bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Composite Magnetic Materials on the Basis of Quartz-Containing Systems
Authors: Mofa N.N. , Mansurov Z.A.
Published: October 2015

Mechanochemical treatment of quartz and its mixtures with ash-slag and iron oxides in the presence of various modifying organic additives was carried out. Quartz and mixtures based on it exhibit ferromagnetic properties and are distinguished by good sorption ability toward organic substances. Crystalline silica assumes the role of the matrix during development of structure and functional properties of the magnetic adsorbent. It was found, that the polymer film, which is used to cover the quartz particles, includes regions with embedded iron nanoparticles as well as other regions enriched with active carbon. The synthesized sorbents were used to collect petroleum spill over water; high water purification degree
(up to 98 %) was achieved.
Synthesis and Characterization of Expanded Layer-Spacing Zirconium Phosphate by Ion-Exchange and Intercalation Processes
Authors: Hanna Adly A. , Ali Ashraf F. , Gad Alaa E.
Published: October 2015

In a previous work [1], we prepared α-Zr(HPO4)2.2H2O (ZrP) by direct precipitation, reflux, and by sol-gel method. The results of characterization indicated that the properties of the resultant ZrP samples depended on the method and conditions of preparation as well as on the nature of precursor used. As an important factor governing the use of such layered phosphates, various modifications were done to enlarge the interlayer spacing of α-ZrP (7.6 Å) to be suitable for exchange of large cations. This work aims to modify the interlayer spacing of α-ZrP prepared from zirconium acetylacetonate complex and phosphoric acid. Two routes were used to achieve this goal; the first is by intercalation of acid α-ZrP with n-butyl amine in its vapor-saturated atmosphere. The second route is by performing ion-exchange of the α-ZrP protons by different cations.
Phospho-Olivine as Advanced Cathode Material for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Belharouak I. , Yan Q. , Sun Y-K. , Amine K.
Published: October 2015

Nano-sized and micron-sized LiFePO4 electrode materials were prepared by a sol gel and coprecipitation reactions. An improvement of the cycling and rate performances in lithium cells was observed for the carbon coated LiFePO4 materials. The coating process uses a solid/gas-phase reaction which consists of decomposing propylene gas, as carbon source, inside a reactor containing olivine LiFePO4 materials. Optimized LiFePO4 electrode cells, cycled at RT between 3.0 and 4.3 V at a C/10 rate, do not show any sign of capacity fade during the first 50 cycles. Combination of the high volumetric energy density and low cost preparation method makes the micron-sized LiFePO4 olivine an attractive safe cathode for lithium-ion batteries.
Single Crystal X-Ray Structural Investigation of Alluaudite Related Monophosphate Na2FeMn2(PO4)3
Authors: Dridi Nezha , Arbib El Hassan , Karni El Hassan , Capitelli Francesco , Elouadi Brahim
Published: October 2015

The compound Na2FeMn2(PO4)3 has been successfully isolated with the alluaudite structural type. Accurate single crystal X-Ray diffraction has allowed solving the structure with reliability factors of R1 and Rw equal to 0.0322 and 0.0790 respectively. It was found that the symmetry is monoclinic with a space group of C2/c and lattice parameters: a = 12.180(2) Å, b = 12.660(2) Å, c = 6.500(2) Å, b = 114.528(3)(°), unit cell volume = 911.8(3) Å3, Z = 8 and dcal.=3.618 g.cm-3. Three-dimensional network is formed by the [MnO6] octahedra linked in pairs to form Mn-based octahedral dimers: ([Mn2O10]). Each dimer shares six vertices with six tetrahedra [P(2)O4] to form sheets within the plane (100). The latter are connected by tetrahedra [P(1)O4] delimiting cages and tunnels which house either Fe3+ or Na+ cations. Each [FeO6] octahedron is linked to two [Mn2O10] dimers belonging to two adjacent sheets to form mixed Fe-Mn chains of the type: - Fe3+ - Mn2+ - Mn2+ - Fe3+ - Mn2+ - Mn2+ - Fe3+ - ..., running along the direction [101].
Synthesis, Structure and Thermophysical Properties of Phosphates MNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr)
Authors: Sukhanov M.V. , Schelokov I.A. , Pet'kov V.I. , Gobechiya E.R. , Kabalov Yu.K. , Markin A.V. , Smirnova N.N.
Published: October 2015

New phosphates MNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr) were prepared by the precipitating method. Phosphates were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, IR-spectroscopy and electron microprobe analyses. The crystal structure of phosphates was refined by the Rietveld method. Phosphates CaNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 and SrNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 are shown to have been crystallized in the NaZr2(PO4)3-type structure and the phosphate MgNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 was obtained as a single-phase with Sc2(WO4)3-type structure. Heat capacity of phosphate CaNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 was measured in the range 7 – 650 K and increased monotonically over the entire temperature range studied. Thermal expansion of phosphate CaNi0.5Zr1.5(PO4)3 was studied in the interval 295-1073 K by the high temperature X-ray diffraction. This phosphate is similar to the best low-expansion ceramics, such as zircon, cordierite and silica glass in thermal expansion behavior.
Calcium Orthophosphate Bioceramics
Authors: Dorozhkin Sergey V.
Published: October 2015

