bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral and injection (systemic) treatments for inflammatory skin conditions
Authors: McPherson Tess
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the ‘systemic’ options for treatment of the various skin conditions included in the book, this term referring to treatments that can potentially affect the whole body, rather than just creams applied to patches of skin. The nature of these treatments means they can have side effects that are separate to their work on the skin, and the common side effects and the way we monitor for these are therefore covered. New, injectable drugs with potential for use in the treatment of conditions including psoriasis and eczema—known as biologics—are also explored in this chapter, and the guidance for their use is outlined.
Hair and hair loss (alopecia)
Authors: McPherson Tess
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces the role of hair, both in our health and in society, before providing an overview of the conditions in which hair growth can be affected. These include hirsutism—excessive hair growth—and a condition known as alopecia, characterized by the absence of hair from places it would normally grow. The various possible underlying causes for alopecia are covered, but with the disclaimer that we often never know why a person develops alopecia to begin with. Possible treatments for the condition are also discussed, with a focus on techniques to manage alopecia that may not necessarily involve medication.
Skin pigmentation and vitiligo
Authors: McPherson Tess
Published: March 2022

Skin colour is controlled by the level of pigments—coloured substances—produced by some of the cells that make up your skin. This chapter looks at conditions that can cause changes in skin colour by affecting the levels of these pigments. The ways in which skin colour varies, as well as the reasons for these variations, are discussed, along with an explanation of the areas of colour change that occur with freckles, birthmarks, and scars. The chapter then moves on to focus on a condition known as vitiligo, in which skin loses its pigment and therefore colour; the underlying causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition are all then explored.
Sources of Environmental Law in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

This chapter develops a profile of the key sources of environmental law across the Arab region. “Sources” of environmental law refers to the genres of law that contribute to the development of environmental law and jurisprudence in the Arab region. Even though the emergence of environmental law as a distinct legislative discipline is still a relatively nascent development in the region, environmental values have appeared in diverse legal frameworks for several decades, including international law, criminal law, administrative law, tort law, healthcare law, and constitutional law. As such, the sources of environmental law in Arab states include international law, the Constitution, national decrees and statutes, Shariah, customary law, judicial decisions, and publications and teachings of qualified scholars. This chapter explores how these bodies of law contribute to environmental protection in Arab states. It also evaluates the character, status, and force of the different sources of environmental law, including the interrelationships between them.
Values and Principles of Environmental Law and their Application in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the guiding principles of environmental law and the nature of legal protection required to achieve sustainable management of the environment and its resources in the Arab region. For several decades, Arab countries have played active roles in the crafting and development of core principles of environmental law at international and regional levels. For example, the Do-No-Harm principle; the principle of cooperation, the common but differentiated responsibility principle; the precautionary principle; and the polluter-pays principle are important pillars of environmental law. Despite debates on their legal statuses, these principles have been extensively infused into domestic legislation, regulations, industry guidelines, contracts, and bidding practices in Arab states. Even though there is an increasing commitment by Arab countries to integrate core environmental law principles at domestic levels, a number of structural challenges continue to stifle their application and implementation in practice. Arab countries will need to continually assess and address institutional barriers to stakeholder engagement and participation, especially in the design, approval, and implementation of development projects in key sectors that can affect environmental quality. An environmental justice approach to environmental regulation is discussed in this chapter as an important normative procedural framework that can improve social inclusion and good governance in the design, approval, and implementation of development projects in Arab states.
Water Pollution and Control
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

Home to 14 of the world’s 20 most water-stressed countries, the Arab region is the most water-scarce region on earth. Due to their vulnerabilities as largely arid desert countries characterized by little or no rainfall, the search for water availability, accessibility, and affordability remains a complex challenge in the Arab world. A number of regional instruments have been adopted to address groundwater depletion and to ensure water quality in seas, oceans, and aquifers. This chapter examines the applicable legal frameworks at international and regional levels that are designed to enhance water quality and quantity, and the state of their implementation in Arab states. First, it unpacks the nature, scale, and drivers of water insecurity in Arab states. It then examines the key features and scope of legislation and institutions designed to regulate water quantity and quality in Arab states, and evaluates the effectiveness and appropriateness of legal responses to substances and actions that affect water quality.
The Conservation of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

