bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Outdoor Play Structures on Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Children during Recess: A Comparative Study
Authors: Fuentes Diaz Maria Fernanda , Sénéchal Martin , Bouchard Danielle R.
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives: It is believed that outdoor play structures lead to more physical activity for kids during school recess. However, the intensity of this activity remains unknown. This study explored whether access to outdoor play structures during recess interferes with children’s physical activity levels. Methods: Forty-one children (8–10 years old) accessed play structures during the afternoon recess but not in the morning for one entire week. To control for temperature differences, the same number of participants from another school who did not access playground structures were invited to participate. Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) was determined using heart rate reserve. Heart rate was recorded using the Fitbit Inspire 2 (San Francisco, CA, USA) for at least three full school days. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests analyzed within- and between-group differences. Results: The findings show no difference in MVPA when accessing or not accessing outdoor play structures, both within groups [(n = 37) median (25th–75th) 16 min (7–30) vs. 14 min (5–22)] and between groups [(n = 22) 16 min (7–26)]. The weekly MVPA for all participants (n = 59) [172 min (117–282)] was the strongest variable associated with MVPA during recess [t(df) = 5.40 (38), 95% CI 0.04–0.09, p < 0.001]. Conclusion: accessibility to outdoor play structures does not increase MVPA during recess in children aged 8 to 10. Therefore, schools may need various options for children to play during recess, allowing them to accumulate MVPA.
Do Gender and BMI Affect the Motor Skills of Five-Year-Old Preschoolers Differently?
Authors: Mecías-Calvo Marcos , Carregal-San Emeterio Fernando , Navarro-Patón Rubén
Published: July 2024

Background/Objective: Weight gain is associated with numerous health complications and constitutes a serious public health problem. Motor competence (MC) can be a protective factor since children’s participation and practice in physical activities can improve their health. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of gender and BMI on MC [i.e., manual dexterity (MD), aiming and catching (A&C), balance (Bal), and total MC percentile (TP)] depending on gender (boy/girl) and BMI (normal weight, overweight or obesity). Methods: The MABC-2 battery was applied in a sample of 368 preschool children (5.69 ± 0.28 years of age; 54.9% girls). Results: Boys and girls showed statistically significant differences in MC components: boys had higher scores in A&C (p = 0.002), while girls excelled in MD (p < 0.001), Bal (p = 0.035); TP (p < 0.001), and BMI [Bal (p = 0.009); TP (p = 0.050)], with a higher percentile in those children with overweight in both cases. Statistically significant differences were also found in the interactions between gender*BMI [MD (p < 0.001) and TP (p < 0.001)]. Conclusions: The findings showed that there were notable variations in total percentile, balance, and manual dexterity between boys and girls. In addition, girls outperformed boys in all categories save aiming and catching. However, males who were overweight or obese earned greater percentiles in both balance and the MABC-2 battery’s total percentile.
Quantifying the Health–Economy Trade-Offs: Mathematical Model of COVID-19 Pandemic Dynamics
Authors: Pangestu Dhika Surya , Sukono  , Anggriani Nursanti , Yaacob Najib Majdi
Published: July 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a complex situation that requires a balance between control measures like lockdowns and easing restrictions. Control measures can limit the spread of the virus but can also cause economic and social issues. Easing restrictions can support economic recovery but may increase the risk of virus transmission. Mathematical approaches can help address these trade-offs by modeling the interactions between factors such as virus transmission rates, public health interventions, and economic and social impacts. A study using a susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model with modified discrete time was conducted to determine the cost of handling COVID-19. The results showed that, without government intervention, the number of patients rejected by health facilities and the cost of handling a pandemic increased significantly. Lockdown intervention provided the least number of rejected patients compared to social distancing, but the costs of handling the pandemic in the lockdown scenario remained higher than those of social distancing. This research demonstrates that mathematical approaches can help identify critical junctures in a pandemic, such as limited health system capacity or high transmission rates, that require rapid response and appropriate action. By using mathematical analysis, decision-makers can develop more effective and responsive strategies, considering the various factors involved in the virus’s spread and its impact on society and the economy.
Internet of Things-Based Robust Green Smart Grid
Authors: Ahmed Rania A. , Abdelraouf M. , Elsaid Shaimaa Ahmed , ElAffendi Mohammed , El-Latif Ahmed A. Abd , Shaalan A. A. , Ateya Abdelhamied A.
Published: July 2024

