bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells are sources of cancer‐associated fibroblasts and enhance tumor progression by dense collagen matrix
Authors: Okumura Takashi , Ohuchida Kenoki , Kibe Shin , Iwamoto Chika , Ando Yohei , Takesue Shin , Nakayama Hiromichi , Abe Toshiya , Endo Sho , Koikawa Kazuhiro , Sada Masafumi , Horioka Kohei , Mochidome Naoki , Arita Makoto , Moriyama Taiki , Nakata Kohei , Miyasaka Yoshihiro , Ohtsuka Takao , Mizumoto Kazuhiro , Oda Yoshinao , Hashizume Makoto , Nakamura Masafumi
Published: August 2018

Although recent studies revealed that adipose tissue accelerates pancreatic tumor progression with excessive extracellular matrix, key players for desmoplasia in the adipose microenvironment remains unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) in desmoplastic lesions and tumor progression by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In a three‐dimensional (3‐D) organotypic fat invasion model using visceral fat from CAG‐EGFP mice, GFP‐positive fibroblastic cells infiltrated toward cancer cells. When tumor cells were inoculated into transplanted visceral fat pads in vivo, tumor weights and stromal components were enhanced compared to subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor cells inoculated without fat pads. Expression of αSMA in established human ASCs was lower compared to cancer associated fibroblasts, and the 3‐D collagen matrices produced by ASCs cultured in cancer cell‐conditioned medium changed from loose to dense structures that affected the motility of cancer cells. Microarray analyses revealed upregulation of S100A4 in ASCs, while S100A4‐positive stromal cells were observed at extrapancreatic invasion sites of human pancreatic cancer. The present findings indicate that ASCs are recruited to extrapancreatic invasion sites and produce dense collagen matrices that lead to enhanced tumor progression. Both inhibition of ASCs recruitment and activation could lead to a novel antistromal therapy.
Associations between autoimmune conditions and hepatobiliary cancer risk among elderly US adults
Authors: McGee Emma E. , Castro Felipe A. , Engels Eric A. , Freedman Neal D. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Nogueira Leticia , Stolzenberg‐Solomon Rachael , McGlynn Katherine A. , Hemminki Kari , Koshiol Jill
Published: August 2018

Growing evidence suggests that people with autoimmune conditions may be at increased risk of hepatobiliary tumors. In the present study, we evaluated associations between autoimmune conditions and hepatobiliary cancers among adults aged ≥66 in the United States. We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data (1992–2013) to conduct a population‐based, case–control study. Cases (n = 32,443) had primary hepatobiliary cancer. Controls (n = 200,000) were randomly selected, cancer‐free adults frequency‐matched to cases by sex, age and year of selection. Using multivariable logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with 39 autoimmune conditions identified via Medicare claims. We also conducted separate analyses for diagnoses obtained via inpatient versus outpatient claims. Sixteen conditions were associated with at least one hepatobiliary cancer. The strongest risk estimates were for primary biliary cholangitis with hepatocellular carcinoma (OR: 31.33 [95% CI: 23.63–41.56]) and primary sclerosing cholangitis with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (7.53 [5.73–10.57]), extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (5.59 [4.03–7.75]), gallbladder cancer (2.06 [1.27–3.33]) and ampulla of Vater cancer (6.29 [4.29–9.22]). Associations with hepatobiliary‐related conditions as a group were observed across nearly all cancer sites (ORs ranging from 4.53 [95% CI: 3.30–6.21] for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma to 7.18 [5.94–8.67] for hepatocellular carcinoma). Restricting to autoimmune conditions diagnosed via inpatient claims, 6 conditions remained associated with at least one hepatobiliary cancer, and several risk estimates increased. In the outpatient restricted analysis, 12 conditions remained associated. Multiple autoimmune conditions are associated with hepatobiliary cancer risk in the US Medicare population, supporting a shared immuno‐inflammatory etiology to these cancers.
How Practitioners Can Inform Policy
Authors: Hruby George G.
Published: August 2018

This department explores critical perspectives on issues at the intersection of policy and practice in order to generate fresh questions about enduring dilemmas, new challenges, and debates.
Collaborating With Youths as Coteachers in Literacy Learning
Authors: Frankel Katherine K. , Murphy Caitlin R.
Published: August 2018

The authors featured in this department column share instructional practices that support transformative literacy teaching and disrupt “struggling reader” and “struggling writer” labels.
When Violence and Tears Become the Texts for Adults
Authors: Tatum Alfred W.
Published: August 2018

This forum focuses on the intersections of texts and identities with the aim of selecting and mediating texts that readers and writers find valuable within and outside of formal educational settings.
Women offenders' emotional experience of crime
Authors: Ciesla Kayley , Ioannou Maria , Hammond Laura
Published: August 2018

