bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LESSONS AFTER THE EVIDENCE FOR NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY — THE NEXT STEP
Authors: KLAPDOR-KLEINGROTHAUS H. V.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the lessons we have to draw after the observation of neutrinoless ββ decay by the enriched 76 Ge experiment, for present and future experiments so as (a) to fulfill the task to confirm the present result (b) to deliver additional information on the main contributions of effective neutrino mass and right-handed weak currents etc. to the 0νββ amplitude. It is shown that presently running and planned experiments are probably not sensitive enough to check the evidence on a reasonable time scale. It is further demonstrated that, the only way to get more information on the individual contributions of m, η, λ etc. to the 0νββ amplitude is to go to completely different types of experiments, rather than those under construction and preparation at present, e.g. to mixed-mode β+/ EC decay experiments, such as 124 Xe decay. It is pointed out that the sometimes observed "tension" between the result of 0νββ decay and cosmological experiments like WMAP, SDSS etc. does not exist and is an artificial product of improper analysis of the latter.
SEMI-EMPIRICAL SYSTEMATICS OF (n, 2n), (n, α) REACTIONS CROSS SECTIONS AT 14–15 MeV NEUTRON ENERGY
Authors: TEL E. , OKUDUCU Ş. , BÖLÜKDEMIR M. H. , TANIR G.
Published: March 2008

In this study we propose new semi-empirical formulas by modifying the formula of Levkovskii with the new parameters for (n, 2n) and (n, α) reactions cross-sections at 14–15 MeV neutron incident energy. The cross sections have been calculated using the asymmetry parameter depending on empirical formulas for the incoming energies of 14–15 MeV neutrons. The parameters obtained by modifying the original formula of Levkovskii and Konno et al. have been determined by applying the least squares fitting method to the experimental cross sections, and the systematics of the (n, 2n) and (n, α) reactions have been studied. We have also suggested different parameters for the empirical formula to reproduce the cross sections of the (n, 2n) and (n, α) reactions for the neutron incident energy of 14–15 MeV. The modified formulas yielded cross sections representing markedly smaller chi-square (χ2) deviations from experimental values, and values much closer to units as compared with those calculated using Levkovskii's and Konno et al. original formulas. The results obtained have been discussed and compared with the other empirical formulas, and found to be well in agreement when used to correlate the available experimental σ(n, 2n) and σ(n, σ) data of different nuclei.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF MIXED IMMUNOTHERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUMORS
Authors: DE PILLIS L. G. , FISTER K. R. , GU W. , HEAD TIFFANY , MAPLES KENNY , NEAL TODD , MURUGAN ANAND , KOZAI KENJI
Published: March 2008

We investigate a mathematical population model of tumor-immune interactions. The populations involved are tumor cells, specific and non-specific immune cells, and concentrations of therapeutic treatments. We establish the existence of an optimal control for this model and provide necessary conditions for the optimal control triple for simultaneous application of chemotherapy, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment. We discuss numerical results for the combination of the chemo-immunotherapy regimens. We find that the qualitative nature of our results indicates that chemotherapy is the dominant intervention with TIL interacting in a complementary fashion with the chemotherapy. However, within the optimal control context, the interleukin-2 treatment does not become activated for the estimated parameter ranges.
BISTABLE EQUILIBRIUM POINTS OF MERCURY BODY BURDEN
Authors: OWHADI HOUMAN , BOULOS AREEN
Published: March 2008

In the last century, mercury levels in the global environment have tripled as a result of increased pollution from industrial, occupational, medicinal and domestic uses.1 Glutathione is known to be the main agent responsible for the excretion of mercury (Refs. 2 to 4). It has also been shown that mercury inhibits glutathione synthetase (an enzyme acting in the synthesization of glutathione), therefore leading to decreased glutathione levels (Refs. 5 to 7). Mercury also interferes with the production of heme in the porphyrin pathway.8 Heme is needed for biological energy production and ability to detox organic toxins via the P450 enzymes.9 The purpose of this paper is to show that the body's response to mercury exposure is hysteretic, i.e. when this feedback of mercury on its main detoxifying agents is strong enough, then mercury body burden has two points of equilibrium: one with normal abilities to detoxify and low levels of mercury and one with inhibited abilities to detoxify and high levels of mercury. Furthermore, a small increase of the body's mercury burden may not be sufficient to trigger observable neurotoxic effects but it may be sufficient to act as a switch leading to an accumulation of mercury in the body through environmental exposure until its toxicity is manifested.
MORE ON THEORETICAL MORPHOSPACE AND ITS RELATION TO FRESHWATER GOMPHONEMOID-CYMBELLOID DIATOM (BACILLARIOPHYTA) LINEAGES
Authors: PAPPAS JANICE L.
Published: March 2008

