bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ‘MELODIES’ OF THE EYE
Authors: Bedford P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

‘The diseases of the eye constitute a very important, but a most unsatisfactory division of our work, for the melodies of this organ, although few in number, are frequent in their appearance. They are sadly obstinate and baffle all skill“.
Corneal necrosis and sequestration in the cat: a review and record of 100 cases
Authors: STARTUP F. G.
Published: April 2008

A distinct type of ulcerative keratitis, apparently specific to the cat, and of unknown aetiology, has been noted by many authors. This condition is described and a review of the literature is provided. Clinical signs presented are analysed, together with breed, sex and age incidence, and a record of 100 cases noted over a 12 year period is provided. Earlier observations of possible causation are discussed and a note made of further investigations needed to establish the aetiology of this corneal disorder.
Antibacterials in the treatment of ocular infections
Authors: SANSOM J.
Published: April 2008

This paper reviews the currently available antibiotics and antibacterial agents used in the treatment of ocular infections in small animals. The rationale behind the selection of a particular drug, the route of administration and the contraindications, are discussed.
A hair abnormality in Abyssinian cats
Authors: Wilkinson G. T. , Kristensen T. S.
Published: April 2008

An abnormality of the hair shaft of the whiskers and guard hairs of Abyssinian cats, consisting of an onion‐shaped swelling, usually situated at the tip of the hair but occasionally at other sites along the hair shaft, is reported. Where the abnormality occurs in the guard hairs it imparts a rough, brittle and lustreless appearance to the coat. Microscopically the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles and appendages appear normal. The condition has been seen in two Abyssinian cats in Denmark and one in Australia.
Infective polyarthritis and multiple discospondylitis in a dog due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Authors: Houlton J. E. F. , Jefferies A. R.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐month‐old Irish wolfhound suffered an infectious polyarthritis and multiple discospondylitis. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was cultured from several of the joints at post mortem examination.
A field investigation of kennel cough: Efficacy of vaccination
Authors: Thrusfield M. V. , Aitken C. G. G. , Muirhead R. H.
Published: April 2008

A case‐control study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of several vaccines in protecting against canine kennel cough. Cases and controls were selected from a random sample of veterinary practices in the UK, and relevant information was collected using postal questionnaires. The relationship between vaccinal status and the occurrence of kennel cough was examined using a linear logistic model. Vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus was associated with reduced risks of the disease, as indicated by a decrease in the log odds (log relative risk) of disease in vaccinated animals, when integrated with usual vaccination strategies. Statistical interaction between these two vaccines and adenovirus vaccines was identified.
Deficiency of bile salts causing steatorrhoea and weight loss in two dogs
Authors: Simpson J. W. , van den Broek A.
Published: April 2008

Two dogs were presented with chronic diarrhoea, weight loss and skin problems. In each case investigation revealed persistent steatorrhoea due to a failure in fat digestion and absorption which was associated with a bile salt deficiency. Replacement therapy resulted in a significant improvement in the condition of each dog.
Ocular antimicrobial therapy in small animal practice
Authors: Jones S. M. Petersen , Bedford P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

Accurate diagnosis is essential in the selection of any therapeutic regime. In this paper the common ocular infections of dogs and cats are described, and the available therapeutic agents and their pharmacokinetics and spectra of activity are discussed. Sponsored by the Association for Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Congenital heart disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Darke P. G. G.
Published: April 2008

The presence of congenital heart disease in dogs and cats is usually indicated by a cardiac murmur. There may or may not be further signs of cardiac failure. The type and site of a murmur often suggests the nature of the underlying lesion, but electrocardiography and radiography can give further indications of the nature of the defect.

Advanced diagnostic procedures include cardiac catheterisation for angiography, blood pressure recording and blood gas analysis, but this technique is now being superseded in many cases by cardiac ultrasound. Some lesions can be demonstrated directly by echocardiography, but the source of the murmur and the severity of the deformity can be defined precisely by Doppler.

Congenital cardiovascular disorders can increasingly be relieved by sophisticated surgery.
Use of a radiographic scoring technique for the assessment of dogs with elbow osteochondrosis
Authors: Guthrie S.
Published: April 2008

A retrospective study was made of 335 dogs with elbow osteochondrosis that had been seen at the Royal Veterinary College in 1977 to 1987. The most commonly affected breeds were the labrador, retriever and rottweiler. Males were affected more often than females. The condition was bilateral in 50 per cent of cases and the peak age for the onset of lameness was four to six months. In rottweilers, the lesions found at exploratory arthrotomy were predominantly abnormalities of the coronoid process, while in retrievers and labradors lesions most commonly affected the medial humeral condyle or the coronoid process. A scoring system for grading the standard projection (lateral and postero‐anterior) radiographs was devised and the score was correlated with the lesion found at surgery. Some cases were reviewed radiographically and any alteration in the degree of periarticular arthrosis, seen as an increase in radiographic score, was noted. The exact extent of the lesion found at surgery was recorded diagrammatically in 65 cases. It did not prove possible to predict from the radiographic score the nature and extent of the lesion and no correlation could be found between the radiographic score [and clinical degree of lameness. The scoring system did have some merit for reviewing cases because an increase in score indicated the extent to which joint changes had advanced.
Demographic characteristics of the canine and feline populations of the UK in 1986
Authors: Thrusfield M. V.
Published: April 2008

