bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengamatan Surface Plasmon Resonance pada ZnO Nanorods dengan Menggunakan Konfigurasi Prisma/Au/ZnO
Authors: Mayasari Rina Dewi , Sari Ajeng Novita , Mulyono Aditya Eka , Budi Agus Setyo , Nuryadi Ratno
Published: May 2020

Pengamatan fenomena surface plasmon resonance (SPR) telah berhasil dilakukan pada ZnO nanorods yang ditumbuhkan di atas lapisan tipis emas. Sistem SPR menggunakan konfigurasi Kretschmann termodifikasi dimana permukaan prisma dideposisi dengan lapisan tipis emas dan ZnO nanorods (prisma/Au/ZnO). Penumbuhan ZnO nanorods menggunakan metode hidrotermal dengan dua tahapan, yaitu pelapisan ZnO seed dan penumbuhan rods. Waktu penumbuhan divariasikan selama 5 menit, 2 jam, dan 4 jam, pada suhu 95 °C yang diikuti dengan annealing pada suhu 500 °C selama 1 jam. Struktur ZnO dikarakterisasi dengan X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), serta diamati fenomena SPR melalui grafik attenuated total reflection (ATR). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa ZnO nanorods (2 jam dan 4 jam) memiliki struktur kristal heksagonal dengan distribusi ukuran diameter pada rentang 20 nm – 60 nm. Fenomena SPR hanya teramati pada nanopartikel ZnO (5 menit) pada sudut SPR (θSPR) 58,2°. Fenomena SPR tidak terlihat pada ZnO nanorods (2 jam dan 4 jam) dikarenakan panjang rods melebihi 100 nm.
Understanding New Consumption Sites of Internet Cafe in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Okta Wibowo Tangguh , Udasmoro Wening , Noviani Ratna
Published: May 2020

In the Indonesian context, we did not find any previous study on internet cafes that discussed the transformation from warnet to internet cafe. Based on our study in Yogyakarta, we found a new internet cafe style that we did not find in other cities. This study offers a new understanding of analyzing internet cafes that users not only consume a computer to access the internet, but they “consume” space as well. This study aims to explore that transformation and to reveal the expansion of consumption patterns. This study emphasizes the empirical investigation to gather the data. We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews and observations from January to June 2018. We also examined several previous studies about internet cafes to expose a gap that can be extended in this study. Based on findings, we found that the transformation from warnet was a way to survive amid mobile technology. This transformation gives an implication to the new means of consumption. However, the expansion of consumption patterns can be explored from the consumption of space and digital content. Overall, digital content is the new insight to understand that internet cafes are not only a place to copy contents, but this can be seen as a symbol of empowerment to local users. Therefore, internet cafes can be seen as media-industry bottom lines to promote a culture of resistance to digital content without going to the store or going to the cinema.
Consumer Protection: Policy and Law in India
Authors: Nabi Mohammed Irshadun , Nabi Mohammed Kamalun
Published: May 2020

Consumer Protection Policy creates an environment where consumers receive satisfaction from the goods or services availed by them. One of the disquieting features of consumerism is that an average consumer continues to suffer due to poverty, illiteracy, ignorance or general apathy. Adulterated food, spurious medicines and substandard domestic appliances etc., are pushed over the counter with ease. Glossy and unethical advertisements are published in the print and electronic media with intent to allure and dupe gullible consumers. So, it becomes imperative for the State to initiate steps for safeguarding the interest of consumers by enacting suitable legislations. The present study is a modest attempt at ascertaining the need for consumer protection, identification of factors responsible for exploitation of consumers, and the role law can play in protecting consumer rights visa-a-vis the vendors and in striking a balance between the interests of the two.
NEWER ADVANCES IN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL THERAPY
Authors: G KANASE VANITA , RAMESH SHETTIGAR MS SHRUTI
Published: May 2020

In the modern world, overcoming diseases are more challenging and newer ways are being discovered to give high quality of patient care, on the basis of scientific experimentation and applicative studies undertaken by various institutes and organizations. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are procured through many body origins usually by the placenta as well as the umbilical cord but other sources like bone core derived MSCs are also important as each source will give the cells its own characteristic features. MSCs play a very important role in the scenario with their multi-lineage potency that can either directly or indirectly by acting on cytokines or growth factors can cause cell regeneration process and hold great possibility of wound repair, treating spinal cord injuries, and treating auto immune diseases by immunomodulation. MSCs can give incredible help in case of bone, cartilage or tissue related defects, injuries or disorders that may be corrected or repaired through it. They can be employed in various heart related complications, bacterial activity, sepsis, liver dysfunctions, diabetes, and even prove useful in cancer. Various procedures either physiological or surgical are present including cell therapies, tissue, and osteo-engineering and immune targeted experimentations that can treat the diseases as well as ensure complete recovery.
NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-nCoV): DISEASE BRIEFINGS
Authors: AL-TAMEEMI KANAAN , KABAKLI RAIAAN
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus (CoV) (2019‐nCoV) is a large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. The abnormal outbreak of 2019‐nCoV in Wuhan warns of the risk of CoV (2019‐nCoV) to public health which causes viral pneumonia outbreak. In our review, we will discuss the biology of CoVs and the potential risk of the novel CoV (2019‐nCoV) and guide us to strategic objectives for controlling the virus.
Harm Reduction: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Kerber Amie , Donnelly Tam Truong , Cruz Aniela dela
Published: May 2020

