bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power Consumption and Calculation Requirement Analysis of AES for WSN IoT
Authors: Hung Chung-Wen , Hsu Wen-Ting
Published: May 2018

Because of the ubiquity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the power consumption and security of IoT systems have become very important issues. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a block cipher algorithm is commonly used in IoT devices. In this paper, the power consumption and cryptographic calculation requirement for different payload lengths and AES encryption types are analyzed. These types include software-based AES-CB, hardware-based AES-ECB (Electronic Codebook Mode), and hardware-based AES-CCM (Counter with CBC-MAC Mode). The calculation requirement and power consumption for these AES encryption types are measured on the Texas Instruments LAUNCHXL-CC1310 platform. The experimental results show that the hardware-based AES performs better than the software-based AES in terms of power consumption and calculation cycle requirements. In addition, in terms of AES mode selection, the AES-CCM-MIC64 mode may be a better choice if the IoT device is considering security, encryption calculation requirement, and low power consumption at the same time. However, if the IoT device is pursuing lower power and the payload length is generally less than 16 bytes, then AES-ECB could be considered.
Collaborative Working Architecture for IoT-Based Applications
Authors: Mora Higinio , Signes-Pont María , Gil David , Johnsson Magnus
Published: May 2018

The new sensing applications need enhanced computing capabilities to handle the requirements of complex and huge data processing. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept brings processing and communication features to devices. In addition, the Cloud Computing paradigm provides resources and infrastructures for performing the computations and outsourcing the work from the IoT devices. This scenario opens new opportunities for designing advanced IoT-based applications, however, there is still much research to be done to properly gear all the systems for working together. This work proposes a collaborative model and an architecture to take advantage of the available computing resources. The resulting architecture involves a novel network design with different levels which combines sensing and processing capabilities based on the Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) paradigm. An experiment is included to demonstrate that this approach can be used in diverse real applications. The results show the flexibility of the architecture to perform complex computational tasks of advanced applications.
A PVDF-Based Sensor for Internal Stress Monitoring of a Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular (CFST) Column Subject to Impact Loads
Authors: Du Guofeng , Li Zhao , Song Gangbing
Published: May 2018

Impact loads can have major adverse effects on the safety of civil engineering structures, such as concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns. The study of mechanical behavior and stress analysis of CFST columns under impact loads is very important to ensure their safety against such loads. At present, the internal stress monitoring of the concrete cores CFST columns under impact loads is still a very challenging subject. In this paper, a PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) piezoelectric smart sensor was developed and successfully applied to the monitoring of the internal stress of the concrete core of a CFST column under impact loads. The smart sensor consists of a PVDF piezoelectric film sandwiched between two thin steel plates through epoxy. The protection not only prevents the PVDF film from impact damages but also ensures insulation and waterproofing. The smart sensors were embedded into the circular concrete-filled steel tube specimen during concrete pouring. The specimen was tested against impact loads, and testing data were collected. The time history of the stress obtained from the PVDF smart sensor revealed the evolution of core concrete internal stress under impact loads when compared with the impact force–time curve of the hammer. Nonlinear finite element simulations of the impact process were also carried out. The results of FEM simulations had good agreement with the test results. The results showed that the proposed PVDF piezoelectric smart sensors can effectively monitor the internal stress of concrete-filled steel tubular columns under impact loads.
Cooperative Computing System for Heavy-Computation and Low-Latency Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Jung Jongtack , Lee Woonghee , Kim Hwangnam
Published: May 2018

Over the past decades, hardware and software technologies for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have significantly progressed, and WSNs are widely used in various areas including Internet of Things (IoT). In general, existing WSNs are mainly used for applications that require delay-tolerance and low-computation due to the poor resources of traditional sensor nodes in WSNs. However, compared to the traditional sensor nodes, today’s devices for WSNs have more powerful resource. Thus, sensor nodes these days not only conduct sensing and transmitting data to servers but also are able to process many operations, so more diverse applications can be applied to WSNs. Especially, many applications using audio data have been proposed because audio is one of the most widely used data types, and many mobile devices already have a built-in microphone. However, many of the applications have a requirement that heavy-operations should be done by a tight deadline, so it is difficult for a single node in WSNs to run relatively heavy applications by itself. In this paper, to overcome this limitation of WSNs, we propose a new emerging system, HeaLow, a cooperative computing system for heavy-computation and low-latency processing in WSNs. We designed HeaLow and carried out the practical implementation on real devices. We confirmed the effectiveness of HeaLow through various experiments using the real devices and simulations. Using HeaLow, nodes in WSNs are able to perform heavy-computation processes while satisfying a completion time requirement.
Multiband Imaging CMOS Image Sensor with Multi-Storied Photodiode Structure †
Authors: Takemoto Yoshiaki , Tsukimura Mitsuhiro , Kato Hideki , Suzuki Shunsuke , Aoki Jun , Kondo Toru , Saito Haruhisa , Gomi Yuichi , Matsuda Seisuke , Tadaki Yoshitaka
Published: May 2018

