bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEATURES OF GENDER-RELATED SOMATOTYPES AND A RANGE OF ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS IN FEMALE PARTNER ACROBATICS
Authors: Oleynik E , Bugaevsky K
Published: September 2020

Aim. The article aims to study somatic changes and a number of anthropometric indicators in gender-related somatotypes in “base” (in standing or lying position) and “flyer” acrobats. Materials and methods. Studies have been carried out to determine several anthropometric indicators and morphofunctional index values such as standing body length, upper and lower limb length, shoulder and pelvis width, sexual dimorphism index by J. Tanner & W. Marshall, body mass index. The experiment included 44 athletes in the period of puberty and adolescence engaged in female partner acrobatics. Research methods used: analysis of available scientific and methodological literature; mathematical processing of index values and the results obtained. Results. An analysis of the results showed significant differences in all anthropometric and morphofunctional values of the “base” and “flyer” acrobats. It was revealed that among the “base” acrobats there were no athletes with a gynecomorphic somatotype. Among the “base” acrobats, there was a predominance of female athletes with a mesomorphic somatotype – 18 (81.82%), while there were only 4 (18.18%) athletes with andromorphic somatotype. In “flyer” acrobats, there were mostly female athletes with a gynecomorphic somatotype – 19 (86.36%), 3 (13.64%) athletes were characterized by a mesomorphic somatotype, and there were no representatives of the andromorphic somatotype. Conclusion. Specialization and selection of “flyer” and “base” acrobats should be carried out taking into account not only the age difference between these athletes but also such anthropometric indicators as upper and lower limb length, shoulder and pelvis width and such morphofunctional index values as sexual dimorphism index and body mass index.
FORMING IDEAL 30 METER RUNNING TECHNIQUE IN 12-YEAR-OLD SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors: Gimazov R , Bulatova G
Published: September 2020

Aim. The article aims to achieve the accuracy of space-time characteristics of a running step in 11–12-year-old schoolchildren. Materials and methods. The article provides a comparative analysis of the results of training and improving the running step in the control and experimental groups. For an objective instrumental assessment of the second stage of training, a structural phase biomechanical analysis of movements based on data from high-speed digital video recording with a frequency of 240 frames per second was used. Changes in the technique of the running step in schoolchildren were analyzed in the take-off phase (when the supporting leg pushed away from the surface of the treadmill), in the float phase and in the amortization phase. Methods of parametric and nonparametric statistics were used. Results. In schoolchildren from the experi­mental group, a statistically significant positive increase in the coefficients of the relationship of the angular characteristics of the running step with the model indicators of the American sprinter Ryan Bailey was achieved, which objectively reflects a significant increase in 30 meter running speed. Conclusion. Taking into account the natural rules of nervous system mechanisms made it possible to objectively increase the efficiency of running technique in the experimental group.
DYNAMIC CONTROL OF LOAD IN SPECIAL MEDICAL GROUP STUDENTS DURING PE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Kodaneva L , Ketlerova E
Published: September 2020