Background

Over the last 25 years, harm reduction has shifted to focus on public health and addressing the opioid crisis. Nurses working in addictions treatment utilize the principles of harm reduction to improve the health of clients.

Aims

Concept clarity assists healthcare providers to understand the applications and attributes of a concept.

Method

A concept analysis of harm reduction using the Rodgers (1989) method of evolutionary analysis was undertaken. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using CINAHL Plus and Social Work Abstracts.

Findings

The key attributes of harm reduction include safety, supplies, education, partnerships, and policy. Applications of harm reduction include needle exchange programs, supervised consumption sites, medication-assisted treatment, and increased access to take-home naloxone kits. The main antecedent to harm reduction is the presence of harm. Consequences explored include safer injection practices, decreased transmission of blood-borne illnesses, improved client relationships, and decreased overdose-related deaths. Stigma, health promotion, and pragmatism are the related concepts discussed. A model case is provided.

Conclusion

The principles of harm reduction are becoming increasingly popular as an inclusive and evidence-based nursing approach to addictions treatment and management. As using substances continues to shift and increase, harm reduction strategies must remain malleable and available in both the community and hospital settings to address the issue and decrease the associated healthcare costs. Future implications for nursing practice and research are provided.
Estudios de audiencias y medios comunitarios: apuntes para un reencuentro necesario
Authors: Morales Susana María
Published: May 2020

Este artículo presenta aprendizajes y debates sobre la relación entre conocimiento académico y proyectos de comunicación no lucrativos, vinculados a los resultados de un proceso de investigación sobre audiencias con cuatro radios comunitarias de gestión cooperativa del Gran Córdoba (Área Metropolitana de Córdoba). Esa investigación tuvo como objetivo contribuir a la sostenibi-lidad de las radios comunitarias a través de la producción de conocimiento sistemático sobre sus audiencias reales y potenciales. Se realizaron ocho estudios, dos para cada radio, uno de carácter cualitativo y uno de carácter cuantitativo. Los cuantitativos consistieron en encuestas poblacionales sobre consumos mediáticos, especialmente orientadas a la radio y a medios locales, así como a niveles de satisfacción con la información local y regional. Los cualitativos se desarrollaron con entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales, según cada caso, y abordaron modalidades de escucha de radios, distintos modos de identificación con las radios en cuestión, así como cuestiones relacionadas con la experiencia de vivir en las ciudades en las que se sitúan las radios. Entre los hallazgos más importantes, aparece un conjunto de datos que permiten problematizar la noción de consumo convergente, ya que es posible reconocer modalidades de consumo audiovisual que articulan medios analógicos y digitales, en el que se articulan vínculos de larga data con determinados medios, con fuertes componentes afectivos y de costumbre con nuevos tipos de consumo. Tanto el proceso de investigación como sus resultados posibilitaron reconocimientos que fortalecieron a los medios en cuestión, pero también actualizaron un modo de relación entre investigación y medios comunitarios en el que se articularon saberes académicos, inquietudes generadas en la práctica y abordajes teórico-metodológicos en los que se produjeron aprendizajes donde los resultados excedieron el alcance esperado de la investigación.
Ciberfeminismo. Viejas luchas, nuevas estrategias: El escrache virtual como herramienta de acción y resistencia
Authors: Bonavitta Paola , Presman Clara , Camacho Becerra Jeli
Published: May 2020

En la Era de la Información se produjo una transformación total en cada plano de existencia, tanto en términos individuales como colectivos. En medio de estos cambios feroces, se modificaron las maneras de vincularnos en las redes y de ser-existir en los espacios virtuales de encuentros y desencuentros.
En este trabajo nos propusimos indagar acerca de las estrategias que recrean las mujeres y sexualidades no hegemónicas con las posibilidades que proponen las nuevas tecnologías para hacer frente a situaciones de violencia de género. De esta manera arribamos a los escraches virtuales como una herramienta de gran potencial. Analizamos los escraches virtuales a partir de un estudio de caso en Córdoba, Argentina con la intención de profundizar en los sentidos que adquieren los escraches y sus posibles efectos.
Mejora del desempeño ambiental y energético de la vivienda de interés prioritario en Medellín con el uso de ladrillos cerámicos modificados
Authors: Restrepo-Zapata Gloria Cecilia , Cadavid-Restrepo Carlos Fernando
Published: May 2020

