bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of fatty acids in early mid‐life in fertile women: Implications for reproductive decline and other chronic health problems
Authors: Ford Judith H. , Tavendale Roger
Published: March 2009

The relationship between adipose fatty acid levels and age is examined in 635 Scottish fertile women aged 25–48. Fatty acids levels are highly significantly correlated with age. Factor analysis identifies four factors that account for 79.6% of variance in the data. Three Factors show significant regressions with age and patterns of involvement of specific fatty acids suggest that these Factors represent the activity of fatty acid delta‐desaturase enzymes as follows: Factor 1—delta‐9‐desaturase, Factor 2—delta‐5‐desaturase, and Factor 4—delta‐6‐desaturase. Key changes, apparently reductions in enzyme activity, occur through the 30 and 40‐year‐old age groups. Such changes in enzyme function could account for decline in female fertility and increases in body fat and chronic disease common in early mid‐life. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asbestos fibers in para‐aortic and mesenteric lymph nodes
Authors: Uibu Toomas , Vanhala Esa , Sajantila Antti , Lunetta Philippe , Mäkelä‐Bengs Päivi , Goebeler Sirkka , Jäntti Matti , Tossavainen Antti
Published: March 2009

Background

Asbestos fibers are known to accumulate in lung parenchyma and thoracic lymph nodes, but their presence and translocation into the extrapulmonary tissues need clarification. We assessed the presence of asbestos in the para‐aortic (PA) and mesenteric (ME) lymph nodes.

Methods

PA and ME lymph nodes and lung tissue from 17 persons who underwent medicolegal autopsy for suspicion of asbestos‐related disease and from five controls were analyzed for asbestos fibers using transmission electron microscopy.

Results

High concentrations of amphibole asbestos fibers were detected in several lung tissue samples and in the respective PA and ME lymph nodes. The mean concentration for the 10 persons with a lung asbestos content of ≥1 million fibers/g of dry tissue (f/g) was 0.85 (<0.05–4.36) million f/g in the PA lymph nodes and 0.55 (<0.02–2.86) million f/g in the ME lymph nodes. The respective mean values for the 12 persons with a lung asbestos concentration of <1 million f/g were 0.07 for the PA lymph nodes and 0.03 million f/g for the ME nodes. The lung asbestos burden that predicted the detection of asbestos in abdominal lymph nodes was 0.45 million f/g.

Conclusions

In addition to their accumulation in lung tissue, asbestos fibers also collect in the retroperitoneal and the mesenteric lymph nodes. Even low‐level occupational exposure results in the presence of crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, or chrysotile in these abdominal lymph nodes. Our results support the hypothesis of lymph drainage as an important translocation mechanism for asbestos in the human body. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:464–470, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloid imaging in mild cognitive impairment subtypes
Authors: Wolk David A. , Price Julie C. , Saxton Judy A. , Snitz Beth E. , James Jeffrey A. , Lopez Oscar L. , Aizenstein Howard J. , Cohen Ann D. , Weissfeld Lisa A. , Mathis Chester A. , Klunk William E. , DeKosky Steven T.
Published: March 2009

Objective

We utilized the amyloid imaging ligand Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) to determine the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in different mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes and to relate increased PiB binding to other markers of early AD and longitudinal outcome.

Methods

Twenty‐six patients with MCI (13 single‐domain amnestic‐MCI [a‐MCI], 6 multidomain a‐MCI, and 7 nonamnestic MCI) underwent PiB imaging. Twenty‐three had clinical follow‐up (21.2 ± 16.0 [standard deviation] months) subsequent to their PiB scan.

Results

Using cutoffs established from a control cohort, we found that 14 (54%) patients had increased levels of PiB retention and were considered “amyloid‐positive.” All subtypes were associated with a significant proportion of amyloid‐positive patients (6/13 single‐domain a‐MCI, 5/6 multidomain a‐MCI, 3/7 nonamnestic MCI). There were no obvious differences in the distribution of PiB retention in the nonamnestic MCI group. Predictors of conversion to clinical AD in a‐MCI, including poorer episodic memory, and medial temporal atrophy, were found in the amyloid‐positive relative to amyloid‐negative a‐MCI patients. Longitudinal follow‐up demonstrated 5 of 13 amyloid‐positive patients, but 0 of 10 amyloid‐negative patients, converted to clinical AD. Further, 3 of 10 amyloid‐negative patients “reverted to normal.”

Interpretation

These data support the notion that amyloid‐positive patients are likely to have early AD, and that the use of amyloid imaging may have an important role in determining which patients are likely to benefit from disease‐specific therapies. In addition, our data are consistent with longitudinal studies that suggest a significant percentage of all MCI subtypes will develop AD. Ann Neurol 2009;65:557–568
A γ‐secretase inhibitor decreases amyloid‐β production in the central nervous system
Authors: Bateman Randall J. , Siemers Eric R. , Mawuenyega Kwasi G. , Wen Guolin , Browning Karen R. , Sigurdson Wendy C. , Yarasheski Kevin E. , Friedrich Stuart W. , DeMattos Ronald B. , May Patrick C. , Paul Steven M. , Holtzman David M.
Published: March 2009

Objective

Accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) by overproduction or underclearance in the central nervous system (CNS) is hypothesized to be a necessary event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, previously, there has not been a method to determine drug effects on Aβ production or clearance in the human CNS. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a γ‐secretase inhibitor on the production of Aβ in the human CNS.

