bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Association of the Lower Members of the Old Red Sandstone and the Metamorphic Rocks on the Southern Margin of the Grampians
Authors: Harkness R.
Published: October 2009

T
he
area to which this paper referred is the tract lying between Stonehaven and Strathearn, including the south-eastern flanks of the Grampians for about two-thirds of their course. Metamorphic rocks, trap-rocks, the Lower and Middle members of the Old Red series (the former being sandstone, and the latter conglomerate), are the constituent rock-masses of the district, and give it its peculiar physical features. The mode in which these rocks are associated is well exhibited in the section on the coast (at Stonehaven), and in the several sections in the interior where streams lay bare the rocks. Sections at Stonehaven, Glenburnie, Strathfinlass, North Esk, West Water of Lethnot, Cruick Water, South Esk and Prosen, Blairgowrie, Dunkeld, Strathearn, and Glenartney, were described in detail.

Against the north-westerly dipping metamorphic schists (which sometimes include conformable limestones) come purple flagstones, but usually separated from them by trap-rocks, having the same strike. These flagstones pitch to the south-east, but retain a high angle away from the schists, and, in many places, are intercalated with beds of trap. The lower purple flagstones are unfossiliferous; but higher up tracks of Crustaceans (
Protichnites
) have been discovered by the Rev. H. Mitchell. The grey fossiliferous flagstones of Forfarshire succeed, still with a steep dip. Conglomerates succeed, in beds having a less inclination, gradually becoming more and more horizontal as they reach the low country.

The axis of the elevation of the Grampians thus appears to be along their southern margin, and to be marked by the trap-rocks separating the metamorphic schists and the purple flagstones of the Old Red series, and giving the latter their general south-easterly dip. As the metamorphic rocks of the Grampians have not yielded any fossils, their relation to the other old rocks of Scotland is difficult to determine.
On the Drift and Rolled Gravel of the North of Scotland
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: October 2009

§ 1. I
n
a former communication* I gave an account of some features of the Pleistocene deposits along the coast of Aberdeenshire, showing that in certain localities remains of marine animals occur of a character similar to those met with in the later tertiary beds of the Clyde district, and, like them, indicating the presence of a colder sea. The following pages are devoted chiefly to the Drift of the interior of the country and of the higher grounds, more especially as regards that part of Scotland lying between the Moray Firth and the Firth of Tay.

In the lower parts of this district we find the drift-beds and brick-clays covered by a widespread accumulation of water-rolled gravel, often of great thickness and destitute of fossils. It is poured out in greatest profusion towards the mouths of valleys, and pervades all the river-basins I have examined, decreasing in extent as we ascend their course.

It is not, however, confined to the neighbourhood of those streams, but also covers many tracts where no river appears to have existed.

All along the valley of the Dee, from the seaport of Aberdeen to Braemar, which is situated nearly sixty miles into the interior, this upper rolled gravel is everywhere to be found diminishing, however, greatly in quantity towards the head of the valley.

At Aberdeen it forms large swelling mounds and little hills, on which a great part of the city and its suburbs is buit. In many places it is spread out
On a Well-Section near Gosport
Authors: Pilbrow James
Published: October 2009

T
he
following is a section of the deep well and boring recently made under my direction (1858) for the Gosport Water-works Company, at Bury Cross, about one mile and a quarter west of the town. It is, I believe, the most carefully observed, as well as one of the deepest wells executed in that district, where the strata vary so much that the same stratum will scarcely be found with like characters at two places, though only a few hundred yards apart; and frequently the omission altogether of one or other of the strata shows that very considerable disturbing causes must have been in operation either at the period of the formation of these deposits or subsequently.

In the upper and middle portions of the stratum of sand noted in the section at from 33 feet 1 inch to 67 feet 3 inches, the fine series of perfect fossils occurred, of which a note is appended. Others occurred in the lower portion of this bed; and where it merged into the green sand below, which was dry and hard, the specimens became much fractured and very rotten.

Fossils were not again met with until the depth of 84 feet was reached, and from that to 95 feet. These were similar to the foregoing, but mostly fragmentary and mixed in masses with the sand. At from 95 feet to 104 feet, a few other fossil shells were also found.

The yield of water from this well is very copious, supposed to
On the Geology of a Part of Venezuela and of Trinidad
Authors: Wall G. P.
Published: October 2009

F
or
our earliest distinct notions of the physical conformation and geological structure of this portion of the South American continent, we are indebted to the researches of that illustrious observer, Humboldt, who, on his visit to equinoctial America (1799), first landed on the coast of Venezuela, and prosecuted during a period of sixteen months a series of investigations in several departments of that State, thus rendering the most essential service to all subsequent travellers; for whilst some of his conclusions must be modified or rejected in accordance with the advance of science during the last sixty years, yet many of the results at which he arrived form a permanent addition to our knowledge, and will be verified by each of his followers.

A quarter of a century later, the French chemist Boussingault visited the same territory, and executed a number of researches, less general, but more detailed, and relating especially to the composition of the thermal waters and the distribution of the natural asphaltum.

