bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of vigabatrin‐associated optic atrophy
Authors: Frisén Lars , Malmgren Kristina
Published: September 2003

Aims:  To report the discovery of a previously unknown form of optic atrophy associated with use of the anti‐epileptic drug vigabatrin.

Methods:  We conducted a retrospective analysis of digitally enhanced ocular fundus photographs, kinetic visual field maps and treatment parameters for 25 patients, who were selected to represent a large spectrum of visual field defects.

Results:  In all, 21 patients (84%) evidenced subtle, diffuse atrophy of the retinal nerve fibre layer, in a pattern accessible to scoring. Atrophy scores correlated with visual field remains and cumulative vigabatrin doses. A pathophysiological model is proposed that involves the lengths of intraocular (unmyelinated) retinal ganglion cell axons.

Conclusion:  Optic atrophy attests to the irreversible nature of vigabatrin's visual toxicity. Ocular fundus imaging should prove useful for objectively monitoring vigabatrin‐treated subjects for visual toxicity.
Trichilemmal carcinoma of the upper eyelid
Authors: Lai Tze Foon , Huilgol Shyamala C. , James Craig L. , Selva Dinesh
Published: September 2003

Introduction:  Trichilemmal carcinoma (TLC) is a rare adnexal tumour related to the external hair sheath. We describe the first case of TLC on the upper eyelid to be treated with Mohs micrographic surgery.

Case Report : A 65‐year‐old man presented with a 2‐month history of a firm 4 mm left upper eyelid nodule. An incisional biopsy revealed an infiltrative, lobulated tumour composed of large, polygonal, clear cells. A diagnosis of trichilemmal carcinoma was made and the patient underwent Mohs micrographic surgery. At follow‐up 2 years later, there was no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion  The pathogenesis of TLC remains unclear, with actinic damage, longterm low dose irradiation and transformation from benign trichilemmoma having been postulated. Trichilemmal carcinomas must be differentiated from other malignant clear cell tumours of the eyelid and the correct diagnosis made promptly as TLC takes an indolent clinical course, in which metastasis is a rare event, despite the tumour's cytologically malignant appearance. We recommend Mohs micrographic surgery as a treatment modality for this tumour, due to its potential for locally aggressive growth and local recurrence.
Macular appearance by means of OCT and electrophysiology in members of two families with different mutations in RDS (the peripherin/RDS gene)
Authors: Schatz Patrik , Abrahamson Magnus , Eksandh Louise , Ponjavic Vesna , Andréasson Sten
Published: September 2003

Purpose:  To describe the phenotype using electroretinography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in members of two families with different mutations in RDS.

Methods:  DNA was extracted from blood samples and used for mutation screening by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and nucleotide sequencing of RDS exons. Patients were examined with clinical evaluation, full‐field electroretinography (ERG), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and OCT.

Results:  An Arg‐46 → stop codon conversion and a Ser‐125 → Leu substitution were found, respectively, in affected members of the two families. Phenotypes included retinitis pigmentosa, central areolar choroidal dystrophy, macular dystrophy and adult vitelliform maculopathy. The vitelliform lesion was clearly delineated on OCT, but mfERG showed preserved function. Optical coherence tomography showed attenuation of retinal reflectivity in two cases.

Conclusion:  By combining traditional investigations with mfERG and OCT, we were able to obtain a more refined evaluation of contributing macular and generalized retinal dysfunction, respectively, in patients with hereditary retinal disease.
Five‐year risk of progression of primary angle closure to primary angle closure glaucoma: a population‐based study
Authors: Thomas Ravi , Parikh Rajul , Muliyil Jayaprakash , Kumar Rajesh S.
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To report the 5‐year progression to primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in a population‐based cohort of primary angle closure (PAC) subjects.

Methods:  A total of 37 patients diagnosed as PAC during a population‐based study in 1995 were invited for re‐examination in 2000. Patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including ocular biometry. Progression to PACG was based on optic disc damage and field defects on automated perimetry.

Results:  In all, 28 of 32 PAC subjects who could be contacted presented for examination. Eight (28.5%; 95% CI 12–45%) had progressed to PACG; two of seven with appositional and six of 21 with synechial closure. All were advised laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in 1995; one of the nine who underwent LPI progressed compared to seven of 19 who refused LPI. Four of those originally diagnosed with appositional closure developed peripheral anterior synechiae. One eye of a person previously diagnosed with appositional PAC was reclassified as a primary angle closure suspect (PACS). There was no significant difference in biometric parameters between those who progressed and those who did not. None developed acute PACG or blindness due to glaucoma.

Conclusion:  In this population‐based study of primary angle closure, the 5‐year incidence of PACG was eight patients (28.5%; 95% CI 12–45%). We were unable to identify any features that predicted progression.
Prophylactic laser treatment in early age‐related maculopathy: an 8‐year follow‐up in a randomized pilot study shows a reduced incidence of exudative complications
Authors: Frennesson Christina I.
Published: September 2003

Purpose:  To study the effect of mild laser treatment on the incidence of exudative complications in patients with soft drusen maculopathy in a longterm perspective.

