bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of operation of new construction of the frictional joint with the resistance wedge / Analiza pracy nowej konstrukcji złącza ciernego z klinem oporowym
Authors: Brodny Jarosław
Published: February 2013

Frictional joint is the basic part of the friction props and yielding steel frames of dog headings. It constitutes a constructional connection and have decisive influence on the basic operational parameters of the steel frames and props, i.e. their loading capacity and yielding capacity. Currently applied constructions of frictional joints characterize with low loading capacity and unstable operation. In order to improve their operational parameters a new constructional solution of frictional joint, consisting on the application of resistance wedge assembled between the cooperating sections, was developed. Application of the resistance wedge caused an increase of resistances to motion in the frictional joint, what influenced on the increase of its loading capacity and on the increase of values of axial forces in the bolts of stirrups. In the paper results of stand tests of frictional joints with the resistance wedge, subjected to the static axial compression and impact of freely falling mass, were presented. In order to determine the influence of the resistance wedge on the operational parameters of the frictional joint, obtained results were compared with the results of studies of the frictional joints without the resistance wedge. On the basis of stand tests a physical and mathematical models of the frictional joint with the resistance wedge, were developed, and utilized to simulation analysis of its operation at impulse loading. On the basis of conducted tests and analysis one can state, that application of the resistance wedge influences on the enhancement of loading capacity, improves the state of loading the bolts in stirrups, and creates possibility of regulation of operational characteristics of the frictional joints
Investigating ground vibration to calculate the permissible charge weight for blasting operations of Gotvand-Olya dam underground structures / Badania drgań gruntu w celu określenia dopuszczalnego ciężaru ładunku wybuchowego przy pracach strzałowych w podziemnych elementach tamy w Gotvand-Olya
Authors: Soltani-Mohammadi Saeed , Bakhshandeh Amnieh Hassan , Bahadori Moein
Published: February 2013

Ground vibration, air vibration, fly rock, undesirable displacement and fragmentation are some inevitable side effects of blasting operations that can cause serious damage to the surrounding environment. Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) is the main criterion in the assessment of the amount of damage caused by ground vibration. There are different standards for the determination of the safe level of the PPV. To calculate the permissible amount of the explosive to control the damage to the underground structures of Gotvand Olya dam, use was made of sixteen 3-component (totally 48) records generated from 4 blasts. These operations were recorded in 3 directions (radial, transverse and vertical) by four PG-2002 seismographs having GS-11D 3-component seismometers and the records were analyzed with the help of the DADISP software. To predict the PPV, use was made of the scaled distance and the Simulated Annealing (SA) hybrid methods. Using the scaled distance resulted in a relation for the prediction of the PPV; the precision of the relation was then increased to 0.94 with the help of the SA hybrid method. Relying on the high correlation of this relation and considering a minimum distance of 56.2 m to the center of the blast site and a permissible PPV of 178 mm/s (for a 2-day old concrete), the maximum charge weight per delay came out to be 212 Kg.
Modeling of Accurate Variable Slope Angles in Open-Pit Mine Design Using Spline Interpolation / Modelowanie Zmiennego Kąta Nachylenia Stoku W Projektowaniu Kopalni Odkrywkowych Za Pomocą Interpolacji Funkcjami Sklejającymi (Metodą Spline’Ów)
Authors: Shishvan Masoud Soleymani , Sattarvand Javad
Published: February 2013

In this paper a new method of modeling variable slope angles has been presented based on the spline interpolation method. Slope angle modeling and defining precedency of the blocks are the vital parts of almost any open pit optimization algorithm. Traditionally heuristic patterns such as 1:5 or 1:9 have been used to generate slope angles. Cone template based models were later employed in developing variable slope angles. They normally use a linear interpolation process for determination of slope angles between the given directions which leads to sharp and non-realistic pits. The other elliptical alternatives suffer from having limitations in defining slope angles in non-geographical directions. The method is capable to consider any number of slope angles in any desired direction as well as creating quite accurate and realistic pit shapes. Three major types of the spline interpolation including cubic, quadratic and cardinal are tested, however, the cubic form is preferred due to more realistic outcomes. Main steps of the method are described through a numerical case study.
Optimization of DNA isolation and PCR parameters for RAPD analysis of Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae)
Authors: Servienė Elena , Kemežienė Irena , Kasperovičienė Jūratė , Čapukoitienė Brigita , Rančelienė Vida , Koreivienė Judita
Published: February 2013

Servienė E., Kemežienė I., Kasperovičienė J., čapukoitienė B., Rančelienė V., Koreivienė J., 2012: Optimization of DNA isolation and PCR parameters for RAPD analysis of Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae) [DNR izoliavimas ir PGR parametrų optimizavimas Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae) dumblių RAPD analizei]. - Bot. Lith., 18(1): 40-45. The genomic DNA purification method for Gonyostomum semen algae was optimized by applying different DNA purification techniques and rational modifications. This method allowed to obtain high quality DNA preparations suitable for the phylogenetic analysis and genetic variability investigation of algae. DNA isolated by this method yielded strong and reliable amplification products showing their applicability for RAPD-PCR using random decamer primers. In the present study, the RAPD protocol was optimized for the evaluation of Gonyostomum biodiversity.
A Contribution to the Lichen Flora of Melville Bugt North of Lat. 75°N, North West Greenland
Authors: Eric Steen Hansen
Published: February 2013

Hansen E. S., 2012: A contribution to the lichen flora of Melville Bugt north of lat. 75°N, North West Greenland [Papildomi duomenys apie Melville Bugt (šiaurės vakarinė Grenlandija) kerpių florą šiauriau 75°N platumos]. - Bot. Lith., 18(2): 117-122.

