bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Subject. New Developments in Life Writing
Authors: Heinrich Tobias , Soeting Monica
Published: March 2015

Following two successful conferences in Amsterdam in 2009 and in Tallinn in 2011, the third IABA Europe biennial conference, held from 31 October to 3 November 2013 in Vienna and hosted by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for the History and Theory of Biography, was entitled “Beyond the Subject. New Developments in Life Writing” and aimed at bridging the gap between historical forms of life writing and the most recent medial transformations in the genre of life writing, like personal websites, blogs and social networks as new spaces in the autobiographical public sphere. At the same time, the conference focused on auto/biographical practices that consciously undermine the traditional Western concept of the subject and develop alternative models of life writing.After the conference, participants were invited to submit articles based on their papers presented at the 2013 IABA Europe conference, to be published in the European Journal of Life Writing. In this section of the journal you will find more samples of the different topics that were addressed during the conference; the first six articles based on papers presented at the conference can be found in Volume III of the Journal. This article was submitted in December 2014 and published on 16 March 2015.
I Problems; Blindness and Autobiography
Authors: Schep Dennis
Published: March 2015

The literary genre of autobiography dates back to the 18th century, when philosophy became a type of anthropology, archives and case histories strengthened the grasp of discourse over life, and modern authorship and hermeneutics led to new modes of reading and writing. Nietzsche and so-called French theory have put significant strain on this constellation in their shared critique of language, subjectivity and authorship – a critique that makes traditional autobiography all but impossible. Needless to say, this has stopped neither Nietzsche nor a number of postmodern theorists from writing their own autobiographical texts. Interestingly, blindness is a recurring figure in many of these texts; and in this article, I argue that this figure allows us to trace the generic upheaval generated by the problematization of the discursive constellation that fostered modern autobiographical writing. By means of a brief introduction into the history of optics and a close reading of Nietzsche's Ecce Homo and Cixous' 'Savoir,' I show that the malfunctioning eye is one of the figures employed to deinstitutionalize both the philosophical and the autobiographical tradition, allowing us to grasp what became of autobiography after philosophy pronounced the death of man, the subject, and the author.This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing in May 2014 and published on 16 March 2015.
Regulation & governance-onderzoek in het rechtenonderwijs in Nederland
Authors: Van Aeken K.
Published: March 2015

Regulation & governance-onderzoek in het rechtenonderwijs in Nederland. Stranger in a strange land?

Het onderzoeksdomein regulering en governance groeit gestaag sinds 2007. Toch weerspiegelt dit succes zich niet in de curricula van de rechtenopleidingen in Nederland. De kloof tussen het onderzoek en het onderwijs inspireert tot dit artikel. Eerst wordt dit onderzoeksveld afgebakend ten opzichte van klassiek wetgevingsonderwijs en de zogenaamde leg-reg studies. Kenmerkend voor de regulering-en-governancebenadering is de erkenning van de rol van niet-statelijke actoren en niet-hiërarchische vormen van gezag, terwijl de klassieke rechtsstaat wijkt voor een administratieve, regulerende overheid. Dit perspectief is bij uitstek multidisciplinair en empirisch, en zou een verrijking betekenen voor de opleiding van de toekomstige jurist. Personele, perceptieve en institutionele factoren verklaren waarom de bevindingen uit het regulering-en-governanceonderzoeksveld maar beperkt doorsijpelen naar het rechtenonderwijs. Vooral de perceptie van het veld als niet-juridisch lijkt van groot belang te zijn. Een blijvende ondervertegenwoordiging in het onderwijs zou een gemiste kans zijn, temeer omdat de rechtswetenschappen een unieke bijdrage kunnen leveren aan de reguleringsstudies door de instrumenteel ingestelde sociale wetenschappers vertrouwd te maken met normatieve vraagstukken.
Rechtsstatelijk wetgeven in de West
Authors: van Gestel R.A.J.
Published: March 2015

Rechtsstatelijk wetgeven in de West

Wijziging van bestemmingsplan op Curaçao voor de commerciële ontwikkeling van het Oostpunt-gebied met het oog op het bouwen van woningen en recreatievoorzieningen met behulp van gelegenheidswetgeving, waardoor de bestuursrechtelijke rechtsbescherming tegen ruimtelijke plannen buiten spel lijkt te worden gezet zonder dat de wetgever in formele zin volledig open is over de belangenafweging die heeft plaatsgevonden. Mogelijke strijd met EVRM. Verhouding tussen primaat van de wetgever en mogelijke toetsing van wetgeving aan eenieder verbindende verdragsbepalingen.
De begrotingswet: een wet als iedere andere?
Authors: Borman T.C.
Published: March 2015

De begrotingswet: een wet als iedere andere?