Renewable energy sources play a critical role in all governments’ and organizations’ energy management and sustainability plans. The solar cell represents one such renewable energy resource, generating power in a population-free circumference. Integrating these renewable sources with the smart grids leads to the generation of green smart grids. Smart grids are critical for modernizing electricity distribution by using new communication technologies that improve power system efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Smart grids assist in balancing supply and demand by allowing for real-time monitoring and administration, as well as accommodating renewable energy sources and reducing outages. However, their execution presents considerable problems. High upfront expenditures and the need for substantial and reliable infrastructure changes present challenges. Despite these challenges, shifting to green smart grids is critical for a resilient and adaptable energy future that can fulfill changing consumer demands and environmental aims. To this end, this work considers developing a reliable Internet of Things (IoT)-based green smart grid. The proposed green grid integrates traditional grids with solar energy and provides a control unit between the generation and consumption parts of the grid. The work deploys intelligent IoT units to control energy demands and manage energy consumption effectively. The proposed framework deploys the paradigm of distributed edge computing in four levels to provide efficient data offloading and power management. The developed green grid outperformed traditional grids in terms of its reliability and energy efficiency. The proposed green grid reduces energy consumption over the distribution area by an average of 24.3% compared to traditional grids.
Antioxidative Potentials of Eleutherine bulbosa Bulb and Its Utilization in Topical Cosmetic Emulsion
Authors: Panyachariwat Nattakan , Jimtaisong Ampa , Saewan Nisakorn
Published: July 2024

The Eleutherine bulbosa bulb has been reported as a potent antioxidant in food. This work aims to extract the E. bulbosa bulb for use as an antioxidative agent in cosmetics. Water, 95% ethanol (EtOH), and propylene glycol (PG), which are normally used in cosmetic formulation, were employed as green and sustainable extraction solvents. EtOH and PG displayed better candidacy to extract active components from E. bulbosa bulbs than using water, and the mixture of EtOH and PG (EtOH/PG) resulted in the extract with higher bioactive compounds and biological activities compared with using EtOH or PG. The total phenolic content of the EtOH/PG extract was 87.60 ± 2.00 mgGAE/mL which was about an 18–23% increase from when using single EtOH or PG (70.91 ± 2.30, 74.05 ± 0.67 mgGAE/mL). UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that the E. bulbosa bulb extracted in EtOH/PG was composed of naphthalenes, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, myricetin, quercetin, epicatechin, catechin, epigallocatechin, and their derivatives. The ethanolic crude extract exhibited anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activity with the IC50 of 7.76 ± 0.35 and 0.53 ± 0.23 mg/mL, respectively, and was non-cytotoxic to human dermal fibroblast cells at 0.0001–1 mg/mL. The emulsion cream containing 2%(w/w) E. bulbosa bulb concentrated extract was found cosmetically stable after a one-month stability test under 4 °C, ambient temperature (30–35 °C), 45 °C, fluorescent light, and daylight. However, exposure to sunlight during daytime caused changes in the emulsion’s color with ΔE* of 3.85 ± 0.08, and at 45 °C caused the 12% decrease in DPPH activity of emulsion. The finding of this work heightens the antioxidative and safety potentials of the E. bulbosa bulb in cosmetic preparations.
High-Tech Sustainable Beauty: Exploring Nanotechnology for the Development of Cosmetics Using Plant and Animal By-Products
Authors: Nhani Gabriela Braga Barros , Di Filippo Leonardo Delello , de Paula Geanne Aparecida , Mantovanelli Vitoria Ribeiro , da Fonseca Patricia Pereira , Tashiro Felipe Mota , Monteiro Diana Coêlho , Fonseca-Santos Bruno , Duarte Jonatas L. , Chorilli Marlus
Published: July 2024

In a world increasingly focused on eco-conscious living, the cosmetic industry is actively adopting nanotechnology to transform plant and animal by-products into high-value beauty products. This comprehensive review explores the innovative and sustainable approaches for extracting and utilizing bioactive compounds from these by-products. The application of nanocarrier systems is highlighted for their role in enhancing the delivery efficacy and safety of these ingredients in skincare and beauty products. Consumer demand and environmental concerns drive the shift towards natural and sustainable cosmetic products. Traditional cosmetic production often involves significant ecological impacts, prompting the industry to seek greener alternatives. This review addresses the critical need for sustainable beauty solutions that align with global sustainability goals, particularly those outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The review provides valuable insights into current trends and future directions in sustainable cosmetics by focusing on nanotechnology and by-products. The review uniquely integrates nanotechnology with sustainability practices in the cosmetic industry. It details the benefits of using nanocarriers to improve the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of bioactive compounds derived from natural waste. This intersection of high-tech methodologies and sustainability offers a novel perspective on cosmetic innovation. Future research should focus on overcoming the technical, regulatory, and economic challenges of scaling up nanotechnology applications. Investigations should include the development of transparent supply chains, standardization methods for characterizing nanoparticles, and comprehensive lifecycle assessments to ensure environmental safety. Additionally, fostering collaboration between scientific research, industry practices, and consumer education is vital for advancing sustainable practices. This review contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable beauty by presenting a clear pathway for integrating these innovative approaches. It ensures that future cosmetic products meet consumer expectations for efficacy and safety and promote environmental stewardship and a circular economy, ultimately benefiting both the skin and the planet.
Investigation and Comparison of the Performance for β-Ga2O3 Solar-Blind Photodetectors Grown on Patterned and Flat Sapphire Substrate
Authors: Yan Zuyong , Li Shan , Liu Zeng , Yue Jianying , Ji Xueqiang , Wang Jinjin , Hou Shanglin , Wu Gang , Lei Jingli , Sun Guobin , Li Peigang , Tang Weihua
Published: July 2024