La vivienda es un elemento que atiende funciones sociales, culturales, de seguridad, salud y bienestar de los individuos; el Estado es el responsable de garantizar el acceso de la población a esta. La construcción, operación y demolición de las viviendas genera impactos ambientales significativos que reducen su desempeño ambiental y energético. Dicho desempeño se podría optimizar a lo largo de su ciclo de vida con la adopción de elementos de construcción sostenible, que en el contexto de la vivienda de interés prioritario de Medellín, comienzan a ser una demanda de los habitantes de las viviendas por los ahorros en costos de servicios públicos, confort térmico y calidad de vida. Este artículo de investigación demuestra que el uso de ladrillos modificados constituye una oportunidad para minimizar el consumo de recursos naturales no renovables –como la arcilla y el carbón– empleados tradicionalmente en la fabricación de vivienda, así como para recuperar, reciclar y reintegrar recursos alternativos provenientes de fuentes secundarias, como los residuos sólidos urbanos. Se demostró que es posible, contribuir no solo a la disminución de la huella de carbono de la vivienda de interés prioritario, sino también a la generación de un conjunto de externalidades, entre las que destacan la innovación y desarrollo tecnológico, nuevos procesos industriales y modelos de negocio, mayor rentabilidad y competitividad empresarial, responsabilidad social, disminución en la generación de impactos ambientales –como la contaminación del aire y en los efectos asociados a la salud pública.
Degradation of Ethylene Glycol Through Photo-Fenton Heterogeneous System
Authors: Ardila-Arias Alba Nelly , Berrío-Mesa Eliana , Arriola-Villaseñor Erasmo , Álvarez-Gómez William Fernando , Hernández-Maldonado José Alfredo , Zepeda-Partida Trino Armando , Ortíz-Frade Luis Antonio , Barrera-Zapata Rolando
Published: May 2020

This work describes the ethylene glycol degradation in a photo-Fenton heterogeneous system. Iron-doped TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by different methods (incipient wet impregnation and sol-gel method), as well as the corresponding un-doped material were examined in this process. Different values of initial pH and H2O2 concentration were tested during the experiments. A lower photoactivity was observed for the un-doped materials than for the Fe-doped materials. Optimum results of initial pH and H2O2 concentrations were found to be 3.0 and 1,000 mg/L, respectively.  Furthermore, the highest degradation percentage of ethylene glycol (61 %) was achieved for the material synthetized by sol-gel method. Such catalytic performance is explained on the basis of structural/morphological and electronic characterization results, reached by XRD, UV-vis DRS and XPS techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report related with the ethylene glycol degradation using Iron-doped TiO2 in a photo-Fenton heterogeneous system.
CONCENTRAÇÃO E TERRITORIALIZAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO INOVADORA NO BRASIL: UMA ANALISE A PARTIR DO CONCEITO DE CONDIÇÕES GERAIS DE PRODUÇÃO
Authors: Tunes Regina
Published: May 2020

Resumo: O artigo apresenta o debate da Geografia da Inovação no Brasil na primeira década do século XXI a partir da análise da concentração espacial e territorialização da produção inovadora na metrópole paulista. Entende-se no debate que concentração e territorialização são dois processos diferentes, mas que no caso em análise ocorrem de forma simultânea e ambos estão diretamente relacionados com as condições gerais de produção que são seletivamente produzidas e dão a possibilidade da reprodução do capital inovador na região da metrópole paulista.Palavras-chave: Geografia da Inovação; Condições gerais de produção; Concentração Espacial; Territorialização da produção; Metrópole.  Concentration and territorialization of innovative production in Brazil: an analysis from the concept of general production conditionsAbstract: The article presents the debate on the Geography of Innovation in Brazil in the first decade of the 21st century from the date of the spatial and territorial research of innovative production in the metropolis of São Paulo. The debate is understood to mean that concentration and territoriality are two different processes, but that they have no case of analysis simultaneously and simultaneously, with the general characteristics of production that are executed in a practical way of the metropolis of São Paulo.Keywords: Geography of Innovation; General conditions of production; Spatial Concentration; Territorialization of production; Metropolis.   Concentración y territorialización de la producción innovadora en Brasil: un análisis desde el concepto de condiciones generales de producciónRésumé: El artículo presenta el debate de la Geografía de la Innovación en Brasil en la primera década del siglo XXI a partir del análisis de la concentración espacial y la territorialización de la producción innovadora en la metrópoli de São Paulo. En el debate se entiende que la concentración y la territorialización son dos procesos diferentes, pero en este caso ocurren simultáneamente y ambos están directamente relacionados con las condiciones generales de producción que se producen selectivamente y dan la posibilidad de reproducir capital innovador en la región de la metrópoli de São Paulo. Palabras-clave: Geografía de innovación; Condiciones generales de producción; Concentración espacial; Territorialización de la producción; Metrópolis.
Failed Genetic Protection: Type 1 Diabetes in the Presence of HLA-DQB1*06:02
Authors: Simmons Kimber M. , Mitchell Angela M. , Alkanani Aimon A. , McDaniel Kristen A. , Baschal Erin E. , Armstrong Taylor , Pyle Laura , Yu Liping , Michels Aaron W.
Published: May 2020

