bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods for Delivery and Distribution of Amendments for Subsurface Remediation: A Critical Review
Authors: Muller Katherine A. , Johnson Christian D. , Bagwell Christopher E. , Truex Michael J.
Published: October 2020

The ability to reliably deliver and widely distribute remedial amendments through the subsurface environment is of paramount importance to achieve cleanup objectives for contaminated sediments and groundwater for protection of sensitive environmental habitats and natural resources. A wide range of amendments, delivery techniques, and subsurface access methods are available. However, the applicability of these approaches is dependent on a multitude of site‐specific factors. In this review, an overview of amendments and access/distribution methods is provided, along with discussion of the maturity level, advantages, and limitations that relate to the potential effectiveness of each approach in the context of site‐specific factors. Each amendment and delivery approach are further evaluated for applicability to the following subsurface target zones: saturated, unsaturated, and perched water, with specific focus on high and low permeability regions in each zone. The review highlights a critical need for field‐tested approaches targeting unsaturated and perched water zones, as well as low‐permeability regions within all subsurface regions. The intent of this review is to provide critical information and insight into how amendments can be delivered, emplaced, and/or distributed effectively in the subsurface environment to effectively manage subsurface contamination.
Are Migraine Patients at Increased Risk for Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Due to Shared Comorbidities?
Authors: Bolay Hayrunnisa , Özge Aynur , Uludüz Derya , Baykan Betül
Published: October 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has rapidly transformed the whole world and forced us to look through comorbid diseases and risk factors from a different perspective. COVID‐19 shows some inherent risk factors like cardiovascular comorbidities independent from age, gender, and geographic location. One of the most peculiar features of the COVID‐19 pandemic is that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 respiratory infections disproportionately impact patients with hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular comorbidities rather than those with allergic respiratory diseases and immune‐compromised conditions. Migraine is a complex neuro‐vasculo‐inflammatory disorder that is also packed frequently with certain medical conditions including vascular disorders, hypertension, allergic diseases such as asthma and systemic inflammatory disorders. Accordingly, 2 different questions arise during the pandemic: (1) Do share comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension increase the risk of symptomatic COVID‐19 for migraine patients? (2) Do comorbid allergic and atopic diseases, including asthma act as opposite influencers alongside with female gender? This paper focuses on the co‐existence of comorbidities of COVID‐19, in comparison with migraine, based on a wide clinical dataset and available reports. Discussed mechanisms include potential strategic roles of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, angiotensin‐II, and nucleotide oligomerization domain‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, playing remarkable parts in the pathogenesis of COVID‐19 and migraine. There are also some clues about the importance of endothelial and pericyte dysfunction and neuroinflammation in COVID‐19 infection, related to complications and survival of the patients. The large epidemiological studies as well as basic research, focusing on migraine patients with COVID‐19 will clarify these vital questions during the upcoming periods.
Changes in disease characteristics of primary biliary cholangitis: An observational retrospective study from 1982 to 2016
Authors: Takamura Masaaki , Matsuda Yasunobu , Kimura Naruhiro , Takatsuna Masafumi , Setsu Toru , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Osaki Akihiko , Waguri Nobuo , Yanagi Masahiko , Takahashi Toru , Sugitani Soichi , Kobayashi Yuka , Yoshikawa Akira , Ishikawa Toru , Yoshida Toshiaki , Watanabe Toshiaki , Bannai Hitoshi , Kubota Tomoyuki , Funakoshi Kazuhiro , Wakabayashi Hiroto , Kurita So , Ogata Norio , Watanabe Masashi , Mita Yuhsaku , Mori Shigeki , Sugiyama Motoya , Miyajima Toru , Takahashi Sumio , Sato Shuichi , Ishizuka Kisei , Ohta Hironobu , Aoyagi Yutaka , Terai Shuji ,   the Niigata PBC Study Group
Published: October 2020

Aim

Disease characteristics of primary biliary cholangitis have changed recently. However, detailed studies on the subject have been limited. Therefore, we aimed to clarify disease characteristics of patients with recent primary biliary cholangitis using the cohort from Niigata University and 21 affiliated hospitals.

Methods

Overall, 508 patients were enrolled in this study from 1982 to 2016, divided into three cohorts according to their year of diagnosis: ≤1999, 2000–2009 and ≥2010. We compared differences in clinical characteristics, response to ursodeoxycholic acid and prognosis.

Results

The male‐to‐female ratio increased incrementally from 1:16.4 (≤1999) to 1:3.8 (≥2010) (P < 0.001). In women, the median age at diagnosis increased incrementally from 54.0 years (≤1999) to 60.5 years (≥2010) (P < 0.001) and serum albumin decreased gradually (P = 0.001), which might have affected the increase in the Fibrosis‐4 Index and albumin–bilirubin score. The ursodeoxycholic acid response rate according to the Barcelona criteria increased incrementally from 26.7% (≤1999) to 78.4% (≥2010) (P < 0.010), and those according to other criteria (Paris‐I, Rotterdam and Toronto) were approximately ≥80% in all cohorts. Ten‐year survival rate in the ≤1999 and 2000–2009 cohorts were 98.6% and 95.6%, respectively. These earlier cohorts were also characterized by a higher rate of asymptomatic state and mild histology (83.5% [≤1999] and 84.7% [2000–2009], and 93.6% [≤1999] and 91.1% [2000–2009]).

