bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Culture Technique of Ganoderma Australe Mycelia on Percentage Removal of Leachate Organics
Authors: Wan Abdul Razak Wan Razarinah , Mahmood Noor Zalina , Abdullah Noorlidah
Published: May 2020

Leachate (liquid pollutant), which is highly contaminated with organic matter and toxic substances is a major problem that arised from landfill. Biological methods have proven to be effective to remove organic matters that are abundant in leachate. This study is intended to compare the used of free mycelia and immobilized mycelia of the white-rot fungi, Ganoderma australe for the  removal of landfill leachate organics. The organics fraction of landfill leachate was measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The experiment revealed that free mycelia of G. australe showed capability in removing leachate BOD5  but not COD. However, the use of immobilized G. australe displayed the best result in the removal of BOD5 and COD leachate after 4 weeks of treatment in flasks with 93.09% and 17.84% percentage removal of BOD5 and COD, respectively. Therefore, G. australe can be considered potentially useful in the treatment of landfill leachate as they can help in removing BOD and COD due to their biodegradative abilities.
Analysis of Pandanus Extracts by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Mohsin Hannis Fadzillah , Jalal Ratni Suriyani , Abdul Wahab Ibtisam , Zulkifli Abdul Rasyid , Sadiran Muhammad Faxrurrazy
Published: May 2020

The Pandanus species (Pandanaceae family) was investigated, in order to set up a library of their chromatographic profiles. From a literature review, the most common Pandanus plant that was greatly examined was P. amaryllifolius (the fragrant screw pine), followed by P. sanderi. Here, the chromatographic data from an extract of a relatively unfamiliar Pandanus is also presented. The leaves of P. monotheca were extracted by using methanol. Later, the extract was filtered, prior to a Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) experiments. The automated system was set to run by gradient elution (acetonitrile:water). The flow rate was maintained at 1 ml/min, otherwise stated in a number of attempts. The ultra-violet absorbance of the Pandanus’ constituents was measured via Multiple Wavelength Detector. From the chromatogram, the major peaks for Pandanus’ compounds were eluted (λ = 220, 260 and 360 nm) and the retention times were recorded. The lower absorbance readings of other minor peaks could be due to various minor secondary metabolites, such as the furolignan. The different elution time depends on the polarity of the composition. In short, Pandanus’ phytochemicals could be obtained via alcoholic extraction. The utilisation of modern chromatographic applications enables the scientists to discover and subsequently, purify single component of the complex natural mixtures. This finding can be beneficial to the research areas in botanical study, pharmacognostical assessment and biotechnology industry. It is aimed that more Pandanus species could be learnt for the future.
Vitex Species: Review on Phytochemistry and Pouch Design for Nutritional Benefits
Authors: Abdul Hakeem Nur Rejai Salmah , Md Yusof Nuruljannah , Jahidin Aisyah Hasyila , Hasan Mizaton Hazizul , Mohsin Hannis Fadzillah , Abdul Wahab Ibtisam
Published: May 2020

Vitex trifolia or locally known as lemuni, is well documented for its medicinal properties including anticancer, antibacterial and wound healing. For years, the leaves and flowers were consumed for anti-aging and general well-being. It is also commonly served as nutraceuticals to post-partum women during their confinement period. Previous study showed that V. trifolia possesses high antioxidant properties that could prevent oxidative stress related diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes and many more. From the literature, V. trifolia leaves are used as poultice for rheumatic pains, sprains, antithelmintics and inflammations. Meanwhile, the fruits are utilised in amenorrhea. The roots, on the other hand, are used for the treatment of cough and fever. The plant is known to possess pharmacologically-active constituents such as the essential oil, halimane-type diterpenes, flavonoids, triterpenes, lignans, iridoids and ecdysteroids. Review papers were consistently published to justify the non-exhaustive biological exploration of this genus. Nevertheless, only 11 per cent of the total Vitex species were phytochemically examined. Apart from being eaten raw or blanched, Vitex is also taken as a food colourant in preparing lemuni rice. The process of making lemuni rice is quite tedious. First, the leaves and flowers are picked and washed. Both parts are then ground with water and sieved to give a bluish extract which is then mixed with rice and boiled to cook. Hence, the Vitex pouch is introduced to provide an easy way to prepare lemuni rice. This packaging is designed to enclose Vitex samples in a pouch that simply can be placed together with rice and boiled to cook. Such instant preparation will hopefully promote the consumption of lemuni rice among busy locals. Future plans include international marketing and production of other Vitex nutritional products.
Adopting Industrialisation in the Construction Environment: Meeting the Requirements of Sustainability
Authors: Musa Muhamad Faiz , Yusof Mohd Reeza , Samsudin Noor Sahidah , Muhamad Halil Faridah
Published: May 2020

