bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Intercropping Modes in Placodon grandiflorus
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Ma Jiannan , Yu Juan , Zhang Meixi , Qiao E. , Cao Yang , Zhang Ying , Wang Xiaoqin , Jia Xin
Published: February 2025

Intercropping enhances plant growth, increases yield, and boosts the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Platycodon grandiflorus (P. grandiflorus), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has limited research available regarding its intercropping practices. We aimed to (1) examine the changes in the physiological and biochemical indicators of plant growth during the intercropping process of P. grandiflorus, (2) assess the quality of P. grandiflorus when intercropped with different crops, and (3) evaluate the optimal intercropping mode for P. grandiflorus. This study utilized the two‐year seedlings of P. grandiflorus as the test material in a field study. The intercropping treatments included P. grandiflorus monoculture (JG‐JG), intercropping with Achyranthes bidentata (JG‐NX), Saposhnikovia divaricata (JG‐FF), Adenophora stricta (JG‐SS), Zea mays (JG‐YM), Setaria italica (JG‐GZ), and Glycine max (JG‐DD). We investigated the effects of these different intercropping modes on the growth, physiological and biochemical indicators, and the accumulation of five saponins in P. grandiflorus at various growth and development stages. Compared with JG‐JG, the chlorophyll and the MDA contents significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the JG‐YM, JG‐DD, and JG‐NX treatments. All the three treatments enhanced the biomass and exhibited the higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance content. JG‐YM and JG‐SS significantly (p < 0.05) improved the quality of P. grandiflorus, with JG‐SS intercropping notably maintaining a high content of platycodin D. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for optimizing intercropping planting systems and advancing the sustainable development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry.
Theoretical Study of Pseudo Two‐Step Phase Transition Behaviors in Bilayer 1T‐TiSe2
Authors: Chen Liujie , Jiang Zhenyi , Zheng Jiming , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: February 2025

High‐temperature metal phase of bilayer and bulk 1T‐TiSe2 will undergo two‐stage phase transition (PT) while monolayer samples undergo only one‐stage PT upon cooling. Such a surprising two‐stage PT behavior of bilayer samples has not well been understood up to now. In this study, the theoretical calculations with density functional theory revealed that so called two‐stage PT is actually a traditional one‐stage PT. One layer of bilayer 1T‐TiSe2 will undergo a 2 × 2 × 1 charge density wave (CDW) alone, and then the 2 × 2 × 1 CDW supercells of another layer subsequently take place upon further decreasing temperature. Since the potential barriers of PT between any two CDW configurations are on the order of only several meV/TiSe2, it is easy to realize their transformations between various CDW configurations for bilayer 1T–TiSe2. In fact, the hidden order with CDW phase only in one layer or phase separation is widely present in 1T–TiSe2 multilayer samples.
First‐Principles Investigation of Structural, Elastic, Electronic, and Optical Properties of AcMO3 (M = B, Sc) Perovskites
Authors: Chaudhary Uchit , Chaudhary Suraj , Yadav Dinesh K. , Kaphle Gopi C. , Yadav Shashit Kumar
Published: February 2025

In this study, a detailed exploration of the structural, elastic, electronic, and optical properties of AcMO3 (M = B, Sc) perovskites is offered, utilizing first‐principles calculations with both the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke–Johnson (mBJ) methods. The negative formation and cohesive energies of these compounds confirm their thermodynamic stability. The calculated value of Goldschmidt's tolerance factor is 0.99 for both of the materials, indicating their structural stabilities in cubic phases. The investigations of elastic properties convey AcBO3 to be more resistant to pressure‐induced volume changes, shape deformation, and rigid compared to AcScO3. Further, they are found to be brittle in nature and show anisotropic behavior. Additionally, the higher Debye temperature of AcBO3 compared to AcScO3 suggests stiffer atomic bonds and potentially superior thermal conductivity. The electronic structure analysis identifies a direct bandgap of 0.785 eV for AcBO3 and 3.434 eV for AcScO3 within the GGA framework while these values increase to 1.900 and 4.69 eV, respectively, for AcBO3 and AcScO3 with the application of the mBJ method, showing semiconducting nature. Additionally, optical properties analyses convey significant UV absorption, with absorption coefficients far exceeding the respective bandgaps.
Super‐Resolution by Structured Illumination: Digital Holographic Microscopy for Metrology of Nanomaterials
Authors: Shaji Athira , M. K. Sheeja
Published: February 2025

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) resolution, constrained by the emission wavelength and numerical aperture, can be enhanced through structured illumination techniques. This article introduces a structured illumination microscopy method utilizing a speckle pattern generated by a Scotch tape diffuser to achieve super‐resolution (SR) quantitative phase imaging. The SRAD‐DIHM system (SR using alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) in digital in‐line holographic microscopy) combines speckled illumination and ADMM‐based computations for SR. By incorporating sparsity‐based regularization, the system mitigates the speckle noise inherent in speckled illumination. The SRAD‐DIHM system provides a threefold improvement in lateral resolution and a ninefold improvement in axial resolution over conventional DHM. The work effectively uses SRAD‐DIHM for label‐free imaging and metrology of nanoparticles.
Experimental Evidence of Curvature Gradient Driven Domain Wall Automotion
Authors: Berganza Eider , Tejo Felipe , Bittencourt Guilherme H. R. , Carvalho‐Santos Vagson L. , Chubykalo‐Fesenko Oksana , Asenjo Agustina
Published: February 2025

