bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colletotrichum siamense leaf blight/spot: Characterization of a newly identified disease on Cinnamomum tamala
Authors: Momotaz Rumana , Alam Khondoker M. , Arifunnahar Most , Islam Md N. , Alam Md M. , Hossain Md. M. , Siddique Shaikh S.
Published: April 2023

Cinnamomum tamala (bay leaf) is widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes in South Asia. A leaf blight/spot disease was first discovered on nearly 90% of C. tamala plants with a mean severity of 48% to 74.4% in Gazipur and Bogura, Bangladesh, in 2019. The present study identified and characterized the causal organism and formulated the optimum growth conditions and effective fungicides for the chemical control of the pathogen. The characteristic symptoms on the infected leaves appeared circular to oval reddish‐brown spots with raised margins and often developed in tear‐stain patterns. Severe infection of C. tamala sapling resulted in dieback symptoms with leaf defoliation. A fungus with floccose, dense, white colonies with well‐differentiated acervuli was isolated from the infected leaves. Combined cultural, morphological, and molecular characteristics identified the pathogen as Colletotrichum siamense. Inculcating healthy leaves and 1‐year‐old saplings of C. tamala with a conidial suspension of the fungus reproduced the same symptoms observed in the bay leaf orchard. The highest mycelial growth was recorded on V‐8 Juice Agar media, while the maximum radial mycelial growth and level of sporulation of the fungus were significantly higher in incubation temperature 30°C. Fungicide trials showed that carbendazim 50 WP, azoxystrobin, mancozeb, and trifloxystrobin, either singly or in combination, successfully reduced fungal mycelial growth in vitro. Therefore, disease management strategies should be opted to halt the further spread of this issue. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document the incidence of Colletotrichum leaf blight on C. tamala in Bangladesh and even in the world.
A case of metallosis mimicking cutaneous malignant melanoma following total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Arima Mio , Matsuzawa Takamitsu , Hashimoto Eiko , Ochiai Nobuyasu , Matsusaka Keisuke , Inozume Takashi
Published: April 2023

Metallosis manifests as an abnormal dark macroscopic staining of periprosthetic tissues by metallic particles from the prosthesis. This complication is uncommon in non‐weight‐bearing joints such as the elbow. We describe a rare case of metallosis mimicking cutaneous malignant melanoma following total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). A 77‐year‐old Japanese woman presented to our clinic with a black nodule within a blue‐greyish pigmentation on the left elbow. She had undergone a left TEA 8 years before presentation. X‐ray showed an amorphous increased density shadow accompanied by high‐density substances in the periprosthetic tissues, consistent with the features of metallosis. Surgical debridement and prosthetic removal were performed. Histopathological examination of the pigmented skin around the nodule revealed a dense infiltration of histiocytes with brownish to blackish granular particles in the dermis. The black‐stained periprosthetic tissues exhibited many multinucleated giant cells and histiocytes with similar particles. Additionally, analysis of the paraffin sections containing particles and the scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX) revealed that the metal was composed of titanium and aluminium, which were components of the prosthesis. At the patient's first visit to our clinic, cutaneous malignant melanoma was considered as a possible differential diagnosis based on the clinical appearance. To the best of our knowledge, previous cases of metallosis with this clinical presentation have not been reported.
Time‐dependent effects of ecological rehabilitation on soil phosphorus fractions on cut slopes in the mountains of Southwest China
Authors: Ai Xiaoyan , Tian Xiaosu , Yang Siqian , Ai Shenghao , Jiang Xue , Sheng Meihua , Ai Yingwei
Published: April 2023

When a cut slope is excavated, the ecological environment in the footprint is destroyed. Soil spray seeding technique is used for the ecological rehabilitation of cut slopes in the mountain areas of Southwest China. However, there have been few studies of the temporal variation in soil phosphorus (P) fractions during the rehabilitation of the cut slopes. In this study, time‐dependent changes in soil inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) fractions of the cut slopes were assessed at selected post‐rehabilitation ages (i.e., 1 year, 1a; 3 years, 3a; 5 years, 5a; and 11 years, 11a). The results showed that the amounts of Pi and Po fractions in soils on rehabilitated cut slopes varied with time. The reduction in the total Po (TPo) content was mainly caused by the change in high concentration hydrochloric acid‐soluble Po (HHCl‐Po) in the soil. The reason for the highest TP content in 3a was the addition of inorganic fertilizer and straw in the artificial soil. The analyses of Pearson correlation and multiple stepwise linear regression showed that TPo and N:P were the main factors affecting the availability of soil P. With the increase in the post‐rehabilitation age, the limitation of soil P gradually weakened, but nitrogen became one of the limiting factors for plant growth. Overall, soil nutrient monitoring is very important for vegetation restoration of the cut slopes. Applying organic fertilizer after 5 years of ecological rehabilitation is conducive to long‐term supply of nutrients required for plant growth.
Putting on your “woods ears”: A lesson in listening
Authors: Hayes Daniel B.
Published: April 2023

