bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Thiol-Derivatized Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrin complexes
Authors: YUAN HONGPING , WOO L. KEITH
Published: September 2002

A series of thiol-derivatized porphyrins and the corresponding cobalt and zinc complexes were synthesized from 5-(p-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin ( H 2 TPP - NH 2), and 5α,15α-bis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin ( H 2 DPE - ( NH 2)2). These derivatized porphyrins have a different number of thiol appendages attached via amide linkages at different locations. The thiol-derivatized porphyrins made from H 2 TPP - NH 2, H 2 TPP - NHC ( O )( CH 2) n SH ( n = 2, 4, 5, 10), have one alkyl-thiol appendage attached to the porphyrin through an amide linkage on the p-aminophenyl position. The derivatives made from H 2 DPE -( NH 2)2 have two alkyl-thiol appendages attached to the porphyrin through amide linkages on the o-aminophenyl positions on the same face of the porphyrin ring. These thiol-derivatized porphyrins are important adsorbates for the preparation of thiol–porphyrin monolayers on gold.
Functional Metallomacrocycles and Their Polymers 36: Synthesis and Properties of Polyester Containing a Metallophthalocyanine Ring
Authors: SHIRAI HIROFUSA , KONDO SHUN-ICHI , NISHIHATA KAZUMI , ADACHI ETSUKO , SUZUKI MASAHIRO , UCHIDA SHINJI , KIMURA MUTSUMI , KOYAMA TOSHIKI , HANABUSA KENJI
Published: September 2002

A novel class of copolyesters containing the metallophthalocyanine ring [ M - Pc , M = Fe ( III ), Co ( II )] in the chain was synthesized by polycondensation of (dicarboxyphthalocyaninato) metal [ M - Dapc , M = Fe ( III ), Co ( II )] diacid chloride, terephthalic acid chloride and aliphatic diols. The structures of the copolyesters were characterized by infrared, electronic as well as ESR spectra, and viscosity measurement. The thermal stabilities of the polymers were evaluated by dynamic thermogravimetric analyses. The polymers obtained thus were easily soluble in chloroform, dichloromethane, etc. The green or blue colored fiber was formed by melt spinning of the copolyesters containing below 1 mol % M - Pc component. The copolyester containing Co ( II )- Pc in the chain obtained from 1,2-ethanediol as a diol component catalysed the autoxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol in the presence of oxygen.
Spectral Evidence for Heterodimerization of Water-Soluble Metalloporphyrins
Authors: ERDEM SAFİYE SAĞ
Published: September 2002

The formation of water-soluble metalloporphyrin heterodimers from Fe ( III ), Cu ( II ) and Ni ( II ) complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin has been investigated using UV-vis, IR and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. Absorption and IR spectra confirmed the formation of dimers and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed evidence for the metal-metal interactions in the dimers.
EXAFS Studies of Organic Molecular Ferromagnets Based on Cobalt Phthalocyanine: Na2.8CoPc
Authors: SHAROYAN E. G. , SHAROYAN V. E. , OVSYANNIKOV PH. M.
Published: September 2002

Cobalt phthalocyanine ( Na 2.8 CoPc ) organic molecular ferromagnets with a Curie temperature higher than room temperature were synthesized. By means of EXAFS spectroscopy the nearest coordinational environment of the Co ion was examined in both Na 2.8 CoPc and pristine β- CoPc as well as in standard substances containing metallic cobalt. The nearest coordinational environment of the Co ion in ferromagnetic Na 2.8 CoPc is shown to remain virtually invariable as compared with that in pristine β- CoPc . This environment is conditioned by the nitric and carbonic coordination spheres of the phthalocyanine and differs essentially from the nearest coordinational environment of Co in metallic cobalt. The results of EXAFS studies serve as direct structural evidence that the nature of the ferromagnetism in Na 2.8 CoPc is conditioned by the organic matrix, namely by ( CoPc )2− and ( CoPc )3− anions with unpaired π-electrons in the 7 e g doubly degenerate MO of the conjugated phthalocyanine macro-ring.
FT-EPR Study of Spin-correlated Radical Pairs Formed by Electron Transfer Quenching of Porphyrin Triplets in Micellar Solution
Authors: WEIS VOLKER , VAN WILLIGEN HANS
Published: September 2002

The spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) formed by photoinduced electron transfer from zinc tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin ( ZnTPPS ) to quinones in micelles of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride ( CTAC ) were studied by means of Fourier transform EPR (FT-EPR). It is shown that variation of the power of the microwave pulse allows the separation of EPR signals arising from SCRPs and free radicals. The measured kinetics of radical formation can be accounted for in terms of a statistical model taking into account the non-uniform distribution of the solutes over the micelles. The rate constant of electron transfer quenching (kq) of the ZnTPPS triplet state by duroquinone (DQ) is found to be 1.05 × 106 s−1. The FT-EPR measurements gave information also on the kinetics of the homogeneous electron transfer reaction DQ − + DQ → DQ + DQ − in CTAC solution in which the DQ − anion radicals were generated by light-induced electron transfer from ZnTPPS . It is found that the dependence of the rate of this reaction on quinone concentration deviates from the linear relationship found in homogeneous solutions. A statistical model is proposed to account for the data. Based on this model, the rate constant of the self-exchange reaction (k ex ) is 4.1 × 106 s−1. From results obtained with duroquinone and benzoquinone as acceptors, it is concluded that ZnTPPS is located at the micelle/water interface.
Oxidative Cyclization of a, c-Biladienes: the Role of the Metal Ion
Authors: LIN JACK J. , HOLMES ROBERT T. , SMITH KEVIN M.
Published: September 2002

