bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gynecology Constructs the Female Body and a Woman Doctor Responds
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

We have learned that although female aspirations to a career in surgical gynecology at the end of the nineteenth century were comparatively circumscribed, a woman with Mary Dixon Jones’s boldness and sensitivity to effective strategies of self-advancement could achieve a respectable, though not stellar place in this masculine world. Dixon Jones not only supported but pioneered radical approaches to surgery. She helped make pathological diagnosis an important aspect of evaluation and treatment. She promoted gynecology by using and validating controversial procedures that more conservative practitioners were still reluctant to accept. In all these ways she deserves recognition as a staunch advocate of more modern surgical methods. Yet, given the powerful critiques of surgical gynecology that have emerged in our own time, what may have appeared only a generation ago as a remarkable achievement now seems tainted. New understandings of the unequal power relationships between doctors and female patients in the clinical decision-making process have changed our perspective. We are particularly uncomfortable with the use of invasive procedures no longer considered necessary to effect a cure. These reservations generate doubts about Dixon Jones’s motives and lead us to require a better understanding of the intricate intellectual and social context in which she did her therapeutic thinking.
“The Lured, The Illiterate, The Credulous and the Self-Defenseless”
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we examined how Dixon Jones’s perspective as a woman helped shape her response to scientific debates over the origins of female reproductive pathology. I argued that the patient’s experience with a female physician like her could be an extremely complex one. Many factors influenced diagnosis and treatment, and, in spite of Dixon Jones’ s refusal to accept prevailing theories emphasizing the sickly nature of women’s bodies, she chose aggressive surgery for a variety of ailments, just as a male colleague who believed in women’s inherent physical weakness but preferred operating might have done. Here the question of doctors and their patients will again be taken up, more specifically, the relationship between Dixon Jones and the women she attended. The voluminous testimony given at the two trials, combined with newspaper reports and Dixon Jones’s own case records afford us a rare opportunity to peer through the door of the late nineteenth century consulting room. We learn how female patients regarded their bodies and their illnesses, and how Dixon Jones behaved with her clients. We note as well their expectations from doctors and patterns of patronage. Indeed, the sources are rich enough to allow us to speculate in some detail about the vexing question of doctor-patient relations at the end of the nineteenth century, and what follows is offered not just as a significant component to the narrative of this historical episode, but also as a contribution to the emerging historical literature on patienthood.
“All Shook Up”
Authors: Altschuler Glenn C
Published: November 2023

Rock ’n’ Roll Fight Hospitalizes Youth,” the New York Times announced on April 15, 1957. In a fracas between white and black boys and girls following a rock ’n’ roll show attended by ten thousand fans, fifteen-year-old Kenneth Myers of Medford, Massachusetts, was stabbed and thrown onto the tracks at a subway station. Myers missed touching a live rail by inches and scrambled back onto the platform seconds before a train sped into the station. “The Negro youths were responsible for it,” police lieutenant Francis Gannon told reporters. “The fight was senseless . . . but we expect difficulty every time a rock ’n’ roll show comes in.”
“Yakety Yak Don’T Talk Back”
Authors: Altschuler Glenn C
Published: November 2023

Many Americans believed that rock ’n’ roll was an irritant that provoked conflict between parents and teenagers and increased antisocial behavior. Acknowledging that there was no simple, causal equation between enjoying Elvis and arranging a rumble, they remained convinced that rock ’n’ roll reinforced the most worrisome aspects of youth culture: antagonism to adult authority and expectations; conformity to peer-group norms; and an ephemeral, erratic emotional intensity.
“The Day The Music Died”
Authors: Altschuler Glenn C
Published: November 2023

