bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parent/Child Training to Increase Preteens' Calcium, Physical Activity, and Bone Density: A Controlled Trial
Authors: Hovell Melbourne F. , Nichols Jeanne F. , Irvin Veronica L. , Schmitz Katharine E. , Rock Cheryl L. , Hofstetter C. Richard , Keating Kristen , Stark Lori J.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To test effects of parent/child training designed to increase calcium intake, bone-loading physical activity (PA), and bone density.

Design.

Two-group randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

Family-based intervention delivered at research center.

Subjects.

117 healthy children aged 10–13 years (58.1% female, 42.7% Hispanic, 40.2% White). Ninety-seven percent of participants had at least one parent graduate from high school and 37.2 % had at least one parent graduate from a 4-year university.

Intervention.

Children and parents were randomly assigned to diet and exercise (experimental) or injury prevention (control) interventions. Children were taught in eight weekly classes how to engage in bone-loading PA and eat calcium-rich foods or avoid injuries. Parents were taught behavior management techniques to modify children's behaviors.

Measures.

Measures at baseline and at 3, 9, and 12 months included 24-hour diet and PA recalls, and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Analysis.

Analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations (GEE) assessed group by time differences. Comparisons were conducted separately for boys and girls.

Results.

For boys, cross-sectional differences between experimental and control groups were achieved for 3- and 9-month calcium intake (1352 vs. 1052 mg/day, 1298 vs. 970 mg/day, p < .05). For girls, marginal cross-sectional differences were achieved for high-impact PA at 12 months (p < .10). For calcium intake, a significant group by time interaction was observed from pretest to posttest for the full sample (p = .008) and for girls (p = .006) but not for boys. No significant group by time differences in calcium were observed across the follow-up period. No group by time differences were observed for high-impact PA. Among boys, longitudinal group by time differences reached significance for total hip BMD (p = .045) and femoral neck BMD (p = .033), even after adjusting for skeletal growth. Similar differential increases were observed among boys for bone mineral content (BMC) at the hip (p = .068) and total body (p = .054) regions. No significant group by time interaction effects were observed for girls at any bone site for BMD. For BMC, control girls showed a significant increase (p = .03) in spine BMC compared to intervention girls.

Conclusion.

This study demonstrated that parent/preteen training can increase calcium intake and attenuate the decline in high-impact PA. Results suggest that more powerful interventions are needed to increase activity levels and maximize bone mineral accrual during preadolescent years.
Assessing satellite-based precipitation estimates in the Southern Appalachian mountains using rain gauges and TRMM PR
Authors: Prat O. P. , Barros A. P.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. A study was performed using the first full year of rain gauge records from a newly deployed network in the Southern Appalachian mountains. This is a region characterized by complex topography with orographic rainfall enhancement up to 300% over small distances (<8 km). Rain gauge observations were used to assess precipitation estimates from the Precipitation Radar (PR) on board of the TRMM satellite, specifically the TRMM PR 2A25 precipitation product. Results show substantial differences between annual records and isolated events (e.g. tropical storm Fay). An overall bias of −27% was found between TRMM PR 2A25 rain rate and rain gauge rain rates for the complete one year of study (−59% for tropical storm Fay). Besides differences observed for concurrent observations by the satellite and the rain gauges, a large number of rainfall events is detected independently by either one of the observing systems alone (rain gauges: 50% of events are missed by TRMM PR; TRMM PR: 20% of events are not detected by the rain gauges), especially for light rainfall conditions (0.1–2mm/h) that account for more than 80% of all the missed satellite events. An exploratory investigation using a microphysical model along with TRMM reflectivity factors at selected heights was conducted to determine the shape of the drop size distribution (DSD) that can be applied to reduce the difference between TRMM estimates and rain gauge observations. The results suggest that the critical DSD parameter is the number concentration of very small drops. For tropical storm Fay an increase of one order of magnitude in the number of small drops is apparently needed to capture the observed rainfall rate regardless of the value of the measured reflectivity. This is consistent with DSD observations that report high concentrations of small and/or midsize drops in the case of tropical storms.
Estimation of surface soil moisture and roughness from multi-angular ASAR imagery in the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER)
Authors: Wang S. G. , Li X. , Han X. J. , Jin R.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Radar remote sensing has demonstrated its applicability to the retrieval of basin-scale soil moisture. The mechanism of radar backscattering from soils is complicated and strongly influenced by surface roughness. Furthermore, retrieval of soil moisture using AIEM-like models is a classic example of the underdetermined problem due to a lack of credible known soil roughness distributions at a regional scale. Characterization of this roughness is therefore crucial for an accurate derivation of soil moisture based on backscattering models. This study aims to directly obtain surface roughness information along with soil moisture from multi-angular ASAR images. The method first used a semi-empirical relationship that connects the roughness slope (Zs) and the difference in backscattering coefficient (Δσ) from ASAR data in different incidence angles, in combination with an optimal calibration form consisting of two roughness parameters (the standard deviation of surface height and the correlation length), to estimate the roughness parameters. The deduced surface roughness was then used in the AIEM model for the retrieval of soil moisture. An evaluation of the proposed method was performed in a grassland site in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin, where the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER) was taken place. It has demonstrated that the method is feasible to achieve reliable estimation of soil water content. The key challenge to surface soil moisture retrieval is the presence of vegetation cover, which significantly impacts the estimates of surface roughness and soil moisture.
Production of Xylenes from Toluene and 1,2,4‐Trimethylbenzene over ZSM‐5 and Mordenite Catalysts in a Fluidized‐Bed Reactor
Authors: Aitani A. M. , Ali A. M. , Waziri S. M. , Al‐Khattaf S.
Published: June 2010

