bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separation of monomethylated p-Nitrophenyl-β-glucoside on a carbon column
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: September 2010

The gradient elution of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside
and its four monomethyl ethers from a carbon column has been investigated. It
does not appear possible to separate the monomethyl ethers from each other by
this method.
The precision measurement of single ion diffusion coefficients
Authors: Mills R , Godbole EW
Published: September 2010

The precision measurement of single ion
diffusion coefficients in dilute electrolyte solutions would be of considerable
value. A method is described which is capable of giving the required precision.
It involves a modification of the open-ended capillary method by enclosure of
the capillary of diffusing radioactive material in a scintillator so that its
contents can be continually monitored during the course of diffusion.
Studies of the optically active compounds of anacardiaceae exudates. I. The long-chain Alicyclic Keto Alcohol of Tigaso oil
Authors: Dalton LK , Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

Tigaso oil, which is obtained as an
exudate from a tree of the Anacardiaceae family identified as Campnosperma sp.
vel. aff. C. brevipetiolata Volk., has been found to contain an optically
active compound. This is considered to be (+)-5-hydroxy-5-(nonadec- 10'-en-2'-onyl)cyclohex-2-enone
(V), a new type of natural product. It is very closely related to the phenol,
campnospermonol (I ; R=H) which is the major component of Tigaso oil, and is
readily converted into a mixture of campnospermonol and campnospermonyl alkyl
ether by heating in alcoholic hydrochloric acid. On pyrolysis, V yields
resorcinol and methyl oleyl ketone almost quantitatively.

($)-3-Hydroxy-3-(nonadecan-2'-ony1)cyclohexanone
(VI) obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of V is easily dehydrated to
3-(nonadecan-2'-onyl)cyclohex-2-enone (VII) which has acidic properties and
gives a yellow solution in alkali. Heating VII in alkali gives stearic acid and
3-methylcyclohex-2-enone as the principal products. When the hydroxydiketone
(VI) is heated the major reaction is dehydration to give VII, but pyrolysis
also takes place, giving methyl stearyl ketone and dihydroresorcinol.
3-(Nonadecan-2'-ony1)cyclohexanone (VIII) is obtained by catalytic
hydrogenation of VII and also by oxidation of the diol X, itself prepared from
hydrocampnospermonol (II ; R =H) by high pressure hydrogenation.

The structure originally assigned to
campnospermonol by Jones has been established by the synthesis of
hydrocampnospermonyl methyl ether, from 3-methoxyphenylacetyl chloride and
diheptadecyl cadmium.

The odour of Tigaso oil is partly due to a
small amount of a volatile ketone C7H12O which consists
mainly of 3-methylcyclohexanone ; probably a mixture of (+)- and (-)-isomers
with the (-)-isomer preponderant.
Studies of the optically active compounds of Anacardiaceae exudates. III. The long-chain Alicyclic Keto Alcohols from the exudate of Campnosperma auriculata Hook. F
Authors: Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

Terentang oil, the exudate from the
Malayan tree Campnosperma auriculata Hook. f., contains optically active
substances closely related to the optically active component of Tigaso oil.
These substances are assigned the general structure I and differ among
themselves only in the amount and location of unsaturation in the C19
aliphatic side chain. All of them by heating with ethanolic alkali and
subsequent hydrogenation give a product which is mainly 3-nonadecyl phenol.
Catalytic hydrogenation alone produces (+)-3-hydroxy-3-nonadecylcyclohexanone
and thence by dehydration 3-nonadecylcyclohex-2-enone.

Hydrocampnospermonol is a convenient
starting material for the preparation of the reference substances 3-nonadecyl
phenol and 3-nonadecylcyclohexanone.
The structure of isopelletierine from Duboisia myoporoides R.Br
Authors: Mortimer P
Published: September 2010

Evidence is presented to support the
methyl ketone structure for isopelletierine from Duboisia sp.
A Polarographic study of some Wurster salts
Authors: Friend JA , Roberts NK
Published: September 2010

Four related Wurster salts are subjected
to a polarographic investigation. In the case of Wurster's blue, results from
the dropping mercury electrode, stationary platinum electrode, and rotated
platinum electrode are compared.

The Wurster salt of p-phenylenediamine is
unstable in aqueous solution but is fairly stable in a mixture of methanol,
acetic acid, and water and the decrease of diffusion current with time
indicates a disproportionation.

Wurster's red is also unstable in aqueous
solution. In the solvent methanol, acetic acid, and water, a wave is observed
with the stationary platinum electrode whose E� compares favourably
with the potentiometric E?0.

Evidence from the three types of
electrodes mentioned previously indicates two one-electron waves for Wurster's
blue. The semiquinone formation constant qualitatively appears much greater
than that reported from potentiometric work. Decrease of diffusion current with
time is perhaps due to a disproportionation (the very unstable di-imine has
been shown to revert to the radical in aqueous solution).

Polarographic waves given by the Wurster
salt of diaminodurene suggest that the radical does not exist in aqueous
solution. Waves corresponding to the original amine and duroquinone (formed by
hydrolysis of the di-imine) are obtained.
The adsorption of aspartic acid and glycine on sparingly soluble inorganic solids
Authors: Bryant F , O'Connor DJ
Published: September 2010

An investigation has
been made of the adsorption of aspartic acid and glycine on a series of natural
and synthetic sparingly soluble inorganic solids. The amino acids have been
analysed by a photographic development of the Fisher-Parsons-Morrison relationship
found to exist for paper chromatograms.

