bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Different Soil Tillage Systems to Long‐Term Swine Slurry Application
Authors: Balota Elcio L. , Machineski Oswaldo , Honda Carolina , Yada Ines F. U. , Barbosa Graziela M. C. , Nakatani Andre S. , Coyne Mark S.
Published: June 2014

Swine slurry is a common agricultural fertilizer in many countries. However, its long‐term use in large amounts can cause excess nutrient accumulation, alter soil compounds, and potentially influence critical microbial populations such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which have important roles in plant nutrition and soil sustainability. This work determined if arbuscular mycorrhizal status, external mycelium, and glomalin‐related soil protein content were affected by long‐term swine slurry application to different soil tillage systems. The experiment was conducted on a clayey oxisol, in southern Brazil. Swine slurry (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 m3 ha−1 y−1) was applied for 15 years to conventional tillage and no tillage soil prior to the summer (soybean or maize) and winter (wheat or oats) crop seasons. Swine slurry decreased mycorrhizal root colonization, spore number, and total external mycelium. Swine slurry increased active external mycelium and both easily extractable and total glomalin‐related soil protein. No‐tillage soil had more glomalin‐related soil protein than conventional tillage soil. The most significant response variables were root colonization, easily extractable glomalin‐related soil protein, and total external arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelia. Long‐term application of swine slurry in this environment, even at high rates, did not adversely affect crop yield but did influence arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi and their products in the soil environment. Benefits of swine slurry application for crop nutrition must be weighed against potential adverse consequences for the size, activity, and benefits of the mycorrhizal community to subsequent annual crops. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viable and morphologically normal boar spermatozoa alter the expression of heat‐shock protein genes in oviductal epithelial cells during co‐culture in vitro
Authors: Yeste Marc , Holt William V. , Bonet Sergi , Rodríguez‐Gil Joan E. , Lloyd Rhiannon E.
Published: June 2014

The principal aim of this study was to determine if boar spermatozoa influence the expression of four selected chaperone and heat‐shock protein (HSP) genes—namely clusterin (CLU),HSP90AA1,HSPA5, andHSPA8—in oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) during in vitro co‐culture. All corresponding proteins of these genes were previously identified in a sperm‐interacting, 70‐kDa soluble fraction derived from apical plasma membranes of OECs. The present study also sought to determine whether or not: (i) spermatozoa must directly bind to OEC for an effect on gene expression to be elicited and (ii) reproductive and nonreproductive epithelial cell types (LLC‐PK1, pig kidney) respond equivalently, in terms of alterations in chaperone and HSP gene expression, during co‐culture with sperm. Spermatozoa induced a significant upregulation (P < 0.05) inHSP90AA1andHSPA5in OECs after 3 hr, and inHSPA8after 6 hr of co‐culture when they were in direct contact with epithelial cells. Conversely, no upregulation of HSP transcription was observed when spermatozoa did not directly bind to OECs. Spermatozoa also induced a significant upregulation (P < 0.05) of the same three genes when in direct contact with LLC‐PK1 cells, but the timing occurred later than with OECs. Interestingly, the extent of HSP gene upregulation induced by direct contact of spermatozoa with epithelial cells was dependent on sperm‐binding index and on the viability and morphological quality of the bound sperm population. In conclusion, the upregulation of HSP genes caused by direct contact between spermatozoa and OECs, rather than nonreproductive epithelial cells, suggests HSPs could play an integral role in the modulation of sperm function in the oviductal reservoir.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 805–819, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exogenous expression of OCT4 facilitates oocyte‐mediated reprogramming in cloned porcine embryos
Authors: Ji Qianqian , Cong Peiqing , Zhao Haijing , Song Zhenwei , Zhao Guangyin , Gao Jintao , Nie Yu , Chen Yaosheng
Published: June 2014

OCT4 is a well‐established regulator of pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. To determine if improving OCT4 abundance can facilitate oocyte‐mediated reprogramming in cloned porcine embryos, we artificially increased OCT4 levels by co‐incubating donor cells with 50 ng/µl OCT4 plasmid. We observed higher rates of blastocyst formation (P < 0.05) and lower levels of blastocyst apoptosis in nuclear‐transfer‐derived embryos carrying OCT4‐incubated donor nuclei (OCT4‐SCNT). The beneficial effect caused by exogenous expression of OCT4 involves epigenetic changes, wherein increased histone acetylation (AcH3K9) appeared in OCT4‐SCNT embryos at the one‐cell and blastocyst stages and reduced histone methylation (H3K9me2) was observed at the one‐cell stage (P < 0.05). There was a transient increase in exogenous OCT4 and an up‐regulation of endogenous OCT4 level in OCT4‐SCNT embryos (P < 0.05), while the expression pattern of epigenetic enzymes was changed. These modifications were accompanied by an up‐regulation of CDX2, whose interaction with OCT4 is instrumental for implantation, and a down‐regulation of XIST, a negative indicator of reprogramming (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results support a role for exogenous expression of OCT4 in improving the efficiency of nuclear reprogramming while establishing a convenient and timesaving method to improve nuclear‐transfer outcomes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 820–832, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics and Growth of Polyethylene Nanofibrils over Metallocene Catalyst Supported on Flat Silica and Spherical Nano‐Silica Particles
Authors: Lee Sang Yool , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: June 2014

