bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation and Being
Authors: Klooger Jeffrey
Published: October 2005

Despite Castoriadis’s animosity towards the idea that his work has anything to do with hermeneutics, it does. In this article I endeavor to expose the hermeneutical dimension inherent to Castoriadis’s work and to explore some of the hermeneutical problems which his work opens up. This leads me into discussions of such matters as the relationship between the stratification of Being and its exploration, the nature of ensemblization and the ensidic dimension of Being, and the nature and significance of determination in the human and particularly the social-historical realm.
Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship Among Maternal Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, Social Support, and Children’s Behavior and Development
Authors: Koverola Catherine , Papas Mia A. , Pitts Steven , Murtaugh Cristin , Black Maureen M. , Dubowitz Howard
Published: October 2005

This article is a longitudinal investigation of the relationships between maternal victimization, maternal functioning, and children’s behavior and development. Participants include 203 mother-child dyads from a low-income population recruited from pediatric primary care clinics. Data are collected when children are 4 and 8 years of age. Child outcomes are evaluated using maternal, teacher, and child self-report and objective measures of cognitive and academic functioning. Maternal victimization history is associated with maternal depressive symptoms, low levels of maternal social support, child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and low levels of child socialization. Child behavior problems identified at age 4 are enduring and persist to age 8. The effects of maternal victimization history on both internalizing behavior problems and socialization are mediated by maternal depressive symptoms. The effects of maternal depressive symptoms on externalizing behavior problems, socialization, and anger are mediated by maternal social support. Clinical implications of findings are discussed.
Differences Among Sexually Abused and Nonabused Youth Living With HIV
Authors: Anaya Henry D. , Swendeman Dallas , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane
Published: October 2005

Risk behaviors were compared between sexually abused and nonabused youth living with HIV (YLH). Abused YLH were significantly more likely to have attempted suicide, to have been admitted into an alcohol and/or drug treatment program, and to have engaged in crack cocaineuse than were nonabused YLH and hada greater number of sexual partners. A significantly higher proportion of abused YLH had been incarcerated in contrast to nonabused youth. There were also significantly greater conduct problems among abused YLH. Finally, abused YLH had significantly higher scores on positive action and social-support coping styles than nonabused youth. Consistent with previous research, abused youth are at higher risk for a variety of negative outcomes and are also similar in many respects to sexually abused youth who are not HIV-positive. The high frequencies of two positive styles of coping among abused YLH were also observed.
Interpersonal Violence Cases Reported to the Police
Authors: Okulate Gbenga T.
Published: October 2005

The study involves 204 cases of interpersonal assault reported to the police during a period of 1 year. The patterns of domestic violence and community violence involving friends, neighbors, and strangers are described. The most common type of violence reported to the police is community interpersonal violence in which victims are mostly females and perpetrators are mostly males and members of gangs. Cases of rape are reported, whereas spousal violence tends to be underreported. On the whole, female victims are more likely to be younger than their male counterparts, whereas the male perpetrators are more likely to be unemployed. Repeat assault is found in 43 instances. Possible psychological and sociological explanations are offered for violent gang activities. The need to sensitize the police to become more involved is emphasized. The author proposes suggestions that may help reduce the incidence of community violence.!
A Struggle for Survival: The Polish Agricultural Sector from Communism to EU Accession
Authors: Borzutzky Silvia , Kranidis Emmanuel
Published: October 2005

This article discusses the evolution of the Polish agricultural sector, its struggle for survival since 1945, and the effects of this struggle on the Polish economy. The article provides insights and conclusions about the flaws of the communist economic system and central planning policies, the successes and problems of the Polish transition to a free market system, the effects of EU policies on the agricultural sector, and the depth of the relationships between the agricultural sector and the national economy. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Poland-EU Association Agreement and the effect of preaccession policies on the agricultural sector. The analysis indicates that EU accession has not solved the structural problems of the Polish agricultural sector such as overemployment, farm size, and lack of capital. However, EU accession provides the potential for a better future if a stable economic environment is created and if foreign capital is attracted.
My Life as a Holistic Nurse
Authors: Smith Amy Joy
Published: October 2005

This article explores a nurse's personal experience with holistic nursing. The author describes aspects of her physical, emotional, and spiritual transformation to foster her own self-care as well as her use of human-to-human interactions and the holistic caring process to create a healing environment for her clients.
Health Care Choices
Authors: Nichols Elizabeth , Sullivan Therese , Ide Bette , Shreffler-Grant Jean , Weinert Clarann
Published: October 2005