Curvature and geometry have significant implications in fundamental physics, leading to the appearance of intriguing novel phenomena. In the field of nanomagnetism, geometrical‐induced effects yield important consequences, which, despite their relevance for domain wall (DW) motion‐based applications, still await experimental validation. In this letter, a spiral‐shaped magnetic nanostructure is used to demonstrate experimentally that curvature gradients determine DW motion. A saturating magnetic field is applied to the spirals to induce the magnetic onion state, generating head‐to‐head (HtH) and tail‐to‐tail (TtT) DW. Curvature gradient promotes domain wall motion through a local curvature‐dependent effective force, toward regions of higher curvature. These effects have been studied by measuring depinning fields and supported by micromagnetic simulations and an analytical model. Our results show the potential of curvature engineering for the realization of low‐energy spintronic devices.
Sandwich‐Structured ZnO/MXene Heterojunction for Sensitive and Stable Room‐Temperature Ammonia Sensing
Authors: Li Dongli , Zhang Zhan , Jiao Mingze , Dong Yinan , Yu Shuyan , Li Congju , He Hongyan , Jiang Jingkun , Liu Kaihui , Li Zehui
Published: February 2025

2D metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have attracted considerable interests in NH3 sensing due to their high electrical conductivity and abundant terminal groups. However, the strong interlayer interactions between MXene nanosheets result in challenges related to sensor recovery and rapid response decay in MXene‐based sensors. Here, A one‐step hydrothermal strategy is developed that anchors Zn atoms and grows ZnO polycrystals on the Ti vacancies of Ti3C2Tx layers, forming a sandwich‐structured ZnO/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction. At room temperature, the NH3 sensitivity of ZnO/Ti3C2Tx is a remarkable 45‐fold higher than that of Ti3C2Tx, with a low detection limit of 138 ppb and a rapid recovery time of 39 s. Furthermore, the heterojunction exhibits exceptional long‐term stability, maintaining a consistent response over 21 days. The results confirm that in situ intercalation of the ZnO polycrystals effectively solves the recovery problem in MXene substrates by completely exfoliating the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. Meanwhile, the room‐temperature sensing performance and recovery speed of the sandwich‐structured ZnO/Ti3C2Tx is enhanced by rapid electron conduction. This straightforward and effective route for in situ exfoliation and intercalation of MXene layers promises the broader use of 2Dmaterial heterojunctions in sensing applications.
Autonomous Aerosol and Plasma Co‐Jet Printing of Metallic Devices at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Du Yipu , Yang Jinyu , Song Kaidong , Jiang Qiang , Bappy Md Omarsany , Zhu Yuchen , Go David B. , Zhang Yanliang
Published: February 2025

Additive manufacturing of metallic materials holds the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of functional devices unattainable via traditional methods. Despite recent advancements, printing metallic materials typically requires thermal processing at elevated temperatures to form dense structures with desired properties, which presents a major challenge for direct printing and integration with temperature‐sensitive materials. Herein, a unique co‐jet printing (CJP) method is reported integrating an aerosol jet and a non‐thermal, atmospheric pressure plasma jet to enable concurrent aerosol deposition of metal nanoparticle inks and in situ sintering at ambient temperature. A machine learning algorithm is integrated with the CJP to perform real‐time defect detection and autonomous correction, enhancing the yield of printed films with high electrical conductivity from 44% to 94%. Concurrent printing and sintering eliminate the need for post‐printing processing, reducing the overall manufacturing time by multiple folds depending on product size. CJP enables direct printing of functional devices on a variety of temperature‐sensitive materials including biological materials. Direct printing of hydration sensors on living plant leaves is demonstrated for long‐duration monitoring of hydration level in the plant. The versatile CJP method opens tremendous opportunities to harmoniously integrate abiotic and biotic materials for emerging applications in wearable/implantable devices and biohybrid systems.
Harsh Environment‐Immune All‐Carbon Visible Light Photodetector: Sensitivity Improvement by Nitrogen‐Vacancy Center Density Enhancement Through Electron Irradiation
Authors: Valappil Sreenath Mylo , Kageura Taisuke , Ohmagari Shinya , Onoda Shinobu , Sittimart Phongsaphak , Naragino Hiroshi , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2025

A novel all‐carbon visible light detector is fabricated on a nitrogen‐doped (N‐doped) single‐crystalline diamond (SCD) with interdigitated nanocarbon ohmic contacts. It has been posited that the formation of nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers within the photoabsorption layer serves as an effective strategy to augment the device's detection capabilities. To illustrate the significance of this enhancement, NV density is manipulated and augmented by electron beam irradiation in a moderately N‐doped diamond. Despite the incompetent nitrogen doping, the enhancement of NV density in the diamond active layer has resulted in a substantial enhancement of nearly 1.5 orders of magnitude for several critical detection parameters. The NV‐enabled all‐carbon detector demonstrates a high degree of tolerance toward thermal and corrosive environments. The dark current is maintained at a level below 0.01 pA even when the device is operated at a temperature of 250 °C. The robust interfacial bonding between the diamond and the nanocarbon‐interdigitated electrodes ensures that the device exhibits no physical or performance deterioration when subjected to highly corrosive environments. The results of this study may provide insights that can inform the development of high‐sensitivity, harsh environment immune diamond visible light detectors benefiting from the multiple photon excitation of NV quantum centers.
High‐Performing Nanofiber Memristor via Field‐Induced Ion Migration Concentration at Highly‐Curved Interwoven Interface
Authors: Liu Yue , Zhang Yuanhang , Zhou Xufeng , Wang Zhuming , Yang Zhe , Meng Jialin , Wang Chen , Sun Xuemei , Chen Lin , Chen Peining , Peng Huisheng
Published: February 2025

