bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the population impacts and cost‐effectiveness of a conservation translocation
Authors: Yackulic Charles B. , Van Haverbeke David R. , Dzul Maria , Bair Lucas , Young Kirk L.
Published: May 2021

Managers often move, or translocate, organisms into habitats that are assumed to be suitable; however, the consequences of these translocations are usually not rigorously assessed. Robust assessment of these management experiments should consider impacts to both donor and recipient populations and compare the cost‐effectiveness of translocations to other actions.

Here we evaluate the translocations of a federally listed fish species, humpback chub within a tributary to the Colorado River in its Grand Canyon reach (Arizona, USA). We analyse mark–recapture data with multistate models to estimate vital rates (growth, survival and movement) for the donor and recipient populations while accounting for substantial temporal variation in vital rates. We then use stochastic matrix projections to quantify the impact of translocations on adult population size. Lastly, we compare the costs of translocations to another, legally required management action, non‐native fish removal, by modifying an existing bioeconomic model.

We estimate that six of eight translocations during the study period positively impacted adult abundance and that the overall population impact was positive. Population projections suggest that each chub translocated per year increases the equilibrium adult population size by 1.2 (95% CI: 0.4–2.2) adults, lessening the need for non‐native fish removal.

The continuation of translocations at the current rate is expected to save managers ~$50,000 per year by decreasing the annual probability of removals from 0.26 to 0.15. Further savings and decreases in removals could be attained by avoiding translocations in years when there has been no winter/spring runoff and modifying the number of translocated individuals based on the estimates of juvenile production in the lower Little Colorado River.

Synthesis and applications. Translocations that increase the abundance of a rare species can sometimes be viewed as a hedge against future declines that might necessitate more costly interventions. Quantifying population benefits and economic costs of management actions like translocations and comparing alternative actions can lead to cost‐effective conservation that is more easily sustained.
Implementing co‐teaching with paraprofessionals to provide pre‐Kindergarten students with special rights access to dual language
Authors: Farrand Kathleen M. , Deeg Megan T.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine how paraprofessionals and other service providers participate in co‐teaching with a certified special education pre‐Kindergarten teacher during dual language (DL) instruction. The study took place in two DL special education preschool classrooms located in an urban public school district in the southwestern US. The district enlisted paraprofessionals as lead Spanish instructors when the lead teacher was not bilingual in Spanish and English to implement the DL programme effectively. Participants were one special education teacher, two paraprofessionals and one teaching artist, who participated in a year‐long professional development programme to employ drama strategies to develop children's Spanish and English literacy skills and promote inclusion. Findings indicated that the participants utilised multiple co‐teaching models to collaborate and meet the needs of their students during English and Spanish instruction. Through co‐teaching, all educators had opportunities to take lead and supporting roles in instruction.
Adnexal torsion recurrence—is the adnexal twist degree a risk factor? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bart Y , Mohr‐Sasson A , Yousefi S , Goldenberg M , Meyer R , Toussia‐Cohen S , Eyal Y , Mazaki‐Tovi S , Mashiach R
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate whether the adnexal twist degree is related to torsion recurrence and whether there is a dose‐dependent correlation.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Single tertiary medical centre.

Population

The study includes non‐pregnant patients operated, for the first time, for adnexal torsion, between 2011 and 2018.

Methods

Information regarding the degree of adnexal twist was collected from surgical reports. Recurrence was identified using a computerised database and ascertained via telephone with a response rate of 87.2% (253/290).

Main outcome measures

Adnexal torsion recurrence rate.

Results

A total of 182 women who had undergone laparoscopic detorsion met the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐two had torsion recurrence (12.1%). Adnexal twist degree in the primary event was associated with a higher recurrence risk: 4.3% of women with twist degree ≤360 (n = 3/70), 14.5% of women with twist degree of 361–720 (n = 9/62) and 20% of women with twist degree >720 (n = 10/50) (P = 0.03). The median twist degree was 540 (interquartile range [IQR] 360–855) and 720 (IQR 675–1080) degrees in the control and study groups, respectively (P = 0.005). Additional possibly associated factors for recurrence were evaluated. Age emerged as a possible risk factor, with a median age of 19 years in the recurrence group (IQR 14–27 years) versus 28.5 (IQR 19–36 years) in the non‐recurrence group (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that together with age, adnexal twist degree remained significantly associated with torsion recurrence (odds ratio [OR] 1.98, 95% CI 1.09–3.61; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Adnexal twist degree was found to be positively associated with the risk of torsion recurrence.

Tweetable abstract

Adnexal twist degree was found to be positively associated with the risk of torsion recurrence.
C‐C chemokine hepatocellular carcinoma motif ligand 5‐deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by affecting B cell recruitment
Authors: Li Xiang , Han Qiu Cheng , Yu Chang , Luo Yi Chun , Wang Fang , Sun Xue Hua , Gao Yue Qiu , Tan Wei Feng , Xia Qiang
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate the expression of C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to explore its role in regulating the immune microenvironment and the related mechanism in tumor immunity.

