bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
R‐spondins/Lgrs expression in tooth development
Authors: kawasaki Maiko , Porntaveetus Thantrira , Kawasaki Katsushige , Oommen Shelly , Otsuka‐Tanaka Yoko , Hishinuma Mitsue , Nomoto Takato , Maeda Takeyasu , Takubo Keiyo , Suda Toshio , Sharpe Paul T. , Ohazama Atsushi
Published: March 2014

Background:Tooth development is highly regulated in mammals and it is regulated by networks of signaling pathways (e. g. Tnf, Wnt, Shh, Fgf and Bmp) whose activities are controlled by the balance between ligands, activators, inhibitors and receptors. The members of the R‐spondin family are known as activators of Wnt signaling, and Lgr4, Lgr5, and Lgr6 have been identified as receptors for R‐spondins. The role of R‐spondin/Lgr signaling in tooth development, however, remains unclear.Results:We first carried out comparativein situhybridization analysis ofR‐spondinsandLgrs, and identified their dynamic spatio‐temporal expression in murine odontogenesis.R‐spondin2expression was found both in tooth germs and the tooth‐less region, the diastema. We further examined tooth development inR‐spondin2mutant mice, and although molars and incisors exhibited no significant abnormalities, supernumerary teeth were observed in the diastema.Conclusions:R‐spondin/Lgr signaling is thus involved in tooth development.Developmental Dynamics 243:844–851, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of capture probabilities using generalized estimating equations and mixed effects approaches
Authors: Akanda Md. Abdus Salam , Alpizar‐Jara Russell
Published: March 2014

Modeling individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities has been one of the most challenging tasks in capture–recapture studies. Heterogeneity in capture probabilities can be modeled as a function of individual covariates, but correlation structure among capture occasions should be taking into account. A proposed generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) approaches can be used to estimate capture probabilities and population size for capture–recapture closed population models. An example is used for an illustrative application and for comparison with currently used methodology. A simulation study is also conducted to show the performance of the estimation procedures. Our simulation results show that the proposed quasi‐likelihood based on GEE approach provides lower SE than partial likelihood based on either generalized linear models (GLM) or GLMM approaches for estimating population size in a closed capture–recapture experiment. Estimator performance is good if a large proportion of individuals are captured. For cases where only a small proportion of individuals are captured, the estimates become unstable, but the GEE approach outperforms the other methods.
Battery‐powered portable instrument system for single‐cell trapping, impedance measurements, and modeling analyses
Authors: Tsai Sung‐Lin , Chiang Yang , Wang Min‐Haw , Chen Ming‐Kun , Jang Ling‐Sheng
Published: March 2014

A battery‐powered portable instrument system for the single‐HeLa‐cell trapping and analyses is developed. A method of alternating current electrothermal (ACET) and DEP are employed for the cell trapping and the method of impedance spectroscopy is employed for cell characterizations. The proposed instrument (160 mm × 170 mm × 110 mm, 1269 g) equips with a highly efficient energy‐saving design that promises approximately 120 h of use. It includes an impedance analyzer performing an excitation voltage of 0.2–2 Vpp and a frequency sweep of 11–101 kHz, function generator with the sine wave output at an operating voltage of 1–50 Vpp with a frequency of 4–12 MHz, cell‐trapping biochip, microscope, and input/output interface. The biochip for the single cell trapping is designed and simulated based on a combination of ACET and DEP forces. In order to improve measurement accuracy, the curve fitting method is adopted to calibrate the proposed impedance spectroscopy. Measurement results from the proposed system are compared with results from a precision impedance analyzer. The trapped cell can be modeled for numerical analyses. Many advantages are offered in the proposed instrument such as the small volume, real‐time monitoring, rapid analysis, low cost, low‐power consumption, and portable application.
Reciprocally opportunistic spectrum access
Authors: Chen Xianfu , Zhang Honggang , Höyhtyä Marko , Lasanen Mika , Palicot Jacques
Published: March 2014

The problem of opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is considered in this paper. Especially, we discuss designing distributed learning protocols for non‐cooperative secondary users (SUs) to efficiently utilise the spectrum opportunities. It is well known that the SUs’ selfish behaviors will result in a network collapse. Each SU is thus enabled to form conjectures over how the competing SUs would respond to its decision‐makings and believes that they alter future spectrum access strategies in proportion to its own current strategy variation. The conjectural belief adapts in accordance with local observations. The interaction among SUs is modelled as a stochastic learning procedure, in which each autonomous SU behaves as an intelligent agent. In this way, all SUs can independently ‘learn’ the behaviors of their competitors, optimise the opportunistic spectrum access strategies and finally achieve the goal of reciprocity in CRNs. Based on the belief model, two learning mechanisms, that is, the best response learning algorithm and the gradient ascent learning algorithm, are proposed to stabilise the opportunistic CRNs. We also theoretically prove that the SUs’ stochastic behaviors and beliefs converge to the conjectural equilibrium under some conditions rising from the learning procedure. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanisms, and show that the achieved system performance gain outperforms the multi‐agent Q‐learning scheme and the Nash equilibrium scheme when there are numerous SUs in the CRN. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal and Ethical Implications of Using Religious Beliefs as the Basis for Refusing to Counsel Certain Clients
Authors: Herlihy Barbara J. , Hermann Mary A. , Greden Leigh R.
Published: March 2014

