bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entwicklung der Beschäftigungsstrukturen in Pflegeberufen
Authors: Simon Michael
Published: October 2012

Einleitung

Der Beitrag stellt die Entwicklung der Beschäftigungsstrukturen in Pflegeberufen für die Jahre 1999 bis 2009 vor. Die Analyse basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer Zusammenführung der Daten relevanter amtlicher Teilstatistiken des Gesundheitswesens.
Discrete linear local eigenmodes in a separating laminar boundary layer
Authors: Marxen Olaf , Lang Matthias , Rist Ulrich
Published: November 2012

The evolution of two- and three-dimensional small-amplitude disturbances in the laminar part of a laminar separation bubble is investigated in detail. We apply a combination of local linear stability theory, results from different experimental measurement campaigns and direct numerical simulations to identify two different discrete eigenmodes in the laminar part of the bubble. A stable eigenmode, the outer mode, governs unsteady oscillations in the upstream part of the bubble. However, this perturbation is quickly overtaken by an unstable eigenmode, the inner mode, which eventually leads to transition of the detached shear layer. Such a behaviour is observed due to an acceleration region with a favourable pressure gradient preceding the adverse-pressure-gradient region. The flow is stable in the acceleration region, in which the outer mode is only moderately damped, while the inner mode is strongly damped. At the onset of instability for the unstable eigenmode upstream of separation, both viscous Tollmien–Schlichting and inviscid Kelvin–Helmholtz instability mechanisms contribute to amplification, while deeper inside the bubble only the inviscid mechanism is active. If the explicit forcing is moved to a region downstream of the favourable pressure gradient, only the unstable eigenmode appears. The same behaviour is found for two-dimensional and weakly oblique waves.
The structure of the absolutely unstable regions in the near field of low-density jets
Authors: Coenen Wilfried , Sevilla Alejandro
Published: November 2012

The viscous spatiotemporal stability properties of low-density laminar round jets emerging from circular nozzles or tubes are investigated numerically providing, for the first time, a separate treatment of the two particular cases typically studied in experiments: a hot gas jet discharging into a quiescent cold ambient of the same species, and an isothermal jet consisting of a mixture of two gases with different molecular weight, discharging into a stagnant ambient of the heavier species. To that end, use is made of a realistic representation for the base velocity and density profiles based on boundary-layer theory, with account taken of the effect of variable transport properties. Our results show significant quantitative differences with respect to previous parametric studies, and reveal that hot jets are generically more unstable than light jets, in the sense that they have larger associated critical density ratios for values of the Reynolds number and momentum thickness typically used in experiments. In addition, for several values of the jet-to-ambient density ratio, $S$, the downstream evolution of the local stability properties of the jet is computed as a function of the two main control parameters governing the jet, namely the Reynolds number, $\mathit{Re}$, and the momentum thickness of the initial velocity profile, ${\theta }_{0} / D$. It is shown that, for a given value of $S$, the $(\mathit{Re}, {\theta }_{0} / D)$ parameter plane can be divided in three regions. In the first region, defined by low values of $\mathit{Re}$ or very thick shear layers, the flow is locally convectively unstable everywhere. In the second region, with moderately large values of $\mathit{Re}$ and thin shear layers, the jet exhibits a localized pocket of absolute instability, away from boundaries. Finally, in the third region, that prevails in most of the $(\mathit{Re}, {\theta }_{0} / D)$ parameter plane, the absolutely unstable domain is bounded by the jet outlet. All the experiments available in the literature are shown to lie in the latter region, and the global transition observed in experiments is demonstrated to take place when the absolutely unstable domain becomes sufficiently large. The marginal frequency of the resulting global self-excited oscillations is shown to be fairly well described by the absolute frequency evaluated at the jet outlet, in agreement with the numerical results obtained by Lesshafft et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 554, 2006, pp. 393–409) for synthetic jets.
804 Tastes: Evidence on Preferences, Randomness, and Value from Double-Blind Wine Tastings
Authors: Bodington Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2012

Results for a total of 804 double-blind tastes by experienced tasters during nine tasting events are reported. T-test results reject the hypothesis that flight-position bias affects results. The distribution of ranks for a wine is a mixture distribution, and tests concerning the variance of that mixture distribution do not isolate the variance due to the randomness mixture component alone. T-statistics for the mean ranks of high- and low-ranking wines are over several standard deviations from a random expectation. T-tests show that the statistical significance of the difference between wine ranks is positively related to the difference in their mean ranks. At a 95% level of significance, the difference in ranks between the first- and second-place wines appears to be significant in 33% of tastings. At 95%, the difference in ranks between the first- and last-place wines appears to be significant in 100% of tastings. Monte Carlo simulation shows that much of those differences could be illusory and due to ranking procedures that lead to Type I errors. While the mean correlation coefficient between price per bottle and mean preference is a weakly positive 0.23, this may not indicate an inefficient market. (JEL Classifications: A10, C00, C12, D12)
Does Combat Experience Foster Organizational Skill? Evidence from Ethnic Cleansing during the Partition of South Asia
Authors: JHA SAUMITRA , WILKINSON STEVEN
Published: October 2012

