bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of amotosalen plus ultraviolet A‐mediated pathogen reduction for all platelet concentrates in France: Impact on the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections
Authors: Richard Pascale , Pouchol Elodie , Sandid Imad , Aoustin Laurent , Lefort Caroline , Chartois Anne‐Gaële , Baima Alexis , Malard Lucile , Bacquet Caroline , Ferrera‐Tourenc Virginie , Gallian Pierre , Laperche Syria , Bliem Cathy , Morel Pascal , Tiberghien Pierre
Published: December 2023

Background and Objectives

Pathogen reduction (PR) technology may reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs), notably transfusion‐transmitted bacterial infection (TTBI) associated with platelet concentrates (PCs). PR (amotosalen/UVA treatment) was implemented for all PCs transfused in France in November 2017. No bacterial detection was in place beforehand. The study aimed to assess the impact of PR PC on TTI and TTBI near‐miss occurrences.

Materials and Methods

TTI and TTBI near‐miss occurrences were compared before and after 100% PR implementation. The study period ran from 2013 to 2022. Over 300,000 PCs were transfused yearly.

Results

No PC‐related transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus and human T‐cell lymphotropic virus was reported throughout the study period. PC‐mediated hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus infections occurred irrespective of PR implementation. Mean PC‐mediated TTBI occurrence before PR‐PC implementation was 3/year (SD: 1; n = 15; 1/92,687 PC between 2013 and 2016) with a fatal outcome in two patients. Since PR implementation, one TTBI has been reported (day 4 PC, Bacillus cereus) (1/1,645,295 PC between 2018 and 2022; p < 0.001). Two PR PC quarantined because of a negative swirling test harboured bacteria: a day 6 PC in 2021 (B. cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and a day 7 PC in 2022 (Staphylococcus aureus). Five similar occurrences with untreated PC were reported between 2013 and 2020.

Conclusion

Transfusion of 100% PR PC resulted in a steep reduction in TTBI occurrence. TTBI may, however, still occur. Pathogen‐reduced PC‐related TTI involving non‐enveloped viruses occurs as well.
Evaluation of the in vitro performance of the double forwarder knot, compared to square and surgeon's knots using large gauge suture
Authors: Barnes Harriet K. , Munsterman Amelia S. , Gillen Alex M. , Caston Stephanie S. , Tatarniuk Dane M. , Kersh Kevin , Swor Tamara , Hanson R. Reid
Published: December 2023

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate the strength and size of the double forwarder (DF) knot in 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 when used to form a ligature and to compare the knot holding capacity (KHC), size and weight of the DF knot to surgeon's (SU) and square (SQ) knots with varying numbers of throws.

Study design

Laboratory study.

Study population

Knotted suture.

Methods

Knots were tied using 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 and tested on a universal testing machine under linear tension. Mode of failure and (KHC) were recorded. Knot volume and weight were determined by digital micrometer and balance. KHC, size, and weight between knot type, number of throws, and suture type and size were compared using ANOVA testing, with p < .05 as significant.

Results

In both suture types, DF knots had a higher KHC than SQ/SU knots (p < .004), with the exception of SU knots with 6–8 throws in 3 USP polyglactin 910 (p > .42). All DF knots failed by suture breakage at the knot, as did all SQ/SU knots with >6 throws. DF knots in 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 were larger and heavier than SQ and SU knots when the same number of throws was applied (p < .003).

Conclusion

Self‐locking DF knots provided increased strength compared to SU/SQ in large gauge suture but only when fewer than six throws are applied to SU/SQ knots.

Clinical relevance

The new DF knot could be an alternative for a secure ligature.
Clinical outcomes for 20 cats with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated with ameroid constrictor ring attenuation (2002–2020)
Authors: Janas Krysta E. A. , Tobias Karen M. , Aisa Josep
Published: December 2023

Objective

To report the clinical perioperative, short‐term, and long‐term outcomes for cats undergoing ameroid ring constrictor (ARC) attenuation of a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS).

Study design

Retrospective case series from a single veterinary teaching hospital (2002–2020).

Animals

Twenty client‐owned cats with EHPSS.

Methods

Data collected from medical records included signalment, history, physical examination, clinicopathologic testing, medications, diagnostic imaging, intraoperative findings, perioperative complications, and postoperative clinical outcomes. Long‐term clinical outcome was obtained from a standardized owner interview or medical records.

Results

Perioperative complications were reported in five cats out of 20, including blindness (two cats), ascites (one cat), head pressing (one cat), and seizures and death (one cat). Short‐term clinical outcome was excellent in 14/18 cats, good in 2/18 cats, and poor in 2/18 cats that were available for follow up, and long term clinical outcome was excellent in 15/18, good in 1/18 cats, and poor in 2/18 cats that were available for follow up.

Conclusion

Long‐term clinical outcome was good or excellent in 16/18 of cats available for follow up. Perioperative complications were reported in five cats.