The paper lists 59 species of lichens from Melville Bugt north of 75°N. Of these, 54 species were recorded for the first time. The lichen vegetation consists of species found in more or less wind-exposed fell fields, snow patches and on rocks.
Technique possibilities for volumetric assessment of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Chiriac A. , Iliescu B. , Dobrin N. , Poeată I.
Published: February 2013

Volume measurement techniques of intracranial aneurysms from 3D rotational angiography vary on different factor settings and, therefore, are operator-dependent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application and the precision of ellipsoidal approximation (mathematics and computer technique) and software methods to measure intracranial aneurysms volume starting from planar (DR and SD) and 3- dimensional (3D) angiographic images. The reliability of the methods was statistically compared in a clinical setting of 42 angiograms and 100 measurements performed by the same users. This study suggests that both techniques could be used for clinical applications with similar efficiency results.
BRES: EXTRACTING MULTICLASS BIOMEDICAL RELATIONS WITH SEMANTIC NETWORK
Authors: Gong Lejun , Yang Ronggen , Sun Xiao
Published: February 2013

With an overwhelming amount of published biomedical research, the underlying biomedical knowledge is expanding at an exponential rate. This expansion makes it very difficult to find interested genetics knowledge. And therefore, there is an urgent need for developing text mining approaches to discover new knowledge from publications. This paper presents a text mining approach for multiclass biomedical relations based on predicate argument structure (PAS) and shallow parsing. The approach can mine explicit biomedical relations with semantic enrichment, and visualize relations with semantic network. It first identifies noun phrases based on shallow parsing, and then filters arguments from noun phrases via biomedical ontology dictionary. We have implemented BRES, a text mining system, based on our proposed approach. Our results obtained 67.7% F-measure, 62.5% precision and 73.8% recall for the test dataset. This also shows our proposed approach is promising for developing biomedical text mining technology.

Highlights:

• Mining multiclass biomedical relations;

• Representing biomedical relations with semantic enrichment;

• Visualizing relations by semantic network;

• Extracting direct and indirect biomedical relations.
THE POTENTIAL FIELD-BASED TRAJECTORY PLANNING FOR NEEDLE INSERTION IN A SOFT-TISSUE MODEL
Authors: Jiang Shan , Su Zhiliang , Yang Zhiyong , Liu Jun , Liu Zhenxing
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a 3D dynamic trajectory planning method for the insertion of a rigid needle into soft tissue. The optimal needle tip orientation was calculated in which applying an artificial potential field method to determine the 3D distribution of repulsive and attractive forces surrounding the target object and adjacent obstacles, e.g. bones, nerves, or arteries. Soft-tissue deformation occurs dynamically and continuously during the needle insertion. The trajectory planning was therefore temporally discretized, and the compartment searching method used in each time step. This trajectory planning method was then validated by a dynamic finite element method (FEM) simulation. The dynamic finite element model is built for the important displacement parameters of deformation node in needle insertion process. The Mooney–Rivlin material model combined with solid cubic element and an explicit center differencing scheme was used to compute the soft-tissue deformation at each time step and dynamically identify the target and obstacle positions. The proposed trajectory planning method can optimize the insertion path to achieve the target position while avoiding obstacles.
Beauty in the Background
Authors: Cox Ashley D. , Eno Cassie A. , Guadagno Rosanna E.
Published: February 2013

This content analysis examined the representation of females in top selling console video games. Based on prior content analyses, the study hypothesized that female characters would be more likely to appear in supporting roles and would be represented as suggestively dressed with sexualized portions of their bodies exposed. It was predicted that female characters would be less likely to engage in violence relative to male characters. The results of the analysis of 538 characters from 48 interactive video game systems supported these predictions and suggest that video games portray stereotypic depictions of women consistent with traditional gender roles. The implications of these findings are presented in the context of social learning theory. Furthermore, the unique features of video game play that may heighten their socializing impact are discussed.
The Effect of Knowledge Management Strategies and Enablers on Knowledge Creation Process and Organizational Performance by Using Partial Least Squares Regression Method
Authors: Shih Cheng-Ping , Chou Hsin-Fu
Published: February 2013

