bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARACHOR OF CERTAIN AZOXY AND RELATED AZO COMPOUNDS
Authors: Bigelow H. E. , Keirstead K. F.
Published: April 2011

The parachors of certain azoxy and related azo compounds have been found. Values for the N2O group have been calculated from the constants of Sugden and from the recalculated values of Mumford and Phillips. In most cases the experimentally determined values agree better with the values calculated from Sugden's data. Possible explanations for anomalous parachors are discussed.
INVESTIGATIONS ON RUBBER-BEARING PLANTS: II. CARBOHYDRATES IN THE ROOTS OF TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ ROD.
Authors: Gorham Paul R.
Published: April 2011

The soluble carbohydrates were extracted, by means of hot water, from dried ground roots of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rod. that had been extracted previously with acetone and benzene. A cleared portion of the extract served for the determination of hexose and, after invertase hydrolysis, sucrose. Another portion was subjected to mild acid hydrolysis before clearing, and served for the determination of total reducing value, whence fructosans, as inulin, were calculated. Separation of the free reducing sugars and sucrose from the fructosans by ethanol extraction proved unsatisfactory. Analyses of 171 one-year old roots from six crosses gave the following average values expressed as per cent dry weight: hexose 1.6, sucrose 4.7, and inulin 41. The analytical data suggest the possibility of selecting and breeding for strains of kok-saghyz capable of high carbohydrate production.
INVESTIGATIONS ON RUBBER-BEARING PLANTS: III. DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL AND ABORTING SEEDS IN ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L.
Authors: Moore Raymond J.
Published: April 2011

A low percentage (2 to 3%) of the flowers of Asclepias synaca L. produce mature seed pods. Many ovaries begin to enlarge but abort before reaching maturity. Histological examination of these pods shows that ovule abnormalities accompany pod collapse. Ovules in free-nucleate endosperm stages show a growth of the integument that is excessive for ovules at this stage of embryo sac development. Older aborting ovules contained a zone of collapsed cells completely enclosing the endosperm.Seed collapse of the former type at least appears similar to cases attributed to a competition for food between endosperm and the adjacent maternal tissue of the ovule, termed "somatoplastic sterility" by Brink and Cooper.
STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: IV NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO 2,3-BUTANEDIOL PRODUCTION FROM STARCH
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

Yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, and a mixture of 13 to 20 ammo acids were found to be superior to simpler substances such as ammonium sulphate, urea, potassium nitrate, or asparagine as sources of nitrogen for Bacillus polymyxa in relation to production of 2,3-butanediol from starch The complex sources of nitrogen were more or less interchangeable for most, but not all strains of this organism with regard to effectiveness for diol production, but the addition of yeast extract to either casein hydrolysate or amino acids resulted in a slightly higher yield of diol and an increase in the diol/ethanol ratio from 2 to 2.6 or higher.The requirements of different strains for specific ammo acids varied somewhat, but the need for isoleucine and asparagine was common to the tour strains studied. A fairly good fermentation was obtained with the most efficient of these strains in a medium containing isoleucine, tyrosine, glycine, methionine, and asparagine after three days' incubation. The fermentation went to completion after five days with certain concentrations of these five acids an effect that was achieved in three days by the addition to these of eight other acids but not by the addition of ammonium sulphate. Suppression of diol production by omission of certain of these amino acids was marked at three days but was largely overcome at five. Cystine (in concentrations above: 0.0125%; was inhibitory to the four strains studied and phenylalanine (0.02%) to one, after three but not after five days.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION IN FOREST TREES
Authors: Johnson L. P. V. , Heimburger C.
Published: April 2011

Interspecific hybridization in various forest tree genera gave the following results: Populus, 43 crosses; Picea, 12; Pinus, 4; Betula, 14; Fraxinus, 5; Ulmus, 7; and Tilia, 9. The hybridity of most of these materials has been proved or strongly indicated by various criteria; but for some of the materials, hybridity is assumed on the basis of seedling production under conditions that largely precluded the possibility of self- or chance-pollination.
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE MAIN ARTERIES IN THE REGION OF THE HEART—AVES XI.: TINAMIFORMES—WITH SOME NOTES ON THEIR APPARENT RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GALLIFORMES
Authors: Glenny Fred H.
Published: April 2011

Five species of tinamous were dissected and diagrams of the arteries in the neck and thorax prepared. All species were bicarotidinae normales, and each presented both a right ligamentum botalli as well as a ligamentum aortae. An arteria pericardia was present in one species. Similarities and dissimilarities in structure of the tinamous and gallinaceous birds are discussed with reference to possible phylogenetic relationships. Considerable similarity in arrangement-patterns of these two orders of birds exists and may be based upon structural characteristics of common origin, rather than upon an instance of parallel development. Tinamous may have a more recent origin from the ancestral form than their apparent relatives the Galliformes.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE UPON INSECTS
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: April 2011