The production of various xylenes from toluene, heavy aromatics such as 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene (1,2,4‐TMB) and their mixture was investigated over H‐ZSM‐5 (H‐Z), H‐mordenite (H‐M) and a dual zeolitic catalyst comprising ZSM‐5 and mordenite (H‐ZM). The experiments were conducted in a riser‐simulator reactor under different operating conditions to study the effect of temperature, reaction time and feed composition on conversion and product yields. At 400 °C, the conversion of toluene over the three catalysts yielded mainly benzene and xylenes with maximum conversion at 25 % and a xylene yield of 12.5 wt % over the H‐M catalyst. The transformation of 1,2,4‐TMB doubled the conversion level and xylene yield and suppressed benzene formation. However, a considerable portion of the 1,2,4‐TMB feed was isomerized into 1,2,3‐TMB and 1,3,5‐TMB accompanied by the formation of tetramethylbenzenes (TeMBs). The conversion of an equimolar mixture of toluene and 1,2,4‐TMB over the three catalysts resulted in higher toluene conversion and double xylene yield in comparison with 1,2,4‐TMB alone. The advantage of using a dual zeolitic catalyst was observed at an equimolar feed of toluene and 1,2,4‐TMB, exhibiting maximum toluene conversion, higher xylene yield and the formation of lower levels of undesirable products.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Dysiherbaine, a Novel Neuroexcitotoxic Amino Acid.
Authors: Sasaki Makoto , Koike Tatsuki , Sakai Ryuichi , Tachibana Kazuo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Formal Synthesis of Reserpine: Hydrindane Approach to the Woodward′s Ring‐E Precursor.
Authors: Mehta Goverdhan , Reddy D. Srinivasa
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Pericyclic Cascade to the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 9‐cis‐Retinoids.
Authors: Iglesias Beatriz , Torrado Alicia , de Lera Angel R. , Lopez Susana
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Alkaloids Using the Allyl Derivatives of Boron
Authors: Bubnov Yu. N. , Klimkina E. V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Conversion of Acylsilanes to Esters Mediated by Iron(III) and Nitrate Ions.
Authors: Patrocinio Amauri F. , Moran Paulo J. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Syntheses and Ring‐Opening Reactions of trans‐ and cis‐Oxazoline‐5‐carboxylates.
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hyeup , Yoon Juyoung , Nakamura Kensuke , Lee Yoon‐Sik
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiopyran Route to Polypropionates: Aldol Diastereoselectivity of Linear and Two‐Directional Iterative Homologations.
Authors: Ward Dale E. , Guo Cheng , Sasmal Pradip K. , Man Chuk C. , Sales Marcelo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Affinity Labeling at the 4‐Hydroxyl Group of N‐Acetylglucosamine and N‐Acetylgalactosamine.
Authors: Moule Christie J. , Clements Peter R. , Hopwood John J. , Crisp Geoffrey T.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalysis: A Ligand′s Eye View
Authors: Handy Scott T.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heat‐Accumulating Properties of Melts
Authors: Gasanealiev A. M. , Gamataeva B. Yu
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fermentative Herstellung von L‐Lysin‐L‐lactat mittels Fraktionierungssäften aus der Grünen Bioraffinerie
Authors: Leiß S. , Kamm B. , Venus J.
Published: June 2010

Milchsäure ist eine Plattformchemikalie für eine zukünftig biobasierte Stoffwirtschaft. Aminiumlactate fungieren als Intermediate für die Herstellung von Milchsäurefolgeprodukten wie Dilactid. Im Artikel wird gezeigt, dass nach Separation von Proteinen aus Luzernepresssaft der Überstand als Fermentationsmedium für die Herstellung des Aminiumlactats L‐Lysin‐L‐lactat eingesetzt werden kann.
Automatisiertes Prozessieren von hochviskosen Flüssigkeiten im Labor
Authors: Müller A. , Mathes V. , Stumpf M. , Hürtgen D. , Reiss M. , Hauck P. , Troppmann U. , Laubender M. , Schröder J. , Kulzer K.
Published: June 2010

Vollautomatisierte Hochdurchsatzsysteme in F&E‐Labors helfen Produktionsprozesse zu optimieren. Breite Parameterräume können experimentell erfasst werden. Die Bestandteile von Produkten aus den Bereichen Kosmetik, Nahrungsmittel, Lacke und Farben oder Agrochemie sind häufig hochviskose Flüssigkeiten, Gele oder Pasten. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften dieser Medien stellen allerdings eine besondere Herausforderung für die automatische Prozessierung dar.
E,E‐Bis(styryl)sulfones—Synthons for a new class of bis(heterocycles)
Authors: Padmavathi Venkatapuram , Mohan Reddy Boggu Jagan , Mahesh Konda , Thriveni Pinnu , Padmaja Adivireddy
Published: June 2010

