bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vichy, la guerre et les entreprises
Authors: Margairaz Michel , Rousso Henry
Published: November 2007

Abstract The Burden of economic circumstance and the controls exerted by the Occupants, on the activities of French firms, proved stronger by far, and more decisive, than any of the constraints set up by the Vichy authorities. The purpose of achieving «rational» guidance of the economy led to the economy led to the establishment of a bureaucratic command framework, conditioned at the same time by ideological factors, that did intervene in the outlook of high ranking civil servants, who discovered industrial policy as a new object of their function.
La stratégie de la Compagnie Française des Pétroles durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : sauvegarder l'essentiel
Authors: l'Huillier H.
Published: November 2007

Abstract The strategy of the Compagnie Française des Pétroles (C.F.P.), during the hostilities, was wholly dedicated to the safeguard of its vital interest : production facilities, refining capacity, the connexion with shareholders, and relationships with the «Majors». With regard to Vichy and the Occupant, C.F.P. did preserve its indépendance, but the lessons of the war were clear : what was required was a multiplication of production sites, expansion of downstream facilities, and the staking of shareholdings.
Modèles et pratiques en histoire médiévale urbaine : l'espace parisien à la fin du Moyen-Âge
Authors: Roux Simone
Published: November 2007

Abstract Paris in the late Middle Ages, at the same time a model city and a special case. By using the rolls of seigneurial tax-payers along with religious and hospital records one can gather valuable information on real estate and various sources of income. Within the framework of a seigneurial pattern, which adapted itself without any undue risk, one can outline the life of those citizens who shaped and made the most of their city.
L'environnement en Union soviétique : perspective historique et problèmes actuels
Authors: Rey Marie-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Résumé C'est en 1985-86 qu'un intérêt pour les questions écologiques est apparu en Russie. Il a mis à jour une situation alarmante, marquée par la permanence du risque nucléaire, une forte pollution atmosphérique, et la contamination chimique des sols, des sous-sols et des eaux, avec des cas très critiques, - mer d'Aral, lac Baikal, lac Ladoga. Ces dommages, aux effets sanitaires patents, - progression du nombre de cancers, malformations croissantes chez les nouveaux-nés -, sont liés aux conditions dans lesquelles s'est effectué le développement soviétique : culte du machinisme, gigantisme des projets industriels, monoculture intensive, arbitraire des choix dans une planification imposée par Moscou sans consultation des régions. Aujourd'hui, la sauvegarde de l'environnement est une priorité de l'État russe et des efforts ont été accomplis. Mais la crise économique et financière qui affecte la Russie n'est guère propice aux actions de long terme, pourtant nécessaires.
Les débuts en France de l'American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
Authors: Meusy Jean-Jacques , Spehr Paul C.
Published: November 2007

Résumé A l'aube du cinéma, l'American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. a été, aux États-Unis, le principal concurrent d'Edison. La compagnie avait adopté des technologies spécifiques, notamment un format de film distinct, afin, espérait-elle, d'éviter des poursuites judiciaires de la part d'Edison. Elle exploitait ses films parallèlement en salles et dans des appareils à sous, les Mutoscopes. Dès 1897, elle commençait à fonder des filiales dans plusieurs pays et devenait la première « multinationale » de l'histoire du cinéma. Les projections en France débutèrent au Casino de Paris, en septembre 1897. La filiale française, constituée à Londres en 1898 et dirigée à Paris par Julian W. Orde, entreprit la même année la construction dans la banlieue parisienne (à Courbevoie) d'un « théâtre de prise de vues » en plein air, de laboratoires et d'ateliers. Eugène Lauste, le futur pionnier du cinéma sonore, en fut le directeur technique jusqu'à la fin de septembre 1900. A cette époque, la filiale française rencontra des difficultés financières qui l'obligèrent à réduire ses activités. Elle fut dissoute après faillite en 1908.
La clôture des terres et la société rurale britannique : une revue critique
Authors: Neeson J.M.
Published: November 2007

Abstract This essay reviews the historiography of common right and enclosure. It describes the construction of a tripartite model of early modern English rural society beginning in the 1920s but argues that recent work suggests the model was premature because a substantial body of small landholders and landless users of common lands survived in England until parliamentary enclosure. Recent work suggests too that the impact of that enclosure on small landholders, women and labourers was more profound than historians have argued. Finally, earlier types of enclosure are described and assessed.
Genèse et devenir de la Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier
Authors: Gillingham John
Published: November 2007

Résumé Le but de la Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier n'était pas de reconstruire l'industrie passée, mais de construire le futur. Le Plan Schuman du 5 mai 1950 propose avant tout une solution à un problème historique, celui de la rivalité franco-allemande. Le succès de ce Plan s'explique par une convergence de facteurs : l'action de Jean Monnet, en partie soutenu par les États-Unis, mais aussi et surtout la volonté de la France, de l'Allemagne, de l'Italie et des pays du Benelux de construire l'Europe, ainsi que des sidérurgistes de retrouver l'esprit des cartels internationaux afin de stabiliser le marché européen. Mais ce succès n'est que limité : il n'a en rien influé sur les évolutions techniques (déclin du charbon au profit des hydrocarbures, passage à la sidérurgie sur l'eau) tandis que l'intégration européenne se faisait contre les cartels.
L'économie municipale à Bordeaux, IXIXe-XXe siècles : les mutations de l'édilité
Authors: Fernandez Alexandre
Published: November 2007

