bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diet and feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes) in a coastal stream from Serra do Mar - RJ
Authors: Mazzoni R. , Moraes M. , Rezende CF. , Iglesias-Rios R.
Published: December 2010

The present study was carried out in Mato Grosso fluvial system, a costal drainage from Serra do Mar. We analysed the diet and the feeding daily rhythm of Pimelodella lateristriga from samples carried out during 24 hours over a 4 hour fishing interval, in June, July and September, 2006 as well as in January and February, 2007. Diet was described from the Feeding Index (IAi) and feeding daily rhythm was verified through the Gut Fullness Index (GFI). Pimelodella lateristriga diet was composed of 37 items, being aquatic insects the most important ones. IAi analysis revealed that Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera amounted to 90% of the diet. Autochthonous invertebrates were the most important consumed items. Pimelodella lateristriga concentrated its feeding activities in the nocturnal period (10:00 PM to 2:00 AM) with marked significant differences (F = 16.11; gl = 5; p < 0.05) between each diurnal and nocturnal periods. Between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM, foraging activity was gradually reduced. We concluded that P. lateristriga has an insectivorous diet and a nocturnal feeding habit with greater activity between 10:00 PM to 2:00 AM.
A experiência do núcleo de estudos de meios de solução de conflitos (NEMESC)
Authors: Salles Carlos Alberto de , Gabbay Daniela M. , Silva Erica B. , Tartuce Fernanda , Guerrero Luis Fernando , Lorencini Marco Antônio G. L.
Published: December 2010

O artigo apresenta a experiência desenvolvida pelo Núcleo de Estudos de Meios de Solução de Conflitos (NEMESC) no âmbito da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo. As atividades desenvolvidas, que completaram cinco anos em 2009, tiveram início informalmente através de grupo de estudo com alunos da graduação e pós-graduação e hoje se firmaram como disciplinas de extensão da Faculdade de Direito. Este artigo considera as atividades e práticas desenvolvidas pelo grupo, as escolhas metodológicas e o envolvimento dos alunos durante estes cinco anos de experiência do NEMESC, para demonstrar os resultados auferidos. o objetivo é contribuir para o debate sobre o tema e uma troca de experiências sobre meios de solução de conflitos no âmbito da faculdade de direito.
O supremo tribunal federal e a cidadania à luz da influência comunitarista
Authors: Ximenes Julia Maurmann
Published: December 2010

A constituição de 1988 atribuiu ao supremo um desenho institucional que reflete uma valorização do texto constitucional e uma tentativa de aproximação do exercício da cidadania na linha de uma democracia participativa, à luz da teoria filosófica-política do comunitarismo. Contudo, é possível perceber elementos que acarretaram uma crise de identidade no exercício das atividades do supremo. Essa crise de identidade se intensifica com o instituto do amicus curiae questionando o papel como tribunal constitucional propriamente dito.
Julgamento da Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol: todo dia era dia de índio
Authors: Yamada Erica Magami , Villares Luiz Fernando
Published: December 2010

O julgamento da demarcação da Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol expôs o papel do STF como legislador positivo. O recém-publicado acórdão do STF sobre o caso agrega as chamadas salvaguardas institucionais formuladas nas 19 ressalvas à ação do poder executivo e aos direitos dos povos indígenas apresentadas em plenária. Algumas dessas ressalvas, verdadeiros enunciados normativos, ameaçam retroceder o reconhecimento de direitos de minorias étnicas no país, na contramão de compromissos internacionais de direitos humanos assumidos, especialmente quanto à interpretação do direito originário dos índios sobre suas terras tradicionais e quanto ao não reconhecimento da organização política indígena com o controle sobre suas terras.
O primado da sociedade e as falhas do Direito e Desenvolvimento
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z.
Published: December 2010

O texto analisa os frutos dos esforços de Direito e Desenvolvimento para mostrar como seus resultados são discutíveis. também examina o conjunto de conhecimentos acumulados acerca daquilo que funciona em Direito e Desenvolvimento para mostrar como ele é inconclusivo. para fazer isso, extrai as implicações do primado da sociedade para o Direito e Desenvolvimento, abordagem que afirma estar o direito interconectado com tudo na sociedade, de tal modo que tudo importa. essa é a percepção fundamental da investigação conduzida pela escola do Law & Society, morada original do trabalho que, agora, é conduzido sob o rótulo de Direito e Desenvolvimento.
O preâmbulo e a prescritividade constitutiva dos textos jurídicos
Authors: Carvalho Paulo de Barros
Published: December 2010