The construction industry should move from conventional construction method and adopt the industrialisation concept, to increase productivity and deliver quality construction end products. Industrialisation is the combination of a large market to divide into fractions the investment in strategies and innovation, in return, of simplifying the production and, therefore, reducing the costs. The introduction of Degree of Industrialisation by Roger-Bruno Richard is critical to the construction industry. The five degrees of industrialisation are prefabrication, mechanisation, automation, robotics and reproduction. Richard’s Degree of Industrialisation is in line with the Malaysian government’s vision to be a developed nation by 2020, to push forward the use of innovative technologies in most industries including the construction industry. The adoption of industrialisation and innovations in the Malaysian construction industry has the potential to solve the current problems in the construction industry. The problems are the inferior quality of products and processes, a poor site working conditions, low construction productivity, high construction cost, relying on foreign workers and lack of skill labours. The adoption of industrialisation and innovations promote sustainability in the construction environment. The objectives of the study are to investigate whether the adoption of industrialisation in the construction environment promotes sustainability and to identify the current level of industrialisation of the Malaysian construction industry. The methodologies of the study are semi-structure interview and observation. The Malaysian construction industry is ready to embrace industrialisation in construction environment in limited areas and industrialisation promotes sustainability in the construction environment.
Bioadsorption of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions by Rhizophora Apiculate sp. and Elaesis Guineensis sp.
Authors: Nicodemus Ujih M.B. , Mohamadin Mohammad Isa , Asli Millaa-Armila , Mohamed Bebe Norlita
Published: May 2020

Heavy metal ions contamination has become more serious which is caused by the releasing of toxic water from industrial area and landfill that are very harmful to all living organism especially human and can even cause death if contaminated in small amount of heavy metal concentration. Currently, peoples are using classic method namely electrochemical treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction, chemical precipitation and reverse osmosis to eliminate the metal ions from toxic water. Unfortunately, these methods are costly and not environmentally friendly as compared to bioadsorption method, where agricultural waste is used as biosorbent to remove heavy metals. Two types of agricultural waste used in this research namely oil palm mesocarp fiber (Elaesis guineensis sp.) (OPMF) and mangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculate sp.) (MB) biomass. Through chemical treatment, the removal efficiency was found to improve. The removal efficiency is examined based on four specification namely dosage, of biosorbent to adsorb four types of metals ion explicitly nickel, lead, copper, and chromium. The research has found that the removal efficiency of MB was lower than OPMF; whereas, the multiple metals ions removal efficiency decreased in the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Cr2+.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Characterisation of Trinuclear Zinc(II) Schiff Base Complexes Derived from m-phenylenediamine and Salicylaldehyde
Authors: Kassim Karimah , Hamali Muhamad Azwan
Published: May 2020

A series of Schiff base ligand, SALMPD, and its mono- and trinuclear Zn(II) metal complexes were synthesised from m-phenylenediamine and salicylaldehyde in alcoholic solution. The synthesis of ligand and mononuclear complex were synthesised using conventional condensation method, while the trinuclear complex was done using microwave-assisted synthesis method. The structure of each compound was elucidated by elemental analysis, infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum of SALMPD shows a strong azomethine (C=N) band at 1621.62cm-1, indicates the formation of the ligand. Upon complexation of the mononuclear complex, the C=N infrared band shifted and the disappearing of the phenolic hydrogen signal in 1H NMR suggesting the chelation between Zinc(II) metal ion and ligand took place when azomethine and phenolic hydrogen deprotonated.  The trinuclear complex, Zn3(SALMPD) obtained was consist of two moieties of mononuclear Zn(SALMPD), which act as ligands that chelating to the third Zn(II) metal ion through oxygen atom due to the shifting of M-O infrared band from 575.12-540.53cm-1, which serves as a coordination site for the metal ion.
Analysing Population Structure of Elaeis Oleifera Germplasm using Model-based Approach Programme STRUCTURE
Authors: Wan Hanafi Wan Nurhayati , Mohd Yusof Farida Zuraina , Singh Rajinder , Din Ahmad Kushairi , Nookiah Rajanaidu , Ithnin Maizura
Published: May 2020

Elaeis oleifera serves as a source of genetic foundation in oil palm improvement programme, as it possess several interesting agronomic traits such as slow growth, higher oil unsaturation and disease resistance. Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) has developed a collection of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from Elaeis oleifera genome (E. oleifera-gSSRs). A total of 21 polymoprhic SSR markers were evaluated in the attempt to assess the population structure of E. oleifera populations.  The appropriate common ancestry (K) value was determined to be seven from the likelihood scores. The profile from STRUCTURE analysis indicates considerable sharing of genetic components among E. oleifera population with an exception for Population 01 from Columbia and Population 02 from Costa Rica. The present study provides information on population structure of MPOB E. oleifera collection via model-based method for germplasm conservation and utilisation in breeding programmes.
Design and Simulation of a PWM Based Phase Synchronous Inverter for Utility Grid Systems with 20km Feeder Line
Authors: Rahman Tawfikur , Motakabber S. M. A. , Ibrahimy M. I.
Published: May 2020