Methods

The mRNA expression level of CCL5 in HCC and adjacent non‐cancerous tissues was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Serum CCL5 expression was measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). C57BL/6 wild‐type (WT) and Ccl5‐knockout (Ccl5−/−) mice were utilized to conduct the diethylnitrosamine‐induced HCC model. The immune cell population was determined by flow cytometry, and peripheral serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level was quantified by ELISA.

Results

CCL5 expression was low in HCC tissue and peripheral blood compared with adjacent non‐cancerous tissues or controls, and its expression was correlated with the overall survival, cancer recurrence and distant metastasis. In the HCC mouse model, liver‐to‐body weight ratio was of the Ccl5−/− group were higher than that of the WT group. Moreover, compared with the WT mice, the number of B cells in the tumor tissue of the Ccl5−/− mice was lower, while there were no significant differences in the other immune cell populations. Furthermore, serum IgM level of the Ccl5−/− mice was significantly lower than that of the WT mice.

Conclusion

CCL5 expression is decreased in HCC tissues. CCL5 deficiency reduces B cell recruitment and decreases IgM secretion in HCC, potentially leading to tumor progression.
Limits and convergence properties of the sequentially Markovian coalescent
Authors: Sellinger Thibaut Paul Patrick , Abu‐Awad Diala , Tellier Aurélien
Published: May 2021

Several methods based on the sequentially Markovian coalescent (SMC) make use of full genome sequence data from samples to infer population demographic history including past changes in population size, admixture, migration events and population structure. More recently, the original theoretical framework has been extended to allow the simultaneous estimation of population size changes along with other life history traits such as selfing or seed banking. The latter developments enhance the applicability of SMC methods to nonmodel species. Although convergence proofs have been given using simulated data in a few specific cases, an in‐depth investigation of the limitations of SMC methods is lacking. In order to explore such limits, we first develop a tool inferring the best case convergence of SMC methods assuming the true underlying coalescent genealogies are known. This tool can be used to quantify the amount and type of information that can be confidently retrieved from given data sets prior to the analysis of the real data. Second, we assess the inference accuracy when the assumptions of SMC approaches are violated due to departures from the model, namely the presence of transposable elements, variable recombination and mutation rates along the sequence, and SNP calling errors. Third, we deliver a new interpretation of SMC methods by highlighting the importance of the transition matrix, which we argue can be used as a set of summary statistics in other statistical inference methods, uncoupling the SMC from hidden Markov models (HMMs). We finally offer recommendations to better apply SMC methods and build adequate data sets under budget constraints.
Quantifying invasion degree by alien plants species in Reunion Island
Authors: Fenouillas Pauline , Ah‐Peng Claudine , Amy Elise , Bracco Isabelle , Dafreville Stéphanie , Gosset Mélodie , Ingrassia Florent , Lavergne Christophe , Lequette Benoit , Notter Jean‐Cyrille , Pausé Jean‐Marie , Payet Guillaume , Payet Nicolas , Picot Fréderic , Poungavanon Nila , Strasberg Dominique , Thomas Herman , Triolo Julien , Turquet Vincent , Rouget Mathieu
Published: May 2021

The largest area of intact vegetation in the Mascarene’s archipelago is found on Reunion Island, but the remaining natural areas are under threats. Biological invasions are one of the main threats to biodiversity loss on this island and globally worldwide. This study aimed to quantify invasion degree by alien plants species in Reunion Island. This work was possible thanks to a large partnership between researchers and managers. All existing spatial data on invasion pattern were combined and completed by expert knowledge to develop the first 250 x 250 m map of invasion degree at the island scale. To fill the gaps where no field survey data or expert knowledge was available, we used a Random Forest model using nine climatic, landscape and anthropogenic variables. This model also provides a preliminary assessment of drivers of invasion at Reunion Island. Results showed that 85% of the extant native vegetation was invaded in different proportions; 38% are slightly invaded, 26% moderately invaded and 22% very heavily invaded. Despite the high levels of invasion in some places, more than 50% of the extant vegetation is not invaded or slightly invaded. Most of the invaded areas are located in the lowland and in the leeward coast although alien plants invade all types of vegetation from the coast to the top of the island. These results highlight a clear increase in the distribution of alien species over time. This study constitutes a key first step for about the ongoing prioritisation of management interventions on Reunion Island.
Barriers and enablers to optimal diabetes care for adults with learning disabilities: A systematic review
Authors: Holden Ben , Lee Andrew
Published: May 2021

Accessible Summary

Adults with learning disabilities and diabetes are more likely to have health problems than people with diabetes who do not have learning disabilities.

This research had two aims. One was to find out what stops adults with learning disabilities from getting help with their diabetes. The other was to find out what things help them get the best care for their diabetes.

We found 12 things that stop adults with learning disabilities from getting good care for their diabetes and 14 things that help them get good care.

The findings from this research can be used to improve the lives of adults living with learning disabilities and diabetes.