The main aim of the study was to examine the emotional experiences of crime amongst women offenders. With a mean age of 36.40 years (SD = 11.12), 128 women offenders completed a questionnaire exploring emotions they had experienced whilst committing a crime. Participants included incarcerated individuals as well as those in community‐based projects. Smallest space analysis of the emotions highlighted four key themes; depression, distress, elation, and calm. Results reflected the circumplex model of emotions but highlighted strong distinction between pleasure and displeasure. Overall, the majority of women reported negative emotional experiences of crime. Understanding how individuals felt during their crime commission offers alternative perspectives of criminal behaviour and a framework for future explorations. Results offer crucial insights for policy makers, criminal investigations, and therapeutic treatment options.
Memory responses by natural killer cells
Authors: Beaulieu Aimee M
Published: August 2018

NK cells are important mediators of immunological defense against pathogens and cancer, owing in part to their ability to directly kill infected and malignant host cells. Although historically considered cells of the innate immune system, a growing body of literature indicates that NK cells have the capacity to mount immune responses with features of immunological memory, including enhanced recall responses that are long-lived and Ag-specific. Anamnestic NK cell responses in mice have now been described in a broad range of immunological settings, including viral and bacterial infections, hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions, and alloantigen responses. Memory-like NK cell populations have also been identified in humans, most notably in the context of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Here, an overview of these studies is provided with discussion of the molecular, transcriptional, and epigenetic pathways that regulate adaptive NK cell responses.

Review on notable examples of memory immune responses by NK cells in humans and mice, and description of the molecular pathways that regulate such responses.
The impact of sex hormones on BCG-induced trained immunity
Authors: de Bree L C J , Janssen Robine , Aaby Peter , van Crevel Reinout , Joosten Leo A B , Benn Christine Stabell , Netea Mihai G
Published: August 2018

The anti-tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a well-known immune modulator that induces nonspecific protective effects against heterologous infections through induction of innate immune memory, also termed “trained immunity.” In randomized trials in low weight newborns, BCG vaccination reduced neonatal mortality due to decreased incidence of sepsis and respiratory infections. In many studies, sex-differential nonspecific effects of vaccines have been observed, but the mechanisms behind these differential effects are unknown. We investigated whether the important sex hormones estrogen and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) influence BCG-induced trained immunity in human primary monocytes. Although addition of estradiol and DHT to BCG inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines after direct stimulation of human monocytes, they did not influence the induction of trained immunity by BCG. In addition, estradiol or DHT did not induce training or tolerance in monocytes themselves. We conclude that these important sex hormones are unlikely to explain the sex-differential effects after BCG vaccination. Future studies should focus on the investigation of alternative mechanisms as an explanation for sex-differential nonspecific effects of BCG vaccination.
Application of super‐resolution track‐density technique: Earlier detection of aging‐related subtle alterations than morphological changes in corpus callosum from normal population?
Authors: Wang Dan , Chen Yu‐Jie , Li Yue‐Hua
Published: August 2018

Background

There are rare quantitative fiber density measurement techniques based on voxel measure changes of each corpus callosum (CC) subsegment with age.

Purpose

To observe the regularity of corpus callosum development in normal aging from subvoxel to macroscopic volume.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects

In all, 131 healthy volunteers divided into six age groups.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T MR with 32‐channel head coil T1‐3D and diffusion‐weighted imaging with six b‐values in a 30 directions sequence.

Assessment

Track‐density imaging (TDI) was used to visualize the complexity and the differences occurring in corpus callosum (CC) with age. TDI were reconstructed with a higher spatial voxel resolution of 0.1 mm subvoxel; TDI values are recognized as a subvoxel metric of real tract density. We reconstructed track density maps by using probabilistic streamline tractography combined with constrained spherical deconvolution. The CC was segmented into five subregions, and TDI, volume, and fractional anisotropy (FA) of each subregion in all the groups were measured using T1W‐3D images and compared.

Statistical Test

Polynomial regression was done to between age and (CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4, CC5) of TDI/volume/FA. Multiple comparisons test two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the differences between different age groups and sex groups in each subregion. Fisher's least significant difference test was used for the correction of the multiple comparisons.

Results

From the 20–70 age groups, TDI values of CC2, CC3, and CC4 increased until 40 years, when they were highest, and then decreased. CC2 (7.35556, 7.56587, 8.06036, 7.53841, 6.6956, 6.56494), CC3 (7.75372, 8.41447, 9.13178, 8.72605, 7.50106, 5.69513), CC4 (8.63414, 9.1518, 9.22451, 9.03154, 8.11556, 7.1967). There was a significant difference in the CC3 TDI between the 50/60 years groups and the 60/70 years groups (P = 0.03853 and 0.00285, respectively). The volumes of CC2, CC3, and CC4 increased between 30 and 50 years and decreased between 50 and 60 years, CC2 (0.06557, 0.07244, 0.08062, 0.07353, 0.08576, 0.06294), CC3 (0.03421, 0.03867, 0.03891, 0.03916, 0.03058, 0.03658), CC4 (0.0242, 0.01948, 0.02445, 0.02887, 0.01938, 0.01956). FA of CC2, CC3, and CC4 decreased between years 40 and 60.CC2 (0.45981, 0.47392, 0.45654, 0.45702, 0.39982, 0.35767), CC3 (0.4628, 0.49056, 0.49701, 0.46667, 0.44795, 0.36799), CC4 (0.46599, 0.52887, 0.4971, 0.53257, 0.42861, 0.43158).

