bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in dissolved CO2 and CH4 in a first‐order stream and catchment: an investigation of soil–stream linkages
Authors: Hope Diane , Palmer Sheila M. , Billett Michael F. , Dawson Julian J. C.
Published: November 2004

Spatial and seasonal variations in CO2 and CH4 concentrations in streamwater and adjacent soils were studied at three sites on Brocky Burn, a headwater stream draining a peatland catchment in upland Britain. Concentrations of both gases in the soil atmosphere were significantly higher in peat and riparian soils than in mineral soils. Peat and riparian soil CO2 concentrations varied seasonally, showing a positive correlation with air and soil temperature. Streamwater CO2 concentrations at the upper sampling site, which mostly drained deep peats, varied from 2·8 to 9·8 mg l−1 (2·5 to 11·9 times atmospheric saturation) and decreased markedly downstream. Temperature‐related seasonal variations in peat and riparian soil CO2 were reflected in the stream at the upper site, where 77% of biweekly variation was explained by an autoregressive model based on: (i) a negative log‐linear relationship with stream flow; (ii) a positive linear relationship with soil CO2 concentrations in the shallow riparian wells; and (iii) a negative linear relationship with soil CO2 concentrations in the shallow peat wells, with a significant 2‐week lag term. These relationships changed markedly downstream, with an apparent decrease in the soil–stream linkage and a switch to a positive relationship between stream flow and stream CO2. Streamwater CH4 concentrations also declined sharply downstream, but were much lower (<0·01 to 0·12 mg l−1) than those of CO2 and showed no seasonal variation, nor any relationship with soil atmospheric CH4 concentrations. However, stream CH4 was significantly correlated with stream flow at the upper site, which explained 57% of biweekly variations in dissolved concentrations. We conclude that stream CO2 can be a useful integrative measure of whole catchment respiration, but only at sites where the soil–stream linkage is strong. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evidence of fast groundwater responses in a hillslope/floodplain area in the Black Forest Mountains, Germany
Authors: Wenninger Jochen , Uhlenbrook Stefan , Tilch Nils , Leibundgut Christian
Published: November 2004

Analysis of water flow pathways from hillslopes to streams is essential for the optimal protection of water resources as well as for ecohydrological studies. This study addresses runoff generation processes at a hillslope and near‐stream shallow groundwater system in the Black Forest Mountains, southwestern Germany. The changing spatial and temporal flow patterns during differing hydrological situations were examined using a combined hydraulic and hydrochemical approach. Groundwater levels at 10 wells, discharge at a near‐stream saturated area, and several natural tracers (deuterium, dissolved silica, and major anions and cations) were observed at different locations during high and low flows. The importance of the groundwater component during flood formation was clearly demonstrated: its contribution was about 80% during a double peak flood event at the saturated area. In addition, a rapid change of the shallow groundwater levels was observed along two transects of groundwater wells in the floodplain. This led to an enhanced groundwater discharge into the saturated area located at the end of one study transect. The amount of groundwater additionally activated during the event was about 30% of total discharge recorded at the outlet of the saturated area. Two alternative hypotheses are discussed to explain this phenomenon: the establishment of locally confined conditions and the development of a pressure wave (hypothesis A), or the significant change of the three‐dimensional groundwater flow lines that caused a large increase of the groundwater catchment at the saturated area during the investigated event (hypothesis B). Even if the exact flow paths and mechanisms could not be clearly identified, the importance of rapid responding hillslope groundwater was undoubtedly demonstrated by a combination of tracer and hydrometric methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the nervus terminalis: Origin and migration
Authors: Whitlock Kathleen E.
Published: November 2004

The origin of the nervus terminalis is one of the least well understood developmental events involved in generating the cranial ganglia of the forebrain in vertebrate animals. This cranial nerve forms at the formidable interface of the anteriormost limits of migrating cranial neural crest cells, the terminal end of the neural tube and the differentiating olfactory and adenohypophyseal placodes. The complex cellular interactions that give rise to the various structures associated with the sensory placode (olfactory) and endocrine placode (adenohypophysis) surround and engulf this enigmatic cranial nerve. The tortured history of nervus terminalis development (see von Bartheld, this issue, pages 13–24) reflects the lack of consensus on the origin (or origins), as well as the experimental difficulties in uncovering the origin, of the nervus terminalis. Recent technical advances have allowed us to make headway in understanding the origin(s) of this nerve. The emergence of the externally fertilized zebrafish embryo as a model system for developmental biology and genetics has shed new light on this century‐old problem. Coupled with new developmental models are techniques that allow us to trace lineage, visualize gene expression, and genetically ablate cells, adding to our experimental tools with which to follow up on studies provided by our scientific predecessors. Through these techniques, a picture is emerging in which the origin of at least a subset of the nervus terminalis cells lies in the cranial neural crest. In this review, the data surrounding this finding will be discussed in light of recent findings on neural crest and placode origins. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:2–12, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell proliferation dynamics and morphological differentiation during regeneration in Dorvillea bermudensis (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae)
Authors: Paulus Tanja , Müller Monika C.M.
Published: November 2004