Background

Individuals with diabetes and a learning disability have poorer health outcomes than those without a learning disability. In the UK, the health inequalities faced by people with learning disabilities are often the result of barriers they face in accessing timely, appropriate and effective health care. The aim of the study was to

review relevant literature to identify the barriers and enablers to optimal diabetes care for adults with learning disabilities.

Methods

Systematic review methodology was used to answer the research question: What barriers and enablers to optimal diabetes care exist for adults with learning disabilities? This review is reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Key databases were searched using relevant terms. Included studies were synthesised using thematic analysis and were quality appraised.

Findings

This review identified 12 barriers to optimal diabetes care for adults with learning disabilities and 14 enablers to optimal care from 10 diverse publications. Low level of diabetes knowledge and understanding and systems that do not allow reasonable adjustments were the barriers considered to have the greatest reliability. The enabler identified to have the highest reliability was person‐centred planning and reasonable adjustments.

Conclusion

This work highlights key actions that can be undertaken to address inequalities in diabetes care for people with learning disabilities. With additional research in this field, further progress can be made to improve the lives of those adults living with learning disabilities and diabetes.
Cutaneous desmoid‐type fibromatosis: A rare case with molecular profiling
Authors: Aghighi Maryam , Cloutier Jeffrey M. , Hoover William D. , Roy Katherine , Lo Amy A. , Brown Ryanne A.
Published: May 2021

Fibromatoses encompass a broad group of histopathologically similar fibroblastic/myofibroblastic proliferations with divergent clinical manifestations and behavior. Deep (desmoid‐type) fibromatoses are typically large, rapidly growing, and locally aggressive tumors that occur in the abdominal wall, mesentery, and extra‐abdominal soft tissue, principally the musculature of the trunk and extremities. Most sporadic cases of desmoid fibromatosis harbor inactivating mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding beta‐catenin. Tumors occurring in the context of familial adenomatous polyposis and Gardner syndrome bear inactivating mutations in APC. By contrast, mutations in CTNNB1 or APC have not been identified in cases of superficial fibromatosis. Cutaneous involvement by desmoid fibromatosis is exceedingly rare. Here we present a 78‐year‐old male with desmoid‐type fibromatosis arising in the dermis of the right medial calf with a pathogenic mutation in CTNNB1 and a variant of unknown significance in APC.
Die (neue) Berufskrankheit Nr. 5101: „Schwere oder wiederholt rückfällige Hauterkrankungen“
Authors: Herloch Valeska , Elsner Peter
Published: May 2021

Berufsdermatosen gehören zu den häufigsten Berufskrankheiten (BK), wobei die BK 5101 den größten Anteil ausmacht und in der Vergangenheit die am häufigsten gemeldete Berufskrankheit bei Erwerbstätigen war. Im Jahr 2019 wurden mehr als 80 000 Verdachtsmeldungen auf Berufskrankheiten gestellt, von denen 19 883 auf die BK 5101 entfielen. Das berufsbedingte Handekzem, welches sich vor allem als Kontaktekzem präsentiert, macht 90 % aller BK 5101‐Erkrankungen in Deutschland aus. Insbesondere junge Menschen aus den Berufszweigen Friseurgewerbe, Gesundheitswesen, Metallverarbeitung, Nahrungsmittelgewerbe sowie Baugewerbe zählen zur Risikogruppe. Der Diagnostik, Therapie und Prävention einer BK 5101 kommt eine bedeutende Rolle zu, da fortgeschrittene Hauterkrankungen meist mit einer ungünstigen Prognose und langen Zeiten der Arbeitsunfähigkeit einhergehen sowie erhebliche sozioökonomische Folgen haben können. Am 01. Januar 2021 trat die Novellierung des Berufskrankheitenrechts mit dem „Siebten Gesetz zur Änderung des Vierten Buches Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) und anderer Gesetze“ in Kraft, welches den über Jahrzehnte für eine Anerkennung der BK 5101 vorausgesetzten Unterlassungszwang abschaffte. Damit verbleiben seit diesem Jahr als Tatbestandsmerkmale für den Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls die „Schwere oder wiederholte Rückfälligkeit“ einer Hauterkrankung, was zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der Anerkennungen und zu weitreichenden Veränderungen in der dermatologischen Versorgung und Begutachtung der Versicherten führen dürfte.
Detection of synovial sepsis in horses using enzymes as biomarkers
Authors: Haralambus Rhea , Florczyk Agnieszka , Sigl Eva , Gültekin Sinan , Vogl Claus , Brandt Sabine , Schnierer Marlies , Gamerith Clemens , Jenner Florien
Published: May 2021

Background

Synovial sepsis is a commonly occurring, potentially career‐ending or even life‐threatening orthopaedic emergency. Diagnosis of synovial sepsis is currently primarily based on synovial fluid analysis, which often leaves diagnostic ambiguity due to overlap of clinicopathological parameters between septic and aseptic inflammatory synovitis.

Objectives

To evaluate the reliability of lysozyme (LYS), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) as biomarkers for synovial sepsis in horses using a photometric assay to measure increased enzyme activity.

Study design

Prospective, single‐blinded, analytical, clinical study.

