQs, but also offers a new strategy for the dearomatization of heteroaromatics.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of Aryl (Pseudo)Halides Through In Situ Generation of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Boehm Philip , Roediger Sven , Bismuto Alessandro , Morandi Bill
Published: July 2020

An efficient palladium‐catalyzed chlorocarbonylation of aryl (pseudo)halides that gives access to a wide range of carboxylic acid derivatives has been developed. The use of butyryl chloride as a combined CO and Cl source eludes the need for toxic, gaseous carbon monoxide, thus facilitating the synthesis of high‐value products from readily available aryl (pseudo)halides. The combination of palladium(0), Xantphos, and an amine base is essential to promote this broadly applicable catalytic reaction. Overall, this reaction provides access to a great variety of carbonyl‐containing products through in situ transformation of the generated aroyl chloride. Combined experimental and computational studies support a reaction mechanism involving in situ generation of CO.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanone Equivalents and Application to the Formation of Chiral β‐Lactams
Authors: Poteat Christopher M. , Jang Yujin , Jung Myunggi , Johnson J. Drake , Williams Rachel G. , Lindsay Vincent N. G.
Published: July 2020

Cyclopropanone derivatives have long been considered unsustainable synthetic intermediates because of their extreme strain and kinetic instability. Reported here is the enantioselective synthesis of 1‐sulfonylcyclopropanols, as stable yet powerful equivalents of the corresponding cyclopropanone derivatives, by α‐hydroxylation of sulfonylcyclopropanes using a bis(silyl) peroxide as the electrophilic oxygen source. This work constitutes the first general approach to enantioenriched cyclopropanone derivatives. Both the electronic and steric nature of the sulfonyl moiety, which serves as a base‐labile protecting group and confers crystallinity to these cyclopropanone precursors, were found to have a crucial impact on the rate of equilibration to the corresponding cyclopropanone. The utility of these cyclopropanone surrogates is demonstrated in a mild and stereospecific formal [3+1] cycloaddition with simple hydroxylamines, leading to the efficient formation of chiral β‐lactam derivatives.
Anisotropic Electron Conductance Driven by Reaction Byproducts on a Porous Network of Dibromobenzothiadiazole on Cu(110)
Authors: Barragán Ana , Sarasola Ane , Vitali Lucia
Published: July 2020

Efficiency in charge‐transport is a fundamental but demanding prerequisite to allow better exploitation of molecular functionalities in organic electronics and energy‐conversion systems. Here, we report on a mechanism that enables a one‐dimensional conductance structure by connecting discrete molecular states at 2.1 eV through the pores of a metal–organic network on Cu(110). Two adjacent, periodic and isoenergetic contributions, namely a molecular resonance and the confined surface‐state, add‐up leading to anisotropic structures, as channels, observable in real‐space conductance images. The adsorption configurations of Br atoms, inorganic byproduct of the redox‐reacted 4,7‐dibromobenzo[c]‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole (2Br‐BTD) molecules on the copper surface, drive the confinement of the Cu surface state within the pores and critically control the channel continuity. Small displacements of the Br atoms change the local surface potential misaligning the energy levels. This work visualizes the effect of order‐disorder transitions caused by the movement of single atoms in the electronic properties of two‐dimensional organic networks.
Green‐Synthesized Nickel Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Active and Selective Catalyst for Suzuki and Glaser‐Hay Coupling Reactions
Authors: Murugan Karthik , Nainamalai Devarajan , Kanagaraj Pavithara , Nagappan Saravana Ganesan , Palaniswamy Suresh
Published: July 2020

A mild and benign methodology to syntheses biaryls and 1,3‐diynes has been demonstrated using the nickel nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO‐Ni) as a heterogeneous catalyst which is prepared using green reagents. A series of substituted biaryls and 1,3‐diynes has been synthesised in good to excellent yields through C‐C homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids and terminal alkynes respectively using 1,4‐dioxane as a benign solvent. The present ligand‐free catalytic system proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, avoids noble and stoichiometric metal reagents and tolerates sensitive functional groups. Also has a wide substrate scope and feasible with other nitrogen and sulphur containing heteroaryl boronic acids. Hot filtration test unambiguously proves the true heterogeneity of the catalyst and which support for the further reusability of the catalyst for several times without any change in the activity. The easy preparation and simple magnetic separation, stability and reusability reveal that as‐prepared RGO‐Ni as a versatile catalyst for the synthesis of polyaromatic compounds both in academia and industries.

