bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of work ability coordinators’ educational program on behavior of professionals
Authors: Nevala Nina , Mattila-Wiro Päivi , Clottes Heikkilä Heli , Anttilainen Julia , Tujunen Sirpa , Malkamäki Riitta , Hirvonen Maria , Tiainen Raija
Published: October 2022

Coordinating services for people with disabilities requires the expertise of professionals who promote the employment and work ability of their clients. This study evaluated the effects of work ability coordinators’ educational program on behavior of professionals who support work ability of people with disabilities. The participants were 394 professionals aged from 27 to 63 (mean age 46), who attended 21 educational programs in different parts of Finland during 2016–2019. As evaluation methods we used questionnaires and content analysis. The participants’ knowledge and skills, as their capabilities to provide work ability support to people with disabilities increased statistically significantly during the educational program. Motivation meant that the participants expected to gain knowledge on the broad structure of the service system and legislation. Networking opportunities led to new, individual-based contacts and co-operation at the national as well as the regional level. Behavior change meant that the use of the solution-focused approach to work and the full range of measures to support work ability and employment of persons with disabilities in the service system had been successful. The results will guide future educational programs and policy decisions on the proficiency needs of professionals working in the service system.
Psychotherapy as care in Uganda: envisioning a “more-than-critique anthropology”
Authors: Vorhölter Julia
Published: October 2022

Over the past two decades, care has become a key concept in psychological anthropology, and anthropology more broadly. Although the term generally evokes positive associations, anthropological studies mostly focus on the darker or ambivalent aspects of care such as paternalism, exploitation, or instrumentalism. This article rethinks anthropological critiques of care. Drawing on examples from my research on emerging forms of psychotherapy in Uganda, I argue that it is important to retain some of the hopeful properties of care: not because critiques of care are invalid, but because the contemporary global moment—characterized by widespread sentiments of powerlessness, futility, and paralysis in the face of climate change, pandemics, and war—calls for an anthropology that can do more than just critique. The article focuses on the struggles and achievements of a small group of Ugandan therapists, who were at the forefront of establishing psychotherapy as a new form of care in Uganda. For them, psychotherapy offered new ways of critically reflecting on social conventions, norms, and hierarchies in Ugandan society, as well as capitalist modernity more broadly. Even though they were aware of, and shared, various criticisms of psychotherapy—its colonial origins, cultural biases, and neoliberal tendencies—my interlocutors strongly believed that psychotherapy could be made relevant for Ugandans. Their dedication to this vision, and their considerable success in putting it into practice, figure as examples of how to move beyond critique.
God, Salvation, and the Problem of Spacetime
Authors: Qureshi-Hurst Emily
Published: October 2022

Much has been written on the relationship between the nature of temporal reality and the God of Classical Theism. Despite the popularity of this general area, what the physics and metaphysics of spacetime might mean for specific theological doctrines has received less attention. Recently, however, interest in this rich and dynamic interplay of ideas has seen rapid growth. This Element provides both an introduction to the physics and metaphysics of spacetime and a jumping-off point for understanding how these can – and in fact should – inform both Christian theology and the philosophy of religion more generally. The author will argue that the nature of spacetime raises particular and pressing problems for Christianity, specifically the interrelated doctrines of salvation and eschatology, and explore whether adequate solutions to these problems are available.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine breakthrough infections among healthcare personnel, December 2020–April 2021
Authors: Nickel Katelin B. , Fraser Victoria J. , Babcock Hilary M. , Kwon Jennie H. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: October 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness in the early months of vaccine availability was high among healthcare personnel (HCP) at 88.3% for 2-doses. Among those testing positive for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), those with breakthrough infection after vaccination were more likely to have had a non–work-related SARS-CoV-2 exposure compared to unvaccinated HCP.
How Should your Beliefs Change When your Awareness Grows?
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: October 2022