This paper constitutes a review and an analysis of the available literature on the effects of pressure changes upon insects. The variations of atmospheric pressure that occur are classified briefly, but the effects of pressure changes upon insects are considered from the standpoint of the reactions of insects to extremely low pressure, extremely high pressure, and slight variations in pressure. It is concluded that extreme changes of pressure exert no direct influence upon insects. On the other hand, there is evidence that slightly reduced pressure increases the rates of the development and of the various activities of insects, while slightly increased pressure does not appear to have any positive influence on these processes. A discussion of the possible role of chordotonal organs in the observed responses of some insects to fluctuating pressure is included, and some laboratory experiments are suggested that might aid in quantitative determinations of the effects of varying atmospheric pressure upon insects.
FISHES COLLECTED BY THE WM. J. STEWART IN BRITISH COLUMBIA WATERS DURING 1934 AND 1935
Authors: Wilby G. V.
Published: April 2011

These records of 78 species of marine fishes collected in British Columbia waters include: nine not previously known in the region; the northernmost recorded range of 14 species; new distributions of 76 species within the province; and a bibliography of all published papers dealing with the Canadian distribution of the species discussed.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE DIPTERA (FLIES) OF ALBERTA: ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
Authors: Strickland E. H.
Published: April 2011

In 1938 a list of 1348 species of Diptera that, at that time, were known to occur in Alberta was published in the Canadian Journal of Research. Upon its appearance, specialists in several different groups in this order offered to re-examine all of the material in the University of Alberta collection that belonged to the families in which they were interested.This re-examination necessitates the replacement of 50 of the names that were recorded in 1938 and the addition of about 300 new records. These, together with the information generously provided by members of the Dominion Division of Entomology regarding unpublished records of species that are not represented in the University collection, brings the total Albertan records of flies to nearly 1900 species. A capture of unusual interest is the 'eye gnat' (Hippelates pusio Lw.), the distribution of which, on this continent, was, supposedly, confined to "the southern United States where the winters are mild".
PACKAGING: III. EFFECT OF MOULD GROWTH AND AGEING ON THE WATER-VAPOUR TRANSMISSION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS
Authors: Lavers C. G. , Illman W. I.
Published: April 2011

Packaging materials were dusted with mould spores and stored in a cabinet at 95° F. and 95 to 100% relative humidity for periods of one to eight weeks.M.S.T. and M.S.A.T. "Cellophane" were attacked only slightly by mould, but deterioration of the heat-sealing, moisture-proof lacquer occurred during storage under conditions suitable for optimum mould growth. Moulds grew abundantly on M.S.Y.T. Cellophane. Wax-coated materials supported abundant mould growth, and their water-vapour transmission values increased when wax peeled from the surface of the sheet. The transmission rate of laminated materials having metal foil as one layer was not greatly affected by mould growth or delamination of the other layers. Abundant mould growth developed on most samples of kraft, and on glassine. Very little mould developed on cellulose acetate, Pliofilm, or vinyl-film.
LIQUID AND FROZEN EGG: I. APPLICATION OF A FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENT TO LIQUID AND FROZEN EGG
Authors: Reid Margaret
Published: April 2011

The direct measurement of fluorescence on clarified sera collected as exudate from defrosting egg distinguished between samples of frozen egg of varying quality. The method may be useful in egg drying establishments where large quantities of frozen egg are available for test purposes.A similar serum was extracted from liquid and frozen egg by the following procedure. Approximately 50 ml. of fresh or thawed egg liquid was added to approximately 100 ml. of chloroform, mixed by gentle swirling, allowed to stand two minutes, shaken vigorously for 30 sec, and immediately centrifuged for 15 min. at 2000 r.p.m. The top layer, consisting of 15 to 20 ml. of red serum, was poured off and clarified by centrifuging for one minute, and the fluorescence of the clear serum determined. The latter measure consistently distinguished between samples of liquid and frozen egg of varying quality. The serum produced was less highly fluorescent than that obtained as exudate, and consequently the range between quality types was narrowed.The sera extracted with chloroform from freshly broken eggs of good quality had a higher fluorescence than that extracted from the material after standing at temperatures of 30° to 90° F. for short periods. However, the fluorescence rose when deterioration became evident. Freezing of liquid egg resulted in a decrease in fluorescent materials.
RESIN–RUBBER FROM CANADIAN GROWN PLANTS: V. METHODS OF EXTRACTION FROM POD HULLS OF THE COMMON MILKWEED
Authors: Tomkins R. V. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Yields of 2 to 3% of a resin–rubber gum from milkweed pod hulls were obtained by a process that included alkaline digestion and pebble milling. The effects of various digestive treatments and milling procedures in laboratory and pilot plant are reported. The pod hulls contained 10% of resin–rubber, but 40% of this was lost during digestion. However, the resin–rubber content of the digested material was 17%. The pebble mill comminuted the plant tissue and agglomerated the resin–rubber, the milling conditions having a marked effect on the efficiency of this operation.
PRECISION OF ASSESSMENT OF PALATABILITY OF FOODSTUFFS BY LABORATORY PANELS
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Two categories of quality assessment of foodstuffs by panels of judges may be distinguished. In 'grading', an absolute assessment representative of the generality of consumers is sought. In 'analysis', maximum sensitivity is desirable and emphasis is shifted from absolute to relative assessments. In four series of 'grading' tests, individual ratings were most variable in the quality region close to the lower limit of acceptability, thus increasing to about 30 the calculable size of panel required to distinguish differences of the order of 5% from an assigned standard. The threshold concentration of primary taste substances detectable varies considerably between individuals, but except in extreme cases no consistent relation between taste acuity alone and palatability judgments was indicated. However, the judging characteristics of individuals may be investigated numerically by computing the correlation coefficients and regression equations relating their assessments to the average of those of all other members of the same panels. In this way a range of sensitivity of the order of 40% was demonstrable in the tests under review, making possible an objective evaluation of the suitability of individuals for 'grading' or 'analytical' tests.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XX. THE EFFECT OF GRADE OF EGGS, LOCALITY AND MONTH OF PRODUCTION, AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON THE SOLIDS CONTENT OF LIQUID EGG AND ON THE QUALITY OF THE POWDER PRODUCED
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Reid Margaret , Metcalfe Miss B. , Tessier H.
Published: April 2011