Jaarlijks worden er in Nederland circa tachtig begrotingswetten vastgesteld. Dat is een derde van het totale aantal wetten. Begrotingswetten volgen in beginsel dezelfde wetsprocedure als andere wetten, maar er zijn diverse wetstechnische en wetsprocedurele bijzonderheden. Een interessante vraag is of in begrotingswetten ook ‘gewone’ bepalingen kunnen worden opgenomen. Strikt formeel gesproken is dat mogelijk. Casuïstiek uit de afgelopen decennia laat zien dat dit af en toe gebeurt. Soms gaat het om nauw met de begroting samenhangende bepalingen, bijvoorbeeld tijdelijke afwijkingen van de comptabiliteitswetgeving (‘begrotingsruiters’). Een enkele keer gaat het echter een stap verder en worden in een begrotingswet bepalingen opgenomen die geen verband houden met de begroting (‘begrotingsparasieten’). Met name die laatste categorie is onwenselijk. Bovendien kan het na de inwerkingtreding van de Wet raadgevend referendum de vraag oproepen of dan nog sprake is van een wet inzake de begroting, bedoeld in artikel 105 lid 1 van de Grondwet, waarvoor de mogelijkheid van een referendum is uitgesloten. Gevaar voor oneigenlijk gebruik ligt dan op de loer.
Design of an Infrared Imaging System for Robotic Inspection of Gas Leaks in Industrial Environments
Authors: Barber Ramon , Rodriguez-Conejo Miguel A. , Melendez Juan , Garrido Santiago
Published: March 2015

Gas detection can become a critical task in dangerous environments that involve hazardous or contaminant gases, and the use of imaging sensors provides an important tool for leakage location. This paper presents a new design for remote sensing of gas leaks based on infrared (IR) imaging techniques. The inspection system uses an uncooled microbolometer detector, operating over a wide spectral bandwidth, that features both low size and low power consumption. This equipment is boarded on a robotic platform, so that wide objects or areas can be scanned.

The detection principle is based on the use of active imaging techniques, where the use of external IR illumination enhances the detection limit and allows the proposed system to operate in most cases independently from environmental conditions, unlike passive commercial approaches. To illustrate this concept, a fully radiometric description of the detection problem has been developed; CO2 detection has been demonstrated; and simulations of typical gas detection scenarios have been performed, showing that typical industrial leaks of CH4 are well within the detection limits.

The mobile platform where the gas sensing system is going to be implemented is a robot called TurtleBot. The control of the mobile base and of the inspection device is integrated in ROS architecture. The exploration system is based on the technique of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) that makes it possible to locate the gas leak in the map.
Editor's Note: Renewing Friendships
Authors: Verbeten Sharon
Published: March 2015

Great relationships. That’s a big part of what attending ALA Midwinter means to me. This Midwinter in Chicago was no different—except it had one special personal twist. I was able to attend with two of my close friends from Green Bay, Miranda Paul and Melissa Gorzelanczyk.
Early Literacy in Wisconsin: Sharing a Statewide Harvest
Authors: Schmidt Tessa Michaelson
Published: March 2015

When the Growing Wisconsin Readers early literacy initiative (growingwisconsinreaders.org) began in 2013, the focus was straightforward: help parents and caregivers read effectively with babies, toddlers, and young children. As this multiyear initiative passes the halfway mark, it is clear that this simple idea has sprouted, branched, and bloomed in bountiful ways. Not only has the early literacy message reached the original audience, but the project has established and enriched state, regional, and local partnerships.
Experiences of coercion to sterilize and forced sterilization among women living with HIV in Latin America
Authors: Kendall Tamil , Albert Claire
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Forced and coerced sterilization is an internationally recognized human rights violation reported by women living with HIV (WLHIV) around the globe. Forced sterilization occurs when a person is sterilized without her knowledge or informed consent. Coerced sterilization occurs when misinformation, intimidation tactics, financial incentives or access to health services or employment are used to compel individuals to accept the procedure.

Methods

Drawing on community‐based research with 285 WLHIV from four Latin American countries (El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua), we conduct thematic qualitative analysis of reports of how and when healthcare providers pressured women to sterilize and multivariate logistic regression to assess whether social and economic characteristics and fertility history were associated with pressure to sterilize.

Results

A quarter (23%) of the participant WLHIV experienced pressure to sterilize post‐diagnosis. WLHIV who had a pregnancy during which they (and their healthcare providers) knew their HIV diagnosis were almost six times more likely to experience coercive or forced sterilization than WLHIV who did not have a pregnancy with a known diagnosis (OR 5.66 CI 95% 2.35–13.58 p≤0.001). WLHIV reported that healthcare providers told them that living with HIV annulled their right to choose the number and spacing of their children and their contraceptive method, employed misinformation about the consequences of a subsequent pregnancy for women's and children's health, and denied medical services needed to prevent vertical (mother‐to‐child) HIV transmission to coerce women into accepting sterilization. Forced sterilization was practiced during caesarean delivery.