Although some species of Annelida have an enormous capacity to regenerate, it is not yet known whether reestablishment of lost body parts is performed by stem cells, depends on preceding dedifferentiation of somatic cells, or is a combination of both. In order to clarify how, in the case of epimorphic regeneration, the blastemas are formed, we applied the thymidine analog 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) in the dorvilleid polychaete Dorvillea bermudensis to identify cells in the S‐phase of the cell cycle. Regeneration pulse‐chase experiments were carried out to determine onset and dynamics of the proliferation process, and BrdU pulse‐chase experiments were undertaken to follow cell fate. We found irregularly distributed S‐phase cells throughout the body of adult specimens. Subsequent to amputation, these cells do not migrate from the amputee towards the wound site, where proliferation activity was documented no earlier than 16 h after fragmentation. In the initial phase, the proliferation rate at the anterior end exceeds the rate at the posterior end. Observance of identity could be demonstrated for the ectoderm and can be assumed for the two other germ layers. The anterior blastema transforms into the head, while the posterior forms the pygidium and persists as a proliferation zone; four or numerous segments are formed by intercalation between the former anterior or posterior blastema and the amputee. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Clifford–Cauchy transform with a continuous density: N. Davydov's theorem
Authors: Abreu‐Blaya Ricardo , Bory‐Reyes Juan , Gerus Oleg F. , Shapiro Michael
Published: November 2004

N. A. Davydov was among the first mathematicians who investigated the question of the continuity of the complex Cauchy transform along a non‐smooth curve. In particular he proved that the Cauchy transform over an arbitrary closed, rectifiable Jordan curve can be continuously extended up to this curve from both sides if its density belongs to the Lipschitz class. In this paper we deal with higher dimensional analogue of Davydov's theorem within the framework of Clifford analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin polymerization in the equatorial and postacrosomal regions of guinea pig spermatozoa during the acrosome reaction is regulated by G proteins
Authors: Delgado‐Buenrostro Norma Laura , HernÁndez‐GonzÁlez Enrique O. , Segura‐Nieto Magdalena , MÚjica Adela
Published: November 2004

The acrosome reaction (AR) is an exocytotic process of spermatozoa, and an absolute requirement for fertilization. During AR, actin polymerization is necessary in the equatorial and postacrosomal regions of guinea pig sperm for spermatozoa incorporation deep into the egg cytoplasm, but not for plasma membrane (PM) fusion nor the early steps of egg activation. To identify the mechanisms involved in this sperm actin polymerization, we searched for the protein members, known to be involved in a highly conserved model, that may apply to any cellular process in which de novo actin polymerization occurs from G protein activation. WASP, Arp 2/3, profilins I and II, and Cdc42, RhoA and RhoB GTPases were localized by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in guinea pig spermatozoa and their presence corroborated by Western blotting. WASP and profilin II were translocated to the postacrosomal region (Arp2/3 already were there) in long‐term capacitated and acrosome‐reacted spermatozoa, at the same time as actin polymerization occurred. These events were inhibited by GDP‐β‐S and promoted by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and GTP‐γ‐S, a small GTPase inhibitor and two activators, respectively. By immunoprecipitation, Cdc42–WASp association was identified in capacitated but not in noncapacitated gametes. Polymerized actin in the postacrosomal region is apparently anchored both to the postacrosomal perinuclear theca region and the overlying PM. Results suggest that GTPases are involved in sperm actin polymerization, in the postacrosomal region and the mechanism for polymerization might fit a previously proposed model (Mullins, 2000: Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:91–96). Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 198–210, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androstenedione increases cytochrome P450 aromatase messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in nonluteinizing bovine granulosa cells
Authors: Hamel Mélanie , Vanselow Jens , Nicola Edmir S. , Price Christopher A.
Published: November 2004

The objective of this study was to determine if androgens regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis at physiological doses found in small bovine follicles. Bovine granulosa cells were cultured under serum‐free conditions that permit the induction and maintenance of FSH‐dependent estradiol secretion. Increasing androstenedione concentrations from 0.1 to 1 or 10 μM significantly increased estradiol accumulation and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) mRNA abundance. No increase in progesterone accumulation or abundance of mRNA for P450 side‐chain cleavage or 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was observed. The addition of 0.1, 1, or 10 μM progestins or estrogens had no stimulatory effect on P450arom mRNA levels. An analysis of the 5′‐untranslated region of P450arom mRNA transcripts indicated that the majority was derived from Cyp19 ovary‐specific promoter 2, with some contribution from promoters 1.1 and 1.5. Transcripts from these three promoters were all significantly increased by androstenedione. Testosterone increased promoter 1.1 and 1.5‐derived transcripts, but only promoter 2‐derived transcripts at the highest dose tested (100 μM). Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) did not affect Cyp19 expression. Collectively, these data show that androgens may exert specific stimulatory effects on P450arom mRNA concentrations in granulosa cells. Interestingly, different androgens had different effects on Cyp19 promoter usage, suggesting differential regulation of aromatase gene expression in the developing follicle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 175–183, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) expression and regulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the bovine corpus luteum
Authors: Zhang Bo , Yan Li , Tsang Paul C.W. , Moses Marsha A.
Published: November 2004