Can combat experience foster organizational skills that engender political collective action? We use the arbitrary assignment of troops to combat in World War II to identify the effect of combat experience on two channels that change local ethnic composition and future political control: ethnic cleansing and co-ethnic immigration. During the Partition of South Asia, we find that ethnically mixed districts whose veterans were exposed to greater combat exhibited greater co-ethnic immigration and minority ethnic cleansing, with minority out-migration achieved with lower loss-of-life. Further, where ethnic groups had been in complementary economic roles or the minority received greater combat experience, there was less ethnic cleansing. We interpret these results as reflecting the strategic role of ethnic cleansing and co-ethnic immigration by groups seeking political control and the role of combat experience in enhancing organizational skills at credibly threatening violence and engaging in collective action.
Tying Your Enemy's Hands in Close Races: The Politics of Federal Transfers in Brazil
Authors: BROLLO FERNANDA , NANNICINI TOMMASO
Published: October 2012

This article uses a regression discontinuity design in close electoral races to disclose purely political reasons in the allocation of intergovernmental transfers in a federal state. We identify the effect of political alignment on federal transfers to municipal governments in Brazil, and find that—in preelection years—municipalities in which the mayor is affiliated with the coalition (and especially with the political party) of the Brazilian president receive approximately one-third larger discretionary transfers for infrastructures. This effect is primarily driven by the fact that the federal government penalizes municipalities run by mayors from the opposition coalition who won by a narrow margin, thereby tying their hands for the next election.
A NOTE ON THE SEMILOCAL CONVERGENCE OF CHEBYSHEV’S METHOD
Authors: DILONÉ MANUEL A. , GARCÍA-OLIVO MARTÍN , GUTIÉRREZ JOSÉ M.
Published: November 2012

In this paper we develop a Kantorovich-like theory for Chebyshev’s method, a well-known iterative method for solving nonlinear equations in Banach spaces. We improve the results obtained previously by considering Chebyshev’s method as an element of a family of iterative processes.
CONSTRUCTION OF NORMAL NUMBERS USING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LARGEST PRIME FACTOR
Authors: DE KONINCK JEAN-MARIE , KÁTAI IMRE
Published: October 2012

Given an integer $q\ge 2$, a $q$-normal number is an irrational number $\eta $ such that any preassigned sequence of $\ell $ digits occurs in the $q$-ary expansion of $\eta $ at the expected frequency, namely $1/q^\ell $. In a recent paper we constructed a large family of normal numbers, showing in particular that, if $P(n)$ stands for the largest prime factor of $n$, then the number $0.P(2)P(3)P(4)\ldots ,$ the concatenation of the numbers $P(2), P(3), P(4), \ldots ,$ each represented in base $q$, is a $q$-normal number, thereby answering in the affirmative a question raised by Igor Shparlinski. We also showed that $0.P(2+1)P(3+1)P(5+1) \ldots P(p+1)\ldots ,$ where $p$ runs through the sequence of primes, is a $q$-normal number. Here, we show that, given any fixed integer $k\ge 2$, the numbers $0.P_k(2)P_k(3)P_k(4)\ldots $ and $0. P_k(2+1)P_k(3+1)P_k(5+1) \ldots P_k(p+1)\ldots ,$ where $P_k(n)$ stands for the $k{\rm th}$ largest prime factor of $n$, are $q$-normal numbers. These results are part of more general statements.
Introduction: British nuclear culture
Authors: HOGG JONATHAN , LAUCHT CHRISTOPH
Published: November 2012

In the extended introduction to this special issue on British nuclear culture, the guest editors outline the main historiographical and conceptual contours of British nuclear scholarship, and explore whether we can begin to define ‘British nuclear culture’ before introducing the contributors to this special issue, whose work we have organized into three broad areas. The first part is devoted to three articles that offer explicit and extended attempts to reconceptualize British nuclear culture, illuminating the complex links between nuclear science, the state and the individual citizen. The second part of this issue is devoted to three articles that concentrate on aspects of the history of nuclear science – focusing particularly on intellectuals, nuclear scientists and enthusiasts – alongside analysis of the popularization of nuclear science as well as the relationship between the state and nuclear science and its practitioners. In the third part, four articles examine the diverse ways in which ‘official’ narratives of the atomic age can be questioned, disrupted or enhanced by analysing the significance of journalistic, anti-nuclear and fictional narratives to the development of nuclear culture in Britain.
In vitrofermentation of commercial α-gluco-oligosaccharide by faecal microbiota from lean and obese human subjects
Authors: Sarbini Shahrul R. , Kolida Sofia , Gibson Glenn R. , Rastall Robert A.
Published: November 2012

