bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brand segmentation using implicit brand measures
Authors: Vriens Marco , Alves Alessandro Martins , Chen Song
Published: July 2024

Segmentation can be a difficult analytical project to pull off. Brand segmentation, in particular, has been challenged to the point that some research has aimed to demonstrate it does not exist. Although such studies have covered many different product categories, they have not addressed the issue using recent developments in the measurement of (brand) attitudes; neither have they used optimal analytical techniques. Both of these have the potential to affect segmentation solutions in a significant way. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature. It investigates whether brand segments can be identified using implicit attitudes and using segmentation models that are best suited for the data at hand. The study finds evidence of meaningful brand segmentation in over 50 per cent of the categories studied.
Cross-border crosswalk: An overview of Canadian and US banking and consumer financial services regulators
Authors: Abudulai Suhuyini , Ang Xiaoling , Goldberg Eric , Kearney Thomas
Published: July 2024

Canada and the United States are neighbours, each with its own ‘alphabet soup’ of banking and consumer financial services regulators. Many institutions in each country are under the purview of both federal and state/provincial regulators, and some institutions may be supervised by multiple financial regulators. For businesses engaged in financial services on either side of the border, it is important to understand which agencies regulate the products and services they offer and how agencies policies change over time. Understanding how local regulatory environments differ should inform business decisions. For example:
There may be costs associated with expanding to a new jurisdiction as there are likely different compliance requirements.
A product that is viable in one area may be untenable in another due to differing regulations (eg varying usury limits).
Litigation risk may differ between jurisdictions: various US regulators can file lawsuits in federal court whereas Canadian regulators often have supervisory and regulatory powers that do not include prosecution. US companies are also often able to insulate themselves from class action liability through the operation of arbitration clauses and class action waivers.
Companies seeking to do business in both the United States and Canada should consider engaging legal and expert teams during product development to harmonise where possible. Additionally, when facing regulatory scrutiny or litigation, similar harmonisation may be beneficial as well.
Navigating the oversight of each agency is nuanced within each country, and one’s knowledge, experience and jargon are often specific to their area of expertise. Regulated entities’ incentives may differ due to differences in regulation or licensing requirements. Engaging with and retaining expertise (eg staff, counsel or external experts) in one country who have the tools and language to work with people in another can be valuable. To help with that, this paper provides an overview of the legal framework, financial services landscape and key regulators in Canada and the United States.
Challenges of regulatory reporting
Authors: Boston Gillian
Published: July 2024

Citing numerous examples, this paper explores several of today’s key regulatory reporting challenges, including: • The regulations and directives driving the agenda; • The impact and uncertainty the UK’s exit from Europe (Brexit) may have on regulators; • The costs of compliance weighed against regulatory fines and reputational damage; • The potentially contradictory interpretation and application of regulations; • The role and recent decisions of the regulators themselves; and • The existing gaps between regulatory rules, and organisations’ processes and controls. More crucially however, this paper links the common theme underpinning all these regulatory challenges – data. From data integrity and management information (MI) to the benefits of workf low management tools and achieving a comprehensive audit trail, this paper challenges what ‘good’ looks like, and explains why the creation of a consistent ‘golden source’ of data will increase both confidence and performance in firms’ ongoing regulatory reporting and compliance challenges.
The data-driven airport: How daa created data and analytics capabilities to drive business growth, improve the passenger experience and deliver operational efficiency
Authors: Mullan Marc
Published: July 2024

This paper provides an overview of the approach daa has taken to building a data-driven organisation. It outlines the capabilities delivered to drive business growth, improve the passenger experience and deliver operational efficiency. This required new ways of working, a step change in culture, organisational change, new processes and a new approach to analytics talent. It also required new technology that can be used to drive user adoption, meeting the ambition to scale data and analytics across an organisation. There have been many lessons learned on the journey; these lessons and recommendations are also discussed.
Why millennials gravitate to new brands in online investing
Authors: Fink Carly
Published: July 2024

Companies like Fidelity, eTrade, Charles Schwab, Saxo Bank and Vanguard have dominated the do it yourself online trading platforms since the mid-1990s. What made these platforms so popular is twofold: lower cost of commissions and accessibility. In recent years, there has been an influx of new competitors into this space. In particular, millennial traders are gravitating to more modern platforms on the market like Robinhood, Acorns and Stash, which provide even lower commissions, more functionality and interactivity. As accessibility, ease and no-fee stock trading are no longer differentiators, but rather barriers to entry, brands need to move beyond functionality. This paper examines how brands need to understand and research what makes a millennial loyal to a financial institution.
Cargo: A necessary evil for airports and carriers?
Authors: Ryan Robert
Published: July 2024

