bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispersion of γ-Alumina Nano-Sized Spherical Particles in a Calamitic Liquid Crystal. Study and Optimization of the Confinement Effects
Authors: Diez-Berart Sergio , López David , Sebastián Nerea , De la Fuente María , Salud Josep , Robles-Hernández Beatriz , Pérez-Jubindo Miguel Ángel
Published: February 2014

We report an experimental study on confined systems formed by butyloxybenzylidene octylaniline liquid crystal (4O.8) + γ-alumina nanoparticles. The effects of the confinement in the thermal and dielectric properties of the liquid crystal under different densities of nanoparticles is analyzed by means of high resolution Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. First, a drastic depression of the N-I and SmA-N transition temperatures is observed with confinement, the more concentration of nanoparticles the deeper this depression is, driving the nematic range closer to the room temperature. An interesting experimental law is found for both transition temperatures. Second, the change in shape of the heat capacity peaks is quantified by means of the full width half maximum (FWHM). Third, the confinement does not noticeably affect the molecular dynamics. Finally, the combination of nanoparticles and the external applied electric field tends to favor the alignment of the molecules in metallic cells. All these results indicate that the confinement of liquid crystals by means of γ-alumina nanoparticles could be optimum for liquid crystal-based electrooptic devices.
Properties of Graphene/Shape Memory Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites Actuating by Various Methods
Authors: Park Jin , Dao Trung , Lee Hyung-il , Jeong Han , Kim Byung
Published: February 2014

Shape memory behavior of crystalline shape memory polyurethane (SPU) reinforced with graphene, which utilizes melting temperature as a shape recovery temperature, was examined with various external actuating stimuli such as direct heating, resistive heating, and infrared (IR) heating. Compatibility of graphene with crystalline SPU was adjusted by altering the structure of the hard segment of the SPU, by changing the structure of the graphene, and by changing the preparation method of the graphene/SPU composite. The SPU made of aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MSPU) exhibited better compatibility with graphene, having an aromatic structure, compared to that made of the aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate. The finely dispersed graphene effectively reinforced MSPU, improved shape recovery of MSPU, and served effectively as a filler, triggering shape recovery by resistive or IR heating. Compatibility was enhanced when the graphene was modified with methanol. This improved shape recovery by direct heating, but worsened the conductivity of the composite, and consequently the efficiency of resistive heating for shape recovery also declined. Graphene modified with methanol was more effective than pristine graphene in terms of shape recovery by IR heating.
Erbium-Doped Amorphous Carbon-Based Thin Films: A Photonic Material Prepared by Low-Temperature RF-PEMOCVD
Authors: Hsu Hui-Lin , Leong Keith , Teng I-Ju , Halamicek Michael , Juang Jenh-Yih , Jian Sheng-Rui , Qian Li , Kherani Nazir
Published: February 2014

The integration of photonic materials into CMOS processing involves the use of new materials. A simple one-step metal-organic radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system (RF-PEMOCVD) was deployed to grow erbium-doped amorphous carbon thin films (a-C:(Er)) on Si substrates at low temperatures (<200 °C). A partially fluorinated metal-organic compound, tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5- octanedionate) Erbium(+III) or abbreviated Er(fod)3, was incorporated in situ into a-C based host. Six-fold enhancement of Er room-temperature photoluminescence at 1.54 µm was demonstrated by deuteration of the a-C host. Furthermore, the effect of RF power and substrate temperature on the photoluminescence of a-C:D(Er) films was investigated and analyzed in terms of the film structure. Photoluminescence signal increases with increasing RF power, which is the result of an increase in [O]/[Er] ratio and the respective erbium-oxygen coordination number. Moreover, photoluminescence intensity decreases with increasing substrate temperature, which is attributed to an increased desorption rate or a lower sticking coefficient of the fluorinated fragments during film growth and hence [Er] decreases. In addition, it is observed that Er concentration quenching begins at ~2.2 at% and continues to increase until 5.5 at% in the studied a-C:D(Er) matrix. This technique provides the capability of doping Er in a vertically uniform profile.
Effect of ECAP Deformation Route on the Degree of Anisotropy of Microstructure of Extremely Low CN Fe-20mass%Cr Alloy
Authors: Rifai Muhammad , Miyamoto Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

The effect of the deformation route on the microstructural evolution of low CN Fe-20%Cr alloy by ECAP has been investigated, with a focus on the anisotropy of the microstructure. This alloy was pressed at 423 K from one, two and four passes via routes A, Bc and C, and the microstructure was observed three dimensionally. As has been acknowledged, overall grain fragmentation proceeded most effectively in route Bc, and the highest hardness was obtained following routes C and A. However, the degree of anisotropy of microstructural development is different among the three deformation routes. The fractions of the high angle grain boundary (HAGB) and mean grain boundary misorientation were high and nearly isotropic in route Bc, whereas they are considerably low in one direction and highly anisotropic in routes A and C. Most importantly, those two parameters and hardness are the highest in route C if limited to the transverse direction, i.e., normal to both the insert and extruding directions. This result contrasts with FCC materials which most papers report as having the highest fraction of HAGB in route Bc. This result can be interpreted by the slip irreversibility of screw dislocations which is predominant in BCC metals.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Nanomaterials in 2013
Authors: Nanomaterials Editorial Office
Published: February 2014