The Arab region is rich in biological, natural, and cultural resources. With more than 5,000 recorded species of plants, more than 10,000 species of animals, and five of the world’s 34 internationally recognized biodiversity hotspots, the Arab region boasts a diverse natural ecosystem. In addition to the variety of species and ecosystems, Arab countries are home to a wide variety of important cultural sites and monuments. There are about 33 biosphere reserves in 12 countries in the Arab states, which make the region an important destination for tourism. However, many of the natural and cultural resources in the Arab world currently face complex threats. Due to over exploitation, unsustainable resource utilization, conflicts, wars, and illicit trade in rare plants and animal species, a number of plant and animal species in the Arab region appear in the IUCN threat categories. This chapter examines key international and regional frameworks that govern the management of biological and cultural resources in the Arab region. It then examines the application of these international and regional frameworks at national levels in Arab states. The chapter discusses influential legislation and policies on conservation of nature and cultural heritage across the region.
Kowtowing before the Kaiser
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

One stipulation of the peace agreement ending the Boxer War in China was that a high-ranking member of the Chinese royal family would travel to Germany to personally apologize to the German emperor for the murder of his envoy, Clemens von Ketteler. This so-called ‘mission of atonement’ saw Zaifeng, also known as Prince Chun, travel to Europe on behalf of the Chinese emperor. The Chinese contingent refused to cross the border from Switzerland into Germany, however, when it came to light that Kaiser Wilhelm II had decreed that members of the party kowtow before him during their audience. The incident led to a diplomatic impasse that illustrated the diplomatic incompetence of the German emperor and threatened to destabilize the conditions for an international peace agreement.
Hanging a King
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

King Rudolf Duala Manga Bell was a German-educated monarch who ruled the coastal kingdom of Duala in Cameroon. Unlike other kings in the region, the Dualan monarchy had maintained close relations with the Germans until the Germans sought to move the Duala from their coastal territory and to a new town inland to enable the Germans to build a commercial harbour town inhabited exclusively by Europeans. In response, King Rudolf Duala Manga Bell undertook a campaign of peaceful protest aimed at influencing the Reichstag and the German public. Although the campaign succeeded in stalling the expropriations, after baseless accusations that the Dualan king was planning to commit treason emerged, King Duala Manga Bell was condemned to death and hanged in the first year of the First World War.
The Police Production of Space
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: March 2022

To draw a map is to advance a particular vision of reality. North African Paris was at once a social reality based on labor, housing, and migratory practices and also a space imagined and acted upon by the Parisian police. The police expended considerable energy in creating a census of North Africans in Paris and rendering the data into maps for potential police actions. The synthesis of ideologically inflected police thought with the exigencies of the social realities of a poor, working-class, migrant community formed a Paris that was a world apart for North Africans. This chapter illuminates debates around the existence of the North African Brigade by considering its relations with the Vichy police regime, postwar purges, and the continued migration and political activity of North Africans in the decade after World War II. Even though the formal institutional existence of the North African Brigade was dissolved after the fall of Vichy, the surveillance of North Africans continued apace through different police services. This chapter shows how police scrutiny of North Africans continued through the use of social services as a mode of surveillance and how by 1953 a new North African Brigade emerged in all but name. In doing so, the Paris police constructed a racial ordering of Parisian urban space that came to be a foundational form of knowledge for the policing of North Africans in the decades to come.
The Caregiving Ambition
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

Caregiving is essential for both maintaining cultures and building human capital. Yet unfortunately caregiving (paid, unpaid) is seriously and systemically undervalued. The undervaluation of caregiving leads naturally to the undervaluation of caregiving ambition, the strong desire of many women and men to not just care for others out of duty or obligation but with passion and ambition. The more society tries to categorize—and limit—caregiving as an obligation rather than as an ambition, the more it rings false, the harder it becomes to fulfill both caregiving ambition and career ambition, and the more truly ambitious people feel stuck. The work–life movement, and the bevy of human resources managers, researchers, and consultants who are part of it, will remain stuck in place—as will the gender gaps in leadership—if society doesn’t take people’s caregiving ambitions seriously. Through firsthand quantitative and qualitative empirical research, plus a wealth of research reviewed, the authors bring together psychological theories and cutting-edge management research to illuminate how ignoring caregiving as an ambition perpetuates the status quo. Too many women, and increasingly men, battle themselves, trying to balance their career ambitions and caregiving ambitions, while employers and governments only recognize the former, which helps explain the persistently low representation of women among business, political, and other types of leadership. This book shows the path forward: honest discussion about caregiving ambition will make individual and collective lives more humane and caring.
Introduction
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

