bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Crime Prevention: ‘Breathing Life (Back) into Social Democratic and Penal Welfare Concerns’?
Authors: Clancey Garner
Published: December 2015

Fieldwork in the inner-Sydney postcode area of Glebe (New South Wales, Australia) sought to understand how local community workers conceptualise crime causation and the approaches adopted to prevent crime. Observation of more than 30 inter-agency meetings, 15 interviews and two focus groups with diverse local workers revealed that social-welfare or ‘root’ causes of crime were central to explanations of local crime. Numerous crime prevention measures in the area respond directly to these understandings of crime (a youth diversion program on Friday and Saturday evenings, an alternative education program, a police-youth exercise program, and so on). While other more surveillant forms of crime prevention were evident, the findings of this research suggest a significant social-welfare orientation to crime prevention. These findings echo Brown’s (2012) observations of the resilience of penal-welfarism in Australia.
Potential Partnerships: Progressive Criminology, Grassroots Organizations and Social Justice
Authors: Goddard Tim , Myers Randolph R. , Robison Kaitlyn
Published: December 2015

Criminologists around the globe are writing about the disproportionate criminalization of minority groups and – in the US in particular – about racial disproportionality in all aspects of the criminal justice system. This wealth of knowledge in progressive criminology rarely animates reform efforts: it has had little impact on formal policymaking, and has failed to animate the work of grassroots activists engaged in the fight for justice system reform. Yet given the increased criminalization of young people in poor communities – and the possibilities for change at this very moment – progressive criminological ideas have never been more important. We need to think about ways to make them public. Toward this end, this paper discusses possible partnerships between progressive criminology and social justice organizations struggling to transform the criminal justice system. While describing nine such groups, we detail a set of recommendations for bridging the gap between progressive criminology and social justice organizations.
Social Harm and the Vagaries of Financial Regulation in the UK
Authors: Ruggiero Vincenzo
Published: December 2015

The premise of this article is that financial crises, whether they occur as a result of legitimate of illegitimate conduct, cause social harm and victimisation. The 2008 bank crisis is a clear indication of this, as some of the financial operations determining it possessed a criminal nature while some did not. This article is concerned with both typologies, namely with illicit and licit harmful behaviour adopted by financial actors. After some general introductory notes, the first section of the paper focuses on the measures proposed or adopted in response to the 2008 crisis in the UK. This is followed by the presentation of a number of recent cases proving that, despite recent regulatory efforts, large loopholes are still present which allow forms of financial crime to thrive. Some final observations on the difficulties encountered by regulatory attempts complete the paper.
Can Collaboration Provide Integrated Services for Prisoners in Norway?
Authors: Hansen Gunnar Vold
Published: December 2015

In this article, my contention is that Norway's criminal justice policy is increasingly based on principles taken from positive criminology. This means that the correctional service places strong emphasis on establishing collaboration with the local authorities (the municipalities) in order to offer convicted persons integrated services, both during and after serving their sentences. I also point out that positive criminology's principle of viewing convicted persons as unique individuals with individual problems and resources – problems to which there are rarely clear-cut solutions – means that these problems are perceived as 'wicked problems'. A recommended approach to 'wicked problems' is to establish collaboration between the different service providers involved. The article describes the experiences gained from a pilot project that entailed offering a training programme to convicted persons with substance abuse problems. One of the goals of the project was to link the programme to an offer of integrated services after the sentence had been served. The experiences described in semi-structured interviews with 16 convicted persons, seven correctional service employees and three local authority employees was that it was difficult to put in place such an integrated service package. On this basis, I discuss the reasons why it was so difficult to achieve the desired collaboration, and I outline some proposals for how these challenges can be resolved in future.
Rethinking the Criminology of Crimes of States: Monumental, Mundane, Mislabeled and Miscalculated Crimes
Authors: Friedrichs David
Published: December 2015

This article provides a reflexive account on criminological engagement with crimes of states, with special attention to the case of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust, and Berlin and Germany today. The emergence of a criminology of crimes of states is reviewed, along with arguments for and against criminological engagement with such crime. In particular, a response to Carrier and Park’s (2013) critique of ‘entrepreneurial criminology’ is provided in this context. Distinctions are drawn between monumental and mundane crimes of states, and mislabeled and miscalculated crimes of states, with special attention to mundane and miscalculated crimes. A brief concluding section identifies some issues that might be included in an agenda for a criminology of crimes of states, going forward.
Leonidas K Cheliotis (2012) (ed.) The Arts of Imprisonment: Control, Resistance and Empowerment. Surrey: Ashgate.
Authors: Chan Janet
Published: December 2015

Book review
Rwanda’s Post-Genocide Approach to Ethnicity and Its Impact on the Batwa as an Indigenous People: An International Human Rights Law Perspective
Authors: Hartley Brett Robert
Published: December 2015

Following the 1994 genocide, Rwanda embarked on a nation-building program designed, inter alia, to create unity by resisting the attribution of minority or ethnic categories within Rwanda. For Batwa, the effect is to render their claims as indigenous mute. This paper critically examines Rwanda’s approach to ethnicity using international human rights as an analytical lens, arguing that Batwa have a legitimate claim as Rwanda’s indigenous people. It concludes that pressure on Rwanda to recognise Batwa indigenous rights will remain unsuccessful and argues that a normative approach, based on alternatives such as descent- and work-based discrimination, may prove effective for ensuring their long-term survival as a marginalised people
Ethnicity, Indigeneity and Indigenous Rights: The ‘Orang Asli’ Experience
Authors: Subramaniam Yogeswaran
Published: December 2015

