bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of homo-binuclear Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes derived from 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde derivatives
Authors: Raman Natarajan , Sakthivel Arumugam , Jeyamurugan Ramaraj
Published: December 2009

Few novel binuclear Schiff base metal complexes [M2LCl3], where M = Cu(II) and Zn(II); L= 2,6-bis-({2-[(3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzylidene)amino]ethylimino}methyl)-4-methylphenol (BHEM), 2,6-bis-({2-[(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)amino]ethylimino} methyl)-4-methylphenol (BDEM) and 2,6-bis-({2-[(2,3,5-trichlorobenzylidene)amino]ethylimino}methyl)-4-methylphenol (BTEM), have been synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectral data. The data suggest that BHEM/BDEM/BTEM ligands afford square-pyramidal/distorted square-pyramidal geometry on metalation with Zn(II)/Cu(II). The binding behaviour of these complexes with DNA has been investigated using electronic absorption spectroscopy as well as viscosity and voltammetric measurements; the results show that they interact with DNA through intercalating way. From the DNA cleavage study of these complexes, investigated by gel electrophoresis, we found that they efficiently cleave supercoiled pUC19 DNA in the presence of a reducing agent (3-mercaptopropionic acid) and on irradiation with UV light of 360 nm wavelength. The mechanism reveals that singlet oxygen (1O2) plays a significant role in the photo cleavage. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity of the synthesized complexes demonstrates that most of the complexes have promising SOD-mimetic activity. The antimicrobial study indicates that the complexes inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi more than the free ligands.
Catalytic activity of thiourea and its selected derivatives on electroreduction of In(III) in chlorates(VII)
Authors: Nosal-Wiercińska Agnieszka
Published: December 2009

It was found that thiourea, N-methylthiourea, N,N′-dimethylthiourea and N-allylthiourea accelerate the electroreduction process of In(III) ions in chlorates(VII). These substances are adsorbed on mercury from chlorates(VII). The relative surface excesses of thiourea and its derivatives increase with the increase of their concentrations and electrode charge. After adding thiourea, N-methylthiourea, N,N′-dimethylthiourea and N-allylthiourea to the solution an acceleration of the electroreduction process of In(III) ions occurs. This process depends on two factors: the adsorption of an accelerating substance on mercury and on the formation of complexes between a depolarizer and an accelerating substance on the electrode surface. The equilibrium of this complexing reaction determines the magnitude of the catalytic effect.
SOBP forming for carbon therapy
Authors: Babkin Vadim , Cata-Danil Gheorghe , Golovatyuk Viacheslav , Molokanov Aleksandr , Paraipan Mihaela , Timoshenko Gennady
Published: December 2009

A ridge carbon beam filter for Spreading Out the Bragg Peak (SOBP) up to 20 mm in the targeted area has been designed and experimentally tested. The instrument was constructed of Plexiglas with a density of 1.165 g/cm3 and has a “teeth” structure with a period of 2.5 mm. The design is based on a simple analytical model and detailed GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations. In-beam test measurements were performed with a 500-MeV/u 12C beam at the Nuclotron facility of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna. The filter can be used as a static device positioned in front of patients undergoing carbon therapy.
First-principles investigation of the vibrational properties of 3-tert-butylcyclohexene
Authors: Gaál-Nagy Katalin
Published: December 2009

I present a first-principles investigation of the vibrational properties of the chiral molecule 3-tert-butylcyclohexene. The vibrational density of states (vDOS) of the two existing conformers has been calculated ab initio within the framework of density-functional theory and density-functional perturbation theory, using both the local-density approximation and the generalized-gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation potential. The vDOS of the two conformers are very similar. The vDOS has been investigated with respect to contributions of the cyclohexene ring and the tert-butyl group and also regarding the localization of vibrational modes. Additionally, the eigendisplacements of characteristic modes of 3-tert-butylcyclohexene have been analyzed.
Effect of aronia on thiol levels in plasma of breast cancer patients
Authors: Olas Beata , Kedzierska Magdalena , Wachowicz Barbara , Stochmal Anna , Oleszek Wieslaw , Jeziorski Arkadiusz , Piekarski Janusz , Glowacki Rafal
Published: December 2009

The various specific biomarkers of oxidative stress in plasma from patients with breast cancer, as well as biomarkers (the level of lipid hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) have been described. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the amount of low-molecular-weight thiols (which are physiological free radical scavengers) and establish the effects of the extract from A. melanocarpa on the amount of these thiols in plasma obtained from patients with invasive breast cancer, patients with benign breast diseases and from healthy volunteers. We observed in patients the higher amounts of homocysteine in plasma from patients in comparison to plasma from the control group; however the total level of glutathione, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and the amount of thiols in reduced and oxidized forms was changed (e.g., in patients, the decrease of glutathione and cysteine reached about 50% of total values). Moreover, we showed that in the presence of the extract of A. melanocarpa (50 µg/mL, 5 min, 37°C), changes in amount of thiols in plasma from patients with invasive breast cancer and patients with benign breast diseases were significantly reduced in vitro. Considering the data presented in this study, we suggest that the extract from A. melanocarpa has an effect on thiol metabolism and the levels of all tested thiols observed in plasma obtained from breast cancer patients.
Thermochemical characterization of Ca4La6(SiO4)6(OH)2 a synthetic La- and OH-analogous of britholite: implication for monazite and LREE apatites stability
Authors: Janots Emilie , Brunet Fabrice , Goffé Bruno , Poinssot Christophe , Burchard Michael , Cemic Lado
Published: December 2009

