bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Pear Leathers Enriched with Wild Bilberry and Blackcurrant Pomace Powders
Authors: Blejan Ana Maria , Nour Violeta , Codină Georgiana Gabriela
Published: September 2024

Fruit leathers are convenient, delicious and sophisticated alternatives to natural fruits as a source of nutrients, fibers and bioactive compounds. The present study was conducted to develop new fruit leathers by adding 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% wild bilberry (BIPP) and blackcurrant (BCPP) pomace powders in pear leather manufactured with honey (5%), pectin (1%) and lemon juice (2.5%) as additional ingredients. The CIEL*a*b* color parameters, titratable acidity, total phenolics content, total anthocyanins content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined in the fruit leathers. In addition, the puncturing force, flexibility and adhesiveness of the fruit leathers were measured and sensory analysis was conducted. The results showed that the addition of pomace powders significantly decreased the lightness, chroma and hue angle and increased the titratable acidity of the fruit leathers while a* values decreased in the leathers with BIPP addition. Flexibility slightly decreased while adhesiveness significantly increased with increasing BIPP and BCPP addition level, changes that were perceived as negative in the sensory analysis. The total phenolic content increased by 2.03, 3.26 and 4.45 times at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% BIPP addition, respectively, while only by 1.22, 1.42 and 1.60 times at the same levels of BCPP addition. The newly developed fruit leathers could be recommended as alternative snack foods with high nutritional value and functionality.
Does Nitrogen Fertilization Improve Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Spring Wheat?
Authors: Xu Aixia , Chen Yafei , Wei Xuexue , Effah Zechariah , Li Lingling , Xie Junhong , Liu Chang , Anwar Sumera
Published: September 2024

To investigate the effects and mechanism of prolonged inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization on the N-use efficiency of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a long-term study initiated in 2003 was conducted. The study analyzed how N fertilization affects dry matter translocation, N translocation, soil NO3-N, and N-use efficiency. Five different N-fertilizer rate treatments were tested: N0, N52.5, N105, N157.5, and N210, corresponding to annual N fertilizer doses of 0, 52.5, 105.0, 157.5, and 210.0 kg N ha−1, respectively. Results showed that increasing N-fertilizer rates significantly enhanced the two-year average dry matter accumulation amount (DMA) at maturity by 22.97–56.25% and pre-flowering crop growth rate (CGR) by 17.11–92.85%, with no significant increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1. However, no significant correlation was observed between the dry matter translocation efficiency (DTE) and wheat grain yield. Both insufficient and excessive N applications resulted in an imbalanced N distribution favoring vegetative growth over reproductive growth, thus negatively impacting N-use efficiency. At maturity, the N-fertilized treatments significantly increased the two-year average N accumulation amount (NAA) by 52.04–129.98%, with no further increase beyond 105 kg N ha−1. N fertilization also improved the two-year average N translocation efficiency (NTE) by 56.89–63.80% and the N contribution proportion (NCP) of wheat vegetative organs by 27.79–57.83%, peaking in the lower-N treatment (N52.5). However, high-N treatment (N210) led to an increase in NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm soil layer, with an increase of 26.27% in 2018 and 122.44% in 2019. This higher soil NO3-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm layer decreased NHI, NUE, NAE, NPFP, and NMB. Additionally, N fertilization significantly reduced the two-year average N harvest index (NHI) by 9.89–12.85% and N utilization efficiency (NUE) by 11.14–20.79%, both decreasing with higher N application rates. The NAA followed the trend of anthesis > maturity > jointing. At the 105 kg N ha−1 rate, the highest N agronomic efficiency (NAE) (9.31 kg kg−1), N recovery efficiency (NRE) (38.32%), and N marginal benefit (NMB) (10.67 kg kg−1) were observed. Higher dry matter translocation amount (DTA) and N translocation amount (NTA) reduced NHI and NUE, whereas higher NTE improved NHI, NUE, and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). Overall, N fertilization enhanced N-use efficiency in spring wheat by improving N translocation rather than dry matter translocation.
Deep Vertical Rotary Tillage: A Sustainable Agricultural Practice to Improve Soil Quality and Crop Yields in China
Authors: Zhang Wenlong , Shao Jinhua , Huang Kai , Chen Limin , Niu Guanghui , Wei Benhui , Huang Guoqin
Published: September 2024

Deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) is an innovative soil tillage technology that has been widely adopted in China and shown significant potential in enhancing soil quality, optimizing water use efficiency, and increasing crop yields across diverse ecological and agronomic conditions. DVRT utilizes a vertical spiral drill bit for deep plowing, which preserves soil structure, reduces soil compaction, and improves water retention, making it particularly effective in regions facing climatic challenges such as drought. This review synthesizes the effects of DVRT on soil’s physical and chemical properties, crop root systems, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency, demonstrating its advantages in promoting robust root development and improving nutrient utilization. Although the technology has been applied successfully across various crops and regions, its nationwide adoption remains limited. This paper emphasizes the need for further research to refine the theoretical framework of DVRT and develop tailored strategies for different local conditions. Additionally, integrating DVRT with other agronomic practices and advancing machinery design, supported by policy measures, is essential for maximizing its benefits. In conclusion, DVRT presents a promising approach for sustainable agriculture in China, contributing to improved soil quality, increased crop yields, and enhanced food security.
Effects of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid on the Performance, Rumen Fermentation, Metabolism, and Meat of Confined Steers
Authors: Giraldi Gabrielly Chechi , Wolschick Gabriel Jean , Signor Mateus Henrique , Lago Rafael Vinicius Pansera , de Souza Muniz Ana Luiza , Draszevski Taynara Monica Reginatto , Balzan Manoela Meira , Wagner Roger , da Silva Aleksandro Schafer
Published: September 2024

With the increase in population, it is increasingly necessary to produce food more efficiently. This has expanded the market for additives, which are products that directly (nutritional effect) or indirectly (effect on animal health) favor productivity. Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine. It acts as an energy reserve in skeletal muscle. In addition to being a compound with more significant bioavailability, it is more thermally stable and less expensive than creatine. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether adding GAA to the cattle diet would alter the meat’s composition and fatty acid profile. We used 24 Holstein cattle males (409 ± 5.6 kg), approximately 15 months old, and separated them into four homogeneous groups, one being the control group and three groups with various dosages of GAA in the diets (3.3; 6.6, and 9.9 g/animal/day), for an experimental period of 60 days. Blood, rumen fluid, and animal weighing were performed at three points (days 1, 30, and 60), and daily feed consumption was measured. Steers fed with GAA (9.9 g/d) showed a 16.9% increase in average daily gain (ADG) compared to the control group. These same animals (T-9.9 group) fed with GAA showed a 20% increase in fed efficiency compared to the control group. Lower leukocyte, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts and lower cholesterol levels were observed in animals that consumed 6.6 g and 9.9 g/d GAA compared to the control group. Animals from the T-6.6 and T-9.9 groups showed 30% and 27.6% reduced bacterial activity in the rumen compared to the control group, respectively. Steers from the T-6.6 and T-9.9 groups fed with GAA showed a 20% and 37% increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared to the control group, respectively. A higher concentration of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in the ruminal fluid of cattle T-9.9 group was observed at day 60. The two highest doses of GAA showed lower fat levels in the meat, just as the cattle that received 9.9 g/d showed higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Complementary data results draw attention to the dose of 9.9 g/d GAA in cattle diets, as anti-inflammatory action can be seen and combined with a higher concentration of SCFAs, consequently increases weight gain. We concluded that consuming this GAA increases the concentration of some unsaturated fatty acids (omegas) in the meat, which adds quality to the product for the consumer.
CFD Investigation on Combined Ventilation System for Multilayer-Caged-Laying Hen Houses
Authors: Hu Changzeng , Li Lihua , Jia Yuchen , Xie Zongkui , Yu Yao , Huo Limin
Published: September 2024

Mechanical ventilation is an important means of environmental control in multitier laying hen cages. The mainstream ventilation mode currently in use, negative-pressure ventilation (NPV), has the drawbacks of a large temperature difference before and after adjustment and uneven air velocity distribution. To solve these problems, this study designed and analyzed a combined positive and negative-pressure ventilation system for laying hen cages. According to the principle of the conservation of mass to increase the inlet flow in the negative-pressure ventilation system on the basis of the addition of the pressure-wind body-built positive-and-negative-pressure-combined ventilation (PNCV) system, further, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed to analyze the distribution of environmental parameters in the chicken cage zone (CZ) with inlet angles of positive-pressure fans set at 45°, 90°, and 30°. Simulation results showed that the PNCV system increased the average air velocity in the CZ from 0.94 m/s to 1.04 m/s, 1.28 m/s, and 0.99 m/s by actively blowing air into the cage. The maximum temperature difference in the CZ with the PNCV system was 2.91 °C, 1.80 °C, and 3.78 °C, which were all lower than 4.46 °C, the maximum temperature difference in the CZ with the NPV system. Moreover, the relative humidity remained below 80% for the PNCV system and between 80% and 85% for the NPV system. Compared with the NPV system, the PNCV system increased the vertical airflow movement, causing significant cooling and dehumidifying effects. Hence, the proposed system provides an effective new ventilation mode for achieving efficient and accurate environmental control in laying hen cages.
Attention-Based Light Weight Deep Learning Models for Early Potato Disease Detection
Authors: Kasana Singara Singh , Rathore Ajayraj Singh
Published: September 2024