Orang Asli, the Indigenous minority of Peninsular Malaysia, continue to face formidable challenges in realizing their rights as distinct Indigenous peoples despite being ascribed a measure of constitutional and statutory protection. With reference the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People and various international definitions of ‘Indigenous peoples’, this paper examines the impact of the term ‘Orang Asli’ on the Orang Asli struggle for the recognition of their rights as Indigenous Peoples. The term ‘Orang Asli’, an officially-constructed term to describe heterogeneous groups of people considered to be ‘aboriginal’, has since gained acceptance by the people categorized as such and has been used to advocate their rights as Indigenous peoples with relative success. However, the term carries legal implications which continue to place Orang Asli ethnicity and identity under the protection and equally, the control of the state. The extensive legal powers possessed by the state are arguably inconsistent of international norms on Indigenos rights and can additionally function as a tool to deny Orang Asli their attendant rights as Indigenous peoples. More importantly, the continued existence of these powers potentially functions to reinforce existing domestic challenges that Orang Asli face in finding their rightful place as distinct Indigenous peoples in the light of: (1) competing notions of Indigeneity vis-à-vis ethnic Malays; (2) historical discrimination against Orang Asli that continues to persist; and (3) Indigenous rights being construed as a possible hindrance to national economic prosperity. A possible starting point for the reconciliation of these matters may be to legally clarify the term ‘Orang Asli’ in a manner that sustains and respects the Orang Asli community as distinct Indigenous peoples while not threatening the existing special constitutional position afforded to ethnic Malays.
Save the Reef! Civic Crowdfunding and Public Interest Environmental Litigation
Authors: Hamman Evan
Published: December 2015

This article looks at the emerging area of civic crowdfunding, a subset of crowdfunding, as a means of financing public interest environmental litigation.  The literature surrounding civic crowdfunding and third party litigation funding is currently underdeveloped.  The link between those areas and public interest environmental litigation takes a further step into the unknown.  As a case study, the Sea Dumping Case presents exciting opportunities for civil society and access to justice, but further research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
Guest Editorial:World Indigenous Legal Conference 2014 – Special Forum
Authors: Burns Marcelle
Published: December 2015

The World Indigenous Legal Conference 2014 was hosted by the Indigenous Lawyers Association of Queensland, and held at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, from 24-27 June 2014. The conference brought together over 250 delegates from the academy, legal practice, and community and government organisations, representing a diverse range of Indigenous nations from Australia, Aotearoa, the Americas, Pacific Islands, Asia and Africa to discuss issues of importance to the survival of Indigenous peoples worldwide.
The First Limb of Barnes v Addy: A Taxonomy in Tatters
Authors: Jackson The Hon Justice David J S
Published: December 2015

This lecture is given in tribute to Tony Lee. That is only fitting. He is a scholar of international significance and he was personally responsible for much of the core statutory law reform in this State on the subjects of Trusts and Succession Law. Not long after the High Court’s decision in Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (‘Farah’), I asked Professor Lee what he thought about it. He said this: ‘Well, David, after all these years of reading cases I think that cases where plaintiffs don’t win generally don’t decide very much about the law.’ Then he said: ‘But I don’t know, what do you think?’ I was taken aback. At that time, I was full of the joys of the High Court’s decision. First, I thought it had rescued indefeasibility from the scrap heap, particularly so far as bank mortgages were concerned. Secondly, whilst I now agree with Professor Keith Mason’s point of view that the High Court’s treatment of the New South Wales Court of Appeal was intemperate, I was not unhappy then that the High Court had stemmed the tide of those who were intent on bending first limb Barnes v Addy liability into a restitutionary framework.
Authenticity and Commodification of Culture at Puri Anyar Kerambitan as Royal Tourism Attraction in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia
Authors: Cahyadi Hery Sigit
Published: December 2015

Authenticity and commodification of culture still being a major issue in cultural tourism development. Some people consider that the changing of culture become tourist attractions will cause the loss of culture’s authenticity through modification. Many scholars say that cultures that are performed as tourist attraction will lost its originality to adjust the tourist demand. Puri Anyar Kerambitan as a cultural tourism destination is viewed one of the cultural tourism destination which is considered by many experts and scholars that are modify their culture to fulfill the tourist’s desire. In fact, The Puri is never change the originality and authenticity of its cultures they have. They may be modify their cultures to performed as a tourist attraction but in the other side they still preserve the original one. They created the other version of the cultures or created a new one to showed to the tourists. What Puri Anyar Kerambitan can be a model to other puri/palace how to maintain their culture authenticity without sacrifice their original cultures.

This research used a qualitative data analysis where interview was conducted to find out the perception of the respondent related to the authenticity and commodification of culture at Puri Anyar Kerambitan as a royal tourism destination in Bali, Indonesia.

