bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of organic fertilization and weed management practices on weed control
Authors: S. MARIMUTHU  , M. MOHAMED AMANULLAH  , K. SIVAKUMAR  , K. MOHANKUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter, irrigated, season 201516 and 201617, to find out the effect of organic manures and weed-management practices on yield and yield attributes of (Gossypium hirsutum L.) upland cotton at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The treatments were laid out in a strip-plot design and replicated thrice. Four organic manures, viz., farmyard manure, vermicompost, goat manure, and composted poultry manure, were assigned to main plots and 4 weed-control treatments, viz., hand-weeding, twin wheel hoe weeding, power weeder weeding and weedy check, to subplots. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through composted poultry manure resulted in significantly lower weed density (23.60 No./m2), higher weed-control efficiency (85.89%), better yield attributes and higher yield (1484 kg/ha) followed by 100% RDN through goat manure. Hand-weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) followed by power-weeder weeding at 20 and 40 DAS enhanced the yield of cotton owing to reduction in weed growth and nutrient depletion by weeds and increased nutrient uptake by the crop. Hence considering the yield and yield attributes of cotton, it could be concluded that 100% RDF through composted poultry manure along with 2 power weeder weeding or hand-weeding at 20 and 40 DAS could reduce the weed density and dry weight and result in higher yield and help in maintaining sustainable soil fertility under irrigated condition in cotto
Evaluating in-situ moisture-conservation measures with soil conditioner (PUSA hydrogel) on soil moisture fluctuations and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirstum) under rainfed Verti
Authors: A. MOHAMMED ASHRAF  , T. RAGAVAN  , S. NAZIYA BEGAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu during rabi season of 201617 and 201718 to study the impact of in-situ moisture-conservation and stress-management practices on soil-moisture retention and productivity of SVPR 2 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under rainfed Vertisols. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, replicated thrice. The main-plot treatments, consisted of different in-situ moisture-conservation measures viz. broad bed and furrows (I1), ridges and furrows (I2) and compartmental bunding (I3). The sub-plot comprised with stress-management practices, viz. soil application of PUSA hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha (S1), soil application of PUSA hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha + foliar spray of 1% KCl (S2), soil application of PUSA hydrogel @ 5 kg /ha + foliar spray of 5% Kaolin (S3), soil application of PUSA hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha + foliar spray of PPFM @ 500 ml/ha(S4), soil application of PUSA hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm (S5) and the control (S6). Data analysis of 30 years rainfall was done for the probability occurrence of dry spell in particular standard weeks by the Markov chain method. The results of this study showed that treatment combination of broad bed and furrows and soil application of PUSA hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha + foliar spray of PPFM @ 500 ml/ha resulted in significantly higher soil-moisture content at various depth of 015, 1530 and 3045 cm and seed-cotton yield 1,580 kg/ha (2016) and 1,943 kg/ha (2017).
Effect of seed priming practices on yield and economics of winter (rabi) sorghum
Authors: V.S. KUBSAD  , C.P. MANSUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201718 and 201819 under rainfed condition at Dharwad, Karnataka, to evaluate the effects of different seed-priming practices on growth, yield and economics of winter (rabi) sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete-block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Significantly higher germination (91.2%) and dry matter at harvesting (179.5 g/plant) were recorded with KNO3 (0.5%) seed priming. Seed priming with KNO3 (0.5%) resulted in significantly higher grain yield (3.03 t/ha) which higher by 16.4, 9.0 and 4.5% over the control, seed priming with water and seed priming with CaCl2 (2%)-RPP respectively. The higher grain yield was mainly attributed to higher 100-grain weight (2.472 g), ear weight (62.0 g/plant) and grain yield/plant (35.5 g). The same treatment realized higher gross returns (`76.7103/ha), net returns (`45.1 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio
Effect of integrated weed management on weeds, yield and economics of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.)