Between 1958 and 1963, rock ’n’ roll faltered. Several factors contributed to the lull. The ASCAP-led assault was the most important. The payola probes left rock ’n’ roll gasping for airtime, as many radio stations switched to mellow, melody music. Large record companies promoted polka, calypso, folk music, ballads, novelty songs, and a softer, lushly orchestrated fare. Some independents went pop or merged with a major.
“My Heart Stood Still”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Most writers become notably silent when it comes to discussing the musical craft and substance of popular songs. Rodgers himself rarely goes beyond anecdotal history (see, for example, the “Introduction” to The Rodgers and Hammerstein Song Book included in Part IV). Several authors from the 1930s to the present, including Margaret Case Harriman in the profile that follows, and Rodgers, do, however, seriously address Harts lyrics. Among recent studies, interested readers might turn to Philip Furias chapter on Lorenz Hart in The Poets of Tin Pan Alley excerpted here.
From Letters to Dorothy, 1926-1937 and A Personal Book
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In her Foreword to Letters to Dorothy, 1926-1937 Dorothy Rodgers (1909-1987) reports on the circumstances of her initial meeting with her future husband when she was two months old and Dick seven years old; she also relates her more vivid memories of their five-year courtship that began sixteen years later. Dorothy attributes her husband’s success to “tremendous talent, training, and extraordinary self-discipline;’ and expresses her love for the “wisdom, judgment, compassion, sensitivity, and most of all, the strength” of the private man to whom she was married for nearly fifty years (1930-1979). Shortly before Rodgers’s death Dorothy published her memoirs, A Personal Book. In the selection reprinted here she contrasts the professionalism, diligent, and purposeful work habits of Rodgers with the brilliant and witty but cavalier and careless Hart, discloses her resentment at being excluded from rehearsals, and recalls those memorable moments when she was asked to react to a new Rodgers song. The excerpt describes the “lovable” and “difficult” aspects of Hart’s personality and actions, acknowledges her awareness of Hart’s homosexuality, voices her assessment that Hart was “a deeply unhappy and lonely man; and concludes with an account of Hart’s decline and death.
“The Work That Changed the Form”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In this excerpt from his survey of 1940s musicals, a volume in a series of comprehensive decade-by-decade surveys from the 1920s through the present, Mordden revisits (and dispels) various legends about Oklahomaf’s inception and reception and places the work’s artistic achievement within the context of its time and ours.* In Mordden’s assessment, Oklahoma! fully measures up to the critical and historical hype and hyperbole that has surrounded it over the years, and he clearly and insightfully explores its influential adaptation and treatment of subject matter, its rich and nuanced character development, its innovative dramatic structure, its integration of all musical and dramatic components, and its use of dance to accomplish “what the script and score could not do in words and music:’ For once the facts fit the legend: Oklahoma! was indeed “the work that changed the form:’
Rethinking Pal Joey
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Critics were by no means immune to the hegemony of the integrated musical as exemplified by Rodgers and Hammerstein. New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson’s response to Rodgers and Hart revivals in the wake of the Rodgers and Hammerstein era provides a particularly striking example of a marked attitudinal shift. When reviewing the premiere of On Your Toes in 1936 Atkinson praised the “sophisticated” book as well as the songs. Eighteen years later, he found the book “labored, mechanical and verbose;’ and only a few songs and the final fifteen to twenty minutes of the story remained fresh. On the other hand, Pa/ joey, the musical Atkinson described as a “foul well” when he reviewed the premiere twelve years earlier (reprinted in Part 1)because the show had the courage to depict odious characters and unsavory situations-was now deemed a worthy precursor of the Rodgers and Hammerstein ideal, “a pioneer in the moving back of musical frontiers” with its “integrated story” and “knowing point of view: As an augury of a Happy New Year, the town has inherited a brilliant production of Pal Joey, which opened at the Broadhurst last evening. This is the Rodgers and Hart musical play for which John O’Hara wrote the book in 1940, and strictly speaking, the new production is a revival.
“The Less Said, the Better”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In the penultimate pages of his entertaining and insightful survey, Rodgers & Hammerstein (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992), Ethan Mordden (see “The Age of Rodgers and Hart” in Part I and ‘‘The Work that Changed the Form” in Part 11) delivers an epiphany about the fruit of Rodgers’s unhappy collaboration with Stephen Sondheim and Arthur Laurents. Mordden writes: “He [Rodgers] was in form for No Strings and at his best in Do I Hear a Waltz?, a box-office failure disdained by its creators but-take it from me-a wonderful show with a really lovely score” (p. 214; see also Ken Mandelbaum’s positive assessment of this show in “Anatomy of a Flop” to follow). Craig Zadan’s assemblage of quoted recollections-mainly Sondheim, Laurents, and original choreographer Wakefield Poole-records how a promising collaboration went sour and led to the creator’s rejection of their own work. In passing remarks George Oppenheimer, a drama critic for Newsday and a longtime friend of Sondheim, asserts that Rodgers “hates homosexuality” without offering any corroborative details, and Poole accuses director John Dexter of misogyny.
“Overture” to Richard Rodgers
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