We developed a multiband imaging CMOS image sensor (CIS) with a multi-storied photodiode structure, which comprises two photodiode (PD) arrays that capture two different images, visible red, green, and blue (RGB) and near infrared (NIR) images at the same time. The sensor enables us to capture a wide variety of multiband images which is not limited to conventional visible RGB images taken with a Bayer filter or to invisible NIR images. Its wiring layers between two PD arrays can have an optically optimized effect by modifying its material and thickness on the bottom PD array. The incident light angle on the bottom PD depends on the thickness and structure of the wiring and bonding layer, and the structure can act as an optical filter. Its wide-range sensitivity and optimized optical filtering structure enable us to create the images of specific bands of light waves in addition to visible RGB images without designated pixels for IR among same pixel arrays without additional optical components. Our sensor will push the envelope of capturing a wide variety of multiband images.
A Service-Oriented Middleware for Integrated Management of Crowdsourced and Sensor Data Streams in Disaster Management
Authors: F. G. de Assis Luiz Fernando , E. A. Horita Flávio , P. de Freitas Edison , Ueyama Jó , De Albuquerque João Porto
Published: May 2018

The increasing number of sensors used in diverse applications has provided a massive number of continuous, unbounded, rapid data and requires the management of distinct protocols, interfaces and intermittent connections. As traditional sensor networks are error-prone and difficult to maintain, the study highlights the emerging role of “citizens as sensors” as a complementary data source to increase public awareness. To this end, an interoperable, reusable middleware for managing spatial, temporal, and thematic data using Sensor Web Enablement initiative services and a processing engine was designed, implemented, and deployed. The study found that its approach provided effective sensor data-stream access, publication, and filtering in dynamic scenarios such as disaster management, as well as it enables batch and stream management integration. Also, an interoperability analytics testing of a flood citizen observatory highlighted even variable data such as those provided by the crowd can be integrated with sensor data stream. Our approach, thus, offers a mean to improve near-real-time applications.
Vehicle Classification Using an Imbalanced Dataset Based on a Single Magnetic Sensor
Authors: Xu Chang , Wang Yingguan , Bao Xinghe , Li Fengrong
Published: May 2018

This paper aims to improve the accuracy of automatic vehicle classifiers for imbalanced datasets. Classification is made through utilizing a single anisotropic magnetoresistive sensor, with the models of vehicles involved being classified into hatchbacks, sedans, buses, and multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs). Using time domain and frequency domain features in combination with three common classification algorithms in pattern recognition, we develop a novel feature extraction method for vehicle classification. These three common classification algorithms are the k-nearest neighbor, the support vector machine, and the back-propagation neural network. Nevertheless, a problem remains with the original vehicle magnetic dataset collected being imbalanced, and may lead to inaccurate classification results. With this in mind, we propose an approach called SMOTE, which can further boost the performance of classifiers. Experimental results show that the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier with the SMOTE algorithm can reach a classification accuracy of 95.46%, thus minimizing the effect of the imbalance.
Acquiring Respiration Rate from Photoplethysmographic Signal by Recursive Bayesian Tracking of Intrinsic Modes in Time-Frequency Spectra
Authors: Pirhonen Mikko , Peltokangas Mikko , Vehkaoja Antti
Published: May 2018

Respiration rate (RR) provides useful information for assessing the status of a patient. We propose RR estimation based on photoplethysmography (PPG) because the blood perfusion dynamics are known to carry information on breathing, as respiration-induced modulations in the PPG signal. We studied the use of amplitude variability of transmittance mode finger PPG signal in RR estimation by comparing four time-frequency (TF) representation methods of the signal cascaded with a particle filter. The TF methods compared were short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and three types of synchrosqueezing methods. The public VORTAL database was used in this study. The results indicate that the advanced frequency reallocation methods based on synchrosqueezing approach may present improvement over linear methods, such as STFT. The best results were achieved using wavelet synchrosqueezing transform, having a mean absolute error and median error of 2.33 and 1.15 breaths per minute, respectively. Synchrosqueezing methods were generally more accurate than STFT on most of the subjects when particle filtering was applied. While TF analysis combined with particle filtering is a promising alternative for real-time estimation of RR, artefacts and non-respiration-related frequency components remain problematic and impose requirements for further studies in the areas of signal processing algorithms an PPG instrumentation.
Piezoelectric Actuator with Frequency Characteristics for a Middle-Ear Implant
Authors: Shin Dong Ho , Cho Jin-Ho
Published: May 2018

The design and implementation of a novel piezoelectric-based actuator for an implantable middle-ear hearing aid is described in this paper. The proposed actuator has excellent low-frequency output characteristics, and can generate high output in a specific frequency band by adjusting the mechanical resonance. The actuator consists of a piezoelectric element, a miniature bellows, a cantilever membrane, a metal ring support, a ceramic tip, and titanium housing. The optimal structure of the cantilever-membrane design, which determines the frequency characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator, was derived through finite element analysis. Based on the results, the piezoelectric actuator was implemented, and its performance was verified through a cadaveric experiment. It was confirmed that the proposed actuator provides better performance than currently used actuators, in terms of frequency characteristics.
The Relationship between the Knowledge Economy and Global Competitiveness in the European Union
Authors: Dima Alina Mihaela , Begu Liviu , Vasilescu Maria Denisa , Maassen Maria Alexandra
Published: May 2018