Ga2O3, with its large band gap, is a promising material suitable for utilization in solar-blind photodetection. Sapphire with a higher lattice match with Ga2O3 was used as the substrate for epitaxial growth of Ga2O3. Here, the epitaxial layers of Ga2O3 were deposited by MOCVD on patterned sapphire substrates. The structure of epitaxial Ga2O3 layers on patterned substrates has been identified by X-ray diffractometry. To investigate the influence of the patterned substrates on the formation of epitaxial layers, thin Ga2O3 layers were grown on a flat sapphire substrate under the same conditions. Both types of samples were β-phase. However, no improvement in the layers’ crystalline quality was discovered when utilizing patterned sapphire substrates. In addition, the performance of the obtained two types of Ga2O3 photodetectors was compared. The photoelectric properties, such as responsivity, response speed, and detection capability, were different in the case of flat samples.
Gingival Enlargement Associated with Orthodontics Appliance Increases Protein Carbonylation and Alters Phosphorylation of Salivary Proteome
Authors: Lopez Arrieta Zulieth , Rodríguez-Cavallo Erika , Méndez-Cuadro Darío
Published: July 2024

Gingival enlargement is a common clinical sign in the gingival diseases associated with orthodontic treatment. Its biological mechanisms are not completely understood; nevertheless, the biochemical changes associated with these inflammatory and overgrowth processes could alter the post-translational protein modifications occurring in various locations within the mouth. Here, changes in the profiles of the carbonylated and phosphorylated proteins in saliva were examined in donors with gingival enlargement (seven men and seven women) and healthy donors (six men and eight women). The sociodemographic characteristics of both groups did not present significant differences. Carbonylation was measured by a quantitative immunoassay (Dot Blot), whereas the profiles of the phosphorylated proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE with quercetin staining. Some phosphopeptides were also identified using a typical LC-MS-MS approach. Our results showed that gingival enlargement induced a significant increase in oxidative damage in salivary proteins. While a significant reduction in phosphorylation was observed at the stain level in SDS-PAGE, there was a slight increase in the number of phosphorylated proteins identified by MS in samples with gingival enlargement.
Resource Allocation for UAV-RIS-Assisted NOMA-Based URLLC Systems
Authors: Wang Zhengqiang , Huang Kunhao , Zheng Qinghe , Duo Bin , Huo Liuwei , Yang Mingqiang
Published: July 2024

This work focuses on maximizing the sum rate of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) systems by leveraging unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted reconfigurable intelligent surface (UAV-RIS) to provide short packet services for users based on the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) protocol. To optimize the sum rate of system, a joint optimization is performed with respect to the power allocation, UAV position, decoding order, and RIS phase shifts. As the original problem is a non-convex integer optimization problem, it is challenging to obtain the optimal solution. Therefore, approximate solutions are derived using successive convex approximation (SCA), slack variables, and penalty-based methods. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed resource allocation algorithm compared with the benchmark algorithm with orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme. In addition, this work emphasizes the performance gap between the proposed communication system and the traditional Shannon communication system in terms of throughput and the performance capacity sacrificed to achieve lower latency.
An Integrated Geometric Obstacle Avoidance and Genetic Algorithm TSP Model for UAV Path Planning
Authors: Debnath Dipraj , Vanegas Fernando , Boiteau Sebastien , Gonzalez Felipe
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we propose an innovative approach for the path planning of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that combines an advanced Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimising missions in advance and a geometrically based obstacle avoidance algorithm (QuickNav) for avoiding obstacles along the optimised path. The proposed approach addresses the key problem of determining an optimised trajectory for UAVs that covers multiple waypoints by enabling efficient obstacle avoidance, thus improving operational safety and efficiency. The study highlights the numerous challenges for UAV path planning by focusing on the importance of both global and local path planning approaches. To find the optimal routes, the GA utilises multiple methods of selection to optimise trajectories using the Cartesian Coordinate System (CCS) data transformed from a motion capture system. The QuickNav algorithm applies linear equations and geometric methods to detect obstacles, guaranteeing the safe navigation of UAVs and preventing real-time collisions. The proposed methodology has been proven useful in reducing the total distance travelled and computing times and successfully navigating UAVs across different scenarios with varying numbers of waypoints and obstacles, as demonstrated by simulations and real-world UAV flights. This comprehensive approach provides advantageous perspectives for real-world applications in a variety of operational situations and improves UAV autonomy, safety, and efficiency.
Social Network Forensics Analysis Model Based on Network Representation Learning
Authors: Zhao Kuo , Zhang Huajian , Li Jiaxin , Pan Qifu , Lai Li , Nie Yike , Zhang Zhongfei
Published: July 2024

