bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the antihypertensive and antidyslipidemic activities of Viola odorata leaves extract
Authors: Siddiqi Hasan S , Mehmood Malik H , Rehman Najeeb U , Gilani Anwar H
Published: January 2012

Background

This study was undertaken to provide pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Viola odorata Linn. in hypertension and dyslipidemia using the in vivo and in vitro assays.

Results

Viola odorata leaves extract (Vo.Cr), which tested positive for alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, coumarins and flavonoids, caused a dose-dependent (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) decrease in mean arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats. In isolated guinea-pig atria, Vo.Cr equally inhibited force and rate of spontaneous atrial contractions. On the baseline of rat thoracic aortae (endothelium-intact and denuded), the plant extract caused phentolamine-sensitive vasoconstriction. When tested on phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM) and K+ (80 mM)-induced vasoconstriction, Vo.Cr caused a concentration-dependent relaxation and also caused a rightward shift of Ca++ concentration-response curves as well as suppression of PE (1 μM) control peaks in Ca++-free medium, similar to that caused by verapamil. In the presence of L-NAME, the relaxation curve of Vo.Cr was partially inhibited showing involvement of Nitric oxide (NO) mediated pathway. In Tyloxapol-induced dyslipidemia, Vo.Cr caused reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia model, the plant extract caused a significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-C, atherogenic index and prevented the increase in average body weights, while it increased HDL-C.

Conclusions

These data indicate that the vasodilator effect of the plant extract is mediated through multiple pathways like inhibition of Ca++ influx via membranous Ca++ channels, its release from intracellular stores and NO-mediated pathways, which possibly explain the fall in BP. The plant also showed reduction in body weight and antidyslipidemic effect which may be due to the inhibition of synthesis and absorption of lipids and antioxidant activities. Thus, this study provides a pharmacologic rationale to the medicinal use of Viola odorata in hypertension and dyslipidemia.
SMTP (Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol) enhances clot clearance in a pulmonary embolism model in rats
Authors: Hu Weimin , Narasaki Ritsuko , Nishimura Naoko , Hasumi Keiji
Published: January 2012

Background

Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenols (SMTPs) are a novel family of small molecules that enhance both activation and fibrin-binding of plasminogen. While their effects on fibrinolysis have been characterized in vitro, little is known about their activity in vivo with respect to plasminogen activation and blood clot clearance.

Results

To select a potent SMTP congener for the evaluation of its action in vitro and in vivo, we tested several SMTP congeners with distinct structural properties for their effects on plasminogen activation. As a result, SMTP-7 (orniplabin) was found to have distinguished activity. Several lines of biochemical evidence supported the idea that SMTP-7 acted as a plasminogen modulator. SMTP-7 elevated plasma level of plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex, an index of plasmin formation in vivo, 1.5-fold in mice after the intravenous injections at doses of 5 and 10 mg kg-1. In a rat pulmonary embolism model, SMTP-7 (5 mg kg-1) enhanced the rate of clot clearance ~3-fold in the absence of exogenous plasminogen activator. Clot clearance was enhanced further by 5 mg kg-1 of SMTP-7 in combination with single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator.

Conclusions

Our results show that SMTP-7 is a superior plasminogen modulator among the SMTP family compounds and suggest that the agent enhances plasmin generation in vivo, leading to clearance of thrombi in a model of pulmonary embolism.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 controls type I IFN induction in chicken macrophage HD-11 cells: a polygenic trait that involves NS1 and the polymerase complex
Authors: Liniger Matthias , Moulin Hervé R , Sakoda Yoshihiro , Ruggli Nicolas , Summerfield Artur
Published: January 2012

Background

Influenza A viruses are well characterized to antagonize type I IFN induction in infected mammalian cells. However, limited information is available for avian cells. It was hypothesised that avian influenza viruses (AIV) with distinct virulence may interact differently with the avian innate immune system. Therefore, the type I IFN responses induced by highly virulent and low virulent H5N1 AIV and reassortants thereof were analysed in chicken cells.

Results

The highly pathogenic (HP) AIV A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) (Yama) did not induce type I IFN in infected chicken HD-11 macrophage-like cells. This contrasted with an NS1 mutant Yama virus (Yama-NS1A144V) and with the attenuated H5N1 AIV A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (Vac) carrying the haemagglutinin (HA) of the Yama virus (Vac-Yama/HA), that both induced type I IFN in these cells. The substitution of the NS segment from Yama with that from Vac in the Yama backbone resulted in induction of type I IFN secretion in HD-11 cells. However, vice versa, the Yama NS segment did not prevent type I IFN induction by the Vac-Yama/HA virus. This was different with the PB1/PB2/PA segment reassortant Yama and Vac-Yama/HA viruses. Whereas the Yama virus with the Vac PB1/PB2/PA segments induced type I IFN in HD-11 cells, the Vac-Yama/HA virus with the Yama PB1/PB2/PA segments did not. As reported for mammalian cells, the expression of H5N1 PB2 inhibited the activation of the IFN-β promoter in chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells. Importantly, the Yama PB2 was more potent at inhibiting the IFN-β promoter than the Vac PB2.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that the NS1 protein and the polymerase complex of the HPAIV Yama act in concert to antagonize chicken type I IFN secretion in HD-11 cells. PB2 alone can also exert a partial inhibitory effect on type I IFN induction. In conclusion, the control of type I IFN induction by H5N1 HPAIV represents a complex phenotype that involves a particular viral gene constellation rather than a single viral protein. Collectively, these findings contribute to understand the high virulence of HPAIV H5N1 viruses observed in the chicken host.
Distribution of enteroviruses in hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease and relationship between pathogens and nervous system complications
Authors: Xu Wei , Liu Chun-feng , Yan Li , Li Jiu-jun , Wang Li-jie , Qi Ying , Cheng Rui-bo , Xiong Xiao-yu
Published: January 2012

