bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fresenius AS.TEC204 Blood Bell Separator
Authors: Sugai Mikiya
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Fresenius AS.TEC204 is a third‐generation blood cell separatorthat incorporates the continuous centrifugal separation method andautomatic control of the cell separation process. Continuous centrifugationseparates cell components according to their specific gravity, anddifferent cell components are either harvested or eliminated asneeded. The interface between the red blood cell and plasma is opticallydetected, and the Interface Control (IFC) cooperates with differentpumps, monitors and detectors to harvest required components automatically. Thesystem is composed of three major sections; the Front Panel Unit;the Pump Unit, and the Centrifuge Unit. This unit can be used fora wide variety of clinical applications including collection ofplatelets, peripheral blood stem cells, bone marrow stem cells,granulocytes, mononuclear cells, and exchange of plasma or red cells,and for plasma treatment.
The Structure and Characteristics of Polypropylene Hollow FiberMembrane Plasma Separator
Authors: Sakai Masamune , Matsunami Satoshi
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Propylex is a membrane type plasma separator using a polypropylenehollow fiber membrane with regular and orderly rectangular pores,which has been developed and manufactured by Ube Industries, Ltd.This product is characterized by: (i) low complements activationbecause of its polypropylene membrane; (ii) little damage to blood cellseven under high transmembrane pressure due to its characteristicpore structure; and (iii) slight fluctuations in the sieving coefficientsfor substances with high and low molecular weights even with increasedthroughput, which allows stable clinical use.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Kai Shunro , Hara Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

Abstract: More than 30 years have passed since the first clinical application of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation to treat hematological diseases. In recent years, the availability of peripheral blood and cord blood as additional sources of stem cells other than bone marrow has expanded the applicability of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition to differences in stem cell content, immune cells in the grafts from the three sources are different in quality and quantity. As a consequence, transplants from different sources have different kinetics of hematological recovery. Stem cell sources also influence risks for developing graft‐versus‐host disease. In this paper, we review recently reported results of thus diversified allogeneic hematopoietic, stem cell transplantation.
From Membrane Differential Filtration to Lipidfiltration: Technological Progress in Low‐density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Authors: Klingel Reinhard , Fassbender Thurid , Fassbender Cordula , Göhlen Britta
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Extracorporeal low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is an established and highly effective therapy for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) not adequately responding to diet and drug therapy alone. Based on different methodology, five treatment options of LDL apheresis are available and in widespread practical use in Germany. All methods are safe and demonstrate equivalent efficacy of reducing LDL cholesterol with respect to the single apheresis session as well as during long‐term treatment. Owing to methodological properties all methods also exhibit characteristics of additional plasma protein elimination, which do not impair, but in part, increase the beneficial therapeutic effect of LDL apheresis. Fibrinogen reduction has to be mentioned as an example. The lipidfiltration system is based on plasmafiltration previously named membrane differential filtration (MDF), synonymous with double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP). The new term lipidfiltration was the result of technological progress leading to a significant improvement of the efficiency. The system consists of a novel lipid filter with enhanced sieving characteristics and capacity, and is completed by an enhanced therapy machine with an optimized heating unit.
Indication of Low‐density Lipoprotein Apheresis in Severe Hypercholesterolemia and its Atherosclerotic Vascular Complications: Dextran Sulfate Cellulose Low‐density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Authors: Keller Christiane
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and heterozygous FH, with or without elevation of Lp(a), or isolated massive elevation of Lp(a) with clinically relevant coronary heart disease are indications for low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, as long as maximal conventional lipid lowering drug therapy does not lead to a LDL cholesterol level below 100 mg/dL. Reduction of lipoproteins and Lp(a), of oxidation of LDL, improvement of disturbed vasomotion, the procoagulatory state and disturbed hemorheology associated with atherosclerosis, as well as the stabilization of plaques and the decrease of cytokines and adhesion molecules have been induced by apheresis and are thought to favorably influence regression of artherosclerosis. Several intervention studies point in this direction.
The HELP System for the Treatment of Atherothrombotic Disorders: A Review
Authors: Jaeger Beate Roxane
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Given the importance of atherothrombotic disorders for the public health system, and the known limitations of conventional treatment on one hand and the compelling biochemical evidence and long‐term safety of HELP (Heparin‐mediated Extracorporeal LDL/Fibrinogen Precipitation) apheresis on the other hand, this approach provides a most valuable tool for further medical research and treatment of the various atherothrombotic and microcirculatory disorders. The present contribution reviews the recent developments in chronic and single application of apheresis in cardiology with particular emphasis on the newly discovered therapeutic possibilities for myocardial infarction, stroke, and after coronary artery bypass grafting.
The Influence of Donor Characteristics and Preparation Methods on the Potency of Human Cryoprecipitate
Authors: Burka E. R. , Puffer T. , Martinez J.
Published: December 2004

