bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparing for the Unexpected: Managing Low Probability, Disruptive Events in Student International Travel Courses
Authors: Nelson Teresa , Ornstein Suzyn
Published: July 2003

To boost student understanding of international business practice and potential, U.S. colleges and universities are increasingly using student group travel as a pedagogical tool. The increasing complexity of these programs (due to a greater number of trips and more exotic travel destinations) delivers an increase in the potential for programrelated crises. This article discusses the value and potential of managing these crises. The conceptual tools of crisis management are developed in this context and specific management recommendations are outlined. The authors use their own experience of a canceled 3-week MBA trip to China in 1999 to guide the discussion.
Dilemma at 29,000 Feet: An Exercise in Ethical Decision Making Based on the 1996 Mt. Everest Climbing Disaster
Authors: Kayes D. Christopher
Published: July 2003

This article describes an exercise based on the 1996 Mt. Everest mountain climbing disaster designed to teach concepts related to ethical decision making. The exercise requires analyzing multiple sides of an ethical dilemma, making an ethically defensible decision and applying this decision to current business and management practices. Instructions for teaching are outlined and resources provided. Class context and audience are described, methods for evaluation suggested. Student feedback illustrates the benefits of using the Everest events to introduce concepts related to ethical decision making. Contributions to this case study for teaching introductory organizational behavior and management ethics and values are presented.
What’s Happening in Your Neighborhood? An Experiential Exercise for Teams
Authors: Hedges Pamela , Pedigo Kerry
Published: July 2003

This article describes an interactive experiential group problem-solving exercise. It has had considerable impact on students’ understanding of team function and membership. It enables them to learn, in a practical and unforgettable manner, that effective teams have certain key characteristics. The main feature of the exercise is that students must depend on each other for information. Without everyone’s contribution, the problem remains unsolved. Usual problem-solving methods are inadequate, creativity is essential—and it is great fun! The exercise gives students a means of measuring the effectiveness of their own group processes, and acts as a motivator in further developing the groups and teams to which they belong.
Work Organizations as Secular Religions
Authors: Ashforth Blake E. , Vaidyanath Deepa
Published: July 2003

The authors argue that the secular and the sacred should be viewed not as mutually exclusive but as interpenetrated. As the conventional anchors for spiritual strivings loosen their grip, many work organizations appear increasingly willing to play the role of secular religion. Secular religions offer transcendence through edifying cosmologies that address fundamental questions about identity and meaning, without necessarily invoking a supernatural power. Normative controls are used to instill faith in the often distant ends of the organization and to sacralize the means through which the ends are pursued. Founders may become deities of sorts; key insiders may become clergy; jobs, callings; institutionalized processes, rituals; and failings, sins. However, because a secular religion is only a claim to a system of meaning, it should inspire not only wonder but wariness. The authors conclude that a certain ironic distance from such a religion may be healthy for the individual.
Voting and the Folly of Abstention
Authors: Campbell Robert A.
Published: July 2003

This essay interprets the behavior of those who abstain from voting on motions during meetings of voluntary associations. The author suggests that not only is such behavior irresponsible but that it could be viewed as constituting a fundamental betrayal of the trust that accompanies membership in an association. As part of his analysis, the author provides some specific examples of abstaining along with some suggestions about how to deal with the problem. He also indicates how this problem fits within broader discussions of individualism, trust, and voluntary participation.
From Process Data to Publication
Authors: Smith Anne D.
Published: July 2003

How do field researchers make sense of voluminous process data, much of it qualitative data? When this author began to analyze her dissertation data in 1992, she did not have a clear answer to this question. However, with several articles from this research safely in publication, she took the opportunity to make sense of her 7-year data analysis experience. Her sensemaking of process data analysis is broken down into three phases and compared to the data analysis schema of Langley (1999). The role of outside influences, which aided movement through the phases, is highlighted at the end of the article. Finally, a model of this overall process—from process data to publication—is articulated. The article does not provide a definitive answer to the above question, but it is hoped that it will provide clues for researchers searching to answer that question themselves.
Organizational Adaptive Capacity
Authors: Staber Udo , Sydow Jörg
Published: July 2003

