bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycle‐Linked C‐Glycosyl α‐Amino Acids and C‐Glycopeptides
Authors: Dondoni Alessandro , Massi Alessandro
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Arylbenzothiazole as a Privileged Scaffold in Drug Discovery
Authors: Weekes A. A. , Westwell A. D.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Effects Involving the Incorporation of Guest Substrates in Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Networks: Recent Advances and Future Developments
Authors: Leclercq Loic , Schmitzer Andreea R.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Cr(VI)‐Catalyzed Benzylic, Allylic and Propargylic Oxidations by tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide
Authors: Muzart J.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Radiation Produced Radicals
Authors: Sagstuen Einar , Hole Eli Olaug
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Substituents in Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) Processes
Authors: Sepiol J.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Drug Delivery System by Utilizing Absorption from Liver Surface and Its Application
Authors: Nishida Koyo
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Conjugates for Photodynamic and Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Authors: Mironov Andrey F. , Grin Mikhail A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Analytical Methods Used in Conjunction with Solid‐Phase Microextraction: Recent Bioanalytical Applications
Authors: Musteata Mihaela L. , Musteata Florin Marcel
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Selectivity in Heterogeneous Catalysis: An Invited Review
Authors: Somorjai Gabor A. , Kliewer Christopher J.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Third‐Phase Formation in Liquid—Liquid Extraction: A Colloidal Approach
Authors: Testard Fabienne , Zemb Th. , Bauduin P. , Berthon Laurence
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantitative Structure—Property Relationships in Solvent Extraction and Complexation of Metals
Authors: Varnek Alexandre , Solov'ev Vitaly
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Infrared Spectroscopy of Catalytic Solid‐Liquid Interfaces: The Case of Selective Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Ferri Davide , Baiker Alfons
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Computing chiroptical properties with first‐principles theoretical methods: Background and illustrative examples
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: December 2009

This “tutorial style” review outlines the theoretical foundation for computations of chiroptical properties for optically active molecules. The formalism covers electronic and vibrational CD, optical rotation, and Raman optical activity. The focus is on first‐principles methods. A dedicated section highlights the strengths and weaknesses of currently popular time‐dependent density functional methods. The article also contains a section with input examples and results for a small molecule (trans‐2,3‐dimethyloxirane). Several representative applications of computational methods roughly from 2001 to mid‐2009 are reviewed in detail. Chirality 21:E116–E152, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiotherapy for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus: Are special precautions necessary?
Authors: Housri Nadine , Yarchoan Robert , Kaushal Aradhana
Published: December 2009

Shortly after the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in the 1980s, reports of radiation‐associated toxicity in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS began to appear in the medical literature. Although the majority of reports have focused on AIDS‐defining malignancies such as Kaposi sarcoma, greater‐than‐expected toxicity after a course of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has also been documented in cancers not generally classified as being related to HIV. With improved antiretroviral therapies, HIV patients are living longer and have the potential to develop a variety of HIV‐associated and nonassociated malignancies that require treatment, including radiotherapy. This review reports the published data regarding the interactions of HIV, AIDS, and antiretroviral therapy with radiotherapy and implications for the management of malignancies in patients with HIV. Cancer 2010. Published 2009 by the American Cancer Society.
Dense Xenon Nanoplasmas in Intense Laser Fields
Authors: Hilse P. , Bornath Th. , Moll M. , Schlanges M.
Published: December 2009

The interaction of intense laser fields with xenon and silver clusters is investigated using the nanoplasma model. An effective tool to control the plasma dynamics is pulse shaping, i.e., a modulation of phase and amplitude of the laser pulse. In particular, the yield of highly charged ions can be controlled. For an understanding of the underlying physical processes in the dynamics of laser‐cluster interaction, a theoretical description using a genetic algorithm and basing on the relatively simple nanoplasma model seems to be promising. In the present approach, the time evolution of the laser intensity has been parametrized. The parameters where optimized with a genetic algorithm to get, e.g, a maximal yield of a specific ion species (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Corrections to Linear Mixing in Binary Ionic Mixtures and Plasma Screening at Zero Separation
Authors: Chugunov A. I. , DeWitt H. E.
Published: December 2009

Using the results of extensive Monte Carlo simulations we discuss corrections to the linear mixing rule in strongly coupled binary ionic mixtures. We analyze the plasma screening function at zero separation, Hjk (0), for two ions (of types j = 1,2 and k = 1, 2) in a strongly coupled binary mixture. The function Hjk (0) is estimated by two methods: (1) from the difference of Helmholtz Coulomb free energies at large and zero separations; (2) by fitting the Widom expansion of Hjk (x) in powers of interionic distance x to Monte Carlo data on the radial pair distribution function gjk (x). These methods are shown to be in good agreement. For illustration, we analyze the plasma screening enhancement of nuclear burning rates in dense stellar matter (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic Local Field Corrections for Two‐Component Plasmas
Authors: Wierling A. , Fortmann C. , Röpke G.
Published: December 2009