In recent years, the utility grid system is more essential for the power transmission and distribution system because it cannot produce harmful gases or no discharge waste in the environment. PWM based phase synchronous invert systems are generally utilised in the high efficiency energy supply, long distance and higher power quality. The inverter output voltage depends on the coupling transformer, input sources and invert controllers. An inverter using a three leg IGBT has been designed for utility grid and simulated by using MATLAB2014a.  In this paper,  both sides of the LCL filters are used for removing the DC ripple current, reducing the noise and synchronous the output phase between inverter and the utility grid. The PWM controller has created pulse signal to control the inverter, electronic switches and precisely synchronise with grid line frequency. In this system, the input DC voltage 500V, switching frequency 1.65 kHz, grid frequency 50Hz, 20 km feeder (resistance, inductance and capacitance per unit length, which are 0.1153, 1.05e-3 and 11.33e-09 ohms/km) with 30MW three phase load (active and inductive reactive power which are 30e6 W and 2e6 var) and also a balanced utility grid load of star configuration (00, 1200, and 2400 degree) are considered in the design. On the other hand, three phase transformer consists of three signal phase transformers, normal power 100e3, magnetization resistance and inductance which are 500 pu and 416.67pu are considered in this design. The system  conversion efficiency is 99.94% and 99.96%, while the total THD are 0.06% on inverter side and 0.04% on grid side.
Text Localisation for Roman Words from Shop Signage
Authors: Sabri Nurbaity , Yusof Noor Hazira , Ibrahim Zaidah , Kasiran Zolidah , Abu Mangshor Nur Nabilah
Published: May 2020

Text localisation determines the location of the text in an image. This process is performed prior to text recognition.  Localising text on shop signage is a challenging task since the images of the shop signage consist of complex background, and the text occurs in various font types, sizes, and colours. Two popular texture features that have been applied to localise text in scene images are a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) and speeded up robust features (SURF).  A comparative study is conducted in this paper to determine which is better with support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The performance of SVM is influenced by its kernel function and another comparative study is conducted to identify the best kernel function. The experiments have been conducted using primary data collected by the authors. Results indicate that HOG with quadratic kernel function localises text for shop signage better than SURF.
Microbubbles Size Distribution at Different Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Temperatures for Oil Recovery Study
Authors: Mohamad Nurul Hazwani , Sulaiman Alawi , Krishnan Jagannathan , Mokhtar Mohd Noriznan , Baharuddin Azhari Samsu
Published: May 2020

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is the largest contributor of biomass from the palm oil milling industry. Conventional method of POME treatment using ponding system should be improved because of huge land resource requirement. In this study, microbubbles technology was applied to understand the recovery rate of residual oil from POME at different operating temperatures. Temperature for POME was set at 27 oC, 30 oC and 50 oC to determine the microbubble size distributions and characteristics at different POME temperature. At each temperature, the size of microbubbles was measured based on six size range; <10 μm, (11-20) μm, (21-30) μm, (31-40) μm, (41-50) μm and >50 μm. The results showed that at different temperatures, the microbubbles size distribution varies and the smallest group of microbubbles (<10μm) was generated at 50oC. According to Stoke-Einstein equation, at higher temperature, smaller size of microbubbles is generated because of the gas diffusion factor into liquid.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) of Digital Index Evaluation System for Finger Clubbing Identification
Authors: Masra S. M. W. , Goh K. L. , Muhammad M. S. , Djojodibroto R. D. , Sapawi R. , Kipli K. , Shahrom N. S.
Published: May 2020

This paper presents the development of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for calculating the sum of nail-fold (NF) and distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) ratios for all ten fingers. The sum of NF:DIP ratios for all ten fingers leads to the Digital Index (DI) that was used as the measure for identifying and determining the presence of finger clubbing symptom. This GUI system was developed to serve as a simple and user-friendly interface for clinicians to calculate DI value of patients in a busy clinic practice. It is also equipped with the capability to keep the patient’s past diagnosis medical check-up data for future monitoring purposes. The result shows that the developed system helps the clinicians to perform calculation of DI value and identify the presence of finger clubbing in a very short time. The average time taken to measure both NF and DIP circumferences using Finger Clubbing Meter, and to compute DI values using Digital Index Evaluation System (DIES) interface is 6:36 ± 1:24 minutes (Mean ± SD) .This system is expected to contribute in detecting the finger clubbing problem at early stage of so the treatment can be performed immediately.
The Application of Waste Marble as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Production
Authors: Chang Kok Yung , Kwan Wai Hoe , Kua Hui Bun
Published: May 2020

The massive growth of construction industry especially in the developing countries results in extensive quarrying activities which ultimately would lead to the depletion of natural resources. Apart from extensive extraction of the natural granite from the earth for concrete production, marble production industry is also majorly contributing to the quarrying activities. In addition, high volume of waste is generated by the marble production industry as 70% of marble is wasted during the production such as quarrying, cutting, processing and others which is environmental unfriendly. In a way to achieve sustainable construction, the present study is to utilise the waste marble in replacing the coarse aggregate in concrete production. The engineering performance including workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and chloride penetration were analysed. The raw waste marble obtained from the industry were crushed and sieved into maximum size 20 mm and used to replace the coarse aggregate at the level of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% respectively. Results show that 60% of the replacement level has yield to optimum result by achieving the highest compressive strength and UPV at approximate 5% higher than the control. Meanwhile, the effect on chloride penetration resistance is more significant, i.e. approximate 19% better than the control. However, increasing the replacement level of waste marble has no significant effect on workability, although an increasing trend was observed.
The Convex Polytopes and Homogeneous Coordinate Rings of Bivariate Polynomials
Authors: Ahmad Shamsatun Nahar , Aris Nor’Aini , Jumadi Azlina
Published: May 2020

