bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational level and its relationship with body height and popliteal height in Chilean male workers
Authors: Viviani Carlos , Castellucci Héctor Ignacio , Arezes Pedro , Bartsch Ángelo , Bragança Sara , Molenbroek Johan F. M. , Martínez Marta , Aparici Verónica
Published: November 2019

A secular trend in body height has been experienced in many nations and populations, hypothesized to be the result of better living conditions. Educational level has been shown to be closely associated with body height. This study examined the changes in body height and popliteal height in a group of adult Chilean male workers by age cohort and the relationship of these with educational level. The body heights and popliteal heights of 1404 male workers from the Valparaíso and Metropolitan regions of Chile were measured in 2016. The sample was grouped by level of education (primary, secondary, technical and university) and age (21–30, 31–40 and 41–50 years). Robust ANOVA and post-hoc analyses using a one-step modified M-estimation of location were conducted based on bootstrap resampling. Both body height and popliteal height increased from the older to the younger age cohort. The largest increase was from the 41–50 to the 21–30 group, with a 1.1% increase in body height and 1.7% increase in popliteal height. When educational level was introduced into the analysis there was a marked increase in both body height and popliteal height for each cohort, but only in primary- and secondary-educated workers. Despite showing an overall increase in body height and popliteal height, younger workers with the highest levels of education showed fewer differences between them than did older workers with less education. The differences were larger in the older than in the younger cohorts. Similarly, this trend was less clear in workers with higher levels of education (technical and university), probably because of a dilution effect caused by increased access to higher education by workers in the lower income quintiles.
Sentence repetition and non-word repetition in early total French immersion
Authors: Scheidnes Maureen
Published: November 2019

Recent research has focused on bilingual children’s performance on non-word repetition (NWR) and sentence repetition (SR) tasks, but it remains unclear how their scores can be expected to vary as a function of language exposure, which creates challenges for developing age-appropriate performance expectations. With the goal of examining the impact of limited language exposure on these tasks, French NWR and SR performance from 33 first graders (mean age 6 years, 10 months) in early total French immersion in English-speaking Canada was compared to prior work on bilinguals acquiring French in France. With a mean length of exposure of 1 year, 7 months, but a mean cumulative length of exposure of only 3 months, the children in immersion have much less daily exposure to French than the bilinguals in France. The results showed that children in immersion patterned with the other bilinguals for NWR, but had much weaker SR performance. Within-subjects analyses revealed that, for SR, the children in immersion had stronger scores on wh-questions and relative clauses, which suggests that these structures may be less sensitive to language exposure.
Adaptive Sliding Mode Impedance Control of Single-Link Flexible Manipulators interacting with the Environment at an Unknown Intermediate Point
Authors: Fayazi Ali , Pariz Naser , Karimpour Ali , Feliu-Batlle V. , HosseinNia S. Hassan
Published: November 2019

This paper proposes an adaptive robust impedance control for a single-link flexible arm when it encounters an environment at an unknown intermediate point. First, the intermediate collision point is estimated using a collision detection algorithm. The controller, then, switches from free to constrained motion mode. In the unconstrained motion mode, the exerted force to environment is nearly zero. Thus, the reference trajectory is a prescribed desired trajectory in position control. In the constrained motion mode, the reference trajectory is determined by the desired target dynamic impedance. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of proposed control scheme.
How do context variables affect food insecurity in Mexico? Implications for policy and governance
Authors: Vilar-Compte Mireya , Gaitán-Rossi Pablo , Flores Diana , Pérez-Cirera Vanessa , Teruel Graciela
Published: November 2019

Objective:

To assess, from a systems perspective, how climate vulnerability and socio-economic and political differences at the municipal and state levels explain food insecurity in Mexico.

Design:

Using a cross-sectional design with official secondary data, we estimated three-level multinomial hierarchical linear models.

Setting:

The study setting is Mexico’s states and municipalities in 2014.

Participants:

Heads of households in a representative sample of the general population.

Results:

At the municipal level, vulnerability to climate disasters and a poverty index were significant predictors of food insecurity after adjusting for household-level variables. At the state level, gross domestic product and the number of nutrition programmes helped explain different levels of food insecurity but change in political party did not. Predictors varied in strength and significance according to the level of food insecurity.

Conclusions:

Findings evidence that, beyond food assistance programmes and household characteristics, multiple variables operating at different levels – like climate vulnerability and poverty – contribute to explain the degree of food insecurity. Food security governance is a well-suited multisectoral approach to address the complex challenge of hunger and access to a nutritious diet.
The Early Life of Marx's “Mode of Production”
Authors: Johnson Sarah
Published: November 2019