Potato crop has become integral part of our diet due to its wide use in variety of dishes, making it an important food crop. Its importance also stems from the fact that it is one of the cheapest vegetables available throughout the year. This makes it crucial to keep potato prices affordable for developing countries where the majority of the population falls under the middle-income bracket. Consequently, there is a need to develop a robust, effective, and portable technique to detect diseases in potato plant leaves. In this work, an attention-based disease detection technique is proposed. This technique selectively focuses on specific parts of an image which reveal the disease. This technique leverages transfer learning combined with two attention modules: the channel attention module and spatial attention module. By focusing on specific parts of the images, the proposed technique is able to achieve almost similar accuracy with significantly fewer parameters. The proposed technique has been validated using four pre-trained models: DenseNet169, XceptionNet, MobileNet, and VGG16. All of these models are able to achieve almost the same level of training and validation accuracy, around 90–97%, even after reducing the number of parameters by 40–50%. It shows that the proposed technique effectively reduces model complexity without compromising performance.
Analysis of Global and Key PM2.5 Dynamic Mode Decomposition Based on the Koopman Method
Authors: Yu Yuhan , Liu Dantong , Wang Bin , Zhang Feng
Published: September 2024

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of atmospheric PM2.5 concentration is highly challenging due to its evolution processes have complex and nonlinear patterns. Traditional mode decomposition methods struggle to accurately capture the mode features of PM2.5 concentrations. In this study, we utilized the global linearization capabilities of the Koopman method to analyze the hourly and daily spatiotemporal processes of PM2.5 concentration in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region from 2019 to 2021. This approach decomposes the data into the superposition of different spatial modes, revealing their hierarchical spatiotemporal structure and reconstructing the dynamic processes. The results show that PM2.5 concentrations exhibit high-frequency cycles of 12 and 24 h, as well as low-frequency cycles of 124 and 353 days, while also revealing spatiotemporal modes of growth, recession, and oscillation. The superposition of these modes enables the reconstruction of spatiotemporal dynamics with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of only 0.6%. Unlike empirical mode decomposition (EMD), Koopman mode decomposition (KMD) method avoids mode aliasing and provides a clearer identification of global and key modes compared to wavelet analysis. These findings underscore the effectiveness of KMD method in analyzing and reconstructing the spatiotemporal dynamics of PM2.5 concentration, offering new insights into the understanding and reconstruction of other complex spatiotemporal phenomena.
Amitotic Cell Division, Malignancy, and Resistance to Anticancer Agents: A Tribute to Drs. Walen and Rajaraman
Authors: Mirzayans Razmik , Murray David
Published: September 2024

Cell division is crucial for the survival of living organisms. Human cells undergo three types of cell division: mitosis, meiosis, and amitosis. The former two types occur in somatic cells and germ cells, respectively. Amitosis involves nuclear budding and occurs in cells that exhibit abnormal nuclear morphology (e.g., polyploidy) with increased cell size. In the early 2000s, Kirsten Walen and Rengaswami Rajaraman and his associates independently reported that polyploid human cells are capable of producing progeny via amitotic cell division, and that a subset of emerging daughter cells proliferate rapidly, exhibit stem cell-like properties, and can contribute to tumorigenesis. Polyploid cells that arise in solid tumors/tumor-derived cell lines are referred to as polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) and are known to contribute to therapy resistance and disease recurrence following anticancer treatment. This commentary provides an update on some of these intriguing discoveries as a tribute to Drs. Walen and Rajaraman.
Theoretical Calculations and Experimental Study of the Nitrided Layer of 1Cr17Ni2 Steel
Authors: Wang Jiewen , Li Jun , Tang Lina , Wu Taotao , Liu Xin , Wang Yixue
Published: September 2024

Due to the harsh operating conditions experienced by 1Cr17Ni2 steel, efforts were made to optimize its performance by subjecting 1Cr17Ni2 stainless steel to nitriding treatments at temperatures of 460 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C, each for durations of 8 and 16 h. The formation state of its cross section was observed through a metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and it was characterized by hardness measurement. Through a ball-on-disk wear experiment, the adhesive wear and friction coefficient of its non-lubricated sliding were measured. The phase composition of its surface was measured by XRD. The results revealed that nitriding led to the formation of a modified layer on the surface of the samples, with a depth of 130 μm after nitriding at 550 °C for 16 h. The hardness of the modified layer exceeded that of the matrix, reaching up to 1400 Hv0.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the sample surfaces indicated the presence of high-hardness phases such as CrN, γ′-Fe4N, and ε-Fe2-3N. This article predicts the mechanical properties of nitrided phases in high-alloy martensitic stainless steel through first-principles computational methods. We provide a reference for improving the performance of high-alloy steel after nitriding through a combination of theoretical calculations and experiments.
Lithium Volatilization and Phase Changes during Aluminum-Doped Cubic Li6.25La3Zr2Al0.25O12 (c-LLZO) Processing
Authors: Montoya Steven T. , Shanto Shah A. H. , Walker Robert A.
Published: September 2024

