bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small mammal populations in relation to hedgerow structure in an arable landscape
Authors: Kotzageorgis G. C. , Mason C. F.
Published: September 2010

The population ecology of small mammals in hedgerows in arable farmland in eastern England is described. Features of hedgerows of importance to individual species are examined. Some 97% of the total 3042 mammals captured were wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, yellow‐necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis, bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus and common shrew Sorex araneus. Small numbers of harvest mice Micromys minutus, field voles Microtus agrestis, pygmy shrews Sorex minutus and water shrews Neomys fodiens were also caught. Wood mouse, the most numerous species, showed a typical pattern of large numbers in autumn and winter, followed by a simultaneous decline over all hedges in early spring. Population changes were less clear in yellow‐necked mouse and bank vole but the yellow‐necked mouse was more scarce in the second year of study. Common shrews were most numerous in summer and declined rapidly in autumn. Hedgerow coppicing had a marked effect on yellow‐necked mouse numbers but not on wood mouse. In an extensive survey of mammal numbers in relation to hedgerow features, ground cover was found to be the single largest factor influencing size of bank vole populations. Hedgerow condition (lack of gaps) was important to yellow‐necked mice, which thrived only in well‐established hedgerows. Wood mice appeared little influenced by the characteristics of the hedge. Common shrews were more abundant in hedgerows with adjacent permanent water.
Breeding biology of the fossorial rodent Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Octodontidae)
Authors: Malizia Ana I. , Busch Cristina
Published: September 2010

The paper describes the breeding biology of the South American herbivorous fossorial rodent Ctenomys talarum (tuco‐tuco), covering the following aspects: length of breeding season, prenatal mortality, mean litter size and its correlates, sex ratio and its density‐dependence, and late sexual maturity of both sexes. These parameters are compared and contrasted with those of other conspecifics and other subterranean rodents.
Ranging behaviour, spatial organization and activity of the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) on Buton Island, Sulawesi
Authors: Jennings A. P. , Seymour A. S. , Dunstone N.
Published: September 2010

To compare the morphometrics and ranging behaviour of the Malay civet Viverra tangalunga on Sulawesi with published data on Malay civets on Borneo, a trapping and a radio‐telemetry study was carried out in the Kakenauwe and Lambasango Forest Reserves on Buton Island, Sulawesi. From June to September in 2001, 2002 and 2003, we obtained morphometric measurements from 32 Malay civets captured in box traps. Ten civets were radio‐collared and home‐range size, minimum daily distance travelled and diel activity patterns were estimated. The mean overall capture rate was one capture per 32 trap‐nights. Trap capture rate varied between study sites, but there was no difference in trappability between sexes. Adult male civets were heavier, had larger neck circumferences and longer hind feet than adult females. Both sexes on Buton Island were found to have significantly smaller body sizes than their counterparts on Borneo. The mean home‐range size for adult civets was 70 ha, with a mean overlap of 4.0% between ranges. The home ranges of female civets on Buton were smaller than those in logged forests on Borneo. Malay civets were most active at night from 18:00 to 07:00 h, during which the mean activity was 94%. There was no difference in the minimum distance travelled by both sexes during a 24 h period. All rest sites were situated at ground level and were associated with dense cover.
The Azolla–Anabaena symbiosis: endophyte continuity in the Azolla life‐cycle is facilitated by epidermal trichomes †
Authors: PETERS G. A. , PERKINS S. K.
Published: September 2010

Light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy were used to document events tending to the re‐establishment of the Azolla mexicana–Anabaena azollae symbiosis during sexual reproduction. In mature megasporocarps. Anabaena akinetes occupy the space between the indusium and apical membrane, termed the inoculation chamber. Formation of the megagametophyte within the megaspore apparatus extends the floats but does not trigger akinete germination. The tatter is contingent upon embryogenesis. The embryo develops a cotyledonary leaf primordium bearing epidermal trichomes while within the archegonial chamber. Incipient akinete germination is discernible before the cotyledonary leaf with its four seriate trichomes, the cells of which exhibit TCU (transfer cull ultrastructure), and the shoot apex penetrate the apical membrane to enter the inoculation Chamber. Rapid development of the vase‐like cotyledonary leaf maintains and fosters the initial association of the Anabaena population, which includes akinetes, germinating akinetes and germlings, with the cotyledonary hairs and the shoot apex. It engulfs the Anabaena in the inoculation chamber as it surrounds the four trichomes and the shoot apes with its developing true leaves. The latter soon arch over the apes to further confine the Anabaena. The first four or five true leaves are unlobed. The first differentiates two multibranched epidermal trichomes while each of the others differentiate one. The cells of these distinctive trichomes exhibit TCU. They occur in a cavity‐like structure which forms in the unlobed leaves and are associated with Anabaena cells which appear to be degenerating. Oilier Anabaena cells entrapped in the region of the apical meristem yield vegetative filaments which provide the inoculum for the developing cavities of the normal, bilobed leaves. The possibility that akinete germination is initially triggered by diffusion of embryo‐produced oxygen and water vapour into the inoculation chamber is discussed as is the possibility that those Anabaena cells entrapped in the unlobed leaves arc cannabalized by the fern.
Freeze‐fracturing for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme and –Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas *
Authors: SCHEIDEGGER CHRISTOPH , BRUNNER IVANO
Published: September 2010

