bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SHORT‐TERM METAL STENTING FOR TREATMENT OF MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT STRICTURES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Authors: Okushima Kazumu , Yoshino Junji , Inui Kazuo , Miyoshi Hironao , Nakamura Yuta
Published: June 2005

Background:  Stricture of the main pancreatic duct associated with chronic pancreatitis is a cause of pain due to ductal high pressure and the formation of pancreatic stones, but there is no established non‐surgical therapeutic procedure. We attemped a new method for treating this condition, called short‐term metal stenting.

Methods:  In three patients who had experienced recurrent stones and pancreatitis attacks several times after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, a self‐expandable metal stent was placed into the pancreatic duct for 2–7 days.

Results:  Dilatation was successful in all cases. Over observation periods of 18–25 months (mean, 22 months) following stent withdrawal, no recurrence of stones or attacks of pancreatitis was observed.

Conclusion:  Short‐term metal stenting is an effective procedure for dilating stricture of the main pancreatic duct. It is also promising as a method for preventing recurrence of stones or episodes of pancreatitis.
A CASE OF PYOGENIC GRANULOMA IN THE SIGMOID COLON TREATED WITH ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION
Authors: Morita Tomoko , Tamura Satoru , Okawauchi Kohji , Yokoyama Yuichi , Tadokoro Takehisa , Higashidani Yoshifumi , Yamada Takayoshi , Onishi Tomoko , Onishi Saburo
Published: June 2005

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) with hemorrhagic tendency, is often recognized in the oral mucosa and skin, but rare in the gastrointestinal tract. Only 20 cases have been reported in the gastric mucosa. There have been no reports of gastrointestinal PG treated by argon plasma coagulation (APC). We report here the first case of PG in the sigmoid colon treated by APC. The patient was a 64‐year‐old woman complaining of constipation who was referred to a university hospital of Kochi Medical School. She presented with easily bleeding mucosa, as revealed by a total colonoscopic study in the sigmoid colon. Magnifying colonoscopic examination showed two sessile small polyps in the sigmoid colon. Pathological examination of the biopsy specimens revealed pyogenic granuloma. We treated this lesion by endoscopic APC. No recurrence has been found as of 9 months after APC therapy.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF METALLIC STENTING FOR MALIGNANT DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION USING COVERED SELF‐EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENT
Authors: Hayashi Kazuki , Okayama Yasutaka , Gotoh Kazuo , Ohara Hirotaka , Sano Hitoshi , Nakazawa Takahiro , Nakao Haruhisa , Joh Takashi , Itoh Makoto
Published: June 2005

Covered self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) prevents tumor ingrowth and hyperplasia, and allows long‐term patency. However, covered SEMS has rarely been used for malignant duodenal obstruction. In the present study, we applied a covered SEMS for malignant duodenal obstruction, aiming at prevention of tumor ingrowth and hyperplasia and long‐term patency, and performed clinical evaluation. The original disease was pancreas cancer in 23 patients, gallbladder cancer in two, bile duct cancer in two, Vater's papilla cancer in one, duodenal cancer in two, and metastatic tumor (uterine cancer) in one. Treatment of duodenal obstruction using a covered SEMS was successful in 30 of the 31 patients. The patients were able to ingest orally within a mean of 2 days, and 90% of the patients (27/30) were able to eat solid diets later. None of the patients reported a symptom due to obstruction of the SEMS until death. The mean duration of patency of the duodenal covered SEMS was 175 days (SD: ± 114 days). We concluded that palliative thrapy using a covered SEMS for malignant duodenal obstruction obtained good patency and it was useful thrapy.
USE OF SHORT NEEDLE KNIFE FOR ESOPHAGEAL ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION
Authors: Toyonaga Takashi , Nishino Eisei , Hirooka Takashi , Dozaiku Toshio , Sugiyama Takeshi , Iwata Yoshinori , Ono Wataru , Ueda Chie , Tomita Masafumi , Hirooka Tomoomi , Makimoto Shinichiro , Hayashibe Akira , Sonomura Tetuo
Published: June 2005

Background:  The emergence of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has enabled en bloc resection of lesions, which were conventionally difficult. However, ESD has problems of technical difficulty and high incidence of complications. In order to improve the procedure of marking and submucosal dissection in the esophagus, we modified and adjusted the standard needle knife to a short needle knife having a tip portion with a projection length of 1.5 mm.

Methods:  We treated 20 esophageal lesions with ESD using the short needle knife. We marked around the lesion with the short needle knife and performed mucosal incision of the entire circumference with a needle knife and an IT knife, then dissected the submucosal layer with the short needle knife. A Hook knife was also used in situations where muscular layers were located in the front‐view

Results:  Complete en bloc resection was performed in all 20 cases. The diameter of lesions ranged from 3 to 65 mm (median, 20 mm), and that of resected specimens ranged from 28 to 90 mm (median, 47 mm). Submucosal dissection was completed with the short needle knife alone in 13 cases in 20 (65%), and in seven cases (35%), in combination with so‐called Hook knife. The procedure was complicated in one patient with mediastinal emphysema.

