bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 14‐Protein Signature for Rapid Identification of Poor Prognosis Stage III Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Sykes Erin K. , McDonald Cassandra E. , Ghazanfar Shila , Mactier Swetlana , Thompson John F. , Scolyer Richard A. , Yang Jean Y. , Mann Graham J. , Christopherson Richard I.
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To validate differences in protein levels between good and poor prognosis American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III melanoma patients and compile a protein panel to stratify patient risk.

Experimental design

Protein extracts from melanoma metastases within lymph nodes in patients with stage III disease with good (n = 16, >4 years survival) and poor survival (n = 14, <2 years survival) were analyzed by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Diagonal Linear Discriminant Analysis (DLDA) was performed to generate a protein biomarker panel.

Results

SRM analysis identified ten proteins that were differentially abundant between good and poor prognosis stage III melanoma patients. The ten differential proteins were combined with 22 proteins identified in our previous work. A panel of 14 proteins was selected by DLDA that was able to accurately classify patients into prognostic groups based on levels of these proteins.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The ten differential proteins identified by SRM have biological significance in cancer progression. The final signature of 14 proteins identified by SRM could be used to identify AJCC stage III melanoma patients likely to have poor outcomes who may benefit from adjuvant systemic therapy.
Investigation of Intermittent Oscillations in Composite Propellant
Authors: Selvakumaran Thunaipragasam , Kadiresh Natarajan
Published: December 2017

A pressurized window bomb arrangement for AP‐HTPB combustion is studied using high speed images to analyze for unsteady combustion, resulting in combustion instability. The base combustion is unsteady and non‐stationary. The base filtered heat release rate pattern displays intermittency, seldom observed in prior literature. The intermittency observed is of type 1, and subsequent analysis leads to questions on conventional amplitude spectra as a measure of instability. A novel indicator, the intermittency factor is defined to understand the role of intermittency. It is seen that intermittency is marked by fluctuating intermittency factor values, implying a large deviation in phase values.
Improved protein splicing using embedded split inteins
Authors: Gramespacher Josef A. , Stevens Adam J. , Thompson Robert E. , Muir Tom W.
Published: December 2017

Naturally split inteins mediate a traceless protein ligation process known as protein trans‐splicing (PTS). Although frequently used in protein engineering applications, the efficiency of PTS can be reduced by the tendency of some split intein fusion constructs to aggregate; a consequence of the fragmented nature of the split intein itself or the polypeptide to which it is fused (the extein). Here, we report a strategy to help address this liability. This involves embedding the split intein within a protein sequence designed to stabilize either the intein fragment itself or the appended extein. We expect this approach to increase the scope of PTS‐based protein engineering efforts.
From Large‐Size to Micro‐LEDs: Scaling Trends Revealed by Modeling
Authors: Konoplev Sergey S. , Bulashevich Kirill A. , Karpov Sergey Yu.
Published: December 2017

General trends in scaling dimensions of a circular‐shaped flip‐chip light‐emitting diode (LED) are studied by coupled electrical‐thermal‐optical simulations. Advanced chip design is considered, providing high efficiency of light extraction through the top surface of the LED die. The simulation model accounts for such important effects, as current crowding near metallic electrodes, thermal and non‐thermal efficiency droop caused by Auger recombination, and surface recombination at the edges of the LED active region. Interplay and competition of the mechanisms is demonstrated in a wide range of operating current densities and chip dimensions varied from tens to hundreds of micrometers. It is shown that surface recombination, which is especially important in small‐size LEDs, is the major mechanism controlling evolution of the LED characteristics under the chip size variation. The impact of surface recombination on LED characteristics is predicted to weaken at high current densities typical for operation of micro‐LEDs due to shortening of carrier life time in the active region. Advantages of micro‐LEDs are discussed on the basis of the simulations.
Effect of the GaN:Mg Contact Layer on the Light‐Output and Current‐Voltage Characteristic of UVB LEDs
Authors: Susilo Norman , Enslin Johannes , Sulmoni Luca , Guttmann Martin , Zeimer Ute , Wernicke Tim , Weyers Markus , Kneissl Michael
Published: December 2017

In order to realize UVB LEDs with high wall‐plug efficiencies, the light extraction efficiency from the LED heterostructure must be maximized and operating voltages reduced. In this study, we investigate the effect of the GaN:Mg contact layer thickness on the light‐output and current‐voltage characteristics of UVB LEDs. AlGaN‐based LED heterostructures, that are fully transparent for UVB emission except for the GaN:Mg contact layer are grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy on c‐plane sapphire substrates. From transfer line measurements, it is found that the p‐contact resistivity increases rapidly with decreasing GaN:Mg thickness and exhibits a pronounced Schottky behavior for layer thicknesses below 40 nm. At the same time, the emission power increases from 0.1 to 1.5 mW at 20 mA with decreasing GaN:Mg thickness. Ray tracing simulations of the light extraction efficiency of the UVB LEDs show that absorption in the GaN:Mg layer leads to lower emission powers for thicker GaN:Mg layers. Furthermore, with increasing GaN:Mg thickness additional losses occur due to a decrease of the internal quantum efficiency. The electro‐optical and the structural properties of the devices show that a 40 nm thick GaN:Mg contact layer is the best compromise due to the low p‐contact resistivity (0.01 Ω cm2) and at the same time still sufficient UVB‐transmission resulting in UVB LEDs with external quantum efficiencies of more than 1% and a wall plug efficiency of 0.4% (at 20 mA), measured on‐wafer.
Generation of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells in mammals
Authors: Hayashi Masafumi , Kawaguchi Takamasa , Durcova‐Hills Gabriela , Imai Hiroshi
Published: December 2017

