bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size of Human Figures Drawn before and after Stress
Authors: Cooper Lowell , Caston Joseph
Published: September 2011

This study measured the effect of a real stress, the announcement of impending heart surgery, on the size of the human figure. The H-T-P was administered before and after the announcement of the operation, with matched controls being told they would not need the operation ( Ns = 10). While the individual variation in coping styles obscured group differences, there was a trend for post-stress drawings by the operated group to be larger than their pre-stress drawings.
Directionality in 4 Bender-Gestalt Figures
Authors: Weiss A. A.
Published: September 2011

The direction of execution of 4 Bender-Gestalt figures (1, 2, 3, 6) was investigated in a stratified non-clinical population of 248 Ss: male and female Israeli and foreign university students, Israeli 9th and 1st grade students, and 4½-yr.-olds. All Ss except small children showed significant preference for execution from left to right. A significant shift toward preponderance of execution from left to right was observed between ages 7 and 15. No significant differences due to sex, intelligence, education, or basic reading-writing habits were noted. A possible influence of handedness requires further study.
Effects of Reinforcement on Motor Learning and Retention by Mentally Retarded
Authors: Auxter David
Published: September 2011

The effects of reinforcement on learning and retention and patterns of motor learning were studied. Each of two groups of mentally retarded children ( N = 16 per group), matched for IQ and CA, were initially given 25 trials on a stabilometer. After 6 mo., 5 retention trials were given. One group was reinforced with candy on Trials 5 to 25. The other group was not reinforced. The results show that: (a) mentally retarded children are capable of learning motor tasks involving rapid motor adjustments; (b) reinforcement of a gross motor task may facilitate greater learning and it retards the effects of the onset of satiation, which leads to decrements in performance; (c) reinforcement for performance on the stabilometer does not result in significantly greater retention over a 6-mo. interval.
Disconfirmation of an Hypothesis about the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Lester Gene
Published: September 2011

Gregory's (1966) explanation of the Mueller-Lyer illusion was used to derive the prediction that the illusion should be less strong when O is distant from the figures than when he is close. 12 Os were tested when far from and when close to the figures. The results did not confirm the prediction.
Willingness to Accept Limitations and Personal Adjustment
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

The Willingness to Accept Limitations Scale and the MMPI were administered to 202 male freshman college students to test the hypothesis that Ss low on the former test would appear more deviant on the latter test. The hypothesis was generally confirmed.
Driving Record of Medical and Surgical Patients
Authors: Buttiglieri Matthew W. , Guennette Marie , Thomson Mae
Published: September 2011

Records of accidents and driving violations for 3 yr. prior to hospitalization were obtained for 798 medical-surgical patients with active driver licenses. Results indicate that the accident involvement of medical-surgical patients is not significantly different from that of psychiatric patients or from that of a large random sample of male California drivers. With respect to driving violations, both patient groups had a significantly higher record of violations than the comparison group. High-accident involvement was associated with genito-urinary and respiratory disorders. The findings strongly suggest that accident risk may almost triple as the severity of medical-surgical symptoms increases to the point requiring hospitalization.
Stereotypical Perception of a Personality Trait in Fraternity Members
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

17 fraternity members, representing the range of Impulsive scores on the Thorndike DOT, were ranked by 29 Ss (fellow members of the fraternity) on impulsiveness. The finding of significantly lower accuracy ( rs with the criterion) than consensus ( rs with median subgroup rankings) confirmed the prediction that personal acquaintances are perceived stereotypically.
Effect of Stress upon Rate of Change of Heart-Beat Rate
Authors: Gibby Robert G. , Gibby Robert G. , Townsend John C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine the stability of the rate of change of heart rate (instantaneous heart rate) from non-stress to stress conditions. Ss were 80 white male science or engineering majors, all free from emotional or physical disorders. They were subjected to psychological and physiological stress, and all were required to show an increase from pre-stress to post-stress conditions in both subjective and physiological indexes of stress. Pre- and post-stress rate of change of heart-rate scores were compared. The difference between the mean scores was not significant ( p < .10). The correlation between pre- and post-test rate of change was .64. It was concluded that the rate of change of heart-rate is a stable parameter.
Effect of Instructions on Phi Phenomenon, Criterion Task of “Tolerance for Unrealistic Experiences”
Authors: Segal Sydney Joelson , Barr Harriet Linton
Published: September 2011

The cognitive style “tolerance for unrealistic experiences” is often measured by the lower threshold and range of the apparent movement illusion in phi phenomenon. Some of the assumptions underlying the criterion measures are systematically explored. It is demonstrated that there is little difference in the lower threshold whether Ss are told that the apparent movement is an illusion or that it is a “real” motion. Upper threshold was more variable: it was affected by the instructions, and those Ss whose upper thresholds were influenced by the instructions were more field-dependent.
Effects of Perceived Novelty on Approach-Avoidance Behavior of Young Children
Authors: Jeanrenaud Claudine Y. , Linford Anthony G.
Published: September 2011

