bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Photic Entrainment and Sensitivity to Ethanol‐Induced Chronodisruption in Adult Mice After Adolescent Intermittent Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Ruby Christina L. , Paye Gerneleh , Fabi Jason L. , Zhang Jiawen , Risinger Megan O. , Palmer Kaitlyn N. , Verbanes Natalie M. , D'Angelo Ariana , Watts Tia M. , Mabe Lauren , Swartzwelder H. Scott
Published: August 2018

Background

Evidence supports a role for the circadian system in alcohol use disorders, but the impact of adolescent alcohol exposure on circadian timing later in life is unknown. Acute ethanol (EtOH) attenuates circadian photic phase‐resetting in adult, but not adolescent, rodents. However, nearly all studies have focused on males and it is unknown whether this adolescent‐typical insensitivity to EtOH persists into adulthood after adolescent drinking.

Methods

Circadian activity was monitored in C57BL/6J mice receiving adolescent intermittent EtOH (AIE) exposure (15% EtOH and water every other day throughout adolescence) or water alone followed by 24 days wherein EtOH was not available (washout). Mice then received a challenge dose of EtOH (1.5 g/kg, intraperitoneal) or saline 15 minutes prior to a 30‐minute phase‐delaying light pulse and then were released into constant darkness (DD). To control for possible phase‐shifting by EtOH challenge alone, a separate group of mice underwent AIE exposure (or water‐only) and washout and then received an EtOH or saline injection, but did not receive a light pulse prior to DD.

Results

Striking sex differences in nearly all measures of circadian photic entrainment were observed during adolescence but AIE effects were subtle and few. Only EtOH‐naïve adult male mice showed attenuated photic phase‐shifts with EtOH challenge, while all other groups showed normal phase‐resetting responses to light. AIE‐exposed females showed a persistent delay in activity offset.

Conclusions

Adult male AIE‐exposed mice retained adolescent‐like insensitivity to EtOH‐induced suppression of photic phase‐resetting, suggesting AIE‐induced “lock‐in” of an adolescent behavioral phenotype. Adult AIE‐exposed females showed delayed initiation of the rest phase. Our results also indicate that intermittent EtOH drinking has subtle effects on circadian activity in mice during adolescence that differ from previously reported effects on adult males. The observed sex differences in circadian activity, EtOH consumption and preference, and responses to EtOH challenge merit future mechanistic study.
Insight into invasion: Interactions between a critically endangered and invasive crayfish
Authors: Lopez Laura K. , Hendry Katie , Wong Marian Y. L. , Davis Andy R.
Published: August 2018

Invasive species are known to competitively displace native species via direct behavioural interactions, or contests, which can result in limited access to valuable resources such as food or shelter for the native. Here, we aimed to determine the dynamics and outcome of agonistic contests between the critically endangered Fitzroy Falls Spiny Crayfish (Euastacus dharawalus) and the invasive yabby (Cherax destructor) in a controlled laboratory setting. Although C. destructor has been listed as a key threatening process for E. dharawalus, the magnitude and nature of its impact have not been formerly assessed. We recorded the frequency and intensity of aggressive interactions between the species, as well as the winner of the contest and subsequent dominance during staged encounters. In addition to this, we recorded the time individuals spent consuming food and actively moving on the substratum. Contrary to our predictions, the frequency of aggressive behaviours performed by the two species did not significantly differ, but E. dharawalus engaged in more intensely aggressive behaviours and was less submissive than C. destructor. As a result, E. dharawalus won significantly more contests than its invasive rival and subsequently achieved a higher dominance score overall. Despite this result, C. destructor spent significantly more time consuming food than did E. dharawalus. These results suggest that dominance in agonistic contests did not translate into dominance over food resources in our study. Ultimately, reduced access to food, combined with the costs of agonistic contests including injury and the relatively low reproductive rates of E. dharawalus indicate that C. destructor may have a negative effect on the survival and persistence of the critically endangered E. dharawalus.
Measuring patient‐centredness in publicly funded fertility care: A New Zealand validation and international comparison of the Patient‐Centred Questionnaire‐Infertility
Authors: Mourad Selma M. , Curtis Cate , Gudex Guy , Merrilees Margaret , Peek John , Sadler Lynn
Published: August 2018

Background

The Patient‐Centred Questionnaire‐Infertility (PCQ‐Infertility) has proven to be a reliable instrument to assess the extent of patient‐centredness of fertility care in European countries.

Aims

To validate the PCQ‐Infertility in New Zealand (NZ) and to compare results with international experience.

Materials and Methods

A cross‐sectional 46‐item questionnaire study among 409 women undergoing publicly funded fertility care (intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilisation / intracytoplasmic sperm injection) in three fertility clinics in the Northern Auckland region was performed between October 2015 and September 2016. Inclusion of eligible participants was both retro‐ and prospective. The questionnaire was distributed by email link and women were asked to complete it with their partner. Internal consistency and construct validity were determined and correction for case mix was performed. Mean dimension scores, adjusted for ‘current pregnancy’, ‘educational level’ and ‘treatment type’, were calculated for each dimension of the PCQ‐Infertility. NZ results were compared with PCQ‐Infertility results from five countries.

