bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Design and Wellbeing
Authors: Marques da Rosa Valentina , Meyer Elisabeth , Wolff Fabiane , Miletto Tonetto Leandro , Brust-Renck Priscila
Published: September 2022

An increasing number of researches has been focusing on how design can contribute to happiness by trying to increase wellbeing. The focus is providing solutions through design to improve people's lives, thus increasing the appreciation of their lives.  The Ebscohost database was systematically searched for relevant publications about design and wellbeing until 2019. A total of 17 journal articles, published between 2010 and 2018, were included in the research. Data was extracted on macro-theme and category of research, by application area, design, methods, instruments, and focus. Studies on design and wellbeing were explored in the last decade mostly by European researchers. Physical environment, product design, sustainability, and technology are the most common application areas, and most of them have references related to the psychological literature. The main method adopted is experimental and qualitative in nature. The association between design and wellbeing is one that most often targets variables and projects to increase wellbeing instead of discussing how the results will improve positive affect and decrease negative affect to improve people’s lives. The area of research has been growing at a slow steady pace since 2010.
Hepatitis Disease Diagnosis Using a Novel Hybrid Method Based on Naïve Bayes and Decision Table
Authors: Pooja  , Kaur Kulwinder
Published: September 2022

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver most often caused by a viral infection. The supervised data mining technique diagnosed hepatitis using a dataset. Data mining methods have been widely used to analyze biomedical information. This chapter sheds light on the severe viral hepatitis which is spreading around the world at an alarming rate. It is necessary to diagnose such a disease at an early stage to reduce suffering. Early diagnosis of hepatitis is difficult because of the different characteristics associated with it. Artificial intelligence has gained an extensive recognition in medical applications with its growing contribution in interpretation of medical images, diagnosis, design, and development of expert frameworks to assist the practitioners, design of prosthetics, and design of drugs for diverse phases of medicine. A model needs to be created that can be used to visualize life in hepatitis. This chapter uses the Naïve Bayes classifier and provides an improved Naïve Bayes classifier to provide more precision.
Reformation of the Healthcare Sector With Innovation and Entrepreneurial Approaches
Authors: Yadav Sunishtha S. , Mazumder Swapnaneel S. , Arora Nishi , Santoshi Seneha , Chauhan Vandana
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an eye-opener towards human lifestyle and the healthcare sector. During this phase, a new factor witnessed by humankind is the economic and social impact of the healthcare sector. Due to this rising concern in the healthcare sector, new market segments, niches, and micro-niches are created, which have given some abundant opportunities for entrepreneurs to execute new business models, ideas, and technological implementations. This definitely will add uniqueness and will revolutionize the healthcare sector. Adding up, the new normal at this moment is artificial intelligence, machine learning, and virtual reality, which together have changed the perspective of the healthcare sector. So, keeping all these factors in mind, this chapter focuses on transformations in the healthcare sector during the pandemic followed by discussing various innovations and entrepreneurial ideas in the same with all the overcoming challenges. Furthermore, the significant innovations which have improvised the understanding of novel biological threats will also be discussed.
Methods for the Recognition of Human Emotions Based on Physiological Response
Authors: Tyagi Nalini , Rai Mritunjay , Sahw Probeer , Tripathi Padmesh , Kumar Nitendra
Published: September 2022

Human emotions like neutral, sad, happy, and others reveal the state of the mind of a person. This information is useful and thus finds its technical, interpersonal, and societal applications in various areas like surveillance, suicide prevention, marketing and strategy, entertainment, etc. The espousal of data science peaked the scientific interest in the detection of human emotions in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The recognition of human emotions is exigent, and it requires accurate inspection of physiological responses and/or facial expressions. Advances in the areas of bio-physiology and neuroscience have introduced numerous new tools for the detection of human emotions. However, many of these tools have certain shortcomings that make their usage limited. Therefore, researchers are continuously working towards new techniques and technologies to find better solutions than the existing ones for the detection of human emotions. This chapter deals with various tools and techniques that are being used for the recognition of human emotions.
Transport Data Analytics With Selection of Tools and Techniques for Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Ganapathy Jayanthi , M. Ramya , C. Joselyn Diana
Published: September 2022