Conclusions:  The short needle knife proved to be useful and safe in clear marking and submucosal dissection of esophageal lesions. It allows greater flexibility in the angle of insertion, and enables more effective and safer procedures because its full length can be inserted into the submucosa and fixed.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH CROHN's DISEASE
Authors: Leung Randal , Jones Ian T.
Published: June 2005

Aim:  To determine the clinical spectrum of Crohn's disease in a surgical practice, and to show the safety and efficacy of the range of procedures performed.

Methods:  A consecutive series of 92 patients with Crohn's disease who presented between January 1988 and August 2001 to a surgical practice were studied.

Results:  Ninety two patients (42 male, 50 female), with a mean age of 43 years (range 19–91 years) underwent surgery between January 1998 and August 2001. The mean length of follow up was 46 months (range 1–166 months). Forty patients had disease in more than one site, compared with 52 patients with single site disease. In total, 184 procedures were performed. Patients with the combination of colonic and anorectal disease required more surgical interventions than patients with other disease distributions. At follow up, all patients with disease confined to the small intestine or ileocaecal region were free of symptoms with the only nine taking medication. No patients presenting with colonic disease had symptomatic disease or were taking any anti‐inflammatory medication at time of follow up. However, in the group of patients with anorectal or the combination of colonic and anorectal disease, 42% had ongoing symptoms (predominantly anorectal). Fifteen patients had a stoma at some point during their surgical course.

Conclusion:  In a tertiary referral setting, surgical treatment of Crohn's disease can carry a low morbidity with good relief and control of symptoms when used for specific indications. Those with small bowel or colonic disease have better outcomes following surgery compared to those with anorectal disease.
EFFECT OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON RECREATIONAL AND SPORTING ACTIVITY
Authors: Chatterji Urjit , Ashworth Mark J. , Lewis Peter L. , Dobson Peter J.
Published: June 2005

Background:  Common concerns of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are whether they can continue with certain recreational and sporting activities or even commence new ones after the procedure. The present study was designed to determine preoperative and postoperative activities, the numbers participating and the time to resume these activities.

Methods:  Between 1 and 2 years after TKA, patients who had undergone 144 arthroplasties, were surveyed by postal questionnaire to ascertain how the arthroplasty had affected their recreational and sporting ability. Their preoperative and postoperative activity along with the time to resume was recorded. The Oxford knee score and estimate of physical activity was also collected.

Results:  Out of the 144 TKA performed, 122 participated in sport and recreational activity preoperatively and 108 participated postoperatively. Patients stated that the surgery had a beneficial effect on their performance of sporting and recreational activities although the number of sporting events decreased. By multiplying individuals by the number of activities they participated in, there were 254 occurrences of sport and recreational activities preoperatively giving a mean for the group of 1.76 sports/patient. Postoperatively this had reduced to 204, giving a mean of 1.41. Three activities showed a significant change for individual patients from pre‐ to postoperation. Those which showed an increase were exercise walking, where 19 patients (13.2%) who did not walk before surgery took up walking afterwards (P < 0.006) and aqua aerobics, where five took up aqua aerobics postoperatively for the first time (P < 0.025). Golf was the only sport which had a significant fall in participation from pre‐ to postoperation, with 10 out of 19 golfers giving up (P < 0.025).

Conclusion:  The present study has shown that patients are adopting lower impact activities to participate in after TKA. The total number of patients performing a sport decreases postoperatively and the total amount of sport played decreases. These data will help to counsel patients.
AGGRESSIVE SURGICAL RESECTION FOR CARCINOMA OF GALLBLADDER
Authors: Lai Eric C. H. , Lau Wan Yee
Published: June 2005

Background:  The aim of the present study was to review the long‐term result of patients with carcinoma of gallbladder with adequate investigations and aggressive surgical resection.

Methods:  A retrospective study was carried out on patients with carcinoma of gallbladder treated at the Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong from January 1997 to December 2002.

Results:  Of the 47 patients with carcinoma of gallbladder, 28 patients were treated symptomatically because they were found to have metastatic disease (n = 22), unresectable disease (n = 2) or poor associated medical disease (n = 4). One patient had carcinoma in‐situ after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. No further treatment was considered necessary. The remaining 18 patients (38.3%) came to laparotomy after preoperative investigations with ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopic or percutaneous cholangiography, and visceral angiography. Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound were used in the later part of the study. Radical cholecystectomy was carried out in 14 patients (77.8%). The in‐hospital mortality rate was 5.3% and the surgical morbidity was 31.6%. The remaining four patients underwent palliative cholecystectomy because of the extent of the disease. The overall 5‐year survival for the 47 patients was 19.1%, for the 18 patients who came to laparotomy was 44.4%, and for the 14 patients who underwent resection with curative intent was 57.1%.

