bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiosyncratic Risk, Borrowing Constraints and Asset Prices
Authors: Mehrling Perry
Published: March 2003

This paper joins the standard consumption‐based asset‐pricing model (Lucas 1978) with a Bewley‐type model of self‐insurance (Bewley 1983) in order to analyse the interaction of systemic and idiosyncratic risk in determining the structure of asset prices. The model suggests that idiosyncratic risk affects asset prices both through a direct price effect and an indirect portfolio composition effect which may offset the price effect. The quantitative importance of these two effects is shown to depend on parameters of the model which have not previously been the focus of simulation studies.
Income Distribution and Monopoly: Price and Quantity Patterns with Intra‐ and Inter‐class Income Dispersion
Authors: Benassi Corrado , Cellini Roberto , Chirco Alessandra
Published: March 2003

We analyze the direction of the co‐movements of price and output in a monopolistic market when an expansive shock occurs. Price and quantity patterns are shown to depend on the consumers' income distribution. In particular, a low degree of income dispersion is associated with price and quantity reacting in opposite directions to demand shocks.
Voices Unheard: Barriers to Expressing Dissatisfaction to Health Plans
Authors: Schlesinger Mark , Mitchell Shannon , Elbel Brian
Published: March 2003

As american medicine and health policy have incorporated market perspectives, the emphasis on patients' ability to act as effective consumers has grown. Empowering consumers is expected to achieve two goals (Andreason 1988). First, informed consumers can protect themselves from inadequate or inequitable treatment. Second, their actions can provide incentives for health plans to improve the quality of care for all enrollees. To produce these effects, consumers must be able to assess their health care experiences accurately and take appropriate action when they believe the plan has not performed satisfactorily. In recent years, state and federal policies to facilitate medical consumerism have been designed to expand consumer options, improve their decision‐making abilities, and provide supportive services (Pollitz, Dallek, and Tapay 1998; Rodwin 2001). During the 1990s, many private employers pursued similar policies for their workers (Maxwell et al. 1998).

Consumers dissatisfied with their health plan can either "exit" (switch service providers) or "voice" (complain to the current provider). Policymakers' efforts to help consumers voice their dissatisfaction to health plans or external mediators have been disappointing, in part because little is known about the determinants of voice. This article represents the first comprehensive assessment of voicing in response to problematic experiences with health plans. A national consumer survey from 1999 is used to test hypotheses about characteristics of problems, patients, and settings that might inhibit voice and assess state regulations intended to enhance voice. Although problems associated with plans led to more voice than exit, voice is circumscribed by several factors: certain groups, such as racial minorities, do not express their grievances as often; episodes with severe health consequences for patients are not reported as regularly. The findings suggest that even though regulatory initiatives have not increased the frequency of voice, they have made grievances more effective, at least in jurisdictions where citizens know about the laws.
Medical Necessity in Canadian Health Policy: Four Meanings and . . . a Funeral?
Authors: Charles Cathy , Lomas Jonathan , Giacomini Bhatia Mita, Vandna , Vincent Victoria A.
Published: March 2003

Four meanings of medical necessity have emerged, evolved, and dominated past and current health policy debates about the appropriate level of service coverage under Canada's health insurance program. To explore the shift in definition, provincial government and national health care association position papers responding to federal legislative and policy reviews of Canada's health insurance program from 1957 to 1984 were examined, as were more current reports on medical necessity. Four meanings of medical necessity predominated: “what doctors and hospitals do”; “the maximum we can afford”; “what is scientifically justified”; and “what is consistently funded across all provinces.“ These meanings changed with time as different stakeholder associations and governments redefined the concept of medical necessity to achieve different policy objectives for health service coverage under Canada's health insurance program.
Informing Consumer Decisions in Health Care: Implications from Decision‐Making Research
Authors: Hibbard Judith H. , Slovic Paul , Jewett Jacquelyn J.
Published: March 2003

Despite the wider dissemination of health plan report cards, little is known about whether consumers will use this information in making plan and provider choices. Studies of human judgment and decision making are reviewed, as are their implications for devising strategies to inform consumers. The limitations of human information processing suggest that many consumers will not use performance information in making choices. Strategies are needed to support consumers who prefer to rely on intermediaries as well as those who wish to apply the information for their own use. Many current strategies are based on assumptions not supported by existing decision‐making research. Although there is much to learn about assisting consumers in making informed choices, a great deal is known from decision‐making research. Our approaches and our research agenda must be based on this existing foundation of knowledge.
Separate but Lethal: The Effects of Economic Segregation on Mortality in Metropolitan America
Authors: Waitzman Norman J. , Smith Ken R.
Published: March 2003

