bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHILDCARE COMING OF AGE?
Authors: Landers Peter
Published: May 2006

The demand for childcare greatly outstrips
the supply. If more women are to be
encouraged to fill the predicted labour
shortage, more facilities will have to be
provided. Childcare is expensive and many
parents will not be able to afford its full
cost. Even if companies provide more
assistance it is unlikely that the supply of
facilities will increase fast enough without
Government assistance. A childcare allowance
is suggested by the author as a way of
ensuring an expansion of provision which is
within the budget of more women.
WHAT PRICE FREEDOM?
Authors: Beck Jane
Published: May 2006

The collective consciousness of women
regarding the feminine mystique, which
restricted them to the roles of wife and
mother, and the desire to develop themselves
as full human beings was aroused, amongst
other stimuli, by the writings of Betty
Friedar and Germaine Greer. Since then,
there have been developments and initiatives
to enable women to have a kind of equality
with men in many areas. Some inducements
for attracting and retaining women workers,
specifically mothers, are discussed and some
ways in which government and employers can
help to achieve true equality of opportunity
are suggested.
RECOGNISING THE SKILLS AND POTENTIAL OF WOMEN RETURNERS
Authors: Sheen Angela
Published: May 2006

The nature of the available workforce will
change dramatically over the next five to ten
years, with more women being encouraged to
return to paid employment. Employers need
to examine the culture of the organisation,
adapting as necessary to ensure that human
resources are used to the best advantage.
While running a home and raising a family,
a woman will have developed organisational
and interpersonal skills which can be adapted
to the workplace. It is important that these
skills are recognised by recruiters and further
developed through training to ensure that
individuals have the opportunity to develop
their potential. Ways in which these skills can
be recognised and built upon for the benefit
of employers and returners are examined.
THE INFLUENCE OF A MANAGER’S PREGNANCY ON HIERARCHICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Corse Sara J.
Published: May 2006

A simulation of workplace conflict examined the effects of a
manager′s pregnancy on male and female subordinates. Study participants
‐ 40 women and 41 men from an MBA programme – each took part in
two ten‐minute long, interactive role plays with two women managers
(research confederates), one apparently pregnant and the other not. The
participants′ impressions of the manager were tapped using an
author‐developed questionnaire and brief interviews. Interactive data
were analysed to determine the nature of the expression of emotion and
ideas. The results show that participants had more negative impressions
of and lower satisfaction with the pregnant manager than with the
manager who was not pregnant, and initiated more social conversation
with the former than with the latter. Interview data suggest that
participants had expected the pregnant manager to be passive, nice and
giving, and were surprised by her authoritative behaviour. Implications
for pregnant managers are discussed.
WOMEN MANAGERS AND CAREER PROGRESSION: THE BRITISH
EXPERIENCE
Authors: Jackson Charles , Hirsh Wendy
Published: May 2006

Women in the UK do not achieve promotion into management as readily
as men. Their careers are slower even at early career stages. This
appears to be due to a range of factors including the concentration of
women in support functions and in specialist roles. Women may also be
less likely to put themselves forward for promotion and to suffer
discrimination through a combination of implicitly male role models,
explicitly “male” selection criteria and subjective
assessment methods. The trend towards defining management criteria more
rigorously and assessing them less subjectively may be an important step
towards promoting more women. Monitoring the retention and career
progress of female employees is still undertaken only by a small
minority of employers, and is a powerful step in the change process.
The Choice of Income Tax Progression
Authors: Creedy John
Published: May 2006

This article examines income tax progression as a mechanism for
achieving the intertemporal adjustments of earnings profiles. With a
rising income profile, the preference for progression arises from the
market (borrowing) rate of interest exceeding the rate at which the
government borrows. For a given tax burden, each individual is found to
prefer a marginal tax rate of unity, with the threshold set as high as
possible. With a common tax structure, the conditions under which all
individuals prefer progression is examined.
Foreign Technology and Customs Unions: Trade Creation and Trade Diversion
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Samanta Subarna K.
Published: May 2006

This article analyses the welfare implications of the customs
unions in the presence of multinational corporations for a less than
fully employed small open economy. The traditional two‐sector model,
with a specific factor for the multinational corporation, is employed
for this purpose. This article suggests that both trade creations I and
II improve the social welfare and employment of the small open economy
if the multinational sector is relatively capital‐intensive. However,
the welfare and the employment effects of trade diversion I are
ambiguous whereas trade diversion II affects employment level
negatively. These results are in contrast with the previous studies on
the theory of customs unions.
Impact of External Price Shocks on the Oil‐based Developing Economies
Authors: Darrat Ali F. , Osman Suliman M.
Published: May 2006