Conclusions:  With adequate preoperative investigations, and the use of laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound, radical resection was possible in the majority of patients who came to laparotomy for carcinoma of gallbladder. Aggressive radical resection gave good results.
TRANSFER OF FACIALLY INJURED ROAD TRAUMA VICTIMS AND ITS IMPACT ON TREATMENT
Authors: Batstone Martin , Monsour Frank , Pattel Pamela
Published: June 2005

Background:  Road trauma is a common cause of severe facial injuries. The aim of the present study is to define patients involved, and determine the effect of their geographical origin on treatment and follow up.

Methods:  All patients over 14 years of age suffering facial injuries caused by road trauma presenting to the two study hospitals from 1994 to 1999 were identified and details were collected on demographic details and treatment.

Results:  Four hundred and nine patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority required hospital transfer. Young men were the most frequently injured group of patients. Patients from peripheral regions had significant delays in transfer and treatment. They were made fewer outpatient appointments but attended at the same frequency as patients from the immediate region of the study hospitals.

Conclusions:  To minimize delays the process of patient transfer needs to be streamlined and education of staff in peripheral hospitals undertaken regarding facial injuries.
CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME SECONDARY TO CONSTIPATION: AN UNCOMMON OCCURRENCE
Authors: Lawrentschuk Nathan , Nguyen Hung
Published: June 2005

Suspected spinal cord or cauda equina pathology is an emergency that must be dealt with swiftly, with appropriate referral and investigations. Constipation is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion, but should not be forgotten as a cause of major morbidity when severe in nature. It can mimic an acute abdomen, sepsis and even spinal cord pathology. We describe a case of cauda equina syndrome in a young man. The pathology responsible was found to be constipation with faecal impaction, once nerve and bony pathology were excluded. When treated, there was almost immediate resolution of the neurologic signs and urinary retention.
The history of social work in Australia: A critical literature review
Authors: Mendes Philip
Published: June 2005

Historical knowledge plays an important role in the development of social work identity. Yet there has been little analysis of the historical literature on social work and social workers in Australia. Attention is drawn here to both the strengths in the existing literature, and also to the major gaps in our knowledge of social work practice, education, activism and professional organisations. Arguments are considered for a greater prioritising of historical research within the social work profession.
Inter‐organisational collaboration in family‐centred practice: A framework for analysis and action
Authors: Scott Dorothy
Published: June 2005

Inter‐organisational collaboration in the human services is challenging because of the multiple and complex nature of the inherent potential sources of conflict. In this paper, a conceptual framework is advanced for assessing the sources of conflict at five levels of analysis: (i) inter‐organisational; (ii) intra‐organisational; (iii) inter‐professional; (iv) inter‐personal; and (v) intra‐personal. While yet to be systematically tested, this conceptual framework may assist practitioners, managers and policy makers in the human services to enhance collaboration across organisational and sectoral boundaries.
Co‐supervision of social work students: A model for meeting the future needs of the profession
Authors: Coulton Pauline , Krimmer Lyn
Published: June 2005

This article presents co‐supervision as an effective and efficient model for field education of social work students. In our current climate of scarce resources and with a changing workforce that is increasingly feminised and part‐time, this model provides a framework for efficient resource allocation by sharing the responsibility of field education among more than one social work supervisor. We will describe a model of co‐supervision that we have developed over a period of 6 years. We will be using the findings from our own exploratory study for this model along with practice‐based reflection to support our proposal that co‐supervision is an innovative and beneficial model for field work education of social work students.
Grief and loss theory in social work practice: All changes involve loss, just as all losses require change
Authors: Goldsworthy K. Kellie
Published: June 2005

Working with and recognising grief and loss issues have long been identified as one of the core skills of social work practice. Despite its centrality, the exploration and application of grief and loss theory from a perspective other than death and dying has received sporadic attention in social work literature. This paper begins with a personal reflection from practice, which provided the catalyst writing in the first place. The concepts of grief and loss are then discussed in relation to losses other than death and dying. An analysis of historical and contemporary theories of grief and loss will then be explored, with the author advancing a theoretically expansive approach to grief and loss. This theoretical approach is one that is consistent with social work practice and is committed to diversity of experience and clients’ strengths, as it adopts a framework for practice, which is constantly mindful of the context and meaning systems of social work clients.
Parental bereavement and youth suicide: An assessment of the literature
Authors: Maple Myfanwy
Published: June 2005