Abstract This paper presents a history of political economy of urban utilities in Bordeaux. Bordeaux has experienced several institutional changes in the regulation of water, gas and electricity supply during the past two centuries. Water supply was a Municipal Board from 1852 to 1949, whereas gas and electricity were municipalised in 1919. Since the 1980s, two major changes have occurred. Firstly, the political economy of urban utilities, expecially as far as water supply and transports are concerned, is caracterised by the growing interest of the consumers into quality standards and the cost of urban utilities. Secondly, ruling is becoming more and more the result of « agreements » between municipality, consumers and big companies.
La citation d'auteurs dans les dictionnaires de la fin du XVIIe siècle (Richelet et Furetière)
Authors: Lehmann Alise
Published: November 2007

Alise Lehmann : Quoting authors in late 1 7th century dictionaries (Richelet and Furetière).

The well-known opposition between dictionaries that quote the authors, Richelet and Furetière, and the dictionary of the Académie that refuses to do so, has as its counterpart an opposition opposing in turn Richelet and Furetière. In Richelet' s dictionary (1680), quoting « good authors » ensures the description of good usage, the quotation acting at once as a source for the selection of entries and as a procedure of exemplification (syntactic value and semantic-rhetorical value). In Furetière (1690), the quotations, rare and selective (in verse only), correspond to literary intentions, where Furetière expresses his literary feeling and manifests a very modern sense of extracting quotations.
Partitif et localisation temporelle
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Jean-Claude Anscombre : Partitive and temporal localization

The aim of this paper is an examination of the French partitive construction de + N, as far as event structures are concerned, that is time and aspect. A first part is devoted to an examination of the main distributional properties of this construction, along with its relationship with some problems of genericity. The second part provides arguments for the basic hypothesis : the French partitive construction is possible solely within the context of a temporally localized process. In the last part, some further examples are dealt within the above mentioned framework.
Le trilogue argumentatif. Présentation de modèle, analyse de cas
Authors: Plantin Christian
Published: November 2007

Christian Plantin, Argumentation as trilogue

Argumentative situation is seen as a three-roles interaction : Proponent, holding a discourse ; Opponent, holding a counter-discourse ; Third party, in charge of the question generated by the confrontation discourse vs counter- discourse.

To show that the concepts and method of argumentation analysis can be fruitfully applied to long-range interactions, this general framework is applied to the analysis of the arguments put forward during a fifty-minutes session of an arbitration committee owners / tenants.
« Nouveau français », « parler jeune » ou « langue des cités » ? Remarques sur un objet linguistique médiatiquement identifié
Authors: Boyer Henri
Published: November 2007

Henri Boyer : « New' French », « the language of the young », or « the language of urban developments » ? Comments on a linguistic object identified through the media.

Based on a collection of epilinguistic productions, with/without metalinguistic pretentions — press articles, mediatized works, etc. — this article examines the inscription, under various names, of a current sociolinguistic fact in the minds of the French linguistic community. The integration by codification of a generational (and social) deviance relating to the use of the French language (since the beginning of the 1980's) — a deviance concentrated more and more in city outskirts — is a phenomenon which in fact belongs to a centuries-old obsession of glottopolitical regulation.
La variation, plus qu'une écume
Authors: Gadet Françoise
Published: November 2007

Françoise Gadet : La variation, plus qu'une écume

This paper tries to establish what "syntactic variation" means, first by opposing it to "phonological variation", then by exploring some phenomena of spoken French usually regarded as being syntactic variation, and finally by asking two questions: 1) can we have, on the syntactic level, "two ways of saying the same thing" ?, and 2) is the sociolinguistic involvement going to be of the same nature ?
Les unités graphiques du français médiéval : mots et syntagmes, des représentations mouvantes et problématiques
Authors: Andrieux-Reix Nelly , Monsonego Simone
Published: November 2007

N. Andrieux-Reix, S. Monsonégo : « The Graphic Units of Medieval French : Words and Phrases, and their Shifting, Problematic Representations »

The term « sequences » is used to designate the graphic segments formed by the joining together, in writing, of grammatical and lexical elements which could just as well be written separately. Some of these sequences correspond to phrase- units ; others go beyond the limits of the phrase. Throughout the history of writing in the Middle Ages, various recurrent types of morpho-syntactic sequences can be found. Their origins may partly be explained by the Latin grammatical model, which was the only such model that was formally taught, and the only one that had any authority. It seems likely that the first attempts at codifying the spelling and the morphology of the vernacular had little effect on the use of these sequence-types ; similarly, the increasing progress of lexical awareness that can be seen from the 14th century onwards does not seem to have made these uses appear contrary to grammatical correctness : indeed, their persistence is probably due to the « normalising » effect of continued usage.
L'attribut de l'objet et les verbes de perception
Authors: Willems Dominique , Defrancq Bart
Published: November 2007

Dominique Willems et Bart Defrancq, L'attribut de l'objet et les verbes de perception

