bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the activity ranges of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) across four sites in eastern Australia
Authors: Wilson Cameron , Gentle Matthew , Marshall Darren
Published: January 2023

Context Understanding the home-range size and the ecological drivers that influence the spatial distribution of feral pigs is of paramount importance for exotic-disease modelling and the improvement of pest management programs. Aims To investigate various factors affecting home- and core-range size and test selection of habitat, to better inform disease modelling and pest management programs. Methods In this study, 59 GPS-collared feral pigs were tracked over four sites in eastern Australia between 2017 and 2021. Using minimum convex polygon (MCP) and the nearest-neighbour–local convex hull (k-LoCoH) as home-range estimators and foliage projective cover (FPC) as an estimator of landscape-scale shelter, we investigated the influence of sex, site, season, year and body weight on range size and tested selection of habitat by using chi-squared and Jacob’s index tests. Key results Home-range sizes were highly variable, with k-LoCoH90 (home) ranges between 0.08 and 54.97 km2 and k-LoCoH50 (core) ranges between 0.01 and 7.02 km2. MCP90 ranged between 0.15 and 242.30 km2, with MCP50 being between 0.07 and 60.61 km2. Sex and site both significantly (P < 0.001) influenced home-range size, but season and year did not. Home-range size was shown to increase with body mass for both sexes (P = 0.001). Importantly, the data indicated that feral pigs prefer habitat within 20–40% FPC (woodland), whereas open forests (51–80% FPC) and closed forests (>80% FPC) were actively avoided. Typically, use of open vegetation (1–10% FPC) was also avoided, but this behaviour varied and was dependent on site. Conclusion Feral pig ranges are influenced by sex, site and body mass but not by season and year. Broad-scale selection for shelter indicated that feral pigs prefer habitat between 20% and 40% FPC. Implications Targeting or avoiding such areas respectively for control or monitoring tool placement may result in improved, efficient outcomes to monitor or manage feral pig populations. Feral pig distribution modelling may also find benefit in the consideration and further study of the above factors and the influence of food and water sources on the activity ranges and behaviour of feral pigs.
Nuclear quantum dynamics in Hexamethylenetetramine and its deuterated counterpart: a DFT-augmented neutron study
Authors: Krzystyniak M , Gutmann M J , Refson K , Romanelli G , Rudić S , Capelli S C , Fortes D , Magdysyuk O , Damián J I Márquez , Maciel-Pereira G
Published: January 2023

Despite being one of the most thoroughly characterised molecular crystals, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and its deuterated counterpart (DHMT), are still not fully understood, especially regarding anharmonic and nuclear quantum effects. In this work, an unprecedented combination of experimental techniques, including neutron and x-ray diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering, neutron transmission, and Compton scattering, all augmented ab initio by harmonic lattice dynamics calculations, was applied. The main question that motivated the presented work was the interplay between the phonon anharmonicity and isotope and nuclear quantum effects related to the zero-point energies of proton and deuteron. Signatures of the combined effects of isotopic substitution, temperature, anharmonicity and nuclear quantum effects were found in data from all experimental methods. In the case of neutron and x-ray diffraction, these signatures manifested as systematic discrepancies between the structural and atomic displacement parameters and thermal diffuse scattering obtained from harmonic lattice calculations and their experimental counterparts. To this end, an important effect was found that could not have been explained by the harmonic lattice modelling; the reverse Ubbelohde effect, i.e. the observation that deuteration decreases hydrogen bond length in HMT. In the case of neutron transmission, further discrepancies between theoretical predictions and experimental data were found at cryogenic temperatures. Finally, applying the diabatic theory of the local potential of the intermolecular hydrogen bond in HMT, it was possible to elucidate the degree of anharmonicity of the C–H···N bonds by relating it to the magnitude of the vibrational isotope effect for the C–H bond stretching observed in inelastic and neutron Compton scattering experiments. It was found that the combined nuclear quantum and anharmonic effects of the protons (deuterons) in hydrogen bonds in HMT (DHMT) manifest as systematic discrepancies between the ab initio predictions for the widths of nuclear momentum distributions and the experimental values.
The fully supersymmetric AKNS problem: Darboux transformations and discrete systems
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyuan , Xue Lingling , Liu Qingping
Published: January 2023

The fully supersymmetric AKNS spectral problem with four superfields proposed by Morosi and Pizzocchero is considered. This is a hybrid problem of the classical AKNS and supersymmetric AKNS spectral problems. Under the assumption that Darboux matrices are linear with respect to the spectral parameter, three Darboux transformations and the corresponding Bäcklund transformations are constructed. Through proper reductions, we obtain Darboux transformations for the coupled supersymmetric nonlinear Schrödinger and coupled supersymmetric modified Korteweg–de Vries equations, and recover the Darboux transformations for Manin-Radul supersymmetric Korteweg–de Vries equation and supersymmetric AKNS hierarchy, respectively. The first Darboux-Bäcklund transformation is further applied to construct integrable discrete super systems, and both semi-discrete and fully discrete systems are obtained. The associated continuum limits are studied as well.
The possibility of gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) heterojunction bipolar transistors
Authors: Mehta Mahek , Avasthi Sushobhan
Published: January 2023