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A new class of bis heterocycles having two different heterocyclic rings viz., pyrroles in combination with pyrazolines and isoxazolines were synthesized. All the compounds were characterized by elemental and spectral analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
An efficient one‐pot synthesis of N‐(1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐ 5‐yl)amides
Authors: Su Wei‐Nien , Lin Tsung‐Ping , Cheng Kaung‐Min , Sung Kuan‐Chin , Lin Shao‐Kai , Wong Fung Fuh
Published: June 2010

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A “one‐pot” method for the synthesis of N‐(1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl)amides was developed by cyclization of benzoylacetonitrile (1) and phenylhydrazine in neat condition followed by acylation. The corresponding N‐(1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl)amides were provided in good to excellent yields (70–90%). The significant advantages of the new synthetic method are excellent yields and simple work‐up procedure without isolation and purification of intermediary 5‐amino‐1,3‐diphenyl pyrazol (2). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of novel 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroperoxy‐2‐aryl‐4,5‐diphenylisothiazole 1,1‐dioxides and their epoxidation ability
Authors: Makota Oksana , Wolf Janine , Trach Yuriy , Schulze Barbel
Published: June 2010

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The novel hydroperoxy sultams, 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroperoxy‐2‐aryl‐4,5‐diphenylisothiazole 1,1‐dioxides, were synthesized by the oxidation of the 2‐aryl‐4,5‐diphenyl substituted isothiazolium salts with H2O2. These hydroperoxy sultams were investigated as epoxidation agents in the epoxidation reaction of cis‐cyclooctene catalyzed by MoB. 2‐(2‐Chlorophenyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroperoxy‐4,5‐diphenylisothiazole 1,1‐dioxide was found to have the highest epoxidation ability. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Prescriber 1990–2010: key developments in drug treatment
Authors: McInnes Gordon
Published: June 2010

Our editorial consultants highlight the significant advances made in their therapeutic areas over the past 20 years. Here we look at developments in CVS and respiratory medicine and diabetes. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Recommended micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy
Authors: Duhig Kate , Chappell Lucy , Shennan Andrew
Published: June 2010

Our series Prescribing in pregnancy provides a guide for GPs on what information to offer pregnant women about the risks and benefits of drug treatment. Here, the authors discuss the evidence and guidelines for prescribing dietary supplements during pregnancy. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Global well-posedness for the Navier–Stokes–Boussinesq system with axisymmetric data
Authors: Hmidi Taoufik , Rousset Frédéric
Published: June 2010

In this paper we prove the global well-posedness for a three-dimensional Boussinesq system with axisymmetric initial data. This system couples the Navier–Stokes equation with a transport-diffusion equation governing the temperature. Our result holds uniformly with respect to the heat conductivity coefficient

\kappa ⩾0

which may vanish.
Strategies for Radiation-dose Reduction and Image-quality Optimization in Multidetector Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiography
Authors: Torres Felipe S. , Crean Andrew M. , Nguyen Elsie T. , Paul Narinder
Published: June 2010

The technological evolution of computed tomography (CT) in the last decade has placed CT coronary angiography (CTCA) in the spotlight of imaging modalities available to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease. Widespread utilisation of CTCA has generated concern from the medical community regarding potential health issues related to the significant radiation exposure associated with this method, and several modifications of the CTCA technique have been proposed to reduce the radiation exposure without affecting the diagnostic image quality. This review will discuss a practical approach to performing CTCA to ensure that the radiation dose is minimized while maintaining diagnostic image quality.
Developmental co‐regulation of the β and γ GABAAreceptor subunits with distinct α subunits in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Fillman Stu G. , Duncan Carlotta E. , Webster Maree J. , Elashoff Michael , Weickert Cynthia Shannon
Published: June 2010

The GABAAreceptor (GABAAR) is a pentameric chloride ion channel that mediates neuronal inhibition and is commonly comprised of 2α, 2β and 1γ subunits. These subunits have distinct characteristics that critically impact receptor function. In this study, we sought to determine if developmental expression of the β and γ subunit mRNAs in the prefrontal cortex would show complementary or opposing patterns of change as compared to the α subunits. Certain GABAAR subunit genes are arranged in tandem on the chromosome, and we hypothesized that genomic proximity would lead to co‐regulation during development.

The mRNA expression of the 3β and 3γ subunits was measured in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 68 individuals aged neonate to adult, using microarray with qPCR validation. Changes between age groups were identified through ANOVA, linear regression and post hoc Fisher LSD tests while a principal component analysis was used to establish co‐regulation of GABAAR genes.

β1, γ1 and γ3 subunits decreased in expression with age whereas γ2 increased. β2 showed dynamic regulation with early increases plateauing across childhood and adolescence before decreasing in adulthood while β3 levels remained relatively constant. Using published α subunit data we identified two principal components labeled ‘Decreasing’ (α2, α5, β1, γ1 and γ3) and ‘Dynamic’ (α1, α4, β2 and γ2) responsible for 84% of the variation in GABAAR subunit development.