Epistemologists who study credences have a well-developed account of how you should change them when you learn new evidence; that is, when your body of evidence grows. What's more, they boast a diverse range of epistemic and pragmatic arguments that support that account. But they do not have a satisfactory account of when and how you should change your credences when you become aware of possibilities and propositions you have not entertained before; that is, when your awareness grows. In this paper, I consider the arguments for the credal epistemologist's account of how to respond to evidence, and I ask whether they can help us generate an account of how to respond to awareness growth. The results are surprising: the arguments that all support the same norms for responding to evidence growth support a number of different norms when they are applied to awareness growth. Some of these norms seem too weak, others too strong. I ask what we should conclude from this, and argue that our credal response to awareness growth is considerably less rigorously constrained than our credal response to new evidence.
Evidence-Based Policymaking during the COVID-19 Crisis: Regulatory Impact Assessments and the Polish COVID-19 Restrictions
Authors: Jonski Kamil , Rogowski Wojciech
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic transformed our understanding of the state’s role during a public health crisis and introduced an array of unprecedented policy tools: ever-stricter travel restrictions, lockdowns and closures of whole branches of the economy. Evidence-based policymaking seems to be the gold standard of such high-stakes policy interventions. This article presents an empirical investigation into the regulatory impact assessments accompanying sixty-four executive acts (regulations) introducing anti-pandemic restrictions in Poland over the first year of the pandemic. To this end, the study utilises the so-called scorecard methodology, which is popular in regulatory impact assessment research. This methodology highlights the shallowness of these documents and the accompanying processes, with an absence not only of a sound evidence base behind specific anti-pandemic measures or estimates of their economic impacts, but even of the comparative data on restrictions introduced in other European Union/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Overall, the collected data support the hypothesis that the ad hoc pandemic management process crowded out the law-making process through tools such as regulatory impact assessments and consultations. In other words, the genuine decision-making occurred elsewhere (with the exact process being largely invisible to public opinion and scholars) and drafting legal texts simply codified these decisions, with the law-making process becoming mere window-dressing.
When do shape changers swim upstream?
Authors: Bearon R.N.
Published: October 2022

Using a multiple-scale analysis, Walker et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 944, 2022, R2) obtain the long-time behaviour of a shape-changing swimmer in a Poiseuille flow. They show that the behaviour falls into one of three categories: endless tumbling at increasing distance from the midline of the flow; preserved initial behaviour of the swimmer; or convergence to upstream rheotaxis, where the swimmer is situated at the midline of the flow. Furthermore, a single swimmer-dependent constant is identified that determines which of the three behaviours is realised.
A critical analysis of turbulence dissipation in near-wall flows, based on stereo particle image velocimetry and direct numerical simulation data
Authors: George William K. , Stanislas Michel , Foucaut Jean Marc , Cuvier Christophe , Laval Jean Philippe
Published: October 2022

An experiment was performed using stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) in the Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille boundary layer facility to determine all the derivative moments needed to estimate the average dissipation rate of the turbulence kinetic energy

$\epsilon = 2 \nu \langle {\mathsf{s}}_{ij}{\mathsf{s}}_{ij} \rangle$

, where

${\mathsf{s}}_{ij}$

is the fluctuating strain rate and

$\langle ~\rangle$

denotes ensemble averages. Also measured were all the moments of the full average deformation rate tensor, as well as all of the first, second and third fluctuating velocity moments except those involving pressure. The Reynolds number was

$Re_\theta = 7634$

or

$Re_\tau = 2598$

. The present paper gives the measured average dissipation,

$\epsilon$

and the derivative moments comprising it. The results are compared with the earlier measurements of Balint, Wallace & Vukolavcevic (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 228, 1991, pp. 53–86) and Honkan & Andreopoulos (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 350, 1997, pp. 29–96) at lower Reynolds numbers and to new results from a plane channel flow DNS at comparable Reynolds number. Of special interest is the prediction by George & Castillo (Appl. Mech. Rev., vol. 50, 1997, pp. 689–729) and Wosnik, Castillo & George (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 421, 2000, pp. 115–145) that

$\epsilon ^+ \propto {x_2^+}^{-1}$

for streamwise homogeneous flows and a nearly indistinguishable power law,

$\epsilon \propto {x_2^+}^{\gamma -1}$

, for boundary layers. In spite of the modest Reynolds number, the predictions seem to be correct. Then the statistical character of the velocity derivatives is examined in detail, and a particular problem is identified with the breakdown of local homogeneity inside

$x_2^+ = 100$

. A more general alternative for partially homogeneous turbulence flows is offered which is consistent with the observations. With the help of DNS, the spatial characteristics of the dissipation very near the wall are also examined in detail.
Effects of a single spanwise surface wire on a free-ended circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration in the lower synchronization range
Authors: Vaziri E. , Ekmekci A.
Published: October 2022

This experimental study investigated the control induced by a spanwise surface wire on a rigid circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration (VIV) under the conditions of low mass damping in the lower synchronization branch. Being motivated by the idea of VIV-based energy harvesting from ocean and river flows, this elastically mounted cylinder was immersed in a water channel, leaving a free end at its bottom spanwise end, while the free water surface bounded its top. The cylinder was constrained to vibrate in the cross-stream direction. The wire diameter was 6.25 % of the cylinder diameter. Experimental research was conducted by attaching this large-scale wire along the span of the cylinder at various angular positions ranging from 0° to 180° (with respect to the most upstream point of the cylinder) at a fixed Reynolds number of 104(based on the cylinder diameter). Simultaneous to measuring the trajectory of the cylinder motion via a laser distance sensor, the instantaneous velocity field in the near wake of the cylinder was obtained using particle image velocimetry. Several VIV response categories were identified depending on the angular position of the wire, which led to the classification of distinct angular ranges for the wire application. Associated with the structural vibrations in these categories, different vortex-formation modes induced by the wire were revealed. For specific wire positions, decreases of up to 98 % and increases of up to 102 % were identified in the oscillation amplitude of the cylinder compared with the amplitude of the clean cylinder under similar conditions.
A RIGIDITY PROPERTY OF PLURIHARMONIC MAPS FROM PROJECTIVE MANIFOLDS
Authors: HUANG CHE-HUNG
Published: October 2022

