bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les liens intergénérationnels
Authors: Attias-Donfut Claudine
Published: September 2016

Le « contrat des générations » est au cœur du système de protection sociale, avec deux grandes orientations, la réduction des inégalités entre générations et l’intensification de leurs solidarités publiques et privées. Les effets de la protection sociale ont contribué à la mutation des liens intergénérationnels tant dans la famille que dans la société, introduisant une autonomie nouvelle entre générations, inversant la direction des transferts financiers au sein de la famille et participant à la pacification des relations entre générations. Trois principaux aspects de la politique de la vieillesse concernent directement les liens intergénérationnels : la question de l’équité entre générations, la politique de reconnaissance et de soutien aux « aidants » familiaux, l’incitation au vieillissement actif et aux solidarités entre générations dans la société civile et dans le monde du travail. La détérioration de l’emploi et des conditions de vie des jeunes a donné une nouvelle ampleur à la question de l’équité entre générations qui représente, avec le vieillissement accru de la population, un défi majeur pour l’avenir de la protection sociale.
L’adaptation de la politique d’assurance vieillesse au vieillissement
Authors: Laroque Michel
Published: September 2016

La politique d’assurance vieillesse s’est profondément adaptée au vieillissement de la population. Construite dans les années 1910, 1930 et 1945, l’assurance vieillesse a été marquée d’abord par le rapport Laroque de 1961, qui renouvelle ses principes. La prise de conscience du vieillissement, issu du baby-boom et de l’augmentation constante de l’espérance de vie qui traduit le « rajeunissement » de personnes âgées en bonne santé, n’intervient qu’à partir des années 1980. Elle génère, pour assurer la pérennité du système de retraite, qui dépend de « prélèvements sur la production de biens ou la création de service des actifs », la réforme de 1993 et les réformes successives du xxi e  siècle, qui ne sont pas terminées.
Nouveaux acteurs, nouveaux enjeux : quel avenir pour l’action sociale vieillesse ?
Authors: Argoud Dominique
Published: September 2016

Cette contribution vise à apporter un regard sociohistorique sur près d’un demi-siècle d’action sociale vieillesse. Il s’agira d’analyser ce qui semble s’apparenter à la fin d’un cycle. En effet, la politique dite du troisième âge a été portée au cours de la seconde moitié du xx e  siècle par un ensemble d’acteurs relevant essentiellement du secteur social et médico-social. En l’occurrence, les communes, les associations, les caisses de retraite se sont engagées, souvent avec le soutien de l’État, dans la mise en œuvre d’actions visant à apporter des réponses à ce nouveau public qu’étaient « les retraités et personnes âgées ». L’émergence de la « dépendance » à partir des années 1990 a constitué un premier coup de semonce avec la montée en puissance d’un nouvel acteur – les gériatres – qui a contribué à modifier la nature de la politique menée dans le champ de la vieillesse. Mais la disparition progressive, à partir des années 2000, des principaux acteurs et organismes ayant permis de fédérer et de penser la gérontologie sociale laisse un espace vacant pour de nouveaux acteurs intéressés par la problématique du vieillissement.
Les établissements et services médico-sociaux pour personnes âgées
Authors: Gratieux Laurent
Published: September 2016

La prise en charge des besoins spécifiques des personnes âgées en situation de perte d’autonomie représente une dépense estimée à environ 28 milliards d’euros en 2011, financée à hauteur de 21 milliards par des aides publiques dont la part dans le pib devrait s’accroître continument jusqu’en 2060. Cet effort finance principalement des établissements et services médico-sociaux, établissements d’hébergement et services d’aide et de soins à domicile. Les premiers ont vu leurs capacités tripler depuis les années 1960 et se sont modernisés et médicalisés pour mieux répondre aux besoins de soins d’une population de plus en plus âgée et dépendante. Les seconds se sont développés fortement pour accompagner la politique de maintien à domicile des personnes âgées. Toutes ces structures sont aujourd’hui confrontées à la même nécessité d’améliorer en permanence la qualité de leurs prestations pour mieux répondre aux besoins des personnes tout en maîtrisant leur reste à charge.
The order Corallinales sensu lato (Rhodophyta) in the Iberian Atlantic: current state of knowledge
Authors: Lugilde Juan , Peña Viviana , Bárbara Ignacio
Published: September 2016