Com o propósito de conhecer o direito em sua ampla dimensão e dar mais consistência ao saber jurídico, o trabalho abaixo pretende analisar a figura do preâmbulo no universo normativo, empregando técnicas de aproximação que assumem tons de "filosofia no direito" e não de "filosofia do direito". Sabe-se bem que, dentre os muitos traços que lhe são peculiares, o direito oferece o dado da linguagem como seu integrante constitutivo. A linguagem não só fala do objeto (ciência do direito) como participa de sua constituição (direito positivo). Forte nesses pressupostos não hesito em proclamar que o estudo das fontes do direito está voltado, primordialmente, para o exame dos fatos enquanto enunciações que fazem nascer regras jurídicas introdutoras de normas no sistema. Por isso, o preâmbulo, como enunciado normativo, não pode ser desconsiderado na feição de sua juridicidade. Na mesma linha, estão também as ementas e as exposições de motivos. Na condição de feixe de marcas deixadas no curso do processo enunciativo do direito, assumem indiscutível relevância, auxiliando e orientando a atividade do intérprete.
Diving seabirds share foraging space and time within and among species
Authors: Masello Juan F. , Mundry Roger , Poisbleau Maud , Demongin Laurent , Voigt Christian C. , Wikelski Martin , Quillfeldt Petra
Published: December 2010

Ecological theory predicts that animals with similar foraging strategies should not be able to co‐exist without segregating either in space, time or diet. In communities, intra‐specific competition is thought to be more intense than the competition among species, because of the lack of niche partitioning between conspecifics. Hence, while different seabird species can overlap in their foraging distribution, intra‐specific competition can drive the neighboring populations of the same species to spatial segregation of foraging areas. To investigate ecological segregation within and among species of diving seabirds, we used a multi‐species GPS‐tracking approach of seabirds of four species on a small island in the Southwest Atlantic. The present study goes beyond previous work by analyzing simultaneous effects of species and colonies. We observed strikingly strong spatial foraging segregation among birds of the same species, breeding in colonies as close as 2 km from each other. Conspecifics from neighboring colonies used foraging places adjacent to their own colony, and there was little or no overlap with birds from the other colony. A zone with increased predator concentration was completely avoided during foraging trips, likely contributing to the spatial segregation. In addition to spatial segregation, we also observed intra‐specific differences in other components of foraging behavior, such as time of day, dive depth and diet. These were most likely caused by optimal foraging of individuals in relation to habitat differences on a local scale, leading to a complex pattern of interactions with environmental covariates, in particular foraging daytime, foraging water layer temperature and depth, distance to coast and bathymetric depth of foraging areas. As mechanisms leading to the spatial segregation we propose a combination of optimal foraging and avoidance of predation.
Electrical Resistivity Variations Before and After the Pingtung Earthquake in the Wushanting Mud Volcano Area in Southwestern Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ping-Yu , Yang Tsang-Yao , Chyi L. Lynn , Hong Wei-Li
Published: December 2010

The extensive eruption of fluid from the mud volcanoes in the Yanchao area of southwestern Taiwan reveals the activities of the active Chishan fault. A series of time-lapse resistivity imaging measurements were initially conducted in the Wushanting Natural Landscape Preservation Area in Yanchao to evaluate the relationship between resistivity change and fault activity. Resistivity measurements were conducted first along seven [Formula: see text] survey lines to build up the regional model for mud volcanoes. We then conducted consecutive hourly and daily measurements to evaluate the short-term resistivity variations. Monthly observation was initiated along two [Formula: see text] lines in July of 2006. On December 26, 2006, two successive earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.96 and 6.99 hit the town of Hengchun in Pingtung County, about [Formula: see text] southwest of the monitoring site. Before the Pingtung earthquake, the resistivity at the research site was less than [Formula: see text]. Two regions with relatively low resistivity were found at a depth greater than [Formula: see text] at the positions of the two mud volcano craters. The two low-resistivity regions indicate the locations of conduits for the mud fluid. The major changes of resistivity are located in the vadose zone between the surface and a depth of [Formula: see text]. After the Pingtung earthquake, the maximum resistivity increased in the vadose zone by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on survey lines D and E, respectively. In the zone, the estimated water content of D and E decreased by 7% and 10%, respectively, after the earthquake. We suggest that the decrease of resistivity in the vadose zone most likely reflects the decrease of water content, itself caused by the earthquake tremors’ increased emission of gas. Currently, we are continuing the resistivity-monitoring surveys and hope to provide more data to clarify the seasonal-variation patterns and to compare them with the previous findings.
Improved Soil Stabilization by Geoelectrical Water Content Determination and Statistical Shear Strength Models
Authors: Valasti Petri
Published: December 2010

This article addresses one approach that could be used for automating a soil stabilization system. Instead of manually guiding the injection of a binding agent, a scheme is introduced where pre-determined subsurface conditions of the target volume will control the injection. Many factors influence soil stabilization, but the single most important factor is water content. Several methods to measure and quantify water content were considered. Of these methods, geoelectrical resistivity sounding was deemed best suited because it offers bulk information of water content distribution in the soil, whereas other methods tend to give more localized sampling. Water content information is input for multivariable statistical models to estimate the amount of binding agent needed for target shear strength. Statistical models were created based on a large soils database that was established during the study from a multitude of stabilized soil samples of various types.