Background

The germ cell lineage transmits genetic and epigenetic information to the next generation. Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the early embryonic precursors of sperm or eggs, have been studied extensively. Recently, in vitro models of PGC induction have been established in the mouse. Many attempts are reported to enhance our understanding of PGC development in other mammals, including human.

Methods

Here, original and review articles that have been published on PubMed are reviewed in order to give an overview of the literature that is focused on PGC development, including the specification of in vivo and in vitro in mice, human, porcine, and bovine.

Results

Mammalian PGC development, in vivo and in vitro, have been studied primarily by using the mouse model as a template to study PGC specification in other mammals, including human, porcine, and bovine.

Conclusion

The growing body of published works reveals similarities, as well as differences, in PGC establishment in and between mouse and human.
The Influence of Cold Caustic Extraction on the Purity, Accessibility and Reactivity of Dissolving‐Grade Pulp
Authors: Dou Xiaoli , Tang Yong
Published: December 2017

Prehydrolysis and cold caustic extraction (CCE) are two effective approaches to convert the traditional Kraft pulp to a dissolving‐grade pulp. Compared to prehydrolysis, CCE has several positive attributes but reduces final pulp reactivity. To gain insight into the factors that influence the reactivity of CCE treated cellulose, we compared the surface morphology, supramolecular properties and fibre properties of commercial dissolving pulp from prehydrolysis to dissolving grade cellulose upgraded using CCE. CCE treatment promoted the fibril aggregation and modified the initial cellulose I on Kraft pulps to cellulose II, thus decreasing final pulp reactivity. Various “post‐treatments” such as mechanical refining, steam explosion, induction of fibre kink and curl, sulfuric acid hydrolysis and endoglucanase hydrolysis effectively recover the reactivity lost during the production of dissolving pulp cellulose using a CCE step. Mechanical refining combined with endoglucanase treatment had the greatest effect increasing the reactivity from 32% to 75%.
Visual Detection of Leishmania donovani and Leptomonas seymouri in Co–Infected Samples by Their Specific DNA Biomarker and Gold Nanoparticle
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Bose Partha Pratim
Published: December 2017

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal tropical disease that often relapses in apparently recovered patients as post kalaazar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in Indian subcontinent. Recently, the co‐infection of Leishmania donovani and another tripanosmatid, Leptomonas seymouri has been reported in VL and PKDL in this region. The coexistence of Leishmania imposter, Leptomonas in the clinical isolates and its follow up cultures has been challenging in immunological and vaccine development research against leishmaniasis, where maintenance of pure Leishmania culture is a prerequisite. The impact of this newly observed parasitic co‐habitation in diagnosis and management of VL and PKDL is yet to be ascertained. However, an early detection of this emerging co‐infection has become intriguing for research and medical management of the disease. Internal transcribed spacer‐1 (ITS‐1), in which Leishmania and Leptomonas differ in sequences, were used as the specific markers in the current assay. The color of gold nanoparticle visually got changed as target DNA isolated from either of the species interacted with designed, species‐specific oligonucleotide probes added externally. The current colorimetric assay to detect the co‐infection of Leishmania and Leptomonas is a robust, sensitive, high throughput, low cost and rapid method requiring no sophisticated instruments.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spirocyclopropane‐Linked Pyrazolones from Azomethine Ylides via C(sp3)‐H Activation
Authors: Yavari Issa , Naeimabadi Maryam , Sheykhahmadi Jamil , Bahemmat Samira , Halvagar Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2017

A novel synthesis of spirocyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazolin‐5′‐one derivatives via iodine‐mediated C(sp3)–H activation is described. Thus, a diastereoselective synthesis of spirocyclopropane‐linked pyrazolones from 4‐arylidene‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenylpyrazolin‐5‐ones and azomethine ylides, generated in situ from iodine‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐methylquinoline or acetophenones with pyridine in the presence of base, has been developed. These transformations proceeded via a cyclopropanation reaction followed by anti‐elimination of pyridine. Unequivocal evidence for the structures of spirocycles rac‐anti‐5 a and rac‐anti‐12 a were obtained from single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. These methods offer several advantages, such as being inexpensive, moderate to high yield, high atom economy, and ease of product isolation, which make them attractive processes for the synthesis of spirocyclopropane‐linked pyrazolones. The spirans reported in this work may deserve further attention not only from a synthetic but also from a pharmacological point of view.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoclay‐Reinforced Trifunctional “Bioresin‐Modified” Epoxy Blends Enhanced with Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Kumar Sudheer , Samal Sushanta K. , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: December 2017