A review of the order Corallinales sensu lato in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula is presented with the aim of assessing its current state of knowledge in comparison with adjacent areas (British Isles-Atlantic France, Macaronesia and Iberian Mediterranean). According to the information compiled from more than 250 publications, herbarium data and manuscripts, we concluded that Atlantic Iberian coralline algae have been poorly studied, which resulted in only 49 species reported. By contrast, Macaronesia is the most species-rich region (91), followed by Spanish Mediterranean (67) and the British Isles-Atlantic France (61). In the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula, 17 species occurred commonly (present in more than 50% of the coastline), particularly those corresponding to the genera Amphiroa, Jania, Lithophyllum, Mesophyllum, and Phymatolithon. Instead, the genera Harveylithon, Hydrolithon, Leptophytum, Lithothamnion, Neogoniolithon and Pneophyllum have been occasionally reported. In the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula and adjacent regions, the epilithic growth-form was dominant, followed by the epiphytic, epizoic and the unattached (maerl/rodoliths); besides, sciaphilous taxa were more abundant than photophilous species. The low intertidal and shallow subtidal harbour a high diversity of coralline algae, as well as semi-exposed coasts or areas affected by currents. The present study confirms that studies on the Atlantic Iberian coralline algae are scarce, and that further research on this group is required.
Provisional catalogue of the flora of San Ignacio de Huinay, Chile
Authors: Morales Ramón , Fernández Alonso José Luis , Fitzek Reinhard , Medina Leopoldo , Muñoz Garmendia Félix
Published: September 2016

Contribution to the vascular plants flora of San Ignacio de Huinay natural reserve, Comau fiord, Región de los Lagos, Chile. To date, 262 species with their herbaria sheets stored in 5 different American and European herbaria (CONC, M, MA, and SGO) and that of Huinay, are known in the territory. In this work some first new records for the South Cone are included, such as Potentilla anglica, Plantago media, and Mentha x rotundifolia. Furthermore, some of the records are new for the Flora of Chile, such as Juncus burkartii, only known from Argentina). Other species very scarcely cited in Chile, such as Solanum nigrum and Bromus squarrosus, are also included.
Influence of the synergy between mineral additions and Portland cement in the physical-mechanical properties of ternary binders
Authors: Fernández Á. , Alonso M. C. , García-Calvo J. L. , Lothenbach B.
Published: September 2016

The paper deals with the synergistic effect of mineral additions on the physical-mechanical performance of ternary blends prepared with different Portland cements (PC). The effect in setting and heat flow release is also analyzed. The mineral additions used are blast furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA) and limestone filler (LF). PCs with different C3A and alkali content have been tested to study the synergy in ternary blends. Ternary binders with PC low in C3A and alkali content achieve similar mechanical strength gain as plain PC and refinement of pore size distribution from early hydration ages due to the acceleration of PC hydration induced by the mineral additions. In contrast, ternary binders with PC higher in C3A and alkali content have a delayed in mechanical strength at early hydration ages, but significantly higher at long hydration times.
Standartization Use Case of Solid-State Laser Lab and RF&Microwave Amplifier Remote and Virtual Laboratories at Labicom
Authors: Titov Igor , Glotov Alexander , Yelizarov Andrey , Petrov Victor
Published: September 2016

This paper outlines a demonstration of a few remote and virtual laboratories at Labicom platform that were built with accordance to main IEEE P1876â„¢ ideas. A few standardization approaches at above mentioned remote and virtual laboratories are briefly discussed. These laboratories were presented at interactive Labicom demo session during REV'16 conference and published in conference proceedings under title "Labicom Labs: Remote and Virtual Solid-State Laser Lab, RF&Microwave Amplifier Remote and Virtual Lab. Interactive demonstration of Labicom labs in winter 2016".
Assisted Creation and Deployment of Javascript Remote Experiments
Authors: De la Torre Luis , Andrade Tiago Faustino , Sousa Pedro , Sanchez Jose , Restivo Maria Teresa
Published: September 2016

In order to disseminate and encourage the use of remote experiments, their creation and deployment need to be simplified. This work presents a method to easily develop remote experiments interfaces in Javascript and to quickly embed them in Moodle. This solution requires the use of Easy Java/Javascript Simulations for the development of the interfaces and the EJSApp Moodle plugin to deploy them in the web platform. The proven flexibility of such solution has fostered the integration of two new experiments and also the easy adaptation of an already existing one, opening new remote labs flexibility to educational and/or training activities.
Models of Collaborative Remote Laboratories and Integration with Learning Environments
Authors: Zapata Rivera Luis Felipe , Larrondo Petrie Maria M.
Published: September 2016

Development of remote laboratories in academic settings has been held back because of the lack of standardization of technology, processes, operation and their integration with formal educational environments. Remote laboratories are used in educational settings for a variety of reasons, for instance, when the equipment is not available in the physical laboratory; when the physical laboratory space available is not sufficient to, either, set up the experiments or permit access to all on-site students in the course; or when the teacher needs to provide online laboratory experiences to students taking courses via distance education. Centers have been forming platforms that grant remote access to a collection of physical experiments that provide alternatives to educational institutions to reduce budgets of not only equipment purchases but also other expenses, such as, people, space, maintenance, and electricity consumption. This paper offers a taxonomy and examples of types of laboratories and hybrid combinations, and proposes Unified Modeling Language (UML) models for remote laboratories incorporating access models for collaborative user roles in the educational context that support synchronous and asynchronous formats in learning environments. The need for development of adaptive interfaces for remote laboratories based on difficulty level and demonstrated user knowledge is presented. Finally, the paper proposes a scheme of virtualization of the infrastructure and an adaptive scheme of assisted remote laboratories where part of the experience is carried out by the user (student) and part is assisted by the system (teacher avatar) that is able to act as a team mate for the students during the experimentation process.
Two Experiences of Blended Learning Process on Engineering Education
Authors: Rodríguez-Sevillano Ángel Antonio , Barcala-Montejano Miguel Ángel , Tovar-Caro Edmundo , López-Gallego Pablo
Published: September 2016