This article presents a general equilibrium model capable of
assessing the impact of foreign price shocks on the real side of the
oil‐based developing economies. The theoretical model departs from
previous work in this area at least in that (1) the model takes into
account endogenous income and price responses in all sectors of the
economy; (2) it has two traded goods (exports and imports) and a
non‐traded good; (3) it explicitly addresses the inherent open and small
economic nature of developing countries; and (4) besides adjustments in
the endogenous domestic prices, the model also allows for other
structural adjustments. As such, the model combines the neoclassical
macro theory with the structural micro approach. Empirical evidence
deduced from an important oil‐based developing economy (Saudi Arabia)
appears quite consistent with the model theoretical implications.
Deficit Monetisation, Output and Inflation in the United States, 1923‐1982
Authors: Burdekin Richard C.K. , Wohar Mark E.
Published: May 2006

The relative impacts of the monetised and non‐monetised deficit on
output and inflation in the United States are assessed using annual data
for the 1923‐1982 period. With Federal Reserve purchases of government
debt serving as a measure of monetisation, the results of Granger
causality tests suggest that for the period 1923‐1960 neither deficit
growth nor monetisation affected real GNP growth, nominal GNP growth or
inflation. For the period 1961‐1982, monetisation is found to have
fuelled inflation with no effect on real GNP. Non‐monetised deficits
provided a negative short‐run impact on the rate of inflation over this
latter period.
The Economic Emancipation of Women and the Tax System
Authors: Backhaus Jürgen
Published: May 2006

The Netherlands, Women Gives a historical perspective on the
economic position of women and the participation of women in the labour
market, starting with Mill and Taylor′s The Subjection of Women.
Reviews the current position, particularly in The Netherlands. Briefly
summarises other papers from a conference held at the University of
Limburg in February 1991. Finally, represents eight possible avenues for
future research: the impact of taxes other than income tax and of tax
deductions on women′s participation in the labour market; the effect of
temporary regulations which are never relaxed; whether or not services
relevant to the working mother should be directly connected with
employment; the effect of economic activities inside the household;
entry barriers into politics; the dysfunctional effects of Dutch tax
reforms on women′s labour participation; analysis of Dutch fiscal and
social policy from an ordo point of view; and joint analysis of
the tax and social security systems.
Emancipation, Family, Economic Order and Public Finance
Authors: Meijer Gerrit
Published: May 2006

Outlines the problem of emancipation (not only of married women) as
a problem of economic order, and the historical setting of family and
government. Discusses economics of the family, economic order and public
finance. Concludes, with special reference to The Netherlands, that
incremental improvement in individual freedom is only brought about
within the so‐called capitalist system.
The Tools for Tomorrow’s Management Development Today
Authors: Ritchie Johnston David
Published: May 2006

The shape and role of management education in the UK is currently
being debated. While the increase in the choice of courses and variety
in their mode of delivery is helpful, quantity does not necessarily
equate with quality. One institution, however, has pooled the expertise
of their faculty and field experience into resources tried and tested in
real company training situations. The International Management Centres
claims to have provided the first complete suite of resources
specifically designed for practising managers. The article considers how
the training manager can develop both generalist knowledge and specific
skills using these Action Learning Resources.
Developing Management Meta‐competence: Can Distance
Learning Help?
Authors: Linstead Stephen
Published: May 2006

The demand for management training and development is currently
shaped by a requirement for flexibility in delivery, minimising time
spent away from the workplace, and an associated demand for content
relevant to the workplace activity. Distance learning is an effective
response, but it encounters problems in terms of the learner′s
vulnerability, learning styles, structural dysfunctions, the development
of higher‐order or “meta”‐competences, and the seductiveness
of methods of introducing “reality” into events. An attempt
to address these problems is made in combining distance learning,
discovery learning, and a computer‐based simulation and some of the key
issues and problems encountered are identified.
In‐company Language Programmes: A Short Guide for Training
Managers
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: May 2006

The process of implementing a foreign language training programme
in an industrial organisation is broken down into four steps, each with
a variety of factors, after an audit has been conducted to establish
training needs. The merits and disadvantages of different types of
course are examined and the necessity of monitoring and evaluation are
indicated. The overall emphasis is on cost‐effectiveness.
Managing Networking – The Design and Dynamics of IMC
Authors: Wills Gordon
Published: May 2006

The growth and dynamics of International Management Centres between
1982‐1990 as a network of management development providers is described.
The exchange characteristics of the IMC network analysed together with a
description of its communicative and symbolic overlays.
Assessing Development Needs at Executive Level: A Case
Study
Authors: Kerr Scott
Published: May 2006

Ironically, the business challenges which require many senior
executives to develop greater personal flexibility and adaptability
often reduce the time available for personal development. An approach to
assessing executive‐level development needs, which is both time‐and
cost‐effective, is described. A framework for successful development,
the determination of company expectation, establishment of the personal
change context, auditing of personal strengths and development needs,
and a development‐planning process is outlined. A summary model of the
entire process concludes.
Towards a Model of Set Adviser Effectiveness
Authors: Donaghue Charles
Published: May 2006

