bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetarian diet and reduced uterine fibroids risk: A case–control study in Nanjing, China
Authors: Shen Yang , Wu Yanting , Lu Qing , Ren Mulan
Published: October 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a vegetarian diet correlates with a potential reduced risk of uterine fibroids.

Material and Methods

We used data from a case–control study conducted in Southeast University Zhongda Hospital between February 2010 and December 2014. Cases included 600 Chinese Han women with uterine fibroids (case group) whose clinical diagnosis dated back no more than 1 year. Controls were 600 patients without uterine fibroids as well as healthy volunteers (control group). All of the information gathered through the questionnaire survey was analyzed for the risk factors of the uterine fibroids pathogenesis.

Results

The multifactor analysis showed that women with uterine fibroids reported a less frequent consumption of broccoli (odds ratio [OR]: 0.552; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.316–0.964), cabbage (OR: 0.446; 95%CI: 0.211–0.943), Chinese cabbage (OR: 0.311; 95%CI: 0.102–0.946), tomato (OR: 0.453; 95%CI: 0.241–0.853), and apple (OR: 0.416; 95%CI: 0.213–0.814) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The original evidence from this epidemiological investigation shows that a high consumption of broccoli, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, tomato and apple seems to be a protective factor for uterine fibroids. We suggest that greater intake of fresh fruits and cruciferous vegetables may be able to reduce the incidence of uterine fibroids.
Introducing infant and young child feeding indicators into national nutrition surveillance systems: lessons from Vietnam
Authors: Hajeebhoy Nemat , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Tran Do Thanh , de Onis Mercedes
Published: October 2015

A comprehensive set of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators for international use was published in 2008. We describe the process followed to incorporate these indicators into Vietnam's National Nutrition Surveillance System (NNSS).

Following its establishment in 1980, the National Institute of Nutrition introduced the Vietnam NNSS to provide an evidence base for nutrition interventions. While anthropometric indicators based on international standards were regularly used for programme purposes, data on IYCF could not be collected with similar rigor until 2010.

In 2009, with support from Alive & Thrive and UNICEF, the NNSS questionnaire was reviewed and additional content incorporated to measure IYCF practices. The tool was pilot‐tested in 10 provinces and revised before nationwide roll‐out in 2010.The tool comprises four pages, the first three of which focus on collecting data relating to maternal nutrition and IYCF. The last page is flexibly designed to incorporate planners’ data requests for other relevant activities (e.g. mass media interventions, food security). Once analysed, the data are presented in a report comprising provincial profiles and maps illustrating IYCF practices. Importantly, the IYCF data have been used for policy advocacy (e.g. maternity leave legislation, advertisement law), programme planning, trend monitoring and capacity building.

Adoption of the IYCF indicators was successful due to strategic timing, a phased approach, buy‐in from stakeholders and capacity building at all levels to ensure the quality and use of data. Further revisions to the NNSS (e.g. sampling methodology, quality assurance systems) will be important to ensure the reliability of indicators.
Key principles to improve programmes and interventions in complementary feeding
Authors: Lutter Chessa K , Iannotti Lora , Creed‐Kanashiro Hilary , Guyon Agnes , Daelmans Bernadette , Robert Rebecca , Haider Rukhsana
Published: October 2015

Although there are some examples of successful complementary feeding programmes to promote healthy growth and prevent stunting at the community level, to date there are few, if any, examples of successful programmes at scale. A lack of systematic process and impact evaluations on pilot projects to generate lessons learned has precluded scaling up of effective programmes. Programmes to effect positive change in nutrition rarely follow systematic planning, implementation, and evaluation (PIE) processes to enhance effectiveness over the long term. As a result a set of programme‐oriented key principles to promote healthy growth remains elusive. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by proposing a set of principles to improve programmes and interventions to promote healthy growth and development. Identifying such principles for programme success has three requirements: rethinking traditional paradigms used to promote improved infant and young child feeding; ensuring better linkages to delivery platforms; and, improving programming. Following the PIE model for programmes and learning from experiences from four relatively large‐scale programmes described in this paper, 10 key principles are identified in the areas of programme planning, programme implementation, programme evaluation, and dissemination, replication, and scaling up. Nonetheless, numerous operational research questions remain, some of which are highlighted in this paper.
Field heritability of a plant adaptation to fire in heterogeneous landscapes
Authors: Castellanos M. C. , González‐Martínez S. C. , Pausas J. G.
Published: October 2015