Data Conclusion

TDI had high sensitivity for the detection of age‐related CC differences.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:164–175.
Climate change projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 multi‐model weighted ensembles for Mexico, the North American monsoon, and the mid‐summer drought region
Authors: Colorado‐Ruiz Gabriela , Cavazos Tereza , Salinas José Antonio , De Grau Pamela , Ayala Rosario
Published: August 2018

Two versions of the “reliability ensemble averaging” (REA and REA Xu) method and an unweighted mean were used to generate multi‐model ensembles of 14 general circulation models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for a baseline (1971–2000) period and future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the 21st century. To test the consistency of the REA ensembles at different scales, one ensemble was area‐averaged at regional scale and two were obtained at 50‐km gridpoints. Climatic metrics of temperature and precipitation during the baseline period served to evaluate the performance of the GCMs and the ensembles in the North American monsoon (NAM) and the mid‐summer drought (MSD) regions. The metrics of the three REA ensembles are very similar among them in each region and show a better performance than the unweighted multi‐model ensemble (U‐MME). The majority of the GCMs overestimate winter precipitation in the NAM and fail to retract the end of the monsoon in autumn; REA ensembles reduce this overestimation. All ensembles capture well the MSD's double peak of rainfall, but underestimate summer precipitation. According to all ensembles, temperature increases of 1.5–2 °C in the two regions may be reached between 2035 and 2055 relative to the baseline, and by 2070–2099 temperature (precipitation) in Mexico may increase (decrease) between 2° C (5%) and 5.8 °C (10%) in the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Annual changes of precipitation show a north (positive) and south of 35°N (negative) pattern. The largest impacts are expected during summer with a possible decrease of ~13% (up to −1.5 mm/day), especially in southern Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, while autumn precipitation may slightly increase. Future projections from the REA Xu (by gridpoint) ensemble show spatial patterns similar to the U‐MME, but with more regional detail, which could be an added value for regional climate impact studies.
Calcium Chloride and Calcium Gluconate in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions with Added Cysteine: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Light Obscuration Methodology
Authors: Huston Robert K. , Christensen J. Mark , Alshahrani Sultan M. , Mohamed Sumeia M. , Heisel Carl F. , Stout Kim N.
Published: August 2018

Background

Parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions containing calcium gluconate (CaGlu) and cysteine have elevated particle counts when analyzed using laser light obscuration (LO) as recommended by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). There are no compatibility studies for solutions compounded with cysteine and containing calcium chloride (CaCl2) using LO. The purpose of this study was to conduct compatibility testing for neonatal PN solutions containing CaCl2 and CaGlu with cysteine.

Methods

Solutions of amino acids (2.5%), containing either CaCl2 or CaGlu plus potassium phosphate, were compounded with 50 and 100 mg/dL cysteine. Solutions were analyzed for particle counts using LO. Maximum concentrations tested were 20 mmol/L calcium and 15 mmol/L phosphate. Three solutions containing CaCl2 (144 total solutions) and 2 containing CaGlu (96 total solutions) and the same concentration of additives were compounded. If the average particle count of replicates exceeded USP guidelines, the solution was incompatible.

Results

All solutions containing CaGlu had particle counts that exceeded USP guidelines for particle counts ≥10 μm (range, 86–580 particles/mL). For CaCl2, 90 of 144 solutions were compatible (range of particle counts for all solutions, 3–121 particles/mL). Maximum compatible concentrations of CaCl2 and potassium phosphate were 15 mmol/L and 12.5 mmol/L, respectively, for solutions containing both 50 and 100 mg/dL cysteine.

Conclusion

This study found that neonatal PN solutions containing CaGlu with added cysteine have significantly higher particle counts, exceeding USP guidelines for compatibility, than those containing CaCl2.
From active to stable: Paraglacial transition of Alpine lateral moraine slopes
Authors: Eichel Jana , Draebing Daniel , Meyer Nele
Published: August 2018

Many retreating Alpine valley glaciers leave large lateral moraines behind. Reworking of these landforms by geomorphic processes is one of the most important paraglacial processes in many Alpine environments. Although several studies investigated moraine reworking by gullying processes, it is not well known what happens when gullying ceases and why and when lateral moraine slopes become stable. This study improves the understanding of the paraglacial transition from active to stable Alpine lateral moraine slopes by assessing potential influencing factors, indicators for completed paraglacial adjustment, and its spatiotemporal patterns using a combination of geomorphic and ecologic data. A geomorphic and ecologic permanent plot survey and geomorphic mapping were carried out on three lateral moraine complexes in the Turtmann glacier foreland (Switzerland). Subsequently, permanent plot data were analysed using multivariate statistics. Our study suggests that ecosystem engineering by colonizing plant species, slope geomorphometry, and material properties are important factors influencing the paraglacial transition from active to stable slopes. Geomorphic processes are often absent once vertical vegetation layers and soil horizons develop, showing that mature vegetation and advanced soil development are valuable indicators for slope stability and completed paraglacial adjustment. In a conceptual model, we describe the paraglacial transition of Alpine lateral moraine slopes as a temporal sequence in which gullying (Stage I), solifluction (Stage II), and finally stabilization (Stage III) follow one after another. In space, paraglacial adjustment is heterogeneous, and resulting patterns can be explained by the identified influencing factors.
Association between COMT gene rs165599 SNP and schizophrenia: A meta‐analysis of case‐control studies
Authors: Gozukara Bag Harika Gozde
Published: August 2018

Background

There are many studies with different results that examine the association between Catechol‐O‐MethylTransferase (COMT) gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and schizophrenia. In this study, the aim was to conduct a meta‐analysis to achieve a pooled effect size of the association between COMT gene rs165599 SNP and schizophrenia.