The present review is intended to point the readers’ attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics. Calcium orthophosphates by one-selves appear to be of a special significance for the human beings because they represent the inorganic part of calcified tissues of mammals. Therefore, many types of calcium orthophosphate-based bioceramics possess remarkable biocompatibility and bioactivity. Materials scientists extensively use this property in attempts to construct artificial bone grafts those are either entirely made of or only surface-coated by calcium orthophosphate bioceramics. Namely, self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements are very helpful in filling voids in damaged bones, while metallic implants covered by a surface layer of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics are widely used for hip joint endoprostheses and tooth substitutes. Porous bioceramic scaffolds made of calcium orthophosphates are very promising tools for tissue engineering applications. In this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on calcium orthophosphate bioceramics has been provided.
Ceramic Materials (Phosphors) for Display Applications
Authors: Murthy K.V.R. , Atchyutha Rao Ch. , Suresh K. , Poornachandra Rao N.V. , Subba Rao B. , Walter Ratna Kumar B. , Rajasekhar B.N. , N. Rao Bellam
Published: October 2015

Phosphors the ceramic materials should able to work in tough environment surrounded and bombarded by high energy Vacuum Ultra Violet (VUV), UV or electron beam radiations in any discharge tube. The plasma display panel (PDP) is increasingly gaining attention over conventional cathode ray tube (CRT)- based TVs as a medium of large format (60+”) television (TV), particularly high definition TVs (HDTVs). Improvements have been made not only in size but also in other areas such as resolution, luminescence efficiency, brightness, contrast ratio, power consumption, and cost reduction. The formation of a phosphor host and doping process by solid solution is critical and is highly dependent on the reaction temperature and conditions. Since the purity of starting chemicals is very important to the synthesis of phosphors, the starting chemicals are typically 99.9%, 99.999% in purity. Required amounts of starting ingredients are mixed in the presence of an appropriate flux (if necessary) and fired at high temperatures (1200 °C) in air or in a controlled atmosphere (N2, C, CO, or N2 with 2-5% of H2). The present paper reports the synthesis and luminescence characteristics of different ceramic materials (phosphors) for display applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sr2CeO4 Phosphor Doped with Erbium
Authors: Murthy K.V.R. , Suresh K. , Nageswara Rao B. , Walter Ratna Kumar B. , Atchyutha Rao Ch. , Rajasekhar B.N. , Subba Rao B. , Poornachandra Rao N.V.
Published: October 2015

The present paper reports the Photoluminescence (PL) of the Sr2CeO4 phosphor, singly doped with Erbium rare-earth ion with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1%).The phosphor samples were synthesized using the standard solid state reaction technique. The effect of Er dopant on the structural, morphological, and Photoluminescent properties of the samples are studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), PL and SEM analysis. The PL emission of undoped Sr2CeO4 phosphor was observed at 470 nm with high intensity followed by the primary Er emissions with good intensity at 525, 530, 549, 557 and 565 nm.
Effect of Additional Particulate Reinforcement on the Properties of Fibrous Ceramic Matrix Composites
Authors: Vyas Milan M. , Manocha L.M. , Manocha S. , Raole P.M.
Published: October 2015

Composites, generally, consist of two phase i.e. matrix and reinforcement. Here in this work additional phase in terms of micro/nano particles was added in the fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites and its effect on the final properties of composites was studied. Composites were prepared using sol derived from Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and Dimethyldiethoxysilane (DEDMS), and polycarbosilane (PCS) as matrix precursors and SiC fabric as reinforcement. To some composites another phase of solid, micro/nano powder precursor of SiC was added to decrease number of impregnation cycles. Latter composites resulted in higher density. Green composites were post-cured and pyrolyzed. Some of the composites were heated to 1500 °C in argon atmosphere. Composites were characterized for density, microstructure and mechanical properties. It revealed that the resulting matrix was solid glass and addition of SiC powder facilitated the rapid densification. Composites prepared with SiC nanoparticles as well as SiC fabric as reinforcement exhibit higher flexural strength than those made without nanoparticles. The fracture behaviour is also seen to be of mixed mode failure type.
Structure Property Correlation in Ultrafine Grained Copper Processed by Equal Channel Angular Processing
Authors: Jayakumar P.K. , Balasubramanian K. , Rabindranath Tagore G.
Published: October 2015

Ultra fine grained copper is produced by equal channel angular processing (ECAP) routes.Multiple passing through the ECAP die reveals high grain refinement in first few passes.Transmission electron microscopies in to the samples reveal a grain refinement of 150 μm to 500 nm sized grains after 4 passes. Mechanical properties measuerement shows that the severe plastic deformation has improved the structural strength to 410 MPa. Structure property study confirms the Hall petch strengthening mechanism operational during the deformation process. The effect of initial microstructral inhomogeniety is investigated and it is found to have marginal influence in the grain refinement of the multiple pass ECAP. Process modeling study using finite element models reveal the developed shear strain and stress fields during the deformtion process.
Studies on Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoclay Reinforced Nylon-6 composites: Enhancement of Heat distortion Temperature
Authors: Manocha S. , Solanki Valay , Patel Nikesh , Manocha L.M.
Published: October 2015