The kinetics of ethylene polymerization and the growth of polymer nanofibrils for the rac‐Et(indenyl)2 ZrCl2/MAO catalyst supported on flat‐surface silica and nonporous silica nanoparticles are presented. The polymerization rate per mol of Zr is highest for the flat‐silica supported catalyst due to maximum exposure of catalyst sites to cocatalyst and monomer. The SEM and AFM analysis show that large clusters of oxidized form of MAO are present at the surface, while nano‐silica supported catalyst show less of such effects. The polyethylene grows as nanofibrils of 30–50 nm in diameter from the silica surface. No particle fragmentation is observed with nano‐silica supported catalyst where polymer nanofibrils grow only from the external surface. Polymer properties are little affected by the support type.
Lipid suppression for brain MRI and MRSI by means of a dedicated crusher coil
Authors: Boer Vincent O. , van de Lindt Tessa , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W.J.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Lipid suppression in MR brain imaging and spectroscopy has been a long‐standing problem for which various techniques have been developed. Most methods are based on inversion recovery or spatially or spectrally selective excitation of the lipid signal followed by dephasing. All techniques require additional RF pulses, gradient crushers and delays, which increase the duration and complexity of sequences. In addition, the lipid signal is poorly shimmed, and is composed of different resonance frequencies that have different relaxation properties.

Methods

In this work, a novel approach for suppression of extra cranial lipids is presented, by means of an outer volume crusher coil. It is based on the principle of surface spoiling gradients, which generate a very local and inhomogeneous magnetic field in the outer layer of the head, and thereby destroys the phase coherence of the extra cranial signals.

Results

Dephasing of the signal can be incorporated in almost any sequence because it requires only a short pulse of the coil, and does not require additional RF pulses or delays. Examples of lipid suppression are shown in both gradient echo imaging and spectroscopic imaging.

Conclusion

Outer volume crushing allows for simple fat suppression and boosts scanning efficiency, which is particularly beneficial at ultra‐high field strengths. Magn Reson Med 73:2062–2068, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A time‐marching collocation method based on quintic Hermite polynomials and adjustable acceleration and jerk constraints
Authors: Kolsti Kyle F. , Kunz Donald L.
Published: June 2014

This paper introduces a time‐marching algorithm for linear systems based on quintic Hermite polynomial displacement interpolation. This fully implicit, single‐step collocation method enforces acceleration and jerk constraints at a point in time that is selected by the user. The collocation point, then, is the parameter that determines accuracy, stability, and high‐frequency damping behavior. Numerical experiments indicate that the method converges at a rate of four, even for problems involving harmonic external forcing and viscous damping. Significantly, the convergence rate also does not deteriorate when algorithmic damping is employed. Period error is extremely small, on the order of a few percent at moderate frequencies even with algorithmic damping. The undamped algorithm is shown to have the highest accuracy and to be symplectic, but it is also conditionally stable and nondissipative—the exact stability limits are calculated. A wide range of parameter settings provide an unconditionally stable algorithm, which preserves low modes while rapidly dissipating high modes. Three finite element analysis numerical examples demonstrate the capabilities of the algorithm on one‐dimensional linear dynamic problems. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Signal detection based on time‐to‐onset: extending a new method from spontaneous reports to observational studies
Authors: Van Holle Lionel , Tavares Da Silva Fernanda , Bauchau Vincent
Published: June 2014

Purpose

A proof‐of‐concept study has previously highlighted the added value of a method using time‐to‐onset (TTO) for quantitative and non‐parametric signal detection on spontaneous report data. The aim of this study was to assess the added value of this new TTO signal detection method adapted to observational studies.

Methods

For each adverse event collected during the conduct of an observational study of H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, the TTO distribution was tested against the ‘follow‐up distribution’ from vaccination to ‘lost to follow‐up’ by a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Events rejecting the null hypothesis of similar distribution were flagged as signals, and a safety physician evaluated their relevance for further medical assessment. We simulated ongoing surveillance by performing retrospective weekly signal detection based on TTO.

Results

The TTO method detected 21, 15 and 4 signals within a 30‐day period post‐dose 1 with confidence levels set at 90%, 95% and 99%, respectively. Of these signals, 14 (67%), 10 (67%) and 2 (50%) were considered as relevant. Among the 14, six had not been identified by previous signal detection activities. When performed weekly, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test detected 26 events as signals (alpha = 0.05). Three weeks after first participant first dose, one of the six new signals could theoretically have been detected.

Conclusions

This study provided evidence that the Kolmogorov–Smirnov method can screen all TTO distributions and objectively flag the unexpected, leading to earlier detection of signals, and thus potential safety issues. © 2014 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patients' concern about their medicine after a generic switch: a combined cross‐sectional questionnaire and register study
Authors: Rathe Jette , Søndergaard Jens , Jarbøl Dorte E. , Hallas Jesper , Andersen Morten
Published: June 2014

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the possible association between patients' concerns about their medicine and generic switch.

Methods

Cross‐sectional survey was carried out comprising responses from 2217 randomly selected persons aged 20 years or older and living in the Region of Southern Denmark, who had redeemed generically substitutable drugs in September 2008. For each patient, we focused on the purchase of one generically substitutable drug (index drug). We applied the specific concerns subscale from the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) to analyse lack of confidence in treatment. We also included general beliefs about medicine (BMQ), views on generic medicine and confidence in the health‐care system. The information about the patients' generic switch was obtained from a prescription database and not provided by the patients. Data were analysed using linear regression.