Angiogenesis and tissue remodeling events in the corpus luteum (CL) are mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We have recently reported the cloning of bovine membrane‐type 1 metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) and have shown that active MT1‐MMP is correlated to MMP‐2 activity in the CL during the estrous cycle. Given the important role that MMP‐2 plays in neovascularization, we became interested in understanding the role of this enzyme in the CL, a system in which angiogenesis is exquisitely regulated in the course of its lifespan. The aims of the present study were to clone bovine MMP‐2 cDNA, to investigate its temporal and spatial expression in three stages of CL during the estrous cycle and to study its regulation by TNFα, a key cytokine regulator of CL physiology. Bovine MMP‐2 cDNA was isolated from a UNI‐ZAP II bovine capillary endothelial cell cDNA library and sequenced. This gene encoded a protein of 662 amino acids. Luteal tissues were collected from non‐lactating dairy cows on days 4, 10, and 16 of the estrous cycle. Northern and Western blotting revealed that the levels of MMP‐2 mRNA (3.1 kb) and immunoreactive pro‐MMP‐2 protein (68 kDa) did not differ (P > 0.05) in any age of CL examined. In addition to large luteal cells, MMP2 was localized to endothelial cells in all ages of CL by immunohistochemistry. Studies using in vitro luteal cell cultures showed that MMP‐2 mRNA, protein expression and activity was upregulated by TNFα in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The present study suggests that MMP‐2 is predominantly produced by large luteal cells and endothelial cells, and that it plays an essential role in luteal remodeling and angiogenesis. These data also suggest that cytokines such as TNFα may modulate these processes by regulating MMP‐2 expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 122–132, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major hazard risk assessment for existing and new facilities
Authors: Filippin Katherine (Kate) , Dreher Lachlan
Published: November 2004

This paper outlines a risk assessment methodology that has been developed through work with major hazard facilities, including ammonia plants in Australia, satisfying regulations equivalent to the European Seveso II Directive. The methodology is an approach for ensuring an undertaking of effectively assessing the risks associated with major hazards that will not only satisfy regulations and corporate requirements, but also, more importantly, provide a framework for sustainable business processes, by enabling the methodology to be integrated into normal business management processes. The approach enables existing management systems to be effectively incorporated into the evaluation processes. Common pitfalls encountered during the risk assessment process are also discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Structural assessment and strengthening measures for a cantilevered road deck
Authors: Zwicky Daia , Vogel Thomas , Guidotti Nicola
Published: November 2004

Starting from the investigation of the simple case of a cantilevered road deck, this paper attempts to demonstrate that deeper investigations of a structural safety problem may lead to significant modifications of the goals of the investigation.

The assignment by the owner authority consisted of assessing the bending moments due to traffic loads, above all from axle loads, at the clamping of a cantilevered slab and to propose appropriate measures if needed. The slab carries the road deck, being the hard shoulder of the Swiss North–South motorway close to the Italian border.

In a first step, the regular axle loads of the new Swiss action code are applied to calculate the inner forces by simple hand calculations. It is found that the shear resistance is noticeably more critical than the bending resistance, considering both the new Swiss structural concrete code as well as, for reasons of comparison, Eurocode 2.

In a second step, the reduction of the axle loads is investigated considering actualised load models developed for the assessment of existing road bridges. It is found that applying these models achieves structural safety in large parts of the structure, but that other parts still exhibit insufficient structural safety.

In the third part, the possible range of strengthening measures is investigated. It is pointed out that every strengthening method should be carefully checked for its application conditions and the corresponding consequences. Qualitative criteria are adequate to judge a specific strengthening method in a certain situation. The last part of the paper discusses the effectively executed measures.

Conclusions on the application of the findings from the paper to other assessment situations are drawn.
A study on montmorillonite/polyethylene nanocomposite extrusion‐coated paperboard
Authors: Krook M. , Gällstedt M. , Hedenqvist M. S.
Published: November 2004

Extrusion coating was used to obtain montmorillonite/polyethylene‐coated paperboard. The coating was prepared from a master batch containing maleated polyethylene, low‐density polyethylene and 32 wt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone‐surface‐modified montmorillonite clay, which was blended with different amounts of low‐density polyethylene to yield composites with 4 wt.% and 8.3 wt.% montmorillonite. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the clay stacks in the coating were more extensively intercalated than in the original surface‐modified clay. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the clay stacks were, to a large extent, separated by the high shear forces during extrusion into smaller evenly distributed entities. This was, unfortunately, achieved at the expense of the formation of a great many voids and pinholes, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and dye staining. This had strong negative effects on the oxygen barrier properties but only a modest effect on the water vapour permeability. Tensile tests showed that the coating was always ductile and that the coating–paperboard adhesion decreased with increasing clay content. The creasability was good and unaffected by the presence of the filler in the coating. Thermogravimetry showed that the degradation temperature in air of the filled coatings were of the order of 10°C higher than that of unfilled polyethylene. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of moulded‐fibre packaging with respect to water vapour sorption and permeation at different combinations of internal and external humidity
Authors: Sørensen Gitte , Risbo Jens
Published: November 2004