Verbs expressing perceptual processes can take different types of object complement. Since perception verbs are known to be highly polysemous there could be a correlation between complement type and verb meaning. In the case of voir one of the relevant factors appears to be the grammatical category of the object complement : verbal complements tend to confine themselves to perceptual meaning; nominal complements, on the other hand, tend to express opinion. This correlation confirms and extends earlier analyses of adjectival complements. Furthermore, there seems to be a certain correlation with the form of the object complement, nominal complements preferring to be introduced by prepositions and the like (comme). These correlations are found not only in the case of voir, but also in the case of other perception verbs, which opens interesting perspectives for further research into the semantics of these verbs.
Variation syntaxique : recherche d'invariants et étude des attitudes des locuteurs devant la norme
Authors: Deulofeu José
Published: November 2007

Variation, conceived as multiple realisations of the same linguistic unit, is not a relevant notion beyond phonology or morphology. Thus, in syntax : 1) every syntactic structure is a specific set of relations bearing a specific meaning ; 2) different speakers of the same language make different choices among the possible alternatives ; 3) they do not have the same attitude toward the normative mode of linguistic usage. These points are illustrated with examples taken from spoken French relatives and quantifiers.
Entre rhétorique et dialectique : la constitution des figures d'argumentation
Authors: Boudon Pierre
Published: November 2007

Recent theories of argumentation taught us that it was not possible to dissociate a theory of language from the principles of argumentation. The faculty of reasonning is at the core of the language in the same way as argumentation uses its resources and its implicit representations of the world to build procedures of validation for its arguments. We find here classical propositions of rhetorics, namely the notions of exemple (exemplum, paradeigma) and enthymem.

Notwithstanding the fact that it will be taken care of by speakers, this dialectic at the core of language states the problem of its conceptualization outside of the classical limits of a linguistic. This is why we propose a new direction, taking place in a wider project, based on a module named templum (plur. templa). In particular, we find again Peirce's considerations about abduction, that wider the traditional field of logics in order to integrate new processes of discovery.
Argumentation interne et argumentation externe au lexique : des propriétés différentes
Authors: Carel Marion
Published: November 2007

According to Anscombre and Ducrot, words can be described by means of argumentative discourses. In fact, there are, I believe, two kinds of relations between words and argumentative discourses. This paper aims at defining them. It aims at distinguishing the relation of indulgent and il est indulgent donc il est aimé from the relation of indulgent and elle avait commis une faute pourtant il ne l'a pas punie.

Key words: Argumentation, Lexicon, Paradox, Grading, Negation, Semantic Block.
Construction d'une base de données des collocations bilingue français-espagnol
Authors: Alonso Ramos Margarita
Published: November 2007

Our object of study is the description of collocations in French-Spanish dictionaries. We distinguish collocations from other idioms following Mel'čuk's (1995) approach. After examining the treatment of collocations in some traditional bilingual dictionaries, we propose a new model of bilingual dictionary limited to collocations.
La détermination dans les anaphores fidèles et infidèles
Authors: Le Pesant Denis
Published: November 2007

We intend to show that the selection of the determiner (le or ce) in some anaphoric phrases depends on semantical or syntactical factors having to do with the relation between antecedent and anaphora, as well as the form of the antecedent and of the anaphora itself.
An evolution of the historical origins of hypnotism prior to the twentieth century: between spirituality and subconscious
Authors: Gezundhajt Henriette
Published: November 2007

While today hypnosis is widely used as an adjunct for many therapeutic purposes, clinical as well as psychological, an embarrassing historical heritage of somewhat esoteric practices has prevented it from becoming mainstream in the fields of medicine and psychology. Today, hypnosis has been scientifically validated as a valuable adjunctive therapy. However, hypnosis has a long history, having passed through three main historical phases and currents of thinking: the ancient religiously based doctrine of the Egyptians and the Greeks as well as the medieval Christian superstitious beliefs that later gave birth to ‘spiritualism’; Mesmer's ‘fluidism’ founded on physics and nature; and finally the psychologically based ‘suggestionism’, as a premise to the study of the subconscious mind. In this study, I provide a synthesis of the history of magnetism and hypnotism. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of substrate temperature on the growth of sexiphenyl on mica(001)
Authors: Lengyel O. , Šatka A. , Haber T. , Kovač J. , Sitter H. , Resel R.
Published: November 2007

Sexiphenyl thin films were grown by Hot Wall Epitaxy on air‐cleaved mica (001) surfaces at substrate temperatures between 293 K and 440 K. For the entire temperature range, organic thin films show nano‐needle like morphology. The nano‐needles grown at low substrate temperature (293 K) are shortest, and their growth is accompanied by a simultaneous formation of flat islands which disturbs the growth of nano‐needles. On the contrary, unusually long nano‐needles with typical lengths up to the mm range evolve during the growth at a substrate temperature close to the material's thermal desorption temperature at about 440 K. X‐ray diffraction reveals two different crystalline orientations for nano‐needles in the entire temperature range. At low substrate temperatures dominantly the (11$ \bar 1 $) plane of the β‐phase is formed parallel to the mica (001) surface. At elevated temperatures another strong texture becomes dominant which is close to the (11$ \bar 2 $) crystal orientation. In contrast to this, crystallites with the preferred orientation (001) parallel to the surface of the substrate are formed at low substrate temperature (293 K). This crystal orientation can be associated with flat islands observed in the early growth stage. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrodriven methods for the enantioseparation of second‐generation antidepressant drugs: An update
Authors: Mandrioli Roberto , Raggi Maria Augusta
Published: November 2007