Aim. The article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of dynamic control of the workload during PE activities in special medical group students (SMG) using heart rate (HR) monitors. Materials and methods. The research involved 30 students with chronic pathology of the organs of vision, respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous and genitourinary systems. Control (CG) and experimental groups (EG) were formed of 15 people each. Before the beginning of the research, the intensity of physical activity was selected individually for each girl. During the training session, the load level in the control group was selected by the results of operational control, while in the experimental group it was chosen by means of dynamic control. The effectiveness of dynamic control was established by the comparative analysis of indicators of functional abilities, physical development and physical fitness of students. Results. During the research process, the average value of the chest circumference increased by 2.7% in CG and by 4.8% in EG, indicating an improvement in respiratory function. Despite the absence of statistically significant differences in this indicator, it should be noted that the chest circumference increased more in the experimental group. In the experimental group, a greater increase was noted in other indicators of the respiratory system. During physical activity, the average heart rate decreased by 4.8%  and 7.1%, SBP by 7.7% and 11.1%, DBP by 6.2% and 6.3% in CG and EG, respectively, indicating an improvement in the cardiovascular system. SBP indicators were significantly lower in the experimental group. For other indicators significant differences were not revealed but it should be noted that in the experimental group the decrease was more significant. The increase in physical fitness in female students of both groups was registered in all eight indicators. The most significant increase (P<0.01) was noted in exercises for general and special endurance. In the experimental group, the increase was from 8 to 77 %, in the control group, from 4.6 to 52%. Conclusion. Dynamic control of training load using heart rate data obtained with heart rate monitors provides a more significant increase in physical fitness and body functions of SMG students, improves the efficiency of physical education management, provides an individual approach to the load control, as well as feedback during the training session and the possibility of choosing physical education methods.
What Psychology Can Contribute to Contemporary Teacher Education: Basic Concepts and Exemplary Implementations
Authors: Dutke Stephan , Holodynski Manfred , Souvignier Elmar
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We describe basic concepts of contemporary teacher education from a psychological perspective, typified with examples from teacher education programs run at the University of Münster, Germany. After describing the context of teacher education in Germany, criteria are discussed which guide the selection of psychological contents to be included into teacher education curricula. Furthermore, three curriculum components are discussed that help to adopt a psychological perspective on instruction at school. Classroom videos reduce the distance between psychological knowledge suitable to guide teacher behaviour and examples of how teachers actually behave during class. Students’ small-scale classroom research projects bridge the gap between theory and practice, and curriculum components focussing on individual differences help to raise awareness for diagnostics, individual aid, and inclusion. Finally, psychology’s role in teacher education is discussed with regard to relevant content knowledge and methodological knowledge teacher education curricula might benefit from.

 

Key words: teacher education, video-based instruction, evidence-based teaching, inclusion
Contemporary reception of gnosis in Poland: Jerzy Prokopiuk and the quest for spirituality
Authors:  Jocz Artur
Published: September 2020

While discussing gnosis in contemporary Polish culture, it is impossible to overlook the figure of Jerzy Prokopiuk (born 1931). But Prokopiuk’s body of work should not be judged solely on the merit of his prolific publishing and popularising activity, as one should also take into consideration his spiritual, intellectual and gnostic explorations, as well as how they contributed to the historical reception of gnostic ideas in Poland. This is why this paper will seek to present Prokopiuk’s views on the essence of God, the nature of the world, and the human phenomenon.
Die Manosphere. Die Rolle von digitalen Gemeinschaften und regressiven Bewegungsdynamiken für on- und offline Antifeminismus
Authors: Rothermel Ann-Kathrin
Published: September 2020

Die sogenannte Manosphere – eine digitale Gemeinschaft, die sich hauptsächlich durch misogyne und antifeministische Beiträge und Ideologien auszeichnet – ist aufgrund ihrer Verbindung zu verschiedenen Terroranschlägen in der letzten Zeit verstärkt in das Blickfeld der Medien gelangt. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die bislang häufig vernachlässigte Rolle digitaler Räume und Netzwerke im Kontext regressiver, frauenfeindlicher Ideologien und daraus erwachsende gewalttätige antifeministische Handlungsrepertoires aus Perspektive der Bewegungsforschung. Am Beispiel der Manosphere auf der Plattform Reddit zeige ich, wie durch das Zusammenspiel zwischen technologischer Infrastruktur und regressiver Ideologie die Grundlage für die Mobilisierung und Sozialisierung in antifeministische Bewegungskulturen mit gewalttätigen Handlungsrepertoires on- und offline geschaffen wird.
Spatial organization enhances versatility and specificity in cyclic di-GMP signaling
Authors: Kunz Sandra , Graumann Peter L.
Published: September 2020