Conclusions

Patients with primary biliary cholangitis were characterized by older age at diagnosis and an increase in male to female ratio as well as higher response rates of ursodeoxycholic acid and longer survival, resulting from the early recognition of primary biliary cholangitis.
English language learning barriers of Afghan refugee women in Australia
Authors: Sharifian Farzad , Sadeghpour Marzieh , Barton Siew‐Mee , Barry James , Barton Greg , Yilmaz Ihsan
Published: October 2020

This study explores the critical barriers to English language learning for Afghan refugee women in Australia. Using data from 23 individual interviews and five focus group discussions, these show that although the participants received formal support from the Australian Government, the majority still struggled to learn English effectively. A thematic analysis of the interview responses revealed that the major barriers to English acquisition were pedagogical and sociocultural, and included issues of self‐esteem and motivation. The findings of this study have the potential to inform language support programs for refugee women, particularly when considering the sociocultural, emotional and educational needs of female refugees learning English, and the need for provisions such as childcare to facilitate their participation in language learning classes.
Duration of antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV and incidence of hypertension in Ghana
Authors: Sarfo Fred Stephen , Singh Arti , Tagge Raelle , Mensah Gideon , Ovbiagele Bruce
Published: October 2020

Understanding the differential rates of incident hypertension among People Living with HIV (PLWH) based of duration of exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may provide insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension in this population. Utilizing the dataset of a prospective study conducted at a Ghanaian tertiary medical center, we evaluated factors associated with incident hypertension among PLWH previously naïve to cART before study enrollment (cART newly prescribed group, n = 221) versus PLWH established on cART for at least a year (cART established group, n = 212). New‐onset hypertension was diagnosed as clinic BP > 140/90 mmHg on two separate clinic visits over 12‐month follow‐up. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess factors associated with incident hypertension. Mean age of new versus cART established was 41.1 ± 8.2 versus 45.1 ± 8.6 years (p < .001), with more women in the cART established group (68.3 vs. 82%, p = .0009). There were 105 (24.3%) episodes of incident hypertension over 328 person‐years follow‐up (PYFU), incidence rate of 320.1 (95% CI: 263.1‐385.9)/1000 PYFU, with higher rates in new versus cART established (476.6/1000 PYFU vs. 222.8/1000 PYFU, p = 0.0002). Overall, age by increasing decile (aHR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59‐0.98), log HIV‐1 viral load (aHR 1.16; 1.04‐1.35), and use of tenofovir (aHR 1.66; 1.04‐2.64) were associated with incident hypertension. While CD4 counts, age, BMI, pre‐diabetes, and urban/peri‐urban residency were independently associated with hypertension in the cART established group; no independent predictors were identified among the cART newly prescribed group. Further studies to explore the potential mechanisms underlying incidence of hypertension in PLWH are warranted.
P21 activated kinase‐1 (PAK1) in macrophages is required for promotion of Th17 cell response during helminth infection
Authors: Chang Hao , He Kai‐Yue , Li Chen , Ni Yang‐Yue , Li Mai‐Ning , Chen Lin , Hou Min , Zhou Zikai , Xu Zhi‐Peng , Ji Min‐Jun
Published: October 2020

CD4+T cells differentiate into distinct functional effector and inhibitory subsets are facilitated by distinct cytokine cues present at the time of antigen recognition. Maintaining a balance between T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for the control of the immunopathogenesis of liver diseases. Here, by using the mouse model of helminth Schistosoma japonicum (S japonicum) infection, we show that the hepatic mRNA levels of P21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility, are significantly increased and associated with the development of liver pathology during S japonicum infection. In addition, PAK1‐deficient mice are prone to suppression of Th17 cell responses but increased Treg cells. Furthermore, PAK1 enhances macrophage activation through promoting IRF1 nuclear translocation in an NF‐κB‐dependent pathway, resulting in promoting Th17 cell differentiation through inducing IL‐6 production. These findings highlight the importance of PAK1 in macrophages fate determination and suggest that PAK1/IRF1 axis‐dependent immunomodulation can ameliorate certain T cell–based immune pathologies.
Immediate implant placement with or without connective tissue graft: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Seyssens Lorenz , De Lat Liesa , Cosyn Jan
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To assess the effect of connective tissue graft (CTG) in terms of vertical mid‐facial soft tissue change when applied at the buccal aspect following single immediate implant placement (IIP).

Materials and methods

Two independent reviewers conducted an electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane databases as well as a manual search to identify eligible clinical studies up to January 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized controlled studies (NRSs) comparing IIP with CTG and without CTG over a mean follow‐up of at least 12 months were included for a qualitative analysis. Meta‐analyses were performed on data provided by RCTs.

