bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toll‐Like Receptor (TLR)4 and MyD88 are Essential for Atheroprotection by Peritoneal B1a B Cells
Authors: Hosseini Hamid , Li Yi , Kanellakis Peter , Tay Christopher , Cao Anh , Liu Edgar , Peter Karlheinz , Tipping Peter , Toh Ban‐Hock , Bobik Alex , Kyaw Tin
Published: November 2016

Background

We previously identified peritoneal B1a cells that secrete natural IgM as a key atheroprotective B cell subset. However, the molecules that activate atheroprotective B1a cells are unknown. Here, we investigated whether Toll‐like receptors (TLRs)
TLR
2,
TLR
4, and
TLR
9 expressed by B1a cells are required for IgM‐mediated atheroprotection.

Methods and Results

We adoptively transferred B1a cells from wild‐type mice or from mice deficient in
TLR
2,
TLR
4,
TLR
9, or myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) into ApoE
−/−
mice depleted of peritoneal B1a cells by splenectomy and fed a high‐fat diet for 8 weeks. Elevations in plasma total, anti‐oxLDL (oxidized low‐density lipoprotein), anti‐leukocyte, anti‐
CD
3, anti‐
CD
8, and anti‐
CD
4 IgMs in atherosclerotic mice required B1a cells expressing
TLR
4 and MyD88, indicating a critical role for
TLR
4‐MyD88 signaling for IgM secretion. Suppression of atherosclerosis was also critically dependent on B1a cells expressing
TLR
4‐MyD88. Atherosclerosis suppression was associated not only with reductions in lesion apoptotic cells, necrotic cores, and ox
LDL
, but also with reduced lesion
CD
4
+
and
CD
8
+
T cells. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (
TGF
‐β1) expression, including macrophages expressing
TGF
‐β1, was increased, consistent with increased IgM‐mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Reductions in lesion inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (
TNF
‐α), interleukin (
IL)
1β, and
IL
‐18 were consistent with augmented
TGF
‐β1 expression.

Conclusions

TLR
4‐MyD88 expression on B1a cells is critical for their IgM‐dependent atheroprotection that not only reduced lesion apoptotic cells and necrotic cores, but also decreased
CD
4 and
CD
8 T‐cell infiltrates and augmented
TGF
‐β1 expression accompanied by reduced lesion inflammatory cytokines
TNF
‐α,
IL
‐1β, and
IL
‐18.
Practices and Narratives of Breakthrough: Pentecostal Representations, the Quest for Success, and Liberation from Bondage
Authors: Tazanu Primus M.
Published: November 2016

Instant healing, performance of miracles, public exorcism, supply of blessed objects for protection, and prophetic abilities are major religious practices that account for the popularity of certain Pentecostal leaders in contemporary Africa. Prophet T.B. Joshua, a renowned Nigerian televangelist, is one of them. Through his Emmanueltvchannel, he informs ‘viewers all over the world’ that invisible but influential evil forces are responsible for their daily challenges and that people can enjoy prosperity when they are purged of malevolent spirits. This article describes the practices and narratives of liberation from unknown bondage by Cameroonians who draw inspiration from T.B. Joshua’s prophetic messages and displays. The aspects covered include the desire to embark on a pilgrimage to T.B. Joshua’s church in Nigeria and actors’ use of his blessed religious objects to neutralise, destroy, or fight off invisible evil forces suspected of halting their socioeconomic progress.
‘O You who Believe, Eat of the Tayyibāt (pure and wholesome food) that We Have Provided You’—Producing Risk, Expertise and Certified Halal Consumption in South Africa
Authors: Tayob Shaheed
Published: November 2016

This article is an analysis of the development of halal consumption in South Africa. Research on the contemporary consumption of halal has argued for an articulation of Muslim identity in a variety of settings. What evades these scholarly analyses is the production of halal as a commodity. How is it that halal consumption, as defined by Islamic dietary law, has been produced into a separately identifiable product? This paper argues that in South Africa the production of certified halal has been produced through an extensive campaign that identified the power of the Muslim consumer, consumption as an Islamic imperative, and the contemporary risks to halal presented by food technology and cross-contamination. Communicating with the Muslim consumer and identifying risks to halal consumption established a particular form of halal-certification expertise. The result was an increase in the visibility of halal and the establishment of halal-certification organizations as necessary intermediaries for the proper practice of halal. In the process taqwa was recalibrated to mean vigilance against uncertified consumption as the inspection of a halal label was introduced into the determination of halal.
Foreigners: Wanted Dead or Alive?
Authors: Bauloz Céline
Published: November 2016

While non-refoulement is an absolute principle of international human rights law, its application to seriously ill individuals exposed to premature death and physical and mental suffering because of the substandard medical system in their country of origin seems to have followed a double standard in Europe. On the one hand, medical cases are increasingly treated at the margin of the non-refoulement principle by the European Court of Human Rights, being only covered in highly exceptional cases. On the other hand, seriously ill individuals have been excluded from the scope of subsidiary protection in the European Union as confirmed by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Against such restrictive interpretations, the present article calls for an integrated approach where all non-refoulement claims, including those on medical grounds, are to be assessed along the same criteria so as to ensure seriously ill individuals a genuine right to live in dignity.
‘They Shall See the Glory of the Lord’ (Isa 35:2)
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: November 2016