A simple exercise of active listening to bird vocalizations in a natural setting was evaluated in an introductory class (FW101L) at Michigan State University. This class is geared toward first‐ or second‐year students and is intended to broaden their skills and knowledge as naturalists. This activity is shown to have a lasting impact on students evaluated in 2015 and 2016 via feedback in a reflective essay students submit covering the entire course. I posit that focusing student attention on bird songs and calls increases the saliency of these sounds, and a positive feedback loop is set up whereby these sounds are more readily detected in future outdoor experiences, which is the intended outcome. This exercise is an effective component of an outdoor experiential class, but more broadly emphasizes the role that saliency has on student learning.
Helping Utilities Help Each Other to Use Digital Tools
Authors: Curtis Catherine , Davis Cheryl K. , Peters Sharon
Published: April 2023

BAYWORK, a regional consortium of water and wastewater utilities collaborating on workforce reliability issues in the San Francisco Bay Area, has found that most utilities—whether large or small, urban or rural—aren't prepared to take full advantage of the potential benefits of digital tools. To help, BAYWORK has been talking to utilities about their digital successes, challenges, and lessons learned.
Water System Operations: Reflecting on 50 Years of Change
Authors: Pizzi Nick
Published: April 2023

Tracing the history of water treatment puts its evolution in context, showing not only how change has occurred but why. Understanding the past helps present‐day operators see how to master and advance their own work.
The effect of epoxy vitrimer on the structure and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/polycaprolactone polymer composites
Authors: Ye Gaoyuan , Zhang Jian , Bi Hongjie
Published: April 2023

A vitrimer (ESO‐S) was prepared by direct curing of epoxy soybean oil (ESO). A series of polymer/ESO‐S blend composites were prepared by adding different content of ESO‐S, and the corresponding characteristics change of thermoplastic polymer composites was explored. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test demonstrated that ESO‐S can achieve covalent bonding and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between ESO‐S and polymer matrix, thus the interfacial compatibility between composite components was improved. The tensile strength of composites was increased by adding the ESO‐S of suitable content. The tensile strength reached the maximum value (38.15 MPa) when the ESO‐S content was 0.8 wt%. In addition, the thermal stability and melting temperature of the composites were also improved.
Bootstrap confidence intervals of process capability indices Spmk, Spmkc and Cs for Frechet distribution
Authors: Kanwal Tahira , Abbas Kamran
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we considered the Bayesian estimators under reference and Jeffery's priors and maximum likelihood estimators to estimate the unknown parameters of the process capability indices Spmk, Spmkc, and Cs forFrechetdistribution. Further, we developed bootstrap confidence intervals for aforementioned process capability indices based on above‐mentioned estimators. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the performance of process capability indices through skewness, kurtosis, mean square error and widths of bootstrap confidence intervals for small, moderate, and large sample sizes. Simulations results indicate that the Bayesian estimator under reference prior outperforms even in small sample sizes, and all performed equally well for larger sample sizes. Moreover, the average width for bootstrap confidence interval for Cs is least in all. Finally, real data is analyzed for illustration purposes.
The optoelectronic application of CsSnI3 upon substitution with Pb: A DFT approach
Authors: Mubarak A. A. , Tariq Saad
Published: April 2023

The efficiency of Pb substitution on the Sn site of CsSnI3 is studied theoretically utilizing DFT as employed by Wien2k code. The energetical, structural, and thermodynamic stability criteria have been fully explained for the studied compounds. Structural and mechanical properties have shown the thermodynamic stability of the studied compounds and their ability to be formed. From their electronic properties, the electronic band gap tuning is observed by systematically substituting Pb in CsSnI3. All these compounds (Pb/CsSnI3) have shown a direct band gap nature within the range 1.11–2.95 eV, a potential indication of their possible usage in fabricating solar cells. On further investigating of their optical properties, the most stable and optically active band gap for solar cell application is observed for CsSn0.75Pb0.25I3 and CsSn0.5Pb0.5I3. Furthermore, the measured minimum thermal conductivity of Pb/CsSnI3 is greatest along the [1 1 1] direction. While the direct proportion predicts that the crystal structure with Pb atoms is anharmonic. High melting temperature, thermal stability, a wide optically active region, and a low Debye temperature indicate plausible operable conditions of these compounds under wide ambient conditions. The optical properties, ductile nature, and the bond bending attributes illustrate that CsSnxPb1−xI3 has exciting potential to be used in flexible electronic devices, solar cells, and optical sensors.
Forming regional soil carbon networks to support effective climate change solutions
Authors: Lawrence Gregory , Fernandez Ivan , Bailey Scott , Beier Colin , Contosta Alexandra , Lane Erin , Murdoch Peter , Nave Lucas , Quintana Angelica , Ross Donald , White Alissa
Published: April 2023

Sequestration and storage of organic carbon (C) in soil is an essential component of climate change mitigation and fundamental in promoting the health and climate resilience of soils. Sources of available soil C data are increasing, which complicates efforts to consolidate the data in forms that can be readily used by stakeholders. Spatial and temporal gaps in data availability also limit the quantification of changes in soil C through space and time. Improved coordination among producers and users of soil C data would provide data compatibility at the spatial and temporal resolution required for C monitoring, accounting, and verification of policy implementation. These challenges can be addressed by forming regional‐scale networks to coordinate the collection and use of soil C data by promoting consistency in methods, collecting new data to fill critical gaps, integrating existing data from multiple sources, and providing data interpretation to stakeholders in readily usable forms. Forming networks in regions such as the Northeastern United States would require close coordination with existing programs that are involved in collecting or aggregating soil C within that region. Network formation could be accomplished by (1) producing a planning document, (2) designing a network structure tailored to the region, and (3) acquiring the institutional support to establish and operate the network. Increasing the availability and usage of soil C data through regional networks would support the development of climate change solutions and increased ecosystem services through land management efforts that increase soil C storage.
Multiple Routes to Bicontinuous Cubic Liquid Crystal Phases Discovered by High‐Throughput Self‐Assembly Screening of Multi‐Tail Lipidoids
Authors: Jennings James , Pabst Georg
Published: April 2023

