bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIPYRIDAMOLE AND OF AMINOPHYLLINE ON RESPONSES TO SIXTY‐SECOND CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSIONS IN DOGS
Authors: Eikens E , Wilcken DEL
Published: November 2007

Using electromagnetic flow transducers, we examined the effects of close arterial infusions of dipyridamole (1 μg/minute) and aminophylline (200 μg/minute) on reponses to adenosine, and on the reactive hyperaemic responses induced by 60‐second occlusions of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in anaesthetised dogs. Results were analysed only when pre‐occlusion coronary blood flow values and blood pressure and heart rate before, during and after coronary artery occlusion in pre‐ and post‐drug responses did not vary by more than 5%.

Dipyridamole markedly increased the coronary blood flow response to adenosine (from + 32% ± 3·1 to ± 82% ± 7; means ± S.E.), while aminophylline reduced this response (from + 46% ± 6·2 to + 60% ± 2; means ±: S.E.). Despite this, reactive hyperaemia responses were not changed during either dipyridamole or aminophylline. These findings suggest that adenosine‐induced vasodilatation is not essential for the reactive hyperaemic resulting from 60‐second coronary artery occlusions.
CHEMICAL, SEROLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A SEROTYPE‐SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN IN LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Faine S , Adler B , Palit A
Published: November 2007

A serotype‐specific lipopolysaccharide (F4) which sensitizes sheep erythrocytes to haemagglutination by antiserum was prepared from leptospires by alkaline extraction followed by acetic acid and ethanol precipitation. F4 from different strains cross‐reacted serologically within each serogroup but did not cross‐react between serogroups.

Antiserum to F4 agglutinated whole leptospires to relatively low titres. F4 was not lethal for mice nor did it prepare rabbits for local Shwartzman reactions.
THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN ABILITY TO EXCRETE POTASSIUM ON POTASSIUM INGESTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Adam WR
Published: November 2007

The free intake of 5% glucose in 3% KCl (G/KCl) and of other solutions has been compared in rats receiving a normal or a high potassium diet. Consumption of G/KCl was increased in rats on a high potassium diet but consumption of 5% glucose in sodium or calcium chloride solutions, or of potassium or glucose solutions alone, was not increased. Despite an increased potassium ingestion, the plasma potassium concentration was no higher in animals on a high K diet which have an increased ability to excrete potassium, Thus, rats which exhibit potassium tolerance also ingest more potassium when this is offered in solutions with 5% glucose. The reason for this is not established.
CARDIOVASCULAR HISTAMINE RECEPTORS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Carroll PR , Glover WE , Latt Noeline
Published: November 2007

Intravenous histamine caused a dose‐dependent fall in mean arterial pressure, often preceded by a brief rise. After burimamide the initial pressor response was potentiated and the depressor response was abolished or reversed; in contrast, niepyramine abolished the pressor response and potentiated the hypotensive phase. After both drugs in combination the response to histamine was abolished. It is concluded that the response to histamine is a balance between a pressor effect mediated by mrpyramine‐sensitive H1 receptors, and a depressor effect mediated by burimamide‐sensitive H2 receptors.
ENDOGENOUS AMINO ACID CLEARANCE BY THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Lingard JM , Turner B , Williams DB , Young JA
Published: November 2007

Although studies on the clearance of endogenously circulating amino acids had been published for several mammalian and non‐mammalian vertebrate species, few data were available for the rat. Since micropuncture studies on the renal handling of amino acids are most conveniently performed on this species, endogenous clearance studies have now been undertaken using automated, ion‐exchange chromatographic techniques for amino acid analysis. Endogenous plasma amino acid concentrations were remarkably similar to those in man but renal clearances of most amino acids were considerably smaller, indicating highly efficient reabsorptive mechanisms; the urinary excretion patterns, also, were very similar to those of man, although a striking exception was observed in the case of taurine, which was cleared in the rat at rates approaching 40% of the glomerular filtration rate. It was concluded that the renal handling of amino acids, with the exception of taurine, was very similar in rat and man, so that conclusions drawn from micropuncture experiments in rats would seem likely to hold also for man.
ANAEROBIC BACTERIOLOGY
Authors: Cadogan‐Cowper G , Wilkinson RG
Published: November 2007

The construction of a bench‐top unit for the isolation and study of strictly anaerobic micro‐organisms is described. The unit comprises a flexible plastic working chamber with shoulder length neoprene gloves and a stainless steel entry port. The unit has been used to isolate strictly anaerobic bacteria from a variety of human sources. Particular attention has been paid to the recovery of Bacteroides and Fusobacterium from specimens, and procedures for the identification of these bacteria are described.
PYRIDOXAL, FOLATE AND VITAMIN B12 CONCENTRATIONS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES
Authors: Davis RE , Smith BK , Curnow DH
Published: November 2007

Serum vitamin B6 (pyridoxal), folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured in blood samples from 293 Western Australian Aborigines living in the Cundeelee and Meekatharra areas. Twenty‐one per cent of males and 25% of females from the Cundeelee area had a low serum pyridoxal compared with 39% and 31% respectively from the Meekatharra area. Twelve per cent of Aborigines below the age of 20 years from Cundeelee had a low serum pyridoxal compared with 50% of those in a similar agr group living in the Meekatharra area. Fifty‐seven per cent of males and 41% of females had serum folate levels below the lower limit of the reference range. Vitamin B12 concentrations were all above 200 ng/l and 30% were above 900 ng/1.