Epoxy/TEIA clay nanocomoposite was synthesized from renewable resource based itaconic acid trifunctional bioresin (TEIA) reinforced with Cloisite 93 A nanoclay (C93 A), which was further cured with an anhydride curing agent and 2‐methylimidazole as a catalyst. From the mechanical strength it was observed the tensile strength of virgin epoxy 42.94 MPa enhanced to 70.26 MPa with the incorporation of 2.5 wt% C93 A. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermal analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that epoxy/30%TEIA with 2.5 wt% organoclay content revealed improvement of the thermal stability and storage modulus. Epoxy/30%TEIA/2.5%C93 A showed raised surface hydrophilicity and increased the wetting energy with increasing clay content. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studied corroborated that exfoliated formation within the organoclays in the nanocomposites.
Facile Fabrication of Metal Ions‐Incorporated Chitosan/β‐Cyclodextrin Composites for Effective Removal of Oil from Oily Wastewater
Authors: Elanchezhiyan Sellamuthu Selva Dasarathan , Meenakshi Sankaran
Published: December 2017

In this study, metal ions incorporated cyclodextrin functionalized chitosan were synthesized by a simple one‐pot method which was employed to adsorb the oil droplets from oily wastewater. Adsorption behavior of oil molecules were investigated with binary biopolymer acting as a host‐guest interaction. The synthesized composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat of combustion. The oil adsorption capacity was studied as a function of various parameters such as contact time, pH of the medium, dose of the adsorbent, initial oil concentration, and temperature. pH plays a prominent role in oil adsorption process, as demulsification takes place in acidic medium. The prepared hybrid composites were successfully utilized to remove the oil molecules from oily wastewater. The adsorption data which followed the Langmuir isotherm model and thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (▵G°), standard enthalpy (▵H°) and standard entropy (▵S°) indicated that the adsorption of oil molecules onto the prepared hybrid composites were feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature at 30 to 50 °C. Thus, the experimental results presented herein indicate that the prepared hybrid composites can be used as the potential adsorbent for the recovery of oil from oily wastewater.
A Stable Cross‐Linked Binder Network for SnO2 Anode with Enhanced Sodium‐Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Wei Yanjie , Wang Zhijie , Ye Heng , Mou Jian , Lei Danni , Liu Yong , Lv Wei , Li Baohua , Kang Feiyu , He Yan‐Bing
Published: December 2017

Stable binder network of anode is essential for the enhanced cycling performance of lithium ion battery electrode especially for SnO2 anode, which has a big volume expansion/shrink during cycling. Here, we designed a cross‐linked polymer adhesive networks for SnO2 anode of sodium‐ion battery by utilizing esterification reaction of PAA (Polyacrylic acid) and SS (soluble starch). The cross‐linked adhesive networks can effectively enhance the contact between conductive agent and SnO2 particles, meanwhile serve as a buffer matrix of the expansion of SnO2 during cycling and a protecting layer to reduce the contact of SnO2 anode and electrolyte. As a result, a stable specific capacity of 370 mA h g−1 of the PAA‐SS@SnO2 anode was obtained at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles, while the specific capacity of PVDF@SnO2 anode is only 200 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles. This cross‐linked adhesive networks present an effective and universal approach for application of pure SnO2 as high performance anode of sodium ion batteries.
Characterization of Membrane Patch‐Ion Channel Probes for Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy
Authors: Shi Wenqing , Zeng Yuhan , Zhu Cheng , Xiao Yucheng , Cummins Theodore R. , Hou Jianghui , Baker Lane A.
Published: December 2017

Integration of dual‐barrel membrane patch‐ion channel probes (MP‐ICPs) to scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) holds promise of providing a revolutionized approach of spatially resolved chemical sensing. A series of experiments are performed to further the understanding of the system and to answer some fundamental questions, in preparation for future developments of this approach. First, MP‐ICPs are constructed that contain different types of ion channels including transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels to establish the generalizability of the methods. Next, the capability of the MP‐ICP platforms in single ion channel activity measurements is proved. In addition, the interplay between the SICM barrel and the ICP barrel is studied. For ion channels gated by uncharged ligands, channel activity at the ICP barrel is unaffected by the SICM barrel potential; whereas for ion channels that are gated by charged ligands, enhanced channel activity can be obtained by biasing the SICM barrel at potentials with opposite polarity to the charge of the ligand molecules. Finally, a proof‐of‐principle experiment is performed and site‐specific molecular/ionic flux sensing is demonstrated at single‐ion‐channel level, which show that the MP‐ICP platform can be used to quantify local molecular/ionic concentrations.
Advances in Non‐Fullerene Acceptor Based Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fu Huiting , Wang Zhaohui , Sun Yanming
Published: December 2017

