bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of the Adsorption of 2-Propanol onto Silica Surfaces on the Basis of Ab Initio and Density Functional Calculations
Authors: Abdallah Mariam R. , Hasan Muhammad A. , Zaki Mohamed I.
Published: November 2009

The adsorptive interactions of 2-propanol (2-PrOH) molecules with silica surfaces were investigated using ab initio and density functional calculations. Two cluster models of silica were chosen to represent the terminal ≡SiOH groups and the siloxane bridges ≡Si–(O)2–Si≡ on the silica surface. The Hartree–Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) approaches, employing a 6–31G(d) basis set, were used to calculate the geometries, electronic structures, vibrational frequencies and adsorption energies of the adsorption complexes formed. The calculated adsorption energies were corrected for zero-point vibrational energies (ZPVE) and basis set superposition errors (BSSE). The results favoured a most likely surface configuration for the physisorbed species in which 2-PrOH molecules are bound to exposed silanol groups via two hydrogen bonds, with the alcoholic –OH group acting simultaneously as a proton acceptor and donor. Moreover, bonding of 2-PrOH with strained surface siloxane bridges (≡Si–O–Si≡) was shown to lead to chemisorption of the alcohol molecule. These findings have been shown to help interpreting reported infrared spectroscopic results of in-situ experimental studies.
Inception and Evolution of Nitrogen Sorption Hysteresis Loops by Thermally-Induced Nanopore Drilling in TiO2 Xerogel Microspheres: UV Photoreduction of Methyl Orange
Authors: Velásquez Celso , Ojeda M. Luisa , Campero Antonio , Sánchez-Mondragón J. Javier , Esparza J. Marcos , Rojas Fernando
Published: November 2009

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) microspheres were prepared via a sol–gel route and the textural properties of these substrates developed through thermal treatment performed between 100 °C and 500 °C which led to the decomposition of organic groups and sintering between microparticles. The annealed TiO2 microglobules enclosed a nanopore network consisting of alternating bulges and throats. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the TiO2 xerogels treated at 100 °C and 500 °C possessed very narrow hysteresis loops, whereas the corresponding adsorption isotherms of the TiO2 microglobular samples annealed at 200–400 °C showed well-defined hysteresis cycles.

The UV catalytic photoreduction of Methyl Orange solutions in the presence of porous TiO2 microspheres occurred to a significant extent regardless of the annealing temperature employed; anatase was present between 200 °C and 500 °C while the appearance of rutile started from 350 °C onwards. Electron release took place from the external area of the microglobules rather than from the surface of the internal pores of the microspheres; as a consequence, significant photocatalytic activity was displayed by all the samples. Two concomitant effects influenced the properties of a given TiO2 sample: (i) an increase in the annealing temperature led to a higher crystallinity; and (ii) the surface area and porosity decreased with temperature due to increased sintering.
Synthesis of Activated Carbon Honeycomb Monoliths under Different Conditions for the Adsorption of Methane
Authors: Giraldo Liliana , Moreno-Piraján J.C.
Published: November 2009

Methane adsorption onto different types of carbon monoliths was studied at two temperatures (298.15 K and 303.15 K) and at pressures up to 35 atm in a volumetric adsorption apparatus. The mass basis results for methane adsorption indicated that the methane adsorption capacities of the carbon monoliths increased with increasing surface area, total pore volume and micropore volume. The maximum volumetric methane uptake of the carbon monoliths synthesized was 165 v/v at 298.15 K and 35 atm employing steam-activated monoliths derived from petroleum coal tar. The Clapeyron–Clausius equation was used to describe the interaction between the guest molecules and the adsorbent at low surface coverage and the energetic heterogeneous surface nature of the adsorbent, respectively. The methane storage capacity was found to be a function of the micropore volume and the developed superficial area.
Fluoride Ion Uptake by Synthetic Apatites
Authors: Yehia Ahmed , Ezzat Khaled
Published: November 2009

Fluoride uptake by synthetic apatites from aqueous solutions was studied as a function of fluoride ion concentration. The phosphate minerals synthesized and considered included different varieties of phosphate minerals of the apatite group such as hydroxy-, carbonato- and chloro-apatite, all being precipitated at the boiling point. An ion-selective electrode technique was used for fluoride ion analysis in the adsorption experiments and electrokinetic measurements were utilized to delineate specific adsorption effects. The results suggest that, at low fluoride ion concentrations, a fluoroapatite-type compound may form on the apatite surface via the chemisorption of fluoride ions at calcium sites; at high fluoride ion concentrations, calcium fluoride appears to form at the apatite surface via a surface-precipitation phenomenon. The formation of CaF2 on the surface of fluoride ion-treated apatite was further substantiated by FT-IR spectroscopic measurements, which clearly demonstrated a metathetic exchange with phosphate from the apatite lattice during the surface precipitation process.
Strength Analysis of Large-Scale Multiplanar Tubular Joints with Inner-Plate Reinforcement
Authors: Yong-Bo Shao , Ji-Chao Zhang , Zhi-Heng Qiu , Jie-Juan Shang
Published: November 2009

