bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
College Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1948
Authors: Cleven Merril L.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 64° 51′.9 N., longitude 147° 49′.3 or 9h 51m.3 W. of Gr.)

April 22—A moderate magnetic storm began gradually at about 00h GMT, April 22, and continued until about 18h on the same day. The most severe part of the storm occurred during the sixth hour and the thirteenth hour when K‐indices of 6 were recorded.
Witteveen Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1948
Authors: van Lohuixen H. P. Th.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 52° 48′.8 N., longitude 6° 40′.1 or 0h 26m.7 E. of Gr.)

January 1–3—There was a period of magnetic activity with only temporarily moderate disturbances in the evening and late in the afternoon. One K‐index of 5 occurred in the last three‐hour period of January 1; between 18h and 21h GMT, January 2, a K‐index of 6 was noted. After 10h 45m, January 3, a moderate disturbance gradually increased, giving rise to one K‐index of 6 and one K‐index of 5, respectively, in the seventh and the sixth 3‐hour intervals. At about 21h, January 3, the disturbance had ended.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1948
Authors: Rao M. P.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)

April 6–7—A moderate storm began suddenly at 03h 58m GMT, April 6, with an increase of 32 gammas in H, a decrease of 7 gammas in Z, and an increase of westerly D by 0′.5. The elements were fairly steady till 16h 49m, when sudden changes in the elements were recorded: H increased by 26 gammas in four minutes, Z decreased by 6 gammas, and westerly D increased by 0′.6. Large‐amplitude oscillations were recorded in all the elements for about five hours after this. The storm ended at about 21h, April 7. Only two three‐hour K‐indices of 5 were obtained during the storm. Ranges: H, 155 gammas; Z, 54 gammas; D, 4′.4.
Some observations of magnetic inclination in China
Authors: Doberck W.
Published: February 2008

While engaged on a meteorological mission in China in 1883, I made some observations of the magnetic dip. The observations in Hong Kong were made in the public gardens, as the observatory was not yet built. The observation in Swatow on the 10th of October was made at the British Consulate; on the 3d of November, at the English Presbyterian Mission's Compound. The observations in Amoy were made in the garden attached to the residence of the Commissioner of Customs.
Magnetic work at the Kew Observatory, Richmond, Surrey
Authors: Chree Charles
Published: February 2008

The magnetic work at the Kew Observatory is of a two‐fold character. The Observatory serves as a station for obtaining absolute values of the magnetic elements and the continuous registration of their variation; it also undertakes the testing of magnetic instruments and the instruction of magnetic observers. The earliest form of magnetograph employed in the Observatory seems to have been on trial in 1851; it was devised by Sir Francis Ronalds, then Superintendent. The present magnetographs, modifications of the earlier pattern, were erected in 1857 by Mr. Welsh, Sir Francis Ronalds' successor.
Results of magnetic observations on the Greenland Expedition of 1896
Authors: Putnam G. R.
Published: February 2008

The accompanying table gives a summary of the magnetic observations made by the writer in connection with the Greenland Expedition, under the charge of Professor A. E. Burton, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This party was transported to and from its destination in Umanak Fiord, by Lieutenant R. E. Peary, in the steamer “Hope,” and opportunity was afforded to make magnetic observations at several stopping‐points, going and returning. The route and locations of stations are shown in the sketch. The instruments used were 32 provided by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and consisted of a magnetometer of the improved pattern of the Survey, a Kew dip circle, chronometers, etc.
“The non‐cyclic effect” und “Die Erdmagnetische Nachstörung”
Authors: van Bemmelen W.
Published: February 2008

Da ich meine, dass ein Referat nur wenig die Grenzen einer Inhaltsbesprechung überschreiten darf, will ich die Arbeit des Herrn Chree im Zusammenhang mit meinen Resultaten hier gesondert behandeln. Im Jahre 1895 erschienen unsere Schriften fast gleichzeitig und gänzlich unabhängig von einander. Da Herr Chree diese Sache weiter verfolgt und meine Arbeit nur mit einigen Zeilen oberflächlich berührt hat, Herr Ellis in seinem “Appendix” meine Untersuchungen nicht erwähnt, kommt mir eine nähere Besprechung in dieser Hinsicht nicht überflüssig vor.

Das Material des Herrn Chree leidet an dem Uebel, dass es nicht in steter Uebereinstimmung mit dem Forschungs‐Ziele und den‐Resultaten gewählt wurde, sondern dass es ein im Voraus gegebenes war. Wozu dienen denn die umständlichen Publicationen der magnetischen Observatorien, wenn man sich nur an die teilweise bearbeiteten Beobachtungen seines eigenen Observatoriums hält?
Account of a comparison of magnetic instruments at Kew Observatory
Authors: Chree C.
Published: February 2008

Last July, M. T. Moureaux, of the Pare Saint‐Maur Observatory, near Paris, brought over to England the traveling instruments employed in his magnetic survey of France, and a comparison was made between these and the standard magnetic instruments at Kew Observatory. At the expressed desire of the Kew Observatory Committee, I submit on their behalf a brief account of the comparison and its results.