Second‐generation antidepressant drugs are increasingly prescribed world‐wide by psychiatrists and primary care physicians. Generally speaking, they seem to be safer than traditional tricyclic antidepressant drugs, especially in overdose. However, most of them possess stereogenic centers, thus they can exist as enantiomeric couples. Since enantiomers can have even dramatically different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, the study of antidepressant chirality is of great importance. In fact, the application of enantioselective analytical techniques can be useful both for the quality control of enantiomerically pure formulations and for the pharmacovigilance and therapeutic monitoring of patients undergoing treatment with these drugs. The high efficiency and inexpensiveness of electrodriven methods makes them a very attractive alternative to the usual chromatographic methods. This review is an update (2004–2007) of a previously published paper on recent electrodriven methods for the enantioseparation of second‐generation antidepressants. In particular, the focus has been put on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram and sertraline, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, such as mirtazapine and tetracyclic antidepressants such as mianserin, as well as on multianalyte methods.
Monocytes, but not T or B cells, are the principal target cells for dengue virus (DV) infection among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Kou Zhihua , Quinn Matthew , Chen Huiyuan , Rodrigo W.W. Shanaka I. , Rose Robert C. , Schlesinger Jacob J. , Jin Xia
Published: November 2007

A better understanding of the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome requires the precise identification of dengue virus (DV) permissive target cells. To examine the relative DV permissiveness among cell subsets, we inoculated unfractionated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with DV2‐16681 in the presence or absence of pooled DV‐immune human sera (PHS), and assessed infection with fluorescent dye labeled DV‐specific monoclonal antibody and cell surface markers using flow cytometry. We found significantly higher levels of DV antigen staining on DV‐infected than mock‐infected primary monocytes (3.54 ± 3.42% vs. 0.50 ± 0.38%; P = 0.001). The magnitude of infection was markedly enhanced in the presence of highly diluted PHS (10.04 ±  6.10% vs. 3.54 ± 3.42%; P = 0.015). Under identical experimental conditions, primary T or B cells were not infected either with or without the addition of PHS (0.06 ± 0.04% and 0.44 ± 0.22% for T and B cells, respectively). Furthermore, depletion of CD14+ monocytes prior to DV inoculation abrogated the detection of infected cells, and the addition of monoclonal antibodies to either FcγRI (CD64) or FcγRII (CD32) led to a 50–70% reduction in antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) of DV infection. Collectively, these results provide further support to the notion that primary monocytes and FcγRs expressed on these cells may be important in the initial steps of immune enhancement observed in some patients with natural DV infection. They also demonstrate that using modern experimental technology, DV infection, and neutralization and enhancement of DV infection can be easily assessed simultaneously in multiple cell types. J. Med. Virol. 80:134–146, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why use CFD for explosion studies?
Authors: Herrmann David D.
Published: November 2007

This article provides an overview showing the value of CFD for the study of explosions. Although computational fluid dynamics finds a great deal of use in solving very complex problems, its value is not limited to complex problems. Many relatively simple problems can be solved quickly and economically with the use of CFD. The intent of this article is to show industry the possibilities that exist for improving safety when the physics of explosions are better understood. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
Mechanical Deformation Induced in Si and GaN Under Berkovich Nanoindentation
Authors: Jian Sheng-Rui
Published: November 2007

Details of Berkovich nanoindentation-induced mechanical deformation mechanisms of single-crystal Si(100) and the metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD) derived GaN thin films have been systematic investigated by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) techniques. The XTEM samples were prepared by using focused ion beam (FIB) milling to accurately position the cross-section of the nanoindented area. The behaviors of the discontinuities displayed in the loading and unloading segments of the load-displacement curves of Si and GaN thin films performed with a Berkovich diamond indenter tip were explained by the observed microstructure features obtained from XTEM analyses. According to the observations of micro-Raman and XTEM, the nanoindentation-induced mechanical deformation is due primarily to the generation and propagation of dislocations gliding along the pyramidal and basal planes specific to the hexagonal structure of GaN thin films rather than by indentation-induced phase transformations displayed in Si.
Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) and heart failure: Pathophysiology and clinical implications
Authors: Hartog Jasper W.L. , Voors Adriaan A. , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Smit Andries J. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J.
Published: November 2007

Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) are molecules formed during a non‐enzymatic reaction between proteins and sugar residues, called the Maillard reaction. AGEs accumulate in the human body with age, and accumulation is accelerated in the presence of diabetes mellitus. In patients with diabetes, AGE accumulation is associated with the development of cardiac dysfunction. Enhanced AGE accumulation is not restricted to patients with diabetes, but can also occur in renal failure, enhanced states of oxidative stress, and by an increased intake of AGEs. Several lines of evidence suggest that AGEs are related to the development and progression of heart failure in non‐diabetic patients as well. Preliminary small intervention studies with AGE cross‐link breakers in heart failure patients have shown promising results. In this review, the role of AGEs in the development of heart failure and the role of AGE intervention as a possible treatment for heart failure are discussed.
Evaluation and host specificity of two seed flies Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis (Diptera: Tephritidae): biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Asteraceae) in Australia
Authors: Adair R.J. , Bruzzese A.
Published: November 2007

