bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical bone loss with age in three native American populations
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances
Published: February 2006

Age‐related thinning of cortical bone was investigated in archaeological populations of Eskimos, Pueblos, and Arikaras. Medial‐lateral cortical thickness was measured on radiographs of humerus and femur, and thickness of the anterior femoral cortex was measured directly on samples taken for histologic study. Maximum length of the bones was used to calculate indices of relative cortical thickness, in order to minimize differences due to body size and build.

Bone loss in the humerus begins before middle age in all three populations and, except for Eskimo males, the same is true of the anterior femoral cortex. In general, overall female loss of cortical bone amounts to two or three times that of the males, and in the case of the humerus and the anterior cortex of the femur, this difference is evident by middle age. The weight‐bearing femoral medial‐lateral cortex shows less sexual difference but has the greatest number of statistically significant differences between populations and the greatest contrast between populations in pattern of loss with age. It appears that of the cortical regions studied this is the area upon which environmental factors have the greatest effect, whereas areas more subject to tensile stress, the humerus and anterior femoral cortex, are less affected by these factors.
Bedik and Niokholonko of Senegal: Inter‐village relationship inferred from migration data
Authors: Lalouel J. M. , Langaney A.
Published: February 2006

This study deals with matrimonial migration between eleven villages of a well‐defined area of East‐Sénégal, belonging to one of two ethnic groups: the Bedik and the Niokholonko. An attempt to relate the proportion of non‐migrants to physical properties of the communication network between villages shows no effect of the relative location of each village in this network. Fit of data to a gravitational model, an analysis of migrational flows between villages, as well as the computation of an index of genetic similarity between villages, all point to the primary importance of the ethnic barrier, geographical distance playing a lesser role. Multidimensional scaling methods applied to a measure of functional association proved to be a useful means to investigate possible dyssymmetry of exchanges, here primarily in favor of the Bedik.
Blood groups of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), with a brief introduction to seroprimatology
Authors: Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Wiener A. S. , Risser D. R. , Plonski H.
Published: February 2006

The human‐type A‐B‐O blood groups of 52 bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) were determined. Application of method of population genetics indicated the gene frequences to be O = 0.173, A = 0.480 and B = 0.347. Cross testing of sera and red cells of the bonnet macaques revealed two blood‐type‐specific isoagglutinins, one of them strong enough for use as a blood typing reagent. No blood group polymorphism was revealed by testing bonnet macaque red cells with isoantisera produced in rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) and in crab‐eating macaques (M. fascicularis). The rhesus and crab‐eating macaque isoantisera reacted either with all or with none of the bonnet macaque red cells tested.
Similarities between parents and their adopted children
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Bailey Stephen M. , Cole Patricia E.
Published: February 2006

As shown in 7,230 parent‐child pairs (6,726 biological and 504 adoptive), adoptive parents and their adopted children tend to resemble each other in height, weight and fatfolds to an extent paralleling height, weight and fatfold resemblances of natural (biological) parents and their children. Accordingly, the magnitudes of parent‐child resemblances commonly given may not be indicative of the extent of heritability of stature, weight and subcutaneous fat.
Studies of the basicranial axis: A brief review
Authors: Schulter Frances P.
Published: February 2006

Growth and development of the cranial base have interested students of anatomical disciplines for more than a century. Flexure of the basal region has been of particular interest and is among the most assiduously studied characteristics of the skull. Reports may be found in journals serving such a diversity of professional interests that a summary of facts and the more interesting speculations on unsettled aspects of this subject should be of value. This paper is a review of the literature from Virchow's and Schaeffer's writings in the latter half of the last century to those of the most recent investigators. It includes the works of anatomists, anthropologists, embryologists and orthodontists, among others.
Some secular changes in the growth of American‐born and native Japanese children
Authors: Greulich William Walter
Published: February 2006

Three hundred and sixteen (35%) of the American‐born Japanese children whose height, weight, and skeletal age were recorded in 1956–57 were reexamined as young adults between 1968 and 1974, when they were found to be taller, heavier, and shorter legged than men and women in Japan who were born in the same years as they. These differences between the American‐born and the native Japanese adults were relatively smaller than they had been during childhood, due to both an acceleration in the growth rate of the native Japanese and a concomitant decline in that of the American‐born Japanese during the intervening years. A comparison of our 1956–57 data with Kondo and Eto's findings in Los Angeles in 1971 shows that there has been very little increase in the size of California‐Japanese children since 1956. The curves of average heights of native Japanese children 6 to 20 years of age, at 10‐year intervals from 1900 to 1970, disclosed the changing rate at which they grew during different decades of that period. Those curves and other data discussed in this paper provide additional evidence of the biological superiority of the human female as compared with the male.
Long bone growth in western Eskimo and Aleut skeletons
Authors: Y'Edynak Gloria
Published: February 2006