While resistivity and water content are known to be inversely related to each other, transforming resistivities to water contents is always a site specific issue that must be approached with care. In a soil stabilization context, this means specifically that the surface conductivity of clay particles should always be considered. Stabilized areas often contain clay, which prohibits the use of Archie’s law for transforming resistivities to water contents because this law assumes a resistive surrounding. In our study, we tried a model that is an extension of Archie’s law with an extra term depicting the surface conduction effect. Comparing modeled water contents with those measured in the laboratory, we found an agreement within 20%-units (weight).

Statistical models for soil shear strength included three different mixing agents: pure cement, 1:1 mixture of [Formula: see text] and pure lime. Each model contained several variables such as temperature, pH, water content and humus content. Assuming that values for these variables can be measured or estimated, the amount of the binding agent can be determined from the formulas. This procedure, coupled with a precise positioning system, forms the basis of an automated stabilization system where the amount of binding agent is calculated for each location in the soil separately by a machine that holds statistical models in its memory.

Also during the project, an index method to expedite laboratory tests for stabilized soil samples was developed for means to verify estimated shear strengths given by the statistical models, and to offer an independent way to calibrate these models.
Application of the CSAMT Method for Exploring Deep Coal Mines in Fujian Province, Southeastern China
Authors: An Zhiguo , Di Qingyun
Published: December 2010

Coal reserve volume in Fujian Province, China, ranks third among the nine provinces in southern China. Over the past decades, most coal mines in uncovered and semi-covered coal strata have been explored and developed. Present exploration mainly focuses on deep coal strata, which are generally covered by older strata and volcanic strata. Because of the terrain and deep targets, seismic prospecting is difficult.

The major coal-containing strata that can be excavated in Fujian are within the Tungtzeyan Formation of the Lower Permian Series. The thickness of this formation is greater than [Formula: see text]. The CSAMT (controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric) method isused to delineate four deep coal strata units. The aim of this prospecting is to delineate the upper and lower boundaries of the stratum containing the coal units. The prospecting target depth is approximately [Formula: see text], which required a frequency range between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to provide sufficient data coverage. The distance from the transmitter to the survey line was [Formula: see text], with a transmitting current of [Formula: see text] and voltage of [Formula: see text]. The time synchronization between the transmitter and receiver was controlled by a global positioning system. Major static problems were encountered during the CSAMT survey. Both terrain and static corrections were applied during data processing, which smoothed the inverted results for better interpretation. Comparison of the CSAMT interpreted results with available engineering geology information shows a clear difference in electrical properties between coal stratum, upper old stratum, red-beds and volcanic strata. The CSAMT method is useful in identifying the coal strata under these geological conditions.
Traveling Wave Solutions for MHD Aligned Flow of a Second Grade Fluid
Authors: Khan Najeeb Alam , Mahmood Amir , Jamil Muhammad , Khan Nasir-Uddin
Published: December 2010

In this work, an approach based on traveling wave phenomenon is implemented for finding exact solutions of MHD aligned flow of an incompressible second grade fluid. The partial differential equations (PDEs) are reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using wave parameter. The methodology used in this work is independent of symmetry consideration and other restrictive assumption. Comparison is made with the results obtained previously.
Financial crisis and forming of the European monetary fund: Should the European Agreement be changed
Authors: Petrovic Pero , Zivkovic Aleksandar
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the authors analyze the possibilities and advantages of
realization of the idea of creating the European Monetary Fund, the European
equivalent of the IMF. European officials and experts believe that the
financial crisis in the European Union, as was the case in Greece, can be
successfully solved within the EU institutions. The assistance that the EMF
would provide would be stipulated by fulfilment of strict conditions. The
ECB, which insists on independence, would join it in establishing this
mechanism, since not any has been created so far that would provide
financial assistance to members of the Eurozone.
International standards in the fight against terrorism
Authors: Jankovic Dijana
Published: December 2010

Terrorism as a phenomenon of the modern society threatens to jeopardize the
most important achievements of the modern society. The international
community devotes much attention to the fight against terrorism and a number
of legal instruments and standards that illustrate the basic message have
been formulated in international documents - and the message is that it is
possible to fight against terrorism effectively only if principal standards
of internationally protected human rights are fulfilled. The fight against
terrorism must never lead to the abolition of values and freedoms that are
imperiled by terrorist acts. Even if the need to impose certain restrictions
for protection of legitimate interests arouses they must be controlled, while
they should protect basic human rights and freedoms. Regulating formal
conditions for human rights limitation is the way to control the fight
against terrorism and prevent the unlimited space for violation of the
established and guaranteed freedom standards. The paper refers to the
provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which
provide some limitations to the guaranteed human rights as well as the
limitation to their usage also exploring to what extent these restrictions
are applied in the fight against terrorism.
Diplomacy: Is it still sustainable?
Authors: Stefanovic-Stambuk Jelica
Published: December 2010