Organically modified nanoclay (cation exchange capacity of 135 to 145 meq/100 g) was used as nanophase reinforcement for fabrication of nylon-6 nanocomposites. The thickness of clay platelets varied form 1.2 nm to 1.3 nm with 3.485 nm as d-spacing. Nylon 6/nanoclay composites were fabricated with loading of 2.5, 5.0 and 10 wt.% nanoclay via direct melt compounding technique using conventional twinscrew extruder. Processing temperature profile from hopper to header was 230-240-245-260 °C and screw speed was maintained at 180 rpm. The nylon 6/clay nanocomposites were characterized for thermal and mechanical properties. The structural properties were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray diffraction analysis. The tensile fracture morphology was analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). DSC nonisothermal curves show an increase in the crystallization temperature with increasing degree of crystallinity. The crystallization rate of the nanoclay reinforced nylon 6 composites was found to be significantly faster than that for the pristine nylon 6 and suggests that the layered silicates act as nucleating centers. XRD result shows that addition of nanoclay by this technique favors the formation of γ-crystalline phase in nylon 6/nanoclay composites. Due to this, there is substantial enhancement in the tensile strength and Izod impact strength. A variation from 700 to 971 Kg/cm2 for tensile strength and from 3.0 to 3.4 Kg.cm/cm of notch for Izod impact strength. The detailed results are presented.
Thermoluminescence Study of Base Materials of Ceramic Tiles
Authors: Mandavia H.C. , Murthy K.V.R. , Purohit R.U. , Patel P.K. , Sharma B.M.
Published: October 2015

Many flooring materials most of them are in natural form are used to manufacture floor tiles for household flooring purpose. The peoples demand for variety of flooring material Leeds to develop various types of ceramic tiles. In India ceramic industry is fast growing one, more then 400 units of manufacturing ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles and sanitary ware, situated around Morbi, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Many natural minerals are used as the raw materials required for the manufacturing ceramic ware. The following minerals are used to manufacturing the ceramic tiles i.e. Quartz, Feldspar, Zircon, Talc, Grog, Alumina oxide, etc. Most of the minerals are from Indian mines of Gujarat and Rajasthan states, some of are imported from Russian sub continent. The present paper reports the thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of Feldspar, Alumina and Quartz minerals collected from the ceramic tiles manufacturing unit, Morbi. The as received minerals Natural TL was recorded (NTL), and annealed and quenched from 400 °C and 800 °C followed by 15Gy beta dose given from Sr-90 beta source TL was recorded and the comparative TL (Thermoluminescence) study of above materials are presented. The characterization of the minerals is done using TGA and XRD studies.
Indentation Response and Contact Damage of Hard T-B-N Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Karuna Purnapu Rupa P. , Chakraborti P.C. , K. Mishra Suman
Published: October 2015

Titanium-boron-nitride (Ti-B-N) films were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering using a single TiB2 target. The films were deposited under different Ar:N2 ratios. The instrumented indentation technique (nanoindentation), is used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the films. A methodology is presented to evaluate the critical load to failure directly from the load depth curves. Significant effect of Ar:N2 ratio was observed on the mechanical properties of the Ti-B-N films.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles using Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Manocha S. , Joshi Parth , Patel Bhavini , Manocha L.M.
Published: October 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a unique material having high adsorption capacity of heavy metals, high ion exchange capacity, high biological compatibility, low water solubility, high stability under reducing and oxidizing conditions, availability and low cost. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been synthesized by Sol-gel method using Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate [Ca(NO3)2•4H2O] and Phosphorus pentaoxide (P2O5) as starting reactants. The addition of Phosphorus pentaoxide to Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was carried out slowly with simultaneous stirring. After addition, solution was aged for 10 minutes for maturation. The precipitate was dried at 80 °C overnight and further heat treated at 550 °C for 2 hours. The dried and calcined particles were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and Thermo gravimetric analysis. The particle size and morphology were studied using transmission electron microscopy. TEM examination of the treated powders displayed particles of polygon morphology with dimensions 20-50 nm in length. The FT-IR spectra for sample confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite.
Macrokinetics and Practical Application of SHS Process under the Conditions of a Centrifugal Force
Authors: Ksandopulo G. , Baydeldinova A. , Ainabayev A. , Arkhipov M. , Omarova K.
Published: October 2015

Extension of the possibilities of using SHS based on combustion with the aim to obtain impurity-free alloys, special ceramic materials with enhanced strength and thermal characteristics due to the effect of centrifugal acceleration is a practical task of this investigation. The use of a centripetal force in the method of SHS in layer oxide systems opens the prospect of using high temperature effects for creation of a wide spectrum of target products differing in composition and properties.
Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis of Composition Materials using Mineral Raw Materials
Authors: Abdulkarimova R.G. , Suleimenova A.S. , Mansurov Z.A. , Abdulkarimova D.S.
Published: October 2015