Authors: SUKANYA DUTTA  , SHYAMAL KHEROAR
Published: December 2023

A study was carried out during the pre-kharif season of 2018 and 2019 at Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, to evaluate the efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides in tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) over manual weeding. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete-block design with 9 treatments, replicated thrice. The study results revealed that post-emergence herbicide-treated plots reduced the weed density by 7496% and weed biomass by 7293% compared to non-treated plots. Manual weeding twice-treated plots reduced the weed density by 8292%. Pre-emergence herbicides failed to prove its efficacy over the manual weeding. Plots treated with quizalofop-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron followed by manual weeding achieved higher yield (3.46 t/ ha) than manual weeding twice-treated plots (3.31 t/ha). Jute fibre yield and weed infestation showed a negative correlation. Yield reduction of 7.413.6 kg was recorded for every 1 kg increase in weed biomass, depending on time and method of the weed control. The study indicates that, ethoxysulfuron is a broad-spectrum herbicide. Combination of quizalofop-ethyl and ethoxysulfuron followed by manual weeding was found economically effective in controlling weeds as an alternative to labour consuming manual weeding.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Economics of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: HARMANPREET KAUR  , PRATIMA VAIDYA  , NEEHARIKA PARMAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2019 at Sadopur, Haryana, to study the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) production. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, replicated thrice, during AugustDecember 2019. The results revealed that 75% recommended dose of fertilizer + vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha resulted in maximum yield attributes, i.e. cobs, grains/cob, 1,000-seed weight and net returns, and this treatment was found to be best integrated nutrient-management option for higher productivity of hybrid maize
Interaction effects of phosphorus and zinc on yield and nutritional quality of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: SUDESHNA MONDAL  , GORA CHAND HAZRA  , PABITRA KUMAR MANI  , UMALAXMI THINGUJAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Nadia, West Bengal, to evaluate the effect of different levels of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) on the yield, soil P and Zn availability, P and Zn nutritional quality and also Zn recovery efficiency of boro rice (Oryza sativa). Combined application P and Zn enhanced increased the yield of rice, recording the highest in P80Zn10 treatment (P @ 80 kg/ha and Zn @ 10 kg/ha). Results showed significant increase in P : Zn ratio, grain phytic acid (PA) content and PA : Zn molar ratio with simultaneous decrease in Zn content and uptake by rice, Zn harvest index (Zn-HI), relative transfer of Zn from root to grain and also soil phosphatase activity (PA) in rice with P application up to the highest level (80 kg P/ha). The availability of applied Zn in soil was also reduced to some extent with higher rates of P application. However, Zn application significantly increased Zn content and uptake by rice and reduced the P : Zn ratio, grain PA content and PA : Zn ratio and ultimately enhanced the bioavailability of zinc in rice grains
Effect of neem-coated urea and application methods on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa) in the coastal rainfed lowlands
Authors: SUKANTA K. SARANGI  , B. MAJI  , S. SINGH  , A. K. SRIVASTAVA  , A. M. ISMAIL
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015 at Canning Town, West Bengal, to study the influence of neem-coated urea and its application methods on nitrogen uptake and use-efficiency of Amal-Mana rice (Oryza sativa L.).The experiment was laid out in in randomized block design, consisting of 10 treatments, viz., T1, application of 50% N as prilled urea at transplanting and rest N as 6 foliar sprays from active tillering to flowering; T2, 50% N as neem-coated urea at transplanting and rest N as 6 foliar sprays from active tillering to flowering; T3, 50% N as prilled urea 1 week after transplanting (WAT) and rest N as 6 foliar sprays from active tillering to flowering; T4, 50% N as neem-coated urea 1 WAT and rest N as 6 foliar sprays from active tillering to flowering; T5, 50% N as prilled urea at transplanting, 25% N as prilled urea at active tillering and rest N as 3 foliar sprays from panicle initiation (PI) to flowering; T6, 50% N as neem-coated urea at transplanting, 25% N as prilled urea at active tillering and rest N as 3 foliar sprays from PI to flowering; T7, 50% N as prilled urea 1 WAT, 25% N as prilled urea at active tillering and rest N as 3 foliar sprays from PI to flowering; T8, 50% N as neem-coated urea 1 WAT, 25% N as prilled urea at active tillering and rest N as 3 foliar sprays from PI to flowering; T9, 50% N at transplanting, 25% N at active tillering and rest N at PI all as prilled urea; T10, 50% N as neem-coated urea 1 WAT, 25% N as prilled urea at active tillering and rest N as soil application at booting stage. Rice variety Amal-Mana with a common fertilizer dose of 75, 20 and 10 kg N, P2O5 K2O/ha was used. Use of neem-coated urea with 50% applied 1 WAT, and 25% each at active tillering and flowering, resulted in 40 more grains/panicle than current practice (T9). Nitrogen supplied through neem-coated urea resulted in higher (0.6 and 0.7) normalized difference vegetation index, net photosynthesis (>15 mmol/m2/s), and nitrate reductase activity than current N-management practices. Internal efficiency (IEN, 7682 kg grain/kg N uptake) and partial factor productivity (PFPN, 7287 kg grain/kg N applied) of N increased significantly with improved management strategy. Grain yield increased from 3.4 t/ha (existing recommendations) to 4.6 t/ha using 50% N as neem-coated urea 1 WAT, with similar results when the remaining N was applied to the soil or through foliar application
Influence of nutrient-management practices on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of scented rice varieties under temperate conditions of Kashmir
Authors: NAZIR A. TELI  , M. ANWAR BHAT  , S. SHERAZ MAHDI  , ASHAQ HUSSAIN  , SHOWKAT A. WAZA  , M.A. GANAI  , WASEEM RAJA  , I.A. JEHANGIR  , M. ASHRAF HANGER
