bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review
Authors: Qureshi Raabiah , Fewtrell Mary , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Dib Sarah
Published: July 2024

Background

Breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. It is a dynamic biological fluid rich in numerous bioactive components. Emerging research suggests that these components, including hormones, may serve as signals between mother and offspring. From an evolutionary perspective, maternal hormonal signals could allow co-adaptation of maternal and offspring phenotype, with implications for their Darwinian fitness. However, a series of steps need to be considered to establish the role of a component as a signal and this systematic review focuses on one step: ‘Do maternal factors influence the concentration of milk hormones?’

Objective

To systematically review human studies which analyze the association between maternal factors and the concentration of hormones in breast milk.

Methods

Three databases were searched for studies reporting the association of maternal factors including body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass, age, ethnicity, smoking with hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and cortisol in breast milk.

Results

Thirty-three studies were eligible for inclusion. Maternal BMI was positively associated with milk leptin (20/21 studies) and with milk insulin (4/6 studies). Maternal weight also displayed a positive correlation with milk leptin levels, and maternal diabetes status was positively associated with milk insulin concentrations. Conversely, evidence for associations between maternal fat mass, smoking, ethnicity and other maternal factors and hormone levels in breast milk was inconclusive or lacking.

Conclusion

Current evidence is consistent with a signaling role for leptin and insulin in breast milk, however other steps need to be investigated to understand the role of these components as definitive signals. This review represents a first step in establishing the role of signaling components in human milk and highlights other issues that need to be considered going forward.
Idiopathic giant adrenal calcification: a rare case report
Authors: Ji Zhiqiang , Song Dalong , Zuo Hua , Chen Xiaolong , Ji Wei , Yang Jiajun , Wang Qing , Jiang Kehua
Published: July 2024

Background

We describe a rare case of giant adrenal calcification as the main cause of sudden onset epigastric pain in a 57-year-old female patient.

Case description

Computed tomography (CT) of the whole abdomen in this patient showed calcified foci measuring approximately 7.8 × 5.4 × 7.1 cm in the hepatorenal recess, and no enhancement effect was seen. Secondary causes of adrenal calcification in this patient were ruled out, and a rare diagnosis of a primary giant adrenal calcification was made. Subsequently, the right adrenal gland and calcified mass were completely resected. The calcification did not recur during 6 months of follow up.

Conclusions

Although other cases of adrenal calcification of unknown origin have been reported, cases of giant idiopathic adrenal calcification are rare. In this case, huge calcification of the right adrenal gland caused abdominal pain, which disappeared after the mass was excised. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of idiopathic adrenal calcification are still unclear. Additional case reports are needed to gain a better understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Comparative evaluation of imaging methods for prognosis assessment in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: focus on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and esophagography
Authors: Li Yang , Su Xiaohua , Shang Yuguang , Liu Hui , Wang Weishuai , Zhang Andu , Shi Gaofeng
Published: July 2024

Objective

To identify the most sensitive imaging examination method to evaluate the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Materials and methods

Thirty patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) participated in the study and underwent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). They were divided into two groups based on their survival status: the survival group and non-survival group. The diagnostic tests were utilized to determine the most effective imaging examination method for assessing the prognosis.

Results

1. There were no significant differences in tumor length shown on esophagography or computed tomography (CT) or the maximal esophageal wall thickness shown on CT at the specified time points between the two groups. 2. The tumor length on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the survival group was significantly lower than in the non-survival group at the end of the sixth week of treatment (P=0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.840 (P=0.002), and the diagnostic efficiency was moderately accurate. 3. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the survival group were significantly higher than those in the non-survival group at the end of the fourth week and sixth week of treatment (both P<0.001). Areas under the curve were 0.866 and 0.970, with P values of 0.001 and <0.001 and good diagnostic accuracy. Cox regression analyses indicated the ADC at the end of the sixth week of treatment was an independent risk factor.