Industrial demographic data on the canine and feline populations of the United Kingdom in 1986 are presented as population pyramids. Comparisons are made between the canine pyramid and an earlier one, and between breed‐specific proportions derived from three sources: a clinical database, a survey of veterinary practices, and Kennel Club registrations.
Kartagener's syndrome in an old miniature poodle
Authors: Foodman M. S. , Giger U. , Stebbins K. , Knight D.
Published: April 2008

A 12‐year old male miniature poodle with a chronic progressive cough of two years duration was found to have situs inversus totalis, rhinitis, bronchiectasis and bronchopneumonia with metaplasia. Clinical and pathological findings satisfy the clinical criteria for a diagnosis of Kartagener's syndrome. However, the dog had no history of respiratory disease during it's first year of life, it sired at least one healthy puppy and electron microscopic examination of tracheal cilia showed only minimal microtubular abnormalities. This is the first report of a miniature poodle with Kartagener's syndrome. Kartagener's syndrome and mild forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) may play an important role in the development of chronic respiratory disease in older dogs.
A progressive neuronopathy in the young cairn terrier
Authors: Palmer A. C. , Blakemore W. F.
Published: April 2008

The clinical signs and neuropathological changes of a nervous disease of pedigree cairn terriers are described.

Three animals, of both sexes, between five and seven months of age showed hind leg weakness, quadriparesis, ataxia, loss of superficial and deep reflexes and tremor of the head. Pathologically there was chromatolysis of neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem. Although Wallerian‐type degeneration was present in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, its severity did not correlate with the intensity of the neuronal changes. This suggests that the chromatolysis observed may reflect a primary neuronal abnormality rather than represent a secondary change resulting from a primary degeneration of peripheral axons.

Although the age of onset and some of the clinical signs are similar to those seen with globoid cell leucodystrophy (an inherited disease which also affects cairn terriers), the presence of lower motor neuron paralysis and the absence of signs of severe brain involvement in progressive neuronopathy should enable the conditions to be distinguished clinically.
Lysosomal storage diseases in dogs and cats
Authors: Evans R. J.
Published: April 2008

Lysosomal storage diseases are inborn errors of metabolism which are common in a number of breeds of dog and cat, due to specific, genetically determined, deficiencies of degradative enzymes. They are generally inherited as autosomal recessive traits. The enzyme substrate may be a complex lipid, glycoprotein or polysaccharide. In enzyme deficiency this substrate accumulates in swollen lysosomes in specific organs. Assay of the enzyme can be employed to detect affected individuals and also heterozygotes. It is possible to control these diseases by the identification of heterozygous animals and refraining from using them for breeding. Affected animals are normal at birth but the onset of disease is generally during the first months of life. The diseases are progressive and fatal. Neurological signs, hepato‐ and splenomegaly and skeletal abnormalities are commonly seen.
Inherited and congenital airway conditions
Authors: Harvey C. E.
Published: April 2008

Brachycephalic airway obstruction can take the form of several clinical entities, eg, overlong soft palate, tracheal hypoplasia and laryngeal paralysis. These, and other major congenital airways diseases are discussed together with possible methods of surgical correction.
Autoimmune mediated skin diseases
Authors: Carlotti D.
Published: April 2008

The clinical signs associated with non‐bullous and bullous immune‐mediated diseases are discussed, together with diagnostic procedures. The methods of treating, or suppressing, these autoimmune diseases are also outlined.
The eosinophilic granuloma complex
Authors: von Tscharner C. , Bigler B.
Published: April 2008

The clinical features of eosinophilic granuloma complex are discussed together with any possible links to underlying causes of the disorder such as food hypersensitivity. Typical histopathological observations and therapy are also outlined.
Metastasis of feline pulmonary carcinoma presenting as multiple digital swelling
Authors: May C. , Newsholme S. J.
Published: April 2008

Multiple digital swelling and painful lameness in four cats was found on clinical, radiographic and post mortem examination to be due to metastasis of primary bronchial carcinoma. Metastases were identified in several organs at necropsy and histological findings were consistent with arterial dissemination from the primary lesion.
Vesicocutaneous fistulation following prepubic tendon rupture in a bitch
Authors: Green S. R. B. , Quigg J. A. , Holt P. E.
Published: April 2008

A case of vesicocutaneous fistula formation following traumatic rupture of the prepubic tendon is described. The radiographic diagnosis and treatment are presented.
Paraquat poisoning in the dog
Authors: O'Sullivan S. P.
Published: April 2008

Recovery from paraquat poisoning in the dog is rare. This is a report of a case of recovery from confirmed paraquat poisoning in a clinical setting. The dog exhibited the usual signs of paraquat poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed on toxicological analysis of urine using an ion exchange technique. The dog was treated with frusemide, nicotinamide, corticosteroids, α‐tocopherol, vitamin A, etamiphylline camsylate and ampicillin. He recovered after seven weeks of intensive therapy. Alternative treatments are discussed.
Motor nerve conduction parameters in the cat
Authors: Malik R. , Ho S.
Published: April 2008