Conclusions

The experiences of WLHIV indicate that HIV‐related stigma and discrimination by healthcare providers is a primary driver of coercive and forced sterilization. WLHIV are particularly vulnerable when seeking maternal health services. Health worker training on HIV and reproductive rights, improving counselling on HIV and sexual and reproductive health for WLHIV, providing State mechanisms to investigate and sanction coercive and forced sterilization, and strengthening civil society to increase WLHIV's capacity to resist coercion to sterilize can contribute to preventing coercive and forced sterilization. Improved access to judicial and non‐judicial mechanisms to procure justice for women who have experienced reproductive rights violations is also needed.
Non-crossover gene conversions show strong GC bias and unexpected clustering in humans
Authors: Williams Amy L , Genovese Giulio , Dyer Thomas , Altemose Nicolas , Truax Katherine , Jun Goo , Patterson Nick , Myers Simon R , Curran Joanne E , Duggirala Ravi , Blangero John , Reich David , Przeworski Molly ,   on behalf of the T2D-GENES Consortium
Published: March 2015

Although the past decade has seen tremendous progress in our understanding of fine-scale recombination, little is known about non-crossover (NCO) gene conversion. We report the first genome-wide study of NCO events in humans. Using SNP array data from 98 meioses, we identified 103 sites affected by NCO, of which 50/52 were confirmed in sequence data. Overlap with double strand break (DSB) hotspots indicates that most of the events are likely of meiotic origin. We estimate that a site is involved in a NCO at a rate of 5.9 × 10−6/bp/generation, consistent with sperm-typing studies, and infer that tract lengths span at least an order of magnitude. Observed NCO events show strong allelic bias at heterozygous AT/GC SNPs, with 68% (58–78%) transmitting GC alleles (p = 5 × 10−4). Strikingly, in 4 of 15 regions with resequencing data, multiple disjoint NCO tracts cluster in close proximity (∼20–30 kb), a phenomenon not previously seen in mammals.
Economic Growth Volatility and Resource Curse: The Role of Financial Development
Authors: Moradbeigi Maryam , Law Siong Hook
Published: March 2015

We assess whether well-developed financial systems can moderate the positive association between oil volatility and growth volatility. To this end, we follow Beck et al’s proposition (2006) and distinguish between two different kinds of volatility, that is, oil terms of trade volatility, which is referred to as real shock and inflation volatility, which is referred to as monetary shock. Using data from a sample of 63 oil-producing countries for the period of 1981-2010, the empirical analysis confirms a negative link between the volatility of oil terms of trade and growth. However, we also found weak evidence that financial development dampens the effect of oil terms of trade volatility.
Gravity anomalies, crustal structure, and seismicity at subduction zones: 2. Interrelationships between fore‐arc structure and seismogenic behavior
Authors: Bassett Dan , Watts Anthony B.
Published: March 2015

An ensemble‐averaging technique is used to remove the long‐wavelength topography and gravity field associated with subduction zones. Short‐wavelength residual anomalies are attributed to the tectonic structure of subducting and overthrusting plates. A paired (positive‐negative) fore‐arc anomaly is observed consisting of a long (>1000 km), linear, trench‐parallel ridge landward of the deep‐sea‐terrace basin. Ridges have amplitudes of 1500–3000 m and 160–240 mGal, wavelengths of 150–200 km, and high gravity anomaly to topography ratios (50–75 mGal km−1). The ridge crests correlate with the downdip limit of coseismic slip and strong interplate coupling and in Cascadia, the updip limit of tremor epicenters. The ridge crest may be interpreted as defining the boundary between the velocity‐weakening and seismogenic region of the subduction interface and the downdip frictional transition zone. In Tonga‐Kermadec, the Kuril Islands and Chile landward ridges are associated with extinct volcanic arcs. Paired anomalies are attributed to the preferential subduction erosion of the outer fore arc and a spatially varying combination of (a) lower crustal underplating beneath the inner fore arc, (b) the transformation of interseismic strain into permanent geologic strain via faulting, folding, or buckling of the inner fore arc, and (c) the relative trenchward migration of extinct volcanic arcs in regions operating with a net crustal deficit. Along‐strike transitions in fore‐arc morphology and seismogenic behavior are related to preexisting crustal structure of subducting and overthrusting plates. Fore arcs have the added potential of recording the time‐integrated response of the upper plate to subduction processes, and fore‐arc structure should be considered in tandem with seismological observations.
Effect of near‐terminus subglacial hydrology on tidewater glacier submarine melt rates
Authors: Slater D. A. , Nienow P. W. , Cowton T. R. , Goldberg D. N. , Sole A. J.
Published: March 2015

Submarine melting of Greenlandic tidewater glacier termini is proposed as a possible mechanism driving their recent thinning and retreat. We use a general circulation model, MITgcm, to simulate water circulation driven by subglacial discharge at the terminus of an idealized tidewater glacier. We vary the spatial distribution of subglacial discharge emerging at the grounding line of the glacier and examine the effect on submarine melt volume and distribution. We find that subglacial hydrology exerts an important control on submarine melting; under certain conditions a distributed system can induce a factor 5 more melt than a channelized system, with plumes from a single channel inducing melt over only a localized area. Subglacial hydrology also controls the spatial distribution of melt, which has the potential to control terminus morphology and calving style. Our results highlight the need to constrain near‐terminus subglacial hydrology at tidewater glaciers if we are to represent ocean forcing accurately.
Salt intrusion at a submarine spring in a fringing reef lagoon
Authors: Parra Sabrina M. , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Mariño‐Tapia Ismael , Enriquez Cecilia
Published: March 2015

