bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spouse similarity for lifetime psychiatric history in the general
population
Authors: GALBAUD DU FORT G. , BLAND R. C. , NEWMAN S. C. , BOOTHROYD L. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Most studies of spouse similarity for
psychiatric disorders have focused on clinical
samples and are thus limited by selection bias. This study is, to our knowledge,
the first
comprehensive investigation of spouse similarity for lifetime psychiatric
history in a general
population sample using standardized diagnostic criteria.

Methods. We studied 519 pairs of spouses residing in Edmonton,

Canada who completed the
Diagnostic Interview Schedule psychiatric interview. In each pair,
one spouse belonged to a random
subsample of persons who had participated in a large population survey
and was re-interviewed.
Association between spouses for lifetime DSM-III psychiatric
disorders was analysed with bivariate
and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results. We observed significant spousal association for lifetime

presence of affective disorders and
for the spectrum of antisocial personality and addiction
disorders. Antisocial personality in one
spouse was also associated with anxiety disorders in the other
spouse, namely post-traumatic stress
disorder in wives and phobia in husbands; similarly, drug abuse/dependence
in wives was
associated with generalized anxiety in husbands and male drug abuse/dependence

was associated with female post-traumatic stress disorder. Dysthymia in
wives was
associated with generalized anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder
in husbands.

Conclusions. The existence of associations between spouses
for
the presence of psychiatric disorders,
either similar or different, has significant implications for
both clinicians and researchers. Future
research should aim at exploring the aetiological mechanisms of these associations.
Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations:
attributional biases and metacognition
Authors: BAKER CAROLINE A. , MORRISON ANTHONY P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Cognitive models suggest that auditory
hallucinations are experienced when mental
events are misattributed to an external source; therefore, this study was
designed to examine
attributional biases in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations.

The study also examined the role of metacognitive beliefs in the experience
of auditory
hallucinations, as some theories have
implicated metacognition in the development and maintenance of auditory
hallucinations.

Methods. Fifteen participants with a diagnosis of
schizophrenia experiencing auditory
hallucinations were compared with 15 non-hallucinating schizophrenics and
15 non-psychiatric
control subjects on several measures, including an immediate source monitoring
task and a
questionnaire assessing metacognitive beliefs.

Results. Results indicated that patients experiencing
hallucinations exhibited the predicted bias
towards misattributing internal events to an external source, as
measured by ratings of internality
of responses in a word association task. All groups had lower
perceived levels of internality and
control for emotionally salient words, which provides further evidence
for the importance of
emotional content in hallucinations. Patients experiencing
hallucinations were found to score higher
than the other two groups on metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability

and danger and positive
beliefs about worry. In addition, a logistic regression analysis showed
that beliefs about
uncontrollability and danger were predictive of whether subjects
experienced auditory hallucinations or not.

Conclusions. These results offer considerable support to
cognitive bias models of auditory
hallucinations, particularly those that implicate metacognition.
Errorless learning and the cognitive rehabilitation of
memory-impaired schizophrenic patients
Authors: O'CARROLL R. E. , RUSSELL H. H. , LAWRIE S. M. , JOHNSTONE E. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. In recent years, evidence has accumulated
that a significant proportion of schizophrenic
patients have severe memory impairment, which cannot be attributed to the
effects of medication,
chronicity or institutionalization. Our group has demonstrated that memory
impairment is
associated with poor psychosocial outcome and treatment resistance. Work
on the classical amnesic
syndrome has suggested that memory training is facilitated by adopting
an ‘errorless learning’
approach, where subjects do not experience failure during learning. This
is based on the theory that
the preserved implicit memory of amnesic patients results in implicitly
remembered incorrect
responses interfering with target items, in the absence of a functioning
explicit memory system to
allow differentiation.

Method. We compared three groups of subjects, memory-impaired
schizophrenic patients, memory
unimpaired schizophrenic patients and healthy controls.

Results. An errorless learning approach conferred a significant
advantage on the memory-impaired
schizophrenic group, bringing their performance up to the level of both
control groups. In contrast,
adopting a traditional trial and error, or errorful approach resulted in
markedly impaired
performance in the memory-impaired schizophrenic group only.

Conclusions. We conclude that errorless learning approaches
may be worthy of further evaluation
in the cognitive rehabilitation of memory-impaired schizophrenic patients.
Alteration of the platelet serotonin transporter in romantic love
Authors: MARAZZITI D. , AKISKAL H. S. , ROSSI A. , CASSANO G. B.
Published: July 2002

Background. The evolutionary consequences of love are so important that there must be some long-established biological process regulating it. Recent findings suggest that the serotonin (5-HT)
transporter might be linked to both neuroticism and sexual behaviour as well as to
obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The similarities between an overvalued idea, such as that
typical of subjects in the early phase of a love relationship, and obsession, prompted us to explore
the possibility that the two conditions might share alterations at the level of the 5-HT transporter.

