bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and clinical features of rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus infections and coinfections in children with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in Meerut, North India
Authors: Akdag Ali Ilter , Gupta Shipra , Khan Naushad , Upadhayay Amit , Ray Pratima
Published: December 2019

There are limited reports on the etiology of multiple enteric viruses causing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in North India. In the present study we have determined the prevalence of three enteric viruses, namely rotavirus, astrovirus (AstV) and adenovirus (AdV) in a total of 312 diarrheic children (<5 years) hospitalized at Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh from August 2014 to July 2016; and results were compared with data from Delhi. The fecal samples were individually screened for group A rotavirus (RVA), AdV, and AstV using enzyme immunoassay kits. At least one viral agent was detected in 29.2% of 312 fecal specimens. RNA of rotavirus antigen‐positive samples was extracted by TRIzol method. Rotavirus G/P genotyping was performed using seminested multiplex reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. RVA was the most predominant virus (18.3%) followed by AstV (12.5%), and AdV (9.9%). Coinfections were detected in 10.6% cases and the most common coinfection in diarrheic children was RVA combined with AstV (36.4%). Overall, the enteric viruses were found most prevalent in the 6 to 11 months age group (P = .01). Increased duration of vomiting (≥3 days) was significantly (P = .04) associated with AdV infection (61.3%) as compared with AstV (30.76%) and rotavirus (26.31%). G1P[8] was detected throughout as the most prevalent rotavirus strain (10.5%). Unusual RV strains like G2P[6] and G2P[8] were also detected. Of note G3, G4, and G12 rotavirus were detected for the first time in Meerut. This is the first report that demonstrated the important contribution of multiple enteric viruses causing AGE in young children in this part of Uttar Pradesh (Meerut).
Employees’ job involvement and satisfaction in a learning organization: A study in India's manufacturing sector
Authors: Varshney Deepanjana
Published: December 2019

In a volatile environment of continuous change, learning organizations are well positioned to orient their employees to adapt quickly and effectively. A study conducted in India's manufacturing sector explores the relationship between employee perceptions of their firms as learning organizations and their level of job satisfaction, and examines the role of job involvement as a mediator in that relationship. The results show that employees who perceive their company as a vibrant learning organization exhibit greater job involvement and a higher level of job satisfaction. By designing human resources policies to foster a high level of employee involvement on the job, organizational leaders can help ensure the effective productivity of satisfied employees in a purposefully developed learning organizational context.
The impact of self‐efficacy on employees' ability to accept new technology in an Iraqi university
Authors: Alnoor Alhamzah M. R. , Al‐Abrrow Hadi , Abdullah Hasan , Abbas Sammar
Published: December 2019

In any environment, but particularly in a developing country such as Iraq, it is essential for institutes of higher education to readily adapt to and make the most productive use of the latest technologies. To assess these organizations' readiness for change, researchers conducted a study of 285 employees at Southern Technical University in Basrah, Iraq. In examining the factors that affect employees' ability to accept new technology, the researchers focused on the interactive role of general self‐efficacy. The results show that employees' acceptance of new technology requires a high level of coordination among several external and internal variables that affect employees' engagement with the technology. The study also highlights the importance of training to enhance employees' belief in their ability to successfully use new systems to achieve organizational goals.
Effect of different firing atmospheres on debonding strength of dental porcelain fused to commercially pure titanium
Authors: Wang Jen‐Chyan , Fu Po‐Sung , Lai Pei‐Ling , Liu Chen‐Shih , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Hung Chun‐Cheng
Published: December 2019

An in vitro investigation was performed to evaluate the bonding characteristics of porcelain fused to metal (PFM)/commercially pure titanium (cp Ti, grade II) in three firing atmospheres of under vacuum and using two noble gases argon (Ar) and helium (He). Three groups of porcelain veneers firing under vacuum, Ar, and He were prepared to evaluate the bonding of porcelain fused to the cold‐rolled cp Ti. The bond strength of PFM durability by a three‐point bending test, phases, microhardness of cp Ti after firing processes, and fractures were measured and evaluated. Results show the microhardness of cp Ti in group of porcelain firing under He atmosphere was significantly lower than that of the two other groups, which were in vacuum and Ar (P < .05). X‐ray diffraction showed the He group produced in relatively small amounts of TiO2 and TiO oxides than other groups but featured relatively high quantity of airhole defects in the porcelain body leading to the lowest bond strength. The Ar group presented the highest bond strength of comparing with the groups under vacuum and using He (P < .05). Although the firing processes in He could efficiently prevent the diffusion of oxygen into Ti, the porcelain‐cp Ti bond strength using Ar protective atmosphere presented the advantage to achieve clinical requirement because porcelain firing under He revealed prominent voids and defects within the body of porcelain.
Needle‐Free Injection Assisted Drug Delivery—Histological Characterization of Cutaneous Deposition
Authors: Erlendsson Andrés M. , Haedersdal Merete , Rossi Anthony M.
Published: December 2019