Certain HLA class II genes increase the risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) development while others provide protection from disease development. HLA class II alleles encode MHC proteins on antigen-presenting cells, which function to present peptides and activate CD4 T cells. The DRB1*15:01 (DR15)-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02 (DQ6) haplotype provides dominant protection across all stages of T1D and is a common haplotype found in Caucasians. However, it is present in <1% of people with T1D. Knowing which metabolic, immunologic, and genetic features are unique to individuals who fail genetic protection and develop T1D is important for defining the underlying mechanisms of DQB1*06:02-mediated protection. We describe a T1D cohort with DQB1*06:02 (n = 50) and compare them to individuals with T1D and without DQB1*06:02 (n = 2,759) who were identified over the last 26 years at the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes. The age at diagnosis was similar between the cohorts and normally distributed throughout childhood and early adulthood. The average hemoglobin A1c was 10.8 ± 2.8% (95 ± 7 mmol/mol) at diagnosis in those DQB1*06:02 positive. The majority of T1D DQB1*06:02+ individuals were positive for one or more islet autoantibodies; however, there was a greater proportion who were islet autoantibody negative compared with those T1D DQB1*06:02− individuals. Interestingly, DQB1*03:02, which confers significant T1D risk, was present in only those DQB1*06:02+ individuals with islet autoantibodies. This is one of the largest studies examining patients presenting with clinical T1D in the presence of DQB1*06:02, which provides a population to study the mechanisms of failed genetic protection against T1D.
Polen. Aske og diamanter
Authors: Törnquist-Plewa Barbara
Published: May 2020

Abstract: Poland: Ashes and DiamondsPoland: Ashes and Diamonds is a book about contemporary Poland, written by Ingrid Brekke, a knowledgeable Norwegian journalist. Its great merit is that it explains the contemporary political development in Poland through the prism of the country’s history. The book is not devoid of some misinterpretations or minor errors; however, this is more than well compensated by its engaging style and skillful construction. The book is informative, easy-to-read and has a clear potential to increase the readers’ understanding of Polish society and ignite their interest in the country.
La creatividad en la formación del arquitecto, el proceso creativo y las neurociencias
Authors: Navarro Velázquez Miguel
Published: May 2020

