bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hoverfly diversity (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Pyrenean oak woodlands in Central-Western Spain: a preliminary study with conservation outcomes
Authors: Gaytán Á. , Ricarte A. , González-Bornay G.
Published: December 2019

Hoverflies are frequently used as biodiversity indicators and are targets of ecological studies across Europe. How hoverfly diversity responds to ecological variables is essential for species and habitat conservation. The present study is a first attempt to assess the hoverfly diversity of deciduous woodlands of Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) in La Vera (Central-Western Spain), a habitat in need of conservation and a region that is poorly known in terms of hoverflies. Hoverflies were sampled with hand net in a mature-woodland site, a young-woodland site, and two close-by grassland sites. A higher number of species and individuals was recorded in woodland sites than in grassland sites, with only two species exclusive to the grasslands and thus, suggesting that woodland sites might be acting as a hoverfly reservoir and source. The proportion of species with phytophagous and saprophagous larvae in woodland sites was higher than outside the woodlands, probably due to a higher availability of resources in woodland sites for phytophagous and saprophagous species. The mature woodland was found to have a higher number of species and individuals than the young woodland, possibly due to the presence of grassy clearings and rotting materials in the trees of the mature woodland. The highest number of species was found in the predatory guild (Syrphinae), and smaller-bodied species within this guild were found to be more frequent in grassland than in woodland sites; possible explanations for this result are discussed. Further investigation is required to confirm and expand the results and conclusions found in this initial study on the hoverfly community of the poorly studiedQ. pyrenaicawoodlands of Central-Western Spain.
Imagery Rescripting and Exposure in Social Anxiety: A Randomized Trial Comparing Treatment Techniques
Authors: Knutsson Jens , Nilsson Jan-Erik , Eriksson Åsa , Järild Linda
Published: December 2019

This randomized trial compared the effects of imagery rescripting against in vivo exposure administered separately during a single session with 27 socially anxious individuals. Previous research shows that imagery rescripting is a promising treatment technique for various disorders including social anxiety, although imagery rescripting and exposure for social anxiety have not yet been compared. Social anxiety self-report measures (LSAS-SR and BFNE-II); the distress, vividness, and frequency of fear images (i.e., Imagery condition); and the levels of anxiety, avoidance, and the strength of convictions of a feared social situation (i.e., exposure condition) were rated at baseline, before treatment, and after a 2- and 4-week follow up period. Both treatment groups improved significantly on all measures pre- to post treatment and the effects largely remained at the 4-week follow-up. No significant differences between the treatment groups were found on the anxiety measures. The results suggest that either a single session of imagery rescripting or of exposure are effective in reducing social anxiety, and that both treatment techniques, even when administered in a single session, reduces social anxiety.
You and CO2: a Public Engagement Study to Engage Secondary School Students with the Issue of Climate Change
Authors: Rudd Jennifer A. , Horry Ruth , Skains R. Lyle
Published: December 2019

School students are growing up in a world with a rapidly changing climate, the effects of which will become increasingly apparent during their lifetimes. We designed and pilot tested “You and CO2”, a STEAM program designed to encourage students to reflect on their personal impact on the environment, while also appreciating their place within society to bring about positive societal change. Over three interlinked workshops, students analyzed the carbon footprints of some everyday activities, which they then explored in more detail through interacting with a bespoke piece of digital fiction, No World 4 Tomorrow. The program culminated with students producing their own digital fictions, allowing them the freedom to explore the themes from the previous workshops with a setting and focus of their choice. We reflect here on the experience of running the You and CO2 program and on the themes that emerged from the students’ original digital fictions.
Are the categorical laws of ontology metaphysically contingent?
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: December 2019

Are the categorical laws of ontology metaphysically contingent? I do not intend to give a full answer to this question in this paper. But I shall give a partial answer to it. In particular, Gideon Rosen, in his article “The Limits of Contingency” (2006), has distinguished a certain conception of metaphysical necessity, which he calls the Non-Standard conception, which, together with the assumption that all natures or essences are Kantian, is supposed to entail that many laws of ontology are metaphysically contingent (Rosen 2006: 20, 27). Now, the argument Rosen gives supports the conclusion that all categorical laws of ontology are contingent. I shall argue that the Non-Standard conception and the thesis that all natures are Kantian are incompatible with each other and that, if the Non-Standard conception is true, there must be at least one metaphysically necessary categorical law of ontology, and I shall identify such a law. Thus my contribution to the question of the title of the paper will be that not all categorical ontological laws can be contingent if the Non-Standard conception is true.
Capability instruments in economic evaluations of health-related interventions: a comparative review of the literature
Authors: Helter Timea Mariann , Coast Joanna , Łaszewska Agata , Stamm Tanja , Simon Judit
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Given increasing interest in using the capability approach for health economic evaluations and a growing literature, this paper aims to synthesise current information about the characteristics of capability instruments and their application in health economic evaluations.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted to assess studies that contained information on the development, psychometric properties and valuation of capability instruments, or their application in economic evaluations.