Methods. Twenty subjects who had recently (within the previous 6 months) fallen in love, 20
unmedicated OCD patients and 20 normal controls, were included in the study. The 5-HT
transporter was evaluated with the specific binding of 3H-paroxetine
(3H-Par) to platelet membranes.

Results. The results showed that the density of
3H-Par binding sites was significantly lower in
subjects who had recently fallen in love and in OCD patients than in controls.

Discussion. The main finding of the present study is that subjects who were in the early romantic
phase of a love relationship were not different from OCD patients in terms of the density of the
platelet 5-HT transporter, which proved to be significantly lower than in the normal controls. This
would suggest common neurochemical changes involving the 5-HT system, linked to psychological
dimensions shared by the two conditions, perhaps at an ideational level.
Translating ethical principles into outcome measures for mental
health service research
Authors: THORNICROFT GRAHAM , TANSELLA MICHELE
Published: July 2002

Background. Mental health service research continues to use only outcome measures that are
available rather than develop measures that are important. This paper argues that it is necessary
to select and then define a set of ethical principles that can be operationalized and validated as
outcome measures to provide a wider balance of information for health policy and clinical service
decisions.

Methods. The method used is to adopt a five stage procedure: (i) to select ethical principles most
directly relevant for mental health services and their evaluation at the local level; (ii) to propose
definitions of these principles; (iii) to validate these definitions; (iv) to translate the defined
principles into operationalized outcome measures; and (v) to use these outcome measures in mental
health services research, within the context of evidence-based medicine.

Results. We address steps (i) and (ii) of this five-stage procedure. Nine principles are selected and
defined: autonomy, continuity, effectiveness, accessibility, comprehensiveness, equity, accountability,
coordination and efficiency. These principles can together be referred to as the three ACEs.

Conclusions. Of these nine principles, only two (effectiveness and efficiency) have so far been fully
translated into quantitative outcome measures, upon which the evidence-based medicine approach
depends. We propose that further concepts also be developed into a more complete multi-
dimensional range of fully operationalized outcome measures.
The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring
Authors: BLAKEMORE S.-J. , SMITH J. , STEEL R. , JOHNSTONE E. C. , FRITH C. D.
Published: July 2002

Background. To test the hypothesis that certain psychotic symptomatology is due to a defect in self- monitoring, we investigated the ability of groups of psychiatric patients to differentiate perceptually between self-produced and externally produced tactile stimuli.

Methods. Responses to tactile stimulation were assessed in three groups of subjects: schizophrenic patients; patients with bipolar affective disorder or depression; and normal control subjects. Within the psychiatric groups subjects were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences. The subjects were asked to rate the perception of a tactile sensation on the palm of their left hand. The tactile stimulation was either self-produced by movement of the subject's right hand or externally produced by the experimenter.

Results. Normal control subjects and those psychiatric patients with neither auditory hallucinations nor passivity phenomena experienced self-produced stimuli as less intense, tickly and pleasant than identical, externally produced tactile stimuli. In contrast, psychiatric patients with these symptoms did not show a decrease in their perceptual ratings for tactile stimuli produced by themselves as compared with those produced by the experimenter. This failure to show a difference in perception between self-produced and externally produced stimuli appears to relate to the presence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences rather than to the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Conclusions. We propose that auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences are associated with an abnormality in the self-monitoring mechanism that normally allows us to distinguish self-produced from externally produced sensations.
Remediation of memory disorders in schizophrenia
Authors: MEDALIA A. , REVHEIM N. , CASEY M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Memory deficits are commonly experienced by patients with schizophrenia, often
persist even after effective psychotropic treatment of psychotic symptoms and have been
demonstrated to interfere with many aspects of successful psychiatric rehabilitation. Because of
significant impact on functional outcome, effective remediation of cognitive deficits has been
increasingly cited as an essential component of comprehensive treatment. Efforts to remediate
memory deficits have met with circumscribed success, leaving uncertain whether schizophrenia
patients can be taught, without experimental induction, independently to employ semantic encoding
or a range of other mnemonic techniques.

Method. We examined the feasibility of using memory and problem solving teaching techniques
developed within educational psychology – techniques which promote intrinsic motivation and task
engagement through contextualization and personalization of learning activities – to remediate
memory deficits in a group of in-patients with chronic schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Results. Although our memory remediation group significantly improved on the memory
remediation task, they did not make greater gains on measures of immediate paragraph recall or list
learning than the control groups.