This article addresses potential legal and ethical implications of lawsuits that have been brought when counselors and counseling students have used their religious beliefs as the basis for refusing to counsel lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transexual clients. Four lawsuits are reviewed, issues relevant to the cases are identified, and implications for counselor educators and counseling students are discussed.
GEOSPATIAL ECOLOGY OF ADOLESCENT PROBLEM BEHAVIOR: CONTRIBUTIONS OF COMMUNITY FACTORS AND PARENTAL MONITORING
Authors: Gartstein Maria , Seamon Erich , Dishion Thomas J.
Published: March 2014

We addressed the ecology of deviant peer involvement, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use using publicly available information for indices of community risk/protective factors. A geospatial model was developed, combining geographic data (census, crime proximity, race/ethnicity, and transportation accessibility) with information gathered from individual adolescents/households, geocoded by home address. Adolescent report of delinquency, association with deviant peers, substance use, and parental monitoring were obtained, along with parent report of demographic characteristics. Deviant peer involvement was predicted by the Crime Proximity Index, with closeness of crime being associated with more deviant peer affiliation, as well as the Transportation Index, with greater accessibility leading to more involvement with troubled peers. Antisocial behaviors also increased with greater access to transportation. Adolescent alcohol use was lower in communities with a higher proportion of a non‐Caucasian population and increased with greater transportation access. Adolescent outcomes were associated with different prediction models, yet parental monitoring emerged as a consistent contributing factor.
FAMILY MANAGEMENT AND YOUTH VIOLENCE: ARE PARENTS OR COMMUNITY MORE SALIENT?
Authors: Antunes Maria Joao Lobo , Ahlin Eileen M.
Published: March 2014

The family and community are both key components of child socialization and they influence developmental pathways. In this study, four family management strategies (supervision, discipline, restrictiveness, and familiarity with child's peers) and potential neighborhood effects on parenting behaviors are examined. Three proximal mechanisms (exposure to violence, peer deviance, and locus of control) are also examined as mediators. Data on three cohorts of youths ages 9 to 19 from the PHDCN are analyzed using HLM. Harsh disciplining practices increase violence by 33%, while reductions in unsupervised time in the community decrease violent behavior by 40%. The proximal mechanisms mediate the impact of family management strategies on youth involvement in violence. Results also show that family management factors are more influential over youth violence than neighborhood context. Research incorporating particular family management strategies can provide a more comprehensive investigation to research on the importance of family socialization.
PRACTICING WHAT IS PREACHED: CONGREGATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO HIV TESTING BEHAVIORS AND HIV DISCUSSIONS AMONG BLACK WOMEN
Authors: Williams Terrinieka T. , Pichon Latrice C. , Latkin Carl A. , Davey‐Rothwell Melissa
Published: March 2014

Through the current analysis, we aimed to better understand the relationship between congregational support and HIV prevention behaviors among a sample of high‐risk, HIV‐negative Black women. Participants were 434 Black women who were at high risk for contracting HIV through heterosexual sex. They were recruited from a city in the Mid‐Atlantic region. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews and Audio Computer‐Assisted Self‐Interviews. Results revealed three congregational characteristics were important for Black women's comfort level discussing HIV and their likelihood of returning for their HIV test results: feeling loved by their congregation, having ministries that helped people with their problems, and feeling listened to by their congregation. Thus, religious congregational support was a significant correlate of Black women's comfort discussing HIV prevention and treatment as well as their motivation to return to get their HIV test results.
Adsorption of horseradish peroxidase onto titanate nanowires
Authors: Nicolini João Victor , de Resende Neuman Solange , Ferraz Helen Conceição
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a peroxidase‐type enzyme containing heme as prosthetic group. It is a versatile enzyme that has been used for detection of H2O2. New supports for immobilization based on nanomaterials have demonstrated ideal characteristics for maintaining enzyme stability, offering many advantages over conventional immobilization supports. Titanate nanostructures show attractive properties for this application.

RESULTS

HRP (EC 1.11.1.7) was immobilized onto titanate nanowires (TNW) by both non‐specific and covalent coupling through amine groups. TNW were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption (77 K), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The coverage of TNW containing HRP adsorbed by covalent coupling was 1.56 mgHRP m−2 and residual enzymatic activity around 40%. Desorption tests were conducted under different conditions to evaluate the stability of the coupling, showing no significant loss of the enzyme.