Results

Of 409 invited women, 255 questionnaires were submitted (response rate 62%), of which 216 (53%) were analysable. The dimension ‘Care organization’ had poor internal consistency, but overall the questionnaire had high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93). Construct validity was also good. International comparison showed NZ to have the second highest overall score. In New Zealand, the lowest scoring domain was ‘Continuity and transition’.

Conclusions

The NZ version of the PCQ‐infertility proved a valid instrument for the assessment of patient‐centredness of publicly funded fertility care. Future research should focus on international inequities in patient‐centred fertility care and use of the tool for quality improvement. Local use of the PCQ‐Infertility is encouraged.
All That Is Solid Melts into the Bay: Anticipatory Ruination and Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: August 2018

This paper explores the shaping of Bangladesh's southern coastal region, often framed as the most climate vulnerable place in the world, as a zone of climate crisis. As rising waters threaten communities inhabiting the low‐lying coastal islands scattered across the deltaic plain, many within the government and donor community have identified shrimp aquaculture as a principal adaptation strategy. Shrimp aquaculture is integral to the dynamics of what I call anticipatory ruination, a discursive and material process of social and ecological destruction in anticipation of real or perceived threats. I elaborate anticipatory ruination as a process that both responds to and produces Bangladesh's climate crisis. I use this concept to explore not only the dynamics taking place in Bangladesh's delta region, but also the ways in which climate crisis is constituted more broadly.
The Beauty of Finnegans Wake. Remembering and Re‐Imagining: A Return to the Father
Authors: Adams Mary
Published: August 2018

The author considers James Joyce's immersion in Finnegans Wake as his way of controlling his imagination and holding together emotionally. Asensitive, bright and impressionable child, he had much to contend with, including being a ‘replacement child’, born into his parents’ grief at losing other children. This can create lasting guilt and confusion in the surviving child: do they have the right to an existence of their own. Orshould they, like Joyce, go into exile? The author describes the fearsthat plagued Joyce and how a proleptic imagination, and his phenomenal memory, gave him a sense of control. Placing Finnegans Wake in a timeless dream world gave Joyce space, but within a carefully boundaried structure. Joyce's love affair with language has him playfully crafting his own elaborate Book of Kells, in which punning and parody distract from the grief which underlies the work. At the centre is a Dublin family in a story which loosely parallels Sophocles’ Oedipus, playing out the internal world of the ‘replacement child’ who fears he was responsible for the siblings' deaths. The beauty of Finnegans Wake is the extraordinary way that Joyce stays afloat, producing a unique masterpiece of levity and poetry.
Language Matters: Denying the Existence of the 30‐Million‐Word Gap Has Serious Consequences
Authors: Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Hoff Erika , Rowe Meredith L. , Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Hirsh‐Pasek Kathy
Published: August 2018

Sperry, Sperry, and Miller (2018) aim to debunk what is called the 30‐million‐word gap by claiming that children from lower income households hear more speech than Hart and Risley (1995) reported. We address why the 30‐million‐word gap should not be abandoned, and the importance of retaining focus on the vital ingredient to language learning—quality speech directed to children rather than overheard speech, the focus of Sperry et al.'s argument. Three issues are addressed: Whether there is a language gap; the characteristics of speech that promote language development; and the importance of language in school achievement. There are serious risks to claims that low‐income children, on average, hear sufficient, high‐quality language relative to peers from higher income homes.
How Do Creative Experts Practice New Skills? Exploratory Practice in Breakdancers
Authors: Shimizu Daichi , Okada Takeshi
Published: August 2018

How do expert performers practice as they develop creatively? This study investigated the processes involved in the practice of new skills by expert breakdancers. A great deal of evidence supports the theory of “deliberate practice” (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch‐Römer, 1993,Psychological Review, 100,363) in skill acquisition; however, expert creative performers may emphasize other forms of practice for skill development. Four case studies collected through fieldwork and laboratory observation were analyzed to evaluate expert dancers’ practice processes as they developed proficiency in new, specific skills. We focused on three aspects of learning: the degree of skill acquisition, the content of skills included in practice, and dancers’ stated purposes for practicing. The results showed that dancers’ practice improved skills (as suggested by deliberate practice) and engaged the exploration of new, original skills, along with coordinating skills within performance. In their practice, these dance experts went beyond deliberative practice to highly exploratory processes for skill development.
Phosphatized tungsten‐metabolizing coccoid microbes interpreted from oil shale of an Eocene lake, Green River Formation, Utah, USA
Authors: Keighley Dave , Boonsue Suporn , Hall Douglas
Published: August 2018

