bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obstetrical sonography in obese women: A review
Authors: Weichert Jan , Hartge David Rafael
Published: December 2010

Obstetric sonographic imaging in pregnant women is adversely affected by obesity with a negative impact on the detection rate of congenital anomalies. This review aims to analyze relevant data regarding this issue and to discuss clinical and technical problems associated with sonographic examination of obese pregnant women. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Radiologic findings of lobular carcinoma in situ: Mammography and ultrasonography
Authors: Choi Bo Bae , Kim Sung Hun , Park Chang Suk , Cha Eun Suk , Lee Ah Won
Published: December 2010

Purpose. The purpose was to evaluate the mammographic and sonographic (US) features of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).

Methods. Mammographic and US findings of nine lesions diagnosed pathologically as pure LCIS were analyzed retrospectively according to the American College of Radiology breast imaging reporting and data system (BI‐RADS) lexicon.

Results. With regards to mammographic findings of LCIS, there were no lesions demonstrated in six cases and a mass in three cases, two of which contained microcalcifications. The most common US findings of LCIS were irregular shape (five cases), ill‐defined margins (eight cases), and hypoechogenicity (seven cases). All cases had an elongated shape parallel to the skin or were round (no lesion had a taller‐than‐wide shape). Two cases were associated with microcalcifications. The final BI‐RADS categories were category 3 (probably benign finding) in one case, category 4A (low suspicion of malignancy) in two cases, and category 4B (intermediate suspicion of malignancy) in six cases.

Conclusions. LCIS is frequently mammographically occult, and an incidental finding on routine screening mammograms, usually because of microcalcifications. LCIS, a high‐risk lesion, can mimic invasive carcinoma on US. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Biomechanical properties of interosseous proximal carpal row ligaments
Authors: Nikolopoulos Fotios , Apergis Emmanuel , Kefalas Vassilios , Zoubos Aristides , Soucacos Panayiotis , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis
Published: December 2010

The Scapholunate (S‐L) and Lunotriquetrum (L‐Tr) ligaments have been extensively studied in the literature. A wide range of measurements has been reported for ultimate load and stiffness with different mechanical protocols. In this study, we examined the mechanical properties of both ligaments harvested from the same wrist. Fifteen fresh cadaver wrists were used to harvest eight S‐L and four L‐Tr. Testing was performed in quasi‐static loading in a well defined direction for each ligament system. The ultimate load for S‐L was 68–210 N with a mean value of 147 ± 54 N and a stiffness of 35.7 ± 9.6 N/mm. For L‐Tr the ultimate load was 122–179 N with a mean value of 150 ± 24 N and a stiffness of 192 ± 60 N/mm. The two ligaments had nearly the same ultimate load, but the L‐Tr had a higher stiffness (p = 0.05). These findings could be useful to assess the appropriate autologous autografts for reconstruction of the S‐L and L‐Tr. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:668–671, 2011
Comparative oxidative stability of α‐tocopherol blended and diffused UHMWPEs at 3 years of real‐time aging
Authors: Rowell Shannon L. , Oral Ebru , Muratoglu Orhun K.
Published: December 2010

Vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) is a free‐radical stabilizing antioxidant used to maintain oxidative stability in radiation cross‐linked ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in total joint replacements. We investigated the oxidative resistance of vitamin E‐stabilized UHMWPE in (i) postirradiation vitamin E‐diffused UHMWPE, (ii) vitamin E blended and irradiated UHMWPE, and (iii) unstabilized, irradiated UHMWPE after accelerated aging and real‐time aging in an aqueous environment at 40°C for 36 months. Unstabilized samples exhibited substantial oxidation throughout the surface and bulk with both types of aging. While vitamin E‐stabilized, radiation cross‐linked UHMWPEs were all superior to unstabilized samples, irradiated blends showed surface oxidation and subsurface oxidation potential beginning at ten months in real‐time aging. In contrast, postirradiation vitamin E‐diffused UHMWPEs showed no detectable oxidation and no increase in oxidation potential despite elution of some vitamin E. We also showed that current thermal accelerated aging methods were unable to differentiate among the oxidative stability of vitamin E‐stabilized, radiation cross‐linked UHMWPEs prepared by different processes. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:773–780, 2011
Effects of three commercial rootstocks on mineral nutrition, fruit yield, and quality of salinized tomato
Authors: Savvas Dimitrios , Savva Andreas , Ntatsi Georgia , Ropokis Andreas , Karapanos Ioannis , Krumbein Angelika , Olympios Christos
Published: December 2010

