bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Campaign and the Battle of Marathon
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: May 2006

Many studies of the campaign and the battle of Marathon have suffered from conflicts between scholars in the field of hypothesis. The article by J. Kromayer illustrates this admirably. He concerned himself mainly with the rival hypotheses of Curtius and Delbrück, the former maintaining that the Persians embarked most of their force and all the cavalry just before the battle, and the latter that the Persians did not do so at all but delivered a full-scale but unsuccessful attack up the Vraná valley, which resulted in a counter-attack by the Greeks. Neither hypothesis rests upon the ancient evidence. Yet Curtius has been followed by Munro, Grundy and others, and recently by Gomme, Pritchett and Burn; and Delbrück has been followed by Meyer, De Sanctis and others. Other hypotheses are made about the duration of the engagement. They vary from Munro's matter of ‘minutes’ to Delbrück's three phases of hard-fought action, although they are both in conflict with the evidence of Herodotus. Again, hypotheses have been advanced in an attempt to dispense with the topographical evidence, for instance of the Mound at Marathon, e.g. the hypothesis that it existed before the battle. In a paper delivered in 1920 and published in this Journal in 1964, Whatley expressed his doubts about the value of such hypotheses; but he himself became involved in drawing analogies between the massive, complicated and many-fronted First World War and the one-day battle of Marathon—analogies which are quite misleading. In this paper I propose to be as economical as possible in making hypotheses and to keep to the ancient evidence first. This leads to a different order of exposition; for most scholars have begun with the campaign, formed their theory of the aims of the Persians and of the Greeks, and tried to make the battle conform with the theory, but I shall begin with the battle itself, for which we have much evidence, and treat the campaign afterwards.
The Portland Vase Again
Authors: Haynes D. E. L.
Published: May 2006

The editor having invited me to reply to Professor Bernard Ashmole's ‘New Interpretation of the Portland Vase’, the reader will, I hope, forgive me for returning to a topic which he may think in danger of being worn threadbare. Although my own interpretation has been generously characterised by Professor Ashmole as ‘persuasively argued’, its failure to convince not only him but Professor Hans Möbius and Professor F. L. Bastet shows that it was not persuasive enough; and the aim of the following pages is to re-state the case for it and to fortify it, as I hope, with additional arguments which would have overloaded the popular publication in which it first appeared.

I begin, as before, with the young man who advances to the right in front of a small structure consisting of two square pillars raised on a continuous base and supporting a Doricising entablature (Plate IV). According to Möbius and Ashmole this structure is a gateway and the young man has just passed through it. ‘Ask yourself’, Ashmole bids the reader, ‘where he can have come from if not through the gateway, and you will see that this must be the correct solution.’ But must it? If the young man had come through the supposed gateway, surely the foot he first set to the ground—his left—would be more or less on the axis of the opening and not, as it actually is, with the heel almost touching the corner of the base nearest the spectator: an artist in whose work ‘no detail is negligible’ would hardly have put a foot as wrong as that.
Krokotos and White Heron
Authors: Ure A. D.
Published: May 2006

Professor Haspels in her Attic Black-figured Lekythoi has described the work of the Theseus painter and analysed his style. In this account of him she naturally gives more consideration to his lekythoi than to the other shapes that he decorated, but his numerous skyphoi, painted in the ‘White Heron’ workshop, are listed in full and briefly discussed. Miss Haspels describes the Theseus painter as the moving spirit in this busy undertaking, until at last, she suggests, he may have ‘got weary of inspiring the hacks in the “Heron workshop” and of witnessing their decay’ and so left and went elsewhere. Later she adds that ‘that workshop apparently turned out skyphoi before he joined’, but the theme has never been developed, and there is now a general tendency to attribute all skyphoi from this shop that are not by his hand to followers or imitators of the Theseus painter without further qualification. This may be somewhat misleading, since followers and imitators are necessarily later than what they follow and imitate. I hope to show that the shop in which the Theseus painter painted his skyphoi was a flourishing concern, making both skyphoi and kylikes, before he entered it, and that some of his companions, so far from being imitators, were his seniors and to some extent his teachers.
A Greek Inscription found in Malta
Authors: Coleiro Edward
Published: May 2006

On the 27th November, 1951, at a little distance outside the ditch which marks the walls of the Roman town of Melita (now Rabat-Mdina), in an area covered with Roman tombs, a huge stone was found measuring 60 in. in length, 27½ in. in height and 19½ in. in breadth (152·4 cm. } 73·6 cm. } 53·3 cm.). It is a funerary altar with a simply decorated mensa and sides. The back has no decoration and its surface is rough. When excavated the altar was found in a place where the rock was cut to allow of its being placed against it and between it and the wall of rock there was an empty space of a little depth, clearly indicating that the space must have been filled by some architectural structure of a nature slight enough to be completely destroyed at a later date.
Nicagoras of Athens and the Lateran Obelisk
Authors: Fowden Garth
Published: May 2006

