bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetismus bei zehn Größenordnungen auf der Temperaturskala: Die Beiträge von Elektronen und Kernen führen zu vielfältigen magnetischen Phänomenen
Authors: Herrmannsdörfer Thomas
Published: February 2013

Magnetische Materialien und Verfahren nehmen in der heutigen Technologie eine wichtige Position ein. Das weite Spektrum der technischen Anwendungen, das sich bis in viele Bereiche des täglichen Lebens erstreckt, nutzt mittlerweile eine Vielfalt magnetischer Effekte. Insbesondere dem Wechselspiel magnetischer und leitungselektronischer Eigenschaften wird in zunehmendem Maße ein hohes Innovationspotential bescheinigt. Die Kenntnis und das quantitative Begreifen magnetischer Materialeigenschaften ist daher von besonderer wissen‐und wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Mittels moderner kryotechnischer Verfahren und Meßmethoden ist es heute möglich, das gesamte Spektrum magnetischer Materialeigenschaften bis hin zu den kleinsten kernmagnetischen Effekten zu untersuchen. Exemplarisch seien an dieser Stelle Untersuchungen an Übergangsmetallen, Van Vleck‐Paramagneten, stark wechselwirkenden Kernspinsystemen und deren Wechselspiel mit supraleitenden Eigenschaften skizziert.
Gustav‐Hertz‐Preis: Phasenübergänge in offenen Vielteilchensystemen fern vom Gleichgewicht: Das Zusammenspiel von Stoßwellen und Dichtefluktuationen führt zu randinduzierten Phasenübergängen erster und zweiter Ordnung
Authors: Schütz Gunter M.
Published: February 2013

In getriebenen diffusiven Teilchensystemen, die mit externen Reservoirs im Austausch stehen, stellt sich ein stationärer Teilchenstrom ein, der das System fern vom Gleichgewicht hält und eine Berechnung der inneren Teilchendichte mit herkömmlichen Gleichgewichtsprinzipien unmöglich macht. Aus der exakten Lösung eines paradigmatischen Modellsystems lässt sich dennoch durch Untersuchung der Systemdynamik erschließen, wie generell die Auswahl des stationären Nichtgleichgewichtszustands aus dem Zusammenspiel von Stoßwellen und Dichtefluktuationen erfolgt. Die Dichte im Inneren des Systems als Funktion der Reservoirdichten zeigt bemerkenswerte randinduzierte Phasenübergänge und lässt sich durch ein Extremalprinzip für den stationären Strom formulieren.
Gentner‐Kastler‐Preis: Different approaches to cluster spectroscopy
Authors: Broyer Michel
Published: February 2013

Various spectroscopic approaches to cluster physics are described, including Depletion Spectroscopy, near Threshold Photoionization, Photofragmentation, Polarizability Measurements. These various methods allow to present some trends of the evolution of cluster properties from few atoms to the bulk.
Faraday‐Effekt mit weicher Röntgenstrahlung: Polarisationsanalyse bei magneto‐optischen Experimenten
Authors: Mertins Hans‐Christoph , Schäfers Franz , Gaupp Andreas , Gudat Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

Im Jahre 1845 entdeckte Faraday, dass sich die Polarisationsebene von Licht dreht, wenn man es durch magnetisiertes Blei‐Borsilikat‐Glas schickt [1]. Dieser nach ihm benannte Effekt war ein Meilenstein für das Verständnis der elektromagnetischen Struktur des Lichtes. Er markiert den Beginn der Magneto‐Optik, die die Entwicklung der Quantenmechanik wesentlich mit beeinflusste und sich heute in vielen technischen Anwendung wiederfinden lässt. Kürzlich gelang es erstmals, den Faraday‐Effekt auch im kurzwelligen Röntgen‐Spektrum mit Synchrotronstrahlung nachzuweisen. Diese Entdeckung eröffnet zum einen neue Möglichkeiten für die Grundlagenforschung, wie etwa die Bestimmung magneto‐optischer Konstanten. Zum anderen lassen sich die ungewöhnlich großen Drehwinkel der Polarisationsebene von bis zu ±90° auch konkret anwenden, z. B. in der elementselektiven Mikroskopie magnetischer Speichermedien.
Stern‐Gerlach‐Medaille: Billardspiel mit Mikrowellen: Die Analogie zwischen Schrödinger‐Gleichung und Helmholtz‐Gleichung ermöglicht Experimente zum Quantenchaos
Authors: Richter Achim
Published: February 2013

Bei der quantenmechanischen Beschreibung klassisch chaotischer Systeme findet man ein generisches Verhalten, das sich grundlegend von dem klassisch regulärer Systeme unterscheidet. Dieses als Quantenchaos bekannte Phänomen lässt sich sowohl in echten Quantensystemen, wie z. B. Atomkernen, als auch in analogen Modellsystemen wie flachen Mikrowellenresonatoren beobachten. Darüber hinaus können die Methoden zur Behandlung des Quantenchaos auf das allgemeine wellenmechanische Chaos in Systemen erweitert werden, deren Verhalten durch eine vektorielle Wellengleichung beschrieben wird.
Direct reprogramming by oncogenic Ras and Myc
Authors: Ischenko Irene , Zhi Jizu , Moll Ute M. , Nemajerova Alice , Petrenko Oleksi
Published: February 2013