The pattern of long bone growth in Eskimo and Aleut juvenile skeletons reflects that in living Eskimos and Aleuts. There is a pre‐adolescent growth spurt which is particularly intense in females. After age 14 male long bones supercede those of females in length. The characteristic Eskimo and Aleut adult body proportion is established early in childhood. Eskimos and Aleuts have shorter bones than whites at all ages. The difference in length of the forearm and lower leg in comparison with whites appears to increase especially at adolescence.
The estimation of sex on the basis of the talus and calcaneus
Authors: Steele D. Gentry
Published: February 2006

The present report records and describes sexual dimorphism of the talus and calcaneus in American Blacks and Whites from the Terry Collection housed in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. The greater amount of sexual dimorphism was observed in the talus, where 81 percent of the study sample could be accurately sexed. Four discriminant functions based on measurements from the talus and/or the calcaneus allowed sexing 79 to 89% of the study sample accurately. The techniques developed were then applied to two North American Indian samples, and sex of the individuals in these samples was assessed with the same degree of accuracy.
Variation in dental occlusion and arches among melanesians of bougainville island, papua New Guinea. I. Methods, age changes, sex differences and population comparisons
Authors: Smith Richard J. , Bailit Howard L.
Published: February 2006

Population studies of malocclusion lack comparability because of the subjective criteria employed in the definition of malocclusion. Alternatively, individual characteristics of occlusion can be quantified and compared within and between populations. Measurements were taken from the dental cases of 319 male an 359 female Melanesians from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The cross‐sectional age changes from 12 to 68 years of age included an increase in intermolar arch width, a decrease in arch length and intercanine arch width, and increased crowding and malalignment. Neither age nor sex accounted for a large proportion of the differences among individuals. When compared to industrialized groups, the Bougainville population had a slight reduction in variance for most characteristics. Only the sagittal molar relationship was markedly less variable on Bougainville. The results emphasize that a quantitative evaluation of individual occlusal variables may reveal differences within and between populations not detected when simple malocclusion frequencies are reported.
Body weight: Its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons
Authors: Grand Theodore I.
Published: February 2006

The composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution throughout the body are compared for “advanced” or “specialized” species(Alouatta, Macaca, Canis, Felis, Lepus); smaller, more closely related species (Tupaia and the Lorisidae); and several species within the same ecosystem (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Among the most significant variables, the skin of sloths, howlers and macaques constitutes more than 12% of body weight, whereas greyhound skin is 5% of weight; sloth and howler muscle are 25% of weight, macaque muscle about 40% of weight, greyhound and agouti muscle over 50% of weight. In tree shrews and galagos muscle is heavier (35%) than in pottos and slow lorises (below 28%), but bone and skin are lighter. All species differ in the segmental distribution of weight. Cats have light tails, light feet and heavy thighs, whereas howlers have heavy tails, heavy feet, and light thighs. The galagos have heavy hindlimbs and tails, the pottos and lorises have reduced tails and approximately equal fore‐ and hindlimbs. Convergences in segment pattern (sloths with pottos and lorises, marmosets with tree shrews, owl monkeys with galagos, cebus with macaques) as well as divergences are documented. All weight‐of tissue and weight‐of‐segment variables are correlated directly with locomotor adaptation.
Body weight: Its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function II. Development of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Grand Theodore I.
Published: February 2006

The relative composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution patterns throughout the body are given for a series ofMacaca mulatta from 141 days conceptual age through adulthood. In terms of percent of total body weight, the musculature of these animals doubles during the first postnatal year whereas bone and skin decrease. Regionally, the muscles of the thighs, back extensors, truncal‐forelimb and upper arms increase most markedly. The thighs double and the upper arms increase whereas the trunk, hands, feet, and tail decrease. The biomechanical implications of these changes for motor development are discussed.
The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of “brachiating” adaptations in the hominoidea
Authors: Cartmill Matt , Milton Katharine
Published: February 2006