CONCLUSIONS

Immobilization of the enzyme HRP was successfully achieved by covalent coupling to TNW. The enzyme is firmly attached to TNW surface, remaining active for more than 160 days. Altogether, these results indicate that TNW is an excellent matrix for immobilization of HRP and a very promising platform for constructing biosensors. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The Emergence and Development of Bekhterev's Psychoreflexology in Relation to Wundt's Experimental Psychology
Authors: de Freitas Araujo Saulo
Published: March 2014

After its foundation, the Laboratory for Experimental Psychology at Leipzig University became an international center for psychological research, attracting students from all over the world. The Russian physiologist and psychiatrist Vladimir Bekhterev (1857–1927) was one of Wilhelm Wundt's students in 1885, and after returning to Russia he continued enthusiastically his experimental research on mental phenomena. However, he gradually distanced himself from Wundt's psychological project and developed a new concept of psychology: the so‐called Objective Psychology or Psychoreflexology. The goal of this paper is to analyze Bekhterev's position in relation to Wundt's experimental psychology, by showing how the former came to reject the latter's conception of psychology. The results indicate that Bekhterev's development of a philosophical program, including his growing interest in establishing a new Weltanschauung is the main reason behind his divergence with Wundt, which is reflected in his conception of scientific psychology. Despite this, Wundt remained alive in Bekhterev's mind as an ideal counterpoint.
Numerical analysis of direct current circuits containing bipolar and metal oxide semiconductor transistors
Authors: Tadeusiewicz M. , Hałgas S.
Published: March 2014

The paper brings a numerical method for finding multiple DC operating points of circuits containing bipolar and metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors fabricated in micrometer technology. The method is based on the concept of separable Newton homotopy and division of the searching space into currently changed rectangles (boxes). The method traces a piecewise‐linear homotopy path and intersects some specific plane at the points corresponding to the operating points. Numerical experiments show that the method is remarkably efficient. Three examples including bipolar junction transistors and metal oxide semiconductor circuits are given. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing the electromagnetic field of the system of arbitrarily positioned conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium
Authors: Sarajcev Petar , Vujevic Slavko , Lovric Dino
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a novel computational methodology, based on the finite element technique, for the analysis of electromagnetic field due to system of arbitrarily positioned current‐carrying conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium, having arbitrary number of layers with different characteristics (including air). Each soil layer is horizontally unbounded, homogenous and isotropic, whereas conductors can penetrate different layers and extend into the air. The effect of the stratified multilayer medium is taken into account by using the originally developed fixed image method. Complete electromagnetic coupling between grounding system conductors (satisfying thin‐wire approximation) is taken into account, whereas attenuation and phase shift effects are approximated. The electric and magnetic field in stratified multilayer medium are computed from the scalar electric and vector magnetic potentials, using the said fixed image method and approximations to the attenuation and phase shift effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of lycopene‐enriched olive and argan oils upon lipid serum parameters in Wistar rats
Authors: Aidoud Aziouz , Ammouche Ali , Garrido María , Rodriguez Ana B
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Lycopene has the highest antioxidant activity within carotenoids and is an effective free radical scavenger. Virgin olive oil (VOO) and argan oil (AO) contain trace amounts of a wide variety of phytochemicals which have desirable nutritional properties. The present study intended to assess the effect of various dietary VOO and AO in combination with lycopene consumption on serum biochemical parameters, including total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids, as well as on hepatosomatic index (HSI) of rats.

RESULTS

Results showed that ingestion of VOO and AO diminished TC, LDL‐C, TGs and phospholipid levels, whereas the HDL‐C levels augmented in all the groups assayed. The enrichment of VOO and AO with lycopene improved the beneficial effects derived from the consumption of both oils on serum biochemical parameters. A decrease in body weight gain and HSI was detected after the consumption of lycopene‐enriched oils.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the inclusion of lycopene in VOO and AO may be used as a natural tool to fight against hyperlipidaemic and hypercholesterolaemic‐derived disorders. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitive interferometric detection of ultrasound for minimally invasive clinical imaging applications
Authors: Rosenthal Amir , Kellnberger Stephan , Bozhko Dmitry , Chekkoury Andrei , Omar Murad , Razansky Daniel , Ntziachristos Vasilis
Published: March 2014