El presente artículo expone resultados primarios sobre el papel que juega la creatividad en la arquitectura y la formación de los arquitectos, la cual es fundamental en el proceso del diseño arquitectónico, desde todo el proceso formativo en la universidad hasta la etapa profesional-laboral como egresados. Esta investigación se apoya en algunas nociones de las neurociencias, que ayudaron a entender el proceso del pensamiento creativo, crítico y analítico. Estos conocimientos ratificaron la importancia de ejercitar la creatividad, de dominarla, manipularla y controlarla para solucionar problemas arquitectónicos. Mediante la observación, el estudio de casos, las encuestas, las entrevistas y el estudio del nuevo diseño curricular de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Sonora (2018), se obtuvieron las variables necesarias para poder ofrecer una alternativa de solución al problema de introducir la creatividad dentro del proceso de formación del arquitecto en dicho recinto académico. Los resultados muestran que el proceso de formación de los estudiantes de arquitectura es reproductivo y no se le da la importancia que merece a la creatividad en los procesos productivos de innovación en el plan de estudios. Además, si bien la planta académica ve a la creatividad como un factor importante, no la promueve y no la incorpora en sus actividades docentes de forma específica. Para solucionar esta situación, se propone la aplicación de una metodología epistemológica que ayude tanto en el macro como en el microdiseño curricular, que contemple incluir la creatividad como necesaria en el perfil de ingreso de los aspirantes y que le dé mayor énfasis durante el proceso de aprendizaje formativo, lo cual es imprescindible para desarrollar esta competencia, así como modificar el perfil de egreso de los futuros arquitectos.
Mitigating Motives
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers mitigating motives. It lays out two categories: first, some interfering motives that are “weighty,” insofar as they reflect morally sound priorities and views. These can fully justify acts which would, in many other familiar conditions, be wrong. Second, some interfering motives are “severe,” and these are (to varying degrees) excusing. While severe motives might be mitigating, much characteristic human selfishness and partiality is not motivationally that severe, and so the content of the requirements of justice is not affected. Moving beyond the clinical or literally disabling motives, and also beyond morally weighty motives, the chapter finds motives that may be mitigating in virtue of being simply motivationally insistent. From there, the chapter attempts to consider several cases in light of the distinctions drawn between motives that are justifying, excusing, or neither.
Bad Facts
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins by considering the sweeping rejection, stemming from G. A. Cohen, of incorporating any facts at all—good, bad, or indifferent—into fundamental principles of justice. It argues that his point, while not philosophically unimportant, does not have substantial normative significance. His arguments do, however, provide the merest glimpse of the normatively significant problem of bad facts. The close look at Cohen's arguments has the purpose of setting up and distinguishing that importantly different point about the insulation of principles of justice from facts, or some of them: the bad ones. The chapter concludes by addressing a natural worry, that the effort to keep bad facts in their place is circular: bad facts about injustice cannot be identified and quarantined prior to the identification of the principles, in which case they have already functioned as ingredients, contaminating or not.
The Museum of Primitive Art, 1940–1982
Authors: Lena Jennifer C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the creation of the Museum of Primitive Art (MPA). The history of Michael C. Rockefeller's primitive art collection provides an ideal case study of the process of artistic legitimation. Through a detailed analysis of the complete organizational archive—including memos, publications, journals, and administrative paperwork—one can observe this process in detail. The small group of MPA administrators fought to promote artistic interpretations of the objects in the collection against the established view that they were anthropological curiosities. However, these objects were removed from their sites of production and early circulation and left in the care of American curators and tastemakers to make of them what they will; in Rockefeller's case, he leveraged them to produce capital he used in a struggle with other collectors and museum administrators. What he did not do is redistribute those resources toward living artists or register much hesitation about moving those objects to New York. Nor did he have to acknowledge the labor done by earlier advocates of these arts in black internationalist movements. Nevertheless, Rockefeller's triumph was the eventual inclusion of his collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met), as the Michael C. Rockefeller Wing.
Cultural Appropriation
Authors: Lena Jennifer C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the impact of artistic legitimation processes on cultural producers and their communities. It also explores the dynamic debates around cultural appreciation and cultural appropriation that animate the process of artistic legitimation. The propensity for cross-cultural engagement, which typifies many efforts at artistic inclusion, can both reproduce and disrupt stereotypes—that is, sometimes when one celebrates “difference” or novelty, one just ends up reinforcing the fact that something is atypical. The admission of diverse work within the fine arts marks both a tribute to, and a dismantling of, their context of production. The chapter then seeks to understand how the engagement of other people through cultural consumption is viewed as political and ethical action.
Conclusion
Authors: Lena Jennifer C.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter reviews the book's major arguments, and then briefly addresses some questions that remain. If one wishes to develop a deeper understanding of cultural tastes, one must seek to link them to particular organizational and institutional contexts—the environments that support their emergence, development, or decline. Once one has a comprehensive understanding of how social context and group behavior operate in particular circumstances, one can develop a theory of the mechanisms of “omnivorousness.” Such a theory is necessary in order to develop reliable indicators that can guide comparative research. The chapter then evaluates the possibility of detecting patterns, or trajectories, in how vernacular culture fields become art. It also examines the potential reasons for these patterns, including the possibility of an aesthetic movement that spans many fields—an American “vernacular modernism.” Asking if it is possible to fight the legitimation process, it considers two cases in which claims to legitimacy have been contested: the kitsch paintings of Thomas Kinkade and the designer toys movement.