Variations in discharge and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were studied at a point‐source submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), within a fringing reef lagoon, from quadrature (neap) to syzygy (spring) tides. The principal factors affecting discharge and TKE variations were tides and waves. Field data indicated discharge, and TKE varied with high and low tides, and with quadrature and syzygy. Maximum discharge and TKE values were observed during low tides when the hydrostatic pressure over the jet was minimal, while the lowest discharge and TKE values were found at high tides. Syzygy tides produced consistent saltwater intrusion during high tides, while quadrature tides produced the greatest TKE values. In general, as the discharge intensified during low tides, jet temperatures decreased suggesting that waters originated further within the aquifer. At the same time jet salinities increased, suggesting a mixing of aquifer and seawater. To reconcile these two seemingly opposing views, it is proposed that the jet conduit is connected to a stratified chamber with seawater below brackish water. The greatest subtidal discharge occurred during quadrature tides. Syzygy produced low subtidal discharge driven by flow reversals (flow into the aquifer) observed throughout syzygy high tides in conjunction with the peak wave setup (>5 cm) observed during a storm. While tides were the primary driving force of the discharge, waves played a nonnegligible role. Wave effects on the discharge were most evident during syzygy high tides combined with a storm, when the subtidal spring discharge was weakest and salt intrusion developed.
Role of inertial instability in the West African monsoon jump
Authors: Cook Kerry H.
Published: March 2015

The West African monsoon jump is a sudden shift in the latitude of the West African precipitation maximum from the Guinean coast near 4°N into Sahel near 12°N in late June or early July. An examination of reanalyses and observations indicates that the Sahel rainy season develops smoothly and the monsoon jump occurs because of an abrupt decrease in Guinean coast rainfall. We show that this abrupt end of the coastal rainy season occurs when inertial instability develops over the region, 1 month later than it develops in the vicinity of the marine Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone. The reason for this delay is the presence of the African easterly jet, which places strong negative meridional zonal wind gradients over the coast to preserve the inertially stable environment. When the African easterly jet moves farther north due to the seasonal solar forcing, these gradients weaken and then reverse to satisfy the threshold condition for inertial instability; the rapid end of the Guinean coast rainy season follows. The northward movement and intensity of the African easterly jet are controlled by the seasonal development of strong meridional land surface temperature gradients and are independent of the formation of the Atlantic cold tongue. This explanation for the West African monsoon jump relates the phenomenon to the shape and location of the African continent, including the low‐latitude position of the Guinean coast and the large expanse of the continent to the north.
Climate radiative feedbacks and adjustments at the Earth's surface
Authors: Colman R. A.
Published: March 2015

Climate radiative feedbacks are traditionally defined at top of atmosphere (TOA); however, strong radiative feedbacks also occur at the surface, with profound effect on the surface heat budget and hydrological cycle. “Rapid responses” to radiative forcing also occur and may also be expected to affect the surface. This study evaluates surface radiation changes, using a combined Partial Radiative Perturbation‐Gregory approach, under abrupt increases in CO2 in a climate model. We find significant surface rapid radiative response from changes in clouds, relative humidity, and latent heat flux. As surface temperature increases, strong water vapor feedback exceeds net cooling from atmospheric and surface temperature changes, resulting in increased surface evaporation. Feedbacks from clouds are smaller, with complex horizontal and vertical structures. Surface longwave feedback structures differ widely from those of the TOA and are dominated by lower troposphere changes. Lapse rate, cloud, and albedo feedbacks are small equatorward of around 50° of latitude but stronger at high latitudes. The approach here allows precise evaluation of the rich structure of surface radiative feedbacks.
Validation of finite water‐content vadose zone dynamics method using column experiments with a moving water table and applied surface flux
Authors: Ogden Fred L. , Lai Wencong , Steinke Robert C. , Zhu Jianting
Published: March 2015

Data from laboratory experiments on a 143 cm tall and 14.5 cm diameter column, packed with Wedron sand with varied constant upper boundary fluxes and water table velocities for both falling and rising water tables are used to validate a finite water‐content vadose zone simulation methodology. The one‐dimensional finite water‐content Talbot and Ogden (2008) (T‐O) infiltration and redistribution method was improved to simulate groundwater table dynamic effects and compared against the numerical solution of the Richards equation using Hydrus‐1D. Both numerical solutions agreed satisfactorily with time series measurements of water content. Results showed similar performance for both methods, with the T‐O method on average having higher Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies and smaller absolute biases. Hydrus‐1D was more accurate in predicting deponding times in the case of a falling water table, while Hydrus‐1D and the T‐O method had similar errors in predicted ponding times in the case of a rising water table in six of nine tests. The improved T‐O method was able to predict general features of vadose zone moisture dynamics with moving water table and surface infiltration using an explicit, mass‐conservative formulation. The advantage of an explicit formulation is that it is numerically simple, using forward Euler solution methodology, and is guaranteed to converge and to conserve mass. These properties make the improved T‐O method presented in this paper a robust and computationally efficient alternative to the numerical solution of the Richards equation in hydrological modeling applications involving groundwater table dynamic effects on vadose zone soil moistures.
The impact of resolution on the representation of southeast Greenland barrier winds and katabatic flows
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Renfrew I. A. , Harden B. E. , Mernild S. H.
Published: March 2015