The rapid evolution of computer technology and social networks has led to massive data generation through interpersonal communications, necessitating improved methods for information mining and relational analysis in areas such as criminal activity. This paper introduces a Social Network Forensic Analysis model that employs network representation learning to identify and analyze key figures within criminal networks, including leadership structures. The model incorporates traditional web forensics and community algorithms, utilizing concepts such as centrality and similarity measures and integrating the Deepwalk, Line, and Node2vec algorithms to map criminal networks into vector spaces. This maintains node features and structural information that are crucial for the relational analysis. The model refines node relationships through modified random walk sampling, using BFS and DFS, and employs a Continuous Bag-of-Words with Hierarchical Softmax for node vectorization, optimizing the value distribution via the Huffman tree. Hierarchical clustering and distance measures (cosine and Euclidean) were used to identify the key nodes and establish a hierarchy of influence. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in accurately vectorizing nodes, enhancing inter-node relationship precision, and optimizing clustering, thereby advancing the tools for combating complex criminal networks.
Analysis of Albania’s Trade Direction: Is the Open Balkan a New Center of Gravity?
Authors: Zeneli (Foto) Glediana , Benga Arsen , Hoti Altin
Published: July 2024

Trade is considered one of the main drivers of a country’s economic growth and development. Therefore, a successful analysis that identifies the bilateral trade flows, their determinants, and the regional integration costs and benefits opens new horizons for international trade perspectives. This study examines the effects of new and existing regional agreements on the international trade patterns of Western Balkan countries based on the Albanian case. In this regard, an extended trade gravity model is applied with a panel data set of trade flows between Albania and 43 of its regional strategic partners during the period of 2008 to 2022. This work considers two different similarity indexes to explain the effect of the economic structures of partner countries on their trade volumes: the relative factor endowment and the absolute factor endowment. The first is used to test the Linder Hypothesis, and the latter is used to test the effect of similarity in economic size between trading partners. Empirical results indicate that the effect of the selected explanatory variables, such as transportation costs, economic size, economic strength, exchange rate, and their relative as well as absolute endowment, is within expectations. Unexpectedly, the domestic economic size and strength are found to be insignificant in explaining the import flows and inversely proportional to the exports of Albania. Finally, it is indicated that trade flows are clearly dependent on traditional ties rather than on new incentives like the Open Balkan, which cannot offer a new regional center of gravity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the gravity of the Open Balkan initiative has been tested for one of the participating countries. The study concludes that while the Open Balkan initiative shows potential, the Berlin Process remains a more reliable path toward EU integration for Albania.
Exploring Pedagogical and Digital Practices in Vocational Education and Training: Comparing Teacher and Student Perspectives
Authors: Noguera Ingrid , Barrientos Daniel , Torres-Sánchez Mónica , Pineda-Herrero Pilar
Published: July 2024

This article investigates the pedagogical and digital practices of vocational education and training teachers, offering comparative insights from both teacher and student perspectives. To this end, two questionnaires were constructed for teachers and students and then validated by means of inter-judge procedures and expert review. The questionnaires were administered to representative samples of 158 teachers and 309 students in intermediate and higher vocational education and training programs in the Spanish region of Catalonia. Thanks to institutional collaboration, it was possible to obtain both samples by a non-probability sampling technique. The results obtained from the quantitative analyses performed show that while most vocational education and training teachers utilize a combination of active and lecture-based methods, less than a third incorporate online tools, prioritizing institutional platforms. Although both teachers and students acknowledge a diversity of teaching strategies, the latter, particularly female students and those in advanced years or on dual programs, tend to be more critical of the effectiveness of the teaching strategies employed compared to their teachers. The findings underscore the need for vocational education and training programs to enhance digital tool integration and address the varying perceptions of teaching effectiveness to better meet students’ expectations and needs.
South African Teachers’ Application of Inclusive Education Policies and Their Impact on Learners with Learning Disabilities: Implications for Teacher Education
Authors: Malahlela Moyagabo Kate , Johnson Ensa
Published: July 2024

Global inclusive education policies compel teachers worldwide to accommodate all learners in the teaching and learning environment, including learners with learning disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the application of inclusive education policies in South African mainstream educational institutions. The study further aimed to promote the acceptance and recognition of all learners with disabilities. The study employed a qualitative research approach and phenomenological design. In-depth interviews were used to generate the data, which were further transcribed and analyzed thematically. Ten teachers from five different mainstream schools were purposively selected to participate in the study. The findings revealed that South African teachers have adequate theoretical knowledge regarding inclusive education policies, with limited self-efficacy to apply such knowledge in inclusive teaching and learning environments. The study suggests the re-enforcement of the application of inclusive education policies through collaboration between special schools as resource centers, inclusive full-service schools, and mainstream educational institutions. The study argues that there should be continuous professional development for teachers in the field of inclusive education. The study’s findings will serve as a springboard for future research surrounding the same topic and to conscientize educational practitioners on the need to accommodate learners with learning disabilities in mainstream educational institutions.
Educational Approaches with AΙ in Primary School Settings: A Systematic Review of the Literature Available in Scopus
Authors: Aravantinos Spyridon , Lavidas Konstantinos , Voulgari Iro , Papadakis Stamatios , Karalis Thanassis , Komis Vassilis
Published: July 2024