Conclusions. Targeted remediation of memory appears to yield task specific improvement but the
gains do not generalize to other memory tasks. Subjects receiving memory remediation failed to
independently activate mnemonic encoding strategies learned and used successfully within training
tasks to other general measures of verbal learning and memory.
Personality traits of the relatives of autistic probands
Authors: MURPHY M. , BOLTON P. F. , PICKLES A. , FOMBONNE E. , PIVEN J. , RUTTER M.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is substantial evidence that the genetic liability to autism confers a risk for a
range of more subtle social and communication impairments, as well as stereotyped and repetitive
behaviours. Recent research suggests that increased expression of particular personality traits may
be a manifestation of the liability to autism.

Methods. To investigate this we examined the personality traits of the adult relatives of 99 autistic
and 36 Down's syndrome probands, using the informant version of the Modified Personality
Assessment Schedule.

Results. There was significantly increased expression of the traits anxious, impulsive, aloof, shy,
over-sensitive, irritable and eccentric among the autism relatives with evidence of different profiles
for male and female relatives and for parents and adult children. Factor analysis revealed three
broad groups of traits, two of which (‘withdrawn’ and ‘difficult’) appeared to reflect impairments
in social functioning and a third group of anxiety related traits (‘tense’). Each of these factors
differed in their pattern of associations with the factor we termed ‘withdrawn’ showing a similar
pattern of association to that found for other autism related conditions. The ‘tense’ factor appeared
in part to be related to the burden of caring for an autistic child.

Conclusions. This study confirms the finding that particular personality traits may aggregate in the
family members of autistic individuals and furthermore that some of these traits may be a
manifestation of the liability to autism.
Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls
Authors: ANGOLD A. , COSTELLO E. J. , ERKANLI A. , WORTHMAN C. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Throughout their reproductive years, women suffer from a higher prevalence of
depression than men. Before puberty, however, this is not the case. In an earlier study, we found
that reaching Tanner Stage III of puberty was associated with increased levels of depression in girls.
This paper examines whether the morphological changes associated with puberty (as measured by
Tanner stage) or the hormonal changes underlying them are more strongly associated with
increased rates of depression in adolescent girls.

Methods. Data from three annual waves of interviews with 9 to 15-year-olds from the Great Smoky
Mountains study were analysed.

Results. Models including the effects of testosterone and oestradiol eliminated the apparent effect
of Tanner stage. The effect of testosterone was non-linear. FSH and LH had no effects on the
probability of being depressed.

Conclusions. These findings argue against theories that explain the emergence of the female excess
of depression in adulthood in terms of changes in body morphology and their resultant psychosocial
effects on social interactions and self-perception. They suggest that causal explanations of the
increase in depression in females need to focus on factors associated with changes in androgen and
oestrogen levels rather than the morphological changes of puberty.
Molecular architecture of bacterial flagellum
Authors: NAMBA KEIICHI , VONDERVISZT FERENC
Published: July 2002

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. OVERALL STRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURES 5

2.1 Overall structure and components 5

2.2 Bidirectional rotary motor 5

2.3 Drive shaft 8

2.4 Bushing 8

2.5 Universal joint 9

2.6 Helical propeller 9

2.7 Axial junction 10

2.8 Capping structure 11

3. ASSEMBLY PROCESS OF THE FLAGELLUM 11

3.1 Step by step assembly 11

3.2 Flagellum-specific export apparatus and the channel 12

4. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLAGELLAR MOTOR DYNAMICS
13

5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLAGELLIN FOR ASSEMBLY REGULATION AND
POLYMORPHISM 14

5.1 Domain organization and terminal disorder of flagellin 15

5.2 The role of terminal disorder in filament formation and polymorphism
17

5.3 Common structural motif for regulation of self-assembly 21

6. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLAGELLAR FILAMENTS FOR POLYMORPHISM
22

6.1 Polymorphic mechanism 23

6.2 Structures of the filaments deduced by electron microscopy 25

6.2.1 Overview of the electron microscopic studies 25

6.2.2 Helical image reconstruction procedure 27

6.2.3 Structural details of the filament 28

6.3 X-ray fibre diffraction studies 32

6.3.1 Overview of the X-ray studies 32

6.3.2 Orientation of liquid crystalline sols and diffraction patterns 33

6.3.3 Equatorial analysis 35

6.3.4 A preliminary map refined at 11 Åresolution 37

6.4 Overall chain folding of the subunit in the filament 38

6.4.1 Mapping out the terminal and central regions 38

6.4.2 The chain folding and role of each domain 42

6.5 Polymorphic nature of flagellar filament 43

6.5.1 Comparison of the L- and R-type 43

6.5.2 New helical symmetry ‘Lt-type’ 46

6.5.3 Direct comparison of the Lt-type lattice to the other two 48

6.5.4 Plausible conformational changes involved in polymorphism 51

7. PERSPECTIVE 55

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 55

9. REFERENCES 55
Infrared spectroscopy of proteins and peptides in lipid bilayers
Authors: TAMM LUKAS K. , TATULIAN SUREN A.
Published: July 2002

