bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition‐Conditioning Agent for Doped Spiro‐OMeTAD to Realize Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Heyi , Shen Yunxiu , Zhang Rui , Wu Yeyong , Chen Weijie , Yang Fu , Cheng Qinrong , Chen Haiyang , Ou Xuemei , Yang Haidi , Gao Feng , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang
Published: September 2022

The doped Spiro‐OMeTAD hole transport layer (HTL) formed using the lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide salt and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine with phenethylammonium iodide surface treatment on a perovskite film has continuously dominated the record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs). However, unstable HTL compositions and iodide salts can cause severe device degradation. In this study, an HTL composition‐conditioning agent (CCA), Spiro‐BD‐2OEG, is designed, which contains a Spiro‐OMeTAD‐like backbone, functional pyridine units, and oligo (ethylene glycol) chains. This finely designed CCA presents good miscibility with Spiro‐OMeTAD and its dopants and acts as a conditioning agent through weak bond interactions. As a result, the CCA‐regulated HTL shows a pinhole‐free and smooth morphology with enhanced Spiro‐OMeTAD ordering and improves dopant stability. In addition, the gradient‐distributed CCA in the HTL can narrow the energy level offset with the valence band of the perovskite. The resultant pero‐SCs exhibit an excellent PCE of 24.19% without any interface treatment and weak size dependence. A remarkable PCE of 22.63% is obtained even for a 1.004‐cm2 device. Importantly, the strategy shows good universality and significantly promotes the long‐term stability of the pero‐SCs based on the classical doped Spiro‐OMeTAD.
Development of Proteins for High‐Performance Energy Storage Devices: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategies
Authors: Wang Tianyi , He Di , Yao Hang , Guo Xin , Sun Bing , Wang Guoxiu
Published: September 2022

In pursuit of reducing environmental impact during battery manufacture, the utilization of nontoxic and renewable materials is essential for building a sustainable future. As one of the most intensively investigated biomaterials, proteins have recently been applied in various high‐performance rechargeable batteries. In this review, the opportunities and challenges of using protein‐based materials for high‐performance energy storage devices are discussed. Recent developments of directly using proteins as active components (e.g., electrolytes, separators, catalysts or binders) in rechargeable batteries are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of using proteins are compared with the traditional counterparts, and the working mechanisms when using proteins to improve the electrochemical performances of rechargeable batteries are elucidated. Finally, the future development of applying biomaterials to build better batteries is predicted.
Applying Project ECHO (Extension for Community Health Care Outcomes) to improve addiction care in rural emergency departments
Authors: Moore P. Quincy , Tilmon Sandra , Chhabra Neeraj , McCabe Daniel J. , Aks Steven E. , Johnson Daniel , Pho Mai Tuyet
Published: September 2022

Background

Advancements in research and legislation have improved emergency provider ability to treat opioid use disorder (OUD), but dissemination into rural emergency departments (EDs) is limited. Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) allows community generalists to learn from specialists through telementoring. We aimed to use ECHO to facilitate knowledge translation, increase confidence, and change behavior of rural ED providers treating patients with OUD.

Methods

Stakeholder interviews were conducted with rural ED providers. A group of ED addiction experts created an ECHO curriculum with eight OUD topics. ED health professionals were recruited and completed pre/post surveys centered around knowledge and comfort with treating OUD in the ED, with focus on clinical practice and stigma. Following the ECHO model, sessions included a 20‐min didactic followed by two cases presented by participants, with discussion facilitated by faculty.

Results

Twenty‐seven participants registered; seven attended ≥75% of sessions and completed both surveys. Of the seven, three were physicians, two advanced practice providers, one nurse, and one clinical pharmacist. Eight 1‐hour sessions were conducted in two cohorts between January and December 2021. On a 5‐point Likert scale, respondents on average agreed with questions evaluating acceptability (mean ± SD 3.96 ± 0.64), appropriateness (mean ± SD 4.18 ± 1.18), and feasibility (mean ± SD 4.00 ± 1.17). Participants had a 1.09‐point increase (paired t‐test = 2.43, p = 0.05) on 7‐point Likert‐scale questions measuring self‐efficacy and a 0.13‐point change (paired t‐test = 2.64, p = 0.04) on 4‐point Likert scale questions measuring stigmatizing attitudes (reduction of attitudes). A total of 71% (5/7) reported changes in clinical practice and 57% (4/7) in departmental protocols after participation.