Purpose: To better understand elderly rural dwellers use of complementary and alternative therapies (CAM), perception of efficacy, and their sources of information. Method: Ten participants between ages 60 and 80 years were interviewed by telephone. Qualitative analysis for content and themes was done. Findings: Self-directed practices such as vitamin, mineral, and herbal supplements, taken to compensate for perceived dietary deficiencies, were cited most frequently. Therapies used included biofeedback, massage, chiropractic, and podiatry. Information was obtained from the physician or nurse practitioner and supplemented with material from other sources. Conclusions:Respondents were discriminating users of the products they selected and were satisfied with the results, although they did not always have accurate understanding of the effects of the supplement or therapy. Implications:Health professionals need to have knowledge about CAMand to include questions about use during patient encounters. Providers must take time to answer questions and provide userfriendly information.
Evaluative Affect Display Toward Male and Female Leaders of Task-Oriented Groups
Authors: Koch Sabine C.
Published: October 2005

A laboratory study and a field study (N = 168) investigated evaluative affect display (EAD), that is nonverbal evaluative reactions, toward leaders in small, face-to-face groups. Butler and Geis had found that female leaders received more negative affect than did male leaders, whereas both groups were judged equally competent on rating scales. Study 1 replicated their findings with a more economic coding method and improved methodological control. Study 2 examined EAD in routine meetings of real teams in different organizational field settings. Results suggest that EAD is a reliably observable phenomenon in field and laboratory settings. Generally, more negative affect was displayed toward female leaders across contexts. By contrast, there was no preference for men over women in competence ratings on scales.
The Influence of Relationship Conflict and Trust on the Transactive Memory
Authors: Rau Devaki
Published: October 2005

Recent research on top management teams examines the effects of team processes on performance. This study attempts to add to this literature by examining how social political relations such as conflict and trust among members of a top management team moderate the performance effects of the team's cognitive processes, as represented by its transactive memory. The results indicate that the location dimension of transactive memory positively influences performance for teams with low levels of relationship conflict but has no significant effect for teams with high levels of relationship conflict.
A Cross-Level Investigation of the Relationship Between Career Management Practices and Career-Related Attitudes
Authors: Eby Lillian T. , Allen Tammy D. , Brinley Andi
Published: October 2005

The relationship between an organization’s use of various career management practices and career attitudes was examined in a multisource, cross-level field study using organization-level data from 65 companies and individual-level data from 1,876 employees. A bundle approach was used to categorize 16 career management practices into clusters. As expected, the career management bundle associated with future strategic planning was positively related to satisfaction with the promotion process and negatively related to perceptions of job content plateauing. Consistent with research on strategic human resource management, significant interactions were found between some of the career management bundles in predicting satisfaction with the promotion process. A significant interaction was also found between the career management bundle of future strategic planning and sex, in terms of predicting satisfaction with the promotion process. Implications for theory and applied research are discussed.
Graduate Student WAIS-III Scoring Accuracy Is a Function of Full Scale IQ and Complexity of Examiner Tasks
Authors: Hopwood Christopher J. , Richard David C. S.
Published: October 2005

Research on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) suggests that practicing clinical psychologists and graduate students make item-level scoring errors that affect IQ, index, and subtest scores. Studies have been limited in that Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) and examiner administration, recording, and scoring tasks have not been systematically varied. In this study, graduate student participants score a high (FSIQ = 112) and low (FSIQ = 85) IQ record form in one of two stimulus conditions: digitized film clips (N = 13) or partially completed record forms (N = 11). Results demonstrate that examiners are less accurate in the high IQ condition, and that recording examinee responses from scoring video clips results in more scoring errors. Obtained FSIQs are significantly higher than criterion IQ scores in the high IQ condition (8.46 for video condition, 2.55 for record form condition). Self-reported proficiency in WAIS-III administration and scoring is positively related to number of scoring errors.
I See the Stars: An Autoethnographer Speaks on Fieldwork and Flashbacks
Authors: Jegatheesan Brinda India
Published: October 2005

This text speaks on flashbacks of lived experiences in doing ethnographic fieldwork. The weaving of multiple and diverse flashbacks that often “stood” right before the author’s eyes at certain points in time during the interviews, observations, and participation in the everyday events of four Asian Indian families’ life experiences is the descriptive task of this text. The process of the evocation is layered, never linear. Each flashback is a lived experience embraced by the mind, like snapshots, bringing into focus similar phenomena, words, rituals, beliefs, or issues from elsewhere in the past. Each flashback is triggered by the evocation of a sense at the time of observing, speaking, listening, and simply being there at the place of inquiry. Through events, narratives, beliefs, poems, personal communication, quotes, and the taking back and forth of such conscious and unconscious states of the mind, the researcher experiences rather than merely encounters the world.
Tales of the Unexpected: Patients’ Poetic Accounts of the Journey to a Diagnosis of Lung Cancer: A Prospective Serial Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Kendall Marilyn , Murray Scott A.
Published: October 2005