Miniaturized optical detectors of ultrasound represent a promising alternative to piezoelectric technology and may enable new minimally invasive clinical applications, particularly in the field of optoacoustic imaging. However, the use of such detectors has so far been limited to controlled lab environments, and has not been demonstrated in the presence of mechanical disturbances, common in clinical imaging scenarios. Additionally, detection sensitivity has been inherently limited by laser noise, which hindered the use of sensing elements such as optical fibers, which exhibit a weak response to ultrasound. In this work, coherence‐restored pulse interferometry (CRPI) is introduced – a new paradigm for interferometric sensing in which shot‐noise limited sensitivity may be achieved alongside robust operation. CRPI is implemented with a fiber‐based resonator, demonstrating over an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than that of conventional 15 MHz intravascular ultrasound probes. The performance of the optical detector is showcased in a miniaturized all‐optical optoacoustic imaging catheter.
Construction of PIB‐b‐PDEAEMA well‐defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers via sequential living carbocationic and RAFT polymerization
Authors: Ren Chunhong , Jiang Xue , Lu Guolin , Jiang Xiuyu , Huang Xiaoyu
Published: March 2014

A series of well‐defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of hydrophobic polyisobutylene (PIB) and hydrophilic poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) segments was synthesized via the combination of living carbocationic polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Living carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene followed by end‐capping with 1,3‐butadiene was first performed at −70 °C to give a well‐defined allyl‐Cl‐terminated PIB with a low polydispersity (Mw/Mn =1.29). This end‐functionalized PIB was further converted to a macromolecular chain transfer agent for mediating RAFT block copolymerization of 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate at 60 °C in tetrahydrofuran to afford the target well‐defined PIB‐b‐PDEAEMA diblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤1.22). The self‐assembly behavior of these amphiphilic diblock copolymers in aqueous media was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope, and furthermore, their pH‐responsive behavior was studied by UV‐vis and dynamic light scattering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1478–1486
Preparation and Characterization of the Fluorescent Carbon Dots Derived from the Lithium‐Intercalated Graphite used for Cell Imaging
Authors: Zhu Xiaohua , Wang Haiying , Jiao Qifang , Xiao Xin , Zuo Xiaoxi , Liang Yong , Nan Junmin , Wang Jufang , Wang Lishi
Published: March 2014

Zero‐dimensional fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) that are used as a cell‐imaging reagent are prepared by using a simple and effective route employing lithium‐intercalated graphite from lithium‐ion batteries as a carbon source. Under ultrasonic exfoliation, the interlayer space increases, while the layer distortion and remaining lithium of the lithium‐intercalated graphite are utilized to disrupt the graphitic structure and produce the CD suspension. Subsequently, after concentration and purification, the obtained colloidal CD suspension has a fluorescent yield of up to 1.2% and is therefore comparable to the CDs prepared in previous reports. These CD products are water‐soluble, nanosized (approximately 3.5 nm), and biocompatible and can easily enter into HeLa cells to act as a cell‐imaging reagent without any further functionalization. In addition, these CDs do not impose toxicity against HeLa cells and have high photostability with low photobleaching and demonstrate potential applications for bio‐labeling as well as solution state optoelectronics.
The molecular architecture of QdtA, a sugar 3,4‐ketoisomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum
Authors: Thoden James B. , Holden Hazel M.
Published: March 2014

Unusual di‐ and trideoxysugars are often found on the O‐antigens of Gram‐negative bacteria, on the S‐layers of Gram‐positive bacteria, and on various natural products. One such sugar is 3‐acetamido‐3,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose. A key step in its biosynthesis, catalyzed by a 3,4‐ketoisomerase, is the conversion of thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)−4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose to dTDP‐3‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose. Here we report an X‐ray analysis of a 3,4‐ketoisomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. For this investigation, the wild‐type enzyme, referred to as QdtA, was crystallized in the presence of dTDP and its structure solved to 2.0‐Å resolution. The dimeric enzyme adopts a three‐dimensional architecture that is characteristic for proteins belonging to the cupin superfamily. In order to trap the dTDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose substrate into the active site, a mutant protein, H51N, was subsequently constructed, and the structure of this protein in complex with the dTDP–sugar ligand was solved to 1.9‐Å resolution. Taken together, the structures suggest that His 51 serves as a catalytic base, that Tyr 37 likely functions as a catalytic acid, and that His 53 provides a proton shuttle between the C‐3′ hydroxyl and the C‐4′ keto group of the hexose. This study reports the first three‐dimensional structure of a 3,4‐ketoisomerase in complex with its dTDP–sugar substrate and thus sheds new molecular insight into this fascinating class of enzymes.
Group II archaeal chaperonin recognition of partially folded human γD‐crystallin mutants
Authors: Sergeeva Oksana A. , Yang Jingkun , King Jonathan A. , Knee Kelly M.
Published: March 2014