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Belladona F1) plants were either self‐rooted, self‐grafted, or grafted onto the commercial rootstocks “Beaufort”, “He‐Man”, and “Resistar” and grown in a recirculating hydroponic system. Three nutrient solutions differing in NaCl‐salinity level (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 dS m–1, corresponding to 0.3, 22, and 45 mM NaCl) were combined with the five grafting treatments in a two‐factorial (3 × 5) experimental design. At the control NaCl level (0.3 mM), fruit yield was not influenced by any of the grafting treatments. However, at low (22 mM NaCl) and moderate (45 mM NaCl) salinity levels, the nongrafted and the self‐grafted plants gave significantly lower yields than the plants grafted onto He‐Man. The plants grafted onto the other two rootstocks gave higher yields only in comparison with the nongrafted plants, and the differences were significant only at low (Beaufort) or moderate (Resistar) salinity. Yield differences between grafting treatments at low and moderate salinity arose from differences in fruit number per plant, while mean fruit weight was not influenced by grafting or the rootstock. NaCl salinity had no effect on the yield of plants grafted onto He‐Man but restricted the yield in all other grafting treatments due to reduction of the mean fruit weight. With respect to fruit quality, salinity enhanced the titratable acidity, the total soluble solids, and the ascorbic acid concentrations, while grafting and rootstocks had no effect on any quality characteristics. The leaf Na concentrations were significantly lower in plants grafted onto the three commercial rootstocks, while those of Cl were increased by grafting onto He‐Man but not altered by grafting onto Beaufort or Resistar in comparison with self‐grafted or nongrafted plants. Grafting onto the three tested commercial rootstocks significantly reduced the leaf Mg concentrations, resulting in clear Mg‐deficiency symptoms 19 weeks after planting.
Raman study of a deuterated iron hydroxycarbonate to assess long‐term corrosion mechanisms in anoxic soils
Authors: Saheb M. , Neff D. , Bellot‐Gurlet L. , Dillmann P.
Published: December 2010

In several contexts such as cultural heritage, oil and gas or nuclear waste disposal, the long‐term corrosion mechanisms of iron in anoxic soils are studied. For this purpose, corrosion layers formed on ferrous archaeological artefacts from the site of Glinet (16th century, Normandy, France) were characterised. The main phases identified are siderite (FeCO3), chukanovite (iron hydroxycarbonate: Fe2(OH)2CO3 and magnetite (Fe3O4). In order to provide reliable Raman references for further studies on carbonated systems, the iron hydroxycarbonate (chukanovite) was synthesised on iron discs. The corrosion mechanisms were investigated by re‐corroding the archaeological samples in a deuterated solution. Raman characterisation on cross sections inside the layer revealed the presence of deuterated chukanovite, allowing the deuterium tracing of the spreading of the corrosion. A set of chukanovite samples was synthesised with various D/H ratios. Using these reference data, the proportion of deuterated chukanovite in re‐corroded artefacts was evaluated, and the corrosion rate was estimated as less than 1.6 µm/year. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The growth of the passive film on iron in 0.05 M NaOH studied in situ by Raman micro‐spectroscopy and electrochemical polarisation. Part I: near‐resonance enhancement of the Raman spectra of iron oxide and oxyhydroxide compounds
Authors: Nieuwoudt M. K. , Comins J. D. , Cukrowski I.
Published: December 2010

Raman spectroscopy, in principle, is an excellent technique for the study of molecular species developed on metal surfaces during electrochemical investigations. However, the use of the more common laser wavelengths such as the 514.5‐nm line results in spectra of less than optimal intensity, particularly for iron oxide compounds. In the present work, near‐resonance enhancement of the Raman spectra was investigated for the iron oxide and iron oxyhydroxide compounds previously reported to be present in the passive film on iron, using a tuneable dye laser producing excitation wavelengths between 560 and 637 nm. These compounds were hematite (α‐Fe2O3), maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), goethite (α‐FeOOH), akaganeite (β‐FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ‐FeOOH) and feroxyhyte (δ‐FeOOH). Optimum enhancement, when compared to that with the 514.5‐nm line, was obtained for all the iron oxide and oxyhydroxide standard samples in the low wavenumber region (<1000 cm−1) using an excitation wavelength of 636.4 nm. Particularly significant enhancement was obtained for lepidocrocite, hematite and goethite. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of molecular images as defined by Raman spectra between normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity
Authors: Guze K. , Short M. , Zeng H. , Lerman M. , Sonis S.
Published: December 2010

Raman spectroscopy has been effectively applied to clinically differentiate normal and cancerous mucosal tissues. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy provides a tool to better understand the molecular basis for the Raman clinical signal. The objective of the current study was to utilize micro‐Raman spectroscopy to define the molecular/spectral differences between normal and abnormal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in oral mucosa (in vitro). Understanding this may help in identifying unique spectra or may be useful for in vivo application of this technology. Micro‐Raman (confocal) spectroscopy was used to obtain molecular images of normal and SCC cells of human oral mucosa. Four fresh flashed‐frozen tumor and four matched normal tongue specimens were studied. The spectra covered a wavenumber range from 300 to 4000 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of 8 cm−1 and a spatial resolution of 1.0 µm. The cells were located within thin sections of tongue mucosa biopsies. The excitation wavelength of 515 nm was used. We were able to obtain Raman images with rich information about the spectroscopic and structural features within the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cell nuclei. Significant spectral differences were observed between the Raman images of normal and malignant squamous cells. The heterogeneity of tumor cells within the abnormal tissue was also demonstrated. Spectral differences demonstrated between both tissue types have provided important information regarding the origins of specific signals within the cells of each tissue type. In our search for specific spectral biomarkers, we believe that a cell surface protein, greatly upregulated in SCC cells, was discovered at 1583 cm−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic value of FDG‐PET for lymph node metastasis and outcome of surgery for biliary cancer
Authors: Kobayashi Shogo , Nagano Hiroaki , Hoshino Hiromitsu , Wada Hiroshi , Marubashi Shigeru , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Takeda Yutaka , Tanemura Masahiro , Kim Tonsok , Shimosegawa Eku , Hatazawa Jun , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki
Published: December 2010