Methods:  In a prospective study, 38 patients with early age‐related maculopathy and good visual acuity (VA) were randomized either to laser treatment using an argon green laser or to observation. At 8 years, 29 patients remained in the study, 16 in the control group and 13 in the treatment group.

Results:  During follow‐up, mean VA decreased significantly in both groups, to 0.53 in the treatment group (p < 0.05) and to 0.25 in the control group (p < 0.001). At 8 years, 9/16 in the control group showed exudative complications, whereas only 2/13 in the treatment group developed such changes (p < 0.03).

Conclusion:  In this randomized pilot study, mild laser treatment of soft drusen maculopathy significantly reduced the rate of exudative complications in a longterm perspective. As the study is small, the results should be viewed with caution.
The mystery of myopia
Authors: Goldschmidt Ernst
Published: September 2003

Published data from all parts of the world show that myopia is rare before school age, gradually increases during school life and reaches its highest level of prevalence during the years of most intense study at university. It is widely held that continuous reading harms the eyes, but none of the attempts made so far to reduce accommodative fatigue by introducing pauses during reading and teaching, eye exercises, etc. have been successful in reducing the number of children who develop myopia. However, we should not exclude the possibility that the introduction into schools of better tables, better lighting, more breaks and more sport has not only benefited the general health of children, mentally as well as physically, but has also decreased the development and progression of myopia. More research in this area is needed, but relevant protocols are difficult to establish. The aetiology of myopia is multifactorial and both genes and environment play important roles. Twin studies indicate a strong genetic influence and a weak environmental impact, while extreme myopia prevalences among selected population groups (university students) point to the opposite.
Rowing performance of female and male rowers
Authors: Yoshiga C. C. , Higuchi M.
Published: September 2003

This study evaluated the rowing performance of female and male rowers with regard to their body size. Body height, body mass, fat‐free mass, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and “2000‐m” rowing ergometer performance were measured in 71 females (age range 18–24 years, height 153–173 cm, body mass 43–69 kg, fat‐free mass 34–55 kg; VO2max 2.1–3.9 L min−1; 2000‐m time 437–556 s) and 120 males (age 18–24 years, height 164–193 cm, body mass 58–95 kg, fat‐free mass 50–81 kg; VO2max 3.4–5.6 L min−1; 2000‐m time 378–484 s). Rowing performance was correlated to body height (r=−0.81, P<0.001), body mass (r=−0.85, P<0.001), fat‐free mass (r=−0.91, P<0.001), and VO2max (r=−0.90, P<0.001). However, rowing time was slower in the females than in the males with a similar body height (by ∼10%) and body mass (by ∼9%), but the sex difference was smaller when the fat‐free mass (by ∼4%) and VO2max (by ∼4%) were matched. This study suggests that individuals with large body size and aerobic capacity possess an advantage for a 2000‐m row on an ergometer. However, among females and males the variation in body size and aerobic capacity cannot explain the entire sex difference in ergometer rowing performance.
Ligamentous and capsular restraints to experimental posterior elbow joint dislocation
Authors: Deutch Søren R. , Olsen Bo S. , Jensen Steen L. , Tyrdal Stein , Sneppen Otto
Published: September 2003

Pathological external forearm rotation (PEFR) relates to posterolateral elbow joint instability, and is considered a possible requisite step in a simple posterior elbow joint dislocation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capsuloligamentous restraint to PEFR. In all, 18 elbow joint specimens were examined in a joint analysis system developed for experimental elbow dislocation. Sequential cutting of capsule and ligaments followed by stability testing provided specific data relating to each capsuloligamentous structure. The primary stabilizers against PEFR in the extended elbow were the anterior capsule and the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC), whereas in the flexed elbow the anterior capsule did not have a stabilizing effect. In flexed joint positions, the LCLC seems to be the only immediate stabilizer against PEFR, and thereby against posterolateral instability and possibly against posterior dislocation. The medial collateral ligament did not have any immediate stabilizing effect, but it prevented the final step of the posterior dislocation.
Relationship between floor type and risk of ACL injury in team handball
Authors: Olsen O.E. , Myklebust G. , Engebretsen L. , Holme I. , Bahr R.
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the ACL injury rate between two different floor types – wooden floors (parquet, generally having lower friction) and artificial floors (generally having higher friction). ACL injuries have been recorded prospectively from the three top divisions for men and women in Norwegian team handball during seven seasons (1989–2000). A total of 174 ACL injuries have been recorded, and of these 53 occurred in regular league games. The floor types for all regular games from the same seasons have been determined retrospectively based on match schedules. The matches were divided into two groups: those played on wooden floors and those played on artificial floors. A total of nine injuries occurred among men (incidence: 0.24±0.09 injuries per 1000 player hours) and 44 among women (0.77±0.04 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. men: 3.21 (1.56–6.58); P=0.001). Among men, four injuries occurred on wooden floors (0.32±0.13 injuries 1000 h−1) and five injuries occurred on artificial floors (0.20±0.12 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. wooden floors: 0.63 (0.17–2.37); ns). Among women, eight injuries occurred on wooden floors (0.41±0.09 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. men: 1.29 (0.39–4.28); ns) and 36 on artificial floors (0.96±0.04 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. wooden floors: 2.35 (1.09–5.07); P=0.03; OR vs. men: 4.77 (1.87–12.18); P=0.001). These results indicate that the risk of ACL injury for women is higher on artificial floors than on wooden floors.
Gender and age differences in relation to the recommendations of physical activity among Norwegian children and youth
Authors: Klasson‐Heggebø L. , Anderssen S. A.
Published: September 2003