Previous literature work has assumed that the metal ion in metal-assisted a, c-biladiene cyclizations serves as a chelator as well as an oxidant. New results suggest that the metal is not of primary importance in aligning the tetrapyrroles into the proper cyclic conformation prior to cyclization. Though the metal insertion into the tetrapyrrole can take place at any stage in the reaction sequence, it appears only to be essential after formation of the 1,20-dihydroporphyrin intermediate, wherein it serves to facilitate the elimination of the 1-substituent to produce porphyrin.
Synthesis of Substituted Amido Copper Phthalocyanine (Pc) Derivatives for Improved Pigment Application Performance
Authors: HEALY THOMAS W. B. , EWINS CIARAN T.
Published: September 2002

Substituted amido copper phthalocyanine ( CuPc ) derivatives are being investigated as additives in pigment systems. Propylamido, dodecylamido and octadecylamido copper phthalocyanine have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding amine hydrochloride and the mono (carboxamide) of copper phthalocyanine in a melt reaction. The carboxamide of CuPc was prepared by reaction of phthalic acid and trimellitic acid in a urea melt; reagents were selected to maximize the mono-substituted product. The mono (carboxamide) of CuPc as prepared therefore contained CuPc and a statistical mixture of other CuPc carboxamides; however, the formation of the alkyl derivatives allowed purification by high-temperature thin layer chromatography, which gave good separations, and characterization with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Initial investigations show that these alkyl amido CuPcS , when used in CuPc pigment compositions for paints improve the dispersion rheology and dispersibility/colouring strength.
Geochemistry of porphyrins: biological, industrial and environmental aspects
Authors: CZERNUSZEWICZ ROMAN S.
Published: September 2002

The existence of metalloporphyrins in geological materials was established by Alfred Treibs in the 1930s. This discovery provided definitive evidence that organic matter in fossil fuels is largely of biological origin and laid the foundation for the modern science of porphyrin geochemistry. This overview covers to some degree biological, industrial, and environmental topics in the geochemistry of nickel and vanadyl porphyrins in fossil fuels, principally petroleum.
Towards N-alkylated phthalocyanines using 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octaneopentoxyphthalocyanine
Authors: KHANAMIRYAN ASHOT KH. , BHARDWAJ NAMRTA , LEZNOFF CLIFFORD C.
Published: September 2002

4,5-Dineopentoxyphthalonitrile was prepared from catechol and neopentyl tosylate in three steps. Condensation of this substituted phthalonitrile with lithium metal in 1-pentanol led to 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octaneopentoxyphthalocyanine. Lithiation in tetrahydrofuran gave the dilithium phthalocyanine which on methylation did not give the expected N -methylated product 29,31-dimethylphthalocyanine. The precipitate formed on methylation appeared to be the N +- CH 3 derivative in which one of the peripheral nitrogens was N -methylated. Methylation with 13 CH 3 I likely yielded an N +-methylated phthalocyanine having the requisite increased mass in its mass spectrum.
Neurofuzzy control of a low‐temperature desulphurization plant
Authors: Pham D. T. , Nicholas I. A.
Published: September 2002

Low‐temperature desulphurization (LTD) is a low‐cost alternative to conventional wet scrubbing for removing sulphur dioxide from flue gas produced by power generating plants. A problem in the design of conventional controllers to achieve and maintain process conditions for optimal desulphurisation is the lack of mathematical models to characterise the complex desulphurization process and unexpected environ mental disturbances. The aim of the work reported in this paper was to replace a skilled human operator who could successfully regulate the LTD plant through manipulation of low‐level controllers with a competitive neurofuzzy system, which possesses both the learning ability of neural networks and the structural transparency of fuzzy logic systems. A hierarchical control structure was adopted whereby the competitive neurofuzzy method was used at the top level for co‐ordinating actions of low‐level conventional controllers. This approach would considerably simplify the task of designing the control system and has been shown to yield high‐level controllers with performances at least equalling that of expert operators, as demonstrated in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemoglobin S‐C disease revisited: Clinical study of 106 adults
Authors: Koduri Prasad Rao , Agbemadzo Bernard , Nathan Sunita
Published: September 2002