The year 1841 witnessed the publication of the labours of Colonel Codazzi on the physical geography of Venezuela*, including a series of maps prepared from the topographical surveys and measurements conducted by him during more than ten years. This is an especially important work for the geological inquirer, furnishing him with many of the data so essential to the accuracy of his observations. It is not only the execution of these maps, though numerous and faithful, but also the precision with which the external features, the
Notes on a Collection of Fossil Plants from Nágpur, Central India
Authors: Bunbury Charles J. F.
Published: October 2009

It is now some considerable time since the fine collection of fossil vegetable remains from the district of Nágpur in Central India, which had been presented to the Geological Society by the Rev. Messrs. Stephen Hislop and Robert Hunter, was entrusted to me for examination and description. Owing to the obscure and equivocal character of many of these remains, the undertaking proved more tedious than I had expected, and there still remain many specimens to which I have not yet been able to give a thorough examination. But, as particular circumstances make it unlikely that I should, for some time to come, have sufficient leisure to devote to this pursuit, I think it best to lay before the Society at once the results of my inquiries as far as they have yet gone, rather than to keep them back for an indefinite time in the hope of completing them. The present paper, therefore, will contain the description of all the Ferns in the collection, and of all those remains of Stems and Leaves of other kinds which I have, to the best of my ability, sufficiently examined; these altogether constitute nearly three-fourths of the collection. The Fruits and Seeds, of which the specimens are pretty numerous, but obscure and difficult to determine, are reserved for further examination. I may observe, however, that, though numerous in individuals, they seem to be little varied in form and character, and present no outward evidences of a high organization.
On the Relative Positions of certain Plants in the Coal-Bearing Beds of Australia
Authors: Clarke W. B.
Published: October 2009

In the “Observations on the Flora of the Oolite,” by Baron de Zigno, published in the Quarterly Journal of the Society, No. 62, there is a paragraph respecting the supposed non-verification of certain genera of plants in the Australian coal-fields, which were reported by me in 1847.

It is only right that I should offer a few words of comment on. that paragraph.

By reference to the same number of the Quarterly Journal (p. 147), it will be seen that Mr. Selwyn has already recognized in Eastern Victoria “true Carboniferous plants;” and he further states that “in Tasmania the coal-bearing beds rest quite conformably on and pass downwards into calcareous beds, the fossils from which are, I believe, nearly all Carboniferous or Devonian forms.”

Now this is precisely the case in New South Wales, in which colony the plants said to be Jurassic occur (coal-cliffs, Mulubimba, near Newcastle, mouth of Hunter River) in the same beds and blocks with heterocercal Fishes, one of which is figured by Dana as
Urosthenes australis
, and was acknowledged by Agassiz to be a palæozoic fish.

In other portions of New South “Wales, and in the new colony of Queensland, in close connexion with calcareous beds holding abundance of “Carboniferous and Devonian” zoological forms, occur shales and fine calcareous grits charged with the plants which I reported in 1847, and which Baron de Zigno does not find verified by Messrs. Morris and McCoy.
On Elevations and Depressions of the Earth in North America
Authors: Gesner Abraham
Published: October 2009

United States
.—Commencing at New Jersey, in the United States, the writer has examined nearly all the most interesting parts of the coasts, as far northward as the northern part of Labrador. The whole south-eastern side of New Jersey, where it borders upon the Atlantic, to the extent of 100 miles in length and about 20 miles in breadth, is composed of alternate strata of sand, greensand, marl, and clay, some of the beds very highly fossiliferous. The land is comparatively low, and slopes gradually from the high lands in the rear towards the sea. A similar tract of country occurs in the bordering State of Maryland, and, still further southward, in North Carolina.
On the Geology of the Country between Lake Superior and thePacific Ocean (between the 48th and 54th parallels of latitude), visited by the Government Exploring Expedition under the command of Captain J. Palliser (1857–60)
Authors: Hector James
Published: October 2009

In the spring of 1857 Her Majesty's Government, at the suggestion of the Royal Geographical Society, constituted an expedition to explore the British Territories in Worth America lying in the neighbourhood of the boundary-line of the United States, and stretching westward from Lake Superior. Public attention was at that time directed to the nature and resources of the vast territory which had been ceded to the keeping of the Hudson's Eay Fur Company, as there was a prospect of its being to some extent thrown open to colonization by the lapse of part of that Company's rights.

Principally through the efforts of Sir Roderick Murchison (at that time President of the Royal Geographical Society), General Sabine (acting for the Royal Society), Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Hooker, and of Mr. Ball (then Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies), the Expedition was organized and committed to the charge of Captain Palliser, whose previous adventurous travels in that region had given assurance of the ability and energy necessary to penetrate unexplored country, and to preserve a friendly footing with the savage tribes that were to be encountered.