Background and Objectives

Many cutaneous drug‐delivery techniques rely on passive diffusion to deliver topical compounds to the skin. When attempting to deliver drugs to thicker lesions, such as skin tumors, modalities that do not rely on diffusion may serve as a better drug‐delivery method. In this histological study, we aim to investigate the cutaneous delivery patterns of an electronic pneumatic needle‐free injection device.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Needle‐free‐injection was investigated in 24 ex vivo porcine skin samples and one basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tissue sample. A needle‐free injection device with a nozzle size of 200 μm delivered 80 μl compound ink (0.1 cc black ink: 5.0 cc saline) at low (30%/3.1 bar; n = 6 porcine skin; n = 1 BCC tissue), medium (50%/3.9 bar; n = 6 porcine skin), high (65%/4.6 bar; n = 6 porcine skin), and stacked (30 + 50%/3.1 + 3.9 bar; n = 6 porcine skin) pressures. Depth, width, and depth of maximum width of ink deposition were evaluated on histological slides.

Results

Depositions with small ink‐lined vacuoles were seen intra‐dermally in all samples, including the BCC tissue. Deposition depth was similar at low and medium pressures (924 vs. 994 μm; P = 0.873) but increased significantly with high pressure (1,564 μm; P = 0.010). When injections were stacked (3.1 + 3.9 bar), the depth remained similar to that of a single injection (931 μm; P = 1.000). The width of the deposition stayed comparable for low, medium, and high pressures when a single needle‐free injection was performed (30% = 2,394 μm; 50% = 2,226 μm; and 65% = 2,757 μm; P = 0.09), but increased significantly with stacking (2,979 μm; P = 0.037). The depth of maximal width was superficially located in the papillary dermis at low and medium pressures (321 and 305 μm; P = 0.748) but shifted to the deeper reticular dermis with high pressure (950 μm; P = 0.004) and with stacking (734 μm; P = 0.004).

Conclusions

In conclusion, with an electronically controlled, pneumatic needle‐free injector, depth and width of a cutaneous deposition can be influenced by pressure and stacking, respectively. The pneumatic needle‐free injection can potentially serve as a viable drug‐delivery technique for cutaneous pathologies where dermal deposition is essential. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Evaluation of 15 Laser and Perfluorodecalin Combinations for Tattoo Removal
Authors: Hardy Curtis L. , Kollipara Ramya , Hoss Elika , Goldman Mitchel P.
Published: December 2019

Background and Objectives

We present a case of laser tattoo removal treated with 15 different combinations using picosecond 1064 nm, picosecond 755 nm, nanosecond 755 nm, and a fractionated CO2 laser, both with and without a perfluorodecalin (PFD) patch to ascertain the most effective approach.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A single lower extremity black tattoo was divided into 15 treatment sections allowing for testing of various laser and PFD combinations. Sectioned treatment was conducted until a treatment superiority was noted.

Results

After two sessions using sectioned combination treatments with a 4‐week interval clinically significant results were produced.

Conclusions

The combination of picosecond 1064 nm, picosecond 755 nm, and a fractionated CO2 laser without the PFD patch showed superior clinical improvement over the other combinations. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Evaluation of Sibling Pairs With Gaucher Disease Discordant for Parkinsonism
Authors: Lopez Grisel , Steward Alta , Ryan Emory , Groden Catherine , Wiggs Edythe , Segalà Laura , Monestime Gianina M. , Tayebi Nahid , Sidransky Ellen
Published: December 2019

Background

Although the association between mutations in GBA1 and parkinsonism is well established, most GBA1 mutation carriers never develop parkinsonism, implicating the contribution of other genetic, epigenetic, and/or environmental modifiers.

Objectives

To identify factors predisposing to or offering protection from parkinsonism among siblings with Gaucher's disease) discordant for Parkinson disease (PD).

Methods

This prospective, longitudinal study included nine sib pairs with Gaucher disease, but discordant for PD. Assessments included neurological, neuropsychological, olfactory, motor, nonmotor evaluations, and transcranial sonography. Validated mood and nonmotor questionnaires assessed fatigue, olfactory dysfunction, sleepiness, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and/or depression.

Results

There was no relationship between Gaucher treatments, genotype, or splenectomy and PD. Male sex predominance, younger age, and milder Gaucher disease symptoms were observed among the patients with PD. Substantia nigral echogenicity, olfactory dysfunction, serum triglycerides levels, and 9‐hole peg scores, but not caffeine, alcohol, or tobacco use, environmental exposures, uric acid, or glucose levels, differed significantly between groups.

Conclusions

Longitudinal evaluation of discordant sib pairs may help identify PD risk factors. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
On a backward problem for fractional diffusion equation with Riemann‐Liouville derivative
Authors: Tuan Nguyen Huy , Tuan Nguyen Hoang , Baleanu Dumitru , Thach Tran Ngoc
Published: December 2019

In the present paper, we study the initial inverse problem (backward problem) for a two‐dimensional fractional differential equation with Riemann‐Liouville derivative. Our model is considered in the random noise of the given data. We show that our problem is not well‐posed in the sense of Hadamard. A truncated method is used to construct an approximate function for the solution (called the regularized solution). Furthermore, the error estimate of the regularized solution in L2 and Hτ norms is considered and illustrated by numerical example.
Design and realization of dual band stacked antenna via three‐dimensional printing technology
Authors: Belen Mehmet A.
Published: December 2019