Larvae of the South African tephritid flies Mesoclanis polana Munro and M. magnipalpis Bezzi feed in the developing seeds of Chrysanthemoides monilifera. Host specificity evaluation using 109 plant species from 25 families indicated that complete development was restricted to their natural host C. monilifera. Minor feeding and limited development was detected on 18 species, but was of no ecological or economic significance. Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis have been released in Australia and M. polana has established and dispersed widely. Mesoclanis magnipalpis has not yet become naturalized. Parasitism of M. polana in Australia by several species of Hymenoptera has been detected, but is not expected to limit the establishment and impact of these flies.
Bionomics of Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on three host plants
Authors: Sétamou M. , Schulthess F. , Bosque-Pérez N.A. , Poehling H-M. , Borgemeister C.
Published: November 2007

Life table studies of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot, a pest of maize in Benin, showed that host plant species had a significant effect on larval survival and developmental time. The maximum percentage of larvae surviving was recorded on jackbean, Canavalia ensiformis (36%) and lowest on maize (18%). Mean developmental time for larvae was longest on maize (19.8 days) and shortest on jackbean (17.2 days). The number of eggs laid was highest for females from larvae fed on jackbean (x– = 176), followed by velvetbean, Mucuna pruriens(x– = 143), and lowest for females where larvae had fed on maize (x–= 127). Longevity of ovipositing females was higher on jackbean (5.4 days) than of those from any other host plants. According to the growth index and life table statistics, jackbean was the most suitable host plant, followed by velvetbean, and maize, the least suitable. Thus, jackbeans should be recommended for use in mass rearing programmes of M.nigrivenella, e.g. as a host for parasitoids in future biological control programmes. Because of the high suitability of jack- and velvetbeans for M.nigrivenella, planting of these increasingly important cover crops should be timed in such a manner that the emergence of female moths from mature pods does not coincide with maize plants in a suitable developmental stage for oviposition and development of young M. nigrivenella larvae.
Securing a nasopharyngeal airway
Authors: Bajaj Y , Gadepalli C , Knight L C
Published: November 2007

Objective:

The nasopharyngeal airway is a simple airway adjunct used by various healthcare professionals. It is the least invasive method of safely managing upper airway obstruction. The objective of this report was to describe a rapid and very simple method of securing a nasopharyngeal airway in an agitated patient.

Method:

We describe a simple method of securing a nasopharyngeal airway, using safety pins and tapes.

Result:

This technique has been used by the authors in several emergency situations and has been found to be quick and effective.

Conclusion:

The nasopharyngeal airway is a simple piece of equipment that is cheap and easy to use. The technique described in this article is a simple, practical and effective method of securing a nasopharyngeal airway in an emergency situation.
Specialization and physician-ownership in the US hospital industry: beyond the moratorium
Authors: CAREY KATHLEEN , BURGESS, JR JAMES F. , YOUNG GARY J.
Published: November 2007