I was selected by Sir Eoderick Murchison to accompany this Expedition in the combined capacity of surgeon and geologist; and, at the request of Government, he furnished me with instructions as to how I should turn to best advantage my opportunities for geological research.
On the Occurence of the
Cyrena Fluminalis
, together with Marine Shells of Recent Species, in Beds of Sand and Gravel over beds of Boulder-clay near Hull; with an Account of some Borings and Well-sections in the same District
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

Few fossils of its class can lay claim to the interest that has attached to the
Cyrena fluminalis
. This small bivalve shell, described in 1834 by Mr. Searles Wood as the
Cyrena trigonula
of the Norwich Crag, and afterwards identified with the
C. consobrina
of Cailland, now living in the Nile and parts of Asia, has, from the circumstance of its occurrence in beds of well-defined position beneath the Boulder-clay of Norfolk, been ranked as pre-eminently a præglacial shell, and as the associate of the
Hippopotamus
major and
Elephas antiquus
.

On the strength of the palæontological argument, certain isolated beds containing the same
Cyrena
, including more especially the well-known deposits of the Thames Yalley, the immediate relation of which to the Boulder-clay is not apparent, were referred to the same præglacial period. The late Mr. Trimmer, Mr. Morris, and myself have, however, always held a different opinion, inclining to the belief that these latter deposits were of later date than the Boulder-clay. Our reasons being mainly based upon the general physical phenomena, and wanting the more positive proof of superposition, the age of these deposits remained a point at issue between geologists and palæontologists. But if the determination of age were already desirable on the abstract geological question, it is now of much more importance in consequence of the circumstance of the same
Cyrena
having lately been found in the neighbourhood of Abbeville in the beds of sand and gravel containing Flint Implements.
On the
Corbicula (or Cyrena) Fluminalis
geologically considered
Authors: Jeffreys J. Gwyn
Published: October 2009

Mr. Jeffreys having stated that he had identified the species of
Corbicula
found by Mr. Prestwich in a raised sea-beach at Kelsey Hill, in Yorkshire, with that of the Grays deposit, as well as with the recent species from the Euphrates and the Mle, proceeded to give a sketch of the history and synonymy of the species under consideration; and he added some remarks which follow.

In 1774, O. F. Müller (the celebrated Danish naturalist) described, in his ‘Term. Terr, et Fluv. Hist.’ p. 205, a shell from the River Euphrates, under the name of
Tellina fluminalis
. His description exactly corresponds with the triangular form of the fossil shells from Kelsey Hill and Grays. In 1811, Megerle v. Mühlfeldt founded on this and other allied species the genus
Corbicula
; which name is now adopted by conchologists. In 1818, Lamarck proposed for the same species the generic name of
Cyrena
; apparently not being aware of Mühlfeldt's publication.

Many recent species of
Corbicula
(or
Cyrena
) have been described by Lamarck, Férussac, and others. The most
westerly
station given by any of the conchologists is the Nile. Goldfuss, Nyst, Galeotti, Philippi, Searles Wood, and others have also described many Tertiary species of
Corbicula
(or
Cyrena
) under other names. The most
easterly
locality given by any of the palæontologists is Cefali, near Catania. It is, however, highly probable that most of these species, whether recent or fossil, ought to be united.
On some of the Higher Crustacea from the British Coal-Measures
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

It is almost as satisfactory to clear up the history of a little-known or doubtful fossil as to discover one perfectly new. In the present case we have both pleasures combined; for the new and very perfect Macrurous Crustacean here for the first time given from the coal-measures illustrates and explains some published fragments, the real nature of which ought not to have been so long misunderstood.

In Prestwich's great paper on the Coalbrook-dale Coal-field, read in 1836, and published some time after, a dubious Crustacean carapace, very imperfect in some respects, was introduced in the same plate with the
Limuli
. It is said, in the Explanation of the Plates, that “the only living form to which Dr. Milne-Edwards could refer it is the
Apus cancriformis
of the rivers of Central and Southern Europe.” It was called therefore
Apus dubius
. The figure is more imperfect than it need to have been; for the internal cast of the carapace only is figured, and Mr. Prestwich's collection contains the other half of the nodule, a gutta-percha cast from which shows the true external surface; and from this our figure 6 is drawn, only the other way upwards. The serrated border and the interrupted central ridge are very clearly shown in both specimens and figures.
On the Old Red Sandstone Rocks of Forfarshire
Authors: Powrie James
Published: October 2009

The stratified rocks of Forfarshire, to the south of the Grampian range, belong entirely to the Old Bed Sandstone division of the geological series. They consist chiefly of coarse grits, dark-red and grey sandstones and flagstones, immense masses of conglomerate, with intercalated flagstones, sandstones, and shales, marly and argillaceous shales, and some crystalline limestones or cornstones. These, although in many instances broken up, and often faulted and contorted by trappean outbursts, all rest conformably the one upon the other. Thrown up against the flanks of the Grampian range at very high angles, and dipping towards the south-east, some very-fine sections are afforded by the streams which, issuing from these mountains, cut through the sandstones, in many instances in a line almost at right angles to their strike. Of these the North Esk, the West Water, the Koran, and the Isla may be mentioned as affording peculiar facilities for studying these formations. In all places I have yet examined the Forfarshire sandstones are cut off from the schists and slaty beds of the Grampians by considerable outbursts of trap; it is, however, pretty evident that the sandstones overlie these schists unconformably. Although I do not intend at present to go at all into the geology of the Highland districts of Forfarshire, I may here state that it seems to me highly probable that these schistose beds may be the equivalents of some portion of the Lower Silurians.
Note on the Bone-caves of Lunel-Viel, Herault
Authors: Serres Monsieur Marcel de
Published: October 2009

Abridged.

