bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Partially Randomized Patient Preference, Sequential, Multiple‐Assignment, Randomized Trial Design Analyzed via Weighted and Replicated Frequentist and Bayesian Methods
Authors: Wank Marianthie , Medley Sarah , Tamura Roy N. , Braun Thomas M. , Kidwell Kelley M.
Published: November 2024

Results from randomized control trials (RCTs) may not be representative when individuals refuse to be randomized or are excluded for having a preference for which treatment they receive. If trial designs do not allow for participant treatment preferences, trials can suffer in accrual, adherence, retention, and external validity of results. Thus, there is interest surrounding clinical trial designs that incorporate participant treatment preferences. We propose a Partially Randomized, Patient Preference, Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial (PRPP‐SMART) which combines a Partially Randomized, Patient Preference (PRPP) design with a Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial (SMART) design. This novel PRPP‐SMART design is a multi‐stage clinical trial design where, at each stage, participants either receive their preferred treatment, or if they do not have a preferred treatment, they are randomized. This paper focuses on the clinical trial design for PRPP‐SMARTs and the development of Bayesian and frequentist weighted and replicated regression models (WRRMs) to analyze data from such trials. We propose a two‐stage PRPP‐SMART with binary end of stage outcomes and estimate the embedded dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs). Our WRRMs use data from both randomized and non‐randomized participants for efficient estimation of the DTR effects. We compare our method to a more traditional PRPP analysis which only considers participants randomized to treatment. Our Bayesian and frequentist methods produce more efficient DTR estimates with negligible bias despite the inclusion of non‐randomized participants in the analysis. The proposed PRPP‐SMART design and analytic method is a promising approach to incorporate participant treatment preferences into clinical trial design.
Cutting‐Edge Strategies and Advancements for Combating Synthetic Polymer Pollution in Various Environmental Samples: A Review
Authors: Sajad Samreen , Allam Bharat Kumar , Banerjee Sushmita , Yahya M. Z. A. , Rahman Nor Mas Mira Abd , Singh Pramod Kumar
Published: November 2024

Plastic debris is unavoidably released into the ecosystems, and their physicochemical and mechanical qualities deteriorate when exposed to the environment. This, ultimately, leads to the generation of tiny fragments of plastic, which are known as nanoplastics (<1000 nm) and microplastics (<5 mm). Over the past few years, the pollution of synthetic polymers has been reported in almost all the compartments of the environment across the globe. It is regarded as a hazard to both human health and natural systems. In addition, synthetic polymers act as vectors for contaminants as they can adsorb and accumulate contaminants from seawater. The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment and its widespread presence have drawn the attention of policymakers and the public. This global issue has led to the creation of numerous remediation solutions by innovators in previous decades, either to clear up old waste or to stop plastic from entering the various matrices of the environment. This review focused on the extensive scientific research available on effective techniques for removing plastic debris to promote positive action and progress in this important area. Despite the various challenges, these techniques offer vital opportunities, from increasing awareness to enhancing environmental quality. Further, the article has been enriched by incorporating bibliometric data that illustrates the widely used methods for removing microplastics from various environmental matrices. According to the data analysis, numerous remediation techniques have been developed to date (2010 and 2024). These techniques encompass various approaches, among which the chemical‐based methods enjoy more success. This success can be attributed to the diverse advantages offered by chemical‐based methods over other remediation techniques. Much research is now focused on overcoming the disadvantages and developing more efficient and environmentally sound technologies.
Fluoride Ions Sequestration From Contaminated Water Using PVA‐Agar‐Based Green Anion‐Exchanger
Authors: Balram  , Singh Kaith Balbir
Published: November 2024

The current work is focused on the designing of a green interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) PA@polyAAm:AN using polyvinyl alcohol‐agar hybrid backbone and its subsequent conversion into an anion‐exchanger PA@polyAAm:AN‐AE through reduction of nitrile group in presence of LiAlH4. Further, the reduced form of IPN was quaternized using methyl iodide so that anion to anion exchange could take place between F− and I− anions. The primary objective of synthesizing an anion‐exchanger was to eliminate F− ions from contaminated water through the utilization of a prepared device. During the optimization of different experimental parameters for getting the optimal anion‐exchange capacity (AEC), the favorable conditions found were: pH, 9.0; contact period, 120 min; adsorbent dosage, 30 mg and initial F− ion concentration, 8.0 mg L−1. The pseudo‐second order kinetic model best described the F− ions adsorption kinetics, with a 0.97 R2 value. The rate constant (KF) was found to be 2.3, which further supported the validity of the Freundlich isotherm. Thus, the current study has remarkable potential with a 79.99% adsorption capacity for eliminating F− ions. Moreover, the ecofriendly anion‐exchanger prepared was found effective in the removal of F− ions from aqueous medium up to four cycles during reusability analysis.
Localized Vibrations and Bound Exciton Mediated Emission in 2D Dion–Jacobson Perovskites
Authors: Choudhary Shivani , Maurya Naresh Chandra , Tailor Naveen Kumar , Adarsh K. V. , Satapathi Soumitra
Published: November 2024