The fermentation selectivity of a commercial source of α-gluco-oligosaccharides (BioEcolians; Solabia) was investigatedin vitro. Fermentation by faecal bacteria from four lean and four obese healthy adults was determined in anaerobic, pH-controlled faecal batch cultures. Inulin was used as a positive prebiotic control. Samples were obtained at 0, 10, 24 and 36 h for bacterial enumeration by fluorescentin situhybridisation and SCFA analyses. Gas production during fermentation was investigated in non-pH-controlled batch cultures. α-Gluco-oligosaccharides significantly increased theBifidobacteriumsp. population compared with the control. Other bacterial groups enumerated were unaffected with the exception of an increase in theBacteroides–Prevotellagroup and a decrease inFaecalibacterium prausnitziion both α-gluco-oligosaccharides and inulin compared with baseline. An increase in acetate and propionate was seen on both substrates. The fermentation of α-gluco-oligosaccharides produced less total gas at a more gradual rate of production than inulin. Generally, substrates fermented with the obese microbiota produced similar results to the lean fermentation regarding bacteriology and metabolic activity. No significant difference at baseline (0 h) was detected between the lean and obese individuals in any of the faecal bacterial groups studied.
Electoral Institutions and the Emergence of Terrorist Groups
Authors: Aksoy Deniz , Carter David B.
Published: October 2012

A wide range of studies find that democracies experience more terrorism than non-democracies. However, surprisingly little terrorism research takes into account the variation among democracies in terms of their electoral institutions. Furthermore, despite much discussion of the differences in terrorist groups’ goals in the literature, little quantitative work distinguishes among groups with different goals, and none explores whether and how the influence of electoral institutions varies among groups with different goals. The argument in this article posits that electoral institutions influence the emergence ofwithin-systemgroups, which seek policy changes, but do not influence the emergence ofanti-systemgroups, which seek a complete overthrow of the existing regime and government. The study finds that within-system groups are significantly less likely to emerge in democracies that have a proportional representation system and higher levels of district magnitude, while neither of these factors affects the emergence of anti-system groups.
Explaining Policy Position Choice of Europarties: The Effect of Legislative Resources
Authors: Klüver Heike , Rodon Toni
Published: October 2012

While Europarties have received increasing attention in recent years, little is known about how they arrive at common policy positions, given their strong internal ideological heterogeneity. In order to explain position formation within Europarties, this article argues that national parties compete with each other in an attempt to upload their own policy positions to their Europarty. The article hypothesizes that their ability to succeed in these attempts depends on their legislative resources. The argument is tested by analysing position formation within the four major Europarties for all European Parliament elections between 1979 and 2004. The empirical results confirm that position choice is skewed towards parties with a large seat share, which has important implications for political representation in Europe.
Early-season predation on aphids by winter-active spiders in apple orchards revealed by diagnostic PCR
Authors: Boreau de Roincé C. , Lavigne C. , Mandrin J.-F. , Rollard C. , Symondson W.O.C.
Published: November 2012

Aphids are major pests in apple orchards, debilitating the crop and spreading disease. We investigated whether early-season predation by canopy spiders may be effectively controlling aphid numbers in three organic orchards. For this purpose, we monitored the aphid population dynamics from the winter eggs to colony stages and compared this to spider abundances and rates of predation on aphids detected by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction. For the latter, we applied existing general aphid primers. We found that spiders ate colony fundatrices and that aphid numbers were negatively related to spider abundance. Spiders were the main active predators within the orchards when the first colony fundatrices were present, indicating their importance in the early control of aphid populations.
Eruptive history of Neapolitan volcanoes: constraints from 40Ar–39Ar dating
Authors: SCARPATI CLAUDIO , PERROTTA ANNAMARIA , LEPORE SIMONE , CALVERT ANDREW
Published: October 2012

The city of Naples can be considered part of the Campi Flegrei volcanic field, and deposits within the urban area record many autochthonous pre- to post-caldera eruptions. Age measurements were carried out using 40Ar–39Ar dating techniques on samples from small monogenetic vents and more widely distributed tephra layers. The 40Ar–39Ar ages on feldspar phenocrysts yielded ages of c. 16 ka and 22 ka for events older than the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera-forming eruption (15 ka), and ages of c. 40 ka, 53 ka and 78 ka for events older than the Campanian Ignimbrite caldera-forming eruption (39 ka). The oldest age obtained is 18 ka older than previous dates for pyroclastic deposits cropping out along the northern rim of Campi Flegrei. The results of this study allow us to divide the Campi Flegrei volcanic history into four main, geochronologically distinct eruptive cycles. A new period, the Paleoflegrei, occurred before 74–78 ka and has been proposed to better discriminate the ancient volcanism in the volcanic field. The eruptive history of Campi Flegrei extends possibly further back than this, but the products of previous eruptions are difficult to date owing to the lack of fresh juvenile clasts. These new geochronological data, together with recently published ages related to young volcanic edifices located in the city of Naples (Nisida volcano, 3.9 ka) testify to persistent activity over a period of at least 80 ka, with an average eruption recurrence interval of ~555 years within and adjacent to this densely populated city.
Relationships between physiological traits and productivity of sugarcane in response to water deficit
Authors: DE A. SILVA M. , JIFON J. L. , DA SILVA J. A. G. , DOS SANTOS C. M. , SHARMA V.
Published: October 2012