All forms from hypothesized gomphonemoid-cymbelloid lineages were constructed using three-dimensional (3D) parametric equations with the same boundary intervals for all forms. To construct a theoretical morphospace, the absolute value of the Riemann sum of differences between pairs of forms in terms of surfaces in the x-, y- and z-directions was determined and plotted in 3D space. In general, naviculoid forms occupied the lowest valued morphospace, and cymbelloid and gomphonemoid forms occupied different higher valued morphospaces. In particular, Anomoeoneis, Brebissonia and Placoneis were basal to cymbelloid and gomphonemoid forms. Brebissonia was found to be more closely related to gomphonemoid forms, and Placoneis was found to be more closely related to cymbelloid forms. Reimeria was found to be in lower valued morphospace than other cymbelloid forms, including Encyonema. Didymosphenia was found to be more closely associated with cymbelloid morphospace. Gomphocymbelloid forms were more closely associated with gomphonemoid forms. These results are complementary to the previous study and mostly supported Kociolek and Stoermer's cladistic analysis of gomphonemoid-cymbelloid lineages. In addition, some ideas concerning evolutionary pathways and ontogeny with respect to theoretical morphospaces were explored.
THE BIFURCATION STRUCTURE OF FIRING PATTERN TRANSITIONS IN THE CHAY NEURONAL PACEMAKER MODEL
Authors: YANG ZHUOQIN , LU QISHAO
Published: March 2008

Different transitions of neuronal firing patterns are explored by the combination of experimental results, numerical simulation and bifurcation analysis.

Three types of firing sequences with respect to extracellular calcium concentration ([ Ca 2+] o ) were observed in experiments on neural pacemakers. In accordance with them, the corresponding transitions of neuronal firing patterns are surveyed by standard bifurcation analysis of the Chay model, where λn corresponds to different nerve fibers and VC is the dynamical parameter. The results are listed in this paper. Firstly, it is obtained that the transitions of periodic firing patterns from period-1 bursting to period-1 spiking without any bifurcation, from period-1 to -2 to -1 through a pair of period-doubling bifurcations and from period-1 to -2 to -1 through two pairs of period-doubling bifurcations. Secondly, one supercritical and two subcritical period-doubling bursting sequences with different appearances lead to chaos, respectively. Then the former transits directly to an inverse supercritical period-doubling spiking sequence via chaos, and the latter transit to it through the period-adding bursting sequences from period-1 to -3 and from -1 to -5 with chaotic bursting, respectively. Thirdly, we reveal the true nature of period-adding bursting sequence without chaotic bursting. Every periodic bursting is closely related to two period-doubling bifurcations of the corresponding periodic spiking, except for period-1 bursting appearing via Hopf bifurcation and disappearing via period-doubling bifurcation. As a consequence, the period-adding bursting sequence without chaotic bursting has a compound structure of elementary bifurcations with transitions from spiking to bursting. Thus period-adding bifurcation without chaos cannot be regarded as a new elementary bifurcation.
MILD TO MODERATE MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT (MCL) INJURIES OF THE KNEE: SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS AND SONOGRAPHIC VALGUS STRESS TEST
Authors: Kleinbaum Yeroham , Blankstein Alexander
Published: March 2008

The purposes of this study are to describe the sonographic findings of the injured medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee, to perform a sonographic valgus stress test, and to correlate these findings in order to advance the proper treatment for these patients. We examined 23 patients with clinical diagnosis of MCL injury. We evaluated proximal and distal MCL thickness, free fluid, and avulsion fractures. In addition, we performed a sonographic valgus stress test in the stress and rest positions. We also examined the knee joint on the same side in 18 sex- and age-matched patients with no history of knee injury as a control. The average thickness of proximal MCL was 6.4 mm (range, 4.2–8.1 mm) in injured MCL and 4.3 mm (range, 3.2–6.2 mm) in normal MCL. The average thickness of distal MCL was 4.4 mm (range, 2.4–6.1 mm) in injured MCL and 3.1 mm (range, 2.1–4.1 mm) in normal MCL. The average joint space width of the injured knee at rest was 6.1 mm (range, 4.0–8.5 mm) and increased to 10.5 mm (range, 7.6–14.0 mm) after stress. The average joint space width of the normal knee at rest was 6.7 mm (range, 5.0–7.7 mm) and increased to 9.6 mm (range, 7.7–10.4 mm) after stress. In conclusion, the combination of the sonographic findings in MCL injury and the real-time sonography valgus stress test can support the clinical diagnosis and pinpoint the exact location of isolated MCL injury, thus advancing the proper treatment of the patient.
BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF TRANSPEDICULARLY PLACED INTRAVERTEBRAL SUPPORT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROTIC VERTEBRAL COMPRESSION FRACTURES
Authors: Lee Hsieh-Hsing , Wu Shing-Sheng , Chuang Shih-Youeng , Yeh Tsu-Te , Chen Po-Quang
Published: March 2008