Methods

Odds ratio (OR) was used as an effect size to determine the association between schizophrenia and the SNP. The pooled ORs were achieved under four different genetic models. When the heterogeneity among studies was high the DerSimonian‐Laird random‐effects model, otherwise the Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effects model was used. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger's test.

Results

Under different genetic models no statistically significant association was found between rs165599 SNP and schizophrenia by meta‐analyses consist of 20 independent studies. There was high heterogeneity among studies, for the possible reason the population differences, although the subgroup analyzes reduced the heterogeneity, no association was obtained. However, the sex‐specific estimation of the females showed that to be a G allele carrier is a risk factor for schizophrenia (OR = 1.366 [95% confidence interval = 1.094–1.706]) compared to AA homozygous.

Conclusion

The COMT gene rs165599 SNP does not appear to be a single‐risk factor for schizophrenia.
Software‐based video analysis of functional outcomes of face transplantation
Authors: Fischer Sebastian , Diehm Yannick , Dorante Miguel I. , Kotsougiani Dimitra , Kueckelhaus Maximilian , Alhefzi Muayyad , Bueno Ericka M. , Pomahac Bohdan
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Assessment of outcomes after face transplantation (FT) is necessary to provide sound evidence on the benefits of this life‐giving surgery. Current methods for outcomes assessment, however, are imprecise or prone to subjectivity. Software‐based video analysis may allow fast, objective and retrospective assessment of restoration of facial movements and functions after FT.

Patients and methods

We recorded videos of 7 subjects before as well as every 3‐6 months after facial transplantation. Patients performed the same sequence of facial movements in every video: smile, open mouth, purse lips, wrinkle nose, frown, close eyes, and lift eyebrows. The videos were retrospectively analyzed using EMOTIENT software, which is capable of automatic tracking and detailed measurements of facial movements and expressions. These measurements were subsequently compared to the same patient at different time points, as well as to the normal population.

Results

Open mouth, wrinkle nose and smile functions significantly improved in all patients when compared to pre‐transplant functions; this improvement was significant at 3, 6, and 12 months after transplant, respectively. Lip purse, eye closure and frown functions improved by 6, 9, and 18 months after transplantation, respectively; however, improvement in these particular functions was not significantly with respect to pre‐transplant. Face transplantation did not improve any of the patients' ability to lift their eyebrows. Most remarkably, mouth opening and smiling functions both reached values comparable to the normal population at 3 and 12 months after transplantation, respectively.

Conclusion

Software‐based video analysis provides a valuable assessment tool capable of objective, precise and reproducible analysis of facial movements and functions after FT.
Immediate tracheal reconstruction with forearm flap and bone graft
Authors: Kubo Tateki , Kurita Tomoyuki , Tashima Hiroki , Suzuki Motoyuki , Uemura Hirokazu , Fujii Takashi , Seike Shien , Inohara Hidenori , Hosokawa Ko
Published: August 2018

Background

“Window” resection of the trachea is sometimes performed to remove tumors invading the trachea. Here, we present a novel reconstructive procedure to this end.

Methods

Eleven patients (mean age, 64 years; range, 46–80 years) were included. Primary diagnoses included thyroid cancer and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea. All defects were partial and located in the neck (mean width and length, 3/5 circle and 7.5 rings; range, 1/2–2/3 circle and 5–9 rings). Immediate 2‐stage reconstruction was performed using a forearm flap and free bone graft. The bone graft was utilized as a supportive skeleton. A tracheostoma was left open for several months following the initial surgery, and then closed.

Results

The mean flap size was 6.1 × 9.7 cm (range, 6–7 × 7–16 cm). Mean number of grafted bone strips and length were 1.6 (range, 1–3) and 6.1 cm (range, 4.5–7 cm). All flaps survived. Five patients developed complications in the neck, including surgical site infections (SSIs), recurrent nerve palsy, and lymphorrhea. Four patients developed donor site complications, including clavicular fracture and SSIs. Mean postoperative follow‐up lasted 85 months (range, 11–149 months). Normal speech was restored in 9 patients. Stoma closure was abandoned in 2 patients, because 1 patient showed vocal cord fixation with advanced age and the other showed bone graft loss following SSI.

Conclusions

Creating a tracheostoma during the first operation prevents postoperative airway compromise. Our bone graft placement easily achieves tracheal rigidity. This procedure is simple and safe for tracheal window defect repair.
Establishing intra‐ and inter‐vendor reproducibility of T1 relaxation time measurements with 3T MRI
Authors: Lee Yoojin , Callaghan Martina F. , Acosta‐Cabronero Julio , Lutti Antoine , Nagy Zoltan
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Parametric imaging methods (e.g., T1 relaxation time mapping) have been shown to be more reproducible across time and vendors than weighted (e.g., T1‐weighted) images. The purpose of this work was to more extensively evaluate the validity of this assertion.