A model of effective set advising is researched from a literature
review and repertory grid interviews with set advisers, and is then
tested against experience. The model framework describes the key
activities (what), the advising processes (how) and the purposes and
motives (why). The dimensions of adviser interventions are also
identified as content, process, feelings and administration. Total
contingency theories are challenged and behavioural and conceptual tools
are developed by which advisers can be coached and developed over the
dynamic life cycle of the set. This model can help adviser and sets to
understand and negotiate their respective roles to achieve the specific
goals of the group.
The Learning Experience
Authors: Burrows Glen
Published: May 2006

The European Commission has initiated a
number of educational programmes which
attempt to stimulate industrial education and
training in order that Europe will be able to
retain its economic and industrial power, and
competitivness. The role of several
companies, particularly IBM, in working
with the European Commission on these
programmes is described, together with the
aims of some of these joint projects.
Enterprise in Higher Education: Some Reflections on the First Two Years
Authors: McCormick David
Published: May 2006

Some of the relevant issues and the lessons learned by one academic
institution, Manchester Polytechnic, in response to its involvement with
the Enterprise in Higher Education Initiative are described.
Training and Enterprise Councils
Authors: Churchill Phil
Published: May 2006

The Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) initiative is the most
recent in a series of attempts to improve training and stimulate a
change in attitudes. There is an emphasis on local people meeting local
needs. The details and operation of the scheme are described and
assessment made of TECs′ successes to date.
Numeracy in a University and Beyond
Authors: Cornelius Michael
Published: May 2006

Students in higher education, although usually qualified in
mathematics, often have numeracy problems. Such problems frequently
appear when undergraduates face numeracy tests as they seek employment.
This article discusses the setting up of a numeracy project in a
university and considers possible areas of research which might be
pursued.
Customer Service Effect in Parts Distribution System Design
Authors: Kumar Sameer , Arora Sant
Published: May 2006

A mixed two‐level system is considered for parts
distribution. Three approaches are studied for the
division of the total item set S into subsets S⊂1 and
S⊂2. The subset S⊂1 includes items directly served
by the company to the end‐users and subset S⊂2
includes items served through dealers. These
approaches are dealer item‐based, company item‐based
and system‐based.
The systems approach is compared with the two
item‐based approaches from the dealer′s and
company′s point of view. A market sensitivity
model is developed in the systems approach,
which considers the effect of customer service
(primarily average delivery time and number of
items in set S⊂2) on the captured market share.
Optimisation of total expected profit, based on a
system′s approach, leads to higher profit levels
and to a larger subset S⊂2 than obtained from the
two item‐based approaches.
Just‐in‐Time Concepts: Applicability to Logistics/Transportation
Authors: Daugherty Patricia J. , Spencer Michael S.
Published: May 2006

Successful manufacturing applications of the Just‐in‐time
(JIT) management philosophy have been
well documented in the literature. Utilisation of
JIT techniques within manufacturing offers the
potential for significant operational improvements
beyond inventory reduction. JIT‐related
improvements include increases in quality,
improved employee productivity, decreases in
stockouts, and reductions in customer response
time. Relatively little research has focused on the
transferability of JIT concepts to other functional
areas. The article explores the application of JIT
concepts to a specific logistics function – transportation.
Although review of the literature
suggests that JIT systems significantly impact on
the transportation function, no methodology was
identified for incorporating the just‐in‐time
philosophy within a transportation firm in a totally
integrated manner. Therefore, two models are
proposed illustrating the authors′ conceptualisation
of the phased development and
implementation of JIT.
Inventory Management Strategy: Malaysia Airlines 1989‐1993
Authors: bin Mohammed Zain Samsudin
Published: May 2006

The management of materials to support aircraft
maintenance is studied. In a situation where the
safety stock is determined using a rule of thumb
that does not differentiate the demand variation,
the problem of low service level of expendables
cannot be solved unless this rule is changed. A
new guide for safety stock, taking demand pattern
into consideration, is introduced. In addition, more
reordering of low cost items is automated to ease
slightly the high manpower utilisation, and put
more effort where it counts most – monitoring
and expediting high cost items. Other problems
are related to loss and repair cost of the repairable
items.
The Transport‐choice Decision Process: The Potential, Methodology and Applications of Script‐theoretic Modelling
Authors: Mohan Pisharodi R.
Published: May 2006

Past efforts to model freight transport‐choice decision making as a
behavioural process have resulted in the development of models which may
not reflect the actual steps, activities, decision rules, and
interactions in the typical freight transport‐choice decision process in
the detail needed for various applications. Script‐theoretic research,
which is based on the modelling of sequential activities, is proposed as
an alternative approach for the study of this process. The methodology
for empirical investigations and practical applications of
script‐theoretic research is discussed.
The Impact of Information Technology on Logistics
Authors: Introna Lucas D.
Published: May 2006