In this introductory chapter the authors introduce and define the notion of caregiving ambition, namely that people have ambitions to care for others not merely out of a sense of duty or obligation. They highlight the ways in which caregiving is undervalued typically in society—treated as an obligation to be managed rather than as an ambition to be fulfilled. They review relevant research about the biological and psychological bases of caregiving and discuss current contextual issues related to the pandemic. They show how both men and women experience conflict when pursuing careers and aspiring to provide loved ones not just adequate care but ambitious and excellent care. They also provide the reader with background on their relevant research expertise and mention the research methods used. Finally, they present an overview of the book, a roadmap summarizing briefly the highlights from each chapter.
An Abundance of Ambition
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

In Chapter 1 the authors show that a defining problem for people balancing careers and caregiving is not insufficient devotion to one area or the other. Rather, most people have an abundance of ambition: plenty of career ambition but just as much—or even more—caregiving ambition. The authors delve into the psychology of ambition to understand what it means to be ambitious and goal-oriented. They explore people’s goals and ambitions to care for others in their lives, including for their children, parents, and friends. They also consider how some past research has reported gender differences in professional ambitions, whereas other research has not found any. This ambiguous relationship between women and professional ambition masks the variety of life ambitions that women, especially, may have and the challenges in balancing among these ambitions. Finally, the authors consider the benefits of broadening the view of ambition to include both work and caregiving.
Why Work–Life Won’t Work
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

In Chapter 2, the authors explain how and why the work–life movement, which claims to be about supporting caregiving, manages to sidestep caregiving ambition. Despite the fact that companies have made tremendous investments in promoting work–life programs, caregiving still is conceptualized only as an obligation or a duty. Not surprisingly, work–life programs, often focused on outsourcing caregiving rather than facilitating caregiving ambition, have not moved the dial significantly on work–care conflict, which has grown substantially over the past several decades. The few programs that have focused on radically redesigning how people use their time at work to facilitate work–care balance, not surprisingly, have been short-lived. The authors also consider how the so-called mommy wars are a distraction from the work–life agenda. They discuss how recognizing caregiving ambition can shed light on the limitations of the currently short-sighted and limited work–life agenda.
Providing, Not Just Provisioning
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

The authors distinguish between two modes of caregiving: providing and provisioning. Caregiving can be provided directly or provisioned—that is, arranged to be done by someone else. The authors further explain how people have providing ambition—they aspire to provide care directly—and provisioning ambition—they have aspirations concerning procuring care by others. This distinction and the key role of providing ambition are at the heart of work–care conflict and the tough choices that parents, especially, face about child care and fulfilling caregiving ambition. The authors discuss how many parents report that their providing ambition directly clashes with their work ambitions and how their preference is child care by relatives. They also consider how the providing–provisioning distinction helps to explain why child care became such a flashpoint for second-wave feminism and underlies many modern stereotypes of parenting, such as helicopter parents. Finally, they give readers the opportunity to rate their own providing and provisioning ambitions.
The Stubborn Caregiving Gaps
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

The authors delve into how caregiving, not gender, underlies gaps between men and women in the workplace. They review extensive research on gender gaps in pay, leadership, and advancement. This research underscores the idea that conceptualizing caregiving as an ambition can help achieve gender equality, whereas treating it as an obligation will not. Caregiving ambition is central to why women don’t get ahead. The authors also consider the role of men, and fathers in particular, in understanding these caring gaps. Despite the fact that men report that caregiving is central to their identities, they engage in 50% less caregiving than women on average. For a variety of reasons reviewed in the chapter, men often don’t fulfill their caregiving ambition. In sum, gender gaps in the workplace are really caring gaps. Only by addressing these caring gaps for both men and women can parity be attained at work.
A “Freedom-to” Work–Care Agenda
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