The cargo business can be hard work for an airport. Cargo generates traffic on airport roads, it occupies important airport land and, of course, it uses vital ramp space while not producing the sort of returns that would be expected of activities with highest and best use. This paper discusses why cargo is so important for most combination carriers, how size of operation is an important factor in making decisions about how to facilitate cargo operations at an airport and the factors that need to be considered by cargo operators and airports in making cargo land and facility decisions. It concludes that cargo is often important to the health of carriers, and is therefore important to airports; as such, it must be supported with good operating conditions.
Improving customer satisfaction at Aéroports de Paris
Authors: Mary Dominique
Published: July 2024

The staff at Aéroports de Paris (ADP) are known for their expertise in airport planning and building, however for years their customer service performance has been considered to be below par. For this reason, in 2008 it was decided to create a dedicated team in charge of managing a large programme aimed not only at improving customer satisfaction, but also at helping the company develop a customer-oriented attitude. This paper examines some of the key principles that have informed the team in charge of this programme.
How to build more resilient businesses and communities: A proposal
Authors: Gierczak Martin , Blake Messmer J.
Published: July 2024

Business continuity is in a comfortable state of established maturity. However, while most risk managers believe their current plan is fit for purpose, future disruptions are likely to take on different forms and have different impacts. At a time when the need for business continuity management is greater than ever, the need to expand its service offering is also great. This paper proposes an operational resiliency programme that would operate as a complement to business continuity management by incorporating key aspects from other fields of expertise. This programme is designed to provide businesses with the tools to identify potential sources of disruption and implement changes before such disruptions occur, thus limiting impacts to the business, its employees and customers and their respective communities.
Adopting a dynamic AI price optimisation model to encourage retail customer engagement
Authors: Platt Steven Keith , Block Martin Paul
Published: July 2024

Technology innovation, changing consumer preferences and behaviours and competition compel successful enterprises to embrace change. Nowhere are these pressures more acute than in the retail industry and, in particular, for those engaged in the sale of fashion merchandise. As this paper will demonstrate, customer engagement (CE) strategies that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) afford retailers the ability to connect with customers in unique ways. The paper focuses on an AI optimisation model that was built for a fashion retailer. The objective was to build a demand prediction price optimisation model to increase margins realised on the clearance of fashion products. While our discussion will focus on that work, we also present techniques whereby such a model can be employed by CE enthusiasts in their businesses. More specifically, we advance that our model can enhance a company’s CE efforts as a method by which it enables a collaborative customer/company value creation system.
Dealing with politically exposed persons: Navigating the changing regulatory environment
Authors: Cogman Susannah , Head Elizabeth
Published: July 2024

The increased risk posed by dealings with politically exposed persons (PEPs) will already be well known to regulated firms. Although regulators have been keen to emphasise the need to manage this risk, clear and detailed guidance on exactly how firms must do so has been harder to come by. New regulatory requirements will bring the practical challenges involved in dealing with PEPs into sharper focus. This paper provides an overview of the current PEPs regime and highlights forthcoming changes at both the EU and UK level. We examine, in particular, the proposed changes to the UK PEP regime, aimed at promoting a risk-based approach to this category of customers. We also provide an overview of the practical compliance steps that firms should consider taking in relation to PEPs in order to ensure that they are meeting regulatory expectations.
Getting an edge on data insights and breakthrough innovation
Authors: Bradley Joseph
Published: July 2024

Delivering the wrong data, at the wrong time and to the wrong place, costs businesses, consumers, and even communities dearly. Unless organisations change when, where, how and what data they collect, they will miss out on much of the value data can provide. High data integrity and the elimination of bias in data analytics are also vital to good business outcomes. Additionally, while an unprecedented amount of data is being made available, there must be a greater focus on what questions and queries are being asked in relation to such data. The wrong questions will lead to mediocre results and worse. Asking the right questions will accelerate a company’s rate of learning to solve problems faster, compete more effectively, operate more efficiently, and increase the company’s potential to discover breakthrough innovations.
Measuring systemic risk in the Colombian financial system: A systemic contingent claims approach
Authors: Romero Laura Capera , Gonza´Lez Esteban Go´Mez , Quintero Mariana Laverde , Mosquera Miguel A´Ngel Morales
Published: July 2024