Under Knowledge-based economy, knowledge has been recognized as a form of capital for organizations and provides sustainable competitive advantages. knowledge is not only one of the few recyclable assets that continuously lends itself to new intellectual capital but also be integrated in many different ways in order to maximize its value. This paper has three research objectives. Firstly, measure the effect of Knowledge Management (KM) Strategies on KM Enablers; secondly, measure the effect of KM Enablers on the Knowledge Creation Process (KCP); thirdly, to measure the effect of KCP on the three aspects of Organizational Performance. A knowledge integrative model was built by using Partial Least Squares method, and the findings indicate that KM Strategies do have a significant effect on KM enablers, which in turn does have a significant effect on the KCP. KCP also has a significant effect on innovation, customer’s satisfaction and financial performance for Taiwan multinational company in Thailand.
Freezing cold yet diverse: dissecting a high-Arctic parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts
Authors: Várkonyi Gergely , Roslin Tomas
Published: February 2013

Despite increasing worldwide interest in host–parasitoid food webs, the parasitoid communities of the high Arctic remain poorly explored. To allow analyses of global patterns, and to detect the effects of ongoing climate change, such data are urgently needed. In this paper, we describe a systematic effort to characterise the high-Arctic Hymenoptera and Diptera parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts of the Zackenberg Valley (74°30′N, 21°00′W), northeast Greenland. Here, we first sampled adult parasitoids by a combination of Malaise traps, pitfall traps, and, less extensively, yellow pan traps and sweep netting. We then identified the host use of individual parasitoid taxa by rearing a large number of host individuals and species across multiple years. We now describe our preliminary findings on the species diversity of the target community, on trophic links between hosts and parasitoids, and on the sampling effort and techniques needed to characterise the community. We report on 30 local parasitoid taxa representing four families, three of which are species new to Greenland. In describing the community, we make a specific effort to summarise what is known about the taxonomy, phenology, and host use of the component species, to the benefit of future research in the area.
A Pseudo-Stokes Mesh Motion Algorithm
Authors: Noleto Luciano Gonçalves , Barcelos Manuel N.D. , Brasil Antonio C. P.
Published: February 2013

This work presents a moving mesh methodology based on the solution of a pseudo flow problem. The mesh motion is modeled as a pseudo Stokes problem solved by an explicit finite element projection method. The mesh quality requirements are satisfied by employing a null divergent velocity condition. This methodology is applied to triangular unstructured meshes and compared to well known approaches such as the ones based on diffusion and pseudo structural problems. One of the test cases is an airfoil with a fully meshed domain. A specific rotation velocity is imposed as the airfoil boundary condition. The other test is a set of two cylinders that move toward each other. A mesh quality criteria is employed to identify critically distorted elements and to evaluate the performance of each mesh motion approach. The results obtained for each test case show that the pseudo-flow methodology produces satisfactory meshes during the moving process.
Factors Inhibiting the Adoption of a Uniform Pricing Mechanism for Building Services
Authors: Yusuf Ganiyu Amuda , Mohamed Sarajul Fikri , Remeli Suhaila Binti
Published: February 2013

This study describes an empirical investigation revealing the critical obstacles to the adoption of a uniform pricing mechanism for building services from the perspective of industry practitioners. A total of 157 questionnaires conducted on quantity surveyors (N=75), mechanical engineers (N=39) and electrical engineers (N=43) were collected and used for the study. T –test statistics was run to identify ten significant factors from a list of fourteen factors identified. Relative importance indices were computed for each factor from the perspectives of the practitioners so as to determine the most critical obstructive factors. The result shows that the five most important obstructive factors in order of significance are: (1) difficulty in the interpretation of the Standard Method of Measurement by design consultants (2) the late involvement of building services design consultants (3) quantity surveyors' insufficient skill in mechanical and electrical services technology (4) drawings of services are often not ready for billing at the tender stage and (5) the lack of a generally accepted Standard Method of Measurement for mechanical and electrical services.
Multivariate Autoregressive Model Based Heart Motion Prediction Approach for Beating Heart Surgery
Authors: Liang Fan , Meng Xiaofeng , Yu Yang
Published: February 2013

A robotic tool can enable a surgeon to conduct off-pump coronary artery graft bypass surgery on a beating heart. The robotic tool actively alleviates the relative motion between the point of interest (POI) on the heart surface and the surgical tool and allows the surgeon to operate as if the heart were stationary. Since the beating heart's motion is relatively high-band, with nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics, it is difficult to follow. Thus, precise beating heart motion prediction is necessary for the tracking control procedure during the surgery. In the research presented here, we first observe that Electrocardiography (ECG) signal contains the causal phase information on heart motion and non-stationary heart rate dynamic variations. Then, we investigate the relationship between ECG signal and beating heart motion using Granger Causality Analysis, which describes the feasibility of the improved prediction of heart motion. Next, we propose a nonlinear time-varying multivariate vector autoregressive (MVAR) model based adaptive prediction method. In this model, the significant correlation between ECG and heart motion enables the improvement of the prediction of sharp changes in heart motion and the approximation of the motion with sufficient detail. Dual Kalman Filters (DKF) estimate the states and parameters of the model, respectively. Last, we evaluate the proposed algorithm through comparative experiments using the two sets of collected vivo data.
Sovereign asset values and implications for the credit market
Authors: Kalteier Eva‐Maria , Posch Peter N.
Published: February 2013