Providing the answer to chosen research question on sustainability of
diplomacy today is guided by the leading assumption that state is not the
sole owner of diplomacy. Relying on ordered existing construction of
theoretically and empirically gathered evidence that from its beginnings
diplomacy has belonged to every social person and every society the first
part of the analysis is used for summing up the indicators and findings why
diplomacy could not be enlisted as one of ?extinct species?, nor the state
for that matter as one of its territorially sovereign entrepreneur. The
account of theoretically produced body of knowledge on conditions of
sustainable diplomacy is given in the second part. The focus in the third
part is on the ongoing turn in understanding of diplomacy. It is growingly
realized that its real lair is every social personality and all human
societies (historic and geographic). This lair is now theoretically
revisited. There are two most visible cognitive results gained. These are the
concepts of social entrepreneurship and social power. Concluding remarks are
taken for presenting exemplary diplomatic action of one among several of
nowadays agile non-territorial sovereigns who by being entrepreneurial in
global governance by agreement makes diplomacy sustainable. In wrapping up
not only the finding that under existing conditions new forms of diplomatic
action of different civil and commercial society entrepreneurs as
non-territorial sovereigns make diplomacy sustainable is underlined, but also
that it entails the change in entrenched thinking on organizational structure
of assenting governance of global affairs.
Western Balkans in “Turkey’s strategic vision”
Authors: Jeftic-Sarcevic Nevenka
Published: December 2010

The changes in internal and external policies are under way in Turkey. The
secular state was threatened what has been followed by the process of
revitalization and affirmation of the Islamic tradition in Turkey. The state
project ?Turkey?s Strategic Vision 2023? has been worked out. It provides
increase in its power that would turn Turkey from a regional power into a
global factor. This requires radical changes in its foreign policy. Apart
from the Islamic factor, Turkey?s plans are based on the geopolitical
position of this country that sees itself as a hub of energy flows and the
future centre of the three continents - Africa, Asia, and Europe. One of the
steps towards those changes is the process of desecuritasion and
securitization that includes revitalization of the religious factor. Radical
changes in the Turkish foreign policy also include the Western Balkans as one
the priorities of its close surroundings.
Non-coding RNAs and complex distributed genetic networks
Authors: Zhdanov Vladimir
Published: December 2010

In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA-protein interplay can be dramatically influenced by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Although this new paradigm is now widely accepted, an understanding of the effect of ncRNAs on complex genetic networks is lacking. To clarify what may happen in this case, we propose a mean-field kinetic model describing the influence of ncRNA on a complex genetic network with a distributed architecture including mutual protein-mediated regulation of many genes transcribed into mRNAs. ncRNA is considered to associate with mRNAs and inhibit their translation and/or facilitate degradation. Our results are indicative of the richness of the kinetics under consideration. The main complex features are found to be bistability and oscillations. One could expect to find kinetic chaos as well. The latter feature has however not been observed in our calculations. In addition, we illustrate the difference in the regulation of distributed networks by mRNA and ncRNA.
Influence of hydrogen absorption on stress changes in thin catalytic metal films dedicated for sensors application
Authors: Prazmowska Joanna , Piasecki Tomasz , Szyszka Adam , Paszkiewicz Regina , Tłaczała Marek
Published: December 2010

In the paper results of investigation of the influence of low concentration hydrogen on stress changes in thin catalytic metal films were discussed. The concentration of H2 was altered from 6 ppm to 1% of hydrogen (6N) in nitrogen (6N). Silicon beams covered with palladium or platinum films of various thicknesses were anchored at one end and their deflection at the other end was measured by atomic force microscope. Stress changes were determined by application of modified Stoney formula and compared with results of computer modelling. The influence of stress caused by hydrogen absorption on the alteration of output characteristics of AIII-N based hydrogen sensors was excluded. The time dependence of stress in metallic films for various hydrogen concentrations indicated dissociation limited mechanism of hydrogen absorption.
Synthesis and characteristics of nanocrystalline materials in Ti, B, C and N containing system
Authors: Biedunkiewicz Anna , Figiel Paweł , Gabriel Urszula , Sabara Marta , Lenart Stanisław
Published: December 2010

In this work, the results of investigations of manufacturing ceramic materials on the basis of Ti, B, C and N containing systems are presented. The nanocrystalline ceramics were synthesized using a non-hydrolytic sol-gel method. The process was carried out in two stages. In the first low-temperature stage the precursor was obtained. The synthesis of ceramic phases, however, was conducted in the second high-temperature stage, in an argon atmosphere. Depending on the initial composition of the mixtures, the temperature and the time, the following products were obtained: TiCx, TiCxN1−x, TiB2 and B4C.

