bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite-Amplitude Lagrangian-Mean Wave Activity Diagnostics Applied to the Baroclinic Eddy Life Cycle
Authors: Solomon Abraham , Chen Gang , Lu Jian
Published: June 2012

Lagrangian-mean wave activity diagnostics are applied to the nonlinear baroclinic eddy life cycle in a simple general circulation model of the atmosphere. The growth of these instabilities through baroclinic conversion of potential temperature gradients and their subsequent barotropic decay can exhibit two distinct life cycles. One life cycle results in equatorward propagation of the growing eddy, anticyclonic wave breaking, and a poleward shift of the mean jet. The second life cycle is distinguished by limited equatorward propagation and cyclonic wave breaking on the poleward flank of the jet. Using a conservative finite-amplitude, Lagrangian-mean wave activity (negative pseudomomentum) to quantify wave growth and propagation reveals more details about the life cycles than could be discerned from eddy kinetic energy (EKE) or other Eulerian metrics. It is shown that the distribution of pseudomomentum relative to the latitude of the axis of the jet can be used to provide a clear distinction between the two life cycles at an early stage in their development and, hence, a prediction for the subsequent shift of the jet. This suggests that the distribution of pseudomomentum may provide some predictability for the atmospheric annular modes.
Optimal Determination of Time-Varying Climate Change Signals
Authors: Jia Liwei , DelSole Timothy
Published: June 2012

This paper proposes an optimal method for estimating time-dependent climate change signals from general circulation models. The basic idea is to identify vectors that maximize the mean-square detection statistic derived from optimal fingerprinting techniques. The method also provides an objective and systematic procedure for identifying the limit to which a signal can be restricted in space and time without losing detectability. As an illustration, the method is applied to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 3 multimodel dataset to determine the continental seasonal-mean anomaly in surface air temperature and precipitation that is most detectable, on average, in these models. Anomalies in seasonal-mean surface air temperature are detectable in all seasons by almost all models on all continents but Europe; seasonal-mean anomalies over Europe are undetectable for some models, though this does not preclude other expressions of the signal, such as those that include longer time averages or time-lag information, from being detectable. Detectability in seasonal-mean temperature is found not only for multidecadal warming trends but also for cooling after major volcanic eruptions. In contrast, seasonal-mean precipitation anomalies are detectable in only a few models for averages over 5 yr or more, suggesting that the signal should include more spatiotemporal detail to be detectable across more models. Nevertheless, of the precipitation anomalies that are detectable, the signal appears to be of two characters: a systematic trend and enhanced frequency of extreme values. These results derived from twentieth-century simulations appear to be consistent with previous studies based on twenty-first-century simulations with larger signal-to-noise ratios.
Assessing Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates in Semiarid Watersheds Using the USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Gauge Network and TRMM PR
Authors: Amitai Eyal , Unkrich Carl L. , Goodrich David C. , Habib Emad , Thill Bryson
Published: June 2012

The rain gauge network associated with the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in southeastern Arizona provides a unique opportunity for direct comparisons of in situ measurements and satellite-based instantaneous rain rate estimates like those from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR). The WGEW network is the densest rain gauge network in the PR coverage area for watersheds greater than 10 km2. It consists of 88 weighing rain gauges within a 149-km2 area. On average, approximately 10 gauges can be found in each PR field of view (~5-km diameter). All gauges are very well synchronized with 1-min reporting intervals. This allows generating very-high-temporal-resolution rain rate fields and obtaining accurate estimates of the area-average rain rate for the entire watershed and for a single PR field of view. In this study, instantaneous rain rate fields from the PR and the spatially interpolated gauge measurements (on a 100 m × 100 m grid, updated every 1 min) are compared for all TRMM overpasses in which the PR recorded rain within the WGEW boundaries (25 overpasses during 1999–2010). The results indicate very good agreement between the fields with low bias values (<10%) and high correlation coefficients, especially for the near-nadir cases (>0.9). The correlation is high at overpass time but the peak occurs several minutes after the overpass, which can be explained by the fact that it takes several minutes for the raindrops to reach the gauge from the time they are observed by the PR. The correlation improves with the new version of the TRMM algorithm (V7). The study includes assessment of the accuracy of the reference products.
1280-MHz Active Array Radar Wind Profiler for Lower Atmosphere: System Description and Data Validation
Authors: Srinivasulu P. , Yasodha P. , Kamaraj P. , Rao T. N. , Jayaraman A. , Reddy S. N. , Satyanarayana S.
Published: June 2012

