bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classical EIS and square pattern signals comparison based on a well-known reference impedance
Authors: AL NAZER R. , CATTIN V. , GRANJON P. , MONTARU M. , RANIERI M. , HEIRIES V.
Published: May 2018

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or ac impedance methods are popularly used for the diagnosis of electrochemical generators (batteries or fuel cell). It is now possible to acquire and quantitatively interpret the experimental electrical impedances of such systems, whose evolutions indirectly reflect the modifications of the internal electrochemical process. The scope of these measurement methods is to identify the frequency response function of the system under test by applying a small signal perturbation to the system input, and measuring the corresponding response. Once identified, and according to the application, frequency response functions can provide useful information about the characteristics of the system. Classical EIS consists in applying a set of frequency-controlled sine waves to the input of the system. However, the most difficult problem is the integration of this type of measuring device in embedded systems. In order to overcome this problem, we propose to apply squared pattern excitation signals to perform such impedance measurements. In this paper, we quantify and compare the performance of classical EIS and the proposed broadband identification method applied to a well-known impedance circuit.
Towards advanced BMS algorithms development for (P)HEV and EV by use of a physics-based model of Li-ion battery systems
Authors: Prada E. , Di Domenico D. , Creff Y. , Sauvant-Moynot V.
Published: May 2018

Onboard Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), the Battery Management System (BMS) is of critical importance to ensure safe and reliable use of the electrical energy stored inside Li-ion batteries until the End-Of-Life (EOL) of the electrochemical system. At any time, the BMS must indicate the allowable current limits for charge and discharge (CMI: Charge Maximal Intensity and DMI: Discharge Maximal Intensity) that the battery systems can safely absorb/supply at different temperatures (T) and states-of-charge (SOC) for a given pulse duration (tpulse) according to the electric power absorbed by the vehicle operational usage. CMI and DMI laws are generally specified by the battery manufacturer based on experimental tests campaigns. In this paper, BMS specifications laws are investigated for Li(NixCoyAlz)O2/Graphite (NCA/C) Li-ion technology through a physics-based battery model which allows the analysis of different physical phenomena that impact the system performance according to operating conditions. The CMI and DMI are then compared to the battery manufacturer data. Finally, the DMI and CMI are implemented in a Battery Intensity Management Algorithm (BIMA) which is validated at the simulation level. This practical method can be generalized to other Li-ion chemistries, enabling efficient model-based design of conventional BMS laws with regard to cell limits in terms of (over)potentials, current, temperature, and aging mechanisms.
G2V and V2G operation 20 kW Battery Charger
Authors: Escoda Jordi , Fontanilles Joan , Biel Domingo , Repecho Víctor , Cardoner Rafel , Griñó Robert
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a bidirectional on-board battery charger for Electric Vehicles designed to perform both Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) operation. The charger can also operate with single or three-phase power grid connection, regulates the battery charging current and presents input unity power factor. A high frequency three-phase transformer has been included in the charger, this providing galvanic isolation.
Demonstrating Demand Management: How Intelligent EV Charging Can Benefit Everyone
Authors: De Hoog Julian , Handberg Kristian , Jegatheesan Raman
Published: May 2018

This paper establishes the case for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging demand management through in-field demonstration, electricity network modelling and financial assessment. As part of the Victorian Government Electric Vehicle Trial, DiUS Computing demonstrated EV charging demand management using United Energy’s Smart Grid. Modelling of the United Energy network by the University of Melbourne found that uncontrolled charging would require network augmentation once EVs are adopted by 10% of households. In contrast, managed charging would allow the network to support in excess of 50% uptake using existing capacity and infrastructure. Furthermore, the end-to-end EV charging demand management solution demonstrated by DiUS could be implemented for one tenth the cost of the network augmentation. Although success factors were identified during the demonstration that may serve as an input for demand management program design, electricity market arrangements may be the strongest determinant of adoption generally.
NextEnergy Center’s Highlights on Global Lithium Ion Battery Supply Chain Dynamics and Domestic Opportunities
Authors: Radomski Dan , Jezierski Kelly , Nelson Todd , Kibler Roland
Published: May 2018

Lithium ion batteries are utilized in a range of applications including grid support and powering consumer electronics, medical devices, and electric vehicles. Advocacy for, as well as public and private investment in hybrid cars and electric vehicles has resulted in a surge in research and development (R&D) to create more powerful and cost effective lithium ion batteries. This high level of interest has also led to rapid expansion of battery manufacture capacity and has resulted in the over-capacity and fragmentation of the industry. Due to the disjointed quality of the lithium-ion battery industry, opportunities for collaboration and growth, resulting from numerous innovations throughout the supply chain, are overlooked. [1] Although range anxiety is often portrayed as the primary reason electric vehicle adoption is not growing more rapidly by the general population, the cost of vehicles is actually the larger issue. At present, the battery pack is the highest cost component driving the price of EVs. A year-long study was conducted by NextEnergy to obtain a better understanding of the size, scope, and supply chain dynamics of the lithium ion battery and next-generation energy storage systems industries. One major objective of the study was to better understand and define areas of opportunity for cost reduction, the results of which are presented in this paper.
The business case of electric vehicle quick charging – no more chicken or egg problem
Authors: Markkula Joni , Rautiainen Antti , Jäventausta Pertti
Published: May 2018