Conclusions

Compared with esophagography and CT, DW-MRI has certain advantages in predicting the prognosis of ESCC.
Overview of infectious complications among CAR T- cell therapy recipients
Authors: Arya Swarn , Shahid Zainab
Published: July 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell (CAR T-cell) therapy has revolutionized the management of hematological malignancies. In addition to impressive malignancy-related outcomes, CAR T-cell therapy has significant toxicity-related adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity (ICAHT), and opportunistic infections. Different CAR T-cell targets have different epidemiology and risk factors for infection, and these targets result in different long-term immunodeficiency states due to their distinct on-target and off- tumor effects. These effects are exacerbated by the use of multimodal immunosuppression in the management of CRS and ICANS. The most effective course of action for managing infectious complications involves determining screening, prophylactic, and monitoring strategies and understanding the role of immunoglobulin replacement and re-vaccination strategies. This involves considering the nature of prior immunomodulating therapies, underlying malignancy, the CAR T-cell target, and the development and management of related adverse events. In conclusion, we now have an increasing understanding of infection management for CAR T-cell recipients. As additional effector cells and CAR T-cell targets become available, infection management strategies will continue to evolve.
A systematic review of prenatally diagnosed vein of Galen malformations: prenatal predictive markers and management from fetal life to childhood
Authors: Di Meglio Lavinia , Sica Giordana , Toscano Paolo , Orlandi Giuliana , Manzo Luigi , Mazzarelli Laura Letizia , Sica Carmine , Di Meglio Aniello
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Vein of Galen malformations (VGMs) account for less than 1% of all intracranial vascular malformations. However, in fetal and pediatric populations, they represent the most common vascular malformation of the brain. For the effective management of this condition, an optimal knowledge of its prenatal and postnatal clinical features is mandatory.

Methods

Articles published between 1 January 2003 and 31 January 2024, reported in PubMed and EMBASE, were evaluated for a systematic review analyzing the prenatal and postnatal features and management of fetal VGMs.

Results

Thirty-one papers reporting information on 51 prenatally diagnosed VGMs were included. The most common prenatal features were fetal hydrocephalus (39%) and cardiomegaly (56%). Postnatal data for 43 VGM cases are described. The overall mortality was 58.14%. In total, 77.78% of the survivors had normal development.

Conclusions

Close follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach are mandatory to manage this condition. Our study aimed to provide a guide for gynecologists, neonatologists, cardiologists, and neuroradiologists.
Intravenous esketamine as an adjuvant for sedation/analgesia outside the operating room: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kan Ziheng , Min Weixiang , Dai Yuee , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2024

Background

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous esketamine as an adjuvant for sedation or analgesia outside the operating room in adults and children.

Method

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for potential randomized controlled studies randomized controlled trials comparing drug combinations of esketamine to any other single or combination drug regimens for sedation or analgesia outside the operating room.

Results

Twenty-five studies with a total of 3,455 participants were included in this review. The pooled results of adults showed that compared with drug regimens of the control group, intravenous esketamine combinations were significantly associated with decreased risk of oxygen desaturation (RR = 0.49, 95% CI = [0.34, 0.70]); hypotension (RR = 0.38, 95% CI = [0.31, 0.46]); bradycardia (RR = 0.23, 95% CI = [0.12, 0.43]); injection pain (RR = 0.37, 95% CI = [0.25, 0.53]); body movement (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = [0.41, 0.88]); and propofol consumption (SMD = −1.38, 95% CI = [−2.64, −0.11]), but an increased risk of psychiatric symptoms (RR = 3.10, 95% CI = [2.11, 4.54]) (RR = relative risk; CI = confidence intervals; SMD = standardized mean difference). Subgroup analysis showed that only the combination of esketamine and propofol significantly reduced the above incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular adverse events in adults. In addition, the pooled results of children showed that compared with drug regimens of the control group, esketamine and propofol co-administration significantly reduced the risk of hypotension (RR = 0.59, 95% CI = [0.37, 0.95]) but increased the risk of visual disturbance (RR = 6.62, 95% CI = [2.18, 20.13]) and dizziness (RR = 1.99, 95% CI = [1.17, 3,37]). Subgroup analysis indicated that esketamine>0.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the incidence of hypotension, but increased the risk of dizziness in children.

Conclusion

Intravenous use of esketamine, particularly in combination with propofol, may improve the safety and efficacy of sedation and analgesia outside the operating room, although the potential for psychiatric side effects warrants attention. Future research is recommended to investigate the role of esketamine with agents other than propofol.
Pharmacologic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (cathepsin C) does not block in vitro granzyme-mediated target cell killing by CD8 T or NK cells
Authors: Sutton Vivien R. , Watt Sally V. , Akhlaghi Hedieh , Cipolla David C. , Chen Kuan-Ju , LaSala Daniel , McDonald Patrick P. , Beavis Paul A. , Munoz Isabelle , Hodel Adrian W. , Noori Tahereh , Voskoboinik Ilia , Trapani Joseph A.
Published: July 2024