Genetically or epigenetically defined reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells. However, a causal association between genome reprogramming and cancer has not yet been conclusively established. In particular, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie metastasis of cancer, and even less is known about the identity of metastasizing cancer cells. In this study, we used a model of conditional expression of oncogenic KrasG12D allele in primary mouse cells to show that reprogramming and dedifferentiation is a fundamental early step in malignant transformation and cancer initiation. Our data indicate that stable expression of activated KrasG12D confers on cells a large degree of phenotypic plasticity that predisposes them to neoplastic transformation and acquisition of stem cell characteristics. We have developed a genetically tractable model system to investigate the origins and evolution of metastatic pancreatic cancer cells. We show that metastatic conversion of KrasG12D-expressing cells that exhibit different degrees of differentiation and malignancy can be reconstructed in cell culture, and that the proto-oncogene c-Myc controls the generation of self-renewing metastatic cancer cells. Collectively, our results support a model wherein non-stem cancer cells have the potential to dedifferentiate and acquire stem cell properties as a direct consequence of oncogene-induced plasticity. Moreover, the disturbance in the normally existing dynamic equilibrium between cancer stem cells and non-stem cancer cells allows the formation of cancer stem cells with high metastatic capacity at any time during cancer progression.
Locoregional recurrence of pT3N0M0 breast cancer after mastectomy is not higher than that of pT1‐2N0M0: An analysis for radiotherapy
Authors: Sun Jia‐Yuan , Wu San‐Gang , Li Sheng , Li Feng‐Yan , Chen Wen‐Fen , Lin Qin , He Zhen‐Yu
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of post‐operative radiotherapy in the treatment of pT3N0M0 breast cancer after mastectomy. We analyzed the clinical data of 1390 patients with pT1‐3N0M0 breast cancer who were admitted and treated from 1998 to 2007 at the Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center. All patients underwent mastectomy and did not receive radiotherapy. The locoregional recurrence‐free survival, distant metastasis‐free survival and overall survival of different T stages of breast cancer were compared. The median follow‐up duration was 72 months. The 10‐year locoregional recurrence‐free survival patients with pT1N0, pT2N0 and pT3N0 breast cancers were 95.3, 91.9 and 93.6%, respectively (χ2 = 2.550, P = 0.279). The 10‐year distant metastasis‐free survival rates of patients with pT1N0, pT2N0 and pT3N0 breast cancers were 88.1%, 81.0% and 78.4%, respectively (χ2 = 8.254, P = 0.016). The 10‐year overall survival rates of patients with pT1N0, pT2N0 and pT3N0 breast cancers were 91.9%, 83.5% and 73.0%, respectively (χ2 = 12.403, P = 0.002). Univariate analyses failed to identify any prognostic factors for locoregional recurrence in pT3N0 patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the T stage had no effect on locoregional recurrence. The locoregional recurrence rate in patients with pT3N0M0 breast cancer who underwent mastectomy and did not receive postoperative radiotherapy was not higher than that in patients with pT1‐2N0M0 breast cancer who received the same treatment, suggesting that routine adjuvant post‐operative radiotherapy should not be recommended in this patient population.
Functional interactions between matrix metalloproteinases and glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Tocchi Autumn , Parks William C.
Published: February 2013

Similar to most proteinases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) do not recognize a consensus cleavage site. Thus, it is not surprising that, in a defined in vitro reaction, most MMPs can act on a wide range of proteins, including many extracellular matrix proteins. However, the findings obtained from in vivo studies with genetic models have demonstrated that individual MMPs act on just a few extracellular protein substrates, typically not matrix proteins. The limited, precise functions of an MMP imply that mechanisms have evolved to control the specificity of proteinase:substrate interactions. We discuss the possibility that interactions with the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans may function as allosteric regulators or accessory factors directing MMP catalysis to specific substrates. We propose that understanding how the activity of specific MMPs is confined to discreet compartments and targeted to defined substrates via interactions with other macromolecules may provide a means of blocking potentially deleterious MMP‐mediated processes at the same time as sparing any beneficial functions.
Neutrino Yukawa Textures within Type-I Seesaw
Authors: Adhikary Biswajit , Roy Probir
Published: February 2013

We review neutrino Yukawa textures with zeros within the framework of the type-I seesaw with three heavy right chiral neutrinos and in the basis where the latter and the charged leptons are mass diagonal. An assumed nonvanishing mass of every ultralight neutrino and the observed nondecoupling of any neutrino generation allow a maximum of four zeros in the Yukawa coupling matrix in family space. We show that the requirement of an exactμtsymmetry, coupled with the observational constraints, reduces seventy-two allowed such textures to only four corresponding to just two different forms of the light neutrino mass matrix: one with an inverted and the other with a normal mass ordering. The masses and Majorana phases of ultralight neutrinos are predicted within definite ranges with laboratory and cosmological observational inputs. Within the same framework, we also study Yukawa textures with a fewer number of zeros, but with exactμtsymmetry. We further formulate the detailed scheme of the explicit breaking ofμtsymmetry in terms of three small parameters for allowed four zero textures. The observed sizable mixing between the first and third generations of neutrinos is shown to follow for a suitable choice of these symmetry breaking parameters.
MicroRNA-376c Impairs Transforming Growth Factor-β and Nodal Signaling to Promote Trophoblast Cell Proliferation and Invasion
Authors: Fu Guodong , Ye Gang , Nadeem Lubna , Ji Lei , Manchanda Tanita , Wang Yongqing , Zhao Yangyu , Qiao Jie , Wang Yan-Ling , Lye Stephen , Yang Burton B. , Peng Chun
Published: February 2013