The paper presents the experience developed by the authors in two virtual learning platforms oriented to learning about helicopters in aerospace engineering. The first course on OCW-UPM project will be explained, and as well as the evolution towards a step further in open education resources with the course "Introduction to Engineering Helicopter" in edX. The results obtained in each course will be analyzed, and the conclusions taken into account.
Quantum group-twisted tensor products of C*-algebras. II
Authors: Meyer Ralf , Roy Sutanu , Woronowicz Stanisław Lech
Published: September 2016

For a quasitriangular C*-quantum group, we enrich the twisted tensor product constructed in the first part of this series to a monoidal structure on the category of its continuous coactions on C*-algebras. We define braided C*-quantum groups, where the comultiplication takes values in a twisted tensor product. We show that compact braided C*-quantum groups yield compact quantum groups by a semidirect product construction.
Matrix factorizations and semi-orthogonal decompositions for blowing-ups
Authors: Lunts Valery A. , Schnürer Olaf M.
Published: September 2016

We study categories of matrix factorizations. These categories are defined for any regular function on a suitable regular scheme. Our paper has two parts. In the first part we develop the foundations; for example we discuss derived direct and inverse image functors and dg enhancements. In the second part we prove that the category of matrix factorizations on the blowing-up of a suitable regular scheme

X

along a regular closed subscheme

Y

has a semi-orthogonal decomposition into admissible subcategories in terms of matrix factorizations on

Y

and

X

. This is the analog of a well-known theorem for bounded derived categories of coherent sheaves, and is an essential step in our forthcoming article [23] which defines a Landau–Ginzburg motivic measure using categories of matrix factorizations. Finally we explain some applications.
On an intermediate bivariant $K$-theory for $C^*$-algebras
Authors: Dumitrașcu Constantin Dorin
Published: September 2016

We construct a new bivariant

K

-theory for

C^*

-algebras, that we call

KE

-theory. For each pair of separable graded

C^*

-algebras

A

and

B

, acted upon by a locally compact

\sigma

-compact group

G

, we define an abelian group

KE_G(A,B)

. We show that there is an associative product

KE_G(A,D) \otimes KE_G(D,B) \rightarrow KE_G(A,B)

. Various functoriality properties of the

KE

-theory groups and of the product are presented. The new theory is intermediate between the

KK

-theory of G.G. Kasparov, and the

E

-theory of A. Connes and N. Higson, in the sense that there are natural transformations

KK_G \rightarrow KE_G

and

KE_G \rightarrow E_G

preserving the products. The motivations that led to the construction of

KE

-theory were: (1) to give a concrete description of the map from

KK

-theory to

E

-theory, abstractly known to exist because of the universal characterization of

KK

-theory, (2) to construct a bivariant theory well adapted to dealing with elliptic operators, and in which the product is simpler to compute with than in

KK

-theory, and (3) to provide a different proof to the Baum–Connes conjecture for a-T-menable groups. This paper deals with the first two problems mentioned above; the third one will be treated somewhere else.
Effect of diet supplementation with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, caecal ecosystem and health of growing rabbits
Authors: Belhassen T. , Bonai A. , Gerencsér ZS. , Matics ZS. , Tuboly T. , Bergaoui R. , Kovacs M.
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance, caecal ecosystem and overall health of growing rabbits. A control diet was formulated (crude protein: 15.9%; neutral detergent fibre: 31.6%) and another diet obtained by supplementing the control diet with 1 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6.5×109 colony-forming units) per kg of diet. Ninety 35-d old rabbits were allotted into 3 groups: TT (rabbits offered the supplemented diet from 17 d of age onwards), CT (rabbits offered supplemented diet from 35 d) and CC (rabbits fed non-supplemented diet). Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured weekly and mortality was controlled daily. At 35, 42 and 77 d of age, 6 rabbits from each group were slaughtered and digestive physiological traits, serum clinical chemistry parameters, fermentation traits, and the composition of caecal microbiota examined. At 42 and 56 d of age, 10 rabbits from each group were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg/animal of ovalbumin and blood samples were collected for examination of plasma immunological parameters. Throughout the experiment (5-11 wk), weight gain and feed intake (37.8 and 112.6 g/d, on av.) were not affected by yeast, except for weight gain in the first week after weaning, which was the highest in TT animals among the 3 groups (48.1 vs. 43.9 and 44.2 g/d for TT, CC and CT, respectively; P=0.012). This may be due to the increased trend in feed intake (P=0.072) in the TT group (96.4 g/d) compared to the others. Mortality (5/90) was low and did not differ among the 3 groups. Treatments had no effect on slaughter traits at the 3 sampling dates (35, 42 and 77 d). Only the weight of the empty caecum (% BW) was higher (P=0.02) in CC (2.2%) and CT (2.3%) than in TT group (1.8%) at 77 d of age. Treatments did not overtly affect the caecal microbiota, although the number of total anaerobic bacteria and Bacteroides were lower (108 and 107/g caecal digesta, respectively) in rabbits from CC group compared to those of CT and TT groups at 42 d of age (P=0.03). No difference between groups was observed for caecal short chain fatty acids profile, blood traits, or IgG and cytokine profile. In conclusion, supplementation of feed with yeast did not modify growth traits and resulted in only a temporary increase in weight gain and a slightly altered caecal microbiota after weaning.
Pomegranate peel as a natural antioxidant enhanced reproductive performance and milk yield of female rabbits
Authors: Zeweil H.S. , Elgindy Y.M.
Published: September 2016

