bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decorative Materials and Their Response to Light
Authors: Ackerley R. O.
Published: November 2015

Some difficulty was experienced in selecting a title which would convey in a few words the nature of the problems or phenomena which this paper is intended to discuss. The title finally selected was a compromise between a desire to let members know what the paper was about and the necessity to describe the subject briefly. It may be well, therefore, to indicate more fully the aspect of illuminating engineering which it is hoped to cover.
The Response of the Eye to Light in Relation to the Measurement of Subjective Brightness and Contrast
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the problems that are likely to confront the illuminating engineer who is concerned with measuring the subjective effects of light. In the first section a condensed account is given of the information available regarding the reaction of the eye when stimulated by light; this includes data derived directly from physiological experiments and by inference from sensory observations. Two processes, an electrical and a chemical effect, are referred to in detail in so far as they control the sensitivity of the eye and govern the magnitude of the visual response. In the second section an outline is given of the conditions necessary to reproduce a standard scale of subjective brightnesses and of the methods, by memory or by binocular matching, with which an unknown brightness may be compared to the standard. In the third section the subdivision of the standard brightness scale into a series of contrast steps is discussed and the means by which an unknown contrast may be referred to the standard scale are considered.
The Relative Luminosity Curve for the Human Eye and the Standard Photometric Observer
Authors: Preston J. S.
Published: November 2015

This paper first outlines the problems encountered in the photometry of coloured light sources, in particular as they are associated with the colour-characteristics of the eye. The optimum conditions for such work are shortly discussed. In the light of these findings the various experimental determinations of the mean relative luminosity function are examined seriatim under two headings—first, the investigations forming the basis of the agreed Standard Curve, and, second, more recent measurements differing somewhat from the older ones. Possible reasons or the observed differences are enumerated and examined.

The author concludes that there are at present no certain grounds for disputing the acceptability of the Standard Curve, and supports this conclusion with evidence derived from general photometric experience. A final section of the paper deals with the peculiar difficulties encountered in heterochromatic photometry at low brightness-levels, where the colour sensitivity of the eye varies greatly with the level used.
The Reflexion Factor of Glass
Authors: Holmes J. G.
Published: November 2015

Figures are given for the reflexion factor of air-glass surfaces for directed light at several angles of incidence and for diffused light, making allowance for the effects of polarisation and multiple reflexion in a glass sheet. The definition of transmittance and the effects of a prismatic surface are discussed.
The Lighting of Architecture
Authors: Baines G. Grenfell
Published: November 2015

The time is now opportune for a better appreciation of the work of lighting engineers and architects in view of the importance of recent lighting developments. The paper deals with the essential characteristics of, and differences between, architecture before and since the advent of modern artificial light sources.

A warning is given against attempting to attain by means of artificial lighting the effects produced by sunlight, and the paper considers the uses of various methods of illumination.

Consideration is also given to the question of lighting and decoration and the proper use of lighting fittings in order to give pleasing effects.

The paper concludes with some views on future possibilities, and stresses the need for co-operation between the architect and the lighting engineer.
Department Store Lighting
Authors: Jervis Alan W.
Published: November 2015

The lighting of large stores has not always in the past received the detailed attention, which is so necessary for its particular requirements. These requirements vary with almost each and every store and are bound up with the economics of store operation together with the atmosphere that has grown up with the development of each particular store.

The cost of electricity plays an important role in deciding whether or not a store can afford to have the best lighting, whilst the interior structural layout affects the actual design. Intensity of the lighting must be viewed in regard to the effect on coloured merchandise, and the choice of hard or soft illumination will depend on the class of store.
Discomfort Glare and the Lighting of Buildings
Authors: Petherbridge P. , Hopkinson R. G.
Published: November 2015

Bright light sources can cause glaring effects which may impair visual efficiency. This may be brought about by a directly disabling effect, or it may result indirectly from irritation and discomfort.

The purpose of the work described in the paper was to obtain more detailed knowledge of the effects of glaring light sources on comfortable vision. A technique of subjective appraisal was used, the basis of which was the control by the observer of a relevant physical variable to give in turn each of a series of precisely defined criteria of discomfort glare.

It has been found that discomfort glare is primarily a function of the balance between the brightness and intensity of the glare source on the one hand, and the brightness of the surroundings on the other, the higher the brightness of the surroundings, the less discomfort will be caused by a given glare source. Due to the limited power of adaptation of the eye, the discomfort caused by large sources of high brightness may not, however, be capable of reduction by increasing the brightness of the surroundings. It has also been shown that small reductions in the brightness of large glare sources, such as windows, can result in a useful decrease in discomfort.

The effect of the displacement of a glare source from the general direction of viewing, the effect of a change of brightness of the immediate surround to the source and the glare effect of a number of sources have been studied.