Microscopic globular structures have been observed in some beds of oil shale from eastern Utah. These beds comprise carbonate‐dominated mud that is interlaminated with variably thick and continuous organic‐rich layers. Collectively they are enriched in phosphorus, REEs, and actinides. The beds are considered of lacustrine origin and assigned to the Eocene Green River Formation. The globules themselves are of microcrystalline carbonate fluorapatite (μCFA), often contain concentric internal structures, and usually group together in clusters of up to 80, possibly more. Detailed SEM and microprobe analyses have revealed tungsten (W) to be almost exclusively associated with the globular clusters found within the more organic‐rich laminae, often at concentrations of over 200 ppm, two orders of magnitude above shale standards. The globular structures are present in freshly cut sections where they occasionally grade into a μCFA matrix cement. This, together with the draping of the clusters by stringers of organic matter that would have accumulated in the Eocene lake, confirms that the structures are not a contaminant. The limited range of sizes and globular shapes is consistent with the morphology of coccoidal bacteria: Concentric internal structures may represent remnants of the nucleoid and cell wall. Paired concentric structures may indicate cell division (reproduction) processes were occurring until mineralization. The phosphate mineralization itself may have been promoted by release of phosphate from the stressed cells, bringing porewaters to supersaturation, or by the cells acting as nucleation sites. The recording of trace amounts of W almost exclusively in globular clusters preserved in the most organic‐rich stringers (anoxia prone) further suggests facultative use of W‐enzymes in a microbial metabolism. Combined, their context, morphology, and indication of biogenic process are strong evidence that the structures are fossilized (phosphatized) microbes, possibly sulfate‐reducing bacteria, or methanogenic archaea.
„Farbiges und Seltsames ist mir in Asien aufgefallen“: Der Ferne Osten aus der Sicht deutscher Aristokratinnen der Wilhelminischen Zeit
Authors: Brisson Ulrike
Published: August 2018

Nicht nur Reiseberichte über den Mittleren, sondern auch über den Fernen Osten unterliegen Mechanismen, die dem Konzept “Orientalismus” zugeordnet werden können. Entsprechend werden in diesem Aufsatz die Asien‐Reiseberichte der wilhelminischen Aristokratinnen Elisabeth von Heyking und Marie von Bunsen im Kontext der postkolonialen Orientalismus‐Diskussion interpretiert, und es wird die Frage nach einem angeblich typisch deutschen intellektuellen Orientalismus gestellt. Dieser imaginierte Orient wird im Aufsatz mit konkreten Erfahrungen von reisenden Frauen kontrastiert. Beide Autorinnen sehen sich als Repräsentantinnen der wilhelminischen Zeit, und als Kritikerinnen und Befürworterinnen europäischer Kolonialpolitik artikulieren sie auch eine politische Botschaft. Durch das Aufeinandertreffen der Konzepte “Gender” und “Kolonialismus”, “Klasse” und “Rasse” bieten ihre Reiseberichte ein aufschlussreiches Mosaik bei der Erforschung deutscher Formen von Orientalismus und deutscher Kolonialgeschichte.
House prices and property tax revenues during the boom and bust: Evidence from small‐area estimates
Authors: Goodman Christopher B.
Published: August 2018

Although the Great Recession put the US economy into a tailspin, we know little about how the changes in house prices influenced property tax collections. Using local‐level housing data from Zillow® matched to property tax data from 1998 to 2012, two questions are examined. First, the elasticity of property tax revenue with respect to house values is estimated. Second, the timing of this elasticity is determined. The analysis rules out that local policymakers capture the entire increase of house value in property tax revenues but unable to rule out that increases in house values are completely offset by changes in effective property tax rates. Decreases in values have an elasticity between 0.3 and 0.4 and take three years for changes in values to impact property tax revenues. While property tax collections declined, local policymakers adjusted effective millage rates such that revenues did not decline as much as home values.
Clinical efficacy of a chlorhexidine‐based mouthrinse containing hyaluronic acid and an antidiscoloration system in patients undergoing flap surgery: A triple‐blind, parallel‐arm, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Simonelli Anna , Pramstraller Mattia , Guarnelli Maria Elena , Fabbri Chiara , Maietti Elisa , Farina Roberto
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the postsurgery gingival healing as well as plaque, gingival inflammation and staining levels following the use of a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution with or without antidiscoloration system (ADS) and 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA).

Methods

Patients undergoing flap surgery at sites with an intact or reduced but healthy periodontium participated in a parallel‐arm RCT. After surgery, patients used the assigned mouthrinse (CHX + HA + ADS or CHX) for 21 days. At days 7 and 21, the healing process was evaluated at experimental teeth using a composite index, namely the Gingival Healing Index (GHI). GHI score was obtained as the sum of the scores related to the severity of wound dehiscence (score 1‐3) and the profile of the buccal and oral aspects of the papilla (score 1‐3). Therefore, GHI ranged from 2 (worst quality of healing) to 6 (optimal quality of healing). Plaque Index (PlI), Gingival Index (GI), angulated bleeding score (AngBS), and tooth and tongue staining were also assessed.

