bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological aspects of the digestive tract of insectivorous bats of the species Molossus rufus (E. Geoffroy, 1805)
Authors: Geronimo Edson , Favetta Paula M. , Palin Gustavo C. , Trindade Wesley A. , Serenini Grazielli F. , Martins Lisiane A. , Otutumi Luciana K. , Germano Ricardo M.
Published: July 2022

Five male specimens of the species Molossus rufus from north‐western Parana were captured, identified, packaged and transported to the laboratory for weighing and later euthanasia with isoflurane. They were laparatomized for evaluation of macroscopic characteristics and the digestive tube segments were collected for fixation in 10% neutral formalin for histological processing, after 48 h of fixation. Macroscopically, the digestive tube had an oesophageal segment in the abdominal cavity, with a J‐shaped saccular stomach, in addition to a small intestine divided into duodenum, jejunum‐ileum and terminal ileum. In the large intestine, an organ dilatation was observed from the small intestine with a one‐way oral‐aboral ending in the anus, which was called the descending colon. Morphological similarity of the walls of all segments with those of other mammals was observed; however, it presented some peculiarities such as the absence of oesophageal glands, Brunner in the intestine, cecum and appendages. The anatomical disposition and tissue pattern were similar to that found in other insectivorous species. The adaptations of the digestive tube of this species are possibly due to the insectivorous feeding habits, which can be impacted due to anthropic actions in foraging environments.
The effect of vitamin D supplementation on risk of keratinocyte cancer: an exploratory analysis of the D-Health randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ali Sitwat , Pham Hai , Waterhouse Mary , Baxter Catherine , Romero Briony Duarte , McLeod Donald S.A. , Armstrong Bruce K. , Ebeling Peter R. , English Dallas R. , Hartel Gunter , van der Pols Jolieke C. , Venn Alison J. , Webb Penelope M. , Whiteman David C. , Neale Rachel E.
Published: July 2022

Background

Vitamin D may play a role in prevention of keratinocyte cancer (KC), but observational studies examining the association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration and KC are largely uninformative because sun exposure causes both KC and vitamin D production. There is scant evidence from clinical trials of supplementary vitamin D.

Objectives

To examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of developing KC.

Methods

We used data from the D-Health Trial, a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation (60 000 international units monthly for 5 years) among Australians aged ≥60 years. KC outcomes were captured through linkage to a national administrative dataset for those who consented (N = 20 334; 95%). We used negative binomial regression to analyse the incidence of KC excisions and the incidence of actinic lesions treated using cryotherapy or serial curettage, and flexible parametric survival models for analysis of time to first KC excision.

Results

Randomization to vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the incidence of KC lesions treated by excision [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1·04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·98–1·11], the incidence of actinic lesions treated using other methods (IRR 1·01; 95% CI 0·95–1·08) or time to first histologically confirmed KC excision (hazard ratio 1·02; 95% CI 0·97–1·08). However, in subgroup analysis vitamin D increased the incidence of KC excisions in adults aged ≥ 70 years (IRR 1·13, 95% CI 1·04–1·23; P-value for interaction = 0·01).

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the incidence of KC or other actinic lesions.

What is already known about this topic?  Laboratory studies have suggested possible protective effects of vitamin D on skin cancer.Observational studies investigating the association between vitamin D and risk of keratinocyte cancer are largely uninformative as ultraviolet radiation both causes skin cancer and is the primary source of vitamin D.The evidence from randomized controlled trials of vitamin D is limited and inconclusive.

What does this study add?  This population-based, randomized controlled trial suggests that supplementing older adults with a high monthly dose of vitamin D for 5 years does not affect the incidence of keratinocyte cancer.
A reaction norm framework for the evolution of learning: how cumulative experience shapes phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Haaland Thomas R. , Dingemanse Niels J. , Westneat David F.
Published: July 2022

Learning is a familiar process to most people, but it currently lacks a fully developed theoretical position within evolutionary biology. Learning (memory and forgetting) involves adjustments in behaviour in response to cumulative sequences of prior experiences or exposures to environmental cues. We therefore suggest that all forms of learning (and some similar biological phenomena in development, aging, acquired immunity and acclimation) can usefully be viewed as special cases of phenotypic plasticity, and formally modelled by expanding the concept of reaction norms to include additional environmental dimensions quantifying sequences of cumulative experience (learning) and the time delays between events (forgetting). Memory therefore represents just one of a number of different internal neurological, physiological, hormonal and anatomical ‘states’ that mediate the carry‐over effects of cumulative environmental experiences on phenotypes across different time periods. The mathematical and graphical conceptualisation of learning as plasticity within a reaction norm framework can easily accommodate a range of different ecological scenarios, closely linking statistical estimates with biological processes. Learning and non‐learning plasticity interact whenever cumulative prior experience causes a modification in the reaction norm (a) elevation [mean phenotype], (b) slope [responsiveness], (c) environmental estimate error [informational memory] and/or (d) phenotypic precision [skill acquisition]. Innovation and learning new contingencies in novel (laboratory) environments can also be accommodated within this approach. A common reaction norm approach should thus encourage productive cross‐fertilisation of ideas between traditional studies of learning and phenotypic plasticity. As an example, we model the evolution of plasticity with and without learning under different levels of environmental estimation error to show how learning works as a specific adaptation promoting phenotypic plasticity in temporally autocorrelated environments. Our reaction norm framework for learning and analogous biological processes provides a conceptual and mathematical structure aimed at usefully stimulating future theoretical and empirical investigations into the evolution of plasticity across a wider range of ecological contexts, while providing new interdisciplinary connections regarding learning mechanisms.
ASCL1 regulates super‐enhancer‐associated miRNAs to define molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer
Authors: Miyakawa Kazuko , Miyashita Naoya , Horie Masafumi , Terasaki Yasuhiro , Tanaka Hidenori , Urushiyama Hirokazu , Fukuda Kensuke , Okabe Yugo , Ishii Takashi , Kuwahara Naomi , Suzuki Hiroshi I. , Nagase Takahide , Saito Akira
Published: July 2022