Concepts from algebraic geometry such as cones and fans are related to toric varieties and can be applied to determine the convex polytopes and homogeneous coordinate rings of multivariate polynomial systems. The homogeneous coordinates of a system in its projective vector space can be associated with the entries of the resultant matrix of the system under consideration. This paper presents some conditions for the homogeneous coordinates of a certain system of bivariate polynomials through the construction and implementation of the Sylvester-Bèzout hybrid resultant matrix formulation. This basis of the implementation of the Bèzout block applies a combinatorial approach on a set of linear inequalities, named 5-rule. The inequalities involved the set of exponent vectors of the monomials of the system and the entries of the matrix are determined from the coefficients of facets variable known as brackets. The approach can determine the homogeneous coordinates of the given system and the entries of the Bèzout block. Conditions for determining the homogeneous coordinates are also given and proven.
An intelligent optical fibre pH sensor based on sol-gel advanced material and artificial neural network
Authors: Taib Mohd Nasir , Mohd Suah Faiz Bukhari , Ahmad Musa
Published: May 2020

The application of artificial neural network (ANN) in signal processing of optical fibre pH sensor is presented. The pH sensor is developed based on the use of bromophenol blue indicator immobilized in a sol-gel thin film as a sensing material. A three layer feed-forward network was used and the network training was performed using the back-propagation algorithm. Spectra generated from the pH sensor at several selected wavelengths are used as the input for the ANN. The bromophenol blue indicator, which has a limited dynamic range of 3.00-5.50 pH units, was found to show higher pH dynamic range of 2.00-12.00 and low calibration error after training with ANN. The trained ANN was successfully employed to predict several spectra from unknown buffer solution with an average error of 0.06 pH units.
Classification and Identification of Power System Disturbances Using Wavalet and Artificial Neural Network Technique
Authors: Hamzah Noraliza , Wan Abdullah Wan Nor Ainin , Mohd Arsad Pauziah
Published: May 2020

Power Quality disturbances problems have gained widespread interest worldwide due to the proliferation of power electronic load such as adjustable speed drives, computer, industrial drives, communication and medical equipments. This paper presents a technique based on wavelet and probabilistic neural network to detect and classify power quality disturbances, which are harmonic, voltage sag, swell and oscillatory transient. The power quality disturbances are obtained from the waveform data collected from premises, which include the UiTM Sarawak, Faculty of Science Computer in Shah Alam, Jati College, Menara UiTM, PP Seksyen 18 and Putra LRT. Reliable Power Meter is used for data monitoring and the data is further processed using the Microsoft Excel software. From the processed data, power quality disturbances are detected using the wavelet technique. After the disturbances being detected, it is then classified using the Probabilistic Neural Network. Sixty data has been chosen for the training of the Probabilistic Neural Network and ten data has been used for the testing of the neural network. The results are further interfaced using matlab script code.  Results from the research have been very promising which proved that the wavelet technique and Probabilistic Neural Network is capable to be used for power quality disturbances detection and classification.
Effect of Varied Probe Length on the Resonant Frequency of a Circular Cross-Sectional Cavity
Authors: Mohd Salleh Mohd Khairul , Suhaili Mohamad Syukri , Ismail Zuhani , Awang Zaiki
Published: May 2020

A simple design of a metallic circular cross-sectional air-filled cavity is presented. Two probes of varied lengths are used to excite TE112-mode wave into the cavity to give a resonant frequency of 5.86 GHz. The experiments show that the resonant frequency of the cavity resonator decreases as the lengths of the probes are increased. The shortest probe in the range of study gives the closest resonant frequency to the one desired.
Design and Testing of an Experimental IPv4-to-IPv6 Transition Network
Authors: Samad Mustaffa
Published: May 2020

The Internet has been an integral part of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) community in recent years. New internet users have been growing steadily over the years. This has lead to the depletion of new Internet Protocol (IP) addresses worldwide. To overcome this predicament, the new Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) had been introduced. The existing Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is expected to be eventually replaced by this IPv6. The changeover from IPv4 to IPv6 is expected to be implemented progressively. During this transition period, these two protocols are expected to coexist for a number of years. IPv4-to-IPv6 transition tools have been designed to facilitate a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6. The two most basic IPv4-to-IPv6 transition tools available are the hybrid stack mechanism and tunneling. Tunneling is the encapsulation of IPv6 traffic within IPv4 packets so they can be sent over an IPv4 infrastructure. This project was initiated to set up an experimental IPv6 testbed, in order to study the performance as well as transition and migration issues of IPv6 networks under controlled conditions. This paper looks at how tunneling can be performed over existing internetwork infrastructure at Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik (FKE), UiTM.
Furnace Modelling Using State Space Representation
Authors: Ismail Razidah
Published: May 2020

The state space modeling approach was developed to cope with the demand and performance due to the increase in system complexity, which may have multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO). This approach is based on time-domain analysis and synthesis using state variables. This paper describes the development of a state space representation of a furnace system of a combined cycle power plant. Power plants will need to operate optimally so as to stay competitive, as even a small improvement in energy efficiency would involve substantial cost savings. Both the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the state space representation of the furnace system are discussed. These include the responses of systems excited by certain inputs and the structural properties of the system. The analysis on the furnace system showed that the system is bounded input and bounded output stable, controllable and observable. In practice, the state space formulation is very important for numerical computation and controller design, and can be extended for time-varying systems.
Study on Stability of a Novel Binder System Based on Palm Stearin in Metal Injection Moulding Application
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Hussain , Muhamad Norhamidi , Jumahat Aidah , Subuki Istikamah , Omar Mohd Afian
Published: May 2020

Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a wellestablished technology for manufacturing a variety of complex and small precision parts. In this paper, fundamental rheological characteristics of MIM feedstock using palm stearin are theoretically analyzed and presented. The feedstock consisted of gas atomized 316L stainless steel powder at three different particle size distributions and the binder system of palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE). The powder loading used was 60vol % for all samples (monosize 16 µm, monosize 45 µm, and bimodal 16 µm + 45 µm) and the binder system of 40vol %(PS/PE = 40/60). The viscosity of MIM feedstock at different temperatures and shear rates was measured and evaluated. Results showed that, the feedstock containing palm stearin exhibited suitable rheological properties by increasing the fluidity of feedstock in MIM process. The rheological results also showed a pseudoplastic flow characteristics, which poses higher value of shear sensitivity (n) and lower value of flow activation energy (E), that are both favourable for injection molding process. The green parts were successfully injected and exhibited adequate strength for handling by optimizing the injection pressure and temperature.
Analysis on the Effect of Land Use Changes on Flooding Using SCS Method and GIS
Authors: Jani Janmaizatulriah , Tahir Wardah , Abd. Wahid Marfiah
Published: May 2020

The research investigated the effect of land use changes on flood estimation by focusing on a widely used method developed by the US Soil Conservation Services, namely SCS Curve Number method. This method was developed to estimate the peak flow and flood hydrograph based on several parameters, one of it is known as the Curve Number (CN). The CN which can be measured effectively using GIS is an indirect measure of soil potential storage and is dependent on the land use. The research explored the feasibility of the method to Malaysian catchments by firstly, analysed the CN in a small urban catchment of UiTM campus at Shah Alam and secondly compared the hydrograph calculated by the method with the observed ones. The results indicated a close proximity of the CN values obtained from the observed rainfall runoff and the values published by the US SCS (around 8 % difference). In addition, comparison between observed unit hydrographs and SCS unit hydrographs for the same rainfall duration indicated that the estimated values of peak discharge from the synthetic method were not very far from the observed values. Finally, it was shown that changes in land use especially during urbanization process would increase the peak flow, hence increase the possibility of flooding.
Failure Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials Used in Malaysian Industries
Authors: Mahmud Jamaluddin , Kuntjoro Wahyu , Jumahat Aidah
Published: May 2020

The main objective of this paper is to determine the curves bounding the actual load carrying capacity in terms of the First Ply Failure and the Last Ply Failure of composite materials used in Malaysian Industries. A mathematical model and computational model are presented for the analysis. Higher Order Shear Deformation plate theory is employed to predict the deformation of the plate. The selected material properties through thickness is used and accommodated by a discrete layer approach. A program based on finite element method is developed using Fortran-90 to determine the lamina stresses. These stresses are then used in the present failure model to determine the First Ply Failure and Last Ply Failure, by progressively reducing the stiffness of the laminas. Finally, the First Ply Failure and Last Ply failure results are analysed, in terms of lower and upper bound within which the true load carrying capacity lies.
Seam Quality: Experimental and Modelling Works using the Structural Equation Methodology
Authors: Abdul Ghani Suzaini , Gong Hugh
Published: May 2020

Seam quality in terms of appearance and strength were investigated for very light weight fabrics (weight less than 80 g m-1;. Seams were constructed with different sewing parameters, which included types of thread, stitch densities and needle size. Before constructing the seam for appearance and strength evaluation the mechanical properties of all fabrics were determined. The mechanical properties of 48 fabrics were determined using the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES-F), the Fabric Assurance Simple Test (FAST) and an lnstron Tensile Tester. Evaluation of seam quality was performed with respect to all the sewing parameters and the seams were ranked accordingly. The same evaluation ranking for seam appearance and strength was used for further analysis using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) under AMOS. SEM was used to establish the relationship between seam quality with respect to appearance and strength, and fabric mechanical properties. SEM was adopted to perform confirmative analysis to identify the fabrics mechanical properties that influence seam quality. From the experimental work, it was established that seams constructed with I 00 % spun polyester thread with a ticket number of 75 gave the best ranking in terms of seam strength. This thread performed at optimum values when used with 6.5 stitches per centimetre (spcm) with a Metric needle size (Nm) of 90. For seam appearance, I 00 % spun polyester with a ticket number of 120 and Metric needle size of 80 gave the best ranking. SEM established that extensibility and shear were the main fabric mechanical properties that determine seam quality of very light weight fabrics.
Lipase Catalyzed Betulinic Acid Derivatives and its Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Yasin Yamin , Ahmacl Faujan
Published: May 2020