Conventional approaches to organizational effectiveness and survival in highly volatile and complex environments focus on adaptation strategies of cost cutting and rationalization. The authors propose that building adaptive capacity is a more appropriate organizational strategy in such environments. Using Giddens’s structuration theory, they discuss multiplexity, redundancy, and loose coupling as important structural dimensions of adaptive capacity and highlight the challenges involved in managing these dimensions. Because structuration theory considers simultaneously all aspects of managerial practice, including the political, cognitive, and normative aspects of managing change, it offers a useful framework for understanding adaptive capacity as a strategy that extends beyond the technical efficiency focus of conventional adaptation thinking.
Understanding Cultural Industries
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors argue for more theoretical discussion and empirical research into the organizational and managerial dynamics of commercial cultural production. Their concern grows out of their observation that management research is neglecting cultural production as a serious object of investigation despite its economic, social, and political significance. Moreover, even when management researchers have studied cultural production, the distinctive characteristics and dynamics of cultural industries have largely eluded the traditional research approaches adopted. As a result, the unique dynamics of cultural production remain largely uninvestigated.
Falling Short of the Mark
Authors: LeClerc Chantale Marie , Wells Donna L. , Craig Dorothy , Wilson Jean L.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the everyday issues, challenges, struggles, and needs of elderly, community-dwelling women in the first weeks posthospital discharge. Fourteen elderly women were interviewed in their homes 6 to 8 weeks following hospitalization. In addition, using a process based on photo novella or photovoice, 4 of the women took photographs of their everyday lives. The photos were used as triggers during the interviews. The interviews were analyzed to identify the themes of the women’s experiences. The overarching theme was that hospital discharge plans “fall short of the mark” because they failed to reflect the complexity of the posthospitalization experience by focusing primarily on very basic physical and medically related needs rather than on the reality of the women’s recovery. These findings are alarming given the aging population. The implications for hospital discharge planners, home care service providers, and policy decision makers are discussed.
Defining Resident Abuse within the Culture of Long-Term Care Institutions
Authors: Hirst Sandra P.
Published: July 2003

Although researchers have identified the presence of resident abuse within long-term care facilities, it has not come under the same scrutiny as have other aspects of abuse against older adults. This is due, in part, to the difficulty in defining the phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to articulate a definition of resident abuse as perceived by registered nurses working in long-term care institutions. Ethnoscience was the method used to answer this question. The five categories of resident abuse characteristics—perception of hurt felt by older residents, acts of omission or commission, context of care, intentional or unintentional, and behavioral clusters—that emerged through semistructured interviews and focus groups reflect the descriptions given by participants. Identifying a common definition of resident abuse suggests that assessment and intervention to reduce episodes of it are more likely to be effective.
Leave-Taking Experiences in the Lives of Abused Women
Authors: Davis Ruth E.
Published: July 2003

The World Health Organization identifies domestic violence as a major health crisis confronting women across the globe. The addition of women’s voices about their abusive experiences increases understandings of domestic violence. In this phenomenological investigation of the coping strategies of abused women, 17 women provided meaningful insights into how, why, and when they left abusive relationships. Timing, selection of support systems, and intuition add new de scriptions about abused women’s leave-taking experiences. Implications for nursing practice include the use of helpful questioning and employment of the advocacy role. Based on the findings of this study, more research is called for that allows abused women to demonstrate the variety of their experiences with the leave-taking process.
A Case Study of Comorbidities
Authors: Heffern Wendy A. , Davis Terry M. A. , Ross Carolyn J. M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this case study was to describe the nature of the symptom episodes experienced by a 24-year-old woman diagnosed with VCD, asthma, and panic disorder.A multiple card sort procedure was used to identify the type, order of presentation, and severity of symptoms experienced by the participant during her typical symptom episodes. Seven types of symptom episodes were investigated including VCD, asthma, and panic episodes; and co-occurring or combined episodes of VCD and asthma; VCD and panic; asthma and panic; and VCD, asthma, and panic. The variability and complexity of the participant’s symptom episodes, which are described, led to the development of a new VCD/asthma/panic comorbidities symptom classification system.
High-Achieving Women at Midlife
Authors: Gersick Connie J. G. , Kram Kathy E.
Published: July 2003

The first generation of women to launch professional careers in significant numbers is now entering senior management. They invented new paths amid traditional obstacles and unprecedented opportunities. In-depth interviews with 10 senior financial executives, combined with follow-up group data from a conference, were used to explore the key developmental tasks that high-achieving women have faced in these evolving circumstances. Findings broadly support Levinson’s model of development but suggest that the external conditions and internal experiences of this pioneering cohort have special characteristics. The authors outline participants’ developmental work, and the resulting rewards, of finding a life role (in their 20s), managing career-family trade-offs (in their 30s), and coming into their own (at 50 and beyond). Implications for theory, executive development practice, and further research are identified.
Social Poetics as Management Inquiry
Authors: Cunliffe Ann L.
Published: July 2003