This grouping is generally consistent with the chromosomal localization of subunits, lending credence to regional transcriptional control mechanisms. In addition, understanding developmental changes in GABAAR subunits could foster better pediatric pharmaceutical treatments.
Comparison of optical rhinometry to acoustic rhinometry using nasal provocation testing with Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: Cheung Esther J. , Citardi Martin J. , Fakhri Samer , Cain Jordan , Batra Pete S. , Luong Amber
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate optical rhinometry (ORM) as an objective evaluation of nasal patency using nasal provocation testing with Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) as compared with acoustic rhinometry.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective pilot.

SETTING

Academic rhinologic practice.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Five adult healthy controls and five adult subjects with allergic rhinitis (AR) underwent nasal provocation testing with increasing concentrations of Df while undergoing ORM. The minimum concentration of Df causing a positive reading was recorded. Nasal cross‐sectional area was measured before and after testing using acoustic rhinometry. Nasal patency was assessed subjectively after each challenge with the visual analogue scale.

RESULTS

The median amount of Df causing a positive response on ORM was less in AR patients as compared to healthy controls, at 5000 AU/mL and greater than 10,000 AU/mL, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between the change in optical density in ORM and subjective nasal congestion after increasing Df challenges (r = 0.63; P = 0.0007). Similarly, there was a statistically significant correlation between change in optical density by ORM and both minimum cross‐sectional areas as measured by acoustic rhinometry (r = −0.60, P = 0.03; and r = −0.64, P = 0.02, respectively).

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to show a correlation between optical rhinometry and acoustic rhinometry during nasal provocation testing with Df. In addition, the data support a correlation of optical rhinometry to subjective symptoms of nasal congestion. These preliminary data suggest that optical rhinometry is able to assess changes in nasal patency during challenges with Df.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Raison, Entendement et Philosophie
Authors: Kalinowski Georges
Published: June 2010

La récente étude du R.P. Dubarle sur la dialectique hégélienne est trop riche pour être discutée ici dans son ensemble. Nous nous contentons par conséquent d'en relever une seule thèse, celle précisément qui rattache la philosophie moderne, ou plus exactement certaines des philosophies modernes (nous y reviendrons), à la distinction entre la raison et l'entendement, qui s'est progressivement substituée au cours du XVIe s., du XVIIe s. et du XVIIIe s. à l'ancienne distinction, élaborée déjà par la Grèce antique, entre l'intellect et la raison. Cette thèse joue un rôle fondamental dans l'étude du R.P. Dubarle qui se propose en dernier lieu la formalisation non pas de la logique hégélienne mais de la logique des termes (noms) inspirée par l'œuvre de Hegel. Nous ne discuterons pas ici la réalisation de ce projet. Notre propos présent n'est qu'une interrogation sur la correction de la présentation dubarlienne de la distinction en question, une confrontation, en rapport avec celle-ci, entre ce qu'on peut appeler « la philosophie de la raison » et « la philosophie de l'intellect », et, en conséquence, une suggestion sur la voie à suivre pour construire la théorie de la philosophie: la métaphilosophie.
Moore's Accounts of ‘Right’
Authors: Regan Tom
Published: June 2010

Moore often is credited with implying the view that the meaning of evaluative or normative concepts is distinct from the criteria invoked to justify evaluative or normative judgments. A second view, to the effect that definitions cannot be evaluative or moral assertions, is attributed to him less frequently. In this paper, I shall argue that, while these views seem to be implied by much of what Moore says in Principia Ethica, Moore was not himself uniformly successful in observing their prohibitions. In particular, I shall argue that his account of ‘Right’ in Principia involved the very confusions which he seems to imply others should avoid. Against this backdrop, however, his subsequent treatment of ‘right’ in his Ethics, as well as his retrospective remarks about the relationships between ‘good’ and ‘right’ in his “A Reply to My Critics”, can be interpreted as both predictable and necessary. If the argument developed in this paper is sound, the explanation of Moore's abandonment of his earlier account of ‘right’ is not, as he says, merely because that account is “paradoxical”, but lies, instead, in a latent inconsistency between his Principia account of this predicate and other principles implied in that work.
Time in Hegel's Philosophy
Authors: Williams M. E.
Published: June 2010

The significance of time for Hegel's thought is still overlooked. Indeed it is generally maintained that time plays no fundamental role in Hegel's philosophy. Some of Hegel's interpreters, including McTaggart and Bradley, have gone so far as to claim that time is in a fundamental sense unreal for Hegel; others more recently have endeavoured to show that time is in some sense real.
Travail et téléologie chez Hegel selon Lukács
Authors: Blanchard Yvon
Published: June 2010

Au moment de célébrer le bicentenaire de la naissance de Hegel, et précisément dans la perspective où cette célébration va marquer l'apogée de la renaissance des études hégéliennes depuis un quart de siècle, la tentation, parmi beaucoup d'autres, sera grande de poser au chapitre de l'actualité de l'hégélianisme la question toute simple: Peut-on, aujourd'hui, être hégélien?
Structure et signification dans l'œuvre de Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Panaccio Claude
Published: June 2010