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary pomegranate peel (PP; 9.61% crude protein and 13.1% crude fibre) on reproductive performance and milk yield of heat-stressed rabbit does. Forty-eight V-line rabbit does with average initial live body weight of 3.59±0.11 kg (2nd parity; 9 mo old) were divided into 4 treatment  roups (12 does per group). The first group was fed diet free of PP. The second, third and fourth groups were fed diets containing 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0% PP, respectively, included in substitution of clover hay from the basal diet. Feed of the 4 groups was free of added antioxidants. The studied traits were: kindling rate, gestation period, litter size, litter weight, kit weight at both birth and weaning (28 d of lactation) for the last 3 parameters, pre-weaning mortality and milk yield. Range of temperatures and relative humidity during the experimental period in the rabbitry varied between 27.5-33.5°C and 64-76%, respectively. The inclusion of PP quadratically affected litter size at birth (P<0.001) and weaning (P<0.01), as well as milk yield (P<0.001). However, it tended to reduce the kit milk intake in most lactation periods (P=0.078), leading to a linear reduction in individual kit weight at weaning (P=0.060). In conclusion, supplementations of PP in the diet of does during summer season in Egypt can improve their productivity.
Turbulence effects on warm-rain formation in precipitating
shallow convection revisited
Authors: Seifert Axel , Onishi Ryo
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Two different collection kernels which include turbulence effects on the collision rate of liquid droplets are used as a basis to develop a parameterization of the warm-rain processes autoconversion, accretion, and self-collection. The new parameterization is tested and validated with the help of a 1-D bin microphysics model. Large-eddy simulations of the rain formation in shallow cumulus clouds confirm previous results that turbulence effects can significantly enhance the development of rainwater in clouds and the occurrence and amount of surface precipitation. The detailed behavior differs significantly for the two turbulence models, revealing a considerable uncertainty in our understanding of such effects. In addition, the large-eddy simulations show a pronounced sensitivity to grid resolution, which suggests that besides the effect of sub-grid small-scale isotropic turbulence which is parameterized as part of the collection kernel also the larger turbulent eddies play an important role for the formation of rain in shallow clouds.
Enhanced Trans-Himalaya Pollution Transport to the Tibetan
Plateau by the Cut-off Low System
Authors: Zhang Ruixiong , Wang Yuhang , He Qiusheng , Chen Laiguo , Zhang Yuzhong , Qu Hang , Smeltzer Charles , Li Jianfeng , Alvarado Leonardo M. A. , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Richter Andreas , Wittrock Folkard , Burrows John P.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Long-range transport and subsequent deposition of black carbon on glaciers of Tibet is one of the key issues of climate research inducing changes on radiative forcing and subsequently impacting on the melting of glaciers. The transport mechanism, however, is not well understood. In this study, we use short-lived reactive aromatics as proxies to diagnose transport of pollutants to Tibet. In situ observations of short-lived reactive aromatics across the Tibetan Plateau are analyzed using a regional chemistry and transport model. The model performance using the current emission inventories over the region is poor due to problems in the inventories and model transport. Top-down emissions constrained by satellite observations of glyoxal (CHOCHO) are a factor of 2–6 higher than the a priori emissions over the industrialized Indo-Gangetic Plain. Using the top-down emissions, agreement between model simulations and surface observations of aromatics improves. We find enhancements of reactive aromatics over Tibet by a factor of 6 on average due to rapid transport from India and nearby regions during the presence of a high-altitude cut-off low system. Our results suggest that the cut-off low system is a major pathway for long-range transport of pollutants such as black carbon. The modeling analysis reveals that even the state-of-the-science high-resolution reanalysis cannot simulate this cut-off low system accurately, which probably explains in part the underestimation of black carbon deposition over Tibet in previous modeling studies. Furthermore, another model deficiency of underestimating pollution transport from the south is due to the complexity of terrain, leading to enhanced transport. It is therefore challenging for coarse-resolution global climate models to properly represent the effects of long-range transport of pollutants on the Tibetan environment and the subsequent consequence for regional climate forcing.
Sensitivity of particle loss to the Kelvin effect in LES of young
contrails
Authors: Inamdar Aniket R. , Naiman Alexander D. , Lele Sanjiva K. , Jacobson Mark Z.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Different treatments of the Kelvin effect in LES modeling of early contrails are shown to cause variations in the survival rate of ice particles by up to a factor of 4 and in optical depth and mean particle size by up to 50 %. The Kelvin effect which varies exponentially with particle size, can reduce or even suppress the impact of other important ambient parameters, such as ice supersaturation, on particle survival rate. Lowering or neglecting the Kelvin effect is shown to substantially alter the evolution of the ice particle size distribution and delay the onset of particle loss. A strongly Kelvin effect dependent exponential relation between particle survival rate and particle size is shown for high EIsoot (O(1015)).
Ensemble mean density and its connection to other microphysical properties of falling snow as observed in Southern Finland
Authors: Tiira Jussi , Moisseev Dmitri N. , von Lerber Annakaisa , Ori Davide , Tokay Ali , Bliven Larry F. , Petersen Walter