One day in the year 326 of our era Nicagoras, torch-bearer of the Eleusinian mysteries, made his way unsuspectingly past the buried tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes, and climbed towards the entrance of the tomb immediately above it. Though it had itself long since been robbed, the making of Ramses VI's sepulchre had at least produced a generous scree, to which Tutankhamun owed his current oblivion and future fame. Scrambling cautiously over this, and the accumulation of sand and stones in the tomb's entrance, Nicagoras followed his dragoman down a long corridor. We can tell from its thick encrustation of graffiti that this tomb was by far the most popular with visitors; and Nicagoras's practised guide knew exactly what appealed to the different sorts of people who made up his clientèle. Learning that the Athenian was a priest, and a cultured man with philosophical interests, he made a point of stopping in front of a scene which shows the soul standing before Osiris, the god of the dead, thanks to which this tomb is sometimes called the ‘Tomb of Metempsychosis’.
Satyrus the Peripatetic and the marriages of Philip II
Authors: Tronson Adrian
Published: May 2006

A fragment, cited by Athenaeus (Deipn. xiii 557b–e =fr. 21) from the life of Philip II of Macedon by the Peripatetic biographer Satyrus, has been regarded by modern scholarship as a fundamental source for Philip's early campaigns and ‘matrimonial politics’. Here Satyrus lists Philip's wives, apparently in chronological sequence. The fragment, as it is usually printed, also states that during his reign Philip αἰεὶ κατὰ πόλεμον ἐγάμει. This has led scholars to infer a reasonably accurate account of Philip's method of conducting foreign policy through contracting political marriages.

Beloch was among the first of modern scholars to link Philip's marriages (as listed in the fragment) with specific wars and even to alter their chronological order so that most of them can be pegged to the few known campaigns of Philip's early career. He tacitly repudiated Satyrus' order by placing the marriage of Phila of Elimeia before that of Audata of Illyria and relegating Audata to the position of Nebenfrau, raising her status to that of Gemahlin only after the (hypothetical) death of Phila. He gave no specific reason for doing this, but it would appear that he regarded the marriage between Philip and a woman of the politically unstable region of Elimeia as being more appropriate to the time of his accession and therefore more likely to have taken place before his marriage to the Illyrian.
Aristotle as historian of philosophy
Authors: Stevenson J. G.
Published: May 2006

Doubts about the reliability of Aristotle's accounts of his predecessors have been current for some time, at least since Heidel's 1906 paper in which he aimed to show that the presocratics did not, pace Aristotle, have Aristotle's conception of ἀλλοίωσις, involving as it does the notions of unchanging substance or essence, and attribute. Such doubts were given massive substantiation in Cherniss' famous book. More recently McDiarmid has shown that Theophrastus' Physical Opinions, the main source for the subsequent doxographical tradition, while it may quote extensively from the writings of the presocratics, is heavily dependent (in wording, selection of quotations from the presocratics, and organisation of material) on Aristotle's account. I only mention McDiarmid's work here because some of what he says provides the point of departure for Guthrie's defence of Aristotle, which I want chiefly to examine. My thesis is that there are some misunderstandings and pseudo-issues which crop up among what may be referred to as the three parties (Cherniss, McDiarmid, and Guthrie) to the dispute over the trustworthiness of Aristotle's accounts of the presocratics; but that once these are cleared away there remains a genuine disagreement over the reliability of Aristotle's interpretations; and that in this disagreement Guthrie has not given arguments sufficient to prove his point.
Gorgos' Cup: an Essay in Connoisseurship
Authors: Kurtz D. C.
Published: May 2006

In 1954 a small red-figured cup was found in the Athenian Agora. Its style of drawing resembles that of one of the greatest Athenian vase-painters—the Berlin Painter, active shortly before 500 BC to around 460 BC. Any of his vases, newly discovered, excites scholarly interest; if the vase is possibly his earliest, and a shape which he is not known previously to have decorated, interest is very great. Martin Robertson, to whom this article is affectionately dedicated, argued persuasively for an attribution of the cup to the Berlin Painter. Sir John Beazley agreed, although with reservations. The cup has continued to attract attention and provoke controversy: no one denies a close connection with the Berlin Painter but some feel that the stylistic similarities are not sufficiently compelling to attribute the cup firmly to his hand. The cup is, therefore, an excellent example of the difficulties inherent in connoisseurship.

My interest in the Berlin Painter was deepened by preparing for publication drawing (PLATES Vld, Vllc–d) which Beazley ‘traced’ off more than fifty of the artist's vases. The Berlin Painter (Oxford 1983) presents Beazley's Berlin Painter. It attempts to show how Beazley looked at the painter's vases and what criteria he valued most highly in their attribution; it does not enter into the controversy over Gorgos' cup or other vases of the artist's earliest years whose attributions have been questioned. Elsewhere I discuss connoisseurship in Greek vase-painting; here my purpose is an explanation of method. My ‘conclusion’—that the Berlin Painter probably did not decorate Gorgos' cup—is relatively unimportant.
Athena Parthenos: a nineteenth-century forger's workshop
Authors: Prag A. J. N. W.
Published: May 2006