Grade A large eggs had the lowest average solids content (25.6%) of the grades studied and Grade C eggs had the highest (26.6%). The solids content increased during the period from December 1944 to July 1945. The total increase during this interval was about 0.5%.The average potassium chloride value of powder produced from Grades B and C eggs was higher than the value for Grade A medium eggs; Graded medium and pullet eggs produced powder better in this quality attribute than Grade A large (differences of about 2%). The use of Grade C eggs resulted in a powder with an average fluorescence value about 2 units greater than for powder from any other grade of eggs. The month of egg production affected quality measures on the resulting powder. As the season progressed there was a decrease in the fluorescence value and pH and an increase in potassium chloride value and foaming volume value.The changes noted could not be attributed to climatic conditions, but may be attributable to feeding practices and to increased age of the hen.
THE APPLICATION OF DUST-LAYING OIL TO WOOL
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Rose G. R. F. , Weatherburn A. S.
Published: April 2011

A process is described for the application of dust-laying oil to woollen blankets, in which use is made of a positively charged oil-in-water emulsion. During a commercial-scale trial of this process, difficulty was encountered in the form of a progressive build-up of oil and fatty acid after repeated laundering and oiling. The inclusion in the laundering formula of modified soda in a soap: soda ratio of 3:1 has been found to give satisfactory control of the fatty acid content, and to assist greatly in preventing the accumulation of oil.
A DIVIDING HEAD FOR LABORATORY USE
Authors: Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

The description is given of an easily constructed dividing head that embodies the circles and other parts of discarded theodolites. Originally designed for facilitating the inspection of munitions gauges, the instrument was found to have other valuable applications in metrology. In the appendix there is an account of the method used to calibrate the graduated circle of one of these "angle-heads", in which angles are read to single seconds of arc.
OIL CONCENTRATION BY THE FROTH FLOTATION OF PEBBLE-MILLED SEED
Authors: Grace N. H. , Palmer J. B.
Published: April 2011

Froth flotation of water-cooked pebble-milled milkweed seed or mustard screenings yielded 90% of the total oil in the concentrate, which was enriched to twice the oil content of the original seed. Protein and inorganic matter also tended to concentrate in the froth fraction. Optimum conditions for separation required pH values substantially below 7 and pulp densities between 2 and 5%. Iodine numbers of oil and ease of protein peptization differed for concentrate and tailing fractions, showing some fractionation as well as concentration.
RECENT DESIGN OF A SMALL TELEPHONE MAGNETO
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: April 2011

An example is given of the product obtained by applying modern methods in permanent magnet design to the problem of constructing a hand driven magneto of about flashlight battery size. The method of arranging the mechanical parts to conform with the electromagnetic system is described.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXII. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION AND INITIAL QUALITY OF DRIED SUGAR-AND-EGG MIXTURES
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Brooks J. , Tessier H.
Published: April 2011

Sugar–egg powder was produced under a variety of conditions in a laboratory spray drier and in two commercial driers. A product prepared at inlet temperatures below 270° F. and outlet temperatures below 150° F. was the most suitable for baking purposes and was generally the best when assessed by measurements of fluorescence, potassium chloride value, and pH. Powder of particle size small enough to pass an 80 mesh screen (U.S. Bureau of Standards) appeared to have better baking properties than coarser material. Trials with nozzles of various sizes indicated that the best product was prepared using small nozzles. Sucrose syrup or solid sucrose, with fresh or frozen egg, all produced powders of similar initial quality.
AN ACCURATE MOUNT FOR TRI-METROGON PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Nodwell R. A. , Burstow R. C.
Published: April 2011

A tri-camera mount that fits into the nose of a Mitchell B-25 aircraft and that accurately maintains the interaxial relation between the cameras is described. The alterations and adjustments of the Fairchild K-17 cameras to give the necessary accuracy and interchangeability are also described. Apparent inaccuracies in the mount are discussed, and it is concluded that the main source of error is the instability of the photographic film, which may lead to angular errors of 12 min.
MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFUSION LENGTH OF THERMAL NEUTRONS IN GRAPHITE
Authors: Hereward H. G. , Paneth H. R. , Laurence G. C. , Sargent B. W.
Published: April 2011