Clinical significance

Surgical attenuation of EHPSS with an ARC can result in resolution of clinical signs and biochemical abnormalities in the majority of cats. The perioperative complication rate for feline patients with EHPSS attenuated with an ARC was lower than reported historically. Seizures may persist in the long term despite normal bile acid stimulation test results, complete blood count, and biochemistry analysis.
Extraction and Characterization of Keratin Protein from Chicken Feathers using Alkaline Hydrolysis Method: Effects of Sodium Sulphide Concentration and Shelf-life Evaluation
Authors: MAHMUD Aminu Dikko , Aliyu Zeenat , Abdullahi Oluwatoyin Bilqis , Ahmed Aliyu , Yahaya A Suleiman , Mohammed Saleh Aisha
Published: December 2023

This study investigated the extraction of keratin protein from chicken feathers through alkaline hydrolysis using sodium sulphide as a digesting agent. The protein was precipitated using hydrogen chloride and confirmed through biuret test, solubility test, sulfur test, and FTIR analysis. The effect of varying sodium sulphide concentrations (0.5 M, 0.75 M, and 1 M) on the extracted keratin was evaluated. Results showed that a higher concentration of sodium sulphide produced a higher yield of keratin, with 1 M producing 65.8% yield. However, the shelf-life of wet keratin extracted using 1 M concentration was four weeks, compared to six weeks for 0.5 M and 0.75 M concentrations. The dried keratin was unaffected after six weeks. The study suggests that a higher concentration of the reducing agent produced a higher yield of keratin protein but with a shorter shelf-life if drying was not carried out. The utilization of abundant waste generated by poultry industries is crucial in reducing pollution and creating opportunities for valuable product development. The extraction of keratin from chicken feathers provides an eco-friendly approach to waste management and creates opportunities for product development.
Thermochemical Co-Liquefaction of Fruit Pomace’s Blends in a Binary Solvent System Toward Value-Added Bioproducts
Authors: Wądrzyk Mariusz , Janus Rafał , Korzeniowski Łukasz , Plata Marek
Published: December 2023

Poland belongs to the most meaningful producers of fresh food products in the European Union, e.g., apples, cherries, carrots, as well as currants. A significant part of these products are subjected to further processing, which results in the generation of an abundant amount of wet residues, such as pomace. The present paper aims to investigate the possibility of co-processing various industrial residues in the form of fruit pomaces through thermochemical liquefaction toward high-energy-density biocrude and biochar. More specifically, industrial wastes received from commercial juice production, i.e., blackcurrant, apple, and cherry pomaces, were converted under subcritical conditions of the water-isopropyl alcohol solvent system at fixed conditions. Particular focus was put on testing binary and ternary mixture feedstock systems and the possibility of predicting the bioproduct yield. Furthermore, the quality of the resultant biocrudes was analyzed by means of FTIR, GC-MS, and elemental analysis. For all separately studied raw materials and their binary and ternary mixtures, the dominant group fraction was biocrude with its yield ranging between 45.8 and 54.5 wt%. Produced liquids exhibit high energy density (HHV between 30.1 and 32.4 MJ/kg); thus, all of them pose perspective alternative fuels for generating heat and electricity. Also, the solid biochars presented a high energy density (HHV around 24–26 MJ/kg) and can be considered as an alternative energy carrier. The postulated approach aims to increase the flexibility and profitability of future technology of processing useless waste toward value-added bioproducts for the chemical and energy sectors.
Extraction of Equivalent Stress Versus Equivalent Plastic Strain Curve of Necking Material in Tensile Test Without Assuming Constitutive Model
Authors: Shin Hyunho , Kim Sanghoon , Choi Min Kuk , Ju Yongwon
Published: December 2023

An algorithm for extracting the equivalent stress versus equivalent plastic strain curve of a necking material in tensile test is proposed (the curve is called here the equivalent-plastic (EP) stress–strain (SS) curve). The presented algorithm traces the force–elongation curve via iterative finite element (FE) simulations without assuming a constitutive model and is suitable for a general-purpose FE solver available to a general audience. In the FE simulation and experiment, a slightly tapered geometry was employed around the specimen center to stably initiate necking there. The proposed algorithm and mentioned necking initiation method have been applied to extracting the EP SS curve of a high-strength steel material using an axisymmetric specimen. Because necking was initiated stably in simulation at the specimen center for a range of mesh sizes, the convergence of the extracted EP SS curve with the mesh size could be successfully verified. The EP SS curve of the tested material was extracted up to an EP strain of 0.85 with average strain intervals of approximately 2.5 mili-strain. The error values were less than 0.2 and 0.1% after four and seven FE simulations, respectively. The presented algorithm and necking initiation method in simulation can also be used for simultaneously quantifying the fracture EP strain of a necking material in the tensile test.
Mechanical and tribological properties of (AlCoCrNiSi)100−xNx thin films
Authors: Liang Tongyue , Alidokht Sima A. , Chromik Richard R.
Published: December 2023