20 pre-school children were individually exposed to a piece of novel climbing apparatus on two consecutive days. The time Ss took to make physical contact with the apparatus was recorded each day. Approach time was significantly less upon second exposure. Differences between sexes or age groups did not produce significantly different approach times either on initial or second approaches.
Effects of Cognitive Interference on Performance in Relation to Psychopathology
Authors: Peixotto Helen E. , Rowe Allen
Published: September 2011

The construct of cognitive style in relation to cognitive disposition was investigated by means of a task involving conflicting cues or cognitive distractors, the Stroop test. Differences in cognitive disposition were obtained by using Ss, showing psychopathology: schizophrenics, psychoneurotics and normals. Schizophrenics showed the most interference from the distractors and normals the least. These results are discussed according to Peters' intensional-extensional hypothesis indicating that an intensional attentive attitude is more characteristic of the thought processes of schizophrenics than of normals and that psychoneurotics hold an intermediate position between these two extreme groups.
Motor Performance, Size and the Dyadic System
Authors: Murray C.
Published: September 2011

60 pairs of adolescents ( N = 120) were drawn from three academic status groups ( N = 176); 30 pairs on the basis of mutual attraction (‘friends’) and 30 pairs on the basis of mutual dislike or dislike/indifference (‘non-friends’). The mean differences in ‘friends’ scores on the motor performance and size variables were compared with the mean differences for ‘non-friends’ by analysis of variance. Although a consistent trend of greater similarity on the physical measures was observed for ‘friends’ as compared with ‘non-friends,’ the only significant result was for a variable representing dynamic strength. The influence of academic status on this significant result is pointed out.
An Associative Technique for Analyzing the Content of Rorschach Test Responses
Authors: Kessel Paul , Harris Jay E. , Slagle Sarah J.
Published: September 2011

The usual methods of Rorschach content analysis used in clinical work are the psychologist's associations, the cookbook approach, and the card as a standard stimulus approach. These methods lead to much speculation in interpretation. An approach is suggested for analyzing content that relies on the patient's associations to his responses. A comparison is made with dream interpretation. This approach was tried with several protocols and the results seem to have a good payoff value.
On Rigidity and Field-Dependence
Authors: Breskin Stephen , Gorman Bernard S.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown field-dependence (as measured by the Embedded Figures Test) to be related to rigidity (as measured by the Einstellung Test). However, these studies confound variables of intelligence and mathematical ability in that these factors place a ceiling on Ss' performance. Using a non-verbal test of rigidity which requires no intellective skill to obtain either a high or low rigidity score, the present data show 20 field-dependent females to be rigid, but not the 27 males.
Psychological Dimensions of Cerebrovascular Insufficiency
Authors: Vitale John H. , Steinhelber John C. , Drake William E. , Dahlgren Helen
Published: September 2011

129 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency (CVI) were studied on 43 scores from psychological tests of intellectual functioning and 42 scores from physiological measures. BC TRY cluster analysis of 35 psychological variables yielded 3 strong dimensions labeled verbal, visual-motor, and numerical, as well as a weaker dimension labeled attention. These 4 dimensions accounted for 91% of the communality among the 35 psychological variables. The dimensions were fairly highly intercorrelated, and correlated significantly with 10 of the 42 physiological variables, primarily EEG findings. It was concluded that adequate assessment of CVI patients should include, in addition to physiological measures, testing in the identified psychological dimensions of intellectual functioning. Further research planned along these lines was discussed.
Heartrate in an Asch-Type Conformity Situation
Authors: Mertesdorf Frank , Lueck Helmut E. , Timaeus Ernst
Published: September 2011

In an Asch-type conformity experiment conformists and non-conformists showed in some sense different conflict resolution behavior measured by heart rate. As predicted there was a reverse U-shaped trend for conformists and a monotonic trend for non-conformists; although unpredicted, a monotonic component for conformists and a bitonic component for non-conformists was also existent.
Apparent Movement in Vibrotactile Displays
Authors: Bice Raymond C.
Published: September 2011

Ss were required to judge the direction of apparent movement when vibrators were applied to the skin and sequentially energized. Small skin contactors and intervibrator distances were used. Errors in judgment were significantly less frequent when 4 vibrators were used than with 2 vibrators. Directionality judgments made from stimulation of the skin of the abdomen resulted in significantly fewer errors than from stimulation of the palmar surface of the hand. Intra-stimulator intervals shorter than 48 msec. bring significantly more erroneous reports than do the longer intervals.
Reliabilities of the Magical Thinking Test and an Animism Questionnaire, and the Relationship between the Tests
Authors: Follman John
Published: September 2011