The electrophysiological characteristics of motor conduction in normal cats have been determined using an alligator clip as a surface electrode to record the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) following stimulation of the tibial, ulnar and fibular nerves. Data on nerve conduction velocity, residual latency and the amplitude and area of the CMAP have been determined using a computerised electromyography unit. Motor nerve conduction was substantially faster in cats than dogs and the site of stimulation had less effect on the size and area of the CMAP. Although a small decline in the amplitude of successive CMAPs was observed following repetitive stimulation of the tibial and ulnar nerve at 20 Hz, the decrement was less marked than in the dog.
Temporomandibular ankylosis in the cat
Authors: Sullivan M.
Published: April 2008

Temporomandibular ankylosis was diagnosed in four cats which presented with difficulty in opening their mouths. Interincisor gaps of less than 15 mm were present in all four cases. Radiological changes included loss of joint space and proliferation of new bone around the joints. Resection of part of the zygoma, condyle and vertical ramus resulted in freeing of the joint and a return to normal function.
Evaluation of the testosterone response to hCG and the identification of a presumed anorchid dog
Authors: England G. C. W. , Allen W. Edward , Porter D. J.
Published: April 2008

A two‐year‐old dog was presented with no scrotal testes. There was no history of castration but at laparotomy no testes were found. To confirm that the dog was truly anorchid a human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation test was performed. This was then validated in normal entire and castrated dogs.
A technique for repair of femoral capital epiphyseal fractures in the dog
Authors: Kuzma A. , Sumner‐Smith G. , Miller C. , Mclaughlin R.
Published: April 2008

A new method for repair of femoral capital epiphyseal fractures in the immature dog is described. The technique employs two small AO/ASIF cortical screws inserted in lag fashion from the articular surface into the femoral neck. The screw heads are countersunk, so as not to project from the articular cartilage of the femoral epiphyseal fragment, While this is an early report it is hoped that it will prompt the use of the technique by others so that its long term assessment may be more rapidly determined than by one clinic working alone.
Canine lick granuloma treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Owen L. N.
Published: April 2008

Thirteen dogs with lick granuloma have been treated with X‐ray irradiation on two or more occasions. No case was cured, but treatment proved satisfactory in 11 cases for periods ranging from six months to three years. In two cases where treatment was unsuccessful lesions had been present for two years.
Spondylosis deformans in the female beagle dog: A radiographic study
Authors: Morgan J. P. , Hansson K. , Miyabayashi T.
Published: April 2008

Spondylosis deformans is a generalised disease of ageing resulting in formation of bony osteophytes around degenerating intervertebral discs throughout the vertebral column. It is noninflammatory and needs to be differentiated from spondylitis, which is either an infectious or noninfectious inflammatory process. Lateral radiographs of 310 female beagle dogs from a closed colony showed development of spondylosis deformans that was age‐dependent and located principally at discs numbers 5, 15, and 20 to 23. It was noteworthy that disc 26 was minimally involved whereas this location has been previously reported to have frequent involvement in larger breeds of dogs. None of the dogs studied had clinical signs causing their removal from the colony, further supporting the concept that spondylosis deformans as a bony response to disc degeneration is not a cause of severe pain or lameness.
Three cases of local tetanus
Authors: Malik R. , Church D. B. , Maddison J. E. , Farrow B. R.
Published: April 2008

Unyielding rigidity of one thoracic limb due to continuous involuntary muscle spasm was seen as the presenting complaint in two cats and a dog. A distal forelimb injury on the affected limb preceded the development of clinical signs in two animals. No abnormalities were detected in a detailed histological examination of the first case. The continuous localised muscular spasm subsided completely over a prolonged period in the remaining two cases. These findings strongly suggest a diagnosis of local tetanus. The diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition are discussed.
Chemotherapy of T b brucei infection: Use of DFMO, diminazene aceturate, alone and in combination
Authors: Onyeyili P. A. , Anika S. M.
Published: April 2008

The therapeutic activity of diminazene aceturate, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and a combination of the two agents was investigated in experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in mongrel dogs. The criteria used in the assessment of the trypanocidal effect of these compounds included the examination of the blood for the parasite, as well as clinical and haematological changes at intervals following treatment. Diminazene aceturate (7 mg/kg intramuscularly), DFMO (300 mg/kg/day orally in three divided doses for six days) and the combination of diminazene aceturate (7 mg/kg intramuscularly) and DFMO (300 mg/kg/day orally for six days) produced an intermittent aparasitemia in the dogs. Relapse infection occurred in all the three groups, but the period of aparasitemia produced by the combination of the agents was longest. The packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red cell count values decreased after the dogs were inoculated with the parasite. The values improved slightly following the treatments with the agents or their combination. The total white blood cell counts in the infected dogs indicated leucocytosis, but this improved with drug treatment.
Inguinal hernia in dogs
Authors: Strande A.
Published: April 2008

A review of inguinal hernia in dogs for the last 16 years revealed 65 females and nine males treated at The Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery. In a litter of three male and two female five‐month‐old West Highland white terrier puppies, all the males showed inquinal hernia, two combined with ectopic testicle.
Dorsal notch of foramen magnum due to incomplete ossification of supraoccipital bone in dogs
Authors: Watson A. G. , de Lahunta A. , Evans H. E.
Published: April 2008