Bicontinuous cubic phases offer advantageous routes to a broad range of applied materials ranging from drug delivery devices to membranes. However, a priori design of molecules that assemble into these phases remains a technological challenge. In this article, a high‐throughput synthesis of lipidoids that undergo protonation‐driven self‐assembly (PrSA) into liquid crystalline (LC) phases is conducted. With this screening approach, 12 different multi‐tail lipidoid structures capable of assembling into the bicontinuous double gyroid phase are discovered. The large volume of small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) data uncovers unexpected design criteria that enable phase selection as a function of lipidoid headgroup size and architecture, tail length and architecture, and counterion identity. Surprisingly, combining branched headgroups with bulky tails forces lipidoids to adopt unconventional pseudo‐disc conformations that pack into double gyroid networks, entirely distinct from other synthetic or biological amphiphiles within bicontinuous cubic phases. From a multitude of possible applications, two examples of functional materials from lipidoid liquid crystals are demonstrated. First, the fabrication of gyroid nanostructured films by interfacial PrSA, which are rapidly responsive to the external medium. Second, it is shown that colloidally‐dispersed lipidoid cubosomes, for example, for drug delivery, are easily assembled using top‐down solvent evaporation methods.
Photo‐Activated Direct Catalytic Oxidation of Gaseous Benzene with a Cu‐Connected Serial Heterojunction Array of Co3O4/CuxO/Foam Cu Assembled via Layer upon Layer Oxidation
Authors: He Dan , Ma Yuxuan , Yang Xiaoxue , Li Huiqin , Wang Xiaojing
Published: April 2023

The foam copper (FCu) has been first used as a promising supporting material to prepare a photo‐activated catalyst of Co3O4/CuxO/FCu, in which the fine Co3O4 particles are inlayed on the CuxO nanowires to form a Z‐type heterojunction array connected by substrate Cu. The prepared samples have been used as a photo‐activated catalyst to directly decompose gaseous benzene and the optimized Co3O4/CuxO/FCu demonstrates a 99.5% removal efficiency and 100% mineralizing rate within 15 min in benzene concentration range from 350 to 4000 ppm under simulate solar light irradiation. To track the reactive mechanism, a series of MOx/CuxO/FCu (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) is prepared and a novel photo‐activated direct catalytic oxidation route is proposed based on the comparative investigation of material properties. Moreover, the approach grew in situ via layer upon layer oxidation on FCu dedicates to the extra lasting reusability and the easy accessibility in the diverse situations. This work provides a novel strategy for the preparation of Cu connected series multidimensional heterojunction array and a promising application for the quick abatement of the high‐leveled concentration gaseous benzene and its derivatives from the industrial discharged flow or the accident scene's leakage.
Sequential‐Dependent Synthesis of Bimetallic Silver‐Chromium Nanoparticles for Multichannel Sensing, Logic Computing, and 3 in 1 Information Protection
Authors: Liu Qing Yu , Wu Ying , Bu Zhen Qi , Quan Min Xia , Lu Jiao Yang , Huang Wei Tao
Published: April 2023

Bimetallic nanomaterials (BNMs) have been used in sensing, biomedicine, and environmental remediation, but their multipurpose and comprehensive applications in molecular logic computing and information security protection have received little attention. Herein, This synthesis method is achieved by sequentially adding reactants under ice bath conditions. Interestingly, Ag‐Cr NPs can dynamically selectively sense anions and reductants in multiple channels. Especially, ClO− can be quantitatively detected by oxidizing Ag‐Cr NPs with detection limits of 98.37 nM (at 270 nm) and 31.83 nM (at 394 nm). Based on sequential‐dependent synthesis process of Ag‐Cr NPs, Boolean logic gates and customizable molecular keypad locks are constructed by setting the reactants as the inputs, the states of the resulting solutions as the outputs. Furthermore, dynamically selective response patterns of the Ag‐Cr NPs can be converted into binary strings to exploit molecular crypto‐steganography to encode, store, and hide information. By integrating the three dimensions of authorization, encryption, and steganography, 3 in 1 advanced information protection based on Ag‐Cr nanosensing system can be achieved, which can enhance the anti‐cracking ability of information. This research will promote the development and application of nanocomposites in the field of information security and deepen the connection between molecular sensing and the information world.
Nanoengineering Ultrathin Flexible Pressure Sensor with Superior Sensitivity and Perfect Conformability
Authors: Hu Xiaoguang , Wu Mengxi , Che Lixuan , Huang Jian , Li Haoran , Liu Zehan , Li Ming , Ye Dong , Yang Zhuoqing , Wang Xuewen , Xie Zhaoqian , Liu Junshan
Published: April 2023