This article reexamines Marx's early conception of history by returning to his 1845–6 manuscripts, long known as The German Ideology. On conventional interpretations of these manuscripts, Marx sought to explain the entire historical process through a theory of the systematic development of productive forces. This article reveals that concern to be an artifact of subsequent editorial practices and argues that a different concern animated the manuscripts for Marx himself—namely to grasp the nature of individual epochs, particularly the present one, which he doubted that a generalized theory of history could help him to do. In “Saint Max,” perhaps the most neglected of these early manuscripts, Marx developed the concept of a “mode of production” into a historical lens, one that could aid the work of social critique by bringing into focus how the present is made and might be made anew.
Groundwater Variations From Autocorrelation and Receiver Functions
Authors: Kim D. , Lekic V.
Published: November 2019

Using a 20‐year continuous broadband record and two independent single‐station techniques—ambient noise autocorrelation and receiver functions—we document a relationship between subsurface seismic response and groundwater levels (GWLs) in the Gulf Coast Aquifer System of southern Texas. We find that a surge of GWL following three consecutive hurricanes and documented at an adjacent monitoring well is accompanied with changes in receiver function power spectra and ambient noise autocorrelations. Using a simple physical model, we show that GWL changes should affect P‐ (VP) more strongly than S‐wave (VS) velocities, consistent with our observations and previous ones based on inter‐station correlations. Agreement between receiver function and ambient noise analyses shows that both can be used to reliably estimate temporal changes in subsurface properties on long timescales. Due to their sensitivity to VP, single‐station techniques respond more strongly to GWL changes, making them useful for characterizing and monitoring aquifer systems.
Forcings, Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity in HadGEM3‐GC3.1 and UKESM1
Authors: Andrews Timothy , Andrews Martin B. , Bodas‐Salcedo Alejandro , Jones Gareth S. , Kuhlbrodt Till , Manners James , Menary Matthew B. , Ridley Jeff , Ringer Mark A. , Sellar Alistair A. , Senior Catherine A. , Tang Yongming
Published: November 2019

Climate forcing, sensitivity, and feedback metrics are evaluated in both the United Kingdom's physical climate model HadGEM3‐GC3.1 at low (‐LL) and medium (‐MM) resolution and the United Kingdom's Earth System Model UKESM1. The effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) to a doubling of CO2 is 5.5 K for HadGEM3.1‐GC3.1‐LL and 5.4 K for UKESM1. The transient climate response is 2.5 and 2.8 K, respectively. While the EffCS is larger than that seen in the previous generation of models, none of the model's forcing or feedback processes are found to be atypical of models, though the cloud feedback is at the high end. The relatively large EffCS results from an unusual combination of a typical CO2 forcing with a relatively small feedback parameter. Compared to the previous U.K. climate model, HadGEM3‐GC2.0, the EffCS has increased from 3.2 to 5.5 K due to an increase in CO2 forcing, surface albedo feedback, and midlatitude cloud feedback. All changes are well understood and due to physical improvements in the model. At higher atmospheric and ocean resolution (HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐MM), there is a compensation between increased marine stratocumulus cloud feedback and reduced Antarctic sea‐ice feedback. In UKESM1, a CO2 fertilization effect induces a land surface vegetation change and albedo radiative effect. Historical aerosol forcing in HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL is −1.1 W m−2. In HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL historical simulations, cloud feedback is found to be less positive than in abrupt‐4xCO2, in agreement with atmosphere‐only experiments forced with observed historical sea surface temperature and sea‐ice variations. However, variability in the coupled model's historical sea‐ice trends hampers accurate diagnosis of the model's total historical feedback.
Wolbachia supplement biotin and riboflavin to enhance reproduction in planthoppers
Authors: Ju Jia-Fei , Bing Xiao-Li , Zhao Dian-Shu , Guo Yan , Xi Zhiyong , Hoffmann Ary A , Zhang Kai-Jun , Huang Hai-Jian , Gong Jun-Tao , Zhang Xu , Hong Xiao-Yue
Published: November 2019

Symbiont-mediated nutritional mutualisms can contribute to the host fitness of insects, especially for those that feed exclusively on nutritionally unbalanced diets. Here, we elucidate the importance of B group vitamins in the association of endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia with two plant-sap feeding insects, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), and the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Infected planthoppers of both species laid more eggs than uninfected planthoppers, while the experimental transfer of Wolbachia into uninfected lines of one planthopper species rescued this fecundity deficit. The genomic analysis showed that Wolbachia strains from the two planthopper species encoded complete biosynthesis operons for biotin and riboflavin, while a metabolic analysis revealed that Wolbachia-infected planthoppers of both species had higher titers of biotin and riboflavin. Furthermore, experimental supplementation of food with a mixture of biotin and riboflavin recovered the fecundity deficit of Wolbachia-uninfected planthoppers. In addition, comparative genomic analysis suggested that the riboflavin synthesis genes are conserved among Wolbachia supergroups. Biotin operons are rare in Wolbachia, and those described share a recent ancestor that may have been horizontally transferred from Cardinium bacteria. Our research demonstrates a type of mutualism that involves a facultative interaction between Wolbachia and plant-sap feeding insects involving vitamin Bs.
Relationship between the immune microenvironment of different locations in a primary tumour and clinical outcomes of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hatogai Ken , Fujii Satoshi , Kitano Shigehisa , Kojima Takashi , Daiko Hiroyuki , Yoshino Takayuki , Ohtsu Atsushi , Takiguchi Yuichi , Doi Toshihiko , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: November 2019

Background

Tumour microenvironments can differ according to intratumoural locations. We investigated the immune status at different locations in primary tumours and its clinical significance in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

The number of CD8+ tumour-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and PD-1+ TIICs, and PD-L1 expression on tumour cells (PD-L1TC) were immunohistochemically examined in the surface (Surf), centre (Cent) and invasive front (Inv) of tumours surgically resected from 192 patients with ESCC.