The purpose is to indicate the potential impact, be it positive or
negative, of information technology on the effective management of the
logistics function. This is achieved by defining the concepts of
logistics, management, information and technology to create a base of
understanding. A framework is then suggested to guide the integration of
information technology effectively into the logistic function. In
conclusion the important aspect of building commitment as a key success
factor in the effective management of information technology in
logistics is examined.
Using Salespeople to Collect Customer Service Information
Authors: Sharma Arun , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: May 2006

Logistics managers need to collect timely and accurate data on
customers′ needs, as well as customer perceptions of the firm′s and
competitors′ performance levels. Today, a large number of companies
collect this from their salesforce – a good, inexpensive and
timely source of customer and competitive information but caution is
needed since a majority of salespeople are inaccurate. Reviews the
conceptual issues associated with using the salesforce to collect
information and reports results of an empirical study which examined the
accuracy of salesforce information.
The State of Quality in Logistics
Authors: Read William F. , Miller Mark S.
Published: May 2006

Examines in great detail how underspread quality initiatives are in
Europe and the USA, how logistics quality programmes are structured and
to what results they are leading, and reports on a staged questionnaire
survey in 1990/91.
The Colours and Dresses of Racism in America
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: May 2006

The monograph argues that American racism has two colours (white and black), not one; and that each racism dresses itself not in one clothing, but in four: (1) “Minimal” negative, when one race considers another race inferior to itself in degree, but not in nature; (2) “Maximal” negative, when one race regards another as inherently inferior; (3) “Minimal” positive, when one race elevates another race to a superior status in degree, but not in nature; and (4) “Maximal” positive, when one race believes that the other race is genetically superior. The monograph maintains that the needs of capitalism created black slavery; that black slavery produced white racism as a justification for black slavery; and that black racism is a backlash of white racism. The monograph concludes that the abolition of black slavery and the civil rights movement destroyed the social and political ground for white and black racism, while the modern development of capitalism is demolishing their economic and intellectual ground.
Economic Development and All That
Authors: Thanawala Kishor
Published: May 2006

Economic development, as contrasted from “growth” (in
the sense of increase in GNP) has been a subject of interest for less
than 50 years. Divergent, perhaps even conflicting views, are expressed
on the question of what constitutes, or should constitute, the
end‐product of economic development. The article discusses some of the
issues relevant to this debate.
A Christian Commentary on LDC Debt
Authors: McKee Arnold
Published: May 2006

The total of foreign debt of less developed countries (LDCs) is so
great that only a modest part of the interest and principal due is ever
likely to be paid. The dilemma of the situation is that further capital
inflow is necessary for growth and poverty relief, but is unlikely to be
granted because of non‐servicing of existing debt and governmental
instability within the LDCs. Christian commentary on LDC debt is so
often simplistic, condemning lenders and urging forgiveness of principal
due and interest, write‐downs of loans and lower interest rates. In
addition to the moral and humanitarian issues raised, due weight should
be given to financial and economic analysis. A statement issued by the
Political Commission for Justice and Peace provides a model of Christian
comment on the eventual solution of the debt crisis, outlining ethical
principles concerning the assistance wealthier countries should extend
to LDCs, disclaiming technical recommendations as the Church′s role, and
calling upon industrialised countries to draw up fresh plans for
co‐ordinated assistance for LDCs, while stressing that the latter should
put their houses in order.
Risk, Uncertainty and Expectation in Talmudic Literature
Authors: Ohrenstein Roman A. , Gordon Barry
Published: May 2006

In any environment which allows for individual and group
enterprise, some degree of risk as well as elements of uncertainty and
expectation will be features of virtually every human endeavour. These
three decision‐making categories are especially relevant where business
enterprise is concerned. In modern economics those concepts have been
subject to rigorous theoretical scrutiny as well as empirical
investigation of their incidence and relevance in economic life.
Analysis of risk, uncertainty and expectations is also a feature of
Talmudic literature; this is explored in the light of modern economics.
First, the Talmudic scholars showed considerable sophistication
regarding the “risk” factor, called Zeyoona, as it
is interrelated with the business phenomena of “profit” and
“loss”. Second, their analysis of “uncertainty”
displays an amazing degree of modernity in their approach to computation
of uncertainties as well as in the methodology. Finally, there are
points of contact between rational expectations theory and certain
Talmudic emphasis in dealing with economic behaviour: management of the
future through rational forecasting and awareness of the role of
information in the formation of expectations.
The Making of the 1930s Generation of Eminent Economists
Authors: Szenberg Michael , Lee Eric Y.
Published: May 2006