Ternary blend organic solar cells integrating multiple donor or acceptor materials in one photoactive layer have emerged as a promising strategy to simultaneously improve all device parameters compared with traditional binary solar cells. Recently, a large number of high‐performance non‐fullerene acceptor materials have been developed. Their preeminent advantages, such as strong light absorption ability and the tunability of optoelectronic properties, make them a compelling choice for fabricating ternary organic solar cells. Thus far, the state‐of‐the‐art efficiency of ternary blend system containing non‐fullerene acceptor has reached over 12%, and shows great potential in further improving the photovoltaic performance of the organic solar cells. In this review, we first describe the possible operation mechanisms in ternary systems and then primarily summarize the major achievements in different types of ternary systems based on non‐fullerene acceptors over the past few years. In the end, we conclude with the summary and prospects of non‐fullerene acceptor based organic ternary solar cells.
Alpha-Klotho Enrichment in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Secretome Contributes to Antioxidative Protection in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Gazdhar Amiq , Ravikumar Priya , Pastor Johanne , Heller Manfred , Ye Jianfeng , Zhang Jianning , Moe Orson W. , Geiser Thomas , Hsia Connie C. W.
Published: December 2017

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been reported to alleviate organ injury, although the mechanisms of action remain unclear and administration of intact cells faces many limitations. We hypothesized that cell-free conditioned media (CM) containing the secretome of iPSCs possess antioxidative constituents that can alleviate pulmonary oxidant stress damage. We derived iPSCs from human dermal fibroblasts and harvested the CM. Addition of iPSC CM to cultured human alveolar type-1 epithelial cells mitigated hyperoxia-induced depletion of endogenous total antioxidant capacity while tracheal instillation of iPSC CM into adult rat lungs enhanced hyperoxia-induced increase in TAC. In both the in vitro and in vivo models, iPSC CM ameliorated oxidative damage to DNA, lipid, and protein, and activated the nuclear factor (erythroid 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) network of endogenous antioxidant proteins. Compared with control fibroblast-conditioned or cell-free media, iPSC CM is highly enriched with αKlotho at a concentration up to more than 10-fold of that in normal serum. αKlotho is an essential antioxidative cell maintenance and protective factor and an activator of the Nrf2 network. Immunodepletion of αKlotho reduced iPSC CM-mediated cytoprotection by ∼50%. Thus, the abundant αKlotho content significantly contributes to iPSC-mediated antioxidation and cytoprotection. Results uncover a major mechanism of iPSC action, suggest a fundamental role of αKlotho in iPSC maintenance, and support the translational potential of airway delivery of cell-free iPSC secretome for protection against lung injury. The targeted cell-free secretome-based approach may also be applicable to the amelioration of injury in other organs.
Using Genetic and Phenotypic Comparisons to Evaluate Apparent Segregation among Kokanee Spawning Groups
Authors: Whitlock Steven L. , Campbell Matthew R. , Quist Michael C. , Dux Andrew M.
Published: December 2017

Genetic and phenotypic traits of spatially and temporally segregated kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka spawning groups in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, were compared to test for evidence of divergence on the basis of ecotype (stream spawners versus shoreline spawners) and spawn timing and to describe morphological, life history, and reproductive variation within and among groups. Early and late spawning runs were found to be reproductively isolated; however, there was no clear evidence of genetic differentiation between ecotypes. Spawning groups within the same ecotype differed in length, age distribution, mean length at age, fecundity, and egg size. Variation in reproductive attributes was due primarily to differences in length distributions. Larger‐bodied shore‐spawning kokanee were located in areas where egg survival is known to be enhanced by downwelling, suggesting that the distribution of shore‐spawning kokanee may be partly structured by competition for spawning habitats with groundwater influence. This study contributes to other research indicating that introduced kokanee populations are unlikely to undergo adaptive divergence if they have a history of population fluctuations and are supplemented regularly.
Prenatal diagnostic testing and atypical chromosome abnormalities following combined first‐trimester screening: implications for contingent models of non‐invasive prenatal testing
Authors: Lindquist A. , Poulton A. , Halliday J. , Hui L.
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To investigate by means of a population‐based analysis of a cohort of women who underwent combined first‐trimester screening (CFTS), changes in uptake of invasive prenatal diagnosis according to risk of trisomy 21 (T21) on CFTS, and prevalence and methods for ascertainment of atypical chromosome abnormalities.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using state‐wide prenatal datasets from Victoria, Australia. A three‐step approach was taken to analyze the data: (1) linkage of records between serum screening and diagnostic results; (2) comparison of rates of diagnostic testing according to CFTS T21 risk result category in a 2014–2015 cohort with those of a historical 2002–2004 cohort; (3) detailed analysis of atypical abnormalities in the 2014–2015 group according to CFTS T21 risk result, individual serum analyte level and other indications for invasive diagnostic testing.

Results

In 2014–2015, there were 100 418 CFTS results issued for 146 776 births (68.4%). The overall prevalence of atypical chromosome abnormalities in the entire CFTS cohort was 0.10% and was highest in those with CFTS T21 risk > 1 in 10 (4.6%), or serum analyte levels < 0.2 multiples of the median (MoM) (6.9% for pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and 5.2% for beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG)). Almost half (49.2%) of women with PAPP‐A < 0.2 MoM had a risk for T21 on CFTS of less than 1 in 100. The majority (55%) of atypical abnormalities occurred in women with CFTS T21 risk below 1 in 300, and were most commonly detected on ultrasound examination (47.1%).