Two approaches to the dynamic local field correction for two‐component plasmas are combined with each other. In the first one, we start from the Zubarev approach to linear response theory and use perturbative techniques such as thermodynamic Green's functions. Via this approach, we obtain an approximation for the dynamical collision frequency. In a second approach, we extend the Mermin ansatz to allow for local‐field corrections besides electron‐ion collisions. These are implemented using the recurrence relation technique for electronelectron correlations making use of up‐to‐date results for the interacting electron gas. Exploratory calculations are performed for impurity scattering in an electron gas at T = 0. Static local field corrections due to Farid et al. are employed in describing the interacting electron gas in the static limit. The influence of collisions and correlations on the plasmon dispersion is investigated. Implications for plasma diagnostics are discussed (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical‐Picture‐Based Modeling of Thermodynamic Properties of Dense Multicharged‐Ion Plasmas Using the Superconfiguration Approach
Authors: Loboda P.A. , Popova V.V. , Shadrin A.A.
Published: December 2009

Using the chemical‐picture representation of plasmas as a mixture of various ions and free electrons, a consistent description of thermodynamics of dense multicharged‐ion plasmas is being developed that involves the effects of Coulomb non‐ideality and degeneracy of plasma electrons; contribution of the excited ion states (on the base of the superconfiguration approach) that may exist under an appropriate truncation of ion energy spectra due to plasma effects; hard‐sphere‐model representation of the finite‐volume effects of plasma ions with the model parameters (effective ion sizes) corresponding to superconfigurations yielding the greatest contribution to partition functions. We present the calculated data for average ionization, Grüneisen coefficient, and specific heat of aluminum and iron plasmas at temperatures of 0.03–3 keV and densities 10–3 – 10–5 of their normal material densities. Calculated thermodynamic functions and shock Hugoniots are compared with other theoretical and experimental data (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of kinetic processes in the Nuclear‐Excited Helium Non‐Ideal Dusty Plasma
Authors: Budnik A. P. , Deputatova L. V. , Fortov V. E. , Kosarev V. A. , Rykov V. A. , Vladimirov V. I.
Published: December 2009

The paper is devoted to the studying of kinetic processes in the nuclear‐excited plasma of the helium gas with the fine uranium (or its chemical compounds) particles admixture. A new theoretical model for the mathematical simulation of the kinetic processes in dusty plasma of helium gas was developed. The main goal of this investigation is to determine possibilities of a creation of non‐ideal dusty plasma, containing nano‐ and micro‐particles, and excited by fission fragments (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microparticle Charge Screening in Non‐Equilibrium Plasmas with Two Types of Positive Ions
Authors: Filippov A. V. , Derbenev I. N.
Published: December 2009

The study of screening a microparticle charge in a plasma taking into account sinks of electrons and ions to the microparticle and bulk processes of their production and loss in a plasma is reported. The research objective is to investigate the effect of the conversion of atomic ions Ar+ to molecular ones Ar2+ on character of screening in a plasma with an external ionization source. It is determined that the plasma due to the ion conversion consists of two positive ion species. This circumstance leads to the three‐exponential charge screening, moreover there exists a region of plasma parameters where all the screening constants have comparable values. Numerical simulation of microparticle charging on the basis of the drift‐diffusion approach is performed and comparison of the obtained data with the analytical results is fulfilled (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐linked intellectual disability: Unique vulnerability of the male genome
Authors: Stevenson Roger E. , Schwartz Charles E.
Published: December 2009

X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID) accounts for ∼16% of males with intellectual disability (ID). This is, in part, related to the fact that males have a single X chromosome. Progress in the clinical and molecular characterization of XLID has outpaced progress in the delineation of ID due to genes on the other 22 chromosomes. Almost half of the estimated 200 XLID genes have been identified and another 20% have been regionally mapped. These advances have had immediate benefits for families, allowing for carrier testing, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Additionally, the combination of clinical delineation with gene identification and the development of gene panels for screening nonsyndromal XLID has been able to limit unproductive laboratory testing. Most importantly for the patients, some of the gene discoveries have pointed to potential strategies for treatment. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:361–368.
The cognitive phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome: A review of the literature including genetic and hormonal factors
Authors: Boada Richard , Janusz Jennifer , Hutaff‐Lee Christa , Tartaglia Nicole
Published: December 2009