For large scale multiplanar tubular joints used in practical engineering, the brace/chord intersection is a critical position as failure usually occurs here due to the weak bearing capacity of the chord in radius direction compared to the strength of the braces in axial direction. To improve the ultimate strength, different reinforcements can be used to strengthen the structures. Inner plate reinforcement is a relatively new strengthening method compared to conventional reinforcing methods. As there is no corresponding guideline which can be used for the design of inner plate reinforcing joints, it is necessary to investigate the failure mechanism of such tubular structures. Both experimental test and finite element analysis are carried out in this study to investigate the static behaviour of multiplanar tubular joint reinforced with inner plate. In the experimental work, the stresses distribution and development of the specimen is monitored, and the failure mode is observed. From the experimental results, both the failure process of the multiplanar tubular joint and the reinforcing efficiency of the inner plate were analyzed. Using finite element analysis, the failure process of the specimen is also analyzed step by step. The finite element results agree reasonably well with experimental measurements.
A Flexibility-Based Method for Structural Damage Identification Using Ambient Modal Data
Authors: Yang Q. W.
Published: November 2009

Structural damage identification using ambient vibration modes has become a very important research area in recent years. The main issue surrounding the use of ambient vibration modes is the mass normalization of the measured mode shapes. This paper presents a promising approach that extends the flexibility sensitivity technique to tackle the ambient vibration case. By introducing the mass normalization factors, manipulating the flexibility sensitivity equation, the unknown damage parameters and mass normalization factors can be computed simultaneously by the least-square technique. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using simulated data with measurement noise on three examples. It has been shown that the proposed procedure is simple to implement and may be useful for structural damage identification under ambient vibration case.
Nonlinear Analysis of Cable Net Structures Suspended from Arches with Block and Tackle Suspension System, Taking into Account the Friction of the Pulleys
Authors: Hincz Krisztián
Published: November 2009

A numerical procedure for the static analysis of arch-supported tensile structures with block and tackle suspension system is presented. The procedure, based on dynamic relaxation, is suitable for a structural analysis both in the prestressing process and in a final state under external loads. The friction between the pulley and its shaft is also taken into account in the analysis. After the introduction of the developed procedure, two structures are presented as examples. The analysis of a very simple structure validates the procedure, then the analysis of a more complex structure, an arch-supported cable net roof illustrates the stability and efficiency of the procedure.
Experimental Tests on Intermediate Crack Debonding Failure in FRP — Strengthened RC Beams
Authors: Mazzotti C. , Savoia M.
Published: November 2009

In the present paper, the results of an experimental campaign concerning the failure due to intermediate crack-induced (IC) debonding of RC beams strengthened with FRP composites are presented. Both CFRP plates and sheets have been adopted for strengthening. The simply-supported beam scheme with a multiple-load distribution has been adopted in order to have a loading condition the more close possible to the real cases. During the tests, mid-span deflection, compressive strain, mean tensile elongation, crack opening and FRP strains along the beams have been measured. The effect of the FRP reinforcement on flexural strength and ductility has been studied. Moreover, the IC debonding type of failure has been identified from the FRP strain distribution profiles. The IC debonding occurs where the FRP strain is high and a gradient of it (associated with shear stresses along the interface according to classical beam theory) is also present. Finally, the comparison with the theoretical prediction of the FRP strain distribution at IC debonding failure is presented. It is shown that the strengthening with FRP sheets is more effective than adopting pultruded plates, because: i) the anchorage surface is much greater, being equal to the beam width; ii) the debonding surface is more irregular and, consequently, the mode II fracture energy is greater. The role of the amount of the longitudinal steel reinforcement on the FRP strain at IC debonding is also discussed.
Effect of Construction Details on the Bond Performance of NSM FRP Bars in Concrete
Authors: Galati Donatella , De Lorenzis Laura
Published: November 2009

Near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement has proven effective for strengthening reinforced concrete structures and is gaining increasing attention. The NSM reinforcement is installed by grooving the surface of the member to be strengthened and embedding FRP bars or strips in the grooves with an appropriate binder. This paper reports the results of an investigation designed to evaluate the influence of some construction parameters on the bond performance of NSM FRP round bars. These parameters include the groove depth and width-to-depth ratio, the groove distance from the edge of the member, the mechanical properties of the groove-filling epoxy, and the use of transverse FRP sheets for confinement of the joint. During the tests, conducted with a direct shear setup, the loaded-end and free-end slips and the strain distributions along the reinforcement and in the transverse plane were monitored. Tests were conducted on both short and long NSM bar anchorages. Results are here reported and analyzed to determine the effect of the test variables on local bond-slip behavior and development capacity. The local bond-slip curves obtained from the tests with short bond length are modelled analytically and used to predict the capacity of the specimens having long bond length and the same other test variables.
Inverse Analysis for the Calibration of FRP—Concrete Interface Law
Authors: Savoia Marco , Ferracuti Barbara , Vincenzi Loris
Published: November 2009

The inverse analysis technique is used to derive a non linear mode II interface law for Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) – concrete bonding starting from experimental data. The proposed interface law is based on a fractional formula and includes the non linear compliance contributions of adhesive and concrete cover at high shear stresses. It depends on three parameters (the maximum shear stress, the corresponding slip and an exponent), which are calibrated from experimental results on debonding tests. The values of maximum loads and strain profiles along the FRP plates for different bonding lengths are used. The parameter identification is performed by the inverse analysis using a Direct Search algorithm. Some considerations on the well-posedness of the inverse problem adopting different cost functions to minimize the error between experimental and numerical data are given. After the parameter identification, the numerical results obtained with the proposed interface law are in very good agreement with the experimental results.
Towards a Unified Approach for the Analysis of Failure Modes in FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Beams
Authors: Carpinteri A. , Cornetti P. , Lacidogna G. , Paggi M.
Published: November 2009