The strong association observed between fire regimes and variation in plant adaptations to fire suggests a rapid response to fire as an agent of selection. It also suggests that fire‐related traits are heritable, a precondition for evolutionary change. One example is serotiny, the accumulation of seeds in unopened fruits or cones until the next fire, an important strategy for plant population persistence in fire‐prone ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the potential of this trait to respond to natural selection in its natural setting. For this, we use a SNP marker approach to estimate genetic variance and heritability of serotiny directly in the field for two Mediterranean pine species. Study populations were large and heterogeneous in climatic conditions and fire regime. We first estimated the realized relatedness among trees from genotypes, and then partitioned the phenotypic variance in serotiny using Bayesian animal models that incorporated environmental predictors. As expected, field heritability was smaller (around 0.10 for both species) than previous estimates under common garden conditions (0.20). An estimate on a subset of stands with more homogeneous environmental conditions was not different from that in the complete set of stands, suggesting that our models correctly captured the environmental variation at the spatial scale of the study. Our results highlight the importance of measuring quantitative genetic parameters in natural populations, where environmental heterogeneity is a critical aspect. The heritability of serotiny, although not high, combined with high phenotypic variance within populations, confirms the potential of this fire‐related trait for evolutionary change in the wild.
The Origins ofWalterBenjamin's Concept of Philosophical Critique
Authors: Procyshyn Alexei
Published: October 2015

Focusing onWalterBenjamin's earliest pieces dedicated to school reform and the student movement, this article traces the basic critical approaches informing his mature thought back to his struggle to critically implement and transform the theory of concept formation and value presentation developed by hisFreiburg teacher,HeinrichRickert. It begins with an account ofRickert's work, specifically of the concept ofDarstellung(presentation) and its central role inRickert'spostmetaphysicaltheory of historical research (which he characterizes as exclusively concerned with theKantianquid juris). It shows that Rickert develops a speculative but practical theory of value recognition, which nevertheless leaves the status of value itself undetermined.ContraRickert,Benjamin returns to the ignoredquid facti, or origin of value, and shows that a metacritical, postmetaphysical approach such asRickert's ultimatelylimitspossible experience rather than grounding it. This basic insight, it is argued, is the cornerstone ofBenjamin's concept of critique.
Alief and Explanation
Authors: Hubbs Graham
Published: October 2015

This article critiques the much‐discussed notion of alief recently introduced by Tamar Gendler. The narrow goal is to show that the notion is explanatorily unnecessary; the broader goal is to demonstrate the importance of making explicit one's explanatory framework when offering a philosophical account of the mind. After introducing the concept of alief and the examples Gendler characterizes in terms of it, the article examines the explanatory framework within which appeal to such a concept can seem necessary. This framework, it argues, is a generalization of the belief‐desire account of action. Although Gendler introduces the notion of alief in an attempt to move beyond the belief‐desire account, it argues that she nevertheless works within a generalized version of its explanatory structure. Once the framework is made explicit, we find no explanatory need that requires introducing the notion of alief into our account of the mind.
A Design Methodology for Energy Infrastructures at the Campus Scale
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Augenbroe Godfried , Lee Jin‐Kook , Zhao Fei
Published: October 2015

To improve the design of large‐scale energy infrastructures such as campuses, energy managers need to predict the outcomes of interventions in buildings, as well as have sufficient insights in the implications of changes to the supply and generation network. This article develops a methodology to express overall network energy performance (NEP) with the aim to manage the properties of and multiple relationships between energy consumers and producers in the network. It is based on a directed graph that contains consumers and producers at its nodes, while the connecting arcs represent modes of energy exchange, thus expressing the overall energy topology. The NEP model supports decisions at the generation side, the consumption side, and defines the macroenergy connections, that is, which consumer nodes connect to which suppliers. Our approach forms a bridge between two competing approaches at opposite ends of the spectrum, (1) network models that use high‐fidelity dynamic building simulation models but typically break down under the computational weight of hundreds of buildings, and (2) the large scale geographical information system (GIS) approaches that are capable to handle large urban collections of buildings but whose building models are typically too shallow to inspect individual building performance. As an example, the article illustrates the use of the NEP model in the support of systematic improvement of a university campus energy performance.
Developing Strategies for Asking Questions in Negotiation
Authors: Miles Edward W.
Published: October 2015

Although negotiation writers often advise negotiators to have a strategy for asking their counterparts questions, the negotiation literature does not currently provide a detailed discussion of how to develop a strategy for asking questions in negotiation. This essay begins that discussion. In doing so, it draws from such disciplines as logic, linguistics, and cognitive psychology, in which the act of questioning has been examined with the goal of developing theory. This article also draws from such applied disciplines as law, education, and journalism, in which questioning as a matter of strategy has also been examined. A common theme across these different domains has been potential resistance to answering questions on the part of the person being interviewed and explorations of the sources of that resistance. Therefore, in this discussion of questioning strategy, I have focused particularly on how resistance can be avoided or overcome.
Neural reality and social convention: do they overlap?
Authors: Mosterín Jesús
Published: October 2015