Stabilized Li6.25La3Al0.25 Zr2O12 (cubic LLZO or c-LLZO) is a Li+-conducting ceramic with ionic conductivities approaching 1 mS-cm. Processing c-LLZO so that it is suitable for use as a solid state electrolyte in all solid state batteries, however, is challenging due to the formation of secondary phases at elevated temperatures. The work described in this manuscript examines the formation of one such secondary phase La2Zr2O7 (LZO) formed during sintering c-LLZO at 1000 °C. Specifically, spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements have identified gradients in Li distributions in the Li ion (Li+)-conducting ceramic Li6.25La3Al0.25 Zr2O12 (cubic LLZO or c-LLZO) created by thermal processing. Sintering c-LLZO under conditions relevant to solid state Li+ electrolyte fabrication conditions lead to Li+ loss and the formation of new phases. Specifically, sintering for 1 h at 1000 °C leads to Li+ depletion and the formation of the pyrochlore lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7 or LZO), a material known to be both electronically and ionically insulating. Circular c-LLZO samples are covered on the top and bottom surfaces, exposing only the 1.6 mm-thick sample perimeter to the furnace’s ambient air. Sintered samples show a radially symmetric LZO gradient, with more LZO at the center of the pellet and considerably less LZO at the edges. This profile implies that Li+ diffusion through the material is faster than Li+ loss through volatilization, and that Li+ migration from the center of the sample to the edges is not completely reversible. These conditions lead to a net depletion of Li+ at the sample center. Findings presented in this work suggest new strategies for LLZO processing that will minimize Li+ loss during sintering, leading to a more homogeneous material with more reproducible electrochemical behavior.
Germanium Single Crystals for Photonics
Authors: Kropotov Grigory , Rogalin Vladimir , Kaplunov Ivan
Published: September 2024

Germanium (Ge) is a system-forming material of IR photonics for the atmospheric transparency window of 8–14 µm. For optics of the 3–5 µm range, more widespread silicon (Si), which has phonon absorption bands in the long-wave region, is predominantly used. A technology for growing Ge single crystals has been developed, allowing the production of precision optical parts up to 500 mm in diameter. Ge is used primarily for the production of transparent optical parts for thermal imaging devices in the 8–14 µm range. In addition, germanium components are widely used in a large number of optical devices where such properties as mechanical strength, good thermal properties, and climatic resistance are required. A very important area of application of germanium is nonlinear optics, primarily acousto-optics. The influence of doping impurities and temperature on the absorption of IR radiation in germanium is considered in detail. The properties of germanium photodetectors are reported, primarily on the effect of photon drag of holes. Optical properties in the THz range are considered. The features of optical properties for all five stable isotopes of germanium are studied. The isotopic shift of absorption bands in the IR region, caused by phonon phenomena, which was discovered by the authors for the first time, is considered.
Phylogeography of Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) Sampled across the Caribbean Basin
Authors: Gustafson Danny J. , Dix Logan A. , Webster Derek P. , Scott Benjamin K. , Gustafson Isabella E. , Farrell Aidan D. , Koenemann Daniel M.
Published: September 2024

Coccoloba uvifera L. (seagrape) is a primarily dioecious neotropical tree species which often grows in the beach–forest transitional ecotone of coastal strand vegetation. We used five maternally inherited non-coding chloroplast regions to characterize the phytogeography of C. uvifera collected across the Caribbean Basin and Florida. Bayesian analysis revealed divergence between the Aruba–Trinidad–Tobago–Antigua–Jamaica island group and the continental Belize–Florida–US Virgin Islands (USVI) group at 1.78 million years before present (mybp), divergence between the Belize and Florida–USVI groups at 1.08 mybp, and a split of Antigua–Jamaica from Aruba–Trinidad–Tobago at 0.217 mybp. Haplotype network analysis supports the three clades, with the island group possessing the oldest haplotype. Based on geology and proximity, these clades correspond to South American (oldest), Central American, and North American (most recent). Coccoloba uvifera demographic expansion occurred during the Pleistocene epoch and peaked near the end of the last glacial maximum (ca. 0.026–0.019 mybp) when the global sea levels were 125 m lower than today. Our findings also reveal that tropical cyclones, which often impact coastal strand vegetation, did not affect genetic diversity. However, there was a positive association between latitude and the average number of substitutions, further enriching our understanding of the species’ phytogeography.
Evaluation Method for Voltage Regulation Range of Medium-Voltage Substations Based on OLTC Pre-Dispatch
Authors: Hu Xuekai , Yang Shaobo , Wang Lei , Meng Zhengji , Shi Fengming , Liao Siyang
Published: September 2024

A new energy industry represented by photovoltaic and wind power has been developing rapidly in recent years, and its randomness and volatility will impact the stable operation of the power system. At present, it is proposed to enrich the regulation of the power grid by tapping the regulation potential of load-side resources. This paper evaluates the overall voltage regulation capability of substations under the premise of considering the impact on network voltage security and providing a theoretical basis for the participation of load-side resources of distribution networks in the regulation of the power grid. This paper proposes a Zbus linear power flow model based on Fixed-Point Power Iteration (FFPI) to enhance power flow analysis efficiency and resolve voltage sensitivity expression. Establishing the linear relationship between the voltages of PQ nodes, the voltage of the reference node, and the load power, this paper clarifies the impact of reactive power compensation devices and OLTC (on-load tap changer) tap changes on the voltages of various nodes along the feeder. It provides theoretical support for evaluating the voltage regulation range for substations. The day-ahead focus is on minimizing network losses by pre-optimizing OLTC tap positions, calculating the substation voltage regulation boundaries within the day, and simultaneously optimizing the total reactive power compensation across the entire network. By analyzing the calculated examples, it was found that a pre-scheduled OLTC (on-load tap changer) can effectively reduce network losses in the distribution grid. Compared with traditional methods, the voltage regulation range assessment method proposed in this paper can optimize the adjustment of reactive power compensation devices while ensuring the voltage safety of all nodes in the network.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Planning and Operation of Distributed Energy Systems in Smart Grids
Authors: Arévalo Paul , Jurado Francisco
Published: September 2024