Background and Objectives

Histopathologically confirmed lymph node metastasis is a prognostic factor in the surgical treatment of biliary tract cancer, however, preoperative diagnosis is still difficult even with computed tomography. FDG‐PET has been used for the diagnosis of cancer and metastatic lesions. Herein, we retrospectively evaluated the utility of FDG‐PET for detection of lymph node metastasis in biliary tract cancer.

Methods

We measured SUVmax at each 190 surgically dissected lymph node area in 36 patients, and compared the values with histopathological diagnosis. The cutoff values for SUVmax were defined from the ROC curve and the mean plus two standard deviations then used for detection of metastatic lymph node and prognostic value, compared with CT diagnosis.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of FDG‐PET were better than CT diagnosis (86%, 74%, 43% for SUVmax ≥ 2.0, and 37%, 97%, 72% for SUVmax ≥ 2.8, respectively). There was no relationship between SUVmax and CT‐determined lymph node dimensions. The presence of SUVmax ≥ 2.8 lymph nodes was an independent determinant of prognosis after surgical treatment.

Conclusion

The detection of metastatic lymph nodes by FDG‐PET is limited, but better than CT. SUVmax for lymph nodes seems useful for clinical decision‐making regarding treatment strategy including surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:223–229. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathologic analysis of adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder
Authors: Kim Woo Seok , Jang Kee‐Taek , Choi Dong Wook , Choi Seoung Ho , Heo Jin Seok , You Dong Do , Lee Hyung Geun
Published: December 2010

Backgrounds and Objectives

Adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma (AS/SCC) of the gallbladder is rarely encountered and accounts for 1.4–10.6% of all gallbladder carcinomas (GBCs). This study was conducted to investigate the clinicopathologic features of AS/SCC of gallbladder.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed 16 cases of pathologically proven AS/SCC of the gallbladder among 404 patients who underwent surgery for GBC from October 1994 to March 2009. Forty‐eight conventional GBC patients were selected as controls after matching for age and gender.

Results

Mean patient age was 60.2 years and half were male. Tumor stages in the case group were significantly more advanced than the control group (P < 0.001). R0 resection rates in cases and controls were 50% and 81.2% (P = 0.022). Overall 1‐year survival in the case group was significantly poorer than in the control group (18.8% vs. 87.3%, P < 0.001). However, no significant difference in disease‐free survival rates was found between cases and controls after R0 resection (P = 0.072).

Conclusions

AS/SCC of the gallbladder is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which results in non‐curative surgical resection and a poorer prognosis than conventional GBC. However, curative surgical resection of AS/SCC of the gallbladder might result in disease‐free survival rates that are comparable with those of conventional GBC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:239–242. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen sulphide: novel opportunity for drug discovery
Authors: Martelli Alma , Testai Lara , Breschi Maria Cristina , Blandizzi Corrado , Virdis Agostino , Taddei Stefano , Calderone Vincenzo
Published: December 2010

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is emerging as an important endogenous modulator, which exhibits the beneficial effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the cardiovascular (CV) system, without producing toxic metabolites. H2S is biosynthesized in mammalian tissues by cystathionine‐β‐synthase and cystathionine‐γ‐lyase. H2S exhibits the antioxidant properties of inorganic and organic sulphites, behaving as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species. There is also clear evidence that H2S triggers other important effects, mainly mediated by the activation of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels (KATP). This mechanism accounts for the vasorelaxing and cardioprotective effects of H2S. Furthermore, H2S inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and platelet aggregation. In non‐CV systems, H2S regulates the functions of the central nervous system, as well as respiratory, gastroenteric, and endocrine systems. Conversely, H2S deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Likewise, impairment of H2S biosynthesis is involved in CV complications associated with diabetes mellitus. There is also evidence of a cross‐talk between the H2S and the endothelial NO pathways. In particular, recent observations indicate a possible pathogenic link between deficiencies of H2S activity and the progress of endothelial dysfunction. These biological aspects of endogenous H2S have led several authors to look at this mediator as “the new NO” that has given attractive opportunities to develop innovative classes of drugs. In this review, the main biological actions of H2S are discussed. Moreover, some examples of H2S‐donors are shown, as well as some hybrids, in which H2S‐releasing moieties are added to well‐known drugs, for improving their pharmacodynamic profile or reducing the potential for adverse effects, are reported.
NMR spectral assignments of two sterols from a soft coral Sinularia brassica
Authors: Ou Yun‐Fu , Xu Shi‐Hai , Yin Ping‐He , Peng Cai‐Hua , Liao Liu
Published: December 2010

