bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A molecular risk score based on 4 functional pathways for advanced classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Sánchez-Espiridión Beatriz , Montalbán Carlos , López Ángel , Menárguez Javier , Sabín Pilar , Ruiz-Marcellán Carmen , Lopez Andrés , Ramos Rafael , Rodríguez Jose , Cánovas Araceli , Camarero Carmen , Canales Miguel , Alves Javier , Arranz Reyes , Acevedo Agustín , Salar Antonio , Serrano Sergio , Bas Águeda , Moraleda Jose M. , Sánchez-Godoy Pedro , Burgos Fernando , Rayón Concepción , Fresno Manuel F. , Laraña José García , García-Cosío Mónica , Santonja Carlos , López Jose L. , Llanos Marta , Mollejo Manuela , González-Carrero Joaquín , Marín Ana , Forteza Jerónimo , García-Sanz Ramón , Tomás Jose F. , Morente Manuel M. , Piris Miguel A. , García Juan F. ,   on behalf of the Spanish Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group
Published: May 2010

Despite improvement in the treatment of advanced classical Hodgkin lymphoma, approximately 30% of patients relapse or die as result of the disease. Current predictive systems, determined by clinical and analytical parameters, fail to identify these high-risk patients accurately. We took a multistep approach to design a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay to be applied to routine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, integrating genes expressed by the tumor cells and their microenvironment. The significance of 30 genes chosen on the basis of previously published data was evaluated in 282 samples (divided into estimation and validation sets) to build a molecular risk score to predict failure. Adequate reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction profiles were obtained from 262 of 282 cases (92.9%). Best predictor genes were integrated into an 11-gene model, including 4 functional pathways (cell cycle, apoptosis, macrophage activation, and interferon regulatory factor 4) able to identify low- and high-risk patients with different rates of 5-year failure-free survival: 74% versus 44.1% in the estimation set (P < .001) and 67.5% versus 45.0% in the validation set (P = .022). This model can be combined with stage IV into a final predictive model able to identify a group of patients with very bad outcome (5-year failure-free survival probability, 25.2%).
Metrical Dissonance and Directed Motion in Paderewski's Recordings of Chopin's Mazurkas
Authors: Dodson Alan
Published: May 2010

This is an analytical study on metrical structure in Chopin's Mazurka op. 17/4 (complete) and excerpts from his Mazurkas opp. 59/2 and 63/3, and on the effects of expressive details in Paderewski's recordings upon that structure. The methodology is based mainly on Harald Krebs's theory of metrical dissonance but is also informed by William Caplin's theory of formal functions, by Robert Philip's categorization scheme for tempo rubato in early recordings, and by research in meter perception and empirical performance analysis. Several addenda to Krebs's taxonomy of metrical consonance and dissonance are proposed, including a distinction between two types of intensification processes (graduated and terraced). Paderewski's performance practices are shown to greatly enhance (or even to introduce) intensification processes that span entire phrases or sections, and to highlight the arrival of events of long-range structural importance such as cadences that provide tonal and formal closure at the deepest level.
Ironic Narrative, Ironic Reading
Authors: Klein Michael L.
Published: May 2010

This article discusses irony both as a narrative archetype in tonal music and as an interpretative strategy on the part of the listener. Beginning with a discussion of Northrop Frye's four narrative archetypes (romance, comedy, tragedy, irony), the article turns to a semiotic interpretation of the archetypes by James Liszka and an application of that work for music analysis by Byron Almén. Arguing that ironic narratives in tonal music often take as their premise a topical field associated with romance or comedy that leads to an unexpected failure, the article also claims that our interpretation of musical narratives must be invested in the semantic level (topics, codes, conventions, genres) as well as the syntactic one (harmony, voice leading). The four archetypes function as structures of the musical text and as master signifiers that the listener uses to organize an interpretation. As such, the archetypes function as ideologies of the musical text and as ideologies of the reader. The article illustrates these ideas with analyses of Chopin's Nocturne in B, op. 32/1, Chopin's Second Ballade, and Brahms's Rhapsody in E♭, op. 119/4.
Room Temperature Ferromagnetism at the Interface between Nonmagnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Yazaki Yuka , Suda Masayuki , Kameyama Naoto , Einaga Yasuaki
Published: May 2010

We show experimentally that room-temperature ferromagnetism can be induced in ZnO/ZnS core/shell nanoparticles without any magnetic components. This ferromagnetism could be attributed to p–p coupling interactions between S 3p and O 2p electrons arising from the redistribution of charges between Zn and O or S atoms. Our present findings possibly open up a new way for introducing magnetism in semiconductor-based “spintronics” devices.
Dinohydrazides A and B, Novel Hydrazides from a Symbiotic Marine Dinoflagellate
Authors: Maru Norihito , Ohno Osamu , Yamada Kaoru , Uemura Daisuke
Published: May 2010

Dinohydrazides A (1) and B (2), novel naturally-occurring dibenzoylhydrazines, were isolated from a symbiotic marine dinoflagellate of Okinawan sponge. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses and synthetic methods. They moderately inhibited the growth of mammalian cells.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Dinaphthoazaborine
Authors: Agou Tomohiro , Arai Hiroki , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: May 2010