The Norwegian physical activity recommendations for children and youth state that there should be a minimum of 60 min of physical activity of at least moderate intensity every day. The purpose of this study was to evaluate objectively the level of physical activity in a representative cohort of urban children and youth in Norway with regard to these recommendations. Four hundred and ten 9‐year‐old and 350 15‐year‐old boys and girls from the Oslo region participated. Physical activity was registered for 4 consecutive days using the Computer Science and Application activity monitor. The results showed that 86.2% of the 9‐year‐olds and 55.4% of the 15‐year‐olds met the recommendations. Furthermore, the activity level was significantly (P< 0.0001) higher among boys than girls of both age groups and significantly (P<0.001) lower in the oldest cohort than in the youngest one. All participants were less active during the weekend than during the weekdays (P< 0.05). In conclusion, a number of urban children and youth do not fulfill the Norwegian physical activity recommendations, especially among the 15‐year‐olds. It is therefore important to provide action towards those children and youth who are least physically active and simultaneously prevent the general decline in physical activity.
Healing and prognosis of teeth with intra‐alveolar fractures involving the cervical part of the root
Authors: Cvek Miomir , Mejàre Ingegerd , Andreasen Jens Ove
Published: September 2003

Healing and long‐term prognosis of 94 cervical root fractures were evaluated. The teeth were divided into two groups according to type of fracture: transverse fractures limited to the cervical third of the root (51 incisors) and oblique fractures involving both the cervical and middle parts of the root (43 incisors). Neither the frequency nor the type of fracture healing differed significantly between the two groups. In the material as a whole, healing of the fracture with hard tissue formation was observed in 17 teeth (18%), and healing with interposition of periodontal ligament (PDL) and, in some cases, hard tissue between the fragments in 62 teeth (66%). Fifteen teeth (16%) showed no healing and a radiolucency adjacent to the fracture. Statistical analyses revealed that incomplete root formation and a positive sensibility test at the time of injury were significantly related to both healing and hard tissue repair. The same applied to concussion or subluxation compared with dislocation of coronal fragment, as well as optimal compared with suboptimal reposition of displaced coronal fragments. The type and duration of splinting (or no splinting) appeared to be of no significance for frequency or type of healing of cervical root fractures. During the observation time (mean = 75 months), 19 (44%) of the teeth with transverse fractures and 3 (8%) of those with oblique fractures were lost after healing. In conclusion, fractures in the cervical part of the root had a healing potential and the predictive parameters identified for fractures in other parts of the root seemed to be valid for the healing of cervical root fractures. Transverse fractures appeared to have a significantly poorer long‐term prognosis compared to oblique fractures, apparently due to a marked post‐treatment mobility, which often led to new luxation caused by even minor impacts.
Clinical and epidemiological study of traumatic root fractures
Authors: Majorana A. , Pasini S. , Bardellini E. , Keller E.
Published: September 2003

Abstract    The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and clinical presentation of root fractures in a series of patients with dental trauma. Treatment strategies were classified and outcomes after a 6‐month period presented. The study population comprised 76 patients (between the ages of 2 and 55 years) with 93 root fractures in their teeth (18 primary, 75 permanent). Data were collected following the taking of a detailed clinical history, objective clinical examination and photographic and radiological investigation. Since most of the primary teeth were extracted, only cases with root fracture of permanent teeth were followed‐up: in all, 24 patients with 31 teeth with root fractures. The prevalence of root fractures in permanent teeth was 7.7% of all injuries, while in primary teeth it was 3.8%. The most frequently involved teeth were the maxillary incisors with a percentage of 75% in permanent teeth. Moreover, 40% of root fractures in permanent teeth were associated with fracture of the alveolar bone and of the soft tissues and in 45% of cases, the adjacent teeth were also injured. The results of this study reaffirm the necessity for scrupulous diagnosis of teeth after a traumatic injury. Adjacent teeth and those in the opposing arch should not be ignored. Treatment is multi‐disciplinary, requiring surgical, orthodontic, operative and prosthetic compliance. Periodic check‐up is essential.
Use of a removable splint in the treatment of subluxated, luxated and root fractured anterior permanent teeth in children
Authors: Qin Man , Ge Lihong , Bai Reichun
Published: September 2003

Abstract –

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognosis of subluxated, luxated and root fractured teeth in children treated by removable splints, designed to stabilize mobile anterior teeth and eliminate occlusal trauma due to malocclusion.