The shape of the foramen magnum and the variation in the ossification pattern of the supra‐occipital bone were studied in 48 skulls, including 12 from neonatal and 33 from immature and mature beagles of known age. The shape varied markedly, and a dorsal notch, dorsomedial to the nuchal tubercles and present in over half of the beagles, developed as a result of incomplete ossification of the ventromedial part of the supra‐occipital bone. In a pomeranian and a chihuahua a membrane of dure mater and connective tissue, which covered the prominent dorsal notch, prevented prolapse of the brain. The spinal cord passed through a smaller oval opening in the ventral half of the foramen magnum. As there was no apparent impairment of function or anomalies associated with the dorsal notch and since a prominent dorsal notch was common in small breeds with brachycephalic skulls, it was concluded that the dorsal notch is a variation in the normal morphological pattern.
Demodicosis in the cat
Authors: Chesney C. J.
Published: April 2008

The available reports upon the occurrence of mites of the Demodicidae in the cat are reviewed and current knowledge of the biology is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that demodicosis of the cat is more prevalent than previously supposed. It is found in both male and female, in long‐ and shorthaired coat types, and in several breeds. Infestation may be found in the absence of frank signs, or it may be associated with systemic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether the parasite can itself cause clinically apparent disease.
Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma with multiple digital metastases in a cat
Authors: Scott‐Moncrieff J. C. , Elliott G. S. , Radoveky A. , Blevins W. E.
Published: April 2008

A 14‐year‐old domestic shorthaired cat was presented because of swelling of the digits and lameness. A solitary lung mass was observed on thoracic radiographs. Clinical and pathological evaluation confirmed a primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to a single digit on each foot. Other metastatic lesions were present in the left popliteal lymph node and in the left iliac vein.
Serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and C coli isolated from dogs
Authors: Woldehiwet Z. , Jones J. J. , Tennant B. J. , Jones D. M.
Published: April 2008

The serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and C coli isolated from 56 dogs were established by the Penner serotyping scheme. A total of 37 C jejuni and 19 C coli were typed. Only two of the C coli strains were typable by the Penner method compared to 29 of 37 C jejuni strains. Pen 2 and 4 were the most predominant serotypes, constituting 41‐4 per cent of the typable C jejuni strains. All but one of the C jejuni strains belonging to serotypes pen 1 and 2 were isolated from dogs with diarrhoea.
Angiokeratoma: A benign vascular tumour of the dog
Authors: George C. , Summers B. A.
Published: April 2008

The angiokeratoma (AK) is a rare neoplasm of the nictitans and the conjunctiva of dogs. This report adds eight further cases to the two reported in the literature. The majority involved the nictitans of mature dogs of either sex with a possible predisposition in the English setter breed. Two occurred in the skin. In both locations, the AK had, as its characteristic feature, large dilated sinusoidal spaces abutting and infiltrating a hyperplastic epidermis. Compared to classical dermal haemangioendotheliomas, AKs are rare. In most cases, excision is curative.
Simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry using microtip transducer catheters in the bitch: A comparison of catheter material
Authors: Holt P. E.
Published: April 2008

Simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry using an 8FG polyurethane microtip transducer catheter in the bitch is subject to considerable variation, Marked differences occur in the parameters normally measured due to the orientation of the transducers and patient position. It has been suggested that a softer catheter may result in less variation. In this study, a comparison was made between 8FG polyurethane and silicone rubber microtip transducer catheters in 35 bitches. There were significant variations in both maximum urethral closure pressure and functional profile length due to catheter type (P < 0–001). Resting intravesical pressure varied with the recording transducer (P < 0–001) and there was a significant interaction between catheter type and recording transducer (P < 0–001). Radiographic measurements on 15 bitches suggested that variations in recorded intravesical pressure were probably related to the location of the transducers of the two catheters within the bladder. It is concluded that the use of a softer catheter material alone is insufficient to eliminate variations resulting from the orientation of the recording sensors within the urethra.
Pharmacokinetics, tolerance and serum thromboxane inhibition of carprofen in the dog
Authors: McKellar Q. A. , Pearson T. , Bogan J. A. , Gaibraith E. A. , Lees P. , Ludwig B. , Tiberghien M. P.
Published: April 2008

The non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen was administered to dogs as a mixed‐micelle solution at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg intravenously, as a palatable paste at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg orally, and as an oral tablet formulation at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg and 4‐0 mg/kg orally for pharmacokinetic studies. It was also administered as an oral tablet formulation at a dose rate of 9‐0 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days in a tolerance study. The pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg indicate that carprofen has a small volume of distribution (Vd area = 0–09‐0‐25 litres), a slow systemic clearance (Cls = 1–34‐5‐57 ml/min) and an elimination half‐life of 3–20‐11‐77 hours. Both oral paste and tablet preparations were highly bioavailable and absorption was proportional to dose rate at 0–7 mg/kg and 4‐0 mg/kg bodyweight. Given once daily at dose rates likely to be used clinically it is unlikely to accumulate in the plasma. Carprofen administered as a palatable paste at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg did not inhibit serum thromboxane generation and this drug may therefore have a mode of action different from most NSAIDs. Carprofen was well tolerated when administered as an oral tablet formulation at a dose rate of 9.0 mg/kg daily for 14 days in healthy beagle dogs.
Agenesis of the vulva in a Maltese dog
Authors: Meij B. P. , Voorhout G. , van Oosterom R. A. A.
Published: April 2008