Methods

Equine synovial samples were assigned to one of three groups: (1) healthy controls (n = 10), (2) aseptic (n = 27) and (3) septic synovitis (n = 30). The enzyme activity assays (LYS, MPO and ELT) were compared with standard synovial fluid parameters and broad‐range bacterial 16S rDNA PCR.

Results

LYS and MPO activities were significantly different between septic synovial samples, and both aseptic and control samples (P < .001, LYS: confidence interval [CI]: 2.25‐3.41, resp., 2.21‐3.8, MPO: CI 0.752‐1.6, resp., 0.639‐1.81). LYS achieved a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in differentiating between septic and aseptic (cut‐off value 751.4) or control (cut‐off: 484.6) samples (P < .001). MPO reached 93.33% sensitivity, 100% specificity for distinguishing septic from control (cut‐off value: 0.1254) synovial samples and 93.33% sensitivity, 81.48% specificity for discriminating between septic and aseptic (cut‐off value: 0.1305) synovial samples (P < .001). ELT activity could not be measured in any synovial sample. Both the LYS and the MPO measurements showed a highly significant correlation with PCR (LYSr = .79, MPOr = .69), synovial leukocyte count (LYSr = .752, MPOr = .571), % neutrophils (LYSr = .751, MPOr = 0.663) and each other (r = .744, allP < .001).

Main limitations

Variation in horses’ signalment, affected synovial structures and synovial fluid freezing times may have affected the discriminative power of this study.

Conclusions

Increased MPO and LYS activities allow reliable, rapid diagnosis of synovial sepsis with high sensitivity and specificity.
The impact of mutual aid on mental health and perceived isolation among the single elderly: An examination of economic status
Authors: Murayama Yoh , Hasebe Masami , Nishi Mariko , Fujiwara Yoshinori
Published: May 2021

Aim

This study aimed to identify patterns in mutual aid relationships between older people living alone and their relatives and neighbors, and to examine the impact of mutual aid relationship patterns on mental health and perceived isolation through the mediating effect of subjective economic status.

Methods

We conducted a survey with 5000 randomly selected adults aged 65 years or older, from the five official senior care service areas of city A in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Valid responses were received from 3941 participants (78.8%), of whom 436 participants from single‐person households constituted the study sample.

Results

Latent class analysis revealed four types of mutual aid: family; family and intra‐generational neighbors; no mutual aid; and family and multi‐generational neighbors. Regression analysis showed that the interaction effect between family and neighbors' mutual aid and subjective economic status was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Simple slope analysis clarified that subjective economic status had a negative effect on depressive symptoms for the non‐family/neighbors group, but not for the family/neighbors group. Furthermore, the interaction term between no mutual aid and subjective economic status was negatively associated with the fear of future isolation. Finally, the significantly negative effect observed was greater for the no mutual aid group than for the non‐no mutual aid group.

Conclusions

Mutual aid relationships are effective in improving the mental health and decreasing the fear of future isolation of older adults living alone who experience low economic status. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 555–560.
Beyond street‐level procedural justice: Social construction, policy shift, and ethnic disparities in confidence in government institutions
Authors: Kang Inkyu
Published: May 2021

Punishment‐oriented policy can undermine confidence in government institutions among those who collectively share unfavorable social constructions of the policy's target group, even without having personally experienced negative bureaucratic encounters. As an empirical test, this study investigates the effect of the passage of Arizona S.B. 1070 and copycat immigration enforcement laws in five additional states on confidence in the local police. Using multi‐year survey data from the Pew Research Center, the difference‐in‐differences analyses demonstrate that these laws had a substantially more negative influence on confidence in police effectiveness and police use of force among Hispanics/Latinos compared with the rest of society. Given that the implementation of these laws were delayed and ultimately either blocked or restricted by the courts, the findings suggest that ethnic minorities' skepticism toward government institutions may be due not only to poor street‐level procedural justice, but also to the unfavorable social constructions embodied in high‐profile policy shifts.
Acute gastric mucosal lesions caused by acute infection of non‐HelicobacterpyloriHelicobacter: a case report
Authors: Tsukadaira Toshihisa , Hayashi Seiichi , Ota Hiroyoshi , Kobayashi Natsuko , Sekiguchi Yasuhiro , Kodaira Himiko , Matsumoto Takehisa , Horiuchi Kazuki , Negishi Tatsuya , Kurahashi Mari
Published: May 2021

Background

Non‐Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) is not widely recognized as a cause of acute gastric mucosal lesions (AGML), as only a few cases of AGML caused by NHPH have been reported. We present here one case and examine the species and eradication of NHPH together with the three previously reported cases.

Case presentation

A 52‐year‐old woman presented with a two‐day history of severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed mucosal edema, multiple erosions, and ulcerations in the antrum. Biopsy specimens taken from the antrum revealed long spiral‐shaped organisms, suggesting NHPH. As both serum anti‐Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibody and H. pylori stool antigen test were negative, this case was diagnosed as AGML caused by NHPH. After the administration of esomeprazole 20 mg for 14 days and the interval of the following 12 days, AGML was deemed to have been cured endoscopically. In addition, microscopic examination and PCR analysis confirmed the success of NHPH eradication.

