bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulfur abundances in the Galactic bulge and disk
Authors: Lucertini F. , Monaco L. , Caffau E. , Bonifacio P. , Mucciarelli A.
Published: October 2021

Context. The measurement of α-element abundances provides a powerful tool for placing constraints on the chemical evolution and star formation history of galaxies. The majority of studies on the α-element sulfur (S) are focused on local stars, making S behavior in other environments an astronomical topic that is yet to be explored in detail.

Aims. The investigation of S in the Galactic bulge was recently considered for the first time. This work aims to improve our knowledge on S behavior in this component of the Milky Way.

Methods. We present the S abundances of 74 dwarf and sub-giant stars in the Galactic bulge, along with 21 and 30 F and G thick- and thin-disk stars, respectively. We performed a local thermodynamic equilibrium analysis and applied corrections for non-LTE on high resolution and high signal-to-noise UVES spectra. S abundances were derived from multiplets 1, 6, and 8 in the metallicity range of − 2  < [Fe/H] < 0.6, by spectrosynthesis or line equivalent widths.

Results. We confirm that the behavior of S resembles that of an α-element within the Galactic bulge. In the [S/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, S presents a plateau at low metallicity, followed by a decreasing of [S/Fe] with the increasing of [Fe/H], before reaching [S/Fe] ~ 0 at a super-solar metallicity. We found that the Galactic bulge is S-rich with respect to both the thick- and thin-disks at − 1  < [Fe/H] <  0.3, supporting a scenario of more rapid formation and chemical evolution in the Galactic bulge than in the disk.
News from Gaia on σ Ori E: A case study for the wind magnetic braking process
Authors: Song H. F. , Meynet G. , Maeder A. , Mowlavi N. , Stroud S. R. , Keszthelyi Z. , Ekström S. , Eggenberger P. , Georgy C. , Wade G. A. , Qin Y.
Published: October 2021

Context.σ Ori E, a massive helium B-type star, shows high surface rotation and a strong surface magnetic field, potentially challenging the process of wind magnetic braking.

Aims. The Gaia satellite provides an accurate distance to σ Ori E and confirms its membership to the σ Ori cluster. We account for these two key pieces of information in order to investigate whether single star models can reproduce the observed properties of σ Ori E and provide new estimates for its metallicity, mass, and age.

Methods. We computed rotating stellar models accounting for wind magnetic braking and magnetic quenching of the mass loss. We considered two metallicities (Z = 0.014, with a helium mass fraction Y = 0.273 and Z = 0.020 with Y = 0.266), four initial masses between 8 and 9 M⊙, three initial rotations between 250 and 450 km s−1, and three initial surface equatorial magnetic field between 3 and 7 kG. Differential rotation is assumed for the internal rotation in all models. We looked for models simultaneously accounting for the observed radius, position in the HR diagram, surface velocity, and braking timescale.

Results. We obtain that σ Ori E is a very young star (age less than 1 Myr) with an initial mass of around 9 M⊙, a surface equatorial magnetic field of around 7 kG, and a metallicity Z (mass fraction of heavy elements) of around 0.020. No solution is obtained with the present models for a metallicity of Z = 0.014. The initial rotation of the models fitting σ Ori E is not highly constrained and could be anywhere in the range studied here. Because of its very young age, models predict no observable changes of the surface abundances due to rotational mixing.

Conclusions. The simultaneous high surface rotation and high surface magnetic field of σ Ori E may simply be a consequence of its young age. This young age implies that the processes responsible for producing the chemical inhomogeneities that are observed at its surface should be rapid. Therefore, for explaining the properties of σ Ori E, there is no necessity to invoke a merging event, although such a scenario cannot be discarded. Other stars (HR 5907, HR 7355, HR 345439, HD 2347, CPD –50°3509) showing similar properties to σ Ori E (fast rotation and strong surface magnetic field) may also be very young stars, although determination of the braking timescales is needed to confirm such a conclusion.
Mehr Vielfalt, bitte! – Diverses Spielzeug
Authors: Calhoun Denise
Published: October 2021

Denise Calhoun ist Ergotherapeutin und hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, Vielfalt und Multikulturalität in der frühkindlichen Entwicklung zu fördern. So plädiert sie zum Beispiel für diverses Spielzeug in Einrichtungen für Kinder und einen sensibleren Umgang mit rassistischen Äußerungen im Alltag.
Impact of Dietary Sodium Reduction on the Development of Obesity and
Type 2 Diabetes in db/db Mice
Authors: Hofmann Anja , Brunssen Coy , Peitzsch Mirko , Mittag Jennifer , Frenzel Annika , Eisenhofer Graeme , Brown Nicholas F. , Weldon Steven M. , Reeps Christian , Bornstein Stefan R. , Morawietz Henning
Published: October 2021