Preeclampsia is a major disorder of pregnancy and a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. In this study, we examined the expression of miR-376c and found that miR-376c levels were downregulated in both placental and plasma samples collected from preeclamptic patients, when compared with the normal pregnant women at the same gestational stage. Overexpression of miR-376c induced trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in HTR8/SVneo cells and promoted placental explant outgrowth. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous miR-376c resulted in a decrease in trophoblast cell invasion and placental explant outgrowth. We identified activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), a type I receptor for transforming growth factor-β, and ALK7, a type I receptor for Nodal, as targets of miR-376c. Overexpression of miR-376c repressed transforming growth factor-β and Nodal functions, whereas overexpression of ALK5 and ALK7 reversed the effects of miR-376c. These results demonstrate that miR-376c inhibits both ALK5 and ALK7 expression to impair transforming growth factor-β/Nodal signaling, leading to increases in cell proliferation and invasion. An unbalanced Nodal/transforming growth factor-β and miR-376c expression may lead to the development of preeclampsia.
DNA barcoding facilitates associations and diagnoses for Trichoptera larvae of the Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) area
Authors: Ruiter David E , Boyle Elizabeth E , Zhou Xin
Published: February 2013

Background

The North American Trichoptera larvae are poorly known at the species level, despite their importance in the understanding of freshwater fauna and critical use in biomonitoring. This study focused on morphological diagnoses for larvae occurring in the Churchill, Manitoba area, representing the largest larval association effort for the caddisflies at any given locality thus far. The current DNA barcode reference library of Trichoptera (available on the Barcode of Life Data Systems) was utilized to provide larval-adult associations.

Results

The present study collected an additional 23 new species records for the Churchill area, increasing the total Trichoptera richness to 91 species. We were able to associate 62 larval taxa, comprising 68.1% of the Churchill area Trichoptera taxa. This endeavor to identify immature life stage for the caddisflies enabled the development of morphological diagnoses, production of photographs and an appropriate taxonomic key to facilitate larval species analyses in the area.

Conclusions

The use of DNA for associations of unknown larvae with known adults proved rapid and successful. This method should accelerate the state-of-knowledge for North American Trichoptera larvae as well as other taxonomic lineages. The morphological analysis should be useful for determination of material from the Churchill area.
Unstable Representation of Sound: A Biological Marker of Dyslexia
Authors: Hornickel Jane , Kraus Nina
Published: February 2013

Learning to read proceeds smoothly for most children, yet others struggle to translate verbal language into its written form. Poor readers often have a host of auditory, linguistic, and attention deficits, including abnormal neural representation of speech and inconsistent performance on psychoacoustic tasks. We hypothesize that this constellation of deficits associated with reading disorders arises from the human auditory system failing to respond to sound in a consistent manner, and that this inconsistency impinges upon the ability to relate phonology and orthography during reading. In support of this hypothesis, we show that poor readers have significantly more variable auditory brainstem responses to speech than do good readers, independent of resting neurophysiological noise levels. Thus, neural variability may be an underlying biological contributor to well established behavioral and neural deficits found in poor readers.
Dopamine Encoding of Pavlovian Incentive Stimuli Diminishes with Extended Training
Authors: Clark Jeremy J. , Collins Anne L. , Sanford Christina Akers , Phillips Paul E. M.
Published: February 2013

Dopamine is highly implicated both as a teaching signal in reinforcement learning and in motivating actions to obtain rewards. However, theoretical disconnects remain between the temporal encoding properties of dopamine neurons and the behavioral consequences of its release. Here, we demonstrate in rats that dopamine evoked by pavlovian cues increases during acquisition, but dissociates from stable conditioned appetitive behavior as this signal returns to preconditioning levels with extended training. Experimental manipulation of the statistical parameters of the behavioral paradigm revealed that this attenuation of cue-evoked dopamine release during the postasymptotic period was attributable to acquired knowledge of the temporal structure of the task. In parallel, conditioned behavior became less dopamine dependent after extended training. Thus, the current work demonstrates that as the presentation of reward-predictive stimuli becomes anticipated through the acquisition of task information, there is a shift in the neurobiological substrates that mediate the motivational properties of these incentive stimuli.
A Comparison of Spike, Flash, SPER and Laser Annealing for 45nm CMOS
Authors: Lindsay R. , Pawlak B. , Kittl J. , Henson K. , Torregiani C. , Giangrandi S. , Surdeanu R. , Vandervorst W. , Mayur A. , Ross J. , McCoy S. , Gelpey J. , Elliott K. , Pages X. , Satta A. , Lauwers A. , Stolk P. , Maex K.
Published: February 2013

Due to integration concerns, the use of meta-stable junction formation approaches like laser thermal annealing (LTA), solid phase epitaxial regrowth (SPER), and flash annealing has largely been avoided for the 90nm CMOS node. Instead fast-ramp spike annealing has been optimised along with co-implantation to satisfy the device requirements, often with the help from thin offset spacers. However for the 65nm and 45nm CMOS node it is widely accepted that this conventional approach will not provide the required pMOS junctions, even with changes in the transistor architecture.