Using the contingent claim approach and market data on sovereign credit default swaps we assess the drivers of a country's risk perception. Deriving market‐based asset values for a set of advanced economies we gain insights into the capital markets' perspectives on sovereign creditworthiness. We find the market‐based asset values to be positively influenced by debt and to be an early risk indicator for economic developments. In a cross‐section analysis we identify drivers of the economic risk of countries. Clustering the countries according to their debt to asset value ratios provides further insights into the market perceptions of sovereign credit risk. For example we find that the asset values of countries with higher ratios react to changes in the global equity market. Countries with a lower ratio react more to the political stability within the country.
Effects of a probiotic fermented milk on functional constipation: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Mazlyn Mena Mustapha , Nagarajah Lee Hun‐Leong , Fatimah Arshad , Norimah A Karim , Goh Khean‐Lee
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

Evidence suggests that probiotics reduce certain constipation‐related symptoms. Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota has never been tested as treatment for functional constipation in otherwise‐healthy subjects. To evaluate the efficacy of this probiotic among adults with functional constipation was aimed.

Methods

Subjects with functional constipation (Rome II‐defined) were randomized to intake L. casei strain Shirota fermented milk or placebo once daily for 4 weeks under double‐blind condition. Primary outcomes were constipation severity and stool frequency; secondary outcomes were stool consistency and quantity.

Results 

In intent‐to‐treat population, compared with baseline, constipation severity and stool frequency improved in both probiotic (n = 47) and control groups (n = 43), but improvements were comparable in both groups at week 4 (α = 5% level). In probiotic group, stool consistency and quantity at week 4 improved significantly versus baseline but not versus control. Considering that the study agent is non‐pharmaceutical and the purpose of supplementation is for long‐term effect, re‐evaluation at α = 10% was conducted, which showed significant improvement in constipation severity at week 4 (P = 0.058). Magnitude of the probiotic effect on stool consistency was small but grew over time, d = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.00–0.35 (Week 4), d = 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.11–0.52 (postintervention). Post‐hoc exploratory analysis suggests incomplete evacuation may decrease with probiotic intake.

Conclusions

Four‐week administration of L. casei strain Shirota did not alleviate constipation severity or stool frequency, consistency, and quantity when compared with control. With re‐evaluation at α = 10% level, improvement in constipation severity was significant at week 4. To obtain conclusive results, further studies with longer intervention are warranted.
Academic Research Skills of University Students
Authors: Topalov Jagoda , Radić-Bojanić Biljana
Published: February 2013

The paper analyzes questionnaires administered to 135 English Language students in all four years with an attempt to elaborate how developed the students’ academic research skills are and investigate if they correlate with the years of study. Furthermore, the results are compared to students’ general habits concerning internet use to prove that they do not correlate with academic research skills.
Taxonomy of the Subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae, Vandoideae) revised
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Sitko Magdalena , Tukałło Piotr , Mytnik-Ejsmont Joanna
Published: February 2013

A new classification of the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae) is proposed. Thirty-seven genera are revised. The Camaridium group is divided into seven genera, Adamanthus, Camaridium, Pseudomaxillaria, Psittacoglossum and three described here: Chaseopsis, Chelyella and Viracocha. Ornithidium s.l. is divided into seven genera: Heterotaxis, Laricorchis,Neo-urbania, Nitidobulbon, Ornithidium, Vazquezella and Aucellia, the latter two described here. 193 new combinations on the species level are validated and the relationships among the genera are briefly discussed. A key to the determination of all genera representing Maxillariinae s. s. is provided.
Cytotoxic Effect of Combined Treatment with Ukrain and Methotrexate on Kidney Cells of Green Monkey
Authors: Izdebska Magdalena , Piątkowska-Chmiel Iwona , Jagiełło-Wójtowicz Ewa
Published: February 2013

In in vitro study on green monkey kidney (GMK) cell culture, the cytotoxicity of Ukrain, methotrexate (MTX), and their combination was investigated. The effect of these drugs and their combination on viability (MTT test) and apoptosis of the cells was assessed. The IC10 and IC50 values for Ukrain and MTX were also indicated. After 24 h of incubation of GMK cells with Ukrain, IC10 amounted to 84.6 μmol/L and IC50 was 256.3 μmol/L, while MTX IC10 amounted to 7.18 μmol/L and IC50 was 154.8 μmol/l. After 24 h of simultaneous incubation of GMK cells with 50 μmol/L of Ukrain and 5.5 μmol/L of MTX, 15.33 % of cytotoxicity of the drugs in LDH test was found. The most significant increase in the cytotoxicity (42.10 %) was noted after 24 h incubation of GMK cells with 150 μmol/L of Ukrain and 5.5 μmol/L of MTX. Likewise, in the MTT assay the greatest decrease in the cells viability was found after incubation with 150 μmol/L of Ukrain and 5.5 μmol/L of MTX. The evaluation of apoptosis also indicated the adverse effect of combined application of both drugs on GMK cells.
Influence of Non-Oxidised and Oxidised Rapeseed Oil Consumption on Liver Metabolism Pathways and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Development in Rabbits
Authors: Zalejska–Fiolka Jolanta , Kasperczyk Aleksandra , Kasperczyk Sławomir , Stawiarska-Pięta Barbara , Fiolka Rafał , Birkner Ewa
Published: February 2013