Methods

Seven volunteers underwent twice‐repeated acquisitions of variable flip‐angle T1 mapping, including B1+ calibration, on a 3T Philips Achieva and 3T Siemens Trio scanner. Intra‐scanner and inter‐vendor T1 variability were calculated. To determine T1 reproducibility levels in longitudinal settings, or after changing hardware or software, four additional data sets were acquired from two of the participants; one participant was scanned on a different 3T Siemens Trio scanner and another on the same 3T Philips Achieva scanner but after a software upgrade.

Results

Intra‐scanner variability of voxel‐wise T1 values was consistent between the two vendors, averaging 0.7/0.7/1.3/1.4% in white matter/cortical gray matter/subcortical gray matter/cerebellum, respectively. We observed, however, a systematic bias between the two vendors of https://doi.org/10.0/7.8/8.6/10.0%, respectively. The T1 bias across two scanners of the same model was greater than intra‐scanner variability, although still only at 1.4/1.0/1.9/2.3%, respectively. A greater bias was identified for data sets acquired before/after software upgrade in white matter/cortical gray matter (3.6/2.7%) whereas variability in subcortical gray matter/cerebellum was comparable (1.7/1.9%).

Conclusion

We established intra‐ and inter‐vendor reproducibility levels for a widely used T1 mapping protocol. We anticipate that these results will guide the design of multi‐center studies, particularly those encompassing multiple vendors. Furthermore, this baseline level of reproducibility should be established or surpassed during the piloting phase of such studies.
Evidence of induced muscle regeneration persists for years in the mouse
Authors: Meyer Gretchen A.
Published: August 2018

Introduction: Efficient repositioning of centralized nuclei after injury has long been assumed, with centralized nuclei frequently cited as indicators of ongoing regeneration. However, reports of centralized nuclei that persist after full recovery of fiber area and muscle force production call into question the time course of nuclear repositioning. Methods: We evaluated regeneration after cardiotoxin‐induced damage in 10‐week‐old mice by quantifying intracellular and extracellular pathology at 2 and 94 weeks post‐injection. Results: Centrally nucleated fibers were still prevalent at 94 weeks post‐injection, representing > 25% of muscle fibers. Areas with > 90% centrally nucleated fibers could still be identified. Extra‐myocellular indicators of regeneration (e.g., fibrosis and fatty infiltration) also remained significantly elevated at the 94‐week time‐point. Discussion: These findings indicate that not all nuclei are repositioned at the conclusion of induced muscle regeneration. Muscle Nerve 58:858–862, 2018
Modified dynamic gait index and limits of stability in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Pucillo Evan M. , Mcintyre Melissa M. , Pautler Mary , Hung Man , Bounsanga Jerry , Voss Maren W. , Hayes Heather , Dibella Deanna L. , Trujillo Caren , Dixon Melissa , Butterfield Russell J. , Johnson Nicholas E.
Published: August 2018

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the performance of balance and walking tests in relation to self‐reported fall history in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Methods: Twenty‐two (13 male) participants with DM1 completed, a 6‐month fall history questionnaire, the modified Dynamic Gait Index (mDGI), limits of stability (LoS) testing, and 10‐m walking tests. Results: Mean (SD) falls in 6 months was 3.7 (3.1), and 19 (86%) participants reported at least 1 fall. Significant differences in mDGI scores (P = 0.006) and 10‐m fast walking gait velocity (P = 0.02) were found between those who had been classified as “fallers” and those who had been classified as “nonfallers.” Significant correlations were found between mDGI scores and 10‐m walking time. Discussion: Falls are common in DM1, and the mDGI may have potential to distinguish fallers from nonfallers, whereas the LoS failed to detect such impairment. Future studies should further explore use of the mDGI in DM1. Muscle Nerve 58: 694–699, 2018
A comparison of a step‐initiation task in women with and without urinary incontinence. A case‐control study
Authors: Chmielewska Daria , Sobota Grzegorz Sobota , Stania Magdalena , Błaszczak Edward , Słomka Kajetan , Juras Grzegorz
Published: August 2018

Aims

The aim of the study was to objectively determine differences in postural response by women with and without urinary incontinence during a step‐initiation task depending on the degree of bladder filling.

Methods

The study comprised 22 women with stress urinary incontinence and 20 women without urinary incontinence. All women participated in four trials: unperturbed and perturbed (obstacle crossing) transition between platforms, step‐up and step‐down trials. Velocities of center of pressure displacement, double‐support period, time from exit from steady standing until the lead foot resting on the other platform and time from raising the foot from the first platform until gaining quiet standing on the other platform were measured and compared.