Suppose M is a complex projective manifold of dimension
$\geq 2$
, V is the support of an ample divisor in M and U is an open set in M that intersects each irreducible component of V. We show that a pluriharmonic map
$f:M\to N$
into a Kähler manifold N is holomorphic whenever
$f\vert _{V\,\cap \, U}$
is holomorphic.
A REMARK ON THE GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF THE A3W CONDITION FROM OPTIMAL TRANSPORT
Authors: RANKIN CALE
Published: October 2022

We provide a geometric interpretation of the well-known A3w condition for regularity in optimal transport.
Current and past factors affecting the quality of aging in a sample of Spanish elderly
Authors: Montero López María del Pilar , Mora Urda Ana Isabel , Martín Almena Francisco Javier , Baena Alonso Raquel , Bisi Molina Maria del Carmen
Published: October 2022

Aging is a multifactorial process influenced by both biological and sociocultural factors. The objective of this study was to identify current and past factors with an impact on the quality of aging in a sample of people 65 years of age or older born in the postwar period after the Spanish civil war. Socioeconomic, health, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected in public Leisure Centers for the elderly in Madrid. The sample consists of 587 people (64.6% women), with a mean age of 71.8 ±5.3 years. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines regarding what is considered Healthy Aging, an index called the Index of Quality of Aging was calculated from four variables: the Mini Mental State Examination score, perception of health, satisfaction with life and the number of diseases that affect daily life. Another index called the Diet Inflammation Index was created based on the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory potential of different foods. The Index of Quality of Ageing was used as a dependent variable in linear regression models for men and women. Differences by gender were observed in the factors that influence the quality of aging. Education had a positive influence on men quality of ageing while it does not on women. In these, a relationship between the quality of the current diet and the quality of aging was observed.
Dimits transition in three-dimensional ion-temperature-gradient turbulence
Authors: Ivanov Plamen G. , Schekochihin A.A. , Dorland W.
Published: October 2022

We extend our previous work on the two-dimensional (2-D) Dimits transition in ion-scale turbulence (Ivanov et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 86, 2020, 855860502) to include variations along the magnetic field. We consider a three-field fluid model for the perturbations of electrostatic potential, ion temperature, and ion parallel flow in a constant-magnetic-curvature geometry without magnetic shear. It is derived in the cold-ion, long-wavelength asymptotic limit of the gyrokinetic theory. Just as in the 2-D model, a low-transport (Dimits) regime exists and is found to be dominated by a quasistatic staircase-like arrangement of strong zonal flows and zonal temperature. This zonal staircase is formed and maintained by a negative turbulent viscosity for the zonal flows. Unlike the 2-D model, the three-dimensional (3-D) one does not suffer from an unphysical blow up beyond the Dimits threshold where the staircase becomes nonlinearly unstable. Instead, a well-defined finite-amplitude saturated state is established. This qualitative difference between the 2-D and 3-D models is due to the appearance of small-scale ‘parasitic’ modes that exist only if we allow perturbations to vary along the magnetic field lines. These modes extract energy from the large-scale perturbations and provide an effective enhancement of large-scale thermal diffusion, thus aiding the energy transfer from large injection scales to small dissipative ones. We show that in our model, the parasitic modes always favour a zonal-flow-dominated state. In fact, a Dimits state with a zonal staircase is achieved regardless of the strength of the linear drive, provided the system is sufficiently extended along the magnetic field and sufficient parallel resolution is provided.
The Bondage of Old Habits in Nineteenth-Century Argentina
Authors: Brown Jonathan C.
Published: October 2022

Liberty was in their hearts, but the old bondage was nevertheless perpetuated in their habits and, moreover, they were not united among themselves. Juan Bautista Alberdi

A number of recent publications have added to our knowledge of the century in which Argentina seems to have been transformed from a traditional colonial society into a modern and prosperous nation. Most of these new studies lean toward socioeconomic and sociopolitical analysis, testimony to the influence of Tulio Halperin Donghi's work on the Independence period and James Scobie's work on Buenos Aires. Because these two studies of the mid-1970s are so well known, this article will review only the literature that has appeared since. All modern scholars agree that the economy since 1820 expanded at least in the littoral region and that the century ended in an upsurge of technological innovation and export-led growth that extended even into the interior. Most also concur that the benefits of economic progress were not shared equally. The critical questions seem to be who got what and why?
Mesoamerica as a Concept: An Archaeological View from Central America
Authors: Creamer Winifred
Published: October 2022