High entropy thin films of (AlCoCrNiSi)100−xNx were deposited on silicon wafers using a pulsed DC magnetron sputtering technique, with nitrogen gas flow ratios (RN) of 0, 0.33, and 0.50. The structure and properties of these films were analyzed for elemental composition, surface and cross-sectional morphologies, microstructure, roughness, and mechanical properties. The coatings were primarily composed of an amorphous structure with a minor presence of a BCC structure and exhibited periodic variations in chemical composition from the substrate to the free surface. An increase in RN enhances crystallinity of the materials. Nanoindentation results showed that the films deposited at RN = 0.50 displayed the highest hardness (10.7 ± 0.5 GPa) and reduced modulus (176 ± 5 GPa), which were the highest among the films. Microtribology testing was conducted using a 20 μm radius spherical diamond tip under ambient air and normal loads ranging from 0.5 to 9 mN. Worn surfaces were characterized using atomic force microscopy. The coefficient of friction was evaluated to investigate the elastic and plastic behaviors of films using Schiffmann’s model. The coating without nitrogen displayed a predominant plastic behavior during the initial cycles, while the coating deposited at RN = 0.33 demonstrated a more elastic behavior, particularly at lower loads.
Extensive, circumferential, epidural spinal cord compression by IgG4-related pachymeningitis
Authors: Segers Finn , van Laar Jan AM , Wijbenga Johanna AM , de Ruiter Godard CW
Published: December 2023

A rare case of IgG4-related pachymeningitis is presented. The manuscript describes the multidisciplinary treatment of a rare entity in an exceptional location, prompting emergent surgical treatment. However, the correct intraoperative hypothesis led to a minimal surgical approach with fewer risks and good disease control. Finding a balance between maximising treatment outcome and minimising risks is often difficult for clinicians worldwide who encounter the same clinical dilemma. The known cases are summarised, as are radiological characteristics and common treatments.
Identification and reduction of retained primitive reflexes by sensory stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: effects on qEEG networks and cognitive functions
Authors: Melillo Robert John , Leisman Gerry , Machado Calixto , Carmeli Eli
Published: December 2023

Several authors have reported finding retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This case report describes the reduction of RPRs and changes in cognitive function after transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of muscle. Three individuals were examined in a study at the Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Havana, Cuba. Two child neurologists, not involved in the study, conducted clinical examinations on each participant and diagnosed each with ASD based on DSM-V criteria and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (an autism evaluation tool). Each child with ASD possessed a triad of impairments in three domains: social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviour. Individuals were evaluated by quantitative electroencephalographic measures and tested by standardised cognitive function tests before and after 12 weeks of intervention. These interventions were associated with reduced ASD symptoms in the three domains, significant changes in qEEG network connectivity and significantly improved performance on standardised cognitive tests.
Double BCG vaccination in a neonate: implications, management and prevention
Authors: Chetan Chinmay , Patra Saikat , Singh Shailendra Kumar , Gupta Girish
Published: December 2023

Tuberculosis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality especially in low-income and middle-income countries like India. BCG vaccination is recommended for all neonates after birth in areas with a high tuberculosis disease burden. Here, we describe a case where a neonate received two doses of the BCG (Chennai strain) vaccine within a span of 4 days after birth due to a vaccination error. Parents were informed about the event. The infant was managed conservatively and followed up till 12 months of life for any possible complication. There were no serious adverse effects apart from the localised reaction and a double scar on the left arm. Measures to avoid any such error in the future and the need for reporting medication error has been highlighted. Parental concerns are frequent in such scenarios and should be actively addressed.
Reciprocal impulses of junctional origin causing trigeminy
Authors: Murugesan Praveen , Gupta Saurabh Kumar
Published: December 2023

Reciprocal impulses of junctional origin were seen in a patient with left isomerism who had undergone Kawashima repair in infancy. Heterotaxy syndromes are associated with disturbances in sinus node function. Junctional rhythm is hence common in this group. Junctional rhythm can conduct both anterogradely, to the ventricles, and retrogradely, back to the atrium. When it conducts retrogradely, it is termed as atrial echo, which can further conduct back to the ventricle. Our patient had a junctional rhythm with atrial echo beats that conduct to the ventricle, along with an ectopic atrial focus that does not conduct to the ventricle. This is due to variation in the RP interval [between R wave and subsequent P wave] of the echo beat and the atrial ectopic beat with respect to the preceding QRS complex. The timing of the P wave after the QRS complex determines the refractoriness of the atrioventricular node. This exhibits a trigeminal rhythm in our patient.
Early disengagement from HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis services and associated factors among female sex workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a socioecological approach
Authors: Lichtwarck Hanne Ochieng , Mbotwa Christopher Hariri , Kazaura Method Rwelengera , Moen Kåre , Mmbaga Elia John
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention tool when taken as prescribed. However, suboptimal use may challenge its real-life impact. To support female sex workers in their efforts to prevent themselves from HIV, it is essential to identify factors that contribute to early disengagement from PrEP care. In this study, we aimed to estimate the risk of early disengagement from PrEP services among female sex workers in Tanzania and associated factors using a socioecological model as a guiding framework.

Methods

The study was conducted as part of a pragmatic mHealth trial for PrEP roll-out in Dar es Salaam in 2021. We estimated the risk of early disengagement, defined as not presenting for the first follow-up visit (within 56 days of enrolment), and its associations with individual, social, behavioural and structural factors (age, self-perceived HIV risk, mental distress, harmful alcohol use, condom use, number of sex work clients, female sex worker stigma and mobility) using multivariable logistic regression models, with marginal standardisation to obtain adjusted relative risks (aRR).

Results

Of the 470 female sex workers enrolled in the study, 340 (74.6%) did not attend the first follow-up visit (disengaged). Mental distress (aRR=1.14; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27) was associated with increased risk of disengagement. Participants who reported a higher number of clients per month (10–29 partners: aRR=0.87; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.98 and ≥30 partners: aRR=0.80; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.91) and older participants (≥35 years) (RR=0.75; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95) had a lower risk of disengagement.