A 1,4-azaborine derivative fused by two naphthalene rings, a dinaphthoazaborine was synthesized, and its molecular structure was revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dinaphthoazaborine indicated a decrease in the HOMO–LUMO energy gap compared with that of dibenzoazaborines. Electrochemical measurements elucidated the enhanced electron-accepting characteristics of the dinaphthoazaborine.
Total Synthesis of Furanether B. Construction of a Hydroazulene Skeleton via a Novel [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Silyloxyallene
Authors: Mitachi Katsuhiko , Yamamoto Takashi , Kondo Fumikatsu , Shimizu Tadashi , Miyashita Masaaki , Tanino Keiji
Published: May 2010

A new synthetic method for cycloheptanone derivatives was developed on the basis of a novel [5 + 2] cycloaddition reaction using a dicobalt hexacarbonyl propargyl cation species and a silyloxyallene. The method can be applied for constructing functionalized hydroazulene skeletons, and a total synthesis of sesquiterpene furanether B was achieved through the reactions involving transformation of the dicobalt acetylene complex into a maleic anhydride derivative and the crucial oxidative transannular ether ring formation.
First occurrence of the genus Ostreopsis (Dinophyceae) in the Sea of Japan
Authors: Selina Marina S. , Orlova Tatiana Yu.
Published: May 2010

Preliminary studies on dinoflagellates epiphytic on macrophytes in a bight of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan revealed the presence of two species of the genus Ostreopsis, O. cf. ovata and O. cf. siamensis. Morphometric features, such as the length of the pore plate, and thecal ornamentations were used for species identification. The two species differed from each other in cell size and the length of the pore plate. Cells of O. cf. ovata were smaller in length and width, with a dorsoventral diameter of 36–60 μm and a width of 24–45 μm, in comparison with the cells of O. cf. siamensis, which were 63–78 μm in dorsoventral diameter and 36–54 μm in width. Cells of O. cf. siamensis are slightly flattened in comparison with O. cf. ovata; the dorsoventral to anteroposterior diameter ratio varied from 1.9 to 2.7 for O. cf. ovata and from 1.8 to 3.5 for O. cf. siamensis. The length of the pore plate in O. cf. ovata (6.3–8.3 μm) is shorter than that in O. cf. siamensis (11–13 μm), while the diameter of the thecal pores in O. cf. ovata and O. cf. siamensis overlapped markedly (0.12–0.25 μm and 0.16–0.20 μm, respectively). The two species were present from August to October at water temperatures of 7–25°C on almost all macrophytes collected. The maximum abundance of Ostreopsis spp. reached 10,970 cells g-1 dry weight in late September at a water temperature of 9°C. This is the first occurrence of the genus Ostreopsis in Russian waters, which are characterized by cold temperatures during the winter season.
Comparison of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser and Hand Instrumentation on the Attachment of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts to Periodontally Diseased Root Surfaces: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Hakki Sema S. , Korkusuz Petek , Berk Gizem , Dundar Niyazi , Saglam Mehmet , Bozkurt Buket , Purali Nuhan
Published: May 2010

Background: This study investigates the effects of erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser irradiation and hand instrumentation on the attachment of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts to periodontally involved root surfaces.

Methods: Twenty‐four single‐rooted periodontally involved human teeth (test groups), and six healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons (control group) were included in this study. A total of 45 root slices were obtained from all selected teeth and assigned to the following five groups: 1) untreated healthy group (+control); 2) untreated periodontally diseased group (−control); 3) hand instrumentation group (scaled Gracey); 4) laser I, Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation setting‐I (short pulse); and 5) laser II, Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation setting‐II (long pulse). All of the root slices were autoclaved in phosphate buffered saline and slices were placed onto cell culture inserts. PDL fibroblasts were placed at the density of 80,000 cells on the root plate (5 × 6 mm) and incubated for 48 hours and transferred to 24‐well plates. The attachment PDL fibroblasts on the root plates were observed using confocal microscopy (at 12 hours and on days 3 and 7) and scanning electron microscopy (at 12 hours and day 3). 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide assay was performed on day 5 for PDL fibroblast survival.

Results: 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide assay shows that whereas laser‐treated specimens showed a significantly higher cell density, the Gracey‐treated group showed a lower cell density compared to the positive control group (P <0.05). Based on confocal microscopy, apparent reduction was observed in the attachment of PDL cells to the periodontally diseased root surfaces. In the laser and Gracey groups, cells looked well‐oriented to the root surfaces. Laser‐treated groups provided suitable environment for cell adhesion and growth. Laser I treatment was more favorable for the attachment of PDL compared to scaled Gracey, laser II, and even healthy root surfaces.

Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that short‐pulse laser setup (laser I) looks more promising regarding the attachment, spreading, and orientation of PDL cells.
A New Method for Alveolar Bone Repair Using Extracted Teeth for the Graft Material
Authors: Nampo Tomoki , Watahiki Junichi , Enomoto Akiko , Taguchi Tomohiro , Ono Miki , Nakano Haruhisa , Yamamoto Gou , Irie Tarou , Tachikawa Tetsuhiko , Maki Koutaro
Published: May 2010

Background: In the clinical field of jawbone formation, the use of autogenous bone as the graft material is the gold standard. However, there are some problems with this technique, such as risk of infection on the donor side, the limited amount of available bone mass, and marked resorption of the grafted bone. We investigated the potential for using teeth as a bone graft material for jawbone formation because the dental pulp contains stem cells, including undifferentiated neural crest–derived cells.