Background

To explore the relationship between enteroviruses and hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) complicated with nervous system disease. 234 hospitalized HFMD patients treated in Shengjing Hospital, Liaoning Province were analyzed retrospectively. Based on the presence and severity of nervous system disease, the patients were grouped as follows: general patients, severely ill patients, critically ill patients and fatal patients. Based on the detected pathogen, the patients were grouped as follows: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, coxsackie A16 (CA16) infection and other enterovirus (OE) infection.

Results

Of the 423 hospitalized patients, most were admitted in July 2010(129/423, 30.5%). Enteroviruses were detected in 177(41.8%). 272/423 patients were male (64.3%), and fatal patients had the greatest proportion of male patients (p< 0.05). EV71 infection was found in 89/423 patients (21%). CA16 infection was detected in 8/423 patients (16.1%). Compared to group CA16, patients in group EV71 were hospitalized earlier, and the duration of hospitalization was longer (p< 0.05). Of the 92 patients with nervous system damage, 65 were infected with EV71 and 19 were infected with CA16. Among these CA16 infected patients, 2 had brainstem encephalitis and 1 had AFP. There were more patients with nervous system dysfunction in group EV71 than in groups CA16 or OE (p< 0.05). The 5 fatalities all occurred in group EV71 patients (p< 0.05). Infection with EV71 was most likely to cause neurogenic pulmonary edema (p< 0.05). Patients in group EV71 had a higher rate of suffering from coma and limb movement disorder than patients in groups CA16 or OE (p< 0.05).

Conclusion

The disease progresses faster in EV71-infected HFMD patients. These patients are more likely to suffer nervous system damage, neurogenic pulmonary edema, severe sequelae or death. CA16 and other enteroviruses can also cause HFMD with severe nervous system complications.
On the molecular mechanism of GC content variation among eubacterial genomes
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhang Zhang , Hu Songnian , Yu Jun
Published: January 2012

Background

As a key parameter of genome sequence variation, the GC content of bacterial genomes has been investigated for over half a century, and many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this GC content variation and its relationship to other fundamental processes. Previously, we classified eubacteria into dnaE-based groups (the dimeric combination of DNA polymerase III alpha subunits), according to a hypothesis where GC content variation is essentially governed by genome replication and DNA repair mechanisms. Further investigation led to the discovery that two major mutator genes, polC and dnaE2, may be responsible for genomic GC content variation. Consequently, an in-depth analysis was conducted to evaluate various potential intrinsic and extrinsic factors in association with GC content variation among eubacterial genomes.

Results

Mutator genes, especially those with dominant effects on the mutation spectra, are biased towards either GC or AT richness, and they alter genomic GC content in the two opposite directions. Increased bacterial genome size (or gene number) appears to rely on increased genomic GC content; however, it is unclear whether the changes are directly related to certain environmental pressures. Certain environmental and bacteriological features are related to GC content variation, but their trends are more obvious when analyzed under the dnaE-based grouping scheme. Most terrestrial, plant-associated, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are members of the dnaE1|dnaE2 group, whereas most pathogenic or symbiotic bacteria in insects, and those dwelling in aquatic environments, are largely members of the dnaE1|polV group.

Conclusion

Our studies provide several lines of evidence indicating that DNA polymerase III α subunit and its isoforms participating in either replication (such as polC) or SOS mutagenesis/translesion synthesis (such as dnaE2), play dominant roles in determining GC variability. Other environmental or bacteriological factors, such as genome size, temperature, oxygen requirement, and habitat, either play subsidiary roles or rely indirectly on different mutator genes to fine-tune the GC content. These results provide a comprehensive insight into mechanisms of GC content variation and the robustness of eubacterial genomes in adapting their ever-changing environments over billions of years.

Reviewers

This paper was reviewed by Nicolas Galtier, Adam Eyre-Walker, and Eugene Koonin.
Validation of a set of reference genes to study response to herbicide stress in grasses
Authors: Petit Cécile , Pernin Fanny , Heydel Jean-Marie , Délye Christophe
Published: January 2012

Background

Non-target-site based resistance to herbicides is a major threat to the chemical control of agronomically noxious weeds. This adaptive trait is endowed by differences in the expression of a number of genes in plants that are resistant or sensitive to herbicides. Quantification of the expression of such genes requires normalising qPCR data using reference genes with stable expression in the system studied as internal standards. The aim of this study was to validate reference genes in Alopecurus myosuroides, a grass (Poaceae) weed of economic and agronomic importance with no genomic resources.