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with dismal prognosis. Recently, molecular subtypes of SCLC have been defined by the expression status of ASCL1, NEUROD1, YAP1, and POU2F3 transcription regulators. ASCL1 is essential for neuroendocrine differentiation and is expressed in the majority of SCLC. Although previous studies investigated ASCL1 target genes in SCLC cells, ASCL1‐mediated regulation of miRNAs and its relationship to molecular subtypes remain poorly explored. Here, we performed genome‐wide profiling of chromatin modifications (H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and H3K27ac) by CUT&Tag assay and ASCL1 knockdown followed by RNA sequencing and miRNA array analyses in SCLC cells. ASCL1 could preferentially regulate genes associated with super‐enhancers (SEs) defined by enrichment of H3K27ac marking. Moreover, ASCL1 positively regulated several SE‐associated miRNAs, such as miR‐7, miR‐375, miR‐200b‐3p, and miR‐429, leading to repression of their targets, whereas ASCL1 suppressed miR‐455‐3p, an abundant miRNA in other molecular subtypes. We further elucidated unique patterns of SE‐associated miRNAs in different SCLC molecular subtypes, highlighting subtype‐specific miRNA networks with functional relevance. Notably, we found apparent de‐repression of common target genes of different miRNAs following ASCL1 knockdown, suggesting combinatorial action of multiple miRNAs underlying molecular heterogeneity of SCLC (e.g., co‐targeting of YAP1 by miR‐9 and miR‐375). Our comprehensive analyses provide novel insights into SCLC pathogenesis and a clue to understanding subtype‐dependent phenotypic differences.
Effects of intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide‐induced peripheral inflammation on dopamine neuron damage in rat midbrain
Authors: Yang Qiu‐Yu , Li Xian‐Wei , Yang Rong , Qin Ting‐Yang , Long Hong , Zhang Shi‐Bin , Zhang Feng
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Current studies have documented neuroinflammation is implicated in Parkinson's disease. Recently, growing evidence indicated peripheral inflammation plays an important role in regulation of neuroinflammation and thus conferring protection against dopamine (DA) neuronal damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clearly illuminated.

Methods

The effects of intraperitoneal injection of LPS (LPS[i.p.])‐induced peripheral inflammation on substantia nigra (SN) injection of LPS (LPS[SN])‐elicited DA neuronal damage in rat midbrain were investigated. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) daily for 4 consecutive days and then given single injection of LPS (8 μg) into SN with an interval of 0 (LPS(i.p.) 0 day ± LPS(SN)), 30 (LPS(i.p.) 30 days ± LPS(SN)), and 90 (LPS(i.p.) 90 days ± LPS(SN)) days after LPS(i.p.) administration.

Results

LPS(i.p.) increased the levels of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood in (LPS(i.p.) 0 day ± LPS(SN)). Importantly, in (LPS(i.p.) 0 day ± LPS(SN)) and (LPS(i.p.) 30 days ± LPS(SN)), LPS(i.p.) attenuated LPS(SN)‐induced DA neuronal loss in SN. Besides, LPS(i.p.) reduced LPS(SN)‐induced microglia and astrocytes activation in SN. Furtherly, LPS(i.p.) reduced pro‐inflammatory M1 microglia markers mRNA levels and increased anti‐inflammatory M2 microglia markers mRNA levels. In addition, the increased T‐cell marker expression and the decreased M1 microglia marker expression and more DA neuronal survival were discerned at the same area of rat midbrain in LPS(SN)‐induced DA neuronal damage 30 days after LPS(i.p.) application.