In lorisines (Loris, Nycticebus, Perodicticus, Arctocebus), the tip of the ulna is reduced to the dimensions of a styloid process, a new and more proximal ulnar head is developed, and the pisiform is displaced distally away from its primitive contact with the ulna. In someNycticebus, intra‐articular tissues separate the ulna from the triquetrum. These traits are not seen in other quadrupedal primates, but they are characteristic of extant hominoids. Among hominoids, these features have been interpreted as adaptations to arm‐swinging locomotion. Since hominoid‐like features of the wrist joint are found in lorisines, but not in New World monkeys that practice arm‐swinging locomotion, these features may have been evolved in both lorisines and large hominoids to enhance wrist mobility for cautious arboreal locomotion involving little or no leaping. Most of the other morphological traits characteristic of modern hominoids can be explained as adaptations to cautious quadrupedalism as well as to brachiation, and may have developed for different reasons in different lineages descended from an unspecialized cautious quadruped resembling Alouatta.
Sexual dimorphism and mechanics of the human hip: A multivariate assessment
Authors: Burr David B. , Van Gerven Dennis P. , Gustav Bonnie L.
Published: February 2006

The present research was undertaken to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis and femur on the mechanics of human locomotion. The analysis was based on six biomechanical variables determined from 25 male and 32 female skeletal remains from the Dickson Mound site.

Discriminant function analysis indicates that the mechanical variables which primarily contribute to dimorphism are the moment arm of the gluteus medius and the torque produced by the abductors at the hip. These mechanical aspects of hip function produce greater pressure on the femoral head in females.
The vermiculate surface pattern of brow ridges in Neandertal and modern crania
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: February 2006

A convoluted surface pattern of ridges and grooves characterizes the frontal torus in adult Neandertal fossils. Modern human skulls rarely have the pattern well developed. It is not observed in postcranial bones, nor in skulls of Neandertal children. This vermiculate bone is resistant to oriented cracking from weathering or fractures. Structural characteristics of the bone give evidence on the problem of the function of hominid brow ridges.
Interobserver error in human skin colorimetry
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Byard Pamela J. , Relethford John H.
Published: February 2006

Twenty light‐skinned adults were measured at the upper inner arm site using two commonly used reflectance spectrophotometers. Each subject was measured by each of three investigators to assess the influence of interobserver error on the reflectance readings. A repeated measures design analysis of variance showed no significant variance component due to observers.
Empirical comparison of distance equations using discrete traits
Authors: Finnegan Michael , Cooprider Kevin
Published: February 2006

The use of the Grewal‐Smith statistic in measuring biological distance among skeletal population samples has been questioned since it was first applied to human populations. Recently, in an attempt to stabilize the variance of the Grewal‐Smith statistic for use with non‐metric analysis, Sjøvold ('73) and Green and Suchey ('76) have introduced corrections and alternative transformations which may enhance the meaning of biological distance among population samples. Their recommendations improve the statistics for specific variable ranges; i.e., small sample size and low trait frequencies. Thirteen equations representing Grewal‐Smith, Freeman‐Tukey, Anscombe, and Bartlett transformations and/or corrections, were compared using rank order correlation statistics on actual biological distances generated by real population data as presented in existing literature. Results from testing these actual distance models show little variation between equations based on the populational data sets used. Based on these findings, the distance model resulting from the Grewal‐Smith statistic is not inferior to the more sophisticated models, although the latter may be superior by allowing specific improvements for small sample size and/or low trait frequencies.
Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles. II. Deltoid, rhomboid and “rotator cuff”
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Basmajian John V.
Published: February 2006

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken of action potentials in the deltoid, rhomboid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles of pongid apes as they spontaneously elevated their arms and engaged in suspensory activity on a trapeze.

During brachial elevation, activities of pongid deltoid, rhomboid, supra‐spinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis muscles basically resemble those of human subjects. The intermediate deltoid exhibited high potentials particularly near and at the zenith of brachial elevation. The anterior and, to a lesser extent, posterior deltoid were more variable than the intermediate deltoid during arm‐raising. The three heads often acted discretely. Rhomboid potentials also increased steadily with the highest ones at 130–150°. The supraspinatus sometimes acted as an initiator and accelerator of arm‐raising. Supraspinatus potentials commonly decreased markedly near the zenith of brachial elevation. When subjects reached overhead, it was impossible to discern whether the subscapularis acted fundamentally as an arm‐raising muscle or merely as a medial rotator to position the hand.

In the orangutan, the teres minor was inconsequentially active during arm‐raising. This is strikingly different from the human activity pattern in which it is supposed to function in the inferior component of a glenohumeral force couple (Inman et al., '44).

Remarkably little consequential EMG activity was recorded in the shoulder muscles of gorilla during hoisting activity. Per contra, in the orangutan some muscles were quite active as she hoisted herself on the trapeze. The teres minor seemed to be a prime retractor of the humerus in that context. In the chimpanzee, the rhomboid and especially the supraspinatus were significantly active during hoisting.

All muscles tested in the three great apes were silent or inconsequentially active during pendent suspension from the trapeze.