Results

The stability of 11 candidate reference genes was assessed in plants resistant or sensitive to herbicides subjected or not to herbicide stress using the complementary statistical methods implemented by NormFinder, BestKeeper and geNorm. Ubiquitin, beta-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified as the best reference genes. The reference gene set accuracy was confirmed by analysing the expression of the gene encoding acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a major herbicide target enzyme, and of an herbicide-induced gene encoding a glutathione-S-transferase.

Conclusions

This is the first study describing a set of reference genes (ubiquitin, beta-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) with a stable expression under herbicide stress in grasses. These genes are also candidate reference genes of choice for studies seeking to identify stress-responsive genes in grasses.
Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides
Authors: Stenvang Jan , Petri Andreas , Lindow Morten , Obad Susanna , Kauppinen Sakari
Published: January 2012

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in many developmental and cellular processes. Moreover, there is now ample evidence that perturbations in the levels of individual or entire families of miRNAs are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases. Indeed, disease-associated miRNAs represent a new class of targets for the development of miRNA-based therapeutic modalities, which may yield patient benefits unobtainable by other therapeutic approaches. The recent explosion in miRNA research has accelerated the development of several computational and experimental approaches for probing miRNA functions in cell culture and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the use of antisense oligonucleotides (antimiRs) in miRNA inhibition for loss-of-function studies. We provide an overview of the currently employed antisense chemistries and their utility in designing antimiR oligonucleotides. Furthermore, we describe the most commonly used in vivo delivery strategies and discuss different approaches for assessment of miRNA inhibition and potential off-target effects. Finally, we summarize recent progress in antimiR mediated pharmacological inhibition of disease-associated miRNAs, which shows great promise in the development of novel miRNA-based therapeutics.
Shear wave imaging from traffic noise using seismic interferometry by cross-coherence
Authors: Nakata Norimitsu , Snieder Roel , Tsuji Takeshi , Larner Ken , Matsuoka Toshifumi
Published: January 2012

We apply the cross-coherence method to the seismic interferometry of traffic noise, which originates from roads and railways, to retrieve both body waves and surface-waves. Our preferred algorithm in the presence of highly variable and strong additive random noise uses cross-coherence, which uses normalization by the spectral amplitude of each of the traces, rather than crosscorrelation or deconvolution. This normalization suppresses the influence of additive noise and overcomes problems resulting from amplitude variations among input traces. By using only the phase information and ignoring amplitude information, the method effectively removes the source signature from the extracted response and yields a stable structural reconstruction even in the presence of strong noise. This algorithm is particularly effective where the relative amplitude among the original traces is highly variable from trace to trace. We use the extracted, reflected shear waves from the traffic noise data to construct a stacked and migrated image, and we use the extracted surface-waves (Love waves) to estimate the shear velocity as a function of depth. This profile agrees well with the interval velocity obtained from the normal moveout of the reflected shear waves constructed by seismic interferometry. These results are useful in a wide range of situations applicable to both geophysics and civil engineering.
Complete Remission With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Albiges Laurence , Oudard Stéphane , Negrier Sylvie , Caty Armelle , Gravis Gwenaëlle , Joly Florence , Duclos Brigitte , Geoffrois Lionel , Rolland Frédéric , Guillot Aline , Laguerre Brigitte , Legouffe Eric , Kohser Frédéric , Dietrich Pierre-Yves , Theodore Christine A. , Escudier Bernard
Published: January 2012

Purpose

Complete remission (CR) is uncommon during treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but it may occur in some patients. It remains a matter of debate whether therapy should be continued after CR.

Methods

A multicenter, retrospective analysis of a series of patients with mRCC who obtained CR during treatment with TKIs (sunitinib or sorafenib), either alone or with local treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, or radiofrequency ablation), was performed.

Results

CR was identified in 64 patients; 36 patients had received TKI treatment alone and 28 had also received local treatment. Most patients had clear cell histology (60 of 64 patients), and all had undergone previous nephrectomy. The majority of patients were favorable or intermediate risk; however, three patients were poor risk. Most patients developed CR during sunitinib treatment (59 of 64 patients). Among the 36 patients who achieved CR with TKI alone, eight continued TKI treatment after CR, whereas 28 stopped treatment. Seventeen patients who stopped treatment (61%) are still in CR, with a median follow-up of 255 days. Among the 28 patients in CR after TKI plus local treatment, 25 patients stopped treatment, and 12 of these patients (48%) are still in CR, with a median follow-up of 322 days.

Conclusion

CR can occur after TKI treatment alone or when combined with local treatment. CR was observed at every metastatic site and in every prognostic group.
Online Tool to Guide Decisions forBRCA1/2Mutation Carriers
Authors: Kurian Allison W. , Munoz Diego F. , Rust Peter , Schackmann Elizabeth A. , Smith Michael , Clarke Lauren , Mills Meredith A. , Plevritis Sylvia K.
Published: January 2012

Purpose

Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations must choose between prophylactic surgeries and screening to manage their high risks of breast and ovarian cancer, comparing options in terms of cancer incidence, survival, and quality of life. A clinical decision tool could guide these complex choices.

Methods

We built a Monte Carlo model for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, simulating breast screening with annual mammography plus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from ages 25 to 69 years and prophylactic mastectomy (PM) and/or prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) at various ages. Modeled outcomes were cancer incidence, tumor features that shape treatment recommendations, overall survival, and cause-specific mortality. We adapted the model into an online tool to support shared decision making.