Conclusions and recommendations

Early disengagement with the PrEP programme was high. Mental distress, younger age and having fewer clients were risk factors for disengagement. We argue that PrEP programmes could benefit from including mental health screening and treatment, as well as directing attention to younger sex workers and those reporting fewer clients.
Novel tactile bottle neck adaptor facilitates eye drop adherence in visually impaired patients
Authors: Gupta Praveena K , Ishihara Rhys , Zhao Zhenyang , Owji Shahin , Anyama Easy , Schmitz-Brown Mary , Chacin Aisen C , Iyer Bhavani , Friedman David , Ladki Malik Said
Published: December 2023

Purpose

To test the use of Ring-IT, a novel 3D tactile bottle neck adaptor in topical eye drop adherence in visually impaired patients.

Methods

Bottle neck ring adaptors with either one, two or three protrusions with cube or sphere endings were designed. In phase 1, low vision was simulated in healthy subjects (n=20) with a 20/200 vision simulator; while in phase 2, visually impaired patients (n=26; 20/70 or worse) were recruited. Subjects were randomised to six combinations of varying protrusions and shapes on medication bottles and asked to identify these traits at different presentations. Responses and time to identify were recorded.

Results

Phase 1: 98.3% of subjects correctly identified the number of protrusions. Mean time to identify was 4.5±6.1 s. Identification success for cube and sphere end pieces were 91.7% and 73.3%, with average time for identification of 9.9±7.6 and 10.9±9.0 s. In phase 2, 92.3% of subjects correctly identified the number of protrusions. Mean time to identify was 6.0±3.0 s. Identification success for cube and sphere end pieces were 78.2% and 74.4%; with average time for identification of 7.5±4.8 and 8.5±5.6 s, respectively.

Conclusions

Ring-IT was identified with accuracy and speed by both low vision simulated subjects, and by patients with true limited visual capabilities. These tactile bottle neck ring adaptors can be used as an assistive low vision aid device and may increase eye drop regimen adherence in visually impaired patients.
Managing acne vulgaris: an update
Authors: Santer Miriam , Burden-Teh Esther , Ravenscroft Jane
Published: December 2023

Acne vulgaris is very common and can have significant negative impact on people. While sometimes a transient problem, acne may persist for many years and often leads to permanent scars or pigment changes. Guidelines unanimously advise topical treatments as first-line, although differ in recommending either topical benzoyl peroxide or topical retinoid (mainly adapalene) alone or in combination. Guidance published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence advises counselling patients regarding avoidance of skin irritation when starting topical treatments and promoting adherence (treatments take 6–8 weeks to work). Oral antibiotics are currently overprescribed for acne but have a role when coprescribed with a non-antibiotic topical treatment. Hormonal treatments, such as the combined contraceptive pill, are also effective and there is growing evidence for the use of spironolactone for women with persistent acne. Recent guidance from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency regarding isotretinoin has implications for specialist prescribing and monitoring, and increasing public awareness of potential risks of mental health problems and sexual dysfunction. Although acne is associated with psychiatric disorder, the mental health effects of isotretinoin remain controversial.
No consent for brain death testing
Authors: Pope Thaddeus Mason , Ruck Keene Alexander , Chandler Jennifer
Published: December 2023

The overwhelming weight of legal authority in the USA and Canada holds that consent is not required for brain death testing. The situation in England and Wales is similar but different. While clinicians in England and Wales may have a prima facie duty to obtain consent, lack of consent has not barred testing. In three recent cases where consent for brain death testing was formally presented to the court, lack of consent was not determinative, and in one case the court questioned whether the clinicians were even required to seek consent from the parents of a child at all.
Benzene exposure and risk of lung cancer in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Worker cohort: a prospective case-cohort study
Authors: Babigumira Ronnie , Veierød Marit B , Hosgood H Dean , Samuelsen Sven Ove , Bråtveit Magne , Kirkeleit Jorunn , Rothman Nathaniel , Lan Qing , Silverman Debra T , Friesen Melissa C , Shala Nita Kaupang , Grimsrud Tom K , Stenehjem Jo Steinson
Published: December 2023

Objective

The objective of our study was to examine whether occupational exposure to benzene is associated with lung cancer among males in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers cohort.

Methods

Among 25 347 male offshore workers employed during 1965–1998, we conducted a case-cohort study with 399 lung cancer cases diagnosed between 1999 and 2021, and 2035 non-cases sampled randomly by 5-year birth cohorts. Individual work histories were coupled to study-specific job-exposure matrices for benzene and other known lung carcinogens. Weighted Cox regression was used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for the associations between benzene exposure and lung cancer, by major histological subtypes, adjusted for age, smoking and occupational exposure to welding fumes, asbestos and crystalline silica. Missing data were imputed.

Results

For lung cancer (all subtypes combined), HRs (95% CIs) for the highest quartiles of benzene exposure versus unexposed were 1.15 (0.61 to 2.35) for cumulative exposure, 1.43 (0.76 to 2.69) for duration, and 1.22 (0.68 to 2.18) for average intensity (0.280≤P-trend≤0.741). For 152 adenocarcinoma cases, a positive trend was observed for exposure duration (P-trend=0.044).