The authors show how corporate human resources policies prioritize only one category of response to work–care conflict and propose new and different policies to address caregiving ambition. Work–life policies and programs are based on categorizing caregiving as an obligation, not as an ambition, and therefore focus on helping employees provision care, not provide it directly, even if this is what many want to do. This unnecessarily narrow approach is woefully insufficient and perpetuates an already unsatisfactory status quo. At its core, the work–life movement’s efforts to reduce work–care conflict are aligned with the employer, who has a much easier time arguing for accommodations that afford “freedom-from” caregiving than for those that afford “freedom-to” be an ambitious caregiver while also being a valuable employee. While “freedom-from” accommodations are likely to fulfill the needs of people with high provisioning caregiving ambition, “freedom-to” accommodations are likely to fulfill the needs of people with high providing caregiving ambition.
Lessons for Living Ambitiously
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

The authors offer advice about how to live ambitiously in terms of both one’s caregiving and one’s career. Their suggestions are based on their research, interviews, and observations. And although advocating for broader policy changes is necessary, in the meantime people strive to fulfill their caregiving and career ambitions on a daily basis and cannot necessarily wait for new policy to resolve their work–care issues. The authors offer four principles (“You do you”; “Honor role models, don’t seek heroes”; “The grass is rarely greener”; “Plan for a journey, not a linear path”) and three options for fulfilling these ambitions (“Sequence smartly,” “Choose one ambition over the other,” “Pursue both ambitions with focus”). They also discuss caveats for these suggestions given the unpredictable and dynamic nature of life while both working and caregiving.
What Is Culture? Why Political Inclusion?
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers an account of culture and then defends cultural claims on the ground that culture matters to people. Culture is defined as essentially dynamic and the product of negotiation among its members, who vary in their attachment to it. The chapter then defends a voice-centric account of political inclusion and then argues that democratic states, because committed to the full and equal inclusion of all citizens, ought in general to accommodate cultural and religious practices as a result. Full and equal inclusion has four dimensions: the equal protection of rights, adequate representation, substantive access to political spaces, and a commitment to listening to all speakers, regardless of their background. These dimensions together ensure the trust on which collaborative democratic politics in diverse states rely. The chapter distinguishes political inclusion from substantive integration, and argues that the former can be achieved without the latter.
Cultural Claims and Political Inclusion
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter outlines the vast range of cultural accommodation claims that are made in democratic states. They are exemption claims; assistance claims; affirmative claims; special representation claims; self-determination claims; and recognition claims. The chapter suggests that on the grounds of political inclusion, these are claims are nearly all justified. The chapter then considers cultural preservation claims and argues, against critics of multiculturalism, that most preservation claims can and should be accommodated because they permit and encourage political inclusion. They do not, as critics have claimed, support segregation nor do they manifest a failure to integrate.
We Are All Neutralists Now!
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces and explains the concept of neutral institutions. If the aim is to address the relative institutional disadvantage commonly faced by minorities, then neutral institutions are required. It is commonly thought that neutrality and minority rights are opposed, with multicultural minority rights uniquely being the pathway to minority accommodation. But neutrality can be achieved in two broad ways: one where majority advantage is simply removed, and another where minority rights are added to counter relative majority advantage. This means that multicultural minority rights are a form of neutrality, even if many of its proponents remain critical of neutrality.
Neutrality without Minority Rights
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides the main argument against multicultural minority rights. A narrower understanding of neutrality, called “active indifference,” is introduced which can accommodate minority ways of life without granting minority rights. If majority privilege is the problem, then that privilege should be removed rather than adding new balancing forms of privilege in the form of multicultural minority rights. Active indifference not only avoids the problems of multicultural minority rights—problems such as reification and essentialism that are acknowledged by the advocates of multicultural minority rights—but has the added advantages of offering more freedom, both in terms of less restrictions and more opportunities.
Choosing Freedom
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This book is a reader-friendly introduction to the ethical thought of Immanuel Kant. It is structured as a guide to living in accordance with Kantian ideals of rationality and freedom, despite our human flaws, failings, and weaknesses. The book draws on a wide selection of Kant’s writings so as to make his ethical framework accessible and thought-provoking for modern readers, as well as responsive to contemporary ethical concerns. Part One provides an overview of Kant’s general ethical framework, starting with his conception of freedom and his view of human nature. It covers his account of moral motivation, the three main formulations of his categorical imperative, key Kantian concepts like respect, autonomy, dignity, and love, and it also includes a broad overview of Kant’s entire system of duties. Part Two takes up Kant’s views on self-knowledge and moral assessment of ourselves and others. Part Three consists in an overview of seven crucial Kantian vices: servility, arrogance, contempt, gossiping, mockery, deceitfulness, and drunkenness. Part Four sets out five Kantian life goals—self-development, cheerfulness, reserve, beneficence, and gratitude, while Part Five focuses on Kant’s remarks on social relationships, including friendship, romantic encounters, politeness, and dinner parties. Part Six concludes with Kant’s argument for being hopeful about moral progress, even in the face of despair and disillusionment about the current state of the world. The book aims to present Kantian ethics as an appealing guide for life, one that emphasizes freedom, self-improvement, and optimism about the future.
Moral Commitment
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on moral motivation, virtue, and what it means to have a Kantian good will. For Kant, a person with a good will is committed to morality in a way that means that we can always count on them to do the right thing, no matter what temptations they face or what pressures they are under. It is that commitment that distinguishes the truly good person from the rest of us. And this commitment is what Kant means when he talks about having a good will. A person with a good will has a commitment to doing what is right because it is right, a commitment that takes the form of acting for morally good reasons. Kantian virtue is strength in living up to this commitment.
The Categorical Imperative
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter evaluates the universal law formulation of Kant's categorical imperative, emphasizing the importance of moral equality. Kant sees the principle he calls the "categorical imperative" as simply articulating a central moral idea that we already have, or at least, that we would have if we were thinking rationally. It is the principle that a morally good person (or a person with a good will) employs when deciding what to do. Kant's universal law formulation instructs us to think beyond our own case and imagine what it would be like if other people were proposing to act like we are acting. Indeed, the universal law formulation reflects a crucial concept in Kant's ethics, which is the necessity of seeing ourselves as the moral equals of other rational beings.
Love and Respect
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes the foundational Kantian moral attitudes of love and respect. These two great moral forces play an important role in Kant's thinking about what it means to be a good person. For Kant, both love and respect generate moral obligations for us. We owe people respect. Often that means leaving them alone or giving them space. We also owe people care and concern. Often that means coming close enough, literally or figuratively, to take on some of their burdens and ease their pain. The chapter then considers how Kant sometimes talks about love and respect as attitudes, and sometimes as duties that require specific actions from us.
Judging Others
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter highlights our habit of judging other people, a habit Kant thinks we would be better off without. There are two different kinds of problems with being judgmental. The first is what philosophers call an epistemic problem, or a problem about knowledge. We often lack enough information to justify our negative judgments about other people. The second is a problem about self-conceit. The person who is being judgmental is putting themselves on a higher plane than the other person. We can do a lot of damage when we are quick to criticize and blame other people. Even more importantly, focusing on what other people are doing wrong distracts us from the really important questions we need to be asking ourselves about our own behavior.
Servility
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