A moulded‐fibre packaging system was characterized under conditions simulating real‐life packaging of food. A steady‐state moisture flux through the moulded‐fibre packaging was generated by subjecting the system to different combinations of internal humidity [33–97% r.h. (0.33–0.97aw of contents), RH(i)] and surrounding humidity [33–97% r.h., RH(e)]. The objective was to resolve whether a hygroscopic fibre material absorbs moisture proportional to the rate of moisture transport, and the moulded‐fibre material was thus characterized with respect to accumulation of moisture in the fibre material, water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and permeability (k/x). These steady‐state properties showed significant asymmetry depending on direction of moisture transport. When moisture was transported out of the system [RH(i) > RH(e)] the fibre material adsorbed moisture to a considerable lesser extent compared to when moisture was transported into the system [RH(i) < RH(e)], just as (k/x) increased by 15–20%. Taking both directions of moisture transport into account, the moisture content of the fibre material depended largely on surrounding humidity, even at high internal humidity. Moisture contents ranged from 5.5 g/100 g dry fibre at RH(e) 33% r.h. to 16.4–25.1 g/100 g dry fibre at RH(e) 97% r.h. The observed asymmetry was shown to derive from the experimental set‐up and not from the material itself. A minimal theory based on the various transport steps in the experimental set‐up was proposed in order to qualitatively explain this asymmetry. The rate of moisture adsorption in moulded‐fibre was described by the normalized response function H(t). Response times to reach equilibrium moisture contents were 6 and 8 h for RH(e) 33 and 53% r.h., and 40 and 41 h for RH(e) 75 and 97% r.h. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of methionine and leucine enkephalins by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cai Xianmei , Dass Chhabil
Published: November 2004

Conformational changes in two endogenous opioid active pentapeptides methionine enkephalin (Met‐enk) and leucine enkephalin (Leu‐enk) induced by trifluoroethanol (TFE) were identified using hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX), coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The exchange features in individual amino acid residues were characterized by acquiring tandem mass spectra of the deuterated peptides. The exact identity of the labile hydrogens involved in HDX reveals that the monomer forms of both peptides adopt an unfolded conformation in aqueous solvent, but prefer the 5→2 β‐turn secondary structure under the membrane‐mimetic environment. The ESI mass spectra of Met‐enk and Leu‐enk also reveal that the dimer structure of these peptides coexists with the monomer conformation. The extent of the dimer structure is dependent on the peptide concentration and nature of the solvent. The non‐polar solvents facilitate the dimer formation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mundschutz
Authors: Romeike Frank
Published: November 2004

In der Nacht vom 2. auf den 3. Dezember 1984 — also exakt vor zwanzig Jahren — ereignete sich im indischen Bhopal eine der größten Katastrophen in der chemischen Industrie. In einem Tochterwerk der Union Carbide Corporation explodierte ein Tank mit 40 Tonnen Methylisocyanat (MIC), die tödlichen Gase breiteten sich unmittelbar in der Atmosphäre aus. Die Zahl der Todesopfer wird mit etwa 5.000 bis 10.000 beziffert. Die Schätzungen über die Anzahl der chronisch Geschädigten schwanken zwischen 300.000 und 500.000 Menschen. Und noch immer ist das Trinkwasser verseucht. Bis heute kämpfen die Opfer um eine Entschädigung für ihre Leiden und gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen. Eine Mitursache für die Katastrophe von Bhopal war unter anderem die fatalistische Einstellung der Unternehmensleitung, da „… ein paar Unfälle dann und wann […] der notwendige Preis für die Produktion”︁ seien.
Funnel plots for comparing institutional performance
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J.
Published: November 2004

‘Funnel plots’ are recommended as a graphical aid for institutional comparisons, in which an estimate of an underlying quantity is plotted against an interpretable measure of its precision. ‘Control limits’ form a funnel around the target outcome, in a close analogy to standard Shewhart control charts. Examples are given for comparing proportions and changes in rates, assessing association between outcome and volume of cases, and dealing with over‐dispersion due to unmeasured risk factors. We conclude that funnel plots are flexible, attractively simple, and avoid spurious ranking of institutions into ‘league tables’. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of diagnostic error on testing genetic association in case–control studies
Authors: Zheng Gang , Tian Xin
Published: November 2004