Results

We compared strategies on cancer incidence and survival to age 70 years; for example, PO plus PM at age 25 years optimizes both outcomes (incidence, 4% to 11%; survival, 80% to 83%), whereas PO at age 40 years plus MRI screening offers less effective prevention, yet similar survival (incidence, 36% to 57%; survival, 74% to 80%). To characterize patients' treatment and survivorship experiences, we reported the tumor features and treatments associated with risk-reducing interventions; for example, in most BRCA2 mutation carriers (81%), MRI screening diagnoses stage I, hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, which may not require chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Cancer risk-reducing options for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers vary in their impact on cancer incidence, recommended treatments, quality of life, and survival. To guide decisions informed by multiple health outcomes, we provide an online tool for joint use by patients with their physicians ( http://brcatool.stanford.edu ).
Mediastinal dysgerminoma complicating pregnancy
Authors: Manikandan K , Veena P , Elamurugan S , Soundararaghavan S
Published: January 2012

Malignancy complicating pregnancy represents one of the most challenging clinical situations. Lack of evidence and the presence of the dependent fetus contribute to the management dilemma. A 26-year-old primigravida presented at 23 weeks of gestation with a bulging substernal mass. Fine-needle aspiration was reported as mediastinal dysgerminoma. She was treated with weekly bleomycin and three weekly cisplatin and etoposide (BEP). Maternal neutropenia after 11 weeks of bleomycin required colony stimulator factor. Fetal growth restriction necessitated delivery at 31 weeks. Significant clinical and radiological tumour regression was noted after chemotherapy. Postnatally mother received external beam radiotherapy but the disease worsened two weeks after the completion of radiotherapy. Mediastinal dysgerminoma differs from the ovarian counterpart and therefore therapeutic success reports on ovarian germ cell tumours complicating pregnancy cannot be extrapolated. The safety of the BEP regimen for the fetus is yet to be established.
Crystal structure and infrared spectrum of new magnesium tetra-ammonium cyclotriphosphate tetrahydrate Mg(NH4)4(P3O9)2 · 4 H2O
Authors: Ezzaafrani M. , Ennaciri Abdelaziz , Harcharras Mohamed , Khaoulaf Redouane , Capitelli Francesco
Published: January 2012

The new cyclotriphosphate Mg(NH4)4(P3O9)2 · 4 H2O was synthesized by the metathesis reaction of Boullé and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with the following unit cell parameters: a = 8.6120(5), b = 14.6390(10), and c = 8.8610(17) Å; β = 95.330(8)°; V = 1112.3(2) Å3. The crystal structure was refined up to a final R value of 0.0277 using 2543 independent reflections. Magnesium cation is coordinated by two P3O9
3– ring anions and four water molecules, displaying quite regular octahedral geometry. Ammonium polyhedra NH41O6 and NH42O6 are, respectively, connected to the MgO6 octahedron by O10—O4 edge and the O11 water molecule. The three-dimensional framework is built up from [Mg(P3O9)2(H2O)4]4– complex anions linked together via hydrogen bonds interactions made up by (NH4)+ cations. Last, the infrared spectrum of title compound was recorded and interpreted.
Regulatory Uncertainty and Corporate Responses to Environmental Protection in China
Authors: Marquis Christopher , Zhang Jianjun , Zhou Yanhua
Published: January 2012

This article analyzes the closing gap between regulation and enforcement of environmental protection in China and explores its implications for doing business there. It identifies three major dimensions that characterize change in regulatory systems: priorities and incentives, bureaucratic alignment, and transparency and monitoring. Using these dimensions, it describes the mechanisms that characterized China's prior period where enforcement of environmental protection was decoupled from regulation. Regulation and enforcement are becoming re-aligned. This is due to a change in national development strategy, reorganization of the bureaucracy, and increasing monitoring from both the government and general public. To address these changes, firms need to embrace environmental innovation and integrate local and global standards. They should also be more transparent and compete on reputation.
Genetic Diversity and Genomic Plasticity ofCryptococcus neoformansAD Hybrid Strains
Authors: Li Wenjun , Averette Anna Floyd , Desnos-Ollivier Marie , Ni Min , Dromer Françoise , Heitman Joseph
Published: January 2012

Natural hybridization between two strains, varieties, or species is a common phenomenon in both plants and animals. Although hybridization may skew established gene pools, it generates population diversity efficiently and sometimes results in the emergence of newly adapted genotypes. Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes the most frequent opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts, has three serotypes: A, D, and AD. Serotype-specific multilocus sequence typing and serotype-specific comparative genome hybridization were applied to investigate the genetic variability and genomic organization of C. neoformans serotype AD isolates. We confirm that C. neoformans serotype AD isolates are hybrids of serotype A and D strains. Compared with haploid strains, most AD hybrid isolates exhibit unique multilocus sequence typing genotypes, suggesting that multiple independent hybridization events punctuated the origin and evolutionary trajectory of AD hybrids. The MATa alleles from both haploid and AD hybrid isolates group closely to form a cluster or subcluster in both the serotype A and D populations. The rare and unique distribution of MATa alleles may restrict sexual reproduction between isolates of opposite mating types. The genetic diversity of the serotype D population, including haploid strains and serotype D genomes of the AD hybrid, is significantly greater than that of serotype A, and there are signatures of recombination within the serotype D population. Given that MATa isolates are relatively rare, both opposite-sex and same-sex mating may contribute to genetic recombination of serotype D in nature. Extensive chromosome loss was observed in AD hybrid isolates, which results in loss of heterozygosity in the otherwise-heterozygous AD hybrid genome. Most AD hybrid isolates exhibit hybrid vigor and are resistant to the antifungal drug FK506. In addition, the C. neoformans AD hybrid genome is highly dynamic, with continuous chromosome loss, which may be a facile route for pathogen evolution through which genotypic and phenotypic variation is generated.
Genetic Analysis of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in theDrosophilaEye
Authors: Mukherjee T , Choi I , Banerjee Utpal
Published: January 2012