The main purpose of this paper is to study the influence of various indicators related to the knowledge economy on country competitiveness in the European Union (EU). Based on the Pearson coefficient and panel-data regression models, we analyzed the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) in relation to research and development (R&D) expenditure (as a % of gross domestic product (GDP)), percentage of population with tertiary education, lifelong learning, GDP per capita, and debt to equity. The findings highlighted the crucial role of both innovation and education as determinants of EU competitiveness and economic convergence. The development of EU policies regarding the lifelong learning possibilities of the European workforce and the focus on research and development activities can significantly contribute to the competiveness of EU member states.
How Does Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Affect the performance of megaprojects? Insights from a System Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Wang Ting , He Qinghua , Lu Yujie , Yang Delei
Published: May 2018

As one of the emerging research fields of sustainability management, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), especially its influence on project performance, has been drawing increased attention both in the academic and industrial areas. Nevertheless, existing studies mainly examine the static relationship between OCB and project performance but fail to explore the dynamic characteristic of the relationship as a project may evolve and proceed over the time. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the dynamic impacts of OCB on the performance of megaprojects with the assistance of a system dynamic model. Four causal feedback loops and a stock-flow diagram were developed to illustrate the dynamic influencing mechanism, and three distinct policies quantitatively simulated the possible impacts arising from the changes of OCB on the whole system and, specifically, on the performance megaproject. The results show that an increase in the AIRPP (actual increasing rate of potential promotion) exerts significant influence on the improvement in OCB and the performance of megaprojects. The higher the AIRPP in the multi-policy scenario, the higher the OCB and the performance. One major contribution is that this study is one of the first studies to explore the potential use of system dynamics to model megaproject organizational behavior and its performance with implications in both the practical and cultural promotion of OCB.
Barriers to Sustainable Food Trade: China’s Exports Food Rejected by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2011–2017
Authors: Wen Xiaowei , Yang Zhaohui , Dong Hui , Fan Xinqiang , Wang Yong
Published: May 2018

Food export rejection can be a harmful barrier to sustainable international food trade. To understand China’s export food rejected by FDA (Food and Drug Administration) of the United States, we analyzed 4047 cases of rejection from February 2011 to July 2017. Although the number of rejected food exported from China to the United States has been declining, and the quality has been improving, there is still space for improvement. Of the 4047 cases of rejection, the Guangdong, Fujian and Shandong provinces were the top three with the largest number of rejected food (1253 (31%), 520 (12.8%), and 508 (12.6%), respectively) (being rejected mainly in New York and Los Angeles). The top four types of rejected food involved fruits and vegetables, fishery and seafood products, bakery products, grain and related processed products. More importantly, the major reasons for rejection can be attributed to problems in maintaining food safety, namely: (1) the food contained filth, decay, decomposition or other substances; (2), the food contained toxic and harmful substances (e.g., suspected melamine, chemical insecticides, or lead); and (3) the food contained agricultural and veterinary drugs. The results are of great implications for the United States to regulate the imported food from China, and for China to improve the quality and safety of export food.
Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological Properties and Their Involvement in Cancer Development
Authors: Marchese Silvia , Polo Andrea , Ariano Andrea , Velotto Salvatore , Costantini Susan , Severino Lorella
Published: May 2018

Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites found in feeds and foods. When the ruminants eat feedstuffs containing Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), this toxin is metabolized and Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in milk. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified AFB1 and AFM1 as human carcinogens belonging to Group 1 and Group 2B, respectively, with the formation of DNA adducts. In the last years, some epidemiological studies were conducted on cancer patients aimed to evaluate the effects of AFB1 and AFM1 exposure on cancer cells in order to verify the correlation between toxin exposure and cancer cell proliferation and invasion. In this review, we summarize the activation pathways of AFB1 and AFM1 and the data already reported in literature about their correlation with cancer development and progression. Moreover, considering that few data are still reported about what genes/proteins/miRNAs can be used as damage markers due to AFB1 and AFM1 exposure, we performed a bioinformatic analysis based on interaction network and miRNA predictions to identify a panel of genes/proteins/miRNAs that can be used as targets in further studies for evaluating the effects of the damages induced by AFB1 and AFM1 and their capacity to induce cancer initiation.
The Role of Confluence in Shaping Water Quality Parameters on Example of the Flow-Through Lake Bikcze (Eastern Poland)
Authors: Ferencz Beata , Dawidek Jarosław
Published: May 2018