Jesus’ world view is widely characterized as apocalyptic and eschatological. In this paper, I propose that Jesus’ exorcisms and healings – as reported in the Gospel accounts – were intended not merely as apocalyptic signs, but were performed by Jesus and his disciples to effect the entry of the diseased and disabled into God’s kingdom on earth. Jesus’ attempts to heal others and his emphasis on moral behavior are rooted in biblical concerns with the maintenance of holiness, according to which only pure and unblemished creatures may enter God’s presence. The Qumran sect also had an apocalyptic world view, but in contrast to Jesus’ inclusive approach, they excluded the blemished and impure from the sectarian and messianic assemblies.
Jesus’ “Journey” in Mark 7:31
Authors: Flowers Michael
Published: November 2016

Several texts in Mark’s Gospel are routinely cited as being geographically problematic: e.g. 5:1; 6:45; 7:31; 10:1; 11:1. The present article looks specifically at 7:31. I argue that this text is not geographically problematic but actually (ironically) suggests that the evangelist had an excellent grasp of the roads of first century Palestine as well as its regional boundaries and demographics. Properly exposited, the text could have important implications for the authorship of Mark’s Gospel and, hence, the Gospel’s historical reliability. It could also have important implications as to the geographical reach of Jesus’ ministry—both in Mark’s Gospel and in actual history—as well its impact on the so-called “Gentile mission”, which became such an important emphasis in the early Church.
Dependent Children, Gratitude, and Respect
Authors: Mullin Amy
Published: November 2016

I argue that under the right conditions young dependent children owe their parents gratitude for the care they receive from them and further that parents have an obligation to motivate their children to be grateful in appropriate circumstances. Gratitude is appropriate even though parents have a duty to care for their children but it is only warranted when parents act both benevolently and with respect for their children’s partial autonomy. Moreover, gratitude is uncalled for until children can recognize (typically between ages seven and ten) that they have received a benefit provided benevolently and respectfully. Gratitude is not appropriate if a benefit was provided in a context of abuse or if the beneficiary has reason for moral disapproval of the provision of the benefit. I distinguish gratitude from indebtedness and discuss important benefits associated with gratitude between parents and children for both parties.
St. Jerome’s Exegetical Authority in Erasmus of Rotterdam’s Annotations on the New Testament
Authors: Pabel Hilmar M.
Published: November 2016

The publication in 1516 of Erasmus of Rotterdam’s New Testament and his edition of St. Jerome invites an exploration of his concept and deployment of this Church Father’s exegetical authority. A thorough analysis of Erasmus’s Annotations on the New Testament shows that he appealed to Jerome among other Fathers and on his own. Jerome figures primarily in the main business of the Annotations: the establishment of a correct Latin translation of the text of the New Testament. His role in the theological dimension of exegesis is secondary. Erasmus’s use of Jerome as authoritative support for his exegetical judgments as well as his criticisms of Jerome have the effect of asserting his credentials as an authoritative exegete.
Bakhtin’s Influence on the Late-Soviet Philosophy
Authors: Soboleva Maja
Published: November 2016

The paper is focused on the reception of Bakhtin’s philosophy in Soviet Russia in the 1970s. I argue that the application of Bakhtin’s ideas promoted the transformation of Soviet philosophy and the overcoming of Marxist-Leninist dialectical and historical materialism, which had been the official doctrine over 50 years. To prove my claim, I analyse the theories of Vladimir S. Bibler, Genrich S. Batishchev and Yurij M. Lotman. The case studies of theories of Bibler and Batishchev demonstrate that the reference to Bakhtin’s works propelled the transformation of Marxist-Leninist historical materialism towards a general theory of culture. With reference to Yurij Lotman’s works, it is also possible to show that Bakhtin’s ideas promoted the development of structural semiotics in the ussr.
A new species of Epidendrum (Epidendroideae; Orchidaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: BARBERENA FELIPE FAJARDO V. A. , GONZAGA DIEGO RAFAEL
Published: November 2016

A new epiphytic species of Epidendrum from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is described and illustrated. Epidendrum campos-portoi grows in Upper-Montane Ombrophilous Forest in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, southeastern Brazil. The new species differs from E. subpurum, the morphologically closest species, mainly in the thinner, cylindrical stem, not thickened, inflorescence in a raceme, and green flowers.
First record of order Embioptera (Insecta) for the State of Tocantins, Brazil, with description of a new species of Clothoda Enderlein
Authors: KROLOW TIAGO KÜTTER , VALADARES ANA CAROLINA B.
Published: November 2016

This paper provides the first record of order Embioptera for the State of Tocantins, Brazil, with the description of Clothoda tocantinensis sp. nov. This genus has just three previously described species; only C. nobilis (Gerstäcker) has been recorded from Brazil (Amazon basin). An identification key is provided for males of Clothoda.
Nine new Trechisibus species from Peru and Argentina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Authors: ALLEGRO GIANNI , GIACHINO PIER MAURO
Published: November 2016