Thermochemical characterization of Ca4La6(SiO4)6(OH)2a synthetic La- and OH-analogous of britholite: implication for monazite and LREE apatites stability

In this contribution, monazite (LREEPO4) solubility is addressed in a chemical system involving REE-bearing hydroxylapatite, (Ca, LREE)10(PO4,SiO4)6(OH)2. For this purpose, a synthetic (La)- and (OH)-analogous of britholite, Ca4La6(SiO4)6(OH)2, was synthesised and its thermodynamic properties were measured. Formation enthalpy of -14,618.4±31.0 kJ·mol-1was obtained by high-temperature drop-solution calorimetry using a Tian-calvet twin calorimeter (Bochum, Germany) at 975 K using lead borate as solvent. Heat capacities (Cp) were measured in the 143-323 K and 341-623 K ranges with an automated Perkin-Elmer DSC 7. For calculations of solubility diagrams at 298 K, the GEMS program was used because it takes into account solid solutions. In conditions representative of those expected in nuclear waste disposal, calculations show that La-monazite is stable from pH = 4 to 9 with a minimum of solubility at pH = 7. La-bearing hydroxylapatite precipitates at pH > 7 with a nearly constant composition of 99% hydroxylapatite and 1% La-britholite. Each mineral buffers solution at extremely low lanthanum concentrations (log{La} = 10-10-10-15mol·kg-1for pH = 4 to 13). In terms of chemical durability, both La-monazite and La-rich apatite present low solubility, a requisite property for nuclear-waste forms.
Editorial
Authors: Michalik Marek , Skowroński Andrzej , Kasina Monika
Published: December 2009

Editorial
Parametri Hemostaze U Holecistektomiji
Authors: Vodnik Tatjana , Vukosavljević Dragana , Kaljević Goran
Published: December 2009

Parametri Hemostaze U Holecistektomiji

Poznata je činjenica da se nakon operativnog zahvata razvija hiperkoagulabilno stanje. U ovom radu su prikazane vrednosti pojedinih parametara hemostaze kod pacijenata sa hroničnom upalom žKučne kese lečenih hirurškim putem. Operativni zahvat pri ovoj dijagnozi podrazumeva klasičnu OC metodu (tzv. open cholecystectomy) i laparoskopsku tj. LC metodu. To je bio i kriterijum za podelu u dve grupe od 20 pacijenata. Pacijenti s akutnom upalom žKučne kese su isključeni iz istražKivanja. Pored osnovnih rutinskih testova, PT i aPTT-a, koji nisu pokazali veće razlike određivani su i nivoi fibrinogena, antitrombina III, proteina C, plazminogena i D-dimera i to preoperativno, kao i 1, 2, 3, 5 i 7 dana nakon oparacije. Parametri su određivani na automatskom koagulometru firme Dade Behring, Behring Coagulation System, BCS, komercijalnim testovima istog proizvođača. Preoperativne vrednosti su bile kod svih ispitivanih pacijenata u granicama referentnih vrednosti. Plazma nivoi fibrinogena i D-dimera značajno su bili povećani u grupi OC dok su nivoi antitrombina III, proteina C i plazminogena snižKeni u obe grupe. Pacijenti su preventivno bili na terapiji fraksarinom. Rezultati istražKivanja su pokazali normalizaciju parametara hemostaze tri dana nakon operacije u grupi LC odnosno sedam dana u grupi OC. Prednost LC metode u odnosu na OC metodu ogleda se ne samo u smislu smanjene hirurške traume nego i manjim akutno faznim odgovorom iskazanim parametrima hemostaze i smanjenim rizikom od tromboembolijskih komplikacija.
The Importance of Holotranscobalamin Measurement
Authors: Čabarkapa Velibor , Stošić Zoran , Žeravica Radmila , Ilinčić Branislava , Filipović Ana
Published: December 2009

The Importance of Holotranscobalamin Measurement

Clinically significant vitamin B12deficiency can occur even with total vitamin B12levels apparently within normal range. There is an indeterminate zone between approximately 154 and 300 pmol/L of vitamin B12where there is likely misclassification of B12status if relying on total serum B12. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of holotranscobalamin in diagnosis of B12deficiency. Blood samples were collected and subjected to assays for vitamin B12and holotranscobalamin. We examined the levels of holotranscobalamin in 32 subjects (n=32, f=18, m=14) with vitamin B12values within interval 154-300 pmol/L. These subjects were compared with control group with vitamin B12>300 pmol/L (n=31, f=17, m=14). 25% of subjects with vitamin B12of 154 to 300 pmol/L had low levels of holotranscobalamin. Holotranscobalamin levels of patients with vitamin B12of 154 to 300 pmol/L were significantly lower than those of control subjects (38.55 ± 23.0 vs. 61.35 ± 31.81 pmol/L, p<0.01). The obtained results also show a positive significant relationship between levels of holotranscobalamin and vitamin B12(r=0.53, p<0.01). In conclusion, holotranscobalamin is a better indicator of early vitamin B12deficiency than total serum cobalamins and it is a useful tool in the diagnosis of vitamin B12deficiency.
The Investigation of Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Zvezdanović Lilika , Đorđević Vidosava , Ćosić Vladan , Cvetković Tatjana , Kundalić Slavica , Stanković Aleksandra
Published: December 2009