This in vitro biomechanical study reports on a new implant, called an intravertebral expandable pillar (IVEP). The implant is aimed at restoring the height and strength of collapsed vertebra after fracture in an osteoporotic patient. The hypothesis is that the IVEP can effectively restore the body height of the compressed vertebra and provide proper stiffness for the collapsed vertebra. Although the reported complication rate of percutaneous vertebroplasty by injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is low, the sequelae are severe; other potential adverse effects of PMMA injection into the vertebral body include thermal necrosis of the surrounding tissue caused by a high polymerization temperature, and lack of long-term biocompatibility. We test the mechanical properties before and after fracture of 14 human cadaver lumbar vertebrae by a material testing system. The fractured vertebra was implanted with the IVEP, and its mechanical properties tested. The vertebral body height at each stage was evaluated by a digital caliper and radiographic films. After IVEP implantation, the vertebral body height restoration rate was 97.8%. The vertebral body height lost 12.7% after the same loading to create fracture. The vertebra lost half of its strength after compressed fracture, while IVEP implantation restored 86.4% of intact vertebra strength. The stiffness of intact vertebrae was significantly greater than that of untreated vertebrae after fracture and fractured vertebrae with IVEP treatment, while the stiffness of fractured vertebrae after IVEP treatment was significantly greater than that of untreated vertebrae after fracture. The bipedicularly implanted IVEP restores the initial height and strength of the vertebral body following an induced compression fracture, and could be used by a minimally invasive procedure to treat lumbar vertebra compression factures and avoid the disadvantage of using bone cement in vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty.
SOLID-STATE 13C AND 45Sc NMR STUDIES ON ENDOHEDRAL SCANDIUM-CARBIDE METALLOFULLERENES: A MOTIONAL DYNAMICS OF Sc ATOMS IN FULLERENES
Authors: OKIMOTO HARUYA , HEMME WILHELM , ITO YASUHIRO , SUGAI TOSHIKI , KITAURA RYO , ECKERT HELLMUT , SHINOHARA HISANORI
Published: March 2008

Sc 2 C 2@ C 82( II ) and Sc 2 C 2@ C 82( III ) have been synthesized and chromatographically isolated and characterized by using UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. Solid-state 13 C and 45 Sc NMR on Sc 2 C 2@ C 82 metallofullerenes provide the rotational activation energy of Sc atoms encapsulated in C 82 fullerenes which is lower than that in solution due to crystal field effects on the rate of the rotation.
CARBON NANOTUBE-GRAFT-POLY(CITRIC ACID) NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: ADELI MOHSEN , BAHARI ALI , HEKMATARA HODA
Published: March 2008

Novel biodegradable nanocomposites containing multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and poly(citric acid) (PCA) were successfully synthesized. For preparation of nanocomposites, MWCNT was opened using a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid and its derivative containing – COOH and – OH functional groups was obtained. Polycondensation of monohydrate citric acid in the presence of functionalized MWCNT in the melting state was lead to nanotube-graft-poly(citric acid) (CNT-g-PCA) nanocomposites. The degree of polymerization of grafted hyperbranched poly(citric acid) onto the CNTs was controlled using CNT/citric acid ratio. The CNT-g-PCA were soluble in water freely and stirring their water solution and silver nitrate at room temperature lead to the CNT-g-PCA containing encapsulated silver nanoparticles in their polymeric shell. The structure of nanocomposites was characterized by TEM, DLS and spectroscopy methods.
DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR NANOWIRES
Authors: CHOI HEON-JIN , SEONG HAN-KYU , KIM UNGKIL
Published: March 2008

An idea for simultaneously manipulating spin and charge in a single semiconductor medium has resulted in the development of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), which exhibits surprisingly room temperature ferromagnetic signatures despite having controversial ferromagnetic origin. However, achievement of truly room temperature ferromagnetism by carrier mediation is still the subject of intense research to develop the practical spin-based devices. Nanowires with one-dimensional nanostructure, which offers thermodynamically stable features and typically single crystalline and defect free, have a number of advantages over thin films with respect to studying ferromagnetism in DMSs. This review focuses primarily on our works on GaN -based DMS nanowires, i.e., Mn -doped GaN , Mn -doped AlGaN and Cu -doped GaN nanowires. These DMS nanowires have room temperature ferromagnetism by the local magnetic moment of doping elements that are in a divalent state and in tetrahedral coordination, thus substituting Ga in the wurtzite-type network structure of host materials. Importantly, our evidences indicate that the magnetism is originated from the ferromagnetic interaction driven by the carrier. These outcomes suggest that nanowires are ideal building blocks to address the magnetism in DMS due to their thermodynamic stability, single crystallinity, free of defects and free standing nature from substrate. Nanowires themselves are ideal building blocks for nanodevices and, thus, it would also be helpful in developing DMS-based spin devices.
Estimating Seasonal Changes in Volumetric Soil Water Content at Landscape Scales in a Savanna Ecosystem Using Two-Dimensional Resistivity Profiling
Authors: Garcia-Montiel Diana C. , Coe Michael T. , Cruz Meyr P. , Ferreira Joice N. , da Silva Euzebio M. , Davidson Eric A.
Published: March 2008