Nine new Trechisibus species are described, four from Central Peru (T. huascarani n. sp. and T. recuayi n. sp. from Dept. Ancash, T. curtii n. sp. and T. lemairei n. sp. from Dept. Huanuco) and five from Patagonian Argentina, Province of Rio Negro (T. brevis n. sp., T. longipenis n. sp., T. parvulus n. sp., T. sciakyi n. sp., T. striatus n. sp.).
On a new marine podocopid genus and species (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) from Brazil
Authors: COIMBRA JOÃO CARLOS , MORAIS ANDERSON L.M. DE
Published: November 2016

Bulbocythere calida gen. et sp. nov., a benthic marine ostracode, is herein described and illustrated. The geographic and bathymetric distributions of this new taxon are based on the analysis of 923 bottom samples collected along the entire Brazilian continental shelf in a depth range of about 11 to 280 m, plus sediments of 176 samples from the Sepetiba Bay and 37 samples from the Tamandaré Bay. In the study material, this ostracode was rare, and restricted to the warm waters of the E and NE shelves and to the substrates around the reefs of the Tamandaré Bay.
Cotylegaleata iskenderunensis n. sp., the second known species of the rotifer family Cotylegaleatidae (Monogononta: Ploima)
Authors: SMET WILLEM H. DE , BOZKURT AHMET
Published: November 2016

Cotylegaleata iskenderunensis n. sp. is described from a freshwater wetland (Sariseki) at Iskenderun, Turkey. This is the second species within the genus. Cotylegaleata iskenderunensis n. sp. differs from the only known congener, C. perplexa De Smet, 2007, in the shape of the trunk and foot, and particularly the shape of the cotyle and the structure of the trophi. The diagnosis of the genus and family is amended.
Bayesian Naïve Bayes classifiers to text classification
Authors: Xu Shuo
Published: November 2016

Text classification is the task of assigning predefined categories to natural language documents, and it can provide conceptual views of document collections. The Naïve Bayes (NB) classifier is a family of simple probabilistic classifiers based on a common assumption that all features are independent of each other, given the category variable, and it is often used as the baseline in text classification. However, classical NB classifiers with multinomial, Bernoulli and Gaussian event models are not fully Bayesian. This study proposes three Bayesian counterparts, where it turns out that classical NB classifier with Bernoulli event model is equivalent to Bayesian counterpart. Finally, experimental results on 20 newsgroups and WebKB data sets show that the performance of Bayesian NB classifier with multinomial event model is similar to that of classical counterpart, but Bayesian NB classifier with Gaussian event model is obviously better than classical counterpart.
Recommendations on the scientific approach to polymer flame retardancy: Part 2—Concepts
Authors: Schartel Bernhard , Wilkie Charles A , Camino Giovanni
Published: November 2016

The usage of concepts in scientific communication is critical to our ability to inform the reader about work that has been performed. The significance and thus the quality of scientific discussion rely on the precise use of concepts. In this second part of a two-part paper, concerning the scientific basis of polymer fire retardancy, the proper use of concepts is addressed. Distinct concepts in flame retardancy are discussed, such as fire residue, the correlation of fire performance with char yield according to van Krevelen, catalysis, and wicking. Synergy is discussed in detail, as well as approaches to quantify it, due to its importance for flame retardant polymers. The preceding first paper (part 1) discussed the proper use of scientific terms, thermal analysis, and fire testing. Thus, together these two papers support the community by offering recommendations and addressing some of the most relevant points. They encourage to review scientific practice in the field of flame retardancy of polymers.
Modeling condition-based maintenance and replacement strategies for an imperfect production-inventory system
Authors: Cheng Guoqing , Zhou Binghai , Qi Faqun , Li Ling
Published: November 2016

In this article, we consider an imperfect production-inventory system which produces a single type of product to meet the constant demand. The system deteriorates stochastically with usage and the deterioration process is modeled by a non-stationary gamma process. The production process is imperfect which means that the system produces some non-conforming items and the product quality depends on the degradation level of the production system. To prevent the system from deteriorating worse and improve the product quality, preventive maintenance is performed when the level of the system degradation reaches a certain threshold. However, the preventive maintenance is imperfect which cannot restore the system as good as new. Hence, the aging system will be replaced by a new one after some production cycles. The preventive maintenance cost, the replacement cost, the production cost, the inventory holding cost and the penalty cost of lost sales are considered in this article. The objective is to minimize the total cost per unit item which depends on two decision variables: the preventive maintenance threshold and the time at which the system is replaced. We derive the explicit expression of the total cost per unit item and the optimal joint policy can be obtained numerically. An illustrative example and sensitivity analysis are given to demonstrate the proposed model.
Improved corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of a calcium phosphate coating on a magnesium alloy for orthopedic applications
Authors: Wang Yongping , Zhu Zhaojin , Xu Xiangyang , He Yaohua , Zhang Bingchun
Published: November 2016

