bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turning Back the Clock
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green received a summons in May 1949 to California from MGM producer Arthur Freed about a movie he needed them to start writing immediately. The project, which would become Singin’ in the Rain, would contain a host of the songs he had written with Nacio Herb Brown. They balked at the assignment, believing their contract did not require them to pen movies that used songs by other writers (except for a handful, such as Richard Rodgers or Cole Porter). Their agreement with the studio contained no such clause, and so they developed the now iconic scenario about the transition from silent movies to talkies and early movie musicals. After they finished this assignment they returned to New York to write sketches and lyrics for the revue Two on the Aisle, which starred Bert Lahr and Dolores Gray.
Ten Years of Performing and Writing
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green moved into their 60s and early 70s and found that they had become right for character roles in films. During the late 1970s and the 1980s they appeared in movies such as Garbo Talks, Simon, and I Want to Go Home. Comden also appeared off-Broadway in Wendy Wasserstein’s Isn’t It Romantic? They’d not given up on writing for the stage, and in 1982 one of their most ambitious shows—A Doll’s Life—opened on Broadway. Unfortunately, the Harold Prince–directed show got a critical drubbing and played fewer than ten performances. They also provided the script for a stage version of Singin’ in the Rain, directed and choreographed by Twyla Tharp. It was also cooly received by critics, and after it shuttered the team reworked it, and that production enjoyed a healthy national tour.
A Follies Finish and Farewell
Authors: Propst Andy
Published: March 2019

Betty Comden and Adolph Green’s last outing on a new Broadway show came in 1991, when they provided lyrics for The Will Rogers Follies. With a book by Peter Stone, music by Cy Coleman, and direction and choreography by Tommy Tune, the show earned them yet another Tony Award, and the original cast recording garnered a Grammy for them as well. After this they settled into semi-retirement, enjoying additional accolades, such as a Kennedy Center Honor. They didn’t stop working entirely though. They revised older works, most notably A Doll’s Life, and maintained active lives as performers until their deaths in 2002 and 2006, respectively.
Using R for Data Analysis in Social Sciences
Authors: Li Quan
Published: March 2019

This book seeks to teach undergraduate and graduate students in social sciences how to use R to manage, visualize, and analyze data in order to answer substantive questions and replicate published findings. This book distinguishes itself from other introductory R or statistics books in three ways. First, targeting an audience rarely exposed to statistical programming, it adopts a minimalist approach and covers only the most important functions and skills in R that one will need for conducting reproducible research projects. Second, it emphasizes meeting the practical needs of students using R in research projects. Specifically, it teaches students how to import, inspect, and manage data; understand the logic of statistical inference; visualize data and findings via histograms, boxplots, scatterplots, and diagnostic plots; and analyze data using one-sample t-test, difference-of-means test, covariance, correlation, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and model assumption diagnostics. Third, it teaches students how to replicate the findings in published journal articles and diagnose model assumption violations. The principle behind this book is to teach students to learn as little R as possible but to do as much reproducible, substance-driven data analysis at the beginner or intermediate level as possible. The minimalist approach dramatically reduces the learning cost but still proves adequate information for meeting the practical research needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Having completed this book, students can use R and statistical analysis to answer questions regarding some substantively interesting continuous outcome variable in a cross-sectional design.
Eternity and Time
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

This chapter discusses the notion of eternity in Ennead III.7, where, against the Pythagorean interpretation of eternity as intelligible substance, Plotinus argues that it primarily characterizes being as the intellect, which is the paradigm of all things. The intellect is marked by simplicity, which, however, presupposes a differentiation between the thinkable and thinking. Yet the intellect is also life, which is the life of thinking that turns toward the one, the source of the intellect—of its being, thinking, and life. This allows the intellect to think its objects as determinate in an act that surpasses discursive thought, thus defying and suspending temporality. Against the Pythagoreans, then, eternity is the everlasting non-discursive and self-identical life of the intellect.
Memory and Recollection
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

Chapter 5 establishes the role of memory and recollection in their mutual relation in Plotinus. This requires a careful reading of the relevant texts in Plato and Aristotle and also a meticulous reconstruction of the arguments in the Enneads. Memory for Plotinus is not the Platonic storage of images or imprints coming from the sensible or the intelligible. Rather, memory is a power of imagination used by the soul for the reconstruction and reproduction of the currently absent, which the soul performs starting with the initial sensible impact that becomes the occasion to form a particular memory. Recollection, on the contrary, takes the form of a rational discursive rethinking that reproduces the soul’s experience of the intelligible objects. Recollection, then, is constituted by a triple motion of the descent, staying, and return of the soul to the intelligible.
Beauty, Truth, and Being
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