Results

The PD-L1+ rate was lower in Inv than in Cent (12.0% vs. 18.2%, P = 0.012), although the numbers of CD8+ TIICs and PD-1+ TIICs were comparable among intratumoural locations. High numbers of CD8+ and PD-1+ TIICs and positive PD-L1TC were related to better overall survival (OS) only in Surf and Cent (CD8: P = 0.012 in Surf, 0.018 in Cent, and 0.165 in Inv; PD-1: P = 0.028 in Surf, 0.021 in Cent, and 0.208 in Inv; and PD-L1: 0.044 in Surf, 0.026 in Cent, and 0.718 in Inv). Positive PD-L1TC in Surf and/or Cent but not in Inv demonstrated a strong tendency toward better OS (P = 0.053).

Conclusions

Immune microenvironments according to the intratumoural location have different effects on the survival of patients with ESCC.
Coupling microwave photons to a mechanical resonator using quantum interference
Authors: Rodrigues I. C. , Bothner D. , Steele G. A.
Published: November 2019

The field of optomechanics has emerged as leading platform for achieving quantum control of macroscopic mechanical objects. Implementations of microwave optomechanics to date have coupled microwave photons to mechanical resonators using a moving capacitance. While simple and effective, the capacitive scheme suffers from limitations on the maximum achievable coupling strength. Here, we experimentally implement a fundamentally different approach: flux-mediated optomechanical coupling. In this scheme, mechanical displacements modulate the flux in a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) that forms the inductor of a microwave resonant circuit. We demonstrate that this flux-mediated coupling can be tuned in situ by the magnetic flux in the SQUID, enabling nanosecond flux tuning of the optomechanical coupling. Furthermore, we observe linear scaling of the single-photon coupling rate with the in-plane magnetic transduction field, a trend with the potential to overcome the limits of capacitive optomechanics, opening the door for a new generation of groundbreaking optomechanical experiments.
A de novo genome assembly of the dwarfing pear rootstock Zhongai 1
Authors: Ou Chunqing , Wang Fei , Wang Jiahong , Li Song , Zhang Yanjie , Fang Ming , Ma Li , Zhao Yanan , Jiang Shuling
Published: November 2019

‘Zhongai 1’ [(Pyrus ussuriensis × communis) × spp.] is an excellent pear dwarfing rootstock common in China. It is dwarf itself and has high dwarfing efficiency on most of mainPyruscultivated species when used as inter-stock. Here we describe the draft genome sequences of ‘Zhongai 1’ which was assembled using PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads and Hi-C technology. We estimated the genome size is approximately 511.33 Mb by K-mer analysis and obtained a final genome of 510.59 Mb with a contig N50 size of 1.28 Mb. Next, 506.31 Mb (99.16%) of contigs were clustered into 17 chromosomes with a scaffold N50 size of 23.45 Mb. We further predicted 309.86 Mb (60.68%) of repetitive sequences and 43,120 protein-coding genes. The assembled genome will be a valuable resource and reference for future pear breeding, genetic improvement, and comparative genomics among related species. Moreover, it will help identify genes involved in dwarfism, early flowering, stress tolerance, and commercially desirable fruit characteristics.
Immunophenotypes associated with bipolar disorder and lithium treatment
Authors: Wu Tai-Na , Lee Chau-Shoun , Wu Bo-Jian , Sun Hsiao-Ju , Chang Chieh-Hsing , Chen Chun-Ying , Chen Chih-Ken , Wu Lawrence Shih-Hsin , Cheng Andrew Tai-Ann
Published: November 2019

Immune dysfunction is implicated in the etiology of bipolar disorder. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs17026688 in the gene encoding glutamate decarboxylase–like protein 1 (GADL1) has been found to be associated with lithium response in Han Chinese patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI). However, whether patients with GADL1 polymorphisms have different immunophenotypes is unknown. To address this issue, differences in the immune profiles based on analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were compared among BDI patients and healthy controls who lack or carry the T allele of rs17026688. BDI patients had significantly higher percentages of total T cells, CD4+ T cells, activated B cells, and monocytes than healthy controls, suggesting that immunologic imbalance might be involved in BDI development or progression. Treatment of BDI patients-derived PBMCs with lithium in vitro increased the percentage of CD14+ monocytes and dendritic cells, suggesting that lithium plays an immunomodulatory role in CD14+ monocytes and dendritic cells. Among BDI patients, non-T carriers had a significantly higher percentage of CD11b+/CD33lo/HLA-DR− myeloid-derived suppressor cells than T carriers. Moreover, only T carriers exhibited differential sensitivity to lithium therapeutic use with respect to the percentage of myeloid cells. These findings suggest that rs17026688 polymorphisms in GADL1 are associated with immune dysfunction in BDI patients.
Chemical enrichment and host galaxies of extremely strong intervening DLAs towards quasars
Authors: Ranjan A. , Noterdaeme P. , Krogager J.-K. , Petitjean P. , Srianand R. , Balashev S. A. , Gupta N. , Ledoux C.
Published: November 2019