Vulvar agenesis in a four‐month‐old Maltese dog is described. Urinary incontinence and dysuria were the main clinical signs. The morphology of the urogenital system was assessed with contrast radiography. Through episiostomy a perineal stoma, resembling a vulva, was created, resulting in complete resolution of the clinical signs.
Assessment of adrenal function in cats: Response to intravenous synthetic ACTH
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Adams D. T. , Douthwaite J. A. , Grufiydd‐Jones T. J.
Published: April 2008

The serum cortisol response to intravenous synthetic ACTH (tetracosactrin) was assessed in 15 healthy adult cats. Mean cortisol levels showed a significant (P<0.001) rise at 60 minutes and peaked at 180 minutes. At 120 and 180 min‐ utes mean cortisol levels were significantly (P<0.001) higher than at 60 minutes. The time of peak cortisol response in individual cats varied between 120 and 240 minutes, but nine (60 per cent) peaked at 180 minutes. In response to the ACTH the cats showed a rise in cortisol levels of between 160 and 1360 per cent. No significant rise in cortisol levels was seen in five cats following administration of sterile saline.
Abdominal ultrasonography in small animals: Examination of the liver, spleen and pancreas
Authors: Lamb C. R.
Published: April 2008

Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic technique in veterinary medicine. It may be used to examine most structures in the small animal ahdomen, providing a rapid, non‐invasive means of supplementing information obtained by physical examination and radiography. Limitations of ultrasonography include the non‐specific nature of many observed abnormalities, which prevents a specific diagnosis, and the difficulty of identifying certain normal organs such as the pancreas. This paper reviews ultrasonography of the liver, spleen and pancreas, and ultrasound‐guided biopsy in small animals, and indicates areas of potential future development.
Vertebral distraction‐fusion for cervical spondylopathy using a screw and double washer technique
Authors: McKee W. M. , Lavelle R. B. , Richardson J. L. , Mason T. A.
Published: April 2008

A technique using two interbody washers and a transvertebral screw was utilised to distract the cervical vertebrae and so decompress the spinal cord in 17 dobermann pinschers and three great danes with cervical spondylopathy. Neurological dysfunction was graded (1 to 5) according to the degree of hindlimb ataxia. Myelography showed evidence of spinal cord compression at C6‐7 in all dogs and at C5‐6 in six dogs. Twenty‐three compressive lesions were reduced when traction was applied to the cervical spine. Seventeen dogs improved following surgery and of these 10 improved by two or more grades. Follow‐up radiographic studies indicated resorption of end‐plate bone and eventual fusion of the vertebral bodies. Displacement of the screw into the vertebral canal, remodelling of the vertebral canal, fracture of C6 ventral spinous process and breakage of the screw were implant associated complications. The distraction‐fusion technique with modifications appears to be an effective procedure for the management of cervical spondylopathy in dogs in which the compressive lesion is soft tissue in nature.
Mesenteric and omental sclerosis associated with metastases from gastrointestinal neoplasia in the dog
Authors: Roth L. , King J. M.
Published: April 2008

Eleven cases of adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract were reviewed. Six tumours were considered to be of gastric origin, three originated from the jejunum and two from exocrine pancreatic tissue. Clinical signs were variable, but intermittent anorexia and vomiting were common features. Grossly, there was marked fibrosis involving the mesentery in nine cases, the omentum in 10 cases, and the abdominal surface of the diaphragm in three cases. Neoplasms that primarily involved the stomach or jejunum caused localised thickening of the bowel wall with mucosal ulceration. Pancreatic masses were continuous with the peritoneal lesion. The major histological feature in the mesentery and omentum was small islands of neoplastic cells surrounded by abundant proliferating connective tissue.
Calcinosis circumscripta in dogs as a cause of spinal ataxia
Authors: Lewis D. G. , Kelly D. F.
Published: April 2008

Two young male (five‐ and seven‐month‐old) dogs, presented with signs of rapidly developing hind leg ataxia and marked proprioceptive deficits. Radiographic examination indicated the presence of a large calcified epidural mass lying dorsally within the spinal canal at the atlantoaxial articulation. Following surgical removal of the mass, both dogs returned to complete normality in a few weeks. Histological examination confirmed the lesions as calcinosis circumscripta.
Feeding exotic and pocket pets
Authors: Cooper J. E. , White Gilbert
Published: April 2008

Nutritional diseases are common in exotic species. Some animals fail to thrive in captivity and may die of inanition. At the other end of the scale obesity is frequently seen. Specific deficiencies and imbalances occur ‐ for example, metabolic bone disease, vitamin C deficiency, thiamine deficiency and vitamin A deficiency. Guidelines for feeding exotic and pocket pets are needed. It is particularly important to know and understand the natural history of the species in question, to take into account the importance of acceptability and palatability of food items and to ensure that the diets offered are as varied as possible.
Relationships between diet and malabsorption in dogs
Authors: Batt R. M.
Published: April 2008