Two new steroids, named 4α,22‐dimethyl‐Cholest‐22‐en‐3β‐ol (1) and 4α‐methyl‐Cholest‐7,22‐dien‐3β‐ol (2), along with two known steroids, were isolated from the soft coral Sinularia brassica. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data (MS, 1H and 13C NMR, 1H1H COSY, 13C1H COSY, HMBC and NOESY) analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability in geomechanics, experimental and numerical analyses
Authors: Laouafa F. , Prunier F. , Daouadji A. , Gali H. Al , Darve F.
Published: December 2010

One of the main onsequences of the nonassociative character of plastic strains in geomaterials is the existence of failure states strictly inside the Mohr–Coulomb plastic limit surface. This point is first emphasized by considering proportional strain loading paths as generalizations of the classical undrained triaxial path. It is shown that the sign of the second‐order work is a proper criterion for analyzing these particular failure states. Then, experimental results and theoretical curves (obtained from an incrementally nonlinear constitutive relation) are compared for the case of proportional stress paths in axisymmetric conditions. Main features of the second‐order work criterion are identified, such as the existence of a bifurcation domain together with a number of instability cones inside the Mohr–Coulomb surface. Furthermore, decomposing the second‐order work into its isotropic and deviatoric parts makes it possible to compare each of the respective contributions to material instability. Finally, a heuristic boundary value problem is simulated via finite element modelling. A spectral analysis of the symmetric part of the stiffness matrix is conducted to extract the first vanishing eigenvalue and its associated eigenvector. It is found that the displacement field related to this eigenvector appears to be very close to the displacement computed just before global numerical breakdown signalling an effective failure. A plausible explanation is that, considering a material point, the flow rule at the boundary of the bifurcation domain almost coincides with the one describing the failure mechanism on the Mohr–Coulomb plastic limit surface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct to consumer advertising versus disease awareness advertising: consumer perspectives from down under
Authors: Hall Danika Valerie , Jones Sandra Carol , Hoek Janet
Published: December 2010

At present, only the United States and New Zealand allow direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription medicine. In other countries where DTCA is not allowed, including Australia and the United Kingdom, pharmaceutical companies undertake disease awareness advertising (DAA). In DAA, advertisements do not name a drug directly, but provide general information about diseases and treatments, and encourage consumers to talk to their doctor. Similar debate surrounds these two forms of advertising, yet while past research has explored consumers' attitudes and behaviour in response to DTCA, little consideration has been given to DAA. This paper compares Australian consumers' perceptions of DAA with New Zealand consumers' perceptions of DTCA. Despite differences in the type and extent of advertising, respondents perceived similar benefits including heightened awareness of treatment options and improved discussions with doctors. New Zealand respondents associated many negative outcomes with DTCA including unbalanced information, inappropriate requests to doctors and consumer confusion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic review of studies on psychosocial late effects of childhood cancer: Structures of society and methodological pitfalls may challenge the conclusions
Authors: Lund Lasse Wegener , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Rechnitzer Catherine , Johansen Christoffer
Published: December 2010

High survival rates after childhood cancer raise attention to possible psychosocial late effects. We focus on predictors of psychosocial outcomes based on diagnosis, treatment, demography, somatic disease, and methodological problems. Overall, survivors evaluate their health‐related quality of life to be normal or even better than controls, although virtually all diagnostic subgroups report psychosocial impairment. Central nervous system tumor survivors have significant psychosocial problems. Negative outcomes were associated with cranial radiation therapy, female gender, and young age at diagnosis. Significant methodological problems hamper current knowledge. Systematic registration of psychosocial and somatic problems at diagnosis and prospectively through protocols is needed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:532–543. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anionic alternating copolymerization of epoxide and six‐membered lactone bearing naphthyl moiety
Authors: Sudo Atsushi , Zhang Yuan , Endo Takeshi
Published: December 2010

This article describes the anionic copolymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) and 1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyran‐3‐one (DHNP), a six‐membered aromatic lactone bearing naphthyl moiety. The copolymerization proceeded in a 1:1 alternating manner, to afford the corresponding polyester. The ester linkage in the main chain was cleavable by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride to give the corresponding diol that inherited the structure of the alternating sequence. The copolymerization ability of DHNP permitted its addition as a comonomer to an imidazole‐initiated polymerization of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. The resulting networked polymer, of which main chain was endowed with the DHNP‐derived rigid naphthalene moieties, showed a higher glass transition temperature than that obtained similarly with using 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin (DHCM) as a comonomer, an analogous aromatic lactone bearing phenylene moiety instead of naphthalene moiety of DHNP. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Highly fluorinated low‐molecular‐weight photoresists for optical waveguides
Authors: Wan Ying , Fei Xu , Shi Zuosen , Hu Juan , Zhang Xiaolong , Zhao Lisha , Chen Changming , Cui Zhanchen , Zhang Daming
Published: December 2010