William G. Hyland’s Richard Rodgers is the first major biography of the composer since David Ewen’s (introduced in Part 111), and the first biography that surveys the last twenty years of Rodgers’s long career.* Like earlier biographers, Hyland notes the durability of the songs with Hart and the shows with Hammerstein. He also reinforces such ubiquitous themes as Rodgers’s facility, productivity, and inextinguishable passion for the theater. In contrast to earlier biographers, Hyland takes Mary Rodgers’s cue (in the reading that follows) in introducing such previously undisclosed topics as Rodgers’s depression, a period of excessive drinking, and even “a mental breakdown:’** Richard Rodgers was a musical genius. He proved it time and again during his sixty-year career as a composer for the American stage. His first professional song was performed on Broadway when he was only seventeen, his last in a Broadway show six decades later, shortly before he died. In the intervening years he wrote well over a thousand songs and the musical scores for more than forty shows. When he began his career, ‘‘The second is Meryle Secrest’s Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001). **Hyland also devotes three chapters to Rodgers in The Song Is Ended: Songwriters and American Music, 1900-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 64-76, 235-49, and 275-91.
“Now the Musical Theater Is Enshrined”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In his role as president and producing director of the Music Theater of Lincoln Center, Rodgers served himself as well as audiences by successfully programming The King and I and The Merry Widow in 1964, its inaugural year, Carousel the following year, and a revival of Berlin’s Annie Get Your Gun, originally produced by Rodgers and Hammerstein, two years after that. While some critics may lament the “museum” mentality of a Broadway that prefers past accomplishments to new work, Rodgers argues that “the need to preserve and recreate the great works of our musical theater is of equal Because theater music usually has a life of its own via records and dance bands and the like, the well-being of the American musical stage has become of vital concern to many people not directly engaged in it. But those of us who work in this field must have only one responsibility-to ourselves. I feel that one of the truly imperishable rules of the musical theater is never to have a rule. The only way that a writer can produce anything of lasting value is to do exactly what he feels is right, without worrying whether or not the public will approve. If it is good, the public will flock to see it. In fact, if there is any danger lurking in our musical theater today, it is the feeling in some quarters that there is a magic formula that can be turned on to insure both critical approbation and lengthy queues at the box office.
“A Composer Looks at His Lyricists”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Early in this retrospective on his two durable creative partnerships, Rodgers writes that, despite their enormous differences on many personal and artistic levels, “each was a genius at his craft, and each during our association, was the closest friend I had.” Rodgers succinctly recalls his meeting with Hammerstein (and then Hart) and early collaborations with each, compares their contrasting work methods, and addresses their idiosyncratic creative with two of the giants in the field. So I decided to go to it alone, to write the words as well as the music for my next stage production, No Strings. I also did double duty for additional songs written for the remake of the film State Fair, and the movie version of The Sound of Music, and I have also written music and lyrics for a TV Andrae/es and the Lion. Creating my own lyrics has given me a new perspective on the problems of song-writing collaboration. It is, I well know, more difficult to write words than to compose the melodies. In musical composition, I work in wide, broad strokes. Lyrics are more like little pieces in a puzzle that must be carefully put together. But creating both words and music does have certain advantages. Geographically, it couldn’t be better; I’m always there whenever I want to meet me. As far as personal satisfaction is concerned, I find that there is nothing more exhilarating than to work on a complete song when I want to, and nothing matches the satisfaction of taking full responsibility for the complete product. There is a strange conflict-part loneliness, part fulfillment-that I feel in becoming my own partner. If I am successful at it, I know full well that it’s because some of the talents of Larry Hart and Oscar Hammerstein must have rubbed off on me.
America’s Phony War December 1941 To November 1942
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

Reports from many points indicate a growing parallel between the attitude of the American public today toward the war and the attitude of the French public in 1939. The French knew they were at war and theoretically realized that an all out effort was necessary, but the war was something on the other side of the Maginot Line. The American public is losing its first up-surge of feeling after Pearl Harbor, and increasingly thinks of the war as something on the other side of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Long-term educational programs should correct this, but in the meantime specific steps should be taken from time to time to overcome the apathy in plants and elsewhere.
Hardening Thoughts, Unchanging Rhetoric March 1943 To June 1944
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

Too many people here and in England hold to the view that the German people as a whole are not responsible for what has taken place-that only a few Nazi leaders are responsible. That unfortunately is not based on fact. The German people as a whole must have it driven home to them that the nation as a whole has been involved in a lawless conspiracy against the decencies of modern civilisation.
The Evidence
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

I first came across the murder of Duncan Skinner—stumbled across it, would be more accurate—more than twenty years ago. It was on a trip south to collect evidence for my doctoral dissertation, a study of how life changed on the plantations of the Natchez district after the Civil War. While searching through the papers of Alexander Farrar in the archives at Louisiana State University, I found a draft of the letter he wrote to Henry Drake in response to the questions raised at the hearing in Waterproof. Not that I understood what it was at the time or even gave it much notice; it was just one of hundreds of documents I photocopied back then, trying to gather as much in formation as I could before my grant money ran out and I had to head back north. As I discovered later, however, this particular letter was hardly typical of the mundane material I usually find myself reading. With its elements of class privilege, social striving, interracial sex, and violent death, it brought to mind a novel by William Faulkner or perhaps one of those overblown movies about the Old South that appear on TV from time to time.
Black Images, White Minds
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