Conclusion

This study suggested LPS(i.p.)‐induced peripheral inflammation might cause T cells to infiltrate the brain to regulate microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation, thereby protecting DA neurons.
Fungal dominance of gross nitrogen mineralisation in an acidic upland soil amended with organic fertiliser
Authors: Wang Jing , Fu Ruibiao , Li Yong , Tu Xiaoshun , Chen Zhaoxiong , Elrys Ahmed S. , Cheng Yi , Zhang Jinbo , Cai Zucong , Müller Christoph , Ma Lifeng
Published: July 2022

Fungi typically prevail in acidic soils and have a stronger preference for complex organic compounds than bacteria. Thus, we hypothesized that fungi would play a more important role in gross nitrogen (N) transformation in acidic soil than bacteria, and the dominance of fungi on gross N transformations in acidic soil would increase following complex organic inputs. Herein, we determined bacterial and fungal contributions to gross N transformation processes using a 15N tracing approach combined with selective inhibition in an acidic upland soil under aerobic conditions. Streptomycin was used as the bacterial inhibitor and cycloheximide as the fungal inhibitor. Our results showed that bacteria appeared to dominate autotrophic nitrification but fungi were also involved, and both bacteria and fungi contributed to the gross rate of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (NH4+). When rape seed cake was added to the soil, fungi dominated gross N mineralisation and played an important role in gross NH4+ immobilisation. Our results suggest that the addition of organic fertiliser into acidic upland soil can enhance the contribution of fungi to the mineralisation‐immobilisation turnover of N.

Highlights

Bacterial and fungal contributions to gross N transformation rates were quantified.

Bacteria dominated autotrophic nitrification in acidic upland soil.

Fungi dominated gross N mineralisation following organic fertiliser addition.

Adding complex carbon to acidic soil boosts fungal‐mediated N transformations.
A 10‐year follow‐up survey of US academic libraries highlights the COVID‐19 experience and greater interest in health information outreach
Authors: Jameson Jodi , Duhon Lucy
Published: July 2022

Background

As follow‐up to their previous survey on health information outreach (HIO) in 2010, the authors became interested in the evolving nature of HIO activities at academic libraries within the past decade.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to understand how HIO activities at academic libraries have evolved since 2010, especially considering the current COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

An online survey, designed to collect quantitative data on general HIO activities and qualitative data specifically on COVID‐19 information outreach, was distributed to over 1700 librarians at US general academic and academic health science libraries.

Results

Two hundred and fifty‐five respondents completed the survey. Quantitative findings generally paralleled the 2010 results, except in a few areas. Most notably, a greater percentage of librarians in 2020 were participating in HIO (44%) than in 2010 (37%). Qualitative findings revealed that librarians are leveraging traditional information services and implementing innovative partnerships to promote reputable health information resources on COVID‐19.

Discussion

Evidence suggests that further engagement and campus partnerships can enhance libraries' supportive roles as trustworthy purveyors of quality health information.

Conclusion

US academic librarians are increasingly engaging in HIO to support the health information needs of campus communities and should consider aligning outreach activities with national health goals.
Hodgkinoid histiocytosis: an atypical nodal CD30 and S100‐positive histiocytosis with eosinophilia
Authors: Tsuyama Naoko , Noguchi Masaaki , Asaka Reimi , Sakata Seiji , Baba Satoko , Izumi Hiroshi , Takeuchi Kengo
Published: July 2022

Histiocytes and dendritic cells may display cytological atypia and an aberrant immunophenotype even in reactive processes. Herein, we describe two cases of “Hodgkinoid histiocytosis” that show distinctive clinicopathological features, mimicking morphologically classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), but suggesting reactive histiocytic/dendritic cell proliferation in lymph nodes. Both the patients presented with peripheral lymphadenopathy and blood eosinophilia with skin manifestations. Lymph node biopsy revealed scattered large histiocytes resembling Hodgkin cells with a round or stellate shape, abundant cytoplasm, and distinct nucleoli admixed in a predominant inflammatory background. The Hodgkinoid histiocytes occasionally showed emperipolesis. They expressed CD30, S100, and PD‐L1 proteins but lacked PAX5 and CD1a expressions, Epstein–Barr association, BRAF V600E mutation, and PD‐L1 gene amplification. Neither of the patients showed overt progression to malignant haematopoietic neoplasms during the disease course. An identical case series of four patients has been reported to date. Both these series highlight the potential of being interpreted as CHL due to the presence of Hodgkinoid histiocytes with CD30 positivity.
Paternal knockdown of tRNA(cytosine‐5‐)‐methyltransferase (Dnmt2) increases offspring susceptibility to infection in red flour beetles
Authors: Schulz Nora K. E. , Mohamed Fakry F. , Lo Lai Ka , Peuß Robert , de Buhr Maike F. , Kurtz Joachim
Published: July 2022