For 24 weeks, rabbits were fed feed containing non-oxidised or oxidised rapeseed oil. At the beginning of the experiment and every six weeks the rabbits were weighed and blood was taken. After the experiment was completed, their liver was dissected for biochemical and histological examinations. The activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotrasferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and aldolase in blood plasma and liver were determined. Enzymes of the protein and liver metabolic pathways were determined using kinetic and spectrophotometric methods. The content of fatty acids was determined by means of fatty acid methyl ester concentration measurement using gas chromatography. It was found that the applied diet with oxidised rapeseed oil caused the development of slight liver steatosis and disturbances in the activity of enzymes involved in the liver pathways, despite the fact that it was a balanced diet, and differed only in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The obtained results indicate that more profound oil oxidation and its increased supply in diet may result in the development of liver steatosis.
Microbiological Quality of Compound Feed Used in Poland
Authors: Kukier Elżbieta , Goldsztejn Magdalena , Grenda Tomasz , Kwiatek Krzysztof , Wasyl Dariusz , Hoszowski Andrzej
Published: February 2013

The aim of the study was the assessment of microbiological quality of compound feed used in Poland in 2007-2010. The examinations were done at all veterinary diagnostic laboratories operating in the frame of official laboratory system. The occurrence of Salmonella sp. and counts of Enterobacteriaceae family, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total microorganisms, and fungi were assessed. Assays were done following Polish, European, and international standards. Percentage of contamination of compound feed for poultry, pigs, and cattle by Salmonella sp. ranged from 0% to 3.5%. The highest contamination level by Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were detected in wet petfood. No more than 106 cfu/g of aerobic bacteria and no more than 105 cfu/g of fungi were detected in the feed. The results of the study revealed that the microbiological quality of compound feed used in Poland in 2007-2010 was better than the quality of the feed used in 2003-2006.
Occurrence and Expression of Toxin Genes in Clostridium Perfringens Isolates from Pigs
Authors: Kukier Elżbieta , Goldsztejn Magdalena , Grenda Tomasz , Kwiatek Krzysztof
Published: February 2013

Clostridium perfringens isolates were obtained from pigs of five porcine farms in Poland. The presence of C. perfringens was detected in 92% of faeces samples and its number ranged from 1.0 x 101 cfu/g to 1.2 x 107 cfu/g. All the isolates belonged to type A and 48.7% of them contained cpb2 gene. The qualitative assessment of toxin genes expression by type A subtype β2 isolates showed expression of cpa gene in 100% of strains and cpb2 gene in 71% of the analysed strains. The isolate from one-day-old piglets demonstrated also the expression of cpa and cpb2 genes.
Both the nature of KIR3DL1 alleles and the KIR3DL1/S1 allele combination affect the KIR3DL1 NK‐cell repertoire in the French population
Authors: Gagne Katia , Willem Catherine , Legrand Nolwenn , Djaoud Zakia , David Gaëlle , Rettman Pauline , Bressollette‐Bodin Céline , Senitzer David , Esbelin Julie , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne , Schneider Thierry , Retière Christelle
Published: February 2013

NK‐cell functions are regulated by many activating and inhibitory receptors including KIR3DL1. Extensive allelic polymorphism and variability in expression can directly alter NK‐cell phenotype and functions. Here we investigated the KIR3DL1+ NK‐cell repertoire, taking into account the allelic KIR3DL1/S1 polymorphism, KIR3DL1 phenotype, and function. All 109 studied individuals possessed at least one KIR3DL1 allele, with weak KIR3DL1*054, or null alleles being frequently present. In KIR3DL1high/null individuals, we observed a bimodal distribution of KIR3DL1+ NK cells identified by a different KIR3DL1 expression level and cell frequency regardless of a similar amount of both KIR3DL1 transcripts, HLA background, or KIR2D expression. However, this bimodal distribution can be explained by a functional selection following a hierarchy of KIR3DL1 receptors. The higher expression of KIR3DL1 observed on cord blood NK cells suggests the expression of the functional KIR3DL1*004 receptors. Thus, the low amplification of KIR3DL1high, KIR3DL1*004 NK‐cell subsets during development may be due to extensive signaling via these two receptors. Albeit in a nonexclusive manner, individual immunological experience may contribute to shaping the KIR3DL1 NK‐cell repertoire. Together, this study provides new insight into the mechanisms regulating the KIR3DL1 NK‐cell repertoire.
Long‐term regional control in the observed neck following definitive chemoradiation for node‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer
Authors: Goenka Anuj , Morris Luc G.T. , Rao Shyam S. , Wolden Suzanne L. , Wong Richard J. , Kraus Dennis H. , Ohri Nisha , Setton Jeremy , Lok Benjamin H. , Riaz Nadeem , Mychalczak Borys R. , Schoder Heiko , Ganly Ian , Shah Jatin P. , Pfister David G. , Zelefsky Michael J. , Lee Nancy Y.
Published: February 2013