Part Three is an overview of seven central Kantian vices or moral failings. Chapter 13 focuses on servility, or the failure to treat oneself with appropriate self-respect. Chapter 14 focuses on arrogance, explaining why it is also a failure of Kantian self-respect insofar as it involves making mistakes about one’s value relative to others. Chapter 15 explores the vice of contempt, which is a denial of fundamental respect to others as rational agents. Chapter 16 takes up the vice of defamation or spreading negative gossip for its entertainment value. Chapter 17 focuses on the related vice of mockery or taking pleasure in ridiculing others. Chapter 18 explains Kant’s opposition to lying and the reasons why deceitfulness is such a serious Kantian vice. The chapter emphasizes the relationship between honesty and social trust. Chapter 19 explores Kant’s concerns about drunkenness and its negative moral effects on dignity and mutual respect.
Drunkenness
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on Kant's concerns about drunkenness and its negative moral effects on dignity and mutual respect. For Kant, the morality of alcohol depends on why and how we are using it. What bothers him is using alcohol as a way of deliberately or at least carelessly interfering with our rational capacities for no particularly good reason, whether just for an evening or as a way of life. As Kant sees it, there is a self-deceptiveness about using drugs or alcohol as a way of forgetting problems. Not only do the problems not go away, but the effects of overindulgence linger in ways that reduce our ability to solve them. Moreover, drunkenness interferes with our ability to engage in the kinds of relationships with others that Kant thinks are so important to the moral community.
Judicious Reserve
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes why Kant thinks that candor is overrated and why we should strive for reserve about our thoughts and our moral flaws. Knowing when to be candid and when to be reserved is a skill we need in conducting our moral lives. Just as we owe it to other people and to the moral community as a whole to be truthful, so we also owe it to them to be reserved when the occasion demands it. Given what we human beings are like, some degree of reserve is essential to our ability to maintain the appropriate attitudes of respect and love for each other. Being reserved does not mean being deceptive; it is more of a way of shifting our focus to better things.
Useful Beneficence
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the Kantian imperfect duty to promote the happiness of others, or the duty of beneficence. In Kant's framework, our reasons have to be tied to our obligations to our fellow rational agents. Technically, Kant categorizes beneficence as a duty of love. Helping people is a way of showing that we care about them and their needs. But Kantian beneficence can just as easily be understood as a duty of respect. Helping someone out is also a way of respecting them as a setter of ends. To be a setter of ends is to be someone who has plans, projects, and goals. Beneficence, as Kant understands it, is something that we owe to all rational beings, not just our friends and relatives.
Heartfelt Gratitude
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter studies what Kant calls the sacred duty of gratitude, explaining why it is so important and also why it is sometimes quite challenging. Kant describes gratitude as a duty that we owe to people who have benefited us. Gratitude is a way of honoring them. He immediately rules out the idea, perhaps widely held, that the main point of doing things like writing thank you notes is to encourage the givers to keep on giving to you. Thank you notes written out of that kind of motivation are simply acts of self-interest, not an expression of moral commitment. But he does think that the importance of gratitude is tied to the importance of beneficence. It is because beneficence is such a valuable thing that it deserves honor in the form of gratitude. This means that the person who is ungrateful fails to value beneficence properly.
Friends and Frenemies
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