Intergenerational effects from fathers to offspring are increasingly reported from diverse organisms, but the underlying mechanisms remain speculative. Paternal trans‐generational immune priming (TGIP) was demonstrated in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum: non‐infectious bacterial exposure of fathers protects their offspring against an infectious challenge for at least two generations. Epigenetic processes, such as cytosine methylation of nucleic acids, have been proposed to enable transfer of information from fathers to offspring. Here we studied a potential role in TGIP of the Dnmt2 gene (renamed as Trdmt1 in humans), which encodes a highly conserved enzyme that methylates different RNAs, including specific cytosines of a set of tRNAs. Dnmt2 has previously been reported to be involved in intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in mice and protection against viruses in fruit flies. We first studied gene expression and found that Dnmt2 is expressed in various life history stages and tissues of T. castaneum, with high expression in the reproductive organs. RNAi‐mediated knockdown of Dnmt2 in fathers was systemic, slowed down offspring larval development and increased mortality of the adult offspring upon bacterial infection. However, these effects were independent of bacterial exposure of the fathers. In conclusion, our results point towards a role of Dnmt2 for paternal effects, while elucidation of the mechanisms behind paternal TGIP needs further studies.
A new species of deep‐sea torquaratorid enteropneust (Hemichordata): A sequential hermaphrodite with exceptionally wide lips
Authors: Holland Nicholas D. , Hiley Avery S. , Rouse Greg W.
Published: July 2022

Specimens of a new species of torquaratorid acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) were video recorded and subsequently collected at abyssal depths in the eastern North Pacific at sites ranging from Oregon to northern Mexico. These worms are described here as Yoda demiankoopi n. sp. by molecular and morphological methods. The new species differs from its only described congener, Yoda purpurata, in three ways. First, the lips are extremely wide and indented by a deep ciliary groove for ingesting substrate and conveying it to the mouth. Second, a connective tissue bulge of unknown significance runs mid‐dorsally along the hepatic and posthepatic regions of the intestine. Third, the posthepatic intestine is strikingly sinuous and packed with gut contents presumably undergoing digestion for extended periods between infrequent defecations. Yoda demiankoopi n. sp. is hermaphroditic, a character so far known only for the genus Yoda in the entire class Enteropneusta. The gonads of each adult worm comprise hundreds of ovaries (each containing a single oocyte) and hundreds of testes located just beneath the dorsal epidermis of the anterior trunk and associated genital wings. In any given animal, at any given time, gametes of only one sex or the other become fully mature. Thus, the worm is a sequential hermaphrodite, alternately spawning purely as a female or purely as a male.
Being tied down—The experience of being physically restrained while mechanically ventilated in ICU
Authors: Perez Dawn , Murphy Gillian , Wilkes Lesley , Peters Kath
Published: July 2022

Aims

To explore the experience of physical restraints during mechanical ventilation in intensive care from the perspectives of patients and family members.

Design

This research was a qualitative study with a naturalistic inquiry framework adhering to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines.

Method

In‐depth, semi‐structured conversations were conducted with five patients and six family members who had either personally experienced or witnessed their loved ones being physically restrained during mechanical ventilation in intensive care. Data collection occurred between March 2018 and June 2019. These conversations were audio‐recorded and transcribed. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

Three major themes emerged from the data. These themes were: Being tied down; Feeling helpless; and Finding light in the darkness.

Conclusion

The experience of physical restraints during mechanical ventilation in intensive care leads to traumatic experiences which can impact patients and families long after their ICU stay. Holistic care, which considers the physical, emotional and psychological needs of patients and families, should be more thoroughly explored when managing treatment interference to minimize harm.

Impact

This study gained insight into the physical, emotional and psychological consequences of applying physical restraints to patients who are mechanically ventilated as an intervention for preventing treatment interference. The findings of this study have the potential to improve ICU patient and family outcomes by influencing current physical restraint practices. Recommendations from this research can contribute to practice change by informing policy, shifting workplace culture and norms about restraints, and encouraging education and training.
COVID‐19 pandemic and care of transfusion‐dependent patients of thalassaemia: Experience from a paediatric centre in North India
Authors: Parakh Nupur , Pahuja Sangeeta , Singh Varinder , Kumar Narender , Chandra Jagdish
Published: July 2022

Aim

COVID‐19 has presented an unprecedented challenge to health services and has significantly affected the management of non‐Covid illnesses, like thalassemia. The present study documents the impact of Covid‐associated restrictions and disruptions on working of the pediatric thalassemia day care centre (TDCC), and measures taken by TDCC and blood transfusion services to adapt to and mitigate the negative impact of Covid pandemic and associated lockdown on patient care.

Methods

Pre‐transfusion haemoglobin and packed cell transfusion requirement were compared across three time periods, namely pre‐lockdown, lockdown and post‐lockdown in paediatric transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia (TDT) patients. Caregivers were interviewed to document any problems faced by them.

Results

The study involved 181 TDT patients. There was a significant reduction in mean pre‐transfusion haemoglobin and red cells transfused during lockdown phase as compared to pre‐lockdown phase. Regular care was interrupted in 45% of patients and 76% of patients getting blood from outside could not get leukoreduced red cells. Investigations, monitoring and continuity of iron chelation were also affected. Blood centre faced 30.5% reduction in blood supply during lockdown. TDCC and blood centre took several steps, including prolongation of service hours and staggering of transfusions to ensure maximum transfusions while ensuring social distancing.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 pandemic imposed many unprecedented challenges to the routine care of thalassaemic patients; however, some of them could be dealt with by a proactive approach and micro‐planning at the institution level. Other similar resource‐limited settings could learn from experiences for continued quality care for chronic medical conditions during pandemic like situations.
Factors linked to hepatocellular carcinoma development beyond 10 years after viral eradication in patients with hepatitis C virus
Authors: Kumada Takashi , Toyoda Hidenori , Yasuda Satoshi , Ito Takanori , Tsuji Kunihiko , Fujioka Shinichi , Hiraoka Atsushi , Kariyama Kazuya , Nouso Kazuhiro , Ishikawa Toru , Tamai Tsutomu , Tada Toshifumi , Tanaka Junko
Published: July 2022

The risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in patients whose duration of sustained virological response (SVR) is over 10 years are not fully understood. We compared the incidence of HCC development within and beyond 10 years after SVR. A total of 1384 patients who achieved SVR (714, interferon‐based therapy; 670, direct‐acting antiviral therapy) were enrolled. Factors associated with HCC development were analysed within and beyond 10 years after SVR by Cox proportional hazards models. The annual incidence rates of HCC development were 0.568% within 10 years after SVR and 0.190% beyond 10 years, and there was a significant difference in the incidence of HCC development between the 2 periods (p = 0.0242, log‐rank test). Male gender (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.930; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.508–5.693, p = 0.0015), fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) score > 3.25 (aHR 4.364; 95%CI 2.206–8.633, p < 0.0001) and alpha‐fetoprotein ≥5.0 ng/ml (aHR 2.381; 95%CI 1.325–4.280, p = 0.0037) were independently associated with HCC development within 10 years after SVR. Male gender (aHR 4.702; 95%CI 1.366–16.190, p = 0.0141), presence of diabetes mellitus (aHR 2.933; 95%CI 1.240–6.935, p = 0.0143) and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) ≥ 56 U/l (aHR 4.157; 95%CI 1.400–12.350, p = 0.0103) were independently associated with HCC development beyond 10 years after SVR. The incidence of HCC development beyond 10 years after SVR was very low, and the associated factors were mainly extrahepatic, including DM and elevated GGT. Annual routine check‐ups with abdominal ultrasound may be sufficient for such patients. (242 words).
Significance of serum HBV RNA in non‐cirrhotic HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients who discontinue effective antiviral therapy
Authors: Papatheodoridi Margarita , Papachristou Eleni , Moschidis Zissis , Hadziyannis Emilia , Rigopoulou Eirini , Zachou Kalliopi , Villeret François , Magiorkinis Gkikas , Lyberopoulou Aggeliki , Gatselis Nikolaos , Vlachogiannakos Ioannis , Manolakopoulos Spilios , Dalekos George N. , Zoulim Fabien , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Papatheodoridis George V.
Published: July 2022

HBV RNA is considered as a promising predictor in patients who discontinue nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). We determined HBV RNA levels in non‐cirrhotic HBeAg‐negative patients who discontinued NAs and assessed their predictability for 12‐month outcomes. Fifty‐seven patients of DARING‐B study were included. HBV RNA levels were determined in stored monthly serum samples drawn at 0–3 months after end of therapy (EOT). Other markers previously determined in the same cohort including hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) were also assessed. HBV RNA at EOT was detectable in 7% of patients, who developed virological/clinical relapse and required retreatment at month 2; in patients with undetectable EOT HBV RNA, 12‐month cumulative rates of virological relapse, clinical relapse and retreatment were 68%, 28% and 21%, respectively (p ≤ 0.008). HBV RNA at month‐1 after EOT was detectable in 19% of patients being associated with higher probability only of virological relapse (p = 0.001). HBV RNA levels correlated significantly to HBV DNA, HBcrAg, ALT and interferon‐induced protein‐10, but not HBsAg levels. Combined EOT HBV RNA and HBcrAg detection and/or HBsAg >1000 IU/ml was associated only with higher probability of retreatment having higher sensitivity and lower specificity than HBV RNA alone. In conclusion, serum HBV RNA is detectable in a minority of non‐cirrhotic HBeAg‐negative patients under effective long‐term NAs therapy offering low sensitivity but 100% specificity for early retreatment due to severe clinical relapses after NA discontinuation. The combinations of EOT HBV RNA with HBcrAg and/or high HBsAg levels increase sensitivity but decrease specificity for prediction of retreatment after NAs withdrawal.
Sympatric speciation by allochrony?
Authors: Rosser Neil , Seixas Fernando , Mallet James
Published: July 2022

Sympatric speciation was once thought most improbable, but careful study of some systems, particularly the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) and related Rhagoletis species, has led to its reinstatement as a likely mode of speciation in some cases. Different species and host races in this clade of flies often have highly specialized host preference, and along with frequent evolutionary shifts to different fruit species between sister taxa, there is a likely effect of the timing of adult emergence that follows host fruiting phenology. This is known as “allochronic” isolation (from the Greek meaning “different timing”). This overview covers recent discoveries by Inskeep et al. (Molecular Ecology, 2021) showing how allochrony is a major factor in preventing gene flow between a pair of sister species of Rhagoletis on different host fruits. Although the authors do not claim to prove sympatric speciation, it does seem very likely, and the work clearly underscores how readily host shifts via allochrony can aid sympatric speciation.
Factors associated with venous thromboembolism in the paediatric intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Ya Jing , Lei Lei , Huang Yan
Published: July 2022

Background

Paediatric critical care practitioners have become increasingly concerned about venous thromboembolism (VTE). Although a wide range of factors associated with VTE in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) have been identified, the strength and consistency of effect sizes are uncertain.