In this study a calcium phosphate (Ca–P) coating was fabricated on the surface of an AZ31 alloy by a chemical deposition process, and the in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out on a Ca–P-coated and uncoated AZ31 alloy to determine the effect of Ca–P coating on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of the AZ31 alloy. The morphology and composition of the Ca–P coating were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The corrosion behavior of the Ca-P coating was evaluated by a static immersion test and the effects of the Ca–P coating on biocompatibility were also investigated by in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments. The results indicated that the Ca–P coating reduced the in vitro and in vivo corrosion rates of the AZ31 alloy. Cell experiments showed significantly good adherence and high proliferation on the Ca–P-coated AZ31 alloy than those on the uncoated AZ31 alloy ( P < 0.05). The blood cell aggregation tests showed that the Ca–P-coated AZ31 alloy had decreased the blood cell aggregation compared to the uncoated AZ31 alloy. The animal experiments showed that the uncoated AZ31 alloy degraded more rapidly than the Ca–P-coated AZ31 alloy and the Ca–P coating provided significantly good biocompatibility, thus suggesting that the Ca–P coating not only slowed down the corrosion rate of the AZ31 alloy, but also improved its biocompatibility. Therefore, the Ca–P-coated AZ31 alloy can be considered as a promising biomaterial for orthopedic applications.
Modelling plastic deformation in a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy using discrete dislocation dynamics
Authors: Lin B. , Huang M. S. , Farukh F. , Roy A. , Silberschmidt V. V. , Zhao L. G.
Published: November 2016

Background

Nickel-based superalloys are usually exposed to high static or cyclic loads in non-ambient environment, so a reliable prediction of their mechanical properties, especially plastic deformation, at elevated temperature is essential for improved damage-tolerance assessment of components.

Methods

In this paper, plastic deformation in a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX4 at elevated temperature was modelled using discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD). The DDD approach was implemented using a representative volume element with explicitly-introduced precipitate and periodic boundary condition. The DDD model was calibrated using stress–strain response predicted by a crystal plasticity model, validated against tensile and cyclic tests at 850 °C for <001 > and <111 > crystallographic orientations, at a strain rate of 1/s.

Results

The DDD model was capable to capture the global stress–strain response of the material under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Considerably higher dislocation density was obtained for the <111 > orientation, indicating more plastic deformation and much lower flow stress in the material, when compared to that for <001 > orientation. Dislocation lines looped around the precipitate, and most dislocations were deposited on the surface of precipitate, forming a network of dislocation lines. Simple unloading resulted in a reduction of dislocation density.

Conclusions

Plastic deformation in metallic materials is closely related to dynamics of dislocations, and the DDD approach can provide a more fundamental understanding of crystal plasticity and the evolution of heterogeneous dislocation networks, which is useful when considering such issues as the onset of damage in the material during plastic deformation.
Sighted and visually impaired students’ perspectives of illustrations, diagrams and drawings in school science
Authors: McDonald Celia , Rodrigues Susan
Published: November 2016

Background: In this paper we report on the views of students with and without visual impairments on the use of illustrations, diagrams and drawings (IDD) in science lessons.

Method: Our findings are based on data gathered through a brief questionnaire completed by a convenience sample of students prior to trialling new resource material. The questionnaire sought to understand the students’ views about using IDD in science lessons. The classes involved in the study included one class from a primary school, five classes from a secondary school and one class from a school for visually impaired students.

Results: Approximately 20% of the participants thought that the diagrams were boring and just under half (48%) of the total sample (regardless of whether they were sighted or visually impaired) did not think diagrams were easy to use. Only 14% of the participants felt that repeated encounters with the same diagrams made the diagrams easy to understand. Unlike sighted students who can ‘flit’ across diagrams, a visually impaired student may only see or touch a small part of the diagram at a time so for them ‘fliting’ could result in loss of orientation with the diagram.

Conclusions: Treating sighted and visually impaired pupils equally is different to treating them identically. Sighted students incidentally learn how to interpret visual information from a young age. Students who acquire sight loss need to learn the different rules associated with reading tactile diagrams, or large print and those who are congenitally blind do not have visual memories to rely upon.
Propensão ao consumo ambientalmente responsável: um estudo com adolescentes
Authors: Strehlau Suzane , Oliveira Braulio , Ximenes Régis Thomaz
Published: November 2016

Jovens nascidos no fim da década de 1990 vêm recebendo muita informação sobre meio ambiente, tida como fundamentalna formação de uma nova mentalidade para o consumo. Mas como estes jovens se comportam em relação ao meio ambiente?O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar a propensão de jovens ao consumo ambientalmente responsável. Para tanto,foi utilizada uma escala já testada e reconhecida como adequada para tal finalidade, além de variáveis de perfil apontadascomo influenciadoras desse comportamento pela literatura. A pesquisa foi realizada com 138 estudantes de uma escolapública de ensino médio da cidade de Jaguariúna (SP). Os resultados apontam que a única variável de perfil com poderdiscriminatório da propensão mensurada foi a “gênero”. Além disso, verificou-se que das 40 assertivas contidas na escalautilizada, quatro foram determinantes para se aferir a propensão ao consumo ambientalmente responsável, sendo duasrelacionadas ao comportamento pessoal e duas relacionadas a esforços financeiros. Uma das contribuições mais importantesdeste trabalho foi a proposição de um modelo que pode ser replicado no futuro para o acompanhamento do efeito daeducação ambiental de jovens nas escolas e das mudanças nas atitudes desses futuros consumidores.
A personalidade autoritária, do operário à gerência: um estudo com a escala RWA no estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Vilela José Ricardo de Paula Xavier , Vilela Mariana de Oliveira , Carvalho Neto Antonio Moreira
Published: November 2016