Twenty‐three Aborigines had a reduced level of haemoglobin, 19 males and 4 females. Twelve of the males had a hypochromic anaemia.

These results indicate that vitamin B6 and folate deficiency is common among Western Australian Aborigines. The deficiency of vitamin B6 may be of particular importance because of its effect on cerebral function and development.
THE GENERATION OF LARGE PYRONINOPHILIC CELLS IN THE LYMPHOID TISSUES OF RATS INFUSED WITH CELL‐FREE LYMPH
Authors: Yamashita A , Fukumoto T , Nawa Y , Kotani M , Fujii H , Era I
Published: November 2007

The thoracic duct of Wistar strain rats was cannulated during 5 days fur studying the effect of selective lymphocyte depletion on the lymphoid tissue. A technique for the continuous infusion of cell‐free lymph, whole lymph or Eagle's medium to the rat with the thoracic duct fistula is described in detail.

The prolonged drainage of lymph from rats was followed by lymphopenia, severe atrophy of lymphoid tissues and the depletion of small lymphocytes in the thymus‐dependent areas of spleen and lymph nodes. The infusion of cell‐free lymph into the drained rat resulted in the recovery of the weight of lymphoid tissues and in the massive proliferation and accumulation of large, cells with prominent nucleoli and intensely pyroninophilic cytoplasm in the lymphocyte depleted areas of the peripheral lymphoid tissues and thymic cortex. There was histological evidence that the large pyroninophilic cells developed well in the spleen and tended to localize preferentially around the periarteriolar region through the marginal zone bridging channels to the red pulp, The infusion of Eagle's medium was found ineffective in restoring the weight of the lymphoid tissues and in bringing about the proliferation of lymphoid cells. The rats infused with whole lymph showed almost similar findings biologically and histologically to those of sham‐operated rats.
DEPRESSION OF JEJUNAL DIPEPTIDE TRANSPORT BY PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT
Authors: Gupta Vatsala J , Edwards KDG , Asatoor AM
Published: November 2007

Three dipeptides (L‐alanyl‐L‐alanine, β‐alanyl‐L‐histidine and L‐prolylglycine), representative of distinctly different transport groups, and a dicarboxylic acid dipeptide (L‐glutamyl‐L‐glutamic acid) showed a quantitatively equivalent decrease of absorption (mean difference, 12% disappearance 15 min−1 5 cm−1) from jejunal loops in vivo in pyridoxine deficient rats, compared with pyridoxine‐repleted controls. Analysis of results for seven dipeptides, including three studied previously, indicated that pyridoxine deficiency caused a general or non‐specific reduction in dipeptide transport, similar for all dipeptides. Decrease in dipeptide transport in vitamin deficiency ran parallel to, but was significantly less than, the decrease in amino acid transport, suggesting in theory involvement of pyridoxine in a common cellular efflux mechanism or, less likely, in the energetics of active transport.
PLASMIDS MEDIATING RESISTANCE TO GENTAMICIN AND OTHER ANTIBIOTICS IN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FROM FOUR HOSPITALS IN MELBOURNE
Authors: Davey R Brent , Pittard James
Published: November 2007

In twenty‐nine gentamicin‐resistant strains (mostly Klebsiella species) isolated from four Melbourne hospitals over a six month period, the genes for gentamicin resistance were carried on conjugative plasmids belonging to the rare incompatibility group L. These plasmids conferred resistance to gentamicin and sisomycin but not to amikacin or tobramycin, and were inferred to specify the enzyme aminoglycoside 3‐N‐acetyltransferase (AAC(3)I or GAT I). In addition, they specified resistance to a number of other antibiotics, including ampicillin and carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and neomycin, spectinomycin and streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Although they had a wide host range amongst the Enterobacteriaceae, none of these plasmids appeared able to transfer to Pseudomonas.
INTESTINAL BRUSH BORDER AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN ABSORPTION IN THE NEWLY‐BORN LAMB
Authors: Healy PJ
Published: November 2007

Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and lactase and the lysosomal enzymes α‐mannosidase and β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase increased in the serum of newly‐bum lambs fed colostrum. Feeding lipid and protein components of colostrum and bovine serum resulted in enzyme responses simitar to those observed after feeding colostrum. Activities of each of the enzymes increased in mesenteric lymph collected from newly‐born lambs when immunoglobulins were being absorbed from the jejunum and ileum.
INDUCTION OF IMMUNITY IN MICE TO THE NEMATODE PARASITE, NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Chaicumpa V , Prowse SJ , Ey PL , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

The data presented in this paper show that mice may be immunised against re‐infection with Nematospiroides dubius by giving live third‐stage larvae orally, intravenously, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Immunity is directed not against the adult worm but against the third‐stage larvae following their penetration of the wall of the intestine.
SPECIFICITY OR AFFINITY OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS FOR SELF H‐2K DETERMINANTS APPARENTLY DOES NOT CHANGE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES TO ECTROMELIA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Pang Tikky , Andrew Marion E , Melvold Roger W , Blanden Robert V
Published: November 2007