Twenty people with inoperable lung cancer, and their carers, were interviewed at regular intervals for up to 1 year concerning their illness experiences and physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs. When talking about their experiences of diagnosis of lung cancer, participants’ accounts generally took the form of extended stories, which were unexpected to the research team in form and content. These unexpected factors led the authors to think that patients may at difficult times launch into the rhythms and cadences of natural poetry. This opened up different perspectives on, and responses to, the narratives by clinicians and researchers. Because people often respond more directly and emotionally to poetry, a clinician interpreting a patient’s “history of the presenting complaint” in poetic form may be enabled to appreciate more of the emotional toll of the cancer journey; it also raises new challenges in the research process regarding processes of re-presentation and voice.
Contending With Border Making in the Social Constructionist Interview
Authors: Gubrium Erika , Koro-Ljungberg Mirka
Published: October 2005

As a part of the border-making process that occurs during the social constructionist interview, realities and various preassumed roles are created by researchers and by their respondents. Arbitrary lines are set between researcher and respondent during the interview as the researcher seeks to better understand and tell the story of his or her interviewee in a clear and controlled manner. The authors do not consider the Romanticist aim of obtaining structure-free experience; rather, they contend with the inevitable border-making process of communication. This article explores the social constructionist interview by examining how to contend with four forms of border making: (a) the borders of control, (b) research agendas as border making, (c) language and discipline as border making, and (d) the border-making influences of roles and socialization. Examples from a multicultural research interview project are used to contextualize the argument.
Resilience among Urban Adolescent Mothers Living with Violence
Authors: Kennedy Angie C.
Published: October 2005

Using a risk and resilience approach grounded in a multicultural feminist perspective, this qualitative study explores 10 urban adolescent mothers’ experiences with multiple forms of violence, the relationships between violence and school, and their resilience, all within the context of welfare reforms. The findings suggest lives rife with simultaneous, often severe violence, the impacts of witnessing parental violence, linkages between family and partner violence, and cumulative violence exposure as a barrier to positive school outcomes. Several young women emerge as resilient, with five distinct factors conceptualized as contributing to resilience. In conclusion, the implications for welfare policies and programs are discussed.
No Resting Place
Authors: Taylor Janette Y.
Published: October 2005

Seeking safe places after leaving abusive relationships is often an intricate process for African American women. Survivor-victims of gender violence frequently experience ongoing trauma because of race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, and other stigmatizing social identities. All too often, women of color must handle leaving the gender violence simultaneously with the ongoing threat of cultural violence. The intersection of gender and cultural violence (e.g., racism, discrimination) complicate African American women’s ability to obtain and sustain safe environments. These intersections are critical crossroads in African American women’s lives. The results of this womanist and Black feminist study are presented in an alternative way to highlight the primacy of respondents’ voices. In addition, suggestions to inform the practice of research with African American women are included.
Reviving the Relevance of Career Development in Human Resource Development
Authors: McDonald Kimberly S. , Hite Linda M.
Published: October 2005

The nature of work, organizations, and careers has evolved significantly in the past decade. In the wake of these changes, career-development research and implementation have languished. This article addresses this dearth of discourse and practice from the perspective of human resource development (HRD). The authors suggest a framework for reintegrating career development into the HRD function and offer specific learning activities better suited to the needs of individuals and organizations in this turbulent environment. Recommendations for future action are provided.
BCL6 is regulated by p53 through a response element frequently disrupted in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Margalit Ofer , Amram Hila , Amariglio Ninette , Simon Amos J. , Shaklai Sigal , Granot Galit , Minsky Neri , Shimoni Avichai , Harmelin Alon , Givol David , Shohat Mordechai , Oren Moshe , Rechavi Gideon
Published: October 2005

The BCL6 transcriptional repressor mediates survival, proliferation, and differentiation blockade of B cells during the germinal-center reaction and is frequently misregulated in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (BNHL). The p53 tumor-suppressor gene is central to tumorigenesis. Microarray analysis identified BCL6 as a primary target of p53. The BCL6 intron 1 contains a region in which 3 types of genetic alterations are frequent in BNHL: chromosomal translocations, point mutations, and internal deletions. We therefore defined it as TMDR (translocations, mutations, and deletions region). The BCL6 gene contains a p53 response element (p53RE) residing within the TMDR. This p53RE contains a motif known to be preferentially targeted by somatic hypermutation. This p53RE is evolutionarily conserved only in primates. The p53 protein binds to this RE in vitro and in vivo. Reporter assays revealed that the BCL6 p53RE can confer p53-dependent transcriptional activation. BCL6 mRNA and protein levels increased after chemotherapy/radiotherapy in human but not in murine tissues. The increase in BCL6 mRNA levels was attenuated by the p53 inhibitor PFT-α. Thus, we define the BCL6 gene as a new p53 target, regulated through a RE frequently disrupted in BNHL.
Hydrogen peroxide inhibits IL-12 p40 induction in macrophages by inhibiting c-rel translocation to the nucleus through activation of calmodulin protein
Authors: Khan Nooruddin , Rahim Sheikh Showkat , Boddupalli Chandra Sekhar , Ghousunnissa Sheikh , Padma Samavedan , Pathak Niteen , Thiagarajan Dorairajan , Hasnain Seyed E. , Mukhopadhyay Sangita
Published: October 2005