A series of highly fluorinated polymers were synthesized by copolymerization of 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorostyrene (PFS) and fluorinated styrene derivate monomer (FSDM). Their chemical structure were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 19F NMR spectra. The refractive index and cross‐linking density of the polymers can be tuned and controlled by monitoring the feed ratio of comonomers. A series of negative‐type low‐molecular‐weight fluorinated photoresists (NFPs) were prepared by composing of fluorinated polystyrene derivates (FPSDs), diphenyl iodonium salt as a photoacid generator (PAG) and solvent. The polymer films prepared from NFP by photocuring exhibited excellent chemical resistance and thermal stabilities (Td ranged from 230.5 to 258.1 °C). A clear negative pattern was obtained through direct UV exposure and chemical development. For waveguides without upper cladding, the propagation loss of the channel waveguides was measured to be 0.25 dB/cm at 1550 nm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Optical properties of chiral nematic side‐chain copolymers bearing cholesteryl and azobenzene building blocks
Authors: Liu Jui‐Hsiang , Chou Yen‐Ling , Balamurugan Rathinam , Tien Kai‐Hsin , Chuang Wen‐Tung , Wu Ming‐Zu
Published: December 2010

Thermotropic chiral nematic (N*) side‐chain copolymers (CPs) bearing cholesteryl and azobenzene units were synthesized to investigate the structure–property relationships of the acrylates of the chiral, achiral, and photochromic monomers of free radical polymerization‐derived polymers. The polar effect of chlorine substitution on the benzene ring of the chiral monomer (M3*) widened the mesophase transition temperature only at the monomer level, but no remarkable effect on the mesomorphic, optical or thermochromism of the corresponding CPs was observed. An examination of the CPs prepared using differential scanning calorimetry and hot‐stage polarizing microscopy showed that all the CPs exhibited a cholesteric nematic phase (N*), and increasing the content of the cholesteryl units in the CPs displayed only the N* phase over a much wider temperature range. On cooling from the isotropic melt of N* CPs, selective reflections of visible light that changed from short to long wavelengths were observed. The photolysis of CPs revealed that CP1–CP4 undergo reversible photoisomerization and that CP5 and CP6 undergo irreversible photoisomerization. The rate of isomerization depends on the type (NN, CHCH, and both) and content of photochromic units in the CPs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Optical characterization of pristine poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) films
Authors: Morfa Anthony J. , Barnes Teresa M. , Ferguson Andrew J. , Levi Dean H. , Rumbles Garry , Rowlen Kathy L. , van de Lagemaat Jao
Published: December 2010

We describe a comprehensive model for the optical properties of pristine films of poly‐(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The presented model is anisotropic with the optical axis normal to the substrate plane, which is consistent with previous x‐ray diffraction studies that show preferential edge‐on packing of the polymer chains on the substrate. Peak locations and spacings are defined using a Huang‐Rhys vibronic progression consistent with known phonon energies. We demonstrate that the model fits variable‐angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and normal‐incidence transmission data well, and accurately predicts angle‐ and polarization‐dependent transmission and reflection data. The spectral features of the optical constants used in the model are in excellent agreement with published spectroscopic data on P3HT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Fracture of model polyurethane elastomeric networks
Authors: Cristiano Antonella , Marcellan Alba , Keestra Bert J. , Steeman Paul , Creton Costantino
Published: December 2010

Fracture properties of model elastomeric networks of polyurethane have been investigated with a double‐edge notch geometry. The networks were synthesized from monodisperse end‐functionalized polypropylene glycol precursors and a trifunctional isocyanate. All reagents were carefully purified and nearly defect‐free ideal networks were prepared at a stoichiometry very close to the theoretical one. Three networks were prepared: an unentangled network of short chains (Mn = 4 kg mol−1), an entangled network of longer chains (Mn = 8 kg mol−1) and a bimodal network with 8 kg mol−1 and 1 kg mol−1 chains. The presence of entanglements was found to increase significantly the toughness of the rubber, in particular at room temperature, relative to the bimodal networks and to the short chains network. Fracture experiments were carried out at different strain rates and temperatures and showed for all three networks a marked decrease in fracture toughness with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate which mirrored reasonably well the rate and temperature dependence of tan δ, the dissipative factor. However the proportionality factor between tan δ, and GIC was very material dependent and the shift factors obtained for the master curves of the viscoelastic properties could not be used to build fracture energy master curves. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Magnetic‐field influence on magnetization dependence of temperature in Cu56Ga27Mn17 annealed microwires
Authors: García C. , Vega V. , Prida V. M. , Santos J. D. , Suñol J. J. , Ross C. A. , Hernando B.
Published: December 2010

