bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of oat processing on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy humans: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Wolever Thomas M. S. , Johnson Jodee , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Campbell Janice C. , Ezatagha Adish , Chu YiFang
Published: May 2019

Oats can be processed in a variety of ways ranging from minimally processed such as steel-cut oats (SCO), to mildly processed such as large-flake oats (old fashioned oats, OFO), moderately processed such as instant oats (IO) or highly processed in ready-to-eat oat cereals such as Honey Nut Cheerios (HNC). Although processing is believed to increase glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, the effect of oat processing in these respects is unclear. Thus, we compared the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses elicited by 628 kJ portions of SCO, OFO, IO and HNC and a portion of Cream of Rice cereal (CR) containing the same amount of available-carbohydrate (23 g) as the oatmeals. Healthy males (n 18) and females (n 12) completed this randomised, cross-over trial. Blood was taken fasting and at intervals for 3 h following test-meal consumption. Glucose and insulin peak-rises and incremental AUC (iAUC) were subjected to repeated-measures ANOVA using Tukey’s test (two-sided P<0·05) to compare individual means. Glucose peak-rise (primary endpoint, mean (sem) mmol/l) after OFO, 2·19 (sem 0·11), was significantly less than after CR, 2·61 (sem 0·13); and glucose peak-rise after SCO, 1·93 (sem 0·13), was significantly less than after CR, HNC, 2·49 (sem 0·13) and IO 2·47 (sem 0·13). Glucose iAUC was significantly lower after SCO than CR and HNC. Insulin peak rise was similar among the test meals, but insulin iAUC was significantly less after SCO than IO. Thus, the results show that oat processing affects glycaemic and insulinaemic responses with lower responses associated with less processing.
Passage through the rumen and the large intestine of sheep estimated from faecal marker excretion curves and slaughter trials
Authors: de Vega A. , Gasa J. , Castrillo C. , Guada J. A.
Published: May 2019

External digesta markers (Yb-labelled diets and Co-EDTA) were given orally as a pulse dose to four pairs of Rasa Aragonesa twin ewe lambs, fed on either chopped or ground and pelleted lucerne hay, in order to estimate slow (k1) and fast (k2) rates of passage of liquid and solid phase from faecal marker excretion curves. After the faecal sampling period daily doses of the same markers were infused continuously for 5 d and the animals slaughtered. Concentrations of markers in the different compartments of the gut were determined and used to calculate mean retention times. The results showed that the rumen and the large intestine were the two main mixing compartments of the gut, accounting for more than 95% of total mean retention time. Rates of passage estimated from faecal marker excretion did not accurately represent marker kinetics in the compartments of the gut derived from slaughter data. Accuracy in the estimation of fractional outflow rate from rumen (kR) by k1 was higher for low values of kR whereas k2consistently overestimated large intestine outflow rate (kLI), especially for high values of kR. The relationship between outflow rates from the main two mixing compartments was important in influencing the accuracy of prediction of faecal estimates.
Lutein ester in serum after lutein supplementation in human subjects
Authors: Granado Fernando , Olmedilla Begoña , Gil-Martínez Enrique , Blanco Inmaculada
Published: May 2019

Lutein, one of the major carotenoids present in serum, is also widely consumed by most populations. For the purpose of testing the potential health benefits of several carotenoids, lutein was supplied as part of an intervention trial to test whether the consumption of these food constituents reduces oxidative damage to human tissue components. Lutein from a natural source (15 mg/d as mixed ester forms) was supplied for 4 months to eighteen non-smoking, apparently healthy volunteers (nine men, nine women) aged 25–45 years. The serum carotenoid profile was analysed at baseline and monthly thereafter. On average, lutein concentrations increased 5-fold after the first month of supplementation (mean 1·34 (range 0·6–3·34) μmol/l). On reviewing the results, in those volunteers whose lutein levels surpassed 1·05 μmol/l (fourteeen of seventeen), we tentatively identified lutein monopalmitate along with another unidentified ester (possibly from a monoketocarotenoid) in serum. Lutein levels returned to baseline values and ester forms were not present 3 months after supplementation was discontinued. Their concentrations did not correlate with, and represented less than 3% of, lutein levels achieved in serum. They were observed before development of, and despite the presence of, carotenodermia. To our knowledge, this is the first time xanthophyll esters have been described in human serum. In view of the fact that xanthophyll esters have not been previously reported in serum and chylomicrons, it seems unlikely that these ester forms would be a reflection of the contents of the capsule. They may indicate a ‘ceiling effect’ on or saturation of the transport capacity for xanthophylls, and may have been re-esterifiedin vivobecause of the unusual dietary conditions. The determination of the physiological importance of this finding will require further investigation, although neither haematological nor biochemical changes were detected.
Caecal fermentation and energy accumulation in the rat fed on indigestible oligosaccharides
Authors: Sakaguchi Ei , Sakoda Chie , Toramaru Yoko
Published: May 2019