A moratorium in the US on referrals of Medicare and Medicaid patients to new cardiac, orthopedic, or surgical specialty hospitals by physician-investors was recently lifted, yet the considerable controversy stirred by this growing hospital organizational form continues. This paper calls attention to the peculiar trade-offs introduced by entry of these specialty hospitals, and highlights distinctions among their different types. New policy approaches should be open to the notion that all physician-owned specialty hospitals need not necessarily be regulated in the same way. And caution will be required not to compromise the capacity of community general hospitals to service more complex patients and to maintain the social safety net.
Soziale Außenaktivitäten der gerontopsychiatrischen Tagesklinik Saarbrücken und deren Bedeutung im Gesamttherapierahmen
Authors: Buchholz Herbert
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung: Einleitend wird die historische Entwicklung der gerontopsychiatrischen Tagesklinik in Saarbrücken und ihres schwerpunktmäßig auf die Behandlung von Depressionen ausgerichteten Konzepts dargestellt. Danach wird die Bedeutung sozialer Außenaktivitäten im Rahmen des tagesklinischen Behandlungsprogramms aufgezeigt und am Beispiel eines spezifischen Therapiebausteins erläutert. Es wird dafür plädiert, therapeutische Aktivitäten zur Verbesserung der Selbstsicherheit und der Kontaktfähigkeit verstärkt extramural durchzuführen.
Untersuchungen zu psychopathologischen und neuropsychologischen Symptomen des Delirs
Authors: Reischies Friedel M. , Gabriel Alexander , Zerhoch Nadine , Neuhaus Andres H.
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung: Einleitung: Zwar ist ein schweres Delir nicht zu übersehen, leichtere reversible Störungen kognitiver Leistungen werden vielfach nicht diagnostiziert, treten jedoch -- besonders im höheren Lebensalter - häufiger auf. Die Frage für die vorliegende Arbeit war: Gibt es für die Alltagsdiagnostik milderer Verlaufsformen des Delirs sensitive und spezifische Symptome? Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die neuropsychologische Charakterisierung von Delirsyndromen im Alter und deliranter postiktaler Zustände bei bilateraler Elektrokrampftherapie (EKT). Methodik: 20 Patienten in einem unmittelbar nach einer EKT-Sitzung bestehenden Delirzustand mit Bewusstseinsstörung, 16 Patienten mit mindestens mittelschwerer depressiver Episode ohne EKT und 40 gesunde Kontrollpersonen wurden untersucht. Dazu kamen zwei Stichproben von gerontopsychiatrischen Patienten mit Delir bei Demenz (N = 50) und bei anderen Ursachen (N = 21). Die neuropsychologische Delir Test Batterie prüft die zeitliche Orientierung, das Lernen einer Wortliste, Buchstaben-Fluency, eine bedside working memory Aufgabe (inkrementelles Addieren) und die Zahlenspanne vorwärts. Alle Patienten wurden ca. 24 h nach der Testung hinsichtlich der Erinnerung an diese erste Testuntersuchung befragt. Ergebnisse: Die Leistungen in allen Tests der Batterie waren zwar erwartungsgemäß in den Gruppen der Patienten mit einem postiktalen Delir gestört. Der Lernzuwachs bei der Wiedergabe einer Wortliste war aber von Lerndurchgang zu Lerndurchgang unauffällig. Es ergab sich kein Unterschied in der Lernleistung zwischen den Patienten, die die Erstuntersuchung später vergessen hatten (amnestische Lücke), und denen, die sich an die Testung erinnern konnten. Diskussion: Einerseits wird die niedrige Sensitivität und Spezifität von Bewusstseinseintrübungen, Orientierungsstörungen, retrograder Amnesie und Merkfähigkeit für die Diagnose des Delirs demonstriert. Andererseits konnte in einer neuropsychologischen Testung kein qualitatives Merkmal für ein Delir dargestellt werden, d. h. Patienten im Delir weisen zwar schlechtere Leistungen, aber kein qualitativ charakteristisches Merkmal auf, insbesondere keines, dass die Differenzialdiagnose zu einer vorbestehenden Demenzsymptomatik ermöglichen könnte. Damit bleibt es schwer, bei einer schlechten kognitiven Leistung besonders eines Patienten im höheren Lebensalter zu erkennen, ob diese reversibel sein könnte, d. h. ein kognitives Delirsyndrom vorliegen könnte.
Familiale Kontexte und sozial-emotionale Entwicklung
Authors: Reichle Barbara , Gloger-Tippelt Gabriele
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Nach einem Überblick über die verschiedenen Bereiche, in denen sich die soziale Entwicklung von Kindern vollzieht, werden Befunde zu Einflussfaktoren zusammengefasst, die bei dieser Entwicklung eine bedeutsame Rolle spielen. Dieses sind vor allem Merkmale der beteiligten Instanzen (Familienmitglieder, soziales und gesellschaftliches Umfeld) und Verhaltensbereiche (Bindungssystem, Erziehungsverhalten, Elternpartnerschaft). Für die drei ausgewählten Verhaltensbereiche Bindung, Erziehungsstil und partnerschaftlicher Umgang folgt jeweils eine Darstellung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes mit Befunden zu Zusammenhängen zwischen dem jeweiligen Verhaltensbereich mit der kindlichen Sozialentwicklung. Abschließend wird dafür plädiert, das Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Instanzen und Verhaltensbereiche in längsschnittlichen Studien zu untersuchen und Beziehungen zwischen verwandten und sich überlagernden Phänomenbereichen, insbesondere der Bindung und des Erziehungsstils zu eruieren.
Intelligenzdiagnostik mit dem HAWIK-IV
Authors: Daseking Monika , Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Im Jahr 2003 erschien in den USA die Neufassung der Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Dieser Intelligenztest gehört wie die Vorgänger-Versionen weltweit zu den am häufigsten eingesetzten Testverfahren. In den vergangenen drei Jahren wurde die WISC-IV für den deutschen Sprachraum adaptiert und normiert; der Test steht als Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder - IV (HAWIK-IV) zur Verfügung. Der HAWIK-IV stellt die grundlegende Überarbeitung des HAWIK-III bzw. der WISC-III dar. Die Revision ist geprägt durch die Einführung neuer Untertests und eine stärkere Fokussierung auf die Index-Werte. Darüber hinaus bietet der Test die Möglichkeit von detaillierten Profilanalysen, um Leistungsstärken und -schwächen eines Kindes zu erfassen. Bei einigen Untertests kann darüber hinaus durch Prozessanalysen die Aufgabenbearbeitung bewertet werden. Der HAWIK-IV wurde 2005 und 2006 in Deutschland, Österreich und der deutschsprachigen Schweiz normiert.
Curcumin: potential for hepatic fibrosis therapy?
Authors: O'Connell M A , Rushworth S A
Published: November 2007