The discovery of the bone-caves on the Mazet estate, near Lunel-Viel, already dates back thirty-eight years. Since then I have visited some twenty others, of which the names are solely known by the descriptions given of them by myself and my collaborateurs.

The femur of an Aurochs brought me by Colonel Prost and Captain Rompleur, R.E., led me to presume that it had been transported into the caves of M. Bouquet and belonged to a bone-deposit of late geological date. The partial search that I immediately made justified my predictions, and the government accorded me a sum sufficient for me to collect every specimen. I had the soil containing the bones sifted, and I was thus able to collect a large number of the bones, which are now in the collection of the “Faculté des Sciences.”

Unfortunately several of the bones were taken from me by some persons more alive to the marvellous than to the interests of science. I still regret this loss—a loss the more felt as those who permitted themselves the pilfering did so out of mere curiosity, and I found it impossible to recover them. I am ignorant to what species these purloined specimens may have belonged.

The discovery of the large cavern was soon followed by that of several others. I have specified them all in my work under the designation of “fissure” and “gut,” in consequence of their small size compared with the first cave
*
. The fissure was filled with bones of different
On a Volcanic Phenomenon witnessed in Manilla
Authors: Veitch John G.
Published: October 2009

On the 1st ult. a portion of the River Pasig, on the banks of which the city of Manilla is situated, presented an extraordinary appearance, which continued with but slight interruption from 6 to 10
A.M.
The oldest inhabitant never remembers having seen or heard of a similar phenomenon.

The river, for the space of a quarter of a mile from east to west, and having at this point a depth of 15 to 18 feet, appeared in a state of violent fermentation, as if some commotion were taking place in parts invisible to the eye.

Quantities of air-bubbles rose to the surface, until the river became covered with foam, and presented the appearance of simmering water. The temperature of the water where this appeared was 100° to 105° Fahr., that of the remainder of the river being 80°.

The most remarkable circumstance was the effect produced on the bed of the river. Mounds of mud were raised several feet above the surface of the water, and appeared as if a huge bank of mud had been permanently thrown up in the midst of the river.

The temperature of the soil thrown up was 60° to 65° only; but it smelt so offensively as to taint the atmosphere for a considerable distance in the immediate neighbourhood.

After having been thus disturbed for the space of four hours, the bed subsided, and the river again resumed its ordinary appearance.

I trust this imperfect description may enable you to judge as to
On the Lines of Deepest Water around the British Isles
Authors: Everest R.
Published: October 2009

From two papers by Mr. Godwin-Austen we learn that the English Channel was, in all probability, a valley of depression. If, by the light thus afforded us, we examine the locality as laid down in a good chart, we shall see that as there is a valley of depression, so is there also an axis of depression, if the term may be used. We have in common use the term “axis of elevation” to signify the line of greatest elevation in a mountain-range; and in a similar way we would employ the phrase “axis of depression” to mean the line of deepest water in a narrow sea.

If we take a point (see Map) nearly south of Dungeness in Kent, or in north lat. about 50° 30′, and east long. rather less than 1° and from this draw a straight line a little to the south of west, passing through the middle of the deep water, and meeting about north lat. 48° 20′, and west long. 8° 20′, and another line of a similar kind passing through the deepest water of the St. George's Channel between Ireland and England, we find, tracing the course of our line, that it first passes between the two pits, called “North Deep” and “South Deep,” in the same longitudinal or axial direction as both of them; it cuts the “fWest Deep” in its deepest part, and nearly in the same longitudinal direction; it passes through the “Hurds Dyke” from end to end, and meets
On the Ice-worn Rocks of Scotland
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: October 2009

§ 1. AT the bottom of all the Drift-beds there is in our northern latitudes a phenomenon which, if rightly understood, would dispel much of the obscurity that still envelopes the history of that period; I mean that curious scoring and polishing of the rocky bed on which the Drift is found so frequently reposing. Saussure, in his Alpine journeys, had often remarked those rounded masses which he called roches moutonn~es, and also did not omit to note the polishing of the rocky surface ; curiously enough, however, although so familiar with glaciers, he did not refer these appearances to their true cause, but attributed this scoring of the rocks to the passage over them of boulders hurried along by a rush of water. Colonel Imrie, also, and Sir James Hall, who in 1812 both described the same appearances in Scotland, sought to explain them in a similar manner. As this theory of their origin has found favour with several geologists, I am induced to describe here a ease of some interest which came under my notice, and was peculiarly fitted to test the sufficiency of a powerful torrent, carrying with it great boulders and stony debris, to affect the rocks in the manner under consideration.