Southern Greenland is characterized by a number of low‐level high wind speed weather systems that are the result of topographic flow distortion. These systems include barrier winds and katabatic flow that occur along its southeast coast. Global atmospheric reanalyses have proven to be important tools in furthering our understanding of these orographic winds and their role in the climate system. However, there is evidence that the mesoscale characteristics of these systems may be missed in these global products. Here we show that the Arctic System Reanalysis, a higher‐resolution regional reanalysis, is able to capture mesoscale features of barrier winds and katabatic flow that are missed or underrepresented in ERA‐I, a leading modern global reanalysis. This suggests that our understanding of the impact of these wind systems on the coupled‐climate system can be enhanced through the use of higher‐resolution regional reanalyses or model data.
Predictability of Atlantic tropical cyclones in the GFDL HiRAM model
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Zhang Gan , Peng Melinda S. , Chen Jan‐Huey , Lin Shian‐Jiann
Published: March 2015

The hindcasts of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High‐Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM), which skillfully predicted the interannual variability of Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) frequency, were analyzed to investigate what key circulation systems a model must capture in order to skillfully predict TCs. The HiRAM reproduced the leading empirical orthogonal function mode (M1) of the interannual variability of the Atlantic Hadley circulation and its impacts on environmental conditions. M1 represents the variability of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) intensity and width, and the predictability of Atlantic TCs can be explained by the lag correlation between M1 and SST in preceding months. Although the ITCZ displacement was not well predicted by the HiRAM hindcasts, it does not affect the prediction of the basin‐wide hurricane count. The analyses suggest that the leading mode of the variability of the regional Hadley circulation can serve as a useful metric to evaluate the performance of global models in TC seasonal prediction.
Magnetic field fluctuation features at Swarm's altitude: A fractal approach
Authors: De Michelis Paola , Consolini Giuseppe , Tozzi Roberta
Published: March 2015

The European Space Agency's Swarm mission provides a qualitatively new level of observational geomagnetic data, which allows us to study the spatial features of magnetic field fluctuations, capturing their essential characteristics and at the same time establishing a correlation with the dynamics of the systems responsible for the fluctuations. Our study aims to characterize changes in the scaling properties of the geomagnetic field's spatial fluctuations by evaluating the local Hurst exponent and to construct maps of this index at the Swarm's altitude (∼460 km). Since a signal with a larger Hurst exponent is more regular and less erratic than a signal with a smaller one, the maps permit us to localize spatial structures characterized by different scaling properties. This study is an example of the potential of Swarm data to give new insights into ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling; at the same time, it develops new applications where changes in statistical parameters can be used as a local indicator of overall magnetospheric‐ionospheric coupling conditions.
Deep recycling of oceanic asthenosphere material during subduction
Authors: Liu Lijun , Zhou Quan
Published: March 2015

Uncertainties in the origin and composition of oceanic asthenosphere lead to different views on its temporal evolution upon subduction. We investigate the evolution of asthenosphere material during subduction using high‐resolution geodynamic models. In contrast to some earlier models suggesting that limited amount of asthenosphere material can be entrained during subduction, we find that much of the subslab mantle (>100 km thick) could recycle into the deep mantle following the slab, even if this mantle layer remains buoyant and less viscous during entrainment. Our results support the hypothesis that observed trench‐parallel subslab seismic anisotropy is a downward continuation of the anisotropic asthenosphere. The entrainment of sometimes buoyant asthenosphere material provides a new mechanism for reducing slab dip angle which is consistent the shallower Pacific slab underneath Japan than that farther south. Episodic release of entrained buoyant materials during subduction can also explain enigmatic intraplate volcanism, such as the Changbaishan volcano in Northeast China.
On the dynamical mechanisms explaining the western Pacific subsurface temperature buildup leading to ENSO events
Authors: Ballester Joan , Bordoni Simona , Petrova Desislava , Rodó Xavier
Published: March 2015

Despite steady progress in the understanding of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the past decades, questions remain on the exact mechanisms explaining the heat buildup leading to the onset of El Niño (EN) events. Here we use an ensemble of ocean and atmosphere assimilation products to identify mechanisms that are consistently identified by all the data sets and that contribute to the heat buildup in the western Pacific 18 to 24 months before the onset of EN events. Meridional and eastward heat advection due to equatorward subsurface mass convergence and transport along the equatorial undercurrent are found to contribute to the subsurface warming at 170°E–150°W. In the warm pool, instead, surface horizontal convergence and downwelling motion have a leading role in subsurface warming. The picture emerging from our results highlights a sharp dynamical transition at 170°E near the level of the thermocline.
The Chemistry of Gold–
NHC
Carbene Complexes
Authors: Zhang Jun , Gu Peng , Chen Kai , Shi Min
Published: March 2015