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In this study measurements collected during winters 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 at the University of Helsinki measurement station in Hyytiälä are used to investigate connections between ensemble mean snow density, particle fall velocity and parameters of the particle size distribution (PSD). The density of snow is derived from measurements of particle fall velocity and PSD, provided by a particle video imager, and weighing gauge measurements of precipitation rate. Validity of the retrieved density values is checked against snow depth measurements. A relation retrieved for the ensemble mean snow density and median volume diameter is in general agreement with previous studies, but it is observed to vary significantly from one winter to the other. From these observations, characteristic mass–dimensional relations of snow are retrieved. For snow rates more than 0.2 mm h−1, a correlation between the intercept parameter of normalized gamma PSD and median volume diameter was observed.
Results of an intercomparison for free space antenna factor measurements
within the German Calibration Service (DKD)
Authors: Kleine-Ostmann Thomas , Huncke Frank , Schwarzbeck Dieter , Martetschläger Otto , Gaßner Jürgen , Guserle Andreas , Römer Christian , Hufnagel Thomas , Lehmann Mario , Karsten Uwe , Schrader Thorsten
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In this paper we discuss the results of an intercomparison for free space antenna factor measurements performed within the German Calibration Service (DKD). Three different types of antennas covering the frequency range from 30 MHz to 26.5 GHz have been calibrated in five different laboratories using different methods and calibration sites to obtain the free space antenna factor. The results agree well within the uncertainties specified by the laboratories suggesting that different approaches and different measurement sites to obtain the free space antenna factor are well compatible.
Extended measurement setup for transient TEM waveguide characterization
Authors: Briest Niklas , Garbe Heyno , Potthast Stefan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper discusses a field measurement method, based on a two-antenna setup, to qualify the transmission of transient signals inside a GTEM cell. The transmission characteristic of the GTEM1250 is evaluated by the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and is presented with a heatmap. Due to deviations of the uncertainty contribution of the field homogeneity, the frequency band around 100 MHz is evaluated and its effect to the PCC is discussed. Therefore, a comparable narrowband transient signal, a damped sinusoidal (DS) is used. Furthermore, a detailed discussion focussing on nonlinear and distorting effects of the GTEM1250 is performed. The measurements in time domain (TD) identify comparable high secondary E-field components in the propagation direction, which are characteristic for higher order modes. Based on the same setup, another measurement is performed in frequency domain (FD) and relates the phase response of the GTEM cell to the above mentioned effects. According to the measured phase response the propagation time is discussed to investigate the distorting effects caused by higher order modes.
Transfer impedance simulation and measurement methods to analyse shielding
behaviour of HV cables used in Electric-Vehicles and
Hybrid-Electric-Vehicles
Authors: Mushtaq Abid , Frei Stephan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In the power drive system of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), High Voltage (HV) cables play a major role in evaluating the EMI of the whole system. Transfer impedance (ZT) is the most commonly used performance parameter for the HV cable. To analyse and design HV cables and connectors with better shielding effectiveness (SE), appropriate measurement and simulation methods are required. In this paper, Ground Plate Method (GPM) with improvements has been proposed to measure ZT. Use of low-frequency ferrites to avoid ground-loop effects has also been investigated. Additionally, a combination of analytical model with a circuit model has been implemented to simulate limitations (frequency response) of the test setup. Also parametrical studies using the analytical model have been performed to analyse the shielding behaviour of HV cables.
Characterization of DUT impedance in immunity test setups
Authors: Hassanpour Razavi Seyyed Ali , Frei Stephan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Several immunity test procedures for narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy are available for automotive components. The ISO 11452 series describes the most commonly used test methods. The absorber line shielded enclosure (ALSE) is often considered as the most reliable method. However, testing with the bulk current injection (BCI) can be done with less efforts and is often preferred. As the test setup in both procedures is quite similar, there were several trials for finding appropriate modifications to the BCI in order to increase the matching to the ALSE. However, the lack of knowledge regarding the impedance of the tested component, makes it impossible to find the equivalent current to be injected by the BCI and a good match cannot be achieved. In this paper, three approaches are proposed to estimate the termination impedance indirectly by using different current probes.
TOF-LIDAR signal processing using the CFAR detector
Authors: Ogawa Takashi , Wanielik Gerd
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In recent years, the lidar sensor has been receiving greater attention as being one of the prospective sensors for future intelligent vehicles. In order to enable advanced applications in a variety of road environments, it has become more important to detect various objects at a wider distance. Therefore, in this research we have focused on lidar signal processing to detect low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets and proposed a higher sensitive detector. The detector is based on the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processing framework in which an additional functionality of adaptive intensity integration is incorporated. Fundamental results through static experiments have shown a significant advantage in the detection performance in comparison to a conventional detector with constant thresholding.