One of the major problems slowing down electrical vehicle (EV) adoption is the lack of sufficient infrastructure. We can often hear of the chicken or egg problem. But the charging infrastructure problem is smaller than generally thought. By analysing the economics of EV quick charging stations it can be shown that building and sustaining adequate EV charging network does not require massive investments, and on the other hand, profitability of a single charging station can be achieved with a moderate number of EVs due to high polarisation of customer needs, leading to daily charging needs of certain user groups.
Effective public policies for EV-dissemination
Authors: Van Kerkhof M. , Boonen A.
Published: May 2018

In the Netherlands local governments have great influence on the dissemination of electric cars, on top of the national governments policies. Local governments use several instruments to stimulate EV’s in their municipalities. To determine the effectiveness of the individual instruments, a research has been executed amongst 74 municipalities in the Netherlands. The effect of the different instruments on the number of both FEV’s and REEV’s have been researched. The most effective instruments were: the implementation of charging infrastructure, the municipality as launching customer and an investment subsidy for buyers.
Development of a Plug-In HEV Based on Novel Compound Power-Split Transmission
Authors: Zhang Tong , Wang Chen , Zhao Zhiguo , Zhou Wentai
Published: May 2018

In order to extend the product applications into plug-in hybrid electric vehicle field, a high capacity lithium-ion battery is configured and matched to the previous compound power-split hybrid transmission which is based on a modified ravigneaux gear set with two additional brake clutches. The equivalent lever diagrams are used to investigate the operating modes for the hybrid system, and its dynamic and kinematic characteristics in equations are derived. To evaluate the economy and power performance of the plug-in hybrid vehicle, a forward-looking simulation platform and components model are established. In addition, the simulating results of key power and economy tests are demonstrated. Results show that the proposed powertrain configuration can be well used for plug-in applications, and the economy and power performance can be further improved.
Abnormal Electromagnetic Noise of Motors depending on Fixing Methods of Permanent Magnets
Authors: Kim Myunggyu , Kim Hyunsu
Published: May 2018

Abnormal electromagnetic noise of traction motor in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) occurred after the endurance test is experimentally investigated. Theoretical model explains that the abnormal components, which are ±1 orders of the number of slots, can be sourced from an unbalanced rotor. Experimental approach confirms that the abnormal noise is mainly from the rotor. Since there are no variations in the strength of the magnet flux, the vibration of the magnets is strongly believed as the main reason of the abnormal noise. Finally, the magnetic fixing method is changed from bond to mold, and the improvement of the noise is demonstrated.
Design and realization of a One-Pedal-Driving algorithm for the TU/e Lupo EL
Authors: Van Boekel J.J.P. , Besselink I.J.M , Nijmeijer H.
Published: May 2018

Since 2011 the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) is using an in-house developed battery electric vehicle based on a Volkswagen Lupo 3L for educational and research projects. The TU/e Lupo Electric Lightweight (EL) is able to recuperate kinetic energy by using regenerative braking. A brake pedal based regenerative braking strategy demands applying a combination of hydraulic and regenerative brake force. A proper control of this brake blending proves to be challenging. An advantage of an electric vehicle compared to an ICE car is that substantial amounts of deceleration can be achieved without applying the friction brakes. These observations have led to the concept of One Pedal Driving (OPD) where the accelerator pedal can also be used to perform regenerative braking. A similar concept is applied in for example the BMW i3 and Tesla Model S and is rated quite positively by drivers. Since kinetic energy cannot be recuperated with 100% efficiency, for some driving conditions the best thing to do is neither propel nor brake the vehicle and just let the car roll freely, which is known as coasting. During coasting minimal energy is used which improves the overall energy efficiency. To assess regenerative braking strategies that are currently applied in electric vehicles, a selection of vehicles has been investigated. These vehicles are subjectively evaluated by driving tests on public roads where special attention is paid to the regenerative braking and coasting characteristics. Before designing a suitable OPD algorithm, a list of requirements is composed. The overall motor performance limits are investigated and based on the OPD requirements a general accelerator pedal map is designed and implemented. Based on a limited number of driving tests, subjective and objective conclusions regarding energy efficiency and drivability are drawn. The tests with various drivers indicate a slightly improved driving efficiency. Furthermore, all drivers comments positively on using OPD as being very intuitively and are able to adapt to it quickly.
Study of regenerative breaking control for HEV with multispeed transmission
Authors: Huh Jeewook , Oh Kyoungcheol , Shin Deokkeun
Published: May 2018