Results

No statistically significant associations were found between concerns about the index medicine and the generic switch (−0.02 95% CI: −0.10; 0.05). Viewing medicines as harmful in general was associated with increased concerns (BMQ general harm: 0.39 95% CI: 0.30; 0.47 and BMQ general overuse: 0.28 95% CI: 0.20; 0.35). Patients having high confidence in the health‐care system showed less concern (−0.16 95% CI: −0.27; −0.06).

Conclusion

This study showed that for all three drug categories investigated, the patients who experienced a generic switch did not have more concerns about their index medicine than patients who did not switch. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen‐Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Composites with Plasma Polymer as Deposited by Atmospheric Pressure DBD
Authors: Shelemin Artem , Choukourov Andrei , Kousal Jaroslav , Slavínská Danka , Biederman Hynek
Published: June 2014

TiO2 nanoparticles and nitrogen‐doped TiO2−xNx nanoparticles dispersed in plasma polymer phase are produced by atmospheric pressure DBD in titanium tetraisopropoxide with dry air, mixture of N2 and O2, and 100% N2 used as carrier gases. Energy supply per monomer molecule (the Yasuda parameter) is found to be an important parameter describing the deposition process in N2. In the monomer deficient regime, spherical TiO2 particles are produced with an average size varying from 30 to 80 nm. In the power deficient regime, composite films are deposited consisting of TiO2−xNx nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen‐rich plasma polymer matrix, particulates being larger than 100 nm.
Response of summer rainfall over China to spring snow anomalies over Siberia in the NCEP CFSv2 reforecast
Authors: Zuo Zhiyan , Yang Song , Zhang Renhe , Xiao Dong , Guo Dong , Ma Lijuan
Published: June 2014

Predictions of the snow water equivalent (SWE) over Siberia in spring (March–April–May) and its relationship with summer (June–July–August) precipitation over China are investigated using the reforecast (1983–2010) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). The CFSv2 for 1 month lead (LM0) predicts the leading pattern of Eurasian SWE in spring well, characterized by homogeneous variations over most of Eurasia centred on Siberia. Overall, the CFSv2 for LM0 exhibits a reasonable level of prediction skill for variations of Siberian spring SWE, but the initial SWE in the CFSv2 shows a dominant effect on the reforecasted Siberian SWE climatology. Using the initial condition in April, the CFSv2 can predict the SWE over Siberia in May and the corresponding summer rainfall pattern over China. Positive SWE in May in the CFSv2 is associated with negative summer rainfall anomalies in South and North China and part of Northeast China, and with positive anomalies between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River and over Inner Mongolia and parts of the north of the Tibetan Plateau and southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The result is consistent with observed features.
A New Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Chart for Monitoring Process Dispersion
Authors: Haq Abdul , Brown Jennifer , Moltchanova Elena
Published: June 2014

Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts have been widely recognized as an advanced statistical process monitoring tool due to their excellent performance in detecting small to moderate shifts in process parameters. In this paper, we propose a new EWMA control chart for monitoring the process dispersion based on the best linear unbiased absolute estimator (BLUAE) obtained under paired ranked set sampling (PRSS) scheme, which we name EWMA‐PRSS chart. The performance of the EWMA‐PRSS chart is evaluated in terms of the average run length and standard deviation of run length, estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. These control charts are compared with their existing counterparts for detecting both increases and decreases in the process dispersion. It is observed that the proposed EWMA‐PRSS chart performs uniformly better than the EWMA dispersion charts based on simple random sampling and ranked set sampling (RSS) schemes. We also construct an EWMA chart based on imperfect PRSS (IPRSS) scheme, named EWMA‐IPRSS chart, for detecting overall changes in the process variability. It turns out that, with reasonable assumptions, the EWMA‐IPRSS chart outperforms the existing EWMA dispersion charts. A real data set is used to explain the construction and operation of the proposed EWMA‐PRSS chart. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time synchronization: pivotal element in cloud forensics
Authors: Marangos Nikolaos , Rizomiliotis Panagiotis , Mitrou Lilian
Published: June 2014

Cloud computing (CC) is the new trend in computing and resource management. This architectural shift toward thin clients and the centralized on‐demand provision of computing resources aspires to offer significant economical benefits to its users. However, the adaption of the CC model has forced many times the IT industry and the academia to revisit most of the traditional tools and technologies. The last few years, it has been identified that one of the computer branches that has been most affected by the CC model is Digital Forensics, one of the main law enforcement tools in the cyberspace. In this context, a new security area was born, the so‐called cloud forensics (CF). In this paper, we investigate the impact that the CC model has on the trustworthiness of one of the main CF sources of information, the log‐files. More precisely, we bring forth a crucial but rather underestimated problem, the problem of accurate log‐records timestamping. The synchronization of time (stamps) is of major importance for the investigation logs to be used as source of evidence. We show that this requirement is not easy in the cloud context. We demonstrate that the main features of CC render existing time synchronization techniques inadequate, and we provide a list of guidelines toward a CF aware timekeeping system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employing response surface approach for optimization of fusion characteristics in rigid foam PVC/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Moghri M. , Khakpour M. , Akbarian M. , Saeb M.R.
Published: June 2014