Part Five explores the role of social life in Kant’s ethics. Chapter 25 focuses on his account of friendship and his arguments for its moral value. It also addresses what Kant took to be the risks of friendship among flawed human beings. Chapter 26 considers Kant’s views on romantic relationships. The chapter takes up his worries about the moral dangers of sexual desire, with its ability to turn persons into mere objects of pleasure, as well as his remedies for those dangers. Chapter 27 explores Kant’s view that we have a moral duty to cultivate good manners, on the grounds that they help us become more virtuous as individuals and improve our communities. Chapter 28 explains Kant’s carefully considered views about the best way to conduct a dinner party and why he thinks that a well-planned dinner party has moral benefits for the people who participate in it.
A Kantian Love Life
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter highlights Kant's views on romantic relationships. It considers his worries about the moral dangers of sexual desire, with its ability to turn persons into mere objects of pleasure, as well as his remedies for those dangers. Kant holds that the only natural purpose of sexual desire is procreation; any employment of sexual desire that is not aimed at procreation is going to raise moral problems for him. Employing a person purely as a sexual object is, on Kant's view, an extraordinarily effective way of degrading and dehumanizing them. When we ask what counts as a mutually respectful sexual relationship, we are asking about what it means to respect one's partner as an end in both senses. Kant thinks that sexual relationships can only meet this standard in the context of marriage.
The Same, but Different
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses the increasing emphasis fifteenth-century composers placed on the appearance of their written music. Some composers took care to preserve the notation of borrowed material, going out of their way to leave it undisturbed, even as they subjected it to ever more extreme transformations in performance. Indeed, these manipulations increasingly yielded music that was aurally all but unrecognizable as a derivative of the notated original, widening the gap between what singers saw and what they sang. While these procedures had been developing in motets for decades, it is only with the rise of the cyclic mass—the first multi-movement genre in Western music history—that transformative possibilities really took off. In the process, notation took on an aesthetic charge of its own.
Conclusion
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