Rapidly frozen ectomycorrhizal roots were freeze‐fractured under high vacuum in a dedicated cryo‐preparation unit and investigated in the frozen, partially freeze‐dried, or fully hydrated state. Tangential, radial and occasional transverse surface views of Hartig net were obtained after freeze‐fracturing. Protoplasmic and exoplasmic fracture faces of the fungal plasmalemma und occasional fractures between the fungal cell wall and the extracellular matrix were seen. Primary pit‐fields with plasmodesmata occurred in non‐ectomycorrhizal parts of the root as well as in small gaps of Hartig net. Septa with dolipores were observed in the finger‐like complexes of the Hartig net.
Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress: II. Recent photosynthate distribution and growth
Authors: TOMLINSON PATRICIA T. , ANDERSON PAUL D.
Published: September 2010

Northern red oak in the western Lake States area of the USA exists on the most xeric edge of its distribution range. Future climate‐change scenarios for this area predict decreased water availability along with increased atmospheric CO2. We examined recent photosynthate distribution and growth in seedlings as a function of CO2 mole fraction (400, 530 and 700 μmol mol−1 CO2), water regime (well watered and water‐stressed), and ontogenic stage. Water stress effects on growth were largely offset by elevated CO2.

Water stress increased root mass ratio without concurrently increasing allocation of recent photosynthate to the roots. However, apparent sink strength of water‐stressed seedlings at the completion of the third growth stage tended to be greater than that of well watered seedlings, as shown by continued high export, which may contribute carbon reserves to support preferential root growth under water‐stressed conditions.

Elevated CO2 decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with the rapid expansion of the third flush. Carbon resources for the observed enhanced growth under elevated CO2 could be provided by enhanced photosynthetic rate over an increased leaf area (Anderson & Tomlinson, 1998, this volume).

Increased sink strength of LG seedlings under water‐stressed conditions, together with decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with growth in elevated CO2 provide mechanisms for offsetting water stress effects by growth in elevated CO2.

Careful control of ontogeny was necessary to discern these changes and provides further evidence of the need for such careful control in mechanistic studies.
Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress: I. Carbon assimilation and biomass production
Authors: ANDERSON PAUL D. , TOMLINSON PATRICIA T.
Published: September 2010

The interactive influences of elevated carbon dioxide, water stress, and ontogeny on carbon assimilation and biomass production were investigated in northern red oak, a species having episodic shoot growth characteristics. Seedlings were grown from acorns through three shoot‐growth flushes (8–11 wk) in controlled‐environment chambers at 400, 530 or 700 μmol mol−1 CO2 and under well watered or water‐stressed soil‐moisture regimes. Increasing CO2 growth concentration from 400 to 700 μmol mol−1 resulted in a 34% increase in net assimilation rate (A), a 31% decrease in stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) and a 141% increase in water use efficiency (WUE) in well watered seedlings. In contrast, water‐stressed seedlings grown at 700 μmol mol−1 CO2 demonstrated a 69% increase in A, a 23% decrease in gs, and a 104% increase in WUE. However, physiological responses to increased CO2 and water stress were strongly modified by ontogeny. During active third‐flush shoot growth, A in first‐flush and second‐flush foliage of water‐stressed seedlings increased relative to the quiescent phase following cessation of second‐flush growth by an average of 115%; gs increased by an average of 74%. In contrast, neither A nor gs in comparable foliage of well watered seedlings changed in response to active third‐flush growth. Whereas seedling growth was continuous through three flushes in well watered seedlings, growth of water‐stressed seedlings was minimal following the leaf‐expansion stage of the third flush. Through three growth flushes total seedling biomass and biomass allocation to root, shoot and foliage components were very similar in water‐stressed seedlings grown at 700 μmol mol CO2 and well watered seedlings grown at 400 μmol mol−1 CO2. Enhancement effects of elevated CO2 on seedling carbon (C) assimilation and biomass production may offset the negative impact of moderate water stress and are likely to be determined by ontogeny and stress impacts on carbon sink demand.
Consumer satisfaction with a mass customized Internet apparel shopping site
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Hwa , Damhorst Mary L. , Campbell J.R. , Loker Suzanne , Parsons Jean L.
Published: September 2010