The application of the external reinforcement makes rather complex the scenario of the possible failure modes in reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with FRP. The far more commonly observed failure modes are: (i) edge debonding of the FRP sheet, (ii) intermediate crack induced debonding and (iii) beam failure due to diagonal (shear) crack propagation. In the present study we revisited the competition between all the possible failure modes that can occur in this structural element. To this aim, different analytical models based on linear and non-linear fracture mechanics are developed and harmonized. As a result, useful failure maps are analytically determined, giving, for each failure mode, the critical load of activation as a function of the main parameters governing the problem, i.e. the mechanical properties of the constituent materials, the amount of reinforcement and its bonding length, as well as the size and slenderness of the structural element. The studies presented in this paper are mainly intended to establish guidelines for the future development of these concepts towards a unified mathematical approach. Indeed, once the validity of this unified approach is confirmed, also by comparison with further experimental data, it will be possible to remove some of the simplifying assumptions we used in this analysis to reach a more comprehensive analytical formulation.
Effect of Concrete Composition on Interfacial Parameters Governing FRP Debonding from the Concrete Substrate
Authors: Pan Jinlong , Leung Christopher K.Y.
Published: November 2009

For concrete beams strengthened with FRP plates, FRP debonding may occur from the bottom of an intermediate flexural or shear/flexural crack in the span. As debonding failure occurs within the concrete, interfacial friction resulted from aggregate interlocking between opposing surfaces of the debonded zone plays an important role in the debonding behavior. Interfacial debonding can be analyzed with a three-parameter model. To investigate the effect of concrete composition on the debonding behavior, the direct shear test was conducted with ten different compositions of concrete. Interfacial parameters corresponding to each concrete composition were then derived according to the analytical model. It is found that the concrete compressive or splitting tensile strength shows little correlation with interfacial parameters. However, the debonding initiation strength and residual shear strength correlates well with the surface tensile strength, and the maximum sliding between FRP and concrete is mainly governed by the aggregate content. Test results indicate that the composition of concrete should be considered explicitly in the investigation of FRP debonding from a concrete substrate.
Fracture Criterion for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheet to Concrete Interface Subjected to Coupled Pull-Out and Push-Off Actions
Authors: Dai Jian-Guo , Wan Bao-Lin , Yokota Hiroshi , Ueda Tamon
Published: November 2009

Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheet is a popular application nowadays. In this application, the FRP to concrete bond interface is typically exposed to a mixed-mode loading condition at the vicinity of a critical flexural/shear crack, which includes a pull-out action parallel to the interface and introduced by the opening displacement of the flexural/shear crack together with a push-off action perpendicular to the interface and introduced by the shear sliding displacement of the flexural/shear crack. This paper presents an experimental program to evaluate the fracture properties of the FRP to concrete interface under the coupled pull-out (mode II) and push-off (mode I) loading condition. An analytical model was developed to evaluate the mode I and mode II strain energy release rates and the corresponding fracture mechanisms of the FRP to concrete interface under a pure bending action, a pure dowel action, and the coupled action of both, respectively. The reliability of the proposed analytical model was verified in comparison with the experimental results.
Stress Redistribution along the Interface between Concrete and FRP Subject to Long-Term Loading
Authors: Mazzotti C. , Savoia M.
Published: November 2009

Results of an experimental campaign concerning the long-term behavior of FRP plates bonded to concrete are presented. Four CFRP plates with three different bonded lengths (from 100 mm to 400 mm) have been subject to long-term loads by using a mechanical system designed to apply a traction force constant with time. The tests have been carried out in a climatic room with a constant temperature T=20°C and humidity RH=60%, for about three years. The strain profile evolution with time along the bonded length has been recorded by using a number of strain gauges along the plates. An appreciable stress redistribution with time along the plate has been observed. A simplified viscoelastic analytical model has been finally used to reproduce the experimental findings, obtaining good matching between experimental and numerical data.
Decay susceptibility of Amazon wood species from Brazil against white rot and brown rot decay fungi 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008
Authors: Carneiro Jane Silveira , Emmert Luciano , Sternadt Gerson H. , Mendes Julio César , Almeida Getúlio F.
Published: November 2009

A total of 28 tropical Amazon woods – many of them rarely used – from Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Brazil, were tested for their natural resistance against the decay fungi: Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Meruliporia incrassata, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood resistance classification was made according to the ASTM D 2017-81 method. High variability on susceptibility to wood decay fungi was found. Their mean weight losses varied from 0.6% to 45.6%. Highly resistant species include: Astronium gracile, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Claricia racemosa, Diplotropis purpurea, Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara huberi, Mezilaurus itauba, Sextonia rubra, Tabebuia incana, and Vatairea paraensis. The following wood species are less durable: Brosimum parinarioides, Jacaranda copaia, Laetia procera, Pouteria pachycarpa, Virola caducifolia, and Trattinnickia rhoifolia. Meruliporia incrassata caused extensive weight losses in most of the investigated Amazon wood species.
5-Phenyl-2-(benzalhydrazonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, potential trypanocidal agents: consistent dimer formation via N–H · · · N intermolecular hydrogen bonds
Authors: Carvalho Samir A. , Harrison William T. A. , Fraga Carlos A. M. , da Silva Edson F. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: November 2009