The aim of this research are to find out how Puri Anyar Kerambitan as a royal tourism destination stay keep their culture authenticity and what kind of modification that a palace can do without sacrifice their culture authenticity.
Thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada (Mugilidae) caught in a
Authors: Jonsson Bror , Jonsson Nina
Published: December 2015

Two individuals of thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada were collected in a southern Norwegian brook (58° 22’ N, 8° 37’ E) on 12th September 2007. The fish were 8.7 and 9.0 cm in total length, 6 and 7 g in total mass, and most probably in their first year of life. The nearest known spawning area of the species is south of the English Channel, meaning that they had probably moved at least 900 km across the North Sea during their first growth season. To our knowledge, this is the first published observation of the catadromous thinlip grey mullet from a Scandinavian freshwater course.
Cottus gobio (Linnaeus, 1758), a new fish-species in Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway
Authors: Frilund Gunn E. , Koksvik Jarl , Rikstad Anton , Berger Hans M.
Published: December 2015

Frilund GE, Koksvik J, Rikstad A and Berger HM. 20092009. Cottus gobio (Linnaeus, 1758), a new fish-species in Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway. Fauna Norvegica 29: 55-60. Cottus gobio, a freshwater sculpin, was discovered by electrical fishing in rivers draining to Murusjøen in Lierne, Nord-Trøndelag County in the middle of Norway. Until now, this sculpin has only been found in a few river systems in the south-eastern and north-eastern parts of Norway. Species specific characters (glands and fins) were used to distinguish C. gobio from the close relative C. poecilopus. The sculpin dominated the catches in all the investigated rivers. In August 2008 in the River Fiskløysa, a total of 194 specimens were collected. Their length varied from 37 mm to 105 mm, indicating the presence of both juvenile (age 0) and adult individuals. In September 2008, qualitative sampling was conducted in another part of Fiskløysa and in the rivers Kveelva and Murubekken. In River Fiskløysa, the species was not registered above a presumably impassable waterfall about 1.6 km from Lake Murusjøen. In River Kveelva sculpins were caught below a nine meters moderate waterfall, close to the outlet of Lake Kvesjøen, but no sculpins were registered above the waterfall. This indicates that the waterfall is a possible barrier for further upstream dispersal into Lake Kvesjøen. Sculpins were also registered in River Murubekken.The paper discusses possibilities for C. gobio being spread naturally or artificially into the river systems in Lierne. It is predicted that the dispersal most likely has been natural from populations in Sweden, as there are no distinct barriers preventing the sculpin from spreading westwards. The time-period of the dispersal, however, is still unknown, and the sculpin may still be expanding its home range in these water systems.
CXC-chemokine receptor 4 antagonist prevents acute kidney injury potentially through recruiting bone marrow-derived stem cells
Authors: Guo Duo , Chen Yan , Gao Dan , Zhang Xiuying
Published: December 2015

Background: Existing literature suggests that stromal-cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) interacts with CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in regulating the homing of stem cells derived from bone marrow. The CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, disrupts this SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction and triggers stem cell mobilization. We investigated whether AMD3100 could ameliorate renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury via recruiting circulating stem cells to injured kidneys. Methods: We divided Sprague-Dawley rats into four groups, Sham, Sham + AMD3100, I/R, and I/R + AMD3100. All groups were treated with single subcutaneous injections of AMD3100 (5 mg/kg) or saline after sham surgery or I/R injury. Serum and renal tissues were harvested 12 hours and 3 days after treatment. We assessed survival, renal function changes, and histopathological alterations. TUNEL staining and caspase-3 expression levels were harnessed to measure tubular cell apoptosis, and circulating CXCR4 and CD34 positive mononuclear cells were identified by flow cytometry. Results: The I/R + AMD3100 group displayed significantly higher survival, lower serum creatinine, less prominent renal damage upon histopathological examination, and a lower degree of apoptosis than the I/R group. In addition, the AMD3100 treated group showed a significantly higher degree of CXCR4 and CD34 positive cell mobilization in the circulation and increased recruitment of these cells into the injured kidneys. Conclusions: AMD3100 promotes bone marrow stem cell mobilization and improves the recovery of renal function after I/R injury, and this effect may offer a promising therapeutic approach for acute kidney injury.
Multicultural Team Management in the Context of a Development Work
Authors: Alemu Molla Mekonnen
Published: December 2015

Diverse teams have become common practice in today’s world. The current trend of globalization is making managers to work in a diverse multicultural team set up whereby the diversified team members will come up with a new set of skills, ideas, approaches, etc. to the team. It has however, its own challenges in harmonizing the contribution of the culturally diverse team members. Cross-cultural differences in a development work context also entail a range of issues varying from individuals cultural background, characteristics on work places, to their own values and ways of doing things which will have a its own influence on their working style, interactions and relationships at work places. Communication styles, language, a person's cultural background, and perceptions on conflict, styles and methods of doing the work as well as the style of decision making will have an impact how individuals will act and behave in work places. Therefore, the question will be how a manager can successfully lead and work in a culturally diverse team. This study was conducted in Sierra Leone which was aimed at identifying the major bottlenecks of multicultural team management and come up with workable tips for working within a multicultural setting development work.
Dancing in Place: Mythopoetics and the Production of History in Kuchipudi
Authors: Putcha Rumya S.
Published: December 2015