Results

The review identified 98 studies and 14 instruments for inclusion. There is some evidence on the psychometric properties of most instruments. Most papers found moderate-to-high correlation between health and capability measures, ranging between 0.41 and 0.64. ASCOT, ICECAP-A, -O and -SCM instruments have published valuation sets, most frequently developed using best–worst scaling. Thirteen instruments were originally developed in English and one in Portuguese; however, some translations to other languages are available. Ten economic evaluations using capability instruments were identified. The presentation of results show a lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate way to use capability instruments in economic evaluations with discussion about capability-adjusted life years (CALYs), years of capability equivalence and the trade-off between maximisation of capability versus sufficient capability.

Conclusion

There has been increasing interest in applying the capability-based approach in health economic evaluations, but methodological and conceptual issues remain. There is still a need for direct comparison of the different capability instruments and for clear guidance on when and how they should be used in economic evaluations.
Citation concept analysis (CCA): a new form of citation analysis revealing the usefulness of concepts for other researchers illustrated by exemplary case studies including classic books by Thomas S. Kuhn and Karl R. Popper
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Wray K. Brad , Haunschild Robin
Published: December 2019

In recent years, the full text of papers are increasingly available electronically which opens up the possibility of quantitatively investigating citation contexts in more detail. In this study, we introduce a new form of citation analysis, which we call citation concept analysis (CCA). CCA is intended to reveal the cognitive impact certain concepts—published in a highly-cited landmark publication—have on the citing authors. It counts the number of times the concepts are mentioned (cited) in the citation context of citing publications. We demonstrate the method using three classical highly cited books: (1) The structure of scientific revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn, (2) The logic of scientific discovery—Logik der Forschung: Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft in German—, and (3) Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge by Karl R. Popper. It is not surprising—as our results show—that Kuhn’s “paradigm” concept seems to have had a significant impact. What is surprising is that our results indicate a much larger impact of the concept “paradigm” than Kuhn’s other concepts, e.g., “scientific revolution”. The paradigm concept accounts for about 40% of the concept-related citations to Kuhn’s work, and its impact is resilient across all disciplines and over time. With respect to Popper, “falsification” is the most used concept derived from his books. Falsification is the cornerstone of Popper’s critical rationalism.
Abnormal ECG Findings in Athletes: Clinical Evaluation and Considerations
Authors: Abela Mark , Sharma Sanjay
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review

Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation with electrocardiography is normal practice for most sporting bodies. Awareness about sudden cardiac death in athletes and recognizing how screening can help identify vulnerable athletes have empowered different sporting disciplines to invest in the wellbeing of their athletes.

Recent findings

Discerning physiological electrical alterations due to athletic training from those representing cardiac pathology may be challenging. The mode of investigation of affected athletes is dependent on the electrical anomaly and the disease(s) in question.

This review will highlight specific pathological ECG patterns that warrant assessment and surveillance, together with an in-depth review of the recommended algorithm for evaluation.
The Intrapericardial Delivery of Extracellular Vesicles from Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Stimulates M2 Polarization during the Acute Phase of Porcine Myocardial Infarction
Authors: López Esther , Blázquez Rebeca , Marinaro Federica , Álvarez Verónica , Blanco Virginia , Báez Claudia , González Irene , Abad Ana , Moreno Beatriz , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco Miguel , Crisóstomo Verónica , Casado Javier García
Published: December 2019

Acute myocardial infarction triggers a strong inflammatory response in the affected cardiac tissue. New therapeutic tools based on stem cell therapy may modulate the unbalanced inflammation in the damaged cardiac tissue, contributing to the resolution of this pathological condition. The main goal of this study was to analyze the immunomodulatory effects of cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EV-CDCs), delivered by intrapericardial administration in a clinically relevant animal model, during the initial pro-inflammatory phase of an induced myocardial infarction. This effect was assessed in peripheral blood and pericardial fluid leukocytes from infarcted animals. Additionally, cardiac functional parameters, troponin I, hematological and biochemical components were also analyzed to characterize myocardial infarction-induced changes, as well as the safety aspects of these procedures. Our preclinical study demonstrated a successful myocardial infarction induction in all animals, without any reported adverse effect related to the intrapericardial administration of CDCs or EV-CDCs. Significant changes were observed in biochemical and immunological parameters after myocardial infarction. The analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes revealed an increase of M2 monocytes in the EV-CDCs group, while no differences were reported in other lymphocyte subsets. Moreover, arginase-1 (M2-differentiation marker) was significantly increased in pericardial fluids 24 h after EV-CDCs administration. In summary, we demonstrate that, in our experimental conditions, intrapericardially administered EV-CDCs have an immunomodulatory effect on monocyte polarization, showing a beneficial effect for counteracting an unbalanced inflammatory reaction in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. These M2 monocytes have been defined as “pro-regenerative cells” with a pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity.
A taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous species of the rattan genus Korthalsia (Arecaceae)
Authors: Shahimi Salwa , Conejero Maria , Prychid Christina J. , Rudall Paula J. , Hawkins Julie A. , Baker William J.
Published: December 2019