Conclusions

In this cohort of offshore petroleum workers generally exposed to low average levels of benzene, we did not find an overall clear support for an association with lung cancer (all subtypes combined), although an association was suggested for duration of benzene exposure and adenocarcinoma. The limited evidence might be due to restricted statistical power.
Investigating the influence of high-speed machining with heat-assisted machining (HAM) on machinability of heat-treated SKD61 steel
Authors: Dong Tran Phap , Toan Nguyen Duc
Published: December 2023

This paper investigates the impact of high-speed machining with heat-assisted machining (HAM) on the machinability of heat-treated SKD61 steel, utilizing alloy cutting tools. The study encompasses microstructure analysis, mechanical properties evaluation, chip color examination, surface roughness assessment and cutting force measurement during the machining process. Experiments are conducted under controlled conditions with advanced equipment. Findings indicate that at 200°C and 350°C, SKD61 steel’s microstructure remains unchanged, while at 500°C, there’s a superficial alteration of approximately 0.05[Formula: see text]mm thickness. Material hardness remains consistent across temperatures. Unique chip color variations serve as temperature indicators. Cutting force consistently decreases with rising temperature, highlighting the intricate relationship between temperature, material behavior and cutting mechanics. Surface roughness improves with higher temperatures, emphasizing the potential benefits of HAM in precision manufacturing.
Exploring Data Layout for Sparse Tensor Times Dense Matrix on GPUs
Authors: Ahmad Khalid , Cecka Cris , Garland Michael , Hall Mary
Published: December 2023

An important sparse tensor computation is sparse-tensor-dense-matrix multiplication (SpTM), which is used in tensor decomposition and applications. SpTM is a multi-dimensional analog to sparse-matrix-dense-matrix multiplication (SpMM). In this article, we employ a hierarchical tensor data layout that can unfold a multidimensional tensor to derive a 2D matrix, making it possible to compute SpTM using SpMM kernel implementations for GPUs. We compare two SpMM implementations to the state-of-the-art PASTA sparse tensor contraction implementation using: (1) SpMM with hierarchical tensor data layout; and, (2) unfolding followed by an invocation of cuSPARSE’s SpMM. Results show that SpMM can outperform PASTA 70.9% of the time, but none of the three approaches is best overall. Therefore, we use a decision tree classifier to identify the best performing sparse tensor contraction kernel based on precomputed properties of the sparse tensor.
Personalized Federated Learning with Layer-Wise Feature Transformation via Meta-Learning
Authors: Tu Jingke , Huang Jiaming , Yang Lei , Lin Wanyu
Published: December 2023

Federated learning enables multiple clients to collaboratively learn machine learning models in a privacy-preserving manner. However, in real-world scenarios, a key challenge encountered in federated learning is the statistical heterogeneity among clients. Existing work mainly focused on a single global model shared across the clients, making it hard to generalize well to all clients due to the large discrepancy in the data distributions. To address this challenge, we propose
pFedLT
, a novel approach that can adapt the single global model to different data distributions. Specifically, we propose to perform a pluggable layer-wise transformation during the local update phase based on scaling and shifting operations. In particular, these operations are learned with a meta-learning strategy. By doing so,
pFedLT
can capture the diversity of data distribution among clients, therefore, can generalize well even when the data distributions among clients exhibit high statistical heterogeneity. We conduct extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets (MNIST, Fashion_MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Office+Caltech10) under different Non-IID settings. Experimental results demonstrate that
pFedLT
significantly improves the model accuracy by up to 11.67% and reduces the communication costs compared with state-of-the-art approaches.
Security for Machine Learning-based Software Systems: A Survey of Threats, Practices, and Challenges
Authors: Chen Huaming , Babar M. Ali
Published: December 2023

The rapid development of Machine Learning (ML) has demonstrated superior performance in many areas, such as computer vision and video and speech recognition. It has now been increasingly leveraged in software systems to automate the core tasks. However, how to securely develop the machine learning-based modern software systems (MLBSS) remains a big challenge, for which the insufficient consideration will largely limit its application in safety-critical domains. One concern is that the present MLBSS development tends to be rushed, and the latent vulnerabilities and privacy issues exposed to external users and attackers will be largely neglected and hard to be identified. Additionally, machine learning-based software systems exhibit different liabilities towards novel vulnerabilities at different development stages from requirement analysis to system maintenance, due to its inherent limitations from the model and data and the external adversary capabilities. The successful generation of such intelligent systems will thus solicit dedicated efforts jointly from different research areas, i.e., software engineering, system security, and machine learning. Most of the recent works regarding the security issues for ML have a strong focus on the data and models, which has brought adversarial attacks into consideration. In this work, we consider that security for machine learning-based software systems may arise from inherent system defects or external adversarial attacks, and the secure development practices should be taken throughout the whole lifecycle. While machine learning has become a new threat domain for existing software engineering practices, there is no such review work covering the topic. Overall, we present a holistic review regarding the security for MLBSS, which covers a systematic understanding from a structure review of three distinct aspects in terms of security threats. Moreover, it provides a thorough state-of-the-practice for MLBSS secure development. Finally, we summarize the literature for system security assurance and motivate the future research directions with open challenges. We anticipate this work provides sufficient discussion and novel insights to incorporate system security engineering for future exploration.
Macrophage polarization and signaling in diabetic kidney disease: a catalyst for disease progression
Authors: Youssef Natalie , Noureldein Mohamed H. , Riachi Mansour E. , Haddad Antony , Eid Assaad A.
Published: December 2023