Herein, the emission characteristics of diammonium N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediammonium (TMPDA) are investigated based on lead iodide (TMPDA)PbI4 perovskite single crystals correlated with the localized lattice vibrations. Dual emission characteristics are ascribed to the existence of free exciton and bound exciton. The photoluminescence spectra as a function of excitation power and temperature show that structural distortion and exciton‐phonon coupling impact emission characteristics substantially. The coupling strength between excitons and phonons in (TMPDA)PbI4 is estimated as γac = 308.96 µeV and γLO = 62.3 meV, which is much higher than inorganic semiconductors. Further, bound exciton band recombination is significantly suppressed at lower temperatures due to increased localization of carriers. Specific heat deviation from the Dulong–Petit law indicates strong coupling in the lattice. The Debye‐Einstein model reveals multiple low‐energy localized independent vibrations, leading to phonon coupling with bound excitons. This interplay, along with Bosonic features, significantly influences emission properties. Further, it is observed that photocurrent as a function of the incident intensity follows a law ∝ I0α with α = 0.54, attributed to substantial bimolecular recombination of carriers. The findings of the study provide an in‐depth understanding of emission characteristics, lattice distortion, and interplay of electron‐phonon coupling in DJ phase 2D perovskite system.
Incongruous Harmonics of Vibrating Solid‐Solid Interface
Authors: Biglarbeigi Pardis , Morelli Alessio , Bhattacharya Gourav , Ward Joanna , Finlay Dewar , Bhalla Nikhil , Payam Amir Farokh
Published: November 2024

Deconvoluting the vibrations and harmonics in solid‐solid interfaces is crucial for designing materials with improved performance, durability, and functionality. The measured vibrating microcantilever signal in the dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) encompasses a multitude of distinct signatures reflecting a diverse array of material properties. Nevertheless, uncertainties persist in decoding these signatures, primarily arising from the interplay between attractive and repulsive forces. Consequently, it is challenging to correlate the generated harmonics within the solid‐solid interfaces with the imaged phase and topography of materials, as well as the occasional observed contrast reversal. In this study, the vibration harmonics produced at solid‐solid interfaces are correlated, linking them to short‐range nano‐mechanical characteristics through a comprehensive blend of theory, simulation, and experimental methods. These findings shed light on the roots of harmonic generation and contrast reversals, opening avenues for designing innovative materials with customized properties.
Interface Engineering of Network‐Like 1D/2D (NHCNT/Ni─MOF) Hybrid Nanoarchitecture for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Bhosale Mrunal , Murugan Nagaraj , Kim Yoong Ahm , Thangarasu Sadhasivam , Oh Tae‐Hwan
Published: November 2024

Here, integrated functional components into a hybrid heterostructure via highly stabilized network‐like interconnected electronic nanoarchitecture of 1D N‐doped holey‐carbon nanotube (NHCNT) with 2D nickel─metal–organic framework (Ni─MOF) nanosheets are developed as high‐performance electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. The NHCNT promoting electron transport pathways in electrocatalyst, and formation of holes in nanotubes further enables excellent diffusion of ions for promoting the overall reaction rate. An excellent combination of 1D/2D structure of NHCNT/Ni─MOF‐4 electrocatalyst exhibits excellent oxygen evolution reaction (η10 = 207.8 mV, and Tafel = 62.6 mV dec−1) and reasonable hydrogen evolution reaction (η10 = 159.8 mV, and Tafel = 107.69 mV dec−1) activity with consistent and stable performance in a 1 m KOH. The highly interconnected network structure contains Ni2+ and Ni3+ species in the NHCNT/Ni─MOF‐4 electrocatalyst, which possesses high specific surface area (SSA) (235.53 m2 g−1), electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) (796.2 cm2), mass activity (4.76 mA mg−1), and turnover frequency (3.99 × 10−2 s−1), which provide remarkable electrocatalytic performance via generating synergy between the NHCNT and Ni─MOF. For overall water splitting, NHCNT/Ni─MOF‐4 attains a low cell voltage (1.77 V@10 mA cm−2).
Semi‐Blind Watermarking and Blockchain‐Based Approach for Copyright Protection of Medical Images
Authors: Kaur Gurleen , Gupta Bakul , Anand Ashima
Published: November 2024