The relationship between the various physical factors is complex, but the application of the results to problems of lighting design is readily made and is briefly discussed.
The Development of Street Lighting in Great Britain
Authors: Waldram J. M.
Published: November 2015

The development of street lighting in Britain is traced from the twenties, when it was treated as an illumination problem, to the present day. A series of milestones marks the progress made, beginning with the British Standard Specification of 1927, and the Sheffield experiments and the I.C.I. meeting in America of 1928. The most important was the coming of electric discharge lamps in 1932; they resulted in new studies and a fresh approach to the whole problem beginning in 1934. Another very important event was the issue of the Ministry of Transport Departmental Committee's Report in 1937; 1939 marked not progress but regress, for public lighting in Britain ceased for ten years. In the post-war period there has been some technical progress and the coming of tubular fluorescent lamps, and improved lanterns.

The present notions of the theory of four systems of lighting—non-cutoff, semi-cutoff, cutoff, and unidirectional systems—are described and a brief review of modern lanterns is given. The outstanding problems of street lighting are stated.
Special Lighting Units for the Flight Decks of Aircraft Carriers
Authors: Matthews H. H.
Published: November 2015

An account is given of the development of “Pillar Lights” which formed part of the equipment to enable aircraft to be landed on a darkened aircraft carrier.
The Photometry of Projected Light
Authors: Waldram J. M.
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the problems of measurement of the performance of projection equipment such as that used for signals, beacons and searchlights, and the methods and equipment used for various classes of projector in laboratories in different countries.
The Equipment and Functions of an Illumination Laboratory
Authors: Stephenson H. F.
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews typical problems arising in an Illumination Laboratory and the apparatus and techniques used in their solution. A distinction is drawn between the functions of Photometric and Illumination Laboratories. The appraisal of lighting equipment, lighting systems and the many testing procedures which are remote from formal photometry are discussed. The requirements of a building suitable for this type of work are also described.
Lighting for Textile Production
Authors: Hewitt H.
Published: November 2015

Visual conditions in the group of industries concerned with textile manufacture have been influenced considerably by developments in lamps, lighting equipment and lighting methods in post-war years. An attempt is made to assess the value of these changes to both management and workers.

Particular reference is made to the technical and economic factors involved in the use of fluorescent lighting, and an examination is made of the equipment available to meet the conditions found in the textile industries. Re-equipment and new building have created opportunities for the adoption of new lighting techniques and some installations involving novel methods of lay-out and control are reviewed.

Reference is also made to the latest applications of light sources for inspection and quality control.
A Comparison of Some Common Headlight Beams for Vehicles Meeting on a Straight Road
Authors: Jehu V. J.
Published: November 2015

A method of evaluating direct seeing distances, when two vehicles meet on a straight road, has been applied to examples of the two common headlighting systems in current use: one representing British and American practice, and the other representing European practice.

It is shown that the British beam gives better seeing along the nearside road verge, the European beam gives better seeing along the centre of the road, and that straight ahead of the vehicle seeing is about the same with both types of beam. The sharper cut-off European beam is more affected by vertical misaim than the British beam and, when facing one another, seeing with the British beam is improved at the expense of seeing with the European beam.

A comparison of the double-lamp British system with a system in which the meeting beam comes only from the nearside lamp, tilted upward so that its forward horizontal intensity is the same as that from the two lamps, shows that throughout most of the meeting seeing distances are very nearly the same, even when the single lamp faces the double-lamp system. During the later stages of the straight-road meeting, however, recovery from the minimum seeing condition is more rapid when facing the single lamp.
Transmission Measurements on Opal Materials
Authors: Collins P. H. , Harper W. E.
Published: November 2015

Knowledge of the transmission factors of opal diffusing materials is important to manufacturers of the materials and to lighting fitting designers. Some of the factors affecting measurement of this quantity are discussed, instruments for laboratory use and factory process control are described and their performance assessed.
Lighting in Buildings—Training and Practice
Authors: Phillips Derek
Published: November 2015

The author examines the training and practice of those chiefly concerned with providing lighting in buildings (the architect and the lighting engineer), to try to identify the weaknesses which may be responsible for any lack of co-operation between them, caused by mutual misunderstanding of each other's approach.

The R.I.B.A. examinations are shown virtually to ignore lighting, whilst those of the City and Guilds might be said to consist of theoretical and applied physics insufficiently related to the practical and aesthetic aspects of architecture.

The author suggests additions to the syllabuses to restore a balance which it is thought would assist in reaching a common understanding, and finally ensure closer co-operation. He outlines the educational methods which might be employed.