Slavery in the United States—or to be perfectly accurate, black—slavery traces its beginnings back to 1619, when a Dutch man-of-war sold twenty “Negars” in Jamestown. This was twelve years after the founding of the colony. But Africans lived in the imaginations of English men and women long before settlement of the New World, indeed long before the existence of a New World to settle was known. Medieval authors, among them Geoffrey Chaucer, made references to blacks in their writings, drawing on the literature of ancient Greece and Rome as well as allusions in the Bible. And by the Middle Ages, Africa was the subject of many travel accounts, most an exotic mixture of fact and fantasy.
Rocks and History
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

Open a U.S. history textbook and glued inside the cover is the familiar map of the nation, as if the place were simply a given. But land is a much less settled issue than those maps suggest. While historians have spent a great deal of time examining how various immigrant groups came to America, they have spent almost no time considering how America itself—the land—came to be where it is on the globe. In this sense, our nation’s history began not in 1607 with Jamestown, in 1492 with Columbus, or even thousands of years before then whenever the first Paleoindians came here. Rather, American history got underway some 180 million years ago when the earth’s only continent, a huge landmass known as Pangaea, began to break apart.
A World of Commodities
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

Henry David Thoreau, despite his work as a surveyor, never believed that landownership conferred any true claim to nature. Indeed, he remained, in his writing at least, dead set against the worlds of both property and exchange. In one of his journal entries, he wrote of an encounter with a townsman where he condemned the idea of putting a price tag on nature: “Remarking to old Mr.
Moveable Feast
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

Had Thomas Jefferson, drafter of the Declaration of Independence, been alive at the time, he no doubt would have been delighted to see the “Liberty Bell” created for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It was quite a sight—6,500 oranges meticulously piled into a monument to freedom and democracy, courtesy of some deft souls from California.
Throwaway Society
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

The garbage wars began in the 1990s when New York City found that it was running out of room to store its trash. At first it may have seemed like a simple problem, nothing that could not be solved by a fleet of tractor-trailers carrying garbage to open spaces further south and west. If only Virginia’s Gov. James S. Gilmore had not spoken up. “The home state of Washington, Jefferson and Madison has no intention of becoming New York’s dumping grounds,” he declared.1 New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani responded that accepting some trash was a small price to pay for the enormous cultural benefits that tourists from all across the nation experienced when they came to town on vacation.
Orthopedic Systems
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Bones are the physical supports that keep us from being shapeless lumps of protoplasm, but they serve other, perhaps equally important, functions. They offer protection (the skull, spinal rings, and rib cage) to critical soft tissue organs, provide lever arms for muscle movement (most bones to some degree), and maintain storage depots of calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals for rapidly shifting and acute metabolic needs. These (and other) functions can be most profitably discussed from the standpoint of aging pathology. In aging humans, bones get brittle and prone to fracture (osteoporosis), while joints degenerate and become inflamed and painful (osteoarthritis).
The Eye
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

The eye is a remarkable gestalt—part skin, part muscle, part brain. Like Yeats and his chestnut tree (1963, p 214), it is not “the leaf, the blossom, or the bole,” but something more, something critical to our view of the world. For most of us, our eyes create reality.
Theater of Disorder
Authors: Wenegrat Brant
Published: November 2023

There are certain phenomena, such as hypnosis, hysteria, multiple personality disorder, recovered memory syndrome, claims of satanic ritual abuse, alien abduction syndrome, and culture-specific disorders that, although common, are difficult to explain completely. The purpose of this volume is to apply a model of social relations to these phenomena in order to provide a different explanation for them. Wenegrat argues that they are socially constructed illness roles or purposive behavior patterns into which patients fall while receiving either unintentional or intentional cues during interactions with caretakers and authority figures. The application of the social-relations model raises some important, yet previously overlooked, questions about these phenomena. It also illustrates some important aspects of human nature and consciousness, places illness behaviors in their larger, cultural context, and shows the way to a new and different view of mental life.
Theory-Based, Model-Based Community Practice
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

One way in which professional social work practice differs from nonprofessional practice is that social science theories, as well as a body of professional values, guide professional practice. With theory-based practice, social workers will presumably use similar interventions in similar situations to produce similar results. Under the clearest circumstances, the propositions of practice theory would thus take the form “If X occurs, or under X conditions, do Y,” and professional training would primarily involve mastering the theories and their applications. So, for example, a proposition might be: “If you encounter group resistance to a new idea, then identify an opinion leader and try to persuade him or her, outside of the group context, to adopt your idea.” In social work practice, however, situation X
The Nature of Social and Community Problems
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

