bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: REVIEW OF THE IPS CALLIGRAPHUS GROUP
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. , Teale Stephen A. , Pajares Juan A.
Published: November 2009

The recognition of four taxa within the calligraphus species group of the genus Ips DeGeer is supported by breeding experiments, karyology, morphology, ecology, and distributions. Ips calligraphus calligraphus (Germar) occurs in the eastern United States and adjacent parts of Canada. Ips c. ponderosae (Swaine) occurs in the range of Pinus ponderosa in the Black Hills, eastern Rocky Mountains, and in the northern Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Ips c. interstitialis (Eichhoff) occurs in the Caribbean Archipelago but the homogeneity of populations on the islands of Hispaniola and Jamaica and the true type locality are uncertain. Ips apache Lanier infests various pines (excluding pinyon pines) at lower altitudes from southeastern Arizona through Mexico. Populations south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Caribbean pines on the east coast of Central America are provisionally considered to be I. apache. Pairings of female I. calligraphus subspecies with male I. apache were infertile. Reciprocal pairing produced rare, sterile hybrids. Fertility of I. calligraphus subspecies was normal when I. c. calligraphus was the female but reduced when the female was either I. c. ponderosae or I. c. interstitialis. All members of the group had 15 pairs of autosomes plus a sex bivalent (2n = 32) that assumed a “parachute” configuration to give a male meiotic formula of 15 AA + Xyp. Second meiosis chromosomes of I. apache lack some of the heterochromatic arms present in I. calligraphus. Meiotic divisions of rare interspecific hybrids (I. apache ♀ × I. calligraphus s. lato ♂) had numerous autosomal rearrangements, a possible translocation, and oversized (probably tetraploid) spermatozoa. Meiosis was mostly normal in intersubspecific hybrids, but the presence of occasional anaphase bridges or nonmigrating chromosomes and alignment of pachytene homologs revealed inversions and other possible rearrangements. Univariate and multivariate analyses of pars stridens strial width, pronotal width, and male genitalia revealed significant differences among all four taxa.
DESCRIPTION OFSACCULOZETES FILOSUSGEN.NOV., SP.NOV. ANDGUATEMALOZETES DANOSSP.NOV. (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) FROM GRASSLAND HABITATS
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Ryabinin Nickolai A.
Published: November 2009

A new genus and species,Sacculozetes filosus, is described from riparian grassland in the Soviet Far East, and a new species,Guatemalozetes danos, is described from shortgrass and alpine prairie in western North America, both on the basis of adults. The genusGuatemalozetesMahunka is redefined; this is the first record of this genus from temperate North America. A close relationship is indicated betweenSacculozetesandLamellobatesHammer,ParalamellobatesBhaduri and Raychaudhuri, andHypozetesBalogh. The uncertain family placement ofSacculozetesandGuatemalozeteswithin the Ceratozetoidea is discussed. Adults of both genera exhibit character states of the Mycobatidae, but until immatures are discovered, they are considered unplaced genera in the superfamily.
REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE):ELONGATUS-,ZETTERSTEDTI-, ANDCONFINIS-GROUPS
Authors: Larson D.J.
Published: November 2009

North American species ofAgabusLeach of theelongatus-,zetterstedti-, andconfinis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Study of character state distribution indicates that theelongatus- andzetterstedti-groups are clades within theconfinis-group but the names are retained in this paper to maintain consistency. Twenty species belonging to this complex occur in North America, namely:elongatus-group withA.elongatusGyllenhal andA.inexspectatusNilsson;zetterstedti-group withA.zetterstedtiThomson; and theconfinis-group withA.thomsoni(J. Sahlberg),A.moestus(Curtis),A.clypealis(Thomson),A.phaeopterus(Kirby),A.immaturussp.nov. (Great Lakes and Maritime Provinces regions),A.canadensisFall,A.audeniWallis,A.mackenziensissp.nov. (northwestern Canada),A.bicolor(Kirby),A.subfuscatusSharp,A.discolor(Harris),A.approximateFall,A.kootenaisp.nov. (southwestern Canada and northwestern United States),A.inscriptus(Crotch),A.smithiBrown,A.sasquatchsp.nov. (alpine areas of California and Nevada), andA.confinis(Gyllenhal). For each species the following information is provided: synonymy; description and illustration of taxonomically useful characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. A key to the North American species of theconfinis-group is presented. Lectotypes are designated forA.subfuscatusSharp,Gaurodytes inscriptusCrotch,G.ovoideusCrotch, andG.longulusLeConte.
ESTIMATING ADULT COCCINELLID POPULATIONS IN WHEAT FIELDS BY REMOVAL, SWEEPNET, AND VISUAL COUNT SAMPLING
Authors: Elliott N.C. , Kieckhefer R.W. , Kauffman W.C.
Published: November 2009

Removal sampling, sweepnet sampling, and visual count sampling conducted while walking at constant velocity through a field were used to sample populations of adults of five coccinellid species in plots established in spring wheat fields, Triticum aestivum L. Estimates of absolute population density obtained from two 20-min removal samples taken from each of six 5- by 5-m sub-plots per plot proved reliable and were used to convert estimates obtained from sweepnet sampling (180 sweeps per plot) and visual counts (36 min per plot walking at 10 m/min) into absolute estimates of population density. Population density estimates obtained by removal sampling were quite precise except for species with low capture efficiencies and low population densities.