The author’s position in this article is that we create our social realities, meaning, and selves in embodied and situated dialogue. Given the premise that language is metaphorical and sense making a multiply constructed, dynamic embodied practice, then what are the implications for research? The author suggests social poetics is one research practice that offers a way of exploring how, in the flow of our embodied dialogical activity, we relate to our surroundings and make sense of our experiences. Embracing a radically reflexive stance, social poetics elevates everyday, imaginative ways of talking, for example, metaphors, storytelling, and gestural statements. Using excerpts from research conversations, the author explores the practice of social poetics as a form of management inquiry.
Learning to Think in Circles
Authors: King Jonathan , Down Jonathan T. , Bella David A.
Published: July 2003

The authors argue managers should rely more on the circle metaphor as a means to understand how individual “micromotives” relate to organizational “macrobehavior.” The chain metaphor has a long history, serving as a prominent, and useful, tool for simplifying and relating processes. Its dominance has left many of us not knowing how-to think in circles, not wanting-to think in circles, and not being able-to think in circles. To overcome these barriers, they offer a methodology of sketching to learn to think in circles and to see things we otherwise would not see at all—making invisible hands visible. They discuss the importance of recognizing how the design of organization structures and systems can constrain our ability to think in circles and promote potentially harmful cognitive inertia. Two opportunities to practice thinking in circles are presented: organizational distortions of information and failure of student group projects to enhance learning at their college.
Organizational Researcher Values, Ethical Responsibility, and the Committed-to-Participant Research Perspective
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Wright Vincent P.
Published: July 2003

Many leading organizational scholars have suggested that our discipline has become one lacking in relevance and meaning. The authors suggest that a primary reason for this perceived lack of relevance is the failure of much organizational research to be responsive to all potential research stakeholders. They propose the committed-to-participant research perspective to help address this limitation of past research.
Tacit Knowledge and Strategic Decision Making
Authors: Brockmann Erich N. , Anthony William P.
Published: July 2003

Tacit knowledge is not easily recognized or acknowledged, but it can be a key factor in enhancing the quality of strategic decisions made by the top management team. A working definition of tacit knowledge is the work-related practical know-how that is acquired through direct experience and instrumental in achieving goals important to the holder. The study provides an integration of the cognitive and strategic literatures to show that tacit knowledge is accessible and how it plays an integral role in the context of strategic decision making. The authors propose that better decisions will occur when tacit knowledge is employed overtly during strategy sessions. Among other methods, the use of guided mental imagery seems to provide the simultaneous benefits of explicating tacit knowledge as well as enhancing the socialization process necessary for its transfer among team members.
A Project Task Coordination Model for Team Organization in Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Chen Shi-Jie , Lin Li
Published: July 2003

In a concurrent engineering environment, product design needs to simultaneously consider various downstream activities throughout the entire product life cycle, in addition to meeting the functional requirements of the products. To accomplish this, multifunctional design teams are organized with team members from different functional departments interacting in every phase of development tasks. However, without proper task coordination and team organization, communication and cooperation among a large number of dependent or interdependent tasks and team members could seriously delay project completion. This calls for the intention of this research to study the underlying structure of the project tasks. The objectives of this research are: (1) to develop a project task coordination model that identifies the sequence of all project tasks and reveals the underlying structure of the design process; (2) to decompose large interdependent task groups into smaller and manageable task groups by transforming the binary form of task relationships into the quantifiable task coupling strength and (3) to provide a structural foundation for the efficient team organization in concurrent engineering. Design Structure Matrix (DSM) is used to represent relationship among project tasks. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as a multi-criteria decision analysis, is employed to quantify the binary DSM. The effectiveness of this model is demonstrated by an illustrative example. The result shows that our proposed model is not only capable of coordinating the entire project tasks but also helpful in organizing project teams.
Collaborative Engineering Design Based on an Intelligent STEP Database
Authors: Han Soonhung , Choi Young , Yoo Sangbong , Park Namkyu
Published: July 2003

A pilot system has been developed to promote the collaborative engineering design on the Internet. Product models are stored in a shared database which is formatted according to the international standard STEP. The schema of the database is based on AP203 of STEP. Metadata and ontology concepts are used to improve the search capability of the product database. The system has been applied to a machining center example to verify its feasibility.
Knowledge-based Geometry Generation for Spur and Helical Gears
Authors: Aziz Ei-Sayed , Chassapis C.
Published: July 2003