Lysis of virus‐infected target cells by virus‐specific cytotoxic T cells occurs only where donors of T cells and targets share either H‐2K or H‐2D genes. The effect of four H‐2K mutations on virus‐induced antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells from an in vitro secondary response to infection was studied. B10.A(5R) cytotoxic T cells (which share the K end of H‐2 with the mutant strains, except for the mutated gene(s)) efficiently kitted virus‐infected macrophage targets from mutant strains B6‐H‐2bg1 and B6‐H‐2bg2, were less effective against B6‐H‐2bh and did not appear to be cytotoxic for B6.C‐H‐2ba target cells. Conversely, B6‐H‐2bg1 and B6‐H‐2bg2 cytotoxic T cells were more effective in killing virus‐infected B10.A(5R) macrophages than B6‐H‐2bh and B6.C‐H‐2ba cytotoxic cells respectively. In addition, B6‐H‐2bg1 and B6‐H‐2bg2 cells appeared to be only slightly different from wild‐type with respect to the interaction between virus‐infected cells and T cells. The data obtained suggested that virus‐induced antigenic patterns on infected B6.C‐H‐2ba (mutant) cells are more different antigenically from those on wild‐type cells than are those on infected cells from the other mutants, B6‐H‐2bh, B6‐H‐2bg1 and B6‐H‐2bg2. This agrees with previous data using primary cytotoxic T cells and thus suggests that no detectable change in the affinity or specificity of cytotoxic T cell receptors occurs between primary and secondary responses to infection. These findings are also discussed in relation to the exclusion of T cells with receptors for H‐2K determinants that are common to the mutants and wild‐type, from the response to virus‐infected self cells.
THE INDUCTION OF SELECTIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS IN CELLS OF BLOOD AND LYMPHOID TISSUE DURING PRIMARY INFECTION OF SHEEP WITH THE ABOMASAL NEMATODE, HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS
Authors: Adams DB
Published: November 2007

The uptake of 3H‐thymidine in cultures of lymphocytes obtained from blood and lymphoid organs of sheep undergoing infection with Haemonchus contortus was used to assay the lymphocytes reactive to antigens and mitogens. In vitro reactivity to extracts from larvae of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis was present in blood lymphocyte populations from worm‐free sheep. This indicated that worm‐free sheep possess lymphocytes with the capacity to respond to nematode parasite antigens and suggested that the success of infections by H. contortus may not depend upon a deficiency in antigen recognition by the host. In vitro reactivity to larval extracts, however. was virtually absent from the blood and lymphoid organs of sheep during active infections with H. contortus and appeared with greater intensity when infections had either declined naturally or had been removed by treatment with the anthelmintic, thiabendazole. Blood lymphocyte populations from infected sheep gave unimpaired in vitro responses to the phytomitogens, phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, which may activate thymus‐derived cells, and to the hapten‐protein conjugate, dinitrophenyl‐bovine serum albumin, with which sheep were immunised. This indicated that infection by H. contortus did not cause a general immunosuppression either as a result of a polyclonal impairment of the transforming ability of lymphocytes or a reduction in the proportion of thymus‐derived cells among the lymphocytes present in blood. Infection with H. contortus may have produced an inactivation or deletion of antigen‐reactive lymphocytes which was selective for those cells which respond to parasite antigens. It is suggested that the induction of selective immunological unresponsiveness may be an adaptation enabling H. contortus to evade the immunological reactions of the sheep, thereby promoting the longevity of infections by this parasite.
A NEW LARGE CHYLOMICRON REMNANT FROM CHOLESTEROL‐FED RABBITS
Authors: Bosanquet AG , Bickerstaffe R , Fraser R
Published: November 2007

The lipoproteins of density < 1 063 g/ml of cholesterol‐fed rabbits were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. and many rabbits two peaks were found in the very low density (Sf > 20) portion of the lipoprotein spectrum. They were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation and analysed. The smaller particles (remnant chylomicrons) had a peak Sf of 37, mean diameter of 36 nm. mean density of 1·00 g/ml, and their chemical composition agreed closely with previous reports. The larger particles had a peak Sf of 270, mean diameter of 80 nm. mean density of 0·97 g/ml and a high (80%) cholesterol ester and low (4%) triglyceride content. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides was similar in both fractions. It is proposed that these law lipoprotein particles are also remnant chylomicrons. Possible reasons are presented to explain the presence of this second peak in the very low density lipoprotein spectrum.
CYTOTOXIC T CELL RESPONSES TO A SYNGENEIC TUMOUR: CONDITIONS FOR PRIMARY ACTIVATION IN VITRO
Authors: Warren Hilary S , Woolnouch JA , Lafferty KJ
Published: November 2007

Primary cytotoxic responses of DBA/2 lymph node cells to a syngeneic tumour (the mastocytoma P815) have been generated in vitro. The development of these responses is dependent on the addition of a soluble factor (CSCS) which is produced by concanavalin A‐activated spleen cells. The response is mediated by T lymphocytes, can be detected at low effector to target cell ratios and is directed against P815 tumour‐associated antigens.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) FROM DIFFERENT TUMOUR SOURCES
Authors: De Young Neville J , Ashman Leonie K
Published: November 2007

