bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-Precipitation of Radium and Barium Salts as a Function of Temperature and Acidity
Authors: Pietenpol W. B.
Published: February 2014

Co-precipitation of radium and barium salts which accompanies the cooling of a solution results in the deposition of a percentage of radium largely in excess of that of barium. Under similar conditions of cooling the relative amounts of radium and barium deposited have been determined at different temperatures throughout the cooling process and curves have been plotted. Determinations of the above nature have been made with radium-barium solutions containing different concentrations of hydrobromic acid, and the variation in the form of the curves is shown. The first crystals formed in the solution contain a larger percentage of radium than succeeding crystals. It is pointed out that the efficiency of the refining process may be increased by separating liquor and crystals at a point above room temperature. In this way the factor of enrichment is increased, thereby hastening the process. Factor of enrichment curves for solutions of different acidity show that for cooling from boiling to room temperature an increase in acidity decreases the crystallization factor. However the inverse relationship is shown to be true when the solution is cooled through a small temperature interval. The rate at which the solution cools is a factor in the relative amounts of radium and barium deposited. With rapid cooling a smaller percentage of radium is precipitated than with slow cooling.
Potentiometric Measurements of Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Solutions of Low Dielectric Constant
Authors: Gemant Andrew
Published: February 2014

This paper deals with potentiometric measurements of hydrogen ion concentration in sdlutions of p-toluene sulfonic acid and picric acid in xylene and dioxane. Parallel conductivity measurements complete the data. Apart from usual concentration cells, another type of cell has been tried, namely, one in which the two solutions have not only different concentrations but also different dielectric constants. The chief findings are: (1) Glass electrodes react reversibly with hydrogen ions in organic solvents of dielectric constant as low as 2.3. (2) Acids in such solvents behave essentially as weak electrolytes. (3) Deviations from the simple mass action law are explainable, to a certain extent, on the basis of varying dielectric constant with varying electrolyte concentration. (4) Hydrogen transference numbers and approximate values for absolute ionic radii can be computed from combined conductivity and e.m.f. data.
Characterization of metastable crystal structure for Co-Pt alloy thin film by x-ray diffraction
Authors: Ohtake Mitsuru , Suzuki Daisuke , Futamoto Masaaki
Published: February 2014

Co50Pt50 and Co75Pt25 (at. %) alloy epitaxial films with the close-packed plane parallel to the substrate surface are prepared on MgO(111) substrates with and without Ti(0001) underlayer at 300 °C. The structural properties are investigated by using a combination of out-of-plane, in-plane, and pole-figure x-ray diffractions. The crystal structure is determined by taking into account the order degree and the atomic stacking sequence of close-packed plane. Formation of a metastable ordered fcc-based L11-CoPt phase is recognized for the Co50Pt50 film deposited on MgO(111) substrate, whereas a metastable ordered hcp-based Bh-CoPt phase is involved in the Co50Pt50 film deposited on Ti(0001) underlayer in addition to an L11-CoPt phase. The Co75Pt25 film deposited on MgO(111) consists of a mixture of ordered hcp-based phases of Bh-CoPt and D019-Co3Pt. An accurate order degree is calculated by comparing the out-of-plane superlattice and fundamental reflection data. A simplified method for estimating the order degree, where there are only two kinds of parameter: intensity ratio of superlattice to fundamental reflection and out-of-plane lattice spacing, is also proposed. The order degree estimated by the simplified method agrees in a small error less than a few percentages with the accurate value.
Kerr microscopy studies of the effects of bending stress on galfenol
Authors: Raghunath Ganesh , Marana Michael , Na Suok-Min , Flatau Alison
Published: February 2014

This work deals with using a magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) microscope to optically analyze the evolution of magnetic domains in a rolled and Goss textured galfenol (Fe81Ga19 + 1.0% NbC) sample when subjected to a bending stress. The initial magnetization state of the cantilevered sample was fixed along its length by a 0.3 T permanent magnet. The magnetic state was monitored with the MOKE microscope as a tip load was applied to bend the sample. The magnetic state of galfenol depends on its magneto-elastic properties. A finite element model that incorporates an energy based formulation of magnetostriction [W. D. Armstrong, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 263(1–2), 208–218 (2003)] was used to investigate the stresses in the sample and the corresponding change in the magnetic induction as bending occurred. A qualitative comparison with the domain pictures is presented, and the experimental micromagnetic behavior results are shown to correlate well to the macro scale bending stress and magnetization results obtained in the FEM simulations.
Method for controlling energy density for reliable pulsed laser deposition of thin films
Authors: Dowden P. C. , Bi Z. , Jia Q. X.
Published: February 2014

We have established a methodology to stabilize the laser energy density on a target surface in pulsed laser deposition of thin films. To control the focused laser spot on a target, we have imaged a defined aperture in the beamline (so called image-focus) instead of focusing the beam on a target based on a simple “lens-focus.” To control the laser energy density on a target, we have introduced a continuously variable attenuator between the output of the laser and the imaged aperture to manipulate the energy to a desired level by running the laser in a “constant voltage” mode to eliminate changes in the lasers’ beam dimensions. This methodology leads to much better controllability/reproducibility for reliable pulsed laser deposition of high performance electronic thin films.
Exchange-correlation energy from pairing matrix fluctuation and the particle-particle random phase approximation
Authors: van Aggelen Helen , Yang Yang , Yang Weitao
Published: February 2014