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) or 47,XXY occurs in ∼1 in 650 males. Individuals with KS often present with physical characteristics including tall stature, hypogonadism, and fertility problems. In addition to medical findings, the presence of the extra X chromosome can lead to characteristic cognitive and language deficits of varying severity. While a small, but significant downward shift in mean overall IQ has been reported, the general cognitive abilities of patients with KS are not typically in the intellectual disability range. Most studies support that males with KS have an increased risk of language disorders and reading disabilities. Results of other studies investigating the relationship between verbal and nonverbal/spatial cognitive abilities have been mixed, with differing results based on the age and ascertainment method of the cohort studied. Executive function deficits have been identified in children and adults with KS, however, the research in this area is limited and further investigation of the neuropsychological profile is needed. In this article, we review the strengths and weaknesses of previous cognitive and neuropsychological studies in males with KS in childhood and adulthood, provide historical perspective of these studies, and review what is known about how hormonal and genetic factors influence cognitive features in 47,XXY/KS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:284–294.
POSH misexpression induces caspase‐dependent cell death inDrosophila
Authors: Lennox Ashley L. , Stronach Beth
Published: December 2009

POSH (Plenty of SH3 domains) is a scaffold for signaling proteins regulating cell survival. Specifically, POSH promotes assembly of a complex including Rac GTPase, mixed lineage kinase (MLK), MKK7, and Jun kinase (JNK). InDrosophila, genetic analysis implicated POSH in Tak1‐dependent innate immune response, in part through regulation of JNK signaling. Homologs of the POSH signaling complex components, MLK and MKK7, are essential inDrosophilaembryonic dorsal closure. Using a gain‐of‐function approach, we tested whether POSH plays a role in this process. Ectopic expression of POSH in the embryo causes dorsal closure defects due to apoptosis of the amnioserosa, but ectodermal JNK signaling is normal. Phenotypic consequences of POSH expression were found to be dependent onDrosophilaNc, the caspase‐9 homolog, but only partially on Tak1 and not at all on Slpr and Hep. These results suggest that POSH may use different signaling complexes to promote cell death in distinct contexts. Developmental Dynamics 239:651–664, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The iguana/DZIP1 protein is a novel component of the ciliogenic pathway essential for axonemal biogenesis
Authors: Tay Shang Yew , Yu Xianwen , Wong Kangli Noel , Panse Pallavi , Ng Chee Peng , Roy Sudipto
Published: December 2009

Cilia play important roles in many developmental and physiological processes. However, the genetic and cell biological control of ciliogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the zebrafish iguana gene is required for differentiation of primary cilia. iguana encodes a zinc finger and coiled‐coil containing protein, previously implicated in Hedgehog signaling. We now argue that aberrant Hedgehog activity in iguana ‐deficient zebrafish arises from their profound lack of primary cilia. By contrast, the requirement of iguana for motile cilia formation is less obligatory. In the absence of iguana function, basal bodies can migrate to the cell surface and appear to engage with the apical membrane. However, formation of ciliary pits and axonemal outgrowth is completely inhibited. Iguana localizes to the base of primary and motile cilia, in the immediate vicinity or closely associated with the basal bodies. These findings identify the Iguana protein as a novel and critical component of ciliogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 239:527–534, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cluster‐Based CuII–Azide Polymers: Synthesis, Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Effect of Polyamines on Crystal Structures
Authors: Tian Chong‐Bin , Li Zhi‐Hua , Lin Jian‐Di , Wu Shu‐Ting , Du Shao‐Wu , Lin Ping
Published: December 2009

Three new cluster‐based CuII–azide coordination polymers, [Cu8(N3)16(222‐tet)2]n (1), [Cu10(N3)20(dien)2]n (2), and [Cu12(N3)24(Me5dien)2]n (3) as well as a 1D polymer [Cu2(N3)4(dien)]n (4) were prepared by hydrothermal reactions of CuII ions with NaN3 in the presence of various polyamines. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that 1 has a 1D chain structure based on an octanuclear cluster unit {Cu8(N3)16(222‐tet)2}. Complexes 2 and 3 are 3D polymers and in both cases the azido anions display five different bridging modes (μ‐1,1, μ‐1,3, μ‐1,1,1, μ‐1,1,3,μ‐1,1,1,3). Compound 4 is a 1D chain that represents the first example of a CuII–azide compound that contains cis‐EE, double EO, and terminally bonded azido ligands. The magnetic susceptibility data, measured from 2 to 300 K, showed ferromagnetic couplings in 1, 2, and 4 and antiferromagnetic interaction in 3. The magnetic data of 1 and 4 were fitted with rough models, giving the exchange coupling constants J = 4.19 cm–1 for 1 and J = 25.31 cm–1 for 4.
Designing the Host‐Guest Properties of Tetranuclear Arene Ruthenium Metalla‐Rectangles to Accommodate a Pyrene Molecule
Authors: Barry Nicolas P. E. , Furrer Julien , Freudenreich Julien , Süss‐Fink Georg , Therrien Bruno
Published: December 2009