In the twenty-first century, the term “kuchipudi” refers to a style of dance, a South Indian classical genre which, to the untrained eye, is indistinguishable from its better-known cousin,bharatanatyam.After India achieved Independence from the British in 1947,kuchipudicame to be known as a dance style synonymous with the Telugu-speaking state of Andhra Pradesh.Kuchipudi's metonymic status reveals a broader logic of linguistic, geographically grounded identitarianism; indeed, the dance known today askuchipudiis said to hail from a physical place called Kuchipudi, an otherwise nondescript fanning village located about fifty kilometres southeast of Vijayawadain central Andhra Pradesh (see figure 1).
Music as Dance and Dance as Music: Interdependence and Dialogue in Baganda Baakisimba Performance
Authors: Nannyonga-Tamusuza Sylvia
Published: December 2015

The integration of music and dance among African people is a well-articulated phenomenon both within and outside of ethnomusicology (e.g., Blacking 1973; Hanna 1973; Nketia 1974; Stone 1998; Mans 2002; Gilman 2009; Mason 2012:5). As Ruth Stone reports, “African performance is a highly wrapped bundle of arts that are sometimes difficult to separate, even for analysis. Singing, playing instruments, dancing, masquerading and dramatizing are part of a conceptual package that many Africans think of as one and the same” (1998:7). Despite the ubiquity of this conceptual packaging, African performance arts are realized in very particularized ways and contexts throughout the continent. In his study of the vimbuza healing ritual among the Tumbuka of Malawi, for example, Steven Friedson concludes that music and dance in vimbuza are not independent, but “multilayered and complexly interrelated” (1996: 131). In fact, “without drumming there would be no dancing, and without the dancing, the vimbuza [ancestral spirits] would be unable to ‘play with their children‘” (ibid.: 129). Friedson's observation goes beyond the basic acknowledgement that people who create and view dance experience it as sound too; as a practitioner, he found the very act of drumming to be “dancelike” (ibid.: 131–32). Similarly, in the specific cases of Ugandan kizino, kimandwa, maggunju, and gaze. Alfdaniels Mabingo argues that “to embody these dances is to personify the music that accompanies them. Music represents, frames and influences the corporeal bases, capabilities, performance and choreographic sensibilities of the dances” (2015: 13; see also Makubuya 1995). In both of these cases, music not only helps to define the choreographic movements, but also determines the speed and vigour of the dancers.
Landscape, Urbanization, and Capitalist Modernity: Exploring the “Great Transformation” of Tibet Through Its Songs
Authors: Morcom Anna
Published: December 2015

A myriad of ethnomusicological studies have explored change and modernization in musical cultures across the world. However, few have explored transformational changes with capitalism as the main analytical frame. This is despite the fact that capitalism, in its various forms and phases, has arguably been the key driving force of the modem world for centuries, underpinning or shaping industrialization, nation-state formation, colonialism, rapid or intensive economic growth/crises/disparity, technological innovation, the advent of wage labour, urbanization, and global connectivity. In this article I explore capitalist transformation as a seismic shift in people's relations to and identifications with land, nature, and place, as manifest in song lyrics and videos created/performed in contemporary Tibet.
Pre‐feasibility Assessment of Small Hydropower Projects in Turkey by RETScreen
Authors: Yuce M. Ishak , Yuce Simal
Published: December 2015

The most favorable renewable energy production method is hydropower, including the small‐scale plants. The main parameters that need to be determined in small‐scale hydropower plants (SHPs) are the installed capacity and the cost, which are affected by the design flow, net head, turbines, tunnels, canals, penstocks, and other variables. All of these variables are analyzed in the pre‐feasibility studies in order to find the optimum installed capacity and the cost of the plant. RETScreen is a computer program capable of estimating the amount of the energy to be generated and the investment and maintenance costs for small‐scale hydropower projects. In this article, the pre‐feasibility studies of nine SHPs were obtained from State Hydraulic Works of Turkey and compared with the results computed by using RETScreen. RETScreen was found to be capable of assessing pre‐feasibility studies of SHPs in Turkey within a relatively short period compared with traditional methods. Therefore, alternatives can be studied with ease without extensive calculations, which will help designers save time and money.
Les liens entre le jugement de l’enseignant sur les biais d’autoévaluation de compétence de l’élève et la qualité de leur relation
Authors: Lévesque-Guillemette Rebecca , Bouffard Thérèse , Vezeau Carole
Published: December 2015

Cette étude a deux objectifs : 1) examiner le jugement porté par les enseignants sur le caractère utile ou nuisible des biais d’autoévaluation de compétence de leurs élèves et 2) vérifier si ce jugement était lié à la qualité de la relation rapportée par eux et leurs élèves. 49 enseignants de 6e année du primaire et leurs 277 élèves (128 filles) ont répondu à un questionnaire en classe. Les résultats indiquent qu’une majorité d’enseignants considère préférable qu’un élève surévalue ses capacités plutôt que l’inverse. Ils montrent aussi que les élèves sous-évaluant leurs capacités rapportent une relation plus chaleureuse avec leur enseignant lorsque celui-ci croit qu’une telle sous-évaluation est positive. La qualité de la relation rapportée par les enseignants de ces mêmes élèves est aussi meilleure que celle qu’ils disent entretenir avec les autres élèves. Ces résultats suggèrent l’importance de poursuivre l’examen des croyances des enseignants sur les biais d’autoévaluation de compétence des élèves.
Sous quelles conditions les représentations graphiques externes peuvent-elles favoriser l’apprentissage des enfants d’âge préscolaire ?
Authors: Matalliotaki Eirini , Boilevin Jean-Marie
Published: December 2015