Material and methods: A total of 227 traumatized anterior teeth (91 subluxated, 105 luxated and 31 root fractured teeth) treated with a removable splint were observed for 3 years. The traumatized teeth were from 79 children aged between 6–12 years (mean 8 years 5 months). If a traumatized tooth was extremely mobile, a fixed splint was first made before the impression was taken for the removable splint. Two weeks after completion of the removable splint treatment, an impression was taken again to evaluate the occlusal relationship of pre‐ versus post‐treatment of removable splint.

Results: The treatment period with a removable splint averaged 3 weeks in subluxated teeth, 3–5 weeks in luxated teeth, 4–6 weeks in apical third root fracture injuries, and more than 5 weeks in middle third root fracture injuries. All the subluxated teeth and 74.1% of the luxated teeth maintained their pulp vitality during the 3‐year follow‐up period. Two of 21 (9.5%) apical third root fracture teeth and three of five (60%) middle third root fracture teeth had pulp necrosis in the coronal fragments. Internal resorption was not found in any of the traumatized teeth. External replacement resorption was not found in subluxated and luxated teeth. All the root fractured teeth displayed transient external resorption around the fracture lines. The surface resorption appeared to be self‐limiting and not to threaten the retention of the tooth. Inflammatory resorption was observed in teeth with pulp necrosis, but in all cases this was reversed with endodontic treatment. Eight of 23 (39%) apical third root fractured teeth displayed replacement resorption in their apical fragments, but the resorption was not serious enough to extract the tooth. No obvious alteration in the occlusal relationship was found comparing pre‐ and post‐treatment casts. The removable splints appeared to positively affect healing after traumatic injuries, as evidenced by the low number of complications at the 3‐year follow‐up period.
A two‐probe laser Doppler flowmetry assessment as an exclusive diagnostic device in a long‐term follow‐up of traumatised teeth: a case report
Authors: Roeykens Herman , Van Maele Georges , Martens Luc , De Moor Roeland
Published: September 2003

Abstract  – The reliability of laser Doppler flowmetry in a two‐probe assessment of pulpal blood flow is well known. The purpose of this case report was to determine its use as an exclusive and reliable tool for tooth vitality diagnosis in a long‐term follow‐up. As a result of a traumatic injury to a 24‐year‐old Caucasian female, tooth pulp vitality was studied in six maxillary front teeth over 30 weeks using two‐probe laser Doppler flowmetry and current sensitivity tests. A similar assessment was repeated after 228 weeks. Confronted with an alveolar bone fracture with a tooth in the fracture line, one intrusion and several luxated teeth, current sensitivity tests are found not to be as reliable indicators of revascularisation, as significant results are obtained later (7 weeks) than using laser Doppler flowmetry tests (1 week). A pathway with ischaemia (3 weeks), hyperaemia (7 weeks) and restored blood supply in the pulp measured by laser Doppler flowmetry tests was found and avoided endodontic treatment. Teeth vascularisation evolved normally (228 weeks). Despite a strong indication in all sensitivity tests for endodontic treatment, the use of laser Doppler flowmetry tests was clear, more reliable than sensitivity tests and exclusive, as denervation was postponed and pulp vascularisation evident.
Survival of intentionally retained permanent incisor roots following crown root fractures in children
Authors: Rodd Helen D. , Davidson Lesley E. , Livesey Sarah , Cooke Marie E.
Published: September 2003

Retaining tooth roots, following crown loss, confers a number of benefits including the preservation of alveolar bone. Intentional root retention in adults has been widely investigated but little is known about this treatment approach in children. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical outcomes associated with permanent anterior root retention in a young population. The study group comprised 53 children who had received treatment in the paediatric dentistry clinic, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK, over the past 10 years, following a complicated crown root fracture of a permanent maxillary incisor at or below the gingival margin. Data relating to patient age at crown root fracture, gender, previous trauma history, tooth vitality, treatments performed and clinical outcomes were obtained retrospectively using patient records. The mean age of the subjects at initial crown root fracture was 12.1 years (range 8.3–15.8 years) and there were more than twice as many males (n = 37, 70%) as females (n = 16, 30%). In just over half of the cases seen (n = 29, 54%), the tooth involved was already nonvital at the time of crown root fracture. For the majority of these nonvital teeth (n = 27, 93%), primary treatment had comprised placement/replacement of a calcium hydroxide root dressing. The remaining two teeth did not require root treatment as a satisfactory gutta percha root filling was already present. A variety of treatments was undertaken for the 24 vital roots: in 15 (63%) cases the pulp was extirpated and calcium hydroxide placed; three (12%) cases were subject to a pulpotomy; five (21%) cases were left untreated with the hope that vitality would be maintained following gingival healing and in one case the radicular pulp was extirpated and immediately obturated with gutta percha. The mean time that the roots were kept under review was 2.6 years (± 1.57, range 0.6–6.8). During this period, only five roots (9%) had to be removed due to persistent periapical infection. There were no complications associated with the five cases where vital root submergence had been permitted but all three cases which had initially undergone a pulpotomy subsequently presented with pulpal necrosis necessitating pulpal extirpation and calcium hydroxide therapy. These findings indicate that efforts to retain permanent anterior roots in a young population are justified in view of the high clinical success rate of over 90% over a 2‐year period.
Dynamic changes in hydraulic conductivity in petioles of two savanna tree species: factors and mechanisms contributing to the refilling of embolized vessels
Authors: BUCCI S. J. , SCHOLZ F. G. , GOLDSTEIN G. , MEINZER F. C. , STERNBERG L. DA S. L.
Published: September 2003