Cationic tetranuclear arene ruthenium complexes of the general formula [Ru4(p‐cymene)4(N∩N)2(dhnq)2]4+ comprising rectangular structures are obtained in methanol from the reaction of the dinuclear arene ruthenium precursor [Ru2(p‐cymene)2(dhnq)2Cl2] (dhnq = 5,8‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinonato) with pyrazine or bipyridine linkers [N∩N = pyrazine, 1; 4,4′‐bipyridine, 2; 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene, 3] in the presence of AgCF3SO3. All complexes 1–3, isolated in good yield as triflate salts, have been characterised by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The interaction of these rectangular complexes with pyrene as a guest molecule has been studied in solution by various NMR techniques (1D, DOSY, ROESY). In [D3]acetonitrile, the pyrazine‐containing metalla‐rectangle 1 shows no meaningful interactions with pyrene. On the other hand, the 4,4′‐bipyridine‐ and 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene‐containing metalla‐rectangles 2 and 3 clearly interact with pyrene in [D3]acetonitrile. DOSY measurements suggest that, in the case of [Ru4(p‐cymene)4(4,4′‐bipyridine)2(dhnq)2]4+ (2), the interactions occur on the outside of the rectangular assembly, while in the case of [Ru4(p‐cymene)4{1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene}2(dhnq)2]4+ (3), the pyrene molecule is found inside the hydrophobic cavity of the metalla‐rectangle, thus giving rise to a host‐guest system.
Critical perspectives on the evaluation and optimization of complex numerical models of estuary hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics
Authors: French J.R.
Published: December 2009

Numerical hydrodynamic and sediment transport models provide a means of extending inferences from direct observation and for advancing our understanding of estuarine processes. However, their parametric complexity invites questions concerning the extent to which model output can be assessed with respect to data. This paper examines the basis for evaluating the performance of complex hydrodynamic and sediment transport models, with reference to a case study of a muddy meso‐tidal estuary. Sophisticated and computationally‐intensive models should be evaluated using robust objective functions, but conventional measures of fit and model efficiency invoke restrictive assumptions about the nature of the errors. Furthermore, they offer little insight into causes of poor performance. Optimization of tidal hydrodynamic models can usefully combine conventional performance measures with harmonic analysis of modelled shallow water tidal constituents that are diagnostic of the interactions between tidal propagation, bathymetry and bottom friction. Models with similar efficiencies can thus be distinguished and likely sources of error pinpointed. Hydrodynamic models have a predictive power that is rooted in a more‐or‐less complete representation of the physical processes and boundary conditions that are well‐constrained with respect to data. In contrast, fine sediment models rely on a less complete conceptualization of a broader set of processes and, crucially, have a parametric complexity that is unmatched by the quantity and quality of observational data. Their performance as measured by conventional objective functions is weaker and it is important to match the structural complexity of model errors with analyses that can localize the scales and times of poor performance. Wavelet analysis is potentially useful here as a means of identifying aspects of the model that need improvement. The context in which such models are deployed is also important. Used heuristically, what might otherwise be dismissed as weak models can still provide mechanistic support for empirically‐derived inferences concerning specific aspects of system behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2009

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of geriatric psychiatry. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Assessment; 4 Epidemiology; 5 Therapy; 6 Care; 7 Dementia; 8 Depression; 9 Psychology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted
Deletion of the L‐type calcium channel CaV1.3 but not CaV1.2 results in a diminished sAHP in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Gamelli Amy E. , McKinney Brandon C. , White Jessica A. , Murphy Geoffrey G.
Published: December 2009