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted under the temperate conditions of Khudwani, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir in the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 and 2016, to study the influence of nutrient-management practices on performance of scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) under. The experiment comprised 2 scented rice varieties, i.e. Pusa Sugandh 3 and Mushkbudji evaluated under 8 nutrient-management practices. In general, Pusa Sugandh 3 showed significantly higher values of yield and yield attributes, quality parameters, nutrient concentration and their uptake compared to Mushkbudji. However, Mushkbudji recorded higher 1,000-grain weight and head-rice recovery than Pusa Sugandh 3. Application of recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) 60, 40, 20 kg N, P, K/ha + farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha + vermicompost (VC) 2.5 t/ha resulted in significantly higher number of panicles, with an overall increase of 12.45% and 23.35% over the RFD and control respectively. Same treatment also resulted in significantly higher grain yield than the other treatments. Among the nutrient-management practices, combined application of VC and FYM along with 75% RFD recorded significantly higher values of amylose content, protein, L: B ratio after cooking over the treatments, RFD and the control. However, head-rice recovery was significantly higher with 75% RFD + 2.5 t/ha VC over the control and RFD + FYM 5 t/ha + VC 2.5 t/ha. Of the nutrient-management practices, the application of RFD + FYM 5t/ha + VC 2.5 t/ha resulted in significantly higher nutrient content compared to sole application of RFD and the control. Significantly higher uptake of these nutrients in both grain and straw were recorded in the treatment receiving RFD along with FYM 5 t/ha and VC 2.5 t/ha followed by 75% RFD along with FYM 5 t/ha and VC5 t/ha. The highest benefit: cost (B: C) ratio of 4.10 and 3.87 was recorded in Pusa Sugandh 3 under recommended fertility levels
Effect of site-specific nutrient management on productivity, soil fertility and nutrient uptake in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: U.P. SHAHI  , V.K. SINGH  , ABHINAV KUMAR  , PREM SINGH  , B.P. DHYANI  , ANAND SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2015 and 2016 at Crop Research Centre, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) on productivity, soil fertility and nutrient uptake of spring maize (Zea mays L.). Typic Ustochrept series soil of the experimental field was well-drained, sandy loam, slightly alkaline, low in soil organic carbon and available N, medium in available P, K and S with optimal DTPA-Zn and B content. Eleven treatments comprising 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) NP, 100% NPK (RDF), 100% NP (RDF) + 125% K, 100% NP (RDF) + 150% K, 125% NPK (RDF), 150% NPK (RDF), 100% NP (RDF) + 3 t/ha crop residue, 100% NP (RDF) + 5 t/ha FYM, 100% NP (RDF) + 3 t/ha sulphonated pressmud (SPM), site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) (+K) and SSNM (-K), were replicated thrice in randomized block design. The 2 years pooled experimental results revealed that, the maximum Kernel yield was observed with SSNM option which was significantly higher over the others. Maximum N, P, K, S, Zn and B uptake
Standardize the dose and timing of defoliant application to facilitate synchronized maturity for mechanical harvesting of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: A.A. MOHAMMED ASHRAF  , T. RAGAVAN  , S. NAZIYA BEGAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during the winter (rabi) season of 2016 and 2017 at Aruppukotai, Tamil Nadu, to study the influence of defoliants on SVPR 2 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) rainfed cotton. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 3 replication. The treatments consisted of defoliants spraying at different concentrations and time of application, viz. ethrel @ 1,500 ppm at 135 days after sowing DAS (D1), ethrel @ 2,000 ppm at 135 days after sowing (DAS) (D2), ethrel @ 2,500 ppm at 135 DAS (D3), ethrel @ 1,500 ppm at 150 DAS (D4), ethrel @ 2,000 ppm at 150 DAS (D5), ethrel @ 2,500 ppm at 150 DAS (D6), paraquat @ 1,500 ppm at 135 DAS (D7), paraquat @ 1,500 ppm at 150 DAS (D8) and control (D9). Observations, viz. growth parameters, yield-attributing characters and senescence parameters were recorded at 10 days after spraying and economics were worked out. The highest percentage of the senescence attributes, viz. percentage of of yellow leaves, yellow plants, dried leaves and leaf fall, was observed paraquat @ 1,500 ppm applied at 150 DAS. This was comparable with spraying of paraquat @ 1,500 ppm at 135 DAS and ethrel @ 2,500 ppm at 150 DAS during both years. Ethrel @ 2500 ppm at 150 DAS recorded the highest boll weight and more number of bolls/plant, resulting in significantly highest seed-cotton yield. The higher net income and the benefit: cost ratio were also recorded with the application of ethrel @ 2,500 ppm at 150 DA
Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to irrigation methods, moisture regimes and integrated nitrogen management
Authors: SANJEEV SINGH  , BHOOP NARAYAN SINGH  , ADESH SINGH  , RAKESH CHANDRA TIWARI  , MOHAMMAD HASANAIN  , TEJBAL SINGH  , ANAND SINGH  , YAKSHI AGRAWAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in split-plot design during the winter (rabi) season of 201516 at Agronomy Research Farm, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) to evaluate the response of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) to irrigation methods, moisture regimes and nitrogen management. Treatments effect was non-significant on initial plant stand [15 days after planting (DAP)]. The plant height, number of haulms, number of leaves at 90 DAP and dry weight of haulms were significantly superior under regular furrow irrigation method, 1.0 irrigation water: cumu- lative pan evaporation (IW : CPE) and 75% dose of urea through N + 25% dose of N through FYM over their coun- terparts. All the growth characters were found highest under nitrogen-management treatment 75% dose of urea through N + 25% dose of N through FYM, which was statistically superior to rest of the nitrogen-management treatments. Yield attributes, viz. number of tubers (grade-wise)/hill, weight of tubers (grade-wise) (kg/plot), and tu- ber yield (q/ha) were found highest under regular furrow method of irrigation (M ) and moisture regime, 1.0 IW : 1 CPE (I ) over 0.8 IW : CPE (I ) and 1.2 IW : CPE (I ). Moisture regimes significantly influenced number of all grade 2 1 3 of tubers. All the yield attributes were significantly higher under nitrogen management treatment N , and was sta- 2 tistically superior to rest of the nitrogen management treatments.
