bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping Cropland Abandonment in the Aral Sea Basin with MODIS Time Series
Authors: Löw Fabian , Prishchepov Alexander V. , Waldner François , Dubovyk Olena , Akramkhanov Akmal , Biradar Chandrashekhar , Lamers John P. A.
Published: January 2018

Cropland abandonment is globally widespread and has strong repercussions for regional food security and the environment. Statistics suggest that one of the hotspots of abandoned cropland is located in the drylands of the Aral Sea Basin (ASB), which covers parts of post-Soviet Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran. To date, the exact spatial and temporal extents of abandoned cropland remain unclear, which hampers land-use planning. Abandoned land is a potentially valuable resource for alternative land uses. Here, we mapped the abandoned cropland in the drylands of the ASB with a time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2003–2016. To overcome the restricted ability of a single classifier to accurately map land-use classes across large areas and agro-environmental gradients, “stratum-specific” classifiers were calibrated and classification results were fused based on a locally weighted decision fusion approach. Next, the agro-ecological suitability of abandoned cropland areas was evaluated. The stratum-specific classification approach yielded an overall accuracy of 0.879, which was significantly more accurate (

p

< 0.05) than a “global” classification without stratification, which had an accuracy of 0.811. In 2016, the classification results showed that 13% (1.15 Mha) of the observed irrigated cropland in the ASB was idle (abandoned). Cropland abandonment occurred mostly in the Amudarya and Syrdarya downstream regions and was associated with degraded land and areas prone to water stress. Despite the almost twofold population growth and increasing food demand in the ASB area from 1990 to 2016, abandoned cropland was also located in areas with high suitability for farming. The map of abandoned cropland areas provides a novel basis for assessing the causes leading to abandoned cropland in the ASB. This contributes to assessing the suitability of abandoned cropland for food or bioenergy production, carbon storage, or assessing the environmental trade-offs and social constraints of recultivation.
Efficiency of Individual Tree Detection Approaches Based on Light-Weight and Low-Cost UAS Imagery in Australian Savannas
Authors: Goldbergs Grigorijs , Maier Stefan , Levick Shaun , Edwards Andrew
Published: January 2018

The reliability of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for delineating individual trees and estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) has been proven in a diverse range of ecosystems, but can be difficult and costly to commission. Point clouds derived from structure from motion (SfM) matching techniques obtained from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) could be a feasible low-cost alternative to airborne LiDAR scanning for canopy parameter retrieval. This study assesses the extent to which SfM three-dimensional (3D) point clouds—obtained from a light-weight mini-UAS quadcopter with an inexpensive consumer action GoPro camera—can efficiently and effectively detect individual trees, measure tree heights, and provide AGB estimates in Australian tropical savannas. Two well-established canopy maxima and watershed segmentation tree detection algorithms were tested on canopy height models (CHM) derived from SfM imagery. The influence of CHM spatial resolution on tree detection accuracy was analysed, and the results were validated against existing high-resolution airborne LiDAR data. We found that the canopy maxima and watershed segmentation routines produced similar tree detection rates (~70%) for dominant and co-dominant trees, but yielded low detection rates (<35%) for suppressed and small trees due to poor representativeness in point clouds and overstory occlusion. Although airborne LiDAR provides higher tree detection rates and more accurate estimates of tree heights, we found SfM image matching to be an adequate low-cost alternative for the detection of dominant and co-dominant tree stands.
Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11ah Networks With High-Throughput Bidirectional Traffic
Authors: Šljivo Amina , Kerkhove Dwight , Tian Le , Famaey Jeroen , Munteanu Adrian , Moerman Ingrid , Hoebeke Jeroen , De Poorter Eli
Published: January 2018

So far, existing sub-GHz wireless communication technologies focused on low-bandwidth, long-range communication with large numbers of constrained devices. Although these characteristics are fine for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, more demanding application requirements could not be met and legacy Internet technologies such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) could not be used. This has changed with the advent of the new IEEE 802.11ah Wi-Fi standard, which is much more suitable for reliable bidirectional communication and high-throughput applications over a wide area (up to 1 km). The standard offers great possibilities for network performance optimization through a number of physical- and link-layer configurable features. However, given that the optimal configuration parameters depend on traffic patterns, the standard does not dictate how to determine them. Such a large number of configuration options can lead to sub-optimal or even incorrect configurations. Therefore, we investigated how two key mechanisms, Restricted Access Window (RAW) grouping and Traffic Indication Map (TIM) segmentation, influence scalability, throughput, latency and energy efficiency in the presence of bidirectional TCP/IP traffic. We considered both high-throughput video streaming traffic and large-scale reliable sensing traffic and investigated TCP behavior in both scenarios when the link layer introduces long delays. This article presents the relations between attainable throughput per station and attainable number of stations, as well as the influence of RAW, TIM and TCP parameters on both. We found that up to 20 continuously streaming IP-cameras can be reliably connected via IEEE 802.11ah with a maximum average data rate of 160 kbps, whereas 10 IP-cameras can achieve average data rates of up to 255 kbps over 200 m. Up to 6960 stations transmitting every 60 s can be connected over 1 km with no lost packets. The presented results enable the fine tuning of RAW and TIM parameters for throughput-demanding reliable applications (i.e., video streaming, firmware updates) on one hand, and very dense low-throughput reliable networks with bidirectional traffic on the other hand.
Assessment of Potential Climate Change Effects on the Rice Yield and Water Footprint in the Nanliujiang Catchment, China
Authors: Yang Mingzhi , Xiao Weihua , Zhao Yong , Li Xudong , Huang Ya , Lu Fan , Hou Baodeng , Li Baoqi
Published: January 2018