The second messenger cyclic di-GMP regulates a variety of processes in bacteria, many of which are centered around the decision whether to adopt a sessile or a motile life style. Regulatory circuits include pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and motility in a wide variety of bacteria, and play a key role in cell cycle progression inCaulobacter crescentus. Interestingly, multiple, seemingly independent c-di-GMP pathways have been found in several species, where deletions of individual c-di-GMP synthetases (DGCs) or hydrolases (PDEs) have resulted in distinct phenotypes that would not be expected based on a freely diffusible second messenger. Several recent studies have shown that individual signaling nodes exist, and additionally, that protein/protein interactions between DGCs, PDEs and c-di-GMP receptors play an important role in signaling specificity. Additionally, subcellular clustering has been shown to be employed by bacteria to likely generate local signaling of second messenger, and/or to increase signaling specificity. This review highlights recent findings that reveal how bacteria employ spatial cues to increase the versatility of second messenger signaling.
A new type of pubertal height reference based on growth aligned for onset of pubertal growth
Authors: Albertsson-Wikland Kerstin G. , Niklasson Aimon , Holmgren Anton , Gelander Lars , Nierop Andreas F.M.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Growth references of today traditionally describe growth in relation to chronological age. Despite the broad variation in age of pubertal maturation, references related to biological age are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we aimed to develop a new type of pubertal height reference for improved growth evaluation during puberty, considering individual variation in pubertal timing.

Methods

Longitudinal length/height measures were obtained from birth to adult height in 1,572 healthy Swedish children (763 girls) born at term ∼1990 to nonsmoking mothers and Nordic parents, a subgroup of GrowUp1990Gothenburg cohort. A total height reference was constructed from Quadratic-Exponential-Puberty-Stop (QEPS)-function-estimated heights from individual height curves that had been aligned for time/age at onset of pubertal growth (5% of P-function growth). References that separated growth into specific pubertal heightSDS (P-function growth) and basic heightSDS (QES-function growth) were also generated.

Results

References (cm and SDS) are presented for total height, and height subdivided into that specific to puberty and to basic growth arising independently of puberty. The usefulness of the new pubertal growth reference was explored by identifying differences in the underlying growth functions that translate into differences in pubertal height gain for children of varying body mass, height, and with different pubertal timings.

Conclusions

A new type of height reference allowing alignment of individual growth curves, based on the timing of the pubertal growth spurt was developed using QEPS-model functions. This represents a paradigm shift in pubertal growth research and growth monitoring during the adolescent period.
Severe diabetic ketoacidosis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in a teenage patient with newly diagnosed diabetes
Authors: Rabizadeh Soghra , Hajmiri Minoosadat , Rajab Armin , Emadi Kouchak Hamid , Nakhjavani Manouchehr
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Recently, World Health Organization has declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection a pandemic. Patients with diabetes may be at an increased risk of developing COVID-19 infection, as well as increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Although the current data have shown that the coronavirus infection generally has a milder course in children.

Case presentation

In this case report, we present a teenage patient with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as the first manifestation of his diabetes and COVID-19 infection.

Conclusions

He was treated for DKA and COVID-19 infection, and fortunately, had a good response to the treatment.
Nonlinear boundary value problems for mixed-type fractional equations and Ulam-Hyers stability
Authors: Wang Huiwen , Li Fang
Published: September 2020

In this article, we discuss the nonlinear boundary value problems involving both left Riemann-Liouville and right Caputo-type fractional derivatives. By using some new techniques and properties of the Mittag-Leffler functions, we introduce a formula of the solutions for the aforementioned problems, which can be regarded as a novelty item. Moreover, we obtain the existence result of solutions for the aforementioned problems and present the Ulam-Hyers stability of the fractional differential equation involving two different fractional derivatives. An example is given to illustrate our theoretical result.
Hybrid treatment of fibroadipose vascular anomaly: A case report
Authors: Stillo Francesco , Ruggiero Federica , De Fiores Antonio , Compagna Rita , Amato Bruno
Published: September 2020

Background

First identified in 2014, fibroadipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is a very rare type of venous and lymphatic malformation. Marked by tough fibrofatty tissue in the extremities overtaking portions of the muscles, it is associated with constant pain and contracture of the affected extremity. There is a paucity of literature, and no guidelines on treatment procedure are available. This case highlights the role of hybrid treatment with primary ethanol percutaneous ethanol embolization and additional surgery for radicality in excision of FAVA lesions.