Conclusion

Concerns regarding missed diagnoses of atypical chromosome abnormalities when non‐invasive prenatal testing is offered after a result of high risk on CFTS can be mitigated if invasive diagnostic testing is offered to those women with CFTS T21 risk of > 1 in 100, serum PAPP‐A or β‐hCG < 0.2 MoM, or ultrasound‐detected abnormality. This has implications for contingent models of screening. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prelabor screening for intrapartum fetal compromise in low‐risk pregnancies at term: cerebroplacental ratio and placental growth factor
Authors: Bligh L. N. , Alsolai A. A. , Greer R. M. , Kumar S.
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To determine the screening performance of low fetal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), a marker of fetal adaptation to suboptimal growth, and maternal placental growth factor (PlGF) level, both in isolation and in combination, for the prediction of Cesarean section (CS) for intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC) and composite adverse neonatal outcome (CANO).

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study in low‐risk women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancy from 36 weeks' gestation to delivery. CPR and PlGF were assessed fortnightly and intrapartum and neonatal outcomes were recorded. CPR and PlGF values from the final assessment for each woman were corrected for gestational age and assessed for screening performance, firstly as continuous variables and then as binary predictors.

Results

Of the 264 women who consented to participate in the study, 207 were included in the final analysis. Seven pregnancies required CS for IFC and 38 had CANO. Pregnancies delivered by CS for IFC had lower CPR and PlGF centiles than those in all other pregnancies. Pregnancies with CANO had a lower PlGF centile. The greatest areas under the receiver–operating characteristics curves (AUCs) for the prediction of CS for IFC (0.92; 95% CI, 0.86–0.97) and CANO (0.64; 95% CI, 0.54–0.74) were achieved by a combination of CPR 20th and PlGF 33rd centile thresholds. This produced sensitivities, specificities and positive likelihood ratios for the prediction of CS for IFC of 100%, 86% and 7.14, respectively, and 34.2%, 87.0% and 2.63, respectively, for the prediction of CANO. There was no statistical difference in the AUC for CS for IFC between the combined model and when CPR was used alone, or for CANO between the combined model and CPR or PlGF in isolation.

Conclusions

This pilot proof‐of‐concept study describes the screening performance of CPR and maternal PlGF level for CS for IFC in low‐risk women from 36 weeks' gestation. It was found that CPR and maternal PlGF improved the overall predictive utility for CS for IFC, as well as that for CANO. However, given the lack of significant difference between the combined model and its individual components, it is debatable whether the combined model is a superior screening test. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Strontium isotopes are consistent with low‐elevation foraging limits for Henst's goshawk
Authors: Crowley Brooke E. , Slater Philip A. , Arrigo‐Nelson Summer J. , Baden Andrea L. , Karpanty Sarah M.
Published: December 2017

Apex predators play critical roles in the ecosystems they inhabit. Unfortunately, little is known about movement patterns for many species. This information is critical for evaluating vulnerability to habitat loss and the adequacy of existing or proposed protected areas. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) in prey remains reflect the geology where individuals lived and were killed, and can be used to identify foraging ranges for predators. We tested the degree to which 87Sr/86Sr in consumed lemurs (Lemuroidea) can be used to track foraging ranges for Henst's goshawk (Accipiter henstii) at Ranomafana National Park (RNP), eastern Madagascar, Africa. This large‐bodied endemic accipiter is sparsely distributed and rarely observed outside of forest or at elevations >1,200 m. A geologic boundary divides lower and higher elevations at RNP: Precambrian migmatite is at lower elevations within and to the east of RNP and Precambrian metasediments are limited to higher elevations in southwestern RNP. We collected foliage from trees and understory plants to establish 87Sr/86Sr for both geologies, and remains from 19 depredated lemurs from 4 hawk nests located along the eastern edge of RNP. Leaves from metasediments have greater 87Sr/86Sr than leaves from migmatite. 87Sr/86Sr for lemur bones suggests that 18 of the 19 predated individuals came from forests underlain by migmatite. Thus, strontium isotope data suggest that Henst's goshawk primarily hunted on migmatite at RNP, which supports a growing body of evidence that this species forages at elevations below approximately 1,200 m. Most reserves in eastern Madagascar protect forest at higher elevations. Conserving remaining forest and revegetating denuded land at lower elevations will likely be critical for survival of this species. Understanding mobility patterns is crucial for managing predator populations. Isotopic analysis of prey is a noninvasive method for monitoring foraging ranges that complements existing approaches. This geochemical tool is readily adaptable to other systems and species. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Carbon Aerogels Synthesizd with Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a Catalyst and its Application for CO2 Capture
Authors: Liu Qing , He Pingping , Qian Xingchi , Fei Zhaoyang , Zhang Zhuxiu , Chen Xian , Tang Jihai , Cui Mifen , Qiao Xu
Published: December 2017

