bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why are there no infinite left-sided decimal expansions?
Authors: Paseau A. C.
Published: February 2021

It was my nine-year-old daughter who got me interested in the title question. As she appreciates, multiplying an integer by a power of 10 is a cinch. To multiply 34 by 100, simply add two zeros at the end: 34 × 100 = 3400. Dividing 3400 by 100 is the reverse process: remove two zeros to obtain 34. More generally, to multiply an integer by 10N, for non-negative N, add N zeros to the end of its decimal notation, and to divide an integer by 10N remove N zeros from its end — so long as it has them. Easy-peasy; my daughter knows all that.
Pitot's theorem, dynamic geometry and conics
Authors: Beardon A. F.
Published: February 2021

It is well known that a convex quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral if, and only if, the sum of each pair of opposite angles is π. This result (which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a circle whichcircumscribesa given quadrilateral) is beautifully complemented by Pitot’s theorem which says that a given convex quadrilateral has aninscribedcircle if, and only if, the sum of the lengths of one pair of opposite edges is the same as the sum for the other pair. Henri Pitot, a French engineer, noticed the easy part of this result in 1725 (see Figure 1), and the converse was first proved by J-B Durrande in 1815. Accordingly, we shall say that a convex quadrilateral is aPitot quadrilateralif, and only if, the sum of the lengths of one pair of opposite edges is the same as the sum for the other pair.
Geometrical theorems about conservation of area for use in classroom activities
Authors: Stupel Moshe , Weissman Shula , Tal Idan
Published: February 2021

Five geometrical tasks demonstrating the interesting property of conservation of area that may be used in the mathematics classroom are presented. The initial premise is proved and then changes in attributes are investigated using dynamic geometric software to show that in the cases demonstrated there is conservation of area or specific ratios. These demonstrations illuminate the hidden beauty in mathematics and constitute an intellectual stimulus for discovering additional properties.
Applications of the sine and cosine rules for a quadrilateral
Authors: Viher Radimir , Viher Dragutin , Koncul Helena
Published: February 2021

We aim to produce formulae for a quadrilateral which correspond to the sine and cosine rule for a triangle. Subsequently, we apply these results to solve problems involving a quadrilateral.
Vowel quality in four Alemannic dialects and its influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German
Authors: Zihlmann Urban B.
Published: February 2021

Despite being one of the official languages in Switzerland, the phonetic properties of Swiss Standard German (SSG) have been studied insufficiently. Regarding Alemannic (ALM) dialects, most of the available phonetic studies have dealt with consonants rather than vowels. To counteract this general lack of research, this study investigates the long-vowel inventories of four ALM dialects as well as their respective SSG varieties regarding vowel quality. The aim of the study is twofold: on the one hand, it provides the first comparative acoustic analysis of ALM and SSG vowels; on the other hand, it investigates to which extent interference from ALM dialects determines the vowel qualities of SSG varieties. To this end, four male and four female speakers from Bern, Chur, Brig, and Zurich were recorded producing each vowel three times, which resulted in a corpus of 1632 tokens. The results show that ALM vowel quality is basically transferred to the SSG varieties in two dialect regions: Chur and Brig. Instead, in the SSG varieties spoken in Bern and Zurich certain vowel qualities did not match the ALM ones, mostly for  that was fronted in the SSG variety of either dialect. Additionally, the Bern SSG <ä> was produced as both [┋ː] and [ӕː], while  was realised more in the back.
The role of mortality concerns in separation and connection effects: comment on Lee and Schwarz
Authors: Horner Dylan E. , Greenberg Jeff
Published: February 2021

Using terror management theory and research findings, we expand the framework provided by Lee and Schwarz to highlight the potential link between separation and connection effects to existential, death-related concerns. Specifically, we address how death awareness may motivate separation and connection behaviors and how engaging in these behaviors may serve a protective terror management function.
Bio-culturally grounded: why separation and connection may not be the same around the world
Authors: Lee Albert , Esposito Gianluca
Published: February 2021

Central to the account of grounded procedures is the premise that mental experiences are grounded in physical actions. We complement this account by incorporating frameworks in cultural psychology and developmental neuroscience, with new predictions. Through the examples of vicarious experiences and demerit transfer, we discuss why, and how, separation and connection may operate somewhat differently across cultures.
Incomplete grounding: the theory of symbolic separation is contradicted by pervasive stability in attitudes and behavior
Authors: Urminsky Oleg
Published: February 2021

The proposed theory is broad enough to accommodate the reduction or elimination of prior influences by a variety of acts symbolizing separation (including cleansing). However, it does not account for stability in psychological variables, and is contradicted by widely documented stability in people's actual attitudes and behavior over time, in multiple domains, despite people's pervasive everyday acts of symbolic separation.
Is IMRT or VMAT superior or inferior to 3D conformal therapy in the treatment of lung cancer? A brief literature review
Authors: Afrin Kazi T. , Ahmad Salahuddin
Published: February 2021

Aim:

To identify treatment outcome, dose uniformity, treatment time, toxicity among 3D conformal therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on literature review.

Methods:

A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, BMC—part of Springer Nature, Google Scholar and iMEDPub Ltd with the following keywords for filtering: 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT, lung cancer, local control and radiobiology. A total of 14 publications were finally selected for the comparison of 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT to determine which technique is superior or inferior among these three.

Results:

Compared to 3D-CRT, IMRT delivers more precise treatment, has better conformal dose coverage to planning target volume (PTV) that covers gross tumour with microscopic extension, respiratory tumour motion and setup margin. 3D-CRT has large number of limitations: low overall survival (OS), large toxicity, secondary malignancies.