Results

Out of 1814 records, 5 RCTs and 3 NRSs reported on 409 (IIP + CTG: 246, IIP: 163) immediately installed implants with a mean follow‐up ranging from 12 to 108 months. Only 1 RCT showed low risk of bias. Meta‐analysis revealed a significant difference in terms of vertical mid‐facial soft tissue change between IIP + CTG and IIP pointing to 0.41 mm (95% CI [0.21; 0.61], p < .001) in favour of soft tissue grafting. This outcome was clinically relevant since the risk for ≥1 mm asymmetry in mid‐facial vertical soft tissue level was 12 times (RR 12.10, 95% CI [2.57; 56.91], p = .002) lower following IIP + CTG. Soft tissue grafting also resulted in a trend towards less bleeding on probing (MD 17%, 95% CI [−35%; 1%], p = .06). Meta‐analyses did not reveal significant differences in terms of pink aesthetic score, marginal bone level change and probing depth. Results were inconclusive for horizontal mid‐facial soft tissue change and papilla height change. Based on GRADE guidelines, a moderate recommendation for the use of a CTG following IIP can be made.

Conclusion

CTG contributes to mid‐facial soft tissue stability following IIP. Therefore, CTG should be considered when elevated risk for mid‐facial recession is expected in the aesthetic zone (thin gingival biotype, <0.5 mm buccal bone thickness).
Low light intensities increase avoidance behaviour of diurnal fish species: implications for use of road culverts by fish
Authors: Keep John K. , Watson Jabin R. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Jones Matthew J. , Gordos Matthew A. , Ward Patrick J. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: October 2020

Inadequately designed culverts can be physical barriers to fish passage if they increase the velocity of water flow in the environment, alter natural turbulence patterns or fail to provide adequate water depth. They may also act as behavioural barriers to fish passage if they affect the willingness of fish species to enter or pass through the structure due to altered ambient light conditions. To understand how reduced light intensity might affect fish behaviour in culverts, the authors performed a behavioural choice experiment quantifying the amount of time individual fish spent in dark and illuminated areas of a controlled experimental channel. They found that behavioural responses were largely reflective of the species’ diel activity patterns; the diurnal species Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum and Retropinna semoni preferred illuminated regions, whereas the nocturnal/crepuscular Macquaria novemaculeata preferred the darkened region of the channel. Bidyanus bidyanus were strongly rheotactic, and their behaviour was influenced more by water flow direction than ambient light level. The authors then determined that a threshold light intensity of only c. 100–200 lx (cf. midday sunlight c. 100,000 lx) was required to overcome the behavioural barrier in c. 70% of the diurnally active C. stercusmuscarum and R. semoni tested. When these values were placed into an environmental context, 15 road‐crossing (3.4–7.0 m long) box (c. 1 m × 1 m, height × width) and pipe (c. 1 m diameter) culverts sampled in Brisbane, Australia, recorded light intensities in the centre of the structure that were below the threshold for C. stercusmuscarum and R. semoni movement and could potentially be a barrier to their passage through the structure. Attention is required to better understand the impacts of low light intensity in culverts on fish passage and to prioritize restoration.
Understanding the early ontogenetic stages of Mugil liza (Mugilidae): Morphological traits and digestive/metabolic profile of pre‐juveniles after recruitment
Authors: Albanesi Camila , González‐Castro Mariano , López‐Mañanes Alejandra
Published: October 2020

The family Mugilidae consists mainly of diadromous species, whose reproduction occurs in offshore waters. Pre‐juveniles shift their diet in the surf zone (zooplanktophagous to iliophagous). Later, during their recruitment into estuaries, huge changes take place in their digestive system. However, digestive and metabolic characteristics and some morphological traits at recruitment are unknown for Mugilidae. We performed comparative studies on early and late pre‐juveniles of Mugil liza recruited in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (37°32′–37°45′S, 57°19′–57°26′W, Argentina). We determined digestive enzyme activities (intestine), energy reserves (liver/muscle), total/standard length, total weight, intestinal coefficient, hepatosomatic index and retroperitoneal fat. Pre‐juveniles exhibited amylase, maltase, sucrase, lipase, trypsin and aminopeptidase‐N (APN) activities, which were maintained over a wide range of pH and temperature, and exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics. In late pre‐juveniles, amylase (422 ± 131 μmol maltose min−1 mgprot−1), sucrase (86 ± 14 mg glucose min−1 mgprot−1), trypsin (84 ± 9 μmoles min−1 mgprot−1) and APN (0.58 ± 0.08 μmoles min−1 mgprot−1) activities were higher (42%, 28%, 35% and 28%, respectively) than in the early stage. Also, the intestinal coefficient was higher in late (3.04) compared to early (2.06) pre‐juveniles. Moreover, the liver appeared to be a main site of glycogen and triglyceride storage in late pre‐juveniles, muscle being the site of storage in early pre‐juveniles, exhibiting higher glycogen, free glucose and protein concentrations (92%, 82%, 32%, respectively). The results suggest that pre‐juveniles of M. liza exhibit an adequate digestive battery to perform complete hydrolysis of various dietary substrates, availability of energy reserves and morphological characteristics to support their feeding habit and growth after recruitment. Our results represent an important contribution to knowledge of the ecology and digestive physiology of pre‐juveniles of Mugilidae in the wild.
Drivers of GHG emissions from dietary transition patterns in China: Supply versus demand options
Authors: He Pan , Cai Beiming , Baiocchi Giovanni , Liu Zhu
Published: October 2020