We present the results from VLT/X-shooter spectroscopic observations of 11 extremely strong intervening damped Lyman-α absorbers (ESDLAs) that were initially selected as high N(H I) (i.e. ≥5 × 1021 cm−2) candidates from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We confirm the high H I column densities, which we measure to be in the range log N(H I) = 21.6 − 22.4. Molecular hydrogen is detected with high column densities (N(H2)≥1018 cm−2) in 5 out of 11 systems, 3 of which are reported here for the first time, and we obtain conservative upper limits on N(H2) for the remaining 6 systems. We also measure the column density of various metal species (Zn II, Fe II, Si II, Cr II, and C I), quantify the absorption-line kinematics (Δv90), and estimate the extinction of the background quasar light (AV) by dust in the absorbing gas. We compare the chemical properties of this sample of ESDLAs, supplemented with literature measurements, to that of DLAs located at the redshift of long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRB-DLAs). We confirm that the two populations are almost indistinguishable in terms of chemical enrichment and gas kinematics. In addition, we find no marked differences in the incidence of H2. All this suggests that ESDLAs and GRB-DLAs probe similar galactic environments. We search for the galaxy counterparts of ESDLAs and find associated emission lines in 3 out of 11 systems, 2 of which are reported here for the first time (at zabs = 2.304 and 2.323 towards the quasars SDSS J002503.03+114547.80 and SDSS J114347.21+142021.60, respectively). The measured separations between the quasar sightlines and the emission associated with the ESDLA galaxy (for a total of five sightlines) are all very small (ρ <  3 kpc). Because our observations are complete up to ρ ∼ 7 kpc, we argue that the emission counterparts of the remaining systems are more likely below the detection limit than outside the search area. While the small impact parameters are similar to what is observed for GRB-DLAs, the associated star formation rates are on average lower than for GRB host galaxies. This is explained by long-duration GRBs being associated with the death of massive stars and therefore pinpointing regions of active star formation in the GRB host galaxies. Our observations support the suggestion from the literature that ESDLAs could act as blind analogues of GRB-DLAs, probing neutral gas with high column density in the heart of high-redshift galaxies, without any prior on the instantaneous star formation rate.
Procédés de fabrication et propriétés physiques des couvertes de poteries romaines : une approche physico-chimique multi-échelle
Authors: Sciau Philippe , Groenen Jesse
Published: November 2019

Le succès exceptionnel de la sigillée, vaisselle de table en terre cuite de la période romaine, est en grande partie dû à la brillance et à la couleur rouge uniforme de sa couverte qui ont nécessité le développement de procédés techniques très performants.

Dans cet article nous comparons les réalisations italiennes aux productions gauloises qui leur ont succédé, sous le regard de la science des matériaux. Nous montrons que l’étude des couvertes, en plus de permettre d’en comprendre la fabrication, a mis en évidence une évolution majeure de leurs propriétés physiques que l’on peut relier à une évolution de leur utilisation.
Cybercrime and sexual exploitation of children in e-environment in the context of strengthening urban and rural security
Authors: Vilks Andrejs
Published: November 2019

Among various types of threats to urban and rural security, there has been an increase in cybercrime in recent years, an increase in criminal offenses in the e-environment. This also applies to the sexual exploitation of children in the e-environment. Sexual violence against children in cyberspace is linked to objectively determined factors, such as the development of Internet technologies and their wide availability. The active efforts of children to learn and use the new technologies, the attractiveness of the virtual environment in contrast to the real situation and the ambiguous and in many cases incomprehensible nature, as well as the saturation of pornographic material in the Internet, the weak control of their distribution, should be noted. Due to the increasing availability of the Internet, the expansion of e-services in cities and rural areas is relatively balanced. An Internet user may be at risk in both big cities and in a less populated rural area. Among Internet users the proportion of young people and children is relatively high, which objectively determines their increased victimization potential. Among threats to children related to the e-environment, multiple forms of child sexual abuse, including cyberbullying, sextings, sextorings, cyberstalkings, are increasing.
Mandatory nature of criminal proceedings in the republic of Latvia: Current issues and controversies
Authors: Kaija Sandra
Published: November 2019