The Investigation of Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Numerous factors can influence the onset of SLE and development of some clinical disease manifestations with various organ involvements and occurrence of characteristic symptoms and disease signs. This paper studies the balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, investigates the presence of oxidative stress measuring certain prooxidative factors and determines the activation of antioxidative protection pathways aiming to establish possible correlations between the studied parameters. ELISA, enzymatic spectrophotometry and colorimetric methods were used to determine the above-mentioned parameters. The results obtained indicate that disturbed pro/antioxidative status is associated with the change of antioxidative factors, with the fall od SOD activity and increase of GPx and CAT activity in the erythrocytes of all studied groups of patients. At the same time, the cytokine production was altered, not only compared to the healthy control samples, but also in various clinical disease manifestations. Altered relationships of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines and the consequential disorders of other studied systems provide us with useful strategic targets for diagnostic monitoring and possible therapeutic interventions in SLE patients.
The Relationship Between Sample Sizes and Effect Sizes in Systematic Reviews in Education
Authors: Slavin Robert , Smith Dewi
Published: December 2009

Research in fields other than education has found that studies with small sample sizes tend to have larger effect sizes than those with large samples. This article examines the relationship between sample size and effect size in education. It analyzes data from 185 studies of elementary and secondary mathematics programs that met the standards of the Best Evidence Encyclopedia. As predicted, there was a significant negative correlation between sample size and effect size. The differences in effect sizes between small and large experiments were much greater than those between randomized and matched experiments. Explanations for the effects of sample size on effect size are discussed.
Sharp Phylogeographic Breaks and Patterns of Genealogical Concordance in the Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana
Authors: Maniatsi Stefania , Kappas Ilias , Baxevanis Athanasios D. , Farmaki Theodora , Abatzopoulos Theodore J.
Published: December 2009

Genealogical concordance is a critical overlay of all phylogenetic analyses, irrespective of taxonomic level. To assess such patterns of congruence we have compiled and derived sequence data for two mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) and two nuclear (ITS1, p26) markers in 14 American populations of the hypersaline branchiopod Artemia franciscana. Cladistic analysis revealed three reciprocally monophyletic mitochondrial clades. For nuclear DNA, incomplete lineage sorting was evident presumably as a result of slower coalescence or male-mediated dispersal. Our findings capture the genealogical interval between gene splitting and population divergence. In this sense, strong indications are provided in favour of a superspecies status and ongoing speciation in A. franciscana.
Immunogenicity Characterization of Two Ancient Wheat α-Gliadin Peptides Related to Coeliac Disease
Authors: Gregorini Armando , Colomba Mariastella , Ellis H. Julia , Ciclitira Paul J.
Published: December 2009

The immunogenic potential of α-gliadin protein from two ancient wheats was studied with reference to coeliac disease. To this aim we investigated Graziella Ra® and Kamut® (the latter is considered an ancient relative of modern durum wheat) in comparison to four durum wheat accessions (Senatore Cappelli, Flaminio, Grazia and Svevo). ELISA and Western Blot analyses - carried out by two monoclonal antibodies raised against the α-gliadin peptides p31-49 (LGQQQPFPQQPYPQPQPF) and p56-75 (LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPY) containing a core region (underlined) reported to be toxic for coeliac patients - always showed an antibody-antigen positive reaction. For all accessions, an α-gliadin gene has also been cloned and sequenced. Deduced amino acid sequences constantly showed the toxic motifs. In conclusion, we strongly recommend that coeliac patients should avoid consuming Graziella Ra® or Kamut®. In fact their α-gliadin not only is as toxic as one of the other wheat accessions, but also occurs in greater amount, which is in line with the higher level of proteins in ancient wheats when compared to modern varieties.
Comparison among Different Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Farming Systems: Activity of Intestinal and Hepatic Enzymes and 13C-NMR Analysis of Lipids
Authors: Del Coco Laura , Papadia Paride , De Pascali Sandra A. , Bressani Giorgia , Storelli Carlo , Zonno Vincenzo , Fanizzi Francesco Paolo
Published: December 2009