The rattan genus Korthalsia Blume (Arecaceae: Calamoideae: Calameae) is widespread in the Malesian region. Among the 28 accepted species are 10 species that form intimate associations with ants. The ants inhabit the conspicuous ocreas that are produced by these species, using them as domatia to care for their young and aphids. As a foundation for future work, we present here a taxonomic treatment of the myrmecophilous Korthalsia species, based on extensive research pursued both in the herbarium and the field. In addition, we conduct detailed morphological characterisation of the structure and development of ocrea using light and scanning electron microscopy. Descriptions, illustrations, keys and distribution maps are presented for all 10 species, along with microscopic images of ocrea morphology and development for selected species.
Response surface methodology as a statistical tool for optimization of removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by Teff (Eragrostis teff) husk activated carbon
Authors: Adane Tsegaye , Haile Daniel , Dessie Awrajaw , Abebe Yohannes , Dagne Henok
Published: December 2019

Recently, rapid industrialization leads to excessive release of heavy metals such as Cr(VI) in the environment. Exposure to chromium (VI) can cause kidney and liver damage, depressed immune systems, and a variety of cancers. Therefore, treatment of Cr(VI) containing wastewater is mandatory. This study aims to optimize the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using locally available Teff husk activated carbon adsorbent. The laboratory-based study was conducted on the optimization of Cr(VI) removal efficiency of Teff husk activated carbon from aqueous solution. A central composite design was used to examine the effect of the interaction of process parameters and to optimize the process using Design Expert version 7.0 software. The optimized removal efficiency of Teff husk activated carbon (95.597%) was achieved at 1.92 pH, 87.83 mg/L initial concentration, 20.22 g/L adsorbent dose, and 2.07 H contact time. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on Teff husk activated carbon was found to be best fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model of the adsorption. Teff husk activated carbon can be used as an efficient adsorbent for removal of chromium (VI) from contaminated water. Column adsorption needs to be studied in the future.
Analysis of Coupled Surface Plasmon in LHM Mediated Dielectric Gap Multilayer Structure
Authors: Bendjebbour Mohammed , Cherifi Abdellatif , Bouhafs Benamar
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this work is to investigate theoretically the characteristics of confined electromagnetic modes propagating along the interfaces of a multilayer device. This one dimensional (ID) sensor is formed by stacking a left-handed material (LHM) layer between a SiCt2-glass prism and a dielectric gap layer in contact with gold (Au). The results indicate that the total thickness of the LHM layer and dielectric gap, in optimum conditions, give the ability of tuning significantly the characteristics of the resonant modes correlated to surface plasmons (SPs) propagation along the interfaces of the designed device. By considering two arrangements between LHM and Au, two opposite resonant behaviors observed in p-reflectance spectra are analyzed in the angular interrogation mode and discussed thoroughly.
Development of polyindole/tungsten carbide nanocomposite-modified electrodes for electrochemical quantification of chlorpyrifos
Authors: Joshi Pragati , Mehtab Sameena , Zaidi M. G. H. , Tyagi Tanvi , Bisht Anjali
Published: December 2019

The present investigation deals with the development of a novel polymer nanocomposite (PNCs) electrodes for simple, selective and sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos (CHL). PNCs were developed using surfactant facilitated polymerization of indole using different concentrations (wt%) of WC ranging 5–30. Formation of PNCs was ascertained through diversified analytical methods. Electrodes were derived from PNCs over stainless steel substrate for electrochemical quantification of CHL. With concentration of WC, the DC conductivity (10−2 × S/cm) of electrodes was increased ranging 3.54–0.75 at 313 K. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals well stability of electrodes in phosphate buffer (PBS, 0.1 M) at pH 7.4. The performance of electrodes towards detection and quantification of CHL was investigated through square wave voltammetry. Study reveals that detection and quantification of CHL were dependent on concentration of WC in nanocomposites. Square wave voltammetry reveals that the electrode derived from PNCs with 5 wt% of WC has rendered highest limits of detection and quantification of CHL (10−8mol/L) up to 5.94 and 18. This work describes a viable method of preparation of synergistic blend of WC in PIN matrix having high electrical conductivity, rapid electron shift, huge surface area and enhanced stability for fast and précised electrochemical detection of CHL.

Graphic abstract
Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation, and Female Sexual Pain: A Comparative Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Vasconcelos Priscila , Oliveira Cátia , Nobre Pedro
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Sexual pain is a multideterminate phenomenon, resulting from the interplay between biopsychosocial dimensions. Research suggests that self-compassion plays a protective role on mental health through the enablement of adaptive emotion regulation strategies and that they both contribute to ease chronic pain experience. However, little is known about the role played by self-compassion and emotion regulation on female sexual pain.

Aim

The study aims to identify differences between women with self-reported sexual pain, women with other self-reported sexual dysfunctions, and women without sexual complaints regarding self-compassion and emotion regulation.