Highlights

Green‐synthesized RGO‐Ni nanocomposite used as a heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki type (C‐C) and Glaser–Hay (C ≡ C) homocoupling coupling reactions.

Ligand‐free catalytic system and avoids noble and stoichiometric metal reagents

Short reaction time with a minimum catalyst (nickel) loading

RGO‐Ni nanocomposite is highly stable, reusable, and magnetically retrievable
A generic framework to assess the representation and protection of benthic ecosystems in European marine protected areas
Authors: Greathead Clare , Magni Paolo , Vanaverbeke Jan , Buhl‐Mortensen Lene , Janas Urszula , Blomqvist Mats , Craeymeersch Johan A. , Dannheim Jennifer , Darr Alexander , Degraer Steven , Desroy Nicolas , Donnay Annick , Griffiths Yessica , Guala Ivan , Guerin Laurent , Hinchen Hayley , Labrune Celine , Reiss Henning , Van Hoey Gert , Birchenough Silvana N.R.
Published: July 2020

There is concern across the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) region that a consideration of vulnerable components and the wider support mechanisms underpinning benthic marine ecosystems may be lacking from the process of marine protected area (MPA) designation, management and monitoring.

In this study, MPAs across six European ecoregions were assessed from a benthic ecology perspective. The study included 102 MPAs, designated by 10 countries, and focused on three aspects regarding the role of the benthos in: (i) the designation of MPAs; (ii) the management measures used in MPAs; and (iii) the monitoring and assessment of MPAs.

Qualitative entries to a questionnaire based on an existing framework (EU project ‘Monitoring Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas’, (MESMA) were collected by 19 benthic experts of the ICES Benthic Ecology Working Group. A pedigree matrix was used to apply a numerical scale (score) to these entries.

The results showed clear differences in scores between ecoregions and between criteria. The designation‐phase criteria generally achieved higher scores than the implementation‐phase criteria. Poor designation‐phase scores were generally reiterated in the implementation‐phase scores, such as scores for assessment and monitoring.

Over 70% of the MPA case studies were found to consider the benthos to some extent during selection and designation; however, this was not followed up with appropriate management measures and good practice during the implementation phase.

Poor spatial and temporal coverage of monitoring and ineffective indicators is unlikely to pick up changes caused by management measures in the MPA. There is concern that without adequate monitoring and adaptive management frameworks, the MPAs will be compromised. Also, there could be an increased likelihood that, with regard to the benthos, they will fail to meet their conservation objectives.

This assessment was successful in highlighting issues related to the representation and protection of the benthos in MPAs and where changes need to be made, such as expanding the characterization and monitoring of benthic species or habitats of interest. These issues could be attributable to an ongoing process and/or an indication that some MPAs only have ‘paper protection’.
Components of attentional effort for repeated tasks
Authors: Musalem Andres , Montoya Ricardo , Meißner Martin , Huber Joel
Published: July 2020

This paper identifies four attentional processes that increase efficiency and accuracy in repeated lexicographic tasks using an instructed strategy approach. We propose a framework to decompose attentional effort used to make a decision into four components: Orientation, Wrong Target, Duration, and Repetition. Orientation assesses attention to decision rules and the location of relevant information. Wrong Target measures wasted effort on unneeded information. Duration gauges time spent on each piece of needed information. Repetition measures the number of views on each relevant item. Greater Orientation is associated with lower effort in other components and increased accuracy. Repetition is most variable across individuals but generates the greatest improvement with practice. Duration is less affected by the other components and shows minimal improvement with experience. Finally, Wrong Target is similarly resistant to practice, but it is the only component strongly and positively associated with making errors.
Bauwerksuntersuchung mit Ultraschall
Authors: Schulze Sebastian
Published: July 2020

Das Ultraschallechoverfahren ist das jüngste Verfahren in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen (ZfPBau), das sich in der Baupraxis durchsetzen konnte. Ob Qualitätssicherung im Neubau oder Istzustanderfassung im Bestand, Ultraschall bietet Möglichkeiten bei der Darstellung tief unter der Betonoberfläche liegender Einbauteile und Grenzflächen – wie Bewehrung, Hüllrohre, Ablösungen/Fehlstellen, Bauteilrückseiten –, die mit anderen Verfahren nicht realisierbar sind.