Glass‐coated Cu56Ga27Mn17 magnetic microwires, resulting from thermal annealing at 523 K for 1 h, have been structural and magnetically characterized. The crystalline structure shows the coexistence of four crystalline phases: a hexagonal phase with a = b = 0.4536 nm and c = 0.8386 nm lattice parameters, a cubic B2 one having a lattice parameter a = 0.29208 nm, a second fcc Cu‐rich minority phase with a = 0.3592 nm, and a monoclinic CuO appearing at the sample surface. ZFC–FC–FH thermomagnetic curves performed at different applied magnetic fields in the CuGaMn microwires annealed at 523 K, show a clear coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases with a Curie temperature around 150 K for the major phase while that corresponding to the second one is above room temperature. The field effect on ZFC–FC–FH magnetization behavior displays that the increase in the applied field modifies and shifts two peaks observed in the ZFC curve, also reducing the thermal hysteresis between FC and FH curves existent in the applied field range of 50–500 Oe. The magnetization behavior exhibited by the CuGaMn annealed microwires depending on the temperature range and magnetic field value will be discussed on the basis of the coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions.
Direct analysis of cellulose in poplar stem by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Jung Seokwon , Chen Yanfeng , Sullards M. Cameron , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: December 2010

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI‐IMS) was applied to the analysis of the spatial distribution of cellulose on a cross‐section of juvenile poplar (Populus deltoids) stems. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used to optimize matrix (2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid) application and instrument parameters for the detection of low hexose oligomers, which originated from cellulose in the solid phase. A section of poplar cellulose isolated from juvenile poplar stem which consisted primarily of glucose (∼95%) and minor components such as xylose and lignin was used for the MALDI‐IMS studies. The mass spectrum of poplar cellulose consisted of a series of evenly spaced signals having a difference of 162 m/zunits, which was similar to that of MCC in linear and reflectron positive ion modes. MS images of cellulose compounds with sodium ion adducts were generated and illustrated the distribution of cellulose on the surface of the poplar stem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation of the tryptophan cluster [Trp9–2H]2− induced by different activation methods
Authors: Feketeová Linda , Khairallah George N. , Brunet Claire , Lemoine Jérôme , Antoine Rodolphe , Dugourd Philippe , O'Hair Richard A.J.
Published: December 2010

Electrospray ionization (ESI) of tryptophan gives rise to multiply charged, non‐covalent tryptophan cluster anions, [Trpn–xH]x−, in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer, as confirmed by high‐resolution experiments performed on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometer. The smallest multiply charged clusters that can be formed in the linear ion trap as a function of charge state are: x = 2, n = 7; x = 3, n = 16; x = 4, n = 31. The fragmentation of the dianionic cluster [Trp9–2H]2− was examined via low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID), ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) at 266 nm and electron‐induced dissociation (EID) at electron energies ranging from >0 to 30 eV. CID proceeds mostly via charge separation and evaporation of neutral tryptophan. The smallest doubly charged cluster that can be formed via evaporation of neutral tryptophans is [Trp7–2H]2−, consistent with the observation of this cluster in the ESI mass spectrum. UVPD gives singly charged tryptophan clusters ranging from n = 2 to n = 9. The latter ion arises from ejection of an electron to give the radical anion cluster, [Trp9–2H]−.. The types of gas‐phase EID reactions observed are dependent on the energy of the electrons. Loss of neutral tryptophan is an important channel at lower energies, with the smallest doubly charged ion, [Trp7–2H]2−, being observed at 19.8 eV. Coulomb explosion starts to occur at 19.8 eV to form the singly charged cluster ions [Trpx–H]− (x = 1–8) via highly asymmetric fission. At 21.8 eV a small amount of [Trp2–H–NH3]− is observed. Thus CID, UVPD and EID are complementary techniques for the study of the fragmentation reactions of cluster ions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of metal‐labelled peptides by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Gregorius Barbara , Schaumlöffel Dirk , Hildebrandt Andreas , Tholey Andreas
Published: December 2010

Metal labelling of peptides and proteins using high‐affinity metal‐chelating compounds has found widespread applications in the medical and bioanalytical fields. In the present study we investigated the analysis of peptides derivatized either with cysteine‐ or amino group‐directed metal‐bound DOTA (1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid) chelators in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). The metal complexes of DOTA were shown to be stable under MALDI‐MS conditions. The introduction of the metal label led in a number of cases to significantly increased signal‐to‐noise (S/N) values and thus improved sensitivity of the labelled peptides compared to their unlabelled counterparts, especially for multiply labelled peptides. The presence of the labels did alter the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) behaviour, namely the formation of sequence specific a‐, b‐ and y‐ion series, in dependence of the position of the label within the peptide sequence. For cysteine‐derivatized peptides several label‐specific reporter ions and characteristic immonium ions could be identified. Amino‐directed labelling led only to the formation of characteristic immonium ions in ε‐amino groups of lysine, whereas N‐terminal labelling in some cases led to the formation of a1‐ and b1‐ions. The results clearly show that MALDI‐MS is suitable for the analysis of metal‐labelled peptides, which was also confirmed in liquid chromatography (LC)/MALDI‐based identification of proteins in a model protein mixture labelled with Cys‐reactive DOTA. Here, in comparison to a run with alkylated cysteines, more than 50% more cysteine‐containing peptides were identified. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olive oil or lard?: Distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Steele Valerie J. , Stern Ben , Stott Andy W.
Published: December 2010