Neural reality is part of nature, independent of our cultural agreements. Social conventions are part of culture and fictions created and sustained by our accords. The classical Greeks had already established a difference between phýsis (nature, reality) and nómos (norm, law). Pain, pleasure, emotion, and compassion belong to the first realm. Rights, duties, guilt, responsibility, and dignity are in the second. Do they overlap anywhere? Perhaps around the emotion of compassion, which is morally relevant but also neurologically real. We briefly consider the relation of compassion to mirror neurons and neuromodulators in the brain. When jumping from neurons to norms, we must beware of the naturalistic fallacy and the moralistic fallacy.
An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness inPolygonum cespitosum
Authors: Sultan Sonia E. , Matesanz Silvia
Published: October 2015

The introduced Asian plantPolygonum cespitosumhas only recently become invasive in northeastern North America, spreading into sunny as well as shaded habitats. We present findings from a multiyear case study of this ongoing species invasion, drawing on field environmental measurements, glasshouse plasticity and resurrection experiments, and molecular genetic (microsatellite) data. We focus in particular on patterns of individual phenotypic plasticity (norms of reaction), their diversity within and among populations in the species’ introduced range, and their contribution to its potential to evolve even greater invasiveness. Genotypes from introduced‐rangeP. cespitosumpopulations have recently evolved to express greater adaptive plasticity to full sun and/or dry conditions without any loss of fitness in shade. Evidently, this species may evolve the sort of “general‐purpose genotypes” hypothesized by Herbert Baker to characterize an “ideal weed.” Indeed, we identified certain genotypes capable of extremely high reproductive output across contrasting conditions, including sunny, shaded, moist, and dry. Populations containing these high‐performance genotypes had consistently higher fitness in all glasshouse habitats; there was no evidence for local adaptive differentiation among populations from sunny, shaded, moist, or dry sites. Norm of reaction data may provide valuable insights to invasion biology: the presence of broadly adaptive, high‐performance genotypes can promote a species’ ecological spread while providing the fuel for increased invasiveness to evolve.
Soil fertility effects on tree seedling performance are light‐dependent: evidence from a long‐term soil chronosequence
Authors: Peltzer Duane A. , Wardle David A.
Published: October 2015

Soil chronosequences are a powerful tool for understanding how limitation of plant growth by nutrients and light changes throughout ecosystem development, but experimental tests of how availability of these resources interact to influence plant performance as ecosystem development proceeds are rare. We utilise the well‐characterised Franz Josef soil chrononosequence in New Zealand, a sequence of sites caused by a retreating glacier that spans ca 120 000 years and that includes all stages of ecosystem development from primary succession through to retrogression. Soil fertility is relatively low at either end of the sequence due to limitation of biological processes initially by N and ultimately by P whereas light availability is lowest at intermediate stages of the sequence dominated by tall forest. Growth and leaf traits of nine woody plant species, including those that occur widely along the chronosequence and those that are restricted to short portions of it, were quantified in a mesocosm experiment. Phytometers of these species were each grown in each of nine soils collected from throughout the chronosequence at either high (30%) or low (2%) light levels; these soil and light conditions represent the full variation observed along the sequence. Plant growth and biomass were greatest in soils from intermediate stages of the chronosequence and in high light. However, the stimulatory effects of soil fertility largely disappeared under shaded conditions that are characteristic of intermediate stages of ecosystem development. Our results demonstrate that long‐term changes in soil fertility and light availability that occur throughout ecosystem development had direct effects on plant species performance, but that there were stronger interactive effects of soils and light availability. Because light and soil resource availability shift predictably but have different trajectories throughout ecosystem development, our results help to understand variation in plant species performance and community assembly along complex environmental gradients.
Preoperative screening for sickle cell disease in children: a pragmatic solution in a UK district hospital
Authors: Jemmett Kim , Williams Andrew
Published: October 2015

Sickle cell disease and other hemoglobin disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent across the whole of Europe and hence within our anesthetic practice. Despite this, there still appears to be a largely varied consensus on when preoperative sickle cell testing is necessary in the pediatric population. In this article, we describe one approach adopted in a district hospital within London to simplify this problem.
Disarming the Toy Store and Reloading the Shopping Cart: Resistance to Violent Consumer Culture
Authors: Goossen Rachel Waltner
Published: October 2015

This article examines the trajectory of North American‐based peace groups that mobilized to critique a set of nationalistic symbols, including military and war‐related toys and games and their commodification for children. Beginning in the immediate post–World War I period and continuing through the twentieth century, a constellation of peace organizations developed advocacy campaigns aimed at changing consumers’ behavior. Activists tailored their efforts to fit their shorter and long‐term goals, access to resources, and immediate historical contexts. Over time, peace groups’ protests against violent toys and games gained some traction, although the multibillion dollar toy and game industries in the United States continued to market violent entertainment geared toward children. By the turn of the twenty‐first century, antiviolence activists were effectively broadening their appeal to North American consumers by linking their concerns to public health campaigns focused on children's safety.
Contemporary Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Hansen Nat
Published: October 2015