Recently developed small-molecule inhibitors of the lysosomal protease dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1), also known as cathepsin C (CatC), can suppress suppurative inflammation in vivo by blocking the processing of zymogenic (pro-) forms of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), including neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G. DPP1 also plays an important role in activating granzyme serine proteases that are expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. Therefore, it is critical to determine whether DPP1 inhibition can also cause off-target suppression of CTL/NK-cell-mediated killing of virus-infected or malignant cells. Herein, we demonstrate that the processing of human granzymes A and B, transitioning from zymogen to active proteases, is not solely dependent on DPP1. Thus, the killing of target cells by primary human CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and gene-engineered anti-CD19 CAR T cells was not blocked in vitro even after prior exposure to high concentrations of the reversible DPP1 inhibitor brensocatib. Consistent with this observation, the turnover of model granzyme A/B peptide substrates in the human CTL/NK cell lysates was not significantly reduced by brensocatib. In contrast, preincubation with brensocatib almost entirely abolished (>90%) both the cytotoxic activity of mouse CD8+ T cells and granzyme substrate turnover. Overall, our finding that the effects of DPP1 inhibition on human cytotoxic lymphocytes are attenuated in comparison to those of mice indicates that granzyme processing/activation pathways differ between mice and humans. Moreover, the in vitro data suggest that human subjects treated with reversible DPP1 inhibitors, such as brensocatib, are unlikely to experience any appreciable deficits in CTL/NK-cell-mediated immunities.
Changes in Rehmanniae Radix processing and their impact on ovarian hypofunction: potential mechanisms of action
Authors: Zhong Han-Zhi , Mo Jing , Li Yan-Xin , Li Mao-Ya , Wei Shao-Bin
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study evaluates the research developments concerning Rehmanniae Radix in ovarian hypofunction diseases. It explores the processing methods of Rehmanniae Radix, the variations in its compounds before and after processing, the mechanism of Rehmanniae Radix and its active compounds in improving ovarian function, and the advancements in clinical applications of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound that include Rehmanniae Radix.

Methods

Comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database, National Science and Technology Library, the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, Pubmed, and the Web of Science Database. The search utilized the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords: “Rehmanniae Radix,” “Drying Rehmannia Root,” “Rehmannia glutinosa,” “Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata,” “Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing,” “Pharmacological Effects,” “Ovarian Aging,” “Diminished ovarian reserve,” “Premature ovarian insufficiency,” “Premature Ovarian Failure,” “Ovarian hypofunction diseases”.

Results

The ancient Chinese medical books document various processing techniques for Rehmanniae Radix. Contemporary research has identified changes in its compounds processing and the resultant diverse therapeutic effects. When processed into Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, it is noted for its ability to invigorate the kidney. TCM compound containing Rehmanniae Radix is frequently used to treat ovarian hypofunction diseases, demonstrating significant clinical effectiveness. The key changes in its compounds processing include cyclic dilute ether terpene glycosides, phenylethanol glycosides, sugars, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Its pharmacological action is primarily linked to the improvement of granulosa cell proliferation, antioxidative and anti-aging properties, and modulation of the immune and inflammatory microenvironment. Furthermore, Rehmanniae Radix also offers therapeutic benefits for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, osteoporosis and cognitive dysfunction caused by low estrogen levels. Thereby Rehmanniae Radix mitigates both the short-term and long-term health risks associated with ovarian hypofunction diseases.

Conclusion

Processed Rehmanniae Radix has shown potential to improve ovarian function, and its compound prescriptions have a definite effect on ovarian dysfunction diseases. Therefore Rehmanniae Radix was garnering interest for both basic and clinical research, with promising application prospects as a future therapeutic agent for ovarian hypofunction diseases. However, further studies on its toxicology and the design of standardized clinical trials are necessary to fully establish its efficacy and safety.
A review of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) for kidney disease: phytochemistry, toxicology, herbal processing, and pharmacology
Authors: Wu Ziyang , Qian Jiawen , Feng Chenhang , Chen Zhouqi , Gao Xiangfu , Liu Yang , Gao Yuancheng
Published: July 2024

Background

Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, commonly known as Fuzi in. traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely utilized in clinical practice despite its inherent toxicity. Since ancient times, TCM practitioners have explored various processing techniques to broaden its clinical applications and enhance its safety profile. This review aims to summarize the effects of processing on the chemical composition, toxicity, and pharmacological properties of Fuzi, as well as investigate potential underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Data on phytochemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and processing methods of Fuzi were gathered from the literature of electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI.

Results

Fuzi contains over 100 kinds of chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, among which alkaloids are the main active compounds. Diester-diterpenoid alkaloids are the main contributors to Fuzi’s toxicity and have side effects on some organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and reproductive system. The chemical composition of aconite, particularly its alkaloid content, was changed by hydrolysis or substitution reaction during processing to enhance its efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Salted aconite could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Fuzi in treating kidney diseases and influence its pharmacokinetics.