The beneficial antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory and antitumorigenic effects of curcumin have been well documented in relation to cancer and other chronic diseases. Recent evidence suggests that it may be of therapeutic interest in chronic liver disease. Hepatic fibrosis (scarring) occurs in advanced liver disease, where normal hepatic tissue is replaced with collagen‐rich extracellular matrix and, if left untreated, results in cirrhosis. Curcumin inhibits liver cirrhosis in a rodent model and exerts multiple biological effects in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which play a central role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. In response to liver injury, these cells proliferate producing pro‐inflammatory mediators and extracellular matrix. Curcumin induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation in HSCs. In addition, it inhibits extracellular matrix formation by enhancing HSC matrix metalloproteinase expression via PPARγ and suppressing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression. In this issue, Chen and co‐workers propose that curcumin suppresses CTGF expression in HSC by inhibiting ERK and NF‐κB activation. These studies suggest that curcumin modulates several intracellular signalling pathways in HSC and may be of future interest in hepatic fibrosis therapy.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 403–405; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707580; published online 26 November 2007
Cysteinyl leukotrienes mediate the enhancing effects of indomethacin and aspirin on eosinophil production in murine bone marrow cultures
Authors: Elsas P X , Queto T , Mendonça‐Sales S C , Elsas M I G , Kanaoka Y , Lam B K
Published: November 2007

Background:

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppresses, while indomethacin and aspirin enhance, eosinophil production in murine liquid bone‐marrow cultures. Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys‐LTs) enhance human eosinophil colony formation, we investigated whether the effects of indomethacin and aspirin on murine bone‐marrow were due to blockade of PGE2 production alone, or involved further promotion of cys‐LTs production/signalling.

Experimental approach:

BALB/c liquid bone‐marrow cultures were established with IL‐5, alone or associated with indomethacin, aspirin, or cys‐LTs. The effects of preventing cys‐LT production or signalling were assessed.

Key results:

Indomethacin and aspirin counteracted the suppression of eosinophil production by exogenous PGE2. LTD4, LTC4 and LTE4 enhanced IL‐5‐dependent eosinophil production and further counteracted the effect of exogenous PGE2. The 5‐lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor, MK886, a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor, zileuton, the CysLT1 receptor antagonists, MK571 and montelukast, or inactivation of the LTC4 synthase gene, abolished effects of indomethacin and aspirin. MK886 and zileuton were ineffective but MK571 and montelukast were effective, against LTD4. Indomethacin, aspirin and LTD4 failed to enhance eosinophil production in bone‐marrow from CysLT1 receptor‐deficient mice. Indomethacin, aspirin and LTD4 no longer counteracted the effects of exogenous PGE2 in the presence of MK571 and montelukast. MK886, MK571 and montelukast had no effect by themselves, or in association with PGE2.

Conclusions and implications:

Dependence on the FLAP/5‐lipoxygenase/LTC4 synthase pathway and receptor signalling shows that cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitors act here through endogenous cys‐LTs. While PGE2 does not act by suppressing cys‐LT production, cys‐LTs override PGE2 signalling. Eosinophil production is therefore coordinately regulated by both pathways.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 528–535; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707586; published online 26 November 2007
Life Cycles, Contingency, and Agency: Growth, Development, and Change in English Industrial Districts and Clusters
Authors: Popp Andrew , Wilson John
Published: November 2007

Responding to a recent special issue of Environment and Planning A on decline in mature industrial regions, the paper summarises and presents recent historical work on English industrial districts and regions. The paper argues that historical methods, informed by cognate social sciences, allow us to place the concepts of contingency and lock-in on a firmer footing. The paper presents a nondeterministic life-cycle model of industrial districts.
Employment Concentrations in Los Angeles, 1980–2000
Authors: Giuliano Genevieve , Redfearn Christian , Agarwal Ajay , Li Chen , Zhuang Duan
Published: November 2007

Are contemporary metropolitan regions becoming more dispersed? There are theoretical arguments for both concentration and dispersal. The purpose of our research is to establish an empirical base that can help us to understand the evolution of metropolitan spatial structure. Using data for the Los Angeles region from 1980, 1990, and 2000, we identify employment centers and describe spatial trends in the pattern of employment inside and outside these centers. We find: (1) a remarkable degree of stability in the system of centers; (2) an increase in the average distance of jobs from the traditional core; (3) the emergence and growth of employment centers; (4) the rapid growth of dispersed employment in outer suburbs. These trends appear to defy simple models of urban evolution and call for a more nuanced portrayal of contemporary regions and the dynamics underlying spatial organization.
Association analyses of polymorphisms in porcine MYF5 and MYOD1 genes with carcass traits
Authors: Liu M. , Peng J. , Xu D. Q. , Zheng R. , Li F. E. , Li J. L. , Zuo B. , Lei M. G. , Xiong Y. Z. , Deng C. Y. , Jiang S. W.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of polymorphisms of myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) and myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) genes on carcass traits in pigs. PCR-RFLP was used to identify three and one SNP(s) from the MYF5 and the MYOD1 gene, respectively. Association analysis performed on the four polymorphisms in a series of three Large White × Meishan F2 populations totalling near 400 pigs showed: (1) an MYF5 exon 1 Hsp92II polymorphism causing a Met→Leu substitution was significantly associated with fat meat percentage, shoulder fat thickness, thorax-waist fat thickness, average backfat thickness and carcass length to 1st rib (P < 0.05); (2) an MYF5 exon 2 MspI polymorphism and an intron 1 HaeIII polymorphism, which were completely linked, were significantly associated with thorax-waist fat thickness, 6–7th rib fat thickness and carcass length to 1st rib (P < 0.05); (3) an MYOD1 intron 1 DdeI polymorphism was significantly associated with carcass length to 1st rib.
Could increased boreal forest ecosystem productivity offset carbon losses from increased disturbances?
Authors: Kurz Werner A , Stinson Graham , Rampley Greg
Published: November 2007