The Nanliujiang catchment is one of major rice production bases of South China. Irrigation districts play an important role in rice production which requires a large quantity of water. There are potential risks on future climate change in response to rice production, agricultural irrigation water use and pollution control locally. The SWAT model was used to quantify the yield and water footprint (WF) of rice in this catchment. A combined method of automatic and manual sub-basin delineation was used for the model setup in this work to reflect the differences between irrigation districts in yield and water use of rice. We validated our simulations against observed leaf area index, biomass and yield of rice, evapotranspiration and runoff. The outputs of three GCMs (GFDL-ESM2M, IPSL-CM5A-LR and HadGEM2-ES) under three RCPs (RCP2.6, 4.5, 8.5) were fed to the SWAT model. The results showed that: (a) the SWAT model is an ideal tool to simulate rice development as well as hydrology; (b) there would be increases in rice yield ranged from +1.4 to +10.6% under climate projections of GFDL-ESM2M and IPSL-CM5A-LR but slight decreases ranged from −3.5 to −0.8% under that of HadGEM2-ES; (c) the yield and WFs of rice displayed clear differences in the catchment, with a characteristic that high in the south and low in the north, mainly due to the differences in climatic conditions, soil quality and fertilization amount; (d) there would be a decrease by 45.5% in blue WF with an increase by 88.1% in green WF, which could provide favorable conditions to enlarge irrigated areas and take technical measures for improving green water use efficiency of irrigation districts; (e) a clear rise in future grey WF would present enormous challenges for the protection of water resources and environmental pollution control in this catchment. So it should be to improved nutrient management strategies for the agricultural non-point source pollution control in irrigation districts, especially for the Hongchaojiang and Hepu irrigation districts.
Responses of Urban Land Surface Temperature on Land Cover: A Comparative Study of Vienna and Madrid
Authors: Xiao Han , Kopecká Monika , Guo Shan , Guan Yanning , Cai Danlu , Zhang Chunyan , Zhang Xiaoxin , Yao Wutao
Published: January 2018

The relationship between the land cover (LC) characteristics and the land surface temperature (LST) is significant for surface urban heat island (SUHI) study and for sustainability research. To better understand how the land surface temperature (LST) responds to LC, two urban areas, Vienna and Madrid, with different climatic conditions are selected and compared, using Landsat-8 OLI data and urban atlas data. To determine a suitable scale for analyzing the relationship between LC and LST, a correlation analysis at different sizes of spatial analytical scales is applied. To demonstrate the LC composition effects on LST, a regression analysis of the whole study area and in the specific circumstance is undertaken. The results show that: (1) In the summer, Vienna presents high temperature in the urban areas and low temperature in the surrounding rural areas, while Madrid displays the opposite appearance, being relatively cooler in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas, with the main different factors affecting elevated urban LST; (2) Suitable analytical scales are suggested in studying the LC–LST relationship between different LC characteristics in the two study areas; (3) Negative effects on the LST appear when the area of cooling sources, such as water or urban greenery, reaches 10% at a 990 × 990 m2 scale in Vienna. Built-up area is the main factor affecting elevated urban LST where such areas cover the majority at a 990 × 990 m2 scale in Madrid. These findings provide a valuable view regarding how to balance the urban surface thermal environment through urban planning.
Toxicodynamics of Mycotoxins in the Framework of Food Risk Assessment—An In Silico Perspective
Authors: Dellafiora Luca , Dall’Asta Chiara , Galaverna Gianni
Published: January 2018

Mycotoxins severely threaten the health of humans and animals. For this reason, many countries have enforced regulations and recommendations to reduce the dietary exposure. However, even though regulatory actions must be based on solid scientific knowledge, many aspects of their toxicological activity are still poorly understood. In particular, deepening knowledge on the primal molecular events triggering the toxic stimulus may be relevant to better understand the mechanisms of action of mycotoxins. The present work presents the use of in silico approaches in studying the mycotoxins toxicodynamics, and discusses how they may contribute in widening the background of knowledge. A particular emphasis has been posed on the methods accounting the molecular initiating events of toxic action. In more details, the key concepts and challenges of mycotoxins toxicology have been introduced. Then, topical case studies have been presented and some possible practical implementations of studying mycotoxins toxicodynamics have been discussed.
Vaccinia virus in Feces and Urine of Wild Rodents from São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Peres Marina , Bacchiega Thais , Appolinário Camila , Vicente Acácia , Mioni Mateus , Ribeiro Bruna , Fonseca Clóvis , Pelícia Vanessa , Ferreira Fernando , Abrahão Jonatas , Megid Jane
Published: January 2018