An investigation of the influence of donor characteristics and preparative procedural variation on the potency of human cryoprecipitate was carried out on 30 whole blood and 139 plasmapheresis donors. Recovery of plasma Factor VIII in cryoprecipitate ranged from 11.2 to 89.4 per cent (average, 38 ± 18%). The Factor VIII content of bags of cryoprecipitate ranged from 29 to 379 units (average, 111 ± 77 units). No difference existed between whole blood donors and regular plasmapheresis donors. The only donor characteristic which was related to the potency of cryoprecipitate was the plasma concentration of Factor VIII which varied as much as sixfold on repeated visits of the same donor. The findings indicate that, within the limitations imposed by the regulations of the American Association of Blood Banks and the practicalities of an ordinary blood bank workload, no donor characteristic or variation in preparative procedures was of predictive value in obtaining cryoprecipitate of high potency. The potency of cryoprecipitate from individual donors appears to be related to factors inherent in the donor plasma itself.
Severe Hemolytic Anemia in an Adult Associated with Anti‐T
Authors: Moores P. , Pudifin D. , Patel P. L.
Published: December 2004

An adult woman hospitalized because of a stab wound suffered a severe hemolytic crisis during which she was found to be profoundly anemic. There was evidence of increased red blood cell fragility and extravascular hemolysis. Her cells, which were T‐activated, were agglutinated spontaneously in vitro by anti‐T in her own plasma. They were also agglutinated by some, but not all, human anti‐M and anti‐N sera, and were mildly aggregated by protamine sulphate. A normal amount of H antigen was present and no agglutination occurred in saline by incomplete Rh antibodies. The findings indicate that T‐activation was incomplete. It is suggested that the patient experienced a short episode of acquired autohemolytic anemia caused by the activity of her own anti‐T during a period when her normal enzyme‐inhibiting substances were either not present or had been rendered temporarily inactive.
An Evaluation of Some Factors Affecting the Detection of Blood Group Antibodies by Automated Methods
Authors: Kolberg J. , Nordhagen R.
Published: December 2004

Some factors affecting the sensitivity of the automated methods for blood group antibody detection have been evaluated. The experiments revealed influencing differences between various albumin preparations. In the BMC method, one lot of albumin permitted no significant antibody detection. In the LISP technique, a plateau of maximum Polybrene activity was found. The beginning of this plateau depended on both the albumin preparation and the Polybrene lot. In the BMC method, methyl cellulose gave optimal sensitivity within a concentration range of 0.3 to 0.5 per cent. The stability of test cells stored in ACD at 4 C was studied. All test cells could be used safely up to two weeks. Cells from different donors showed variable reactivity after three weeks.
The Fate of Bacteria Introduced into Whole Blood from Which Platelet Concentrates Were Prepared and Stored at 22 or 4 C
Authors: Khan R. A. , Syring R. L.
Published: December 2004

Bacteria were intentionally introduced into units of whole blood. Platelet concentrates (PC) which were made from these units were stored at either room temperature (22 C) or at 4 C. In order to isolate small numbers of bacteria from a PC (i.e., 1 to 10 organisms per ml), substantial contamination (42 to 125 organisms per ml) of the whole blood was required. If the PC were stored at room temperature, all organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was apparently killed, grew out of control within 48 hours. Storage of PC at 4 C resulted in the general maintenance of bacterial numbers. Since gross contamination of PC has only occasionally been reported, we conclude that past reports of modest contamination of platelet concentrates are primarily sampling artifacts.
A Rapid Method for the Production of Erythrocytes in the State “EC4” and “EC43”
Authors: Jenkins D. E. , Moore W. H. , Luthringer D. G. , Johnson R.M.
Published: December 2004

The present report describes simple methods for preparing red blood cells coated with complement components. Erythrocytes coated strongly with C4 and C3 (EC43 cells) can be prepared using the standard sucrose hemolysis reaction system. Erythrocytes coated with C4 but not C3 (EC4 cells) can be prepared by a slight modification (addition of EDTA to sucrose prior to adding serum). Occasional sera (especially from black subjects) produced weak C3 coating of red blood cells in the modified sucrose hemolysis reaction. This C3 coating could be entirely abolished (without reducing C4 coating) by using Mg++ poor serum produced by dialyzing serum against Mg++ free barbital buffer. The EC43 and EC3 cells are extremely useful in analysis of anticomplement antiglobulin sera.
Antibody to the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Immune Serum Globulin
Authors: Hoofnagle J. H. , Gerety R. J. , Barker L. F.
Published: December 2004

A collection of 1,278 lots of immune serum globulin (ISG) prepared by 19 United States manufacturers between 1962 and 1974 were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti‐HBs). Ten lots (0.8%), all of which were produced between 1962 and 1965 by two different manufacturers, were weakly positive for HBsAg (by radioimmunoassay). Seven hundred and seven lots (55.3%) were positive for anti‐HB, (by passive hemagglutination). In general, titers of anti‐HBs in lots of ISG were low, and the prevalence of anti‐HBs positive lots varied considerably among different manufacturers. ISG prepared from placental material was more commonly positive for anti‐HBs than was ISG prepared from plasma. There was a striking overall increase in prevalence and titer of anti‐HB, in ISG lots prepared during 1973 and 1974. This probably reflects the effect of elimination of strongly HBsAg‐positive plasma units with the onset of routine screening for HBsAg which began in 1972.
A Study of Variables Affecting the Quality of Platelets Stored at “Room Temperature”
Authors: Kunicki T.J. , Tuccelli M. , Becker G. A. , Aster R. H.
Published: December 2004