§ 2. In the county of Argyle an artificial channel was cut, a good many years ago, between the Sound of Jura and Loch Fyne, called the Crinan Canal ; it is about 9 miles long, and lies in an E. and W. direction
On the Occurrence of Mesozoic and Permian Faunæ in Eastern Australia
Authors: Clarke W. B.
Published: October 2009

Since I forwarded my remarks on the “Relative Positions of certain Plants in the Coal-hearing Beds of Australia,” which were published in the Quarterly Journal, vol.xvii. pp. 354–362, I have received, from a friend who is engaged, under my direction, in exploring the country between the Balonne and Maranoa Rivers (now a portion of the new colony of Queensland), a collection of fossils which will serve, to a certain degree, to meet the remark I made at p, 361, respecting “the want of good unmistakeable deposits in which the animal remains will leave no further room for doubt.” Mr. W. P. Gordon, a young squatter on Wollumbilla Creek, one of the branches of the “Yahoo River” of Leichhardt, was requested by me to search his neighbourhood and the Fitzroy Downs for fossils; and he has been enabled to send me a very goodly collection. The specimens are accompanied by the pale sandstones of the Creek, and hard red conglomerates and quartzites from between Wollumbilla and the River Amby of Mitchell, including a tract on Fitzroy Downs nearly halfway to Mount Abundance.

On receiving them, I reported at once to Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor of Victoria, who has taken a deep interest in the little matters of difference in opinion between Prof. M'Coy and myself respecting the Coal-epochs, that I had obtained Mesozoic evidence (enumerating many of the genera), and that I should be obliged if he would submit them to Prof. M'Coy, to whom I wished them referred, because
On the Flora of the Devonian Period in North-eastern America
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

The existence of several species of land-plants in the Devonian rocks of New York and Pennsylvania was ascertained many years ago by the Geological Surveys of those States, and several of those plants have been described and figured in their Reports *. In Canada Sir W. E. Logan had ascertained, as early as 1843, the presence of an abundant, though apparently monotonous and simple, flora in the Devonian strata of Gasp6; but it was not until 1859 that these plants were described by the author in the ' Proceedings' of this Society*. More recently Messrs. Matthew and Hartt, two young geologists of St. John, New Brunswick, have found a rich and interesting flora in the semi-metamorphic beds in the vicinity of that city, in which a few fossil plants had previously been observed by Dr. Gesner, Dr. Robb, and Mr. Bennett of St. John; but they had not been figured or described. These plants, however, I described in the ‘Canadian Naturalist‚ †, together with some additional species, of the same age, found at Perry, in the State of ~aine, and preserved in the collection of the Natural History Society of Portland. The whole of the plants thus described I summed up in the paper last mentioned as consisting of 21 species, belonging to 16 genera, exclusive of genera like Sternbergia and Lepidostrobu,% which represent parts of plants only.

In the past summer I visited St. John; and, in company with Messrs. Matthew and Hartt, explored the localities of the plants
On
Peltocaris
, a new Genus of Silurian Crustacea
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

Of this form an imperfect individual, from the anthracite-shales (Llandeilo-flags) of Dumfriesshire, was formerly described by the author as
Dithyrocaris ? aptychoides
. Better specimens have enabled him to distinguish it as a new generic form, still belonging to the Phyllopods, not far removed from
Hymenocaris
and
Dithyrocaris
. A fragment of another larger form, from the same locality, is described by the author as
Peltocaris ? Harknessi
. Mr. Salter also explained his views of the relationship of the palæozoic
Phyllopoda
among themselves and with the recent forms, and illustrated them by a diagram in which they were arranged in chronological succession.
On a Crustacean Track in the Llandeilo Flags of Chirbury, Shropshire
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

This track consists of numerous, short, narrow, oblique, chisel-shaped imprints, on the ripple-ridges of the slab; and, according to the author, it must have been caused by a large undescribed Crustacean with a bifid or two-pronged tail. To a like agency, but to a distinct genus, Mr. Salter refers some curious markings described by M. Brébisson as occurring in the Lower Silurian sandstone of Noron in the Falaise (Normandy).
On Certain Fossil Plants from the Hempstead Beds of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Heer O.
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Geologists are perhaps aware that not long since a systematic and careful exploration was made of the deposit of lignite, clay, and sand at Bovey Tracey in Devonshire, in the hope of determining its age; that a large number of fossil plants, of various kinds, were found, and all submitted to the Rev. Dr. O. Heer, Professor of Botany at Zurich; and that two papers, embodying the results of the investigation, were recently presented to the Royal Society.

From Professor Heer's determinations, it appears that forty-nine species of fossil plants occur in the Bovey beds, of which twenty-nine are new to science, whilst the remaining twenty "are well-known Miocene forms of Continental Europe; that, following the subdivision of the Miocene beds adopted by some geologists on the Continent, sixteen of the twenty species occur in the Tongrian or lowest stage, nineteen in the Aquitanian, twelve in the Mayencian, five in the Helvetian, and eight in the Oeningian; that those common to the Aquitanian and any other stage are found, in almost every instance, in a greater number of localities in the former than in the latter, and in only one case (that of
Vaccinium acheronticum
, Ung.) in fewer; and that the only one of the twenty species (
Celastruz pseudoilex
, Ett.) not found in the Aquitanian stage occurs in the Tongrian below and the Mayencian above, but only in a single locality in each, and may therefore be looked for, sooner or later, in the Aquitanian also. Accordingly the Bovey
On Glacial Surface-Markings on the Sandstone near Liverpool
Authors: Morton G. H.
Published: October 2009

Towards the end of 1859, I gave an account to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool of certain indications of ice passing over and grooving the rocks in Toxteth Park. Since that time I have found the same appearances in two other places, and that a far greater interest is attached to the discovery than was at first anticipated; it seems therefore desirable that the particulars should be made known through the Geological Society.