The present empirically examined customer satisfaction with Internet sites that vary in the opportunity for mass customization. The expectation–disconfirmation model was used as a theatrical framework of the study. Two children's apparel sites were developed as the stimuli: one with a mid level of interactivity and the other with a high level of interactivity, for selection of clothing design options. The data from 208 respondents were analyzed using LISREL 8.72. The finding indicates that both consumers' expectations and perceived performances for the mass customized sites included positive and negative aspects. The results suggest that expectations were not a significant predictor of satisfaction for this innovative shopping experience yet satisfaction was primarily driven by the performance of the site and predicted by disconfirmation of expectations. The findings also suggest that expectations are not related to performance perceptions, possibly due to consumers' lack of familiarity with mass customization. The more interactive site yielded the more positive performance as well as overall positive satisfaction. Nevertheless, the less interactive site, which offers fewer choices than more interactive site, yielded more positive behavioural consequences. The generalization of the results of this study is limited because of lack of random sampling and use of the mock site of children's apparel product category. However, useful theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Recent advances in milk clotting enzymes
Authors: JACOB MANDY , JAROS DORIS , ROHM HARALD
Published: September 2010

Coagulating enzymes are an absolute necessity for the production of ripened cheese varieties. The objective of this review is to summarise and interpret the latest findings for the most important types of enzymes, which are animal rennet, genetically engineered chymosin, coagulants of microbial origin, and plant‐derived clotting enzymes. Special emphasis has been placed on aspects of enzyme chemistry and technology, selected methods for the analysis of coagulants, and the impact of the enzymes on proteolysis, cheese yield and cheese quality.
Results of the Combined Treatment with Piroxicam and Carboplatin in Canine Oral Non‐Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: De Vos J. P. , Burm A. G. D. , Focker B. P. , Boschloo H. , Karsijns M.
Published: September 2010

Introduction:  Over‐expression of COX‐2 has been observed in several human and animal malignancies and is implicated in carcinogenesis through the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE‐2. Use of platinum‐containing cytostatic agents and/or (non‐)specific COX‐2 inhibitors, has been reported as a treatment option for canine oral non‐tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas (ONT‐SCC). However, no study describes the effect of a combination of carboplatin and piroxicam on this tumor type.

Methods:  7 dogs with a T3 (WHO‐TNM) ONT‐SCC were treated with piroxicam and carboplatin. Five had bone involvement and no detectable metastasis. Two dogs without bone involvement had metastasis in the regional lymph nodes. Piroxicam was given orally 0.3 mg/kg s.i.d. Each dog was scheduled to receive between 6 and 12 carboplatin infusions (300 mg/m2 i.v.) at 3 week intervals. Ondansetron and metoclopramide were used as anti‐emetic agents. The dogs are planned to receive piroxicam on a lifelong basis.

Results:  Complete response (CR) without adjuvant surgery was achieved in 4 of the 7 dogs. Two dogs needed adjuvant surgery to achieve CR. One dog had progressive disease and was euthanised 231 days after start of therapy. All the others were still alive and in CR at date of analysis. Median follow‐up was 335 days (107–689 days).

Conclusions:  Our study suggests that a combination of piroxicam and carboplatin is a useful treatment option for canine ONT‐SCC. All dogs tolerated therapy well and the 57% response rate for reaching a complete and durable remission without adjuvant surgery is promising.
The murder of Buondelmonte: contesting place in early fourteenth‐century Florentine chronicles
Authors: Gordon N. P. J.
Published: September 2010

In 1215 a young nobleman was murdered in a vendetta at the foot of the Ponte Vecchio. The tale captured the Florentine imagination and the place of his death was immortalised. In the first half of the fourteenth century, however, the tale undergoes a number of subtle changes in the chronicles of Pseudo‐Latini, Dino Compagni, and Giovanni Villani. These changes altered the meanings of the story and, consequently, affected the values tied to the place where the story was set. In this respect, each version can be read as an attempt to attack or legitimize a civic identity associated with Buondelmonte and the entry to the old city where he was murdered.
A Note on the Economic Significance of Dwellings on Farms
Authors: Gasson Ruth
Published: September 2010

Using information from the Farm Business Survey for England and Wales, the paper explores the economic contribution of farm dwellings to the farm business in 1983 and 1993. Despite the stagnant property market and increasing farm incomes in the early 1990s, rent revenues rose as a proportion of net farm incomes. Including a low imputed rental value for farmhouses in farm income calculations may mean that incomes are being understated. Returns from letting property and a low imputed rent for the farmhouse help to stabilise farm incomes.
A Framework for Evaluating Non‐Tariff Barriers to Trade Related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulation
Authors: Hooker Neal H. , Caswell Julie A.
Published: September 2010

