bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Alchoholic Patient in the Nursing Home
Authors: Linn Margaret W. , Linn Bernard S. , Greenwald Shayna R.
Published: May 2005

There are indications that more alcoholics are being placed in nursing homes than ever before. To determine in what ways these patients differ from others going to nursing homes, all alcoholics (72) placed from hospital to nursing homes were studied prior to placement and followed 6 months in 35 homes. Seventy-one nonalco-holics placed during the same period were randomly selected for comparison. Hospital disability ratings from physicians, evaluations from social workers, and diagnostic data from records indicated no significant differences in levels of disability or impairment. Alcoholics were less likely to be currently married and had less income. Although they were younger, they had a significantly higher number of diagnoses than other nursing home patients (P< .01); however, with the exception of cirrhosis and brain syndrome, they had fewer serious illnesses such as cancer and diabetes. Outcome after 6 months showed 28 percent left the nursing home, 45 percent were still in the home, 10 percent were hospitalized, and 16 percent had expired. These outcomes were not significantly different from other nursing home patients. Results indicate alcoholics are as much in need of nursing home services as other patients, even though they differ along social and specific illness patterns *
Food Habits and Future Time: An Exploratory Study of Age-Appropriate Food Habits among the Elderly
Authors: Shifflett Peggy A. , McIntosh William A.
Published: May 2005

This exploratory research effort examines future time perspective and its association with a behavioral change, i.e., food habits, among a sample of elderly persons. Demographic and social conditions under which a positive or negative future time may be associated with changes in food habits are explored. The findings suggest that the elderly do make changes in their food habits, and there is an association of positive or negative food habit changes with a positive or negative future time perspective. The future time perspective and the food habit changes are couched in certain types of demographic and social conditions such as with whom one lives, recent widowhood, health status, and sex.
An Historical Perspective and a Model for Evaluation of Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authors: Seidel Robert J. , Park Ok-Choon
Published: May 2005

The purposes of this article are to 1) examine the changes which have occurred in the development and evaluation of ITS systems for the last twenty years, 2) speculate on future directions, and 3) propose a conceptual model to evaluate and institutionalize this technological innovation into training and educational settings. First, we review theoretical and technical dimensions that could be considered relevant to internal evaluation of ITS technology. Secondly, we discuss evaluation dimensions which, while external to ITS per se, are relevant for situational evaluation of any technological innovation. After theoretical and methodological discussions of intelligent features and effectiveness of ITS, its research and development activities are examined from a historical perspective. The development of ITS is divided into three stages and the development focus for each stage is discussed to show the shifts. It is observed that theoretical and methodological criticisms of ITS, needs unique to practical applications, and development of computer technology have influenced the shifts of ITS development focuses: purpose, staffing, hardware and software technology used, and contributions. In stage III, most recent development focuses and future prospects are discussed, including investigation of specific instructional strategies, creation of flexible environments for instructional strategy research, modeling of the human tutor, simulation of human learning and cognition, and creation of multimedia environments. After discussing problems associated with moving ITS from the laboratory to an institutionalized part of the practical world, a conceptual model for evaluating technological innovation in training and educational environments is proposed. This model considers the technology purpose, processes, outcome measures, and the maturity of the technological innovation (the latter especially relevant for ITS). It has three major stages: adoption, implementation, and institutionalization and two major processes: assimilation and accommodation of the innovation. These stages and processes occur within a context of multiple levels of users/stakeholders or decision-makers. Taken together they make up the dimensions of the evaluation model for any technological innovation, including ITS.
Successful Operant Conditioning Procedures with an Institutionalized Aggressive Geriatric Patient
Authors: Vaccaro Frank J.
Published: May 2005

The present investigation utilized a modified differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) schedule with an exclusionary time-out procedure to treat a sixty-nine year-old aggressive male. Dependent measures included confirmed incidents of physical and verbal aggressive behavior monitored across an ABAB design with a four month follow-up. During the experimental conditions, contingent tangible reinforcers were provided for non-aggressive behavior. Such rewards were progressively diminished over the course of treatment utilizing a systematic fading scheme. Results indicated a clear demonstration of behavioral control and clinically significant treatment effects during both experimental periods. Implications for future research are discussed.
The Role of Persuasive Communications in Drug Dissuasion
Authors: Schlegel Ronald P.
Published: May 2005

Many current programs in drug education are not based on sound social psychological principles; consequently, program effectiveness has been very mixed. This report presents an experimental study in which changes in marijuana attitudes and smoking intentions were attempted using the formal communication approach. Using this study as an example, problems and issues relevant to drug education are discussed, centered around the basic question “Who says what to whom with what effect?” Several “currently useful generalizations” derived from past research and the present study are suggested.
Teacher Drug Use: A Response to Occupational Stress
Authors: Watts W. David , Short Alvin P.
Published: May 2005