The theory and method of measuring the diffusion length of thermal neutrons in graphite are discussed in detail. The graphite pile was a rectangular parallelepiped, 185.8 cm. square and 153.6 cm. high. The source was 1.2 gm. of radium mixed with beryllium. Part of the pile was used to slow down the neutrons to thermal velocities, and the density distribution of thermal neutrons was explored in the remainder of the pile with detectors of dysprosium oxide. The diffusion length of thermal neutrons in this graphite of average pile density 1.55 gm. per cc. was found to be 51 cm., with a probable error of 3 cm.
THE RECOGNITION OF OBJECTS NEARLY OBSCURED BY A CLOUD
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Johns M. W. , Wolfson J. L. , Batho H. F.
Published: April 2011

As the apparent contrast of a square test object situated behind a smoke layer is decreased in laboratory experiments a point is reached at which the object appears as a light patch of unrecognizable shape. On decreasing the apparent contrast a little further the object becomes completely invisible. A study of the conditions under which the apparent loss of definition occurs was carried on simultaneously with the study of total obscuration described in the preceding paper. The optical density of smoke required to produce loss of definition was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the ratio of object to cloud brightness, in close correspondence with the relation found for total obscuration. Over the range of our experiments the minimum optical density of smoke associated with loss of definition was from 12 to 23% less than that associated with total obscuration, the magnitude of the difference depending on brightness conditions. Since the phenomenon of loss of definition is observable in the presence of a veiling glare without smoke, it is probably of physiological origin.
THE TRANSPORT MEAN FREE PATH OF THERMAL NEUTRONS IN HEAVY WATER
Authors: Auger P. , Munn A. M. , Pontecorvo B.
Published: April 2011

The transport mean free path of thermal neutrons in heavy water is determined from measurements of the neutron density in heavy water (99.4 atoms of deuterium per 100 atoms of hydrogen element) at various distances from a cadmium plate. In the region investigated, the density is found to be a linear function of the distance from the cadmium plate. When this straight line is extrapolated, the density vanishes at a distance d = 1.64 cm. behind the plate. On the basis of transport theory it is known that d = 0.71 lt, where lt is the transport mean free path in the medium. The final result is lt = 2.4 cm. in pure heavy water. The measurements of the neutron density show that it falls below the straight line as the cadmium surface is very closely approached, in agreement with transport theory.
5-HYDROXYQUINOLINE-8-CARBOXYLIC ACID—A COLORIMETRIC REAGENT FOR RUTHENIUM
Authors: Breckenridge J. G. , Singer S. A. G.
Published: April 2011

5-Aminoquinoline-8-carboxylic acid was prepared from 8-methylquinoline by nitration in the 5-position, oxidation of the methyl group to carboxyl, and reduction of the nitro group to amino. The 5-aminoquinoline-8-carboxylic acid was converted to 5-hydroxyquinoline-8-carboxylic acid through the diazonium salt. Some of the properties of the two new compounds were determined.A transmission curve was established for solutions showing the colour developed by the reagent and ruthenium. The standard ruthenium solution used for this purpose contained the metal as it is obtained when distilled as the tetroxide and collected in hydrogen peroxide. Ruthenium in a solution as ammonium chlororuthenate could be determined from the same curve. One γ (1 × 10−6 gm.) of ruthenium in 50 ml. of solution may be quantitatively determined.
BINARY AND TERNARY EUTECTICS INVOLVING AMMONIUM NITRATE
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Campbell A. J. R.
Published: April 2011

With the object of preparing an 80:20 amatol that could be poured, instead of hand-stemmed, the eutectics of many binary and ternary systems, of which ammonium nitrate was one component, have been investigated. It was previously known that ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate had a eutectic at 120.8 °C., a temperature still too high for shell filling, but this binary mixture was frequently used as a basis for the construction of ternary mixtures. The nature of the third component was dictated by practical considerations and varied widely, e.g., alkali nitrate, nitrate of heavy metal, nitrate of organic base, and various organic substances. None of these ternary mixtures was actually used as a shell filling (with trinitrotoluene), though the ammonium nitrate–ethylenediamine dinitrate eutectic, containing 50% ethylenediamine dinitrate and melting at 100 °C., comes near to satisfying all requirements; this mixture is entirely non-hygroscopic. Incidental to the work, some interesting phenomena were observed, e.g., the discovery that octadecylamine nitrate forms liquid crystals.
MEASUREMENTS OF CURE OF SOME THERMOSETTING RESINS
Authors: Fineman Manuel N. , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The rate and degree of cure of resorcinol–formaldehyde resins and unsaturated polyesters are determined by measuring changes in their electrical resistance and density during the process of cure. Data thus obtained are interpreted in terms of the rate and extent of cross-bonding in these thermosetting resins.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LXII. EFFECT OF HOT ALKALI ON THE NITRATES OF STARCH, AMYLOSE, AND AMYLOPECTIN
Authors: Ashford W. R. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The nitrates of starch, amylose, and amylopectin were treated with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and the effect of this treatment upon each noted. This treatment does not cause appreciable denitration, nor does it result in a usefully stable nitrate. The nitrates of the starches are more resistant to alkali than is cellulose nitrate. Amylose nitrate appears to resemble cellulose nitrate in being more alkali-labile than either whole starch nitrate or amylopectin nitrate; this is consistent with its linear chain structure. The greater stability of amylose nitrate as compared to amylopectin nitrate is paralleled by a greater alkali-lability of the former, which indicates that the inherent instability of starch nitrate is not due to the presence of free terminal aldehyde groups present either in native starch or formed during the nitration process.
THE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS AND CRYSTALLIZATION VELOCITIES OF THE SYSTEMS: (a) PICRIC ACID – 2,4-DINITROPHENOL; (b) DINITROPHENOL – TRINITROTOLUENE; (c) PICRIC ACID – DINITROPHENOL – TRINITROTOLUENE
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Pritchard E. J.
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium diagrams of the systems: picric acid – 2,4-dinitrophenol, trinitrotoluene – 2,4-dinitrophenol, and picric acid – dinitrophenol – trinitrotoluene have been determined.As this investigation was carried out to find the suitability of various mixtures for shell filling, the densities of a number of liquid mixtures of the above components were determined. For the same reason, viscosities and crystallization velocities were investigated.The crystallization velocities were far from additive, the crystallization velocity of a mixture being less than that of either of the components. Tammann's type of curve, in which the velocity of crystallization attains a constant value after a certain degree of supercooling, was not obtained, but a maximum crystallization velocity resulted, in most cases, at about 20° to 30 °C. of supercooling. Comparison of viscosity and crystallization velocity shows that a direct relation does not exist, but increase of viscosity at constant temperature does always reduce the crystallization velocity.Addition of guncotton increased the viscosity of Shellite considerably without producing much effect on the crystallization velocity. The addition of a crystalline third component lowered both the melting point and the crystallization velocity.
DIMETHYLDINITROÖXAMIDE
Authors: Allenby O. C. W. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