Methods

A total of 220 women (Mage = 27.73 years, SD = 8.46) were divided into 3 groups based on their clinical condition – 53 women with self-reported sexual pain, 30 women with other self-reported sexual dysfunctions, and 137 women without sexual complaints – completed measures of sexual functioning (Female Sexual Function Index), self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale), and difficulties in emotion regulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale). Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) with post hoc analyses were performed.

Main Outcome Measure

The main outcome measures were self-compassion, measured on a 5-point Likert scale using 26-item questionnaire, and difficulties in emotion regulation, assessed on a 5-point Likert scale using a 36-item questionnaire.

Results

Findings indicated that women with self-reported sexual dysfunction and particularly women with self-reported sexual pain report lower self-compassion (P values ranging between .001 and .044) and more difficulties in emotion regulation (P values ranging between .003 and .023) than women without sexual problems.

Clinical Implications

Findings highlight the association between lower levels of self-compassion and more difficulties in emotion regulation with self-reported sexual complaints, particularly with genito-pelvic pain–related sexual complaints.

Strength & Limitations

This is the first study to address differences between groups with different self-reported sexual dysfunctions regarding self-compassion and emotion regulation. Findings suggest that women with self-reported sexual dysfunction, particularly female sexual pain, report decreased levels of self-compassion and emotion regulation. The absence of equity on sample dimension and the correlational nature of the study are limitations to be considered.

Conclusion

Results indicated that self-compassion and emotion regulation are associated with sexual complaints, and particularly genito-pelvic pain complaints, suggesting the importance of conducting further investigation to address their potential positive outcomes in clinical intervention.
Software accurately predicts piston and ring pack performance
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: December 2019

Tenneco Inc's Powertrain division has developed simulation software that accurately predicts piston and ring pack performance and substantially cuts engine cylinder component development time. This article briefly looks at the technology.
What Lies Beneath Is Important for Ice Sheets
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: December 2019

New research reconstructing the topography of Antarctica shows that the continent has 25% less land above sea level than when ice first started to accumulate 34 million years ago.
Using Satellites and Supercomputers to Track Arctic Volcanoes
Authors: Streiff Lara
Published: December 2019

New data sets from the ArcticDEM project help scientists track elevation changes from natural hazards like volcanoes and landslides before, during, and long after the events.
The Value of Long‐Term (40 years) Airborne Gamma Radiation SWE Record for Evaluating Three Observation‐Based Gridded SWE Data Sets by Seasonal Snow and Land Cover Classifications
Authors: Cho Eunsang , Jacobs Jennifer M. , Vuyovich Carrie M.
Published: December 2019

Observation‐based long‐term gridded snow water equivalent (SWE) products are important assets for hydrological and climate research. However, an evaluation of the currently available SWE products has been limited due to the lack of independent SWE data that extend over a large range of environmental conditions. In this study, three daily long‐term SWE products (Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder [SSMI/S] SWE, GlobSnow‐2 SWE, and University of Arizona [UA] SWE) were evaluated by seasonal snow cover and land cover classifications over the conterminous United States from 1982 to 2017, using the historical airborne gamma radiation SWE observations (20,738 measurements). We found that there are similar patterns in SSMI/S and GlobSnow‐2 SWE when compared against the gamma SWE. However, GlobSnow‐2 SWE had better agreement with gamma SWE than SSMI/S SWE in some forested‐type classes and maritime and prairie snow classes. As compared to SSMI/S and GlobSnow‐2 SWE, UA SWE has much better agreement with gamma SWE in all land cover types and snow classes. Tree cover and topographic heterogeneity affect the agreement between the gamma and gridded SWE and accuracy of gamma SWE itself with the largest differences typically occurring when the percent tree cover was 80% or higher, the terrain slope was steeper than 2.5°, and the elevation range exceeded 100 m. The results demonstrate the reliability of the UA SWE products and the benefits of the gamma radiation approach to measure SWE, especially in forested regions.
Boosting Resolution and Recovering Texture of 2D and 3D Micro‐CT Images with Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Ying Da , Armstrong Ryan T. , Mostaghimi Peyman
Published: December 2019

Simulation of flow directly at the pore scale depends on high‐quality digital rock images but is constrained by detector hardware. A trade‐off between the image field of view (FOV) and image resolution is made. This can be compensated for with superresolution (SR) techniques that take a wide FOV, low‐resolution (LR) image, and superresolve a high resolution (HR). The Enhanced Deep Super Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (EDSRGAN) is trained on the DeepRock‐SR, a diverse compilation of raw and processed micro‐computed tomography (
CT) images in 2D and 3D. The 2D and 3D trained networks show comparable performance of 50% to 70% reduction in relative error over bicubic interpolation with minimal computational cost during usage. Texture regeneration with EDSRGAN shows superior visual similarity versus Super Resolution Convolutional Neural Network (SRCNN) and other methods. Difference maps show SRCNN recovers large‐scale edge features while EDSRGAN regenerates perceptually indistinguishable high‐frequency texture. Physical accuracy is measured by permeability and phase topology on consistently segmented images, showing EDSRGAN results achieving the closest match. Performance is generalized with augmentation, showing high adaptability to noise and blur. HR images are fed into the network, generating HR‐SR images to extrapolate network performance to subresolution features present in the HR images themselves. Underresolution features are regenerated despite operating outside of trained specifications. Comparison with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images shows details are consistent with the underlying geometry. Images that are normally constrained by the mineralogy of the rock, by fast transient imaging, or by the energy of the source can be superresolved accurately for further analysis.
First experimental evaluation of the alpha efficiency in coarse-grained quartz for ESR dating purposes: implications for dose rate evaluation
Authors: Bartz Melanie , Arnold Lee J. , Spooner Nigel A. , Demuro Martina , Campaña Isidoro , Rixhon Gilles , Brückner Helmut , Duval Mathieu
Published: December 2019