There is a widespread assumption that ordinary language philosophy was killed off sometime in the 1960s or 70s by a combination of Gricean pragmatics and the rapid development of systematic semantic theory.Contrary to that widespread assumption, however, contemporary versions of ordinary language philosophy are alive and flourishing but going by various aliases – in particular (some versions of) ‘contextualism’ and (some versions of) ‘experimental philosophy’. And a growing group of contemporary philosophers are explicitly embracing the title as well as the methods of ordinary language philosophy and arguing that it has been unfairly maligned and was never decisively refuted. In this overview, I will outline the main projects and arguments employed by contemporary ordinary language philosophers and make the case that updated versions of the arguments made by ordinary language philosophers in the middle of the 20th century are attracting renewed attention.
Reasons and Promotion
Authors: Sharadin Nathaniel
Published: October 2015

A number of philosophers acceptpromotionalism, the view that whether there is a normative reason for an agent to perform an action or have an attitude depends on whether her doing so promotes a value, desire, interest, goal, or end. I show that promotionalism faces aprima facieproblem when it comes to reasons for belief: it looks extensionally inadequate. I then articulate two general strategies promotionalists can (and have) used to solve this problem and argue that, even if one of these two strategies can successfully solve the problem with reasons for belief, promotionalists face a symmetrical problem in a range of structurally similar cases. As I'll argue, the problem is that promotionalism cannot account for reasons grounded in the ‘fit’ between an attitude and its object. I offer an alternative to promotionalism and explain how adopting this alternative solves the problems with promotionalism while preserving much of what made promotionalism attractive in the first place.
Prophylactic properties of a Leishmania‐specific hypothetical protein in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Lage D. P. , Martins V. T. , Duarte M. C. , Garde E. , Chávez‐Fumagalli M. A. , Menezes‐Souza D. , Roatt B. M. , Tavares C. A. P. , Soto M. , Coelho E. A. F.
Published: October 2015

In this work, the effect of vaccination of a newly described Leishmania infantum antigenic protein has been studied in BALB/c mice infected with this parasite species. The LiHyD protein was characterized after a proteomic screening performed with the sera from dogs suffering visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Its recombinant version was expressed, purified and administered to BALB/c mice in combination with saponin. As a result of vaccination and 10 weeks after challenge using an infective dose of L. infantum stationary promastigotes, vaccinated mice showed lower parasite burdens in different organs (liver, spleen, bone marrow and footpads’ draining lymph nodes) than mice inoculated with the adjuvant alone or the vaccine diluent. Protected mice showed anti‐Leishmania IgG2a antibodies and a predominant IL‐12‐driven IFN‐γ production (mainly produced by CD4+ T cells) against parasite proteins, whereas unprotected controls showed anti‐Leishmania IgG1 antibodies and parasite‐mediated IL‐4 and IL‐10 responses. Vaccinated mice showed an anti‐LiHyD IgG2a humoral response, and their spleen cells were able to secrete LiHyD‐specific IFN‐γ, IL‐12 and GM‐CSF cytokines before and after infection. The protection was correlated with the Leishmania‐specific production on nitric oxide. Altogether, the results indicate that the new LiHyD protein could be considered in vaccine formulations against VL.
Phosphorylation of Thr1495 of nestin in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion damage
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Suzuki Go , Kusano Teruo , Kawamoto Yoko , Yoshimura Hisashi , Fuse Akira , Yokota Hiroyuki , Naito Zenya , Ishiwata Toshiyuki
Published: October 2015

Nestin, a class VI intermediate filament protein, is expressed by neuronal progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the present study, we analyzed the nestin expression and phosphorylation levels in nerve cells in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to three‐vessel occlusion for 14 min, and were killed either 1 or 4 days after the procedure. The percentages of cells in the SVZ that were positive for nestin, Thr1495‐phosphorylated nestin or Ki67 did not significantly differ between the ischemic reperfusion and sham groups. Conversely, in the striatum and cornu ammonis 2 (CA2) regions, the mice at 4 days after ischemic reperfusion showed significantly higher numbers and percentages of nerve cells that were positive for nestin, Thr1495‐phosphorylated nestin and Ki67 compared to results from the other groups. To our knowledge, this is the first description of phosphorylated nestin expression in neural progenitor cells in the SVZ of adult mice. In this cerebral ischemia and reperfusion mouse model, cells positive for Thr1495‐phosphorylated nestin were increased in the striatum and CA2 field of the hippocampus; suggesting that nestin phosphorylation may play an important role in mitotically active neuronal progenitor cells.
Professional Discourses on Single Parenthood in International Adoptions in Spain
Authors: Poveda David , Jociles María Isabel , Rivas Ana María
Published: October 2015