The comparison serves to connect the standard instruments at Kew Observatory with the standard French instruments at Pare Saint‐Maur, the latter, as M. Moureaux has had the goodness to inform me, being in excellent agreement with his traveling instruments. Pare Saint‐Maur may be regarded as the base station for M. Moureaux's great survey of France and Algeria, while Kew Observatory performed a similar function in the surveys of Great Britain and Ireland, by Professor Rücker and Dr. Thorpe. The existence of the English Channel introduces uncertainty into any conclusions based on the trend of the magnetic lines in France and England, and the instruments employed in the two countries are sufficiently dissimilar to justify skepticism as to their close agreement in the absence of direct experiment. The interest of the comparison is thus far from being limited to the two observatories most immediately concerned.
The magnetic condition of the Earth expressed as a function of the time by V. Carlheim‐Gyllensköld
Authors: Schmidt Adolf
Published: February 2008

It is doubtless generally recognized that all attempts hitherto made to express the secular variation of the magnetic elements by means of formulas were in the nature of preparatory or preliminary investigations. The derived formulae, invariably referring to particular stations, were purely interpolation formulae, the apparently simple law revealed in general by the formulae being the only fact of material significance. L. A. Bauer's well‐known thesis, however, in which for the first time a law governing the secular variation over the greater portion of the earth was shown to hold true, marked an important step forward.

The natural method to be pursued in a theoretical investigation of the secular variation was clearly indicated in Gauss's analytical representation of the earth's magnetic potential. In this representation, the magnetic condition of the earth was expressed as a function of the geographical coordinates without making any assumptions whatsoever with regard to the distribution of the earth's magnetism (with the exception of the one, fully justified by the results obtained, that the earth's entire magnetic force could be referred to a potential of internal forces alone). This analytical representation then formed the simplest and surest basis for all further theoretical investigations. One step, however, remained—to express likewise the magnetic condition of the earth as a function of the time. The magnetic condition at any time being expressed in the only form suitable, that of solid spherical harmonic functions, the introduction of the time variable could only be accomplished with the aid of a similar series of terms, in which, however, the coefficients would be functions of the time.
International Magnetic Conference.—Opening Address
Authors: Rücker A. W.
Published: February 2008

The President of the Section of Mathematics and Physics has already expressed the pleasure with which British physicists welcome the distinguished band of visitors who have assembled to take part in the International Conference on Terrestrial Magnetism. None join in that welcome with more cordiality than those who are especially interested in the science with which the Conference will be occupied. To us it is a source both of gratification and pride that the International Committee, to whose action this meeting is due, should have allowed us to play the part of hosts to the eminent men from many lands who have responded to their call. Some, whom we would gladly have seen here, but who have been prevented from attending by various causes, have nevertheless shown the interest which they take in our proceedings by sending written communications.
On the relative advantages of long and short magnets
Authors: Mascart E.
Published: February 2008

On employait autrefois des barreaux longs et lourds, sans doute par l'idée que les forces agissantes étaient plus grandes et que les résultats devaient être plus sûrs. Les barreaux be Gauss pesaient quelquefois plusieurs livres. La boussole de Gambey pour la declination avait un aimant d'environ 50 cent, de longueur; celui de la boussole de variations était encore plus long et les aiguilles d'inclination n'avaient pas moins de 25 cent. Depuis plusieurs années on a beaucoup réduit les dimensions des barreaux; ce qui permit de rendre les instruments plus faciles à transporter, et je crois qu'au point de vue de la sensibilité on n'a fait qu'y gagner, comme pour le compas de Lord Kelvin.
Methods for equipment selection and benefit evaluation in inland waterway transportation
Authors: Howe Charles W.
Published: February 2008

The provision of navigable inland waterways has been an important part of the water resources development and conservation program of the United States. Two problems, one public and one private, arise in connection with such waterways: (1) the determination of optimal scale of waterway projects in terms of length, depth, and width; (2) the selection by private operators of the best equipment (boats, barges, and their configuration) to be used on particular water‐ways. This paper provides functional relationships that permit prior evaluation of the effects of waterway scale variables on ton‐mile costs of cargo transportation. The same relationships can be used to determine least‐cost tow configurations for a given waterway. Finally, substitution possibilities between towboat and barge inputs are investigated.
Measurement of gas in groundwater
Authors: Harder Alfred H. , Holden W. R.
Published: February 2008

Two methods are used to detect the presence of methane gas in water from wells in southwestern Louisiana. A commercially developed combustible gas indicator proved reliable when using proper collection and analytical techniques and mathematical formulas, provided no hydrocarbons other than methane are present. Data obtained from a gas‐entrapment device showed that methane is the only hydrocarbon occurring in these waters. Values obtained for the quantity of methane present utilizing both methods agree within 10%. To aid the better understanding of the use of these two methods and to demonstrate what physical constants are used, the equations utilized in calculating the amount of methane are derived.
Test of a transpiration inhibitor on a forested watershed
Authors: Waggoner P. E. , Hewlett J. D.
Published: February 2008