The increase in income inequality in the United States over the past 20 years has been accompanied by a pronounced increase in economic segregation in urban areas. No research to date has analyzed the potential effects of such spatial segregation on mortality. To investigate these effects, the mortality experience of respondents aged 30 years and older on the 1986‐94 National Health Interview Surveys residing in any one of 30 large metropolitan areas in the United States was analyzed. Concentrated poverty was associated with significantly elevated risk of mortality, even after controlling for individual household income. Concentrated affluence showed a consistent, protective effect only among the elderly. The effects were most pronounced among the poor, but were not confined to them. Urban planning should take into account the effects associated with economic residential segregation.
Social and Economic Disparities in Health: Thoughts about Intervention
Authors: Syme S. Leonard
Published: March 2003

It is now well established that inequalities in income lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. Certain explanations for this phenomenon are explored: (1) Instead of income inequalities causing disease, the inequalities are determined by powerful cultural forces. (2) The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. (3) Wealthier people can buy the means to protect their health. (4) Poorer people suffer not from poverty, but from relative deprivation. (5) Those with the weakest genes drift into the lower income groups. It is difficult to develop interventions directed to these possibilities. The concept of “control and destiny” is a possible explanation for the relation between inequalities and disease; unlike the other explanations, this idea is amenable to intervention.
Community Care for People with Chronic Conditions: An Analysis of Nine Studies of Health and Social Service Utilization in Ontario
Authors: Watt Susan , Browne Gina , Gafni Amiram , Roberts Jacqueline , Byrne Carolyn
Published: March 2003

A series of studies conducted in the same region found that programmatic, community‐based health and social service interventions have a positive impact on client well‐being. These proactive interventions, designed to address the full range of health and social needs, were usually provided at the same–or even lower–costs as uncoordinated, illness‐focused care. The results of this series suggest that across‐the‐board health care reduction, atleast in a system of national health insurance, will produce poorer results, at higher cost, for people with chronic conditions living in the community. Policy planners need more research that concentrates on comparisons of outcomes between and within different models of health and social service delivery. The studies should be designed to help them determine who benefits from different serviceconfigurations carried out within a range of policy environments at various costs.
The Prevalence of Hospital Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Services: Good News, Bad News, and Policy Implications
Authors: Olden Peter C. , Clement Dolores G.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, American health care has shifted toward an emphasis on population health in communities. National data from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals are used to describe the prevalence of 26 services provided by general hospitals that could contribute to health promotion and disease prevention (HPDP). Cross‐sectional descriptive analyses, based on national data sources, linked HPDP services to hospital characteristics, and factor analysis identified significant categories of HPDP activities. The results showed that many specific HPDP services are offered by thousands of hospitals, but prevalence, distribution, and availability of the services are uneven across the size and ownership of hospitals and their communities. Policy initiatives could increase the prevalence of hospitals’ health promotion and disease prevention services, thereby improving the health status of their communities.
Potential and Active Family Caregivers: Changing Networks and the ‘Sandwich Generation’
Authors: Spillman Brenda C. , Pezzin Liliana E.
Published: March 2003

Informal family care giving has been a traditional mainstay of care for the frail elderly. As the Baby Boomers approach retirement and old age, it is not clear that society can continue to rely on informal arrangements. The 1984 and 1994 National Long Term Care Surveys were used as sources for examining changes over a decade in the population of chronically disabled elderly, their sources of care, and the characteristics of family caregivers. The results showed that although the total number of active family caregivers declined, a constant number of primary caregivers was looking after recipients who were more severely disabled. Members of the ‘sandwich generation’ and full‐time workers maintained or even increased their participation as primary caregivers. The competing demands confronting these caregivers and the higher disability levels among care recipients probably contributed to the growing pattern of reliance on formal care, a situation that is likely to continue.
Capitation and Risk Adjustment in Health Care Financing: An International Progress Report
Authors: Rice Nigel , Smith Peter C.
Published: March 2003

In every system of health care, capitation payments have become the accepted tool used by health care purchasers in much of the developed world to determine prospective budgets. The policy prescription of capitation is perceived to address both equity objectives (of great importance in publicly funded systems of health care) and efficiency objectives (the dominant concern in competitive insurance markets). An examination of the current state of the art in 20 countries outside the United States in which health care capitation has been implemented confirms that capitation has assumed central importance within diverse systems of health care. In practice, however, the setting of capitation payments has been heavily constrained to date by poor data availability and unsatisfactory analytic methodology.
Improving the Quality of Health Care in the United Kingdom and the United States: A Framework for Change
Authors: Ferlie Ewan B. , Shortell Stephen M.
Published: March 2003

