bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
About a basin—The Palaeogene pull‐apart fluvial Bovey Basin, South Devon, UK
Authors: Edwards Richard A. , Freshney Edward C.
Published: December 2023

The Bovey Basin in south Devon, UK, provides an instructive example of a Palaeogene pull‐apart basin with a complex fluvial sedimentary fill. The basin, one of three that lie along the NW‐SE‐trending Sticklepath Fault Zone, is filled by about 1200 m of sediment, of which about the lower 700 m (mainly lower Bovey Formation) is concealed. The main Bovey Basin is separated from a smaller sub‐basin (the Decoy Basin) south of Newton Abbot. Two main lithofacies are present in the Bovey Formation: lignite‐clay; and clay‐sand, with subordinate lithofacies of red‐mottled clay and sand; and gravel and conglomerate. The upper 500 m or so of the sedimentary infill (middle and upper Bovey Formation) is divided into 10 members. Deposition in the basin was by a variety of fluvial processes, notably floodplain clays and sands deposited by meandering rivers; forest swamps with associated short‐lived shallow lakes; and (mainly in the upper Bovey Formation) braided stream sands and gravels that formed mainly on alluvial fans. Lignites in the basin formed from plants that grew in place in forest swamps, a revision of the long‐held view that the lignitic material was transported into the basin from forests of the conifer Sequoia couttsiae growing outside the basin on adjacent uplands. Newly discovered ichnofabrics occur in some lignitic sequences and probably represent root traces (rhizoliths).
A place for public concerns in parole decision making in Japan
Authors: Toda Saori
Published: December 2023

In recent years, parole decision makers have grappled with an intensifying challenge in addressing public concerns. While discussions on the rise of ‘parole populism’ have emerged, especially in Canada, the United States, Australia and England and Wales, little is known about the way public concerns influence parole release in Japan. This article engages in legal‐systematic analysis of the intricate relationship between public concerns and Japanese parole decision making in general and release from life imprisonment in particular. The article argues that, while Japanese selective parole decision making considering public concerns in secrecy may have partially contributed to political rhetoric encouraging parole, it also poses unique challenges distinct from those in Anglophone jurisdictions. It reveals the value of fostering a transparent and accountable parole decision‐making system to promote a more balanced and fairer approach to parole in the Japanese context.
Australia and New Zealand consensus position statement: use of COVID‐19 therapeutics in patients with haematological malignancies
Authors: Campbell Ashlea , Teh Benjamin , Mulligan Stephen , Ross David M. , Weinkove Robert , Gilroy Nicole , Gangatharan Shane , Prince Henry Miles , Szer Jeff , Trotman Judith , Lane Steven , Dickinson Michael , Quach Hang , Enjeti Anoop K. , Ku Matthew , Gregory Gareth , Hapgood Gregory , Ho Phoebe Joy , Cochrane Tara , Cheah Chan , Greenwood Matthew , Latimer Maya , Berkahn Leanne , Wight Joel , Armytage Tasman , Diamond Peter , Tam Constantine S. , Hamad Nada
Published: December 2023

Despite widespread vaccination rates, we are living with high transmission rates of SARS‐CoV‐2. Although overall hospitalisation rates are falling, the risk of serious infection remains high for patients who are immunocompromised because of haematological malignancies. In light of the ongoing pandemic and the development of multiple agents for treatment, representatives from the Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand and infectious diseases specialists have collaborated on this consensus position statement regarding COVID‐19 management in patients with haematological disorders. It is our recommendation that both patients with haematological malignancies and treating specialists be educated regarding the preventive and treatment options available and that patients continue to receive adequate vaccinations, keeping in mind the suboptimal vaccine responses that occur in haematology patients, in particular, those with B‐cell malignancies and on B‐cell‐targeting or depleting therapy. Patients with haematological malignancies should receive treatment for COVID‐19 in accordance with the severity of their symptoms, but even mild infections should prompt early treatment with antiviral agents. The issue of de‐isolation following COVID‐19 infection and optimal time to treatment for haematological malignancies is discussed but remains an area with evolving data. This position statement is to be used in conjunction with advice from infectious disease, respiratory and intensive care specialists, and current guidelines from the National COVID‐19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce and the New Zealand Ministry of Health and Cancer Agency Te Aho o Te Kahu COVID‐19 Guidelines.
The discovery of NLRP3 and its function in cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes and innate immunity
Authors: Putnam Christopher D. , Broderick Lori , Hoffman Hal M.
Published: December 2023