Employing response surface methodology, the fusion characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride)/nanoclay (NC) composite foams have been considered for optimization. To achieve the highest level of fusion (i.e., the maximum fusion factor as well as the minimum fusion time), different compounds were prepared based on response surface methodology in which various formulation parameters were changed. Through the choice of four design parameters at three selected levels, a total of 31 formulations were designed to probe the effects of different amounts of NC, blowing agent, processing aid, and internal lubricant. In addition, a mathematical model based on fusion characteristics was developed from experimental measurements. The chosen parameters resulted in varying effects on fusion factor and fusion time. Accordingly, the fusion factor was increased by increasing the NC and calcium stearate content, while a different trend was correct with foaming agent and processing aid. In addition, an opposite effect was observed for the fusion times of formulations. The observed behavior is discussed in terms of the effects of constituents on transformation of poly(vinyl chloride) grains, the level of NC exfoliation, and development of rigid interfaces. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:51–59, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of Hydrophobicity and Temperature on the Interactions in the Mixed Micelles of Triblock Polymers [(EO76PO29EO76) and (EO19PO69EO19)] with Monomeric and Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Banipal Tarlok Singh , Sood Ashwani Kumar
Published: June 2014

The interactions in the mixed micelles of two triblock polymers, F68 (EO76PO29EO76) and P123 (EO19PO69EO19), with a series of monomeric (dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and gemini {dimethylene bis(alkyldimethyl ammonium bromide), m‐2‐m, where m = 10, 12 and 14} cationic surfactants were studied by surface tension and viscosity measurements in aqueous solutions at different temperatures. The mixed micellar and interfacial properties of the binary mixtures were analyzed using Clint, Rubingh, Rosen and Maeda approaches. Both F68 and P123 show weak interactions with the studied cationic surfactants at 298.15 K which become favorable (synergistic) at higher temperatures. Further, the synergistic interactions are more in mixtures of P123 than F68 at higher temperatures. A comparison of the effects of number of EO and PO blocks in triblock polymers on various physicochemical parameters of the mixed micelles has also been made. The unfavorable enthalpy changes are compensated by favorable entropy changes as a result of the hydrophobic effect. The relative viscosity (ηr) studies show that the size of the micelles formed by pure P123 is smaller than those of F68. The values of ηr for the mixed micelles of F68 show significant variation with chain length of gemini surfactants whereas no such effect is seen in mixtures with P123.
Achieving superlubricity in DLC films by controlling bulk, surface, and tribochemistry
Authors: Erdemir Ali , Eryilmaz Osman
Published: June 2014

Superlubricity refers to a sliding regime in which contacting surfaces move over one another without generating much adhesion or friction [1]. From a practical application point of view, this will be the most ideal tribological situation for many moving mechanical systems mainly because friction consumes large amounts of energy and causes greenhouse gas emissions [2]. Superlubric sliding can also improve performance and durability of these systems. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview of how controlled or targeted bulk, surface, or tribochemistry can lead to superlubricity in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. Specifically, we show that how providing hydrogen into bulk and near surface regions as well as to sliding contact interfaces of DLC films can lead to super-low friction and wear. Incorporation of hydrogen into bulk DLC or near surface regions can be done during deposition or through hydrogen plasma treatment after the deposition. Hydrogen can also be fed into the sliding contact interfaces of DLCs during tribological testing to reduce friction. Due to favorable tribochemical interactions, these interfaces become very rich in hydrogen and thus provide super-low friction after a brief run-in period. Regardless of the method used, when sliding surfaces of DLC films are enriched in hydrogen, they then provide some of the lowest friction coefficients (i.e., down to 0.001). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) is used to gather evidence on the extent and nature of tribochemical interactions with hydrogen. Based on the tribological and surface analytical findings, we provide a mechanistic model for the critical role of hydrogen on superlubricity of DLC films.
Surface passivation and boundary lubrication of self-mated tetrahedral amorphous carbon asperities under extreme tribological conditions
Authors: Romero Pedro A. , Pastewka Lars , Von Lautz Julian , Moseler Michael
Published: June 2014

Tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings have the potential to significantly reduce friction and wear between sliding components. Here, we provide atomistic insights into the evolution of the sliding interface between naked and hydrogen-passivated ta-C sliding partners under dry and lubricated conditions. Using reactive classical atomistic simulations we show that sliding induces a sp3 to sp2 rehybridization and that the shear resistance is reduced by hydrogen-passivation and hexadecane-lubrication—despite our finding that nanoscale hexadecane layers are not always able to separate and protect ta-C counter surfaces during sliding. As asperities deform, carbon atoms within the hexadecane lubricant bind to the ta-C sliding partners resulting in degradation of the hexadecane molecules and in increased material intermixing at the sliding interface. Hydrogen atoms from the passivation layer and from the hexadecane chains continue to be mixed within a sp2 rich sliding interface eventually generating a tribo-layer that resembles an a-C:H type of material. Upon separation of the sliding partners, the tribo-couple splits within the newly formed sp2 rich a-C:H mixed layer with significant material transfer across the sliding partners. This leaves behind a-C:H coated ta-C surfaces with dangling C bonds, linear C chains and hydrocarbon fragments.
Lexical markup framework
Authors: Francopoulo Gil , Huang Chu-Ren
Published: June 2014