Although the antimicrobial activity of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) is well defined, the role of ROSs in regulating the immune response of the body is not well understood. We now provide evidence that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major component of ROSs, inhibits interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40 and IL-12 p70 induction in murine macrophages and catalase pretreatment prevents H2O2-mediated down-regulation of IL-12. Endogenous accumulation of H2O2/ROSs in macrophages treated with alloxan resulted in IL-12 p40 inhibition. Although nuclear expression of both p50 and p65 NF-κB increased on H2O2 exposure, nuclear c-rel level was inhibited. Overexpression of c-rel restored IL-12 p40 on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide plus IFN-γ during H2O2 treatment. H2O2 did not inhibit c-rel induction in cytosol; however, it prevented the transport of c-rel from cytosol to the nucleus. H2O2 activated calmodulin (CaM) protein in the cytosol, which subsequently sequestered c-rel in the cytosol preventing its transport to the nucleus. The CaM inhibitor trifIuoperazine increased both nuclear c-rel and IL-12 p40 levels in H2O2-treated macrophages, emphasizing a role of CaM in these processes. H2O2/ROSs thus down-regulate IL-12 induction in macrophages by a novel pathway inhibiting c-rel translocation to the nucleus through activation of CaM protein.
An amphipathic motif at the transmembrane-cytoplasmic junction prevents autonomous activation of the thrombopoietin receptor
Authors: Staerk Judith , Lacout Catherine , Sato Takeshi , Smith Steven O. , Vainchenker William , Constantinescu Stefan N.
Published: October 2005

Ligand binding to the thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR) is thought to impose a dimeric receptor conformation(s) leading to hematopoietic stem cell renewal, megakaryocyte differentiation, and platelet formation. Unlike other cytokine receptors, such as the erythropoietin receptor, TpoR contains an amphipathic KWQFP motif at the junction between the transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic domains. We show here that a mutant TpoR (Δ5TpoR), where this sequence was deleted, is constitutively active. In the absence of ligand, Δ5TpoR activates Jak2, Tyk2, STAT5, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but does not appear to induce STAT3 phosphorylation. Δ5TpoR induces hematopoietic myeloid differentiation in the absence of Tpo. In the presence of Tpo, the Δ5TpoR mutant appears to enhance erythroid differentiation when compared with the Tpo-activated wild-type TpoR. Strikingly, individual substitution of K507 or W508 to alanine also induces constitutive TpoR activation, indicating that the K and W residues within the amphipathic KWQFP motif are crucial for maintaining the unliganded receptor inactive. These residues may be targets for activating mutations in humans. Such a motif may exist in other receptors to prevent ligand-independent activation and to allow signaling via multiple flexible interfaces.
Anti-Epo receptor antibodies do not predict Epo receptor expression
Authors: Elliott Steve , Busse Leigh , Bass Michael B. , Lu Hsieng , Sarosi Ildiko , Sinclair Angus M. , Spahr Chris , Um Moonkyoung , Van Gwyneth , Begley C. Glenn
Published: October 2005

Investigators using anti-EpoR antibodies for immunoblotting and immunostaining have reported erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) expression in nonhematopoietic tissues including human tumors. However, these antibodies detected proteins of 66 to 78 kDa, significantly larger than the predicted molecular weight of EpoR (56-57 kDa). We investigated the specificity of these antibodies and showed that they all detected non-EpoR proteins. C-20 detected 3 proteins in tumor cell lines (35, 66, and 100 kDa). Sequences obtained from preparative gels had similarity to the C-20–immunizing peptide. The 66-kDa protein was a heat shock protein (HSP70) to which antibody binding was abrogated in peptide competition experiments. Antibody M-20 readily identified a 59-kDa EpoR protein. However, neither M-20 nor C-20 was suitable for detection of EpoR using immunohistochemical methods. We concluded that these antibodies have limited utility for detecting EpoR. Thus, reports of EpoR expression in tumor cells using these antibodies should be viewed with caution.
Out-of-home food outlets and area deprivation: case study in Glasgow, UK
Authors: Macintyre Sally , McKay Laura , Cummins Steven , Burns Cate
Published: October 2005

Background

There is a popular belief that out-of-home eating outlets, which typically serve energy dense food, may be more commonly found in more deprived areas and that this may contribute to higher rates of obesity and related diseases in such areas.

Methods

We obtained a list of all 1301 out-of-home eating outlets in Glasgow, UK, in 2003 and mapped these at unit postcode level. We categorised them into quintiles of area deprivation using the 2004 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and computed mean density of types of outlet (restaurants, fast food restaurants, cafes and takeaways), and all types combined, per 1000 population. We also estimated odds ratios for the presence of any outlets in small areas within the quintiles.