Numerical analysis and true 3-D solid models of gear pairs are highly desirable to simulate real working conditions and reduce long and expensive test phases. This article presents methods, within a knowledge-based Automated Concurrent Engineering Software (ACES) for gear design and manufacturing system, for defining the gear tooth profile analytically from basic geometric parameters (diametral pitch, pressure and helix angles, number of teeth and tooth thickness) and determining the coordinates of all points on the working and the fillet portions of the tooth for standard and nonstandard gears, in order to generate FEM models for analysis, through automatic mesh generation and boundary condition assignment and produce a suitable gear construction (3-D model). The involute and trochoid curves can then be plotted on a Cartesian coordinate system emanating at the center of the gear. An accurate description of the tooth geometry and the associated mating-gears model for FEM analysis provide an early estimation of the full stress fields during the design phase, where there is still time to make significant changes. This 3-D solid model provides maximal value to a designer for machining the gear on a standard CNC milling machine without form cutters; far defining tool paths for Electric Discharge Machining (EDM); for rapid prototyping systems and for viewing VRML models. The system has a direct interface with a FEM processor (ANSYS) and a CAD tool (Pro/E). A case study is presented to demonstrate the system functionality with spur and helical gears.
Design Parameterization for Concurrent Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Silva Javier , Chang Kuang-Hua
Published: July 2003

Design changes are frequently encountered in the product development process. The complexity of the design changes is multiplied when the product design involves multiple engineering disciplines. Very often, a simple change in one part may propagate to its neighboring parts, therefore, affects the entire product assembly. Both parts and assembly must be regenerated for a physically valid product model, at the same time, the regenerated product model must meet designer's expectations. When a product is being developed in a Concurrent Design and Manufacturing (CDM) environment, the design changes are usually implemented first by altering geometry of the product represented in computer-aided design (CAD) solid models. If the product solid model is not parameterized properly, the changes in geometry often lead to invalid parts or assembly. At the part level, the changes may yield a solid model with invalid geometric features if it is not properly parameterized. In this case, the entire product assembly is in vain. Even when individual parts of the product are regenerated correctly, parts may still penetrate to their neighboring parts or leave excessive gaps among them, if the solid model is not properly parameterized at the assembly level. In this paper, solid modeling and assembly techniques implemented in two major CAD tools, Pro/ENGINEER and SolidWorks, will be discussed. A set of guidelines will be proposed for the designers to parameterize the solid models in order to capture the design intents more effectively in the product virtual mockup. These guidelines at both part and assembly levels will support designers to successfully conduct product design in the CDM environment. A number of examples, including a slider-crank mechanism and its crankshaft, a single-piston airplane engine and its components, as well as a number of simpler parts are presented to illustrate and demonstrate the parameterization method and guidelines proposed for both Pro/ENGINEER and SolidWorks. Note that in this paper parts and assembly are created in respective CAD tools. Issues of solid model translations between CAD systems will not be addressed.
Conflict Cause Identification in Web-Based Concurrent Engineering Design System
Authors: Jiang Tianhong , Nevill Gale E.
Published: July 2003

Modern engineering design commonly involves the cooperative effort of design experts, who often come from different engineering backgrounds, have different geological locations, and communicate primarily via the web. Conflicts, which commonly exist in the design process, are exacerbated by this situation. This paper first presents a well-organized structure of conflict classes and causes. Based on an analysis of conflict nature and conflict-related human behavior in the concurrent engineering design, a new computational model for autonomously identifying the conflict cause in the web-based concurrent engineering design environment is developed and tested. The Plane World design simulation system is used as a test-bed to demonstrate and verify the conflict cause identification methods developed in this work.
An Object-Oriented Formalism for Feature-Based Distributed Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Liang Wen-Yau , O'grady Peter
Published: July 2003

The use of feature-based design and Concurrent Engineering promises substantial benefits but their successful implementation is hampered by the lack of a suitable formalism, particularly where, as is often the case, participants are geographically separated. This overall research area can be termed feature-based distributed Concurrent Engineering (FBDCE). The work presented in this paper is focused on how to represent FBDCE in a situation where the participants may be geographically separated, and how to implement it in a formal and systematic way. A representation formalism is proposed for that purpose. This paper first overviews the FBDCE process and identifies the knowledge gaps in existing FBDCE support. A formalism for remote FBDCE is then presented. This formalism uses an object-oriented approach, called Design with Objects (DwO), where features are represented as lower level objects. An Internet network-based implementation of this formalism is described that uses the Internet to support FBDCE. An example is used to illustrate the implementation. The use of DwO for FBDCE offers several important advantages in computability, in that a design process model obtained using DwO is a computable model, in reusability, in that once a design object in DwO has been established, it can be used repeatedly, and in exchangeability, in that objects can be readily exchanged with other objects with similar interfaces. The main contributions of this paper are threefold. First, an object-oriented approach, DwO, to feature based design is described. Second, a formalism for FBDCE using DwO is presented. Third, the use of this formalism is illustrated with an Internet-based implementation showing how the formalism can be used for a specific problem.
Rapid Manufacturability Evaluation of Die-Cast Components
Authors: Park Kee M. , Pochiraju Kishore , Chassapis Costas , Manoochehri Souran
Published: July 2003