The problem-solving process was covered in our first chapter (also see Hardina, 2002). Here we explore how situations become problems. Besides the external aspects of laws and social norms captured in the epigraph from Hentoff, we want to rivet the reader’s attention on internal perspectives that can help us be part of the solution. Defining and addressing social problems entails more than doing; it involves thinking, values, and discernment about culture and related concepts. Diversity is explored in every sense of the word as we present numerous examples of challenges that social workers must meet.
The Concept of Community in Social Work Practice
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

It is hard to imagine a more elusive concept than the idea of community. Fraught with meaning, the word community conjures up memories of places where we grew up and where we now live and work, physical structures and spaces— cities, towns, neighborhoods, buildings, stores, roads, streets. It evokes memories of people and relationships—families, friends and neighbors, organizations, associations of all kinds: congregations, PTAs, clubs, teams, neighborhood groups, town meetings. It evokes special events and rituals—Fourth of July fireworks, weddings, funerals, parades, and the first day of school. It evokes sounds and smells and feelings— warmth, companionship, nostalgia, and sometimes fear, anxiety, and conflict as well. We all grew up somewhere; we all live in communities somewhere; we all desire human associations, some degree of belonging to a human community; we all carry around some sense of community within us. It goes deep into our souls (see Box 4.1). The elusiveness of the concept of community derives from its multidimensionality. Accordingly, for this book, we have adopted Fellin’s (2001) formal definition of communities as “social units with one or more of the following three dimensions: This chapter establishes the basic concepts, variables, and changes related to community life. The following two chapters examine ways of studying communities and methods for hearing community concerns. To change community, their parts, processes, and particularities must be understood.
Using Assessment in Community Practice
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

Some years ago in California, Erin desperately needed a job. Divorced, she had three children to support; a car accident had created even more severe financial difficulty for her. Somehow Erin wrangled work from the lawyer who represented her in the accident. Since she only had a high school education, it was an entry-level filing job. But this newest staffer at the law firm was a curious person, a thinking person, and she noticed incongruities in one obscure case. Her initial hypothesis was that something was wrong with the file itself.
Formative and Qualitative Research
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

Formative research is conducted before a program is designed in order to understand a population’s existing knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values, motivations, norms, expectations, and practices. It ensures that (1) a promotional program is necessary, and (2) the messages created arc appropriate for the need identified. Although formative research does not necessarily have to be qualitative, it usually is. This chapter discusses how qualitative research is used to de sign programs and, in some cases, evaluate them. The perspective advocated here is that program designers should actively involve the audience in program creation and message development.
Process Evaluation
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

Process evaluation is the research conducted to understand a program’s creation, dissemination, and, in some cases, effects. Process evaluation is also referred to as implementation research. utilization research, and/or program monitoring. Process evaluation collects data to (a) document program implementation, (h) make mid-program revisions, (c) conduct outcome analysis, and (d) replicate the program. In sum. process evaluation “is concerned with documenting and analy1,ing the way a program operates, to assist in interpreting program outcomes, and to inform future program planning” (Dehar et al., 1993, p. 211).
Measuring Outcomes
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains how to measure program outcomes. Data from the Bolivia National Reproductive Health Program (NRHP) mass media campaigns broad cast in 1994 through 1996 arc used to illustrate key points of the analytical procedures. Outcome analysis shows whether the campaign increased (1) awareness of family planning methods, (2) positive attitudes toward family planning, and (3) current use of a modem family planning method. These behavior change variables are often referred to as knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP).
Checklist for Ideal Rehearsals and Preparation for Complete Artistic Performances
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

What makes a children’s choir performance inspirational rather than perfunctory? Why does one performance move us to tears while another may leave us only satisfied? How should a conductor sow the seeds for a complete artistic performance? It is in well-organized, thoroughly prepared, and dynamic rehearsals that the children become an artistic instrument and a vital rapport is established between choir and conductor. Only then can the music begin to touch the soul.
The Importance of Organization
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

Spending time organizing your projects, your priorities, and your thoughts is one of the most valuable things a children’s choir director will ever do. All of us have the same amount of time—that is, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and fifty-two weeks a year. If we use our time judiciously, we will not only accomplish more, but we will also accomplish what is important. Stephen R. Covey, in his powerful books The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People and Principle-Centered Leadership, establishes quadrants in which to organize time, list projects, and prioritize them.
Things They Didn’t Teach You at Music School
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