Work-related stress is predicted to be correlated with wanting to leave the teaching profession and drug use. A stratified random sample of 500 Texas teachers was surveyed (56.5% responded), regarding working conditions, collegial and supervisory relationships, job satisfaction, rigidity of attitudes and drug use. Two-thirds of teachers may want to quit the profession, while 36.4 percent are likely to quit. Teachers report higher rates than a national sample of lifetime alcohol, amphetamine, and tranquilizer use and higher rates of alcohol use in the last year and last month. Selected measures of stress are correlated with drug use, particularly amphetamine use, over the lifetime, last year, and last month.
Student and Instructor Perceptions of the Efficacy of Computer-Aided Lectures in Undergraduate University Courses
Authors: Cassady Jerrell C.
Published: May 2005

Student and instructor perceptions of the effectiveness of computer-aided presentations in a lecture-oriented undergraduate course were investigated in a quasi-experimental design. Control group students received traditional lecture presentations covering two topics, separated by one week. The experimental group received the traditional lecture presentation for the first topic, and viewed the computer-aided presentation for the second. Between-group comparisons of student perceptions of the level of quality of both presentations were conducted as well as testing within group changes across the two presentations. Results indicate that students found the computer-aided presentations to be superior to regular class instruction in the following areas: 1) flow, organization, and clarity of the presented information; 2) ease in following the presentation; 3) preparation of instructor; 4) ability to pay attention; and 5) level of interest of the material. Open-ended interviews revealed that instructors considered the computerized presentations useful and worthy of continued use, however cited various conditions that would need to be met to begin to use this technique regularly. Such conditions included access to materials, extra time for preparation, and training on the equipment. The results support the integration of computer-aided presentations in courses using the lecture method, provided basic logistic conditions can be satisfied.
The Impact of Parental Separation/Divorce on Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships
Authors: Drew Linda A. , Smith Peter K.
Published: May 2005

Eighty-six members of the Grandparents' Federation in Britain returned questionnaires about changes in contact with their grandchildren following parental divorce; ten grandparents were also interviewed to obtain more contextual information and measures of health and coping strategies. Three questionnaire measures of the grandparent-grandchild relationship, proximity, contact frequency, and emotional involvement, were interrelated and a significant decrease was reported after parental divorce. There were no significant differences on these measures between grandparents all of whose grandchildren were affected by parental divorce, and grandparents for whom only some grandchildren were so affected; but the latter group did show a greater decline in emotional involvement and also had less recourse to legal action to sustain contact. With grandchildren affected by parental divorce, proximity to grandparents was not significantly less than for grandchildren not so affected, but contact and emotional involvement were significantly less. Many grandparents reported emotional and physical health problems related to the loss of contact. Results are discussed in terms of the extent to which grandparents are victims of the divorce situation, or agents involved in cross-generational family dysfunction; the victim model appears to get more support from our data. Recommendations are made for further research, as well as counseling to help move grandparents through the grief process and to a better quality of life.
Effects of Computer-Based Role-Playing on Decision Making Skills
Authors: Taylor Holly A. , Renshaw Carl E. , Jensen Michael D.
Published: May 2005

The development of higher-order cognitive skills such as decision making is a critical component of science education. Two studies assess decisionmaking skills using common cognitive errors and evaluate the impact of computer-based laboratories on the development of these skills. The first establishes the prevalence of cognitive errors among high school students, undergraduates, and Earth Science professionals. The second examines the role of computer-aided instruction in the Earth Science domain on subsequent decision making. High school students took part in either a computer or equivalent paper-and-pencil role-playing exercise requiring students to evaluate the possible eruption of a volcano. Students who used the computer exercise made more consistent decisions than those who used the traditional paper-and-pencil exercise, suggesting that well designed computer-based laboratories can positively impact higher-order cognitive skills.
Smokeless Tobacco Use among Adolescents: Demographic Differences, other Substance Use, and Psychological Correlates
Authors: McCarthy William J. , Newcomb Michael D. , Maddahian Ebrahim , Skager Rodney
Published: May 2005