This article examines psychologists’ and social workers’ discourses in relation to international adoptions by single parents in Spain. The analysis suggests that these professionals, who play a key role in moving forward (or not) the adoption process, work with a distinctive notion of “the best interest of the child” in which a heterosexual couple is taken as the normative referent of parental and family relations. The principle of the child's best interest is explicitly defined at the legislative level and is incorporated as part of child protection policies, though in interview discourses it intertwines with many other themes. Our analysis uncovered some diversity in psychologists’ and social workers’ discourses, which seem to be tied to their professional and experiential background, though an argument that portrays single parenthood in negative terms dominates their views. These representations are developed even though the available evidence from post‐adoption assessments does not support such bias.
Smugglers, Fayuqueros, Piratas: Transitory Commodities and Illegality in the Trade of Pirated CDs in Mexico
Authors: Aguiar José Carlos G.
Published: October 2015

The emergence of “pirated” CDs and DVDs has transformed street commerce and marketplaces across Latin America, as it has in many regions of the world. The dominant punitive perspective on intellectual property rights defines the unauthorized reproduction and commercialization of copyright‐protected material as organized crime. The antipiracy discourse is focused on the control of the commodity, but overlooks the locality and the spatial and political entanglements of the market for piracy. Based on ethnographic material, this article documents the rise of copied CDs in the San Juan de Dios market in Guadalajara, a marketplace that works as a hub for the smuggling of piracy in Mexico. The purpose of this article is twofold: to capture the emergence of pirated CDs in a local context, and to pose questions about the alleged links between piracy and drug trafficking in Mexico. These issues are useful for understanding the entanglement and limits of criminal and informal economies in Latin America.

Many illegal‐labeled activities have much legitimate life in society (or in particular groups), and under such circumstances the state response constitutes bad law, adding to illegality and prosecution, including wars of various sorts, that are morally worse than the original violation. [Heyman and Smart 1999:21]
Men of Honor Don't Talk: The Relationship Between Masculine Honor and Social Activism Against Criminal Organizations in Italy
Authors: Travaglino Giovanni A. , Abrams Dominic , de Moura Georgina Randsley
Published: October 2015

Criminal organizations have a strong influence on social, political, and economic life in Italy and other parts of the world. Nonetheless, local populations display collective passivity against organized crime, a phenomenon known as omertà. Omertà is linked to the concepts of honor and masculinity. That is, in order to fit ideological constructions of manliness, individuals should display indifference toward illegal activities and should not collaborate with legal institutions. In two studies, we investigated the link between endorsement of a masculine honor ideology and collective action intentions against criminal organizations (antimafia). Study 1 (N = 121) involved a Northern Italian sample, and Study 2 (N = 301) involved a Southern Italian sample. Across studies, results showed that endorsement of masculine honor ideology was associated with lower willingness to engage in social activism against criminal organizations. This relationship was mediated by attitudes toward criminal organizations (Study 1 and 2) and, in line with the notion of omertà, by lower levels of collective motive and more anxiety about interacting with police (Study 2). Directions for future research are discussed.
Managing technology development teams – exploring the case of microsytems and nanosystems
Authors: Burger Norbert , Staake Thorsten , Fleisch Elgar , Hierold Christofer
Published: October 2015

New sensor and actuator concepts based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are increasingly being developed from lab status toward commercialization. The associated technology development for the provision of improved functionalities and cost reduction often requires highly interdisciplinary development teams where scientists and engineers from different disciplines closely work together. Managing these teams is a key challenge for MEMS/NEMS organizations. This research examined eight technology developments in MEMS/NEMS in international companies. Based on in‐depth interviews with innovators, we explored the managerial aspects of development teams. We identified and discuss (1) leadership, (2) market, (3) team structure and culture, (4) innovation motivation, (5) innovation driver, (6) experience and know‐how, and (7) product vision and innovation strategy as key influences on teams in the early development phases of MEMS/NEMS. Our study reveals that integrative and manufacturing know‐how and capabilities are the most critical capacities to be developed by the team from the idea to the concept phase. The team's lived experience during long development times from 5 to 10 years or more may allow a fast response to changes from market and technology (e.g. materials and nanotechnology). The results indicate that the process of how know‐how and capabilities are created by the team is more important than the mere existence of specific expertise.
Belief is Contingently Involuntary
Authors: Booth Anthony Robert
Published: October 2015

The debate between “Normativists” and “Teleologists” about the normativity of belief has been taken to hinge on the question of which of the two views bestexplains why it is that we cannot (non‐contingently) believe at will. Of course, this presupposes that there is an explanation to be had. Here, I argue that this supposition is unwarranted, that Doxastic Involuntarism is merely contingently true. I argue that this is made apparent when we consider that suspended judgement must be involuntary if belief is, that suspended judgment is not a belief (or set of beliefs), and that the aim or norm of suspended judgement cannot be constitutive if suspended judgement is not a belief (or set of beliefs).
Proud to be a nurse? Recently graduated nurses' experiences in municipal health care settings
Authors: Sneltvedt Torild , Bondas Terese
Published: October 2015

Background

Recently graduated nurses are the future of the nursing profession and the municipal health care that will need nursing competency for an increasing number of frail elderly persons. This study is part of a larger project on newly graduated nurses where previous research indicated that building professional pride at their workplace could be important for remaining in the profession and in municipal health care. However, the recently graduated nurse's first job assignment in municipal health care can also be a critical period with cuts in their pride as nurses who may have an impact on nursing care for their patients.