The impact of dietary sodium reduction on mouse models of type 2 diabetes is not
well understood. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of a low-salt diet on obesity
and parameters of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. Five-week-old male
db/db and lean db/m mice were fed a normal salt (0.19%
Na+, NS) or a low-salt diet (<0.03%
Na+, LS) for 5 weeks. Body and organ weight and
parameters of glucose and insulin tolerance were analyzed. Plasma levels of
steroids were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Body
weight, glucose, and insulin tolerance were not affected by LS. The amount of
gonadal adipose tissue showed a trend to be increased by LS whereas liver,
pancreas, kidney, heart, and adrenal weight remained unaffected. LS reduced
urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio but did not affect plasma
Na+ levels in both genotypes. Plasma and urinary
potassium-to-creatinine ratio did not differ in all groups of mice. Aldosterone
as a major determinant of changes in dietary sodium remained unaffected by LS in
db/db mice as well as further investigated steroid hormones. The present
study showed reduced sodium-to-creatinine ratio, but no additional effects of
dietary sodium reduction on major metabolic parameters and steroid levels in
obese and hyper-glycemic db/db mice.
A New Synthetic Route to (Trifluoromethyl)quinolines: Nickel-Catalyzed Insertion of an Alkyne into an Aromatic C–S Bond by Formation of a Thianickelacycle and Thermal Desulfidation
Authors: Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro , Inami Tasuku
Published: October 2021

We have developed a nickel-catalyzed insertion reaction of an alkyne into a 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazole to give a seven-membered benzothiazepine that is converted into a 2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline by thermal desulfidation. This process can be considered a formal substitution of a sulfur atom with an alkyne. The structure of the thianickelacycle intermediate formed through oxidative addition of a C–S bond in the benzothiazole to nickel(0) was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis and in situ X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy.
A Facile Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzoxazines Based on Iodine­Catalyzed Desulfurative Cyclization
Authors: Tanimori Shinji , Fuchiya Asuka , Miyamura Takuya , Nariki Haruna , Noda Shizuki , Makiyama Kouhei , Sonoda Motohiro
Published: October 2021

A facile and environmentally benign access to N-aryl/alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-2-amines is achieved from 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl/alkyl]-3-phenylthioureas under transition-metal-free conditions. The conversions occur smoothly in the presence of a catalytic amount of molecular iodine and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to afford moderate to good yields (28–90%) of the desired products within 2 hours. This method reports the first examples of the catalytic transformations of 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl/alkyl]-3-phenylthioureas into N-aryl/alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-2-amines based on desulfurative cyclization.
Electromagnetic tweezers redesigned simpler, better, cheaper
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: October 2021

An electromagnetic tweezer with four solenoid coils has major advantages over the traditional permanent magnet design.
Effects of lattice strain on noble metal (110) surface: Missing row reconstruction and adsorption properties
Authors: Hao Yuzhou , Zhong Xiaoliang
Published: October 2021

Strain engineering of noble metals may optimize their adsorption properties and catalytic performance. On the other hand, while it has been shown that lattice strain may change surface reconstruction for some crystals, it remains to be seen whether strain-induced surface phase transition will modify the adsorption and catalysis properties. In this contribution, we address this issue by density functional methods. We show that 4d elements of Rh, Pd, and Ag change from unreconstruction to 1 × 2 missing row reconstruction under negative strains, while 5d ones including Ir, Pt, and Au change from reconstruction to unreconstruction under positive strains. Strain-induced surface phase transition results in abrupt changes in hydrogen adsorption strength. The present results imply that it is important to consider possible modifications in surface reconstruction to understand catalytic performance of strained noble metals.
Effect of CF4 ratio on the interaction of atmospheric nanosecond pulsed He plasma jet with a dielectric material
Authors: Liu Jie , Wang Lijun , Zhang Runming
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a two dimensional (2D) axisymmetric fluid model is built to study the effect of the ratio of CF4 admixture on the plasma dynamics and F-containing species concentration in He atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The steady mole fraction distribution of He and CF4 is first studied, which presents that the mole fractions of CF4 show peaks at 5 mm from the symmetry axis on the dielectric surface due to the dual influences of the boundary layer effect and air mixing. The CF4 admixture enhances the propagation speed of ionization wave, and the axial velocity reaches the peak value in the case of He + 1.5% CF4. The conversion from the ring-shaped plasma–surface interaction to a solid-disk one results from the addition of CF4. The Penning ionization of CF4 accelerates the plasma jet propagation within 1.5% CF4. However, the excitation energy loss and electron attachment caused by the addition of CF4 also quench the propagation of plasma jet, which become obvious in the case of 2% CF4. F-containing groups (CF4+, CF3+, CF3−, F−, CF3, and F), mainly produced by the Penning ionization reaction, electron attachment reaction, and He+ + CF4 → He + CF3+ + F, also show peaks for He + 1.5% CF4. On the dielectric surface, as the radial distance increases, the ratio of F-containing neutral species (CF3 and F) to O atom at 200 ns decreases due to the increase of O atom concentration and then increases at the streamer head because the surface flux of CF3 reaches the maximum value. The maximum surface flux radial distribution distance for ratio of F-containing species to O atom, CF3 and F appear in the case of 1.5% CF4.
Holographic mirrors for spatial ultrasound modulation in contactless acoustic energy transfer systems
Authors: Sallam Ahmed , Meesala Vamsi C. , Hajj Muhammad R. , Shahab Shima
Published: October 2021