The effect of variables associated with the donor and with methods of collecting, processing, and storing platelets on the quality of platelets kept at ambient temperature was studied. Changes in structural integrity of platelets, decrease in pH, loss of aggregability, and kinetics in vivo of platelets tagged with 51Cr were used as indicators of the tolerance of platelets to storage. A platelet concentration of less than 2.5 × 106 per cu mm, a temperature of storage less than 24 C, and continuous, gentle, agitation were found to be essential for satisfactory preservation of platelet integrity, function, and posttransfusion survival. Platelets from female donors tolerated storage less well than did platelets from male donors, possibly because the lower hematocrit of blood collection from females resulted in greater initial acidity of the concentrate. A number of other variables analyzed appear to be of little or no consequence for successful platelet storage.
Efficacy of Leucocyte‐Poor Red Blood Cell Suspensions Prepared by Sedimentation in Hydroxyethyl Starch
Authors: Dorner I. , Moore J. A. , Collins J. A. , Sherman L. A. , Chaplin H.
Published: December 2004

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), which is licensed for human use as a plasma volume expander, has red blood cell sedimenting properties similar to high molecular weight dextran (HMWD). The present studies document the effectiveness of commercially available HES in preparing leukocyte‐poor red blood cell suspensions (L‐PRBCs) from donor whole blood and packed red blood cells stored in CPD up to 120 hours prior to processing. The effect of HES sedimentation on final white blood cell count, on erythrocyte p50 and 2,3‐DPG concentration, and on short‐ and long‐term in vivo survival of 72‐hour stored donor red cells are described, along with favorable clinical experience with over 300 transfusions of HES‐sedimented L‐PRBCs. Since the method requires no special equipment, it is immediately available for widespread use.
Viable Lymphocytes in Frozen Washed Blood
Authors: Telischi M. , Krmpotic E. , Moss G.
Published: December 2004

Samples of glycerolized, frozen, packed cells, were washed by each of three systems and then were cultured for viable lymphocytes using the short‐term culture method. Of the 39 samples, 17 (43.6%) showed definite evidence of growth of lymphocytes. Of the 17, 11 (64.7%) were washed by Elutramatic, two (11.8%) by Haemonetics, and four (23.5%) by IBM. The 4 C prefreeze (two to five days) as well as the –80 C (21 to 40 days) storage times were the same for both positive and negative specimens.

In all samples, clumps of distorted granulocytes with pyknotic nuclei were seen in addition to a number of well‐preserved mononucleated white cells. In the 17 specimens which showed growth, incorporation of 3H‐thymidine was seen only in the PHA‐induced blast cells; typical mitotic figures were seen in some cultures.

These observations demonstrate that lymphocytes remain viable in frozen blood stored at –80 C up to 40 days. The significant difference in removal of viable lymphocytes noted in specimens washed by different instruments requires further evaluation.
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Human Albumin Products
Authors: Hoofnagle J. H. , Barker L. F. , Thiel J. , Gerety R. J.
Published: December 2004

A collection of 1,985 lots of normal serum albumin (NSA) and 1,361 lots of plasma protein fraction (PPF) prepared between 1958 and 1974 were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Twenty‐one per cent of NSA lots and 71 per cent of PPF lots were HBsAg‐positive by radioimmunoassay. There was considerable variation in frequency of HBsAg‐positive lots among the 17 different manufacturers of NSA and the six manufacturers of PPF. In general, those lots prepared from volunteer donor plasma and placental material demonstrated lower rates of HBsAg‐positivity than those prepared from commercial donor plasma. A striking decrease in the prevalence of HBsAg‐positive lots of both NSA and PPF occurred during the period 1971 to 1973, coincident with the onset of routine screening of all plasma for HBsAg. Although NSA and PPF can be HBsAg‐positive, they probably do not transmit type B hepatitis. Serologic tests for HBsAg and antibody to HBsAg revealed that albumin products prepared from infectious, icterogenic plasma were infectious prior to pasteurization, but that they no longer transmitted type B hepatitis after heat treatment at 60 C for ten hours.
A Comparison of Methods to Wash Liquid‐Stored Red Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells Frozen with High or Low Concentrations of Glycerol
Authors: Contreras T. J. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

The efficiency of washing liquid‐stored red blood cells and red blood cells frozen with high or low glycerol concentrations was evaluated by measuring the recovery of red blood cells in vitro, supernatant hemoglobin, extracellular potassium and red blood cell potassium levels, supernatant osmolality, residual, 25I albumin, glycerol, hypoxanthine, and di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) levels. Four commercial washing systems were studied, three which used sodium chloride solutions with serial or continuous‐flow centrifugation and one which used sugar solutions and dilution/agglomeration. Washing was most efficient using sodium chloride solutions in the IBM Blood Processor, an automated serial centrifugation procedure and in the Fenwal Elutramatic, a continuous‐flow centrifugation procedure. Less efficient washing was achieved in the Haemonetics Processor 15, a continuous‐flow centrifugation procedure and the least efficient washing occurred using the original and modified dilution/agglomeration procedures. To achieve the most efficient washing, three principles must be utilized: concentration of the red blood cells to hematocrit values of 90 per cent, prior to washing or freezing. Liquid‐stored red blood cells concentrated to hematocrit values of 90V per cent should be diluted with hypertonic sodium chloride solutions prior to recovery and washing. Red blood cells containing 20 per cent or 40 per cent W/V glycerol should be diluted with hypertonic sodium chloride solutions before recovery and washing. Finally, on‐line dilution should be achieved in the washing systems that use continuous‐flow centrifugation.
Quantitative and Thermodynamic Studies of Erythrocytic ABO Antigens
Authors: Salmon Ch. , Lopez M. , Cartron J. P. , Bouguerra A.
Published: December 2004