The security of Digital Healthcare Records (DHR) data remains significantly under‐researched, despite the extensive research conducted on watermarking for healthcare applications. This article introduces strong and secure watermarking algorithms designed to ensure the transmission and storage of DHR in blockchain‐based healthcare applications. The suggested method uses Non‐Subsampled Shearlet Transform (NSST) along with Multi‐Resolution Singular Value Decomposition (MRSVD) to add watermark data to the medical host image with as little distortion as possible. NSST has the advantage of being resistant to shift and is effective at gathering more directional data. To protect the image from unwanted access, the watermarked image is encrypted using Hybrid Chaotic Shift Transform and modified Henon Maps, rendering it resilient against various signal processing attacks. Additionally, Blockchain technology is implemented for the transfer of marked images, eliminating the necessity for any untrustworthy third party. The experimental findings of the watermarking technology demonstrate substantial resilience to various attacks while preserving the high quality of the marked image with the average PSNR and NC values of 55.03124 dB and 0.999203, respectively. This strategy demonstrates superior robustness compared to existing methods, with an optimal enhancement of 47.74%.
Microstructure Evolution and Cryogenic Impact Toughness Changes in Ce‐Containing Novel Cryogenic High‐Mn Austenitic Steel Weld Metals under Different Heat Inputs
Authors: Zhang Jinshuai , Li Guangqiang , Wan Xiangliang , Wang Honghong , Cao Yulong , Hu Mingfeng
Published: November 2024

The Ce‐containing novel cryogenic high‐Mn austenitic steel weld metals under different heat inputs are prepared by submerged‐arc welding to provide a satisfactory welding parameter scheme and further optimize its cryogenic impact toughness. The effect of heat input on microstructure, inclusion, and cryogenic impact toughness of weld metals are investigated via optical, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, electronic probe microanalyzer, and cryogenic impact test. The results show that the dendrite arm spacing, segregation ratio of Mn, Si, and C elements and average effective grain size of the weld metals gradually increase, and the proportion of high‐angle grain boundaries decrease with the heat input increase from 11.91 to 20.24 kJ cm−1. The type of inclusions of weld metal with different heat inputs are all Ce2O3 and Ce2O2S. The number density of inclusions decreases monotonically from 5976 to 4912 mm−2, while the average size increases from 0.32 to 0.45 μm with the heat input increased. The increase in heat inputs consistently decreases the mean cryogenic impact toughness of weld metals from 123 to 102 J. The higher proportion of high‐angle grain boundaries and finer inclusions at lower heat input play the critical role in improving the cryogenic impact toughness.
Upcycling of Beer Industry Wastewater: Biosurfactant Production and Application in Brewery Effluent Treatment
Authors: Sant'Ana Tatiana da Silva , Latorres Juliana Machado , Guimarães Martins Vilásia
Published: November 2024

The beer processing industry generates large amounts of effluents rich in organic and inorganic material, and complex and expensive systems are commonly used for their treatment. Therefore, new alternatives capable of ensuring sustainable industrial growth through cost‐effective solutions are being studied. In this context, biosurfactants stand out due to their ability to degrade and remove contaminants from the environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential treatment of effluents from the beer industry using biosurfactants produced from wastewater from the beer industry. The biosurfactants were obtained by submerged cultivation at 30°C for 48 h using the bacterium Corynebacterium aquaticum in a mineral medium added of carbon source. The characterization of the biosurfactants was performed in relation to surface tension, emulsifying activity (EA), pH, and ionic character. The analyses were performed at 0, 24, and 48 h. The efficiency of the effluent treatments was evaluated by characterization in duplicate, before, during and after the treatment, regarding the concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total solids (TS). The best biosurfactant results were obtained using C. aquaticum in a medium with 10% (v/v) of brewing industry wastewater (BIW) as a carbon source after 48 h of cultivation, reaching a surface tension of 35.1 ± 0.2 mN/m, EA of 40.9 ± 0.5%, and stability under extreme conditions of temperature (−20°C to 121°C), salt (1% to 10%), and pH (4 to 10). Thus, the biosurfactant was applied for 10 days in an aerated biological treatment system. Best results were observed in biosurfactant concentrations of 0.5 CMD (critical micellar dilution), reaching improvement of up to 55.9% for BOD, 23.8% for COD, and 50.6% for TS. Thus, the biosurfactant produced (10% BIW) shows potential as an accelerator in the brewing industry effluent (BIE) treatment process, without purification and sterilization of the biocompound. Therefore, brewery wastewater proved to be a sustainable and nutritional substrate to obtain biosurfactants.
Generative Modelling of Stochastic Rotating Shallow Water Noise
Authors: Lobbe Alexander , Crisan Dan , Lang Oana
Published: November 2024

In recent work Crisan and co-authors (Foundations of Data Science, 2023), have developed a generic methodology for calibrating the noise in fluid dynamics stochastic partial differential equations where the stochasticity was introduced to parametrize subgrid-scale processes. The stochastic parameterization of sub-grid scale processes is required in the estimation of uncertainty in weather and climate predictions, to represent systematic model errors arising from subgrid-scale fluctuations. The methodology in Crisan (Foundations on Data Science, 2023) used a principal component analysis (PCA) technique based on the ansatz that the increments of the stochastic parametrization are normally distributed. In this chapter, the PCA technique is replaced by a generative model technique. This enables us to avoid imposing additional constraints on the increments. The methodology is tested on a stochastic rotating shallow water model with the elevation variable of the model used as input data. The numerical simulations show that the noise is indeed non-Gaussian. The generative modelling technology gives good RMSE, CRPS score and forecast rank histogram results.
The Effects of Unresolved Scales on Analogue Forecasting Ensembles
Authors: Platzer Paul , Chapron Bertrand
Published: November 2024