The Criminal Procedure Law (Section 6), as one of the basic principles of the criminal procedure, provides for the mandatory nature of criminal proceedings. It determines that the official who is authorised to perform criminal proceedings has an obligation within his or her competence to initiate criminal proceedings and to lead such proceedings to the fair regulation of criminal legal relations provided for in The Criminal Law in each case where the reason and grounds for initiating criminal proceedings have become known. This research focuses on issues that relate to the legal aspects of the mandatory nature of criminal proceedings, including the competence of the officials in initiating criminal proceedings; the role of the victim; the purpose of this basic principle. This paper examines the problematic aspects of the mandatory principle in criminal procedure in Latvia. In the end, key conclusions are summarized.
Individual's level of education as a guarantee of the right to defense
Authors: Shevchyk Oleksandr , Hnatiuk Andrii
Published: November 2019

The right to defense is enshrined in national legislation, including Art. 59 of the Constitution of Ukraine, according to which, “Everyone has the right to a professional legal assistance. In cases provided for by law, this assistance is free of charge” [1]. In addition, there is Art. 52 of the Criminal Procedural Code (CPC) of Ukraine [2]. The lack of an appropriate level of education cannot be regarded as a certain mental defect or the fact of not speaking the language, since individuals could have an appropriate oral skill in Ukrainian, but not written skills. The problem lies not only in the lack of a unified approach in the practice of law enforcement regarding the application of legal grounds for the mandatory provision of a lawyer in criminal proceedings for persons who do not have the appropriate level of education, but also in the lack of a strictly defined level of education that would be considered sufficient to ensure persons' right to protection.
Smoking and alcohol abuse – predictive factors in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective study
Authors: Lifsics Andrejs , Rate Elza , Tars Juris , Murovska Modra , Groma Valerija
Published: November 2019

Oropharynx is one of the most common localizations for malignant neoplasms in the head and neck region. HPV-positive OPSCCs are the most common subtypes in Western countries with tobacco and alcohol use, remaining the major risk factors for cancer development in this region. The study aims to address the significance of smoking and alcohol abuse in OPSCC cases and perform a survival analysis of the patients with OPSCC treated over a 10-year period in a single hospital in Latvia, correlating these data with patients' hazardous habits (smoking and alcohol abuse). Out of 247 patients, the majority were smokers (75.95%, n = 180), approximately one third were habitual drinkers (35.19%, n = 82) or were exposed to both aforementioned major risk factors (31.47%, n = 73). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed significantly better survival for the patients without the aforementioned hazardous habits. Cox regression analysis proved a higher early death rate when both factors (smoking and alcohol abuse) were present. It seems that smoking has a higher predictive value than alcohol abuse.
Challenges and their overcoming when implementing the restructuring of children's care homes in Lithuania
Authors: Gudzinskiene Vida , Raudeliunaite Rita
Published: November 2019

The aim of the study is to reveal challenges and the ways to overcome them in the context of the restructuring of childcare, based on the experience of social workers who work in children's care homes, which participate in the restructuring. Qualitative research type was chosen for the study. The method of a semi-structured interview with social workers who work in care institutions, that take part in the deinstitutionalisation process. The challenges arising to social workers in the context of the restructuring, which came to light during the study, are related to the resistance and anxiety of social workers regarding their future, the lack of information on the restructuring, the lack of engagement of social workers in the restructuring processes, the lack of the dissemination of good practices, the need to improve professional qualifications and the possibility to choose training courses of qualification improvement which correspond to their needs. The unpreparedness of the community for the restructuring, as well as the finding of foster parents and adoptive parents for children or the reunification with their family and the anxiety of the children about their future were also identified. In order to overcome the challenges arising during the restructuring it is necessary: to have a restructuring plan which is clear and understandable to all, the preparation of the employees for changes, the increase of dissemination of information in the communityand society, the rallying of the community, inter-institutional cooperation and the preparation of parents/ adoptive parents/foster parents.
Euro-Asian Cooperation in the Field of Training on Economic Security
Authors: Piskunov V.A. , Pecherskaya E.P. , Tarasova T.M. , Kozhevnikova S.A.
Published: November 2019

The modern models of training and retraining of personnel, which are created for the all-Russian system have certain lacks, regarding the creation of models and the determination of connection between them. The article reviews the system of personnel training to combat the money laundering and financing the terrorism (AML/CFT) in the Russian Federation. The article shows the necessity of the international integration for the training of highly qualified personnel and the advantages of creation of the international consortiums uniting universities, scientific centers and non-profit organizations. This will allow to develop the practice, science and education in the field of economic security.
Method for Monitoring of Managing the Modernization of Regional Economy
Authors: Krasnova T. , Plotnikova T. , Pozdnyakov A. , Vilgelm A.
Published: November 2019

This paper proposes a new approach for monitoring of managing the modernisation of regional economic. The model built on proposed methodology will make it possible to smooth out the influence of non-urban areas on the unevenness of economic activity in spatial development. This paper has two goals. The first is to provide a new compilation of data on spatial distribution of economic activity at the sub-regional level. This data set allows us to monitoring of different indicators within macroregions such as Siberia. The second goal is to construct an instrument that helps to overcome the endogeneity problem using new economic geography hypothesis about the mechanisms of distribution of economic activity. Section 2 describes the data and method that we have proposed, discusses the construction of the Theil indexes using these data at the sub-federal and the sub-regional level. Section 3 presents the correlations between spatial distribution of economic activity and local market potential, discusses the robustness of the results; and the last section concludes.
Motivation von Praxisanleitenden
Authors: Cantiani Cornelia
Published: November 2019