Chapter 9 discusses Proclus’ concepts of truth and beauty in mathematics, science, and ontology. He accepts both Plato’s claim in the Philebus that the good is present in the thinkable in beauty, truth, and symmetry, as well as Aristotle’s assertion that beauty is exemplified in mathematics through order, symmetry, and definiteness. Proclus then demonstrates that in mathematical objects beauty transpires in four ways: in the beautiful shape of a sensible reproduction of a geometrical figure; in the beauty of the perfect geometrical figure existing in the intelligible matter of the imagination; in the mathematical object’s definition, with all its properties becoming explicit in constructions and demonstrations by discursive reasoning; and in the beauty of the form in the intellect. On this account, science brings the knowledge, beauty, and goodness of its objects to completion within the unity of the intellect.
Matter and Evil
Authors: Nikulin Dmitri
Published: March 2019

The problem of evil, one of the central ethical and ontological problems in Neoplatonism, is discussed in Chapter 11. In Ennead I.8, Plotinus presents matter as utter deficiency, as the absence, lack, or privation of the good, and thus as radical evil. In De malorum subsistentia, Proclus explicitly responds to Plotinus and argues that evil does not exist since non-being does not exist. This means that evil is not opposite to the good because the good has no opposite, and opposites belong to the same genus. Therefore, in its elusive and indefinite nature, evil should be characterized by the rethought and redefined concepts of privation, subcontrariety, and parypostasis. In its inescapable deficiency, then, evil is the privation and subcontrary of the good that exists parypostatically; that is, as elusively present in its absence as the misplacement of being and the displacement of the good.
Is Perceptual Learning Genuinely Perceptual?
Authors: Connolly Kevin
Published: March 2019

This chapter argues that there are widespread changes in perception due to learning, and that these changes are genuinely perceptual rather than post-perceptual. The argument is abductive. It draws on philosophical introspection spanning several hundred years, evidence from psychology, and evidence from neuroscience. The argument is that when we look at these three different levels of analysis, the best overall explanation for their results is that perceptual learning occurs, is fairly widespread, and is genuinely perceptual rather than post-perceptual. One key piece of the argument is that neuroscientific perceptual learning experiments repeatedly show that there are changes very early on in the primary sensory cortices after perceptual learning tasks. Coupled with behavioral evidence from psychology and convergent philosophical introspection on the perceptual learning cases, this chapter argues that perceptual learning is genuinely perceptual, rather than post-perceptual.
Learned Attention II
Authors: Connolly Kevin
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between sensory substitution devices and the training of attention. Sensory substitution devices, typically used by the blind, deliver information about the environment by converting the information normally received through one sense (e.g., vision) into information for another sense (e.g., audition or touch). When a user integrates a sensory substitution device into her life, the integration process involves perceptual learning. This chapter explores two questions. First, in what ways can sensory substitution illuminate how the training of attention works more generally? Second, how does knowledge of the way attention is trained in perceptual learning help us to better understand sensory substitution? The chapter draws on findings in these areas to answer a philosophical question: Should the post-perceptual learning experience be classified in the substituted modality (e.g., as vision), in the substituting modality (e.g., as auditory or tactile), or in a new sense modality?
Mental Mechanisms
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Psychological explanations based on representations and procedures can be deepened by showing how they emerge from neural mechanisms. Neurons represent aspects of the world by collective patterns of firing. These patterns can be bound into more complicated patterns that can transcend the limitations of sensory inputs. Semantic pointers are a special kind of representation that operates by binding neural patterns encompassing sensory, motor, verbal, and emotional information. The semantic pointer theory applies not only to the ordinary operations of mental representations like concepts and rules but also to the most high-level kinds of human thinking, including language, creativity, and consciousness. Semantic pointers also encompass emotions, construed as bindings that combine cognitive appraisal with physiological perception.
Social Mechanisms
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Social mechanisms are systems of parts whose connections enable them to interact in ways that produce regular changes. In the social world, the main parts are individual people, but parts can also be groups formed out of those individuals. The interactions between individuals and groups are primarily verbal and nonverbal communication but can also include purely physical acts such as fighting and the inferences that people make about each other. There are many kinds of verbal communication using speaking and writing, and even more kinds of nonverbal communication by seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and moving. Interactions between people can occur in pairs or in larger groups where communication links multiple people. Semantic pointers suggest a novel way of understanding communication that accommodates both verbal and nonverbal processes.
Social Psychology
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