Emergency medical services (EMS) are inevitable in urban transport. The sustainable transport services during emergency situations are inevitable. These emergency services and vehicle operations are influenced by traffic flow rate on highways. The objective of this chapter is to present the use of transport data analytics in sustainable mobility and transport. Travel time is a key factor in emergency vehicle operations as urban transport system is a time varying network. Temporal traffic information is a source for estimation of travel time on highways in emergency vehicle operations. The adverse traffic behavior during peak and non-peak hours of daily traffic profile hinders the operation of emergency vehicles during pandemic COVID-19 situations and so forth in evacuation planning when the situation arises. Hence, this chapter presents the modern techniques and tools used in estimation of traffic flow rate on highways to access the connectivity of road network for emergency vehicle operations.
Understanding the Relationship Between White Teacher Implicit Bias and Black Student Academic Disparities and High Discipline Rates
Authors: Yeung Renalda Pamela
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the concept of implicit racial bias as a significant factor contributing to the disparities between the discipline rates of White and Black students. While overt acts of racism are not as common as they were during other times in United States' history, implicit or unintentional racial bias still leads to differences in educational opportunities for the nation's students. The chapter begins with an examination of the concept of implicit bias broadly before turning toward implicit racial bias specifically. The chapter continues with a historical overview of the ways in which schooling for Black students has always been controlled by a dominant White society. Next, the researcher presents current data about the inequities in exclusionary discipline practices. The chapter concludes with recommendations for recognizing and addressing implicit bias and the problems it creates.
Corporal Punishment in Schools, “Still Legal?”
Authors: Gill Brenda Ingrid
Published: September 2022

The chapter explores how two geographically distant countries are brought close by their cultural acceptance of corporal punishment (CP) in school. The chapter details that though both societies have formulated several bills engaged in numerous debates over a lengthy period, culture, religion, and politics sustain school CP. The Guyanese argument engages various stakeholders, significantly influenced by the US's “ban” on school CP and the perceived negative results from such “prohibitions.” This study assesses the legality, prevalence, theories, and applicable corporal punishment laws in the US and Guyana. The findings suggest that corporal punishment remains legally sanctioned in 19 US states and Guyana. Annually, substantial numbers of children experience corporal punishment at school. Legal, political, educational, and familial institutions endorsed such use.
From the Schoolhouse to the Prison Yard
Authors: Brooks-Eaves Mindy
Published: September 2022

This chapter is intended to help others seeking answers to the disciplinary disparities that limit opportunities for communities and students of color. The chapter begins with a grounding in the historical context, then identifies current issues in discipline disparities, and concludes with a call for transformational change in public education. Education significantly sets the path for individuals; likewise, it affects the course of society in crucial ways. Disparities in educational experiences have compounding effects. Discipline disparities in K-12 schools are particularly impactful.
COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on English as a Foreign Language Teaching in Spain
Authors: Ibarra Irene Paula Gallegos , Huertas-Abril Cristina A.
Published: September 2022

One of the sectors that has been deeply affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is education: teachers and students have been forced to change the way they communicate, interact, teach, and learn during and after the lockdown derived from the pandemic. The objective of this exploratory mixed-methods study is to examine the perspective of Spanish Primary Education teachers of English working in Córdoba (Spain) on teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) both during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify similarities and contrasts between how English was taught before, during, and after the pandemic. The participants' responses (n = 11) were analyzed and classified in order to explore their views on aspects such as methodologies, materials, assessment tools and criteria, organization with other teachers, relationships with families, and the comeback to regular classes.
Foreign Language Writing Boredom and Anxiety in Online Classes
Authors: Asmalı Mehmet
Published: September 2022

The chapter explores the impact of freewriting on university students' foreign language writing boredom and anxiety in online academic writing classes. Fifty-nine students majoring in English language teaching participated in the study. The equivalent time samples design was used in the study for 10 weeks during which the participants had a freewriting activity every other week. Pre- and post-writing boredom and anxiety surveys, a semantic differential scale, and students' reflections were collected as data. The results indicated a significant decrease in students' boredom and an increase in their anxiety. Weekly analyses of students' responses revealed that students' boredom showed a decreasing trend, and it was continuously lower in the weeks with freewriting activities. However, students' anxiety fluctuated. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring themes and categories in students' reflection papers indicating boredom and anxiety increasing and decreasing factors.
Using Computer-Mediated Communication and Virtual Instruction to Develop L2 Pragmatic Ability
Authors: Zhang Ying
Published: September 2022

Although studies on second/foreign language (L2) pragmatics have increased in the context of computer-mediated communication (CMC), the existing literature revealed mixed results regarding the effectiveness of CMC. Moreover, most former studies only conducted an immediate posttest. We do not know whether the usefulness of CMC can last over time. Thus, this chapter will further explore the effects of CMC paired with virtual instruction on L2 pragmatic ability to make suggestions. Sixty-four EFL students from a university in China were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group (N = 32) had text-based CMC with native English speakers via Skype and received virtual instruction on making suggestions, while the control group (N = 32) engaged in text-based CMC with native English speakers without having the online instruction. Results showed that the treatment group made significantly more proper suggestions than the control group, indicating favorable and lasting impacts of CMC and virtual instruction on L2 pragmatic ability. This chapter also discusses pedagogical implications.
“Less Stress More Learning”
Authors: Gültekin Demet , Ulutaş ilkay
Published: September 2022