Internal consistency and temporal stability of the “M” Scale, few to moderate numbers of animistic responses to the AQ animism measure, and little or no relation between the two measures were noted.
A Number-Joining Test for Predicting Success of Chinese Air Cadets
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

The test requires S to draw successive lines connecting serial numbers randomly arranged on a sheet of paper. A 50-number version of the test was given individually to 375 Chinese air cadets. Their time scores are practically normal in distribution, though somewhat positively skewed. Among those tested, 139 (37.07%) failed to graduate from the flying academy. When the cadets are classified into 8 groups according to a 1-min. class interval, the percentage of “wash-out” increases directly with their time scores. Since the test is of the paper-and-pencil type and can be used as an individual or a self-scoring group test, it is definitely more economical than the SAM Complex Coordinator or other elaborate, time-consuming individual apparatus tests currently employed in the selection of pilots.
Money and the Monitor
Authors: Wiener Earl L.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of Ss were run under a fourfold combination of financial incentive and no incentive, and knowledge of results and no knowledge of results in a visual monitoring task. Knowledge of results was provided automatically by means of colored lights, and the financial incentive was 5 cents for each detection, minus 5 cents for each commissive error (false alarm). Knowledge of results led to significantly higher detection rates and earnings for Ss ( p < .001), but the financial incentive did not affect performance on any measure. Commissive errors were not influenced by either experimental treatment. The problems of financial incentives and software design for monitoring systems are discussed.
Behavioral Determination of Critical Flicker Frequency in the Rat
Authors: Schechter Martin D. , Winter J. C.
Published: September 2011

3 female albino rats were trained to press a lever for a food reinforcement on a fixed ratio schedule. When a stationary light source flickered at 100 cps, the rats could obtain reinforcement contingent upon 10 responses. When stimulus lights flashed at frequencies of 20, 50, 70, or 100 cps, the rats were not rewarded. These two conditions controlled the animals' behavior so as to require them to respond only when the light was steady (100 cps). Increased flicker frequency, between 2 and 100 cps, in the SΔ condition, provided a discriminative task. There was a linear decrease in efficiency of discrimination as the frequency of flicker increased. The reliability of the albino rat's behavior in physiologically and pharmacologically oriented cff investigations is discussed.
Specificity in Verbal and Physiological Indicants of Anxiety
Authors: Brandt Karen , Fenz Walter D.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between subjective self-reports of anxiety and objective recordings of comparable physiological indices were studied. A modification of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scales for autonomic arousal (AA) and striated muscle tension (MT) provides self-reports of anxiety. Group 1 Ss' scores showed AA < MT and Group 2 MT > AA. Skin resistance, basal conductance, heart rate, eyeblinks, and number of EMGs showed consistent group differences. Heart rate indicated that differences between groups were related to the level of induced stress, the higher levels being associated with greater group differences. Most measures showed successive increases in activity across conditions, indicating that Ss were responsive to them. EMG showed a peak in the condiition of mild stress which might reflect inhibitory control.
Relationships among Several Demographic Variables and the Change Seeker Index
Authors: Stock William A. , Looft William R.
Published: September 2011

The Change Seeker Index (CSI), an instrument for measuring “preference for stimulus complexity,” was administered to 277 college students. Correlations were computed for the CSI with college curriculum, parents' occupation, birth order and other demographic variables. Most correlations, with the exception of perceived political ideology, were zero-order; 3 other correlations reached statistical significance but were of questionable theoretical or practical significance. The finding of nonrelationship of the CSI with birth order was discussed in light of recent reports of significant relationships of birth order with other measures of stimulus-complexity preference.
Effect of the Number of Categories Systematically Observed on Individual and Group Performance Ratings
Authors: Landers Daniel M.
Published: September 2011

The effect of the number of behavior categories systematically observed on the reliability and accuracy of judges' ratings was determined. Ss representing two gymnastic judging systems rated 24 filmed routines under standardized conditions. The results showed that the judges rating only one category had significantly less variance from absolute ratings, less intravariance about their own mean, and higher reliability than those rating three categories. When the individual judge's ratings were combined into group ratings, no significant differences were found between observation systems on variance from absolute ratings; however, the groups rating only one category had significantly less intravariance than groups rating more than one category.
Autokinetic Word Writing as a Function of Variations in Instructions
Authors: Vaught Glen M.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine whether or not variation in autokinetic word writing (AWT) instructions would increase word production. Normative characteristics of 99 Ss' word productions are presented. It was generally concluded that, while increased word production does result from different instructions, the reliability of this response measure remains questionable.
Verbal and Performance Differences among Brain-Injured Children with Lateralized Motor Deficits
Authors: Reed James C. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

Children diagnosed as infantile hemiplegias were classified into groups by side of motor deficit. Each S was administered the WISC and the reading section of the WRAT. No relation was found between side of deficit and Verbal Performance difference scores. In each group WISC PIQ was lower than WISC VIQ. There was no significant difference in reading achievement. Relationships between intelligence test pattern and side of deficit reported for brain-injured adults do not appear to hold for children.
Sex Differences in Bender-Gestalt Drawings of Seven-Year-Old Children
Authors: Fiedler Miriam F. , Schmidt Ellen P.
Published: September 2011