Using similar states in a database called “catalogue” such as a reanalysis, analogues provide simple yet efficient ensemble forecasts in atmospheric and ocean sciences. Typically performed on low-resolution images of large-scale atmospheric or ocean circulation, analogue forecasting encounters uncertainties due to unresolved small spatial scales, as the latter contribute to the time-evolution of the circulation but not to the similarity criterion used to search for analogues. Another source of uncertainty are the finite distances between the analogues and the initial target large-scale variables. We disentangle these two sources of uncertainty using a modified version of the Lorenz system, where stochastic terms account for unresolved small spatial scales. For large enough catalogue size and forecast horizon, we show that the analogue forecasting ensemble spread is dominated by the effect of stochastic terms, with only little influence of the initial analogue-to-target distances. Conversely, for short-term forecast and small catalogue size, the analogue ensemble is mostly influenced by initial analogue-to-target distances and not by the effects of unresolved scales. This result calls for adjustments of the classical analogue method for small forecast horizons.
Particle-Based Algorithm for Stochastic Optimal Control
Authors: Reich Sebastian
Published: November 2024

The solution to a stochastic optimal control problem can be determined by computing the value function from a discretization of the associated Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. Alternatively, the problem can be reformulated in terms of a pair of forward-backward SDEs, which makes Monte–Carlo techniques applicable. More recently, the problem has also been viewed from the perspective of forward and reverse time SDEs and their associated Fokker–Planck equations. This approach is closely related to techniques used in diffusion-based generative models. Forward and reverse time formulations express the value function as the ratio of two probability density functions; one stemming from a forward McKean–Vlasov SDE and another one from a reverse McKean–Vlasov SDE. In this chapter, we extend this approach to a more general class of stochastic optimal control problems and combine it with ensemble Kalman filter type and diffusion map approximation techniques in order to obtain efficient and robust particle-based algorithms.
Collisions of Burgers Bores with Nonlinear Waves
Authors: Dombret Albert , Holm Darryl D. , Hu Ruiao , Street Oliver D. , Wang Hanchun
Published: November 2024

This chapter treats nonlinear wave-current interactions in their simplest form—as an overtaking collision. In one spatial dimension, the chapter investigates the collision interaction formulated as an initial value problem of a Burgers bore overtaking solutions of two types of nonlinear wave equations—Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS). The bore-wave state arising after the overtaking Burgers-KdV collision in numerical simulations is found to depend qualitatively on the balance between nonlinearity and dispersion in the KdV equation. The Burgers-KdV system is also made stochastic by following the stochastic advection by Lie transport approach (SALT).
Derivation of Stochastic Models for Coastal Waves
Authors: Debussche Arnaud , Mémin Etienne , Moneyron Antoine
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, we consider a stochastic nonlinear formulation of classical coastal waves models under location uncertainty (LU). In the formal setting investigated here, stochastic versions of the Serre-Green-Naghdi, Boussinesq and classical shallow water wave models are obtained through an asymptotic expansion, which is similar to the one operated in the deterministic setting. However, modified advection terms emerge, together with advection noise terms. These terms are well-known features arising from the LU formalism, based on momentum conservation principle.
Risk score for early prognostication of aseptic bone flap necrosis
Authors: Barthel Lennart , Hetze Susann , Gembruch Oliver , Chihi Mehdi , Oppong Marvin Darkwah , Ahmadipour Yahya , Dammann Philipp , Sure Ulrich , Jabbarli Ramazan
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Aseptic bone flap necrosis (ABFN) is a common complication of autologous cranioplasty that often requires reoperation. This study aimed to create a risk score for ABFN using relevant demographic, clinical, and laboratory markers.

Methods

We included all patients who underwent autologous cranioplasty after decompressive surgery between 2007 and 2019. We collected laboratory data, initial clinical diagnoses, and demographic parameters before autologous bone flap reimplantation. The significant predictors of ABFN identified in the final multivariate analysis were used to develop a risk score.

Results

Of the 412 patients who underwent craniectomy, 58 (14%, 32 females: 55.2%) developed ABFN. The following independent predictors of ABFN were included in the risk score (0–7 points): craniectomy due to trauma or hemorrhagic stroke (2 points), younger age (< 40 years, 2 points), cranioplasty timing (> 95 days post-craniectomy, 1 point), glutamate-pyruvate transferase < 18 U/L (1 point), and serum creatinine level < 0.815 mg/dL (1 point). The ABFN rates in patients with scores of 0–2, 3–4, and 5–7 points were 4.2%, 16.1%, and 34.6%, respectively. The risk score demonstrated moderate diagnostic accuracy for predicting ABFN, with an area under the curve of 0.739.