This paper presents recent data from quantitative and thermodynamic investigations on A and B erythrocyte antigens. In regard to weak A phenotypes on the basis of quantitative data, practically no gap is observed from the weakest Aend to the strongest A3. Weak B phenotypes give a similar distribution. However, a more precise structural analysis including kinetics and thermodynamic measurements provides convincing evidence for the heterogeneity of each type of weak B reactive structures. Weak B antigens appear to be different from one to another, but similar inside one family. However, thermodynamics failed to demonstrate a qualitative difference between the weak B antigen in Bx groups and the enhanced B antigen in ABx heterozygote, phenomenon that occurs in some very rare families. The same data were obtained from kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of B reactivity in cis AB samples; it can be assumed that such mutants are all different.
Preparation of Cryoprecipitated Factor VIII Concentrates
Authors: Slichter S. J. , Counts R. B. , Henderson R. , Harker L. A.
Published: December 2004

Factors affecting the yield of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate have been investigated in the context of a blood component program. Both in vitro and in vivo measurements were used to assess the effects of critical variables on the yield of factor VIII activity. Variables such as anticoagulant, plastic bag, mixing during collection, and platelet contamination had no significant effect on yield of factor VIII activity in cryoprecipitate. Among the most critical factors affecting yield were storage time of whole blood and procedures for freezing, thawing, and reconstitution. The following procedures were found to assure a 60 per cent recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate: 1) processing of whole blood within six hours of collection; 2) use of a technique to freeze plasma within 30 minutes either in a –70 C ethanol bath or –85 C freezer; 3) rapid thawing (1 ½ hour or less) in a 4 C circulating water bath; 4) centrifugation at 4,500 × g for 10 minutes at 4 C followed by draining of the supernatant in a 4 C cold room; 5) storage of the precipitate at –20 C until ready for use; 6) thawing in a 37 C water bath for at least 15 minutes followed by addition of 20 ml of 0.15 M saline for a 20 minute period at room temperature, and gentle mixing before pooling units for transfusion.

The recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate appears to be limited to about 65 per cent by its solubility in plasma at 4 C. Therefore, further effort to increase the amount available for treatment should involve improving the supply of plasma for its preparation and decreasing the cost of processing.
Cryoprecipitates as a Source of Fibrinogen in Treatment of Disseminated Introvascular Coagulation (DIC)
Authors: Hattersley P. G. , Kunkel M.
Published: December 2004

Cryoprecipitates, in addition to containing factor VIII, contain about one third of the fibrinogen in the plasma from which they were derived. This fibrinogen is functional, as established by successfully preparing two congenital hypofibrinogenemics for major surgery by infusing cryoprecipitates. Cryoprecipitates and platelet concentrates are also used for patients with low levels caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We feel that these patients benefit not only from the factor VIII in the cryoprecipitates, but from the fibrinogen, which adds its support to the fibrinogen in platelet infusions, plasma, and whole blood. Such support makes it possible to heparinize such patients more heavily than would be safe without such preparation. The authors report three patients with severe and life‐endangering DIC who were heavily heparinized, and supported with cryoprecipitates, as well as other blood fractions. Response to this therapy was excellent.
The Purification of Red Cells for Transfusion by Freeze‐Preservation and Washing V. Red Cell Recovery and Residual Leukocytes after Freeze‐Preservation with High Concentrations of Glycerol and Washing in Various Systems
Authors: Crowley J. P. , Wade P. H. , Wish C. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

Red blood cells freeze‐preserved with 40% W/V glycerol in an ionic or low ionic medium at −80C were washed in one of four commercially available systems: the Haemonetics Blood Processor 15 using a continuous‐flow centrifugation procedure, the Fenwal Elutramatic using a continuous‐flow centrifugation procedure, the IBM Blood Processor using an automated serial centrifugation procedure, and the Huggins Cytoglomerator using a dilution/agglomeration procedure. Determinations of red blood cell recovery and leukocyte and platelet removal were made for each of these groups. The dilution/agglomeration procedure produced lower red blood cell recovery values and poorer leukocyte and platelet removal than did any of the three wash systems using sodium chloride solutions. The values obtained with the systems using sodium chloride solutions were slightly but significantly different.
Rapid in Vivo Destruction of Yt(a+) Erythrocytes in a Recipient with Anti‐Yta
Authors: Ballas S. K. , Sherwood W. C.
Published: December 2004