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of diabetes affecting millions of people worldwide. Macrophages, a critical immune cell type, are central players in the development and progression of DKD. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate role of macrophages in DKD, examining how they can become polarized into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. We explore the signaling pathways involved in macrophage recruitment and polarization in the kidneys, including the key cytokines and transcription factors that promote M1 and M2 polarization. In addition, we discuss the latest clinical studies investigating macrophages in DKD and explore the potential of hypoglycemic drugs for modulating macrophage polarization. By gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that regulate macrophage polarization in DKD, we may identify novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating complication of diabetes. This review provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between macrophages and DKD, shedding light on the latest developments in this important area of research. This review aims to enhance understanding of the role that macrophages play in the pathogenesis of DKD.
An Update on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection in Captive Wild Animals in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Rehana , Nyema Jannatul , Imranuzzaman Md. , Banik Bijoy , Pranto Proshanto Singha , Talukder Kanan , Sarkar Susmita Rani , Nath Shampa Deb , Islam Kazi Mehetazul , Nath Tilak Chandra , Islam Saiful
Published: December 2023

Gastrointestinal parasites cause health problems and even death in captive animals. These animals are more susceptible to parasitic infestations because of confinement and stress. The aim of the study is to describe parasitic causal agents in captive wild animals at the Bangladesh National Zoo, Chittagong Zoo, and Tilagarh Eco Park, in Sylhet. A total of 54 fecal samples were collected from the Bangladesh Zoo, Chittagong Zoo, and Tilagarh Eco Park from April 2022 to November 2022. Samples were collected from animals of the groups Aves (16), Reptiles (4), Artiodactyla (23), Perissodactyla (8), and Proboscidea (3). All samples were examined using a modified formalin ether sedimentation technique. Fecal examination consoled an overall occurrence of 61.1%. Out of 54 samples, 33 were positive for parasitic infection. The parasites observed were as follows: Ascarididae eggs (57.58%), Capillaria spp. (18.18%), Strongyloides spp. (9.09%), Trichuris spp. (6.06%), and mixed infection (9.09%). The order Reptiles had a 100% infection rate, while Aves had the lowest infection rate (50%). Only nematodes were detected in this study. Without showing evident, clinical signs and symptoms of disease, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites is high. This indicates a subclinical infection. This study shows that more epidemiological research and sanitation management programs, including regular antihelminthic therapy for controlling parasitic infection, should be adopted in zoos and ecoparks.
Acute Effects of Stretching Exercises on Posterior Chain: Analysis of Shear Modulus by Elastography SSI
Authors: Albuquerque Brandão Maria Clara , de Carvalho Teixeira Gabriela , Fernandes de Oliveira Liliam
Published: December 2023

The posterior chain muscles of the lower limb include the hamstrings and triceps surae, along with the Achilles tendon. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of static stretching exercises commonly used in clinical and training settings on the shear modulus (µ) of these muscles and tendon using Supersonic Shear-Wave Imaging (SSI) elastography. Fifteen healthy adults participated in the study, performing stretching exercises for hamstrings and triceps surae. Shear modulus and joint range of motion (ROM) were measured before and after the stretching protocols. The hip and ankle mean ROM significantly increased by 19.27% and 24.10%, respectively. However, the stretching protocol did not significantly alter in µ of the hamstrings, the gastrocnemius muscles, and the Achilles tendon. K-means clustering analysis identified a group where the subjects with lower initial ROM showed higher amplitude gains and a significant decrease in the semimembranosus stiffness after stretching. These findings suggest that the stretching protocol was effective in improving joint mobility but not sufficient to elicit immediate mechanical changes in muscle and tendon stiffness. Neural adaptations and nonmuscular structures might contribute to increased ROM. The study highlights the importance of considering individual initial ROM and subsequent responses when evaluating the effects of stretching exercises on muscle and tendon properties.
The Methyltransferases METTL7A and METTL7B Confer Resistance to Thiol-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Authors: Robey Robert W. , Fitzsimmons Christina M. , Guiblet Wilfried M. , Frye William J.E. , González Dalmasy José M. , Wang Li , Russell Drake A. , Huff Lyn M. , Perciaccante Andrew J. , Ali-Rahmani Fatima , Lipsey Crystal C. , Wade Heidi M. , Mitchell Allison V. , Maligireddy Siddhardha S. , Terrero David , Butcher Donna , Edmondson Elijah F. , Jenkins Lisa M. , Nikitina Tatiana , Zhurkin Victor B. , Tiwari Amit K. , Piscopio Anthony D. , Totah Rheem A. , Bates Susan E. , Arda H. Efsun , Gottesman Michael M. , Batista Pedro J.
Published: December 2023