The role of confluence (flowability) in shaping the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and pH was determined using a model approach. The calculations considered both horizontal and vertical variability of parameters. There was a general tendency for the pH and oxygen to increase along the transect connecting the place of surface water inlet, deepest point of the lake basin and the place of water outlet, and the reverse tendency for chlorophyll. The average gradient for particulate radius was calculated as arithmetic mean value of six partial gradients (corresponding to individual depths, every 0.5 m). Values of average gradients indicated high dynamics of DO and pH concentration changes as well as low chlorophyll-a variability. A slight inclination of the final resultant vector gradients of DO and pH from the surface water inlet, deepest point of the lake basin and the place of water outlet transect indicated the dominant role of confluence in these parameters variability (values amounted to 6.08 mg·km−1 and 3.34 pH units·km−1, respectively). The value of the chlorophyll-a gradient vector (1.86 µg·km−1) indicated a slight differentiation of the parameter in the basin, independent of the hydrological conditions. The concentration of chl-a in the polymictic Lake Bikcze resulted from the effect of the limnic conditions; the flowability of the lake was just one of many factors affecting the variability of the parameter.
Myxarium grilletii f. invisibile f. nov., récolté en région lyonnaise (France, Rhône)
Authors: Gaignon Maurice , Van Vooren Nicolas , Rivoire Bernard
Published: May 2018

Un minuscule champignon hétérobasidié est décrit et illustré à partir d’une récolte récente en région lyonnaise (France, Rhône). La présence de basides myxarioïdes permet de rattacher ce spécimen au genre Myxarium Wallr. ; ses autres caractères rapprochent cette récolte de Myxarium grilletii (Boud.) D. A. Reid. L’extrême petitesse des basidiomes, invisibles à l’oeil nu, incite à proposer cette forme nouvelle en attendant d’autres découvertes pour mieux cerner les caractères de ce taxon qui, selon nous, pourrait s’élever au rang d’espèce.
Une étude locale de la biodiversité: inventaire des coléoptères du domaine de la fondation Pierre Vérots à Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux (Ain, France). 2. Les coléoptères aquatiques
Authors: Prudhomme Jean-Claude
Published: May 2018

La liste de 102 coléoptères aquatiques rencontrés lors de l’inventaire des coléoptères du domaine de la Fondation Pierre Vérots à Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux (Ain) est commentée et comparée aux données anciennes et récentes disponibles pour la région.
Stereoselective nucleophilic addition reactions to cyclic N-acyliminium ions using the indirect cation pool method: Elucidation of stereoselectivity by spectroscopic conformational analysis and DFT calculations
Authors: Mitsudo Koichi , Yamamoto Junya , Akagi Tomoya , Yamashita Atsuhiro , Haisa Masahiro , Yoshioka Kazuki , Mandai Hiroki , Ueoka Koji , Hempel Christian , Yoshida Jun-ichi , Suga Seiji
Published: May 2018

In this study, six-membered N-acyliminium ions were generated by the “indirect cation pool” method and reacted with several nucleophiles. These reactions afforded disubstituted piperidine derivatives with high diastereoselectivities and good to excellent yields. The conformations of the obtained N-acyliminium ions were studied by low temperature NMR analyses and DFT calculations and were found to be consistent with the Steven’s hypothesis.
The Plutino Population: An Abundance of Contact Binaries
Authors: Thirouin Audrey , Sheppard Scott S.
Published: May 2018

We observed 12 Plutinos over two separated years with the 4.3 m Lowell’s Discovery Channel Telescope. Here, we present the first light-curve data for those objects. Three of them (2014 JL80, 2014 JO80, and 2014 JQ80) display a large light-curve amplitude explainable by a single elongated object, but they are most likely caused by a contact binary system due to their light-curve morphology. These potential contact binaries have rotational periods from 6.3 to 34.9 hr and peak-to-peak light-curve variability between 0.6 and 0.8 mag. We present partial light curves, allowing us to constrain the light-curve amplitude and the rotational period of another nine Plutinos. By merging our data with the literature, we estimate that up to ∼40% of the Plutinos could be contact binaries. Interestingly, we found that all of the suspected contact binaries in the 3:2 resonance are small with absolute magnitude H > 6 mag. Based on our sample and the literature, up to ∼50% of the small Plutinos are potential contact binaries.
The Chemical Composition of NGC 5824, a Globular Cluster without Iron Spread but with an Extreme Mg–Al Anticorrelation*
Authors: Mucciarelli Alessio , Lapenna Emilio , Ferraro Francesco R. , Lanzoni Barbara
Published: May 2018