Conclusion

The proposed risk score may help in early identification of individuals prone to ABFN. These data suggest that future studies should investigate the significance of metabolic syndromes related to ABFN occurrence. Understanding the potential impact of metabolic factors on ABFN can enhance risk assessment and targeted preventive measures for patients undergoing cranioplasty procedures.
Manualised Attachment-Based Interventions for Improving Caregiver-Infant Relationships: A Two-Stage Systematic Review
Authors: Wittkowski A. , Crompton C. , Wan M. W.
Published: November 2024

As attachment-based interventions can improve caregiver-infant relationships and their subsequent psychological outcomes, the identification of relevant and effective interventions can facilitate their implementation into clinical practice. This systematic review aimed to a) provide an overview of manualised attachment-based interventions, without video-feedback as the main component, for caregivers and infants from conception to two years, and b) determine which of these interventions were effective in demonstrating improvements in caregiver-infant relational outcomes. To identify eligible interventions and their empirical evidence base, two search stages were conducted for 1) relevant interventions and 2) studies of interventions identified in the first stage that focussed on caregiver-infant relational outcomes. All studies included in Stage 2 were quality assessed and findings analysed. Twenty-six interventions were eligible for inclusion at Stage 1 but studies reporting on relational outcomes were identified for 16 interventions only. Forty studies reporting on those 16 interventions met inclusion criteria and were synthesised at Stage 2. Most studies were of good quality. Observer-rated measures were used in 90% of studies. There was evidence for these interventions in relation to improving caregiver-infant relational outcomes: 80% of studies reported a statistically significant positive change in a relational outcome for the intervention compared to pre-intervention or control group. The most promising evidence was identified for Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC), Minding the Baby (MTB) and Circle of Security (COS). This systematic review offers guidance to healthcare professionals, commissioners and policymakers within perinatal sectors in relation to the training, delivery and implementation of evidenced manualised attachment-based interventions.
Perception of and adjustment to adverse weather events among smallholder coffee farmers in Rwanda
Authors: Gather Johanna , Wollni Meike
Published: November 2024

Changing temperature and precipitation patterns threaten smallholder farmers producing coffee. Adaptation is crucial, and perceiving adverse weather events as a risk is the first step towards it. The study, therefore, investigated the link between smallholder coffee farmers' perception of adverse weather events and their adjustments to them. First, four distinct groups of farmers can be distinguished based on their risk perception of adverse weather events. Results show that farmers' risk perception is connected to changes in the timing of the seasons and the expected amount of precipitation. Most farmers in the sample adjust to the adverse weather events they experience. Results also found that farmers’ risk perception and adjustment decisions are closely linked.
Dye-sensitized solar cells achieved with multi-layered SnO2/ZnO composite photoanodes through precise control of thickness and composition
Authors: Weerasinghe M. I. U. , Kumarasinghe K. D. M. S. P. K. , Karunarathne Buddhika C. , Kumarage P. M. L. , Bandara T. M. W. J. , Tennakone Kirthi , Albinsson I. , Mellander B. E. , Kumara G. R. A.
Published: November 2024

The spin coating is cost-effective, straightforward, and highly suitable for the large-scale production of solar cells. In this study, we report the fabrication of SnO2/ZnO composite films for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using a simplified and cost-effective spin-coating technique on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrates. This study introduces a new way of preparing a multi-layered composite thin film using a suspension containing colloidal SnO2 nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles followed by sonication and aging of TiO2-free high-efficiency DSCs. Our approach provides a facile way of obtaining a uniform film of tunable thickness with high reproducibility by adjusting the total number of coating cycles. The spin-coating process achieved a nano-sized SnO2-covered ZnO layer, contributing to enhanced conversion efficiency in DSCs. A specific number of seven coating cycles was identified as optimal for achieving the aspirational performance. Under standard AM 1.5 irradiation with an intensity of 100 mW/ cm2, the fabricated SnO2/ZnO composite films revealed an overall energy conversion efficiency of 6.5% with a thickness of 2.06 µm which is impressive for a TiO2-free DSC. This achievement indicates the potential of the developed fabrication process for cost-effective and scalable production of efficient DSCs with SnO2/ZnO composite.
The impact of institutional and managerial ownership on the pay-performance relationship: Evidence from JSE-listed firms
Authors: Nel George , Jachi Moses , Scholtz Henriette
Published: November 2024