With the ever‐increasing demands for high‐performance wireless communication systems, the need of fast and low‐cost realization of antenna stages had also become more crucial for wireless communication industry. Herein, design and low‐cost realization of a three‐dimensional (3D) printed dual band Stacked Microstrip Patch Array (SMPA) antenna has been studied. A 3D electromagnetic‐based simulation model of the proposed SMPA antenna has been created in CST Microwave Studio. The antenna achieves a simulated gain level of almost 8.3 dBi at 5.2 and 10.4 GHz frequencies. Then, the antenna design with optimally selected parameters has been prototyped via the use of 3D printing technology. The prototyped antenna has a measured gain level of 7.2 dBi at the operation frequencies. Furthermore, the experimental results of the prototyped antenna have been compared with the simulated results. From the compared results, it can be concluded that not only the proposed antenna design has achieved high‐performance measures compared with counterpart designs in the literature but also it is possible to achieve an accurate, fast, and low‐cost realization via the use of 3D printing technology.
A fully automatic segmentation algorithm for CT lung images based on random forest
Authors: Liu Caixia , Zhao Ruibin , Pang Mingyong
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Several negative factors, such as juxta‐pleural nodules, pulmonary vessels, and image noise, make accurately segmenting lungs from computed tomography (CT) images a complex task. We propose a novel hybrid automated algorithm in the paper based on random forest to deal with the issues. Our method aims to eliminate the effect of the factors and generate accurate segmentation of lungs from CT images.

Methods

Our algorithm consists of five main steps: image preprocessing, lung region extraction, trachea elimination, lung separation, and contour correction. A lung CT image is first preprocessed with a novel normal vector correlation‐based image denoising approach and decomposed into a group of multiscale subimages. A modified superpixel segmentation method is then performed on the first‐level subimage to generate a set of superpixels, and a random forest classifier is employed to segment the lungs by classifying the superpixels of each subimage‐based on the features extracted from them. The initial lung segmentation result is further refined through trachea elimination using an iterative thresholding approach, lung separation based on context information of image sequence, and contour correction with a corner detection technique.

Results

Our algorithm is tested on a set of CT images affected with interstitial lung diseases, and experiments show that the algorithm achieves high accuracy on lung segmentation with 0.9638 Jaccard’s index and 0.9867 Dice similarity coefficient, compared with ground truths. Additionally, our algorithm achieves an average 7.7% better Dice similarity coefficient than compared conventional lung segmentation methods and 1% better than Deep Learning.

Conclusions

Our algorithm can segment lungs from lung CT images with good performance in a fully automatic fashion, and it is of great assistance for lung disease detection in the computer‐aided detection system.
Improved MUSSELS reconstruction for high‐resolution multi‐shot diffusion weighted imaging
Authors: Mani Merry , Aggarwal Hemant Kumar , Magnotta Vincent , Jacob Mathews
Published: December 2019

Purpose

MUSSELS is a one‐step iterative reconstruction method for multishot diffusion weighted (msDW) imaging. The current work presents an efficient implementation, termed IRLS MUSSELS, that enables faster reconstruction to enhance its utility for high‐resolution diffusion MRI studies.

Methods

The recently proposed MUSSELS reconstruction belongs to a new class of parallel imaging‐based methods that recover artifact‐free DWIs from msDW data without needing phase compensation. The reconstruction is achieved via structured low‐rank matrix completion algorithms, which are computationally demanding due to the large size of the Hankel matrices and their associated computations involving singular value decompositions. Because of this, computational demands of the MUSSELS reconstruction scales as the matrix size and the number of shots increases, which hinders its practical utility for high‐resolution applications. In this work, we derive a computationally efficient MUSSELS formulation by modifying the iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) method that were proposed earlier to solve such problems. Using whole‐brain in vivo data, we show the utility of the IRLS MUSSELS for routine high‐resolution studies with reduced computational burden.

Results

IRLS MUSSELS provides about five times faster reconstruction for matrix sizes 192 × 192 and 256 × 256 compared to the earlier MUSSELS implementation. The widely employed conjugate symmetry priors can also be incorporated into IRLS MUSSELS to reduce blurring of the partial Fourier acquisitions, without incurring much computational burden.

Conclusions

The proposed method is observed to be computationally efficient to enable routine high‐resolution studies. The computational complexity matches the traditional msDWI reconstruction methods and provides improved reconstruction results with the additional constraints.
Use of low field nuclear magnetic resonance to monitor lung inflammation and the amount of pathological components in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Abrami Michela , Maschio Massimo , Conese Massimo , Confalonieri Marco , Di Gioia Sante , Gerin Fabio , Dapas Barbara , Tonon Federica , Farra Rossella , Murano Erminio , Zanella Giada , Salton Francesco , Torelli Lucio , Grassi Gabriele , Grassi Mario
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To develop a novel approach to monitor lung ventilation/inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Lung assessment in CF patients is relevant given that most patients succumb to respiratory failure. Respiratory functional tests (forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV1) and inflammatory markers are used to test pulmonary ventilation/inflammation, respectively. However, FEV1 is effort dependent and might be uncomfortable for CF patients. Furthermore, inflammatory marker detection is costly and not rapid. To overcome these limitations, we propose the measurement, by means of low field nuclear magnetic resonance, of the spin‐spin relaxation time (T2m) of water hydrogens present in CF patient sputum. In CF sputum, different biological components are pathologically increased and inversely related to lung functionality. Moreover, we showed that these components alter in a dose‐dependent manner the T2m in synthetic CF sputum.