Results

In both groups, GHI assumed values of 5 or 6 at both days 7 and 21 in ≥50% of patients, and low median values of PlI, GI, AngBS and staining were observed during the 21‐day period. Except for a significantly lower GI in CHX group at day 7, no other significant intergroup differences were found.

Conclusions

Postsurgery plaque control based on either CHX or CHX + HA + ADS mouthrinses results in optimal plaque control and quality of early gingival healing along with limited tooth and tongue staining.
Non‐thermal technologies and its current and future application in the food industry: a review
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Wang Lang‐Hong , Zeng Xin‐An , Han Zhong , Brennan Charles S.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, consumers have been demanding convenient and healthy foods which have ‘fresh‐like’ characteristics while still being safe and a long shelf‐life. These requirements are hard to achieve using existing traditional thermal food processing technologies and the innovative new food process and preservation technologies based on thermal processing systems are needed. However, non‐thermal technologies in food processing do not generate high temperature and use short treatment times. This means that the nutritional components of foodstuffs are better retained, and the sensory properties of foods are less changed compared with traditional thermal processing. The aim of this review was to present non‐thermal technologies applications and its mechanism in food industry in recently, and to explore the potential application prospects of combining non‐thermal treatments applied in food industry because it not only could overcomes the drawback of single technology, but also can enhances the processing efficiency at lower treatment intensity.
Narratives of Settling in Contexts of Mobility: A Comparative Analysis of Irish and Polish Highly Qualified Women Migrants in London
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: August 2018

Adopting a spatio‐temporal lens, this article explores how highly qualified migrant women negotiate relationships and career motivations in specific socio‐structural contexts. Comparing migration experiences of Irish and Polish women in London, I explore similarities within and differences between these groups. Having joined the EU in 1973, Ireland can be regarded as part of “old EU”, while Poland joining in 2004 is part of the “new” wave of EU members. Migration from old and new member states is often discussed separately using different framing. This article contributes to understanding migration in three ways. Firstly, by developing comparative analysis, which goes beyond narrow and static migrant categories. Secondly, by challenging the temporary/transient versus permanence/integration dichotomy to explore a “sliding scale” of migrant trajectories. Thirdly, by illustrating how evolving relationships, through the life cycle, may enable but also hinder migrant women's opportunities for settling in or moving on.
Species richness and similarity of metazoan parasite communities in three species of leatherjacket (Oligoplites: Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Authors: Santos‐Bustos Nataly G. , Violante‐González Juan , Monks Scott , Rojas‐Herrera Agustín A. , García‐Ibáñez Sergio , Flores‐Rodríguez Pedro , Almazán‐Núñez Roberto C. , Moreno‐Díaz Giovanni
Published: August 2018

Species richness and similarity in metazoan parasite communities of fishes can be influenced by several biotic (age, body size, vagility, feeding and social behavior, among others), and local abiotic (temperature, salinity, etc.) factors. The parasite communities of three species of Oligoplites, marine fishes from the Pacific coast of Mexico, were quantified and analyzed. Four hundred sixty‐eight leatherjackets (O. altus, n=94; O. saurus, n=260; and O. refulgens, n=114) were collected from February 2016 to June 2017 from five locations. Twenty‐eight species of metazoan parasites were recovered and identified: four species of Monogenea (adults), nine of Digenea (seven adults and two metacercariae); two of Cestoda (larvae); four of Nematoda (two adults and two larvae); four of Acanthocephala (two adults, one juvenile, and one cystacanth); four of Copepoda; and one Pentastomida (larvae). At the component community level, species richness ranged from 9 in O. saurus to 19 in O. altus. Different species of helminth dominated the component communities of each species of host. Community composition and species richness of parasites differed among the three species of host, locations, and sampling years. Host feeding behavior, body size, and vagility had the most influence on these differences.
Microstructure–conductivity relationship of Na3Zr2(SiO4)2(PO4) ceramics
Authors: Naqash Sahir , Sebold Doris , Tietz Frank , Guillon Olivier
Published: August 2018

The ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes is dependent on synthesis and processing conditions, ie, powder properties, shaping parameters, sintering time (ts), and sintering temperature (Ts). In this study, Na3Zr2(SiO4)2(PO4) was sintered at 1200 and 1250°C for 0‐10 hours and its microstructure and electrical performance were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. After sintering under all conditions, the sodium super‐ionic conductor‐type structure was formed along with ZrO2 as a secondary phase. The microstructure investigation revealed a bimodal particle size distribution and grain growth at both Ts. The density of samples increased from 60% at 1200°C for 0 hours to 93% at 1250°C for 10 hours. The ionic conductivity of the samples increased with ts due to densification and grain growth, ranging from 0.13 to 0.71 mS/cm, respectively. The corresponding equivalent circuit fitting for the impedance spectra revealed that grain boundary resistance is the prime factor contributing to the changing conductivity after sintering. The activation energy of the bulk conductivity (Ea,bulk) remained almost constant (0.26 eV) whereas the activation energy of the total conductivity (Ea) exhibited a decreasing trend from 0.37 to 0.30 eV for the samples with ts = 0 and 10 hours, respectively—both sintered at 1250°C. In this study, the control of the grain boundaries improved the electrical conductivity by a factor of 6.
The differential impact of interactions outside the organization on employee well‐being
Authors: Bhave Devasheesh P. , Halldórsson Freyr , Kim Eugene , Lefter Alexandru M.
Published: August 2018