We describe the clinical features of S‐C hemoglobin disease in 106 adults seen during the years 1972–2000 and followed for a mean period of 6.8 years (range 1–27 years). The median age of the patients was 50 years. Common clinical features were pain crisis (65%), avascular necrosis of the hip (23%), proliferative sickle retinopathy (34%), and splenic infarction/splenic sequestration syndrome (19%). Acute splenic sequestration crisis occurred in 10 patients and was the presenting feature in two. Obesity (19.8%), essential hypertension (20.7%), and type‐2 diabetes mellitus (10.3%) were common. The frequent occurrence of these co‐morbidities among patients with hemoglobin S‐C disease has not been reported previously. Am. J. Hematol. 68:298–300, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring of CD59 expression in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria treated with danazol
Authors: Katayama Yoshio , Hiramatsu Y. , Kohriyama K.
Published: September 2002

We describe a 52‐year‐old man with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and a moderate transfusion requirement. Prior to and during sequential therapy with androgen (metenolone), glucocorticoid, and danazol, we evaluated CD59‐negative expression (PNH clone) in red blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocyte subsets, and bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells. Although androgen and glucocorticoid were not effective for recovery of blood cell counts, the hemoglobin and platelet levels increased immediately after the therapy with danazol and the patient became transfusion independent. However, neither the serum level of LDH nor the percentage of PNH clone in each cell lineage, including BM CD34+ cells, decreased. The number of nucleated cells in BM increased drastically after the start of danazol. These findings suggest that the efficacy of danazol was not only due to the impediment of hemolysis but also due to stimulation of PNH clone proliferation in BM. Am. J. Hematol. 68:280‐‐283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Book review
Authors: Wood Bernard
Published: September 2002

Human Growth in the Past: Studies From Bones and Teeth. Edited by Robert D. Hoppa and Charles M. FitzGerald. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1999. 315 pp. ISBN 0‐521‐63153‐X. $74.95 (cloth)
Book Review
Authors: Anemone Robert L.
Published: September 2002

Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. By Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. 1999. 284 pp. ISBN 0‐536‐02256‐9. $41.95 (paper).

Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Volume 2: New World Monkeys. By Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. 2000. 207 pp. ISBN 0‐536‐60265‐4. $35.95 (paper).
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor enhances fast excitatory synaptic transmission in human epileptic dentate gyrus
Authors: Zhu Wei Jian , Roper Steven N.
Published: September 2002

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has trophic effects and modulates synaptic transmission in the hippocampal formation in animal studies. It is also upregulated in acute and chronic epilepsy models and in human temporal lobe epilepsy. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of BDNF on fast synaptic transmission in the human epileptic dentate gyrus. Hippocampal specimens were acquired from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy during surgical removal of the anterior temporal lobe intended to treat the epileptic condition. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were obtained from dentate granule cells in transverse hippocampal slices in vitro. Application of BDNF increased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and increased the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents. BDNF had no effect on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents but produced a decrease in amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents. BDNF's effects were abolished by coapplication of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a. Therefore, BDNF enhances fast excitatory transmission in the epileptic human dentate gyrus and may play an important role in epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy. This raises the possibility of designing therapies for this disorder that may be both anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic.
Chromogranins as markers of altered hippocampal circuitry in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Pirker Susanne , Czech Thomas , Baumgartner Christoph , Maier Hans , Novak Klaus , Fürtinger Sabine , Fischer‐Colbrie Reiner , Sperk Günther
Published: September 2002

Chromogranins are polypeptides which are widely expressed in the central nervous system. They are stored in dense core vesicles of nerve terminals, from where they are released upon stimulation. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the distribution of chromogranin A, chromogranin B, secretoneurin, and, for comparison, dynorphin in hippocampal specimens removed at routine surgery from patients with drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and in autopsy tissues from nonneurologically deceased subjects. In post mortem controls (n = 21), immunoreactivity for all four peptides (most prominently for chromogranin B and dynorphin) was observed in the terminal field of mossy fibers. For chromogranins, staining was observed also in sectors CA1 to CA3 and in the subiculum. Chromogranin B immunoreactivity was found in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the area of terminating associational‐commissural fibers. Secretoneurin and dynorphin immunoreactivity labeled the outer molecular layer and the stratum lacunosum moleculare of sectors CA1 to CA3, where projections from the entorhinal cortex terminate. In specimens with Ammon's horn sclerosis (n = 25), staining for all three chromogranins and for dynorphin was reduced in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Instead, intense staining was observed in the inner molecular layer, presumably delineating terminals of sprouted mossy fibers. Specimens obtained from temporal lobe epilepsy patients without Ammon's horn sclerosis (n = 4) lacked this pronounced rearrangement of mossy fibers. In the stratum lacunosum moleculare of sector CA1, secretoneurin and dynorphin immunoreactivity was reduced in sclerotic, but not in nonsclerotic, specimens, paralleling the partial loss of fibers arising from the entorhinal cortex. Instead, presumably sprouted secretoneurin‐immunoreactive fibers were found in the outer dentate molecular layer in sclerotic specimens. These changes in staining patterns for chromogranins and dynorphin mark profound plastic and functional rearrangement of hippocampal circuitry in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Levodopa induces dyskinesias in normal squirrel monkeys
Authors: Togasaki Daniel M. , Tan Louis , Protell Peter , Di Monte Donato A. , Quik Maryka , Langston J. William
Published: September 2002