This study describes method of regenerative breaking control for HEV with multispeed transmission. When a gear is shifted during regenerative breaking, almost all TMED HEVs in the world lose decelerate linearity or reduce regenerative breaking to get decelerate linearity. So fuel efficiency is get down. We made concept that is called regenerative breaking practical quantity. Regenerative breaking practical quantity solved problem of decelerate linearity. And this technology is used in all TMED HEVs of Hyundai motor group. Regenerative breaking practical quantity reflect a characteristic curves of motor, shifting process of multispeed transmission and following of hydraulic brake for cooperative control of HCU, MCU, TCU, AHB and so on. As a result of this technology, decelerate linearity is retained for sale the HEV. Furthermore fuel efficiency is improved about 8.4% because regenerative breaking quantity is increased about 28%.
Sensitivity analysis for assessing robustness of position-based predictive energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Han Jihun , Kum Dongsuk , Park Youngjin
Published: May 2018

Under hilly road conditions, it is difficult to achieve near-optimal performance of energy management strategy (EMS) of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). In order to achieve near-optimality, optimal state reference trajectory is predicted based on future information, and thus reference tracking controller is often considered as real-time predictive EMS. There are two approaches depending on in what way the predicted reference will be used as follows: 1) position-based predictive EMS for tracking position- dependent reference, 2) time-based predictive EMS for tracking time-dependent reference. In this paper, analytical sensitivity analysis based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) is performed to prove robustness of position-based predictive EMS with respect to velocity uncertainty. First, optimal control problem is formulated in time and position domain, and PMP approach is used to derive boundary value problem (BVP) that achieves global optimality. Then, sensitivity differential equations are developed which describe sensitivity of original BVP with respect to velocity uncertainty. Finally, these equations will be solved simultaneously with the original BVP to compute first-order sensitivity of time- and position- dependent optimal state. Results show that sensitivity of time-dependent optimal state is much bigger than that of position-dependent optimal state because velocity uncertainty can change predicted travel time, and this effect on sensitivity is significant. Therefore, predictive EMS should use current position to track position-dependent optimal state reference in terms of the robustness with respect to velocity uncertainty.
Testing Methodology of Vehicle Pedestrian Notification Systems
Authors: Whittal Ian , Meyer Norm , Jonasch Roland
Published: May 2018

Transport Canada’s ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles Program tests and evaluates the safety and environmental performance of advanced vehicle technologies. One area of investigation, in collaboration with Transport Canada's Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations Group, is audible alert systems for electric vehicles. BEVs and HEVs can be significantly quieter than conventional vehicles at low speeds. The inclusion of sound alert systems that emit a detectable minimum sound is currently being studied as one option to enhance pedestrian safety. This paper will provide an overview of TC’s testing to measure/assess the noise emissions from BEVs, HEVs and conventional vehicles, and various manufacturers’ noise emissions systems for HEVs / BEVs.
Economic Assessment of Different Air-conditioning and Heating Systems for Electric City Buses Based on Comprehensive Energetic Simulations
Authors: Göhlich Dietmar , Ly Tu-Anh , Kunith Alexander , Jefferies Dominic
Published: May 2018

The air-conditioning and heating of the passenger cabin in an electric bus leads to a significant increase of the auxiliaries’ energy consumption. Due to limited battery capacity, the daily operating range of electric buses depends considerably on the ambient climate. In particular, heating is an energy-intensive process since no waste heat from the IC engine is available. Energetic simulations show drastic range reductions when the interior is heated by an electric resistance heater. In contrast, the range reduction can be limited noticeably if a heat pump is utilised. Therefore, the selection of heating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems has a significant impact not only on the range but also on the operating costs of an electric vehicle. The aim of this study is to conduct a cost analysis for different HVAC systems of an electric city bus. The economic assessment is based on comprehensive energy consumption simulation and a life-cycle costing approach considering all expenses of the operation period. The examination reveals that the heat pump systems feature significant energy savings compared to conventional HVAC systems. However, over a life span of twelve years, the current high acquisition cost of a heat pump system is not compensated when only considering direct cost.
Laboratory Alignment Procedure for Improving Reproducibility of Tyre Wet Grip Measurement
Authors: Jeon Kwangki , Yoo Yongho , Lee Jinwoo , Jung Dohyun , Lim Seolhee , Park Seongwoo
Published: May 2018