The origin of Vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks in Brazil remains unknown, but since the isolation of VACV in Mus musculus mice during a zoonotic outbreak affecting cattle and milkers, peridomestic rodents have been suggested to be a link between cows and wild animals. Considering that experimentally infected mice eliminate viral particles in their feces, we investigated the presence of VACV in the feces and urine of wild rodents that were captured in the forest areas surrounding milking farms in the central west region of São Paulo State. For the first time, this work reports the detection of VACV by PCR in the feces of naturally infected Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oligoryzomys nigripes, and Sooretamys angouya, and in the urine of Oligorizomys flavescens, which raises important questions about the spread of VACV by rodent feces and its potential to induce clinical infections in cows.
Near-Bed Monitoring of Suspended Sediment during a Major Flood Event Highlights Deficiencies in Existing Event-Loading Estimates
Authors: Grinham Alistair , Deering Nathaniel , Fisher Paul , Gibbes Badin , Cossu Remo , Linde Michael , Albert Simon
Published: January 2018

Rates of fluvial sediment discharge are notoriously difficult to quantify, particularly during major flood events. Measurements are typically undertaken using event stations requiring large capital investment, and the high cost tends to reduce the spatial coverage of monitoring sites. This study aimed to characterise the near-bed suspended sediment dynamics during a major flood event using a low-cost approach. Monitoring nodes consisted of a total suspended sediment (TSS) logger, a single stage sampler, and a time-lapse camera for a total cost of less than US$420. Seven nodes were deployed across an elevation gradient on the stream bank of Laidley Creek, Queensland, Australia, and two of these nodes successfully characterised the near-bed suspended sediment dynamics across a major flood event. Near-bed TSS concentrations were closely related to stream flow, with the contribution of suspended bed material dominating the total suspended load during peak flows. Observed TSS concentrations were orders of magnitude higher than historical monitoring data for this site collected using the State government event station. This difference was attributed to the event station pump inlet screening the suspended bed material prior to sample collection. The ‘first flush’ phenomenon was detected and attributed to a local resuspension of muddy crusts immediately upstream of the study site. This low-cost approach will provide an important addition to the existing monitoring of fluvial sediment discharge during flood events.
A New Type of Self Driven Door Handle
Authors: Deng Yiping , Liao Lu , Wu Chengguang , Wu Ying , Zhang Xiaoyun , Bai Junjie , Hu Gang , Zhai Yuan , Zhu Guang
Published: January 2018

In this article, authors report on a smart door handle that can efficiently collect and utilize ambient energy to power itself. A Triboelectric Nanogenerator which presents characteristics including easy fabrication, small size and light weight is embedded in the door. When begin to turn the handle, the TENG can convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy, and the power can up to 0.023W. At the same time, the internal circuit will send a single to identify the action of opening the door, and then the wireless receiver will make appropriate responses after receiving the signal. In this article, the authors designed a wireless transmission circuit to ensure that the transmitter and receiver can communicate in real time. Due to the TENG's output is AC signal which can't power the device directly, so the power management circuit was designed to process the signal. To analyze and compare the output signal, the authors designed two power management circuits. Both the circuits can convert the AC signal into the DC signal, the voltage can up to 5V and the current can up to 3mA.
Estimating Key Performance Indicators of a New Emergency Department Model
Authors: Oueida Soraia , Kadry Seifedine , Ionescu Sorin
Published: January 2018

In this article, a real-life Emergency Department (ED) is studied and analyzed in order to propose areas for improvement in its operations and patient flow. EDs are in native very busy and complex systems where medical facility treatments are provided to arriving patients without any prior appointment. ED, a 24/7 open facility, interacts with the majority of other departments of the healthcare system. Due to this complexity and unplanned nature of patient surge, simulation modeling is proven to be very effective in order to study the necessary changes needed for better performance. As a consequence of these challenges, the patient LoS (Length of Stay) and the human-resource utilization rates are increased and thus leading to staff and customer dissatisfaction which need to be addressed for better performance. An emergency department of a hospital in Lebanon is chosen for simulation using Arena software where a model is designed to match the real system. This model is then verified, validated and enhanced by proposing some modifications in the resource allocation levels. These improvements are achieved by running different scenarios using Arena Process Analyzer and suggesting an optimal solution using Arena OptQuest tool without the need of interrupting the real system.
Об особых точках решений уравнения минимальных поверхностей на множествах положительной меры
Authors: Pokrovskii Andrei Vladimirovich
Published: January 2018

Показано, что для любого компакта $K\subset\mathbb{R}^n$ ($n\ge 2$) положительной лебеговой меры и для любой ограниченной области $G\supset K$ существует функция из класса Гeльдера $C^{1, 1}(G)$, которая является решением уравнения минимальных поверхностей в $G\setminus K$ и не может быть продолжена с $G\setminus K$ на $G$ как решение этого уравнения.
Инвариантные подпространства для коммутирующих операторов в вещественном банаховом пространстве
Authors: Lomonosov Viktor Iosifovich , Shulman Viktor Semenovich
Published: January 2018