This case study aims to determine the views of teachers and parents about the early humor education program. The program was implemented by a preschool teacher, and the teachers' and parents' opinions were taken after the program. Research findings show that the humor education program provides effective learning for children and contributes to their development of a humorous perspective and abilities in problem-solving, creativity, communication, language, and social skills. The program was also shown to foster positive attitudes towards school and the teacher. He also drew attention to the fact that the program's fun nature reduces stress and provides learning through enjoyment; this appeal ensures the program's sustainability, resulting in the inclusion of humor in preschool education and the spread of the program to all age groups.
Families in the Mirror and Women on the Edge
Authors: Costa Rosalina Pisco
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the power of comics in the field of higher education with a focus on teaching for diversity and inclusion, particularly United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Examples are drawn upon pedagogical exercises explored in the university classroom. In the context of a course aimed at sociology undergraduate students, Argentinian Maitena Burundarena's (b. 1962, Buenos Aires) work is used to explore diverse contemporary family issues and the related ever-changing gender roles. At the end, humor is used to provoke strangeness with a relatively close behavior, thus applying the sociological principle of “turning the familiar strange” and, consequently, achieving reflexivity regarding the topics under analysis.
Power Sharing in Times of Crisis
Authors: Thompson Canute S. , Wilmot Ann-Marie
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic forced alterations to several facets of organizational life in unprecedented ways. Among them were changes in approaches to leadership and management practices in countries and organizations. This qualitative study explores the perspectives of nine Jamaican teachers (drawn from nine schools) on whether, and if so, the degree to which, their principals shifted their approaches to leading and managing during the pandemic. The study found that there were observable changes in the approaches to leading and managing. These changes were manifested in four main ways, namely adaptation, inclusivity, role delegation, and power sharing. Some of the evidence uncovered showed teachers being given greater scope to respond to peculiar challenges they faced on the front lines. These features were found to be similar to changes in approaches occurring in the management of the pandemic at national levels. The study has implications for how organizations respond to and develop crisis management models.
Understanding Middle-Level Leaders' Empowerment During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Barker Megel Ricardo , Ramaka Shannon Bruce
Published: September 2022

The term middle leadership is used in education to broadly describe the swathe of administrative roles that connect the classroom teacher with the top-tier management level role of head of school. The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated the criticality of this role to school effectiveness and its relevance to crisis response. This chapter presents findings from a qualitative study conducted to understand how middle leaders were empowered during the pandemic in the international school context. Thirteen in-depth interviews with heads of schools, across three continents, were conducted to better understand how middle leaders were activated during the crisis. The findings revealed that while middle leaders were empowered through authentic collaboration, increased communication, and role clarity, due to the experience of the crisis, this was not always intentional. Finally, this chapter shares a conceptual framework that senior leaders may utilise for the sustainable empowerment of their middle leaders.
Optimizing Middle Managers' Performance During Crises
Authors: Smith Dacia M.
Published: September 2022

The chapter presents the results of a qualitative study using Glaser and Strauss' grounded theory design. The problem identifies the need for suitable leadership styles for application during crises in schools for unlocking high performance. Therefore, the study evaluated the viability of the transformational and transactional leadership styles as tools used by middle managers for leading during crises in schools. A sample consisting of five middle managers were used from primary and secondary schools in Jamaica, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and the Bahamas. Subsequently, the data collection process utilized primary research using semi-structured interviews. The results of the study highlighted significant evidence that high performance in schools during crises may be dependent on adaptability, promoting collaboration, and intentional accountability regimes. A limitation of the study also exposed the absence of a model for transmission of the leadership styles by middle managers in schools, and a need for future research.
Interdisciplinary Doctoral Education and Strategic Management in Crises
Authors: Hayes Catherine , Corrie Ian
Published: September 2022