We conclude that at least during short‐term pendent suspension, osseoligamentous mechanisms are probably chiefly responsible for maintaining integrity of pongid glenohumeral joints. The important role of the supraspinatus muscle as a brachial elevator should be emphasized in future studies of pongid scapular shape. In view of the variable, contextually dependent, actions of the pongid “rotator cuff” muscles we suggest that they be termed the deep scapulohumeral muscles.
Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles. III. Quadrupedal positional behavior
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Basmajian John V.
Published: February 2006

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch‐walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates.

In the African apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. The quadrupedal orangutan always exhibited low potentials in the pectoralis major muscle and EMG activity commonly occurred in her supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles. Quiescent tripedal stances were not accompanied by striking changes in EMG patterns from those which characterized quadrupedal stances. Per contra, eccentric loadings of the forelimb during descnets from elevated substrates generally recruited notable EMG activity in the deltoid, supraspinatus and, to a lesser extent, infraspinatus muscles of the three pongid apes. The pectoralis major and caudal serratus anterior muscles were much more active in Pongo and Pan during these descents.

Supportive segments of quadrupedal locomotive cycles were generally accompanied by EMG activity in the pectoralis major, intermediate and posterior deltoid and supraspinatus muscles. The intermediate and posterior deltoid muscles were characteristically active during pre‐release of the hand and early swing phase. The cranial trapezius and supraspinatus muscles also may act during early swing phase.

We conclude that the pectoralis major and perhaps the supraspinatus and subscapularis might serve regularly as postural muscles during static terrestrial quadrupedalism in pongid apes. The lack of dramatic differences between the EMG patterns exhibited during first‐walking versus knuckle‐walking indicates that an evolutionary transformation from a shoulder complex like that of Pongo to ones like Pan or vice versa need not entail major changes in myological features.
Early hominid enamel hypoplasia
Authors: White Tim D.
Published: February 2006

Enamel hypoplasia in the South African Plio‐Pleistocene fossil hominid sample is examined. The Swartkrans hominids are shown to have a higher incidence of hypoplasia than the Sterkfontein hominids. Within the Swartkrans sample, individuals with hypoplasia of the first upper molar have lower‐than‐expected ages of death. Possible taphonomic explanations for these observations are discussed.
Implantation of cranial base metallic markers in nonhuman primates
Authors: van Ness Allan L.
Published: February 2006

Cranial base metallic markers are useful in growth and developmental research on the nonhuman primate model. Metallic implants aid in superimposing serial cephalometric roentgenograms in the study of craniofacial changes. They also enable measurement of linear and angular changes in the cranial base. The design of a special implant gun is described in detail. A suggested technique for placement of tantalum markers in the cranial base of nonhuman primates is discussed.
A re‐examination of parturition scars on the human female pelvis
Authors: Adams Holt C.
Published: February 2006

Pits, cavities and depressions located on the dorsal surface of the pubic symphysis of females have been attributed to the trauma of parturition. Earlier research based on human skeletal remains provides inadequate information on the individual's obstetrical history. The 68 female pubic bones that were studied had comprehensive medical records indicating whether or not each female had given birth. Fourteen and one‐half percent of the females who had not given birth exhibited trace to small scarring of the pubic symphysis and 23.4% of the females who had not given birth exhibited medium to large scarring. It is suggested that bony changes previously used as an indicator of child bearing must be re‐examined in light of the fact that “birth scarring” has been found in women known not to have had children.
Dietary and dental variations in the genus Lemur, with comments concerning dietary‐dental correlations among Malagasy primates
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Sussman Robert W. , Tattersall Ian
Published: February 2006

Field studies of feeding in the lemur subspecies Lemur fulvus rufus and L. f. mayottensis have revealed that feeding patterns within a single species can be markedly different, both regionally and seasonally. Thus L. f. rufus is a dietary specialist (3 plant species accounting for 80–90% of feeding time), and is highly folivorous, especially during the dry season (90% of feeding time spent eating leaves during the dry season, and 53% during the wet season). On the other hand, L. f. mayottensis is more generalized dietarily (the parts of 12 plant species accounting for 90% of feeding time), and is primarily frugivorous (64% of feeding time spent eating fruit, with a monthly maximum during the wet season of 79%. In both these respects, L. f. mayottensis resembles L. catta are more closely than it does L. f. rufus.