Diets have been changing drastically in China in the recent decades and this change has contributed considerably to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In determining effective mitigation strategies for future emissions, it is necessary to know how emissions related to diet vary over time in overall magnitude and due to compositional changes driven by socioeconomic dynamics. This study evaluates the change in dietary GHG emissions in China during the 1997–2011 period by linking environmentally extended input–output tables with individual daily food intake data. It further decomposes the contribution to GHG emission changes of various socioeconomic driving factors. The results show that GHG emissions related to national diet have been decreasing from 1,180 Mt CO2e to 640 Mt CO2e (a 54% decline), largely due to technical innovation that has reduced the emissions per calorie of food (135% of the total reduction). The change in dietary patterns has had mixed effects, with a decline in calorie intake reducing emissions by 21% while increases in animal‐sourced food consumption have raised emissions by 25%. Our findings stress the importance of technical progress in the historical change in dietary GHG emissions and suggest a focus on behavior changes for future research and policymaking, which has the potential to promote dietary changes toward less animal product consumption. Our findings highlight the importance of both technological and demand‐side behavioral options in reducing the impact of diets on GHG emissions.
Controls on the scales of equilibrium during granulite facies metamorphism
Authors: Mitchell Ruairidh J. , Johnson Tim E. , Evans Katy , Gupta Saibal , Clark Chris
Published: October 2020

Phase equilibrium modelling is commonly employed to constrain the pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution of granulite facies rocks, from which their geodynamic setting may be inferred. However, defining a suitable equilibrium volume in such rocks is non‐trivial due to heterogeneities in protolith composition and open system behaviour, including melt loss or gain and deformation. Consequently, equilibrium volumes and the mineral assemblages they contain may vary both temporally and spatially within a single rock. Additionally, despite the extreme temperatures they attained, granulites commonly contain microtextures indicating gradients in chemical potential after the metamorphic peak. This study assesses the processes that control compositional heterogeneity between equilibrium volumes in a suprasolidus granulite and the consequences for the development of a range of microstructures. An approach combining phase equilibrium forward modelling and chemical potential diagrams is used to simulate the suprasolidus evolution of two adjacent equilibrium volumes in an Mg‐rich metapelite. Assuming equilibrium within the two compositional domains, evolving granulite facies assemblages vary along a high T/P (125°C/kbar) clockwise P–T path representative of high T/P metamorphic terranes. Many retrograde microtextures in metapelitic rocks can be reproduced by considering chemical potential (µ) gradients in µMgO, µFeO and µCaO between phases, assuming (a) the presence of melt on grain boundaries, (b) that Al2O3 is perfectly immobile and (c) that K2O and Na2O are perfectly mobile. Additionally, documented microtextures in granulites imply local SiO2‐undersaturation, despite the presence of matrix quartz in the rock. Preserving such chemical potential gradients requires that solid phases are chemically and physically isolated from melt. Efficient prograde melt drainage may lead to a loss in melt interconnectivity at high temperature (>900°C), meaning that equilibration of centimetre‐scale compositional domains is controlled by solid‐state diffusion. The presence of isolated pockets of viscous melt allows the formation of discontinuous intergranular reaction microtextures.
The small GTPase Arf6 is dysregulated in a mouse model for fragile X syndrome
Authors: Briševac Dušica , Scholz Ralf , Du Dan , Elagabani Mohammad Nael , Köhr Georg , Kornau Hans‐Christian
Published: October 2020

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, results from silencing of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1). The analyses of FXS patients’ brain autopsies revealed an increased density of immature dendritic spines in cortical areas. We hypothesize that the small GTPase Arf6, an actin regulator critical for the development of glutamatergic synapses and dendritic spines, is implicated in FXS. Here, we determined the fraction of active, GTP‐bound Arf6 in cortical neuron cultures and synaptoneurosomes from Fmr1 knockout mice, measured actin polymerization in neurons expressing Arf6 mutants with variant GTP‐ or GDP‐binding properties, and recorded hippocampal long‐term depression induced by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR‐LTD) in acute brain slices. We detected a persistently elevated Arf6 activity, a loss of Arf6 sensitivity to synaptic stimulation and an increased Arf6‐dependent dendritic actin polymerization in mature Fmr1 knockout neurons. Similar imbalances in Arf6‐GTP levels and actin filament assembly were caused in wild‐type neurons by RNAi‐mediated depletion of the postsynaptic Arf6 guanylate exchange factors IQSEC1 (BRAG2) or IQSEC2 (BRAG1). Targeted deletion of Iqsec1 in hippocampal neurons of 3‐week‐old mice interfered with mGluR‐LTD in wild‐type, but not in Fmr1 knockout mice. Collectively, these data suggest an aberrant Arf6 regulation in Fmr1 knockout neurons with consequences for the actin cytoskeleton, spine morphology, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, FXS and syndromes caused by genetic variants in IQSEC1 and IQSEC2 share intellectual disabilities and developmental delay as main symptoms. Therefore, dysregulation of Arf6 may contribute to the cognitive impairment in FXS.