A pesquisa comparou o grau de autoritarismo entre gerentes e trabalhadores operacionais, de empresas do setor industrial ede prestação de serviço, utilizando uma escala denominada Right-wing authoritarianism – escala RWA. O referencial teóricoaborda o autoritarismo e o comportamento autoritário, a partir da obra The Authoritarian personality, e o desenvolvimentoda escala RWA a partir da escala F de Adorno, hoje, o instrumento psicometricamente mais aceito para mensurar a personalidadeautoritária. Na pesquisa, a escala RWA foi aplicada a 60 gerentes (26 do setor industrial e 34 de prestação de serviço)e 123 trabalhadores operacionais (56 do setor industrial e 67 de prestação de serviço), de empresas do estado de MinasGerais. A comparação revelou uma tendência dos grupos de expressar níveis semelhantes de autoritarismo, exceto pelosgerentes do setor industrial, que apresentaram nível estatisticamente inferior aos demais – algo não esperado pela teoria.
Produtividade e inovação: reflexão teórica no cenário industrial
Authors: La Falce Jefferson Lopes , De Muylder Cristiana Fernandes , Lima-Toivanen Maria Aparecida Barbosa
Published: November 2016

Este artigo analisa conceitos e estudos acerca dos temas produtividade, formas de mensuração e sua relação como tema inovação por meio de um ensaio teórico. A partir do estudo realizado pretendeu-se avançar na discussão de relação entre o indicador de produtividade que pode ser considerado um indicador para indústria e países participantes da Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Pode-se verificar que os indicadores de produtividade mudaram ao longo dos anos, sendo inicialmente envolvidos fatores tangíveis e, gradualmente, passaram a ser utilizados fatores intangíveis. Embora ocorra divergência entre pesquisadores sobre quais os melhores e mais apropriados indicadores de produtividade, verificou-se que a adoção de modelos de mensuração deve ser aplicada ao ambiente estudado. Como contribuição do ensaio teórico, apontou-se relação entre produtividade e inovação, indicando que inovação afeta produtividade, embora os impactos não tenham forma ainda de mensuração testada. Sugere-se, a partir do artigo, a elaboração de modelo de mensuração que relacione impacto da inovação na produtividade.
Análise da decomposição estrutural da cadeia produtiva via matriz insumoproduto do município de Toledo (PR), Brasil, 2009
Authors: Neves Cleverson , Sesso Filho Umberto Antonio , Gabardo da Camara Márcia Regina , Alves Brene Paulo Rogério , Zuan Esteves Emerson Guzzi
Published: November 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura produtiva do município de Toledo para o ano de 2009, bem como os efeitos intersetoriais diretos e indiretos em produção, emprego e rendimentos, calculados a partir da matriz insumo-produto (MIP) municipal. Para tal, aplicouse o método proposto por Guilhoto e Sesso Filho, que estimou a MIP do Brasil para 2009. A partir da metodologia do quociente locacional (QL) proposta por Miller e Blair e do método proposto por Brene et al., estima-se a MIP municipal, utilizando os dados coletados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Na pesquisa foi identificado que o setor de indústria química e farmacêutica é o motriz da economia toledana, contendo o maior poder de encadeamento entre os setores da cadeia produtiva local. A identificação dos setoreschave é o primeiro passo para formulações estratégicas de políticas setoriais que fomentam de fato o crescimento econômico local.
The Effects of Radial Growth Rate on Wood Properties and Anatomical Characteristics and an Evaluation of the Xylem Maturation Process in a Tropical Fast-Growing Tree Species, Gmelina arborea
Authors: Hidayati Fanny , Ishiguri Futoshi , Makino Kazuko , Tanabe Jun , Aiso Haruna , Prasetyo Vendy Eko , Marsoem Sri Nugroho , Wahyudi Imam , Iizuka Kazuya , Yokota Shinso
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of radial growth on wood properties and anatomical characteristics and to clarify the xylem maturation process in Gmelina arborea. Stem diameter, tree height, and stress-wave velocity were investigated for 54 5-year-old G. arborea trees planted in Indonesia. In addition, radial variations of wood properties (basic density and compressive strength parallel to the grain in green condition) and anatomical characteristics (fiber and vessel morphologies) were investigated for nine trees selected from three different radial growth categories (fast, medium, and slow growing). Stem diameter was positively significantly correlated with stress-wave velocity and compressive strength parallel to the grain in green condition. In addition, compressive strength and anatomical characteristics, except for wood fiber diameter, differed significantly among the radial growth categories. Radial variations of the wood properties and anatomical characteristics gradually increased, and then they showed constant values toward the bark. It is thought that the xylem maturation of G. arborea begins at approximately 5 cm from the pith. In addition, in a fast-growing tree species, such as G. arborea, the trees with faster stem diameter do not always form wood with low strength properties.
Cradle-to-Gate Life-Cycle Assessment of Composite I-Joist Production in the United States*
Authors: Bergman Richard D. , Alanya-Rosenbaum Sevda
Published: November 2016

