bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Way: Legal Mobilization, Organizational Response, and Wheelchair Access
Authors: Barnes Jeb , Burke Thomas F.
Published: April 2012

Questions of how and why organizations respond to legal rights are analyzed in several sociolegal research traditions, including studies of legal mobilization, regulation, and neo-institutionalist accounts of the diffusion of organizational structures. Using original qualitative and quantitative data, this article examines the responses of ten organizations to wheelchair access rights that are found in various provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and related state laws. We find that concepts from each of the research traditions are useful in understanding the sources of variance in response among the organizations in our sample. We focus on four key variables: legal mobilization, commitment, professionalization, and routinization. We contend that these variables offer a relatively parsimonious language for studying organizational responses to the law and for aggregating insights from competing approaches in the literature, both of which are essential to advancing our understanding of the conditions under which law changes society.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Octogenarians: Safety and Outcomes
Authors: SANTANGELI PASQUALE , BIASE LUIGI DI , MOHANTY PRASANT , BURKHARDT J. DAVID , HORTON RODNEY , BAI RONG , MOHANTY SANGHAMITRA , PUMP AGNES , GIBSON DOUGLAS , COUTS LINDA , HONGO RICHARD , BEHEIRY SALWA , NATALE ANDREA
Published: April 2012

AF Ablation in Octogenarians. Introduction: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF), although studies evaluating the role of RFCA have largely excluded elderly patients. We report the safety and outcomes of RFCA of AF in octogenarians.

Methods and Results: From 2008 to 2011, out of 2,754 consecutive patients undergoing RFCA of AF, 103 (3.7%) had ≥80 years (age 85 ± 3 years, 4 with >90 years). Pulmonary vein (PV) antrum isolation was performed in paroxysmal AF. In nonparoxysmal AF, ablation was extended to the entire left atrial posterior wall and to complex fractionated electrograms. Non‐PV triggers were disclosed by isoproterenol challenge at the end of the procedure and targeted for ablation. Octogenarians presented a high rate of non‐PV triggers (84% vs 69%, P = 0.001), especially in patients with paroxysmal AF (62% vs 19%, P < 0.001); non‐PV triggers were most commonly mapped in the coronary sinus (54%), left atrial appendage (32%), interatrial septum and superior vena cava (14%). After a mean follow‐up of 18 ± 6 months, 71 (69%) octogenarians remained free from AF recurrence off antiarrhythmic drugs after a single procedure (vs 71% in patients <80 years, P = 0.65). The success rate reached 87% after 2 procedures. Total periprocedural complication rates also did not differ between the 2 age groups.

Conclusions: RFCA of AF is safe and effective in octogenarians. A high rate of non‐PV triggers is present in these patients, and targeting multiple structures other than the pulmonary veins is often necessary to achieve long‐term success. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 687‐693, July 2012)
Impact of Ablation Catheter Irrigation Design on Silent Cerebral Embolism After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Results from a Pilot Study
Authors: SCAGLIONE MARCO , BLANDINO ALESSANDRO , RAIMONDO CRISTINA , CAPONI DOMENICO , Di DONNA PAOLO , TOSO ELISABETTA , EBRILLE ELISA , CESARANI FEDERICO , FERRARESE EVA , GAITA FIORENZO
Published: April 2012

Catheter Design and Anticoagulation on Postablation Silent Cerebral Ischemia. Introduction: Silent cerebral lesions (SCL) are a sensitive tool to evaluate thromboembolic risk of catheter ablation. Recent data showed the possibility to reduce thrombus formation when the electrode–tissue interface cooling is optimized by a homogeneous flushing of saline along the entire surface of the distal electrode through a larger number of irrigation holes. The study aim is to compare procedural parameters and safety of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) performed by using open‐irrigated catheters with different irrigation design.

Methods and Results:
Eighty patients (74% males; age 57 ± 12 years) with paroxysmal AF randomly underwent PVI performed with a new irrigation design catheter (group A, 40 patients) versus a standard irrigated catheter (group B, 40 patients). A cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before and after the procedure. Postprocedural brain MRI unveiled SCL in 2 patients in group A and in 3 in group B (5% vs 7.5%, P = 0.500). Intraprocedural ACT was the only independent factor associated with the occurrence of SCL (OR = 0.996; 95% CI 0.994–0.998, P < 0.001). Among procedural parameters, we observed a reduction of irrigation saline volume of 662 mL in group A versus group B (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
PVI performed with a new irrigated catheter did not reduce significantly the SCL risk when compared to a standard irrigated catheter. Intraprocedural ACT reduces the SCL risk of 0.4% for each point of ACT increase. For ACT > 320 seconds no SCL occurred. Finally, compared to a standard irrigated catheter, PVI performed with a new irrigation design catheter reduces significantly saline volume infusion. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 801‐805, August 2012)
Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography for Early Detection of Phrenic Nerve Injury During Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: LAKHANI MAYUR , SAIFUL FAISAL , BEKHEIT SOAD , KOWALSKI MARCIN
Published: April 2012

Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography for Early Detection of Phrenic Nerve Injury.  Cryoballoon catheter ablation has recently emerged as an effective tool to achieve pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Right‐sided PVI with cryoballoon ablation has been associated with a significant incidence of phrenic nerve palsy. Multiple modalities are currently utilized to monitor phrenic nerve function during ablation. We describe a novel approach toward monitoring and diagnosing phrenic nerve palsy using intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) during cryoballoon ablation of the right pulmonary veins. This technique of monitoring has the advantage of continuous direct diaphragmatic visualization without the use of fluoroscopy, hence significantly minimizing radiation to both the patient and the operator. In addition, this technique does not require extra personnel to monitor the diaphragm using manual palpation. Further prospective studies of our and other methods for prevention of phrenic nerve palsy are required. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 874‐876, August 2012)
Implications of Acute Left Ventricular Remodeling during Squatting Stress Echocardiography
Authors: Chandraratna P. Anthony N. , Mohar Dilbahar S. , Sidarous Peter F. , Bhardwaj Rahul , Clause Christina R. , Boehling Nicholas S. , Handapangoda Iroshan , Mohar Prabhsimran , Shah Palak , Wijegunaratne Kanishka
Published: April 2012

Background: We previously demonstrated that squatting induces left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities (WMA) in areas subtended by stenotic coronary arteries. In addition, it was observed that some subjects developed acute changes in LV shape (acute left ventricular remodeling [ALVRM]) during squatting. Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that patients with ALVRM during squatting echocardiography have higher incidences of severe coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Echocardiography was performed in all standard views during standing and squatting. End‐systolic frames in the apical four‐chamber view were analyzed. Results: The subjects were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 12 subjects who developed squatting‐induced ALVRM with apical and distal posterior septal akinesis, dilation of the apex and marked LV shape change at end‐systole. Group 2 consisted of 20 subjects with distal posterior septal and apical akinesis without ALVRM, during squatting. Group 3 consisted of 64 subjects who developed WMA in areas other than the apex (n = 49), or normal wall motion (n = 15) during squatting. Coronary angiography in group 1 revealed that 6 subjects had left main coronary artery stenosis (LMCAS ≥ 50%), two had severe three vessel disease (≥90% stenosis), and one had 100% left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Severe CAD was defined for purpose of this study as the presence of LMCAS, or severe three vessel disease (≥90% stenosis). Six subjects in group 2 had LMCAS and none had severe three vessel disease (P < 0.05 vs. group 1 for LMCAS and/or three vessel disease). In group 3, eight had LMCAS and none had severe three vessel disease (P < 0.0001 vs. group 1). Conclusion: Patients with ALVRM have severe CAD. Therefore, patients who develop ALVRM during squatting require urgent evaluation for revascularization therapy. (Echocardiography 2012;29:700‐705)
Monitoring Complex Secundum Atrial Septal Defects Percutaneous Closure with Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: García‐Fuertes Daniel , Mesa‐Rubio Dolores , Ruiz‐Ortiz Martín , Delgado‐Ortega Mónica , Tejero‐Mateo Ignacio , Pan‐Álvarez‐Ossorio Manuel , Suárez‐de‐Lezo José , Lafuente Mercedes
Published: April 2012

Background: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases. Nowadays, percutaneous closure is considered the treatment of choice in most of secundum ASDs. Assessment of the defect and procedure monitoring have been usually performed by angiographic balloon‐sizing and/or two‐dimensional (2D) transesophageal echocardiography. However, in complex ASDs these techniques might be inaccurate. Methods: From January 2009 to January 2011 all adult patients with complex ASDs submitted for percutaneous closure were selected. Those defects, where shunts were present through a device previously implanted on the atrial septum or through multiperforated septums, were considered complex ASDs. Two‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and real time three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography were performed simultaneously during the percutaneous closure procedure. Number of orifices, relationships between the defect, catheter, and device, as well as residual shunt were assessed. Results: Seven patients were included. Five patients had a multiperforated septum and in two cases the defect in the septum was through a previously implanted device. In all cases, 3D echocardiography was superior to 2D echocardiography in relation to the assessment of the relationship between the defect and the catheter or the device. Mechanisms responsible for residual shunts through a device were also better assessed by 3D echocardiography. Conclusion: Three‐dimensional echocardiography is a safe and useful technique when monitoring percutaneous closure of ASDs, showing relevant advantages over 2D echocardiography. (Echocardiography 2012;29:729‐734)
Quantitative Evaluation of Right Ventricle Function by Transthoracic Echocardiography in Childhood Congenital Heart Disease Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Cevik Ayhan , Kula Serdar , Olgunturk Rana , Tunaoglu F. Sedef , Oguz A. Deniz , Pektas Ayhan , Saylan Berna
Published: April 2012