Memristors with high computing capabilities hold significant potential as processing devices in the era of information explosion, but their applications are largely hindered by the trade‐off between memristive performance and operation uniformity. Extensive efforts are devoted to designing or regulating memristive layers of memristors to improve device performance, while few studies focused on the interface structure at cross points of memristors. Herein, inspired by the tip effect, a nanofiber memristor with highly‐curved interwoven interface is designed by assembling nanofiber electrodes using dielectrophoretic method. The nanofiber memristor shows high operation uniformity with an ultralow set voltage standard deviation of 0.014 V, which is even superior to that of state‐of‐the‐art oxide‐based planar memristors. Experimental and simulation analysis reveals that the highly‐curved interface can efficiently concentrate electric field distribution and confine the switching region, thus facilitating the migration of silver ions and suppressing the formation of random conductive filaments. Nanofiber memristor arrays with good device reproducibility are further integrated for fundamental logic gate circuits like NOT, AND, and OR. This work offers a new insight for constructing high‐performing nanoelectronics.
In Situ Ring Opening Polymerization of High‐Performance Full‐Color CsPbX3@PDMS (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanospheres Toward Wide‐Color‐Gamut Displays
Authors: Cai Junhu , Ren Xinxin , Zhang Xiang , Lai Wenzong , Chen Yu , Chen Xiaogang , Li Gongming , Zha Nan , Ye Yun , Xu Sheng , Guo Tailiang , Luo Jiajun , Chen Enguo
Published: February 2025

Optimizing the three‐primary‐color perovskite quantum dots (TPC PQDs) is crucial for achieving ultra‐wide color gamut displays. Although encapsulation is an effective strategy to improve the stability and optical performance of the TPC PQDs, the chemicals or environment employed in the coating procedure may attack the CsPbX3 PQDs and generate defects, damage, and ligand loss. Herein, a mild, facile and universal hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) in situ ring opening polymerization strategy is successfully developed for efficiently synthesizing high‐brightness and extremely stable TPC CsPbX3@PDMS (X = Cl, Br, I) nanospheres, with particularly friendlyness for fragile red and blue. The formation of Pb─O bond between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and CsPbX3 passivates the lattice defects, resulting in photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) improvement of ≈1.5 times for green and red, astonishingly 2 times for blue PQDs. Also, PDMS shell effectively blocks threats from the environment. Finally, the synthesized CsPbX3@PDMS nanospheres are successfully applied in fabrication of the TPC light emitting diodes (LEDs) and full‐color liquid crystal displays (LCDs), achieving impressive ultra‐wide color gamuts of 132% and 118% National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), respectively. These findings support the new strategy for synthesizing emerging full‐color perovskite nanomaterials and shows great potentieal for high color‐rendering displays.
Oxygen‐Doped γ‐Mo2N as High‐Performance Catalyst for Ammonia Decomposition
Authors: Shi Yi , Wang Xiao , Zhang Lingling , Chu Xiang , Liu Li , Geng Baokang , Jiang Ruize , Zhang Shibo , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie
Published: February 2025

γ‐Mo2N catalysts exhibit excellent activity and stability in ammonia decomposition reactions. However, the influence of oxygen on its activity is still unknown. In this work, two γ‐Mo2N catalysts with different oxygen content are synthesized using temperature‐programmed nitridation of α‐MoO3. The γ‐Mo2N catalysts are highly oxidized and their ammonia decomposition performance is closely related to their oxygen content. The activity of γ‐Mo2N with high oxygen content (HO‐γ‐Mo2N) is much higher, whose H2 formation rate at 550 °C is 3.3 times higher than the γ‐Mo2N with low oxygen content (LO‐γ‐Mo2N). This is mainly attributed to two aspects: on the one hand, the higher valence state of Mo in the HO‐γ‐Mo2N leads to stronger Mo─NH3 bonds, which promotes the adsorption and activation of NH3. On the other hand, the H generated by N─H bond breaking is more easily migrated to O, which avoids excessive H occupying the γ‐Mo2N active sites and alleviates the negative effect of hydrogen poisoning.
Integration of Electrohydrodynamic Printing and Hydroprinting for the Cost‐Effective Fabrication of Microscale Conformal Transparent Electrodes on Diverse Curved Surfaces
Authors: Ding Yi , Xu Chenyu , Zhang Wenyou , Di Yuhang , Yue Junyu , Yu Kun , Wang Wei , Li Dichen , He Jiankang
Published: February 2025