The financial crisis of the late 2000s underscored the importance of identifying systemically significant institutions and developing mechanisms to internalise the externalities they create on the economy should they fail. Using monthly data for the period between September 2001 and March 2011, bankspecific probabilities of default and expected losses given default are calculated. Subsequently, the joint distribution of such expected losses is estimated and the aggregate cost of the implicit bailout option for the government is quantified. Results suggest that even though systemic risk is currently not a major concern in the Colombian banking system, quantifying these risks helps to enhance the supervisory and regulatory framework. Continuous monitoring of the joint expected losses given default should assist in anticipating future stress scenarios and, as such, constitutes a powerful macroprudential tool for policymakers.
Why markets do not trust Basel II Internal Ratings-Based Approach: What can be done about it?
Authors: Samuels Simon
Published: July 2024

The Basel capital adequacy standard is in crisis. The cherished goal of a global level playing field has fallen by the wayside, replaced by an over complicated regime that many of the world’s most important banks have not adopted, while those that have are facing outright rebellion from capital markets that no longer trust risk-weighted assets (RWAs). While some of the debate on this topic is superficial and generates more heat than light, the further investors dig into the apparent inconsistencies in RWA calculations the less confident they become. Faced with this, it is argued the Basel Committee has two options — either try and ‘prove’ RWAs work or else dumb it down. The fear is that the committee’s instinct is to focus only on the former, something that might end up with the Basel framework becoming increasingly irrelevant.
Major legal ruling on a company’s data protection obligations outside the country where it is headquartered: Weltimmo s.r.o. v. Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság
Authors: Wales Amy
Published: July 2024

This paper is about the decision of the European Court in Weltimmo. The case concerns a company’s data protection obligations where it conducts services in a country other than where the company has its main business headquarters. This is an important decision as it will potentially affect many businesses, as they will be held accountable to that country’s regulation by their data protection agency. This decision and its implications should also be looked at further in light of the developments made by the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
The seven ‘C’s of strategic pricing in international markets
Authors: Schill Ryan , Nixon Marina
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces a conceptual framework addressing the complexities of pricing strategies in international markets, focusing on pivotal elements such as customer value, the impact of technological advancements, and the harmonisation of global and local strategies. An examination of existing literature and diverse pricing models reveals how the interplay between digitisation and global market dynamics necessitates innovative pricing approaches. These approaches must navigate specific challenges, including the accessibility of digital goods and the intricacies of information preservation costs. Emphasising the importance of distinguishing a company’s offerings from its competitors, the framework advocates for tailored distribution strategies that meet local market needs while maintaining global standards, alongside compliance with international legal pricing frameworks. The framework elaborates on the critical role of deep customer understanding and strategic branding in significantly boosting a company’s profitability and enhancing customer satisfaction across various geographical markets. It further integrates contemporary insights on the agility and adaptability required in pricing strategies amid market fluctuations, the application of behavioural economics principles in pricing, and the strategic employment of analytics to refine pricing decisions. Highlighting the dynamic nature of pricing that accommodates cultural sensitivities, the framework encourages innovation and a careful balance between widespread market reach and localised relevance. Offering strategic insights, this conceptual exploration aids businesses in navigating the intricacies of pricing within the digital era and the expanding global marketplace. It underscores the substantial benefits for business practitioners, including enhanced clarity in pricing decisions, facilitation of competitive differentiation, and alignment with broad business objectives. For marketers aiming to engage with the multicultural consumer markets of the 21st century, this framework serves as a crucial tool, elevating cultural comprehension and promoting product innovation tailored to diverse consumer groups. The paper concludes by emphasising the broader implications for international business practices, advocating for a strategic blend of scalability and customisation to achieve sustainable growth in the global economy.
Failure of strategic risk management in a life insurance company in India
Authors: Kumar Sonjai , Rao Purnima
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the importance of strategic risk management in avoiding an adverse effect on performance in the life insurance sector if long-term risks are ignored. The case considered here is the rise and subsequent fall of a life insurance company in India. The company initiated the sales and distribution of products in collaboration with banks (Bancassurance) but ignored the market momentum of the emerging distribution trend and did not change its distribution strategy. As a result, the company, which played a pioneering role in establishing the Bancassurance model, is now performing poorly, being at the bottom of the ladder on new business premium income.
Exercising cyber resilience: The Finnish experience
Authors: Nyqvist Antti , Oittinen Tero
Published: July 2024