Transparency of environmental impacts for building products is of increasing concern. For wood building products, updating life-cycle assessment (LCA) data are critical to ensure that the corresponding environmental product declarations are of the proper recency to maintain this transparency. This study focused on the developing up-to-date life-cycle inventory (LCI) and associated life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) data for composite I-joist production in the Southeast (SE) and Pacific Northwest (PNW) regions of the United States. Components of the I-joist production system included in the analysis were laminated veneer lumber (LVL), finger-jointed lumber (FJL), and oriented strandboard (OSB), while the study itself considered five life-cycle stages, including forestry operations and I-joist manufacturing, in addition to the production of the components. Primary 2012 production data were collected and analyzed, and the resultant LCI flow and LCIA results were modeled on a declared unit of 1 km. The cradle-to-gate primary energy consumption was 82.0 and 74.2 GJ/km for all five life-cycle stages in the SE and PNW, respectively. The LVL stage had the highest share at 55 percent (SE) and 51 percent (PNW), followed by OSB and I-joist, while the contribution of forestry operations was minor. The global warming (GW) impact from gate-to-gate I-joist production in the SE, about 59 percent, was attributed to resin inputs and electricity consumption. The main reasons for relatively high GW impacts for LVL and I-joist production were that little wood fuel was available on-site to provide thermal energy for processing and the consumption of natural gas and electricity to aid in emission control.
Studying Built Architecture as an Intangible Heritage in Unequally Divided Cities
Authors: Castela Tiago
Published: November 2016

This essay reflects on how built architecture can be studied as an intangible heritage, focusing on the specificities of city life in the Iberian states of the European region and in Ibero-American states. This reflection foregrounds the ways in which the concept of built architecture as an intangible heritage may be enabling for those invested in challenging the contemporary dual planning regimes that often govern unequally divided cities in both regions; such situated planning regimes are characterized by persistences of the rationalities of colonialism and development. The essay starts by discussing how architecture research—and architectural history in particular—can articulate critical theories of space that allow research to understand built architecture as a “constantly recreated,” plural assemblage of spatial representations, practices, and imaginations. It will continue with an examination on the methodological implications of this theoretical approach to built architecture as an intangible heritage, notably regarding the possibilities of historical research methods informed by an ethnographic perspective. The reflection draws on an experience of fieldwork and archival research on the history of the late Twentieth-Century urban extensions of Lisbon. In addition, it draws on the valuable debates on built heritage within tradition studies, as well as on the diverse literature on informal spatial production in cities in Brazil, Peru, and elsewhere in the Ibero-American region.     The reflection will conclude by exploring how studying the built environment as an intangible heritage can illuminate the elisions of urban history in the construction of a domain of built heritage; and in particular on how specific informally produced spaces are conceived synchronically as expressing a timeless cultural heritage, notably of rurality. What are some of the ways in which situated urban histories in Iberia and in the Ibero-American region articulate colonial and developmental rationalities that foster the celebration of certain kinds of built heritage, and the forgetting of others? Furthermore, to what extent does scholarly research, as well as the much maligned practices of poverty tourism, focus on a select number of unequal spaces such as Rio’s Rocinha or Lisbon’s Cova da Moura, often productively placing such spaces in the frame of a bounded, cultural heritage while neglecting situated histories of unequal division, attentive both to plural intangible heritages and to global circulations of prospective imagination.
Património Moderno: a conservação e a reutilização como um recurso sustentável
Authors: Tostões Ana
Published: November 2016

A problemática da intervenção no património moderno não coloca questões estruturalmente diferentes das relativas ao património histórico, na medida em que quando nos referimos a matéria patrimonial falamos de um discurso universal com especificidades tipológicas, linguísticas e construtivas próprias de cada época (Costa, 1996, p.197). São as características próprias do património moderno, conceptuais, formais e programáticas, que tornam necessário o estabelecimento de critérios e medidas de intervenção específicas. A tomada de consciência da arquitectura do Movimento Moderno como património é recente, mas nem por isso o debate sobre a sua valorização e conservação é menor.A reflexão sobre a conservação do património arquitectónico do Movimento Moderno promove a oportunidade de reutilizar edifícios que perderam a sua função original, que podem ser material ou tecnicamente obsoletos e que já não cumprem as normas, em permanente actualização (Reichlin, 2011). A reutilização do património moderno corrente parte assim da hipótese que tanto a deterioração como as alterações nos edifícios contêm em si uma necessidade de adaptação aos uso actuais. No entanto, as normativas vigentes relativas à segurança, desempenho energético e conforto ambiental colocam as acções de reuso a par dos requisitos necessários à construção de obra nova, pondo em causa muitas vezes uma recuperação qualificada. Assim, um dos objectivos da recuperação terá de passar pelo encontro de um léxico específico, que considere o carácter do edificado a par com as mutações necessárias à vivência do espaço.Acredito que o projecto de reutilização começa a fazer história e defendo a ideia de que o património se transforma connosco (Reichlin, 2011), portanto, além dos monumentos reconhecidos, os edifícios correntes podem ser um recurso que pede a nossa atenção em termos de qualidade, economia e sustentabilidade (Graf, 2012), representando a maior parte do parque construído. Entendo que a redescoberta do Movimento Moderno, após a reacção pós-moderna, tem vindo a demonstrar a sua legitimidade a longo prazo, como um conceito dotado de uma duradoura longevidade.
The Master Plan of the Cathedral of Cuenca. A Continued Intervention
Authors: Gomez Maryan Alvarez-Builla
Published: November 2016

It is necessary to situate the intervention plan of a cathedral today around a document called CATHEDRAL MASTER PLAN. The strategies of active conservation and critical evolution proposed in 1968 by Cesare Brandi through his theory of Restauro established the new guidelines for intervention processes for these buildings.