Methods: Alveolar bone defects were created in Wistar rats, and the defects were filled with either tooth or iliac bone graft material, or left as controls. The potential for using teeth as a bone graft material for jawbone formation was measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, microcomputed tomography, and histologic analysis.

Results: Polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expressions of P75, P0, nestin, and musashi‐1 were significantly higher in teeth than in mandibular bone and iliac bone grafts. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and microcomputed tomography showed that at 8 weeks, tooth graft material produced a similar amount of new bone compared to iliac bone graft material. Osteopontin was expressed in both the tooth and iliac bone graft material at 6 and 8 weeks after surgery. Dentin sialoprotein was expressed in the tooth graft material in the new bone at 6 weeks only.

Conclusion: These results indicate that teeth may be an alternative material to autogenous bone for treating alveolar bone defects by grafting.
Relationship Between Obesity and Physical Fitness and Periodontitis
Authors: Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Egami Yuko , Matsubara Takeshi , Koike George , Akifusa Sumio , Jingu Sumie , Yamashita Yoshihisa
Published: May 2010

Background: Obesity and exercise are important elements associated with lifestyle‐related diseases, and studies suggested that these factors may also be related to periodontitis. This study investigates the relationship between obesity and physical fitness and periodontitis.

Methods: One thousand, one hundred and sixty Japanese subjects, aged 20 to 77 years, who participated in health examinations at Fukuoka Health Promotion Center were analyzed. Periodontal conditions were evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), and subjects with ≥3 sextants of CPI code 3 or 4 were defined as having severe periodontitis. We used the body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat as indicators of obesity and estimated the maximal oxygen consumption (O2max) during exercise as an indicator of physical fitness. We divided these variables into quintiles. We examined the single effect and interactions of the obesity index and O2max on severe periodontitis.

Results: The lowest quintile in BMI and the highest quintile in O2max were inversely associated with severe periodontitis, singly, in multivariate logistic regression analyses. Subjects with the combined lowest quintile in BMI and the highest quintile in O2max had a significantly lower risk of severe periodontitis compared to subjects with other combined quintiles in BMI and in O2max (odds ratio: 0.17; 95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.55).

Conclusion: This study suggests that obesity and physical fitness may have some interactive effect on periodontal health status.
Evaluation of Blood Parameters in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis for Signs of Anemia
Authors: Gokhale Sneha R. , Sumanth Shivaswamy , Padhye Ashvini M.
Published: May 2010

Background: Anemia of chronic disease is defined as anemia occurring in chronic infections and inflammatory conditions that is not caused by marrow deficiencies or other diseases and in the presence of adequate iron stores and vitamins. Periodontitis is a chronic infectious condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by subgingival microbial colonization in susceptible hosts. This study determines the correlation between signs of anemia and chronic periodontitis.

Methods: A total of 60 systemically healthy male patients, mean age 38 years, were included in the study. Of these, 30 patients were healthy controls and 30 patients had severe periodontitis. Red blood cell parameters were evaluated from peripheral blood samples.

Results: Data analysis shows that patients with chronic periodontitis had lower values of hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions: Results of the present study show that patients suffering from chronic periodontitis have a lower number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin compared to healthy controls. Thus, based on these results it can be concluded that, like any other chronic condition, chronic periodontitis can lead to anemia.
Risk Assessment for Buccal Gingival Recession Defects in an Adult Population
Authors: Sarfati Alexandre , Bourgeois Denis , Katsahian Sandrine , Mora Francis , Bouchard Philippe
Published: May 2010

Background: Little is known about systemic, environmental, and periodontal risk factors of gingival recessions. This study identifies variables related to buccal gingival recessions in an adult French population; this study uses data collected in the First National Periodontal and Systemic Examination Survey.

Methods: This cross‐sectional survey includes 2,074 subjects (age range: 35 to 65 years) from a nationally representative sample obtained by a quota method stratified by age, gender, socioeconomic status, and geographic areas. The subjects had undergone a full‐mouth periodontal examination, assessment of missing teeth, laboratory tests, and questionnaires. In the present analysis, the buccal gingival recession status of each subject was the outcome of interest and was assessed by criteria based on the severity and extent of gingival recessions.

Results: A total of 84.6% of the sample had at least one gingival recession. A multivariate linear regression model with backward selection showed that age (P >0.001), gender (P = 0.003), plaque index (P <0.001), and tobacco consumption (P <0.001) were associated with the extent of gingival recession. In addition to these variables, the number of missing teeth (P <0.001) and the gingival bleeding index (P = 0.010) were also associated with the severity of gingival recession.