Since the termMesoamericawas coined in 1943, it has been used widely as an inclusive analytical unit. Paul Kirchhoff's original definition was based on “geographic limits, ethnic composition, and cultural characteristics at the time of the Conquest” (Kirchhoff 1943, 94). He employed these criteria to delineate an area from northern Mexico south through Central America to the Gulf of Nicoya (1943, 98).
The Chota Valley: Afro-Hispanic Language in Highland Ecuador
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: October 2022

The African influence on Latin American Spanish is undisputed, and yet the field of Afro-Hispanic linguistics is hampered by the lack of widespread Hispanic creole dialects, or even areas of widespread Afro-Hispanic language usage. A few tiny dialect pockets continue to exist, however, such as the palenquero dialect of Palenque de San Basilio in northern Colombia, and the special dialect of the negros congos of Panama's Caribbean coast; until the first decades of the twentieth century, a partially creolized Bozal Spanish (spoken by African slaves who had learned Spanish as a second language, and only imperfectly) was still to be found in Cuba as well as vestigially in Puerto Rico and perhaps the Dominican Republic. Given the geographical inaccessibility of many areas of Latin America containing large African populations, it is possible that additional traces of vestigial Afro-Hispanic language may still be found or may have recently disappeared.
The International Political Economy of Bank Nationalization: Mexico in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Maxfield Sylvia
Published: October 2022

“In the last two or three years, … a group of Mexicans …, supported and advised by the private banks, has stolen more money from our country than the empires that have exploited us since the beginning of history…. They've robbed us …, but they will not rob us again.” With these words, President López Portillo nationalized Mexico's private banks and imposed controls on foreign exchange. Many of those attending this State of the Union address on 1 September 1982 stood to applaud, while the president cried and one banker fainted. Mexico's chief of state continued, “The revolution will speed up; the state will no longer be intimidated by pressure groups.”
Protestant Missionaries in Cuba: Archival Records, Manuscript Collections, and Research Prospects
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: October 2022

They arrived first in July 1898 in scattered numbers, in the company of an army of conquest, and subsequently in successive waves during the military occupation. By the time U.S. military rule over Cuba came to an end in May 1902, no less than a score of Protestant denominations had inaugurated evangelical activities in Cuba, including Northern and Southern Baptists, Southern Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, the Disciples of Christ, Quakers, Pentecostalists, and Congregationalists. In fact, so many missionaries arrived in Cuba at one time that denominational competition quickly got out of hand. In February 1902, an interdenominational conference convened in Cienfuegos to impose order on the U.S. evangelical enterprise. The resulting comity plan established spheres of influence for the principal Protestant denominations in Cuba: Northern and Southern Baptists divided the island between them, with Northern Baptists in the two eastern provinces and Southern Baptists assigned to the four western ones; Quakers and Methodists divided eastern Cuba between them; Presbyterians and Congregationalists located their missions in the western zones; and Episcopalians concentrated in Matanzas and Santiago de Cuba.
Coffee and Power in El Salvador
Authors: Paige Jeffery M.
Published: October 2022

The existence of a division between what Italo López Vallecillos has termed the “agro-financial” and “agro-industrial-financial” factions of the Salvadoran elite has become what Enrique Baloyra calls “the consensus of scholarly opinion” on elite politics in El Salvador. As López Vallecillos describes the division, the agro-financial faction “opposes any attempt to transform the rigid framework of land concentration and low salaries in its devotion to the plantation economy that is the basis of its income and profits.” The agro-industrial faction, in contrast, “tries to introduce changes in the economic system … and opts for less authoritarian political forms, within the framework of liberal democracy, representative but restricted and controlled.” Oscillation between these two elite strategies has long characterized Salvadoran politics, and in the 1920s, the temporary dominance of the more liberal faction gave El Salvador the reputation of being the most progressive country in Central America. During times of crisis like the 1930s and the early 1980s, however, the positions of the two factions converged to support the retrograde policies of the more conservative “agro-financial” faction, which have given El Salvador an international reputation for ferocious authoritarianism.
Fighting Words: The Discourse of Insurgency in Latin American History
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: October 2022

“What I suffer is pleasant because it shows that I am putting myself above the run of common men, that I am worthy of my Patria and of you…”

Insurgent officer to his wife, 1893

The appeal of sacrifice so frequently encountered in expressions of nationalism is an equally familiar theme in the rhetoric of political warfare in Latin America. Stories of political warfare take up a considerable part of Latin American historiography. The intent of this exploratory article is to suggest how the rhetoric and narrative written about nineteenth-century insurgency can be read to illuminate the political history of Latin America. Two South American civil wars of the 1890s constitute the empirical starting point for my speculations, although they are scarcely a convincing sample of the hundreds of insurgencies that have occurred since independence. Consequently, these observations on a Latin American discourse of insurgency must largely be content to ask questions, raise issues, and suggest hypotheses.
The Peasantry and the Development of Sandinista Agrarian Policy, 1979-1984
Authors: Deere Carmen Diana , Marchetti Peter , Reinhardt Nola
Published: October 2022