Flexible pressure sensors play an increasingly important role in a wide range of applications such as human health monitoring, soft robotics, and human–machine interfaces. To achieve a high sensitivity, a conventional approach is introducing microstructures to engineer the internal geometry of the sensor. However, this microengineering strategy requires the sensor's thickness to be typically at hundreds to thousands of microns level, impairing the sensor's conformability on surfaces with microscale roughness like human skin. In this manuscript, a nanoengineering strategy is pioneered that paves a path to resolve the conflicts between sensitivity and conformability. A dual‐sacrificial‐layer method is initiated that facilitates ease of fabrication and precise assembly of two functional nanomembranes to manufacture the thinnest resistive pressure sensor with a total thickness of ≈850 nm that achieves perfectly conformable contact to human skin. For the first time, the superior deformability of the nanothin electrode layer on a carbon nanotube conductive layer is utilized by the authors to achieve a superior sensitivity (92.11 kPa−1) and an ultralow detection limit (<0.8 Pa). This work offers a new strategy that is able to overcome a key bottleneck for current pressure sensors, therefore is of potential to inspire the research community for a new wave of breakthroughs.
Thin Zinc Oxide Layer Passivating Bismuth Vanadate for Selective Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation to Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Qu Songying , Wu Hao , Ng Yun Hau
Published: April 2023

Selective photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide is an underexplored option as opposed to the mainstream oxygen reduction reaction. Albeit interesting, selective H2O2 production via oxidative pathway is plagued by the noncontrollable two‐electron transfer reaction and the overoxidation of the thus‐formed H2O2 to O2. Here, ZnO passivator‐coated BiVO4 photoanode is reported for selective PEC H2O2 production. Both the H2O2 selectivity and production rate increase in the range of 1.0–2.0 V versus RHE under simulated sunlight irradiation. The photoelectrochemical impedance spectra and open‐circuit potentials suggest a flattened band bending and positively shifted quasi‐Fermi level of BiVO4 upon ZnO coating, facilitating H2O2 generation and suppressing the competitive reaction of O2 evolution. The ZnO overlayer also inhibits H2O2 decomposition, accelerates charge extraction from BiVO4, and serves as a hole reservoir under photoexcitation. This work offers insights into surface states and the role of the coating layer in manipulating two/four‐electron transfer for selective H2O2 synthesis from PEC water oxidation.
An Ultrafast and Room‐Temperature Strategy for Kilogram‐Scale Synthesis of Sub‐5 nm Eu3+‐doped CaMO4 Nanocrystals with a Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Exceeding 85%
Authors: Liu Mengxin , Shi Xinan , Cao Qiulin , Li Bo , Ni Zhan , Lu Chengzeng , Pan Daocheng , Zou Bingsuo
Published: April 2023

Rare earth‐doped metal oxide nanocrystals have a high potential in display, lighting, and bio‐imaging, owing to their excellent emission efficiency, superior chemical, and thermal stability. However, the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of rare earth‐doped metal oxide nanocrystals have been reported to be much lower than those of the corresponding bulk phosphors, group II‐VI, and halide‐based perovskite quantum dots because of their poor crystallinity and high‐concentration surface defects. Here, an ultrafast and room‐temperature strategy for the kilogram‐scale synthesis of sub‐5 nm Eu3+‐doped CaMoO4 nanocrystals is presented, and this reaction can be finished in 1 min under ambient conditions. The absolute PLQYs for sub‐5 nm Eu3+‐doped CaMoO4 nanocrystals can reach over 85%, which are comparable to those of the corresponding bulk phosphors prepared by the high‐temperature solid state reaction. Moreover, the as‐produced nanocrystals exhibit a superior thermal stability and their emission intensity unexpectedly increases after sintering at 600 °C for 2 h in air. 1.9 kg of Eu3+‐doped CaMoO4 nanocrystals with a PLQY of 85.1% can be obtained in single reaction.
Relationship Between Microstructure, Delamination Behavior, and Toughness of Steel Plates Rolled in the Intercritical Region Under Variable Deformation
Authors: Shen Xinjun , Wang Baojun , Chen Long , Wang Yiying , Chen Zhu
Published: April 2023

Herein, the effects of microstructure on delamination behavior and toughness are discussed in detail. Steel plates have been fabricated by intercritical rolling (IR) under various strains (0.5, 0.8, and 1.1). The results show that increasing applied strain enhances the degree of laminated microstructure, and three kinds of impact fracture occur in sequence. 1) No delamination occurs in the IR0.5 steel plate with approximately equiaxed microstructure. 2) Delamination takes place in the IR0.8 steel plate with obvious laminated microstructure. But a crack parallel to the impact load direction forms beneath the delaminated crack. 3) Delamination is enhanced in the IR1.1 steel plate with enhanced laminated microstructure, and no crack forms below the delaminated crack. The delaminated crack mainly propagates along the laminated interfaces, so the laminated microstructure is the key reason for forming delamination. The more apparent laminated microstructure causes more remarkable laminated tearing at room temperature, large‐scale severe plastic deformation in the microstructure below the delaminated crack at low temperatures, and longer zigzag cracks at lower temperatures. Therefore, to improve toughness, the microstructure needs enough laminated structure to inhibit the formation of cracks parallel to the impact load direction below the delaminated crack.
Examining models constructed by kindergarten children
Authors: Louca Loucas T. , Zacharia Zacharias C.
Published: April 2023