Discussion of scientific progress in science philosophy texts
suggests that aggressiveness and selfishness on the part of scientists
is associated with high productivity. It is argued that the behaviour
that appears to be the most improper actually facilitates the manifest
goals of science. This article shows that the making of the 1930s
generation of a sample of eminent economists was shaped by a high sense
of co‐operation; continuing collaborative contact in the form of dual
authorships of books and articles, joint teaching assignments, and
review and support of each other′s writings, but very little of the
intensive, relentless competition one finds among natural scientists.
The difference stems not so much from the fact that economics is a soft
science, but rather from the degree of maturity of the discipline. The
1930s generation of economists was fortunate to enter the field at a
time when it was ready for its take off.
Further Reflections on Human‐nature Assumptions in Economics — Part II: From Homo Oeconomicus Honorabilis to Homo Oeconomus, the Good Steward
Authors: Nitsch Thomas O.
Published: May 2006

Misbegotten, misnamed, antisocial homo oeconomicus is now
contrasted with the more human personae of homo oeconomicus
honorabilis, the “open”/ “Semi‐economic Man”
of Pantaleoni and Marshall, the still arcane homo oeconomicus
humanus of Nitsch and Malina, and (most recently) the positivistic
(neo‐) homo socio‐economicus of Etzioni et al., which
‐‐in turn – harks back to Smith′s Theory of 1759‐90.
Showing the essential identity of modern economics and Aristotle′s oikonomikē, and recognising the ozone layer as pre‐eminent
among once‐free but now very scarce resources (chrēmata
) that have to be utilised efficiently and administered prudently, the
author joins forces with Herman Daly et al. in proposing an
Aristotelian/Biblical homo oeconomus as a “Good
Steward” in the spirit of Frigerio′s L′Economo Prudente
(1629) and qualitative improvement over the being who has masqueraded as
homo oeconomicus. Uniting this prudent conservator and caretaker
of our natural endowment with “Homo Faber, the
Subject‐creator of Social Economy” of an earlier work yields the
antithesis of the veritable homo oeconomicus impudens of
Classical‐Neoclassical infamy.
Exposure to Repetitive Computer‐based Work
Authors: Davis Ann , Cox Tom , Beale Diane
Published: May 2006

The implementation of new technology in the workplace has produced
some negative responses from employers. Two field surveys investigating
the prevalence of repetitive VDU work in the UK are discussed and
responses from four categories of workers – data entry operators,
administrators, programmers and supervisors – are analysed.
Critical psychological variables show that in all cases data entry
operators gave more extreme (worse) responses than any other group. It
is concluded that there appears to be widespread evidence of more
routine menial tasks having been created as a result of the introduction
of new technology. Guidelines regarding the use of VDUs, especially over
protracted periods, are advocated, with the introduction of timely rest
breaks.
Marketing and Libraries
Authors: Shuter Janet
Published: May 2006

At a time when librarians are faced with greater and more diverse
community needs, coupled with changes in technology and available
resources, the development of a marketing approach should result in
increased objectivity and responsiveness to individual needs. Marketing
techniques are examined which should help librarians avoid the usual
pitfalls and rescue difficult situations.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR LIBRARY MANAGEMENT IN GHANA
Authors: Anaba Alemna A.
Published: May 2006

The importance of good management in information organisations is
discussed, together with the need for management education for
information professionals. Using the situation in Ghana as an example,
the types of education being offered in both the library school and
other continuing education programmes are explored. An examination is
made of the weaknesses of the programme as well as future trends. It is
concluded that, although the teaching of management is important in
African library schools, every effort should be made to ensure that the
academic levels and local situations are taken into account when
planning management education programmes.
Management Skills and Knowledge: A Case Example from the
Construction Industry
Authors: Young Barbara A.
Published: May 2006

Construction managers′ perceived importance regarding their present
and future skills and knowledge are presented. It is demonstrated that
there is overall agreement among junior, middle and senior managers as
to their skills and knowledge needs, now and for the future. Skills and
knowledge in organisation, human relations, communication, personnel
management and operational planning are most important in the practice
of construction management. Few changes are anticipated in the 1990s
which will significantly alter the role of the construction manager. As
international markets deregulate post‐1992, communication and computer
technology will become increasingly important. It is recommended that
educationalists respond to the needs of construction managers by
providing courses that reflect current and future trends.
The Lessons of Looking Glass: Management Simulations and
the Real World of Action
Authors: Van Velsor Ellen , Ruderman Marian , Dianne Phillips A.
Published: May 2006

What people learn during a widely used management simulation is
considered. The learning data are used to examine the value of
behavioural simulation, by comparing what managers report learning to
data on behaviours found essential to effectiveness on the job.
New Product Development: Organisation and Current Practice
Authors: Barclay Ian , Benson Mark
Published: May 2006

The results of a three‐year research programme into the current
practice and organisation of new product development are described. The
results of a major survey of some 150 companies, in which the McKinsey
7S model was used to provide a structured analysis of all aspects of new
product development are detailed. Clear trends and changes were defined,
and were supported by detailed structured interviews.
Reasons for Changing Jobs within a Career Structure
Authors: Young Barbara A.
Published: May 2006