Bipolar junction transistors have not been viable with β-Ga2O3 due to its poor hole mobility and unavailability of shallow acceptors. Many p-type oxides form high-quality heterojunction diodes (low ideality factor and high breakdown voltage) with β-Ga2O3. We propose using these heterojunctions to make a β-Ga2O3 heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT). Cu2O/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction is especially promising because of the relatively high electron diffusion length (∼μ
m) in Cu2O, a low electron injection barrier at the Cu2O-Ga2O3 interface, and breakdown voltages of >1000 V. Using Silvaco TCAD, we simulate a β-Ga2O3 heterojunction bipolar transistor with a Cu2O base and estimate the power figure of merit (PFOM). We find that the low bandgap of Cu2O severely limits the performance of these HBTs. Reports of Cu2O-Ga2O3 diodes with extremely high breakdown voltage are probably due to heavily doped Cu2O or interface defects, but these effects do not translate to the HBT. For HBTs with PFOM better than the state-of-the-art β-Ga2O3 unipolar transistors, we need alternative p-type oxides with a bandgap E

g
> 3.4 eV and electron diffusion length >0.4 μ m. We discuss the possible candidates. Using an empirical model for the critical avalanche breakdown field, we estimate the maximum PFOM for possible β-Ga2O3 HBTs.
A first-principles study of the electronic, mechanical, vibrational, and optical properties of the zirconium carbide under high pressure
Authors: Muñoz H , Antonio J E , Cervantes J M , Romero M , Rosas-Huerta J L , Arévalo-López E P , Carvajal E , Escamilla R
Published: January 2023

Zirconium carbide is a compound widely used in cutting tools, nuclear reactors, field emitter arrays and solar energy receivers; additionally, combined with other materials, it can be used in rocket technology and the aerospace industry. For this work was studied the effect of the high hydrostatic pressure on the electronic, mechanical, vibrational, and optical properties of the ZrC, from first principles calculations based on the Density Functional Theory. The calculated enthalpy and cohesive energy data show a B1 (NaCl) to B2 (CsCl) phase transition at 297 GPa. For the B1 phase, results for the calculated equilibrium lattice parameters, bands structure, electron and phonon densities of states, elastic moduli constants, entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, heat capacity, reflectivity, loss function, conductivity, and dielectric function are consistent with the available experimental and theoretical data. Our results for phonons show that the B1 phase is dynamically stable; in contrast, the B2 phase is not stable. Furthermore, when pressure is applied, the calculated density of electronic states shows that the C 2p-orbitals around the Fermi energy contribute significantly to the conduction band, turning the compound into a ductile the material, with a mixture of metallic and ionic-covalent bonds. On the other hand, the study of the mechanical properties of the B1 phase shows a highest mechanical resistance and maximum thermal absorption, above 356 K and 638 K, respectively; but these switch to higher temperatures as pressure is applied. Finally, the B1 phase of the ZrC is a good coating material and a photon detector at low frequencies in the UV region, but also at the visible and infrared regions; although, increasing the pressure, the values of the optical properties increase. The increase of the parameters’ values of the studied properties, as the pressure increases, indicates that the ZrC could be more efficient in a wider range of applications.
Zagreb connection topological descriptors and structural property of the triangular chain structures
Authors: Ullah Asad , Shamsudin  , Zaman Shahid , Hamraz Anila
Published: January 2023

Mathematical chemistry is concerned with the use of mathematics to solve the problems in chemistry. A triangular chain graph is a simple graph composed of a series of triangles. This chain is widely used in the formation of triangular cactus, boron clusters, boron triangular nanotubes, and boron nanotubes. In this paper, the first Zagreb connection index, the first modified Zagreb connection index, and the second Zagreb connection index for triangular chain structures are calculated and derived closed formulas for them. Based on the derived formulas and obtained numerical results, the physicochemical properties of these type of structures can easily be investigated.
Channel capacity and quantum entanglement of autofocusing hypergeometric-Gaussian beams through non-Kolmogorov turbulence
Authors: Bao Xiangjiang , Zhu Yun , Wang Jicheng , Hu Zheng-Da
Published: January 2023

We establish propagation models for distributing autofocusing hypergeometric-Gaussian (HyGG) beams via non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence in the single-photon and biphoton cases. Analytical expressions of the channel capacity and entanglement are employed to explore the communication performance in turbulence. It can be demonstrated that in the single-photon case, a lower hollowness parameter and larger topological charge could contribute to the anti-interference ability of HyGG beams. Such an anti-interference ability could be affected by the autofocusing distance more severely for beams with larger topological charges. In addition, the channel capacity of beams at a certain distance decays rapidly at first before it grows steadily with the increase in the power-law exponent of the non-Kolmogorov spectrum. For the biphoton case, the higher hollowness parameter, larger power-law exponent of the non-Kolmogorov spectrum and larger topological charge make HyGG beams maintain a high concurrence at longer distances. We believe that our results could serve as a reference for improving the quality of orbital-angular-momentum communication of HyGG beams via atmospheric turbulence.
Discrete modulation instability and localized modes in chiral molecular chains with first- and third-neighbor interactions
Authors: Abbagari Souleymanou , Houwe Alphonse , Akinyemi Lanre , Inc Mustafa , Bouetou Bouetou Thomas
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we examined the behavior of the modulated wave patterns and nonlinear supratransmission phenomenon in gyrotropy molecular chains where the first-neighbor and third-neighbor interactions are considered. We have established the propagation modes through the dispersion law showing two cutoff frequencies. Through the numerical simulation, we have depicted modulated waves, solitons interaction as well as the modulation instability growth rates brought by the variation of the third-neighbor interaction and effective mass. As it was predicted that the group velocities vanish at the carrier waves, we have uncoupled a system of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation by neglecting the elastic interaction to drive one end of the chains. The driven amplitude generates the train of waves in the system. For a specific time of propagation, we have shown how the variation of driven amplitude can induce instability in the forbidden gap. The obtained results have opened new features to the train of pulses in gyrotropy molecular chains.
One-dimensional