The glyceryl half‐ester of decenylsuccinic acid (GlOSA) closes tree stomata when sprayed directly upon the undersides of leaves. Regression analysis of streamflow from two small watersheds at Coweeta showed that a 12% reduction in transpiration might be detected as a significant increase in streamflow. Two sprays of 50 pounds of GlOSA in water applied to 30 acres of one watershed from a helicopter produced little deposit on the undersides of leaves and no clear evidence of stomatal closure. Observed increases in streamflow were statistically insignificant.
Solute erosion and chloride balance in selected river basins of the western conterminous United States
Authors: Van Denburgh A. S. , Feth J. H.
Published: February 2008

The estimated average rates of annual solute erosion in 11 important western river basins range from 180 tons per square mile (Willamette basin) to 4.2 tons per square mile (Gila basin). An average rate of 58 tons per square mile is indicated for the entire 545,000‐square‐mile area drained by the 11 rivers. The wide range in tonnage is the result of a complex of causes, among which differences in geology, gross climatic environments, and activities of man are the most important. Rates of solute erosion are highest in areas of abundant precipitation and runoff, in contrast to rates of suspended‐sediment removal, which are characteristically highest in basins subjected to only 10–15 inches of effective annual precipitation. Tonnages of chloride brought into the 11 river basins by rain and snow make up an equivalent of about 1.6 to about 17% of the chloride removed in runoff during an average year. The range of percentages reflects differences in the relative importance of oceanic and continental solute contributions.
Some conceptual problems of interpreting the value of water in humid regions
Authors: Olson Sherry Hessler
Published: February 2008

Procedures for calculating returns per acre‐foot of water were developed in western United States irrigation projects and have been applied to supplemental irrigation in the humid eastern areas. These procedures constitute an operational definition of a marginal product of water, but the definition rests on a different theoretical basis in the two cases and does not apply to intermediate conditions. No general notion of marginal revenue of water appears meaningful for manufacturing uses, which are largely nondepleting. Comparisons made between the value of water in farming and in industrial uses are of doubtful value, particularly if they are extended to the humid regions. A method is proposed here for estimating the ‘marginal value’ of water intake in manufacturing. The method is based on the cost of the internal economy of water in an industrial plant. It may be used to compare the relative productivity of water in depleting and nondepleting uses, or to compare the returns to industry with the costs of public development of a water supply. Some estimates of marginal value are derived from data supplied by the Bethlehem Steel Company plant at Sparrows Point, Maryland.
The prediction of piezometric groundwater levels in observation wells based on prior occurrences
Authors: Orsborn John F.
Published: February 2008

Many water‐table and artesian wells exhibit annual cyclic fluctuations in their water levels between a maximum level in the spring and a minimum level in the summer or fall. These maximums and minimums, as well as their differences, exhibit a normal probability distribution, and the annual minimum level that will occur following the annual maximum level can be predicted within selected confidence limits. It has been found that the correlation between annual maximum and minimum levels in a particular observation well can be applied to other observation wells in the same aquifer or to observation wells in other aquifers of similar physical characteristics and with annual piezometric declines of comparable magnitude. Historical records for both water‐table and artesian observation wells in California, Indiana, Washington, and Wisconsin have been investigated. An example of this method using selected Wisconsin wells and the results of this analysis are presented. (Key words: Forecasting; groundwater; hydrology; wells.)
Rainfall intensity comparisons from adjacent 6‐Hour and 24‐hour recording rain gages
Authors: Renard K. G. , Osborn H. B.
Published: February 2008

On the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed near Tombstone, Arizona, precipitation intensities at four locations were measured with adjacent recording rain gages having 6‐hour per revolution and 24‐hour per revolution time scales. Maximum intensities determined from the 6‐hour gage records were found to be significantly greater than intensities determined from the 24‐hour gage records for intervals up to 10 minutes. (Key words. Hydrology; precipitation.)
Graphical recorder for a pan evaporimeter
Authors: Richards L. A. , Stumpf H. T.
Published: February 2008

A graphical recorder for a pan evaporimeter has been developed. Water from a reservoir is pumped at a steady rate to the pan in which an overflow device maintains constant level, the overflow water being returned to the reservoir by gravity flow. The change in level of the water in the reservoir represents the difference between evaporation from the pan and precipitation. The record is made on a vertical cylindrical chart, the recording pen having direct coupling to a float in the reservoir. Recording amplification is determined by the pan‐to‐reservoir area ratio. In the present model, amplification values of 2 and 5 can be selected by a cock that controls a tubular by‐pass between concentric reservoirs. (Key words: Evaporation; instruments.)
Effect of tallow alcohol added to soil on the tension, flow, and evaporation of soil water
Authors: Kolp Don G. , Krause Frank P. , Lange Willy
Published: February 2008