When size differences are corrected for, Lemur fulvus rufus has significantly longer second lower molar shearing crests than does L. f. mayottensis. Other folivorous Malagasy strepsirhines also tend to have longer shearing crests than frugivorous forms. Some data on cheirogaleines also suggest that the more insectivorous species have better developed molar crests than frugivorous species. Some apparent exceptions to this pattern are noted, especially for Lemur catta, which in certain functional respects dentally more closely resembles L. f. rufus than L. f. mayottensis. The problems of dietary classifications are discussed.
Statistical power in physical anthropology: A technical report
Authors: Chase Lawrence J. , Chase L. R. , Tucker Raymond K.
Published: February 2006

A statistical power analysis of The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Volume 44, 1976) was conducted. Twenty‐five articles, which included 3,304 major significance tests, constituted the final sample. Resultant power estimates of 0.38, 0.62, and 0.81, corresponding to small, medium, and large population effects respectively, were obtained. Although the medium effect size estimate falls short of the recommended 0.80 level, the statistical power of physical anthropological research fares well relative to several of the social scientific fields of inquiry.
ABO blood groups in Chilean and Peruvian mummies. II. Results of agglutination‐inhibition technique
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Hossaini Ali A. , Munizaga Juan , Fung Rosa
Published: February 2006

ABO blood groups of Peruvian and Chilean mummies were determined with the agglutination‐inhibition method. In Peru all ABO blood groups were found in the period from 3000 B.C. to 1400 A.D.; from this period to 1650 only A and O were seen. In Chile no B or AB was noted either in pre‐Columbian or Colonial mummies. This confirms the archeological concept that the Chilean Indian was culturally as well as genetically different from the Peruvian Indian. Further studies using other genetic markers are in order, as well as changing certain preconceived notions on blood groups of American Indians.
Relative femoral head size in early hominids
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

Relative growth of the human femur head is studied by a logarithmic principal components method. Growth rates differ according to the population sampled and the other body dimensions being compared, and especially according to sex. The results do not support biomechanical assumptions of strongly positive allometry of the femur head, which have been used to argue that the australopithecine hip joint was not relatively small.
The Aymara of Western Bolivia. II. Maxillofacial and dental arch variation
Authors: Palomino Hernan , Barton Sara A. , Murillo Federico , Schull William J.
Published: February 2006

Maxillofacial and dental arch dimensions of the Bolivian Aymara population are age and sex dependent. Interpopulational comparisons reveal these dimensions to differ from those seen in Aleuts, Australian aborigines, and Swedes, but to be similar to those of the indigenous Taiwanese. Finally, these dimensions are not the same in Aymara of unmixed ancestry, and Mestizos residing in the same villages.
Digital dermatoglyphic patterns in a sample of the Nigerian population
Authors: Boroffice Robert A.
Published: February 2006

Eight hundred Nigerians (400 males and 400 females) were screened for the analysis of digital dermatoglyphic patterns. The frequency distribution of the patterns are 52.09%, 27.67%, 19.20% and 1.13% for ulnar loops, whorls, arches and radial loops respectively. Except for arches, the males have more of the patterns than females. The pattern intensity indices for males and females are 11.2 and 9.9 respectively. Bilateral symmetry is similar in both sexes and the percent distribution is as high as 81.5% and 84% on digit V in males and females respectively.
A genetic survey in the Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Central India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Roberts D. F. , Mukerjee D. P. , Singh S. D. , Malhotra M.
Published: February 2006

Examination of blood groups, plasma proteins and red cell enzyme types (23 loci), in a sample of 145 Bhils, a tribal group of Madhya Pradesh, Central India, demonstrates their genetic uniqueness. They differ in a number of systems from the nearby nontribal groups both of Hindus and Muslims. The results suggest that the Bhil frequencies include vestiges of the ancestral genepool of a more widespread aboriginal population whose influence is detectable in the gene frequencies of some other populations in India.
Metric characteristics of the canine dental complex in prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Zingeser M. R. , Phoenix C. H.
Published: February 2006

Permanent maxillary canine teeth (C1) are appreciably larger in males than in females in most nonhominid Anthropoidea. Mandibular canines (C1) and mandibular first premolars (P3), against which C1 are sharpened in honing behavior, reflect commensurate sexual dimorphism. These three teeth constitute the canine dental complex. The canine complex crown metrics of seven mature genetically female rhesus Macaques, androgenized by prenatal exposure to testosterone propionate, were compared with a control sample (N=12) for evidence of masculinization. The C1 and C1 were measured for clinical crown lengths (L) and mesiodistal and buccolingual widths. The functionally significant and highly dimorphic honing dimensions (HD), which approximate the honing surfaces of P3, were noted. In t‐test comparisons, the C1 L and P3 HD in androgenized monkeys were significantly larger than those of the control group (P<0.05). Identical results were obtained with White's nonparametric ranking technique. Standardized lateral skull radiographs showing earlier dental formative stages were available for five of the seven animals, and these were compared with radiographs of control skulls. The developing C1 were longer and wider than in the controls. This was not reflected in the crown metrics of mature animals because of marked dental attrition. We concluded that androgens can masculinize the female rhesus canine complex, if given during critical periods of prenatal development. We hypothesize that genes encoding the male canine complex are normally activated by endogenous fetal androgens during such critical periods.
A family study of two skeletal variants: Atlas bridging and clinoid bridging
Authors: Saunders Shelley R. , Popovich Frank
Published: February 2006