Traditionally, patients treated with chemoradiotherapy for node‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (N+ OPSCC) have undergone a planned neck dissection (ND) after treatment. Recently, negative post‐treatment positron‐emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging has been found to have a high negative predictive value for the presence of residual disease in the neck. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of a large, uniform cohort of N+ OPSCC patients achieving a PET/CT‐based complete response (CR) after chemoradiotherapy, and undergoing observation, rather than ND. From 2002 to 2009, 302 patients with N+ OPSCC treated with 70 Gy intensity‐modulated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy underwent post‐treatment clinical assessment including PET/CT. CR was defined as no evidence of disease on clinical examination and post‐treatment PET/CT. ND was reserved for patients with <CR on either PET/CT, clinical examination, or other imaging. 260 patients (86.1%) had clinical and radiographic CRs, and underwent neck observation (rate of regional control, 97.7%; 5‐year overall survival, 79.8%). The four observed patients experiencing neck recurrence had initial staging of N1 (n = 2), N2b (n = 1), and N2c (n = 1). Three of four were successfully surgically salvaged. There was no association between N stage and rate of neck recurrence (p = 0.74). 52 and 25% of patients undergoing ND had viable tumor in the neck after positive and negative PET/CT, respectively. We conclude that patients achieving CRs after chemoradiation, based on clinical and PET/CT assessment, have a high probability of regional control, with a 2.3% regional failure rate, and may be safely observed without planned ND.
Translational profiling of hypocretin neurons identifies candidate molecules for sleep regulation
Authors: Dalal Jasbir , Roh Jee Hoon , Maloney Susan E. , Akuffo Afua , Shah Samir , Yuan Han , Wamsley Brie , Jones Wendell B. , Strong Cristina de Guzman , Gray Paul A. , Holtzman David M. , Heintz Nathaniel , Dougherty Joseph D.
Published: February 2013

Hypocretin (orexin; Hcrt)-containing neurons of the hypothalamus are essential for the normal regulation of sleep and wake behaviors and have been implicated in feeding, anxiety, depression, and reward. The absence of these neurons causes narcolepsy in humans and model organisms. However, little is known about the molecular phenotype of these cells; previous attempts at comprehensive profiling had only limited sensitivity or were inaccurate. We generated a Hcrt translating ribosome affinity purification (bacTRAP) line for comprehensive translational profiling of all ribosome-bound transcripts in these neurons in vivo. From this profile, we identified >6000 transcripts detectably expressed above background and 188 transcripts that are highly enriched in these neurons, including all known markers of the cells. Blinded analysis of in situ hybridization databases suggests that ∼60% of these are expressed in a Hcrt marker-like pattern. Fifteen of these were confirmed with double labeling and microscopy, including the transcription factor Lhx9. Ablation of this gene results in a >30% loss specifically of Hcrt neurons, without a general disruption of hypothalamic development. Polysomnography and activity monitoring revealed a profound hypersomnolence in these mice. These data provide an in-depth and accurate profile of Hcrt neuron gene expression and suggest that Lhx9 may be important for specification or survival of a subset of these cells.
Lateglacial to Holocene rapid crater infilling of a MIS 2 maar volcano (West‐Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany): environmental history and geomorphological feedback mechanisms
Authors: Houben Peter , Kühl Norbert , Dambeck Rainer , Overath Jan
Published: February 2013

We document the Lateglacial to Holocene sedimentation and vegetation history of a small, infilled crater landform in the West‐Eifel Volcanic Field (WEVF; western Germany). We analysed geomorphological landform change, sedimentological and geochronological data, pollen, and plant macrofossils of a 16‐m‐long sediment core from the Eichholz Maar (EHM). The EHM erupted between ∼20 and 15 ka ago (MIS 2). Lacustrine siliclastic infilling was completed about 7500 years ago. Lateglacial rates of sedimentation are generally 2 to 5 times higher than in other maar lakes of the WEVF. Local factors, therefore, overprint the relative efficacy of the climate‐controlled variance of sedimentation rates at the Lateglacial/Holocene transition. The predominance of local factors relates to inherent geomorphological process–response mechanisms that were triggered by the EHM eruption. Rapid crater infilling and its completion by the mid‐Holocene are attributed to a combination of small storage capacity and geomorphological activity. A late Boreal interval of significant lake‐level fall can, however, be attributed to a period of continental‐scale climate change as recorded in other European lacustrine settings. Our findings highlight the importance of utilizing geomorphological information to reveal the relative significance of local controls as opposed to climate control when investigating small‐sized lake settings with active sediment supply systems.
Effects of experimental warming on fungal disease progress in oilseed rape
Authors: Siebold Magdalena , von Tiedemann Andreas
Published: February 2013