Water distributed in deep soil reservoirs is an important factor determining the ecosystem structure of water-limited environments, such as the seasonal tropical savannas of South America. In this study a two-dimensional (2D) geoelectrical profiling technique was employed to estimate seasonal dynamics of soil water content to 10-m depth along transects of 275 m in savanna vegetation during the period between 2002 and 2006. Methods were developed to convert resistivity values along these 2D resistivity profiles into volumetric water content (VWC) by soil depth. The 2D resistivity profiles revealed the following soil and aquifer structure characterizing the underground environment: 0–4 m of permanently unsaturated and seasonally droughty soil, less severely dry unsaturated soil at about 4–7 m, nearly permanently saturated soil between 7 and 10 m, mostly impermeable saprolite interspaced with fresh bedrock of parent material at about 10–30 m, and a region of highly conductive water-saturated material at 30 m and below. Considerable spatial variation of these relative depths is clearly demonstrated along the transects. Temporal dynamics in VWC indicate that the active zone of water uptake is predominantly at 0–7 m, and follows the seasonal cycles of precipitation and evapotranspiration. Uptake from below 7 m may have been critical for a short period near the beginning of the rainy season, although the seasonal variations in VWC in the 7–10-m layer are relatively small and lag the surface water recharge for about 6 months. Calculations using a simple 1-box water balance model indicate that average total runoff was 15–25 mm month−1 in the wet season and about 6–9 mm month−1 in the dry season. Modeled ET was about 75–85 mm month−1 in the wet season and 20–25 mm month−1 in the dry season. Variation in basal area and tree density along one transect was positively correlated with VWC of the 0–3-m and 0–7-m soil depths, respectively, during the wettest months. These multitemporal measurements demonstrate that the along-transect spatial differences in soil moisture are quasi-permanent and influence vegetation structure at the scale of tens to hundreds of meters.
Derivation of Effective Aerodynamic Surface Roughness in Urban Areas from Airborne Lidar Terrain Data
Authors: Holland Donald E. , Berglund Judith A. , Spruce Joseph P. , McKellip Rodney D.
Published: March 2008

An automated technique was developed that uses only airborne lidar terrain data to derive the necessary parameters for calculation of effective aerodynamic surface roughness in urban areas. The technique provides parameters for geometric models that have been used over the past 40+ years by automatically deriving the relevant geometry, orientation, and spacing of buildings and trees. In its prototypical form, this technique subsequently calculates an effective surface roughness for 1-km2 parcels of land for each of five geometric models. The user can define several constraints to guide processing based on a priori knowledge of the urban area or lidar data characteristics. Any given wind direction (or range of directions) can be selected to simulate conditions of variable wind flow and the impact on effective surface roughness. The operation, capabilities, and limitations of the technique were demonstrated using lidar terrain data from Broward County, Florida.
Estimation of Gravity Wave Momentum Flux and Phase Speeds from Quasi-Lagrangian Stratospheric Balloon Flights. Part I: Theory and Simulations
Authors: Boccara Gillian , Hertzog Albert , Vincent Robert A. , Vial François
Published: March 2008

A methodology for estimating gravity wave characteristics from quasi-Lagrangian observations provided by long-duration, superpressure balloon flights in the stratosphere is reviewed. Wavelet analysis techniques are used to detect gravity wave packets in observations of pressure, temperature, and horizontal velocity. An emphasis is put on the estimation of gravity wave momentum fluxes and intrinsic phase speeds, which are generally poorly known on global scales in the atmosphere. The methodology is validated using Monte Carlo simulations of time series that mimic the balloon measurements, including the uncertainties associated with each of the meteorological parameters. While the azimuths of the wave propagation direction are accurately retrieved, the momentum fluxes are generally slightly underestimated, especially when wave packets overlap in the time–frequency domain, or for short-period waves. A proxy is derived to estimate by how much momentum fluxes are reduced by the analysis. Retrievals of intrinsic phase speeds are less accurate, especially for low phase speed waves. A companion paper (Part II) implements the methodology to observations gathered during the Vorcore campaign that took place in Antarctica between September 2005 and February 2006.
Precipitation Recycling Variability and Ecoclimatological Stability—A Study Using NARR Data. Part I: Central U.S. Plains Ecoregion
Authors: Dominguez Francina , Kumar Praveen
Published: March 2008

Precipitation recycling is one of the key mechanisms linking the land surface and atmospheric dynamics. This work explores the physical mechanisms that modulate precipitation recycling variability at the daily-to-intraseasonal time scales in the central U.S. plains ecoregion using a set of land–atmosphere variables derived from the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset. Recycling estimates are performed using the Dynamic Recycling Model, which allows for analysis at shorter time scales than the previous bulk recycling models.

In the central U.S. plains ecoregion local evapotranspiration only becomes an important contributor to precipitation when moisture of advective origin, the largest contributor to precipitation, diminishes. Consequently, the recycling ratio is negatively correlated to precipitation. The dominant mechanism is a negative feedback, which ensures that, even when precipitation is low, evapotranspiration continues to feed moisture into the overlying atmosphere and contribute to rainfall. Consequently, in the central U.S. plains, precipitation recycling acts as a mechanism for ecoclimatological stability through local negative feedbacks. Additionally, the zonal and meridional winds and moisture fluxes were also found to be important drivers of recycling variability. As winds decrease, the air has more time to traverse the region and capture moisture of evaporative origin. Evapotranspiration variability is not an important driver for recycling ratio variability in the central U.S. plains. Only during the extremely dry 1988 summer drought, when soil moisture storage was depleted, did the recycling ratio variability closely follow evapotranspiration.
Ensemble Precipitation and Water-Level Forecasts for Anticipatory Water-System Control
Authors: Jan van Andel Schalk , Price Roland K. , Lobbrecht Arnold H. , van Kruiningen Frans , Mureau Robert
Published: March 2008