Results

The density of outlets, and the likelihood of having any outlets, was highest in the second most affluent quintile (Q2) and lowest in the second most deprived quintile (Q4). Mean outlets per 1,000 were 4.02 in Q2, 1.20 in Q4 and 2.03 in Q5. With Q2 as the reference, Odds Ratios for having any outlets were 0.52 (CI 0.32–0.84) in Q1, 0.50 (CI 0.31 – 0.80) in Q4 and 0.61 (CI 0.38 – 0.98) in Q5. Outlets were located in the City Centre, West End, and along arterial roads.

Conclusion

In Glasgow those living in poorer areas are not more likely to be exposed to out-of-home eating outlets in their neighbourhoods. Health improvement policies need to be based on empirical evidence about the location of fast food outlets in specific national and local contexts, rather than on popular 'factoids'.
Fas receptor signaling is requisite for B cell differentiation
Authors: Pasqualetto Valérie , Vasseur Florence , Zavala Flora , Schneider Elke , Ezine Sophie
Published: October 2005

The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway has been largely implicated in the homeostasis of mature cells. However, it is still unclear whether it plays a role at the progenitor level. To address this issue, we created chimeric mice by transferring C57BL/6 bone marrow (BM) cells of the lpr (Fas−FasL+) or gld (Fas+FasL−) genotype into Rag-2−/− hosts of the same genetic background. In this model, the consequences of a deficient Fas/FasL pathway on lymphoid differentiation could be evaluated without endogenous competition. Analysis of the chimerism revealed a differential sensitivity of hematopoietic lineages to the lack of Fas receptor signaling. While donor-derived myelo-monocytic cells were similarly distributed in all chimeric mice, mature B cells were deleted in the BM and the spleen of lpr chimera, leading to the absence of the marginal zone (MZ) as detected by immunohistology. In contrast, B cell hematopoiesis was complete in gld chimera but MZ macrophages undetectable. These defects suggest a direct and determinant dual role of FasL regulation in negative selection of B cells and in maintenance of the MZ.
Involvement of neutrophil recruitment and protease-activated receptor 2 activation in the induction of IL-18 in mice
Authors: Ikawa Keiji , Nishioka Takashi , Yu Zhiqian , Sugawara Yumiko , Kawagoe Junichi , Takizawa Toshiaki , Primo Valeria , Nikolic Boris , Kuroishi Toshinobu , Sasano Takashi , Shimauchi Hidetoshi , Takada Haruhiko , Endo Yasuo , Sugawara Shunji
Published: October 2005

Activated neutrophils produce serine proteases, which activate cells through protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). As proteinase 3 (PR3) induces the secretion of interleukin (IL)-18 from epithelial cells in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, we examined whether neutrophils, serine proteases, and PAR2 are involved in the induction of serum IL-18 and IL-18-dependent liver injury in mice treated with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes and LPS. LPS-induced serum IL-18 levels in P. acnes-primed mice were reduced significantly by anti-Gr-1 injection (depletion of neutrophils and macrophages) but not by a macrophage “suicide” technique, using liposomes encapsulating clodronate. The IL-18 induction was decreased significantly by coadministration of a serine protease inhibitor [Nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175)] with LPS. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and liver enzymes induced by P. acnes and LPS were abolished by anti-Gr-1 treatment, and concomitantly, liver injury (necrotic change and granuloma formation) and Gr-1+ cell infiltration into the liver were prevented by the treatment. A deficiency of PAR2 in mice significantly impaired IL-18 induction by treatment with P. acnes and LPS, and only slight pathological changes in hepatic tissues occurred in the PAR2-deficient mice treated with P. acnes and LPS. Furthermore, coadministration of exogenous murine PR3 or a synthetic PAR2 agonist (ASKH95) with LPS in the anti-Gr-1-treated mice restored the serum IL-18 levels to those in control mice treated with P. acnes and LPS. These results indicate that neutrophil recruitment and PAR2 activation by neutrophil serine proteases are critically involved in the induction of IL-18 and IL-18-dependent liver injury in vivo.
Interferon-activated neutrophils store a TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2 ligand) intracellular pool that is readily mobilizable following exposure to proinflammatory mediators
Authors: Cassatella Marco A , Huber Veronica , Calzetti Federica , Margotto Daniela , Tamassia Nicola , Peri Giuseppe , Mantovani Alberto , Rivoltini Licia , Tecchio Cristina
Published: October 2005