The features in partially folded intermediates that allow the group II chaperonins to distinguish partially folded from native states remain unclear. The archaeal group II chaperonin from Methanococcus Mauripaludis (Mm‐Cpn) assists the in vitro refolding of the well‐characterized β‐sheet lens protein human γD‐crystallin (HγD‐Crys). The domain interface and buried cores of this Greek key conformation include side chains, which might be exposed in partially folded intermediates. We sought to assess whether particular features buried in the native state, but absent from the native protein surface, might serve as recognition signals. The features tested were (a) paired aromatic side chains, (b) side chains in the interface between the duplicated domains of HγD‐Crys, and (c) side chains in the buried core which result in congenital cataract when substituted. We tested the Mm‐Cpn suppression of aggregation of these HγD‐Crys mutants upon dilution out of denaturant. Mm‐Cpn was capable of suppressing the off‐pathway aggregation of the three classes of mutants indicating that the buried residues were not recognition signals. In fact, Mm‐Cpn recognized the HγD‐Crys mutants better than (wild‐type) WT and refolded most mutant HγD‐Crys to levels twice that of WT HγD‐Crys. This presumably represents the increased population or longer lifetimes of the partially folded intermediates of the mutant proteins. The results suggest that Mm‐Cpn does not recognize the features of HγD‐Crys tested—paired aromatics, exposed domain interface, or destabilized core—but rather recognizes other features of the partially folded β‐sheet conformation that are absent or inaccessible in the native state of HγD‐Crys.
Characterisation of 3D‐GaN/InGaN core‐shell nanostructures by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Griffiths Ian , Cherns David , Wang Xue , Wehman Hergo‐Heinrich , Mandl Martin , Strassburg Martin , Waag Andreas
Published: March 2014

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterise GaN/InGaN 3D nanostructures grown on patterned GaN/sapphire substrates by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It has been found that the growth of well ordered arrays of such nanostructures, containing multiple quantum wells on non‐polar side‐facets, can be achieved with a low density of defects. Growth changes and surface morphology play a major role in the nucleation of any defects present. The nanostructure morphology has been investigated and differing growth rates on adjacent facets studied. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced name and vote separated E‐voting system: an E‐voting system that ensures voter confidentiality and candidate privacy
Authors: Pan Haijun , Hou Edwin , Ansari Nirwan
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we propose an improved electronic voting (E‐voting) system based on our previous work Name and vOte separaTed E‐voting system. The proposed E‐voting system, referred to as Enhanced Name and vOte separaTed E‐voting system, is improved with a new protocol design and a watchdog hardware device added to ensure voter confidentiality and voting accuracy. In our improved scheme, rather than Election Committee and Vote Counting Committee, an impartial third party, Ballot Distribution Center, is proposed to take the responsibility of distributing ballots. The votes and the candidates' names are separated into two parts while voters cast their votes. The watchdog device records all voting transactions during the election to prevent voting disputes and other malicious behaviors from voter frauds. Our proposed procedure addresses issues related to voter confidentiality and candidate privacy, voting frauds and voting accuracy, and will thus help to create a fair election. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient centralized approach to prevent from replication attack in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kenaza Tayeb , Hamoud Othmane Nait , Nouali‐Taboudjemat Nadia
Published: March 2014

The majority of key management schemes suffer from the physical compromising of nodes. This vulnerability allows an adversary to reproduce clones and inject them throughout the network to perform other types of attacks. Furthermore, adding new nodes to the network (for maintenance), which is an inevitable step to prolong its life or to repair voids, is the best opportunity to carry out the cloning attack. Our contribution in this paper is to perfectly secure network maintenance against the cloning attack, using a solution based on the digital signature of the base station. Our solution is based on the agreement that the base station should give to a new node to share a pairwise key with its neighbors. The conducted simulations under TinyOS SIMulator (TOSSIM) show that, in addition to perfect resilience, our approach is efficient in terms of time consumption and communication overhead. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐Scale Modeling of Grain Size and Phase Transformation Effects
Authors: Böhlke Thomas , Neumann Rudolf , Rieger Florian
Published: March 2014

A nonlinear homogenization scheme is applied to consider two classes of micromechanical problems, i.e. to estimate the grain size dispersion influence and to model phase transformation effects in steels. The macroscopic material behavior is described purely based on micro‐mechanical constitutive models. The coarse graining procedure contains the classical bounds, i.e. mixture theories, as special cases and determines the macroscopic stress and the evolution of the microstructural variables. In the context of the grain size dependent flow behavior of polycrystals, a log‐normal distributed grain size is assumed together with a grain size dependent local plastic behavior. The numerical results are well approximated by a simple analytical expression. It is found that grain size dispersion leads to a decrease of the material strength, especially for small mean diameters around one micron. In the context of phase transformation phenomena, the thermo‐mechanically strongly coupled Greenwood‐Johnson effect is considered. Here, temperature driven phase transformation under external applied stress below the yield stress is modeled that leads to plastic strains. The main result of the present work is, that based on the suggested nonlinear homogenization technique of Hashin‐Shtrikman type a numerically effective modeling approach is given, that can be applied at the Gauss point level of structural finite element simulations. In contrast to FE2 schemes, full three‐dimensional microstructures can be modeled effectively with standard computers. The simulation results presented in this work are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Monitoring and compartmentalized structures
Authors: Cennamo C. , Chiaia B. , De Biagi V. , Placidi L.
Published: March 2014