The energetic contribution from, and effects on the gastrointestinal tract of, indigestible oligosaccharides in growing rats were compared with those of sucrose (S). S and two types of oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharide (Fru) and 6'-galacto-oligosaccharide (Gal) were added to a basal diet at a level of 100 g/kg. The basal diet was given eitherad libitum(group B) or at a level approximately 90% of thead libitumintakes of the Fru and Gal groups (group BR). During a 50 d feeding period, feed intake, digestibilities of nutrients, and digesta retention times using liquid (Co-EDTA) and particulate (Cr-cell-wall constituents) markers were measured. The carcass and the contents of the stomach and caecum were sampled on the last day of the experimental period. There was no significant difference in feed intake between groups other than BR. Addition of Fru and Gal to the basal diet resulted in increased crude ash digestibility and decreased crude protein and fat digestibilities. Mean retention times of digesta markers were increased by addition of Fru and Gal to the diet, and this was associated with enlargement of the caecum. Concentrations and amounts of total organic acids in the caecum were higher in groups Fru and Gal than the other groups. The amount of energy accumulated in the carcass of rats in the Gal group was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than that of rats fed on S but not Fru. Contributions to energy accumulation tended to be different between Fru and Gal; these were associated with differences in composition of caecal organic acids and of fatty acids in body fat.
Purine quantification in digesta from ruminants by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods
Authors: Makkar H. P. S. , Becker K.
Published: May 2019

The method of Zinn & Owens (1986;Canadian Journal of Animal Science66, 157–166), based on release of purine bases by HClO4followed by their precipitation with AgNO3, was used to study recovery of purines from lyophilized rumen microbial orEscherichia colipreparations added to matrices such as cellulose, starch and neutral-detergent fibre. The recovery of purines was poor (approximately 50 %). Under the hydrolysis conditions (12 M-HClO4, 90–95° for 1 h) used in the method of Zinn & Owens (1986), the recovery of purines from the rumen microbial preparations added to matrices measured using an HPLC method was 95–102 %, suggesting that the lower recovery of purines in the method of Zinn & Owens (1986) was not due to incomplete hydrolysis of nucleic acids. Using the HPLC method, adenine and allopurinol (an internal standard) were found to be heat-labile as substantial destruction was observed on heating at 121°. On the other hand, another commonly used internal standard, caffeine, was stable at 121°. A complete hydrolysis of nucleic acids from the rumen microbial preparation was observed with 2·5 ml 0·6 M-HClO4in a total volume of 3 ml (0·5 M-HClO4during hydrolysis) at 90–95° for 1 h, and under these conditions adenine, guanine, allopurinol and caffeine were stable. Moreover, under these milder hydrolysis conditions, the recovery of purine bases from the rumen microbial orE. colipreparations added to matrices ranged from 92 to 108 % using the method of Zinn & Owens (1986). Based on the results, changes in hydrolysis conditions have been proposed for accurate determination of purine bases using spectrophotometric or HPLC methods.
Insulin-like growth factor-I, but not growth hormone, is dependent on a high protein intake to increase nitrogen balance in the rat
Authors: Sanchez-Gomez Myriam , Malmlöf Kjell , Mejia Wilson , Bermudez Antonio , Ochoa Maria Teresa , Carrasco-Rodriguez Stella , Skottner Anna
Published: May 2019

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of dietary protein level on the protein anabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Female growing rats were fed on either a high- or a low-protein diet with crude protein contents of 222 and 83 g/kg respectively. The diets contained the same amount of metabolizable energy (15·1 MJ/kg) and were given during a 14 d period. During the same time, three groups of rats (n 8) on each diet received subcutaneous infusions of either saline, recombinant human GH (rhGH) or recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I). rhGH and rhIGF-I were given in doses of 360 and 500 μg/d respectively. The low-protein diet alone reduced significantly (P < 0·05) IGF-I concentrations in serum and in tissue taken from the gastrocnemius muscle as well as IGF-I mRNA from the same muscle. The responses to rhGH and rhIGF-I in terms of muscle IGF-I and its mRNA were variable. However, when rhIGF-I was infused into rats on the high-protein diet, significantly elevated levels of IGF-I in muscle tissues could be observed. This was associated with a significantly (P < 0·05) increased N balance, whereas rhGH significantly (P < 0·05) enhanced the N balance in rats on the low-protein diet. Thus, it can be concluded that the level of dietary protein ingested regulates not only the effect of IGF-I on whole-body N economy but also the regulation of IGF-I gene expression in muscles. The exact mechanism by which GH exerts its protein anabolic effect, however, remains to be elucidated.
Maternal diet high in fat reduces docosahexaenoic acid in liver lipids of newborn and sucking rat pups
Authors: Ghebremeskel K. , Bitsanis D. , Koukkou E. , Lowy C. , Poston L. , Crawford M. A.
Published: May 2019