Fueled by public incidents and growing evidence of deficiencies in care, concern over the quality and outcomes of care has increased in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Both countries have launched a number of initiatives to deal with these issues. These initiatives are unlikely to achieve their objectives without explicit consideration of the multilevel approach to change that includes the individual, group/team, organization, and larger environment/system level. Attention must be given to issues of leadership, culture, team development, and information technology at all levels. A number of contingent factors influence these efforts in both countries, which must each balance a number of tradeoffs between centralization and decentralization in efforts to sustain the impetus for quality improvement over time. The multilevel change framework and associated properties provide a framework for assessing progress along the journey.
The Utility of Social Capital in Research on Health Determinants
Authors: Macinko James , Starfield Barbara
Published: March 2003

Social capital has become a popular subject in the literature on determinants of health. The concept of social capital has been used in the sociological, political science, and economic development literatures, as well as in the health inequalities literature. Analysis of its use in the health inequalities literature suggests that each theoretical tradition has conceptualized social capital differently. Health researchers have employed a wide range of social capital measures, borrowing from several theoretical traditions. Given the wide variation in these measures and an apparent lack of consistent theoretical or empirical justification for their use, conclusions about the likely role of “social capital” on population health may be overstated or even misleading. Elements of a research agenda are proposed to further elucidate the potential role of factors currently subsumed under the rubric of “social capital.”
Trust in Physicians and Medical Institutions: What Is It, Can It Be Measured, and Does It Matter?
Authors: Hall Mark A. , Dugan Elizabeth , Zheng Beiyao , Mishra Aneil K.
Published: March 2003

Despite the profound and pervasive importance of trust in medical settings, there is no commonly shared understanding of what trust means, and little is known about what difference trust actually makes, what factors affect trust, and how trust relates to other similar attitudes and behaviors. To address this gap in understanding, the emerging theoretical, empirical, and public policy literature on trust in physicians and in medical institutions is reviewed and synthesized. Based on this review and additional research and analysis, a formal definition and conceptual model of trust is presented, with a review of the extent to which this model has been confirmed by empirical studies. This conceptual and empirical understanding has significance for ethics, law, and public policy.
1. The Organization and Financing of Health Services for Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Dejong Gerben , Palsbo Susan E. , Beatty Phillip W.
Published: March 2003

Over the last 30 years, the nation has witnessed a material change in the status of Americans with disabilities: no longer are they at the periphery of American political and social life but now are increasingly represented in the mainstream of American community life. What started almost as a quixotic social movement in the early 1970s has matured into a social and political force that has altered how most Americans view individuals with disabilities. The most widely known achievement of the movement is the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, commonly referred to as the “civil rights act for individuals with disabilities.”

Despite these successes and a decade of strong economic growth, people with disabilities lag behind in many areas of American life, especially employment and health care. About half of working‐age individuals with disabilities report that they are not working, and for those persons with the most severe disabilities, this proportion is 69 percent (U.S. Department of Commerce 2001).

Americans with disabilities are rarely considered a distinct group of health care users in the same way as are older Americans, children, racial and ethnic minorities, and others who are perceived to have different needs and access issues. Indeed, to some extent individuals with disabilities overlap with all these groups. But they also have distinct needs with material implications for the organization, delivery, and financing of health care services. Despite the disproportionate health care needs and expenditures of many‐‐‐though not all‐‐‐individuals with disabilities, the mainstream health services research community has largely neglected them. This article outlines the most pressing health service research issues in addressing the health care needs of individuals with disabilities.
Evolutionary Theory Meets Cognitive Psychology: A More Selective Perspective
Authors: Shapiro Lawrence , Epstein William
Published: March 2003

L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, leaders in the field of evolutionary psychology, have claimed that an evolutionary perspective toward psychology requires both that psychologists conceive of psychological processes as domain specific and that psychologists view all adaptive behavior as the product of cognition. In fact, we argue, an evolutionary perspective commits psychology to neither of these positions. The real value of evolutionary theory for psychology, we contend, lies in the heuristic role it plays in determining the function of psychological mechanisms and in the depth it contributes to explanations of why psychological processes have the properties they do.
Simulation, Theory‐Theory and Cognitive Penetration: No ‘Instance of the Fingerpost’
Authors: Greenwood John D.
Published: March 2003

In this paper it is argued that studies involving subjects who attempt to verbally predict the outcome of experiments concerning unexpected and surprising psychological processes do not constitute a critical test of simulation theories. The failure of ‘observer‐subjects’ to predict the outcome of such experiments does not demonstrate that their anticipatory abilities are ‘cognitively penetrable’ and thus based upon theory, as Nichols, Stich, Leslie and Klein (1996) maintain. This is because such studies are based upon the doubtful assumption that our ability to verbally predict another’s behaviour is a reliable measure of our ability to anticipate it. It is suggested that studies involving nonverbal measures of our anticipatory capacities would constitute a more decisive test of simulation theory.
External Accounts of Folk Psychology, Eliminativism, and the Simulation Theory
Authors: Pust Joel
Published: March 2003