Immediately after the Sandinista victory of July 1979, the Nicaraguan agrarian reform began with the expropriation of Somoza's agricultural estates and their conversion into state farms. Four years later, the land expropriated under the 1981 Agrarian Reform Law was being distributed to peasant production cooperatives and increasingly to individual peasant farmers. This article will analyze this shift in Sandinista agrarian policy and attempt to explain the factors shaping the course of the Nicaraguan agrarian reform. The focus is on the central policy debate of the first four years: the extent to which the agrarian reform should favor state farms, production cooperatives, or individual holdings. That debate encompassed a series of related issues that will be examined here, including the rhythm of technological modernization, capital-intensive versus labor-intensive investment schemes, the pace and depth of socialist transformation, and the entire question of tactical and strategic alliances within the revolution.
Producer Associations, the Political Regime, and Policy Processes in Contemporary Colombia
Authors: Hartlyn Jonathan
Published: October 2022

Unlike many developing countries, Colombia has managed since 1958 to avoid both military rule and chronic political instability while being governed by a civilian political regime, a consociational regime. The purpose of this article is to help explain the Colombian political regime's relative longevity by focusing on the behavior of producer groups in Colombia and the associations that represent them. The article asks how important the support of these groups has been to the political regime established in 1958. It also seeks to identify the major patterns of interaction between the groups and different governments and to determine what implications these patterns have had for continued regime support. The article will find significant support for the regime by producer groups, support that is linked to considerable, but not unlimited, capacity for influence. Such regime support has been conditional, rather than consolidated, and derives from favorable access to the state, the regime's overall policy orientation, and its ability to maintain order.
Policy Cycles in Mexican Presidential Politics
Authors: Story Dale
Published: October 2022

Several aspects of presidential politics in Mexico have become well-established traditions. The president of Mexico is constitutionally limited to a single term of six years. Also, the president is always a member of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). Although the details of the selection process are not well known, the PRI presidential candidate for the next election is hand-picked by the sitting president. Despite an assured victory for the PRI candidate, the nominee always mounts a barnstorming campaign covering all of Mexico, a procedure that helps to legitimize the domination of the PRI. All of these factors are the “givens” in the equation explaining presidential successions in Mexico. But at least one phenomenon—that of policy changes associated with presidential successions—has been much discussed but never critically tested. Briefly stated, various hypotheses suggest that new presidents significantly alter the policies of their predecessor, that predictable shifts from one side of the ideological spectrum to the other occur as presidents succeed one another, and that even certain patterns in policy innovation are evident within six-year presidential terms in Mexico. All of these hypotheses assume that policy decisions and outcomes are greatly affected by the politics of presidential transitions. The purpose of this article is to initiate a process of examining more rigorously the various propositions relating to policy cycles in Mexican politics.
Literacy Among Inmigrantes in Texas, 1850-1900
Authors: Stewart Kenneth L. , De León Arnoldo
Published: October 2022

Few studies have focused on the subject of literacy among Mexican Americans in the nineteenth century. Richard Griswold del Castillo's “Literacy in San Antonio, 1850-1860,” stands out as one of the few studies of Mexican American reading and writing skills in nineteenth-century Texas. Its limitations are obvious, however. As a research note, it made no pretense at comprehensiveness. It focused on only one town, and the ten-year span it covered is rather narrow. Griswold del Castillo nevertheless touched upon an often neglected aspect of Tejano history—the immigrant dimension of the Chicano experience.
Urban Society in Colonial Spanish America: Research Trends
Authors: Bronner Fred
Published: October 2022

In 1972 James Lockhart summarized forLARRthe state of social history research on colonial Latin America and proposed far-reaching methodological innovations. The time is ripe for another assessment if only because of the prolific ongoing research. But this very luxuriance hinders an overview of the whole field. Let me therefore focus on Spanish American urban society, with its stratification and elite circulation. Where Lockhart's article led into his message, mine reviews the outcome of his and other research strategies; it also concentrates on English-language publications and excludes theory and methods not directly related to this area.
Medical Care Under Social Insurance in Latin America
Authors: Zschock Dieter K.
Published: October 2022

Social insurance entitlements represent one of the more controversial aspects of social sector development in Latin America. The most comprehensive critique of social security views the system's coverage and organization as a reflection of the region's social stratification (Mesa-Lago 1978). According to this view, power groups in public administration, private industry, and labor unions exercise control over the organization and financing of sickness, invalidity, and pension funds, and they seek to restrict benefits to their respective memberships. The noninsured lack market power and political organization because of their low levels of human resources development and lack of social cohesion. Mesa-Lago's critique may be more justified for the lower-income than for the higher-income countries in Latin America, however, at least regarding medical care, which is the system's largest single entitlement program in most Latin American countries.
Cultural Policy and Practice in the Nova Republica
Authors: Dassin Joan
Published: October 2022