Betulinic acid. a triterpenoid found in many plant species, has attracted attention due to its important pharmacological properties, such as anti-cancer and anti-HIV activities. In order to obtain derivatives potentially useful for detailed pharmacological studies, derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of betulinic acid with benzoyl chloride and acetic anhydride using a lipase catalyst. Enzyme-catalyzed reaction of betulinic acid with benzoyl chloride yielded 3b-benzoil-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid ester (BCL), whereas the acetic anhydride reaction yielded 3b-acetoxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid ester (BAA). The BAA underwent further reaction with 1-decanol to produce 3b-acetoxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28 decanoate (BAAD). The prepared betulinic acid derivatives were tested for cytotoxic activity on three cancer cell lines in vitro: all tested compounds showed greater activity than betulinic acid.
Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn lntermetallics Study in the Sn-40Pb/Cu System during Long-term Aging
Authors: Mayappan Ramani , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: May 2020

Replacing Sn-Pb solder with lead-free solder is a great challenge in the electronics industry. The presented lead-free solder is Sn based and forms two intermetallic species upon reaction with the Cu substrate, namely Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn. The growth of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn intermetallics have been investigated with respect to Sn-40Pb/Cu solder joints. The joints were aged under long-term thermal exposure using single shear lap joints and the intermetallics were observed using scanning electron microscopy. As-soldered solder joints exhibit a single Cu6Sn5 phase, however after aging a Cu3Sn layer below the Cu6Sn5 is observed to manifest. The Cu6Sn5 layer develops with a scalloped morphology, whereas the Cu in layer always develops an undulating planar shape in phase with the Cu6Sn5. The Cu6Sn5 layer begins to transform from a scalloped- to a planar-shape as aging progresses in order to minimize the interfacial energy. The intermetallic layers exhibit a linear dependence on the square root of aging time, which corresponds to diffusion-controlled growth. The activation energy for the growth of the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic layer has been determined to be 56.16 kJ/mol.
The Properties of Agricultural Waste Particle Composite Reinforced with Woven Cotton Fabric
Authors: Misnon Mohd Iqbal , Bahari Shahril Anuar , Ahmad Mohd Rozi , Wan Ahmad Wan Yunus , Salleh Jamil , Ab Kadir Muhammad Ismail
Published: May 2020

The production of particle composites using agricultural waste materials is an area of significant research interest. in general the properties of agricultural waste particle composites are considered to be inferior to those of commercial particleboards. In this study, the inclusion of woven cotton fabric has been used to overcome this drawback. Particle composites were manufactures from coconut shell- and rubberwood-particles using urea formaldehyde as a binder and combined with woven cotton fabric to reinforce the material. The fabricated agricultural waste particle composites were then evaluated with respect to the effect of the number of fabric layers in the composite structure and the inherent effect on the mechanical (flexural and impact strength) and physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) properties. Agricultural waste particle composites without any reinforcement were used as control samples in this study. The test results indicate that the flexural and impact properties of particle composites reinforced with woven cotton fabric are better than those for the control samples. It was also determined that both the mechanical and physical properties improve with increasing fabric layers, except with respect to thickness swelling.
Effects of Particle Sizes, Wood to Cement Ratio and Chemical Additives on the Properties of Sesendok (Endospermum Diadenum) Cement-bonded Particleboard
Authors: Kasim Jamaludin , Karim Yamani Shaikh Abdul , Mat Hedzir Ahmad Firdaus , Badrul Hisham Ahmad Syafiq , Mohamad Adnan Mohd Arif Fikri
Published: May 2020

An experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the properties of cement-bonded particleboard made from Sesendok wood. The target board density was set at a standard 1200 kg m·3• The effect of particle size, wood to cement ratio and the addition of sodium silicate and aluminium silicate on the wood cement board properties has been evaluated. A change of particle size from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm has a significant effect on the mechanical properties, however the physical properties deteriorate. Increasing the wood to cement ratio from 1:2.25 to 1:3 decreases the modulus of rupture (MOR) by 11% and the addition of sodium silicate improves values farther by about 28% compared to the addition of aluminium silicate. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) in general increases with increasing cement content, but is not significantly affected by the addition of sodium silicate or aluminium silicate, although the addition of their mixture (sodium silicate and aluminium silicate) consistently yields greater MOE values. Water absorption and thickness swelling is significantly affected by the inclusion of additives and better values are attained using higher wood to cement ratios.
Extraction of Collagen from Catfish (Clarias gariepnus) Waste and Determination of its Physico-chemical Properties
Authors: Ismail Normah , Abdul Jabar Nurul Asyiraf
Published: May 2020

Collagen was extracted from catfish (Clarias gariepnus) waste using 0.5M acetic acid and its subsequent precipitation in 2.6M NaCl. The resultant collagen was analysed with respect to its moisture content and physico­chemical properties including yield, pH, protein content, colour, odour and thermal stability. A yield of 16. 4% and positive collagen attributes indicate that catfish waste has potential as a collagen source. The snowy white, crystal-like and light textured collagen comprises of 5.97% protein and 0.46% moisture, and exhibits a pH of 4.75. Sensory evaluation indicates that the collagen has a slight fishy odour. Viscosity analysis indicates a steady decrease with increasing temperature over the range considered (20-50°C). The pale colour exhibited and limited odour emitted by the extracted collagen indicate that catfish waste collagen could be applied in the food industry without resulting in any undesirable food products attributes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the collagen exhibits good thermal stability and denatures at a high temperature in a similar manner to mammalian collagen.
Spatial Autocorrelation in the Study of Neighbourhoods towards Smart Cities: Empirical Evidence from Kerman, Iran
Authors: Hosseini Asra
Published: May 2020