Conclusions

NHPH should be considered a probable cause of AGML in cases that are not attributed to the other causes already recognized. Taking probability of spontaneous eradication into consideration, it is appropriate to start eradication therapy after confirming the chronicity of NHPH infection.
Energy value and bioactive proteins of inulin‐enriched tofu produced by hydrothermal process with chymosin‐pepsin rennet
Authors: Stanojevic Sladjana P. , Barać Miroljub B. , Pešić Mirjana B. , Vucelic‐Radovic Biljana V.
Published: May 2021

Nutritional properties of inulin‐enriched tofu obtained after hydrothermal cooking of soymilk, using chymosin‐pepsin rennet and inulin as a functional ingredient, were assessed. This procedure significantly differs from the traditional one. The residual activity (rTIA) of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) and lectins, content of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and their energy values (EV) were suitable for human nutrition. Inulin‐enriched tofu was characterised with low rTIA (3.08–5.71%) and TIs content of 3.62–18.99%. Content of Kunitz and Bowman‐Birk TIs as well as total TIs content (r = 0.98) in tofu were strongly correlated with tofu protein content. Content of Bowman‐Birk polymeric forms (3.11–5.36%) was higher than Bowman‐Birk monomeric forms (0.51–2.31%) in inulin‐enriched tofu. Low urease activity (0.60–1.78%) indicated that soybean was heated adequately to inactivate TIs. Increasing content of inulin did not increase tofu EV (˜18 kJ per g tofu). The proximate composition of inulin‐enriched tofu, advantageous rTIA and a very low EV qualifies this product for human nutrition.
Changes induced by high hydrostatic pressure in acidified and non‐acidified milk during Oaxaca cheese production
Authors: Escobedo‐Avellaneda Zamantha , Espiricueta‐Candelaria R. Selene , Calvo‐Segura Samantha , Welti‐Chanes Jorge , Chuck‐Hernández Cristina
Published: May 2021

Oaxaca cheese, produced using the pasta filata method, is a very popular Mexican dairy products. In this work, the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and the acidification process before and after HHP treatment of raw cow milk was studied at different pressure levels (150, 300 and 500 MPa) and holding times (10 and 30 min). Clotting time, proximal composition, microstructure, secondary protein structure and electrophoretic profile were evaluated. HHP did not influence clotting time in samples acidified before HHP, but it appears to have a positive effect at lower pressure treatments on non‐acidified milk. Moisture, protein and fat were similar in cheeses treated at most HHP conditions regardless of the acidification. HHP did not influence the microstructure of cheese and the secondary structure of proteins. The use of HHP during the manufacture of Oaxaca cheese allowed preserving quality parameters evaluated without advantages in processing time and the product's proximal composition.
Seed composition of non‐industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties from four regions in northern Morocco
Authors: Taaifi Yassine , Benmoumen Abdessamad , Belhaj Kamal , Aazza Smail , Abid Malika , Azeroual Embarek , Elamrani Ahmed , Mansouri Farid , Serghini Caid Hana
Published: May 2021

This study aims to determine the chemical composition of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds of two varieties cultivated in four different regions of northern Morocco. The content of protein, insoluble fibre, ash, total phenols and flavonoids was found to be 19.25%–24.18%, 26.40%–37.40%, 3.72%–5.39%, 134.57–199.90 mg 100g−1 and 39.40–69.54 mg 100g−1 respectively. Oil contents ranged from 26.42 to 35.19 g 100 g−1 of seeds in the four collection sites with variable oxidative stability at 100°C from 9.73 to 15.42 h. Total tocopherol content was between 376.46 and 796.06 mg kg−1 of oil, with a dominance of γ‐tocopherol. Fatty acids consisted mainly of unsaturated fatty acids (87.30‐88.96%) with a predominance of linoleic acid (48.26%–55.39%). Triacylglycerols (TAGs) composition analysis revealed the presence of 18 TAGs with an equivalent carbon number of 38–48. The composition of TAGs was predominated by LLL (14.34%–22.62%), OLL (12.77%–18.78%) and LLLn (12.32%–18.59%). Furthermore, the majority of the evaluated parameters were strongly influenced by the varietal factor, growing area and their interaction. The knowledge of this composition variability in seeds of non‐industrial Cannabis sativa varieties cultivated in northern Morocco could be useful in new Cannabis variety breeding programmes potentially valuable as non‐conventional oil in cosmetic and agro‐industry.
The effect of cryo‐grinding and size separation on bioactive profile of buckwheat hulls
Authors: Radoš Kristina , Čukelj Mustač Nikolina , Drakula Saša , Novotni Dubravka , Benković Maja , Kraljić Klara , Štifter Sanja , Voučko Bojana , Ćurić Duška
Published: May 2021