Interdisciplinary working within and between different professions is now commonplace, with the transferability of knowledge across situated contexts of implementation. Education at doctoral level can be one mechanism of ensuring that mid-career professionals are equipped with the skills needed to build the capacity and capability required to deal with crisis situations. Interdisciplinary professional doctoral pathways and their associated learning trajectories are now a recognised mechanism of operationalising translational research from the context of work-based praxis. The longstanding debates of how best to bridge the theory-practice nexus in the field of business remains a challenge, although the progressive development of professional doctorate programmes has seen a rise in the number of clinical and professional practice doctorates across Western educational providers. This theoretical chapter will provide an insight into the concept of translational research in the context of research-based practice/work-based praxis within organisations across the globe.
Public Relations Auditing and Accountability With Digitalised Decentralised Ecosystems
Authors: Zook Ze
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the notion of public relations accountability in the not-so-distant future with the integration of blockchain technology as championed and demanded by several brands, considering its impact on the dissemination of communication, coherency and efficiency of the firm. Issues around value delivery with reputation management, the new online ecosystem and stakeholder relations are raised and explored.
Exploring Affordances and Limitations of 3D Virtual Worlds in Psychoeducational Group Counseling
Authors: Gul Abdulmenaf , Tokel Saniye Tugba
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential affordances and challenges of 3D virtual environments in psychoeducational group counseling. The research design was based on multiple case study methodology. Face-to-face and 3D virtual psychoeducational counseling groups were formed that focused on procrastination, and multiple forms of data were collected from both groups' participants. The study's results revealed that perceived affordances of the 3D environment for group counseling were similar in both groups, with self-disclosure, anonymity, convenience, interactive environment, and accessible content as the emerged affordances. However, the study also revealed mixed results in terms of perceived challenges. While interaction issues, multitasking, lack of social interaction, and trust concerns emerged as common to both groups, factors such as technical issues and negative attitudes towards virtual intervention were revealed as divergent themes. Intervention outcome results revealed similar patterns in terms of procrastination behavior change in both groups.
Major Events, Big Facilities
Authors: Bocconcino Maurizio Marco , Manzone Fabio
Published: September 2022

Let us imagine a large sports facility and an integrated system to control its maintenance (structures, facilities, furnishings, communication systems), pre-configure temporary set-ups, procurement of goods and materials, check compliance with technical regulations concerning the safety and regularity of sports and recreational events, contracts with sponsors and suppliers, and the work of technical staff. Then, let's imagine that this mass of data is supplemented by tracking the flows of people attending events, recording their behaviour through the looks they make, the stops they make, the actions they take. This is the theme of the contribution proposed, an experimental application involving a sports facility of international importance and integrating BIM processes for design and maintenance, social and commercial information systems open to the public, marketing and usage analyses based on sensors and big data, and artificial intelligence capable of prefiguring the safest and most comfortable solutions.
Visualization and Fruition of Cultural Heritage in the Knowledge-Intensive Society
Authors: Apollonio Fabrizio Ivan , Gaiani Marco , Garagnani Simone
Published: September 2022

The knowledge-intensive society paradigm fosters relationships between technology and human actors with data, values, and knowledge that become mutual drivers for social innovation. The cultural heritage sector is naturally influenced by this vision, and museums and cultural institutions have a prominent role in dissemination of cultural values. This chapter focuses on a method developed to combine the power of the computer visualization technology with the cultural elements spread across collections, introducing some notes and remarks on how digital replicas of drawings, manuscripts, and museum objects can be successfully employed to spread knowledge. Through a custom application called ISLe, aimed at visualizing 3D models that accurately replicate the original items, some experiences in the production of digital replicas are introduced, highlighting opportunities and criticalities to be considered in the adoption of technology that can be potentially shared and exploited by many possible figures involved in cultural heritage.
Introducing Mixed Reality for Clinical Uses
Authors: Umana Giuseppe Emmanuele , Palmisciano Paolo , Montemurro Nicola , Scalia Gianluca , Radovanovic Dragan , Cassar Kevin , Priola Stefano Maria , Koncar Igor , Stevanovic Predrag , Travali Mario
Published: September 2022

The advent of mixed reality (MR) has revolutionized human activities on a daily basis, striving for augmenting professional and social interactions at all levels. In medicine, MR tools have been developed and tested at an increasing rate over the years, playing a promising role in assisting physicians while improving patient care. In this chapter, the authors present their initial experience in introducing different MR algorithms in routine clinical practice from their implementation in several neurosurgical procedures to their use during the COVID-19 pandemic. A general summary of the current literature on MR in medicine has also been reported.
Use of Internet of Things Technology in Organizations
Authors: Sipahi Dongul Esra , Artantas Erkin
Published: September 2022

Expressing the platform on which all existing objects can connect with each other and through some technologies with the internet, internet of things (IoT) is thought to radically change today's business life and economic institutions. The internet of things, a brand new business for businesses, is therefore a harbinger of its enormous returns. The concept of IoT is especially exciting for businesses and managers in the field of marketing. Businesses that have to adapt to the developing and constantly changing technology have to adapt their marketing activities and strategies to changing customer requests and demands with the internet of things. This study examines the way things are applied in the internet of things and enterprises with its conceptual content and aims to raise awareness about internet of things technology in enterprises.
The Journey Towards Harnessing Frontier Technologies
Authors: Gamage Thilini Chathurika
Published: September 2022