Aspartic acid was found
to be adsorbed in greater amounts than glycine. Natural samples showed higher
adsorptive capacities for both acids than did the synthetic samples. Adsorption
capacities of the solids investigated were considerably higher than those found
by previous workers for similar solids. No correlation has been found between
adsorptive capacities and known electrokinetic properties of the adsorbents.
The reaiation chemistry of aqueous solutions of [14C]Benzoic and [14C}Salicylic Acids
Authors: Downes AM
Published: September 2010

Radioactive tracer techniques have been
used to study the effect of ionizing radiation (60Co
γ-radiation and 45 kV X-rays) on [14C]benzoic acid (both
carboxyl- and uniformly-labelled) and on [carboxy-14C]salicylic acid
in aerated aqueous solutions.

�� The
production of o-, m-, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids from benzoic acid (Loebl,
Stein, and Weiss 1951) has been cord3rmed. The approximate initial G values for
these products were : ortho, 0.74 ; meta, 0.42 ; para, 0.33. The ratio o : m :
p was thus approximately 9 : 5 : 4 whereas Loebl, Stein, and Weiss found the
corresponding ratio to be 5 : 2 : 10. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate were
also decarboxylated [G(CO2) : 0.73 � 0.03]. The extent of
decarboxylation was independent of the initial concentration of benzoic acid in
the range studied (0.5-7.0 X 10-3 M). The total reaction of the
benzoic acid corresponded to a G value of approximately 2.6. Very little, if
any, diphenyl was produced.

The main non-volatile products from
salicylic acid were 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxy- benzoic acids which were obtained
in the ratio 2,5 : 2,3 :: 1 : 1.6. The 2,4- and 2,6- isomers were not detected.
Salicylic acid was also decarboxylated, G(CO2) being 1 53 � 0.07 in
alkaline solutions.

The above results are compared with other
results relating to free-radical reactions. The possible use of the
decarboxylation of sodium [carboxy-14C]benzoate as a sensitive
dosimeter for ionizing radiation is suggested.
Arylation of Aromatic compounds. VI. Benzoyl Peroxide with Pyridine and Quinoline
Authors: Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

Amongst the products formed when pyridine
reacts with benzoyl peroxide are phenylpyridines, benzoic acid, pyridine oxide,
and dipyridyls. The molar yield of benzoic acid is significantly higher than
that of the phenylpyridines although most aromatic compounds give approximately
equal yields of benzoic acid and phenylated compounds. This difference may be
ascribed to the simultaneous formation of pyridine oxide and dipyridyls.
Similar remarks apply to the reaction with quinoline and the mechanisms of the
various reactions are discussed.�The
phenylquinoline fraction has been investigated in detail and the isomer ratio
of the mixture has been evaluated.
The chemical constituents of himandtanra species. III. The synthesis of some homologues of pyrene
Authors: Moyle M , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

In an attempt to identify a
dehydrogenation product of himbacine, several pyrene homologues in which the
alkyl groups are attached to the 1-, 2-, 6-, and 7-positions, have been
synthesized. None of the synthetic substances was identical with the " natural
" pyrene from himbacine and it is concluded that the latter, if a single
substance, is probably substituted in two dissimilar rings.
Polarographic current-time curves and the Ilkovic Equation.
Authors: McKenzie HA
Published: September 2010

The Ilkovic equation for the limiting
diffusion current obtained with a dropping mercury electrode predicts that the
instantaneous current grows during the life of the mercury drop as the
one-sixth power of the time, and that the ratio of the instantaneous current at
the end of the drop life (the maximum current) to the average current is 1.17.
McKenzie (1948) showed in a preliminary study that these relations are not
obeyed.

The present paper is concerned with a more
detailed study of current-time curves for cadmium(II), lead(II), and thallium(I)
ions and oxygen. Measurements are made both in the presence and absence of
maximum suppressor (gelatin) in two supporting electrolytes (potassium chloride
and potassium nitrate). It is found that the rate of growth of the
instantaneous current is not in accordance with the Ilkovic equation. Also, it
does not accurately follow the modified equations, such as the
Lingane-Loveridge equation, particularly during the early stages of drop life.
The ratio of maximum to average current varies for the different electroactive
substances, but in all cases examined 1.23<imax./iav.<1.30.

An interesting observation is also made on
the current-time curves for cadmium(II) in potassium nitrate in the presence of
gelatin. At pH values appreciably below the isoelectric point (?pH
5) the current-time curves and the current-voltage curves are distorted.

The implications of these results in the
measurement of polarographic waves, both in theoretical and analytical applications,
are discussed.
The Sn Mechanism in aromatic compounds. XXIII. Substituent groups attached by saturated sulphur
Authors: Daly NJ , Kruger G , Miller J
Published: September 2010

The activating power of p-SMe and p-SMe2+
in aromatic nucleophilic substitution has been compared with available data for
?NH2, -NMe3+, and OMe. The ?Sme2+;
group is very powerfully activating and there is strong evidence for a -T effect of ?Sme2+
but not of -SMe, involving expansion of the valency
shell beyond an octet. The -SMe group, like -Cl, -Br,
and -I, is however also activating, whereas ?NH2, -OMe, and -F are more or less deactivating.
The Sn Mechanism in aromatic compounds. 24. The positional order of inductive effects in the aromatic ring.
Authors: Liveris M , Miller J
Published: September 2010

The two main views on the transmission of
the inductive (I) effect within the
ring are tested by comparison of the reactivity of the chlorine in 2-, 3-, and
4-chloro-N-methylpyridinium salts with sodium p-nitrophenoxide in absolute
methanol. Activation by the ring N+, corresponding to Cб+
for attached -I groups, is shown to
be in the positional order : 2>4>>3. The corresponding rate ratios (at
50 �C) are 4.89 x 107 : 1.62 x 106 : 1. These results
strongly favour the view that both σ- and π-electron systems are
involved in the intra-annular transmission. Similar results are obtained for
reaction with sodium methoxide in absolute methanol.
Some studies in inorganic complexes. III. Antimony(III), Arsenic(III), and Phosphorus (III)
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