Together, the Finnish National Emergency Supply Agency and Digipool are developing exercises to improve the nation’s cyber security. This paper provides examples of these exercises and explains how they contribute to companies’ emergency response and business continuity plans. The paper also describes how the model is being developed to further improve continuity and emergency planning in the area of cyber resilience.
A new season in the risk landscape: Connecting the advancement in technology with changes in customer behaviour to enhance the way risk is measured and managed
Authors: Gejke Cecilia
Published: July 2024

The risk management puzzle is becoming more multifaceted with increased focus on geopolitical risks, regulatory changes and new participants entering the financial markets, including Fintech and non-regulated bank-like entities. Customers are also changing their behaviour with the evolving market environment and launch of new financial products and applications. In parallel, the technology scene and IT capabilities have advanced significantly, providing opportunities to create tools that can enhance the way risk is measured and managed. In this new and highly dynamic environment, how can banks best manage risk? A complex challenge is present with numerous paths and buzzwords such as Blockchain, machine learning and robotic process automation (RPA) to navigate. The industry, including the risk management function, needs to embrace the technical environment and recognise both its potential and its limitations. Technology enhancements benefit from a holistic view, combining subject matter expertise across multiple areas. Even the smartest cognitive system requires oversight to ensure relevance of data and the patterns observed to make business decisions. Market movements and concentrations may be ascribed to artificial intelligence and machine learning models going forward, and risk managers need to be able to navigate this space and manage the underlying risk factors. Connecting the dots and recognising that risk comes in multiple shapes and form, it can still be identified along with preventative actions.
Data breach in the travel sector and strategies for risk mitigation
Authors: Enoma Belinda
Published: July 2024

The airline industry relies heavily on personal data for transactions. This paper discusses the British Airways data breach of 2018, how the attack unfolded and problems that led to the attack. It provides examples of other airline-breach incidents through the years, how they were handled, and shows different types of risks airlines face today that should be addressed. Personal data has become increasingly attractive to hackers, and this paper highlights privacy law compliance, the importance of protecting and securing data in the industry including vulnerabilities and levels of acceptable risk in third-party transactions. It reviews various publications and resources about the cyberattack and describes risk mitigation strategies that airlines should implement that would significantly reduce cyber risks. As threat actors adapt with methods of cyberattacks, proper steps should be taken to mitigate these risks.
Can airports be a catalyst for reducing aviation’s effect on the climate?
Authors: Schneider André , Stern Christopher , Sachdeva Nikhil , Mounier Marc
Published: July 2024

The aviation ecosystem is increasingly coming under pressure to decarbonise from the public and governments. Airports are at the leading edge of transforming their operations, alongside airlines and aerospace companies. While, however, the levers to reduce Scope 1 and 2 airport emissions are well understood, how to address Scope 3 emissions (which account for the bulk of an airport’s emissions) remains a major challenge. This paper provides an overview of potential Scope 3 decarbonisation levers across aircraft operations, ground transport and infrastructure construction. The paper then assesses the potential impact on emissions, and ease of implementation of these levers, highlighting aircraft operations as the area with highest potential to reduce ecosystem emissions. Next, the paper looks at how some of these levers have been implemented in practice, based on the case study of Geneva Airport, focusing on supporting sustainable mobility, energy support for aircraft and financial incentives for airlines to use latest-generation aircraft. The paper then identifies and discusses key barriers that must be overcome, including the ability of airports to influence domains outside their direct control, competing governmental policies and need for investment, highlighting the need for collaboration between a wide range of stakeholders. Based on this, the paper suggests a number of actions that airports should take to satisfy stakeholders and catalyse the aviation ecosystem towards its goal of achieving net zero.
The long-term opportunities for the mobile-enabled passenger
Authors: Forbes Ronnie
Published: July 2024

This paper provides a vision of the mobile-enabled passenger of the future and discusses the opportunities for access to airline and airport services via the passenger's personal mobile device. The challenges of delivering services to the diverse range of mobile devices, while providing a consistent user experience, are examined and solutions are described. The check-in process is highlighted as an example of mobile service delivery.
Tailoring websites to the user for increased conversion: Case study of Wild Dunes Resort
Authors: Chapman Andressa
Published: July 2024