Methods

Sputum samples were obtained from 42 CF subjects by voluntary expectoration; FEV1, C‐reactive protein (CRP), blood neutrophil counts together with cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐4, and vascular endothelial growth factor) quantifications were then evaluated.

Results

In sputum samples, we observe that T2m directly correlates (rFEV1 = 0.44; P < 10−4; 169 samples) with FEV1. Moreover, T2m inversely correlates with the circulating inflammation markers CRP/neutrophil number (rCRP = −0.44, P < 10−4; rNC = −0.37, P < 2 * 10−4; 103 and 86 samples, respectively) and with the sputum inflammatory cytokines TNFα/IL‐β1 (rTNFα = −0.72, P < 10−4; rIL‐1β = −0.685, P < 10−4; 27 samples). T2m variations also correspond to FEV1 values over time in defined patients.

Conclusion

These findings, together with the fast, reliable, and simple determination of T2m, make our approach a novel tool potentially usable in the real world of CF patients.
125 Jahre Bunsen‐Gesellschaft
Authors: Quack Martin
Published: December 2019

In diesem Jahr feiert die Deutsche Bunsen‐Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie ihre Gründung im Jahr 1894 und damit ein besonderes Jubiläum als älteste unabhängige physikalisch‐chemische Fachgesellschaft. Anlass für Rückblick und Ausblick.
Start‐ups: Aus dem eigenen Haus heraus
Authors: Wetterau Jörg
Published: December 2019

Deutsche Chemieunternehmen stecken Wagniskapital vor allem in Gründungen, die sie mit Wettbewerben selbst initiiert haben. Neugründungen sollen so Mehrwert für die klassische Konzernausrichtung bringen.
23. Tag der Organischen Chemie an der Universität Stuttgart
Authors: Richert Clemens
Published: December 2019

Mitte Oktober trafen sich Organiker aus dem Südwesten Deutschlands zum diesjährigen Tag der Organischen Chemie der Universität Stuttgart (Tocus). Die Veranstaltung zog etwa 200 Teilnehmer an und umfasste zwölf Doktorandenvorträge sowie die 23. Thieme Lecture in Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, die von Benjamin List vom Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohleforschung in Mülheim gehalten wurde. Der 23. Tag der Organischen Chemie wurde finanziell unterstützt von BASF, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clariant, Evonik, Merck, Sanofi Aventis und dem Georg‐Thieme‐Verlag.
Pro & Contra Crispr‐Cas: Es ergibt sich eine besondere Vorsorgepflicht
Authors: Then Christoph
Published: December 2019

Crispr‐Cas muss in der Pflanzenzüchtung reguliert werden, fordert Christoph Then, denn es ist mit unerwarteten biologischen Eigenschaften zu rechnen.
Proteins in stool as biomarkers for non‐invasive detection of colorectal adenomas with high risk of progression
Authors: Komor Malgorzata A , Bosch Linda JW , Coupé Veerle MH , Rausch Christian , Pham Thang V , Piersma Sander R , Mongera Sandra , Mulder Chris JJ , Dekker Evelien , Kuipers Ernst J , van de Wiel Mark A , Carvalho Beatriz , Fijneman Remond JA , Jimenez Connie R , Meijer Gerrit A , de Wit Meike
Published: December 2019

Screening to detect colorectal cancer (CRC) in an early or premalignant state is an effective method to reduce CRC mortality rates. Current stool‐based screening tests, e.g. fecal immunochemical test (FIT), have a suboptimal sensitivity for colorectal adenomas and difficulty distinguishing adenomas at high risk of progressing to cancer from those at lower risk. We aimed to identify stool protein biomarker panels that can be used for the early detection of high‐risk adenomas and CRC. Proteomics data (LC–MS/MS) were collected on stool samples from adenoma (n = 71) and CRC patients (n = 81) as well as controls (n = 129). Colorectal adenoma tissue samples were characterized by low‐coverage whole‐genome sequencing to determine their risk of progression based on specific DNA copy number changes. Proteomics data were used for logistic regression modeling to establish protein biomarker panels. In total, 15 of the adenomas (15.8%) were defined as high risk of progressing to cancer. A protein panel, consisting of haptoglobin (Hp), LAMP1, SYNE2, and ANXA6, was identified for the detection of high‐risk adenomas (sensitivity of 53% at specificity of 95%). Two panels, one consisting of Hp and LRG1 and one of Hp, LRG1, RBP4, and FN1, were identified for high‐risk adenomas and CRCs detection (sensitivity of 66% and 62%, respectively, at specificity of 95%). Validation of Hp as a biomarker for high‐risk adenomas and CRCs was performed using an antibody‐based assay in FIT samples from a subset of individuals from the discovery series (n = 158) and an independent validation series (n = 795). Hp protein was significantly more abundant in high‐risk adenoma FIT samples compared to controls in the discovery (p = 0.036) and the validation series (p = 9e‐5). We conclude that Hp, LAMP1, SYNE2, LRG1, RBP4, FN1, and ANXA6 may be of value as stool biomarkers for early detection of high‐risk adenomas and CRCs. © 2019 Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review
Authors: Brendler Thomas , Williamson Elizabeth Mary
Published: December 2019