The possibility of obtaining multicomponent refractory composition materials on the basis of quarts containing raw material by SHS method was studied. The use of a modifying carbon additive in the form of graphite power, carbonized rice husk, apricot stones and shungit was considered. It is shown that a complex use of preliminary mechanochemical activation (MA) and modification of the charge mixture with carbon containing additives contributes to formation of carbide and nitride phases in synthesis products.
Combination of the Sol-Gel and SHS-Technologies for Obtaining the Carbonauces Refractories
Authors: Mansurov Z.А. , Dilmukhambetov Е.Е. , Fomenko S.M.
Published: October 2015

The present paper contains the results of the carbonaceous refractories SHS-synthesis carried out in the presence of nanodispersed silica added to the system by means of sol heterocoagulation. The SHSrefractory compositions have been optimized based on periclase-chromite and alumino-silicate mortars and their physical and technical properties have been determined. This material has been successfully used for lining of the induction melting furnace at one of the machinery plants.
Production of Ferro Alloys from Wolframite Concentrate Using Pressure
Authors: Golovchenko N.Yu. , Bayrakova O.S. , Ksandopulo G.I . , Aknazarov S.Kh.
Published: October 2015

The temperature of aluminotermic processes changes largely depending on appointment, structure and property of received products. Optimum conditions steal up for each concrete process. One of important practical questions is influence of temperature and external pressure upon extraction of restored elements in an ingot. In work concentration and high-speed limits of burning of system WO3-Al are defined. Limits of burning of system (4.3 – 19.1 g/sm3) are established at dilute from 10 to 300 % by a ballast. The factors influencing for speed of burning mixture from tungsten concentrate are investigated. Influence of superfluous pressure on fusion indicators is investigated at reception ferrotungsten from various raw materials. Modes of preparation of initial raw materials to process of fusion are defined and parameters of carrying out of process of reception ferrotungsten under pressure are established. It is shown that superfluous pressure does not shift balance of reaction of restoration of tungsten only suppresses disorder of a reacting mix and prevents ablation of a reacting mix that promotes increase in an exit of an alloy.
Modelling of Processes of Decomposition of Organic Compounds of Municipal Solid Wastes in Cross Electromechanical Fields
Authors: Abdinov R.Sh. , Nurkeev S.S. , Silvestri R.
Published: October 2015

At the present time, one of the most common methods of disposing the municipal solid wastes (MSW) is burial in sanitary landfills, where take place, long-term complex of physico-chemical and biochemical processes of decomposition. It was developed modeling of the natural process of decomposition of the solid Municipal wastes in cross electromechanical fields. The synthesized pellets was studied by IR spectroscopy. Residual hydrocarbons has a complex structure, represented by δ-lactones, cyclopentanone. The results of treatment of husk show there were the characteristic frequencies related to the OH group, indicating that the synthesis of dimers of branched chain alcohols (glycerides). Analysis of model shows that hydrocarbon product formed by the method of matching the external effects of the internal response of the reacting carbon-water composition.
Soot and Fullerenes Formation in the Premixed Benzene-Oxygen Mixture in Electric Field at Low Pressure
Authors: Mansurov Z.A. , Prikhodko N.G. , Lesbayev B.T. , Auyelkhankyzy M.
Published: October 2015

Influence of the direct electric current of different polarity on flame forms, soot yield, parameters of soot samples micro crystals (Lа, Lc and d002) and soot particles sizes in intensity range from 0.5 to 20 kV at electrode systems «needle-plane» at combustion of benzene-oxygen mixture at the ratio С/О = 1.0 with addition of 10% volume of argon at pressure 40 Torr was investigated. It was found that at positive polarity action of electric field rises to such a degree that at U ≥ 10 kV it leads to flame extinction. It is shown that maximum decrease in soot yield is observed at negative polarity. It was found that intensity range of electric field in which soot yield was 10% more soot yield without applying electric field. It was shown that parameters of soot micro crystals on average remain constant irrespective of intensity and polarity. Fullerenes С60, С70 and PAH were identified in the extracts of soot samples by the method of IRspectroscopy.
Carbon Nanosorbent for Purification Different Biomolecules
Authors: Mansurov Z.A. , Kerimkulova A.R. , Ibragimova S.A. , Gukenheimer E.Y.
Published: October 2015

The article presents the results of physico-chemical studies on the development of nanostructured carbon materials from domestic raw materials. Were obtained and tested micro-mesoporous carbon sorbents for molecular-sieve chromatography of markers and investigated the applicability of carbon sorbents for the separation of protein-lipid complex, and plant bio-stimulator. Carbon sorbents have well-developed porous structure but their disadvantage is the weak mechanical
strength. Recently it was shown that some carbon nanostructures have enormous strength. Thus arose the need to give the nano structured elements to carbon sorbent. Creating carbon sorbents containing nanocarbon structure was the aim of our study, as these by sorbents will be very useful for large-scale purification of biomolecules.
STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE ACOUSTICAL QUALITY OF THE MOSQUES WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Setiyowati Ernaning
Published: October 2015