Доказано, что коммутативная алгебра $\mathcal{A}$ операторов в рефлексивном вещественном банаховом пространстве имеет инвариантное подпространство, если каждый оператор $T\in\mathcal{A}$ удовлетворяет условию $\|1-\varepsilon T^2\|_e\le 1+o(\varepsilon)$ при $\varepsilon\searrow 0$, где $\|\cdot\|_e$ - существенная норма. Отсюда следует существование инвариантного подпространства для любого коммутативного семейства существенно самосопряженных операторов в вещественном гильбертовом пространстве.
Caractérisation à haute résolution spatiale des tempêtes historiques en métropole : Application à la tempête zeus du 6 Mars 2017
Authors: Soubeyroux Jean-Michel , Dosnon Fabrice , Richon Jacques , Schneider Michel , Lassegues Pierre
Published: January 2018

Une nouvelle méthode de spatialisation des rafales de vent à la résolution de 2,5 km sur la France a récemment été développée à partir des données anémométriques, des paramètres du relief et des analyses du modèle météorologique AROME pour caractériser les évènements de tempête à haute résolution spatio-temporelle. Différents indicateurs de sévérité ont été définis pour représenter les impacts des tempêtes aux différentes échelles nationale, régionale et départementale. Grâce à une reconstitution historique débutant en 1980, une nouvelle base de données de plus de 300 tempêtes a été constituée sur la France métropolitaine et mise à disposition sur internet. Ces diagnostics disponibles en temps réel ont été appliqués pour caractériser et qualifier la tempête Zeus du 6 mars 2017. Cette base de données originale permet aussi de préciser des diagnostics sur la variabilité et les effets du changement climatique sur l’aléa tempêtes et répondre aux différents besoins du secteur des assurances.
Impacts of Antimalarial Drugs on Plasmodium falciparum Drug Resistance Markers, Western Kenya, 2003–2015
Authors: Hemming-Schroeder Elizabeth , Umukoro Emuejevuoke , Lo Eugenia , Fung Becky , Tomás-Domingo Pedro , Zhou Guofa , Zhong Daibin , Dixit Amruta , Atieli Harrysone , Githeko Andrew , Vardo-Zalik Anne , Yan Guiyun
Published: January 2018

Antimalarial drug resistance has threatened global malaria control since chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum emerged in Asia in the 1950s. Understanding the impacts of changing antimalarial drug policy on resistance is critical for resistance management. Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected from 2003 to 2015 in western Kenya and analyzed for genetic markers associated with resistance to CQ (Pfcrt), sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) (Pfdhfr/Pfdhps), and artemether–lumefantrine (AL) (PfKelch13/Pfmdr1) antimalarials. In addition, household antimalarial drug use surveys were administered. Pfcrt 76T prevalence decreased from 76% to 6% from 2003 to 2015. Pfdhfr/Pfdhps quintuple mutants decreased from 70% in 2003 to 14% in 2008, but increased to near fixation by 2015. SP “super resistant” alleles Pfdhps 581G and 613S/T were not detected in the 2015 samples that were assessed. The Pfmdr1 N86-184F-D1246 haplotype associated with decreased lumefantrine susceptibility increased significantly from 4% in 2005 to 51% in 2015. No PfKelch13 mutations that have been previously associated with artemisinin resistance were detected in the study populations. The increase in Pfdhfr/Pfdhps quintuple mutants that associates with SP resistance may have resulted from the increased usage of SP for intermittent preventative therapy in pregnancy (IPTp) and for malaria treatment in the community. Prevalent Pfdhfr/Pfdhps mutations call for careful monitoring of SP resistance and effectiveness of the current IPTp program in Kenya. In addition, the commonly occurring Pfmdr1 N86-184F-D1246 haplotype associated with increased lumefantrine tolerance calls for surveillance of AL efficacy in Kenya, as well as consideration for a rotating artemisinin-combination therapy regimen.
To evaluate the Role and Efficacy of Collagen Cross-linkage with Ultraviolet Therapy following Riboflavin Drops with Orbscan in Cases of Progressive Keratoconus
Authors: Guleria Parmod , Sharma Vikas
Published: January 2018

Aim

To evaluate the role and efficacy of collagen cross-linkage with riboflavin (C3R) in cases of progressive keratoconus.

Study design

Prospective, nonrandomized, single-center clinical study.

Materials and methods

The C3R was done in 32 eyes of 21 patients with at least 6 months of documented progression. Outcome of the procedure was measured by means of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), corneal topography with Orbscan changes in posterior best fit sphere (PBFS), ratio of anterior and posterior best fit sphere (ABFS/PBFS), astigmatic changes in central 3- and 5-mm zone, central endothelial count postcorneal C3R.