Diel variation in specific hydraulic conductivity (ks) was recorded in petioles of two savanna tree species, Schefflera macrocarpa and Caryocar brasiliense, from central Brazil. These two species have compound leaves with long petioles (10–30 cm). In both species, petiole ks decreased sharply with increasing transpiration rates and declining leaf water potentials (ψL) during the morning. Petiole ks increased during the afternoon while the plants were still transpiring and the water in the non‐embolized vessels was still under tension. Dye experiments confirmed that in both species diel variation in ks was associated with embolism formation and repair. When transpiration was prevented in individual leaves, their petiole ks and water potential remained close to their maximum values during the day. When minimum daily ψL on selected branches was experimentally lowered by 0.2–0.6 MPa, the rate of ks recovery during the afternoon was slower in comparison with control branches. Several field manipulations were performed to identify potential mechanisms involved in the refilling of embolized petiole vessels. Removal of the cortex or longitudinal incisions in the cortex prevented afternoon recovery of ks and refilling of embolized vessels. When distilled water was added to petiole surfaces that had been abraded to partially remove the cuticle, ks increased sharply during the morning and early afternoon. Evidence of starch to sugar conversion in the starch sheath cells surrounding the vascular bundles of the petioles was observed during periods of rapid transpiration when the abundance of starch granules in the starch sheath cells surrounding the vascular bundles decreased. Consistent with this, petiole sugar content was highest in the early afternoon. The most parsimonious explanation of the field observations and the experimental results was that an increase in osmotically active solutes in cells outside the vascular bundles at around midday leads to water uptake by these cells. However, the concurrent increase in tissue volume is partially constrained by the cortex, resulting in a transient pressure imbalance that may drive radial water movement in the direction of the embolized vessels, thereby refilling them and restoring water flow. This study thus presents evidence that embolism formation and repair are two distinct phenomena controlled by different variables. The degree of embolism is a function of tension, and the rate of refilling a function of internal pressure imbalances.
Suitability of glycerin‐preserved otoliths for age validation using bomb radiocarbon
Authors: Campana S. E. , Stanley R. D. , Wischniowski S.
Published: September 2003

The effect of glycerin storage on the bomb radiocarbon content of otoliths was determined experimentally. Storage in either pre‐ or post‐bomb glycerin had no detectable effect on the bomb radiocarbon content of either pre‐ or post‐bomb otoliths. Therefore bomb‐dated age validation studies need not be restricted to freshly‐collected samples or dry otoliths, implying that the large numbers of glycerin‐archived otoliths around the world are suitable for age validation studies using bomb radiocarbon.
The influence of dominance and diet on individual odours in MHC identical juvenile Arctic charr siblings
Authors: Olsén K. H. , Grahn M. , Lohm J.
Published: September 2003

No difference in attraction was observed in sibling Artic charr Salvelinus alpinus between water scented by dominant or subordinate major histocompability complex (MHC) identical fish observed in a two‐choice fluviarium. In a second experiment, MHC identical sibling donors were given different types of food pellets before the preference test. The test fish showed a significant attraction to the sibling given the same kind of food as the test fish itself during the first 6 h of the fluviarium tests. The results suggest that diet has an influence on the odours released and can, in addition to MHC related odours, be used for information relating to group member identity.
Group size influences foraging effort independent of predation risk: an experimental study on rainbow trout
Authors: Johnsson J. I.
Published: September 2003

Foraging effort, swimming activity, vertical position and flight response were recorded in focal juvenile rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissat three group sizes: without company, or in visual and chemical contact with either one or five companion fish at two levels of predation risk: high (simulated aerial predator attack) or low (no attack). The predator attack induced a pronounced flight reaction as well as a reduction in vertical position, feeding and swimming activity. The foraging effort of the focal fish increased with group size independent of the level of predation risk, which suggests that the group‐mediated increase in foraging activity is caused by competition rather than by reduction in perceived risk. The flight response to the predator attack, however, was stronger when the focal fish had company, suggesting that individuals may benefit from copying the anti‐predator response of other group members.
Migratory behaviour of ide: a comparison between the lowland rivers Elbe, Germany, and Vecht, The Netherlands
Authors: Winter H. V. , Fredrich F.
Published: September 2003