Introduction and Objective: The present study aims to quantitatively evaluate the right ventricle (RV) function by means of transthoracic echocardiography in normal children and childhood congenital heart disease patients with pulmonary hypertension. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in a cohort including 40 healthy children and 30 pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension who were diagnosed under close surveillance at the study center between October 2009 and November 2010. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the patient and control groups for the right ventricle myocardial performance index (RVMPI), the left ventricle myocardial performance index (LVMPI), the tricuspid valve systolic flow velocity (Ts), the ratio of systolic pulmonary artery pressure to the right ventricle outflow tract systolic flow velocity time integral (sPAP/RVOT VTI), and the ratio of systolic pulmonary artery pressure to right ventricle outflow tract systolic flow velocity time integral × heart rate (sPAP/[RVOT VTI×HR]). When the children were divided into three groups based on their pulmonary vascular resistance significant differences emerged that predicted an increasing severity of RV dysfunction. Significant differences were also observed for the RVMPI, the LVMPI, and the Ts as well as for echocardiographic pulmonary flow (Qp) and systemic flow (Qs). Discussion: The present study demonstrates that echocardiographic parameters can be used for the quantitative detection of RV dysfunction in childhood congenital heart disease patients with high pulmonary artery pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean) or pulmonary vascular resistance.
Revamping community‐based conservation through participatory research
Authors: Mulrennan Monica E. , Mark Rodney , Scott Colin H.
Published: April 2012

Community‐based conservation is experiencing a crisis of identity and purpose as a result of a disappointing track record and unresolved deficiencies. The latter include over‐simplified assumptions and misconceptions of “community,” the imposition of externally designed and driven projects at the community level, a focus on conservation outcomes at the expense of community empowerment and social justice, and limited attention to participatory processes. New approaches are urgently needed to address these weaknesses and to counter a rising trend towards environmental protectionism and a preference for conservation approaches at an eco‐regional scale that threaten the interests of local and Indigenous communities. We propose that three core principles of community‐based participatory research (CBPR)—(1) community‐defined research agenda; (2) collaborative research process; and (3) meaningful research outcomes—hold much promise. Drawing on the experience of a research partnership involving the James Bay Cree community of Wemindji, northern Quebec, and academic researchers from four Canadian universities, we document the process of applying these principles to a community‐based conservation project that uses protected areas as a political strategy to redefine relations with governments in terms of a shared responsibility to care for land and sea. We suggest that basic assumptions of CBPR, including collaborative, equitable partnerships in all phases of the research, promotion of co‐learning and capacity building among all partners, emphasis on local relevance, and commitment to long‐term engagement, can provide the basis for a revamped phase of community‐based conservation that supports environmental protection while strengthening local institutions, building capacity, and contributing to cultural survival.
Public Managers in the Policy Process: More Evidence on the Missing Variable?
Authors: Howlett Michael , Walker Richard M.
Published: April 2012

Questions have been posed about the lack of knowledge of the role public managers play in the policy process. In this study, following on the suggestions of Hicklin and Godwin and Meier in this journal, we identify different dimensions of the analyst–manager divide among professional policy workers. Using the results of several recent large‐N surveys of Canadian federal, provincial, and territorial policy workers, we explore the roles each group plays in the policy analytical process and the variations in their behavior in terms of duties and tasks, attitudes, and interrelationships. We also examine these to see the impact of federalism on professional policy practices. The study uncovers three groups of policy workers and policy managers—coordinator‐planners, research‐analysts, and director‐managers. Differences between groups of policy workers are found for their policy‐related work and their perceptions of tools of policy effectiveness, and differences between levels of government are identified for issues of time demands and coordination and tools of policy effectiveness. The implications of these findings for the study of public managers in the policy process are considered in conclusion.
Industry Influence in Stakeholder‐Driven State Climate Change Planning Efforts
Authors: Maggioni Elena , Nelson Hal , Mazmanian Daniel A.
Published: April 2012

Drawing from the literature on public participation and stakeholder collaboratives, this article investigates the influence of power and wealth, as well as political and economic context on the output of stakeholders advisory committees convened to formulate state greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies. Using small sample regression techniques, we analyze the outputs of stakeholder groups in 18 states that have completed Climate Action Plans to reduce GHGs. We find that an increase of 1 percent in the number of energy industry representatives that participate in Climate Action Councils significantly predicts a 4 percent reduction of GHG mitigation targets for the energy sector. More surprisingly, the results also show that where the utilities represent a larger share of the state economy, the Climate Action Plans identify more aggressive GHG reduction goals for the energy sector. We also find that the political orientation of the executive of the state is not correlated with GHG mitigation requirements for the energy sector, suggesting that GHG mitigation is less partisan at the state level than in Washington, DC. We find no evidence that state wealth is associated with GHG mitigation requirements. Finally, we suggest additional research needed to clarify the role of stakeholder participation processes in the evolving arena of climate change policy.
Female urinary incontinence, from pregnancy to menopause: a review of epidemiological and pathophysiological findings
Authors: FRITEL XAVIER , RINGA VIRGINIE , QUIBOEUF EMELINE , FAUCONNIER ARNAUD
Published: April 2012