Crop plant growth stage influenced the numbers of beetles caught in sweepnet samples and was incorporated in regression models for converting sweepnet catch to absolute density. Values of R2 of regressions ranged from 0.51 to 0.90, depending on species. Visual counts were influenced by temperature and aphid density, and these variables were incorporated in regression models. Values of R2 for regressions relating visual counts to population densities ranged from 0.63 to 0.94, depending on species.
SPECIES RESPONSES OF CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) DURING POST-FIRE REGENERATION OF BOREAL FOREST
Authors: Holliday N.J.
Published: November 2009

Beginning 1 year after an intense forest fire in the Interlace region of Manitoba, carabid beetles were sampled by pitfall trapping in two burned sites and two unburned control sites. Before the tire, one burned site had been dominated by aspen,Populus tremuloidesMichx,, and the other by conifers (mostlyPiceaspp.). During the 11-year study, burned sites became dominated by aspen saplings. Three carabid species were caught significantly more frequently in burned sites than in control sites. Two of these,Harpalus laticepsLeConte andH.egregiusCasey, invaded soon after the fire and were caught in the burned sites for several years after the fire. Seventeen species were caught significantly less often in burned than in control sites; catches of another 13 common species were not significantly affected by burning of the site. Burning influenced the seasonal patterns of catches ofCarabus taedatusF. andPterostichus adstrictusEschscholtz; this was attributed to higher litter and soil temperatures in burned sites. Seasonal patterns of other common species were not markedly affected by burning. In burned sites, the incidence of brachypterous species and the size of beetles increased with time after the fire. In control sites, the incidence of brachyptery was independent of time, but the percentage of brachypterous species was significantly higher in the conifer site than in the aspen site. Trends of brachyptery and size are those expected if early colonizers are super-tramp r-strategists and later invaders are K-strategists. Patterns of species occurrence during forest regeneration can be explained in terms of dispersal and competitive abilities, preference for physical attributes of the habitat, and responses to prey availability.
STRUCTURES IMPLICATED IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF PATHOGENIC FUNGI BY THE EUROPEAN BARK BEETLE, IPS SEXDENTATUS BOERNER: ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A MYCANGIUM
Authors: Lévieux J. , Cassier P. , Guillaumin D. , Roques A.
Published: November 2009

The European bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus Boerner, carries fungi in puncture pits located on the proximal part of each mandible, the sides of the pronotum, and the elytra.

On the pronotum, each mycangium corresponds to the cup-shaped depression surrounding each seta. Several type III gland cells are associated with each mycangium. The general organization of these cells, commonly found in the epidermis, corresponds to those described by other authors. Their finely granular secretions probably protect the fungi, assure spore adhesion, and also may temporarily inhibit their germination. Similar gland cells were scattered under unspecialized pronotal integument where fungi were not detected.

Thus, it appears that this beetle has evolved a mechanism for the protection or dissemination, or both, of yeasts and fungi such as Ceratocystis sp. This relatively simple system seems to be as efficient as the more evolved mycangia of other species.
PRIMARY ATTRACTION OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO BOLTS OF LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Moeck Henry A. , Simmons Clarence S.
Published: November 2009

Three field tests were conducted in which fresh lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engl.) material, namely bolts with and without bark, bark only, and freshly tapped resin, were placed in beetle-excluding “greenhouse” cages; empty cages served as controls. Two “window” flight traps per cage, at right angles to each other, caught mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) arriving at the cages. Significantly more mountain pine beetles were trapped at cages baited with bolts and wood only than at empty control cages. Primary attraction in the mountain pine beetle is thus established, in the absence of pheromones and normal visual cues (tree stem silhouette). More beetles were trapped at cages baited with bark only and with resin than at empty control cages, but differences were not significant at p = 0.05. The sex ratio of trapped beetles (4.83 females: 1 male) was more than twice as high as the reported sex ratios of free-flying and emerging beetles.
FIRST REPORT OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE) ON SPOTTED KNAPWEED, CENTAUREA MACULOSA LAMARCK, IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Story J.M. , Boggs K.W. , Good W.R.
Published: November 2009

Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) is a Eurasian root-mining moth introduced into North America for control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Larnarck. The biology and host specificity of the moth were described by Müller et al. (1988, 1989). Early-instar larvae mine the epidermal tissues of the root crown. Older larvae mine the root cortex and endodermis and cause considerable damage, especially to small plants or when several larvae infest a single large plant. Larvae can migrate below ground to a new host plant if the initial knapweed plant has been destroyed. The moth overwinters as a larva in the root and emerges as an adult in June through August. Several generations per year may occur.
FECUNDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Smith R.F. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

The mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), was successfully established on eggplant cv. “Black Beauty” using the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, as a source of prey for early instars. Colony-raised teneral females lived 17.4±0.8 days (mean±SE) at 25°C, and their progeny averaged 6.7±0.6 nymphs per 48-h oviposition period (range 0–36). Fecundity peaked during days 6–10 and declined steadily beyond day 16. Over their lifespans, females produced eggs that hatched into 37.5±8.2 nymphs (range 2–184). Eggs from a 24-h oviposition period required from 7.2±0.1 days at 27°C to 13.0±0.2 days at 20°C for 100% hatch. An estimated developmental threshold of 9.5°C (r2 = 0.50) was obtained using the equation: rate of development = −0.075 + 0.008 (temperature). The frequency distribution of hatch at each of four constant temperatures was unimodal and approximated a normal distribution. Nymphal development at 22°C required 2.8±0.2, 3.8±0.2, 4.0±0.3, 3.9±0.2, and 6.0±0.3 days for instars 1–5, respectively.
SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CANOPY DIEBACK: THE EPIGEAL CARABID FAUNA IN QUÉBEC APPALACHIAN MAPLE FORESTS
Authors: Martel J. , Mauffette Y. , Tousignant S.
Published: November 2009

The impact of canopy dieback on the activity and diversity of epigeal Carabidae was studied during the summers of 1987 and 1988 in 18 maple stands in southeastern Québec, using pitfall traps. A canopy thinning index (CTI) based on severity and incidence of dieback, and on tree basal area was calculated for each of the 72 stations sampled. An analysis of variance shows that canopy dieback had a significant effect on carabid beetle activity in 1988. The CTI was negatively correlated with the carabid species richness and diversity in 1988. The number of individuals caught per station was negatively correlated with the CTI for all species combined, except for the dominant Pterostichus coracinus Newm. in 1988. These results indicate a negative response of carabid beetles to canopy dieback in 1988; the climate may have tempered the effects of dieback in 1987.
DIFFERENCE IN THE TRANSMISSION OF PVY° TO POTATO AND TOBACCO BY THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS): EFFECTS OF PROBING DURATION AND FREQUENCY
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , Singh R.P.
Published: November 2009

The probing behavior of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), is significantly different on potato than on tobacco plants. The higher frequency of short-duration probes, ideal for the transmission of nonpersistent viruses, is the apparent cause for the higher rate of potato virus Y° (PVY°) transmission on tobacco than on potato. However, experimental augmentation of short inoculation probes by M. euphorbiae on potato and tobacco failed to increase PVY° transmission on either. These results demonstrate the absence of a causal relationship between variations in probing behavior of M. euphorbiae and variations in the transmissibility of PVY° by this vector on tobacco and potato.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL AND HATCHING RATE OF EGGS OF SEVEN SPECIES OF COCCINELLIDAE
Authors: Frazer B.D. , McGregor R.R.
Published: November 2009

The eggs of seven species of locally occurring coccinellids were reared at constant temperatures. The survival of eggs to hatching, rate, and thermal requirements for hatching were determined. The results were used to evaluate the importance of thermal adaptation of coccinellids in selecting them as biological control agents and in determining the relative species composition of locally occurring faunas of coccinellids.
EFFECT OF FOOD SOURCES ON THE LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY OF PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Hagley Elmer A.C. , Barber D.R.
Published: November 2009

The fecundity of first-generation adult Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) increased when individuals were confined with flowers of creeping "Charlie" (Glechoma hederacea L.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), and apple (Malus domesticus L.), but not with blossoms of chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo] or Shepherd’s purse [Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic]. Longevity of P. ornigis was little affected. The fecundity of second-generation P. ornigis increased when individuals were confined with terminal leaves of apple with honeydew of the aphid Aphis pomi DeGeer, but not when confined with terminal leaves without honeydew or with flowers of round-leaved mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Longevity of P. ornigis adults also increased when they were provided with aphid honeydew. There were significant differences between the total number (oviposited and ovarian) of eggs produced by second-generation females given different food sources. Those given aphid honeydew oviposited a greater proportion of their eggs than those confined with apple leaves without honeydew or with flowers of M. neglecta or T. pratense, Adult P. ornigis fed an aqueous solution of honey (50:50, v/v) lived longest and produced more eggs than those provided with any other food source.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ATTACK RATES AND SURVIVAL OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AND BUD DEVELOPMENT OF DOUGLAS-FIR, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO
Authors: Shepherd Roy F.
Published: November 2009

Individual larvae of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) were observed from overwintering emergence to pupation at six locations spread over a wide range of altitudes and thus climate. A weekly census of 100 lower-crown buds per plot indicated large differences in rates of bud development and larval survival among locations.

Emerging second-instar larvae attempted to mine swelling buds of Douglas-fir. If the buds were hard and tight, larvae mined 1-year-old needles until penetrable buds were available. Larvae dispersed over the crowns with only one larva becoming established in each bud; thus, many early-emerging and surplus larvae could not find suitable feeding sites and disappeared. Within the protective bud, survival was high. After buds flushed and larvae became exposed, densities dropped, probably due to increased predation and decreased food quality. Correlations indicated a close association between larval survival for the exposed period between bud flush and pupation, and overall larval survival.

