bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-theorizing news’ construction of reality: A realist-discourse-theoretic approach
Authors: Lau Raymond WK
Published: January 2012

Constructionism has always carried problems for journalism studies, for, whereas news is supposed to be about facts and reality, constructionism problematizes these very concepts. This article bears on this tension by revisiting the proposition that news constructs reality. We distinguish between construction as a concept and constructionism as a theory, and argue that the above proposition is fruitful but has hitherto been argued on the faulty theoretical grounds of constructionism. A realist-discourse-theoretic approach is proposed to establish the proposition on a sound theoretical basis. This is done on the basis of realism, and by means of modifying constructionism’s central thesis that the outcome of discursive contention is decided upon exclusively by extra-discursive factors and grounding it on a realist basis. The characteristics of news-making are conceptualized as a particular category of extra-discursive factors, which, in particular types of cases, can play a central role in the construction of reality, thereby constituting reality construction by news. Empirical illustrations are provided. Our analysis should contribute to resolving the tension mentioned at the beginning.
Misrecognizing Muslim consciousness in Europe
Authors: Meer Nasar
Published: January 2012

It is widely accepted that the category of ‘Muslim’ in Europe is patterned by a variety of subjective and objective features. Despite internal difference, some argue that there emerges something overarching that furnishes Muslims in Europe with a collective sense of self, evidenced by empirically observable Muslim identities at local, national and supra-national levels. Amongst those who share this view at least three prevailing interpretations have emerged. The first is theologically grounded but socially iterative. It maintains that Europe’s Muslims are redefining Islam in the context of their identities as European Muslims and that the result is a ‘Euro-Islam’, illustrated by how Muslims view Europe as their home while being guided by a renewed Islamic doctrine. A second interpretation of a ‘Muslim subject’ in Europe can be described as the ‘Eurabia’ trajectory. This predicts the numerical and cultural domination of Europe by Muslims and Islam. The third is more formally sociological and employs a methodology of political claims-making to report that Muslims in Europe are exceptional in not following path-dependent institutional opportunity structures of minority integration. This article argues that these formulations are open to the charge that each places the burden of adaptation upon Muslim minorities. As such each displays a normative ‘position’ or Weltanschauung that misrecognizes dynamic components of what may be termed ‘Muslim-consciousness’. The article maintains that the components of Muslim consciousness contain compelling evidence that Muslims in Europe are meeting standards of reasonableness in their political claims-making, often from contexts in which they face profound social and political adversity.
‘Grounded’ politics: Manifesting Muslim identity as a political factor and localized identity in Copenhagen
Authors: Schmidt Garbi
Published: January 2012

A prominent strand within current migration research argues that, to understand the participation of immigrants in their host societies, we must focus on their incorporation into the cities in which they settle. This article narrows the perspective further by focusing on the role that immigrants play within one particular neighbourhood: Nørrebro in the Danish capital, Copenhagen. The article introduces the concept of grounded politics to analyse how groups of Muslim immigrants in Nørrebro use the space, relationships and history of the neighbourhood for identity political statements. The article further describes how national political debates over the Muslim presence in Denmark affect identity political manifestations within Nørrebro. By using Duncan Bell’s concept of mythscape (Bell, 2003), the article shows how some political actors idealize Nørrebro’s past to contest the present ethnic and religious diversity of the neighbourhood and, further, to frame what they see as the deterioration of genuine Danish identity.
Risk-based verification of large offshore systems
Authors: Wang Jin , Matellini Ben , Wall Alan , Phipps James
Published: January 2012

This paper begins with a very brief review of the current status of offshore safety with particular reference to the UK sector. The risk-based verification concept is then described. Following identification of the research needs, a general risk-based verification framework is proposed with appropriate risk assessment contents incorporated into it. An example is then followed to demonstrate the proposed framework. The Health, Environment and Safety Information System (THESIS) software package is also used to facilitate the implementation of the framework. Finally, both the benefits and the limitations of risk-based verification in offshore applications are highlighted. The emphasis of the paper is focused on industrial applications.
On the transient responses of floating beams and the role of radiation damping
Authors: Eatock Taylor Rodney
Published: January 2012

The paper investigates the free vibration behaviour of a floating beam and its forced responses to transient wave packets. The analysis is based on the well-known simple model of a uniform Euler–Bernoulli beam, in which the coupled hydroelastic problem is solved directly. In principle the formulation is exact, within the context of linear theory and potential flow. The problem is discretised and complex eigenvalues of the system matrix are evaluated, in order to characterise the free vibration behaviour (the natural frequencies and radiation damping) over a range of dimensionless beam stiffnesses and mass ratios. The magnitudes of ‘resonant’ responses are shown to be linked to the imaginary parts of these eigenvalues. The model is then used to study the responses of the flexible beam in transient wave packets, such as the NewWave group.
‘Alright in their own place’: Policing and the spatial regulation of Irish Travellers
Authors: Mulcahy Aogán
Published: January 2012