Under recent trade agreements, a two part science and policy test is used to evaluate whether a country's sanitary or phytosanitary regulatory regimes constitute illegitimate non‐tariff barriers to trade. We present a framework for operationalising this test, focusing on how the SPS regime affects trade flows through differences in compliance costs, which in turn depend on the level of regulatory rapprochement between trading partners.
Go climb a mountain: an application of recreation demand modelling to rock climbing in Scotland
Authors: Hanley Nick , Koop Gary , Álvarez‐Farizo Begoña , Wright Robert E. , Nevin Ceara
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we apply random utility modelling techniques to rock‐climbing in Scotland. Attributes relevant to choices over rock‐climbing sites were identified from focus groups with climbers, along with a categorisation of principal climbing areas. A survey of climbers yielded 267 responses, which were then used as the basis for modelling. We compare a standard multi‐nominal logit model with a random parameters approach, and look at seasonal differences in behaviour, and at the implications of different treatments of travel time. The random utility models showed that most of the attributes selected were significant determinants of choice. Welfare estimates of changes in site attributes are presented, which are relevant to policy choices currently facing land managers.
Food Scares and Trust: A European Study
Authors: Mazzocchi Mario , Lobb Alexandra , Bruce Traill W. , Cavicchi Alessio
Published: September 2010

The complex interactions between the determinants of food purchase under risk are explored using the SPARTA model, based on the theory of planned behaviour, and estimated through a combination of multivariate statistical techniques. The application investigates chicken consumption choices in two scenarios: (a) a ‘standard’ purchasing situation; and (b) following a hypothetical Salmonella scare. The data are from a nationally representative survey of 2,725 respondents from five European countries: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Results show that the effects and interactions of behavioural determinants vary significantly within Europe. Only in the case of a food scare do risk perceptions and trust come into play. The policy priority should be on building and maintaining trust in food and health authorities and research institutions, while food chain actors could mitigate the consequences of a food scare through public trust. No relationship is found between socio‐demographic variables and consumer trust in food safety information.
Clinical study on five cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura complicating pregnancy
Authors: HE Yang , CHEN Youguo , ZHAO Yiming , ZHANG Yuemin , YANG Weiwen
Published: September 2010

Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of ADAMTS13 analysis in the early recognition and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in pregnant women.

Methods:  Five cases of TTP were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory findings, von Willebrand factor (vWF)‐cleaving metalloprotease (ADAMTS13) activity and maternal and neonatal outcome were recorded and analysed.

Results:  Five cases were all nulliparous. ADAMTS13 assay was performed and the enzyme activity was less than 5% of the normal controls in three cases. Gene mutation in the 9th exon resulting in amino acid exchange 349Arg→Cys in ADAMTS13 was identified in one patient. After treatment including transfusion of fresh‐frozen plasma (n = 5), packed red blood cells (n = 5), platelet transfusions (n = 2) and/or continued renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (n = 1) and plasma exchange (n = 2), three patients were alive, one died on postpartum day 6 in hospital without plasma exchange and one of familial TTP died three months after discharge.

Conclusion:  With increasing awareness, extra‐attention must be paid to patients with thrombotic microangiopathy and to measurement of ADAMTS13 activity for early diagnosis. Although severe ADAMTS13 deficiency may be helpful for TTP, it may not be sensitive enough to identify all TTP patients. Therefore, despite ADAMTS13 result positive or negative, prompt aggressive management should include early termination of pregnancy, plasma transfusion and/or plasma exchange.
A case of hypertension with virilisation during pregnancy
Authors: GRAHAM Dorothy F. , HADLOW Narelle , TSOKOS Nicolas , OATES Randall
Published: September 2010

This case report describes the onset of hypertension and virilisation during pregnancy due to a Brenner tumour.
Urodynamics or history? Clinical decision‐making in women presenting with urinary incontinence
Authors: DUGGAN Paul
Published: September 2010

Background:  Preoperative urodynamic testing is recommended by experts, but evidence for clinical benefit is limited.

Aims:  To determine whether urodynamic stress incontinence could be confirmed in women presenting with a history of stress incontinence.

Methods:  History and urodynamic diagnoses of 444 women presenting to a general unit between June 2003 and July 2007 are described.

Results:  Urodynamic Stress Incontinence (USI) or mixed USI and detrusor overactivity were observed in 61% reporting any stress incontinence. 15% who reported no stress incontinence had USI. Compared with a normal urodynamic diagnosis, incontinence occurred more frequently in all other diagnostic categories (P < 0.0001) and was worst in the USI and mixed groups (P < 0.0004).

Conclusions:  Urodynamic Stress Incontinence is a more severe entity than stress incontinence diagnosed by history. It is yet to be established if this information benefits patients.
A prospective cross‐sectional study to define racial variation in fetal nasal bone length through ultrasound assessment at 18–20 weeks’ gestation
Authors: MOGRA Ritu , SCHLUTER Philip J. , OGLE Robert F. , O’CONNELL Justine , FORTUS Lou , HYETT Jon A.
Published: September 2010

Objective:  An absent or short nasal bone is highly predictive of Down syndrome in Caucasian populations, but Asians may have shorter nasal bones – increasing the false positive rate of screening. We examine differences in nasal bone length (NBL) in Caucasian and Asian populations.