The development of eyes in Drosophila involves intricate epithelial reorganization events for accurate positioning of cells and proper formation and organization of ommatidial clusters. We demonstrate that Branchless (Bnl), the fibroblast growth factor ligand, regulates restructuring events in the eye disc primordium from as early as the emergence of clusters from a morphogenetic front to the cellular movements during pupal eye development. Breathless (Btl) functions as the fibroblast growth factor receptor to mediate Bnl signal, and together they regulate expression of DE-cadherin, Crumbs, and Actin. In addition, in the eye Bnl regulates the temporal onset and extent of retinal basal glial cell migration by activating Btl in the glia. We hypothesized that the Bnl functions in the eye are Hedgehog dependent and represent novel aspects of Bnl signaling not explored previously.
Improving the Quality of Immunization Delivery to an At-Risk Population: A Comprehensive Approach
Authors: Fu Linda Y. , Weissman Mark , McLaren Rosie , Thomas Cherie , Campbell Jacquelyn , Mbafor Jacob , Doshi Urvi , Cora-Bramble Denice
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Immunization quality improvement (QI) interventions are rarely tested as multicomponent interventions within the context of a theoretical framework proven to improve outcomes. Our goal was to study a comprehensive QI program to increase immunization rates for underserved children that relied on recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Task Force on Community Preventive Services and the framework of the Chronic Care Model.

METHODS:

QI activities occurred from September 2007 to May 2008 at 6 health centers serving a low-income, minority population in Washington, DC. Interventions included family reminders, education, expanding immunization access, reminders and feedback for providers, and coordination of activities with community stakeholders. We determined project effectiveness in improving the 4:3:1:3:3:1:3 vaccination series (4 diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines, 3 poliovirus vaccines, 1 measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, 3 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines, 3 hepatitis B vaccines, 1 varicella vaccine, and three 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines) compliance.

RESULTS:

We found a 16% increase in immunization rates overall and a 14% increase in on-time immunization by 24 months of age. Improvement was achieved at all 6 health centers and maintained beyond 18 months.

CONCLUSION:

We were able to implement a comprehensive immunization QI program that was sustainable over time.
Panhypopituitarism Presenting as Life-Threatening Heart Failure Caused by an Inherited Microdeletion in 1q25 Including LHX4
Authors: Filges Isabel , Bischof-Renner Andrea , Röthlisberger Benno , Potthoff Christian , Glanzmann René , Günthard Joëlle , Schneider Jacques , Huber Andreas R. , Zumsteg Urs , Miny Peter , Szinnai Gabor
Published: January 2012

Clinical presentation of hypopituitarism in the neonate may be variable, ranging from absent to severe nonspecific symptoms and may be life-threatening in patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. The LIM homeobox gene 4 (LHX4) transcription factor regulates early embryonic development of the anterior pituitary gland. Autosomal dominant mutations in LHX4 cause congenital hypopituitarism with variable combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). We report on a neonate with unexplained heart failure and minor physical anomalies, suggesting a midline defect. She was diagnosed with complete CPHD. Cardiac function was rescued by replacement with hydrocortisone and thyroxine; hypoglycaemia stopped under growth hormone therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a dysgenetic pituitary gland suggesting an early developmental defect. Array comparative genomic hybridization showed a maternally inherited 1.5-megabase microdeletion in 1q25.2q25.3, including the LHX4 gene. Haploinsufficiency of LHX4 likely explains the predominant pituitary phenotype in the proposita and we suggest variable intrafamilial penetrance of the inherited microdeletion. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report on heart failure as a rare nonspecific symptom of treatable CPHD in the newborn. Variably penetrant pituitary insufficiency, including this severe and atypical presentation, can be correlated with LHX4 insufficiency and highlights the role of LHX4 for pituitary development.
The Risk of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura After Vaccination in Children and Adolescents
Authors: O'Leary Sean T. , Glanz Jason M. , McClure David L. , Akhtar Aysha , Daley Matthew F. , Nakasato Cynthia , Baxter Roger , Davis Robert L. , Izurieta Hector S. , Lieu Tracy A. , Ball Robert
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

The risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) after childhood vaccines other than measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) is unknown.

METHODS:

Using data from 5 managed care organizations for 2000 to 2009, we identified a cohort of 1.8 million children ages 6 weeks to 17 years. Potential ITP cases were identified by using diagnostic codes and platelet counts. All cases were verified by chart review. Incidence rate ratios were calculated comparing the risk of ITP in risk (1 to 42 days after vaccination) and control periods.