Suicide among young people in Australia remains at unacceptably high levels. Government financial contribution to the National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy in the late 1980s and 1990s has assisted in raising the profile of this issue. Although there has been a recent slight decline, young people continue to commit suicide. For each suicide death it is estimated that up to six people are directly affected. Yet, these ‘suicide survivors’ remain isolated in grief, with their experience rarely understood by those unaffected. A review of the literature suggests conflicting reports, with little detailed information gleaned directly from parents, about this experience. Often as frontline workers in suicide death, social workers are uniquely placed to appreciate the familial experience of suicide. This paper presents a review of the research literature that informs current knowledge of parental and family bereavement through suicide, highlights gaps in knowledge, and the relevance of social work practice with this group.
Integrating theory and practice: A new heuristic paradigm for social work practice
Authors: Poulter Jim
Published: June 2005

Eclecticism in social work has been criticised because interventions may be based on theories that have incompatible basic assumptions. The author offers a structural analysis of theories informing social work practice, according to each theory's basic assumptions about the nature of human society as either conflict or consensus, and human behaviour as a product of either free will or determinism. Four basic paradigms of practice in social work are created as quadrants within a circle and labelled, respectively, as the functionalist, existentialist, humanist and structuralist paradigms. The structure is then modified to establish a fifth ‘heuristic paradigm’ as an inner circle. The author suggests that heuristic paradigm theories are those that best accommodate the paradoxical coexistence of free will and determinism, and also conflict and consensus. Heuristic practice is therefore not seen simply as intuitive eclecticism, but an active and reflective use of various theories as ‘heuristic tools’ to shape practice interventions and thereby build practice wisdom.
Intracellular survival and replication of Vibrio cholerae O139 in aquatic free‐living amoebae
Authors: Abd Hadi , Weintraub Andrej , Sandström Gunnar
Published: June 2005

Vibrio cholerae is a highly infectious bacterium responsible for large outbreaks of cholera among humans at regular intervals. A seasonal distribution of epidemics is known but the role of naturally occurring habitats are virtually unknown. Plankton has been suggested to play a role, because bacteria can attach to such organisms forming a biofilm. Acanthamoebea castellanii is an environmental amoeba that has been shown to be able to ingest and promote growth of several bacteria of different origin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not an intra‐amoebic behaviour of V. cholerae O139 exists. Interaction between these microorganisms in co‐culture was studied by culturable counts, gentamicin assay, electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. The interaction resulted in intra‐amoebic growth and survival of V. cholerae in the cytoplasm of trophozoites as well as in the cysts of A. castellanii. These data show symbiosis between these microorganisms, a facultative intracellular behaviour of V. cholerae contradicting the generally held view, and a role of free‐living amoebae as hosts for V. cholerae O139. Taken together, this opens new doors to study the ecology, immunity, epidemiology, and treatment of cholera.
Multiple displacement amplification as a pre‐polymerase chain reaction (pre‐PCR) to process difficult to amplify samples and low copy number sequences from natural environments
Authors: Gonzalez Juan M. , Portillo M. Carmen , Saiz‐Jimenez Cesareo
Published: June 2005

Microbial assessment of natural biodiversity is usually achieved through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences from natural samples are often difficult to amplify because of the presence of PCR inhibitors or to the low number of copies of specific sequences. In this study, we propose a non‐specific preamplification procedure to overcome the presence of inhibitors and to increase the number of copies prior to carrying out standard amplification by PCR. The pre‐PCR step is carried out through a multiple displacement amplification (MDA) technique using random hexamers as priming oligonucleotides and Φ29 DNA polymerase in an isothermal, whole‐genome amplification reaction. Polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific priming oligonucleotides allows the selection of the sequences of interest after a preamplification reaction from complex environmental samples. The procedure (MDA‐PCR) has been tested on a natural microbial community from a hypogean environment and laboratory assemblages of known bacterial species, in both cases targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Results from the natural community showed successful amplifications using the two steps protocol proposed in this study while standard, direct PCR amplification resulted in no amplification product. Amplifications from a laboratory assemblage by the two‐step proposed protocol were successful at bacterial concentrations ≥ 10‐fold lower than standard PCR. Amplifications carried out in the presence of different concentrations of fulvic acids (a soil humic fraction) by the MDA‐PCR protocol generated PCR products at concentrations of fulvic acids over 10‐fold higher than standard PCR amplifications. The proposed procedure (MDA‐PCR) opens the possibility of detecting sequences represented at very low copy numbers, to work with minute samples, as well as to reduce the negative effects on PCR amplifications of some inhibitory substances commonly found in environmental samples.
Culturable marine actinomycete diversity from tropical Pacific Ocean sediments
Authors: Jensen Paul R. , Gontang Erin , Mafnas Chrisy , Mincer Tracy J. , Fenical William
Published: June 2005