Korea and EU governments are running the tyrelabelling system from 2012.All tyres sold in Korea have to carry a label displaying information about two performancecriteriasuch as rolling resistance and wet grip.The rolling resistance of tyres determines their fuel efficiency gradingand the wet grip of tyres determines their braking safety grading. Measurement of rolling resistance and wet gripmust be reproducible; tests on the same tyres in different laboratories must produce the same results in order to ensure a fair comparison between tyres from different suppliers. In addition, a good reproducibility of testing results prevents market surveillance authorities from obtaining different results from those of the suppliers when testing the same tyres. The laboratory alignment procedure of rolling resistance was developed and published as an EU Commission Regulation No. 1235 in 2011. But the laboratory alignment procedure of wet grip has not developed yet. So there are a lot of differences of wet grip test results among the test laboratories in the world. The proposed new procedure for the alignment of test laboratories with regard to the measurement of tyre wet gripcanimprove the reproducibility of the wet grip testing results. The proposed wet grip laboratory alignment procedure wasverified through five laboratory alignment tests between KATECH and five test laboratoriesin the world.
A Novel Rectification Method for a High Level ac Voltage Converting to a Low Level dc Voltage: Example of Scooters Idling Stop System
Authors: Chen Pin-Yung , Chen Rongshun , Wang Yung-Chen , Su Hsieh-Tai
Published: May 2018

This paper proposed a novel rectification method for a high-level ac voltage convert to a low-level dc voltage, in which the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) Matlab/Simulink model in generation mode has been established in order to analyze the energy characteristics of PMSM operating in scooters at full drive speed. From the simulation results, the terminal voltage and line current in load-side have a wide convert rate when the internal resistance of battery is a great value. In design, the gate driver signals can be generated, referring to the virtual hall signals, to chop the different back Electromotive Force (back-EMF). Then, the ac voltages of back-EMF can be rectified to the dc voltage by Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) at the same time. Finally, the proposed method has been implemented in scooters idling stop system successfully, and a safe low level dc voltage always can be obtained to charge battery immediately (in general 12V) no matter what a variable speed in scooters.
Increasing The Environmental Potential Of Electric Vehicles And Renewable Energies With Grid Attached Energy Storage
Authors: Oliveira Luis , Rangaraju Surendraprabu , Messagie Maarten , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: May 2018

The environmental performance of electrical vehicles is directly tied to the electricity mix that is used during the charging process. Nowadays, with a steady increase of renewable electricity being introduced, its usage is not always optimal. Alongside, its intermittent nature makes wind and solar not suitable for applications such as EV charging. Using a life cycle assessment methodology we analyze the impacts of the construction, usage and disposal/end of life of each of the studied systems. Pumped hydro and compressed air storage are studied as mechanical storage and advanced lead acid, sodium sulfur, lithium-ion and nickel-sodium-chloride batteries are addressed as electrochemical storage systems. Hydrogen production from electrolysis and subsequent usage in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is also analyzed. The functional unit is one kWh of energy delivered back to the grid/vehicle, from the storage system. The environmental impacts assessed are climate change, human toxicity, particulate matter formation, and fossil resource depletion. Different energy mixes are used in order to mimic scenarios where the environmental applicability of the technologies is put to the test. Results indicate that the performance of the storage systems is tied to the electricity source used during use stage. Renewable energy sources have lower impacts throughout the use stage of the storage technologies. Regarding infrastructure and end of life, battery systems have higher impacts than mechanical ones because of lower number of cycles and life time energy (9.000 fold). The environmental performance of the use stage of an EV fluctuates as the overall impacts of the supply mixes change with different storage technologies up to 32 fold.
Investigation of CO2 Emissions in Production and Usage Phases for a Hybrid Vehicle System Component
Authors: Niikuni Tetsuya , Daigo Ichiro , Kuzuhara Shunsuke , Okui Nobunori , Koshika Kenichiroh
Published: May 2018

The transport sector in Japan emits a large amount of CO2. Passenger vehicles’ and trucks’ emissions are the largest part of the emission in the transport sector. Electrified vehicles are expected to be key technologies for reducing CO2 emissions. Using electric propulsion systems, such as hybrid system, the efficiency of vehicles for the propulsion can be improved. The kinetic energy of vehicles can be recycled by regeneration and the energy can be used for the following accelerations. As the consequent, the CO2 emissions will be reduced in comparison with conventional vehicles. This study focuses on the improvement of drive energy and investigates the impact of electric components in hybrid systems on CO2 emission reductions. Electric components in a hybrid vehicle system enable electric propulsion and contribute to reducing fuel consumptions. At the same time, such electric components contain materials of which the production consumes a large amount of energy. To estimate the CO2 reduction effect of hybrid electric vehicles, life cycle assessments are important. In this paper, the CO2 emissions in the production phase of an electric component are estimated and compared with the emissions of a hybrid electric vehicle in usage phase.
IMPACT OF PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ON INDIAN POWER GRID
Authors: Mokariya Kashyap , Shah Varsha , Lokhande Makarand
Published: May 2018