Abnormalities affecting the pancreas or small intestine can result in malabsorption and diarrhoea by interfering with either the degradative or absorptive phases in the handling of one or more nutrients. Diet may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain disorders and can also influence the nature and severity of the clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal disease. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency can have serious nutritional consequences as the pancreas plays a crucial role in the degradation of the main dietary constituents. Whereas gastrointestinal peptidases help compensate for pancreatic protease deficiencies, malabsorption of carbohydrate and fat occurs and can result in osmotic and secretory diarrhoea, respectively. Small intestinal disease can result in malabsorption by interference with either the number or functioning of individual enterocytes. Diarrhoea may be due to stimulated secretion and diminished absorption of fluid and electrolytes, and also to the osmotic effects of small molecules, particularly carbohydrates, that remain in the lumen. Specific therapy depends on the disease. Dietary management is also important, for example with a restricted fat diet containing highly digestible carbohydrate and a high quality protein source. Where a specific dietary sensitivity is suspected, such as gluten‐enteropathy, a hypoallergenic diet may prove particularly valuable.
Medetomidine as a premedicant in dogs and its reversal by atipamezole
Authors: Young L. E. , Brearley J. C. , Richards D. L. S. , Bartram D. H. , Jones R. S.
Published: April 2008

Medetomidine (10, 20, 40 μg/kg) was used as a premedicant before thiopentone, halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia in 60 dogs undergoing a variety of elective surgical and diagnostic procedures at the University of Liverpool Small Animal Hospital. The efficacy of the sedation produced by the three dose groups was evaluated using a sedation scoring system which is presented. Induction of anaesthesia was accomplished using 1–25 per cent thiopentone sodium administered slowly to effect. The mean dose of thiopentone required for intubation following 10 μ‐g/kg medetomidine (group 1) was 6–9 mg/kg (SD ± 2–3 mg/kg), following 20 μ‐g/kg medetomidine (group 2) was 4–5 mg/kg (SD ± 1–6 mg/kg) and following 40 μg/kg (group 3) was 2–4 mg/kg (SD ± 2–5 mg/kg). Induction of anaesthesia was generally smooth and significant apnoea (greater than 45 seconds) was not noted. Anaesthesia was maintained in all cases using halothane vapourised in a one part oxygen to two parts nitrous oxide mixture, delivered to the patient via a suitable non‐breathing circuit (Magill, Bain or T Piece). At the conclusion of the procedure, atipamezole (50, 100, 200 μg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to half of the dogs in each group (10 dogs). Dogs receiving atipamezole recovered rapidly and smoothly to sternal recumbency, group 1 taking 8‐5 minutes (SD ± 2–7 minutes), group 2 taking 11‐8 minutes (SD ± 3–6 minutes), and group 3 taking 12‐6 minutes (sd ± 4–5 minutes). When atipamezole was not administered a dose dependent increase in recumbency time occurred.
Pelvic limb removal by coxofemoral disarticulation in 13 dogs
Authors: Knapp D. W. , Tomlinson J. L. , Constantinescu G. M.
Published: April 2008

Hindlimb amputation may be necessary in cases of neoplasia, neurogenic atrophy, permanent functional impairment from chronic orthopaedic disease and severe soft tissue injury. Midshaft femoral amputation may not be satisfactory when wide tissue margins are required. This report describes the procedure and the results of two techniques of hindlimb removal. The first disarticulation technique leaves the thigh musculature attached to the body and the second technique is an ‘en bloc’ resection of the rear leg. Five clinical cases leaving the thigh musculature intact and eight clinical cases of en bloc resection are summarised. Indications and complications are discussed. Although not curative in all cases, all owners were satisfied with the end surgical results and functional outcome.
Synovial osteochondromatosis in a labrador retriever bitch
Authors: Gregory S. P. , Pearson G. R.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, radiographic and pathological features of synovial osteochondromatosis affecting the stifle joint of an 11‐year‐old labrador retriever bitch are described.
Primary lymphoma of the prostate in a dog
Authors: Mainwaring C. J.
Published: April 2008

A case of primary lymphoma of the prostate is reported in a nine‐year‐old crossbred dog. The lesion was treated with cytotoxic drugs, however, the dog was euthanased because of inadequate response. This is the first recorded case of primary prostatic lymphoma in the dog.
Evaluation of the efficacy of an epsiprantel/pyrantel combination against gastrointestinal helminths of dogs
Authors: Jacobs D. E. , Fisher M. A. , Pilkington J. G. , Jones R. L. , Cracknell V. C.
Published: April 2008

Trials were conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of a combination of epsiprantel at a dose rate of 5‐5 mg/kg bodyweight and pyrantel pamoate at 5 mg pyrantel base/kg against Toxocara canis in prenatally infected unweaned greyhound pups, Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis and Dipylidium caninum in naturally infected adolescent greyhounds and Ancylostoma caninum, U stenocephala. Taenia hydatigena and Taenia pisiformis in artificially infected laboratory beagles. The product was well accepted and produced no obvious side effects. Percentage efficacy values based on post mortem worm counts were: T hydatigena 100; T pisiformis 100; D caninum 100; adult T canis 84‐0; adult T leonina 96‐5; immature T leonina 99‐8; U stenocephala 99‐0 and 87‐7; A caninum 92‐7; and T vulpis 43‐3.
Cauda equina syndrome in the dog: Radiographic evaluation
Authors: Morgan J. P. , Bailey C. S.
Published: April 2008