Hypotheses that might explain urinary incontinence during pregnancy and after childbirth have been examined. The prevalence of urinary incontinence reaches a maximum during pregnancy and decreases after childbirth. Cesarean delivery is associated with lower rates of stress incontinence than vaginal delivery. Women delivered by cesarean section differ from women who had a vaginal delivery through pre‐existing characteristics associated with the incontinence risk, producing a selection bias. The only randomized trial (intention of vaginal delivery vs. elective caesarean section) was not conclusive. The suspected etiological factors consist of congenital elements, obesity, aging, pregnancy and vaginal delivery. They are likely to have an effect at different times and on different portions of the urethral sphincter complex. Unfortunately, there exist no cohorts facilitating description of the natural history of female urinary incontinence. Given the small amount of usable data available, it is not possible to draw any conclusions concerning the possible long‐term protective effects of cesarean section.
Students’ perception of a problem‐based learning scenario in dental nurse education
Authors: Anderson V. , Reid K.
Published: April 2012

Background:  In July 2008, The General Dental Council implemented mandatory registration for Dental Nurses in the United Kingdom, recognising them as legally responsible for patient care. As dentistry comes to terms with the impact registration has on dental nurses, sustained advances in the teaching of students in other healthcare disciplines demonstrate the way in which the role of pedagogy in dental nurse education has been underdeveloped. In an attempt to see dental nursing stand in line with other progressive healthcare professionals, the authors have implemented Problem‐Based Learning (PBL) into a dental nurse program in NHS Education for Scotland, Glasgow.

Aim:  The aim of the research is to assess the perceptions of dental nurse students with regard to participation in active learning.

Materials and Methods:  The study is facilitated by a short PBL package which offers introductory exposure to this method of learning. A qualitative approach has been taken to gather experiential data using a questionnaire. Thematic analysis took place to reveal emergent themes.

Results:  Analysis reveals that the participants found PBL to be an enjoyable experience that could be valuable in the acquisition of deep knowledge and improved patient care. The participants raised concerns with regard to confidence in their own knowledge acquisition in PBL sessions and highlighted a need for improved feedback.

Discussion and conclusion:  While the participants enjoyed the self directed nature of PBL, it is important to note that the need for facilitator guidance was considered imperative, especially where the students had little or no experience of PBL, as in this study.
Evaluation of root surface microtopography following the use of four instrumentation systems by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy: an in vitro study
Authors: Solís Moreno C. , Santos A. , Nart J. , Levi P. , Velásquez A. , Sanz Moliner J.
Published: April 2012

Solís Moreno C, Santos A, Nart J, Levi P, Velásquez A, Sanz Moliner J. Evaluation of root surface microtopography following the use of four instrumentation systems by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy: an in vitro study. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 608–615. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The ideal instrument for initial periodontal therapy should enable the removal of all extraneous substances from the root surfaces without any iatrogenic effects. Because of that the objective of this study is to analyse and to compare the root surface roughness after using Gracey curettes, termination diamond burs (40 μm), a piezo‐ceramic ultrasonic scaler and a piezosurgery ultrasonic scaler using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Material and Methods:  A 2 mm × 2 mm interproximal root area of 20 teeth (n = 40 surfaces) was evaluated by confocal microscopy (×20 magnification) and scanning electron microscopy (×50 to ×1000 magnification). Teeth were randomly assigned to the following four groups: Gracey curettes with 15 vertical strokes; termination diamond burs (40 μm) at 3000 r.p.m.; a piezo‐ceramic ultrasonic scaler with a power of 11; and a piezosurgery ultrasonic scaler in mode ROOT with a power of two.

Results:  Confocal microscopy revealed that curettes [mean changes in the value of surface roughness average reduced by 0.11 ± 0.3], piezo‐ceramic ultrasonic scaler (roughness average reduced by 0.47 ± 0.93) and piezosurgery ultrasonic scaler (roughness average reduced by 0.62 ± 0.93) left a smoother surface than termination diamond burs (roughness average increased by 0.39 ± 0.18). Statistically significant differences were observed in roughness (p = 0.005) between piezosurgery and termination diamond burs (p = 0.005). No statistically significant differences were between piezosurgery and Gracey curettes (p = 0.140) and between piezosurgery and piezo‐ceramic ultrasonic scalers (p = 0.745). Confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that piezosurgery seems to leave the smoothest surface. Surfaces treated with termination burs appear to show more scratches and pits.

Conclusion:  Three of the four instruments tested for root planing reduced surface roughness; however, the piezosurgery ultrasonic scaler produced the smoothest surface. The termination diamond burs (40 μm) produced a rougher surface than the ultrasonic instruments and the hand curettes. Further clinical studies are needed.
Di‐Arginine Signals and the K‐Rich Domain Retain the Ca2+ Sensor STIM1 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Ercan Ebru , Chung Shan‐Hua , Bhardwaj Rajesh , Seedorf Matthias
Published: April 2012

STIM1 is a core component of the store‐operated Ca2+‐entry channel involved in Ca2+‐signaling with an important role in the activation of immune cells and many other cell types. In response to cell activation, STIM1 protein senses low Ca2+ concentration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activates the channel protein Orai1 in the plasma membrane by direct physical contact. The related protein STIM2 functions similar but its physiological role is less well defined. We found that STIM2, but not STIM1, contains a di‐lysine ER‐retention signal. This restricts the function of STIM2 as Ca2+ sensor to the ER while STIM1 can reach the plasma membrane. The intracellular distribution of STIM1 is regulated in a cell‐cycle‐dependent manner with cell surface expression of STIM1 during mitosis. Efficient retention of STIM1 in the ER during interphase depends on its lysine‐rich domain and a di‐arginine ER retention signal. Store‐operated Ca2+‐entry enhanced ER retention, suggesting that trafficking of STIM1 is regulated and this regulation contributes to STIM1s role as multifunctional component in Ca2+‐signaling.
Dopamine transporter polymorphisms affect social approach–avoidance tendencies
Authors: Enter D. , Colzato L. S. , Roelofs K.
Published: April 2012