A study has been made of complexes of the
halides of antimony, arsenic, and phosphorus with the chelating ligand
o-phenylenebisdimethylarsine. Conductivity and molecular weight determinations
in nitrobenzene show that these are &covalent monomers of the type SbX3.D,
AsX3D, and PX3.D, in which X is halogen and D is
diarsine. However, in this solvent there is a progressive tendency towards
ionization from Sb to P and from Cl to I, so that the iodo complexes of arsenic
and phosphorus are partly ionized as [AsI2D]+I-
and [PI2D]+I- respectively. This is also in
accordance with the preparation of the perchlorate [AsI2D]+[ClO4]-.H2O
from the complex [AsI2D]+I-.
A study was also made of the phenanthrolinium salts [phenanH.H2O]+[SbX4]-, although no compounds were
obtained in which the base is coordinated to the metal.
The sulphides, Selenides, and Tellurides of Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Thorium. IV. Lubrication properties of the graphitic chalcogenides
Authors: McTaggart FK , Moore A
Published: September 2010

The majority of the chalcogenides of Ti,
Zr, Hf, and Th having layer lattice structures and/or graphitic nature were
tested for possible lubricating properties. Although none of these materials
adheres to the common metals, it was shown that the shearing forces necessary
to cause sliding between layers are in general low and comparable to those
involved in molybdenum disulphide and graphite.
The variation of surface tension of solutions of sodium hexadecyl sulphate with time
Authors: Sutherland KL
Published: September 2010

The rate of fall of surface tension at the
surfaces of solutions of sodium hexadecyl sulphate is shown to be greatly
influenced by traces of electrolyte present even in treble distilled water. The
rate of fall could be shown to be governed by diffusion through a, convecting
system, hexadecanol being used as a tracer.

Solutions of Na+ (1 x 10-3M),
Ca+ (1 x 10-6M), Mg++ (1 x 10-6),
or Fe++ (1.8 x 10-7M) produced rapid changes in surface
tension. In the presence of a large excess of NaCl the rate of fall of surface
tension became independent of trace impurities (at least for periods up to 4
hr) and this rate was approximately governed by diffusion of hexadecyl sulphate
ion to the surface.

The experiments could not detect any
electrical energy barrier to adsorption.
The alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea L: The structures of the Alkaloids and the Necic Acids
Authors: Geissman TA
Published: September 2010

Based on a reinterpretation of previously
recorded data together with some new evidence, structures VII, IX, XIX, X, and
XI have been derived for jacobine, jaconine, jacoline, jaconecic acid, and
isojaconecic acid, respectively. The structures of some degradation products of
the alkaloids have been clarified.
Liquid-Vapour Equilibria. IX. The Systems n-Propanol + Benzene and n-Butanol + Benzene at 45°C
Authors: Brown I , Smith F
Published: September 2010

Liquid-vapour equilibrium data are given
for the systems n-propanol+benzene and n-butanol+benzene at 45.00 OC.
The data are used to calculate the excess free energy of mixing for these
systems.
New Observations on the Low Temperature Reaction between Hydrogen Sulphide and Sulphur Dioxide : A Novel Method for Analysing Milligram Quantities of Hydrogen Sulphide in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Gregor IK , Martin RL
Published: September 2010

When an anhydrous mixture of liquid
hydrogen sulphide and liquid sulphur dioxide contained in a sealed tube at -78 �C
is gently warmed, the liquid remains clear until the temperature reaches c. -40
�C, when sulphur is slowly deposited. Careful measurements reveal that the two
compounds always react in the mole ratio, H2S : SO2 = 3 :
2, which contrasts with the stoichiometric equation 2H2S + SO2
=2H2O + 3S, widely quoted for their reaction in the moist gaseous
phase or in aqueous solution.

This low temperature reaction forms the
basis of a novel high vacuum method for estimating milligram quantities of
hydrogen sulphide when in the presence of gases, such as carbon dioxide, whose
volatilities are sufficiently similar to preclude the use of normal low-temperature
vacuum fractionation methods.
Terpenoid Chemistry. I. Zierone and Elleryone
Authors: Sutherland MD
Published: September 2010

Elleryone, the sesquiterpene ketone from
the essential oil of Evodia elleryana F. Muell., is now found to be identical
with the known substance zierone. A revised structure for zierone is proposed.
Studies on Argentine Plants. XVIII. Multiflorine, the Alkaloid from Lupinus multiflorus Lam
Authors: Comin J , Deulofeu V
Published: September 2010

From the seeds of Lupinus multiflorus
Lam., a plant growing in north-eastern Argentina, an alkaloid C15H22ON2
has been isolated and named multiflorine. It is identical with the base LV-1
isolated in Australia from the seeds of Lupinus digitatus Forsk. by Crow and
Riggs (1955). Most of its reactions and properties are explained by accepting a
2-dehydro-4-oxosparteine structure for the alkaloid.
Chemistry of nonenzymic browning. IX. Studies of sugar mono-esters of malic acid found in browned freeze-dried apricots
Authors: Ingles DL , Reynolds TM
Published: September 2010

Mono-esters of glucose, fructose, and
sucrose were prepared by heating the unsubstituted sugar with DL-malic acid.
Chromatographic separations showed that four esters were formed from both
glucose and fructose and six from sucrose. Three glucose esters were obtained
chromatographically pure and two of these gave brucine salts, one crystalline.
Periodate oxidation and acid strengths showed that these esters were glucose 1-α-,
6-α-, and 6-β-hydrogen malates. One fructose ester was obtained
chromatographically pure and shown to be fructose 6-α-hydrogen malate.
Structures were assigned to the other esters on the basis of their RGlucose values and acid strengths. Structures,
based on the results of partial hydrolysis with acid, were assigned to three
sucrose esters. These results yield presumptive evidence for the identity of
the malic acid esters detected in freeze-dried fruit (Anet and Reynolds 1957).