This work introduces and investigates a flat acoustic mirror capable of efficiently manipulating a wavefront and creating an arbitrary pressure pattern in a target plane using the sound reflection phenomenon. The mirror is a metallic holographic lens that performs as a spatial ultrasound modulator by introducing a relative phase shift to the reflected wavefront. The phase-shifting lens is designed using an iterative angular spectrum algorithm and 3D-printed from powdered aluminum through direct metal laser melting. The lens's capabilities to construct diffraction-limited complex pressure patterns under water are tested numerically and experimentally. The proposed holographic mirror design can drive immense improvements in applications involving contactless acoustic energy transfer, which is investigated in this Letter.
A bosonic perspective on the classical mapping of fermionic quantum dynamics
Authors: Sun Jing , Sasmal Sudip , Vendrell Oriol
Published: October 2021

We consider the application of the original Meyer–Miller (MM) Hamiltonian to mapping fermionic quantum dynamics to classical equations of motion. Non-interacting fermionic and bosonic systems share the same one-body density dynamics when evolving from the same initial many-body state. The MM classical mapping is exact for non-interacting bosons, and therefore, it yields the exact time-dependent one-body density for non-interacting fermions as well. Starting from this observation, the MM mapping is compared to different mappings specific for fermionic systems, namely, the spin mapping with and without including a Jordan–Wigner transformation and the Li–Miller mapping (LMM). For non-interacting systems, the inclusion of fermionic anti-symmetry through the Jordan–Wigner transform does not lead to any improvement in the performance of the mappings, and instead, it worsens the classical description. For an interacting impurity model and for models of excitonic energy transfer, the MM and LMM mappings perform similarly, and in some cases, the former outperforms the latter when compared to a full quantum description. The classical mappings are able to capture interference effects, both constructive and destructive, that originate from equivalent energy transfer pathways in the models.
Microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of γ-Nb5Si3 under high temperature and high pressure
Authors: Wang Juwei , Chen Haihua , Zhang Zhengang , Wang Bin , Ma Hongtao , Song Minqing , Zhai Jinhui , Ding Lanfang
Published: October 2021

The study of the effect of pressure and temperature on the structural and mechanical properties of materials is very difficult for current experimental techniques. Here, we have synthesized the γ-Nb5Si3 compound with remarkable quality by high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) technology. The effects of high pressure and sintering temperature on its microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation resistance are discussed. The Vickers hardness and density of the γ-Nb5Si3 sample at 5.5 GPa and 1100 °C are 8.67 GPa and 5.73 g/cm3, respectively. It is shown that the HPHT behavior not only improves sample's compactness and microstructure, but also makes γ-Nb5Si3 to have a strong response to the Vickers hardness and related density. These results effectively demonstrate the functions of the HPHT technology, which accurately express the Vickers hardness, density, and thermal stability of γ-Nb5Si3 compounds.
Enhancing the ultraviolet response of silicon photodetectors using Yb3+-doped CsPbCl2Br nanocrystals glass with self-crystallization inhibited by ZnO
Authors: He Ziyao , Zhou Yufeng , Wang Yu , Mei Enrou , Liang Xiaojuan , Xiang Weidong
Published: October 2021

All-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are the most promising next generation photoelectric materials owing to their excellent properties. Although embedding perovskite NCs into a glass matrix improves their stability, different applications require perovskite nanocrystal glasses (PNGs) with different properties. In this work, we controlled the network structure of the precursor glass by changing the content of ZnO (3.8–11.4 mol. %) in the raw materials, thus inhibiting the direct precipitation of CsPbCl2Br NCs in the glass (i.e., the self-crystallization process), and obtained samples with local emission and high transmittance. In addition, we incorporated rare-earth (RE) Yb3+ into a CsPbCl2Br PNG to achieve efficient ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared quantum cutting emissions and boost the UV response of silicon photodetectors (PDs). Finally, after combining the Yb3+-doped CsPbCl2Br PNG on the Si PDs, the responsivity of the latter increased to 0.014 A/W at 320 nm, which is 14 times higher than that of the bare Si PDs. Moreover, Si PDs based on Yb3+-doped CsPbCl2Br PNG exhibited excellent photocurrent stability.
What are Concepts?
Authors: Singh Anirudh
Published: October 2021

Concepts are mental icons that represent elements of another domain. The first domain may be in the physical world, in which case the mental icons represent entities of the physical world in mind space. Each situation of interest to humans is described by its own set of concepts. Classical mechanics is described in terms of particles, forces, and Newton's laws of motion. Chemistry uses the concepts of atoms, chemical kinetics, reactants, and products to describe chemical reactions.