Methods

We utilized a recently developed method of stable‐isotope labeling combined with cerebrospinal fluid sampling to directly measure Aβ production during treatment of a γ‐secretase inhibitor, LY450139. We assessed whether this drug could decrease CNS Aβ production in healthy men (age range, 21–50 years) at single oral doses of 100, 140, or 280mg (n = 5 per group).

Results

LY450139 significantly decreased the production of CNS Aβ in a dose‐dependent fashion, with inhibition of Aβ generation of 47, 52, and 84% over a 12‐hour period with doses of 100, 140, and 280mg, respectively. There was no difference in Aβ clearance.

Interpretation

Stable isotope labeling of CNS proteins can be utilized to assess the effects of drugs on the production and clearance rates of proteins targeted as potential disease‐modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other CNS disorders. Results from this approach can assist in making decisions about drug dosing and frequency in the design of larger and longer clinical trials for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and may accelerate effective drug validation. Ann Neurol 2009
Early imaging correlates of subsequent motor recovery after stroke
Authors: Marshall Randolph S. , Zarahn Eric , Alon Leeor , Minzer Brandon , Lazar Ronald M. , Krakauer John W.
Published: March 2009

Objective

To determine whether functional magnetic resonance imaging activation obtained in the first few days after stroke correlates with subsequent motor recovery.

Methods

Twenty‐three patients with hemiparesis after first‐time stroke were scanned at 2.0 ± 0.9 days while performing a simple motor task. We defined recovery as the change in Fugl–Meyer score from time of scan to approximately 3 months later (90 ± 8 days). We performed three different tests to assess correlations between brain activation and change in Fugl–Meyer score: (1) multivariate (most sensitive to spatially diffuse activation); (2) voxel‐wise Statistical Parametric Mapping (most sensitive to focal activation), and (3) primary motor cortex region‐of‐interest analysis (most sensitive to average activation within this region). All tests controlled for initial stroke severity and lesion volume, as well as other established clinical variables.

Results

The multivariate test was significant [F (595, 4,934) = 1.93; p < 0.001]. The Statistical Parametric Mapping test detected two small clusters of focal activity located in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus and cingulate cortex (p < 0.05, corrected). The region‐of‐interest test was not significant.

Interpretation

There is a pattern of brain activation present in the first few days after stroke, of which the postcentral gyrus and cingulate cortex are a part, that correlates with subsequent motor recovery. This result suggests that there are recovery processes engaged early after stroke that could provide a target for intervention. Ann Neurol 2009;65:596–602
A Detection System Based on Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors and High‐Moment Magnetic Nanoparticles Demonstrates Zeptomole Sensitivity: Potential for Personalized Medicine
Authors: Srinivasan Balasubramanian , Li Yuanpeng , Jing Ying , Xu YunHao , Yao Xiaofeng , Xing Chengguo , Wang Jian‐Ping
Published: March 2009

Ein zeptomolarer Detektor: Ein hoch empfindlicher Chip mit Riesenmagnetwiderstand in Kombination mit FeCo‐Nanopartikeln ermöglicht die lineare Detektion von nur 600–4500 Streptavidin‐Molekülen. Schon unter nichtoptimierten Bedingungen erkennt das System überdies humanes IL‐6 mit einer 13‐mal höheren Empfindlichkeit als ELISA‐Standardtechniken.

magnified image
5‐(Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)tetrazole‐Catalyzed Aldol and Mannich Reactions: Acceleration and Lower Catalyst Loading in a Continuous‐Flow Reactor
Authors: Odedra Arjan , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: March 2009

Continuous organocatalysis: Fast aldol and Mannich reactions require less catalyst when conducted in a microreactor. A proline tetrazole derivative (5–10 mol %) catalyzes asymmetric aldol reactions between various aromatic aldehydes and ketones in microreactor at 60 °C with reaction times ranging from 10 to 30 min.

magnified image
A Preferred Disrotatory 4n Electron Möbius Aromatic Transition State for a Thermal Electrocyclic Reaction
Authors: Mauksch Michael , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: March 2009

Not forbidden: Thermal 4n electron electrocyclic reactions of Hückel topology structures proceed via “allowed” conrotatory pathways. However, for a Möbius topology, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules may be reversed and a “forbidden” disrotatory pathway can be preferred as shown theoretically for dodecahexaene 1 that transforms via a Heilbronner–Möbius aromatic transition structure 2 into a cyclic polyene 3.

magnified image
A Detection System Based on Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors and High‐Moment Magnetic Nanoparticles Demonstrates Zeptomole Sensitivity: Potential for Personalized Medicine
Authors: Srinivasan Balasubramanian , Li Yuanpeng , Jing Ying , Xu YunHao , Yao Xiaofeng , Xing Chengguo , Wang Jian‐Ping
Published: March 2009

Zeptomole detector: A highly sensitive giant‐magnetoresistive chip and FeCo nanoparticles can be used to linearly detect 600–4500 copies of streptavidin. Under unoptimized conditions, this system also detects human IL‐6 with a sensitivity 13‐times higher than that of standard ELISA techniques.