Dogs with clinical signs typical of cauda equina syndrome require careful evaluation to determine the cause of the disease as this strongly influences choice of treatment. Possible aetiologies include congenital or developmental, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, and degenerative lesions that may involve vertebrae, vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, spinal cord, spinal nerves, or meninges. It must be determined whether clinical signs are due to musculoskeletal or neurological disease before performing special radiographic procedures. Non‐contrast radiography permits false‐positive diagnosis of obvious degenerative changes involving the L‐S disc that may be without clinical signs or permits a false‐negative diagnosis due to the failure to appreciate soft tissue lesions not seen radiographically. Special radiographic techniques are recommended and include: (1) stress radiography, (2) discography, and (3) epidural myelography. Evaluation of the results of these studies assists in determining the cause of the cauda equina syndrome and the type of therapy required.
Heritability of elbow osteochondrosis within a closed population of dogs
Authors: Guthrie S. , Pidduck H. G.
Published: April 2008

Elbow osteochondrosis (ununited coronoid process and osteochondritis dissecans) was identified within a population of dogs owned by the Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (GDBA). Breeding records were available for all the dogs so family relationships could be ascertained. The incidence of the condition in first‐degree relatives of affected dogs was compared with that in the general population and was found to be significantly higher, suggesting that genetic factors were involved. The incidence was significantly different in males and females. The disease appeared to be multifactorial, with a heritability (h2) of 0–77 + se 0–12 (n=2489) in males and 0–45 ± se 0–21 (n = 2641) in females. Recurrence risks were calculated so that suitable recommendations could be made on breeding policies with a view to reducing the incidence of the condition.
Polyradiculoneuritis and Solymyositis due to a toxoplasma‐like protozoan: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: McGlennon N. J. , Jefferies A. R. , Casas C.
Published: April 2008

A polyradiculoneuritis and polymyositis caused by a toxoplasma‐like protozoan is described in two seven‐week‐old labrador pups. Examination of a centrifuged sample of cerebrospinal fluid was a useful diagnostic aid in one case and the successful treatment of the other pup is described. This case is discussed in the light of the recently described protozoan Neospora caninum which can also affect the neuromuscular system of neonatal pups.
Concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism in the dog: Diagnosis and management of eight cases
Authors: Blaxter A. C. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J.
Published: April 2008

Eight cases of concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism are described. In all but one dog diabetes mellitus was the first condition recognised and, in these, clinical signs attributable to hyperadrenocorticism developed further while the dogs received replacement insulin therapy. The most common signs were resistance to exogenous insulin with daily insulin replacement dosage requirements exceeding 2 iu/kg, erratic insulin requirements, continuing polydipsia/polyuria and weight loss. Lethargy and muscle weakness were variable and dermatological abnormalities were present in only four cases. Six dogs were treated with op'DDD and clinical signs resolved with improvement of glycaemic control.
Clinical and haematological findings in 70 naturally occurring cases of canine babesiosis
Authors: Abdullahi S. U. , Mohammed A. A. , Trimnell A. R. , Sannusi A. , Alafiatayo R.
Published: April 2008

Natural cases of Babesia canis infection in Nigerian dogs were encountered over a two‐year period. Over 70 per cent of the dogs were less than or equal to one year of age. The hyperacute and acute forms of the disease were encountered in dogs as young as four weeks. The acute form of the disease was most common. Consistent clinical signs of the acute form included abnormal appetite, lethargy, fever, anaemia, generalised lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, emaciation and icterus. Anaemia was of the regenerative type in all cases while neutrophilic leucocytosis was mainly observed in hyperacute cases. Four dogs with hyperacute disease died despite treatment while all other dogs recovered following single dose (3–5 mg/kg) treatment with diminazene aceturate. The results of this study indicate that hyperacute babesiosis in dogs should be considered more frequently by veterinarians.
Cutaneous metastasis of a colonic carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Hampson E. C. G. M. , Wilkinson G. T. , Suttont R. H. , Turner S. A.
Published: April 2008

An entire seven‐year‐old Afghan bitch was referred with a two month history of pruritic, erythematous and ulcerated lesions involving the skin of the ventral abdomen, caudal mammae, inguinal region and the inner thighs. Other clinical signs included pyrexia, mild dyspnoea, mammary hypertrophy and lactation. A skin biopsy confirmed an anaplastic carcinoma. At necropsy, the neoplasm was located in the colon, urinary bladder, liver, peritoneal wall, diaphragm, parietal pleura and mediastinal membranes, including the pericardial sac attachment. The colon was considered to be the primary site.
General endocrinology
Authors: Watson P. F.
Published: April 2008

Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction 4th edn. L. E. McDonald.
Demodex cuniculi in dwarf rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Harvey R. G.
Published: April 2008