Astaxanthin (AX)‐containing preparations are increasingly popular as health food supplements. Evaluating the maximum safe daily intake of AX is important when setting dose levels for these products and currently, there are discrepancies in recommendations by different regulatory authorities. We have therefore conducted a review of approved dose levels, clinical trials of natural AX, and toxicological studies with natural and synthetic AX. Recommended or approved doses varied in different countries and ranged between 2 and 24 mg. We reviewed 87 human studies, none of which found safety concerns with natural AX supplementation, 35 with doses ≥12 mg/day. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 2 mg as recently proposed by European Food Safety Authority was based on a toxicological study in rats using synthetic AX. However, synthetically produced AX is chemically different from natural AX, so results with synthetic AX should not be used in assessing natural AX safety. In addition, few safety studies have been conducted in either humans or animals with synthetic AX. We therefore recommend the ADI for natural AX to be based only on studies conducted with natural AX and further studies to be conducted with synthetic AX (including human clinical trials) to establish a separate ADI for synthetic AX.
Effect of gravity in wheel/terrain interaction models
Authors: Kovács László L. , Ghotbi Bahareh , González Francisco , Niksirat Parna , Skonieczny Krzysztof , Kövecses József
Published: December 2019

Predicting the motion of wheeled robots in unstructured environments is an important and challenging problem. The study of planetary exploration rovers on soft terrain introduces the additional need to consider the effect of nonterrestrial gravitational fields on the forces and torques developed at the wheel/terrain interface. Simply reducing the wheel load under Earth's gravity overestimates the traveled distance and predicts better performance than is actually observed in reduced‐gravity measurements. In this paper, we study the effect of gravity on wheel/terrain interaction. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of reduced gravity on the velocity profile of the soil under the wheel, as well as on the traction force and sinkage developed by the wheel. It was shown that in the velocity field of the soil, the decay of the tangential velocity component becomes gradual with reducing gravity, and the decay of the normal to rim velocity is slower in Lunar gravity. It was also found that wheel flexibility can have an important effect on the dynamics as the contact patch and effective radius vary periodically. These results were then used together with traditional semiempirical terramechanics models to determine and validate the simulated drawbar pull values. The developed simulation model includes the effect of wheel flexibility, dynamic sinkage, and gravity.
Using by‐catch data from wildlife surveys to quantify climatic parameters and timing of phenology for plants and animals using camera traps
Authors: Hofmeester Tim R. , Young Sherry , Juthberg Sonya , Singh Navinder J. , Widemo Fredrik , Andrén Henrik , Linnell John D. C. , Cromsigt Joris P. G. M.
Published: December 2019

Gaining a better understanding of global environmental change is an important challenge for conserving biodiversity. Shifts in phenology are an important consequence of environmental change. Measuring phenology of different taxa simultaneously at the same spatial and temporal scale is necessary to study the effects of changes in phenology on ecosystems. Camera traps that take both time‐lapse as well as motion‐triggered images are increasingly used to study wildlife populations. The by‐catch data of these networks of camera traps provide a potential alternative for measuring several climatic and phenological variables. Here, we tested this ability of camera traps, and quantified climatic variables as well as the timing of changes in plant and animal phenology. We obtained data from 193 camera‐unit deployments during a year of camera trapping on a peninsula in northern Sweden aimed at studying wildlife. We estimated daily temperature at noon and snow cover using recordings provided by cameras. Estimates of snow cover were accurate, but temperature estimates were higher compared with a local weather station. Furthermore, we were able to identify the timing of leaf emergence and senescence for birches (Betula sp.) and the presence of bilberry berries (Vaccinium myrtillus), as important food sources for herbivores. These were linked to the timing of the growth of antlers and the presence of new‐born young for three ungulate species as well as the presence of migratory Eurasian cranes (Grus grus). We also identified the timing of spring and autumn moulting of mountain hares (Lepus timidus) in relation to snow cover. In this novel study, we show the potential of (by‐catch) data from camera traps to study phenology across a broad range of taxa, suggesting that a global network of camera traps has great potential to simultaneously track wildlife populations and the phenology of interactions between animals and plants.
Third‐trimester uterine artery Doppler for prediction of adverse outcome in late small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Martinez‐Portilla R. J. , Caradeux J. , Meler E. , Lip‐Sosa D. L. , Sotiriadis A. , Figueras F.
Published: December 2019

Objective

To investigate the predictive ability for adverse perinatal outcome of abnormal third‐trimester uterine artery Doppler in late small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses.