Civilian rule was installed in Brazil in March 1985, following a gradual liberalization process that had been largely controlled by the military since the mid-1970s. Because no decisive rupture with the previous regime occurred, the first several years of the Nova República were marked by continuous debate about the extent to which the Nova República had broken with the authoritarian past or represented simply a continuation of the old “system.”
Painted Faces: Conflict and Ambiguity in Domestic Servant-Employer Relations in La Paz, 1930–1988
Authors: Gill Lesley
Published: October 2022

“My face grew white on the job, and when I returned to my community, my friends asked me why I was so pale. They said that I looked made up. I had to rub dirt on my face so that I would look browner to them.”

Alicia Mamani, domestic servant, La Paz, Bolivia

“The minute that you turn your back, [servants] use your clothes, your shoes, your make-up, everything.”

Pilar Cordoba, employer, La Paz, Bolivia

The institution of female domestic service in La Paz has been characterized by continuity as well as change, despite the profound social transformations brought about by the Bolivian National Revolution in 1952. Domestic service has historically been the most important source of employment for women in Bolivian cities and Latin American urban centers in general (Glave 1988; Arrom 1985; Kuznesof n.d.). Live-in domestic service continues to be the norm in La Paz, even though the number of live-out household workers is increasing. The dependent nature of the Bolivian economy and enduring gender biases have precluded the absorption of women into “formal sector” employment, and generally depressed wage rates do not permit most women in La Paz the luxury of being full-time mothers, wives, or daughters. As a result, salaried domestic service is not only persisting but expanding as a prolonged economic crisis forces growing numbers of female Aymara Indian immigrants from the countryside to seek wage employment in the homes of criollo women in the city.
State Corporatism in Argentina: Labor Administration under Perón and Onganía
Authors: Buchanan Paul G.
Published: October 2022

State corporatist representation of organized labor interests has been an enduring characteristic of modern Latin American politics, transcending differences in national ideologies and political regimes. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to analyzing various corporatist experiments that have emerged in the region and elsewhere. As a result, it is now possible to distinguish among corporatist systems that are state or societal, Ibero-Catholic, traditional, or modern “rationalist,” inclusionary or exclusionary, bifrontal or segmental; and analysts have moved on to “disaggregate” the structure of corporatism in a variety of political contexts.
El sujeto social de la insurreccion popular: la Revolución Sandinista
Authors: Vilas Carlos M.
Published: October 2022

Una de las cuestiones interesantes de las guerras de liberación y las revoluciones sociales del Tercer Mundo es que las luchas por profundas transformaciones sociales e, incluso, por un horizonte socialista, no tienen como fuerza principal a un partido proletario ni a organizaciones donde la clase obrera constituye el componente principal. El protagonista fundamental de estos movimientos es, antes bien, un complejo conjunto de clases y grupos populares—artesanos, campesinos, semiproletarios, jóvenes, pobres de la ciudad y del campo—donde la clase obrera no es un componente mayoritario. Este perfil social propio de las revoluciones y guerras de liberación del Tercer Mundo obedece en definitiva al modo en que el capitalismo se desarrolló en estos países, articulándose a formas no capitalistas de producción y circulación, subordinándolas pero sin eliminarlas plenamente.
Patterns of Migration to the United States from two Mexican Communities
Authors: Mines Richard , Massey Douglas S.
Published: October 2022

Economists have long recognized the importance of migration between less developed and more developed countries, and they have devoted considerable attention to analyzing it within the framework of traditional economic theory (Thomas 1954; Kindleberger 1967; Tapinos 1974; Greenwood 1979; Chiswick 1980; Wachter 1980; Stark 1983). But international migration entails not only an economic exchange of work for wages, it is also fundamentally a social process. Repeated human contact inevitably produces ties between persons in sending and receiving societies. Social networks are created that connect individuals in disparate cultural settings, and these ties ultimately change the context within which economic processes are played out. Understanding how such ties develop and change over time is therefore crucial to understanding the phenomenon of international migration.
Nicolas Guillen in the 1980s: A Guide to Recent Scholarship
Authors: Jackson Richard
Published: October 2022

Born in 1902, Nicolás Guillén is almost as old as this century. A flourish of publishing activity occurred in 1972 and again in 1982 celebrating his longevity. Few writers who began as Modernists are still alive to tell about the movement, as does Guillén in his memoirs, Páginas vueltas (published in Havana in 1982 in honor of his eightieth birthday). After a long and distinguished career in poetry, journalism, and politics, Cuba's national poet is becoming increasingly visible in the English-speaking world, where his candidacy for the Nobel prize for literature is encouraged annually and books, articles, dissertations, bibliographies, and translations of his work continue to appear.
The Sugar Industry in Postrevolutionary Mexico: State Intervention and Private Capital
Authors: Singelmann Peter
Published: October 2022