The molecular and crystal structures of a series of 5-Ph-2-(arylCH=NNH)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles [2: aryl = 4-XC6H4 (X = H [2a], 4-Cl [2b], 4-Br [2c], 4-F3CO [2d], 2-HO [2e], 2-HO-3-MeO [2f] as well as [5-Ph-2-(4-HOC6H4CH=NNH)-1,3,4-thiadiazole]3(H2O)2] [(2g)3 · 2 (H2O)] are reported. The compounds were prepared as part of a study on typanocide reagents as possible treatments for Chagas‘ disease. The asymmetric unit of [(2g)3 · 2 (H2O)] consists of three independent molecules and two water molecules, in contrast to the single molecules comprising the asymmetric units of 2a–2f. In all cases, N–H · · · N intermolecular hydrogen bonding results in the formation of dimers linked by R2
2(8) rings. As well as the hydrogen-bonded dimers, the molecules of 2a–2f are also linked by other weak interactions including aromatic π–π stacking and C–H · · · X bonds.
Treaty Crimes, International Criminal Court?
Authors: Boister Neil
Published: November 2009

This article examines the arguments for and against the potential expansion of the International Criminal Court's substantive jurisdiction over treaty crimes at the 2010 Review Conference, and suggests alternative venues outside of national jurisdiction that could be developed for adjudication of these crimes.
Building on Article 8(2)(b)(xx) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Weapons and Methods of Warfare
Authors: Clark Roger S.
Published: November 2009

Article 8(2)(b) of the Rome Statute treats as a war crime in international armed conflict the use of poison or poisoned weapons, of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of expanding bullets. Early drafts of the Statute included the use of these forbidden weapons in non-international as well as in international armed conflict. They also included as crimes the use of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons (weapons of mass destruction). Proposals are circulating about revisiting these and other weapons issues at the Review Conference to be held in 2010, or in later reviews. This article examines the history of the negotiations culminating in Rome. It then turns to possibilities for building on the Rome provisions both by expanding the prohibitions to non-international conflict and by adding to the list of prohibited weapons. As well as reconsidering weapons of mass destruction, the author suggests that attention should be given to such items as nondetectable fragments, blinding laser weapons, antipersonnel land mines, and cluster munitions. Ambiguities in the Rome Statute's amendment provisions that affect whether such additions can be made applicable to all parties to the Statute, or only to those who agree specifically to them, are also addressed.
Joint Criminal Confusion
Authors: Ohlin Jens David
Published: November 2009

Article 25 on individual criminal responsibility has generated more conflicting interpretations than any other provision in the Rome Statute. Part of the problem is that it is impossible to construct a coherent and nonredundant interpretation of Article 25(3)(d) on group complicity. Because of unfortunate drafting, both the required contribution and the required mental element are impossible to discern from the inscrutable language. As a result, it is nearly impossible to devise a holistic interpretation of Article 25(3)(d) that fits together with the rest of Article 25 and Article 30 on mental elements. One possible solution is to repair Article 25 with an amendment that replaces Article 25(3)(d) with a clear provision specifically incorporating some joint liability doctrine, albeit a version that excludes the worst excesses of the doctrine known as joint criminal enterprise.
Article 28 of the ICC Statute: Mode of Liability and/or Separate Offense?
Authors: van Sliedregt Elies
Published: November 2009

Article 28 of the ICC Statute encapsulates the concept of command or superior responsibility. This is a complex and multilayered concept of liability. It is, on the one hand, a mode of liability, and, on the other hand, a separate offense. It is noteworthy that certain national laws recognize the various "layers" of superior responsibility in that they criminalize these different concepts of superior responsibility in separate provisions. In that sense a "conceptual distinction" is made. Article 28 of the ICC Statute does not provide for such a distinction. The distinction the provision does make, however, is that between military and nonmilitary superiors. To this author's opinion that distinction should be removed and replaced by a conceptual distinction.
The International Criminal Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Fraught Relationship?
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: November 2009

This article deals with the relationship between the principle of universal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of the ICC. Voices have been raised to expand the jurisdictional basis of the ICC's Rome Statute to include the universality principle. The author does not support this expansion, however, mainly on practical grounds. At the same time, however, he does support, albeit cautiously, taking into account the universality principle for purposes of the admissibility analysis under Article 17 of the Statute. The ICC's principle of complementarity indeed requires that the ICC defer to any state that might have jurisdiction, including a state having universal jurisdiction over serious crimes. It is proposed that the ICC Prosecutor encourage certain "bystander" states that can provide an effective forum to investigate and prosecute atrocity cases, at least if the territorial state, or the state of nationality, proves unable and unwilling to do so.
Pride and Prejudice or Sense and Sensibility? A Pragmatic Proposal for the Recruitment of Judges at the ICC and Other International Criminal Courts
Authors: Bohlander Michael
Published: November 2009