Au‐NHC chemistry has received much attention in the last 10 years, mainly due to straightforward synthetic routes to Au(I)‐NHC complexes and their catalytic interest. Now Au‐NHC complexes have been employed, not only as highly selective catalysts in directed organic synthetic strategies, but also as dynamic intermediates to promote constructive chemical steps at the metal active center. Some very recent examples have described the stabilization imparted by NHC which allows to isolate otherwise “unstable” intermediates, such as vinylgold derivatives. Another important property shown by Au‐NHC complexes is their luminescence. The lower energy excitation and emission bands in some Au‐NHCs are of suitable wavelengths for cellular distribution studies allowing to investigate the uptake and distribution in cancer cells using fluorescence confocal microscopy. The strong Au–carbene bonds also permit stable Au‐NHC complexes immune to biologically important thiol groups, and thus Au‐NHCs have also been found to have potential in medicinal and biochemical applications.
Mass Spectrometry of Organogold Compounds
Authors: O'Hair Richard A. J.
Published: March 2015

The use of mass spectrometry (MS) based methods in organogold chemistry is reviewed. The focus is on both fundamental gas‐phase ion chemistry studies in which the mass spectrometer is used as a “gas‐phase reactor” and the analytical applications of mass spectrometry. For the former, the topics covered include: thermochemical measurements (bond energies from reactions of Au
+
with substrates and Au
+
and R
3
PAu
+
affinities); photoelectron, IR and UV‐Vis spectroscopy; ion‐molecule reactions of bare Au
+
, ligated Au(L)
n
+
, Au
−
and gold clusters with substrates; formation and reactions of organogold ions. The latter includes a discussion on: the use of different ionization methods (electron ionization, fast‐atom bombardment, electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) in the analysis of gold compounds; the use of MS in the bioinorganic chemistry of gold; MS‐based studies of relevance to catalysis.
Americanization
Authors: Riegel Viviane
Published: March 2015

Americanization can be defined as the propagation ofUSideas, customs, social patterns, industry, and capital around the world. Many critics of globalization focus on the perspective of the Americanization of world culture and the perils of the dominance ofUSculture throughout the world. Perspectives from the margins of Americanization and globalization point to the limitations of a simple binary between the local (authentic, diverse, free) and the global (artificial, standardized, imposed). In contemporary society, what takes place is the homogenization of consumption through globalization. The growth dynamic of globalization, according to George Ritzer, follows three other processes: capitalism, Americanization, andMcDonaldization.
Arcades
Authors: Kunzmann Klaus R.
Published: March 2015

Arcades are covered passageways with shops, stalls, cafés, or restaurants, usually in the front of private and public buildings in high‐density inner‐city quarters of European and some Asian cities. They protect shop owners and their goods, customers, residents, and
flâneurs
from sun and rain. The name stems from the architectural term “arcade,” which describes a series of columns or pillars forming a gallery or a colonnade. In Roman times the architectural form of the arcade was also used in more functional buildings, such as aqueducts or city gates.
Barthes, Roland
Authors: Lim Ming
Published: March 2015

Roland Barthes (1915–80) is a familiar name to readers of cultural and literary theory, but he remains, for many, a somewhat enigmatic figure. As a cultural critic and a semiologist, his method of analysis can appear, as the translator of the 1957 edition ofMythologies, Annette Lavers, puts it, “highly poetic and idiosyncratic.” This entry aims to clarify his early work, specifically his arguments relating to myth and the uses of semiology in cultural analysis.
Benjamin, Walter
Authors: Dassopoulos Andrea
Published: March 2015

Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) was a Frankfurt School philosopher and a Marxist, who helped develop critical theory and whose intellectual influence spans the humanities and social sciences. Most of his work has only been published relatively recently, and has largely remained fragmented and unfinished. He covered a breadth of topics in history, modernity, religiosity, art, literature, and technology.
Carnivals/Carnivalesque
Authors: Langman Lauren
Published: March 2015

Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) noted how laws and norms require transgression to be affirmed, how a society of saints requires sinners to affirm moral boundaries, and how this is often done through public spectacles of punishment or an encapsulated realm of transgression. For Victor Turner, a social structure necessarily creates an “anti‐structure,” with alternative values and practices which are generally kept apart from mainstream society. But, on occasion, often celebratory festivals, there is toleration for, if not acceptance of, what is generally considered deviant, transgressive, and indeed prohibited. Public celebrations of the transgressive have been part of Western society since the highly expressive, orgiastic Dionysian festivals of ancient Greece provided frenzied homage to the god who gave humanity wine and whose rituals included hearty drinking, singing, dancing, and a lot of cavorting.
Character Licensing
Authors: Maurer Cynthia
Published: March 2015