This study explores how institutional and managerial ownership influence the connection between executive directors’ pay and firm performance in South Africa. Employing panel linear regression models and Johnson-Neyman analysis, complex insights are revealed. This study revealed that institutional ownership acts as a double-edged sword, positively moderating the link between long-term and total incentive remuneration and Return on Assets (ROA), while negatively influencing the relationship with market-based metrics like Tobin’s Q. This suggests that institutional shareholders play a dual role in enhancing long-term alignment and tempering short-term performance pressures. Managerial ownership also demonstrates mixed impacts, positively moderating the relationship between both short-term and total incentive remuneration, and ROA, but negatively moderating the link between long-term incentive remuneration and Total Shareholder Return (TSR). These findings underscore the delicate balance between managerial incentives, shareholder interests, and long-term value creation. While higher managerial ownership aligns with short-term shareholder goals, it may also lead to managerial entrenchment and short-termism in certain contexts. This study contributes to literature on corporate governance and executive remuneration in an emerging market setting.. By revealing the nuanced effects of institutional and managerial ownership on the pay-performance relationship, the paper provides valuable insights for policymakers, investors and corporate leaders aiming to improve governance practices and foster sustainable value creation. Our study offers essential implications for corporate governance practices and sets the stage for further inquiry into the intricate relationship between ownership structure, executive compensation, and firm performance.
Digital Health Delivery of Parenting Skills to Improve Conduct Problems in Middle School Youth Across Two Distinct Randomized Trials
Authors: Stormshak Elizabeth , Connell Arin , Mauricio Anne Marie , McLaughlin Morgan , Caruthers Allison
Published: November 2024

This study evaluated direct and indirect effects of the Family Check-Up Online (FCU-O) across two distinct randomized trials with middle school youth and families. The FCU-O is a digital health adaptation of the Family Check-Up that is delivered in a brief, online format with supportive coaching. The FCU-O was delivered to parents of middle school youth with a focus on targeting both proximal and distal outcomes that impact the development of conduct problems, including a range of parenting skills, effortful control, and youth emotional problems. Participants were primary caregivers of children aged 10 to 14 years. Eligibility varied across the trials and included endorsing depression or significant stress, or having a child enrolled in a school with limited resources. A total of 374 participants across trials were included in the analysis and were randomly assigned to receive the intervention or control. Using Integrative Data Analytic techniques, we examined the effects of random assignment on a range of outcomes, including emotional and behavior problems, parenting skills, parenting confidence, and effortful control. We examined the indirect effects of the FCU-O on changes in conduct problems from baseline to 6 months via changes in mediator variables at the first follow-up assessment (2–3 months). The FCU-O improved emotional problems, effortful control, parenting confidence, and parent sense of importance at the first follow-up. Mediation analyses suggested indirect effects on conduct problems at 6-month follow-up via improvements in effortful control and emotional problems, but not via improvements in parenting confidence or sense of parenting importance. Results indicate the FCU-O has potential as a public health intervention for families with middle school youth to reduce behavioral risk. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT 03060291; NCT 05117099.
Expert knowledge and the administrative state
Authors: Lofthouse Jordan K. , Schaefer Alexander
Published: November 2024

Over the past century, the administrative state has vastly expanded its power and political independence of Congress. Some prominent academic voices, such as Cass Sunstein and Joseph Heath, have argued that we should endorse the administrative state’s large and growing powers to reap the benefits of technical expertise. We introduce an important qualification to that claim by highlighting the contingency of expert knowledge. The reliability of expertise is institutionally sensitive, and the centralized administrative state is plagued by epistemic drawbacks. The contingency of expert knowledge means that, although experts supply crucial inputs into intelligent policy design, without the correct epistemic ecosystem, expert rule is likely to produce expert failure. After presenting that qualification, we show how introducing competition, contestation, and diversity into the bureaucracy’s epistemic ecosystem facilitates the discovery, communication, and implementation of useful knowledge. The institutional structure we prescribe therefore resembles the Ostromian idea of polycentric governance. Such an institutional structure, we argue, is better able to harness the benefits of expertise while mitigating the pathologies of the centralized administrative state. We argue that polycentric political systems can enhance the effectiveness of expertise.
Development and in vitro evaluation of a lignin-PLGA nanocarrier for florfenicol delivery
Authors: Trif Emilia , Astete Carlos E. , Libi Sumit , Pall Emoke , Tripon Septimiu , Coman Cristina , Olah Diana , Potârniche Adrian Valentin , Sabliov Cristina M. , Cerbu Constantin
Published: November 2024