Tallow alcohol (TA) affects the properties of water in soil by forming compressed monolayer films on the water‐filled pores of the soil. Besides directly effecting a small evaporation reduction, the films lower the soil‐water tension. This tension‐lowering leads to several other effects, including reduction of the flow rate of water through uniform soils and, in layered soils, lowering of the soil‐water concentration in the TA‐containing layer. The last effect, which leads to self‐mulching, accounts for most of the substantial evaporation reduction from soils with TA in the surface layer. This effect also aids the infiltration of water into such soils. The full effects of TA are realized only when it is solvent‐dispersed; with powdered TA only partial effects are obtained. Attention is directed to the possible effects on the soil‐fatty alcohol‐water system of soil micro‐organisms growing on fatty alcohol. (Key words: Evaporation; infiltration; soil moisture; water.)
Predictions on the solubility of gypsum in aqueous salt solutions
Authors: Tanji K. K. , Doneen L. D.
Published: February 2008

The solubility of gypsum in several aqueous salt solutions was predicted from theoretical considerations on the activity product constant of CaSO4, dissociation constants for [CaSO4] and [MgSO4] complexes, and corrections for interionic attraction. The calculations were facilitated by computer programming. Substantial agreements were obtained between calculated and measured values. (Key words: Computers, digital; geochemistry; quality of water)
The optimal allocation of stream dissolved oxygen
Authors: Liebman Jon C. , Lynn Walter R.
Published: February 2008

A dynamic programming model that minimizes the cost of providing waste treatment to meet specified dissolved oxygen concentration standards in a stream is developed. The model is solved for a simplified example based on data from the Willamette River. Implications of the model on policy formulation are discussed. (Key words: Computers, digital; economics; oxygen; quality of water)
Stratification of fresh and salt water on Barrier Islands as a result of differences in sediment permeability
Authors: Harris William H.
Published: February 2008

Theoretical values are not valid for the relation of fresh‐water head to the depth of the fresh‐water‐salt‐water interface beneath barrier islands when there is substantial motion of fresh groundwater and where the sedimentary deposits are not homogeneous or isotropic. Zones of fresh and salt water are stratified; fresh water occurs in zones of high permeability, whereas salty water occurs in zones of low permeability. Near Frisco, on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, the concentration of chloride in groundwater varies inversely with the relative permeability of the water‐bearing zones to a depth of about 140 feet. Permeable zones generally contain water with a chloride content of less than 100 ppm, whereas relatively impermeable zones contain water with a chloride content greater than 100 ppm. The position of the contact of fresh water with salt water depends on the permeability of the sediments at depth and is affected by differential flushing by fresh groundwater as a result of the retreat of the sea water originally saturating the entire stratification, rather than by fresh‐water head differences in the shallow aquifer system.
Note on the Paper ‘Explanation of paradoxes in Dupuit‐Forchheimer Seepage Theory,’ by Don Kirkham
Authors: Childs E. C. , Youngs E. G.
Published: February 2008

The title of this very interesting paper [Kirkham, 1967] provides a clue to what we believe to be a misconception that has led the author to his analysis, which is in itself impeccable.

It is the essential nature of an approximation that it assumes certain things that are not strictly true and that are known not to be true; otherwise it would not be an approximation but a rigorous treatment. If an admitted approximation, such as the Dupuit‐Forchheimer treatment, is then submitted to rigorous analysis as though no approximation had been made, then naturally some nonsensical results will emerge, as Muskat showed in the passage referred to by Professor Kirkham. To that extent every approximate treatment involves a paradox and is accepted as involving a paradox. If, and only if, the assumption is not too far from the truth, do the results calculated from it also prove to be sufficiently near the mark, and then, and only then, is the approximation useful.
Snow cover distribution as mapped from satellite photography
Authors: Barnes James C. , Bowley Clinton J.
Published: February 2008

Utilizing data from three winter seasons, snow cover distributions in the relatively flat terrain of the Missouri and Upper Mississippi River basins are mapped from satellite photography. Techniques are developed for identifying snow cover and for differentiating between snow and cloud. Comparisons between snow data observed by satellites and snow data conventionally acquired indicate that, in almost all cases, snow can be distinguished from cloud on the bases of current cloud reports, pattern continuity, landmark identification, and texture. Snow cover can be mapped from Tiros or Essa resolution photography with an accuracy of approximately ±20 miles, often providing a more detailed mapping than can be obtained from conventional station networks. Qualitative estimates of snow depth can also be obtained from satellite photography. In nonforested areas, reflectivity increases with snow depth, until an accumulation of about 4 to 6 inches is reached ; after that, the reflectivity remains unchanged. In forested areas, no discernible relationship between reflectivity and snow depth is observed.
The Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in a Stream with Time Varying Velocity
Authors: Di Toro Dominic M. , O'Connor Donald J.
Published: February 2008