Conclusions

Our ED OUD ECHO course successfully created a model for rural ED providers to learn from ED addiction experts. It was well received and impacted self‐reported provider stigmatizing attitudes, patient‐facing behavior, and departmental initiatives. Recruitment was challenging and participation was limited. Future efforts will target maximizing recruitment.
Soil fertility characteristics in North Carolina pastures as affected by spatial separation and renovation with annual forages
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan. J. , Poore Matt H.
Published: September 2022

Spatial variation in soil properties is often considered significant across broad geographical regions due to soil formation factors. However, fine‐scale variations might also be significant. This study was conducted with the original intent of assessing how simple and complex mixtures of annual forages might be used to renovate perennial pastures. Private farmers in the Flatwoods, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Major Land Resource Areas of North Carolina tested annual forages to renovate tall fescue pastures. Soil was sampled in multiple random locations in each field at depths of 0–6, 6–12, and 12–20 cm at the beginning and ending of a 3‐yr annual forage evaluation. Relative variation among five components (year of sampling [n = 2], physiographic region [n = 3], annual forage treatment [n = 2], soil depth [n = 3], and random variation from pseudoreplicates [n = 3 in 2015 and n = 5 in 2018]) was assessed for four soil physical, 10 soil biological, and 16 soil chemical properties. Soil chemical properties were mostly affected by physiographic region (47 ± 26% of total variation) and soil depth (33 ± 18%), soil biological properties were mostly affected by soil depth (63 ± 25%) and random pseudoreplication (14 ± 6%), and soil physical properties were equally affected by pseudoreplication (35 ± 21%), physiographic region (32 ± 18%), and soil depth (29 ± 22%). The type of annual forage had no discernible effect on soil properties, even the most biologically active. A diversity of spatial variations was important, suggesting that regional‐level ecological investigations require careful attention to an appropriate sampling design considering multiple factors.
Phenological development of barnyard grass plants originating from different geographical locations
Authors: Necajeva Jevgenija , Royo‐Esnal Aritz , Loddo Donato , Jensen Peter , Taab Alireza , Synowiec Agnieszka , Uludag Ahmet , Uremis Ilhan , Murdoch Alistair , Bochenek Anna , Onofri Andrea , Torresen Kirsten
Published: September 2022

Barnyard grass [Echinochloa crus‐galli(L.) Beauv] is a competitive C4weed species that is widely distributed throughout the world. Although it originated in warm climatic conditions, currently, it is found in Europe as far north as Norway. This study aimed to compare the phenological development of plants from different climatic conditions in varying environmental conditions. To represent the contrasting climatic conditions within Europe, seeds were collected in Norway and Italy, and distributed to the study participants, to be sown at 10 different sites as two common populations. In addition to that, seeds of two to three local populations were collected near each of the sites. The development of the plants was monitored in a pot experiment set up under field conditions. The time to reach heading in the first year of the experiment was 77.6% faster (ranging from 45.9 to 98.3% on average) in the Norwegian than in the Italian population. However, in the leaf development stage, the difference between the common populations was smaller by, 23.5% on average (0–46.7%) and was mostly not significant. Our results indicate that differentE.crus‐galliecotypes, characterized by differences in their phenological development, evolved within the distribution area of this species in Europe. However, the early development of the plants progressed with negligible differences between populations. The findings reported here can be used to adapt existing models from one region to regions with different climatic conditions for use in decision support systems and for research into plant population dynamics.
Using behavior and genital swellings to monitor social dynamics and track reproductive cycling in zoo‐housed lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)
Authors: Alba Andrew C. , Wheaton Catharine J. , Weibel Chelsea J. , Hicks Pilar , Richards Beth , Lyon Cassandra E. M. , Ferrie Gina M.
Published: September 2022

Though lion‐tailed macaques are managed ex situ as an assurance population, little information is available on the relationship between behavior and reproductive physiology to ensure successful management and evaluate welfare. To facilitate social and reproductive management in a group of one male and three female lion‐tailed macaques at Disney's Animal Kingdom®, we observed behaviors associated with dominance and reproduction, rated genital swellings, recorded menses, tracked ovarian cycles as determined by measurement of fecal immunoreactive progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2), and monitored fecal cortisol (CORT). We analyzed the dominance hierarchy of females, compared hormone patterns of ovarian cycles with genital swellings and copulations relative to menses, and tested for correlations between hormones and behavior. The strength of the dominance hierarchy indicated moderate linearity, but relaxed after the dominant female received anxiolytic medications to reduce intraspecific aggression. Fecal P4 and E2 patterns revealed ovarian cycle lengths averaging 29.7 ± 0.8 days. The timing of single‐day E2 peaks varied between and within females' cycles. However, on average, E2 peaks occurred 6–10 days after the first day of menses, with maximum genital swellings and copulations occurring slightly thereafter in uncontracepted females. Female‐to‐female aggression and sexual behaviors with the male were related to ovarian cycle phase, but correlations between behaviors and hormones varied between females. Initiated aggression was positively correlated with E2 in the dominant and mid‐ranked females, while aggression received was positively correlated with P4 or negatively correlated with E2 in the mid‐ranked and subordinate females. In one uncontracepted female, sexual behaviors with the male were negatively correlated to P4. CORT was positively correlated to aggression in the dominant and mid‐ranked females and negatively correlated to grooming in the subordinate female. Results indicate observations of visual and behavioral cues can be used to track ovarian cycles and evaluate social dynamics and welfare in zoo‐housed lion‐tailed macaques.
Clinical performance and robustness evaluation of plasma amyloid‐β42/40 prescreening
Authors: Rabe Christina , Bittner Tobias , Jethwa Alexander , Suridjan Ivonne , Manuilova Ekaterina , Friesenhahn Michel , Stomrud Erik , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Hansson Oskar ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the Swedish BioFINDER study
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Further evidence is needed to support the use of plasma amyloid β (Aβ) biomarkers as Alzheimer's disease prescreening tools. This study evaluated the clinical performance and robustness of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 for amyloid positivity prescreening.