Despite its proven added value, modeling‐based learning (MbL) in science is not commonly incorporated into the early grades. Our purpose in this descriptive case study was to enrich our understanding of how kindergarten children enact MbL by examining these children's constructed models and their accompanying oral descriptions of their models. For this purpose, we adopted a drawing‐based modeling approach in which children used annotated drawings to represent their models. The participants consisted of four groups of 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds (68 children total) who studied the solution of substances in water. We analyzed child‐developed models (artifact analysis) and their oral presentations (discourse analysis), seeking to provide rich, detailed descriptions of the characteristics of these models. Our findings suggest that children in the study developed five different types of models using three different depiction strategies. Our findings also suggest that when developing and presenting their models of a physical phenomenon, our kindergarten children tended to rely on analogical reasoning to identify similar, known situations corresponding to the phenomenon under study. They then invoked mechanistic reasoning to develop representations of the phenomenon under study based on the analogy they used. The spectrum of mechanistic reasoning used by the children, and the analysis of the structure and components of their constructed models serve as evidence suggesting that despite their limited experiences with formal science education, as well as with MbL in science, participating children could successfully engage in authentic MbL activities. We contend that this is aligned with the idea of modeling resources, suggesting that it is more productive to help children to develop more reliable access to modeling resources they already have, even though they are usually not aware of their connection to MbL, such as prior scientific knowledge, experience, and MbL skills.
65 Years of Turbopumps
Authors: Schopphoff Andreas
Published: April 2023

Vacuum technology is not necessarily one of the sciences mentioned in connection with groundbreaking inventions. Nevertheless, it is a basic prerequisite for many developments and products that are taken for granted today. The influence of vacuum technology on our lives today can be traced back to the invention of the turbopump 65 years ago. Until then, the diffusion pump was considered the most widely used high and ultra‐high vacuum pump, but with the help of Dr. Willi Becker's invention, it became possible to create hydrocarbon‐free vacuum. It was only through a ‚clean' vacuum that many analyses and manufacturing processes became possible.
Fragmented medial coronoid process in a cat
Authors: Deards Emma , Economou Anita , Menendez Pablo
Published: April 2023

Fragmented medial coronoid process is common in dogs, but has only been described in the cat once historically. This case describes a case of presumed traumatic fragmented medial coronoid process in a cat, which presented for right thoracic limb lameness of 3‐month duration, which did not respond to medical management. A computed tomography study demonstrated the fragmented medial coronoid process, and surgical removal of the fragment was performed via arthrotomy without complication. Histological examination of the fragment did not show microdamage of the bone or osteocyte loss, which is evident in developmental cases of fragmented medial coronoid process, and was suggestive of a historical fracture that resulted in non‐union. The patient improved postoperatively, but still experiences intermittent lameness after periods of exertion.
Einleitung
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Knorre Susanne , Müller-Peters Horst , Wagner Fred , Jost Theresa
Published: April 2023

Das vorliegende Buch behandelt das Thema „Big Data in der Mobilität“. Trotz weitreichender Entwicklungen im Bereich der Digitalisierung stehen Big Data und damit verbunden Data Analytics im Mobilitätsbereich noch am Anfang. Weitreichende gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Potenziale sind noch ungenutzt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht das vorliegende Buch auf Basis mehrerer, auch eigens durchgeführter empirischer Studien mit unterschiedlicher Methodik sowie einer Auswertung bereits vorliegender Quellen Positionen von Akteuren zu den Chancen und Risiken und präsentiert zukunftsweisende Geschäftsmodelle. Daraus werden Nutzenpotenziale „für die Welt von morgen“ abgeleitet und die dafür notwendigen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Voraussetzungen skizziert.
Big Data in der Mobilität und die Perspektive der Stakeholder: Wer sind die Anspruchsberechtigten und zu welchen Ansprüchen sind sie berechtigt?
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Knorre Susanne , Müller-Peters Horst , Wagner Fred , Jost Theresa
Published: April 2023

Es hängt vom Verhalten der Stakeholder und den daraus entstehenden Beziehungen untereinander ab, ob sich diese positiven, öffentlich geteilten Narrationen durchsetzen, ob sich Anwendungen mit markt- und gesellschaftsrelevantem Nutzen entwickeln und damit letztlich zugleich die Potenziale von Big Data für die Lösung so vieler gesellschaftlicher Probleme genutzt werden können. Der Stakeholder-Ansatz fragt danach, was interessenübergreifend mit Big Data in der Mobilität erreicht werden kann, sodass alle Stakeholder-Ansprüche ausgewogen berücksichtigt werden. Der Stakeholder-Kapitalismus bietet auch für den Umgang mit Big Data eine normative Selbstverpflichtung, deren Lenkungswirkung der rechtlichen kaum nachsteht. Geht man grundsätzlich davon aus, dass nicht nur der Autofahrer oder Mobilitätsteilnehmer, der die Mobilitätsdaten mit seinem Verhalten erzeugt, sondern auch Hersteller, Versicherer oder öffentliche Verkehrsunternehmen genauso wie Politik und Wissenschaft dieselben legitimen Ansprüche auf den Nutzen von Big Data in der Mobilität haben, dann relativieren sich einseitige Machtansprüche und der Schritt zur gemeinsamen Nutzung bzw. zum Gebot des Datenteilens ist nicht mehr weit. Die folgende mehrstufige Stakeholderanalyse führt dabei letztlich zu drei Szenarien für den Weg in die datenbasierte, vernetzte Mobilität.
Auswirkungen von Big Data auf den Mobilitätsmarkt
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Knorre Susanne , Müller-Peters Horst , Wagner Fred , Jost Theresa
Published: April 2023