From studies of individual families to global collaborative efforts, the NLRP3 inflammasome is now recognized to be a key regulator of innate immunity. Activated by a panoply of pathogen‐associated and endogenous triggers, NLRP3 serves as an intracellular sensor that drives carefully coordinated assembly of the inflammasome, and downstream inflammation mediated by IL‐1 and IL‐18. Initially discovered as the cause of the autoinflammatory spectrum of cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), NLRP3 is now also known to play a role in more common diseases including cardiovascular disease, gout, and liver disease. We have seen cohesion in results from clinical studies in CAPS patients, ex vivo studies of human cells and murine cells, and in vivo murine models leading to our understanding of the downstream pathways, cytokine secretion, and cell death pathways that has solidified the role of autoinflammation in the pathogenesis of human disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure of the inflammasome have provided ways for us to visualize normal and mutant protein function and pharmacologic inhibition. The subsequent development of targeted therapies successfully used in the treatment of patients with CAPS completes the bench to bedside translational loop which has defined the study of this unique protein.
Preparation and mechanical behavior of Si3N4 composite ceramics with brick‐and‐mortar structure
Authors: Zhao Shihui , Zhao Yi , Zhang Qifan , Sang Guolong , Xi Xiaoqing , Yang Jinlong
Published: December 2023

The nacre with brick‐and‐mortar structure enables multiple toughening and strengthening mechanisms, and bioinspired ceramics with brick‐and‐mortar structure have been attracting much attention from many researchers. However, the process of constructing precise and uniform microstructure is quite complicated. Herein, we propose a novel and facial method to fabricate composite ceramics with brick‐and‐mortar structure. Si3N4 microspheres prepared by particle‐stabilized foaming and centrifugal spray drying were directly hot pressed after being immersed in suspension and evenly wrapped with ZrO2. The mechanical properties of composite ceramics were optimized by adjusting the pressure during sintering and ZrO2 content. When ZrO2 content was 10 wt% and sintering pressure was 5 MPa, the fracture toughness of ZrO2/Si3N4 brick‐and‐mortar composite ceramics reached 9.02 MPa·m1/2, and the flexural strength was 784 MPa, which were increased by 46.9% and 26.5%, respectively, compared with the control group. While retaining excellent flexural strength, the strong interface also induces crack to deflect and branch along the two‐phase interface of the brick‐and‐mortar structure caused by the residual stress, which was derived from the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient of ZrO2 and Si3N4, consuming more fracture energy to achieve the toughening effect.
Expanding the Health Belief Model for exploring inpatient fall risk perceptions: A methodology paper
Authors: Dolan Hanne , Taylor‐Piliae Ruth
Published: December 2023

Aims

Inpatient falls among older adults are a relentless problem, and extant inpatient fall prevention research and interventions lack the older adults' perspectives and experiences of their own fall risk in the hospital. Theory‐guided research is essential in nursing, and the purpose of this paper was to describe the process of developing a theoretical framework for a phenomenological nursing study exploring older adults' lived experiences of being at risk for falling in the hospital.

Method

Based on philosophical nursing underpinnings, the Health Belief Model (HBM) was selected as the theoretical model. The limitations of the model led to expansion of the model with established concepts associated with accidental falls among older adults.

Results

The HBM was selected as the guiding model due to its ability to capture a broad range of perceptions of a health threat. The HBM was expanded with the concepts of embarrassment, independence, fear of falling, dignity and positivity effect. The addition of these concepts made the theoretical framework more applicable to age‐related developmental behaviours of older adult and more applicable to nursing research.

Conclusion

The Expanded HBM theoretical framework may guide future nursing research to develop fall prevention interventions to decrease fall rates among hospitalized older adults.

Patient or Public Contribution

No Patient or Public Contribution.
Prognostic impact and immunotherapeutic implications of NETosis‐related gene signature in gastric cancer patients
Authors: Xiang Tian , Wei Zhenhua , Ye Chen , Liu Gao
Published: December 2023

The role of NETosis and its related molecules remains unclear in gastric cancer. The data used in this study was directly downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. All analysis and plots are completed in R software using diverse R packages. In our study, we collected the list of NETosis‐related genes from previous publications. Based on the list and expression profile of gastric cancer patients from the TCGA database, we identified the NETosis‐related genes significantly correlated with patients survival. Then, CLEC6A, BST1 and TLR7 were identified through LASSO regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis for prognosis model construction. This prognosis model showed great predictive efficiency in both training and validation cohorts. We noticed that the high‐risk patients might have a worse survival performance. Next, we explored the biological enrichment difference between high‐ and low‐risk patients and found that many carcinogenic pathways were upregulated in the high‐risk patients. Meanwhile, we investigated the genomic instability, mutation burden and immune microenvironment difference between high‐ and low‐risk patients. Moreover, we noticed that low‐risk patients were more sensitive to immunotherapy (85.95% vs. 56.22%). High‐risk patients were more sensitive to some small molecules compounds like camptothecin_1003, cisplatin_1005, cytarabine_1006, nutlin‐3a (−)_1047, gemcitabine_1190, WZ4003_1614, selumetinib_1736 and mitoxantrone_1810. In summary, our study comprehensively explored the role of NETosis‐related genes in gastric cancer, which can provide direction for relevant studies.
Pathways: A guide for developing culturally safe and appropriate patient‐reported outcome (PROMs) and experience measures (PREMs) with Indigenous peoples
Authors: d'Agincourt‐Canning Lori , Ziabakhsh Shabnam , Morgan Jenny , Jinkerson‐Brass Elder Sharon , Joolaee Soudabeh , Smith Tonya , Loft Shelby , Rosalie Darci
Published: December 2023

Background

Members of the Indigenous Health Program, BC Children's and Women's Hospitals and the University of British Columbia embarked on a joint project to describe best practices to support the creation of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient‐reported experience measures (PREMs) with Indigenous peoples.