We examine two different perspectives of interactions outside the organization: the relational work design perspective and the emotional labour perspective. The relational work design perspective suggests that interactions outside the organization have favourable outcomes for employees, whereas the emotional labour perspective suggests that such interactions have adverse outcomes for employees. Our goal is to reconcile findings from these two research streams. In Study 1, using data from employees working in diverse occupations, we find that interactions outside the organization have a positive indirect effect on employee well‐being via task significance, and a negative indirect effect on employee well‐being via surface acting. In Study 2, using data collected across two time points, we replicate these findings. In Study 3, we further extend these results and illustrate that interactional autonomy and interactional complexity are influential moderators that shape the strength of the mediated relationships. Our results aid in reconciling and extending findings from two different research streams, and enhance our understanding of the role of interactions outside the organization.

Practitioner points

Managers should consider that employees’ interactions outside the organization have the potential to improve their well‐being.

Organizations could redesign jobs to enable employees in customer‐facing roles to have greater discretion in how they interact with their customers and also increase the variety of these interactions.
Estimating production costs of preadult redclaw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus, reared in a commercial nursery system: A stochastic bioeconomic approach
Authors: Núñez‐Amao Lavinia , Naranjo‐Páramo José , Hernández‐Llamas Alfredo , Vargas‐Mendieta Mayra , Villarreal Humberto
Published: August 2018

A stochastic bioeconomic model was used to estimate the production cost and risk factors affecting economic performance of juvenile redclaw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus, commercial nursery production, in a farm located in Baja California Sur, Mexico. At harvest, the biological submodel showed there is 95% confidence to obtain an average weight of 19.98 g, with 126,341/ha surviving organisms, representing 84% survival. Biomass was 2.5 t/ha, with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 0.98, reflecting the efficient adaptation of the species to culture conditions. The economic submodel showed that at Day 90, there is 95% confidence that the cost of producing a preadult will be US$0.090 or US$4.55/kg. With increasing demand and worldwide sale prices of US$9/kg, there is a potential market for 20–30 g redclaw reared in intensive lined ponds. Sensitivity analyses showed that the regression coefficients from a second‐order polynomial used for calculation of FCR associated with time (a2anda1) were the most important parameters influencing the production cost. Mortality rate and parameters used to calculate individual weight also had considerable influence on production cost. The bioeconomic analysis contributes significantly to establishing the economic viability of the intensive three‐phase production system.
Insights into Ceres's evolution from surface composition
Authors: Castillo‐Rogez Julie , Neveu Marc , McSween Harry Y. , Fu Roger R. , Toplis Michael J. , Prettyman Thomas
Published: August 2018

Inspired by the recent results of the Dawn mission, thermodynamic models of rock alteration and brine evaporation have been used to help understand the conditions under which water–rock interaction took place within the dwarf planet Ceres. This analysis constrains Ceres's early history and offers a framework within which future observations may be interpreted. A broad range of alteration conditions have been simulated using the Geochemist's Workbench and PHREEQC software, associated with the FREZCHEM model that constrains the consequences of freezing the liquid phase in equilibrium with the observed mineralogical assemblage. Comparison of the modeling results with observed surface mineralogy at Ceres indicates advanced alteration under a relatively high fugacity of hydrogen, a conclusion that is consistent with predictions for, and observations of, large ice‐rich bodies. The simulations suggest production of methane that could help regulate the redox environment and possibly form clathrate hydrates upon freezing of the early ocean. The detection of localized occurrences of natrite (sodium carbonate) at the surface of Ceres provides key constraints on the composition of fluids that are necessarily alkaline. In addition, the combined hydrothermal and freezing simulations suggest that hydrohalite may be abundant in Ceres's subsurface, similar to Earth's polar regions. The global homogeneity of Ceres's surface, made of material formed at depth, suggests a large‐scale formation mechanism, while local heterogeneities associated with impact craters and landslides suggest that some form of sodium carbonate and other salts are accessible in the shallow subsurface.
Effects and Mechanism of Nicotinamide Against UVA‐ and/or UVB‐mediated DNA Damages in Normal Melanocytes
Authors: Chhabra Gagan , Garvey Debra R. , Singh Chandra K. , Mintie Charlotte A. , Ahmad Nihal
Published: August 2018