Methods

Data were collected from 333 BioFINDER and 121 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study participants. Risk and predictive values versus percentile of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 evaluated the actionability of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, and simulations modeled the impact of potential uncertainties and biases. Amyloid PET was the brain amyloidosis reference standard.

Results

Elecsys plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 could potentially rule out amyloid pathology in populations with low‐to‐moderate amyloid positivity prevalence. However, simulations showed small measurement or pre‐analytical errors in Aβ42 and/or Aβ40 cause misclassifications, impacting sensitivity or specificity. The minor fold change between amyloid PET positive and negative cases explains the biomarkers low robustness.

Discussion

Implementing plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 for routine clinical use may pose significant challenges, with misclassification risks.

Highlights

Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ruled out amyloid PET positivity in a setting of low amyloid‐positive prevalence.

Including (pre‐) analytical errors or measurement biases caused misclassifications.

Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 had a low inherent dynamic range, independent of analytical method.

Other blood biomarkers may be easier to implement as robust prescreening tools.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Defluorinative Asymmetric Cyclization of Fluoroalkyl‐Substituted 1,6‐Enynes for the Synthesis of Seletracetam
Authors: Wang Kuai , Chen Jiachang , Liu Wenfeng , Kong Wangqing
Published: September 2022

The introduction of fluorine‐containing groups into organic molecules can significantly affect their physical and chemical properties and has long been used as an effective strategy for drug discovery and development. Consequently, the development of catalytic asymmetric methods for the synthesis of fluorine‐containing heterocycles is highly desirable and sought after. Herein, we describe a nickel‐catalyzed defluorinative asymmetric cyclization of fluoroalkyl‐substituted 1,6‐enynes, providing an expedient access to synthetically attractive 4‐fluorovinyl‐substituted 2‐pyrrolidones in good yields with remarkable high levels of chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselectivities (90–99 % ee,>35 examples). This protocol features readily available starting materials and excellent functional group compatibility, and exhibits complementary regioselectivity. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated in the enantioselective synthesis of the antiepileptic drug Seletracetam.
A Water‐Stable and Red‐Emissive Radical Cation for Mutp53 Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhou Zikai , Qian Jieying , Liu Kai , Zhang Yunjiao , Gao Meng , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: September 2022

Compared with conventional closed‐shell fluorophores, radical cations provide an opportunity for development of red‐to‐NIR fluorophores with small sizes and easy preparation. However, most radical cations reported in the literature suffer from poor stability in water solution and are almost non‐emissive. To tackle this challenge, we herein develop a deep‐red‐emissive and water‐stable pyrrole radical cation P⋅+−DPA−Zn, which can be easily generated from P−DPA−Zn by air oxidation. The deep‐red‐emissive P⋅+−DPA−Zn can be used for imaging‐guided mitochondria‐targeted delivery of Zn2+ into cancer cells to promote mutant p53 proteins degradation and abrogate mutp53‐manifested gain of function, including reduced chemotherapy resistance, inhibited cancer cell migration, decreased tumor cell colony and sphere formation. The water‐stable and deep‐red emissive pyrrole radical cation is thus promising for cancer theranostic applications.
Facilitating Molecular Activation and Proton Feeding by Dual Active Sites on Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Efficient CO2Photoreduction
Authors: An Xiaoqiang , Tang Qingwen , Lan Huachun , Liu Huijuan , Yu Xuelian , Qu Jiuhui , Lin Huiwen , Ye Jinhua
Published: September 2022

Photoreduction of CO2provides an appealing way to alleviate the energy crisis and manage the global carbon balance but is limited by the high activation energy and the rate‐limiting proton transfer. We now develop a dual‐site strategy for high‐efficiency CO2conversion through polarizing CO2molecules at pyridine N vacancies and accelerating the intermediate protonation by protonated pyridine N adjacent to nitrogen vacancies on polymeric carbon nitride. Our photocatalysts with atomic‐level engineered active sites manifest a high CO production rate of 1835 μmol g−1 h−1, 183 times higher than the pristine bulk carbon nitride. Theoretical prediction and experimental studies confirm that such excellent performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between vacant and protonated pyridine N in decreasing the formation energy of the key *COOH intermediates and the efficient electron transfer relay facilitated by the defect‐induced shallow trap state and homogeneous charge mediators.
Self‐reinforced polymer composites: An opportunity to recycle plastic wastes and their future trends
Authors: Babu NB Karthik , Mensah Rhoda Afriyie , Shanmugam Vigneshwaran , Rashedi Ahmad , Athimoolam Pugazhenthi , Aseer J. Ronald , Das Oisik
Published: September 2022