On peut dèapprouver la mode philosophique qui périodiquement transforme certains termes d'apparence technique en passe-partout truqués. On peut s'attrister du sort fait à des mots comme « structure » ou « signification » que leur propre prolifération rend stériles. Mais on n'a pas le choix: quand on en vient aux auteurs sérieux, à ceux qu'on veut vraiment comprendre, et quand d'aventure ils font eux aussi un usage abondant de ces termes dont on se méfie comme de la peste, alors on est bien obligé de s'arrêter à définir l'utilisation—souvent fort précise—qu' ils en proposent. C'est ce qui arrive au lecteur de Merleau-Ponty dans le cas des termes « structure » et « signification ». Loin de chercher à voir à tout prix dans l'auteur de La Structure du comportement un « précurseur » du structuralisme, nous voudrions poser les premiers jalons pour faire apparaître, parmi tous les amateurs de « structures » et de « significations », l'irréductible spécificité de Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Langage et psychanalyse
Authors: Gauthier Yvon
Published: June 2010

Le problème du statut épistémologique de la psychanalyse et la question de son fondement et de sa place dans l'éventail des sciences humaines prennent un sens nouveau avec l'introduction des perspectives structurales auxquelles le psychanalyste français Lacan initie ses élèves depuis plus de quinze ans dans un enseignement que Ton peut bien qualifier d'ésotérique. Auparavant disséminée dans des articles qu'il n'était pas toujours facile de repérer, la pensée de Lacan nous est maintenant accessible par une plus large avenue grâce à la récente publication des Ecrits réunis de l'auteur.
La Philosophie du corps de Michel Henry
Authors: Racette Jean
Published: June 2010

Michel Henry n'est pas encore très connu au Canada. Il est probable que, même en France, son œuvre ne soit pas encore appréciée à sa juste valeur. Pourtant des penseurs comme Jean Hyppolite, Paul Ricoeur et Stanislas Breton en recommandent la lecture. Dans son récent Panorama de la philosophie française contemporaine, Jean Lacroix lui consacre un chapitre. Il en écrit notamment ceci: « On a pu dire, après les ouvrages de Michel Henry sur l'essence de la manifestation et sur le corps, qu'un nouveau Bergson nous était né Un Bergson qui aurait lu Heidegger et se mouvrait dans l'atmosphère de sa pensée, tout en la critiquant et la dépassant. Il propose en tout cas une philosophic personnelle et originale, d'une haute spiritualité et d'une grande technicité … Son œuvre, animée par une sorte de foi philosophique et mystique, pourrait bien constituer l'un des grands traités de la vie intérieure de ce temps » (Panorama de la philosophie française contemporaine, Presses universitaires de France, 1966, p. 164).
The Commune of Being and Time
Authors: Nicholson Graeme
Published: June 2010

One cannot determine whether a book is a work of political philosophy merely by glancing at its contents. Heidegger's Being and Time is a case in point. It offers no discussion of the topics which are commonly thought to constitute political philosophy—the state, the nature of law, human rights, and so on. But particular themes such as these reflect in large part the actual conditions which prevailed at certain times and places, fourth-century Athens and seventeenth-century England, for example, so they must not be thought to constitute an outline of the eternal problems of political philosophy. When a philosopher embarks upon a new line of thought at a different time and under novel circumstances, he may find himself instituting a new vocabulary for the problems of the human community.
Le Philosophe comme critique littéraire
Authors: Major Jean-Louis
Published: June 2010

On pourrait multiplier indéfiniment les points communs et les possibilités de rapprochment entre philosophie et littérature. Tant qu'on s'en tient au plan théorique, la situation demeure è peu près inchangée. Le philosophe peut bien à l'occasion se distraire à quelque roman, le romancier ou le critique peuvent s'essayer à déchiffrer un ouvrage de métaphysique; les rapports n'entreront dans la phase d'efficacité réelle que lorsqu'une méthode adéquate permettra d'établir entre les deux modes d'activité un échange ordonné. C'est d'une telle méthode philosophique en littérature que je voudrais tenter d'établir une définition.
How is Metaphysics Possible as a Science?
Authors: Williams M. E.
Published: June 2010

Though Kant himself would undoubtedly have thought it a scandal that differing interpretations of his Critique of Pure Reason would continue to be given well into the twentieth century, the fact may be that it is less a scandal than a testament to the richness, depth and enduring vitality of his thought. In any case several major books on the first Critique have appeared within the last few years. D. P. Dryer's Kant's Solution for Verification in Metaphysics is one of the most substantial.
Sur quelques difficultiés de la conception piagétienne des rapports de la science et de la philosophie
Authors: Limoges Camille
Published: June 2010

Il existe une différence fondamentale entre la science et la philosophic, différence que marque la frontière mobile entre la spéculation et la vérification (p. 2). Telle est la thèse dont tout l'ouvrage de M. Piaget veut se présenter comme la défense et l'illustration.
Le Problème ontologique
Authors: Breton Stanislas
Published: June 2010