The physical, chemical and immunochemical properties of carcinoeinbryonic antigen (CEA) purified from hepatic metastases of eight turnouts, originating in the colon (6), stomach (1) and lung (1), have been examined. Differences were observed in the overall molecular charge, and also in the carbohydrate composition of the different preparations (both total % carbohydrate. and mole % of the individual sugars). Negligible differences in amino acid composition were found. Gel filtration analysis of these CEA preparations and an additional four partially purified preparations (from pancreatic, hepatic, breast and oesophageal tumour tissues) revealed a single CEA‐active peak of similar molecular weight (about 200,000‐300,000 daltons) in all preparations. Radioimnunoassay data for the twelve CEA preparations indicated that all preparations contain the same antigenic determinants, as detected by our anti‐serum but that there are differences in the expression of these determinants in different preparations.
REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE IN THE RAT EFFECT OF OESTROUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY, AND SODIUM STATUS
Authors: Whipp GT , Coghlan JP , Shulkes AA , Skinner SL , Marelyn Wintour E
Published: November 2007

Whole blood concentrations of aldosterone and corticosterone were measured in female rats on a moderate sodium diet (1‐2 mmol/day) during diestrus, proestrus, oestrus and on days 4, 12, 18 of pregnancy. At diestrus, the aldosterone (5·6 ± 4·9 ng/100 ml., n = 4) and corticosterone (10·4 ± 10·7 μg/100 ml, n = 4) concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0·01) than at oestrus when aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations were respectively 15·2 ± 7·8 ng/100 ml (n = 6) and 27·2 ± 12·2 μg/100 ml (n = 6). The blood aldosterone concentration of day‐12 pregnant rats, 33·9 ± 7·8 ng/100 ml (n = 8), was significantly higher than the values at oestrus and remained elevated at day 18. (Parturition occurs at day 21‐22.) Corticosterone values were not elevated during pregnancy, compared to values at oestrus. Sodium loading (7‐8 m mol/day) did not suppress blood aldosterone concentrations in non‐pregnant rats, but did significantly (P < 0·05) suppress values in the 18‐20 day pregnant rat. Plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma renin substrate (PRS) and derived plasma renin activity (PRA) did not vary significantly during the oestrous cycle, being respectively (18·3 ± 10·7) × 10‐5 Goldblatt Units/ml, 0·416 ± 0·199 μg/ml, and 5·0 ± 2·6 ng/ml/h in 21 samples. PRC increased significantly by day 11 of gestation, while PRS decreased significantly at day 11 (P < 0·05) and even further by days 18‐20 (P < 0·001).

The derived PRA was elevated only in 11‐14 day pregnant rats (P < 0.05). It is concluded that factors other than renin are responsible for the increase in aldosterone in pregnancy.
NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE IN HYPOTHYMIC (NUDE) BALB/c MICE
Authors: Prowse SJ , Mitchell GF , Ey PL , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

BALB/c‐nu/nu mice and their intact nu/+ littermates are equally susceptible to infection with third‐stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius. Unlike their heterozygous littermates. however, the nu/nu mice are unable to form granulomata in the intestinal wall and become only partially resistant to rechallenge. Following two or more infections, nu/nu mice maintain a high burden of adult intestinal worms, whereas worms are lost from immune nu/+ mice. Studies in T cell‐injected nu/nu mice suggest that a full complement of T cells is needed to develop maximum resistance against the infective third‐stage larvae and to expel adult worms. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels indicate that infected nu/+ mice have very high levels of IgG1 whereas the levels of IgG2a are reduced. In infected T cell‐injected nu/nu mice, IgG1 levels increase with the number of T cells injected, whereas IgG2a levels are variable but always higher than in infected nu/+ mice.
HAEMOGLOBINS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALO
Authors: Bachmann AW , Campbell RSF , Yellowlees D
Published: November 2007

The frequency of haemoglobin types in several major breeds of cattle in northern Australia was determined. In all Bos taurus cattle examined only the three common bovine haemoglobin types (AA, AB, BB) were found. F2 Africander cross‐breeds showed only AA patterns. The frequency of haemoglobin B was significantly higher in Bos indicus type cattle than in Bos taurus breeds. In the pure breed Banteng cattle (Bos banteng) three genotypes (BB, CB, CC) were present. The eleven buffaloes typed each showed two haemoglobins (A1 and A2) in proportions of 71 to 29, respectively.
IN VITRO DEGRADATION OF MOUSE, RABBIT AND DOG ANTIBODIES TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE BY SUCCUS ENTERICUS
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Heddle RJ , Cormly AA , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

Purified antibodies to Vibrio cholerae from mouse, rabbit and dog were digested in vitro by homologous intestinal secretions. When assessed with regard to their complement‐dependent vibriocidul activity. IgG antibodies were generally more susceptible to degradation than IgM antibodies. High levels of tryptic inhibitors were required to inhibit this digestion. Rabbit IgG was unusual in being quite resistant to digestion. Gel filtration studies demonstrated that secretory IgA, isolated from mouse intestinal secretions, was resistant to proteolysis. Similar studies on dog IgG and mouse IgM demonstrated production of F(ab')2‐like fragments. Digests of these antibodies, while devoid of Fc‐mediated vibriocida) activity, retained significant protective activity for baby mice.
GENERATION OF HOMOGENEOUS POPULATIONS OF ALLOREACTIVE T CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Woolnough James A , Lafferty Kevin J
Published: November 2007