Trains of action potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons are followed by a prolonged calcium‐dependent postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that serves to limit further firing to a sustained depolarizing input. A reduction in the AHP accompanies acquisition of several types of learning and increases in the AHP are correlated with age‐related cognitive impairment. The AHP develops primarily as the result of activation of outward calcium‐activated potassium currents; however, the precise source of calcium for activation of the AHP remains unclear. There is substantial experimental evidence suggesting that calcium influx via voltage‐gated L‐type calcium channels (L‐VGCCs) contributes to the generation of the AHP. Two L‐VGCC subtypes are predominately expressed in the hippocampus, CaV1.2 and CaV1.3; however, it is not known which L‐VGCC subtype is involved in generation of the AHP. This ambiguity is due in large part to the fact that at present there are no subunit‐specific agonists or antagonists. Therefore, using mice in which the gene encoding CaV1.2 or CaV1.3 was deleted, we sought to determine the impact of alterations in levels of these two L‐VCGG subtypes on neuronal excitability. No differences in any AHP measure were seen between neurons from CaV1.2 knockout mice and controls. However, the total area of the AHP was significantly smaller in neurons from CaV1.3 knockout mice as compared with neurons from wild‐type controls. A significant reduction in the amplitude of the AHP was also seen at the 1 s time point in neurons from CaV1.3 knockout mice as compared with those from controls. Reductions in both the area and 1 s amplitude suggest the involvement of calcium influx via CaV1.3 in the slow AHP (sAHP). Thus, the results of our study demonstrate that deletion of CaV1.3, but not CaV1.2, significantly impacts the generation of the sAHP. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of fatty acid‐binding proteins in adult hippocampal neurogenic niche of postischemic monkeys
Authors: Boneva Nadezhda B. , Kaplamadzhiev Desislav B. , Sahara Shunya , Kikuchi Hiromu , Pyko Ilya V. , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Tonchev Anton B. , Yamashima Tetsumori
Published: December 2009

Intracellular fatty acid (FA) chaperones known as FA‐binding proteins (FABPs) are a group of molecules known to participate in cellular metabolic processes such as lipid storage, membrane synthesis, and β‐oxidation or to coordinate transcriptional programs. However, their role in adult neurogenesis still remains obscure. The FABPs expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) are heart‐type (FABP3), epidermal‐type (FABP5), and brain‐type (FABP7). These three FABPs possess a differential affinity for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Recently, we reported that GPR40, a receptor for free FAs and particularly for PUFAs, is expressed in the CNS of adult monkeys and upregulated after transient global brain ischemia in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ), a neurogenic niche in adulthood. The SGZ showed a peak proliferation of progenitor cells and maximal expression of GPR40 during the second week after ischemia. As both FABPs and GPR40 might be closely related to the adult neurogenesis, here, we studied the expression of FABP 3, 5, and 7 in the SGZ, comparing normal and postischemic adult monkeys. Immunoblotting revealed that FABP5 and FABP7, but not FABP3, were significantly increased on day 15 after ischemia when compared with the nonischemic control. Immunohistochemistry showed that FABP5 was almost undetectable in the control SGZ but was abundant on day 15 after ischemia. FABP 3, 5, and 7 were expressed in S‐100β‐positive astrocytes and nestin‐positive neural progenitors. However, only FABP 5 and 7 were found in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive newly generated cells. FABPs were most frequently coexpressed with the S‐100β‐positive astrocytes, whereas βIII‐tubulin‐or polysialylated neural cell‐adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM)‐positive newborn neurons in the vicinity of the astrocytes expressed none of the three FABPs. These results support a role of astrocyte‐ and/or neural progenitor‐derived FABPs as components of the molecular machine regulating the progenitor cell niche in the adult primate brain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Component fatty acids of Cladosporium herbarum fat
Authors: Sood Madan G. , Singh Jagjit
Published: December 2009

Cladosporium herbarum grown as a surface culture in a chemically defined medium of sucrose and inorganic salts gave a high yield of fat (29.2%). The component acids of this fat have been found to be palmitic (34.2%); oleic (15.9%); linoleic (34.2%) and linolenic (15.7%). The combined proportion of linoleic and linolenic acids being about 50 per cent, the fat will be of great value for the manufacture of oil‐modified resins as the films produced by such resins do not become yellow with age.
Chirality‐antimicrobial relationship of quaternary ammonium cationics
Authors: Osanai Shuichi , Abe Yoshiro
Published: December 2009

Optically active and racemic quaternary ammonium cationics containing a chiral alkyl group, such as N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(1‐phenylethyl)alkylammonium bromides were prepared and showed excellent antimicrobial properties against Gram positive and negative bacteria, with some exceptions, and against fungi. The influence of optical isomerism on their antimicrobial properties showed that the antimicrobial properties between racemic and optically active cationics were obscure. The order of activity of substituted alkyl groups was tetradecyl > dodecyl ° hexadecyl.
Mixing characteristics and performance of the anaerobic upflow blanket filter (UBF) reactor
Authors: Samson Réjean , Guiot Serge
Published: December 2009