In order to evaluate differences in general health and nutritional values of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), the effects of semi-intensive, land-based tanks and sea-cages intensive rearing systems were investigated, and results compared with captured wild fish. The physiological state was determined by measuring the activity of three different intestinal digestive enzymes: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and maltase; and the activity of the hepatic ALP. Also, the hepatic content in protein, cholesterol, and lipid were assessed. 13C-NMR analysis for qualitative and quantitative characterization of the lipid fraction extracted from fish muscles for semiintensive and land based tanks intensive systems was performed. The lipid fraction composition showed small but significant differences in the monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, with the semi-intensive characterized by higher monounsaturated and lower saturated fatty acid content with respect to land based tanks intensive rearing system.
A Multi-Agent System Architecture for Sensor Networks
Authors: Fuentes-Fernández Rubén , Guijarro María , Pajares Gonzalo
Published: December 2009

The design of the control systems for sensor networks presents important challenges. Besides the traditional problems about how to process the sensor data to obtain the target information, engineers need to consider additional aspects such as the heterogeneity and high number of sensors, and the flexibility of these networks regarding topologies and the sensors in them. Although there are partial approaches for resolving these issues, their integration relies on ad hoc solutions requiring important development efforts. In order to provide an effective approach for this integration, this paper proposes an architecture based on the multi-agent system paradigm with a clear separation of concerns. The architecture considers sensors as devices used by an upper layer of manager agents. These agents are able to communicate and negotiate services to achieve the required functionality. Activities are organized according to roles related with the different aspects to integrate, mainly sensor management, data processing, communication and adaptation to changes in the available devices and their capabilities. This organization largely isolates and decouples the data management from the changing network, while encouraging reuse of solutions. The use of the architecture is facilitated by a specific modelling language developed through metamodelling. A case study concerning a generic distributed system for fire fighting illustrates the approach and the comparison with related work.
Electrodynamics Sensor for the Image Reconstruction Process in an Electrical Charge Tomography System
Authors: Rahmat Mohd Fua’ad , Isa Mohd Daud , Rahim Ruzairi Abdul , Hussin Tengku Ahmad Raja
Published: December 2009

Electrical charge tomography (EChT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that is aimed to reconstruct the image of materials being conveyed based on data measured by an electrodynamics sensor installed around the pipe. Image reconstruction in electrical charge tomography is vital and has not been widely studied before. Three methods have been introduced before, namely the linear back projection method, the filtered back projection method and the least square method. These methods normally face ill-posed problems and their solutions are unstable and inaccurate. In order to ensure the stability and accuracy, a special solution should be applied to obtain a meaningful image reconstruction result. In this paper, a new image reconstruction method – Least squares with regularization (LSR) will be introduced to reconstruct the image of material in a gravity mode conveyor pipeline for electrical charge tomography. Numerical analysis results based on simulation data indicated that this algorithm efficiently overcomes the numerical instability. The results show that the accuracy of the reconstruction images obtained using the proposed algorithm was enhanced and similar to the image captured by a CCD Camera. As a result, an efficient method for electrical charge tomography image qreconstruction has been introduced.
FV-100: The Most Potent and Selective Anti-Varicella Zoster Virus Agent Reported to Date
Authors: Migliore Marco
Published: December 2009

Bicyclic aryl furano pyrimidines represent the most potent anti-varicella zoster virus (VZV) agents reported to date. Lead compounds have 50% effective concentration (EC50) values in vitro that are in the subnanomolar range and selectivity index values that exceed 1 million. They have an absolute requirement for VZV thymidine kinase and most likely act as their phosphate forms. Some structural modification (such as aryl substitution in the base moiety) is tolerated, whereas little sugar modification is acceptable.

The Cf1743 compound has proved to be significantly more potent than all reference anti-VZV compounds, as measured either by inhibition of infectious virus particles and/or viral DNA production; however, the high lipophilicity and very low water solubility of this compound gives poor oral bioavailability (<14%). Use of the modified cyclodextrin captisol and the synthesis of the 5′-monophosphate prodrug of Cf1743 has significantly improved water solubility, but does not give any enhancement in oral bioavailability. By contrast, the synthesis of the ether series does not give any further improvement in terms of solubility. The most promising prodrug to emerge to date is the hydrochloric salt of the 5′-valyl-ester, designated as FV-100. Its uptake into cells has been studied using fluorescent microscopy and biological assays, which have indicated that the compound is efficiently taken up by the cells after a short period of incubation.
Semantic Demarcation of the Concepts of Endonym and Exonym
Authors: Kladnik Drago
Published: December 2009

This article discusses the delicate relationships when demarcating the concepts of endonym and exonym. In addition to problems connected with the study of transnational names (i.e., names of geographical features extending across the territory of several countries), there are also problems in ethnically mixed areas. These are examined in greater detail in the case of place names in Slovenia and neighboring countries. On the one hand, this raises the question of the nature of endonyms on the territory of Slovenia in the languages of officially recognized minorities and their respective linguistic communities, and their relationship to exonyms in the languages of neighboring countries. On the other hand, it also raises the issue of Slovenian exonyms for place names in neighboring countries and their relationship to the nature of Slovenian endonyms on their territories. At a certain point, these dimensions intertwine, and it is there that the demarcation between the concepts of endonym and exonym is most difficult and problematic.
Acrolein and Derivatives
Authors: Etzkorn William G.
Published: December 2009

Approximately 350 kt of acrolein are produced annually, worldwide. Most demand for acrolein is in the preparation of methionine. Much larger quantities of crude acrolein are produced as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid. Most of the acrylic acid produced worldwide is by the captive oxidation of acrolein. Of a wide variety of other derivatives, only a few (glutaraldehyde, pyrans) are made in 1000 ton per year or larger quantities, although the potential exists for many others. The narrow commercial markets and acrolein's extreme reactivity and toxicity have limited producers to only a few. Acrolein's toxicity, which has limited the development of derivative products and processes, provides its major direct use, as a biocide and sulfur scavenger in the petroleum industry, and as a herbicide in irrigation systems.