Conclusions:

It is difficult to choose the best technique for treating NSCLC due to patient conditions and technique availability. A high-precision treatment may improve tumour control probability (TCP) and patient’s quality of life. VMAT, whether superior or not, needs more clinical trials to treat NSCLC and requires longer dose optimisation time with the greatest benefit of rapid treatment delivery, improved patient comfort, reduced intrafraction motion and increased patient throughput compared to IMRT and 3D-CRT.
Oxygen Seasonality, Utilization Rate, and Impacts of Vertical Mixing in the Eighteen Degree Water Region of the Sargasso Sea as Observed by Profiling Biogeochemical Floats
Authors: J. Billheimer Samuel , Talley Lynne D. , Martz Todd R.
Published: February 2021

Seasonal oxygen structure and utilization in the Sargasso Sea are characterized using nine profiling floats with oxygen 2021 sensors (years 2005–2008), deployed in an Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) experiment (CLIMODE). During autumn‐winter when the mixed layer is deepening, oxygen increases from the surface to the base of the EDW at 400 m. During spring‐summer, oxygen decreases except between the seasonal pycnocline and compensation depth, creating the seasonal shallow oxygen maximum layer (SOMax) with oxygen production of 0.04 μmol kg−1·day−1. In the underlying seasonal oxygen minimum (SOMin), the oxygen utilization rate (OUR) is 0.10 μmol kg−1·day−1, decreasing with depth to 0.04 μmol kg−1·day−1 in the EDW. Remineralization in May to August is double that of August to November. The Sargasso Sea is a net carbon producer; estimated annual export production from the top 100–250 m is 2.9 mol C m−2 and from the top 400 m is 4.2 mol C m−2. Below the EDW, oxygen decreases seasonally at the same time as in the EDW, indicating remineralization down to 700 m. However, on isopycnals in this deeper layer, oxygen increases during May to September, likely due to lateral advection from nonlocal surface outcrops. Summer shoaling of these isopycnals creates this paradox. The complex vertical oxygen structure in the upper 200 m enables important vertical diffusive flux that modifies the OUR calculated from oxygen change. Ignoring mixing underestimates maximum remineralization by 19% and underestimates maximum net production by 88%. However, vertical mixing is negligible in the deeper layers, so the associated total integrated remineralization error is 5%–9%.
Burying Earth's Primitive Mantle in the Slab Graveyard
Authors: Jones T. D. , Sime N. , van Keken P. E.
Published: February 2021

The evolution of mantle composition can be viewed as a process of destruction whereby the initial chemical state is overprinted and reworked with time. Analyses of ocean island basalts reveals that some portion of the mantle has survived this process, retaining a chemically “primitive” signature. A question that remains is how this primitive signature has survived four and a half billion years of vigorous convection. We hypothesize that some of Earth's primitive mantle is buried within a slab graveyard at the core‐mantle boundary. We explore this possibility using high‐resolution finite element models of mantle convection, in which oceanic lithosphere is produced at zones of plate spreading and subducted at zones of plate convergence. Upon subduction, dense oceanic crust sinks to the base of the mantle and gradually accumulates to form broad, robust thermochemical piles. Sinking oceanic crust entrains the surrounding mantle whose composition is predominantly primitive early in the model's evolution. As a result, thermochemical piles are initially supplied with relatively high concentrations of primitive material—summing up to ∼30% their total mass. The dense oceanic crust dominating the piles resists efficient mixing and preserves the primitive material that it is intermingled with. The significance of this process is shown to be proportional the rate of mantle processing through time and the excess density of oceanic crust at mantle pressures and temperatures. Unlike other theories for the survival of Earth's primitive mantle, this one does not require the early Earth to have large‐scale domains of anomalously high density and/or viscosity.
Insights Into Deep Mantle Thermochemical Contributions to African Magmatism From Converted Seismic Phases
Authors: Boyce A. , Cottaar S.
Published: February 2021

The contribution of mantle upwellings of varying spatial extent to Cenozoic magmatism across Africa is debated because geochemical and seismological tools used to interrogate them are primarily sensitive to either composition or temperature. Thermochemical conditions control the depth at which mantle materials undergo phase changes, which cause seismic discontinuities. Mapping seismic discontinuities across the mantle transition zone (MTZ) and below provides insight into the variable thermochemical nature of upwellings. We present observations of seismic discontinuities beneath Africa obtained from a compilation of P‐to‐s receiver functions (RFs; using Pds, PPds, and PKPds phases), recorded at seismograph networks across Africa between 1990–2019. We exploit a recent high‐resolution African continental P‐wavespeed model to migrate our RFs to depth in a common conversion point stack. Cenozoic magmatism along the East African Rift is largely underlain by a thin MTZ implying a contribution to rift magmatism from sources at or below MTZ depths. The Ethiopian rift is underlain by a depressed d410 and uplifted d660 indicating a moderate positive thermal anomaly at MTZ depths (∼100–150 K). The southern East African Rift displays a greater d410 depression and a regional d660 depression, suggesting a stronger thermochemical anomaly at MTZ depths. Here, seismic conversions at ∼1,025 km depth are collocated with slow wavespeeds within the African Superplume, corroborating evidence for a compositional anomaly. We suggest that the contribution of a purely thermal plume directly below Ethiopia augments conditions for mantle melting and rifting. Distinct upwellings may also affect the MTZ below Cenozoic magmatism in Cameroon and Madagascar.
Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si
Authors: Haaland Stein , Daly Patrick W. , Vilenius Esa
Published: February 2021