The supernatant from Con A‐activated spleen cells (CS) can be used to generate homogeneous populations of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Subculture of activated cells in CS containing medium is required for the continued proliferation and expression of effector activity. Prolonged Subculture in CS containing medium does not result in indefinite growth and proliferation of alloreactive T cells. The activity in CS required to maintain cytotoxic cell growth is not species specific, and is therefore separable from the costimulator activity in CS required for the initiation of the T cell response to alloantigen; this latter activity is species specific.
SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF IgG1 INTO MILK OF EWES FOLLOWING INHIBITION OF MILK SECRETION OR ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Darton PJ , McDowell GH
Published: November 2007

Selective transfer of IgG1 into milk and levels of sodium and potassium in milk of lactating ewes were followed before and after intramammary infusion of colchicine or α‐haemolysin. Milk production decreased substantially following infusions and the ionic composition of milk changed such that levels of sodium increased and of potassium decreased. By 3–4 days after infusions milk production had increased to approach pre‐infusion levels and levels of sodium and potassium had returned to pre‐infusion values. Selective transfer of IgG1 into milk was enhanced following inhibition of milk production but decreased following the acute inflammation induced by α‐haemolysin.

The results of these experiments are consistent with the view that, in the ruminant, selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion is inversely related to the synthetic activity of the alveolar epithelium. Associated with enhanced selective transfer of IgG1, substantial changes occur in the ionic composition of milk. Moreover, acute inflammation of the mammary gland impairs selective transfer of IgG1 into milk, but during recovery from inflammation selective transfer of IgG1 is enhanced. The latter phenomenon may be functionally significant for recovery from intramammary infection.
THE CLINICAL RESPONSE OF GNOTOBIOTIC CALVES, PIGS AND LAMBS TO INOCULATION WITH HUMAN, CALF, PIG AND FOAL ROTAVIRUS ISOLATES
Authors: Tzipori Saul R , Makin Trevor J , Smith Megan L
Published: November 2007

The infectivity, pathogenicity and immunogenicity of 5 human, 6 calf, 2 pig and 2 foal rotavirus isolates were studied in gnotobiotic calves, piglets and lambs. Three of the human isolates produced subclinical infection in newborn gnotobiotic piglets and the piglets developed neutralising antirotavirus antibody. When challenged with pig rotavirus 2 weeks later, the piglets did not develop diarrhoea, but rotavirus was detected in the faeces. In contrast, piglets inoculated with the other 2 human isolates failed to show evidence of infection and there was no specific antibody detected. These piglets developed diarrhoea when challenged 2 weeks later with pig rotavirus. The 4 human isolates failed to infect gnotobiotic calves and lambs.

Two foal rotavirus isolates produced subclinical infection in piglets, but the subsequent protection against a challenge with pig rotavirus lasted less than 15 days. The foal rotavirus isolates failed to infect gnotobiotic calves and lambs.

Two of the calf rotavirus isolates were extremely pathogenic to newborn pigs. Two other calf isolates infected newborn lambs, one of which developed mild diarrhoea.

Of the 2 pig rotavirus isolates one induced a subclinical infection in newborn lambs but neither infected calves.

These experiments suggest that cross‐infection between species is not a property shared by all rotaviruses.
THE AUSTRALIAN REFERENCE PREPARATION OF HUMAN SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Turner KJ , Carter PM , Hosking CS , Finger WK
Published: November 2007

An Australian Reference Preparation of human serum immunoglobulins was prepared from pooled sera of 240 healthy, adult donors. The preparation was calibrated for IgG, IgA and IgM levels by radial immunodiffusion against the 1st International Reference Preparation of Human Serum Immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, IgA and IgM) and for IgE by PRIST against the 1 st International Reference Preparation of Human Serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE). The following potency values were assigned to the Australian Reference Preparation designated ASPS 78‐1 (Lyoph.): 100 IU/vial for IgG and IgE, 102 IU/vial for IgA and 114 IU/vial for IgM.
SOME PROPERTIES OF NEUTRAL PROTEINASES FROM LYSOSOMES OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Britz ML , Lowther DA
Published: November 2007