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Law's Wars, Law's Trials
Authors: ABEL RICHARD L.
Published: October 2020

The rule of law is a foundation of the liberal state. The US ‘War on Terror’ under Presidents Bush and Obama threatened and violated the rule of law in multiple ways. This article surveys those challenges and analyses how US institutions responded in order to assess the capacity of the legal system to resist political pressure in moments of crisis.
Response of vessel features to witches’‐broom disease in Zizyphus Jujuba branches
Authors: Zhao Xiping , Guo Pingping , Peng Haixin
Published: October 2020

It is well‐known that the witches’‐broom disease (WBD) has affected the physiology and biochemistry of Zizyphus Jujuba branches; however, the detailed impacts on the vessel, an important water‐conducting unit of the branches, are not well understood. Investigations were performed to determine whether the vessels in primary branches and secondary branches of Z. Jujuba with WBD were mutated. The sapwood of the branches was examined to quantify variations of the vessel features (including the size, shape, proportion and grouping pattern of vessels) closely related to water transport. In comparison to healthy branches, diseased branches showed significantly shorter, smaller vessels and decreased lumen diameters; but, they displayed increased frequency and wall to lumen ratio of vessels. There were significant interactive effects of branch level and WBD on vessel features. Under the stress of WBD, secondary branches showed significantly smaller tangential diameters, larger frequency and larger wall to lumen ratio of vessels than primary branches. It is proposed that the response of vessel features to WBD in Z. Jujuba branches may be due to a developmental process, which allows the diseased tree to maintain an optimal hydraulic architecture as possible. However, a decreased proportion of vessels may be one cause of the death of the tree.
Environmental factors influencing eastern North Pacific gray whale calf production 1994–2016
Authors: Perryman Wayne L. , Joyce Trevor , Weller David W. , Durban John W.
Published: October 2020

This paper describes the relationship between eastern North Pacific gray whale calf production and environmental conditions in the Pacific Arctic where they feed. The results show how interannual variation in sea ice cover in the Bering and Chukchi Seas along with broader indices of North Pacific climate, such as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Index (NPI), are linked to variation in gray whale reproductive output. Estimates of gray whale calf production were derived from 23 consecutive years (1994–2016) of shore‐based visual surveys conducted off California during the northward migration. PDO and NPI in combination with ice cover in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during the early phase of gestation appear to be important in explaining the observed variability in calf production. Of the 2,285 time series linear models evaluated, the model of best‐fit included PDO(July), Ice(June), NPI(February), and explained 60% of the observed variability in calf production. After elimination of two data outliers in calf production estimates (2013 and 2014) a model including Ice(May), PDO(May), and NPI(July) explained 90% of the variability. We conclude that access to prey early in the gestation period is critical to reproductive success in this population and may be important for other capital breeding mammals.
Aerosol transmission for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the dental practice. A review by SIdP Covid‐19 task‐force
Authors: Clementini Marco , Raspini Mario , Barbato Luigi , Bernardelli Francesco , Braga Giovanni , Di Gioia Claudio , Littarru Cristiano , Oreglia Francesco , Brambilla Eugenio , Iavicoli Ivo , Pinchi Vilma , Landi Luca , Marco Sforza Nicola , Cavalcanti Raffaele , Crea Alessandro , Cairo Francesco
Published: October 2020

Current evidence suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that causes COVID‐19, is predominantly spread from person to person. Aim of this narrative review is to explore transmission modality of SARS‐CoV‐2 to provide appropriate advice to stakeholders, in order to support the implementation of effective public health measures and protect healthcare workers that primary face the disease. “In vivo” and “in vitro” studies from laboratories and hospitals confirmed the presence of surface contamination and provided insight of SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in the air, particularly in indoor settings with poor ventilation where aerosol‐generating procedures were performed. Measures for aerosol reduction, in conjunction with other effective infection control strategies, are needed to prevent the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dental setting.
Towards defining the outer membrane proteome of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Veith Paul D. , Gorasia Dhana G. , Reynolds Eric C.
Published: October 2020

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram‐negative anaerobic pathogen found in subgingival plaque associated with progressive periodontitis. Proteins associated with the outer membrane (OM) of Gram‐negative pathogens are particularly important for understanding virulence and for developing vaccines. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable list of outer membrane associated proteins (Omps) for this organism. Starting with a list of 99 experimentally determined Omps, several bioinformatics tools were used to predict a further 52 proteins, leading to a predicted OM proteome of 151 proteins. The tools used included databases of protein families, prediction of OM β‐barrels and structural homology. The list includes 33 T9SS cargo proteins, 43 lipoproteins and 66 OM β‐barrel proteins with some overlap between categories. The proteins are discussed both in these structural categories as well as their various functions in OM biogenesis, nutrient acquisition, protein secretion, adhesion and efflux. Proteins that were previously shown to be part of large complexes are highlighted and cross reference is provided to a previous major study of protein localization in P. gingivalis. Finally, proteins were also scored according to their level of conservation within the Bacteroidales taxon. Low scores were shown to correlate with virulence factors and may be predictive of novel virulence factors.
“It felt very special, it felt customised to me”—A qualitative investigation of the experiences of participating in a clinical trial of CBT for young people at risk of bipolar disorder
Authors: Jones Wendy Theresa , Peters Sarah , Byrne Rory Edward , Shiers David , Law Heather , Parker Sophie
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The Bipolar at Risk Trial (BART) was a feasibility randomized controlled trial investigating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) in young people at high risk of developing bipolar disorder (BD). This qualitative study aimed to investigate participants’ experiences of trial involvement, and the acceptability of CBT for this population.