While piecing together information on some of the copies of the Athena Parthenos for the recent congress in Basle, I looked again with slightly wiser and perhaps sadder eyes at a small terracotta from the collections of the Manchester Museum that I had published in this journal some eleven years ago (plate XIIb). I found her interesting because apart from such features as the triple-crested helmet, the snake lurking within her shield, and the Nike poised upon her right hand, which identified her beyond doubt as a copy of the Parthenos, she rested her right hand on a plain column with torus mouldings. There is another figurine from the same mould in the museum in Geneva, and a third from a parallel mould in Exeter, and I concluded that they were Romano-Gallic ‘souvenirs’ of the second century ad. I was convinced of the authenticity of the type, not least because of the pedigree of the Geneva figurine. However, several scholars have had their reservations, right back to the first appearance of the Geneva example, and so at the initiative of Dr R. A. Higgins the Manchester figure was tested for thermoluminescence at the Research Laboratory of the British Museum.
The text of Thucydides iv 8.6 and the South Channel at Pylos
Authors: Bauslaugh Robert A.
Published: May 2006

Scholars have long praised the overall topographic accuracy of Thucydides' account of the campaign at Pylos (iv 3–6, 8–23, 26–41); and among the numerous details mentioned, only two apparent inaccuracies have been identified, both involving measurements. One, an inaccurate estimate of the length of Sphakteria, has been previously explained as nothing more than a simple numeral corruption and is, in any case, irrelevant for understanding the military narrative. But the other, the underestimated width of the southern harbour entrance, remains a serious error which implies a fundamental misconception of relevant local geography and has made the account of Spartan strategy incomprehensible. Furthermore, its impact on the question of Thucydides' investigative methodology has been considerable, since most commentators, thinking the information reliably transmitted, have concluded that Thucydides never visited Pylos and somehow accepted misinformation on this crucial point. However, close study of the passage suggests that a textual corruption, not Thucydides, is responsible for the present inaccuracy.
Political hoplites?
Authors: Salmon John
Published: May 2006

It was once a commonplace of early Greek history that a major factor involved in the demise of the aristocratic regimes of the dark ages was the adoption of the hoplite form of warfare: that the rise of the early tyrants and other contemporary political developments were brought about at least in part by the inability of aristocrats to maintain their monopoly of privilege in the face of demands from non-aristocratic hoplites for political power commensurate with their new military importance. But in an important article in this Journal (lxxxv [1965] 110–22) Snodgrass challenged this view. He first argued that the hoplite phalanx was unknown in Greece before c. 650, and that its adoption can therefore not have affected the rise to power of the earliest tyrants. Similarly, if the Spartan rhetra is to be dated to the early seventh century, it cannot have been the result of demands made by a hoplite class. His case was not, however, merely chronological, for he suggested that it is in any event difficult to believe that the hoplite reform had immediate political consequences. The reaction to his case has been mixed, but his arguments have not been subjected to the careful examination they deserve.
‘Epoiesen’ on Greek Vases
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: May 2006

A relatively very small but by absolute reckoning considerable number of painted Greek pots have signatures on them. These signatures are almost always painted and indicate either the maker (έποίησϵν) or the painter (ἔγραψϵν). The relevant statistics are these. Most of the signatures are on Attic products of the century from 570 to 470. Makers' signatures are about twice as common as painters'. Sometimes both kinds of signature occur on the same pot, but (so far as I know) only three times are the maker and the painter the same man. In two instances the signature gives the names of two makers.
Ἀρετή, Τέχνη, Democracy, and Sophists: Protagoras 316b–328d
Authors: Adkins A. W. H.
Published: May 2006

At Protagoras 316b8 Socrates introduces Hippocrates to Protagoras, and explains why Hippocrates wishes to be his pupil; and for the next twelve pages of the dialogue the sophist, encouraged by Socrates, expounds his views and methods, and explains what Hippocrates may expect to learn from him. The passage is a confused and confusing piece of Greek, and forms the philosophical introduction to one of Plato's more baffling dialogues. The confusions are, I believe, present in the Greek: we are not here concerned merely with problems created for the modern reader by his misunderstanding of Greek words. In translation, however, and in the light of the intervening centuries of philosophy, Protagoras' position may well appear much less plausible than it must have appeared to a Greek of Protagoras' (or Plato's) own day. My purpose in this article is to try to explain why a Greek might have found it more plausible; what type of Greek was most likely to be convinced; and the motive of Protagoras in presenting his case in the manner in which he does present it. (‘Protagoras’ throughout, of course, is to be understood as ‘the Protagoras of Plato's dialogue’. I should not myself distinguish sharply between Plato's Protagoras and the historical Protagoras; but the question is not relevant to the present discussion.)
HΔΥΝ-ΑΛΥΠΟΝ (Kritias, fr. 1.4)
Authors: Janssen Tjitte H.
Published: May 2006

The combination of these words: ήδύν–ἄλυπον was labelled ‘litoteslike’ in a former note in this journal (JHSciv [1984] 177); the present note aims at suggesting a more fitting label.