There is increasing interest in the role of striatal dopaminergic activity in social approach–avoidance motivation. The 9‐repeat allele of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene, associated with increased striatal dopamine levels, has been found to be related to increased sensitivity to reward. However, it remains unexplored whether this polymorphism influences automatic action tendencies in the social domain. We set out to test experimentally whether human carriers of the 9‐repeat allele show increased approach–avoidance tendencies compared to non‐9‐repeat carriers. One hundred and one healthy adults, genotyped for the DAT gene, performed the social Approach–Avoidance Task, a reaction time task requiring participants to approach or avoid visually presented emotional (happy and angry) faces, by pulling a joystick towards them or pushing the joystick away from themselves, respectively. In accordance with expectations, 9‐repeat carriers showed stronger approach–avoidance effects compared to non‐9‐repeat carriers. These results suggest a role for striatal dopaminergic polymorphisms in motivational responses to social‐emotional cues. Our findings may be relevant in the selection of candidate genes in future studies involving social behavior.
Dental anxiety and symptoms of general anxiety and depression in 15‐year‐olds
Authors: Stenebrand A , Wide Boman U , Hakeberg M
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Objectives:  The objective of the study was to analyse the relationship between dental anxiety and symptoms of general anxiety and depression among 15‐year‐old individuals.

Methods:  The sample analysed included 221 randomly selected 15‐year‐old individuals living in the city of Jönköping, Sweden. One questionnaire captured sociodemography and dental history, while dental anxiety was assessed by the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) and symptoms of general anxiety and depression by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

Results:  About 6% of the adolescents were classified as dentally anxious. Symptoms of general anxiety and depression were significantly correlated with dental anxiety in both the bivariate and multivariate analyses. The latter analyses were adjusted for gender and previous painful experiences of dental care. Individuals with high dental anxiety showed general anxiety scores on a clinical level (mean = 9.8, SD = 4.3).

Conclusions:  Symptoms of general anxiety and depression were shown to be significantly correlated with dental anxiety among 15‐year‐old individuals.
Benefits of predischarge echocardiography service for postnatal heart murmurs
Authors: Singh Anju , Desai Tarak , Miller Paul , Rasiah Shree V
Published: April 2012

Aim:  To review the findings and outcomes of predischarge echocardiography service for postnatal heart murmurs provided by neonatologists.

Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed all predischarge echocardiograms performed on babies from the postnatal wards (PNW) over the last 3 years. We evaluated the indications, median age, findings and outcome.

Results:  A total of 408 echocardiograms were performed on 350 babies on the PNW. The most common indication was presence of a murmur (58%). In babies with a heart murmur, 26% had a normal echocardiogram, 2% had major structural heart defects, 38% had minor structural heart defects and 34% had transient circulatory changes. 32% were discharged with no follow‐up, 28% were followed up in the local cardiac clinic and 40% were referred to the cardiologist.

Conclusion:  Predischarge echocardiography service for postnatal heart murmurs provided by neonatologists has the benefit of providing an early diagnosis, counselling of the parents and arranging appropriate follow‐up. It helps to triage the referrals to the cardiologist. We felt that we were able to alleviate parental anxieties by providing a definitive diagnosis and written information prior to discharge from hospital. We strongly believe that this service should only be provided by those appropriately trained and skilled in echocardiography.
Neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity: opposing actions of neuronal factors GPR91 and semaphorins 3A
Authors: Joyal Jean‐Sébastien , Omri Samy , Sitaras Nicholas , Rivera José‐Carlos , Sapieha Przemyslaw , Chemtob Sylvain
Published: April 2012

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of severe visual deficits in children. This review focuses on the role of newly identified factors from retinal neurons, which through their opposing actions on vascular development contribute to ROP. These hypoxia‐generated mediators include the Krebs cycle intermediate, succinate acting via GPR91, and the neuronal guidance molecule Semaphorin 3A.Conclusion: Neuron‐derived factors guide retinal vascularization and are major contributors to the pathogenesis of ROP.
MicroRNA‐199a targets CD44 to suppress the tumorigenicity and multidrug resistance of ovarian cancer‐initiating cells
Authors: Cheng Weiwei , Liu Te , Wan Xiaoping , Gao Yongtao , Wang Hui
Published: April 2012