Design

Participants were those identified as being at risk of bipolar disorder, determined by current symptoms or family history. A purposive sample of twenty‐one participants from both the intervention and TAU arms of the trial was recruited.

Methods

Twenty‐one semi‐structured interviews were conducted by service user researchers (13 participants had received therapy and 8 TAU). Interviews were audio recorded with consent from participants and transcribed verbatim. NVivo 11 Pro software was used to conduct an inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Super‐ordinate themes were “adaptability and flexibility,” “feeling understood and valued,” and “relevance of study and intervention” which had two sub‐themes—“value of the trial therapy” and “acceptability of trial processes.” Participating in the trial and having therapy enabled participants to feel understood and valued by research assistants (RAs) and therapists. Participants viewed therapy as relevant to their current concerns and valued adaptability and flexibility of RAs and therapists.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the importance and value of flexibility, adaptability, and understanding in relationships between participants and trial staff. Findings also indicate that the trial processes and CBT focusing on mood swings are acceptable and relevant to participants from this at risk population.

Practitioner points

Young people at risk of bipolar disorder value a flexible approach to assessments and therapy, developing a rapport with research assistants and therapists and opening up to them when they feel comfortable to do so.

CBT focusing on coping with mood swings was acceptable to the majority of participants who received it and it was perceived as helpful in ways that were personal to each participant.
Learning from the Joneses: The professional learning effect of regional councils of government on municipal fiscal slack in suburban Chicago
Authors: Mitchell David , Davis Whitney , Hendrick Rebecca
Published: October 2020

Fiscal slack scholars have sought to identify the primary generators of unreserved fund balance (UFB) within local governments, including economic, organizational, demographic, institutional, and political factors. Guo and Wang extend this endeavor spatially; however, geography may mask the professional learning impact of subregional councils of governments (COGs). This study examines 265 Chicago suburban municipalities to reveal through a pairing approach that municipalities who belong to the same subregional COG generally have more similar UFB levels, independent of geographical proximity. Policymakers can therefore utilize COGs when making decisions regarding a municipality's most vital resource for strategic investments and fiscal stress.
Insect egg‐induced physiological changes and transcriptional reprogramming leading to gall formation
Authors: Oates Caryn N. , Denby Katherine J. , Myburg Alexander A. , Slippers Bernard , Naidoo Sanushka
Published: October 2020

Gall‐inducing insects and their hosts present some of the most intricate plant‐herbivore interactions. Oviposition on the host is often the first cue of future herbivory and events at this early time point can affect later life stages. Many gallers are devastating plant pests, yet little information regarding the plant‐insect molecular interplay exists, particularly following egg deposition. We studied the physiological and transcriptional responses of Eucalyptus following oviposition by the gall‐inducing wasp, Leptocybe invasa, to explore potential mechanisms governing defence responses and gall development. RNA sequencing and microscopy were used to explore a susceptible Eucalyptus‐L. invasa interaction. Infested and control material was compared over time (1–3, 7 and 90 days post oviposition) to examine the transcriptional and morphological changes. Oviposition induces accumulation of reactive oxygen species and phenolics which is reflected in the transcriptome analysis. Gene expression supports phytohormones and 10 transcription factor subfamilies as key regulators. The egg and oviposition fluid stimulate cell division resulting in gall development. Eucalyptus responses to oviposition are apparent within 24 hr. Putative defences include the oxidative burst and barrier reinforcement. However, egg and oviposition fluid stimuli may redirect these responses towards gall development.
An examination of two dichotomies: Women with lung cancer and living with lung cancer as a chronic disease
Authors: Vavalà Tiziana , Rigney Maureen , Reale Maria Lucia , Novello Silvia , King Jennifer C.
Published: October 2020

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death globally, yet with many recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, the face of the disease is shifting. Historically, lung cancer is often thought of as a predominantly male disease with more than twice as many men as women being diagnosed worldwide—mostly due to the influence of smoking as the leading risk factor. However, lung cancer is also the second leading cause of cancer death in women and there is a growing population of young women who have never smoked and are being diagnosed. The past decade has seen groundbreaking innovations in both the early detection and treatment of lung cancer. In this new era, survival rates are beginning to increase and many of those diagnosed are finding themselves in a new situation—living long term with a deadly cancer. Here, we review pertinent aspects of women and lung cancer as well as the concept of living with lung cancer as a chronic disease to give a new perspective on the changing face of lung cancer treatment and care.
The Boundary of the Market for Biosecurity Risk
Authors: Stoneham Gary , Hester Susan M , Li Johnny Siu‐Hang , Zhou Rui , Chaudhry Atibhav
Published: October 2020

Imported goods create value in destination countries but also create biosecurity risk. Although widely used in other domains of the economy, risk markets have not been created to manage losses that occur when exotic pests and diseases are introduced with traded goods. In this article we show that not all biosecurity risks are insurable. Losses arising from effort needed to detect and respond to exotic pests and diseases that breach national borders appear to be insurable because entry of these threats and consequent response costs, can be regarded as random events. As pests and diseases establish and spread, however, loss of access to export markets and productivity losses display systematic risk and appear to be uninsurable. Other insurability criteria support this definition of the boundary of biosecurity risk markets.