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly prevalent, it has become a topic of interest in education. The use of AI in education poses complex issues, not only in terms of its impact on teaching and learning outcomes but also in terms of the ethical considerations regarding personal data and the individual needs of each student. Our study systematically analyzed empirical research on the use of AI in primary education, specifically for children aged 4–12 years old. We reviewed 35 articles indexed in SCOPUS, filtered them according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, analyzed them, and categorized the findings. The research focused on the studies’ objectives, learning content, learning outcomes, learning activities, and the pedagogy of activities or the AI tools. Our categorization resulted in three main categories of research objectives regarding the creation, implementation, and evaluation of AI tools and five categories for learning content: AI and ML (machine learning) concepts in STEM and STEAM, language learning, mathematics, arts, and various other subjects. The learning activities were split into four categories: apply, engage, interact, use; project-based learning with multiple activities; experience and practice; and students as tutors. The learning outcomes were split into three levels: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The pedagogy of AI tools falls into four categories: constructivism, experiential learning, AI-assisted learning, and project-based learning. The implications for teacher professional development are discussed.
Enhancing Software Code Vulnerability Detection Using GPT-4o and Claude-3.5 Sonnet: A Study on Prompt Engineering Techniques
Authors: Bae Jaehyeon , Kwon Seoryeong , Myeong Seunghwan
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the efficacy of advanced large language models, specifically GPT-4o, Claude-3.5 Sonnet, and GPT-3.5 Turbo, in detecting software vulnerabilities. Our experiment utilized vulnerable and secure code samples from the NIST Software Assurance Reference Dataset (SARD), focusing on C++, Java, and Python. We employed three distinct prompting techniques as follows: Concise, Tip Setting, and Step-by-Step. The results demonstrate that GPT-4o and Claude-3.5 Sonnet significantly outperform GPT-3.5 Turbo in vulnerability detection. GPT-4o showed the highest improvement with the Step-by-Step prompt, achieving an F1 score of 0.9072. Claude-3.5 Sonnet exhibited consistent high performance across all prompt types, with its Step-by-Step prompt yielding the best overall results (F1 score: 0.8933, AUC: 0.74). In contrast, GPT-3.5 Turbo showed minimal performance changes across prompts, with the Tip Setting prompt performing best (AUC: 0.65, F1 score: 0.6772), yet significantly lower than the other models. Our findings highlight the potential of advanced models in enhancing software security and underscore the importance of prompt engineering in optimizing their performance.
Steganography in QR Codes—Information Hiding with Suboptimal Segmentation
Authors: Koptyra Katarzyna , Ogiela Marek R.
Published: July 2024

This paper describes a new steganographic method for QR codes. Unlike most information-hiding techniques in this field, it does not rely on the error correction property. Instead, it uses the segmentation feature of QR codes. Encoding of data in a QR code is achieved by creating segments of specific modes, chosen according to data type in order to save space. However, the segmentation does not have to be optimal. A secret message may be embedded into a QR code by selecting an alternative segment type. The presented method generates valid QR codes that may be decoded with standard readers. The solution has been tested using several QR decoders, and it has been confirmed that only the regular message was returned. Additionally, the error correction quality of produced codes is not diminished. The described algorithm is suitable for either digital or printed media, and in both cases, QR codes retain secret data.
Lightweight Low-Voltage AC Arc-Fault Detection Method Based on the Interpretability Method
Authors: Ning Xin , Sheng Dejie , Lan Tianle , He Wenbing , Xiong Jiayu , Wang Yao
Published: July 2024

Electrical fires are frequently caused by low-voltage AC series arc faults, which can result in significant injuries and property damage. The installation of arc-fault detection devices is mandated or recommended in many regions and countries across the world, yet the current devices’ detection accuracy is insufficient to completely eliminate the risk posed by arc faults. The method based on artificial intelligence is a solution with high detection accuracy, but the AI model is a ‘black box’. When a misjudgment occurs, the cause of the model error cannot be found fundamentally, and the modification and light weight of the model also presents significant difficulties when using the approach. Given the aforementioned issues, this research proposes a novel lightweight low-voltage AC arc-fault detection method based on the explainability approach. By applying the attention mechanism approach and performing a visual analysis, the contribution of arc features to model detection is determined. Model input data optimization and model structure simplification are achieved at the same time as increased model detection accuracy. Ultimately, an experimental prototype for arc-fault detection is designed and validated. Test results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by demonstrating that the lightweight model maintains 99.69% detection accuracy, even after optimizing the input data by 80% and reducing the model parameters by 51.52%.
Reconfigurable CAN Intrusion Detection and Response System
Authors: Saini Rachit , Islam Riadul
Published: July 2024