Survey data on smokeless tobacco and other substance use were obtained from 2,926 seventh, ninth, and eleventh graders in Ventura County, California public schools. Patterns of smokeless tobacco use were examined relative to other drug use, particularly cigarette smoking. Few females used smokeless tobacco regularly, as compared to 4.7 percent of the males. The data supported the view that the recent increases in smokeless tobacco use were related to male tobacco users' belief that smokeless tobacco was less harmful to physical health than cigarette smoking. A Guttman scalogram analysis showed that tobacco use, either cigarette smoking or smokeless tobacco use, occurred after marijuana use rather than before. Perceived parental attitudes toward marijuana use predicted both cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco, whereas perceived parental attitudes toward alcohol use was only related to use of cigarettes. Quality of life measures were inversely related to both cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use, but mood state measures predicted only cigarette smoking. Implications of the results for a historical hydraulic model of aggregate drug use are discussed with recommendations for improved approaches to the prevention of drug abuse.
Disclosure of Basic Strengths and Basic Weaknesses in Demented Patients during Morning Care, before and after Staff Training: Analysis of Video-Recordings by Means of the Erikson Theory of “Eight Stages of Man”
Authors: Kihlgren M. , Hallgren A. , Norberg A. , Karlsson I.
Published: May 2005

In the field of care for aging persons, it is commonly understood that personality changes occur in dementia patients. It is reported to be a consistent part of the clinical syndrome and to occur early in the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate if strengths and weaknesses, described by E. H. and J. M. Erikson as basic qualities in the person, could be interpreted in severely demented patients during a caring activity, and if a difference in these qualities could be seen after staff completed a training program in “integrity promoting care.” The morning care of five patients was video-recorded and a phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis of the patient's and staff's interaction was conducted. The findings indicate that the complex qualities of someone's personality are more preserved than could be expected considering the cognitive handicap. It seems, however, that demented patients need a special, supportive environment for their full mental potential to be realized. It is reasonable to assume that, if the staff are given knowledge of how to create a positive climate for the demented patients and the opportunity to implement it, the patients will show a rich pattern of mental reactions in spite of their dementia.
What is the Real Basis of the State Narcotics and Dangerous Drug Laws?
Authors: Ritter David R.
Published: May 2005

Drug addiction is a complex, multi-faceted problem in the United States today. Equally complex are the state statutes which govern the abuse of these drugs, and which, it is generally held, were based upon the concept of the “criminal-addict.” Theoretically, strict drug legislation was considered a deterrent and punishment for the offender. Through an analysis of the state statutes, the article questions this “criminal addict” stereotype and concludes that the concept did not appear to play a significant role in the enactment of stringent drug laws. A further analysis suggests that the year of state adoption of the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act is a minor factor in determining the severity of the laws, but that the actual basis of the narcotic and dangerous drug legislation remains elusive.
Which Generation is Believed to Be Intellectually Superior and Which Generation Believes Itself Intellectually Superior?
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: May 2005

The question of which generation is believed to be intellectually superior, and which generation believes itself to be intellectually superior led to the interviewing of 317 adults equally divided among three generations. All generations agreed in believing that: a) the middle aged know the most in general and have the greatest problem-solving ability; while b) young adults have the greatest desire for intellectual stimulation (with the old the least); they make the most attempts to receive intellectual stimulation (with the old making the fewest); they have the most opportunities for intellectual stimulation (with the old having the fewest), and the young adults actually receive the most intellectual stimulation (while the old receive the least). Young adults' self-report indicated that they believed that they had the most opportunities for intellectual stimulation and also were more frequently in receipt of intellectual stimulation as compared with the self-reports of the middle aged and old.
Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes and Use among College Students
Authors: Shashaani Lily
Published: May 2005

In this study we examined the gender gap in computer attitudes and use based on a sample of 202 college students. We surveyed the students' attitudes in relation to gender, experience, and parental encouragement. Students responded differently in regard to attitudes and experience: females were less interested in computers and less confident than males; males were more experienced. Further analysis of the students' responses showed that one semester of computer training improved their attitude toward computers. The results are discussed in terms of students' precollege computer experience and parental behavior.
Age and Responses to the Love Attitudes Scale: Consistency in Structure, Differences in Scores
Authors: Butler Robin , Walker W. Richard , Skowronski John J. , Shannon Laura
Published: May 2005

Two separate issues concerning the relation between age and love are addressed in this article. The first issue is concerned with the age generalizability of the factor structure produced by responses to the Love Attitudes Scale. The data presented indicate that the factor structure of responses to the Love Attitudes Scale is highly similar in college-aged and middle-aged participants. The second issue concerns the relation between age and actual scores on the sub-scales of the Love Attitude Scales. The data indicate that age is related to responses on the Mania and Agape sub-scales, particularly for females. Collectively, these data suggest that general structural conceptions of love remain relatively constant into middle-age, but that there is a relation between age and some specific love styles.
Treating the Methadone Addict: A Confronting Counseling and Reality Therapy Model
Authors: Raubolt Richard R. , Bratter Thomas Edward
Published: May 2005