We use the Australian biosecurity system as an example, although the framework described in this study will be applicable to biosecurity systems worldwide. We argue that biosecurity risk insurance could be incorporated into the current biosecurity system but would require legislation mandating importers to purchase insurance. Advantages of actuarial pricing of biosecurity risk are: (i) an increase in economic efficiency to the extent that importers respond to the price of biosecurity risk; (ii) financial sustainability would improve because actuarial pricing creates a structural link between funds available for biosecurity activities and risk exposure; and (iii) equity issues evident in the current biosecurity system could be addressed because risk creators (importers) would fund response activities through the purchase of insurance.
Oral myiasis: Analysis of cases reported in the English literature from 1990 to 2020
Authors: dos Passos Juliana Bianchi Souza , Coelho Luiza Vale , de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Silva Leni Verônica de Oliveira , do Valle Isabella Bittencourt , Santos Mariana de Souza , de Figueiredo Eugênia Leal , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Mesquita Ricardo Alves
Published: October 2020

Myiasis is an infection caused by the deposition of fly larvae in tissues, and its involvement in the human oral cavity is uncommon. Herein, we have performed a data analysis of published cases of oral myiasis. A search was performed in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS. Geographic distribution, demographic data, associated factors, clinical features, fly types, treatment, and presence of sequelae were analyzed. A total of 122 articles reported the cases of 157 infected individuals. The most affected countries were India (41%) and Brazil (29.5%). Male predominance (67.5%) and a mean of 41.9 years of age were observed. The gingiva (29%) was the most affected site, followed by palate (25%) and lip (21%). There were different forms and combinations of treatments: manual removal of larvae and surgical debridement, application of asphyxiating substances, antibiotic therapy, and use of ivermectin. The condition predominantly affects individuals with neurological and/or locomotor disabilities, of low socioeconomic status, with poor oral hygiene and chemical dependence and individuals with previous injuries or with the absence of lip sealing. The establishment of a standard treatment protocol, enabling comparison in future studies and providing uniformity in treatment strategies offered by health services is strongly recommended.
Maximum Momentum and Kinetic Energy of a Rocket
Authors: Blanco Philip
Published: October 2020

A rocket in free space accelerates from rest by continuously expelling fuel; as its speed increases, its mass decreases. At what speed (and remaining mass) does the rocket carry maximum momentum? Maximum kinetic energy? The answers provide insights into the dynamics of variable-mass systems, and have applications to planetary defense that are engaging for students of introductory mechanics.
Engine Cadaver Lab: Hands-On Physics that Kicks Back
Authors: Neuenschwander Dwight E.
Published: October 2020

Previous generations of physics students learned how common machines work, as evidenced by their textbook illustrations (Fig. 1). Such understanding of machines that daily life depends on seems to be evaporating. In response, for two decades I have conducted an introductory physics “engine cadaver lab” (Figs. 2 and 3). It offers opportunities for hands-on engagement with concepts such as moment of inertia, center of mass, Faraday’s law, Bernoulli’s equation, engine efficiency, thermal expansion, etc. Unlike biologists, we put our cadavers back together!
Why Only U-235 and Pu-239? Classroom-Level Graphs for Understanding Heavy-Element Weaponizability Factors
Authors: Cameron Reed B.
Published: October 2020

For several years, I taught a general education course on the Manhattan Project for students majoring in the arts and humanities who needed a physical science credit as a condition of their graduation requirements. As might be imagined, the challenge in teaching this course was to find a balance between quantitative and qualitative content. A technical point of particular importance was to find a way to describe how fundamental-physics considerations restrict the number of possible candidate “weaponizability” isotopes to just a handful, of which only uranium-235 (U-235) and plutonium-239 (Pu-239) were practical for developing a first-generation nuclear weapon. After doing so, I could go on to describe how Manhattan Project engineers developed two weapons: a U-235 bomb based on isolating that isotope from its much more populous U-238 sister isotope, and a plutonium bomb based on synthesizing that element by neutron bombardment of natural uranium in a nuclear reactor.
Making Differentiation Magic in the Classroom with Minecraft
Authors: Buffington Larah , Rosengrant David
Published: October 2020