Actinomycetes were cultivated using a variety of media and selective isolation techniques from 275 marine samples collected around the island of Guam. In total, 6425 actinomycete colonies were observed and 983 (15%) of these, representing the range of morphological diversity observed from each sample, were obtained in pure culture. The majority of the strains isolated (58%) required seawater for growth indicating a high degree of marine adaptation. The dominant actinomycete recovered (568 strains) belonged to the seawater‐requiring marine taxon ‘Salinospora’, a new genus within the family Micromonosporaceae. A formal description of this taxon has been accepted for publication (Maldonado et al., 2005) and includes a revision of the generic epithet to Salinispora gen. nov. Members of two major new clades related to Streptomyces spp., tentatively called MAR2 and MAR3, were cultivated and appear to represent new genera within the Streptomycetaceae. In total, five new marine phylotypes, including two within the Thermomonosporaceae that appear to represent new taxa, were obtained in culture. These results support the existence of taxonomically diverse populations of phylogenetically distinct actinomycetes residing in the marine environment. These bacteria can be readily cultured using low nutrient media and represent an unexplored resource for pharmaceutical drug discovery.
Variance Partitioning in Multilevel Logistic Models that Exhibit Overdispersion
Authors: Browne W. J. , Subramanian S. V. , Jones K. , Goldstein H.
Published: June 2005

A common application of multilevel models is to apportion the variance in the response according to the different levels of the data. Whereas partitioning variances is straightforward in models with a continuous response variable with a normal error distribution at each level, the extension of this partitioning to models with binary responses or to proportions or counts is less obvious. We describe methodology due to Goldstein and co-workers for apportioning variance that is attributable to higher levels in multilevel binomial logistic models. This partitioning they referred to as the variance partition coefficient. We consider extending the variance partition coefficient concept to data sets when the response is a proportion and where the binomial assumption may not be appropriate owing to overdispersion in the response variable. Using the literacy data from the 1991 Indian census we estimate simple and complex variance partition coefficients at multiple levels of geography in models with significant overdispersion and thereby establish the relative importance of different geographic levels that influence educational disparities in India.
An Evaluation of the Childhood Family Structure Measures from the Sixth Wave of the British Household Panel Survey
Authors: Francesconi Marco
Published: June 2005

The paper performs an evaluation of the data that were collected in the sixth wave of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) on childhood family structure. After comparing such data with a large number of studies by using external sources, we find that the BHPS data overestimate the proportion of people who report an experience of life in a non-intact family during childhood by about 10%. Although an explanation based on recall error that deteriorates with the age of the BHPS respondents is possible, the overestimation is likely to be accounted for by non-ignorable attrition that may affect most of the comparison studies based on longitudinal data. Conversely, comparisons with other independent measurements from the BHPS itself reveal that the wave 6 data underestimate the proportion of young people who have lived at least part of their childhood in a non-intact family by about 8%. The probability of disagreement between these two sets of measures is strongly associated with poor interview characteristics, which may affect the comparison measure more than the wave 6 measure. Despite such differences, there is therefore a substantial degree of similarity between the family structure information that was collected in the sixth wave of the BHPS and the host of highly diverse records against which it has been compared.
Working Life Expectancies: The Case of Finland 1980–2006
Authors: Nurminen Markku M. , Heathcote Christopher R. , Davis Brett A. , Puza Borek D.
Published: June 2005

Working life expectancy is the future time that a person is expected to spend in employment. The paper is concerned with its estimation jointly with the expected times spent in the related states of ‘on disability pension’ and ‘other alive’. The method, which is novel in this field, first estimates year- and age-dependent probabilities of being in the states of interest by large sample multivariate logistic regression. Estimates of probabilities, and subsequently expectancies, are given for the case of Finnish women and men aged 16–64 years for selected years in the period 1980–2001, together with projections for 2006. Since 1996 the decline in the employment of males has largely been due to the increasing popularity of early retirement. It was not due to an increase in disability. There has been no such decline for women, and the working life expectancy for males has been predicted to decline to or to fall below the initially lower figure for females by 2006. Considering that the Finnish population is aging rapidly, these trends could entail serious social and economic consequences for society in the coming years because of a looming shortage in the labour force that could undermine the sustainability of a welfare state.
De Morgan in the Prehistory of Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Rice Adrian , Seneta Eugene
Published: June 2005

Whereas the research of the 19th-century mathematician Augustus De Morgan in formal logic is fairly familiar to historians of mathematics, his work in probability is largely unknown to the modern reader. For this reason, few would be aware that this work contains a self-admitted error in probabilistic reasoning. This mistake is intriguing not only because it features in the work of someone who was so expert in logic but also because it appears to be an early example of hypothesis testing, which was a topic of much controversy in the development of mathematical statistics in the 20th century. The paper examines the mathematical and historical details of De Morgan's error.
Judicial Waivers of Parental Consent for Abortion: Tennessee's Troubles Putting Policy into Practice*
Authors: SILVERSTEIN HELENA , FISHMAN WAYNE , FRANCIS EMILY , SPEITEL LEANNE
Published: June 2005