The editors of Nanomaterials would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2013. [...]
Farming System Evolution and Adaptive Capacity: Insights for Adaptation Support
Authors: Dixon Jami , Stringer Lindsay , Challinor Andrew
Published: February 2014

Studies of climate impacts on agriculture and adaptation often provide current or future assessments, ignoring the historical contexts farming systems are situated within. We investigate how historical trends have influenced farming system adaptive capacity in Uganda using data from household surveys, semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions and observations. By comparing two farming systems, we note three major findings: (1) similar trends in farming system evolution have had differential impacts on the diversity of farming systems; (2) trends have contributed to the erosion of informal social and cultural institutions and an increasing dependence on formal institutions; and (3) trade-offs between components of adaptive capacity are made at the farm-scale, thus influencing farming system adaptive capacity. To identify the actual impacts of future climate change and variability, it is important to recognize the dynamic nature of adaptation. In practice, areas identified for further adaptation support include: shift away from one-size-fits-all approach the identification and integration of appropriate modern farming method; a greater focus on building inclusive formal and informal institutions; and a more nuanced understanding regarding the roles and decision-making processes of influential, but external, actors. More research is needed to understand farm-scale trade-offs and the resulting impacts across spatial and temporal scales.
Consideration of Wind Speed Variability in Creating a Regional Aggregate Wind Power Time Series
Authors: Cradden Lucy , Restuccia Francesco , Hawkins Samuel , Harrison Gareth
Published: February 2014

For the purposes of understanding the impacts on the electricity network, estimates of hourly aggregate wind power generation for a region are required. However, the availability of wind production data for the UK is limited, and studies often rely on measured wind speeds from a network of meteorological (met) stations. Another option is to use historical wind speeds from a reanalysis dataset, with a resolution of around 40–50 km. Mesoscale models offer a potentially more desirable solution, with a homogeneous set of wind speeds covering a wide area at resolutions of 1–50 km, but they are computationally expensive to run at high resolution. An understanding of the most appropriate choice of data requires knowledge of the variability in time and space and how well that is represented by the choice of model. Here it is demonstrated that in regions offshore, or in relatively smooth terrain where variability in wind speeds is smaller, lower resolution models or single point records may suffice to represent aggregate power generation in a sub-region. The need for high resolution modelling in areas of complex terrain where spatial and temporal variability is higher is emphasised, particularly when the distribution of wind generation capacity is uneven over the region.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Robotics in 2013
Authors: Robotics Editorial Office
Published: February 2014

The editors of Robotics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2013. [...]
Burned Area Detection and Burn Severity Assessment of a Heathland Fire in Belgium Using Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy (APEX)
Authors: Schepers Lennert , Haest Birgen , Veraverbeke Sander , Spanhove Toon , Vanden Borre Jeroen , Goossens Rudi
Published: February 2014

Uncontrolled, large fires are a major threat to the biodiversity of protected heath landscapes. The severity of the fire is an important factor influencing vegetation recovery. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy data from the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) sensor to: (1) investigate which spectral regions and spectral indices perform best in discriminating burned from unburned areas; and (2) assess the burn severity of a recent fire in the Kalmthoutse Heide, a heathland area in Belgium. A separability index was used to estimate the effectiveness of individual bands and spectral indices to discriminate between burned and unburned land. For the burn severity analysis, a modified version of the Geometrically structured Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI) was developed for the field data collection. The field data were collected in four different vegetation types: Calluna vulgaris-dominated heath (dry heath), Erica tetralix-dominated heath (wet heath), Molinia caerulea (grass-encroached heath), and coniferous woodland. Discrimination between burned and unburned areas differed among vegetation types. For the pooled dataset, bands in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region demonstrated the highest discriminatory power, followed by short wave infrared (SWIR) bands. Visible wavelengths performed considerably poorer. The Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) outperformed the other spectral indices and the individual spectral bands in discriminating between burned and unburned areas. For the burn severity assessment, all spectral bands and indices showed low correlations with the field data GeoCBI, when data of all pre-fire vegetation types were pooled (R2 maximum 0.41). Analysis per vegetation type, however, revealed considerably higher correlations (R2 up to 0.78). The Mid Infrared Burn Index (MIRBI) had the highest correlations for Molinia and Erica (R2 = 0.78 and 0.42, respectively). In Calluna stands, the Char Soil Index (CSI) achieved the highest correlations, with R2 = 0.65. In Pinus stands, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the red wavelength both had correlations of R2 = 0.64. The results of this study highlight the superior performance of the NBR to discriminate between burned and unburned areas, and the disparate performance of spectral indices to assess burn severity among vegetation types. Consequently, in heathlands, one must consider a stratification per vegetation type to produce more reliable burn severity maps.
Hantavirus Public Health Outreach Effectiveness in Three Populations: An Overview of Northwestern New Mexico, Los Santos Panama, and Region IX Chile
Authors: McConnell Marjorie
Published: February 2014