PT

-symmetric eigenmodes in k-wave number Scarf II potential with defocusing nonlinearity
Authors: Thasneem A R , Subha P A
Published: January 2023

The stationary states and dynamical evolution of one-dimensional eigenmodes in self-defocusing nonlinear Kerr medium under transverse parity-time (




) symmetric k-wave number Scarff-II potential have been analysed. We study the effect of the coefficient of the imaginary component of the




-symmetric potential on the eigenvalue spectra of the ground and first excited states in linear and nonlinear models. Symmetric eigenmodes with real eigenvalues are obtained in the unbroken




regime in both models. The linear stability analysis shows that the solutions are stable in the unbroken




regime. The stable propagation of the solutions in linear and nonlinear media supported by




-symmetric k-wave number Scarff-II potential is also investigated. The comparison of the solutions in the presence and the absence of nonlinearity reveals that in the self-defocusing Kerr medium nonlinearity suppresses the region of




-symmetry. The influence of the width of the complex k-wave number Scarff-II potential and the depth of the real potential function on the




-symmetry breaking have also been analysed.
Muon (g − 2) in U(1)
L
μ
−

L

τ

scotogenic model extended with vector like fermion
Authors: Arora Simran , Kashav Monal , Verma Surender , Chauhan B C
Published: January 2023

The latest results of anomalous muon magnetic moment at Fermilab show a discrepancy of 4.2 σ between the Standard Model (SM) prediction and experimental value. In this work, we revisit

U

(
1
)

L

μ

−

L

τ

symmetry with in the paradigm of scotogenic model which explains muon (g − 2) and neutrino mass generation, simultaneously. The mass of new gauge boson

M

Z

μ
τ

generated after the spontaneous symmetry breaking of

U

(
1
)

L

μ

−

L

τ

is constrained, solely, in light of the current neutrino oscillation data to explain muon (g − 2). In particular, we have obtained two regions I and II, around 150 MeV and 500 MeV, respectively, in

M

Z

μ
τ

−

g

μ
τ

plane which explain the neutrino phenomenology. Region I is found to be consistent with muon neutrino trident (MNT) bound (g

μ
τ
≤ 10−3) to explain muon (g − 2), however, region II violates it for mass range

M

Z

μ
τ

>
300

MeV

. We, then, extend the minimal gauged scotogenic model by a vector like lepton (VLL) triplet ψ

T
. The mixing of ψ

T
with inert scalar doublet η leads to chirally enhanced positive contribution to muon anomalous magnetic moment independent of Z

μ
τ
mass. Furthermore, we have, also, investigated the implication of the model for 0ν
β
β decay and CP violation. The non-observation of 0ν
β
β decay down to the sensitivity of 0.01 eV shall refute the model. The model, in general, is found to be consistent with both CP conserving and CP violating solutions.
Gamma rays induced modifications in the structural, optical and photoemission properties of PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films
Authors: El-Badry Basma A , Khouqeer G A , Zaki M F
Published: January 2023

In the present study, nanocomposite films made of TiO2 (0.01 wt%) nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers were prepared via the solution casting technique. The PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films were irradiated with several doses of gamma-ray, ranging from 10–90 kGy. The unirradiated/irradiated nanocomposite films were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), roughness testing, UV–Vis spectroscopy, refractometry, densitometry, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results were then compared to the pure PVA polymer. FTIR spectra showed a decrease in intensity and a broadening of absorption bands due to interactions between the host PVA polymer atoms/molecules and the TiO2 NPs. SEM showed homogeneous dispersion of the TiO2 NPs in the PVA matrix. Gamma irradiation resulted in more significant morphological alterations and changing the roughness characteristics, the magnitude of which depended on the dose. UV–vis spectra showed the absorption edge significantly changing with increasing gamma doses. The optical energy gap band, Urbach’s energy, and the number of carbon clusters of the PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films before and after gamma radiation were changed in comparison to the pure PVA sample. The refractive index and optical density improved due to the addition of TiO2 and γ-irradiation. The photoluminescence emission results emphasized the PVA/TiO2 film’s high sensitivity to γ-rays, especially at high doses, resulting in strong fluorescence peaks due to increased defects in the irradiated films. All in all, the results prove that there are alterations in the PVA polymer after the addition of TiO2 and γ-irradiation, making these films good candidates for a variety of industrial applications, including γ-ray dosimeters.
Anisotropic angle-dependent Andreev reflection at the ferromagnet/superconductor junction on the surface of topological insulators
Authors: Salehi Morteza
Published: January 2023