Dieser Beitrag zeigt anhand von zwei ganz unterschiedlichen Beispielen aus der jüngeren Baupraxis eindrucksvoll das Potenzial und die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Verfahrens. An einem Neubau war es möglich, unter Einsatz von Ultraschallecho den durch Einbau einer falschen Betoncharge augenscheinlich beträchtlichen Schadensumfang deutlich einzugrenzen und damit die Beseitigungskosten erheblich zu reduzieren. An einer Bestandsbrücke aus Spannbeton konnten für die Rückbaustatik die Lage sowie der Verpresszustand von Spanngliedern – stichprobenartig endoskopisch verifiziert – sicher festgestellt werden.

Der Beitrag soll dazu dienen, die Praxistauglichkeit des Ultraschallechoverfahrens und dessen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit näherzubringen und einen tieferen Blick auf Anwendungsmöglichkeiten vermitteln.
Beton: Material und Formgebung in der Baupraxis
Authors: Bollinger Klaus , Grohmann Manfred
Published: July 2020

Stefan Polónyi war bei der Gründung unseres Büros eines unserer Vorbilder und wir fühlen uns bis heute durch ihn motiviert und inspiriert. Sein ganzheitlicher Denkansatz hat unser Selbstverständnis als Tragwerksplaner geprägt und somit auch die Entwicklung unseres Büros nachhaltig beeinflusst.

Vor diesem Hintergrund möchten wir am Beispiel einiger ausgesuchter Projekte die Entwicklung unserer Arbeit nachvollziehen. Damit verbunden möchten wir auch die Fortschritte in der digitalen Planung dokumentieren und aufzeigen, wie sich durch die fortschreitende Digitalisierung insbesondere die Zusammenarbeit von Architekten und Bauingenieuren in Richtung von Stefan Polónyis Denkweise verändert hat.
Das Institut für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren ILEK: Über 100 Jahre Forschung im Stahlbetonbau
Authors: Blandini Lucio , Sobek Werner
Published: July 2020

Die Erforschung und Weiterentwicklung der Stahlbetonbauweise sind integrale Bestandteile der Arbeiten des Instituts für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren der Universität Stuttgart. Der Artikel beschreibt wesentliche Entwicklungsschritte dieser Forschungen und gibt einen Ausblick auf die sonstigen Arbeiten des ILEK.
Personalized treatment plans with multivariate outcomes
Authors: Siriwardhana Chathura , Kulasekera Karunarathna B.
Published: July 2020

In this work, we propose a novel method for individualized treatment selection when the treatment response is multivariate. Our method covers any number of treatments and it can be applied for a broad set of models. The proposed method uses a Mahalanobis‐type distance measure to establish an ordering of treatments based on treatment performance measures. Our investigation in this work deals with means of responses conditional on lower dimensional composite scores based on covariates where these scores are built using single index models to approximate mean responses against patient covariates. Smoothed estimates of such conditional means are combined to construct an estimate of the aforementioned distance measure, which is then used to estimate the optimal treatment. An empirical study demonstrates the performance of the proposed method in finite samples. We also present a data analysis using an HIV clinical trial data to show the applicability of the proposed procedure for real data.
The Potentials in Solar Cells for MEH‐PPV Derivatives: Molecular Design and Performance Prediction
Authors: Xie Xiaohua , Liu Xu , Zeng Dan , Zhao Longfeng
Published: July 2020

In this contribution, the polymer poly(2‐methoxy‐5(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) is researched at the aspect of electronic and structural properties to locate the relationships between structures and the experimental properties by employing DFT and TD‐DFT method. The studied properties refer to the geometry features, absorption spectra, frontier molecular orbital properties, hole transport properties, and exciton dissociation ability at polymer/PC61BM interface. In addition, four MEH‐PPV derivatives, MEH‐PPV substituted with F atoms, are designed and studied through comparing with the properties of MEH‐PPV. The results indicate that MEH‐PPV has low HOMO levels and large hole transport property, which result in its preferable performance. Besides, the designed polymers are promising candidates as PSC donors due to better exciton dissociation ability and larger theoretical VOC owing to lower highest occupied molecule levels, in special, MEH‐PPV‐Fc has better hole transport properties than MEH‐PPV due to smaller m*.
Stepwise optimization and sensitivity improvement of green micellar electrokinetic chromatography method to simultaneously determine some fluoroquinolones and glucocorticoids present in various binary ophthalmic formulations
Authors: Essam Hebatallah M. , Saad Martin N. , Elzanfaly Eman S. , Amer Sawsan M.
Published: July 2020

A sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography method is presented to simultaneously quantify ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate. The method has the advantages of being rapid, accurate, reproducible, ecologically acceptable and sensitive. The electrophoretic separation utilized 20 mm borate buffer as background electrolyte with pH 10.0 ± 0.1 and 50 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micelle forming molecule. A capillary tube (50 μm i.d., 33 cm) of fused silica was used and on‐column diode array detection at 243 nm for dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate, and 290 nm for ofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Various factors were optimized such as the background electrolyte (type, concentration and pH), addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate and its concentration, detection wavelength, applied voltage and injection parameters. The studied drugs were efficiently separated in 6.2 min, at 20 kV with high resolution. The greenness of the method was estimated using an eco‐scale tool and the presented method was found to have excellent green characteristics. The method was validated in conformance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, with acceptable accuracy, precision and selectivity. The suggested method can be employed for the economic analysis of the four drugs in dissimilar binary combinations of eye drops saving solvents and chemicals.
Purification of rabies virus glycoprotein produced in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells: An efficient immunoaffinity method
Authors: Pilatti Livia , Mancini Astray Renato , Rocca Mayra Pereira , Barbosa Flavia Ferreira , Jorge Soraia Attie Calil , Butler Michael , de Fátima Pires Augusto Elisabeth
Published: July 2020

Most rabies vaccines are based on inactivated virus, which production process demands a high level of biosafety structures. In the past decades, recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) produced in several expression systems has been extensively studied to be used as an alternative vaccine. The immunogenic characteristics of this protein depend on its correct conformation, which is present only after the correct post‐translational modifications, typically performed by animal cells. The main challenge of using this protein as a vaccine candidate is to keep its trimeric conformation after the purification process. We describe here a new immunoaffinity chromatography method using a monoclonal antibody for RVGP Site II for purification of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein expressed on the membrane of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. RVGP recovery achieved at least 93%, and characterization analysis showed that the main antigenic proprieties were preserved after purification.
Anatomical and histological study of the alar fascia
Authors: Snosek Michael , Macchi Veronica , Stecco Carla , Tubbs R. Shane , De Caro Raffaele , Loukas Marios
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The alar fascia remains one of the most variably described fascial structure in the human body. Much disagreement persists in the literature and mainstream anatomical texts about its anatomy, function, and clinical significance. It is generally described as a coronally oriented fascial sheet separating the retropharyngeal space anteriorly from the danger space posteriorly. The current study aimed to confirm the presence of the alar fascia and delineate its anatomical characteristics, connections, and potential function through gross dissection and microscopic analysis. Possible clinical and surgical implications are considered.

Methods

Twelve (12) cadaveric necks were dissected and examined histologically. Smooth muscle (αSMA), nerve (S100 protein), and myosin proteins were identified immunohistologically to characterize the composition and possible functions of the alar fascia.

Results

The alar fascia was found in all specimens spanning between the carotid sheaths. Morphologically, it was not a delamination or derivative of the prevertebral fascia. It extended from the base of the skull to the upper thoracic level (T2) where it fused with the visceral fascia. No midsagittal connection was found between the alar and visceral fasciae. Immunohistochemically, the alar fascia was positive in focal areas for αSMA and S100 proteins but negative for fast and slow myosin.