The effect of a maternal diet high in fat, similar to Western foods, and of diabetes on liver essential fatty acid composition of the mother and the newborn and sucking pups was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on either a low-fat (42 g/kg) or a high-fat (329 g/kg) diet for 10 d before mating, throughout pregnancy and post-partum. On the first day of pregnancy, diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of streptozotocin in half the animals from the two diet groups. Half the pups were killed at birth, and the remaining pups and mothers at days 15 and 16 respectively. At birth, there was a significant reduction in the proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the liver phosphoglycerols and neutral lipids of the pups of both high-fat control and diabetic mothers compared with those of low-fat control and diabetic mothers. Diabetes decreased arachidonic (AA) and linoleic acid values in both the low- and high-fat groups at birth. The sucking pups of both the high-fat control and diabetic mothers exhibited a significant reduction in DHA and a concomitant compensatory increase in AA and a lowering in DHA–AA balance. In the mothers, the high-fat diet significantly increased the proportions of DHA in ethanolamine phosphoglycerols but had no observable effect in choline phosphoglycerols and neutral lipids. In the fetus the DHA level (g/100 g total fatty acids) was disproportionately reduced by the maternal high-fat diet. The adverse effect of the high-fat diet on the level of DHA (g/100 g total fatty acids) was greater in the neonate (and by implication the fetus) than in the sucking pups or mothers. It is concluded that a distortion of the biochemistry is induced in the offspring through a maternal high-fat diet, without genetic predisposition.
Postprandial lipoprotein, glucose and insulin responses after two consecutive meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without glucose at the first meal
Authors: Pedersen Anette , Marckmann Peter , Sandström Brittmarie
Published: May 2019

There is increasing evidence that the degree of postprandial lipaemia may be of importance in the development of atherosclerosis and IHD. Postprandial lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were investigated in eleven healthy young males after randomized ingestion of meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without a glucose drink. On six occasions each subject consumed consecutive meals (separated by 1·75 h) containing 70 g (15 g and 55 g respectively) of each oil. On one occasion with each oil 50 g glucose was taken with the first meal. One fasting and fifteen postprandial blood samples were taken over 9 h. There were no statistically significant differences in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein responses after rapeseed, sunflower and palm oils, whereas insulin responses were lower after sunflower oil than after rapeseed oil (ANOVA,P= 0·04). The NEFA and triacylglycerol concentrations at 1·5 h were reduced when 50 g glucose was taken with the first meal (ANOVA,P< 0·0001 andP< 0·05 respectively), regardless of meal fatty acid composition. In conclusion, the consumption of glucose with a mixed meal containing either rapeseed, sunflower or palm oil influenced the immediate triacylglycerol and NEFA responses compared with the same meal without glucose, whereas no significant effect on postprandial lipaemia after a subsequent meal was observed. The fatty acid composition of the meal did not significantly affect the lipid and lipoprotein responses, whereas an effect on insulin responses was observed.
Fatty acid composition of white adipose tissue and breast milk of Mauritian and French mothers and erythrocyte phospholipids of their full-term breast-fed infants
Authors: Pugo-Gunsam Prity , Guesnet Philippe , Subratty Anwar Hussein , Rajcoomar Dev Anand , Maurage Chantal , Couet Charles
Published: May 2019

The fatty acid compositions of white adipose tissue, colostrum and mature milk triacylglycerols from Mauritian (n13) and French (n15) women were analysed and compared in order to highlight cultural differences in dietary intakes and their influence on milk fatty acid composition. Erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine fatty acid compositions were also investigated in their term infants, breast-fed over a period of 6 weeks. Fatty acid composition (g/100 g) of all samples was determined by GLC and anthropometric measurements were assessed in the two populations at birth and on day 42. Comparisons of white adipose tissue fatty acid compositions demonstrated lower levels of saturated (23·64 (se1·54)v.29·75 (se0·67),P< 0·01) and monounsaturated (39·44 (se1·27)v.54·84 (se0·75),P< 0·001) fatty acids and higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−6 series: 32·47 (se1·31)v.14·32 (se0·47),P< 0·001 andn−3 series: 2·87 (se0·49)v.0·80 (se0·07),P< 0·01) in Mauritian than in French samples respectively. Accordingly, milk fat of the Mauritian women contained higher levels of parent essential fatty acids and their longer-chain derivatives than did milk fat from French women. Higher levels of parent essential fatty acids but lower levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in erythrocyte phospholipids of Mauritian infants compared with French infants. Infants' erythrocyte arachidonate and docosahexaenoate contents did not correlate with any anthropometric variables at birth or at day 42, neither did they correlate with anthropometric variation over the study period. Our results suggest the lack of a simple relationship between the amount of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and their accretion in the erythrocyte phospholipids of breast-fed infants when provided concomitantly with high levels of both linoleic and α-linolenic acids in ratios which fall within recommended ranges.
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster
Authors: de Deckere Emile A. M. , van Amelsvoort Johan M. M. , McNeill Gerald P. , Jones Penny
Published: May 2019