We theoretically demonstrate that a ferromagnetic/superconductor junction on the surface of three-dimensional topological insulators (3D TIs) has an anisotropic angle-dependent Andreev reflection when the in-plane magnetization has a component perpendicular to the junction. In the presence of in-plane magnetization, the Dirac cone’s location adjusts in the k-space, whereas its out-of-plane component induces a gap. This movement leads to the anisotropic angle-dependent Andreev reflection and creates an anomalous Hall conductance flows parallel to the interface. Also, an indirect gap induces in the junction, which removes the transport signatures of Majorana bound states. Because of the full spin-momentum locking of Dirac fermions on the surface of 3DTIs, a torque that called Andreev Transfer Torque (ATT) imposes on the junction. Moreover, we propose a setup to detect them experimentally.
Electromagnetically induced acoustic transparency amplifier using a superconducting transmon circuit
Authors: Batool Syeda Aliya , Rahmatullah  , Qamar Sajid
Published: January 2023

We present a scheme for the amplification of electromagnetically induced acoustic transparency (EIAT) in a superconducting transmon circuit. Recently, EIAT has been demonstrated experimentally in a three-level ladder-type superconducting artificial atom [G Andersson et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 240 402 (2020)]. In this experiment, the authors have noticed only 20% transmission of surface acoustic waves (SAW) due to limited linewidth of the EIT window. Here we utilize an additional microwave field to enhance the transmission of SAW. This additional field increases the coherence in the second excited state which causes the amplification in transmission and the reduction in corresponding group velocity is achieved.
Simulation of hollow-cathode-nitriding plasma and design of diffusion equipment with DC and RF dual discharge
Authors: Zhang Zhehao , Wang Zhengwei , Shao Minghao , Yan Jiwen , He Yongyong , Li Yang
Published: January 2023

The formation and diffusion of plasma are complex and critical processes in plasma nitriding. A stable and high-concentration plasma atmosphere can effectively increase the diffusion rate and the thickness of the diffusion layer. In this study, a two-dimensional multi-physics model integrating physical kinetics, energy transfer, mass transfer, and electromagnetic induction was developed. The effect of a hollow-cathode structure on plasma distribution was investigated, and the edge effect observed on nitrided metals was eliminated. The impacts of the essential plasma diffusion parameters were simulated using the developed model. A simple but effective experiment was designed to validate the model. A diffusion furnace with DC and RF dual discharge was designed by adding a high-frequency coil to existing equipment. Subsequently, the effects of the two plasma excitation sources on the overall distribution of plasma were analyzed. Notably, the proposed model is a high-fidelity one based on actual device dimensions; therefore, it can be used to simulate, predict, and control the plasma formation process in the diffusion furnace. In addition, the model can provide reference data and guidance for optimizing the diffusion process and structural design of diffusion furnaces.
Adipokines as an important link between hidradenitis suppurativa and obesity: a narrative review
Authors: Krajewski Piotr K , Matusiak Łukasz , Szepietowski Jacek C
Published: January 2023

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, debilitating disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. Although its pathophysiology is not fully explained, inflammation seems to play an essential role in the development of HS. A link between obesity – often considered a state of chronic inflammation – and a higher prevalence of HS has been described. Nevertheless, the exact association is not well understood. Adipose tissue is a highly active endocrine organ that produces and secretes a variety of metabolically and immunologically active molecules called adipokines. The imbalances in concentrations of several adipokines in patients with HS have already been described. A shift towards the overproduction of proinflammatory adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) with the suppression of anti-inflammatory ones (adiponectin) has been noted. We conducted a review of the available data on adipokines in HS, concentrating on the described imbalances in adipokine concentrations, as well as possible implications in HS pathogenesis. Moreover, new, unstudied adipokines with possible implications in the development of HS are proposed.
Effects of ambient air pollution on outpatient visits for psoriasis in Wuhan, China: a time-series analysis
Authors: Lan Jiajia , Huang Qiuyi , Yang Liu , Li Yan , Yang Jing , Jiang Biling , Zhao Liang , Xia Yuting , Yu Xinyu , Tao Juan
Published: January 2023

Background

Psoriasis can be provoked by both external and internal factors. The effects of environmental factors on psoriasis remain unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of air pollution on outpatient visits for psoriasis.

Methods

A distributed lag nonlinear model following quasi-Poisson regression was used to evaluate the lag effects of air pollutants on psoriasis outpatient visits, adjusting for potential confounders. Stratified analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifications by sex, age and season.

Results

In total, 13 536 outpatient visits for psoriasis were recorded in Wuhan, China from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019. In the single-pollutant model, exposures to particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), PM smaller than 10 μm (PM10), NO2 and SO2 were found to be significantly associated with increased daily psoriasis outpatient visits. For the largest effects, a 10-μg m−3 increase in concentrations of PM2.5 (lag1), PM10 (lag1), NO2 (lag0) and SO2 (lag3) corresponded to 0.32% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.63], 0.26% (95% CI 0.05–0.48), 0.98% (95% CI 0.01–1.96) and 2.73% (95% CI 1.01–4.47) increases in psoriasis outpatient visits, respectively. In the two-pollutant model, only NO2 showed significant and stable effects on the outpatient visits for psoriasis.

