bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The quenching effect of hydrogen on the nitrogen in metastable state in atmospheric-pressure N2-H2 microwave plasma torch
Authors: Li Shou-Zhe , Zhang Xin , Chen Chuan-Jie , Zhang Jialiang , Wang Yong-Xing , Xia Guang-Qing
Published: August 2014

The atmospheric-pressure microwave N2-H2 plasma torch is generated and diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy. It is found that a large amount of N atoms and NH radicals are generated in the plasma torch and the emission intensity of N2+ first negative band is the strongest over the spectra. The mixture of hydrogen in nitrogen plasma torch causes the morphology of the plasma discharge to change with appearance that the afterglow shrinks greatly and the emission intensity of N2+ first negative band decreases with more hydrogen mixed into nitrogen plasma. In atmospheric-pressure microwave-induced plasma torch, the hydrogen imposes a great influence on the characteristics of nitrogen plasma through the quenching effect of the hydrogen on the metastable state of N2.
Integrated color filter and polarizer based on two-dimensional superimposed nanowire arrays
Authors: Ma Yongqian , Sun Nanling , Zhang Rui , Guo Lingdong , She Yi , Zheng Jun , Ye Zhicheng
Published: August 2014

A two-dimensional nanowire array with asymmetric lattices was investigated. The orthogonal arrays were fabricated by two-step interference lithography, with 300 nm-pitch arrays overlying the 1000 nm-pitch. Due to the peculiar structure, the properties of the top two-dimensional structure and bottom 1000 nm gratings are superposed. With incidence angles smaller than 30°, short wavelengths of visible light for both transverse electric (TE) and magnetic (TM) polarizations are transmitted as a color filter. For larger incident angles, TE light transmission decreases monotonously, while distinct tunneling of TM light surface plasmon resonance was observed, leading to an integrated polarizer and color filter effect. The experimental results, theoretical calculation, and numerical simulations are in good agreement. The comprehensive characters resulted from the aforementioned mechanisms indicate a new approach to fabricate integrated color filter and polarizer with potential in liquid crystal display, optics communication, and laser applications.
Enhanced energy harvesting performance of the piezoelectric unimorph with perpendicular electrodes
Authors: Ma Ming , Xia Song , Li Zhenrong , Xu Zhuo , Yao Xi
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we presented a combined piezoelectric effect between perpendicular faces of the piezoelectric unimorph with polarization along the thickness direction, which was decomposed into shear and transverse piezoelectric effects in analytical model. Nine types of output electrode configurations based on perpendicular electrodes were designed for the combined piezoelectric effect. In the prototype, compared with traditional transverse piezoelectric effect, the superimposed piezoelectric effect can produce 1.5 times open circuit voltage and 3.9 times power for energy harvesting.
Relativistic effects on plasma expansion
Authors: Benkhelifa El-Amine , Djebli Mourad
Published: August 2014

The expansion of electron-ion plasma is studied through a fully relativistic multi-fluids plasma model which includes thermal pressure, ambipolar electrostatic potential, and internal energy conversion. Numerical investigation, based on quasi-neutral assumption, is performed for three different regimes: nonrelativistic, weakly relativistic, and relativistic. Ions' front in weakly relativistic regime exhibits spiky structure associated with a break-down of quasi-neutrality at the expanding front. In the relativistic regime, ion velocity is found to reach a saturation limit which occurs at earlier stages of the expansion. This limit is enhanced by higher electron velocity.
Simulations of acoustic waves bandgaps in a surface of silicon with a periodic hole structure in a thin nickel film
Authors: Graczyk Piotr , Mroz Boguslaw
Published: August 2014

We have performed simulations of dispersion relations for surface acoustic waves in two-dimensional phononic crystal by the finite elements method (FEM) and by the plane wave method (PWM). Considered medium is a thin nickel layer on a silicon single crystal (001) surface. The nickel film is decorated with cylindrical holes of the depth equal to the nickel film thickness arranged in a square lattice. We have obtained full bandgaps for the surface waves propagating in the medium of particular range of filling factor and layer thickness. The width of the bandgap had reached over 500[MHz] for the sample of the lattice constant 500[nm] and is sufficient for experimental design.
Realization of highly crystallographic three-dimensional nanosheets by a stress-induced oriented-diffusion method
Authors: Gharooni M. , Hosseini M. , Mohajerzadeh S. , Taghinejad M. , Taghinejad H. , Abdi Y.
Published: August 2014

Morphologically controlled nanostructures have been increasingly important because of their strongly shape dependent physical and chemical properties. Formation of nanoscale silicon based structures that employ high levels of strain, intentional, and unintentional twins or grain boundaries can be dramatically different from the commonly conceived bulk processes. We report, realization of highly crystallographic 3D nanosheets with unique morphology and ultra-thin thickness by a stress-induced oriented-diffusion method, based on plasma processing of metal layer deposited on Si substrate and its post deep reactive ion etching. Annealing in plasma ambient creates rod-like metal alloy precursors which induce stress at its interface with Si substrate due to the mismatch of lattice constants. This stress opens facilitated gateways for orientated-diffusion of metal atoms in 〈110〉 directions and leads to formation of NSs (nanosheets) with [111] crystalline essence. Nanosheets are mainly triangular, hexagonal, or pseudo hexagonal in shape and their thicknesses are well controlled from several to tens of nanometers. The structural and morphological evolution of features were investigated in detail using transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope and possible mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the thermodynamically unfavorable morphology of nanosheets. Significant photoemission capability of NSs was also demonstrated by photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Local stress-induced effects on AlGaAs/AlOx oxidation front shape
Authors: Chouchane F. , Almuneau G. , Cherkashin N. , Arnoult A. , Lacoste G. , Fontaine C.
Published: August 2014