The meaning of the words is clear: Kritias describes the poet Anakreon as an extremely pleasant man: ‘sweet, not sour’, ‘pleasant, not a sore-head’. This high degree of pleasantness is made clear by stating the central idea of pleasantness (ἡδύν) and juxtaposing to it the negation (ἀ-) of its opposite (-λυπ-); this is tantamount to the use of a litotes, which points in its turn to extra emphasis:cf. e.g. Hom. Il. xviii 46, where ‘the meaning of the nameNemertesseems to be strengthened by the immediately following nameApseudes' (JHSciv [1984] 177).
Two choruses of frogs?
Authors: Wansbrough Henry
Published: May 2006

In September 1991 I came across two parties of frogs in the bulrushes on either side of a still little pool at the Ain Qilt, some ten miles east of Jerusalem. The two parties were calling to each other in turn, as though singing antiphonally. The remarkable fact which struck me was that each group had a different chant, the one distinctly chanting only βρεκεκεκέξ, while the other replied equally distinctly with a consistent κοάξ, κοάξ. I observed this phenomenon for some ten minutes, but was not able to ascertain other differences between the two groups, such as sex, age, or temperament; but I thought that this fact, whatever its explanation, might be a significant contribution to field-research on Aristophanes.
Silens, nymphs, and maenads
Authors: Hedreen Guy
Published: May 2006

One of the most familiar traits of the part-horse, part-man creatures known as silens is their keen interest in women. In Athenian vase-painting, the female companions of the silens are characterized by a variety of attributes and items of dress, and exhibit mixed feelings toward the attentions of silens. The complexities of the imagery have resulted in disagreement in modern scholarship on several points, including the identity of these females, the significance of their attributes, and the explanation of a change in their receptivity to the advances of the silens. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus in the scholarship is the fact that the imagery raises not one question but many: questions concerning iconographical method, mythology, ritual, and poetry. In what follows I have attempted to separate some of these entangled issues. I hope to show that the companions of the silens are nymphs and not maenads, and that a major change in the iconography of silens and nymphs, occurring in late sixth-century red-figure Attic vase-painting, reflects in some way developments in the Athenian dramatic genre of satyr-play.
Sox3 expression identifies neural progenitors in persistent neonatal and adult mouse forebrain germinative zones
Authors: Wang Tsu‐Wei , Stromberg Gregory P. , Whitney Justin T. , Brower Nathan W. , Klymkowsky Michael W. , Parent Jack M.
Published: May 2006

Neural precursors persist throughout life in the rodent forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal dentate gyrus. The regulation of persistent neural stem cells is poorly understood, in part because of the lack of neural progenitor markers. The Sox B1 subfamily of HMG‐box transcription factors (Sox1–3) is expressed by precursors in the embryonic nervous system, where these factors maintain neural progenitors in an undifferentiated state while suppressing neuronal differentiation. Sox2 expression persists in germinative zones of the adult rodent brain, but Sox3 expression in the postnatal brain remains largely unexplored. Here we examine Sox3 expression in the neonatal and adult mouse brain to gain insight into its potential involvement in regulating persistent neural stem cells and neurogenesis. We also investigate Sox3 expression during expansion and neural differentiation of postnatal mouse SVZ neural stem cell and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cultures. We find that Sox3 is expressed transiently by proliferating and differentiating neural progenitors in the SVZ‐olfactory bulb pathway and dentate gyrus. Sox3 immunoreactivity also persists in specific postmitotic neuronal populations. In vitro, high Sox3 protein expression levels in undifferentiated, SVZ‐derived neurospheres decline markedly with differentiation. Sox3 immunoreactivity in hESCs appears upon differentiation to neural progenitors and then decreases as cells differentiate further into neurons. These findings suggest that Sox3 labels specific stages of hESC‐derived and murine neonatal and adult neural progenitors and are consistent with a role for Sox3 in neural stem cell maintenance. Persistent Sox3 expression in some mature neuronal populations suggests additional undefined roles for Sox3 in neuronal function. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:88–100, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semaphorins and their receptors in lamprey CNS: Cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and developmental changes during metamorphosis
Authors: Shifman Michael I. , Selzer Michael E.
Published: May 2006

The large, conserved semaphorin gene family encodes axon guidance molecules in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The primitive vertebrate lamprey diverged near the time of vertebrate origins and is useful for understanding the gene duplication events that led to the increased complexity of the vertebrate genome. We characterized the sequence and expression pattern of semaphorins and their receptors genes in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We uncovered two members of the semaphorin family in sea lamprey. The first encodes a diffusible class 3 type semaphorin protein that is most similar to the human and mouse Sema3F (71% amino acid identity). The second encodes a transmembrane class 4 type semaphorin that is most similar to mouse Sema4D and human Sema4G, with 38% amino acid identity within the Sema domain. We also identified in lamprey two members of the semaphorin receptor family, lamprey Plexin A1 and Plexin A2. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that lamprey Sema3 and Sema4 represent precursor genes existing prior to the origin of the vertebrate Sema3A–G and Sema4A–G subfamilies. Therefore, the gene duplication event that gave rise to those subfamilies must have occurred after the divergence of jawed vertebrates from jawless fish. These semaphorins and plexins are expressed in unique and dynamic patterns in lamprey spinal cord and brain during development. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:115–132, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
APRAND programme: an intervention to prevent relapses of anxiety and depressive disorders: First results of a medical health promotion intervention in a population of employees
Authors: Godard C. , Chevalier A. , Lecrubier Y. , Lahon G.
Published: May 2006

Objective

The study sought to determine whether an organized health promotion intervention during medical consultations improves the outcome for patients who meet the ICD10 criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders.