To understand how boreal forest carbon (C) dynamics might respond to anticipated climatic changes, we must consider two important processes. First, projected climatic changes are expected to increase the frequency of fire and other natural disturbances that would change the forest age-class structure and reduce forest C stocks at the landscape level. Second, global change may result in increased net primary production (NPP). Could higher NPP offset anticipated C losses resulting from increased disturbances? We used the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector to simulate rate changes in disturbance, growth and decomposition on a hypothetical boreal forest landscape and to explore the impacts of these changes on landscape-level forest C budgets. We found that significant increases in net ecosystem production (NEP) would be required to balance C losses from increased natural disturbance rates. Moreover, increases in NEP would have to be sustained over several decades and be widespread across the landscape. Increased NEP can only be realized when NPP is enhanced relative to heterotrophic respiration. This study indicates that boreal forest C stocks may decline as a result of climate change because it would be difficult for enhanced growth to offset C losses resulting from anticipated increases in disturbances.
Burnout and its correlates among nursing staff: questionnaire survey
Authors: İlhan Mustafa N. , Durukan Elif , Taner Ender , Maral Işıl , Bumin Mehmet Ali
Published: November 2007

Title.  Burnout and its correlates among nursing staff: questionnaire survey

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to determine the burnout level and its correlates in nurses.

Background.  Healthcare providers and especially nurses are generally considered a high risk group regarding work stress and burnout and this syndrome has been a major concern in the field of occupational health.

Method.  The study was carried out at a university hospital in Turkey during May–June 2005. A total of 418 nurses from the 474 working at the hospital at the time (88·2%) answered a self‐administered questionnaire including the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Findings.  All the nurses were female, with a mean age of 30·6 (5·4) and a median age of 29 years. The mean score was 17·99(6·35) for the Emotional Exhaustion subscale, 5·72 (3·87) for the Depersonalization subscale and 19·83 (4·66) for the Personal Accomplishment subscale. Emotional Exhaustion decreased with increasing age (P < 0·05). Total time in the job, weekly working hours, shift‐working and the unit where employed influenced burnout scores (P < 0·05). Not being happy with relations with superiors, not finding the job suitable, feeling anxious about the future, perceived poor health, problems with personal life and financial difficulties were also factors influencing burnout scale scores (P < 0·05).

Conclusion.  It is necessary to consider nurses having the characteristics shown as the correlates of burnout in this study as a target group, to screen periodically the burnout status and improve their working conditions, especially relationships with colleagues.
Use of the HoNOSCA scale in the teamwork of inpatient child psychiatry unit
Authors: LESINSKIENE S. , SENINA J. , RANCEVA N.
Published: November 2007

The aims of this study were to introduce the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) into the clinical practice, to assess the possibilities to use HoNOSCA in the interdisciplinary teamwork of child psychiatric inpatient unit and to analyse differences in evaluation of HoNOSCA among team members scoring different diagnostic groups of children. HoNOSCA was translated into Lithuanian and team members were trained to use the scale. Inter‐rater reliabilities between various pairs of specialists and between all members of the team were calculated using intraclass correlations calculated for each item of the scale and total score. Scoring differences in children with externalized and internalized disorders between psychiatrists–psychologists versus nurses–caretakers were analysed using t‐test. The analysis showed that intraclass correlations estimates of reliability of the HoNOSCA discharge scores were highest for ratings by child psychiatrists–psychologists and nurses–caretakers. Analysis of ratings of patients with externalized and internalized disorders types showed differences in scoring disruptive/aggressive behaviours, self‐care and family relationship scales. HoNOSCA had satisfactory inter‐rater reliability in clinical multidisciplinary practice of child psychiatric inpatient unit. Implementing HoNOSCA in routine clinical practice and analysis of the rating differences among the multidisciplinary team members was useful to highlight possibilities for improvement of quality of services provided and building more constructive teamwork.
Les graines du genre Digitalis (Scrophulariacea)
Authors: Guignard Gaétan
Published: November 2007

Seeds of most species in the genus Digitalis were studied by scanning electron microscopy, with particular reference to the micromorphology of the cells of the outer layer of the seed coat as well as seed size and weight. Four types of seeds, corresponding to four of the five recognized sections of the genus (Digitalis, Macranthae, Tubiflorae, and Frutescens), were distinguishable. The fifth section, Globiflorae, shows some affinities with Tubiflorae and Frutescens. The taxonomical importance of these seeds is discussed as are similarities between groupings of seeds and phylogeny in this genus.