Melanoma incidences are increasing rapidly, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is believed to be its major contributing factor. UV exposure causes DNA damage in skin which may initiate cutaneous skin cancers including melanoma. Melanoma arises from melanocytes, the melanin‐producing skin cells, following genetic dysregulations resulting into hyperproliferative phenotype and neoplastic transformation. Both UVA and UVB exposures to the skin are believed to trigger melanocytic hyperplasia and melanomagenesis. Melanocytes by themselves are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage and UV‐induced photoproducts. Nicotinamide, an active form of vitamin B3 and a critical component of the human body's defense system has been shown to prevent certain cancers including nonmelanoma skin cancers. However, the mechanism of nicotinamide's protective effects is not well understood. Here, we investigated potential protective effects and mechanism of nicotinamide against UVA‐ and/or UVB‐ induced damage in normal human epidermal melanocytes. Our data demonstrated an appreciable protective effect of nicotinamide against UVA‐ and/or UVB‐ induced DNA damage in melanocytes by decreasing both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels. We found that the photoprotective response of nicotinamide was associated with the activation of nucleotide excision repair genes and NRF2 signaling. Further studies are needed to validate our findings in in vivo models.
Microbiological Decontamination of Water: Improving the Solar Disinfection Technique (SODIS) with the Use of Nontoxic Vital Dye Methylene Blue
Authors: Cardoso‐Rurr Janine S. , de Paiva Juliana Patrão , Paulino‐Lima Ivan G. , de Alencar Tatiana A.M. , Lage Claudia A.S. , Leitão Alvaro C.
Published: August 2018

Rational use of water is a major challenge for governments and global organizations, with easy and inexpensive interventions being sought by communities that are not supplied with drinking water. In this context, solar disinfection (SODIS) has shown great efficiency for water disinfection. To speed up the process and improve inactivation, we studied the effects of methylene blue (MB) as a photodynamic agent because of its ability to absorb visible light (red wavelength) and generate singlet oxygen as a reactive species, thereby inactivating bacteria and viruses present in water. In this study, samples of clean mineral water were artificially contaminated with Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis or Deinococcus radiodurans) or with Gram‐negative strains (Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium) and exposed to traditional SODIS or to MB‐SODIS. A lethal synergistic effect was observed when cultures were illuminated in the presence of MB. The obtained results indicate that bacterial inactivation can be achieved in a much shorter time when using MB associated with SODIS treatment. Therefore, this technique was able to provide safe water for consumption through the inactivation of microorganisms in general, including pathogens and some strains resistant to the traditional SODIS procedure, thus allowing its use in areas usually less exposed to sunlight.
Living in a nursing home: a phenomenological study exploring residents’ loneliness and other feelings
Authors: Paque Kristel , Bastiaens Hilde , Van Bogaert Peter , Dilles Tinne
Published: August 2018

Background

Loneliness is suggested to be one of the most prominent feelings nursing home residents are struggling with, and is related to various negative health outcomes and impaired quality of life. While there has been some research on social predictors and the impact of depression and loneliness on social relationships in nursing home residents, there has been very little qualitative research in investigating their own perception of such feelings.

Objective

To explore general feelings among nursing home residents, with a specific interest in loneliness in order to develop strategies for support and relief.

Method

This phenomenological study used an interview guide with open‐ended questions to ensure focused in‐depth data collection. Data were obtained through face‐to‐face interviews (n = 11). Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used for data analyses.

Results

Loneliness is more than being alone among others. The residents’ unfulfilled need for meaningful relationships plays a crucial role in feelings of loneliness. Losing their self‐determination due to institutionalisation was strongly related to loneliness and caused strong emotions, such as grief.

Conclusion

It is vital that healthcare professionals are aware of these feelings and pay much attention to resident preferences while developing (individualised) interventions to prevent loneliness.
The Impact of Social Segregation on the Labor Market Outcomes of Low‐Skilled Workers*
Authors: Horváth Gergely
Published: August 2018

We study the impact of network homophily on labor market outcomes in a search‐and‐matching model with two job search channels: the formal market and social contacts. There are two worker types: low‐skilled and high‐skilled workers. The homophily level determines whether the referral networks of the two types are mixed or segregated from each other. We show that there exists an intermediate homophily level that minimizes the unemployment rate and maximizes the wages of low‐skilled workers. Complete integration does not maximize the welfare of low‐skilled workers, unless it improves their productivity. We argue that our model can explain the empirical findings on the labor market effects of the Moving‐to‐Opportunity experiment and the integration of immigrants.
Revision surgery for failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with extension deficiency
Authors: Chang Moon Jong , Jeong Jin Hwa , Chang Chong Bum , Kim Young Jun , Seo Bo‐Kyung , Song Min Kyu , Kang Taehoon , Kang Seung‐Baik
Published: August 2018

Background

Some patients with recurrent symptomatic instability after primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have an extension deficiency (ED). This study (a) compared preoperative clinical conditions between the ED and non‐ED groups undergoing revision ACL reconstruction, (b) documented clinical and arthroscopic findings in ACL‐reconstructed patients with reinstability and ED, and (c) determined whether the ED could be resolved and whether the clinical results of revision surgery differed between the ED and non‐ED groups.