The damage acting on a structure can lead to disproportionate consequences, i.e., the global collapse. This extreme situation has to be avoided and, thus, structural monitoring is requested in those structures where human losses are possible and large economic consequences are expected. Static measurement devices are the most economic instrumental set‐ups able to highlight the presence of progressive damages. However, this monitoring system suffers from the structural behaviour under the external loads. In many situations, alternate load paths shown the non‐effectiveness of the measurement system since the instrumentation are installed on elements not relevant for the response under the given loads. The same problems occur when the structure is compartmentalized, i.e. the structural responses of the single parts dependent on the loads acting almost only on the same single component. In order to measure the degree of compartmentalization, different novel metrics based on stiffness matrix properties are proposed and their effectiveness discussed. The new idea of this paper is to connect compartmentalization of structures with a sort of distance of the stiffness matrix from the set of diagonal matrices. Few examples are illustrated.
Path Dependence in Decision-Making Processes: Exploring the Impact of Complexity under Increasing Returns
Authors: Koch Jochen , Eisend Martin , Petermann Arne
Published: March 2014

The development of path-dependent processes basically refers to positive feedback in terms of increasing returns as the main driving forces of such processes. Furthermore, path dependence can be affected by context factors, such as different degrees of complexity. Up to now, it has been unclear whether and how different settings of complexity impact path-dependent processes and the probability of lock-in. In this paper we investigate the relationship between environmental complexity and path dependence by means of an experimental study. By focusing on the mode of information load and decision quality in chronological sequences, the study explores the impact of complexity on decision-making processes. The results contribute to both the development of path-dependence theory and a better understanding of decision-making behavior under conditions of positive feedback. Since previous path research has mostly applied qualitative case-study research and (to a minor part) simulations, this paper makes a further contribution by establishing an experimental approach for research on path dependence.
Surgical Treatment of Patients with Mildly Elevated Parathormone and Calcium Levels
Authors: Parikh Punam P. , Allan Bassan J. , Lew John I.
Published: March 2014

Background

Patients with mildly elevated parathormone (PTH) and calcium levels consistent for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) may present with more underlying multiglandular disease (MGD) and higher operative failure and recurrence rates than those with conventional, or “classic” pHPT. This study compared the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of patients with biochemically mild versus conventional pHPT.

Methods

A series of 707 consecutive patients underwent initial targeted parathyroidectomy with intraoperative parathormone monitoring (IPM) at a single institution. Biochemically mild (BM) pHPT was defined as PTH > 65 and <100 pg/ml with serum calcium >10.4 and <11 mg/dl. Conventional pHPT was defined as calcium ≥11 mg/dl and PTH ≥ 100 pg/ml. Prospectively collected data for all patients, including operative indication, preoperative laboratory values, imaging, IPM dynamics, and postoperative laboratory values were retrospectively reviewed. Additional assessments included presence of MGD, bilateral neck exploration (BNE), single‐gland volume, and operative failure or success, and recurrence.

Results

Of 60 patients with BM‐pHPT, 46 reported preoperative bone pain, kidney stones, fatigue, and/or mental disturbances. The remaining 14 BM‐pHPT patients underwent parathyroidectomy based on published asymptomatic guidelines. Patients with BM‐pHPT had significantly more kidney stones, MGD, and BNE. Average single‐gland volume and postoperative PTH levels were significantly lower in BM‐pHPT patients. There were no significant differences between groups regarding preoperative localization accuracy, IPM dynamics, or operative success/failure, recurrence rates.

Conclusions

BM‐pHPT patients had more MGD requiring BNE but achieved operative success rates similar to those of patients with conventional disease. IPM successfully identifies MGD in BM‐pHPT patients, who should be counseled regarding more extensive operations than limited parathyroidectomy.
Science Teachers’ and Senior Secondary Schools Students’ Perceptions of Earth and Environmental Science Topics
Authors: Dawson Vaille , Carson Katherine
Published: March 2014

This article presents an evaluation of a new upper secondary Earth and Environmental Science (EES) course in Western Australia. Twenty-seven EES teachers were interviewed and 243 students were surveyed about the degree of difficulty, relevance and interest of EES topics in the course. The impact of the course on students’ views about EES topics was also explored. It was found that more than two thirds of the students chose to study EES because of personal interest. However, students perceived that some Earth science topics were difficult, boring or irrelevant. A lack of content knowledge from lower secondary science contributed to these perceptions. Nevertheless, teachers and students perceived that their understanding and attitudes towards environmental science topics such as climate change was improved. With the advent of a new Australian senior secondary science curriculum that includes EES, the implications of the findings for curriculum development and teacher professional development are discussed.
The Nautical Magazine for 1835
Authors: Various Authors
Published: March 2014