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are part of a growing class of epigenetic therapies used for the treatment of cancer. Although HDACis are effective in the treatment of T-cell lymphomas, treatment of solid tumors with this class of drugs has not been successful. Overexpression of the multidrug resistance protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by ABCB1, is known to confer resistance to the HDACi romidepsin in vitro, yet increased ABCB1 expression has not been associated with resistance in patients, suggesting that other mechanisms of resistance arise in the clinic. To identify alternative mechanisms of resistance to romidepsin, we selected MCF-7 breast cancer cells with romidepsin in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil to reduce the likelihood of P-gp-mediated resistance. The resulting cell line, MCF-7 DpVp300, does not express P-gp and was found to be selectively resistant to romidepsin but not to other HDACis such as belinostat, panobinostat, or vorinostat. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of the mRNA coding for the putative methyltransferase, METTL7A, whose paralog, METTL7B, was previously shown to methylate thiol groups on hydrogen sulfide and captopril. As romidepsin has a thiol as the zinc-binding moiety, we hypothesized that METTL7A could inactivate romidepsin and other thiol-based HDACis via methylation of the thiol group. We demonstrate that expression of METTL7A or METTL7B confers resistance to thiol-based HDACis and that both enzymes are capable of methylating thiol-containing HDACis. We thus propose that METTL7A and METTL7B confer resistance to thiol-based HDACis by methylating and inactivating the zinc-binding thiol.
The Effect of Enzymatic Treatment with Mutanase, Beta-Glucanase, and DNase on a Saliva-Derived Biofilm Model
Authors: Dukanovic Rikvold Pernille , Skov Hansen Lea Benedicte , Meyer Rikke Louise , Jørgensen Mette Rose , Tiwari Manish K. , Schlafer Sebastian
Published: December 2023

Introduction: The dental biofilm matrix is an important determinant of virulence for caries development and comprises a variety of extracellular polymeric substances that contribute to biofilm stability. Enzymes that break down matrix components may be a promising approach to caries control, and in light of the compositional complexity of the dental biofilm matrix, treatment with multiple enzymes may enhance the reduction of biofilm formation compared to single enzyme therapy. The present study investigated the effect of the three matrix-degrading enzymes mutanase, beta-glucanase, and DNase, applied separately or in combinations, on biofilm prevention and removal in a saliva-derived in vitro-grown model. Methods: Biofilms were treated during growth to assess biofilm prevention or after 24 h of growth to assess biofilm removal by the enzymes. Biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining and impedance-based real-time cell analysis, and the biofilm structure was visualized by confocal microscopy and staining of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and polysaccharides. Results: The in vitro model was dominated by Streptococcus spp., as determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. All tested enzymes and combinations had a significant effect on biofilm prevention, with reductions of >90% for mutanase and all combinations including mutanase. Combined application of DNase and beta-glucanase resulted in an additive effect (81.0% ± 1.3% SD vs. 36.9% ± 21.9% SD and 48.2% ± 14.9% SD). For biofilm removal, significant reductions of up to 73.2% ± 5.5% SD were achieved for combinations including mutanase, whereas treatment with DNase had no effect. Glucans, but not eDNA decreased in abundance upon treatment with all three enzymes. Conclusion: Multi-enzyme treatment is a promising approach to dental biofilm control that needs to be validated in more diverse biofilms.
KCNQ5 Controls Perivascular Adipose Tissue–Mediated Vasodilation
Authors: Tsvetkov Dmitry , Schleifenbaum Johanna , Wang Yibin , Kassmann Mario , Polovitskaya Maya M. , Ali Mohamed , Schütze Sebastian , Rothe Michael , Luft Friedrich C. , Jentsch Thomas J. , Gollasch Maik
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND:

Small arteries exhibit resting tone, a partially contracted state that maintains arterial blood pressure. In arterial smooth muscle cells, potassium channels control contraction and relaxation. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been shown to exert anticontractile effects on the blood vessels. However, the mechanisms by which PVAT signals small arteries, and their relevance remain largely unknown. We aimed to uncover key molecular components in adipose-vascular coupling.

METHODS:

A wide spectrum of genetic mouse models targeting
Kcnq3
,
Kcnq4
, and
Kcnq5
genes (
Kcnq3
–/–
,
Kcnq4
–/–
,
Kcnq5
–/–
,
Kcnq5
dn/dn
,
Kcnq4
–/–
/
Kcnq5
dn/dn
, and
Kcnq4
–/–
/
Kcnq5
–/–
), telemetry blood pressure measurements, targeted lipidomics, RNA-Seq profiling, wire-myography, patch-clamp, and sharp-electrode membrane potential measurements was used.