magnified image
Peptides Recognize Photoresponsive Targets
Authors: Chen Jing , Serizawa Takeshi , Komiyama Makoto
Published: March 2009

Clones on film: 7‐mer peptides that bind to azobenzene‐containing polymer films were selected from a phage library under visible light. Isolated clones showed greater affinities to the films under ultraviolet light than those under visible light. Furthermore, the peptide binding responds to the photoinduced isomerization of azobenzene groups.

magnified image
Direct Alkenylation of Indoles with α‐Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals: Efficient Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids Meridianin Derivatives
Authors: Yu Haifeng , Yu Zhengkun
Published: March 2009

Let's make 'meri': Metal‐free direct alkenylation of indoles was realized by acid‐mediated substitution reactions of α‐oxo ketene dithioacetals with indoles in trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane, selectively affording β‐indolyl mono‐ and disubstituted α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds (see scheme). Condensation of the indolyl/ketene monothioacetals and guanidine nitrate efficiently produced meridianin derivatives.

magnified image
Linear and branched polyoxide‐based copolymers: Methods to determine the CMC
Authors: Silva Priscila R. S. , Mauro Aparecida C. , Mansur Claudia R. E.
Published: March 2009

Evaluation of the physical–chemical properties of aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants based on polyoxides can be performed by different methods. Depending on the technique used, there can be a significant variation in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) found. This is related to the sensitivity of the technique regarding the unimers and micelles present in the solution as well as the structure of the surfactant evaluated. In this work, the CMC values of aqueous solutions of linear and branched poly(ethylene oxide‐polypropylene oxide) (PEO‐PPO) block copolymers were determined by tensiometry, fluorescence, and particle size analysis, using copolymers having adjacent structures (that is, hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments located adjacently in the copolymer) and alternating structures. Tensiometry was used to measure the surface tension as a function of the copolymer concentration in aqueous solution. Fluorescence was used to determine the fluorescence intensity of pyrene to plot the graphs of the I1/I3 and IE/IM relations according to the surfactant concentration. Finally, particle size analysis was used to determine the diffusion coefficient of the particles. The results showed that the fluorescence and particle size techniques provide lower (and mutually concordant) CMC values and can be considered more precise because these methods directly analyze the bulk of the solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal characteristics and crystallinity of Ziegler–Natta isotactic polypropylene/metallocene isotactic polypropylene polyblended fibers
Authors: Shu Yao‐Chi , Hsiao Kai‐Jen , Tsen Wen‐Chin
Published: March 2009

Ziegler–Natta isotactic polypropylene (ZN‐iPP) and metallocene isotactic polypropylene (m‐iPP) were extruded (in ratios of 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75) from one melt twin‐screw extruder to produce three ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended polymers and, subsequently, spin fibers. In this study, we examined the rheology of the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended polymers and the thermal characteristics and crystallinity of the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended fibers using gel permeation chromatography, rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, density gradient analysis, and extension stress–strain measurement. The apparent melt viscosity of the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended polymers revealed positive‐deviation blends. The 50/50 blend of ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP had the highest apparent melt viscosity. For five samples, the complex melt viscosity decreased with the angular frequency, which represented typical non‐Newtonian behavior. The Cole–Cole plot, which consisted of the imaginary part of the complex melt viscosity versus the real part of the complex melt viscosity plot, of the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended polymers showed a semicircular relationship with the blend ratios. It indicated that the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended polymers were miscible. We analyzed the shear modulus data (G′ vsG″) by plotting them on a log–log scale. The plot revealed almost the same slopes for the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended polymers, which indicated a good miscibility between the ZN‐iPP and m‐iPP polymers. The experimental DSC results demonstrate that the ZN‐iPP and m‐iPP polymers constituted a miscible system. The crystallinity and tenacity of the ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP polyblended fibers initially increased and then fell as the m‐iPP content increased. Meanwhile, the 50/50 blend of ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP had the highest crystallinity and tenacity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Function of Sirtuins in Biological Tissues
Authors: Shoba Balaji , Lwin Zin Mar , Ling Lo Soo , Bay Boon‐Huat , Yip George W. , Kumar Srinivasan Dinesh
Published: March 2009

Sirtuins are protein deacetylases, which are dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide. They are phylogenetically conserved from bacteria to humans. Seven sirtuin proteins localized in a wide variety of subcellular locations have been identified in the human genome. The most important known function of sirtuins is their regulation of transcriptional repression, mediated through binding of a complex containing sirtuins and other proteins. Studies have shown that sirtuins have pathophysiological relevance to neurodegeneration, muscle differentiation, inflammation, obesity, and cancer. In addition, sirtuin activity extends the lifespan of several organisms. In this review, we discuss the mode(s) of action of sirtuins, and their biological role(s) in health and disease. Anat Rec, 292:536–543, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demyelination Induces the Decline of the Myelinated Fiber Length in Aged Rat White Matter
Authors: Li Chen , Yang Shu , Zhang Wei , Lu Wei , Nyengaard Jens R. , Morrison John H. , Tang Yong
Published: March 2009