The City Island Center has used a confrontation counseling and Reality Therapy model for treating methadone addicts. This approach assists the addict to accept responsibility for his actions and to adopt more productive behavior. This method consists of four phases: 1) establishing the relationship, 2) inducing a crisis, 3) restructuring behavior, and 4) drawing up behavioral contracts. Methadone is viewed as an interim treatment modality with the ultimate goal to be drug abstinence. Results have been promising in providing positive alternatives to drug abuse and methadone maintenance.
The Limitations of Crisis Theory as an Explanatory Mechanism in Social Gerontology
Authors: Bell Bill D.
Published: May 2005

This study examines five specific assumptions of crisis theory as this orientation relates to the prediction of life satisfaction following retirement. Pre-retirement and post-retirement interviews were conducted with a group of 114 men (mean age 68.2 years) residing in an urban area of central Missouri. The data reveal a significant decline in life satisfaction as predicted. Contrary to the theory, however, no significant changes in role behavior in three related areas-family, voluntary associations, and community-were found subsequent to retirement. In addition, the role changes accompanying retirement were not significantly associated with negative changes in satisfaction. Also, increases in role performance were not significantly related to positive changes in satisfaction. Finally, the correlation between work commitment and change in satisfaction proved negative and non significant. On the other hand, the correlation between work commitment and the desire for subsequent employment was negative and significant. In sum, four of the five assumptions of crisis theory do not receive support on the basis of the data.
Individual Differences in Aging Minorities
Authors: Whitfield Keith E. , Baker-Thomas Tamara
Published: May 2005

To fully understand the differences present between various ethnic and racial groups, there must be an understanding of the heterogeneity that is represented within a given ethnic/racial group. The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of an individual differences approach in studying the ethnic diversity of an aging population. Conceptual, methodological, and design issues are discussed with the goal of better understanding the developmental processes of aging minority elderly populations.
The Psycho-Social Processes and Cognitive Effects of Peer-Based Collaborative Interactions with Computers
Authors: Jehng Jihn-Chang J.
Published: May 2005

This research project consists of two related studies involving first- and second-year university students learning to write recursive programs. The first employed a micro-structure analysis that examined the psycho-social processes underlying peer-based interactions in two different computer-based collaborative learning environments: face-to-face vs. distributed context. These processes may be viewed as knowledge building activities that occur in three key collaborative situations: communication, negotiation, and consolidation. Results of this study demonstrated the two collaborative learning environments produced two distinct psycho-social behaviors manifested by the students. In the second study, 130 students were divided into four groups, three participated in collaborative learning environments; the fourth made up a control group whose members learned in isolation from one another. All the students learned to write recursive programs for designing geometric patterns. Although results indicated the four groups of students did not show significant differences in their program evaluation and completion abilities, students who had participated in three collaborative learning environments demonstrated superior program generation abilities on the posttest compared to those who had learned to solve problems individually.
Unanticipated Separations and Normative Re-Attachments in Later Life: A Personal Account
Authors: Schindler Ruben
Published: May 2005

Unanticipated separations can have profound reverberations upon individual and family development. When these separations are at a young age the consequences tend to exert a long and lasting effect. This article presents a personal account of the abrupt separation from the author's parents, the trauma the family faced in Europe on the brink of war and how this impacted his family intergenerationally. It is suggested that loyalties and caregiving are dynamics which enable adult children to emotionally reconnect with their adult parents in later life. These renewed levels of attachments are normative in nature, enriching the family as a whole.
Improving Anti-Smoking Education: Profiling the Ex-Smoker
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas , Nolte Ann E. , Smith Becky J.
Published: May 2005

Youth experimentation with smoking is commonplace. Most anti-smoking efforts have focused on studying smokers and/or nonsmokers. Less attention has been directed at a significantly large group-ex-smokers. The purpose of this study is to present a profile of the ex-smoker in comparison to his/her smoking or never smoking counterparts. Knowledge about the ex-smoker group could enhance anti-smoking efforts. Data were collected from 5,393 central Illinois school age youth in grades 7–12. Data were analyzed by grade and sex. A variety of attitudinal, behavioral intention, and behavior questions about smoking were developed. Results clearly indicated that the ex-smoker group has a significantly different profile than youths who reported being a smoker or never smoker. Variables where differences were noted included close friends smoke, mother smokes, father smokes, mother would be upset, father would be upset, no one would be upset, best male friend upset, best female friend upset, and that smoking is a health problem. Differences were also noted with respect to believing that smoking helps people relax, is socially o.k. and whether or not separate areas should be designated for smokers. In most cases the ex-smokers more closely resembled the never smokers than the smokers.
The Relevance of Ethnic Awareness to Affective Education: Implications for Drug Educators
Authors: Myer Donna Foster
Published: May 2005