Conclusions: This study indicates that the risk factors for gingival recessions are similar to the traditional risk factors for periodontitis. However, the present model indicates that diabetes, increase of the body mass index, and alcohol intake are not associated with gingival recessions.
Probabilistic modelling and evaluation of wastewater treatment plant upgrades in a water quality based evaluation context
Authors: Benedetti Lorenzo , De Keyser Webbey , Nopens Ingmar , Vanrolleghem Peter A.
Published: May 2010

Process choice and dimensioning of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is difficult while ensuring regulatory standards are met and cost-efficiency is maintained. This step only accounts for a small fraction of the upfront costs, but can lead to substantial savings. This paper illustrates the results of a systematic methodology to evaluate system upgrade options by means of dynamic modelling. In contrast to conventional practice, the presented approach allows the most appropriate trade-off between cost of measures and effluent quality to be chosen and the reliability of a process layout to be assessed by means of uncertainty analysis. In a hypothetical case study, thirteen WWTP upgrade options are compared in terms of their effluent quality and economic performance. A further comparison of two options with regard to the resulting receiving water quality reveals the paramount importance of this aspect, and highlights the inadequacy of evaluation frameworks limited to the performance relative to a sub-system (WWTP effluent) when a wider perspective (as induced by the EU Water Framework Directive) has to be adopted.
A pattern-oriented approach to development of a real-time storm sewer simulation system with an SWMM model
Authors: Lin Shiu-Shin , Liao Ying-Po , Hsieh Shang-Hsien , Kuo Jan-Tai , Chen Yen-Chang
Published: May 2010

This paper documents a real-time storm sewer simulation system (RTS4) in conjunction with a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) based on a pattern-oriented approach. The RTS4 is initiated by system analysis ascertaining functional requirements, which is sequentially followed by conceptual model, pattern languages, concrete pattern-based design, implementations and applications. The proposed conceptual model helps sketch out a core software skeleton in relation to prior system requirement analysis. Of the proposed pattern languages, each can be regarded as a ‘building block’ on which the concrete pattern-based design is built. Finally, the RTS4 is implemented by following the proposed pattern-oriented design. The applicability of RTS4 is demonstrated with respect to storm sewer simulation and real-time operations. The results of the simulation show that the proposed pattern-oriented approach offers a promising basis for software system developments such as RTS4.
Geospatial-based automated watershed modeling in Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Kothyari U. C. , Ramsankaran Raaj. , Kumar D. Sathish , Ghosh S. K. , Mendiratta Nisha
Published: May 2010

An automated GIS tool and its computational outcomes on the spatial distribution of runoff and soil erosion are presented. The developed tool, named Automated Soil Erosion Assessment Tool (ASEAT), simulates runoff and soil erosion rates based on the concept of erosion processes suggested by Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) in 1984. ASEAT is provided with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) to interact with the users. The computational algorithms used are made fully automated and have been developed using the ERDAS Macro Language (EML) and Spatial Macro Language (SML). The developed modelling methodology is applied to the data of an experimental watershed of Pathri Rao in the Indian lower Himalayan region. Generated spatial distribution of runoff potential and soil erosion rates for the studied watershed using ASEAT are depicted by maps. The model-computed surface runoff potential (145.63 mm) available in the watershed seems fair when compared with the runoff depth (176.07 mm) observed at the watershed outlet. The derived estimates of soil erosion are validated, albeit qualitatively, with field observations and seem reliable for making decisions on the adoption of soil erosion conservative measures in the watershed.
Comparison of three data-driven techniques in modelling the evapotranspiration process
Authors: El-Baroudy I. , Elshorbagy A. , Carey S. K. , Giustolisi O. , Savic D.
Published: May 2010

Evapotranspiration is one of the main components of the hydrological cycle as it accounts for more than two-thirds of the precipitation losses at the global scale. Reliable estimates of actual evapotranspiration are crucial for effective watershed modelling and water resource management, yet direct measurements of the evapotranspiration losses are difficult and expensive. This research explores the utility and effectiveness of data-driven techniques in modelling actual evapotranspiration measured by an eddy covariance system. The authors compare the Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) performance to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Genetic Programming (GP). Furthermore, this research investigates the effect of previous states (time lags) of the meteorological input variables on characterizing actual evapotranspiration. The models developed using the EPR, based on the two case studies at the Mildred Lake mine, AB, Canada provided comparable performance to the models of GP and ANNs. Moreover, the EPR provided simpler models than those developed by the other data-driven techniques, particularly in one of the case studies. The inclusion of the previous states of the input variables slightly enhanced the performance of the developed model, which in turn indicates the dynamic nature of the evapotranspiration process.
Effect of data time interval on real-time flood forecasting
Authors: Remesan Renji , Ahmadi Azadeh , Shamim Muhammad Ali , Han Dawei
Published: May 2010

Rainfall–runoff is a complicated nonlinear process and many data mining tools have demonstrated their powerful potential in its modelling but still there are many unsolved problems. This paper addresses a mostly ignored area in hydrological modelling: data time interval for models. Modern data collection and telecommunication technologies can provide us with very high resolution data with extremely fine sampling intervals. We hypothesise that both too large and too small time intervals would be detrimental to a model's performance, which has been illustrated in the case study. It has been found that there is an optimal time interval which is different from the original data time interval (i.e. the measurement time interval). It has been found that the data time interval does have a major impact on the model's performance, which is more prominent for longer lead times than for shorter ones. This is highly relevant to flood forecasting since a flood modeller usually tries to stretch his/her model's lead time as far as possible. If the selection of data time interval is not considered, the model developed will not be performing at its full potential. The application of the Gamma Test and Information Entropy introduced in this paper may help the readers to speed up their data input selection process.
Active and Emotional Student Engagement: A Nationwide, Prospective, Longitudinal Study of Swedish Nursing Students
Authors: Bruce Malin , Omne-Pontén Marianne , Gustavsson Petter J
Published: May 2010