This research compared the effectiveness of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) outreach programs in New Mexico, Panama, and Chile. Understanding the role of human demographics, disease ecology, and human behavior in the disease process is critical to the examination of community responses in terms of behavior changes. Attitudes, knowledge, and behavior across three populations were measured through the implementation of a self-administered questionnaire (N = 601). Surveys implemented in Chile and Panama in 2004, followed by northwestern New Mexico in 2008, attempted to assess knowledge and behavior change with respect to hantavirus in high- and lower-risk prevalence areas during endemic periods. While levels of concern over contracting hantavirus were lowest in New Mexico, they were highest in Panama. Respondents in Chile showed mid-level concern and exhibited a tendency to practice proper cleaning methods more than in New Mexico and Panama. This indicates that public health messages appear to be more effective in Chile. However, since negative behavior changes, such as sweeping and vacuuming, occur at some level in all three populations, improved messages should help decrease risk of exposure to HPS.
À la recherche des ateliers monétaires grecs : l'apport de l'expérimentation
Authors: Faucher Thomas , Téreygeol Florian , Brousseau Louis , Arles Adrien
Published: February 2014

La démarche expérimentale en numismatique antique n'est pas nouvelle, D. G. Sellwood, dans les années 1950, mena une série d'expérimentations qui constitue encore aujourd'hui une référence. L'approche de notre groupe se voulait plus globale, traitant des différents aspects de la chaîne opératoire qui conduit du métal à la monnaie. 12 281 monnaies ont été frappées lors des deux saisons d'expérimentations, ce qui permet de fournir de nouveaux résultats sur les méthodes de fabrication des flans ou bien sur l'usure des coins monétaires. L'incapacité de notre équipe à calibrer le poids des flans, par exemple, remet en cause les hypothèses formulées sur le mode opératoire des monnayeurs des ateliers grecs. Le principal objectif de la reconstitution de l'atelier monétaire était de frapper un maximum de monnaies afin d'étudier l'usure des coins monétaires. Il en ressort qu'un coin de droit pouvait connaître une productivité différente selon la taille des flans, l'expérience de l'équipe et le métal utilisé. Les résultats permettent tout de même de fixer sa production moyenne dans une fourchette qui pourrait se situer entre 10 000 et 15 000 exemplaires. D'autres expérimentations à venir permettront, nous l'espérons, de fournir de nouvelles données et peut-être d'ajuster nos estimations.
Classement stylistique et essai de périodisation des monnaies au loup d'Argos
Authors: Flament Christophe
Published: February 2014

This article proposes a stylistical analysis of the Argive "Wolfs" with symbols and letters on the reverse. On the basis of this examination, the author defines three major periods within this coinage, which do not strictly correspond to the evolution of the design of the reverse. The author also discuss the signification of the secondary devices on the reverse : for the most ancient series, it seems that those marks do not refer to mint magistrates but are actually mint combinations.
Néron, héritier d'Auguste : perspectives numismatiques
Authors: Grau Donatien
Published: February 2014

Néron est souvent considéré comme l'héritier d'une tendance dionysiaque à Rome, opposée à l'apollinien prôné par Auguste. Le ré-examen des sources numismatiques permet de remettre en perspective cet antagonisme artificiel, et de porter l'accent sur l'élément augustéen de son règne.
Le monnayage en or émis à Rome en 219 ap. J.-C. au nom de Julia Paula : une enquête au sein des sources
Authors: Gautier Georges
Published: February 2014

Having compared dies of two aurei, the autor presents a corpus of the gold coinage in the name of Julia Paula. All the specimens listed emanate from a single obverse die. They were most probably produced on occasion of the donativum following the mariage of Julia Paula and Elagabal.
« Lingots de Thessalonique », stravati de conto et sommi de Trébizonde : opérations monétaires dans le monde byzantin tardif d'après des documents vénitiens inédits
Authors: Morrisson Cécile , Ganchou Thierry
Published: February 2014

Cet article apporte au corpus abondant de textes concernant le commerce et le système monétaire complexes des XIIe-XVe siècles quelques documents nouveaux découverts dans l'Archivio di Stato de Venise. Ils fournissent à la fois un terme non encore attesté (stravati de conto) et une description concrète et détaillée du transport et de la transformation des espèces pour le commerce en mer Noire. Le premier document (1408) évoque une affaire remontant à 1384 qui oppose les héritiers d'un marchand vénitien de Coron au mandataire de celui-ci à Constantinople. Pour solder « le compte de vin, cotons et huile » à lui alors confié, ce dernier avait acheté d'une part « deux pièces [peciae, lingots d'argent] de Salonique » et d'autre part 111 stravati de conto [stavrata, hyperpères d'argent]. Comme dans le Libro dei Conti de Giacomo Badoer (1436- 1440), on voit ici associé l'usage de l'argent non frappé analogue aux marcs occidentaux, et des « hyperpères d'argent » frappés à Constantinople à partir de 1367. Le second document (1409) est un arrêt déboutant Pietro Pisani et ses fils de leur plainte contre Michèle Surian, ex-baile de Venise à Trébizonde. On y suit en détail le rôle de l'argent, monnayé ou non dans les opérations commerciales : sacs de monnaies d'argent (soldi et friesachenses) envoyés à Trébizonde pour être consacrés à des achats de marchandises ; achats partiels, conversion des monnaies en sommi à la zecha de Trébizonde, refus d'une partie des friesachenses par les magistri summorum et renvoi à l'expéditeur d'un sac contenant les deniers fourrés et le reste des sommi non dépendés.
Abd al-Malik's Coinage Reforms : the Role of the Damascus Mint
Authors: Treadwell Luke
Published: February 2014