Study Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of case–control and cohort studies.

We searched six electronic databases from inception to 20 June 2021. The study population consisted of hospitalized children aged 0–21 years. Our primary outcome was factors associated with VTE in the PICU. We pooled effect sizes as odds ratios (ORs) using random‐effects models for each factor that was examined in at least three distinct samples. We assessed study quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and examined between‐study heterogeneity.

Results

The meta‐analysis showed that age <1 year (OR = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–3.01), sepsis (OR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.55–6.38), central venous catheterization (CVC; OR = 7.76, 95% CI: 3.63–16.61), and mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.90–4.13) was associated with an increased VTE risk.

Conclusion

We identified that infancy, sepsis, and the use of CVC and mechanical ventilation therapies are more likely to cause VTE in critically ill children. It is still necessary to identify the association between VTE and important clinical variables (e.g., postpubertal age, postoperative status).

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This review provides evidence that supports the factors associated with VTE in specific clinical settings and suggests that nurses should focus on the precise identification of the factors associated with VTE.
Nature‐based solutions for coastal adaptation management, concepts and scope, an overview
Authors: van der Meulen Frank , IJff Stéphanie , van Zetten Rien
Published: July 2022

The paper introduces nature‐based solutions (NBS) and their application in coastal adaptation management. NBS seek to make use of local natural elements and processes in coastal ecosystems, as much as possible, to harness forces of nature for the benefit of society. We focus on soft sedimentary coasts, like beaches and dunes, salt marshes, seagrass beds and mangroves. By shifting coastal management from conventional ‘Building in Nature' to ‘Building with Nature', NBS can be seen as a valuable alternative to the traditional approach, which is based on hydraulic, civil engineered designs. NBS can be applied in diverse situations and at various scales, from small‐scale (ecosystem elements, a small pond) to large‐scale (entire coastal stretches). The practice of NBS is also valuable for climate change adaptation, when forces of nature will increase. NBS requires a governance setting that makes use of an integrated approach with disciplines of ecology, economy and society working together. But integration is not yet common practise in many countries. We conclude that NBS are a promising alternative to the traditional approach. Because the practise still is relatively young, more field and laboratory projects should be executed, in particular under extreme weather conditions. The future challenge is to build up more stakeholder acceptance and (local) trust in the concept.
The changing face of abuse cases in a pediatric intensive care unit: A single‐center experience
Authors: Varol Fatih , Sahin Ebru , Ozgunay Busra , Cengiz Mehmet , Altas Zeynep Meva , Guven Sirin
Published: July 2022

Background

Due to the increase in abuse and neglect cases in recent years, the purpose of this study was to assess child abuse and neglect of patients who were hospitalized and followed up in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Methods

A total of 34 abuse and neglect patients who were admitted to the PICU from August 2020 to March 2021 were included retrospectively in the study. Patients’ clinical and demographic characteristics were obtained from our hospital's patient record system (HIS). Comorbidities and the mental status of the patients, affected systems, treatments, and outcomes were extracted.

Results

In this study, 44.1% (n: 15) of the patients were male and 55.9% (n: 19) were female. Physical neglect such as foreign body aspiration, malnutrition, electrocution, drowning, traffic accident, and body collision was detected in 14 (41.2%) patients. Emotional neglect (taking drugs, alcohol, or suicide) was found in 19 (55.9%) of our patients. Only 1 (2.9%) patient presented with physical abuse.

Conclusions

Perception of neglect varies among different cultures. Any infant or child who is admitted to the PICU with a history that is not consistent, a history of delay in seeking medical attention, a previous history of abuse or suspected abuse, or the absence of the primary caretaker at the appearance of illness should signal possible abuse. Health‐care professionals should give more attention to these patients to prevent the overlooking and recurrence of neglect and abuse cases due to the intense work tempo in the PICU.
One President at a Time? How the President‐Elect Shapes U.S. Foreign Policy during the Transition
Authors: Michaels Jeffrey H. , Payne Andrew
Published: July 2022

Over the past six decades, the presidential transition scholarship has grown increasingly rich, yet little systematic attention has been paid to the foreign policy activities of the president‐elect. The idea that the United States has “one president at a time” may be a constitutional reality, but it is also a political fiction, more honored in the breach than in the observance. This article demonstrates how U.S. foreign policy operates along several simultaneous tracks during the formal transition period between the election and inauguration. We develop and illustrate a new framework for understanding the underexplored role and significance of the president‐elect as a foreign policy actor during the era of the “modern presidency.” By refuting the notion that the president‐elect is a nonentity, this article lays the foundation for more active exploration of the foreign activities of presidents‐elect and their impact on U.S. foreign policy.
General purpose multiply robust data integration procedures for handling nonprobability samples
Authors: Chen Sixia , Haziza David
Published: July 2022