Hydroprinting has emerged as a cost‐effective solution to transfer planar flexible electronics onto diverse curved surfaces for the fabrication of conformal transparent electrodes (CTEs) in the fields of microelectronics and healthcare monitoring. However, current hydroprinting strategies commonly rely on intricate multiple‐step microfabrication processes or inkjet/direct/screen printing, largely limiting accessibility or resolution for microscale CTEs. Here, an integration strategy is proposed by combining electrohydrodynamic printing and hydroprinting, simplifying the fabrication of microscale CTEs with remarkable electrical/thermal/sensing capabilities and robust mechanical stability. Stable electrohydrodynamic printing of microscale silver mesh electrodes on non‐conductive water‐soluble polyvinyl alcohol films achieves excellent compatibility with diverse curved surfaces and distinct substrate materials. The smallest feature size of the CTEs is 48.5 ± 3.7 µm, showing a figure of merit of 1304. Interestingly, the CTEs hydroprinted on rough surfaces demonstrate better adhesion and scratching resistances than those hydroprinted on smooth counterparts, maintaining a negligible sheet resistance increase after 100 cyclic mechanical tests. The CTEs on a cylindrical glass bottle exhibit excellent transparency and electrothermal properties. The CTEs onto human skin for electrocardiogram sensing and monitoring realize a notable 30.24% signal enhancement, improved motion artifact resistance and negligible skin irritation compared to the commercialized Ag/AgCl electrodes.
Optimization of CdS/MoS2 Photocatalysts for Phonon‐Enhanced H2 Evolution via Indirect Transition Modulation in Layer‐Dependent MoS2
Authors: Zhang Chao , Ai Zizheng , Xu Xiaolong , Huang Meiling , Xiu Zhiliang , Wu Yongzhong , Shao Yongliang , Hao Xiaopeng
Published: February 2025

Rational modulation in the transition distribution of electronic band structure is crucial for constructing phonon‐induced enhancement effects for efficient charge separation and thus improving the photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous semiconductor systems. Herein, the indirect/direct transition modulation of layer‐dependent MoS2 has been systematically investigated and modeled as a noble metal‐free cocatalyst model to study the spatial behavior of carriers in the presence of the phonon effect by coupling it to the direct semiconductor CdS. Consequently, photocarrier separation at the heterojunction interface is greatly facilitated by the optimized band‐matching mechanism, while phonon‐interfered recombination achieves lifetime extension, which is further elucidated by theoretical simulations. Notably, the water reduction properties of the optimal CdS/MoS2 system exhibit a striking apparent quantum efficiency (31.33% at 380 nm), with an H2 evolution rate as high as 9.70 mmol h−1 g−1, which is 7.58 times higher than that of pristine CdS. Overall, this work demonstrates the capability of involved phonons for enhancing charge transfer dynamics, and provides great flexibility for precisely designing superior photocatalytic systems by manipulating the electronic band transformation.
High‐Entropy Layered Double Hydroxides for Efficient Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Wang Yuying , Hu Yihang , Wu Zhaohui , Song Ziheng , Chen Xiang , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: February 2025

The electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is considered as an effective method to replace oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for efficient hydrogen production. However, the sluggish kinetics and the difficulty of breaking C─H bond of the Ni‐based catalysts limit further application. Herein, three high‐entropy layered double hydroxides (HELHs), namely ZnNiFeCoV‐HELH, ZnNiFeCoCr‐HELH, and ZnNiFeCoAl‐HELH (denoted as V‐HELH, Cr‐HELH, and Al‐HELH, respectively), are successfully synthesized. Among them, the V‐HELH displays the lowest potential of 1.39 V at 100 mA cm−2 compared to Cr‐HELH (1.41 V) and Al‐HELH (1.44 V). After five cycles, the formate yield of V‐HELH maintains over 95% of the first cycle with excellent stability. Such outstanding performance surpasses that of most state‐of‐the‐art MOR catalysts reported so far. A series of experiments reveal that the V‐HELH exhibits the fastest reaction kinetics and the largest number of active Ni3+ species. Further investigations and theoretical calculations prove that the V‐HELH shows the strongest methanol adsorption with the lowest energy of −3.31 eV. The introduction of vanadium (V) with relatively larger tensile strain optimizes the d─band center of V‐HELH (−0.54 eV) and lowers the energy barrier (−1.62 eV) from *CH3O to *CH2O. This work provides new insights for rational design of efficient MOR electrocatalysts.
Molecularly Engineered Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase with Tailored Lithiophilicity and Solvent‐Phobicity for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Jeong Yeong Hun , Won Gwangbin , Kim Seunghyeon , Jeong Daun , Kwon Da‐Sol , Yong Da Kyoung , Choi Jaehyuk , Ahn Hyun Woo , Kim Sulkyung , Lim Miso , Shim Jimin
Published: February 2025