Neutral proteinases capable of degrading proteoglycan were found in lysosomes of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes extracted with 0·01 M citric acid. Esterase activity against an elastase substrate was also present but chymotrypsin‐ and trypsin‐like activities were not detected; azocasein‐degrading activity was poor. Proteoglycanase activity was stimulated by high concentrations of salts (0·2 M KCl) and divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn) but was inhibited by Cu++. Elastase activity was also stimulated by high ionic strength buffers and KCl, but not as much by divalent cations, and was inhibited by Cu++. Proteoglycanase in crude extracts was inhibited by EDTA, phenylmethanesulphonylfluoride (Pms‐F), cell cytosol, α1‐antitrypsin, gold thiomalate and N‐acetyl‐di‐L‐alanyl‐L‐prolyl‐L‐valine chloromethyl ketone (AAAPVCK). Partial inhibition by N‐α‐p‐tosyl‐L‐lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and L‐1‐tosylamide‐2‐phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) occurred. Elastase adsorbed to CM‐cellulose and was eluted by 0·6‐0·7 M NaCl: a metallo‐proteinase failed to adsorb completely but was retarded by the CM‐cellulose. Isoelectric focusing showed that the major proteinases had pI's of 5·5, 8·5 and 9·1; the activity with pI 8·5 was a metallo‐proteinase, and the pI 9·1 activity was an elastase. The apparent molecular weight of the elastase, determined on Sephadex G‐100, was 8,000 to 11,000 daltons.
SEX DIFFERENCE IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE POTASSIUM LEVELS
Authors: Dowton SB , Lawrence JR , Barratt LJ , Goodhand G
Published: November 2007

Mean potassium concentrations determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in erythrocytes from healthy female volunteers are consistently higher than in an age‐matched male population.
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ACID/BASE DISTURBANCES ON RENAL AMINO ACID CLEARANCES IN THE RAT
Authors: Galicek J , Seow F , Lingard JM
Published: November 2007

Since the few data available concerning the effect of acid/base disturbances on renal amino acid reabsorption were conflicting, and there were sound theoretical reasons for an effect, we have studied the clearance of endogenous amino acids in the rat in vivo under control conditions and after induction of either metabolic acidosis or alkalosis by administration of NH4Cl or NaHCO3, respectively. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by examination of plasma and urinary levels of HCO3, Cl, Na and K. It was found that the renal clearance of amino acids, measured during acidosis or alkalosis, did not differ from those found under control conditions, the majority of values being less than 1% of the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, the amino acid reabsorptive mechanism appears unaffected by changes in the pH of the glomerular filtrate and/or by changes in tubular hydrogen ion secretion which would accompany such disturbances. These data are thus in agreement with findings during acidosis in man and in both acidosis and alkalosis in the dog. The findings are contrary to earlier reports from in vitro studies in the rat, and suggest the presence of severe functional impairment in the isolated perfused kidneys used in these earlier studies where very large changes in amino acid clearance were obtained.
AGE‐DEPENDENT MODULATION OF SERUM IgE AND MAST CELL SENSITIZATION BY NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS INFESTATION IN RATS
Authors: Turner KJ , Fisher Elizabeth H , Mayrhofer G
Published: November 2007

The capacity of N. brasiliensis (Nb) infestation to modify synthesis of ovalbumin (OV) specific IgE antibody was monitored in weanling, juvenile and adult female WAG rats by both passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activity and by a rat radio‐allergosorbent test (RAST). Infestation with Nb larvae 10 days after immunization with OV produced marginal potentiation of anti‐OV IgE antibody production by both RAST and PCA in weanlings, marginal suppression by both parameters in juveniles and was without effect in adults. However, immunization with OV after infestation with Nb partially suppressed anti‐OV IgE antibody production in weanlings (RAST) and totally abolished the PCA activity. Although this regime did not impair anti‐OV IgE antibody synthesis (RAST) in juveniles, the sera were PCA‐negative. In contrast, normal responses were found in adult rats. Negative PCA titres in sera containing high levels of specific antibody occurred when serum total IgE levels were elevated, and are explained on the basis of competition for binding sites on mast cells. The ratio of OV‐specific IgE to ‘total'IgE is a critical factor in detecting PCA activity.
RESISTANCE TO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE BALB/c MICE
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Curtis Joan M , Handman Emanuela
Published: November 2007

When injected cutaneously with promastigotes of an isolate of Leish‐mania tropica, BALB/c mice develop progressive cutaneous disease whereas lesions in BALB/c.H‐2k mice heal after several weeks. Lesions in BALB/c mice injected into deep subcutaneous tissues with promastigotes are less obvious early but much more prominent later than in mice after strict intradermal injection. BALB/c mice injected with Corynebacterium parvum together with a preparation of frozen and thawed infected macrophages are more resistant to cutaneous disease than mice injected with either adjuvant or crude antigen mixture alone. Results of these experiments, and those on other mouse strains reported previously, will aid in the choice of mouse and injection regime to be used in testing the efficacy of isolated L. tropica antigens as vaccines.
THE VASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE RAT UTERUS DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: Rogers PAW , Gannon BJ
Published: November 2007

The vascular and microvascular anatomy of the rat uterus during the oestrous cycle was studied using the corrosion vascular casting/scanning electron microscope method. Particular attention was paid to identifying each stage of the oestrous cycle prior to casting. The optimum viscosity range for the methyl methacrylate‐based casting medium was between 2·3 and 4·0 centistokes; the perfusion pressure was adjusted to give an abdominal aortic pressure of 90 mm Hg. Casts show a complete replication of all uterine vessels. The longitudinal muscle capillaries of the myometrium appear thicker and more closely spaced than those of the circular muscle. Capillary networks surrounding the endometrial glands are continuous with the complex subepithelial capillary plexus. The uterus undergoes large variations in diameter during the oestrous cycle, and the corresponding changes in the spatial arrangement of its vasculature are demonstrated. No new vessel growth was detected during the cycle. The vaso‐activity of methyl methacrylate makes vessel diameter measurements from the casts unreliable. This and other problems relating to the physiological interpretation of corrosion casts are discussed in detail. This work provides a thorough description of the morphology and unique structural variability of the rat uterine vasculature during the oestrous cycle.
LYMPHOKINE (INTERLEUKIN 2) SECRETION AS A MEASURE OF T CELL RECOGNITION OF PARASITE ANTIGENS
Authors: Prowse SJ
Published: November 2007