In this work, we will compare junction performance and integratablity of fast-ramp spike, flash, SPER and laser annealing down to 45nm CMOS. The junction depth, abruptness and resistance offered by each approach are balanced against device uniformity, deactivation and leakage. Results show that the main contenders for the 45nm CMOS are SPER and flash annealing – but both have to be rigorously optimised for regrowth rates, amorphous positioning and dopant and co-implant profiles. From the two, SPER offers the best junction abruptness (<1nm/dec) with leakage suitable for low power applications, while the flash anneal has the benefit of higher solid solubility (>4E20at/cm3) and less transistor modifications. As expected, Ge and F co-implanted spike annealed junctions do not reach the 45nm node requirements. For full-melt LTA, poly deformation on isolation can be reduced but geometry effects result in unacceptable junction non-uniformity.
Satellite Observations Monitor Outages From Superstorm Sandy
Authors: Molthan Andrew , Jedlovec Gary
Published: February 2013

In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy traveled across Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas, then progressed northward along the eastern seaboard of the United States, resulting in numerous tropical storm warnings along the coasts of Florida and North Carolina. As the storm approached the Mid‐Atlantic region, interaction with an upper‐level low drew the cyclone inland, with the center passing just north of Atlantic City, N. J. In what media reports dubbed a “superstorm,” Sandy produced hurricane‐force winds, significant coastal storm surge, torrential rain, inland flooding, and extensive damage over a vast area. Further west of the cyclone center, strong winds increased wave activity throughout the Great Lakes, and heavy snowfall occurred across portions of Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia. As of early November, more than 100 fatalities had been attributed to Sandy in the northeastern United States, with total economic losses of up to $50 billion [New York Times, 2012, and Walsh and Schwartz, 2012].
Responding to the Need for Better Global Temperature Data
Authors: Lawrimore Jay , Rennie Jared , Thorne Peter
Published: February 2013

Since the 1990s a number of national institutions have developed and maintained global data sets of land surface air temperature [Peterson and Vose, 1997; Hansen et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2012; Menne et al., 2012]. These efforts have led to great advances in understanding how Earth's temperatures have varied and changed. They also serve as essential sources of a fundamental climate variable, which is crucial for interpreting climate evolution in response to the interplay of radiative forcing, climate feedbacks, and ocean heating [e.g., Hansen et al., 2011]. However, more can be done to improve global surface temperature collections while enhancing data management, access, and public transparency with which data are collected, processed, and converted into climate information. To address these needs, the International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI), which began through a partnership of scientists from around the world [Thorne et al., 2011], released its first beta version of a global land surface databank in October 2012.
Comment on “AGU Statement Regarding the Conviction of Italian Seismologists”
Authors: Marenco Franco
Published: February 2013

I disagree with AGU's position on the conviction of Italian seismologists, which is, I believe, based on an inaccurate reading of the news (Eos 93(44), 444, doi:10.1029/2012EO440013). As a matter of fact, the L'Aquila ruling is based on the finding that the defendant scientists lacked both independence and good faith and that they gave unscientific (ideological, a priori, and, in the end, lethal) advice to the population. The defendants are, moreover, given the opportunity to appeal if they believe the tribunals have incorrectly assessed the evidence.
Computationally inexpensive way to study windstorms on small scale
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: February 2013

Windstorms are a major source of economic damage in Europe. To study their impacts on regional scales, scientists need large data sets of detailed, high‐resolution wind field data. However, high‐resolution regional simulations are computationally expensive. Haas and Pinto developed a statistical approach to downscale wind characteristics from large‐scale atmospheric models to obtain wind speed data on smaller scales. They use their method to derive windstorm‐related gust speeds on a small‐scale grid over Europe for a sample of windstorm events. The method is computationally inexpensive and reproduces observed windstorm events adequately, the authors report. The technique can be applied to ensembles of global climate models to project the potential future regional impacts of wind in a changing climate. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL054014, 2012)
Initialized decadal climate model projects reduced future warming
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2013

Punctuating the long‐term trends of global climate change are transient shifts driven by decadal or interannual natural variability. For instance, in the 1970s the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switched from its negative to positive mode, a change that spurred a surge in Pacific—and thereby global average—temperatures. In the 2000s the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation reversed, cooling the Pacific and stalling the rise of the global average temperature.
Revised U.S. federal ocean research plan released
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2013

A revised ocean research plan issued by the White House on 7 February lays out priorities for scientific research in support of the U.S. National Ocean Policy goal of balancing productive use of the marine environment with stewardship and protection. The report, “Science for an Ocean Nation: Update of the Ocean Research Priorities Plan,” focuses on six societal themes and research priorities within each of them.
Science team for Obama's second term shaping up
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2013

The science team for the second term of the Obama administration continues to take shape, with several key people announcing plans to leave and others being nominated to fill key positions.
Design and preparation of poly(aryl ether ketone)/phosphotungstic acid hybrid films with low dielectric constant
Authors: Geng Zhi , Zhang Shuling , Mu Jianxin , Jiang Xu , Huo Pengfei , Lu Yaning , Luan Jiashuang , Wang Guibin
Published: February 2013