The book ends by returning to questions of music, technology, and the aesthetic stakes of early formalist experimentation. This conclusion traces how the cantus-firmus transformations so integral to the composition of fifteenth-century sacred music have been characterized in the generations since—mostly in their rejection by theorists and historians alike. It proposes a set of criteria for understanding notational aesthetics and musical riddles, and offers some terms for describing the relationship between notation and the musical creations it affords. We find ourselves again in an age fascinated with the ways that media, materials, and technology condition musical works and experiences. Reconsidering the unsung technology of medieval music notation can give us a conceptual distance that makes it possible to recognize new facets of our own relationship with musical media. It invites us to deepen our engagement with the sources and the music, while changing how we think about music’s literate traditions in the late Middle Ages.
Participation in Oversight
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 explores the link between bottom-up societal inputs and top-down regime outputs through the lens of oversight. This is a crucial link insofar as the salutary effects of inclusion can only accrue if the regime heeds and acts on public inputs. Taking advantage of data on corruption investigations and citizen tip-offs, the empirical analysis reveals a strong and positive relationship between public inputs and disciplinary actions. As further evidence of causal linkage, Gueorguiev leverages geographic information on China’s legacy Internet communications infrastructure to help rule out confounding factors and endogeneity threats. Specifically, he find that localities that are geographically closer to Internet exchange servers built in the early 1990s are more likely to receive citizen tip-offs, and that this higher rate in citizen inputs also predicts higher rates of disciplinary action against local officials.
Conclusion
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

The Conclusion wraps up by tracing the Chinese Communist Party’s arc over the last forty years, one characterized by adaption, but also ultimately a return to Leninist roots. This trajectory has implications for at least two ongoing conversations. First, China’s exploitation of technology for administrative inclusion at the expense of political inclusion undercuts remaining optimism for peaceful evolution to democracy. Second, the manner by which China’s leaders have muddled through various efforts at both inclusion and control contrasts with recent literature on “smart authoritarianism” and its highly strategic interpretation of authoritarian statecraft. With these thoughts in mind, the chapter also considers the implications of inclusive control tactics for other countries where like-minded incumbents seek to harness technology and mass participation in the service of authoritarian control.
Scars on the Land
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

Scars on the Land examines how the environment shaped the lives of the enslaved and how slavery remade the landscape of the American South. Over two centuries from the establishment of slavery in the Chesapeake to the Civil War, one simple calculation had profound consequences: rather than measuring productivity based on outputs per acre, Southern planters sought to maximize how much labor they could extract from their enslaved workforce. They saw the landscape as disposable, relocating to more fertile prospects once they had leached the soils and cut down the forests. The expanding enslaved frontier irrevocably transformed the environment. On its leading edge, slavery laid waste to fragile ecosystems, draining swamps and clearing forests to plant crops and fuel steamships. On its trailing edge, slavery left eroded hillsides, rivers clogged with sterile soil, and the extinction of native species. Although the precise mechanisms and effects varied in Virginia’s tobacco fields, Louisiana’s swamps, and North Carolina’s pine forests, slavery exacted the same swift price. While environmental destruction fueled slavery’s expansion, no environment could long survive intensive slave labor. The scars manifested themselves in different ways, but the land too fell victim to the slave owner’s lash.
Introduction
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces the argument of the book and outlines its structure. The environment shaped the lives of enslaved people in the American South. The profitability of enslaved labor prompted Southern slave owners to engage in environmentally destructive practices. The introduction also discusses the historiography on slavery and the Southern environment and addresses the primary sources that the book will draw upon.
Dragged Out by the Roots
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the role of slavery in the destruction of Southern forests and how enslaved people used forests. Enslaved lumbermen cut down millions of acres of Southern woodlands, timber that built plantation buildings and fence rails and fueled iron furnaces and steamboats. The destruction of native forests had profound consequences for the broader ecosystem, changing the temperature and turbidity of rivers and prompting the extinction of indigenous birds, reptiles, and amphibians that made their home in the forest. Enslaved Southerners saw forests not only as sites of labor but as places of refuge. Forests provided the venue for a world beyond the watchful eyes of whites. While white Southerners saw forests as boundaries delineating property and the border between wild and cultivated space, enslaved people saw the woods as liminal spaces that created opportunities for freedom.
Breaches in the Levee
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines how rivers shaped slavery’s development and how enslaved people used rivers. The South’s waterways served as arteries for slavery’s expansion. Yet these same rivers that made enslaved agriculture possible also proved dangerously unpredictable, as the risk of flooding kept slave owners awake at night. To control water’s creative and destructive potential, planters used enslaved labor to alter the flow of Southern rivers, build levees, and dig canals. The chapter focuses on the use of enslaved labor to create elaborate hydraulic works on rice plantations and levees on the Mississippi. Enslaved people who worked on rivers used them as a means of escape from bondage.
A Southern Cyclone
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines how the South’s capricious and violent weather affected the lives of the enslaved. Throughout the South, sudden summer thunderstorms could quickly inundate fields, swell rivers and streams over their banks, and wash away roads and bridges. Along both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, hurricane season could bring devastation, while inland regions experienced frequent tornadoes. In the Upper South, sudden winter ice storms could descend without warning. In an era without meaningful forecasting, the South’s violent and unpredictable weather could wreak profound devastation. While all Southerners could suffer from inclement weather, enslaved people often felt its effects most acutely. Working outside and living in vulnerable housing, they suffered disproportionately when violent weather struck. Human choices made capricious weather events into “natural” disasters.
An Inhospitable Refuge
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines how enslaved people used swamps. For some, the swamp served as a larder, a site where they could supplement meager rations. For others, the swamp was a refuge, an inhospitable landscape preferable to a life in bondage. While enslaved people often ventured into the swamp, white Southerners viewed them with fear and disgust. They elided easy categorization: neither land nor water, swamps did not fit into the schemas white Southerners used to divide the environment. They saw swamps as unruly slaves, requiring discipline before they would submit to cultivation and mastery. Forbidding and menacing, swamps across the South hosted dozens of maroon communities that took advantage of the ecological defenses that swamps created. In South Carolina, Louisiana, and Virginia, these swamp maroon communities struggled to maintain an alternative to slavery in profoundly challenging environmental conditions.
Conclusion
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