Conclusions

Ambient air pollution, especially NO2, appears to be significantly associated with an increased risk of outpatient visits for psoriasis in Wuhan, China. Air pollution control and exposure prevention could be effective measures to relieve the symptoms of psoriasis among these patients.
A systematic review of the uses of metformin in dermatology
Authors: Raza Sami , Al-Niaimi Firas , Ali Faisal R
Published: January 2023

Metformin is an established staple drug in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this systematic review, we sought to establish the clinical utility of metformin in a range of dermatological conditions. The pathophysiology of acne vulgaris and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is well suited to the pharmacological profile of metformin, and we found evidence for its efficacy in managing these conditions. We found some evidence for the use of metformin particularly in acne and PCOS; however, the evidence base is of mixed quality. There is scope for clinicians to consider metformin as an adjunct therapy in acne and PCOS. There is generally insufficient evidence to recommend metformin in other dermatological conditions.
Results of a clinician questionnaire assessing the design and feasibility of the SeCondary intention vs. grAfts for heaLing scalP wounds (SCALP) study
Authors: Hunt Wiliam T N , Mann Jasmine Kaur , Ashraf Iqra , Gnanappiragasam Dushyanth , Barlow Richard , DeGiovanni Claudia , Abbott Rachel , Wernham Aaron G H
Published: January 2023

We report the results of a clinician questionnaire assessing the design and feasibility of a study comparing full-thickness skin grafts with secondary intention healing for small scalp wounds. Most of the respondents considered such a study would be beneficial. The responses showed a wide variation in current practice.
Amebic appendicitis: a case report
Authors: Malik Shilpa , Jagtiani Tina , Cenaj Odise , Rakhlin Aleksandr
Published: January 2023

Changing the paradigm of treatment of acute appendicitis to non-operative management can miss unusual etiologies that can only be diagnosed on pathologic analysis. Presented is a case of amebic appendicitis in which antibiotic management was dictated by post-operative pathology findings.
Precise physical conditions for the warm gas outflows in the nearby active galaxy IC 5063
Authors: Holden Luke R , Tadhunter Clive N , Morganti Raffaella , Oosterloo Tom
Published: January 2023

Active galactic nucleus (AGN)-driven outflows are now routinely used in models of galaxy evolution as a feedback mechanism; however, many of their properties remain highly uncertain. Perhaps the greatest source of uncertainty is the electron density of the outflowing gas, which directly affects derived kinetic powers and mass outflow rates. Here we present spatially resolved, wide spectral-coverage Xshooter observations of the nearby active galaxy IC 5063 (z = 0.001131), which shows clear signatures of outflows being driven by shocks induced by a radio jet interacting with the ISM. For the first time, we use the higher-critical-density transauroral (TR) [S ii] and [O ii] lines to derive electron densities in spatially resolved observations of an active galaxy, and present evidence that the lines are emitted in the same spatial regions as other key diagnostic lines. In addition, we find that the post-shock gas is denser than the pre-shock gas, possibly due to shock compression effects. We derive kinetic powers for the warm ionized outflow phase and find them to be below those required by galaxy evolution models; however, other studies of different gas phases in IC 5063 allow us to place our results in a wider context in which the cooler gas phases constitute most of the outflowing mass. We investigate the dominant ionization and excitation mechanisms and find that the warm ionized outflow phase is dominated by AGN-photoionization, while the warm molecular phase has composite AGN-shock excitation. Overall, our results highlight the importance of robust outflow diagnostics and reinforce the utility of the TR lines for future studies of outflows in active galaxies.
Blue monsters. Why are JWST super-early, massive galaxies so blue?
Authors: Ziparo Francesco , Ferrara Andrea , Sommovigo Laura , Kohandel Mahsa
Published: January 2023

The recent James Webb Space Telescope tentative discovery of a population of super-early (redshift z > 10), relatively massive (stellar mass M* = 108–109M⊙) and evolved (metallicity Z ≈ 0.1 Z⊙) galaxies, which nevertheless show blue (β ≃ −2.6) spectra, and very small dust attenuation (AV ≲ 0.02), challenges our interpretation of these systems. To solve the puzzle, we propose two solutions in which dust is either (a) ejected by radiation pressure, or (b) segregated with respect to UV-emitting regions. We clarify the conditions for which the two scenarios apply, and show that they can be discriminated by ALMA observations, such as the recent non-detection of the 88μm dust continuum in GHZ2 (z ≃ 12) favouring dust ejection.
A low-mass hub–filament with double centre revealed in NGC 2071-North
Authors: Könyves Vera , Ward-Thompson D , Shimajiri Y , Palmeirim P , André Ph
Published: January 2023