Despite their unmatched success for many applications, commonly used local, semi-local, and hybrid density functionals still face challenges when it comes to describing long-range interactions, static correlation, and electron delocalization. Density functionals of both the occupied and virtual orbitals are able to address these problems. The particle-hole (ph-) Random Phase Approximation (RPA), a functional of occupied and virtual orbitals, has recently known a revival within the density functional theory community. Following up on an idea introduced in our recent communication [H. van Aggelen, Y. Yang, and W. Yang, Phys. Rev. A 88, 030501 (2013)], we formulate more general adiabatic connections for the correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix fluctuations described by the particle-particle (pp-) propagator. With numerical examples of the pp-RPA, the lowest-order approximation to the pp-propagator, we illustrate the potential of density functional approximations based on pairing matrix fluctuations. The pp-RPA is size-extensive, self-interaction free, fully anti-symmetric, describes the strong static correlation limit in H2, and eliminates delocalization errors in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm {H}_{2}^{+}}$\end{document}H2+ and other single-bond systems. It gives surprisingly good non-bonded interaction energies – competitive with the ph-RPA – with the correct R−6 asymptotic decay as a function of the separation R, which we argue is mainly attributable to its correct second-order energy term. While the pp-RPA tends to underestimate absolute correlation energies, it gives good relative energies: much better atomization energies than the ph-RPA, as it has no tendency to underbind, and reaction energies of similar quality. The adiabatic connection in terms of pairing matrix fluctuation paves the way for promising new density functional approximations.
Theoretical study on the gas phase reaction of allyl chloride with hydroxyl radical
Authors: Zhang Yunju , Chao Kai , Sun Jingyu , Zhang Wanqiao , Shi Haijie , Yao Cen , Su Zhongmin , Pan Xiumei , Zhang Jingping , Wang Rongshun
Published: February 2014

The reaction of allyl chloride with the hydroxyl radical has been investigated on a sound theoretical basis. This is the first time to gain a conclusive insight into the reaction mechanism and kinetics for important pathways in detail. The reaction mechanism confirms that OH addition to the C=C double bond forms the chemically activated adducts, IM1 (CH2CHOHCH2Cl) and IM2 (CH2OHCHCH2Cl) via low barriers, and direct H-abstraction paths may also occur. Variational transition state model and multichannel RRKM theory are employed to calculate the temperature-, pressure-dependent rate constants. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with the experimental data. At 100 Torr with He as bath gas, IM6 formed by collisional stabilization is the major products in the temperature range 200–600 K; the production of CH2CHCHCl via hydrogen abstractions becomes dominant at high temperatures (600–3000 K).
Local structure change evidenced by temperature-dependent elastic measurements: Case study on Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-based lead-free relaxor piezoceramics
Authors: Dittmer Robert , Jo Wook , Webber Kyle G. , Jones Jacob L. , Rödel Jürgen
Published: February 2014

The temperature-dependent Young's modulus Y(T) of the lead-free piezoceramics of 0.8Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-0.2Bi1/2K1/2TiO3 (20BKT) and 0.96(0.8Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-0.2Bi1/2K1/2TiO3)-0.04BiZn1/2Ti1/2O3 (4BZT) is measured with the impulse excitation technique and contrasted with corresponding dielectric and structural data. While the dielectric properties suggest a phase transition, the high resolution XRD patterns remain virtually unchanged from room temperature up to high temperatures, confirming no change in their long-range order. In contrast, the elastic properties indicate a broad and diffuse ferroelastic transition denoted by a minimum in Y(T). By analogy to the elastic and dielectric data of PbZrxTi1−xO3 and PLZT, it is concluded that 20BKT and 4BZT are relaxors with polar nanoregions embedded in a metrically cubic matrix. Interestingly, no indication for the freezing temperature was reflected in any of the employed measurement techniques. From the saturation of Y(T), it is suggested that the Burns temperature may be approximated as 700 °C. Moreover, it is found that the modification with the ternary end-member BiZn1/2Ti1/2O3 results in an increase in Young's modulus. A comparison with the Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-BaTiO3-K0.5Na0.5NbO3 yields the same results.
Screening properties of four mesoscale smoothed charge models, with application to dissipative particle dynamics
Authors: Warren Patrick B. , Vlasov Andrey
Published: February 2014

We extend our previous study [J. Chem. Phys. 138, 204907 (2013)] to quantify the screening properties of four mesoscale smoothed charge models used in dissipative particle dynamics. Using a combination of the hypernetted chain integral equation closure and the random phase approximation, we identify regions where the models exhibit a real-valued screening length, and the extent to which this agrees with the Debye length in the physical system. We find that the second moment of the smoothed charge distribution is a good predictor of this behaviour. We are thus able to recommend a consistent set of parameters for the models.
Investigation of interfacial reaction product of SiCf/C/Mo/Ti6Al4V composite through Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xiao Zhiyuan , Yang Yanqing , Luo Xian , Huang Bin
Published: February 2014