Distinguishing animal fats from plant oils in archaeological residues is not straightforward. Characteristic plant sterols, such as β‐sitosterol, are often missing in archaeological samples and specific biomarkers do not exist for most plant fats. Identification is usually based on a range of characteristics such as fatty acid ratios, all of which indicate that a plant oil may be present, none of which uniquely distinguish plant oils from other fats. Degradation and dissolution during burial alter fatty acid ratios and remove short‐chain fatty acids, resulting in degraded plant oils with similar fatty acid profiles to other degraded fats.

Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis of δ13C18:0 and δ13C16:0, carried out by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), has provided a means of distinguishing fish oils, dairy fats, ruminant and non‐ruminant adipose fats, but plant oils are rarely included in these analyses. For modern plant oils where C18:1 is abundant, δ13C18:1 and δ13C16:0 are usually measured. These results cannot be compared with archaeological data or data from other modern reference fats where δ13C18:0 and δ13C16:0 are measured, as C18:0 and C18:1 are formed by different processes resulting in different isotopic values.

Eight samples of six modern plant oils were saponified, releasing sufficient C18:0 to measure the isotopic values, which were plotted against δ13C16:0. The isotopic values for these oils, with one exception, formed a tight cluster between ruminant and non‐ruminant animal fats. This result complicates the interpretation of mixed fatty residues in geographical areas where both animal fats and plant oils were in use. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiring‐based frameworks for trust propagation in small‐world networks and coalition formation criteria
Authors: Bistarelli S. , Foley S.N. , O'Sullivan B. , Santini F.
Published: December 2010

Multitrust provides a flexible approach to encoding trust metrics whereby definitions for trust propagation and aggregation are specified in terms of a semiring. Determining the degree of trust between principals across a trust network (TN) is, in turn, programmed as a (semiring‐based) soft‐constraint satisfaction problem. In this paper, we consider the use of semiring‐based metrics in reasoning about trust between coalition‐forming principals. The configurable nature of multitrust makes it well‐suited to modeling trust within coalitions: whether adding more principals to a coalition increases trust or decreases trust is captured by the definition of trust aggregation within the semiring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the choice of the appropriate AES data encryption method for ZigBee nodes
Authors: Ottoy G. , Hamelinckx T. , Preneel B. , De Strycker L. , Goemaere J.‐P.
Published: December 2010

This paper describes the experiments that have been conducted to determine the optimal implementation method for AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) data encryption in a ZigBee network in terms of energy consumption. Four possible scenarios have been considered. The first one is a freely available AES‐cryptographic algorithm on the processor which controls the ZigBee nodes. The second also involves the processor but is based on a proprietary, highly optimized algorithm. The other methods are based on hardware implementations. Whereas the third option is based on a cryptographic block, embedded in the ZigBee node controller, the last solution utilizes an AES128‐CBC‐MAC hardware co‐processor embedded on a Spartan 3A FPGA. The ZigBee modules in the network contain an 8‐bit microcontroller which takes care of the ZigBee protocol stack—and the encryption calculations in all but the last case. All approaches are examined and compared. We show that the usage of a microcontroller with an on‐board AES processor is the optimal design choice for a new hardware platform. An optimized software library gives the best results when extending an existing platform. This paper gives developers an idea of the amount of energy they can gain/lose by choosing one of the four solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourniquet Use in Upper Limb Surgery
Authors: Oragui Emeka , Parsons Antony , White Thomas , Longo Umile Giuseppe , Khan Wasim Sardar
Published: December 2010

Tourniquets are compressive devices that occlude venous and arterial blood flow to limbs and are commonly used in upper limb surgery. With the potential risk of complications, there is some debate as to whether tourniquets should continue to be routinely used. In this review, we first look at the different designs, principles, and practical considerations associated with the use of tourniquets in the upper limb. The modern pneumatic tourniquet has many design features that enhance its safety profile. Current literature suggests that the risk of tourniquet-related complications can be significantly reduced by selecting cuff inflation pressures based on the limb occlusion pressure, and by a better understanding of the actual level of pressure within the soft tissue, and the effects of cuff width and contour. The evidence behind tourniquet time, placement, and limb exsanguination is also discussed as well as special considerations in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, vascular calcification, sickle cell disease and obesity. We also provide an evidence-based review of the variety of local and systemic complications that may arise from the use of upper limb tourniquets including pain, leakage, and nerve, muscle, and skin injuries. The evidence in the literature suggests that upper limb tourniquets are beneficial in promoting optimum surgical conditions and modern tourniquet use is associated with a low rate of adverse events. With the improvement in knowledge and technology, the incidence of adverse events should continue to decrease. We recommend the use of tourniquets in upper limb surgery where no contraindications exist.
Early experience with medial femoral tension band plating in idiopathic genu valgum
Authors: Guzman Humberto , Yaszay Burt , Scott Vanessa P. , Bastrom Tracey P. , Mubarak Scott J.
Published: December 2010

Purpose

For correction of angular deformity, tension band plating has been proposed as a safe and minimally invasive technique. The purpose of this study was to assess the experiences and report the rate of correction obtained with this procedure in patients with idiopathic genu valgum.