Acrolein is produced by the vapor‐phase oxidation of propylene, and the catalyst developments which are responsible for today's processes have been driven primarily by the acrylic acid manufacturers.

The chemical technology for manufacturing acrolein along with the pertinent analytical methods and health, safety, and environment issues surrounding acrolein manufacture and storage are discussed. The chemistry to produce major acrolein derivative products as well as a variety of potentially useful acrolein derivatives is summarized.
Bioremediation
Authors: Prince Roger C.
Published: December 2009

Bioremediation is the process of judiciously exploiting biological processes to minimize an unwanted environmental impact; usually the aim is the removal of a contaminant from the biosphere. Like most definitions in biology, that of bioremediation is the subject of some debate. A narrow definition might focus on the conversion of contaminating organic molecules to CO2, water, and inorganic ions, and the oxidation or reduction of contaminating inorganic ions such as nitrate or ammonia to harmless forms, in this case nitrogen gas. A broader definition would include biological processes for ameliorating extremes of pH, concentrating contaminants so that they can be more easily removed by physical techniques, converting toxic species to less toxic or less bioavailable forms that pose less of a threat to the environment, and restoring functional ecosystems to contaminated or disturbed sites when the contaminants or disturbance cannot be removed.
Coated Fabrics
Authors: Barden Bruce
Published: December 2009

A coated fabric is an engineered product derived by a combination of textile and polymer coating technology. The textile substrate is chosen based on a knowledge of the strength and dimensional control requirements of the finished product. The coating is is chosen for its specific properties such as abrasion resistance, oil resistance, resistance to leaching, etc. For many years, the textile component has been wool or cotton. Polyesters and nylon are now the most common of the fibers used. Rubber and synthetic elastomers, polyurethane, and poly(vinyl chloride) are the main polymeric coating components. Coated fabrics can be prepared by lamination, direct calendering, direct coating, or transfer coating. Protective clothing for the military and first responders and use in the motor vehicle industry (air bags, upholstery, etc) use the largest amount of coated fabrics. The manufacture of coated fabrics is subject to OSHA standards.
Fluorescent Pigments (Daylight)
Authors: Streitel Steven G.
Published: December 2009

Daylight fluorescent pigments are luminescent materials that require no artificially generated energy to reflect colored light and give off fluorescent light. Fluorescent pigments are composed of dyed organic polymers that are formulated to be solvents for the fluorescent dyestuff. In contrast to ordinary colors, light emitted from fluorescent color add to the light returned by simple reflection to give the glow characteristic of daylight‐fluorescent materials. This article gives history and the theory behind fluorescent dyes. Most dyes are manufactured by bulk pigment polymerization. Many dyes are based on formaldehyde, but non‐formaldehyde dyes have been developed in response to environmental concerns. Daylight fluorescent dyes are considered nontoxic. Their uses are many because of their extremely high visibility and ability to attract attention. Among the many uses are in advertising, road safety, protective clothing, optical sensing in coding and tracing of documents, inks, biomedical applications, and consumer products such as toys, paints, pens, and bottles.
Inorganic High Polymers
Authors: Roy Aroop K.
Published: December 2009

Inorganic polymers embrace a very large number of elements and compounds that are constructed of units bonded together in some type of repetitive fashion with the requirement that the element carbon be excluded from the backbone of these repeating units. Some of the most common examples are the metals, as well as naturally occurring silicate minerals and silica. This article covers linear, mainly covalent macromolecules where the skeletal repeat unit is composed of primarily noncarbon elements. Inorganic polymer development has not kept pace with organic polymer development. However, preparation of inorganic polymers produce materials whose special properties are unlikely to be obtained from carbon‐based polymers. Polyphosphazenes and polysilanes have been studied extensively and are discussed here. Discussions of polyalkyl/aryloxothiazenes, polygermanes, and polystannes are included. Some applications include in the following fields: biomedical, optical materials, elastomers, flame retardants, photoinitiation, and light emitting materials.
Laminated Materials, Plastic
Authors: Keeling Ronald J.
Published: December 2009

Laminates are plastic forms made by stacking and pressing layers of sheets of plastic, which are pressed together to form a multilayered structure. Most common laminates are pressed and cured layers of resin‐soaked sheets of paper, fiber, or fabric known as reinforcing agents or reinforcements. The fibers or fabrics used are most commonly glass or certain polymeric fibers or fabrics. The usual resins are thermosets such as melamines, phenolics, polyesters, and epoxies. Reinforced plastics, particularly laminates, are anisotropic, ie, their properties differ depending on the direction of measurement. Aesthetic properties are of greatest concern in decorative laminates. Physical properties are more important for industrial laminates. Important uses for decorative laminates are as wall systems, panels, furniture, flooring, and counter tops. Industrial laminates are used in electrical panels and boards, tags, gears, bearings, and rollers to name a few. Grades for both types of laminates are given. Laminates are considered inert and safe to use.
Structure and properties of cross‐linked polyurethane copolymers
Authors: Oprea S.
Published: December 2009