Stich and Ravenscroft (1994) distinguish between internal and external accounts of folk psychology and argue that this distinction makes a significant difference to the debate over eliminative materialism. I argue that their views about the implications of the internal/external distinction for the debate over eliminativism are mistaken. First, I demonstrate that the first of their two external versions of folk psychology is either not a possible target of eliminativist critique, or not a target distinct from their second version of externalism. Second, I show that whether or not the second of their two external version of folk psychology is open to eliminativist critique depends on ‘internal’ factors. Finally, I argue that they are wrong to claim that eliminativists might, by attacking external versions of folk psychology, escape being put out of business if the simulation theory is correct.
Scientific Progress and the Fregean Legacy
Authors: Levine Alexander T.
Published: March 2003

Twentieth century philosophy of science has been dominated by a view of language with a strong prejudice against psychology, even while empirical psychology has moved away from the nineteenth century philosophical psychology against which the prejudice was originally directed. This legacy is shown to dominate even in recent Kripke‐inspired efforts toward new theories of meaning. Its influence is argued to undermine prospects for making sense of such phenomena as scientific progress. Avoiding this consequence requires that we pursue a psychologically informed theory of meaning.
Fregean Equivocation and Ramsification on Sparse Theories: Response to McCullagh
Authors: Bealer George
Published: March 2003

The paper, which begins with a brief summary of my anti‐functionalist ‘Argument from Self‐consciousness’, has two main goals. First, to show that this argument is not guilty of a Fregean equivocation regarding embedded mental predicates, as has been suggested by Mark McCullagh and others. Second, to show the argument cannot be avoided by weakening the psychological theory upon which reductive functional definitions are based. Specifically, it does no good to excise psychological principles involving embedded mental predicates. Why? Because reductive functional definitions based on the resulting sparse theories are exposed to an interesting new family of counterexamples.
‘Theory of Mind’ and Tracking Speakers’ Intentions
Authors: Happé Francesca , Loth Eva
Published: March 2003

Typical theory of mind tasks assess children’s ability to attribute a false belief in order to predict or explain an action. According to these standard tasks, young children do not represent the independent (mistaken) beliefs of others until the fourth year—yet long before this, children are able to track speakers’ intentions in order to learn new words. Might communication be a privileged domain for theory of mind? In the present study we explored pre‐schoolers’ ability to track a false belief in order to acquire a novel word. A puppet labeled a novel object in a false belief condition (contents of a box had been switched without her knowledge), and a true belief condition (contents switched in her presence). Children were significantly better at tracking the puppet’s false belief in the word‐learning task than in a standard false belief test. Possible reasons for this advantage are discussed, and the suggestion made that representation of mental states may emerge precociously in the service of communication.
Natural Law and Perfect Community: Contributions of Christian Platonism to Political Theory
Authors: O'Donovan Joan Lockwood
Published: March 2003

This paper undertakes two tasks. Firstly, it argues that the concept of subjective rights has no place in a Christian ethic of community, even in a “natural‐law” ethic, because it is wedded, both historically and necessarily, to a theologically doubtful foundation of individual and collective proprietorship of human and non‐human nature. Secondly, it elaborates and alternative communal ethic of love, law and natural order from within the Augustinian Platonist tradition of individual and collective non‐proprietorship, concentrating on the theological contributions made by the medieval Franciscans (especially St. Bonaventure) and later by John Wyclif.
Jointism and the Role of the Workplace Union in the auto‐components Industry
Authors: Black John , McCabe Darren
Published: March 2003

This article is part of a case study history, from the British auto‐components industry involving a changing workplace regime from the late 1970s through to the 1990s. Employing the concepts of ‘dual commitment’ and ‘incorporation’ we explore, partly through the voices of participants, the process of involvement in that regime. We consider the implications for how trade unions might respond to policies on ‘jointism’, and for management vis‐a‐vis the choices on union involvement or anti union strategies.
Servicing the media: freelancing, teleworking and ‘enterprising’ careers
Authors: Baines Susan
Published: March 2003

This article examines the working lives of people offering services to the media on a freelance basis. Almost all work from home using information and communication technologies but isolation in the home is not the norm as most maintain extensive personal networks in the industry. Nevertheless, popular imagery of the ‘electronic cottage’ and the ‘virtual organisation only superficially capture their experiences. Insecurity and weakness in the market are suggested by histories of redundancy and dependence on single client organisations including former employers.
Towards a flexible future? The nature of organisational response in the clothing industry
Authors: Sels Luc , Huys Rik
Published: March 2003