The relationships between physiological variables and sugarcane productivity under water deficit conditions were investigated in field studies during 2005 and 2006 in Weslaco, Texas, USA. A total of 78 genotypes and two commercial varieties were studied, one of which was drought-tolerant (TCP93-4245) and the other drought-sensitive (TCP87-3388). All genotypes were subjected to two irrigation regimes: a control well-watered treatment (wet) and a moderate water-deficit stress (dry) treatment for a period of 90 days. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), estimated chlorophyll content (SPAD index), leaf temperature (LT), leaf relative water content (RWC) and productivity were measured. The productivity of all genotypes was, on average, affected negatively; however, certain genotypes did not suffer significant reduction. Under water deficit, the productivity of the genotypes was positively and significantly correlated with Fv/Fm, SPAD index and RWC, while LT had a negative correlation. These findings suggest that genotypes exhibiting traits of high RWC values, high chlorophyll contents and high photosynthetic radiation use efficiency under low moisture availability should be targeted for selection and variety development in programmes aimed at improving sugarcane for drought prone environments.
Corporate Governance, Finance, and the Real Sector
Authors: Fulghieri Paolo , Suominen Matti
Published: November 2012

We present a theory of the linkages between corporate governance, corporate finance, and the real sector of an economy. Using a structural model of industry equilibrium with endogenous entry, we show that poor corporate governance leads to low levels of competition, and to firms with high insider ownership and leverage. In contrast, good corporate governance promotes the adoption of more efficient technologies and development of sectors more exposed to moral hazard. We use our model to study equity market liberalization, and we show that liberalizations facilitate entry and adoption of more productive technologies, especially in countries with good corporate governance.
Characterization of Trichuris trichiura from humans and T. suis from pigs in China using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Liu G.H. , Zhou W. , Nisbet A.J. , Xu M.J. , Zhou D.H. , Zhao G.H. , Wang S.K. , Song H.Q. , Lin R.Q. , Zhu X.Q.
Published: October 2012

Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis parasitize (at the adult stage) the caeca of humans and pigs, respectively, causing trichuriasis. Despite these parasites being of human and animal health significance, causing considerable socio-economic losses globally, little is known of the molecular characteristics of T. trichiura and T. suis from China. In the present study, the entire first and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 and ITS-2) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of T. trichiura and T. suis from China were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the representative amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and sequence variation in the ITS rDNA was examined. The ITS rDNA sequences for the T. trichiura and T. suis samples were 1222–1267 bp and 1339–1353 bp in length, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 rDNAs of both whipworms were 600–627 bp and 655–661 bp, 154 bp, and 468–486 bp and 530–538 bp in size, respectively. Sequence variation in ITS rDNA within and among T. trichiura and T. suis was examined. Excluding nucleotide variations in the simple sequence repeats, the intra-species sequence variation in the ITS-1 was 0.2–1.7% within T. trichiura, and 0–1.5% within T. suis. For ITS-2 rDNA, the intra-species sequence variation was 0–1.3% within T. trichiura and 0.2–1.7% within T. suis. The inter-species sequence differences between the two whipworms were 60.7–65.3% for ITS-1 and 59.3–61.5% for ITS-2. These results demonstrated that the ITS rDNA sequences provide additional genetic markers for the characterization and differentiation of the two whipworms. These data should be useful for studying the epidemiology and population genetics of T. trichiura and T. suis, as well as for the diagnosis of trichuriasis in humans and pigs.
The meanings of focus: The significance of an interpretation-based category in cross-linguistic analysis
Authors: MATIĆ DEJAN , WEDGWOOD DANIEL
Published: October 2012

Focus is regularly treated as a cross-linguistically stable category that is merely manifested by different structural means in different languages, such that a common focus feature may be realised through, for example, a morpheme in one language and syntactic movement in another. We demonstrate this conception of focus to be unsustainable on both theoretical and empirical grounds, invoking fundamental argumentation regarding the notions of focus and linguistic category, alongside data from a wide range of languages. Attempts to salvage a cross-linguistic notion of focus through parameterisation, the introduction of additional information-structural primitives such as contrast, or reduction to a single common factor are shown to be equally problematic. We identify the causes of repeated misconceptions about the nature of focus in a number of interrelated theoretical and methodological tendencies in linguistic analysis. We propose to see focus as a heuristic tool and to employ it as a means of identifying structural patterns that languages use to generate a certain number of related pragmatic effects, potentially through quite diverse mechanisms.
Comparison of body size, relative growth and size at onset sexual maturity ofUca uruguayensis(Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae) from different latitudes in the south-western Atlantic
Authors: Hirose Gustavo Luis , Fransozo Vivian , Tropea Carolina , López-Greco Laura S. , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia
Published: October 2012