Neutrophils are versatile cells, which play a role, not only in inflammatory processes but also in immune and antitumoral responses. Recently, we have reported that interferon (IFN)-activated neutrophils are able to release biologically active tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO2 ligand), a molecule exerting selective, apoptotic activities toward tumor and virus-infected cells, as well as immunoregulatory functions on activated T lymphocytes. Herein, we show that only a minor fraction of the total TRAIL, newly synthesized by IFN-activated neutrophils within 24 h, is released outside, the rest being retained intracellularly, mainly in secretory vesicles and light membrane fractions. We demonstrate that the intracellular pool of TRAIL present in IFN-pretreated neutrophils is rapidly mobilizable to the cell surface and can be secreted following exposure to proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, lipopolysaccharide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, CXC chemokine ligand 8/interleukin-8, insoluble immunocomplexes, and heat shock protein Gp96. These various proinflammatory agonists functioned as effective secretagogue molecules only, in that they failed to augment TRAIL mRNA expression or TRAIL de novo synthesis in freshly isolated neutrophils or cultured with or without IFN. In addition, supernatants from IFN-treated neutrophils stimulated with proinflammatory mediators induced the apoptosis of target cells more effectively than supernatants from neutrophils activated with IFNs alone. Collectively, our results uncover a novel mechanism, whereby the release of soluble TRAIL by neutrophils can be greatly amplified and further reinforce the notion that neutrophils are important cells in tumor surveillance and immunomodulation.
Teaching psychodynamic formulation to psychiatric trainees: Part 1: Basics of formulation
Authors: Mace Chris , Binyon Sharon
Published: October 2005

All psychiatrists should be able to construct a psychodynamic formulation of a case. A key advantage of formulation over diagnosis is that it can be used to predict how an individual might respond in certain situations and to various psychotherapies. This article looks in some depth at what psychiatric trainees need to be taught about psychodynamic formulation. We introduce formulation in terms of four levels, each level corresponding to a different degree of theoretical and clinical sophistication and therefore to different trainees' needs. We use a case vignette to illustrate how a clinical situation might be formulated at each of these levels.
Mind the gap: service transition and interface problems for patients with eating disorders
Authors: Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Hugo Pippa
Published: October 2005

Recent reports and guidelines that have an impact on the management of people with eating disorders are summarised. The core competencies of every psychiatrist should include: the ability to assess acute risk (including a medical evaluation) and long-term prognosis, and to know what treatments effectively address these needs.
A trainee's perspective: Commentary on … the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB) goes live
Authors: George Sanju , Math Veena
Published: October 2005

The Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB) is an ‘independent regulatory body which sets standards, approves, quality assures and evaluates postgraduate medical education and training in the UK’ (Thomas, 2005). The Board was launched in September 2005, although it will be another 2–3 years before it will become fully functional as the single competent authority for postgraduate medical education and training. It is worth noting that the remit of the PMETB does not encompass undergraduate medical education, training for pre-registration doctors or dental education and training. The three important areas of activity of PMETB include approval of curricula and assessments, certification and quality assurance. The first two of these are of immediate and direct relevance to trainees. Brown's paper ‘The Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB) goes live’ (2005, this issue) gives an excellent overview of the origins, structure and roles and responsibilities of the PMETB. However, one key aspect that is not discussed in Brown's paper is the impact of PMETB on trainees and training. We will highlight some of these issues and discuss concerns which trainees have raised regarding changes to training which will arise in the wake of the PMETB.
Prognostic Significance of Tumor Regression After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Rödel Claus , Martus Peter , Papadoupolos Thomas , Füzesi Laszlo , Klimpfinger Martin , Fietkau Rainer , Liersch Torsten , Hohenberger Werner , Raab Rudolf , Sauer Rolf , Wittekind Christian
Published: October 2005

Purpose

We assessed the impact of tumor regression grading (TRG) and its value in correlation to established prognostic factors in a cohort of rectal carcinoma patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Patients and Methods

TRG was evaluated on surgical specimens of 385 patients treated within the preoperative CRT arm of the CAO/ARO/AIO-94 trial: 50.4 Gy was delivered, fluorouracil was given in the first and fifth week, and surgery was performed 6 weeks thereafter. TRG was determined by the amount of viable tumor versus fibrosis, ranging from TRG 4 when no viable tumor cells were detected, to TRG 0 when fibrosis was completely absent. TRG 3 was defined as regression more than 50% with fibrosis outgrowing the tumor mass, TRG 2 was defined as regression less than 50%, and TRG 1 was defined basically as a morphologically unaltered tumor mass. We performed an initially unplanned, hypothesis-generating analysis with respect to the prognostic value of this TRG system.

Results

TRG 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 was found in 10.4%, 52.2%, 13.8%, 15.3%, and 8.3% of the resected specimens, respectively. Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) after CRT and curative resection was 86% for TRG 4, 75% for grouped TRG 2 + 3, and 63% for grouped TRG 0 + 1 (P = .006). On multivariate analysis, the pathologic T category and the nodal status after CRT were the most important independent prognostic factors for DFS.