Quick response behaviour is a necessity in the clothing industry. It was expected that the requirements for this would show a number of dysfunctions in the Taylorist production concept. However, it is concluded that the way in which clothing companies are attempting to reorganise their processes can be termed ‘intensification’: changes designed to increase productivity without substantial reorganisation of the Taylorist production concept.
Entrapped by the ‘electronic panopticon’? Worker resistance in the call centre
Authors: Bain Peter , Taylor Phil
Published: March 2003

This article presents a thoroughgoing critique of Fernie and Metcalf’s perspective, that the call centre is characterised by the operation of an ‘electronic panopticon’ in which supervisory power has been ‘rendered perfect’. Drawing on evidence from a telecommunications call centre the authors analyse the significance of emerging forms of employee resistance.
At home on the electronic frontier: work, gender and the information highway
Authors: Bryant Susan
Published: March 2003

This article presents the findings of field research investigating the experiences of a wide spectrum of home‐based information workers within the context of discourses on technological change and labour market restructuring. The social relations being (re)produced in such settings, particularly as they relate to both common‐sense and theoretical notions of flexibility, are analysed.
Video conferencing meetings: Changing patterns of business communication
Authors: Panteli Niki , Dawson Patrick
Published: March 2003

Electronic mediated communication is an increasingly popular form of communication within and across organisations. This paper presents research on the implementation, training and use of video‐conferencing systems on different sites of a multi‐national oil company. We find that error, delay but mainly social costs influence the choice and use of this communication medium.
Have the Seeds of Japanese Teamworking Taken Root Abroad?
Authors: Morita Masaya
Published: March 2003

Whether or not the Japanese work organisation may be considered teamworking is debated, especially by European researchers. In this paper four characteristics of the Japanese work organisation are outlined. These characteristics are typical for this form of teamworking. Empirical data are presented on its transfer to China and the United Kingdom.
New technology and changing organisational forms: implications for managerial control and skills
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Cooke Fang–Lee , Grugulis Irena , Vincent Steve
Published: March 2003

Changes in organisational forms are central to the way new technologies impact on the future of work and employment. Drawing on case–study evidence of a call centre and its client relations and a multinational IT firm and its partnership with a government department, this paper explores the implications for skill and managerial control.
Supply Prospects and Network Integration in the European Natural Gas Sector
Authors: Bergmann Burckhard
Published: March 2003

At least for the next 10–15 years, natural gas will be the fastest‐growing energy form in Europe, with a higher rate of growth in consumption (from a lower base) in central Europe than in western Europe. Although most of the prospective demand until 2010 is covered by signed import contracts and indigenous production, important additional gas supply capacity still has to be developed out of a plenitude of reserves within and (in the long run primarily) outside western and central Europe. The real problem is how to mobilise the reserves economically and direct them towards the European market, in competition with other markets.

Europe has a sophisticated transmission system whose development has gone hand‐in‐hand with long‐term import agreements. Among the missing links is the Interconnector, which, at the end of 1998, is due to integrate the UK and Ireland into mainland Europe. This is expected to enhance security of supply in both areas, to balance prices and maybe also to foster ideas of liberalisation.

Overall, the European gas industry is in an excellent position to develop the supply of gas in an environmentally benign way. The future belongs all the more to natural gas, the fewer the mistakes that are made when it comes to matters of legal frameworks and taxation.
Technology, oil reserve depletion and the myth of the reserves‐to‐production ratio
Authors: Salameh Mamdouh G.
Published: March 2003

In the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis, a multiplication of ideas and the development of novel concepts have opened the way to an entirely new oil universe made up of spectacular innovations and technological challenges, such as 3D seismic surveying, horizontal drilling, submersible platforms, offshore drilling at greater depths and enhanced recovery systems, to name but a few.

Because of these advances, the global oil demand‐supply picture has undergone a transformation beyond recognition. Between 1973 and 1997, the world's proven oil reserves have grown from 579 billion barrels to 1,037 bn b at the end of 1997, despite the consumption of 571 bn b during the same period. Yet, despite these great strides, technology cannot breathe new life into commercially depleted reserves, nor can it create new reserves where none exist.