A theory of romantic relationships should explain why and how they develop, why they succeed, and why they fail. Mental mechanisms of individual thinking and social mechanisms of verbal and nonverbal communication provide a start to answering these questions. The semantic pointer theory of emotions explains central emotions such as love, trust, and commitment. It suggests a way of understanding the interactions between people as transfer and eliciting of emotions by verbal and nonverbal communication. The shaping of interpersonal interactions by unconscious rules fits well with the semantic pointer accommodation of multimodal rules that employ nonverbal perceptions and emotions. Many of the rules that help to generate and maintain relationships concern trust, a neural process that binds representations of self, other, and situation with a positive emotional result of appraisal and physiology.
Sociology
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Social mechanisms of communicative interaction influence and are influenced by mental mechanisms of representation, inference, and emotion. Discrimination is an important problem that results from social causes such as institutions but also from psychological causes such as prejudice. Prejudice operates in individual minds through representations and processes that include concepts, images, beliefs, rules, and emotions. Emotions are a key part of the force of prejudicial concepts, not just because of their general negativity but also because of specific emotions such as fear, anger, hatred, resentment, contempt, and disgust. Important sociological ideas such as identity, social norms, and institutions can be deepened by understanding how concepts and rules operate in human minds. The semantic pointer theory of communication provides the social mechanism that complements the cognitive mechanism of conscious and unconscious rule operation.
Medicine
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

All mental illnesses involve breakdowns in neural mechanisms for emotions that do not simply reduce to isolated mental, social, or chemical causes. The case of depression shows how illness results from the interaction of many causes that can be social, cognitive, neural, and molecular. Depression emerges from the interactions of mechanisms at all of these levels in a way that exemplifies emergence rather than simple reduction. Accordingly, treatment of depression often benefits from trying to repair mechanisms at multiple levels, most commonly by employing psychotherapy to make changes in mental representations and by employing antidepressants to change neurochemistry. Social cognitivism, the approach that integrates social, mental, neural, and molecular mechanisms, provides a new approach to explaining mental illness thanks to semantic pointer theories of cognition and communication.
Education
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Semantic pointers provide new insights into learning by specifying what kinds of representations need to be developed in the brains of learners who are acquiring complex information. Some of this information is verbal, but learners need to be able to integrate this verbal information with other modalities such as pictures and sounds. A social cognitive-emotional workup of the vaccine debate shows how people can learn why vaccines are valuable for public health and the protection of children. Teaching people about vaccines requires communication of many kinds of mental representation: concepts, values, images, beliefs, rules, analogies, and emotions. Educating people about vaccines needs to take into account the complexity of the emotions and the inferences required. Teaching requires many different kinds of conceptual change.
Engineering
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Creativity can be viewed as the outcome of interacting mental and social mechanisms. In individual designers, thinking is multimodal, depending on sensory, motor, and emotional representations in addition to words. Creativity works in minds that are capable of taking previously unconnected representations and combining them into ones that turn out to be new, valuable, and surprising. Well-functioning groups such as design teams, scientific laboratories, and artist colonies can be more creative than individuals on their own, when the groups foster communication of semantic pointers among individuals. Apple’s production of novel and successful products such as the Apple II, Macintosh, iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad illustrates the mental and social mechanisms responsible for creative design.
Business
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Social cognitivism illuminates two of the most important processes in business, leadership and marketing, which turn out to have remarkable similarities. Effectiveness in both endeavors requires understanding cognitive and emotional mechanisms operating in the minds of individuals, and also social mechanisms by which thoughts and emotions are communicated. Both leadership and marketing require elicitation of multimodal semantic pointers that combine verbal, sensory, motor, and emotional information. Leaders and marketers all need to understand the emotional processes of their followers and customers by using theories of emotion (based on semantic pointers, not folk psychology) and modes of empathy ranging from verbal analogy to multimodal rule simulation. For employees and purchasers, emotion is a major contributor to motivations that produce intentions that lead to action.
Philosophy Matters
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Philosophy is the attempt to answer general questions about the nature of knowledge, reality, and values. Natural philosophy draws heavily on neuroscience and psychology to develop interconnected theories of knowledge, reality, morality, justice, meaning, and the arts. It uses a procedure that identifies the most important philosophical issues as questions, considers a range of available answers to these questions, evaluates these answers based on coherence with scientific knowledge and other defensible philosophical doctrines, and reaches philosophical conclusions by accepting some answers and rejecting others based on explanatory coherence with evidence and on emotional coherence with human goals. Philosophy differs from science in being more general, ranging across all of the sciences, and in being more normative, concerned with how the world can be made better.
Justice
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