Cet article théorique vise à déterminer à quelles conditions l’utilisation des représentations graphiques externes facilite l’apprentissage chez les jeunes enfants, afin de proposer un modèle théorique de conception de tâches cognitivement efficaces pour l’apprentissage. Nous avons repéré trois notions que nous considérons comme essentielles dans le processus d’apprentissage de et à travers la fonction symbolique des représentations graphiques : la décontextualisation, la métacognition et le statut de représentation des représentations graphiques. La synthèse théorique de ces notions, illustrée par des exemples empiriques sur des tâches en mathématiques avec des dessins, conduit à la conception d’un modèle théorique de préparation de tâches qui devrait faciliter l’apprentissage à travers les représentations symboliques. Ce modèle pourrait être applicable dans le domaine des sciences ou sur des données textuelles pour produire des inférences. L’objectif à long terme est de faciliter l’accès des enfants à la conception et à la compréhension des représentations symboliques plus tard dans leur scolarité.
Les enseignants en formation face aux approches pédagogiques : une analyse en classes latentes
Authors: Wanlin Philippe , Crahay Marcel
Published: December 2015

Le discours pédagogique oppose socioconstructivisme et transmission. Nous examinons l’adhésion des enseignants en formation à cette opposition. Constatant l’absence d’un instrument approprié en français, nous avons trouvé dans les écrits de recherche anglophones et germanophones des outils sommairement validés. Nous en avons extrait 30 items que nous avons traduits et soumis à 228 enseignants en formation. Les analyses factorielles aboutissent à un outil qui obtient de bonnes qualités psychométriques. Nous montrons, d’une part, que les conceptions des enseignants en formation sont moins clivées que le discours pédagogique et, d’autre part, que l’adhésion au socioconstructivisme dépend de la formation suivie. Des implications pour la recherche et la formation sont discutées.
La relation entre les connaissances et les attitudes concernant la diversité sexuelle chez les futurs enseignants au Québec
Authors: Franco Morales Freddy , Venet Michèle , Correa Molina Enrique
Published: December 2015

Cette étude s’intéresse aux attitudes du futur personnel enseignant envers les personnes homosexuelles et bisexuelles, en lien avec ses connaissances sur la diversité des rôles et des comportements sexuels ainsi que sur les réalités des jeunes homosexuels et bisexuels des deux sexes. L’échantillon, composé de 82 étudiantes et étudiants québécois du Baccalauréat en enseignement secondaire, a été invité à remplir un questionnaire comportant deux échelles de 51 et 14 items afin d’évaluer respectivement leurs connaissances et leurs attitudes. Les résultats des analyses descriptives indiquent que le futur personnel enseignant a peu de connaissances sur les trois aspects évalués, et qu’il manifeste des attitudes plus ou moins positives envers les personnes homosexuelles et bisexuelles. De plus, les résultats des analyses corrélationnelles montrent qu’il existe une relation positive entre les connaissances sur les rôles et comportements sexuels et les attitudes de l’échantillon. Enfin, l’étude identifie des pistes relatives à la formation du personnel enseignant.
The Politics of the Senate Reform Reference: Fidelity, Frustration, and Federal Unilateralism
Authors: Dodek Adam
Published: December 2015

References are the most political of cases, almost always involving high profile public policy issues. Frequently, references are brought to obtain rulings on the relationship between the federal government and the provinces. Less frequently, references involve questions of interbranch relations, that is, between two or more of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The Senate Reform Reference was one of the rare cases that featured each of these three elements. This article analyzes the Senate Reform Reference on several political levels. First, it situates the reference in terms of megaconstitutional politics, the long-held Canadian practice of attempting to resolve constitutional issues through formal and often high-profile negotiations between the federal and provincial governments. Such interactions have been anathema to the Harper government which has preferred unilateral political action to negotiated political agreement. The article then examines interparty politics or the relationship between the Harper government and the opposition parties during the period of minority government (2006–2011). This is the period during which one would have expected the government to bring a reference because of its inability to obtain support from the other parties in the House of Commons and the Senate for its proposed legislation on the Senate. However, it did not. This leads to an examination of the third issue: intra-party politics or the politics within the governing party, the Conservative Party of Canada. Finally, the article discusses legal politics and how the government of Québec essentially forced the federal government’s hand by bringing its own reference to the Québec Court of Appeal. The overarching framework of interbranch politics—the relationship between the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government—is examined throughout the article.
Constitutional Amendment by Stealth
Authors: Albert Richard
Published: December 2015