Metallic and silicate ions carry essential information about the evolution of the Earth and near‐Earth small bodies. Despite this, there has so far been very little focus on ions with atomic masses higher than oxygen in the terrestrial magnetosphere. In this paper, we report on abundances and properties of energetic ions with masses corresponding to that of silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) in Earth's geospace. The results are based on a newly derived data product from the Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors on Cluster. We find traces of both Si and Fe in all of the regions covered by the spacecraft, with the highest occurrence rates and highest intensities in the inner magnetosphere. We also find that the Fe and Si abundances are modulated by solar activity. During solar maximum, the probability of observing Fe and Si in geospace increases significantly. On the other hand, we find little or no direct correlation between geomagnetic activity and Si and Fe abundance in the magnetosphere. Both Si and Fe in the Earth's magnetosphere are inferred to be primarily of solar wind origin.
Slope‐Intensified Storm‐Induced Near‐Inertial Oscillations in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Ruixiang , Chen Changsheng , Dong Wenjie , Beardsley Robert C. , Wu Zhongxiang , Gong Wenping , Liu Yuqiang , Liu Tongmu , Xu Danya
Published: February 2021

The South China Sea (SCS) is a region vulnerable to tropical cyclones (TCs). An array of moored current meters and meteorological buoys was deployed within major pathways of TCs across the slope of the northern shelf of the SCS from September 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018. Three TCs, Khanun, SonTinh, and Mangkhut, traversed by the storm‐monitoring array in October 2017, July, and September 2018, respectively. Storm‐generated near‐inertial oscillations (NIOs) were observed at the moorings. These oscillations exhibited a slope‐intensified feature regardless of the trajectories and intensities of TCs. In the stratified area, the NIOs was characterized by a two‐layer structure, with large amplitudes in the mixed layer and beneath thermoclines. The phases of these oscillations changed rapidly through thermoclines. No significant nonlinear interactions were found between near‐inertial and tidal currents. The low‐frequency flow over the slope was characterized by a southwestward current in the along‐shelf direction and an onshore current above the bottom boundary, and a weak offshore current near the bottom in the cross‐shelf direction. The flow‐induced negative vorticity was intensified during the TCs and appearances of mesoscale eddies. Slope‐intensified NIOs can be explained by topographic inertial waves and energy trapping due to the negative vorticity of the slope flow. The strongest NIOs always occur during an adjustment period of the low‐frequency flow to a pre‐storm condition, suggesting a significant energy transfer from the low‐frequency flow to the inertial motion.
Dust on the Wind
Authors: Averett Nancy
Published: February 2021

A new study confirms that an important wind system is shifting due to climate change.
Characterization of complete lncRNAs transcriptome reveals the functional and clinical impact of lncRNAs in multiple myeloma
Authors: Carrasco-Leon Arantxa , Ezponda Teresa , Meydan Cem , Valcárcel Luis V. , Ordoñez Raquel , Kulis Marta , Garate Leire , Miranda Estíbaliz , Segura Victor , Guruceaga Elisabeth , Vilas-Zornoza Amaia , Alignani Diego , Pascual Marién , Amundarain Ane , Castro-Labrador Laura , Martín-Uriz Patxi San , El-Omri Halima , Taha Ruba Y. , Calasanz Maria J. , Planes Francisco J. , Paiva Bruno , Mason Christopher E. , San Miguel Jesús F. , Martin-Subero José I. , Melnick Ari , Prosper Felipe , Agirre Xabier
Published: February 2021

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease, whose clinical heterogeneity makes its management challenging, highlighting the need for biological features to guide improved therapies. Deregulation of specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been shown in MM, nevertheless, the complete lncRNA transcriptome has not yet been elucidated. In this work, we identified 40,511 novel lncRNAs in MM samples. lncRNAs accounted for 82% of the MM transcriptome and were more heterogeneously expressed than coding genes. A total of 10,351 overexpressed and 9,535 downregulated lncRNAs were identified in MM patients when compared with normal bone-marrow plasma cells. Transcriptional dynamics study of lncRNAs in the context of normal B-cell maturation revealed 989 lncRNAs with exclusive expression in MM, among which 89 showed de novo epigenomic activation. Knockdown studies on one of these lncRNAs, SMILO (specific myeloma intergenic long non-coding RNA), resulted in reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis of MM cells, and activation of the interferon pathway. We also showed that the expression of lncRNAs, together with clinical and genetic risk alterations, stratified MM patients into several progression-free survival and overall survival groups. In summary, our global analysis of the lncRNAs transcriptome reveals the presence of specific lncRNAs associated with the biological and clinical behavior of the disease.
The regulation of protein translation and its implications for cancer
Authors: Song Ping , Yang Fan , Jin Hongchuan , Wang Xian
Published: February 2021