In Kap. 4 wird untersucht, wie sich Megatrends und Big Data auf den Mobilitätsmarkt auswirken. Dazu werden die wichtigsten Megatrends skizziert und es wird dargestellt, welche Folgen sich für Geschäftsmodelle und die wesentlichen Akteure auf dem Mobilitätsmarkt ergeben. Eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung neuer Angebote (Nutzenpotenziale für die Bürger) spielt der Zugang zu (Mobilitäts-)Daten. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt das Konzept der gemeinsamen Datennutzung an Bedeutung. Dieses Konzept wird vorgestellt; Voraussetzungen, Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten, Hürden, ebenso wie Chancen und Nutzenpotenziale werden dargelegt. Im letzten Teil des Kapitels wird die Entstehung von Ökosystemen als Konsequenz aus den dargestellten Entwicklungen aufgezeigt. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in das Ökosystem-Konzept werden die veränderten Rollen der verschiedenen Akteure auf dem Mobilitätsmarkt herausgearbeitet.
Detection of patent foramen ovale in patients with ischemic stroke on prospective ECG-gated cardiac CT compared to transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Rinkel L. A. , Bouma B. J. , Boekholdt S. M. , Beemsterboer C. F. P. , Lobé N. H. J. , Beenen L. F. M. , Marquering H. A. , Majoie C. B. L. M. , Roos Y. B. W. E. M. , van Randen A. , Planken R. N. , Coutinho J. M.
Published: April 2023

Background

Cardiac CT acquired during the acute stroke imaging protocol is an emerging alternative to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to screen for sources of cardioembolism. Currently, its diagnostic accuracy to detect patent foramen ovale (PFO) is unclear.

Methods

This was a substudy of Mind the Heart, a prospective cohort in which consecutive adult patients with acute ischemic stroke underwent prospective ECG-gated cardiac CT during the initial stroke imaging protocol. Patients also underwent TTE. We included patients < 60 years who underwent TTE with agitated saline contrast (cTTE) and assessed sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value of cardiac CT for the detection of PFO using cTTE as the reference standard.

Results

Of 452 patients in Mind the Heart, 92 were younger than 60 years. Of these, 59 (64%) patients underwent both cardiac CT and cTTE and were included. Median age was 54 (IQR 49–57) years and 41/59 (70%) were male. Cardiac CT detected a PFO in 5/59 (8%) patients, 3 of which were confirmed on cTTE. cTTE detected a PFO in 12/59 (20%) patients. Sensitivity and specificity of cardiac CT were 25% (95% CI 5–57%) and 96% (95% CI 85–99%), respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 59% (95% CI 14–95) and 84% (95% CI 71–92).

Conclusion

Prospective ECG-gated cardiac CT acquired during the acute stroke imaging protocol does not appear to be a suitable screening method for PFO due to its low sensitivity. Our data suggest that if cardiac CT is used as a first-line screening method for cardioembolism, additional echocardiography remains indicated in young patients with cryptogenic stroke, in whom PFO detection would have therapeutic consequences. These results need to be confirmed in larger cohorts.
Effectiveness and safety profile of cladribine in an Italian real-life cohort of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients: a monocentric longitudinal observational study
Authors: Zanetta Chiara , Rocca Maria A. , Meani Alessandro , Martinelli Vittorio , Ferrè Laura , Moiola Lucia , Filippi Massimo
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Cladribine is approved for the treatment of active relapsing MS (RRMS), but its positioning in MS therapeutic scenario still needs to be fully elucidated.

Methods

This is a monocentric, observational, real-world study on RRMS patients treated with cladribine. Relapses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity, disability worsening, and loss of no-evidence-of-disease-activity-3 (NEDA-3) status were assessed as outcomes. White blood cell, lymphocyte counts and side effects were also evaluated. Patients were analyzed overall and in subgroups according to the last treatment before cladribine. The relationship between baseline characteristics and outcomes was tested to identify predictors of response.

Results

Among the 114 patients included, 74.9% were NEDA-3 at 24 months. We observed a reduction of relapses and MRI activity, along with a stabilization of disability. A higher number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions at baseline was the only risk factor for loss of NEDA-3 during follow-up. Cladribine was more efficacious in switchers from first-line therapies or naïves. Grade I lymphopenia was more frequent at month 3 and 15. No grade IV lymphopenia cases were observed. Independent predictors of grade III lymphopenia were a lower baseline lymphocyte count and a higher number of previous treatments. Sixty-two patients presented at least one side effect and globally 111 adverse events were recorded, none of them was serious.