Introduction
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of the January 25 Revolution, or the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. It also outlines the formal characteristics of liminality and its relevance to politics. The book explores revolution through the concept of liminality, which is understood as a condition characteristic of all transitions between normative social states. Liminality allows for flexible articulation between the political and social, artistic, or cultural spheres and is also attentive to the spatial dimensions of performance. A thread that runs through much of the book is martyrdom, specifically its use in political performances. The chapter then introduces the concept of political Tricksters. In the uncomfortable condition of protracted liminality, Tricksters—beings at home in liminality, common in folklore, mythology, and literature—can become dangerous in politics. The structuring of liminality as precarity enables the rise of Trickster politics on a global scale.
The Material Frame
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the material frame of Tahrir Square. As a space, it has been shaped by the political-economic policies of the past four decades, which essentially turned it into an antihuman space, nominally suitable only as a “nonplace” that people passed through. A liberalized economy under the umbrella of a state that systematically redistributed income upward shaped demands for “bread, freedom, and social justice” as surely as it walled off Bulaq from communication with its urban surroundings, segregated Garden City to protect the imperial agents of the “Washington consensus,” and prepared downtown for private redevelopment. The causes of the revolution were inscribed in the urban fabric of its primary theater. It should be emphasized that the revolution-era character of Tahrir Square is incomprehensible without linking it to the growth of the formal parts of the expanding city, specifically the suburbs and their gated communities. But it is equally incomprehensible without similarly linking it to the even more significant growth of the informal parts of the city, and indeed the more general character of informality in many spheres of life, most significantly labor, which was systematically made precarious by the same design that poured resources into the new cities and slated Bulaq for extinction. However, the quotidian antihuman Tahrir Square depicted in the chapter has greater depth as a performance space than one might think.
Scripting a Massacre
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains that it is not entirely wrong to partially attribute the coup, the massacre, and the certainty of those who backed these actions to the notion that revolutionary politics left no alternative to violence, which manifested in the Rabʻa Massacre. But it is entirely wrong to neglect the long-standing discursive apparatus of excommunicating the Muslim Brotherhood from the national community that was operational during the period of revolutionary liminality and before it. Resorting to such concepts as imitation and crisis in no way obviates the need to delve into the production, meaning, and circulation of this discourse. If anything, the need to document and interpret the means of excommunication are heightened by one's attention to the form of crisis: the creation or occurrence of a threshold in the present; a plunge into liminality, and then a reckoning. The revolution created a series of thresholds, not just the initial threshold of the plunge into the void when the label “revolution” was applied to events on January 25, 2011. The Maspero Massacre was a threshold; the Battle of Muhammad Mahmud Street was too, and so were a number of other crisis events, including the Tamarrud demonstration against Muhammad Morsy in 2013 and the coup that followed shortly thereafter.
Postscript
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This postscript reflects on the ambiguous political song posted by Zizo—the young man the author used to know in Cairo who worked for him all the way to the end of his apartment renovations—on Facebook. It then argues that the existence of the hoped-for subterranean progressive political consciousness spreading beneath everyday oppression is frustratingly intangible. To be sure, previously unpoliticized people who lost friends or witnessed death experienced the revolution as a life-changing event, whether or not it “succeeded” in political terms. Many youths who were already politicized on the eve of the January 25 Revolution remained politicized but were either broken or biding their time in a state of political hibernation—or out of the country if they had the means to leave. The notion that from beneath a state of malaise a transformed generation would emerge to demand its rights is seductive and comforting. But this is a generational proposition. In the short term, militarism ran rampant. Ultimately, the defining feature of a liminal crisis is pure contingency. To put it differently, one can never be entirely sure what will emerge from the void.
The Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Beunza Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents some observations of the global financial crisis from Bob's vantage point. By September 2008, Bob had joined a different bank and had become chief executive of one of its U.S. subsidiaries. The author's regular meetings with him from August 2008 until the summer of 2009 thus provided an insider's perspective into the crisis and exposed to a domain that had barely surfaced in this study: morality. The chapter reveals the moral outrage at the crisis experienced by Bob and other Wall Street insiders, as well as Bob's contention that moral judgments can help managers evaluate their subordinates' use of models in situations of uncertainty. Bob attributed the global financial crisis to the organizational changes that had taken place on Wall Street since the 1980s, along with their moral side effects. Wall Street, he remarked a few days after Lehman's bankruptcy, did not die in September 2008, but had already been dead for years.
Scandal
Authors: Beunza Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter turns to the modern history of Wall Street, as seen through Bob's professional trajectory in the securities industry since the early 1980s. This trajectory included the growth of the derivatives industry, the disappearance of the partnership form, and deregulation. The chapter focuses on the derivatives scandals of the mid-1990s, leveraging Bob's experience at another major bank. Although largely overlooked, the 2008 crisis arguably had its predecessor in the derivatives scandals of 1994 and 1995. At the time, Wall Street banks signed over the counter derivatives agreements with corporations that resulted in sizeable losses for the latter. Also at that time, pioneering banks like Bob's began using risk management models as a tool for control and restraint rather than as a way to ascertain overall exposure. The mid-1990s crisis reveals the moral complexities posed by new and unfamiliar financial instruments, especially when the standards for prudent behavior are set by a mathematical formula such as Value at Risk. The chapter's analysis theorizes this dynamic with the concept of model-based moral disengagement.