It is the author's belief that the criteria for lighting design should be under constant review, and that both architects and lighting engineers have a valuable contribution to make towards this. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of existing lighting practice, pointing out limitations and suggesting that the answer lies in an improved relationship between the architect and the lighting engineer, revised educational requirements, valid criteria related to man's total needs, and an increased professional status for the lighting engineer, whose first obligations should be similar to those of the architect.
The Starting of Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Waigh D. T. , Wiltshire L. C.
Published: November 2015

Methods of starting hot-cathode fluorescent lamps may conveniently be divided into three categories, which together cover most, if not all, of the common starting devices. The paper discusses the processes occurring and the factors which affect the ease of starting when a lamp is started by means typical of each of these basic methods. Data are given which show how starting is affected by lamp parameters and conditions external to the lamp. The choice of starting method is briefly discussed with reference to the limitations of the more common types.
Measurements of Electrical Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Blevin W. R.
Published: November 2015

The connection of electrical measuring instruments in circuit with a fluorescent lamp usually alters its electrical and photometric characteristics. The nature and magnitude of these effects have been studied and a new method is described for determining the charactcristics which the lamp would have if there were no measuring instiuments in circuit.
Lighting of Aircraft Control Panels
Authors: Strange J. W. , Stevens B.
Published: November 2015

The lighting of aircraft cockpits has become increasingly important with the increasing complexity of the aircraft and the exacting demands now made upon the pilot. New methods of lighting have been developed using individual “pillar” lights and trans-illuminated panels. These methods have in part superseded the earlier methods using floodlighting with ultra-violet and mixtures of white and red light. Aircraft operators would like to carry the development still further and have built-in or “integral” lighting provided with the instruments. Some methods of achieving this are described but there are still problems to be solved before they are fully applicable. This is particularly so with panels consisting of a mixture of instruments, inscriptions, switches, knobs, etc. The application of the various methods to typical aircraft control panels is described and the basis for a lighting specification is suggested.
Application of Regulations Relating to the Lighting of Ships
Authors: Grundy J. T.
Published: November 2015

The paper reviews briefly the numerous classes and types of Royal Navy and Merchant ships, and, in relation to lighting, the multitudinous national and international regulations, together with statutory instruments. Navigational and Command Bridge electric lamps and lighting equipment are discussed. Interior lighting practice for all ships is reviewed and recommendations are made. A special section is devoted to the use of the various forms of discharge lamps in ships.
A Note on the Use of Indices of Glare Discomfort for a Code of Lighting
Authors: Hopkinson R. G.
Published: November 2015

Freedom from discomfort caused by glare is one criterion of lighting quality. In present codes of lighting practice, tables of permissible brightness of lighting units are the usual method of limiting glare. Such an indirect method effectively bans the use of bright luminaires which when used appropriately may be quite suitable for certain environments.

It is now suggested that a better method of controlling glare is to limit the permissible level of glare directly, in term of levels of a Glare Index, based on recent researches. Provided the value of the Glare Index appropriate to the environment is not exceeded, no limit is put on the luminance of the sources used. Greater freedom in lighting design is consequently permitted.
The Development of the IES Glare Index System
Authors: Robinson W. , Bellchambers H. E. , Grundy J. T. , Longmore J. , Burt W. , Hewitt H. , Petherbridge P. , Frith D. , Hopkinson R. G. , Rowlands E.
Published: November 2015

The Luminance Study Panel was set up by the Technical Committee at the end of 1958 to study ways and means of introducing luminance concepts into the forthcoming revision of the IES Code. This report of the Panel describes the basis of the acceptance of the BRS glare formula, together with some amendments to the glare criterion scales. Details are given of the work of Glare Index calculation using a digital computer, the adoption of the British Zonal Classification for fittings, the evaluation of background luminance, together with the conception of conversion terms for downward flux, luminous areas and height of fittings. Full details are given of the numerous field surveys undertaken, leading to the construction of the Glare Index tables and the setting of the closed system of limiting Glare Indices.
The Determination of the Minimum Identifiable Glare Sensation Interval Using a Pair-Comparison Method
Authors: Collins Wendy M.
Published: November 2015

The degree of precision to be expected in judgments of glare discomfort has been investigated using a method of pair-comparisons. Previous work indicated that on nineteen occasions out of twenty, any one observer would judge the glare from an installation within 3 units of his mean judgment on the Glare Index scale. This has been confirmed by the present study, in the sense that with the same order of probability he would distinguish correctly the more (or less) glaring of two installations seen one after the other within a short interval of time, when the glare difference is of the order of 3 units on the Glare Index scale. The threshold glare difference, below which the correct choice of the more glaring installation is obtained only by chance, appears to be approximately an interval of 1 unit on the Glare Index scale.
The Role of Lighting in the Search for Better Interiors-Some Solutions
Authors: Reid John
Published: November 2015