Lexical markup framework (LMF) is the ISO standard for representing machine-readable dictionaries (MRD) and natural language-processing lexicons. The formal specification has been officially published in 2008 under the reference ISO24613:2008 after a 5-year study and series of meetings gathering 60 lexicon managers and linguists coming from various cultures and languages. The ISO document contains a formal specification under the form of a Unified Modeling Language accompanied with a selection of examples of word description in Asian, European, Semitic and Turkish languages. Afterward, the model has been applied to a couple of African languages. In this current text, after a brief introduction of LMF, we present some difficult challenges which are required to represent a selection of Asian languages, especially in the context of dictionaries in general and MRD in particular.
Drops of power-law fluids falling on a coated vertical fibre
Authors: Yu Liyan , Hinch John
Published: June 2014

We study the solitary wave solutions in a thin film of a power-law fluid coating a vertical fibre. Different behaviours are observed for shear-thickening and shear-thinning fluids. For shear-thickening fluids, the solitary waves are larger and faster when the reduced Bond number is smaller. For shear-thinning fluids, two branches of solutions exist for a certain range of the Bond number, where the solitary waves are larger and faster on one and smaller and slower on the other as the Bond number decreases. We carry out an asymptotic analysis for the large and fast-travelling solitary waves to explain how their speeds and amplitudes change with the Bond number. The analysis is then extended to examine the stability of the two branches of solutions for the shear-thinning fluids.
‘To Preserve the Skin in Health’: Drainage, Bodily Control and the Visual Definition of Healthy Skin 1835–1900
Authors: te Hennepe Mieneke
Published: June 2014

The concept of a healthy skin penetrated the lives of many people in late-nineteenth-century Britain. Popular writings on skin and soap advertisements are significant for pointing to the notions of the skin as a symbolic surface: a visual moral ideal. Popular health publications reveal how much contemporary understanding of skin defined and connected ideas of cleanliness and the visual ideals of the healthy body in Victorian Britain. Characterised as a ‘sanitary commissioner’ of the body, skin represented the organ of drainage for bodyandsociety. The importance of keeping the skin clean and purging it of waste materials such as sweat and dirt resonated in a Britain that embraced city sanitation developments, female beauty practices, racial identities and moral reform. By focusing on the popular work by British surgeon and dermatologist Erasmus Wilson (1809–84), this article offers a history of skin through the lens of the sanitary movement and developments in the struggle for control over healthy skin still in place today.
Phonotactic constraints and sub-syllabic structure: A difficult relationship
Authors: BERG THOMAS , KOOPS CHRISTIAN
Published: June 2014

Of late, a controversy has arisen over the internal structure of Korean syllables. While there is general agreement that non-phonotactic criteria argue for left-branching, Lee & Goldrick's (2008) left-branching phonotactic analysis is contradicted by Berg & Koops's (2010) claim as to a phonotactically symmetrical syllable structure. A comparison of the methodologies of the two studies, a revisit of the previous data and a new analysis cement the conclusion that there is neither a left-branching nor a right-branching phonotactic effect in Korean syllables. An investigation of the phonotactic structure of Finnish CVC syllables, which exhibit a psycholinguistic left-branching bias much like Korean, reveals that word-initial syllables possess a largely symmetrical organization whereas word-final syllables tend to show a right-branching slant. This curious set of results is consistent with the following three hypotheses: (i) The phonotactic criterion has an inherent VC bias. (ii) Symmetrical syllable structures represent a compromise between left- and right-branching effects. (iii) The strength of phonotactic constraints increases from earlier to later portions of words. The bottom line of this analysis is that, contra all previous claims, phonotactic constraints cannot be used as an argument for sub-syllabic constituency. We discuss the proposal that the basis of the left-branching bias in Korean syllables is instead to be found in the high degree of coarticulation between the onset consonant and the following vowel.
MultiMLton: A multicore-aware runtime for standard ML
Authors: SIVARAMAKRISHNAN K. C. , ZIAREK LUKASZ , JAGANNATHAN SURESH
Published: June 2014

MultiMLtonis an extension of the MLton compiler and runtime system that targets scalable, multicore architectures. It provides specific support for ACML, a derivative of Concurrent ML that allows for the construction of composableasynchronousevents. To effectively manage asynchrony, we require the runtime to efficiently handle potentially large numbers of lightweight, short-lived threads, many of which are created specifically to deal with the implicit concurrency introduced by asynchronous events. Scalability demands also dictate that the runtime minimize global coordination.MultiMLtontherefore implements a split-heap memory manager that allows mutators and collectors running on different cores to operate mostly independently. More significantly,MultiMLtonexploits the premise that there is a surfeit of available concurrency in ACML programs to realize a new collector design that completely eliminates the need for read barriers, a source of significant overhead in other managed runtimes. These two symbiotic features - a thread design specifically tailored to support asynchronous communication, and a memory manager that exploits lightweight concurrency to greatly reduce barrier overheads - areMultiMLton's key novelties. In this article, we describe the rationale, design, and implementation of these features, and provide experimental results over a range of parallel benchmarks and different multicore architectures including an 864 core Azul Vega 3, and a 48 core non-coherent Intel SCC (Single-Cloud Computer), that justify our design decisions.
The conservation status of the restricted-range lowland birds of Buru, Indonesia
Authors: Marsden Stuart J. , Jones Martin J. , Linsley Mark D. , Mead Claire , Hounsome Mike V.
Published: June 2014