We present the first analysis in NGC 2071-North as a resolved hub–filament featuring a double centre. This ∼1.5 × 1.5 pc2 scale filament hub contains ∼500 M⊙. Seen from Planck, magnetic field lines may have facilitated the gathering of material at this isolated location. The energy balance analysis, supported by infalling gas signatures, reveals that these filaments are currently forming stars. Herschel 100 $\mu$m emission concentrates in the hub, at IRAS 05451+0037 and LkHα 316, and presents diffuse lobes and loops around them. We suggest that such a double centre could be formed, because the converging locations of filament pairs are offset, by 2.3 arcmin (0.27 pc). This distance also matches the diameter of a hub ring, seen in column density and molecular tracers, such as HCO+ (1–0) and HCN (1–0), that may indicate a transition and the connection between the hub and the radiating filaments. We argue that all of the three components of the emission star LkHα 316 are in physical association. We find that a ∼0.06-pc-sized gas loop, attached to IRAS 05451+0037, can be seen at wavelengths all the way from the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS)-i to Herschel 100 $\mu$m. These observations suggest that both protostars at the double hub centre are interacting with the cloud material. In our 13CO data, we do not seem to find the outflow of this region that was identified in the 1980s with much lower resolution.
Modelling strong lenses from wide-field ground-based observations in KiDS and GAMA
Authors: Knabel Shawn , Holwerda B W , Nightingale J , Treu T , Bilicki M , Brough S , Driver S , Finnerty L , Haberzettl L , Hegde S , Hopkins A M , Kuijken K , Liske J , Pimbblet K A , Steele R C , Wright A H
Published: January 2023

Despite the success of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lens studies with Hubble-quality imaging, a number of well-studied strong lenses remains small. As a result, robust comparisons of the lens models to theoretical predictions are difficult. This motivates our application of automated Bayesian lens modelling methods to observations from public data releases of overlapping large ground-based imaging and spectroscopic surveys: Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) and Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA), respectively. We use the open-source lens modelling software pyautolens to perform our analysis. We demonstrate the feasibility of strong lens modelling with large-survey data at lower resolution as a complementary avenue to studies that utilize more time-consuming and expensive observations of individual lenses at higher resolution. We discuss advantages and challenges, with special consideration given to determining background source redshifts from single-aperture spectra and to disentangling foreground lens and background source light. High uncertainties in the best-fitting parameters for the models due to the limits of optical resolution in ground-based observatories and the small sample size can be improved with future study. We give broadly applicable recommendations for future efforts, and with proper application, this approach could yield measurements in the quantities needed for robust statistical inference.
A DZ white dwarf with a 30 MG magnetic field
Authors: Hollands M A , Stopkowicz S , Kitsaras M-P , Hampe F , Blaschke S , Hermes J J
Published: January 2023

Magnetic white dwarfs with field strengths below 10 MG are easy to recognize since the Zeeman splitting of spectral lines appears proportional to the magnetic field strength. For fields ≳100 MG, however, transition wavelengths become chaotic, requiring quantum-chemical predictions of wavelengths and oscillator strengths with a non-perturbative treatment of the magnetic field. While highly accurate calculations have previously been performed for hydrogen and helium, the variational techniques employed become computationally intractable for systems with more than three to four electrons. Modern computational techniques, such as finite-field coupled-cluster theory, allow the calculation of many-electron systems in arbitrarily strong magnetic fields. Because around 25 per cent of white dwarfs have metal lines in their spectra, and some of those are also magnetic, the possibility arises for some metals to be observed in very strong magnetic fields, resulting in unrecognizable spectra. We have identified SDSS J114333.48+661531.83 as a magnetic DZ white dwarf, with a spectrum exhibiting many unusually shaped lines at unknown wavelengths. Using atomic data calculated from computational finite-field coupled-cluster methods, we have identified some of these lines arising from Na, Mg, and Ca. Surprisingly, we find a relatively low field strength of 30 MG, where the large number of overlapping lines from different elements make the spectrum challenging to interpret at a much lower field strength than for DAs and DBs. Finally, we model the field structure of SDSS J1143+6615 finding the data are consistent with an offset dipole.
A study of the rapid rotator ζ Aql: differential surface rotation?
Authors: Howarth Ian D , Bailey Jeremy , Cotton Daniel V , Kedziora-Chudczer Lucyna
Published: January 2023

We report new, extremely precise photopolarimetry of the rapidly-rotating A0 main-sequence star ζ Aql, covering the wavelength range ∼400–900 nm, which reveals a rotationally-induced signal. We model the polarimetry, together with the flux distribution and line profiles, in the framework of Roche geometry with ω-model gravity darkening, to establish the stellar parameters. An additional constraint is provided by TESS photometry, which shows variability with a period, Pphot, of 11.1 h. Modelling based on solid-body surface rotation gives rotation periods, Prot, that are in only marginal agreement with this value. We compute new ester stellar-structure models to predict horizontal surface-velocity fields, which depart from solid-body rotation at only the ∼2 per cent level (consistent with a reasonably strong empirical upper limit on differential rotation derived from the line-profile analysis). These models bring the equatorial rotation period, Prot(e), into agreement with Pphot, without requiring any ‘fine tuning’ (for the Gaia parallax). We confirm that surface abundances are significantly subsolar ([M/H] ≃ −0.5). The star’s basic parameters are established with reasonably good precision: $M = 2.53\pm 0.16\, \mbox{M}_{\odot }$, log (L/L⊙) = 1.72± 0.02, $R_{\rm p}= 2.21\pm 0.02\, \mbox{R}_{\odot }$, Teff = 9693 ± 50 K, $i = 85{^{+5}_{-7}}^\circ$, and ωe/ωc = 0.95 ± 0.02. Comparison with single-star solar-abundance stellar-evolution models incorporating rotational effects shows excellent agreement (but somewhat poorer agreement for models at [M/H] ≃ −0.4).
Nested spheroidal figures of equilibrium – III. Connection with the gravitational moments J2n
Authors: Basillais B , Huré J-M
Published: January 2023