An L-band radar wind profiler was established at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India (13.5°N, 79.2°E), to provide continuous high-resolution wind measurements in the lower atmosphere. This system utilizes a fully active array and passive beam-forming network. It operates at 1280 MHz with peak output power of 1.2 kW. The active array comprises a 16 × 16 array of microstrip patch antenna elements fed by dedicated solid-state transceiver modules. A 2D modified Butler beam-forming network is employed to feed the active array. The combination of active array and passive beam-forming network results in enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and simple beam steering. This system also comprises a direct intermediate frequency (IF) digital receiver and pulse compression scheme, which result in more flexibility and enhanced height coverage. The scientific objectives of this profiler are to study the atmospheric boundary layer dynamics and precipitation. Observations made by this profiler have been validated using a collocated GPS sonde. This paper presents the detailed system description, including sample observations for clear-air and precipitation cases.
Hurricane Eyewall Replacement Cycle Thermodynamics and the Relict Inner Eyewall Circulation
Authors: Sitkowski Matthew , Kossin James P. , Rozoff Christopher M. , Knaff John A.
Published: June 2012

Flight-level aircraft data are used to examine inner-core thermodynamic changes during eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) and the role of the relict inner eyewall circulation on the evolution of a hurricane during and following an ERC. Near the end of an ERC, the eye comprises two thermodynamically and kinematically distinct air masses separated by a relict wind maximum, inside of which high inertial stability restricts radial motion creating a “containment vessel” that confines the old-eye air mass. Restricted radial flow aloft also reduces subsidence within this confined region. Subsidence-induced warming is thus focused along the outer periphery of the developing post-ERC eye, which leads to a flattening of the pressure profile within the eye and a steepening of the gradient at the eyewall. This then causes a local intensification of the winds in the eyewall. The cessation of active convection and subsidence near the storm center, which has been occurring over the course of the ERC, leads to an increase in minimum pressure. The increase in minimum pressure concurrent with the increase of winds in the developing eyewall can create a highly anomalous pressure–wind relationship. When the relict inner eyewall circulation dissipates, the air masses are free to mix and subsidence can resume more uniformly over the entire eye.
Evolution of a Quasi-Linear Convective System Sampled by Phased Array Radar
Authors: Newman Jennifer F. , Heinselman Pamela L.
Published: June 2012

On 2 April 2010, a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) moved eastward through Oklahoma during the early morning hours. Wind damage in Rush Springs, Oklahoma, approached (enhanced Fujita) EF1-scale intensity and was likely associated with a mesovortex along the leading edge of the QLCS. The evolution of the QLCS as it produced its first bow echo was captured by the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased Array Radar (NWRT PAR) in Norman, Oklahoma. The NWRT PAR is an S-band radar with an electronically steered beam, allowing for rapid volumetric updates (~1 min) and user-defined scanning strategies. The rapid temporal updates and dense vertical sampling of the PAR created a detailed depiction of the damaging wind mechanisms associated with the QLCS. Key features sampled by the PAR include microbursts, an intensifying midlevel jet, and rotation associated with the mesovortex. In this work, PAR data are analyzed and compared to data from nearby operational radars, highlighting the advantages of using high-temporal-resolution data to monitor storm evolution.

The PAR sampled the events preceding the Rush Springs circulation in great detail. Based on PAR data, the midlevel jet in the QLCS strengthened as it approached Rush Springs, creating an area of strong midlevel convergence where it impinged on the system-relative front-to-rear flow. As this convergence extended to the lower levels of the storm, a preexisting azimuthal shear maximum increased in magnitude and vertical extent, and EF1-scale damage occurred in Rush Springs. The depiction of these events in the PAR data demonstrates the complex and rapidly changing nature of QLCSs.
The Legacy of Racial Caste
Authors: Anderson Elijah , Austin Duke W. , Holloway Craig Lapriece , Kulkarni Vani S.
Published: June 2012

With the racial progress the nation has made over the past half century, including the growth of the black middle class and the election of a black president, many are now prepared to proclaim the United States a postracial society, where egalitarian values most often prevail; race is no longer a significant barrier to power, privilege, and prestige; and racial prejudice is mostly a thing of the past. When observed ethnographically, the lived experience of race relations suggests a different view and conceptual framework. As the legacy of racial caste, the color line persists in social interaction and is evident in racially determined perspectives and local working conceptions that order race relations and contribute to persistent racial inequality. Indeed, the claim of a postracial society is an ideological discourse that denies continuing patterns of race relations.
Ethnography’s Expanding Warrants
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: June 2012

Because ethnographies report what is already known in some part of society, the warrant for the method is uniquely double. Each ethnography promises both positive and negative knowledge, a contribution to understanding the social logic that organizes some area of social life and a contribution to the sociology of ignorance. Those reported in this volume illustrate seven distinct warrants that hinge on morally charged forces blocking the dissemination of knowledge about locally known social realities. In addition, running through many of the studies is a focus on an amoral warrant. Ethnographies are distinctively suited for studying the ubiquitous, naturally occurring hiding that is necessarily part of social expression, or how things are hidden in the foundations of the social world.
“Scrub”
Authors: Brooks Scott N.
Published: June 2012