RESULTS:

There were 197 chart-confirmed ITP cases out of 1.8 million children in the cohort. There was no elevated risk of ITP after any vaccine in early childhood other than MMR in the 12- to 19-month age group. There was a significantly elevated risk of ITP after hepatitis A vaccine at 7 to 17 years of age, and for varicella vaccine and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine at 11 to 17 years of age. For hepatitis A, varicella, and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines, elevated risks were based on one to two vaccine-exposed cases. Most cases were acute and mild with no long-term sequelae.

CONCLUSIONS:

ITP is unlikely after early childhood vaccines other than MMR. Because of the small number of exposed cases and potential confounding, the possible association of ITP with hepatitis A, varicella, and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines in older children requires further investigation.
InN on GaN Heterostructure Growth by Migration Enhanced Epitaxial Afterglow (MEAglow)
Authors: Binsted Peter W. , Butcher Kenneth Scott A. , Alexandrov Dimiter , Terziyska Penka , Georgieva Dimka , Gergova Rositsa , Georgiev Vasil
Published: January 2012

In this paper we discuss the formation of InN on GaN heterostructures. Film growth was accomplished using a new method coined Migration Enhanced Epitaxial Afterglow (MEAglow), an improved form of pulsed delivery Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) [1]. Initial x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results indicated that an InGaN alloy layer formed under the InN during growth. No GaN was seen from the original buffer layer. It was postulated that indium metal deposited prior to complete nitridation diffused into the relatively thin GaN layer producing InGaN. To verify the integrity of the insulating GaN layer, a third party GaN substrate was substituted. Results were unchanged. Parameters were then modified to reduce the amount of indium used for the initial metal deposition. XRD results indicated a sharper interface between the semi-insulating GaN and conductive InN layer. Hall Effect measurements are included. We’ve shown that the growth of a device suitable heterostructure is possible using the MEAglow technique.
Role of Voltage Scan Rate on Degradation of Graphite Electrodes Electrochemically Cycled vs. Li/Li+
Authors: Bhattacharya Sandeep , Riahi A. Reza , Alpas Ahmet T.
Published: January 2012

Graphite electrode surface degradation mechanisms and formation of solid electrolyte layers (SEI) at the interface with the electrolyte were studied as a function of the applied voltage and voltage scan rates using in situ optical microscopy. Voltammetry tests were initiated from a peak voltage of 3.00 V during which the voltage was decreased to a constant base potential (0.02 V) using different scan rates of 0.05-5.00 mV/s. Cross-sectional FIB microscopy indicated that graphite surface and subsurface damage -- in the form of loss of material from graphite -- was reduced when dense and continuous deposits of SEI formed at low scan rates (e.g. 0.05 mV/s).Whereas, non-uniform and discontinuous SEI formed at high scan rates (∼ 5.00 mV/s) was unable to alleviate graphite surface damage.
Correlação entre volume tireoidiano determinado pelo método de ultrassonografia versus cintilografia e sua implicação em cálculos dosimétricos na terapia com radioiodo na doença de Graves
Authors: Vieira Lucas de Oliveira , Kubo Rodrigo , Sapienza Marcelo Tatit , Willegaignon José , Chammas Maria Cristina , Coura-Filho George Barberio , Ono Carla Rachel , Watanabe Tomoco , Sado Heitor Naoki , Buchpiguel Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2012

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Graves (DG) é a causa mais comum de hipertireoidismo e, entre as abordagens terapêuticas mais utilizadas para o tratamento do hipertireoidismo por doença de Graves, encontram-se a cirurgia, o uso de drogas antitireoidianas e a radioiodoterapia. No cálculo dosimétrico para determinação da dose de radioiodo a ser utilizada, é possível empregar a ultrassonografia e a cintilografia para avaliar o volume tireoidiano. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa correlacionar essas metodologias com ênfase no volume obtido e nas implicações dosimétricas. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 103 pacientes com diagnóstico de DG encaminhados para radioiodoterapia. Esses foram submetidos à ultrassonografia da tireoide e à cintilografia tireoidiana, com cálculo de volume pela cintilografia baseado na fórmula de Allen. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se boa correlação entre os dois métodos, porém com massa estimada pela cintilografia sistematicamente maior que a estimada pela ultrassonografia, o que pode acarretar em menor estimativa de dose absorvida quando utilizado o método cintilográfico.
Use of Poisson spatiotemporal regression models for the Brazilian Amazon Forest: malaria count data
Authors: Achcar Jorge Alberto , Martinez Edson Zangiacomi , Souza Aparecida Doniseti Pires de , Tachibana Vilma Mayumi , Flores Edilson Ferreira
Published: January 2012