We establish, in the framework of the theory of nested figures, the expressions for the gravitational moments J2n of a systems made of ${\cal L}$ homogeneous layers separated by spheroidal surfaces and in relative rotational motion. We then discuss how to solve the inverse problem, which consists in finding the equilibrium configurations (i.e. internal structures) that reproduce ‘exactly’ a set of observables, namely the equatorial radius, the total mass, the shape, and the first gravitational moments. Two coefficients J2n being constrained per surface, ${\cal L}=1+\frac{n}{2}$ layers (n even) are required to fix J2 to J2n. As shown, this problem already suffers from a severe degeneracy, inherent in the fact that two spheroidal surfaces in the system confocal with each other leave unchanged all the moments. The complexity, which increases with the number of layers involved, can be reduced by considering the rotation rate of each layer. Jupiter is used as a test-bed to illustrate the method, concretely for ${\cal L}=2,3$, and 4. For this planet, the number of possible internal structures is infinite for ${\cal L} > 2$. Intermediate layers can have smaller or larger oblateness, and can rotate slower or faster than the surroundings. Configurations with large and massive cores are always present. Low-mass cores (of the order of a few Earth masses) are predicted for ${\cal L} \ge 4$. The results are in good agreement with the numerical solutions obtained from the self-consistent field method.
Plasma sheath around sunlit moon: monotonic and non-monotonic structures
Authors: Sana Trinesh , Mishra S K
Published: January 2023

An analytical investigation of the sheath formation over sunlit moon under the influence of observed solar ultraviolet/extreme ultraviolet radiation and solar wind plasma has been presented. Poisson’s equation is coupled with the latitude-dependent Fermionic photoelectrons, non-Maxwellian solar wind electrons and cold ions to derive the electric potential, electric field, and population density profiles within the photoelectron sheath. We notice that the high-energy photons of the solar spectra in addition to Lyman- α, significantly contribute in determining the surface charge and subsequent sheath structure. A traditional Debye (Type C) sheath forms around the terminator due to dominant plasma electron accretion and marginal photoemission. While moving towards the equator, the photoelectron contribution increases, yielding monotonic (Type B) and non-monotonic (Type A) sheath solutions over sunlit locations. The calculations show that the non-monotonic potential structures are more stable near the terminator region, while both types of potential structures are probable near the equator region for the nominal solar wind plasma. A vertical sheath extension of ∼60 m and ∼12 m is predicted for typical solar wind plasma at the equator corresponding to Type A and Type B sheath, respectively. Under exotic plasma conditions (e.g. Earth’s magnetospheric tail lobe, plasma sheet), non-monotonic solutions become stable for the photoemission-dominated region, and the entire sunlit lunar surface may acquire negative potential.
Shear-driven magnetic buoyancy in the solar tachocline: the mean electromotive force due to rotation
Authors: Duguid Craig D , Bushby Paul J , Wood Toby S
Published: January 2023

The leading theoretical paradigm for the Sun’s magnetic cycle is an αω-dynamo process, in which a combination of differential rotation and turbulent, helical flows produces a large-scale magnetic field that reverses every 11 yr. Most αω solar dynamo models rely on differential rotation in the solar tachocline to generate a strong toroidal field. The most problematic part of such models is then the production of the large-scale poloidal field, via a process known as the α-effect. Whilst this is usually attributed to small-scale convective motions under the influence of rotation, the efficiency of this regenerative process has been called into question by some numerical simulations. Motivated by likely conditions within the tachocline, the aim of this paper is to investigate an alternative mechanism for the poloidal field regeneration, namely the magnetic buoyancy instability in a shear-generated, rotating magnetic layer. We use a local, fully compressible model in which an imposed vertical shear winds up an initially vertical magnetic field. The field ultimately becomes buoyantly unstable, and we measure the resulting mean electromotive force (EMF). For sufficiently rapid rotation, we find that a significant component of the mean EMF is aligned with the direction of the mean magnetic field, which is the characteristic feature of the classical αω-dynamo model. Our results therefore suggest that magnetic buoyancy could contribute directly to the generation of large-scale poloidal field in the Sun.
δ Scuti pulsations in the bright Pleiades eclipsing binary HD 23642
Authors: Southworth John , Murphy S J , Pavlovski K
Published: January 2023