In addition to the deregulation of gene transcriptions and post-translational protein modifications, the aberrant translation from mRNAs to proteins plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various cancers. Targeting mRNA translation are expected to become potential approaches for anticancer treatments. Protein translation is affected by many factors including translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins. Recently, modifications of mRNAs mainly N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification and noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are involved. In this review, we generally summarized the recent advances on the regulation of protein translation by the interplay between mRNA modifications and ncRNAs. By doing so, we hope this review could offer some hints for the development of novel approaches in precision therapy of human cancers.
Perineuronal nets are under the control of type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the developing somatosensory cortex
Authors: Mascio Giada , Bucci Domenico , Notartomaso Serena , Liberatore Francesca , Antenucci Nico , Scarselli Pamela , Imbriglio Tiziana , Caruso Stefano , Gradini Roberto , Cannella Milena , Di Menna Luisa , Bruno Valeria , Battaglia Giuseppe , Nicoletti Ferdinando
Published: February 2021

mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors are highly functional in the early postnatal life, and regulate developmental plasticity of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons in the cerebral cortex. PV+cells are enwrapped by perineuronal nets (PNNs) at the closure of critical windows of cortical plasticity. Changes in PNNs have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We found that the number ofWisteria Fluoribunda Agglutinin(WFA)+PNNs and the density of WFA+/PV+cells were largely increased in the somatosensory cortex of mGlu5−/−mice at PND16. An increased WFA+PNN density was also observed after pharmacological blockade of mGlu5 receptors in the first two postnatal weeks. The number of WFA+PNNs in mGlu5−/−mice was close to a plateau at PND16, whereas continued to increase in wild-type mice, and there was no difference between the two genotypes at PND21 and PND60. mGlu5−/−mice at PND16 showed increases in the transcripts of genes involved in PNN formation and a reduced expression and activity of type-9 matrix metalloproteinase in the somatosensory cortex suggesting that mGlu5 receptors control both PNN formation and degradation. Finally, unilateral whisker stimulation from PND9 to PND16 enhanced WFA+PNN density in the contralateral somatosensory cortex only in mGlu5+/+mice, whereas whisker trimming from PND9 to PND16 reduced WFA+PNN density exclusively in mGlu5−/−mice, suggesting that mGlu5 receptors shape the PNN response to sensory experience. These findings disclose a novel undescribed mechanism of PNN regulation, and lay the groundwork for the study of mGlu5 receptors and PNNs in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Coherent X-ray−optical control of nuclear excitons
Authors: Heeg Kilian P. , Kaldun Andreas , Strohm Cornelius , Ott Christian , Subramanian Rajagopalan , Lentrodt Dominik , Haber Johann , Wille Hans-Christian , Goerttler Stephan , Rüffer Rudolf , Keitel Christoph H. , Röhlsberger Ralf , Pfeifer Thomas , Evers Jörg
Published: February 2021

Coherent control of quantum dynamics is key to a multitude of fundamental studies and applications1. In the visible or longer-wavelength domains, near-resonant light fields have become the primary tool with which to control electron dynamics2. Recently, coherent control in the extreme-ultraviolet range was demonstrated3, with a few-attosecond temporal resolution of the phase control. At hard-X-ray energies (above 5–10 kiloelectronvolts), Mössbauer nuclei feature narrow nuclear resonances due to their recoilless absorption and emission of light, and spectroscopy of these resonances is widely used to study the magnetic, structural and dynamical properties of matter4,5. It has been shown that the power and scope of Mössbauer spectroscopy can be greatly improved using various control techniques6–16. However, coherent control of atomic nuclei using suitably shaped near-resonant X-ray fields remains an open challenge. Here we demonstrate such control, and use the tunable phase between two X-ray pulses to switch the nuclear exciton dynamics between coherent enhanced excitation and coherent enhanced emission. We present a method of shaping single pulses delivered by state-of-the-art X-ray facilities into tunable double pulses, and demonstrate a temporal stability of the phase control on the few-zeptosecond timescale. Our results unlock coherent optical control for nuclei, and pave the way for nuclear Ramsey spectroscopy17 and spin-echo-like techniques, which should not only advance nuclear quantum optics18, but also help to realize X-ray clocks and frequency standards19. In the long term, we envision time-resolved studies of nuclear out-of-equilibrium dynamics, which is a long-standing challenge in Mössbauer science20.
The structural basis of function and regulation of neuronal cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2
Authors: Zhang Sensen , Zhou Jun , Zhang Yuebin , Liu Tianya , Friedel Perrine , Zhuo Wei , Somasekharan Suma , Roy Kasturi , Zhang Laixing , Liu Yang , Meng Xianbin , Deng Haiteng , Zeng Wenwen , Li Guohui , Forbush Biff , Yang Maojun
Published: February 2021

NKCC and KCC transporters mediate coupled transport of Na++K++Cl− and K++Cl− across the plasma membrane, thus regulating cell Cl− concentration and cell volume and playing critical roles in transepithelial salt and water transport and in neuronal excitability. The function of these transporters has been intensively studied, but a mechanistic understanding has awaited structural studies of the transporters. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the two neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters human NKCC1 (SLC12A2) and mouse KCC2 (SLC12A5), along with computational analysis and functional characterization. These structures highlight essential residues in ion transport and allow us to propose mechanisms by which phosphorylation regulates transport activity.
How creating one additional well can generate Bose-Einstein condensation
Authors: Máté Mihály , Legeza Örs , Schilling Rolf , Yousif Mason , Schilling Christian
Published: February 2021