This paper argues that “conventional” oil will soon be approaching the last phase of its cycle, probably by 2040. It also discusses the concept of the reserves‐to‐production ratio and its shortcomings as a measure of the length‐of‐life of global oil reserves. The paper concludes that rising global oil demand and declining reserve discovery rates could lead to a radical increase in the price of oil in the near future and that chronic shortages could be predicted to develop from 2010 onwards.
Public and Private Investment and The Growth Process in Developing Countries
Authors: Khan Mohsin S. , Kumar Manmohan S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relative contribution of public and private investment to per capita GDP growth in developing countries. It extends the basic neoclassical model of growth by separating investment into its public and private components, and estimates this model for a sample of 95 developing countries over the period 1970–90 using both cross‐sectional and panel data. Using data on relative supplies of public and private capital stock, rates of return to public and private investment are also computed. The results suggest that once other determinants of growth, such as human capital formation, population growth, and technical progress, are taken into account, public and private investment have different effects on growth, and that these effects are characterized by marked regional and inter‐temporal variations.
Orthogonality Tests in Linear Models
Authors: Ahn Seung C.
Published: March 2003

This paper considers several tests of orthogonality conditions in linear models where stochastic errors may be heteroskedastic or autocorrelated. It is shown that these tests can be performed with Wald statistics obtained from simple auxiliary regressions.
Intergenerational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from Unemployment Patterns
Authors: O'Neill Donal , Sweetman Olive
Published: March 2003

Recent papers have examined the intergenerational transmission of well‐being by looking at the relationship between parents' and children's income. However, by concentrating on those who are working these studies exclude some of the very poorest in society, the unemployed. In this paper we extend the empirical work on intergenerational welfare in the UK by looking at the links between fathers' and sons' unemployment histories. Using an approach which takes account of both incidence and intensity of son's unemployment, we provide further evidence showing that parental background is an important determinant of a child's future welfare. A son whose father was unemployed 20 years earlier is almost twice as likely to be unemployed as a son whose father was not unemployed. Furthermore, this dependency remains significant after controlling for a range of son's characteristics including education, ability and family composition.
When Less is More: Distinguishing Between Entrepreneurial Choice and Performance
Authors: Burke Andrew E. , FitzRoy Felix R. , Nolan Michael A.
Published: March 2003

This paper uses NCDS data on individual characteristics to distinguish determinants of entrepreneurial choice, income and job generation. A new model of utility from self‐employment shows that relaxing liquidity constraints could inhibit performance. Empirically, we find that a range of inheritance enhances the performance of the self‐employed and increases self‐employment; while higher education also increases self‐employment income and job creation, but reduces the probability of self‐employment. Combining these choice and performance effects, we find that education has a positive net effect on job creation, as does inheritance up to a certain threshold.
Partnership Dissolution in the UK – the Role of Economic Circumstances
Authors: Boheim Rene , Ermisch John
Published: March 2003

Estimates based on couples with dependent children in the first eight years of the British Household Panel Study (1991‐98) indicate that changes in a couple's economic circumstances affect the probability that a partnership dissolves. In particular, unexpected improvements in finances substantially reduce the dissolution risk, which strongly supports the importance of new information in decisions concerning partnership dissolution. Measures of a couple's own expectations concerning their financial situation over the coming year have been used in conjunction with realised changes to gauge the impact of unexpected changes. The study also finds that the risk of partnership dissolution increases with the number of children.
The Nature and Function of Astragalus Bones from Archaeological Contexts in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Gilmour Garth H.
Published: March 2003

Worked and unworked astragalus bones from a variety of different animals have been excavated throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Near East in several different contexts. This paper examines the nature and function of astragali and their modifications, and concludes that they were most often used as gamepieces, but also served a ritual function in cultic and funerary contexts. The frequent use of astragali in ritual contexts is due to the manner in which animals were skinned, and as a result of cultural diffusion. The frequent occurrence of worked astragali in cultic and funerary contexts allows them to serve as potential indicators of ritual activity in archaeological excavations.
Testing Significance or Testing Credulity?
Authors: Orton Clive
Published: March 2003

The paper examines two recent attempts to analyse a set of data relating to Icenian coin hoards. The methodology of the second attempt, which is based on significance tests made on 'permillia' data (i.e. coins per thousand), is shown to be fatally flawed, and its conclusions unfounded. The danger of using analytical statistical techniques without consideration of the assumptions on which they are based, is stressed. Alternative approaches, one analytical and one graphical, are presented: they suggest an interpretation which differs from those of both the original analyses.
Books of Life: Biography and Memory in a Bronze Age Barrow
Authors: Last Jonathan
Published: March 2003

An important round barrow with a primary Beaker interment and numerous secondary burials was excavated at Barnack, Cambridgeshire, in 1974–6. Reading the published report gives the impression that many of the secondary interments, by their location and attitude, reveal a memory of the primary rite. It is argued that the sequence of burials at Barnack reflects the genealogical history of the group which used the site. A series of events emerges, structured primarily by the concept of ‘difference’, which both retain the unique identities of the buried individuals and form a constructed narrative of society. Similar sequences are evident at other Bronze Age barrows in the east Midlands and elsewhere. Such sites seem to represent our closest approach to the ‘embodied experiences’ of prehistoric actors.
Late Iron Age Ballast‐Quarries at Hengistbury Head, Dorset
Authors: Taylor John
Published: March 2003