Florfenicol (FF) is a widely used antimicrobial in veterinary medicine because of its broad antimicrobial activity, although it has certain limitations and raises concerns about the development of antimicrobial resistance genes. These limitations highlight the need to explore novel drug with controlled release systems to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of FF, while minimizing the potential for resistance development. This study introduces an innovative approach for the design, synthesis, and evaluation of lignin-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-FF nanoparticles. By leveraging the properties of PLGA and lignin, this study aimed to augment the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of FF, thereby enabling dosage reduction and consequently diminishing the likelihood of resistance emergence and other limitations. Lignin-PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating FF were synthesized and characterized to assess their physicochemical properties, such as particle size, zeta potential, and drug loading efficiency. The release profile, antimicrobial efficacy, and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Comparative analyses with standard FF formulations were performed to ascertain the superior performance and potential benefits of the nanoparticle-based antimicrobials. Our findings indicate that the synthesized lignin-PLGA nanoparticles exhibited favorable drug delivery attributes, including a controlled and sustained release mechanism, significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity at reduced concentrations relative to free FF, with minimal cytotoxic effects. Importantly, the nanoparticle system inhibited bacterial biofilm formation, which is a key factor in the onset and spread of antimicrobial resistance. These findings underscore the potential of integrating biodegradable polymers with natural compounds to forge innovative pathways in drug delivery, addressing critical challenges in veterinary medicine.
Group medical visits in cancer survivorship care: a scoping review
Authors: Dixit Niharika , Avilez Leslie , Honcharov Vlad , Knopf Kevin , Bedi Teja , Nekhlyudov Larissa , Sarkar Urmimala
Published: November 2024

Background

More than 60% of cancer survivors report unmet physical, psychosocial, and informational needs. The care of cancer survivors includes surveillance, health maintenance monitoring, referral for long-term adverse effects of cancer treatment, and coordination of care. Group medical visits (GMV) include medical care, education, and peer support and can be used to facilitate the delivery of multidisciplinary survivorship care. We aimed to characterize the current state of related research describing the role of GMV in cancer survivorship care.

Methods

For this scoping review, we searched for published literature using PubMed, Embase, and other resources. We included intervention studies of multidisciplinary care involving GMVs of adult patients with a history of cancer requiring the presence of medical personnel, physicians, advanced practitioners, or oncology nurses. We included studies that focused on broad cancer survivorship care, rather than those using specific modalities, such as yoga, or limited to specific aspects of cancer survivorship care, such as weight loss. We characterized the studies by cancer type, structure of GMVs, and reported outcomes.

Results

We identified 2311 studies (2122 from PubMed and 189 from Embase). We excluded 1524 duplicates and screened 787 studies for title and abstract review. Finally, 63 studies were retrieved for full-text review, and six were included in this scoping review. Of the included studies, four were non-randomized, and two were randomized. Breast cancer was the most common site (4); other studies included breast and other cancers (1) and hematopoietic transplant cancer survivors (1). There was heterogeneity in the structure and frequency of sessions and the survivorship domains addressed. The outcomes studied included quality of life, healthcare utilization, and costs.

Conclusions

Limited high-quality research exists on the role of GMV in cancer survivorship. Though shown to be effective in chronic disease, the evidence for the effectiveness of this important and widely used approach in multidisciplinary survivorship care remains inconsistent and preliminary; the literature to date provides a starting point for larger-scale studies of GMV in cancer survivorship care.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

While Group medical visits are a promising intervention to provide multidisciplinary care, larger studies are needed to support their benefit in the care of cancer survivors.
Flexible Strain Sensors with Ultra-High Sensitivity and Wide Range Enabled by Crack-Modulated Electrical Pathways
Authors: Bai Yunzhao , Zhou Yunlei , Wu Xuanyu , Yin Mengfei , Yin Liting , Qu Shiyuan , Zhang Fan , Li Kan , Huang YongAn
Published: November 2024

This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultra-high sensitivity and wide-range sensor, addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range. Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips, we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode. The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%. The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response, while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer. Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications. Through systematic investigation, we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response, offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors. The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications, from micro-strain to large-strain detection, highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses, demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.
Genetic diversity of Colletotrichum kahawae populations in Burundi
Authors: Niko N. , Blondin L. , Motisi N. , Cilas C. , Neema C.
Published: November 2024

Microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity of Colletotrichum kahawae isolates from Burundi. Sampling was carried out through all coffee growing areas in Burundi. The indices of genetic diversity such as the number of different alleles (Na), the number of effective alleles (Ne) revealed low genetic diversity with an average of 1.900 and 1.196 respectively. Higher than expected heterozygosity and significant linkage disequilibrium are consistent with clonal reproduction. The results showed a weak genetic diversity between the populations from different region and the low value of Fst indicated that the C. kahawae populations of Burundi were weakly differentiated. Our results confirm the clonality of C. kahawae and its low dispersion ability. The weak differentiation between the populations and the occurrence of one clonal lineage in Burundi are consistent with previous study suggesting that the East African populations of C. kahawae are the most recently populations derived from the ancestral Angolan population.
An investigative study on the effective utilization of process hazard analysis (PHA) and safety instrumentation system (SIS) in chemical process industries
Authors: Poojary Ramaprasad , Dawson Charles Rajkumar , Sachidananda H. K.
Published: November 2024