Recent efforts to improve relations between ethnic minority communities and the police have generally revolved around a ‘diversity’ agenda, through strategies to enhance consultation, increase recruitment levels and so on. However, for communities characterized by nomadism, a different set of issues arises. For the police, nomadism undermines the information work which is at the heart of their governance mandate. This article considers relations between Irish Travellers and the police, and highlights police recourse to strategies of spatial regulation in dealing with Travellers. The scale of the evident mistrust and hostility is such that efforts to improve this relationship through the policing diversity agenda alone are likely to have little success unless they also address the acute marginalization of Travellers, and the provision of adequate accommodation in particular.
Testing the Death Thought Suppression and Rebound Hypothesis
Authors: Trafimow David , Hughes Jamie S.
Published: January 2012

It is an important hypothesis of terror management theory that death thoughts are suppressed immediately following a mortality salience treatment but that, after a short delay during which suppression ceases, death thoughts become more accessible. Although there is much indirect empirical support for this idea, there are few direct tests. Our goal was to test this hypothesis with simple experiments. Thus, after mortality was made salient, death thought accessibility was measured immediately or after a delay. The results contradicted the prediction that death thought accessibility should be higher in the delay condition than in the no delay condition.
Public relations in a postmodern world
Authors: Radford Gary P.
Published: January 2012

This article uses Holtzhausen’s dichotomy of public relation’s modernist principles and the public’s postmodern expectations as a means of framing a discussion of public relations in a postmodern world. The following questions are addressed: What does it mean to say that public relations is modernist and its public is postmodern? What are the implications of this dichotomy for the ways in which public relations practice and scholarship are spoken about and understood? Drawing upon the work of Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Umberto Eco, it is argued that a postmodern perspective allows one to consider public relations as a narrative; that is, a way of talking about the world, the people in that world and public relations’ relationship with those people. The use of postmodernism here is intended to foreground the ways in which pubic relations is talked about, and the implications of these ways of talking.
Epistemological modesty: Critical reflections on public relations thought
Authors: Brown Robert E.
Published: January 2012

This article is a critical thinking inquiry into a number of epistemologically related problems with the scholarly conceptions and real-world practices of public relations. Resonating with the epistemological modesty of the Scottish Enlightenment, and approaching public relations from the perspectives of such marginal directions as phenomenology, microsociology and literary theory, the article examines 10 problems with modern public relations thought as it has been articulated from the early public relations ‘pioneers’ to its popular conceptualization, in recent decades, as systems-based symmetry-excellence.
Infective Endocarditis in Infancy After Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair
Authors: Sandica Eugen , Blanz Ute , Cherlet Eric , Haas Nikolaus A.
Published: January 2012

We report a rare case of infective endocarditis after repair of a complete atrioventricular (AV) septal defect in a four-month-old patient. Perforation of a valve leaflet with progressive severe left AV valve regurgitation required surgical intervention. Valve reconstruction using fresh autologous pericardium was successfully accomplished. This reconstruction in association with prolonged antibiotic therapy resulted in complete recovery of the patient.
Challenges at the Bedside With ECMO and VAD
Authors: Connelly James T. , Weaver Bonnie , Seelhorst Amanda , Beaty Christopher D. , McDonough Meredith , Nicolson Susan C. , Tabbutt Sarah
Published: January 2012

Patients on circulatory support can be the source of multiple challenges including optimizing the circuit for specific congenital heart lesions, troubleshooting circuit failures, transporting patients on the circuit, anticoagulation and bleeding, transitioning to more mobile ventricular assist device, listing for thoracic organ transplantation, weaning from the circuit, and educating the patient and family about mechanical support. These challenges ideally require a specialized multidisciplinary team, which includes anesthesiologists, child life specialists, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) specialists, intensivists, nurses, nutritionists, perfusionists, pharmacists, respiratory therapists, social workers, and surgeons.
Arterial Switch Operation With Unidirectional Valved Patch Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect in Patients With Transposition of Great Arteries and Severe Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Talwar Sachin , Choudhary Shiv Kumar , Nair Vinitha Viswambharan , Chauhan Sandeep , Kothari Shyam Sunder , Juneja Rajnish , Saxena Anita , Airan Balram
Published: January 2012