Character licensing is the use of fictional characters to sell merchandise through one or more manufacturers, whereby companies purchase the license for the character to produce various products. Licensed characters often come from popular culture and appeal to a wide consumer audience. In traditional character licensing, companies seek licenses after the success of the character in a comic, movie, or television show, while the “Shortcake Strategy” indicates the reverse – character creation followed by success.
Class
Authors: Thomas Jacob , Gruys Kjerstin
Published: March 2015

Social class is an essential focus of analysis for scholars in multiple academic fields, including sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, and history. The term “class” refers to a mode of social stratification by which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories. The word stems from the sixteenth‐century Latin word
classis
, used by census takers to categorize Roman citizens by wealth. Groups of people have been categorized along many different lines throughout history and across cultures, such as by culture, caste, politics, nobility, or land ownership. However, by the late eighteenth century, the term “class” had largely replaced other classifications as the primary means of organizing society into hierarchical divisions.
Commodification
Authors: Smith Alexandra Nutter
Published: March 2015

Commodification refers to the assignment of economic worth to goods and services that were previously valued for their usefulness. Through commodification, entities like human labor, natural resources, and even cultural expression become commodities. The result of this logic of commodification is a society in which commodities seem to be more important than workers or conditions of production, although this conclusion is the subject of continual negotiation. With origins in Marxist political economy, commodification has become an important concept in various scholarly applications of critical theory (including areas of inquiry such as sociology, feminist theory, environmental studies, and media studies).
Commodity Fetishism
Authors: McAllister Matthew P.
Published: March 2015

Commodity fetishism refers to the Marxian concept of the decontextualization and mystification of the social relations of production in the process of commodification. In consumer culture, the concept often emphasizes characteristics of advertising and brand discourse that ignore the production of commodities – including the social and environmental costs of large‐scale production – and instead construct additional meanings and symbolic agency around brands. The concept has influenced consumer culture scholars and key works, and has arguably become more relevant in the era of integrated marketing, licensing, and digital media.
Conspicuous Consumption
Authors: Schor Juliet B.
Published: March 2015

The term “conspicuous consumption” entered the sociological lexicon via Thorstein Veblen's biting analysis of the spending patterns of the rich and nouveau riches in the late nineteenth century.
The Theory of the Leisure Class
(1899) is an account of how these groups spent enormous energy and money constructing an ostentatious style of life. They built and decorated ornate homes, adorned their persons with clothing and jewelry, designed elaborate carriages, and employed large numbers of servants dressed in expensive uniforms. Throughout, the principles of waste, luxury, and ornamentation ruled the choices they made. The motive that animated their efforts was the desire for social esteem, which itself was dependent on the possession of wealth. But having money was not enough: it must be put “in evidence,” or become conspicuous.
Consumer Resistance Movements
Authors: Carducci Vince
Published: March 2015

Consumer resistance movements are collective efforts, both formal and informal, that use the power of the marketplace either as a means of expression or to bring about some kind of change. Consumer resistance can take the form of a refusal to participate in the market (termed
exit
), or more active participation to effect change (termed
voice
). Producers tend to view consumer resistance as reactive, something to be overcome. Consumers often view resistance as a form of agency, the exercise of sovereignty in the marketplace. Forms of consumer resistance include boycotts and their opposite, buycotts; media interventions known as culture jams and their attendant Buy Nothing Day; and new social movements such as voluntary simplicity and do‐it‐yourself. Most recently, theories of the new category
prosumption
(a combination of the words “production” and “consumption”) are re‐examining consumer resistance in the digital age.
Consumption in China
Authors: Desjeux Dominique
Published: March 2015

Consumption in China has basically followed the same trend as the United States in the 1920s and Europe during theTrente Glorieuses, the years of reconstruction and consumer development that followed World WarII, just before the 1973 oil crisis. This has led to strategic government intervention to ensure the best conditions for consumer development in China, the growth of a middle class that drives this consumption, and the establishment of seven major consumer markets between 1980 and 2013: mobility, energy, luxury goods, body care, home furnishings, and products for children and for senior citizens. The market for senior citizens is expanding rapidly because of the aging of the Chinese population: those aged over 65 will increase from 27 percent of the population in 2015 to 37 percent in 2040, and this growth will be accompanied by a services market to cater for their needs.
Consumption in India
Authors: Mathur Nita
Published: March 2015

Consumption studies in India are of particular salience because of the peculiar juxtapositioning of traditional values emphasizing frugality, voluntary poverty, and sense of community with the practice of consumption emphasizing, among others, lavishness, ostentation, and individuation. A niche is carved out in which traditional values and the practices of consumption get mutually constituted. Many of the moralistic concerns of consumption are based on scriptural injunctions that lie deep in people's psyche, and to a large extent influence their decisions and/or choices. Nearly all the main religions in the country press for altruism, sharing, benevolence, and abstemiousness – which are antithetical to the very grain of consumption. Gandhi reiterated that it is necessary to control one's indulgences. He came down heavily on the ideology promoting sovereignty of money over human spirit, and maintained that the compulsive need to expand the vast captive market lay at the root of colonial domination in India. It is often argued that the fancy products that dominate the market space project an illusion of prosperity which camouflages the reality that large sections of the population are living under conditions of poverty and deprivation.
Consumption Rituals
Authors: Ruth Julie A. , Otnes Cele C.
Published: March 2015