According to his statement, it is necessary to address the idea of change within the new heritage interventions. It proposes a parallel debate between historic nostalgia and the modern appropriation of the Monument, incorporating aspects both from the Letter of Venice from 1964 and, in anticipation, from the Letter of Krakovia from 2000, that explicitly foresaw against the historic and reactionary lectures within heritage interventions. The “critical restoration” of our country. It leads in 1987 to the elaboration of the National Plan of Cathedrals. From that moment, the Master Plan established for each cathedral, with a 10-year horizon and financed by country’s 1% cultural budget allocation for all national works, has developed the program directives for the conservation of these monuments and their contents.

As an alternative instrument to the classic project, the MASTER PLAN adds to the Monument a temporary strategy of continued sustainability, incorporating a future project to the current logic of its architecture, without forgetting its historic connotations.
O PASSADO PRESENTE Problemas epistemológicos do restauro arquitetônico
Authors: Carsalade Flavio Lemos
Published: November 2016

RESUMO: O artigo examina a pertinência dos fundamentos da teoria da preservação vigentes nas áreas da cultura (estabilidade cultural), história (objetivismo histórico) e artes (imanência da arte) visando discutir sua validade no campo da preservação e restauro do patrimônio construído. A partir dessa análise, o autor discute o que efetivamente se preserva e restaura em arquitetura e a pertinência das técnicas que se aplicam, indicando a necessidade de uma abordagem própria para este campo. ABSTRACT: The article exams the pertinence of the principles of the actual heritage preservation theory in the fields of culture (cultural stability), history (historical objectivism) and arts (artistic immanence) in order to discuss its validity in issues on preservation and restoration of the built heritage. From this analyses, the author discuss about what really is preserved and restored in architectural assets and the related techniques, showing the necessity of a proper approach on architectural matters.
El patrimonio en Argentina. Tiempos, espacios y renovación conceptual
Authors: Collado Adriana María
Published: November 2016

El texto plantea una rápida revisión de la historia cultural argentina desde la perspectiva de la historia de la noción de patrimonio arquitectónico, a través de la cual se constata que, desde mediados del siglo XIX, cuando el país comienza a organizarse institucionalmente, el tema de las relaciones con el pasado y el recorte de momentos identitarios, tiene distintas connotaciones, relacionadas con la lectura y valoración que se hace de dicho pasado en cada período y desde cada sector del cuerpo social.
A reflexão patrimonial no contexto de formação em arquitectura.
Authors: Cabeleira Joao
Published: November 2016

Partindo de uma aproximação aberta ao sentido dos lugares, a reflexão patrimonial nos Curricula da EAUM assume-se a partir de enunciados de projecto que compreendem uma intervenção de natureza arquitectónica ou paisagística, sistemática e especificamente apoiada por um núcleo de suporte teórico orientado ao tema. Libertando-se da ideia do objecto histórico-artístico e de caminhos circunscritos à análise o posicionamento molda-se e revela-se transversalmente às três áreas de especialização do curso (Cidade e Território; Construção e Tecnologia; Cultura Arquitectónica).Starting from an approach open to the sense of places, reflection upon architectural legacy is developed at EAUM syllabus throughout practical projects encompassing interventions of architectural or landscape nature, systematically and specifically supported by a theoretical core oriented towards the theme. Freed from the idea of the historical artifact and routes circumscribed to the analysis, the position is casted and revealed transversely through the three areas of the course specialization (City and Territory; Construction and Technology; Architectural Culture).
Herencia de una industria entre dos orillas. Las dimensiones de las Fábricas de Tabacos en España: identidad de un patrimonio industrial arquitectónico a través de la mirada contemporánea
Authors: Castañeda López Carolina
Published: November 2016