This paper presents a methodology for the evaluation of manufacturability of die-cast components. The methodology defines and determines parameters pertaining to manufacturability of the die-cast parts, namely shape complexity, die complexity, cycle time, machine size and processing parameters. The evaluator assists in examining design alternatives at preliminary design stages where geometric data is minimal or on detailed designs. Numerical analyses are conducted with Finite Element Method (FEM) to assess the accuracy of the rapid evaluation results. The paper presents a case study of a part for which die-casting is considered as a process alternative.
Computer Based Initiatives for Implementing and Sustaining Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Pawar Kulwant S. , Haque Badr , Weber Frithjof
Published: July 2003

The concepts and principles of Concurrent Engineering (CE) have been around for over a decade. In fact the literature is full of examples, studies and surveys advocating the potential accruable benefits of implementing CE. However, how to introduce it in a guided and holistic manner has received lesser attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by reporting on a 3.5-year research study exploring and investigating the pertinent issues for CE. The research project was called PACE - a ‘Practical Approach to Concurrent Engineering’, and was a European Commission funded project consisting of a pan-European consortium. Its aim was to provide a holistic technology transfer infrastructure enabling the effective change and improvement of present engineering practices towards CE principles. The paper explores these issues based on three research questions posed at the outset of this study. The paper is split into four major sections. The first introductory part provides the rationale for this research study in terms of motivation and why the need for such a project by reviewing past studies and developments in the CE domain. This section is followed by a conceptual model which forms the basis of a CE knowledge platform. The third section reports on a set of complementary decision support tools for CE in practice. It is then argued that implementing CE successfully requires a huge cultural change in an organisation. A generic implementation support framework forms the basis for the final section before the concluding summary. Two case studies are used to illustrate the implementation of research findings and developments in multinational companies.
What I Learned in School Today: Reflections on My Training in Marriage and Family Therapy
Authors: Fagan Ron
Published: July 2003

National and state marriage and family therapy organizations describe marriage and family therapists as mental health professionals who are trained to diagnosis and treat mental and emotional disorders as they relate to relationships. The article describes the author’s experiences in completing the master’s degree in marriage and family therapy and the clinical hours required for licensure, as well as his reflections and analysis on how well he was prepared to be a marriage and family therapist.
Have Families Fared Well from Welfare Reform? Educating Clinicians about Policy, Paradox, and Change
Authors: Wycoff Susan , Bacod-Gebhardt Maristella , Cameron Susan , Brandt Marielle , Armes Bruce
Published: July 2003

This invited article examines findings from lower profile studies suggesting another side of the bipartisan declaration that America’s experiment with welfare reform has been a resounding success. The authors draw on national survey data, studies by state and private research institutions, and available figures from informal community based monitoring projects. Findings reveal evidence of an escalation of inadequately paid employment, an increase in extreme nationwide childhood poverty, signs of mounting family hardship, and challenges affecting the survival and well-being of this vulnerable population leaving welfare.
Parents’ Perceptions of the Impact of their Chronic Illness or Disability on their Functioning as Parents and on their Relationships with their Children
Authors: Lundwall Rebecca A.
Published: July 2003

This article reports on an exploratory study. Seventeen parents, self-reporting a chronic illness or disability, responded on the Internet to a questionnaire developed from grounded theory techniques. Their perceptions were collected both on their ability to parent and on their relationships with their children. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 6 participants by telephone. Overarching themes that emerged were that with the chronic illness or disability, (a) there occurred more negative than positive changes; (b) reduced personal power occurred in several contexts, including in family role changes; (c) parents worry about family coping; and (d) there is more interest in family counseling than in support groups. Implications for Internet support groups, psychoeducation on the Internet, and future research are discussed.
Forgiveness as a Therapeutic Option
Authors: Murray Robert J.
Published: July 2003

This review proposes the use of forgiveness as a therapeutic option in addressing individual, relational, and marital distress. The examination begins with a brief account of recent theories and models of forgiveness followed by the findings of empirical studies on forgiveness as it is employed in different relational contexts, such as anger, blame, guilt, and infidelity. Research on the communication of forgiveness in relationships, as well as the long-term implications of using forgiveness in relationships, is discussed. Explanations of the implications of the therapeutic use of forgiveness for individual and family counselors conclude this literature review.
Resilience in Families and Communities: Latin American Contributions from the Psychology of Liberation
Authors: Hernández Pilar
Published: July 2003