Methods

This study was a retrospective review of 47 valgus deformities of the knee treated with medial hemiepiphysiodesis using a tension band plate. The tibiofemoral angle (TFA) and the anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) were assessed on anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of the lower extremity taken at multiple time intervals. The values were charted to determine the change in orientation of the joint surface over time. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correction over time. A subanalysis was performed evaluating the effect of age and the number of plates utilized.

Results

A total of 47 deformities in 25 patients were reviewed. The average time of follow-up from index surgery was 12.7 months, with an average correction of 0.96° every 3 months or 3.8° per year. The aLDFA corrected at a faster rate in knees with two plates per hemiepiphysiodesis than those with one plate, 4.2° and 3.3° per year, respectively ( P = 0.035). Girls <11 years of age and boys <13 years of age corrected at a rate of 4.5°, while older children corrected at a rate of 3.4° per year ( P = 0.39). There were no complications or instrumentation breakages.

Conclusion

Hemiepiphysiodesis with tension band plating provides an effective and predictable correction of idiopathic genu valgum. Two plates appear to provide a greater rate of correction. There is also a trend toward faster correction in younger patients as well.
Party Affiliation, Partisanship, and Political Beliefs: A Field Experiment
Authors: GERBER ALAN S. , HUBER GREGORY A. , WASHINGTON EBONYA
Published: December 2010

Partisanship is strongly correlated with attitudes and behavior, but it is unclear from this pattern whether partisan identity has a causal effect on political behavior and attitudes. We report the results of a field experiment that investigates the causal effect of party identification. Prior to the February 2008 Connecticut presidential primary, researchers sent a mailing to a random sample of unaffiliated registered voters who, in a pretreatment survey, leaned toward a political party. The mailing informed the subjects that only voters registered with a party were able to participate in the upcoming presidential primary. Subjects were surveyed again in June 2008. Comparing posttreatment survey responses to subjects’ baseline survey responses, we find that those reminded of the need to register with a party were more likely to identify with a party and showed stronger partisanship. Further, we find that the treatment group also demonstrated greater concordance than the control group between their pretreatment latent partisanship and their posttreatment reported voting behavior and intentions and evaluations of partisan figures. Thus, our treatment, which appears to have caused a strengthening of partisan identity, also appears to have caused a shift in subjects’ candidate preferences and evaluations of salient political figures. This finding is consistent with the claim that partisanship is an active force changing how citizens behave in and perceive the political world.
Proceedings of the Rank Forum on Vitamin D
Authors: Lanham-New S. A. , Buttriss J. L. , Miles L. M. , Ashwell M. , Berry J. L. , Boucher B. J. , Cashman K. D. , Cooper C. , Darling A. L. , Francis R. M. , Fraser W. D. , de Groot C. P. G. M. , Hyppönen E. , Kiely M. , Lamberg-Allardt C. , Macdonald H. M. , Martineau A. R. , Masud T. , Mavroeidi A. , Nowson C. , Prentice A. , Stone E. M. , Reddy S. , Vieth R. , Williams C. M.
Published: December 2010

The Rank Forum on Vitamin D was held on 2nd and 3rd July 2009 at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. The workshop consisted of a series of scene-setting presentations to address the current issues and challenges concerning vitamin D and health, and included an open discussion focusing on the identification of the concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (a marker of vitamin D status) that may be regarded as optimal, and the implications this process may have in the setting of future dietary reference values for vitamin D in the UK. The Forum was in agreement with the fact that it is desirable for all of the population to have a serum 25(OH)D concentration above 25 nmol/l, but it discussed some uncertainty about the strength of evidence for the need to aim for substantially higher concentrations (25(OH)D concentrations>75 nmol/l). Any discussion of ‘optimal’ concentration of serum 25(OH)D needs to define ‘optimal’ with care since it is important to consider the normal distribution of requirements and the vitamin D needs for a wide range of outcomes. Current UK reference values concentrate on the requirements of particular subgroups of the population; this differs from the approaches used in other European countries where a wider range of age groups tend to be covered. With the re-emergence of rickets and the public health burden of low vitamin D status being already apparent, there is a need for urgent action from policy makers and risk managers. The Forum highlighted concerns regarding the failure of implementation of existing strategies in the UK for achieving current vitamin D recommendations.