In case–control studies, subjects in the case group may be recruited from suspected patients who are diagnosed positively with disease. While many statistical methods have been developed for measurement error or misclassification of exposure variables in epidemiological studies, no studies have been reported on the effect of errors in diagnosing disease on testing genetic association in case–control studies. We study the impact of using the original Cochran–Armitage trend test assuming no diagnostic error when, in fact, cases and controls may be clinically diagnosed by an imperfect gold standard or a reference test. The type I error, sample size and asymptotic power of trend tests are examined under a family of genetic models in the presence of diagnostic error. The empirical powers of the trend tests are also compared by simulation studies under various genetic models. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian inference for recurrent events data using time‐dependent frailty
Authors: Manda Samuel O. M. , Meyer Renate
Published: November 2004

In medical studies, we commonly encounter multiple events data such as recurrent infection or attack times in patients suffering from a given disease. A number of statistical procedures for the analysis of such data use the Cox proportional hazards model, modified to include a random effect term calledfrailtywhich summarizes the dependence of recurrent times within a subject. These unobserved random frailty effects capture subject effects that are not explained by the known covariates. They are typically modelled constant over time and are assumed to be independently and identically distributed across subjects. However, in some situations, the subject‐specific random frailty may change over time in the same manner as time‐dependent covariate effects. This paper presents a time‐dependent frailty model for recurrent failure time data in the Bayesian context and estimates it using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Our approach is illustrated by a data set relating to patients with chronic granulomatous disease and it is compared to the constant frailty model using the deviance information criterion. Copyright 2004 © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐project software engineering analysis using systems thinking
Authors: Lee Bengee , Miller James
Published: November 2004

Software organizations often have multiple projects developed concurrently, the efficient and effective management of human resources in such a situation is essential if an organization is to prosper and flourish. The article argues that to analyze it systematically, we need to explore systems thinking and dynamics. The article then develops a number of systems dynamics models that model human resources and their associated productivity in such a multi‐project environment. However, systems thinking alone lacks the capability to construct a multi‐project scheduling network. Thus, this research also investigates the integration of systems thinking with a multi‐project network constructing method, calledCritical Chain Project Managementto provide a flexible scheduling mechanism. Furthermore, in order to portray unexpected situations, scenario planning is incorporated into the system to allow project managers to explore these situations and their impact on the production processes. This unique architecture allows the project manager to identify the restraining factors in various possible scenarios, to provide feasible managerial solutions and assist with optimal planning in this complex environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPIRITUALISM AND A MID-VICTORIAN CRISIS OF EVIDENCE
Authors: LAMONT PETER
Published: November 2004

Historians writing on Victorian spiritualism have said little about the reported phenomena of the séance room, despite such events having been the primary reason given by spiritualists for their beliefs. Rather, such beliefs have been seen as a response to the so-called ‘crisis of faith’, and their expression as part of a broader scientific and cultural discourse. Yet the debate about séance phenomena was significantly problematic for the Victorians, in particular the reported phenomena associated with the best-known Victorian medium, Daniel Dunglas Home. In the attempt to provide a natural explanation for Home's phenomena, two groups of experts were appealed to – stage conjurors and scientists – yet it seems clear that the former were unable to explain the phenomena, while scientists who tested Home concluded his phenomena were real. The overwhelming rejection of supernatural agency, and the nature of the response from orthodox science, suggests that such reported phenomena were less the result of a crisis of faith than the cause of a crisis of evidence, the implications of which were deemed scientific rather than religious.
LEARNING DEMOCRACY IN FRANCE: POPULAR POLITICS IN TROYES, c. 1830–1900
Authors: HEYWOOD COLIN
Published: November 2004

The French have had an ambiguous relationship with liberal democracy, doing much to pioneer it since 1789, but also harbouring substantial minorities hostile to it. This article seeks the historical roots for this relationship in a critical period for the democratization process in France between the 1830 Revolution and the consolidation of the Third Republic late in the nineteenth century. It takes the textile town of Troyes as a case study. In particular, it takes a ‘grass-roots’ approach to the problem, as opposed to the usual focus on ideologies and attitudes to democratization among the elites. The general contention is that the population of the town faced a number of obstacles as it attempted to develop a ‘democratic culture’. The analysis highlights the varying approaches to popular participation in politics taken by successive regimes between 1815 and the 1870s, the slow emergence of a civil society in the town, and the problems faced by militants as they operated under the constraints of universal manhood suffrage.
JIMMY CARTER, BILL CLINTON, AND THE NEW DEMOCRATIC ECONOMICS
Authors: MORGAN IWAN
Published: November 2004