We present the first experimental evaluation of the alpha efficiency value for electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of coarse quartz grains, which is used for the evaluation of the internal and external alpha dose rate components. Based on our results, we recommend the use of an a-value of 0.07 ± 0.01 (1σ) for both the Al and Ti centres. Although we acknowledge that quartz ESR alpha efficiency may be sample dependent, and could also be impacted by other sources of uncertainty, this potential variability is presently impossible to evaluate given the absence of other experimental a-values available in the ESR dating literature. Measured radioactivity of quartz grains from the Moulouya catchment (NE Morocco) provides an internal dose rate in the range of 50–70 µGy/a when using an a-value of 0.07. The use of this empirically derived a-value for the evaluation of the internal and external alpha dose rate has a limited overall impact on the final ESR age results: they change by <2% and <3%, respectively, in comparison with those obtained with an assumed a-value. However, the large variability observed among the broader sample dataset for quartz internal radioactivity and hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching rates underscores the potential importance of undertaking experimental evaluations of alpha dose rate parameters for each dated sample.
Silicon and salicylic acid confer high-pH stress tolerance in tomato seedlings
Authors: Khan Adil , Kamran Muhammad , Imran Muhammad , Al-Harrasi Ahmed , Al-Rawahi Ahmed , Al-Amri Issa , Lee In-Jung , Khan Abdul Latif
Published: December 2019

Alkalinity is a known threat to crop plant growth and production, yet the role of exogenous silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) application has been largely unexplored. Here, we sought to understand the beneficial impacts of Si and SA on tomato seedlings during high-pH (9.0) stress. Results showed that Si- and SA-treated plants displayed higher biomass, chlorophyll contents, relative leaf water and better root system than none-treated plants under alkaline conditions. Both Si and SA counteracted the alkaline stress-induced oxidative damage by lowering the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. The major antioxidant defence enzyme activities were largely stimulated by Si and SA, and these treatments caused significantly increased K+ and lowered Na+ concentrations in shoot and root under stress. Moreover, Si and SA treatments modulated endogenous SA levels and dramatically decreased abscisic acid levels in both shoot and root. Additionally, key genes involved in Si uptake, SA biosynthesis, the antioxidant defence system and rhizosphere acidification were up-regulated in Si and SA treatments under alkaline conditions. These results demonstrate that Si and SA play critical roles in improving alkaline stress tolerance in tomato seedlings, by modifying the endogenous Na+ and K+ contents, regulating oxidative damage and key genes and modulating endogenous hormone levels. These findings will help to broaden our understanding regarding the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with the alkaline soil tolerance in plants.
Author Correction: Typeface Reveals Spatial Economical Patterns
Authors: Ma Ruixian , Wang Wei , Zhang Fan , Shim Kyuha , Ratti Carlo
Published: December 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Leveraging drought risk reduction for sustainable food, soil and climate via soil organic carbon sequestration
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Wagai Rota
Published: December 2019

Drought is a major risk in global agriculture. Building-up soil organic carbon (SOC) enhances soil fertility and efficient use of rainwater, which can increase drought tolerance in food production. SOC management demonstrates its benefit at various locations and is a promising means to achieve food security and climate mitigation at once. However, no global assessment of its potential and co-benefits gained from SOC enhancement has been presented. Here we evaluated the extent to which SOC build-up could reduce agricultural drought risk. Using statistical analysis of spatially-explicit global crop and soil datasets, we find that relatively small enhancement in topsoil (0–30 cm) organic carbon content (OCtop) could increase drought tolerance of the food production systems operating over 70% of the global harvested area (particularly drylands). By closing the gap between current and upper limit of tolerance levels through SOC addition of 4.87 GtC at the global scale, farmer’s economic output in drought years would increase by ~16%. This level of SOC increase has co-benefit of reducing global decadal mean temperature warming by 0.011 °C. Our findings highlight that progress towards multiple development goals can be leveraged by SOC enhancement in carbon (C)-poor soils in drier regions around the world.
Sexual practices have a significant impact on the vaginal microbiota of women who have sex with women
Authors: Plummer Erica L. , Vodstrcil Lenka A. , Fairley Christopher K. , Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Garland Suzanne M. , Law Matthew G. , Hocking Jane S. , Fethers Katherine A. , Bulach Dieter M. , Murray Gerald L. , Bradshaw Catriona S.
Published: December 2019