The controller area network (CAN) remains the de facto standard for intra-vehicular communication. CAN enables reliable communication between various microcontrollers and vehicle devices without a central computer, which is essential for sustainable transportation systems. However, it poses some serious security threats due to the nature of communication. According to caranddriver.com, there were at least 150 automotive cybersecurity incidents in 2019, a 94% year-over-year increase since 2016, according to a report from Upstream Security. To safeguard vehicles from such attacks, securing CAN communication, which is the most relied-on in-vehicle network (IVN), should be configured with modifications. In this paper, we developed a configurable CAN communication protocol to secure CAN with a hardware prototype for rapidly prototyping attacks, intrusion detection systems, and response systems. We used a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to prototype CAN to improve reconfigurability. This project focuses on attack detection and response in the case of bus-off attacks. This paper introduces two main modules: the multiple generic errors module with the introduction of the error state machine (MGEESM) module and the bus-off attack detection (BOAD) module for a frame size of 111 bits (BOAD111), based on the CAN protocol presenting the introduction of form error, CRC error, and bit error. Our results show that, in the scenario with the transmit error counter (TEC) value 127 for switching between the error-passive state and bus-off state, the detection times for form error, CRC error, and bit error introduced in the MGEESM module are 3.610 ms, 3.550 ms, and 3.280 ms, respectively, with the introduction of error in consecutive frames. The detection time for BOAD111 module in the same scenario is 3.247 ms.
Adaptive Speed Control Scheme Based on Congestion Level and Inter-Vehicle Distance
Authors: Yin Jicheng , Hwang Seung-Hoon
Published: July 2024

Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) enables short-distance communication between vehicles and other users to improve road safety through data sharing. Conventional research on C-V2X typically assumes that vehicles travel at the same speed with a fixed inter-vehicle distance (Disinter). However, this assumption does not reflect the real driving environment or promote road traffic efficiency. Conversely, assigning different speeds to vehicles without a structured approach inevitably increases the collision risk. Therefore, determining appropriate speeds for each vehicle in the C-V2X framework is crucial. To this end, considering the road environment and mobility, this study introduces an adaptive speed mechanism based on the congestion level of a zone and Disinter. First, the given scenario is divided into several zones. Subsequently, based on the congestion level of a zone and the Disinter level, an adaptive speed is defined for each vehicle. This approach ensured that vehicles adopt lower speeds in congested situations to reduce the collision probability and higher speeds in sparse traffic cases to improve traffic efficiency. The performance of the proposed adaptive speed scheme is compared with that of conventional fixed-speed settings. The results show that the adaptive speed control scheme outperforms conventional fixed-speed schemes in terms of the packet reception ratio (PRR) and collision ratio (CR). Specifically, the proposed mechanism can reduce the CR to 0 and ensure that the PRR is higher than 0.98 in low-density scenarios.
Disturbance Observer-Based Feedback Linearized Controller for Grid-Forming Four-Leg VSI Supplying Unbalanced and Nonlinear Loads
Authors: Stephen Samantha S. , Shareef Hussain , Errouissi Rachid , Eslami Mahdiyeh , Hashfi Tuanku Badzlin
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the design of a disturbance observer-based controller that regulates the output voltage of three-phase four-leg voltage source inverters (VSIs) deployed for grid-forming operation in Renewable Energy-based Distributed Generation (REDG) Systems. The primary objective of the controller is to provide a symmetric and sinusoidal voltage at the output of the VSI when supplying highly unbalanced and nonlinear loads. The controller employs the feedback linearization (FL) technique and incorporates a disturbance observer (DO) to address a range of disturbances that include oscillations resulting from unbalanced loads, harmonics generated by nonlinear loads, and non-oscillatory disturbances. Notably, the controller adopts a direct control scheme without the need for nested current control loops and does not use any transformation frames. Simulation studies and experimental investigations were conducted to assess the controller’s performance under various load conditions, including both linear and nonlinear types, as well as load transients. The findings demonstrate the controller’s capability to accurately track references while complying with the IEEE power quality standards for the tested conditions.
Application of Silver Nanoparticles Supported over Mesoporous Carbon Produced from Sustainable Sources as Catalysts for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Biehler Erik , Quach Qui , Abdel-Fattah Tarek M.
Published: July 2024