When All Is Said and Done
Authors: Beunza Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter revisits the protagonists of this study's fieldwork at International Securities in 2015: Todd, Max, and Bob, seven years after the crisis. By that time, Todd had left Wall Street, Max was closing a hedge fund he had recently founded, and Bob was running a conservative public-interest law firm. The author's meeting with Todd underscored the scarcity of committed and competent top management on Wall Street. Conversations with Max revealed his nostalgia for the investment banking partnerships of the early 1980s, as well as the advantages of Bob's management approach, which sought to replicate elements of the partnerships. Finally, the meetings with Bob spoke to the current debate on financial reform, revealing the presence of a feedback loop that connects bank size, economic models, and moral disengagement. In light of this loop, Bob advocated the breakup of Wall Street banks.
Bureaucrat, Laboratory, Emperor
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at two versions of emancipation offered by Prussian journalist and bureaucrat Christian Wilhelm von Dohm and Habsburg Empire's Joseph II. Dohm advocated unconditional emancipation, presenting all the major arguments in a political framework. In contrast, Joseph II promulgated conditional emancipation, drawing on the experience of state centralization in Lombardy and Tuscany. Joseph's edicts for Jews followed those for Protestants and the Greek Orthodox. He aimed to promote the Jews' economic productivity and administrative integration within a corporate framework. His edicts during the 1780s became ever more radical, at first giving Jews parity with other minority religions, later treating them as “fellow citizens.” Since Dohm's tract and Joseph II's edicts spoke the same language of utility and regeneration, they were subsequently understood to provide the theory and practice for legislating conditional emancipation. Although the French Revolution would introduce a stirring ideal of immediate unconditional emancipation, it was the central European model of conditional emancipation that was to dominate until the middle of the nineteenth century.
Reinstatement
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how the reclamation of citizenship, the restitution of property, and negotiations for reparations stretched across postwar Europe, with some activities continuing into the twenty-first century. In western and central Europe, Jews quickly regained citizenship. France, Italy, and Holland abrogated Nazi decrees to restore Jews' citizenship; Germany granted citizenship irrespective of religion. In east-central and eastern Europe, in contrast, Jews struggled to regain or retain rights. Stalin's and Khrushchev's governments discriminated against Jews throughout Soviet society; they effectively turned Jews into second-class citizens. In Hungary, Jews experienced a second “reverse emancipation.” Romania purged the state apparatus and arranged for Israel to ransom Jews for hard currency. Poland gave Jews citizenship de jure yet began to discriminate against them. Meanwhile, the governments of Holland, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and France laid the legal foundation for restitution during the war by declaring Nazi expropriations illegal. Eighteen governments signed a declaration to restore property.
Barracks and Prison
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows that there were two different kinds of republicanism operating in Ireland, one in the 1780s and the other in the 1790s. From the perspective of Ireland's rulers, if the forms of republicanism that emerged in the 1790s generated fear on an unprecedented scale, there was a direct link with the armed popular movements of the 1780s that perceived Ireland to be a newly liberated state, if one still loyal to Britain. That Ireland's rulers saw the Volunteer and Patriot movements as amounting to a military challenge to the state explained the acceptance of the plan to make New Geneva into a barracks. The growth of a new kind of republicanism in France explained the formation of the prison. It also led to the brutality that ultimately occurred within its walls.
“The Everlasting Reward for My Labor of Mind”
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on Yan Fu, one of the most influential translators in modern China in order to illustrate how Chinese authors and translators developed a workable and sustainable banquan system to cope with their changing economic life at the turn of the twentieth century. Yan Fu is often considered by contemporary legal scholars and intellectual historians to be one of the earliest Chinese intellectuals to promote banquan/copyright. Like Fukuzawa Yukichi, Yan Fu has been known for introducing and articulating Western knowledge to his countrymen as the secret of Western wealth and power. It takes a close look at how Yan Fu changed his work pattern, negotiated with publishers for remuneration and royalties, developed various mechanisms to remotely monitor his publishers and calculate his royalties, and eventually achieved his goal. The chapter also explains how banquan/copyright was owned and transferred by booksellers and authors as a kind of incorporeal property.
The “Copyright” Regime of Chessboard Street
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces how the Chinese booksellers in the Chessboard Street neighborhood utilized the tradition of merchant guilds and the Qing government's reform initiative to create their quasi-legal institution in order to regulate and protect what they believed to be banquan/copyright. It illustrates in particular how the Shanghai shuye gongsuo (SBG), a civic organization with no legal jurisdiction or official authorization, enforced its banquan/copyright regulation and punished pirates according to their ideas of morality, norms, and customs. It illustrates how the SBG's rich records not only reveal the daily operation and conflicts in the modern Chinese cultural economy, but also the booksellers' conceptions of property ownership, civility, and trust that were articulated and contested in routine transactions. The chapter also focuses on how the SBG interacted and negotiated with the state's formal legal system after the promulgation of China's first copyright law in 1911. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, although new legislation regarding the protection of copyright appeared, it was rarely enforced in reality because consistent political upheavals had prevented the Chinese central state from establishing sufficient legal control over its territory.
The Form of the Novel
Authors: Duncan Ian