Conducting ethnographic fieldwork in varied spaces, with different actors, enriches our understanding. A researcher may find paradoxes in practices and ideas and ask for clarification, or recognize that social dynamics and behavior are peculiar to group members present in a specific setting. This article highlights the usefulness of intentional variability and flexibility in the field. Researchers should plan to do multi-site analysis (MSA) to look for negative cases and opportunities to challenge commonsense notions. Additionally, this article emphasizes that the relationships built during fieldwork shape the data that are captured. Therefore, researchers need to consider the bases for their relationships, including what the subjects get out of them, and how subjects’ positionality affects what comes to be known. This perspective de-emphasizes false norms of objectivity and renders a more complete account of the social worlds we study.
“An Air of Expectancy”
Authors: Grundy Saida
Published: June 2012

This qualitative study explores formations of masculinity among students at a historically black all-male college, offering insights into how the institution crafts the manhood of its students in accordance with gender and class ideologies about black male respectability, heteronormativity, and male hegemony. While a plethora of studies on poverty, deviance, and marginalization have highlighted black men “in crisis,” this article examines middle-class black men and explores sites of conflict and difference for this latter group. Three critical insights into middle-class black masculinity are revealed by this approach: first, that men are institutionally “branded” through class and gender ideologies; second, that the exceptionality of high-achieving black men is politicized to endorse class conflict with other black men; and finally, that sexuality and class performances are inseparably linked through men’s sexual consumption of black women.
Wounded
Authors: Lee Jooyoung
Published: June 2012

Most gunshot victims do not die. In some estimates, 80 percent live to see another day. Yet social scientists continue to focus on gun homicide. What happens to individuals who get shot and survive? How do they experience life after the shooting? This article examines how gunshot injuries transform the lives of victims. In practical ways, gunshot injuries complicate sleeping, eating, working, and other previously taken-for-granted activities. These disruptions also have much larger existential significance to victims. Indeed, daily experiences with a wounded body become subjective reminders that individuals are no longer who they used to be. Ironically, in some interactions, being wounded becomes attractive and advantageous to victims. Together, these themes illustrate the need for more sustained ethnographic work on the foreground of violent crime victimization.
Do Team and Individual Debriefs Enhance Performance? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott I. , Cerasoli Christopher P.
Published: June 2012

Objective:

Debriefs (or “after-action reviews”) are increasingly used in training and work environments as a means of learning from experience. We sought to unify a fragmented literature and assess the efficacy of debriefs with a quantitative review.

Background:

Used by the U.S. Army to improve performance for decades, and increasingly in medical, aviation, and other communities, debriefs systematize reflection, discussion, and goal setting to promote experiential learning. Unfortunately, research and theory on debriefing has been spread across diverse disciplines, so it has been difficult to definitively ascertain debriefing effectiveness and how to enhance its effectiveness.

Method:

We conducted an extensive quantitative meta-analysis across a diverse body of published and unpublished research on team- and individual-level debriefs.

Results:

Findings from 46 samples ( N = 2,136) indicate that on average, debriefs improve effectiveness over a control group by approximately 25% ( d = .67). Average effect sizes were similar for teams and individuals, across simulated and real settings, for within- or between-group control designs, and for medical and nonmedical samples. Meta-analytic methods revealed a bolstering effect of alignment and the potential impact of facilitation and structure.

Conclusion:

Organizations can improve individual and team performance by approximately 20% to 25% by using properly conducted debriefs.

Application:

Debriefs are a relatively inexpensive and quick intervention for enhancing performance. Our results lend support for continued and expanded use of debriefing in training and in situ. To gain maximum results, it is important to ensure alignment between participants, focus and intent, and level of measurement.
A critical review on the manufacturing processes in relation to the properties of nanoclay/polymer composites
Authors: Albdiry MT , Yousif BF , Ku H , Lau KT
Published: June 2012

Nanoclay/polymer composites can be prepared by various processing techniques such as solution process, in-situ polymerization and melt blending. Each technique has an influence on the final characteristics and properties of the composites. In this study, different processing techniques are reviewed in order to study the relationship between these techniques and the final characteristics and properties of nanoclay/polymer composites, i.e., the final structure formation, rheological perfection, thermomechanical and thermal properties. Thermodynamic and physical properties such as glass transition temperature, equilibrium melting point and crystallization temperature are also discussed. Moreover, the effect of ‘nanofiller’ on crystallinity phases of polymeric resin from a processing technique perspective is briefly reviewed to clarify the role of polymer-nanoclay interactions and nanoclay dispersion on the elastic-viscoelastic behaviour of composites. The current review concluded that altering processing technique (type and/or parameters) highly influences the final nanostructure morphology as well as the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of nanoclay/polymer composites.
The effects of glass weave on the low temperature flexure properties of composite laminates
Authors: Madhukar Madhu S , Kidwell Carolyn , Reed Dick , Martovetsky Nicolai , Irick David K
Published: June 2012