Douglas-fir trees responded to initial bud removal, but not to needle removal, by inducing latent buds in the axils of needles to grow into active vegetative buds ready to develop and flush the next spring. The number of these new vegetative buds formed was greatest when the initial buds were removed early in the season before flush, and decreased thereafter. Trees with vigorous crowns had the greatest response to defoliation by inducing the largest number of latent buds into becoming active vegetative buds; these were found mainly on the 2- and 3-year-old internodes.
ACTINOCEPHALUSSP., A PROTOZOAN (EUGREGARINIDA: ACTINOCEPHALIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH JUNE BEETLES,PHYLLOPHAGAHARRIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Poprawski T.J. , Yule W.N.
Published: November 2009

Actinocephalussp., a eugregarine protozoan, is reported from June beetles,PhyllophagaHarris, in southern Quebec. It is the first record of a protozoan infecting scarab beetles in Canada. The gregarine was found in 4.52% of the 16 930Phyllophagagrubs collected from 45 localities during a 3-year study. The infection was endemic to the grub stage of the scarab beetle and sub-enzootic in grub populations throughout the survey area, never reaching epizootic proportions. Infection rates for other stages of the life cycle ofPhyllophagawere insignificant. The study showed that the gregarine had a negligible impact on the population of the host insect.
EMERGENCE AND CALLING RHYTHMS, AND MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Pivnick Kenneth A. , Labbé Edith
Published: November 2009

In laboratory and field observations, male and female orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), emerged in late afternoon and early evening, with males emerging 1–2 h before females on average within a given day. Under laboratory conditions, males also emerged on average 0–3 days before females in three different experiments. Within 1 h of emergence, virgin females began to extend their ovipositors much of the time. This behaviour ceased upon mating, and was presumed to be calling behaviour: behaviour associated with pheromone release. Calling behaviour exhibited a daily rhythm both under controlled and field conditions. Females gradually increased the time spent calling in the last few hours of the photophase and called more than two-thirds of the time during the scotophase. Mating was preceded by wing vibration in the male prior to and during a walking approach. Receptive females spread their wings which facilitated mating. Mean duration of mating was 171 ± 15 s (±SE).
USE OF “CAR-NETS” TO SAMPLE FLYING MICRO-COLEOPTERA
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Cook Joyce
Published: November 2009

A vehicle-mounted net (“car-net”) is a useful tool to sample flying beetles or other insects. Previous authors have used nets on top of the vehicle. A net mounted lower and in front of the vehicle is thought to be superior for catching beetles which fly closer to ground level. Quantified results are given.
ANTIFEEDANT AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF TALL OIL AND DERIVATIVES AGAINST THE VARIEGATED CUTWORM, PERIDROMA SAUCIA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Xie Yongshou , Isman Murray B.
Published: November 2009

Crude tall oil and two of its derivatives were assessed for antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects, via incorporation into an artificial diet, in the variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia Hübner). The substances tested are both toxic to neonate P. saucia and inhibitory to larval growth. The dietary LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) values are 4.3, 4.7, and 5.3% fresh weight for depitched tall oil (DTO), crude tall oil (CTO), and tall oil pitch (TOP), respectively. These materials significantly reduced growth, feeding, and dietary utilization by first-, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae in chronic larval growth bioassays, choice and no-choice feeding tests, and nutritional experiments. The EC50s (effective concentration to inhibit growth by 50% relative to controls) of DTO, CTO, and TOP were 1.4, 2.0, and ≥2.4%, respectively, when first-instar larvae fed on treated diets for 10 days. DTO significantly reduced both growth and consumption rates with corresponding reduction in the efficiency of conversion of food (i.e. nutritional efficiency), suggesting that both antifeedant and toxic effects are involved in larval growth inhibition. DTO and CTO are consistently more biologically active than TOP. Our results suggest that an environmentally sound, low cost natural pest control agent may be developed based on tall oil.
THE HAEMOLYMPH PLASMA COMPOSITION OF ADULTS, PUPAE, AND LARVAE OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY), AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Pelletier Yvan , Clark Catherine L.
Published: November 2009

Haemolymph from Colorado potato beetles at larval, pupal, and adult stages was analyzed for pH, osmolality, and concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, and citrate. Differences in the concentrations of some ions observed between stages were used to formulate physiological saline solutions for the adult and larval stages.
MASS STORAGE OF HONEY BEE (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) QUEENS DURING THE WINTER
Authors: Wyborn M.H. , Winston M.L. , Laflamme P.H.
Published: November 2009

Mass storage of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens over the winter was investigated in colony banks, with each queen held in her own cage within a colony. The major treatments included: (I) a single queen wintered in a small nucleus colony (control); and colony banks with 24 or 48 queens, each held individually in (II) screen cages that prevented workers from entering the cage, but allowed access for queen tending, (III) queen-excluder cages (queen-excluder material has openings of about 55 mm that prevent the larger queen but not the smaller workers from passing through the material), or (IV) screen cages until January and subsequent transfer to mini-nuclei until late March. Queens held in excluder cages showed poor survival in all 3 years of testing, and this system was not viable for commercial use; survival for any 1 year, or any excluder treatment, was never greater than 25%. In contrast, a 2-year average of 60% queen survival was found for queens that were stored in individual screened wooden cages within queenless colony banks. We found no differences in survival of banked queens that were moved between colonies monthly and those that remained in the same colony for 6 months. The success of these systems required the (a) preparation of colony banks that contained large numbers of adult workers produced by maintaining colonies with two queens during the previous summer, (b) removal of laying queen(s) during the storage period, (c) feeding of colonies well, and (d) insulation of colonies in groups of four, to preserve heat and reduce worker clustering in the winter. Surviving queens from winter storage systems were virtually identical in quality and colony performance to control queens the subsequent season. The annual profit for a commercial beekeeper who does his/her own labour for storage and hires workers for queen production was calculated as $16,625 when 4800 queens are stored over the winter, and sold for $10 each in the spring. Thus, mass queen storage using our successful systems is both biologically and economically viable.
PRODUCTION OF A GRASSHOPPER ENTOMOPOXVIRUS (ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE) IN MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Oma E.A. , Streett D.A.
Published: November 2009