Results

No significant differences were noted between the performance of a step‐initiation task by incontinent women with full/empty bladder whereas continent women performed differently during unperturbed transition with full/empty bladder. The step‐up trial revealed significant intergroup differences. The antero‐posterior mean velocity of center of pressure during the empty bladder test was significantly higher in women with stress urinary incontinence (effect size = 1.02). During the same bladder condition the women with stress urinary incontinence performed significantly more slowly in unperturbed (effect size = 1.09) and perturbed (effect size = 0.84) transition compared to control group.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that women with incontinence performed the step initiation task slowly on the empty bladder tests compare to continent women.
A systematic review of urinary bladder hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: Part 2. Comparison of animal models and functional consequences
Authors: Ellenbroek Johanne H. , Arioglu Inan Ebru , Michel Martin C.
Published: August 2018

Aims

To explore whether the bladder hypertrophy consistently seen in rats upon streptozotocin injection also occurs in other animal models of type 1 or 2 diabetes and how hypertrophy is linked to functional alterations of the urinary bladder.

Methods

A systematic search for the key word combination “diabetes,” “bladder,” and “hypertrophy” was performed in PubMed; additional references were identified from reference lists of those publications. All papers were systematically extracted for relevant information.

Results

Models other than streptozotocin‐injected rats and female animals have been poorly studied. Most animal models of diabetes exhibit less bladder hypertrophy as compared to streptozotocin‐injected rats. However, this is not linked to type 1 versus 2 diabetes models, and type 2 models with comparable elevation of blood glucose may exhibit strong or only minor hypertrophy. Bladder dysfunction is frequently observed in experimental diabetes and mostly manifests as increased compliance but does not segregate with hypertrophy. It may at least partly reflect the need to handle large amounts of urine in models associated with major elevation of blood glucose.

Conclusions

To better understand the relevance of bladder hypertrophy in many models of experimental diabetes, more studies in models of type 2 diabetes are urgently needed. Moreover, the role of factors other than hypertrophy in the genesis of bladder dysfunction requires further exploration.
Innervation asymmetry of the external anal sphincter in aging characterized from high‐density intra‐rectal surface EMG recordings
Authors: Dias Nicholas , Li Xuhong , Zhang Chuan , Zhang Yingchun
Published: August 2018

Aims

The innervation zone asymmetry of the external anal sphincter (EAS) has been investigated as a risk factor for the development of fecal incontinence (FI). This study aims to utilize an intra‐rectal high‐density surface electromyogram (HD‐sEMG) recording and advanced HD‐sEMG decomposition technique to characterize the effects of aging on the asymmetry of EAS functional innervation.

Methods

HD‐sEMG signals were recorded intra‐rectally from six healthy young and seven healthy elderly women during voluntary contractions of the EAS. EMG signals were decomposed into constituent motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) and the innervation zone of each decomposed motor unit was identified. Asymmetry index (AI) was defined and calculated for all subjects. The maximum squeezing pressures of the EAS were also measured for all subjects as a comparison.

Results

The HD‐sEMG decomposition and AI calculation were successfully performed from EMG data acquired from all the subjects. The AI values were 28.7 ± 17.0% for the young group and 55.6 ± 18.8% for the elderly group. The AI and EAS contraction strength were found to be negatively correlated (P < 0.05). A two‐tailed student's t‐test demonstrated a significant increase in AI with age by comparison between two groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our work demonstrates, for the first time, that EAS functional innervation tends to become increasingly asymmetrical with advancing age, and this increase is associated with a compromised anorectal function. Results suggest that the intra‐rectal HD‐sEMG will serve as an advanced tool for assessing and monitoring the anorectal neuromuscular function minimally invasively under different pathophysiological conditions.
The Reduction of Dissolved Oxygen During Magnesium Corrosion
Authors: Silva Eduardo L. , Lamaka Sviatlana V. , Mei Di , Zheludkevich Mikhail L.
Published: August 2018

The consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) during the corrosion of commercially pure magnesium specimens was investigated by localized corrosion techniques. The concentration of oxygen and the local current density on the near‐surface of magnesium were measured simultaneously by a micro‐optode DO sensor and the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), respectively. Diamond microelectrodes were also used for DO mapping. Significant DO depletion was found since the initial immersion time of Mg in NaCl 0.5 m, and a correlation could be established between DO consumption and areas of anodic and cathodic activity. These findings assume particular relevance for the corrosion of Mg alloys or magnesium components with impurity levels higher than the tolerance limit. Moreover, this study points out the significance of the partial oxygen pressure as an influential parameter during magnesium corrosion.
Dose modifications and pharmacokinetics of adjuvant cisplatin monotherapy while on hemodialysis for patients with hepatoblastoma
Authors: Boucher Alexander A. , Mizuno Tomoyuki , Vinks Alexander A. , Goldstein Stuart L. , Tiao Greg M. , Geller James I.
Published: August 2018

Hepatoblastoma can be associated with chronic kidney disease and genitourinary anomalies. Cisplatin is a key agent for treating hepatoblastoma but renal clearance and toxicity can limit its use in end‐stage renal disease. We present pharmacokinetic data and clinical outcomes using cisplatin on hemodialysis for three patients with hepatoblastoma. All patients were initially treated with surgery and adjuvant cisplatin [1.67 mg/kg (2 patients) or 50 mg/m2 (1 patient)]. The patient treated with body surface area‐based dosing had higher exposures and ototoxicity. Treating hepatoblastoma with cisplatin on hemodialysis using 1.67 mg/kg achieved clinical efficacy with minimal morbidity.
Do treatment outcomes differ after 3 months DBT inpatient treatment based on borderline personality disorder subtypes?
Authors: Sleuwaegen Ellen , Claes Laurence , Luyckx Koen , Wilderjans Tom , Berens Ann , Sabbe Bernard
Published: August 2018