The Conclusion ties together the variety of ways Lucan seeks to uproot and close off the epic genre and then considers what he does make survive—that is, where there may be openings in this grand gesture of closure. With the story of Rome dead and now an object of lament, with that story transformed into the story of the place that killed Rome, what lives on is Pharsalia nostra. This is the story of a dead thing that lives on; and Lucan’s persistent manner of personifying and giving agency to “Pharsalia” throughout the poem reinforces this sense. In this regard, Lucan puts an end to the epic genre while his own epic lives on, opening itself up to not only readers living under the reign of Nero, but also new readers in new times.
Open Banking Ecosystem and Infrastructure: Banking on Openness
Authors: Wolberg-Stok Andres
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes how the traditional banking and payments ecosystem transformed with the entry of financial data aggregators and fintech service apps. In this first chapter, “Open Banking Ecosystem and Infrastructure: Banking on Openness,” Andres Wolberg-Stok, Global Head of Strategy, Office of the CTO, at Citi, provides a historical overview beginning in the 1980s. Wolberg-Stok explores the flow of customer-permissioned data between financial institutions, data aggregators, and fintechs and how today’s data revolution is impacting the traditional business of banking, including some of the costs and benefits for consumers, monetary policy, and financial stability. He chronicles how consumers’ awareness of the importance and value of their data is growing and how financial services became one of the very first domains in which consumers are starting to gain a measure of agency over their data.
Defining Data Rights and the Role of the Individual
Authors: Asrow Kaitlin
Published: March 2022

In Chapter 2, “Defining Data Rights and the Role of the Individual,” Kaitlin Asrow, Senior Fintech Policy Advisor at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, interrogates the core principle of “data privacy” and an evolution to “data protection” and ultimately to “data rights.” Data privacy, once just a term to describe keeping personal data private, has grown to encompass bigger concepts, such as “data protection” under the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and “data empowerment” in India under its Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture. In this chapter, Asrow argues that a baseline of consumer “data protection” and “data rights” can help to effectively manage a data-based economy, including structures such as Open Banking. She analyzes the challenges of current US data regimes under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Act, and the California Data Privacy Act, and proposes a path toward modernizing our data governance frameworks, with a particular focus on the role of the consumer.
Customer Protection and the Liability Conundrum in an Open Finance Ecosystem
Authors: Boms Steven , Taussig Sam
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3, “Customer Protection and the Liability Conundrum in an Open Finance Ecosystem,” examines what is arguably the most difficult challenge in open banking. Authored by Steven Boms, Executive Director of the Financial Data and Technology Association’s North American Chapter and President of Allon Advocacy, and Sam Taussig, Kabbage’s former Global Head of Policy and Special Product Development, this chapter explores why this issue is particularly challenging in various jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom, continental Europe, and the United States. Boms and Taussig describe current gaps in the US customer liability framework under Regulation E of the Electronic Fund Transfers Act and suggest shared liability and traceability-based policy options for modernizing the US regulatory environment.