Polymers and their composites have played an important role in industrial development. Polymer composites are becoming much stronger and more competitive than other materials as a result of ongoing research and development. This was made possible by newly developed techniques that could alter the physical and chemical properties of constituents. One of them is the self‐reinforcement technique, which allows for the fabrication of high‐strength thermoplastic polymer composites with reserved degradability, which is not possible with glass fiber/carbon fiber reinforcement. A self‐reinforced polymer composite is made of a single polymeric material, which serves as both the matrix and the reinforcement. This review article discusses the use of self‐reinforcement in various polymers and its impact on mechanical, thermal, and fire properties. Furthermore, the effects of process parameters (such as temperature and time, an), reinforcement structure, and mechanical property variation on the structure of self‐reinforced composites are reviewed and presented in detail. In addition, the effect of foreign filler addition (such as flame retardants, inorganic particles, natural fibers, etc.) on self‐reinforced composites is highlighted. In the end, the need for future research and its scope is presented.
Einsatzstellenbewertungen der deutschen Feuerwehren – Brandversuche in situ
Authors: Maiworm Björn , Göldner Moritz , Engel Thomas
Published: September 2022

Die deutschen Feuerwehren erfassen seit dem Jahr 2016 systematisch signifikante Brände in Gebäuden. Teil dieser Erfassung ist die Überprüfung, ob Schutzziele verletzt werden. Die Branddirektion München wertet diese Daten für den Fachausschuss Vorbeugender Brand‐ und Gefahrenschutz der deutschen Feuerwehren (FA VB/G) aus und kooperiert dabei mit der Technischen Universität München. Dieser Aufsatz stellt die Methode und die ersten Erkenntnisse aus dieser Statistik dar. Erste Trends zeigen eine erheblich hohe Anzahl von Rauchausbreitungen, die direkte Wirkung des abwehrenden Brandschutzes und organisatorischer Brandschutzmaßnahmen.
Engineering placenta‐like organoids containing endogenous vascular cells from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Cui Kangli , Chen Tingwei , Zhu Yujuan , Shi Yang , Guo Yaqiong , Qin Jianhua
Published: September 2022

The placenta is an essential organ that maintains the health of both the fetus and its mother. Understanding the development of human placenta has been hindered by the limitations of existing animal models and monolayer cell cultures. Models that can recapitulate the essential aspects of human placental multicellular components and vasculature are still lacking. Herein, we presented a new strategy to establish placenta‐like organoids with vascular‐like structures from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells in a defined three‐dimensional (3D) culture system. The resulting placenta‐like tissue resembles first‐trimester human placental development in terms of complex placental components and secretory function. The multicellular tissue was characterized by the inclusion of trophoblasts (cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts, and other endogenous vascular cells), which were identified by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry analyses, real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and single‐cell RNA‐seq. Moreover, the 3D tissue was able to secrete the placenta‐specific hormone human chorionic gonadotropin β (hCG‐β) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The tissue responded to the inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and VEGF receptor inhibitors. This new model system can represent the major features of placental cellular components, and function, which have not been realized in 2D monolayer cultures. The developed tissue system might open new avenues for studying normal early human placental development and its disease states.
Reduced N6‐Methyladenosine Mediated by METTL3 Acetylation Promotes MTF1 Expression and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth
Authors: Yang Ying , Qian Cai Qian , Sheng Fu Li , Wei Dong Yi , Fan Fei , Zhong Wu Xing
Published: September 2022

N6‐Methyladenosine (m6A), one of the post‐transcriptional modifications of RNA, is important in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of its regulation remains elusive. We here show that exposure of HCC cells to sulfatide significantly reduced the total mRNA m6A modification. Interestingly, METTL3 protein was robustly acetylated and the binding of METTL3 to MTF1 mRNA, METTL14 or WTAP was weakened in cells treated with sulfatide. Further investigation of the METTL3 complex revealed recruitment of the deacetylase scaffold SIN3B, but a diminished level of histone deacetylase HDAC2, which might enhance the acetylation of METTL3. The m6A abundance in MTF1 mRNA was markedly decreased in cells after sulfatide treatment. The expression of MTF1, a zinc‐dependent transcription factor, was significantly strengthened with reduced m6A modification. Sulfatide prolonged the half‐life of MTF1 mRNA, while the mutation (A to C) on 7 methylation sites in the 3’UTR of MTF1 mRNA enhanced MTF1 mRNA stability. 3‐deaza‐adenosine, an m6A methylation inhibitor, significantly reduced the m6A modification of MTF1 mRNA but extended its half‐life time. Importantly, overexpression of MTF1 prompted HCC cell proliferation and was associated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, the METTL3‐METTL14‐WTAP complex was regulated by acetylation induced by sulfatide to control MTF1 m6A methylation and its mRNA transcription, which was important for the tumor growth and migration of HCC.
In Vitroandin SilicoInvestigation of DNA Interaction, Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitory Properties of Polydatin
Authors: Şöhretoğlu Didem , Barut Burak , Sari Suat , Özel Arzu , Kuruüzüm‐Uz Ayşe , Arroo Randolph
Published: September 2022