A method is presented for testing weather forecast products for applications in anticipatory water-system control. The applicability of the ensemble prediction system (EPS) of the ECMWF is tested for flood control in a regional water system in the Netherlands. By performing long-term verification analyses, a full range of probability-threshold-based decision rules to apply anticipatory control actions is evaluated in terms of hits (correct alerts), missed events, and false alarms. The analysis includes forecast horizons from 3 to 9 days for extreme precipitation events and extreme water-level events. The water-level forecasts are prepared by feeding each member of the ECMWF EPS precipitation ensemble into a deterministic water-system control model. The current operational strategy is modeled to forecast when the routine operational control will not be sufficient to prevent high water levels, and therefore anticipatory control actions are needed. The results show that ECMWF EPS precipitation forecasts contain useful information for regional water-system control in the Netherlands. All critical events during the analysis period were forecasted. The applied analysis method allows water managers to define decision rules, on the basis of requirements, in terms of forecast horizon, safety, and allowable costs of adverse effects of false alarms.
Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization
Authors: Thompson Gregory , Field Paul R. , Rasmussen Roy M. , Hall William D.
Published: March 2008

A new bulk microphysical parameterization (BMP) has been developed for use with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model or other mesoscale models. As compared with earlier single-moment BMPs, the new scheme incorporates a large number of improvements to both physical processes and computer coding, and it employs many techniques found in far more sophisticated spectral/bin schemes using lookup tables. Unlike any other BMP, the assumed snow size distribution depends on both ice water content and temperature and is represented as a sum of exponential and gamma distributions. Furthermore, snow assumes a nonspherical shape with a bulk density that varies inversely with diameter as found in observations and in contrast to nearly all other BMPs that assume spherical snow with constant density. The new scheme’s snow category was readily modified to match previous research in sensitivity experiments designed to test the sphericity and distribution shape characteristics. From analysis of four idealized sensitivity experiments, it was determined that the sphericity and constant density assumptions play a major role in producing supercooled liquid water whereas the assumed distribution shape plays a lesser, but nonnegligible, role. Further testing using numerous case studies and comparing model results with in situ and other observations confirmed the results of the idealized experiments and are briefly mentioned herein, but more detailed, microphysical comparisons with observations are found in a companion paper in this series (Part III, forthcoming).
The Temporal Evolution of Convective Indices in Storm-Producing Environments
Authors: Wagner Timothy J. , Feltz Wayne F. , Ackerman Steven A.
Published: March 2008

Temporal changes in stability and shear associated with the development of thunderstorms are quantified using the enhanced temporal resolution of combined Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) thermodynamic profile retrievals and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 404-MHz wind profiler observations. From 1999 to 2003, AERI systems were collocated with NOAA wind profilers at five sites in the southern Great Plains of the United States, creating a near-continuous dataset of atmospheric soundings in both the prestorm and poststorm environments with a temporal resolution of up to 10 min between observations.

Median values for several standard severe weather indices were calculated for tornadic storms and nontornadic supercells. It was found that instability generally increases throughout the preconvective period, reaching a peak roughly 1 h before a tornado forms or a nontornadic supercell forms large hail. Wind shear for both tornadic and nontornadic storms starts to increase roughly 3 h before storm time. However, indices are highly variable between time and space and may not be representative of the environment at large.
Artificial vs Breast Feeding
Authors: Adebonojo Festus O.
Published: March 2008

In a comparative study of 113 infants of affluent and well-educated par ents in the same environment, 52 were breast fed and 61 artificially fed. No significant differences could be found between the two groups with respect to a variety of standard clinical measures of health and wellbeing. Where poor hygiene is not a factor, mother's milk per se appears to offer no advantage over present-day artificial infant foods.
Relaxation, Suggestion and Hypnosis in Dentistry
Authors: Bernick Sheldon M.
Published: March 2008

The psychologically oriented dentist uses relaxation and suggestion.
Growth Retardation in Steroid Dependent Asthma Corrected by Corticotrophin (ACTH)
Authors: Syamasundar Rao P. , Lipow Herman W.
Published: March 2008

When longterm corticosteroid therapy is found necessary in children during their growth period, their linear growth should be monitored very carefully. If evidence of growth re tardation occurs, then a change to ACTH should be considered.
Early Recognition of Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Scanlon John
Published: March 2008

Cultures and gram stains of gastric and external ear canal contents can greatly assist the physician in the early diagno sis of newborn infections acquired in utero or during birth.
Ampicillin Failure in H. Influenzae Meningitis
Authors: Kandall Stephen R. , Davis Thomas C. , Abramowicz Mark
Published: March 2008

The authors describe a child whose H. influenzae menin gitis persisted despite relatively high-dose ampicillin ther apy. They raise the question whether longterm morbidity from H. influenzae meningitis may be greater with ampicil lin than with the older chloramphenicol-penicillin treatment. Two experts were asked to discuss this question in the light of this case report. Their comments follow the main paper.
The Benevolent Over-Reaction
Authors: Boone Donald R. , Hartman B.H.
Published: March 2008

It is most important to identify handicaps and handicapping sit uations in their early stages, and start constructive counseling with the parents immediately thereafter. Such counseling can be readily performed, in the early stages of parental reactions, not only by family physicians but even by specially trained nurses and nurse-practitioners. It is most important to start this counseling at once, initiated "on-the-spot" by the identifier.
Clinical Review : Color Blindness in Children
Authors: Thuline H.C.
Published: March 2008