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, minors seeking abortions are entitled to petition for relief from state‐mandated parental consent. To facilitate the actualization of this right, Tennessee included procedural mechanisms that go beyond those in effect in most states in its parental consent statute. This paper examines whether these additional mechanisms allow Tennessee to succeed where other states have failed. Our findings indicate that these mechanisms mitigate to some extent the sort of implementation failure observed in other states. However, the magnitude of this mitigation is not sufficient to establish that parental consent statutes can be implemented in accordance with Supreme Court requirements.
The Impact of Regulations on Firms: A Case Study of the Biotech Industry*
Authors: CORNELIUSSEN FILIPPA
Published: June 2005

Drawing on semi‐structured interviews carried out with founders, managers, and senior scientists in start‐up biotech firms, this paper illustrates that the socio‐legal literature's characterization of small firms as less compliance oriented is too neat. Small firms do not necessarily have a limited knowledge and comprehension of the law. Nor do they necessarily have low levels of motivation to improve and maintain health and safety standards. In fact, the opposite may be true. Small firms may approach the regulatory ideal where the routines, procedures, and precautionary measures prescribed by regulations permeate the organizations.
Indigenous Peoples and Sustainable Development Subprojects in Brazilian Amazonia: The Challenges of Interculturality*
Authors: LITTLE PAUL E.
Published: June 2005

The implementation of sustainable development projects for Indigenous peoples in Brazilian Amazonia by the Pilot Program for the Protection of Brazilian Tropical Forests has generated new types of intercultural relations between the dominant society and local Indigenous communities. This article analyzes sixteen of these projects focussing upon (1) sociocultural relations, in which two different administrative and political systems come into contact and require the adoption by Indigenous peoples of a Western “project” format to meet their social and environmental needs, and (2) interscientific relations, whereby unresolved legal issues concerning the use of and access to Indigenous knowledge by members and institutions of the wider society are exacerbated.
The Blameworthiness of Health and Safety Rule Violations*
Authors: MASCINI PETER
Published: June 2005

Man‐made disasters usually lead to the tightening of safety regulations, because rule breaking is seen as a major cause of them. This reaction is based on the assumptions that the safety rules are good and that the rule‐breakers are wrong. The reasons the personnel of a coke factory gave for breaking rules raise doubt about the tenability of these assumptions. It is unlikely that this result would have been achieved on the basis of a disaster evaluation, or high‐reliability theory. In both approaches, knowledge of the consequences of human conduct hinders an unprejudiced judgement about where the blame for rule breaking lies.
Behavioural and emotional problems of children by type of out‐of‐home care in Croatia
Authors: Ajduković Marina , Franz Branka Sladović
Published: June 2005

The aim of this article is to compare the kinds of behavioural and emotional problems of youth in relation to type of out‐of‐home placement in Croatia. Children living in children's homes manifest significantly more behavioural and emotional problems than other groups of children in out‐of‐home care or children living in their primary families. Children living in foster families or in family‐type homes integrated in the community do not differ from a comparative group of children living in primary families. Regardless of differences among sub‐samples regarding behavioural and emotional problems, the current problems of individual children in all groups of children in out‐of‐home placement were connected more to currently experienced stressors than to unfavourable circumstances before their removal. This indicates that there are benefits to be gained by improving services in the children's present care environment.
Inside the Black Box: what constitutes a day in a residential treatment centre?
Authors: Libby Anne M. , Coen Anita Saranga , Price David A. , Silverman Karen , Orton Heather D.
Published: June 2005

Residential Treatment Centres (RTCs) provide 24‐hour care and mental health services to young people, many of whom are referred from county departments that oversee services to young people involved with child welfare services, mental health services and corrections. While RTCs are required to provide mental health services to young people, the regulations governing these programmes have few specific requirements about the process, content or duration of treatment. Therefore, many questions have arisen about what a typical RTC day looks like and whether it differs among providers or differs based on the severity or type of the young person's mental‐health related behaviours and symptoms. This study conducted interviews with RTC providers in the State of Colorado on this topic. Most RTC services were relatively uniform across case types within each RTC. It appears that with a few exceptions, a similar set of services is provided to all young people, regardless of their problems.
A dream come true – no more residential care. A corrective note
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Hansen Patricia
Published: June 2005

This note is about the attempt by the Australian State and Territory child care and protection systems to do without residential programmes. It traces the process of moving to this position and the historical and policy imperatives that supported this service direction. It also outlines the consequences of the absence of 24 hours‐a‐day 7‐days‐a‐week residential education or treatment programmes for difficult and disturbed young people. It is both a cautionary and corrective note designed to underline the need for some specialised and highly selective residential programmes as part of any mature child care and protection system. This is something that Australia forgot.
Global standards for the education and training of the social work profession*
Authors: Sewpaul Vishanthie , Jones David
Published: June 2005