This review paper thoroughly explores the impact of artificial intelligence on the planning and operation of distributed energy systems in smart grids. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence techniques such as machine learning, optimization, and cognitive computing, new opportunities are emerging to enhance the efficiency and reliability of electrical grids. From demand and generation prediction to energy flow optimization and load management, artificial intelligence is playing a pivotal role in the transformation of energy infrastructure. This paper delves deeply into the latest advancements in specific artificial intelligence applications within the context of distributed energy systems, including the coordination of distributed energy resources, the integration of intermittent renewable energies, and the enhancement of demand response. Furthermore, it discusses the technical, economic, and regulatory challenges associated with the implementation of artificial intelligence-based solutions, as well as the ethical considerations related to automation and autonomous decision-making in the energy sector. This comprehensive analysis provides a detailed insight into how artificial intelligence is reshaping the planning and operation of smart grids and highlights future research and development areas that are crucial for achieving a more efficient, sustainable, and resilient electrical system.
The Influence of Switching Frequency on Control in Voltage Source Inverters
Authors: Rymarski Zbigniew
Published: September 2024

This paper aims to show how the switching frequency influences the properties of the digitally controlled voltage source inverter (VSI). The measurements of the Bode plots of the inverter are shown and discussed to present the existing signal delays and power conversion efficiency, depending on the switching/sampling frequency. Two types of controllers are presented, Single-Input–Single-Output (SISO) and Multi-Input–Single-Output (MISO), and adequate prediction units (the Smith Predictor for SISO—Coefficient Diagram Method and the full-state Luenberger Observer for MISO—Passivity Based Control) were used to compensate for the delays. It will be shown by comparing the THD of the VSI output voltage that prediction is useful with low VSI switching frequency (about 10 kHz) but is not important for the middle switching frequencies (about 25 kHz) or the high switching frequency (>50 kHz). This paper shows that increasing the switching frequency simplifies digital control without reasonably decreasing efficiency. The theoretical considerations, the Matlab/Simulink 2021b simulations, the final experimental laboratory verification are presented.
Utilizing Connection of Multiple Peltier Cells to Enhance the Coefficient of Performance
Authors: Rimbala Jan , Kyncl Jan , Koller Jan , Fandi Ghaeth
Published: September 2024

Peltier cells are commonly used in low-power cooling applications, such as automotive refrigerators and electronics temperature regulation systems. These applications are typically low-energy in nature. There is currently a growing emphasis on energy conservation and waste heat utilization in the energy industry. This paper explores the possibility of improving the heating or cooling coefficient of performance (COP) of Peltier cells through intelligent serial and parallel connections. The purpose of this work is to raise the question of whether it would be possible to reconsider the concept of harnessing the “energy” potential of Peltier cells. The utilized model is in line with the current state of the art, and the case study is based on parameters measured on a commercially available Peltier cell. The resulting COP, when considering current materials, remains inferior to the COP of compressor-based heat pumps. For low-power devices, it can represent a technically and economically comparable solution.
DAB-Based Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System with LCC-S Compensation Network under Grid-Connected Application
Authors: Li Guocun , Cai Zhouchi , Feng Chen , Sun Zeyu , Pan Xuewei
Published: September 2024

To realize two-way power transfer without physical connections under a grid-connected application, bidirectional wireless power transfer (BDWPT) is introduced. This paper proposes an LCC-S compensated BDWPT system based on dual-active-bridge (DAB) topology with the minimum component counts. LCC-S is designed to be a constant voltage (CV) network. To obtain the power transmission characteristics of the system, a mathematical model based on the fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA) method is established, and the result shows that the direction and amount of transfer power can be controlled by changing the magnitude of output voltages of either/both side of H-bridges. The reactive power of the system can be controlled to be zero when the output voltages of two H-bridges are in the same phase. Compared with DAB-based BDWPT systems with constant current (CC) compensation networks, the proposed structure has better transfer power regulation capability and easier control of the direction of power flow. A 1.1 kW experimental prototype is built in the laboratory to verify the characteristics of the proposed system. The results indicate that the power transfer characteristics of the proposed BDWPT system match its mathematical derivation results based on the FHA model.
Review on Short-Circuit Protection Methods for SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Lyu Gang , Ali Hamid , Tan Hongrui , Peng Lyuzhang , Ding Xiaofeng
Published: September 2024