We announce the discovery of pulsations in HD 23642, the only bright eclipsing system in the Pleiades, based on light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). We measure 46 pulsation frequencies and attribute them to δ Scuti pulsations in the secondary component. We find four ℓ = 1 doublets, three of which have frequency splittings consistent with the rotation rate of the star. The dipole mode amplitude ratios are consistent with a high stellar inclination angle and the stellar rotation period agrees with the orbital period. Together, these suggest that the spin axis of the secondary is aligned with the orbital axis. We also determine precise effective temperatures and a spectroscopic light ratio, and use the latter to determine the physical properties of the system alongside the TESS data and published radial velocities. We measure a distance to the system in agreement with the Gaia parallax, and an age of 170 ± 20 Myr based on a comparison to theoretical stellar evolutionary models.
The volume density of giant low surface brightness galaxies
Authors: Saburova Anna S , Chilingarian Igor V , Kulier Andrea , Galaz Gaspar , Grishin Kirill A , Kasparova Anastasia V , Toptun Victoria , Katkov Ivan Yu
Published: January 2023

Rare giant low surface brightness galaxies (gLSBGs) act as a stress test for the current galaxy formation paradigm. To answer the question ‘How rare are they?’, we estimate their volume density in the local Universe. A visual inspection of 120 deg2 covered by deep Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam data was performed independently by four team members. We detected 42 giant disky systems (30 of them isolated) at z ≤ 0.1 with either g-band 27.7 mag arcsec−2 isophotal radius or four disc scale lengths 4h ≥ 50 kpc, 37 of which (including 25 isolated) had low central surface brightness (μ0,g ≥ 22.7 mag arcsec−2). This corresponds to volume densities of 4.70 × 10−5 Mpc−3 for all galaxies with giant extended discs and 4.04 × 10−5 Mpc−3 for gLSBGs, which converts to ∼12 700 such galaxies in the entire sky out to z < 0.1. These estimates agree well with the result of the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. Giant disky galaxies represent the large-sized end of the volume density distribution of normal-sized spirals, suggesting the non-exceptional nature of giant discs. We observe a high active galactic nucleus fraction among the newly found gLSBGs.
Language and Mediated Masculinities
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

From television shows to the manosphere and from alt-right communities to fatherhood forums debates about masculinity have come to dominate the media landscape. What does it mean to be a man in contemporary society? How is masculinity constituted in different media spaces? This growing cultural tension around masculinities has been discussed and analyzed both for general audiences and in burgeoning academic scholarship. What has been typically overlooked, however, is the role that language plays in reifying these mediated performances of masculinity. Drawing on data from newspapers, social media sites, television programs, and online forums, this book explores language and masculinities across a range of media contexts, offering a critical evaluation of the intersection between language, masculinities, and identities in contemporary society. Against a cultural backdrop of rising neoliberalism, ethnic nationalism, online radicalization, networked misogyny, and fractious gender relations, this book furthers our understanding of how language is implicated in (re)creating gender ideologies, how language shapes contemporary gender relations, and the different ways men use language to monitor, evaluate, and police gender identities in online and offline spaces.
Representations of ‘Hard Man’ Masculinity and Ideologies of Toughness in the British Press
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Using data collected from The Scotsman and The Guardian newspapers, Chapter 4 presents a diachronic analysis of a corpus of news articles to outline how the term ‘hard man’ has been used in print media in the UK. By investigating how ‘tough’ masculinities are constructed at a national level, the chapter considers the role of the press in (de)legitimizing public performances of masculinity, how particular evaluative stances are encoded in newspaper discourse, and the complex web of social meanings associated with the term ‘hard man’. While the focus in this chapter is on British newspapers, the chapter has broader relevance to contexts further afield, particularly in terms of how specific forms of masculinity are constructed in the mass media.
Being a ‘Real Man’ on /r/The_Donald
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Chapter 5 examines the intersections of masculinity, ethnicity, and nationalism in /r/The_Donald, a community on the social networking site Reddit. In particular, the chapter traces how different types of men are represented in this community and what this might tell us about broader discourses of masculinity in the ‘alt-right’, a political movement which pits itself against left-wing liberalism, feminism, and multiculturalism. This chapter contributes to the growing body of work on how ethnic and national identities become bound up with masculinity politics, as well as adding to our understanding of how ‘banal nationalism’ is expressed in gendered terms. In the context of growing extremist right-wing political ideology and the spread of white nationalist discourse, such a project is ever more socially relevant.
“Book ’em, Danno”Cop and Detective Shows
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Chapter 2 looks at the long and fascinating history of themes and music for crime TV shows, starting with Henry Mancini’s Peter Gunn in 1958—a huge success in both TV and on records that led to dozens of jazz-based themes for cops and detectives. M Squad enabled Black composers (Count Basie, Benny Carter) to receive screen credit in TV for the first time; later, Duke Ellington does Asphalt Jungle and Quincy Jones joins the crowd with music for Ironside. John Williams has his first success as a screen composer with “Checkmate.” “Hawaii Five-0” becomes a hit on records and an iconic theme used decades later for a TV reboot. NBC’s Mystery Movie series commissions more sophisticated scores; Mike Post launches a decades-long career with The Rockford Files, later Hill Street Blues and Law & Order, while Jan Hammer employs synthesizers for the trendy Miami Vice. Women composers (Angela Morley, Nan Schwartz, Shirley Walker) are finally accepted on shows like Cagney & Lacey.