Women-who-have-sex-with-women (WSW) are at increased risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV). We investigated the impact of practices and past BV on the vaginal microbiota within a two-year longitudinal cohort of Australian WSW. Self-collected vaginal swabs were used to characterise the vaginal microbiota using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. Hierarchical clustering defined community state types (CSTs). Bacterial diversity was calculated using the Shannon diversity index and instability of the vaginal microbiota was assessed by change of CST and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Sex with a new partner increased the bacterial diversity (adjusted-coefficient = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.21,0.60, p < 0.001) and instability of the vaginal microbiota, in terms of both change of CST (adjusted-odds-ratio = 2.65, 95%CI: 1.34,5.22, p = 0.005) and increased Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (adjusted-coefficient = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.11,0.31, p < 0.001). Women reporting sex with a new partner were more likely than women reporting no new partner to have a vaginal microbiota characterised by Gardnerella vaginalis (adjusted-relative-risk-ratio[aRRR] = 3.45, 95%CI: 1.42,8.41, p = 0.006) or anaerobic BV-associated bacteria (aRRR = 3.62, 95%CI: 1.43,9.14, p = 0.007) relative to a Lactobacillus crispatus dominated microbiota. Sex with a new partner altered the vaginal microbiota of WSW by increasing the diversity and abundance of BV-associated bacteria. These findings highlight the influence of practices on the development of a non-optimal vaginal microbiota and provide microbiological support for the sexual exchange of bacteria between women.
Explanation of Fitts’ law in Reaching Movement based on Human Arm Dynamics
Authors: Takeda Misaki , Sato Takanori , Saito Hisashi , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Nambu Isao , Wada Yasuhiro
Published: December 2019

Why does Fitts’ law fit various human behavioural data well even though it is not a model based on human physical dynamics? To clarify this, we derived the relationships among the factors applied in Fitts’ law—movement duration and spatial endpoint error—based on a multi-joint forward- and inverse-dynamics models in the presence of signal-dependent noise. As a result, the relationship between them was modelled as an inverse proportion. To validate whether the endpoint error calculated by the model can represent the endpoint error of actual movements, we conducted a behavioural experiment in which centre-out reaching movements were performed under temporal constraints in four directions using the shoulder and elbow joints. The result showed that the distributions of model endpoint error closely expressed the observed endpoint error distributions. Furthermore, the model was found to be nearly consistent with Fitts’ law. Further analysis revealed that the coefficients of Fitts’ law could be expressed by arm dynamics and signal-dependent noise parameters. Consequently, our answer to the question above is: Fitts’ law for reaching movements can be expressed based on human arm dynamics; thus, Fitts’ law closely fits human’s behavioural data under various conditions.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery for cerebral cavernous malformation
Authors: Lee Cheng-Chia , Wang Wei-Hsin , Yang Huai-Che , Lin Chung-Jung , Wu Hsiu-Mei , Lin Yen-Yu , Hu Yong-Sin , Chen Ching-Jen , Chen Yu-Wei , Chou Chien-Chen , Liu Yo-Tsen , Chung Wen-Yuh , Shiau Cheng-Ying , Guo Wan-Yuo , Hung-Chi Pan David , Hsu Sanford P. C.
Published: December 2019

This is a retrospective study examining the efficacy and safety of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS) in treating patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). Between 1993 and 2018, 261 patients with 331 symptomatic CCMs were treated by GKS. The median age was 39.9 years and females were predominant (54%). The median volume of CCMs was 3.1 mL. The median margin dose was 11.9 Gy treat to a median isodose level of 59%. Median clinical and imaging follow-up times were 69 and 61 months, respectively. After the initial hemorrhage that led to CCM diagnosis, 136 hemorrhages occurred in the period prior to GKS (annual incidence = 23.6%). After GKS, 15 symptomatic hemorrhages occurred within the first 2 years of follow-up (annual incidence = 3.22%), and 37 symptomatic hemorrhages occurred after the first 2 years of follow-up (annual incidence = 3.16%). Symptomatic radiation-induced complication was encountered in 8 patients (3.1%). Mortality related to GKS occurred in 1 patient (0.4%). In conclusion, GKS decreased the risk of hemorrhage in CCM patients presenting with symptomatic hemorrhage. GKS is a viable alternative treatment option for patients with surgically-inaccessible CCMs or significant medical comorbidities.
Adaptive amino acid substitutions enable transmission of an H9N2 avian influenza virus in guinea pigs
Authors: Lina Liu , Saijuan Chen , Chengyu Wang , Yuefeng Lu , Shishan Dong , Ligong Chen , Kangkang Guo , Zhendong Guo , Jiakai Li , Jianhui Zhang , Qingping Luo , Wenting Zhang , Yu Shang , Honglin Wang , Tengfei Zhang , Guoyuan Wen , Jiping Zhu , Chunmao Zhang , Meilin Jin , Yuwei Gao , Huabin Shao , Zongzheng Zhao
Published: December 2019