One of the criteria of a good mosque is a good quality of building acoustic for some ibadah purposes, such as prayer and Friday speech. Mosques with medium size actually need no reinforcement system yet. Unfortunately, most of Indonesian mosques’ typological form were given very little attention about their acoustical problem. Such problems have found in almost every mosques. Therefore, some strategies are needed to fix the problem. Those strategies can be practiced on mosque’s interior surfaces such as ceiling, walls, and floor. One of the strategy is using the absorption material on the wall and the floor, beside using the reflection material on the ceiling. The placement of those materials depends on the path of the sound. The strategy can be used in every form of mosque with only  little different treatment in each mosque’s form. With this strategy, it is expected that mosques with medium size will no longer use the reinforcement system, yet the voice still can reach all of the jamaah. Thus this strategy can be used to reduce the use of energy in these buildings.
ISLAMIZATION OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE: SHIFTING THE PARADIGM OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Hamouche Mustapha Ben-
Published: October 2015

Islamic architecture is often thought as a history course and thus finds its material limited to the cataloguing and studying of legacies of successive empires or various geographic regions of the Islamic world. In practice, adherent professionals tend to reproduce high styles such as Umayyad, Abassid, Fatimid, Ottoman, etc., or recycle well known elements such as the minarets, courtyards, and mashrabiyyahs. This approach, endorsed by the present comprehensive Islamic revival, is believed to be the way to defend and revitalize the identity of Muslim societies that was initially affected by colonization and now is being offended by globalization. However, this approach often clashes with the contemporary trends in architecture that do not necessarily oppose the essence of Islamic architecture. Furthermore, it sometimes lead to an erroneous belief that consists of relating a priori forms to Islam and that clashes with the timeless and universal character of the Islamic religion. The key question to be asked then is, beyond this historicist view, what would be an “Islamic architec-ture” of nowadays that originates from the essence of Islam and that responds to contemporary conditions, needs, aspirations of present Muslim societies and individuals. To what extends can Islamic architecture bene-fits from modern progress and contemporary thought in resurrecting itself without loosing its essence. The hypothesis of the study is that, just as early Muslim architecture started from the adoption, use and re-use of early pre-Islamic architectures before reaching originality, this process, called Islamization, could also take place nowadays with the contemporary thought that is mostly developed in Western and non-Islamic environ-ments. Mechanisms in Islam that allowed the “absorption” of pre-existing civilizations should thus structure the islamization approach and serve the scholars and professionals to reach the new Islamic architecture. The objectives of the paper consist of counter-criticizing orientalists’ views that overwhelm our libraries and references systems, and that consider the first stage of Islamic civilization, within which architecture is part, as a mere cut-and-paste process and, at best, a synthesis of these pre-Islamic heritages, and overcoming the prevailing historicist approach, and open new scopes for future generations to instate a new era of islamization that permits digesting the contemporary Western thoughts in a conscious, critical, and constructive way.
SULTAN HASSAN MOSQUE: AN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL WONDER ANALYTICAL STUDY OF DESIGN AND ITS EFFECT ON ISLAMIC CAIRO
Authors: Kamal Ismail Kareem Adel Mohamed
Published: October 2015

Cities in 21st century are losing identity due to globalization and rapid urbanism. However, great architectural buildings like Sultan Hassan Mosque Complex show us that great architectural wonders can keep this identity and can affect positively in society’s life. The simple aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between architectural features and Islamic meanings in modern world through studying the past. The study is mainly based on two main sources of data, literature review regarding historical part and site visit dealing with discussion of architectural features, uses and effect on surroundings society. Based on these sources, analysis was made based on matrix relationship between two sets of criteria, architectural parts (design, usage, location, artistic features), and mosque significance in Islam (prayer house, community center, center of knowledge, meeting place for shoura). Findings proved the existence of consequent relationship between Islam and architecture, as Islamic principles affect the design of the mosque in religious, social, and service aspects. Alternatively, architectural building satisfies all Muslim needs. This dual effect situation shapes recommend-dations like enhancement of the multidimensional use of the mosque, strengthen the community service role of the mosque, and developing design of modern mosques to fulfill Muslim requirements with 21st century measures and also endorse Islamic values through architecture.
ANALISIS HADITS DALAM PERMASALAHAN PERANCANGAN MASJID MODERN DI MALAYSIA
Authors: Hafsah Othman Nangkula Utaberta,
Published: October 2015

This paper tries to make a documentation and analysis based on the second source of Islam which is Prophetic traditions in providing an alternative approach for the design of modern mosques in Malaysia. This research is done by gathering traditions from the compilation of al-Bukhari and Muslim which are then being interpreted and used as a framework to answer different type of problem, issue, crisis in mosque design in Malaysia. The study is divided into two main sections. The first section contains issues and problems in mosque design in Malaysia while the second  section try to analyze the compilation of hadith in attempt to view issue and problems in mosque design in Malaysia. It is expected that through this paper we can understand the use of Prophetic traditions as one of the main foundations and framework for the present and the  future modern mosque designs in Malaysia.