Delayed response of the global total electron content to solar EUV
variations
Authors: Jacobi Christoph , Jakowski Norbert , Schmidtke Gerhard , Woods Thomas N.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The ionospheric response to solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) variability during 2011–2014 is shown by simple proxies based on Solar Dynamics Observatory/Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment solar EUV spectra. The daily proxies are compared with global mean total electron content (TEC) computed from global TEC maps derived from Global Navigation Satellite System dual frequency measurements. They describe about 74 % of the intra-seasonal TEC variability. At time scales of the solar rotation up to about 40 days there is a time lag between EUV and TEC variability of about one day, with a tendency to increase for longer time scales.
Investigations on antenna array calibration algorithms for direction-of-arrival estimation
Authors: Eberhardt Michael , Eschlwech Philipp , Biebl Erwin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms deliver very precise results based on good and extensive antenna array calibration. The better the array manifold including all disturbances is known, the better the DOA estimation result. A simplification or ideally an omission of the calibration procedure has been a long pursued goal in the history of array signal processing. This paper investigates the practicability of some well known calibration algorithms and gives a deeper insight into existing obstacles. Further analysis on the validity of the common used data model is presented. A new effect in modeling errors is revealed and simulation results substantiate this theory.
Advanced binary search pattern for impedance spectra classification for determining the state of charge of a lithium iron phosphate cell using a support vector machine
Authors: Jansen Patrick , Vollnhals Michael , Renner Daniel , Vergossen David , John Werner , Götze Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Further improvements on the novel method for state of charge (SOC) determination of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells based on the impedance spectra classification are presented. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is applied to impedance spectra of a LFP cell, with each impedance spectrum representing a distinct SOC for a predefined temperature. As a SVM is a binary classifier, only the distinction between two SOC can be computed in one iteration of the algorithm. Therefore a search pattern is necessary. A balanced tree search was implemented with good results. In order to further improvements of the SVM method, this paper discusses two new search pattern, namely a linear search and an imbalanced tree search, the later one based on an initial educated guess. All three search pattern were compared under various aspects like accuracy, efficiency, tolerance of disturbances and temperature dependancy. The imbalanced search tree shows to be the most efficient search pattern if the initial guess is within less than ±5 % SOC of the original SOC in both directions and exhibits the best tolerance for high disturbances. Linear search improves the rate of exact classifications for almost every temperature. It also improves the robustness against high disturbances and can even detect a certain number of false classifications which makes this search pattern unique. The downside is a much lower efficiency as all impedance spectra have to be evaluated while the tree search pattern only evaluate those on the tree path.
A GPS based fawn saving system using relative distance and angle determination
Authors: Ascher A. , Eberhardt M. , Lehner M. , Biebl E.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Active UHF RFID systems are often used for identifying, tracking and locating objects. In the present publication a GPS- based localization system for saving fawns during pasture mowing was introduced and tested. Fawns were first found by a UAV before mowing began. They were then tagged with small active RFID transponders, and an appropriate reader was installed on a mowing machine. Conventional direction-of-arrival approaches require a large antenna array with multiple elements and a corresponding coherent receiver, which introduces a large degree of complexity on the reader-side. Instead, our transponders were equipped with a small GPS module, allowing a transponder to determine its own position on request from the reader. A UHF link was used to transmit the location to a machine- mounted reader, where a second GPS receiver was installed. Using information from this second position and a machine- mounted magnetometer for determining the relative north direction of a vehicle, relative distance, and angle between GPS receivers can be calculated. The accuracy and reliability of this novel method were tested under realistic operating conditions, considering critical factors such as the height of grass, the lying position of a fawn, humidity and geographical area.
Risk analysis with a fuzzy-logic approach of a complex installation
Authors: Peikert Tim , Garbe Heyno , Potthast Stefan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper introduces a procedural method based on fuzzy logic to analyze systematic the risk of an electronic system in an intentional electromagnetic environment (IEME). The method analyzes the susceptibility of a complex electronic installation with respect to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). It combines the advantages of well-known techniques as fault tree analysis (FTA), electromagnetic topology (EMT) and Bayesian networks (BN) and extends the techniques with an approach to handle uncertainty. This approach uses fuzzy sets, membership functions and fuzzy logic to handle the uncertainty with probability functions and linguistic terms. The linguistic terms add to the risk analysis the knowledge from experts of the investigated system or environment.
Reviews and syntheses: measuring ecosystem nitrogen status – a comparison of proxies
Authors: Almaraz Maya , Porder Stephen
Published: September 2016