Objective: For patients with dextro-transposition of great arteries (d-TGAs), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the common surgical options are palliative arterial switch operation (ASO) or palliative atrial switch operation leaving the VSD open. We evaluated the role of ASO with VSD closure using a fenestrated unidirectional valved patch (UVP). Methods: Between July 2009 and February 2011, six patients with TGAs, VSD, and severe PAH (mean age 39.8 ± 47.4 months, median 21, range 8-132 months), weighing 10.7 ± 9.2 kg (median 8.6, range 4.3-29 kg), underwent ASO with VSD closure using our simple technique of UVP. Mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure before the operation was 106 ± 12.7 mm Hg (median 107.5, range 95-126 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance was 9.5 ± 4.22 units (median 9.5, range 6.6-17.1 Wood units). Results: There were no deaths. All patients had a postoperative systemic arterial saturation of more than 95%, although there were frequent episodes of systemic desaturation due to right-to-left shunt across the valved VSD patch (as seen on transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiograms). Mean follow-up was 10 ± 7.6 months (median 7.5, range 1-22 months). At most recent follow-up, all patients had systemic arterial saturation of more than 95% and no right-to-left shunt through the VSD patch. In one patient, the follow-up cardiac catheterization showed a fall in pulmonary artery systolic pressure to 49 mm Hg. Conclusion: Arterial switch operation with UVP VSD closure is feasible with acceptable early results. It avoids complications of palliative atrial switch (arrhythmia and baffle obstruction) and partially or completely open VSD.
Design Control Requirements for Medical Device Development
Authors: Kinsel David
Published: January 2012

Medical devices used in the United States must comply with federal regulations established to ensure that specified requirements have been met. The article will focus on 1 of 14 elements of the Quality System Regulation (QSR)—Design Controls. A high-level overview of these design control requirements is provided to increase awareness of the device development process and provide a basis for mutual understanding for continued dialogue with end users. Design control requirements were established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an element of the QSR in 1996. Device manufacturers are required to have a quality management system (QMS) to ensure their devices are safe and effective. The QMS is established by writing operating procedures to achieve consistent application of the methods used to control quality and comply with regulatory requirements. The FDA has the responsibility to audit device manufacturers for compliance with the regulation. The requirements of the QSR and the resulting device design control procedures lend themselves to what is commonly known as the waterfall development process. This iterative process results in documented evidence that is defined in the QSR as the Design History File. This record of development is essential for managing the product life cycle. The elements and purpose of the design control process will be presented to illuminate today’s development environment. Conclusion: Collaboration between device developers and the practitioner is essential for improving clinical outcomes and reducing time to market of innovative devices.
Invited Commentary: Left Isomerism or “Isolated Atrial Inversion”?
Authors: Anderson Robert H.
Published: January 2012

In the accompanying article, Chenu and colleagues describe “an uncommon course of the right superior vena cava in a patient with heterotaxy syndrome.” In their discussion, they pose the question, “Is this an isolated atrial inversion, or a case of left isomerism?” They proceed to comment “this remains a debate among cardiac morphologists.” I can agree with them on their first description, since although I have previously examined many hearts from patients with isomerism of the left atrial appendages, or “polysplenia syndrome,” I had not noticed the unusual feature they have emphasized in their case report; although, as I will show, the evidence was there for me to observe their feature of emphasis. They deserve great credit, therefore, for bringing this feature to our attention. I also agree with their first statement, namely that their patient has the left isomeric variant of the so-called visceral heterotaxy, but I must question their suggestion that the patient may exhibit mirror-imaged arrangement of the atrial chambers or “atrial situs inversus.” I would question even more strongly their comment that the distinction remains “a debate among cardiac morphologists.” As I will further show, the distinction has major clinical implications, not only for pediatric cardiac surgeons but also for those involved with genetic counseling.
Neonatal Brain Protection in Cardiac Surgery and the Role of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
Authors: Khan Muhammad S. , Fraser Charles D.
Published: January 2012

Improving mortality rates in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease has enabled a shift in focus to improving morbidity, particularly with respect to neurological complications. Various factors have been implicated in influencing neurological outcomes. We share our experience in formulating a customized cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) protocol based on currently available evidence. Theoretical advantages of intraoperative neuromonitoring during CPB, specifically use of near-infrared spectroscopy, will be discussed in the context of methodologies to monitor cerebral perfusion during surgery.
Quality Measures for Congenital and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey Phillip , Jacobs Marshall Lewis , Austin Erle H. , Mavroudis Constantine , Pasquali Sara K. , Lacour–Gayet Francois G. , Tchervenkov Christo I. , Walters Hal , Bacha Emile A. , Nido Pedro J. del , Fraser Charles D. , Gaynor J. William , Hirsch Jennifer C. , Morales David L. S. , Pourmoghadam Kamal K. , Tweddell James S. , Prager Richard L. , Mayer John E.
Published: January 2012