Organisations are very much aware of the
importance in retaining their professional, key
personnel. An appreciation of the motives that
activate and sustain employees′ behaviour is
paramount in career management. The findings
of a survey which analysed the career
development of construction managers are
reported. The evidence suggests that the reasons
for changing jobs vary dependent upon the
individual′s occupational background and level in
the management hierarchy.
Navigating the Merger Transition
Authors: Brousseau Kenneth R.
Published: May 2006

Mergers have become a fact of life for worldwide business. Some
mergers have not been successful, either financially or in human costs.
Some employees′ attitudes to mergers are described and some solutions to
adapting and coping with mergers are presented.
A Longitudinal Field Study of the Intervention Process
Using Archival Measures of Employee Absenteeism and Turnover
Authors: Pondy Louis R. , Pate Larry E.
Published: May 2006

This research attempted to determine the power of an organization
development (OD) program to reduce absenteeism and turnover rates among
hourly employees of a medium‐sized Mid‐western life insurance company in
the USA. Forty‐six months of archival records were examined within time
series and interrupted time series designs (with and without
non‐equivalent control groups). Comparisons were also made against
annual industry averages for companies within the same size and
geographical region categories as the study organization. None of the
six hypotheses relating OD to reduced employee absenteeism and turnover
was supported, suggesting that the claims of OD supporters may be
exaggerated.
The Myth of the Perfect Chair
Authors: Fitzgibbons Dale E.
Published: May 2006

In this tribute to Lou Pondy, his last doctoral student considers
the characteristics and qualities of the perfect academic advisor and
dissertation chair.
Premisses and Paradigms in Leadership Research
Authors: Rao Korukonda Appa , Hunt James G.
Published: May 2006

Is leadership theory ready for a major reappraisal? Theories of leadership are explored through underlying sets of assumptions (basic frameworks or paradigms). The result is a convenient way of negotiating a vast body of literature. This meta‐analysis offers scope for further research, and linkages between theory and practice. For example, charismatic theory is identified as being ripe for paradigm shift.
A Test of the Validity of a Model of the Prerequisites of
Effective Organisational Consulting
Authors: Hamilton Esther E.
Published: May 2006

In 1988, personality and effectiveness data were collected from a
sample of 105 organisational development consultants. A model was
developed of the relationship between OD consultants′ personality
characteristics and their effectiveness as change agents. The present
study provides validation for that model by studying the same
personality characteristics in a sample with slightly differing
demographics. The question was tested statistically by using the
regression equation from the sample used in 1988 to predict the
dependent variable (consultant effectiveness) in this study′s sample.
On Getting the Story Crooked (and Straight)
Authors: Wilkins Alan L. , Thompson Michael P.
Published: May 2006

Without the stories, or narratives that organisations construct,
there could be no social negotiation or sense making. A problem is that
the narratives are often “too straight”, too simplistic and
self‐serving to be helpful representations of reality. Most stories in
organisations that are used to manage change efforts are too simple, and
too much believed. They foster naive optimism that soon degenerates into
cynicism. Stories are maps, but are often confused with the territories
themselves. Some examples of stories or accounts of organisational
change efforts that are straight, and how they might have been made more
“crooked”, are discussed. Some suggestions on how leaders in
organisations can become more thoughtful consumers of straight stories
and make those stories more helpful maps to guide organisations through
the turbulence of change are offered.
Consulting Effectiveness in Smaller Companies: Guidelines
for the Consultant and User
Authors: Tunwall Craig A. , Busbin James W.
Published: May 2006

Many smaller American companies utilise management consultants for
problem‐solving assistance on a project by project basis. Managerial
personnel in such companies often have a unique combination of traits
including a high dependence on intuition, minimal use of quantitative
skills, and a hurried work style. In order to maximise the usefulness of
such projects, consultants to these companies may need to make certain
accommodations to managerial style and personality throughout the
process. There follow some suggested guidelines for effective work in
such a situation.
Facilities Managers – A New Breed of Professionals?
Authors: Hamilton Doug
Published: May 2006

Facilities management is addressed and, as a result of research
amongst the client and professional sectors, a definition of facilities
management is given. Examples of effective facilities management are
given. The author maintains that its importance is increasing amongst
organisations aiming to remain competitive.
Improving Products and Processes – Nature′s Way
Authors: Hughes Mark
Published: May 2006

In the process of evolution, nature uses genetic algorithms to help
with genetic selection. These algorithms can also bring immense benefit
to industry. It is briefly explained what such computer‐based genetic
algorithms are, how they can be applied in an industrial setting and
their benefits.
Making IT Work: The Right Environment
Authors: Taylor Terry
Published: May 2006