The course of the process was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry methods (TG-DSC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The solid state products were identified with use of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The size of the crystallites was estimated by the Scherrer method. The structure and morphology images of nanocrystalline powders were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Synthesis and luminescence properties of the red phosphor CaZrO3:Eu3+ for white light-emitting diode application
Authors: Huang Junli , Zhou Liya , Lan Yuwei , Gong Fuzhong , Li Qunliang , Sun Jianhua
Published: December 2010

Eu3+-doped CaZrO3 phosphor with perovskite-type structure was synthesized by the high temperature solid-state method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence spectrophotometer and UV-vis spectrophotometer, respectively. XRD analysis showed that the formation of CaZrO3 was at the calcinations temperature of 1400°C. The average diameter of CaZrO3 with 4 mol% doped-Eu3+ was 2µm. The PL spectra demonstrated that CaZrO3:Eu3+ phosphor could be excited effectively in the near ultraviolet light region (397 nm) and emitted strong red-emission lines at 616 nm corresponding to the forced electric dipole 5
D
0 → 7
F
2 transitions of Eu3+. Meanwhile, the light-emitting diode was fabricated with the Ca0.96ZrO3:Eu0.043+ phosphor, which can efficiently absorb ∼ 400 nm irradiation and emit red light. Therefore Ca0.96ZrO3:Eu0.043+ may have applications for a near ultraviolet InGaN chip-based white light-emitting diode.
Genotypic Differences in Current Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars in Phenology and Stability of These Traits under Different Irrigation Scheduling Methods
Authors: Rowland D. L. , Beasley J. P. , Faircloth W. H.
Published: December 2010

Understanding differences among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in growth and phenology and the interactions with environment (G X E interactions) for these traits allows predictions for yield potential or performance in variable environments. Despite the importance of this information, very little quantitative data exists on the differences in aboveground growth, canopy architecture, and reproductive phenology for currently grown peanut cultivars. This study quantified differences in these traits among eight peanut cultivars and explored whether irrigation scheduling method (a factor of environment) affected the development in these traits through the season in 2004 and 2005. As expected, year to year variability in environmental conditions (most likely timing of rainfall events during the growing season) significantly affected growth habit across cultivars. However, the irrigation scheduling method, despite differences in total water applied among methods during the season, had no effect on any of the measured traits. This result is likely due to the fact that all methods were adequately supplying crop water demand. Genetic variability in all of the measured growth and phonological traits was strong despite the expectation that cultivars were genetically similar. Further, the lack of significant interactions between year and cultivar for most of the plant growth and reproductive characteristics also indicated a strong genetic component to these traits. One overall trend noted was that late-maturing cultivars had, on average, higher maximum values of LAI, stem mass, and leaf mass measured in the late growth period. Differences in isotopic composition were also strong among cultivars; the cultivars Georgia-02C and Tifrunner had significantly higher isotopic levels (and thus water-use efficiency) than Georgia-01R, Georgia Green, and AP3 across years. Aside from the obvious relationships between pod number and weight, the strongest predictors of reproductive output were late-season traits including leaf weight and LAI. This study successfully documented variability among peanut cultivars in many important traits linked to overall production.
Impact of Sprinkler Irrigation Amount on Peanut Quality Parameters
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Sorensen R. B. , Nuti R. C. , Rowland D. L. , Faircloth W. H. , Butts C. L. , Dorner J. W.
Published: December 2010

Peanut quality parameters were analyzed across four irrigation levels during the 2002 through 2007 crop years. The peanut quality parameters consisted of total sound mature kernels and sound splits (farmer stock grade), shelling outturn by commercial edible size, accept and reject kernels by commercial edible size, seed germination, and aflatoxin. The four irrigation levels consisted of a full level (100%), two reduced levels (66% and 33%), and a non-irrigated control. The research was conducted at the USDA/ARS National Peanut Research Laboratory's Multi-crop Irrigation Research Farm in Shellman, Georgia. By year, significant differences in the irrigation treatments depended upon precipitation distribution for the specific quality parameters. For the average over the six years in the study, farmer stock grade was not significantly different in the 100, 66, and 33% treatments while all were significantly higher than the non-irrigated control. Total shelling outturn and total edible outturn were higher in the 100 and 66% compared to the 33% and non-irrigated treatments. Total reject outturn and total oil stock were not significantly different in the 100, 66, and 33% treatments, while all were significantly lower than the non-irrigated control. Percent seed germination did not differ across treatments. Aflatoxin in total reject outturn and total oil stock was significantly higher for the non-irrigated treatment compared to the irrigated treatments.
Maximizing Economic Returns and Minimizing Stem Rot Incidence with Optimum Plant Stands of Peanut in Nicaragua
Authors: Augusto J. , Brenneman T. B. , Baldwin J. A. , Smith N. B.
Published: December 2010