Methods

The project involved a review of previous research on patient‐reported measures (surveys) that had been specifically developed for Indigenous populations. It also involved interviews with key stakeholders—Indigenous and non‐Indigenous academic researchers, and Indigenous community leaders and community members. Themes from the interviews and the literature review were combined and synthesized into pathways/a framework for survey development.

Results

The pathways document consisted of 13 protocols and associated teachings for guiding processes and framing survey questions. These encompassed building relationships, community engagement and consultation, benefits to community, ceremony and storytelling, two‐way learning, participatory content development, governance and accountability. Findings emphasized the criticality of Indigenous leadership in setting priorities for PROMs and PREMS and establishing relationships that honour Indigenous experiences through all phases of a study. Assessment of the framework's validity with select research participants and the Project Advisory Committee was positive.

Conclusion

This is the first framework to guide development of PROMs and PREMs with Indigenous peoples and communities. It addresess both process and outcome and includes concrete steps that collaborators can take when establishing a partnership that is respectful and inclusive of Indigenous ways of knowing and being.
Molecular quantification of parasitic sea louse larvae depends on species and life stage
Authors: Mertz Nathan E. , Paterson Rachel A. , Finstad Bengt , Brandsegg Hege , Andersskog Ida Pernille Øystese , Fossøy Frode
Published: December 2023

Sea lice cause substantial economic and environmental harm to Norway's aquaculture industry and wild salmonid populations. Rapid, accurate quantification of lice larval densities in coastal waters remains the greatest bottleneck for providing empirical data on infestation risk within wild salmon habitats and aquaculture production regions. We evaluated the capability of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as an absolute quantification method for the planktonic stages of two parasitic louse species, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus (von Nordman). Results demonstrated linear relationships between the DNA quantity measured and the number of spiked larvae for both species and life stages. However, L. salmonis contained a significantly greater number of DNA copies than C. elongatus individuals and for C. elongatus, nauplii displayed a significantly higher number of DNA copies than copepodids. Our results suggest that ddPCR can effectively enumerate louse larvae, but interpreting ddPCR results differ between the two louse species. Obtaining larval abundance estimates from marine plankton samples will depend on the nauplii to copepodid ratio for C. elongatus, but not for L. salmonis.
Reply to: Disease latency and new‐user versus prevalent‐user cohort designs: Implications for pharmacoepidemiology in dementia
Authors: Lee Alexandra K. , Lee Sei J. , Dublin Sascha
Published: December 2023

This letter comments on the letter by Wu and Swardfager in this issue.
A survey of screening and support systems for socially high‐risk pregnancies at obstetric facilities in Japan
Authors: Otsuka Kumiko , Okatsu Aiko , Wada Satoko , Mitsuda Nobuaki , Kataoka Yaeko
Published: December 2023

Aim

To clarify the state of screening and support systems for socially high‐risk pregnant women at obstetric facilities across Japan and identify the characteristics of facilities related to the implementation of screening.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study used a self‐administered questionnaire. Participants were managers of hospitals, clinics, and midwifery birth centers handling deliveries in 47 prefectures across Japan. The questionnaire comprised items regarding the characteristics of participants and their facilities, service provision related to socially high‐risk women available at the facility, the number of specified pregnant women (tokutei ninpu) per year, methods of screening, and support systems within the obstetric facilities. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed using IBM‐SPSS version 24 for the association between facility characteristics and screening practices for socially high‐risk pregnant women.

Results

Valid responses were received from 716 of 2512 obstetric facilities. Rates of specified expectant mothers per annual number of deliveries were identified as follows: perinatal medical centers (2.7%), general hospitals (1.6%), obstetrics and gynecology hospitals (1.0%), and clinics (0.8%). A total of 426 facilities (60.6%) reported screening all expectant mothers to identify socially high‐risk pregnant women. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that facility characteristics and service/care provision related to screening practices included availability of in‐hospital midwife‐led care and in‐hospital midwifery clinics (adjusted odds ratio 1.61; 95% CI [1.30, 1.47]), one‐on‐one care by midwife (1.73; 95% CI [1.15, 2.59]), multidisciplinary meetings within the facility (1.70; 95% CI [1.14, 2.56]), follow‐up support systems after discharge (1.90; 95% CI [1.17, 3.09]), and participation in the regional council for children in need of protection (2.33; 95% CI [1.13, 4.81]).

Conclusions

Approximately 60% of surveyed obstetric facilities screen for socially high‐risk women. Increasing service provision at facilities may be necessary to implement screening.
Comparison of asymmetric Z‐plasty and Stallard Z‐plasty in correction of epicanthus
Authors: Chen Qian , Long Xiren , Li Gaofeng , She Huiming , Zhang Wanhong , Luo Youqi
Published: December 2023

Objective

To investigate the clinical effect of asymmetric Z‐plasty with central axis inward displacement and stallard Z‐plasty in the correction of epicanthus.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 193 patients who underwent epicanthal plasty in the Department of Plastic and Laser Cosmetology of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from 2009 to 2019. The patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods: group A (n = 125) received the asymmetric Z‐plasty with central axis inward displacement method and group B (n = 68) received the stallard Z‐plasty method. The incidence of early postoperative complications, epicanthus retraction and scar concealment from 6 months after the operation were analyzed and evaluated.