INTRODUCTION: Malaria is a serious problem in the Brazilian Amazon region, and the detection of possible risk factors could be of great interest for public health authorities. The objective of this article was to investigate the association between environmental variables and the yearly registers of malaria in the Amazon region using Bayesian spatiotemporal methods. METHODS: We used Poisson spatiotemporal regression models to analyze the Brazilian Amazon forest malaria count for the period from 1999 to 2008. In this study, we included some covariates that could be important in the yearly prediction of malaria, such as deforestation rate. We obtained the inferences using a Bayesian approach and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to simulate samples for the joint posterior distribution of interest. The discrimination of different models was also discussed. RESULTS: The model proposed here suggests that deforestation rate, the number of inhabitants per km², and the human development index (HDI) are important in the prediction of malaria cases. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to conclude that human development, population growth, deforestation, and their associated ecological alterations are conducive to increasing malaria risk. We conclude that the use of Poisson regression models that capture the spatial and temporal effects under the Bayesian paradigm is a good strategy for modeling malaria counts.
Mechanical behavior of 'Niagara Rosada' grape berry detachment
Authors: Gomes Daniel , Ferraz Antonio C. de O
Published: January 2012

The 'Niagara Rosada' grape is the main Brazilian table grape belonging to the Labrusca family. It develops medium, cylindrical and compact bunches with berries presenting a pinkish skin and a foxy flavor that is valued in the Brazilian market. These berries are tender and have a pedicel-berry connection provided by the vascular bundles and surrounding skin. This cultivar is very susceptible to berry drop mainly caused by vibration and senescence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal mechanical behavior of the pedicel-berry detachment, using resistance indexes extracted from traction force-deformation curves. Test results showed two different detachment types. In the first one, which exhibited higher average resistance, a considerable portion of the vascular bundle came out attached to the pedicel and in the second type; the vascular bundle was retained inside the berry. The proposed indexes based on maximum detachment force, force at 0.2; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.2 mm, and maximum force to corresponding deformation ratio did not discriminate the senescence of the berry.
GPS receivers for georeferencing of spatial variability of soil attributes
Authors: Rosalen David L , Rodrigues Marcos S , Chioderoli Carlos A , Brandão Flavia J. C , Siqueira Diego S
Published: January 2012

The characterization of the spatial variability of soil attributes is essential to support agricultural practices in a sustainable manner. The use of geostatistics to characterize spatial variability of these attributes, such as soil resistance to penetration (RP) and gravimetric soil moisture (GM) is now usual practice in precision agriculture. The result of geostatistical analysis is dependent on the sample density and other factors according to the georeferencing methodology used. Thus, this study aimed to compare two methods of georeferencing to characterize the spatial variability of RP and GM as well as the spatial correlation of these variables. Sampling grid of 60 points spaced 20 m was used. For RP measurements, an electronic penetrometer was used and to determine the GM, a Dutch auger (0.0-0.1 m depth) was used. The samples were georeferenced using a GPS navigation receiver, Simple Point Positioning (SPP) with navigation GPS receiver, and Semi-Kinematic Relative Positioning (SKRP) with an L1 geodetic GPS receiver. The results indicated that the georeferencing conducted by PPS did not affect the characterization of spatial variability of RP or GM, neither the spatial structure relationship of these attributes.
O que há por trás do direito ao voto dos emigrantes internacionais? Teoria, história e cidadania demandante
Authors: Chelius Leticia Calderón
Published: January 2012

Este artigo reflete sobre os elementos teóricos e históricos sobre os quais se sustenta o processo de extensão de direitos políticos eleitorais dos cidadãos que estão radicados fora do seu país de origem. Ainda, o artigo demonstra que, para além de um debate conjuntural e exclusivamente nacional, a extensão de tais direitos consiste em um passo substancial do processo teóricopolítico da democracia contemporânea e, assim, em um tema de relevância para as Relações Internacionais e a Ciência Política.
Densificação, tamanho de grãos e condutividade elétrica da céria-samária
Authors: Reis S. L. , Muccillo E. N. S.
Published: January 2012

A céria contendo 20% mol samária é um eletrólito sólido proposto para uso em células a combustível de óxido sólido que operam em temperaturas intermediárias (~500 a 700 ºC), devido sua alta condutividade iônica. Um dos fatores limitantes para isto é sua relativamente baixa sinterabilidade. Neste trabalho foram utilizados dois métodos alternativos de sinterização com a finalidade de obter amostras densas, microestrutura homogênea e tamanho de grãos controlado. Outro objetivo foi relacionar os efeitos observados na microestrutura e na densificação com a condutividade elétrica das amostras sinterizadas. Para isto foi utilizada a Ce0,8Sm0,2O1,9 comercial, conformada uniaxial e isostaticamente, e sinterizada ao ar. As amostras sinterizadas foram analisadas por diversas técnicas. Resultados de medidas da densidade aparente revelaram que ambos os métodos são eficazes para a obtenção de cerâmicas com densidade relativa superior a 92%. A condutividade elétrica dos grãos e dos contornos de grão são também similares nas diversas amostras estudadas, apesar dos tamanhos dos grãos serem diferentes.
Abundância e diversidade de palmeiras no Distrito Florestal Sustentável da rodovia BR-163, Pará, Brasil
Authors: Salm Rodolfo , Jardim Mário Augusto Gonçalves , Albernaz Ana Luisa Kerti Mangabeira
Published: January 2012