A concept is characterized by its properties, which may be intrinsic or extrinsic. Concepts may be further divided into fundamental and non-fundamental concepts. Fundamental concepts are those whose intrinsic properties are conserved.

The concept of symmetry has an all-pervading influence on all spheres of our lives. A system has a particular symmetry if a transformation leaves a feature of the system invariant. The transformations occur in mathematical groups. The symmetry of a physical system may be linked to its conserved properties through Noether's theorem.
Concept Analysis and Maxwell's Demon
Authors: Singh Anirudh
Published: October 2021

This chapter employs concept analysis for the elaboration of some confusion and misconceptions regarding the relation between information, work, and energy. It begins by noting that while the subjective exists in the mind, it is sometimes confused with the objective that exists in the real world. This occurs in the case of strongly correlated concepts. This phenomenon is defined as coupled concepts.

It ends with a critique of the use of Maxwell's Demon in the book by Paul Davies to explain the magic of life.

The behavior of inanimate matter is driven by the laws of physics, while that of animate matter involves decision-making, and is information-driven. This includes life at the cellular level, where information is embedded in molecular codes in the DNA molecule.

Information is similar to concepts that exist in mind space. Energy and work exist in real space. Thus, information cannot be the same as either. This confusion exemplifies the phenomenon of coupled concepts.

Maxwell's Demon cannot exist, as it has to be of molecular dimensions to be able to manipulate molecules, but a macroscopic organism to be able to think. In Davies’ book, the molecules and molecular machines were constrained in their movements as they were coded or ratcheted. The observed phenomena could be explained in terms of these reductions in their degrees of freedom.
Crypto-Imaging in Photoluminescent Metastructures
Authors: Ritacco Tiziana , Giocondo Michele
Published: October 2021

Combining an advanced additive manufacturing technique, the Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing (TP-DLW), with the peculiar electro-optical properties of Quantum Dots (QDs) allows the creation of hybrid metastructures consisting in 3D photo-luminescent objects featuring sub-millimetric details. The study of the the interaction between the QDs and the UV-sensitive photo-resist during the TP-DLW allows the fine tuning of the emitted photo-luminescence. During the polymerization, the cross-linking of the monomers expels the majority of QDs from the irradiated volume, but they get excited and trigger a surrounding thermal polymerization, which changes the structure resolution. Here, the various steps of the TP-DLW procedures of such hybrid systems are illustrated in detail. The study defines the best conditions to modulate the QDs density in the created nanostructures to be integrated in optical devices, almost down to the single QDs. Moreover, the combined use of TP-DLW and single photon lithography introduces a further degree of freedom in the local QDs density control, allowing for the fabrication of even more complex object, such as the already mentioned hybrid metastructures. As a possible application of this technique, anti-counterfeiting is discussed with the fabrication of a 3D fluorescent design hidden in a polymeric microstructure. The rapidity of the process makes it suitable for industrial applications.
The politics of fear in Hong Kong protest representations
Authors: Ming Liu , Ma Jingxue
Published: October 2021

This study gives a corpus-assisted discourse study of the representations of 2019 Hong Kong protests in theNew York Times. With the corpus-analytic tools Wmatrix and Wordsmith, it examines both the dominant patterns in its representations and the specific strategies used. The findings suggest that while NYT still draws on the traditional patterns in its representations of Hong Kong protests, it deviates from the protest paradigm in its representations of concerned parties. Meanwhile, emotion discourse has emerged as a distinct strategy in its representations. This is most revealing in the emotion of fear, and a close analysis of its use in its context has revealed its role in the construction of concerned parties and the distrust of Hong Kong people towards the Chinese government.
“We shall not flag or fail, we shall go on to the end”
Authors: Bhatia Aditi , Ross Andrew S.
Published: October 2021

Focusing on the anti-extradition bill protests in Hong Kong, this article presents an analysis of Twitter posts adopting the hashtags #antiELAB, #NoChinaExtradition and #HongKongProtests. The analysis explores the public narrative among the collective identity of Hongkongers opposing the extradition bill as events unfolded during mid-2019 in Hong Kong. To do so, we adopt Bhatia’s (2015) multi-perspective framework for the Discourse of Illusion, which takes a three-prong approach to the study of argument construction and establishing legitimacy. Specifically, through the interrelated components of (1) historicity, (2) linguistic and semiotic action, and (3) social impact, the dimensions of the hashtag narrative that emerged on Twitter were explored.
Theory of the line shape of the 1S–2S transition for magnetically trapped antihydrogen
Authors: Gustafson R A , Robicheaux F
Published: October 2021

The physics that determines the line shape of the 1S–2S transition in magnetically trapped

H

¯

is explored. Besides obtaining an understanding of the line shape, one goal is to replace the dependence on large scale simulations of