Response of rainy-season groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) to varying fertility levels and bioformulations
Authors: NEELAM SINGH  , EKTA JOSHI  , D.S. SASODE  , G.S. RAWAT  , SUSHMA TIWARI
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2017 at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, to study the response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to biofertilizers and inorganic sources of nutrient. The experi- ment consisting of 4 fertility levels, viz. 25% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 50% RDF, 75% RDF and RDF allotted to main plots, and 3 bioformulations, viz. no bio-formulations, NPK liquid formulation + Zn-solubilizing bac- teria and bio-grow allotted to subplots, was laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications. Results showed that an application of RDF resulted in significantly highest number of branches/plant, number of nodules/plant and dry- matter accumulation at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Increasing dose of fertilizers up to RDF resulted in significant increase in haulm, pod yield and net returns. Among the bioformulations, seed inoculation with liquid bio NPK formulation with Zn solubilizing bacteria and bio-grow significantly increased the haulm, pod yield and net re- turns by 9.8, 8.6, 14.5% and 8.0, 4.3, 7.2%, respectively, over no bioformulation application. Besides, all growth at- tributes, pod yield and net returns were significantly influenced with combined application of liquid NPK + Zn-solu- bilizing bacteria and RDF. The integrated application of RDF with liquid NPK formulation + Zn-solubilizing bacteria ensured the highest pod yield followed by RDF application with bio-grow.
Effect of nutrient management on grain, straw yield and economics in transplanted proso millet
Authors: C.B. KAKAD  , A.P. CHAVAN  , K.D. VARNEKAR  , P.S. BODAKE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (Kharif) season of 2016 at Dapoli, Maharashtra, to study the nu- trient management on grain, straw yield and economics in transplanted proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in lat- eritic soils of Western Ghats. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, containing 4 main plot and 5 sub- plot treatments with 3 replications. The main plot comprised 4 ages of seedlings, viz. 20 days, 30 days, 40 days and 50 days. The subplots consisted of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM, 25% RDF + 75% N through FYM and 100% N through FYM. The crop transplanted with higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and higher uptake were recorded with seed- lings transplanted at 30 days as compared to the remaining treatments. The highest net returns of `4647/ha with a Benefit: cost (B:C) ratio of 1.25 was obtained with 30 days old seedlings, followed by 40 days old seedlings. Higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and higher uptake were recorded owing to 100% RDF through chemical fertilizer treatment as compared to other treatments under study. The highest net returns of `4,685/ha with a B: C ratio of 1.27 were obtained from the treatment of 100% RDF through chemical fertilizer. The highest net returns, and B: C ratio were obtained when proso millet crop transplanted with 30 days old seedlings along with 100% RDF nutrient followed by 30 days old seedling along with 75% RDF through chemical fertilizer + 25% N through FYM than rest of the treatment combinations.
Soil microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymatic activity under nutrient omission plot technique in maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: EKTA JOSHI  , A.K. VYAS  , SHIVA DHAR  , ANCHAL DASS  , D.S. SASODE  , KAILASH PRAJAPATI  , DINESH JINGER  , VIBHA SINGHAL  , GAURENDRA GUPTA  , DASHARATH PRASAD
Published: December 2023

A 2-year (2013 and 2014) field study was carried out at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to access the effects of omitted nutrients on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), enzyme activity, the rela- tionships among these parameters in maize-wheat cropping system and to validate the soil-test-crop response (STCR)-based fertilizer application for targeted yield (5.0 t/ha) of wheat HD 2967 and maize PEHM 5 each in maize (Zea mays L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The experiment comprising 15 treatments in- volving application of N (PKZn), NP (KZn), NPK (Zn) and NPZn (K) to both maize and wheat crops, to maize (omitted in wheat) and to wheat (omitted in maize) crop only, absolute control (no nutrient applied), recommended rate of nutrients (RDN) (150-60-40-5.5 kg/ha N-P-K-Zn) and STCR-based application of nutrients (200-75-65-4 kg/ ha N-P-K-Zn). The fixed plots experiment was carried out in a 3-time replicated randomized complete block de- sign. The dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and urease enzyme activities in soil and MBC were significantly higher with STCR approach-based NPKZn application than the others for targeted yield of 5 t/ha of both maize and wheat crops. The continuous omission of N, P, K and Zn in a cropping system during both the study years reduced MBC by 51.9, 7.6, 12.7, 6.5% respectively. The recommended dose of NPKZn resulted in higher activity of dehy- drogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase enzyme than N, NP, NPK, NPZn treatments and absolute control. The continuous omission of N, P, K and Zn in a cropping system significantly reduced the soil enzymes activity in maizewheat cropping system.