Constitutional amendment ordinarily channels public deliberation through formal, transparent, and predictable procedures designed to express the informed aggregated choices of political, popular, and institutional actors. Yet the Government of Canada’s proposed senator selection reforms concealed a democratically problematic strategy to innovate an informal, obscure, and irregular method of constitutional change: constitutional amendment by stealth. There are three distinguishing features of constitutional amendment by stealth—distinctions that make stealth amendment stand apart from other types of informal constitutional change: the circumvention of formal amendment rules, the intentional creation of a convention, and the twinned consequences of both promoting and weakening democracy. Constitutional amendment by stealth occurs where political actors consciously establish a new democratic practice whose repetition is intended to compel their successors into compliance. Over time, this practice matures into an unwritten constitutional convention, and consequently becomes informally entrenched in the constitution, though without the democratic legitimacy we commonly associate with an amendment. In this article, I theorize constitutional amendment by stealth from legal, theoretical, and comparative perspectives, and consider its consequences for the rule of law.
The Senate Reference: Constitutional Change and Democracy
Authors: Dawood Yasmin
Published: December 2015

The Senate Reference is ultimately a decision about how democratic decision making ought to be conducted when the role and function of fundamental democratic institutions are themselves at stake. This case stands for the idea that unilateral decision making by Parliament is not permitted even if from a substantive standpoint the government’s proposals are “more democratic” than the status quo. Consultative elections and senatorial term limits, for example, would arguably make the Senate a more representative and accountable body. Yet the Court held that such changes are subject to the Constitution’s general amending formula, which means that Parliament cannot implement these changes on its own. This article suggests that the Court’s interpretation of the amending procedures is based upon a deeper democratic commitment to ensuring dialogue and deliberation between and among the relevant stakeholders. The Court’s approach has benefits and drawbacks. By setting itself up as the exclusive arbiter of the Constitution’s “internal architecture” and the primary decision-maker as to what constitutes an institution’s “fundamental role and nature”, the Court has enhanced its own authority over the evolution of the constitutional order while significantly narrowing the possibilities for constitutional change. While the Court’s approach has the undeniable effect of making large-scale institutional reform difficult (if not impossible), the alternative is arguably worse. If it were possible for the government to unilaterally reform democratic institutions, then it could unilaterally reform them in an anti-democratic direction as well.
Le fédéralisme comme principe matriciel dans l’interprétation de la procédure de modification constitutionnelle
Authors: Mathieu Catherine , Taillon Patrick
Published: December 2015

Rendus à quelques semaines d’intervalle, le Renvoi relatif à la réforme du Sénat de même que le Renvoi relatif à la Loi sur la Cour suprême, art. 5 et 6 posent des limites importantes à l’action unilatérale d’Ottawa en matière de réforme des institutions, et ce, au nom d’un principe fondamental jouant un rôle matriciel dans l’interprétation de la procédure de modification constitutionnelle : le fédéralisme. À l’occasion de ces deux avis, la Cour a non seulement précisé le champ d’application des procédures multilatérales de modification de la partie V de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, mais elle a aussi tiré les conséquences qui s’imposent du principe fédéral. D’abord, sur le plan institutionnel, ce dernier principe constitue, non seulement une limite à l’action unilatérale d’Ottawa, mais aussi un facteur structurant l’ordonnancement juridique et un fondement à l’action de la Cour suprême du Canada. Puis, sur le plan du contenu du principe fédéral, la Cour suprême développe, à l’occasion des deux avis de 2014 relatifs à la procédure de modification, une réflexion plus formelle sur les dimensions consociatives du fédéralisme canadien dans le cadre desquelles la spécificité nationale du Québec et les arrangements spéciaux négociés en conséquence sont protégés, du moins partiellement, par la procédure de modification adoptée en 1982 sans l’accord du Québec. De ce fait, le principe fédéral s’impose comme un principe matriciel qui conditionne l’interprétation de la procédure de modification constitutionnelle et qui favorise le fédéralisme consociatif.
De la structure constitutionnelle dans le Renvoi relatif au Sénat : vers une gestalt constitutionnelle?
Authors: Karazivan Noura
Published: December 2015

En matière d’interprétation constitutionnelle canadienne, l’analyse structurelle est traditionnellement entendue comme un procédé qui consiste à déduire des principes implicites à partir des structures gouvernementales. Cependant, on assiste depuis peu au développement d’une analyse structurelle orientée vers les institutions faisant partie de la structure constitutionnelle canadienne, sur l’identification de leurs rôles au sein de cette dernière, et sur la détermination des caractéristiques essentielles à leur bon fonctionnement. Cet article vise principalement à explorer cette seconde dimension, que l’auteure nomme la dimension relationnelle et fonctionnelle de l’analyse structurelle. Après avoir fait ressortir les liens que l’analyse structurelle entretient avec l’herméneutique juridique, l’auteure retrace les divers usages de la notion de structure constitutionnelle dans la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême précédant le Renvoi relatif au Sénat. L’auteure avance que c’est ce cadre d’analyse qui a été appliqué dans le Renvoi relatif au Sénat lorsque la Cour s’est penchée sur la question des élections consultatives des sénateurs. L’auteure formule ensuite trois observations critiques qui aspirent à susciter un débat plus large sur la légitimité du recours à ce type d’analyse. Ainsi, le choix du rôle de chambre de réflexion du Sénat, au détriment de celui de chambre fédérale, fera l’objet d’une première observation critique. Ensuite, la question du rôle des principes implicites au sein même de l’analyse structurelle sera examinée. Finalement, l’auteure abordera la question de l’interprétation progressiste du rôle fondamental d’une institution. Malgré ces observations, l’auteure conclut qu’en consacrant la dimension relationnelle et fonctionnelle de l’analyse structurelle, le Renvoi relatif au Sénat marque un tournant vers le développement d’une gestalt constitutionnelle. Il invite ainsi à identifier les diverses parties de la structure constitutionnelle canadienne, à cerner leurs rôles fondamentaux au sein de cette dernière, et à envisager de manière dynamique ce qui constitue le « tout » à partir duquel les parties se conçoivent. Comme la psychologie de la gestalt, le Renvoi relatif au Sénat fait de l’intégrité une valeur suprême en immunisant le « tout » contre les actions qui nuiraient au bon fonctionnement de ses parties, dans le respect de l’intégrité constitutionnelle canadienne.
Unsteady Architecture: Ambiguity, the Senate Reference, and the Future of Constitutional Amendment in Canada
Authors: Macfarlane Emmett
Published: December 2015