Jimmy Carter's response to stagflation, the unprecedented combination of stagnation and double-digit inflation that afflicted the American economy during his presidency, made him the subject of virulent attack from liberal Democrats for betraying New Deal traditions of activist government to sustain high employment and strong economic growth. Carter found himself accused of being a do-nothing president whose name had become ‘a synonym for economic mismanagement’ like Herbert Hoover's in the 1930s.1 Liberal disenchantment fuelled Edward Kennedy's quixotic crusade to wrest the 1980 Democratic presidential nomination from Carter. ‘[H]e has left behind the best traditions of the Democratic Party’, the Massachusetts senator charged, ‘We are instructed that the New Deal is old hat and that our best hope is no deal at all.’2 A quarter-century later a more dispassionate analysis would suggest that Carter was neither a do-nothing president nor a throwback to the past in terms of economic policy. Far from being the ‘Jimmy Hoover’ of liberal obloquy, Carter was really ‘Jimmy Clinton’ because in seeking solutions for stagflation his administration laid the foundations of a new political economy that the next Democratic president would build upon.
Strategies and Tactics: The Politics of Subsistence in Berlin, 1770–1850
Authors: Huüchtker Dietlind
Published: November 2004

The possibilities that poor women and men had for earning a living were oriented not only around income and professional opportunities, but around the practical competencies they possessed in an urban culture of beseeching and begging. The reform policy of the state, which sought to integrate poor-relief officials and members of the almsgiving middle class into the poor-relief administration, was directed against “politics on the street”. The introduction of municipal self-administration promoted an institutionalization of poor-relief policy that excluded woman on the basis of their sex. In the stereotypical discourses of the era, images of the “poor mother” and the “loose wench” became symbols of a new poor-relief policy. As someone who begged, the “poor mother” was the subject of a culture of beseeching and begging; as the wretched mother abandoned by her husband, she became the ideal object of an institutionalized poor-relief policy. The stylization of women as passive victims and the exclusion of women from municipal institutions worked together to establish a new order of charity.
Tomographic imaging of late Quaternary faulting, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah
Authors: Mattson Ann
Published: November 2004