Methods:  This prospective cohort study involved pregnant women attending for their routine anomaly scan at 18–20 weeks’ gestation. Ethnicity of the patient and their partner was recorded, and the nasal bone was measured three times. Mean NBL was calculated and used to investigate the effect of ethnicity first with a simple linear regression model and second with a mixed‐effects regression model that accounted for variability of measurement between sonographers.

Results:  A total of 1087 families were involved in the study, including 592 (54%) Caucasians, 214 (20%) East Asians, 110 (10%) South Asians and 171 (16%) West Asians. Twenty‐three sonographers performed the scans with an average of 19 scans each. There is no significant difference in NBL between Caucasian and Asian populations. The mixed‐effects model shows that accounting for sonographer variation is important, with 6.7% of the total variance in measurement being related to this random effect.

Conclusions:  There is no significant difference in NBL between Caucasian and Asian populations. It is reasonable to use criteria established in a Caucasian population to define the characteristics of an absent/short nasal bone in Asian fetuses. This finding also removes difficulties in counselling mixed race couples.
A case of massive vulvar oedema due to septic pubic symphysitis complicating pregnancy
Authors: LAWFORD Alice M. , SCOTT Katherine , LUST Karin
Published: September 2010

We present a case of pyogenic pubic symphysitis presenting in the third trimester with progressive suprapubic pain, fever and massive vulvar oedema. This case demonstrates a rare, but important cause of sepsis in pregnancy, which, if not recognised and treated promptly, may result in significant morbidity.
The Impact of Pretransplant Dialysis on Outcomes in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Meier‐Kriesche Herwig‐Ulf , Schold Jesse D.
Published: September 2010

Dialysis is the most common therapeutic intervention for patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). The demonstration of a clear survival benefit associated with renal transplantation has made it the preferred treatment option for ESRD patients medically cleared for transplant. This has invoked a shift in thinking regarding the timing of transplantation. Impaired renal function and particularly ESRD with dialysis are significant cardiovascular risk factors for this population. Part of these cumulative effects can probably be avoided by transplantation without prior dialysis. In fact, the evidence to date demonstrates a significant advantage for allograft and patient survival associated with preemptive transplantation. In addition, preemptive transplantation is associated with better quality of life for these patients and is less costly than dialysis. The key for patients approaching ESRD is early referral to a transplant center to explore the most appropriate treatment options in a timely fashion. In fact, it is better to transplant patients preemptively than to wait until they reach ESRD and start dialysis.
HEMATOLOGY: ISSUES IN THE DIALYSIS PATIENT: Anemia Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Have We Learned after 17 Years?
Authors: Spiegel David M.
Published: September 2010

Anemia management remains controversial in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The overwhelming conclusion from retrospective data analyses show a strong correlation between higher hemoglobin values and improved outcomes, including mortality, hospitalization, left ventricular hypertrophy, and quality of life. However, the evidence available from two large prospective trials in CKD comparing hemoglobin values near the current target of 11–12 g/dl with normalization or near normalization were stopped, as there was a trend toward worsening outcomes in the higher hemoglobin groups. This disparity suggests that patients who have or achieve high hemoglobin values on low doses or no erythropoietin may be inherently different from the general CKD population. Therefore targeting to a hemoglobin value above the current recommendation with intermittent erythropoietin seems unwarranted until randomized prospective trials demonstrate both safety and efficacy.
HEMATOLOGY: ISSUES IN THE DIALYSIS PATIENT: Intravenous Iron Therapy in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Brewster Ursula C.
Published: September 2010

Intravenous iron therapy is instrumental in the management of anemia in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Iron is available in several different preparations, with slight differences in the pharmacology of each. Given the importance of intravenous iron in the management of these patients, clinicians should be aware of the potential risks associated with it. Intravenous iron has effects on host immunity that raise concerns about clinical infection risk. Iron preparations appear to increase oxidative stress in these patients, which has important implications for cardiovascular disease states. Lastly, the effects of intravenous iron on liver disease are largely unknown.
HEMATOLOGY: ISSUES IN THE DIALYSIS PATIENT: Platelet Dysfunction and End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Kaw Dinkar , Malhotra Deepak
Published: September 2010

Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) develop hemostatic disorders mainly in the form of bleeding diatheses. Hemorrhage can occur at cutaneous, mucosal, or serosal sites. Retroperitoneal or intracranial hemorrhages also occur. Platelet dysfunction is the main factor responsible for hemorrhagic tendencies in advanced kidney disease. Anemia, dialysis, the accumulation of medications due to poor clearance, and anticoagulation used during dialysis have some role in causing impaired hemostasis in ESRD patients. Platelet dysfunction occurs both as a result of intrinsic platelet abnormalities and impaired platelet–vessel wall interaction. The normal platelet response to vessel wall injury with platelet activation, recruitment, adhesion, and aggregation is defective in advanced renal failure. Dialysis may partially correct these defects, but cannot totally eliminate them. The hemodialysis process itself may in fact contribute to bleeding. Hemodialysis is also associated with thrombosis as a result of chronic platelet activation due to contact with artificial surfaces during dialysis. Desmopressin acetate and conjugated estrogen are treatment modalities that can be used for uremic bleeding. Achieving a hematocrit of 30% improves bleeding time in ESRD patients.
Small Bowel Volvulus in Dogs Clinical Observations
Authors: HARVEY H. JAY , RENDANO VICTOR T.
Published: September 2010

Small bowel volvulus was diagnosed in six dogs. Peracute onset, hematochezia, and lack of vomition were the most prominent clinical features. All affected dogs exceeded 23 kg in body weight. Five of the six dogs were males and two were German shepherd dogs.

There were no diagnostic findings that were specific for intestinal volvulus. Abdominal radiographs in two dogs were interpreted as showing “pathologic” dilatation of bowel. However, it could not be determined whether the dilatation was caused by adynamic ileus or by mechanical obstruction. Results of hematological tests help to differentiate other causes of bloody diarrhea such as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and parvovirus enteritis.

Prognosis for dogs with intestinal volvulus was poor: all six of the dogs in our series died.
The Fascia Iliaca Block For Postoperative Pain Relief After Knee Surgery
Authors: Wambold Daniel , Carter Chris , Rosenberg Andrew D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The fascia iliaca nerve block provides excellent postoperative pain relief after knee surgery. It is easy to perform, needle insertion is not directly next to nerves or vessels, and it is associated with minimal side effects. Instructive case reports as well as a description and discussion of the technique are presented.
Does a Combination of Intensive Cognitive‐Behavioral Pain Management and a Spinal Implantable Device Confer any Advantage? A Preliminary Examination
Authors: Molloy Allan R. , Nicholas Michael K. , Asghari Ali , Beeston Lee R. , Dehghani Mohsen , Cousins Michael J. , Brooker Charles , Tonkin Lois
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Research suggests that a combination of a somatic and a psychosocial intervention for chronic noncancer pain should be associated with a better outcome than either alone. This study presents data on a series of 31 patients who underwent sequential treatment with an implantable device targeting pain relief and a cognitive‐behavioral pain management program that targeted improved function. A combination of treatments was used as there was a suboptimal response to the initial treatment. There were improvements in a range of outcomes at a long‐term follow‐up. Significant improvements were found in disability, affective distress, self‐efficacy, and catastrophizing, but not in average pain severity. Further analyses failed to demonstrate an order effect. These results support the view that combined somatic and psychosocial interventions can achieve better outcomes than either alone in selected chronic pain patients. This approach requires that psychological assessment is essential before the use of an implantable device. This may not only improve patient selection, but also identify psychosocial factors that may be modified to enhance the effectiveness of invasive interventions. In addition, consideration for an implantable device following a suboptimal response to treatment in a cognitive‐behavioral pain management program should include a re‐evaluation of the patients’ beliefs and use of self‐management (coping) strategies before deciding on further treatment options.
Surface Stimulation to Determine Needle Direction and Angle When Performing an Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block
Authors: Albert David B. , Dudarevitch Daria , Bloom Karen , Rosenberg Andrew D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The infraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus is a safe and reliable technique for surgery of the upper extremity. When performing the block, the anesthesiologist must appreciate three variables: needle direction, needle angle to the chest wall, and needle depth. Surface stimulation is an easy technique that can reliably predict both needle direction and needle angle.
Screening plateletpheresis donors for HLA antibodies on two high‐throughput platforms and correlation with recipient outcome
Authors: Quillen Karen , Medrano Consuelito , Adams Sharon , Peterson Brett , Hackett Julia , Leitman Susan F. , Klein Harvey G. , Stroncek David F.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence and impact of transfusing plasma containing white blood cell antibodies, we compared two high‐throughput HLA antibody screening assays and prospectively examined the medical records of all platelet (PLT) recipients to detect subtle manifestations of transfusion‐related acute lung injury and other transfusion reactions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum samples from 136 plateletpheresis donors were tested for HLA Class I and II antibodies using microbead (LABScreen PRA, One Lambda) and microchip (Dynachip, Invitrogen) assays. Electronic medical records of all recipients were reviewed for vital signs and nursing documentation before and after transfusion.