This study assessed whether or not levodopa induces dyskinesias in normal (ie, unlesioned) squirrel monkeys. All six animals treated twice daily with levodopa (15 mg/kg with carbidopa by oral gavage) for two weeks developed choreoathetoid dyskinesias, whereas none of the vehicle‐treated animals displayed any abnormal movements. These dyskinesias did not merely reflect a generalized motor activation as locomotion was actually suppressed. The present data demonstrate that preexisting nigrostriatal damage is not necessary for the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesias.
Flashlamp pumping of erbium‐doped silicon nanoclusters
Authors: Kenyon A. J. , Chryssou C. E. , Pitt C. W. , Iwayama T. S. , Hole D. E.
Published: September 2002

We report recent results showing broad‐band excitation of erbium ions implanted into thin films of silica containing silicon nanoclusters. Indirect excitation of the rare‐earth ions is mediated by the nanoclusters, which are either grown in during plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition of the films, or are formed by implantation of thermally grown SiO2 layers with Si+ ions. We demonstrate efficient flashlamp pumping of the erbium 1535 µm photoluminescence band and discuss the device implications of this material. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Connexin43 in mouse Leydig, Sertoli, and germinal cells at different stages of postnatal development
Authors: Bravo‐Moreno J. Francisco , Díaz‐Sánchez Vicente , Montoya‐Flores José G. , Lamoyi Edmundo , Saéz Juan C. , Pérez‐Armendariz E. Martha
Published: September 2002

Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant and ubiquitously distributed gap junction protein in testicular cells. Lack of Cx43 expression results in male infertility. We investigated whether Cx43 is expressed and regulated in Leydig, Sertoli and germinal cells at different stages of postnatal development. Cx43 was detected using three different antibodies shown by immunoblotting to be highly specific. At different postnatal ages Cx43 localization was compared in serial or double labeled testicular cryosections with immunocytochemical distribution of steroidogenic enzyme, 3 βhidroxysteroid‐dehydrogenase (3βHSD), Mullerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), and germinal nuclear cell antigen (GNCA1), which are specific markers of interstitial Leydig, Sertoli and germinal cells, respectively. In the interstitium, round cell clumps (RCC) with lipid droplets positive for 3βHSD and Cx43 were frequently found at intertubular areas at birth and Cx43 was mainly localized at cell membrane appositions. From day 3, the number and size of 3βHSD‐positive RCC started to decrease, and reached a minimum at 7–14 dpp; Cx43 expressed by them is progressively downregulated. From day 21 an increase in the size and number of RCC positive for Cx43 and 3βHSD was found that continued at 24, 26 and 28 days and reached a maximum at 35 and 60 dpp. Biphasic expression of interstitial Cx43 and 3βHSD was also found to be positively and temporally correlated with fluctuations in intratesticular testosterone content at all ages studied. In the seminiferous cord (SC), Cx43 was expressed at birth between adjacent Sertoli cells (MIH positive) localized at the periphery, as well as in their cytoplasm projections that surround centrally localized gonocytes. From days 3 to 7, Cx43 labeling increased in Sertoli cells mainly at their apical border. At day 14, Cx43 distribution in Sertoli cells changed from apical to basal in parallel to migration of germinal (GNCA1‐positive) cells from the periphery to the center of the SC. At all these ages, Cx43 was also localized at cell borders between Sertoli and germinal cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Cx43 in Leydig cells is regulated during postnatal development in an age and functional dependent manner. In the tubule, it is demonstrated that Cx43 is modulated in Sertoli cells during the neonatal and prepubertal period. We also provide evidence for the first time that Cx43‐gap junctions communicate between Sertoli and germinal cells before and during the first wave of spermatogenesis. Anat Rec 264:13–24, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult stem cells and neurogenesis: Historical roots and state of the art
Authors: Geuna S. , Borrione P. , Fornaro M. , Giacobini‐Robecchi M.G.
Published: September 2002

Over the last few years, an impressive number of papers have addressed the stem cell issue. However, as often occurs when a scientific subject undergoes a period of fast growth, some confusion is generated. To help reduce the existing uncertainty, this paper focuses on the concept of adult stem cells in relation to the classification of cell populations on the basis their proliferative behavior. Particular attention is dedicated to adult neural stem cells, an issue that has recently seen the most amazing advances. Finally, the concept of adult stem cells is differentiated from that of developmental stem cells in relation to the employment of stem cells for transplantation therapies. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:132–141, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do meiotic chromosomes meet their homologous partners?: lessons from fission yeast
Authors: Yamamoto Ayumu , Hiraoka Yasushi
Published: September 2002

Homologous chromosome pairing is required for proper chromosome segregation and recombination during meiosis. The mechanism by which a pair of homologous chromosomes contact each other to establish pairing is not fully understood. When pairing occurs during meiotic prophase in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the nucleus oscillates between the cell poles and telomeres remain clustered at the leading edge of the moving nucleus. These meiosis‐specific activities produce movements of telomere‐bundled chromosomes. Several lines of evidence suggest that these movements facilitate homologous chromosome pairing by aligning homologous chromosomes and promoting contact between homologous regions. Since telomere clustering and nuclear or chromosome movements in meiotic prophase have been observed in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, it is suggested that telomere‐mediated chromosome movements are general activities that facilitate homologous chromosome pairing. BioEssays 23:526–533, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cycle‐regulated genes and cell cycle regulation
Authors: D'Ari Richard
Published: September 2002