H9N2 is the most prevalent low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in domestic poultry in the world. Two distinct H9N2 poultry lineages, G1-like (A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97) and Y280-like (A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/1997) viruses, are usually associated with binding affinity for both α 2,3 and α 2,6 sialic acid receptors (avian and human receptors), raising concern whether these viruses possess pandemic potential. To explore the impact of mouse adaptation on the transmissibility of a Y280-like virus A/Chicken/Hubei/214/2017(H9N2) (abbreviated as WT), we performed serial lung-to-lung passages of the WT virus in mice. The mouse-adapted variant (MA) exhibited enhanced pathogenicity and advantaged transmissibility after passaging in mice. Sequence analysis of the complete genomes of the MA virus revealed a total of 16 amino acid substitutions. These mutations distributed across 7 segments including PB2, PB1, PA, NP, HA, NA and NS1 genes. Furthermore, we generated a panel of recombinant or mutant H9N2 viruses using reverse genetics technology and confirmed that the PB2 gene governing the increased pathogenicity and transmissibility. The combinations of 340 K and 588 V in PB2 were important in determining the altered features. Our findings elucidate the specific mutations in PB2 contribute to the phenotype differences and emphasize the importance of monitoring the identified amino acid substitutions due to their potential threat to human health.
Multivariate Classification of Prunus dulcis Varieties using Leaves of Nursery Plants and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Borraz-Martínez Sergio , Simó Joan , Gras Anna , Mestre Mariàngela , Boqué Ricard
Published: December 2019

The emergence of new almond tree (Prunus dulcis) varieties with agricultural interest is forcing the nursery plant industry to establish quality systems to keep varietal purity in the production stage. The aim of this study is to assess the capability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to classify different Prunus dulcis varieties as an alternative to more expensive methods. Fresh and dried-powdered leaves of six different varieties of almond trees of commercial interest (Avijor, Guara, Isabelona, Marta, Pentacebas and Soleta) were used. The most important variables to discriminate between these varieties were studied through of three scientifically accepted indicators (Variable importance in projection¸ selectivity ratio and vector of the regression coefficients). The results showed that the 7000 to 4000 cm−1 range contains the most useful variables, which allowed to decrease the complexity of the data set. Concerning to the classification models, a high percentage of correct classifications (90–100%) was obtained, where dried-powdered leaves showed better results than fresh leaves. However, the classification rate of both kinds of leaves evidences the capacity of the near-infrared spectroscopy to discriminate Prunus dulcis varieties. We demonstrate with these results the capability of the NIRS technology as a quality control tool in nursery plant industry.
Predictive Modelling of Lung Function using Emphysematous Density Distribution
Authors: Lor Kuo-Lung , Liu Cheng-Pei , Chang Yeun-Chung , Yu Chong-Jen , Wang Cheng-Yi , Chung Ming-Jui , Lin Fan-Ya , Chen Chung-Ming
Published: December 2019

Target lung tissue selection remains a challenging task to perform for treating severe emphysema with lung volume reduction (LVR). In order to target the treatment candidate, the percentage of low attenuation volume (LAV%) representing the proportion of emphysema volume to whole lung volume is measured using computed tomography (CT) images. Although LAV% have shown to have a correlation with lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), similar measurements of LAV% in whole lung or lobes may have large variations in lung function due to emphysema heterogeneity. The functional information of regional emphysema destruction is required for supporting the choice of optimal target. The purpose of this study is to develop an emphysema heterogeneity descriptor for the three-dimensional emphysematous bullae according to the size variations of emphysematous density (ED) and their spatial distribution. The second purpose is to derive a predictive model of airflow limitation based on the regional emphysema heterogeneity. Deriving the bullous representation and grouping them into four scales in the upper and lower lobes, a predictive model is computed using the linear model fitting to estimate the severity of lung function. A total of 99 subjects, 87 patients with mild to very severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I~IV) and 12 control participants with normal lung functions (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) > 0.7) were evaluated. The final model was trained with stratified cross-validation on randomly selected 75% of the dataset (n = 76) and tested on the remaining dataset (n = 23). The dispersed cases of LAV% inconsistent with their lung function outcome were evaluated, and the correlation study suggests that comparing to LAV of larger bullae, the widely spread smaller bullae with equivalent LAV has a larger impact on lung function. The testing dataset has the correlation of r = −0.76 (p < 0.01) between the whole lung LAV% and FEV1/FVC, whereas using two ED % of scales and location-dependent variables to predict the emphysema-associated FEV1/FVC, the results shows their correlation of 0.82 (p < 0.001) with clinical FEV1/FVC.
The assessment of liver fibrosis in children with obesity on two methods: transient and two dimensional shear wave elastography
Authors: Mărginean Cristina Oana , Meliţ Lorena Elena , Ghiga Dana Valentina , Săsăran Maria Oana
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the liver stiffness values in children with obesity versus healthy children on 2D-SWE and TE taking into account different laboratory parameters. We performed a case-control study on 287 children aged between 3 to 18 years, admitted in a Romanian Pediatric Tertiary Hospital, which we divided according to the body mass index (BMI) into two groups: the study group-77 children with obesity, and control group-210 children with normal weight. All children underwent anamnesis, clinical exam, laboratory parameters, ultrasound exam, and elastography. Children with obesity presented higher values of platelets, AST, ALT, and AAR as compared to control group (p = 0.0005/p = 0.0065/p < 0.0001/p < 0.0001). We found no significant differences for APRI between the two groups (p = 0.9827), although the values were higher in children with obesity. Significantly higher values of liver stiffness in children with obesity on both 2D-SWE and TE (p = 0.0314/p < 0.0001) were obtained. Similarly, the velocity values measured by 2D-SWE were also significantly higher in the study group (p < 0.0001). Our findings revealed significantly higher levels of platelets, transaminases, AAR, and liver stiffness values on both TE and 2D-SWE in children with obesity. 2D-SWE and TE might represent useful non-invasive methods for predicting liver impairment associated to pediatric obesity.
Tracking U.S. Pertussis Incidence: Correlation of Public Health Surveillance and Google Search Data Varies by State
Authors: Arehart Christopher H. , David Michael Z. , Dukic Vanja
Published: December 2019