Conclusion

Processing plays an important role in increasing the efficiency and decreasing toxicity of aconite. Further studies are needed to elucidate the changes of aconite before and after processing and the underlying mechanisms of these changes, thereby providing evidence for the clinical safety of drug use.
Demoralization and well-being among self-employed individuals with cardiac disease: the role of intolerance of uncertainty
Authors: Sowan Wafaa , Kissane David
Published: July 2024

Background

Individuals with cardiac disease (CD) who are self-employed may experience ability limitations and especially intensive challenges and uncertainties. These challenges may cause demoralization and impaired well-being.

Objectives

To examine: (a) whether work ability limitations are related to demoralization and well-being among self-employed people with CD; (b) rates of demoralization; and (c) how demoralization and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) are associated with well-being.

Methods

The study involved 120 self-employed individuals with CD. The PROCESS macro was used to analyze mediation and moderation processes.

Results

The prevalence of demoralization syndrome was 37.4%. Work ability-limitations were associated with higher demoralization levels. Demoralization was associated with well-being only among participants with high IU. Further, demoralization mediated the relationship between work ability limitations and well-being only for individuals with high IU.

Conclusion

Encountering limitations among self-employed was associated with demoralization and lower levels of well-being, especially among those with high IU. In addition, demoralization syndrome is prevalent among individuals with CD in general. Early recognition and treatment of demoralization as a treatable psychological syndrome are essential for preventing its degeneration into more complex forms. In addition to uncertainty related to health, it is important to pay special attention to other sources of uncertainty.
Exploring the applicability of a multifactor mindfulness scale in the Chinese college context
Authors: Zhang Dan , Shen Jianbo , Ma Hongyu
Published: July 2024

The development of a precise and comprehensive mindfulness measurement tool is a compelling area of research due to its lack at present. This study examines the utility of a multifactor mindfulness scale, particularly the Chinese version of the Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experiences (CHIME), among Chinese college students. Prior to formal testing, 410 subjects completed the CHIME-37, providing feedback for refinement. During formal assessment, 1,785 subjects participated, with 490 students retested after 2 months. The validity of the CHIME-37 was evaluated using various scales, including subjective well-being, psychological well-being, peace of mind, self-reflection, insight, emotion regulation, depression-anxiety-stress, and sickness questionnaire. In exploratory factor analysis of Sample 1 (n = 838), CHIME revealed 8 factors, explaining 70.696% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis in Sample 2 (n = 947) confirmed the 8-factor model’s validity. Internal consistency coefficients ranged from 0.848 to 0.914, with test–retest reliabilities ranging from 0.746 to 0.885, and split-half reliabilities ranging from 0.795 to 0.898. Total and dimension scores correlated positively with subjective well-being, psychological well-being, emotion stability, and cognitive reappraisal (p < 0.01) but negatively with physical and mental illnesses, depression-anxiety-stress, and expressive inhibition (p < 0.01). The revised CHIME demonstrates robust reliability and validity, establishing it as a suitable tool for measuring the mindfulness levels of Chinese college students.
Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 variants and vaccination on the time-varying reproduction number: statistical methods
Authors: Jang Geunsoo , Kim Jihyeon , Lee Yeonsu , Son Changdae , Ko Kyeong Tae , Lee Hyojung
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health systems, requiring the monitoring of infection waves and strategies to control transmission. Estimating the time-varying reproduction number is crucial for understanding the epidemic and guiding interventions.

Methods

Probability distributions of serial interval are estimated for Pre-Delta and Delta periods. We conducted a comparative analysis of time-varying reproduction numbers, taking into account population immunity and variant differences. We incorporated the regional heterogeneity and age distribution of the population, as well as the evolving variants and vaccination rates over time. COVID-19 transmission dynamics were analyzed with variants and vaccination.

Results

The reproduction number is computed with and without considering variant-based immunity. In addition, values of reproduction number significantly differed by variants, emphasizing immunity’s importance. Enhanced vaccination efforts and stringent control measures were effective in reducing the transmission of the Delta variant. Conversely, Pre-Delta variant appeared less influenced by immunity levels, due to lower vaccination rates. Furthermore, during the Pre-Delta period, there was a significant difference between the region-specific and the non-region-specific reproduction numbers, with particularly distinct pattern differences observed in Gangwon, Gyeongbuk, and Jeju in Korea.