A series of carbon aerogels were synthesized by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a catalyst. The structure and properties of carbon aerogels were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and N2 adsorption‐desorption technologies. Besides, the CO2 capture behavior of carbon aerogels was also investigated. It was found that the amount of CTAB affected the structure and morphology of carbon aerogels, thus influenced the CO2 adsorption behavior. The sample CA‐125 (the ratio of resorcinol and CTAB is 125) had the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (63.71 cm3·g–1 at 1 bar and 24.14 cm3·g–1 at 0.15 bar) at 25 °C. In addition, the higher CO2 adsorption capacity was ascribed to the higher surface area, pore volume and appropriate pore size, as well as the more defects over carbon aerogels.
Component Placement Accuracy in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty is Improved with Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Will it Have an Effect on Outcomes?
Authors: Rauck Ryan C. , Blevins Jason L. , Cross Michael B.
Published: December 2017

Bell et al.'s “Improved Accuracy of Component Positioning with Robotic-Assisted Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Data from a Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study” compared the accuracy of a robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) using the MAKO Robotic Interactive Orthopedic Arm (RIO) system to a conventional UKA using standardized instrumentation. This review examines the authors’ findings and their relevance to clinical practice. Bell et al. conclude that the MAKO RIO system leads to more accurate implantation of both the tibial and femoral components in UKA in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. This well-designed, level I study suggests what many arthroplasty surgeons assume about robotic assistance, which admittedly is of unknown clinical significance at this time. Evaluating this article in the context of the current literature provides valuable insight into areas in need of future investigation. The effect of implant positioning on long-term clinical outcomes and implant survivorship remains unclear. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the role of robotic-assisted arthroplasty in the future.
The aged rhesus macaque manifests Braak stage III/IV Alzheimer's‐like pathology
Authors: Paspalas Constantinos D. , Carlyle Becky C. , Leslie Shannon , Preuss Todd M. , Crimins Johanna L. , Huttner Anita J. , van Dyck Christopher H. , Rosene Douglas L. , Nairn Angus C. , Arnsten Amy F.T.
Published: December 2017

Introduction

An animal model of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease is needed to research what causes degeneration in the absence of dominant genetic insults and why the association cortex is particularly vulnerable to degeneration.

Methods

We studied the progression of tau and amyloid cortical pathology in the aging rhesus macaque using immunoelectron microscopy and biochemical assays.

Results

Aging macaques exhibited the same qualitative pattern and sequence of tau and amyloid cortical pathology as humans, reaching Braak stage III/IV. Pathology began in the young‐adult entorhinal cortex with protein kinase A‐phosphorylation of tau, progressing to fibrillation with paired helical filaments and mature tangles in oldest animals. Tau pathology in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex paralleled but lagged behind the entorhinal cortex, not afflicting the primary visual cortex.

Discussion

The aging rhesus macaque provides the long‐sought animal model for exploring the etiology of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease and for testing preventive strategies.
Ocean access beneath the southwest tributary of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Schroeder Dustin M. , Hilger Andrew M. , Paden John D. , Young Duncan A. , Corr Hugh F. J.
Published: December 2017

The catchments of Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier in the Amundsen Sea Embayment are two of the largest, most rapidly changing, and potentially unstable sectors of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. They are also neighboring outlets, separated by the topographically unconfined eastern shear margin of Thwaites Glacier and the southwest tributary of Pine Island Glacier. This tributary begins just downstream of the eastern shear margin and flows into the Pine Island ice shelf. As a result, it is a potential locus of interaction between the two glaciers and could result in cross-catchment feedback during the retreat of either. Here, we analyze relative basal reflectivity profiles from three radar sounding survey lines collected using the UTIG HiCARS radar system in 2004 and CReSIS MCoRDS radar system in 2012 and 2014 to investigate the extent and character of ocean access beneath the southwest tributary. These profiles provide evidence of ocean access ~12 km inland of the 1992–2011 InSAR-derived grounding line by 2014, suggesting either retreat since 2011 or the intrusion of ocean water kilometers inland of the grounding line.
Evidence for Cholinergic Dysfunction in Autosomal Dominant Kufs Disease
Authors: Jarrett Pamela , Easton Alexander , Rockwood Kenneth , Dyack Sarah , McCollum Alexander , Siu Victoria , Mirsattari Seyed M. , Massot-Tarrús Andreu , Beis M. Jill , D’Souza Nolan , Darvesh Sultan
Published: December 2017

Objective: Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders in which abnormal lipopigments form lysosomal inclusion bodies in neurons. Kufs disease is rare, and clinical symptoms include seizures, progressive cognitive impairment, and myoclonus. Most cases of Kufs disease are autosomal recessive; however, there have been a few case reports of an autosomal dominant form linked to mutations within the DNAJC5 gene. Methods: We describe a family with Kufs disease in which the proband and three of her four children presented with cognitive impairment, seizures, and myoclonus. Results: Genetic testing of all four children was positive for a c.346_348delCTC(p.L116del) mutation in the DNAJC5 gene. The proband brain had an abundance of neuronal lipofuscin in the cerebral cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum. There were no amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the cholinergic neurons and cholinergic projection fibers were spared, but there was a profound loss of choline acetyltransferase within the caudate, putamen, and basal forebrain. This suggests a loss of choline acetyltransferase as opposed to a loss of the neurons. Conclusions: This report describes the clinical history of autosomal dominant Kufs disease, the genetic mutation within the DNAJC5 gene, and the neuropathological findings demonstrating depletion of choline acetyltransferase in the brain.
Wilder Penfield, Sir Arthur Currie, and the Montreal Neurological Institute
Authors: Sadler R. Mark
Published: December 2017