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in combining probability and nonprobability samples. Nonprobability sample are cheaper and quicker to conduct but the resulting estimators are vulnerable to bias as the participation probabilities are unknown. To adjust for the potential bias, estimation procedures based on parametric or nonparametric models have been discussed in the literature. However, the validity of the resulting estimators relies heavily on the validity of the underlying models. Also, nonparametric approaches may suffer from the curse of dimensionality and poor efficiency. We propose a data integration approach by combining multiple outcome regression models and propensity score models. The proposed approach can be used for estimating general parameters including totals, means, distribution functions, and percentiles. The resulting estimators are multiply robust in the sense that they remain consistent if all but one model are misspecified. The asymptotic properties of point and variance estimators are established. The results from a simulation study show the benefits of the proposed method in terms of bias and efficiency. Finally, we apply the proposed method using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and data from the National Health Insurance Sharing Services.
Soil microbiome biomass, activity, composition and CO2 emissions in a long‐term organic and conventional farming systems
Authors: Santoni Margherita , Verdi Leonardo , Imran Pathan Shamina , Napoli Marco , Dalla Marta Anna , Dani Francesca Romana , Pacini Gaio Cesare , Ceccherini Maria Teresa
Published: July 2022

The implementation of environmentally friendly agricultural policies has increased the need to compare agricultural aspects of conventional (CON) and organic farming (ORG) systems. The objective of the present work was to compare the effects of an organic and conventional long‐term experiment on bacterial and fungal biomass and activity, as well as soil CO2 emission and readily available nitrogen forms in a soil cultivated with Helianthus annuus L. The microbial biomass was more active and abundant in ORG as well as soil CO2 emission. Despite being less abundant, fungi were more active than bacteria in both ORG and CON experiments. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the ORG treatment had a significantly greater bacterial richness than CON. Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla contributing more than others to the differences between the two systems. Moreover, the soil and content was not significantly different between ORG and CON, while was less in ORG. ORG sunflower yield was significantly less compared with CON. While much remains to be discovered about the effects of these agricultural practices on soil chemical properties and microbial diversity, our findings may contribute to this type of investigation.
A novel HLA allele, HLA‐A*03:420, identified by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Loeser Evelyn , Verboom Murielle , Bernheiden Martin , Rakhmanov Mirzokhid , Emmerich Florian
Published: July 2022

HLA‐A*03:420 differs from HLA‐A*03:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide in exon 1, codon −22.
Development of novel mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for oil sands wastewater treatment: A critical review
Authors: Bui Vu Tan , Eduok Ubong , Abdelrasoul Amira , McMartin Dena W.
Published: July 2022

While oil sands production plays a significant role in Canada's economy, the rise in oil sands production leads to increasing water withdrawal, consumption, storage and contamination that threaten the sustainability of water sources, biodiversity, ecosystem and public health. Effective treatment and reuse of oil sands process‐affected water (OSPW) can be a strategic solution for these issues. Membrane technology has emerged as a favourite choice for OSPW treatment with high removal and energy efficiency, small footprint and facile operation, installation and scale‐up. However, challenges also exist for membrane technologies related to fouling that causes a rapid decline in membrane performance. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) prepared by mixing superhydrophilic zwitterionic materials and inorganic nanoparticles into host membranes are anticipated as next‐generation membrane designs with significant potential for OSPW treatment by achieving multifunctionalities including fouling resistance, improved water permeability, selectivity and mechanical strength. Reproducibility and feasibility for large‐scale industrial applications remain important research questions for the production of MMMs for OSPW treatment. This study provides new insight on the performance, stability and durability of MMMs, outlooking to the commercialization prospect of MMMs. The research outcomes therefore can provide valuable knowledge for the design and development of high‐quality membranes with the required characteristics for OSPW treatment applications.
Oculomotor plant and neural dynamics suggest gaze control requires integration on distributed timescales
Authors: Miri Andrew , Bhasin Brandon J. , Aksay Emre R. F. , Tank David W. , Goldman Mark S.
Published: July 2022

A fundamental principle of biological motor control is that the neural commands driving movement must conform to the response properties of the motor plants they control. In the oculomotor system, characterizations of oculomotor plant dynamics traditionally supported models in which the plant responds to neural drive to extraocular muscles on exclusively short, subsecond timescales. These models predict that the stabilization of gaze during fixations between saccades requires neural drive that approximates eye position on longer timescales and is generated through the temporal integration of brief eye velocity‐encoding signals that cause saccades. However, recent measurements of oculomotor plant behaviour have revealed responses on longer timescales. Furthermore, measurements of firing patterns in the oculomotor integrator have revealed a more complex encoding of eye movement dynamics. Yet, the link between these observations has remained unclear. Here we use measurements from the larval zebrafish to link dynamics in the oculomotor plant to dynamics in the neural integrator. The oculomotor plant in both anaesthetized and awake larval zebrafish was characterized by a broad distribution of response timescales, including those much longer than 1 s. Analysis of the firing patterns of oculomotor integrator neurons, which exhibited a broadly distributed range of decay time constants, demonstrates the sufficiency of this activity for stabilizing gaze given an oculomotor plant with distributed response timescales. This work suggests that leaky integration on multiple, distributed timescales by the oculomotor integrator reflects an inverse model for generating oculomotor commands, and that multi‐timescale dynamics may be a general feature of motor circuitry.