La philosophie parle de nouveau le langage de l'être. Plus précisément une certaine philosophic Quelques titres retentissants ont conjugué l'être et le temps, l'être et le néant, le problème et le mystère de l'être. On pourrait croire que nous sommes entrés, après un intermède d'abstention et de rupture, dans un nouvel âge de l'ontologie. Ce nouvel âge serait-il une simple réminiscence? Ou bien imposerait-il un nouveau style, une mutation brusque qui secoue les vieilles habitudes et nous oblige à retrouver, par une conversion radicale, les forces neuves d'un premier orient? Je n'ai point à en décider. Remarquons, en passant, que la réminiscence ne s'oppose pas à l'invention; que la creation la plus merveilleuse n'est peut-être qu'une reprise de contact avec un présent déjà-là. Et que l'originalité du philosophe est moins dans la construction d'un monde que dans le retour, à effectuer sans cesse, vers une origine. Dans cette perspective, les questions que nous posons perdent de leur intérêt. Il s'agit moins de savoir si l'on fait du neuf ou de l'ancien que de savoir avec quelque netteté ce que l'on dit et ce que l'on fait.
Wittgenstein's Theory of Linguistic Self-Sufficiency
Authors: Hunter J. F. M.
Published: June 2010

In the first part of this paper I will outline a feature of Wittgenstein's later views which has not to my knowledge been much noticed. In the second part I will suggest some light that it casts on two main Wittgensteinian themes. In the third part I will offer some critical ruminations.
Pauvreté et solidarité sociale
Authors: Dofny Jacques
Published: June 2010

Dans une récente étude, Émile Gosselin a montré que près du quart des familles de Montréal, gagnant moins de 3,300 dollars par an, vivent dans la pauvreté. Il a indiqué ensuite que si l'on ajoutait à cette population celle qui ne dispose que de 4,000 dollars et qu'il qualifie de familles vivant dans la privation, on atteint le tiers des familles et personnes seules de Montréal. Enfin s'ajoutent à cette masse ceux dont il dit qu'ils vivent dans une situation précaire, sans réserve permettant d'affronter une perte d'emploi, une récession ou un accident personnel.
Wolfson on Spinoza's Use of the More Geometrico
Authors: De Lucca John
Published: June 2010

In Chapter II of his work The Philosophy of Spinoza, Wolfson accepts Descartes' distinction between the geometrical method of philosophizing and the geometrical form of literary exposition. The geometrical method of philosophizing is a method of demonstration and is essentially identical with “valid syllogistic reasoning as practised throughout the history of philosophy.” The geometrical form of literary exposition is one modelled after the literary form of Euclid's Elements. Wolfson proceeds to present two theses which serve as the premises of a conclusion respecting the relation between form and content in Spinoza's Ethics. The first thesis is that as a consequence of Spinoza's “mathematical way of looking at things” the geometrical method “is adopted by Spinoza and used consistently in his discussions of metaphysical matters throughout his chief philosophic work.” The second thesis is to the effect that there is no logical connection between the geometrical method of philosophizing and the geometrical literary form of exposition, i.e., a geometrizing philosopher, e.g., Descartes, need not employ the geometrical literary form. From these theses, serving as premises, Wolfson concludes that “there is no logical connection between the substance of Spinoza's philosophy and the form in which it is written” and, hence, “his choice of the Euclidian geometrical form is to be explained on other grounds.” Wolfson proceeds to present four possible reasons which, either individually or conjointly, may lie behind Spinoza's employment of the geometrical literary form: (1) on pedagogical grounds, (2) in reaction against certain literary forms which had developed since the Renaissance, (3) to avoid arguing against his opponents, and (4) for the sake of novelty.
Hendel on Hume's Atomism
Authors: Currie Cecil
Published: June 2010

In this new edition of Professor Hendel's Studies in the Philosophy of David Hume (1925), there are no changes in the body of the work, except the elimination of the original Chapter five, “Space, Time and Reality,” and its replacement by a short Appendix (III) entitled “On Space and Time: Correction of Former Errors.” Three appendices have been added: I. “The ‘Discoveries’ of Hume and the ‘New Scene of Thought’”; II. “Hume's Relation to Hutcheson;” III. “On ‘The Nature of Experience’ and the Senses in Which It Has Been Considered Normative.” A more substantial addition is a thirty-page introduction in which Professor Hendel reviews the great efflorescence of Hume scholarship in the present century and notes how vastly more important Hume the philosopher looms now than when he wrote the Studies. Finally, there is a supplement of one hundred pages, “On Atomism: A Critique of Hume's First Principles and Method.”
Obligation and Ability
Authors: McLaughlin R. N.
Published: June 2010

The Robbers' Paradox has provided a focus of discussion in some of the recent articles on deontic logic. The paradox affects those systems which recognize in some way the maxim ‘Ought entails can’ and stems from a law, derivable in these systems, which can be put into words in this way:

(i) If doing a necessitates my doing b, then if doing b is forbidden, doing a is forbidden.
L'Avenir de la philosophie
Authors: Geiger L. B.
Published: June 2010