Infrared spectroscopy is a useful technique for the determination of
conformation
and orientation of membrane-associated proteins and lipids. The technique
is
especially powerful for detecting conformational changes by recording spectral

differences before and after perturbations in physiological solution. Polarized

infrared measurements on oriented membrane samples have revealed valuable

information on the orientation of chemical groupings and substructures
within
membrane molecules which is difficult to obtain by other methods. The
application of infrared spectroscopy to the static and dynamic structure
of proteins
and peptides in lipid bilayers is reviewed with some emphasis on the importance

of sample preparation. Limitations of the technique with regard to the
absolute
determination of secondary structure and orientation and new strategies
for
structural assignments are also discussed.
Richard W. Bailey, Nineteenth-century English.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. Pp. viii,
372. Pb $19.95.
Authors: Finegan Edward
Published: July 2002

Treating the least well researched period in the
history of English, Richard Bailey's groundbreaking
book is an admirable success: wry in its humor, clear in
its science, and compelling in its humanity. More than
that, it is a sterling achievement of research, a model
for all who write about the history of spoken or written
English, a benchmark of scope and insight. Bailey's
calculations suggest that, in the course of the 19th century,
the number of English speakers increased from 26 million
to 126 million, helping to make the century the “most
transforming” period in the history of English: it
was transformed “from merely a language to a valuable
property, firmly incorporated into capitalist economies.
Far more than at any earlier time, English could be bought
and sold. It was even possible to earn one's livelihood
by working with it”.
Mary Bucholtz, A. C. Laing, & Laurel A. Sutton (eds.),
Reinventing identities: The gendered self in discourse.
New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp.
xiii, 431. Pb $35.00.
Authors: Talbot Mary M.
Published: July 2002

This is the inaugural volume of a new series, Studies
in Language and Gender. This substantial book is an edited
collection of recent research in the field of language
and gender, predominantly but not exclusively focused on
language use in the United States. The research represented
in its 20 chapters is wide-ranging, both in terms of the
genres and media explored in them and in terms of analytic
approaches. The genres, media, and locations investigated
include, among others, American shopping channel talk (Mary
Bucholtz), self-revelatory on-line journals (Laurel Sutton),
office interaction (Deborah Tannen), Latina hopscotch in
Los Angeles (Marjorie Goodwin), Irish-language community
radio (Colleen Cotter), British teenage girls' conversations
(Jennifer Coates), and a Tunisian sociolinguistic interview
(Keith Walters).
The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming
Authors: Revonsuo Antti
Published: July 2002

Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and that it does not serve any natural function. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. The form and content of dreams is not random but organized and selective: during dreaming, the brain constructs a complex model of the world in which certain types of elements, when compared to waking life, are underrepresented whereas others are over represented. Furthermore, dream content is consistently and powerfully modulated by certain types of waking experiences. On the basis of this evidence, I put forward the hypothesis that the biological function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance. To evaluate this hypothesis, we need to consider the original evolutionary context of dreaming and the possible traces it has left in the dream content of the present human population. In the ancestral environment human life was short and full of threats. Any behavioral advantage in dealing with highly dangerous events would have increased the probability of reproductive success. A dream-production mechanism that tends to select threatening waking events and simulate them over and over again in various combinations would have been valuable for the development and maintenance of threat-avoidance skills. Empirical evidence from normative dream content, children's dreams, recurrent dreams, nightmares, post traumatic dreams, and the dreams of hunter-gatherers indicates that our dream-production mechanisms are in fact specialized in the simulation of threatening events, and thus provides support to the threat simulation hypothesis of the function of dreaming.
Do the birds and bees need cognitive reform?
Authors: Ayton Peter
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West argue that their observed positive correlations between performance of reasoning tasks and intelligence strengthen the standing of normative rules for determining rationality. I question this argument. Violations of normative rules by cognitively humble creatures in their natural environments are more of a problem for normative rules than for the creatures.
Physiological units and behavioral elements: Dynamic brains relate to dynamic behavior
Authors: Keil Andreas , Elbert Thomas
Published: July 2002

Nunez is to be applauded for putting forward a theoretical brain model. In order to improve any model it needs to be experimentally testable. The model presented in the target article suffers from insufficient clarity as to how new experimental designs could be derived. This is a consequence of neglecting the purpose of the brain, which is to produce effective and adaptive behavior. It might be possible to overcome this drawback by including Hebb-based modeling.
Advancing the rationality debate
Authors: Stanovich Keith E. , West Richard F.
Published: July 2002