This article critically examines the Supreme Court of Canada’s opinion in the Senate Reform Reference from the perspective of its coherence in interpreting the various amending procedures in Part V of the Constitution Act, 1982. It analyzes the ways that the underlying logic of the Court’s reasoning, particularly with respect to the method of selecting senators and senatorial term limits, creates ambiguity and risks unintended consequences for future attempts at constitutional amendment. The Court’s explicit refusal to distinguish between the federal government’s unilateral ability to enact a retirement age and its logic that term limits, regardless of length, require the consent of the provinces under the general amending procedure lacks logical consistency and arguably erodes the unilateral amending procedure to a problematic degree. In the context of its reasoning with respect to changes to the method of selecting senators, the Court’s reliance on the amorphous notion of the “constitutional architecture” clouds the definable limits of “method of selection” under section 42(1)(b). The Senate Reform Reference introduces considerable ambiguity into what changes the federal executive can implement with respect to the appointments process itself. The article concludes by exploring the political implications that the decision has for the future of Senate reform specifically and for our ability to amend the constitution generally.
Le Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec et la documentation des plantes vasculaires en situation précaire
Authors: Tardif Bernard , Lavoie Gildo , Jolicoeur Guy
Published: December 2015

Divers acteurs de la scène biologique québécoise, professionnels ou bénévoles, effectuent des observations sur les espèces en situation précaire au Québec. Ces informations sont exploitées par le Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec (CDPNQ). Cette agrégation des connaissances disponibles sur la répartition des espèces permet de soutenir adéquatement les actions de conservation, d’aménagement et de gestion du territoire, pour lesquelles le CDPNQ est consulté au quotidien. Par cet article, nous souhaitons témoigner de l’importance de cette collaboration implicite et rendre crédit aux contributeurs de données sur les plantes vasculaires, dont un grand nombre agit à titre de bénévoles.
Les libellules (Odonata) de Gatineau, Québec, d’hier à aujourd’hui
Authors: Piché Caroline , Hutchinson Raymond
Published: December 2015

Gatineau, 4eville en importance au Québec, se situe au sud-ouest de la province, en bordure de la rivière des Outaouais. On y trouve au moins 87 espèces de libellules. Un inventaire fait en 2013 et 2014 a permis de documenter la constance, l’abondance relative et les indices de reproduction pour 82 d’entre elles. La comparaison des résultats avec l’odonatofaune historique (1886-1935) a révélé qu’au moins 90 % des espèces s’étaient maintenues depuis le tournant du 20esiècle. Huit espèces spécialistes, associées aux ruisseaux, aux rivières ou aux milieux humides temporaires pourraient cependant avoir décliné ou disparu. En revanche, au moins 7 espèces généralistes, pionnières et associées aux eaux stagnantes, toutes de la famille des Libellulidae à l’exception d’une Coenagrionide, y sont en expansion. Ces changements de l’odonatofaune pourraient être attribuables à l’étalement urbain. Les libellules, indicatrices de changements environnementaux, peuvent être facilement observées et surveillées dans le cadre de projets de science citoyenne.
Découverte du gomphe fléché dans les Appalaches québécoises
Authors: Savard Michel
Published: December 2015

Le gomphe fléché (Stylurus spiniceps) est une espèce de libellule réputée discrète, associée au fleuve Saint-Laurent et à ses grands tributaires. La découverte de populations en Montérégie et en Estrie confirme sa présence dans la province naturelle des Appalaches. L’absence de mention de cette espèce dans les basses terres entourant l’île de Montréal et le lac Saint-Pierre pourrait être la conséquence d’une dégradation de l’environnement aquatique et forestier dans la portion aval des bassins versants appalachiens et laurentiens. Un ensemble de 8 espèces fluviales de Gomphides peut avantageusement servir d’indicateurs biologiques appliqués au réseau hydrographique du Saint-Laurent.
Prolifération des fougères dans les érablières du Québec : ampleur du phénomène et moyens de le contrer
Authors: Ouimet Rock , Weiss Gabriel , Lepage Marie-Josée
Published: December 2015