Methods

This study included 58 patients who underwent revision ACL reconstruction. Patients were divided into the ED and non‐ED groups. Preoperatively, the demographics and clinical conditions of the two groups were compared. Intraoperatively, the pathological structures that related to ED were documented. After surgery, the degree of postoperative ED and functional outcomes were compared between the two groups at 2‐year follow‐up.

Results

The International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score and SF‐36 physical component summary scores were worse in the ED group than the non‐ED group preoperatively (54 vs 48 [P = 0.014]; 42 vs 39 [P = 0.031], respectively). Intraoperatively, the ED group showed significantly more frequent graft malposition (50% vs 5%), anvil osteophytes (44% vs 0%), and scarring around posterior intercondylar notch (100% vs 0%). However, there was no difference in the degree of postoperative ED and functional outcome between the two groups at follow‐up.

Conclusions

ED in patients with recurrent instability after primary ACL reconstruction could be treated with good clinical result by addressing the pathological conditions causing ED in addition to ACL re‐reconstruction.
Investigating effects of host-plant diversity on Brazilian mite richness in natural ecosystems
Authors: Araujo Walter Santos de , Daud Rodrigo Damasco
Published: August 2018

Plant-inhabiting mites are among the most diverse arachnid groups in terrestrial ecosystems. Because plant mites depend on their host plants, plant-related characteristics can be expected to be good predictors of mite diversity in natural vegetation, as observed for other groups of plant-inhabiting arthropods. Here, we use plant-related characteristics to predict plant mite diversity in Brazilian natural vegetation. We compiled a total of 206 mite species recorded on 343 host plant species, the majority from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. Among the plant taxa that hosted the highest mite richness are the families Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae and Fabaceae, and the genera Trichilia (Meliaceae), Actinostemon and Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae). Mite species richness in different Brazilian inventories was positively influenced by sampled plant species richness and taxonomic range of sampled plants. In addition, we also found a positive correlation between plant family size (the number of plant species in a family) and total mite richness and predatory mite richness. Based on our analyses, we estimated a potential 20685 plant mite species for Brazil, which is almost 100 times higher than the number currently compiled in this study. Our findings suggest the richness of host plant species an important predictor of Brazilian mite diversity and revels that the current record of mite species richness for Brazil is only a small fraction of the potential diversity harbored by rich Brazilian flora.
Synthetic Ingenols Maximize Protein Kinase C-Induced HIV-1 Latency Reversal
Authors: Spivak Adam M. , Nell Racheal A. , Petersen Mark , Martins Laura , Sebahar Paul , Looper Ryan E. , Planelles Vicente
Published: August 2018

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of proviruses in long-lived resting T cells. Strategies targeting these latently infected cells will be necessary to eradicate HIV-1 in infected individuals.
Novel Autotrophic Organisms Contribute Significantly to the Internal Carbon Cycling Potential of a Boreal Lake
Authors: Peura Sari , Buck Moritz , Aalto Sanni L. , Morales Sergio E. , Nykänen Hannu , Eiler Alexander
Published: August 2018

Oxygen-stratified lakes are typical for the boreal zone and also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in the region. Due to shallow light penetration, restricting the growth of phototrophic organisms, and large allochthonous organic carbon inputs from the catchment area, the lake metabolism is expected to be dominated by heterotrophic organisms. In this study, we test this assumption and show that the potential for autotrophic carbon fixation and internal carbon cycling is high throughout the water column. Further, we show that during the summer stratification carbon fixation can exceed respiration in a boreal lake even below the euphotic zone. Metagenome-assembled genomes and 16S profiling of a vertical transect of the lake revealed multiple organisms in an oxygen-depleted compartment belonging to novel or poorly characterized phyla. Many of these organisms were chemolithotrophic, potentially deriving their energy from reactions related to sulfur, iron, and nitrogen transformations. The community, as well as the functions, was stratified along the redox gradient. The autotrophic potential in the lake metagenome below the oxygenic zone was high, pointing toward a need for revising our concepts of internal carbon cycling in boreal lakes. Further, the importance of chemolithoautotrophy for the internal carbon cycling suggests that many predicted climate change-associated fluctuations in the physical properties of the lake, such as altered mixing patterns, likely have consequences for the whole-lake metabolism even beyond the impact to the phototrophic community.