The lateral oxidation of thick AlGaAs layers (>500 nm) is studied. An uncommon shape of the oxide tip is evidenced and attributed to the embedded stress distribution, inherent to the oxidation reaction. Experimental and numerical studies of the internal strain in oxidized AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs structures were carried out by dark-field electron holography and finite element methods. A mapping of the strain distribution around the AlGaAs/oxide interface demonstrates the main role of internal stress on the shaping of the oxide front. These results demonstrate the high relevance of strain in oxide-confined III-V devices, in particular, with over-500-nm thick AlOx confinement layers.
Wireless power for tiny medical implants
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: August 2014

A new scheme could allow pacemakers, brain stimulators, and more to leave their batteries behind.
Heat under the microscope
Authors: Maasilta Ilari , Minnich Austin J.
Published: August 2014

Recent advances in computational and spectroscopic tools offer new insights into the nature of thermal conduction at ever-finer length scales and ways to control it.
Engineering Maxwell’s demon
Authors: Lu Zhiyue , Mandal Dibyendu , Jarzynski Christopher
Published: August 2014

A simple model illustrates the operating principles of an information engine, a mechanical device that mimics the behavior of Maxwell’s demon by converting heat into information plus work.
The importance of 1,2-dithiolane structure in α-lipoic acid for the downregulation of cell surface β1-integrin expression of human bladder cancer cells
Authors: Yamasaki Masao , Soda Shozen , Sakakibara Yoichi , Suiko Masahito , Nishiyama Kazuo
Published: August 2014

Here, we show that cell surface β1-integrin expression, cell adhesion to fibronectin, migration, and invasion were all significantly inhibited by α-lipoic acid. These effects were not observed when cells were treated with dihydrolipoic acid or caprylic acid. These data reveal that the 1,2-dithiolane structure plays an important role in the action of α-lipoic acid.
Psychological theories and biopsychosocial models in paediatric pain
Authors: Pillai Riddell Rebecca , Racine Nicole M. , Craig Kenneth D. , Campbell Lauren
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to review existing biopsychosocial models of paediatric pain and to examine common key factors across different theoretical conceptualizations. Critical gaps in the empirical and theoretical literature are elucidated. In particular, lack of specific attention to developmental factors in biological, behavioural, and social functioning and the need for models that examine gaps in different types of pain responding (e.g. immediate acute pain response, acute pain responding in the context of chronic pain) are highlighted. Moreover, the need for comprehensive, conceptual models, representative of current knowledge, that readily generate specific hypotheses confirmable by experimentation are also discussed as ways of moving the field of paediatric pain forward, both conceptually and pragmatically.
Needle procedures
Authors: Taddio Anna
Published: August 2014

All children undergo needle procedures as part of routine medical care. Numerous interventions are available for relieving pain from needle procedures. These interventions can be divided into four domains (4 Ps of pain management): procedural, pharmacological, psychological, and physical. Treating needle pain reduces pain and distress and improves satisfaction with medical care. Other potential benefits include a reduction in the development of needle fear and subsequent health care avoidance behaviour. Adoption of the 4Ps into routine clinical practice is feasible and should become a standard of care in the delivery of health care for children. This chapter is a narrative review of the current knowledge about: epidemiology, pain experience, practices and attitudes, and evidence-based interventions for pain management during common needle procedures.
Neonatal and infant pain assessment
Authors: Lee Grace Y. , Stevens Bonnie J.
Published: August 2014

This chapter encompasses: (1) the conceptualization of infant pain within a particular biopsychosocial and developmental context; (2) a comprehensive evaluation of existing neonatal/infant pain assessment measures and indicators (e.g. biomarkers and cortical indicators); (3) integration of recommendations on pain assessment measures and practices within clinical practice guidelines, policies, and procedures; and (4) challenges associated with neonatal and infant pain assessment in terms of research, clinical and knowledge translation (KT) issues.
Sucrose and sweet taste
Authors: Harrison Denise , Anseloni Vanessa C. Z. , Yamada Janet , Bueno Mariana
Published: August 2014

Abundant evidence demonstrates pain-reducing effects of sweet solutions in human infants and animals. Analgesic effects persist up to around 1 year of age in human infants, although the effects are more moderate than seen in the neonatal period. Effects are considered to be due to the relationship between sweet taste and the endogenous opiate system. Yet, despite extensive research, knowledge gaps remain relating to the exact mechanisms, the effectiveness and safety of sweet solutions when given over prolonged periods to preterm and sick infants, the effectiveness in sick infants receiving concomitant analgesics, and the effectiveness in children older than 12 months of age. Based on the extensive evidence to support sweet solutions, their use can be recommended prior to commonly performed short lasting minor painful procedures in newborn and young infants.
The Integrated Nurse
Authors: Quinn Janet F.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to increase commitment to self-care by increasing awareness of its critical role in integrative nursing and to assist integrative nurses in cultivating deeper self-knowledge and new body-mind-spirit skills to fulfill that commitment. We will approach the topic of nurse wholeness and self-care not as an issue of information deficit, but rather as an experiential opportunity to increase capacity in self-awareness and self-knowledge as the foundation not only for self-care but also for truly integrative nursing. From that expanded awareness, integrative nurses can make choices in their lives and in their work that are in greater alignment with optimal health and well-being.
Integrative Nursing
Authors: Katseres Julie , Nelson Kathleen A.
Published: August 2014