The realization of Bose-Einstein condensation in ultracold trapped gases has led to a revival of interest in this fascinating quantum phenomenon. This experimental achievement necessitated both extremely low temperatures and sufficiently weak interactions. Particularly in reduced spatial dimensionality even an infinitesimal interaction immediately leads to a departure to quasi-condensation. We propose a system of strongly interacting bosons, which overcomes those obstacles by exhibiting a number of intriguing related features: (i) The tuning of just a single control parameter drives a transition from quasi-condensation to complete condensation, (ii) the destructive influence of strong interactions is compensated by the respective increased mobility, (iii) topology plays a crucial role since a crossover from one- to ‘infinite’-dimensionality is simulated, (iv) a ground state gap opens, which makes the condensation robust to thermal noise. Remarkably, all these features can be derived by analytical and exact numerical means despite the non-perturbative character of the system.
A review: progress in preventing tissue adhesions from a biomaterial perspective
Authors: Kheilnezhad Bahareh , Hadjizadeh Afra
Published: February 2021

Post-operation adhesions are accrued by inflammation and result in tissue adhesions. Fortunately, biomaterials have shown promising anti-adhesive bioactivity for dealing with such issues.
A two-trick pony: lysosomal protease cathepsin B possesses surprising ligase activity
Authors: Lambeth Tyler R. , Dai Zhefu , Zhang Yong , Julian Ryan R.
Published: February 2021

Cathepsin B is an important protease within the lysosome, where it helps recycle proteins to maintain proteostasis.
3D/2D Bi2S3/SnS2 heterostructures: superior charge separation and enhanced solar light-driven photocatalytic performance
Authors: Paul Sumana , Barman Dulal , Chowdhury Chandra , Giri P. K. , De Subodh Kumar
Published: February 2021

A type-II band alignment between Bi2S3 and SnS2 was established by theoretical investigation which accelerates photoinduced charge separation and improved the photocatalytic activity of the Bi2S3/SnS2 heterostructure.
Nanomechanics of antimonene allotropes under tensile loading
Authors: Akash Tanmay Sarkar , Subad Rafsan A. S. I. , Bose Pritom , Islam Md Mahbubul
Published: February 2021

Mechanical properties of monolayer antimonene been investigated with molecular dynamics simulations. A crackline stress distribution based fracture toughness calculation is established as a method to compare with Griffith's criterion for highly brittle 2D materials.
Metal–organic frameworks as photoluminescent biosensing platforms: mechanisms and applications
Authors: Zhao Yifang , Zeng Heng , Zhu Xiao-Wei , Lu Weigang , Li Dan
Published: February 2021

Recent progress of MOF-based photoluminescent platforms: a comprehensive overview of their applications in biosensing and underlying mechanisms.
Dehydrogenation of light alkanes to mono-olefins
Authors: Li Chunyi , Wang Guowei
Published: February 2021

This review summarizes recent progress in the catalysts and reactors for light alkane dehydrogenation, providing new directions for dehydrogenation technologies.
Nanoplastic sizes and numbers: quantification by single particle tracking
Authors: Molenaar Robert , Chatterjee Swarupa , Kamphuis Bjorn , Segers-Nolten Ine M. J. , Claessens Mireille M. A. E. , Blum Christian
Published: February 2021

Easy method to count and size plastic nanoparticles in water. A combination of sensitive fluorescence video microscopy, NileRed staining of plastic particles, and single particle tracking allows for counting and sizing nanoplastics.
Long-term and continuous administration of Bacillus subtilis during remission effectively maintains the remission of inflammatory bowel disease by protecting intestinal integrity, regulating epithelial proliferation, and reshaping microbial structure and function
Authors: Liu Yongqiang , Yin Fang , Huang Linsheng , Teng Hongfei , Shen Tongyi , Qin Huanlong
Published: February 2021

The long-term and continuous administration of Bacillus subtilis in remission phase could effectively maintain the remission of IBD by improving the intestinal microenvironment, particularly the gut microbiota and corresponding metabolites.
JNK pathway and heat shock response mediate the survival of C26 colon carcinoma bearing mice fed with the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii without affecting tumor growth or cachexia
Authors: Barone Rosario , Caruso Bavisotto Celeste , Rappa Francesca , Gargano Maria Letizia , Macaluso Filippo , Paladino Letizia , Vitale Alessandra Maria , Alfano Stefano , Campanella Claudia , Gorska Magdalena , Di Felice Valentina , Cappello Francesco , Venturella Giuseppe , Marino Gammazza Antonella
Published: February 2021

In the last few years, there has been emerging interest in developing treatments against human diseases using natural bioactive compound. Here, the edible mushroom Pleurotus eringii var. eringii increased the survival rate of mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma.
Mechanically induced single-molecule white-light emission of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) materials
Authors: Huang Quan , Guo Qiang , Lan Jingbo , Su Rongchuan , Ran You , Yang Yudong , Bin Zhengyang , You Jingsong
Published: February 2021

Disclosed herein is the first example of a mechanically induced single-molecule white-light emission of ESIPT materials. Mechanical grinding transforms intermolecular packing motifs, enabling emission color switching from yellowish green to white.
Large plasmonic color metasurfaces fabricated by super resolution deep UV lithography
Authors: Keil Matthias , Wetzel Alexandre Emmanuel , Wu Kaiyu , Khomtchenko Elena , Urbankova Jitka , Boisen Anja , Rindzevicius Tomas , Bunea Ada-Ioana , Taboryski Rafael J.
Published: February 2021

A novel super resolution deep UV lithography method is employed to fabricate large area plasmonic metasurfaces.
Superior potassium and zinc storage in K-doped VO2(B) spheres
Authors: Li Qifei , Ye Xiangxiang , Jiang Yu , Ang Edison Huixiang , Liu Weiling , Feng Yuezhan , Rui Xianhong , Yu Yan
Published: February 2021