Individual movement patterns of adult ideLeuciscus idus, a Eurasian river‐dwelling cyprinid, in two lowland rivers were measured all year‐round during 1997–2000 to assess migratory behaviour and variation between and within these populations. In the River Elbe, a 1091 km long lowland river with a free flowing stretch of 590 km, 24 ide were implanted with radio transmitters. Fish were hand‐tracked all year‐round once a week in the main study area (75 km), and once per 6 weeks in a larger area (321 km). In the River Vecht, a 190 km long highly regulated river with six weirs and fishways in the Dutch section, 25 ide were implanted with transponders. An array of three automatic detection stations covering the entire river width, registered each individual passage continuously. Within population variation in year‐round movement patterns was very high. In both rivers a similar continuum was found from individuals using a river stretch of only a few km for spawning, feeding and wintering, to individuals migrating >100 km. The populations in the two rivers differed, however, in spawning site fidelity. In the River Vecht spawning site fidelity was observed in all individuals and appeared much stronger than in the River Elbe, where individuals moving downstream >60–90 km tended to adopt new spawning sites in the next year. Moreover, some ide in the River Vecht migrated upstream to wintering habitats in autumn, whereas this was not observed in the River Elbe. The results suggest that ide is a flexible species capable of using a wide variety of movement patterns and scales.
Lipid content in the early life stages of three mesopelagic fishes
Authors: Sabatés A. , Rossi S. , Reyes E.
Published: September 2003

Changes in lipid concentration during early ontogenetic stages were determined in three mesopelagic fish species, Benthosema glaciale, Hygophum benoiti and Maurolicus muelleri. Total lipid content per larva was related to size and mass and increased over the course of development. In all three species, the dry mass : total lipid ratio displayed a better fit than the standard length : total lipid ratio. Larvae of B. glaciale had a higher amount of lipid content, at a given mass, than the other two species. The rate of lipid accumulation with increasing larval development was similar in B. glaciale and H. benoiti, and both were higher than in M. muelleri larvae. Furthermore, total lipid concentration values, as a proportion of dry mass, increased significantly from the larval to the juvenile stages in B. glaciale(from 16 to 55%) and M. muelleri(from 9 to 20%). The present study has allowed comparisons to be drawn of the ability on the early developmental stages of deep‐sea fishes to accumulate energy reserves, both within and among species.
Biology and ecology of amphidromous Gobiidae of the Indo‐Pacific and the Caribbean regions
Authors: Keith P.
Published: September 2003

In the Indo‐Pacific and the Caribbean regions, isolated rivers are host to amphidromous Gobiidae with a life cycle adapted to extreme climatic and hydrological seasonal variation. Although this is the most diverse family of freshwater fish, their biological cycle and the parameters and evolutionary processes that lead to such diversity are poorly understood. This paper reports on the current knowledge on reproduction (nidification, spawning, larval life and sexuality), recruitment into the rivers, upstream migration and distribution in the rivers. Management and restoration strategies to preserve amphidromous gobies, often endemic and bordering on extinction, require the development of research to have a better understanding of their life cycle.
Body shape and size divergence among populations of Poecilia vivipara in coastal lagoons of south‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Neves F. M. , Monteiro L. R.
Published: September 2003

Geometric shape analyses were used to study body shape and size variation among populations of the livebearing fish Poecilia vivipara inhabiting the recently formed coastal lagoons of Grussaí and Iquipari in Northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The largest components of morphological variation among females were between different habitats in the same lagoon, whereas for males there were larger differences between lagoons than between habitats. The shape differences were mostly localized in the head region and midbody, which indicated different patterns of locomotion and foraging behaviour optimized for the habitat experienced by each population. The pattern of size variation was similar to that of size‐independent shape variation.
Physiological characteristics of wild Atlantic salmon post‐smolts during estuarine and coastal migration
Authors: Stefansson S. O. , Björnsson B. TH. , Sundell K. , Nyhammer G. , McCormick S. D.
Published: September 2003

Changes were measured in some of the major physiological variables associated with seawater adaptability, growth and energetics in wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts and post‐smolts migrating from the river and through the estuary, fjord and coastal areas in the River Orkla and the Trondheimsfjord, Norway during late May to early June. Gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity increased to levels of 12–16 µmol ADP mg protein−1 h−1 in post‐smolts caught in higher salinity zones, probably representing long‐term levels of Atlantic salmon post‐smolts in oceanic conditions. Muscle moisture was regulated within narrow limits (77·7–78·7%) in fish from all zones during both years, suggesting that post‐smolts adapt to marine conditions without any long‐term disturbance of hydro‐mineral balance. Lipid and glycogen content showed a general trend towards depletion from the river, through the fjord and into the ocean. There was, however, no significant change in protein content. The present results confirm that smolts are naturally ‘energy deficient’ during downstream migration, and suggest that post‐smolts also mobilize energy reserves during their early marine phase, while protein is allocated for somatic growth. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels increased transiently during passage through the estuary and fjord, with lower levels observed in post‐smolts caught off‐shore, i.e. in fish which were feeding on marine prey and had adapted to the marine environment. These physiological changes may confer substantial selective advantages during the critical early marine phase of anadromous salmonids, and hence are adaptive for long‐term survival in sea water.
Relationships between metabolic rate, muscle electromyograms and swim performance of adult chinook salmon
Authors: Geist D. R. , Brown R. S. , Cullinan V. I. , Mesa M. G. , VanderKooi S. P. , McKinstry C. A.
Published: September 2003