S'il est un point que les réflexions contemporaines sur le temps ont mis en relief et inscrit profondément dans notre conscience, c'est que l'avenir qu'on espère dépend directement du présent qu'on réalise. Telle est notre attitude en face du présent, telle elle sera inéluctablement en face de l'avenir; et donc l'avenir lui-même, puisque ce dernier n'est rien sinon un présent caché encore, au cœur d'un présent déjà actuel, et explicite. Il est en effet de l'essence même de notre condition humaine d'avoir un présent structuré et comme stratifié. Certes on peut imaginer le présent comme un point sans épaisseur, comme la limite évanescente entre un segment de ligne qui marque le passé à jamais révolu, et l'avenir qui se meut vers nous pour basculer inexorablement vers le non-être en franchissant ce présent. Mais cette image, utile pour bien des tâches, ne correspond d'aucune manière à la réalité vivante de la conscience humaine et des activités qui lui sont propres. Nous sommes dans le présent ce que nous sommes et ce que, en un sens, nous croyons pouvoir dire que nous avons été. Une grande partie de ce que nous appelons le passé, notre passé personnel et sans doute notre passé spécifique, est présent, non seulement à titre de souvenir, pouvant être, ou non, évoqué, mais à titre de schéma dynamique modifiant notre être-au-monde, notre présente réaction au réel le plus réel, à la situation où nous avons à déployer notre activité.
The Logic of Social Contracts
Authors: Hunter J. F. M.
Published: June 2010

In this paper I am using the word ‘logic’ in an extended sense. If anyone finds my use objectionable, he will at least find that nothing hangs on it; and if the word as used in this context conveys no information to any person, he will not be the poorer, because as he reads on, he will soon see the class of questions with which the paper deals.

Some of the points I will make will be familiar enough, but I think I do also break some new ground; and anyway I think there is an advantage in bringing these considerations together so as to produce a relatively full discussion in a short space.
Bonne foi/Mauvaise foi, Sincérité et espoir
Authors: Code Lorraine , King-Farlow John
Published: June 2010

Dans cet exposé nous nous proposons de traiter d'un livre récent de Herbert Fingarette intitulé Self-Deception (L'lllusion sur soimême), et d'essayer d'établir un rapport entre cette œuvre et certaines divergences philosophiques entre Jean-Paul Sartre et Gabriel Marcel; des divergences qui ont eu lieu pendant la période existentialiste de M. Sartre.
Le Corps et l'âme, la chair et l'esprit, selon Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Racette Jean
Published: June 2010

Il n'est peut-être pas excessif d'avancer que toute l'œuvre de Merleau-Ponty (né en 1908) n'est qu'une longue méditation sur le mystère de l'esprit incarné. Dès la Structure du comportement (1942), il est longuement question des relations entre l'âme et le corps; le quatrième et dernier chapitre de ce livre s'intitule en effet les Relations du corps et de l'âme et le problème de la conscience perceptive. Plusieurs des chapitres de la Phénoménologie de la perception (1945) sont consacrés au corps: le corps comme objet; l'expérience du corps; la synthèse du corps propre; le corps comme sexué, le corps comme expression de la parole. Merleau-Ponty revient ensuite plusieurs fois sur le problème de la structure de l'homme, dans des conférences, des cours et des articles. Mentionnons spécialement la conférence l'Homme et l'adversité (1951) et l'article le Philosophe et son ombre (1959), tous deux contenus dans le recueil intitulé Signes (1960). Enfin, dans le Visible et l'Invisible que Merleau-Ponty laisse inachevé au moment de sa mort, en mai 1961, ainsi que dans de nombreuses notes datées de 1959 et de 1960 et éditées avec le Visible et l'Invisible en 1964, nous trouvons encore de profonds développements non seulement sur le corps mais aussisur la chair, notion beaucoup plus compréhensive, nous le verrons, que celle meme de corps vivant.
The Circle of Ideas and the Circularity of the Meditations
Authors: Allaire Edwin B.
Published: June 2010

Arnauld's suspicion was right: the Meditations is circular. That is not surprising, for there is no escape from the circle of ideas into which Descartes drove himself. Nor is it surprising that Descartes failed to see what Arnauld suspected. What is surprising is that some still fail to see what Arnauld suspected. They fail, I think, because they are bewildered. They cannot understand how Descartes could have committed such a blunder, nor how, if he had, he could have failed to see it once Arnauld pointed to it. The purpose of this paper is to explain Descartes’ blunder and blindness by exhibiting the confusions underlying his conviction that he does escape the circle of ideas.
Note sur le caractère philosophique de la pensée de Karl Marx
Authors: Blanchard Yvon
Published: June 2010

On pourra s'étonner de voir reprendre la considération de la pensée de Marx après les études innombrables dont elle a été l'objet surtout depuis une quinzaine d'années. Il est permis de croire en effet que tout a été dit dans les perspectives les plus diverses et sous les formes les plus variées à propos de cette pensée dont tous s'accordent à reconnaître l'importance, non seulement au niveau des idées, mais sur le plan de la vie quotidienne de l'humanité. A quelle discipline intellectuelle n'a-t-on pas essayé de l'annexer? Certains voient en elle une sociologie ou même une économique, d'autres, une philosophic ou même une théologie, sans oublier ceux pour qui l'art et la littérature, les sciences et l'éducation n'ont de sens qu'à travers elle.
Hume's Hurdle
Authors: French Stanley G.
Published: June 2010