Mixing characteristics (using a radioactive tracer) and reactor performance of the upflow blanket filter (UBF) reactor operated at different loading rates (up to 32 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3day−1) were compared. The results indicated that mixing profiles of the reactor operated with effluent recirculation and without biomass were of the perfectly mixed type. Operation without recirculation resulted in about 18% dead space. The filter made of plastic rings and located in the top third of the reactor had no negative effect on reactor mixing. Operation at loading rates of up to 25 kg COD m−3day−1permitted a soluble COD removal rate of 95% with a methane production rate of 5.9 m3m−3day−1. At higher loading rates, the efficiency of COD reduction decreased with a decrease of the specific acetoclastic activity to 0.5 kg acetate removed per kg volatile suspended solids (VSS) day−1. At all loading rates studied it was observed that the performance was not related to the mixing characteristics, which had remained of the perfectly mixed type with an occasional small dead space (below 10%). The good mixing characteristics of the UBF reactor coupled with the high biomass content and the effective action of the filter make this reactor one of the most promising designs for the treatment of soluble wastes.
Diffusional behaviour of immobilised glucose oxidase
Authors: Bihari Vinod
Published: December 2009

Glucose oxidase immobilised on Amberlite CG‐50 by glutaraldehyde technique, was used to study the behaviour of immobilised enzyme reactor with respect to diffusional restrictions. The film diffusion effects were observed by assaying the performance of column reactors of different diameters, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm and each packed with two catalyst weights of 1.0 and 1.5 g to give different bed depths. The columns were packed with bulk catalyst preparation of approximately 118 μm average size and the substrate feed rate through them was varied from 5 to 50 ml min−1. The conversions increased for the same values of space times with factors that increase the linear velocity of feed and thus decrease the film thickness. Internal pore diffusional resistances could be satisfactorily described by Thiele analysis. The diffusional restriction was minimum when the largest effectiveness factor of 0.94 was obtained with the particles in the size range of 56–65 μm, the value of pseudo reaction rate constant (K') in this range was 34.7 cm3 g−1 cat.min−1. The results of the analysis of the experimental work achieved a good fit to the predicted curve well.
Rheological behaviour of concentrated yeast suspension
Authors: Fatile I. A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of yeast cell volumetric concentration on the rheological properties of the suspensions was measured in a pipe‐flow viscometer at 30°C: at low microbial concentrations the suspensions were Newtonian; however, non‐Newtonian behaviour, which could be described by the power‐law equation, was observed with suspensions at high microbial volumetric concentrations. At conditions of constant microbial morphology and growth rate, the results also indicated that a relationship could be developed between the power‐law constants and the microbial volumetric concentration.
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: I. Substrate utilisation and gas production
Authors: Chen Shui J. , Li Chun T. , Shieh Wen K.
Published: December 2009

COD removal efficiencies in the range 75 to 98% were achieved in an anaerobic fluidised bed system designed for the recovery of methane from liquid wastes, when evaluated at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m−3 day−1, hydraulic retention times of between 4.45 to 8 h, and feed COD concentrations of beween 480 to 9 000 mg dm−3. More than 90% of feed COD could be removed up to COD loadings of about 40 kg m−3 day−1. Up to around 300 dm2 of methane were produced per kg COD removed and this methane production rate was independent of the COD loadings applied in this investigation. Volatile acid concentration in the reactor increased sharply at a COD loading of about 40 kg m−3 day−1 and therefore, sufficient alkalinity should be provided to prevent pH from dropping to the undesirable level. The anaerobic fluidised bed system can be operated at a significantly higher liquid throughputs while maintaining its excellent efficiency.
Alcoholic fermentation by immobilised yeast cells
Authors: Gòdia F. , Casas C. , Solà C.
Published: December 2009

Ethanol production by yeast cells immobilised in carrageenan gel beads and operated in a continuous tubular reactor reached 15 g dm−3 h−1 with a glucose feed of 165 g dm−3; a glucose residence period of 4.6 h was noted. The minimal cell loading to obtain uniform particles was 104 colony‐forming units per g of gel, although particles achieved a content of 108 CFU g−1 independent of the initial cell concentration. Scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy confirmed that growth inside the gel beads was probably limited by substrate diffusion through the denser outer layer observed.
The multiple binding of heavy metals by digested sludge
Authors: Forster C. F. , Mehrotra I. , Alibhai K. R. K.
Published: December 2009