The development of the Mexican sugar industry during the twentieth century has reflected both the general problems of industrialization in the hemisphere and the distinct historical conditions that were shaped by the Revolution of 1910. The broader problems can be assessed in terms of the implications of peripheral capitalist development for the internal dynamics of social class relations and for the corresponding political factors that set the boundaries for government policy options.
Cocoliche: The Art of Assimilation and Dissimulation Among Italians and Argentines
Authors: Cara-Walker Ana
Published: October 2022

Cocoliche, that curious dramatic character improvised under the circus tent during the last decades of the nineteenth century, is no longer a vital aspect of Argentine life today. Yet his caricatured presence over a period of fifty years proved critical in the creolization of Italians and natives as well as in the sociocultural redefinition of Argentina's “national character.” Creolization (the cultural redefinition negotiated by two or more diverse groups coming into contact—in this case, Italians and Argentines) yields a new ethic and aesthetic order wherein the presence of each group becomes integral to the national whole. As will be shown, Cocoliche became a key vehicle for this process of creolization.
Ruben Dario as a Focal Cultural Figure in Nicaragua: The Ideological Uses of Cultural Capital
Authors: Whisnant David E.
Published: October 2022

Most of the critical commentary on Nicaraguan poet Rubén Dario has been called forth and shaped by his being a seminal pan-Latin American and an international literary figure. Less known is the fact that for more than a century, Darío has been the focus of a much contested discourse concerning national cultural identity within Nicaragua itself. Comprehending this more limited and focused discourse requires carefully analyzing the changing cultural-political constructions that Darío's fellow Nicaraguans have placed upon his life and work, and especially the role of ideology in those constructs. Such analysis can also offer insight into the role of focal Latin American cultural figures in the negotiation of national cultural identity, especially during periods of dramatic political transformation, crisis, and reconstruction like the Somoza era (1936–1979) and the Sandinista Revolution (1961–1989).
Explaining Sociopolitical Change in Latin America: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Brachet-Márquez Viviane
Published: October 2022

Since Mexico declared its independence from Spanish rule, the country has experienced two extended periods of political stability that are atypical of Latin American societies. The first, known as the Porfiriato, extended from 1875 to 1910. The second, which was heralded by the Revolution of 1910 and consolidated in the 1920s, still holds sway in the last decade of the twentieth century. The weaknesses of the Porfiriato have been analyzed amply, thanks in great part to the hindsight provided by the revolution that ended the era. Until recently, however, most works on twentieth-century Mexico have focused on the exceptional stability of the postrevolutionary regime. This approach has left largely unresearched (Knight 1989) or merely labeled as “crises” (Needier 1987) the recurrent episodes of union insurgency, popular protest, electoral opposition, and other signs of pressure for political change that have punctuated Mexican history since the Revolution. Consequently, analysts who have recently undertaken the arduous task of diagnosing at what points this imposing edifice might “give” have been unable to benefit from insights of work carried out in previous decades.
Little-Known Latin American Manuscripts at the University of Texas
Authors: Gibbs Donald L.
Published: October 2022

The Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection at the University of Texas is internationally known as a major repository of primary source material on colonial and nineteenth-century Mexico. Specialists may also be aware of its collections of historical documents on the Río de la Plata and Central America. The best-known manuscripts were acquired before 1940 and have been described in widely distributed published guides.
A Glimpse of Family Life in Colonial Mexico: A Nun's Account
Authors: Myers Kathleen A.
Published: October 2022

As interest grows in examining women's lives and writings in colonial Latin America, the autobiographical accounts written by scores of nuns during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been undergoing a reevaluation by historians and literary critics alike. Studies of the literary production and the circumstances surrounding the life of the most famous nun of the period, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695), have long been in vogue, but writings by her contemporaries have only recently caught the attention of many scholars. These colonial documents illustrate a well-established feminine literary tradition and reveal the female experience with religious institutions and spirituality: the appeal of the religious life for many women, the roles they played in the convent, and the relationships among nuns, confessors, and other members of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Less frequently, autobiographical accounts include significant details about the author's life before taking the veil. Although rare, such manuscripts provide information on the makeup of upper-class creole households and the roles of women in the family that helps fill the gaps in knowledge about women's daily lives in Latin America. The focus of this article is the first volume written by an Augustinian Recollect nun describing her secular life on an agricultural farm (hacienda de labor) from 1656 to 1687.
Molecular and morphological description of a novel microsporidian Inodosporus fujiokai n. sp. infecting both salmonid fish and freshwater prawns
Authors: Yanagida Tetsuya , Asai Nanami , Yamamoto Michitaka , Sugahara Kazuhiro , Fujiwara Takuto , Shirakashi Sho , Yokoyama Hiroshi
Published: October 2022