Methods

In 2001, physicians used the MINI to screen 9743 employees on sick leave and consulting physicians in 21 medical centres of a large company. A health promotion intervention was implemented in eight “active” centres. It took place immediately after diagnosis and consisted of explaining the disorders, delivering the test results and leaflets based on WHO recommendations, and advising patients to consult their personal physician, psychiatrist or occupational physician, if necessary. Its effectiveness, evaluated by symptom severity and outcome over 1 year, was assessed by comparing the eight active centres to 13 control centres (without the intervention).

Results

Disorders were detected among 10.6% of the subjects, 29.4% of whom had no previous diagnosis of anxiety or depressive disorder. The intervention was associated with a positive effect on the 6-week and 6-month HAD scores. Total absence of disorders at 1 year was associated with age, sex, and intervention, among all identified cases (OR = 1.53), among those with at least one anxiety disorder (OR = 1.45), and among those with at least one depressive disorder (OR = 1.40).

Conclusion

Combining detection with organized provision of information including printed material improves patients' outcome and physicians' diagnostic abilities.
Two mechanistically distinct forms of endocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells: Differential effects of SH3 domains and amphiphysin antagonism
Authors: Elhamdani Abdeladim , Azizi Fouad , Solomaha Elena , Palfrey H. Clive , Artalejo Cristina R.
Published: May 2006

We previously identified two forms of endocytosis using capacitance measurements in chromaffin cells: rapid endocytosis (RE), dynamin‐1 dependent but clathrin‐independent and slow endocytosis (SE), dynamin‐2 and clathrin‐dependent. Various recombinant SH3 domains that interact with the proline‐rich domain of dynamin were introduced into single cells via the patch pipette. GST‐SH3 domains of amphiphysin‐1, intersectin‐IC, and endophilin‐I inhibited SE but had no effect on RE. Grb2‐SH3 (N‐terminal) or a mutant of amphiphysin‐1‐SH3 was inactive on either process. These data confirm that dynamin‐1 dependent RE is independent of clathrin and show that amphiphysin is exclusively associated with clathrin and dynamin‐2‐dependent SE.
Post‐genomic vaccine development
Authors: Serruto Davide , Rappuoli Rino
Published: May 2006

For over a century, vaccines were developed according to Pasteur's principles of isolating, inactivating and injecting the causative agent of an infectious disease. The availability of a complete microbial genome sequence in 1995 marked the beginning of a genomic era that has allowed scientists to change the paradigm and approach vaccine development starting from genomic information, a process named reverse vaccinology. This can be considered as one of the most powerful examples of how genomic information can be used to develop therapeutic interventions, which were difficult or impossible to tackle with conventional approaches. As the genomic era progressed, it became apparent that multi‐strain genome analysis is fundamental to the design of universal vaccines. In the post‐genomic era, the next challenge of the vaccine biologist will be the merging of the vaccinology with structural biology.
Macroscopic analysis of gas-jet wiping: Numerical simulation and experimental approach
Authors: Lacanette Delphine , Gosset Anne , Vincent Stéphane , Buchlin Jean-Marie , Arquis Éric
Published: May 2006

Coating techniques are frequently used in industrial processes such as paper manufacturing, wire sleeving, and in the iron and steel industry. Depending on the application considered, the thickness of the resulting substrate is controlled by mechanical (scraper), electromagnetic (if the entrained fluid is appropriated), or hydrodynamic (gas-jet wiping) operations. This paper deals with the latter process, referred to as gas-jet wiping, in which a turbulent slot jet is used to wipe the coating film dragged by a moving substrate. This mechanism relies on the gas-jet–liquid film interaction taking place on the moving surface. The aim of this study is to compare the results obtained by a lubrication one–dimensional model, numerical volume of fluid–large eddy simulation (VOF-LES) modeling and an experimental approach. The investigation emphasizes the effect of the controlling wiping parameters, i.e., the pressure gradient and shear stress distributions induced by the jet, on the shape of the liquid film. Those profiles obtained experimentally and numerically for a jet impinging on a dry fixed surface are compared. The effect of the substrate motion and the presence of the dragged liquid film on these actuators are analyzed through numerical simulations. Good agreement is found between the film thickness profile in the wiping zone obtained from the VOF-LES simulations and with the analytical model, provided that a good model for the wiping actuators is used. The effect of the gas-jet nozzle to substrate standoff distance on the final coating thickness is analyzed; the experimental and predicted values are compared for a wide set of conditions. Finally, the occurrence of the splashing phenomenon, which is characterized by the ejection of droplets from the runback film flow at jet impingement, thus limiting the wiping process, is investigated through experiments and numerical simulations.
Asymptotic theory for a moving droplet driven by a wettability gradient
Authors: Pismen Len M. , Thiele Uwe
Published: May 2006

An asymptotic theory is developed for a moving drop driven by a wettability gradient. We distinguish the mesoscale where an exact solution is known for the properly simplified problem. This solution is matched at both the advancing and the receding side to respective solutions of the problem on the microscale. On the microscale the velocity of movement is used as the small parameter of an asymptotic expansion. Matching gives the droplet shape, velocity of movement as a function of the imposed wettability gradient, and droplet volume.
A numerical investigation of flame liftoff, stabilization, and blowout
Authors: Briones Alejandro M. , Aggarwal Suresh K. , Katta Viswanath R.
Published: May 2006