Seismic tomography can be used to image colluvial material in the subsurface by inverting first arrival travel times for velocity. Colluvial material deposited at the base of a fault‐scarp free face often appears as a low‐velocity zone (LVZ) on a tomogram because it is generally less compacted and cemented than the surrounding alluvium. A tomogram generated from a forward model of a synthetic velocity structure successfully images two LVZs stacked in the hanging wall of a normal fault. The Mercur fan, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah, provides an opportunity to look for stacked LVZs in a distributed fault zone. Three tomographic images across fault scarps on an intermediate age alluvial fan can be used to identify two stacked low‐velocity zones. Interpretation of a fourth tomogram is less conclusive. These two low‐velocity zones are interpreted as colluvial packages separated by higher‐velocity alluvial material and suggest that tectonic activity is interspersed with pulses of fan building.
Nuclei of Tea Flowers As Targets for Flavanols
Authors: Feucht W. , Dithmar H. , Polster J.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: The tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) is famous for its flavanol‐based constituents being valuable for human health. These flavanols associate with the nuclei of tea flowers, which is demonstrated histochemically by blue colouration using the selective staining reagent p‐dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA). Sepals, petals, stamens, pollen tubes, ovaries and ovules were studied. All these organs were shown to contain flavanols in vacuolar compartments, in nuclei and, exceptionally, also in the cytoplasm of pollen tubes. In all cells, even in those lacking vacuoles, the nuclei stained blue for flavanols. The extremely divergent development, shape and function of the diverse flower organs did not basically influence the nuclear flavanol association. Nevertheless, within the limits of this study, a few tissue‐dependent differences in staining intensity were obvious. Interactions between epicatechin and nuclear histone proteins (histone sulphate) were studied by UV‐VIS spectroscopic titration and by means of Mauser diagrams. The results show that the observed association equilibria are strongly dependent on pH (8.0 and 7.4) and on the buffer used (Tris, phosphate).
Importance of N Source on Heat Stress Tolerance Due to the Accumulation of Proline and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Tomato Plants
Authors: Rivero R. M. , Ruiz J. M. , Romero L. M.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Proline and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), in addition to being N‐rich, are known to accumulate in plants under different environmental stress conditions. The accumulation of N‐rich compounds in plants has been shown to confer stress resistance. The aim of our work is two‐fold: first, to study the influence of temperature on proline, QAC, and choline metabolism in tomato leaves; and second, to investigate the relationship between N source applied (NO3‐ or NH4+) and thermal stress resistance in these plants. To do this, experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (10 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C); at each temperature half of the plants received NO3‐, and the other half received NH4+. At 35 °C the plants had the lowest biomass production with respect to 25 °C (optimal temperature) and 10 °C (cold stress), suggesting that tomato plants were most affected by heat stress. At 35 °C, there were also high levels of choline and proline due to the activation of Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), and simultaneous inhibition of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) and proline oxidase (PO). However, plants with NH4+ as the N source exhibited reduced growth with respect to the plants fed with NO3‐. This is interesting because, under heat stress (35 °C), biomass production, as well as proline and choline accumulation, in NH4+ fed plants was higher than in NO3‐ fed plants. From this, we concluded that tomato plants fed with NH4+ as the N source show higher tolerance to heat stress (35 °C) than plants fed with NO3‐.
Breeding System and Floral Morphometry of Distylous Psychotria L. Species in the Atlantic Rain Forest, SE Brazil
Authors: Castro C. C. , Oliveira P. E. A. M. , Alves M. C.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: General patterns of floral morphology and incompatibility mechanisms have been described for many distylous plants. The absence of these patterns in typically distylous groups, as observed especially in tropical environments, is interpreted as atypical distyly, or as a new reproductive strategy derived from it. Data are presented here on the morphological and compatibility relations between floral morphs of four Psychotria dimorphic species in the Atlantic rain forest in SE Brazil: Psychotria jasminoides, P. birotula, P. mapourioides, and P. pubigera. When significant differences were found, floral parts were larger in thrum flowers. Results of controlled crosses showed that most incompatible pollen tubes were arrested in the stigma, and only in a low proportion in the upper parts of the style. We conclude that, at the study site, the majority and most important morphological and mating features of typical distyly seem to be conserved in P. jasminoides and P. mapourioides, which presented reciprocal herkogamy, self and intramorph incompatibility, and a balanced morph ratio in the population. Typical distyly in P. birotula is supported by floral morphology, pollen tube data and morph ratio and, in P. pubigera, only by floral morphology and pollen tube data.
The Impact of Altitude and Simulated Herbivory on the Growth and Carbohydrate Storage of Petasites albus
Authors: Scheidel U. , Bruelheide H.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that higher respiratory losses caused by higher temperatures in the lowlands, compared to montane sites, prevent growth of the montane hemicryptophyte Petasites albus (Asteraceae). In addition, we tested whether increased levels of herbivory enhanced carbon losses at lower elevations. Rhizomes of Petasites albus were transplanted to a montane and a lowland site. In the subsequent three growing seasons the plants were artificially defoliated to simulate mollusc herbivory. Whereas there were no altitudinal differences in the leaf number per plant, the leaf area was higher at the montane site. At the montane site, the leaf number and leaf area decreased with increasing damage, and the rhizome dry weight in the third year was much higher in the undamaged plants. In contrast, fructan concentrations in the rhizomes that were harvested at the end and at the beginning of the growing seasons were generally higher at the lowland site. No clear defoliation effects were observed on most harvest dates. The results indicate that the lower altitudinal limit of Petasites albus cannot be explained by the negative effects of higher temperatures or more leaf damage by herbivores in the lowlands, either alone or in combination. An explanation will require consideration of other site factors such as competition and possibly interactions with herbivory and carbohydrate storage.
Gene Expression during Formation of Earlywood and Latewood in Loblolly Pine: Expression Profiles of 350 Genes
Authors: Egertsdotter U. , van Zyl L. M. , MacKay J. , Peter G. , Kirst M. , Clark C. , Whetten R. , Sederoff R.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: The natural variability of wood formation in trees affords opportunities to correlate transcript profiles with the resulting wood properties. We have used cDNA microarrays to study transcript abundance in developing secondary xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) over a growing season. The cDNAs were selected from a collection of 75 000 ESTs that have been sequenced and annotated (http:web.ahc.umn.edubiodatansfpine). Cell wall thickness and climatic data were related to earlywood and latewood formation at different time points during the growing season. Seventy‐one ESTs showed preferential expression in earlywood or latewood, including 23 genes with no significant similarity to genes in GenBank. Seven genes involved in lignin synthesis were preferentially expressed in latewood. The studies have provided initial insights into the variation of expression patterns of some of the genes related to the wood formation process.
Design and performance of a wide-bandwidth and sensitive instrument for near-infrared spectroscopic measurements on human tissue
Authors: Rovati Luigi , Bandera Andrea , Donini Maurizio , Salvatori Giorgia , Pollonini Luca
Published: November 2004