Results

Thirty-two eyes with a follow-up of 6 months were analyzed. The mean age was 19.8 years. The preoperative values on the day of treatment were compared with postoperative values after the 6-month examination. The improvement in UCVA and BSCVA was statistically significant (p = 0.02 and 0.01 respectively). The change in power for PBFS was not statistically significant (p = —0.08). There was no significant difference in corneal endothelial counts pre- and post-C3R (p = 0.058). Mean value pre-C3R for ratio of ABFS/PBFS was 1.25 ± 3.7 and post-C3R was 1.22 ± 1.8 (p = 0.00). Mean value of astigmatism in 3-mm zone pre- and post-C3R was —4.3 ± 0.98 and —3.9 ± 0.66(p = 0.046) respectively. Mean value pre-C3R for astigmatism in 5-mm zone was —4.9 ± 1.91 and post-C3R was —4.0 ± 0.82 (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

The results show a stabilization and improvement in keratoconus after C3R in Indian eyes.

How to cite this article

Guleria P, Sharma V. To evaluate the Role and Efficacy of Collagen Cross-linkage with Ultraviolet Therapy following Riboflavin Drops with Orbscan in Cases of Progressive Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2017;6(2):67-72.
Post Laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis Ectasia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barbara Adel , Busool Yumna
Published: January 2018

Purpose

To provide a comprehensive overview of ectasia development following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).

Materials and methods

Literature review of relevant studies dealing with corneal ectasia associated with refractive surgery, keratoconus (KC), and cross-linking.

Results

Post Laser-assisted (PLE) involves histopathologic, clinical, and topographic characteristics similar to KC. Several risk screening indices were developed to enhance the detection of KC suspect and mild KC cases prior to the laser procedure. A grading system of PLE was developed, based on risk factors for the severity of ectasia, primarily measured by visual loss. The aims of the treatment are halting ectasia progression and restoring visual acuity.

Conclusion

Familiarity with the highly sensitive and specific indices for ectasia screening, in addition to procedure parameters that increase the likelihood of ectasia development following the refractive procedure, is essential for minimizing the risk of PLE. However, when ectasia develops, early recognition and proper management are essential to prevent progression and improve visual rehabilitation.

How to cite this article

Busool Y, Barbara A. Post Laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis Ectasia: A Systematic Review. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2017;6(2):78-86
Employers Close the Door
Authors: Windham Lane
Published: January 2018

This chapter is about employers’ increased resistance to union organizing. It shows how mainstream employers first tried to weaken labor law by uniting in the Labor Law Reform Group. They then stepped up their efforts to bend and break the law, developing and honing a new set of techniques to fight union organizing, promulgated through the vastly expanded “union avoidance” industry. It includes a section on the labor law reform effort of 1978-79.
Conclusion
Authors: Windham Lane
Published: January 2018

The concluding chapter covers the early 1980s and explores how and why workers’ union organizing efforts in the private sector turned sharply downward in 1982 and 1983. It explores the consequences of lower unionization rates into the 21st century, such as increased economic inequality and a weakening of democracy.
Black for a Day
Authors: Gaines Alisha
Published: January 2018

In 1948, journalist Ray Sprigle traded his whiteness to live as a black man for four weeks. A little over a decade later, John Howard Griffin famously “became” black as well, traveling the American South in search of a certain kind of racial understanding. Contemporary history is littered with the surprisingly complex stories of white people passing as black, and here Alisha Gaines constructs a unique genealogy of “empathetic racial impersonation”--white liberals walking in the fantasy of black skin under the alibi of cross-racial empathy. At the end of their experiments in “blackness,” Gaines argues, these debatably well-meaning white impersonators arrived at little more than false consciousness.
Complicating the histories of black-to-white passing and blackface minstrelsy, Gaines uses an interdisciplinary approach rooted in literary studies, race theory, and cultural studies to reveal these sometimes maddening, and often absurd, experiments of racial impersonation. By examining this history of modern racial impersonation, Gaines shows that there was, and still is, a faulty cultural logic that places enormous faith in the idea that empathy is all that white Americans need to make a significant difference in how to racially navigate our society.
A Different Shade of Justice
Authors: Hinnershitz Stephanie
Published: January 2018

A Different Shade of Justice uncovers Asian Americans’ fight for civil and human rights in the American South during the twentieth century. In the Jim Crow South, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and later Vietnamese and Indians were the largest Asian populations in this region and experienced racial discrimination that was bolstered by various laws in southern states which prohibited everything from land ownership to interracial marriage. Although they made up a small portion of the total population in the South for most of the twentieth century, Asian Americans faced similar racial obstacles to obtaining their rights as African Americans including school segregation, anti-miscegenation laws, and discriminatory business practices. However, Asian immigrants’ lack of citizenship also presented unique challenges primarily seen in anti-alien land laws and constitutional amendments in Louisiana, Florida, and Arkansas that denied Asians the right to own property. Asian Americans used their unique racial and legal status as well as the Fourteenth Amendment to battle discrimination regardless of their citizenship status. They argued that southern laws defied civil as well as human rights to protection, equality, and economic wellbeing.
The Promise of Patriarchy
Authors: Taylor Ula Yvette
Published: January 2018