The effects of fuel stream dilution on the liftoff, stabilization, and blowout characteristics of laminar nonpremixed flames (NPFs) and partially premixed flames (PPFs) are investigated. Lifted methane-air flames were established in axisymmetric coflowing jets. Because of their flame suppression characteristics, two predominantly inert agents, CO2 and N2, were used as diluents. A time-accurate, implicit algorithm that uses a detailed description of the chemistry and includes radiation effects is used for the simulations. The predictions are validated using measurements of the reaction zone topologies and liftoff heights of both NPF and PPF. While an undiluted PPF is stabilized at the burner rim, characterized by significant radical destruction and heat loss to the burner, the corresponding undiluted NPF is lifted and stabilized in a low-velocity region extending from the wake of the burner. Detailed comparison of diluted NPF with PPF reveals that the base structures of both the flames are similar and exhibit a double flame structure in the near-field region, where the flame stabilization depends on a balance between the reaction rate and the scalar dissipation rate, which could also be interpreted as a balance between the edge-flame speed undergoing its local scalar dissipation rate and the local flow velocity. As diluent concentration is increased, the flames become weaker, move downstream along the stoichiometric mixture fraction line, and stabilize at a location where they can find a local flow field that has a lower scalar dissipation rate. Further increase of the diluent concentration moves the flames further downstream into the far-field region, where both the NPF and PPF exhibit a triple flame structure, and the flame stabilization mechanism also involves a balance between the triple flame speed and local flow velocity. The PPFs, however, shift to a higher liftoff height and blow out at a lower diluent concentration compared to the NPF, which can withstand larger amounts of dilution. In addition, both NPF and PPF are stabilized at lower liftoff heights and blowout at a lower diluent concentration, when they are diluted with N2 compared to that with CO2. The observed effects of fuel stream dilution and partial premixing on flame liftoff and blowout can be explained using the existing flame stabilization theories.
Response bias induced in rats by response effects
Authors: Maes J. H. R.
Published: May 2006

Two experiments examined whether response choice in rats is affected by the presentation of response-produced stimuli. Rats were first trained to emit two different responses, with each response producing a unique auditory stimulus. Subsequently, the former response-produced stimuli were presented while the two response options were freely available. Presentation of a former response-produced stimulus caused the rats to choose more frequently the response option that had previously produced that specific stimulus over the other response option. However, although statistically significant, this response-biasing effect was numerically weak and was only apparent when the stimuli no longer had a general response-activating effect. Moreover, in the case of relatively short presentations of the stimuli, the response-biasing effect was only present if, during testing, the responses continued to produce the auditory stimuli according to the response-effect mapping used during training. These results were discussed in terms of possible underlying associations and were contrasted with previous results from analogous human studies on action control by response-produced stimuli.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of β-Expansin Gene Related to Root Hair Formation in Barley
Authors: Kwasniewski Miroslaw , Szarejko Iwona
Published: May 2006

Root hairs are specialized epidermal cells that play a role in the uptake of water and nutrients from the rhizosphere and serve as a site of interaction with soil microorganisms. The process of root hair formation is well characterized in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana); however, there is a very little information about the genetic and molecular basis of root hair development in monocots. Here, we report on isolation and cloning of the β-expansin (EXPB) gene HvEXPB1, tightly related to root hair initiation in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Using root transcriptome differentiation in the wild-type/root-hairless mutant system, a cDNA fragment present in roots of wild-type plants only was identified. After cloning of full-length cDNA and genomic sequences flanking the identified fragment, the subsequent bioinformatics analyses revealed homology of the protein coded by the identified gene to the EXPB family. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that expression of HvEXPB1 cosegregated with the root hair phenotype in F2 progeny of the cross between the hairless mutant rhl1.a and the wild-type Karat parent variety. Expression of the HvEXPB1 gene was root specific; it was expressed in roots of wild-type forms, but not in coleoptiles, leaves, tillers, and spikes. The identified gene was active in roots of two other analyzed root hair mutants: rhp1.a developing root hair primordia only and rhs1.a with very short root hairs. Contrary to this, a complete lack of HvEXPB1 expression was observed in roots of the spontaneous root-hairless mutant bald root barley. All these observations suggest a role of the HvEXPB1 gene in the process of root hair formation in barley.
GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS Modulates the Regulation by Gibberellins of Epidermal Differentiation and Shoot Maturation inArabidopsis
Authors: Gan Yinbo , Kumimoto Rod , Liu Chang , Ratcliffe Oliver , Yu Hao , Broun Pierre
Published: May 2006

As a plant shoot matures, it transitions through a series of growth phases in which successive aerial organs undergo distinct developmental changes. This process of phase change is known to be influenced by gibberellins (GAs). We report the identification of a putative transcription factor, GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS (GIS), which regulates aspects of shoot maturation in Arabidopsis  thaliana. GIS loss-of-function mutations affect the epidermal differentiation of inflorescence organs, causing a premature decrease in trichome production on successive leaves, stem internodes, and branches. Overexpression has the opposite effect on trichome initiation and causes other heterochronic phenotypes, affecting flowering and juvenile–adult leaf transition and inducing the formation of rosette leaves on inflorescence stems. Genetic and gene expression analyses suggest that GIS acts in a GA-responsive pathway upstream of the trichome initiation regulator GLABROUS1 (GL1) and downstream of the GA signaling repressor SPINDLY (SPY). GIS mediates the induction of GL1 expression by GA in inflorescence organs and is antagonized in its action by the DELLA repressor GAI. The implication of GIS in the broader regulation of phase change is further suggested by the delay in flowering caused by GIS loss of function in the spy background. The discovery of GIS reveals a novel mechanism in the control of shoot maturation, through which GAs regulate cellular differentiation in plants.
AGL24,SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, andAPETALA1Redundantly ControlAGAMOUSduring Early Stages of Flower Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Gregis Veronica , Sessa Alice , Colombo Lucia , Kater Martin M.
Published: May 2006