Palliative care involves alleviating the effects of disease without curing. It encompasses a team oriented approach, attending to aggressive symptom management, affords emotional and spiritual support personalized to patients and family’s needs and wishes in a multitude of settings. It is a model that helps to create an environment for peaceful transitions and supports people as they evolve in their life journey where hope and dignity are crucial aspects in this journey. A full range of therapeutic modalities are utilized to support and augment the healing process. Self-care, including self- reflection, is an essential practice in providing palliative care.
Psychosocial Palliative Care
Authors: International Psycho-Oncology Society
Published: August 2014

This online resource guides the psycho-oncologist through the most salient aspects of effective psychiatric care of patients with advanced illnesses. It reviews basic concepts and definitions of palliative care and the experience of dying, the assessment and management of major psychiatric complications of life-threatening illness, including psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic approaches, and covers issues such as bereavement, spirituality, cultural sensitivity, communication and psychiatric contributions to common physical symptom control. A global perspective on death and palliative care is taken throughout, and an appendix provides a comprehensive list of international palliative care resources and training programs.
Tropical Diseases
Authors: Meunier Yann A.
Published: August 2014

Tropical Diseases outlines the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases encountered in developing regions—areas where the unexpected can occur and where Western medical capabilities are often unavailable. Diseases profiled here include a brief historical background, main signs and symptoms, and practical methods of individual prevention and treatment. Additional features include over 60 maps depicting the geographic origins and modern distribution of tropical diseases, a classification scheme for parasitic diseases according to the location of the final parasitic stage in the human body, and clinical case studies.
Identification and Pathogenicity of Pythium on Soybean in North Dakota
Authors: Zitnick-Anderson Kimberly K. , Nelson Berlin D.
Published: August 2014

The oomycete Pythium comprises one of the most important groups of seedling pathogens affecting soybean. There has been limited research on Pythium spp. pathogenic on soybean in the northern Great Plains. The objectives of this research were to isolate and identify Pythium spp. infecting soybean in North Dakota and to test their pathogenicity. Identification of Pythium spp. was achieved using molecular techniques and morphological features. A total of 26 known Pythium spp. and three unknown species were recovered from soybean seedling roots collected from 125 fields between 2011 and 2012. In 2011, the three most abundant species isolated were P. ultimum, Pythium sp. (unknown; GenBank HQ643777.1), and P. heterothallicum, representing 21, 16, and 12% of 2,675 isolates, respectively. More species and isolates were obtained in 2011, a wet and cool year, compared with 2012, which was dry and warm. The majority of Pythium spp. caused pre-emergence damping-off on soybean with less than 50% emergence in a 2-week test using infested soil at 23°C. In contrast, in the presence of P. orthogonon, P. nunn, or P. rostratifingens there was approximately 80% or greater emergence and most plants survived for several weeks, although lesions were observed on roots. Mortierella spp., a zygomycete, was commonly isolated along with Pythium spp. in 2012, but not in 2011. This is the first report of P. kashmirense, P. minus, P. periilum, P. rostratifingens, P. terrestris, P. viniferum, and P. violae as pathogens of soybean seedlings. In addition, this is the first report of P. kashmirense, P. viniferum, and P. terrestris in the United States.
Methods and Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum
Authors: Yang Hui-Ching , Hartman Glen L.
Published: August 2014

Anthracnose of soybean (Glycine max) occurs throughout the soybean production areas of the world. There is little information on evaluating inoculation techniques or evaluating soybean germplasm for resistance. The objectives of this study were to develop a reliable inoculation technique for evaluating soybean for resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum and to evaluate soybean genotypes for resistance. Inoculated plants incubated in a dew chamber for 48 or 72 h had higher (P = 0.05) area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values than when incubated for 24 h. Three experiments evaluated soybean genotypes for resistance to C. truncatum. In the first experiment using 15 soybean genotypes, ‘Mandarin’ had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values than all the other genotypes except for ‘Mandarin 507’, ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’, and ‘Boone’. In the second experiment using 28 soybean genotypes, Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with all other soybean genotypes except ‘Early White Eyebrow’, ‘Mandarin Yowa’, Boone, and ‘Manchuria’. In the third experiment, Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with 23 other soybean genotypes except ‘Spry’, Mandarin, and ‘Iroquois’. Plants of Mandarin 507 and ‘Williams 82’ were inoculated at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages; Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with Williams 82 for both growth stages evaluated, and Mandarin 507 had less (P = 0.05) pod area covered by lesions compared with the pods of Williams 82. This study provided a descriptive method to inoculate soybean plants with C. truncatum and identified soybean genotypes with resistance to anthracnose.
Relationship of Airborne Botrytis cinerea Conidium Concentration to Tomato Flower and Stem Infections: A Threshold for De-leafing Operations
Authors: Carisse O. , Van der Heyden H.
Published: August 2014