It is one of life’s little ironies that a music director can spend a disproportionate amount of time on aspects of the program that have nothing directly to do with rehearsing, teaching, conducting, and performing the music—aspects of the program we were not particularly trained to handle. So many things we need to know have not been taught to us formally, and yet our programs will suffer if we fail to recognize their importance or learn how to deal with them with skill, tact, warmth, and humor.
Conducting an Orchestra
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

Conducting an orchestra that is accompanying a children’s chorus is a thrilling experience. For a choral conductor it also can be a daunting experience. Regardless of whether it is a professional, community, or student orchestra, the choral conductor must take full responsibility for the success of rehearsals and performances. The following suggestions and ideas may be beneficial as you prepare for this role.
From the Children
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

It is perhaps fitting to conclude with some reflections written by the choristers themselves. Singing in a choir can have a profound impact on children’s lives. Their hearts, minds, and spirits are forever enriched by the many experiences they share.

Our work with young people encompasses far more than the music, as these unsolicited letters from former Toronto Children’s Chorus members attest:

March 4, 1997, is sure to be one of the saddest days of my life. That is the date I will sing my last TCC rehearsal. Over the past seven years, I cannot name another organization that has had such a profound impact on my life.

I can still remember the first time I heard the choir at a school concert. I thought of the whole choir as magicians, as they were able to produce such perfect sounds. I sat mesmerized, not so much as opening my mouth until the final chord. It was that day that music came alive for me. I suddenly saw the reason for all my piano lessons and found the activity that would bring me so much joy. I can picture my audition clearly.
The Structure of Linguistic Communication
Authors: Thau Michael
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we saw that the information relevant to solving Frege’s puzzle is descriptive information and, hence, that the puzzle provides no motivation for the triadist’s view that non-descriptive modes of presentation are essential to the belief relation. This eliminates triadism from. the consideration; and, since descriptive Fregeanism is also false, the argument has led us to pure Millianism. However, it’s one thing to know where you’ve been led and quite another to believe that you can live there. As we have seen, any version of Millianism seems to have the fantastic consequence that competent speakers don’t know the meaning of many perfectly ordinary sentences.
Introduction
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

In the early 1990s, against a backdrop of economic recession and rising job insecurity in the United States, controversy over affirmative action and immigration policy intensified. For the first time since the two issues emerged in the 1970s, they were connected in the public eye. Especially in California, where shrinking defense contracts and heavy immigration from Latin America and Asia increased economic anxiety, opponents of affirmative action preferences and high levels of immigration linked their arguments. Native-born Americans unfairly suffered rising unemployment, these critics claimed, because by hiring immigrants, employers bought cheap and docile labor while satisfying minority hiring requirements imposed by the government.

In 1994, California voters passed Proposition 187, an initiative written to deny access by illegal immigrants to public schools, welfare assistance, and other public benefits. That same year, support for Proposition 187 helped California’s Republican governor, Pete Wilson, win reelection. In 1995, the University of California regents, encouraged by Governor Wilson, an ex officio regent, prohibited affirmative action preferences in university admissions, employment, and contracts. In 1996, President Bill Clinton signed a bill stripping significant welfare and health benefits from unnaturalized immigrants, and California voters passed Proposition 209, the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), banning affirmative action preferences by state and local governments. In 1998, voters in Washington state passed a similar initiative barring minority preferences by government agencies.
Civil Rights Reform in the 1960s
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

The story of civil rights reform in the 1960s should begin not with the reformers and their legislation but with their chief target, the Jim Crow system in the South. In their lifetimes they had watched segregation expand and harden its defenses against external attack. Foremost among their weapons was a liberal belief in equal individual rights and a vision of a color-blind Constitution. Since its founding in 1909 in an environment of national racial violence and southern apartheid, the NAACP had pressed relentlessly for a simple, radical remedy, lethal to Jim Crow, so that racial classifications would play no legitimate role in American public policy. Experience with segregation convinced liberals that racial designations by government, like the legal institution of slavery itself, were inherently pernicious and expansionist.