Some crustaceans show variations of their reproductive biology within their geographical distribution, and knowledge about such variations is important for the comprehension of their reproductive adaptations. This study compared two populations of the fiddler crabUca uruguayensisfrom two locations on the south-western Atlantic coast: Ubatuba Bay, São Paulo, Brazil and Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The population features analysed were the body size variation (carapace width = CW) and the size at the onset of sexual maturity (SOM) in order to test the hypothesis that the size at SOM, should be the same in relative terms (RSOM), independently of the latitudinal position. In the Brazilian population the CW ranged from 4.18 to 11.60 mm for males and 3.90 to 9.80 mm for females, and in the Argentinean population from 3.60 to 14.10 mm for males and 2.85 to 12.00 mm for females. In the Brazilian population the SOM was 7.1 (RSOM = 0.58) and 5.9 mm CW (RSOM = 0.57) for males and females, respectively, and in the Argentinean population it was 7.0 (RSOM = 0.42) and 6.75 mm CW (RSOM = 0.53) for males and females, respectively. This fact is probably related to a great plasticity in the life history features ofUca uruguayensisunder different environmental conditions.
Reproductive cycle and larval characteristics of the sponge Haliclona indistincta (Porifera: Demospongiae)
Authors: Stephens Kelly M.M. , Galvin John , Lawless Albert , McCormack Grace P.
Published: October 2012

Haliclona indistincta has in some respects, a typical reproductive cycle for a marine haplosclerid sponge. We suggest that oocytes originate from archaeocytes and that spermatozoa originate from choanocytes. Oocytes were first seen in November and matured as eggs by May and June. Immature spermatic cysts were identified from February and mature cysts were present in May and June only. Of the individuals surveyed that had reproductive elements present (150/200), reproductive elements from a single sex were reported in over half of the specimens (59%) but there were also many hermaphrodites (41%). Embryos were first seen in June. Larvae were distributed throughout the mesohyl and were released from the end of June to the end of July. Three mobile larval stages and fusing of sibling larvae were observed. Post-settlement stages from early settlement to the development of oscula and excurrent canals are also shown. However, some elements of the larvae (uniform ciliation and no spicules at posterior pole) are not consistent with larvae from this genus.
Recurrence of major depressive disorder and its predictors in the general population: results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)
Authors: Hardeveld F. , Spijker J. , De Graaf R. , Nolen W. A. , Beekman A. T. F.
Published: October 2012

Background

Knowledge of the risk of recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder (MDD) in the general population is scarce.

Method

Data were derived from 687 subjects in the general population with a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of MDD but without a current major depressive episode (MDE) or dysthymia. Participants had to be at least 6 months in remission, and were recruited from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Recency and severity of the last MDE were assessed retrospectively at baseline. Recurrence of MDD was measured prospectively during the 3-year follow-up. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to measure time to recurrence. Determinants of time to recurrence were analyzed using proportional hazard models.

Results

The estimated cumulative recurrence of MDD was 13.2% at 5 years, 23.2% at 10 years and 42.0% at 20 years. In bivariate analysis, the following variables predicted a shorter time to recurrence: younger age, younger age of onset, higher number of previous episodes, a severe last depressive episode, negative youth experiences, ongoing difficulties before recurrence and high neuroticism. Multivariably, younger age, a higher number of previous episodes, a severe last depressive episode, negative youth experiences and ongoing difficulties remained significant.

Conclusions

In this community sample, the long-term risk of recurrence was high, but lower than that found in clinical samples. Subjects who had had an MDE had a long-term vulnerability for recurrence. Factors predicting recurrence included illness- and stress-related factors.
Civility, Community Cohesion and Antisocial Behaviour: Policy and Social Harmony
Authors: BANNISTER JON , O'SULLIVAN ANTHONY
Published: October 2012

Intergroup conflict, whether manifest as the absence of community cohesion or as the presence of antisocial behaviour, is an issue of international concern. In the UK, confronting the reality or perceived threat of intergroup conflict is a core feature of community cohesion and antisocial behaviour policies. To varying degrees, the frameworks underpinning these policies see the absence or breakdown of community relations as a cause of social disharmony. A key challenge for policy is therefore improvement of the quality of community relations. In this paper, we consider how government has approached this challenge. We filter our analysis through the lens of civility, which proposes that the peaceful coexistence of diverse social groups rests on the existence and maintenance of intergroup empathy and mutual respect. This proposal is supported by international research evidence on the outcomes of meaningful interactions, where these are predicated on equal group status, leading to changes in group and intergroup perceptions and behaviours (the contact hypothesis). We consider the extent to which community cohesion and anti-social behaviour policies in the UK demonstrate a coherent conception of the problem of community relations, the quality of community relations to which these policies aspire and whether the strategies deployed to address community relations seek to support civility through meaningful interaction. We find that the policy debates start from different presumptions concerning the roots of social disharmony, and this is reflected in the nature of the interventions which the community cohesion and antisocial behaviour policy frameworks support. In particular, we find that the social interaction promoted through policies in the UK is not necessarily aimed at achieving social harmony through meaningful interaction based on recognition of equal group status. We also show that these policies are based on little in the way of evidence and prior knowledge.
An overview of fuzzy Description Logics for the Semantic Web
Authors: Ma Z. M. , Zhang Fu , Wang Hailong , Yan Li
Published: October 2012