This article presents 21 “Quality Measures for Congenital and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery” that were developed and approved by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and endorsed by the Congenital Heart Surgeons’ Society (CHSS). These Quality Measures are organized according to Donabedian’s Triad of Structure, Process, and Outcome. It is hoped that these quality measures can aid in congenital and pediatric cardiac surgical quality assessment and quality improvement initiatives.
The United States, Taiwan and China: Any Lessons for South Korea?
Authors: Boyer William W.
Published: January 2012

Many changes in the world have occurred during the latter years of the 20th century: the end of empires, the decolonization, the end of the Cold War, the process of democratization, the revolution in science and technology, the explosion and aging of the World's population. But in terms of security, China (Taiwan and the Mainland) and Korea (South and North) have remained relatively unchanged over the past half century and continue to pose major threats to regional and World peace and stability and remain paramount challenges to ongoing U.S. policy. This paper shows that There are some strikingly obvious similarities and dissimilarity between the Taiwan and South Korea situations and three lessons which South Korea may draw from a comparison of the two triangular relationships. In this respect, this paper contends that the seeds of these global changes are already beginning to take root in China and North Korea, and that eventually they will give increasing promise of reconciliation and peaceful reunification in East Asia.
The Open Door Doctrine and the Russian-American Relations
Authors: Fursenko Alexander A.
Published: January 2012

In September 1899, The United States declared the open door doctrine to other powers involved in Russia. By this time the United States not only Understood that they could not secure Russia's full recognition of the open door doctrine but were also afraid that Russia would not even respond to the American. This paper looks at the process of acquiring Russia's full recognition of open door doctrine and seeks to offer a resume of the revised approach to this subject.
The Trade between China, Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia in the 14th Century through the 17th Century Period
Authors: Cho Hung-Guk
Published: January 2012

Between the 14th and the 17th century, the seaborne trade in the South China Sea and the East China Sea was more active than in any other period before. In the 14th century, Southeast Asian kingdoms such as Majapahit and Ayutthaya, China and Japan began to take an active interest in overseas trade. However, the 17th century saw a decline in the trade of China, Japan, Thailand, and Java. Thus, the period has a significant importance of its own in understanding the history of Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia.
Contending Perspectives of Political Economy: Liberalism and Statism
Authors: Namkoong Young
Published: January 2012

This paper is aimed at providing conceptual framework in order to understand world political economy in general along with conducting a comparative analysis focused on fundamental value, substantial and desirable relation between politics (state) and economy(market) in the two paradigms. In highly simplified terms, Liberalism assumes that individuals are the proper unit of analysis, while states are major actors for statism. Furthermore, while liberalism assumes that relations between the actors are essentially harmonious, statism considers them to be conflictual. Finally liberalism assumes that politics and economics exist in separate spheres and believes that markets should be free from political interference. In retrospect, statism maintains that economics should be subordinate to the pursuit of state interests.
The Vietnamese Woman's Family Values and the Communist Emancipation as Seen through Modern Literature
Authors: Kim Jong Ouk
Published: January 2012

This paper attemps to analyze the Vietnamese Women's Family values and the Communist Emanicipation as seen through Modern Literature. The main goal of this paper is to examine how successfully the new Communist Credo has changed the women's ties to family tradition and, if not. What were the real causes which determaned their life under the dramatic Social Change historically. Vietnamese Culture had been influenced by Chinese Confucianism and French Colonialism on the other hand, Communist literature was written for the purpose of Consolidating Vietnamese newly moral standards.
The Business Culture of Great Britain
Authors: Mole John
Published: January 2012

This paper intends to analyze the business culture of Breat Britain. The core assumption of this research is that ‘values and behaviours that affect the way individuals and groups do business together’. Three core analyzing areas of this research are business environment, british self-image and ‘what a foreigner can expect when doing business with british people.’ The characteristic points of research results are following: British business people are likely to primarily concerned with the short-term impact of new business on their annual budget and financial plan. British think of their management style as team-based and participative.
A Study of Ethnic Restaurants in Singapore
Authors: Leung Roberta Wong , Ahmed Zalar U. , Seshanna Shubhasree
Published: January 2012

This study seeks to determine the level of popularity and awareness of restaurants providing Continental European food, to validate the market potential of such restaurants and to determine the effect of the regional economic crisis on them. It also identifies the strengths that will enable these restaurants to proceed to the next millenium. The analysis shows that quality of food is of paramount importance to consumers, followed by the quality of service, price, location, decor and ambience and finally, promotion.
Public Policy Making and Interest Groups Politics in the U.S: An Analysis of IRCA
Authors: Choe Chang-Soo
Published: January 2012