The crucial bridge between observations and values in the study of justice is vital needs, which must be satisfied if people are going to function as human beings. A just society meets both the biological needs of all its members for water, food, shelter, and health care and the psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. Justice does not require complete equality of wealth, income, or preference satisfaction, as long as people are equal in having their vital needs satisfied. The needs-sufficiency view of social justice has strong implications for establishing political and legal justice, including taking into account the needs of future generations. To contribute to social justice, the political system in a country needs to support the population’s vital needs. Democracy is the best available system for accomplishing this support.
The Perspective from Semantic Typology
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a synopsis of the cross-linguistic approach to studying concepts, with the aim of giving readers enough background to understand and appreciate the more detailed typological data covered in Part II. The first section focuses on the fact that most people, including cognitive neuroscientists, are highly susceptible to mistakenly thinking that the concepts conveyed by the words in their language represent the world in an objective manner that is self-evident and inevitable. The next two sections then introduce some basic aspects of semantic typology by discussing a variety of cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the encoding of concepts, first with regard to lexical semantics, and then with regard to grammatical semantics.
Objects
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

It is tempting to suppose that all languages represent objects in comparable ways. Typological research has shown, however, that while there are many cross-linguistic similarities in this semantic realm, there are also numerous differences. This chapter describes some of these findings and explores their implications for cognitive neuroscience. The first section discusses plant, animal, and artifact concepts jointly, but in a manner that still respects their different treatments by typologists and neuroscientists. Then the subsequent section focuses on a fourth domain, namely body parts. Next, the chapter considers some of the ways in which objects are represented by the following kinds of closed-class items and constructions: grammatical-semantic splits involving possession, and nominal classification systems. Although both of these forms of object representation have been intensively investigated in typology, they have been almost completely neglected in neuroscience; hence, they are especially relevant to the latter field of study.
How Do Language-Specific Concepts Relate to Cognition?
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

This chapter addresses the following question: How do language-specific concepts relate to cognition? The interaction between language and thought has fascinated scholars and laypeople alike for centuries, but during the past few decades this complex topic has gained significance from the discovery that, as shown in Part II, the amount of cross-linguistic diversity in both lexical and grammatical semantics is much greater than previously assumed. The first two sections draw upon psychological and neuroscientific studies to support two seemingly contradictory but actually complementary claims: many forms of cognition do not depend on language-specific concepts; nonetheless, such concepts do sometimes influence a variety of cognitive processes, in keeping with Whorf’s (1956) linguistic relativity hypothesis (or at least with a weak version of it). The last section then addresses some interpretive issues regarding recent neuroscientific evidence that some verbal and nonverbal semantic tasks have partly shared cortical underpinnings.
Are We Ever Conscious of Concepts?
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

This final chapter addresses the following question: Do the highest levels of mental representation—in particular, concepts and the thoughts they enter into—ever achieve consciousness when activated? Two competing positions have been taken on this issue. The liberal view holds that the contents of experience include not only sensory, motor, and affective states, but also whatever concepts happen to be engaged. In contrast, the conservative view maintains that concepts lack intrinsic qualia and always perform their functions beneath the surface of awareness. This chapter argues that the conservative view is more plausible than the liberal view, and that this has significant implications for three contemporary neuroscientific theories of consciousness. Specifically, it shows that the conservative view raises serious problems for Stanislas Dehaene’s Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Giulio Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory, but is consistent with Jesse Prinz’s Attended Intermediate-Level Representation Theory.
The Hegelian Progressives
Authors: Emerson Blake
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes the legal and political theory of the American Progressive thinkers who were influenced by Hegel, and situates their thought within the broader Progressive movement. W.E.B. Du Bois, Woodrow Wilson, John Dewey, Mary Follett, and Frank Goodnow were each influenced by Hegel and Hegelian public law scholars. Read as a group, they offer a coherent understanding of democracy in the American administrative state. Du Bois argued that the state needed to create the conditions for democracy by protecting the rights and promoting the welfare of African Americans. Wilson argued that public opinion should influence administration, and that administration could become a source of binding law. The conflict between Du Bois and Wilson over questions of racial equality teases out a tension between democratic equality and public participation, which is explored further in chapter 3. Dewey understood the state as an articulation of rational public discourse, and insisted like Wilson on public participation in the administrative process. Follett buttressed Dewey’s democratic theory with an account of how participation in administrative policymaking could generate cooperative democratic power. Goodnow adapted the German concept of the Rechtsstaat to the American context. He explained how administrative agencies could carry legislative will into action through fair procedures, and how courts and administrative agencies could play a coordinate role in the implementation of law. Together these theorists offer a model of administration in which democracy-preserving goods and institutions are furnished by administrative bodies through participatory, egalitarian, and inclusive administrative processes.
Conclusion
Authors: Emerson Blake
Published: March 2019