Demodex cuniculi in a number of dwarf rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported. In contrast to previous reports the findings suggest that the mite should be considered as a normal resident of the epidermis and hair follicle of the rabbit.
Cholesterol granuloma of the maxilla in a dog
Authors: Mould J. R. B.
Published: April 2008

A case of cholesterol granuloma of the maxilla is described in a 13‐year‐old dog presented because of a long history of facial swelling, irritation and epiphora. Plain and contrast radiography indicated an intramaxillary mass with overlying bone destruction unrelated to the nasolacrimal duct. The lesion was excised and all clinical signs resolved.
Fascia lata loop stabilisation of the coxofemoral joint in the dog and cat
Authors: Lubbe A. M. , Verstraete F. J. M.
Published: April 2008

A transarticular loop of autogenous fascia lata was used to stabilise the coxofemoral joint following open reduction of recurrent and long standing hip luxation in 10 dogs and two cats. The caudolateral approach used proved to be simple and allowed good visualisation. Good results were obtained and only one of 12 cases reluxated in a follow‐up period varying from three months to one year. The loop technique required little sophisticated equipment and is within the scope of the average surgeon.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs with aflatoxicosis
Authors: Hagiwara M. K. , Kogika M. M. , Malucelli B. E.
Published: April 2008

During an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in dogs living in Sao Paulo, two cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation were observed in association with the ingestion of an aflatoxin contaminated dog food. The first dog, a four‐year‐old, male, German shepherd developed haematemesis, melaena, petechial haemorrhages and jaundice progressing to uraemia, encephalopathy and death. The second dog, an 11‐month‐old, female, basset hound showed jaundice and ascites with no obvious haemor‐rhagic signs, except the persistence of bleeding at the sites of venepunctures and petechiae on the oral mucosa. As overall signs deteriorated and evolved to uraemia, the dog was killed. Both had a prolonged whole blood clotting time (120 and 12 minutes), one stage prothrombin time (300 and 24 seconds) and activated partial thromboplastin time (320 and 180 seconds), reduction in the plasma fibrinogen (0–14 g/litre and 0–6 g/litre), thrombocytopenia (150 × 109/litre and 32 × 109/litre) and a positive protamine sulphate test, indicating the presence of fibrin monomers. The occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was confirmed by the observation of multiple areas of infection in kidney and lung and by the presence of fibrin clots inside pulmonary vessels.
Surgical correction of facial droop in the English cocker spaniel
Authors: Bedford P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

Hooding of the globe with exposure of both membrana and everted lower palpebral conjunctival surfaces is part of a required facial conformation for several breeds of dog. Compliance with the associated Kennel Club breed standards may bring reward in the show ring, but poor apposition between eyelid and globe is clinically unsound. There may be an associated physical impairment of sight, chronic conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis, and epiphora. Treatment can be difficult, but in the English cocker spaniel considerable improvement may be achieved by simple face lift surgery. The technique restores the palpebral fissure to its normal position, and long term results suggest that the correction is maintained permanently.
Clinical skin conditions
Authors: Thomsett L. R.
Published: April 2008

Practical Canine Dermatology
Oesophageal hiatal hernia in two cats
Authors: Waldron D. R. , Moon M. , Leib M. S. , Barber D. , Mays K. Asbury
Published: April 2008

Sliding oesophageal hiatal hernia was diagnosed radiographically in two domestic short‐haired cats. The hernias were corrected by hiatal tightening, modified Nissen fundoplication and permanent gastropexy. One cat recovered without complication, and the other developed severe necrotic gastritis following surgery. Both cats were asymptomatic and had normal radiographic studies nine months and one year after surgery.
Radiographic anatomy of the tarsocrural joint of the dog
Authors: Carlisle C. H. , Reynolds K. M.
Published: April 2008

The normal radiographic anatomy of the proximal hock joint of the dog is discussed. The choice of projection depended on the site to be examined. Examination of the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus required a number of projections including the fully extended and fully flexed mediolateral, plantaromedial‐dorsolateral oblique and a flexed dorsoplantar using a horizontal beam. The best radiographic projection for examination of the medial side of the joint was the plantarodorsal projection while the mediolateral projection showed the dorsal and plantar edges and gave some general information of changes around the joint.
Radiographic signs of osteochondritis dissecans of the lateral ridge of the trochlea tali in the dog
Authors: Carlisle C. H. , Robins G. M. , Reynolds K. M.
Published: April 2008

Osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the lateral ridge of the trochlea of the talus occur infrequently and are difficult to diagnose. They occur mainly in the proximal or proximodorsal section of the lateral ridge of the trochlea and are best seen in the plantaromedial‐dorsolateral oblique projection (with the X‐ray beam angled 30 to 45o from the vertical), and in the fully flexed and extended mediolateral projections. The flexed dorsoplantar projection using a horizontal beam is also useful.
Abdominal ultrasonography in small animals: Intestinal tract and mesentery, kidneys, adrenal glands, uterus and prostate
Authors: Lamb C. R.
Published: April 2008

This paper completes a two part review of abdominal ultrasonography in small animals. Indications, examination technique and interpretation of abnormal findings are described and illustrated using clinical cases.