In this response, we clarify several misunderstandings of the understanding/acceptance principle and defend our specific operationalization of that principle. We reiterate the importance of addressing the problem of rational task construal and we elaborate the notion of computational limitations contained in our target article. Our concept of thinking dispositions as variable intentional-level styles of epistemic and behavioral regulation is explained, as is its relation to the rationality debate. Many of the suggestions of the commentators for elaborating two-process models are easily integrated into our generic dual-process account. We further explicate how we view the relation between System 1 and System 2 and evolutionary and normative rationality. We clarify our attempt to fuse the contributions of the cognitive ecologists with the insights of the original heuristics and biases researchers.
The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto
Authors: Quartz Steven R. , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: July 2002

How do minds emerge from developing brains? According to
“neural constructivism,” the representational features of
cortex are built from the dynamic interaction between neural growth
mechanisms and environmentally derived neural activity. Contrary to
popular selectionist models that emphasize regressive mechanisms, the
neurobiological evidence suggests that this growth is a progressive
increase in the representational properties of cortex. The interaction
between the environment and neural growth results in a flexible type
of learning: “constructive learning” minimizes the need
for prespecification in accordance with recent neurobiological
evidence that the developing cerebral cortex is largely free of
domain-specific structure. Instead, the representational properties of
cortex are built by the nature of the problem domain confronting it.
This uniquely powerful and general learning strategy undermines the
central assumption of classical learnability theory, that the learning
properties of a system can be deduced from a fixed computational
architecture. Neural constructivism suggests that the evolutionary
emergence of neocortex in mammals is a progression toward more
flexible representational structures, in contrast to the popular view
of cortical evolution as an increase in innate, specialized circuits.
Human cortical postnatal development is also more extensive and
protracted than generally supposed, suggesting that cortex has evolved
so as to maximize the capacity of environmental structure to shape its
structure and function through constructive learning.
Thinking and believing in self-deception
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: July 2002

Mele views self-deception as belief sustained by
motivationally biased treatment of evidence. This view overlooks
something essential, for it does not reckon with the fact that in
self-deception the truth is dangerously close at hand and must be
repeatedly suppressed. Self-deception is not so much a matter of
what one positively believes as what one manages not to think.
Binding by synchronisation: A task-dependence hypothesis
Authors: Bugmann Guido
Published: July 2002

Binding needs to be task dependent, and cannot usefully be
driven by properties of the stimulus alone. However, task dependent
binding can only take place after the patterns in a stimulus have
been identified. Thus pattern recognition needs to be done prior to
binding. Synchronisation may be a consequence of pattern recognition
and can be used to localise the pattern and tag its attributes at
different levels of information processing.
Peripheral and central hyperexcitability: Differential signs and symptoms in persistent pain
Authors: Coderre Terence J. , Katz Joel
Published: July 2002

This target article examines the clinical and experimental
evidence for a role of peripheral and central hyperexcitability in
persistent pain in four key areas: cutaneous hyperalgesia, referred
pain, neuropathic pain, and postoperative pain. Each suggests that
persistent pain depends not only on central sensitization, but also
on inputs from damaged peripheral tissue. It is instructive to think
of central sensitization as comprised of both an initial central
sensitization and an ongoing central sensitization driven by inputs
from peripheral sources. Each of these factors, initial sensitization,
ongoing central sensitization, and inputs from peripheral sources,
contributes to the net activity in dorsal horn neurons and thus
influences the expression of persistent pain or hyperalgesia. Since
each factor, peripheral inputs and central sensitization (initial or
ongoing), can contribute to both the initiation and maintenance of
persistent pain, therapies should target both peripheral and central
sources of pathology.
Vaginas yield far more pleasure than pain
Authors: Brody Stuart
Published: July 2002

berkley's pathogen model of sex
differences in pain is inconsistent with women outliving men by
several years. The vagina is far more resistant to pathogens than is
the rectum. Vaginal stimulation produces intense analgesia in rats and
humans. Possible evolutionary and cardiovascular factors are also
noted.
Informed learning and conceptual structure: Putting the “birdness” back in the bird
Authors: Kurtz Kenneth
Published: July 2002

The computational notion of “trading spaces” is
highly relevant to the psychological domain of categorization. The
“theory” view of concepts can be interpreted as a recoding
view. A design principle for exploiting learned recodings in order to
handle the type-2 problem of forming sophisticated concepts is
outlined.
Understanding and explaining real self-deception
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: July 2002

This response addresses seven main issues: (1) alleged
evidence that in some instances of self-deception an individual
simultaneously possesses “contradictory beliefs”; (2)
whether garden-variety self-deception is intentional; (3) whether
conditions that I claimed to be conceptually sufficient for
self-deception are so; (4) significant similarities and differences
between self-deception and interpersonal deception; (5) how instances
of self-deception are to be explained, and the roles of motivation
in explaining them; (6) differences among various kinds of self-
deception; (7) whether a proper conception of self-deception
implies that definitive ascriptions of self-deception to individuals
are impossible.
Estrogens in human psychosexual differentiation
Authors: Meyer-Bahlburg Heino F. L.
Published: July 2002