Advances in Weed Management An Indian Perspective
Authors: J.S. MISHRA  , V.K. CHOUDHARY  , R.P. DUBEY  , C.R. CHETHAN  , SHOBHA SONDHIA  , SUSHIL KUMAR
Published: December 2023

Weeds are one of the major biotic factors causing significant loss in productivity of different agro-ecosystems. Weed competes with crops for various resources, resulting in severe yield loss. In field crops, the loss caused due to weeds has a wide range of 1590%, although it largely depends on the management strategies adopted. A multidisciplinary team comprising scientists, farmers, industry personnel, social workers, and policy-makers is re- quired to implement new approaches for weed management. Relying on single method (manual/mechanical/cul- tural/ chemical) of weed control may lead to problems of shift in weed flora, herbicide resistance in weeds, adverse impact on ecosystem, establishment of perennial weeds, etc. This strategy needs to be replaced with multiple and integrated strategies in a system mode. Therefore, an integrated weed management (IWM) approach involving concept of many little hammersand technological advancement in a holistic manner is required to keep the weed pressure minimum. Development and use of sensor-based site-specific weed-management techniques, non- transgenic herbicide tolerant crops, nano-herbicides, safe and effective biocontrol agents, destruction of weed seeds, etc. will add new tools in weed management. This paper reviews the progress, strengths and weaknesses of different weed-management technologies developed in so far India and highlights future research needs.
Effect of irrigation regimes and foliar sprays of potassium on growth and economics of summer greengram (Vigna radiata)
Authors: SONAL ATHNERE*  , AVINASH KOLAGE  , YOGINI GAGARE  , MAHESH GADAKH
Published: December 2023

An agronomic investigation was carried out at Rahuri, Maharashtra, India during summer 2018, to study the ef- fect of irrigation schedule and foliar application of potash on growth, yield and quality of summer greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications. The experiment con- sists of 12 treatments involving 4 main-plot treatments, i.e. irrigation schedules at 40, 60, 80 and at 100 mm CPE and the subplot treatments are foliar application of 1% potash (KNO ) at flowering, at pod-development stage and 3 at flowering and pod-development stage. Scheduling of irrigation at 40 mm CPE recorded significantly higher growth attributes like plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant spread, number of branches, dry matter and seed yield of summer greengram (13.31 q/ha) at harvesting and it was at par with treatment irrigation at 60 mm CPE (13.08 q/ha). Foliar application of 1% potash (KNO ) at flowering and at pod development stage resulted in 3 significantly higher growth attributes and seed yield of summer green gram (12.42 q/ha). Among the different irri- gation schedules, treatment irrigation at 40 mm CPE resulted in the maximum gross monetary returns (`67,560/ ha), net monetary returns (`33,705/ha) and benefit: cost (B : C) ratio (1.99) and it was at par with treatment irriga- tion at 60 mm CPE having net monetary returns (`31,358/ha) and B:C ratio (1.99). The foliar application of 1% pot- ash (KNO ) at flowering and at pod development stage recorded significantly higher gross monetary returns 3 (`62,651/ha), net monetary returns (`30,917/ha), and B : C ratio (1.97). Irrigation at 60 mm CPE and foliar applica- tion of 1% potash at flowering and pod-development stage to summer greengram found suitable preposition to achieve the highest grain yield as well as net monetary returns
Production and economics of irrigated transplanted basmati rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by substitution of nutrients through organics in Jammu region of India
Authors: MONIKA BANOTRA  , B.C SHARMA  , ABHIJIT SAMANTA  , L.M GUPTA  , RAKESH KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season 2015 and 2016 at Chatha, Jammu and Kash- mir, to evaluate the effect of substitution of nutrients through organics on production and economics of irrigated transplanted basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study revealed that, plant height, dry-matter accumulation, tillers/ hill, effective panicles/m2, grains/panicle, grain and straw yields of basmati rice were significantly highest in 100% NPK (recommended dose of fertilizers-RDF) than 50% NPK + 50% N through vermicompost and FYM (1 : 1), 50% NPK + 50% N through vermicompost, 50% NPK + 50% N through FYM, 25% NPK + 75% N through vermicompost and FYM (1 : 1), 25% NPK + 75% N through vermicompost, 25% NPK + 75% N through FYM, 100% N through vermicompost and FYM (1 : 1), 100% N through vermicompost and 100% N through FYM , but were statistically at par with 75% NPK + 25% N through vermicompost and FYM (1 : 1); 25% yearly replacement of RDF with vermicompost and FYM (1:1) on N basis; 75% NPK + 25% N through vermicompost; 25% yearly replacement of RDF with vermicompost on N basis, 75% NPK + 25% N through FYM and 25% yearly replacement of RDF with FYM on N-basis during both the years. Likewise, the maximum net returns (`60,790 and `71,322 were realized with 100% NPK followed by treatment 75% NPK + 25% N through vermicompost and FYM (1 : 1) with the net re- turns to the tune of (`54,426 and `68,129/ha) during 2015 and 2016 respectively.
Growth and productivity of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by integrated nutrient management and foliar application of iron
Authors: SUSHILA KANWAR  , L.R. YADAV  , S.S. YADAV  , PRIYANKA KUMAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201617 to 20172018 on loamy sand soil of Jobner, Rajasthan, to study response of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to integrated nutrient management and foliar application of iron (Fe). The study showed that, application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + vermicompost (VC) @ 4 t/ha resulted significant increase in dry-matter accumulation (DMA)/m row length (230.5 g), yield attributes, viz. spike length (8.30 cm), number of effective tillers/m row length (75.8), grains/spike (43.1), test weight (38.34 g), grain yield (4.7 t/ha) and straw yield (6.1 t/ha). Application of 50% RDF + VC @ 4 t/ha also showed significantly higher total uptake of N (124.3 kg/ha), P (32.1 kg/ha), K (100.6 kg/ha) and Fe (2261 g/ha) by bread wheat crop. Application of 0.5% FeSO as foliar spray at tillering + flowering stages resulted in significantly 4 higher dry-matter accumulation (244.8 g), higher yield attributes and grain (4.1 t/ha) and straw yields (5.7 t/ha) with higher total nutrient uptake. Interaction effect on grain yield was found significant between integrated nutrient man- agement treatments and foliar spray of iron. Application of 50 % RDF +VC @ 4 t/ha along with foliar application of iron 0.5 % ferrous sulphate at tillering + flowering stage gave significantly higher yield over the control.