From earliest cities to the present, spatial division into residential zones and neighbourhoods is the universal feature of urban areas. This study explored issue of measuring neighbourhoods through spatial autocorrelation method based on Moran's I index in respect of achieving to best neighbourhoods' model for forming cities smarter. The research carried out by selection of 35 neighbourhoods only within central part of traditional city of Kerman in Iran. The results illustrate, 75% of neighbourhoods' area in the inner city of Kerman had clustered pattern, and it shows reduction in Moran's index is associated with disproportional distribution of density and increasing in Moran's I and Z-score have monotonic relation with more dense areas and clustered pattern. It may be more efficient for urban planner to focus on spatial autocorrelation to foster neighbourhood cohesion rather than emphasis on suburban area. It is recommended characteristics of historic neighbourhoods can be successfully linked to redevelopment plans toward making city smarter, and also people's quality of life can be related to the way that neighbourhoods' patterns are defined.
A Crystallographic Study of Bis[S-benzyl-5-bromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidenemethanehydrazonthioate] Disulfide Solvated with Dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Abdul Manan Mohd Abdul Fatah , M. Tahir M. Ibrahim , Crouse Karen A. , How Fiona N.-F. , Watkin David J.
Published: May 2020

The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined. The compound crystallized in the triclinic space group P -1, Z = 2, V = 1839 .42( 18) A3 and unit cell parameters a= 11. 0460( 6) A, b = 13 .3180(7) A, c=13. 7321 (8) A, a = 80.659(3 )0, b = 69 .800(3 )0 and g = 77 .007 (2)0 with one disordered dimethylsulfoxide solvent molecule with the sulfur and oxygen atoms are distributed over two sites; S101/S102 [site occupancy factors: 0.6035/0.3965] and 0130/0131 [site occupancy factor 0.3965/0.6035]. The C22-S2 l and C 19-S20 bond distances of 1. 779(7) A and 1. 788(8) A indicate that both of the molecules are connected by the disulfide bond [S20-S21 2.055(2) A] in its thiol form. The crystal structure reveals that both of the 5-bromoisatin moieties are trans with respect to the [S21-S20 and CI 9-Nl 8] and [S20-S21 and C22-N23] bonds whereas the benzyl group from the dithiocarbazate are in the cis configuration with respect to [S21-S20 and C19-S44] and [S20-S21 and C22-S36] bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds of N9-H35···O16 formed between the two molecules and N28-H281 ···O130, N28-H281 ···O131 and C4 l-H4 l l ···O 131 with the solvent molecule.
AN ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF VOICELESS ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE /t/ IN SUNDANESE, INDONESIAN, AND ENGLISH BY SUNDANESE SPEAKERS
Authors: Sukmawijaya Jeri , Mahdi Sutiono , Yuliawati Susi
Published: May 2020

A voiceless alveolar plosive /t/ is pronounced with many variations. In English, it is perceived to have an aspiration when it is in the initial segment of a word in a stressed syllable while Sundanese and Indonesian do not aspirate it. The study focuses on finding out Voice Onset Time (VOT) or duration of /t/ in Sundanese, Indonesian, and English produced by Sundanese speakers. The method used is quantitative and qualitative (mix method). The data are obtained from the voice recording of eighteen undergraduate students. They are all native Sundanese speakers who are learning English at IKIP Siliwangi Cimahi. The voice recordings are analyzed and measured by acoustic analysis by using PRAAT software. The result shows the average VOT or duration of /t/ in the initial segment of the word in Sundanese and Indonesian is identical, namely 20 ms. It indicates that they do not aspirate /t/ in Sundanese and Indonesian. Additionally, they transfer the way they produce /t/ in their two languages into English as their foreign language. It can be seen from the average VOT or duration of /t/ in the initial segment of the word in English that lasts 29 ms. This finding can be a reference to other researchers who want to know the necessary duration of /t/ in Sundanese and Indonesian produced by Sundanese speakers.
Pelestarian Nilai-Nilai Budaya Sunda Melalui Kaulinan Barudak Lembur di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya
Authors: Saepudin Encang
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai  Model Pelestarian  Kaulinan Barudak Lembur (Sunda) di Desa Sindangkerta Kecamatan Cipatujah Kabupaten Tasikmalaya. Dengan  metode kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, Focus Group Discussion, dan  studi pustaka penelitilian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis permainan, nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam permainan,  dan model pelestarian  kaulinan barudak lembur di Desa Sindangkerta Kecamatan Cipatujah Kabupaten Tasikmalaya. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah Pengelola Saung Budaya Tatar Karang Cipatujah  dan para tokoh masyarakat Desa Sindang Kerta. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa jenis permainan yang dilestarikan oleh masyarakat  Desa Sindangkerta ada 12 jenis permainan, setiap permainan memiliki nilai-nilai kehidupan yang diterapkan berdasarkan nilai silih asih, silih asah, dan silih asuh.  Nilai-nilai dalam permainan adalah kebersamaan, kepemimpinan, kejujuran, lapang dada, kesederhanaan, dan lain-lain, sedangkan pelestarian kaulinan barudak lembur yang dilaksanakan oleh  Pengelola Saung Budaya Tatar Karang  Cipatujah terbagi dalam dua bentuk yaitu Culture Experience dan  Culture Knowledge.
Perbandingan Teks Cerita Aji Saka dalam Tradisi Tulis Masyarakat Sunda
Authors: Ruhimat Mamat
Published: May 2020

Tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian secara filologis dan resepsi terhadap teks-teks Cerita Aji Saka (CAS) yang terdapat di dalam khazanah pernaskahan Sunda lama. Penelitian terhadap CAS ditujukan untuk mendapatkan suntingan teks, hubungan antarteks,  dan tanggapan masyarakat terhadap cerita tersebut. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kritik teks objektif dan metode interteks. Metode objektif digunakan untuk merunut silsilah naskah. Metode interteks digunakan untuk membandingkan versi-versi CAS sehingga dapat diketahui dari sumber mana versi-versi itu berasal. Naskah-naskah Sunda yang memuat CAS di dalam penelitian ini ada sebelas naskah. Hasil perbandingan antarteks menunjukkan bahwa Cerita Aji Saka sangat populer dalam tradisi tulis masyarakat Sunda. Di dalam naskah Sajarah Galuh, buku Gandasari, Sekar Aosan, dan roman Mantri Jero tokoh Aji Saka dilegitimasi sebagai tokoh sejarah yang benar-benar ada dan hidup pada abad ke-5 Masehi yang peranannya sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan kejiwaan pembacanya untuk meneladani budi pekerti dari peristiwa yang terjadi pada Cerita Aji Saka.
Budaya Mikanyaah Munding dan Terbang Gebes
Authors: Gunardi Gugun
Published: May 2020

Konservasi budaya lokal “Mikanyaah Munding” (atau Memelihara Kerbau) sebagai basis Pusat Pembiakan Desa “Kerbau” adalah penelitian yang dilakukan pada pembiakan tradisional “kerbau” di Cikeusal, Tasikmalaya. “Mikanyaah Munding” menyimpan berbagai pertunjukan kesenian tradisional Sunda, salah satunya adalah “Seni Terbang Gebes”. Artikel ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang melibatkan etnografi sebagai perspektifnya. Data dikumpulkan dari wawancara. Temuan kami dari analisis adalah: kebiasaan penduduk setempat dalam merawat kerbau mereka; Kosa kata spesifik tentang pembibitan; Perayaan dalam kaitannya dengan perkembangbiakan dan segala jenis pertunjukan kesenian tradisional Sunda termasuk dalam “Mikanyaah Munding”. Esai ini membahas salah satu pertunjukan keseniannya, “Seni Terbang Gebes”.
Amâlî (Imla) As Arabic Writing Technique
Authors: Pauji Dicky Rachmat
Published: May 2020

Amâlî (Imla) is a methodology used in studying Arabic language and literature that has a very wide scope. Amâlî (Imla) itself can be translated as: to dictate, to add, to fill in and etc. Amâlî (Imla) may also be interpreted further by the following narration: A teacher (ustadz) comes to a place like a mosque, an Islamic school or any learning space in general. In the process of teaching and learning, all that are spoken by the teacher is written down by the students on pieces of paper they had prepared earlier then be compiled into a book which will be preserved. This paper presents a brief summary of Amâlî (Imla) as a methodology which is discussed in many Amâlî (Imla) related literature works written from the beginning of 7th century until the 14th century. The subject Amâlî (Imla) is written in exceedingly diverse manner, unique to each of numerous known authors. This paper also discusses about various meaning of the word Amâlî (Imla) that has been interpreted differently among authors. In addition, the method of separating chapters and other minor distinct writing style that each of various groups of Amâlî (Imla) authors had developed was presented in this work. And lastly, this paper discusses the fact that Amâlî (Imla) related textbook authors were not only originated from the Middle East, but also from regions such as Iran (Huzistan) and Andalusia
Relevansi Masakan Rendang dengan Filosofi Merantau Orang Minangkabau
Authors: Darmayanti Nani
Published: May 2020

Rendang merupakan salah satu makanan khas dari Minangkabau yang cukup terkenal di berbagai daerah di Indonesia bahkan dunia. Persebaran rendang di Indonesia tidak terlepas dari kebudayaan masyarakat Minangkabau, yaitu merantau. Tekstur rendang asli yang kering dan bisa bertahan hingga berbulan-bulan, membuat rendang menjadi bekal yang biasa dibawa oleh orang Minangkabau saat melakukan perjalanan berbulan-bulan menggunakan kapal laut sejak zaman dulu. Penelitian ini membahas tentang relevansi masakan rendang sebagai makanan khas yang berasal dari Minangkabau dengan filosofi merantau orang Minangkabau ke luar kampung halamannya, sehingga rendang tersebut bisa memiliki nilai yang dianggap lebih dan menjadi suatu budaya yang berharga di Minangkabau dan tanah rantaunya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah menggunakan pendekatan sejarah, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebudayaan merantau orang Minangkabau yang telah dilakukan sejak zaman dulu dan membawa rendang sebagai bekal perjalanannya turut berjasa membuat rendang menjadi lebih dikenal, tidak saja hingga pelosok  Indonesia tapi juga mancanegara.