Discussion

This research elucidates the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission concerning the dominance of the Delta variant, the efficacy of vaccinations, and the influence of immunity levels. It highlights the necessity for targeted interventions and extensive vaccination coverage. This study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and informs public health strategies.
“You can push these conversations, but don’t push your patient away”: healthcare learner perspectives on virtual simulation games as an educational approach to address vaccine hesitancy
Authors: Doucette Emily J. , Pateman Margaret , Fullerton Madison M. , Lip Alyssa , Houle Sherilyn K. D. , Kellner James D. , Leal Jenine , MacDonald Shannon E. , McNeil Deborah , Davidson Sandra , Constantinescu Cora
Published: July 2024

Background

Vaccine hesitancy is a significant threat to public health. Healthcare providers (HCPs) can address hesitancy during routine patient conversations; however, few multidisciplinary education tools exist for HCPs to learn to engage in vaccine discussion especially considering new vaccine technologies such as mRNA vaccines. The objectives of this study were to explore HCP learners’ experiences with COVID-19 vaccine communication, and qualitatively evaluate an online learning module composed of virtual simulation games (VSGs) which utilize the PrOTCT Framework for HCP vaccine communication.

Methods

Three virtual focus groups were conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 with Canadian healthcare learners in nursing (N = 6), pharmacy (N = 9), and medicine (N = 7) who participated in a larger study measuring the effectiveness of the VSGs. Using a pragmatic approach, a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo to identify themes and subthemes.

Results

A total of 22 HCP learners participated in this study and three key themes were identified. Across all three disciplines, participants expressed that (1) their prior education lacked training on how to hold vaccine conversations, resulting in uncomfortable personal experiences with patients; (2) the VSGs increased their confidence in holding vaccine conversations by providing novel tools and skills; and (3) participants also provided feedback to improve the VSGs which was implemented and supported the dissemination to all HCP professions.

Conclusion

Although HCPs are a trusted source of vaccine information, participants in this study felt they received little training on how to engage in challenging conversations regarding COVID-19 vaccines. The introduction of the PrOTCT Framework and presumptive statements provided novel strategies for HCP to initiate vaccine conversations, especially considering new vaccine technologies and participants appreciated the emphasis on coping strategies and resilience. It is essential that HCP are provided both opportunities to practice managing these conversations, and tools and skills to succeed at an early point in their careers to prepare them for future roles in vaccine advocacy, delivery, and promotion.
Adolescent utilization of sexual and reproductive health services in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Insights from multilevel and latent class analysis
Authors: Sidamo Negussie Boti , Abebe Kerbo Amene , Gidebo Kassa Daka , Wado Yohannes Dibaba
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Adolescents face unique challenges related to their sexual and reproductive health (SRH), with access to timely services being critical for positive outcomes. However, SRH service utilization among adolescents remains low. This study aimed to identify factors influencing SRH service use among adolescents in Gamo Zone, Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study involved 1172 adolescents selected through stratified sampling. Structured face-to-face interviews were employed for data collection. Multilevel mixed logistic regression was fitted to identify factors and latent class analysis was conducted to understand population heterogeneity.

Results

The findings of this study reveal that 198 (16.89%) adolescents (95% CI: 14.8%-19.2%) utilized SRH services within the past 12 months. Factors significantly associated with SRH service utilization included good knowledge about SRH rights (AOR = 4.65; 95% CI: 2.68, 8.07), belonging to one-parent families (AOR = 4.13; 95% CI: 2.39, 7.12), engaging in parental discussions regarding SRH issues (AOR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.89, 5.29), high family support (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.51), and enrolling in school (AOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.33). Additionally, access to social media was associated with increased SRH service utilization among adolescents (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.25, 3.15). Latent class analysis identified four groups: rural school-enrolled adolescents living with parents, urban school-enrolled adolescents with both parents, urban disadvantaged female adolescents, and early adolescents with limited social media access.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study sheds light on the utilization of SRH services among adolescents, revealing that 16.89% of the participants accessed these services within the past year. Significant factors associated with SRH service utilization included good knowledge about SRH rights, belonging to one-parent families, engaging in parental discussions regarding SRH issues, high family support, and enrollment in school. Interestingly, access to social media was also linked to increased utilization of SRH services among adolescents. Furthermore, our latent class analysis identified four distinct classes of adolescents based on socio-demographic indicators, highlighting the heterogeneity within this population. These findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions and targeted approaches to address the diverse needs of adolescents in accessing and utilizing SRH services.
Developing augmented reality filters to display visual cues on diverse skin tones
Authors: Stuart Jacob , Stephen Anita , Aul Karen , Bumbach Michael D. , Huffman Shari , Russo Brooke , Lok Benjamin
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Variations in skin tone can significantly alter the appearance of symptoms such as rashes or bruises. Unfortunately, previous works utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) in simulating visual symptoms have often failed to consider this critical aspect, potentially leading to inadequate training and education. This study seeks to address this gap by integrating generative artificial intelligence (AI) into the AR filter design process.