The patriarchal structure of the Nation of Islam (NOI) promised black women the prospect of finding a provider and a protector among the organization’s men, who were fiercely committed to these masculine roles. Black women’s experience in the NOI, however, has largely remained on the periphery of scholarship. This book documents their struggle to escape the devaluation of black womanhood while also clinging to the empowering promises of patriarchy. The author shows how, despite being relegated to a lifestyle that did not encourage working outside of the home, NOI women found freedom in being able to bypass the degrading experiences connected to labor performed largely by working-class black women and in raising and educating their children in racially affirming environments. Telling the stories of women like Clara Poole (wife of Elijah Muhammad) and Burnsteen Sharrieff (secretary to W. D. Fard, founder of the Allah Temple of Islam), the author offers a compelling narrative that explains how their decision to join a homegrown, male-controlled Islamic movement was a complicated act of self-preservation and self-love in Jim Crow America.
Funding Feminism
Authors: Johnson Joan Marie
Published: January 2018

Joan Marie Johnson examines an understudied dimension of women’s history in the United States: how a group of affluent white women from the late-nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries advanced the status of all women through acts of philanthropy. This cadre of activists included Phoebe Hearst, the mother of William Randolph Hearst; Grace Dodge, granddaughter of Wall Street “Merchant Prince” William Earle Dodge; and Ava Belmont, who married into the Vanderbilt family fortune. Motivated by their own experiences with sexism, and focusing on women’s need for economic independence, these benefactors sought to expand women’s access to higher education, promote suffrage, and champion birth control and reproductive rights as well as to provide assistance to working-class women. In a time when women still wielded limited political power, philanthropy was perhaps the most potent tool they had. But even as these wealthy women exercised considerable influence, their activism had significant limits. As Johnson argues, restrictions tied to their giving engendered resentment and jeopardized efforts to establish coalitions across racial and class lines. As the struggle for full economic and political power and self-determination for women continues today, this history reveals how generous women helped shape the movement. And Johnson shows us that tensions over wealth and power that persist in the modern movement have deep historical roots.
The Way They Lived
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

The three women furnish their cottage and share it with friends, including Earl Miller. Sara Delano Roosevelt objects to the time ER spends at the cottage. One evening in the cottage Eleanor shares intimate secrets with Marion and Nan, including her knowledge of FDR's affair with Lucy Mercer.
A Gift for Friendship
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

The chapter quotes ER's wish to be remembered for her "gift of friendship" and describes friendship with Martha Van Rensselaer and Flora Rose at Cornell school of home economics; Molly Dewson, FDR's New Dealer, and partner, Polly Porter; Esther Lupe and Elizabeth Read; Rose Schneiderman and Maud Swartz; and Elinor and Henry Morgenthau Jr. Defines ER's preference for a "threesome."
Missing Evidence
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

While Marion returns from her assignment in Europe, entertained by Anna Rosenberg, a dynamic member of the American delegation. In high spirits, she confronts Nancy at the dock, who has been weeping, unable to tell her about the talk she had had with Eleanor. Marion invites Anna home to Val-Kill and the next day they go to give a report to FDR. Nancy is left to the side. This information is based on a long interview many years later with FDR's labor secretary Frances Perkins, no admirer of Marion. The political and the personal have collided, personal jealousies have emerged, and while Eleanor continues to exchange gifts with Marion and Nancy, the closeness has changed.
Audacity: The Uprising of Women Garment Workers, 1909–1915
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: January 2018

In 1909, Schneiderman, Newman, Cohn and Lemlich helped organize the largest women’s strike in U.S. history to that date, New York’s “Uprising of the 40,000.” This chapter tells the story of that strike and follows its ripples across the U.S. as it sparked garment worker strikes in Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Kalamazoo, Chicago and Brooklyn. By the end of the decade 40% of garment workers were in unions, most of them young women and girls.
Witnessing the End of an Era: The Postwar Years and the Decline of Industrial Feminism
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: January 2018

This chapter is both an epilogue, tracing the story of the last years of Rose Schneiderman, Pauline Newman, Clara Lemlich and Fannia Cohn, and a reflection on their legacies. It examines the ways that they shaped collective memory of the early industrial labor and woman suffrage movements, of the Triangle Fire and the struggle for labor protections. Finally it examines the way the emergence of women’s history as a field renewed interest in these women’s careers and the causes to which they devoted their lives.
The Cul-de-Sac of Social Democracy
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

A history of Irving Howe and Dissent magazine is used to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the social democratic alternative that became the Left wing of the New York intellectuals during the 1950s. This is followed by an examination of the life and work of Harvey Swados, which also express the ambiguities that would render this tradition problematic during the era of new radicalization in the 1960s.
The Bitter Fruits of Anticommunism
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

The legacy of the Cold War Liberalism, to which many intellectuals were drawn, comes in for a harsh critique in this chapter. Following a look at the post-1960s political transformations of Susan Sontag and David Horowitz, the rightward movement of Norman Podhoretz, Midge Decter, Irving Kristol, Hilton Kramer, and others are tracked, along with some observations about the last days of Philip Rahv. This includes discussion of publications such as New Criterion and Commentary.
Political Amnesia
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