Affective education's goals can be sabotaged by unrecognized ethnicism in the teacher, the school, or the materials used. Teacher/facilitators of affective strategies should develop a sensitivity to all types of ethnicism, become aware of the cognitive and affective realities of other ethnic groups, and work toward programs which are free of ethnic discrimination, whether overt or covert. After looking at these issues this paper then considers the implications and concerns of ethnic awareness which are specific to drug education.
Substance Abuse: The Role of Industrial Medicine
Authors: Cloud Luther A. , Seixas Frank A.
Published: May 2005

This article touches upon industrial medicine's history and its start as primarily one of first-aid and its development into a dynamic force for dealing with the entire individual and his wide range of problems. It describes the entry of alcoholism programs into the spectrum of industrial medicine and cites the wide range of drugs now affecting employees in the work setting. It discusses successful alcoholism programming and the differences and similarities of programs which may be developed for other substance abuse. The article also includes a composite picture of company policy on drug abuse and stresses the fact that the use of alcohol and other drugs poses a critical problem for industry.
Age Differences in Life Satisfaction, Locus of Control, and Self-Concept
Authors: Nehrke Milton F. , Hulicka Irene M. , Morganti John B.
Published: May 2005

The literature regarding age differences in life satisfaction, locus of control and self-concept reveal seriously conflicting results while that on the relationships among these dependent measures has largely supported Erikson's proposals regarding the psychosocial crisis of ego integrity versus despair. A total of ninety-nine V. A. Domiciliary residents, with thirty-three in each of three age groups (50–59, 60–69 and 70+), completed measures of life satisfaction, locus of control and self-concept. Multivariate analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant age difference with the older veterans, who were less well educated and institutionalized longer, more positive on the composite of the three measures. Univariate analysis, however, resulted in significant age differences in self-concept and life satisfaction but not in locus of control. Based upon these findings and the relationships among the dependent variables, the older veterans appear to have resolved the ego integrity versus despair crisis more adequately in spite of having lived for a longer period of time in what has often been viewed as a sterile, blunting environment. Perhaps, contrary to popular assumptions, an institution may provide an environment that facilitates and nourishes the self-esteem and satisfaction of elderly residents.
Adult Age Differences in Solving Series Problems Requiring Integration of New and Old Information
Authors: Fullerton Audrey M.
Published: May 2005

The ability of young and middle-aged adults to solve series problems was assessed with problems connected by either marked or unmarked adjectives. Half the participants given each type of problem were instructed to use imagery. Information needed to answer memory and inference questions was explicitly provided, but additional information from semantic memory was needed to answer integration questions. Overall, there was no difference between age groups on the memory measure, but scores on both integration and inference measures were significantly lower for the middle-aged group, a result suggesting a deficit in the ability to manipulate items in working memory. Imagery instructions facilitated scores of both age groups equally for the integration measure, but affected neither memory nor inference scores, indicating that middle-aged adults are able to use imagery as a control process as effectively as younger adults, and also that imagery is most useful for developing an array. Finally, the only effect of adjective type was that marked adjectives significantly improved inference scores of middle-aged adults.
Socio-Cognitive Skills as a Determinant of Life Satisfaction in Aged Persons
Authors: Gray Gale R. , Ventis Deborah G. , Hayslip Bert
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore the viability of a revised model of elderly life satisfaction, specifically evaluating the contribution of socio-cognitive skills. The role of such skills in relation to life satisfaction among aged persons has not been explored in research to date. Pilot data gathered from 60 community-living aged individuals indicated that numerous variables (e.g., subjective/objective health, education, financial satisfaction, role participation, subjective integration) significantly correlated with life satisfaction. However, the combined effects of two variables, persons' feelings of loneliness and isolation from their families and a measure of socio-cognitive skill, accounted for 49 percent of the variability in elderly life satisfaction. The effects of each on life satisfaction were unique however. Implications of these data and possible interventions for increasing elderly persons' life satisfaction are discussed.
The Mid-Career Crisis in Relation to Super's Career and Erikson's Adult Development Theory
Authors: Perosa Sandra L. , Perosa Linda M.
Published: May 2005

There is a need to integrate career development theory with adult development theory and a need to include females in the research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mid-career crisis from the perspective of Erikson's and Super's theory, and to determine whether there are sex differences distinguishing mid-career changers. The sample consisted of 134 males and females who faced a mid-career crisis. They were categorized into three groups: changed, changing, and persisters representing different points on a decision-making continuum. All participants were given a structured interview, the Ego Identity Scale, the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, the Personality Research Form, and the Career Development Inventory. The results of the data analyses revealed that individuals who changed careers scored significantly higher on identity achievement and affiliation, and there was a significant positive correlation between identity achievement and self-concept. In terms of their vocational development, persisters were concerned with exploration tasks, whereas those who had changed careers described these tasks as declining in importance. In addition, five patterns of transition were identified. No sex differences emerged on the variables, indicating that career change as a pathway to identity achievement is similar for both sexes.
Sustainable Development and Chemistry
Authors: Eissen Marco , Hungerbühler Konrad , Metzger Jürgen O. , Schmidt Eberhard , Schneidewind Uwe
Published: May 2005

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, provided the fundamental principles (Rio Declaration) and the program of action (Agenda 21) for achieving sustainable development. Sustainable chemistry is understood as the contribution of chemistry to the implementation of the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21.