Methods: We conducted a 2 × 5 within-subjects study with second-year nursing students (N = 117) from the University of Florida. The study manipulated two factors: symptom generation style and skin tone. Symptom generation style was manipulated using a filter based on a real symptom image or a filter based on a computer-generated symptom image. Skin tone variations were created by applying AR filters to computer-generated images of faces with five skin tones ranging from light to dark. To control for factors like lighting or 3D tracking, 101 pre-generated images were created for each condition, representing a range of filter transparency levels (0–100). Participants used visual analog scales on a computer screen to adjust the symptom transparency in the images until they observed image changes and distinct symptom patterns. Participants also rated the realism of each condition and provided feedback on how the symptom style and skin tone impacted their perceptions.

Results: Students rated the symptoms displayed by the computer-generated AR filters as marginally more realistic than those displayed by the real image AR filters. However, students identified symptoms earlier with the real-image filters. Additionally, SET-M and Theory of Planned Behavior questions indicate that the activity increased students’ feelings of confidence and self-efficacy. Finally, we found that similar to the real world, where symptoms on dark skin tones are identified at later stages of development, students identified symptoms at later stages as skin tone darkened regardless of cue type.

Conclusion: This work implemented a novel approach to develop AR filters that display time-based visual cues on diverse skin tones. Additionally, this work provides evidence-based recommendations on how and when generative AI-based AR filters can be effectively used in healthcare education.
3D-CT reconstruction for pedicle outer width assessment in patients with thoracolumbar spine fractures: a comparative analysis between age groups <60 years and ≥60 years
Authors: He Qiang , Yan Yifeng , Mei Jie , Xie Chengxin , Sun Xin
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aims to compare the utilization of 3D-CT reconstruction in measuring pedicle outer width (POW) between younger/middle-aged patients (<60 years) and older patients (≥60 years) with thoracolumbar spine fractures (TSF).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study from January 2021 to December 2022, involving a total of 108 patients with TSF. The study population consisted of 62 patients aged ≥60 years (observation group) and 46 patients aged <60 years (control group). We compared the POW on both the right and left sides of the thoracolumbar spine between the two groups. Additionally, we analyzed the POW by gender within each group and calculated the incidence of patients falling below the critical values for arch root puncture (5 mm) and arch root nailing (7 mm) in both groups.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences observed in the POW between the two groups on both the left and right sides of each corresponding vertebra (P > 0.05). In the observation group, both male and female patients had significantly smaller POW compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in POW was observed between the same-sex groups in the L4 to L5 vertebrae (P > 0.05). In the observation group, the POW was less than 5 mm in 9.33% (81/868) of cases and less than 7 mm in 49.88% (433/868) of cases, primarily observed from T11 to L3. In the control group, 4.81% (31/644) of cases had a POW of less than 5 mm, and 13.81% (88/644) had a POW of less than 7 mm.

Conclusion

Utilizing preoperative 3D-CT reconstruction to measure POW in patients with TSF not only facilitates the assessment of surgical feasibility but also aids in surgical pathway planning, thus potentially reducing the incidence of postoperative complications.
Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares
Authors: Lin Jianwei , Jing Hongxin , Wang Jianwen , Lucien-Cabaraux Jean-Francois , Yang Kailun , Liu Wujun , Li Xiaobin
Published: July 2024