During excavations at Hengistbury Head between 1979 and 1984 certain Late Iron Age features, described as ‘quarry hollows’ and ‘scoops’, were discovered along the shoreline. They are the result of gravel extraction, which, it is argued, was carried out in order to supply ballast for ships plying their trade across the English Channel during the first half of the first century BC. Accordingly, these features represent the first on‐shore archaeological evidence for the provision of ballast in antiquity.
Greek Trade in Iberia: The Extent of Interaction
Authors: Cabrera Paloma
Published: March 2003

Traditional research has looked at Greek trade in Iberia from a diffusionist standpoint: the Greeks would have been the major agents of cultural change. It was still accepted that this constituted a direct, inevitable, substantial and transformative action on an eminently receptive and passive society. In this paper we question the true extent and weight of Greek trade in the cultural transformations which occurred in Iberia during the 6th to 4th centuries BC. Our proposition in this paper is to define and determine the extent of the process of interaction brought about by Greek trade. In our opinion, there was never absolutely decisive Greek‐Iberian interaction in the development process: it was led by internal forces.
Hunter‐gatherer land use in Late Glacial south‐east Italy
Authors: Milliken Sarah
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the Late Palaeolithic settlement of south‐eastern Italy at the close of the Pleistocene. The Late Palaeolithic assemblages of the region have been studied previously from a rigid typological stance, with various schemes put forward suggesting evolution of the assemblages through different stages of an Epigravettian tradition, while the potential role of social and economic factors in shaping the various industries has been ignored. This paper shows how the Late Palaeolithic occupation of the region should be considered in relation to the former existence of an extensive coastal plain and to the sea‐level rise which submerged it. Factors such as the availability of lithic raw material and the alternative strategies by which it was procured, the particular activities in which the tools were used and the role of the sites within a larger land use system were clearly crucial to assemblage composition.
Phenomenology and the Megaliths of Wales: a Dreaming Too Far?
Authors: Fleming Andrew
Published: March 2003

It is argued that the field data do not support the claims made by Tilley in his A Phenomenology of Landscape (1994) for intentional relationships between the placing of Welsh megalithic tombs and natural features of the landscape. The critique relates to sample quality, observational rigour and failure to examine alternative hypotheses concerning the siting factors involved in the placing of the tombs.
Metalworking and Recycling in Late Bronze Age Cyprus – the Evidence from Kition
Authors: Karageorghis Vassos , Kassianidou Vasiliki
Published: March 2003

Excavations at the sacred precinct of the Late Bronze Age city of Kition uncovered the remains of metalworking workshops which were clearly associated with the temples. The results of the excavation as well as a number of specialist reports of the archaeometallurgical finds have already been published. Since their publication, however, archaeological research has progressed and new evidence has come to light regarding the Late Bronze Age in general and metalworking in particular. The object of this paper is to present the finds from these workshops and reconsider some of the issues that their discovery has raised. The results of the previous studies of the archaeometallurgical studies are critically assessed and the evidence reinterpreted based on what is available today. One of the issues addressed is that of metal recycling during the Late Bronze Age. This communication was presented at a research workshop organized by the Israel Science Foundation and the University of Haifa on ‘Recycling, Hoarding and Trade in Bronze, 13th–11th centuries BCE’ (Haifa 26–28 April, 1998). The first part of the paper was written by Karageorghis, the second part by Kassianidou.
Bronze Age Barrows: Factors Influencing Their Survival and Destruction
Authors: Peters Frances
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the influences on the survival of Bronze Age round barrows in two regions of southern Britain, the Upper Thames Valley and the Stonehenge Environs. It is clear that persistent arable farming in the medieval period had a highly destructive effect on these burial mounds. This can be seen despite later agricultural activity. Other factors such as the type of barrows can also be important factors in the survival and destruction of these burial mounds. Nevertheless, when analysing the distribution of these Bronze Age monuments, later historic land use must be considered as well as the contemporary prehistoric landscape.
Small Countries and Preferential Trade Agreements: How Severe is the Innocent Bystander Problem?
Authors: Kose M. Ayhan , Riezman Raymond
Published: March 2003