 

Keyword: Prophetic tradition, modern mosque design, Islamic architecture
JERUSALEM: A TALE OF A CITY
Authors: Mandour M. Alaa
Published: October 2015

World class cities are few and far between, sometimes referred to as ‘global cities’ or simply ‘world cities’. There are no more than a dozen metropolitan areas in the world that can claim  this kind of global status. London,  New  York,  Paris,  and  Tokyo  sit  at  the  top  of  this  world  city  hierarchy. They  have  enormous concentrations of economic, political, and cultural clout – measured by such things as the number of corporate headquarters, the size of their stock exchanges, the presence of national and international political bodies, and their role in music, fashion, and other cultural activities. What would it take to make a city claimed by two nations and central to three religions “merely” a city, a place of difference and diversity in which contending ideas and citizenries can co-exist in benign yet creative ways? The intractable conflicts in the Middle East and the cycle of violence among Israelis and Palestinians are deeply embedded in historical struggles over national sovereignty and the right to territory. For this reason, questions about whose state will prevail in what physical location have defined the terms of conflict and negotiation. This also has meant that most proposed solutions to  “the  Middle  East  problem”  have  revolved  around  competing  claims  of  nation-states,  their  rights  to existence, and their physical and juridically-sanctioned relationships to each other. While true generally, this framing of the problem has been especially dominant in the case of Jerusalem, a city that is geographically and historically an overlay of spaces and artifacts that carry deep meaning for competing peoples and nations. The current struggles of Palestinians and Israelis to each claim this hallowed ground as their capital city has added yet another layer of complexity, conflict, and political division, all of which is reflected in the competing/dual nomenclature Al-Quds/Jerusalem used to refer to the  city –as well as the violence and contestation that continues to accelerate unabated.

 

Keywords: two nations, three religions, Jerusalem
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY WESTERN TRAVELLERS’ CONCEPTION OF THE ARĪM: RESTORING THE CULTURAL COMPLEXITY OF THE IJĀB IN ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Al-Murahhem Faredah Mohsen
Published: October 2015

This paper examines 19th   century Western travellers’ understanding of the ḥarīm. Focusing in  particular on visual  depictions,  it  investigates  the  misconception  and  misrepresentation  of  the  ḥarīm  in  Orientalists’ paintings and Western culture, using thework of the artist John Frederick Lewis as a main case study. Arguing that such representations oversimplify and fantasise sacred Islamic cultural experience,  this  paper,  as a counterpoint, restores a detailed understanding of the ḥarīm and defines its wider Islamic implication within Arabic culture. Applying etymology and Islamic scripture to the study of architectural design,  this study explores the centrality of the concept of ḥijāb (veil) to the organisation of physical space for women in the Islamic home. Written from the perspective of an Arabic Muslim  woman, this study seeks to explore the concept of the ḥarīm from the “Others” perspective.

Keyword: Western travellers, Orientalists, Muslim women, ḥarīm, Arabic culture
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON ISLAMIC POLITICAL SPACE: MADINA IN QUR’ANIC DISCOURSE
Authors: Ziada Hazem
Published: October 2015

Is there a particularly Islamic political space? This paper initiates this long-term research project of spatializing early Islamic history, drawing on the Qur’ān’s own spatial discourse. The project seeks to articulate the roles space plays in early Islam’s political project. Within this framework, this paper defends the assertion that early Islam presents socio-political relationships which suggest al-madina –a particular conception of the ‘city’ - as a pivotal locus in this formative political space. Arguments focus on the origins of such a conception in its Meccan Qur’ānic occurrences. Four  preliminary features emerge: the madina’s association with Qur’ānic journey- narratives and debates of legitimate authority; its environmental connection to a productive hinter-land; its association with a trans-tribal social structure; and its evocation of a public-sphere. Set against the historical background of late-antiquity in which the first Muslim umma appeared and where concurrently the city, as a social artifact, faced threats of dispersion and irrelevance, these features potentially constitute a program for the emergent umma to salvage urbanity itself. In a later paper, evidence from the Prophet’s acts in al-Madina (Yathrib) and his Companions’ developments of other urban settlements, especially al-Kufa, will be engaged to substantiate the relation between Qur’ānic text and human action.

 

Keywords:  Qur’anic verses, political space, Muslim umma, madina
SHARJAH’S ISLAMIC URBAN IDENTITY AND THE LIVING CITY
Authors: John Biln Mohamed El-Amrousi,
Published: October 2015

Prominently placed amidst open gardens and along the waterfront of the Sharjah Corniche,  several recent monumental buildings collectively suggest a new urban image and socio-cultural space for a modern Muslim urban identity. Along with a series of restaurants, entertainment spaces, and office building, Masjid al-Noor, Masjid al-Maghfira, Al-Qasbah, and the Museum of  Islamic Civilization house important cultural institutions, combining eclectic references to the history of Islam into a new urban order. Neither entirely the conservative vernacularism of whole-scale historical mimicry, nor altogether the neo-vernacularism of fragmentary pastiche, this urban assemblage embraces these two distinct design approaches at the level of the individual buildings, but unifies them at the urban scale in what could be called neo-regional urbanism.  The stylistic clarity of Masjid al-Noor, which consistently integrates the stylistic elements of Ottoman styled mosques, contrasts with the isolated fragments of Moorish/Hispanic lattice work that adorn the otherwise modern Masjid al-Maghfira. Al-Qasbah’s neo-Islamic horse-shoe arches contrast with the Syrian-Ottoman styled facades of the Museum of Islamic  Civilization.  Although  these  buildings  individually  address  the  problems  of  built  form  and  the application of Islamic ornaments disparate ways, taken together this group of new monuments forms a complex urban whole that serves to reflect and deepen an emerging sense of identity that is built upon  a similarly complex mix of multicultural non-western ethnicities that make up the fluid and mobile population of Sharjah. This urban assemblage has become such a popular space of gathering that it has begun to shift the centre of gravity of Sharjah’s urban social space towards the Corniche,  and in so doing has produced an authentic alternative to the introverted malls and isolated dreamscapes of Dubai. This paper studies the strategies and effects of this assemblage of neo-Islamic monuments in Sharjah, and considers how it effectively rethinks the possibilities of the contemporary Arab city.