Peanut growers in Nicaragua use high seeding rates, often greatly in excess of the 19.7 seeds/m recommended for growers in Georgia. Significant yield loss to peanut stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) often occurs because of rapid disease spread in high density plant stands. It was hypothesized that lower seeding rates would be beneficial, and field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2006 in Nicaragua to determine the optimum plant stands for stem rot management, peanut yield, and maximum economic returns. The cultivar Georgia Green was planted in twin rows at seven locations with final stands of 4 to 30 plants/m. Paired plots were either treated or not treated with flutolanil to control stem rot. Stem rot incidence consistently increased with higher peanut plant populations in fields with significant levels (>5%) of stem rot. In fields with more than 5% stem rot incidence, peanut yield and gross income adjusted for seed cost were maximized at within row populations of 12 to 13 and 11 plants/m, respectively, when treated with flutolanil to reduce stem rot. When flutolanil was not applied, yield and gross income adjusted for seed cost were maximized at 10 to 11 and 8 to 10 plants/m, respectively. In locations with low stem rot incidence (<5%), maximum yield and gross income adjusted for seed cost were attained at within row populations of 13 and 12 plants/m, respectively. Nicaraguan growers may maximize their economic return by utilizing seeding rates to obtain final stand counts of 8 to 11 plants/m in fields with severe stem rot and 12 plants/m with low disease pressure.
Marine algae of St. Martins Island, Bangladesh. IX. New records of green algae (Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Aziz Abdul , Islam Shahima , Chowdhury Abdullah Harun
Published: December 2010

Cladophora crispula Vickers, Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kütz. and Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harv.) Kraft et Wynne are recorded and described for the first time from the St. Martin’s Island, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.Keywords: Cladophora crispula; Cladophora prolifera; Phyllodictyon anastomosans; St. Martin’s Island.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i2.6699Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(2): 193-198, 2010 (December)
Norden, Reframed
Authors: Burch Stuart
Published: December 2010

This paper calls for Norden to be understood as a metaframe. Related formulations like “Nordic art” or “Nordic welfare” function as mesoframes. These trigger multiple framing devices. A cache of related framing devices constitutes a framing archive. Framing devices work best when operating unobtrusively such that inclusions, exclusions and inconsistencies are condoned or naturalised. Their artifice, however, becomes apparent whenever a frame is questioned. Questioning or criticising a frame gives rise to a framing dispute.

The theoretical justification for these typologies is provided at the outset. This schema is then applied to a select range of empirical examples drawn largely from the disciplinary frames (Ernst 1996) of art history and museum studies. Despite this specificity it is envisaged that the general principles set out below can and will be used to address a variety of devices, disputes and archives in Norden and beyond.
Contested Boundaries: Nation, People and Cultural History Museums in Sweden and Norway 1862–1909
Authors: Hillström, Magdalena
Published: December 2010

It has become commonplace to assert that museums embody, perform and negotiate national identities. Many researches in museum history have stressed a close relationship between nation building and the origin and formation of the modern public museum. Museums, it is argued, contributes to the construction and representation of the ethnical and historical distinctiveness of the nation’s self’. This article explores the ambiguities of the concept when applied to the establishment of cultural history museums in Sweden and Norway during the latter half of the 19th century. It shows that the relation between nation building and early museum building in the Scandinavian context was more intricate than earlier has been assumed. Museum founders like Artur Hazelius, who opened the Scandinavian-Ethnographic Collection in 1873 (renamed Nordiska museet 1880), was deeply influenced by Scandinavianism, a strong cultural and political force during the 19th century. Union politics played an important role for museum politics, as did the transitions of the concepts of “ethnography” and “nation”. At the very end of the 19th century the original concept of “nation” meaning people and culture gradually was subordinated to the concept of “nation” as state and political territory. In early 20th century museum ideology cultural history museums were strongly connected with “nations” in the modern sense. Consequently, efforts to “nationalise” the folk-culture museum were made both in Norway and Sweden. A contributory force was, naturally, the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian union in 1905.
Dressed in a Present from the Past: The Transfers and Transformations of a Swedish Bridal Crown in the United States
Authors: Grad én Lizette
Published: December 2010