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an important threat for tomato greenhouse producers. The influence of airborne conidia concentration (ACC) on both flower and stem-wound infections was studied in a greenhouse maintained at a temperature of 15, 20, or 25°C using diseased tomato leaves as the unique source of dry inoculum. Spore samplers were used to monitor ACC, and a previously developed real-time qPCR assay was used to quantify airborne B. cinerea conidia. The proportion of infected flowers remained low at ACC < 10 conidia/m3; above this concentration, flower infection increased with increasing ACC. The influence of ACC on proportion of infected flowers was well described by a sigmoid model (R2 = 0.90 to 0.92). The mean proportion of infected stem wounds over the three trials was 0.021; no infected wounds were observed at ACC < 100 conidia/m3. Based on logistic regression, the probability that a stem becomes infected increased rapidly with mean probabilities of 0.24 and 0.87 at ACCs of 315 and 3,161 conidia/m3, respectively. The results suggest that the amount of airborne B. cinerea inoculum in the greenhouse is often above the action threshold for flower infection and that monitoring airborne B. cinerea inoculum could help in timing de-leafing operations.
“No-Touch” versus “Endo” Vein Harvest: Early Patency on Symptom-Directed Catheterization and Harvest Site Complications
Authors: Mannion John D. , Marelli Daniel , Brandt Todd , Stallings Megan , Cirks Jeffery , Dreifaldt Mats , Souza Domingos
Published: August 2014

Objective

“No-touch” (NT) saphenous vein harvesting preserves the adventitial vasa vasorum, prevents medial ischemia, and is associated with an improved short-term and long-term vein graft patency. It may also be associated with a higher rate of harvest site complications. Endovascular vein harvesting (endo-vein) has a low rate of harvest site complications but also a tendency toward a lower patency rate.

Methods

During a 2-year period (2011–2012), we compared the vein graft patency at symptom-directed cardiac catheterization as well as wound complication rates in 210 patients who received either NT (87 patients) or endo-vein (123 patients).

Results

The recatheterization rate for the two groups was similar: 9 (10.3%) of 87 of the NT patients versus 11 (9.0%) of 123 of the endo-vein patients. There was a significant difference in vein graft patency between the groups: 15 (94%) of 16 NT vein grafts were patent versus 6 (27%) of 22 of endo-veins ( P < 0.02). The endo-vein graft patency during this 2-year period was similar to the total endo-vein patency (37%) during a 4-year period. A comparison between a more experienced and a less experienced harvester revealed no difference in patency rate. Harvest site complications were significantly higher with the NT harvest: 18% of the NT patients requiring vacuum-assisted wound closure or intravenous antibiotics versus 2% of the endo-vein patients ( P < 0.0001). The application of platelet-rich plasma did not significantly lower wound complication rates ( P = 0.27).

Conclusions

These results suggest that NT vein harvesting may be associated with improved graft patency, but methods should be developed to lower wound complication rates.
Minimal-Access Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Cheung Anson , Soon Jia-Lin , Bashir Jamil , Kaan Annemarie , Ignaszewski Andrew
Published: August 2014

Objective

The left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is typically implanted through a full sternotomy on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) modifications include multiple smaller incisions, using “virgin” territory, and minimized CPB time.

Methods

Forty-two LVAD implantations were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-five minimally invasive implantations (MIS, 20 HeartMate II and 5 HeartWare) were compared with 17 sternotomy implantations (12 HeartMate II and 5 HeartWare). The choice of MIS incisions was device dependent: (1) three separate incisions for the HeartMate II or (2) two incisions for the HeartWare device. Four HeartWare LVADs were implanted off-pump (three using the MIS approach).

Results

The median patient age was 52 years (range, 18–69 years). Overall survival was 81% at a mean (SD) follow-up of 495 (375) days. Thirty-day mortality was 9.5% (one MIS and three sternotomy patients). Five patients (11.9%) died while on LVAD, 18 (42.9%) underwent transplantation, 6 (14.3%) underwent weaning and explantation, and 13 (31.0%) remained on support. Preoperative ventilatory and circulatory supports were more common in the sternotomy group. The MIS patients had shorter CPB time [51.4 (34.9) vs 83.6 (40.4) minutes, P = 0.014] and showed a trend toward lower red blood cell and platelet transfusion requirement. The durations of hospitalization, inotropic support, intensive care unit stay, and LVAD support were not significantly different.