In this paper the welfare implications of preferential trade agreements (PTA) are examined from the perspective of small countries in the context of a multi‐country general equilibrium model. We calibrate our model to represent one relatively small country and two symmetric big countries. We consider two cases. In one case, the small country is an ‘innocent bystander’, that is, it is left out of a PTA between the two large countries. In the second case, the small country signs a PTA with one of the large countries. We simulate the model and calculate consumption allocations, prices, trade volume, and tariffs in these two cases considering three different equilibria: free trade (FT), free trade association (FTA) and customs union (CU). We find that free trade is the best outcome for the small country. If the large country PTA takes the form of a CU then the cost of being an ‘innocent bystander’ is very large. If it is an FTA then the cost of being an ‘innocent bystander’ is relatively modest. In fact, the small country prefers to be an ‘innocent bystander’ to being a member of an FTA with one of the large countries.
Trading Behavior and Asset Returns: Evidence from the Interday Serial Correlations of Intraday‐to‐Intraday Daily Returns of Taiwan
Authors: Chow Edward H. , Hsiao Ping , Liu Yu‐Jane
Published: March 2003

This paper sheds light on the importance of trading behavior in the determination of asset prices by examining the interday serial correlations of intraday‐to‐intraday daily returns of the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSEC). The TSEC exhibits positive serial correlation in the beginning and the end of the week and negative serial correlation in the middle of the week. The interday serial correlation is not a result of non‐synchronous trading, bid‐ask bounce in transaction price, or price limits. The serial correlation is positively related to trading volume and similar to the pattern in the US. We suggest that trading behavior seems to be an important determinant of asset prices.
Hong Kong Output Dynamics: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Cheung Yin‐Wong
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Advanced statistical techniques are used to analyze Hong Kong output dynamics. Hong Kong, Japan and the US are found to share some common long‐term and short‐term cyclical variations. While the Hong Kong economy is susceptible to external shocks and Granger‐caused by the other two economies, local factors account for a large proportion of output growth variability and uncertainty. On the transmission mechanism, the selected trade and financial variables have incremental explanatory power but do not lessen the ability of lagged output variables to explain Hong Kong growth dynamics. Interestingly, the US does not appear to exert undue influences on Hong Kong.
Efficiency Wages and Nominal Income Targeting in an Open Economy
Authors: Wang Chih‐Hsu , Lai Ching‐Chong
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This paper considers the choice between nominal income and money supply targeting in an open economy with efficiency wages. The results show that, when real unemployment benefits are rigid, both nominal income and money supply targeting have the same stabilizing performance. On the contrary, if nominal unemployment benefits are rigid, then we come to a conclusion that either in the face of goods demand shocks or aggregate supply shocks, a sufficient condition for nominal income targeting to be preferable is that the income elasticity of money demand be less than unity.
Deviant Causal Chains and the Irreducibility of Teleological Explanation
Authors: Sehon Scott R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: We typically explain human action teleologically, by citing the action’s goal or purpose. However, a broad class of naturalistic projects within the philosophy of mind presuppose that teleological explanation is reducible to causal explanation. In this paper I argue that two recently suggested strategies ‐ one suggested by Al Mele and the other proposed by John Bishop and Christopher Peacocke ‐ fail to provide a successful causal analysis of teleological explanation. The persistent troubles encountered by the reductive project suggest that teleological explanations are irreducible and that the naturalistic accounts of mind and agency should be called into question.
Propositions and Reasoning in Russell and Frege
Authors: Kemp
Published: March 2003

Both Russell and Frege were inclined to think that there is nothing essentially linguistic about thought: any actual reliance of ours upon language is a mere psychological contingency. If so then it should be possible to formulate logic in such a way that logical relationships are not represented or expressed as principles pertaining to linguistic forms. Russell and Frege take pains to achieve this, but fail. I explain this by looking at some features of Grundgesetz and Principia. Their failure, I suggest, is due to the nature of the case.
Semantics and the Dual‐Aspect use of Definite Descriptions
Authors: O’Rourke Michael
Published: March 2003

Many philosophers of language have held that a truth‐conditional semantic account can explain the data motivating the distinction between referential and attributive uses of definite descriptions, but I believe this is a mistake. I argue that these data also motivate what I call “dual‐aspect” uses as a distinct but closely related type. After establishing that an account of the distinction must also explain dual‐aspect uses, I argue that the truth‐conditional Semantic Model of the distinction cannot. Thus, the Semantic Model cannot explain the data for which it is developed and so fails as an account of the referential/attributive distinction.
Teachers as Carers: A Case Study of a Secondary School’s Pastoral Process
Authors: Chittenden Anthony
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the review and evaluation of the house/pastoral system at the Anglican Church Grammar School. The main findings were: an overwhelming acceptance of the house system; a high level of caring and commitment; and a desire to offer new challenges and support to permeate the whole educational process. There was also an almost total disregard for and antagonism towards the tutorial system. Based on interviews with staff, a representative staff working party agreed the changes that needed to be undertaken and improvements were made. The approach to the evaluation is an example of collaboration.