The island of Buru in Maluku province, Indonesia was visited in November and December 1989. Using a point count method, we assessed the conservation status of the island's restricted-range lowland birds by examining their abundance and habitat associations. Thirteen of Buru's 19 lowland restricted-range species were recorded during the fieldwork. Of these we assign nine (White-eyed Imperial Pigeon Ducula perspicillata, Moluccan Red Lory Eos bornea, Bum Racquet-tail Prioniturus mada, Black-tipped Monarch Monarcha loricatus, White-naped Monarch Monarcha pileatus, Dark-grey Flycatcher Myiagra galeata, Flame-breasted Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrothorax, Bum Yellow White-eye Zosterops buruensis and Black-faced Friarbird Philemon moluccensis) to IUCN's Safe/Low risk category of threat, on the basis of their large populations, widespread occurrence on Bum and association with non-pristine habitats. We recommend that the remaining six of the recorded species remain Data-deficient but some of these (e.g. Blue-fronted Lorikeet Charmosyna toxopei and Bum Cuckoo-shrike Coracina fortis) may be Vulnerable. While data on the birds which we did not record are obviously needed, we suggest that the amount of forest remaining, the abundance of many species and their tolerance of selectively logged forests bodes well for the immediate future of the bulk of Buru's lowland avifauna.
Narratives of Africa in a Digital World: Kony 2012 and Student Perceptions of Conflict and Agency in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Hershey Megan , Artime Michael
Published: June 2014

Kony 2012, a film released by the nonprofit Invisible Children in the spring of 2012, drew a flurry of Facebook “shares” and “likes.” However, critics expressed a concern that the film offered a distorted portrayal of Africans and African politics. In this article, we test these criticisms by asking what effects the film had on college students’ perceptions of Africa and Africans. To address this question, we draw on a survey and an experiment conducted at a small liberal arts college whereKony 2012enjoyed popularity. The results show that the film did affect students’ perceptions of Africa; specifically, it led many to perceive Africans as lacking agency and autonomy. We argue that whereas the film did have initial negative effects on students’ perceptions of Africa, these effects seem to fade over time. Future research should explore the compounding effects of exposure to images that misrepresent the African continent.
Simulating a Foreign Policy Dilemma: Considering US Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Switky Bob
Published: June 2014

The humanitarian impulse in the United States routinely clashes with isolationist sentiment, with appeals to the national interest, and with apathy in and out of government. This class exercise encourages students to explore the contours of the debate over humanitarian intervention with a crisis unfolding in Belagua, a fictitious Latin American country. As the crisis deteriorates, students increasingly feel the tension between wanting to help the at-risk civilian population and avoiding a messy conflict from which the United States could have trouble extracting itself. The project requires students to address key questions about the US role in the Belagua case and to consider what the United States could or should have done in actual situations, such as Rwanda and Syria. Because these crises are likely to occur in the decades to come, this exercise initiates students to the challenges that the United States, as well as the international community, undoubtedly will face.
Terra incognita Hausarztpraxis – Tabakentwöhnung in der deutschen Primärversorgung
Authors: Schneider Sven , Diehl Katharina , Bock Christina , Herr Raphael M. , Mayer Manfred , Lindinger Peter , Görig Tatiana
Published: June 2014

Zielsetzung: Die Hausarztpraxis gilt als ideales Setting für die Tabakentwöhnung. Die bundesweite „ÄSP-kardio-Studie“ liefert aktuelle Daten zum Status quo der Tabakentwöhnung nach der „5 A-Strategie“ in deutschen Hausarztpraxen. Methodik: Zwischen 10/2011 und 03/2012 wurden über 4.000 Hausärzte repräsentativ befragt. Der Fragebogen wurde vorab einem Expert Review unterzogen, durch kognitive Interviews validiert und in einer Pilotstudie getestet. Ergebnisse: Routinemäßig erfassten 89 % der Hausärzte etwaigen Tabakkonsum („Assess“), 82 % rieten Rauchern zu einem Rauchstopp („Advise“) und 12 % vereinbarten schriftliche Ziele einer Entwöhnung („Agree“). Hilfestellungen („Assist“) in Form einer Kurzintervention fanden mit 72 % deutlich häufiger statt als in Form von Informationsmaterial (33 %) oder einer Entwöhnungstherapie (27 %). Etwa die Hälfte (54 %) vereinbarte Folgetermine zur Überprüfung des Rauchstopps („Arrange“). Das Angebot war von arzt-, praxis- sowie patientenspezifischen Faktoren abhängig und in den nordöstlichen Bundesländern unterdurchschnittlich. Acht von 10 Hausärzten (77 %) bewerteten ihre Maßnahmen als nicht erfolgreich. Schlussfolgerungen: Deutlich wird die suboptimale und ungleich verteilte Versorgung von Rauchern mit angemessenen Entwöhnungsmaßnahmen in deutschen Hausarztpraxen.
Vergleich der Betreuung ambulanter Notfallpatienten in der hausärztlichen Praxis und dem Zentrumsspital
Authors: Bovet Fritschi Caroline , Ballmer Peter E.
Published: June 2014