Lithium (Li) metal is recognized as a promising anode material for rechargeable batteries primarily due to its high specific capacity and energy density. However, a major challenge persists in uncontrolled Li electrodeposition and irregular solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation during cycling, leading to premature cell failure and safety hazards. Herein, an artificial SEI is presented for Li metal with tailored lithiophilicity and solvent‐phobicity to address these critical issues. As a model system for the artificial SEI, a series of polyethyleneimine (PEI) substituted by 1,2‐epoxyhexane (EH) (PEI‐EH) is introduced, consisting of lithiophilic, nitrogen‐rich PEI, which promotes Li ion solvation and regulates uniform ion flux. The abundant amine groups in PEI are partially substituted with solvent‐phobic hexyl groups to reduce electrolyte swelling and prevent solvent decomposition. By systematically modulating the physical properties of PEI‐EH, including polarity and mechanical characteristics, an optimized artificial protective layer for Li metal that effectively suppresses Li dendrite growth and irregular SEI formation is identified. This study highlights the importance of molecular engineering in the design of artificial SEIs for achieving dendrite‐free, long‐lasting Li metal batteries.
Synergistic Metal‐Support Interactions in Au/GaN Catalysts for Photoelectrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Dong Wan Jae , Menzel Jan Paul , Ye Zhengwei , Long Zhuoran , Navid Ishtiaque Ahmed , Batista Victor S. , Mi Zetian
Published: February 2025

Metal‐support interactions are crucial in the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia (NH3) from nitrate (NO3−) reduction reaction, enabling efficient NH3 production under mild conditions. However, the complexity of the reaction pathways often limits efficiency. Here, a photoelectrochemical system composed of gold (Au) nanoclusters supported on gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires is introduced, grown on a n+‐p Si wafer, for selective reduction of NO3− to NH3 under solar illumination. NO3− ions are preferentially adsorbed and reduced to nitrite (NO2−) on the GaN nanowires, which then transfer to adjacent Au nanoclusters to complete the NH3 synthesis. This mechanism is confirmed by both experimental data and theoretical calculations. Optimizing the surface coverage and size of Au nanoclusters on the GaN nanowires significantly enhanced catalytic activity compared to that on planar n+‐p Si photoelectrodes, achieving a faradaic efficiency of 91.8% at −0.4 VRHE and a high NH3 production rate of 131.1 µmol cm−2 h−1 at −0.8 VRHE. These findings highlight the synergetic effect between metal co‐catalysts and semiconductor supports in designing photoelectrodes for multi‐step NO3− reduction.
Double‐Edged Dissolving Microneedle Patches Loaded with Zn/Ce Composites and Vancomycin for Treatment of Drug‐Resistant Bacterial Infected Skin Abscess
Authors: Jin Yu , Chu Zhaoyou , Zhu Pengfei , Jiang Yechun , Shen Hui , Wang Yujie , Wu Silong , Yang Miaomiao , Qian Haisheng , Ma Yan
Published: February 2025

The management of abscess wounds induced by antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections has become increasingly formidable due to the widespread overutilization and misuse of antimicrobial agents. This study presents an innovative dissolvable microneedle (MN) patch incorporating Au@ZnO/Ce nanocomposites and vancomycin (AZC/Van@MN), exhibiting robust antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory properties, meticulously engineered for the therapeutic intervention of abscess wounds. The developed AZC/Van@MN patch demonstrates exceptional biocompatibility as evidenced by comprehensive histopathological and hematological assessments. It effectively eradicates bacterial colonies through the synergistic action of Van and mild photothermal therapy (PTT, ≤42 °C). Transcriptomic analysis elucidates that the antibacterial mechanism involves the upregulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and the suppression of arginine biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, AZC/Van@MN significantly reduces abscess dimensions, bacterial load, and inflammatory response, while simultaneously enhancing wound healing via accelerated re‐epithelialization and angiogenesis. This double‐edged MN patch represents a promising strategy for combating skin abscesses instigated by antibiotic‐resistant bacteria.
A Copper‐Manganese Based Nanocomposite Induces Cuproptosis and Potentiates Anti‐Tumor Immune Responses
Authors: Xie Luoyingzi , Gong Jie , He Zhiqiang , Zhang Weinan , Wang Haoyu , Wu Shitao , Wang Xianxing , Sun Pijiang , Cai Lei , Wu Zhongjun , Wang Huaizhi
Published: February 2025

Cancer is one of the most important challenges worldwide with an increasing incidence. However, most of patients with malignant cancer receiving traditional therapies have tumor recurrence and short‐term 5‐year survival. Herein, a novel Cu2O‐MnO@PEG (CMP) nanomaterial is developed to treat tumors. CMP directly mediates cuproptosis in tumor cells. Meanwhile, CMP potentiates anti‐tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to induce tumor regression. CMP improves the tumor antigen processing and presentation of dendritic cells and tumor‐associated macrophages, and further promotes CD8+ T cell responses, especially for cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and transitory exhausted CD8+ T cells. Additionally, CMP downregulates the proportion of Treg cells and CTLA‐4 expression on Treg cells. Notably, CMP induces systemic immune responses against distant tumors and long‐term immune memory. Furthermore, CMP synergized with PD‐L1 mAb promotes tumor inhibition and sustains the anti‐tumor efficacy post PD‐L1 mAb treatment. Collectively, this strategy has the clinically therapeutic potential for tumors by facilitating cuproptosis in tumor cells and anti‐tumor immune responses.
Emerging Nitrogen and Sulfur Co‐doped Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Chen Xia , Feng Ping , Zheng Yong , Li Hui , Zhang Youfang , Shen Yi , Yan Yan , Liu Mingkai , Ye Liqun
Published: February 2025