To determine the exact reason for the age‐related decline of the myelinated fiber length in white matter, we performed this study. In middle‐aged rats, there was age‐related loss of the unmyelinated fibers with large diameters. The demyelination of the myelinated fibers with small diameters in middle‐aged rat white matter might make the age‐related decrease of the unmyelinated fibers with small diameters in the white matter unnoticeable. However, in old‐aged female rats, the unmyelinated fibers with large and small diameters significantly degenerated together and that the unmyelinated fibers formed from the demyelination of the myelinated fibers could not replenish the age‐related loss of the unmyelinated fibers in the white matter. In conclusion, this study suggested that demyelination of myelinated fibers with small diameters in aged white matter might be the key mechanism of the significant decline of the myelinated fiber length in aged white matter. Anat Rec, 292:528–535, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid and label‐free bacteria detection by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors
Authors: Dudak Fahriye Ceyda , Boyacı İsmail Hakkı
Published: March 2009

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor technology has been successfully used for the detection of various analytes such as proteins, drugs, DNA, and microorganisms. SPR‐based immunosensors that coupled with a specific antigen‐antibody reaction, have become a promising tool for the quantification of bacteria as it offers sensitive, specific, rapid, and label‐free detection. In this paper, we review the important issues in the development of SPR‐based immunoassays for bacteria detection, concentrating on instrumentation, surface functionalization, liquid handling, and surface regeneration. In addition, this review touches on the recent advances in SPR biosensing for sensitivity enhancement.
Academic software for optimizing supply‐side bids in a wholesale electricity market
Authors: Mingo Luis M. , Angarita Jorge L. , Martínez‐Crespo Jorge
Published: March 2009

This article presents a MATLAB–General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) combined tool designed to define the optimal power bid to be submitted by generating agents in wholesale electricity markets. This computer application, called OPTIOFER, fits together the best GAMS and MATLAB features for the optimization of hydraulic and thermal generation bids models and their friendly visual representation. OPTIOFER makes use of GAMS to formulate and solve hydro and thermal models, whereas MATLAB and its toolbox GUIDE are used for implementation and graphical representation. The motivation for developing the package is to provide a flexible simulation environment for ongoing research conducted at the Electrical Engineering Department of Carlos III University, Madrid, Spain, and to enhance, mainly, graduate and M.S. power engineering courses. After a brief summary of power generating models considered for the bids formulation, the article illustrates the capabilities and main features of OPTIOFER using two simple hydraulic and thermal power systems as examples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 457–465, 2011
CNC Partner: A novel training system for NC machining
Authors: Li Jianguang , Yao Yingxue , Wu Jing
Published: March 2009

CNC Partner, a novel training system on NC machining, is presented in this paper. It creates a semi‐immersive desktop virtual training environment with a sense of high reality at a low cost. With the CNC Partner, a trainee can learn the knowledge of NC programming and acquire the practical operation skills on a CNC machine tool prior to operate a real one. The framework of CNC Partner is established and described in detail. And its functions on training are summarized. The functions of CNC Partner‐assisted teaching are also introduced. Up to now, over 200 sets of CNC Partner systems have been installed in several vocational education schools in China. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 466–474, 2011
Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer Reactions from ortho‐Alkoxy‐Substituted Phenols: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Amorati Riccardo , Menichetti Stefano , Mileo Elisabetta , Pedulli Gian Franco , Viglianisi Caterina
Published: March 2009

Deceptively simple: Joint results obtained by EPR and IR spectroscopies and inhibited autoxidation studies allow an explanation, on quantitative grounds, of the factors determining the H‐atom donating abilities of 2‐alkoxyphenols (see graphic; blue: 2‐methoxyphenol, red: cyclic phenol).

magnified image

The role of intramolecular hydrogen bonding (HB) on the bond‐dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of the phenolic OH and on the kinetics of H‐atom transfer to peroxyl radicals (kinh) of several 2‐alkoxyphenols was experimentally quantified by the EPR equilibration technique and by inhibited autoxidation studies. These compounds can be regarded as useful models for studying the H‐atom abstraction from 2‐OR phenols, such as many lignans, reduced coenzyme Q and curcumin. The effects of the various substituents on the BDE(OH) of 2‐methoxy, 2‐methoxy‐4‐methyl, 2,4‐dimethoxyphenols versus phenol were measured in benzene solution as −1.8; −3.7; −5.4 kcal mol−1, respectively. In the case of polymethoxyphenols, significant deviations from the BDE(OH) values predicted by the additive effects of the substituents were found. The logarithms of the kinh constants in cumene were inversely related to the BDE(OH) values, obeying a linear Evans–Polanyi plot with the same slope of other substituted phenols and a y‐axis intercept slightly smaller than that of 2,6‐dimethyl phenols. In the cases of phenols having the 2‐OR substituent included in a five‐membered condensed ring (i.e, compounds 9–11), both conformational isomers in which the OH group points toward or away from the oxygen in position 2 were detected by FTIR spectroscopy and the intramolecular HB strength was thus estimated. The contribution to the BDE(OH) of the ortho‐OR substituent in 9, corrected for intramolecular HB formation, was calculated as −5.6 kcal mol−1. The similar behaviour of cyclic and non‐cyclic ortho‐alkoxy derivatives clearly showed that the preferred conformation of the OMe group in ortho‐methoxyphenoxyl radicals is that in which the methyl group points away from the phenoxyl oxygen, in contrast to the geometries predicted by DFT calculations.
Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Reactivity of Phospholes and 1,1′‐Biphospholes Bearing 2‐ or 3‐Thienyl C‐Substituents
Authors: Fadhel Omrane , Szieberth Dénes , Deborde Valérie , Lescop Christophe , Nyulászi László , Hissler Muriel , Réau Régis
Published: March 2009