In this paper the author describes a number of buildings and interiors in the design of which he has been concerned; in each case he analyses the problems which had to be overcome and the solutions which were adopted to co-ordinate the lighting with other services and to achieve the desired total environment.
Precision in Lamp Filament Manufacture
Authors: Burgin R.
Published: November 2015

The origins, and effects on performance, of small dimensional variations in filament coils are described. Methods for their study and for control in manufacture are mentioned.
Lighting for Hazards without Flameproof Equipment
Authors: Fothergill A. E. , Smyth J. S.
Published: November 2015

Examination of the terminology and definitions in use to describe protective enclosures reveals confusion among users and manufacturers of electrical equipment. The importance of agreement in the use of these terms is emphasised, particularly in relation to situations made hazardous by danger of explosion.

Recent developments have led to the possibility of ensuring safety in some hazardous situations without recourse to flameproof equipment. The techniques described are: (1) protection by pressurisation of lighting equipment, (2) protection in atmospheres containing explosive dust by complete exclusion of dust from lighting equipment, (3) the provision of lighting equipment for areas where the presence of hazardous gas or vapour is possible but only under abnormal conditions (Division 2 areas).

The problems of design, testing and installation of non-flameproof equipment suitable for these situations are discussed in some detail.
The Flow of Light into Buildings
Authors: Lynes J. A. , Burt W. , Jackson G. K. , Cuttle C.
Published: November 2015

A knowledge of angular relationships is essential for studying the view through a window and for calculating daylight factors. A perspective drawing contains information about the various angles subtended at a chosen view-point and thus lends itself to the study of natural lighting. However the traditional method of specifying daylight—in terms of a horizontal working plane—can give a misleading impression of the lighting conditions, which depend largely on light reaching vertical surfaces. Similarly the advent of luminance design in artificial lighting has created the need for some three-dimensional concept to replace horizontal illumination as a criterion of adequate lighting. Illumination can be analysed in scalar and vectorial terms. The calculation of scalar and vector illumination is discussed; for natural lighting each can be determined from perspective drawings. For artificial lighting the scalar illumination can be calculated from British Zonal data; this provides an index of adequacy for many lighting purposes. The vector illumination indicates the directional qualities of the lighting. The ratio of vector to scalar illumination may serve as an index of modelling.
The Achievement of Quality in Street Lighting
Authors: Smith C. C.
Published: November 2015

The requirements for quality in street lighting based on the average luminance of the road surface, the degree of glare caused by the light sources and the degree of non-uniformity of the lighting pattern suggested as a result of the investigations by de Boer and his colleagues,1 are reviewed, and methods of achieving these requirements for traffic routes are discussed bearing in mind the practical difficulties and problems involved. The research reported to date has been concerned with technical matters as distinct from aesthetic matters and has been confined to traffic routes. In this paper an attempt is therefore made to widen the scope considerably by introducing the important aesthetic aspect and extending the field to include the three main categories of public lighting, namely, traffic routes, residential roads and city centres.
A Viewpoint on Lamp Development
Authors: Vause A. S. , Waigh D. T.
Published: November 2015

Recent progress in electric lamp development has been accelerated by the introduction of new materials and techniques which have brought major improvements in performance. The impact of halogen technology on incandescent lamps continues to broaden as a result of increasing knowledge of design and processing requirements, whilst the introduction of mixed metal iodides, fused alumina envelopes and more sophisticated designs of low-pressure sodium lamps have added to the complexity of discharge lamps. Against this background some problems of design evaluation and application assessment and the conflict between innovation and standardisation are discussed. The viewpoint is expressed that lamp development could benefit at an early stage from a fuller appreciation of the requirements of users, particularly where the direction of a development may be influenced toward specific applications.
Lighting in Architectural Education
Authors: Addleson Lyall , Bell James
Published: November 2015

In the past decade architectural education has been reappraised in order to meet more complex demands. This has already resulted in a shift from craft-based teaching to an approach which it is hoped will enable the future architect to deal confidently with new development. The present dynamic situation has emphasised the need for better understanding and collaboration between architects and other specialists, particularly lighting engineers, while there is also a need for a comprehensive approach to education for building. This paper studies the circumstances which now affect architects and the lighting engineers and which have influenced the way in which lighting is considered in architectural education. Few schools of architecture yet adopt similar techniques, although the general trend is towards an integration of lighting, in common with other technical subjects, throughout the design process. The courses now operating at The Polytechnic and Manchester University are presented separately in order to underline the diversity of approach.
Ergonomics of the Environment
Authors: Stone P. T.
Published: November 2015