Buckwheat hulls (BWH) are a lignocellulosic material with valuable nutrient contents, especially rutin and dietary fibre, which are worth exploring from a food industry perspective. BWH are also a voluminous material that is difficult to grind to very fine particle sizes, which can be achieved under cryogenic conditions. Therefore, we investigated the effect of fractionation by cryo‐grinding and size separation (<56, 56–180 and >180 µm) on the dietary fibre content and bioactive profile of BWH. While we hypothesised that micronisation would increase fibre solubility and release of bioactive compounds, we found that BWH must be fractionated to a size <56 µm to show a significant increase in soluble fibre content (106%), rutin (66%), total free phenolic compounds (94%) and antioxidant capacity (45–63%). Moreover, we have shown that near‐infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares regression can be easily used for rapid scanning of BWH to select the most suitable pre‐processing conditions for maximum nutritional value of this food industry by‐product.
The radical and requisite openness of viable systems: Implications for healthcare strategy and practice
Authors: Borghmans Felice
Published: May 2021

This paper addresses an ontological question about the nature of health and challenges some underpinning assumptions in western healthcare. In its analysis, health in its various statuses, is framed as a naturally occurring complex adaptive system made up of dynamically interacting subsystems that include the physiological, psychological, and social realms. Furthermore, openness in complex systems such as health, is necessary for the exchange of energy, information, and resources. Yet, within healthcare much effort is invested in constraining systems' behaviours, whether they be systems of knowledge, health, healthcare, and more. This paper draws on the complexity sciences and Levinasian philosophy to explicate the essential role of system openness in individual, population, and systemic viability. It highlights holism to be “not whole‐ism”, and system openness to be, not just a reality, but a critical feature of viability. Hence requisite openness is advocated as essential to efficacious and ethical healthcare practice and strategy, and vital for health.
Multi‐Dimensional Aesthetic Scan Assessment (MD ASA™): Initial experience with a novel consultation, facial assessment, and treatment planning tool
Authors: de Maio Mauricio , Chatrath Vandana , Hart Sarah , Hoo Anna Jen Shi , Marchac Alexandre , Sykianakis Dimitris , Lee Izzy Lung I.
Published: May 2021

Background

Comprehensive patient assessment and planning are central to esthetic treatment with injectables. MD ASA™ (Multi‐Dimensional Aesthetic Scan Assessment) is a novel tool developed for this purpose.

Aims

To describe the MD ASA technique and present its preliminary application.

Methods

MD ASA breaks down the face into five hierarchies (H1–H5). H1 shifts patients’ focus from “distractions” (individual lines and folds) toward the overall messages their face portrays, based on eight Emotional Attributes: four negative (tired, sad, angry, and saggy); four positive (youthful, attractive, contoured, and feminine/masculine). Three priority Emotional Attributes are selected for each patient. This is followed by a process of narrowing down through facial thirds (H2), periorbital and perioral dynamics (H3), facial units (H4), and subunits (H5), to arrive at a final assessment. Based on the key facial signs identified, this can be translated into MD Codes equations and thus a treatment formula. A retrospective analysis was performed based on 12 female patients injected by expert clinicians at an educational event. All patients were selected for, and treated using, a single MD Codes formula derived from a common MD ASA work‐up.

Results

There were substantial differences between patients and clinicians in their views of which anatomical areas needed treatment—but good alignment on priority Emotional Attributes. Patients were treated only for three negative Emotional Attributes, but improvements were observed across all eight attributes.

Conclusions

MD ASA provides a practical method for translating facial messages into actionable injectable treatment plans and facilitates greater patient‐clinician alignment. Prospective studies are warranted.
Dimensional analysis of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients treated with mandibular advancement device: A bi‐ and three‐dimensional evaluation
Authors: Marco‐Pitarch Rocío , García‐Selva Marina , Plaza‐Espín Andrés , Puertas‐Cuesta Javier , Agustín‐Panadero Rubén , Fernández‐Julián Enrique , Marco‐Algarra Jaime , Fons‐Font Antonio
Published: May 2021

Background

The efficiency of the mandibular advancement device (MAD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) has been demonstrated. Nevertheless, the behaviour of the upper airway once MAD is placed and titrated, and its correlation with the apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI) is still under discussion.

Objectives

To analyse the morphological changes of the upper airway through a bi‐ and three‐dimensional study and correlate it with the polysomnographic variable, AHI.

Methods

Patients were recruited from two different hospitals for the treatment of OSAS with a custom‐made MAD. A cone‐beam computer tomography and a polysomnography were performed at baseline and once the MAD was titrated.