A review of the history and historiography of precious metal coins issued by the caliphal mint of Damascus (72-79 ah) suggests that the caliph's administrators abandoned figurai coinage in favour of epigraphic coinage at the end of the eighth century as the final stage of a series of monetary experiments which aimed to create a universal Islamic coinage type, that would be accepted in all regions of the Umayyad state, including Iran as well as Greater Syria.
Les plombs à types monétaires en Grèce ancienne : monnaies (officielles, votives ou contrefaites), jetons, sceaux, poids, épreuves ou fantaisies ?
Authors: de Callataÿ François
Published: February 2014

The lead objects with Greek monetary types are more and more documented. This study aims to offer them a general frame of thinking, at a moment when several recent publications identify them, rather ex abrupto as test-pieces. As a matter of fact, these lead pieces with monetary types may have had various purposes : coins (official [and not necessarily only in a context of emergency], unofficial [ancient imitations and modern forgeries] or votive), tokens, seals or weights. The hypothesis of test-pieces is not absolutely discarded but, in most cases, it does not fit with practical facts (we give a catalogue of all these alleged test-pieces). In several cases, we prefer to see them as simple fantasies, which were not obtained anyway from the die itself.
Le monnayage des Serdaioi revisité
Authors: Brousseau Louis
Published: February 2014

Les monnaies des Serdaioi ont longtemps été mal identifiées en raison du peu d’indices à disposition. Depuis la découverte d’une importante inscription en 1960, où leur nom apparaît pour la première fois, il est largement admis qu’elles proviennent de Grande Grèce, mais il y a toujours des partisans pour un rattachement à la Sardaigne. Cette étude reprend le dossier numismatique et ajoute six nouveaux exemplaires aux dix déjà connus, dont une drachme, dénomination jusqu’alors inédite pour ce monnayage. Celle-ci viendra appuyer l’hypothèse d’une attribution à la Grande Grèce. L’ensemble des monnaies des Serdaioi sera analysé, en particulier l’hémiobole à la légende SERD pour laquelle une nouvelle identification sera proposée. Ensuite, nous analyserons l’inscription et les problèmes de son interprétation et la chronologie du monnayage sera précisée.
Le monnayage de Phoinikè sous l’empire romain
Authors: Gjongecaj Shpresa
Published: February 2014

Les fouilles menées depuis 2000 par l’Université de Bologne et l’Institut archéologique albanais sur le site de Phoinikè ont permis de recueillir de nombreux exemplaires des frappes locales de Néron et Trajan, qui sont publiés ici.
Maxence et le portrait militaire de l’empereur en Mattiobarbulus
Authors: Drost Vincent , Estiot Sylviane
Published: February 2014

One of the authors of the present article has recently made a systematic study of a rare type of portrait that shows the emperor holding weapons that turn out to be plumbatae (also known as mattiobarbuli - javelins with lead weights) that are usually described in numismatic literature as arrows. Numismatics provides the earliest evidence of this type of projectile that first appears on the coinage of Emperor Probus in 279 and seemed to appear for the last time on coins of Severus II between 306-307. The re-examination of a sole surviving half-nummus of Maxentius, minted in Rome between 310-311 where Maxentius is shown as a Mattiobarbulus, pushes back the terminus date. This discovery has prompted a review of busts that depict lead-weighted javelins (plumbatae) on coinage issued for victories and periodic jubilees, to determine the nature of the army units thus being honored (the Illyrian legions) during the conflicts that marked the end of the Tetrarchy.
Le monnayage de la Syrie sous l’occupation perse (610-630). Complément
Authors: Pottier Henri
Published: February 2014

Since 2004, 160 new specimens have been recorded, confirming the conclusions of our previous study. They confirm the characteristics of the - Syrian” mint production that can be divided into four periods of different frequencies characterized by different weight standards. They also confirm that the date and number of officinae mentioned on the coin reverses have a meaning role in the pattern of minting. Two new types are recorded, one new type of obverse designated Class VII, with three figures : Heraclius, Heraclius-Constantine and Martina, and one new type of half-follis reverse with XX value mark. Eleven new pseudo-mintmarks are to be added to the 46 types already recorded. The confirmed absence of die links between Justin II imitations Class V series 3 and the other classes or series can now be considered as reinforcing the hypothesis of several mint places.
Le trésor de deniers mérovingiens de Rodez (Aveyron). Circulation et diffusion des monnayages d’argent dans le Sud de la France au milieu du VIIIe siècle
Authors: Geneviève Vincent , Sarah Guillaume
Published: February 2014