The story of segregation’s origins and development has been told in scores of books, some of them widely read, especially historian C. Vann Woodward’s The Strange Career of Jim Crow. For purposes of this study, however, two aspects of the story of segregation, as prelude to and target for the reforms of the 1960s, have not been well told or widely understood. One is the story of intended consequences, the story of segregation not only as white racist oppression, as a brutal assertion of racial hegemony of southern whites over blacks, but also as a story of conservative reform turned sour. It is a story of a new wave of race-conscious government policies, adopted between 1895 and 1915, whose intentions included not only the subordination of blacks but also the benign reformist goals of ending mob lynching, purging southern political life of corruption and violence, and educating the children of the freed men.
Immigration Reform in the 1960s
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

It was not surprising that immigration reform should reach the agenda of the civil rights coalition in the 1960s. American immigration policy since the 1920s had rested on a system of national origins quotas that favored immigration from northern and western Europe and that largely excluded Asians. The liberal reformers who dominated the heavily Democratic 89th Congress in 1965 deplored racial and ethnic quotas and banned them in the civil rights legislation of 1964 and 1965. The quota laws of the 1920s, however, had themselves been reform achievements, supported by a broad coalition that included middle-class “Progressives” (both Republicans and Democrats), organized labor, and the most prominent African-American leaders of the day. Immigration restrictionists from the left side of the political spectrum included leaders of organized labor, prominent spokesmen for black Americans, social justice Progressives, and conservationists. They argued that uncontrolled immigration, encouraged by industrial employers seeking docile low-wage workers, flooded the national labor pool, depressed wages, worsened working conditions and tenement housing, weakened organized labor, provided the basis for the corrupt city political machines, and threatened overpopulation.

The immigration restriction coalition also included patrician conservatives such as Theodore Roosevelt and Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who sought to maintain the dominance in America of Anglo-Saxon stock. Madison Grant, a Park Avenue patrician, ardent student of the natural sciences and eugenics, and founder of the New York Zoological Society, in 1916 published The Passing of the Great Race, a popular text for “nativist” intellectuals.
Origins and Development of Race-Conscious Affirmative Action
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

One of the great puzzles of modern American history is the speed with which race-conscious implementation policies in the 1970s followed the triumph of liberal nondiscrimination in the 1960s. As sociologist John David Skrentny pointed out in his 1996 book, The Ironies of Affirmative Action, so powerful was the American belief in the principle of color-blind law by the 1970s that advocacy of racial preference became one of the “third rails” of American politics: Touch it and you die. Race-conscious affirmative action is a familiar term of journalistic convenience. It identifies unambiguously the controversial element of minority preferences in distributing benefits. But it also conflates racially targeted civil rights remedies with affirmative action preferences for groups, such as Hispanics and women, given protected class status irrespective of race. For this reason, editors of The New Republic substituted the term hard affirmative action. It includes nonracial as well as racial preferences, and it distinguishes such remedies, available only to officially designated protected classes, from the soft affirmative action of the Kennedy-Johnson administrations, which emphasized special outreach programs for recruiting minorities but did so within a traditional liberal framework of equal individual rights for all Americans. In these pages, the descriptors race-conscious and hard affirmative action will be used interchangeably.
Developmental Instability as a Research Tool: Using Patterns of Fluctuating Asymmetry to Infer the Developmental Origins of Morphological Integration
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter
Published: November 2023

In most of the research concerning developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has been used as a measure of stress in populations or of individual quality (e.g., Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Parsons 1990; Graham et al. 1993; M0ller and Swaddle 1997). Developmental considerations have entered these studies primarily to account for the relationships of FA with stress or quality (e.g.,Hallgrimsson 1993, 1998; Palmer 1996). In this chapter, I will introduce a fundamentally different approach. Rather than giving a developmental account for FA (e.g., Klingenberg, chapter 2, this volume), here, I will demonstrate the use of FA as a research tool to address a central issue in evolutionary developmental biology: the developmental origin of morphological integration and modularity (e.g., Olson and Miller 1958; Riska 1986; Cheverud 1996; Raff 1996; Wagner 1996; Wagner and Altenberg 1996; Arthur 1997; Kirschner and Gerhart 1998; von Dassow and Munro 1999; Mezey et al. 2000; Davidson 2001; Wilkins 2002). Modules are integrated assemblages that are internally coherent and relatively autonomous from the remainder of the system. One example of a module is a group of genes tightly interconnected by many regulatory interactions, but which is linked to other parts of the overall gene network only by relatively few regulatory inputs and outputs (e.g., von Dassow et al. 2000).
Introduction: The Salmonid Contribution to Key Issues in Evolution
Authors: Stearns Stephen C , Hendry Andrew P
Published: November 2023