A variety of glass fiber weaves are being considered for use in insulation materials in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor central solenoid. In this study, three candidate glass weaves (1581, 7781, and 38050) were used with a Di-Glycidyl Ether of Bisphenol F (DGEBF) anhydride epoxy matrix to produce composite laminates of constant thickness. These laminates were compared at room temperature (295 K) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) via three-point flexure tests. The material variables among these glass products were type of weave pattern (eight-harness satin versus plain), fiber surface treatment (epoxy compatible surface treatment versus no treatment), and cloth areal density. Based on the flexural elastic modulus and strength data at both 77 K and 295 K, the 7781/epoxy composites showed the highest values followed closely by 1581/epoxy. The 38050/epoxy performed quite poorly. The correlations of the laminate density with modulus and strength at both temperatures were almost linear. It was also found that the failure modes of samples having fibers with epoxy compatible surface treatment differed from those having no surface treatment.
Influence of Y2O3 particles on mechanical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloy (AZ91D)
Authors: Ponappa K , Aravindan S , Rao P Venkateswara
Published: June 2012

Nowadays, research studies and industrial requirements are directed toward the goals of achieving environmental friendliness, energy savings, and reduced weight. Magnesium and magnesium alloys are well suited for structural and automotive applications owing to their lightweight. However, the reduced hardness and strength of these alloys do pose problems in exploiting their usage. These impediments of lightweight metal matrix can be alleviated by reinforcing hard-phase particles. Different volume percentages of Y2O3 particles (average grain size 5 µm) were added as reinforcements in pure magnesium and magnesium alloy (AZ91D) and the composites were processed through the two-step stir-casting technique. Mechanical and metallurgical characterization studies were carried out on the stir-cast composites under as-cast and heat-treated conditions. Uniform distribution of yttria particles in magnesium and magnesium alloy matrix was observed through scanning electron micrographs. Macro and microhardness tests revealed the increased hardness with the increased amount of yttria reinforcement.
Strength enhancement of plant roots through polymer infusions
Authors: Eisenacher Karl W , Johnson Drew W , Appleford Mark , Sponsel Valerie M
Published: June 2012

By infusing a thermoset epoxy polymer into the root system of a plant, we aim to create an in situ plant-polymer composite material of high tensile strength resistant to biodegradation and suitable for soil stabilization applications. Microscopy imaging, volume and mass measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile testing were conducted to characterize the effects of infusing polymer into the plant system. The polymer appears to travel predominantly through xylem vessels of the plant system during infusions. Maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are increased by 107% and 92%, respectively, with a polymer content of 59% by mass after infusions were conducted.
Numerical investigation of composite materials reinforced with waved carbon nanotubes
Authors: Farsadi Morteza , Öchsner Andreas , Rahmandoust Moones
Published: June 2012

This paper studies the extent to which the effective stiffness of composite materials can be impacted by the characteristic waviness of nanotubes embedded in polymers. A three-dimensional finite element model is used to investigate the effect of volume fraction and waviness on mechanical properties, i.e. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, of composites reinforced with waved carbon nanotubes. According to the obtained results, the nanotube waviness causes a decrease in the longitudinal and transverse Young’s modulus of composites, compared to the straight nanotube reinforcement, but the change in the value of transverse Young’s modulus ( Eyy) is less remarkable than the longitudinal Young’s modulus ( Exx). Furthermore, the effect of fiber curvature on Poisson’s ratio has also been studied. The results show that the curvature has not much effect on Poisson’s ratio and when a fiber curvature changes, Poisson’s ratio value almost remains unchanged. In addition, the effect of fiber volume fraction on the longitudinal Young’s modulus and major Poisson’s ratio has been studied. As the mesh density may have a significant role in evaluating the model, several different meshes have been generated in order to predict their effect on the mechanical properties of the composite.
Effects of Fundamental Frequency and Duration Variation on the Perception of South Kyungsang Korean Tones
Authors: Chang Seung-Eun
Published: June 2012

The perception of lexical tones is addressed through research on South Kyungsang Korean, spoken in the southeastern part of Korea. Based on an earlier production study (Chang, 2008a, 2008b), a categorization experiment was conducted to determine the perceptually salient aspects of the perceptual nature of a high tone and a rising tone. The experiment tested the perception of isolated synthetic stimuli, in which the crucial acoustic parameters (i.e., timing of F0 peak, initial F0, and syllable duration) were systematically manipulated. The results are generally consistent with the previous production data, showing that these acoustic cues contribute to the perception of two tones, a high tone and a rising tone. The stimulus tends to be identified as a rising tone if the F0 peak is late in the syllable, the initial F0 is low, and the syllable is long, while the stimulus tends to be identified as a high tone if the F0 peak is early in the syllable, the initial F0 is high, and the duration is short. Each of these three parameters, although necessary, did not contribute equally to the perception of tone contrast. Between-subject variation, according to the participant’s gender and language background, is also discussed.
The Relationship of Social Networks to HIV Risk Behaviors From a Sample of Probationers in a Randomized Trial
Authors: Wilson Monique E. , Taxman Faye S. , O’Grady Kevin E.
Published: June 2012