The main theme of this paper is a consideration of the question 'what is the most suitable physical environment for human working and living conditions?' The three criteria of damage risk, performance and subjective response are employed in formulating answers to this question and their use is illustrated with reference to the specific effects of environmental heat, light and noise on human activity. The view is expressed that a number of criteria is available to the engineer for designing the environment to a satisfactory standard, although there is a need for continuing research to find better criteria. This is particularly true when considering the total environment, and in the final discussion suggestions are made on areas for future research and development.
Commodification of teacher professionalism
Authors: Werler Tobias
Published: November 2015

This paper investigates the hypothesis that teacher education in European welfare states is commodified due to its governance by neoliberal policy making. The starting point for the analysis is a discussion of the relationship between the welfare state and teacher professionalism. For this purpose, the concept of the ill-defined problem is applied. It shows why and how teacher education was changed in order to work as an economic instrument. Beyond that, it highlights how teacher education curricula, teacher education students and learning outcomes have become commodified. Finally, the paper shows that teacher education in Europe is nothing more than a mimetic construction of buying and selling a commodity.
Cross cultural comparative education – fortifying preconceptions or transformation of knowledge?
Authors: Birkeland Åsta
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this article is to carry out a critical inquiry of comparative education by using an example of a comparative programme within kindergarten teacher education in Norway. The article discusses the inclination, in cross-cultural comparative studies, to emphasise cultural essentialism, to evaluate educational practice from a mono-cultural perspective and to overlook the interrelation between globalisation and local practices. The article further argues for promoting dialogism in order to understand local practices in cross-cultural comparative studies. Furthermore, the article underlines the importance of extending the understanding of context and problematising the position of the students in order to construct knowledge which challenges their preconceptions, and to contribute to transformation of knowledge.
Promoting Diversity in India
Authors: Wang Jia , McLean Gary N.
Published: November 2015

The Problem

The diversity challenges facing India are illuminated in the collection of articles in this issue as a reminder that India still has a long way to go to provide all members of society with their fair share. A reality check may help enhance our awareness, but it is not enough to change the status quo. To move forward from this point calls for deliberate actions by multiple stakeholders.

The Solution

This article offers a wide range of recommendations for India in terms of what the country can and needs to do to improve organizational diversity.

The Stakeholders

The stakeholders are policymakers, governments, practitioners, managers, and scholars who are interested in improving diversity, primarily in India and around the world.
The Impact of Aids Information Sources: A Comparison of Strategies to Target Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Bodkin Charles D. , La Salvia Thomas A.
Published: November 2015

Injection drug users (IDUs) are the second largest group of people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States (CDC, 1994, June). Social marketing campaigns currently utilize both empirical-rational and normative re-educative strategies. Empirical-rational strategies suggest that people follow their rational self-interest. Normative re-educative strategies suggest that people change their individual behavior when they believe that there has been change in the norms, values, and habits around them. Both of these strategies make assumptions concerning the use of communication sources to change beliefs and behavior. Utilizing an empirical-rational strategy would suggest emphasis on mass communications (e.g., television, radio, newspaper); while normative re-educative strategies make use of personal communications (e.g., outreach workers, role play, and group discussion). The purpose of this paper is to compare these strategies by examining the impact of AIDS communication sources on the beliefs and behaviors of IDU's prior to and during drug use and sexual activity.
Family Environment and Deaf and Hard-Of-Hearing Students with Mild Additional Disabilities
Authors: Powers Ann R. , Elliott Raymond N. , Patterson Debra , Shaw Sharon , Taylor Carmen
Published: November 2015

A national survey of teachers of deaf and hard-of-hearing students was conducted to determine the incidence and characteristics of dysfunctional family background among deaf and hard-of-hearing students with mild additional disabilities. The results of the survey indicated that there is a higher incidence of dysfunctional family environment among deaf and hard-of-hearing students with mild additional disabilities than among deaf and hard-of-hearing students in general. The results of the survey suggest several challenges with regard to teacher preparation and service delivery for deaf and hard-of-hearing students with mild additional disabilities who come from dysfunctional families.
Telecommunications: A Strategy for Teacher Preparation and Professional Development
Authors: Johnson Harold A.
Published: November 2015

This study examined the use of telecommunication networks as a mechanism for professional development. Results indicated that most teachers of children who are deaf/hard-of-hearing are not prepared to use this technology. The problems associated with telecommunication networks and the training to use this technology are presented. The study also outlines the basic design of an Internet based, deaf education telecommunication network that is currently being developed.
Computerized Assessment of Voluntary Control in the Shift of the Center of Pressure: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cattaneo Davide , Cardini Roldano , Mincarone Pierpaolo , Santambrogio Giorgio
Published: November 2015