A systemic understanding of resilience is expanded by studying the meaning of hope and solidarity in a Latin American context facing war and political repression. Understanding the language used in Latin America to refer to coping with adversity has valuable theoretical and therapeutic potential. This article compares, integrates, and further develops Froma Walsh’s systemic view of resilience by discussing Latin American literature that addresses the notions of hope and solidarity as pathways to cope with social trauma. The concept of collective resilience is introduced based on the stories of human rights activists who developed the capacity to cope with adversity. Collective resilience refers to the coping processes that occur in reference to and dependent on a given social context. These processes aim to rebuild and sustain social relationships to heal the wounds of trauma, the losses of war, and the reconstruction of a sense of belonging and personal identity.
Ethical and Professional Issues in Career Assessment on the Internet
Authors: Barak Azy
Published: July 2003

The growing use of the Internet by professionals and laypeople alike, together with rapidly improving technology, has resulted in dramatic growth of assessment Web sites. Although these tests are being used for a number of purposes, their employment for career-related assessment and decisions seems to be prevailing. This development stems from the search for easy-to-obtain, free (or inexpensive) aids to assist in decision making; a general awareness and acceptance of the Internet as a legitimate informative; and professional and nonprofessional site owners' exploitation of the provision of remote testing services. Although empirical research generally supports the psychometric properties and utility of Internet-based assessment, there are numerous ethical and professional issues involved. A large listing of concerns is presented, followed by a recommendation to take action in three concomitant directions: focused legislation (including international conventions), Internet-specific training for professionals, and public education aimed at increasing awareness and understanding.
Computer-Based Test Interpretation in Career Assessment: Ethical and Professional Issues
Authors: Sampson James P. , Purgar M. Page , Shy Jonathan D.
Published: July 2003

The use of computer-based test interpretation (CBTI) in career assessment raises numerous ethical and professional issues. For example, how do current testing standards apply to tests on the Internet? What are appropriate and inappropriate uses of CBTI in career assessment? How can CBTI be successfully integrated into the career counseling process? Who is qualified to use CBTI? What are the potential benefits and problems with CBTI? In an attempt to answer some of these questions, this article examines the nature of CBTI and the use of CBTI in career assessment. Strategies for establishing and communicating the validity of CBTI are also presented. By proactively addressing potential ethical and professional issues, it is more likely that this technology will contribute to positive outcomes for individuals, clients, and practitioners.
Ethical Implications of Career Assessment With Women
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Bouwkamp Jennifer C.
Published: July 2003

Ethical assessment practices require practitioners to examine assessments in terms of their appropriateness for male and female clients. This article explores gender differences on career assessments in the areas of individual differences and career choice process with a focus on ethical implications for gender-sensitive career assessments. Although the focus of this discussion is on career assessment with women, the suggestions also apply to male clients. Recommendations for gendersensitive career assessment and interpretation are provided.
Ethical and Professional Issues in Career Assessment With Diverse Racial and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Spanierman Lisa B. , Obasi Ezemenari M.
Published: July 2003

This article examines the recent contributions in the vocational psychology and counseling psychology literature in the areas of multicultural and career assessment. The foundational skills that are essential for culturally competent assessment are presented, and a process model for culturally appropriate vocational assessment with ethnically diverse individuals is presented. The components in the model include culturally encompassing information gathering, culturally appropriate consideration of assessment instruments, culturally sensitive administration, and culturally appropriate interpretation of the data. Issues relevant in the vocational assessment process with ethnically diverse populations and professional considerations are reviewed at each stage of the culturally appropriate career assessment model.
Cross-Cultural Cognitive Categorization of Students by Guatemalan Teachers
Authors: Chesterfield Ray A. , Enge Kjell I. , Rubio Fernando E.
Published: July 2003

Since the 1996 Peace Accords, bilingual education in Guatemala has become a major concern among educators, but little is known about how teachers of different ethnicity view and interact with Mayan and ladino children. Using terminology employed by teachers as a basis for cognitive categorization of ethnicity, cultural domain analysis examined teachers' perceptions of student characteristics. The categorizations were then related to observed teacher-student interaction in rural primary school classrooms. The results suggest ethnic and cultural differences in teacher cognition, as ladino teachers categorized Mayans more positively and were highly homogeneous in their classification of indigenous students and Mayan teachers viewed ladino students more positively and were more homogeneous in their classification of students like themselves. Both teachers and students initiated more interactions with those of their own ethnicity. The findings support the greater use of Mayan teachers, but in multiethnic settings there may not be equal learning opportunities for students who do not share their teachers' ethnicity.
Lot's Wife and the Old Salt: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Attitudes Toward Salt in Relation to Diet
Authors: Parman Susan
Published: July 2003