The transcriptional profile of the entire Caulobacter crescentus genome over a synchronous cell cycle was recently described.(1) The analysis reveals a stunning 553 cell‐cycle‐regulated genes or orfs, nearly 19% of the genome, including putative functions in virtually all biological activities. Over a quarter of these genes/orfs respond to the Caulobacter master regulator, CtrA, most of them apparently indirectly. The analysis confirms and extends earlier observations showing that many proteins involved in cell cycle functions are expressed at the cell age when they are needed. Conversely, the data suggest that proteins specifically expressed at a particular age may be involved in a process taking place then. BioEssays 23:563–565, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of mitogens on synthesis and distribution of heparan and chondroitin sulphates by human leukemic B, T cells and monocytes studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography and radiochemical detection
Authors: Makatsori E. , Tsegenidis T. , Karamanos N. K.
Published: September 2002

Human leukemic cell lines, Jurkat (T‐cell leukemia), Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma, B‐cell leukemia) and THP‐1 (acute monocytic leukemia) synthesize chondroitin sulphate (CS) and heparan sulphate (HS) in both cell membrane and culture medium. CS is the major secreted GAG in all cell lines, as well as the major cell‐retarded glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in Jurkat and Daudi, whereas HS is the major GAG in the cell membrane of THP‐1. The effects of mitogenic substances on both synthesis and distribution of GAGs in Jurkat, Daudi and THP‐1, independently of their effect on cell proliferation, were studied. The secretion of CS and HS from Jurkat was significantly suppressed by using 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3). These mitogens had different effect on the synthesis of cell‐associated GAG by Jurkat, depending on the mitogen type. Addition of TPA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Daudi's culture medium resulted in increased synthesis of HS, while no effect on CS synthesis was noticed. Furthermore, in the presence of LPS, THP‐1 produce slightly lower amounts of CS, whereas this mitogen significantly suppresses the HS synthesis in both culture medium and cell membrane. The obtained data clearly demonstrate that the various mitogenic substances participate in the regulation of GAG synthesis. The effects are dependent on the type of mitogen and the cell line. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective high‐performance liquid chromatography of therapeutically relevant aminoalcohols as their fluorescent 1‐naphthyl isocyanate derivatives
Authors: Ullrich Thomas , Menge Sieglinde , Schmid Martin , Gübitz Gerald , Krauss Gerd‐Joachim
Published: September 2002

A method for determining the enantiomers of 10 therapeutically relevant aminoalcohols using HPLC and precolumn derivatization was developed. Naphthyl isocyanate reacted with racemic aminoalcohols to form urea derivatives which were separated isocratically on a cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated silica gel column, and detected fluorometrically in the lower ng mL−1 range. The effluents can also be monitored at lower sensitivity, using an ultraviolet detector operated at 220 nm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Judging jury service: Results of the north Carolina administrative office of the courts juror survey*
Authors: Cutler Brian L. , Hughes Donna M.
Published: September 2002

This study examined venirepersons' and jurors' levels of satisfaction with jury service. Surveys were distributed to all persons who reported for state court jury service during two one‐week periods in each North Carolina county. Questions concerned satisfaction with various aspects of jury service, the effects of service, hardships experienced, details of and reactions to cases heard, and basic demographic information. Responses were obtained from 82 of the 100 counties and 4,654 venirepersons (of whom 1,478 served as jurors). Consistent with prior research on juror experiences, results generally revealed high levels of satisfaction and positive opinions about various aspects of jury service. Service did not influence opinions about the courts for most respondents, and those whose opinions changed tended to become more positive about jury service. Suggestions for future research emphasize giving higher priority to publishing unpublished research on jury experience, explaining the high satisfaction levels observed in samples of jurors, and examining the impact of trial reform on juror satisfaction levels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actual outpatient PTCA: Results of the OUTCLAS pilot study
Authors: Slagboom Ton , Kiemeneij Ferdinand , Laarman Gert Jan , van der Wieken Ron , Odekerken Diego
Published: September 2002

This study tested the safety and feasibility of coronary angioplasty on an outpatient basis. The purpose of this approach includes cost‐effectiveness and patient comfort. Included were 159 patients treated with balloon angioplasty or intracoronary stent placement, all performed via the radial artery with 6 French guiding catheters. Patients were selected for same‐day discharge based on the absence of any adverse predictor for subacute occlusion or unfavorable clinical outcome during the first 24 hr after successful PTCA. One hundred and six (66%) patients were discharged 4–6 hr after PTCA. Stents were used in 40% of patients. There were no cardiac or vascular complications. We conclude that outpatient PTCA, performed via the radial artery, is both safe and feasible in a large part of a routine PTCA population. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:204–208. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intra‐arterial thrombolysis (reteplase) and ReoPro for subacute thrombosis of the distal aorta accomplished by radial arterial access: The radial‐kissing‐thrombolytic technique
Authors: de la Serna Fernando A. , Tolleson Thaddeus R. , Crowley James J. , Stack Richard S. , Zidar James P.
Published: September 2002