Results

A total of 41 patients completed the study. Treatment with MAD reduced the AHI from 22.5 ± 16.8 to 9.2 ± 11.6 (p ≤ .05). There was a significant increase of the total airway volume with MAD from 21.83 ± 7.05 cm3 to 24.19 ± 8.19 cm3, at the expense of the oropharynx. Moreover, the correlation between the improvement of the AHI and the augmentation of the volume of the upper airway was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The oral device used in this prospective study increased the mean upper pharyngeal airway volume and significantly reduced the AHI. Future studies that measure the muscular tone are needed to completely understand the association between the AHI and the physiological and anatomical response of the upper airway.
Language and climate justice: A research agenda
Authors: Fine Julia C. , Love‐Nichols Jessica
Published: May 2021

In response to the worsening crisis of climate change, researchers across the social sciences are increasingly seeking to understand and enact climate justice. In this Journal of Sociolinguistics Dialog, we suggest that sociolinguists have the opportunity—and the urgent responsibility—to contribute to this work. Julia Coombs Fine and Jessica Love‐Nichols begin the Dialog by addressing the questions, “Why is sociolinguistics relevant to climate justice”? and “Why is climate justice relevant to sociolinguistics”? In light of links between environmental degradation and climate change, Rosalie Edmonds’ and Jessica Pouchet's commentaries address climate justice through critical perspectives on the sociopolitical organization of wildlife and forest conservation. Highlighting the role of national epics in promoting or hindering climate justice, Diego Forte argues that gendered and colonial Argentinian identities underlie a carnist ideology that impedes substantive efforts toward sustainability. Bernard Perley provides a perspective on climate justice and Indigenous linguistics, calling attention to the power of Indigenous languages to decolonize the search for climate justice and provide a reimagination of hope during traumatic times. In closing, we emphasize the importance of critical and community‐engaged work on language and climate justice, and highlight the need for coalitions of research and action.
Understanding support for tough‐on‐crime policies in Latin America: The cases of Mexico, El Salvador, and Honduras
Authors: Rosen Jonathan D.
Published: May 2021

This article examines tough‐on‐crime strategies in El Salvador, Honduras, and Mexico. These three countries have been plagued by gangs and organized crime‐related violence. Scholars have written about the consequences of iron fist strategies, which have resulted in increasing levels of violence. This article seeks to fill a gap in the scholarly literature by examining what factors influence perceptions about tough‐on‐crime strategies, using survey data in the cases of Mexico, El Salvador, and Honduras. The article finds that fear is a key factor that influences support formano durapolicies.
Comparing the drivers of medical student emigration intention across two African nations
Authors: Chaet Alexis , Fessehaie Nathaniel , Rajaguru Praveen R. , Alavi Jusabani Mubashir , Randaoharison Pierana , Samison Luc , Anderson Ursula , Ramanantoanina Prisca , Zafimar Mosa , Numfor Anchi , Hardaker W. Mack , Massawe Honest , Pallangyo Anthony , Temu Rogers , Winterton Matthew , Sheth Neil P.
Published: May 2021

Background

Sub‐Saharan Africa faces the highest relative need for health care workers in the world and the emigration of physicians significantly contributes to this deficit. Few studies have explored development of these patterns during medical education. This study investigates career aspirations of medical students in two African nations with similar Human Development Indices, but distinct differences in training structure to better inform retention strategies.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was administered in 2018 to medical students in Madagascar (University of Antananarivo, University of Mahajanga) and Tanzania (Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, KCMC). Outcomes included emigration/career intentions, and factors influencing these decisions. Analysis utilised chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests (α < 0.05, two‐tailed) for statistical differences, logistic regression and qualitative content analysis of free text data.

Results

A total of 439 students responded to the survey with a response rate of 12.9% from Antananarivo (n = 142/1097), 11.6% from Mahajanga (n = 43/370), and 60.0% from KCMC (n = 254/423). Significantly more Malagasy (49.7%, n = 90/181) than Tanzanian (25.2%, n = 54/214) students expressed emigration intent (P < .001). Malagasy students indicating research, possibility of working abroad, or work intensity as influencing career choice more frequently expressed a desire to emigrate. Satisfaction with computer/internet access was inversely correlated with a desire to work abroad. In comparison, Tanzanian students reporting income potential as influential in their career choice or attending a private high school were more likely to express a desire to work abroad. Qualitative content analysis of free text data demonstrated deficits in faculty availability, diversity of training locations and a particular emphasis on infrastructure challenges within Madagascar.

Interpretation

A significant number of students desire to work abroad. Emigration interests are influenced by access to postgraduate training, infrastructure and opportunities in academia, which differ across countries. Efforts to retain physicians should consider these country and institution‐specific factors that influence medical student desire to emigrate.
Adding guidance to deliberate reflection improves medical student’s diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Fernandes Rachel Aparecida Ferreira , Malloy‐Diniz Leandro Fernandes , de Vasconcellos Marcos Carvalho , Camargos Paulo Augusto Moreira , Ibiapina Cássio
Published: May 2021

Context

Diagnostic competence in students is a major medical education goal. Adding instructional guidelines to prompt deliberate reflection fosters medical students’ diagnostic proficiency. This study investigates the effects of this teaching strategy on diagnostic accuracy in solving clinical cases of different complexity levels by novice and senior students.

Method

Eighty third‐year and 62 sixth‐year medical students participated in this three‐phase experimental study. First, participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (free reflection, cued reflection and worked example) to diagnose 12 clinical text‐based cases, following different levels of deliberate reflection. In an immediate test and a delayed test, the participants diagnosed varied sets of 12 cases, six involving the same diseases (four routine and two rare). The main outcomes were the diagnostic accuracy scores achieved for the cases assessed by repeated measures of analysis of variance for each category.