Although salt is a fundamental requirement in human biology, societies differ in the access they have to salt and in their attitudes toward it. This article uses the Human Relations Area Files to explore the relationships among diet (operationalized by a scoring system that identifies the customary diet as primarily derived from the plant kingdom [PK] or primarily derived from the animal kingdom [AK], or some variation thereof), use of salt, and positive and negative valuation of salt (operationalized by a scoring system applied to explicit or implicit statements about the value of salt).
Cross-Cultural Analysis of Pastoral Adaptations and Organizational States: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Johnson Amber Lynn
Published: July 2003

Pastoral adaptations span a variety of organizational states ranging from self-sufficient, mixed-subsistence agropastoralists to economic specialists dependent on trade with agriculturalists for subsistence. A preliminary study of ethnographically documented pastoralist cases demonstrates robust relationships between environmental variables relevant to plant biomass, herd structure, mobility, labor organization, and subsistence dependence. Three organizational states of pastoral adaptations are distinguished by subsistence dependence on food acquired through trade, the geographic scale of mobility, and habitat variables. The archaeological sequence at Nabta Playa, a Neolithic site in the western desert of Egypt with early evidence for the presence of domesticated cattle, is used to illustrate the utility of this research for archaeologists concerned with the origins and evolution of pastoral adaptations.
Sharing the Burdens of Environmental Change: Comparing EU and U.S. Policies
Authors: Harris Paul G.
Published: July 2003

Protection of the global environment requires the cooperation and action of the United States and the European Union. Both have provided aid to developing countries for sustainable development, but in the past decade the EU has been more generous in helping the world's poor than has the U.S. The Americans and Europeans agreed in the 1990s that they ought to take on a greater share of global environmental burdens and help the developing countries cope with environmental changes. However, the Europeans are now more favorable toward sharing the burdens of environmental change. These mostly different policies are explained in part by different attitudes toward development assistance and contrasting political systems. Although the EU now does more for sustainable development, neither actor does as much as it needs to. However, environmental changes may, in the long run, push them to be more generous in implementing sustainable development at home and abroad.
Decentralization and Environmental Protection on Mexico's Northern and Southern Boundaries
Authors: Lybecker Donna , Mumme Stephen P.
Published: July 2003

This article examines and compares decentralization initiatives for environmental protection along Mexico's northern and southern borders. It suggests that in the north, environmental protection policy concerns tend to be human centered and urban oriented whereas in the south, the government's environmental protection effort is directed at managing natural resources and biodiversity. Furthermore, in the north, the international border functions as a catalyst, creating an external push for binational cooperation with environmental protection. In the south, the international borders are associated with social conflicts that complicate binational efforts to advance cooperation for environmental protection. These stark differences point to the need for Mexico to tailor environmental decentralization policies to the realities of particular regions and reduce urban bias.
Validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and Other Very Short Forms of Estimating Intellectual Functioning
Authors: Axelrod Bradley N.
Published: July 2003

Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—III (WAIS-III) was compared to performance on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), as well as short form estimations of intellectual functioning derived from WAIS-III performance, in a mixed clinical sample of 72 participants. The WASI verbal IQ (VIQ) score was significantly higher than the WAIS-III VIQ, whereas performance IQ (PIQ) estimates all differed from actual WAIS-III PIQ and full scale IQ (FSIQ). Correlations of WAIS-III scores with WASI scores were consistently lower than were correlations between the WASI-III and all other short forms. Although maintaining administration times of 15 minutes for a two-subtest FSIQ and 30 minutes for a four-subtest FSIQ, the WASI did not consistently demonstrate desirable accuracy in predicting scores obtained from the WAIS-III. The results suggest that clinicians should use the WASI cautiously, if at all, especially when accurate estimates of individuals’WAIS-III results are needed.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 across the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Spectrum
Authors: Inman Tina Hanlon , Esther Julie K. , Robertson Wendy T. , Hall Colin D. , Robertson Kevin R.
Published: July 2003

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2) was used to assess individuals’ patterns of psychological symptoms across the spectrum of HIV illness. Two hundred and twenty-five participants in the present sample were administered the MMPI-2, 61 were HIV-seronegative controls, 61 were asymptomatic, 36 were symptomatic, and 67 met criteria for AIDS. Symptomatic HIV-seropositive patients scored higher on the Hypochondriasis, Conversion-Hysteria, and Depression Scales. These differences appeared to be largely due to an increase in somatic complaints rather than an increase in other depressive symptoms. Group differences did not appear to be due to HIV-associated neuropsychological dysfunction. Interpretive strategies for the MMPI-2 and treatment considerations are discussed.
Identifying faking bad on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent with Mexican Adolescents
Authors: Lucio Emilia , Durán Consuelo , Graham John R. , Ben-Porath Yossef S.
Published: July 2003