A 33‐year‐old woman with subacute thrombosis of the distal aorta after aorto‐bi‐iliac stenting had local thrombolysis with reteplase in conjunction with systemic abciximab. The infusion was given as a bolus and then continuously for 14 hr by radial artery access with two selective kissing catheters. Patency of the stented segments was achieved with this technique in conjunction with resolution of her clinical symptoms. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:264–268. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absolute configuration of 3‐hydroxy acids formed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Application of multidimensional gas chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy
Authors: Weil Kerstin , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Schwab Wilfried , Schreier Peter
Published: September 2002

The soil bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was found to transform various long‐chain fatty acids selectively into 3‐hydroxy fatty acids of shorter chain length. Their chiral evaluation was performed by multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) on modified cyclodextrin phase comparing the enantiodistribution of 1,3‐diol formed without loss of stereochemical information from a representative microbial product with those of synthetic (3RS)‐ and (3S)‐1,3‐diols. Enantiomeric excesses of 84–98% (R) were determined for the microbially produced 3‐hydroxy acids. In addition, the CD exciton chirality method was applied to determine their absolute configuration. Derivatization with 9‐anthryldiazomethane and 2‐naphthoylimidazole led to the required bichromophoric structures. Their CD spectra displayed a positive first Cotton effect around 254 nm and a negative second Cotton effect around 237 nm, which confirmed the (R)‐configuration of the bacterial products. Chirality 14:51–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward catalytic rigid‐rod β‐barrels: A hexamer with multiple histidines
Authors: Das Gopal , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan
Published: September 2002

Rigid‐rod β‐barrels are composed of interdigitating, short, amphiphilic peptide strands that are flanked by stabilizing rigid‐rod “staves.” As a first step toward the construction of catalytic rigid‐rod β‐barrels, we here report synthesis and study of a new barrel designed to comprise alternating leucine and histidine residues at the inner and lysine and glutamate residues at the outer barrel surface. Synthesis of p‐octiphenyls with lateral tripeptide strands followed procedures described previously. Barrel formation by programmed assembly of complementary tripeptide‐p‐octiphenyl rods was monitored by circular dichroism (CD). CD‐mixing curves (Job‐plots) were consistent with 1:1‐stoichiometry. Guanidinium chloride denaturation experiments gave a ΔGH20 = −1.8 kcal mol−1 with a C50 = 1.9 M. Size exclusion chromatography suggested quantitative formation of a hexamer. Facile barrel deconstruction by acid and divalent cations demonstrated the presence of internal, nonproximal histidines. Inclusion complex formation with fluorescent guests corroborated internal hydrophobicity of β‐barrel hosts and potential for intratoroidal catalysis. Chirality 14:18–24, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Narcotic drug methohexital: Synthesis by enantioselective catalysis
Authors: Brunner Henri
Published: September 2002

The narcotic drug methohexital 1 contains two asymmetric carbon atoms and, thus, consists of four isomers, two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers. The commercial drug is the so‐called α‐racemate, one pair of diastereomers only. A method was developed to prepare differently enriched mixtures of methohexital isomers without resorting to lengthy and expensive optical resolutions. A model reaction for the synthesis of methohexital is the palladium‐catalyzed allylation of 1,5‐dimethyl‐barbituric acid 3, which is optimized and checked by molecular modeling. Catalysts with the best ligands are used in the allylation of the methohexital precursor 7, which contains the C6 sidechain at the tetrahedral center of the barbiturate skeleton. The product stereochemistry was determined by the contribution of the enantioselective Pd catalysts and by the fact that the allylation is a kinetic resolution. The methohexital isomer mixtures obtained were evaluated with the corneal stimulus test of rats. Methohexital compositions were found, which are superior to the commercially used α‐racemate (Brevimytal®). Chirality 13:420–424, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of highly enantioenriched microenvironments by stochastic sorting of conglomerate crystals: A plausible mechanism for generation of enantioenrichment on the prebiotic earth
Authors: Welch Christopher J.
Published: September 2002

Abiotic generation of local areas of enantioenrichment is to be expected whenever one deals with the 5–10% of organic solids that crystallize as conglomerates. Since an individual crystal of a conglomerate contains only a single enantiomer, simple sorting processes involving winds, waves, or similar forces can act to deposit individual crystals into unique environments. Subsequent dissolution may afford nearly enantiopure solutions. Therefore, in contrast to common perception, enantioenrichment is not a unique signature of living systems, it is simply evidence of a certain degree of chemical complexity. Chirality 13:425–427, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why are the terpenoid indole alkaloids of type I homochiral?
Authors: Beke Gyula , Patthy‐Lukáts Ágnes , Podányi Benjamin , Szabó László F.
Published: September 2002