A non-clinic population of 7-yr.-old children, 300 boys and 300 girls, was tested with the Bender-Gestalt test and their protocols scored by the Koppitz system. No significant sex differences were found when the mean raw scores were compared. Similar studies of non-clinic populations at different age levels are indicated.
Measures of the Complexity of Random Black and White and Coloured Stimuli
Authors: Hall A. C.
Published: September 2011

The construction of black and white random-line stimuli having internal intersections, and a set of bi-coloured stimuli derived from these, is described. The number of internal intersections as an index of subjective complexity is shown to be highly valid for both sets, and the number-of-perimetric-turns variable is also shown to have a high correlation with judged complexity.
Reinforcement in Rogerian Psychotherapy: Rejoinder
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

Three questions, fundamental to Rogerian therapy, are discussed by way of rejoinder to Truax.
Relation of Language Distance to Learning to Pronounce Greenberg and Jenkins' List I CCVCS
Authors: Smith O. W. , Koutstaal C. W. , Kepke A. N.
Published: September 2011

Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) S and language values for their List I CCVCs were hypothesized to correlate significantly with 4 measures related to the acquisition of the correct pronunciation of the CCVCs by 30 Ss. Mean scale values were computed for each CCVC for each of the 4 measures. The range of correlations of the 4 sets of scale values with corresponding S and language distance values is .71 to .97 (disregarding sign), with the median at .89. The hypothesis remains tenable.
Perceived Similarity to Parents as Related to Responsivity to Social Reinforcement
Authors: Ward William D. , Day Charles R. , Hamlin Richard L.
Published: September 2011

In order to test the hypothesis that perceived similarity to parents is a function of one's responsivity to social reinforcement, 31 male college students were given the Role Construct Repertory Test and a verbal conditioning procedure. The results demonstrated a negative relationship. Although there were no differences in conditionability between Ss low and high in perceived similarity to father or between Ss low and high in perceived similarity to mother, when the scores for perceived similarity to the mother and the father were combined, the negative relationship was clear-cut ( p < .01). The theoretical implications were discussed.
Baseline Rail-Running Performance in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Maxian Paul M. , Igarashi Makoto
Published: September 2011

An avoidance rail-running test for squirrel monkeys was described. It permitted measurement of baseline motor performance for study of balance. The effect of several amounts of pretraining on baseline level was investigated, and no differences in baseline level were found. Factors including avoidance acquisition and initial rail-running ability were normally distributed. The stability of rail-running performance was adequate for use as a baseline measure.
Neurological Status and Psychological Functioning
Authors: L'Abate Luciano , Gale Elliot N.
Published: September 2011

To match psychological test results and reports with neurological status, two studies involving different patient samples were conducted. Intellectual functioning, visual reproduction, speed, and ability to abstract were compared for two groups of neurological and control patients from a city hospital. In this sample, a “blind” global matching of psychological test results and neurological status was correct 65% of the time. With similar information for patients from a private psychiatric hospital, the same matching was 66% correct. Significant relationships between neurological status and psychological test results are discussed.
Neuropsychological Assessment of Children with, Without, and with Questionable Epileptogenic Dysfunction
Authors: Schwartz Melvin L. , Dennerll Raymond D.
Published: September 2011

Neuropsychological assessment of children with, without, and with questionable epilepsy was reported, using the WISC, MPD, and Bender recall tests. The major finding was the presence of a continuum of neuropsychological deficit which was absent or minimal in those children without epilepsy, somewhat more obvious in the questionable cases, and of considerable prominence in children with confirmed diagnoses of epilepsy. Interrelationships among the measures were explored. Some sex and seizure-type differences in test scores did emerge in the epilepsy group; however, handedness did not produce any significant results.
Serial Position and Growth Curves in Demand Concept Recall
Authors: Gadway Charles J.
Published: September 2011

Since the serial-position effect has been demonstrated to diminish as learning progresses, it was hypothesized that only a weak recency serial-position effect would result from demand recall of concepts in a complex problem-solving situation. Six groups of 14 Ss solved 15 problems, 5 soluble by each of 3 concepts (rules), recalled from prior instruction. Each group received a different permutation of the 3 concepts. The serial-position effect appeared to be minimal for demand recall of concepts with the predicted weak recency effect (.01 < p < .05) but no primacy effect.
Short-Term Visual Restriction in Visual and Auditory Discrimination
Authors: Gibby Robert G. , Gibby Robert G. , Townsend John C.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the effect of sensory restriction on perceptual thresholds. The experimental predictions were formulated from Lindsley's model of the reticular activating system (RAS). Attention was focused upon changes in the visual CFF threshold, loudness discrimination and pitch discrimination as related to two levels of visual restriction. Ss were 60 male volunteers. Statistical analysis included analysis of covariance followed by a priori group comparisons. Statistical support ( p < .05) was found for 3 of 4 general hypotheses. It was concluded that the RAS attempts to maintain cortical arousal at an optional level by regulating stimulus input. A reduction in this input apparently lowers perceptual thresholds in the sensory system restricted and other systems as well.
Reply to Lieblich's Note
Authors: Thysell Richard V.
Published: September 2011