Global warming will influence the growth and development of both crops and pathogens. The aims of this study were to investigate potential effects of future warming on oilseed rape growth and the epidemiology of the three economically important pathogens Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Leptosphaeria maculans (anamorph: Phoma lingam). We utilized climate chambers and a soil warming facility, where treatments represented regional warming scenarios for Lower Saxony, Germany, by 2050 and 2100, and compared results of both approaches on a thermal time scale by calculating degree‐days (dd) from day of sowing, December 1st and March 1st until sampling, the latter correlating best with disease progress. Regression analysis showed that plant growth and growth stages in spring responded almost linearly to increasing thermal time until 1000–1500 dd. Colonization of plant tissue by V. longisporum showed an exponential increase when exceeding 1300–1500 dd and reaching plant growth stage BBCH 74/75 (pod development). V. longisporum colonization of plants may be advanced, potentially leading to higher inoculum densities after harvest and increased economic importance of this pathogen under future warming. Sclerotia germination of S. sclerotiorum reached its maximum at 600–900 dd. Advance of these critical degree‐days may lead to earlier apothecia production, potentially advancing the infection window, whereas the future importance of S. sclerotiorum may remain constant. Severity of phoma crown canker increased linearly with increasing thermal time, but showed also large variation in response to the warming scenarios, suggesting that factors such as canopy microclimate in fall or leaf shedding over winter may play a bigger role for L. maculans infection and disease severity than higher soil temperatures. Thermal time was a suitable tool to combine and integrate data on biological responses to soil and air temperature increases from climate chamber and field experiments.
Dermatoscopy of nail lichen planus
Authors: Nakamura Robertha , Broce Ariane Aimeé Abrego , Palencia Diana Paola Cantillo , Ortiz Natalia Isabel Anaya , Leverone Andreia
Published: February 2013

Background  Nail lichen planus affects 10% of all patients with lichen planus. It is a severe disease that may lead to destruction of the nail plate. It affects fingernails more than toenails. Early diagnosis is important due to its aggressive behavior. Histopathology should be carried out, but in many occasions it is not enough to come to a conclusive diagnosis. Dermatoscopy, a complementary tool, has proven to be useful in its diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Currently, there is very little data regarding dermatoscopy of nail lichen planus.

Methods  Dermatoscopic photographic data of 11 patients having 79 nails affected with nail lichen planus, seen in a specialized nail disease facility, were selected and analyzed. The data was confirmed with histopathological analysis.

Results  Dermatoscopy showed abnormalities of the nail matrix, with trachyonychia in 40.51% and pitting in 34.18%. As to nail bed anomalies, there was chromonychia in 55.70%, fragmentation of body of nail in 50.63%, splinter hemorrhage in 35.44%, onycholysis in 27.85%, and subungual keratosis in 7.59%. Concerning anomalies that involved nail matrix, bed, and perionychial region altogether, there were longitudinal streaks in 82.28% and anonychia in 1.27%. Paronychia was present in 31.65% of the cases.

Conclusion  Considering that nail lichen planus is an underdiagnosed disease with severe consequences, early diagnosis is essential. This descriptive study of dermatoscopic characteristics of nail lichen planus would highlight some key changes in the course of the disease that will contribute to early diagnostic suspicion, early treatment, and could improve prognosis.
Governance on the Ground: A Study of Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Louise Bjerkli Camilla
Published: February 2013

This article examines the management of solid waste in Addis Ababa from 2004 to mid‐2011. It describes how solid waste management has evolved and how relationships between the informal sector and the local authority have shifted in relation to the political atmosphere in the city. The author shows how good governance promoted by international donors does not necessarily result in improved service delivery on the ground. In line with the principles of good governance, the Ethiopian government decentralized the city's administration and entered into partnerships with non‐state actors in order to improve service delivery. However, these structural changes have not led to improvements in providing services for dealing with solid waste, nor have they improved accountability to or participation by civil society. The study shows that the established ways of exercising power are continuing within the new structures of the city administration, resulting in increased control over the actors involved in the process, and more conflicts and deeper mistrust of the city administration. This, in turn, has prevented the successful integration of the informal sector and provision of an improved solid waste service in the city. The city administration in Addis Ababa claims to have adopted good governance, but in reality it has adapted good governance to suit its own interests and agendas.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the effect of its eradication on symptoms of functional dyspepsia in Kashmir, India
Authors: Sodhi Jaswinder Singh , Javid Gul , Zargar Showkat Ali , Tufail Syed , Shah Altaf , Khan Bashir Ahmad , Yattoo Ghulam Nabi , Gulzar Ghulam Mohamad , Khan Mushtaq Ahmad , Lone Mohd Iqbal , Saif Riyaz u , Parveen Shaheena , Shoukat Abid
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection has regional variation. Effect of eradication of H. pylori on symptoms of functional dyspepsia is uncertain, and the data in Asian scenario are scanty. The study aimed to see H. pylori positivity rate in patients of functional dyspepsia and the effect of its eradication on symptoms.

Methods

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was the study design used. Patients of functional dyspepsia defined as per Rome 2 criteria were tested for H. pylori infection by rapid urease test and gastric biopsy. H. pylori‐positive patients were randomly allocated to triple therapy (20 mg of omeprazole, 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 1000 mg of amoxicillin orally two times daily) and omeperazole plus identical placebo for 2 weeks. Symptoms were assessed with the weekly Likert scale.