Loss-of-function alleles of AGAMOUS-LIKE24 (AGL24) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) revealed that these two similar MADS box genes have opposite functions in controlling the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana, with AGL24 functioning as a promoter and SVP as a repressor. AGL24 promotes inflorescence identity, and its expression is downregulated by APETALA1 (AP1) and LEAFY to establish floral meristem identity. Here, we combine the two mutants to generate the agl24 svp double mutant. Analysis of flowering time revealed that svp is epistatic to agl24. Furthermore, when grown at 30°C, the double mutant was severely affected in flower development. All four floral whorls showed homeotic conversions due to ectopic expression of class B and C organ identity genes. The observed phenotypes remarkably resembled the leunig (lug) and seuss (seu) mutants. Protein interaction studies showed that dimers composed of AP1-AGL24 and AP1-SVP interact with the LUG-SEU corepressor complex. We provide genetic evidence for the role of AP1 in these interactions by showing that the floral phenotype in the ap1 agl24 svp triple mutant is significantly enhanced. Our data suggest that MADS box proteins are involved in the recruitment of the SEU-LUG repressor complex for the regulation of AGAMOUS.
(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)(4-methylphenyl)methanone
Authors: Naveen S. , Khanum S. A. , Mahendra M. , Shashikanth S. , Sridhar M. A. , Shashidhara Prasad J.
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C15H14O2, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 52.75 (7)°.
Poly[μ-aqua-aqua-μ-3-carboxypyrazine-2-carboxylato-sodium(I)]
Authors: Tombul Mustafa , Güven Kutalmış , Alkış Nazım
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Na(C6H3N2O4)(H2O)2]
n
, consists of molecular ribbons containing octahedral NaO5N units. Two adjacent Na atoms are bridged by two water molecules to give a centrosymmetric dimeric unit. Each Na centre is coordinated by two carboxylate groups. The ligand also uses one N atom to coordinate to Na. In addition, each Na atom is coordinated by one water O atom, raising the coordination number to six. One of the carboxyl groups retains its H atom, which takes part in an O—H...O [O...O = 2.563 (1) Å] intramolecular hydrogen bond.
Tetraphenylarsonium diisothiocyanatodibromonickelate(II)
Authors: Singh S. S. , Prasad R. S. , Upreti Shailesh , Jha N. K. , Ramanan A.
Published: May 2006

Use of mixed-ligand (bromide and thiocyanate ions) coordination with nickel has led to the crystallization of the title compound, (C24H20As)2[Ni(NCS)2Br2]. X-ray crystal structure analysis reveals that the asymmetric unit contains one (C6H5)4As+ cation and one half [Ni(NCS)2Br2]2− anion, the latter lying on a crystallographic twofold axis.
Chlorobis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)[N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-(1-phenylvinyl)amide]zirconium(IV)
Authors: Rupert Benjamin L. , Arnold John , Krajete Alexander
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Zr(C5H5)2Cl(C20H24N)], is the second example of an enamido zirconocene to be crystallographically characterized. The geometry about nitrogen is planar, but the orientation of the aryl and vinyl substituents indicates that the nitrogen lone pair is not conjugated with their π-systems. These features are attributed to the steric bulk of the complex.
Inversion parameter of the CoGa2O4 spinel determined from single-crystal X-ray data
Authors: Nakatsuka Akihiko , Ikeda Yuya , Nakayama Noriaki , Mizota Tadato
Published: May 2006

Single crystals of cobalt digallium tetraoxide, CoGa2O4, have been grown by cooling slowly a 1:1 mixture of CoO and Ga2O3 from 1473 K to room temperature under the presence of a PbF2 flux. The compound crystallizes with the cubic spinel structure (space group Fd\overline{3}m). The occupancy refinement based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data shows CoGa2O4 to be a largely normal spinel with an inversion parameter of 0.575 (4), resulting in a structural formula of IV(Co0.425Ga0.575)VI[Co0.575Ga1.425]O4, where IV() and VI[] represent the tetrahedral and the octahedral sites, respectively.
14-Hydroxy-14-hydroxymethyl-5,5,9-trimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane hemihydrate
Authors: Chantrapromma Suchada , Pakathirathien Charoen , Fun Hoong-Kun , Razak Ibrahim Abdul , Karalai Chatchanok
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C20H34O2·0.5H2O, is a diterpene known as ent-16β-17α-dihydroxykaurane. The cyclohexane rings adopt chair conformations and the cyclopentane ring adopts a half-chair form. The hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl substituents are attached pseudo-axially to the cyclopentane ring. The uncoordinated water molecule participates in intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds, which link the molecules into ribbons extending along the a axis.
Tetraamminebis(4-nitrobenzoato-κO)copper(II)
Authors: Qu Yang , Peng Jian-Jun
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Cu(C7H4NO4)2(NH3)4], the Cu atom is six-coordinated by four ammine N and two 4-nitrobenzoate O atoms. Of the two nitrobenzoate ligands, one gives weaker coordination than the other. These Cu complexes are connected through a complex pattern of hydrogen-bonding interactions, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
Tetrakis(benzyldiphenylphosphine-κP)tetra-μ2-sulfido-dicopper(I)molybdenum(VI) tetrahydrate
Authors: Niu Yun-Yin , Shu You-Qin , Yang Rui , Ng Seik Weng
Published: May 2006