SiC MOSFETs have been a game-changer in the domain of power electronics, thanks to their exceptional electrical traits. They are endowed with a high breakdown voltage, reduced on-resistance, and superior thermal conductivity, which make them supremely suitable for high-power and resilient applications across aviation, automotive, and renewable energy sectors. Despite their intrinsic advantages, SiC MOSFETs also necessitate advanced safeguarding mechanisms to counteract the vulnerability to short-circuit conditions due to their lower short-circuit robustness. This review paper offers an in-depth analysis of the array of short-circuit protection (SCP) methods applied to SiC MOSFETs. This paper scrutinizes techniques such as desaturation detection, di/dt detection, gate charge characteristics monitoring, two-dimensional monitoring, Rogowski coil-based detection, and two-stage turn-off strategies. The paper meticulously explores the operational principles, merits, and limitations of each method, with an emphasis on their adaptability to various fault types, including hard switching faults and load-induced faults. This review acts as a thorough compendium, guiding the choice of pertinent SCP strategies, ensuring the secure and efficient functioning of SiC MOSFETs in demanding applications.
Cold and Wet Island Effect in Mountainous Areas: A Case Study of the Maxian Mountains, Northwest China
Authors: He Beibei , Shangguan Donghui , Wang Rongjun , Xie Changwei , Li Da , Cheng Xiaoqiang
Published: September 2024

The Maxian Mountains, characterized by high altitudes and abundant vegetation, create a cooler and more humid environment compared to the surrounding areas, and are highly susceptible to climate change. In order to study the cold and wet island effects in the Maxian Mountains, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) were analyzed using meteorological station data. Additionally, spatial variations were examined by retrieving Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) from 2001 to 2021. The most pronounced cold island effect was observed in the mountainous area during summer, mainly in May and July. The most significant wet island effect was observed from March to May, with an average relative humidity difference of 24.72%. The cold island area index, as an indicator of the cold island effect, revealed an increasing trend in the summer cold island effect in recent years. The cooling intensity ranged from 5 to 10 °C, with variations observed between 500 and 1000 m. A 30% increase in wet island effects in summer was observed, with a humidification intensity within a range of 500 m. Geodetector analysis identified vegetation cover as the primary factor affecting the thermal environment in mountainous areas. The increase in vegetation in mountainous areas was identified as the main reason for enhancing the cold and wet island effects. The findings emphasize the role of vegetation in enhancing cold and wet island effects, which is crucial for understanding and preserving mountainous regions.
Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Forests: Effects of Pruning Studied through an Advanced IoT System
Authors: Chiriacò Maria Vincenza , Samad Nafeesa , Magnani Federico , Vianello Gilmo , Vittori-Antisari Livia , Mazzoli Ilaria , Ranieri Roberto , Valentini Riccardo
Published: September 2024

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forests in the Mediterranean region are facing increasing abandonment due to a combination of factors, ranging from climate change to socioeconomic issues. The recovery of chestnut ecosystems and their preservation and valorization are key to ensuring the supply of the wide spectrum of ecosystem services they provide and to preventing detrimental environmental shifts. The study’s objective was to provide evidence on the effects of different management options on the ecophysiology of chestnut forests, with diverse pruning intensities (low, medium, and high intensity versus no pruning) tested in an abandoned chestnut stand in central Italy with the aim of recovering and rehabilitating it for fruit production. Innovative Internet of Things (IoT) ‘Tree Talker’ devices were installed on single trees to continuously monitor and measure ecophysiological (i.e., water transport, net primary productivity, foliage development) and microclimatic parameters. Results show a reduction in water use in trees subjected to medium- and high-intensity pruning treatments, along with a decrease in the carbon sequestration function. However, interestingly, the results highlight that trees regain their usual sap flow and carbon sink activity at the end of the first post-pruning growing season and fully realign during the following year, as also confirmed by the NDVI values. As such, this paper demonstrates the efficacy of recovering and managing abandoned chestnut forests, and the initial setback in carbon sequestration resulting from pruning is rapidly remedied with the advantage of reviving trees for fruit production. Additionally, the reduced water demand induced by pruning could represent a promising adaptation strategy to climate change, bolstering the resilience of chestnut trees to prolonged and intensified drought periods, which are projected to increase under future climate scenarios, particularly in the Mediterranean region.
Internet of Conscious Things: Ontology-Based Social Capabilities for Smart Objects
Authors: Ruta Michele , Scioscia Floriano , Loseto Giuseppe , Pinto Agnese , Fasciano Corrado , Capurso Giovanna , Di Sciascio Eugenio
Published: September 2024