Several theories have been introduced to explain American politics along the historical development of American society. It has been told that any one theory tends to prevail in explaining American politics at any given period. Is it possible then to describe the structure of American politics by any one theory? Which theory or theoretical perspective is valid to understand the U.S. policy making system in 1980s? The purpose of this paper is to show that American politics in any given period cannot be explained by any one prevalent theoretical framework. Despite the arguments between interest group stasis and “countervailing forces,” (McFarland 1992) some policy area can still be explained only by the traditional group theory framework. The Imigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 is a case in point. In the following, theoretical frameworks concerning policy formation will be presented first. Second, the process of IRCA formation will be briefly reviewed with special reference to the role of interest groups. Finally, by summarizing the gain and loss of each interest group, the characteristics of IRCA formation will be suggested.
Inter-Country Income Convergence within ASEAN, 1960–2000
Authors: Park Donghyun , Rahman Shahidur
Published: January 2012

Income convergence among countries in a region promotes geopolitical stability in the short run as well as economic cooperation in the long run. Using annual data for 1960–2000, we examine the issue of income convergence among the 10 ASEAN economies during the sample period. We do not find any evidence of inter-country income convergence within ASEAN as a whole or within a core subset of ASEAN.
European Images of Europe: Historical Perspectives
Authors: Wintle Michael
Published: January 2012

This article asserts that visual images have assisted and sometimes led the construction and dissemination of the idea of Europe. The focus is on the representation of the continent of Europe, in maps, in iconography, and in allegorical works by European artists and designers. The power of these images to mould and manifest power relations is examined; this Foucauldian approach is worked out in discourses of civilization, exoticism, and empire. The timescale is extensive: from the Renaissance discoveries to the heyday of the European empires at the end of the nineteenth century. The object is to review the changing history of the idea of Europe by looking at its self-projection vis-a-vis the rest of the world, and to do so though a sceptical, post-colonial view-finder.
Eurosceptic Concerns about National Identity in the European Union
Authors: Spiering Menno
Published: January 2012

The deepening and expansion of the European Union has sparked an increase in Euroscepticism. This article explores one recurrent feature of Eurosceptic discourse: a grave concern for national identity. Arguing from a nationalistic point of view, one group claims that existing national identities should be protected from creeping Europeanisation. Other Eurosceptics hold that national identity and the nation state are the cornerstones of democracy. Consequently they see the development of the EU as a dangerous experiment. The article then proceeds to chart and examine the responses of the European Union to these Eurosceptic concerns. One of the conclusions is that the EU has been right largely to disregard the voices of doom. The argument that democracy can only function in nation states is open to discussion, and it there is no call to pander to the wishes of nationalist Eurosceptics whose celebration of national identity often borders on xenophobia.
A Comparative Study on the Patterns of Economic Development and Trade in Korea and Morocco
Authors: Park Dong Yul
Published: January 2012

This paper examines effective reform measures for Korea and Morocco. In the economic development model presented in this paper, the unbalanced growth strategy emphasizing ‘all-out effort for export expansion’ was proposed for rapid economic development during the first half of industrialization. The balanced growth strategy emphasizing ‘technological self-sufficiency oriented import substitution’ was proposed for rapid economic development during the second half of industrialization. This paper examines the types of economic cooperation between Korea and Morocco. The methods of economic cooperation could be devided into two categories; spiritual one and substantial cooperation. This paper suggests that the former should precede the latter because substantial economic cooperation would easily fail without spiritual readiness for economic cooperation.
Opportunities and Challenges of New Economy for the Regional Development in East Asia
Authors: Park Donghyun
Published: January 2012

We argue that East Asian countries should focus on applying existing technology to local needs, since doing so promises large tangible returns, especially in terms of improving the efficiency of the manufacturing sector, the main engine of the region's economies. Second, we point out that while the IT revolution may enable East Asian countries to leapfrog some technological barriers, it does not enable them to leapfrog sound economic policies. Such policies remain as relevant to good economic performance in the New Economy as they did in the Old Economy. Third, East Asian countries must fulfill certain pre-conditions to make sure that the New Economy takes hold. Above all, they must liberalize their telecommunication sectors so as to improve the quantity and quality of telecom services. A more balanced pattern of development is therefore desirable, and IT can make significant contributions toward this objective. In particular, by reducing the concentration of information and knowledge in the main city and disseminating those valuable resources to the rest of the country, IT reduces the inequality of opportunity that lies at the root of the inter-regional economic inequality.
From Civic Organization to NGOs in Germany: An Interest Group Analysis
Authors: Seliger Bernhard
Published: January 2012