There is some very limited evidence for a role of estrogens in
human psychosexual masculinization; its interpretation is uncertain.
Fitch & Denenberg's demonstration of a role for estrogens in
the behavioral feminization of nonhuman mammals implicitly suggests
an answer to a riddle posed by the syndrome of congenital adrenal
hyperplasia in women.
Why did coarticulation evolve?
Authors: Mattingly Ignatius G.
Published: July 2002

The locus equation proposal ignores a fundamental difference
between human speech perception and nonhuman echolocation and sound
localization, offers a questionable account of the function of
consonant-vowel coarticulation, and is further undermined if the
effects of other forms of coarticulation are considered. The function
of coarticulation is to convey phonetic information rapidly and
reliably.
A plea for Popperian significance testing
Authors: Swijtink Zeno G.
Published: July 2002

Even in a theory corroboration context, attention to effect
size is called for if significance testing is to be of any value. I
sketch a Popperian construal of significance tests that better fits
into scientific inference as a whole. Because of its many errors
Chow's book cannot be recommended to the novice.
Levels of description and conflated doctrines
Authors: Bullinaria John A.
Published: July 2002

It seems that I often say things that might mistakenly be
thought to identify me as an adherent of the radical neuron doctrine.
I take the opportunity to explain my position more clearly and argue
that many apparent conflations of the radical and trivial neuron
doctrines are merely the result of misunderstanding what is meant when
neuroscientists talk about the relations between different levels of
description. It follows that there may be considerably fewer followers
of the radical doctrine than Gold & Stoljar suggest.
Behavioral neurogenetics beyond determinism
Authors: Crusio Wim E.
Published: July 2002

Rose's Lifelines justifiably attacks the rigid
genetic determinism that pervades the popular press and even some
scientific writing. Genes do not equate with destiny. However,
Rose's argument should not be taken too far: genes do
influence behavior, in animals as well as in man.
Seeing beyond the modules toward the subject of perception
Authors: Noë Alva , Thompson Evan
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn's model of visual perception leads to problems
in understanding the nature of perceptual experience. The cause of the
problems is an underlying lack of clarity about the relation between
the operation of the subpersonal vision module and visual perception
at the level of the subject or person.
A perceptual theory of knowledge: Specifying some details
Authors: Toomela Aaro
Published: July 2002

We attempt to resolve some details of Barsalou's theory.
(1) The mechanism that guides selection of perceptual information may
be the efferent control of activity. (2) Information about a world that
is not accessible to the senses can be constructed in the process of
semiotic mediation. (3) Introspection may not be a kind of perception;
rather, semiotically mediated information processing might be necessary
for the emergence of introspection.
Rhyme and analogy in beginning reading: Conceptual and methodological issues
Authors: GOSWAMI USHA , EAST MARTIN
Published: July 2002

Goswami and Bryant (1990) proposed a theory of reading development based on three causal
connections. One of these causal connections was based on the relationship between rhyming
skills and reading development found in English. To explain this connection, they suggested that
young readers of English used analogies based on rimes as one means of deciphering the
alphabetic code. This proposal has recently become the subject of some debate. The most serious
critique has been advanced by Seymour and his colleagues (Duncan, Seymour, & Hill,
1997; Seymour & Duncan, 1997; Seymour & Evans, 1994). These authors reported a
series of studies with Scottish schoolchildren which, they claim, show that progression in normal
reading acquisition is from a small unit (phonemic) approach in the initial stage to a large unit
(rime-based) approach at a later stage. Two experiments are presented which replicate those
conducted by Seymour and his group with samples of English schoolchildren. Different results
are found. It is argued that methodological and instructional factors may be very important for
the conceptual interpretation of studies attempting to pit “small” units (phonemes)
against “large” units (onsets and rimes) in reading. In particular, it is necessary to
consider whether a given phonological awareness task requires the recognition of shared
phonological segments (“epilinguistic” processing) or the identification and
production of shared phonological segments (metalinguistic processing). It is also important to
take into account the nature of the literacy instruction being implemented in participating
schools. If the phonological aspects of this tuition focus solely on phonemes (small units), then
poor rime-level (large unit) performance may be found in metalinguistic tasks.
Object label learning by middle- and working-class, black and white, younger and older
preschool children
Authors: WHITTLESEY VALERIE , SHIPLEY ELIZABETH F.
Published: July 2002