The research on impacts of electric vehicles on Indian power grid is motivated to enhance development of electric vehicle in India against the burning issues of rising fuel demand and the nation’s dependency on other countries for fuel which largely affects the GDP of nation. India has declared E-mobility mission plan to deploy 4,00,000 passenger electric vehicles by 2020. If this target is achieved India can avoid importing 120 million barrels of oil and avoid 4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions by 2020. In future, as demand of electric vehicles increases, charging issues while connecting electric vehicle to grid also increases. This paper presents various aspects in terms of challenges and issues when electric vehicle is charged from grid and also the benefits, potential services and applications of electric vehicle in V2G mode. Effect of electric vehicle penetration on distribution grid is carried out in matlab simulink environment to observe effects on different electrical parameters like dc bus voltage, current, active power, reactive power, harmonics and power factor. Concept of vector control technique for voltage source converter is developed for stabilizing grid against penetration of electric vehicle. Control technique implemented here gives fast dynamic response, reduces harmonics and improves power factor with constant dc bus voltage. Concept shown here will be very useful for fast dc charging of electric vehicle batteries. Battery modelling described with the concept of extracting parameters from manufacturers discharge characteristics gives fast and effective solution and will be useful for not only Li-Ion batteries but also for Ni-Mh and Lead-acid batteries.
DC-Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Operation Strategies for Enhanced Utility Grid Voltage Stability
Authors: Krasselt Peter , Boßle Jonas , Suriyah Michael , Leibfried Thomas
Published: May 2018

High-power DC electric vehicle supply equipments (EVSE) have a significant impact on voltage stability in low-voltage networks. To ensure the guaranteed voltage characteristics, utility grid operator permit the installation of DC-EVSE only in proximity of local substations. A simplified grid access strategy for DCEVSE is achievable by reactive power support of the EVSE rectifier system. Since decentralized regenerative energy (DRE) already provide voltage band control using reactive power support in lowvoltage networks, the interaction of DRE and EVSE reactive power compensation scheme is investigated. To enhance power converters operation, a fast reacting voltage-droop control concept for DRE and EVSE is proposed for rapid voltage change mitigation. The applicability of a voltage-droop control is verified using probabilistic simulations.
Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle to Simplify Ground Facilities - Power Control Based on Vehicle-side Information -
Authors: Hata Katsuhiro , Imura Takehiro , Hori Yoichi
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicles (EVs) have environmental advantages and the capacity for advanced motion control. However, EVs need to be charged frequently due to their limited mileage per charge. A dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) system for EVs can extend their cruising distance and reduce the size of their energy storage system. However, when being applied to rugged roadways over long distances, it is important to simplify ground facilities as much as possible. While it is practical for a static system to control both side using communication, a dynamic system for EVs should be controlled only on the vehicle-side. To implement a suitable control system, this paper focuses on vehicle-side control for achieving a required power and proposes a control method based on road-side voltage estimation using only vehicle-side information. Conventional methods have proposed voltage control using a DC-DC converter on the vehicle-side while road-side voltage is regulated to obtain a reference value. However, this causes ground facilities to become complicated due to a need for a feedback system. The proposed method estimates road-side voltage, therefore eliminating the need for its regulation. As a result, ground facilities can be simplified. The estimation equation is based on the equivalent circuit of a WPT system and expressed as a function of vehicle-side voltage and current. The reference value and the equilibrium point of the DC-DC converter can be obtained by the estimated road-side voltage. Therefore, the power control system with a voltage controller can be designed. The estimation equation and the power control are verified by experiments. These results suggest that the proposed method can achieve the required power without controlling the road-side or communicating between a vehicle and ground facilities.
Large Scale EVs’ Charging Scheduling Ensuring Secure and Efficient Operation of Traffic and Distribution
Authors: Wan Shuang , Zhu Tao , Luo Yu-gong , Zhang Shuwei
Published: May 2018