Effects of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomerscis-9,trans-11 (c9, t11 CLA) andtrans-10,cis-12 (t10, c12 CLA) on lipid metabolism and markers of peroxisome proliferation were investigated in hamsters fed on purified diets containing 30 % energy as fat and 0·1 g cholesterol/kg for 8 weeks. Four groups (n32 each) received diets without CLA (control), with a mixture of equal amounts of c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA (CLA mix), with c9, t11 CLA, and with t10, c12 CLA. The total amount of CLA isomers was 1·5 % energy or 6·6 g/kg diet. CLA was incorporated into glycerides and exchanged for linoleic acid in the diet. Compared with the control, the CLA mix and t10, c12 CLA decreased fasting values of LDL- (21 and 18 % respectively) and HDL-cholesterol (8 and 11 %), increased VLDL-triacylglycerol (80 and 61 %), and decreased epididymal fat pad weights (9 and 16 %), whereas c9, t11 CLA had no significant effects. All CLA preparations increased liver weight, but not liver lipids. However, the increase in liver weight was much less in the c9, t11 CLA group (8 %) than in the other two groups (25 %) and might have been caused by the small amount of t10, c12 CLA present in the c9, t11 CLA preparation. Liver histology revealed that increased weight was due to hypertrophy. Markers of peroxisome proliferation, such as cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl CoA oxidase (EC1.3.3.6) and carnitine acetyl transferase (EC2.3.1.7) activities, were not increased by CLA. Both c9, t11 CLA and t10, c12 CLA were incorporated into phospholipids and triacylglycerols, but t10, c12 CLA only about half as much as c9, t11 CLA. In addition, linoleic acid and linolenic acid concentrations were lower in lipids of the t10, c12 CLA group compared with the c9, t11 CLA group. These data suggest that t10, c12 CLA stimulated the oxidation of all C18polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that the t10, c12 CLA isomer, and not the so-called natural CLA isomer (c9, t11), is the active isomer affecting lipid levels in hamsters.
“Where is Sarah Your Wife?” Cultural Poetics of Gender and Nationhood in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Seeman Don
Published: May 2019

William Robertson Smith wrote in 1885 that the biblical convention whereby aman is said to “go in” to his bride represents a linguistic trace ofonce widespread “beenamarriage,” in which men joined the natal households of the women who took them as husbands. It was an error of literalist reductionism, but one that lent support to an imposing infrastructure of systematic kinship theory and evolutionism that continues to excercise an influenceon some contemporary scholars. Another way of saying this is that Robertson Smith failed to recognize a significant biblical metaphor—that of men enteringwomen's tents—when he saw one. This misapprehension of biblical poetics has had important consequences for the way in which he and his successors have interpreted the Hebrew Bible.
Ritual Murder and the Subjectivity of Christ: A Choice in Medieval Christianity
Authors: Ocker Christopher
Published: May 2019

This is a study of the emotional context of certain medieval anti-Jewish legends. It examines how the stories redefined the composition of society, the relation of this to popular devotion, and the paradox between a religious intention and its effect. After a brief survey of the phenomenon, I suggest that recent views of the psychological sources of the legends do not adequately account for the religious experience that they promote, nor do these explanations sufficiently account for the way the legends encouraged and reinforced social habits—“ruts in the pathways of the mind” that encouraged the maintenance of conformity among members of society. Part one will examine how the libels could help people imagine more specifically the general hostility against Jews widely propagated after the First Crusade and how this superimposed a social uniformity on the town. Part two describes the emotional context of that violence in devotion to the passion of Christ. Part three considers the moral dilemma posed by the function of these legends in popular devotion. My goal is to account for the religious content of anti-Jewish legend and an ethical problem within medieval piety, for which reason it will be necessary to draw on the diverse literature that shaped medieval Christian culture, both learned and popular, from the twelfth century, when the legends first appeared in Europe, to the eve of the Reformation.
Ladies' Aid: Gentile Noblewomen as Saviors and Benefactors in theAntiquities
Authors: Matthews Shelly
Published: May 2019

Three women in Josephus'sAntiquitiesare well known for their purported devotion to Jewish religious practices: Poppaea Sabina, the consort/wife of the emperor Nero, whom Josephus describes as “God-fearing” (θɛοσɛβής); Fulvia, a Roman convert of consular rank whom he pegs as the source of the expulsion of Jews from Rome under Tiberius; and Helena, Queen of Adiabene, also a convert to Judaism. In this article, I show that the stories of these three Gentile noble women, who share an interest in Jewish religious practices, are part of a larger narrative pattern in theAntiquitiesthat repeatedly characterizes Gentile women of high standing as saviors and benefactors of the Jewish people. According to Josephus, imperial women intercede on behalf of Jewish aristocrats before every Julio-Claudian emperor, often with ramifications for the entire Jewish people. He also claims that Domitia, the wife of the emperor Domitian, was one of his own patrons. Patronage on behalf of the Jewish community is integral to the stories of both Fulvia and Queen Helena of Adiabene. Furthermore, the salvific acts of foreign noblewomen feature prominently in Josephus's retelling of the story of Moses early in theAntiquities.
WHERE TO? FILMING EMIGRATION ANXIETY IN PREWAR LEBANESE CINEMA
Authors: Hayek Ghenwa
Published: May 2019