Grasshopper entomopoxviruses are considered to have excellent potential as microbial control agents and are currently undergoing evaluation in a Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management program. Our research has focused on an entomopoxvirus isolated from Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.).

Henry (1975) noted that one characteristic of a microbial control agent of grasshoppers is the potential for mass production. Methods of viral inoculation are varied and depend on the biology of the host and efficiency versus efficacy (Shapiro 1982). In this paper methods of inoculation for mass production of the M. sanguinipes virus in M. sanguinipes are investigated.
A MODIFIED LIVE-TRAP FOR ASSESSING MATING DISRUPTION OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila M. , Troubridge James T.
Published: November 2009

In field studies of pheromone-mediated mating disruption of lepidopteran pests, there are several ways to determine if mate location has been disrupted. One indirect method is to count the number of males caught in sticky traps baited with synthetic pheromone. A reduced catch in pheromone-treated plots relative to control plots shows that males were unable to find the source of synthetic pheromone and suggests that mating has been disrupted. More direct methods are: (1) to count the number of males attracted to sticky traps baited with virgin females; or (2) to assess the incidence of mating of (a) feral females collected in light-, bait- or other traps, (b) females caged with males in pheromone-treated areas, or (c) virgin females placed in the field and later retrieved. Females may be tethered with thread to non-sticky traps or partially dealated and placed on a “mating table” from which they cannot escape.
THIRD TROPHIC LEVEL EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN
Authors: McCloskey C. , Arnason J.T. , Donskov N. , Chenier R. , Kaminski J. , Philogène B.J.R.
Published: November 2009

Azadirachtin (AZA) is the principal insecticidal compound occurring in the oil of neem [Azadirachta indica (Juss.)] seed. Although many studies have been published (Schmutterer 1990) regarding the effects of AZA on herbivorous insects, little is known of the impact of this compound on the natural enemies of herbivores. Beckage et al. (1988) investigated the effects of injected AZA on Cotesia congregata (FAY) (Braconidae), a parasitoid of Manduca sexta (L.). Parasitoid development was retarded when injections of 2.5–10 μg AZA were administered to the host larva prior to the wasp's first larval ecdysis. The development of new neem-based insecticides in North America (Isman et al. 1991) has prompted the investigation of the effects of AZA on the natural enemies of pest insects that have ingested sublethal doses of the active compound. Our laboratory study was carried out with the ichneumonid parasitoid, Diadegma terebrans (Gravenhorst), and its host, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). AZA (>95% purity) for this study was extracted as described previously (Xie et al. 1991) from seeds collected in India.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION, CLASSIFICATION, RECONSTRUCTED PHYLOGENY, AND GEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF THECICINDELA SEXGUTTATAGROUP (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Kaulbars Michael M. , Freitag Richard
Published: November 2009

A systematic review was conducted for theCicindela sexguttatagroup taxa. Comparative methods of examination were applied to adult structural and ecological characters for purposes of taxa diagnoses, and to establish a basis for the derivation of the group’s history.Based on 13 adult exoskeletal characters and 25 tests on populations throughout the group’s geographical range, a discriminant analysis identifies the most significant characters as being elytral maculation, body size, pilosity of the stipes, and number of sensory setae on the antennal scape. In addition, selected characters of the male and female genitalia are shown to identify all taxa within the group. Among biological comparisons the different number of mature eggs found in adult females ofC.sexguttataFabricius andC.denikeiBrown indicates that their fecundity differs; and the larval burrow ofC.denikeiopens directly beneath rocks and stones, a habit unique inCicindela. Seasonality profiles of taxa appear to be dictated by geographical location, and by phylogeny to a smaller degree. Species–soils associations indicate thatC.sexguttatahas a strong affinity to warm, moist and loamy soils, butC.denikeiis correlated with sandy, silty till. For all species of the group, habitats occupied and limits of distribution to eastern Canada and the United States appear to be governed by soil and forest types.Three species of the group are recognized:C.sexguttataconsisting of geographical populations varying considerably in adult characteristics and the problematic formC.harrisiiLeng which may be considered a cryptic species;C.denikei; andC.patruelaDejean consisting of two subspeciesC.p.patruelaandC.p.consentaneaDejean.A reconstructed phylogeny of theC.sexguttatagroup based on methods of Hennig (1966) alliesC.sexguttataandC.denikeias sister species, andC.patruelaas an earlier lineage. Recognized as a stem group of theC.purpureacomplex, theC.sexguttatagroup is postulated to have had its origins in forested eastern North America during the Late Miocene. Speciations ofC.patruelaand lineageC.sexguttata–C.denikeiare perceived to have occurred in the Pliocene, followed by speciations ofC.sexguttataandC.denikeiin the Late Pleistocene effected by continental ice mass advances and recessions.
INDUCTION OF PHEROMONE PRODUCTION IN FEMALES OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (F.) AND H. SUBFLEXA (GN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) DURING THE PHOTOPHASE
Authors: Teal P.E.A. , Oostendorp A. , Tumlinson J.H.
Published: November 2009