RESULTS: In the microchip assay with a cutoff value of 0.25, 2.9% of samples were positive for Class I and 8.9% for Class II antibodies; with a cutoff value of 0.1, the results were 14.9 and 21.6%, respectively. In the microbead assay (normalized background ratio, 1.5), 15% were positive for Class I and 21% for Class II antibodies. The prevalence of HLA antibodies was 17% in donors without pregnancy or transfusion history and 47% in donors with such history. The PLTs were transfused in 265 episodes to 67 patients. There were no reported reactions; however, symptoms or vital sign changes were noted in seven transfusion episodes. The incidence of reactions was 2.7% (2/75) for antibody‐positive units and 2.6% (5/190) for antibody‐negative units.

CONCLUSIONS: Microbead and microchip assays yielded similar results. The prevalence of HLA antibodies was greater in donors with a history of pregnancy or transfusion, but no increase in the incidence of transfusion reactions was noted in recipients of components from donors with HLA antibodies.
The impact of temporary deferral due to low hemoglobin: future return, time to return, and frequency of subsequent donation
Authors: Hillgrove Tessa , Moore Vivienne , Doherty Kathleen , Ryan Philip
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of a 6‐month deferral due to low hemoglobin (Hb) on the subsequent donation patterns of Australian whole blood donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was a retrospective cohort study of the donation patterns of all whole blood donors deferred for low Hb during a 2‐month period compared with donors who were not deferred. Donations 3 years after eligibility to give blood were recorded. Analysis of proportion returning, time to return, and frequency of donation was performed using logistic regression, survival analysis, and negative binomial regression.

RESULTS: Among first‐time donors, 20.9% of low Hb–deferred donors returned during the follow‐up period versus 69.9% of those not deferred. Among repeat donors, 64.0% of deferred donors returned versus 91.0% of those not deferred. Temporary deferral delayed time to first return (p < 0.001), reduced frequency of donation (2.4 donations per donor before deferral compared to 1.1 per donor in first year of follow‐up), and increased the likelihood of dropping out in later years of follow‐up. However, if a donor returned promptly once eligible and gave more donations in the first year, the negative impact on future donation patterns was diminished. High frequency of attendance before deferral was the strongest predictor of time to return and future donation frequency.

CONCLUSION: Deferral for low Hb had a strong effect on first‐time and repeat donors. This study highlights the influence of strong donation habits on return after deferral and the importance of encouraging donors to return promptly once eligible.
Probabilistic Modeling of the Fate of Listeria Monocytogenes in Diced Bacon During the Manufacturing Process
Authors: Billoir Elise , Denis Jean‐Baptiste , Commeau Natalie , Cornu Marie , Zuliani Véronique
Published: September 2010

To assess the impact of the manufacturing process on the fate of Listeria monocytogenes, we built a generic probabilistic model intended to simulate the successive steps in the process. Contamination evolution was modeled in the appropriate units (breasts, dice, and then packaging units through the successive steps in the process). To calibrate the model, parameter values were estimated from industrial data, from the literature, and based on expert opinion. By means of simulations, the model was explored using a baseline calibration and alternative scenarios, in order to assess the impact of changes in the process and of accidental events. The results are reported as contamination distributions and as the probability that the product will be acceptable with regards to the European regulatory safety criterion. Our results are consistent with data provided by industrial partners and highlight that tumbling is a key step for the distribution of the contamination at the end of the process. Process chain models could provide an important added value for risk assessment models that basically consider only the outputs of the process in their risk mitigation strategies. Moreover, a model calibrated to correspond to a specific plant could be used to optimize surveillance.
Effects of Including a Graphic Warning Label in Advertisements for Reduced‐Exposure Products: Implications for Persuasion and Policy1
Authors: Stark Emily , Kim Anita , Miller Chris , Borgida Eugene
Published: September 2010

Considerable interest has focused on making warning labels on tobacco‐product packaging more effective in communicating risk to current and potential smokers. However, none of this work to date has involved the communication of risk information about reduced‐exposure products, or how a graphic warning label may function in advertisements. Reduced‐exposure products pose an interesting public health challenge in light of the fact that many advertisements for such products convey safety claims that may undermine the likelihood that potential consumers will process warnings about the products. The present study examines the influence of graphic warning labels on ratings of advertisements for 3 different types of tobacco products. Results showed that including a graphic picture lowered the appeal ratings for the product.
Functional importance of a conserved sequence motif in FhaC, a prototypic member of the TpsB/Omp85 superfamily
Authors: Delattre Anne‐Sophie , Clantin Bernard , Saint Nathalie , Locht Camille , Villeret Vincent , Jacob‐Dubuisson Françoise
Published: September 2010