Information imprecision and uncertainty exist in many real world applications, and such information would be retrieved, processed, shared, reused, and aligned in the maximum automatic way possible. As a popular family of formally well-founded and decidable knowledge representation languages, fuzzy Description Logics (fuzzyDLs), which extendDLswith fuzzy logic, are very well suited to cover for representing and reasoning with imprecision and uncertainty. Thus, a requirement naturally arises in many practical applications of knowledge-based systems, in particular the Semantic Web, becauseDLsare the logical foundation of the Semantic Web. Currently, there have been lots of fuzzy extensions ofDLswith Zadeh's fuzzy logic theory papers published, to investigate fuzzyDLsand more importantly serve as identifying the direction of fuzzyDLsstudy. In this paper, we aim at providing a comprehensive literature overview of fuzzyDLs, and we focus our attention on fuzzy extensions ofDLsbased on fuzzy set theory. Other relevant formalisms that are based on approaches like probabilistic theory or non-monotonic logics are covered elsewhere. In detail, we first introduce the existing fuzzyDLs(including the syntax, semantics, knowledge base, and reasoning algorithm) from the origin, development (from weaker to stronger in expressive power), some special techniques, and so on. Then, the other important issues on fuzzyDLs, such as reasoning, querying, applications, and directions for future research, are also discussed in detail. Also, we make a comparison and analysis.
Diversity and composition of dengue virus type 2 in Venezuela
Authors: HUHTAMO E. , COMACH G. , SIERRA G. , CAMACHO D. E. , SIRONEN T. , VAPALAHTI O. , UZCÁTEGUI N. Y.
Published: October 2012

Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four closely related dengue virus (genusFlavivirus) serotypes (DENV-1–4). The clinical outcomes vary from mild febrile illness to life-threatening haemorrhagic manifestations. DENVs are endemic in the tropics and subtropics globally and currently no specific treatment or vaccines are available. In Venezuela, the American-Asian genotype of DENV-2 is the most prevalent and has been associated with severe disease outcomes. We aimed to follow-up the molecular epidemiology of DENV-2 in Venezuela to investigate if the evolution of the virus has remained the same throughout time or if the same dynamics documented in Brazil (hyperendemic co-circulation) also occurred. The results show that whereas the epidemiology of DENV in several endemic areas is characterized by serotype replacements through time, in Venezuela the American-Asian genotype DENV-2 has evolved into several genetic lineages and has remained in hyperendemic co-circulation with the other serotypes.
Screening of wild and cultivated lentil germplasm for resistance to stemphylium blight
Authors: Podder Rajib , Banniza Sabine , Vandenberg Albert
Published: October 2012

Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris is the only cultivated species in the genus Lens. Intensive selection pressure to develop new cultivars, a narrow genetic base, co-evolution of pathogens to partially resistant cultivars and other factors have accelerated susceptibility to different fungal diseases in this species. Few sources for resistance to stemphylium blight (SB) caused by Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. exist among commercial lentil cultivars. A total of 70 accessions were selected from seven species of the genus Lens to screen for SB resistance. The L. culinaris accessions were screened in four different environments, and the accessions of Lens ervoides, L. culinaris ssp. orientalis, Lens tomentosus,Lens nigricans, Lens odemensis and Lens lamottei in growth chamber or greenhouse experiments to identify resistance sources for potential use in lentil breeding. A highly aggressive isolate of SB was used as an inoculum to screen them under controlled conditions. Lentil cultivars ‘Eston’ (resistant) and ‘CDC Glamis’ (susceptible) were used as checks with consistent results in all experiments. Most of the L. culinaris accessions were susceptible to SB, whereas more than 70% of the wild lentil accessions had disease severity scores equal to or significantly lower than that of the SB-resistant check ‘Eston’. Some wild species accessions previously identified with resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) and ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis) were also highly resistant to SB. The highest frequency of resistance to SB was found in L. lamottei followed by L. ervoides of the secondary gene pool. These sources can potentially be used to develop new commercial cultivars with multiple or single disease resistance.
‘Advisers or Fellow-revisers’: Recognition, Status and the Revised Version
Authors: Cadwallader Alan H.
Published: October 2012