The nutritional benefits of mare milk are attracting increasing consumer interest. Limited availability due to low yield poses a challenge for widespread adoption. Although lysine and threonine are often used to enhance protein synthesis and muscle mass in horses, their impact on mare milk yield and nutrient composition remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of lysine and threonine supplementation on 24 healthy Yili mares, mares at day 30 of lactation, over a 120-day period. The mares were divided into control and three experimental groups (six mares each) under pure grazing conditions. The control group received no amino acid supplementation, while experimental groups received varying daily doses of lysine and threonine: Group I (40 g lysine + 20 g threonine), Group II (60 g lysine + 40 g threonine), and Group III (80 g lysine + 60 g threonine). Supplementation in Group II notably increased milk yield, while Groups I and II showed higher milk fat percentages, and all experimental groups exhibited improved milk protein percentages. Additionally, blood levels of total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and glucose were reduced. Detailed analyses from Group II at peak lactation (day 60) included targeted metabolomics and microbial sequencing of milk, blood, and fecal samples. Amino acid metabolomics assessed amino acid content in mare milk and serum, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing evaluated rectal microbial composition. The results indicated that lysine and threonine supplementation significantly increased levels of threonine and creatine in the blood, and lysine, threonine, glutamine, and alanine in mare milk. Microbial analysis revealed a higher prevalence of certain bacterial families and genera, including Prevotellaceae, p_251_o5, and Rikenellaceae at the family level, and unclassified_p_251_o5, Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group at the genus level. Multi-omics analysis showed positive correlations between specific fecal genera and amino acids in mare milk. For instance, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003, unclassified Bacteroidetes_BS11_gut_group, and Corynebacterium were positively correlated with lysine, while unclassified Prevotellaceae was positively correlated with alanine and threonine, and Unclassified_Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group was positively correlated with glutamine. In summary, lysine and threonine supplementation in grazing lactating mares enhanced milk production and improved milk protein and fat quality. It is recommended that herders, veterinarians, and technicians consider amino acid content in the diet of lactating mares. The optimal supplementation levels under grazing conditions for Yili horses were determined to be 60 g lysine and 40 g threonine per day. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms by which these amino acids influence milk protein and lipid synthesis in mare mammary epithelial cells.
Prime Time Tactics—Sieve Tweaks and Boosters
Authors: Ghidarcea Mircea , Popescu Decebal
Published: July 2024

In a landscape where interest in prime sieving has waned and practitioners are few, we are still hoping for a domain renaissance, fueled by a resurgence of interest and a fresh wave of innovation. Building upon years of extensive research and experimentation, this article aims to contribute by presenting a heterogeneous compilation of generic tweaks and boosters aimed at revitalizing prime sieving methodologies. Drawing from a wealth of resurfaced knowledge and refined sieving algorithms, techniques, and optimizations, we unveil a diverse array of strategies designed to elevate the efficiency, accuracy, and scalability of prime sieving algorithms; these tweaks and boosters represent a synthesis of old wisdom and new discoveries, offering practical guidance for researchers and practitioners alike.
Fusion of Target and Keypoint Detection for Automated Measurement of Mongolian Horse Body Measurements
Authors: Su Lide , Li Minghuang , Zhang Yong , Zong Zheying , Gong Caili
Published: July 2024

Accurate and efficient access to Mongolian horse body size information is an important component in the modernization of the equine industry. Aiming at the shortcomings of manual measurement methods, such as low efficiency and high risk, this study converts the traditional horse body measure measurement problem into a measurement keypoint localization problem and proposes a top-down automatic Mongolian horse body measure measurement method by integrating the target detection algorithm and keypoint detection algorithm. Firstly, the SimAM parameter-free attention mechanism is added to the YOLOv8n backbone network to constitute the SimAM–YOLOv8n algorithm, which provides the base image for the subsequent accurate keypoint detection; secondly, the coordinate regression-based RTMPose keypoint detection algorithm is used for model training to realize the keypoint localization of the Mongolian horse. Lastly, the cosine annealing method was employed to dynamically adjust the learning rate throughout the entire training process, and subsequently conduct body measurements based on the information of each keypoint. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of the SimAM–YOLOv8n algorithm proposed in this study was 90.1%, and the average accuracy of the RTMPose algorithm was 91.4%. Compared with the manual measurements, the shoulder height, chest depth, body height, body length, croup height, angle of shoulder and angle of croup had mean relative errors (MRE) of 3.86%, 4.72%, 3.98%, 2.74%, 2.89%, 4.59% and 5.28%, respectively. The method proposed in this study can provide technical support to realize accurate and efficient Mongolian horse measurements.
Microbial Activity and Diversity in Soil Sown with Zea mays and Triticosecale
Authors: Komorek Dominika , Wyszkowska Jadwiga , Borowik Agata , Zaborowska Magdalena
Published: July 2024