This study examined the extent to which the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent identified Mexican adolescents who were instructed to fake bad. Validity scales data were used to differentiate between nonclinical adolescents instructed to fake bad and both clinical and nonclinical adolescents who received standard instructions. Participants were 59 male and 87 female Mexican high school students and 59 male and 87 female Mexican adolescents from clinical settings. This is the first study on faking with adolescents in Mexico. The F, F1, and F2 Scales and the F-K index discriminated adequately between the three different groups. Results were similar to those previously reported for adults and adolescents in Mexico and the United States. High positive and negative predictive powers and overall hit rates were obtained in this study. Higher cut scores were needed to discriminate between the groups of girls than between the groups of boys.
Measures of Self-Efficacy and Optimism in Older Adults with Generalized Anxiety
Authors: Stanley Melinda A. , Novy Diane M. , Hopko Derek R. , Beck J. Gayle , Averill Patricia M. , Swann Alan C.
Published: July 2003

This study provides initial psychometric data for the Self-Efficacy Scale (SES) and the Life Orientation Test (LOT) in a sample of older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Participants included 76 adults, ages 60 to 80, who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for GAD. Self-efficacy and outcome expectancies were lower in older adults with GAD relative to published data from younger and older community samples. Both the SES and LOT demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for optimism and pessimism factors within the LOT, and exploratory factor analysis of the SES suggested three factors that overlap with previous findings. Overall, the data support the potential utility of these instruments in late-life GAD and set the stage for future investigations of generalized self-efficacy expectancies and outcome expectancies (or optimism) as they relate to the prediction of affect and behavior in this group.
The Appropriateness of the MMPI-2 K Correction
Authors: Barthlow Deanna L. , Graham John R. , Ben-Porath Yossef S. , Tellegen Auke , Mcnulty John L.
Published: July 2003

The extent to which the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2) K scale serves as a suppressor variable that influences the validity of clinical scale scores was examined using 274 male and 425 female outpatients from a community mental health center and 105 male and 247 female clients from a university psychological clinic. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed with MMPI-2 K scale scores and clinical scale scores as predictors and therapist ratings as criteria. In most cases, the K scale did not act as a suppressor. Optimal K weights were different from the traditional K corrections. In most instances, there were no significant differences between correlations of therapist ratings with K-corrected and uncorrected clinical scale scores. The results do not support the Kscale as a suppressor variable in these settings, although additional research is needed in settings where higher levels of defensiveness are common.
The Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities (IASC)
Authors: Briere John , Runtz Marsha
Published: July 2003

This article describes the Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities (IASC), a 63-item standardized measure of disturbed functioning in relation to self and others. The seven scales of the IASC are Interpersonal Conflicts, Idealization-Disillusionment, Abandonment Concerns, Identity Impairment, Susceptibility to Influence, Affect Dysregulation, and Tension Reduction Activities. The psychometric properties of the IASC were examined in general population, clinical, and university samples. The IASC was found to have internal consistency/reliability and validity in all three samples. Generally as predicted, IASC scales were associated with existing measures tapping borderline and antisocial personality features, depression, suicidality, substance abuse, somatization, and dysfunctional sexual behavior.
Dyadic Short Forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III
Authors: Ringe Wendy K. , Saine Kathleen C. , Lacritz Laura H. , Hynan Linda S. , Cullum C. Munro
Published: July 2003

Various short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)/WAIS-R have been developed to obtain estimates of overall intellectual level, although little research of WAIS-III short forms has been published to date. Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) estimates from four WAIS-III dyadic short forms were obtained by entering selected subtest scores from a mixed neurologic/psychiatric sample (n = 196) into regression equations. Results were cross validated on a second sample (n = 57). Within both samples, WAIS-III FSIQ scores were highly correlated (r = .90-.92, p < .001) with estimated FSIQ scores. Estimated FSIQ fell within 5 points of actual FSIQ in 49% to 74% of cross-validation cases and within 10 points of actual FSIQ in 81% to 93% of the sample. Comparable to findings from previous short-form investigations, actual and estimated FSIQ classification levels agreed in 46% to 67% of cases in the cross-validation sample. These dyadic WAIS-III forms appear appropriate for obtaining gross estimates of FSIQ in similar populations, although caution is recommended in interpreting estimated IQ scores.