The authors examined HIV risk behaviors and the role of social networks among a subpopulation at-risk-for HIV, drug-involved probationers. Offenders volunteered to participate in a randomized clinical trial devoted to testing models of access to treatment. Results indicate HIV positive persons in social networks did not deter this sample from participating in HIV risk behaviors. Because positive associates did not influence HIV risk behaviors, engagement in these behaviors may not be a function of their network per se. Therefore, efforts to curtail HIV risk among probationers may be better directed toward the individual, and not the self-reported, associates.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Slow vs Rapid Enteral Feeding Advancements on the Clinical Outcomes of Preterm Infants With Birth Weight 750–1250 g
Authors: Karagol Belma Saygili , Zenciroglu Aysegul , Okumus Nurullah , Polin Richard A.
Published: June 2012

Objective: To evaluate the effect of slow vs rapid rates of advancement of enteral feed volumes on the clinical outcomes in preterm infants with 750–1250 g birth weight. Study Design: A total of 92 stable neonates 750–1250 g and gestational age <32 weeks were randomly allocated to enteral feeding advancement of 20 mL/kg/d (n = 46) or 30 mL/kg/d (n = 46). The primary outcome was days to reach full enteral feeding, defined as 180 mL/kg/d. Secondary outcomes included rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and culture‐proven sepsis, days of parenteral nutrition (PN), length of hospital stay, and growth end points. Results: Neonates in the rapid‐feeding advancement group achieved full enteral volume of feedings earlier than the slower advancement group. They received significantly fewer days of PN, exhibited a shorter time to regain birth weight, and had a shorter duration of hospital stay. The incidence of NEC and the number of episodes of feeding intolerance were not significantly different between the groups, whereas the incidence of culture‐proven late‐onset sepsis was significantly less in infants receiving a rapid feeding advancement. Excluding infants who were small for gestational age at birth, the incidence of extrauterine growth restriction was significantly reduced in the rapid‐advancement group at 28 days and at hospital discharge. Conclusion: Rapid enteral feeding advancements in 750–1250 g birth weight infants reduce the time to reach full enteral feeding and the use of PN administration. Rapid‐advancement enteral feed also decreases extrauterine growth restriction with improved short‐term outcomes for these high‐risk infants.
Old ties and new relationships: Bereaved girlfriends’ experiences in new romantic relationships after the loss
Authors: Leichtentritt Ronit D. , Pedatsur-Sukenik Nomi
Published: June 2012

This study examined the experience of 16 Israeli bereaved girlfriends of fallen soldiers who developed new romantic relationships after the loss. Following the relational dialectical viewpoint, our analysis indicates that the bereaved girlfriends simultaneously experienced strong commitment to continuity but no less strong commitment to the present. This dialectical tension was reflected in the participants’ need to preserve their commitment to their initial relationship and to the deceased while at the same time establishing and nurturing their commitment to the present relation and their current partner. Research results outline the commitment contradiction within each of the identified dyads, as well as the strategies that the bereaved girlfriends used to reduce the tension within these dyadic relationships.
Effect of organic modification on the intercalation and the properties of poly(phenylene oxide)/polystyrene blend-clay nanocomposites
Authors: Tiwari Rajkiran R , Natarajan Upendra
Published: June 2012

Nanocomposites prepared by the dispersion of unmodified and organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clay into poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide)/polystyrene miscible blend in the range of 2–10 wt% clay were investigated by wide-angle x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and tensile mechanical tests. The systems based on unmodified sodium MMT (Na+MMT) as well as Cloisite 20A, Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 10A organically modified clays showed polymer intercalation. The glass transition temperature ( Tg) value was not affected by the volume fraction of clay and chemical nature of the organoclay. The thermal degradation stability of nanocomposites is found to be only slightly better than that of the blend matrix. A percolation threshold of around 4 wt% organoclay loading is observed. An improvement of 35% relative to unfilled polymer blend matrix is observed for the modulus, for Cloisite 20A nanocomposite containing 2 wt% organoclay. The observed modulus improvement with significant retention of elongational tensile strength and tensile ductility in case of unmodified Na-MMT and Cloisite 30B nanocomposites appears promising. The modulus prediction using Halpin-Tsai model is found to be closer to the experimental data when MMT volume fraction rather than the organoclay volume fraction is used.
Civic initiatives in the context of legal uncertainty
Authors: Gregor Martin , Smith Michael L.
Published: June 2012