Nicht nur der Fachkräftemangel und die Rahmenbedingungen in der Pflege scheinen Auswirkungen auf die praktische Ausbildung und die Motivation von Praxisanleitenden zu haben. Welche Faktoren die Motivation zusätzlich beeinflussen und wie es gelingen kann, dass Praxisanleitende sich dauerhaft engagieren und die Ausbildung attraktiv gestalten, erforschte unsere Autorin.
Multiple stents are not superior to single stent insertion for pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a retrospective comparative study
Authors: Papalavrentios Lavrentios , Musala Carmen , Gkolfakis Paraskevas , Devière Jacques , Delhaye Myriam , Arvanitakis Marianna
Published: November 2019

Background and study aims Patients with painful chronic pancreatitis (CP) and distal main pancreatic duct (MPD) stricture are considered candidates for treatment using a single plastic stent insertion. Multiple side-by-side stents have been proposed as an alternative treatment but comparative studies are lacking. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess differences in characteristics and treatment outcomes in patients with CP and MPD strictures treated with a different number of stents during the stenting period.

Patients and methods Patients with painful CP and distal MPD obstruction requiring endoscopic treatment (01.2004 – 12.2012) were considered. The study population was divided in three groups: Patients treated with (A) exclusively one stent; (B) one or two stents; and (C) exclusively two stents during the stenting period. Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes were retrospectively assessed.

Results Among 284 patients, 85 were selected according to inclusion criteria (Group A: 18, Group B: 35, Group C: 32). Median follow-up duration was 84 months. The median number of endoscopic procedures needed was higher for group B [3 (A) vs. 3 (C) vs. 4 (B), P = 0.001]. Regarding outcome, successful endoscopic treatment was lower in Group C (50 % vs. 88.2 % and 74.2 % for groups A and B, respectively; P = 0.02). This difference was attributed to better clinical outcome in Group A compared to Group C patients [OR(95%CI): 7.50 (1.46 – 38.70); P = 0.04]. Moreover, group C patients experienced higher levels of pain at the end of follow-up period [median Izbicki Score 0 (group A) vs. 0 (group B) vs. 6 (group C), P = 0.03].

Conclusions In patients with painful CP and distal MPD obstruction, treatment with a single stent is associated with better clinical outcome compared to treatment with exclusively two stents during the stenting period.
The linguistic marking of coherence relations
Authors: Hoek Jet , Zufferey Sandrine , Evers-Vermeul Jacqueline , Sanders Ted J. M.
Published: November 2019

Connectives and cue phrases are the most prototypical linguistic elements that signal coherence relations, but by limiting our attention to connectives, we are likely missing out on important other cues readers and listeners use when establishing coherence relations. However, defining the role of other types of linguistic elements in the signaling of coherence relations is not straightforward, and it is also not obvious why and how non-connective elements function as signals for coherence relations. In this paper, we aim to develop a systematic way of categorizing segment-internal elements as signals of coherence relations on the basis of a literature review and evidence from parallel corpora. We propose a three-way distinction betweendivision of labor, agreement, andgeneral collocationto categorize the different ways in which elements inside discourse segments interact with connectives in the marking of coherence relations. In each type of interaction, segment-internal elements can function as signals for coherence relations, but the mechanism behind it is slightly different for each type.
The difference in risk of chronic pulmonary disease morbidity and mortality between former elite athletes and ordinary men in Finland
Authors: Kontro Titta K. , Sarna Seppo , Kaprio Jaakko , Kujala Urho M.
Published: November 2019

The impact of a history of competitive sports on later smoking behaviour and occurrence of chronic pulmonary diseases is poorly known. We investigated how a history of elite level sports predicted later pulmonary disease morbidity and mortality. Chronic pulmonary disease incidence was assessed from national hospital and cause‐of‐death registers from 1970 to 2015 among Finnish male former elite athletes (n = 2078) and matched controls (n = 1453) alive in 1970 (mean age 45.0 years). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated by Cox proportional hazards model. In 1985, cohort members reported on their smoking habits, engagement in physical activity/sports and physician‐diagnosed chronic diseases. The risk of any chronic pulmonary disease or death was lower among former athletes than controls (age‐adjusted HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.46–0.83). The risk was significantly lower among endurance (HR 0.54), mixed (HR 0.61), and power sports athletes (HR 0.66) compared to controls. The age‐ and smoking pack‐year‐adjusted HRs of incident diseases from the time of the 1985 questionnaire until the end of follow‐up in former athletes was 0.58 (95% CI 0.37–0.93) compared to controls. In 1985 athletes smoked less and their cumulative smoking quantity was lower than that of controls. Former athletes were more physically active and self‐reported less physician‐diagnosed emphysema. The risk of any chronic pulmonary disease was lower among former athletes than controls even after considering smoking status and cumulative smoking quantity. Ability to compete at the highest level of sports in young adulthood associated with a reduced risk of pulmonary disease in later life.
The effect of resonant magnetic perturbation on the electron density threshold of runaway electron generation during disruptions on J-TEXT
Authors: Lin Z F , Tong R H , Chen Z Y , Huang D W , Li C H , Wei Y N , Li D , Zhou S , Hu J , Li W , Huang Y , Yang H Y , Li Y , Jiang Z H , Yan W
Published: November 2019