Production of sex pheromone was induced during the photophase, a time during which pheromone is not normally produced, in females of Heliothis virescens (F.) and H. subflexa (Gn.) by injection of homogenates and partially purified extracts of the brain – subesophageal ganglion complex of conspecific females or H. zea (Boddie) females or synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). The amount of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, the major component of the pheromone of both species, increased during the first 60 min after injection of PBAN then leveled off and declined in H. virescens. In H. subflexa, the amount of this aldehyde increased during the first 120 min and declined after 240 min. Studies indicated that extracts of the brain – subesophageal ganglion complex that did not contain neurally produced biogenic amines induced production of as much pheromone as did homogenates containing these compounds. Dose-response studies indicated that the optimal dose of synthetic PBAN for induction of pheromone during a 60-min incubation was 5.0 pmol. In vivo maintenance of pheromone production required continuous stimulation of the pheromone gland.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HORN FLIES, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), TO PYRETHROIDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Mwangala Felix S. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Resistance of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), to fenvalerate and permethrin was evaluated in Manitoba from 1987 to 1989. The number of resistant populations and the intensity of resistance increased during the period. In 1987, resistant flies were observed on three of 18 herds sampled. Resistance, determined by comparison with a susceptible strain at the LC50, was less than 6-fold for fenvalerate and 3-fold for permethrin except for one population whose resistance was 14-fold for permethrin. In 1988, resistant flies were observed on six of 26 herds sampled. Resistance ranged from 0.03- to 38-fold for fenvalerate and 0.1- to over 100-fold for permethrin. In 1989, resistant flies were found on 10 of 22 herds sampled. Resistance ranged from 1- to 62-fold for fenvalerate and 0.8- to over 100-fold for permethrin. Resistant populations were interspersed among susceptible ones.
EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DENSITY AND AGE ON THE DAILY FECUNDITY AND OFFSPRING SEX RATIO IN TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH
Authors: Li S.Y. , Harmsen R.
Published: November 2009

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an arrhenotokous species (Helle and Bolland 1967). Mated females produce both male and female offspring; unmated females produce only sons. Although there is no “normal” sex ratio for spider mites, a ratio of one male to approximately three females is often found in many tetranychid species (Wrensch 1985). The exact mechanism of the female-biased sex ratio is not fully understood, but previous studies have demonstrated several factors affecting the sex ratio in spider mites. In this report, we analyze the effects of maternal density, age, and the interaction between these factors on female daily fecundity and offspring sex ratio in T. urticae.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND LABORATORY REARING OF CERANTHIA SAMARENSIS (VILLENEUVE) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory observations on the biology of Ceranthia samarensis (Villeneuve), a tachinid parasitoid of the gypsy moth, were carried out in the laboratory at 22 °C day/15 °C night, 85–90% RH, and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Older (5–6 days post-eclosion) males mated readily with newly emerged females. Mating success was 60%. The gestation period of the mated females was 10–12 days. Laboratory-reared (on diet) second- and third-instar gypsy moth larvae feeding on newly grown foliage of Quercus rubra L. were exposed to gravid females of the parasitoid. Ceranthia samarensis ovolarviposited on the body of the host. The first-instar larva penetrated the host cuticle and developed internally, forming a respiratory funnel that caused a dark circular scar on the lateral side of the caterpillar. The average number of progeny (puparia) produced over the lifetime of a C. samarensis female was 55.0 ± 5.0 (SE) and average longevity was 4.1 ± 1.7 (SE) days. Diapause of the puparia was facultative and induced by temperatures below 20 °C combined with a 12L:12D photoperiod. In nondiapause individuals, total generation time was 22–40 days. To obtain diapause insects, puparia were stored for2monthsat 15 °C, 100% RH, and 12L:12D photoperiod for development of pharate adults. Cold storage at 2–4 °C and 100% RH for at least 5 months was required to obtain up to 75% eclosion after 5–9 days the following year.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFTRICHOCLINOCERACOLLIN (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE; CLINOCERINAE)
Authors: Sinclair Bradley J.
Published: November 2009