In ovarian cancer, CD44+/CD117+ stem cells, also known as cancer‐initiating cells (CICs), are highly proliferative, have a low degree of differentiation, and are resistant to chemotherapeutics. Therefore, the CD44+/CD117+ subpopulation is thought to be an important target for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA‐199a (miR‐199a) in ovarian cancer stem cells. Luciferase reporter gene assays confirmed that miR‐199a targets CD44 via an miR‐199a‐binding site in the 3′‐UTR. CD44+/CD117+ ovarian CICs were enriched from human primary ovarian tumor tissues and confirmed by flow cytometric sorting. miR‐199a was cloned and transfected into ovarian CICs. CD44 mRNA and protein expression was significantly decreased in miR‐199a‐transfected ovarian CICs as compared with miR‐199a mutant‐transfected and untransfected cells. Cell cycle analysis, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide proliferation assays, the colony formation assay and the transwell migration assay indicated that miR‐199a significantly affected cell cycle regulation and suppressed the proliferation and invasive capacity of ovarian CICs in vitro. miR‐199a significantly increased the chemosensitivity of ovarian CICs to cisplatin, pacitaxel, and adriamycin, and reduced mRNA expression of the multidrug resistance gene ABCG2 as compared with miR‐199a mutant‐transfected and untransfected cells. The expression of stemness markers was also significantly reduced in miR‐199a‐transfected CICs as compared with miR‐199a mutant‐transfected and untransfected ovarian cells. Furthermore, xenograft experiments confirmed that miR‐199a suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors formed by ovarian CICs in vivo. Thus, expression of endogenous mature miR‐199a may prevent tumorigenesis in human ovarian cancer by regulating expression of its target gene CD44.
Porous Sintered Reaction‐Bonded Silicon Nitrides with Dual‐Sized Pore Channel using Presintered Si‐Additive Mixture Granules
Authors: Park Young‐Jo , Lee Jae‐Wook , Yun Hui‐Suk , Song In‐Hyuck
Published: April 2012

Porous sintered reaction‐bonded silicon nitrides (SRBSNs) with wide pore channels were fabricated using Si‐additive mixture granules. By increasing the strength through the presintering of the as‐spray‐dried granules, conventional uniaxial pressing was employed for the shaping while retaining the spherical granule morphology. The formation of wide intergranular (≥10 μm) and narrow intragranular (<1 μm) pore channels led to high porosity (≥50%) without the blending of fugitive. Both the widest pore channel (10.4 μm) and the highest permeability (κ = 0.3*10−12 m2) were measured using dm (mean diameter) = 76.5 μm granule.
Preparation of Monodispersed Mesoporous Silica Spheres with Controllable Particle Size Under an Alkaline Condition
Authors: Xu Hong , Li Yanbao , Yang Zhujun , Ding Ying , Lu Chunhua , Li Dongxu , Xu Zhongzi
Published: April 2012

Monodispersed mesoporous silica spheres (MMSSs) with tunable particle size were successfully synthesized from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) under an alkaline condition. The MMSSs synthesized under different reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, co‐solvent amount, and TEOS and CTAB concentrations, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X‐ray diffraction (SAXRD), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. The average particle size increases with increase in the reaction temperature from 40°C to 90°C, and 80°C is the optimal temperature to synthesize MMSSs with narrow particle size of 75 ± 14 nm. Ethanol plays a role as co‐surfactant in low concentration, and then as co‐surfactant and co‐solvent in high concentration, which results in an increase in particle size from 75 ± 14 nm to 518 ± 30 nm and change of the mesoporous structure from paralleled array type to radially orientated type. The average particle size and yield of MMSSs increase with increase in the TEOS concentration when the TEOS concentration reaches saturated level (Cs = 0.09M), but some small silica particles appear when the TEOS concentration is higher than the critical level (Cs* = 0.134M). When the CTAB concentration increases, at the same TEOS concentration, the surface area, and pore volume increases, but the monodispersity becomes low.
Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Zirconia and Zirconia Composites
Authors: Dehestani Mahdi , Adolfsson Erik
Published: April 2012

Monolithic zirconia materials (3Y‐TZP, 10Ce‐TZP, and 12Ce‐TZP) and their composites with 30 vol% alumina were produced. Low‐temperature aging degradation (LTAD) and mechanical properties of materials were investigated. For assessment of phase stability in the materials, aging experiments were performed in water at 90°C for 32, 64, and 128 days. The aging phenomenon was characterized and monitored using X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Four‐point bending was used to determine the flexural strength of materials before and after aging treatment in water at 90°C for 2, 4, and 6  months. The aging experiments resulted in different phase transformation rates for the materials studied. The 12Ce‐TZP containing materials showed the highest resistance to low‐temperature aging and 3Y‐TZP containing materials showed the highest bending strength. When compared, no change in flexural strength was observed between the materials not exposed to aging and the aged materials.
The Impact of Legislative Term Limits on State Debt: Increased Spending, Flat Revenue
Authors: DAY JONATHAN , BOECKELMAN KEITH
Published: April 2012

This article examines the effect of state legislative term limits on government debt levels. Past research has shown the influence of term limits on spending, but the effect of term limits on state debt is arguably more important in considering their desirability. We explain the relation between term limits and debt using the expected impact of changes in the composition, institutional dynamics, and behavior of state legislatures after term limits take effect. The hypothesis is that term limits will increase state government debt. Using regressions with panel corrected standard errors on data from the states between 1993 and 2008, the results empirically support the expectation that term‐limited states have significantly higher debt than nonterm limited states. Term‐limited states greatly increase spending while not increasing revenue levels and thus substantially increase debt. Since states with term limits have higher debt, we advise caution in adopting them.