Abstract. There are many proxies used to measure nitrogen (N) availability in watersheds, but the degree to which they do (or do not) correlate within a watershed has not been systematically addressed. We surveyed the literature for intact forest or grassland watersheds globally, in which several metrics of nitrogen availability have been measured. Our metrics included the following: foliar δ15N, soil δ15N, net nitrification, net N mineralization, and the ratio of dissolved inorganic to organic nitrogen (DIN : DON) in soil solution and streams. We were particularly interested in whether terrestrial and stream based proxies for N availability were correlated where they were measured in the same place. Not surprisingly, the strongest correlation (Kendall's τ) was between net nitrification and N mineralization (τ  =  0.71, p < 0.0001). Net nitrification and N mineralization were each correlated with foliar and soil δ15N (p < 0.05). Foliar and soil δ15N were more tightly correlated in tropical sites (τ  =  0.68, p < 0.0001), than in temperate sites (τ  =  0.23, p  =  0.02). The only significant correlations between terrestrial- and water-based metrics were those of net nitrification (τ  =  0.48, p  =  0.01) and N mineralization (τ  =  0.69, p  =  0.0001) with stream DIN : DON. The relationship between stream DIN : DON with both net nitrification and N mineralization was significant only in temperate, but not tropical regions. To our surprise, we did not find a significant correlation between soil δ15N and stream DIN : DON, despite the fact that both have been used to infer spatially or temporally integrated N status. Given that both soil δ15N and stream DIN : DON are used to infer long-term N status, their lack of correlation in watersheds merits further investigation.
Shift in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in the Congo
River network
Authors: Lambert Thibault , Bouillon Steven , Darchambeau François , Massicotte Philippe , Borges Alberto V.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The processing of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) during downstream transport in fluvial networks is poorly understood. Here, we report a dataset of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and DOM composition (stable carbon isotope ratios, absorption and fluorescence properties) acquired along a 1700 km transect in the middle reach of the Congo River basin. Samples were collected in the mainstem and its tributaries during high-water (HW) and falling-water (FW) periods. DOC concentrations and DOM composition along the mainstem were found to differ between the two periods because of a reduced lateral mixing between the central water masses of the Congo River and DOM-rich waters from tributaries and also likely because of a greater photodegradation during FW as water residence time (WRT) increased. Although the Cuvette Centrale wetland (one of the world's largest flooded forests) continuously releases highly aromatic DOM in streams and rivers of the Congo Basin, the downstream transport of DOM was found to result in an along-stream gradient from aromatic to aliphatic compounds. The characterization of DOM through parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) suggests that this transition results from (1) the losses of aromatic compounds by photodegradation and (2) the production of aliphatic compounds by biological reworking of terrestrial DOM. Finally, this study highlights the critical importance of the river–floodplain connectivity in tropical rivers in controlling DOM biogeochemistry at a large spatial scale and suggests that the degree of DOM processing during downstream transport is a function of landscape characteristics and WRT.
Mapping the reduction in carbon uptake in subarctic birch forests
due to insect outbreaks
Authors: Olsson Per-Ola , Heliasz Michal , Jin Hongxiao , Eklundh Lars
Published: September 2016