The Electronics and Business Equipment
Association has published a guide, Making IT
Work, to creating the right environment for
information technology: it is summarised here.
The guide is important to any business newly
adopting IT, or about to expand its systems, and
is directed to the need to consider work patterns,
the health and safety of operators, document
storage and methods of communication.
Methodology for Analysis of Decision Making in Public
Enterprises
Authors: Sikorski Douglas
Published: May 2006

In this article an arrangement of concepts intended as a framework
for analysis of a public enterprise system is portrayed. This conceptual
structure delineates a broad array of ideas in the general context of
the dichotomous policy approaches of government intervention versus laissez‐faire and, on an organisational basis, between the meanings
of “public” and “enterprise”. The result is a
taxonomy of elements of public enterprise, delineating particular
aspects of a public enterprise system. Finally the author suggests a
practical way to operationalise the model, by selecting one key
expression from the set of dichotomous terms which was deemed to be a
proxy for the general meaning conveyed in the conceptual structure. This
one expression, centralisation/autonomy, lent itself well to the design
of a questionnaire survey to “test” a given public
enterprise system. The Singapore system was tested in a pilot exercise.
The Influence of Job Factors on Employee Satisfaction
Authors: Savery Lawson K.
Published: May 2006

The influence of certain factors under the direct control of
management and affecting the level of job satisfaction in the
headquarters of a major local government in Western Australia are
examined. It is concluded that those factors leading to conflict,
whether internal (to the person) or external (between people) will lead
to reduced job satisfaction. A management by objectives scheme is
proposed to improve the situation.
Do Police Departments Recruit Different Types of Officers?
Authors: Lidgard Christine F. , Bates Noel W.
Published: May 2006

Personality types of police officers being recruited and serving in
police departments in Australia, the US and the UK are compared and
contrasted. New evidence concerning the psychological types of both
recruits and serving officers in the Queensland Police Department is
presented. Comparisons are made with previous research.
Managerial Retention and Performance under Conditions of
Organisational Merger
Authors: Crouch Andrew , Wirth Andrew
Published: May 2006

The effect of mergers on the retention and the performance of
managers through a comparative analysis of merger and non‐merger job
changes is investigated. For the sample of 196 managers surveyed changes
in managerial performance during a merger were no different from those
occurring during other transitions. The incidence of managerial
departures from organisations was significantly greater after mergers
than on other occasions. These results which are among the first to
document systematically the comparative effects of organisational
mergers are discussed in the light of existing anecdotal evidence.
Achieving Strategy/Manager Fit
Authors: Betts Chris A. , Calingo Luis Ma. R.
Published: May 2006

Whether a change in the composition of top management reflects the
magnitude of a company′s strategic change, and whether this fit between
strategic change and top management change is related to organisational
effectiveness are discussed. Data were yielded by a content analysis of
1981‐82 Business Week articles on 106 US business organisations.
It is suggested by the findings that top management change follows a
strategic change when the latter involves a change in both the
firm′s grand strategy and its strategy‐making orientation.
Advertising by Accountants: An Empirical Study
Authors: Diamantopoulos Adamantios , O’Donohoe Stephanie , Lane Jacqueline
Published: May 2006

Some background to the removal of advertising restrictions in the
accounting profession are provided and the literature on accountants′
attitudes to advertising reviewed. The findings of a survey among UK
chartered accountancy firms on their promotional practices following the
removal of restrictions are presented. Firm size was found to have a
significant effect on advertising activities, with larger firms more
likely to advertise, employ the services of advertising agencies, devote
greater resources to advertising and to evaluate its effectiveness.
Personal service emerged as important both as a criterion in the
selection of advertising agencies and as an ingredient in the
advertising messages developed, which tended to have a high
informational content. Finally, a heavy reliance on print media was
found to exist.
Evaluating Asset Safeguarding and Data Integrity in the EDP
Audit
Authors: Rushinek Avi , Rushinek Sara F.
Published: May 2006

Studies in the area of evaluating asset safeguarding and data
integrity have usually dealt with evidential evaluation procedures and
the judgement decisions taken by the auditors during initial and
subsequent audits. The qualities, measures and techniques of asset
safeguarding and data integrity when examined jointly relate a degree of
concern for cost‐effectiveness considerations, internal controls and the
effects of making global judgements using piecemeal evidence. The design
of the appropriate internal control system, combined with the impact of
proper data security and risk and computer reliability, make up the
circumambience under which auditors′, as well as management′s,
assessments are brought to bear.
Criteria for Operational Auditing
Authors: Crockett James R.
Published: May 2006

This article looks at the criteria held to be essential for any
type of auditing, i.e. comparing “what was” with “what
should be”. However, in operational auditing this is not a clear
cut distinction. An approach to the identification and evaluation of
criteria for evaluating effectiveness and efficiency is outlined.
Auditors must agree with managers what operations are intended to
accomplish and how they judge performance; planning and control systems
may be a focal point in monitoring performance but other organisational
data may need to be sought. Formal performance standards may need to be
established and the reliability of data must be checked.
″ELDERCARE″: A GROWING ISSUE FOR EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYER
Authors: Elkin Graham
Published: May 2006