Polyurethane elastomers based on polyester diols and aromatic or aliphatic diisocyanates can be used as vibration dampers and isolation materials. Two series of cross‐linked polyurethanes with various hard segment structures and different amounts were prepared and thermomechanical properties of these materials were studied. Cross‐linked polyurethane copolymers composed of poly(ethylene adipate)diol as soft segment and 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenylisocyanate), 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate, and diols glycerin, 1,4‐butanediol, and 1,6‐hexanediol as hard segments were synthesized by a two‐step process. The networks have been prepared by end‐linking a mixture of the bifunctional precursor chains with trifunctional cross‐linkers at off‐stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the cross‐link and the polyurethane hard segment interaction play a special role in the interconnected chain density and its magnitude is revealed by the mechanical properties. Of most importance, maximum stress, tensile modulus, and elongation at break increased significantly at the 22 wt % composition of hard segment content. Interchain cross‐linking improves thermal stability, which was measured by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Cross‐linked polyurethane behaves as an elastomer and is useful for shock, noise, and vibration control. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:165–172, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20155
Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal‐free Hydrogen Activation and More
Authors: Stephan Douglas W. , Erker Gerhard
Published: December 2009

Sterically encumbered Lewis acid and Lewis base combinations do not undergo the ubiquitous neutralization reaction to form “classical” Lewis acid/Lewis base adducts. Rather, both the unquenched Lewis acidity and basicity of such sterically “frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs)” is available to carry out unusual reactions. Typical examples of frustrated Lewis pairs are inter‐ or intramolecular combinations of bulky phosphines or amines with strongly electrophilic RB(C6F5)2 components. Many examples of such frustrated Lewis pairs are able to cleave dihydrogen heterolytically. The resulting H+/H− pairs (stabilized for example, in the form of the respective phosphonium cation/hydridoborate anion salts) serve as active metal‐free catalysts for the hydrogenation of, for example, bulky imines, enamines, or enol ethers. Frustrated Lewis pairs also react with alkenes, aldehydes, and a variety of other small molecules, including carbon dioxide, in cooperative three‐component reactions, offering new strategies for synthetic chemistry.
Controlled release of theophylline from interpenetrating blend microspheres of poly(vinyl alcohol) and methyl cellulose
Authors: Sullad Anita G. , Manjeshwar Lata S. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M.
Published: December 2009

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) microspheres of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and methylcellulose (MC) prepared by a water‐in‐oil emulsion method were crosslinked by glutaraldehyde and loaded with theophylline (THP), an antiasthmatic drug, with various ratios of PVA to MC. Microspheres were characterized with X‐ray diffraction to determine the crystalline nature of the drug after encapsulation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to assess the formation of the IPN structure and to confirm the absence of chemical interactions between the drug, polymer, and crosslinking agent. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the molecular‐level distribution of THP in the polymer matrix, whereas scanning electron microscopy suggested the formation of clustered spherical particles. Zetasizer indicated that the particle sizes ranged from 4 to 57 μm. A THP encapsulation efficiency of up to 84% was achieved, as confirmed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Dynamic/equilibrium swelling experiments performed in pH 7.4 buffer media provided important information on drug diffusion characteristics. In vitro release studies performed in pH 1.2 and 7.4 buffer media indicated that the drug release depended on the extent of crosslinking as well as the amount of MC in the microspheres. Drug release was extended up to 3 h, and the results, as analyzed with an empirical equation, indicated non‐Fickian transport for the release of THP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Embryo‐fetal developmental toxicity study design for pharmaceuticals
Authors: Wise L. David , Buschmann Jochen , Feuston Maureen H. , Fisher J. Edward , Hew Kok Wah , Hoberman Alan M. , Lerman Steven A. , Ooshima Yojiro , Stump Donald G.
Published: December 2009

Assessment of potential developmental and reproductive toxicity of human pharmaceuticals is currently guided by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) S5(R2) document (available at http://www.ich.org). The studies that assess developmental hazard are generally conducted in rodents and rabbits. Based on the authors' collective experience, adequate designs (including range‐finding studies) and the presentation of data for these studies are described in detail. In addition, the suggested initiation and then total duration of these studies in relation to clinical studies that enroll women of childbearing potential are described. Optional parameters that may be included in the studies are discussed, as are study designs that combine assessments of fertility and developmental toxicity. New methods that may replace or enhance current procedures are outlined. The details described herein will assist all laboratories performing these studies, individuals who need to plan for the studies, and regulatory agencies that ultimately review these studies. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:418–428, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and postnatal developmental toxicity study design for pharmaceuticals
Authors: Bailey Graham P. , Wise L. David , Buschmann Jochen , Hurtt Mark , Fisher J. Edward
Published: December 2009