The present study examined the ability of younger and older preschool children from
different backgrounds (16 middle-class black, 16 middle-class white, 16 working-class black,
and 16 working-class white) to map labels to objects and to establish inclusion relationships. The
children were taught novel labels for perceptually related and unrelated unfamiliar objects.
Although the groups were similar in their ability to comprehend the first label during the first
session, white children produced the first label more. When additional labels were taught during
subsequent sessions, the differences among the groups of children were augmented. Although
children from all backgrounds applied labels to objects based on initial labelings, middle-class,
white, and older children did this to a greater extent than working-class, black, and younger
children. Evidence for the use of inclusion relations for perceptually related target objects was
not found for the children; rather, the children used a mutually exclusive labeling strategy.
Hölder exponents of horocycle foliations on surfaces
Authors: GERBER MARLIES , NIŢICĂ VIOREL
Published: July 2002

We show that the horocycle foliations on a compact $C^{\infty}$ (or even $C^{\omega}$) surface of non-positive curvature can fail to be Lipschitz, even if the curvature vanishes only along a single closed geodesic. We calculate the Hölder exponents of these foliations at vectors tangent to geodesics along which the curvature vanishes.
Veto Players, Globalization and the Redistributive Capacity of the State: A Panel Study of 15 OECD Countries
Authors: Crepaz Markus M.L.
Published: July 2002

Globalization is said to restrict severely the state's capacity to fulfill its welfare function in advanced industrial
societies. This paper tests empirically the redistributive capacity of the state operationalized as the difference in percent
of households who live below 50% of the median income in their respective country before taxes and transfers and
after taxes and transfers, based on the latest Luxembourg Income Study data. Besides globalization, specific sets of
domestic political institutions predictably and systematically affect the redistributive capacity of the state: what is
termed ‘collective veto points’ buoy redistribution by the state, while ‘competitive veto points’ have the opposite
effect. Partisan coloration is introduced as a control variable which, surprisingly, does not affect this critical function
of the welfare state. The research design is a cross-sectionally dominant panel design (N=15, t=2). This study finds
evidence that globalization and collective veto points both positively affect the redistributive capacity of the state while
the converse is true for competitive veto points.
Relative distance: ageing in rural New Zealand
Authors: KEELING SALLY
Published: July 2002

This paper explores aspects of kinship and geographical distance in terms of the social context of older people in the South Island of New Zealand, and with particular reference to the long-term epidemiological study of ageing in the community of Mosgiel. Comparisons between the numbers of relatives reported in the social networks of the older participants at baseline and in the six-year follow-up study indicate both losses and gains over time. A local qualitative study carried out within the Mosgiel study interprets meanings of closeness and distance from the ways that older people talk about family and friends. In discussing definitions of family, aspects of genealogical and generational connection are described, along with processes which allow for ‘proxies’ and ‘substitution’ in the light of geographical proximity. These role definitions within families, and the wider social networks within which they operate, provide continuity and reliable social support together with flexibility and adaptability to change. The Mosgiel study illustrates some aspects of the combined effects of low population density in the region, rural-to-urban migration, and recent health and social service restructuring on older people and on their families.
Forum: The hierarchicalization of political community
Authors: WALKER R. B. J.
Published: July 2002

To respond to Andrew Linklater's The Transformation of Political Community is to walk a very fine line between admiration and perplexity. I have admiration especially for his willingness to confront some of the most important and difficult questions of contemporary political theory. To pursue the claim that we need to rethink the accounts of political community that anyone with credibility as a political analyst would much prefer to leave as a constitutive assumption of almost everything they want to say, takes some courage. And this is certainly a bold book, both in its sweep and its ambitions. It is one of the very few books in the contemporary theory of international relations that provokes more than passive surrender to the tediously familiar and the three-fold typology. Even so, I remain perplexed at the way Linklater manages to keep retying himself up in all the knots he tries so vigorously to disentangle.
The Afghanistan war and the breakdown of the Soviet Union
Authors: REUVENY RAFAEL , PRAKASH ASEEM
Published: July 2002

The breakdown of the Soviet Union surprised most scholars of international relations, comparative politics, and Soviet politics. Existing explanations attribute the breakdown of the Soviet Union to the reformist leadership of Gorbachev, and/or to systemic factors. These explanations do not focus on the key contribution of the war in Afghanistan. This is surprising since many scholars view wars as key causal factors in empire breakdown and regime change. We argue that the war in Afghanistan was a key factor, though not the only cause, in the breakdown of the Soviet Union. The war impacted Soviet politics in four reinforcing ways: (1) Perception effects: it changed the perceptions of leaders about the efficacy of using the military to hold the empire together and to intervene in foreign countries; (2) Military effects: it discredited the Red Army, created cleavage between the party and the military, and demonstrated that the Red Army was not invincible, which emboldened the non Russian republics to push for independence; (3) Legitimacy effects: it provided non-Russians with a common cause to demand independence since they viewed this war as a Russian war fought by non Russians against Afghans; and (4) Participation effects: it created new forms of political participation, started to transform the press/media before glasnost, initiated the first shots of glasnost, and created a significant mass of war veterans (Afghansti) who formed new civil organizations weakening the political hegemony of the communist party.
Killing me softly with his song: an initial investigation into the use of popular music as a tool of oppression
Authors: Cloonan Martin , Johnson Bruce
Published: July 2002