El escenario pluridisciplinar que caracteriza la investigación sobre el patrimonio industrial arquitectónico condiciona el estudio de sus características espaciales fundamentales permitiendo una interpretación crítica e integral a través de la mirada contemporánea. Esta realidad compleja se manifiesta en la herencia construida de las Fábricas de Tabacos en España que materializaron arquitectónicamente las particularidades de un proceso productivo surgido de la relación con el continente americano a través del comercio marítimo. Dando respuesta espacial al programa de necesidades específico de la producción tabacalera, la situación monopolística especial de la industria del tabaco española fomentó la aparición de un conjunto de unidades fabriles caracterizadas por una compleja tensión dialéctica entre el carácter representativo y solemne de la arquitectura fabril y la funcionalidad del espacio interior sujeta a un proceso productivo mutable en el tiempo.A través de la perspectiva multiescalar y de una doble lectura proyectual y topológica de los espacios productivos, es posible establecer un relato coherente y completo sobre la realidad patrimonial de esta industria en el marco peninsular en la que se imbrican sus múltiples dimensiones –histórica, urbana, arquitectónica, productiva-espacial y humana-. De esta forma, es posible realizar una interpretación a través de la mirada contemporánea de estos vestigios tabacaleros en los que las características arquitectónico-espaciales fundamentales como hecho constructivo se convierten en las depositarias de los valores histórico-culturales de la memoria colectiva que sólo pueden ser recuperables de forma figurada a través de nuevas intervenciones.El presente artículo incide en la importancia de una correcta interpretación crítica e integral de estos elementos patrimoniales industriales como instrumento específico de preservación e intervención contemporánea que toma como base proyectual los vestigios tabacaleros. Del mismo modo, esta herencia material permite el desarrollo de nuevas dinámicas en su interior, impidiendo la fosilización o el abandono de un importante patrimonio industrial surgido de la relación con el continente americano. Para ello, a pesar de la variada casuística en las Fábricas de Tabacos españolas, es importante analizar sus invariantes comunes pertenecientes a las diversas dimensiones que conforman esta herencia industrial construida para su interpretación a través de la intervención contemporánea como vehículo de transferencia a las generaciones venideras.
Learning from Borja. Heritage preservation processes in the work of the Porto School.
Authors: Fernandes Eduardo
Published: November 2016

Borja was quite an anonymous town until 2012, when the attempt to restore the fresco Ecce Homo spread its name all around the world.This trivial episode can be seen as an allegory of the complexity of the processes of heritage rehabilitation / preservation / destruction in the globalized world.Starting from the Ecce Homo incident, this text will elaborate on the principles of heritage preservation of the so-called Porto School, using examples of contemporary interventions from Fernando Távora, Álvaro Siza and Eduardo Souto Moura.
The consensus recommendations of a group of international experts on the fundamental concepts related to the issues of testosterone deficiency and its treatment.
Authors: Morgentaler Abraham , Zitzmann M. , Traish A. M. , Fox A. W. , Jones T. H. , Maggi M. , Arver S. , Aversa A. , Chan J.C.N. , Dobs A. S. , Hackett G. I. , Hellstrom W. J. , Lim P. , Lunenfeld B. , Mskhalaya G. , Schulman C. C. , Torres L. O.
Published: November 2016

Conference on the development of the international expert consensus to address frequently asked questions related to a medical condition of testosterone deficiency (TD, male hypogonadism) and testosterone therapy was held in Prague (Czech Republic) on October 1, 2015. The included experts were representatives from a variety of medical specialties, including urology, endocrinology, diabetology, internal medicine, as well as representatives of basic medical sciences. An international team of experts came to the following conclusions: TD - an important medical condition that affects the health and well-being of men; TD symptoms is a consequence of low testosterone levels, regardless of whether background etiology installed; TD consequences are global; care must be taken in an attempt to use any uniform threshold levels of testosterone for a decision on the appointment of testosterone therapy; a person does not have any reason to refrain from appointing testosterone therapy only on the basis of age; the existing evidence does not suggest increasing the prostate cancer or cardiovascular disease risk during testosterone therapy; there is evidence conserning the feasibility of a major research initiative to explore possible cardioprotective beneficial effects of testosterone therapy in men with metabolic disorders, including diabetes.
SANTPEN’s SoTL Journey: Building and Using a SoTL Approach Across Institutions
Authors: West Deborah , Stephenson Helen
Published: November 2016

In the current higher education environment, providing high quality teaching and learning experiences to students has moved beyond desirable to essential. Quality improvement takes many forms, but one core aspect to ensure sustainable improvement is the development of a culture of scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). Developing such an institutional culture is surprisingly challenging yet essential to improving the status of teaching in higher education (HE), being successful in teaching and learning awards and grants, and, improving the student experience. The Australian Government’s Promoting Excellence Network initiative funds networks to foster collaboration between HE institutions to improve outcomes in national learning and teaching award and grant programs. Supported by this funding, the South Australian / Northern Territory Promoting Excellence Network (SANTPEN), a grouping of six institutions, formed. Bringing together a diverse network of institutions, similar only by virtue of geographic location is challenging. This paper describes the first three years of SANTPEN’s journey from the context of our own development with the concept of SoTL and how we applied this to build a culture of SoTL in and between our institutions. It also demonstrates how a modest budget can be put to effective use to benefit those immediately involved, institutional objectives and the aims of the national funding body. We provide evidence of this effectiveness and conclude with our collective aspirations for the future of SANTPEN and other likeminded and funded networks.
Teaching Group Processes Through Multiple Group Leadership Opportunities in a Masters Level Counselor Education Program
Authors: Bourgeois Marc B , Winters Ryan C. , Esters Irvin G.
Published: November 2016

Utilizing an experiential component in group work training is a prominent feature in Counselor Education programs. Although numerous models have been proposed, the vast majority offer limited explanations of incorporating the number of hours of group participation and observation recommended by the Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers (ASGW, 2000). This article presents an experiential group training model with multiple opportunities for group leadership in a masters level Counselor Education program, and provides a description of common themes experienced by group-leaders-in-training as they progressed through the culminating feature which served as the capstone of this approach.