Thysell (1969) reported bimodal simple reaction-time distributions of single motor units to light. Lieblich's suggestion that the lower mode of the distributions (at the interval 150 to 174 msec.) reflects the orienting response of the units was not supported by analysis. However, the hypothesis was not completely discredited, for the orienting response may occur as a function of the sequential relationships between intertrial intervals.
Cancer and other Disorders Related to Certain Perceptual Tests
Authors: George Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The rate of reversals possibly experienced in observing ambiguous figures and in binocular rivalry are shown to distinguish at a statistically significant level among cancer patients, patients with duodenal ulcers, rheumatoid arthritics, and a control group with miscellaneous disorders; also between matched groups of schizophrenic patients with and without cancer. These results are discussed in terms of the part played by the integrative systems of the organism both in relationship to the test results and the disorders experienced.
Spatial Discrimination Reversal Learning for Mice Genetically Selected for Differing Brain Size: A Supplementary Report
Authors: Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

Spatial discrimination reversal learning was explored for mice genetically selected for high brain weight and unselected controls with lower brain weights. Control-line Ss escaped from a water maze more rapidly, but high-line Ss made fewer errors and took less trials to reach criterion on the first reversal. Control-line Ss were unable to complete more than 1 reversal, while high-line Ss all completed at least 7 reversals. This positive relation between reversal learning and brain size is consistent with comparisons among species and experiments manipulating brain size by means of drugs or surgery.
Intellectual Functioning of Deaf Children
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

A multiple regression equation [ Y = 91.62 – 0.73 (Originality) + 0.32 (Elaboration)] was developed with 67 Ss' scores from Torrance's Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Form A, on Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, and Elaboration as predictor variables and the Leiter International Performance Scale score as the criterion variable.
Intra-Task Reliability and Specificity of Individual Consistency
Authors: Carron Albert V.
Published: September 2011

The present report is based on reanalysis of data of Marisi (1969) in order to examine the relationship of consistency of motor response among the component responses of a single motor task. 120 high school Ss were tested on a special task, the rho. A single trial on this motor task can be logically separated into three component motor responses: reaction time, a short circular movement, and a short linear movement. The results indicated that consistency of motor response was moderately reliable within the response components but tended to be response-component specific. Further, both the reliability and specificity of motor-response consistency were independent of the size of the mean performance scores.
Assessment of the Motor Ability of Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Carlson B. Robert , Gallagher Patricia , Synoveck Sue
Published: September 2011

18 residential lower-elementary visually impaired children were given the Brace Motor Ability Test. Residual vision had no effect on gross motor ability. Males performed better than females.
Seven Squares: Research Emphasis Past and Present
Authors: Bradley Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

10 South African reports (1958–61) relevant to the Seven Squares Technique (SST) and covering procedure, comparison of normal, prison and psychiatric groups, comparison of literate and illiterate Negro groups, comparison of an illiterate Negro group and a literate White group, are summarized. The present research emphasis is indicated.
Color Connotations among Caucasian Seventh Graders and College Students
Authors: Williams John E. , McMurtry C. Allen
Published: September 2011

Seventh grade and college students rated 10 common color names on the semantic differential. Analysis of the ratings by the two groups indicated a high degree of similarity in the affective meanings of the color names along the Evaluation (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A) dimensions, leading to the conclusion that the distinctive affective meanings of color names are learned, for the most part, prior to age 13. In the seventh-grade group the A scores shared considerable common variance with the E scores suggesting that the A dimension had not yet emerged as an independent meaning factor. The results of an analysis of color names often used to designate racial groups (e.g., white, black) were related to the findings of other studies concerned with the effects of racial “color coding” upon racial attitudes.
Effects of Task Difficulty on Transfer Performance on Rotary Pursuit
Authors: Leonard S. David , Karnes Edward W. , Oxendine Joseph , Hesson John
Published: September 2011

The effects of task difficulty on transfer performance in a perceptual-motor tracking task were investigated. Five groups of Ss ( ns = 15) practiced 45 30-sec. trials with 30-sec. rests on a pursuit-rotor tracking task at 5 levels of difficulty, 30, 40, 45, 50, and 60 rpm. 48 hr. later, all Ss practiced at 45 rpm. The results showed that the extreme transfer groups (30 and 60 rpm) were significantly poorer than the central transfer groups (40, 45, and 50 rpm) on the first five trials of the second session but after 9 blocks of 5 trials, performance was similar. The roles of perceptual, motor, and strategy factors in transfer are discussed.
Catecholamine Output during Relaxation and Anticipation
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Rissler Anita
Published: September 2011