Case summary

A 9-year-old girl with FAVA underwent the hybrid treatment. The achievements of complete excision, clinical response, and patient satisfaction in long-term follow-up were assessed. Following the hybrid treatment, the patient experienced significant improvement in pain. Concurrent symptoms of physical limitation, leg swelling, and skin hyperesthesia also improved. The clinical benefit, supported by postoperative physiotherapy, was well stabilized at 6-month follow-up, resulting in complete patient satisfaction at 12- and 36-month follow-ups. No major complications were encountered.

Conclusion

Ethanol embolization plus surgery is a safe, effective, and long-term hybrid treatment of symptomatic FAVA lesions.
Solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector based on vertically aligned single-crystalline β-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays
Authors: Zhang Liying , Xiu Xiangqian , Li Yuewen , Zhu Yuxia , Hua Xuemei , Xie Zili , Tao Tao , Liu Bin , Chen Peng , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou
Published: September 2020

Vertically aligned nanowire arrays, with high surface-to-volume ratio and efficient light-trapping absorption, have attracted much attention for photoelectric devices. In this paper, vertical β-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays with an average diameter/height of 110/450 nm have been fabricated by the inductively coupled plasma etching technique. Then a metal-semiconductor-metal structured solar-blind photodetector (PD) has been fabricated by depositing interdigital Ti/Au electrodes on the nanowire arrays. The fabricated β-Ga2O3 nanowire PD exhibits ∼10 times higher photocurrent and responsivity than the corresponding film PD. Moreover, it also possesses a high photocurrent to dark current ratio (I
light/I
dark) of ∼104 and a ultraviolet/visible rejection ratio (R
260 nm/R
400 nm) of 3.5 × 103 along with millisecond-level photoresponse times.
Polaritonic Tamm states induced by cavity photons
Authors: Downing Charles A. , Martín-Moreno Luis
Published: September 2020

We consider a periodic chain of oscillating dipoles, interacting via long-range dipole–dipole interactions, embedded inside a cuboid cavity waveguide. We show that the mixing between the dipolar excitations and cavity photons into polaritons can lead to the appearance of new states localized at the ends of the dipolar chain, which are reminiscent of Tamm surface states found in electronic systems. A crucial requirement for the formation of polaritonic Tamm states is that the cavity cross section is above a critical size. Above this threshold, the degree of localization of the Tamm states is highly dependent on the cavity size since their participation ratio scales linearly with the cavity cross-sectional area. Our findings may be important for quantum confinement effects in one-dimensional systems with strong light–matter coupling.
Harnessing host–guest interactions to control structure at the nanoscale
Authors: Śliwa Marta , Stephens Benjamin O. , Zhang Zhe , Kempa Thomas J.
Published: September 2020

Host–guest interactions mediate many chemical and biochemical transformations and are extensively exploited in a number of industrially-relevant chemical processes. Many porous inorganic (e.g., zeolite) and molecular (e.g., metal-organic framework) hosts engage reagents in their environment through selective host–guest interactions. While researchers frequently capitalize on host–guest interactions to sequester chemical species or to catalyze reactions, these interactions can also be used to direct nanomaterial synthesis. In this Perspective we highlight the promise and opportunities for harnessing host–guest interactions to control the structure and dimensionality of materials. We focus our discussion on emerging strategies in soft chemistry and promising new directions which use porous ionic solids to direct the growth of complex nanoscale dimers and Janus nanoparticles.
Collocational semiosis in the academic discourse of the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): The case of AFRICA
Authors: Salama Amir H.Y.
Published: September 2020