Results

After 7 days postoperation, both group A and B of patients had grade A wound healing without any infection or poor wound healing. As for the retraction of the epicanthus, 97.6% of group A patients had no retraction and 2.7% had mild retraction, while 92.6% of group B patients had no retraction and 7.4% had mild retraction. The rank‐sum test showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the two groups. Regarding scar concealment, 35.2% of group A patients had partially hidden scars and 64.8% had completely hidden scars, while 72.1% of group B patients had no hidden scars and 27.9% had partially hidden scars, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Compared with stallard Z‐plasty, asymmetric Z‐plasty with central axis inward displacement has the advantages of concealed incision, easier scar concealment, less scar hyperplasia and stable effect, which results in higher postoperative satisfaction.
Classification of traumatic injury to the dural venous sinus using CT venography
Authors: Schwartz Daniel A. , Talbott Jason , Callen Andrew , Laguna Benjamin , Narvid Jared , Ch'ang Judy H. , Singh Vineeta
Published: December 2023

Background and Purpose

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an underrecognized cause of morbidity in acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Radiologic diagnosis is challenging in the setting of concurrent extra‐axial injury and a lack of standardized diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of traumatic thrombosis versus compression is unknown. Treatment with anticoagulation is often determined by the appropriate classification of the type of traumatic venous injury.

Methods

We developed a two‐part radiologic grading method for standardized assessment of traumatic CVST based on (1) the degree of flow limitation through the affected sinus and (2) the location of venous pathology (ie, external compression vs. intrinsic thrombosis) based on computed tomography venography. We applied this grading method to a retrospective cohort of TBI patients presenting to a Level 1 Trauma center. Chart review was performed to identify potential clinical correlates. A senior neuroradiologist graded the entire cohort and a random subsample was selected for blinded rating by two independent neuroradiologists.

Results

Seventy‐six of 221 patients were identified for inclusion after excluding nontraumatic mechanisms. Seven unique grades were employed to characterize the full extent of venous injuries. The plurality of patients from the cohort (43/76 = 43.4%) suffered compressive injuries. Inter‐rater reliability was moderate for the combined grade, kappa = 0.48, p<.05, and substantial for the flow limitation component, kappa = 0.69, p<.05.

Conclusions

We introduce a standardized two‐part classification system for traumatic venous sinus injury with moderate‐substantial inter‐rater reliability. Compressive injuries were more common than thrombotic injuries. Further prospective work is needed to validate the clinical significance of this classification system.
Dipotassium glycyrrhizate and hinokitiol enhance macrophage efferocytosis by regulating recognition, uptake, and metabolism of apoptotic cells in vitro
Authors: Yamamoto Yu , Yamaguchi Tsuguno , Egashira Kenji , Saiki Shuhei , Kimura Mitsuo , Chikazawa Takashi , Yamamoto Yukio , Kurita Kei
Published: December 2023

Background and Objective

Efferocytosis is a process whereby macrophages remove apoptotic cells, such as neutrophils, that have accumulated in tissues, which is required for resolution of inflammation. Efferocytosis is impaired in individuals with increasing age and in those with various systemic diseases. Recently, efferocytosis has been reported to be related to the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis, and enhancement of efferocytosis, especially in the subjects with impaired efferocytosis, was suggested to lead to periodontitis prevention and care. Various anti‐inflammatory ingredients are used in oral care products, but their effect on efferocytosis is unclear. Here, we aimed to identify ingredients contained in oral care products that are effective for efferocytosis regulation.

Methods

The ability of dead cells to induce inflammation in human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells were evaluated by measuring IL‐6 secretion. Six ingredients in oral care products used as anti‐inflammatory agents were evaluated for their effect on efferocytosis using flow cytometry. The expression of various efferocytosis‐related molecules, such as MERTK and LRP1 involved in recognition, and LXRα and ABCA1 that function in metabolism, were measured in RAW264.7 cells with or without ingredient treatment. Rac1 activity, which is related to the uptake of dead cells, was measured using the G‐LISA kit.

Results

Dead cells elicited IL‐6 secretion in HGF cells. Among the six ingredients, GK2 and hinokitiol enhanced efferocytosis activity. GK2 and hinokitiol significantly increased the expression of MERTK and LRP1, and also enhanced LXRα and ABCA1 expression after efferocytosis. Furthermore, they increased Rac1 activity in the presence of dead cells.