The acids in freeze-dried fruit were
determined by elution chromatography using the formate form of an anion
exchange resin. The acids and esters in freeze-dried fruit stored at 25, 37,
and 50 �C were similarly determined.
Some Studies in Inorganic Complexes. V. Mercury(II)
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

A study has been made of mercury(II)
complexes of ethylenediamine, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2,2'-dipyridyl. By means
of conductance and molecular weight measurements it has been shown that
complexes of the type HgX2.B and HgY.B, in
which B is the base, X is halogen or nitrite, and Y is oxalate or sulphate, are
4-covalent non-electrolytes. The absorption spectra of the halogen complexes in
the near ultra-violet range are characteristic of the chelate with a shift of
absorption to longer wavelengths. Bisphenanthroline and bisdipyridyl complexes
of mercury(II) were also investigated.
The Alkaloids of Heliotropium supinum L., with Observations on Viridifloric Acid
Authors: Crowley HC , Culvenor CCJ
Published: September 2010

Heliotropium supinum L. contains the
pyrrolizidine alkaloids supinine, heliosupine, and echinatine as major bases.
Two minor alkaloids, although not obtained in a pure state, are shown to be
esters of trachelanthic acid and viridifloric acid, respectively, with
7-angelylheliotridine. The N-oxide of 7-angelylheliotridine, also isolated from
the total crude base, is thought to be an artefact.Viridifloric
acid is shown to be (-)-erythro-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylpentane-3-carboxylic
acid. Its melting point is markedly influenced by minute amounts of tenacious
impurities. The ester of supinidine and viridifloric acid has been prepared
from these component substances.
Studies of Casein. III. The Molecular Size of α-, β-, and γ-Casein
Authors: McKenzie HA , Wake RG
Published: September 2010

α-, β-, and x-casein are
aggregated at neutral pH and room temperature in salt solution. They may be
disaggregated at high pH or at neutral pH in concentrated urea solution.

At neutral pH in salt solution, α-casein
forms aggregates centring around a preferred size. As
the pH is increased the size decreases until at pH 11 (I 0.20) it is disaggregated completely. Measurements of the
molecular weight by sedimentation and diffusion at pH 11 give a value of 24,800�1000.
Approach to sedimentation-equilibrium measurements at pH 12, using the
Archibald method, gives a value of 25,500�1000. In 6M urea solution at pH 7.3
sedimentation and diffusion give a value of 27,600�1000.

At room temperature and neutral pH, β-casein
is present as single molecules in equilibrium with an aggregate of very high
molecular weight. At pH 11, it is disaggregated with a molecular weight of
17,300�800 (by sedimentation-diffusion). At pH 7 in 631 urea a value of 19,800�1000
is obtained for the molecular weight.

Preliminary measurements by the Archibald
method at pH 12 give a value of 26,000�3000 for the molecular weight of
x-casein.

These results are discussed in relation to
those of other workers.
The Extraction of Certain Cations from Aqueous Solution with Di-(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphate
Authors: Madigan DC
Published: September 2010

Equations derived from experimental data
are presented for the distribution of divalent copper, cobalt, and nickel
between aqueous sulphate solution and solution of di-(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphate
(EHPA) in kerosene. These equations approach, though they are not identical
with, the distribution equation derived from a simple extraction theory. The
same theory cannot be applied to the extraction of sodium. The marked
difference in behaviour between the alkali and transition metals is explained
in terms of the different structures of their compounds with EHPA.
The Sorption of Oxygen by Silver
Authors: Allen JA
Published: September 2010

The Gibbs adsorption equation has been
used in conjunction with surface tension measurements on silver wires to
determine the adsorption isobar of oxygen on silver at a pressure of 16 cmHg
over the temperature range 650-850 �C. The results show the existence of a
surface concentration of oxygen of 2 x 1015 atoms oxygen per cm2.

The value of ΔH for the equilibrium between adsorbed and dissolved oxygen has
been estimated as 20.6 kcal. This value in conjunction with the heats of
formation and solution of Ag2O in silver permit the h3at of
adsorption to be determined as 10.5 kcal per g-atom of oxygen.
An Infra-Red Study of the Association of Diazoaminobenzene
Authors: Dyall LK
Published: September 2010

The infra-red spectrum of
diazoaminobenzene reveals that dimeric association occurs through hydrogen
bonding. In tetrachloroethylene solution, the equilibrium constant for dimer
formation is found to be 1.2�0.2 1 mol-1. The effects of various
solvents on the free N-H stretching frequency have been examined, and the
frequency shifts are linearly related to those reported by Bellamy and Hallam
(1959) for pyrrole. A linear relation of this type is also found for
%nitroaniline, and confirms that there is no significant intramolecular
hydrogen bonding in this compound.
Chemistry of Australian Lichens. I. Some Constituents of Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach., Usnea barbata (L.) Wigg., and U. ceratina Ach., from the New England Region
Authors: Briner GP , Gream GE , Riggs NV
Published: September 2010

Each of the species named in the title has
yielded (+)-usnic acid, as found in previous investigations in other parts of
the world. Other aromatic constituents isolated, except salazinic acid from
Parmelia conspersa differ from those previously reported and include a new
compound from P. conspersa. It is suggested that usnaric acid, previously
obtained from Usnea spp. but unidentified, was a mixture of salazinic and
norstictic acids.