A patient with anti‐Cartwright (anti‐Yta) is reported. Immunohematologic studies showed this antibody to be an IgG immunoglobulin that does not bind complement. A 51Cr red blood cell survival study resulted in a greatly reduced half‐life of less than six hours of Yt(a+) cells. The antibody titer increased threefold after the red blood cell survival study. Determination of red cell survival is indicated when crossmatch‐incompatible blood transfusion is considered.
Viability and Function of Platelets Frozen at 2 to 3C per Minute with 4 or 5 Per Cent DMSO and Stored at −80C for 8 Months
Authors: Spector J. I. , Yarmala J. A. , Marchionni L. D. , Emerson C. P. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

Each of 15 healthy male volunteers was treated with 650 mg of aspirin 24 hours before the autologous transfusion of one unit of freeze‐preserved platelets. Freeze‐thaw‐wash recovery values in vitro, viability and function in vivo, and the bleeding time and platelet aggregation response were measured. The platelets were frozen with 4 or 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at −80 C in a mechanical freezer for up to eight months. They were washed by dilution/centrifugation.

The mean recovery in vitro of platelets frozen with 4 per cent DMSO was 76 ± 16 per cent; the value was 64 ± 16 per cent for platelets frozen with 5 per cent DMSO. The mean in vivo 51Cr recovery of autologous platelets frozen with 4 per cent DMSO was 34 ± 6 per cent, and for platelets frozen with S per cent DMSO it was 33 ± 7 per cent. In both groups the platelet lifespan was normal. There was a significant reduction in bleeding time after the transfusion of a single unit of autologous platelets preserved with either 4 or 5 per cent DMSO, but no improvement in the aspirin‐induced platelet aggregation pattern.
The type and screen: a safe alternative and supplement in selected surgical procedures
Authors: Boral LI , Henry JB
Published: December 2004

For the year 1975, we examined 12,848 blood specimens using the type and screen as well as the crossmatch and detected 283 antibodies in 247 patients. Our screening reagent red blood cells were able to detect 96.11 per cent of these antibodies. If the antigen frequencies corresponding to those antibodies not detectable by our screening reagent red blood cells are taken into consideration. i.e., the incompatibility frequencies, the type and screen can be shown to be 99.99 per cent effective in preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. Therefore, we believe that the type and screen may be safey substituted for the routine two‐unit crossmatch in those operative procedures usually not requiring transfusions. Adoption of this approach would reduce patient charges, provide for more efficient distribution of our limited blood supplies, and allow for more effective utilization of blood‐bank technologist time.
Plasma exchange for cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia
Authors: Taft Edwin G. , Propp Richard P. , Sullivan Susan A.
Published: December 2004

Two patients with advanced lymphoma, chronic cold agglutinin disease refractory to conventional therapy and severe, progressive anemia were treated with exchange plasma transfusion. Both experienced significant reduction in titers. The first patient, in whom the procedure was done manually, died with widespread lymphoma without achieving apparent clinical benefit. The second patient was exchanged using the Aminco Celltrifuge, with improvement in in vitro compatibility tests and transfusion tolerance. The technical details of continuous‐flow centrifugation exchange plasma transfusion are described.
Oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reactions in platelets freeze‐preserved with dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Spector J. I. , Skrabut E. M. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

Platelets were frozen with 4% or 5% DMSO at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at −80 C for as long as 10 months. They were washed with DMSO‐plasma and acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD) solutions and were stored in 30 ml of autologous plasma at room temperature for about three hours before transfusion. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reaction, platelet factor‐ 3 and‐4 activities, and platelet response to hypotonic stress. Platelet basal and latex stimulated oxygen consumption were found to be significantly impaired; platelet aggregation response to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were decreased; platelet ATP and ADP content and release reactions were decreased; platelet antiheparin activity (platelet factor‐4 level) was decreased; and the platelet response to hypotonic stress was impaired. What the results of these in vitro tests mean in relation to in vivo survival and hemostatic function of preserved platelets was not established.
Blood storage XXIII: 2,3‐DPG maintenance for six weeks in a CPD‐adenine‐ inosine preservative with and without methylene blue
Authors: Dawson R. B.
Published: December 2004

In a pilot study the optimal concentration of inosine for 2,3‐DPG maintenance in a CPD‐adenine (0.25 mM) preservative was confirmed to be at lease 10 mM. In these experiments, 2,3‐DPG maintenance was nearly normal for six weeks of storage in CPD‐adenine‐inosine (10 mM) preservative with or without methylene blue. The control preservative lacking inosine showed a statistically significant decrease in 2,3‐DPG concentrations after the 3rd week. Finally, 2,3‐DPG levels were significantly better maintained in CPD‐adenine preservatives that contained 15 mM concentrations of inosine, whether methylene blue was present or not (10(‐6)M), compared to CPD‐adenine‐inosine preservatives that contained 5 mM inosine, with or without methylene blue. The methylene blue effect, while it can be demonstrated in most experiments to help the red blood cell maintain 2,3‐DPG during prolonged blood storage, is judges to be a slight value. However, inosine is of great value in maintaining 2,3‐DPG for prolonged (five to six weeks) liquid storage.
Blood storage XXIV: red blood cell 2,3‐DPG and ATP maintenance for six weeks in CPD‐adenine with higher phosphate, pyruvate, and dihydroxyacetone
Authors: Dawson R. B.
Published: December 2004