Emerging distributed intelligence paradigms for the Internet of Things (IoT) call for flexible and dynamic reconfiguration of elementary services, resources and devices. In order to achieve such capability, this paper faces complex interoperability and autonomous decision problems by proposing a thorough framework based on the integration of the Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) and Social Internet of Things (SIoT) paradigms. SWoT enables low-power knowledge representation and autonomous reasoning at the edge of the network through carefully optimized inference services and engines. This layer provides service/resource management and discovery primitives for a decentralized collaborative social protocol in the IoT, based on the Linked Data Notifications(LDN) over Linked Data Platform on Constrained Application Protocol (LDP-CoAP). The creation and evolution of friend and follower relationships between pairs of devices is regulated by means of novel dynamic models assessing trust as a usefulness reputation score. The close SWoT-SIoT integration overcomes the functional limitations of existing proposals, which focus on either social device or semantic resource management only. A smart mobility case study on Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) illustrates the benefits of the proposal in pervasive collaborative scenarios, while experiments show the computational sustainability of the dynamic relationship management approach.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Current Landscape of Diagnostic Guidelines and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Chuy Dareen S. , Wi Ryan S. , Tadros Micheal
Published: September 2024

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of the gut–brain axis with pronounced adverse effects on physical health, psychological health, and overall quality of life. Diagnostic strategies can vary, highlighting a need to synthesize best-practice guidelines. Particularly, the American College of Gastroenterology and the British Society of Gastroenterology both support a positive diagnostic strategy; evaluation with C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and fecal lactoferrin; and evaluation with celiac disease serology. Both guidelines do not support routine colonoscopy, and both differ in recommendations for anorectal physiology testing. Given there is currently no curative treatment available, IBS management focuses on symptomatic relief, and challenges exist in achieving and maintaining this relief. Many treatments, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, exist to alleviate the uncomfortable, painful symptoms of the disorder; however, stratifying the quality of evidence behind each option is critical for application to clinical management and for tailoring this management to each patient. Lifestyle adjustments, especially in relation to diet, can be effective first-line therapies and supplements to pharmacologic therapy. Pharmacologic treatment is broadly categorized in accordance with the subtypes of IBS, with indications for different populations and mechanisms that work to target components of IBS pathophysiology. The aim of this article is to comprehensively compare updated diagnostic guidelines, review standard treatments, and outline recent pharmacologic advancements.
Multimodal Evaluation and Management of Wagner Syndrome—Three Patients from an Affected Family
Authors: Szeligowski Tomasz , Cehajic-Kapetanovic Jasmina , Raji Shabnam , Purohit Ravi , Amin Hoda , Patel Chetan K. , Xue Kanmin
Published: September 2024

Wagner syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant vitreoretinopathy caused by mutations in chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 2 (CSPG2)/Versican (VCAN). Here, we present a retrospective case series of a family pedigree with genetically confirmed Wagner syndrome (heterozygous VCAN exon 8 deletion), as follows: a 34-year-old mother (P1), 12-year-old daughter (P2), and a 2-year-old son (P3). The phenotype included early-onset cataract (P1), optically empty vitreous with avascular membranes (P1, 2), nasal dragging of optic nerve heads associated with foveal hypoplasia (P1, 2), tractional retinoschisis on optical coherence tomography (P2), and peripheral circumferential vitreo-retinal interface abnormality resembling white-without-pressure (P3) progressing to pigmented chorio-retinal atrophy (P1, 2). P2 developed a macula-off retinal detachment, which was treated initially with encircling band + vitrectomy + gas, followed by vitrectomy + heavy silicone oil tamponade for re-detachment from new inferior breaks. Strong vitreo-retinal adhesion was noted intraoperatively, which prevented the separation of posterior hyaloid beyond the equator. Electroretinograms from P1&2 demonstrated attenuated b-waves, a-waves, and flicker responses in light- and dark-adapted conditions, suggestive of generalised retinal dysfunction. Our patients demonstrated the clinical spectrum of Wagner syndrome, highlighting nasal dragging with foveal disruption as a distinguishing feature from other inherited vitreoretinopathies. Surgical outcomes demonstrate significant challenges in managing vitreo-retinal traction and need for further research into strategies to prevent sight loss.
Causal Effect of Immunocytes, Plasma Metabolites, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study and Mediation Analysis in East Asian Populations
Authors: Tang Xilong , Xue Jianjin , Zhang Jie , Zhou Jiajia
Published: September 2024

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignant liver tumor characterized by a low survival rate and high mortality. This study aimed to investigate the causal effect of immune cell phenotypes, plasma metabolites, and HCC in East Asian populations. Methods: The summary results for 731 immunocytes, 1400 plasma metabolites, and HCCs were acquired from publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWASs). This study utilized two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to establish causal relationships, which was achieved by employing various statistical methods including inverse variance-weighted, simple mode, MR–Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the reliability of the MR data. Ultimately, mediation analysis was employed to ascertain the path that leads from immunocytes to plasma metabolites. Results: Among the 20 immune cells and HCC for East Asians, causal links were found, with one showing an inverse correlation. In addition, 36 metabolites were significantly associated with HCC for East Asians. Through analysis of established causative metabolites, we identified a strong correlation between the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway and HCC for East Asians. By employing a two-step MR analysis, we identified 11 immunocytes that are causally linked to HCC for East Asians through the mediation of 14 plasma metabolites, with Linolenate [α or γ; (18:3n3 or 6)] levels showing the highest mediation proportion (19.3%). Conclusions: Our findings affirm the causal links among immunocytes, plasma metabolites, and HCC in eastern Asia populations by calculating the percentage of the impact that is influenced by plasma metabolites. This study offers innovative perspectives on the early detection, diagnosis, and therapy of HCC.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Memory Loss and Concentration in Adults Aged 18 or Older in the U.S. in 2020
Authors: Buchwald Serena C. L. , Gitelman Daniel , Smits Dins , Rodriguez de la Vega Pura E. , Barengo Noël C.
Published: September 2024