NGC 5824 is a massive Galactic globular cluster suspected to have an intrinsic spread in its iron content, according to the strength of the calcium triplet lines. We present chemical abundances of 117 cluster giant stars using high-resolution spectra acquired with the multi-object spectrograph FLAMES. The metallicity distribution of 87 red giant branch stars is peaked at [Fe/H] = −2.11 ± 0.01 dex, while that derived from 30 asymptotic giant branch stars is peaked at [Fe/H] = −2.20 ± 0.01 dex. Both the distributions are compatible with a null spread, indicating that this cluster did not retain the ejecta of supernovae. The small iron abundance offset between the two groups of stars is similar to the abundances already observed among red and asymptotic giant branch stars in other clusters. The lack of intrinsic iron spread rules out the possibility that NGC 5824 is the remnant of a disrupted dwarf galaxy, as previously suggested. We also find evidence of the chemical anomalies usually observed in globular clusters, namely the Na–O and the Mg–Al anticorrelations. In particular, NGC 5824 exhibits a huge range of [Mg/Fe] abundance, observed in only a few metal-poor and/or massive clusters. We conclude that NGC 5824 is a normal globular cluster, without spread in [Fe/H] but with an unusually large spread in [Mg/Fe], possibly due to an efficient self-enrichment driven by massive asymptotic giant branch stars.
Variability of Red Supergiants in M31 from the Palomar Transient Factory
Authors: Soraisam Monika D. , Bildsten Lars , Drout Maria R. , Bauer Evan B. , Gilfanov Marat , Kupfer Thomas , Laher Russ R. , Masci Frank , Prince Thomas A. , Kulkarni Shrinivas R. , Matheson Thomas , Saha Abhijit
Published: May 2018

Most massive stars end their lives as red supergiants (RSGs), a short-lived evolutionary phase when they are known to pulsate with varying amplitudes. The RSG period–luminosity (PL) relation has been measured in the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds and M33 for about 120 stars in total. Using over 1500 epochs of R-band monitoring from the Palomar Transient Factory survey over a five-year period, we study the variability of 255 spectroscopically cataloged RSGs in M31. We find that all RGSs brighter than M

K
 ≈ −10 mag (log(L/L
⊙) > 4.8) are variable at Δm

R
 > 0.05 mag. Our period analysis finds 63 with significant pulsation periods. Using the periods found and the known values of M

K
for these stars, we derive the RSG PL relation in M31 and show that it is consistent with those derived earlier in other galaxies of different metallicities. We also detect, for the first time, a sequence of likely first-overtone pulsations. Comparison to stellar evolution models from MESA confirms the first-overtone hypothesis and indicates that the variable stars in this sample have 12 M
⊙ < M < 24 M
⊙. As these RSGs are the immediate progenitors to Type II-P core-collapse supernovae (SNe), we also explore the implication of their variability in the initial-mass estimates for SN progenitors based on archival images of the progenitors. We find that this effect is small compared to the present measurement errors.
Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars. II. Dispersal of Star-forming Giant Molecular Clouds by Photoionization and Radiation Pressure
Authors: Kim Jeong-Gyu , Kim Woong-Tae , Ostriker Eve C.
Published: May 2018

UV radiation feedback from young massive stars plays a key role in the evolution of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) by photoevaporating and ejecting the surrounding gas. We conduct a suite of radiation hydrodynamic simulations of star cluster formation in marginally bound, turbulent GMCs, focusing on the effects of photoionization and radiation pressure on regulating the net star formation efficiency (SFE) and cloud lifetime. We find that the net SFE depends primarily on the initial gas surface density, Σ0, such that the SFE increases from 4% to 51% as Σ0 increases from 13 to

. Cloud destruction occurs within 2–10 Myr after the onset of radiation feedback, or within 0.6–4.1 freefall times (increasing with Σ0). Photoevaporation dominates the mass loss in massive, low surface density clouds, but because most photons are absorbed in an ionization-bounded Strömgren volume, the photoevaporated gas fraction is proportional to the square root of the SFE. The measured momentum injection due to thermal and radiation pressure forces is proportional to

, and the ejection of neutrals substantially contributes to the disruption of low mass and/or high surface density clouds. We present semi-analytic models for cloud dispersal mediated by photoevaporation and by dynamical mass ejection, and show that the predicted net SFE and mass loss efficiencies are consistent with the results of our numerical simulations.
Validating Semi-analytic Models of High-redshift Galaxy Formation Using Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations
Authors: Côté Benoit , Silvia Devin W. , O’Shea Brian W. , Smith Britton , Wise John H.
Published: May 2018

We use a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation calculated with Enzo and the semi-analytic galaxy formation model (SAM) GAMMA to address the chemical evolution of dwarf galaxies in the early universe. The long-term goal of the project is to better understand the origin of metal-poor stars and the formation of dwarf galaxies and the Milky Way halo by cross-validating these theoretical approaches. We combine GAMMA with the merger tree of the most massive galaxy found in the hydrodynamic simulation and compare the star formation rate, the metallicity distribution function (MDF), and the age–metallicity relationship predicted by the two approaches. We found that the SAM can reproduce the global trends of the hydrodynamic simulation. However, there are degeneracies between the model parameters, and more constraints (e.g., star formation efficiency, gas flows) need to be extracted from the simulation to isolate the correct semi-analytic solution. Stochastic processes such as bursty star formation histories and star formation triggered by supernova explosions cannot be reproduced by the current version of GAMMA. Non-uniform mixing in the galaxy’s interstellar medium, coming primarily from self-enrichment by local supernovae, causes a broadening in the MDF that can be emulated in the SAM by convolving its predicted MDF with a Gaussian function having a standard deviation of ∼0.2 dex. We found that the most massive galaxy in the simulation retains nearby 100% of its baryonic mass within its virial radius, which is in agreement with what is needed in GAMMA to reproduce the global trends of the simulation.
The Propagation of Cosmic Rays from the Galactic Wind Termination Shock: Back to the Galaxy?
Authors: Merten Lukas , Bustard Chad , Zweibel Ellen G. , Tjus Julia Becker
Published: May 2018