The solutions of the equations that describe the distribution of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen deficit (DOD) in an idealized natural stream with a time varying velocity can be obtained intuitively from an extension of the well known solutions, which apply for a constant stream velocity. By introducing the concept of the release time, i.e., the time τ(χ, t) at which the particle of water being observed at point χ at time t was released at point χ = 0, the solution for the time varying flow and velocity follows. The formal solution can also be obtained using the LaPlace transform with respect to the space variable χ. An application of this analysis to the effect of a random component of velocity on the BOD and DOD distributions indicates that the standard deviations of the resulting BOD and DOD distributions are approximately equal to the coefficient of variation of the velocity times the BOD and DOD distributions calculated using the mean velocity.
Optimization Of Branching Multistage Systems: A Reply to a Comment by D. P. Loucks
Authors: Meier W. L. , Beightler C. S.
Published: February 2008

The authors wish to express their appreciation to Loucks [1968] for his constructive criticism of their recent paper [Meier and Beightler, 1967]. Loucks' comment correctly interprets the authors' enthusiasm for dynamic programming and its usefulness in water resource analysis. The authors believe that dynamic programming has an important role to play in the analysis of the large‐scale system planning problems occurring in the water resources area.
The Longitudinal Diffusion Coefficient in the Delaware River Estuary as Determined From a Steady‐State Model
Authors: Paulson Richard W.
Published: February 2008

An analytic solution of the one‐dimensional steady‐state diffusion equation for a conservative substance in an estuary of constant depth h in which the half‐width Y is related to the longitudinal distance x by the equation Y = αxμ may be found if the turbulentdiffusion coefficient Kx is given a general form Kx = KYϕ. Because the form of the diffusion coefficient allows 2 degrees of freedom in fitting the solution of the diffusion equation to data from a real estuary, it is possible to determine the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient as well as the effect, on the distribution of the conservative substance, of assuming a constant coefficient. Data from the reach of the Delaware estuary from Torresdale, Pennsylvania, to Reedy Island, Delaware, were used to test the solution, because fresh‐water inflow data are available for the reach, and its channel geometry satisfies the above requirement. This reach also contains five U. S. Geological Survey water‐quality monitors that provide salinity data to test the solution. Analysis of these data indicates that, for low fresh‐water inflow into the estuary, Kx is of the order of 100 meters squared per second and that for most operational purposes Kx may be assumed to be a constant.
A Proposed Mechanics for the Investigation of Surface Runoff From Small Watersheds: 1, Development
Authors: Merva George E. , Brazee Ross D. , Schwab Glenn O. , Curry R. Bruce
Published: February 2008

The difficulties of predicting runoff rates and volumes owing to the inadequacy of existing functional forms of the prediction equation and a lack of analytic definitions for the pertinent parameters related to the runoff process are discussed. An analogy is established between the path of water on the watershed surface and the phenomenon of Brownian motion. Probabilistic approaches are used to model a watershed surface and to obtain a stochastic surface impressed force, which acts upon a fluid particle and is found to be a statistically homogeneous function of position. Analogously to Brownian motion theory, a Langevin‐type equation containing the stochastic surface impressed force is postulated as a model for fluid particle motion on an impermeable watershed surface. The influence of surface roughness on the amount of energy available to induce and perpetuate fluid motion on a surface is considered by examining the rate of available energy degradation for a particle collection undergoing random motion induced by surface‐impressed forces.
Hydrodynamic Dispersion in a Saturated Homogeneous Porous Medium at Low Peclet Numbers and Nonhomogeneous Solution
Authors: Bachmat Yehuda
Published: February 2008

The coefficient of mechanical dispersion of a solute in a homogeneous porous medium saturated by a binary diluted solution is derived, taking into account nonuniform density and viscosity fields. It is shown that in the neighborhood of a vanishing macroscopic velocity, a nonuniform density field induces a macroscopic dispersion resulting from the variation of microscopic density gradients and from horizontal variations of the macroscopic density. Both together yield the macroscopic effect of density instability on solute redistribution phenomena in porous materials.
Simulation of Evaporation From Constant Source with Finite Areas
Authors: Shih Chau , Dracup John A.
Published: February 2008

Evaporation from finite areas with constant sources is determined by simulating the mass transfer equation. The equation of mass transfer in a turbulent atmosphere describes the movement of mass, water vapor, and momentum. The process of transferring water vapor by the evaporation phenomena from a constant source can be analyzed by the solution of this diffusion equation. A hybrid computer simulation method to solve the three‐dimensional nonuniform diffusion equation is described. The proposed technique can handle any geometric configuration of lakes and reservoirs. Using finite difference method, the partial differential equation is transformed into a set of algebraic equations. The analogy between these algebraic equations and the node equations of a passive resistance network plane makes the hybrid computer simulation technique applicable to solve problems of this type. A vertical plane, perpendicular to the direction of the wind, is simulated by a passive resistance network. The movement in the direction of the wind is discretized with resistances simulating the step size. The problem is solved by moving the vertical plane in the direction of the wind. Obtaining the solution using a simulation technique involves a repetitive process of observing voltages on the simulation network. The entire process is performed in the hybrid computer system using the digital computer as the control. This then is a general method available to analyze the evaporation phenomena using a mathematical solution of the diffusion equation.
Optimization Methods for Branching Multistage Water Resource Systems—A Reply to a Comment by E. F. Brater
Authors: Meier W. L. , Beightler C. S.
Published: February 2008