This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the USA 2020 National Health Interview Survey database. The goal of this study is to outline the impact physical activity has on cognition and mental ability. The reason we chose to pursue this research was a result of the exponentially growing weight of economic and emotional burden caused by cognitive impairments and diseases. The main outcome was whether individuals experienced dementia symptoms such as memory loss and difficulty concentrating. The main exposure was following physical activity guidelines (none, strength only, aerobic only, both). The confounders included age, sex, region, heart disease status, smoking status, drinking status, and depression status. The sample is composed of 30,119 USA adults aged 18 or older. Of those participants, 46% were male and 54% were female. By age, 96% were 18–84 years old, and approximately 4% were 85 and older. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There was a statistically significant association between difficulty following physical activity guidelines and cognitive difficulties. Those who met aerobic only increased the odds of cognitive difficulty by 52% (OR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.34–1.74) compared with those who met both criteria. Those who met the strength criteria had 1.7 greater odds of cognitive difficulties (OR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.42–2.02) than those who met both criteria. Those who met neither of these guidelines had almost threefold greater odds of having cognitive difficulties (OR 2.64; 95% CI: 2.36–2.96) than those who met both guidelines. Researchers and healthcare providers should collaborate to encourage meeting these guidelines and addressing barriers preventing people from being physically active, such as physical limitations and access to safe recreational spaces. Future studies should address the health disparities regarding physical activity.
Association between Mild Overweight and Survival: A Study of an Exceptionally Long-Lived Population in the Sardinian Blue Zone
Authors: Pes Giovanni Mario , Errigo Alessandra , Dore Maria Pina
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Overweight and obesity are generally considered risk factors for premature mortality. However, scientific evidence suggests that among older populations, mild conditions of overweight might be associated with reduced comorbidity and longer survival. This study investigates the potential association between anthropometric parameters and survival among a cohort of nonagenarians in Sardinia, Italy. Methods: This study included 200 subjects (50% females) aged 89 and older, enrolled in 2018 in the Sardinian Blue Zone—a population known for longevity—and followed for up to six years. Anthropometric variables such as body height, weight, age, sex, comorbidity, disability, and food group intake were collected using validated questionnaires and analyzed through multivariable analysis. Results: Out of 200 participants at baseline, 28 (14%) were still alive after six years of follow-up (females 10%, males 18%). Mean survival was 3.36 years (range 0.1–6.9 years) for males and 3.03 years (range 0.2–6.6 years) for females. Participants with a Body Mass Index (BMI) in the range of 25.0–27.0 kg/m2 among males and 25.0–27.2 kg/m2 among females had longer survival compared to those who were underweight (p = 0.002) or obese (p < 0.0001). The Cox proportional hazards regression model, adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidity, revealed a statistically significant association between the BMI and survival, demonstrating an inverted–U relationship. This indicates that mild overweight was associated with a survival advantage compared to both normal weight and obesity. Conclusions: Our study indicates that mild, but not severe, overweight in nonagenarians is associated with extended lifespan. Therefore, primary care physicians and geriatricians should exercise caution before recommending calorie-restricted diets for mildly overweight elderly patients.
Comparative Vulnerability Analysis of Thai and Non-Thai Mobile Banking Applications
Authors: Titiakarawongse Chatphat , Taksin Sasiyaporn , Ruangsawat Jidapa , Deeduangpan Kunthida , Boonkrong Sirapat
Published: September 2024

The rapid adoption of mobile banking applications has raised significant concerns about their security vulnerabilities. This study presents a comparative vulnerability analysis of mobile banking applications from Thai and non-Thai banks, utilising the OWASP Mobile Top 10 framework. Nine mobile banking applications (five Thai and four non-Thai) were assessed using three vulnerability detection tools: AndroBugs, MobSF, and QARK. The results showed that both Thai and non-Thai mobile banking applications had vulnerabilities across multiple OWASP Mobile Top 10 categories, with reverse engineering, code tampering, and insufficient cryptography being the most common. Statistical analysis revealed that Thai banking applications exhibited significantly more vulnerabilities compared to non-Thai banking applications. In the context of vulnerability detection tools, AndroBugs and QARK proved more effective in detecting vulnerabilities compared to MobSF. Additionally, the study highlights critical security challenges in mobile banking applications, particularly for Thai banks, and emphasises the need for enhanced security measures. The findings also show the importance of using multiple assessment tools for comprehensive security evaluation and suggest potential areas for improvement in mobile banking applications.