The growing global energy demands, coupled with the imperative for sustainable environmental challenges, have sparked significant interest in electrochemical energy storage and conversion (EESC) technologies. Metal‐free heteroatom‐doped carbon materials, especially those codoped with nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S), have gained prominence due to their exceptional conductivity, large specific surface area, remarkable chemical stability, and enhanced electrochemical performance. The strategic incorporation of N and S atoms into the carbon framework plays a pivotal role in modulating electron distribution and creating catalytically active sites, thereby significantly enhancing the EESC performance. This review examines the key synthetic strategies for fabricating N, S codoped carbon materials (NSDCMs) and provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in NSDCMs for EESC applications. These encompass various electrochemical energy storage systems such as supercapacitors, alkali‐ion batteries, and lithium–sulfur batteries. Energy conversion processes, including hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction/evolution, and carbon dioxide reduction are also covered. Finally, future research directions for NSDCMs are discussed in the EESC field, aiming to highlight their promising potential and multifunctional capabilities in driving further advancements in electrochemical energy systems.
Helical Soft Robots with Magnetic and Photocatalytic Components for Water Remediation
Authors: Xuan Pengyang , Gong Jiaming , Fu Tongfang , Zhou Yazhou , Qin Jingjing , Chen Haoxiang , Wang Tianlu , Xue Guohao , Peng Xiaoyuan , Qian Yun , Osella Silvio , Zbořil Radek , Hofkens Johan , Müllen Klaus , Lai Feili , Liu Tianxi
Published: February 2025

Soft robots have demonstrated exceptional potential in various applications, particularly in biomedicine, which is attributed to their motional agility and machinability. However, their potential applications in water remediation have not been fully explored. The main challenge is to achieve both precise motion and efficient pollutant degradation. Herein, a modular design is reported for fabricating soft robots. These robots are designed with spatially separated components. One is superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic actuation and the other is photocatalysts for targeted pollutant degradation (i.e., methyl orange, congo red, rhodamine B, tetracycline, and soybean oil). The helical structure enables diverse programmable motional modes, including high‐speed propulsion up to 3.54 mm s−1. At the same time, the photocatalytic module enables efficient degradation of multiple pollutants with excellent reusability. The modular design combines structural stability with multifunctionality and opens new opportunities for soft robots in environmental remediation.
Silk Nanofibrillar Aerogel as Sustainable Filters for Environmental Purification
Authors: Li Xiufang , Ba Xiaorong , Dai Yunfeng , Feng Yanfei , Yan Shuqin , Zhang Qiang , You Renchuan
Published: February 2025

Environmental pollution threatens human health and ecosystem sustainability, boosting a huge demand for filters. However, the petroleum‐based filters are likewise environmentally hazardous since their non‐degradability results in disposal in landfills. Although biodegradable synthetic polymers have been contemplated as alternative filtration materials, their utilization in fabricating ultrafine fibers to construct effective 3D filters remains an obstacle. In this study, all‐biomass nanofibrous filters are developed with versatility and biodegradability based on silk nanofibrils (SNFs). Bulk aerogels with tunable structures can be fabricated through solvent‐mediated ice crystal growth by using SNFs as a building block. The SNF‐based aerogel exhibited excellent water purification performance, as evidenced by their ability to remove micro‐nano plastics, organic dyes, and heavy metal ions. The practicability of this filter system is demonstrated by the successful production of purified water from simulated polluted water and dirty river water. Moreover, the versatility of the SNF aerogel is further proven by superior air filtration performance against PM0.3 and oily smoking. Furthermore, the SNF aerogel filter has a low environmental impact as it can be safely biodegraded in the natural environment, with a ratio of 73.8% after one year of landfill. This work provides a path toward sustainable purification treatment of environmental pollution.
Why and How We Combine Multiple Deep Learning Models With Functional Overlaps
Authors: Ma Mingliang , Li Yanhui , Chen Yingxin , Chen Lin , Zhou Yuming
Published: February 2025

The evolution (e.g., development and maintenance) of deep learning (DL) models has attracted much attention. One of the main challenges during the development and maintenance of DL models is model training, which often requires a lot of human resources and computing power (such as labeling costs and parameter training). In recent years, to alleviate this problem, researchers have introduced the idea of software engineering (SE) into DL. Researchers consider the DL model a new type of software, borrowing the practice of traditional software reuse, that is, focusing on the reuse of DL models to improve the quality of DL model development and maintenance. This paper focuses on more complex model reuse scenarios, where developers need to combine multiple models with functional overlaps. We explore whether the model combination technique can meet the requirements for such scenarios. We have conducted an empirical study of the research scenario and found that a model composition approach was needed to meet the requirements. Furthermore, we propose a model combination method based on concatenation‐parallel called MCCP. First, the multiple models' hidden layer features are connected, and then the multiple models are connected in parallel to construct a joint model with all output categories. The joint model is trained to achieve unified requirements under the limited marking cost. Through experiments on data sets in nine domains and five model structures, the following two conclusions are drawn: (1) we observe noticeable differences (38% at most) in the performance of multiple models within overlapping category data, which calls for effective model combination techniques. (2) MCCP is more effective than the baseline, which performs the best in eight of the nine domains. Our research shows that the joint model generated by combining models with overlapping functions can meet the requirements of complex model reuse scenarios.
Succinonitrile‐Rich Electrolyte Solvation Structure Enables Wide‐Temperature‐Range Operation of Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Kim Boguen , Kim Saehun , Lee Dong Gyu , Lee Donghyun , Son Junsu , Seong Hyeonseok , Kim Bumjoon J. , Lee Tae Kyung , Choi Nam‐Soon
Published: February 2025