Although several theories exist for the origin of cosmic rays (CRs) in the region between the spectral “knee” and “ankle,” this problem is still unsolved. A variety of observations suggest that the transition from Galactic to extragalactic sources occurs in this energy range. In this work, we examine whether a Galactic wind that eventually forms a termination shock far outside the Galactic plane can contribute as a possible source to the observed flux in the region of interest. Previous work by Bustard et al. estimated that particles can be accelerated to energies above the “knee” up to R
max = 1016 eV for parameters drawn from a model of a Milky Way wind. A remaining question is whether the accelerated CRs can propagate back into the Galaxy. To answer this crucial question, we simulate the propagation of the CRs using the low-energy extension of the CRPropa framework, based on the solution of the transport equation via stochastic differential equations. The setup includes all relevant processes, including three-dimensional anisotropic spatial diffusion, advection, and corresponding adiabatic cooling. We find that, assuming realistic parameters for the shock evolution, a possible Galactic termination shock can contribute significantly to the energy budget in the “knee” region and above. We estimate the resulting produced neutrino fluxes and find them to be below measurements from IceCube and limits by KM3NeT.
Differential Rotation in Solar-like Convective Envelopes: Influence of Overshoot and Magnetism
Authors: Beaudoin Patrice , Strugarek Antoine , Charbonneau Paul
Published: May 2018

We present a set of four global Eulerian/semi-Lagrangian fluid solver (EULAG) hydrodynamical (HD) and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of solar convection, two of which are restricted to the nominal convection zone, and the other two include an underlying stably stratified fluid layer. While all four simulations generate reasonably solar-like latitudinal differential rotation profiles where the equatorial region rotates faster than the polar regions, the rotational isocontours vary significantly among them. In particular, the purely HD simulation with a stable layer alone can break the Taylor–Proudman theorem and produce approximately radially oriented rotational isocontours at medium to high latitudes. We trace this effect to the buildup of a significant latitudinal temperature gradient in the stable fluid immediately beneath the convection zone, which imprints itself on the lower convection zone. It develops naturally in our simulations as a consequence of convective overshoot and rotational influence of rotation on convective energy fluxes. This favors the establishment of a thermal wind balance that allows evading the Taylor–Proudman constraint. A much smaller latitudinal temperature gradient develops in the companion MHD simulation that includes a stable fluid layer, reflecting the tapering of deep convective overshoot that occurs at medium to high latitudes, which is caused by the strong magnetic fields that accumulate across the base of the convection zone. The stable fluid layer also has a profound impact on the large-scale magnetic cycles developing in the two MHD simulations. Even though both simulations operate in the same convective parameter regime, the simulation that includes a stable layer eventually loses cyclicity and transits to a non-solar, steady quadrupolar state.
L’atmosphère, fondement d’une nouvelle esthétique ?
Authors: Böhme Gernot , Le Calvé Maxime
Published: May 2018

Résumé L’esthétique des atmosphères redéfinit les problèmes et les objets de la discipline esthétique, et en élargit la sphère de pertinence. En s’appuyant sur la définition d’Hermann Schmitz, l’auteur replace le corps vivant au cœur de l’expérience humaine, tout en accentuant l’importance de la production des atmosphères. Celles-ci émergent de constellations de choses et de personnes, mais aussi directement des choses. Dans de nombreux domaines de la vie sociale, les travailleurs de l’esthétique maîtrisent des savoir-faire de production d’atmosphères. Dans les domaines du politique et de l’économie de marché, notamment, cette esthétisation croissante doit être accompagnée d’une prise de conscience de ces phénomènes, afin d’affronter les risques qui en découlent – en particulier le gaspillage généralisé des ressources.
Les couleurs d’ambiance
Authors: Pillon Thierry
Published: May 2018

Résumé Au cours des années 1950, la couleur s’impose dans les aménagements domestiques et professionnels. Un mot, dans l’esprit du temps, résume le pouvoir conféré à la couleur : l’ ambiance . Dans les espaces de travail, la notion désigne ce qui constitue l’environnement perceptif des salariés. La couleur, considérée comme « fonctionnelle », apparaît alors comme un moyen de composer des ambiances facilitant le repos, le dynamisme ou le confort physique et psychologique. Une science des couleurs se développe dans des revues spécialisées et dans la presse destinée aux cadres d’entreprise. Elle vise explicitement à influencer les états psychologiques en tenant compte des caractéristiques sociales et même parfois « raciales » des individus. L’usage fonctionnel des couleurs dans les espaces de travail donne à la notion d’ambiance une orientation utilitaire, la réduisant à une opération technique.
Les coûts cachés d’une promesse incontournable
Authors: Abrial Stéphanie , Persico Simon
Published: May 2018