The multiple interactions of heavy metals with anaerobically digested sludges and with digested sludge that had been washed with EDTA have been examined by equilibrating the sludge solids with solutions containing mixtures of zinc acetate, lead acetate and chromic chloride. This equilibration has been studied at 20°C and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the metal binding behaviour of the solids. The rates of adsorption were also measured. This showed that while the rate constants were independent of the added metal concentration for untreated sludge, the binding constant for washed sludge was related to the initial metal concentration. A comparison of the adsorption isotherms suggests that the binding of zinc is different from that of lead and chromium.
Anaerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent by tank digesters
Authors: Ho C. C. , Tan Y. K.
Published: December 2009

Palm oil mill effluent was treated anaerobically in 210 dm−3 tank digesters in which inoculation with anaerobic seeding coupled with careful addition of lime could shorten the natural stabilisation process to about 30 days. The system was subsequently scaled up to 500 tonnes capacity. The characteristics of the anaerobically digested liquors were studied at 10 and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) respectively, and close to 90% treatment efficiency could be achieved at 20 days HRT with complete microbial conversion of plant cell debris. However, the digested liquor still contained 0.325% (by wt) suspended solids. The kinetics of the anaerobic process show close resemblance to those treating other high strength organic wastes. Optimum gas production occurred only over a narrow pH range of 6.8–7.2 units. A methane content of 62–67% on gas production was noted about equivalent to 0.34 to 0.39 dm−3 CH4 g−1 of BOD destroyed.
Effect of cell volume on disintegration by ultrasonics
Authors: John Wase D. A. , Patel Yatish R.
Published: December 2009

Wide variations in resistance to ultrasonic disintegration of continuously cultivated Bacillus cereus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli could be achieved by corresponding variations in fermenter impeller speed (agitation rate). In all cases examined, the relationship between disintegration constant and impeller speed was found to be linear. Although changes in relative strengths of E. coli were observed with changes in limiting nutrient (nitrogen‐limited cells being weaker than carbon‐limited cells for any one impeller speed), this was compensated for by the increased volumes of nitrogen‐limited cells, and the relationship between disintegration constant and mean cell volume was linear, irrespective of nutrient limitation. Comparisons with other published data confirmed the view that for any one micro‐organism, irrespective of cultural conditions, the principal determinand of susceptibility to ultrasonic disintegration was mean cell volume.
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: II. Biomass holdup and characteristics
Authors: Chen Shui J. , Li Chun T. , Shieh Wen K.
Published: December 2009

The biomass holdup and characteristics of the anareobic fluidised bed system for methane recovery from liquid wastes was examined at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m−3 day,−1 hydraulic retention times of between 0.45 to 8h, and feed COD concentrations of between 480 to 9000 mg dm−3. Under these operating conditions, the equilibrium biomass holdups increased with increasing COD loadings and varied from 15000 to 32000 mg VSS dm−3 The distribution of biomass holdup and biofilm thickness in the reactor was relatively uniform, because of the completely mixed conditions maintained and the continuous sloughing of biofilms induced by the effervescence caused by rising methane bubbles. This continuous biofilm sloughing process also eliminated the need for intentional sludge wasting and consequently, the resulting sludge retention time in the reactor decreased with increasing COD loadings. The ability of the anaerobic fluidized bed system to retain a high biomass holdup was clearly demonstrated. As a result this system is ideal for being employed as a high‐rate system for methane recovery from liquid wastes, even at low feed COD concentrations.
Immobilised plant cells: Respiration and oxygen transfer
Authors: Hulst Anne C. , Tramper Johannes , Brodelius Peter , Eijkenboom Leon J. C. , Luyben Karel Ch. A. M.
Published: December 2009

The influence of support material (calcium alginate, x‐carrageenan and agarose), cell loading and, in case of alginate, bead diameter on the rate of respiration of immobilised plant cells (Daucus carota) was investigated. No significant differences were observed between the three supports and no loss of respiration activity occurred as result of immobilisation per se. The results show further that above a critical combination of cell loading and bead diameter limitations of the rate of respiration by diffusion of oxygen increases with increasing loading and diameter.
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: III. Process kinetics
Authors: Shieh Wen K. , Li Chun T. , Chen Shui J.
Published: December 2009

The anaerobic fluidised bed system for methane recovery from liquid wastes is modelled as a continuous‐flow, completely‐mixed homogeneous microbial system, with the feed COD as the limiting substrate concentration. The average microbial residence time in the reactor is defined in terms of conventional sludge retention time. The experimental data obtained indicate that the Michaelis‐Menten expression is applicable for description of substrate utilisation (i.e. COD removal) in the anaerobic fluidised bed system. The observed biomass yield in the reactor decreases with increasing sludge retention time which is consistent with the prediction of the biokinetic theory developed for suspended‐growth systems. The specific methane production rate observed is a linear function of the specific substrate utilisation rate.
Ethanolic fermentation by thermotolerant yeasts
Authors: Kar Rita , Viswanathan Laxmikanthrao
Published: December 2009