Measures of catecholamine excretion were obtained from 40 Ss during 2 contrasting inactivity conditions, one of which was characterized by anticipation and uncertainty, the other by relaxation. Adrenaline excretion was significantly higher during anticipation than during relaxation ( p < 0.001).
Left-Cerebral Hemisphere Superiority in Tachistoscopic Word-Recognition Performances
Authors: McKeever Walter F. , Huling Maurice D.
Published: September 2011

Under conditions of monocular unihemispheric projection of word stimuli to the brain, 10 normal Ss uniformly showed superior word recognition ability of the left, as opposed to the right, cerebral hemisphere. Left-hemisphere recognitions were significantly more frequent than right-hemisphere recognitions for both eyes, but the extent of left-hemisphere superiority was significantly greater for the left eye. The results support the hypothesis that words projected to the right hemisphere traverse a less efficient route to the language centers of the left hemisphere.
Increased Strength, Reaction Time and Speed of LIMB Movement
Authors: Smith Leon E.
Published: September 2011

81 young male adults participated in a 6-wk. × 7 days a week myotatic and isometric strength training program. Associated with strength increments myotatic practice proved to be superior to the isometric program relative to improvement of movement time (MT) in the experimental leg and contralateral transfer to the control limb. As a result of isometric exercises reaction time (RT) was decreased and was transferred more effectively than in the myotatic group although there was a loss of speed of movement in both limbs following isometric training. Correlations between RT and MT with pretraining strength and strength increment scores showed a high degree of specificity of relationship of individual differences.
Electronic and Time-Sampling Measurement of General Activity
Authors: Newbury Edward , Hull Larry D.
Published: September 2011

Two improved electronic circuits are described for measuring in small time units activity which produces electrical contact with very slight current. Test results obtained with white rats in a stabilimeter cage show valid relationships with observational criteria. Analysis of behavior patterns exhibited supports the concept of general activity when it is properly defined in a given situation.
Solid-State Quantification of General Activity
Authors: Newbury Edward , Hull Larry D. , Tapp John W.
Published: September 2011

The number of 0.1-sec. (or longer) time units in which activity of an animal makes any electrical contact can be registered in pulses from a completely solid-state circuit with a built-in time cycler. On white rats, measures obtained, when compared with time-sampling observations, confirm previous findings supporting a concept of general activity.
Adaptation and Recovery in Vibrotactile Perception
Authors: Berglund Ulf , Berglund Birgitta
Published: September 2011

Adaptation and recovery were studied under conditions of constant stimulation of sinusoidal vibration (250 c/s) at three different intensity levels: 40, 47, and 54 db above threshold. A two-step scaling method involving cross-modality matching and numerical scaling of the matching continuum was used. It was found that (1) the perceived intensity decreases exponentially with increased time of stimulation, (2) the decrease in perceived intensity is greater at higher intensity levels, (3) longer time was required for complete adaptation at higher intensities, and (4) the process of recovery is fast, requiring only 2 or 3 minutes.
Cognitive and Affective Factors in Temporal Experience: Judgments of Intrinsically and Extrinsically Motivated Successful and Unsuccessful Performances
Authors: Schiff William , Thayer Stephen
Published: September 2011

Time judgments were examined using Verbal Estimate and Reproduction measures to determine whether the qualitative nature of an arousal state (success vs failure) or arousal per se (task vs control condition) influence estimates. Motivational orientation in the form of Intrinsic vs Extrinsic task satisfaction was also varied. Only the differences between measures and between task and control Reproductions were significant. Results offered no support for either general or qualitative arousal hypotheses, but attentional or “filled-unfilled interval” hypotheses could account for the findings. A measurement dilemma inherent in present time research methods was discussed.
Similarities in Reaction of Twins to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Timmons Beverly A. , Rankin Richard J.
Published: September 2011

11 pairs of identical and 11 pairs of fraternal twins were asked to speak under normal feedback and DAF conditions. Speaking time differences were used as indicators of reaction to DAF. Further study of possible physiological factors related to DAF seems warranted.
Prejudice and Perceived Belief Dissimilarity
Authors: Serum Camella S. , Myers David G.
Published: September 2011