Polydatin or piceid, is the 3‐O‐glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanuts, wine, beer, and cacao products. Although anticancer activity of polydatin was reported before, and potential antiproliferative mechanisms of polydatin have been proposed, its direct effects on DNA and inhibitory potential against topoisomerase enzymes have remained unknown. In this study we aimed to reveal the link between polydatin's effects on DNA and DNA‐topoisomerases and its antiproliferative promise. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of polydatin on DNA and DNA topoisomerase usingin vitroandin silicotechniques. Polydatin was found to protect DNA against Fenton reaction‐induced damage while not showing any hydrolytic nuclease effect. Further, polydatin inhibited topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. According to molecular docking studies, polydatin preferably showed minor groove binding to DNA where the stilbene moiety was important for binding to the DNA‐topoisomerase II complex. As a result, topoisomerase II inhibition might be another anticancer mechanism of polydatin.
The effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on French‐Canadian adolescents' academic motivation: A follow‐up study
Authors: Smith Jonathan , Guimond Fanny‐Alexandra , St‐Amand Jérôme , Fitzpatrick Caroline , Bergeron Julie , Gagnon Mathieu
Published: September 2022

We previously shared results suggesting that the academic motivation of a sample of French‐Canadian adolescents remained stable from few weeks before the first wave to the second wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We here examine if this pattern persisted using data collected at a third time point.
ResNet models for rapid identification of species and geographical origin of wild boletes from Yunnan, and MaxEnt model for delineation of potential distribution
Authors: Chen Xiong , Liu Hong Gao , Li Jie Qing , Wang Yuan Zhong
Published: September 2022

Yunnan is known for its rich biodiversity and is known as the Wild Mushroom Kingdom. Boletes are a world‐renowned wild edible mushroom, with unique sensory characteristics, nutritional value and medicinal value extraordinary. However, the species and geographical origin of boletes influence their price and quality. In this study, a method was developed to identify species and geographical origin simultaneously. Therefore, Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) data sets of boletes were collected and converted to two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D‐COS). On this basis, the species and geographic origins of boletes were identified using Residual neural network (ResNet) image analysis model. The results showed that FT‐NIR could identify boletes species and geographical origins, 7000–4000 cm−1 band was more suitable for species identification, 7000–5300 cm−1 band was more suitable for geographical origins identification. In addition, the environmental factors with high contribution to the distribution of boletes were screened based on the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. This allows characterization of the potential geographic distribution of boletes. The results showed that precipitation factors played a vital role in its distribution and might even be responsible for the difference in chemical composition.
ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy and chemometric complexity: unfolding the intra‐skeleton variability
Authors: Zupanič Pajnič Irena , Leskovar Tamara , Jerman Ivan
Published: September 2022

Spectroscopy of skeletal tissues is increasingly used in various fields, including legal medicine, forensic science and archaeology. As it is fast and technically and financially affordable yet accurate and widely applicable, spectroscopy is often used when investigating skeletal tissues. Despite its usefulness, the heterogeneity of skeletal tissues highly affects their chemical composition and complicates the interpretation of the spectroscopy results. Though the research on the use of spectroscopy and skeletal tissues from various contexts is growing, little is known regarding the differences in the chemometric indices caused by intra‐skeleton variability. The objectives were a comparison of the chemometric indices between teeth and bones, between different bone classes and between the skeletal elements within a bone class as well as an attempt to correlate the observed similarities or differences in chemometric indices to the functional or structural differences of skeletal elements. Different skeletal elements of three individuals were analysed with attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared. Significant differences between the chemometric indices of the bones and teeth were observed and meaningfully correlated with their structural differences. Though more subtle and harder to understand, significant differences were also observed between and within the bone classes and were tentatively correlated with their structural and functional differences. The observed variability agrees with other studies that stress the importance of intra‐skeleton variability, which should be acknowledged when using spectroscopy to investigate skeletal tissues.
Dimorpholinoacetylene and Its Use for the Synthesis of Tetraaminocyclobutadiene Species
Authors: Körner Lukas , Ho Luong Phong , Puchta Ralph , Stanger Amnon , Tamm Matthias
Published: September 2022