Current research about the application of large scale electric vehicles (EVs) is carried out in two fields: (1) From the aspect of the traffic system, charging navigation technologies were proposed, to improve traffic efficiency and charging convenience of the EV driver. (2) From the aspect of the distribution system, the “smart” charging strategies were developed to optimize charging profile, where power loss of distribution system, voltage limits and load variance were taken into account. However, few studies focused on simultaneous improvement of EV owner’s convenience, traffic system performance, charging station performance and distribution system performance after the application of large scale EVs. In this paper, a multi-objective function considering the performance indices of traffic system and distribution system including road travel speed, traffic flow, charging waiting time, power loss of distribution system and voltage of distribution node is developed to schedule large scale EVs’ charging behaviour and obtain optimal performance of the whole system. Constraints including load capacity of charging stations, charging requirements and endurance mileage of EVs are overall considered, and a method for determining weights of the multi-objective function is discussed. A simulation system is built for verifying the effectiveness of proposed strategy. Simulation results shows that, compared with the usual charging scheduling strategy, average heavy congestion ratio of the district around the charging station in the evening rush hours is reduced from 0.52 to 0.48, the percentage of EVs waiting for charging is reduced from 7.5% to 0.5%, the maximal power loss rate of distribution system is decreased by 3.5%, and the maximal voltage deviation of distribution system is decreased by 3.4% due to the proposed strategy.
Lightweight infrastructure for electric vehicle charging
Authors: Pettersson Stefan
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicles need a charging infrastructure. In this paper, it will be argued that Sweden already has a charging infrastructure that potentially could provide all cars with electricity if they were electrified. The charging infrastructure consists of existing motor heaters sockets and outlets near e.g. villas and holiday homes which directly or for low cost can be rebuild to provide electric vehicles with energy. Building a lightweight infrastructure for electric vehicle charging consisting of simple sockets is roughly hundred times cheaper than building fast chargers or a charging infrastructure with Type 2 plug with charging modes Mode 2 or Mode 3. Therefore, it is wise to build a lightweight charging infrastructure for electric vehicle charging and use the connectivity of the vehicle to e.g. enable smart charging and other desirable services/applications. Parts of the conclusions and results in this paper have been established in a Swedish project denoted ELVIIS consisting of partners from research (Viktoria Swedish ICT), car industry (Volvo Car Cooperation), telecom sector (Ericsson) and utility industry (Göteborg Energi).
Economic assessment of strategies to deploy publicly accessible charging infrastructure
Authors: Madina Carlos , Barlag Heike , Coppola Giovanni , Gomez Ines , Rodriguez Raul , Zabala Eduardo
Published: May 2018

From the end user perspective, the main barriers for widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption are high purchase cost and range anxiety, both regarding battery capacity and availability of accessible EV charging infrastructure. Governments and public bodies in general are taking steps towards overcoming these barriers by, among others, setting up regulatory requirements regarding standardisation, customer information and recommending objectives of publicly accessible charging infrastructure. However, the economic performance of publicly accessible charging infrastructure is unknown and any deployment plan should be backed up by a rigorous cost-benefit analysis, to check the efficiency of the plan in economic terms.This paper presents the results of the economic assessment performed within the FP7 EU-funded Green eMotion project, where relevant conclusions for helping industry strategic approach and decision makers have been taken.
Policy strategies for an emergent technology: lessons from the analysis of EV-policy in 8 North- European countries
Authors: Van der Steen Martijn , Van Schelven R.M. , Van Deventer P. , Van Twist M. , Kotter R.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents data from a comparative study of EV-policies in 8 different North-European countries, that maps out all of the policies of these countries (and a range of regions and cities) that target passenger vehicles (PHEV and BEV), chargers (home, private, public; level 1-3), and policies that target the emobility eco-system or supporting network, in time-period 2012-2014. The main findings are that 1) there is wide variance of policies put out by the different countries, 2) these policies are hardly part of a coherent policy-strategy, and 3) mainly address the introduction of e-mobility as an issue of "piling up" enough incentives to overcome early market problems (e.g. high costs, reticent customers, slow adaptation of regulation). Most countries we studied were able to meet short-term policy-ambitions, and some have even surpassed those ambitions; Netherlands and Norway for instance are ahead of their targets, both in numbers of vehicles and chargers. However, if we compare the currently applied policies to the medium- and longer term ambitions, these policies are hardly viable. Therefore, argue for alternative policy strategies that do not "pile up" incentives, but look at "mixes" of policies that instigate a self-reinforcing loop in the adoption to EV's.
New York State Grid-Interactive Vehicle Roadmap
Authors: Morse Stephanie , Malmgren Ingrid , Letendre Steven E. , Ruder Adam
Published: May 2018