Empirical research has shown that the selection and recruitment of judges at the international criminal courts may not always conform with the criteria set out in the courts' statutes, and that the requirements can differ from court to court. There is concern that judicial positions are handed out on the basis of membership in informal political networks, also called nepotism. This paper summarizes the previous findings and looks at the question of how an adequate standard of judicial candidates can be maintained across the entire system.
Confidential Investigations (Article 54(3)(E) ICC Statute) vs. Disclosure Obligations: The Lubanga Case And National Law
Authors: Ambos Kai
Published: November 2009

After a short introduction to the procedural history of the Lubanga case (infra I.) the paper analyzes, in its first substantive part (II.), the disclosure regime of the ICC with particular regard to the tension between disclosure and confidentiality as displayed in Lubanga. An interpretation of Article 54(3)(e) of the ICC Statute that pretends to be compatible with the Prosecutor's disclosure obligations (Article 67(2)) is offered. In the second part (III.), the law on disclosure/discovery in England and Wales and the United States is examined with a view to its possible contribution to an improvement of the ICC disclosure regime. This analysis confirms that the law of disclosure is of great complexity, not least because of the underlying tension between defense rights and opposing interests of public or private security. This tension cannot be solved by blanket rules but only on a case-by-case basis that strives for an appropriate balance between the public interest of an efficient prosecution of (international) crimes and the (disclosure) rights of the accused.
Eficiência de Inseticidas no Controle de Pragas em Sementes e Mudas de Pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke), em Viveiros, Manaus, Amazonas
Authors: Morais José Wellington , Fifueira João André Moreira , Sampaio Paulo de Tarso Barbosa
Published: November 2009

O pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora) é conhecido pela presença do álcool linalol, que fornece um odor forte e perfumado em todas as partes da planta. A sua exploração na Amazônia ao longo dos últimos anos, para utilização do linalol como fixador de perfumes, coloca o pau-rosa em risco de extinção, a sua frutificação irregular aumenta a dificuldade em se obter sementes para a produção de mudas e, além disso, parte de sua produção é perdida face ao ataque de pragas nas sementes. Em razão desses fatores o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a aplicação de inseticidas nas sementes e mudas em viveiro a fim de evitar ou minimizar o ataque de pragas, aumentando, assim, a produção de mudas. Utilizou-se um total de 300 sementes, distribuídas em 2 tratamentos e 1 testemunha. Cada tratamento (n = 100) foi constituído por 4 repetições (bandejas) com 25 sementes. O inseticida utilizado nos tratamentos foi acetamiprid e fipronil nas concentrações de 0,09 mg/planta e 0,18 mg/planta, respectivamente, para o tratamento 1 (T1) e o tratamento 2 (T2), distribuídos na forma de sachês. O T1 recebeu a aplicação de 1 sachê e o T2 a aplicação de dois sachês, enterrados com areia lavada nas sementeiras. Para avaliar os resultados foi feita uma análise de Variância (ANOVA), usando o programa Systat 9 e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em nível de 5%. As taxas de germinação foram: testemunha com 62%; T1 com 73% e T2 com 79%. Houve ataque de insetos em sementes apenas na testemunha com 23% do total (n = 100) e os resultados foram estatisticamente significativos (F = 31,263; p < 0,001). Houve diferenças significativas apenas entre a altura das plântulas nos tratamentos T1 e T2 e a testemunha (F = 15,090; p < 0,001). A principal praga identificada atacando as sementes foi Heilipus odoratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Recomenda-se, portanto, a concentração de 0,09 mg de acetamiprid e fipronil distribuídos em sachês nas sementeiras e no transplantio para diminuir o ataque de pragas em sementes e mudas de pau-rosa em viveiros.
Influência de variáveis meteorológicas na produção de liteira na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, Caxiuanã, Pará
Authors: Silva Rosecélia Moreira da , Costa José Maria Nogueira da , Ruivo Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro , Costa Antonio Carlos Lôla da , Almeida Samuel Soares
Published: November 2009

A avaliação da influência da exclusão da precipitação sobre a variação na produção de liteira foi realizada na Reserva Florestal de Caxiuanã - Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (1º 42' S, 51º 31' W) durante o período de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003, com o objetivo de identificar as principais variáveis meteorológicas e do balanço hídrico mensal que afetaram a produção e decomposição de liteira. Este trabalho foi parte do subprojeto EXPERIMENTO DE SECA NA FLORESTA (ESECAFLOR), que tinha o objetivo de estudar o impacto de seca prolongada na floresta nos fluxos de água, energia e dióxido de carbono na floresta amazônica. A sazonalidade na produção de liteira e de seus componentes (folhas, gravetos e partes reprodutivas) foi bem estabelecida, com a ocorrência da maior produção de liteira nos meses com menor precipitação. A produção total mensal de liteira variou durante o período experimental, de 294,78 kg.ha-1 a 1758,69 kg.ha-1, com um valor médio de 777,70 kg.ha-1. A produção total de liteira foi distribuída em folhas (61,40 %), gravetos (18,45 %) e partes reprodutivas (20,14 %). Os resultados obtidos na parcela sob condições naturais apresentaram uma maior produção de liteira, aproximadamente 25 %, comparada com a produção de liteira na parcela submetida à exclusão da água de chuva. As variáveis mais fortemente correlacionadas com a produção de liteira e suas componentes foram a velocidade do vento, a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, a densidade de fluxo de radiação fotossintéticamente ativa, a temperatura do solo a 5 cm de profundidade, a precipitação, o déficit hídrico e o excesso hídrico.
Omnivory and resource - sharing in nutrient - deficient Rio Negro waters: stabilization of biodiversity?
Authors: Walker Ilse
Published: November 2009