The generation of runaway electrons (REs) during disruptions is a key issue for the safe operation of large tokamaks. For better design, a reliable scenario to suppress RE generation and for the investigation of RE generation during disruptions is highly essential. On J-TEXT, RE generation is strongly dependent on the pre-disruption electron density, toroidal magnetic fields (B

T
) and magnetic perturbations. RE generation can be avoided in discharges with a low B

T
or a high electron density. For discharges with a high B

T
, a high electron density threshold is required to suppress RE generation. However, this threshold decreases with the application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP) which is applied before the thermal quench. The enhancement of magnetic perturbation increases the RE loss during disruptions, leading to robust runaway suppression in the discharges with a relatively low electron density. The electron density threshold required for RE suppression reduces with the increase of RMP strength and the m/n = 2/1 mode RMP is more efficient than the m/n = 3/1 mode RMP for the reduction of density threshold, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. The NIMROD simulation is applied to investigate the transport of REs during disruptions, which indicates that the 2/1 mode RMP can create stronger magnetic perturbations during a disruption, resulting in a high loss ratio of RE seeds. All results provide evidence of the significant effect of RMP mode and amplitude on the electron density threshold for RE generation, which might give an insight into future large reactor tokamak operation with high electron densities.
Molecular interferometers: effects of Pauli principle on entangled-enhanced precision measurements
Authors: Bouvrie P Alexander , Majtey Ana P , Figueiredo Francisco , Roditi Itzhak
Published: November 2019

Feshbach molecules forming a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) behave as non-ideal bosonic particles due to their underlying fermionic structure. We study the observable consequences of the fermion exchange interactions in the interference of molecular BECs for entangled-enhanced precision measurements. Our many-body treatment of the molecular condensate is based on an ansatz of composite two-fermion bosons which accounts for all possible fermion exchange correlations present in the system. The Pauli principle acts prohibitively on the particle fluctuations during the interference process leading to a loss of precision in phase estimations. However, we find that, in the regime where molecular dissociations do not jeopardize the interference dynamics, measurements of the phase can still be performed with a precision beyond the classical limit comparable to atomic interferometers. We also show that the effects of Pauli principle increases with the noise of the particle detectors such that molecular interferometers would require more efficient detectors.
Modeling of a profile of a PbTe semiconductor nanofilm
Authors: Bukharov D.N. , Kucherik A.O. , Arakelyan S.M. , Lotin A. A.
Published: November 2019

The results of experiments on the production of plumbum telluride semiconductor films are given. The models of ballistic and random deposition describing the profile of the films obtained are proposed. The performed simulation qualitatively correctly reflects the relief of the obtained films.
Graph-analytical model of the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor island plumbum telluride nanofilm
Authors: Bukharov D.N. , Osipov A.V. , Arakelyan S.M. , Kucherik A.O.
Published: November 2019

This article presents the results of experimental studies on obtaining and measuring the electronically conductive properties of island semiconductor plumbum telluride nanofilms, as well as modeling their conductive properties within the hopping conductivity model and the classical model taking into account the structure within the DLA model using graph theory methods.
Mechanical synthesis of agglomerated aluminum-based hybrid powders containing nano- and microsized filler
Authors: Aborkin A V , Sobol’kov A V , Khorkov K S , Skryabin I O , Bokaryov D V
Published: November 2019

This paper reports on the obtained an agglomerated hybrid powder for gas-dynamic spraying based on an aluminum alloy with dispersion-strengthened by nano- and microsized particles by mechanical synthesis in a planetary mill in two stages. Based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, a model for the formation of hybrid powder particles is proposed. The influence of the micro-dimensional filler concentration on the powder particle size distribution is considered. The structural-phase composition of the powder is characterized by X-ray phase analysis.
CLIMEX and MED-FOES Models for Predicting the Variability in Growth Potential and Persistence of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations
Authors: Szyniszewska Anna M , Leppla Norman C , Manoukis Nicholas C , Collier Travis C , Hastings John M , Kriticos Darren J , Bigsby Kevin M
Published: November 2019