The aim of the study was to test a new stabilometric platform (BioGP) designed to provide visual feedback to patients with balance disorders performing sustained voluntary shifts of their center of pressure (COP). Twenty-five outpatients with mild to moderate impairments of balance due to multiple sclerosis (MS) and 23 healthy subjects volunteered for the study. Patients' control of balance in static conditions was first rated on the Ataxia Battery and the Motricity Index; all subjects were then asked to stand on the platform in front of a large screen and try to move a visual target representing the momentary position of their COP along two vertical paths and one horizontal paths by appropriate movements of their hips and ankles along the lateral and antero-posterior planes. To assess the validity of BioGP, clinical scores of static balance were correlated with measures of speed and accuracy on the platform tasks. To assess the sensitivity of the equipment to poor balance control, patients' measures were compared with those of healthy subjects. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the Ataxia Battery scores and BioGP data ranged between −0.4 and − 0.82. As a group, patients performed statistically worse than controls on most BioGP measures. The graphic output of BioGP also contributed to define the dynamic relations between momentary COP position and balance control. These preliminary findings suggest a possible use of the system as both an evaluation and rehabilitation instrument.
Adaptive Learning: Interventions for Verbal and Motor Deficits
Authors: Cheung Mary Ellen , Broman Sarah H.
Published: November 2015

Advances in basic and clinical neuroscience are uniting to form new optimism for treatment and rehabilitation of persons with a variety of neurologic disorders. Both cognitive and motor systems have shown remarkable degrees of plasticity in response to incoming stimuli. Understanding the brain (and spinal cord) capacity for change will lead to new topics for research as well as new approaches to rehabilitation. Adaptive learning has been shown to be a fundamental part of the developmental process and has been used in remediation of a variety of language difficulties. Using such principles to approach motor functions also is showing promise. Expanding these observations to encompass other areas of disease and rehabilitation is an area for further research. Interdisciplinary approaches including the fields of computer technology, imaging, and genetic analysis will provide new tools. Contribution of new concepts within adaptive learning must address such topics as the relation between motor and sensory responses, measures that accurately indicate cognitive health, the brain and spinal cord areas involved in particular learning tasks, the optimal time windows for intervention, and the importance of behavior and motivation in treatment and rehabilitation.
Predicting Discharge Destination for Patients with Severe Motor Stroke: Important Functional Tasks
Authors: Mokler Patricia J. , Sandstrom Robert , Griffin Michelle , Farris Lisa , Jones Carrie
Published: November 2015

Many patients with severe stroke are capable of returning to the community after receiving rehabilitation services. The purpose of this study was to describe outcomes of patients with stroke in FIM-FRG STR1, a classification based on the Functional Independence Measure, and identify important functional tasks associated with discharge to home. FIM-FRG STR1 is one of nine subpopulations of stroke that have been identified based on motor/cognitive FIM subscale score and age. We reviewed the program evaluation data of 259 cases of stroke from 1993 to 1996. We performed a descriptive analysis of the data and a logistic regression analysis to determine which tasks measured by the FIM were associated with discharge destination, a key indicator of rehabilitation success. We found that three admission FIM variables (bladder management, toilet transfers, memory) and three discharge FIM variables (upper body dressing, bed/chair transfers, comprehension) were associated with discharge destination with up to 75% accuracy. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of Postlesion Experience on Behavioral Recovery and Neurophysiologic Reorganization after Cortical Injury in Primates
Authors: Friel Kathleen M. , Heddings Archie A. , Nudo Randolph J.
Published: November 2015