The ongoing scientific debate on the selection of the best bioindicators to reflect the quality of arable soils indicates both their microbiome and biochemical parameters. Consideration has also been given to the fact that Zea mays has achieved the status of a crop used in the feed industry and for energy purposes, and Triticosecale is attracting increasing interest in this area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the wide range of effects of Zea mays and Triticosecale cultivation on soil microbial and biochemical activity. The assessment of these parameters was based on the determination of microbial abundance, colony development index (CD), ecophysiological index of microbial diversity (EP), soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase) as well as soil physicochemical properties. The innovative nature of the research was achieved by extending the pool of analyses to include both microbial biodiversity and analysis of soil samples at three depths: 0–20 cm; 21–40 cm; and 41–60 cm. It was found that the highest activities of soil enzymes and the abundance of organotrophic bacteria and fungi, as well as their colony development indices (CD), occurred within the rhizosphere and that their values decreased with increasing depth of the soil profile layers. Two phyla, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, representing the microbiome of arable soils, were identified independently of soil management practices. Unique bacterial genera in the soil under Triticosecale cultivation were Pseudonocardia, whereas Rhodoplanes, Nocardioides, and Rhodanobacter were found under Zea mays cultivation. The activity of all enzymes, especially urease and arylsulfatase, was significantly higher in the soil under Triticosecale. This was influenced by the more favorable physicochemical properties of the soil.
Artificial Intelligence in Agricultural Mapping: A Review
Authors: Espinel Ramón , Herrera-Franco Gricelda , Rivadeneira García José Luis , Escandón-Panchana Paulo
Published: July 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an essential role in agricultural mapping. It reduces costs and time and increases efficiency in agricultural management activities, which improves the food industry. Agricultural mapping is necessary for resource management and requires technologies for farming challenges. The mapping in agricultural AI applications gives efficiency in mapping and its subsequent use in decision-making. This study analyses AI’s current state in agricultural mapping through bibliometric indicators and a literature review to identify methods, agricultural resources, geomatic tools, mapping types, and their applications in agricultural management. The methodology begins with a bibliographic search in Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS). Subsequently, a bibliographic data analysis and literature review establish the scientific contribution, collaboration, AI methods, and trends. The United States (USA), Spain, and Italy are countries that produce and collaborate more in this area of knowledge. Of the studies, 76% use machine learning (ML) and 24% use deep learning (DL) for agricultural mapping applications. Prevailing algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) correlate mapping activities in agricultural management. In addition, AI contributes to agricultural mapping in activities associated with production, disease detection, crop classification, rural planning, forest dynamics, and irrigation system improvements.
Effect of Buried Straw Bioreactor Technology on CO2 Efflux and Indian Cowpea Yields
Authors: Liu Cenwei , Ye Jing , Zhang Bangwei , Lin Yi , Wang Yixiang
Published: July 2024

This study evaluates the efficacy of buried straw bioreactor (SBR) technology in enhancing soil properties, CO2 efflux, and crop yield, specifically focusing on Indian cowpea cultivation within a greenhouse environment. Conducted at the Yuxi Demonstration Park in Fujian, China, the experiment utilized a randomized block design incorporating seven treatments with varying straw application rates (4.5, 6, and 7.5 kg m−2) and burial depths (20 and 30 cm) alongside a control group. The investigation revealed that SBR technology significantly increased soil temperature, CO2 efflux, soil total nitrogen (TN), and total organic carbon (TOC), contributing to a marked improvement in the biomass of Indian cowpea roots, stems, and leaves. Notably, the optimal results were observed with 7.5 kg m−2 straw applied at a 20 cm depth, enhancing soil temperature by 1.5–2.0 °C and multiplying cowpea biomass by 2.1–6.4 times relative to the control. This treatment also led to the highest increases in soil TOC and CO2 efflux, demonstrating the potential of SBR technology for carbon sequestration and suggesting its application as a sustainable agricultural practice in cold regions to ameliorate the soil’s physical and nutritional characteristics, thus supporting enhanced crop production. The study underscores SBR technology’s role in addressing the challenge of agricultural waste through the effective reuse of crop straw, promoting the circular development of agriculture while safeguarding the ecological environment.
Permaculture Management of Arable Soil Increases Soil Microbial Abundance, Nutrients, and Carbon Stocks Compared to Conventional Agriculture
Authors: Williamson Rose Frances , Reay Michaela , Sgouridis Fotis
Published: July 2024

Conventional agricultural practices severely deplete the soil of essential organic matter and nutrients, increasing its vulnerability to disease, drought, and flooding. Permaculture is a form of agroecology adopting a whole ecosystem approach to create a set of principles and design frameworks for enriching soil fertility, but there is little scientific evidence of its efficiency. This study compares two permaculture managed sites with a conventional arable site to investigate the effect of permaculture management on soil fertility. We used phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate microbial abundance and diversity and related these to measured soil nutrients and carbon stocks. The potential of permaculture management to mitigate soil greenhouse gas emissions was assessed during a laboratory soil incubation and measurement of greenhouse gases via gas chromatography. Overall, the permaculture managed allotments had three times higher microbial biomass, one and a half times higher nitrogen, and four times higher carbon content than the arable site. Permaculture soils had larger carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes compared to arable soil, but all sites had a mean negative flux in methane. Permaculture management by use of organic amendments and no-dig practices provides a constant slow release of nutrients and build-up of organic matter and carbon and consequently promotes greater bacterial and fungal biomass within the soil.