Conclusions

Minimally invasive surgery LVAD implantation is feasible. The shorter CPB duration and off-pump approach may be advantageous. Avoiding sternotomy may also reduce adhesions encountered during subsequent cardiac transplantation.
Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream and prosthetic-device-associated infections: the role of biofilm formation and distribution of adhesin and toxin genes
Authors: Giormezis Nikolaos , Kolonitsiou Fevronia , Foka Antigoni , Drougka Eleanna , Liakopoulos Apostolos , Makri Antonia , Papanastasiou Anastasios D. , Vogiatzi Aliki , Dimitriou Gabriel , Marangos Markos , Christofidou Myrto , Anastassiou Evangelos D. , Petinaki Efthimia , Spiliopoulou Iris
Published: August 2014

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), especially Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients and those with indwelling medical devices. In this study, CNS recovered from patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) or prosthetic-device-associated infections (PDAIs) were compared in terms of biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, clonal distribution, and carriage of adhesin and toxin genes. A total of 226 CNS isolates (168 S. epidermidis and 58 S. haemolyticus) recovered from hospital inpatients with BSIs (100 isolates) or PDAIs (126 isolates) were tested for biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility, and mecA, ica operon, adhesin (aap, bap, fnbA, atlE, fbe) and toxin (tst, sea, sec) genes. The selected CNS were classified into pulsotypes by PFGE and assigned to sequence types by multilocus sequence typing. In total, 106/226 isolates (46.9 %) produced biofilm, whereas 150 (66.4 %) carried the ica operon. Most isolates carried mecA and were multidrug resistant (90.7 %). CNS recovered from BSIs were significantly more likely to produce biofilm (P = 0.003), be resistant to antimicrobials and carry mecA (P<0.001), as compared with isolates derived from PDAIs. CNS from PDAIs were more likely to carry the aap and bap genes (P = 0.006 and P = 0.045, respectively). No significant differences in the carriage of toxin genes were identified (P>0.05). Although PFGE revealed genetic diversity, especially among S. epidermidis, analysis of representative strains from the main PFGE types by multilocus sequence typing revealed three major clones (ST2, ST5 and ST16). A clonal relationship was found with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility and ica and aap gene carriage, reinforcing the premise of clonal expansion in hospital settings. The results of this study suggest that the pathogenesis of BSIs is associated with biofilm formation and high-level antimicrobial resistance, whereas PDAIs are related to the adhesion capabilities of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus strains.
A combination of cis-2-decenoic acid and antibiotics eradicates pre-established catheter-associated biofilms
Authors: Rahmani-Badi Azadeh , Sepehr Shayesteh , Mohammadi Parisa , Soudi Mohammad Reza , Babaie-Naiej Hamta , Fallahi Hossein
Published: August 2014

The catheterized urinary tract provides ideal conditions for the development of biofilm populations. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are recalcitrant to existing antimicrobial treatments; therefore, established biofilms are not eradicated completely after treatment and surviving biofilm cells will carry on the infection. Cis-2-decenoic acid (CDA), an unsaturated fatty acid, is capable of inhibiting biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of inducing the dispersion of established biofilms by multiple types of micro-organisms. Here, the ability of CDA to induce dispersal in pre-established single- and dual-species biofilms formed by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was measured by using both semi-batch and continuous cultures bioassays. Removal of the biofilms by combined CDA and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin or ampicillin) was evaluated using microtitre plate assays (crystal violet staining). The c.f.u. counts were determined to assess the potential of combined CDA treatments to kill and eradicate pre-established biofilms formed on catheters. The effects of combined CDA treatments on biofilm surface area and bacteria viability were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy, digital image analysis and live/dead staining. To investigate the ability of CDA to prevent biofilm formation, single and mixed cultures were grown in the presence and absence of CDA. Treatment of pre-established biofilms with only 310 nM CDA resulted in at least threefold increase in the number of planktonic cells in all cultures tested. Whilst none of the antibiotics alone exerted a significant effect on c.f.u. counts and percentage of surface area covered by the biofilms, combined CDA treatments led to at least a 78 % reduction in biofilm biomass in all cases. Moreover, most of the biofilm cells remaining on the surface were killed by antibiotics. The addition of 310 nM CDA significantly prevented biofilm formation by the tested micro-organisms, even within mixed cultures, indicating the ability of CDA to inhibit biofilm formation by other types of bacteria in addition to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings suggested that the biofilm-preventive characteristics of CDA make it a noble candidate for inhibition of biofilm-associated infections such as CAUTIs, which paves the way toward developing new strategies to control biofilms in clinical as well as industrial settings.
Catalysis-dependent stabilization of Bre1 fine-tunes histone H2B ubiquitylation to regulate gene transcription
Authors: Wozniak Glenn G. , Strahl Brian D.
Published: August 2014

Monoubiquitylation of histone H2B on Lys123 (H2BK123ub1) plays a multifaceted role in diverse DNA-templated processes, yet the mechanistic details by which this modification is regulated are not fully elucidated. Here we show in yeast that H2BK123ub1 is regulated in part through the protein stability of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Bre1. We found that Bre1 stability is controlled by the Rtf1 subunit of the polymerase-associated factor (PAF) complex and through the ability of Bre1 to catalyze H2BK123ub1. Using a domain in Rtf1 that stabilizes Bre1, we show that inappropriate Bre1 levels lead to defects in gene regulation. Collectively, these data uncover a novel quality control mechanism used by the cell to maintain proper Bre1 and H2BK123ub1 levels, thereby ensuring proper control of gene expression.
Genetical and Comparative Genomics of Brassica under Altered Ca Supply Identifies Arabidopsis Ca-Transporter Orthologs
Authors: Graham Neil S. , Hammond John P. , Lysenko Artem , Mayes Sean , Ó Lochlainn Seosamh , Blasco Bego , Bowen Helen C. , Rawlings Chris J. , Rios Juan J. , Welham Susan , Carion Pierre W.C. , Dupuy Lionel X. , King Graham J. , White Philip J. , Broadley Martin R.
Published: August 2014