The career of philosopher Sidney Hook is presented as an example of the way in which the political trajectory of the New York intellectuals is frequently misunderstood. At issue are representations of the post-World War II transformation as explained by William Barrett, William Phillips, and more. Matters such as the definition of intellectuals, the significance of Trotskyism, shifting definitions of Stalinism, and the views of the author are explored.
New particle formation in the sulfuric acid–dimethylamine–water system: reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model
Authors: Kürten Andreas , Li Chenxi , Bianchi Federico , Curtius Joachim , Dias António , Donahue Neil M. , Duplissy Jonathan , Flagan Richard C. , Hakala Jani , Jokinen Tuija , Kirkby Jasper , Kulmala Markku , Laaksonen Ari , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Makhmutov Vladimir , Onnela Antti , Rissanen Matti P. , Simon Mario , Sipilä Mikko , Stozhkov Yuri , Tröstl Jasmin , Ye Penglin , McMurry Peter H.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A recent CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber study showed that
sulfuric acid and dimethylamine produce new aerosols very efficiently and
yield particle formation rates that are compatible with boundary layer
observations. These previously published new particle formation (NPF) rates
are reanalyzed in the present study with an advanced method. The results
show that the NPF rates at 1.7 nm are more than a factor of 10 faster than
previously published due to earlier approximations in correcting particle
measurements made at a larger detection threshold. The revised NPF rates agree
almost perfectly with calculated rates from a kinetic aerosol model at
different sizes (1.7 and 4.3 nm mobility diameter). In addition, modeled
and measured size distributions show good agreement over a wide range of sizes (up to
ca. 30 nm). Furthermore, the aerosol model is modified such that evaporation
rates for some clusters can be taken into account; these evaporation rates
were previously published from a flow tube study. Using this model, the
findings from the present study and the flow tube experiment can be brought
into good agreement for the high base-to-acid ratios (∼ 100)
relevant for this study. This confirms that nucleation proceeds at rates
that are compatible with collision-controlled (a.k.a.
kinetically controlled) NPF for the conditions during the
CLOUD7 experiment (278 K, 38 % relative humidity, sulfuric acid concentration between
1 × 106 and 3 × 107 cm−3, and dimethylamine
mixing ratio of ∼ 40 pptv, i.e., 1 × 109 cm−3).
Retrieval of O2(1Σ) and O2(1Δ) volume emission rates in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using SCIAMACHY MLT limb scans
Authors: Zarboo Amirmahdi , Bender Stefan , Burrows John P. , Orphal Johannes , Sinnhuber Miriam
Published: January 2018

Abstract. We present the retrieved volume emission rates (VERs) from the airglow of both the daytime and twilight O2(1Σ) band and O2(1Δ) band emissions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) onboard the European Space Agency Envisat satellite observes upwelling radiances in limb-viewing geometry during its special MLT mode over the range 50–150 km. In this study we use the limb observations in the visible (595–811 nm) and near-infrared (1200–1360 nm) bands. We have investigated the daily mean latitudinal distributions and the time series of the retrieved VER in the altitude range from 53 to 149 km. The maximal observed VERs of O2(1Δ) during daytime are typically 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than those of O2(1Σ). The latter peaks at around 90 km, whereas the O2(1Δ) emissivity decreases with altitude, with the largest values at the lower edge of the observations (about 53 km). The VER values in the upper mesosphere (above 80 km) are found to depend on the position of the sun, with pronounced high values occurring during summer for O2(1Δ). O2(1Σ) emissions show additional high values at polar latitudes during winter and spring. These additional high values are presumably related to the downwelling of atomic oxygen after large sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Accurate measurements of the O2(1Σ) and O2(1Δ) airglow, provided that the mechanism of their production is understood, yield valuable information about both the chemistry and dynamics in the MLT. For example, they can be used to infer the amounts and distribution of ozone, solar heating rates, and temperature in the MLT.
“Emerson” The Music
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: January 2018

The form of the Emerson has often been dismissed as too complex to characterize, yet it can easily be understood as an unconventional sonata-allegro form on seven themes, interrupted by eight developmental episodes. As the piece originated in an “Emerson Concerto,” the Beethoven’s Fifth motive (G-G-G-Eb) and “Emerson” theme act as ritornellos, framing devices for the originally conceived piano solos. The fact that opening material is recapitulated a helf-step higher leaves the movement open-ended, as a question the other movements will attempt to answer.
Somalis Abroad
Authors: Bjork Stephanie R.
Published: January 2018