The researchers surveyed nursing students yearly during their three-year education, and examined active and emotional engagement. We examined the association of these properties with seven independent variables: higher educational institution, class size, age, gender, prior assistant nurse education, study experience and self-rated health. This longitudinal study included 1,334 students from 24 universities and university colleges in Sweden. Active engagement increased and emotional engagement decreased during the study years. Male students, older students and those with prior assistant nurse education had higher active engagement than other students. Older students, females, students with good self-rated health and those attending universities had higher emotional engagement. Study results suggest that higher educational institutions should pay more attention to students active and emotional engagement in learning situations, since this may increase the ability of the students to cope with stressful events during their education, giving them an extra resource on which they can draw.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Stem, Cancer, and Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Dayem Ahmed Abdal , Choi Hye-Yeon , Kim Jung-Hyun , Cho Ssang-Goo
Published: May 2010

The term ‘‘oxidative stress” refers to a cell’s state characterized by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms for stem, cancer, and cancer stem cells. The concept of cancer stem cells arose from observations of similarities between the self-renewal mechanism of stem cells and that of cancer stem cells, but compared to normal stem cells, they are believed to have no control over the cell number. ROS have been implicated in diverse processes in various cancers, and generally the increase of ROS in cancer cells is known to play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Additionally, ROS have been considered as the most significant mutagens in stem cells; when elevated, blocking self-renewal and at the same time, serving as a signal stimulating stem cell differentiation. Several signaling pathways enhanced by oxidative stress are suggested to have important roles in tumorigenesis of cancer or cancer stem cells and the self-renewal ability of stem or cancer stem cells. It is now well established that mitochondria play a prominent role in apoptosis and increasing evidence supports that apoptosis and autophagy are physiological phenomena closely linked with oxidative stress. This review elucidates the effect and the mechanism of the oxidative stress on the regulation of stem, cancer, and cancer stem cells and focuses on the cell signaling cascades stimulated by oxidative stress and their mechanism in cancer stem cell formation, as very little is known about the redox status in cancer stem cells. Moreover, we explain the link between ROS and both of apoptosis and autophagy and the impact on cancer development and treatment. Better understanding of this intricate link may shed light on mechanisms that lead to better modes of cancer treatment.
CFD in Wind Energy: The Virtual, Multiscale Wind Tunnel
Authors: Sumner Jonathon , Watters Christophe Sibuet , Masson Christian
Published: May 2010

Over the past two decades, computational fluid dynamics and particularly the finite volume method have been increasingly used to predict the performance of wind turbines within their environment. Increases in available computational power has led to the application of RANS-based models to more and more complex flow problems and permitted the use of LES-based models where previously not possible. The following article reviews the development of CFD as applied by the wind energy community from small to large scale: from the flow around 2D airfoils to the flow through an entire wind farm.
Microwave-Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrazolone Derivatives under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Ma Ruoqun , Zhu Jin , Liu Jie , Chen Lili , Shen Xu , Jiang Hualiang , Li Jian
Published: May 2010

An efficient one-pot method to generate structurally diverse and medicinally interesting pyrazolone derivatives in good to excellent yields of 51–98% under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions has been developed.
Synthesis and Spectrosopic Identification of Hybrid 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine Phosphine Ruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Warad Ismail , Al-Resayes Saud , Al-Othman Zeid , Al-Deyab Salem S. , Kenawy El-Refaie
Published: May 2010

An investigation into the potential ruthenium(II) 1-3 complexes of type [RuCl2(P)2(N)2] using triphenylphosphine and 1,3-bis-diphenylphosphinepropane and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine has been carried out at room temperature in dichloromethane under an inert atmosphere. The structural behaviors of the phosphine ligands in the desired complexes during synthesis were monitored by 31P{1H}-NMR. The structure of complexes 1-3 described herein has been deduced from elemental analyses, infrared, FAB-MS and 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Xerogels X1-X3 were synthesized by simple sol-gel process of complexes 1-3 using tetraethoxysilane as co-condensation agent in methanol/THF/water solution. Due to their lack of solubility, the structures of X1-X3 were determined by solid state 13C-, 29Si- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and EXAFS.
Is Excess Calcium Harmful to Health?
Authors: Daly Robin M. , Ebeling Peter R.
Published: May 2010

Most current guidelines recommend that older adults and the elderly strive for a total calcium intake (diet and supplements) of 1,000 to 1,300 mg/day to prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Traditionally, calcium supplements have been considered safe, effective and well tolerated, but their safety has recently been questioned due to potential adverse effects on vascular disease which may increase mortality. For example, the findings from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (currently published in abstract form only) revealed that the use of calcium supplements was associated with an ~30% increased risk of myocardial infarction. If high levels of calcium are harmful to health, this may alter current public health recommendations with regard to the use of calcium supplements for preventing osteoporosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest information from human observational and prospective studies, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses related to the effects of calcium supplementation on vascular disease and related risk factors, including blood pressure, lipid and lipoprotein levels and vascular calcification.
The Role of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer
Authors: Horn Sarah L. , Fentiman Ian S.
Published: May 2010