A practical low-cost method is described for the preparation of the explosive dimethyldinitroöxamide. Dimethyloxamide is prepared in 94% yield from an oxalic ester and methylamine, and then is nitrated in 98% yield with slightly more than the requisite amount of nitric acid. The nitrating acid can be recovered safely. The optimum yield is obtained when the waste acid has the composition sulphuric acid monohydrate.
THE FISSION YIELDS OF Ba139 AND Ba140 IN NEUTRON FISSION OF U235 AND U238
Authors: Grummitt W. E. , Yaffe L. , Guéron J. , Wilkinson G.
Published: April 2011

The fission yields for Ba139 and Ba140 for thermal neutron fission of U235 and fast fission of U238 have been measured using naturally occurring uranium. This was accomplished by comparing the barium fission product activities with the U239 formed in radiative capture. With these data the fission yields were calculated from known values of the cross-sections for thermal fission and capture in uranium and were found to be 6.1% and 5.6% for Ba139 and Ba140, respectively, for thermal fission and 5.1% and 4.2% for Ba139 and Ba140, respectively, for fast fission. The contribution of resonance fission to the thermal neutron effect has been shown to be less than 5% in the irradiation arrangement used.
COAGULATION AND SURFACE LOSSES IN DISPERSE SYSTEMS IN STILL AND TURBULENT AIR
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Gillespie T.
Published: April 2011

Smoke chamber studies have been made of the ageing of ammonium chloride smokes under various controlled degrees of turbulent air motion as well as in still air. The changes in mass concentration and particle number were followed for 5.5 hr. under each set of conditions, and some data on particle size distribution were obtained. The logarithm of the mass concentration was found to vary linearly with time under all conditions. None of the particle number data lent themselves to interpretation on the basis adopted by previous workers. They were described quantitatively by equations developed from general postulates which take into account loss to various surfaces. The equations permitted analytical separation of coagulation and surface effects, and the constant descriptive of the latter was closely related to that associated with mass loss. The coagulation constant for still air was found to be only slightly greater than the ideal Smoluchowski value. A description was obtained of the manner in which the various constants increased with the degree of air motion.
COMPOUND FORMATION IN THE SYSTEM UROTROPINE – ACETIC ACID: II. RAMAN SPECTRUM MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Carroll K. K. , Wright R. H.
Published: April 2011

The Raman spectrum of a solution of urotropine in acetic acid (1 mole in 4) has been measured. The results are interpreted as indicating partial combination of the two in the liquid state. The presence of ammonium nitrate in amounts up to 1% caused no observable change in the Raman spectrum. Increasing the temperature of the solution containing ammonium nitrate to 50° to 60 °C. resulted only in a uniform darkening of the lines.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXIV. THE CYCLIC SULPHITES OF meso- AND levo-2,3-BUTANEDIOL
Authors: Robertson Florence M. , Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

levo-2,3-Butanediol reacts spontaneously with thionyl chloride to give good yields of its cyclic sulphite (b.p. 177° to 178 °C.). This ester is optically active [Formula: see text] and can be hydrolyzed by dilute hydrochloric acid to pure levo-2,3-butanediol and sulphurous acid. The cyclic sulphite of meso-2,3-butanediol (b.p. 188° to 189 °C.) was also prepared.
STUDIES IN THE FORMATION OF DDT
Authors: Eastwood T. A. , Garmaise D. L. , Morantz D. J. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