We appreciate the interest shown in our paper [Meier and Beightler, 1967] by Brater in his comment. Brater raises two significant and valid points concerning the paper. First and foremost, there is a numerical error in the authors' paper, as indicated in a previous reply [Meier and Beightler, 1968]. The correct values of d1 and d2 in Equation 16 of the authors' paper should be 7.11 and 2.11, respectively. Furthermore, the total maximum return is slightly greater than 355. These are typographical errors and were not occasioned through the use of the particular optimization method employed.
Aerodynamic and surface factors in evaporation
Authors: Szeicz G. , Endrödi Gabriella , Tajchman S.
Published: February 2008

Measurements of Zo and other aerodynamic qualities of three crops in Germany (pine forest, lucerne, potatoes) are combined with British records and with those of Tanner and Pelton, permitting the following generalizations. For pliable agricultural crops the roughness length decreases with increasing wind speed (to ½ for 1 to 3 m sec−1), and in this range, Zo ≅ crop height/10. Calculations of eddy conductivity (1/ra) give values 3 times that of open water for the farm crops, and 30 times that of open water for the trees. From measured components of the energy balance the surface resistances of the crops are calculated using Monteith's empirical relation. Values of rs for the trees‐between 1.0 and 1.5 sec cm−1‐ are always 2 to 4 times as great as for the farm crops, indicating very effective stomatal control of transpiration by pine leaves. Including the two specific crop parameters in Penman's combination formula gives estimates of evaporation for open water, pine forest, potatoes, and lucerne that agree within 5–15% with measurements in southern England and in California.
Finite difference approximations to the equations of ground‐water flow
Authors: Bredehoeft John D.
Published: February 2008

Stallman [1956] proposed that numerical methods could be used to compute the transmissibility distribution in a heterogeneous but isotropic aquifer from potential data. This idea was further explored by Sammel [1964] in work in which he attempted to apply Stallman's methods to electric analog models. Sammel tried to compute independently the known resistances of the model from observations of the potential distribution. His results were disappointing at best; he was not successful in reconstructing the resistance distribution.
Addendum to ‘Base‐Floto Recessions—A Review’
Authors:   AGU
Published: February 2008

In the paper [Hall, 1968] I made the statement that ‘The Boussinesq equation is nonlinear and difficult to solve exactly.’ Dr. S. Irmay (personal communication) has recently presented a number of exact solutions in one published work [Bear et al., 1968] and in the Proceedings of the Wageningen 1966 Symposium, which should soon be available. Other solutions may be found in works by Aravin and Humeroy [1965] and Ernst [1962]. Also, I did not see an interesting paper on base flow by Isihara and Takagi [1965] until after the paper was submitted. Finally a reference to a paper in abstract form only by Singh [1968] should be updated.
Hydrostatics and hydrodynamics in swelling soils
Authors: Philip J. R.
Published: February 2008

The generalization to swelling soils of the mathematical theory of water movement in unsaturated soils involves the following extensions to the classic analysis: (1) recognition that Darcy's law applies relative to the soil particles, (2) inclusion of the void ratio function in the characterization of the soil, and (3) reconsideration of hydrostatics in swelling media. For swelling soils the total potential includes an additional component, the overburden potential Ω. Evaluation of Ω leads to the condition for equilibrium in the vertical, which is a first order linear differential equation with singular coefficients. Three types of equilibrium profile follow: hydric profiles with moisture gradient d∂/dz < 0, pycnotatic profiles with d∂/dz = 0, and xeric profiles with d∂/dz > 0. Other phenomena in swelling soils treated include steady vertical flows and unsteady horizontal and vertical flows. Classic concepts of ground‐water hydrology, tacitly based on the behavior of nonswelling media, fail completely for swelling soils. The approach also provides a theory of consolidation which includes the influences of (1) soil particle movement, (2) unsaturation, and (3) self‐weight.
Confidence limits determined using order statistics
Authors: Gladwell John S. , Lin Cheng‐Nan
Published: February 2008

Based upon the known theoretic distribution of ordered data for any continuous probability distribution, a graphic procedure for setting confidence limits can be used. Such a procedure requires foreknowledge or an assumption of the population parameters. Although the procedure does not define confidence limits beyond the maximum return period of the series, a reasonable extrapolation based upon families of curves of various lengths n indicates a rapid deterioration of confidence in any extensions of the cumulative probability curve.
Seasonal variation in rain gage catch
Authors: McGuinness J. L. , Vaughan Grant W.
Published: February 2008