Methods

A systematic search was performed to identify relevant observational studies and randomized controlled trials evaluating the performance of abnormal third‐trimester uterine artery Doppler for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in suspected SGA fetuses and SGA neonates. Abnormal uterine artery Doppler was defined as uterine artery pulsatility index > 95th percentile or ≥ 2 SD above the mean, or bilateral uterine artery notching. Hierarchical summary receiver‐operating‐characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed using random‐effects modeling. Bayesian analysis was used to calculate the posterior probability of adverse perinatal outcome following an abnormal or normal uterine artery Doppler assessment.

Results

Seventeen observational studies (including 7552 fetuses either diagnosed with suspected SGA (n = 3461) or later diagnosed as a SGA neonate (n = 4091)) met the inclusion criteria; no randomized‐controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Summary ROC curves showed that, among suspected SGA fetuses, the best predictive accuracy of abnormal third‐trimester uterine artery Doppler was for perinatal mortality and the worst was for composite adverse perinatal outcome, with areas under the summary ROC curves of 0.90 and 0.66, respectively. The corresponding positive and negative likelihood ratios were 16.5 and 0.6 for perinatal mortality and 2.82 and 0.65 for composite adverse perinatal outcome, respectively. Following an abnormal vs normal uterine artery Doppler assessment, the posterior risks for composite adverse perinatal outcome, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, Cesarean section for intrapartum fetal compromise, 5‐min Apgar score < 7, neonatal acidosis and perinatal death were: 52.3% vs 20.2%, 48.6% vs 18.7%, 23.1% vs 15.2%, 3.59% vs 1.32%, 9.15% vs 5.12% and 31.4% vs 1.64%, respectively.

Conclusion

Abnormal uterine artery Doppler in the third trimester appears to be moderately useful in predicting perinatal death in pregnancies with suspected SGA. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Für den weitesten Weg: Schichten im All
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Brand Jochen , Britze Chris , Dietz Andreas , Kondruweit Simone , Thomas Michael , Vergöhl Michael
Published: December 2019

For the Longest Way: Thin Films in Space

Thin films for space application have to operate under extreme conditions, reworks or replacement of components in general is not possible. The main challenges are extreme temperatures, bombardment by energetic particles (ionizing radiation) and sometimes mechanical stress. The „toolbox“ of deposition processes ranges from Atomic Layer Deposition to low pressure plasma processes to electroplating.

Due to its low specific weight carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) is an often used construction material for space applications. The uniform deposition of copper on CFRP waveguides for the RADAR antennas of the Sentinel satellites has been an impressive demonstration for the generation of functional surfaces on complex shaped 3D substrates by electrochemical processes. Sometimes optimal solutions require hybrid processes. A heat reflector on components for the BepiColombo mission investigating the Hermean environment has been realized by a combination of sputtering and electroplating.

Systems in space often have to observe with high precision and therefore need „eagle eyes“. The continuous development of magnetron sputter technology during the past 10 years has enabled the deposition of optical interference systems with hundreds of individual layers and thickness precision in the ± 0,15 % range. As examples a beam splitter and a band pass filter for space missions are presented.
Die optische Atomuhr geht in die Anwendung
Authors: Biethahn Maximilian , Bergner Klaus
Published: December 2019

For The Most Accurate Time: The Optical Atomic Clock Enters Application

The age of quantum technologies has begun. This is accompanied not only by the availability of additional physical quantities, which require a general rethink, but also by modified devices in which such states can be made possible. Within the opticlock project, an optical ion clock is being developed that exceeds today's standard of time measurement by more than a factor of ten in terms of stability and accuracy. An essential component of the opticlock is the compact vacuum chamber. The appropriate material, a design precisely tailored to the application, tight manufacturing tolerances and precision cleaning in accordance with defined Vacom standards allow the opticlock chamber to be transferred from a highly complex laboratory setup into a user‐friendly and transportable overall system. The targeted transfer of scientific research results to industry and their economic realization form the basis for developing a robust and durable optical ion clock, which can even be operated outside a specialized laboratory for the first time.
Beschichtungstechnik auf dem Gipfel
Authors: Müller Norman , Seyfert Ulf
Published: December 2019

Coating technology on the summit – Mirror Layers for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope in Chile

This article focuses on mirror coating for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which is being installed in Chile. The LSST coating system consists of a coating chamber for the deposition of highly reflective optical coatings and a cleaning and stripping station for the M1M3 and M2 mirrors. With the help of the sputtering process, bare and protected silver/aluminum coating recipes can be deposited. The cleaning and stripping station consists of a rotating washing/drying boom, perimeter platforms, and an effluent handling system within the M1M3 mirror cell. The article describes the status of the assembly work on the coating system. Furthermore, it provides information about the progress of factory testing, a about the basic design features and reflective/coating requirements and the coating results.
Biocorona‐induced modifications in engineered nanomaterial–cellular interactions impacting biomedical applications
Authors: Kobos Lisa , Shannahan Jonathan
Published: December 2019