In the condensation of chloral and chlorobenzene in sulphuric acid to yield DDT, the yield of DDT is increased and the rate of formation of DDT decreased by (1) decreased sulphuric acid concentration, (2) decreased molar amount of sulphuric acid, and (3) lowered temperatures. Reversible sulphonation of chlorobenzene is the major side reaction; the presence of 4-chlorobenzene-sulphonic acid reduces the extent of this reaction. Increased yields (based on chloral) can be obtained by using excess chlorobenzene. A mechanism is proposed involving 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol, which has been isolated from the reaction, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-tricholorethyl bisulphate, whose barium salt reacts with chlorobenzene in sulphuric acid to give DDT.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: VII. THE 'RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT' IN RELATION TO THE AMINO ACID NUTRITION OF BACTERIA
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Thexton R. H.
Published: April 2011

Comparative studies of the relative incidence of bacteria of different nutritional requirements in soil indicate that one of the most characteristic rhizosphere effects is the preferential stimulation of bacteria requiring amino acids for maximum growth. Organisms for which amino acids are either essential or stimulative were proportionately increased in the rhizosphere. No similar effect was noted with respect to bacteria responding to growth factors.The findings suggest, by indirect evidence, that the effect is to be ascribed to the excretion of amino acids by the growing plant. However, though this may be the chief factor, the preferential stimulation of the amino acid group of bacteria may be related to associative and antibiotic effects exerted by other bacteria, stimulated in the rhizosphere, observed to have different degrees of compatibility towards those responding respectively to amino acids and growth factors.
A SEEDLING BLIGHT AND LEAF SPOT OF FLAX CAUSED BY CONIOTHYRIUM OLIVACEUM BON.
Authors: Vanterpool T. C.
Published: April 2011

Coniothyrium olivaceum Bon. was found to be the cause of a seedling blight of flax in 1945 and 1946 in Saskatchewan. Twelve out of 32 seed samples of flax from the 1945 crop selected for their low germination were carrying an average of 8% seed-borne infections. Leaf-spot lesions were found during late August, 1946. The wide distribution of the fungus suggests that it has been present in the province for some time. Hitherto, it has been reported on flax from the Argentine only. A strain of the same organism was present as a trace in one sample of sweet clover seed. Pycnidia develop abundantly in culture. The spores measure 7.5–10 (11.5)μ × 4.2–7.5 μ, averaging 9.1 × 6.0 μ, which is somewhat larger than the average for the species, but yet within the range limits. The disease is favoured by high moisture and probably by cool temperatures. It is one of the minor diseases on flax.
THE RELATIVE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF DDT AND RELATED ORGANIC MOLECULES
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Morrison Frank O.
Published: April 2011

Impregnated filter paper, and coated glass substrata, as well as direct spraying techniques were employed to test the relative toxicity of several organic molecules related to DDT, as contact insecticides against adult Drosophila melanogaster. Anaesthetizing the flies for convenience of handling did not affect observed mortalities. In general both impregnated paper and coated glass (vial) techniques gave reproducible results. The former resulted in an unexplained drop in mortalities above a certain dosage level, the latter gave somewhat more uniform results. Direct spraying was superior when the chemical had a fumigant effect also.γ, 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane and the difluoro analogue of DDT, alone out of 18 chemicals tested, exceeded DDT in effectiveness. The γ isomer of 666 exhibited a strong fumigant but also a long residual effect while the difluoro analogue lost toxicity rapidly.Removal of one or both phenyl chlorine atoms from the DDT molecule, or alteration of their p-p positions, or their substitution by any radical other than F, interference with the trihalogen group of DDT, or the introduction of a double bond into the molecule, all seriously affected the insecticidal action of the DDT. Arranged from the most to the least toxic, the halogen analogues of DDT have the following order: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine.
THE PROVENTRICULAR REGION OF MACHILIS VARIABILIS SAY (THYSANURA: MACHILIDAE)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: April 2011

The structure of the proventricular region of the bristle-tail, Machilis variabilis Say, is described. Its structure is found to be intermediate in complexity between that of the simple, tubular fore-gut of the Collembola and that of the muscular proventriculus of the silver-fish, Lepisma.
THE VITAMIN A ACTIVITY AND CAROTENE CONTENT OF TOMATO JUICE
Authors: Pugsley L. I. , Wills G. , D'Aoust T.
Published: April 2011

The vitamin A activity was determined biologically and carotene content colorimetrically on 14 different commercial brands of tomato juice and on the juice prepared from eight different varieties of tomatoes. The vitamin A activity and the carotene content of the commercial brands were well within the range of the values obtained for the different varieties and a probable correlation was found between the vitamin A activity and the carotene content of the different varieties. The mean value for the vitamin A activity of the commercial brands was 11.6 I.U. per cc. (329 I.U. per ounce) showing that tomato juice may contribute significantly to the dietary vitamin A. The amount of lycopene-like compounds in tomato juice is considerably higher than the carotene compounds and was found to vary between different brands and different varieties. A substance was shown to be present in processed tomato juice that had the properties of α-tocopherol in biological assays for vitamin A activity.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE ANTIGENIC ACTIVITY OF MIXTURES OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TOXOID TYPES A AND B
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: April 2011