Stable lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) with wide‐temperature‐range operability can be achieved through the rational design of electrolytes based on their physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics, such as their freezing behavior and functional integrity at battery heterointerfaces. This study demonstrates that succinonitrile (SN)‐dominated solvation chemistry and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)‐derived interface engineering can enable the wide‐temperature‐range operation of LMBs while optimally tuning the microstructures of the electrolyte for facile Li‐ion conduction. A mechanically and chemically stable LiF‐rich primary solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) is constructed using FEC and 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE). Subsequently, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide and SN are utilized to produce ion‐conductive Li3N in the SEI. SN promoted the build‐up of an electron‐ and N‐rich C≡N based cathode–electrolyte interface that could mitigate transition metal‐ion dissolution, microcrack formation, and structural degradation in a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode. TTE, which exhibits low solvation power, enabled the formation of desirable Li‐ion conduction pathways, including a deep depression of the melting point of the electrolyte and low‐viscosity Li‐ion channels, for low‐temperature operation. The integration of interface engineering and electrolyte chemistry provides an efficient strategy for preparing Li|NCM811 full cells demonstrating stable operation under various temperature conditions.
Battery Cathode Recycling With Superior Dissolution Kinetics by Laser Augmentation
Authors: Wang Zixu , Hu Xin , Zhang Hao , Song Yaduo , Yao Yonggang , Huang Yunhui
Published: February 2025

The application of lithium‐ion batteries challenges environmental sustainability and calls for efficient recycling toward circular economics. Hydrometallurgical recycling, despite being commercialized, still faces challenges such as harsh chemicals, high secondary waste generation, and low efficiencies. Intuitively, higher temperature leads to exponentially higher reaction kinetics (following Arrhenius's law), yet the dissolution temperature is limited to below 100 °C while heating the solution means more energy consumption. This study presents a laser‐assisted wet leaching (Laser‐WL) method that enables decoupled particle/solution temperatures, where the cathode particles are effectively heated by laser adsorption (30 W) to accelerate the dissolution kinetics (7–10 fold) while the solution remains cool for energy saving. Besides, physical laser ablation helps remove the robust solid electrolyte interface and cracks the particles to expose active materials, shortening the diffusion pathways and further enhancing the leaching kinetics. Therefore, Laser‐WL can achieve an extraction rate of 95.6% in 15 min (traditional method >3 h). It reduced the consumption of concentrated HCl by 87%, and water consumption by 27%. The method is applicable to various cathode materials and works for weak acids, thus presenting a sustainable and economically viable solution for metal recycling.
Development of Boron Emitters for Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact Solar Cells with Current‐Assisted Contact Formation
Authors: Mack Sebastian , Krieg Katrin , Teßmann Christopher , Ourinson Daniel , Polzin Jana‐Isabelle , Wolf Andreas
Published: February 2025

Front side recombination in tunnel oxide passivated contact solar cells is frequently described by the recombination parameters j0e for the passivated and j0e,met for the metallized front region. The combination of Al‐free metallization pastes and current‐assisted contact formation has shown significant reduction of j0e,met. Such new metallization approaches enable shallower doping profiles and higher sheet resistances Rsheet, which in turn also reduce j0e. In this study, we provide insight into how to reduce the overall front side recombination, by tailoring the boron dopant profile from atmospheric pressure BBr3 diffusion processes. The limitation of the dopant dose in the profile leads to a higher Rsheet of the resulting profile. The newly developed homogeneous boron emitter features j0e = 14 fA cm−2 at a Rsheet = 161 Ω sq−1, a 62% decrease from the initial value, and an even lower j0e = 8 fA cm−2 is determined for an emitter with 330 Ω sq−1. An increased contact resistivity on the front side still poses a challenge for Ag front side pastes despite the use of current‐assisted contact formation. Application of an alternative AgAl paste in industrial‐type fabricated TOPCon solar cells results in a maximum conversion efficiency of 24.5%.
Comprehensive Properties and Magnetic Anisotropy of Fe–Si–Ni–Al–Mn Nonoriented Silicon Steel Prepared by Twin‐Roll Strip Casting
Authors: Hou Diwen , Wang Junjie , Mao Qijia , Fang Feng , Wang Yang , Zhang Yuanxiang , Zhang Xiaoming , Yuan Guo
Published: February 2025

High‐strength non‐oriented silicon steel prepared by twin‐roll strip casting technology, replacing the conventional hot rolling method with a high compression ratio, effectively diminishes the γ texture and increases the intensity of cube and Goss orientation to 3.70 and 3.68, respectively, in recrystallization texture. The high density of NiAl precipitates with an average radius of 3.47 nm and a volume fraction of 0.9% is obtained after peak aging, significantly enhancing mechanical properties while minimizing magnetic performance loss. These precipitates maintain a coherent relationship with the matrix, preventing increased magnetic anisotropy. During peak aging, P10/400 rises from 25.0 to 31.3 W kg−1, while B50 slightly decreases from 1.66 to 1.62 T. Yield and tensile strength improve significantly from 576 and 733 MPa to 889 and 1053 MPa, respectively, with an elongation rate of 7.6%. The findings reveal that enhancing the proportion of Goss orientation intensifies the magnetic anisotropy between 45° and 90°. The most unfavorable angle of B50 and core loss in low‐frequency conditions is 60°, the worst angle of Goss orientation. The strip casting process, combined with the incorporation of coherent NiAl precipitates, can effectively improve the comprehensive properties of nonoriented silicon steel, informing potential industrial applications.
Correlation Between Microstructure and Micromechanism of Quasi‐Cleavage Fracture of 33Mn2V Dual‐Phase Steel
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Hu Jie , Zhao Hongshan , Dong Han
Published: February 2025