Related Articles:“Assessing the Impact of Term Limits on Competition in Florida and Maine.” (2009) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00163.x/abstract“A Matter of Time: Some Consequences of State Legislative Term Limits.” (1994) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1994.tb00317.x/abstract“An Analysis of the 1990–1992 Term Limitation Elections.” (1994) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1994.tb00340.x/abstract

Este artículo examina el efecto de los límites de periodos de mandato para legisladores estatales en los niveles de deuda gubernamental. Investigaciones previas han mostrado el impacto de los límites de periodos de mandato en el gasto gubernamental, pero el efecto de éstos en la deuda estatal es probablemente más importante cuando se evalúan sus beneficios. Explicamos esta relación basándonos en el impacto esperado de cambios en la composición, dinámica institucional, y comportamiento de legislaturas estatales luego de que el límite para el periodo entra en vigor. La hipótesis es que los límites para periodos de mandato aumentarán el nivel de deuda estatal. Usando regresiones un Panel de Corrección de Errores Estándar en datos de los 50 estados entre 1993‐2008, los resultados apoyan empíricamente la expectativa de que los estados con límites tendrán un mayor nivel de deuda que sus contrapartes. Los estados con límites en los periodos de mandato aumentan de manera considerable su gasto mientras sus niveles de ingresos no aumentan y por lo tanto elevan significativamente su deuda. Debido a que los estados con límites en los periodos de mandato tienen una mayor deuda, recomendamos tener precaución al adoptarlos.
Modifications of mechanoelectric feedback induced by 2,3‐butanedione monoxime and Blebbistatin in Langendorff‐perfused rabbit hearts
Authors: Brines L. , Such‐Miquel L. , Gallego D. , Trapero I. , del Canto I. , Zarzoso M. , Soler C. , Pelechano F. , Cánoves J. , Alberola A. , Such L. , Chorro F. J.
Published: April 2012

Aim

Myocardial stretching is an arrhythmogenic factor. Optical techniques and mechanical uncouplers are used to study the mechanoelectric feedback. The aim of this study is to determine whether the mechanical uncouplers 2,3‐butanedione monoxime and Blebbistatin hinder or modify the electrophysiological effects of acute mechanical stretch.

Methods

The ventricular fibrillation (VF) modifications induced by acute mechanical stretch were studied in 27 Langendorff‐perfused rabbit hearts using epicardial multiple electrodes and mapping techniques under control conditions (n = 9) and during the perfusion of 2,3‐butanedione monoxime (15 mM) (n = 9) or Blebbistatin (10 μm) (n = 9).

Results

In the control series, myocardial stretch increased the complexity of the activation maps and the dominant frequency (DF) of VF from 13.1 ± 2.0 Hz to 19.1 ± 3.1 Hz (P < 0.001, 46% increment). At baseline, the activation maps showed less complexity in both the 2,3‐butanedione monoxime and Blebbistatin series, and the DF was lower in the 2,3‐butanedione monoxime series (11.4 ± 1.2 Hz; P < 0.05). The accelerating effect of mechanical stretch was abolished under 2,3‐butanedione monoxime (maximum DF = 11.7 ± 2.4 Hz, 5% increment, ns vs baseline, P < 0.0001 vs. control series) and reduced under Blebbistatin (maximum DF = 12.9 ± 0.7 Hz, 8% increment, P < 0.01 vs. baseline, P < 0.0001 vs. control series). The variations in complexity of the activation maps under stretch were not significant in the 2,3‐butanedione monoxime series and were significantly attenuated under Blebbistatin.

Conclusion

The accelerating effect and increased complexity of myocardial activation during VF induced by acute mechanical stretch are abolished under the action of 2,3‐butanedione monoxime and reduced under the action of Blebbistatin.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Jassidophaga Aczél (Diptera: Pipunculidae) in Korea
Authors: Suh Sang Jae , Kwon Yong Jung
Published: April 2012

In this paper, three Korean species of the big‐head fly, genus Jassidophaga Aczél were treated: J. chiiensis (Ouchi), J. pala (Morakote) and J. villosa (Roser). Of these, J. pala is reported in Korea for the first time. A key to Korean species and photographs on external features are given.
Glossary of Analytical and Metrological Terms from the International Vocabulary of Metrology (2008)
Authors: Potts Philip J.
Published: April 2012

The Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) has introduced a revised third edition of the International Vocabulary of Metrology – basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM: 2008) that replaces the second edition which was published in 1993. This article includes a table containing the terms and definitions that are most relevant to geoanalysis, designed to extend awareness and to promote best practice in the use of this terminology. Comparison is made, where appropriate, with definitions from the earlier 1993 definitions, to demonstrate the way in which thinking in metrological concepts has evolved over this time period.
Chemopreventive effects of elm tree bark extract onHelicobacter pylori‐associated mouse gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Kim Tae‐Wang , Youm So‐Young , Shin Sang‐Kyung , Kim Dae Joong , Hong Jin Tae , Kim Youngsoo , Nam Sang‐Yoon , Ahn Byeongwoo
Published: April 2012