Establishing an emotional connection with one’s audience is essential to evoke a need for the product as a first step in the buying process. This paper describes the case of Wild Dunes Resort, where the goal was to evoke a need for a vacation, to hold a meeting or to spend more time with loved ones. Although the property’s proprietary website systematically exhibited positive results in every measure of performance, a directive to increase revenue from specific market segments brought a much-needed fresh look at how well the website was serving the needs of its various users. In order to increase conversion, the resort needed a website that would give all users the ability to quickly identify the resort as a viable option for his or her need, provide important information concisely, and build confidence in the resort’s ability to deliver on the desired experience. To this end, the resort’s marketing team worked with its web developer to launch a behaviourally-targeted website that would serve dynamic and relevant content to each audience. The resulting website helped the team achieve nearly 200 per cent of the revenue goal in year one alone.
How digital asset management can optimise next-generation retail experiences
Authors: Baranowski Danny , Pandari Seshu
Published: July 2024

This paper argues that retail companies that build and strengthen relationships with customers will have a competitive advantage over their rivals. It also discusses how recent technological advances make it economical for consumer packaged goods companies to sell their products directly to consumers as well as provide a strategic advantage by enabling end-to-end product control, which has a direct effect on the customer experience.
ESMA earns strong credentials thanks to its convincing approach concerning ETF regulation
Authors: Millet François
Published: July 2024

Exchange traded fund (ETF) regulation was brought on the agenda of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) less than six months after its creation. On this occasion, the new authority demonstrated a strong commitment to maintaining the unity of the Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (UCITS) legal framework. The Guidelines on ETFs and other UCITS issues published in late 2012 did not create any specific regulation for ETFs. They regulate the use of the name ETF by UCITS, thus creating a UCITS ETF brand which brings clarity to investors. Moreover, ESMA quickly stated its neutrality concerning the two replication techniques used in the ETF world and recognised that physical ETFs and synthetic ETFs bore equivalent risks. In focusing its analysis on collateral diversification and counterparty risk, ESMA broadened the debate to the whole sector of UCITS funds. In particular, the Guidelines regulate securities lending at the European level, a practice which was formerly subject to various provisions in several member-state regulations. Finally, ESMA set out criteria that should be respected by financial indices in which UCITS invest. By doing so, the authority will prompt some ETFs indexed on strategy indices or ‘smart beta’ indices to qualify themselves as ‘actively managed ETFs’. In the meantime, the narrowed definition of a market index in the European regulation will block any attempt by alternative managers to misuse UCITS rules by exploiting their loopholes.
Wholesale central bank digital currency vs traditional real-time gross settlement: Benefits beyond a new acronym?
Authors: Leinonen Harry
Published: July 2024

Central banks need to modernise their wholesale payment services. This is not to say they must choose between modernising their real-time gross settlement systems or building a new wholesale central bank digital currency system. Rather, as this paper will argue, they must develop a common, standardised hybrid platform for the global financial (wholesale) markets. Indeed, central banks need to provide interoperable cross-border payment services by accepting foreign participants and coordinating their short-term liquidity instruments. This paper argues that if central banks want to serve future wholesale markets, they will need to provide 24/7/365 services with cross-border finality for simple fund transfers, but also for deliveryversus-payment and payment-versus-payment settlements at the transaction level. The paper will discuss how interoperability is a key issue, and requires completely common message and communication standards, but especially common identification and security standards in which distributed ledger technology and transaction-chaining are important elements. Wholesale systems must be highly resilient. As this paper shows, cooperation between central banks is essential if they are to deliver cross-border wholesale payment services for the global financial markets of the future.
Are your back offices missing the AI train?
Authors: Zeghmouli Nathalie
Published: July 2024

For the last few years, there has been no conference, no top management meeting where digitalisation and artificial intelligence are not part of the agenda. However, the reality shows that the financial industry in general and back offices in particular have undergone little transformation to date. While there are numerous white papers and analysis demonstrating how crucial it will be for the industry to rethink the operating processes, the published business cases remain relatively ‘shy’ and are addressing single areas, these being HR, legal or reconciliation. Those digitalisations provide targeted satisfaction and efficiencies but do not address the ageing, not to say dying, infrastructure and inherent inefficiencies. Back in 2017, a Capgemini survey1 demonstrated that 60 per cent of customer dissatisfaction arises from the back office. It is time to restructure back offices to remove those inefficiencies. To overcome the multiple challenges resulting from the legacy infrastructures, it will be key not only to modernise and digitalise the systems but also to recognise that efficient digital transformation cannot be decoupled from a fundamental back-office process remodel and mindset shift. It is important to be clear that artificial intelligence is not the ultimate solution but a suite of tools that supports this transformation. We, human beings, need to analyse, define and organise the back offices of 2025.
Risky travel: The missing piece for holistic cyber security risk management
Authors: Cissé Moh
Published: July 2024