Epidemiological evidence suggests that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which act as cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors may reduce breast cancer incidence by up to 20%. These agents are often taken for pain relief by older women with osteoarthritis. Age is the major risk factor for breast cancer in women with 50% cases being diagnosed in those aged >65 years. NSAIDs reduce serum estradiol by 17% in post-menopausal women and since most of these who develop breast cancers have estrogen receptor positive tumours; this suggests a possible preventative role. Careful use of these agents could provide a strategy for both relief of symptoms of osteoarthritis and also breast cancer prevention. Instead of conducting a randomised trial, proof of efficacy could be from an adequately powered cohort study within the breast screening programme.
Level Set Approach to Anisotropic Wet Etching of Silicon
Authors: Radjenović Branislav , Radmilović-Radjenović Marija , Mitrić Miodrag
Published: May 2010

In this paper a methodology for the three dimensional (3D) modeling and simulation of the profile evolution during anisotropic wet etching of silicon based on the level set method is presented. Etching rate anisotropy in silicon is modeled taking into account full silicon symmetry properties, by means of the interpolation technique using experimentally obtained values for the etching rates along thirteen principal and high index directions in KOH solutions. The resulting level set equations are solved using an open source implementation of the sparse field method (ITK library, developed in medical image processing community), extended for the case of non-convex Hamiltonians. Simulation results for some interesting initial 3D shapes, as well as some more practical examples illustrating anisotropic etching simulation in the presence of masks (simple square aperture mask, convex corner undercutting and convex corner compensation, formation of suspended structures) are shown also. The obtained results show that level set method can be used as an effective tool for wet etching process modeling, and that is a viable alternative to the Cellular Automata method which now prevails in the simulations of the wet etching process.
Análisis de la evolución espacio-temporal del NDVI sobre áreas vegetadas y zonas de riesgo de erosión en el Pirineo Central
Authors: Alatorre L. C. , Beguería S. , Vicente-Serrano S. M.
Published: May 2010

En este trabajo se ha analizado la evolución temporal y espacial de la dinámica vegetal sobre varias coberturas de suelo en el Pirineo central, España. Se han utilizado dos series temporales de NDVI, la primera corresponde al mes de Abril (inicio de primavera) y la segunda al mes de Agosto (final de verano). Las series fueron construidas a partir de imágenes Landsat TM y ETM+ para el periodo del 1984-2007. Los resultados muestran un incremento del NDVI en el mes de Marzo para las áreas vegetadas, mientras que las áreas degradadas (cárcavas y zonas de riesgo de erosión) presentaron una tendencia negativa del NDVI. El incremento de las temperaturas mínimas durante el periodo de estudio fue el factor más importante para explicar el incremento del NDVI en las áreas vegetadas. En las áreas degradadas, no se encontró ninguna variable climática o topográfica que explicará la tendencia negativa del NDVI, lo cual se ha relacionado con los procesos de erosión acelerada que tienen lugar en la región.
Erosividad de la lluvia en la Cuenca alta del Llobregat, SE Pirineos
Authors: Catari G. , Gallart F.
Published: May 2010

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la distribución espacial de la erosividad de precipitación en una cuenca de 504 km2 en el Este de los Pirineos y evaluar sus incertidumbres. El área de estudio presenta una topografía compleja y está dominada por un clima Mediterráneo con lluvias intensas durante el verano. Los datos de precipitación utilizados abarcan 14 años, desde 1991 hasta 2004, a una resolución diaria en siete estaciones meteorológicas y minutal en una estación. Los valores diarios de R se calcularon a partir de datos con resolución minutal, y luego se estableció una relación entre valores diarios de R y precipitación, con el fin de calcular los valores de R para las estaciones meteorológicas que sólo presentan resolución diaria. Las fuentes de incertidumbre considerados para el factor R a escala anual fueron: el uso de la relación entre los valores de R diaria y precipitación, el promedio temporal de los valores de R y la variación espacial. Los resultados han mostrado que a escala anual la variación temporal fue el mayor contribuyente (70%) a la incertidumbre total, sin embargo éste disminuyó significativamente (14%) cuando R fue estimada a largo plazo.
Movilización de carbono orgánico por distintos procesos erosivos en la conexión ladera-cauce
Authors: Nadeu E. , Boix-Fayos C. , De Vente J. , López J. , Martínez-Mena M.
Published: May 2010