Ever since the emigration from the Nordic countries the Old world and the New world have maintained an exchange of ideas, customs, and material culture. This cultural heritage consists of more than remnants of the past. Drawing on theories of material culture and performance this article highlights the role of gifts in materializing relationships between individuals, families and organizations in the wake of migration. First, I build on a suggested coinage of the term heritage gifts as a way of materializing relationships. Thereafter, I map out the numerous roles which a Swedish bridal crown play in the United States: as museum object, object of display and loaned to families for wedding ceremonies in America. The transfers and transformations of the bridal crown enhances a drama of a migration heritage. This dynamic drama brings together kin in Sweden and America and maps specific locations into a flexible space via the trajectory of crown-clad female bodies.
Foodscapes and Children’s Bodies
Authors: Brembeck Helene , Johansson Barbro
Published: December 2010

This article addresses children, food and body, and introduces a Deleuzian and Childhood Studies-inspired use of the concept of foodscape. The data draws on a transdisciplinary project on children as co-researchers of foodscapes. In this article we do not discuss the method or the children’s research results, which we have done elsewhere. Instead, our aim is to present a theoretically inspired analysis of our own fieldwork observations during this project in order to discuss the performance of children’s bodies, food and eating. Departing from the concept of foodscape, we present an analysis of some food events that illustrate the complexity of children’s foodscapes concerning the interaction between spaces, bodies, foodstuffs, values and rules.

In encountering food and eating at various places, different child becomings emerge. We distinguish three powerful performances of what Stuart Aitken (2008) calls “I-dos”: First, the seemingly obedient pupil, who pretends to do what he or she is told, but who more or less imperceptibly escapes from adult supervision. Second, the child who makes use of the stereotyped and possibly cute “food monster” designation, and turns it into a threatening subject, who disturbs the order and challenges adults’ power. Third, the knowledgeable scientist who, with the help of a research project, adult experts, nutritional calculation programs and ingredients, seizes the definition of the body as a site for growing stronger, healthier and more capable. The foodscapes we met held many “striated spaces” (Deleuze & Guattari 1987), where the children had few alternatives to adhering to the adults’ designated “I-ams”. But we also entered smooth spots where children had the opportunity to experiment with “I-dos” that would not have occurred to us had we not followed them, and there are certainly many more that appear in the children’s everyday encounters with food.
Orange Houses and Tape Babies: Temporary and Nebulous Art in Urban Spaces
Authors: McClish Carmen L.
Published: December 2010

This essay argues that the disruption of the routine ways we engage with our cities is necessary for democratic activity and public participation. Building on research that examines the relationship between public spaces and democratic action, I explore temporary forms of creative street installation as interrupting the marketing pleas that have become the only authorized forms of visual art in our cities. I argue that tactics in urban spaces that are temporary and provide nebulous meanings are necessary to grab our attention and make us linger. I propose that these forms of engagement act in the same way as people performing or playing in public spaces. I specifically employ Yi-Fu Tuan’s theoretical notions of space and movement and Margaret Kohn’s discussion of the significance of presence in public spaces to examine the creative ways we engage with and experience our cities. I examine two activist/artist projects: Mark Jenkins’ tape installations and Detroit Demolition. My analysis of these two sites demonstrates the importance of citizens engaging in their urban spaces. By creating temporary artwork that is nebulous in meaning, activists/artists are interrupting the routine ways we experience our cities.
Workplace 'learning' and adult education
Authors: Fenwick Tara
Published: December 2010

This article reviews diverse representations of learning evident among published accounts of workplace learning across fields such as adult education, human resource development, management and organisation studies. The discussion critically addresses the question of how to mediate a multiplicity of definitional, ideological and purposive orientations. The argument here is that the issue is not perspectival, but ontological. The critical problem lies in mistaking learning as a single object when in fact it is enacted as multiple objects, as very different things in different logics of study and practice. Particularly in the contested arena of work as a site of economic conflict and production, learning needs to be appreciated as a messy object, existing in different states, or perhaps a series of different objects that are patched together through some manufactured linkages.
Invisible colleges in the adult education research world
Authors: Larsson Staffan
Published: December 2010

Invisible colleges - researchers' networks of communicating academic work - are power-generating actors shaping research fields. A key question concerns the relation between local research communities and their dependence on global actors. A key arena is articles and citations in academic journals. An actor-network-inspired empirical investigation of the geographical origin of articles and references in the journal "Studies in the Education of Adults" and a check of references to journals in "Adult Education Quarterly" was made. The origin of articles and study objects in the International journal of Lifelong education was also analysed. Some conclusions can be drawn from the material. One is the heavy impact of "real" geographical location, i.e. the origins of texts and references are located in very specific areas on the map, i.e. in spite of the possibilities of cyberspace and global mobility. Another conclusion is the unilateral relation between an Anglo-American centre and a periphery in the distribution systems of texts. Adult education is faced with a contradictory situation between culturing invisible colleges in adult education and getting resources in the emerging economy of publications and citations through membership in other invisible colleges.
Riding the lines of flight
Authors: Usher Robin
Published: December 2010