When nanoparticles (NPs) enter a physiological environment, a complex coating of biomolecules is absorbed onto their surface, known as the biocorona (BC). This coating alters nanomaterial physical properties, modulating cellular viability, internalization, and immune responses. To safely utilize NPs within medical settings, it is necessary to understand the influence of the BC on cellular responses. Due to the variety of cell types, NPs, and physiological environments, responses are variable; though trends do exist. This review article critically evaluates the currently available literature regarding the influence of the BC on NP interactions with prominent cell types that they are likely to encounter during biomedical applications. Specifically, we will examine responses related to interactions with endothelial cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells of the digestive tract and lung. Further, we will evaluate how the BC may influence interactions with bacteria and fungi, as NPs have been proposed as antimicrobial agents in medical settings. The information reviewed and discussed here may enhance the development of effective of NP‐based therapeutics and diagnostic tools.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
The Spectral Density of Hankel Operators with Piecewise Continuous Symbols
Authors: Fedele Emilio
Published: December 2019

In 1966, H. Widom proved an asymptotic formula for the distribution of eigenvalues of the $$N\times N$$N×N truncated Hilbert matrix for large values of N. In this paper, we extend this formula to Hankel matrices with symbols in the class of piece-wise continuous functions on the unit circle. Furthermore, we show that the distribution of the eigenvalues is independent of the choice of truncation (e.g. square or triangular truncation).
Early appearance of key transcription factors influence the spatiotemporal development of the human inner ear
Authors: Johnson Chacko Lejo , Sergi Consolato , Eberharter Theresa , Dudas Jozsef , Rask-Andersen Helge , Hoermann Romed , Fritsch Helga , Fischer Natalie , Glueckert Rudolf , Schrott-Fischer Anneliese
Published: December 2019

Expression patterns of transcription factors leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in the developing human fetal inner ear were studied between the gestation weeks 9 and 12. Further development of cochlear apex between gestational weeks 11 and 16 (GW11 and GW16) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. LGR5 was evident in the apical poles of the sensory epithelium of the cochlear duct and the vestibular end organs at GW11. Immunostaining was limited to hair cells of the organ of Corti by GW12. TAK1 was immune positive in inner hair cells of the organ of Corti by GW12 and colocalized with p75 neurotrophic receptor expression. Expression for SOX2 was confined primarily to the supporting cells of utricle at the earliest stage examined at GW9. Intense expression for GATA3 was presented in the cochlear sensory epithelium and spiral ganglia at GW9. Expression of GATA3 was present along the midline of both the utricle and saccule in the zone corresponding to the striolar reversal zone where the hair cell phenotype switches from type I to type II. The spatiotemporal gradient of the development of the organ of Corti was also evident with the apex of the cochlea forming by GW16. It seems that highly specific staining patterns of several transcriptions factors are critical in guiding the genesis of the inner ear over development. Our findings suggest that the spatiotemporal gradient in cochlear development extends at least until gestational week 16.
Österreichischer Blutdruckkonsens 2019
Authors:   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Hypertensiologie, Weber Thomas ,   Österreichische Atherosklerosegesellschaft,   Österreichische Diabetes Gesellschaft,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Internistische Angiologie,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Nephrologie,   Österreichische Kardiologische Gesellschaft,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Neurologie,   Österreichische Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft,   Österr. Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin,   Österr. Gesellschaft für Geriatrie,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin,   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Arbeiter Klaus , Ardelt Florian , Auer Johann , Aufricht Christoph , Brandt Mathias C. , Dichtl Wolfgang , Ferrari Julia , Föger Bernhard , Henkel Martin , Hohenstein-Scheibenecker Katharina , Horn Sabine , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Kepplinger Erwin , Knoflach Michael , Koppelstätter Christian , Mache Christoph , Marschang Peter , Mayer Gert , Metzler Bernhard , Oberbauer Rainer , Obermair Florian , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara , Perl Sabine , Pilz Stefan , Prischl Friedrich C. , Podczeck-Schweighofer Andrea , Rebhandl Erwin , Rohla Miklos , Roller-Wirnsberger Regina , Saely Christoph H. , Siostrzonek Peter , Slany Jörg , Stoschitzky Kurt , Waldegger Siegfried , Wenzel Rene R. , Weiss Thomas , Wirnsberger Gerhard , Winhofer-Stöckl Yvonne , Zweiker David , Zweiker Robert , Watschinger Bruno
Published: December 2019

Erhöhter Blutdruck bleibt eine Hauptursache von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Behinderung und frühzeitiger Sterblichkeit in Österreich, wobei die Raten an Diagnose, Behandlung und Kontrolle auch in rezenten Studien suboptimal sind. Das Management von Bluthochdruck ist eine häufige Herausforderung für Ärztinnen und Ärzte vieler Fachrichtungen. In einem Versuch, diagnostische und therapeutische Strategien zu standardisieren und letztendlich die Rate an gut kontrollierten Hypertoniker/innen zu erhöhen und dadurch kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen zu verhindern, haben 13 österreichische medizinische Fachgesellschaften die vorhandene Evidenz zur Prävention, Diagnose, Abklärung, Therapie und Konsequenzen erhöhten Blutdrucks gesichtet. Das hier vorgestellte Ergebnis ist der erste Österreichische Blutdruckkonsens. Die Autoren und die beteiligten Fachgesellschaften sind davon überzeugt, daß es einer gemeinsamen nationalen Anstrengung bedarf, die Blutdruck-assoziierte Morbidität und Mortalität in unserem Land zu verringern.
Subacute administration of both methcathinone and manganese causes basal ganglia damage in mice resembling that in methcathinone abusers
Authors: Asser Andres , Hikima Atsuko , Raki Mari , Bergström Kim , Rose Sarah , Juurmaa Julius , Krispin Villem , Muldmaa Mari , Lilles Stella , Rätsep Hanna , Jenner Peter , Kõks Sulev , Männistö Pekka T. , Taba Pille
Published: December 2019