A abundância e a diversidade de espécies, bem como a relação com a estrutura da floresta foram investigadas no Distrito Florestal Sustentável (DFS) da rodovia BR-163. Foram estabelecidas 40 parcelas de 0,04 ha (20 × 20 m) em uma mata prístina no Parque Nacional (PARNA) da Amazônia e 40 parcelas semelhantes em uma área submetida à exploração madeireira na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós. Em cada parcela, as árvores com DAP ≥ 10 cm foram medidas e as palmeiras adultas identificadas e contadas. Foi verificado que, apesar da floresta explorada da FLONA do Tapajós ser estruturalmente mais aberta que a mata do PARNA, apresenta menor quantidade e menor diversidade de espécies, provavelmente devido às limitações da dispersão de frutos e sementes e pela recente exploração madeireira. Conclui-se que, o potencial de exploração das palmeiras em matas nativas de terra firme da região é limitado pela escassez natural das espécies de maior potencial econômico, contudo, poderia ser ampliado com o plantio de espécies economicamente úteis.
Forage Yield, Chemical Contents, and Silage Quality of Manure Soybean
Authors: Chang Shyh‐Rong , Lu Chi‐Hsin , Lur Huu‐Sheng , Hsu Fu‐Hsing
Published: January 2012

Use of local leguminous manure crops as forage has become important in southern Asia because regularly producing high‐quality forage legumes is difficult with the high amount of precipitation. This study evaluated whether manure soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] could be used as forage and silage. Two cultivars of manure soybean were produced in two growing seasons and harvested at different growth stages. The highest forage yields were 9.3 Mg ha−1 for soybean cultivar Tainan No. 4 (TN4) at stage R5 (beginning seed) and 13.0 Mg ha−1 for cultivar Tainan No. 7 (TN7) at stage R7 (beginning maturity). Crude protein (CP) content was highest at R5 for TN4 and at R7 for TN7. The CP content of TN7 did not differ between spring and fall crops, but that of TN4 was 5 to 8% higher in the spring than fall. With advanced growth from R5 to R7, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content increased for TN7 but not TN4. The mean Flieg's point for silage was 26.5, 50.7, and 56.1 for ensiling treatments of soybean alone and soybean with Nilegrass (Acroceras macrum Stapf.) or corn (Zea mays L.) meal, respectively. The mean Flieg's point for silage made from soybean harvested at R3 (beginning bloom), R5 and R7 was 38.4, 47.5 and 47.3, respectively. Thus, manure soybean harvested at R5 can produce forage with high yield and good quality. The silage quality of manure soybean can be improved by ensiling with Nilegrass or corn meal.
Grass–Legume Mixtures Suppress Weeds during Establishment Better than Monocultures
Authors: Sanderson Matt A. , Brink Geoff , Ruth Leah , Stout Robert
Published: January 2012

Maintaining a diversity of plant species in pastures may reduce weed invasion. Knowledge of how the proportion of species in a mixture (i.e., species evenness) affects weed invasion would be useful in formulating seed mixtures. We hypothesized that forage mixtures with greater species evenness would reduce weed invasion at establishment better than mixtures dominated by a few species (low species evenness) or monocultures. Fifteen mixtures and monocultures of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass (Elytrigia repens L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were sown in autumn 2008 at four locations in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. There were four monocultures, four mixtures dominated by one species (evenness = 0.64), six mixtures dominated by pairs of species (evenness = 0.88), and one equal mixture (evenness = 1). We measured the amount of naturally occurring weeds in harvested herbage at each location in 2009. At two locations, we added seed of plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.; a surrogate weed) to each treatment during autumn of 2008 and measured their establishment and dry mass during 2009. Grass–legume mixtures resisted weed invasion better than monocultures. Within mixtures, however, species evenness did not influence weed invasion. Species evenness did not affect resource use (light interception or soil inorganic N levels). Individual forage species had a strong effect because weed proportions decreased curvilinearly as orchardgrass proportion of the seed mixture increased. Selecting appropriate species to use in mixtures is more important than the evenness of the species in the mixture.
Wheat Growth Response to Increased Temperature from Varied Planting Dates and Supplemental Infrared Heating
Authors: Ottman M. J. , Kimball B. A. , White J. W. , Wall G. W.
Published: January 2012

Possible future increases in atmospheric temperature may threaten wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and food security. The purpose of this research is to determine the response of wheat growth to supplemental heating and to seasonal air temperature from an unusually wide range of planting dates. A field study was conducted at Maricopa, AZ, where wheat was planted from September to May over a 2‐yr period for a total of 12 planting dates. Supplemental heating was provided for 6 of the 12 planting dates using infrared heaters placed above the crop which increased canopy temperature by 1.3°C during the day and 2.7°C during the night. Grain yield declined 42 g m−2 (6.9%) per 1°C increase in seasonal temperature above 16.3°C. Supplemental heating had no effect on grain yield for plantings in winter (Dec./Jan.) since temperatures were near optimum (14.9°C). However, in spring (Mar.) plantings where temperature (22.2°C) was above optimum, supplemental heating decreased grain yield from 510 to 368 g m−2. Supplemental heating had the greatest effect in the early fall plantings (Sept./Oct.) when temperature was slightly below optimum (13.8°C) and mid‐season frost limited the yield of unheated plots to only 3 g m−2 whereas yield of heated plots was 435 g m−2. Thus, possible future increases in temperature may decrease wheat yield for late plantings and shift optimum planting windows to earlier dates in areas of the world similar to the desert southwest of the United States.