This is the final document adopted at the IASSW and IFSW General Assemblies in Adelaide, Australia, 2004. However, as the use, implementation and review of the Global Standards is to remain a dynamic process, please send your comments or recommendations to Vishanthie Sewpaul.
Jasmonic acid induces rapid changes in carbon transport and partitioning inPopulus
Authors: Babst Benjamin A. , Ferrieri Richard A. , Gray Dennis W. , Lerdau Manuel , Schlyer David J. , Schueller Michael , Thorpe Michael R. , Orians Colin M.
Published: June 2005

Here, we tested whether rapid changes in carbohydrate transport and partitioning to storage organs would be induced by jasmonic acid (JA), a plant‐produced signal of herbivore attack known to induce resistance.

Carbon‐11, introduced as11CO2, was used to track real‐time carbohydrate transport and partitioning nondestructively inPopulusspecies before and 12 h after application of JA to a single leaf.

Jasmonic acid resulted in more rapid [11C]‐photosynthate export from both local and systemic leaves, as well as greater partitioning of [11C]‐photosynthate to the stem and roots. InPopulus tremuloides, following JA treatment, leaf starch decreased, but there was no change in photosynthetic rates or leaf soluble sugar concentration, indicating that recent photosynthate was diverted from starch accumulation in the leaf to other plant organs.

Increasing the supply of photosynthate to roots and stems may shield resources from folivorous predators, and may also facilitate both storage and nutrient uptake, and ultimately lead to greater tolerance, either by enhancing regrowth capacity or by replacing nutrients consumed by herbivores.
Elevated CO2 reduces leaf damage by insect herbivores in a forest community
Authors: Knepp Rachel G. , Hamilton Jason G. , Mohan Jacqueline E. , Zangerl Arthur R. , Berenbaum May R. , DeLucia Evan H.
Published: June 2005

By altering foliage quality, exposure to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 potentially affects the amount of herbivore damage experienced by plants.

Here, we quantified foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, C : N ratio, phenolic levels, specific leaf area (SLA) and the amount of leaf tissue damaged by chewing insects for 12 hardwood tree species grown in plots exposed to elevated CO2 (ambient plus 200 µl l−1) using free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) over 3 yr.

The effects of elevated CO2 varied considerably by year and across species. Elevated CO2 decreased herbivore damage across 12 species in 1 yr but had no detectable effect in others. Decreased damage may have been related to lower average foliar N concentration and SLA and increased C : N ratio and phenolic content for some species under elevated compared with ambient CO2. It remains unclear how these changes in leaf properties affect herbivory.

Damage to the leaves of hardwood trees by herbivorous insects may be reduced in the future as the concentration of CO2 continues to increase, perhaps altering the trophic structure of forest ecosystems.
Activity profiling of ectomycorrhiza communities in two forest soils using multiple enzymatic tests
Authors: Courty Pierre‐Emmanuel , Pritsch Karin , Schloter Michael , Hartmann Anton , Garbaye Jean
Published: June 2005

Data on the diversity and distribution of enzyme activities in native ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities are inadequate.

A microplate multiple enzymatic test was developed which makes it possible to measure eight enzyme activities on 14 individual, excised ECM root tips. Hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes are involved in the decomposition of lignocellulose, chitin and phosphorus‐containing organic compounds. This test system was used to describe the functional diversity of ECM communities in two forest sites.

This set of tests proved to be accurate and sensitive enough to reveal a high diversity of activity profiles, depending on the fungal symbiont and the soil horizon. Ectomycorrhizas can be classified into specialists and generalists, and appear to complement each other in the same horizon to collectively perform all eight activities studied.

By including a higher number of different assays for more detailed analyses, ECM activity profiling will provide a valuable tool for studying the functional diversity of ECM communities.
Links between tree species, symbiotic fungal diversity and ecosystem functioning in simplified tropical ecosystems
Authors: Lovelock Catherine E. , Ewel John J.
Published: June 2005

We studied the relationships among plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity, and their effects on ecosystem function, in a series of replicate tropical forestry plots in the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica.

Forestry plots were 12 yr old and were either monocultures of three tree species, or polycultures of the tree species with two additional understory species. Relationships among the AM fungal spore community, host species, plant community diversity and ecosystem phosphorus‐use efficiency (PUE) and net primary productivity (NPP) were assessed.