En 2002, un petit trésor de neuf deniers mérovingiens a été découvert dans une sépulture à Rodez (Aveyron, France). L’étude numismatique et les analyses élémentaires de composition des alliages permettent d’envisager son enfouissement dans les années 750-760, soit une date charnière entre la fin du pouvoir mérovingien et l’avènement du pouvoir carolingien.
Une histoire de la Monnaie de Caen à l’époque moderne (1693- 1772)
Authors: Jambu Jérôme
Published: February 2014

La Monnaie de Caen fut ouverte en 1693, en pleines mutations monétaires destinées à financer la politique guerrière de Louis XIV, et fut fermée à peine un siècle plus tard, en 1772, alors que la monarchie cherchait à réaliser des économies en limitant ses coûts de fonctionnement. Elle succédait en Basse-Normandie à la Monnaie de Saint-Lô, close au milieu du XVIIe siècle. L’histoire de cet atelier monétaire pourrait être perçue comme celle d’un petit établissement de province à l’importance limitée. Ce ne fut effectivement pas un atelier comparable à Paris ni même à Rouen mais sa présence fut révélatrice des politiques de l’État et capitale dans le paysage des institutions d’Ancien Régime de la province. Son fonctionnement et son rythme d’activité témoignent à la fois de la politique royale et des usages et des mentalités des Français de l’Ancien Régime.
Monnaies, marchands et mathématique. Les listes des monnaies dans les traités de mathématique et les traités de marchandise du Moyen Âge italien
Authors: Travaini Lucia
Published: February 2014

Most Italian abacus books and merchant’s books of the 13th and 14th centuries offer important data on medieval coins but had not been investigated accurately ; a careful study of the coins named in each of them can help our research on coins, but it can also help dating the texts themselves (like for the Columbia University abacus). Philip Grierson has been the first to open up this field of investigation, re-dating the Pegolotti coins list ; many more are lists of similar structure, and they will be discussed, in the light of the work gathered in the book Monete mercanti e matematica by the present author.
A Thirteenth-Century French Coin List
Authors: Mayhew Nicholas J.
Published: February 2014

Publication and discussion of a neglected coin list, found in a mathematical treatise and published by Victor in 1979. The larger part of the list appears to have been composed in the first half of the thirteenth century.
Premiers calculs sur les données d’un manuel catalan de marchandise du XIVe siècle
Authors: Pellicer i Bru Josep
Published: February 2014

Les données relatives aux monnaies qui figurent dans le manuscrit 4 de la Bibliothèque de l’Université de Barcelone, édité par M. Gual Camarena en 1981, sont reprises de façon systématique et complétées par des tentatives de calculs qu’elles permettent sur les données métrologiques.
Un extrait de livre de changeur de la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Coativy Yves
Published: February 2014

The Public Record of the Département of Loire-Atlantique (Nantes) preserve a four pages medieval parchment (1 J 114) part of the cover of a register dating to the late fifteenthcentury, extracted from a collection of goldsmith’s recipes or from the book of a money-changer. This rather luxury document is divided in two parts concerning gold and silver respectively. It offers some technical indications, one monetary mention and a few metrological data. It is unfortunately only fragmentary, beginning and closing in the middle of a sentence. However, considering the rarity of this type of document, a transcription with comment is proposed in this article.
Des monnaies et des oiseaux dans l’oeuvre de Léonard de Pise
Authors: Caianiello Eva
Published: February 2014

Our analysis will regard the procedure which derives from the rules of alloying, initially through the exposition of a summary of the seven distinctions (Lat. differentiae) concerning the alloying of coins supported with some examples taken from Liber Abbaci’s chapter XI ; secondly the employ of the 6th rule of mixing for the solution of the problems of birds in a Latin translation, which is not literal, but very near to the text, here presented in a modern mathematical formulation ; finally we will mention the general method for the solution of the problems of the birds as it is presented in the Letter to Master Theodore and a similar procedure applied to the problems of the coins in the Tractatus algorismi by Jacob of Florence.
Un lot monétaire remarquable de petits bronzes massaliètes
Authors: Pellé Richard
Published: February 2014

This study focuses on a monetary lot of 43 small bronzes copies of «massaliètes» types (PBM), the series called the "bull passing". This lot, which increases significantly the quantity of small bronzes already published comes from the archeological excavation of the parking of the Avenue Jean-Jaurès in Nimes. A typological comparison is made with the latest numismatic works. New issues have been identified and an inventory number has been created for them in the continuity of previous proposals. A division into two groups of different issues from the type and weight can distinguish two periods for the introduction of this PBM.
Les monnaies découvertes à Claros, sanctuaire d’Apollon en Ionie. 2 : Commentaire historique et numismatique
Authors: Çizmeli Öğün Zeynep
Published: February 2014

The object of this article is to present the coins discovered at the time of the excavations carried out under the direction of Mrs Juliette of Genière between 1988-1997 in their archaeological context. The coin finds of the American excavations of Colophon in 1922 and current excavations of the sanctuary, directed by N. Şahin, also enable us to complete our knowledge on the numismatic evidence of Claros.
Le monnayage d’argent de l’atelier de Cyzique après la réforme de Dioclétien
Authors: Gautier Georges
Published: February 2014