As oil exploration expands into deep‐sea and cold regions, improving the low‐temperature toughness of oil casings is crucial, and dual‐phase (DP) heat treatment has shown potential as an effective method to enhance this property. In this study, the relationship between the microstructure and low‐temperature fracture mechanism of 33Mn2V steel is investigated under various heat‐treatment conditions. Intercritical quenching and tempering treatments produced DP steels with varying martensite fractions, analyzed using optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction. In the results, it is shown that quenching at 800 °C achieves the best impact toughness (40.5 J cm−2 at −120 °C), which is attributed to the combined effects of cooperative deformation between martensite and ferrite, effective surface energy (36.1 J m−2), and the maximum plastic deformation area (871 μm2) during crack propagation. In these findings, the role of microstructural evolution, including the optimal martensite fraction, in influencing fracture behavior and quasi‐cleavage mechanisms is highlighted.
General decay rate of a variable coefficient wave equation with boundary viscoelastic damping
Authors: Liu Yu‐Xiang
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we consider the general decay of wave equation with variable coefficients and boundary viscoelastic damping. Applying the Riemannian geometry method and convex analysis, we establish the energy decay rate which is given by solutions of a first‐order nonlinear, dissipative ordinary differential equation under a wider assumption of the viscoelastic damping and some conditions on the coefficient matrix.
Non‐local wave equation: Time delay with second order terms
Authors: Atanackovic Teodor M. , Kacapor Enes , Djekic Diana Dolicanin , Gilic Ersin
Published: February 2025

In the constitutive equation of nonlocal elasticity with a kernel of general fractional derivative of Riesz type, the time delay of the form is introduced. We call the function the constitutive equation of time delay. Second‐order terms in expansion is taken into account, and the resulting generalized wave equation is derived. The influence of parameters on the solution is studied numerically. The numerical analysis shows that time delay influences both the speed of propagation of maximal displacement and the amplitude of the wave.
Description of chemical systems by means of response functions
Authors: Franco E. , Kepka B. , Velázquez J. J. L.
Published: February 2025

In this paper we introduce a formalism that allows to describe the response of a part of a biochemical system in terms of renewal equations. In particular, we examine under which conditions the interactions between the different parts of a chemical system, described by means of linear ODEs, can be represented in terms of renewal equations. We show also how to apply the formalism developed in this paper to some particular types of linear and non-linear ODEs, modelling some biochemical systems of interest in biology (for instance, some time-dependent versions of the classical Hopfield model of kinetic proofreading). We also analyse some of the properties of the renewal equations that we are interested in, as the long-time behaviour of their solution. Furthermore, we prove that the kernels characterising the renewal equations derived by biochemical system with reactions that satisfy the detail balance condition belong to the class of completely monotone functions.
L-tyrosine inhibits the formation of amyloid fibers of human lysozyme at physiological pH and temperature
Authors: López Santos , Rojo-Domínguez Arturo , López-Simeon Roxana , Sosa-Peinado Alejandro , Nájera Hugo
Published: February 2025

Amyloid fibers are implicated in numerous diseases, making their study crucial for identifying effective therapeutic compounds. This research highlights the ability of L-tyrosine to inhibit the formation of amyloid fibers in human lysozyme. At a 1:1 molar ratio under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C), L-tyrosine significantly reduces amyloid fiber formation, as evidenced by a decrease in thioflavin T fluorescence. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a major energy requirement for temperature denaturation when the lysozyme is in the presence of L-tyrosine. Additionally, chemical denaturation experiments reveal a shift in the intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of lysozyme in the presence of L-tyrosine, indicating a direct interaction. Computational docking studies with Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) further confirm that L-tyrosine binds effectively, exhibiting similar binding energies to those of the natural substrate. This study underscores L-tyrosine’s potential as a strong inhibitor of amyloid fiber formation, demonstrating its stabilizing effect on lysozyme and its promise in therapeutic applications.
Plastic reduction and firm characteristics: Evidence from (non-) financial information in Japan
Authors: Nomura Kai , Yamamoto Masashi
Published: February 2025

The plastic pollution problem is an international environmental issue of interest. To address the misplacement of used plastics, we need to regulate plastic use; however, such a legislation process typically takes a long time. Thus, there are many examples of companies taking voluntary action ahead of regulation. Why does a profit-maximizing company pay the additional cost of reducing plastics voluntarily? To answer this question, it is important to determine the identity of the active actors. The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of companies that are active in voluntary reduction efforts; we do so by examining both financial and nonfinancial information. Our empirical results indicate that in addition to the level of awareness and materiality of plastic pollution to their business, larger firms of a specific business type are more likely to introduce voluntary reduction initiatives.