In the crystal structure of the title heterothiolate cluster, [MoCu2S4(C19H17P)4]·4H2O, the Mo atom lies on a postion of crystallographic site symmetry \overline{4}, coordinated by four S atoms in a tetrahedral environment; each pair of S atoms bis-chelates two Cu atoms which are, in addition, coordinated by two phosphine ligands each. The tetrahedrally coordinated Cu atoms lie on positions of site symmetry 2.
Methyl (2S)-2-[2-(5-fluoro-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)acetamido]propionate monohydrate
Authors: Yin Ping , Hu Mao-Lin , Xiong Jing , Cai Xiao-Qing
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C10H12FN3O5·H2O, the crystal packing is stabilized by an extensive three-dimensional network of intermolecular O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds.
4-Ethyl-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine
Authors: Koketsu Mamoru , Ebihara Masahiro , Ishihara Hideharu
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C12H15NOS, the thiazine ring adopts a sofa conformation. Intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link centrosymmetrically related molecules into discrete pairs.
1,4-Bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane 4.5-hydrate
Authors: Li Qing-Xiang , Shen Yun-Jun , Du Ying , Wang Zhi-Hua
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C22H27N7·4.5H2O, crystallizes with two molecules of 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane and nine disordered water molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each triazacyclononane group exhibits an intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond. The crystal packing is dominated by N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds between organic molecules and water molecules, and also between water molecules.
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-β-D-galactopyranosylamine
Authors: Akkurt Mehmet , Yıldırım Sema Öztürk , Jarrahpour Ali Asghar , Alvand Parvaneh , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C21H25NO10, the six-membered pyranosyl ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal structure contains intra- and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions.
[3-Methoxy-2-oxidobenzaldehyde (2-thienylcarbonyl)hydrazonato]dimethyltin(IV)
Authors: Chen Shao-Wen , Yin Han-Dong
Published: May 2006

In the molecule of the title complex, [Sn(CH3)2(C13H10N2O3S)], the Sn atom is in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit. A centrosymmetric arrangement leads to an Sn2O2 core through weak Sn...O interactions and causes the formation of a dimer. Intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds seem to be effective in the stabilization of the crystal structure.
Bis(imidazol-1-yl)methane
Authors: Li Jian
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C7H8N4, the C atom of the bridging methylene group lies on a twofold rotation axis. The dihedral angle between the symmetry-related imidazole rings is 75.0 (2)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals forces.
A new polymorph of poly[tetraaquadi-μ3-malonato-dicadmium(II)]
Authors: Fu Xu-Cheng , Li Ming-Tian , Wang Xiao-Yan , Wang Cheng-Gang , Deng Xiao-Tao
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cd2(C3H2O4)2(H2O)4]
n
, was previously reported by Chung, Hong, Do & Moon [J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1995), pp. 2333–2335; J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. (1996), pp. 3363–3369]. We present here a new monoclinic polymorph which has a polymeric structure in which one Cd atom lies on an inversion centre and the other on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis.
Aqua(L-aspartato-κ2
N,O)(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2
N,N)copper(II) pentahydrate
Authors: Zhao Hong-Jian , Li Ming-Xing , Shao Min , Liu Hong-Jiang
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Cu(C4H5NO4)(C10H8N2)(H2O)]·5H2O, the CuII atom is coordinated by an N,O-bidentate L-aspartate dianion, a bipyridine ligand and a water molecule in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the non-coordinated water molecules help to consolidate the crystal packing.
6-Bromopyridine-2-carbaldehyde
Authors: Zhang Huan-Xia , Qin Da-Bin , Jing Lin-Hai , Gu Shao-Jin , Mao Zhi-Hua
Published: May 2006

The molecule of the title compound, C6H4BrNO, is essentially planar. In the crystal structure, C—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a chain along the b axis.
Chloro(triphenylphosphine)(tropolonato)palladium(II)
Authors: Steyl Gideon
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Pd(C7H5O2)Cl(C18H15P)], is a new type of α-diketone palladium(II) complex containing a tertiary arylphosphine. It crystallizes with a distorted square-planar geometry about the palladium(II) metal centre. The most important bond distances and angles include Pd—O (trans P) = 2.0481 (12) Å, Pd—O (trans Cl) = 2.0016 (12) Å, Pd—P = 2.2268 (4) Å, Pd—Cl = 2.2770 (5) Å, O—Pd—O = 80.22 (5)° and O—C—C—O = 3.7 (2)°. A π–π stacking interaction is observed between neighbouring tropolonate groups, with an interplanar distance of 3.377 (6) Å.