Toxteth Park
.—The first locality which was noticed is between Park Hill Road and the Dingle. It is near a quarry in the “Pebblebeds„ of the “Bunter„ formation, where the strata dip 10° E. The surface of the rock inclines 5° N.E. The direction of the striations is N.W. by N., or more correctly N. 42° W., allowing for variation. After the discovery, I employed a labourer to clear away some more of the „Boulder-clay“ which originally covered the surface of the rock to the depth of about 9 feet, until at least 20 square yards were visible; and no doubt the appearances extend over a considerable extent. The elevation is about 120 feet above the level of the sea.

Boundary Lane, Kirkdale
.—The second locality is in the brickfields, about 50 yards north of Boundary Street, and 150 yards west of Gore Street, where 10 square yards of striated surface have been exposed for several years. The sandstone belongs to the base of the “Keuper„ formation; the surface inclines about 5° in the same direction as
On the Mode of Formation of some of the River-valleys in the South of Ireland
Authors: Jukes J. Beete
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—The determination of the method by which the surface of the land has been carved out of the subjacent rock into its present form is a geological problem which has not yet been solved, except in a very general way. The most important contribution towards this solution is the paper by our President, Professor Ramsay, “On the Denudation of South Wales and the adjacent Counties of England,” in the first volume of the ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey,” in which the amount of denudation is proved by means of the accurate sections constructed by the Survey.

When Sir Roderick Murchison became the Director-General of the Survey, and ordered that descriptions, or “Explanations,„ to accompany each sheet of the map, should be prepared, he pointed to the
form of ground
as one of the things to be described. I had often previously thought of examining this question, and was therefore not sorry to find it brought directly before me in the course of my official duties as the Local Director of the Irish branch of the Survey, one of which duties is, of course, the editing of these “Explanations.„ The following notes on the formation of some of the river-valleys of the southern part of Ireland contain some conclusions at which I have arrived in the course of the last few years, while engaged in that duty; and they are here offered as a contributioa towards the solution of this problem.

Part I.—P
hysical
S
tructure
of the S
outh
of I
reland
.

Ireland may
Experimental Researches on the Granites of Ireland. Part III. On the Granites of Donegal
Authors: Haughton Samuel
Published: October 2009

I.
Geographical Position of Granite of Donegal.
.—The granite axis of Donegal extends for sixty miles from Malin Head to the neighbourhood of Ardara, in a direction 43° south of west (true), well marked by the two great, though not continuous, valleys of Glenveagh and Gweebarra, which occupy a nearly central position in the granite band, nine miles wide, that traverses the County from N.E. to S.W., from Glen to Doocharry Bridge, opposite which latter place the Gweebarra valley ceases to be central, as the granite expands out to a breadth of eighteen miles, of which three miles lie to the south-east, and fifteen miles to the north-west in the direction of Dunglow. At the south-western extremity of the granite axis, it is separated from the granite of Ardara by the intervention of metamorphic slates; and at its north-eastern extremity, it is separated by quartz-rock and the sea from the granite of Dunaff Head and Malin Head, with which it is evidently continuous.

To the south-east of the granite axis, there is an isolated patch of granite, divided into two portions by the Barnesmore, or Great Gap, through which the road from Donegal to Stranorlar and Strabane passes. The bearing of this important pass is 42° 15′ south of west; and the granite-mass which it divides has its greatest diameter in a direction 40° south of east, and its least diameter in a direction coinciding with that of the Barnesmore Gap.

Still further to the S.E., at Beleek and Castlecaldwell, in
On the Geology of Zanzibar
Authors: Thornton Richard
Published: October 2009

Our route lay from Mombas to the S.W., over the Shimba, thence N.W. to the Kadiaro, then S.W. to the Pare, then north to the Lake Yipe, thence through Dafeta to Kilema, where we made one attempt to ascend the Kilimandjaro, but had to turn back at an elevation of about 8000 feet. We then went round by the foot of the mountain to Madjami, thence we returned by Dafeta, Lake Yipe, Pare, and the north foot of Usambara, to Wanga on the coast, which we reached on the 101st day from Mombas.

We did not succeed in reaching the top of the Kilimandjaro; but I have its altitude from six different stations, connected by tolerable triangles at distances varying from 15 to 50 miles. From these I believe the height of the Kilimandjaro to be about 20,000 feet.