In designing a biology book, two approaches are common. The first, question-oriented, organizes the book around a series of related questions and surveys the data, perhaps from many taxa, relevant to each question. Examples include books on sexual selection (Andersson 1994), adaptation (Rose and Lauder 1996), and life history evolution (Roff 2002). The second, taxon-oriented, organizes the book around a single taxon, and surveys many aspects of its biology. Examples include books on amphibians (Duellman and Trueb 1986), mammals (Eisenberg 1981), orchids (Dressler 1990), brown trout (Elliott 1994), and Pacific salmon (Groot and Margolis 1991; Groot et al. 1995). Here we take a hybrid approach, asking what one taxonomic group, the salmonids, contributes to our understanding of key questions in evolutionary biology. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and each contains an implicit focus strong enough to color an entire research program. The strategy used here is not common but is potentially very informative (e.g., sticklebacks: Bell and Foster 1994). We chose it for two reasons: We want to inform evolutionary biologists about the wealth of information on salmonids that bears directly on evolutionary questions. We want to increase awareness among salmon biologists of the relevance of their data for key issues in evolutionary biology. Through improved communication we hope to advance both fields. Because some salmonid species have considerable value in recreational and commercial fisheries, they have been intensively studied for practical reasons. They have also been the subject of intensive aquaculture, a byproduct of which has been negative interactions between feral and wild fish in nature.
To Sea or Not to Sea? Anadromy Versus Non-Anadromy in Salmon ids
Authors: Hendry Andrew P , Bohlin Torgny , Jonsson Bror , Berg Ole K
Published: November 2023

“Migration” has been defined in many ways that have a variety of connotations (Endler 1977; Dingle 1996). Here we follow Endler (1977) in considering migration to be “relatively long-distance movements made by large numbers of individuals in approximately the same direction at approximately the same time ...usually followed by a regular return migration.” This definition is useful because it corresponds to salmonid migrations, and because it excludes dispersal, which is the subject of another chapter (Hendry et al. 2003a-this volume). Breeding often takes place at one terminus of the migration but not the other, and migrations may sometimes be undertaken multiple times over the course of an individual’s life. Moreover migratory tendency varies at multiple levels: among species, populations, sexes, individuals, and years. In this chapter, we use salmonids (primarily salmon, trout, and charr) as a model system for examining evolutionary factors that may generate and maintain this variation. Variation in migratory tendency is present at many levels in salmonids, making them a good system for examining how, when, and why migration will evolve, as well as how other traits will evolve in parallel. Salmonid migrations take place between a variety of contrasting environments (small streams vs. large rivers, streams vs. lakes, fresh water vs. the ocean) but we focus our analysis on migrations between fresh water and the ocean (“anadromy”; McDowall 1988). In salmonids, anadromy takes the form of individuals that hatched in fresh water migrating to the ocean, and later returning to breed in fresh water. In some instances, individuals may move back and forth between fresh water and the ocean several times in their life, and may enter and leave fresh water without breeding.
From Macro- to MicroEvolution Tempo and Mode in Salmonid Evolution
Authors: Kinnison Michael T , Hendry Andrew P
Published: November 2023

What are the salient features of salmonid evolution? “Diversity” is perhaps the most obvious, as evidenced by many of the contributions to this book. Moreover, an appreciation of the prevalence and importance of salmonid diversity is reflected in the emphasis placed on protection and management at subspecific levels (Waples 1991a; Ford 2003-this volume). However, diversity without pattern can give the impression of chaotic evolution. The aim of this chapter is therefore to interpret the great diversity of salmonids in the context of the evolutionary patterns and processes through which it is generated. This is the domain of tempo (i.e., rate) and mode (i.e., pattern) in salmonid evolution. G.G. Simpson’s Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Simpson 1944) provided the inspiration for this chapter’s title and subject. Although investigations of rate and pattern preceded Simpson’s treatise, his integration of paleontological patterns with genetic principles was a landmark exploration of evolutionary patterns and their driving mechanisms. Simpson, as a paleontologist, focused heavily on apparent discontinuities at higher taxonomic levels (e.g., orders), which he referred to as mega-evolution. Most subsequent studies of tempo and mode have retained this focus on higher taxonomic levels and paleontological data (e.g., Fitch and Ayala 1995). This approach is not as tractable for salmon and their closest kin, owing to their close phylogenetic affinities (within the family Salmonidae or subfamily Salmoninae) and poor fossil record. Our chapter will therefore focus on lower phylogenetic scales (genera, species, and populations) and on extant evolutionary patterns and processes.
Goodness-of-Fit
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

To review Gregor Mendel’s observations made on ornamental garden peas [Pisum sativum), particularly the correspondence to two specific ratios (3:1 and 2:1). In addition, to explore the question: do Mendel’s data correspond to these ratios too closely, indicating a bias in recording his experimental results? DATA In 1866, Mendel reported on 14 now famous experiments.10 Using ornamen­ tal plants, he observed characteristics of the seeds and plants in the offspring from specific parental generations. Two properties of the seeds were observed (shape and color), and observations on five properties of the plants were also made (plant color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and stem length). These experiments were conducted under two conditions yielding two sets of seven experiments, and each experiment produced two outcomes.