D-Mannitol or D-arabitol has been isolated
from the water-soluble fractions.
Vibrational Spectra of Sulphonyl Derivatives. V. A Reassignment of the SO2 Stretching Frequencies in Sulphonyl Fluorides
Authors: Ham NS , Hambly AN , Laby RH
Published: September 2010

The symmetric SO2 stretching
frequency in methane sulphonyl fluoride and a number of aromatic sulphonyl
fluorides is reassigned to a frequency of 1210 cm-1 on the basis of
new infra-red evidence (vapour and solution spectra of CH3SO2F
and the infra-red spectra of a number of aromatic sulphonyl chlorides and the
corresponding fluorides). Complete vibrational assignments for benzene
sulphonyl chloride, benzene sulphonyl fluoride, and methyl benzene sulphonate
are also given. The S-F stretching frequency appears as a strong infra-red band
near 780 cm-1 and the aromatic sulphonyl frequency near 1090 cm-1
is identified as being more specifically characteristic of the Car-S
bond.
Acetylenic Acids from Fats of the Olacaceae and Santalaceae. IV. The Occurrence of Octadeca-trans-11,trans-13-dien-9-ynoic Acid in Plant Lipids
Authors: Hatt HH , Triffett ACK , Wailes PC
Published: September 2010

The somatic lipids (from root, stem, or
leaves) of one species from each of the genera : Ximenia (Olacaceae), Santalum
and Leptomeria (Santalaceae) have been examined and the presence of the
following acids established : (i) octadeca-trans-13-ene-9,ll-diynoic acid, (ii)
octadeca-trans-11,trans-13-dien-9-ynoic acid, (iii) octadeca-trans-
11-en-9-ynoic (ximenynic) acid, and (iv) an octadeca-trans-trans-dienediynoic
acid, not yet fully identified. The occurrence of (ii) and (iv) in Nature has
not been previously observed. The seed fat of Leptomeria aphylla R.Br. has been
examined and found to contain some 20 per cent. of ximenynic acid as
glycerides.

No conjugated polyunsaturated acids were
found in the lipids of the sole Australian representative of the closely
related Belanophoraceae family.
Bisnoriridodial, Bisnoriridolactone, and Related Compounds
Authors: Cavill GWK , Ford DL
Published: September 2010

Bisnoriridodial and
cis-bisnoriridolactone have been synthesized. The 1,5-dialdehyde-δ-lactone rearrangement of the former compound
is compared with that of iridodial. The insecticidal activity of the naturally
occurring iridolactones, and of related synthetic compounds, is reported.
A Simple Cryostat
Authors: Buchanan AS , Creutzberg F
Published: September 2010

A simple all-glass cryostat, based on the LeRoy low-temperature
fractionating column, is described. It can be used for the separation,
purification, and the determination of vapour pressures of volatile and gaseous
compounds in the temperature range -196 �C to room temperature. The vapour
pressures of boron trimethyl have been remeasured and the reliability of
Stock's data is confirmed.
Some Studies in Inorganic Complexes. XI. Group 2B with 2-Picolylamine and O-Phenylenebisdimethylarsine
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

The colourless complexes [ZnX2di], [CdX2di],
[HgX2di], [Zndi2][ClO4]2,
[Cddi2][ClO4]2, [Hgdi2][ClO4]2, [ZnX2pic2], [HgX2pic],
[Znpic2][ClO4]2, [Hgpic2][ClO4]2, and [Hgpic2][NO3]2 have been
prepared and studied; X being halogen ; di, o-phenylene-bisdimethylarsine
; and pic, the ligand 2 picolylamine. In methanol and nitromethane the
perchlorates and nitrate behave as bi-univalent electrolytes, whilst the
mercury halide complexes are almost un-ionized. The diarsine complexes of the
zinc and cadmium halides are only slightly ionized in nitromethane and appear
to be tetrahedral, although they undergo considerable decomposition in
methanol. The zinc halide complexes of 2-picolylamine, having a conductance of
about half that of a uni-univalent electrolyte in nitromethane, have
metal-halogen bonding, although they are not necessarily octahedral. In
methanol they ionize to bi-univalent electrolytes. A study of absorption
spectra of respective halide complexes has also been made, and the results are
in agreement with the conductances.
Some Studies in Inorganic Complexes. XII. Manganese(II) and Iron(II) with 2-Aminomethylpyridine (2-Picolylamine)
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

Almost colourless complexes of the type [MnpicCl2], [Mnpic2X2],
[Mnpic3]I2 and [Mnpic3][ClO4]2, as well as
the brown complexes [Fepic3]Br2 and [Fepic3]I2
have been prepared and studied ; pic being the chelating ligand 2-picolylamine
(2-aminomethyl-pyridine) and X the halogen.
Conductance and absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultraviolet region
measurements, using nitromethane as solvent, indicate that all complexes
investigated have a 6-coordinate structure, excepting the chloride [MnpicCl2], the structure of which is uncertain.
The latter substance could be tetrahedral or octahedral by polymerization. This
substance as well as the bischelate complexes behave as non-electrolytes in
nitromethane, although they are ionized to bi-univalent electrolytes in
methanol. The complexes containing three molecules of ligand to metal atom are
bi-univalent electrolytes in both solvents. Measurements of magnetic
susceptibility show that both the iron and manganese complexes have spin-free
metal atoms.
Identification of saccharides in anthocyanins and other flavonoids
Authors: Chandler BV , Harper KA
Published: September 2010

Procedures have been developed for the
determination of the type and location of sugar units present in anthocyanins
and other flavonoid glycosides. These procedures are based on standard chemical
reactions and have been adapted to a microscale using paper chromatography.