The conservation and management of resources for development are the main focus of interest, where chemistry will have to make a considerable contribution by more efficient and environmentally more benign chemical processes by the following: providing chemical products that are environmentally more benign and that allow us to enhance significantly the efficiency of production processes in other industrial areas combined with minor environmental impact and allowing the consumer to use resources more effectively.

Innovations are investigated exemplarily for a sustainable development with regard to their ecological, economical, and social dimensions from an integrated and interdisciplinary perspective. Since base chemicals are produced in large quantities and important product lines are synthesized from them, their resource‐saving production is especially important for a sustainable development. In the long run, renewable resources that are catalytically processed could replace fossil raw materials. Separation methods existing today must be improved considerably to lower material and energy consumption. Chemistry might become the pioneer of an innovative energy technique. The design of chemical products should make possible a sustainable processing and recycling and should prevent their bioaccumulation. Methods and criteria to assess their contribution to a sustainable development are necessary. The time taken to introduce the new more sustainable processes and products has to be diminished by linking their development with operational innovation management and with efficient environmental–political control procedures.
Dependence, Tests for
Authors: Hollander Myles
Published: May 2005

This paper is designed to provide a sound introduction for a reasonably well informed reader who is, however, not a specialist in tests for dependence. The paper contains references to many tests but emphasizes the parametric test of independence based on Pearson's sample correlation coefficient*rand certain nonparametric tests based on ranks. The ranks tests are generally preferable to the test based onrin that they have wider applicability, are much less sensitive to outlying observations, are exact under mild assumptions that do not require an underlying bivariate normal* population, and have good efficiency (power) properties.
Box–Cox Transformations
Authors: Loh Wei‐Yin
Published: May 2005

The Box–Cox transformation is a potentially powerful technique for extending the applicability of the classical linear model. The procedure is described, and three examples are given to illustrate its power as well as its limitations. Philosophical issues regarding the interpretation of the results have led to some controversy and debate.
Charlier (Series) Distributions, Discrete
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

The Charlier series distribution (both univariate and bivariate) and some its properties are discussed.
Elliptically Contoured Distributions
Authors: Fang Kai‐Tai
Published: May 2005

The elliptically contoured distribution (ECD for short) is a class of multivariate distributions that are considered as an extension of the multivariate normal distributions. In this entry, we introduce a historical perspective, basic properties, and subclasses of the ECD. The estimation of parameters of an ECD implies the study of elliptical matrix distributions. A brief review on elliptical matrix distributions is given. Some applications of ECD are discussed.
Koksma–Hlawka Inequality
Authors: Hickernell Fred J.
Published: May 2005

The Koksma–Hlawka inequality is a tight error bound on the approximation of an integral by the sample average of integrand values. The integration error is bounded by a product of two terms, the discrepancy of the sample points,\documentclass{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\begin{document}$D(\{\vec{x}_{i}\})$\end{document}, and the variation of the integrand,V(g). These two quantities measure the quality of the sample points and the roughness of the integrand, respectively. The Koksma–Hlawka inequality plays a key role in the development of quasi–Monte Carlo methods. Such methods replace simple random sample points by low discrepancy points. The Koksma–Hlawka inequality has also influenced the study of experimental design and led to the creation of UNIFORM DESIGNS.
Multivariate Extreme‐Value Theory
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

Limit laws, characterizations, models, estimation, and simulation procedures are discussed for multivariate extreme‐value theory.
Psychology, Statistics in
Authors: Everitt Brian
Published: May 2005

Statistics is of central importance in psychology but the realtionship between staisticians and psychologists has not always been an easy one. For example, the latter's obsession with significance tests and p‐values has often not met with the approval of the former. But research in psychology offers a rich source or problems for the statistician, and developments in statistics offer the opportunity for psychologists to raise their statistical horizons beyond ANOVA and hypothesis tests.
Reduced‐Rank Regression
Authors: Reinsel Gregory
Published: May 2005