I propose that careful reading of films and film coverage provides a new research avenue for scholars interested in the social and cultural history of the 1950s and the 1960s in Lebanon. Looking specifically at the manner in which George Nasser's 1957 filmIla Ayn?(Where To?) embraces and modifies the generic conventions of neorealist melodrama to articulate anxieties over the effects of emigration on Lebanon, this article explores the manner in which contemporaneous cultural critics used the film to, in turn, express their dismay at migration from Lebanon. Reading the film closely for the affects it contains and for those it produced in its readers, I argue that this technique, attendant to both sides of this dynamic, affords us new insights into the manner in which cinema produced during Lebanon's golden period interacted with and complicated the dominant cultural narratives of that era.
REMEMBERING THE PALESTINE GROUP: GLOBAL ACTIVISM, FRIENDSHIP, AND THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
Authors: Sohrabi Naghmeh
Published: May 2019

The Palestine Group was a loosely connected collection of young anti-Shah activists some of whom were arrested and tried publically in 1970 for the crime of acting against the Pahlavi monarchy and Iran's national security. Their plight became global, receiving support from anticolonial figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre. But while they played an important role in inspiring the revolutionary generation, in the historiography of the 1979 revolution and that of the global south, their story has been mostly forgotten. This article argues for remembering the Palestine Group by focusing on two facets of their prerevolutionary activism: the importance of a connection to the anti-imperial/colonial struggles that spread from “Asia to Africa”; and the centrality ofmaḥfilīpolitics (friendship circles) in addition totashkīlātī(organizational) politics, which the historiography has traditionally emphasized. It demonstrates that as resistance shifted frommaḥfiltotashkīlāt,it also shifted from a global struggle where Iran was one node out of many, to a nationalized struggle.
A Long View of Resilience in the Chengdu Plain, China
Authors: Whiting Susan H. , Abramson Daniel , Yuan Shang , Harrell Stevan
Published: May 2019

The Chengdu Plain is an agroecosystem that depends on the Dujiangyan (Capital River Weir) for its functioning. This system has been sustained at high levels of productivity for more than two thousand years, experiencing only a few disturbances that have disrupted its functioning. Integrating field and documentary research on ecological, market, and governance factors, this article discusses the remarkable resilience of this system from the late Qing to the present and identifies current threats to its resilience. When the ecology consists of patchy and diverse landscapes, markets allow for adaptation through exchange, and governance includes cross-cutting sources of authority and flexible property regimes, the ecosystem is more resilient—that is, better able to withstand disturbances and maintain its basic functions.
Desiccation survival of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Perry R. N.
Published: May 2019

The ability of certain species of parasitic nematodes to survive desiccation for considerable periods is a fascinating example of adaptation to the demands of fluctuating environments that occasionally can become extreme and life threatening. Behavioural and morphological adaptations associated with desiccation survival serve primarily to reduce the rate of drying, either to prolong the time taken for the nematode's water content to reach lethal low levels or, in true anhydrobiotes, to enable the structural and biochemical changes required for long-term survival to take place. Examples of these adaptations are reviewed, together with information on the factors involved in rehydration that ensure successful exit from the dormant state. Information on desiccation survival is central to effective management and control options for parasitic nematodes. It is also required to assess the feasibility of enhancing the longevity of commercial formulations of entomopathogenic nematodes, both before and after application; current research and future prospects for enhancing survival of these bio-insecticides are discussed.
Self–Development and the Liberal State: The Cases of John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm von Humboldt
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: May 2019

For both John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm von Humboldt, self–development is a central value that shapes much of their respective political philosophies. Despite this shared value, however, Mill and Humboldt came to quite different political conclusions. Mill defends an activist state that helps establish the material and institutional prerequisites for self–development, while Humboldt argues for a highly restricted state that provides only security. This divergence is explained by a number of factors: variations in their conceptions of self–development itself; their different views of the empirical prerequisites of self–development; their different views of the state and its relation to society; and their views of the relation between “positive” and “negative” goods.
La force contre le droit: le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et la guerre chimique dans le conflit italo-éthiopien 1935-1936
Authors: Baudendistel Rainer
Published: May 2019

Les agents chimiques de guerre ont été utilisés à grande échelle pour la première fois pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Employés sur tous les fronts principaux, ils ont fait un nombre sans précédent de victimes, de sorte que dès la fin du conflit, des efforts ont été entrepris pour interdire cette nouvelle arme. C'est à la Société des Nations (SDN) que fut confiée la responsabilité de rédiger les textes de droit spécifiques, preuve que le problème était considéré comme un sujet de préoccupation pour le monde entier, et non pas pour les seuls vainqueurs de la guerre.
The effect of light during and after soil cultivation with different tillage implements on weed seedling emergence
Authors: Botto Javier F. , Scopel Ana L. , Ballaré Carlos L. , Sánchez Rodolfo A.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sunlight perceived by weed seeds during and after soil cultivation with moldboard and chisel plows on induction of seed germination. Daytime cultivation with a moldboard plow increased weed seedling emergence by as much as 200% above the levels recorded following nighttime cultivation; however, the magnitude of this promotion varied depending on season and field history, and occasionally it was nil. In contrast, when a chisel plow was used in primary tillage, no differences in seedling emergence were observed between daytime and nighttime cultivation. The absolute germination level in plots cultivated with a chisel plow was at least 200% greater than in plots cultivated with a moldboard plow. This observation suggests that microenvironmental factors other than light played an important role in promoting seed germination in chisel-plowed plots. Covering moldboard-plowed plots with opaque plastic immediately after cultivation did not reduce weed seedling emergence compared to plots that were either covered with transparent film or left uncovered. Our results suggest that only the light stimulus perceived by the seeds during soil cultivation is effective in triggering germination.
Seasonal carbohydrate fluctuations in hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) crown roots
Authors: Becker Roger L. , Fawcett Richard S.
Published: May 2019