This conclusion explains how the Progressive theory offers a critical perspective on our present political moment and the political ideologies that underlie it. Using examples from the Obama and Trump administrations on topics such as fair housing, climate change and immigration, I show how cost-benefit analysis and presidentialist theories of administration undermine deliberative democratic values. Cost-benefit analysis tends to restrict the administrative state to the task of simulating a perfectly competitive marketplace. Progressivism insists that the state should more broadly further public freedom, providing the goods, services, and institutions that allow democratic self-government to function. Presidential administration equates democracy with plebsicitary legitimacy, and aligns with Carl Schmitt’s illiberal, authoritarian political theory. While Progressivism acknowledges that the president has an important role to play in supervising administration, it aims to anchor administrative legitimacy in broader, plural, and discursive interactions between the government and its citizens.
Dying to Be Normal
Authors: Krutzsch Brett
Published: March 2019

Through an examination of publicly mourned gay deaths in America, Brett Krutzsch counters the common perception that LGBT politics and religion have been oppositional to one another. Dying to Be Normal reveals how gay activists have used religion to bolster the argument that gays are essentially the same as straights, and therefore deserving of equal rights. Krutzsch’s analysis turns to the memorialization of Matthew Shepard, Harvey Milk, Tyler Clementi, Brandon Teena, and F. C. Martinez, as well as to campaigns like the It Gets Better Project and national tragedies like the Pulse nightclub shooting to illustrate how activists used specific deaths to win acceptance, influence political debates over LGBT rights, and encourage assimilation. Throughout, Krutzsch shows how, in the fight for greater social inclusion, activists relied on Christian values and rhetoric to portray gays as upstanding Americans. As Krutzsch demonstrates, gay activists regularly reinforced a white Protestant vision of acceptable American citizenship that often excluded people of color, gender-variant individuals, non-Christians, and those who did not adhere to Protestant Christianity’s sexual standards. The first book to detail how martyrdom has influenced national debates over LGBT rights, Dying to Be Normal establishes how religion has shaped gay assimilation in the United States and the mainstreaming of particular gays as “normal” Americans.
The “Epidemic of Bullying and Gay Teen Suicide”: Tyler Clementi and It Gets Better
Authors: Krutzsch Brett
Published: March 2019

Chapter 3 examines the first gay death that incited national outrage after Matthew Shepard’s murder: Tyler Clementi’s suicide in 2010. Twelve years after Shepard’s murder, another white, Protestant, gay college student became a national name. The chapter explores why many elected officials and heterosexual citizens viewed Clementi’s suicide as an atrocity that the country needed to address. The chapter also investigates how several anti-gay Christian groups reframed their rhetoric about homosexuality as a direct response to Clementi’s suicide. The chapter’s other focus is the It Gets Better Project. It Gets Better became a cultural phenomenon soon after news broke of Clementi’s death. The chapter considers why It Gets Better achieved remarkable popularity, what messages the campaign has promoted as necessary for a “better” life, and how those largely Protestant messages are based on the assimilationist trends of white, middle-class, gender-typical, gay Americans.
Epilogue: The Pulse Nightclub Massacre and the Queer Potential of Memorialization
Authors: Krutzsch Brett
Published: March 2019

The epilogue moves past the period of 1995 to 2015 to consider responses to the 2016 Pulse Nightclub shooting in Orlando, Florida that left forty-nine people, predominantly LGBT people of color, dead. In the wake of the massacre, legislators at each end of the political spectrum used the shooting to advance their own political agendas, from advocating for stricter gun laws, to lobbying for policies that would restrict Muslims from entering the United States, to creating awareness of the unique vulnerabilities of LGBT people of color. As the largest mass killing of LGBT Americans in U.S. history, the shooting, and the myriad political responses to the tragedy, revealed the precarious position of many LGBT people even after the purported victory of “marriage equality” one year earlier. The epilogue also offers possibilities for how to engage in memorialization in ways that promote greater awareness of, and space for, gender, racial, religious, and sexual diversity.
Arriving at a System of Pleas
Authors: Dervan Lucian E.
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to plea bargaining. The chapter begins with a discussion of the mechanics of plea bargaining and the dominant forms of plea bargaining in the United States’ criminal justice system. In doing so, the chapter examines the manner in which defendants engage in bargaining and the shadow-of-trial model of bargaining. The chapter then discusses the historical rise of plea bargaining in the United States and considers whether today’s plea bargains reflect the U.S. Supreme Court’s vision of the system as laid down in the case of Brady v. United States in 1970 (Brady v. United States, 1970). Finally, the chapter concludes by briefly examining several recent Supreme Court plea bargaining cases and considers whether a renewed focus on plea bargaining jurisprudence is materializing.
Defense Attorneys and Plea Bargains
Authors: Henderson Kelsey S.
Published: March 2019