Conclusion

Among the six ingredients tested, GK2 and hinokitiol promoted efferocytosis by regulating apoptotic cell recognition, uptake, and metabolism‐related molecules. Efferocytosis upregulation may be one of the mechanisms of GK2 and hinokitiol in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis.
Effect of previous infection with hepatitis B virus on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained virologic response in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Toyoda Hidenori , Koshiyama Yuichi , Yasuda Satoshi , Kumada Takashi , Chayama Kazuaki , Akita Tomoyuki , Tanaka Junko
Published: December 2023

Previous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is assessed by HBV core antibody (HBcAb) or surface antibody (HBsAb) titres, has reportedly been associated with an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the influence of previous HBV infection on the incidence of HCC in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who achieved eradication of HCV, that is sustained virologic response (SVR). Both HBcAb and HBsAb were measured in a total of 1214 patients with HCV infection who had not been coinfected with HBV, as determined by both negative HBs antigen and HBV DNA, and in whom SVR was confirmed. Patients were followed up for a median of 5.7 years, and the incidence of post‐SVR HCC was compared based on HBcAb and/or HBsAb. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, the incidence of post‐SVR HCC did not differ based on the presence of HBcAb or HBsAb. In conclusion, previous HBV infection has no impact on the incidence of HCC in patients with HCV after SVR.
Association of vitamin D‐binding protein polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D concentration varies among Chinese healthy infants of different VDR‐FokI genotypes: A multi‐centre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tsang Hing Wai , Tung Keith T. S. , Wong Rosa S. , Wong Siew Yan , Tung Joanna Y. L. , Chua Gilbert T. , Ho Marco H. K. , Pang Chi Pui , Wong Wilfred H. S. , Chan Godfrey C. F. , Wong Ian C. K. , Ip Patrick
Published: December 2023

Hypovitaminosis D during infancy is associated with the development of chronic diseases and poor health later in life. While the effect of environmental factors on vitamin D concentration has been extensively explored, this study aimed to explore the effect of genetic factors on vitamin D concentration among Chinese infants. We conducted a multi‐centre cross‐sectional study in Hong Kong from July 2019 to May 2021. A candidate genetic approach was adopted to study four selected genetic variants of the vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) (rs4588, rs7041, rs2282679 and rs2228570) to examine their associations with measured serum 25(OH)D concentration. A total of 378 Chinese infants aged 2–12 months were recruited in this study. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the infants to measure serum 25(OH)D concentration and extract DNA. Results showed that rs7041T and rs2282679C were significantly associated with lower serum 25(OH)D concentration. Further analysis of the DBP variants revealed that the GC1F allele was significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration and identified as the risk DBP isoform in infants. While our results revealed that there is no direct association between VDR‐FokI genotype and serum 25(OH)D concentration, a VDR‐FokI genotype‐specific pattern was observed in the association between DBP isoforms and serum 25(OH)D concentration. Specifically, significant associations were observed in the DBP genotypes GC1F/F, GC1F/2 and GC1S/2 among VDR‐FokI TT/TC carriers, but not in VDR‐FokI CC carriers. Our findings lay down the basis for the potential of genetic screening to identify high risk of hypovitaminosis D in Chinese infants.
Death caps (Amanita phalloides) frequently establish from sexual spores, but individuals can grow large and live for more than a decade in invaded forests
Authors: Golan Jacob , Wang Yen‐Wen , Adams Catharine A. , Cross Hugh , Elmore Holly , Gardes Monique , Gonçalves Susana C. , Hess Jaqueline , Richard Franck , Wolfe Benjamin , Pringle Anne
Published: December 2023

Global change is reshaping Earth's biodiversity, but the changing distributions of nonpathogenic fungi remain largely undocumented, as do mechanisms enabling invasions. The ectomycorrhizal Amanita phalloides is native to Europe and invasive in North America. Using population genetics and genomics, we sought to describe the life history traits of this successfully invading symbiotic fungus.

To test whether death caps spread underground using hyphae, or aboveground using sexual spores, we mapped and genotyped mushrooms from European and US sites. Larger genetic individuals (genets) would suggest spread mediated by vegetative growth, while many small genets would suggest dispersal mediated by spores. To test whether genets are ephemeral or persistent, we also sampled from populations over time.

At nearly every site and across all time points, mushrooms resolve into small genets. Individuals frequently establish from sexual spores. But at one Californian site, a single individual measuring nearly 10 m across dominated. At two Californian sites, the same genetic individuals were discovered in 2004, 2014, and 2015, suggesting single individuals (both large and small) can reproduce repeatedly over relatively long timescales.

A flexible life history strategy combining both mycelial growth and spore dispersal appears to underpin the invasion of this deadly perennial ectomycorrhizal fungus.
Long‐term effects produced by early treatment of Class III malocclusion with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask followed by fixed appliances: A multicentre retro‐prospective controlled study
Authors: Rutili Valentina , Souki Bernardo Quiroga , Nieri Michele , Carlos Ana Luiza Farnese Morais , Pavoni Chiara , Cozza Paola , McNamara James A , Giuntini Veronica , Franchi Lorenzo
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the short‐ and long‐term dentoskeletal effects of early Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask (RME/FM) followed by fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods

A total of 44 patients (27 females, 17 males) treated consecutively with RME/FM were included from the archives of 3 centres. Three lateral cephalograms were available: T0 (before the start of RME/FM therapy, mean age 8.1 ± 1.8 years), T1 (immediately after RME/FM, mean age 9.8 ± 1.6 years), and T2 (long‐term observation, mean age 19.5 ± 1.6 years). A control group of 17 untreated Class III subjects (12 females and 5 males) also was selected. Between‐group statistical comparisons were performed with ANCOVA.