An irreversible extrapyramidal syndrome occurs in man after intravenous abuse of “homemade” methcathinone (ephedrone, Mcat) that is contaminated with manganese (Mn) and is accompanied by altered basal ganglia function. Both Mcat and Mn can cause alterations in nigrostriatal function but it remains unknown whether the effects of the ‘homemade’ drug seen in man are due to Mcat or to Mn or to a combination of both. To determine how toxicity occurs, we have investigated the effects of 4-week intraperitoneal administration of Mn (30 mg/kg t.i.d) and Mcat (100 mg/kg t.i.d.) given alone, on the nigrostriatal function in male C57BL6 mice. The effects were compared to those of the ‘homemade’ mixture which contained about 7 mg/kg of Mn and 100 mg/kg of Mcat. Motor function, nigral dopaminergic cell number and markers of pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic neuronal integrity including SPECT analysis were assessed. All three treatments had similar effects on motor behavior and neuronal markers. All decreased motor activity and induced tyrosine hydroxylase positive cell loss in the substantia nigra. All reduced 123I-epidepride binding to D2 receptors in the striatum. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) binding was not altered by any drug treatment. However, Mcat treatment alone decreased levels of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and Mn alone reduced GAD immunoreactivity in the striatum. These data suggest that both Mcat and Mn alone could contribute to the neuronal damage caused by the ‘homemade’ mixture but that both produce additional changes that contribute to the extrapyramidal syndrome seen in man.
Validity of a low-cost Lichtenstein open inguinal hernia repair simulation model for surgical training
Authors: Nazari T. , Simons M. P. , Zeb M. H. , van Merriënboer J. J. G. , Lange J. F. , Wiggers T. , Farley D. R.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Simulation training allows trainees to gain experience in a safe environment. Computer simulation and animal models to practice a Lichtenstein open inguinal hernia repair (LOIHR) are available; however, a low-cost model is not. We constructed an inexpensive model using fabric, felt, and yarn that simulates the anatomy and hazards of the LOIHR. This study examined the fidelity, and perceived usefulness of our developed simulation model by surgical residents and expert surgeons.

Methods

A total of 66 Dutch surgical residents and ten international expert surgeons were included. All participants viewed a video-demonstration of LOIHR on the simulation model and subsequently performed the surgery themselves on the model. Afterward, they assessed the model by rating 13 statements concerning its fidelity (six model, three equipment, and four psychological) and six usefulness statements on a five-point Likert scale. One-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare to the neutral value of 3.

Results

The fidelity was assessed as being high by residents [model 4.00 (3.00–4.00), equipment 4.00 (3.00–4.00), psychological 4.00 (3.00–4.00); all p’s < 0.001] and by expert surgeons [model 4.00 (3.00–4.00), p = 0.025; equipment 4.00 (3.00–5.00), p < 0.001; psychological 4.00 (3.00–4.00), p = 0.053]. The usefulness was rated high by residents and experts, especially the usefulness for training of residents [residents 4.00 (4.00–5.00), p < 0.001; experts 4.50 (3.75–5.00), p = 0.015].

Conclusion

Our developed Lichtenstein open inguinal hernia repair simulation model was assessed by surgical residents and expert surgeons as a model with high fidelity and high potential usefulness, especially for the training of surgical residents.
Lesion size is associated with genetic polymorphisms in TLR1, TLR6, and TIRAP genes in patients with major abscesses and diabetic foot infections
Authors: D’Onofrio Valentino , Monnier Annelie A. , Kremer Cécile , Stappers Mark H. T. , Netea Mihai G. , Gyssens Inge C.
Published: December 2019

Genetic variation in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has previously been associated with susceptibility to complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs). The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the severity of cSSSIs, i.e., major abscesses and diabetic foot infections (DFIs), and a set of genetic polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor pathway. A total of 121 patients with major abscesses and 132 with DFIs participating in a randomized clinical trial were genotyped for 13 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding for TLRs and the signaling adaptor molecule TIRAP. Infection severity was defined by lesion size at clinical presentation for both types of infections. The PEDIS infection score was also used to define severity of DFIs. Linear regression models were used to study factors independently associated with severity. In patients with large abscesses, hetero- or homozygosity for the allelic variant TLR6 (P249S) was associated with significantly smaller lesions while homozygosity for the allelic variant TLR1 (R80T) was associated with significantly larger lesions. PRRs genes were not significantly associated with PEDIS. However, patients with DFI hetero- or homozygous for the allelic variant TLR1 (S248N) had significantly larger lesions. Polymorphisms in TLR1 and TLR6 influence the severity of cSSSIs as assessed by the lesion size of major abscesses and DFIs. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT 00402727