PS, I love you! Novel mixed phosphole/thiophene π‐conjugated systems were synthesized and their electronic properties have been studied both experimentally by UV/Vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry and by theoretical calculations. Exploiting the chemistry of both P‐ and S‐heteroles allows the generation of a diverse range of novel ring‐fused benzophosphole–thiophene derivatives.

magnified image

Two series of phospholes and 1,1′‐biphospholes bearing either 2‐ or 3‐thienyl substituents at the C atoms are prepared by using the Fagan–Nugent route. Their optical (UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence spectra) and electrochemical properties are systematically evaluated. Of particular interest, the first ever reported 3‐thienyl‐substituted phospholes exhibit higher LUMO levels than their 2‐thienyl analogues, and show accordingly different physical properties. This study also reveals that the 1,1′‐biphospholes exhibit σ–π conjugation. The phosphole and 1,1′‐biphosphole derivatives bearing 3‐thienyl substituents are characterized by X‐ray diffraction study. The structure–property relationship established following the experimental data are fully supported by theoretical studies including time‐dependent(TD)‐DFT spectra. A photocyclization reaction performed on the thioxo‐ and oxophospholes having 3‐thienyl substituents affords a novel ring‐fused phosphole–thiophene derivative, which was characterized by an X‐ray diffraction study. The structure and electronic properties of this novel dithienophosphole are discussed based on experimental and theoretical data.
Phosphine‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Allene Carbopalladation/Allylic Alkylation Domino Sequence: A New Route to 4‐(α‐Styryl) γ‐Lactams
Authors: Kammerer Claire , Prestat Guillaume , Madec David , Poli Giovanni
Published: March 2009

Free to decide: Various 4‐(α‐styryl) γ‐lactams are synthesized in 61–88 % yield by a phosphine‐free palladium‐catalyzed carbopalladation/allylic alkylation domino sequence (see scheme). The cyclization is totally regio‐ and diastereoselective in favor of the 3,4‐trans‐disubstituted γ‐lactam. The process is successfully applied to the synthesis of a new aza analogue of the naturally occurring lignan (+)‐oxo‐parabenzlactone.

magnified image
Minimum spouting velocity in a spout‐fluid bed with a draft tube
Authors: Xu Jian , Tang Junli , Wei Weisheng , Bao Xiaojun
Published: March 2009

Minimum spouting velocity was measured in a 0.12 m cylindrical spout‐fluid bed with a draft tube. The effects of fluidizing gas flow rate, entrainment height, and spout nozzle diameter on minimum spouting velocity were discussed. A correlation on minimum spouting velocity has been proposed based on the present experimental data.
Heat Transfer in Sprayed Spouted Beds
Authors: Englart Sebastian , Kmiec Andrzej , Ludwinska Agnieszka
Published: March 2009

An experimental and theoretical study of the influence of various kind of beds, static bed height and ratio of mass flow of water to mass flow rate of gas on heat transfer coefficient was carried out. The results of the investigations were compared with literature correlations for predicting heat transfer in conical spouted beds. Moreover, a new correlation of dimensionless groups was developed for heat transfer during spraying spouted beds. Also, the model of Kmiec [Kmiec, “Bed Expansion and Heat and Mass Transfer in Fluidized Beds,” Sci. Pap. Inst. Chem. Eng. Heating Equip. Wroclaw Univ. Technol. 36, Monographs No. 19, Publishing House of Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland, 1980a; Kmiec, Chem. Eng. J. 1980b;19,189–200] of particle circulation and heat transfer between spouting gas and particles was analyzed. The one‐dimensional mathematical models for solids flow in a spout and for heat transfer in a spouted bed analyzed here lead to differential equations which, solved numerically, give results in good agreement with experimental data.
Scale‐up strategy for the jetting fluidized bed using a CFD model based on two‐fluid theory
Authors: Wang Qicheng , Zhang Kai , Brandani Stefano , Jiang Jianchun
Published: March 2009

Based on a hydrodynamic two‐fluid model [Brandani and Zhang, Powder Technol. 2006; 163(1–2): 80–87], the scaling relations developed by Glicksman et al., are modified to improve the understanding of the scale‐up of jetting fluidized beds (JFBs). To estimate the ability of the proposed scaling rules to give similar results, simulations are conducted in CFX 4.4. We investigate in detail the effects of jet gas velocity on the scale‐up rule. The similarities of jet evolutions and time‐averaged radial viodage distributions are compared between large and small beds. The computational results confirm that the modified scaling rules are valid for JFBs when all dimensionless groups are matched between the prototype and large‐scale beds.
Chaotic characteristics of pressure fluctuations in a gas spouted bed
Authors: Xu Jian , Bao Xiaojun , Wei Weisheng , Bi Hsiaotao T. , Grace John R. , Lim C. Jim
Published: March 2009