Aim

The aim of this study is to illuminate recently graduated nurses' experiences with professional pride in municipal health and care services.

Methods

A phenomenological hermeneutic approach was chosen to illuminate meaning. A purposive sample of eight recently graduated nurses working in nursing homes or home health care was chosen for this study with narrative interviews and diaries.

Findings

Three themes were identified: doing the good thing and doing what is right; being recognized and confirmed; and finally thriving in a community of practice. An important source of pride is the relation to patients. Recently graduated nurses build their professional pride in an active and social process in a community of practice. The first cut in their professional pride seems to take place when they were not recognized and confirmed as professional persons.

Conclusion

Recently graduated nurses in municipal health care describe their professional pride as a complex phenomenon with relational, dynamic and collective dimensions. The cuts in their pride may hurt their identity and nursing care.
Wage‐Earners' Welfare after Economic Reform: Refurbishing, Retrenching or Hollowing Out Social Protection in Australia and New Zealand?
Authors: Wilson Shaun , Spies‐Butcher Benjamin , Stebbing Adam , St John Susan
Published: October 2015

Australia and New Zealand developed distinctive ‘wage‐earner welfare states’, with social protection largely delivered through high breadwinner basic incomes and residual social policies. Market reforms then pursued in both countries during the 1980s and 1990s retrenched important elements of the Antipodean model. Our article offers a novel characterization of major reforms to both welfare states from the mid‐1990s to the early 2010s. We focus on industrial relations, as a form of wage‐earner welfare, and expansions to social provision for families and retirees that may be viewed as responding to the evolving needs of wage‐earners as family patterns diversify and populations age. Policy reversals complicate the picture of the long‐term path of industrial relations. Voters rejected the Employment Contracts Act in New Zealand in 2000 and WorkChoices in Australia in 2007, with incoming labour governments moderating policy to favour wage‐earner expectations of decent wages and fair bargaining. Alongside this, governments expanded both paternalistic social policies and private social provision. We argue these changes taken together produced a ‘hollowing out’ of wage‐earner welfare in both countries, accompanied by increasingly stratified welfare, which marginalizes and stigmatizes many outside the workforce. But, we also note persistent differences, reflecting the more radical and ‘pure’ New Zealand experiment, its relatively centralized politics and stronger liberal tradition. Hence, Australia retains more progressive taxation and family support less connected with employment status, while making greater use of tax expenditures to support private welfare.
The Global Financial Crisis and Child Poverty: The Case of Australia 2006–10
Authors: Redmond Gerry , Patulny Roger , Whiteford Peter
Published: October 2015

While events associated with the global financial crisis (GFC) had a profound impact on real family incomes and well‐being in many rich countries, impacts in Australia were relatively minor. One reason for this was the massive policy response by the Australian government at the outset of the GFC, which pumped billions of dollars into the pockets of low and middle income families. This article examines the impact of this stimulus on child poverty in Australia in the context of longer‐term policies on income support for families with children. We show that the emphasis of longer‐term policy has been to moderate support for families with children and that, since the mid‐1990s, rates of relative child poverty have not fallen. We find that while the impact of the stimulus was to reduce child poverty, the underlying trajectory of policies towards family assistance and child poverty in Australia has not changed, and therefore there is no expectation that child poverty will continue to fall in the future.
From a Garbage Can to a Compost Model of Decision‐Making? Social Policy Reform and the Czech Government's Reaction to the International Financial Crisis
Authors: Saxonberg Steven , Sirovátka Tomáš
Published: October 2015

This article argues that the financial crisis did not have a strong impact on Czech social policy. In contrast to the garbage‐can model, in which policymakers wait for a ‘window of opportunity’ to implement radical reforms, the Czech centre‐right parties instead used the crisis as a means of continuing their market‐liberal reforms that they had initiated before the crisis had even begun. Since they had extremely little public support for their reforms, they tried to bring about gradual change. Thus, instead of pulling radical reforms out of the garbage‐can, Czech right‐wing politicians have tended to take out smaller biodegradable goods that can decay and compost into fertile ground in order to sow the seeds of gradual change.
Smart Policies or Sheer Luck? Labour Market Resilience in the Low Countries
Authors: Fenger Menno , Koster Ferry , Struyven Ludo , van der Veen Romke
Published: October 2015