Response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to organic amendments and weed- management practices
Authors: S. MARIMUTHU  , M. MOHAMMED AMANULLAHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201516 and 201617 at Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu to determine the effects of organic amendments and weed-control methods on weed con- trol, yield and fibre quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Different organic amendments included (farmyard manure, vermicompost, composted poultry manure and goat manure), while weed-control methods comprised manual weeding, twin wheel hoe weeder and power-operated weeder for improvement in growth and yield of cot- ton. The results of pooled data indicated that, composted poultry manure along with hand-weeding twice at 20 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly lower weed density (27.29 No./m2), higher weed-control effi- ciency (84.80%) and higher crop dry-matter production (4,637 kg/ha), sympodial branches/plant (19.74), fruiting points/plant (54.01), bolls/plant (20.87), seed-cotton yield (1,602 kg/ha) compared with the other treatments. Appli- cation of organic materials along with manual weeding significantly improved available nutrient content, soil micro- bial biomass carbon, decreased soil electrical conductivity in short-term, and resulted in higher cotton yield and higher soil organic matter content. These results indicated that, application of composted poultry manure in addi- tion with hand-weeding or weeding with power-operated weeder would do more to improve soil organic matter content, increase soil organism abundance, reduce weed population and improve seed-cotton yield.
Bio-efficacy of glufosinate ammonium on weed control and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: SAIKAT BISWAS  , DHANANJOY DUTTA  , MANIMALA MAHATO
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Instructional farm, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India during the rainy season of 2016 and 2017 to study the bio-efficacy of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% w/v) herbicide on weed con- trol, growth and yield of Bt-cotton hybrid (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment was conducted in 3 times repli- cated randomized block design (RBD) comprising 7 weed-control treatments, viz. 4 doses of glufosinate ammo- nium 13.5% SL (15% W/V) @ 300, 375, 450 and 525 g/ha, paraquat dichloride 24% SL @ 500 g/ha, hand-weeding (weed-free control) and weedy control. The weed-free treatment by frequent hand-weeding showed maximum growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of cotton. Among the herbicidal treatments, the post-emergence ap- plication of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% W/V) @ 525 g/ha was found to be the alternative of hand-weed- ing in respect to weed-control efficiency, growth and yield of cotton. This treatment also realized the highest net re- turn (` 41,689/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.11), followed by glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% W/V) @ 450 g/ ha.
Phosphorus pools under integrated phosphorus management of upland direct- seeded rice (Oryza sativa) in North-Eastern Hill region of India
Authors: SASMITA TRIPATHY  , S.L. MEENA  , SUBHASH BABU  , T.K. DAS  , SHIVA DHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2019 at Umiam, Meghalaya, to determine the phosphorus pools in acid soils of upland direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in North-Eastern Hills region un- der varying phosphorus-management practices. Eight treatments with combinations of different nutrient sources, both organic and inorganic were taken replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The treatments involving chemical fertilizers resulted in higher levels of inorganic P (232 mg/kg) owing to an increase in FeP, AlP and CaP pools. On the other hand, treatments utilizing organic sources of nutrients like farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost and poultry manure showed higher levels of organic-P (168 mg/kg) in soil. Application of integrated organic nutrient sources as in 25% farmyard manure + 25% vermicompost + 25% poultry manure + phosphorus- solubilizing bacteria resulted in significantly higher available-P (5.5 mg/kg) and organic-P pool (168.2 mg/kg) over the other treatments. But the total P was significantly higher with 100% recommended fertilizer dose (391.5 mg/kg) which showed an increase of 10% over the control.
Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) under semi-arid conditions of Punjab
Authors: MANDEEP SINGH  , KANWALJIT SINGH  , AVTAR SINGH BIMBRAW
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201819 and 201920 at Amritsar, Punjab, to evalu- ate the influence of sowing time and split nitrogen on growth and yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design, consisting of 5 sowing dates (D , 25 October; D , 5 November, D , 1 2 3 15 November, D , 25 November and D , 5 December) in main plots and 4 split nitrogen treatments as N , 50 % at 4 5 1 sowing + 25% at the first irrigation + 25% at the second irrigation; N , 25% at sowing + 50% at the first irrigation + 2 25% at the second irrigation; N , 50% at the first irrigation + 50% at the second irrigation; N , 50% at sowing + 50% 3 4 at the first irrigation in subplots, replicated thrice. The results revealed that, plant height, dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area index and number of tillers decreased significantly with delay in sowing from D to D at all stages of plant 1 5 growth. The grain and biological yields were significantly higher in D sowing date than the other sowing dates, but 1 remained at par with D . The pooled grain yield decreased by 4% from D to D , 10% from D to D , 16% from D to 2 1 2 1 3 1 D and 23 % from D to D sowing dates. Significantly higher values of growth attributes and yield were recorded 4 1 5 with split application of nitrogen N , which remained at par with N , and significantly better than other treatments. 4 1 Time of nitrogen treatment N resulted in more net returns (66,824 `/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.32) and was fol- 4, lowed by D sowing date for net returns (70,948`/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.22). 1
Effect of organic, integrated and chemical sources of nutrient on growth and productivity of maize (Zea mays)
Authors: S.S. WALIA  , ABHISHEK PATIDAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab, during 201516 and 201617, to study the effect of or- ganic, integrated and chemical sources of nutrition on growth and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). Application of 50% recommended NPK + 50% N as FYM resulted in the maximum plant height, dry-matter accumulation, cob length, cob girth, grains/cobs, 100-seed weight, grain and stover yields than sole organic farming and chemical farming treatments. However, treatment with organic management package (T ), comprising bio-fertilizer contain- 2 ing N and P carriers was at par with integrated application of nutrients through organic sources and fertilizers and significantly better than 100% recommended NPK application. Integrated management of nutrient application re- sulted in 12.52% more grain yield than 100% NPK. Treatment with organic management package (T ) comprising 2 bio-fertilizer containing N and P carriers exhibited 7.09% more grain yield than 100% NPK. The lowest value of growth and yield attributes was recorded with 50% N as FYM + bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter) for N + rockphosphate + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria.
Aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation under drip irrigation and fertigation system
Authors: ANBARASU MARIYAPPILLAI  , GURUSAMY ARUMUGAM  , DURAI SINGH RAMAIAH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2019 and 2020 at the research field of (All Indian Coordinated Research Project on Water Management), Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, to assess the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in strip-plot design, replicated thrice. The irrigation was scheduled once in 3 days at 120, 100, and 80% pan Evaporation (PE), and the fertigation of 100, 75 and 50% recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) was given weekly intervals from 15 days after sowing (DAS) to 70 DAS and the control of surface irrigation at an irrigation water: cumulative evaporation (IW : CPE) 1.25 with soil application of RDF (150 : 50 : 50 kg/NPK/ha) was separately maintained. The results of different irrigation and fertigation practices showed that, 120% PE × 100% RDF along with associated crop management had a significant effect on crop growth, yield and yield-contributing parameters and their values were significantly higher than all the other drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels. This was mainly owing to continued availability of soil moisture and nutrients throughout the life period of aerobic rice, which led increased growth and yield parameters at the maximum level. Thus, 120% PE drip regimes and 100% RDF fertigation level proved better option in aerobic rice cultivation under drip irrigation and fertigation system in respect of yield and water saving.
Effect of nutrient management and plant density on productivity of QPM hybrids of maize (Zea mays)
Authors: BAHADUR SINGH  , S.L. MUNDRA  , M.K. KAUSHIK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rany season of 2014 and 2015 at the Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan to study the effect of nutrient-management approaches on the performance of quality protein maize hybrids at varying plant densities. The results showed that ‘HQPM 1’ produced significantly higher yield attributes and yield over Pratap QPM hybrid– 1. Significantly higher yield parameters of QPM hybrids were observed in normal density (60 cm × 20 cm) over high density (50 cm × 20 cm) however, the yield was significantly higher with high density than the normal density. Nutrient application through soil-test-crop response (STCR) approach resulted in significantly higher yield parameters and yield over site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and green seeker approaches during both the years. Thus, growing of ‘HQPM 1’ with 1,00,000 plants/ha and STCR approach followed by SSNM approach may be adopted for higher yield.
Influence of seeding time, fertility level and genotype on productivity, quality and profitability of garden pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: ANAMIKA CHANDEL  , AKHILESH SHARMA  , PARVEEN SHARMA  , SANDEEP MANUJA  , RANBIR SINGH RANA  , S.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted during 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India, to assess the response of pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes (‘DPP-SP 6’, ‘DPP-SP 22’ and ‘Pb 89’) to sowing dates (26 October and 10 November) and fertility levels (control, 100 and 125% NPK). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design and each treatment replicated thrice. Early-sown pea (26 October) recorded higher pod yield (10.4 t/ha), being 24% more than late-sown crop along with better pods/plant, average pod weight, harvest duration and economic returns. Higher fertility level at 125% of recommended NPK (62.5:75:75 kg/ha) dose resulted in the maximum pod yield which was about 6% better than 100% NPK (50:60:60 kg/ha) over the years and also showed superior performance for yield attributes and economic returns. Among the genotypes, ‘DPP-SP 6’ significantly superseded ‘DPP-SP 22’ by 15%, and ‘Pb 89’ by 25% for pod yield and also provided higher net returns (`1,43,000/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.78). The interactions effects revealed that early sowing of pea genotypes by following either 100% or 125% of recommended dose of NPK (100% NPK; 50-60-60 kg/ha) would be a better preposition for enhancing productivity and profitability under north-western Himalayan conditions.