Time series of differential pressure fluctuation at various axial and radial positions were obtained at various positions of a spouted bed of 0.12 m ID for operating conditions under different flow regimes, and were analysed to give correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy. It has been found that both correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy can describe the flow structure of gas–solid two‐phase flow in different spouted bed flow regimes. Two correlation dimensions and two Kolmogorov entropies were obtained in the unstable spouting regimes, while only one correlation dimension and one Kolmogorov entropy were found for the stable spouting flow regimes.
Numerical simulation of a spouted bed with a draft tube with and without liquid spray
Authors: Li Tingwen , Pougatch Konstantin , Salcudean Martha , Grecov Dana
Published: March 2009

Numerical simulations of the gas–solid flow in a flat‐based spouted bed with a draft tube (DTSB) are conducted with a Eulerian–Eulerian granular kinetic model. The hydrodynamics of the flow in DTSB is investigated and compared with published experimental data. The effect of the gas velocity on the particles circulation rate is evaluated, and parametric studies of the restitution coefficient are performed. In addition, several different frictional models are tested. A model for the liquid spray injection into a gas–solid flow is proposed and implemented into a commercial CFD solver, Fluent 6.3. The liquid spray introduced through the bottom nozzle is simulated, and the influence of spray rate on solids concentration and velocity inside the draft tube is examined.
Regional Pericarditis: A Review of the Pericardial Manifestations of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dorfman Todd A. , Aqel Raed
Published: March 2009

Regional pericarditis has been described in several settings, but occurs most frequently after transmural myocardial infarction. While the diagnosis remains elusive, it must be considered in all patients with recurrent chest pain following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pericarditis classically presents with positional chest pain, a pericardial friction rub, diffuse ST‐segment elevation, and PR depression, but regional ECG changes associated with infarction‐associated pericarditis sometimes exist. Given the magnitude and frequency of AMI, it is imperative to be aware of the myriad of pericardial manifestations of myocardial injury. An illustrative case and a comprehensive review of the literature will be provided. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fragment‐based Identification of Hsp90 Inhibitors
Authors: Barker John J. , Barker Oliver , Boggio Roberto , Chauhan Viddhata , Cheng Robert K. Y. , Corden Vincent , Courtney Stephen M. , Edwards Neil , Falque Virginie M. , Fusar Fulvia , Gardiner Mihaly , Hamelin Estelle M. N. , Hesterkamp Thomas , Ichihara Osamu , Jones Richard S. , Mather Owen , Mercurio Ciro , Minucci Saverio , Montalbetti Christian A. G. N. , Müller Annett , Patel Deepti , Phillips Banu G. , Varasi Mario , Whittaker Mark , Winkler Dirk , Yarnold Christopher J.
Published: March 2009

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays a key role in stress response and protection of the cell against the effects of mutation. Herein we report the identification of an Hsp90 inhibitor identified by fragment screening using a high‐concentration biochemical assay, as well as its optimisation by in silico searching coupled with a structure‐based drug design (SBDD) approach.

magnified image
Toward portable nuclear magnetic resonance devices using atomic magnetometers
Authors: Yu Dindi , Garcia Nissa , Xu Shoujun
Published: March 2009

The motivation for developing alternative detection techniques for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to overcome some of the limitations associated with high‐field NMR/MRI instruments. The limitations include poor portability, cryogenic requirements, and high costs. To achieve this goal, a low magnetic field is preferred. Since the sensitivity of inductive detection for conventional NMR and MRI scales linearly with the magnetic field strength, it is not optimal for low‐field detection. In this contribution, we describe the concept of using atomic magnetometers as an alternative detection method. Atomic magnetometers possess an ultrahigh sensitivity that is independent of the magnetic field strength, which makes them viable for low‐field detection in NMR and MRI. We first introduce the principle of atomic magnetometry and follow this with a discussion of recent progress in the field. To compare the sensitivities of atomic magnetometers of diverse sizes, we define a signal‐to‐noise ratio for a fixed detection volume to normalize the sensitivity with regard to the cell size. We then focus on two coupling schemes for NMR and MRI detection using atomic magnetometers. Finally, we discuss the challenges involved in implementing this alternative detection technique for NMR and MRI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 124–132, 2009.
Analytical sensitivity of interpolatory quadrature in force‐based frame elements
Authors: Scott M. H. , Hamutçuoğlu O. M.
Published: March 2009

Recent literature shows the choice of an integration method in the state determination of force‐based frame finite elements has a significant influence on the computed element response. To assess the modeling uncertainty associated with integration methods in force‐based elements, analytical sensitivity of one‐dimensional interpolatory quadrature is developed via direct differentiation of the governing Vandermonde equations. Comparisons with finite difference calculations show that the combination of the Vandermonde equation sensitivity with equations that govern force‐based element response sensitivity leads to an accurate approach to stand‐alone response sensitivity analysis. Consistent with previous findings for material, load, and geometric parameters in finite element response sensitivity analysis, sensitivity with respect to parameters associated with the integration method in force‐based elements improves the efficiency of gradient‐based algorithms where the locations and/or weights of the integration method are treated as uncertain random variables. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational and Variable‐Temperature Infrared Spectroscopic Studies on Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on Zeolite Ca‐A
Authors: Pulido Angeles , Nachtigall Petr , Rodríguez Delgado Montserrat , Otero Areán Carlos
Published: March 2009