As the digital era unveils, it has become a must for many business firms to redesign their existing business processes to utilize the frontier technologies to become competitive. However, “digital transformation” has received less attention in prior literature, and no clear pathway to a successful digital transformation has been provided. This chapter builds on 12 in-depth interviews with top-level decision-makers of Sri Lankan business firms to develop a digital transformation model. The findings reveal that the solid foundation of a digital business firm relies on a “digital-first” mindset and three success pillars reflecting unique organizational characteristics (e.g., digital business transformation strategy, workforce, and firm resources) that collectively enable digital capability and dexterity. This chapter further argues that digital capability and dexterity are the critical hallmarks of a truly digital firm in a digital economy where technologies continue to improve exponentially.
Robotics Technology in the Tourism and Hospitality Sector in the Wake of the COVID-19 Health Crises
Authors: Kumar Suneel , Kumar Varinder , Saini Aarti , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: September 2022

During the global pandemic, the worldwide tourism and hospitality sector has affected severely, and robotics can be a good instrument for providing significant physical distance during the pandemic as humans avoid physical interaction. In this chapter, examination has been performed on whether it would be helpful or whether it will have adverse effects on using robotic systems to offer physical distance for the tourism and hospitality sector. The chapter further revealed that robotics technology builds a technological wall among tourists and staff, enhancing physical and emotional distance between them. Therefore, tourism and hospitality businesses need to augment robots with other technologies to promote social interaction and counteract the adverse consequences of complete distance.
Acoustic Analysis for Conceptual Design via Comprehensive Analysis
Authors:   DEVCOM Army Research Lab, Floros Matthew , Anusonti-Inthra Phuriwat , Jacobellis George , Avera Michael
Published: September 2022

A process for estimating acoustic performance of rotorcraft from conceptual design is presented. A comprehensive analysis model is automatically generated from the conceptual design, and the higher-fidelity aerodynamic loads and blade motions are taken as inputs to an acoustic propagation tool. Five example configurations were tested to demonstrate the ability to process arbitrary vertical lift configurations including single or multiple rotors and wings. Selected comparisons of thrust, torque, flapping, and control angles are presented to illustrate the consistency between the conceptual and comprehensive models. Acoustic predictions were made for the configurations, and each configuration exhibited unique noise characteristics. The configurations exhibited varying directivity patterns and different relative contributions from thickness, loading, and broadband noise, as well as different contributions from the different rotors in each model.
Effect of Lifting Surface and Tail Configuration on the Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics of VTOL Aircraft
Authors:   Nanyang Technological University, Dikshit Abhijnan , Stokkermans Tom , Lim Shawn , Wang James
Published: September 2022

To increase the cruising range for VTOL aircraft it has become necessary to add a wing or wings so the aircraft can vertically take off like a helicopter but cruise like an airplane. This paper compares the aerodynamic efficiency, stability, and handling qualities of four different cruise configurations: conventional wing-tail airplane, canard airplane, flying wing and tandem wing. An additional aim is to perform a parametric study of the tandem wing aircraft configuration because that has become a popular choice among eVTOL aircraft designers. This paper does not examine the hovering flight portion of the mission. The study is carried out using a vortex lattice model and a RANS CFD model. The paper reveals the pros and cons of each configuration in terms of aerodynamics and flight mechanics. The parametric study of the tandem wing illustrates the effect of parameters such as the relative wing sizes and wingspan on the performance of a tandem wing aircraft. The paper also shows examples of how the four baseline configurations can be applied to different eVTOL aircraft.
Rotorcraft Conceptual Design Methodology by Using Fully Parametric CAD Model with Embedded Empirical Formulations
Authors:   Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc., Ibacoglu Hasan , Coskun Abdullah , Kayabasi Tolga
Published: September 2022

Rotorcraft design needs a synchronous design method that connects different design decisions. This is due to the reciprocal nature of design drivers, and their corresponding consequences. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive design methodology that includes and connects different design considerations including performance, configuration, ergonomics etc. This paper introduces a rotorcraft design methodology which utilizes a fully parametric computer aided design (CAD) model. In the CAD model, performance calculations, weight estimations, and volume allocations are empirically formulated, and embedded into the model. This study enlarges the boundaries of conceptual design scope as it includes ergonomics factors such as pilot view angle, seating types and seating configurations. Moreover, alternative landing gear configurations, fuel tank configurations, different cabin types and design choices with their corresponding effects on weight and performance are discussed.
Design, Development, and Flight Testing of a 25-Kilogram Quad Cyclocopter
Authors:   Texas A&M University, Ramsey Ramsay ,   Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Halder Atanu , Sanchez Saul , Coleman David , Benedict Moble
Published: September 2022