Interfacial reaction products of heat-treated SiCf/C/Mo/Ti6Al4V are studied. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) mapping indicates two sublayers existence in the interface with Si-rich layer 1 next to SiC fiber and C-rich layer 2 next to matrix. Raman line scanning along interface also shows two sublayers with different reaction products, which is consistent with EDS mapping. Si-rich layer 1 is proved mainly Ti5Si3(Cx). C-rich layer 2 is proved mainly TiCx comparing the spectrum with that of TiCx particles in matrix. Peak shifts are also detected, which is possibly due to residual stress or/and microstructural evolution. Existence of SiC and excess carbon throughout the interface is also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy.
Design and testing of a novel multi-stroke micropositioning system with variable resolutions
Authors: Xu Qingsong
Published: February 2014

Multi-stroke stages are demanded in micro-/nanopositioning applications which require smaller and larger motion strokes with fine and coarse resolutions, respectively. This paper presents the conceptual design of a novel multi-stroke, multi-resolution micropositioning stage driven by a single actuator for each working axis. It eliminates the issue of the interference among different drives, which resides in conventional multi-actuation stages. The stage is devised based on a fully compliant variable stiffness mechanism, which exhibits unequal stiffnesses in different strokes. Resistive strain sensors are employed to offer variable position resolutions in the different strokes. To quantify the design of the motion strokes and coarse/fine resolution ratio, analytical models are established. These models are verified through finite-element analysis simulations. A proof-of-concept prototype XY stage is designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the presented ideas. Experimental results of static and dynamic testing validate the effectiveness of the proposed design.
Influence of substrate quality on structural properties of AlGaN/GaN superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Schubert F. , Merkel U. , Mikolajick T. , Schmult S.
Published: February 2014

Short-period AlGaN/GaN superlattices were established as versatile test structures to investigate the structural properties of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown GaN and AlGaN layers and their dependence on the GaN substrate quality. X-ray diffractometry data of the investigated superlattices allow access to relevant structural parameters such as aluminum mole fraction and layer thicknesses. The occurrence of theoretically predicted intense high-order satellite peaks and pronounced interface fringes in the diffraction pattern reflects abrupt interfaces and perfect 2-dimensional growth resulting in smooth surfaces. The data unambiguously demonstrate that the structural quality of the MBE grown layers is limited by the structural properties of the GaN substrate.
Low leakage Ru-strontium titanate-Ru metal-insulator-metal capacitors for sub-20 nm technology node in dynamic random access memory
Authors: Popovici M. , Swerts J. , Redolfi A. , Kaczer B. , Aoulaiche M. , Radu I. , Clima S. , Everaert J.-L. , Van Elshocht S. , Jurczak M.
Published: February 2014

Improved metal-insulator-metal capacitor (MIMCAP) stacks with strontium titanate (STO) as dielectric sandwiched between Ru as top and bottom electrode are shown. The Ru/STO/Ru stack demonstrates clearly its potential to reach sub-20 nm technology nodes for dynamic random access memory. Downscaling of the equivalent oxide thickness, leakage current density (Jg) of the MIMCAPs, and physical thickness of the STO have been realized by control of the Sr/Ti ratio and grain size using a heterogeneous TiO2/STO based nanolaminate stack deposition and a two-step crystallization anneal. Replacement of TiN with Ru as both top and bottom electrodes reduces the amount of electrically active defects and is essential to achieve a low leakage current in the MIM capacitor.
Band structure engineering through orbital interaction for enhanced thermoelectric power factor
Authors: Zhu Hong , Sun Wenhao , Armiento Rickard , Lazic Predrag , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: February 2014

Band structure engineering for specific electronic or optical properties is essential for the further development of many important technologies including thermoelectrics, optoelectronics, and microelectronics. In this work, we report orbital interaction as a powerful tool to finetune the band structure and the transport properties of charge carriers in bulk crystalline semiconductors. The proposed mechanism of orbital interaction on band structure is demonstrated for IV-VI thermoelectric semiconductors. For IV-VI materials, we find that the convergence of multiple carrier pockets not only displays a strong correlation with the s-p and spin-orbit coupling but also coincides with the enhancement of power factor. Our results suggest a useful path to engineer the band structure and an enticing solid-solution design principle to enhance thermoelectric performance.
Degradation of electrowetting for upward and downward electrolyte droplets containing microparticles
Authors: Lee Jung-Hoon , Song Jang-Kun
Published: February 2014

Electrowetting (EW) of an electrolyte droplet containing zinc or silica particles was investigated for durability and degradation of devices. Two types of experimental geometries exist, an upward droplet standing on a substrate and a downward droplet hanging under a substrate. Different gravitational effects of droplets for the two geometries shift the contact angle of the EW dynamics. Added zinc and silica particles significantly accelerated the degradation in the EW switching with increased driving time, which may result from the surface damage due to the collision between the particles and surface. The degradation was significantly influenced by many factors such as the particle dispersity, droplet direction, particle concentration, and viscosity of dispersions. Interestingly, the device with a downward droplet degraded much less than that with the upward droplet. Our findings will be highly useful in designing durable microfluidic and EW devices.
Experimental determination of vacuum-level band alignments of SnS-based solar cells by photoelectron yield spectroscopy
Authors: Sugiyama Mutsumi , Shimizu Tsubasa , Kawade Daisuke , Ramya Kottadi , Ramakrishna Reddy K. T.
Published: February 2014