Conclusion

The alar fascia is an independent and constant coronal fascial layer between the carotid sheaths. It contains neurovasculature and may limit the spread of retropharyngeal infections into the thorax as well as facilitate normal physiological functions of the cervical viscera.
Rethinking gross anatomy in a compressed time frame: Clinical symptoms, not case studies, as the basis for introductory instruction
Authors: Zill Sasha N.
Published: July 2020

The goal of this observational study was to develop effective approaches to introduce first year medical students to gross anatomy/embryology in a compressed time frame. Pedagogical reorganization of anatomy instruction in the regions of Lower Extremity and Head and Neck was based upon core clinical conditions taught in second‐year and USMLE Step 1 board review courses. These conditions were not presented as clinical problems, as many students had limited prior training in medical terminology, but focused upon clinical symptoms, allowing for direct correlation of structure and function. Instruction stressed vocabulary acquisition and was extended to prepare for laboratory dissections. Overall methodology was multimodal, including “flipped” and traditional lectures, study of prosections/radiographs and small group laboratory review sessions. Content was significantly reduced: knowledge of muscle actions and innervations was required, not muscle origins and insertions. Performance was evaluated by criterion‐based written examinations that included a set of questions (34) asked repetitively over an 8 year period (n= 606 students) and by regional practical exams. Mean scores in all areas were sustained or numerically improved, despite the compression of instruction duration. Analysis showed no significant differences based upon question format or instructional modality. Despite the high performance levels, students needing assistance in learning could be identified by score distributions. A survey of students indicated that these changes effectively decreased stress and facilitated review for the USMLE Step 1 Board examination. These results suggest that training in gross anatomy can be modified to a compressed duration by instruction in the context of clinical symptomatology.
Efficacy and safety of low‐dose apatinib in ovarian cancer patients with platinum‐resistance or platinum‐refractoriness: A single‐center retrospective study
Authors: Chen Wei , Li Ziting , Zheng Zhong , Wu Xiaohua
Published: July 2020

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib with a low dose of 250 mg/d in the treatment of platinum‐resistant or platinum‐refractory ovarian cancer patients.

Methods

Patients with platinum‐resistant or platinum‐refractory ovarian carcinoma treated with 250 mg/d apatinib in our institution from November 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The tumor response and progression were evaluated according to the standard by incorporating the levels of CA125 and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1. CTCAE 4.03 was used to evaluate adverse events (AEs).

Results

Fifty‐two eligible patients were enrolled in per‐protocol (PP) analysis and 65 patients (including 13 lost to follow‐up) were included in the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis. In PP analysis, 18 patients (34.6%) had partial response (PR), 22 patients (42.3%) had stable disease (SD), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 61.5%. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 4.0 months (95% CI, 2.83‐5.17 m), and median overall survival (OS) was 25.33 months (95% CI, 17.74‐32.92 m). The objective response rate and DCR for patients in ITT analysis were 27.7% and 49.2%, respectively. The top three treatment‐related AEs were hypertension, hand‐foot syndrome, and leukopenia. Eight patients (15.4%) in PP population had grade 3 treatment‐related AEs. Previous chemotherapy lines, number of recurrences, and AEs did not affect the efficacy of apatinib. Age older than 60 was associated with higher rates of disease control and prolonged PFS (P < .05).

Conclusion

Apatinib 250 mg/d is a feasible treatment in platinum‐resistant or platinum‐refractory epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients.
Fatal gastrointestinal bleeding due to IgA vasculitis complicated with tuberculous lymphadenitis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Yamauchi Norihito , Tanda Shuji , Kashiwagi Saori , Ohnishi Atsunori , Kugai Munehiro , Akazawa Takako , Matsumoto Tsuguhiro , Yamauchi Junko , Muramatsu Akira , Fujimoto Soutaro
Published: July 2020

We report a case of IgA vasculitis that developed during the treatment of tuberculosis. Patients with tuberculosis who are on antituberculosis treatment can be administered steroids for severe disease or complications.
Bilateral adhesive capsulitis following influenza vaccination: A case report
Authors: Thompson Austin R. , Ensrud Erik R.
Published: July 2020

Bilateral shoulder adhesive capsulitis may develop in association with the administration of an influenza vaccine. Vaccine administration should utilize proper technique to avoid injection into the shoulder capsule.
Method development for in situ study of marine vanadium peroxidase based on SERS and chemometrics
Authors: Walsh Alexandra , Josefson Mats , Abrahamsson Katarina
Published: July 2020

Vanadium peroxidases from marine algae are responsible for the production of ozone‐depleting compounds, volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC). Due to the impact the release of these compounds has on the global atmospheric and biogeochemical processes, there is an interest within marine sciences in developing analytical methods for studying the various aspects of the VHOC production, particularly in situ. This study aimed to provide new methods towards the development of in situ methods within marine sciences.