Oxygen consumption rates of adult spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha increased with swim speed and, depending on temperature and fish mass, ranged from 609 mg O2 h−1 at 30 cm s−1 (c. 0·5 BL s−1) to 3347 mg O2 h−1 at 170 cm s−1 (c. 2·3 BL s−1). Corrected for fish mass, these values ranged from 122 to 670 mg O2 kg−1 h−1, and were similar to other Oncorhynchus species. At all temperatures (8, 12·5 and 17° C), maximum oxygen consumption values levelled off and slightly declined with increasing swim speed >170 cm s−1, and a third‐order polynomial regression model fitted the data best. The upper critical swim speed (Ucrit) of fish tested at two laboratories averaged 155 cm s−1 (2·1 BL s−1), but Ucrit of fish tested at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were significantly higher (mean 165 cm s−1) than those from fish tested at the Columbia River Research Laboratory (mean 140 cm s−1). Swim trials using fish that had electromyogram (EMG) transmitters implanted in them suggested that at a swim speed of c. 135 cm s−1, red muscle EMG pulse rates slowed and white muscle EMG pulse rates increased. Although there was significant variation between individual fish, this swim speed was c. 80% of the Ucrit for the fish used in the EMG trials (mean Ucrit 168·2 cm s−1). Bioenergetic modelling of the upstream migration of adult chinook salmon should consider incorporating an anaerobic fraction of the energy budget when swim speeds are ≥80% of the Ucrit.
Hyperbenthic gobies in the Kvarner area, Adriatic Sea
Authors: Kovac̆ić M.
Published: September 2003

By the aid of SCUBA diving in the Kvarner area (northern Adriatic) from 1993 to 2002 five gobiid species were found to be hyperbenthic. These findings provided specific data on their ecology.
The detection of elements in larval otoliths from Atlantic herring using laser ablation ICP‐MS
Authors: Brophy D. , Danilowicz B. S. , Jeffries T. E.
Published: September 2003

Trace element concentrations of otoliths from larval herring Clupea harengus collected from known spawning beds in the Celtic and Irish Seas, were investigated using laser ablation ICP‐MS and compared with concentrations in the larval cores of juvenile otoliths from the same populations and year class. A range of elements (Mg, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) was detectable in early larval otoliths (20–40 µm diameter). Larval otolith concentrations exceeded the larval core concentrations of juvenile otoliths and also the concentrations reported in the literature, for Mg, Zn, Ba and Pb, indicating that the measurement of elements in larval otoliths was severely affected by post‐mortem contamination, most likely due to adherence of tissue and endolymph residue on the otolith surface. Comparison of otolith composition between larvae from two freezing treatments showed that contamination from Mg and Zn was more serious in otoliths that had remained in frozen larvae for prolonged periods. Larval populations from the two seas showed significant differences in otolith Sr concentrations, which were consistent over two sampling years. Similar differences were seen in the corresponding juvenile populations. The results show that while early larval otoliths are extremely susceptible post‐mortem contamination, Sr concentrations can be reliably measured using laser ablation ICP‐MS and for this element, the detection of region specific differences is possible.
Proteolytic activity and electrophoretic profiles of proteases from seminal plasma of teleosts
Authors: Kowalski R. , Glogowski J. , Kucharczyk D. , Goryczko K. , Dobosz S. , Ciereszko A.
Published: September 2003

Using gelatin‐SDS‐PAGE, proteolytic activity was found in the seminal plasma of 10 teleosts: common carp Cyprinus carpio, bream Abramis brama, ide Leuciscus idus, chub Leuciscus cephalus, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, grayling Thymallus thymallus, perch Perca fluviatilis, pike Esox lucius, goldfish Carassius carassius and pikeperch Stizostendion lucioperca. This activity was also measured, using azoalbumin as a substrate, in the seminal plasma of these species, with exception of pikeperch and goldfish. When azoalbumin‐hydrolysing activity was expressed per volume, it was highest in common carp. Otherwise, as expressed per g of protein, the activity was highest in pike. The lowest proteolytic activity (expressed per g and volume) was observed in perch seminal plasma. Using gelatin containing polyacrylamide gels for detecting gelatinolytic activity, species‐specific electrophoretic profiles were found. For all cyprinids two similar bands with a molecular mass of 68 and 74 kDa were found. The seminal plasma of grayling and rainbow trout showed similarities in the 41 kDa band. Perch and pikeperch had one similar main band with a molecular mass of 61 kDa. Proteolytic enzymes of seminal plasma from pike showed high individual variability. These results suggest that multiple forms of proteolytic enzymes exist in seminal plasma of teleosts and they differ among fish families and species.
Adaptive flexibility in the behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon: short‐term responses to food availability and threat from predation
Authors: Vehanen T.
Published: September 2003