Individual flavonoids were found to
respond variably to enzymic and chemical hydrolyses, which therefore yield
information of limited use only. On the other hand, controlled oxidation has
been shown to provide information on the type and position of sugar units
attached to the flavonoid nucleus. Degradation using peroxide releases the
sugars at the 3-position ; permanganate treatment releases sugars attached to
readily ruptured cyclic systems ; and ozonolysis releases sugars attached to
phenolic and enolic hydroxyl groups. These three techniques, when used
together, can result in the absolute identification of anthocyanins and most
other flavonoid glycosides.
Volume Changes on Mixing. II. Systems Containing Acetone, Acetonitrile, and Nitromethane
Authors: Brown I , Smith F
Published: September 2010

The volume changes on mixing have been
measured at 25, 35, and 45 �C for the following binary systems :
acetone+acetonitrile, acetone+nitromethane, acetonitrile+nitromethane and each
of these polar components with benzene and with carbon tetrachloride.The
sign and concentration dependence of the volume changes on mixing of these
systems follow closely the excess entropy changes on mixing calculated from the
liquid-vapour equilibrium data and heats of mixing previously measured in these
laboratories.
The Reversible A.C. Polarographic Wave at Larger Amplitudes of the Alternating Voltage
Authors: Bauer HH
Published: September 2010

An earlier treatment of the reversible a.c. polarographic wave has been extended within the same
framework of assumptions, particularly that of sinusoidal variations of
concentration and current. The treatment and its results are compared with a
more rigorous attack on the problem, in which sinusoidal variations are not
assumed. The limitations of the simple treatment arise from this difference,
and it is suggested that these limitations also apply to treatments of the
frequency-dependence of the a.c. polarographic wave
at small amplitudes of the superposed alternating voltage. It is pointed out
that, in experimental tests of the low-frequency equations at larger amplitudes
of the voltage, the contribution of higher harmonics to the total alternating current
must be taken into account.
The interaction of azo-dyes with proteins. I. Binding of dyes with hydroxyl and sulphonate substituents to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Forbes WF , Harrap BS , Milligan B
Published: September 2010

Equilibrium dialysis experiments on
aqueous solutions of p-hydroxyazobenzene (I), azobenzene-p-sulphonic acid (II),
and p-hydroxyazobenzene-p'-sulphonic acid (III) in the presence of bovine serum
albumin show that each of these azo compounds is bound by the protein. At 28 �C
the interactions between protein and dye are of about equal extent for (II) and
(III) whereas at 2 �C (III) is bound more strongly than (II). At both
temperatures (I) is bound less strongly than either (II) or (III).

Buffered solutions of these dyes show
ultraviolet spectral changes in the presence of the serum albumin which
presumably are also related to the interactions between dye and protein.
However, these spectral shifts do not directly correlate with the relative strengths
of binding for the three dyes as measured by equilibrium dialysis. This lack of
correlation is ascribed to the fact that spectral changes may occur in bands
associated with transitions to locally excited states which may not necessarily
contain the binding site(s) through which interaction occurs with the protein.
This emphasizes that spectral changes must be used cautiously as a measure of
the interactions between proteins and organic molecules. The nature of these
interactions for (I), (II), and (III) is discussed.
Amino acids and peptides. VIII. The synthesis and some properties of L-cystine diamide
Authors: Stapleton IW , Swan JM
Published: September 2010

L-Cystine diamide has
been synthesized by several different routes and isolated as its crystalline
di(trifluor0acetate) and dihydrochloride. The compound has a molecular rotation
[M]D21 -630� in 1N HCl, compared to [M]D20
-537� for L-cystine ; the rotation is strongly dependent on pH in the range
5-8, the value of [M]D20 at pH 8 being -120�. The
polarographic behaviour of L-cystine diamide is very similar to that of
cystine. The amino groups in cystine diamide are only weakly basic, the pK?A values being 5.93 and 6.90 for the
successive ionizations of the two NH3+ groups. The latter
result is in accordance with the known acigenic properties of both amide and
disulphide groups. A possible relation between optical rotation of cystine
compounds and the pK? values of ionizable groups present in the molecule is
discussed.
The Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions by Single Crystals of Silver
Authors: Bagg J
Published: September 2010

Measurements of the rate of the catalytic
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by single crystals of silver showed that the
kinetics depended strongly upon the concentration and pH of the hydrogen
peroxide solutions ; some mechanisms are proposed to account for the observed
kinetics. Even under the conditions causing the least change in the surface
during reaction the rate constants were the same for all the orientations
examined. During the reaction the surface became covered with a layer, possibly
silver oxide, which masked the original orientation of the crystal ; the
formation of this layer is the most likely reason for the absence of any
orientation dependence.
Polarography of Anthraquinone Derivatives in Dimethylformamide: Effect of Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Jones R , Spotswood TM
Published: September 2010

The polarographic
reduction is reported of anthraquinone, some methoxyanthraquinones, hydroxyanthraquinones,
and aminoanthraquinones in dimethylformamide. Two reduction steps, each
corresponding to the addition of one electron, were obtained for all compounds
with the exception of 2-hydroxyanthraquinone, which gave four distinct steps.
The introduction of hydroxyl groupings peri to the quinone carbonyl groupings
caused the half-wave potentials of both steps to shift to less negative values.
The shifts of the first reduction steps have been interpreted in terms of
stabilization of the
radical-ions by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Studies in Waxes. XXI. The Branched-chain Acids of the Preen Gland Wax of the Goose
Authors: Murray KE
Published: September 2010

Largely by the use of gas chromatographic
techniques the two main constituent acids of the preen gland wax of the goose
have been isolated and shown to be 2,4,6,8-tetramethyldecanoic and
2,4,6,8-tetramethylundecanoic acids.
The Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons at High Temperatures. XV. The Pyrolysis of 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane ("iso-octane")
Authors: Badger GM , Donnelly JK , Spotswood TM
Published: September 2010