Die Diskussion um die steigenden Gesundheitskosten, insbesondere in der ambulanten Medizin, gewinnt in letzter Zeit stetig an Bedeutung. Anhand eines Vergleichs der Erstkonsultationen an der interdisziplinären Notfallorganisation (INO) des Kantonsspitals Winterthur (KSW) bzw. durch den hausärztlichen Notfalldienst in Winterthur haben wir untersucht, welche Rechnungsbeträge bei einer ambulanten Erstbehandlung anfallen. Zusätzlich wurde die durch Hausärzte und KSW durchgeführte Diagnostik verglichen und deren Einfluss auf die Rechnungsbeträge analysiert. Gemäss unseren Resultaten lagen die durchschnittlichen Behandlungskosten pro Patient im KSW um Fr. 197.– (134%) höher als bei den Hausärzten. Dieser Kostenunterschied liess sich grossenteils dadurch erklären, dass im KSW mehr diagnostische Massnahmen ergriffen wurden. Die vermehrten Aufwendungen waren jedoch nicht nur durch technische Untersuchungen bedingt, sondern insbesondere auch durch den grossen internistischen Status.
Experimental Techniques Used for the Characterization of Soft Nanoparticles
Authors: Callejas-Fernández J. , Ramos J. , Sanz O. , Forcada J. , Ortega-Vinuesa J. L. , Martín-Molina A. , Rodríguez-Valverde M. A. , Tirado-Miranda M. , Schmitt A. , Sierra-Martin B. , Maldonado-Valdivia A. , Fernández-Barbero A. , Pons R. , Capitán-Vallvey L. F. , Salinas-Castillo A. , Lapresta-Fernández A. , Vázquez B. , Aguilar M. R. , San Román J.
Published: June 2014

This chapter is devoted to current techniques for the characterization of soft nanoparticles. Taking into account the interest of potential readers, i.e., people mainly working in biomedical sciences, only those techniques were selected that assess the most fundamental properties of single nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, surface charge density and internal structure. All of these parameters are relevant for interparticle forces, interactions with other particles or living cells, their capability to encapsulate drugs or the possibility of crossing cellular membranes, among others. For size and shape measurements, not only direct imaging techniques such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy are explained but also indirect techniques such as scattering of light, neutrons or X-rays are presented in sufficient detail. The latter may also be employed to determine molecular weight and radius of gyration. The chapter further describes how to measure the particle surface charge density and to study the ion cloud surrounding charged particles. The usefulness of fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance and scattering methods for characterizing the internal structure and the spatial distribution of molecules within nanoparticles is explained at the end of the chapter.
The Original Magnetoliposomes: from the Physicochemical Basics to Theranostic Nanomedicine
Authors: De Cuyper Marcel
Published: June 2014

In recent decades, the term ‘magnetoliposome’ (ML) has become rather vague as it covers many iron oxide–phospholipid complexes differing widely in structure and properties. In this chapter, the focus is on the original MLs, i.e. on nanometre-sized iron oxide cores covered with a bilayer of phospholipid molecules. An in-depth physicochemical study on the structure and formation mechanism revealed that the inner layer lipids are very strongly chemisorbed on the particle surface whereas the outer shell lipids are much more mobile and exchangeable, allowing one in a very easy way to change, for instance, the surface charge or to introduce lipid derivatives tagged with fluorescent probes or with a relevant ligand or monoclonal antibody for targeting purposes. From in vitro work, the uptake mechanism, and also optimal conditions for ML internalization in a variety of biological cells without hampering their viability, have been studied. Owing to the particular phospholipid-bilayered coating, an intracellular, phospholipase-triggered particle aggregation occurs that is of interest for improving the detectability by MRI. In addition to this diagnostic aspect, MLs can also be used for therapeutic purposes, e.g. as excellent vehicles to host drug molecules or to induce hyperthermia in an oscillating magnetic field. Hence all the ingredients are present for a successful exploitation of MLs as smart, targetable nanothera(g)nostics.
Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on a trimethylstearylammonium bromide coated Fe3O4/SiO2 composite for determination of adriamycin hydrochloride in human plasma and urine by HPLC-FLD
Authors: Ma Nengxuan , Zhang Lin , Li Ruijin , Zhou Yehong , Cai Zongwei , Dong Chuan , Shuang Shaomin
Published: June 2014

A novel TSAB coated Fe3O4/SiO2 MNP was fabricated and used as the adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of ADR with HPLC-FLD.
Copper-catalyzed reductive coupling of aryl sulfonyl chlorides with H-phosphonates leading to S-aryl phosphorothioates
Authors: Bai Jie , Cui Xiuling , Wang Hui , Wu Yangjie
Published: June 2014

An efficient protocol for copper-catalyzed direct cross-coupling of aryl sulfonyl chlorides with H-phosphonates has been developed. The various S-aryl phosphorothioates were afforded in up to 86% yield for 20 examples.
Investigation of oxidopyrylium–alkene [5+2] cycloaddition conjugate addition cascade (C3) sequences
Authors: Simanis Justin A. , Law C. Marshall , Woodall Erica L. , Hamaker Christopher G. , Goodell John R. , Mitchell T. Andrew
Published: June 2014

Highly diastereoselective oxidopyrylium–alkene [5+2] cycloaddition conjugate addition cascade (C3) sequences providing novel caged ethers are described.
Paramagnetic and theoretical study of Y2@C81N: an endohedral azafullerene radical
Authors: Zhang Zhuxia , Wang Taishan , Xu Bingshe , Wang Chunru
Published: June 2014