Results

No statistically significant differences for any of the cephalometric variables were found at T0. In the short term, the treated group showed significant improvements in ANB (+2.9°), Wits appraisal (+2.7 mm), SNA (+1.8°) and SNB (−1.1°). A significant closure of CoGoMe angle (−1.3°) associated with smaller increments along Co‐Gn (−2.4 mm) also was found together with a significant increase in intermaxillary divergence (+1.3°). In the long‐term, significant improvements in ANB (+2.6°), Wits appraisal (+2.7 mm) and SNB (−1.7°) were recorded together with a significant closure of the CoGoMe angle (−2.9°). No significant long‐term changes in vertical skeletal relationships were found.

Conclusions

RME/FM therapy was effective in improving Class III dentoskeletal relationships in the short term. These changes remained stable in the long‐term due mainly to favourable mandibular changes.
Surgical neonates: A retrospective review of procedures and postoperative outcomes at a quaternary children's hospital
Authors: Nelson Olivia , Rintoul Natalie E. , Tan Jonathan M. , Simpao Allan F. , Chuo John , Hedrick Holly L. , Duran Melissa S. , Makeneni Spandana , Devine Matthew , Cao Lusha , Stricker Paul A.
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Neonates have a high incidence of respiratory and cardiac perioperative events. Disease severity and indications for surgical intervention often dovetail with an overall complex clinical course and predispose these infants to adverse long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes and increased length of stay. Our aims were to describe severe and nonsevere early postoperative complications to establish a baseline of care outcomes and to identify subgroups of surgical neonates and procedures for future prospective studies.

Methods

Electronic health record data were examined retrospectively for a cohort of patients who had general anesthesia from January 26, 2015 to August 31, 2018. Inclusion criteria were full‐term infants with postmenstrual age less than 44 weeks or premature infants less than 60 weeks postmenstrual age undergoing nonimaging, noncardiac surgery. Severe postoperative complications were defined as mortality, reintubation, positive blood culture, and surgical site infection. Nonsevere early postoperative outcomes were defined as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypothermia, hyperthermia, and readmission within 30 days.

Results

About 2569 procedures were performed in 1842 neonates of which 10.9% were emergency surgeries. There were 120 postoperative severe complications and 965 nonsevere postoperative outcomes. Overall, 30‐day mortality was 1.8% for the first procedure performed, with higher mortality seen on subgroup analysis for patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy (10.3%) and congenital lung lesion resection (4.9%). Postoperative areas for improvement included hyperglycemia (13.9%) and hypothermia (7.9%).

Discussion

The mortality rate in our study was comparable to other studies of neonatal surgery despite a high rate of emergency surgery and a high prevalence of prematurity in our cohort. The early outcomes data identified areas for improvement, including prevention of postoperative glucose and temperature derangements.

Conclusions

Neonates in this cohort were at risk for severe and nonsevere adverse postoperative outcomes. Future studies are suggested to improve mortality and adverse event rates.
Awake caudal anesthesia in ex‐premature infants undergoing lower abdominal surgery: A narrative review
Authors: Frawley Geoff P. , McCann Alexander John
Published: December 2023

Background and Objectives

The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the literature describing the use of caudal anesthetic‐based techniques in premature and ex‐premature infants undergoing lower abdominal surgery.

Methods

All available literature from inception to August 2023 was retrieved according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines from Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Two authors reviewed all references for eligibility, abstracted data, and appraised quality.

Results

Of the 211 articles identified, 45 met our inclusion criteria yielding 1548 cases with awake caudal anesthesia. The review included 558 (36.0%) cases of awake caudal anesthesia, 837 cases (54.1%) of “awake” caudal anesthesia with sedation, and 153 cases (9.9%) of combined spinal caudal epidural anesthesia without sedation.

The overall anesthetic failure rate was 7.2% (71.9:1000 caudals). Failure rates were highest for CSEA (13.7%, 7.7–18.4), intermediate for awake caudal (6.6%, 5.26–9.51), and lowest for sedated caudal anesthesia (5.85%, 4.48–7.82). The incidence (range) of perioperative apnea was highest for sedated caudal anesthesia (8.16, 0%–24%), intermediate for awake caudal (7.62%, 0%–60%), and lowest for CSEA (5.53%, 0%–14.3%).

High spinal anesthesia occurred in 0.84%, or 8.35:1000 caudals overall. The incidence was highest in awake caudal anesthesia cases (1.97% or 19.7:1000 caudals), intermediate with caudal with sedation (1.07% or 10.7:1000 caudals), and lowest in CSEA (0.7% or 6.6:1000 caudals).