The K-doped VO2(B) electrode materials demonstrate enhanced ion diffusion coefficients and superior electrochemical performance both in potassium-ion batteries and zinc-ion batteries (e.g., 122 mA h g−1at an extremely high rate of 50 A g−1).
Solid-state spiropyrans exhibiting photochromic properties based on molecular flexibility
Authors: Zhang Lei , Deng Yawen , Tang Yubao , Xie Congxia , Wu Zhongtao
Published: February 2021

Solid-state spiropyrans hardly exhibit photochromism at room temperature. Here, a new strategy by increasing the molecular flexibility is reported for achieving photochromic solid-state materials with pure spiropyrans.
Effect of dopant concentration and the role of ZnS shell on optical properties of Sm3+doped CdS quantum dots
Authors: Vinh N. D. , Tan P. M. , Do P. V. , Bharti S. , Hoa V. X. , Hien N. T. , Luyen N. T. , Ca N. X.
Published: February 2021

The role of samarium (Sm) dopant on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of CdS QDs and CdS/ZnS core/shell QDs was methodically reported.
Enhanced microwave absorption performance of light weight N-doped carbon nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Jianxin , Miao Peng , Lin E. Emily , Bai Ting , Smoukov Stoyan K. , Kong Jie
Published: February 2021

N-doped carbon particles were prepared through environmentally friendly and convenient methods. N-doped carbon capsules exhibit the best microwave absorption ability compared to their spherical counterparts.
DFT study of superhalogen and superalkali doped graphitic carbon nitride and its non-linear optical properties
Authors: Khan Asmat Ullah , Khera Rasheed Ahmad , Anjum Naveed , Shehzad Rao Aqil , Iqbal Saleem , Ayub Khurshid , Iqbal Javed
Published: February 2021

DFT calculations are carried out to investigate nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of superhalogen (BCl4) and superalkali (NLi4) doped graphitic carbon nitride (GCN).
A label-free fluorescent peptide probe for sensitive and selective determination of copper and sulfide ions in aqueous systems
Authors: Zhang Yadan , Cai Yunhui , He Yonghui , Lin Qinlu , Ren Jiali , Cao Dongsheng , Zhang Lin
Published: February 2021

A label-free fluorescence “on–off–on” peptide probe for selective determination of Cu2+ and S2− in a pure water system.
Synthesis of a new Ag+-decorated Prussian blue analog with high peroxidase-like activity and its application in measuring the content of the antioxidant substances in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.
Authors: Cheng Linqi , Ding Haoxue , Wu Chunying , Wang Shuyu , Zhan Xueyan
Published: February 2021

An Ag+-decorated Prussian blue analog (Ag-PBA) was synthesized and used to measure the content of antioxidant substances in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.
Novel synthesis of benzotriazolyl alkyl esters: an unprecedented CH2 insertion
Authors: Elagawany Mohamed , Maram Lingaiah , Elgendy Bahaa
Published: February 2021

Versatile synthesis of benzotriazolyl alkyl esters (BAEs) from N-acylbenzotriazoles using DCM as a methylene building block.
Enhanced performance of ZnO nanorod array/CuSCN ultraviolet photodetectors with functionalized graphene layers
Authors: Luo Guangcan , Zhang Ziling , Jiang Jing , Liu Yang , Li Wei , Zhang Jingquan , Hao Xia , Wang Wenwu
Published: February 2021

Facile, convenient and low-cost processes were used to fabricate self-powered ZnO nanorod array ultraviolet photodetectors with CuSCN/rGO hole-transport bilayers. The device performance with a functionalized graphene layer was greatly improved.
Accurate location of hydrogen atoms in hydrogen bonds of tizoxanide from the combination of experimental and theoretical models
Authors: Reviglio Ana L. , Martínez Fernando A. , Montero Marcos D. A. , Garro-Linck Yamila , Aucar Gustavo A. , Sperandeo Norma R. , Monti Gustavo A.
Published: February 2021

In this work, we present a combination of ssNMR spectroscopy and two different theoretical methods to get a full description of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in tizoxanide.
A simple approach to prepare fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Fenying , Wang Dan , Wang Tingting , Jin Yu , Ling Baoping , Li Qianjin , Li Jianlin
Published: February 2021

Fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer (FMIP) gains great attention in many fields due to their low cost, good biocompatibility and low toxicity. Here, a high-performance FMIP was prepared based on the autocatalytic silica sol–gel reaction.
Preparation of chemical staple fibers by plasticizing bleached coniferous pulps with 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
Authors: Qiao Xiaolong , Lu Hailong , Cai Hui , Ni Shuzhen , Zhou Xiaofan
Published: February 2021

In this study, we prepared chemical staple fibers (CSFs) by plasticizing bleached coniferous pulps (BCPs) with 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) under high temperature and pressure.
Chemistry of porphyrins in fossil plants and animals
Authors: Tahoun Mariam , Gee Carole T. , McCoy Victoria E. , Sander P. Martin , Müller Christa E.
Published: February 2021

Porphyrin derivatives such as heme, which is present in blood, and chlorophylls found in plants and bacteria, are complexes of high chemical stability which can survive hundreds of millions of years. Examples from the fossil record are highlighted.
One-step sustainable synthesis of cationic high-swelling polymers obtained from starch-derived maltodextrins
Authors: Cecone Claudio , Costamagna Giulia , Ginepro Marco , Trotta Francesco
Published: February 2021