What types of risk might the following professionals introduce to their business during a business trip with corporate information assets: CEO travelling to initiate acquisition negotiations; engineer travelling for impact analysis of new inventions with a business partner; VP Marketing travelling to ‘sell’ the benefits of his company’s latest product; cyber security expert responsible for network architecture design traveling to attend HACKFEST conference? The risk common to all these professionals is the exposure of their network to a sophisticated cyber security attack by infection, wiretapping, interception, substitution or sessions replay. This paper defines and considers Operational Technology (OT), as opposed to Information Technology (IT), which refers to computing systems that are used to manage industrial operations rather than administrative operations. Operational systems include production line management, mining operations control, oil and gas monitoring, etc. Due to the nature of the impact of potential threats, OT networks require maximum protection, not only in terms of data but also — and above all — to avoid security breaches that may have an impact on national security or even human life. Stuxnet, Dragonfly and BlackEnergy are well-known malicious programs that have damaged many OT networks, with major consequences for power production, storage and distribution. Stuxnet destroyed much of the centrifuge of Iran’s uranium enrichment programme. Germany revealed in a government report that a steel production furnace had been damaged in a cyber security attack by Dragonfly. At Christmas 2015, several Ukrainian companies in the energy sector were attacked by BlackEnergy, causing blackouts in at least eight regions of Ukraine. The paper concludes by encouraging OT professionals to focus on a model that leans on human, process and technology in order to provide the most appropriate mobility services.
Public administrations and SEPA: A win–win situation
Authors: De Meijer Carlo R.W. , Spinhoven Friso
Published: July 2024

The Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) initiative from the European banking sector is designed to take the European Union internal market and monetary union to a next stage. It is strongly politically motivated by the European Council and the European Commission, as a means of contributing to the Lisbon agenda and increasing the overall competitiveness of the European economy. From a political point of view, it may thus be expected that the public sector will act as a launching customer of the new SEPA payment services. Whereas in the Netherlands the central government has shown its SEPA initiatives and is well advanced in its SEPA preparations, local and regional public bodies have not yet shown themselves as front runners. Local administrations have stated that they are orienting on SEPA, but are looking at SEPA in terms of a business case and the propositions of banks. Given the considerable cost savings that could be realised in the future SEPA area in terms of increased efficiency and servicing, public administration should have an argument to accelerate the SEPA migration process. But a marriage between banks and the public sector has to come from both sides. Banks should therefore act as the payments service facilitator, delivering the required and attractive business propositions at the public sector’s request. By doing so, they can create a catalyst for making SEPA a success for all stakeholders.
The impact of boundary assessment in relation to the service of party wall notices and complications that may arise in relation to the validity of party wall awards
Authors: Ghasemi Peyman
Published: July 2024

Unlike small-scale residential developments, which involve the service of party wall notices relating to the relatively straightforward nature of the notifiable works, large commercial projects involve further challenges. These include boundary reconciliation, affirmation of design assumptions made by the design team based upon information supplied by the legal team, and advising the client of potential neighbourly issues that should be considered at the early stages of the development process. It would therefore be unsurprising if certain revelations came to light that perhaps were not readily apparent at the onset. To prevent costly mistakes being made, it is essential for a boundary survey to be carried out, which may confirm if the assumed boundary lines, based upon title information, tally with the physical boundary features around the site. This approach eliminates the risk associated with misconceptions arising because of outdated title information and avoids challenges being made by the adjoining owners, as highlighted in the following case.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 : Implications for the US real estate market
Authors: Rader Matt
Published: July 2024

Since the financial crisis of 2008, global monetary and fiscal authorities have implemented policies to help the global economy recover. In addition to quantitative easing programmes, governments have authorised new tax and spending plans intending to increase growth and business activity. In the US, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) was the signature fiscal policy act of newly elected President Donald Trump. Within the TCJA, corporate and individual taxes were lowered and offset somewhat by the removal of homeowner beneficial tax deductions. This paper explores the direct and indirect impact these changes had on the American real estate market, with a focus on homeownership, business conditions and investment. In addition, this paper explores the creation of opportunity zones (OZ) as part of the TCJA. The author finds that the OZ programme has good intentions but lacks proper accountability measurements. If improved, the OZ programme can help alleviate the affordable housing crisis in low-income urban and rural areas. Municipalities should embrace smart density planning to help solve affordable housing issues while taking advantage of historically attractive borrowing rates to fund commensurate infrastructure projects. The author also concludes that the TCJA has propelled asset markets to new highs while having a negative impact on high tax states, creating a demographic shift that has future political implications. Investment capital should be directed at low state and local income tax (SALT) states witnessing high population and job growth.
Are we still not hearing them? The evolution of Hispanic marketing in the USA
Authors: Pérez Hugo
Published: July 2024