Our review was confounded by incomplete data reporting and small sample sizes as most were case reports. There were no high‐quality randomized controlled trials, and the eight single‐center retrospective data reviews lacked sufficient data to perform meta‐analysis.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to validate or refute the benefits of the use of “awake” caudal anesthesia in premature and ex‐premature infants. The high doses of local anesthetics used, the high failure rate, and the increased incidence of high spinal anesthesia would suggest that the techniques offer no real advantages over awake spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia with a regional block.
Identification of SSR markers linked to new fertility restoration trait in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for A4 (maldandi) male sterile cytoplasm
Authors: Pavan Kumar N. , Biradar Basavaraj D. , Bagewadi Basavaraj , Hanamaratti N. G. , Bhat Sumangala , Shekharappa  , Nethra P. , Kariyannanavar Prashanth , Kavyashree N. M.
Published: December 2023

Identification of markers associated with fertility restoration (Rf) genes is essential because they can streamline the breeding of new CMS lines and production of commercial hybrid seeds. Therefore, in the present study, F2 populations (M31‐2A × DSMR 8) was utilized to identify markers linked to Rf loci on maldandi (A4) cytoplasm through bulk segregant analysis (BSA). The F2 population was analysed for seed set percentage. Chi‐square (χ2) analysis showed that the fertility restoration trait followed expected digenic ratio. By BSA, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers, namely, Xtxp 34 and Xtxp 69 located on chromosome 3 and SB 3956 and Xtxp 312 located on chromosome 7, showed clear polymorphism between two groups of fertile and sterile bulks. The genomic region harbouring Rf locus on chromosome 3 (2.61 Mbp) predicted to encode five pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) genes whereas, on chromosome 7, the gene SORBI_3007G047400 predicted to encode MYB (myeloblastosis) domain containing proteins. These predicted genes could be the candidate for restoring fertility on A4 cytoplasm. This finding will be fundamental in the production and rapid selection of novel restorer lines.
Distal sibling grief: Exploring emotional affect and salience of listener behaviors in stories of sibling death
Authors: Brock Margaret , Yoshimura Christina Granato
Published: December 2023

Communicated Narrative Sense‐Making (CNSM) theory was utilized to consider the characteristics of stories of sibling death 5 years or more after the loss and to investigate the association between sharing these stories and a bereaved sibling's well‐being. Analysis of 174 narratives revealed that a neutral affective tone was predominant in storytelling and that participant overall mood emerged as a more significant predictor of well‐being than the affective content of the story. Cause of death, age at death, short‐ and long‐term impacts, and continuing bonds with sibling were the main themes included in sibling death stories, with an emphasis on factual content. The participants' reported salience of six CNSM perspective‐taking behaviors of listeners while telling the death story to others suggests that while all six behaviors were important to their decision to share their story, being offered the freedom to tell the story and having positive, attentive behaviors from listeners were the most salient. Based on these findings, contributions to CNSM translational interventions for bereaved siblings are discussed.
Attention modulates early visual processing: An association between subjective contrast perception and early C1 ERP component
Authors: Pan Wang‐Nan , Zhao Yu‐Wan , Luo Zi‐Xi , Chen Yue , Cai Yong‐Chun
Published: December 2023

The question of whether spatial attention can modulate initial afferent activity in area V1, as measured by the earliest visual event‐related potential (ERP) component “C1”, is still the subject of debate. Because attention always enhances behavioral performance, previous research has focused on finding evidence of attention‐related enhancements in visual neural responses. However, recent psychophysical studies revealed a complex picture of attention's influence on visual perception: attention amplifies the perceived contrast of low‐contrast stimuli while dampening the perceived contrast of high‐contrast stimuli. This evidence suggests that attention may not invariably augment visual neural responses but could instead exert inhibitory effects under certain circumstances. Whether this bi‐directional modulation of attention also manifests in C1 and whether the modulation of C1 underpins the attentional influence on contrast perception remain unknown. To address these questions, we conducted two experiments (N = 67 in total) by employing a combination of behavioral and ERP methodologies. Our results did not unveil a uniform attentional enhancement or attenuation effect of C1 across all subjects. However, an intriguing correlation between the attentional effects of C1 and contrast appearance for high‐contrast stimuli did emerge, revealing an association between attentional modulation of C1 and the attentional modulation of contrast appearance. This finding offers new insights into the relationship between attention, perceptual experience, and early visual neural processing, suggesting that the attentional effect on subjective visual perception could be mediated by the attentional modulation of the earliest visual cortical response.
(De)Centering Whiteness through community dialogues about safety problems and solutions
Authors: Quick Kathryn S.
Published: December 2023

What happens to problem‐solution pathways when racism is prominent in a public policy issue and a group of stakeholders—the majority of whom are White—dialogue about desired policy changes? I examine this question through a case study of community dialogues about policing, safety, race, and White privilege after Philando Castile was killed by a police officer. Through longitudinal, ethnographic analysis, I trace how a series of deliberative dialogues made White complicity in racism visible, leading to problem‐solution pathways expanding beyond an initial focus on policing reform to also incorporate White residents' making deeper commitments to anti‐racism and inclusion. This shift occurred through the sequencing of topics, slowing down the pace of problem definition, building relationships, dialogue norms and facilitation methodologies, and BIPOC participants' labor. I conclude with suggestions for more constructive democratic processes to support anti‐racist governance.
Matching existing and future native plant materials to disturbance‐driven restoration needs
Authors: Winkler Daniel E. , Sterner Sarah , Bradford John B. , Pilmanis Adrienne M. , Massatti Rob
Published: December 2023