"In order to provide an affected child with the advantages of early diagnosis, the pre-school examination by his physi cian should include screening tests for this frequent defect of color vision.... The disadvantages of not having his color vision characteristics understood are peculiarly the child's; and it seems he ought to be given a 'fair shake.'"
Enuresis : Its Pathogenesis and Management
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses the common theories on the cause of enuresis and reviews current approaches to its manage ment in the light of a suggested pathogenetic mechanism.
The Detection of the Heterozygote and Homozygote in Cystic Fibrosis by Short Term Lymphocyte Culture Studies: A Defect in RNA Methylation
Authors: Rennert Owen M. , Frias Jaime L. , Julius Richard L. , Lapointe David
Published: March 2008

A method is here described for the study of RNA methyla tion in short-term lymphocyte cultures. Results from CF heterozygotes and homozygotes as well as normals suggest that undermyethylation of RNA occurs in both heterozygotes and homozygotes for the cystic fibrosis gene, and that this occurrence reflects the basic defect in this disorder.
Clinical Review : Clinical Observations on the Use of Adrenal Steroids
Authors: Kenny Frederic M.
Published: March 2008

Natural and synthetic glucocorticoids, in use for 21 years, have outlived the phases of over-optimism regarding cura tive actions and over-pessimism over side effects. Some of the side effects can be evaded, as in alternate day therapy; others can be taken advantage of in the management of specific conditions as shown in the summary Table 3.
Chronic Hypervitaminosis A with Intracranial Hypertension and Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration of Protein
Authors: Siegel Norman J. , Spackman Thomas J.
Published: March 2008

An unusually high dietary intake can lead to vitamin A intoxication. These two children had clinical and radiologic evidences of increased intracranial pressure and low cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations.
Clinical Review : Salmonella München Infections in Newborns and Small Infants
Authors: Marzetti G. , Laurenti F. , De Caro M. , Conca L. , Orzalesi M.
Published: March 2008

The typical clinical picture of Salmonella München infection among 43 new born and small infants as seen in two outbreaks was that of a febrile gastro enteritis which lasted longer and was more severe in newborn and premature infants. One outbreak was initiated by an infant admitted at two weeks of age with Salmonella gastroenteritis, and the other by an infant admitted at two days of age with hemolytic disease of the newborn and febrile diarrhea. Spread to the other infants was presumably caused by crossinfection. Prophylactic administration of antibiotics did not prevent crossinfection.
Primary Renal Tubular Acidosis Recognized and Treated at Three Days of Age
Authors: Palmer R. Heather , Cornfeld David
Published: March 2008

Renal tubular acidosis should be suspected even in the very young in fant who does not thrive, and who demonstrates a hyperchloremic acidosis with urine of neutral pH. This case report details the course of an infant whose disease was diagnosed in the newborn nursery.
A Comparative Study of Child Health Care in Urban and Suburban Children
Authors: Adebonojo Festus O.
Published: March 2008

The health care received in the first two years of life by 113 children from a predominantly white, affluent, middle-class, suburban community under a prepaid health plan was compared with that of 85 children from a predominantly black, poor, urban ghetto under a comprehensive health services for Children and Youth (C & Y). Some similarities in utilization pattern were apparent but there were some striking and important differences. The ghetto child was seen for illnesses as often as his suburban counterpart, but he had fewer well-child and health maintenance checkups, especially in the first year of life. The ghetto child failed to keep four times as many scheduled appointments as the suburban child. The ghetto child was sick more often, and had more serious and life-threatening illnesses.
Some Considerations Pertinent to the Health Screening of Children
Authors: Lessler Ken
Published: March 2008

The pediatrician is in a unique and powerful position, both in his own office and in his community. By taking an active role in designing, executing, and evaluating screening programs, he can help insure that resources are used economically and usefully, and that a broadened view of screening and health results in positive programs. He should insist that vital components of any screening program include intervention and dissemination of information to those who need it. To do less is to abdicate a responsibility which cannot be delegated to others, even though many screening programs are initiated and conducted by nonphysicians.
The Pediatrician and the Child with a Communication Disorder
Authors: Marlowe Wendy B.
Published: March 2008

The child who uses delayed or disordered language, particularly when he may be doing somewhat better in other areas of his development, presents difficult questions concerning both identification and direction of referral. This paper focuses on the common aberrant disorders in language development, rather than on productive disorders such as cleft palate, voice disorders, misarticulations or nonfluencies (“stuttering”). Guidelines for consultation with a communication specialist are presented.
Food Restriction as a Form of Child Abuse in Ten Cases of Psychosocial Deprivation Dwarfism
Authors: Krieger Ingeborg
Published: March 2008

Ten children with a psychosocial deprivation syndrome had linear growth failure, retarded bone age, a voracious and bizarre appetite, and behavior abnormalities which were a consequence of maternal rejection. Direct and indirect evidence suggests that their food had been persistently restricted by mothers who abused the children physically and had personality traits characteristic of such mothers. Most of the children had a low IQ. Weight recovery occurred regularly in the hospital and in three cases in the home, providing food was not restricted. Diagnosis was difficult because ravenous appetites and abnormal stools suggested malabsorption in seven cases; however, histories, absorption tests, and weight recovery which occurred despite temporary persistence of abnormal stools indicated that malabsorption was not the primary cause of malnutrition. Deviant be havior and abnormal stools were used to rationalize frustration and food restriction. Intensive psychotherapy of the mother is necessary.
Transient Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome and Psychogenic Vomiting
Authors: O'Connor Patricia A. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Poznanski Elva O.
Published: March 2008