There are 16 species ofTrichoclinoceraCollin recognized from the Nearctic region, including eight new species. Four of six species-groups ofTrichoclinoceraare recognized in the Nearctic region, with the following included species: (1)T.comatagroup —T.cascadensissp.nov. (type-locality Starvation Creek, Oregon, U.S.A.),T.comata(Melander) comb.nov., andT.rupestrissp.nov. (type-locality Newton Creek, Wyoming, U.S.A.); (2)T.dolicheretmagroup —T.dolicheretma(Melander); (3)T.lapponicagroup —T.lapponica(Ringdahl) comb.nov.; (4)T.longipesgroup —T.agilissp.nov. (type-locality Fall Creek Falls, Tennessee, U.S.A.),T.ctenistes(Melander),T.dasycoxasp.nov. (type-locality Ottawa, Ontario, Canada),T.falcatasp.nov. (type-locality Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada),T.fumosa(Vaillant) comb.nov.,T.hamifera(Melander),T.longipes(Walker).T.minor(Melander),T.ozarkensissp.nov. (type-locality Haw Creek Falls, Arkansas, U.S.A.), andT.pectinifemursp.nov. (type-locality Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). The following new synonyms are proposed:T.brunnipennis(Melander) =T.dolicheretma; andSeguyella saltans(Vaillant) =T.hamifera. Lectotypes are designated forT.comata,T.ctenistes,T.dolicheretma,T.brunnipennis,T.hamifera,T.lapponica, andT.stackelbergiCollin.SeguyellaVaillant andAcanthoclinoceraSaigusa are newly synonymized withTrichoclinoceraand all species formerly placed in these genera are transferred toTrichoclinocera, exceptAcanthoclinocera glaucescens(Brunetti) which is transferred asWiedemannia glaucescens(Brunetti) comb.nov.This revision includes a key to Nearctic species, a description of each species, and maps of species distributions. Homologies of male terminalia of Clinocerinae are summarized and the first descriptions of the immature stages of species ofTrichoclinoceraalso are provided. A world list of described species ofTrichoclinocerais provided and all species are assigned to one of six species-groups, exceptT.cummingisp.nov. (type-locality Robber’s Cave, Oklahoma. U.S.A.),T.fluviatilis(Brunetti) comb.nov.,T.fuscipennisSaigusa, andT.maewaSmith, which remain unplaced. The monophyly ofTrichoclinocerais justified and phylogenetic relationships to the remaining Clinocerinae and among species-groups are discussed.
PARABROCHYMENA LARIVIÈRE (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE): SYSTEMATICS, NATURAL HISTORY, CHOROLOGICAL AFFINITIES, AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS, WITH A BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PARABROCHYMENA AND BROCHYMENA AMYOT AND AUDINET-SERVILLE
Authors: Larivière Marie-Claude
Published: November 2009

The genus Parabrochymena Larivière is reviewed. Parahrochymna inbio and P. ruckesi are newly described. Parabrochymena barberi dituta (Ruckes) is given specific rank. Two synonymies are established: Brochymena aculeata Distant = P. haedula (Stål), Brochymena cuspidata Distant = P. haedula (Stål). A lectotype is designated for P. haedula (Stål). Species groups are characterized, and a key to all taxa is presented for the first time. As appropriate, for each species of Parabrochymena, the following are provided: citation of original description, synonymies, type material, description, geographical distribution, taxonomic comments, natural history, and illustrations of important structural characters. Choroiogical affinities are presented and systematic relationships are hypothesized. A biogeographic analysis of Parabrochymena and Brochymena Amyot and Audinet-Serville is also presented.
A NEW SPECIES OF UROLEUCON (HOM. APHIDIDAE) ON ANDRYALA SPP.: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Authors: Tizado E.J. , Nafría J.M. Nieto
Published: November 2009

A study of different biometrie data of populations of Uroleucon (U.) picridis (F., 1775) sensu lato using canonical discriminant analysis resulted in the separation of two morphological groups. Exchange of host plants allowed us to conclude that the two groups correspond to two different species: Uroleucon (U.) picridis and Uroleucon (U.) mierae sp.nov. This latter species was described and a key to the identification of both species was given.
CRICKETS (GRYLLOPTERA: GRYLLOIDEA) IN DOMINICAN AMBER
Authors: Vickery Vernon R. , Poinar George O.
Published: November 2009

Twenty-eight pieces of amber from the Dominican Republic were studied. These pieces, 22–40 million years old, contain 29 cricket specimens as inclusions. Six new species in the Trigonidiidae: Trigonidiinae are described, one in the extant genus Anaxipha (A. dominica) and in three related new genera: Proanaxipha (P. latoca and P. bicolorata), Abanaxipha (A. longispina and A. incongrua), and Grossoxipha (G. yaque). One specimen is described in the Mogoplistidae: Mogoplistinae in the extant genus Ornebius (O. ambericus). The presence of these specimens in amber proves that utilization of the boreal habitat is of long standing. Disparity in the size of the hind legs of one specimen indicates that crickets may once have had the ability to regenerate lost limbs.
INUNDATIVE RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA BRASSICAE BEZDENKO (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FOR CONTROL OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER IN SWEET CORN
Authors: Yu Dicky S. , Byers J. Robert
Published: November 2009