CLIMEX and MED-FOES models integrate climate and data on Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), biology and use it to define the environmental suitability for the pest at specific geographical locations. CLIMEX calculates growth indices as indicators of conditions that are suitable for medfly population growth. MED-FOES incorporates additional information on pest management interventions to simulate the process and timing of medfly eradication. CLIMEX simulations of climatic suitability in California and Florida indicated that the most favorable periods for medfly population growth are March through May and October through November, whereas the environment would be especially stressful during the summer months, except when irrigation is applied. With irrigation, California is highly suitable for medfly population growth during the summer months. Due to cool temperatures, medfly populations are likely to decline significantly in January through February in Los Angeles, Tampa, and Miami, and probably not survive in San Francisco. According to MED-FOES simulations, it possibly would take longer to eradicate medfly from California than Florida, particularly if the incursions are initiated in the summer months. Medfly annual growth indices for the ENSO La Niña years are relatively low for San Francisco and Los Angeles but above neutral for Tampa and very high for Miami. During the El Niño phase, the growth index remains unchanged for San Francisco, increases for Los Angeles, and decreases for Tampa and Miami. CLIMEX and MED-FOES models are useful for informing plans to manage invasion threats from medfly and other invasive insects.
Morphological characterization of domatium development in Callicarpa saccata
Authors: Sarath Emma , Ezaki Kazune , Sasaki Takenori , Maekawa Yu , Sawada Yuji , Hirai Masami Yokota , Soejima Akiko , Tsukaya Hirokazu
Published: November 2019

Background and aims

Domatia are plant structures within which organisms reside. Callicarpa saccata (Lamiaceae) is the sole myrmecophyte, or ‘ant plant’, that develops foliar (leaf-borne) myrmeco-domatia in this genus. In this work we examined domatium development in C. saccata to understand the developmental processes behind pouch-like domatia.

Methods

Scanning electron microscopy, sectioning and microcomputed tomography were carried out to compare the leaves of C. saccata with those of the closely related but domatia-less myrmecophyte Callicarpa subaequalis, both under cultivation without ants.

Key results

Callicarpa saccata domatia are formed as a result of excess cell proliferation at the blade/petiole junctions of leaf primordia. Blade/petiole junctions are important meristematic sites in simple leaf organogenesis. We also found that the mesophyll tissue of domatia does not clearly differentiate into palisade and spongy layers.

Conclusions

Rather than curling of the leaf margins, a perturbation of the normal functioning of the blade/petiole junction results in the formation of domatium tissue. Excess cell proliferation warps the shape of the blade and disturbs the development of the proximal–distal axis. This process leads to the generation of distinct structures that facilitate interaction between C. saccata and ants.
On the marginal likelihood and cross-validation
Authors: Fong E , Holmes C C
Published: November 2019

In Bayesian statistics, the marginal likelihood, also known as the evidence, is used to evaluate model fit as it quantifies the joint probability of the data under the prior. In contrast, non-Bayesian models are typically compared using cross-validation on held-out data, either through $k$-fold partitioning or leave-$p$-out subsampling. We show that the marginal likelihood is formally equivalent to exhaustive leave-$p$-out crossvalidation averaged over all values of $p$ and all held-out test sets when using the log posterior predictive probability as the scoring rule. Moreover, the log posterior predictive score is the only coherent scoring rule under data exchangeability. This offers new insight into the marginal likelihood and cross-validation, and highlights the potential sensitivity of the marginal likelihood to the choice of the prior. We suggest an alternative approach using cumulative cross-validation following a preparatory training phase. Our work has connections to prequential analysis and intrinsic Bayes factors, but is motivated in a different way.
Secular trend of the skeletal maturation in relation to peak height velocity–a comparison between two groups of children born 1969-1973 and 1996-2000
Authors: Miltenburg Caspersen Louise , Sonnesen Liselotte
Published: November 2019

Background/Objectives

The aims were to study the presence of a secular trend in (a) age at peak height velocity (PHV), (b) velocity at PHV, and (c) duration of skeletal maturation in relation to PHV.

Material/Method

Two groups of children: 100 children (63 boys, 37 girls) born between 1969–1973 and 71 children (49 boys, 22 girls) born between 1996 and 2000, were compared. Age and velocity at PHV were measured on individual growth velocity curves. Skeletal maturation stages were assessed on hand-wrist radiographs, and duration from the skeletal maturation stages to PHV was determined.

Results

Age at PHV occurred significantly earlier (0.47 years, CI 95% 0.19–0.76, P < 0.001), and velocity at PHV was significantly higher (0.68 cm/year, CI 95% 1.47–2.06, P < 0.003) in children born 1996–2000 compared to 1969–1973. No significant difference in duration of skeletal maturation was seen between the groups. Skeletal maturation stages occurred significantly in the following order before PHV for both genders: PP2= 2.18 years (P = 0.002), MP3= 1.60 year (P = 0.008), S 1.07 year (P = 0.003), and MP3cap 0.38 year (P = 0.037).

Limitations

Most radiographs were taken before PHV, the duration thus mainly reflects the early event of pubertal growth spurt.

Conclusion

A secular trend was evident: significantly decreased age at PHV and significantly increased velocity at PHV. No evidence of a secular trend regarding duration of the skeletal maturation in relation to PHV was found. Due to the declining age at PHV, the skeletal maturation stages occurred earlier in relation to chronological age.