A well-nourished teen-age girl with psychogenic vomiting demonstrated clinical and radiographic findings of SMAS. Her upper gastrointestinal radiographic studies were normal a few weeks before and three years after the study in which radiographic findings of SMAS were present. Psychologic factors should be considered in SMAS when no condition involving inanition, immobility, abdominal compression, or coexisting abdominal disturbance can be identified.
The Whistling Face Syndrome— Cranio-Carpo-Tarsal Dysplasia
Authors: MacLeod P. , Patriquin H.
Published: March 2008

A boy with the whistling face syndrome or cranio-carpotarsal dysplasia is described. He had severely limited respiratory ex cursions, which apparently predisposed him to atelectasis and respiratory infections following general anesthetics. A review of the natural history and variability of the syndrome is presented.
Spinal Epidural Abscess in Children
Authors: Enberg Robert N. , Kaplan Ralph J.
Published: March 2008

Spinal epidural abscess represents a surgical emergency because it rapidly leads to complete paralysis below the lesion. Early surgical drainage is essential to complete recovery. A review of the 46 cases in children reported in the English literature indicates that the sequence of first symptoms (fever, localized back pain, and radicular pain) should afford early diagnosis in most cases. Staphylococci are the most frequent bacteriologic invaders.
Ampicillin Blood Levels as Related to Graded Oral Schedules
Authors: Bass James W. , Crowley Dennis M. , Steele Russell W. , Young Franklin S. H. , Harden Lewis B.
Published: March 2008

Twenty children, while hospitalized with pneu monia, were treated by randomization with graded dosages of oral ampicillin; five each received 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg daily in four equally divided doses for at least five days. The peak serum levels rose from a mean of 1 mcg/ml with 50 mg/kg per day to 4 to 7 mcg/ml with 200 mg/kg per day. Mild to moderate diarrhea, encountered in two of the five patients of each study group, was apparently unrelated to dose, and did not hinder absorption of the drug to a clinically significant degree.
Clinical Review : Pediatric and Otologic Aspects of Clinical Research in Cleft Palate
Authors: Paradise Jack L. , Alberti Peter W. R. M. , Bluestone Charles D. , Cheek Donald B. , Lis Edward F. , Stool Sylvan E.
Published: March 2008

In 1971, the American Speech and Hearing Associa tion, under contract with the National Institute of Dental Reseach, assembled an interdisciplinary commit tee to review the present status of clinical research on cleft lip and palate, and to discuss possible approaches and recommend priorities with respect to filling the gaps in existing knowledge. Between August, 1971 and July, 1972, state-of-the-art workshops were conducted by six subcommittees—concerned, respectively, with etiology and pathogenesis, anatomy and physiology, pediatric and otologic aspects, surgery and physical management, orofacial growth and dentistry, and speech and psy chosocial management.

Presented here is the report of the subcommittee concerned with pediatric and otologic aspects. Addi tional information concerning the entire review, includ ing a list of the subcommittees and their chairmen, appears at the end of the article.
Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis
Authors: Gadoth N. , Moses S.W.
Published: March 2008

An apparently female child was found to have ambiguous genitalia with an enlarged phallus. The sex chromatin was negative. Cultured leuko cytes showed XY karyotype. At laparotomy, a uterus with normal fallopian tubes was found. An intra-abdominal testis on one side and a streak gonad on the other side were also detected, and confirmed by histologic studies.
The Effect of Early BCG and Smallpox Immunization on Serum Bilirubin Levels in the Newborn
Authors: Sinniah D. , Nagalingam I. , Chua C.P. , Khoo K.P. , Dugdale A.E.
Published: March 2008

Twenty healthy newborn infants were given BCG and smallpox vaccination during the first 24 hours of life. The serum total bilirubin levels on days 1, 3 and 5 were compared with those of 20 matched control infants. No signifi cant differences were found in the mean serum bilirubin levels. Evidently, early BCG and small pox immunization do not adversely influence the serum bilirubin levels in newborn infants.
A View of Danish Pediatric Care
Authors: Maisel Jerome E.
Published: March 2008

The Danish social system provides competent, accessible, continuous, and coordinated medical care to the pediatric population. The pediatri cian does not deal with the routine aspects of well-infant and child care but is rather hospital based and acts on consultant to the generalists in his district. The generalist has the primary role in providing health care to the population in a program where everyone is obliged to partici pate and no one is excluded or ineligible for any reason.

The American obsession with frequent, periodic examinations for infants, children, and young adults does not exist under the Danish pediatric health system. Hospital emergency rooms are used for truly emergent circum stances and not for episodic care.
Toy Safety in Hospitals—Or Beware of Parents Bearing Gifts
Authors: Frank Donald J. , Drobish Nancy Lloyd
Published: March 2008

Toys are an indispensable component of play therapy for hospitalized children. They can also be dangerous and may result in catastrophic accidents. Extreme care should be exercised in the purchase of "safe toys" for all infants and children in and out of the hospital. The guidelines of the Bureau of Product Safety of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) dealing with toy safety can be very helpful for child care professionals as well as parents who purchase toys.