A shift from fossil fuels to electricity for transportation energy will pose challenges for utility providers while also presenting opportunities for economic, grid reliability, and environmental benefits. Strategic integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with the grid would more fully realize the benefits that EVs offer and potentially make EV ownership more affordable through the provision of reliability and resilience services to the grid. The New York State roadmap presented here was informed by a preliminary research report, gap analysis, and stakeholder feedback; it identifies the current state of grid-interactive vehicles, examines how to overcome existing barriers, and presents a strategic plan for EV grid-integration.
The Development of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Emergence and Development of the Patent Network
Authors: Crispeels Thomas , Robert Dimitri , Verbeke Wouter , Coosemans Thierry , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we investigate the global R&D network that emerged from EV and HEV technology development by firms and universities from 1998 to 2010. We visualize and analyze the development of the relevant (joint) patent network and uncover some of the key R&D dynamics within the automotive industry, such as the evolution of the R&D network over time, open innovation dynamics and university-industry collaborations. We use traditional network analytics and find that the R&D network initially became less interconnected. In recent years, we see the network tightening again and being controlled by the large OEMs, this suggests that the move towards open innovation is relative and that technologies and markets are maturing. At the same time, the network became more international and universities start being part of the network. The findings of this paper allow for assessing the relative position of each company in EV and HEV R&D network, as a result we can uncover the powerful organizations in the networks: those networks that control the knowledge generated by and flowing through the industry. The database developed within the framework of this research allows for developing an optimal network strategy both for incumbents or new entrants such as start-ups or universities.
2015 E-Truck Task Force: Key Barriers Affecting E-Truck Adoption, Industry and Policy Implications, and Recommendations to Move the Market Forward
Authors: Brotherton Tom , Gilde Alycia , Tomic Jasna
Published: May 2018

CALSTART’s E-Truck Task Force (ETTF) produced a report outlining the markets for electric drive trucks (E-Trucks), the prime barriers facing their success and provided key findings and recommendations to support expanding E-Truck adoption. Four key findings have been identified by the E-Truck Task Force as barriers currently affecting the growth and viability of E-Truck sales; 1) high incremental cost, 2) poor vehicle quality and support from supplier(s), 3) unexpected costs and energy planning with infrastructure, and 4) reduced operation in extreme climates. The E-Truck Task Force developed a set of action-oriented recommendations for overcoming each barrier.
Workplace Charging: Helping Employees Drive Clean Cars
Authors: Henkin Zach
Published: May 2018

Workplace charging is a key to widespread electric vehicle adoption and part of a market pull strategy aimed at attracting new plug-in drivers. Drive Oregon has worked with employers throughout the Pacific Northwest to encourage the support of employee charging and while many organizations develop unique approaches, best practices are emerging that can expedite future projects.
Electric Vehicle Deployment Potential in the Yukon Territory
Authors: Sheehy Philip , Giles Carrie , Johal Harjeet
Published: May 2018

The deployment of plug-in electric vehicles has the potential to help communities realize significant benefits. However, in cold weather climates, there are significant barriers to electric vehicle adoption. This paper conducts a market assessment in the Yukon Territory of Canada, including a review of the unique characteristics of the Yukon that may facilitate electric vehicle adoption, while also recognizing the challenges in the region. We find modest potential for electric vehicles in the Yukon, with comparably modest GHG reduction potential.
Hydrogen Mobility Europe (H2ME): Vehicle and Hydrogen Refuelling Station Deployment Results
Authors: Speers Peter
Published: May 2018

Hydrogen Mobility Europe (H2ME, 2015–2022) is the largest European Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (EU FCH JU)-funded hydrogen light vehicle and infrastructure demonstration. Up until April 2017, the 40 Daimler passenger car fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and 62 Symbio Fuel Cell-Range Extended Electric Vans (FC-REEV)-vans deployed by the project drove 625,300 km and consumed a total of 7900 kg of hydrogen with no safety incidents. During its first year of operation (to April 2017), the NEL Hydrogen Fueling HRS (hydrogen refuelling station) in Kolding, Denmark dispensed 900 kg of hydrogen, and demonstrated excellent reliability (98.2% availability) with no safety incidents. The average hydrogen refuelling time for passenger cars is comparable to that for conventional vehicles (2–3 min).
Robust topological phase in proximitized core–shell nanowires coupled to multiple superconductors
Authors: Stanescu Tudor D , Sitek Anna , Manolescu Andrei
Published: May 2018

We consider core–shell nanowires with prismatic geometry contacted with two or more superconductors in the presence of a magnetic field applied parallel to the wire. In this geometry, the lowest energy states are localized on the outer edges of the shell, which strongly inhibits the orbital effects of the longitudinal magnetic field that are detrimental to Majorana physics. Using a tight-binding model of coupled parallel chains, we calculate the topological phase diagram of the hybrid system in the presence of non-vanishing transverse potentials and finite relative phases between the parent superconductors. We show that having finite relative phases strongly enhances the stability of the induced topological superconductivity over a significant range of chemical potentials and reduces the value of the critical field associated with the topological quantum phase transition.
Recyclable hypervalent-iodine-mediated solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclic peptide synthesis
Authors: Liu Dan , Guo Ya-Li , Qu Jin , Zhang Chi
Published: May 2018