We demonstrate the use of design of experiments together with orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) and transposed orthogonal partial least squares (T‐OPLS) to address the qualitative spectral analysis of an enzyme‐buffer system. The measurements were performed with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on vanadium bromoperoxisase from the red algae Corallina officinalis. The chemometric tools used aimed to provide greater insights into how factors such as time, amount of gold nanoparticles and enzyme concentration influence the spectral responses and whether there was any synergy between those factors. The results acquired in this report aim to support future method development of chemometrics within in situ applications in marine sciences.
Symmetry Effects in Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Chlorin‐Quinone Dyads: Adiabatic Suppression in the Marcus Inverted Region
Authors: Abel Yvonne , Vlassiouk Ivan , Lork Enno , Smirnov Sergei , Talipov Marat R. , Montforts Franz‐Peter
Published: July 2020

In donor–acceptor dyads undergoing photoinduced electron transfer (PET), a direction or pathway for electron movement is usually dictated by the redox properties and the separation distance between the donor and acceptor subunits, while the effect of symmetry is less recognized. We have designed and synthesized two isomeric donor–acceptor assemblies in which electronic coupling between donor and acceptor is altered by the orbital symmetry control with the reorganization energy and charge transfer exothermicity being kept unchanged. Analysis of the optical absorption and luminescence spectra, supported by the DFT and TD‐DFT calculations, showed that PET in these assemblies corresponds to the Marcus inverted region (MIR) and has larger rate for isomer with weaker electronic coupling. This surprising observation provides the first experimental evidence for theoretically predicted adiabatic suppression of PET in MIR, which unambiguously controlled solely by symmetry.
Evaluation of Bioelectromethanogenesis Part II: Environmental Impact
Authors: Völler Dominic , Wirth Vanessa , Ehret Ralf
Published: July 2020

As already mentioned in part I bioelectromethanogenesis is a power to gas technology that is used to convert electrical power to chemical energy carriers. In this case carbon dioxide is converted to methane by electroactive microorganisms. Part I of this study reviewed the theoretical energetic demand and showed the general reaction process. This part observes the technology's environmental impact by regarding the global warming potential (GWP). According to the contemplated purpose of the reviewed technology there is a comparison to common biogas upgrading techniques.
Background Orientated Schlieren Method Applied for Liquid Systems of Strong Refractive Gradients
Authors: Meinecke Marvin , Kilzer Andreas , Weidner Eckhard
Published: July 2020

A simple schlieren technique is used to visualize strong gradients of refractive index in liquids under atmospheric conditions and elevated pressure. The gradients are mainly caused by concentration differences within a thin liquid sheet. A simple system using Matlab and open source applications is designed and applied to demonstrate the challenges and limitations of a quantitative approach for strong gradients in liquids. Possibilities for the optimization regarding the detection of strong gradients are shown, but rather qualitative than quantitative results are obtained.
Visible Light‐Driven Cooperative DPZ and Chiral Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalysis
Authors: Lv Xinxin , Xu Hehuan , Yin Yanli , Zhao Xiaowei , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: July 2020

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?

The visible light photosensitizer DPZ.

How did you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?

Since I began my postdoctoral work at NUS, chiral hydrogen‐bonding catalysis, an important branch of asymmetric organocatalysis, has become the general area of focus of my research. To broaden the applications of this strategy, I proposed to exploit photocatalysis to generate highly reactive radical intermediates, thus overcoming the current limitations in both reaction and substrate types stemming from the low energy of hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The development of highly efficient organophotocatalysts and explorations of transition metal‐free cooperative photocatalysis and chiral hydrogen‐bonding catalysis have therefore

been my research focus since 2013. My students and I strive to follow the saying “stick to the research direction, thoroughly understand the scientific challenges, and face those challenges with optimism and determination”.

What is the most important personality for scientific research?

To do independent, original, ground‐breaking and useful chemistry.

What are your hobbies?

Playing basketball, slow long distance running and reading.

How do you maintain a balance between research and family?

Having the understanding and support of my family is the most important thing since scientific research requires a large investment of time.

Who influences you the most in your life?

My parents.