This paper describes the design, development, and tethered flight testing of a quad-cyclocopter weighing 25 kilograms and 1.8 m x 1.4 m x 0.8 m in dimension. This cyclocopter features four cantilevered cyclorotors with a unique f ive-bar blade pitching mechanism. The cyclorotor design is chosen through systematic parametric studies using an in-house 2-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. Based on the parametric studies, the final design selected is a 6-bladed cyclorotor with 0.67 chord-to-radius ratio, symmetric NACA 0015 airfoil, and pitch amplitude of 45? because it provided high thrust and power loading (thrust/power) at a low operating rotational speed of 700 RPM. The cyclorotor blades are manufactured with a foam core and carbon fiber skin resulting in lightweight blades with large bending and torsional stiffness. The rotor supporting structure and transmission is designed to be lightweight and resilient to large centrifugal loads and dynamic torques, respectively. A minimum mass airframe is designed and constructed from carbon fiber tubes to handle the vibratory loads from cyclorotors, mount electronics and batteries, and provide attachment points for the carbon fiber cowling. The attitude control strategy utilizes a combination of RPM control and thrust vectoring of the four cyclorotors (eight independent control parameters), resulting in an over actuated system. A custom autopilot uses a closed-loop cascaded proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to stabilize the aircraft in hovering flight. The vehicle has been flight tested while tethered and achieved lift off.
Biomimetic Adaptive Airframe Technologies (BAAT) for Rotorcraft Design and Optimization
Authors:   Texas A&M University, Davis Allen ,   Republic of Korea Navy, Lee Bochan , Benedict Moble , Hartl Darren
Published: September 2022

Mission-adaptive aerostructural design considers the alteration of structural geometries to improve multi-objective performance across multiple aerodynamic environments associated with flight conditions derived from specific mission profiles. To accomplish this, adaptive structures design requires evaluating the aerostructural responses for each possible geometry to determine the optimal configuration for each mission stage. This work develops a mission-driven design framework combining aerodynamic, structural, mission, and optimization computational tools to design and optimize adaptive vertical lift aerostructures. Aerodynamic conditions and vehicle properties are driven or defined by mission requirements, where a mission is defined as a sequence of specified flight phases (inputs) with a unique set of performance objectives (outputs). Aerodynamic and structural analysis tools iteratively trim the vehicle for each mission phase while considering desired geometric changes, viable actuation methods, and actuator sizing required. Together these comprise a complete structural description. Preferred geometries for each mission phase are then determined via optimization to improve performance metrics defined by mission objectives and requirements. The computational framework searches algorithmically for structural configurations that improve mission-driven objectives based on trim flight for each mission phase using a novel algorithm to consider both adaptive and fixed design variable selection to effectively solve this complex design problem. It will be shown that both the optimal placement of adaptive structures and levels of morphing can be determined concurrently via a novel optimization and postprocessing procedure, leading to mission-wide performance improvements (in this case, reduced required power) not possible with static structures.
Model-Based Optimization of a Tethering Device for Ultralight Helicopters
Authors:   University of Stuttgart, Rothaupt Benjamin ,   edm aerotec GmbH, Grebing Benedikt , Fichter Walter
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the process of flight mechanical analysis and optimization of a helicopter tethering frame that is used in pilot training and research projects. An existing linear state space model of the CoAX 2D ultralight helicopter is fusioned with a parametrized analytical model of the tethering device. Using the eigenvalues of the free flying and tethered helicopter as a similarity measure, optimal values for the geometric parameters are calculated through bounded parameter optimization. In a separate section, the castor wheels that enable horizontal motion of the tethered helicopter are analyzed, yielding the parameters that are relevant for the dynamic behavior of the tethered helicopter and possible changes that should mitigate the flight mechanical effect of the wheels.
Pilot Biomechanics for the Definition of a Rotorcraft-Pilot Interaction Experiment
Authors:   Politecnico di Milano, Zanoni Andrea ,   Leonardo Helicopter Division, Colombo Francesca , Cocco Alessandro , Marchesoli Davide , Masarati Pierangelo , Talamo Carmen , Kemp Sarah , Fosco Ermanno
Published: September 2022