Rokeach, Smith, and Evans (1960) have contended that belief differences rather than race per se are crucial determinants of racial attitudes. Their research did not ascertain whether, in fact, highly prejudiced individuals do assume greater belief dissimilarities than low-prejudice individuals. The present research replicated the Rokeach, et al. (1960) study and confirmed the hypothesized relationship between racial prejudice and assumed belief dissimilarity.
A Transfer Approach to the Ore
Authors: McAllister Michael J. , Capehart Jack E. , Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was conducted to test Lovejoy's attentional hypothesis concerning the effect of difficulty in a discrimination task on the overtraining reversal effect (ORE). Results indicated that either criterion or overtraining on a difficult problem produced efficient reversal acquisition. However, significantly rapid reversal performance only occurred when overtraining was combined with a difficult discrimination. Lovejoy's approach to the ORE was supported.
Dream Recall and Content following Extended Sleep
Authors: Taub John M.
Published: September 2011

Dream recall and content following normal 8-hr. nights of sleep and nights of extended sleep was collected from 22 Ss in two separate studies. The total number of dreams reported subsequent to extended sleep was significantly higher than after nights of normal sleep ( p < .01). Dreams reported following extended sleep contained a significantly greater proportion of familiar characters than dreams recalled after regular nights of sleep ( p < .02). The results indicate that extended sleep is more favorable for dream recall than nights of normal sleep and dreams reported following extended sleep are more closely related to waking life than dreams recalled after nights of regular sleep.
Lateral Organization in Pictures and Aesthetic Preference
Authors: Swartz Paul , Hewitt David
Published: September 2011

416 Ss, drawn with equal sex representation from Grades 1 through university level, rendered aesthetic preferences for original vs mirror-image views of each of a series of 20 pictures. The grand mean number of original views selected was significantly greater than chance expectation. Preference for the original varied significantly over pictures, with the following properties of lateral organization emerging most distinctly as influential in the response: (a) pattern of lighting, (b) profile orientation, (c) handedness characteristics, (d) quadrant distribution of important objects, and (e) ease of entering the picture space. Choice was also a function of the positional arrangement of the two views. In respect of individual differences, when preference behavior is averaged over paintings, educational level is a more important dimension than either sex or handedness. When preference is considered for paintings singly, the influence of sex and handedness may be considerable.
Confrontation of the H-V Illusion and a Test of 3-Dimensional Pictorial Perception in Nigeria
Authors: Wober Mallory
Published: September 2011

2 rests previously used separately in investigating Africans' cognitive skills, both imply that they examine ways in which Ss infer 3-dimensional properties from (2-dimensional) lines on paper. These tests were given to 2 separate samples of Nigerian adults, yielding zero correlations. Some implications are discussed.
Method for Recording and Analyzing Visual Fixations in the Unrestrained Monkey
Authors: Bagshaw Muriel H. , Mackworth Norman H. , Pribram Karl H.
Published: September 2011

Adaptation of the Mackworth wide-angle reflection eye camera for the collection and analysis of visual scanning behavior in the relatively unrestrained rhesus monkey is described. Crucial changes involved the addition of local fibre optic cable incident light, training the animal to view from a port by rewarding short trials, and computer-assisted data analysis for data reduction.
Self-Concept and the Validity of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values
Authors: Simon William E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between Ss' perception of their personal values and their values as measured by the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values was investigated. 79 Ss unknowingly completed the Study of Values and later were presented with descriptions of 9 individuals whom they were to rate with respect to similarity to self. The descriptions of 8 of these individuals were the same for all Ss. The ninth individual (individual D) was, on the basis of Ss' scores on the Study of Values, described as having a value system either very similar (High PS condition) or very dissimilar (Low PS condition) to their own. The individual D was rated as significantly more similar to self in the High PS condition.
An Estimation of r Based on Subjective Similarity Evaluations
Authors: Stone Le Roy A. , Coles Gary J. , Linscheid Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Using linear regression information presented by Ekman and his associates, a model which allows one to predict correlation coefficients ( rij) from similarity estimations ( sis) was devised and used to build a conversion table. An argument favoring possible use of such predicted rijs was made. The association of sij to rij was discussed.
Interjudge Reliability for Formal Aspects of Interviewee Communication
Authors: Butterfield Gary
Published: September 2011

The reliability among two Master's level clinical psychologists and two Master's level psychiatric social workers in judgment of frequency and location of 8 types of speech disruptions, periodic judgments of speech rate, and location of change in speech rate was determined from interviewees' responses in four taped interviews. With the exception of the “ah” type of disruption, reliability estimates were quite low. The utility of clinical observation of these non-verbal behaviors was questioned when reported by clinicians not specifically and extensively trained for observation of these signs. A suggestion was made regarding the direction for development of training procedures.
Normative Item Statistics for the Group Form of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique
Authors: Swartz Jon D. , Witzke Donald B. , Megargee Edwin I.
Published: September 2011

To assist investigators who wish to use the group form of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) in innovative ways, normative item statistics were obtained from 350 adults for all 90 HIT inkblots (Forms A and B) on the 20 variables that are hand-scored on the standard group version of the technique.
Comments on the Use of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities with Culturally Deprived Children in the Rural South
Authors: Waddell Kathleen J. , Cahoon Delwin D.
Published: September 2011