Résumé La promesse du candidat François Hollande d’ouvrir le mariage et l’adoption aux couples de même sexe était facile à tenir : associée au Parti socialiste aux yeux des électeurs, neutre d’un point de vue budgétaire, la mesure était aisée à faire adopter par une large majorité parlementaire. Mais le choix du pouvoir exécutif de privilégier le débat ouvert sur une réforme au périmètre flou a conduit à réactiver un conflit social profond et à redonner un certain souffle à l’opposition. Cet article s’intéresse donc aux frontières mouvantes de la capacité à tenir une promesse et aux conséquences du respect des promesses sur le champ politique.
Noncommutative geometry and conformal geometry. I. Local index formula and conformal invariants
Authors: Ponge Raphaël , Wang Hang
Published: May 2018

This paper is part of a series of articles on noncommutative geometry and conformal geometry. In this paper, we reformulate the local index formula in conformal geometry in such a way to take into account the action of conformal diffeomorphisms. We also construct and compute a whole new family of geometric conformal invariants associated with conformal diffeomorphisms. This includes conformal invariants associated with equivariant characteristic classes. The approach of this paper involves using various tools from noncommutative geometry, such as twisted spectral triples and cyclic theory. An important step is to establish the conformal invariance of the Connes–Chern character of the conformal Dirac spectral triple of Connes–Moscovici. Ultimately, however, the main results of the paper are stated in a purely differential-geometric fashion.
On steady non-commutative crepant resolutions
Authors: Iyama Osamu , Nakajima Yusuke
Published: May 2018

We introduce special classes of non-commutative crepant resolutions (= NCCR) which we call steady and splitting. We show that a singularity has a steady splitting NCCR if and only if it is a quotient singularity by a finite abelian group. We apply our results to toric singularities and dimer models.
On quaternionic tori and their moduli space
Authors: Bisi Cinzia , Gentili Graziano
Published: May 2018

Quaternionic tori are defined as quotients of the skew field

\mathbb H

of quaternions by rank-4 lattices. Using slice regular functions, these tori are endowed with natural structures of quaternionic manifolds (in fact quaternionic curves), and a fundamental region in a 12-dimensional real subspace is then constructed to classify them up to biregular diffeomorphisms. The points of the moduli space correspond to suitable
special
bases of rank-4 lattices, which are studied with respect to the action of the group GL

(4, \mathbb Z)

, and up to biregular diffeomeorphisms. All tori with a non trivial group of biregular automorphisms – and all possible groups of their biregular automorphisms – are then identified, and recognized to correspond to five different subsets of boundary points of the moduli space.
Fighting a Good Fight
Authors: Goldberg David
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how Black working-class activism and the political ascendancy of Fiorello La Guardia created a small window of opportunity to join the FDNY that was seized by a small number of Black New Yorkers during the late 1930s and early 1940s. While relatively small, this influx of Black firefighters sparked racial backlash from the department’s overwhelming white majority, which attempted to formally institutionalize racism and racial segregation within the department. To combat this, New York’s Black firefighters formed the nation’s first Black firefighters’ organization, The Vulcan Society, in the early 1940s. The group emerged out of, and was a part of, the Black working-class oriented Black united front that developed in New York during the 1930s and early 1940s. Like similar Black labor organizations of the time, the Vulcan Society joined workplace and community-based struggles, and successfully mobilized to prevent the formal segregation of the FDNY.
From Black Power to Class Action
Authors: Goldberg David
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the influence that the Black Power movement and rise of employment discrimination litigation had on the Vulcan Society and Black firefighters across the country. The dialectical relationships between the civil rights and Black Power movements and the Vulcan Society’s old and new guard eventually transformed the organization and its objectives and helped facilitate the IABPFF, a national Black caucus group formed to combat discrimination and increase Black representation in — and community control of — urban fire departments. Both the IABPFF and the Vulcan Society embraced “separatism without separation,” and used their “outsider status within a white-dominated institution,” as well as shifts in employment discrimination case law, to “reveal the inner workings of institutional racism” within the FDNY and urban fire departments more generally. This shift was instrumental in the fight to establish legal remedies to address institutionalized racism and its impact on the racial composition of urban fire departments and became the primary method used by the Vulcan Society and the IABPFF and its local affiliates to make fire departments more representative of and responsive to the people and communities they served
A New Testament
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: May 2018

A Communion of Shadows begins with the story of Private Walter Jones of the 8th New York Calvary, who came to see his Civil War portrait as much more than a photograph: after it saved his life twice, he called it “a Testament.” Lindsey argues that Jones’s reverence for his portrait was not unique; rather, with the emergence of photography, nineteenth-century American religion developed a new, sacred symbolism rooted in materiality. That is, photographs became more than a physical representation of events as they drew on the memory and values of those who beheld them—thereby transforming the meaning of photography for the study of religion.
By Pencil and Camera
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: May 2018