Juvenile Atlantic salmonSalmo salarwere shown experimentally to make adaptive behavioural decisions as a short‐term response to changes in food availability and predation risk. Restricted food availability caused an increase in activity, whereas activity was decreased under predation threat. Although changes in activity were not more pronounced among the hunger‐motivated fish, suggesting that they were not balancing risk and hunger, hungrier fish spent less time in refuges in the presence of a predator, indicating that they were more willing to take risks than satiated fish. Aggressive interactions among juvenile Atlantic salmon were decreased by predation threat, but were highest when predators were absent and food was abundant.
Cuticular hydrocarbons in workers of the slave‐making ant Polyergus samurai and its slave, Formica japonica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: LIU Zhibin , BAGNÈRES Anne‐Geneviève , YAMANE Sôichi , WANG Qingchuan , KOJIMA Jun‐ichi
Published: September 2003

Comparisons of cuticular hydrocarbons between workers of the dulotic ant Polyergus samurai and its slave, Formica japonica, were carried out. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that the slave‐maker and its slave shared the major cuticular hydrocarbon compounds, but possessed several minor products unique to each species. No difference in hydrocarbon composition was detected between enslaved and free‐living F. japonica workers, suggesting that association with P. samurai has no qualitative effect on hydrocarbon composition in these ants. Principal component analyses of the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles (CHP) revealed that (i) CHP was species specific in a given mixed colony; and (ii) among mixed colonies, P. samurai workers had species‐colony specific CHP, while the same feature was not always found in enslaved and free‐living F. japonica workers. Therefore, a ‘uniform colony odor’ in terms of CHP is not achieved in naturally mixed colonies of P. samurai nor those of its slaves, F. japonica.
Taxonomic studies on the Pompilidae occurring in Japan north of the Ryukyus: GenusDipogon, subgenusDeuteragenia(Hymenoptera) (Part 3)
Authors: SHIMIZU Akira , ISHIKAWA Ryôsuke
Published: September 2003

Three species belonging to two species‐groups of the subgenusDeuteragenia, genusDipogon, occurring in Japan are revised:Dipogon immarginatus(D. immarginatusgroup),D. bifasciatusandD. nipponicus(D. bifasciatusgroup). Detailed descriptions and illustrations of their characteristics, including those of the genitalia, are provided for all species. Keys to five species‐groups in Japan, as well as all species treated in this series, are presented.
Keys to the genera of social wasps of South‐East Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: CARPENTER James M. , NGUYEN Lien Phuong Thi
Published: September 2003

Illustrated identification keys are provided for higher taxa and all genera of social wasps found in South‐East Asia.
Thermoregulation and flying habits of the Japanese sulfur butterfly Colias erate (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in an open habitat
Authors: WATANABE Mamoru , IMOTO Tasuku
Published: September 2003

This study evaluated the impact of the thermal environment on the flying behavior of male Japanese sulfur butterflies Colias erate searching for females in an open habitat. Thoracic temperature was monitored before and after flight. Mean thoracic temperature of butterflies immediately after landing was consistently higher than, but independent of, ambient temperature. Although ground speed of flying butterflies was different between flight types, air speed against the butterfly was similar across flight types. The excess of thoracic over ambient temperature was lower in flying butterflies than in basking ones, as predicted by a model. This difference appeared to be due to air current, which enhanced heat loss. In a laboratory study, newly eclosed male butterflies were placed under an incandescent lamp to measure their thoracic temperature at different air current speeds. The excess of thoracic over ambient temperature decreased as the speed of air currents increased. When the air current was similar to the air speed against flying butterflies in the field, a substantial decrease occurred in the operative thoracic temperature.
Mating frequency and genetic relatedness of workers in the hornetVespa analis(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: TAKAHASHI Jun‐ichi , AKIMOTO Shin’ichi , NAKAMURA Jun , HASEGAWA Eisuke
Published: September 2003

Mating frequency ofVespa analisqueens and the genetic relatedness of their workers was analyzed by DNA microsatellite genotyping. Of 20 colonies studied, 18 had a queen inseminated by a single male and two had queens each inseminated by two males. The estimated effective number of matings was 1.05 ± 0.037 (mean ± SE), with 75–85% of the offspring of the two multiply mated queens sired by a single male. The pedigree relatedness between nestmate workers averaged over the 20 colonies was estimated to be 0.74 ± 0.008, almost identical to the predicted value of 0.75 for colonies headed by a singly mated queen. Multiple matrilines; that is, the presence of workers not related to the current queens, were detected in six colonies, suggesting that queen replacement occurred via usurpation of the founding queens in these six colonies. These results demonstrate that the kin structure ofV. analisis similar to that reported in other vespid species.
Discovery of the tribe Odontalgini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae; Pselaphinae) in Japan
Authors: ARAI Shiho , NOMURA Shûhei
Published: September 2003

A new species of the pselaphine genusOdontalgusis described from Honshu, Japan, under the name ofOdontalgus masaoi.Odontalgus coreanusLöbl known from North Korea is recorded for the first time from Kyushu, Japan. These are the first formal records of the tribe Odontalgini from Japan.