In northern Ohio 8‐inch standard rain gages consistently caught more precipitation in summer and less in winter than adjacent digital punch gages although average annual totals were almost identical. A similar seasonal pattern was found in a comparison of precipitation catch by weighing lysimeters and adjacent weighing type recording rain gages in Ohio and in a comparison of standard and recording rain gage catch in Nebraska. Some reasons for the differences in their implications are discussed.
Relative Importance of Variables in Water Resources Planning
Authors: James I. C. , Bower B. T. , Matalas N. C.
Published: February 2008

Four variables involved in the water resources planning decision characterized by hydrology, modeling of dissolved oxygen behavior in an estuary, projection of economic development, and water quality objective, were tested for sensitivity in the evaluation of a water resources system's performance. The results were obtained assuming a 25% range in economic projection, 1 mg/1 range in the dissolved oxygen objective, two separately developed models of estuarial dissolved oxygen behavior, and 50‐ and 10‐year sequences of hydrologic data. The results of simulations of system operation with the different values of the planning variables were subjected to a four‐way analysis of variance to partition the variance attributable to each planning variable. For the system under consideration, the relative importance of the variables in descending order is: (1) economic development projection, (2) water quality objective, (3) dissolved oxygen modeling, and (4) hydrology.
Water Recreation, Demand, and Supply
Authors: Seneca Joseph J.
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses the problems involved in identifying valid demand and supply parameters estimated from sample data on recreation. It is argued that an analysis of cross section data permits the quantification of the effects of demand variables. Cross section results can then be pooled with recreation time series to enable the valid estimation of supply parameters. These supply parameters can be used to improve decisions regarding the expansion and development of recreation sites. More refined projections of rates of use can be derived for use as benefit measures in cost‐benefit analysis. An example of the pooling technique is presented using demand equations estimated from the National Recreation Surveys and a time series of visitation data at the Tennessee Valley lakes. The results tend to confirm the superiority of the method proposed, particularly in comparison with an analysis using only time series data.
An Error Function Description of the Vertical Suspended Sediment Distribution
Authors: Willis Joe C.
Published: February 2008

A new model for the vertical distribution of suspended sediment, which has the form of an error or Gaussian distribution function, agrees with the classical model in the central flow region and has a major advantage in that its integral over the flow depth converges to a consistent estimate of the measured average sediment concentration. The average concentrations predicted by the model compare favorably with concentrations derived from sediment load measurements in both the laboratory and the field. The theoretical diffusion coefficient distributions associated with classical and error function models are also similar.
Comparison of Smart and Scheidegger Stream Length Models
Authors: Smart J. S.
Published: February 2008

The Smart and Scheidegger stream length models are compared and shown to have similar concepts. Discrepancies in the general conclusions reached by the two authors arise from different methods of developing the models and of making comparisons with observation. The results of my analysis of Scheidegger's procedures and the results of tests designed to avoid some of the difficulties encountered there fail to lend any support to the suggestion that interior link lengths increase with stream order.
Tracer aids interpretation of pumping test
Authors: De Laguna Wallace
Published: February 2008

The nuclear research center at Mol, Belgium, is underlain by clean quartz sand to a depth of about 30 meters. An accident at one of the nuclear facilities, which could contaminate the ground water, would entail serious consequences, since the movement of radioactive contaminants through the ground would be retarded or reduced only slightly by adsorption. Test drilling showed that the water table aquifer is composed of two sand formations, the upper Mol sand being somewhat coarser grained and therefore probably more permeable than the underlying Casterle sand. The lower part of the Mol sand contains a number of thin clay layers which make a partial hydrologic barrier between the two formations, dividing the water table aquifer into two parts. A test well was installed, screened through the full thickness of both sands, and test pumped. Drawdowns were measured in observation wells screened both in the Mol sand and in the Casterle sand. A tracer was added to four of the observation wells in turn, and the arrival of the tracer was measured in the pumped well. The average travel times in the Mol and Casterle sand were used to determine the amount of water being produced from each by the pumping, and these data, with the observed drawdowns, were used to calculate the transmissibility, the permeability, and the storage coefficient of each of the two formations. Using these parameters, the designs of several well systems for pumping contaminated ground water out of the aquifers are discussed. Pumping out, or scavenging, the contaminated ground water and decontaminating it appears to be a practical method of resolving some of the problems that would be raised by a nuclear accident in the Mol area.
An analysis of throughfall and stemflow in mixed oak stands
Authors: Brown James H. , Barker Albert C.
Published: February 2008