In the landmark Gideon v. Wainwright decision (1963), the U.S. Supreme Court established the federal standard of appointed counsel for indigent defendants as fundamental to fairness. This right has been upheld throughout the years and is central to our adversarial system. The attorney’s responsibility is to zealously serve as the accused’s strongest counselor and advocate. In the context of plea bargaining, the attorney can assist the defendant in making a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent plea decision. The attorney may act as a “debiaser,” counteracting irrationality on the defendant’s part. However, research suggests structural influences and psychological processes may impede the role of the attorney. This chapter explores how legal and extralegal factors affect attorneys’ plea decision-making, which ultimately influence defendants’ decisions to waive or invoke their right to trial.
Prosecutors and Plea Bargains
Authors: McCannon Bryan C.
Published: March 2019

This chapter focuses on the prosecutor’s role in plea bargaining. To guide the analysis, a simple theoretical model is developed, exploring the interaction between the prosecutor and the defense in the plea bargaining process. This theoretical framework is then used to organize the relationship between plea bargaining and the prosecutor in the likelihood of going to trial and the size of the plea discount. With regard to going to trial, three important dimensions are evaluated: (1) the expectations of the outcome to arise if the case goes to trial, (2) the magnitude of the stakes if convicted, and (3) the costs involved with going to a jury trial. Finally, the theoretical model is used to evaluate the size of the plea discount obtained.
Juvenile Justice and Plea Bargaining
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Zottoli Tina , Daftary-Kapur Tarika
Published: March 2019

As with adult criminal court cases, almost all juvenile and criminal court cases involving youth are resolved by guilty plea. This chapter reviews the extant research on youth defendants and guilty pleas. The focus is on three areas: (1) the circumstances surrounding guilty plea decisions (e.g., access to attorneys, time to make decisions); (2) youths’ knowledge about guilty plea decisions and whether they are made voluntarily; and (3) the rationales underlying guilty plea decisions. Additionally, across these three areas the chapter addresses plea decision-making by guilty and innocent juvenile defendants, highlighting the similarities and differences. The chapter concludes with a call for future research and implications for juveniles involved in the juvenile or adult criminal justice systems.
Collateral Consequences and Disenfranchisement
Authors: Edkins Vanessa A.
Published: March 2019

With the high rate of guilty pleas in our justice system, attention needs to be paid to the consequences of these convictions, beyond the sanctions imposed at a sentencing hearing. Namely, the increase in guilty pleas has led to an unprecedented number of United States citizens with restrictions imposed on them that limit their employment, access to housing or government assistance, and to an unprecedented number being deprived of the right to vote. These collateral consequences of convictions, and the disenfranchisement resulting from the loss of the vote, can disrupt an individual’s life often to a greater extent than the short imprisonment many convicted felons face. This chapter looks at the effects of collateral consequences and disenfranchisement, how these may play into the decision to accept a plea (and who should be informing defendants about these restrictions), and whether proper consideration of the effect of collateral consequences is possible given how our current system of pleas is structured. Areas for future research are also identified.
Rewriting the Victim
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This book unites feminist international research with the writing, composing, and production of a musical designed to critique the discourse about the trafficking of women in Thailand. Through writing and producing “Land of Smiles,” a two-act, fifteen-song musical inspired by field research that includes over fifty interviews with female migrant laborers, sex workers, community-based women’s rights activists, non-governmental organization (NGO) employees, and other development actors in Thailand’s anti-trafficking movement, playwright, composer and feminist scholar Erin Kamler presents one of the dominant stories about human trafficking and shows that the voices of the people, most often women, can illuminate the problems and highlight the difficulties in finding solutions. This project was designed to serve as a platform for dialogue among stakeholders in Thailand’s anti-trafficking movement through a three-phase process of uncovering, recovering and articulating the lived experience of the “subject”—the trafficking “victim”—who the movement seeks to rescue, as well as the NGO employees who are embedded in the social catastrophe that underscores this movement. Through researching, writing and performing the musical for the communities on whom its story is based, Kamler shows the importance of lived experience as a framework for understanding social catastrophe, and the power of musical theater in conveying that understanding through a feminist, liberatory praxis. She calls this praxis Dramatization as Research, or DAR.
Introduction
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