Heterogeneity in borderline personality disorder (BPD) drives the search for BPD subtypes to optimize the assessment and treatment of these patients. Therefore, the aims of the present study were (1) to replicate previously identified BPD subtypes based on reactive and regulative temperament; (2) to compare them on symptomatology and coping; and (3) to investigate whether these subtypes show different treatment responses after 3 months of inpatient dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT). A total of 145 BPD inpatients were assessed by means of measures of temperament, symptomatology and coping. Through model‐based clustering on the Behavioural Inhibition and Behavioural Activation Scales (BISBAS) and Effortful Control Scale (ECS), we identified three BPD subtypes: an Emotional/Disinhibited subtype (15%, high BAS and low ECS); a Low Anxiety subtype (41%, low BIS) and an Inhibited subtype (44%, low BAS). After 3 months of DBT, 75 patients completed the measures for a second time. Repeated measure ANOVAs demonstrated a general improvement on all symptoms and coping strategies. In addition, the BPD subtypes showed trajectory differences in clinical and borderline specific symptomatology and dissociation. These findings indicate that BPD subtypes based on temperament demonstrate different treatment responses, which can contribute to the search of more BPD subtype tailored treatment interventions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosivity and Performance of Nitrogen‐Rich Propellants
Authors: Lavoie Jonathan , Petre Catalin‐Florin , Dubois Charles
Published: August 2018

Five propellant formulations were test fired both in a vented vessel and a closed vessel. Two formulations contained 35 % weight of nitrogen‐rich materials. The erosion by weight of the propellants ranged from 0.53 g to 1.31 g after two consecutive test firings of a given propellant. The addition of nitrogen‐rich materials resulted in reduced erosion. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy revealed nitrogen in the erosion pieces for one of the reference propellants (SB) and the two nitrogen‐rich propellants. The two hottest propellants cause melting of the erosion pieces. The presence of nitrogen‐rich materials has a tremendous impact on the burning rates with the burning rate increase at 100 MPa reaching up to 2.4 times that of the formulation used as the base for the nitrogen‐rich propellants.
Application of a New Cleaner Emulsion‐Explosive Formula: Cu/Al Parallel Plates Explosive Welding
Authors: Zhou Guoan , Ma Honghao , Shen Zhaowu , Li Le
Published: August 2018

This paper introduces a new cleaner emulsion‐explosive formula and uses it in the copper/aluminum parallel plates explosive welding, with the benefits of decreasing the overall cost of emulsion explosive product and minimizing environmental pollution during use. After the welding experiment, sample's welding quality was firstly evaluated via the X‐ray tomography (XCT), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the other hand, the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are utilized to identify the kinds of inter‐metallic compounds of samples. Our results reveal that the metal/metal interface obtained using the new emulsion explosive is more regular and wavy, and the inter‐metallic compounds, caused by rapid solidification and further cooling of the dissimilar partners, are confirmed as Al2Cu and AlCu.
Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring and population pharmacokinetic models in special patient subpopulations
Authors: Monteiro Joaquim F. , Hahn Siomara R. , Gonçalves Jorge , Fresco Paula
Published: August 2018

Vancomycin is a fundamental antibiotic in the management of severe Gram‐positive infections. Inappropriate vancomycin dosing is associated with therapeutic failure, bacterial resistance and toxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is acknowledged as an important part of the vancomycin therapy management, at least in specific patient subpopulations, but implementation in clinical practice has been difficult because there are no consensus and agglutinator documents. The aims of the present work are to present an overview of the current knowledge on vancomycin TDM and population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models relevant to specific patient subpopulations. Based on three published international guidelines (American, Japanese and Chinese) on vancomycin TDM and a bibliographic review on available PPK models for vancomycin in distinct subpopulations, an analysis of evidence was carried out and the current knowledge on this topic was summarized. The results of this work can be useful to redirect research efforts to address the detected knowledge gaps. Currently, TDM of vancomycin presents a moderate level of evidence and practical recommendations with great robustness in neonates, pediatric and patients with renal impairment. However, it is important to investigate in other subpopulations known to present altered vancomycin pharmacokinetics (eg neurosurgical, oncological and cystic fibrosis patients), where evidence is still unsufficient.
Climatology of extreme cold events in the central Peruvian Andes during austral summer: origin, types and teleconnections
Authors: Sulca Juan , Vuille Mathias , Roundy Paul , Takahashi Ken , Espinoza Jhan‐Carlo , Silva Yamina , Trasmonte Grace , Zubieta Ricardo
Published: August 2018

The climatological and large‐scale characteristics of the extreme cold events (ECEs) in the central Peruvian Andes (Mantaro basin (MB)) during austral summer (January–March) are examined using reanalysis, gridded and in situ surface minimum temperature (Tmin) data for the 1979–2010 period.