 

Keywords:  Urban identity, Sharjah, Muslim heritage, Arab culture
THE CONCEPTS OF GOD, MAN, AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN ISLAM: IMPLICATIONS FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Omer Spahic
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses the concepts of God, man, and the natural environment, as well as some of their implications for Islamic architecture. The paper is divided into eight sections, (1) Introduction: what is Islamic architecture?, (2)  Tawhid (God’s Oneness), (3) Islam and the role of man on earth, (4) Islam and the environment, (5) The importance of built environment, (6) Peaceful and sustainable coexistence between the environment, architecture and man, (7) The unique soul of Islamic architecture, and (8) Conclusion. The nature of the paper – its content, methodology, and conclusions –, is conceptual and philosophical, rather than empirical. The paper concludes that Islamic architecture is an architecture that through its multidimensionality embodies the message of Islam. It both facilitates the Muslims’ realization of the Islamic purpose and its divine principles on earth and promotes a lifestyle generated by such a philosophy and principles. At the core of Islamic architecture lies function with all of its dimensions: corporeal, cerebral and spiritual. The role of the form is an important one too, but only inasmuch as it supplements and enhances function.  

Keywords: Man, Islamic architecture, God, environment
THE DYNAMICS OF THE FORM OF NUSANTARA MOSQUE: ARCHITECTURAL HOMOGENEITY VIS A VIS ARCHITECTURAL HYBRIDITY
Authors: Wismantara Pudji Pratitis
Published: October 2015

There are two points of departure in the design of mosque architecture in Nusantara, namely architectural homogeneity and architectural hybridity. Each provides the legitimacy of the architecture of identity formation. This paper seeks to explore the comparative, the concept of homogeneity and hybridity
architecture, with a critical theory approach. The  results of this search is, the concept of architectural homogeneity establishing assumption that certain architectural forms are supposed to represent "universal identity and modernity" of Muslim architecture. Meanwhile, the concept of architectural hybridity to show enrichment architecture identity because of the attempt to combine aspects of the universality of Islam with locality of Nusantara. Both these aspects can be positioned as the two subjects of mutual dialogue in a parallel position. As architecture strategy, the concept of hybridity reflects the effort or ijtihad in interpreting local and universal contextuality in the contemporary conditions that are constantly evolving and open.

Keywords: Nusantara mosque, hybridity of architecture, homogeneity of architecture, architecture strategy
THE ISLAM-ORIENTED HOUSE STRUCTURE IN KANO: A VANISHING HERITAGE IN MODERN CITY COMPOSITION
Authors: Yahya Ahmad
Published: October 2015

he debut of colonialism along with the consequent de facto supremacy of the Western world did not only
negatively impact on the economy and polity of the Muslim world. It has also, to some reasonable extent,
polluted the social system, particularly the structure and form of cities. Human scale is gradually diminishing
as a yardstick for construction and is being replaced by a mathematical one. Collectivism, which used to
characterize Muslims' social set-up, is now being over-shadowed by stark individualism. The Islamic social
values which used to be the binding force that held Muslims together are now being crushed by moral
relativity. The situation becomes so chronic that many people begin to assume that Islam has a very negligible
role to play in the formation and construction of modern cities. Kano, a predominantly Muslim state in NorthWestern

Nigeria, inherited a thousand year-old Islam-oriented building architecture which made it a model
Islamic city in pre-colonial Africa. Of special reference is the residential structure which no doubt reflects
Islamic culture. Unfortunately, this age-old heritage is now being pushed to the brink of extinction by the
almighty modern architecture. This paper explores the Islamic in the Kano traditional residential structure and
attempts to comparatively bring into light the extent to which it is diminishing in the modern building
architecture. The paper suggests blending the two for a peaceful and harmonious co-existence.   
ADAPTATION STRATEGY OF MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN THE MINORITY NEIGHBORHOOD Case Studies: Mosques in Denpasar City and Badung Regency, Province of Bali.
Authors: Saputra Andika , Rochis Muhammad
Published: October 2015