Conclusion

In this exploratory analysis, complete (TRG 4) and intermediate pathologic response (TRG 2 + 3) suggested improved DFS after preoperative CRT. TRG assessment should be implemented in pathologic evaluation and prospectively validated in further studies.
Acetylcholine and calcium signalling regulates muscle fibre formation in the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Brennan Caroline , Mangoli Maryam , Dyer Clare E. F. , Ashworth Rachel
Published: October 2005

Nerve activity is known to be an important regulator of muscle phenotype in the adult, but its contribution to muscle development during embryogenesis remains unresolved. We used the zebrafish embryo and in vivo imaging approaches to address the role of activity-generated signals, acetylcholine and intracellular calcium, in vertebrate slow muscle development. We show that acetylcholine drives initial muscle contraction and embryonic movement via release of intracellular calcium from ryanodine receptors. Inhibition of this activity-dependent pathway at the level of the acetylcholine receptor or ryanodine receptor did not disrupt slow fibre number, elongation or migration but affected myofibril organisation. In mutants lacking functional acetylcholine receptors myofibre length increased and sarcomere length decreased significantly. We propose that calcium is acting via the cytoskeleton to regulate myofibril organisation. Within a myofibre, sarcomere length and number are the key parameters regulating force generation; hence our findings imply a critical role for nerve-mediated calcium signals in the formation of physiologically functional muscle units during development.
Retinoid cycles in the cone-dominated chicken retina
Authors: Trevino Simon G. , Villazana-Espinoza Elia T. , Muniz Albert , Tsin Andrew T. C.
Published: October 2005

In past decades, the role of retinoids in support of rod photopigment regeneration has been extensively characterized. In the rhodopsin cycle,retinal chromophore from bleached rod pigments is reduced to retinol and transferred to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to store as all-trans retinyl ester. This ester pool is subsequently utilized for visual pigment regeneration. However, there is a lack of information on the putative cone visual cycle. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence in support of a novel retinoid cycle for cone photopigment regeneration. In the cone-rich chicken, light exposure resulted in the accumulation of 11-cis retinyl esters to the retina and all-trans retinyl esters to the RPE. Both the rate of increase and the amount of 11-cis retinyl esters in the retina far exceeded those of the all-trans retinyl esters in the RPE. In response to dark adaptation, this 11-cis retinyl ester pool in the retina depletes at a rate several times faster than the all-trans retinyl ester pool in the RPE. In vitro, isolated, dark-adapted retinas devoid of RPE show both an accumulation of 11-cis retinyl ester and a concomitant reduction of 11-cis retinal chromophore in response to light exposure. Finally, we provide experimental results to elucidate a cone visual cycle in chicken by relating the change in retinoids (retinal and retinyl ester) with time during light and dark adaptation. Our results support a new paradigm for cone photopigment regeneration in which the 11-cisretinyl ester pool in the retina serves as the primary source of visual chromophore for cone pigment regeneration.
Fluid Composition Impacts Standardized Testing Protocols in Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Knee Wear Testing
Authors: Schwenke T , Kaddick C , Schneider E , Wimmer M A
Published: October 2005

Wear of total knee replacements is determined gravimetrically in simulator studies. A mix of bovine serum, distilled water, and additives is intended to replicate the lubrication conditions in vivo. Weight gain due to fluid absorption during testing is corrected using a load soak station. In this study, three sets of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene tibial plateau were tested against highly polished titanium condyles. Test 1 was performed in two different institutions on the same simulator according to the standard ISO 14243-1, using two testing lubricants. Test 2 and test 3 repeated both previous test sections. The wear and load soak rates changed significantly with the lubricant. The wear rate decreased from 16.9 to 7.9 mg weight loss per million cycles when switching from fluid A to fluid B. The weight gain of the load soak specimen submersed in fluid A was 6.1 mg after 5 × 106 cycles, compared with 31.6 mg for the implant in fluid B after the same time period.

Both lubricants were mixed in accordance with ISO 14243 ( Implants for surgery - wear of total knee-joint prostheses), suggesting that calf serum should be diluted to 25 ± 2 per cent with deionized water and a protein mass concentration of not less than 17 g/1. The main differences were the type and amount of additives that chemically stabilize the lubricant throughout the test. The results suggest that wear rates can only be compared if exactly the same testing conditions are applied. An agreement on detailed lubricant specifications is desirable.
Mass Transport Disturbances in the Distal Graft/Artery Junction of a Peripheral Bypass Graft
Authors: Devereux P D , O'Callaghan S M , Walsh M T , McGloughlin T
Published: October 2005