Con el fin de caracterizar la cantidad y tipo (lábil o recalcitrante) de carbono orgánico (CO) movilizado por distintos procesos erosivos identificados en las conexiones ladera-cauce, se estudiaron las características de los depósitos de erosión concentrada en cárcavas, erosión hídrica laminar, erosión lateral-gravitacional y erosión por laboreo en el contacto ladera-cauce de una cuenca de pequeño tamaño (10 ha) y se relacionaron con las características de los suelos-fuentes originales de donde procedían. La selectividad en el arranque y transporte de suelo de los distintos procesos se pudo asociar a diferentes contenidos y tipos de CO en los depósitos. Las razones de enriquecimiento de carbono orgánico sedimento/suelo fueron bajas (~0,40 ± 0,26), a pesar de haber un ligero enriquecimiento en partículas finas (correlacionadas positivamente con el CO) en los depósitos. Todo ello se atribuyó a los efectos de la mineralización en un cauce muy activo con pocas zonas de deposición y abundantes procesos de erosión no selectiva.
Tamaño de área de drenaje y conectividad hidrológica en la formación de escorrentía en cuencas semiáridas mediterráneas. Cuenca aforada del Barranc del Carraixet
Authors: Pascual Aguilar J. A. , Rubio J. L. , Andreu V. , Campo J. , González O. , Gimeno E.
Published: May 2010

Se analizan las relaciones de la conversión de la lluvia en escorrentía superficial atendiendo al tamaño del área de aporte y la conectividad hidrológica, factores poco estudiados. En una misma cuenca, la del Barranc de Carraixet en las cercanías de Valencia, se han seleccionado tres escalas de trabajo: cuatro parcelas experimentales (8 x 40 m), microcuenca (17,01 ha) y cuenca de drenaje de pequeño tamaño (127,9 km2). Para el análisis de la formación de escorrentía en las distintas escalas se utilizaron los umbrales de precipitación, índices y umbrales de escorrentía. Para la conectividad hidrológica, a escala de parcela, se analizaron los coeficientes de determinación. Se ha obtenido una relación inversa en volumen de escorrentía y en recurrencia, según aumenta la escala. La conectividad, a escala de parcela, es variable, aumentando el R2 con la simplificación de los procesos, sobre todo al disminuir la interferencia de la vegetación, estableciéndose mayor linealidad entre la lluvia y el flujo superficial.
¿Por qué las terrazas agrícolas en laderas con fuerte pendiente en la región semiárida del SE de España permanecen bien preservadas desde su abandono hace 50 años?
Authors: Solé-Benet A. , Lázaro R. , Domingo F. , Cantón Y. , Puigdefábregas J.
Published: May 2010

Una gran parte de las terrazas agrícolas en zonas de montaña están abandonadas, como las de la Sierra de los Filabres en Almería, SE de España. Si bien muchas de dichas terrazas muestran señales de erosión hídrica (destrucción de muros, encostramiento superficial, piping y cárcavas), otras en laderas con pendientes acusadas siguen bien conservadas tras 50 años de abandono y da la impresión de que todavía juegan un papel activo contra la erosión del suelo. Con la finalidad de conocer tanto la magnitud de la erosión como sus factores causantes en distintos tipos de terrazas abandonadas, se llevó a cabo una campaña de simulación de lluvia con un aspersor portátil en 45 sitios representativos de la vertiente Sur de la Sierra de los Filabres. En cada simulación se midió la escorrentía y la producción de sedimentos, se calculó la infiltración y se determinaron las relaciones de dichos parámetros con los del suelo (granulometría, pH, CE, materia orgánica, CaCO3 y estabilidad de los agregados), con su posición geomorfológica y con la cubierta. En las condiciones de precipitación utilizadas (48 mm/h, que representan un período de retorno de 5 años en la zona), las terrazas de banco estrecho en laderas con fuerte pendiente presentan mayores tasas de infiltración y proporcionan menos sedimentos que las terrazas de banco amplio de las llanuras aluviales. La presencia generalizada de costras filtrantes con pavimento de gravas en las terrazas de banco estrechas, y también en los abanicos aluviales no aterrazados, favorece la infiltración y juega un papel protector contra la erosión hídrica. Se especula sobre la evolución de los distintos tipos de terraza de la zona bajo las anteriores condiciones agrícolas y en su estado de abandono actual y también acerca de los posibles usos en un contexto de manejo sostenible del territorio.
Lixiviación de vanadio de catalizadores agotados procedentes de la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico
Authors: García Diego Juan , Lozano Blanco Luis Javier , Mulero Vivancos María Dolores
Published: May 2010

En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado la recuperación del vanadio contenido en los catalizadores agotados procedentes de la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico, planteando un proceso industrial multietapa para el tratamiento de estos residuos, evitando su deposición o vertido directos. La caracterización de las muestras de catalizadores agotados disponibles confirmó los valores encontrados en la bibliografía. Se estudiaron las variables que influyen en el proceso de lixiviación (tipo de agente de lixiviación y concentración del mismo, relación S/L, velocidad de agitación y temperatura) definiendo las condiciones más adecuadas desde el punto de vista industrial y verificando que el proceso está controlado por mecanismos difusionales. El trabajo se completa con la simulación de un ciclo industrial de lavado del catalizador y la verificación de la nula toxicidad de los lixiviados obtenidos por degradación del residuo final.
24 Aplicación de la resistencia de ruido al estudio de pinturas ricas en zinc Noise resistance applied to the study of zinc rich paints
Aplicación de la resistencia de ruido al estudio de pinturas ricas en zinc
Authors: Espada Recarey Luis , Sánchez Bermúdez Angel , Urréjola Madriñán Santiago , Bouzada Alvela Francisco
Published: May 2010