On the basis of a large documentation, the author reconstitutes the silver coinage of Cyzicus after 294 A. D. He consequently demonstrates the existence of two successive emissions. The first unsigned emission follows the pattern in use in all the western and central mints when the monetary reform was implemented. In a second part of the same study a catalogue of the specimens studied is given. The coinage was produced during a short period of time in 294-295 A. D. and emanated from a single officina.
The Circulation of North African Dirhams in Northern Mesopotamia – The Dirham Hoard of Tall al-Bīʿa/al-Raqqa (t.p.q. 186/802)
Authors: Heidemann Stefan
Published: February 2014

The Tall al-Bī ʿ a hoard of ten silver dirhams and one copper coin (t. p. q. 186) probably constitutes a cash deposit drawn from circulation in the urban market of al-Raqqa. It seems to be a negative selection. The hoard reflects the preponderance of the North African dirhams in circulation at the time of Hārūn al-Rashīd. New silver from North African mines and the trade network of the Ibāḍī movement provided for cheap supply whereas a shortage of silver coins in the central lands created a huge demand. The lesser weight and presumably slightly lesser amount of intrinsic silver led to a discrimination of North African dirhams in circulation, especially in saving hoards. The overvaluation allowed the application of Gresham’s law and suggests the acceleration of velocity of circulation. These forces allowed for a rapid movement of North African dirhams to the central lands of Islam.
Monnaies croisées d’argent d’imitation ayyoubide
Authors: Albachkami Abdulsalam
Published: February 2014

L’attribution des monnaies d’imitation aux Croisés se fonde uniquement sur leurs dates anachroniques. Pour répondre à certaines questions, nous avons essayé de nous appuyer sur d’autres éléments tels que l’anomalie des inscriptions, la différence de style épigraphique ou la différence de techniques employées afin de fabriquer ces monnaies.
Le bas-monnayage annamite au niên hiệu de Gia Long (1804-1827)
Authors: Joyaux François
Published: February 2014

Après avoir rappelé le contexte historique et monétaire de la période de Gia Long (1802-1820), cet article étudie les différentes émissions de sapèques de ce règne. Quatre types principaux ont été retenus : 1. Les monnaies de laiton de 6 phần à revers vide ; 2. Les monnaies de laiton de 6 phần à caractères sigillaires au revers ; 3. Les monnaies de zinc de 7 phần ; 4. Les monnaies de Gia Long émises par son fils. Le type le plus complexe est le premier : il a été divisé en 4 sous-types, en fonction de la graphie du caractère Long •. La nouveauté la plus importante de ce règne fut la fonte de monnaies de zinc qui sont devenues l’unité monétaire de base durant tout le XIXe siècle et le début du xxe, au moins dans le système traditionnel annamite.
Galvanoplastie et fac-similé de monnaies autour de 1900
Authors: Trécourt-Codine Florence
Published: February 2014

La galvanoplastie est une technique électrochimique permettant de produire des couches de métal d’épaisseur variable recouvrant et reproduisant à l’identique les reliefs d’un modèle. Elle est au moment de sa création au milieu du XIXe siècle très proche des attentes et préoccupations des numismates. Cette rencontre avec la galvanoplastie comme technique de moulage de monnaies connaît en France à la fois son apogée et les prémices de son déclin autour de 1900. La collection d’un demi-millier de fac-similés galvaniques reproduisant chacun l’avers ou le revers d’une monnaie française créée à l’occasion de l’Exposition Universelle et Internationale de 1900 constitue à ce titre un témoin unique et exceptionnel.
Direct and indirect single electron transfer (SET)-photochemical approaches for the preparation of novel phthalimide and naphthalimide-based lariat-type crown ethers
Authors: Cho Dae Won , Mariano Patrick S , Yoon Ung Chan
Published: February 2014

In this review, we describe direct and indirect photochemical approaches that have been developed for the preparation of phthalimide- and naphthalimide-based, lariat-type crown ethers. The direct route utilizes a strategy in which nitrogen-linked side chains containing polyethoxy-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides, possessing terminal α-trialkylsilyl groups, are synthesized utilizing concise routes and UV-irradiation to form macrocyclic ring systems. In contrast, the indirect route developed for the synthesis of lariat-type crown ethers employs sequences in which SET-promoted macrocyclization reactions of α-trialkylsilyl-terminated, polyethoxy-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides are followed by a side chain introduction through substitution reactions at the amidol centers in the macrocyclic ethers. The combined observations made in these investigations demonstrate the unique features of SET-promoted photocyclization reactions that make them well-suited for the use in the synthesis of functionalized crown ethers. In addition, while some limitations exist for the general use of SET-photochemical reactions in large-scale organic synthesis, important characteristics of the photoinduced macrocyclization reactions make them applicable to unique situations in which high temporal and spatial control is required.
“Si no eres jesuita serás jansenista; y si no eres jansenista serás jesuita”. El problema del jansenismo en Causas de la revolución de Francia de Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro S.J..(1735-1809)
Authors: Hernán Perrone Nicolás
Published: February 2014