In the presence of the enzyme strictosidine synthase, the coupling reaction of secologanin and tryptamine is completely stereoselective and affords strictosidine with 3S configuration, exclusively. The stereoselectivity is transferred and retained in most indole alkaloids of type I in which C‐3 is not involved in subsequent reactions. By using results of model reactions, the stereoselectivity was interpreted by the bulkiness of the enzyme temporarily attached to the N‐4 atom in the formation of the indolenine intermediate. 3S configuration is kept in the subsequent 1,2‐rearrangement into the β‐carboline structure. In the formation of the oxindole derivatives, the 3S configuration is preferred, but not necessarily complete. Chirality 13:483–487, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kerogen‐bound and free hopanoic acids in the messel oil shale kerogen
Authors: Abbott Geoffrey D. , Bashir F. Zahra , Sugden Mark A.
Published: September 2002

The distribution of the free and bound hopanoic acids in both unheated and heated (350°C for 50 h) kerogens, isolated from the Messel oil shale, were analyzed by GC‐MS. The bound acids were released by subjecting the kerogen to three different treatments, namely, thermochemolysis in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), as well as basic and acidic hydrolyses. All of these methods gave a series of hopanoic acids ranging from C30 to C34, in which the biological 17β, 21β(H) configuration is prominent. Both 22R and 22S epimers are present for the C30 acid, whereas the others are dominated by the sidechain 22R‐configuration. Thermochemolysis in the presence of TMAH was the most efficient in releasing kerogen‐bound hopanoids. Following pyrolysis, the acids are generated and released into the free fraction with apparent epimerization occurring at C‐17, C‐21, and C‐22. The bound hopanoic acids may be both chemically bonded as well as possibly being physically encapsulated within the macromolecular fraction of sedimentary organic matter. They are therefore either generated by breaking the bonds which bind them to the kerogen or they are released as a result of the macromolecular cage being broken apart. Chirality 13:510–516, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organisation and maturation of the human thalamus as revealed by CD15
Authors: Forutan F. , Mai J.K. , Ashwell K.W.S. , Lensing‐Höhn S. , Nohr D. , Voss T. , Bohl J. , Andressen C.
Published: September 2002

The distribution of the CD15 antigen (CD15, 3‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyl‐lactosamine, Lewis x) has been studied immunohistochemically in the fetal human thalamus. Its changing patterns could be related to three successive, but overlapping, periods primarily due to its association with radial glial cells, neuropil, and neural cell bodies, respectively. From 9 weeks of gestation (wg), a subset of CD15‐positive radial glial cells distinguished the neuroepithelium of the ventral thalamus, a characteristic also seen in the developing mouse. Distal processes of the radial glial cells converged at the root of the forebrain choroid tenia, which was also CD15 positive. From 13 wg until approximately 20 wg, CD15‐positive neuropil labeling marked the differentiation areas of prospective nuclei within the dorsal thalamus and progressively outlined their territories in a time sequence, which appeared specific for each nucleus. CD15 labeling of differentiating nuclei of the ventral, medial, anterior, and intralaminar thalamic divisions showed a transient topographic relationship with restricted areas of the ventricular wall. After 26 wg, CD15 immunoreactivity was observed in subpopulations of glial cells and neurons. Transient CD15 immunoreactivity was also found in delimited compartments within the subventricular region. The time of CD15 expression, its location, and cellular association suggest that CD15 is involved in segmentation of diencephalon, in the specification of differentiating nuclear areas and initial processes regarding the formation of intercellular contacts and cellular maturation. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:476–495, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Boundary solution of Poisson's equation using radial basis function collocated on Gaussian quadrature nodes
Authors: Elansari M. , Ouazar D. , Cheng A. H.‐D.
Published: September 2002

In the solution of Poisson's equation using either the dual reciprocity boundary element method or the method of fundamental solution, radial basis functions (RBFs) are used to approximate the right‐hand side of the governing partial differential equation to eliminate the domain integration. This paper shows that if the RBF interpolation is collocated on the Gaussian quadrature nodes, we seem to observe superconvergence behaviour. This behaviour is demonstrated using a series of numerical examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A control analysis of interaction problem by fluid force
Authors: Kato Shoichiro , Suda Shojiro , Imazu Kazuaki , Nakane Hiroshi , Kawahara Mutsuto
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a control analysis of displacement for a building. To control the vertical displacement of the building, control device of multi‐balloons with water inside is introduced on the friction piles. Coupling through the water, soil, balloon and pile, the interaction problem is numerically solved. The soil is assumed to be a linear elastic body. The balloon and pile are also modelled as linear elastic truss and rigid‐frame components. The water is assumed to be the two‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes flow. All components are discretized by the finite element method in space. The control analysis of vertical displacement by fluid force is performed for the purpose of keeping the building horizontal. One of the optimal control theory, the so‐called Sakawa–Shindo method, is applied for the control analysis. Using this method, control flux of the water is determined so that position at the top of the balloon comes to be close to the objective position. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some modifications to Hering's opponent‐colors theory
Authors: Nayatani Y.
Published: September 2002