Understanding Rotorcraft-Pilot Couplings phenomena is important for improving Human-Machine Interface design in rotorcraft. Although substantial progress has been made in the past decades, further effort is needed in enabling RPC-free or RPC-insensitive pilot-vehicle interface design. The design of an experimental testbed dedicated to investigating RPC interactions is presented, with a special focus on numerical simulation activities. The first results obtained in test campaigns involving non-skilled individuals are encouraging, showing that the testbed can enable more in-depth experimental analysis in the near future.
Blade Load Reconstruction from Embedded Strain Measurements
Authors:   Politecnico di Milano, Talamo Carmen ,   Siemens Industry Software NV, Cumbo Roberta , Bettini Paolo , Rigamonti Daniela , Masarati Pierangelo , DeGregoriis Daniel
Published: September 2022

Rotorcraft blades are subject to significant dynamic loads both in standard and critical operating conditions. The knowledge and the prediction of the produced aerodynamic loads could represent an advantage in preventing failures on the rotorcraft, but also to avoid unnecessary inspections and reduce the downtime of the aircraft. This work applies the K´alm´an filtering technique to estimate the aerodynamic loads on a helicopter rotor blade at wind-tunnel model scale, representative of that of a medium-weight helicopter (900 mm span and 72.5 mm chord, corresponding to a 1:5-1:8 model scale). The loads estimation is based on strain measurements provided by Fibre Bragg Grating sensors embedded in the blade at several spanwise sections. Two different test campaigns have been done: a static one to characterize the experimental set-up followed by a wind-tunnel test campaign. The results show that the Fiber Bragg Grating sensors could represent an alternative choice with respect to strain gauges for strain measurements in in-flight health monitoring.
Effect of Damper Failure on Helicopter Ground Resonance
Authors:   Rensselaer Polytechnic Insitute, Whitt Jonah , Gandhi Farhan
Published: September 2022

This paper examines ground resonance of a helicopter with a 4-bladed rotor with degradation in one of the lag dampers. The analysis is conducted with lag equations in individual blade coordinates solved using Floquet theory, lag equations in multi-blade coordinates solved using Floquet theory, and lag equations in multi-blade coordinates simplified using a constant coefficient approximation and then solved as an eigenvalue problem. From the study it was observed that regardless of whether the blade lag motions are in individual or multi-blade coordinates, the predicted stability levels are identical if the analysis is conducted using Floquet theory. In multi-blade coordinates, collective and differential lag needs to be retained in the analysis, unlike the case of a classical ground resonance analysis where only the cyclic lag modes and body motions are required. Using the constant coefficient approximation in multi-blade coordinates it is equivalent to smearing the damping loss of a single damper equally over all the damper. With the constant coefficient approximation predicts a smaller reduction in damping with damper degradation than the Floquet method, with the differences increasing as the level of degradation increases. For a completely failed damper, the loss in system damping predicted using the constant coefficient approximation was 46% of that from the Floquet analysis for an articulated rotor, and 55% for a hingeless rotor.
Design of a Rotary Engine Based High-Power Density Hybrid-Electric Power Generation Testbed
Authors:   Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Fernandes Roydon , Shivakumar Jayaprakash , Gehrmann Mariana , Miller Nicholas , Collins Kule , Currier Patrick , Anderson Richard
Published: September 2022

This paper details the design and components of a high-power density Hybrid-Electric Power generation testbed that is being built by the Eagle Flight Research Center at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida. The system consists of a twin-rotor rotary Wankel engine, a radial flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine used as the generator along with its inverter/controller, a 400 V Lead-acid battery pack, a vehicle control unit, and the associated thermal systems. The system weighs 324 lbs. (147 kg) before fuel and is estimated to achieve peak power of 134 hp (100 kW) with the High-Voltage battery and sustained power of 70 hp (52 kW) with just the hybrid-electric system. With 8 gallons of fuel, the system is estimated to realize a specific energy of 0.37 hp-h/lb. (0.61 kWh/kg), and a specific power of 0.46 hp/lb. (0.76 kW/kg). The system control was implemented on the Vehicle Control Unit using a feedforward-feedback control loop with user-defined speed and output power values.
Towards Handling Qualities and Automation Assessment for Certification of eVTOL Aircraft
Authors:   Systems Technology Inc., Klyde David ,   Tiltrotor Flight Test Consulting LLC, Schubert Martin ,   Mitchell Aerospace Research, Mitchell David ,   Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Schaller Ross ,   NASA, Feary Michael ,   Former NASA & FAA - Retired, Simmons Rick , Jones Michael , Sizoo David , Webber David , VanHoudt Johannes
Published: September 2022