The secretion of the lymphokine. Interleukin 2 (IL2), from cells obtained from the lymph nodes of mice infected by the murine nematode. Nematospiroides dubius, is used an indication of T cell recognition of parasite antigens. It is demonstrated that IL2 secretion is T cell‐dependent and occurs only when the lymph node cells are cultivated in the presence of at least 5 μg/ml of a parasite antigen preparation. The presence of adherent peritoneal exudate cells from uninfected mice in the cultures is an essential requirement for lyraphokine release. This system can be used to quantitate T cell recognition of parasite antigens and to study T cell/antigen‐presenting‐cell interactions involved in the immune response to parasite infection.
Endovascular arterial interventions with embolic protection devices
Authors: Cura M. , Cura A.
Published: November 2007

Endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic lesions can provide a clinical benefit, but arterial interventions are not exempt from complications. Embolization in the peripheral circulation may result in unfavorable outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review the technical applications, the clinical indications, and the risks and benefits of different protection devices, occlusions balloons, and filters commonly used during endovascular interventions in the carotid circulation, renal arteries, and lower extremities.
MCAK facilitates chromosome movement by promoting kinetochore microtubule turnover
Authors: Wordeman Linda , Wagenbach Michael , von Dassow George
Published: November 2007

Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK)/Kif2C is the most potent microtubule (MT)-destabilizing enzyme identified thus far. However, MCAK's function at the centromere has remained mechanistically elusive because of interference from cytoplasmic MCAK's global regulation of MT dynamics. In this study, we present MCAK chimeras and mutants designed to target centromere-associated MCAK for mechanistic analysis. Live imaging reveals that depletion of centromere-associated MCAK considerably decreases the directional coordination between sister kinetochores. Sister centromere directional antagonism results in decreased movement speed and increased tension. Sister centromeres appear unable to detach from kinetochore MTs efficiently in response to directional switching cues during oscillatory movement. These effects are reversed by anchoring ectopic MCAK to the centromere. We propose that MCAK increases the turnover of kinetochore MTs at all centromeres to coordinate directional switching between sister centromeres and facilitate smooth translocation. This may contribute to error correction during chromosome segregation either directly via slow MT turnover or indirectly by mechanical release of MTs during facilitated movement.
δ13C signature of early graphite and subsequently formed microdiamond from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany
Authors: Massonne Hans‐Joachim , Tu Wenmao
Published: November 2007

Microdiamond and graphite occur in quartzofeldspathic rocks (saidenbachites) of the central Erzgebirge in Saxony. Zircon from such rocks contains not only relatively high but also variable amounts of early formed graphite and later crystallized diamond, however no carbonate. Six purified zircon concentrates were analysed by mass spectrometry for δ13C(PDB) values which were between −24 and −33‰. The carbon inclusions resulted in C contents of the concentrates as high as 0.5 wt%. It is hypothesized that the observed δ13C signature results from organic material in the sedimentary protoliths of the saidenbachites probably deposited not earlier than Mid‐Devonian. This material was transformed to graphite during early metamorphism and subsequently to diamond after an anatectic event at great depths (>150 km). During these processes, the δ13C signature of the carbon did not (significantly) change.
Testing for evolutionary trade‐offs in a phylogenetic context: ecological diversification and evolution of locomotor performance in emydid turtles
Authors: STEPHENS P. R. , WIENS J. J.
Published: November 2007

The evolution of ecological trade‐offs is an important component of ecological specialization and adaptive radiation. However, the pattern that would show that evolutionary trade‐offs have occurred between traits among species has not been clearly defined. In this paper, we propose a phylogeny‐based definition of an evolutionary trade‐off, and apply it to an analysis of the evolution of trade‐offs in locomotor performance in emydid turtles. We quantified aquatic and terrestrial speed and endurance for up to 16 species, including aquatic, semi‐terrestrial and terrestrial emydids. Emydid phylogeny was reconstructed from morphological characters and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Surprisingly, we find that there have been no trade‐offs in aquatic and terrestrial speed among species. Instead, specialization to aquatic and terrestrial habitats seems to have involved trade‐offs in speed and endurance. Given that trade‐offs between speed and endurance may be widespread, they may underlie specialization to different habitats in many other groups.
Response of a rocky intertidal ecosystem engineer and community dominant to climate change
Authors: Menge Bruce A. , Chan Francis , Lubchenco Jane
Published: November 2007