Thinking about the future of educational research requires a conceptual resource that is itself both imaginative and multiple and at the same time articulates a world with those self-same characteristics. This is provided by the work of Deleuze and Guattari. Discussion of the future of research is located in a context of lifelong learning in the contemporary moment of ubiquitous electronic communication. I argue that the research process, contrary to the model of science, can be better understood as rhizomatic rather than arborescent and powered by desire rather than objectivity. Lifelong learning is a rhizome and requires a rhizomatic approach and sensibility on the part of the researcher. The hyper-connectivity of the Internet reinforces this development influencing the way research is carried out and the way its knowledge outcomes are distributed and used – a research without hierarchy and authority.
Aggression, recognition and qualification
Authors: Weber Kirsten
Published: December 2010

The article analyses the emotional aspects of a professional training process in the light of the participants' experienced societal status. A detailed text analysis of interviews with a group of social pedagogue staff in Danish Youth clubs focuses on a particular vulnerability and their aggressive perception of other students with social problems, and interprets it partly as a reaction on the paradoxical situation adults in continuing education, and partly in the perspective of their experience of not being recognized as a profession. The last section of the article further explains the deep hermeneutic text analysis applied, which combines psychoanalytical concepts of socialisation with a language game approach.
On the incommensurability of adult education researchers' worlds
Authors: Malewski Mieczyslaw
Published: December 2010

The article consists of two parts. The first part shows how the idea of lifelong learning turns away from an earlier understanding of adult education, replacing it with a new vision of learning activities as natural processes of participation in culture. For adult education as a research field this means a paradigmatic shift that is radical, thus difficult and costly. A transition from teaching to learning lays the foundations for a discourse that implicates a reconceptualisation of the most basic theoretical categories and methodological competences of research practices. This change of leading research paradigm creates a situation that each discipline finds difficult. Analysis presented in the second part of the paper describes the situation among Polish researchers in the field of the education of adults. Describing the divided research community, the author emphasizes the difficult position of young researchers and proposes a typology of their attitudes towards their professional roles and academic career.
Editorial
Authors: Fejes Andreas , Salling Olesen Henning
Published: December 2010

Establishing a new scholarly journal can be justified by the functional needs of a welldefined scientific discipline – or as opposition to its institutional and paradigmatic framework. This is, however, not the case with the European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults (RELA). It is, rather, so that the journal is part of the emergence of a scientific community, very deeply embedded in societal practices at the same time as it is reconstructing intellectually these practices and their context as scientific objects. In this case, the journal can attempt to provide an arena and some of the communicative resources for academic and broader social development of such a community. To fulfil this mission, its rationale and specific goals are equally related to a diagnosis of these societal practices and some visions for the role of scientific inquiry in these practices. As two of the six editors of RELA, and responsible for the editorial work of the first issue of the journal, we will discuss why this journal has been launched, and how the editors want to position it in the area of the education and learning of adults.
A Multiagent System for Autonomous Operation of Islanded Microgrids Based on a Power Market Environment
Authors: Kim Hak-Man , Kinoshita Tetsuo , Shin Myong-Chul
Published: December 2010

One of the most important requirements of microgrid operation is to maintain a constant frequency such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz, which is closely related to a power balance between supply and demand. In general, microgrids are connected to power grids and surplus/shortage power of microgrids is traded with power grids. Since islanded microgrids are isolated from any power grids, the decrease in generation or load-shedding can be used to maintain the frequency when a power imbalance between supply and demand occurs. The power imbalance restricts the electricity use of consumers in the case of supply shortage and the power supply of suppliers in the case of supply surplus. Therefore, the islanded microgrid should be operated to reduce power imbalance conditions. Meanwhile, the microgrid is a small-scale power system and the employment of skillful operators for effective operation of its components requires high costs. Therefore, automatic operation of the components is effective realistically. In addition, the components are distributed in the microgrid and their operation should consider their owners’ profits. For these reasons, a multiagent system application can be a good alternative for microgrid operation. In this paper, we present a multiagent system for autonomous operation of the islanded microgrid on a power market environment. The proposed multiagent system is designed based on a cooperative operation scheme. We show the functionality and the feasibility of the proposed multiagent system through several tests.
Antimony Toxicity
Authors: Sundar Shyam , Chakravarty Jaya
Published: December 2010

Antimony toxicity occurs either due to occupational exposure or during therapy. Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation, pneumoconiosis, antimony spots on the skin and gastrointestinal symptoms. In addition antimony trioxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Improvements in working conditions have remarkably decreased the incidence of antimony toxicity in the workplace. As a therapeutic, antimony has been mostly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis. The major toxic side-effects of antimonials as a result of therapy are cardiotoxicity (~9% of patients) and pancreatitis, which is seen commonly in HIV and visceral leishmaniasis co-infections. Quality control of each batch of drugs produced and regular monitoring for toxicity is required when antimonials are used therapeutically.