The individual and collective effects of various phosphate, pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone concentrations on 2,3‐DPG and ATP maintenance during blood storage with CPD‐adenine (0.25 mM), were studied. Phosphate concentrations ranged from 2 to 100 mM. Low concentations were best for 2,3‐DPG maintenance during the first three weeks, after which there was no difference. ATP concentrations were better maintained by the highest phosphate concentrations in the first week. After the second week the lower concentrations of phosphate were better. With pyruvate 40 and 60 mM were the best for 2,3‐DPG levels through six weeks of storage. ATP concentrations were poorest with high pyruvate. Maintenance of 2,3‐DPG was above half normal for six weeks of storage in the 60, 80 and 100 mM DHA preservatives. ATP concentrations were best maintained in the preservative lacking DHA. Combinations of phosphate, pyruvate and DHA in concentrations which had been found to be effective when used individually were studied. Best maintenance of 2,3‐DPG (above half normal levels) for six weeks was afforded by pyruvate, phosphate and DHA, and by pyruvate and DHA. ATP maintenance was best afforded by CPD‐adenine alone and CPD‐adenine with pyruvate and phosphate. Pyruvate alone maintained ATP less well and the pyruvate‐ DHA was worst. Intermediate in maintenance of ATP was the preservative containing pyruvate, phosphate and DHA.
Unacceptable variability of hemoglobin estimation on samples obtained from ear punctures
Authors: Coburn Timothy , Miller William V. , Parrill Walter D.
Published: December 2004

Sampling techniques were studied for the determination of the hemoglobin in volunteer blood donors. First, finger, ear, and venous samples were collected from 50 volunteers. Then five volunteers were monitored for a three‐day period and finger, ear, and venous samples were collected daily. Thirdly, microhematocrits were done on the postdonation EDTA samples of 500 donors who had been screened using ear puncture copper sulfate hemoglobin estimations. Fourth, 25,437 donations were followed up to see whether capillary sampling techniques affected the rate of donor deferral. And finally, the ear sampling technique was varied using vigorous rubbing and manipulation to see if there was abnormal circulation that would affect the hematocrit results from capillary blood from the ear. We found that the microhematocrits averaged 7 per cent higher from blood obtained from ear puncture than from either finger puncture or venous puncture. Microhematocrits obtained from blood obtained by ear puncture were less accurate and less precise than blood from finger punctures. Finger puncture samples exclude approximately 6 per cent more donors than does blood from ear punctures.
Failure of Postfiltration Leukapheresis Plasma to Increase Granulocyte Yields
Authors: Schiffer C. A. , Aisner J.
Published: December 2004

Autologous plasma collected either during or Immediately after continuous flow filtration leukapheresis (CFFL) was infused prior to subsequent donations in ah attempt to induce granulocytosis and to augment granulocyte yields. Granulocytosis did not occur in the 15 to 20 minutes following plasma administration and no increase in granulocyte yields could be demonstrated. In addition, the plasma infusion did not affect the timing or magnitude of the transient granulocytopenia which characteristically occurs during CFFL. Although infusion of postfiltration leukapheresis plasma does not appear to be a feasible or practical means of enhancing granulocyte collection, it may still serve as a valuable tool in the study of granulocyte kinetics.
Discontinuous Flow Centrifugation Leukapheresis and Neutrophil Function
Authors: Glasser L.
Published: December 2004

Neutrophils collected by discontinuous flow centrifugation using hydroxyethyl starch were evaluated. Morphology was studied by light and electron microscopy. Functional integrity was assessed by measuring viability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing power. The harvested granulocytes were morphologically normal and showed no functional impairment.
Partial Plasma Exchange, an Adjunct in Therapy to Complex Clinical Problems
Authors: Laningham J. E. T.
Published: December 2004

The use of therapeutic partial plasma exchange (PPE) is reviewed as an adjunct in the treatment of certain complex clinical problems. The procedure is performed with a Model 30 Haemonetics Blood Cell Separator in which the patient's plasma is partially exchanged with fresh frozen plasma, fresh frozen plasma with cryoprecipitate removed or with plasma protein fraction. The present study describes the use of PPE on 12 patients within the last IS months as a means of altering the plasma proteins to achieve certain therapeutic goals. The study consists of six procoagulant deficient patients (five congenital and one acquired) in which five of the six patients responded by reflecting a satisfactory rise in the plasma procoagulant level following the procedure, resulting in cessation of bleeding. The sixth patient was thought to have had a procoagulant inhibitor, thus the procoagulant level was changed only minimally. The remaining six patients (live with hyperviscosity syndrome and one with platelet antibody) responded only to the degree of the intensiveness of the PPE procedure. More aggressive, repeated PPE and/or plasmapheresis are needed if the clinical objective is to decrease the plasma viscosity or to lower a humoral antibody within the patient's plasma.
Total and Partial Blood Exchange in the Rat with Hemoglobin Prepared by Crystallization
Authors: Venuto F. De , Moores W. Y. , Zegna A. I. , Zuck T. F.
Published: December 2004

Hemoglogin, prepared by crystallization, has been used as a blood substitute in total (91 to 93%) and partial (70 to 76%) blood replacement studies. Exchange transfusions have been carried out in laboratory animals to a total blood replacement of 91 to 93 per cent with hemoglobin or with albumin solutions. When albumin was used, all animals died at approximately ten minutes after transfusion was completed, whereas all animals transfused with hemoglobin survived for five hours and displayed normal activity during this time. In these studies the plasma half‐disappearance time of hemoglobin was 3.5 hours and body distribution of 51Cr‐labeled hemoglobin, as a percentage of initial levels, has shown six per cent in the kidney, six per cent in the liver, 10.5 per cent in the marrow and 13 to 14 per cent in the urine at three hours after transfusion.