Although Ca transport in plants is highly complex, the overexpression of vacuolar Ca2+ transporters in crops is a promising new technology to improve dietary Ca supplies through biofortification. Here, we sought to identify novel targets for increasing plant Ca accumulation using genetical and comparative genomics. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping to 1895 cis- and 8015 trans-loci were identified in shoots of an inbred mapping population of Brassica rapa (IMB211 × R500); 23 cis- and 948 trans-  eQTLs responded specifically to altered Ca supply. eQTLs were screened for functional significance using a large database of shoot Ca concentration phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. From 31 Arabidopsis gene identifiers tagged to robust shoot Ca concentration phenotypes, 21 mapped to 27 B. rapa  eQTLs, including orthologs of the Ca2+ transporters At-CAX1 and At-ACA8. Two of three independent missense mutants of BraA.cax1a, isolated previously by targeting induced local lesions in genomes, have allele-specific shoot Ca concentration phenotypes compared with their segregating wild types. BraA.CAX1a is a promising target for altering the Ca composition of Brassica, consistent with prior knowledge from Arabidopsis. We conclude that multiple-environment eQTL analysis of complex crop genomes combined with comparative genomics is a powerful technique for novel gene identification/prioritization.
Crystal structure of 2,5-bis(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyrazine chloroform disolvate
Authors: Schmitt Laurette , Stoeckli-Evans Helen
Published: August 2014

The heterocyclic molecule in the title solvate, C16H14N4·2CHCl3, possesses inversion symmetry, with the inversion centre situated at the centre of the pyrazine ring. The outer pyridine rings are inclined to the central pyrazine ring by 4.89 (9)°. The compound crystallized as a chloroform disolvate with the solvent molecules linked to the title molecule by C—H...N hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, molecules are further linked by π–π interactions involving the pyrazine and pyridine rings of neighbouring molecules [inter-centroid distance = 3.5629 (12) Å; symmetry code:x,y + 1,z + 1].
Crystal structure of (E)-4-hydroxy-N′-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide monohydrate
Authors: Harrison William T. A. , Low John Nicolson , Wardell James L.
Published: August 2014

In the title benzohydrazide hydrate, C14H12N2O3·H2O, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 58.11 (6)° and the C=O and N—H groups adopt anantiorientation. The main twist in the molecule occurs about the C(=O)—Car(ar = aromatic) bond, with an N—C(=O)—Car—Cartorsion angle of −43.5 (2)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by N—H...O, O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds. These interactions generate [10-1] chains, with adjacent organic molecules linked by inversion symmetry generating either pairs of N—H...O links [R22(16) loops] or pairs of O—H...O links [R22(20) loops]. Pairs of water molecules are located in theR22(20) loops and form their own O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds to adjacent organic molecules in the chain. Finally, an interchain O—H...O hydrogen-bond link from the 4-hydroxy group generates (010) sheets.
Crystal structure of poly[{μ-N,N′-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxalamide}-μ-oxalato-cobalt(II)]
Authors: Zou Hengye , Qi Yanjuan
Published: August 2014

In the polymeric title compound, [Co(C2O4)(C14H14N4O2)]n, the CoIIatom is six-coordinated by two N atoms from symmetry-related bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxalamide (BPMO) ligands and four O atoms from two centrosymmetric oxalate anions in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The CoIIatoms are linked by the oxalate anions into a chain running parallel to [100]. The chains are linked by the BPMO ligands into a three-dimensional architecture. In addition, N—H...O hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing.
Crystal structure of 4-fluoro-N-[2-(4-fluorobenzoyl)hydrazine-1-carbonothioyl]benzamide
Authors: Firdausiah Syadza , Salleh Huddin Ameera Aqeela , Hasbullah Siti Aishah , Yamin Bohari M. , Yusoff Siti Fairus M.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C15H11F2N3O2S, the dihedral angle between the fluorobenzene rings is 88.43 (10)° and that between the central semithiocarbazide grouping is 47.00 (11)°. The dihedral angle between the amide group and attached fluorobenzene ring is 50.52 (11)°; the equivalent angle between the carbonylthioamide group and its attached ring is 12.98 (10)°. The major twists in the molecule occur about the C—N—N—C bonds [torsion angle = −138.7 (2)°] and the Car—Car—C—N (ar = aromatic) bonds [−132.0 (2)°]. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs, which generates anS(6) ring. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H...O and N—H...S hydrogen bonds, generating (001) sheets. Weak C—H...O and C—H...F interactions are also observed.
Crystal structure of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-2-methylamino-3-nitro-7,8-dihydro-4H-chromen-5(6H)-one
Authors: Inglebert S. Antony , Kamalraja Jayabal , Sethusankar K. , Perumal Paramasivam T.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C19H22N2O5, the six-membered carbocyclic ring of the chromene moiety adopts an envelope conformation with the dimethyl-substituted C atom as the flap. The pyran ring has a flat-boat conformation. The methoxyphenyl ring is orthogonal to the mean plane of the chromene moiety, with a dihedral angle of 89.97 (8)°. The amine N atom deviates from the chromene mean plane by 0.1897 (16) Å. The methylamine and the nitro group are involved in an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond which generates anS(6) ring motif. They are slightly twisted out of the plane of the chromene moiety with torsion angles of C—N—C—O(pyran) = 2.2 (3)° and O(nitro)—N—C—C = −5.6 (2)°. In the crystal, there are only C—H...π interactions present, forming inversion-related dimers.
Crystal structure ofN1-phenyl-N4-[(quinolin-2-yl)methylidene]benzene-1,4-diamine
Authors: Faizi Md. Serajul Haque , Mashrai Ashraf , Garandal Saleem , Shahid M.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C22H17N3, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the terminal phenyl ring and quinoline ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.027 Å) are 44.72 (7) and 9.02 (4)°, respectively, and the bond-angle sum at the amine N atom is 359.9°. In the crystal, the N—H group is not involved in hydrogen bonding and the molecules are linked by weak C—H...π interactions, generating [010] chains.
Crystal structure of (E)-1-(2-nitrobenzylidene)-2,2-diphenylhydrazine
Authors: Flores-Alamo Marcos , Meléndrez-Luévano Ruth , Ortiz Márquez José A. , Sansinenea Royano Estibaliz , Cabrera-Vivas Blanca M.
Published: August 2014