Chiral H‐bonding catalysis is a powerful platform for asymmetric synthesis. Nevertheless, the rather low energy of hydrogen‐bonding interactions has inspired the development of generic platforms with high reactivity, thus effectively expanding the utility of this platform by enabling the use of more kinds of readily accessible feedstocks as substrates and providing new, direct and mild synthetic approaches. To this end, we have developed a transition metal‐free cooperative photocatalysis and chiral hydrogen‐bonding catalysis platform by devising a highly efficient organophotosensitizer, DPZ. A series of important asymmetric transformations, in which the stereocentres were formed via either ionic‐type or radical‐ type bond‐forming pathways, have been developed. The successful development of several novel enantioselective protonation reactions and the construction of all‐carbon quaternary stereocentres via highly reactive radical coupling reactions robustly demonstrate the excellent catalytic ability of both DPZ as a photocatalyst and the flexible dual catalyst system.
Energy‐efficient Link Scheduling in Time‐variant Dual‐Hop 60GHz Wireless Networks
Authors: Wu Wenjia , Xu Weihong , Chen Zhouguo , Yang Ming
Published: July 2020

Dual‐hop 60 GHz wireless networks which support relay‐assisted dual‐hop transmission have been widely adopted in the recent years, aiming to prolong communication distance and bypass obstacles in 60 GHz band. However, it is very challenging to perform link scheduling in such dual‐hop architecture while considering several factors, i.e., reducing network power consumption, avoiding overloaded APs/relays and adapting to network dynamics. To this end, we investigate the problem of energy‐efficient link scheduling with load constraints (ELL), and propose solutions to deal with network dynamics. First, we present a fine‐grained energy model for dual‐hop 60 GHz networks, and formulate the ELL problem as an integer linear programming model that aims to minimize the network power consumption, while satisfying AP/relay load constraints. Then, we propose a polynomial‐time global scheduling algorithm that obtains a near‐optimal link scheduling solution via iterative relaxation, and the load constraint at each AP/relay can only be violated by at most an additive constant of two. Moreover, we present a local adjustment algorithm to adjust link‐scheduling solutions efficiently, such as client arrival/departure and link blockage, and design a hybrid algorithm that combines global scheduling and local adjustment. Finally, we conduct simulation experiments that validate our algorithms' effectiveness and efficiency.
Raman Spectroscopic Signature of Ectoine Conformations in Bulk Solution and Crystalline State
Authors: Solomun Tihomir , Hahn Marc Benjamin , Smiatek Jens
Published: July 2020

Recent crystallographic results revealed conformational changes of zwitterionic ectoine upon hydration. By means of confocal Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we present a detailed study of this transformation process as part of a Fermi resonance analysis. The corresponding findings highlight that all resonant couplings are lifted upon exposure to water vapor as a consequence of molecular binding processes. The importance of the involved molecular groups for water binding and conformational changes upon hydration is discussed. Our approach further shows that the underlying rapid process can be reversed by carbon dioxide saturated atmospheres. For the first time, we also confirm that the conformational state of ectoine in aqueous bulk solution coincides with crystalline ectoine in its dihydrate state, thereby highlighting the important role of a few bound water molecules.
Phosphorus and Sulfur Co‐Doped Cobaltous Oxide Synthesized by an Inorganic‐Salt‐Assisted Method: Reaction Mechanism and Electrocatalytic Application
Authors: Roy Jagadish Chandra , Al‐Mamun Mohammad , Yin Huajie , Dou Yuhai , Zhang Lei , Liu Porun , Wang Yun , Zhong Yu Lin , Zhao Huijun
Published: July 2020

An inorganic‐salt‐assisted synthesis of non‐metallic heteroatom (phosphorus and sulfur) co‐doped cobaltous oxide (P/S‐CoO) has been reported. Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) was used as inorganic source of sulfur (S), while triphenyl phosphine (PPh3) was used as phosphorus (P) source. A stepwise mechanistic investigation into the doping process revealed that the decomposition of PPh3 triggered the release of both the elemental sulfur and phosphorus because of the reducing reaction environment. The transformation of cobalt‐PPh3 complex into cubic cobalt (II) oxide along with the successful co‐doping (P and S) was achieved by high temperature calcination at 800 °C but preserved the bulk CoO crystalline structure. The as synthesized P/S‐CoO demonstrated an unprecedented enhancement on the oxygen evolution activity compare to that of pristine CoO with the current density of 10 mA/cm2 at the overpotential of 293 mV in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte and profound stability at different current densities.
Multiparallel processing for enhancing the V2V clustering performance
Authors: Daoud Omar R. , Hamarsheh Qadri J. , Damati Ahlam A.
Published: July 2020