Assessment of potential developmental and reproductive toxicity of human pharmaceuticals is currently guided by the ICH S5(R2) document. The studies that assess the hazard of both pre‐ and postnatal exposure are predominantly conducted in rodents (rat and mouse). Utilizing the collective experience of the authors, acceptable designs for both the range‐finding and definitive studies are presented with detailed descriptions for the presentation of data. In addition, the suggested initiation and then total duration of these studies in relation to clinical studies are described. Optional parameters that may be included in the studies, as well as possible combination with other study designs are discussed. The details described herein will assist all laboratories performing these studies, individuals who need to plan for the studies, and regulatory agencies that ultimately review these studies. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:437–445, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile animal toxicity study designs to support pediatric drug development
Authors: Cappon Gregg D. , Bailey Graham P. , Buschmann Jochen , Feuston Maureen H. , Fisher J. Edward , Hew Kok Wah , Hoberman Alan M. , Ooshima Yojiro , Stump Donald G. , Hurtt Mark E.
Published: December 2009

The objective of juvenile animal toxicity studies of pharmaceuticals is to obtain safety data, including information on the potential for adverse effects on postnatal growth and development. Studies in juvenile animals may assist in identifying postnatal developmental toxicities or other adverse effects that are not adequately assessed in the routine toxicity evaluations and that cannot be safely or adequately measured in pediatric clinical trials. Unlike the traditional reproductive and developmental toxicology studies that have been discussed in the accompanying reports, the design requirements for toxicity studies in juvenile animals are not explicitly defined in regulatory guidance. However, studies in juvenile animals can be useful in providing safety information necessary to enable pediatric clinical trials in pediatric patients or when there are special concerns for toxicities that cannot be safely or adequately measured in clinical trials. These juvenile animal toxicity studies are designed on a case‐by‐case basis. General design considerations and examples of study designs for assessment of juvenile animal toxicity are discussed. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:463–469, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The nonclinical fertility study design for pharmaceuticals
Authors: Lerman Steven A. , Hew Kok Wah , Stewart Jane , Stump Donald G. , Wise L. David
Published: December 2009

Assessment of potential developmental and reproductive toxicity of human pharmaceuticals is currently guided by the ICH S5(R2) document, “Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products and Toxicity to Male Fertility.” Studies that assess a candidate drug's effect on fertility are generally conducted in rats. The evolution of, and ultimate harmonization of, fertility study designs are reviewed, and specific elements of an acceptable design, as well as the recommendations for presentation of data, are described in detail. Additionally, the timing of nonclinical fertility studies in relation to clinical studies that enroll men and women of reproductive potential is reviewed. Possible strategies for combining fertility assessment with other study designs are also presented. This article provides testing laboratories, sponsors, and regulatory agencies with a comparison of current methods and designs, with the aim of providing a common understanding of the critical design features. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:429–436, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA microarrays to define and search for genes associated with obesity
Authors: Kim Yunjung , Park Taesun
Published: December 2009

One of the major goals of this review was to identify obesity‐specific gene profiles in animal models to help comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms and the prediction of the phenotypic outcomes of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. The genomic examination of insulin‐sensitive tissues, such as the adipose and hepatic tissues, has provided a wealth of information about the changes in gene expression in obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. The overexpression of genes related to inflammation, immune response, adhesion molecules, and lipid metabolism is a major characteristic of white adipose tissue, while the overexpression of the genes related to lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, defense, and stress responses is noticeable in the non‐alcoholic fatty liver of obese rodents. The hepatic‐gene expression profiles led us to hypothesize that in obese rodents, the livers are supplied with large amounts of free fatty acids under conditions associated with obesity either through increased fatty acid biosynthesis or through decreased fatty acid oxidation, which may lead to increased mitochondrial respiratory activity. The wide list of genes that were identified in previous studies could be a source of potential therapeutic targets because most of these genes are involved in the key mechanisms of obesity development, from adipocyte differentiation to the disturbance of metabolism.
Closure of ostium secundum atrial septum defect with the Atriasept occluder: Early European experience
Authors: Stolt Valérie Steiger , Chessa Massimo , Aubry Pierre , Juliard Jean‐Michel , Schraeder Rainer , Berger Alexandre , Goy Jean‐Jacques
Published: December 2009

Objectives: This multicentre study sought to report the safety and efficacy of the ATRIASEPT septal occluder to repair atrial septal defect (ASD). Background: The ATRIASEPT is a low profile, flexible, double disk occluder with centering system specifically designed for closure of ostium secundum ASD. Method: Patients were enrolled from four participating European sites and followed up for 12 months post procedure. Outcomes were evaluated, including closure success and incidence of adverse events. Results: Seventy‐six patients received the ATRIASEPT device. Mean size of the defect was 15 ± 4 mm. Closure success was observed in 69 patients (89%) at the end of the procedure. Sixty‐four patients had a six‐month follow up with a complete closure by 58 patients (90%). Minor adverse events occurred in two patients. Significant functional improvement was reported by all symptomatic patients. Conclusion: Percutaneous closure of ASD ostium secundum type defects with the ATRIASEPT is safe and effective with high success rate and excellent mid‐term outcome. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term complication after LM bifurcation treatment
Authors: Wainstein Marco V. , Ribeiro Jorge P.
Published: December 2009