Analysis of the relative abundance of AM fungal spores found that host tree species had a significant effect on the AM fungal community, as did host plant community diversity (monocultures vs polycultures). The Shannon diversity index of the AM fungal spore community differed significantly among the three host tree species, but was not significantly different between monoculture and polyculture plots. Over all the plots, significant positive relationships were found between AM fungal diversity and ecosystem NPP, and between AM fungal community evenness and PUE. Relative abundance of two of the dominant AM fungal species also showed significant correlations with NPP and PUE.

We conclude that the AM fungal community composition in tropical forests is sensitive to host species, and provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that the diversity of AM fungi in tropical forests and ecosystem NPP covaries.
The potential for adaptive evolution of pollen grain size in Mimulus guttatus
Authors: Lamborn Ellen , Cresswell James E. , Macnair Mark R.
Published: June 2005

We tested whether pollen grain size (PGS) shows heritable variation in three independent populations of Mimulus guttatus by imposing artificial selection for this character. In addition, we looked for correlated responses to selection in a range of 15 other floral characters.

Heritable variation in PGS was found in all three populations, with heritabilities of between 19 and 40% (average 30%). After three generations, upward and downward lines differed on average by 30% in pollen volume.

No consistent patterns of correlated response were found in other characters, indicating that PGS can respond to selective forces acting on PGS alone.

Possible selection mechanisms on PGS in this species could include intermale selection, if large pollen grains produce more competitive gametophytes; or optimization of patterns of resource allocation, if local mate competition varies.
Genetic transformation: a powerful tool for dissection of adaptive traits in trees
Authors: Busov Victor B. , Brunner Amy M. , Meilan Richard , Filichkin Sergei , Ganio Lisa , Gandhi Sonali , Strauss Steven H.
Published: June 2005

Plant transformation and regeneration systems have become indispensable parts of gene discovery and functional characterization over the last two decades. Adoption of transformation methods in studies of plant adaptation to natural environments has been slow. This is a result of poor genomic knowledge and inefficient transformation systems for species dominating terrestrial ecosystems, and logistical difficulties in conducting field tests of genetically engineered organisms. In trees, where long generation cycles, high background polymorphism, large sizes and outcrossing systems of mating make production of near‐isogenic lines and large experiments difficult, transformation is an attractive alternative for establishing direct linkages between genes and adaptively significant phenotypes. Here, we outline the capabilities, challenges, and prospects for transformation to become a significant tool for studying the ecophysiological adaptation of trees to the environment. Focusing on poplars (genusPopulus) as model system, we describe how transformation‐based approaches can provide insights into the genes that control adaptive traits. The availability of the poplar genome sequence, along with its large expressed sequences tag (EST) databanks, facile transformation and rapid growth, enable reverse genetic approaches to be used to test virtually any hypothesis of gene function.
Variation in frequency of hybrids and spatial structure among Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) contact sites
Authors: Aldridge George
Published: June 2005

Rates of hybridization vary among angiosperm taxa. Among‐taxon variation in hybridization rate has been used to compare the importance of pre‐ and post‐zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. Variation in rates of hybridization within a single‐species pair would suggest that local conditions also affect reproductive isolation within a single taxonomic context.

In this study, contact sites of Ipomopsis aggregata–Ipomopsis tenuituba were surveyed for variation in frequency of hybrids, and spatial structure. Floral morphology was used to identify parent species and hybrids in seven contact sites in the western Rocky Mountains, USA.

Contact sites varied widely in elevational range, the degree to which morphological variation was clinal rather than mosaic and the frequency of hybrids. Two sites provided a strong contrast between a clinal, unimodal site and a mosaic, bimodal site.

This natural variation among contact sites of the same species pair provides an opportunity to assess the effect of local ecological conditions and spatial structure of parent populations on reproductive isolation, while controlling for between‐taxon variation.
The influence of cycloplegia in objective refraction
Authors: Jorge J. , Queiros A. , González‐Méijome J. , Fernandes P. , Almeida J. B. , Parafita M. A.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare refractions measured with an autorefractor and by retinoscopy with and without cycloplegia. The objective refractions were performed in 199 right eyes from 199 healthy young adults with a mean age of 21.6 ± 2.66 years. The measurements were performed first without cycloplegia and repeated 30 min later with cycloplegia. Data were analysed using Fourier decomposition of the power profile. More negative values of component M and J0 were given by non‐cycloplegic autorefraction compared with cycloplegic autorefraction (p < 0.0001). However more positive values for the J45 vector were given by non‐cycloplegic autorefraction, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.233). By retinoscopy, more negative values of component M were obtained with non‐cycloplegic retinoscopy (p < 0.0001); for the cylindrical vectors J0 and J45 the retinoscopy without cycloplegia yields more negative values (p = 0.234; p = 0.112, respectively). Accepting that differences between cycloplegic and non‐cycloplegic retinoscopy are only due to the accommodative response, the present results confirm that when performed by an experienced clinician, retinoscopy is a more reliable method to obtain the objective starting point for refraction under non‐cycloplegic conditions.