Wilder Penfield and the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) are inextricably linked. It was Penfield’s unique idea to create a building with an academic atmosphere wherein basic neuroscience and clinical care of neurological patients would benefit from interaction and mutual support. It is clear that without Penfield that there would be no MNI; however, the role of another Canadian icon, Sir Arthur Currie, in the development of the MNI has heretofore been barely mentioned. The thesis of this paper is that Currie had a critical role in the gestation of the MNI that has generally been ignored.
Mental health service user experiences of targeted violence and hostility and help-seeking in the UK: a scoping review
Authors: Carr Sarah , Holley Jessica , Hafford-Letchfield Trish , Faulkner Alison , Gould Dorothy , Khisa Christine , Megele Claudia
Published: December 2017

Background.

The aim of this research scoping review was to assemble an evidence base for the UK on mental health service user experiences and perspectives on mental health-related targeted violence and hostility (‘disability hate crime’). It also aims to address some of the gaps in the knowledge on risk management, help-seeking and prevention from the perspectives of those who experienced targeted violence and hostility because of their mental health problems or psychiatric status.

Methods.

Seven key mental health and social care bibliographic databases were searched for relevant UK research studies from 1990 until 2016. Grey literature was identified through online searches. A scoping review charting approach and thematic analysis methodology were used to analyse the studies.

Results.

In total 13 studies were finally included, over half of which used survey methods. All studies included people with experiences of mental health problems. The studies provide information on: the types of potential hate crime; indicate where incidents take place; give some insight into the victims’ relationship with the perpetrators; the location of incidents as well as the psychological, social, financial and physical impacts on the victim; the types of help-seeking behaviours adopted by the victims; a range coping strategies that people with mental health problems adopted in response to experiences of targeted violence or abuse.

Conclusion.

This scoping review provides a UK-based overview of mental health service user concepts and experiences of mental health-related targeted violence and hostility (‘disability hate crime’). It reveals some specific issues relating to mental health and disability hate crime. Further investigation into disability hate crime with a specific focus on mental health is required. This is a UK-based overview, which offers a useful comparator for researchers, practitioners and policy-makers internationally.
Aerodynamic noise from rigid trailing edges with finite porous extensions
Authors: Kisil A. , Ayton L. J.
Published: December 2017

This paper investigates the effects of finite flat porous extensions to semi-infinite impermeable flat plates in an attempt to control trailing-edge noise through bio-inspired adaptations. Specifically the problem of sound generated by a gust convecting in uniform mean steady flow scattering off the trailing edge and the permeable–impermeable junction is considered. This set-up supposes that any realistic trailing-edge adaptation to a blade would be sufficiently small so that the turbulent boundary layer encapsulates both the porous edge and the permeable–impermeable junction, and therefore the interaction of acoustics generated at these two discontinuous boundaries is important. The acoustic problem is tackled analytically through use of the Wiener–Hopf method. A two-dimensional matrix Wiener–Hopf problem arises due to the two interaction points (the trailing edge and the permeable–impermeable junction). This paper discusses a new iterative method for solving this matrix Wiener–Hopf equation which extends to further two-dimensional problems, in particular those involving analytic terms that exponentially grow in the upper or lower half-planes. This method is an extension of the commonly used ‘pole removal’ technique and avoids the need for full matrix factorisation. Convergence of this iterative method to an exact solution is shown to be particularly fast when terms neglected in the second step are formally smaller than all other terms retained. The new method is validated by comparing the iterative solutions for acoustic scattering by a finite impermeable plate against a known solution (obtained in terms of Mathieu functions). The final acoustic solution highlights the effects of the permeable–impermeable junction on the generated noise, in particular how this junction affects the far-field noise generated by high-frequency gusts by creating an interference to typical trailing-edge scattering. This effect results in partially porous plates predicting a lower noise reduction than fully porous plates when compared to fully impermeable plates.
Roughness-induced transition by quasi-resonance of a varicose global mode
Authors: Bucci M. A. , Puckert D. K. , Andriano C. , Loiseau J.-Ch. , Cherubini S. , Robinet J.-Ch. , Rist U.
Published: December 2017