Energy band offsets of SnS-based solar cell structure using various n-type semiconductors, such as CdS, SnS2, In2S3, ZnIn2Se4, ZnO, and Mg0.3In0.7O, are evaluated by photoelectron yield spectroscopy. The valence band discontinuities are estimated to be 1.6 eV for both SnS/CdS and SnS/SnS2, 0.9 eV for SnS/In2S3, 1.7 eV for SnS/ZnIn2Se4, and 1.8 eV for both SnS/ZnO and SnS/Mg0.3Zn0.7O. Using the valence band discontinuity values and the corresponding energy bandgaps of the layers, energy band diagrams are developed. This study implied a type-I heterostructure, appropriate for SnS-based solar cell, for the ZnIn2Se4 or MgxZn1−xO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) interface and type-II for other junctions.
Hybrid function projective synchronization in complex dynamical networks
Authors: Wei Qiang , Wang Xing-yuan , Hu Xiao-peng
Published: February 2014

This paper investigates hybrid function projective synchronization in complex dynamical networks. When the complex dynamical networks could be synchronized up to an equilibrium or periodic orbit, a hybrid feedback controller is designed to realize the different component of vector of node could be synchronized up to different desired scaling function in complex dynamical networks with time delay. Hybrid function projective synchronization (HFPS) in complex dynamical networks with constant delay and HFPS in complex dynamical networks with time-varying coupling delay are researched, respectively. Finally, the numerical simulations show the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.
Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation
Authors: Leng R. A.
Published: February 2014

Minimising enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants is a current research priority because CH4 contributes to global warming. The most effective mitigation strategy is to adjust the animal’s diet to complement locally available feed resources so that optimal production is gained from a minimum of animals. This essay concentrates on a second strategy – the use of feed additives that are toxic to methanogens or that redirect H2 (and electrons) to inhibit enteric CH4 emissions from individual animals. Much of the published research in this area is contradictory and may be explained when the microbial ecology of the rumen is considered. Rumen microbes mostly exist in organised consortia within biofilms composed of self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances attached to or within feed particles. In these biofilms, individual colonies are positioned to optimise their use of preferred intermediates from an overall process of organic matter fermentation that generates end-products the animal can utilise. Synthesis of CH4 within biofilms prevents a rise in the partial pressure of H2 (pH2) to levels that inhibit bacterial dehydrogenases, and so reduce fermentation rate, feed intake and digestibility. In this context, hypotheses are advanced to explain changes in hydrogen disposal from the biofilms in the rumen resulting from use of anti-methanogenic feed additives as follows. Nitrate acts as an alternative electron sink when it is reduced via NO2– to NH3 and CH4 synthesis is reduced. However, efficiency of CH4 mitigation is always lower than that predicted and decreases as NO3– ingestion increases. Suggested reasons include (1) variable levels of absorption of NO3–or NO2– from the rumen and (2) increases in H2 production. One suggestion is that NO3– reduction may lower pH2 at the surface of biofilms, thereby creating an ecological niche for growth of syntrophic bacteria that oxidise propionate and/or butyrate to acetate with release of H2. Chlorinated hydrocarbons also inhibit CH4 synthesis and increase H2 and formate production by some rumen methanogens. Formate diffuses from the biofilm and is converted to HCO3– and H2 in rumen fluid and is then excreted via the breath. Short-chain nitro-compounds inhibit both CH4 and formate synthesis when added to ruminal fluid but have little or no effect in redirecting H2 to other sinks, so the pH2 within biofilms may increase to levels that support reductive acetogenesis. Biochar or activated charcoal may also alter biofilm activity and reduce net CH4 synthesis; direct electron transfer between microbes within biofilms may also be involved. A final suggestion is that, during their sessile life stage, protozoa interact with biofilm communities and help maintain pH2 in the biofilm, supporting methanogenesis.
Muscle metabolism in sheep and cattle in relation to high rigor temperature – overview and perspective
Authors: Strydom P. E. , Rosenvold K.
Published: February 2014

An increasing number of Australian slaughter plants were found not to meet the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) pH–temperature window, due to high rigor temperatures, particularly at plants where grain-fed animals were slaughtered. Hence, the red meat processing industry in Australia supported a research program focused on resolving this issue, as carcasses that do not meet the MSA pH–temperature window are excluded from MSA grading. This special issue of Animal Production Science describes the outcomes of a major program identifying ante- and post-mortem factors related to heat-induced toughening in both beef and sheep meat through literature reviews and targeted research to find interventions to prevent the impact of high rigor temperature on meat quality, particularly tenderness. This paper provides an overview of the outcomes of the research program, some of which require further research before implementation. It is suggested that an entire supply-chain approach be applied to establish the most efficient and cost-effective way of reducing the incidence of high rigor temperature.
Evaluation and breeding of tedera for Mediterranean climates in southern Australia
Authors: Real D. , Oldham C. M. , Nelson M. N. , Croser J. , Castello M. , Verbyla A. , Pradhan A. , Van Burgel A. , Méndez P. , Correal E. , Teakle N. L. , Revell C. K. , Ewing M. A.
Published: February 2014

Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa C.H. Stirton var. albomarginata and var. crassiuscula) has been identified as one of the most productive and drought-tolerant species of herbaceous perennial legumes based on 6 years of field evaluation in Western Australia in areas with Mediterranean climate and annual rainfall ranging from 200 to 600 mm. Importantly, tedera demonstrated broad adaptation to diverse soils, and some accessions have shown moderate levels of tolerance to waterlogging and salinity. Tedera exhibits minimal leaf shedding during summer and autumn. Economic modelling strongly suggests that giving livestock access to green tedera in summer and autumn will dramatically increase farm profit by reducing supplementary feeding. The breeding program (2006–12) evaluated the available genetic diversity of tedera for its field performance in seven nurseries with 6498 spaced plants in total covering a wide variation in rainfall, soils and seasons. Best overall plants were selected using a multivariate selection index generated with best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of dry matter cuts and leaf retention traits. The breeding program also evaluated tedera for grazing tolerance, grazing preference by livestock, waterlogging tolerance, seed production, cold tolerance, disease susceptibility and presence of secondary compounds. Tedera is a diploid, self-pollinated species. Therefore, 28 elite parents were hand-crossed in several combinations to combine outstanding attributes of parents; F1 hybrids were confirmed with the aid of highly polymorphic, simple sequence repeat markers. The F1s were progressed to F4s by single-seed descent breeding. Elite parent plants were selfed for two generations to be progressed in the breeding program without hybridisation. Over time, selections from the crossing and selfing program will deliver cultivars of three ideotypes: (i) drought-tolerant, (ii) cold- and drought-tolerant, (iii) waterlogging- and drought-tolerant.
Selective treatment and monitoring of disseminated cancer micrometastases in vivo using dual-function, activatable immunoconjugates
Authors: Spring Bryan Q. , Abu-Yousif Adnan O. , Palanisami Akilan , Rizvi Imran , Zheng Xiang , Mai Zhiming , Anbil Sriram , Sears R. Bryan , Mensah Lawrence B. , Goldschmidt Ruth , Erdem S. Sibel , Oliva Esther , Hasan Tayyaba
Published: February 2014

Significance

Residual micrometastases following standard therapies limit our ability to cure many cancers. This article demonstrates a new therapy and visualization platform that targets residual cancer micrometastases with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity based on “tumor-targeted activation.” This targeted activation feature not only provides a potent therapeutic arm that is effective against chemoresistant disease while minimizing side effects due to nonspecific toxicities but also enables micrometastasis imaging in common sites of disease recurrence to screen patients harboring residual tumor deposits. This approach offers promise for treating and monitoring drug-resistant micrometastases presently “invisible” to clinicians.
Countering that which is called anorexia
Authors: Lock Andrew , Epston David , Maisel Richard
Published: February 2014

In our dominant discourses, anorexia and bulimia are identified with those persons suffering from their effects. Thus a person is anorexic or bulimic. By contrast, narrative therapists conceive of anorexia and bulimia as separate from the person. Consequently the problem, and the person's relationship with it, rather than the person themselves, can be recognised as “the problem”. Anorexia and bulimia may then be regarded as having “voices” of their own, which act as discursive parasites that draw a deal of their sustenance from the dominant discourses in society that are subscribed to by those they attack. Once the problem is divorced from the person, then those attacked by these parasites can, through therapeutic conversations, be helped to find alternative discourse resources that assist them in gaining power to resist these parasitic voices. (Narrative Therapy, Anorexia, Bulimia, Counter-Narratives, Discourse Resources)
Analysis of narratives of Bhutanese and rural American 7-year old children: Issues of story grammar and culture
Authors: Stein Cecile L.
Published: February 2014

The goal of this study was to provide cross-cultural data, comparing the fictional narrative structure and content of a population of 7-year old Bhutanese children with those of 7-year olds from a rural section of Pennsylvania. The two groups produced narrative structures containing comparable story grammar and story structure levels. Differences in content were evident in story resolution, where the Bhutanese had fewer success-oriented endings than the Pennsylvania group. The Bhutanese stories contained significantly more secondary characters as well as intense empathic responses for story characters. Secondary characters also provided goal structure in the Bhutanese stories whereas the two groups produced similar narrative structure, analysis of story content was necessary to fully describe the cultural aspects of the children's stories. (Macrostructure, Story Grammar, Story Structure Level, Story Ending Level, Perspective-taking)
But what will they say?
Authors: Birnie Carolyn , Holmberg Diane
Published: February 2014