The system of the hypervalent iodine(III) reagent FPID and (4-MeOC6H4)3P was successfully applied to solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclic peptide synthesis. Four peptides with biological activities were synthesized through SPPS and the bioactive cyclic heptapeptide pseudostellarin D was obtained via solution-phase peptide synthesis. It is worth noting that FPID can be readily regenerated after the peptide coupling reaction.
Chemical Abundances of Hydrostatic and Explosive Alpha-elements in Sagittarius Stream Stars
Authors: Carlin Jeffrey L. , Sheffield Allyson A. , Cunha Katia , Smith Verne V.
Published: May 2018

We analyze chemical abundances of stars in the Sagittarius (Sgr) tidal stream using high-resolution Gemini+GRACES spectra of 42 members of the highest surface-brightness portions of both the trailing and leading arms. Targets were chosen using a 2MASS+WISE color–color selection, combined with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) radial velocities. In this Letter, we analyze [Fe/H] and α-elements produced by both hydrostatic (O, Mg) and explosive (Si, Ca, Ti) nucleosynthetic processes. The average [Fe/H] for our Sgr stream stars is lower than that for stars in the Sgr core, and stars in the trailing and leading arms show systematic differences in [Fe/H]. Both hydrostatic and explosive elements are depleted relative to Milky Way (MW) disk and halo stars, with a larger gap between the MW trend and Sgr stars for the hydrostatic elements. Chemical abundances of Sgr stream stars show similar patterns to those measured in the core of the Sgr dSph. We explore the ratio of hydrostatic to explosive α-elements [α
h/ex] (which we refer to as the “HEx ratio”). Our observed HEx ratio trends for Sgr debris are deficient relative to MW stars. Via simple chemical evolution modeling, we show that these HEx ratio patterns are consistent with a Sgr IMF that lacks the most massive stars. This study provides a link between the chemical properties in the intact Sgr core and the significant portion of the Sgr system’s luminosity that is estimated to currently reside in the streams.
Using Semantics for morphological Descriptions in Morph•D•Base
Authors: Köhler Christian , Baum Roman , Grobe Peter , Meid Sandra , Quast Björn , Vogt Lars
Published: May 2018

Providing data in a semantically structured format has become the gold standard in data science. However, a significant amount of data is still provided as unstructured text - either because it is legacy data or because adequate tools for storing and disseminating data in a semantically structured format are still missing. We have developed a description module for Morph∙D∙Base, a semantic knowledge base for taxonomic and morphologic data, that enables users to generate highly standardized and formalized descriptions of anatomical entities using free text and ontology-based descriptions. The main organizational backbone of a description in Morph∙D∙Base is a partonomy, to which the user adds all the anatomical entities of the specimen that they want to describe. Each element of this partonomy is an instance of an ontology class and can be further described in two different ways:

as semantically enriched free-text description that is annotated with terms from ontologies, and

semantically through defined input forms with a wide range of ontology-terms to choose from.

To facilitate the integration of the free text into a semantic context, text can be automatically annotated using jAnnotator, a javascript library that uses about 700 ontologies with more than 8.5 million classes of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) bioportal. Users get to choose from suggested class definitions and link them to terms in the text, resulting in a semantic markup of the text. This markup may also include labels of elements that the user already added to the partonomy. Anatomical entities marked in the text can be added to the partonomy as new elements that can subsequently be described semantically using the input forms. Each free text together with its semantic annotations is stored following the W3C Web Annotation Data Model standard (https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-model). The whole description with the annotated free text and the formalized semantic descriptions for each element of the partonomy are saved in the tuplestore of Morph∙D∙Base.

The demonstration is targeted at developers and users of data portals and will give an insight to the semantic Morph∙D∙Base knowledge base (https://proto.morphdbase.de) and jAnnotator (http://git.morphdbase.de/christian/jAnnotator).
Lions and Chickens: A specimen biography approach to unprovenanced natural history objects
Authors: Bauer Belinda
Published: May 2018

Taxidermy made for display is often considered less significant in museum research collections. This is because historical taxidermy material often becomes disassociated with key data and through the rigours of public display, end up in poor physical condition.

However by tracing a specimen's biography as a living animal and following its transition into a museum afterlife, much can be revealed about the development of natural history collections and changing attitudes towards animals.

This presentation will investigate several pieces of taxidermy in the zoology collection of the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG) (http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/collections_and_research/zoology/collections), where research has uncovered surprising stories and helped reassess the significance and cultural value of this material.

An unregistered lion head, identified as animal celebrity John Burns, tells the story of the golden age of Australian and New Zealand circuses, changing attitudes around animal ethics in the circus and the negotiations between scientific institutions in acquiring exotics species in the late nineteenth century.

A collection of taxidermied domestic chickens from the 1940s is found to mark the modernisation of the TMAG public displays in communicating current research and the development of a dedicated museum education unit.

The colourful afterlife of these specimens in the museum collection highlights struggles with storage issues, changes in collecting priorities and evolution of public display and education at TMAG.