The subject of this paper is the relationship between factual beliefs and moral beliefs, between is-statements and ought-statements. Hume recognizes that a problem exists concerning this relationship. He states the problem in an oft-quoted passage from his Treatise. In their writings, moral philosophers pass imperceptibly from is-statements to ought-statements; and this change is “of the last consequence. For as this ought, or ought not, expresses some new relation or affirmation, 'tis necessary that it shou'd be observ'd and explain'd; and at the same time that a reason should be given, for what seems altogether inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it”.
Essai de bibliographie méthodique (Teilhard de Chardin 1955–1964)
Authors: Houde Roland
Published: June 2010

La nécessité, en milieu académique, de toujours transcrire aussi complètement et systématiquement que possible les détails bibliographiques des travaux d'un auteur ou des ouvrages se rapportant à lui n'est pas à démontrer. Comment donc soutenir qu'on puisse omettre le nom des maisons d'édition? Le choix d'un éditeur, par un auteur, est aussi important que le choix d'un titre. Et pour le lecteur, c'est une circonstance qui donne à penser! Dans la littérature teilhardienne il existe en effet des cas qui donnent beaucoup à penser. Avant de présenter un répertoire sommaire des bibliographies, biographies et lexiques teilhardiens, nous voudrions attirer l'attention sur le problème de valeur sémantique soulevé par l'existence de deux éditions anglaises d'une même traduction du Milieu Divin. Car les expressions sémantiques, tout autant que les idées, ont leurs conséquences.
La Cosmologie: Un Nouvel Examen de sa Nature et de sa Raison D'Etre
Authors: Hélal Georges
Published: June 2010

Le terme « cosmologie » a pour nous certaines résonances. Depuis la reformulation de la nomenclature des disciplines philosophiques au dix-huitième siècle par Christian Wolff on identifie assez volontiers la cosmologie à ce que les Médiévaux appelaient philosophia naturalis. Cela ne signifie pas que Wolff ait défini l'objet de la cosmologie à la fa¸on de Thomas d'Aquin comme étant l'être mobile (ens mobile). Pour lui, le monde comme ensemble des êtres finis en liaison réciproque, tel qu'on pourrait le déduire de l'ordre intemporel des substances, est l'objet de la cosmologie. Et pour toute fin pratique ces êtres finis sont des corps. Jusqu'à nos jours les traités de philosophie scolastique ont conservé en gros la nomenclature wolffienne des disciplines tout en leur donnant un contenu plus authentiquement scolastique. Quoi qu'il en soit, je donne ici un autre sens au terme de cosmologie. Plutôt qu'à la philosophia naturalis des Médiévaux ou à la cosmologie wolffienne je songe à la cosmologie de Whitehead, dont l'ouvrage principal Process and Reality porte en sous-titre An Essay in Cosmology.
La Philosophie médicale de Sydenham
Authors: Duchesneau François
Published: June 2010

Dans l'épître au lecteur qui ouvre l'Essay concerning Human Understanding de 1690, Locke développe l'idée qu'à son époque, de grands esprits font progresser la science et laisseront à la postérité des monuments durables de leur savoir; parmi ces bâtisseurs de la science, il nomme Boyle, Sydenham, Huyghens et Newton. C'est en fonction de leur ceuvre qu'il définit l'objectif de sa propre analyse philosophique: « it is ambition enough to be employed as an under-labourer in clearing the ground a little, and removing some of the rubbish that lies in the way to knowledge.» L'historien de la philosophie connaît assez l'importance de l'expérimentalisme boylien, des physiques mathématiques de Huyghens et de Newton.
Is Hart's Rationale for Legal Excuses Workable?
Authors: Lyons Daniel
Published: June 2010

H. L. A. Hart's new book of essays (Punishment and Responsibility, Oxford 1968) rejects any theory of the classic retributive type for justifying legal punishment. Hart denies that useless punishments can be justified even of fully guilty men; he rejects as the justifying aim of punishment the hope of crowning wickedness with the suffering it deserves; he denies that great guilt could justify a more severe punishment than utility-considerations would call for. We will be concerned here with only one of his arguments supporting this rejection: the objection that mere human judges cannot measure wickedness accurately enough to see that each degree of wickedness gets the appropriate amount of suffering. And of course modern fashions of determinist thinking have brought home to us even more vividly the absurdity of trying to measure wickedness, since determinism makes us wonder if we know how much any offender could have helped doing what he did.
Presuppositions in Bradley's Philosophy
Authors: Maclachlan D. L. C.
Published: June 2010

Bradley always claimed that he was essentially a sceptic; and the fate of Appearance and Reality has been such that this claim should be conceded by every good empiricist. For does not Hume himself declare that sceptical arguments are arguments that “admit of no answer and produce no conviction”? To suggest that all Bradley's arguments fall precisely into this category is certainly to exaggerate, but the fact remains that on the one hand, many criticisms of Bradley have missed their mark, because the opponent has been under-estimated and misunderstood, while on the other hand, Bradley had few disciples and made few converts, even at a time when the philosophical climate was more favourable and less rigorous than it is today.