Amazonian biodiversity is notorious, this is also valid for the fauna of the mineral-deficient waters of the Rio Negro System. Some 25 years of research on the benthic fauna of Central Amazonian streams resulted in species-rich foodwebs with a high degree of omnivory within dense animal communities. To exemplify the taxonomic range of omnivorous consumers, the detailed resource spectra of 18 consumer species, including Protozoa (2 species), Platyhelminthes (1 species), insects (2 species), fish (6 species) and shrimps (Decapoda, 7 species), associated primarily with the benthic habitats of Rio Negro tributaries, are presented. Special features of omnivory are characterized, and the importance of litter-decomposing fungi as essential energy input into the foodwebs is documented. It is shown that general omnivory -diverse omnivore consumers sharing most of the resource types- is a prevalent feature. The relevance of this general omnivory for the maintenance of biodiversity is discussed.
Carbono orgânico nas frações granulométricas e substâncias húmicas de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico - LVAd sob diferentes agrossistemas
Authors: Martins Eucarlos de Lima , Coringa Josias do Espírito Santo , Weber Oscarlina Lúcia dos Santos
Published: November 2009

No presente estudo foram avaliados os teores de carbono orgânico total nas frações húmicas e granulométricas de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico sob quatro sistemas de uso: Floresta nativa (FL), agrossilvopastoril (SS), agroflorestal (SA) e pastagem (PA), na região norte mato-grossense. As amostras do solo foram coletadas em Juruena e Juara, Mato Grosso e preparadas para posterior fracionamento físico e químico. Os resultados indicaram que os diferentes sistemas de uso do solo influenciaram diretamente na quantidade de carbono orgânico total das frações granulométricas e das substâncias húmicas dos solos. O sistema agrossilvopastoril apresentou pronunciada diferenciação em relação aos demais sistemas estudados, principalmente quanto à concentração de humina e ácidos fúlvicos livres. A distribuição do carbono orgânico total na fração granulométrica fina (< 53 μm) foi superior a da fração grosseira (> 53 μm) para todos os agrossistemas, indicando maior presença de material orgânico agregado ao silte e argila.
Aspectos ultraestruturais de hemócitos de Biomphalaria glabrata Say (1818) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) analisados sob microscopia eletrônica de transmissão
Authors: Santos Marco Antonio Vasconcelos , Diniz José Antonio Picanço
Published: November 2009

Os hemócitos do caramujo Biomphalaria glabrata, um importante transmissor do trematódeo Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil, foram coletados de especimens na região Bragantina, localizada a oeste do estado do Pará. Os hemócitos foram examinados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. As células foram fixadas pelo método de rotina com o uso do tampão PHEM (PIPES, HEPES, EGTA e Magnésio). Foram descritos os aspectos ultra-estruturais celulares como inclusões citoplasmáticas limitadas por membranas, mitocôndrias, retículos endoplasmáticos e outros. As observações mostram que esse tampão possui a propriedade de preservação do citoesqueleto celular, apresentando bons resultados na preservação das estruturas dos hemócitos e suas organelas.
Sobre o bi-iodeto de cobre: ensaios de farmacodinamica
Authors: Fontes A.
Published: November 2009

O Cul² prepara-se sob a forma de hidrosol cuja dosagem pode ser rigorosa. De suas propriedades quimicas já estudadas por TRAUBE é mais notavel a sensibilidade desse corpo ao oxijeno nacente. Basta em verdade 0,00001 de H²O² para que o Cul² se decomponha desprendendo-se I. Inversamente ele decompõe a agua oxijenada em solução neutra a 1 % (Perhydrol MERCK). O oxijeno do ar atmosferico só o decompõe muito lentamente. As soluções se conservam bem por 6 mezes em vidro escuro. Mesmo em 24 horas, uma corrente de ar não o altera. A ação hemolitica desse hidrosol depende principalmente da H²O distilada que entra em sua composição. Em uma solução isotonisada pelo NaCl, a ação hemolitica diminue proporcionalmente ao aumento de concentração de NaCl, ainda mesmo que se aumente a concentração em Cul². A concentração em Cul² só tem influencia manifesta sobre o fenomeno da precipitação da hemoglobina, sobre a qual ele aje como redutor. Tem ação fixadora sobre os leucocitos, e aglutinante sobre as hematias. Não destroe o fermento da fibrina nem a catalase do sangue. Precipita os albuminoides do soro, pelo menos in vitro. In vivo, esses fenomenos não são aparentes. Foi possivel a aplicação do Cul² por via venosa, sem que isso tivesse determinado acidentes nos animais experimentados (cão, cobaia, coelho, rato). Por via peritoneal não era suportado pelo coelho, nem pela cobaia, morrendo os animais dentro das primeiras 24 horas. Por via subcutanea não era tolerado facilmente por cobaias e ratos. Formava-se sempre escara no ponto da inoculação. O cão tolerava bem as inoculaçõis subcutaneas. Mostrou-se esse hidrosol ineficaz na esporotricose e tuberculose experimentais. Ao terminar, deixo aqui consignado ao distinto colega Dr. ANTONIO PINTO JNR. os meus agradecimentos pelo valioso concurso prestado em toda a parte experimental por ele acompanhada com a maior dedicação e boa vontade.
Constituição da alexina e mechanismo da hemolyse especifica
Authors: Cruz J. da Costa , Penna H. de Azevedo
Published: November 2009