Bridged Ca2+⋅⋅⋅CO⋅⋅⋅Ca2+ complexes are formed on dual‐cation sites, constituted by a pair of nearby Ca2+ cations, when CO is adsorbed on zeolite Ca‐A. Two types of such species can be formed, designated S2–S1 and S1–S1 (see picture). Ca2+⋅⋅⋅CO monocarbonyl species are also identified, and at a relatively high CO equilibrium pressure, dicarbonyl complexes can also form.

magnified image

Carbon monoxide adsorption on LTA (Linde type 5A) zeolite Ca‐A is studied by using a combination of variable‐temperature infrared spectroscopy and computational methods involving periodic density functional calculations and the correlation between stretching frequency and bond length of adsorbed CO species ($\tilde \nu $CO/rCO correlation). Based on the agreement between calculated and experimental results, the main adsorption species can be identified as bridged Ca2+⋅⋅⋅CO⋅⋅⋅Ca2+ complexes formed on dual‐cation sites constituted by a pair of nearby Ca2+ cations. Two types of such species can be formed: One of them has the two Ca2+ ions located on six‐membered rings of the zeolite framework and is characterized by a CO stretching frequency in the range of 2174–2179 cm−1 and an adsorption enthalpy of −31 to −33 kJ mol−1, whereas the other bridged CO species is formed between a Ca2+ ion located on an eight‐membered ring and another one on a nearby six‐membered ring and is characterized by $\tilde \nu $CO in the range 2183–2188 cm−1 and an adsorption enthalpy of −46 to −50 kJ mol−1. Ca2+⋅⋅⋅CO monocarbonyl complexes are also identified, and at a relatively high CO equilibrium pressure, dicarbonyl species can also be formed.
Adiabatic Low‐Pass J Filters for Artifact Suppression in Heteronuclear NMR
Authors: Meier Sebastian , Benie Andrew J. , Duus Jens Ø. , Sørensen Ole W.
Published: March 2009

NMR artifact purging: Modern NMR experiments depend on efficient coherence transfer pathways for their sensitivity and on suppression of undesired pathways leading to artifacts for their spectral clarity. A novel robust adiabatic element suppresses hard‐to‐get‐at artifacts (see picture).

magnified image
A rapid flow cytometric screening test for X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease due to XIAP deficiency
Authors: Marsh Rebecca A. , Villanueva Joyce , Zhang Kejian , Snow Andrew L. , Su Helen C. , Madden Lisa , Mody Rajen , Kitchen Brenda , Marmer Dan , Jordan Michael B. , Risma Kimberly A. , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Bleesing Jack J.
Published: March 2009

Background:

Deficiency of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), caused by BIRC4 gene mutations, is the second known cause of X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a rare primary immunodeficiency that often presents with life‐threatening hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Rapid diagnosis of the known genetic causes of HLH, including XIAP deficiency, facilitates the initiation of life‐saving treatment and preparation for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Until now, a rapid screening test for XIAP deficiency has not been available.

Methods:

To develop a flow cytometric screening test for XIAP deficiency, we first used lymphoblastic cell lines generated from controls and patients with BIRC4 mutations to identify two commercially available antibodies specific for native intracellular XIAP. Next, we used these antibodies to study control whole blood leukocyte XIAP expression. We then studied XIAP expression in leukocytes from patients with XLP due to BIRC4 mutations, maternal carriers, and patients following HCT.

Results:

XIAP was expressed by the majority of all whole blood nucleated cells in normal controls. In contrast, XIAP was absent or decreased in all lymphocyte subsets, monocytes and granulocytes from four unrelated patients with XLP due to BIRC4 mutations. Bimodal distribution of XIAP expression was evident in two maternal carriers, with significant skewing toward cells expressing normal XIAP. Bimodal distribution was also observed in a patient following HCT.

Conclusions:

Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular XIAP provides a rapid screening test for XLP due to XIAP deficiency. It also allows carrier detection and can be used to monitor donor versus recipient reconstitution following HCT. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
Pleural mesothelioma: An unusual case diagnosed on pleural fluid cytology and immunocytochemistry
Authors: Arora Vinod K. , Aggarwal Seema , Mathur Sandeep , Rath G. K. , Julka P. K.
Published: March 2009

Mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm with relationship to occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos. Its accurate and early diagnosis is often difficult. We present an unusual clinical presentation and diagnostic dilemma in a 30‐year‐male, who presented with neck pain and diffuse edema of left upper limb. The color Doppler ultrasound revealed venous thrombosis. The right supraclavicular lymph node biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated carcinoma. The patient had mild bilateral pleural effusion, the characteristic cytomorphological features of mesothelioma on fluid cytology were helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and spatiotemporal expression of zebrafish neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 6 and alpha 4 subunit RNAs
Authors: Ackerman Kristin M. , Nakkula Robin , Zirger Jeffrey M. , Beattie Christine E. , Boyd R. Thomas
Published: March 2009