A material with low dielectric constant was produced using nanoparticle phosphotungstic acid (PWA) modified by the silane coupling agent γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH‐550) dispersed in a poly(aryl ether ketone) containing (3‐trifluoromethyl) phenyl side groups (FPEEK) matrix synthesized with (3‐trifluoromethyl) phenyl hydroquinone (3FHQ) and 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone. The material was fabricated using solution‐blending. Moreover, the dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of this material were characterized using a precision impedance analyzer, thermal gravimetric analyzer, and universal tester, respectively. The results indicate that modified PWA (m‐PWA)/FPEEK composites show obvious improvement in the dielectric properties compared to unmodified PWA (p‐PWA)/FPEEK composites. This should be attributed to the good dispersion and compatibility of m‐PWA in FPEEK, as proven by scanning electron microscope and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Besides, m‐PWA/FPEEK composites also exhibited the relatively good thermal and mechanical properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Balance and Its Effect on Mesophase Behaviour in Hydroxyalkyl Ethers of Methyl Glucopyranoside
Authors: Singh Madan K. , Xu Rui , Moebs Sylvie , Kumar Anil , Queneau Yves , Cowling Stephen J. , Goodby John W.
Published: February 2013

Four series of monosubstituted methyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside hydroxyalkyl ethers were prepared and their thermotropic and lyotropic self‐organising properties were investigated in terms of the hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance with respect to their molecular structures. The results obtained lead us to a new understanding of the forces that drive the formation of condensed soft‐matter phases.
A routing protocol for mobile ad‐hoc networks using the profit optimization model
Authors: Wang Chu‐Fu , Ding Jen‐Wen , Chen Te‐Cheng
Published: February 2013

Recently, wireless networks have become one of the major development trends in computer network technology. Because there is no more need of the wired transmission medium, applications have thus diversified. One such growing field of wireless networks is the mobile ad‐hoc network (MANET). A MANET consists of mobile hosts (such as portable laptops, vehicles, etc.), and no fixed infrastructure is required. MANETs provide ease of self‐configuration and can extend coverage at a low cost. Numerous applications have therefore been proposed under this network environment for daily life use. Because MANETs nodes are capable of moving, MANET network topology changes frequently. Thus, the traditional routing protocols fail to fit such an environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient routing protocol for MANETs, which integrates the mathematical model of profit optimization (the Kelly formula) from the field of economics to cope with the routing problem caused by node mobility. Some numerical simulations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method using the network simulator NS‐2. The results show that our proposed method outperforms conventional routing protocols in packet delivery ratio comparisons; and the average end‐to‐end delays are within a tolerable range. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue‐specific responses to aberrant FGF signaling in complex head phenotypes
Authors: Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Motch Susan M. , Pankratz Talia L. , Wang Yingli , Aldridge Kristina , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: February 2013

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Multimodal imaging and segmentation used to visualize skull (yellow), brain (pink), inner ear (green), nasopharynx (green) and globe of the eye (blue) in Fgfr2cC342Y/+Crouzon syndrome mice (top) and normal littermates (bottom). From Martínez‐Abadías et al., Developmental Dynamics 242:80–94, 2013.
Comparison of the Electrophilic Reactivities of N‐Acylpyridinium Ions and Other Acylating Agents
Authors: Nigst Tobias A. , Mayr Herbert
Published: February 2013

The kinetics of the reactions of carbanions, carboxylate anions, and primary and secondary amines with acylating agents were studied in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) under first‐order conditions by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and conductimetry. Whereas reactions of a large variety of nucleophiles with ordinary carbanions and Michael acceptors generally follow the linear free energy relationship lg k2 (20 °C) = sN(N + E), separate correlation lines for different types of nucleophiles were found when (lg k2)/sN was plotted against N for the reactions with acyl derivatives 2–5. Even when nucleophilic attack is rate determining, the reactivities of acylating agents towards nucleophiles cannot be described by a single set of nucleophile‐independent electrophilicity parameters.
An efficient and effective method to simulate the earth spectral reflectance over large temporal and spatial scales
Authors: Jin Zhonghai , Lukashin Constantin , Qiao Yanli , Gopalan Arun
Published: February 2013

Atmospheric and surface properties have been measured from space with various spatial resolutions for decades. It is very challenging to derive the mean solar spectral radiance or reflectance over large temporal and spatial scales by explicit radiative transfer computations from the large volume of instantaneous data, especially at high spectral resolution. We propose a procedurally simple but effective method to compute the solar spectral reflectance in large climate domains, in which the probability distribution function (PDF) of cloud optical depth is used to account for the wide variation of cloud properties in different sensor footprints, and to avoid the repeated computations for footprints with similar conditions. This approach is tested with MODIS/CERES data and evaluated with SCIAMACHY measured spectral reflectance. The mean difference between model and observation is about 3% for the monthly global mean reflectance. This PDF‐based approach provides a simple, fast, and effective way to simulate the mean spectral reflectance over large time and space scales with a large volume of high‐resolution satellite data.
Remote energetic neutral atom imaging of electric potential over a lunar magnetic anomaly
Authors: Futaana Y. , Barabash S. , Wieser M. , Lue C. , Wurz P. , Vorburger A. , Bhardwaj A. , Asamura K.
Published: February 2013