This article explores the labour market resilience of Belgium and the Netherlands. We define labour market resilience as the capacity of labour markets to resist, withstand or quickly recover from negative exogenous shocks and disturbances and to renew, adjust or re‐orientate in order to benefit from positive shocks. This article focuses on the labour market consequences of the crisis in these two countries and discusses their policy responses. Belgium and the Netherlands are often considered as comparable countries because of their open economies, their institutional characteristics and the fact that they usually are grouped together in the same welfare regimes. This article clearly shows that there are considerable differences between the countries. Although both countries have managed to limit the labour market consequences of the crisis, they have done so through the application of different interventions and reforms. From the comparison of these two countries we distillate more general conclusions about the factors that promote or limit labour market resilience.
Cross‐Cultural Study of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes During Math Problem Solving
Authors: Cozza Barbara , Oreshkina Maria
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this qualitative study was: (a) to explore the cognitive and metacognitive processes of mathematics problem‐solving discourse of 10‐year‐old students in Russia, Spain, Hungary, and the United States; and (b) to explore the patterns of social interactions during small group work. Data were analyzed using a cognitive/metacognitive framework adopted from Artzt and Armour‐Thomas. The analysis of think‐aloud transcripts, students' reflective journals, and field observation notes revealed similar patterns of cognitive/metacognitive processes of the problem‐solving discourse at the four research sites and distinct patterns of social interactions. Implications of how children used metacognition to impact learning during mathematics problem solving are discussed.
Temperature and Time Dependence on Recovery Stress Relaxation in Nickel Titanium Wire during Isothermal Holding at High Temperatures
Authors: Yan X. J. , Van Humbeeck J.
Published: October 2015

In this study, the influence of kinematically constrained thermal cycling (heating, isothermal holding and cooling) on the recovery stress in annealed nickel titanium wire was investigated. A 4% pre‐strained nickel titanium wire was heated to temperatures (150, 200, 250 and 300 °C) much higher than the austenite finish temperature. It was observed that the maximum recovery stress obtained at different conditions decreases significantly after the first thermal cycle and reduces gradually with further increasing the number of thermal cycles. It was also seen that the recovery stress increases with time during isothermal holding at 150 °C. During isothermal holding at other temperatures, the recovery stress shows an exponential decrease, and the decrease rate of the recovery stress depends on the isothermal holding temperature. The higher isothermal holding temperature is the more the recovery stress decreases. The decrease rate reduces with increasing the number of thermal cycles.
Comparative Theological Learning as an Ordinary Part of Theological Education
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: October 2015

This essay argues, as its title suggests, that learning that is both comparative and theological can be an ordinary – possible, beneficial, even necessary – part of theological education and, like other fields of study, may be incorporated in the curriculum in ways that meet practical curricular needs. Once the professor has undertaken the initial, minimal learning, teaching comparatively can become a natural and integral part of any seminary course. The study of the other is not exotic or in a class by itself; if we can study our own religious tradition today, we can study others as well. The thesis is argued in several parts: (1) interreligious diversity is integral to the context of contemporary faith; (2) comparative theology engages diversity in an intentionally theological way and needs to be distinguished from other disciplines; (3) a comparative theological approach aids in the process of ensuring that attention to diversity is integral to theological education; (4) teaching comparative theology is not different from teaching other forms of theology. None of this, I suggest, requires a liberal or pluralist theological starting point.
Meeting the Familiar Yet Strange: Strategies for Introducing American Christians to Jesus and Mary as Muslims Know Them
Authors: Mosher Lucinda Allen
Published: October 2015

Jesus and Mary have been called simultaneously a bridge and a gulf between two massive, complex religion‐communities. In spite of this – and in spite of obvious distinctions between instructional venues such as a church's adult education program, a seminary classroom, or a required university theology course – a fairly consistent set of strategies work well when helping Christians understand Jesus and Mary as Muslims known them. Gaining such familiarity is useful preparation for Christians' eventual appreciative conversation with Muslims.
Becoming Luis: A Photo Essay on Growing up in Bolivia
Authors: Crowder Jerome W.
Published: October 2015

Luis is an Aymara boy whom I have known since his birth in 1996. Although he and his mother were not initially central to my research on migration in the Andes, they belong to the family I worked with in El Alto, Bolivia. During a return visit ten years later, I recognized the importance of his story within my research, and thus reviewed my field notes and photo library to find images and stories about them. Photography plays a major role in my research, as I use images as mementos as well as stimuli for discussion. With the benefit of 20/20 hindsight and 15 years' distance, Luis and Basilia represent the quintessential migrant experience, one I may have overlooked if I had not asked new questions of old data.
Response of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to ordered nanotopographies fabricated using colloidal self-assembly and glancing angle deposition
Authors: Wang Peng-Yuan , Bennetsen Dines T. , Foss Morten , Thissen Helmut , Kingshott Peter
Published: October 2015