This chapter spirals out from one commissioned photographic tour of Palestine in 1894 to consider the broader framework of halftone photography as a mechanism of ethnographic display and imperial regimes. The chapter follows a set of negatives made by the St. Louis photographer Robert Edward Mather Bain in 1894 from their original publication as part of a commercialized art-folio into the pages of the Bible. Here, the communion of shadows cast living inhabitants of Palestine—Bain’s photographic contemporaries—as relics of a biblical imaginary that affirmed American beholders’ confidence in the power of the camera to capture on glass the Holy Land of the Bible.
Beyond the Sense Horizon
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the communion of shadows through the optical marvel of the stereoscope. First developed in the decades before the invention of photography, stereographs began as simple drawings designed to explore binocular vision by simulating dimensional depth on a flat surface. With the invention of the daguerreotype and subsequent print photography, stereographs became immensely popular forms of nineteenth-century visual culture. The effect of dimension was accomplished by positioning two nearly exact photographs side by side and viewed through prismatic lenses fitted into a hood, a contraption known as a stereoscope. Like halftone tours and biblical photographs, stereographs of the Holy Land invited beholders to dismiss the photographic contemporary in their sights on a biblical imaginary. But through the visual sensation of the stereoscope, beholders imagined themselves transported into the biblical past in a way other photographic technologies had not enabled.
How Mr. Eastman Changed the Face of American Religion
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: May 2018

In 1900, Kodak released “The Brownie” camera, which opened picture-taking to a wide array of people from various socioeconomic statuses, ethnicities, and regions. Lindsey notes that with this change, photographs shifted from individual acts of beholding to objects that contained narrative cues. The introduction of ambiguity also arose: photographs didn’t just authorize identity, but confuse it. Finally, the Brownie changed American religion by extending the communion of shadows into previously uncaptured and more daily religious activities: missionaries could capture and document their experiences abroad; families recorded baptisms and holidays; and individuals captured the saints and ghosts they encountered in their daily lives.
Introduction
Authors: Rymsza-Pawlowska M. J.
Published: May 2018

Using examples from popular culture, this chapter shows that by the 1970s, Americans were far more interested in the past than in the present or future. While many popular and scholarly critics have dismissed this as simple nostalgia or escapism symptomatic of the turbulent decade, the book will argue that in fact what happened was a larger-scale shift in not only how Americans thought about the past, but also how they placed themselves within it, a shift that manifested itself across many iterations of popular and public history during the decade. Chapter ends with an overview of remainder of book and case studies within.
An Engine for Freedom
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows how the doctrine of popular sovereignty retained political appeal even after the Kansas Nebraska Act. It provided the basis for a possible resolution of the national crisis by offering a path to a free soil West which the South would be compelled to accept. The enduring appeal of popular sovereignty helps explain the survival of the Democrats in the North, notwithstanding the underlying antislavery presumptions of most Northern voters.
Remaking Black Power
Authors: Farmer Ashley D.
Published: May 2018

Complicating the common assumption that sexism relegated women to the margins of the movement, Remaking Black Power demonstrates how black women activists fought for more inclusive understandings of Black Power and social justice by developing new ideas about black womanhood. This book illustrates how the new tropes of womanhood that they created--the “Militant Black Domestic,” the “Revolutionary Black Woman,” and the “Third World Woman,” for instance--spurred debate among activists over the importance of women and gender to Black Power organizing, causing many of the era’s organizations and leaders to critique patriarchy and support gender equality. Using a vast array of black women’s artwork, political cartoons, manifestos, and political essays that they produced as members of groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Congress of African People, the book reveals how black women activists reimagined black womanhood, challenged sexism, and redefined the meaning of race, gender, and identity in American life.
Introduction
Authors: Livesay Daniel
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the main ideas and themes of the book. It describes not only how and why mixed-race Jamaicans travelled to Britain, but it explains why their migration was so important. Because they were connected to such wealthy and influential individuals in the British Atlantic, and because family relationships complicated their racial status, mixed-race migrants were instrumental in deliberations on questions of race in the British Empire. The introduction also analyses the various sources and methodology that constitute the book’s research base.
Abolition, Revolution, and Migration, 1788–1793
Authors: Livesay Daniel
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses the early years of the popular movement to abolish the slave trade and its effects on perceptions of mixed-race Jamaicans in Britain. It documents a number of cases of mixed-race migrants, including the responses of families to their arrival, the education they received in Britain, and their professional lives after leaving school. However, attitudes started turning against these migrants for two reasons. First, abolitionist reformers harangued interracial relationships in the colonies—and thus mixed-race people themselves—for undercutting the growth of both a stable white and black population that could obviate the need for more Africans transported across the Atlantic. Yet, some of the principal pro- and antislavery supporters, including William Wilberforce, were personally connected to the families of mixed-race migrants. Second, the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791 led many observers to believe that French-educated colonists of color had inspired the uprising, making the prospect of Jamaican students in England a much more politically threatening one.