The abilities of three thermotolerant yeast strains to ferment cane juice and molasses to ethanol were examined. Two of the strains gave adequate yields of ethanol both at 30°C and 40°C. One strain (a Candida tropicalis) proved superior to the other two having fermentation efficiencies of 92.6% and 90.4% on cane juice medium and 98% and 96% on molasses medium at 30°C and 40°C respectively. The possible value of thermotolerant yeasts in the fermentation industries of tropical and sub‐tropical regions is discussed.
Novel processes for cell recovery technology developments
Authors: Bowden Christopher P.
Published: December 2009

This paper emphasises the new technical and economic processing demands presented by cell recovery processes, and the new incentives to innovate within the commercial biotechnological environment. In general, solid‐liquid separation technology has been a slow developer, and there has been little incentive to innovate. There are exceptions, such as the solid‐liquid handling/separation techniques developed in the nuclear industry, where the demanding process requirements, and to some extent economics, have dictated the need to innovate. In this paper such techniques as electrocoagulation, electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis, magnetism, ultrasonics and novel micro‐flotation are reviewed and their potentials assessed. This is done with special reference to the future implications of developing fermentation practice such as immobilised cell technology, separative fermentation; to application during novel broth conditioning regimes such as effects of ultrasound on flocculation; and to applications to standard separation equipment such as electrofiltration. The importance of a surface chemistry approach to the development of this technology is stressed.
Synthesis by enzymic catalysis II. Amino acid polymerisation
Authors: Selvi Christine , Baboulene Michel , Speziale Vincent , Lattes Armand
Published: December 2009

An optimised method for the enzymic oligomerisation of methyl L‐tyrosinate is reported. The effects of the following parameters were studied: the nature of the enzyme, pH, substrate/enzyme ratio and the use of miscible solvents or biphasic media. Optimal conditions were achieved using papain, in an aqueous buffer at pH 5 with a substrate/enzyme ratio of 2.88 × 103 (mole). A tyrosine heptapeptide with a free carboxy terminal was prepared from the tyrosine methyl ester. Using a biphasic reaction medium, the final product had the same structure except that the C‐terminal was in the form of the methyl ester. A semi‐continuous reaction with repeated addition of the ester was required to maintain an adequate substrate/enzyme ratio. Several catalytic cycles could thus be achieved, producing considerable quantities of the oligomers with a limited amount of enzyme. Stereospecificity was demonstrated using the D, L derivative as substrate. Only the L‐tyrosine oligomer was produced, leaving the D‐ester in solution.
Influence of Pacific decadal oscillation and El Niño Southern oscillation on the summer monsoon precipitation in Myanmar
Authors: Sen Roy Shouraseni , Sen Roy N.
Published: December 2009

In the present study, we have examined the influence of two major teleconnections, namely, El Niño Southern oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the summer monsoon precipitation of Myanmar. We used 52 years (1951–2002) of monthly precipitation data from a high‐resolution gridded dataset developed by Climate Research Unit (CRU). The analysis was conducted at the regional scale consisting of five homogenous precipitation regions, and at the national level. The results of our study indicated an overall negative relationship between ENSO and precipitation patterns across Myanmar, with substantial regional level variations in the strength of the relationship. The role of ENSO on the resulting precipitation patterns, during El Niño years was stronger during the cold phase of PDO, whereas the reverse occurred during La Niña years. On the other hand, the role of PDO on the prevailing precipitation patterns was mostly positive during both its cold and warm phases. Furthermore, the difference between precipitations during the different phases of ENSO superimposed with the warm and cold periods of PDO, and showed overall higher average annual precipitation during cold PDO episodes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Connection among Raman wavenumbers, bond length alternation and energy gap in polyynes
Authors: Milani Alberto , Tommasini Matteo , Zerbi Giuseppe
Published: December 2009

A theoretical model based on Hückel theory is presented and applied to the infinite linear carbon chain. The effect of Peierls distortion, π‐electron confinement and electron–phonon coupling are interpreted on the basis of measurable parameters such as bond length alternation, electronic gap and Raman wavenumbers. A diagram is presented where the correlation among these quantities is shown on the basis of the model adopted. The effect of π‐electron confinement on experimental data can be directly evaluated, and insights on the physical properties of these materials can be derived. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.