The pyrolysis of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
(" iso-octane ") at 700 �C has given a tar in which 30 different
aromatic compounds have been identified. Mechanisms for the formation of these
compounds are discussed.
Solvolysis of Sulphonyl Halides. III. The Hydrolysis of Methane- and Ethanesulphonyl Chlorides in Aqueous Dioxan and Aqueous Acetone
Authors: Foon R , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The hydrolyses of methane- and
ethanesulphonyl chlorides in aqueous acetone and aqueous dioxan, in the range
0.2-1.0 mole fraction of water, follow an SN2
mechanism. The first-order rate constants at low temperature go through a
maximum as the composition of the solvent approaches pure water and there is a
marked retardation at other temperatures. There is strong evidence that the
nature of the transition complex is changing as the solvent composition is
changed. The data arising from the use of an extended range of solvent
composition have invalidated earlier discussions of the nature of this
reaction.
The Mechanisms of Racemization of the 2,2'-Bipyridinebis-(1,10-phenanthroline) nickel(II) Ion and the 1,10-Phenanthrolinebis-(2,2'-bipyridine)-nickel(II) Ion
Authors: Broomhead JA , Dwyer FP
Published: September 2010

The rates of racemization of the 1,10-phenanthrolinebis-(2,2'-bipyridine)nickel(II) ion and the
2,2'-bipyridinebis-(1,10-phenanthroline)nickel(II) ion have been measured in
neutral, acid, and basic solutions as well as in organic solvents. Comparison of
the rates in acid solution with the corresponding rates of dissociation has
shown that racemization takes place by means of an intermolecular mechanism
with the loss of one bipyridine ligand. Increased racemization rates in the
presence of acids, bases, and specific ions such as NO2-;,
Cl-, Br- have been accounted for by the same mechanism.
Kinetics of Decomposition of Titanium Tetraiodide
Authors: Bowling KM
Published: September 2010

����� The rate of growth of an incandescent
filament exposed to a steady stream of titanium tetraiodide vapour was
determined from changes in the electrical conductance of the filament, and used
to calculate the rate of decomposition of titanium tetraiodide at 1100-1500�C
and at various vapour pressures. The method used eliminates the effects of
titanium evaporation, counter-current gaseous diffusion, and the iodide
synthesis reaction, which have influenced previous work.�The
results show that the rate of decomposition is proportional to the vapour
concentration but independent of the surface area for a given length of
filament. The decomposition rate varies with temperature according to an
Arrhenius-type relationship, leading to a provisional estimate for the energy
of activation of 28.6 kcal/mole. Under suitable conditions high deposition
rates are obtained.

The decomposition appears to proceed as a
first-order, homogeneous, gas-phase reaction in a hot reaction zone around the
filament, rather than heterogeneously on the surface.
Equilibria in Acetic Acid: Triple Ion Equilibrium Constants of Sodium Perchlorate and Perchloric Acid at 105.7°C
Authors: Martin RJL
Published: September 2010

A more accurate mathematical method is
described for evaluating the conductivity data which involve triple ions. The
method has been used to determine the triple ion equilibrium constant of sodium
perchlorate which agrees with that calculated from the Fuoss and Kraus (1933b)
equation. The limiting equivalent conductivity of the perchloric acid triple
ion electrolyte is greater than that expected from the relative sizes of the
ions and is due to a proton-jump mechanism.
Pyrrole Studies. I. The Infrared Spectra of 2-Monosubstituted Pyrroles
Authors: Jones RA
Published: September 2010

The positions and intensities of the
characteristic infrared absorption bands of the nucleus are recorded and
discussed for thirty-five 2-monosubstituted pyrroles.
The Selenium Dehydrogenation Reaction with Diterpenes
Authors: Carman RM
Published: September 2010

Selenium dehydrogenation of a diterpenoid
compound followed by vapour-phase chromatography of the crude products gives a
pattern of peaks which is characteristic of the basic carbon skeleton of the
diterpene. In favourable circumstances this pattern may be used to determine
the carbon skeleton and the position of functional groups in the parent
compound.
Alkaloids of Crotalaria crispata F. Muell. ex Benth., The Structures of Crispatine and Fulvine
Authors: Culvenor CCJ , Smith LW
Published: September 2010

Crotalaria crispata F. Muell. ex Benth.
contains monocrotaline and two isomeric alkaloids of empirical formula C16H23O5N.
One of these is identical with fulvine, an alkaloid from Crotalaria fulva
Roxb., while the other is new and is named crispatine. Fulvine and crispatine
are shown to be macrocyclic esters of retronecine with different
diastereoisomers of 3-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethylglutaric acid.
The Proton Magnetic Resonance of Furoquinoline Alkaloids and Related Compounds
Authors: Robertson AV
Published: September 2010

A survey of the proton magnetic resonance
of 20 compounds of the furoquinoline and related classes discloses correlations
which will be useful for future structural work in this alkaloid field.
Organo-Aluminium Compounds. I. Preparation and Properties of Some Phenylaluminium Compounds
Authors: Mole T
Published: September 2010

Reaction of phenylmagnesium halides with
aluminium chloride affords a good route to triphenylaluminium etherate and
hence to triphenylaluminium, diphenylaluminium chloride, and phenylaluminium
dichloride. The molecular weights of these compounds were determined
ebulliometrically. Diphenylaluminium chloride and phenylaluminium dichloride
form mono-etherates. Possible reactions with benzene, toluene, chloroform,
mercuric chloride, and organic halides were examined. A convenient preparation
of diphenylmercury is described.
Studies on the Doebner-Miller, Skraup, and Related Reactions. IV. Intermediates and By-products in the Preparation of 1,10-Phenanthrolines
Authors: Badger GM , Crocker HP , Ennis BC
Published: September 2010