The frequency of two non‐metric skeletal traits, atlas bridging and clinoid bridging, were examined serially in a randomly chosen sample of 147 families who participated in the Burlington Growth Study. The sample is representative of an Ontario white Anglo‐Saxon population. Partial and complete atlas bridging occurred in 29.2% of the sample, partial and complete clinoid bridging in 15.2%. Atlas bridging appears at an average age of 10.7 years, clinoid bridging at seven years, demonstrating that these characters are not simply expressions of soft tissue sclerosis in old age. Both traits show no strong associations with bone robusticity although atlas bridging is slightly more frequent in males. Both traits are more frequent in relatives of affected individuals than in the sample as a whole. Correlations between parents and offspring and between sibs are highly significant for atlas bridging, less so for clinoid bridging. These traits should fir either a single gene or quasi‐continuous, polygenic model of inheritance. Several tests for polygenic inheritance such as the correlation between first and second born sibs' trait condition, the relationship between trait expression in offspring and total trait incidence in affected parents, and the correlation between trait frequency and expressivity on an intergroup basis were all positive for atlas bridging. The evidence for polygenic inheritance of clinoid bridging is weaker but suggestive. The results obtained in this study for atlas bridging are comparable to data from one earlier family study. The evidence suggests that these two traits should prove useful as genetic markers in skeletal population studies although there is still need for careful control over trait observation and description. Future research should attempt to measure non‐metric traits continuously when their underlying distributions are known to be graded.
Canadian Eskimo permanent tooth emergence timing
Authors: Mayhall J. T. , Belier P. L. , Mayhall M. F.
Published: February 2006

To identify the times of emergence of the permanent teeth of Canadian Eskimos (Inuit), 368 children and adolescents were examined. The presence or absence of all permanent teeth except the third molars was recorded and these data subjected to probit analysis. Female emergence times were advanced over males. Generally, the Inuit of both sexes showed statistically significant earlier emergence times than Montreal children, except for the incisors. The present results do not support hypotheses indicating that premature extraction of the deciduous teeth advances the emergence of their succedaneous counterparts. There is some indication the controls of deciduous tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge.
Is the concept of “control group” valid? A quantitative comparison of behavior of caged baboon groups
Authors: Bramblett Claud A.
Published: February 2006

Behavioral comparisons between six caged baboon groups indicate that the groups have consistent and similar behavioral attributes. At the same time it is possible to distinguish between classes of animals in each group such as males versus females and high status versus low status rank. Comparable results are obtained in both ANOVA and Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance by ranks. This investigation supports the assumption that baboon groups exhibit behaviors that are both consistent and predictable where environment and group composition are controlled. Thus there appears to be a strong species‐appropriate set of behaviors. Behavioral plasticity and group variability might be due largely to a combination of environmental stimuli and the particular history of that group. Differential individual histories or idiosyncracies do not invalidate experimental designs which rely on randomization to structure control groups.
Fight interference and altruism in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Jay R.
Published: February 2006

Fight interference data from a group of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys at Cayo Santiago were used to test hypotheses about the evolution and importance of altruism. Both females and natal males (those born in the group) aided close relatives more than distant relatives and aided distant relatives more than non‐relatives. This result is consistent with that predicted by the theory of kin selection. However, it was found that female aid to non‐relatives involved higher risk and greater success than female aid to relatives. This is not consistent with kin selection or with any strictly genetic explanation for altruism. Natal and non‐natal males also did not conform completely to patterns suggested by strictly genetic explanations. Overall, the findings suggest that the survival value and thus evolution of interference behavior involves factors acting through both the social and genetic levels of organization. Rhesus monkeys apparently use interference as a means of establishing social bonds and ensuring group membership. For a macaque this membership is critical since the social group is the context for most behavior. Thus, an animal not well integrated might be unable to ever reach the point of mating or successfully raising offspring.
The genetic hypothesis for the transmission of Australia antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: Smith David Glenn
Published: February 2006

Exceptions have been cited which rule against the simple autosomal recessive hypothesis for the transmission of susceptibility to infection with Australia antigen (HBsAg). An attempt is made here to present a genetic model for a complex segregation analysis of a new and unique set of data to test this hypothesis.