Conclusions

Our study confirms previous data on cladribine effectiveness and safety. Cladribine is more effective when placed early in the treatment algorithm. Real-world data on larger populations with longer follow-up are needed to confirm our findings.
Model fluids substituting fresh UHPC mixtures flow behaviour
Authors: Dostál Martin , Moravec Jiří , Jirout Tomáš , Rydval Milan , Hurtig Karel , Jiroutová Dita
Published: April 2023

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and ultrasound gel (USG) seem to be suitable clear model fluids to substitute real ultra-high-performance concretes (UHPCs), enabling experimental monitoring of events occurring within these mixtures at similar flow behaviour. USG is eligible for UHPC mixtures with significant yield stress. CMC having a suitable concentration is better for UHPCs exhibiting indistinct yield stress. The rheological behaviour of real UHPC mixtures as well as substituting model fluids was measured using a non-standard system consisting of a vessel stirred by an anchor or a screw agitator. In addition, a standard rotational rheometer system with concentric cylinder geometry was used for optimization of the above-mentioned method of measurement and also for measuring the rheological parameters of the substituting model fluids. This article deals with the methodology for measuring the rheological properties of these substances and presents the results of the measurements using flow curves and rheological models.
The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on swimming interval performance in trained competitive swimmers
Authors: Gough L. A. , Newbury J. W. , Price M.
Published: April 2023

The use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation to improve repeated high-intensity performance is recommended; however, most swimming performance studies examine time trial efforts rather than repeated swims with interspersed recovery that are more indicative of training sessions. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of 0.3 g.kg−1 BM NaHCO3 supplementation on sprint interval swimming (8 × 50 m) in regionally trained swimmers. Fourteen regionally competitive male swimmers (body mass (BM): 73 ± 8 kg) volunteered for this double-blind, randomised, crossover designed study. Each participant was asked to swim 8 × 50 m (front crawl) at a maximum intensity from a diving block, interspersed with 50 m active recovery swimming. After one familiarisation trial, this was repeated on two separate occasions whereby participants ingested either 0.3 g.kg−1 BM NaHCO3 or 0.05 g.kg−1 BM sodium chloride (placebo) in solution 60 min prior to exercise. Whilst there were no differences in time to complete between sprints 1–4 (p > 0.05), improvements were observed in sprint 5 (p = 0.011; ES = 0.26), 6 (p = 0.014; ES = 0.39), 7 (p = 0.005; ES = 0.60), and 8 (p = 0.004; ES = 0.79). Following NaHCO3 supplementation, pH was greater at 60 min (p < 0.001; ES = 3.09), whilst HCO3− was greater at 60 min (p < 0.001; ES = 3.23) and post-exercise (p = 0.016; ES = 0.53) compared to placebo. These findings suggest NaHCO3 supplementation can improve the latter stages of sprint interval swimming performance, which is likely due to the augmentation of pH and HCO3− prior to exercise and the subsequent increase in buffering capacity during exercise.
Association between the AKT1 single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2498786, rs2494752 and rs5811155) and microscopic polyangiitis risk in a Chinese population
Authors: Li Lizhen , Rao Jinlan , Lan Jingjing , Zhu Yan , Gong Aimei , Chu Liepeng , Feng Fei , Xue Chao
Published: April 2023

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by ANCA in blood and necrotizing inflammation of small and medium-sized vessels, one of the three clinical phenotypes of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Autophagy has been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of AAV. AKT1 is one of the autophagy-regulated proteins. Its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with multiple immune-related diseases, but there are rarely studies in AAV. The incidence rate of AAV has a notable geographic difference, and MPA is predominant in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between AKT1 SNP and MPA risk. Genotypes of 8 loci in AKT1 were evaluated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-throughput sequencing in 416 people, including 208 MPA patients and 208 healthy volunteers from Guangxi in China. Additionally, data of 387 healthy volunteers from China were obtained from the 1000Genomes Project on public database. Differences were observed between the loci (rs2498786, rs2494752, and rs5811155) genotypes in AKT1 and MPA risk (P = 7.0 × 10–4, P = 3.0 × 10–4, and P = 5.9 × 10–5, respectively). A negative association was detected in the Dominant model (P = 1.2 × 10–3, P = 2.0 × 10–4 and P = 3.6 × 10–5, respectively). A haplotype (G-G-T) was associated with MPA risk negatively (P = 7.0 × 10–4). This study suggests that alleles (rs2498786 G, rs2494752 G and rs5811155 insT) are protective factors for MPA and alleles (rs2494752 G and rs5811155 insT) for MPO-ANCA in patients with MPA. There is a haplotype (G-G-T), which is a protective factor for MPA. It suggests that the role of AKT1 in MPA/AAV needs further study to provide more intervention targets for MPA/AAV.
Genomic landscape and clinical features of rare subtypes of pancreatic cancer: analysis with the national database of Japan
Authors: Sakakida Tomoki , Ishikawa Takeshi , Doi Toshifumi , Morita Ryuichi , Kataoka Seita , Miyake Hayato , Yamaguchi Kanji , Moriguchi Michihisa , Sogame Yoshio , Yasuda Hiroaki , Iwasaku Masahiro , Konishi Hideyuki , Takayama Koichi , Itoh Yoshito
Published: April 2023

Background

Special subtypes of pancreatic cancer, such as acinar cell carcinoma (ACC), adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), and anaplastic carcinoma of the pancreas (ACP), are rare, and so data on them are limited. Using the C-CAT database, we analyzed clinical and genomic characteristics of patients with these and evaluated differences on comparison with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data on 2691 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: ACC, ASC, ACP, and PDAC, entered into C-CAT from June 2019 to December 2021. The clinical features, MSI/TMB status, genomic alterations, overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and time to treatment failure (TTF) on receiving FOLFIRINOX (FFX) or GEM + nab-PTX (GnP) therapy as first-line treatment were evaluated.