Net rainfall was studied under immature stands of mixed oak in southern New England. Throughfall did not differ significantly between stands. Stemflow was measured from all trees on one‐fortieth‐acre plots. Although yields varied greatly between plots, plot sampling of stemflow within 15% error tolerance was considered practical in most mixed oak stands. Both average dbh of dominant and codominant trees on stemflow plots and plot basal area showed high positive correlations with stemflow. Analysis of individual stems showed species and dbh highly correlated with stemflow. Black oaks yielded more stemflow than white oaks. The only storm characteristic significantly correlated with stemflow was storm size. Stemflow was greater during the dormant season.
A Mean Value Theorem in Pore Pressure Evaluation by the Method of Images
Authors: Ransford G. D.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that mean pore pressure measured transversally through a rectangular domain in which groundwater flow is taking place from front to rear, the side boundaries being themselves streamlines, varies linearly from one sink (or source) to another provided such sinks or sources are located on the centerline of the domain, midway between the side faces. The computation of the mean pore pressure at any section is easily done. The specific application is to uplift evaluation in concrete dams, but the theorem applies to any problem governed by the Laplace theorem.
Effects of Rainfall on Settling Velocity of Suspended Sediment in Quiescent Water
Authors: Bhuiyan S. I. , Hiler E. A. , Smerdon E. T.
Published: February 2008

Concentrations of kaolin and bentonite clay suspensions with respect to time were determined in quiescent water by a transmissometer both with and without rainfall impinging on the surface. Results indicated that rainfall caused significant increase in the settling velocity of sediments in quiescent water. The increase in the settling velocity was more for kaolin particles than for bentonite. Comparative results of the turbulent intensity at four depths caused by rainfall on the quiescent water surface are presented.
Monthly Mean Surface Temperatures for Lake Ontario as Determined by Aerial Survey
Authors: Webb Michael S.
Published: February 2008

For calculations of evaporation losses by mass transfer techniques, and for many other research and operational applications, it is necessary to know the mean patterns of surface water temperature. The work of Millar [1952] has been widely used whenever such information is required for the Great Lakes. This paper presents preliminary patterns of monthly mean surface water temperatures for Lake Ontario based on 36 airborne radiation thermometer surveys over a three‐year period. Temperature values at each of the 89 points in a grid have been plotted against calendar date, and an annual temperature curve has been produced for each point. Values for the middle of each month have been determined by interpolation, and used to produce a pattern for each month. The patterns are briefly compared with Millar's. Over the next few years as the airborne radiation thermometer (ART) surveys continue to add to the data bank, it is planned to update these analyses. Therefore these monthly values must be considered tentative at this time.
Electrolytic Model Study for Collector Wells under River Beds
Authors: Debrine Bruce E.
Published: February 2008

Analytical solutions of flow to collector wells are based on the assumption of uniform flux distribution along the laterals. Although theoretically the head, and not the flux, should be uniform, these solutions have been claimed closely to approximate the drawdown in the collector well. To test the validity of this claim, the flow to a well with a single lateral, located under a river bed and along which the head is maintained uniform, is reproduced by an electrolytic model. The results of this model study agree rather well with the solutions of Hantush and Papadopulos, the relative deviation being about 2.2%. It is concluded that these solutions adequately describe the drawdown in a collector well. The study further suggests that the flow to a collector well can be treated, using the assumption of either uniform flux or uniform head along the laterals.
Some Observations on Springs in Southwest Wisconsin
Authors: De Geoffroy J. , Wu S. M. , Heins R. W.
Published: February 2008

The present study follows two papers [De Geoffroy et al., 1967, 1968] that describe a spring sampling technique used for the geochemical coverage of a large area of southwest Wisconsin to detect zinc ore bodies. During the course of the geochemical survey, it became apparent that valuable hydrologie data could be collected simultaneously for a small additional cost.

Little information on springs is available in the literature for Wisconsin and most parts of the United States, with the exception of the southwest portion of the country [Feth, 1953; Feth et al, 1964; Waring, 1915]. It is hoped that the present survey of springs can be a useful addition to the study of ground water in southwest Wisconsin. Samples from 7210 springs were collected within an area of 900 square miles (Figure 1) during four field seasons. The systematic procedure covering the field work has been detailed previously [De Geoffroy et al., 1967].
An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis
Authors: Beard Leo R. , Willey R. G.
Published: February 2008

Several mathematical models for analyzing reservoir temperature stratification have recently been developed. In general, these involve examination of hourly temperature changes. Their use in practical applications is limited because of the large amounts of observational data required. There is an increasing use of reservoir storage for bridging drought periods of several years which requires examination of many combinations of reservoir storage levels and seasonal inflow patterns. Consequently, it is not possible to select a few representative years for analysis, and ordinarily 30 or more years of data are required. It is practical to do this only if a long computation interval, such as one month, can be used. Much of the observational data needed in existing models is ordinarily not available. A practical model must use generalized data such as average air temperature and average radiation. A generalized model must be capable of making releases through specific outlets or automatically selecting the outlets that will maintain outflow temperatures within a desired range as long as possible and leave the temperature of the remaining stored water at an optimum value. A computer program has been developed that conforms to the above requirements and automatically calibrates the model.