Previous studies have shown that after injury to the hand representation in primary motor cortex (M1), size of the spared hand representation decreased dramatically unless the unimpaired hand was restrained and monkeys received daily rehabilitative training using the impaired fingers. The goal of this study was to determine if restriction of the unimpaired hand was sufficient to retain spared hand area after injury or if retention of the spared area required repetitive use of the impaired limb. After infarct to the hand area of M1 in adult squirrel monkeys, the unimpaired hand was restrained by a mesh sleeve over the unimpaired arm. Monkeys did not receive rehabilitative training. Electrophysiologic maps of M1 were derived in anesthetized monkeys before infarct and 1 month after infarct by using intracortical microstimulation. One month after the lesion, the size of the hand representation had decreased. Areal changes were significantly smaller than those in animals in a previous study that had received daily repetitive training after infarct (p < 0.05). Areal changes were not different from those in a group of animals that received neither rehabilitative intervention nor hand restraint after injury. These results suggest that retention of hand area in Ml after a lesion requires repetitive use of the impaired hand.
Minimizing Discomfort with Surface Neuromuscular Stimulation
Authors: Naaman Saad C. , Stein Richard B. , Thomas Charles
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of stimulus parameters, electrode types, and electrode positions on the perception of discomfort during lower extremity surface neuromuscular stimulation. Ten normal and eight neurologically impaired (four incomplete spinal cord and four stroke) subjects were enrolled. Neurologically impaired subjects had some sensation, although it was often reduced. Parameters of the stimulation were varied in a way that produced the same level of ankle dorsiflexion, as measured with a goniometer. Discomfort was assessed after each stimulation with a 0–10 verbal scale (0, no discomfort; 10, worst pain). Increasing the pulse frequency was associated with increased discomfort for subjects in both groups (p > 0.05). Increasing the pulse duration was associated with increased discomfort in the neurologically impaired subjects (p > 0.05), but not in the normal subjects (p > 0.05). The electrode size and type had no effects on discomfort (p > 0.05). Stimulation of the peroneal nerve over the fibular head was better tolerated than the direct motor point stimulation of the tibialis anterior motor point (p < 0.05). The data suggest that to minimize discomfort, surface stimulation should be applied over nerves rather than motor points, and frequency and pulse duration should be set as low as possible for a given degree of contraction.
Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Produce BDNF Support Regrowth of Chronically Injured Serotonergic Axons
Authors: Jin Ying , Tessler Alan , Fischer Itzhak , Houle John D.
Published: November 2015

Cells genetically modified to release a variety of growth and/or neurotrophic factors have been used for transplantation into the injured spinal cord as a means to deliver therapeutic products. Axon growth into and through such transplants has been demonstrated after intervention after an acute injury. The present study examined their potential to support regeneration in a chronic injury condition. Five weeks after a cervical hemisection in adult rats, the lesion site was debrided of scar tissue and expanded in both rostral and caudal directions. Animals received a transplant of cultured normal fibroblasts (control) or fibroblasts genetically modified to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Six weeks later, animals were killed to determine the extent of growth of serotonergic axons into the transplant. Axons immunoreactive for serotonin (5-HT-ir) were found to cross the rostral interface of host spinal cord readily with either type of fibroblast cell transplant, but the number and density of 5-HT-ir axons extending into the BDNF-producing transplants was markedly greater than those in the control fibroblasts. Axons coursed in all directions among normal fibroblast transplants, whereas growth was more oriented along a longitudinal plane when BDNF was being released by the transplanted cells. The length of growth and the percentage of the transplant length occupied by 5-HT-ir axons were significantly greater in BDNF-producing transplants than in the normal fibroblasts. Many serotonergic axons approached the caudal end of the BDNF-producing cell transplants, although most failed to penetrate the host spinal cord distal to the lesion. These results indicate that whereas fibroblast cell transplants alone can support regrowth of axons from chronically injured supraspinal neurons, modification of these cells to produce BDNF results in a significant increase in the extent of growth into the transplant.
Ultrafast Frequencies: A New Challenge for Electroencephalography, with Remarks on Ultraslow Frequencies
Authors: Niedermeyer E. , Sherman David L.
Published: November 2015

EEG frequencies are not limited to the usual 0.5–70/sec (or 0.3–100/sec) range. In recent years, ultrafast activities between 100 and 1000/sec have been the topic of various studies with regard to physiological and paroxysmal conditions.

Personal work on ultrafast frequencies in deep structures (elicited with pentylenetetrazol in rats) is mentioned in passing and will be the object of a special study. Other work focusing on the sensorimotor cortex and thalamocortical connections has proved to be seminal for ultrafast EEG research in conjunction with evoked responses (N20 response, SSEP) and experimental neurophysiological studies of afferent volleys, including those causing paroxysmal cortical responses. The well known decremental seizures with initially flat tracings require clarification with ultrafast recordings. In the physiological-neurocognitive domain, Pfurtscheller's event-related desynchronization might also benefit from the use of ultrafast recording.

A plea for additional ultraslow recording (DC recording) is also being made, since paroxysmal flattening (electrodecrement) may be associated with an ultraslow negative baseline deflection. The combination of ultrafast (facilitated by digital technique) and ultraslow (technically difficult in patients, easier in experimental animals) would finally denote the frequency-wise complete EEG.
Subacute Encephalopathy with Epileptic Seizures in Alcoholism (SESA): Case Report
Authors: Otto Franz G. , Kozian Ralf
Published: November 2015

The case of a 66-year-old patient is reported in view of the rarity of his condition: a case of subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA syndrome), described first in 1981 by Niedermeyer, et al.1 Wernicke-type aphasia, epileptic seizures (generalized tonic-clonic) and PLEDs EEG pattern dominated the neurological picture, in addition to hepatomegaly and rhabdomyolysis. This condition differs from all other known CNS complications in chronic alcoholism and is withdrawal-independent. It is prognostically favorable as far as the syndrome as such is concerned.
Assessing Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemic Stroke by Quantitative Electric Tomography
Authors: Machado Calixto , Cuspineda Elena , Valdés Pedro , Virues Trinidad , Liopis Francis , Bosch Jorge , Aubert Eduardo , Hernández Eraida , Pando Alejandro , Álvarez Miguel A. , Barroso Esperanza , Galán Lídice , Avila Yoel
Published: November 2015

This paper focuses on the application of quantitative electric tomography (qEEGT) to map changes in EEG generators for detection of early signs of ischemia in patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke.