Non-governmental organizations (NGO) appear to be a new and increasingly important element in political decision-making throughout the world and have been accordingly analyzed as something new and unique. However, at a second glance a long tradition of non-governmental organized activity can be observed in many countries, including European countries like Germany. Also, the analysis of NGO shows that they often differ only in minor aspects from traditional interest groups and therefore make it possible to apply traditional interest group analysis. In this paper, the activity of NGOs is analysed under these two hypotheses, namely that non-governmental activity is a voluntary institution which has evolved throughout history and that the analysis of NGOs' contribution can use the analytical tool of interest group analysis developed for political economy. The paper gives a short historical overview of NGO activities in Germany. Then it compares a sociological and a political economy approach for the analysis of NGOs. Afterwards, various channels of influence open to NGOs in Germany's particular political and economic setting are discussed, followed by some conclusions for research and policy.
Implication of Globalization on Indonesia's Development and NGOs' Response
Authors: Winarno Budi
Published: January 2012

Globalization and economic liberalization have given benefits to the developed countries but have been baneful for the developing countries in some respects, including Indonesia. Market-driven development pushed the government losing its control of foreign and domestic capital flight out of the country, when Indonesia was beaten by monetary, economic, and political crises. As a result, poverty, unemployment and the widening gap between the rich and the poor people have been increasing. Indonesia's NGOs have blamed and resisted the conspiracy of developed countries in the process of impoverishing the developing countries. Therefore, efforts have been undertaken by Indonesia's NGOs to provide advocacy and empowerment, as well as defending the rights of poor people and their dignity. However, the struggle of Indonesia's NGOs on the side of poor people is still far away.
Intellectual Mobility in the Globalizing World
Authors: Hong-Soon Thomas Han
Published: January 2012

The economic globalization, the growing importance of knowledge, the information and communication revolution combine to facilitate the intellectual mobility. Intellectual mobility and technology transfer can be an effective way to narrow the digital divide. However, serious questions about the value of transferred technology are raised as well. The possibility of the so-called neocolonialism demands attention. It is crucial for countries to develop their adaptive or applied research capacities. Role of universities must be given due emphasis. International cooperation among all the agents concerned must be pursued in the framework of solidarity. Especially, advanced countries need to respect the needs of developing countries without intent to dominate
Confronting Transatlantic Discord: Major United States Policy Differences with Europe
Authors: Boyer William W.
Published: January 2012

This article reviews the Bush administration's justifications for removing Saddam Hussein and his regime and the global and European opposition to the U.S.-led war against Iraq. The author contends that the war was not a reaction to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, but rather a continuation of a plan developed over the previous decade by prominent members of the current Bush administration. Moreover, the war was completely consistent with the Bush doctrine of pre-emptive war as embedded in the U.S. “National Security Strategy.”

That strategy is enabled by the fact that U.S. military power is unsurpassed and unchallengeable, surpassing that of the 18 other NATO countries combined. The worldview reflected by this strategy has provoked widespread opposition within Europe, appearing to many to have put in jeopardy the future of the transatlantic alliance. Arab and European resentment of U.S. partiality toward Israel is also examined. The author concludes, however, that America's most important partnership remains with Europe.
The Agonizing Entrance of Mexico into the 21st Century
Authors: Aguayo Leopoldo González , Moon Nam Kwon
Published: January 2012

The entrance of Mexico into the 21st century started with a shout of victory from the first opposition party election in almost 85 years. However, the future seems quite gloomy at this time, since the legacy from the past remains at all aspects of Mexican society. The new administration looks not very different from its predecessors not only in terms of ruling style but also in policy options that they choose. This article focuses on verifying the possibility of change with the entrance of the new government, and analyzes the existing conditions and restraints that face the Fox administration.
How to Understand Intercultural Conversation: A Conversation Analysis of Non-Native Speakers in the United States
Authors: Lee Soobum
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study is to take a preliminary look at the conversations between two non-native speaker (NNS) international students and between a native-speaker and a NNS by focusing on the sequential organization of talk in turn-taking and on turn-repairs; and to compare and contrast aspects of talk in those two types of conversations. The introduction briefly discusses the relationship of the sequential organization of talk and repairs with the notion of intersubjectivity. The first section of the paper presents the four turn-repair types proposed by Schegloff, Jefferson and Sacks. The second section emphasizes third turn position repair as delineated by Schegloff. The third section compares and contrasts similar and distinctive features of patterns of turn-taking and repair in the natural talk of two dyads of NNSs and two dyads of a NS and NNS conversation.
The Evolution of the Labor Movement in the Face of Authoritarian Industrialization: A Comparison of South Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Lee Sang Woo
Published: January 2012