As seen from the east, the snow forms only a thick cap to the Kilimandjaro, with a broad tongue creeping down the south slope; and, when the sun is high, several long streaks of snow are seen lying in small ravines descending from the cap. As seen from Madjami, the snow partially covers the S.W. face of the dome (about one-fourth the height of the mountain), but several large bare patches of rock show out above the snow: the snow here seems to lie at its steepest possible angle; so that fresh snow, falling on this side, must at once slip down to the foot of the face of the dome.
On a Deposit containing
Diatomaceæ
, Leaves, &c., in the Ironore Mines near Ulverston
Authors: Hodgson E.
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—In the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. xviii. p. 274, &c., there is a paper by John Bolton, Esq., “On a Deposit with Insects, Leaves, &c.,” met with in or near the Iron-ore Mines of Lindale, in Low Furness, North Lancashire; which deposit, for reasons stated in the paper, is presumed to be of great antiquity.

Before determining either the age of the deposit, or its origin, it seems important that geologists should be made acquainted with some circumstances connected with the district, which would rather induce one to interpret it as being a cavern-deposit, carried down to these depths by means of currents,—the currents passing through what are called “Swallow-holes,”—the cavernous and otherwise open state of the ground being favourable to such an interpretation, and the nature of the deposit itself likewise tending to strengthen that belief.

The deposit when first brought up is soft, damp, clammy to the touch, of a dark colour* and nauseous smell, and is capable of being cut through with a knife. Even after remaining at the mouth of the shaft of the Water-way (No. 11) four years, the part of it partially covered with other material retained its soft, moist condition. Kept dry for a time, it assumes a much lighter, greyish appearance.

Tarns
.—The Tarns, or small lakes, laid down on the Ordnance-map are not wholly unworthy of notice. “Standing Tarn,” a small sheet of water, situatetd about a mile to the south-west of Lindale, has no surface-inlet or -outlet; but
On some Tracks of Lower Silurian Crustacea
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

T
his
short communication seemed hardly worth the Society's notice, and would have been long delayed, but for the appearance of a most interesting photograph-plate in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society of Normandy,’ 1861. This shows the entire surface of a slab of sandstone, observed by the author of the paper, M. de Brébisson, in a small quarry at Noron, in the Falaise; which sandstone, overlain by beds of red and brown schist, the author is disposed, with M. Morière, to consider of Cambrian rather than of Lower Silurian age. The geologic position may be somewhat doubtful; but at least these sandstones and schists are overlain by the quartzose rocks referred to the age of the Caradoc sandstone, which is now tolerably well known in Normandy.

The surface of the sandstone is split up by a compound cleavage, and the slabs could not be detached; casts only and photographs could be taken, but these are quite sufficient to show the whole nature of the imprints. These, though doubtfully referred by M. de Brébisson to gigantic
Algœ
, are (by the consent of four British palæontologists) clearly referable to the tracks of some Crustacean. I shall endeavour, after describing a similar track from British rocks, to show in what respects the two differ, and in what way the tracks were formed.

T
rack of
P
eltocaris
(?).

The track to which I would first draw attention was presented to the Museum of Practical Geology* by the late Rev. T. T. Lewis, of Aymestry. He found
On the Upper Silurian Passage-beds at Linley, Salop
Authors: Roberts George E. , Randall John
Published: October 2009

A
zone
of thin-bedded, often conglomeratic, sandstones, forming the passage-bed between two great formations, is frequently found to include within its series of deposits one or more hands of shell- or bone-breccia. Perhaps the most important of these zones is the one which lies between the mudstones of the Upper Silurian series and the lowest Old Red Cornstone, the most northerly extension of which forms the subject of this paper. This, from the number and variety of its organic contents, may almost be called a formation by itself. The continuance of Silurian forms of life is, however, too strongly marked to permit any division of it from that great series of deposits. On the other hand, its uppermost layers are allied, by physical constitution and fossil contents, so nearly with the overlying Old Red, that, although this new exposure at Linley adds to our knowledge of the series, it does not, in our opinion, enable us to draw a more definite boundary-line between the Silurian deposits and the Old Red Sandstone.

In commenting generally upon these passage-beds, we cannot choose a more fitting preface than the following passage from ‘Siluria’:—

“During the accumulation of nearly all the Silurian deposits of Britain, which were characterized by a certain fauna, the bottom of the sea was, to a wide extent, occupied by dark- and grey-coloured sediments. At the close of that period a great change occurred, over large areas, in the nature and colour of the submarine detritus. In and around the
On the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and their Place in the History of the Glacial Period
Authors: Jamieson Thomas F.
Published: October 2009

§ 1.
General appearance of the Roads
.

I
n
the Highlands of Scotland there is a district called Lochaber, embracing a range of bare hilly country in the south-west of Inverness-shire. In this district lies the little valley of Glen Roy, famous for certain curious features in its scenery.