The new diaminoacetylene (DAA) dimorpholinoacetylene (3) was prepared from 1,1‐dimorpholinoethene (1) by bromination to form the dibromoketene aminal 2, which upon lithiation afforded 3 through a Fritsch‐Buttenberg‐Wiechell rearrangement. Heating 3 at elevated temperatures resulted in a complete conversion into the dimer 1,1,2,4‐tetramorpholino‐1‐buten‐3‐yne (4), which was used for the synthesis of four‐membered cyclic bent allene (CBA) transition‐metal complexes of the type [(CBA)MLn] (5‐7; MLn=AuCl, RhCl(COD), RhCl(CO)2; CBA=1,3,4,4‐tetramorpholino‐1,2‐cyclobutadiene; COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene). The reaction of 3 with tetraethylammonium bromide gave 1,2,3,4‐tetramorpholinocyclobutenylium bromide (8), which reacted with bromine to form 1,2,3,4‐tetra(morpholino)cyclobutenediylium bis(tribromide) (9). Compound 9 represents the first fully characterized compound containing a tetraaminocyclobutadiene dication and displays a nearly planar C4N4 core as shown by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Detailed quantum chemical calculations were performed to assess the aromaticity of tetraaminocyclubutadiene dications by employing the Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) method and current density analysis.
Recent Advances in Real‐Time Analysis of Electrochemical Reactions by Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry†
Authors: Zhang Xianhao , Zhan Jirui , Yu Zhengyou , Deng Jintao , Li Meixian , Shao Yuanhua
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC‐MS) is a powerful tool to capture and analyze the intermediates and products during electrochemical reactions. This hyphenated technique combines electrochemistry with mass spectrometry using specific apparatuses, which helps researchers study mechanisms of redox reactions by in situ detecting chemical composition changes. Recently, various EC‐MS methods have been applied in a series of electrochemical reactions to reveal the mechanisms, mainly in the areas of electrochemical sensors, organic electrochemistry, and electrocatalysis. In this review, we intend to summarize the recent advances in real‐time analysis of different types of electrochemical reactions by EC‐MS and offer an outlook on the perspectives in these areas.
Elodexanthones A—J, Isoprenylated Xanthone Derivatives with Diverse Skeletons and Bioactivities from Hypericum elodeoides
Authors: Mu Yanbing , Li Yaqi , Li Qiji , Xu Wenjun , Sun Yunpeng , Wang Siyuan , Cui Letian , Kong Lingyi , Luo Jun
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Elodexanthones A—J (1—10), two pairs of rearranged isoprenylated xanthone enantiomers with an unprecedent 6/6/5/6 tetracyclic core (1—2) along with seven new isoprenylated xanthones (3—9) and a pair of phenylpropanoid xanthones (10), were purified and enantio‐separated from the whole plant of Hypericum elodeoides. Their structures including absolute configurations were characterized by the comprehensive analysis of NMR, HRESIMS, NMR calculations, and ECD calculations. Through Bayer‐Villiger oxidation, Claisen condensation and electrophilic addition, the rearranged skeletons of elodexanthones A—B (1—2) were generated from isoprenylated xanthone precursors. The bioactivities evaluation exhibited that compounds 3, 5, 8—10 showed anti‐inflammatory activity with the IC50 values in the range of 9.53—34.39 μmol/L, and compounds 3—7, and 9 showed notable α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 6.02—257.11 μmol/L).
House price prediction using hedonic pricing model and machine learning techniques
Authors: Zaki John , Nayyar Anand , Dalal Surjeet , Ali Zainab H.
Published: September 2022

The problem with property valuation is that it is extremely complex. It is difficult to objectively model the pricing process or fairly estimate a property value. Many factors can contribute to this complexity such as spatial and time factors. Evaluators and researchers have been trying to model the process for centuries. Up until recently, when computer‐aided valuation systems provided better solutions in the data evaluation and real estate valuation. Nevertheless, they may suffer from low transparency, inaccuracy, and inefficiency. This work explores the ability of machine learning techniques (MLTs) in enhancing economic activities by increasing the accuracy of house price prediction. In this article, XGBoost algorithm has been integrated with outlier sum‐statistic (OS) approach. In the real estate industry, the price of property plays a crucial role in economic growth. The research attempts to predict the price of a house using MLTs. Here, the price of the property is predicted using Extreme Gradient (XG) boosting algorithm and hedonic regression pricing. Both XGBoost and hedonic pricing models use 13 variables as inputs to predict house prices. The contribution of this research lies in the practicality of using XGboost technique to predict house prices. Finally, the accuracy of the prediction algorithms is reported with XGBoosting showing the highest accuracy of 84.1% while the accuracy of the hedonic regression algorithm is 42%.
Estimation of quantitative genetic parameters for dry matter yield and vegetative persistence‐related traits in a white clover training population
Authors: Ehoche O. Grace , Arojju Sai Krishna , Cousins Greig , O'Connor Jessica R. , Maw Brian , Tate Jennifer A. , Lockhart Peter J. , Jahufer M. Z. Zulfi , Griffiths Andrew G.
Published: September 2022

White clover (Trifolium repens L.), an economically important forage legume in temperate pastures, provides quality herbage and plant‐available nitrogen. Enhancing breeding efforts to improve dry matter (DM) yield and vegetative persistence will increase on‐farm value of this forage. To increase genetic gain for such traits, breeding tools like genomic selection have proven to be highly valuable in other crops. However, its success relies on a sufficiently large training population and key fundamentals of selective breeding, that is, presence of additive variation. We investigated quantitative genetic parameters for spring DM yield and vegetative persistence in a white clover training population comprising 200 half‐sibling (HS) families. This population was established in a replicated cattle‐grazed, mixed‐sward field trial at two contrasting locations and assessed for spring DM yield and stolon‐related vegetative persistence traits over a 3‐yr period. The additive variation and genotype × environment interactions, comprising the effects from year, season, and location were significant (P < .05) for most traits. Narrow‐sense heritability for all traits ranged from low (.13; post‐summer stolon branches) to high (.73; leaf size) and there was a positive phenotypic correlation (.28) between spring DM yield and stolon number. These results indicate that both spring DM yield and persistence can be concurrently improved through selective breeding in the current population. We also demonstrated that applying a high selection pressure produces the highest predicted genetic gain. There is, however, a trade‐off between genetic gain and diversity in the population for the long‐term success of a breeding program.
NAT10: An RNA cytidine transferase regulates fatty acid metabolism in cancer cells
Authors: Dalhat Mahmood Hassan , Mohammed Mohammed Razeeth Shait , Alkhatabi Hind Ali , Rehan Mohd , Ahmad Aamir , Choudhry Hani , Khan Mohammad Imran
Published: September 2022