An explanation of the additional environmen tal hazards of toys in hospital settings should be an important part of the total in-service training of all personnel who care for infants and children in hospitals. In addition, it might be well for the Division of Product Safety of the FDA to consider criteria for toy safety in hospitals as a separate category in future Bulle tins dealing with this problem.
Fatal Overdose from Bendectin
Authors: Bayley Marianne , Walsh Lieutenant F. M. , Valaske Captain M. J.
Published: March 2008

A three-year-old male ingested approximately 100 tablets of Bendectin. He developed tonic- clonic seizures followed by cardiac arrest. Tox icologic analysis yielded high levels of doxyl amine, dicyclomine, and pyridoxine in blood, peritoneal fluid, and tissue homogenates. The antihistamine, doxylamine succinate appears to be the toxic constituent. Analytical methods used to document the case are herein described. described.
Cephalexin in the Management of Bacteriuria
Authors: Fennell Robert S. , Walker R. Dixon , Garin Eduardo H. , Richard George A.
Published: March 2008

This report evaluates the effectiveness of cephalexin in the treatment of bacteriuria in 93 children. Cephalexin therapy eradicated sensitive organisms in 97 per cent of the cases regardless of recurrence, structural abnormality, or status of renal function. Nevertheless, recurrences with a new, resistant organism occurred significantly in certain patients, especially those with major anatomic abnormalities, during a six-week follow-up period. The incidence of drug reac tions was low.
Clinics for Crime Prevention
Authors: Baron A.I.
Published: March 2008

*The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness for the cooperation given in these studies by Mr. C. R. Woodruff, Director of Public Welfare; Dr. R. Schless, Chief in charge of the House of Correction, at Holmesburg; Dr. E. J. G. Beardsley, Professor of Chemical Medicine, at Jefferson Hospital; Dr. A. Gordon, Chief of Nervous and Mental Clinics at Mount Sinai and Northwestern General Hospitals; and Mr. Albert G. Fraser, Executive Secretary of the Pennsylvania Prison Society.
A Mechanical Model of Yarn Twist Blockage in Rotor Spinning
Authors: Baoping Guo  , Xiaoming Tao  , Lo Tinyee
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a mechanical model in which dynamic equilibriums of forces and moments are considered. This model is able to quantitatively describe twist distribution in the frictional contact zone inside a rotor in terms of yam, machine, and operational parameters. Four cases of the application of this model are discussed. Three terms—the deviate angle, yarn tension, and yarn twist blockage—are given as functions of the wrap angle, contact surface factor, torsional factor, and rotary speed factor.
Mathematical Simulation of Fabric Bagging
Authors: Zhang X. , Li Y. , Yeung K.W. , Yao M.
Published: March 2008

A mathematical model is developed to simulate the rheological behavior of fabric bagging. The model is based on the assumption that stress-strain relationships in fabric consist of three essential components: elastic deformation and viscoelastic deformation of fibers and the friction between fibers and yarns within the fabric structure. The nonlinear strain of the fabric, the elastic and viscoelastic deformation of fibers, and interfiber friction during the bagging process have been taken into account in the model. By specifying the fundamental parameters of fiber mechanical properties and yarn-fabric structural features, the model is able to predict fabric bagging behavior under test conditions, such as loading and unloading processes in each cycle, change of bagging force with cycles, relative contributions of the three components (elasticity, viscoelasticity, and frictional forces) in each cycle, and residual bagging height in each cycle. A comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental measurements for two wool fabrics with different structures reveals good agreement between them. The results indicate that the mathematical model is able to quantitatively simulate fabric bagging rheological behavior and predict fabric bagging performance by specifying basic fiber mechanical properties and yarn-fabric structural parameters.
Compressive Properties of Pantyhose Fabric
Authors: Morooka Hideo , Azuma Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Yoichi , Morooka Harumi
Published: March 2008

To clarify differences in the compressive properties of different kinds of pantyhose fabrics on the market in Japan, cylinder-elongation experiments and wear experiments are conducted, with Zokki, kohhen, sheer, wooly, and conjugate kinds of pantyhose are used as samples. Their compressive properties, which include compressive energy, compres sive resilience, and fabric thickness, differ remarkably according to the types and the sites of hose and posture while being worn.
Durable Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Prepared by Partial Pyrophosphorylation and Metal Complexation
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuka , Sawatari Chie , Yagi Tatsuhiko
Published: March 2008

In order to prepare durable flame retardant cotton, mercerized cotton fabric is treated with orthophosphoric acid at 140°C or pyrophosphoric acid at 110°C, followed by metal-complexation. The LOI (limited oxygen index) values of the pyrophosphorylated cotton fabrics are higher than those of orthophosphorylated fabrics; the pyrophosphory lated fabric treated with Ni2+has an LOI value of 28, and those treated with Ca2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+have a value of 26. The pyrophosphorylated fabric merely rinsed in running tap water has an LOI value of 26. These values are similar to those for cotton fabrics resin-finished with organophosphorus compounds. The LOI values of treated fabrics do not decrease after laundering, in contrast to the behavior of resin-finished fabrics. The pyrophosphorylated sample has a tensile strength, elongation, and hand similar to those of untreated fabrics, and is susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis to release reducing sugars.