In order to support the demand of the users in the new generation wireless systems (such as the smart interaction between the mobile devices and the mobile human), the resources of the intelligent transportation system should be utilized efficiently. Thus, the network structure adaptation due to the rapid changes in such communication process should be investigated. This is in addition to save the direct impact of the network resources such as high speed data transmission and data processing. Based on the standards for both of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and IEEE 802.11p, two main propositions have been examined to attain the improvement in such intelligent systems performance. In this paper, we improved the QoS and proposed a clustering algorithm named MP‐RC‐MBOFDM. It groups the mobile nodes based on their speeds with some modified head assignments processes. This will be combined with a parallel‐processing technique and a wavelet processing stage to optimize the transmitted power phenomenon.

The simulation results of five main efficiency factors that have been involved, namely, complementary cumulative distributions, bit rates, energy efficiency, the cluster head life time, and the ordinary nodes reattaching‐head average times, show the feasibility of the new proposition in the V2V data transmission.
Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma transformed from prostatic adenocarcinoma following androgen deprivation therapy: A case report with clinicopathologic and molecular findings
Authors: Lau Hubert D. , Clark Melissa
Published: July 2020

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate is a rare and clinically aggressive entity that may arise de novo or through transformation of prostatic adenocarcinoma, typically following hormonal or radiation therapy. Confirmation of prostatic origin, especially when evaluating a metastatic focus, often requires correlation with clinical and imaging findings, as the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of SCC are not organ‐specific. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) may provide additional information useful for confirming the primary site and for identifying potential targeted therapy options. CGP data may also contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of squamous differentiation in prostatic malignancies. However, these data are limited, and to our knowledge, there are only three previously published cases of prostatic SCC with reported CGP findings. Herein, we report a case of metastatic keratinizing SCC diagnosed by core needle biopsy in a 68‐year‐old man with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma status post radical prostatectomy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). NKX3.1 immunohistochemistry was negative. CGP was performed, and aTMPRSS2‐ERGfusion, among other genetic alterations, was detected, supporting a diagnosis of metastatic SCC transformed from prostatic adenocarcinoma following ADT. This case supports the use of CGP or other molecular techniques not only to query potential targeted therapy options but also to refine the diagnosis and confirm the primary site of disease in cases with non‐specific morphologic and immunophenotypic features, such as SCC.
Monitoring tropical forest succession at landscape scales despite uncertainty in Landsat time series
Authors: Caughlin T. Trevor , Barber Cristina , Asner Gregory P. , Glenn Nancy F. , Bohlman Stephanie A. , Wilson Chris H.
Published: July 2020

Forecasting rates of forest succession at landscape scales will aid global efforts to restore tree cover to millions of hectares of degraded land. While optical satellite remote sensing can detect regional land cover change, quantifying forest structural change is challenging. We developed a state‐space modeling framework that applies Landsat satellite data to estimate variability in rates of natural regeneration between sites in a tropical landscape. Our models work by disentangling measurement error in Landsat‐derived spectral reflectance from process error related to successional variability. We applied our modeling framework to rank rates of forest succession between 10 naturally regenerating sites in Southwestern Panama from about 2001 to 2015 and tested how different models for measurement error impacted forecast accuracy, ecological inference, and rankings of successional rates between sites. We achieved the greatest increase in forecasting accuracy by adding intra‐annual phenological variation to a model based on Landsat‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The best‐performing model accounted for inter‐ and intra‐annual noise in spectral reflectance and translated NDVI to canopy height via Landsat–lidar fusion. Modeling forest succession as a function of canopy height rather than NDVI also resulted in more realistic estimates of forest state during early succession, including greater confidence in rank order of successional rates between sites. These results establish the viability of state‐space models to quantify ecological dynamics from time series of space‐borne imagery. State‐space models also provide a statistical approach well‐suited to fusing high‐resolution data, such as airborne lidar, with lower‐resolution data that provides better temporal and spatial coverage, such as the Landsat satellite record. Monitoring forest succession using satellite imagery could play a key role in achieving global restoration targets, including identifying sites that will regain tree cover with minimal intervention.