Assessing the appropriateness of existing native plant materials can both determine which seed source to utilize for restoration projects, and identify locations for which new seed sources need to be developed. Here, we demonstrate an approach to meet these needs. This method identifies areas of high restoration need based on disturbance patterns, assesses the regional suitability of existing native plant materials based on climate similarity, and highlights geographic (and climatic) gaps where existing materials are likely unsuitable and where plant material development projects can be prioritized. We examined 12 high priority restoration species across the Colorado Plateau, a 38‐million‐ha region of the Intermountain West, United States to test our methodological pipeline. Fifty‐four percent of the Colorado Plateau is disturbed by livestock grazing, wildfires that have burned in the past 20 years, or energy production from oil and gas wells, natural gas pipelines, and coal mines. Of the 28 commercially available plant materials for six of the focal species, only 3 have climate similarity that encompass more than 50% of the species modeled habitat on the Colorado Plateau. Across all commercial materials, most species (10 of 12) do not have any suitable plant material for 70% or more of their geographic range on the Colorado Plateau. Of those areas identified as not having any suitable plant materials, 47–56% are also disturbed. Our method provides usable, flexible protocols and spatially referenced data sources for optimizing the planning of new native plant materials in any region where restoration is needed and spatial data are available.
Quantifying economic impacts of trade agreements with heterogeneous trade elasticities
Authors: Kee Hiau Looi , Nicita Alessandro
Published: December 2023

Bilateral trade relationships between countries vary across products. Such heterogeneity poses challenges when assessing the economic impacts of trade agreements. This paper estimates bilateral trade elasticities at the product level and explores these impacts using a hypothetical no‐deal Brexit as an example. Our findings indicate that the European Union's demand for the United Kingdom products is often less elastic compared to products from other trading partners. We also observed substantial heterogeneity in the elasticities across products and a negative correlation between these elasticities and tariffs. These factors mitigate extent of trade welfare losses compared to a scenario using homogeneous elasticities.
Coping with job loss: evidence from military base closures
Authors: Dahlberg Matz , Martén Linna , Öckert Björn
Published: December 2023

We examine how workers adjust in response to an unexpected job loss. Using the closure of military bases in Sweden, we find that displaced workers experience permanent income losses and immediately adjust along two main channels: regional and sector mobility. Displaced military workers are more likely to move to another municipality, start commuting, and change sectors. We also find that workers with mobility restrictions are less likely to change regions and they exhibit lower earnings in the longer run, a result that might help to explain some of the permanent income losses found in the literature.
Franklin Roosevelt, the “Third New Deal,” and the transformation of partisanship
Authors: Milkis Sidney M.
Published: December 2023

This article focuses on Franklin Roosevelt's influence on the Democratic Party. It brings to light the significant, but underexamined “Third New Deal,” the controversial program Roosevelt pursued during his second and third terms. Shortly after his landslide 1936 re‐election, Roosevelt pursued three polarizing initiatives: the Court‐Packing Plan, the 1937 executive reorganization bill, and the 1938 “purge” campaign. These measures, while far from completely successful, began an important transformation that replaced the decentralized, patronage‐based party system, which had dominated the 19th century and remained regnant through the first three decades of the 20th century, with an executive‐centered partisanship, which subordinated parties to the ambitions of the White House. Roosevelt's assault on existing partisan practices—most notably, the unprecedented “purge” campaign—imposed his personal brand on the Democratic Party. More broadly, his profound influence on the Democratic Party led to what Max Weber called the “routinization of charisma,” whereby the disruptive leadership of a charismatic leader is displaced by a “mechanism of rules” that transcend “personal authority.” The deinstitutionalization of the Democratic Party was part of a broader objective to build an executive‐centered administrative state that Roosevelt and his political allies considered a more effective means to pursue their partisan objectives. Ronald Reagan's presidency signaled that Republicans, no less than Democrats, embraced executive‐centered partisanship. Eventually, as became all too clear during the presidency of Donald Trump, the fusion of executive prerogative and partisanship resulted in a “personal president,” as Theodore Lowi termed it, and a plebiscitary politics that denigrated political parties as collective organizations and threatened to turn political parties into cults of personality.
Structural Ambiguity and the Architecture of Language1
Authors: Fortuny Jordi
Published: December 2023

This article investigates what structural ambiguity reveals about the architecture of language. It analyzes two basic types of structural ambiguity, constituent ambiguity and chain formation ambiguity, and illustrates with a small class of selected case studies how they interweave. It observes that several movement locality constraints have the effect of reducing chain formation ambiguities; however, it argues that movement locality constraints are not primarily motivated to reduce ambiguity. Finally, it defends that structural ambiguity is due to a loss of resolution at the PF branch of the language faculty.