Background and aim:Extracts of elm tree (Ulmus davidiana japonica) have long been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in traditional medicine. Severalin vitrostudies have indicated that some components of the elm tree have anti‐inflammatory and/or anti‐oxidative effects. We investigated the chemopreventive effects of bark extract of elm tree (BEE) on a chronic inflammation‐associated mouse gastric cancer model.Methods:Gastric cancer was generated by the combination treatment ofN‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea andHelicobacter pylorito C57BL/6 mice. Various concentrations of BEE (0, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm) was fed to the mice for 38 weeks.Results:The incidence of gastric tumors at 50 weeks were significantly lower in the highest dose BEE‐fed mice (26.67%) than control mice (85.71%) (P < 0.01). The multiplicity and size of tumors were also significantly lowered by BEE feeding in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.01). In addition, BEE decreased the nuclear β‐catenin localization and nuclear cyclin‐D1 expression in adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, BEE suppressedH. pylori‐associated chronic inflammation determined by histologic gradings ofH. pyloridensity, chronic gastritis, glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in non‐tumorous gastric mucosae.Conclusions:These findings suggest that BEE inhibits the development of gastric tumorigenesis via suppression ofH. pyloriinfection‐associated chronic inflammation.
Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings in the navicular bone of horses with foot pain
Authors: Dyson S. , Blunden T. , Murray R.
Published: April 2012

Reasons for performing study:There is limited knowledge about both histological features in early navicular disease and what histological features are represented by increased signal intensity in fat‐suppressed magnetic resonance (MR) images of the navicular bone.

Objective:To characterise increased signal intensity in the spongiosa of the navicular bone in fat‐suppressed MR images and to compare this with histopathology; and to compare objective grading of all aspects of the navicular bone on MR images with histological findings.

Methods:One or both front feet of 22 horses with foot pain and a median lameness duration of 3 months were examined using high‐field MR imaging (MRI) and histopathology. The dorsal, palmar, proximal and distal borders of the navicular bone and the spongiosa were assigned an MRI grade (0–3) and a histological grade and compared statistically.

Results:Increased signal intensity in the spongiosa of the navicular bone was associated with a variety of abnormalities, including fat atrophy, with lipocytes showing loss of definition of cytoplasmic borders, a proliferation of capillaries within the altered marrow fat, perivascular or interstitial oedema, enlarged intertrabecular bone spaces, fibroplasia and thinned trabeculae showing loss of bone with irregularly spiculated edges of moth‐eaten appearance. There were significant associations among histological lesions of the fibrocartilage, calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. There were also significant associations between MRI grading of the spongiosa and both histological marrow fat grade and the combined maximum of the MRI grades for the fibrocartilage.

Conclusions and potential relevance:Increased signal intensity in the spongiosa of the navicular bone in fat‐suppressed MR images may occur in association with lesions of the fibrocartilage with or without subchondral bone or may represent a separate disease entity, particularly if diffuse, reflecting a variety of alterations of trabecular bone and marrow fat architecture.
The slow components of phosphocreatine and pulmonary oxygen uptake can be dissociated during heavy exercise according to training status
Authors: Layec Gwenael , Bringard Aurélien , Yashiro Kazuya , Le Fur Yann , Vilmen Christophe , Micallef Jean‐Paul , Perrey Stéphane , Cozzone Patrick J. , Bendahan David
Published: April 2012

To better understand the mechanisms underlying the pulmonary O2 uptake (
) slow component during high‐intensity exercise, we used 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas exchange, surface electromyography and near‐infrared spectroscopy measurements to examine the potential relationship between the slow components of
and phosphocreatine (PCr), muscle recruitment and tissue oxygenation in endurance‐trained athletes and sedentary subjects. Specifically, six endurance‐trained and seven sedentary subjects performed a dynamic high‐intensity exercise protocol during 6 min at an exercise intensity corresponding to 35–40% of knee‐extensor maximal voluntary contraction. The slow component of
(117 ± 60 ml min−1, i.e. 20 ± 10% of the total response) was associated with a paradoxical PCr resynthesis in endurance‐trained athletes (−0.90 ± 1.27 mm, i.e. −12 ± 16% of the total response). Meanwhile, oxygenated haemoglobin increased throughout the second part of exercise and was significantly higher at the end of exercise compared with the value at 120 s (P < 0.05), whereas the integrated EMG was not significantly changed throughout exercise. In sedentary subjects, a slow component was simultaneously observed for
and [PCr] time‐dependent changes (208 ± 14 ml min−1, i.e. 38 ± 18% of the total
response, and 1.82 ± 1.39 mm, i.e. 16 ± 13% of the total [PCr] response), but the corresponding absolute or relative amplitudes were not correlated. The integrated EMG was significantly increased throughout exercise in sedentary subjects. Taken together, our results challenge the hypothesis of a mechanistic link between [PCr] and
slow components and demonstrate that, as a result of a tighter metabolic control and increased O2 availability, the [PCr] slow component can be minimized in endurance‐trained athletes while the
slow component occurs.