Led by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), research is being conducted to develop certification means of compliance methods for small aircraft including the emerging class of advanced air mobility vehicles that will transition from thrust-borne flight to wing-borne flight and vice versa. These vehicles typically feature highly augmented fly-by-wire flight control systems that offer advanced flight control modes designed for simplified vehicle operations and in many cases completely autonomous flight operations. The emerging means of compliance methods will feature special classes of flight test maneuvers that address the assessments of the vehicle system, flying qualities, handling qualities, and increasing automation. Inspiration for this approach comes from the Army's Aeronautical Design Standard ADS-33-E-PRF that introduced a mission-oriented approach to address handling qualities via predictive requirements and specified flight test maneuvers - Mission Task Elements. Whereas ADS-33E-PRF prescribes methodologies through a procurement process, the FAA seeks a means to determine that a minimum safety standard has been met by an aircraft presented for certification. Thus, the flight test maneuvers as conceived here form a holistic approach to determine acceptable handling qualities via a process that encompasses the period between Type Certification (TC) application to the point where the TC is granted. To facilitate the process further, a team led by Systems Technology, Inc. (STI) is developing a flight test guide that will support the safe and repeatable execution of these flight test maneuvers. This paper provides an overview of not only the holistic approach to handling qualities assessments, but also the key elements of the flight test guide.
Development and Integration of a Fiber-Optical Sensor System for Rotor Blade State Observation
Authors:   Technical University Munich, Berghammer Florian , Heuschneider Verena , Hajek Manfred
Published: September 2022

Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) for helicopter rotor blades arise the demand for non invasive surveillance methods for slender composite structures. Integrating optical sensor systems within the manufacturing process of rotor blades holds challenges in fiber bonding, handling, the layup process and curing. Examining the steps of fiber integration using a co-bonding approach, the present work enlightens the challenges faced while manufacturing instrumented rotor blades. Apart from sensor integration it is crucial to show feasibility of integrated optical sensing networks. Measuring strain from Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), a deformation algorithm is applied to determine blade deflection along the airfoil section of a rotor blade using a NACA 0012 profile. Results from static deformation tests are used to validate the algorithm. In conclusion an experimental modal analysis is conducted and results obtained by accelerometers are compared to the ones from finite element simulation and to the eigenfrequencies measured by the FBG system.
A Brief History of Kaman Innovative VTOL Aircraft and System Designs
Authors:   MagLev Aero Inc., Virasak Jacques
Published: September 2022

Nowadays, helicopter manufacturers have been acquired or merged within conglomerated aerospace giants worldwide. However, only a few companies remained independent from their original owners, such as Kaman Aerospace Corporation. Thus, on December 12, 2021, Kaman celebrated its 75th anniversary. This paper revisits some VTOL aircraft and system designs that Kaman designers have achieved since 1945.
Tolerance Relief on Transmissions Castings for Producibility
Authors:   Sikorsky a Lockheed Martin Company, Gimbutis Brad , Palmer Griffin , Beardsley Justin , Quinn Holly
Published: September 2022

Helicopter gearbox transmission castings must be designed for adequate strength, adequate stiffness for gear meshes and flight loads, clean-up of all machined surfaces, adequate edge distance for all clamped connections and minimum weight. Castings manufacturers generally request relatively large tolerances due to the nature of the casting processes in the order of +/- 0.100 inch while designers will require casting tolerances in the order of +/- 0.030 inch for cast surfaces. Excess casting material can lead to assembly interferences and excess weight while insufficient material can lead to thin wall conditions, lack of damage repair capability and potential performance issues. This paper describes how skewed (unilateral or unequally disposed) casting tolerances can eliminate casting rejections, eliminate Material Review Board (MRB) delays, eliminate reworks, ensure proper performance, and have negligible impact on weight.
System Identification and Stitched Modeling of the ADAPT(TM) Winged Compound Helicopter Scaled Demonstrator
Authors:   U.S. Army DEVCOM AvMC, Nadell Samuel ,   Piasecki Aircraft Corporation, DiMarco Christopher , Berger Tom , Lopez Mark
Published: September 2022

Frequency-domain system identification was performed for the ADAPT(TM) Winged Compound Helicopter Scaled Demonstrator, a 10% scale version of the Piasecki X-49A, at four flight conditions spanning its flight envelope. Since the aircraft has eight redundant control effectors - lateral cyclic, longitudinal cyclic, collective, Vectored Thrust Ducted Propeller (VTDP) RPM, rudder, differential flaperon, symmetric flaperon, and elevator - and exhibits a large amount of inter-axis coupling, the Joint Input-Output (JIO) Method was used for system identification in addition to the Direct Method. Based on the identified frequency responses, a hybrid model structure, which explicitly includes the coupled fuselage-rotor flapping dynamics and a first-order model for VTDP RPM lag, was used. State-space models were identified at each flight condition, and combined with trim data to form a full flight envelope stitched simulation model. A detailed analysis of the trends of the stitched model trim, stability and control derivatives, eigenvalues, and frequency responses was performed.