Two months after left anterior descending (LAD) artery and left circumflex (LCx) artery bare metal stent implantation, a proliferative subocclusive in‐stent restenosis in LCx coronary with severe LM coronary (LM) involvement developed. The present clinical case describes a simplified strategy for unprotected LM percutaneous coronary intervention using two bioabsorbable biolimus‐eluting stents without involvement of the LAD coronary using an “L” technique. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the left anterior descending artery really absent?—A decisive input from coronary CT angiography
Authors: Hacioglu Yalcin , Budoff Matthew
Published: December 2009

This case report emphasizes the importance of coronary CT angiography (CTA) as a backup imaging modality in patients with suspected coronary anomalies and difficult canulation, during invasive coronary angiography by catheterization (Cath). In this patient, the numerous canulation attempts during Cath failed to identify a left anterior descending artery (LAD) leading to the diagnosis of absent LAD. CTA was done for further clarification, which easily visualized LAD originating from a separate ostium at the left sinus of Valsalva finalizing the diagnosis as absent left main artery with dual left coronary ostia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Covered stent to treat saphenous venous graft perforation—A case report
Authors: Baruah D.K.
Published: December 2009

This case report shows the immediate and long‐term clinical result of percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with total occlusion of saphenous venous graft. The case also highlights the management of venous graft perforation during percutaneous intervention using a covered stent. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term follow‐up after nonurgent percutaneous coronary intervention in unprotected left main coronary arteries
Authors: Beijk Marcel A.M. , Rittersma Saskia Z.H. , Koch Karel T. , Henriques José P.S. , Baan Jan , Vis Marije M. , Hoekstra Fokje , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Piek Jan J. , Kloek Jaap J. , de Mol Bas A.J.M. , de Winter Robbert J.
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To evaluate the long‐term outcomes of the selected patients by the local Heart Team to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) stenosis and to compare patients considered at low surgical risk versus at high surgical risk for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Background: CABG is recommended in patients with ULMCA stenosis according to the AHA/ACC and ESC guidelines, and there are limited data on the long‐term outcomes in patients selected by the local Heart Team to undergo PCI. Methods: Between 1996 and 2007, 227 patients underwent PCI for ULMCA stenosis based on decision of the local Heart Team and patient's and/or physician's preference. All patients were contacted at 1 year and in November 2008. Results: Long‐term follow‐up was up to 8 years with a mean of 3.9 ± 2.6 years. Overall, the Kaplan–Meier estimate of the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target lesion revascularization (TLR) was 14.8% at 1 year, 18.3% at 3 years, and 20.9% at 5 years with no events occurring thereafter. Patients considered at low surgical risk for CABG had a significantly lower incidence of cardiac death or MI compared to patients considered at high surgical risk at 8 years (1.4 vs. 16.8%; 1.4 vs. 14.8%, respectively); however, no significant difference was observed for cardiac death, MI, or TLR (18.6 vs. 24.4%). Conclusions: PCI of ULMCA stenosis in patients selected by the Heart Team resulted in good long‐term clinical outcomes with most events occurring within the 1st year. Patients considered at low surgical risk for CABG have a significantly better long‐term survival than patients at high risk for surgery. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Oligoyne‐Linked Donor–π–Acceptor Molecules
Authors: Pålsson Lars‐Olof , Wang Changsheng , Batsanov Andrei S. , King Simon M. , Beeby Andrew , Monkman Andrew P. , Bryce Martin R.
Published: December 2009

Studies are reported on a series of triphenylamine–(CC)n–2,5‐diphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole dyad molecules (n=1–4, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) and the related triphenylamine‐C6H4–(CC)3–oxadiazole dyad 5. The oligoyne‐linked D–π–A (D=electron donor, A=electron acceptor) dyad systems have been synthesised by palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling of terminal alkynyl and butadiynyl synthons with the corresponding bromoalkynyl moieties. Cyclic voltammetric studies reveal a reduction in the HOMO–LUMO gap in the series of compounds 1–4 as the oligoyne chain length increases, which is consistent with extended conjugation through the elongated bridges. Photophysical studies provide new insights into conjugative effects in oligoyne molecular wires. In non‐polar solvents the emission from these dyad systems has two different origins: a locally excited (LE) state, which is responsible for a π*→π fluorescence, and an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state, which produces charge‐transfer emission. In polar solvents the LE state emission vanishes and only ICT emission is observed. This emission displays strong solvatochromism and analysis according to the Lippert–Mataga–Oshika formalism shows significant ICT for all the luminescent compounds with high efficiency even for the longer more conjugated systems. The excited‐state properties of the dyads in non‐polar solvents vary with the extent of conjugation. For more conjugated systems a fast non‐radiative route dominates the excited‐state decay and follows the Engelman–Jortner energy gap law. The data suggest that the non‐radiative decay is driven by the weak coupling limit.