Despite a steady and continued growth in the US Hispanic population, strategies and most notably, budgets, have failed to keep up in the marketing world. Based on a talk first delivered at Social Media Week Chicago 2015, this paper discusses the evolution of Hispanic marketing in the USA and highlights essential changes that marketers should consider in order to be effective, particularly as related to the Millennial generation. Tips and ideas for engagement are shared throughout.
The internal market for payments: Unfulfilled promise or key to a truly efficient European payments market?
Authors: Temmerman Marc
Published: July 2024

The European payments industry is undergoing unprecedented change. Nowhere else in the world are there so many drivers at work at the very same time, resulting in the creation of new foundations on which a new pan-European market environment is being built. The term that comes nearest to capturing what is happening is ‘the creation of an Internal Market for Payments’, combining new EU legislation (the Payments Services Directive), self-regulatory initiatives (Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA)) and increasing requirements for pan-European approaches from large banks, corpor­ates and retailers, for whom the historic national fragmentation of the market is becoming a bigger issue by the day. This paper focuses primarily on the SEPA, its drivers, its current status, what is left to be done and the conditions that will have to be met to achieve a more efficient European retail payments market.
Tools and workflows for bit-level digital preservation strategy at the University of Cincinnati
Authors: Tallman Nathan , Newman Linda
Published: July 2024

Digital preservation is a complex, highly technical activity. Large institutions with many collections in multiple repositories (or repository-like systems) may find it challenging to corral digital collections, preservation masters and metadata into coherent archival information packages for preservation storage. This paper describes the tools and workflows for a bit-level preservation strategy for digital content at the University of Cincinnati Libraries and lessons learned on the way.
A reflection on the UAE's new data protection law: A comparative approach with GDPR
Authors: Chemlali Laroussi , Salmi Abdesselam , Benseddik Leila
Published: July 2024

On 2nd January, 2022, the United Arab Emirates' (UAE) new Federal Decree-Law on the Protection of Personal Data came into force and became the first federal-level law to address processing of personal data. This law, which is largely influenced by major international privacy and data protection legislation, in particular the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), is intended to align UAE data protection standards with global standards and principles and also follows the recent trend in legislation for privacy and data protection in the Golf Corporation Council region. This paper follows a comparative approach by highlighting the key aspects of this law through the lens of the GDPR, in attempt to provide an overview of requirements that should be taken into consideration by companies operating or wishing to settle in the UAE.
Workforce segmentation: Connecting workplace supply and demand
Authors: Chappell Dejeana , Sheikh Zahra , Broderick Theresa , Konstand Sara , Koncar Katie , Krueger Elizabeth
Published: July 2024

It is important that real estate space planning be highly responsive to workforce planning. As workforce demographics, behaviours and needs change, real estate should support these changes accordingly. Pre-pandemic, there were many organisations which over-provisioned space (eg 1:1 people to seats, high ratios of individual to collaboration space, low utilisation) and operated in a business-as-usual approach when it came to facility planning. Innovative real estate solutions are rooted in a thorough understanding of the workforce and are designed to reflect how an organisation needs to work to be successful. The pandemic has revealed that a greater level of job flexibility is sustainable and desirable for many, meaning that workplace strategies will account for a broad spectrum of work locations and arrangements moving forward. With this added complexity, conducting workforce segmentation analysis is a key first step toward a more defined plan for real estate needs. This paper articulates the benefits of using workforce segmentation as a tool to support real estate decision making. In addition, it outlines a segmentation process that organisations can institute to memorialise the unique needs of their employees and better gauge how their workplace can support them. Finally, it provides examples of how organisations have leveraged the segmentation process to better understand the demand for space and accurately evaluate footprint requirements and long-term strategies.
PCI DSS and card brands: Standards, compliance and enforcement
Authors: Wilson Donna , Roman Ethan , Beierly Ingrid
Published: July 2024