In Taiwan, Martial law was eliminated in 1987 and South Korea also witnessed sudden political reform programmes in the same year. After this period, long suppressed grievances of the workers suddenly started to burst out. Violent labour disputes took place in a lot of workplaces and labour union organization activities greatly expanded. In comparing the two countries, South Korean workers have capitalized more successfully on such political opportunities after that period and this is illustrated by the following factors, i) higher level of labour disputes after mid-1987, ii) higher level of union organization activities in South Korea than Taiwan, iii) higher rates of wage increase in South Korea than in Taiwan
New Horizon in Korea-Canada Relations in Emerging Asia-Pacific Community
Authors: Moon Young-suck
Published: January 2012

Since the late 1990's in Korea, Canada has quickly become the most popular country to travel to, to be educated and immigrate, in what can be called a “boom of Canada”. This sudden interest in Canada has elevated the interest of both countries to better understand each other as the two come together in the emerging Asia-Pacific community.

Canada is indeed as much a Pacific nation as an Atlantic nation. However, Canada has been slower to respond to the increasing geopolitical and economic significance of the pacific region until quite recently Canadians were awakened to the coming of “Pacific Century” and the need to strengthen Canada's relationships with Asian markets has become crucial to future economic security. At the same time North American countries have been Asia's largest export markets and the instrumental “spring board” for East Asia NICs, including Korea. I will present in this paper how to facilitate the further development of links between Canada and Korea. They must strengthened and of mutual benefit with increased cooperation of extensive cultural, economical and human exchanges.
Programs and Prospects for Long-Term Care Policy for Older Americans: Are There Lessons for Korea?
Authors: Palley Howard A.
Published: January 2012

This paper deals primarily with social policy considerations relevant to the development of long-term care policy for the frail elderly in the United States. However, it also includes some commentary on meeting the acute care needs of the frail elderly. It defines chronic care treatment as a mix of “short-term” and “long-term” modes of care.

Furthermore, it explores the need for treatment of such long-term illnesses to recognize the importance of alternative modes of caring which include strategies, both medical and non-medical, delivered within and outside of hospitals and nursing homes.

The paper includes an analysis of public and private sector priorities based in data published by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (formerly the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration). It also includes some discussion of the PACE Program in the United States and some other efforts to stimulate more in-home and community-based alternatives to nursing home care. Furthermore, it includes a discussion of the policy goal of “appropriateness” in developing long-term care (as well as general health priorities) and provides a critical discussion of problems with utilizing “cost benefit analysis.” The study concludes that too exclusive a focus on nursing home care for the elderly in the United States is unfortunate — both in terms of the desires of the elderly, their families and friends and in terms of focusing on “appropriateness” as a legitimate policy goal in the development of long-term care policy for the elderly in the United States.
“The Third Wave” and Non-Liberal Democracies
Authors: Seo Kyoung Kyo
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this article is to understand the reality of the third wave of democratization, distinguishing characteristics of the third wave movements in different regions in the world, and to review findings and implications of the world's experiences during the last three decades of the third wave of democratization. The third wave of democratization that initially started in Southern Europe during the 1970s has been diffused all over the world except the Middle Eastern Islamic countries. During the 1980s, Latin America, Asia, and later Central and Eastern Europe joined the tide of democracy, followed by the former Soviet countries and sub-Saharan states during the 1990s.

The movements in various areas have similarities and differences. Regarding the similarities, the first one is that those areas commonly show diversities in each of them. Second, countries under the third wave are facing political, social, and economic difficulties that hinder their transitions to democracy. Third, non-liberal democracy is widely observed among these countries. As to differences, Latin America is far more democratized compared to the past, while militarized politics still restrain political freedom and threaten democratic institutions. Under the movements, Asian countries have a wider spectrum of political regimes, from liberal to totalitarian rules, than Latin American countries. Among the former totalitarian regimes in Europe and the post-Soviet bloc, there is a certain division. In Central Europe the transition is relatively smooth and successful, while the Balkans and the post-Soviet states are facing more difficult obstacles during the transitions. Democracy in Africa, the latest joiner in the wave, has experienced many difficulties because of manipulations of elections, weakness of the opposition, and the severe ethnic cleavages.