The growing population and increasingly competitive economic climate have increased the demand for alternative fuel sources, with hydrogen being one of the more viable options. Many metal hydrides, including sodium borohydride, are capable of releasing hydrogen stored within chemical bonds when reacted with water, but the rate of generation is slow and therefore necessitates a catalyst. Silver nanoparticles, which were chosen due to their known catalytic activity, were synthesized from sodium citrate and were embedded in mesoporous carbon to form a nano-composite catalyst (Ag-MCM). This composite was characterized via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Catalytic testing showed that the catalytic activity for the Ag-MCM catalyst increased with increasing NaBH4 concentration, low pH, and high temperatures. The Ag-MCM catalyst resulted in the activation energy at 15.6 kJ mol−1, making it one of the lowest seen activation energies for inorganic catalysts. Lastly, the Ag-MCM catalysts showed stability, producing, on average, 20.0 mL per trial for five consecutive trials. This catalytic ability along with the cheap, carbon-based backbone that is made from readily available corn starch, makes it a promising catalyst for the hydrolysis of NaBH4.
Decarbonization through Active Participation of the Demand Side in Relatively Isolated Power Systems
Authors: Chlela Sophie , Selosse Sandrine , Maïzi Nadia
Published: July 2024

In the context of power system decarbonization, the demand-side strategy for increasing the share of renewable energy is studied for two constrained energy systems. This strategy, which is currently widely suggested in policies on the energy transition, would impact consumer behavior. Despite the importance of studying the latter, the focus here is on decisions regarding the type, location, and timeframe of implementing the related measures. As such, solutions must be assessed in terms of cost and feasibility, technological learning, and by considering geographical and environmental constraints. Based on techno-economic optimization, in this paper we analyze the evolution of the power system and elaborate plausible long-term trajectories in the energy systems of two European islands. The case studies, Procida in Italy and Hinnøya in Norway, are both electrically connected to the mainland by submarine cables and present issues in their power systems, which are here understood as relatively isolated power systems. Renewable energy integration is encouraged by legislative measures in Italy. Although not modeled here, they serve as a backbone for the assumptions of increasing these investments. For Procida, rooftop photovoltaics (PV) coupled with energy storage are integrated in the residential, public, and tertiary sectors. A price-based strategy is also applied reflecting the Italian electricity tariff structure. At a certain price difference between peak and off-peak, the electricity supply mix changes, favoring storage technologies and hence decreasing imports by up to 10% during peak times in the year 2050. In Norway, renewable energy resources are abundant. The analysis for Hinnøya showcases possible cross-sectoral flexibilities through electrification, leading to decarbonization. By fine-tuning electric vehicle charging tactics and leveraging Norway’s electricity pricing model, excess electricity demand peaks can be averted. The conclusions of this double-prospective study provide a comparative analysis that presents the lessons learnt and makes replicability recommendations for other territories.
Comparison of Maximum Heat Transfer Rate of Thin Vapor Chambers with Different Wicks under Multiple Heat Sources and Sinks
Authors: Kim Sung , Kang Seo , Park Sung , Jang Seok
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we present a new analytical model to investigate the maximum heat transfer rate of a thin vapor chamber (TVC) with multiple heat sources and sinks. The model can specifically consider different heat flux conditions for each heat source. Both capillary limitations and allowable maximum temperature constraints were employed to determine the maximum heat transfer rate. The liquid and vapor pressure distributions within the TVC were analytically derived using the Brinkman-extended Darcy equation and the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, respectively. Additionally, the theoretical wall temperature distribution was calculated based on the 3D energy equation, considering different heat flux conditions for multiple heat sources with a weighting factor. Our results demonstrate that the heat flux conditions applied to the heat sources significantly impact the internal flow pattern of the TVC. These changes in flow patterns influence the pressure distributions of the liquid and vapor, thereby affecting the maximum heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the effects of wick parameters on the maximum heat transfer rate under various heat flux conditions were examined.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Intensification Using Lattice Structures in Heat Exchangers
Authors: Pulin Anton , Laptev Mikhail , Kortikov Nikolay , Barskov Viktor , Roschenko Gleb , Alisov Kirill , Talabira Ivan , Gong Bowen , Rassokhin Viktor , Popovich Anatoly , Novikov Pavel
Published: July 2024

Heat exchangers make it possible to utilize energy efficiently, reducing the cost of energy production or consumption. For example, they can be used to improve the efficiency of gas turbines. Improving the efficiency of a heat exchanger directly affects the efficiency of the device for which it is used. One of the most effective ways to intensify heat exchange in a heat exchanger without a significant increase in mass-dimensional characteristics and changes in the input parameters of the flows is the introduction of turbulators into the heat exchangers. This article investigates the increase in efficiency of heat exchanger apparatuses by introducing turbulent lattice structures manufactured with the use of additive technologies into their design. The study is carried out by numerical modeling of the heat transfer process for two sections of the heat exchanger: with and without the lattice structure inside. It was found that lattice structures intensify the heat exchange by creating vortex flow structures, as well as by increasing the heat exchange area. Thus, the ratio of convection in thermal conductivity increases to 3.03 times. Also in the article, a comparative analysis of the results obtained with the results of heat transfer intensification using classical flow turbulators is carried out. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the investigated turbulators are more effective than classical ones, however, the pressure losses in the investigated turbulators are much higher.
On the Impact of Renewable Generation on the Sicilian Power System in Near-Future Scenarios: A Case Study
Authors: Di Gloria Paolo , Paradiso Salvatore , Pede Martina , Sorrentino Vincenzo Maria Ettore , Vergine Chiara , Massaro Fabio , Vasile Antony , Zizzo Gaetano
Published: July 2024