A metallofullerene radical Y2@C81N was synthesized and characterized by ESR spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.
Mechanistic insights into hydride transfer for catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 with cobalt complexes
Authors: Kumar N. , Camaioni D. M. , Dupuis M. , Raugei S. , Appel A. M.
Published: June 2014

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formate by Co(dmpe)2H can proceed via direct hydride transfer or via CO2 coordination to Co followed by reductive elimination of formate.
A nanobursa mesh: a graded electrospun nanofiber mesh with metal nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes
Authors: Senturk-Ozer Semra , Chen Tao , Degirmenbasi Nebahat , Gevgilili Halil , Podkolzin Simon G. , Kalyon Dilhan M.
Published: June 2014

A new material, nanobursa, consisting of polymeric nanofibers encapsulating carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carrying myriad types of metallic nanoinclusions, and suitable for functional grading, is introduced.
ZEB1 knockdown mediated using polypeptide cationic micelles inhibits metastasis and effects sensitization to a chemotherapeutic drug for cancer therapy
Authors: Fang Shengtao , Wu Lei , Li Mingxing , Yi Huqiang , Gao Guanhui , Sheng Zonghai , Gong Ping , Ma Yifan , Cai Lintao
Published: June 2014

We demonstrated the use of a multifunctional nanocarrier to overcome metastasis and drug resistance by delivering ZEB1 siRNA or co-delivering ZEB1 siRNA and DOX.
Highly enantioselective synthesis of bisoxindoles with two vicinal quaternary stereocenters via Lewis base mediated addition of oxindoles to isatin-derived ketimines
Authors: Tang Zhongkai , Shi Yan , Mao Haibin , Zhu Xuebin , Li Weipeng , Cheng Yixiang , Zheng Wen-Hua , Zhu Chengjian
Published: June 2014

A highly efficient method provides access to the bisoxindole structure moiety with two vicinal quaternary stereogenic centers (>99 : 1 dr, >99% ee).
Synthesis of cationic poly((3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride) by SARA ATRP in ecofriendly solvent mixtures
Authors: Mendonça Patrícia V. , Konkolewicz Dominik , Averick Saadyah E. , Serra Arménio C. , Popov Anatoliy V. , Guliashvili Tamaz , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Coelho Jorge F. J.
Published: June 2014

Successful supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization of (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride under ecofriendly conditions.
Post-polymerization modification of reactive polymers derived from vinylcyclopropane: a poly(vinylcyclopropane) derivative with physical gelation and UCST behaviour in ethanol–water mixtures
Authors: Seuyep N. Denis H. , Szopinski Daniel , Luinstra Gerrit A. , Theato Patrick
Published: June 2014

In this paper we describe a new polymer that combines an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and reversible physical gelation in ethanol–water mixtures.
Transition-metal-catalyzed direct β-functionalization of simple carbonyl compounds
Authors: Yan Guobing , Borah Arun Jyoti
Published: June 2014

Chemical transformations via catalytic C–H bond activation have been established as one of the most powerful tools in organic synthetic chemistry. Transition-metal-catalyzed direct functionalization of β-C(sp3)–H bonds of carbonyl compounds has been developed in recent years. This highlight will focus on recent advances in this active area and their mechanisms are also discussed.
Modification of graphene oxide by a facile coprecipitation method and click chemistry for use as a drug carrier
Authors: Xu Guoqiang , Xu Pengwu , Shi Dongjian , Chen Mingqing
Published: June 2014

A graphene oxide based ternary composite was synthesized for targeted drug carrier.
Dimethyl carbonate synthesis from carbon dioxide and methanol over CeO2versus over ZrO2: comparison of mechanisms
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Shengping , Zhou Jingjie , Shen Yongli , Zhao Yujun , Ma Xinbin
Published: June 2014

A comparison of the mechanisms of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) formation directly from carbon dioxide and methanol over CeO2versus over ZrO2 is made through in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Facile synthesis of a reduced graphene oxide/cobalt sulfide hybrid and its electrochemical capacitance performance
Authors: Dai Kai , Li Dongpei , Lu Luhua , Liu Qi , Lv Jiali , Zhu Guangping
Published: June 2014

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)in situcomposites with cobalt sulfide (CoS) are achieved through a facile hydrothermal approach, and RGO/CoS presents a high specific capacitance of 1130 F g−1.
Silicon-containing oligomeric poly(imido-amides) with amino moieties. Synthesis, characterization and thermal studies
Authors: Tagle Luis H. , Terraza Claudio A. , Tundidor-Camba Alain , Ortiz Pablo A.
Published: June 2014

Silicon-containing oligomeric poly(imido-amides) (PIAs) were synthesized from dicarboxylic imido-acids containing a Si atom, which were obtained from dianhydrides, amino acids andp-aminobenzoic acid, were polymerized with the diamine bis(4-aminophenyl)diphenylsilane.
Recycling textiles: the use of ionic liquids in the separation of cotton polyester blends
Authors: De Silva Rasike , Wang Xungai , Byrne Nolene
Published: June 2014

Recycling textiles: the use of ionic liquids in the separation of cotton polyester blends. A facile and environmentally sustainable solution.