Finally, the following can be summarized. First, it is impossible to generalize the movement due to its diversity from area to area. Second, the possibility of returning to the previous regimes is very low in most of cases of the transition, though there's always an exception. Third, one very interesting common aspect in the third wave is the rise and expansion of “non-liberal democracies” in different regions.
Gender and Public Policy Decision Making in State and Local Jurisdictions
Authors: Palley Marian Lief
Published: January 2012

Women are increasingly elected to public office and they are influencing the policy agendas in many local and state jurisdictions. In the United States people most often enter politics at the local level and then “climb the career ladder” to state and then national politics. As more and more women are being elected to state and local office, it is reasonable to expect that more women will be elected to national office. As women political office holders can have substantial power and authority, women-friendly initiatives become more prevalent.
The Institutional, Organizational and Cultural Sources of Worker Resistance: East Asian-Invested Enterprises in China
Authors: Choi Young-Jin
Published: January 2012

This paper analyzes institutional, organizational, and cultural sources that have become the most significant factors in generating labor disputes as China has transited into a market economy. It also compares direct sources of labor unrest among East Asian enterprises such as Hong Kong, Taiwanese, Korean, and Japanese firms invested in coastal cities in China. Findings, derived from the unique data on Quantitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and the historical data compild for local newspapers for descriptive explanations were systematically codified into a statistical analysis. The data shows that disputes have arisen over industrial hazards, frequently occurring in Hong Kong-owned firms due to a lack of concern with safety. Workers at Japanese electronics firms, however, went on strike for higher wages in the early 1990s. By the mid-1990s, workers became more disgruntled over inhumane treatment arising from cultural misunderstandings in Korean- and Taiwanese-owned firms. During the late 1990s, disputes over organizational factors leading to economic conditions such as pay held in arrears increased in Hong Kong and Taiwanese-owned firms. In Hong Kong-owned firms, institutional factors such as labor contract default and expiration also became an important element in labor disputes. In general, worker resistance strategies have taken the form of either strikes or collective petition. Such actions have not usually arisen out of the organized resistance but have been the result of spontaneous decisions made by local networks of workers or the work-floor section. A blending of case study insights and comparative analytic research should be undertaken to make a closer examination of the underlying crucial factors in labor disputes and everyday workplace resistance.
Economic Relations between Korea and Italy
Authors: Han Thomas Hong-Soon
Published: January 2012

Economic relations between Italy and Korea still remain at an embryonic stage and a certain extent of imbalance persists between their positions in the world economy and the state of their mutual relations. In fact, potentiality for closer relations between the two countries has not adequately developed to their common benefit. And the gap between the potentiality for and the actuality of economic relations is wider in the initiatives of Italy vis-à-vis Korea than those of Korea vis-à-vis Italy. Even in the era of global village, Italy's economic relations still remain Eurocentric, whereas Korea has seldom extended her economic relations far beyond the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for activating the existing channels of cooperation and consistently inventing new ones in order to foster closer economic relations between them.
Between Ideology and Europe: The French Socialists and the EMS Crisis, 1981–1983
Authors: Lee Jae-Seung
Published: January 2012

This paper examines the policy turnaround of the French Socialists during the exchange rate crisis between 1981 and 1983 in terms of an ideational shift. This paper analyzes the European idea of the French Socialists before, during and after the EMS crisis. The French Socialists came to power with the socialist concept of European integration. However, their traditional European idea could not be applied in dealing with the actual exchange rate crisis. Instead, Mitterrand and the Socialists rediscovered the constraints from Europe integration and Franco-German relations, which forced the Socialists to redefine their European posture. Their ambivalent initial position toward the EMS became clearly pro-European after the exchange rate crisis.
The Impact of the Process of Economic Integration on the Relationships between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Trade: Cases of Japan and U.S. in European Union
Authors: Kim Zu Kweon
Published: January 2012

In the traditional trade model, FDI and trade were substituting each other because the major objectives of the traditional model were finished goods. However, the introduction of intra-firm trade goods by multinational enterprises (MNEs), and the process of the international economic integration expanded the trade model to embrace the possibility of complementarities between FDI and trade. Accordingly, this study tries to find out the relationships between FDI and trade in the past decades by comparing the FDI and trade records of Japanese and MNEs of the United States.
The EU Inter-Cultural Education and Training Programmes for Enhancing of European Awareness towards European Citizenship: Centered on ERASMUS, LINGUA, PETRA, COMENIUS
Authors: Noh Meung-Hoan
Published: January 2012

In this paper the author will try to answer the following questions: What kind of roles and meanings do the European common educational policies and European citizenship have for the European Integration and inter-cultural education and training programmes? What is the concrete background of the emergence of the European common educational policies in relation to inter-cultural understanding? Within this perspective, how can we evaluate the present situations and the prospects for the future? For the answer the author will analyze Erasums, Lingua, Petra, Comenious programmes.