The article describes an instrument designed to perform in vivo near-infrared spectroscopic measurements on human tissues. The system integrates five continuous-wave laser diode sources emitting in the near-infrared spectral region and a low-noise detection system based on an avalanche photodiode. The optical probe is based on a compact, reliable, and low-cost fiber based system with four quantitative measuring points. The excellent sensitivity of the instrument allows one to perform quantitative assessments of the hemoglobin concentration exploiting precise absorption measurements close to the absorption peak of the water: 975 nm. Moreover, a good signal to noise ratio is obtained also at a high acquisition rate, allowing us to follow rapid changes in oxidative metabolism. The system bandwidth is selectable within the range 2.3–27 Hz, i.e., 20 channels (five chromatic and four spatial channels) can be acquired 27 times for each measuring second, whereas the system amplification can be set to measure optical density ranging from 3.5 to 8.5. A prototype version of the instrument has been realized and characterized.
The effects of different drip irrigation regimes on watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)] yield and yield components under semi-arid climatic conditions
Authors: Şimşek Mehmet , Kaçıra Murat , Tonkaz Tahsin
Published: November 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drip irrigation on yield and yield components of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Crimson Tide F1] under semiarid conditions in the Southeastern Anatolian Project Region, Harran Plain, Şanlıurfa, Turkey, during 2002 and 2003. Using a 4-day irrigation period, 4 different irrigation regimes were applied as ratios of irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE): 1.25 (I125), 1.00 (I100), 0.75 (I75), and 0.50 (I50). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) rates were 720, 677, 554, and 449 mm in the first year and 677, 617, 519, and 417 mm in the second year for irrigation treatments I125, I100, I75, and I50, respectively. Amounts of irrigation water applied to the 4 respective treatments were 764, 642, 520, and 398 mm in 2002 and 709, 591, 473, and 355 mm in 2003. Maximum yield was obtained from I125, with 84.1 t/ha in 2002 and 88.6 t/ha in 2003. Yield was reduced significantly as the irrigation water was reduced. The values of water use efficiency ranged from 9.6 to 11.7 kg/m3 in 2002 and 10.8 to 13.1 kg/m3 in 2003. The unstressed I125 treatment produced 10.1 kg marketable watermelons/m3 irrigation in 2002, and 11.3 kg/m3 in 2003. By comparison, the least irrigated (I50) treatment produced 12.4 kg/m3 in 2002, and 14.9 kg/m3 in 2003. A yield response factor (ky) value of 1.15 was determined based on averages of 2 years, and watermelon was found to be sensitive to water stress. This result showed that yield loss (1 – Ya/Ym) is more important than evapotranspiration deficit (1 – ETa/ETm). The study demonstrates that 1.25 IW/CPE water applications by a drip system in a 4-day irrigation frequency might be optimal for watermelon grown in semi-arid regions similar to those in which the work was conducted.
Impact of dietary amino acid concentration on growth, carcass yield, and uniformity of broilers
Authors: Corzo A. , McDaniel C. D. , Kidd M. T. , Miller E. R. , Boren B. B. , Fancher B. I.
Published: November 2004

Two studies were conducted to measure the effects of dietary amino acid regimens (high, medium, low) and gender on Arbor Acres Plus broilers. Body weight, feed conversion, mortality, carcass yields, and uniformity served as criteria evaluated. Growth and feed conversion were improved in broilers fed diets with high amino acid concentration until 35 days of age. Yields of some carcass parts were improved up to 35 days of age as diet concentration was increased. Flock uniformity was decreased when dietary amino acid concentration was reduced. Male broilers exhibited faster growth rate, whereas females had improved feed conversion at 28 and 35 days of age, but no differences were observed at 14 and 49 days of age. Male broilers had lower breast meat yield and relative abdominal fat than females. Variability within females was lower than in males. Results indicate that when high dietary amino acid concentration was provided at an earlier age, reducing concentration at later feeding phases did not compromise growth or carcass yields. Furthermore, moderate to high dietary amino acid levels may help reduce variability within flocks.
Association between canopy reflectance indices and yield and physiological traits in bread wheat under drought and well-irrigated conditions
Authors: Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Mario , Reynolds Matthew Paul , Escalante-Estrada José Alberto , Rodríguez-González María Teresa
Published: November 2004

Spectral reflectance (SR) indices [NDVI (R900 – R680/R900 + R680); GNDVI (R780 – R550/R780 + R550); and water index, WI (R900/R970)]; and 6 chlorophyll indices (R740/R720, NDI = R750 – R705/R750 + R705, R780 – R710/R780 – R680, R850 – R710/R850 – R680, mND = R750 – R705/R750 + R705 – 2R445, and mSR = R750 – R445/R705 – R445) were measured with a FieldSpec spectroradiometer (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO) on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes adapted to irrigated and drought conditions to establish their relationship with yield in field-grown plots. Bread wheat genotypes from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) were used for this study in 3 experiments: 8 genotypes in a trial representing historical progress in yield potential, and 3 pairs of near-isolines for Lr19, both of which were grown under well-watered conditions; and the third experiment included 20 drought tolerant advanced genotypes grown under moisture stress. These were grown during the 2000 and 2001 spring cycles in a temperate, high radiation environment in Obregón, NW México. The 9 SR indices were determined during grain filling along with canopy temperature depression (CTD), flag leaf photosynthetic rate, and chlorophyll estimates using a SPAD meter. The relationship of SR indices with grain yield and biomass fitted best with a linear model. NDVI and GNDVI showed positive relationships with grain yield and biomass under well-irrigated conditions (r = 0.35–0.92), whereas NDVI showed a stronger association with yield under drought conditions (r = 0.54). The 6 chlorophyll indices showed significant association with yield and biomass of wheat genotypes grown under well-irrigated conditions (r = 0.39–0.90). The association between chlorophyll indices and chlorophyll estimates was correlated (r = 0.38–0.92), as was the case for photosynthetic rate (r = 0.36–0.75). WI showed a significant relationship with grain yield in wheat genotypes grown under drought stress conditions (r = 0.60) as well as with grain yield and biomass under well-irrigated conditions (r = 0.52–0.91). The relationship between WI and CTD was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in both environments (r = 0.44–0.84). In conclusion, the SR showed potential for identifying higher-yielding genotypes in a breeding program under dry or irrigated conditions, as well as for estimating some physiological parameters.