Evidence of item content bias in the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) is examined. The instrument fails, in certain subtests, to relate to the basic communication skills of Headstart children in the rural South. Incautious application of the test to minority groups may not yield adequate functional assessment of these children's skills. The authors recommend that alternative scoring procedures, local norms, or new items be developed.
Relationship of Motor Proficiency and Reading Retardation
Authors: Lewis Franklin D. , Bell D. Bruce , Anderson Robert P.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of motor and reading proficiency was studied in a group of 100 junior high school males. Two reading conditions, adequate and inadequate, and two racial samples, Negro and Caucasian, were employed. Motor performance was significantly different for the two reading groups but was not for the two racial ones. The findings were discussed in light of current explanations of learning disorders.
Generalization of Results beyond the Experimental Setting: Statistical versus Logical Considerations
Authors: Neufeld Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The conventional distinction between fixed and random variables in analysis of variance is discussed. It is suggested that certain “incidental” conditions prevailing when experimentation occurs, e.g., time(s) and place(s) of experimentation, can be classified as unbalanced independent variables. Given this classification of these incidental conditions, generalization of experimental results beyond situations exactly duplicating that set of conditions attendant to the experiment, requires either statistical or logical provision. As statistical provision for the entire complex of incidental conditions prevailing during an experiment would be infeasible, logical considerations must be employed in generalization of results beyond the experimental context. It is suggested that to consider incidental conditions of the experimental situation as being unbalanced independent variables should lead to vigilance with regard to those incidental conditions possibly contributing to the obtained experimental outcome. Inasmuch as generalization of obtained results beyond the experimental setting is contingent upon logical considerations, it is suggested that the validity of such logical provision should always be verified by E.
Volume Feedback and Generalization Techniques in Shaping Speech of an Electively Mute Boy: A Case Study
Authors: Norman Arthur , Broman Harvey J.
Published: September 2011

An “electively mute” 12-yr.-old boy was successfully treated using positive reinforcement procedures. Visual feedback from the volume-level meter of a tape recorder was used to help in inducing sounds and to aid in raising speech volume. Various other techniques were employed to increase the rate of speech and to generalize it to a variety of environmental situations.
Facilitation of Pursuit Rotor Learning by Induced Stress
Authors: Marteniuk Ronald G. , Wenger Howard A.
Published: September 2011

30 Ss practiced the pursuit rotor task over two days. 20 distributed trials were given on Day 1 and 10 further distributed trials 24 hr. later. Ss were randomly assigned to three groups: a related arousal group, an unrelated arousal group, and a control group. Arousal was increased by application of electric shock during Trials 6 to 15 on Day 1. The related arousal group were told they would be shocked if their performance did not reach an established criterion while the unrelated arousal group received random and unavoidable shock. The results showed that performance in the two stress conditions (means of Trials 6 to 15 and 16 to 20) was not different from that of a control group. However, when tested 24 hr. later, both stress groups demonstrated significant ( p < .05) improvements in learning over the control group but no difference between themselves.
Myotonometry: A Method for Estimating Tenseness and Anxiety by Measuring Muscle Hardness
Authors: Schuman Elliott P. , Kessel Paul , De Bold Richard C
Published: September 2011

A method is described for estimating tenseness and the underlying anxiety which tenseness may be presumed to connote. The instrument, the myotonometer, measures directly the hardness of muscles. The data from the myotonometer are different from those yielded by the electromyograph in that the actual state of the muscles is measured and not the electrical activity at the motor end plates. Additional exploration of the method is suggested. The method appears to be a promising means of evaluating physiological and psychotherapeutic processes and outcomes.
Relation of Extent of Temporal Removals to Closure and Visuomotor Factors
Authors: Lansdell H.
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis of scores for 159 Ss on the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale of Intelligence, Mooney's Closure Faces test, and a visuomotor task (in which 4 blocks were assembled 10 times alternately into square and triangular frames) yielded 3 similar factors for each sex: Verbal Comprehension, Visual Construction and Closure. Mean factor score estimates showed the expected verbal deficit in 7 patients with left temporal removals and closure deficit in 14 patients with right temporal removals, but no asymmetry for the visuomotor factor. The negative correlation of the latter scores with extent of surgery in the right temporal area was different from the positive one found for the left temporal group.
Behavior in a Mixed Motive Game as a Function of Induced Self-Esteem
Authors: Graf Richard G. , Hearne Louise
Published: September 2011

High, neutral, and low self-esteem were induced in college students who then took part in a mixed motive game. It was hypothesized that induced low self-esteem would result in highly competitive behavior. This prediction was confirmed for the first trial block of 10 trials but no difference in competitive behavior among the 3 groups was observed during the second through fifth trial blocks. The results were discussed in terms of the success of the induction of level of self-esteem, the perceived strategy of the other player, and the way in which the perceived strategy might interact with chronic and induced levels of self-esteem.