The title compound, C19H15N3O2, shows anEconformation of the imine bond. The dihedral angle between the planes of the phenyl rings in the diphenylhydrazine groups is 88.52 (4)°. The 2-nitrobenzene ring shows a torsion angle of 10.17 (8)° with the C=N—N plane. A short intramolecular C—H...O contact occurs. In the crystal, only van der Waals contacts occur between the molecules.
Crystal structure of 2-[(E)-2-(2-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazin-1-yl]-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole
Authors: Mague Joel T. , Mohamed Shaaban K. , Akkurt Mehmet , Hassan Alaa A. , Albayati Mustafa R.
Published: August 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H12ClN3S, contains two independent molecules whose conformations differ primarily in the orientations of the phenyl and chlorobenzene rings with respect to the thiazole ring. In the first molecule, the dihedral angles are 3.0 (1) and 9.2 (1)°, respectively, for the phenyl ring and the chlorobenzene ring, while in the second molecule, the corresponding angles are 18.6 (1) and 23.4 (1)°. In the crystal, the two independent molecules are associatedviacomplementary N—H...N hydrogen bonds into a dimer. These dimers are associated through weak C—H...Cl and C—H...S interactions into supramolecular chains propagating along thea-axis direction.
Crystal structure ofN-(3-hydroxyphenyl)succinimide
Authors: Suchetan P. A. , Naveen S. , Lokanath N. K. , Sreenivasa S.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C10H9NO3, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrrolidine rings is 53.9 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked through strong O—H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzagC(8) chains running along [010]. The chains are linked by C—H...π interactions forming sheets lying parallel to (100).
Crystal structure of ethyl 3-anilino-2-{[bis(methylsulfanyl)methylidene]amino}-3-oxopropanoate
Authors: López-Rodríguez A. Kémish , Lira-Rocha Alfonso , Flores-Alamo Marcos
Published: August 2014

The molecular conformation of the title compound, C14H18N2O3S2, is stabilized by intramolecular N—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing is characterized by a series of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
Crystal structure of 2-ethylquinazoline-4(3H)-thione
Authors: Alshammari Mohammed B. , Smith Keith , Hegazy Amany S. , Kariuki Benson M. , El-Hiti Gamal A.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C10H10N2S, all non-H atoms are almost coplanar [maximum deviation = 0.103 (1) Å]. In the crystal, N—H...S interactions formR22(8) rings linking pairs of molecules related by inversion. The molecular pairs are stacked along [100]. A herringbone arrangement of pairs in the [010] direction forms layers parallel to (010).
Crystal structure of alluaudite-type Na4Co(MoO4)3
Authors: Nasri Rawia , Fakhar Bourguiba Noura , Zid Mohamed Faouzi , Driss Ahmed
Published: August 2014

The title compound, tetrasodium cobalt(II) tris[molybdate(IV)], was prepared by solid-state reactions. The structure is isotypic with Na3In2(AsO4)3and Na3In2(PO4)3. The main structural feature is the presence of infinite chains of edge-sharingX2O10(X= Co/Na) dimers, which are linked by MoO4tetrahedra, forming a three-dimensional framework enclosing two types of hexagonal tunnels in which Na+cations reside. In this alluaudite structure, Co and Na atoms are located at the same general site with occupancies of 0.503 (5) and 0.497 (6), respectively. The other three Na and one of the two Mo atoms lie on special positions (site symmetries 2, -1, 2 and 2, respectively). The structure is compared with similar structures and other members of alluaudite family.
Crystal structure of phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methanol
Authors: Kim Haneol , Kang Sung Kwon
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C12H11NO, the pyridine and phenyl rings are inclined to each other by 71.42 (10)°. In the crystal, O—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into helical chains extending along thec-axis direction.
Crystal structure ofN-(3-benzoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)benzamide
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Jasinski Jerry P. , Yathirajan H. S. , Yamuna Thammarse S. , Byrappa K.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C22H19NO2S, the cyclohexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angles between the plane of the thiophene ring and those of its amide- and carbonyl-bonded benzene rings are 7.1 (1) and 59.0 (2)°, respectively. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) ring. In the crystal, very weak aromatic π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid separation = 3.9009 (10) Å] are observed.
Crystal structure of 1-ethylspiro[imidazolidine-4,1′-indane]-2,5-dione
Authors: Hussein Wahraan Mohammed , Theodore Cynthia E. , Benaka Prasad S. B. , Madaiah M. , Naveen S. , Lokanath N. K.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C13H14N2O2, the C5ring has an envelope conformation with the C atom adjacent to the quaternary C being the flap. The five atoms comprising the imidazolidine-2,4-dione ring are almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.004 Å). The dihedral angle between the five-membered rings is 89.66 (10)°. In the crystal, inversion-related molecules are connectedvia{...HNCO}2synthons. These are linked into a helical supramolecular chain along [010] by C—H...O interactions.
Crystal structure of (E)-1-methyl-2-[2-(2-methoxphenyl)ethenyl]-4-nitro-1H-imidazole
Authors: Alliouche Hayette , Bouraiou Abdelmalek , Bouacida Sofiane , Merazig Hocine , Belfaitah Ali
Published: August 2014