Os autores observam que após a inactivação de sôro de cobaya a 54° durante 30 minutos permanecem no sôro as fracções thermolabeis em quantidade apreciavel; um tal sôro conservado na temperatura de 6°, por espaço de 18 horas, regenera parte da sua actividade alexica perdida. 2° Confirma-se a existencia de 4 componentes do complemento. 3° O chamado terceiro componente de Ritz e Coca é na verdade constituidos por dois elementos, pelos menos, differentes: um destructivel pelo formol e outro destructivel pelo hydrosulphito de sodio. 4° A ammonia, o formol e o hydrosulpito de sodio são capazes de destruir os constituintes thermoresistentes da alexina do sôro inactivado a 56° 30 minutos, ao passo que as emulsões de levedos, de orgãos ou de gelose não o são. 5° As emulsões de levedo addicionadas a uma mistura em partes eguaes de sôro fresco de cobaya e de sôro aquecido a 56°, 30 m., são capazes de retirar não só o terceiro componente contido no sôro fresco da mistura, mas tambem o terceiro componente contido no sôro inactivado pelo calor. 6° Sem excluir a hypothese de uma floculação em que o sôro aquecido exerça o papel de um colloide protector, os autores admittem que a inactivação do complemento pelas emulsões de levedo ou pela gelose seja devida a substancias thermolabeis, do sôro, depois de adsorpção por essas emulsões, de substancias anti-tripticas. 7° Os diversos elementos que constituem a alexina são adsorvidos pelos globulos sensibilizados na seguinte ordem: Globulos-sensibilizadora-Fracção thermo-resistente sensivel á ammonia-Fracção thermolabil Globulina-Fracção thermolabil albumina-Fracção thermoresistente sensivel ao formol-Fracção thermoresistente sensivel ao hydrosulphito de sodio. 8° Na reacção de Bordet-Wassermann fortemente positiva é fixada sobretudo a fracção globulina thermolabil do complemento e não sómente o terceiro componente como seria licito esperar; a fracção thermolabil albumina permanece de regra livre e activa no liquido. 9° Os autores acham que se deve considerar como demonstrada a origem hepatica da alexina. Segundo experiencias procedidas em cães intoxicados pelo chloroformio não só baixa consideravelmente o titulo alexico global do sôro mas tambem os titulos, de todos os constituintes da alexina separadamente, soffrem, com a excepção da fracção thermolabil globulina, uma reducção muito accentuada.
Cultura autóloga de células-tronco mesenquimais de tecido adiposo para o tratamento de rítides faciais
Authors: Claudio-da-Silva César , Baptista Leandra Santos , Carias Rosana Bizon Vieira , Menezes Neto Hélio da Cunha , Borojevic Radovan
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Testar o efeito das c élulas tronco mesenquimais (CTM) de tecido adiposo no preenchimento cutâneo de rítides na região naso-labial. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados 50 cc de gordura da região infra-umbilical e 20 mL de sangue periférico de 15 voluntárias do sexo feminino para obtenção das CTM e de plasma autólogo, respectivamente. As voluntárias foram agrupadas de acordo com as estratégias de injeções intra-dérmicas: grupo (1) somente o ácido hialurônico; grupo (2) somente as CTM; grupo (3) CTM associadas ao ácido hialurônico. Tratando-se de um estudo prospectivo e qualitativo o acompanhamento das voluntárias era mensal através de fotografias. RESULTADOS: No grupo (1) foi observado um efeito de preenchimento imediato ao contrário do grupo (2) onde o efeito de preenchimento pleno foi alcançado aproximadamente após dois meses. No grupo (3) o preenchimento ocorreu de maneira mais efetiva e também progressiva, devido à combinação dos efeitos de curto e de longo prazo gerados pelo ácido hialurônico e pelas CTM, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: As CTM quando associadas ao ácido hialurônico foram capazes de promover o preenchimento de sulcos profundos, com melhora progressiva do tônus da pele e diminuição das linhas de expressão.
Complexo miointimal das carótidas comum e interna em portadores de esquistossomose mansônica hepatoesplênica
Authors: Guimarães André Valença , Brandt Carlos Teixeira , Ferraz Adriana
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a espessura do complexo miointimal (IMT) das carótidas comum e interna, em portadores de esquistossomose hepatoesplênica (EHE) não tratados cirurgicamente, já submetidos a cirurgia para descompressão do sistema porta por esplenectomia e ligadura da veia gástrica esquerda, e comparar com volutários de condições sócio-econômico-ambientais similares, não portadores de esquistossomose. MÉTODOS: Utilizando aparelho de ultra-som Doppler de 7,5MHz foram mensurados os IMT de três grupos de voluntários, de ambos os gêneros, com idades que variaram de 20 a 60 anos, sendo avaliados os IMT máximos, IMT médios, IMT mínimos e seus desvios-padrão, das carótidas comuns e internas e feitas as comparações entre os grupos e suas associações com fatores de risco: idade, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significante na média dos IMT, entre os lados direito e esquerdo e nem entre os grupos. Nos pacientes tratados cirurgicamente, assim como nos indivíduos-controle confirmou-se a associação, já conhecida, com os fatores de risco para aterosclerose (idade, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo). Contudo, não se observou este comportamento nos pacientes não operados. CONCLUSÃO: A EHE sem tratamento cirúrgico parece conferir "alguma proteção" contra a aterogênese em seres humanos; todavia, os achados não dão suporte definitivo a esta hipótese.
Tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago no Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP - fatores associados a melhores ou a piores resultados
Authors: Oliveira Gustavo Carvalho de , Lopes Luiz Roberto , Andreollo Nelson Adami , Braga Nathália da Silva , Coelho Neto João de Souza
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Estudar e verificar os possíveis fatores associados a melhores ou a piores resultados cirúrgicos em pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para megaesôfago. MÉTODOS: Um estudo retrospectivo analisou dados específicos nos prontuários dos pacientes. Avaliaram-se a ocorrência de complicações no intra ou no pós-operatório e a manutenção de queixas de disfagia que merecesse alguma intervenção após a cirurgia, com o auxílio de um questionário dirigido, estudando possíveis associações a: modalidade cirúrgica adotada, grau da doença, etiologia e presença de outras doenças digestivas. O total de pacientes operados foi 417, sendo levantados 390 prontuários. RESULTADOS: Foram 360 cardiomiotomias, 20 esofagectomias e 11 mucosectomias. Sete pacientes saíram da análise por não estarem adequadamente registrados. CONCLUSÃO: O tipo de operação é o que mais influi nos resultados cirúrgicos (as cardiomiotomias têm melhor resolução); as complicações são maiores com o aumento do grau do megaesôfago. O tratamento cirúrgico em pacientes com doença chagásica teve resultados piores que nos pacientes com megaesôfago idiopático; a associação de outras doenças do trato digestivo é fator de piora nos resultados pós-cirúrgicos.
Função pulmonar pós-colecistectomia laparoscópica e abreviado tempo anestésico-cirúrgico
Authors: Ramos Gilson Cassem , Pereira Edísio , Gabriel Neto Salustiano , Oliveira Enio Chaves de
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função pulmonar pós-colecistectomias laparoscópicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, onde se avaliaram espirometrias pós-operatórias de 15 pacientes submetidas à colecistectomias laparoscópicas por meio de um tempo anestésico-cirúrgico abreviado. Os dados pós-operatórios foram comparados aos pré-operatórios RESULTADOS: Existiram diferenças significativas para as variáveis Capacidade Vital Forçada (p=0,020) e Volume Expiratório Forçado no 1º segundo (p=0,022) no pré e pós-operatório imediato, indicando distúrbios ventilatórios restritivos. CONCLUSÃO: Foram observados distúrbios ventilatórios restritivos leves pós-colecistectomias laparoscópicas, com rápida recuperação da função pulmonar, o que pode diminuir a morbidade pulmonar pós-operatória.
O uso da agulha de 16G na core biopsy guiada por ultrassonografia em lesões mamárias
Authors: Martins Elizabeth Costa , Soares Alkindar , Guimarães Carlos Marques , Freire Maria de Nazaré Bastos da Serra , Koch Hilton , Marsillac Martha
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um padrão de avaliação diagnóstica pela Core biopsy com agulha de 16G em lesões mamárias. Utilizando critérios ecográficos padronizados e relacionando os resultados ao tamanho das lesões investigadas e avaliando o número ideal de fragmentos a serem colhidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de maio de 2004 a setembro de 2005 em 79 pacientes com lesões incluídas nas categorias 2, 3, 4 e 5, segundo Bi-RADS® US, realizando Core Biopsy com agulha de 16G, retirando-se cinco fragmentos numerados e colocados individualmente em frascos com formol a 10%. RESULTADOS: De 84 biópsias realizadas houve 81 diagnósticos conclusivos (96%), com 43 malignos (51%) e 38 benignos (45%). A eficácia da Core biopsy aumenta com o número de amostras colhidas: com uma amostra é de 95,24%,duas amostras 96,93%; três amostras 98,8%; quatro amostras 98,81%; cinco amostras 100%. CONCLUSÃO: A retirada de três fragmentos foi suficiente para um resultado satisfatório.
Análise multinível: contribuições para estudos sobre efeito do contexto social no comportamento individual
Authors: Puente-Palacios Katia Elizabeth , Laros Jacob Arie
Published: November 2009

O reconhecimento da influência do contexto social no comportamento humano destaca a necessidade de adoção de modelos explicativos que favoreçam a identificação desse efeito. Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as características teóricas e técnicas dos modelos multinível, pois eles cumprem com essa exigência. Em uma perspectiva teórica, a escolha dos modelos em discussão deveria ser baseada, tanto quanto possível, em uma teoria multinível que evidenciasse o papel preditivo de variáveis oriundas de diferentes níveis. A construção de modelos guiada por uma teoria levará a modelos mais frutíferos e com maior validade externa, em comparação com modelos construídos com pouco ou nenhum sustento teórico. Do ponto de vista técnico, a análise multinível é similar à análise de regressão; assim, obedece a muitas das suas exigências. Este trabalho permite concluir sobre as vantagens dos modelos multinível para pesquisadores interessados na identificação do efeito do contexto no comportamento humano.