The Revised Version is recalled in the history of English language biblical versions because of the intense public debates over its potential to supplant the Authorized Version of 1611. These highly politicized contests over text and translation have continued through to the present day and have sidetracked attention from the deeper issues of identity and status associated with scholarship and national standing. Philip Schaff led a committed and ambitious group of American Protestant and Unitarian scholars in efforts to be credited as equal participants with the English Revisers in the massive project of the revision of the long-standing and much-loved English translation. The formation of the American Revised Version Committee within a year of the commencement of the work of revision by the two English Revision Companies ushered in an immense behind-the-scenes struggle over the requisite standing for decisions over the wording of the revised translation. Linguistics and text became the arena on which contests for recognition, national pride and scholarly achievement were fought. The choice of weapons of influence ranged from promotion of academic ability to rhetorical appeals to threats of commercial subversion. This paper explores the significance of American efforts to be involved credibly and influentially in the work that culminated in the Revised Version of 1881/1885 in England and (as a testament to the standing of American biblical scholarship and the failure of international cooperation) the distinct American Standard Version of 1901.
Towards the politics of causal explanation: a reply to the critics of causal inquiries
Authors: Kurki Milja , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2012

Causal inquiry has been a controversial matter in International Relations scholarship in recent years. While many new ‘non-positivist’ stances on causal analysis have been developed in recent years, many post-positivist and critical theorists in the discipline have remained unconvinced of the virtues of causal inquiry. Crucially, the political consequences of causal analysis seem to be a sticking point for many such critics. Yet, the politics of causal analysis are, we argue, complex and relatively poorly engaged with at present. Indeed, the arguments against causal analysis, which rely on warnings concerning the political nature of causal analysis, are inadequate and incomplete. We contend here that causal analysis is, indeed, political but that this does not mean that we should not engage in causal inquiry. On the contrary, we argue that this is what makes causal inquiry interesting and important in social science. A more nuanced and reflective approach to dealings with the politics of causal analysis is needed, and it is such a response that we provoke critics of causal analysis to consider.
G × E interaction and neurodevelopment II. Focus on adversities in paediatric depression: the moderating role of serotonin transporter
Authors: Bellani M. , Nobile M. , Bianchi V. , van Os J. , Brambilla P.
Published: October 2012

In a short series of articles, we will review the evidence for genotype by environment interaction (G × E) in developmental psychopathology. We will focus specifically on the characteristics of types of exposure assessed with respect to both their methods and findings. This article aims to review the studies exploring the moderating role of serotonin transporter on the effect of environmental adversities over time, particularly during childhood and adolescence, which is when level of internalizing symptoms and prevalence of mood disorders change substantially. Environmental adversities will not include abuse and maltreatment that have been reviewed before (see Bellani et al. 2012) and child's broader social ecology that will be reviewed in the next section.
The Genesis 12–19 (G1219) Study: A Twin and Sibling Study of Gene–Environment Interplay and Adolescent Development in the UK
Authors: McAdams Tom A. , Gregory Alice M. , Rowe Richard , Zavos Helena M. S. , Barclay Nicola L. , Lau Jennifer Y. F. , Maughan Barbara , Eley Thalia C.
Published: November 2012

The Genesis 12–19 (G1219) Study is an ongoing longitudinal study of a sample of UK twin pairs, non-twin sibling pairs, and their parents. G1219 was initially designed to examine the role of gene–environment interplay in adolescent depression. However, since then data have continued to be collected from both parents and their offspring into young adulthood. This has allowed for longitudinal analyses of depression and has enabled researchers to investigate multiple phenotypes and to ask questions about intermediate mechanisms. The study has primarily focused on emotional development, particularly depression and anxiety, which have been assessed at multiple levels of analysis (symptoms, cognitions, and relevant environmental experiences). G1219 has also included assessment of a broader range of psychological phenotypes ranging from antisocial behaviors and substance use to sleep difficulties, in addition to multiple aspects of the environment. DNA has also been collected. The first wave of data collection began in the year 1999 and the fifth wave of data collection will be complete before the end of 2012. In this article, we describe the sample, data collection, and measures used. We also summarize some of the key findings to date.
Global net community production and the putative net heterotrophy of the oligotrophic oceans
Authors: Westberry Toby K. , Williams Peter J. le B. , Behrenfeld Michael J.
Published: October 2012

Reconciling rates of organic carbon export from the euphotic zone with the consumption of organic material in the dark ocean remains one of the major quantitative uncertainties of the ocean carbon cycle. Euphotic zone net community production (NCP) provides one broad constraint on export flux and potential carbon drawdown. However, in vitro measurements of NCP consistently suggest that oligotrophic oceans are net heterotrophic, which is inconsistent with evidence of their carbon export to depth. Further, we have been unable to identify organic inputs on a scale to supplement the purported net heterotrophy. Here, we calculate global NCP rates using empirical relationships between in vitrophotosynthesis (P) and respiration (R) and a satellite‐based productivity model. A low value for global NCP (∼139 ± 325 Tmol C a−1) is found when a single P versus R (PvR) relation is derived from all in vitro data, with areas of net heterotrophy occupying 52% of the surface ocean. If a set of PvR relationships are instead derived by segregating the in vitro data into broad latitudinal zones associated with differing nutrient dynamics, we find a global NCP distribution in better agreement with independent model estimates of particulate carbon export, except in the 10°–40° latitudinal band where negative NCP values remain. Consistency between NCP and particulate export across all latitudes is achieved by applying a single PvR relationship derived using all in vitro data collected outside the 10°–40° latitudinal band. With this model, global NCP is estimated at ∼781 ± 393 Tmol C a−1and modeled values at well‐characterized field sites are in good agreement with non‐incubation based in situ measurements. We infer from our results thatin vitro NCP data from oligotrophic sites are too low, and suggest that this error is more likely the result of underestimated photosynthesis than overestimated respiration, although the precise physiological nature of the problem remains to be demonstrated.
Constraining volcanic inflation at Three Sisters Volcanic Field in Oregon, USA, through microgravity and deformation modeling
Authors: Zurek Jeffrey , William‐Jones Glyn , Johnson Dan , Eggers Al
Published: October 2012