In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H13N3O3, the 2-(2-methoxphenyl)ethenyl unit is connected to the methyl-nitroimidazole 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole moiety. The molecule is quasi-planar and the planes of the two rings form a dihedral angle of 0.92 (11)°. The crystal packing can be described as layers parallel to the (011) plane, stabilized by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonding, resulting in the formation of an infinite three-dimensional network linking these layers. Strong π–π stacking interactions are observed,viz.benzene–benzene, imidazole–imidazole and benzene–imidazole rings, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.528 (2), 3.457 (2) and 3.544 (2) Å, respectively. Intensity statistics indicated twinning by non-merohedry, with refined weighs of the twin components of 0.3687:0.6313.
Reproductive ‘Surrogacy’ and Parental Licensing
Authors: Overall Christine
Published: August 2014

A serious moral weakness of reproductive ‘surrogacy’ is that it can be harmful to the children who are created. This article presents a proposal for mitigating this weakness. Currently, the practice of commercial ‘surrogacy’ operates only in the interests of the adults involved (the gestator and the commissioning individuals who employ her), not in the interests of the child who is created. Whether ‘surrogacy’ is seen as the purchase of a baby, the purchase of parental rights, or the purchase of reproductive labor, all three views share the same significant flaws. They endorse the transfer, for a fee, of the infant from the woman who gestated it to those who commissioned it, but without justifying such a transfer; they fail to demonstrate that the commissioners have any entitlement to the infant, or, for that matter, suitability to be the infant's parents; and they fail to take any notice of the infant's needs, interests, and wellbeing. A mere genetic connection is not enough to establish that the commissioners are entitled to receive the baby or that they are competent to raise it. Their good intentions, however caring, are not enough. Therefore, just as in the practice of adoption, there should be a formal institutionalized system for screening and licensing the prospective social parents, which would make the infant's needs, interests, and wellbeing paramount. I reply to several potential objections to this proposal, including the objection that genetic parents who raise their own child are not screened and licensed.
Pyrrole‐imidazole polyamide targeted to break fusion sites in TMPRSS2 and ERG gene fusion represses prostate tumor growth
Authors: Obinata Daisuke , Ito Akiko , Fujiwara Kyoko , Takayama Ken‐Ichi , Ashikari Daisaku , Murata Yasutaka , Yamaguchi Kenya , Urano Tomohiko , Fujimura Tetsuya , Fukuda Noboru , Soma Masayoshi , Watanabe Takayoshi , Nagase Hiroki , Inoue Satoshi , Takahashi Satoru
Published: August 2014

Aberrant overexpression of ERG induced by the TMPRSS2‐ERG gene fusion is likely involved in the development of prostate cancer. Synthetic pyrrole–imidazole (PI) polyamides recognize and attach to the minor groove of DNA with high affinity and specificity. In the present study, we designed a PI polyamide targeting TMPRSS2‐ERG translocation breakpoints and assessed its effect on human prostate cancer cells. Our study identified that this PI polyamide repressed the cell and tumor growth of androgen‐sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Targeting of these breakpoint sequences by PI polyamides could be a novel approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Developing Clinical Research Relationship: Views from Within
Authors: Zvonareva Olga , Akrong Lloyd
Published: August 2014

The nature of the relationship between clinical investigator and research participant continues to be contested. The related discussions have largely focused on the doctor‐researcher dichotomy thought to permeate the work of a clinical investigator with research participants, whom in turn occupy two corresponding roles: patient and subject. This paper contributes to current debates on the topic by providing a voice to research participants, whose perspectives have been largely invisible. It draws on 42 in‐depth interviews conducted in Ghana and South Africa with respondents at different stages of involvement in clinical research, ranging from no experience in clinical research to enrollment in several clinical trials. The perspectives of all respondents were largely congruent and rooted in the common view that clinical research contributed to the improvement of local health. They went beyond the researcher/participant versus doctor/patient dichotomy, long established in research ethics, and preferred to view participants and investigators as partners working together to find ways to address local health needs. The conceptualization of investigator‐participant relations as a partnership reinforced expectations of care, transparency and accountability, which were viewed as necessary expressions of mutuality and respect within equal collaborations. It is important to engage with these views in order to avoid antagonizing societal expectations and to build up long‐term public trust, crucial for the continuous operation of clinical research.