The method of reduced‐rank regression in the multivariate linear regression model recognizes the possibility for reduction in the number of model parameters through a restriction on the rank of the regression coefficient matrix. This method directly addresses aspects of dimension‐reduction in the study of linear relationships between two sets of variables, and is closely connected with canonical correlation methods. In this article, certain results for the basic reduced‐rank regression model are surveyed. This includes details on maximum likelihood estimation of parameters in the reduced‐rank model as well as likelihood ratio testing for the rank of the coefficient matrix, and asymptotic properties of the methods. The relation between reduced‐rank regression methods and canonical correlation analysis is specifically indicated. A few extensions such as to allowance for two distinct sets of regressors with reduced‐rank structures and to connections and applications of reduced rank methods to cointegration in multiple autoregressive time series models are also briefly discussed.
MonteCarlo Studies, Empirical Response Surfaces in
Authors: Power Simon
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the role of empirical response surfaces in succinctly summarizing the results of Monte Carlo studies and providing a simple means of predicting the outcome of Monte Carlo experiments that were not explicitly included in a particular study. It includes a simple illustrative example and provides a bridge to the literature.
Continuous Multivariate Distributions
Authors: Balakrishnan N.
Published: May 2005

In this article, we present a concise review of developments on various continuous multivariate distributions. We first present some basic definitions and notations. Then, we present several important continuous multivariate distributions and list their significant properties and characteristics.
Discrete Multivariate Distributions
Authors: Balakrishnan N.
Published: May 2005

In this article, we present a concise review of developments on discrete multivariate distributions. We first present some basic definitions and notations. Then, we present several important discrete multivariate distributions and list their significant properties and characteristics.
Esters, Organic
Authors: Riemenschneider Wilhelm , Bolt Hermann M.
Published: May 2005

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Hydrolysis3.2.Transesterification3.3.Ammonolysis3.4.Reduction3.5.Claisen Condensation3.6.Pyrolysis4.Natural Sources5.Production5.1.Esterification of Carboxylic Acids5.1.1.Catalysts5.1.2.Industrial Processes5.2.Alkylation of Metal Carboxylates5.3.Acylation with Acyl Halides5.4.Acylation with Carboxylic Anhydrides5.5.Transesterification5.6.Acylation with Ketenes5.7.Carbonylation5.8.Condensation of Aldehydes5.9.Alcoholysis of Nitriles5.10.Acylation of Olefins5.11.Ethoxylation of Carboxylic Acids5.12.Orthocarboxylic Acid Esters5.13.Lactones6.Environmental Protection7.Quality Specifications and Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Uses and Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Learning, literacy, and identity
Authors: Tett Lyn
Published: May 2005

Assumptions about learner identity are often based on a deficit view of the working classes. This chapter illustrates an alternative discourse that shows how one family literacy program in Scotland generated useful knowledge.
Educational institutions: Supporting working‐class learning
Authors: Foley Griff
Published: May 2005

Asserting that the working class has a distinctive learning style, this chapter argues for a supportive, challenging, and class‐conscious pedagogy.
Class and race
Authors: Mojab Shahrzad
Published: May 2005

This chapter argues that a critical analysis of the interlocking notions of class, race, and gender is needed to enable adult education to respond to growing inequalities.
The continued relevance of class
Authors: Nesbit Tom
Published: May 2005

In summarizing earlier arguments for privileging a class perspective on adult education, this chapter considers that perspective's practical relevance and suggests resources for further reading.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Some Curcumin Analogs
Authors: Youssef Khairia M. , El‐Sherbeny Magda A.
Published: May 2005

In this study, four new curcurmin analogs (compounds 1, 2, 17 and 18) were synthesized. 17 [3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methylcinnamyl)N‐methylpiperidone] showed high activity with GI50, TGI, and LC50 MG‐MID values of 21.3, 70.7, and 97.7 μM, respectively. 18 [3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methylcinnamyl)‐N‐ethylpiperidone] showed the highest activity in this study with GI50, TGI, LC50 MG‐MID values of 4.4, 33.8, 89.1 μM, respectively. 18 is even more active than curcumin with GI50, TGI, LC50 MG‐MID values of 38.4, 35.6, 66.0 μM; respectively. 8 showed moderate selectivity towards Leukemia cell line‐subpanel with a ratio of 5.6 (curcumin ratio: 1.2 for the same subpanel). The in vitro anti‐tumor screening reveals that the results go hand in hand with the in vitro free radical scavenging effects. The antioxidant effect of these compounds depends mainly on the stabilization of the formed phenoxy free radical for which the p‐hydroxy phenyl moiety is essential. o‐Substitution by electron‐donating groups like the o‐methoxy group (and to a even higher degree by the ethoxy group) increases the stability of phenoxy free radical, hence increasing both free scavenging and anti‐tumor effects. Increasing the alkyl group chain on the N in the series of substituted N‐alkyl piperidones as well as the extension of conjugation, increases the stabilization of phenoxy free radical and thereby the activity towards both free radical scavenging and anti‐tumor effects. This may be attributed to an increased positive inductive effect and/or increased lipophilicity of the new compounds, a fact which is proven by the superior activities of compounds 17 and 18.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Oxomemazine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Bromocresol Green, Bromocresol Purple and Bromophenol Blue
Authors: El‐Didamony Akram M.
Published: May 2005