Regression techniques were used to estimate in four populations, age and sexspecific penetrance levels and the frequency of the gene whose product is hypothesized to be HBsAg. While the genetic hypothesis was not in general supported, observed deviations and their possible causes are discussed.
Movement out of home range and disturbed behavior patterns in a group of bonnet monkeys: Macaca radiata
Authors: Singh Mewa , Pirta Raghubir Singh
Published: February 2006

A free living group of bonnet monkeys unnaturally and unusually moved far out of its established home range. The movement in this new habitat made the behavior of these monkeys abnormal. They did not follow any ordered pattern of group movement and any regular pattern of everyday activities. The social behavior and social communications were highly disturbed. The monkeys appeared to be scared, shy and suspicious. The death of four members during a 37‐day‐trip was an abnormally high rate of mortality.
An evaluation of the miles method of ageing using the Tepe Hissar dental sample
Authors: Nowell George Wesley
Published: February 2006

The Miles system of ageing, based upon analysis of the rate of molar wear, was evaluated using the available dental sample from Tepe Hissar, Iran. The independently estimated ages for the mandibles and maxillae of the same individuals were found to be highly correlated (r=0.87, p<0.001). Ages of a subsample of the dentitions were compared with skeletal ages for the same individuals estimated from pubic symphyseal faces and found to be significantly correlated (r=0.82, p<0.005) with no significant differences in the mean ages. Although a complete evaluation of the Miles method would require its testing on a controlled population, the available dental sample from Tepe Hissar provided evidence of the reliability and validity of the Miles method of ageing archeological populations on the basis of dental wear.

Due to selective retention of burial remains, the available skeletal sample from Tepe Hissar I‐III is not representative of the human populations of the site and can not be used to generate meaningful demographic statistics.
Micropithecus clarki, a small ape from the Miocene of Uganda
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: February 2006

Micropithecus clarki, from Miocene sediments of Napak, Uganda, is the smallest known hominoid primate, living or fossil. In facial morphology it is very similar to extant gibbons. Dentally, it is most similar to the small apes from the Miocene of Kenya, Dendropithecus and Limnopithecus. All of the apes from the early Miocene of East Africa seem to represent a single phyletic group that could be easily derived from the Oligocene apes known from the Fayum of Egypt. Pliopithecus from the Miocene of Europe is more closely allied with the Oligocene radiation than with the later East African radiation.
Social group fission and the origin of intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus monkeys of Cayo Santiago
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Sade Donald
Published: February 2006

The serum transferrin locus is used to investigate the roles of the lineal effect of fission, male migration effect of fission, and genetic drift in causing intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. These three mechanisms prove sufficient to explain the degrees of differentiation between the newly formed social groups A, K, and L as of July 1, 1971. The lineal effect of fission provides a baseline of intergroup differentiation which is altered by forces leading to intragroup genetic change, the male migration effect and genetic drift. The importance of population dynamics for the distribution of alleles among subgroups of a population is recognized.
The femur in early human evolution
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: February 2006

Uni‐ and multivariate analyses of 5 fossil and 215 extant hominoid femora show that two morphological patterns of hominid femora existed about two million years ago. Femora classified asHomosp. indet. (KNMER 1472 and 1481) are more likeHomo sapiensalthough not identical. Those classified asAustralopithecus robustus(SK 82 and 97) andA. boisei(KNM‐ER 1503) are similar to one another but uniquely different from any living hominoid. The strong mophological contrasts imply biomechanical and possible locomotor differences, although these are as yet unknown.
ABO blood groups and fertility—with special reference to intrauterine selection due to materno‐fetal incompatibility
Authors: Satyanarayana M. , Vijayalakshmi M. , Rao C. Sambasiva , Mathew Susan
Published: February 2006

The purpose of the present investigation was to study whether there is differential fertility between different mating types of ABO blood group system. Selective force which is operating through maternal‐fetal incompatibility has been observed in the differential fertility between compatible and incompatible mating groups in the present sample of 183 families of Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh, India. The differences in the mean numbers of pregnancies as well as living children between the two major mating groups, compatible and incompatible are significant. The fertility rates of O fathers and O mothers were significantly higher than those in matings in which neither parents belongs to O. The selection is operating to reduce the gene ratio of A and to increase the gene ratios of O and B in this sample.
Heritability of permanent tooth size
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman
Published: February 2006

The aim of this investigation was to quantify the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the observed variability of permanent tooth size in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Tooth size data were obtained from dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. The custom of polygyny practised by these people enabled the analysis of associations between full‐siblings and half‐siblings. Phenotypic variability of tooth size was partitioned into four variance components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers and between offspring. From these components, the relative genetic and environmental contributions were quantified and heritability estimates for tooth size derived. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by regression analysis from a small sample of parent‐offspring data.