Abstract. It is projected that forest disturbances, such as insect outbreaks, will have an increasingly negative impact on forests with a warmer climate. These disturbance events can have a substantial impact on forests' ability to absorb atmospheric CO2, and may even turn forests from carbon sinks into carbon sources; hence, it is important to develop methods to both monitor forest disturbances and to quantify the impact of these disturbance events on the carbon balance. In this study we present a method to monitor insect induced defoliation in a subarctic birch forest in northern Sweden, and to quantify the impact of these outbreaks on gross primary productivity (GPP). Since frequent cloud cover in the study area requires data with high temporal resolution and limits the use of finer spatial resolution sensors such as Landsat, defoliation was mapped with remote sensing data from the MODIS sensor with 250 × 250 m spatial resolution. The impact on GPP was estimated with a light use efficiency (LUE) model that was calibrated with GPP data obtained from eddy covariance (EC) measurements for years with undisturbed birch forest and for years with insect induced defoliation. Two methods were applied to estimate the impact on GPP: (1) A GPP reduction factor derived from EC-measured GPP was applied to estimate GPP loss, and (2) a LUE model was run both for undisturbed and defoliated forest and the differences in modelled GPP were derived. In the study area of 100 km2 the results showed a total decrease in carbon uptake over three outbreak years 2004, 2012, and 2013 of 44.6 ± 13 Gg C, which is of the same magnitude as the estimated annual GPP of 41.1 ± 12 Gg C for a year without disturbance. In the most severe outbreak year (2012), 76 % of the birch forests were defoliated and annual GPP was merely 50 % of GPP for years without disturbances. The study has generated valuable data that improve previous studies on impact estimates and demonstrates a potential for mapping insect disturbance impact over extended areas.
3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches: the study of the
deformation process to better understand the propagation mechanism
Authors: Longchamp Céline , Abellan Antonio , Jaboyedoff Michel , Manzella Irene
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Rock avalanches are extremely destructive and uncontrollable events that involve a great volume of material (> 106 m3) and several complex processes, and they are difficult to witness. For this reason the study of these phenomena using analog modeling and the accurate analysis of deposit structures and features of laboratory data and historic events become of great importance in the understanding of their behavior.The main objective of this research is to analyze rock avalanche dynamics and deformation process by means of a detailed structural analysis of the deposits coming from data of 3-D measurements of mass movements of different magnitudes, from decimeter level scale laboratory experiments to well-studied rock avalanches of several square kilometers' magnitude.Laboratory experiments were performed on a tilting plane on which a certain amount of a well-defined granular material is released, propagates and finally stops on a horizontal surface. The 3-D geometrical model of the deposit is then obtained using either a scan made with a 3-D digitizer (Konica Minolta VIVID 9i) or a photogrammetric method called structure from motion (SfM), which requires taking several pictures from different point of view of the object to be modeled.In order to emphasize and better detect the fault structures present in the deposits, we applied a median filter with different moving window sizes (from 3  ×  3 to 9  ×  9 nearest neighbors) to the 3-D datasets and a gradient operator along the direction of propagation.The application of these filters on the datasets results in (1) a precise mapping of the longitudinal and transversal displacement features observed at the surface of the deposits and (2) a more accurate interpretation of the relative movements along the deposit (i.e., normal, strike-slip, inverse faults) by using cross sections. Results show how the use of filtering techniques reveals disguised features in the original point cloud and that similar displacement patterns are observable both in the laboratory simulation and in the real-scale avalanche, regardless the size of the avalanche. Furthermore, we observed how different structural features, including transversal fractures and folding patterns, tend to show a constant wavelength proportional to the size of the avalanche event.
r.avaflow v1, an advanced open source computational framework for the propagation and interaction of two-phase mass flows
Authors: Mergili Martin , Fischer Jan-Thomas , Krenn Julia , Pudasaini Shiva P.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. r.avaflow represents an innovative open source computational tool for routing rapid mass flows, avalanches or process chains from a defined release area down an arbitrary topography to a deposition area. In contrast to most existing computational tools, r.avaflow (i) employs a two-phase, interacting solid and fluid mixture model; (ii) is suitable for modelling more or less complex process chains and interactions; (iii) explicitly considers both entrainment and stopping i.e. the change of the basal topography; (iv) allows for the definition of multiple release masses and/or hydrographs; and (v) serves with built-in functionalities for validation, parameter optimization and sensitivity analysis. r.avaflow is freely available as a raster module of the GRASS GIS software, employing the programming languages Python and C along with the statistical software R. We exemplify the functionalities of r.avaflow by means of two sets of computational experiments: (1) generic process chains consisting in bulk mass and hydrograph release into a reservoir with entrainment of the dam and impact downstream; (2) the prehistoric Acheron rock avalanche, New Zealand. The simulation results are generally plausible for (1) and, after the optimization of two key parameters, reasonably in line with the corresponding observations for (2). However, we identify some potential to enhance the analytic and numerical concepts. Further, thorough parameter studies are necessary in order to make r.avaflow fit for reliable forward simulations of possible future mass flow events.
Reproducing an extreme flood with uncertain post-event information
Authors: Fuentes-Andino Diana , Beven Keith , Halldin Sven , Xu Chong-Yu , Reynolds José-Eduardo , Di Baldassarre Giuliano
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Prevention and mitigation of floods require information on discharge and extent of inundation, commonly unavailable or uncertain, especially during extreme events. This study was initiated by the devastating flood in Tegucigalpa when Hurricane Mitch struck the city. In this study we hypothesised that it is possible to estimate, in a trustworthy way despite large data uncertainties, this extreme 1998 flood discharge and the extent of the inundations that followed, from a combination of models and post–event measured data. Post–event data collected in 2000 and 2001 were used to estimate discharge peaks, times of peaks and high water marks. These data were used in combination with rain data from two gauges to drive and constrain a combination of well–known models: TOPMODEL, Muskingum–Cunge–Todini routing, and the LISFLOOD–FP hydraulic model. Simulations were performed within the GLUE uncertainty–analysis framework. The model combination predicted peak discharge, times of peaks and more than 90 % of the observed high–water marks within the uncertainty bounds of the evaluation data. This allowed an inundation likelihood map to be produced. Observed high–water marks could not be reproduced at a few locations on the floodplain. These locations are useful to improve model set–up, model structure or post–event data–estimation methods. Rainfall data were of central importance in simulating the times of peak and results would be improved by a better spatial assessment of rainfall, e.g. from satellite data or a denser rain–gauge network. Our study demonstrated that it was possible, considering the uncertainty in the post–event data, to reasonable reproduce the extreme Mitch flood in Tegucigalpa in spite of no hydrometric gauging during the event.