To describe the influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) on ECEs in the MB, two ECE groups are defined on the basis of the sign of the outgoing long‐wave radiation (OLR) anomalies in the MJO band (30–100 days, 0–9 eastward) at 12.5°S, 75°W. Type‐1 ECEs occur during the suppressed convection phase of the MJO (OLR anomalies ≥+2 W/m2) while Type‐2 ECEs occur during the enhanced convection phase of the MJO (OLR anomalies ≤−2 W/m2).

ECEs in the MB are associated with the advection of cold and dry air along the east of the Andes through equatorward propagation of extratropical Rossby wave trains (ERWTs). This cold advection weakens the Bolivian High–Nordeste Low (BH‐NL) system over South America (SA) at upper‐tropospheric levels.

The MJO is an important driver of ECEs in the MB, favouring the cold advection along the Andes during specific MJO phases. Fifty‐nine per cent of Type‐1 ECE's and 86% of Type‐2 ECE's occur in MJO Phases 7‐2. Type‐1 and 2 ECEs feature a weakened BH over SA at upper‐tropospheric levels. For Type‐1, ERWTs emanate from southeastern Africa in MJO Phases 8‐1 while ERWTs are strengthened when crossing the subtropical southern Pacific Ocean during MJO Phases 2 and 7. With respect to Type‐2, MJO Phases 7‐2 feature circumpolar Rossby wave trains propagating toward SA.

Ultimately, MJO Phases 7‐2 induce negative Tmin anomalies over MB, while MJO Phases 3‐6 induce positive Tmin anomalies. El Niño and La Niña strengthen negative Tmin anomalies over the MB during MJO Phases 7‐8 while they weaken positive Tmin anomalies over the MB during MJO Phases 3‐6.
Eyringpy: A program for computing rate constants in the gas phase and in solution
Authors: Dzib Eugenia , Cabellos José Luis , Ortíz‐Chi Filiberto , Pan Sudip , Galano Annia , Merino Gabriel
Published: August 2018

Eyringpy is a modular program for calculating thermochemical properties and rate constants for reactions in the gas phase and in solution. The code is written in Python and it has a user‐friendly interface and a simple input format. Unimolecular and bimolecular reactions with one and two products are supported. Thermochemical properties are estimated through canonical ensemble and rate constants are computed according to the transition state theory. One‐dimensional Wigner and Eckart tunneling corrections are also available. Rate constants of bimolecular reactions involving the formation of pre‐reactive complexes are also estimated. To compute rate constants in solution, Eyringpy uses the Collins–Kimball theory to include the diffusion‐limit, the Marcus theory for electron transfer processes, and the molar fractions to account for the solvent pH effect.
Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cells Transplantation for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Fang Jie , Guo Yang , Tan Sheng , Li Zhanhui , Xie Huifang , Chen Pingyan , Wang Kai , He Zhicong , He Peng , Ke Yiquan , Jiang Xiaodan , Chen Zhenzhou
Published: August 2018

Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is a proven safe and effective method for treatment of cerebral ischemia in animal experiments. However, safety and efficacy need to be determined in clinical trials. We performed a two-center, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/IIa trial with blinded outcome assessment on 18 patients with acute cerebral infarct within the middle cerebral artery territory, and followed for up to 4 years. Autologous ex vivo expanded EPCs were injected intravenously in the EPC group, and patients who received saline or autologous bone marrow stromal cells served as control groups. Mortality of any cause, adverse events, and new-onset comorbidities were monitored. Changes in neurological deficits were assessed at different time points. We found no toxicity events or infusional or allergic reactions in any treated group. Three patients in the placebo group died during the 4-year follow-up. We found that the EPC group had fewer serious adverse events compared with the placebo-controlled group, although there were no statistical differences in mortality among the three groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in neurological or functional improvement observed among the three groups, except for the Scandinavia Stroke Scale score at 3 months between the EPC group and placebo-controlled group. Autologous transplantation of EPCs appears to improve long-term safety in acute cerebral infarct patients, supporting the feasibility of this novel method for treatment of ischemic stroke (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01468064). Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:14–21
Community and programmatic factors influencing effective use of system dynamic models
Authors: Minyard Karen , Smith Tina A. , Turner Richard , Milstein Bobby , Solomon Lori
Published: August 2018

Despite knowledge of factors that enable effective system dynamics modeling and organizational change, real‐life application of these tools in community settings remains challenging and often produces mixed results. We undertook a two‐part evaluation of early community use of the ReThink Health Dynamics Model (RTH model). The RTH model is a realistic, but simplified, portrait of a regional health system that supports multisector planning and strategy design. We assessed the contextual characteristics and implementation processes that promoted or undermined effective engagement with the model in five pilot sites. These learnings were used to refine a community readiness framework (Elements Affecting Modeling Use) that was then used to select and design a sixth community engagement. We use the evaluation results to assess the value of this organizing framework to identify communities ready for engagement with validated system dynamics models. Enabling better community–model matches will accelerate model adoption and health system transformation.

© 2018 The Authors System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society