The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention document a raw proxy for counts of pertussis cases in the U.S., and the Project Tycho (PT) database provides an improved source of these weekly data. These data are limited because of reporting delays, variation in state-level surveillance practices, and changes over time in diagnosis methods. We aim to assess whether Google Trends (GT) search data track pertussis incidence relative to PT data and if sociodemographic characteristics explain some variation in the accuracy of state-level models. GT and PT data were used to construct auto-correlation corrected linear models for pertussis incidence in 2004–2011 for the entire U.S. and each individual state. The national model resulted in a moderate correlation (adjusted R2 = 0.2369, p < 0.05), and state models tracked PT data for some but not all states. Sociodemographic variables explained approximately 30% of the variation in performance of individual state-level models. The significant correlation between GT models and public health data suggests that GT is a potentially useful pertussis surveillance tool. However, the variable accuracy of this tool by state suggests GT surveillance cannot be applied in a uniform manner across geographic sub-regions.
Microarray analysis reveals the inhibition of intestinal expression of nutrient transporters in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Authors: Zhang Junmei , Zhao Di , Yi Dan , Wu Mengjun , Chen Hongbo , Wu Tao , Zhou Jia , Li Peng , Hou Yongqing , Wu Guoyao
Published: December 2019

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection can induce intestinal dysfunction, resulting in severe diarrhea and even death, but the mode of action underlying these viral effects remains unclear. This study determined the effects of PEDV infection on intestinal absorption and the expression of genes for nutrient transporters via biochemical tests and microarray analysis. Sixteen 7-day-old healthy piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated to one of two groups. After 5-day adaption, piglets (n = 8/group) were orally administrated with either sterile saline or PEDV (the strain from Yunnan province) at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. All pigs were orally infused D-xylose (0.1 g/kg BW) on day 5 post PEDV or saline administration. One hour later, jugular vein blood samples as well as intestinal samples were collected for further analysis. In comparison with the control group, PEDV infection increased diarrhea incidence, blood diamine oxidase activity, and iFABP level, while reducing growth and plasma D-xylose concentration in piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection altered plasma and jejunal amino acid profiles, and decreased the expression of aquaporins and amino acid transporters (L-type amino acid transporter 1, sodium-independent amino acid transporter, B(°,+)-type amino acid transport protein, sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 1, sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 3, and peptide transporter (1), lipid transport and metabolism-related genes (lipoprotein lipase, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A4, apolipoprotein C2, solute carrier family 27 member 2, solute carrier family 27 member 4, fatty acid synthase, and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (3), and glucose transport genes (glucose transporter-2 and insulin receptor) in the jejunum. However, PEDV administration increased mRNA levels for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, argininosuccinate synthase 1, sodium/glucose co-transporter-1, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the jejunum. Collectively, these comprehensive results indicate that PEDV infection induces intestinal injury and inhibits the expression of genes encoding for nutrient transporters.
Publisher Correction: Anatomical study of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) using micro-computed tomography
Authors: Alba-Alejandre Ignacio , Alba-Tercedor Javier , Vega Fernando E.
Published: December 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
N-Heterocyclic carbene and thiol micropatterns enable the selective deposition and transfer of copper films
Authors: She Zhe , Narouz Mina R. , Smith Christene A. , MacLean Amy , Loock Hans-Peter , Kraatz Heinz-Bernhard , Crudden Cathleen M.
Published: December 2019

Creating N-heterocyclic carbene and thiol micropatterns for electrochemical fabrication of copper micro-structures.
Ultra-fast and stable extraction of Li metal from seawater
Authors: Zhao Xuemei , Zhang Haiquan , Yuan Yihui , Ren Yuxi , Wang Ning
Published: December 2019

Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12, as a solid-state electrolyte for Li metal extraction from seawater, is fabricated by combining Al doping with a spark plasma sintering technique.