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Key points

Recent observations of oculomotor plant response properties and neural activity across the oculomotor system have called into question classical formulations of both the oculomotor plant and the oculomotor integrator.

Here we use measurements from new and published experiments in the larval zebrafish together with modelling to reconcile recent oculomotor plant observations with oculomotor integrator function.

We developed computational techniques to characterize oculomotor plant responses over several seconds in awake animals, demonstrating that long timescale responses seen in anaesthetized animals extend to the awake state.

Analysis of firing patterns of oculomotor integrator neurons demonstrates the sufficiency of this activity for stabilizing gaze given an oculomotor plant with multiple, distributed response timescales.

Our results support a formulation of gaze stabilization by the oculomotor system in which commands for stabilizing gaze are generated through integration on multiple, distributed timescales.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Pressurized Water Reactor Fuel Assembly to Estimate Loss Coefficients in Support of Subchannel Thermalhydraulics Modeling of Pressurized Water Reactor Small Modular Reactors With Advanced Fuels
Authors: Li Chenguang , Podila Krishna , Bromley Blair P. , Rao Yanfei
Published: July 2022

Pressure loss coefficients are generally required by subchannel and system thermalhydraulics codes. These coefficients are not readily available for small modular reactors (SMRs) featuring nonconventional designs and novel coolants. In this study, the pressure loss coefficients were obtained using three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for an advanced water-cooled reactor. A representative light water fuel assembly used in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/National Research Council Canada (NRC) pressurized water reactor subchannel and bundle tests (PSBT) benchmark was selected for CFD modeling and simulation under various working conditions. The fuel assembly includes three types of pressurized water reactor (PWR) spacer grids: simple grid (SG), nonmixing vane grid (NMVG), and mixing vane grid (MVG). Turbulent flow through subchannels of both nonheated and heated rod bundles was simulated to predict recoverable and nonrecoverable pressure distribution along the length of the bundle. It was observed that vortices were generated at the tips of spacer grids, affecting the cross-flow in subchannels significantly. The estimated pressure loss coefficients were found to be influenced by the flow conditions (Reynolds number or the upstream flow history) and spacer grid configuration. Pressure loss coefficient values ranged from 1.14 to 1.80, depending on the spacer grid type, design, and flow conditions. The CFD method used in this study was demonstrated to have the potential to generate input parameters required for the subchannel analysis and optimization of fuel assembly designs and serve as a surrogate for empirical correlations.
Dependence of binaural gain for infrasound on interaural phase difference
Authors: Bug Marion U. , Strüp Melina , Marquardt Torsten
Published: July 2022

Increasing complaints about infrasound have generated interest in understanding its perception, including binaural effects. This study investigated the level difference between monaural and binaural presentation required for detection and equal loudness (binaural gain) for pure tones with frequencies of 8, 32, and 400 Hz and an 8 Hz sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tone with diotic 400 Hz carrier. Monaural stimuli were compared to binaural stimuli with interaural phase differences (IPDs) of 0°, 90°, and 180° in two experiments: absolute threshold measurements and loudness matching at 40 phons. The latter was repeated with transposed tones (400 Hz carrier multiplied by a half-wave-rectified 8 Hz sinusoid). When expressed as differences in sound pressure level, similar binaural gain was found across all stimulus types under the diotic condition. Confirming previous studies, the gain was larger at supra-threshold levels (40 phons) than at threshold. However, when the loudness-matching results were expressed as binaural gain with respect to the loudness level, they became 17.5, 11.2, and 5.8 phons for the 8, 32, and 400 Hz stimuli, respectively. Results for the 8 Hz pure tone and the transposed stimulus were IPD dependent.
Speech tempo in Hungarian speaking children and adolescents: The effects of age and speaking tasks
Authors: Bóna Judit , Váradi Viola
Published: July 2022

This paper provides new data on speech tempo in typically developing Hungarian-speaking children and adolescents obtained in three different speaking contexts and analyzed using an extended set of temporal measures. We asked whether the expected developmental trend across four age levels (6, 9, 13, and 17 years) was equally reflected in children's speech rate, articulation rate, and pausing (frequency, duration, and proportion of pauses), and how their speech tempo was modulated by the cognitive demands of different speaking tasks (spontaneous narratives, story retellings, and story generations). We found a systematic incremental increase in speech rate and articulation rate with each higher age level, but the corresponding decrease in the frequency, duration, and proportion of pauses was less systematic. Increased cognitive demands in the story generation and retelling tasks resulted in slower speech and articulation rates than in spontaneous narratives. The demands of different tasks were also reflected in a distinct pattern of pausing. Overall, the study suggests a protracted developmental time course of temporal control in narrative discourse production and underscores the importance of considering speaking contexts when comparing findings across experimental studies.