The payment card brands have a private regulatory system, the PCI DSS, that affects every entity worldwide that accepts, processes, stores or transmits credit card information. Participation is mandatory for companies to function in the modern economy, and the consequences of non-compliance can be harsh. A further complication is that the PCI DSS uses its own terminology, which can be confusing to a beginner. But there are also benefits to understanding PCI compliance, including to avoid the potentially harsh consequences, and the fact that PCI compliant entities have a stronger defensive posture against cyberattacks. Because of this, all organisations should know about and understand the PCI DSS, including how to implement and maintain compliance. This paper outlines the history and reason behind the PCI DSS and the broad requirements entities must follow to be compliant; provides an overview of the basic terminology and requirements, information on additional programmes that affect an entity’s PCI DSS compliance, a high-level view of compliance and information on its enforcement by the card brands, state legislation and the legal system; and offers some views from both critics and supporters of the current enforcement system.
Strategic decision making in cyber security: Lessons learned
Authors: Habermayer Helmut
Published: July 2024

The threats to the international community currently emerging in cyber space represent great challenges to security and it is of utmost importance to be ready to respond. This calls for a stronger and more resilient community, which will be well prepared to face these new challenges. The paper considers the preparation of strategic leaders to deal with cyber space crisis management processes in the form of a European Defence Agency (EDA) tabletop exercise. This is developed from the EU approach to cyber crisis management and the efforts undertaken by the European Defence Agency and European Cyber Security Initiative (ECSI), as well as a customised scenario based upon the Austrian Cyber Security Strategy. The paper gives a brief history of the development of the cyber crisis management exercise and explains its purpose, which is to devise an exercise curriculum for a coherent conceptual toolkit that could be used in assessing current decision-making frameworks. It describes how to run such a decision-making exercise, building on concepts and methodologies used to manage a cyber security crisis. It gives an overview of typical situations, threats, nature and likelihood, possible impact and the assessment of typical cyber situations, illustrated with scenarios, frameworks and doctrines. It further deals with response management, options, decisions (outcome, execution) and success control. Last but not least, it describes lessons identified and learned, offers a short evaluation of the exercise and the process of decision making and draws some conclusions.
Preserving privacy in European health research: The case of synthetic data
Authors: Bonomi Sara , Vasileiadou Georgia
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates the role of synthetic data in the field of health research, with a particular focus on data protection. More specifically, it aims at clarifying whether this new technology represents an alternative to more classic anonymisation techniques. The analysis is construed on a review of the existing literature; nevertheless, it is noted that the majority of contributions focuses on the technical aspects of synthetic data and machine learning, while less legal studies have been conducted on this topic. The outcome of this study outlines that, by using synthetic data which respects the ‘privacy by design’ principle (although the identifiability risk still exists), researchers are no longer occupied by the question of re-identification but rather focus on the quality and utility of synthetic datasets. After examining the different solutions applied to enshrine privacy, however, this paper concludes there is a necessity for regulating the use of artificially generated data for research and machine learning purposes.
Route development in a crisis
Authors: Strickland John
Published: July 2024

There can be no doubt that the airport and airline industry has faced enormous turbulence in recent years, lurching from one crisis to another. These have ranged from the manmade financial meltdown and the following recessionary impact affecting many global economies, to natural phenomena embracing global health scares through to the recent Icelandic volcanic eruption, which saw the grounding of around 25 per cent of the world's aircraft for almost a week. The airline business has never been known for its financial and organisational stability and the external shocks described have compounded its volatility. There have been many failures right across the airline spectrum from full-service carriers, to low-cost airlines, to business-class only operators, to niche players. This leads to the inevitable question: how do airports successfully develop routes and work with airlines against such a challenging backdrop? This paper will provide an insight into what airports can do to avoid being taken by surprise by problems with existing airline clients, how they can ascertain the appropriate airlines to partner with and how best to develop sustainable route networks.
A collaborative approach to addressing landlord-tenant energy efficiency issues: Who pays and who benefits?
Authors: Belisle Peter , Jordan Michael , Best Bob
Published: July 2024

This paper examines sustainability issues for commercial buildings and, specifically, the question of who pays and who benefits from investment in energy efficiency measures. Problems can arise in promoting sustainability measures when there is a misalignment between landlord and tenant interests, and while there is no one-size-fits-all solution, the challenges are manageable. This paper considers strategies available to overcome these challenges and examples of successful programmes including a collaborative landlord-tenant approach which could yield substantial benefits.