The onset of unsteadiness in a boundary-layer flow past a cylindrical roughness element is investigated for three flow configurations at subcritical Reynolds numbers, both experimentally and numerically. On the one hand, a quasi-periodic shedding of hairpin vortices is observed for all configurations in the experiment. On the other hand, global stability analyses have revealed the existence of a varicose isolated mode, as well as of a sinuous one, both being linearly stable. Nonetheless, the isolated stable varicose modes are highly sensitive, as ascertained by pseudospectrum analysis. To investigate how these modes might influence the dynamics of the flow, an optimal forcing analysis is performed. The optimal response consists of a varicose perturbation closely related to the least stable varicose isolated eigenmode and induces dynamics similar to that observed experimentally. The quasi-resonance of such a global mode to external forcing might thus be responsible for the onset of unsteadiness at subcritical Reynolds numbers, hence providing a simple explanation for the experimental observations.
Turbulence strength in ultimate Taylor–Couette turbulence
Authors: Ezeta Rodrigo , Huisman Sander G. , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef
Published: December 2017

We provide experimental measurements for the effective scaling of the Taylor–Reynolds number within the bulk $\mathit{Re}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\mathit{bulk}}$, based on local flow quantities as a function of the driving strength (expressed as the Taylor number $\mathit{Ta}$), in the ultimate regime of Taylor–Couette flow. We define $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},bulk}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{bulk}(u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}))^{2}(15/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{bulk}))^{1/2}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{bulk}(u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}})$ is the bulk-averaged standard deviation of the azimuthal velocity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{bulk}$ is the bulk-averaged local dissipation rate and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ is the liquid kinematic viscosity. The data are obtained through flow velocity field measurements using particle image velocimetry. We estimate the value of the local dissipation rate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}(r)$ using the scaling of the second-order velocity structure functions in the longitudinal and transverse directions within the inertial range – without invoking Taylor’s hypothesis. We find an effective scaling of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{\mathit{bulk}}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{3}d^{-4})\sim \mathit{Ta}^{1.40}$, (corresponding to $\mathit{Nu}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714},\mathit{bulk}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.40}$ for the dimensionless local angular velocity transfer), which is nearly the same as for the global energy dissipation rate obtained from both torque measurements ($\mathit{Nu}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.40}$) and direct numerical simulations ($\mathit{Nu}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.38}$). The resulting Kolmogorov length scale is then found to scale as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{\mathit{bulk}}/d\sim \mathit{Ta}^{-0.35}$ and the turbulence intensity as $I_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703},\mathit{bulk}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{-0.061}$. With both the local dissipation rate and the local fluctuations available we finally find that the Taylor–Reynolds number effectively scales as $\mathit{Re}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\mathit{bulk}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.18}$ in the present parameter regime of $4.0\times 10^{8}<\mathit{Ta}<9.0\times 10^{10}$.
Bistability in the synchronization of actuated microfilaments
Authors: Guo Hanliang , Fauci Lisa , Shelley Michael , Kanso Eva
Published: December 2017

Cilia and flagella are essential building blocks for biological fluid transport and locomotion at the micrometre scale. They often beat in synchrony and may transition between different synchronization modes in the same cell type. Here, we investigate the behaviour of elastic microfilaments, protruding from a surface and driven at their base by a configuration-dependent torque. We consider full hydrodynamic interactions among and within filaments and no slip at the surface. Isolated filaments exhibit periodic deformations, with increasing waviness and frequency as the magnitude of the driving torque increases. Two nearby but independently driven filaments synchronize their beating in-phase or anti-phase. This synchrony arises autonomously via the interplay between hydrodynamic coupling and filament elasticity. Importantly, in-phase and anti-phase synchronization modes are bistable and coexist for a range of driving torques and separation distances. These findings are consistent with experimental observations of in-phase and anti-phase synchronization in pairs of cilia and flagella and could have important implications on understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying transitions between multiple synchronization modes.
A note on analytic solutions for entraining stratified gravity currents
Authors: Horsley Marcus C. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: December 2017

High-Reynolds-number steady currents of relatively dense fluid propagating along a horizontal boundary become unstable and mix with the overlying fluid if the gradient Richardson number across the interface is less than 1/4. The process of entrainment produces a deepening mixing layer at the interface, which increases the gradient Richardson number of this layer and eventually may suppress further entrainment. The conservation of the vertically averaged buoyancy and momentum flux, as the current advances along the boundary, leads to two integral constraints relating the downstream flow with that upstream of the mixing zone. These constraints are equivalent to imposing a Froude number in the upstream flow. Using the ansatz that the dowstream velocity and buoyancy profiles in the current have a lower well-mixed region overlain by an interfacial layer of constant gradient, we can use these two constraints to quantify the total entrainment of ambient fluid into the flow as a function of the gradient Richardson number of the downstream flow. This leads to recognition that both subcritical and supercritical currents may develop downstream of the mixing zone. However, as the mixing increases and the interfacial layer gradually deepens, there is a critical point at which these two solution branches coincide. For each upstream Froude number, we can also determine the downstream flow with maximal entrainment. This maximal entrainment solution coincides with the convergence point of the supercritical and subcritical branches. We compare this with the entrainment predicted for those solutions with a gradient Richardson number of 1/4, which corresponds to the marginally stable case. As the upstream Froude number $Fr_{u}$ increases, the maximum depth of the interfacial mixing layer gradually increases until eventually, for $Fr_{u}>2.921$, the whole current may become modified through entrainment. We discuss the relevance of these results for mixing in gravity-driven flows.