My first year teaching physical science I (LB) had a young man whom we shall call John in class. He had been sitting silently, doing nothing most of the first quarter of school. I had seen little in the way of written work from him. John’s daily grades were continually zero after zero and his assessment grades were equally abysmal. Calls to mom and dad had been fruitless, with them explaining that he struggled with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and had a hard time writing because of that. I puzzled over what to do with this student. I asked his parents if I could get him to come in early one Thursday. When he arrived I asked him to copy a text for me, read it to me aloud, and discuss it with me one to one. He sat there with a blank stare. I asked him what was wrong and all he responded with was “I can’t write!” I told him he could write and to try it, to rest assured that it wasn’t being graded. He began and within a few moments I knew. He could not write because he had dysgraphia. His attempt at writing was chaotic. Words were scattered about the page haphazardly, their placement had no logical sequence, and made no sense in light of the content he had read. According to the Learning Disabilities Association of America, “A person with this specific learning disability may have problems including illegible handwriting, inconsistent spacing, poor spatial planning on paper, poor spelling, and difficulty composing writing as well as thinking and writing at the same time.”
Analyzing the Dynamics of a Yo-Yo Using a Smartphone Gyroscope Sensor
Authors: Salinas Isabel , Monteiro Martín , Martí Arturo C. , Monsoriu Juan A.
Published: October 2020

In this article, the dynamics of a traditional toy, the yo-yo, are investigated theoretically and experimentally using smartphone sensors. In particular, using the gyroscope the angular velocity is measured. The experimental results are complemented thanks to a digital video analysis. The concordance between theoretical and experimental results is discussed. As the yo-yo is a ubiquitous, simple, and traditional toy, this simple proposal could encourage students to experiment with everyday objects and modern technologies.
How to Teach the Electromagnetic Spectrum with Superheroes
Authors: Fitzgerald Barry W. , Plotz Thomas
Published: October 2020

The success of films such as “Avengers: Endgame,” “Black Panther,” and “Captain Marvel” has established the superhero genre in modern popular culture. Many students will have seen these films, or at the very least they are familiar with a number of the superhero characters. In the physics classroom, content based on superheroes can be used in support of learning materials on topics such as optics, advanced materials, kinematics, and the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Studies have highlighted several student preconceptions with regards to different radiation types. For instance, the literature suggests that students incorrectly classify certain radiation types as unnatural, and they cannot differentiate between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Derivation of Magnetic Dipole Field by Inductance
Authors: Wang Jinhui
Published: October 2020

The distant magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is usually derived via the magnetic vector potential and substantial vector calculus. This paper presents an alternate proof that is less mathematically intensive, and that ties together various problem-solving tricks (the principle of virtual work, observation that only instantaneous quantities matter and reciprocity of mutual inductance), functioning as an instructional exercise.
Early oxidation of the martian crust triggered by impacts
Authors: Deng Zhengbin , Moynier Frédéric , Villeneuve Johan , Jensen Ninna K. , Liu Deze , Cartigny Pierre , Mikouchi Takashi , Siebert Julien , Agranier Arnaud , Chaussidon Marc , Bizzarro Martin
Published: October 2020

Impact-induced oxidation of Mars’ crust by water >4.4 Ga ago likely supplied enough atmospheric H
2
to attain a warm climate.
Magnetic imaging of subseafloor hydrothermal fluid circulation pathways
Authors: Galley Christopher G. , Jamieson John W. , Lelièvre Peter G. , Farquharson Colin G. , Parianos John M.
Published: October 2020

Magnetic studies of the seafloor have produced the first empirical model of a hydrothermal upflow zone.
Algal plankton turn to hunting to survive and recover from end-Cretaceous impact darkness
Authors: Gibbs Samantha J. , Bown Paul R. , Ward Ben A. , Alvarez Sarah A. , Kim Hojung , Archontikis Odysseas A. , Sauterey Boris , Poulton Alex J. , Wilson Jamie , Ridgwell Andy
Published: October 2020

Algal plankton survived darkness and reconquered the oceans by resorting to hunting after the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact.
Learning for single-cell assignment
Authors: Duan Bin , Zhu Chenyu , Chuai Guohui , Tang Chen , Chen Xiaohan , Chen Shaoqi , Fu Shaliu , Li Gaoyang , Liu Qi
Published: October 2020

scLearn is a metric learning-based framework with measurement and threshold learned automatically for single-cell assignment.
The Context-Dependent Influence of Promoter Sequence Motifs on Transcription Initiation Kinetics and Regulation
Authors: Jensen Drake , Galburt Eric A.
Published: October 2020

The fitness of an individual bacterial cell is highly dependent upon the temporal tuning of gene expression levels when subjected to different environmental cues. Kinetic regulation of transcription initiation is a key step in modulating the levels of transcribed genes to promote bacterial survival.
Method for Specific Identification of the Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus Lineage 3 (Formerly Biotype 3)
Authors: Carmona-Salido Hector , Bisharat Naiel , Amaro Carmen
Published: October 2020

Vibrio vulnificus
is a zoonotic pathogen that is spreading worldwide due to global warming. Lineage 3 (L3; formerly biotype 3) includes the strains of the species with the unique ability to cause fish farm-linked outbreaks of septicemia. The L3 strains emerged recently and are particularly virulent and difficult to identify. Here, we describe a newly developed PCR method based on a comparative genomic study useful for both rapid identification and epidemiological studies of this interesting emerging group.