Three simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of oxomemazine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of yellow ion‐pair complexes between the examined drug and bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), and bromophenol blue (BPB) as sulphophthalein dyes in acetate‐HCl buffer of pH 3.6, 3.4, and 4.0, respectively. The formed complexes were extracted with dichloromethane and measured at 405 nm for all three systems. The best conditions of the reactions were studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges 2.0–12, 2.0–13, and 2.0–14 μg mL−1 with molar absorptivities of 3.2 × 104, 3.7 × 104, and 3.1 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1 for the BCG, BCP, and BPB methods, respectively. Sandell's sensitivity, correlation coefficient, detection and quantification limits are also calculated. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in pure form and in its dosage forms. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical excipients. Statistical comparison of the results with those obtained by HPLC method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
Optimization of human serum albumin production in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris by repeated fed‐batch fermentation
Authors: Ohya Tomoshi , Ohyama Masao , Kobayashi Kaoru
Published: May 2005

An optimization method for repeated fed‐batch fermentation was established with the aim of improving the recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) production in Pichia pastoris. A simulation model for fed‐batch fermentation was formulated and the optimal methanol‐feeding policy calculated by dynamic programming method using five different methanol‐feeding periods. The necessary state variables were collected from the calculated results and used for further optimization of repeated fed‐batch fermentation. The optimal operation policy was investigated using the pre‐collected state variables by estimating the overall profit per total methanol‐feeding time. The calculated results indicated that the initial cell mass from the 2nd fed‐batch fermentation on should be set at 35 or 40 g and methanol‐feeding time at 264 h. In repeated fed‐batch fermentation using the optimal operation policy, actual culture volume was in good agreement with the values simulated by model equations, but some discrepancy was observed in rHSA production. Minimum experiments were therefore carried out to re‐evaluate rHSA production levels, which were then applied in re‐calculations to determine the optimal operation policy. The optimal policy for repeated fed‐batch fermentation established in the present study (i.e., 4‐times‐repeated fed‐batch fermentation) achieved a 47% increase in annual rHSA production. Optimization of the culture period also brought about a 28% increase in annual rHSA production even in simple (not repeated) fed‐batch fermentation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and colon carcinogenesis are increased in mutant mice lacking gastrin gene expression
Authors: Cowey Stephanie L. , Quast Michael , Belalcazar Ligia Maria , Wei Jingwa , Deng Xiaoling , Given Randall , Singh Pomila
Published: May 2005

BACKGROUND

The authors recently reported that gastrin gene knockout (GAS‐KO) mice had an increased risk for colon carcinogenesis in response to azoxymethane (AOM) compared with their wild type (WT) littermates. In the current report, the authors discuss the predisposition of GAS‐KO mice to develop obesity and metabolic hormonal changes that may contribute to their increased risk of colon carcinogenesis.

METHODS

The weight and deposition of fat was monitored in the mice over a 14 month period, using magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Changes in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucose were assessed using radioimmunoassay analysis and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Preneoplastic markers of colon carcinogenesis (aberrant crypt foci [ACFs]), in response to AOM, were measured in a subset of obese versus lean GAS‐KO mice and were compared with the markers in WT mice.

RESULTS

Increases in visceral adiposity were evident by age 2 months in GAS‐KO mice, resulting in macroscopic obesity by age 7 months. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin:glucose ratios were increased significantly in GAS‐KO mice as young as 1 month and preceded alterations in nonfasting leptin and ghrelin levels. The number of ACFs per mouse colon were increased significantly in the following order: obese GAS‐KO mice > lean GAS‐KO mice > WT mice. Fasting plasma insulin levels were 0.88 ± 0.1 ng/mL, 1.45 ± 0.3, and 2.76 ± 0.9 ng/mL in the WT, GAS‐KO lean, and GAS‐KO obese mice, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggest the novel possibility that loss of amidated gastrins may increase adipogenesis, hyperinsulinemia, and colon carcinogenesis in GAS‐KO mice. The increase in colon carcinogenesis may be due in part to hyperinsulinemia, increased obesity, and other associated hormone changes that were measured in GAS‐KO mice. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.