Popular music studies generally celebrate the power of music to empower the construction of individual and social identities, a site of positive self-realisation. But such an approach risks overlooking a significant element in the musical transaction. How, for example, did the inhabitants of Jericho feel? Or President Noriega when musically besieged by US troops in Panama City? Or street kids in Wollongong, New South Wales, driven out of shopping malls by the strategic broadcasting of Frank Sinatra recordings? Every time we applaud the deployment of music as a way of articulating physical, cognitive and cultural territory, we are also applauding the potential or actual displacement or even destruction of other identities. On occasions that displacement may well be conducted as an act of extreme violence: music as pain. This negative side of the territorialism of music, however, receives little attention in popular music studies, even though it is potentially the dark side of any musical transaction. In attempting to redress the balance, this article is a ‘trailer’ for a joint investigation into the use of popular music as a weapon. It represents our initial attempts to think through some of the issues surrounding popular music and its use as a tool of repression and the deliberate inflicting of pain.
Group theoretical approach in using canonical transformations and symplectic geometry in the control of approximately modelled mechanical systems interacting with an unmodelled environment
Authors: Tar J. K. , Rudas I. J. , Bitó J. F.
Published: July 2002

In spite of its simpler structure than that of the Euler-Lagrange equations-based model, the Hamiltonian formulation of Classical Mechanics (CM) gained only limited application in the Computed Torque Control (CTC) of the rather conventional robots. A possible reason for this situation may be, that while the independent variables of the Lagrangian model are directly measurable by common industrial sensors and encoders, the Hamiltonian canonical coordinates are not measurable and can also not be computed in the lack of detailed information on the dynamics of the system under control. As a consequence, transparent and lucid mathematical methods bound to the Hamiltonian model utilizing the special properties of such concepts as Canonical Transformations, Symplectic Geometry, Symplectic Group, Symplectizing Algorithm, etc. remain out of the reach of Dynamic Control approaches based on the Lagrangian model. In this paper the preliminary results of certain recent investigations aiming at the introduction of these methods in dynamic control are summarized and illustrated by simulation results. The proposed application of the Hamiltonian model makes it possible to achieve a rigorous deductive analytical treatment up to a well defined point exactly valid for a quite wide range of many different mechanical systems. From this point on it reveals such an ample assortment of possible non-deductive, intuitive developments and approaches even within the investigations aiming at a particular paradigm that publication of these very preliminary and early results seems to have definite reason, too.
A modular control system for flexible robotized manufacturing cells
Authors: Kopacek Peter , Kronreif Gernot , Probst Robert
Published: July 2002

In co-operation with an Austrian small sized company, the Institute for Handling Devices and Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology started a project with the goal to reduce the time necessary for planning, programming and set-up of robot equipped
manufacturing cells. In this contribution a modular, object-oriented control system
for robotized cells is presented. This system ‘C_CTRL' is responsible for all necessary tasks, like sequencing, supervising, controlling of basic functions, error handling, and recording of statistic data. The control system is ‘self-generating' during program start-up – using hardware information from a simple ASCII configuration file. Regardless which and how many components used in a particular cell, there is no additional programming effort for generation of the entire control software.
English through Chinese: experimenting with sandwich stories
Authors: Yuhua Ji
Published: July 2002

A novel and dynamic approach to teaching English by starting in Chinese.

In China, many schools start teaching EFL to their first graders, aged 6–7. Children have to repeat words and sentences that are meaningless to them. They learn to read EFL not by reading but by going through mechanical drills in letters, words and phonic skills. F. Smith asserts that ‘children learn to read only by reading’. But there is a Catch-22 situation here: to learn to read, you have to read, but you cannot read if you have not learned to read. This situation is, however, being tackled by a new experimental approach over the past five years – a ‘sandwich story’ methodology.
COMPLEX UNIT ROOTS AND BUSINESS CYCLES: ARE THEY REAL?
Authors: Bierens Herman J.
Published: July 2002

In this paper the asymptotic properties of ARMA processes with
complex-conjugate unit roots in the AR lag polynomial are studied.
These processes behave quite differently from regular unit root
processes (with a single root equal to one). In particular,
the asymptotic properties of a standardized version of the
periodogram for such processes are analyzed, and a
nonparametric test of the complex unit root hypothesis against
the stationarity hypothesis is derived. This test is applied
to the annual change of the monthly number of unemployed in
the United States to see whether this time series has complex
unit roots in the business cycle frequencies.