The formation of electric potential over lunar magnetized regions is essential for understanding fundamental lunar science, for understanding the lunar environment, and for planning human exploration on the Moon. A large positive electric potential was predicted and detected from single point measurements. Here, we demonstrate a remote imaging technique of electric potential mapping at the lunar surface, making use of a new concept involving hydrogen neutral atoms derived from solar wind. We apply the technique to a lunar magnetized region using an existing dataset of the neutral atom energy spectrometer SARA/CENA on Chandrayaan‐1. Electrostatic potential larger than +135 V inside the Gerasimovic anomaly is confirmed. This structure is found spreading all over the magnetized region. The widely spread electric potential can influence the local plasma and dust environment near the magnetic anomaly.
Simulated hydroclimatic impacts of projected Brazilian sugarcane expansion
Authors: Georgescu M. , Lobell D. B. , Field C. B. , Mahalov A.
Published: February 2013

Sugarcane area is currently expanding in Brazil, largely in response to domestic and international demand for sugar‐based ethanol. To investigate the potential hydroclimatic impacts of future expansion, a regional climate model is used to simulate 5 years of a scenario in which cerrado and cropland areas (~1.1E6 km2) within south‐central Brazil are converted to sugarcane. Results indicate a cooling of up to ~1.0°C during the peak of the growing season, mainly as a result of increased albedo of sugarcane relative to the previous landscape. After harvest, warming of similar magnitude occurs from a significant decline in evapotranspiration and a repartitioning toward greater sensible heating. Overall, annual temperature changes from large‐scale conversion are expected to be small because of offsetting reductions in net radiation absorption and evapotranspiration. The decline in net water flux from land to the atmosphere implies a reduction in regional precipitation, which is consistent with progressively decreasing simulated average rainfall for the study period, upon conversion to sugarcane. However, rainfall changes were not robust across three ensemble members. The results suggest that sugarcane expansion will not drastically alter the regional energy or water balance, but could result in important local and seasonal effects.
LATENCY OF RESPONSE DURING THE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF ELOPEMENT
Authors: Neidert Pamela L. , Iwata Brian A. , Dempsey Carrie M. , Thomason‐Sassi Jessica L.
Published: February 2013

Elopement is a dangerous behavior sometimes exhibited by individuals with intellectual disabilities. We conducted trial‐based functional analyses in which latency was the index of elopement for 2 students. Two unobtrusive safety monitors were placed outside the building to eliminate potential confounding caused by having to retrieve a student. Results of both students' assessments indicated that elopement served multiple functions. Results are discussed in terms of the study's methodological and applied implications.
ON THE ORIGIN AND FUNCTIONS OF THE TERM FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Schlinger Henry D. , Normand Matthew P.
Published: February 2013

In this essay, we note that although Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982) established the standard framework for conducting functional analyses of problem behavior, the term functional analysis was probably first used in behavior analysis by B. F. Skinner in 1948. We also remind readers that a functional analysis is really an experimental analysis, words that were contained in the title of Skinner's first book, The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis (1938). We further describe how Skinner initially applied the concept of functional analysis to an understanding of verbal behavior, and we suggest that the same tactic be applied to the verbal behavior of behavior analysts, in the present case, to the term functional analysis.
Differing source water inputs, moderated by evaporative enrichment, determine the contrasting δ18OCELLULOSE signals in maritime Antarctic moss peat banks
Authors: Royles Jessica , Sime Louise C. , Hodgson Dominic A. , Convey Peter , Griffiths Howard
Published: February 2013

Oxygen isotope palaeoclimate records, preserved in moss tissue cellulose, are complicated by environmental influences on the relationships between source water inputs and evaporative conditions. We carried out stable isotope analyses of precipitation collected from the maritime Antarctic and cellulose extracted from co‐located Chorisodontium aciphyllum dominated moss peat bank deposits accumulated since 1870 A.D. Analyses of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of summer precipitation on Signy Island (60.7°S, 45.6°W) established a local meteoric water line (LMWL) similar to both the global MWL and other LMWLs, and almost identical to the HadAM3 isotope‐enabled global circulation model output. The oxygen isotopic composition of cellulose (δ18OC) revealed little temporal variation between four moss peat banks on Signy Island since 1870. However, δ18OC followed two patterns with Sites A and D consistently 3‰ enriched relative to δ18OC values from Sites B and C. The growing moss surfaces at Sites A and D are likely to have been hydrated by isotopically heavier summer precipitation, whilst at Sites B and C, the moss banks are regularly saturated by the isotopically depleted snow melt streams. Laboratory experiments revealed that evaporative enrichment of C. aciphyllum moss leaf water by 5‰ occurred rapidly following saturation (ecologically equivalent to post‐rainfall or snow melt periods). In addition to the recognized source water‐cellulose fractionation extent of 27 ± 3‰, such a shift would account for the 32‰ difference measured between δ18O of Signy Island precipitation and cellulose.
Climate‐induced changes in biome distribution, NPP, and hydrology in the Upper Midwest U.S.: A case study for potential vegetation
Authors: Motew Melissa M. , Kucharik Christopher J.
Published: February 2013