Results of the analyses suggested that about 64% of the total variability of permanent tooth size could be attributed to genetic factors, while a further 6% was due to common environment. Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non‐genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability.
Admixture estimation using skin reflectance data
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Relethford John H.
Published: February 2006

Several different methods are suggested for the estimation of admixture proportions in hybrid populations based on skin reflectance data. These methods are applied to hybrid populations of known ancestry and yield results generally quite similar to those expected based on a simple genetic model. Results indicate the usefulness of these methods in hybridization studies and in the development and refinement of models of the genetics of skin color.
An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. I. The scaling of the maxillary dentition
Authors: Goldstein Serge , Post David , Melnick Don
Published: February 2006

The relations between two tooth indices, post‐canine area and incisor width in the upper jaw, and three variables, diet, body weight and body weight dimorphism, were examined separately for the males and females of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (folivore, frugivore, omnivore). Data on the other variables consisted of species means (log‐transformed) obtained from published sources. The analytic techniques used were bivariate and multiple regression, the tooth indices being the dependent variables.

All tooth indices scaled isometrically within diet classes, and all except female incisor width scaled with positive allometry across diet classes. In both sexes, the body weight adjusted mean incisor width of folivores was significantly smaller than that of either frugivores or omnivores. In the females, the body weight adjusted mean post‐canine areas did not differ significantly across diet classes, while in the males the omnivores had a larger body weight adjusted mean post‐canine area than either the folivores or frugivores. Female post‐canine area was the only tooth index for which body weight dimorphism was a significant predictor. Extrapolations of these findings to other extant and to fossil primate species are discussed.
Revisions in the microscopic method of estimating age at death in human cortical bone
Authors: Kerley Ellis R. , Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: February 2006

Problems recently discovered in the Kerley method of estimating age at death from cortical microstructure are discussed. Kerley's original data have been re‐analyzed to produce new regression equations and to document the original field size.
The basicranium of fossil hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems
Authors: Laitman Jeffrey T. , Heimbuch Raymond C. , Crelin Edmund S.
Published: February 2006

This study investigates the use of the basicrania of fossil hominids as a guide to reconstructing their possible upper respiratory systems. As described previlosly (Laitman and Crelin, '76; Laitman et al., '78), the exocranial orientation of the basicrania of extant primates is related to the position of upper respiratory structures such as the larynx and pharynx. These relationships in living primates sugest that the basicranium of fossil hominids may provide an indicator of what their upper respiratory systems were like.

Originals and casts of 14 fossil hominids were examied. The marked similarites in overall basicranial form between Sterkfontein 5 and extant pongids indicate that Sterkfontein had an upper respiratory system similar to that of extant great apes. The Classic European Neandertals show a range of basicranial, and thus potential upper respiratory, structure comparable to extant human children between 2 and 11 years of age. Cro‐Magnon, Steinheim, Předmostí, Broken Hill, and the more recent North African hominids, exhibit basicrania much more similar to those of adult or sub‐adult modern humans. Their upper respiratory systems probably did not differ considerably from that of present day adult humans.

Our craniometric analysis has shown that it is statistically improbable for the basicrania, and by extrapolation, upper respiratory systems of certain Neandertals to fall within the range of modern adult or sub‐adult humans. There thus appar to be at least two different pathways taken in the evolution of man's upper respiratory system after a common pongid‐like stage exhibited by the australopithecines. One line appears to have terminated with the Clssical Neandertals. The other line, encompassing those hominids with basicrania and upper respiratory structure of more modern appearance, may have given rise to modern man.
Normal amplitudes of radioulnar pronation and supination in several genera of anthropoid primates
Authors: O'connor Brian L. , Rarey Kyle E.
Published: February 2006

The amounts of radioulnar pronation and supination occurring in five genera of Old World Monkeys (Macaca, Papio, Cercopithecus, Theropithecus, and Erythrocebus), three genera of hominoid primates (Homo, Pongo, and Hylobates), and one genus of New World monkey (Cebus) were compared in this investigation. The results indicate that radioulnar motion is significantly less in Macaca than in other cercopithecoid monkeys, that it is significantly less in all cercopithecoid monkeys than in Cebus, and that it is significantly less in Cebus than in the hominoid primates.

The data support the contention that hominoid primates and (at least some) cercopithecoid monkeys possess fundamentally different ranges of radioulnar pronation and supination, and the contention that the morpological differences between the inferior radioulnar joints of hominoid and cercopithecoid primates reflect different ranges of motion which, in turn, are associated with either a quadrupedal or non‐quadrupedal lifestyle.