When Types A and B Clostridium botulinum toxoids were mixed the resultant divalent toxoid was found to have a very high protective potency against both Type A and Type B botulinus toxin. The resistance to Type A toxin induced in guinea-pigs and mice by the divalent toxoid mixture was only slightly less than that conferred by a similar volume of univalent Type A toxoid. Guinea-pigs given the divalent toxoid developed a comparable or slightly higher degree of immunity to Type B toxin than those injected with univalent Type B toxoid.Although no evidence of reciprocal protection had been observed between Type A and Type B toxoids, admixture with Type A toxoid appreciably increased the antigenicity of the Type B toxoid for mice. Mice immunized with the divalent, A + B, toxoid exhibited a higher level of resistance to Type B toxin than those given the same number of doses of Type B toxoid alone. No adjuvant effect was noted on mixing Type A or Type B botulinus toxoids with tetanus or diphtheria toxoids.
EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RATS TO TRAUMA
Authors: Toby C. Gwendoline , Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

The relation of dietary protein to susceptibility of the rat to trauma has been investigated. Protein levels of from 13 to 18% with a daily intake of 1 to 1.5 gm. appeared to give the greatest protection. Levels of casein, Amigen, and wheat germ protein as low as 8.4% were effective. Protection was afforded by diets too low in adequate protein to support growth, and by the incomplete protein gelatin. Tolerance to trauma on these diets was somewhat decreased if the vitamin B complex was omitted from the diets for two weeks. This was particularly evident at very high levels of protein intake. Body weight changes were unrelated to the tolerance of the rats to trauma. The complete absence of protein from the diet previous to trauma greatly increased the susceptibility of rats to shock. The time required to bring about either increased or decreased tolerance to trauma was much shorter in young than in adult animals. Although stock rats lost their normal tolerance, and resistant rats their acquired resistance to trauma when deprived of protein, it was possible to develop or maintain such resistance if trauma was administered at intervals during the time that the animals were maintained on the protein-free diet.
RATION BISCUITS: IV. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SHORTENING TYPE ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Lips H. J. , Crowson N. C. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Biscuits commercially prepared with shortenings of four types (compound animal–vegetable, blended vegetable, hydrogenated vegetable, and stabilized, hydrogenated vegetable) were coarsely ground and stored in sealed cans at 26.7°, 43.3°, and 60 °C. (80°, 110°, and 140 °F.). Deterioration was assessed by peroxide oxygen and pH determinations, and by flavour scores. The results obtained for biscuits stored at 60 °C. were not indicative of behaviour at the lower temperatures. Flavour score was the most useful estimate of biscuit keeping quality, especially at 26.7° and 43.3 °C. Peroxide development was appreciable only in biscuit material stored at 26.7 °C.Biscuits prepared with hydrogenated vegetable shortenings were generally more stable (average storage life: 84, 22, and 13 weeks at 26.7°, 43.3°, and 60 °C., respectively) than those prepared with animal–vegetable or blended vegetable shortenings. However, shortenings with Swift stabilities (110 °C.) greater than 40 hr. did not yield products of increased keeping quality.
HYGROSCOPIC EQUILIBRIA FOR HULLS AND KERNELS OF SUNFLOWERSEED AND OATS
Authors: Colvin R. , Craig B. M. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for adjusting a stream of air to definite relative humidities using saturated salt solutions and the application of this equipment to the determination of hygroscopic moisture in grains is described. Data are presented to show that under equilibrium conditions sunflower hulls have a higher moisture content than meats. For oats this condition is reversed. In the lower humidity ranges sunflower and oat hulls show similar moisture contents, which fall about 2% below the values for wheat, oat groats, flax, and sunflower meats computed to an oil-free basis. It is concluded that hygroscopic equilibria in grains are governed more by the structure of the grain and physical absorption phenomena than by the chemical components.
DRILL FOR DETERMINING THICKNESS OF ICE
Authors: Northwood T. D.
Published: April 2011

A device is described for quickly drilling through ice to determine its thickness. It consists of an electric heater mounted at the tip of a rod long enough to penetrate to the desired depth. The unit drills a half inch diameter hole at the rate of about two feet per minute. It operates from a 6 v storage battery and requires about the same power as an automobile starting motor.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME PSYCHROPHYLIC BACTERIA
Authors: Campbell J. J. R. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

The 10 cultures of bacteria described in this paper developed in an acid (pH 5.0) digest of casein, stored at 4 °C. Six of the 10 cultures were Proteus ichthyosmius, two Pseudomonas schuylkilliensis, one P. fluorescens, and one Lactobacillus leichmanii. The Proteus and Pseudomonas grow at 0 °C. and the Lactobacillus at 0° to 5 °C. With the exception of Pseudomonas there is no previous record of growth of these organisms at low temperatures.
A POSITIVE ION SOURCE
Authors: Bayly A. J. , Ward A. G.
Published: April 2011