H

¯

with a simpler integration over well defined functions. For limiting cases, analytic formulas are obtained. Example calculations are performed to illustrate the limits of simplifying assumptions. We also describe a χ
2 method for choosing experimental parameters that can lead to the most accurate determination of the transition frequency.
Finite size effect on the magnetic glass
Authors: Pal Sudip , Banerjee A
Published: October 2021

The nature of glass formation and crystallization in structural glass is yet to be understood despite the intense studies of many decades. Analogous to the structural glasses, hindered first order magnetic transitions produce magnetic glasses, where the volume fraction of two phases having long range structural and magnetic order are frozen in time. Here, we have prepared Pr0.5Ca0.5Mn0.975Al0.025O3 nanoparticles of different size as a case study and investigated the formation and stability of the magnetic glass state at the length scale of a few nanometers. We have observed a profound interplay between the glass state and sample size: stability of the glass state highly increases and scales linearly with decrease in the sample size. Smaller the particle size, slower is the crystallization rate. The crystallization occurs through both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and is controlled by the surface to volume ratio of the particles. Our results emphasize on an important fact that glass transition is not a phase transition in actual sense, rather it is a kinetic phenomena. The length scale associated with different nucleation processes is an important length scale and it controls the glass dynamics. Besides, apart from the intrinsic metastability due to magnetic glass, we also distinguish a secondary source of relaxation, which is dominant at low magnetic fields, predominantly arising due to surface spin disorder.
The Effect of Newspaper Powder on Structural Concrete Pressure Fc ‘21, 7 Mpa
Authors: Agustapraja Hammam Rofiqi , Dhana Rio Rahma
Published: October 2021

The development of the construction industry in the world will increase the need for concrete as a building material. It will continue to grow as well as the need for further concrete in the future. The Concrete is widely used in construction because it is easily formed according to the needs, especially the concrete-forming materials, namely sand, crushed stone, cement, and water. that materials are not difficult to obtain, maintenance does not require a lot of money, and has high compressive strength. The method used in this research is the experimental method at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Lamongan. In this study, the test object used was a cylindrical specimen with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. The concrete compressive strength test is carried out after the concrete has been immersed for a 7 days treatment period, then a convention is carried out with a correction factor of 28 days. From the results of the normal concrete compressive strength test with 7 days of age converted to 28 days, the average value of 3 samples with a 3% percentage is 18.4 MPa, 5% percentage is 8.6 Mpa, and 10% percentage is 5.8 MPa. From the results of the compressive strength test of paper waste concrete with an age of 7 days converted to 28 days, the composition of 3% is suitable for use. So the 3% percentage of paper waste meets the requirements to be made into fine aggregate in concrete.
Utilization of multitemporal imagery for analysis of changes in mangrove cover by Using Cloud Computing Method in the East Coast Region of Lampung Province
Authors: Simarmata Nirmawana , Wikantika Ketut , Tarigan Trika Agnestasia , Aldyansyah Muhammad , Tohir Rizki Kurnia
Published: October 2021

The East Coast of Lampung Province has extraordinary potential, unique potential such as visual appeal. In addition, the coast also has the potential as a residential area, fishery cultivation, ponds, agriculture, ports, tourism and so on. However, behind its potential, the East Coast region of Lampung Province, especially the coastal area, is prone to destructive activities around the sea, the cause of the damage can be influenced by natural factors which include wave and tidal action. and human activities such as converting mangrove land to ponds. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in mangrove area cover using multitemporal imagery from 1991 to 2019. The research data used were Landsat imagery and Sentinel imagery. Identification of mangrove areas can be done through interpretation of remote sensing technology. Changes in mangrove land cover can be detected using multitemporal imagery. It is early to see how widespread the changes have been in a certain time frame. The use of remote sensing technology is one method that is widely used to map and determine the condition of an area using the classification method. Classification is designed to derive thematic information by classifying phenomena based on criteria. Satellite image processing is carried out using the image classification method with cloud computing-based software, namely Google Earth Engine (GEE). The sampling points for classification are evenly distributed in the mangrove area. Apart from mangrove objects, samples were also taken from water objects, urban areas, vegetation, ponds and coastlines. This aims to distinguish mangrove objects from other objects. Based on the results of image processing, the accuracy test obtained on the land cover map is above 85% because the image resolution used is a medium resolution image. The results of the field survey indicated that there was a change in mangrove cover to become ponds which resulted in a reduction in the area of mangrove cover.
Comparing The Toxicity of Some Formulate Synthetic and Organic Insecticides to Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae
Authors: Permana Agus Dana , Isnaini Nurhadini Fitri , Julita Ucu , Kinasih Ida , Rohmatillah Din Dzakamala Fafi , Putra Ramadhani Eka
Published: October 2021