Results

H. pylori positivity rate in functional dyspepsia was 1160/2000 (58%). At 6 weeks, the eradication rate for H. pylori in triple therapy and placebo group was (181/259 [69.8%] and 13/260 [5.0%], P = 0.001), respectively. On intention‐to‐treat analysis, the symptom resolution at 1 month was (157/259 [60.7%] and 136/260 [52.3%], P = 0.38), respectively. At 12 months, H. pylori eradication and healing of gastritis in triple therapy and placebo group were (116/174 [66.7%] and 12/180 [6.7%], P = 0.001) and (132/174 [75.9%] and 11/180 [6.1%], P = 0.001), respectively. On intension to treat, the resolution of symptoms in triple therapy and placebo group was (95/217 [43.7%] and 72/195 [36.9%], P = 0.13).

Conclusion

There is high H. pylori positivity rate in patients of functional dyspepsia. The eradication of H. pylori does not resolve the symptoms despite healing of gastritis.
Blatchford score is a useful tool for predicting the need for intervention in cancer patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Ahn Shin , Lim Kyung Soo , Lee Yoon‐Seon , Lee Jae‐Lyun
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

The Blatchford score is based on clinical and laboratory variables to predict the need for clinical interventions in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). The primary object was to evaluate the Blatchford score with clinical and full Rockall scores in patients with active cancer presenting to the emergency department with UGIB. The secondary object was to assess the accuracy of the Blatchford score at different source of UGIB; cancer bleeding versus non‐malignant lesions.

Methods

We reviewed and extracted data from electronic medical record on patients with active cancer presenting to the emergency department from January 2009 to December 2011. Clinical interventions included blood transfusion, therapeutic endoscopy, angiographic intervention, and surgery.

Results

Of the 225 patients included, 197 (87.6%) received interventions. Comparing the area under receiver‐operator curves, the Blatchford score (0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–0.95) was superior to clinical Rockall (0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.79) and full Rockall score (0.72, 95% CI 0.61–0.83) in predicting interventions. When the score of 2 or less is counted as negative, sensitivity of 0.99 and specificity of 0.54 were calculated. When the patients were separated according to the source of UGIB, sensitivity and specificity were not changed.

Conclusions

The Blatchford score outperformed both Rockall scoring system in predicting intervention in patients with active cancer. The source of bleeding was not important factor in the score performance. The Blatchford score has a very good sensitivity. However, suboptimal specificity limits its role as sole means of decision making in cancer patient with UGIB.
Size and type of periampullary duodenal diverticula are associated with bile duct diameter and recurrence of bile duct stones
Authors: Kim Chang Whan , Chang Jae Hyuck , Kim Ji Hun , Kim Tae Ho , Lee In Seok , Han Sok Won
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

Periampullary diverticula (PAD) are not uncommon findings during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, but its clinical significance had not been established. To investigate the clinical characteristics associated with PAD and their relationships with the type and size of PAD in patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones was aimed.

Methods

Three hundred seventy patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography between March 2010 and July 2012 were consecutively enrolled, and their demographics, laboratory data, and CBD stone‐related characteristics according to PAD type and PAD size were analyzed.

Results

Mean age, mean size of CBD stones, prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and serum C‐reactive protein level differed in patients with CBD stones according to the presence or absence of PAD. The presence of PAD and positive blood culture were correlated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (P = 0.033 and P < 0.001, respectively). The recurrence of CBD stones was more frequent, and the diameter of CBD was larger in patients with PAD type I than in those with PAD type III. Mean age and CBD diameter were lower in patients with PAD size < 15 mm than those with PAD size ≥ 15 mm. Multivariate analyses indicated that CBD diameter was related to PAD size (P = 0.002) and the recurrence of CBD stones was related to PAD type (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

PAD are associated with larger CBD stones and severe cholangitis with CBD stones. CBD diameter is related to PAD size, and the recurrence of CBD stones is related to PAD type.
Cryptic introductions and the interpretation of island biodiversity
Authors: Avery Julian D. , Fonseca Dina M. , Campagne Pascal , Lockwood Julie L.
Published: February 2013

Species with cryptic origins (i.e. those that cannot be reliably classed as native or non‐native) present a particular challenge to our understanding of the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. Such species may be especially common on islands given that some islands have had a relatively recent history of human settlement. It is likely that select island species considered native might have achieved their current distributions via direct or indirect human actions. As an example, we explore the origins of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis bermudensis) on the island of Bermuda. Considered native to the island and a distinct subspecies, this population has diverged in morphology relative to mainland North America. Using microsatellite markers and simulation of island colonization, we show that the Bermuda population of bluebirds is the likely result of a single colonization event that occurred during the 1600s, making this a cryptic invader. To our knowledge, this is one of the youngest examples of a terrestrial vertebrate cryptic invader. We suggest that the eastern bluebird is not an isolated case of cryptic invader on either Bermuda or elsewhere and that caution be exercised when studying present‐day distributions of organisms.