The Nautical Magazine first appeared in 1832, and was published monthly well into the twenty-first century. It covers a wide range of subjects, including navigation, meteorology, technology and safety. An important resource for maritime historians, it also includes reports on military and scientific expeditions and on current affairs. The 1835 volume lists new charts for parts of the Indian Ocean and the Australian coast, and includes a letter proposing a canal across the Isthmus of Darien (Panama). It also contains an allegedly authentic journal of a Russian privateer, whose lurid details read more like a work of fiction. Other coverage includes regular items of naval and shipping news, the sailing times of the Falmouth packets, discussion of courts martial and of discipline on merchant ships, and a review of the recently rediscovered papers of the first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection).
Infectious Disease Frequency Among Evacuees at Shelters After the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Kawano Takahisa , Hasegawa Kohei , Watase Hiroko , Morita Hiroshi , Yamamura Osamu
Published: March 2014

Objective

After the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and tsunami, the World Health Organization cautioned that evacuees at shelters would be at increased risk of infectious disease transmission; however, the frequency that occurred in this population was not known.

Methods

We reviewed medical charts of evacuees who visited medical clinics at 6 shelters from March 19, to April 8, 2011. Excluded were patients who did not reside within the shelters or whose medical records lacked a name or date. We investigated the frequency of and cumulative incidences of acute respiratory infection [ARI], acute gastroenteritis, acute jaundice syndrome, scabies, measles, pertussis, and tetanus.

Results

Of 1364 patients who visited 6 shelter clinics, 1167 patients (86.1%) were eligible for the study. The median total number of evacuees was 2545 (interquartile range [IQR], 2277-3009). ARI was the most common infectious disease; the median number of patients with ARI was 168.8 per week per 1000 evacuees (IQR, 64.5-186.1). Acute gastroenteritis was the second most common; the median number of patients was 23.7 per week per 1000 evacuees (IQR, 5.1-24.3). No other infectious diseases were observed. The median cumulative incidence of ARI per 1000 evacuees in each shelter was 13.1 person-days (IQR, 8.5–18.8). The median cumulative incidence of gastroenteritis was 1.6 person-days (IQR, 0.3–3.4).

Conclusion

After the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and tsunami, outbreaks of ARI and acute gastroenteritis occurred in evacuation shelters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-7)
Dilution effect and identity effect by wildlife in the persistence and recurrence of bovine tuberculosis
Authors: HUANG Z. Y. X. , XU C. , VAN LANGEVELDE F. , PRINS H. H. T. , BEN JEBARA K. , DE BOER W. F.
Published: March 2014

Current theories on disease-diversity relationships predict a strong influence of host richness on disease transmission. In addition, identity effect, caused by the occurrence of particular species, can also modify disease risk. We tested the richness effect and the identity effects of mammal species on bovine tuberculosis (bTB), based on the regional bTB outbreak data in cattle from 2005–2010 in Africa. Besides, we also tested which other factors were associated with the regional bTB persistence and recurrence in cattle. Our results suggested a dilution effect, where higher mammal species richness (MSR) was associated with reduced probabilities of bTB persistence and recurrence in interaction with cattle density. African buffalo had a positive effect on bTB recurrence and a positive interaction effect with cattle density on bTB persistence, indicating an additive positive identity effect of buffalo. The presence of greater kudu had no effect on bTB recurrence or bTB persistence. Climatic variables only act as risk factors for bTB persistence. In summary, our study identified both a dilution effect and identity effect of wildlife and showed that bTB persistence and recurrence were correlated with different sets of risk factors. These results are relevant for more effective control strategies and better targeted surveillance measures in bTB.
Parasites as biological tags of marine, freshwater and anadromous fishes in North America from the tropics to the Arctic
Authors: MARCOGLIESE DAVID J. , JACOBSON KYM C.
Published: March 2014

Parasites have been considered as natural biological tags of marine fish populations in North America for almost 75 years. In the Northwest Atlantic, the most studied species include Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and the redfishes (Sebastes spp.). In the North Pacific, research has centred primarily on salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.). However, parasites have been applied as tags for numerous other pelagic and demersal species on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Relatively few studies have been undertaken in the Arctic, and these were designed to discriminate anadromous and resident salmonids (Salvelinus spp.). Although rarely applied in fresh waters, parasites have been used to delineate certain fish stocks within the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basin. Anisakid nematodes and the copepod Sphyrion lumpi frequently prove useful indicators in the Northwest Atlantic, while myxozoan parasites prove very effective on the coast and open seas of the Pacific Ocean. Relative differences in the ability of parasites to discriminate between fish stocks on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts may be due to oceanographic and bathymetric differences between regions. Molecular techniques used to differentiate populations and species of parasites show promise in future applications in the field.
The effects on children of depressed mothers' remission and relapse over 9 months
Authors: Weissman M. M. , Wickramaratne P. , Pilowsky D. J. , Poh E. , Hernandez M. , Batten L. A. , Flament M. F. , Stewart J. W. , Blier P.
Published: March 2014

Background

The high rate of depression among children of depressed mothers is well known. Suggestions that improvement in maternal acute depression has a positive effect on the child have emerged. However, data on the mechanisms of change have been sparse. The aim was to understand how remission and relapse in the mother might explain the changes in the child's outcome.