Microgravity data were collected between 2002 and 2009 at the Three Sisters Volcanic Complex, Oregon, to investigate the causes of an ongoing deformation event west of South Sister volcano. Three different conceptual models have been proposed as the causal mechanism for the deformation event: (1) hydraulic uplift due to continual injection of magma at depth, (2) pressurization of hydrothermal systems and (3) viscoelastic response to an initial pressurization at depth. The gravitational effect of continual magma injection was modeled to be 20 to 33μGal at the center of the deformation field with volumes based on previous deformation studies. The gravity time series, however, did not detect a mass increase suggesting that a viscoelactic response of the crust is the most likely cause for the deformation from 2002 to 2009. The crust, deeper than 3 km, in the Three Sisters region was modeled as a Maxwell viscoelastic material and the results suggest a dynamic viscosity between 1018to 5 × 1019Pa s. This low crustal viscosity suggests that magma emplacement or stall depth is controlled by density and not the brittle ductile transition zone. Furthermore, these crustal properties and the observed geochemical composition gaps at Three Sisters can be best explained by different melt sources and limited magma mixing rather than fractional crystallization. More generally, low intrusion rates, low crustal viscosity, and multiple melt sources could also explain the whole rock compositional gaps observed at other arc volcanoes.
Forecast skill of multi‐year seasonal means in the decadal prediction system of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Authors: Müller W. A. , Baehr J. , Haak H. , Jungclaus J. H. , Kröger J. , Matei D. , Notz D. , Pohlmann H. , von Storch J. S. , Marotzke J.
Published: October 2012

We examine the latest decadal predictions performed with the coupled model MPI‐ESM as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). We use ensembles of uninitialized and yearly initialized experiments to estimate the forecast skill for surface air temperature. Like for its precursor, the initialization of MPI‐ESM improves forecast skill for yearly and multi‐yearly means, predominately over the North Atlantic for all lead times. Over the tropical Pacific, negative skill scores reflect a systematic error in the initialization. We also examine the forecast skill of multi‐year seasonal means. Skill scores of winter means are predominantly positive over northern Europe. In contrast, summer to autumn means reveal positive skill scores over central and south‐eastern Europe. The skill scores of summer means are attributable to an observed pressure‐gradient response to the North Atlantic surface temperatures.
Strong evidence of surface tension reduction in microscopic aqueous droplets
Authors: Ruehl C. R. , Chuang P. Y. , Nenes A. , Cappa C. D. , Kolesar K. R. , Goldstein A. H.
Published: October 2012

The ability of airborne particles to take up water may be enhanced by surface‐active components, but the importance of this effect is controversial because direct measurement of the surface tension of microscopic droplets has not been possible. Here we infer droplet surface tension from water uptake measurements of mixed organic‐inorganic particles at relative humidities just below saturation (99.3–99.9%). The surface tension of droplets formed on particles composed of NaCl andα‐pinene ozonolysis products was reduced by 50–75%, but only when enough organic material was present to form a film on the droplet surface at least 0.8 nm thick. This study suggests that if atmospheric particles are predominantly (≳80%) composed of surface‐active material, their influence on cloud properties and thus climate could be enhanced, and their atmospheric lifetimes could be reduced.
Hindcasting the Adriatic Sea near‐surface motions with a coupled wave‐current model
Authors: Dutour Sikirić M. , Roland A. , Tomaz˘ić I. , Janeković I.
Published: November 2012

Prediction of near‐surface dynamics is one of the most challenging problems in oceanography because of the combined effects of waves, currents and turbulence. In this work an implementation of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), two‐way coupled to the Wind Wave Model II (WWM II), is used as the computational platform for the numerical experiments designed to evaluate the wave contribution to dynamics in the near surface region. To that end we apply recent concepts in physics of spectral wave modeling to close the momentum balance in the surface boundary layer. To force the ROMS and WWM II models and to assess their modeling skill we use observations and model results made during 2002–2003 in the Adriatic Sea. When all effects were included in the simulation, comparison with top‐bin Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) measurements showed certain improvements. The mean error is reduced at most stations and the root mean square error decreased by 11% at all ADCP moorings and by 24% at four of them but the errors remain large due to the errors of the wind forcing. Our results also point to the importance of computing the Stokes drift from the full wave spectra instead of using a simplified truncation formula.