The book opens with a discussion about the medium of theater, and the social justice concerns that playwrights, composers, actors and other artists have long searched for ways to address. I then turn to a discussion of feminist international relations, its potential for engaging alternative methodological and epistemological frameworks, and introduce the core problem to which the book seeks to seek to respond involving the discourse on trafficking. This discourse, I argue, exists within a contested framework in which trafficking is narrated through the lens of Western advocates seeking to eradicate it, rather than from the perspectives of the women who anti-trafficking policy affects. I introduce “Land of Smiles,” the musical through which I sought to recover the narrative of the presumed “victim”—the female migrant sex worker whom Western advocates seek to “rescue,” and conclude with an overview of the book’s individual chapters.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a context for understanding the problem of trafficking in Thailand by first introducing two fundamental national identity projects—what I call “Thailand’s National Identity Project” and the “U.S. Abolitionist Project.” I show how together, these projects inform the anti-trafficking movement’s response to the constructed idea (i.e., the artificially manufactured notion put in place to deal with a whole complex of other problems) of trafficking, teasing apart how this response acts as a remedy for the deeper cultural, political and economic crisis’ affecting both Thailand and the U.S. Discussing the history of ethnic minorities in Thailand, Burma’s long-running ethnic civil wars, the feminization of migration, neoliberalism, and the historical roots of abolitionism, I show how the U.S. and Thai national identity projects and the narratives they bring about impact all actors in the trafficking arena—but most significantly the female migrant laborers who are caught in their crossfires.
NGOs and the Rescue Narrative
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

In this chapter, I interrogate the experiences of those whose work responded to the supposed trafficking “victim”—the employees of abolitionist anti-trafficking NGOs in Thailand whose organizations provided shelter to former sex workers and advocate for policy change. Through an analysis of interviews, I show how NGO employees narrated the issue of trafficking to members of the public as well as to themselves, and how this “rescue narrative” gave voice—or failed to give voice—to the lived experiences of the female migrant laborers who their organizations were trying to help. I explore five dominant narratives that highlighted the challenges employees faced navigating the intercultural dimensions of their work, and the struggles they experienced trying to implement policies related to rescue. I suggest that these narratives reveal deeper personal struggles encountered by the employees, and consider how such struggles may risk hindering the effectiveness of their work.
Community-Based Organizations and the Narrative of Resistance
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

In this chapter, I discuss migrant community-based organizations (CBOs) operating in Thailand that work to combat labor exploitation in wholly different ways. Run by ethnic women and operating “below the radar” of the anti-trafficking movement, these organizations address the issue of trafficking from a unique perspective. Rather than pressuring sex workers to enter “rehabilitation” programs, these groups operate in solidarity with female migrants, fostering participatory, rather than top-down approaches to combating trafficking. As a result, these CBOs engage an ethic of “horizontalism”—an organizational approach to social change that is based on partnership, trust, and mutual understanding between the organization and its beneficiaries. I show how, through offering female migrant laborers positive alternatives to the tropes of victimization commonly used by anti-trafficking NGOs, their work is generating more productive results.
Building the Characters
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces Phase Two of the DAR praxis: The “creative” phase. Here, I discuss the development of the musical’s characters, exploring the way the visceral, embodied, emotive aspects of dramatization contribute to “recovering”—that is, restoring or returning—the stories of community members that were uncovered during the field research phase. Moving beyond the site of the field research, I illustrate the process I undertook to build the characters of “Land of Smiles,” showing how, through their development, new questions about the research subject began to unfold.
Articulating NGO Narratives
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces Phase Three of the DAR praxis: The “articulation” phase. Here, I look at the narratives of the NGO employees who attended performances of “Land of Smiles” and show how their participation created a space in which the articulation of experience could be heard and voiced. Returning to the concept of liberation—that transformed state in which members of a community recognize, take ownership of, and begin to heal the wounds brought on by social catastrophe and collective trauma, I discuss four key narratives that emerged among NGO employees in the focus groups following the performances. Linking these narratives to the themes that emerged in the original interviews with NGO employees, I illustrate the process by which these participants moved from passive bystander to active witness; from recollection to mourning; and from a state of rupture to one of hospitality.
Articulating Artist Narratives
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the narratives of the artists who participated in the “Land of Smiles’ production, and the transformation undergone by these artists as the “real” and “fictitious” worlds collided. Through inhabiting a space between characters and the actual people those characters are meant to symbolically represent, the artists experienced a state of “liminality” as well as its complementary state, “rupture,” in which one’s sense of certainty about their place in the world is disrupted. I discuss six key narratives that emerged among the “Land of Smiles” artists, showing how the spaces of liminality and rupture they evoke are foundational to the DAR praxis.
Rupture and Hospitality
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