In this study, 72 women wrote eight emails over the course of a month discussing one of two topics: (a) non-emotional events (i.e., control condition), or (b) their thoughts and feelings regarding their current romantic relationship. Some of the latter group received feedback on what they had written, whereas others kept their narratives more private. Participants who wrote about their relationships differed from those in the control condition on a variety of dimensions; they used different words (e.g., words related to positive and negative emotions, cognitive mechanisms), they perceived their narratives differently (e.g., more self-disclosing) and they found the experience of participating in the study more valuable. Very few significant differences emerged between the narratives of those who received feedback vs. those who did not. Overall, whether a woman anticipates receiving feedback on her relationship narrative does not appear to have a substantial influence on its content, style or depth of emotional disclosure and processing.
“My little sister had a disaster, she had a baby”
Authors: Menard-Warwick Julia
Published: February 2014

This paper discursively analyzes an extended personal narrative from a life history interview with a Mexican woman immigrant in California, in which the teller details the varying reactions of family and community members to her younger sister’s unmarried pregnancy in a Mexican village at a time of increasing emigration. In analyzing the narrator’s account of these events, the paper focuses on her orchestration of multiple discourses and social voices, arguing that through her juxtaposition of competing gender ideologies, the teller performs a traditional “good woman” identity, while at the same time creating discursive space for other girls and women to make different choices.
“Determined women at work”
Authors: Paulus Trena M. , Woodside Marianne , Ziegler Mary
Published: February 2014

Although interest in narrative research is increasing, little attention has been paid to how individual stories become a group narrative. An online environment provides a rich opportunity to capture asynchronous group storytelling as it occurs in a formal class environment. This study focused on how a group story is created. Data included individual stories of four graduate student participants and the threads from their three-week, online discussion. Data analysis was collaborative among three researchers. The four participants used the online discussion to continue developing their own individual stories and to develop a group story. The women used temporality, shared themes, and epiphany to construct a story together. They extended a sense of agency to each other and to the group, using this aspect of their dialogue to reframe and recast individual stories and the group story. Implications for teaching and learning environments are discussed.
Small stories, positioning analysis, and the doing of professional identities in learning to teach
Authors: Watson Cate
Published: February 2014

Interest in the narrative construction of identities has become widespread in social research. Much of this research focuses on the grander narratives we tell about ourselves, the big retrospectives elicited from interviews. However, if identification is conceived as an ongoing performance accomplished locally in and through everyday interactions then it is the narratives that emerge in this context that become the focus of interest. “Small stories” are the ephemeral narratives emerging in such everyday, mundane contexts, which it is argued constitute the performance of identities and the construction of self. Drawing on Bamberg’s Positioning Analysis, this paper examines the construction of identities in a “small story” told by two student teachers, showing how this enables the participants to make claims about their developing professional identities. The paper also examines positioning analysis and its ability to link these locally produced identities to wider discourses.
“We’re never been close, we’re very different”
Authors: Tannen Deborah
Published: February 2014

Drawing on interviews I conducted with women about their sisters, I identify three narrative types: small-n narratives, big-N Narratives and Master Narratives. Small-n narratives are accounts of specific events or interactions that speakers said had occurred with their sisters. Big-N Narratives are the themes speakers developed in telling me about their sisters, and in support of which they told the small-n narratives. Master Narratives are culture-wide ideologies shaping the big-N Narratives. In my sister interviews, an unstated Master Narrative is the assumption that sisters are expected to be close and similar. This Master Narrative explains why nearly all the American women I interviewed organized their discourse around big-N Narratives by which they told me whether, how and why they are close to their sisters or not, and whether, how and why they and their sisters are similar or different. In exploring the interrelationship among these three narrative types, I examine closely the small-n narratives told by two women, with particular attention to the ways that the involvement strategies repetition, dialogue, and details work together to create scenes. Scenes, moreover, anchor the small-n narratives, helping them support the big-N Narratives which are motivated in turn by the culturally-driven Master Narrative.
Colourful psi’s sleep furiously
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J.
Published: February 2014

This study sets out to investigate the “poetry of grammar”, more specifically the role of the body in figurative speech, in African
languages mainly belonging to Nilotic and Bantu. Apprehending the semantics and pragmatics of metaphorical and metonymic
expressions in these languages presupposes an interaction between a number of cognitive processes, as argued below. Interestingly,
these languages seem to use these strategies involving figurative speech in tandem with alternative strategies involving on-record
statements. This multivocality only makes sense if we place language and language structure more in the social world in which it
is used.
Semantic analysis of body parts in emotion terminology
Authors: Enfield N.J.
Published: February 2014

Investigation of the emotions entails reference to words and expressions conventionally used for the description of emotion
experience. Important methodological issues arise for emotion researchers, and the issues are of similarly central concern in
linguistic semantics more generally. I argue that superficial and/or inconsistent description of linguistic meaning can have
seriously misleading results. This paper is firstly a critique of standards in emotion research for its tendency to underrate and
ill-understood linguistic semantics. It is secondly a critique of standards in some approaches to linguistic semantics itself. Two
major problems occur. The first is failure to distinguish between conceptually distinct meanings of single words, neglecting the
well-established fact that a single phonological string can signify more than one conceptual category (i.e., that words can be
polysemous). The second error involves failure to distinguish between two kinds of secondary uses of words: (1) those which are
truly active “online” extensions, and (2) those which are conventionalised secondary meanings and not active (qua “extensions”) at
all. These semantic considerations are crucial to conclusions one may draw about cognition and conceptualisation based on
linguistic evidence.
My face is paling against my will
Authors: Kidron Yael , Kuzar Ron
Published: February 2014