Thirty-two patients were studied with the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke of the left middle cerebral artery territory, within the first 24 hours of their clinical evolution. Variable Resolution Electrical Tomography was used for estimating EEG source generators. High resolution source Z-spectra and 3- dimensional images of Z values for all the sources at each frequency were obtained for all cases. To estimate statistically significant increments and decrements of brain electric activity within the frequency spectra, the t-Student vs. Zero test was performed.

A significant increment of delta activity was observed on the affected vascular territory, and a more extensive increment of theta activity was detected. A significant alpha decrement was found in the parieto-occipital region of the affected cerebral hemisphere (left), and in the medial and posterior region of the right hemisphere.

These findings suggest that qEEGT Z delta images are probably related to the main ischemic core within the affected arterial territory; penumbra, diaschisis, edema, might explain those observed theta and alpha abnormalities. It was concluded that qEEGT is useful for the detection of early signs of ischemia in acute ischemic stroke.
Visual Assessment of Selected High Amplitude Frontopolar Slow Waves of Sleep: Differences between Healthy Subjects and Apnea Patients
Authors: Himanen Sari-Leena , Joutsen Atte , Virkkala Jussi
Published: November 2015

Slow wave sequences with individually defined amplitude criterion were selected manually from frontopolar sleep EEG of eight healthy control subjects and eight patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Healthy subjects had clearly more time occupied by slow wave sequences in all night sleep. Closer examination revealed that the difference in the amount of slow wave sequence time between the groups was statistically significant only in the first NREM sleep episode. In other words, healthy subjects had more time with slow wave sequences in the first NREM sleep episode, where sleep pressure is supposed to be highest. The lower amount of slow wave sequences in the apnea patients might reflect the fragmented sleep of the patients, inhibiting cortical synchronization.
Paper by Invitation: Imaging Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy
Authors: Duncan John S.
Published: November 2015

It has been traditionally held that there is no radiological abnormality in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Sophisticated image processing and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that, in some cases, there may be a subtle structural abnormality. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates neuronal dysfunction with differing patterns of abnormality in the IGE sub-syndromes, and high levels of glutamate and glutamine have been suggested in the frontal lobes, and low GABA levels in the occipital lobe. Studies reflecting cerebral blood flow at the time of absences have given complex results. The principal consensus is of an increase in the thalamus and broad decreases in the neocortex, reflecting a suppression of neuronal activity, but with the possibility of some increases, that could perhaps reflect focal areas of neuronal activation.

PET ligand studies with an opioid tracer have implied neocortical release of endogenous opioids at the time of serial absences. In combination with high time-resolution neurophysiological methods, static and dynamic PET studies with specific ligands have the potential to elucidate the functional anatomy and neurochemical circuits that underlie IGE.
High-Frequency Signals (>400 Hz): A New Window in Electrophysiological Analysis of the Somatosensory System
Authors: Okada Y. , Ikeda I. , Zhang T. , Wang Y.
Published: November 2015

High-frequency signals (HFSs) between 400–1500 Hz in Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG) provide a new window in electrophysiological analysis of the somatosensory system in humans and in other animals. The HFS in the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex precedes the conventional N20. In the swine model, they appear to be due to spiking in thalamocortical axonal terminals and in the soma and dendrites of cortical neurons. These spiking activities seem to activate slower conductances in the pyramidal cells in layers II-III and V, which give rise to N20. The HFS monitoring may be useful for separately evaluating the electrophysiology of the subcortical and cortical components of the somatosensory pathway.
Phase Clustering of High Frequency EEG: MEG Components
Authors: Lopes da Silva Fernando H. , Gomez Jaime Parra , Velis Dimitri N. , Kalitzin Stiliyan
Published: November 2015

The study of phase consistency of high frequency EEG/MEG components can reveal properties of neuronal networks that are informative about their excitability state. The clue is that these properties are easier to put in evidence when the response of the neuronal networks is evoked by an adequate stimulation paradigm. The latter may be considered a probe of neuronal excitability state capable of revealing hidden information contained in the phase structure of neuronal activities. In this context the high frequency band components appear to be the most reactive signals.