High upon on both sides of this glen three lines appear, one above another, and some distance apart. They are perfectly level, strictly parallel, and run along the bare mountain-sides as neatly as if drawn with a ruler and pen. They sweep round the shoulders of the hills, wind into their side-recesses, and encircle all the upper part of the valley, everywhere preserving the same rigid parallelism and the same undeviating horizontality. A sight so curious and unusual strongly arrests the attention of the spectator. These lines look all too mathematically regular for the work of nature, and yet they seem on too grand a scale to have been traced by mere mortal hands. One might fancy he had wandered into fairy-land, and caught the
genius loci
practising geometry on the hill-sides. No wonder then that the imaginative Highlanders ascribed them to the ancient heroes of their race, and saw in these lines the hunting-roads of Fingal and his companions, that they had made for chasing the deer. In their native language they call them ‘
Casan
,’ or ‘the footpaths’; for, on climbing up to them, they are each found to consist of a green ledge, or narrow terrace, jutting out from the
On a Hyæna-den at Wookey Hole, near Wells. No. II
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

§ I.
Introduction
.

F
eeling
certain that the results of my former imperfect excavation of the Wookey Hole Hyæna-den, already brought before the Society*, were but the earnest of further discoveries, I, together with Mr. James Parker, of Oxford, and Mr. Henry Catt, of Brighton, determined to explore the cave thoroughly, and to convey its contents completely out. This we were enabled to do in April and May last, by the courtesy of its owner, Mr. Hodgekinson.

§ II.
Excavation of the Cave
.

1.
The Antrum
.—We commenced by completely clearing out the large antrum or entrance-hall (see fig. 1). On the left-hand side, and near the entrance, we discovered teeth of
Ursus spelœus
, Mammoth,
Hyœna spelœa
, and especially of
Rhinoceros tichorhinus
, which greatly predominated over the rest. Associated with these were numerous implements and a few ashes of bone. The area where these were found is represented in the ground-plan (
a
, fig. 1). As we dug our way towards the vertical passage F (see figs. 1 and 3), we found that the cave extended between it and the left lateral branch A. Here a tusk of
Elephas primigenius
was discovered, about 2 feet 5 inches in length, and greatly incurred. Its position is shown by the transverse section (fig. 2).

On the right-hand side of the cave we found some more implements, at the spot marked
c
in fig. 1, underlying layers of peroxide of manganese and comminuted bone, as in the case of those which I described in my former
On the Middle and Upper Lias of the Dorsetshire Coast
Authors: Day E. C. H.
Published: October 2009

§ I.
Introduction
.

1.
Sir H. De la Beche's subdivision of the Dorsetshire Lias
.—The only published section giving details of the Lias formation of Dorsetshire, at present in existence, is one made more than thirty years ago by the late Sir Henry De la Beche*. When I undertook the investigation of the geology of the coast in the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis, I soon found that that section, though according well with certain general facts, was owing to the rapid progress of geological knowledge, and the consequent changes in our system of classification, utterly useless to students. The divisions and subdivisions of Dela Beche were founded solely on lithological grounds, whereas those of the present day are based in great measure upon palæontological considerations. He classed all our Upper and nearly half our Middle Lias with the Inferior Oolite Sands†, and he subdivided the Lias, as then understood, accordingly. As he had classed sands with sands, and marls with the Lias, so he divided the latter into “Upper Lias Marls” (which, under the present system, include both the Middle and Lower Lias Marls), “Lias Limestones” (which correspond to a subdivision of the Lower Lias), and “Lower Lias Marls” (which are the “
Avicula contorta
series,” no longer regarded even as Liassic).

The section quoted gave to the entire Lias Formation of Dorsetshire a thickness of 600 feet; our present acceptation of the term includes between 1000 and 1100 feet of strata.

The plan which I have adopted, in order to lay
On a new Macrurous Crustacean (Scapheus ancylochelis) from the Lias of Lyme Regis
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

T
his
beautiful and very perfect Crustacean (from the collection of James Harrison, Esq., of Charmouth) was obtained from the zone of
Ammonites Bucklandi
of the Lower Lias of Tape-ledge, near Lyme Regis.

A complete detached fore-limb of large size, from the collection of E. C. H. Day, Esq., of Charmouth; an imperfect fore-limb, and perfect termination to a secondary limb, from the collection of Capt. Hussey; together with two fragmentary portions of limbs and abdomen, from the collection of Mr. J. W. Marder, of Lyme Regis, are all the remains of this new and very remarkable form hitherto discovered.

From the length of the fore-limbs, their monodactylous extremities, and also the peculiar spatulate form of the penultimate joint of the succeeding pairs of limbs, I am convinced of the propriety of placing it near Bronn's genus
Megacheirus
*, many species of which are described and figured in Münster's ‘Beiträge zur Petrefactenkunde,’ Part II., from the Lithographic Limestone of Solenhofen.

That genus has been obtained from the Oxford Clay of Wiltshire and Normandy, and from the Inferior Oolite and Lower Lias of Bavaria.

There are, in the British Museum, several examples of the genus
Megacheirus
from Solenhofen, and also from the Oxford Clay of Wiltshire; but I have only been able to refer to the figures and descriptions given by H. von Meyer and E. A. Quenstedt, of the species found in the Oxfordian Oolite of Normandy*, and those occurring in the Inferior Oolite† and Lower Lias‡ of Bavaria.

After careful comparison