A new microsporidian disease of cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has recently been confirmed in Japan, and the causative species was tentatively designated as Microsporidium sp. RBT-2021. Involvement of common prawn Palaemon paucidens in its transmission was suggested based on the previous feeding trials, although the microsporidian infection in P. paucidens was not confirmed. In this study, P. paucidens in Lake Biwa, Japan was investigated for microsporidian infection and 4 types of spores (types 1–4) were newly found. The nucleotide sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene was identical between type 1 and Microsporidium sp. RBT-2021, indicating they are conspecific. However, intriguingly, the spore morphology and the mode of development in fish and prawn were strikingly different. Morphological observations revealed type 1 in the prawn possesses characteristics of the genus Inodosporus Overstreet and Weidner, 1974, while Microsporidium sp. RBT-2021 in the trout exhibited the characteristics of the genus Kabatana Lom, Dyková and Tonguthai, 2000. In the phylogeny, type 1 was placed within a clade comprising Kabatana spp. and Inodosporus octosporus. Based on the morphological and molecular analyses, we describe Microsporidium sp. RBT-2021 as Inodosporus fujiokai n. sp. Together with the success of the previous prawn-feeding trials, this study strongly suggests I. fujiokai n. sp. has a multi-host life cycle utilizing fish and crustacean hosts and different modes of development in each host. Such polymorphic life cycle has barely been known among fish microsporidians. This study also suggests that the genus Kabatana is a junior synonym of the genus Inodosporus.
Mismatch negativity and clinical trajectories in psychotic disorders: Five-year stability and predictive utility
Authors: Donaldson Kayla R. , Jonas Katherine , Foti Dan , Larsen Emmett M. , Mohanty Aprajita , Kotov Roman
Published: October 2022

Background

Mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitude is reduced in psychotic disorders and associated with symptoms and functioning. Due to these robust associations, it is often considered a biomarker for psychotic illness. The relationship between MMN and clinical outcomes has been examined well in early onset psychotic illness; however, its stability and predictive utility in chronic samples are not clear.

Method

We examined the five-year stability of MMN amplitude over two timepoints in individuals with established psychotic disorders (cases;N= 132) and never-psychotic participants (NP;N= 170), as well as longitudinal associations with clinical symptoms and functioning.

Results

MMN amplitude exhibited good temporal stability (cases,r= 0.53; never-psychotic,r= 0.52). In cases, structural equation models revealed MMN amplitude to be a significant predictor of worsening auditory hallucinations (β= 0.19), everyday functioning (β= −0.13), and illness severity (β= −0.12) at follow-up. Meanwhile, initial IQ (β= −0.24), negative symptoms (β= 0.23), and illness severity (β= −0.16) were significant predictors of worsening MMN amplitude five years later.

Conclusions

These results imply that MMN measures a neural deficit that is reasonably stable up to five years. Results support disordered cognition and negative symptoms as preceding reduced MMN, which then may operate as a mechanism driving reductions in everyday functioning and the worsening of auditory hallucinations in chronic psychotic disorders. This pattern may inform models of illness course, clarifying the relationships amongst biological mechanisms of predictive processing and clinical deficits in chronic psychosis and allowing us to better understand the mechanisms driving such impairments over time.
Hard to predict! No clear effects of home-field advantage on leaf litter decomposition in tropical heath vegetation
Authors: Alencar Mery I. G. de , Belo André Y. S. P. , Silva José L. A. , Asato Ana E. B. , Gomes Eduarda F. , de Oliveira Valéria S. , Teixeira Jesiel de O. , Monte Otávio de S. , Mota Adriano S. , Pereira Vitória M. L. , Dantas Sibele S. , Silva Gabriel H. S. , Goto Bruno T. , Souza Alexandre F. , Caliman Adriano
Published: October 2022

The home-field advantage (HFA) hypothesis establishes that plant litter decomposes faster at ‘home’ sites than in ‘away’ sites due to more specialized decomposers acting at home sites. This hypothesis has predominantly been tested through ‘yes or no’ transplanting experiments, where the litter decomposition of a focal species is quantified near and away from their conspecifics. Herein, we evaluated the occurrence and magnitude of home-field effects on the leaf litter decomposition of Myrcia ramuliflora (O.Berg) N. Silveira (Myrtaceae) along a natural gradient of conspecific litterfall input and also if home-field effects are affected by litter and soil traits. Litter decomposition of M. ramuliflora was assessed through litterbags placed in 39 plots in a tropical heath vegetation over a period of 12 months. We also characterized abiotic factors, litter layer traits, and litter diversity. Our results indicated the occurrence of positive (i.e. Home-field advantage) and negative (i.e. Home-field disadvantage) effects in more than half of the plots. Positive and negative effects occurred in a similar frequency and magnitude. Among all predictors tested, only the community weighted mean C/N ratio of the litterfall input was associated with home-field effects. Our results reinforce the lack of generality for home-field effects found in the literature and thus challenge the understanding of litter-decomposer interaction in tropical ecosystems.