Method

Participants were 76 depressed mothers who entered into a medication clinical trial for depression and 135 of their eligible offspring ages 7–17 years. The mothers and children were assessed at baseline and periodically over 9 months by independent teams to understand the relationship between changes in children's symptoms and functioning and maternal remission or relapse. The main outcome measures were, for mothers, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and, for children, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) and the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).

Results

Maternal remission was associated with a decrease in the child's depressive symptoms. The mother's subsequent relapse was associated with an increase in the child's symptoms over 9 months. The effect of maternal remission on the child's improvement was partially explained by an improvement in the mother's parenting, particularly the change in the mother's ability to listen and talk to her child, but also reflected in her improvement in parental bonding. These findings could not be explained by the child's treatment.

Conclusions

A depressed mother's remission is associated with her improvement in parenting and a decrease in her child's symptoms. Her relapse is associated with an increase in her child's symptoms.
Ages and Stages: the place of theatre in the lives of older people
Authors: BERNARD MIRIAM , RICKETT MICHELLE , AMIGONI DAVID , MUNRO LUCY , MURRAY MICHAEL , REZZANO JILL
Published: March 2014

Despite the growing interest amongst gerontologists and literary and cultural scholars alike, in arts participation, ageing and the artistic outputs of older people, comparatively little attention has yet been paid to theatre and drama. Likewise, community or participatory theatre has long been used to address issues affecting marginalised or excluded groups, but it is a presently under-utilised medium for exploring ageing or for conveying positive messages about growing older. This paper seeks to address this lack of attention through a detailed case study of the place of one particular theatre – the Victoria/New Victoria Theatre in North Staffordshire, England – in the lives of older people. It provides an overview of the interdisciplinaryAges and Stagesproject which brought together social gerontologists, humanities scholars, psychologists, anthropologists and theatre practitioners, and presents findings from: the archival and empirical work exploring the theatre's pioneering social documentaries and its archive; individual/couple and group interviews with older people involved with the theatre (as audience members, volunteers, employees and sources); and ethnographic data gathered throughout the study. The findings reaffirm the continuing need to challenge stereotypes that the capacity for creativity and participation in later life unavoidably and inevitably declines; show how participation in creative and voluntary activities shapes meanings associated with key life transitions such as bereavement and retirement; and emphasise the positive role that theatre and drama can play as a medium for the inclusion of both older and younger people.
How similar, how different? On Dutch media depictions of older and younger people
Authors: LEPIANKA DOROTA
Published: March 2014

By providing information on society at large, the media help to establish and maintain relations between various social groups, such as between younger and older people. They may also disturb the formation or maintenance of such relations,e.g.by stimulating the ‘othering’ of the out-group members. The aim of the present study was to trace how the different strategies of ‘othering’ are applied by Dutch news media in their portrayal of older and younger citizens. The analysis showed that the most notable discrepancies in the media coverage of the two age groups appear in (the nature of) their evaluation. While the negative descriptors of older characters relate more frequently to their (alleged) incompetence, the negative depictions of younger actors refer predominantly to their lack of benevolence. In the case of positive evaluations the reverse is true: older characters are more often presented as warm and younger people as competent. The results of the study are interpreted in the light of literature on social distance and (social) practices of ‘othering’.
Humanoid robot upper body motion generation using B-spline-based functions
Authors: Ruchanurucks M.
Published: March 2014

This paper aims to represent a human's upper body motion using a humanoid robot. As a robot has different physical limitations than a human, we present a method that can filter the trajectories to meet the limitations. The filtering can be used directly and also can be used as a constraint for optimization. It will be shown to be applicable both offline and online. Many physical attributes, namely angle, collision, velocity, and dynamic torque, are represented as B-spline explicit functions. The B-spline coefficients are then calculated to limit the physical attributes. This explicit method can guarantee that many limits are met. Hence, it is better than many methods that only reduce such physical attributes using objective functions.
LINEAR NONSTATIONARY MODELS—A REVIEW OF THE WORK OF PROFESSOR P.C.B. PHILLIPS
Authors: Tanaka Katsuto
Published: March 2014

The work of Professor P.C.B. Phillips, even if it is focused on the area of linear nonstationary models, is enormous. So it is hard for me to explore the whole of his work in this paper. Therefore, I have decided to take up only a few results of his work. The topics chosen here are applications of the martingale approximation and the problem of choosing between stochastic and deterministic trends, which I discuss and, hopefully, extend.