Background

N‐4 cytidine acetylation (ac4C) is an epitranscriptomics modification catalyzed by N‐acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10); important for cellular mRNA stability, rRNA biogenesis, cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, whether other crucial pathways are regulated by NAT10‐dependent ac4C modification in cancer cells remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we explored the impact of NAT10 depletion in cancer cells using unbiased RNA‐seq.

Methods

High‐throughput sequencing of knockdown NAT10 in cancer cells was conducted to identify enriched pathways. Acetylated RNA immunoprecipitation‐seq (acRIP‐seq) and RIP‐PCR were used to map and determine ac4C levels of RNA. Exogenous palmitate uptake assay was conducted to assess NAT10 knockdown cancer cells using Oil Red O staining and lipid content analysis. Gas‐chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was used to perform untargeted lipidomics.

Results

High‐throughput sequencing of NAT10 knockdown in cancer cells revealed fatty acid (FA) metabolism as the top enriched pathway through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis in differentially downregulated genes. FA metabolic genes such as ELOLV6, ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL4, ACADSB and ACAT1 were shown to be stabilised via NAT10‐dependent ac4C RNA acetylation. Additionally, NAT10 depletion was shown to significantly reduce the levels of overall lipid content, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Further, NAT10 depletion in palmitate‐loaded cancer cells showed decrease in ac4C levels across the RNA transcripts of FA metabolic genes. In untargeted lipidomics, 496 out of 2 279 lipids were statistically significant in NAT10 depleted cancer cells, of which pathways associated with FA metabolism are the most enriched.

Conclusions

Conclusively, our results provide novel insights into the impact of NAT10‐mediated ac4C modification as a crucial regulatory factor during FA metabolism and showed the benefit of targeting NAT10 for cancer treatment.
Flow‐rule integration for quality of service enhancement in software‐defined vehicular network
Authors: Praveen kumar Karunanithi , Sivanesan Perumal , Thirumurugan Rajendran
Published: September 2022

A software‐defined vehicular network (SDVN) is a concern, where roadside units are connected, and a massive amount of data is accumulated at the software‐defined network (SDN) switches, leading to the flow table overflow problem. Existing works are concentrated more on flow‐rule aggregation in a fast manner at the switches, which impacts quality of service (QoS) at SDVN. QoS‐wise flexible OpenFlow‐rule integration method is proposed to address the challenges of OpenFlow‐table overflow problem in SDN controller switches. By having minimal impact on the QoS of the vehicular network, it reduces the number of OpenFlow rules using a key‐based mechanism. However, we note that choosing a QoS path from numerous paths is important by considering the OpenFlow‐table usage at the switches. Based on this, a flexible‐fit heuristic approach is proposed, which considers the insertions of OpenFlow rule besides with congestion flow rule‐capacity switch on a path while reducing the cumulative number of OpenFlow rules in SDVN. Experimental results of this scheme show that it decreases average end‐to‐end time delay and packet dropping by 37% and 14%, respectively. Compared with the existing scheme, the average network throughput increases by 22%, and also it has a comparable improvement in the reduction of OpenFlow rules at the switches of SDVN.
Caching of popular content at F‐RAN for mmWave new radio
Authors: Aldalbahi Adel , Jasim Mohammed A. , Bouzguenda Mounir , Enshasy Hesham , Sumsudeen Rajamohamed , Siasi Nazli
Published: September 2022

Fog computing allows for local data processing at the edge of the network. This allows for reduced link delays between mobile users and access points. Here, fog nodes are collocated with radio remote heads (RRHs) to provide local processing capabilities, that is, creating fog radio access network (F‐RAN) that can support ultralow latency for cellular networks that operate on millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. Here, mobile stations (MS) demand various network functions (NFs) that correspond to different service requests. Hence, it is critical to study function popularity and allow content caching at the F‐RAN. Given the limited resources at the fog nodes, it is important to efficiently manage the resources to improve network operations and enhance the capacity at reduced delays and cost. Therefore, caching in mmWave F‐RAN requires node allocation that can accommodate the highest number of cached functions. Hence, this paper proposes a novel node placement scheme that leverages Nelder–Mead meta‐heuristic. Results show that the proposed scheme yields in reduced delay, cost, and power and energy consumption.
Cognitive bias modification training of attention and interpretation to reduce expectations of social rejection in adolescents with eating disorders: A small efficacy randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rowlands Katie , Beaty Taryn , Simic Mima , Grafton Ben , Hirsch Colette , Treasure Janet , Cardi Valentina
Published: September 2022

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether a computerized cognitive bias modification training delivered remotely would reduce expectations of rejection in adolescents with eating disorders.