Effect of planting density and weed management options on growth and productivity of Indian mustard
Authors: DHIMAN MUKHERJEE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Kalyani, West Bengal, to study the effect of various planting density and weed-management options on growth and productivity of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]. The field experiment was conducted in split-plot design with 3 replications, having 30 treatments combinations including 3 planting densities in main-plot, viz. 30 cm × 15 cm, 30 cm × 20 cm and 30 cm × 25 cm; and 10 weed-management options in sub-plots which include pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha, oxadiargyl @ 0.08 kg a.i./ha, pendimethalin @ 1.2 kg a.i./ha, oxadiargyl @ 0.10 kg a.i./ha, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 days after sowing (DAS), oxadiargyl @ 0.08 kg a.i./ha + one hoeing at 30 DAS, pendimethalin @ 1.2 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS, oxadiargyl @ 0.10 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS, weed free and control. Significantly lower weed density and dry-weight of weight observed with 30 cm × 20 and 30 cm × 15 cm plant spacing. Application of oxadiargyl @ 0.10 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS and pendimethalin @ 1.20 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS, greatly reduced different species of weeds and their dry weight. With various main-plot treatments, higher seed yield (1,838 kg/ha) of mustard was observed with the 30 cm × 20 cm planting and was statistically better than the other plant spacings. These treatments resulted in higher seed yield to the tune of 8.18 and 12.84% over the 30 cm × 15 cm and 30 cm × 25 cm plant spacings. Weed-free situation, resulted in the highest seed yield (2,230 kg/ha) and showed parity with pendimethalin @ 1.2 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS and oxadiargyl @ 0.08 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS. These treatments registered 93.5, 89.8 and 88.8% more seed yield over the control plots respectively. Economics revealed that, 30 cm × 25 cm plant spacing gave the maximum net returns (`29,280/ha) with benefit: cost ratio of 1.70. The highest net returns (33,850/ha) were observed from the treatment of pendimethalin @ 1.2 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS with a benefit: cost ratio of 1.74. This was closely followed by oxadiargyl @ 0.10 kg a.i./ha + 1 hoeing at 30 DAS.
Effect of foliar application of nutrients on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of pre-winter blackgram (Vigna mungo)
Authors: N.M. DEBATA  , M.R. SATAPATHY  , R.K. PAIKARAY  , S.N. JENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, during pre-winter season of 2019, to optimize nutrient-management practices through foliar feeding in ‘Mahuri’ blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] cultivar. The treatments were soil test-based fertilizer recommendation (STBFR), STBFR + 2% NPK (19 : 19 : 19) once, STBFR + 2% NPK (19 : 19 : 19) twice, STBFR + 0.2% Borax spray, STBFR + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray, STBFR + 0.2% Borax + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray, STBFR + 2% NPK + 0.2% Borax spray, STBFR + 2% NPK + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray, STBFR + 2% NPK + 0.2% Borax + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray, water spray (control). Application of STBFR + 2% NPK (19 : 19 : 19) + 0.2% Borax + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray prior to anthesis resulted in the maximum seed yield (804 kg/ha) and stover yield (1,648 kg/ha). Maximum number of nodules/plant (12.2), pods/plant (33.4) and seeds/pod (7.73) were obtained from the same treatment. An uptake of 63.2 kg N, 6.25 kg P, 36.0 kg K, 0.75 kg Zn and 0.62 kg B/ha was recorded under the nutrient-management practice of STBFR + 2% NPK (19 : 19 : 19) + 0.2% Borax + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray. Similarly, the maximum net returns of `21,224/ha and benefit : cost ratio of 1.89 were obtained under the same treatment.
Effect of land configuration and irrigation scheduling on productivity and water use of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under south-eastern ecologies of Rajasthan
Authors: MONIKA CHOUDHARY  , J.P. TETARWAL  , BALDEV RAM  , RAJESH KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2019–20, at Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, to evaluate the land configuration and irrigation scheduling on yield and water use (water use efficiency and water productivity) of ‘White Type’ quinoa [Chenopodium quinoa C.L. willdenow (Willd.)]. In main plot, 9 treatment combinations of land configuration techniques (flat bed, ridge and furrow and broad bed and furrow technique) were replicated 4 times, with 3 irrigation scheduling [1 irrigation at 20– 25 days after sowing (DAS), 2 irrigation at 20–25 and 55–60 DAS and 3 irrigation at 20–25, 55–60 and 90–95 DAS] in subplot. Amongst the land-configuration techniques, maximum yields, viz. grain, stover and biological yield, obtained under broad bed and furrow techniques, were significantly higher over ridge and furrow and flat bed techniques. Broad bed and furrow technique significantly increased the water-use efficiency (23.40 kg/ha-mm) and water productivity (`106.26/m3 ) over rest of the land-configuration techniques. It also recorded the maximum moisture extracted at lower layers, i.e 30–60 and 60–90 cm depth, but flat-bed technique extracted maximum moisture in upper layer of soil, i.e. 0–30 cm. Application of 3 irrigation level resulted in significantly highest yields, viz. grain, stover and biological yield, compared to rest of irrigation scheduling. With 1 irrigation level, the maximum waterconsumption efficiency (26.77 kg/ha-mm) and water productivity (`112.70/m3 ) were significantly lower than with higher levels of irrigation. The maximum moisture extracted at 0–30 cm depth was recorded at 3 irrigation level (20–25, 55–60 and 90–95 DAS), and the maximum moisture extracted in lower layers of soil (30–60 and 60–90 cm) was recorded at 1 irrigation level (20–25 DAS). In terms of grain yield, biological yield, water-use efficiency and water productivity interactions between land layout strategies and irrigation schedule were also found significant.