This research paper focuses on effectiveness of process hazard analysis (PHA) and safety instrumented systems (SIS) interventions during process design and implementation which prevents accident and loss in chemical process industries. An initial preview was conducted to analyze the accidents and incidents in case of industrial and chemical process industries which enabled to define the research question in a scientific way. The research was conducted using a survey questionnaire developed with the help of focus group and was based on theoretical and conceptual framework developed for the study. The survey received responses from 36 participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The validity and reliability were established using confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and Cronbach’s Alpha. The data analysis methods were used to answer the research questions to test the hypotheses. From the results it is observed that PHA and SIS were in an agreeable range. However, the performance factors grouped based on barrier controls and organizational behavior were have moderate positive relationship. This showed there exists a gap in the PHA and SIS contributing factors which may directly or indirectly cause industrial accidents in the chemical process industries.
The Impact of UK Modern Slavery Policy on Eastern European Migrants
Authors: Davies Jon , Kachynska Maryana
Published: November 2024

This paper critically examines the intricate relationship between approaches to modern slavery and immigration policy in the UK, particularly in relation to migrants from Romania, Albania, and Ukraine. It situates the discussion within the broader context of state policies and practices that perpetuate exploitation, thereby challenging the notion that the UK has a ‘world-leading’ approach towards addressing modern slavery. The discussion highlights how immigration controls often intertwine with crime control, thereby facilitating a hostile environment for migrants. By drawing on examples from Romania, Albania, and Ukraine, the paper illustrates the varied and detrimental impacts of UK immigration and modern slavery policies on these groups. Furthermore, the paper explores public and political perceptions of immigration, noting fluctuations in attitudes post-EU withdrawal and across groups of migrants. The discussion extends to hinting at policy shifts under the new Labour government, addressing systemic challenges in addressing labour exploitation and reforming immigration. Ultimately, the paper calls for a nuanced approach that prioritises humanitarian and labour/employment considerations alongside security concerns, acknowledging the persistent complexities with modern slavery and immigration issues.
Wavelength multicasting quantum clock synchronization network
Authors: Li Jiaao , Han Hui , Huang Xiaopeng , Tang Bangying , Guo Kai , Huang Jinquan , Xiong Siyu , Yu Wanrong , Zhang Zhaojian , Yang Junbo , Liu Bo , Chen Huan , Lu Zhenkun
Published: November 2024

Quantum clock synchronization (QCS) can measure out the high-precision clock difference among distant users, which breaks through the standard quantum limit by employing the properties of quantum entanglement. Currently, the wavelength division multiplexed QCS network has been demonstrated with a spontaneous parametric down-conversion entangled photon source. In this paper, we propose a more efficient QCS network scheme with the wavelength multicasting entangled photon source, which can decrease at least 25% of wavelength channel consumption under the identical network scale. Afterwards, a four node QCS network is demonstrated, where the wavelength multicasting entangled photon source is utilized with dual-pumped four-wave mixing silicon chip. The experimental results show that the measured time deviation is 3.4 ps with an average time of 640 s via the multiple fiber links of more than 10 km.
Efficiency scaling of inductively coupled plasmas for radio frequency propulsion systems
Authors: Uchizono Nolan M. , Georgin Marcel P. , McDonald Michael S.
Published: November 2024

A generalized inductively coupled plasma (ICP) efficiency model is derived, which may be used to predict plasma generation efficiency with many types of radio frequency (RF) electric propulsion system. The analytical ICP discharge model is used to examine device scaling, and investigate trends in ICP performance as a function of geometry and system inputs. The ICP efficiency model is applied to an analytical RF cathode model to predict device behavior. Results from the updated RF cathode model show improvements in agreement with experimental data.
Towards a comprehensive understanding of science practices: a heuristic for increasing educator familiarity across a series of science education frameworks
Authors: Wright Ashli M. , Tacloban Marie Janelle , Lake Shelby , McCartney Melissa
Published: November 2024

Scientific practices describe behaviors scientists engage in while investigating the natural world. Educators should be aware of different science practice frameworks to better understand their students' progression for learning science practices across the K-20 spectrum. For example, a high school AP instructor would benefit from understanding both the K-12 frameworks their students have already experienced and the future undergraduate frameworks their students are moving toward. We were interested in exploring educator familiarity with the scientific practices outlined in the Next Generation Science and Engineering Practices, the Advanced Placement Science Practices, and Vision & Change Core Competencies. In practice, all science educators are teaching the same set of core principles around which these different frameworks are built. Under this view, it is a missed opportunity to not consider or draw on different frameworks to expand one’s teaching practice. Using a cognitive constructionist approach, we describe the implementation of the “Science Practice Frameworks Concept Map Activity,” designed to (1) introduce educators to scientific practices contained within Science Practice Frameworks and (2) show educators that despite these science practices targeting different student populations they are, at their core, very similar and often overlap. We present data showing a positive shift in educator familiarity with Science Practice Frameworks and present examples of participant concept maps that help us begin to understand how educators perceive the frameworks and the relationships between them, ensuring that educators are better prepared to guide students through a comprehensive understanding of science practices.