This paper reports a novel eco-friendly one-step synthesis of maltodextrin-based cationic polymers developed exploiting amine-mediated ring-opening reactions of water-soluble diglycidyl ethers.
A redox-active ionic liquid manifesting charge-transfer interaction between a viologen and carbazole and its effect on the viscosity, ionic conductivity, and redox process of the viologen
Authors: Tahara Hironobu , Tanaka Yudai , Yamamoto Shoko , Yonemori Shigeki , Chan Bun , Murakami Hiroto , Sagara Takamasa
Published: February 2021

A redox-active ionic liquid (RAIL) consisting of a carbazole and viologen shows charge transfer (CT) interaction. The physicochemical properties are modulated by the CT interaction by comparison with the individual RAILs.
Li+–Zn2+ tailored nanostructured metallohydrogel based mixed ionic–electronic conductors
Authors: Kumar Yeeshu , Mahendar Chinthakuntla , Kalam Abul , Dubey Mrigendra
Published: February 2021

A metallohydrogel based mixed ionic–electronic conductor has been developed to improve the electrode–electrolyte interface.
Fluoride ion batteries – past, present, and future
Authors: Nowroozi Mohammad Ali , Mohammad Irshad , Molaiyan Palanivel , Wissel Kerstin , Munnangi Anji Reddy , Clemens Oliver
Published: February 2021

Fluoride-ion batteries: a comprehensive review.
Ideal PN photodiode using doping controlled WSe2–MoSe2 lateral heterostructure
Authors: Kim Ji Eun , Kang Won Tae , Tu Vu Van , Kim Young Rae , Shin Yong Seon , Lee Ilmin , Won Ui Yeon , Lee Boo Heung , Kim Kunnyun , Phan Thanh Luan , Lee Young Hee , Yu Woo Jong
Published: February 2021

As the tight contact interface of the lateral PN junction enables high responsivity, specific detectivity, and fast response speed, atomic-scale two-dimensional (2D) lateral PN heterostructures are emerging as viable alternatives to silicon-based photodiodes.
Extremely superb efficiency and lifetime of deep blue phosphorescent OLEDs by introducing a hypsochromic emissive intermolecular complex (HEIC) with a negligibly small ΔEST and fast reverse intersystem crossing rate
Authors: Kim Ki Ju , Hwang Kyo Min , Lee Hakjun , Kang Sunwoo , Ko Soo-Byung , Eum Min-Sik , Kim Young Kwan , Kim Taekyung
Published: February 2021

Concept of a hypsochromic emissive intermolecular complex (HEIC) compared with the conventional exciplex and electroplex. A mixed host system with HEIC exhibits blue-shifted electroluminescence as well as photoluminescence.
Simultaneous fluorescence and phosphorescence in Zn(ii)–zwitterionic coordination polymers with tunable colors
Authors: Shu Chenglin , Liu Caiping , Wu Mingyan , Chen Cheng , Hong Maochun
Published: February 2021

Three isostructural Zn complexes based on ionic-type ligands were obtained, which all exhibit fluorescence and phosphorescence simultaneously at room temperature. Furthermore, complex 1 features tunable PL colors.
Electrochemical synthesis of versatile ammonium oxides under metal catalyst-, exogenous-oxidant-, and exogenous-electrolyte-free conditions
Authors: Yuan Yong , Li Liang-Sen , Zhang Lin , Wang Feng , Jiang Lin , Zuo Lin , Wang Qi , Hu Jian-Guo , Lei Aiwen
Published: February 2021

An electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling reaction between 2.5-substituted-pyrazolin-5-ones and ammonium thiocyanate has been developed.
A thiol–ene click reaction with preservation of the Si–H bond: a new approach for the synthesis of functional organosilicon compounds
Authors: Anisimov Anton A. , Temnikov Maxim N. , Krizhanovskiy Ilya , Timoshina Ekaterina I. , Milenin Sergey A. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Dolgushin Fedor M. , Muzafarov Aziz M.
Published: February 2021

This work presents an approach for the preparation of functional hydrosilanes.
Rational design of a prodrug to inhibit self-inflammation for cancer treatment
Authors: Zhu Xiaohui , Han Wen , Liu Yongfei , Wang Haihui , Lin Danying , Fu Zhangcheng , He Yu , Yin Xiaofei , Lu Chunhua , Yang Huanghao
Published: February 2021

An effective therapeutic system, comprising gold nanoparticle modified Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals and aspirin, was developed to co-deliver PTT agents and inflammatory inhibitors for the synergistic treatment of cancer.
The mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanisms of catenulane and isocatenulane diterpenes
Authors: Li Geng , Guo Yue-Wei , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: February 2021

The EI-MS fragmentation mechanisms of three diterpenes from Catenulispora acidiphila and two semisynthetic derivatives were studied in extensive 13C-labelling experiments.
Photo- and triboluminescent robust 1D polymers made of Mn(ii) halides and meta-carborane based bis(phosphine oxide)
Authors: Artem'ev Alexander V. , Davydova Maria P. , Berezin Alexey S. , Sukhikh Taisiya S. , Samsonenko Denis G.
Published: February 2021

The 1D CPs of [Mn(L)X2]n type (X = Cl, Br, I), designed on 1,7-bis(diphenylphosphinyl)-m-carborane (L), show bright phosphorescence and triboluminescence, as well as exhibit thermo- and solvatochromic luminescence.
Colloidal suspensions of highly luminescent lanthanide-based coordination polymer molecular alloys for ink-jet printing and tagging of technical liquids
Authors: Pointel Youenn , Daiguebonne Carole , Suffren Yan , Le Natur Francois , Freslon Stéphane , Calvez Guillaume , Bernot Kevin , Jacob David , Guillou Olivier
Published: February 2021