Field research was conducted to characterize hemp dogbane crown root carbohydrates, to quantify crown root lipids, and to determine seasonal fluctuation of each. The effect of day length on the release of hemp dogbane crown bud dormancy was studied in growth chambers. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels fluctuated with seasonal lows occurring during bud to mid-flowering and seasonal highs in fall predormancy periods. Starch was the primary storage carbohydrate, comprising up to 39.6% of crown root dry weight at the highest seasonal level. Ethanol soluble reducing sugar levels were negatively correlated with seasonal starch levels, and appeared to be maltose and glucose accumulated before conversion to sucrose for translocation. Most lipids were in ethanol soluble fractions and were inversely correlated with seasonal TNC patterns. The maximum level of total lipids in crown roots was 6%. Lipids appeared to be by-products of metabolism in nonarticulated lacticifers and not a significant carbon energy source. An 18-h day length resulted in a 10-fold increase in intact, 2-yr-old crown root dormancy release compared with 10- or 14-h day lengths in growth chamber studies. Seasonal carbohydrate fluctuations in hemp dogbane suggest the most effective control with mowing or tillage would occur when applied at mid- to full flower before root carbohydrates begin to recover. The most effective translocation of phloem mobile herbicides to crown roots would occur after mid- to late flower through leaf senescence when carbohydrates are being stored in the roots.
Influence of emergence time and density on redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)
Authors: Knezevic Stevan Z. , Horak Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted at two locations near Manhattan, KS, in 1994 and 1995 to determine the influence of density (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 12 plants m−1row) and time of emergence on redroot pigweed growth in monoculture or with sorghum. Redroot pigweed was seeded at sorghum planting and at the three- to four-leaf stage of sorghum in plots with sorghum or alone. When redroot pigweed grew with sorghum, dry matter and seed production were reduced with later times of emergence. In monoculture, there was no reduction in dry matter or seed number between the emergence dates studied. Redroot pigweed dry matter and seed production per plant were reduced as plant density increased for plants grown in monoculture. The same trend was observed for redroot pigweed grown with sorghum that did not emerge early relative to sorghum. Plants grown at low density exhibited more lateral growth than when grown at higher densities because of intraspecific competition.
A mechanistic model of purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus)population dynamics
Authors: Neeser Christophe , Agüero Renán , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: May 2019

We constructed a mechanistic model of purple nutsedge tuber population dynamics to provide a theoretical framework for the integrated management of this weed. The model relies on a transition matrix with 10 age classes to simulate fluctuations in the tuber population. Parameters of the transition matrix are given by functions of density, age, and cumulated incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) underneath crop canopies. Sensitivity ratios based on a 10% reduction in parameter values indicated that the parameters of the birthrate function were most sensitive. Simulations showed that in the absence of weed control, cumulated incident PAR was by far the strongest determinant of population size; intraspecific interference was the strongest determinant of the rate of population increase. When weed control was introduced, the simulation suggested that 95% control would be required to eliminate this weed. The analysis of simulation results led to the formulation of five research hypotheses of practical relevance to the management of purple nutsedge. New insights gained by testing these hypotheses should lead to practical recommendations as well as a better understanding of the relationships between management practices and fluctuations in purple nutsedge populations.
Formulations ofFusarium oxysporumf.sp.erythroxylifor biocontrol ofErythroxylum cocavar.coca
Authors: Bailey Bryan A. , Hebbar K. Prakash , Strem Mary , Lumsden Robert D. , Darlington Lee C. , Connick William J. , Daigle D. J.
Published: May 2019