Various syntactical forms may be used for presenting an emotional event. The choice of a grammatical form may be related to
cultural, social and personal attitudes towards the nature of emotions. One of the cases in which the consistency of choices is
evident is the description of bodily changes during an emotional event. In one possible syntactic style, the human experiencer is
in the center of attention when a somatic change takes place, or the experiencer actively produces the vocal or facial
communicative act. In a different syntactic style, the focus is on a body part or a physical sensation, which arises spontaneously
and independently of the person’s will. Examples of translations from English into Hebrew and from Hebrew into English exemplify
the syntactical alternatives. An empirical study is presented that links syntactic scripts to different emotion scenes.
Different modes of describing emotions in Chinese
Authors: Ye Zhengdao
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the different ways in which the body is linguistically codified in the Chinese language of emotions. The three
general modes of emotion description under examination are via (a) externally observable (involuntary) bodily changes, (b)
sensation, and (c) figurative bodily images. While an attempt is made to introduce a typology of sub-categories within each mode
of emotion description, the paper focuses on the meaning of different iconic descriptions through the Natural Semantic
Metalanguage (NSM). On one hand, the linguistic evidence, from a Chinese perspective, attests to the emotional universals proposed
by Wierzbicka (1999). On the other, it points to cultural diversity in bodily conceptualisation and interpretation in emotional
experiences, which are crystallised in linguistic conventions of Chinese emotion talk, including certain syntactic constructions.
This paper also demonstrates the importance of examining the language of emotions in emotion studies, and concludes that a full
account of emotions must include the examination of the language of emotions.
Body and emotion
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: February 2014

This study presents a semantic analysis of how emotions and emotional experiences are described in Chinese. It focuses on
conventionalized expressions in Chinese, namely compounds and idioms, which contain body-part terms. The body-part terms are
divided into two classes: those denoting external body parts and those denoting internal body parts or organs. It is found that,
with a few exceptions, the expressions involving external body parts are originally metonymic, describing emotions in terms of
their externally observable bodily events and processes. However, once conventionalized, these expressions are also used
metaphorically regardless of emotional symptoms or gestures. The expressions involving internal organs evoke imaginary bodily
images that are primarily metaphorical. It is found that the metaphors, though imaginary in nature, are not really all arbitrary.
They seem to have a bodily or psychological basis, although they are inevitably influenced by cultural models.
Editer le Roman de Renart
Authors: Bellon Roger
Published: February 2014

Cette communication a pour objet de faire le point sur l’édition du Roman de Renart après l’achèvement de l’édition du ms. B (dit de Cangé) entreprise il y a un demi-siècle par M. Roques. Le choix par Martin du manuscrit A comme manuscrit de base pour le groupe Alpha mérite d’être discuté et un examen détaillé montre qu’il est gravement lacunaire pour ce que L. Foulet appelle “le premier récit en français” sur Renart, c’est-à-dire l’ensemble narratif qui va de la rencontre avec Chantecler à la fin de l’ escondit manqué; le manuscrit A ignore complèement le récit du l’adultère et du viol de Hersant. Dans ces conditions une édition critique des autres manuscrits du groupe — en premier lieu du ms. D, puis de G et de N — devient nécessaire. Un examen comparé rapide du texte proposé par les éditions actuellement disponible pour le récit appellé Renart et le grillon montre que la répartition des manuscrits en classe (ressemblances et divergences d’ordre structurel) ne correspond pas toujours à la répartition en famille (ressemblances et divergences d’ordre textuel) et que celle-ci peut varier dans une même branche d’un épisode à un autre.
Les animaux musiciens dans les stalles médiévales européennes
Authors: Billiet Frédéric
Published: February 2014

A partir d’un recensement inédit des scènes musicales dans les stalles médiévales, cette étude propose une première interprétation de la présence des animaux musiciens sculptés dans ce mobilier liturgique. Avec toutes les réserves qu’imposent de corpus dont le sens reste mystérieux, certains regroupements de scènes comparées avec des oeuvres picturales ou littéraires font apparaîre cinq possibilités d’interprétation iconographique: les instruments ‘iabolisés’ par la présence animale; les animaux musiciens, figures emblématiques de la luxure; l’instrument confié aux animaux, symbole du monde à l’envers; l’anathème du clergé contre les instrumentalistes comparés à des des animaux; les animaux musiciens liés aux contes et légendes.
Les joyeuses funérailles de Renart
Authors: Bonafin Massimo
Published: February 2014