Results

There was a signiﬁcant primary effect of experimental condition (P < .001), year of training (P < .001) and study phase (P < .001) on the diagnostic accuracy achieved. The use of deliberate reflection in addition to instructional guidelines resulted in improved results in the immediate test for all cases evaluated (P < .001), regardless of participants’ seniority. In the delayed test, this benefit was maintained for simple cases (P < .001). For complex cases, the benefit was maintained only for senior students (P < .001). The cued reflection and worked example groups did not differ in performance (P > .05), but both groups surpassed the free reflection group (P < .001), regardless of the students' learning stage and case complexity.
Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well‐differentiated sex chromosomes
Authors: Prentout Djivan , Stajner Natasa , Cerenak Andreja , Tricou Theo , Brochier‐Armanet Celine , Jakse Jernej , Käfer Jos , Marais Gabriel A. B.
Published: May 2021

We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12–28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes.

Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F1 family of H. lupulus to identify and study the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX‐DETector.

We identified 265 sex‐linked genes in H. lupulus, which preferentially mapped to the C. sativa X chromosome. Using phylogenies of sex‐linked genes, we showed that a region of the sex chromosomes had already stopped recombining in an ancestor of both species. Furthermore, as in C. sativa, Y‐linked gene expression reduction is correlated to the position on the X chromosome, and highly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation.

We report, for the first time in Angiosperms, a sex chromosome system that is shared by two different genera. Thus, recombination suppression started at least 21–25 Myr ago, and then (either gradually or step‐wise) spread to a large part of the sex chromosomes (c. 70%), leading to a degenerated Y chromosome.
A new P450 involved in the furanocoumarin pathway underlies a recent case of convergent evolution
Authors: Villard Cloé , Munakata Ryosuke , Kitajima Sakihito , van Velzen Robin , Schranz Michael Eric , Larbat Romain , Hehn Alain
Published: May 2021

Furanocoumarins are phytoalexins often cited as an example to illustrate the arms race between plants and herbivorous insects. They are distributed in a limited number of phylogenetically distant plant lineages, but synthesized through a similar pathway, which raised the question of a unique or multiple emergence in higher plants.

The furanocoumarin pathway was investigated in the fig tree (Ficus carica, Moraceae). Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches led to the identification of CYP76F112, a cytochrome P450 catalyzing an original reaction. CYP76F112 emergence was inquired using phylogenetics combined within silicomodeling and site‐directed mutagenesis.

CYP76F112 was found to convert demethylsuberosin into marmesin with a very high affinity. This atypical cyclization reaction represents a key step within the polyphenol biosynthesis pathway. CYP76F112 evolutionary patterns suggests that the marmesin synthase activity appeared recently in the Moraceae family, through a lineage‐specific expansion and diversification.

The characterization of CYP76F112 as the first known marmesin synthase opens new prospects for the use of the furanocoumarin pathway. It also supports the multiple acquisition of furanocoumarin in angiosperms by convergent evolution, and opens new perspectives regarding the ability of cytochromes P450 to evolve new functions related to plant adaptation to their environment.
Context‐dependent specialisation drives temporal dynamics in intra‐ and inter‐individual variation in foraging behaviour within a generalist bird population
Authors: Baert Jan M. , Stienen Eric W. M. , Verbruggen Frederick , Van de Weghe Nico , Lens Luc , Müller Wendt
Published: May 2021

Individual niche variation is common within animal populations, and has significant implications for a wide range of ecological and evolutionary processes. However, individual niche differences may also temporally vary as a result of behavioural plasticity. While it is well understood how niche variation is affected by changes in resource availability, comparatively little is known about the extent to which individual niche differences may vary within the annual cycle due to internal drivers. Here, we assess how time‐ and energy‐constraints imposed by incubating and brood rearing affect inter‐ and intra‐individual variation in the foraging behaviour of lesser black‐backed gulls, a generalist seabird with strong individual niche variation. To this end, we compared daily foraging trips of 22 breeding and 23 non‐breeding GPS‐tracked adult gulls from two colonies in the Southern Bight of the North Sea over the course of the breeding season. We find that breeding birds, unlike non‐breeding ones, did indeed alter their foraging behaviour during the breeding season. Both sexes reduced their searching effort by increasingly revisiting earlier foraging locations, allowing for shorter and more frequent foraging trips. Breeding females also showed pronounced shifts in their habitat use and strongly specialised on urbanised foraging habitats throughout the breeding season. Hence, while individual variation in habitat use remained largely consistent within non‐breeders and in breeding males, individual variation among breeding females almost completely disappeared. Female lesser black‐backed gulls are on average smaller, and therefore often outcompeted by males for the most profitable food sources. The temporal specialisation on spatially reliable anthropogenic food sources during breeding hence suggests a complex interplay between intrinsic competitive constraints, resource reliability and shifting time‐ and energy budges in shaping temporal dynamics in individual niche variation within our study population.