A series of lanthanide-based coordination polymer molecular alloy colloidal dispersions usable for ink-jet printing and tagging of technical liquids.
DNA nanolantern as biocompatible drug carrier for simple preparation of a porphyrin/G-quadruplex nanocomposite photosensitizer with high photodynamic efficacy
Authors: Li Yonghui , Chu Junqing , Wang Dongxia , Zhu Lina , Kong Deming
Published: February 2021

DNA nanolanterns, a pure DNA assembly, are used as biocompatible drug carriers to prepare a nanocomposite photosensitizer for highly efficient photodynamic therapy in the biological transparent window.
Rh nanoparticle functionalized heteroatom-doped hollow carbon spheres for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Qi Defeng , Liu Shuai , Chen Honghui , Lai Shuhua , Qin Yongji , Qiu Yuan , Dai Sheng , Zhang Shusheng , Luo Jun , Liu Xijun
Published: February 2021

Herein, Rh, S and N functionalized hollow carbon spheres were synthesized as a highly efficient and stable electrocatalyst for the HER and HzOR. Furthermore, they exhibit energy-efficient catalytic activity for OHzS compared with OWS.
Effects of A-site composition of perovskite (Sr1−xBaxZrO3) oxides on H atom adsorption, migration, and reaction
Authors: Tanaka Yuta , Murakami Kota , Doi Sae , Ito Kazuharu , Saegusa Koki , Mizutani Yuta , Hayashi Sasuga , Higo Takuma , Tsuneki Hideaki , Nakai Hiromi , Sekine Yasushi
Published: February 2021

H atom adsorption over perovskite (Sr1−xBaxZrO3) was governed by local lattice distortion, which can be tuned by the A-site cation-doping ratio.
Computational methods for training set selection and error assessment applied to catalyst design: guidelines for deciding which reactions to run first and which to run next
Authors: Zahrt Andrew F. , Rose Brennan T. , Darrow William T. , Henle Jeremy J. , Denmark Scott E.
Published: February 2021

Different subset selection methods are examined to guide catalyst selection in optimization campaigns. Error assessment methods are used to quantitatively inform selection of new catalyst candidates from in silico libraries of catalyst structures.
Palliating the efficiency loss due to shunting in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells through modifying the resistive properties of the recombination junction
Authors: Blaga Claire , Christmann Gabriel , Boccard Mathieu , Ballif Christophe , Nicolay Sylvain , Kamino Brett A.
Published: February 2021

As more focus is brought to scaling up perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell technologies, it has been found that optimising the transverse resistance of the interconnection leads to significant quenching of shunt defects in the perovskite sub-cell.
Using phase boundary mapping to resolve discrepancies in the Mg2Si–Mg2Sn miscibility gap
Authors: Orenstein Rachel , Male James P. , Toriyama Michael , Anand Shashwat , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: February 2021

A new understanding of the MgSi–MgSn miscibility gap is reached through phase boundary mapping the Mg–Si–Sn ternary phase diagram.
A multifunctional artificial protective layer for producing an ultra-stable lithium metal anode in a commercial carbonate electrolyte
Authors: Li Song , Wang Xian-Shu , Li Qi-Dong , Liu Qi , Shi Pei-Ran , Yu Jing , Lv Wei , Kang Feiyu , He Yan-Bing , Yang Quan-Hong
Published: February 2021

A multifunctional artificial protective layer is in situ fabricated on the surface of Li anode, which facilitates stable cycle of Li anode in carbonate electrolyte by forming a unique SEI and inducing homogeneous deposition of lithium ions.
Flow-assembled chitosan membranes in microfluidics: recent advances and applications
Authors: Ly Khanh L. , Hu Piao , Pham Le Hoang Phu , Luo Xiaolong
Published: February 2021

Flow-assembled freestanding chitosan membranes in microfluidics are facile, biologically friendly, and promising platforms that have been extensively used in a wide range of bioengineering applications.
Cellulose-based flexible organic light-emitting diodes with enhanced stability and external quantum efficiency
Authors: Zheng Qinghong , Li Huixin , Zheng Yiling , Li Yinan , Liu Xi , Nie Shuangxi , Ouyang Xinhua , Chen Lihui , Ni Yonghao
Published: February 2021

A cellulose-based flexible OLED using a PEDOT:PSS (PH1000) electrode exhibits enhanced stability and light extraction efficiency compared with that using an ITO electrode.
Periodic event‐triggered and self‐triggered control of singular system under stochastic cyber‐attacks
Authors: Han Yuchen , Lian Jie
Published: February 2021

The periodic event‐triggered control (PETC) and self‐triggered control (STC) for networked singular systems under denial‐of‐service (DoS) attack and deception attack are studied. Due to the fact that DoS attack is able to prevent the control input from transmitting and deception attack falsifies the control input as a non‐linear disturbance, a closed‐loop system is constructed with different control inputs based on the switched system method. Next, the attention is focused on the design of PETC and STC schemes. PETC scheme adopts the input delay approach to transform the closed‐loop system into a switched singular time‐delay system and adjusts the triggering intervals by the frequency and duration of cyber‐attacks. STC scheme relies on a reduced‐order system derived from the original singular system and utilises the current sampled information to predict the next triggering instant. Then, exponential stability criteria are derived by codesigning the triggering parameter and controller gain. Finally, a small‐signal version of the structure‐preserving power network model is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.