Survival was obtained with all animals transfused with hemoglobin or albumin solutions to a partial blood replacement of 70 to 76 per cent. However, the oxygen capacity of the circulating fluid in the hemoglobin transfused animals was about three times greater than that found in the corresponding albumin‐transfused controls. Values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and P50 returned to normal pretransfusion levels within five to seven days.
Cost Effectiveness of Use of Frozen Blood to Alleviate Blood Shortages
Authors: Cumming P. D. , Kendall K. E. , Pegels C. C. , Seagle J. P.
Published: December 2004

Human blood shortages are a perennial problem because of the relatively short life span (21 days) of stored blood and the traditional shortage periods during summer vacation months and other vacation periods. This study evalutes the use of frozen blood during these traditional shortage periods. An empirically‐based simulation model is used. During periods of excess supply surplus blood is frozen and during shortage periods frozen blood is thawed and used as a substitute for stored blood. The results of the study indicate that the use of frozen blood during shortage periods alleviates shortages but at a high cost. Improved blood collection scheduling management and promotion will attain the same results at a lower cost.
Adult Outpatient Transfusion Clinic in a Hospital‐Based Blood Bank
Authors: Boral L. I. , Crowley K. M. , Henry J. B.
Published: December 2004

Eighty‐one patients have been followed in our ambulatory transfusion clinic for a total of 176 patient vists. They received phlebotomies, plasmapheresis, and transfusions of erythrocytes and platelets. Minor reactions (febrile reactions, transient hypotension, and urticaria) occurred in only six patients. The advantages of a transfusion service conducted by blood bank professional and technical staff are numerous. The nurse/patient ratio is low enough so that the patient can receive individualized attention including virtually constant vigilance. The laboratory staff and pathologist become familiar with the therapeutic management of patients who may potentially place great stress on the laboratory. The transfusion clinic also provides an opportunity for the pathologist to gain further experience and to train others as transfusion therapists, a role which he is often asked to assume when a transfusion reaction occurs. The gain for the outpatient clinic and emergency room is that they can function more efficiently when more rooms are available for patients who have a faster turnover time.
Synthesis of ITP and ATP and Regeneration of 2,3‐DPG in Human Erythrocytes Incubated with Adenosine, Pyruvate, and Inorganic Phosphate
Authors: Zachara B.
Published: December 2004

In the stored, 2,3‐DPG depleted human erythrocytes incubated for four hours in a medium containing adenosine (10 mM), pyruvate (10 mM), and inorganic phosphate (50 mM) the regeneration of 2,3‐DPG reached the value of five times higher than the physiological concentration and the ATP synthesis exceeded four times the physiological level. It has been also found that these erythrocytes are able to synthesize hypoxanthine nucleotides, namely IMP to 58 and ITP to 61 μmoles per 100 ml of erythrocytes.
Motivation of Plateletpheresis Donors
Authors: Szymanski L. S. , Cushna B. , Jackson B. C. H. , Szymanski I. O.
Published: December 2004

Twenty randomly chosen voluntary plateletpheresis donors were interviewed in depth. Information on their family histories, past histories, present psychosocial adjustment, and history of blood donation was elicited. Most donors had a high level of commitment and drive to achieve, frequently related to low self‐image dating from childhood. The act of platelet donation had several important meanings for the subjects. It improved their self‐esteem, making them feel more worthy and responsible persons. It provided them with an opportunity to establish relationships with others. The data obtained in this survey suggest that the altruistic behavior of the voluntary donors should be seen both as an act of giving and also one of receiving emotional gratification which fulfills one's important psychological needs. Utilization of these data in recruitment of plateletpheresis donors is suggested.
A Study on the Erythrocyte Aggregating Properties of Polybrene and Protamine Sulphate
Authors: Inglis G. , Sheridan R.
Published: December 2004

By observing the aggregation of erythrocytes in protamine sulphate or Polybrene it is possible to predict MN phenotypes with 97 per cent accuracy. It is probable that one factor influencing aggregation is the relative site density of a receptor common to both M and N antigen structures although other nondiscriminating receptor sites on a lower layer of sialic acid are possibly also involved.
Variation in Gamma Counter Efficiency Used in Radioimmunoassay Testing for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Bales Z. B. , Patterson J. F. , Hoofnagle J. H. , Seeff L. B.
Published: December 2004