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses Germaine de Staël's reckoning with the “new genres or sub-genres characteristic of realism,” the Bildungsroman and its British analogues, the Anglo-Irish national tale and Scottish historical novel, formed in the “novelistic revolution” of European Romanticism. Modeling the scientific conception of human nature as a developmental entity or emergent phenomenon, these new genres or subgenres rehearse a universal formation of species being—a Bildung der Humanität—through the ontogenetic narrative of subject formation. Staël's broad target is the structural exclusion of women from the category that underwrites the new forms of the novel: the Enlightenment's grand universal particular, “man.” And yet, excluded from the new conception of humanity, women were most fully expressive of it. Where men are fixed in a social taxonomy, like animals in the system of nature, women possess the plasticity and fluidity, the capacity to move up and down the scale of being, that are specific markers of the human in late Enlightenment anthropology.
Intellectual Elites
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on Andalusian philosophers. Philosophers, in al-Andalus as elsewhere in the medieval Islamicate world, were committed to what can be called “the philosopher's life,” namely, the unremitting effort to attain human perfection. At the same time, as intellectuals integrated into their own societies, they could significantly shape their communities' cultural, communal, and even political profiles. Philosophers in al-Andalus truly shared a common philosophical tradition. Jews and Muslims alike read scientific and philosophical works translated from Greek into Arabic, as well as books by earlier Muslim and Christian thinkers. Being a small minority within their respective religious communities, and sharing the same education, interests, concerns, and ideals, philosophers constituted, in some ways, a subculture of their own. While they lived fully within their own religious community and adhered to the boundaries between it and other religious groups, they were acutely aware of the commonality of philosophy. The chapter then evaluates the philosophical curriculum which guided the advancement of students to become philosophers, as well as the friendships formed between philosophers. It illustrates the inherently elitist nature of the philosophers' life qua philosophers.
Growth Industry
Authors: Finn Chester E. , Scanlan Andrew E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at more recent developments and the present state of Advanced Placement (AP). Advanced Placement's recent decades are notable for the program's stunning growth on multiple dimensions. Many more schools, students, and subjects joined in, and they did so at accelerating rates. At least five factors have fueled the AP program's expansion in recent years. First, the use of AP participation to rate and rank high schools has impelled more of them to increase their student numbers so as to boost their standings. Second, schools and districts were induced to add more AP courses because they wanted to challenge their students intellectually, tone up their curricula, hold on to their best teachers, attract and retain more middle-class families, draw more sophisticated employers to the area, and respond to demands from parents of gifted kids. Third, the country's mounting concern about equalizing opportunity for poor and minority youngsters and getting more of them into and through college inevitably drew greater attention to AP's potential contribution. Fourth, stiffening competition to enter top colleges and more scrambling by kids to advantage themselves in the admissions process also continued to pump air into the AP balloon. The fifth factor is the forceful marketing and lobbying activities of the College Board itself. As AP has expanded, it has done so unevenly, however, giving rise to multiple issues of fairness. The chapter then considers these inequalities.
The New World Order
Authors: Flaherty Martin S.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks to the real “New World Order.” Conventionally, international relations as well as international law concentrated on the interactions of nation-states. On this model, the United States, China, Russia, the United Kingdom, Kenya, Mexico, and the Bahamas, for example, are principally the irreducible units. Recent thinking emphasizes that instead, international relations more and more consists of executive, legislative, and judicial officials directly reaching out to their foreign counterparts to share information, forge ongoing networks, coordinate cooperation, and construct new frameworks. The traditional nation-state has today become “disaggregated,” dealing with its peers less as monolithic sovereign states than through these more specialized “global networks.” Notably, the counterparts that officials of one state seek out in others tracks the divisions of separation of powers: executives to executives, judges to judges, legislators to legislators. How such transnational, interdepartmental networking affects each branch of government within a given state is another matter.
Global Imbalance
Authors: Flaherty Martin S.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that relations between modern “disaggregated” states empower the different branches within any nation to different degrees. The executive far and away benefits the most. This enhanced primacy in large part results from structural advantages, including the “secrecy and despatch” identified by Alexander Hamilton, meeting modern demands, such as the need for global regulation and the challenge of global terrorism. Perhaps surprisingly, the judiciary follows next, as judges share views in face-to-face meetings and in mutual citations from abroad. Collective-action problems, among other factors, ensure that the legislature benefits least. The consequence is a comparatively more powerful executive, further outstripping its rivals as a direct consequence of new ways to conduct foreign affairs. The resulting imbalance contributes to the precise evils separation of powers is designed to combat. It follows that the need for a judicial check, and, for that matter, a legislative counter as well, becomes more, not less, pressing in light of foreign affairs in a world of disaggregated states and global networks.
Constructing an Ethical Narrative
Authors: Morton Jennifer M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents an ethical narrative of upward mobility that is more honest about the true nature of the ethical costs of moving up and the responsibility borne for those costs. It discusses how to craft an honest, alternative narrative of upward mobility. The chapter provides not answers, but rather a framework that can help strivers confront the questions they will face in a reflective way. It also situates ethical costs in the proper socioeconomic context in a way that recognizes the extent to which they disproportionately burden strivers. The chapter navigates the competing pressures on a person's identity that upward mobility creates.