In this article, we analyse initiatives organized by groups outside of formal politics that involve political confrontation with elected officials, and the need for recourse to the courts. We show that a civic initiative submitted by a proposer gives the voter not only the option to constrain the mayor but also the possibility of learning the mayor’s type from the signals conveyed in the legal contest over the validity of the initiative. We show that, ex ante, signalling in the context of legal uncertainty improves responsiveness. In addition, our setup identifies limits to empirical inference based on linear models: first, having a more adversarial mayor can lead to either the introduction or the withdrawal of an initiative; second, although initiatives effectively constrain incumbents, they do not necessarily imply increasing distrust in incumbents. Examples from Central European countries are used to illustrate how our model corresponds to real-world conditions.
Synthesis and characterization of epoxy modified cyanate ester POSS nanocomposites
Authors: Chandramohan Ayyavu , Dinkaran Kanniyan , Kumar Achimuthu Ashok , Alagar Muthukaruppan
Published: June 2012

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) viz; namely, Octa functional silsesquioxanes [octa amino (OAPS) and octa glycidyl (OG)] reinforced epoxy modified cyanate ester nanocomposites were prepared through intercrosslinked network. The intercrosslinking formation between cyanate ester and POSS was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of nanocomposites was studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. The electrical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated by impedance analyzer. The influences of POSS macromer on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy modified cyanate ester nanocomposites were also addressed. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites increases with increasing percentage of both types of POSS macromer. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are decreased with increasing POSS concentration in the epoxy modified cyanate ester nanocomposites.
Disequilibrium and Development
Authors: Kaiser Donna H. , McAdams Charles R. , Foster Victoria A.
Published: June 2012

This study explored the mechanisms at play as new family counselors are learning to apply a systems approach. A qualitative case study was used to investigate the experiences of nine family counseling interns over two semesters of internship through the lens of constructive developmental theory. The findings extend our understanding by providing students' accounts of the ways by which disequilibrium preceded development when accommodation was stimulated, and the outcomes when assimilation occurred. It also generated data about positive emotional response to clients that is new and intriguing and which may impact developmental growth. Implications for counselor education that incorporate developmental considerations are presented.
A Comprehensive Review of Faith-Based Physical Activity Interventions
Authors: Bopp Melissa , Peterson Jane A. , Webb Benjamin L.
Published: June 2012

This review provides a summary of physical activity interventions delivered in faith-based organizations. Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. After screening, a total of n = 27 articles matched our inclusion criteria; 19 were identified as faith-based interventions (some spiritual or Biblical element included in the intervention) and 8 as faith-placed interventions (no spiritual component). Among all interventions, the most common research design was a randomized controlled trial. African American women were the most commonly targeted population and predominately Black churches were the most common setting. The majority of studies used self-report measures of physical activity. Most of the interventions did not use a theoretical framework to shape the intervention and weekly group sessions were the most frequently reported intervention approach. Overall, 12 of the faith-based and 4 of the faith-placed interventions resulted in increases in physical activity. Recommendations for future faith-based physical activity interventions include more rigorous study design, improved measures of physical activity, larger sample sizes, longer study and follow-up periods, and the use of theory in design and evaluation. Although limited, literature on faith-based physical activity interventions shows significant promise for improving physical activity participation and associated health outcomes.
Religion and Spirituality as Important Components of Men’s Health and Wellness
Authors: Garfield Craig F. , Isacco Anthony , Sahker Ethan
Published: June 2012

Men’s health has been receiving increased attention in health care research and practice because of associated negative outcomes and men’s reluctance to seek help. Religion or religiosity, defined as involvement in an organized, structured community focused on moral code, and spirituality, defined as the subjective, mystical, and holistic interpretation of personal beliefs and behaviors, have been associated with positive health outcomes. Specifically, religion and spirituality mediate an increase in positive health outcomes and a decrease in risk factors through social and existential well-being. However, men seem to be less religious and spiritual compared with women, a potential problem as men may be missing an important pathway to health and wellness. This state-of-the-art review examines the intersections of religion, spirituality, and health and focuses on how religion and spirituality relate specifically to men’s health and health behaviors. Subsequently, 4 health problems with religious and spiritual implications are examined that have been identified in the literature as pertinent to men’s health: (a) prostate cancer screening and coping, (b) HIV/AIDS prevention and coping, (c) addictions, and (d) palliative care. Finally, suggestions are offered for clinicians to incorporate an understanding of religion and spirituality into their patient encounters.
Dual actions of Meis1 inhibit erythroid progenitor development and sustain general hematopoietic cell proliferation
Authors: Cai Mi , Langer Ellen M. , Gill Jennifer G. , Satpathy Ansuman T. , Albring Jörn C. , KC Wumesh , Murphy Theresa L. , Murphy Kenneth M.
Published: June 2012

Myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Meis1) forms a heterodimer with Pbx1 that augments Hox-dependent gene expression and is associated with leukemogenesis and HSC self-renewal. Here we identified 2 independent actions of Meis1 in hematopoietic development: one regulating cellular proliferation and the other involved in megakaryocyte lineage development. First, we found that endogenous Mesp1 indirectly induces Meis1 and Meis2 in endothelial cells derived from embryonic stem cells. Overexpression of Meis1 and Meis2 greatly enhanced the formation of hematopoietic colonies from embryonic stem cells, with the exception of erythroid colonies, by maintaining hematopoietic progenitor cells in a state of proliferation. Second, overexpression of Meis1 repressed the development of early erythroid progenitors, acting in vivo at the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor stage to skew development away from erythroid generation and toward megakaryocyte development. This previously unrecognized action of Meis1 may explain the embryonic lethality observed in Meis1−/− mice that arises from failure of lymphatic-venous separation and can result as a consequence of defective platelet generation. These results show that Meis1 exerts 2 independent functions, with its role in proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors acting earlier in development from its influence on the fate choice at the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor between megakaryocytic and erythroid development.
A phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma
Authors: Jakubowiak Andrzej J. , Dytfeld Dominik , Griffith Kent A. , Lebovic Daniel , Vesole David H. , Jagannath Sundar , Al-Zoubi Ammar , Anderson Tara , Nordgren Brian , Detweiler-Short Kristen , Stockerl-Goldstein Keith , Ahmed Asra , Jobkar Terri , Durecki Diane E. , McDonnell Kathryn , Mietzel Melissa , Couriel Daniel , Kaminski Mark , Vij Ravi
Published: June 2012

This phase 1/2 study in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (N = 53) assessed CRd—carfilzomib (20, 27, or 36 mg/m2, days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16 and 1, 2, 15, 16 after cycle 8), lenalidomide (25 mg/d, days 1-21), and weekly dexamethasone (40/20 mg cycles 1-4/5+)—in 28-day cycles. After cycle 4, transplantation-eligible candidates underwent stem cell collection (SCC) then continued CRd with the option of transplantation. The maximum planned dose level (carfilzomib 36 mg/m2) was expanded in phase 2 (n = 36). Thirty-five patients underwent SCC, 7 proceeded to transplantation, and the remainder resumed CRd. Grade 3/4 toxicities included hypophosphatemia (25%), hyperglycemia (23%), anemia (21%), thrombocytopenia (17%), and neutropenia (17%); peripheral neuropathy was limited to grade 1/2 (23%). Most patients did not require dose modifications. After a median of 12 cycles (range, 1-25), 62% (N = 53) achieved at least near-complete response (CR) and 42% stringent CR. Responses were rapid and improved during treatment. In 36 patients completing 8 or more cycles, 78% reached at least near CR and 61% stringent CR. With median follow-up of 13 months (range, 4-25 months), 24-month progression-free survival estimate was 92%. CRd was well tolerated with exceptional response rates. This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01029054.
Hyers-Ulam stability of derivations on proper Jordan CQ*-algebras
Authors: Park Choonkil , Eskandani Golamreza Zamani , Vaezi Hamid , Shin Dong Yun
Published: June 2012

Eskandani and Vaezi proved the Hyers-Ulam stability of derivations on proper Jordan CQ*-algebras associated with the following Pexiderized Jensen type functional equation

k
f

x
+
y

k

=

f

0

(

x

)

+

f

1

(

y

)

by using direct method. Using fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of derivations on proper Jordan CQ*-algebras. Moreover, we investigate the Pexiderized Jensen type functional inequality in proper Jordan CQ*-algebras.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: Primary, 17B40; 39B52; 47N50; 47L60; 46B03; 47H10.
Effect of hCG priming on embryonic development of immature oocytes collected from unstimulated women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Zheng Xiaoying , Wang Lina , Zhen Xiumei , Lian Ying , Liu Ping , Qiao Jie
Published: June 2012

Backgroud

The effect of hCG priming on oocyte maturation and subsequently outcome in IVM cycles has remained a debated issue. A randomized controlled study was performed to investigate whether or not hCG priming prior to oocyte aspiration can improve the developmental competence of immature oocytes from unstimulated ovaries in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

Eighty two patients with PCOS underwent IVM cycles. Each patient was randomly assigned to the hCG-primed (10,000 IU) or non-primed groups 36–38 hours before oocyte retrieval depending on the computerized random table. After the oocytes had in vitro matured, fertilization, culture and embryo transfer were performed.

Results

The average number of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered was 13.80 and 14.35 in the hCG-primed and non-primed groups, respectively (p > 0.05). The maturation rate of COCs was significantly improved in the hCG-primed group (55.43% vs. 42.29%; p < 0.05). The fertilization and cleavage rates were comparable between the groups. The hCG-primed and non-primed groups did not differ with respect to the clinical pregnancy (37.50% vs. 50.00%), live birth (22.50% vs. 30.95%), and implantation rates (32.86% vs. 32.56%). The pregnancy losses was 6 (40.00%) of 15 clinical pregnancies in the hCG-primed group, and 8 (38.10%) of 21 clinical pregnancies in the non-primed group.