Some modifications are made to the achromatic color perceptions in Hering's opponent‐colors theory. They are the introduction of the reference color Gray and the use of the orthogonal coordinate system. The modified opponent‐colors theory has a symmetrical structure for the three opponent‐colors axes, whiteness‐grayness‐blackness, redness‐grayness‐greenness, and yellowness‐grayness‐blueness, and it unifies the Hunt and the Stevens and Jameson–Hurvich effects. It is also noted that two kinds of color‐appearance spaces exist. One is the color‐appearance space derived from color perceptions of object colors (called the CPS color‐appearance space). The other is that modeled from their colorimetric values for predicting color perceptions (called the UCS color‐appearance space). The CPS color‐appearance space is mainly described in this article. Scaling of the CPS color‐appearance space and the existence of the reference color perception Gray are discussed in detail. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 290–304, 2001
Functional series TARMA modelling and simulation of earthquake ground motion
Authors: Fouskitakis G. N. , Fassois S. D.
Published: September 2002

The non‐stationary Functional Series time‐dependent autoregressive moving average (TARMA) modelling and simulation of earthquake ground motion is considered. Full Functional Series TARMA models, capable of modelling both resonances and antiresonances, are examined for the first time via a novel mixed parametric/non‐parametric estimation scheme, and critical comparisons with pure TAR and recursive ARMA (RARMA)‐recursive maximum likelihood (RML) adaptive filtering type modelling are made. The study is based upon two California ground motion signals: a 1979 El Centro accelerogram and a 1994 Pacoima Dam accelerogram. A systematic analysis, employing various functional subspaces and model orders, leads to two Haar function based models: a TARMA(2,4)8 model for the El Centro case and a TARMA(6,2)10 model for the Pacoima Dam case. Both models are formally validated and their simulation (synthesis) capabilities are demonstrated via Monte Carlo experiments focusing on important time domain signal characteristics. The Functional Series TAR/TARMA models are shown to achieve parsimony, as well as superior accuracy and simulation capabilities, over their RARMA counterparts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Toward a practical method for estimating sediment‐transport rates in gravel‐bed rivers
Authors: Wilcock Peter R.
Published: September 2002

Estimates of sediment transport rates in gravel‐bed rivers are typically developed from formulae or from a sampling campaign. The former are notoriously inaccurate; the latter require a large effort and may still not achieve acceptable accuracy. A wide range of geomorphological problems, particularly those at the watershed scale, could be addressed more accurately if reliable local estimates of transport rate could be incorporated routinely into such studies. This requires a method for estimating transport rate with acceptable accuracy and a minimum of effort. A consistent approach to estimating transport is not just a matter of which formula or sampler to use; a suitable approach requires a consistent and reliable scaling of the water discharge and an integral description of the sediment that is both meaningful and practical. An approach proposed here, using a few observations of small transport rates to calibrate a transport formula, is likely to provide a superior combination of accuracy and effort and substantially reduces flow‐scaling error. Small transport rates can be measured effectively using pit samplers, which allow the sampling periods needed for accurate measurements. Grain size can be represented as two fractions, sand and gravel, which capture some of the important transport dynamics and effectively represent important environmental problems within a tractable methodological approach. The approach is nearly independent of the uncertainty associated with measuring slope and bed grain‐size in the field. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Army Environmental Policy and ISO 14001
Authors: Sinclair Rick , Tschirhart Rochie
Published: September 2002

Since the 1970s, the U.S. Army has instituted environmental policies, programs, regulations, and management
systems to ensure that its mission and support activities have minimal effects on the environment and comply
with national policy. In recent years, the Army has incorporated environmental management systems
(EMSs) at some installations through the DOD ISO 14001 EMS pilot program, in anticipation of Executive
Order 13148, Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management.1
While the EO does not require an EMS to be ISO 14001 compliant, many federal agencies are considering modeling
their EMS after ISO 14001. This article presents how well current Army‐wide policy and guidance aligns
with the ISO 14001 environmental management standard and offers opportunities for improvements in policy.

When viewed from a corporate perspective, the Army generally has the major components for an ISO 14001 EMS,
which include environmental policy, planning, implementation and operations, checking and corrective action, and
management review. Army policies and guidance that provide the framework and demonstrate general conformance
with ISO 14001 fall into three groups: (1) strategies and plans (the Army Environmental Strategy
into the 21st Century, the Army Strategic Environmental Assessment,2 and the Army
Environmental Campaign Plan and Operational Directive); (2) Army regulations (AR)
for management, organization and function, and the environment; and (3) program management processes,
reports, and databases (e.g., EPR, ISR II, EQR, ECAS, and EQCC). Additional documentation needed to
meet ISO 14000 criteria include: (1) the unifying policy and guidance that integrates and streamlines
the Army EMS; (2) a comprehensive assessment system that focuses on the management of the Army
Environmental Program; (3) systems for updating administrative publications (e.g., ARs)
in a timely manner (i.e., AR 200‐1, Environmental Protection and Enhancement, and AR 200‐3,
National Resources—Land, Forest, and Wildlife Management); and (4) new policy and
procedures for Army outreach. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.