En este artículo se analizará la visión que Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1735-1809), sacerdote jesuita expulso español, tenía sobre jansenismo. Para esto, tomaremos una de sus obras más conocidas: Causas de la revolución de Francia. En este famoso aunque poco estudiado trabajo veremos como Hervás y Panduro construye a un “Otro” jansenista herético al cual se le atribuyen todos los males político-religiosos de la época: desde la supresión de la Compañía de Jesús hasta la Revolución Francesa.
MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENTS' HEALTH DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Al-Zoube Mohammed A. , Alqudah Yazan A.
Published: February 2014

The advent of cloud computing and the ubiquity of broadband wireless coverage and wide spread usage of smart phones around the world carries the potential for transforming health care services, reducing health care cost and ensuring faster care for urgent cases. To these objectives, we present a cloud-based mobile health monitoring solution that takes advantage of cloud infrastructure and mobile processing capability to address the rising cost of health care monitoring. The solution enables health care providers to remotely analyze, monitor and diagnose patient's data. The solution integrates a powerful data analysis tool, cloud computing and mobile services. This paper presents a proof of concept that has been developed to monitor, record and analyze heart rate. The design enables a physician to develop custom analysis and monitoring to collect key indicator or set alerts without a need for infrastructure implementations to store or transfer the data.
CLASSIFICATION OF EEG SIGNALS FOR DETECTION OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES BASED ON WAVELETS AND STATISTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION
Authors: Gajic Dragoljub , Djurovic Zeljko , Di Gennaro Stefano , Gustafsson Fredrik
Published: February 2014

The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is very important in the diagnosis of epilepsy. Long-term EEG recordings of an epileptic patient contain a huge amount of EEG data. The detection of epileptic activity is, therefore, a very demanding process that requires a detailed analysis of the entire length of the EEG data, usually performed by an expert. This paper describes an automated classification of EEG signals for the detection of epileptic seizures using wavelet transform and statistical pattern recognition. The decision making process is comprised of three main stages: (a) feature extraction based on wavelet transform, (b) feature space dimension reduction using scatter matrices and (c) classification by quadratic classifiers. The proposed methodology was applied on EEG data sets that belong to three subject groups: (a) healthy subjects, (b) epileptic subjects during a seizure-free interval and (c) epileptic subjects during a seizure. An overall classification accuracy of 99% was achieved. The results confirmed that the proposed algorithm has a potential in the classification of EEG signals and detection of epileptic seizures, and could thus further improve the diagnosis of epilepsy.
MODELING OF CORONARY ARTERY BALLOON-ANGIOPLASTY USING EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Authors: Abdi Mohsen , Karimi Alireza , Navidbakhsh Mahdi , Rahmati Mohammadali , Hassani Kamran
Published: February 2014

Arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis result in chronic total or partial occlusion of the coronary artery. Coronary artery disease (CAD) destroys some parts of the heart muscle tissue and is the leading cause of human deaths in the industrialized world. In this study, cardiovascular system is simulated by 42 compartments and then a coronary set (including artery, venous, myocardium and capillaries) is added to the model. Each vessel is modeled by three parameters, such as resistor, capacitor and inductor. These three parameters are variable with respect to the radius of the vessel. In this paper, first of all, aortic and coronary flow under healthy condition is studied. The obtained results are in complete agreement with experimental outcomes. Then cardiovascular system behavior in coronary artery stenosis condition is investigated. Finally, the effect of intra-coronary balloon pump on heart attack risk and also on stabilization of patient's emergency condition by mathematical simulation is analyzed. The results of modeling show that the balloon pumping of coronary artery is an advantageous way in rendering primary cure to patients. The proposed model, in addition, has implications for investigation of effects of different diseases on the cardiovascular system. It also has the potential to model different treatment methods on heart's performance and, as a result, recommend new methods in order to cure variant cardiovascular diseases.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY: TIME-RELATED CHANGES AND GENDER DIFFERENCE
Authors: Shi Ping , Chen Ying , Guo Ming-Ming , Yu Hong-Liu
Published: February 2014

Objectives: Alcohol consumption is associated with a broad array of physiologic and behavioral effects including changes in cardiac autonomic activity. In the present study, time-related acute effects of alcohol have been characterized and compared between genders. Methods: A total of 30 healthy subjects (15 males and 15 females) were enrolled in this study. The red wine was given to each subject at a dosage of 0.27 g of pure ethanol per kilogram of body weight. 5-min electrocardiograms (ECGs) were collected before (BR) and at 15 min (P15), 30 min (P30), 45 min (P45) and 60 min (P60) after alcohol intake. Time- and frequency-domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was performed. The time-domain HRV indices include mean RR interval, pNN50, SDNN and RMSSD. The low- (LF: 0.04 to 0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF: 0.15 to 0.4 Hz) components along with LF/HF ratio were calculated for frequency-domain analysis of HRV. HRV was also analyzed by mathematical models, e.g. Poincaré plot, which uses a nonlinear geometric representation of change in interbeat heart rate. Poincaré plots indices, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2 ratio and r RR , were applied in this study for HRV assessment. Results: Alcohol intake was associated with decreased HRV in both time and frequency domains. The lowest HRV was observed 30–40 min after the intake of alcohol. The alcohol intake also caused the decrease of Poincaré plots indices (SD1 and SD1/SD2 in P30, P40 and P60, and r RR in P45), accompanied with a narrower plot area. The changes of HRV indices differed by gender. The male subjects demonstrated a greater decrease of parameters measured in this study compared to the female subjects. Conclusion: Acute effects of alcohol ingestion resulted in reductions in HRV, indicating impaired cardiac autonomic nervous activity. Autonomic nervous activity in the females was less dampened by the alcohol compared to the males.
A Framework for the Modelling and Optimisation of a Lean Assembly System Design with Multiple Objectives
Authors: Al-Zuheri Atiya , Luong Lee , Xing Ke
Published: February 2014