Formulations ofFusarium oxysporumSchlechtend:Fr. f.sp.erythroxyliisolate EN-4, pathogenic toErythroxylum cocavar.coca(coca) were evaluated in greenhouse and field studies to determine their relative ability to enhance pathogen populations in the soil or cause disease in coca. The formulations rice-alginate prill, Pesta, and C6 were most thoroughly tested and are products of three formulation processes. The formulations were applied in the greenhouse and field at 33.6 kg ha−1. All the formulations tested enhanced the population of EN-4 in the soil during greenhouse (> 6 wk) and field (> 7 mo) experiments. EN-4 was present in the upper 1 cm of formulation-treated soil at > 200-fold higher populations than established below a depth of 7 to 10 cm in both greenhouse and field experiments. This population distribution was maintained throughout the 7-mo sampling period for field experiments. The enhanced soil populations of EN-4 were associated with an increase in root colonization by the pathogen EN-4 in the field 5 to 7 mo after treatment. The formulatedF. oxysporumbegan to have a significant effect on plant death 100 to 200 d after application in two of three field experiments, based on repeated measures analysis. The various formulations tested tended to establish similar pathogen populations in soil and subsequently caused similar levels of disease. The primary factors influencing formulation performance may be environmental, since inoculum production is dependent on sporulation of the formulation, which, although rapid, may continue over several weeks subsequent to application.
Effect of soil incorporation and dose on control of field bindweed(Convolvulus arvensis)with the preemergence bioherbicidePhomopsis convolvulus
Authors: Vogelgsang S. , Watson A. K. , DiTommaso A.
Published: May 2019

The preemergence efficacy of soil surface applications of aPhomopsis convolvulusgranular formulation to control field bindweed seedlings was compared with its efficacy when inoculum granules were incorporated in soil. In addition, the effect of different doses of soil-applied granules was also determined. Under controlled environment conditions, incorporation of the fungal granules resulted in aboveground biomass reductions between 88 and 96%, with no significant differences observed between incorporation depths of 1.5 and 3 cm. Granule applications on the soil surface were less effective, reducing aboveground biomass 40 to 83%. In a parallel field experiment conducted over two growing seasons, however, surface applications of inoculum granules resulted in greater weed control compared with soil incorporation of the granules. In spring and summer trials conducted in 1996, surface applications resulted in a 93 and 100% aboveground biomass reduction, respectively, whereas incorporated granules reduced biomass 62 and 97%. Similar trends were observed in 1997. Different soil-applied doses ofP. convolvulusdid not affect the level of weed control under both controlled environment and field conditions. In 1995 and 1996 field trials, all rates used (30, 20, and 10 g 0.25m−2plot) resulted in substantial (90 to 100%) field bindweed aboveground biomass reductions. Findings in this study indicate that under field conditions, preemergence applications of the bioherbicideP. convolvuluson the soil surface provide effective control of field bindweed.
Bromoxynil resistance in transgenic potato clones expressing thebxngene
Authors: Eberlein Charlotte V. , Guttieri Mary J. , Steffen-Campbell Jody
Published: May 2019

To broaden the spectrum of herbicides useful in potato production, thebxngene for bromoxynil resistance, which encodes a nitrilase specific for bromoxynil, was introduced into ‘Lemhi Russet’ potato byAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. In GR50studies, transformed potato clones were at least 70-fold more resistant to bromoxynil than the untransformed control. Resistance was due to rapid metabolism of bromoxynil to 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, followed by conjugation to polar compounds. In yield trials, the best performing transgenic clones had total tuber yields equal to the untreated, untransformed control, but U.S. No. 1 tuber yields were 15 to 30% lower than the untreated, untransformed control. Tubers from three out of four transgenic clones had specific gravities, percent solids, and fry color similar to or better than the untreated, untransformed control. The data suggest that lower U.S. No. 1 yields in the transgenic clones were due to somaclonal variation and that expression of thebxntransgene had no consistent, detrimental effect on internal tuber quality.
Mechanism of primisulfuron resistance in a shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) biotype
Authors: Anderson Daniel D. , Nissen Scott J. , Martin Alex R. , Roeth Fred W.
Published: May 2019

A shattercane biotype resistant to primisulfuron was identified during greenhouse evaluations of seed obtained from southeastern and south-central Nebraska fields previously treated with primisulfuron or nicosulfuron a minimum of 3 consecutive yr. Absorption, translocation, metabolism, and acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay experiments were conducted to determine resistance mechanism(s) by comparing ALS-susceptible forage sorghum (ROX) to resistant shattercane (RS). The ROX had 10 and 12% greater14C absorption than RS 24 and 96 hours after treatment (HAT), respectively. Absorption of14C increased over time for both ROX and RS, while14C translocation from the treated leaf to the shoots and roots was similar for ROX and RS. Unmetabolized primisulfuron accounted for > 80% of the radioactivity recovered 24 h after application for both ROX and RS. The ROX and RS had similar ALS-specific activities and total protein concentrations.Kmvalues for RS and ROX were 10.4 and 5.8 mM pyruvate, respectively. The ALS isolated from RS was less sensitive than ROX to inhibition by primisulfuron. The I50values for RS and ROX were 231 and 0.025 μM primisulfuron, respectively. The mechanism of primisulfuron resistance in this RS biotype is an altered ALS with decreased sensitivity to primisulfuron.
Economic and interference threshold densities of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Baziramakenga Régis , Leroux Gilles D.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 at St-Augustin, Quebec, Canada, to determine the economic threshold density of quackgrass in potato. Potato yield losses due to quackgrass interference increased with quackgrass population density. Potato yield ranged from 33 to 73% in 1989, and from 19 to 44% in 1990. The relationship between potato yield losses and quackgrass densities was described by a rectangular hyperbolic function. Dry weight of quackgrass proved to be the best predictor of potato yield loss compared to shoot number. The interference thresholds for 10% potato yield loss amounted to 25 shoots m−2or 20 g total dry biomass m−2. The economic threshold varied between 0.04 and 2 shoots m−2or 0.0165 and 1.5 g total dry biomass m−2, depending on the variables considered.
Effect of ridge truncation on weed populations and control in ridge-tillage corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Buhler Douglas D.
Published: May 2019