Consumption rituals are performative events that are often planned, repeated over time within a social group or culture, and characterized by intensive use of goods and services. Consumption rituals are structured by their scripts, performance roles, audience, and artifacts such as consumer goods that are imbued with symbolic meaning. Consumption rituals serve important sociocultural functions such as order, transformation, and communitas. The most visible consumption rituals are associated with rites of passage, holidays, and gift giving. Consumption rituals are renewed through energy and other resources devoted to them, and they change as ritual elements are appropriated, revised, and transformed.
Counterfeiting/Piracy
Authors: Botterill Jacqueline
Published: March 2015

Counterfeiting and piracy are consumer culture quagmires. By definition they refer to legal boundaries drawn around copying in market societies. To counterfeit is to copy or imitate in an unfavorable way. Piracy contravenes copyright, or the legal control extended to authors and producers over the reproduction of their creations. The assertion of these legal boundaries involves the separation of private rights from public interests, which is rarely clear‐cut because each is profoundly intertwined in the other.
Cultural Capital
Authors: Klimczuk Andrzej
Published: March 2015

Cultural capital is usually defined as set of social features that provide individuals with social mobility and the possibility of changing their hierarchical position in systems such as wealth, power, prestige, education, and health. Cultural capital thus affects the processes of social promotion or degradation. It also includes social characteristics that allow horizontal mobility, that is, changes in social group membership. An individual's cultural capital includes his or her social origin, education, taste, lifestyle, style of speech, and dress.
Cultural Intermediaries
Authors: Maguire Jennifer Smith
Published: March 2015

Cultural intermediaries mediate how goods are perceived by others, by framing those goods as culturally legitimate and thereby adding symbolic value to them. Informed by the work of Pierre Bourdieu, new economic sociology, and cultural economy, research on cultural intermediaries has focused on specific occupations, and increasingly on the interconnections between cultural intermediaries within commodity chains and cultural fields. Issues highlighted include the role of cultural intermediaries as taste makers; the implications of cultural capital and personal disposition for professional credibility; the material practices, devices, and dispositions involved in the qualification of goods and governmental mobilization of consumption; and the significance of the agency and everyday practices of market actors for the production of consumer culture.
Culture‐Ideology of Consumerism
Authors: Sklair Leslie
Published: March 2015

While the idea of consumerism as an ideology has been familiar in the social sciences for several decades, the concept of the culture‐ideology of consumerism as a key component in a theory of capitalist globalization is of relatively recent origin. It was initially proposed by Sklair in 1991 and refers to the transformation of excessively above‐subsistence consumption from a sectional practice of the rich throughout human history to a globalizing phenomenon directed at the mass of the population in the era of capitalist globalization. Its emergence can be explained in terms of two historically unprecedented factors. First, capitalism entered a qualitatively new globalizing phase in the 1950s, facilitated by the electronic revolution. Substantial increases were made possible in the productivity of factories and systems of extraction and processing of raw materials, accompanied by vastly greater efficiencies in product design, marketing, financing, and the distribution of goods and services. Second, new mass media and communications technologies made it very easy for new consumerist lifestyles to become the dominant motif for these media, which became in time extraordinarily efficient vehicles for disseminating the culture‐ideology of consumerism globally.
Department Stores
Authors: Spiller Keith
Published: March 2015

Late nineteenth‐century and early twentieth‐century department stores have been described as luxurious and grandiose “cathedrals of consumption” that contributed to, for instance, the creations of phantasmagoria, the promotion of commodity fetishes, and urban freedoms for unchaperoned women. The stores were a novel idea to the nineteenth‐century consumer used to small shops specializing in specific products. For the first time a vast array and range of goods were available all within one space.
Ecotourism
Authors: Sharpley Richard
Published: March 2015

Ecotourism is a term that is applied to a wide variety of tourism places, products and experiences, yet defies precise definition and is often used incorrectly. This entry considers the meaning of ecotourism and highlights key criticisms of the concept.
Ethical Consumption
Authors: Andorfer Veronika A.
Published: March 2015

Scholars and practitioners alike use the term “ethical consumption” in reference to consumers who satisfy their own needs and desires but are at the same time mindful of the consequences their consumption practices have on the environment, on animals, and on other human beings. A variety of other terms is used: green consumption/green consumerism, sustainable consumption, socially conscious consumption, political consumption. Having evolved at the beginning of the 1980s, initially focusing on the environmental consequences of consumption, the concept is now applied more broadly to denote a growing field of consumer practices and interdisciplinary research. Scholars from agronomy, anthropology, business and marketing, economics, ethics and philosophy, geography, political science, (social) psychology, sociology, and sustainability studies contribute to the field. The manifestations in everyday life are as diverse as the disciplines they are studied in. Common examples include buying organic, local, or fair trade products; boycotting clothes manufactured in sweatshops; or investing in green companies.