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) development is a primary cause of failure of reconstructive bypass surgery. While the exact mechanism by which IH initiates and proliferates has yet to be fully elucidated, it is clear that the abnormal haemodynamics present in the downstream graft/artery junction are intrinsic in its development. Mass transport disturbances owing to abnormal haemodynamics have been associated with atherogenesis and it is for this reason that an investigation into transport of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a known promoter of the intimal hyperplastic response, at the downstream graft/artery junction was carried out. A steady flow analysis in a three-dimensional, idealized, downstream graft/artery junction was carried out using commercial computational fluid dynamics software. It was found that there is a two-and-half fold increase in the transport of PDGF to the artery wall at the bed of the junction when compared with an idealized, healthy artery. The presence of secondary flows in the downstream arterial section also leads to large disturbances in mass transport. It was concluded that PDGF transport in the downstream graft/artery junction tends to be highly disturbed and that there may be a role of this disturbance in the initiation and subsequent development of distal anastomotic intimal hyperplasia.
Bond Graph and Flatness-Based Control of a Salient Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motor
Authors: Achir A , Sueur C , Dauphin-Tanguy G
Published: October 2005

This paper deals with flatness-based control of a salient permanent-magnet synchronous motor in the bond graph (BG) domain. It develops two main points. The first proposes and develops a new flat outputs identification procedure valid for multiple-input non-linear BG models without elements in derivative causality assignment. This procedure exploits a variational (tangent) BG model obtained by using Kähler differentials. The second deals with control design based on physical system decomposition into electrical, mechanical, and coupling submodels. Each loop of the decomposition tracks a reference for the local flat output of the corresponding subsystem. This decomposition enables the designing of a control block for each submodel by means of system inversion using the concept of bicausality. Then, the resulting blocks are concatenated in order to build the global controller. Finally, the global stability of the feedback system for both cases (known and unknown load torques) is tested and the control scheme is assessed through simulations in order to illustrate the performances of the method.
Optimum Multivariable Wind Tunnel System Control
Authors: Whalley R , Ebrahimi M
Published: October 2005

The control of multivariable system models following input set point and load disturbance changes is considered. An inner and outer loop control strategy is proposed, for analysis purposes, enabling targeted recovery rates, off-set attenuation and constrained steady state interaction to be achieved. Proportional control and passive network compensation alone are employed. Gain ratio selection, ensuring energy efficient confinement of output perturbations, following low frequency load disturbances and reference input changes, is exercised. Disturbance suppression and transient recovery rate adjustment, via outer loop feedback advancement, is advocated. An application study is presented for purposes of illustration, confirming the theoretical predictions thereby.
A fully coupled computational fluid dynamics and multi-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics for the simulation of premixed charge compression ignition engines
Authors: Babajimopoulos A , Assanis D N , Flowers D L , Aceves S M , Hessel R P
Published: October 2005

Modelling the premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine requires a balanced approach that captures both fluid motion as well as low- and high-temperature fuel oxidation. A fully integrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemistry scheme (i.e. detailed chemical kinetics solved in every cell of the CFD grid) would be the ideal PCCI modelling approach, but is computationally very expensive. As a result, modelling assumptions are required in order to develop tools that are computationally efficient, yet maintain an acceptable degree of accuracy. Multi-zone models have been previously shown accurately to capture geometry-dependent processes in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. In the presented work, KIVA-3V is fully coupled with a multi-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics. Computational efficiency is achieved by utilizing a low-resolution discretization to solve detailed chemical kinetics in the multi-zone model compared with a relatively high-resolution CFD solution. The multi-zone model communicates with KIVA-3V at each computational timestep, as in the ideal fully integrated case. The composition of the cells, however, is mapped back and forth between KTVA-3V and the multi-zone model, introducing significant computational time savings. The methodology uses a novel re-mapping technique that can account for both temperature and composition non-uniformities in the cylinder. Validation cases were developed by solving the detailed chemistry in every cell of a KIVA-3V grid. The new methodology shows very good agreement with the detailed solutions in terms of ignition timing, burn duration, and emissions.
Effects of N2 and CO2 mixing on ignition and combustion in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operated on dimethyl ether
Authors: Sahashi W , Azetsu A , Oikawa C
Published: October 2005

The control of ignition timing and combustion duration over a wide range of engine speeds and loads in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is one of the barriers to the realization of this type of engine. Application of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a promising option to control ignition timing, extend combustion duration, and suppress knock-like combustion. In this study, the effects of the mixing of N2 and CO2, major components of exhaust gas, with the fuel-air mixture on the heat release of the cool flames and the emission characteristics of CO were investigated by experiment and computation. The heat release of the cool flames was reduced with N2 mixing; however, it increased with CO2 mixing. From the systematic experiments and chemical kinetic computations, it was confirmed that the amount of heat release from the cool flames depends strongly on the concentration of O2 at the onset of cool flame. The dominant pathway for CO oxidation is the reaction of CO + OH = CO2 + H, where the H atoms produced react with O2 molecules and produce OH + O or HO2. The CO oxidation becomes active as the branching rate to OH + O is increasing. However, the branching rate to HO2 was increased with the addition of CO2 into the mixture, resulting in higher CO emission. Though the mixing of CO2 is effective in suppressing knock-like combustion owing to its small specific heat ratio and large heat capacity, it has an inferior effect on CO emission.