This ethnography is the first work to consider the role of clan in the Somali diaspora and the only book that considers women’s perspectives in addition to the traditionally recognized men’s perspectives on the topic of clan. The book is based on extensive fieldwork between 2000 and 2004 in the Helsinki metropolitan area. The comments of three research participants gathered in 2015 add a collaborative dimension and bring readers up to date on changes since the fieldwork period. It marks a departure from earlier kinship studies in Somalia, informed by structural-functionalism, by employing a practice theory approach to clan. Many Somalis are embarrassed by the notion that clan in any way affects their life abroad. They routinely blame cultural insiders and outsiders for its persistence as a source of both division and association. Cultural intimacy helps explain the cultural intricacies that shape Somalis’ contestation of clan. Daily life reveals the habitual, though understated efforts to construct clan and use clan networks to access and exchange capital and exposes networks as flexible and reveals innovative configurations and uses. Somalis consider clan alongside ideas of autonomy and gender equality and affinities toward clan relatives and nonrelatives. The book was written as a pedagogical tool, incorporating anthropological concepts and immersing readers in ethnographic research methods.
Crisis
Authors: Bjork Stephanie R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how and why Somalis may use or avoid networks with local clan relatives when they face everyday crises. Somalis successful in the Finnish formal sector who display cosmopolitanism tend to desist from asking relatives and nonrelatives for help because they believe doing so will escalate into a series of endless obligations. Some such consultants forged relationships in refugee reception centers in Finland based on neighborhood or hometown rather than on clan, relationships that have endured. Other Somalis, particularly those who have little interaction with Finns and may be unemployed, consider these individuals to be exceptionally useful because they have access to capital. The chapter also shows that clanship can be set aside when Somalis face discrimination and racism.
Health Equity in Brazil
Authors: Caldwell Kia Lilly
Published: January 2018

This book highlights Brazil’s successes and challenges in its quest to provide quality healthcare to all of its citizens, particularly women and Afro-Brazilians. By exploring how health activists and policy makers have attempted to address gender and racial health inequities from the early 1980s to the mid-2010s, this book provides new insights into the Brazilian government’s efforts to meet the needs of populations that are often marginalized on the basis of race and/or gender. The methodological approach used in this book combines analysis of health activism within the women’s movement, black movement, and black women’s movement with examination of health policies and programs at the local, state, and federal level. In addition, the intersectional approach used in this project places health policies for women in dialogue with health policies for the black population. Through use of an intersectional approach that views race, gender, and class as co-occurring and inseparable aspects of identity and social experience, as well as policy formulation, this book sheds light on the effectiveness of Brazilian health policies in meeting the needs of African-descendant women in the country.
Black Post-Blackness
Authors: Crawford Margo Natalie
Published: January 2018

Black Post-Blackness compares the black avant-garde of the 1960s and 1970s Black Arts Movement with the most innovative spins of twenty-first century black aesthetics. Crawford zooms in on the 1970s second wave of the Black Arts Movement and shows the connections between this final wave of the Black Arts movement and the early years of 21st century black aesthetics. She uncovers the circle of black post-blackness that pivots on the power of anticipation, abstraction, mixed media, the global South, satire, public interiority, and the fantastic. Black Post-Blackness argues that the full innovativeness of the BAM only emerges when we recognize the movement’s full anticipation of the “beyond black art” waves of 21st century black aesthetics. The BAM has much more in common with 21st century African American literature and visual art than we often realize. The push to the mixed media, abstraction, satire, and sheer experimentation in 21st century African American literature and visual art is often framed as a push away from the narrowness of the category “black art” but it is, often, a push back to the mixed media, abstraction, satire, and experimentation in the BAM.
Epilogue
Authors: Crawford Margo Natalie
Published: January 2018

This epilogue argues that feeling black post-black leads Black Arts Movement and 21st century artists to rethink how people live and create home in liminality. Crawford compares the images of home in Mat Johnson’s novel Loving Day and Nikki Giovanni’s poetry volume My House. This epilogue draws upon Nathanial Mackey’s theory of tidalectics (the circular dialectic of black aesthetics). Crawford unveils the love, sense of home, and anticipation that shape the tidalectics of black post-blackness.
Aftermath
Authors: Kincaid Paul
Published: January 2018

The very different obituaries that followed the death of Iain Banks provide a key to the varied influences and ideas in his work, such as humanism and politics, the importance of community and the equality of women. The chapter also considers dramatizations of his work and the influence of music. The formative influence of Banks on late-century science fiction is examined, highlighting the way he shaped the new space opera and the so-called British renaissance. Critical approaches to his work are compared, before finally drawing attention to the centrality of fun in his work.
Johann Most and the German Anarchists
Authors: Goyens Tom
Published: January 2018

This essay tells the story of the first instance of a revolutionary anarchist movement in New York City, and the role of radical immigrant Johann Most in shaping and dividing the movement. This urban, immigrant movement pioneers several features that will be part of various subsequent movements and expressions of anarchism in the city. For example, Germans grounded their community in beerhalls and other meeting places in specific neighborhoods. They built cultural and recreational spaces and groups as if to live anarchism now, while advocating for it in public. The German anarchists also maintained an international profile through periodicals, and experienced the downside of ethnic insularity. Most added an ideological element when he advocated social revolution, propaganda by deed, and arming the working classes. The image of the anarchist bomb thrower was born and lingers to this day in the minds of mainstream observers.