In Gram‐negative bacteria, the two‐partner secretion pathway mediates the secretion of TpsA proteins with various functions. TpsB transporters specifically recognize their TpsA partners in the periplasm and mediate their transport through a hydrophilic channel. The filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin (FHA)/FhaC pair represents a model two‐partner secretion system, with the structure of the TpsB transporter FhaC providing the bases to decipher the mechanism of action of these proteins. FhaC is composed of a β‐barrel preceded by two periplasmic polypeptide‐transport‐associated (POTRA) domains in tandem. The barrel is occluded by an N‐terminal helix and an extracellular loop, L6, folded back into the FhaC channel. In this article, we describe a functionally important motif of FhaC. The VRGY tetrad is highly conserved in the TpsB family and, in FhaC, it is located at the tip of L6 reaching the periplasm. Replacement by Ala of the invariant Arg dramatically affects the secretion efficiency, although the structure of FhaC and its channel properties remain unaffected. This substitution affects the secretion mechanism at a step beyond the initial TpsA–TpsB interaction. Replacement of the conserved Tyr affects the channel properties, but not the secretion activity, suggesting that this residue stabilizes the loop in the resting conformation of FhaC. Thus, the conserved motif at the tip of L6 represents an important piece of two‐partner secretion machinery. This motif is conserved in a predicted loop between two β‐barrel strands in more distant relatives of FhaC involved in protein transport across or assembly into the outer membranes of bacteria and organelles, suggesting a conserved function in the molecular mechanism of transport.

Structured digital abstract

 MINT‐7996294: Fha30 (uniprotkb:P12255) binds (MI:0407) to FhaC (uniprotkb:P35077) by filter binding (MI:0049)
Labor and LEAP
Authors: Simmons Louise
Published: September 2010

For two decades LEAP has helped elect labor and progressive activists and mobilized legislative coalitions for change. Today LEAP faces the challenges of broadening its coalition, reorganizing its resource base, and developing an agenda for economic change.
Organizing High‐Tech Permatemps in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Judd Barbara
Published: September 2010

The growth of high technology in the economy has not translated into high‐wage jobs. Surprisingly, a large share of the workers in the high‐technology and Internet industry are temporary workers, contracted by agencies to the industry. WashTech is seeking to organize and improve conditions among workers employed at Microsoft and other high‐technology companies.
Confronting the Wicked Witch and Exposing the Wizard
Authors: Zullo Roland
Published: September 2010

Four cases are analyzed to explore the strategic behavior of public unions when they confront privatization. Four sets of hypotheses emerge from the case evidence. First, the private sector demonstrates no inherent advantage in the delivery of public goods, particularly when economic and social costs are taken into account. Second, economically feasible privatization is largely a function of weaker institutional protections for workers in the private labor market. Third, unions demonstrate flexibility toward privatization when members are protected, and under certain contextual conditions collective bargaining can become a forum for enhancing public services. Fourth, unions' political influence is largely consistent with positive normative interest‐group behavior.
Discipline and Seduction
Authors: Piven Frances Fox
Published: September 2010

Rather than lifting women out of poverty, welfare reform channels them into the burgeoning low‐wage labor force. At best, Piven argues, some women leaving welfare for full‐time work barely eke out enough income to support the most basic needs of their families. Other women leaving the welfare rolls find jobs in the contingent economy or, more often, find only part‐time and temporary jobs or no work at all. Piven asserts that welfare reform is shaped by a comprehensive national campaign by business to expand profitability and competitiveness by pressing government to impose labor market discipline on public‐relief recipients and low‐wage workers.
MODELING OF SQUID PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH
Authors: ABAKAROV A. , TEIXEIRA A. , SIMPSON R. , PINTO M. , ALMONACID S.
Published: September 2010

The processing of squid generates nearly 50% of raw material as a waste by‐product rich in protein. Use of this by‐product as a raw material in the manufacture of a squid protein hydrolysate would add considerable product value to the industry. Enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein is a complex process because of a number of inherent simultaneous inhibition and enzyme inactivation reactions which occur during hydrolysis. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are very effective in developing predictive models for processes involving complex reaction kinetics that would otherwise be difficult to develop by more traditional deterministic approaches. The objective of this work was to develop a kinetic model to describe the kinetics of enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein using ANNs. A series of enzyme hydrolysis experiments were carried out on samples of squid waste under specified conditions of temperature, pH, and initial enzyme and substrate concentrations. Experimental data in the form of substrate concentration over time were taken as real time course data. These data were fitted with a cubic spline procedure for use in an ANNs training process to estimate reaction rates for the model. The effect of a number of hidden processing elements on the error in prediction was studied, and the ANN showing necessary prediction performance was constructed. Maximum differences between experimental and predicted values of substrate concentration at any point in time ranged from 0.098 to 0.29 g/L (3–4%). Correlation coefficients between predicted and experimental results were also, respectively, high, ranging from 0.988 to 0.992.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results from this study would suggest that artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be very effective in developing predictive models for processes involving complex reaction kinetics. Enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein is an example of such a process because of a number of inherent simultaneous inhibition and enzyme inactivation reactions occurring during hydrolysis. This work resulted in the successful development of a kinetic model to describe the kinetics of enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein using ANNs.