Mosque for Muslims who living in the middle of minority neighborhood in Province of Bali not only function as a signifier for the presence a Muslims community, but also have a central role because mosque is the only gathering place for fellow Muslims. In the present, Muslims in the province of Bali is facing various challenge that cause adaptation strategies of mosque architecture for the existence of mosque in the neighborhood can be accepted by society from other faith. This preliminary study aim to knowing the adaptation strategies of mosque architecture undertaken Muslims in the province of Bali along with the factor that drive adaptation. Study conducted using qualitative-inductive method. Locus of study in the Denpasar City and Badung Regency where is the center of activity and concentration of Muslims in the province of Bali with a different background neighborhood. Object of study used a large mosque that are the central of Muslims activity. The finding this study showed that there are three types of mosque architecture adaptation strategies undertaken by Muslims in the Province of Bali are (1) external factor are responded by applying dominate elements of Balinese style architecture, (2) internal factor is awareness to applying elements of Balinese style architecture to show identity as a Muslims who appreciate local value, and (3) internal factor to applying the characteristic architectural style of the Middle East mosque is considered ideal to represent identity as Muslims.
The Treatment of the Architectural Unit above Openings of the Mamluk and Ottoman Facades in Cairo
Authors: Saad Abdel Naby Heba Mahmoud
Published: October 2015

The facades of the Mamluk buildings have a common characteristic feature which is the use of lintels, nafis and relieving arches above doors and windows. The three elements together formed a unit with an important architectural function on the façades. This unit was also treated as a focal point of the façade. Therefore, it was richly decorated with floral and geometric decorations and was usually made of colored marble, joggles voussoirs or carved stones. As a result, that unit attracted the attention of pedestrians and added to the beauty of the façade.
 During the Ottoman period the same unit was used on facades, however, due to financial and political reasons, the materials used differed and the decorations became modest. Nonetheless, the decoration of the lintel, nafis and relieving arch managed to mark the Ottoman facades with a different identity.
PEMAHAMAN MAHASISWA ATAS METODE PENELITIAN KUALITATIF: SEBUAH REFLEKSI ARTIKEL HASIL PENELITIAN
Authors: Sari Pertiwi Widya Hanum , Weganofa Riza
Published: October 2015

This article aimed at describing students’ difficulties in writing research-based paper. It is expected that lecturers who teach research methodology course will get a lot of benefit from this study. The respondents of this research was 131 students who conducted a research which employed qualitative design and wrote their articles which showed the research results. The data gained showed that the university students’ who became the respondents had difficulties in writing research-based article related toqualitative research design. The difficulties were: most of the students showed their difficulties in identifying the research instrument, data sources, and relevant sources that support their research. Next, they were also had obstacle in explaining or discussing the result of their research. It means that they did not understand that qualitative researchdesign employs snowballing technique and enabling the researcher to generate theory.
TAFSIR SEMANTIK TERHADAP SURAT AL-KAFIRUN
Authors: Muslimin Imam
Published: October 2015

The problems about the reading of al-Qur’an is always interesting to be discussed, in which the use of Arabic includes sound or ‘nash’ is acrucial factor to understand the implicit meaning of the Arabic-written texts. Al-Qur’an discusses problem based on the society’s culture. Al-Kafirun discusses not only about the normative theology but more about sociological contexts in which it tends to show transparency, fight against fanaticism and regionalism. And all of the will bring to the first process of the making of the text meaning to the situational context that creates them.
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL USING A PROCESS APPROACH
Authors: Nurrohmah Galuh
Published: October 2015

Ketrampilan menulis merupakan jenis ketrampilan berbahasa yang membutuhkan baik kemampuan tatabahasa dan pengorganisasian ide. Untuk meningkatkan ketrampilan menulis siswa bukanlah upaya yang sederhana, tetapi merupakan upaya yang membutuhkan cara-cara tertentu. Pengajaran  ketrampilan menulis yang selama ini diterapkan di kelas lebih berorientasi pada pendekatan tradisional di mana pengajar ketrampilan menulis menyuruh siswa untuk menuliskan karangan dan karangan tersebut dikumpulkan untuk dikoreksi. Pada pendekatan ini siswa tidak diberi kesempatan untuk memasuki dunia nyata dalam menulis yaitu mencari topik, membuat kerangka karangan, menuliskan draft awal, merivisi dan menulis draft akhir. Langkah-langkah tersebut bisa dijumpai dalam pendekatan proses. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan tersebut dalam pengajaran ketrampilan menulis, siswa merasakan pembelajaran yang bermakna dan siswa dapat meningkatkan ketrampilan menulis mereka.  
AL-BALAGHAH; ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN DISIPLIN ILMU (PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH BAHASA DAN SASTRA ARAB)
Authors: Abdul Hamid M.
Published: October 2015

At first, the study of al balaghah was focused on the study of al ma’nani, that functions to remove lahn similar with nahwu.  The history of al balaghah is divided into four stages, 1) marhalah al-nasy’ah  (growth), (2) marhalah al-numuw (development), (3) marhalah al-izdizar (glory), and (4) marhalah al-dhubul (decline). In Jahiliyah era, the Arabs used al fashahah and al balaghah in their language. They were proud much on their language style in orang language, however the al-balaghah was not constructed as a field of knowledge yet. During Bani Ummaya era, there were many khitabaat, asy’ar and natsr contributing to the development al-balaghah as a field of study. Furthermore, in Bani Abbasiyyah era, al balaghah as a field of study was well formed so that mustholahaat on the discussion of balaghah was defined and well ordered. In the following era, al balaghah declined without significant development.