Inundative release of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko for control of European corn borer was tested in experimental plots in 1991 and 1992 in southern Alberta, Canada, to determine its effectiveness as a potential method of control in sweet corn. The tests were conducted in 1-ha plots, in three different fields of irrigated sweet corn each year, at a release level of about 196 000 wasps per ha. The reduction in European corn borer damage in the release plots ranged from 85 to 87% in 1991 and from 45 to 95% in 1992. The reduction in damage was not significantly different in fields with 25 and 49 release points. General area degree-day accumulation for postdiapause development was not adequate to determine the timing of release for individual fields because European corn borer phenology varied among fields. Total moth catch in pheromone traps, however, was directly related to the number of plants damaged by European corn borer, and releases near the time of peak trap catch produced the greatest reduction in damage.
SEARCHING BEHAVIOUR OF ADULT FEMALE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) ON STEM AND LEAF MODELS
Authors: Frazer B.D. , McGregor R.R.
Published: November 2009

Behaviour of locally occurring adult females of seven species of coccinellids was assessed on wooden dowel and paper models that mimicked branching patterns and arrangements of leaf attachments to stems. Ambient temperature and hunger of the beetles were controlled. The movements up or down the main branch of the branch models when contacted from a side branch, duration of searching, and method of leaving leaf models were recorded for 20 beetles of each species.Each species responded to the seven models with different frequencies of behaviours that reflected species-specific modifications of the taxes that lead coccinellids to the tops and terminal parts of plants. Some beetles consistently modified the pattern of responses on die models that was displayed by die species as a whole. The individual modifications could be selected for. The differences in frequencies of behaviours were judged to be sufficient to result in differences in the efficiency with which plants with different architectures were searched.
EVIDENCE FOR A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE APPLE BROWN BUG, ATRACTOTOMUS MALI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Smith Robert F. , Gaul Sonia O. , Borden John H. , Pierce Harold D.
Published: November 2009

The apple brown bug, Atractotomus mali (Meyer), is an economic pest of apple in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia (Rogers 1990). Feeding on developing fruit of sensitive apple varieties induces persistent corky scar tissue that reduces the quality of affected fruit. Forty-five percent of Annapolis Valley apple orchards monitored in 1992 required chemical insecticide applications to control the pest complex of A. mali and the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Craig 1992).

Female-produced sex pheromones occur in several mirid species, including the mullein bug (Smith et al. 1991) and Lygocoris communis (Knight) (Boivin and Stewart 1982). The sex pheromone of C. verbasci has been identified as a 16: 1 blend of butyl butyrate and crotyl butyrate (Smith et al. 1991). Our objective was to determine if a sex pheromone occurs in A. mali.
HISTORICAL CHANGES IN INSECT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AS INDICATED BY HEXAPODS OF UPPER CRETACEOUS ALBERTA (GRASSY LAKE) AMBER
Authors: Pike Edward M.
Published: November 2009

Species richness and relative abundance of arthropod taxa from an Upper Cretaceous (Campanian: 75 Mya) amber deposit in Alberta are described. About 130 hexapod species have been recognized to date from this deposit, making it the most diverse Cretaceous insect assemblage so far known. Taxa present, in order of abundance, are Hemiptera (66 specimens per kg), Diptera (28), Acari (21), Hymenoptera (13), Aranaea (12), Psocoptera (4), Coleoptera (2), Blattodea (1), Thysanoptera (1), and Trichoptera (0.6). Representatives of Lepidoptera, Collembola, Dermaptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, and Ephemeropteraare are also present. In the total of 65 identified families, 15 are extinct. Only one of about 77 genera identified in this deposit is extant. All recognized species are extinct. In comparison, virtually all families reported from Baltic and Dominican Republic ambers are extant, as are the majority of the genera. Morphology and feeding structures are well within the variation seen in modern insects. It is hypothesized that the taxonomic structure of modern insect communities was well established before the end of the Cretaceous and that the structure and interrelationships of insect guilds were also very similar to those of today.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF HOLOTELEIA KIEFFER (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: November 2009

The Nearctic species of the genus Holoteleia are revised. Two named species are redescribed and five new species are described: H. armigera from Florida; H. coriacea, H. laticeps, and H. polita from eastern Canada and the United States; and H. elegans, widespread east of the Rocky Mountains. A diagnosis of Holoteleia and a key to the Nearctic species are given. Potential impact of environmental degradation on the frequency of Holoteleia species in North America is discussed.
BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF MONTANE MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Liebherr James K.
Published: November 2009

Carabid taxa inhabiting the montane forests of México and Central America are analyzed using cladistic biogeographic methods. Taxa exhibiting the Nearctic, Meso-American Montane, and Paleo-American distributional patterns are included in the analysis. Widespread taxa are assumed to indicate that the areas of endemism they inhabit are closely related, and the general pattern of area relationships is determined using parsimony analysis. Of the nine areas of endemism recognized in the analysis, the Sierra Madre Oriental is considered the most distinct. The northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Arizona Mountains, and Sonoran Desert comprise one monophyletic set of areas, as do the more southerly areas of the Sierra Transvolcanica, Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapan–Guatemalan highlands, and Talamancan Cordillera. The southern Sierra Madre Occidental area of endemism is equivocally related to both areas to the north and areas to the south. Biogeographic information derived from widespread species is as congruent with the general area cladogram as information derived from groups with precinctive species, indicating that the same biogeographic barriers often limit distributions of both widespread species and more inclusive clades comprising precinctive species. Taxa exhibiting the Meso-American Montane Pattern are more congruent with the general area cladogram than those representing the Nearctic Pattern, even though they exhibit less fidelity to highland habitats.