This paper was conceived to investigate some central issues related to the upheaval of current energy scenarios in Sicily. New power connection lines that are about to be built in the Mediterranean area, planned with a view to a constantly increasing renewable generation, encourage the carrying out of analyses on how the Sicilian electric power system will be able to make itself ready to support large power injections, especially due to new renewables plants that will be established in the region soon. This study, carried out in close collaboration with the Italian TSO Terna S.p.A and the University of Palermo, defines what the impacts of new renewable power plants will be on the Sicilian power transmission grid under intact and non-intact grid conditions. This study consists of steady-state simulations carried out using WinCreso® software version 7.62.1-3 in two energy scenarios estimated for the years 2024 and 2027, based on real connection requests by producers to Terna, and allows one to go beyond the studies conducted so far on a 2030 basis through the precise identification of network nodes or lines in difficulty. Finally, as well as presenting an interesting case study due to Sicily’s strategic position in the Mediterranean Sea, this article proposes a methodological approach that can easily be adopted in other contexts and by other TSOs to analyze similar situations.
Enhancement of Sustainable Recycling Systems for Industrial Waste in South Korea via Hazardous Characteristics Analysis
Authors: Jang Su-Han , Cho Na-Hyeon , Kim Tae-Woo , Kang Young-Yeul , Yoon Young-Sam , Yoo Heung-Min
Published: July 2024

The South Korean government has implemented an acceptance system to promote the high-quality recycling of waste. Industrial waste generators must provide “hazardous characteristics data” to recycling operators. Nonetheless, ~80% of industrial safety accidents in South Korea occur during recycling, most involving fire or explosions. Moreover, a gap in safety management exists during ‘Circular Resource’ acceptance if the target substance is not regarded as waste. In this study collected data on hazardous waste characteristics. From 62 waste generators, 72 waste samples were collected, accounting for most of the resources accepted for recycling, including waste synthetic polymers, slag, dust, waste sand, and waste foundry sand. Then, the hazardous characteristics, as stated in the Ministry of Environment notifications, were assessed. Leaching toxicity was detected in one slag sample and six dust samples. The Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg, F, and CN levels dissatisfied the Soil Contamination Warning Standard in 31 samples. Explosivity was not detected in any sample, whereas flammability was detected in one waste synthetic polymer sample. The results revealed 15 cases of potential flammability. Flammability is legally defined as below the criteria if the combustion speed criterion is not met. However, in the case of flame ignition, which could cause large fires and safety accidents, the relevant notification should be revised. In this study, we aimed to improve the gap between the hazardous waste management systems and industrial fields through actual measurements of hazardous characteristics. By doing so, we seek to contribute to the prevention of environmental and safety accidents. By continuously accumulating data and utilizing actual measurements, we aim to revise and enhance relevant regulations, ultimately improving the hazardous characteristics of waste management systems.
Urban Biodiversity Index for Trees: A Climate Adaptation Measure for Cities Based on Tree Inventories
Authors: Votsi Nefta-Eleftheria , Speyer Orestis , Michailidou Danai-Eleni , Koukoulis Athanasios , Chatzidiakos Charalampos , Vandecasteele Ine , Photiadou Christiana , Iglesias Jose Miguel Rubio , Aurambout Jean-Philippe , Gerasopoulos Evangelos
Published: July 2024

A historically large percentage of the world’s population has moved to urban areas in the past few decades, causing various negative effects for the environment, such as air, noise, water, and light pollution; land degradation; and biodiversity loss. Under the current climate crisis, cities are anticipated to play an essential part in adaptation strategies to extreme atmospheric events. This study aims at developing indicators at an urban scale that can highlight adaptation progress by investigating relevant data (especially in situ) and statistics at a pan-European level in support of the EU’s strategy for adapting to the impacts of climate change. The proposed indicator, Urban Biodiversity Indicator for Trees (UBI4T), which can be derived from city tree inventories, assesses one essential component of urban biodiversity by computing the proportion of native, alien, invasive, and toxic tree species spatially across a city. According to our findings (applying the UBI4T for Amsterdam and exploring its policy potential for Barcelona), the UBI4T can offer crucial information for decision and policy makers, as well as stakeholders of a city, with the aim of conducting dedicated and effective strategic initiatives to restore, improve, and protect nature in the urban environment, thus contributing to adaptation and resilience to extreme atmospheric events in cities.