To evaluate how climate change might impact a competitively dominant ecological engineer, we analysed the growth response of the mussel Mytilus californianus to climate patterns [El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)]. Mussels grew faster during warmer climatic events. Growth was initially faster on a more productive cape compared to a less productive cape. Growth rates at the two capes merged in 2002, coincidentally with a several year‐long shift from warm to cool PDO conditions. To determine the mechanism underlying this response, we examined growth responses to intertidal sea and air temperatures, phytoplankton, sea level and tide height. Together, water temperature (32%) and food (12.5%) explained 44.5% of the variance in mussel growth; contributions of other factors were not significant. In turn, water temperature and food respond to climate‐driven variation in upwelling and other, unknown factors. Understanding responses of ecosystem engineers to climate change will require knowing direct thermal effects and indirect effects of factors altered by temperature change.
Occupational Choice of High Skilled Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Chiswick Barry R. , Taengnoi Sarinda
Published: November 2007

This paper explores the impact of English language proficiency and country of origin on the occupational choice of high‐skilled immigrants in the United States. The findings reveal that high‐skilled immigrants with limited proficiency in English, or whose first language is linguistically distant from English, are more likely to be in occupations in which English communication skills are not very important, such as computer and engineering occupations. Interestingly, the degree of exposure to English prior to immigration is found to have little influence on selecting occupations in the United States. Nonetheless, the paper also shows that some immigrants with little exposure to English, and whose native language is highly distinct from English, are present in some “speaking‐intensive” occupations, in particular social services occupations. These occupations may not require workers to be fluent in English if they mostly provide services to immigrants from the same linguistic background. The study also raises questions as to how heavily US immigration policy influences the decisions of highly‐skilled migrants before they even leave their home countries.
An Examination of the Danish Immigrant‐Trade Link
Authors: White Roger
Published: November 2007

This paper investigates the influence of immigrants on Danish imports and exports. As public and political debates concerning immigration policy are expected to continue, the findings presented here provide valuable information. Prior to 2002, Denmark's immigration policy was among the most liberal in Europe. However, concerns regarding terrorism, social services depletion, and detrimental labour market effects, all purported to stem from immigration, led the Danish government to severely tighten its policy. In examining Denmark, we explore the immigrant‐trade relationship in a small host country that is globally well‐integrated, open to trade, and proximate to both major trading partners and primary immigrant source nations. Further, as the share of the Danish population constituted by immigrants increased from 2.6 to 5.6 per cent between 1980 and 2000, Denmark presents an opportunity to consider immigrant‐trade links for an increasingly diverse population that was initially relatively homogenous.

We consider a number of variations regarding home countries and trade values to estimate immigrant‐trade links using a Tobit specification. The findings presented here, when considered in relation to prior research, suggest that the presence and magnitude of immigrant‐trade links vary according to host country population homogeneity.
Native Arteriovenous Fistulas: Correlation of Intra‐Access Blood Flow with Characteristics of Stenoses Found During Diagnostic Angiography
Authors: Monroy‐Cuadros Mauricio , Salazar Anastasio , Yilmaz Serdar , McLaughlin Kevin
Published: November 2007

Surveillance of the intra‐access blood flow (Qa) has improved identification of thrombosis risk (Qa ≤ 500 ml/minute), and these patients are referred for angiogram and angioplasty. The purpose of this study was to correlate the Qa with patient and stenotic lesion characteristics both before and after angioplasty in a retrospective cohort of 210 patients who were preselected on the basis of reduced Qa (369 ± 121 ml/minute). Angiograms revealed a total of 643 stenoses, and all patients had at least one significant stenosis (>50% luminal narrowing). There was no significant association between the preangioplasty Qa and the number, location, or length of stenoses, but there was a significant negative correlation between the degree of stenosis and the preangioplasty Qa. Five hundred eighty stenoses in 190 patients were treated with angioplasty; the postangioplasty Qa was 633 ± 208 ml/minute. Of the residual stenoses, all had less than 50% narrowing. There was no correlation between the postangioplasty Qa and the length or degree of stenoses, but there was a significant negative correlation between the postangioplasty Qa and the number of stenoses. We conclude that the primary determinant of reduced preangioplasty Qa is the degree of stenosis, when stenoses are over 50%, whereas the primary determinant of reduced postangioplasty Qa is the number of stenosis. For patients with two or more residual stenoses and failure to achieve Qa > 500 p;ml/minute postangioplasty, the alternative procedure is a prompt surgical revision in order to maintain the goal of access patency.
Cephalic Arch Stenosis
Authors: Kian Kaveh , Asif Arif
Published: November 2007

The Kidney Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines and the Fistula First Initiative for vascular access have had a measurable impact on the incidence and prevalence of the type of access used to deliver hemodialysis in the United States. There has been a yearly increase in the placement of arteriovenous fistulas and an exponential increase in endovascular treatment of failing and immature fistulas. Undoubtedly, the predominant cause of fistula malfunction is stenosis within the access system. The stenotic lesions can occur anywhere within the access system from the arteries to the outflow and central veins. One of the relatively common sites for stenosis in patients with brachiocephalic fistulas is the cephalic arch region. While access stenoses at many other sites have been successfully treated with percutaneous balloon angioplasty, the results of this approach in the management of cephalic arch stenosis (CAS) have been rather disappointing. This has been in part due to multiple factors including the resistant nature of the stenosis, the development of early restenosis, as well as poor patency and high vein rupture rates. This article discusses the anatomy, postulated etiology and percutaneous interventions for the treatment of CAS. In addition, the report highlights surgical alternatives to the management of stenosis in this segment of the cephalic vein.