IMPORTANCE
Autotrophic organisms at the base of the food web are the only life form capable of turning inorganic carbon into the organic form, facilitating the survival of all other organisms. In certain environments, the autotrophic production is limited by environmental conditions and the food web is supported by external carbon inputs. One such environment is stratified boreal lakes, which are one of the biggest natural sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the boreal region. Thus, carbon cycling in these habitats is of utmost importance for the future climate. Here, we demonstrate a high potential for internal carbon cycling via phototrophic and novel chemolithotrophic organisms in the anoxic, poorly illuminated layers of a boreal lake. Our results significantly increase our knowledge on the microbial communities and their metabolic potential in oxygen-depleted freshwaters and help to understand and predict how climate change-induced alterations could impact the lake carbon dynamics.
Effect of 6 months hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial protocol
Authors: de Bock Martin , McAuley Sybil A , Abraham Mary Binsu , Smith Grant , Nicholas Jennifer , Ambler Geoff R , Cameron Fergus J , Fairchild Jan M , King Bruce R , Geelhoed Elizabeth A , Davis Elizabeth A , O’Neal David Norman , Jones Timothy W
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Automated insulin delivery (also known as closed loop, or artificial pancreas) has shown potential to improve glycaemic control and quality of life in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Automated insulin delivery devices incorporate an insulin pump with continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) and an algorithm, and adjust insulin in real time. This study aims to establish the safety and efficacy of a hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system in a long-term outpatient trial in people with T1D aged 12 –<25 years of age, and compare outcomes with standard therapy for T1D as used in the contemporary community.

Methods and analysis

This is an open-label, multicentre, 6-month, randomised controlled home trial to test the MiniMed Medtronic 670G system (HCL) in people with T1D aged 12 –<25 years, and compare it to standard care (multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), with or without CGM). Following a run-in period including diabetes and carbohydrate counting education, dosage optimisation and baseline glucose control data collection, participants are randomised to either HCL or to continue on their current treatment regimen. The primary aim of the study is to compare the proportion of time spent in target sensor glucose range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) on HCL versus standard therapy. Secondary aims include a range of glucose control parameters, psychosocial measures, health economic measures, biomarker status, user/technology interactions and healthcare professional expectations. Analysis will be intention to treat. A study in adults with an aligned design is being conducted in parallel to this trial.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics committee permissions were gained from respective institutional review boards. The findings of the study will provide high-quality evidence on the role of HCL in clinical practice.
TIME to think about delirium: improving detection and management on the acute medical unit
Authors: Bauernfreund Yehudit , Butler Matthew , Ragavan Sumathi , Sampson Elizabeth L
Published: August 2018

Delirium affects 18%–35% patients in the acute hospital setting, yet is often neither detected nor managed appropriately. It is associated with increased risk of falls, longer hospital stay and increased morbidity and mortality rates. It is a frightening and unpleasant experience for both patients and their families. We used quality improvement tools and a multicomponent intervention to promote detection and improve management of delirium on the acute medical unit (AMU). We reviewed whether a delirium screening tool (4AT) had been completed for all patients aged over 65 years admitted to the AMU over 1 week. If delirium was detected, we assessed whether investigation and management was adequate as per national guidance. After baseline data collection, we delivered focused sessions of delirium education for doctors and nursing staff, including training on use of the 4AT tool and the TIME (Triggers, Investigate, Manage, Engage) management bundle. We introduced TIME checklists, an online delirium order set and created a bedside orientation tool. We collected data following the interventions and identified areas for further improvement. Following our first PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) cycle, use of the 4AT screening tool improved from 40% to 61%. Adequate assessment for the causes of and exacerbating factors for delirium increased from 73% to 94% of cases. Use of personal orientation tools improved from 0% to 38%. In summary, a targeted staff education programme and practical aids for the ward have improved the screening and management of delirium on the AMU. This may be improved further through more frequent training sessions to account for regular change-over of junior doctors and through implementing a nursing champion for delirium.
Horse-related incidents and factors for predicting injuries to the head
Authors: Meredith Lauren , Ekman Robert , Thomson Robert
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Head injuries are the leading cause of death in horse-related injury events and, even since the introduction of helmets, represent a sizeable proportion of all horse-related injuries. Falls from horseback and kicks to the head are the most frequent type of incident causing head injuries, but it is unknown whether these incidents are predictors of head injury. This study aimed to investigate head injuries and the association between incident type and head injury.

Method

Retrospective review of 7815 horse-related injury events was conducted. Data were gathered from hospitals, local healthcare centres and public dental services in Skaraborg, Sweden. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between the incident type and occurrence of head injury while controlling for risk factors.

Results

Approximately 20% of riders sustained a head injury, mostly soft tissue injuries (56.3%) and concussions (33.4%). A fall from or with the horse was the primary cause of head injury (63.9%). Those who fell from a carriage or other height or who were injured through contact with the horse had no difference in the likelihood of head injury when compared with those that fell from or with the horse. However, those who sustained an injury without any horse contact had lower odd of head injury (OR: 0.640, p<0.00005, 95% CI 0.497 to 0.734). Additionally, the older the rider, the lower the odds of head injury (OR=0.989, p<0.00005, 95% CI 0.985 to 0.993).

Conclusion

Improved protection for those suffering falls from horseback as well as those who are kicked in the head should be investigated.