Three β-arylaminoketones,
intermediates in the syntheses of alkyl-1,10-phenanthrolines from
8-aminoquinolines, have been isolated. The isolation of two 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,10-phenanthroline
derivatives following cyclization reactions is also reported.
Electrode surface concentrations for mixed transfer processes: transfer by diffusion and chemical reaction for a plane electrode
Authors: Groden CM , Aylward GH , Hayes JW
Published: September 2010

An expression has been derived and tables
computed for the concentration of oxidant and reductant at the electrode
surface as a function of time and polarizing potential in the case where an
irreversible chemical reaction follows a reversible electron transfer reaction
under the conditions of a somewhat idealized polarographic system.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of polycyclic aromatic compounds. I. ABCD systems in fused rings
Authors: Batterham TJ , Tsai L , Ziffer H
Published: September 2010

A theoretical study of the nuclear
magnetic resonance spectra given by ABCD systems in fused aromatic rings is
presented. The symmetry of these systems allowed much simplification and
equations developed for an R-AB-X case made possible the allocation of the
lines to specific transitions. Examples are given to show how the theoretical
treatment makes possible an analysis of observed spectra.
A synthesis of melibentin
Authors: Briggs LH , Cebalo T
Published: September 2010

Melibentin (I), a new, fully alkylated
flavone from Melicope broadbentiana Bail., has been synthesized from
meliternatin (II).
Some transformations of 6α-Bromocholest-4-en-3β-ol and its 3-Acetate. A convenient synthesis of 3,6-Dialkoxysteroids
Authors: Collins DJ , Hobbs JJ
Published: September 2010

The term "ambiallylic" is introduced to describe the system -C-C=C-C-
in which X and Y are functional groups. The novel reactivity of some ambiallylic
systems, including 6a-bromocholest-4-en-3β-ol and its 3-acetate, is discussed.
During chromatography over Florisil 6α-bromocholest-4-en-3β-ol was con-
verted to a mixture of cholest-4-en-3-one, cholest-5-en-3-one, and cholest-4-ene-
3β,6β-diol, together with other unidentified products. Chromatography of 6α-bromo-
cholest-4-en-3β-ol 3-acetate over Florisil led to extensive decomposition; the only
product identified was cholest-5-ene-3β,4β-diol 4-acetate.
Treatment of 6α-bromocholest-4-en-3β-ol 3-acetate with methanol or ethanol
containing pyridine gave 6α-methoxy- or 6β-ethoxy-cholest-4-en-3β-ol 3-acetate,
which upon further reaction with methanol or ethanol containing hydrochloric acid
afforded 3β,6β-dimethoxy-, 3β-ethoxy-6β-methoxy-, 3β-methoxy-6β-ethoxy-, or
3β,6β-diethoxy-cholest-4-ene, respectively.
The chemistry of the Euphorbiaceae. VIII. New flavones from Ricinocarpus stylosus
Authors: Henrick CA , Jefferies PR
Published: September 2010

The structures of four new naturally
occurring flavonoid pigments have been determined. They have been shown to be
5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone,
5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,8,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyflavone
and 5,3',5'-trihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone. The N.M.R. correlations of
these and some related flavonols are discussed.
Porphyrins. VI. Studies on the relative reactivities of substituted pyrroles
Authors: Badger GM , Harris RLN , Jones RA
Published: September 2010

The comparative reactivities of a series
of substituted pyrroles have been examined using the diazo-coupling reaction,
and the Ehrlich reaction. The dicyanovinyl group has been found to exert a very
marked deactivating effect.
Some 5- and 6-coordinate base adducts of Bis(acetylacetonato)manganese(II)
Authors: Graddon DP , Mockler GM
Published: September 2010

From diaquobis(acetylacetonato)manganese(II)
we have obtained mono- and bis(pyridine)acetylacetonatomanganese(II),
corresponding 4-methylpyridine compounds, bis-2-methylpyridine-,
aquo-2-methylpyridine-, and o-phenanthroline- derivatives and some compounds in
which all or part of the water is replaced by ethanol. All these compounds have
magnetic moments which are normal for spin-free d5 complexes, but anhydrous
bis(acetylacetonato)manganese(II) has a slightly lower moment. Molecular weight
determinations show that the anhydrous compound is trimeric; the adducts with
one molecule of base, though monomeric and 5-coordinate in freshly prepared
benzene solutions, slowly decompose in solution, probably to condensed
6-coordinate species; the bispyridine, bis-4-methylpyridine, and
o-phenanthroline adducts also dissociate in solution, an indication that
manganese(II) forms unstable complexes with nitrogen as donor atom. The dark
colour of these solutions appears to be due to manganese(IV) oxide.
The prediction of metal-to-metal bonding in transition metal binary and related compounds
Authors: Sheldon JC
Published: September 2010

The evidence for, and the factors
determining, the formation of metal-to-metal (m-m) bonds in transition metal
oxides, sulphides, halides, and related complexes are discussed. It is proposed
that when metals of high preferred valence state are constrained to low formal
oxidation states, m-m bonds will form to allow the metal to exercise a higher
valency. It is assumed that (n-l)d orbitals are used for such bonds and
predictions of the feasibility of m-m bonding are possible by the comparison of
the size of such orbitals with the expected inter-metal distances in polymeric
metal oxides and halides. It is concluded that binary oxides and halides
(excepting fluorides) of the lower oxidation states of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, and Re and of a few neighbouring elements
will display m-m bonds.