La medida e interpretación del ruido electroquímico, REQ se está consolidando como uno de los métodos de análisis más utilizados para la interpretación del fenómeno de la corrosión, por su sencillez y bajo coste frente a otros tipos de metodologías del estudio. El objeto de este trabajo es comprobar la eficacia de la técnica de ruido electroquímico aplicada al estudio de las pinturas ricas en zinc, concretamente, en lo relativo al parámetro "resistencia de ruido" que tan eficaz se ha mostrado en el estudio de sistemas metal desnudoelectrolito. Para ello, se aplicó esta técnica de análisis a muestras de pinturas ricas en zinc, de las que ya se poseía información sobre su comportamiento, a través de la aplicación a las mismas muestras de la impedancia electroquímica, EIE. Los resultados de este articulo muestran la eficacia de la aplicación de la resistencia de ruido, a la hora de explicar el comportamiento de este tipo de sistemas.
Obtención de la tenacidad de fractura dinámica de iniciación de materiales elásticos y lineales
Authors: Fernández-Sáez José , Rubio Lourdes , De Luna Susana , Pérez-Castellanos José Luis , Navarro Carlos
Published: May 2010

La necesidad de garantizar la integridad de componentes mecánicos y estructurales de gran responsabilidad obliga a utilizar conceptos de tolerancia al daño en su diseño, para lo cual es necesario conocer las propiedades de fractura del material en las condiciones reales de operación. Cuando los componentes en estudio están sometidos a cargas dinámicas, su comportamiento, en comparación con el que tendría en condiciones estáticas, presenta importantes diferencias: la presencia de fuerzas de inercia y la posible influencia de la velocidad de deformación en las propiedades del material. El propósito de este trabajo es exponer las técnicas experimentales más utilizadas para la determinación de las propiedades de fractura de los materiales elásticos y lineales en condiciones dinámicas, así como de las herramientas analíticas y numéricas necesarias para la interpretación de los correspondientes ensayos.
Alternativas al cromo en la industria del acabado superficial del aluminio. Tratamientos superficiales de bajo impacto ambiental
Authors: Aballe Villero Álvaro , Bethencourt Núñez Manuel , Botana Pedemonte Francisco Javier , Marcos Bárcena Mariano , Sánchez-Amaya José María
Published: May 2010

Los cromatos son unas de las sustancias más comúnmente empleadas en los sistemas de protección frente a la corrosión de aleaciones metálicas, debido a su excelente relación eficacia/coste. En el caso de las aleaciones de aluminio, estos compuestos se aplican tanto como inhibidores, incorporados al medio agresivo, como en pretratamientos anticorrosivos para la formación de películas protectoras. Sin embargo, los cromatos son altamente tóxicos y su uso conlleva un elevado riesgo para la salud laboral y el medio ambiente. Por esta razón, dentro de la industria del acabado superficial, en los últimos tiempos, se ha venido realizando un intenso esfuerzo para buscar alternativas ecológicamente aceptables a este tipo de compuestos. En este trabajo se revisan las principales alternativas planteadas en la bibliografía para sustituir a los cromatos en los tratamientos superficiales de las aleaciones de aluminio. Como punto de partida, se ha llevado a cabo un breve repaso al papel que juegan los cromatos en los sistemas de protección frente a la corrosión y las implicaciones medioambientales que conlleva su uso.
Investigación de la microestructura y propiedades físicas de la aleación intermetálica Ni3Al P/M consolidada por HIP bajo diferentes parámetros de compactación
Authors: Hünicke U. D. , Adeva P. , Kowalski W. , Acosta P. , Schulz G. , Mundt K. H.
Published: May 2010

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar la viabilidad del empleo de ensayos no destructivos, para estudiar la influencia de los parámetros de compactación en la microestructura y en las constantes elásticas de la aleación pulvimetalúrgica Ni3Al con adiciones de molibdeno. Además, la homogeneidad del material y la presencia de defectos como poros, grietas se evaluaron con ayuda de la técnica de rayos-X. Las cápsulas enteras, consolidadas mediante HIP a tres diferentes temperaturas, 900, 1100 and 1250 °C han sido estudiadas mediante las técnicas de rayos-X, ultrasonidos y corrientes inducidas. Posteriormente se examinaron partes concretas de éstas, determinando en ellas parámetros como la velocidad de transmisión de ondas longitudinales y transversales en ultrasonidos, la atenuación de la señal en ultrasonidos para frecuencias elevadas, la conductividad eléctrica y la densidad, parámetros a partir de los cuales se evaluaron las constantes físicas Eo, Go y μo. Las señales de reflexión y reverberación obtenidas por la técnica de ultrasonidos han sido analizadas con ayuda de la transformada rápida de Fourier, FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) obteniendo para ambas, un espectro de frecuencias, siendo interpretadas en forma de funciones tipo AMS (Acoustic Materials Signature). El incremento lineal de Eo y Go, a medida que aumenta la temperatura de consolidación, se ha relacionado con el estado de consolidación de las latas alcanzándose los máximos valores a 1.250 °C. Estos resultados están de acuerdo con las medidas de la densidad. Resultados similares se han obtenido para las medidas de conductividad eléctrica ya que el valor más alto se obtiene para el material consolidado a 1.250 °C, lo que indicaría la ausencia de defectos y por ello la temperatura óptima de consolidación.