Ordered surface nanostructures have attracted much attention in different fields including biomedical engineering because of their potential to study the size effect on cellular response and modulation of cell fate. However, the ability to fabricate large-area ordered nanostructures is typically limited due to high costs and low speed of fabrication. Herein, highly ordered nanostructures with large surface areas (>1.5 × 1.5 cm2) were fabricated using a combination of facile techniques including colloidal self-assembly, colloidal lithography, and glancing angle deposition (GLAD). An ordered tantalum (Ta) pattern with 60-nm-height was generated using colloidal lithography. A monolayer of colloidal crystal, i.e., hexagonal close packed 720 nm polystyrene particles, was self-assembled and used as a mask. Ta patterns were subsequently generated by evaporation of Ta through the mask. The feature size was further increased by 100 or 200 nm using GLAD, resulting in the fabrication of four different surfaces (FLAT, Ta60, GLAD100, and GLAD200). Cell adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization of MG63 osteoblast-like cells were investigated on these ordered nanostructures over a 1 week period. Our results showed that cell adhesion, spreading, focal adhesion formation, and filopodia formation of the MG63 osteoblast-like cells were inhibited on the GLAD surfaces, especially the initial (24 h) attachment, resulting in a lower cell density on the GLAD surfaces. After 1 week culture, alkaline phosphatase activity and the amount of Ca was higher on the GLAD surfaces compared with Ta60 and FLAT controls, suggesting that the GLAD surfaces facilitate differentiation of osteoblasts. This study demonstrates that ordered Ta nanotopographies synthesized by combining colloidal lithography with GLAD can improve the mineralization of osteoblast-like cells providing a new platform for biomaterials and bone tissue engineering.
Perceived Exertion of Physical Activity During Pregnancy
Authors: Marshall Mallory R. , Pivarnik James M.
Published: October 2015

Background:

Maternal physical activity declines across gestation, possibly due to changing perception of physical activity intensity. Our purpose was to a) determine whether rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a treadmill exercise changes at a given energy expenditure, and b) identify the influence of prepregnancy physical activity behavior on this relationship.

Methods:

Fifty-one subjects were classified as either exercisers (N = 26) or sedentary (N = 25). Participants visited our laboratory at 20 and 32 weeks gestation and at 12 weeks postpartum. At each visit, women performed 5 minutes of moderate and vigorous treadmill exercise; speed was self-selected. Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), and RPE were measured during the last minute at each treadmill intensity.

Results:

At moderate intensity, postpartum VO2 was higher compared with 20- or 32-week VO2, but there was no difference for HR or RPE. For vigorous intensity, postpartum HR and VO2 were higher than at 32 weeks, but RPE was not different at any time points.

Conclusions:

RPE does not differ by pregnancy time point at either moderate or vigorous intensity. However, relative to energy cost, physical activity was perceived to be more difficult at 32 weeks compared with other time points. Pregnant women, then, may compensate for physiological changes during gestation by decreasing walking/running speeds.
Microbicides Alter the Expression and Function of RND-Type Efflux Pump AdeABC in Biofilm-Associated Cells of Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Suvarna , Shah Bhavikkumar P. , Lee Hiu Ham , Martinez Luis R.
Published: October 2015

Acinetobacter baumannii
is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes nosocomial infections worldwide. This microbe's propensity to form biofilms allows it to persist and to survive on clinical abiotic surfaces for long periods. In fact,
A. baumannii
biofilm formation and its multidrug-resistant nature severely compromise our capacity to care for patients in hospital environments. In contrast, microbicides such as cetrimide (CT) and chlorhexidine (CHX) play important roles in the prevention and treatment of infections. We assessed the efficacy of CT and CHX, either alone or in combination, in eradicating
A. baumannii
biofilms formed by clinical isolates, by using stainless steel washers to mimic hard abiotic surfaces found in hospital settings. We demonstrated that increasing amounts of each microbicide, alone or in combination, were able to damage and to reduce the viability of
A. baumannii
biofilms efficaciously. Interestingly, the
adeB
gene of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) family is predominantly associated with acquired resistance to antimicrobials in
A. baumannii
. We showed that CT and CHX adversely modified the expression and function of the RND-type efflux pump AdeABC in biofilm-associated
A. baumannii
cells. Furthermore, we established that these microbicides decreased the negative charges on
A. baumannii
cell membranes, causing dysregulation of the efflux pump and leading to cell death. Our findings suggest that CT and CHX, alone or in combination, can be used efficaciously for eradication of
A. baumannii
from hospital surfaces, in order to reduce infections caused by this nosocomial agent.