L’enterrement de Renart et ses ‘rois morts’ sont considérés aussi bien comme le reflet d’usages et de genres de discours liés à la la
ceremonie funèbre, que comme la manifestation au niveau textuel de catégories anthropologiques fondamentales (vie/mort). C’est ainsi qu’on
doit interpréter la messe funèbre pour Renart dans le contexte de la tradition des goliards, mais aussi bien dans le contexte des fêtes
agricoles, où se mêlent enterrements, obscénités, rire rituel. Finalement, d’un bout à l’autre de la branche XVII c’est le corps grotesque
(à la Bakhtine), corps sexuel, exubérant, vital, et en même temps corps blessé, mutilé, châtré, qui connaî un vrai triomphe.
“Esopo no fabulas”: More Notes on Aesop in Sixteenth-Century Japan
Authors: Carnes Pack
Published: February 2014

In the year 1592/3 a three-volume set of materials was printed at Amakusa, Japan, the second element of which wasEsohono
Fabulas [‘he Fables of Aesop’, which survives as an unicum in the BL. This article first studies the sources for this book. There
is a link with the Steinhöwel collection, but other possible sources are a late edition of the Martin Dorp collection, the collection by
Joachim Camerarius, or the Romulus Roberti. Secondly, the history of the fables in Japanese is discussed. Originally they were probably
meant for the teaching of Latin. Soon they were — in a more literary form — used to attract the attention of cultured Japanese people. This
more literary version was the starting point of a purely Japanese tradition of fables and fable motifs.
La paix ailée de l’évangéliaire de Saint Francois d’Assise (les oiseaux du franciscanisme)
Authors: Lacroix Jean
Published: February 2014

I. Le bestiaire de Saint François est marqué au sceau de la non-agressivité d’une part et caractérisé, d’autre part, par des animaux qui appartiennent en général à l’univers familier et domestique des humains.

II. Parmi ces créatures priment les oiseaux, trait d’union “naturel” entre ciel et terre, entre Dieu et les hommes, faits aussi bien les premiers que les seconds “à l’image de la Divinité”.

III. Dans les écrits de Saint François d’Assise comme dans ceux de ses successeurs, héritiers ou épigones, l’oiseau “accompagne” la geste des frères mineurs, comme encore les peintres du XIIIè siècles et des XIVesiècles l’ont représenté sur leurs tableaux ou sur leurs fresques. L’oiseau de Saint François et des ses disciples est un emblème supplémentaire à un idéal de paix, de charitée et de pauvretée.
Parole, pouvoir, plaisir et deguisement du goupil dans “Renart jongleur"
Authors: Lawrence Marilyn
Published: February 2014

La branche Ib, dans laquelle Renart se déguise en jongleur breton, est exceptionnelle dans le cadre du Roman de Renart dans le sens que Renart cache les qualités qui le caractérisent pour se rendre méconnaissable. “Renart jongleur” nous permet donc de mieux comprendre le concept que l’auteur propose en ce qui concerne l’identité de Renart, et particulièrement de Renart en tant que conteur, ainsi que le rapport de Renart au verbe. Notre analyse nous suggère en effet que l’auteur de cette branche identifie Renart avant tout par son langage et le définit comme maîre de la parole, et même du récit. Le succès du déguisement de Renart est en fin de compte un triomphe de la parole et son objectif ultime est la possession exclusive du pouvoir et du plaisir que confère le verbe.
Une supercherie littéraire.
Authors: Mombello Gianni
Published: February 2014

Description de deux éditions de fables que l’éditeur de Cologne Michel Demenius avait publiées, en 1640 et en 1662, sous le nom de Pierre de La Serre. Il s’agit d’éditions pirate qui reproduisent mot à mot la traduction française que Jean Meslier avait publiée, à partir de 1629, dans son recueil trilingue des fables d’Esope. On signale aussi que la source du fablier de Jean Meslier est le recueil qu’Aldo Manuzio l’Ancien avait publié à Venise, en 1505 et qui avait été repris, en 1610, par Isaak Nicolaus Nevelet dans la première partie de saMythologia Æsopica.
Escalas informativas aditivas
Authors: Portolés José
Published: February 2014

Además de la diferencia entre escalas semánticas y escalas pragmáticas, ya generalmente admitida en los estudios de pragmática, se defiende en este artículo la conveniencia de la distinción entre escalas sustitutivas —en las que un valor escalar superior reemplaza a uno inferior, o viceversa— y escalas aditivas ­—en las que el valor escalar superior consiste en la suma de un elemento al valor inferior (n+1). La pertinencia de estos dos últimos tipos de escalas se prueba con el análisis de diversas partículas discursivas del español, como: sólo, con… y todo, incluso, hasta, además y al menos.
Natural speech vs. elicited data
Authors: Félix-Brasdefer J. César
Published: February 2014

This study investigates issues of reliability and validity in pragmatics research and examines the extent to which role-play data approximate naturally-occurring discourse with respect to the content and frequency of requests in Mexican Spanish. The data were gathered from naturally-occurring conversations and field notes in a wide array of contexts and included requests from males and females in formal and informal situations. The results of the current study indicate that natural data represent the most valid way of observing different aspects of speech-act (verbal and non-verbal) behavior in social interaction, as there are various types of request forms that cannot be generated if one follows the role-play path. However, open role plays, if constructed with sufficient contextual information, may offer some advantages over natural data in that they have the potential of eliciting interactional data for research purposes while controlling for various sociolinguistic variables.