The final chapter examines the way artist participants in “Land of Smiles” began to undergo the passage from rupture to “hospitality”—an ethical contract formed not around “sameness,” but rather, around “encounters with the unknown.” By articulating their experiences of rupture and its complementary process of hospitality, the artist narratives reveal the power of musical theater as a means of breaking down preconceptions and opening new pathways to empathy and trust. It is here that we see the tenets of liberation unfold most dramatically, illuminating DAR’s transformative essence.
Conclusion Dramatization as Research
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

The book concludes with a summary of the project’s intervention, which sought to articulate the lived experiences of marginalized female migrant laborers—supposed “victims” of human trafficking in Thailand—through the feminist, liberatory modality of musical theater. I offer a discussion of how human rights advocates can further work to break through spaces of bystanding and engage with their beneficiaries as equals; how women at the grassroots, who seldom have a voice in the foreign-driven projects intended for their benefit can engage more productively with Western “experts;” and how can these “experts,” in turn, might adopt new ways of implementing interventions and understanding themselves. I discuss the power and utility of merging the arts with feminist international research, and I suggest ways for the Dramatization as Research (DAR) praxis to serve as a tool for future international development advocacy work.
Old or New School Methodism?
Authors: Watson Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

This book argues that an initial moment of fragmentation occurred in American Methodism in the 1850s and 1860s. While a commitment to entire sanctification had been a core unifying doctrine within the broad American Methodist family up until the 1850s, the expulsion of Benjamin Titus (B.T.) Roberts from the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) and the subsequent formation of the Free Methodist Church (FMC) represent an initial fragmentation of what had been a coherent theological tradition. This detailed account of a crucial moment in American Methodist theology focuses on the ministries and theological emphases of Matthew Simpson, the influential MEC bishop best known for being a confidant of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, and B.T. Roberts, a pastor who was expelled from the MEC due to his harsh criticism of “New School Methodism.” Old or New School Methodism? is a detailed study that points to the need for a broader reevaluation of the history of American Methodism as a theological tradition. Previous historiography has often privileged big-tent visions of American Methodism in a way that has not taken with sufficient seriousness the disagreements such historical figures had with each other. By comparing and contrasting a key leader of the MEC with the founder of a holiness denomination, the book contributes to the history of American Methodism, and the broader study of religion in America, by widening the lens from what has often tended toward denominational history to a broader perspective that includes multiple denominations sharing a common heritage.
Holiness
Authors: Watson Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter argues that holiness was an essential mark of American Methodist theology from the beginnings of American Methodism through the first half of the nineteenth century. The chapter summarizes the initial commitment to holiness in John Wesley and early British Methodism. The commitment to holiness and entire sanctification of early American Methodism is then discussed. The chapter points to the importance of holiness as marking a theological tradition that was consistent across varieties of American Methodism as well as in popular Methodist experience. The chapter concludes by pointing to signs of coming tension, especially the rise of Phoebe Palmer and the Holiness Movement, the division that created the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, and the croakers, who initially complained about changes and compromise they saw in Methodism. The core argument of the chapter is that from 1784 through the 1840s there was a coherent theological tradition in American Methodism.
Becoming Bishop Simpson
Authors: Watson Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter summarizes the early life and ministry of Matthew Simpson. The chapter discusses Simpson’s rise from obscurity to being elected a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The chapter focuses on Simpson’s account of his own spiritual life, particularly noting his struggle to receive the witness of the Spirit and assurance, which were key Methodist doctrines and experiences. The chapter also discusses Simpson’s time as a professor, college president, and editor of an influential Methodist periodical before being elected to the episcopacy. The chapter also highlights the importance of Simpson’s uncle in his life and the disagreement that they had over slavery, due to his uncle’s passionate commitment to abolition. The chapter places Simpson in his ecclesial context and shows his commitment to growing the Methodist Episcopal Church by appealing to as broad a group of people as possible in order to get more people and build nicer buildings (churches, parsonages, colleges, and seminaries).