Acetylcholine plays an important role in regulation of nervous system development and function. We are developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system to study the role of specific neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes in development and the effects of nicotine on the developing vertebrate nervous system. We previously characterized the expression of several zebrafish nAChR subunits. To further develop the zebrafish model, here we report a study on the molecular characterization of two additional nAChR subunit genes, designatedchrna6andchrna4. Both zebrafish nAChRs have a high degree of sequence identity to nAChRs expressed in a variety of mammalian species. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to show that both nAChR subunit RNAs were expressed early in zebrafish development, with thechrna4transcript present at 3 hours postfertilization (hpf) and thechrna6RNA present at 10 hpf. In situ hybridization was used to localizechrna6andchrna4RNA expression in 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf zebrafish. Thechrna6andchrna4RNAs were each expressed in a unique pattern, which changed during development. At various ages,chrna6was expressed in Rohon‐Beard sensory neurons, trigeminal ganglion, retina, and the pineal gland. Most notably,chrna6was expressed in catecholaminergic neurons in the midbrain, but was also present in noncatecholaminergic cells in both midbrain and hindbrain. The expression ofchrna6RNA in catecholaminergic cells supports the use of zebrafish as a valid model system to better understand the molecular basis of cholinergic regulation of dopaminergic signaling and the role of α6‐containing nAChRs in Parkinson's disease. The most notablechrna4expression was in neural crest cells at 24 hpf and reticulospinal neurons in hindbrain at 48 hpf.chrna4RNA exhibited a widespread and robust expression pattern in the midbrain in 72 hpf and 96 hpf zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 238:980–992, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ex vivo magnetofection: A novel strategy for the study of gene function in mouse organogenesis
Authors: Svingen Terje , Wilhelm Dagmar , Combes Alexander N. , Hosking Brett , Harley Vincent R. , Sinclair Andrew H. , Koopman Peter
Published: March 2009

Gene function during mouse development is often studied through the production and analysis of transgenic and knockout models. However, these techniques are time‐ and resource‐consuming, and require specialized equipment and expertise. We have established a new protocol for functional studies that combines organ culture of explanted fetal tissues with microinjection and magnetically induced transfection (“magnetofection”) of gene expression constructs. As proof‐of‐principle, we magnetofected cDNA constructs into genital ridge tissue as a means of gain‐of‐function analysis, and shRNA constructs for loss‐of‐function analysis. Ectopic expression of Sry induced female‐to‐male sex‐reversal, whereas knockdown of Sox9 expression caused male‐to‐female sex‐reversal, consistent with the known functions of these genes. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Tmem184a, a gene of unknown function, in female genital ridges, resulted in failure of gonocytes to enter meiosis. This technique will likely be applicable to the study of gene function in a broader range of developing organs and tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:956–964, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free surface Stokes flows obstructed by multiple obstacles
Authors: Baxter S. J. , Power H. , Cliffe K. A. , Hibberd S.
Published: March 2009

Gravity‐driven Stokes flow down an inclined plane over and around multiple obstacles is considered. The flow problem is formulated in terms of a boundary integral equation and solved using the boundary element method. A Hermitian radial basis function (RBF) is used for the interpolation of the free surface, generation of the unit normal and curvature, and to prescribe the far‐field conditions. For flow over an obstacle, hemispheres are taken. For flow around an obstacle, circular cylinders are modelled and the contact angle condition on the obstacle/free surface intersection specified using the RBF formulation. Explicit profiles are produced for flow over and around two obstacles placed in various locations relative to one another. Interaction due to two obstacles is given by comparisons made with the profiles for flow over and around individual obstacles. In general, when the obstacles are separated by a sufficiently large distance the flow profiles are identical to a single obstacle analysis. For flow over and around two obstacles in‐line with the incident flow, effects of the governing parameters are examined, with variations in plane inclination angle, Bond number, obstacle size, and in the case of obstacles intersecting the free surface, static contact angle is considered. Finally flows over and around three obstacles are modelled. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of rotating tangential layers (jets) in shells under strong uniform magnetic field
Authors: Fidaros D. K. , Bühler L. , Grecos A. P. , Vlachos N. S.
Published: March 2009

A numerical study of tangential layers in steady‐state magnetohydrodynamic rotating flows is presented using CFD to solve the inductionless governing equations. The analysis considers two basic flow configurations. In the first, a fluid is enclosed in a cylinder with electrically perfect conducting walls and the flow is driven by a small rotating, conducting disk. In the second, a flow is considered in a spherical shell with an inner rotating sphere. The fluid in both cases is subjected to an external axial uniform magnetic field. The results show that these flows exhibit two different types of flow cores separated from each other by a tangential layer parallel to the axis of rotation. The inner core follows a solid‐body rotation while the outer is quasistagnant. A counter‐rotating jet is developed in the tangential layer between the cores. The characteristics of the tangential layer and the properties of the meridional motion are determined for a wide range of Hartmann numbers. Distributions of angular velocity of circumferential flow and electric potential are obtained and the results are compared with those of analytic methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.