Occasional discordant results on testing samples by radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody led to this analysis of gamma counters used by different hospitals and testing laboratories. Eight dilutions of purified 125I were sent under code to 11 institutions doing radioimmunoassay testing. Results demonstrated a wide range in background counts‐per‐minute (cpm) as well as considerable variation between gamma counters in per cent counting efficiency for 125I (ranging from 20 to 48%.) These data support the need for regular monitoring and calibration of gamma counters to ensure low background cpm as well as maximum counting efficiency. This will give reproducible and reliable results in radioimmunoassay testing.
The Risk of Abbreviating the Major Crossmatch in Urgent or Massive Transfusion
Authors: Oberman H. A. , Barnes B. A. , Friedman B. A.
Published: December 2004

The risk of abbreviating the major crossmatch in urgent situations by issuing blood after an “immediate spin” phase was evaluated by a retrospective study of 82,647 crossmatches performed on serum from approximately 13,950 patients. Although the initial screening test for unexpected antibodies for all patients failed to show agglutination or hemolysis of the reagent red blood cells, agglutination was subsequently noted during at least one crossmatch performed for 148 of them. Further evaluation of these patients' serums indicated that most positive reactions were due to weakly reactive low thermal amplitude antibodies. Eight of the incompatible crossmatches were related to antibodies in the Kell, Kidd or Rh systems, and a ninth antibody, anti‐E, was identified through subsequent evaluation of a cold antibody‐induced crossmatch incompatibility. Issuance of blood in urgent situations after an “immediate spin” phase of the crossmatch, for patients whose red blood cells have been typed, and whose serums have been screened for unexpected antibodies, has a low level of risk.
Statistical Effects of Varying Blood Life Span from 14 to 28 Days
Authors: Pegels C. C.
Published: December 2004

Human blood can be stored in the liquid state for only 21 days. Although the 21‐day limit appears to have been somewhat arbitrarily set, there is general agreement that quality of blood, especially the red blood cells' oxygen carrying ability and viability declines with age. Lengthening the shelf life could help in reducing out‐dating and shortages. Shortening the shelf life, on the other hand, would make it even more difficult to supply blood needs. This paper studies the effect of varying the blood's life span from 14 to 28 days using a simulation model and collections and utilization data from an actual blood region.
An Anti‐B Reagent Prepared from the α‐D‐Galactopyranosyl‐Binding Isolectins from Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Seeds
Authors: Judd W. J. , Murphy L. A. , Goldstein I. J. , Campbell L. , Nichols M. E.
Published: December 2004

A method for the large scale preparation of the α‐D‐galactosyl binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds using an absorbent prepared by linking D‐galactosamine to CH‐Sepharose is described. The addition of N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine (GalNAc) to these isolectins produced an anti‐B reagent (BS I + GalNAc anti‐B). Although BS I + GalNAc anti‐B readily agglutinated red blood cells from the majority of group B and AB donor and patient blood samples tested, it reacted weakly with group B and AB cord red blood cells and failed to agglutinate five of 100 group AB donor blood samples when tested by an automated technique. The reagent did not agglutinate the red blood cells from seven acquired‐B red blood cell samples and was strongly reactive with Tn‐poly‐agglutinable red blood cells. These findings indicate that this lectin anti‐B preparation may be of more value in investigative immunohematology, rather than as an alternative to human group A serum as a source of anti‐B for blood‐typing purposes. The results of tests on Tn‐polyagglutinable red blood cells with BS I + GalNAc anti‐B and the purified isolectins BS I(A4) and BS I(B4) are also presented, and discussed in relation to current concepts on the structure of the Tn receptor.
Regional Blood Center Automation
Authors: Brodheim E.
Published: December 2004

The operation of an automated regional blood center is outlined. The basic approaches used to achieve economical automation that is compatible with existing manual protocols are described. Finally, the role of centralized, automated blood typing is discussed in the context of the operations of The Greater New York Blood Program which involves a central Groupamatic blood typing facility serving four blood centers.
Blood Preservation XXVII. Fructose and Mannose Maintain ATP and 2,3‐DPG
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Levine Z. , Zuck T. , Hershey R. T. , Myers C.
Published: December 2004

Mannose and fructose as well as glucose have been shown to be effective for maintaining ATP and thus viability of stored red blood cells. Normal 2,3‐DPG levels are desirable in stored red blood cells to provide the needed oxygen transport upon transfusion. ATP levels in stored concentrated red blood cells in the new preservative, CPD‐adenine (citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine) become critically low in the 5th week. In this study two hexoses and two pentoses are compared with dextrose in their ability to maintain ATP and 2,3‐DPG. ATP levels were best maintained by fructose, then dextrose and mannose. ATP levels had fallen to critically low levels by four weeks with ribose and xylose. Red blood cell 2,3‐DPG concentrations were also maintained by hexoses, with mannose being best, dextrose and fructose being similar. When ribose was used in addition to dextrose in CPD‐adenine, ATP maintenance was improved and under the same conditions xylose improved 2,3‐DPG maintenance. Fructose and mannose may be as useful as dextrose in citrate‐phosphate preservatives for maintaining ATP and 2,3‐DPG levels. Also, ribose and xylose may help the maintenance of ATP and 2,3‐DPG, respectively, in CPD‐adenine.