Agricultural wastes had been considered as one of the major sources of environmental as most of the waste consist of organic wastes which produces a significant amount of greenhouse gases when decompose. Some studies showed the benefit of these wastes as a material for insect farming, such as larva of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens), to produce a protein and lipid-rich biomass for various types of bioindustries. However, other studies showed that most of the organic agricultural wastes originated from local farms, contaminated with insecticides. This condition caused a major concern on the health of the larvae during farming as the information on the effect of insecticide on black soldier fly larvae is considered rare. In this study, we tested the toxicity of some common synthetic and organic insecticides, applied in the local farming system, to black soldier fly larvae. Two types of synthetic insecticides (active ingredient endosulfan and profenofos) and one type of organic insecticide (a microbial insecticide with active ingredient 5-endotoxin) were mixed with commercial chicken feed which used as feeding material for the 10 days-old larvae. A total number of 120 larvae were used in this study and the mortality rate was observed for 72 hours. The result of this study showed LC50 of endosulfan was recorded at 236.25 ppm, profenofos at 380.62 ppm, and 5-endotoxin at more than 7600 ppm. All of this value significantly higher than insecticide residual limit regulation and reports on the level of insecticide residual level of common local agricultural products. Based on this study, it can be concluded that common organic agricultural wastes are applicable to be used as feeding material of black soldier fly larvae directly although further studies are needed regarding the safety of the final product of insect farming.
Production of biochar from Bitter Melon Seeds Waste by Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Khumairoh Puspita , Petrus Himawan Tri Bayu Murti , Purnomo Chandra Wahyu
Published: October 2021

The rejection rate of seeds at a seed company is approximately 5% of total sorted seeds. Rejected seeds is difficult to treat and caused the problem in the environment. This research aims to produce carbon or biochar from rejected bitter melon seeds by pyrolysis method. The functional groups on the carbon formed was observed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR). The pyrolysis was carried out at temperature variations of 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C for 60 minutes. The yield of carbon using pyrolysis at temperature of 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C were 34,65%, 26,09%, and 24,22%, respectively. The results of FTIR spectrophotometer analysis on pyrolyzed carbon contain several functional groups of O–H, C=C, and C–O. This produced char can be recycled back to agriculture land as biochar for soil improvement.
Molybdenum Extraction from Spent Catalyst Using Citric Acid: Characteristic and Kinetics Study
Authors: Rezki Amelia Sri , Sumardi Slamet , Astuti Widi , Made Bendiyasa I , Petrus Himawan Tri Bayu Murti
Published: October 2021

Interest on the extraction of valuable metals from secondary resources has been increasing recently due to the environmental consideration. It includes the spent catalyst from hydrodesulfurization process from the natural gas purification unit in fertilizer industry to reduce sulfur content. With composition of molybdenum as one of the active elements, the spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst is indeed interesting to study, in order to be able to recover the molybdenum which is increasing within decades in need and unit price. In this study, recovery as well as extraction kinetics of molybdenum will be observed to calculate design parameters for scaling up process. The raw material used in this work is spent catalyst from PT. Pupuk Kujang Cikampek, Karawang, Indonesia. Leaching process was conducted with particle size -200 mesh, solid ratio of 1:5 and leaching time up to 120 minutes in the atmosphere condition by variated temperature (60, 80, 90°C) and pH (1.5, 2, 2.5) of citric acid. The solid samples before leached were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), while the leaching filtrate samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The result of the experiment showed the maximum recovery of molybdenum at temperature of 90°C, during 120 minutes, and acid pH 1.5, 2, 2.5 were 71.20%, 34.66%, and 19.29% respectively. The independent variables used in this study showed a significant effect of molybdenum recovery, especially the acids pH. The kinetic model was evaluated by following the Shrinking Core model which considers diffusion is suitable to predict the leaching mechanism of molybdenum using citric acid.
The Identification of Krakatoa Tsunami Deposits Based on Comparison of Geological and Electrical Resistivity Tomography Method, in Kunjir, South Lampung
Authors: Rizka  , Fadhilah Rahmat , Piskora Beta Arroma , Putraloka Arvico , Alansyah Aviv , David Kris Hamonongan Parulian
Published: October 2021

The research location is located in Kunjir Village, Rajabasa District, South Lampung. This village is an area that was affected by the tsunami waves due to the eruption of Mount Krakatau in 1883 and the village worst affected by the Krakatoa tsunami on 22 December 2018 in Lampung. This research was conducted to determine tsunami deposits using geoelectrical methods which are correlated with stratigraphic observations and thin section petrographic analysis on river walls in the study area. The geoelectrical method used is Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The ERT survey was carried out on 1 line located near the river. The purpose of the ERT survey is to determine tsunami deposits. Based on geological observations, it is suspected that there is a tsunami deposit in the form of a layer of sand mixed with pyroclastic and pumice rocks. Based on thin section petrographic analysis, it tends to show a pattern of changes in composition upward following changes in grain size. Based on the pseudo-section of the result of Electrical Resistivity Tomography processing, it is suspected that tsunami deposits were found in sandstone with a resistivity value of 17 - 100 Ωm.
Spatial Analysis of 2019 Peat Fire in South Sumatra Conservation Area
Authors: Putra Raden , Zurfi Alfian , Nufutomo Tastaptyani Kurnia , Lisafitri Yuni , Sari Novi Kartika
Published: October 2021