Ridge truncation methods affected weed populations, weed control, and corn yields in a ridge-tillage production system. Ridges were left undisturbed, partially truncated, deeply truncated, or destroyed by full-width tillage. The effect of truncation on weed densities and control (visual estimates of biomass reduction) varied by weed species, herbicide treatment, and time of observation. Without herbicide, deep truncation resulted in the lowest densities of all species except giant foxtail. Band application of herbicide controlled all weed species as well as broadcast application following deep truncation. When herbicides were broadcast, weed control was usually not affected by ridge truncation. Ridge truncation often increased corn yields compared with no truncation due to better weed control. While deep truncation often resulted in lower weed populations following herbicide treatment than shallow truncation or disking, differences were not great enough to affect corn yields. When ridges were truncated, broadcast herbicide did not increase corn yields compared with banded herbicide.
Effects of pest and soil management systems on weed dynamics in potato
Authors: Gallandt Eric R. , Liebman Matt , Corson Sue , Porter Gregory A. , Ullrich Silke D.
Published: May 2019

Results from the “Potato Ecosystem Project,” a cropping systems study in northern Maine, were used to test the hypothesis that greater reliance on organic nutrient sources and less reliance on synthetic fertilizer sources can benefit weed management efforts. ‘Atlantic’ potato was grown in a 2-yr rotation within a factorial arrangement of three pest management systems, two soil management systems, and both rotation entry points. Weed control in the conventional (CONV) pest management system relied on full rates of herbicides, whereas the biointensive (BIO) system relied exclusively on cultivation. The reduced input (RI) pest management system relied on cultivation in 1991 and 1992 and on 50% of standard herbicide rates plus cultivation from 1993 to 1995. The two soil management systems, unamended (barley/red clover rotation crop; 1× synthetic fertilizer for potato) and amended (pea/oat/hairy vetch green manure rotation crop; manure, compost, and 0.5× synthetic fertilizer for potato) contrasted practices typical for the region to those designed to achieve rapid improvements in soil quality. Midseason weed biomass in potato was dominated by common lambsquarters. In 1991 and 1992, weed biomass in potato was least in the CONV system and did not differ between the RI and BIO systems. In 1993, weeds in both RI and CONV potatoes were effectively suppressed below the level measured in the BIO system. Soil management had no effect on weed biomass from 1991 to 1993 but became an important factor affecting weeds in the BIO system in 1994 and 1995. Weed biomass was 77% lower in 1994 and 72% lower in 1995 in the amended soil management system than in the unamended system. No significant yield loss due to weeds was detected in the 1994 BIO system, but in 1995 yield loss due to weeds was 37% in the unamended system compared to 12% in the amended system. Soil management effects on weeds in the 1994 BIO pest management system carried through to the following season's germinable seed bank. Density of germinable common lambsquarters seed (0 to 10 cm soil depth) in the 1995 BIO system was 4,082 m−2in the unamended soil management system compared to 1,280 m−2in the amended soil management system. We suggest that organic amendments and green manure promote a potato crop better able to compete with weeds and that these inputs be considered as potentially important components of integrated weed management systems that have minimal reliance on herbicides.
Imazethapyr resistance in common sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Al-Khatib Kassim , Baumgartner Jolene R. , Peterson Dallas E. , Currie Randall S.
Published: May 2019

Resistance to imazethapyr was identified in a population of common sunflower that had been treated with imazethapyr for seven consecutive years. The imazethapyr-resistant biotype of common sunflower was approximately 170 times more resistant to imazethapyr than the susceptible biotype based on the rate required for 25% control. Resistance was due to altered acetolactate synthase (ALS) that is less sensitive to imazethapyr. The imazethapyr concentration required to inhibit in vitro ALS activity by 25% was 210–fold higher in the resistant biotype than in the susceptible biotype. Differences in absorption, translocation, and metabolism of imazethapyr in common sunflower biotypes were not sufficient to explain the resistance to imazethapyr.
Response of food and forage crops to soil-applied imazapyr
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Senseman Scott A.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the persistence of imazapyr and the tolerance of a wide variety of bioassay plants to imazapyr residues in central Texas soils. Eleven bioassay crops were planted in pots 1 d before and 2, 6, and 12 mo after imazapyr application at rates of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg ai ha−1. Imazapyr was phytotoxic 12 mo after treatment to all crop plants in at least one rate. Forage grasses and herbs were highly susceptible to imazapyr residual carryover damage, as was corn and cabbage. Bean and squash were tolerant of imazapyr residues. No statistical differences occurred in imazapyr phytotoxicity to corn grown in leached vs. nonleached pots.