Method

Sixty‐seven adolescents aged 12–18 (99.5% female) with an eating disorder diagnosis (94% anorexia nervosa) and receiving specialist treatment were recruited. Participants were randomized to an intervention condition (n = 37) which included treatment as usual (TAU) supplemented by nine sessions of online cognitive bias modification training for social stimuli (CBMT + TAU), or a control condition (n = 30), which included TAU only. Participants were invited to complete assessments at baseline and post‐intervention.

Results

In the intervention condition, 22/37 participants completed six or more training sessions and post‐intervention measures, the pre‐defined criteria to be considered “completers.” In the control condition, 28/30 participants completed the post‐intervention measures. Participants who completed the intervention displayed a significantly greater reduction in negative interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios, with a medium effect size (p = .048, ηp2 = .090), and eating disorder psychopathology, with a medium effect size (p = .027, ηp2 = .105), compared to participants in the control condition. No significant between‐group differences were found on emotional response to criticism, and anxiety and depression symptoms post‐intervention (ps > .05; small effect sizes).

Discussion

Enhancing treatment as usual with CBMT targeting expectations of social rejection might be feasible and effective to reduce expectations of social rejection and eating disorder psychopathology in adolescents with eating disorders. Training adaptations might be necessary to impact on emotional processing and comorbid psychological distress.

Public Significance

Adolescents with eating disorders who completed a brief (4‐week) online cognitive training intervention, alongside their usual treatment, reported greater reductions in expectations of social rejection and eating disorder psychopathology after the intervention, compared to a separate group of patients who received their usual treatment only. This brief and accessible intervention may be a helpful treatment adjunct for adolescents with eating disorders.
Speciation genomics and the role of depth in the divergence of rockfishes (Sebastes) revealed through Pool‐seq analysis of enriched sequences
Authors: Olivares‐Zambrano Daniel , Daane Jacob , Hyde John , Sandel Michael W. , Aguilar Andres
Published: September 2022

Speciation in the marine environment is challenged by the wide geographic distribution of many taxa and potential for high rates of gene flow through larval dispersal mechanisms. Depth has recently been proposed as a potential driver of ecological divergence in fishes, and yet it is unclear how adaptation along these gradients' shapes genomic divergence. The genus Sebastes contains numerous species pairs that are depth‐segregated and can provide a better understanding of the mode and tempo of genomic diversification. Here, we present exome data on two species pairs of rockfishes that are depth‐segregated and have different degrees of divergence: S. chlorostictus–S. rosenblatti and S. crocotulus–S. miniatus. We were able to reliably identify “islands of divergence” in the species pair with more recent divergence (S. chlorostictus–S. rosenblatti) and discovered a number of genes associated with neurosensory function, suggesting a role for this pathway in the early speciation process. We also reconstructed demographic histories of divergence and found the best supported model was isolation followed by asymmetric secondary contact for both species pairs. These results suggest past ecological/geographic isolation followed by asymmetric secondary contact of deep to shallow species. Our results provide another example of using rockfish as a model for studying speciation and support the role of depth as an important mechanism for diversification in the marine environment.
Seasonal swarming behavior of Myotis bats revealed by integrated monitoring, involving passive acoustic monitoring with automated analysis, trapping, and video monitoring
Authors: Thomas Robert J. , Davison Stephen P.
Published: September 2022

Bat abundance, diversity, and behavior can be monitored by capturing bats for identification and measurement in the hand, but this has several disadvantages. These include disturbance to the bats, which limits the frequency with which captures can be made at an individual capture site, and potentially alters the behaviors being studied. Infrared video monitoring, passive acoustic recording and automated analysis and identification of bat calls offers an alternative set of noninvasive methods for monitoring bats. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of acoustic monitoring in comparison with capture‐based and video monitoring of seasonal swarming behavior among several species of Myotis bats in southern Britain. We applied these complementary approaches to describe seasonal, overnight, and species‐specific variation in swarming behavior in a multispecies community of Myotis bats. We show that the three monitoring approaches have advantages and disadvantages for different tasks, but can be viewed as highly complementary methods for addressing different types of research questions. In our study of swarming behavior, capture and examination of bats in the hand was necessary for measuring sex ratios, reproductive status, and even for confirmation of species identification for some difficult to separate taxa. Capture is also an essential aspect of tagging bats for individual identification and tracking studies. Video monitoring is useful for understanding the behavior of bats at swarming sites, and measuring the flux of individuals into and out of roosting or swarming sites. Passive acoustic monitoring is a valuable noninvasive method for continuous monitoring of within‐night, seasonal, and between‐year variation in the abundance of bat calls. These can be used as an index of variation in relative abundance within—but not between—bat species.