L’envahissement des érablières par les fougères est un phénomène de plus en plus fréquent au Québec. Les espèces de fougères envahissantes étudiées ici sont surtout associées à des conditions de drainage imparfait du sol, périodiquement inondé, et à des humus > 14 cm d’épaisseur. L’occurrence de ces espèces de fougères dans les érablières est aussi corrélée à la densité de cerfs de Virginie sur le territoire. Nous avons testé, dans 2 expériences, divers traitements pour favoriser la régénération en érable dans des érablières envahies parDennstaedtia punctilobula. Seule la combinaison du chaulage et soit de la fauche soit de l’écrasement à répétition des fougères a accru considérablement la densité de semis d’érable après 3 à 5 ans, atteignant 15 à 28 semis/m2. L’écrasement à répétition des fougères ou la pose d’ombrières en sous-bois a aussi réduit de 30 % et plus la densité et la hauteur des fougères. Les observations mettent en lumière la dynamique complexe entre l’ouverture du couvert forestier, l’occurrence de fougères envahissantes, les conditions de fertilité du sol et le broutage par les cerfs, qui influencent l’abondance de la régénération en érable dans les érablières.
Changements de l’occupation du sol dans la plaine inondable du lac Saint-Pierre entre les années 1950 et 1997
Authors: Dauphin Diane , Jobin Benoît
Published: December 2015

Le lac Saint-Pierre est le site d’une biodiversité exceptionnelle. Toutefois, les activités anthropiques ont mené à la perte et à la dégradation des milieux naturels au cours des dernières décennies si bien que de nombreuses espèces fauniques, dont la perchaude (Perca flavescens), montrent des déclins marqués de leur population. La perte d’habitats de reproduction serait l’un des facteurs déterminants pour expliquer cette situation. Afin de documenter les changements d’occupation du sol survenus au niveau de la plaine inondable du lac Saint-Pierre, des photos aériennes prises à 3 périodes (1950, 1964 et 1997) ont été interprétées et comparées. Il en ressort qu’environ 3 200 ha d’habitats fauniques (milieux naturels + cultures pérennes) ont été modifiés dans la zone de récurrence d’inondation de 0-2 ans. Le changement le plus important concerne la conversion de quelque 2 500 ha de cultures pérennes (fourrages, pâturages) en cultures annuelles (maïs, soya) peu propices à la faune. Des habitats naturels ont également été modifiés, en particulier 350 ha de prairies humides. Outre la perchaude, d’autres groupes fauniques sont affectés par ces changements d’occupation du sol, notamment les passereaux et les canards barboteurs qui nichent dans les cultures pérennes et les prairies. La restauration d’habitats et le changement des pratiques agricoles font partie des actions qui peuvent être mises de l’avant pour favoriser le rétablissement des espèces en difficulté au lac Saint-Pierre.
Absence d’amphibiens dans la péninsule d’Ungava ?
Authors: Fortin Christian , Martineau Christine , Poirier Joël
Published: December 2015

Dans le cadre d’une étude d’impact environnemental et social, un inventaire d’amphibiens a été réalisé, en juin 2008, à l’extrémité nordique de la péninsule d’Ungava, au Nunavik. Aucun amphibien n’a été capturé ou observé et aucun chant de reproduction n’a été entendu, malgré des conditions d’inventaire propices. Ces résultats ainsi que les autres sources d’informations consultées suggèrent l’absence d’amphibiens à la hauteur de l’aire d’étude. Des hypothèses sont proposées pour expliquer cette apparente absence.
Nouvelles mentions de cyprinidés sur la Côte-Nord
Authors: Chamberland Jean-Martin , Ferron Nicolas , Desroches Jean-François
Published: December 2015

Le présent article décrit les résultats d’inventaires et d’observations ichtyologiques réalisés dans la région de la Côte-Nord, Québec, au cours des mois d’août 2013 et 2014. Au total, 13 espèces de poissons ont été capturées, parmi lesquelles on trouve le méné ventre-citron (Chrosomus neogaeus), le méné à nageoires rouges (Luxilus cornutus), le méné à museau noir (Notropis heterolepis) et le mulet à cornes (Semotilus atromaculatus). Des recherches dans la littérature ichtyologique de même que dans les bases de données muséales et gouvernementales indiquent qu’il s’agirait de premières mentions ou d’extensions de l’aire de répartition de ces espèces sur la Côte-Nord. Une discussion est aussi présentée sur le potentiel qu’offrent les bases de données en ligne pour préciser l’aire de répartition connue de la faune aquatique du Québec.
La collection d’organismes marins de l’Institut Maurice-Lamontagne (Ministère des Pêches et des Océans)
Authors: Miller Roberta , Nozères Claude
Published: December 2015

L’Institut Maurice-Lamontagne de Mont-Joli (Québec, Canada) conserve une collection d’organismes marins, principalement de l’estuaire et du golfe du Saint-Laurent mais aussi de l’Arctique canadien. Plus de 1 460 espèces sont présentes parmi les spécimens qui ont été recueillis entre 1900 et 2014 et qui procurent des références taxonomiques et biogéographiques à la communauté scientifique, ainsi que des informations pour le grand public. Cet article présente un résumé de l’historique, de la richesse et de la répartition géographique des spécimens conservés, qui se sont avérés nécessaires pour les travaux du ministère des Pêches et des Océans et d’autres utilisateurs.