The newest assembly system is lean assembly, which is specifically designed to respond quickly and economically to the fluctuating nature of the market demands. Successful designs for these systems must be capable of satisfying the strategic objectives of a management in manufacturing company. An example of such systems is the so-called walking worker assembly line WWAL, in which each cross-trained worker travels along the line to carry out all tasks required to complete a job. Design approaches for this system have not been investigated in depth both of significant role in manual assembly process design; productivity and ergonomics. Therefore these approaches have had a limited success in actual applications. This chapter presents an innovative and integrated framework which offers significant potential improvement for productivity and ergonomics requirements in WWAL design. It establishes a systematic approach clearly demonstrating the implementation of a developed framework based on the simultaneous application of mathematical and meta- heuristic techniques.
Antecedents of Green Manufacturing Practices
Authors: Dubey Rameshwar , Bag Surajit
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to identify green supply chain practices and study their impact on firm performance. In this study, the authors have adopted a two-pronged strategy. First, they reviewed extant literature published in academic journals and reports published by reputed agencies. They identified key variables through literature review and developed an instrument to measure the impact of GSCM practices on firm performance. The authors pretested this instrument using five experts drawn from industry having expertise in GSCM implementation and two academicians who have published their articles in reputed journals in the field of GSCM and sustainable manufacturing practice. After finalizing the instrument, the study then randomly targeted 175 companies from CII Institute of Manufacturing database and obtained response from 54 which represent 30.85% response rate. The authors also performed non-response bias test to ensure that non-response bias is not a major issue. They further performed PLSR analysis to test our hypotheses. The results of the study are very encouraging and provide further motivation to explore other constructs which are important for successful implementation of GSCM practices.
Successful Implementation of Six Sigma Considering Management Styles
Authors: Jenab Kouroush , Staub Selva
Published: February 2014

Why is management style so important to Six Sigma implementation? Many writers have attempted to define managers as effective quality leaders. Particularly following the 1920s, a great deal of research focused on worker motivation. Prior to the 1920s most employees were looked at as machines and their needs and wants were ignored. Employees were viewed as a disposable resource, driving the belief that motivating employees and sharing organizational development ideas were not integral to business practice. This style of management discouraged employees from feeling as a part of the organization and taking a stake in development efforts. McGregor identified two distinct managerial approaches, labeling them Theory X and Y; theory X was the more prevalent behavioral style identified among managers in the first half of the twentieth century. A statistical approach to quality control was also beginning to emerge during this period, with origins in the well-known so-called Hawthorne experiments. At this time, while Japanese companies were developing quality methods, western manufacturers were focusing their efforts on marketing, production quantity, and financial performance. An awakening to quality in western firms did not occur until the 1980s, with Six Sigma as one of the offspring of this movement. Six Sigma is a set of strategies, techniques, and tools for process improvement. One of the outcome of Six Sigma implementation is an infrastructure of people within the organization who are experts in this method. Six Sigma not only emphasizes setting rigorous objectives, collecting data, and analyzing results to a fine degree as a way to reduce defects in products and services, but it can also be an effective management tool. As such, successful implementation requires managerial commitment. This level of commitment will depend on the managers’ perceptions of their workers’ motivation. Although a great deal of research has been conducted on worker motivation, limited research exists that explores the possible connection between managers’ perception of workers’ motivation and Six Sigma commitment and success. The writers of this chapter have explored this issue and found that the majority of participants in their study were Theory Y managers with the same level of interest in Six Sigma as Theory X managers. The results indicate that although successful implementation of Six Sigma is independent from the management style (Theory X or Y), it requires management support and determination. Furthermore, the findings did not rule out other possible factors that could be influencing Six Sigma success, such as the dedication of Six Sigma champions or their skills in implementing Six Sigma.
Complexity Analysis in Additive Manufacturing for the Production of Tissue Engineering Constructs
Authors: Jenab Kouroush , Weinsier Philip D.
Published: February 2014

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a process of making a Three-Dimensional (3D) solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model that is used for both prototyping and distributed manufacturing with applications in many fields, such as dental and medical industries and biotech (human tissue replacement). AM refers to technologies that create objects through a sequential layering process. AM processes have several primary areas of complexity that may not be measured precisely, due to uncertain situations. Therefore, this chapter reports an analytical model for evaluating process complexity that takes into account uncertain situations and additive manufacturing process technologies. The model is able to rank AM processes based on their relative complexities. An illustrative example for several processes is demonstrated in order to present the application of the model.