We investigated the impacts of recent climate change on potential vegetation distributions and carbon and water cycling across the Upper Midwest from 1948 to 2007. We used the Agro‐IBIS dynamic vegetation model driven by a newly developed gridded daily climate data set at 5 min × 5 min spatial resolution. Trends in climate variables were spatially heterogeneous over the study period and were associated with an overall increase in net primary productivity (NPP). We observed an average regional change in total NPP of 41 ± 30 g C m−2 (8%). Increased summer relative humidity and increased annual precipitation were key variables contributing to the positive trends. Mechanisms for increased productivity included a reduction in soil moisture stress as well as increased stomatal conductance resulting from an increase in summertime humidity. Model simulations also showed an average total increase in annual groundwater recharge throughout the region of 39 ± 35 mm (45%) driven by increases in annual precipitation. Evapotranspiration had a highly variable spatial trend over the 60 year period, with an average total change of 5 ± 21 mm (1%) across all grid cells. The location of the Tension Zone, a broad ecotone dividing northern mixed forests and southern hardwood forests and prairies, was not observed to migrate using analysis of meteorological variables.
Beyond the Schools of Psychology 1: A Digital Analysis of Psychological Review, 1894–1903
Authors: Green Christopher D. , Feinerer Ingo , Burman Jeremy T.
Published: February 2013

Traditionally, American psychology at the turn of the twentieth century has been framed as a competition among a number of “schools”: structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, etc. But this is only one way in which the “structure” of the discipline can be conceived. Most psychologists did not belong to a particular school, but they still worked within loose intellectual communities, and so their work was part of an implicit psychological “genre,” if not a formalized “school.” In this study, we began the process of discovering the underlying genres of American psychology at the turn of the twentieth century by taking the complete corpus of articles from the journal Psychological Review during the first decade of its publication and conducting a statistical analysis of the vocabularies they employed to see what clusters of articles naturally emerged. Although the traditional functionalist school was among the clusters we found, we also found distinct research traditions around the topics of color vision, spatial vision, philosophy/metatheory, and emotion. In addition, momentary clusters corresponding to important debates (e.g., the variability hypothesis) appeared during certain years, but not others.
Physical Properties and Erosion Behavior of Poly(trimethylene carbonate‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) Networks
Authors: Bat Erhan , van Kooten Theo G. , Harmsen Martin C. , Plantinga Josée A. , van Luyn Marja J. A. , Feijen Jan , Grijpma Dirk W.
Published: February 2013

Form‐stable resorbable networks are prepared by gamma irradiating trimethylene carbonate (TMC)‐ and ε‐caprolactone (CL)‐based (co)polymer films. To evaluate their suitability for biomedical applications, their physical properties and erosion behavior are investigated. Homopolymer and copolymer networks that are amorphous at room temperature are flexible and rubbery with elastic moduli ranging from 1.8 ± 0.3 to 5.2 ± 0.4 MPa and permanent set values as low as 0.9% strain. The elastic moduli of the semicrystalline networks are higher and range from 61 ± 3 to 484 ± 34 MPa. The erosion behavior of (co)polymer networks is investigated in vitro using macrophage cultures, and in vivo by subcutaneous implantation in rats. In macrophage cultures, as well as upon implantation, a surface erosion process is observed for the amorphous (co)polymer networks, while an abrupt decrease in the rate and a change in the nature of the erosion process are observed with increasing crystallinity. These resorbable and form‐stable networks with tuneable properties may find application in a broad range of biomedical applications.

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Mastoid Obliteration Using Three‐Dimensional Composite Scaffolds Consisting of Polycaprolactone/β‐Tricalcium Phosphate/Collagen Nanofibers: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Authors: Jang Chul Ho , Cho Yong Beom , Yeo Myung Gu , Kim Geun Hyung
Published: February 2013

Two different composite scaffolds, solid‐freeform‐fabricated PCL/β‐TCP supplemented with and without collagen nanofibers are fabricated. These scaffolds are evaluated whether a combination of collagen nanofibers with PCL/β‐TCP can promote osteogenesis in a mastoid obliteration. To assess the effects of the cellular activities of osteoblast‐like‐cells (MG63), SEM images and MTT assays are conducted. Experimental mastoid obliteration is performed using guinea pigs that are divided group A (PCL/β‐TCP/collagen‐nanofiber scaffold) and group B (PCL/β‐TCP scaffold). The results reveal that PCL/β‐TCP/collagen scaffold provide much broader cell attachment sites than PCL/β‐TCP scaffold. The µ‐CT and fluorescent microscopy results reveal that the acceleration of early new bone formation within the pores and scaffold itself at week 4 post‐operation is more effective in group A. In addition, based on the results of the histological and µ‐CT at 12 weeks post‐surgery, the effective regeneration of bone in the PCL/β‐TCP/collagen scaffold is appeared.