In 2019, Indonesia seasoned another haze disaster due to peat fires. In the South Sumatra province, fires occurred in most of the peatland areas. The research aims to identify peat fires that occur in protected forest areas in The South Sumatra. The boundary of the protected forest area is obtained from the Forest Department of South Sumatra Province. Meanwhile, the fire events in the study area were analyzed by the hotspot distributions data during the dry season 2019 (Juni-November). The identification of fires (hotspot data) on the peat area uses peat distribution data from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The geographic information system technique with a spatial analysis method is used in this research. The identification results show that only a small part of the peatland in the study area has the status of protected forest areas. Most of the protected forests in the South Sumatra peat area burned in 2019. The results of this study indicate that the natural conditions of the peat ecosystem in protected forest areas have been degraded due to fire events. On the other hand, peat fires in protected forest areas indicate human activity for resource use and land use in the area.
Did The 2019 Fire Events in South Sumatra Occur Predominantly on Peatlands?
Authors: Putra Raden , Nufutomo Tastaptyani Kurnia , Lisafitri Yuni , Sari Novi Kartika , Zurfi Alfian
Published: October 2021

The haze disaster in Indonesia is an anthropogenic disaster that recurs during the dry season. The current haze disaster is driven by a fire event that is divided into forest fires and peat fires. This study aim is identifying the fire events that have occurred in the South Sumatera region for the 1995-2019 period. The fire events that occur in the study area were analyzed using hotspot data during the observation period. Meanwhile, the peat distribution data is obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. To attain the research aim, the spatial analysis method using geographic information system technology was applied to the observation data. The results showed that the fire events in The South Sumatera were dominated by peat fires. During the observation period, approximately of all peat hydrological units in the study area experienced fires in varying intensity. Based on the result, until 2019 the fire events were recurring, especially in the peatlands of Sumatera. More precise and efficient needed to prevent and handle forest and land fires are needed.
Coal Characterization of South Sumatera Basin using the Unsupervised Machine Learning Method
Authors: Ayustyana E , Wibisono S A , Sihombing F M H
Published: October 2021

South Sumatra Basin is one of the sedimentary basins in Indonesia which has coal bearing formation, coal-bearing formations are rock formations that have coal layers in its area. Numerous coal proximate data (free moisture, total moisture, moisture, inherent moisture, ash content, fixed carbon, sulfur content) and ultimate data (carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) have been collected in this basin. This study aims to determine the characterization of coal in the South Sumatra Basin based on the proximate data and ultimate data using the unsupervised machine learning methods. The machine learning method has several basic concepts, namely being able to predict data by studying several patterns and factors that have been trained in a short amount of time. The study able to cluster coal in the basin into two cluster of coals with striking difference. The distribution of the two coal clusters in the South Sumatra Basin possibly influenced by the age of the formation in the South Sumatra Basin. In the first cluster, it is distributed in the older Airbenakat Formation and Muaraenim Formation, while in the second cluster it is scattered in the younger Muaraenim Formation and the Kasai Formation. The formation ages of the youngest are the Kasai Formation, the Muaraenim Formation, and the Airbenakat Formation.
Microfacies and Diagenesis of Limestone in Bojongmanik Formation in the Western Endut Mountain Area, Lebak Regency, Banten Province Based on Petrographical Analysis Methods
Authors: Hidayatullah A. Y. , Sihombing F. M. H.
Published: October 2021

Bojongmanik Formation which especially formed in the Western Endut Mountain Area just has been done with very rarely research. Bojongmanik Formation exposed in the western Endut Mountain is a Late Miocene rock formation with limestone and sandy limestone lithology. This research used the analysis methods of petrographic observation, especially carried out on limestone lithology. Petrographic analyses have been carried out on 15 limestone samples from the research area. The petrographic analyses’ primary purpose is to determine the facies zone where the limestone are formed and to understand the diagenesis processes experienced by the rocks after its formation. The result shows that the limestone in the research area mainly consisted of framestone, bafflestone, Floatstone, Rudstone, and Packstone. Based on the analysis, limestone in this area has formed in slope, platform margin reef, and platform interior open marine facies zone. From the obtained facies zone, a two-dimensional model was made to get an overview of the paleo facies condition. It was concluded that the seaward was in the north and landward in the south. Various diagenesis processes that occurred after limestone in this area are formed are dolomitization, fracturing, micrite envelope, dissolution, recrystallization, inversion, marine cementation, burial cementation, and phreatic meteoric cementation. The diagenesis indicate burial, marine, and meteoric environment.
Classification Lithofacies Based on Petrophysics Properties and Clustering Algorithm in X Field
Authors: Saputra Asido , Puput Erlangga M , Handoyo  , Wijaksono Egie
Published: October 2021