RESULTS:

We show that PVAT causes smooth muscle cell K
V
7.5 family of voltage-gated potassium (K
+
) channels to hyperpolarize the membrane potential. This effect relaxes small arteries and regulates blood pressure. Oxygenation of polyunsaturated fats generates oxylipins, a superclass of lipid mediators. We identified numerous oxylipins released by PVAT, which potentiate vasodilatory action in small arteries by opening smooth muscle cell K
V
7.5 family of voltage-gated potassium (K
+
) channels.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results reveal a key molecular function of the K
V
7.5 family of voltage-gated potassium (K
+
) channels in the adipose-vascular coupling, translating PVAT signals, particularly oxylipins, to the central physiological function of vasoregulation. This novel pathway opens new therapeutic perspectives.
QLB-NET: A Dense Soil Moisture and Freeze–Thaw Monitoring Network in the Qinghai Lake Basin on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chai Linna , Zhu Zhongli , Liu Shaomin , Xu Ziwei , Jin Rui , Li Xin , Kang Jian , Che Tao , Zhang Yang , Zhang Jinsong , Cui Hongjing , Gao Tiansheng , Xu Tongren , Zhao Shaojie , Pan Xiaoduo , Guo Ge
Published: December 2023

Soil moisture (SM) and soil freeze–thaw (FT) are two relatively active surface parameters that are significant to the sustainable development of the water–land–air–plant–human nexus. Over time, regional or global SM and FT datasets with different spatial resolutions have been developed. In response to the requirements of multiscale product validation and multisource uncertainty tracking, a soil moisture and soil temperature (ST) monitoring network in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB-NET) was established in September 2019. The QLB-NET is characterized by densely distributed in situ sites (82 sites) measuring SM and ST at 5-, 10-, and 30-cm depths, with 60 sites in a large-scale network covering an area of 36 km × 40 km and 22 sites evenly distributed across two small-scale 1 km × 1 km networks. Quantitative analyses of the in situ measurements show that the QLB-NET can provide stable and reliable ground truth for SM and FT over coarse grid scales, e.g., 36 km × 36 km, 25 km × 25 km, and 0.25° × 0.25°. When statistics are correspondingly performed over 50 out of 54, 25 out of 29, and 25 out of 28 sites, the results are described as follows: 1) the standard deviation of the mean SM varies between 0.0127 and 0.0196 m3 m−3, with the corresponding difference between the upper and lower quartiles being less than 0.02 m3 m−3; 2) the ground freeze–thaw state can be correctly identified with high probabilities ranging from 85.3% to 100% on two freeze–thaw transitional dates. The QLB-NET observed datasets are distributed online and will be continuously updated through cooperation with the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (http://data.tpdc.ac.cn), facilitating product validation and uncertainty tracking, spatiotemporal analysis of SM change and FT transition, optimization of the SM and FT retrieving algorithms and scaling methods, and development of the mountainous microwave radiative transfer model.
Responses of Westerly Jets over Asia versus North America in the Last Glacial Maximum and Their Attributions
Authors: Lei Jing , Shi Zhengguo , Sha Yingying , Li Xinzhou , Xie Xiaoning
Published: December 2023

By using the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4) coupled to a slab ocean model, the total responses of westerly jets (WJ) over Asia and North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), as well as the relative influences of different individual LGM forcing on the changes in WJ, are evaluated in this study. The results show that the seasonal variation of Northern Hemisphere WJ in LGM is characterized by distinct regional discrepancies. The WJ is intensified and shifts southward in North America, while it generally weakens and slightly displaces northward in central Asia. Over Japan, the WJ is enhanced and moves southward in summer but is attenuated and shifts northward in winter. The change of WJ has a close relationship with the midtroposphere temperature anomalies which result from the different external forcings. In summer, the ice sheet albedo plays a leading role in wind fields at mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere by causing a zonal wave–like response of temperature. In winter, the ice sheet topography dominates the wind fields across North America to North Atlantic by inducing a northwest–southeast-oriented tripole temperature response. The effects of orbital parameters and greenhouse gases largely contribute to the alteration of upper wind fields over Asia and North Pacific by causing a dipole response of temperature.
Scapegoating queers: Pink-blocking as state strategy
Authors: Weiss Meredith L
Published: December 2023

Malaysia’s ‘democratic transition’ in May 2018, when a challenger coalition ousted the long-dominant incumbent coalition, raised hopes of a new political climate, more respectful of civil liberties. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Malaysians shared that sentiment; a growing number had even protested openly for political liberalization as part of an umbrella movement for electoral reform. Within months of the election, several higher profile incidents peppered a series of attacks on queer spaces and both state-sponsored and private harassment of LGBT Malaysians – even as Malaysia ticked upwards in global metrics of ‘democracy’. Attention to LGBT peoples and issues remain at an all-time high in Malaysia, driven far less by queer activism than anti-LGBT agitation, in line with a government-led, base-ingratiating ‘pink-blocking’ agenda, rooted in both ‘Asian values’ and religious discourse. Here as elsewhere, queer identities and acts offer a handy diversion and scapegoat – and in Muslim-majority, increasingly Islamist Malaysia, anti-queer policies and policing affirm commitment to the presumed moral high ground of Malay-Muslim rights: pink-blocking offers a way to build coveted electoral support. In contrast, we may find recourse to ‘pink-washing’ strategies in countries lacking a similarly socially conservative, substantial base and/or competitive elections, and/or where currying favour with the west is a higher imperative.
Water Restoration in Genesis 26:18–20
Authors: Ndolu Nelci Nafalia
Published: December 2023

This essay examines the story of the quarrel between Isaac and the Gerarites over water in the Gerar Valley (Gen 26:18–20). In an ecological reading using Eric Higgs’s focal restoration perspective, the essay illustrates the ecological culture of the ancient Gerarites, who respected and appreciated the hydro-geological conditions of the Gerar Valley region. By maintaining the water ecology in the area, the Gerarites ensured a sufficient supply of water during dry seasons.