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Atiyah classes with values in the truncated cotangent complex
Authors: Langholf Fabian
Published: February 2013

We prove an explicit formula for the truncated Atiyah class of a bounded complex of vector bundles. Furthermore, we show that the first truncated Chern class of such a complex only depends on its determinant.
Transcriptome profile of bovine elongated conceptus obtained from SCNT and IVP pregnancies
Authors: Betsha Simret , Hoelker Michael , Salilew‐Wondim Dessie , Held Eva , Rings Franka , Große‐Brinkhause Christine , Cinar Mehmet Ulas , Havlicek Vitea , Besenfelder Urban , Tholen Ernst , Looft Christian , Schellander Karl , Tesfaye Dawit
Published: February 2013

In the present study we analyzed the gene expression changes induced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and in vitro production (IVP) in bovine elongated embryos using Affymetrix bovine genome array. For this, Day‐16 bovine embryos from SCNT, IVP, and artificial insemination (AI) were recovered from recipients and used for transcriptome analysis. Despite comparable in vivo development rates, considerable reduction in elongation size was observed in SCNT compared to non‐cloned embryos (93.3 mm for SCNT vs. 186.6 mm and 196.3 mm for IVP and AI embryos, respectively). Gene expression analysis revealed that the transcript levels of 477 genes, which are involved in various pathways including arginine and proline or glycerolipid and fatty acid metabolism, were significantly altered in SCNT compared to AI embryos. Similarly, 365 genes were differentially expressed in IVP embryos compared to AI. Thus, several pathways including TNRF‐1 signaling and tight junction pathways were affected. To predict whether the altered transcripts were associated with culture condition or errors in transcriptional reprogramming, unique or common differentially expressed genes were analyzed in SCNT and IVP embryos compared to AI or fibroblast donor cells. Accordingly, 71 transcripts were found to be not transcriptionally reprogrammed, as their expression resembled the donor cells more than AI embryos; the remaining transcripts were either partially or incompletely reprogrammed. In conclusion, the present study identified deviations in elongation size, gene expression, and the corresponding molecular pathways in Day‐16 SCNT and IVP conceptuses compared to their AI counterparts, which may subsequently be associated with the outcome of fetal development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 315–333, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Badger Marcus P. S. , Lear Caroline H. , Pancost Richard D. , Foster Gavin L. , Bailey Trevor R. , Leng Melanie J. , Abels Hemmo A.
Published: February 2013

The development of a permanent, stable ice sheet in East Antarctica happened during the middle Miocene, about 14 million years (Myr) ago. The middle Miocene therefore represents one of the distinct phases of rapid change in the transition from the “greenhouse” of the early Eocene to the “icehouse” of the present day. Carbonate carbon isotope records of the period immediately following the main stage of ice sheet development reveal a major perturbation in the carbon system, represented by the positive δ13C excursion known as carbon maximum 6 (“CM6”), which has traditionally been interpreted as reflecting increased burial of organic matter and atmospheric pCO2 drawdown. More recently, it has been suggested that the δ13C excursion records a negative feedback resulting from the reduction of silicate weathering and an increase in atmospheric pCO2. Here we present high‐resolution multi‐proxy (alkenone carbon and foraminiferal boron isotope) records of atmospheric carbon dioxide and sea surface temperature across CM6. Similar to previously published records spanning this interval, our records document a world of generally low (~300 ppm) atmospheric pCO2 at a time generally accepted to be much warmer than today. Crucially, they also reveal a pCO2 decrease with associated cooling, which demonstrates that the carbon burial hypothesis for CM6 is feasible and could have acted as a positive feedback on global cooling.
Spingläser und Hirngespinste: Physikalische Modelle des Lernens und Erkennens
Authors: Horner H.
Published: February 2013

“Nachdem es uns nicht gelungen ist, Spingläser mit Hilfe unseres Gehirns zu verstehen, versuchen wir jetzt unser Gehirn mit Hilfe von Spingläsern zu verstehen”. [1]
Festkörperuntersuchungen mit thermischen Wellen
Authors: Pelzl J. , Bein B. K.
Published: February 2013

Zahlreiche Forschungsarbeiten in der Festkörperphysik befassen sich mit der Untersuchung der lokalen Abhängigkeit physikalischer Eigenschaften und mit der Entwicklung dafür geeigneter Meßverfahren. Einige dieser Techniken nutzen die Ausbreitung thermischer Wellen, um ort‐ sund zeitaufgelöste Informationen zu erhalten. Die thermischen Wellen bieten dabei nicht nur die Möglichkeit der zerstörungsfreien Analyse, sondern sie eignen sich auch zum Studium grundlegender physikalischer Fragen.
Geodäsie und Physik
Authors: Ruder Hans , Schneider Manfred , Soffel Michael
Published: February 2013

Aufgrund moderner Meßverfahren und der damit erreichbaren hohen Genauigkeiten hat sich der Raum geodätischer Fragestellungen und Zielgrößen beträchtlich erweitert und die Geodäsie immer mehr zu einer interdisziplinären Wissenschaft entwickelt. An die Stelle einer eher statischen Betrachtungsweise ist eine dynamische getreten, wobei nicht nur die Erdoberfläche, sondern das gesamte System Erde (Erdkörper inklusive Hydrosphäre und Atmosphäre) und dessen planetare Umgebung einzubeziehen sind. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die Beobachtungsverfahren und Forschungsziele der heutigen physikalischen Geodäsie wird das Konzept und die Rolle der Fundamentalstation Wettzell im Bayerischen Wald vorgestellt und der Einsatz von drei modernen astronomischgeodätischen Meßverfahren, nämlich Laser‐Entfernungsmessungen zu künstlichen Erdsatelliten und zum Mond sowie Radiointerferometrie auf großen Basislinien zur Klärung von geodätisch‐physikalischen Fragen an einigen Beispielen erläutert.