Lithofacies classification is one of the key modelling components in reservoir characterization. Log-facies classification methods aim to estimate a profile of facies at the well location based on the values of rock properties measured or computed in well log analysis (such as density, porosity, P-Wave, shale content and mineralogy). In this study, the classification of lithofacies was carried out in X field. The first step of classification lithofacies is cross-plot of each petrophysical data, the result of this step is used as a priori data to statistical facies classification (k-means algorithm). Lithofacies in this study were successfully separated into two facies namely sand and shale. The results obtained show that X Field is a gas saturated with sandstone as the main reservoir, especially in the Plover formation.
A Discrimination of Dry and Wet Processing Lampung Robusta Coffee using UV Spectroscopy and PLS-DA
Authors: Yulia M , Ningtyas K R , Kuncoro S , Suhandy D
Published: October 2021

Postharvest treatment of coffee, including processing coffee cherry into a green bean, highly influenced the coffee’s final flavor. In general, two types of coffee cherry processing have existed: dry (unwashed) and wet (washed) processing. This research aims to evaluate a possible application of UV spectroscopy and PLS-DA for the discrimination of dry and wet processing Lampung robusta coffee. A total of 50 samples were used as samples. All samples were roasted, ground, and sieved with mesh 50. An aqueous sample was prepared by using a water-based extraction procedure. The spectral data were measured in transmittance mode using a benchtop UV-visible spectrometer from 190 nm to 400 nm. The PCA and PLS-DA were used to discriminate between dry and wet processing coffee samples. PLS-DA models were developed based on UV spectroscopic data in the selected window from 220 nm to 350 nm for original and preprocessed spectra. The PLS-DA models were able to classify samples according to different bean processing methods with an acceptable result. This application could help identify and develop a certification of Lampung robusta coffee according to their bean processing method.
µXRF Application for Uranium Exploration (Case Study: Mamuju Deposit, Indonesia)
Authors: Savira D , Gunawan M A , Draniswari W A , Sukadana I G , Sihombing F
Published: October 2021

Micro X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) is an advanced analysis technique from conventional XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) that allows analysis of smaller areas even inclusions with irregular shapes and non-homogeneous elements. This method has a spatial resolution up to 10 µm depends on the energy by X-rays so that the excitation beam at the smallest point of the sample surface can be detected. This study explains the application of µXRF to determine the type of deposit and the formation of uranium contained in Takandeang Village, Tapalang District, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi. The study began with surface geological and radiometry mapping, continued with geological drilling. Collected samples then undergo petrology, petrographic, and geochemical analysis. Three collected samples from drilling sample were analysed using the µXRF. From the analyses we found that the highest uranium anomaly is found in leucitite autobreccias. The anomaly that occurred in the study area was in the form of reconcentration of uranium elements in autobreccia rocks caused by hydrothermal activity which was also supported by magma type and structural control in the study area. In this study case we found that µXRF is usefull for uranium exploration.
The Dynamics of Densification of Dualistic Settlements in the Sub-Urban Area of Makassar City, Indonesia
Authors: Amri E , Selintung M , Manaf M , Nasution M A
Published: October 2021

The development of the densification pattern of suburban settlements is an increasingly interesting subject since it relates to urban development policies and the concept of a planning approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze; characteristics of spatial physical transformation, transformation to densification, and densification as process. The research method used was the qualitative descriptive method. The data were obtained by direct and indirect observation. The results showed the growth of planned and organic settlement densification patterns through the formation and development phases. The development phase is a process of the space function change from a residential area to a service and trade function. The development of densification patterns and spatial transformation of the residential area of Bumi Tamalanrea Permai was due to the land plot policy which has implications for the infilling development process. the area development process around the pattern development and transformation phases was influenced by the development of the BTP (central business district) as a growth center. This study recommends considering spatial transformation as a determinant of the growth of settlement densification patterns followed by future management policies for the settlement area of Bumi Tamalanrea Permai and its surrounding areas.
The Role of Road Database in Supporting Road Network Development Analysis for Regional Development
Authors: Amalindo Heri , Saggaff Anis , Arliansyah Joni
Published: October 2021

Analysis of regional accessibility is very important in regional development, where good accessibility is needed to support regional development, especially for potential areas. In the accessibility analysis, it is necessary to have regional spatial data that shows the potential of the area, and accurate road network data including geometric and road network conditions required for accessibility calculations, in which the data derived from the road database were the main and accurate data source. Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir (PALI) is a new district in South Sumatra and has great plantations and mining potential. PALI District continues to develop its road network to improve regional accessibility. The road database for PALI District has been developed since 2017 and has complete road data covering162 roads with a total length of 555.85 km. This paper discusses the development of regional accessibility, through road improvement and road network development in PALI District using the existing spatial plan and road database. The calculation of accessibility was carried out using the principle of regional connectivity and considering the effect of distance and road network conditions. The network scenario was developed and the accessibility analysis provided the best road network development plan for the regional development of PALI District.