Positive ions are formed in a low pressure electrodeless discharge which is excited by the radio-frequency field of a coil coupled to a 15 Mc. per sec. oscillator. The ions are extracted from the discharge through a pumping canal (2 mm. in diameter × 12 mm. in length) by a simple arrangement of electrodes. After further focusing and acceleration to 50 kv., the beam current at the target is 500 μa. and the focal spot is 6 mm. in diameter. Magnetic analysis has shown that the beam consists of 50% protons when using hydrogen in the discharge and 60% deuterons when using deuterium. Gas is supplied to the source at the rate of 15 cc. per hr.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE INDEX OF REFRACTION OF THIN TRANSPARENT FILMS
Authors: Stewart R. W.
Published: April 2011

The index of refraction of thin films deposited on an optical flat is obtained by comparison of the fringe system set up in the film with that in the air gap between the film and another optical flat. The use of the method is illustrated by application to films produced in high frequency discharge tubes. Films produced in Pyrex glass and quartz tubes are shown to be silica in the form of cristobalite. Films produced in polystyrene tubes prove to have an index of refraction that is very low and is a function of the thickness.
SENSITIVITY AND EXPOSURE GRAPHS FOR RADIUM RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Johns H. E. , Garrett C.
Published: April 2011

The radiography of steel by the use of the gamma rays from radium is discussed. The thickness of lead front screen which yields the maximum intensifying effect is determined and the action of the front screen discussed. Sensitivity curves are obtained using a slotted wedge steel penetrameter for a number of the commonly used types of X-ray film. It is shown that the thickness of the lead front screen which produces the maximum density on the film is not necessarily the most useful thickness for gamma radiography. The most useful thickness is determined from penetrameter sensitivity curves. The importance of these sensitivity curves for routine gamma ray testing is indicated.
THE FLOW OF GASES AND VAPORS THROUGH ADSORBING POROUS MEDIA
Authors: Tomlinson R. H. , Flood E. A.
Published: April 2011

The flow rates of gases and vapors through highly activated charcoal rods have been measured. The results obtained indicate that a new phenomenon has been discovered. While the flow rates of gases that are not highly adsorbed can be satisfactorily correlated by the Adzumi equation and other equations of similar mathematical form, it has been found that the strongly adsorbed vapors of diethyl ether and ethyl chloride pass through the charcoal rods at rates considerably m excess of those required by known equations. To explain the results it appears necessary to resort to mechanisms quite outside of those usually considered in the application of kinetic theory to problems associated with passage of gas through porous diaphragms. The simplest and most direct of such mechanisms involves mobility of the adsorbed material. It is particularly striking that the flow rate of diethyl ether through activated charcoal rods has been found to be greater than that of helium in pressure regions where relative rates of flow of gases through non-adsorbing porous diaphragms are dominated by inverse square root molecular weight ratios. The measurement of gaseous flow rates through porous media are rendered the more difficult where appreciable adsorption occurs. The experimental methods are described in detail, sources of error are discussed, and results presented for the gases helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, diethyl ether, and ethyl chloride.
KINETIC STUDIES ON METHYL-BIS-β-CHLOROETHYLAMINE: II. THE KINETICS OF THE ACTION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE ON THE PIPERAZINIUM DIMER
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Thompson A. L. , Hardwick T. J.
Published: April 2011

It has been shown analytically that for this reaction the formation of Cl− agrees with S2O3− disappearance. The approximate first order rate-controlling step is postulated to be dependent on an ionization mechanism. The rate expression calculated from initial rate constants is given approximately by k = 4.0 × 1015e−25,500/RT hr.−1.
THE PREPARATION OF BIS-NITROXYETHYLNITROÖXAMIDE
Authors: Stuart R. S. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

An economical method is described for preparation of the explosive bis-nitroxyethylnitroöxamide from oxalic acid and monoethanolamine. Yields over 80% of theoretical may be obtained from bis-hydroxyethyloxamide by either batch or continuous process. The crude product must be purified before use by acetone-water crystallization. The formation of this explosive is found to be inhibited by nitrosylsulphuric acid which limits the nitration to the bis-nitroxyethyloxamide stage. The complete reaction is thought to proceed via this intermediate by a nonreversible nitration and then to decompose reversibly, if allowed to proceed too long, to bis-hydroxyethylnitroöxamide. There is some evidence that the explosive is stabilized by its decomposition products. The use of this high explosive does not present the industrial health hazard caused by tetryl, with which it is comparable in power and brisance. Furthermore, it has the advantage over tetryl that it can be melted and poured. The solidified melt is unique among explosives because it is free from gross cavities.
STUDIES ON THE ELECTRO-OXIDATION OF TETRAVALENT URANIUM
Authors: Betts R. H.
Published: April 2011

The conversion of uranous ion to uranyl ion at a platinum anode has been studied over a wide range of current densities and anode potentials. At high current densities, the rate of the oxidation is dependent on the uranous ion concentration and is independent of the particular current density used. At low current densities, the rate of the process increases exponentially with increases in the anode potential and temperature, but is independent of the uranyl ion concentration. It is concluded that at high current densities, the rate of oxidation is limited by the rate of diffusion of uranous ion to the anode, while at low current densities, the rate of the reaction is limited by the slowness in electron transfer between the metallic ion and the anode. A formal correlation is made between the irreversible characteristics of this system and those displayed during the electrodeposition of hydrogen and oxygen from aqueous solution.