In order to encourage women to work and
reduce the effects of the skills shortage of
the mid‐1990s, flexible working patterns and
child care are often seen as of key
importance. An ageing population is leading
to increasingly intrusive “eldercare” (caring
for elderly dependants) burdens upon women
employees and managers which make it hard
for them to enter the workforce. The extent
of the ageing problem in the population is
examined. The effects of eldercare burdens
upon individuals and organisations are
discussed and corporate responses to the
problem in the US are described as possible
ways ahead in the treatment of eldercare as
part of an employee benefits programme.
Price, Competition and EC Law
Authors: Little Ray
Published: May 2006

A knowledge of the rules of EC Competition is vital to those
managers involved in businesses operating in the European Community. The
regulations are far more encompassing than most managers suppose.
Familiarity with the effects of Articles 85 and 86 will become
increasingly relevant to the formulation of marketing and pricing
strategies. This is particularly significant given that the Commission
can impose fines of up to ten per cent of sales revenue or 1 million ECU
for infringements. This article, based on the detailed research
undertaken within one company, emphasises the ascending importance and
pervasiveness of EC competition policy on those companies operating
within the EC.
Beyond the Wall: The Other Germany
Authors: Stradling Aidan
Published: May 2006

A discussion of the political and economic status of the German
Democratic Republic (GDR) in the light of the exodus of young and
skilled people from the country in autumn 1989. National identity,
possible reunification with West Germany, the present economic climate
and the opportunities for trade are considered and the advantages and
disadvantages described.
SUNBEAM IN ITALY: ONE SUCCESS AND ONE FAILURE
Authors: Miller Myron M.
Published: May 2006

The history of two subsidiaries of the Sunbeam Corporation in Italy
in the late 1970s and early 1980s is described. Some important insights
into the critical factors for success in international business are
highlighted.
IT′S OK, THEY ALL SPEAK ENGLISH
Authors: Edwards George
Published: May 2006

As 1992 approaches, the quantity and quality of business
communication is increasingly an issue. Learning foreign languages still
leaves a deficit in real communication; how well does the native speaker
ensure that communication with those who have learned his language is
effective? The author examines areas in which experience with English
learners suggests there are important lessons for many other second
language situations, both in Europe and internationally. These include
sensitivity to common “concept‐banks”, awareness of the
language learning process, and proactive strategies for ensuring
effective communication.
PARTICIPATION: A EURO PAPER TIGER?
Authors: Keenoy Tom
Published: May 2006

A discussion of the EC proposals for 1992 on employee participation
in the supervision and strategic management of those companies wishing
to operate as European Companies (SEs); and the effect this may have on
the role of trade unions. The three alternative forms of model of
participation are described and reviewed in the light of present British
practice. The practical difficulties are considered and the three areas
pinpointed where the proposals currently advanced may further undermine
the position and role of British trade unions, these being: (1)
representation rights, (2) collective bargaining, and (3) information
disclosure.
MINITEL – THE RESISTIBLE RISE OF FRENCH VIDEOTEX
Authors: Sutherland Ewan
Published: May 2006

The development of the French Minitel system is described against
the background of attempts in other European countries to get a
“viewdata” or “videotex” off the ground. The
French approach was to mass‐produce a dedicated terminal and to focus on
the residential market. The kiosk tariff is seen as the most important
feature with respect to the creation of new services – its
benefits are analysed. While Minitel has been far more successful than
any other videotex development, the quickening pace of technological
innovation and customer resistance to paying full price for information
services are now causing problems. The future is uncertain.
Integration of Children with Special Needs
Authors: Wilgosh Lorraine
Published: May 2006

Examines issues related to the integration of children with special
needs into regular classrooms. A clear definition of integration is
crucial before it can be considered on a system, school, or individual
basis, so that all stakeholders can operate within a common frame of
reference. Details the Regular Educational Initiative in the United
States and the Alberta movement towards a provincial integration policy
which offer insight into the need for these matters: (1) clear
principles and practices for identifying children′s special needs and
determining the best teaching environments for meeting those individual
needs; (2) systematic research on service delivery models, and
educational change based on demonstrated programme effectiveness; (3)
adequate preparation for all classroom teachers on individualizing
student educational programmes; and (4) development of adequate school
and community support systems for children with special needs and their
families.
Cleaning and maintenance workers
Authors: Campbell Frances
Published: May 2006

Argues that training is the key to unlocking the potential of
cleaning operatives. Suggests a training programme for cleaning and
maintenance workers. Provides a step‐by‐step breakdown for managers to
implement a training programme: identify training needs, plan the
training programme, implement the programme, and continually review and
assess the programme.