Results

Numbers of patients with ACC, ASC, ACP, and PDAC were 44 (1.6%), 54 (2.0%), 25 (0.9%), and 2,568 (95.4%), respectively.KRASandTP53mutations were prevalent in ASC, ACP, and PDAC (90.7/85.2, 76.0/68.0, and 85.1/69.1%, respectively), while their rates were both significantly lower in ACC (13.6/15.9%, respectively). Conversely, the rate of homologous recombination-related (HRR) genes, includingATMandBRCA1/2,was significantly higher in ACC (11.4/15.9%) than PDAC (2.5/3.7%). In ASC and ACP, no significant differences in ORR, DCR, or TTF between FFX and GnP were noted, while ACC patients showed a trend toward higher ORR with FFX than GnP (61.5 vs. 23.5%,p = 0.06) and significantly more favorable TTF (median 42.3 vs. 21.0 weeks, respectively,p = 0.004).

Conclusions

ACC clearly harbors different genomics compared with PDAC, possibly accounting for differences in treatment efficacy.
Juvenile vervet monkeys rely on others when responding to danger
Authors: Mohr Tecla , van de Waal Erica , Zuberbühler Klaus , Mercier Stéphanie
Published: April 2023

Primate alarm calls are mainly hardwired but individuals need to adapt their calling behaviours according to the situation. Such learning necessitates recognising locally relevant dangers and may take place via their own experience or by observing others. To investigate monkeys alarm calling behaviour, we carried out a field experiment in which we exposed juvenile vervet monkeys to unfamiliar raptor models in the presence of audiences that differed in experience and reliability. We used audience age as a proxy for experience and relatedness as a proxy for reliability, while quantifying audience reactions to the models. We found a negative correlation between alarm call production and callers’ age. Adults never alarm called, compared to juveniles. We found no overall effect of audience composition and size, with juveniles calling more when with siblings than mothers or unrelated individuals. Finally, concerning audience reactions to the models, we observed juveniles remained silent with vigilant mothers and only alarm called with ignoring mothers, whereas we observed the opposite for siblings: juveniles remained silent with ignoring siblings and called with vigilant siblings. Despite the small sample size, juvenile vervet monkeys, confronted with unfamiliar and potentially dangerous raptors, seem to rely on others to decide whether to alarm call, demonstrating that the choice of the model may play an important key role in the ontogeny of primate alarm call behaviour.
Differential responses to con- and allospecific visual cues in juvenile ravens (Corvus corax): the ontogeny of gaze following and social predictions
Authors: Zeiträg Claudia , Osvath Mathias
Published: April 2023

Gaze following refers to the ability to co-orient with others’ gaze directions. Ontogenetic studies on gaze following in animals have predominantly used human experimenters as demonstrators. It is, however, likely that developing animals are initially more attuned to individuals from their own species, which might result in differences in the ontogenetic onset of gaze following with human and conspecific demonstrators. “Checking back” is a signature behaviour in the gaze following repertoires of humans, apes, and some Old world monkeys. It is commonly interpreted as a representation of the referentiality of gaze and is thus diagnostic of social predictions. Recently, “checking back” has been discovered in four avian species, suggesting a shared skill among birds. To investigate effects of con- and allospecific demonstrators on gaze following responses, we studied visual co-orientations of four hand-raised juvenile common ravens (Corvus corax) with human and conspecific gaze cues. Moreover, we for the first time investigated “checking back” in ravens and compared the effects of con- and allospecific demonstrators on this behaviour. Ravens followed human and conspecific gaze with no apparent differences in ontogenetic onset, but after significantly longer latencies with human demonstrators. Subjects moreover already checked back at 30 days old and did so significantly more often with conspecific demonstrators. Our findings suggest differences in processing speed and social predictions of human and conspecific gazes, indicating an underlying neurocognitive mechanism attuned to social information gathering from conspecifics. We propose more studies using conspecific demonstrators to reveal the full gaze following potential of a species.
The varieties of bifocal Grassmann tensors
Authors: Bertolini Marina , Bini Gilberto , Turrini Cristina
Published: April 2023

Grassmann tensors arise from classical problems of scene reconstruction in computer vision. In particular, bifocal Grassmann tensors, related to a pair of projections from a projective space onto view spaces of varying dimensions, generalize the classical notion of fundamental matrices. In this paper, we study in full generality the variety of bifocal Grassmann tensors focusing on its birational geometry. To carry out this analysis, every object of multi-view geometry is described both from an algebraic and geometric point of view, e.g., the duality between the view spaces, and the space of rays is explicitly described via polarity. Next, we deal with the moduli of bifocal Grassmann tensors, thus showing that this variety is both birational to a suitable homogeneous space and endowed with a dominant rational map to a Grassmannian.