Conclusions

While a significant improvement in the nuclear maturation rate of immature oocytes was observed in hCG-primed IVM cycles with PCOS patients, the use of hCG prior to oocyte retrieval did not improve the subsequent embryo developmental competence. The high rate of pregnancy loss in IVM cycles should receive more attention.
Anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of Mallotus peltatus: an ethnomedicine from Andaman Islands
Authors: Bag Paromita , Chattopadhyay Debprasad , Mukherjee Hemanta , Ojha Durbadal , Mandal Nilanjan , Sarkar Mamta Chawla , Chatterjee Tapan , Das Gobardhan , Chakraborti Sekhar
Published: June 2012

Background

Viral infections, particularly the infections caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), represent one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of their devastating impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic crude extract of an ethnomedicine Mallotus peltatus, its active fraction and pure compound, against HSV-1 F and HSV-2 G.

Result

The cytotoxicity (CC50, the concentration of 50% cellular toxicity), antiviral effective concentration (EC50, the concentration required to achieve 50% protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect), plaque reduction and the selectivity index (SI, the ratio of CC50 and EC50) was determined. Results showed that the crude methanolic extract of M. peltatus possessed weak anti-HSV activity. In contrast, the active fraction A and isolated ursolic acid from fraction A exhibited potent antiherpesvirus activity against both HSV-1 (EC50 = 7.8 and 5.5 μg/ml; SI = 22.3 and 20) and HSV-2 (EC50 = 8.2 and 5.8 μg/ml, and SI = 21.2 and 18.97). The fraction A and isolated ursolic acid (10 μg/ml) inhibited plaque formation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 at more than 80% levels, with a dose dependent antiviral activity, compared to acyclovir. The time response study revealed that the anti-HSV activity of fraction A and isolated ursolic acid is highest at 2–5 h post-infection. Moreover, the time kinetics study by indirect immunofluorescence assay showed a characteristic pattern of small foci of single fluorescent cells in fraction A- treated virus infected cells at 2 h and 4 h post-infection, suggesting drug inhibited viral dissemination. Further, the PCR study with infected cell cultures treated with fraction A and isolated ursolic acid at various time intervals, failed to show amplification at 48–72 h, like acyclovir treated HSV-infected cells. Moreover, fraction A or isolated ursolic acid showed no interaction in combination with acyclovir.

Conclusion

This study revealed that bioactive fraction A and isolated ursolic acid of M. peltatus has good anti-HSV activity, probably by inhibiting the early stage of multiplication (post-infection of 0–5 h), with SI value of 20, suggesting its potential use as anti-HSV agents.
Nutritional treatment of aged individuals with Alzheimer disease living at home with their spouses: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jyvakorpi Satu K , Puranen Taija , Pitkala Kaisu H , Suominen Merja H
Published: June 2012

Background

Nutritional status often deteriorates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Less is known about whether nutritional care reverses malnutrition and its harmful consequences in AD. The aim of this study is to examine whether individualized nutritional care has an effect on weight, nutrition, health, physical functioning, and quality of life in older individuals with AD and their spouses living at home.

Methods

AD patients and their spouses (aged >65 years) living at home (n = 202, 102 AD patients) were recruited using central AD registers in Finland. The couples were randomized into intervention and control groups. A trained nutritionist visited intervention couples 4–8 times at their homes and the couples received tailored nutritional care. When necessary, the couples were given protein and nutrient-enriched complementary drinks. All intervention couples were advised to take vitamin D 20 μg/day. The intervention lasted for one year. The couples of the control group received a written guide on nutrition of older people. Participants in the intervention group were assessed every three months. The primary outcome measure is weight change. Secondary measures are the intake of energy, protein, and other nutrients, nutritional status, cognition, caregiver’s burden, depression, health related quality of life and grip strength.

Discussion

This study provides data on whether tailored nutritional care is beneficial to home-dwelling AD patients and their spouses.

Trial registration

ACTRN 12611000018910
A Simple Microscopy Assay to Teach the Processes of Phagocytosis and Exocytosis
Authors: Gray Ross , Gray Andrew , Fite Jessica L. , Jordan Renée , Stark Sarah , Naylor Kari
Published: June 2012

Phagocytosis and exocytosis are two cellular processes involving membrane dynamics. While it is easy to understand the purpose of these processes, it can be extremely difficult for students to comprehend the actual mechanisms. As membrane dynamics play a significant role in many cellular processes ranging from cell signaling to cell division to organelle renewal and maintenance, we felt that we needed to do a better job of teaching these types of processes. Thus, we developed a classroom-based protocol to simultaneously study phagocytosis and exocytosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis. In this paper, we present our results demonstrating that our undergraduate classroom experiment delivers results comparable with those acquired in a professional research laboratory. In addition, students performing the experiment do learn the mechanisms of phagocytosis and exocytosis. Finally, we demonstrate a mathematical exercise to help the students apply their data to the cell. Ultimately, this assay sets the stage for future inquiry-based experiments, in which the students develop their own experimental questions and delve deeper into the mechanisms of phagocytosis and exocytosis.