The present study investigates the collocation-induced semiosis of the linguistic sign AFRICA as being used in the academic section of the Corpus of Contemporary American English (known as COCA) (Davies, Mark. 2008. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): one billion words, 1990-present. Available online athttps://corpus.byu.edu/coca/). Drawing on a hybrid theoretical framework, the study utilizes Charles Peirce’s (1931–58) semiotic model of the sign and Roman Jakobson’s theory of “markedness” (Jakobson, Roman. 1972. Verbal communication. Scientific American (Special Issue, September 1). 73–80) as well as Stuart Hall’s treatment of “code” (Hall, Stuart. 1980. Encoding/decoding. In Stuart Hall, Doothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, & Paul Willis (eds.), Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972–79, 117–127. New York: Routledge) and John Swales’ notion of “discourse community” (Swales, John M. 1990. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). The study empirically tests the hypothesis that, in a given discourse domain, the relevant interpretant can decode a linguistic sign (representamen) in the co-text of its marked collocates in a way that is collocationally used via the two modes of iconic and indexical signification. The concordance-based analysis conducted in the present study offers two findings, theoretical and practical. First, the study proposes the theoretical concept ofcollocational semiosisas one way of methodologically integrating the study of collocation into a structural-linguistic analytic framework that richly intersects with the genre-based notion of “discourse community.” Second, in the academic discourse community of the COCA, to the expert interpretant, the representamen AFRICA has been decoded due to its marked collocates which have been technically used in two modes of signification, viz. iconic and indexical.
La evolución de la imagen de rol social familiar a través de la modulación pragmática de los actos de habla directivos en el teatro de los siglos XIX y XX. Estudio de la atenuación e intensificación en los roles de padre, madre e hijo
Authors: Ruiz Marta Gancedo
Published: September 2020

This paper describes the evolution of the family role face – specifically, the roles of father, mother and child – in a concrete period of the Spanish social history -from the end of 19th century to the 1960s. To achieve this goal, a corpus of theater plays is analyzed from a functional and pragmalinguistic perspective in a socio-historical context. The focus is on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the projection of role face in the expression of directive speech acts and their possible modulation through two pragmatic strategies: mitigation and intensification. Based on the results of the analysis, a sociopragmatic interpretation is carried out by identifying the connection between the choice of pragmalinguistic strategies and the need of the speakers’ autonomy face and affiliation face in different roles as family member in the given period. The results point to a progressive solidarity in father-child relationships during this period. On the one hand, that is based on the erosion of the authoritarian component of parental roles. On the other hand, it is anchored in the consolidation of proximity, closeness (‘confianza’) and affectivity. From a methodological point of view, the present study confirms the possibility of characterizing a sociopragmatic aspect (role face) on the basis of pragmalinguistic elements, i.e. the linguistic expression of directive speech acts, and its modulation through mitigation and intensification.
IRF8 is crucial for the nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in mice
Authors: Guo Lina , Zhang Yang , Wang Jinping , Qi Yingying , Zhang Zongwang
Published: September 2020

Background

Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. However, whether and how IRF8 can regulate the nicotine withdrawal (NTW)-induced hyperalgesia has not been clarified.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were randomized and injected subcutaneously with saline (Control) or nicotine (3 mg/kg) three times per day for 7 consecutive days, followed by injection with mecamylamine to induce NTW. Their paw withdrawal latencies (PWLs) were measured, and the relative levels of IRF8 expression in the spinal cord tissues were determined longitudinally by western blot. The numbers of IRF8+ cells in the spinal cord tissues were examined. In addition, the NTW mice were randomized and infused intrathecally with vehicle saline (NS), control lentivirus or lentivirus for the expression of IRF8-specific shRNA for three days. Their PWLs, microglia activation, IRF8 and P2X4R and BDNF expression in the spinal cord tissues were determined.

Results

In comparison with the Control mice, the NTW significantly decreased the PWLs but increased the relative levels of IRF8 expression and the numbers of IRF8+ cells in the spinal cord tissues of mice. IRF8-silencing significantly mitigated the NTW-decreased PWLs and attenuated the NTW-enhanced microglia activation and P2X4R and BDNF expression in the spinal cord tissues of mice.

Conclusions

Spinal IRF8 is crucial for the NTW-induced hyperalgesia by enhancing microglia activation and spinal P2X4R and BDNF expression in mice. The IRF8/P2X4R/BDNF axis may be potential therapeutic targets for postoperative pain of smokers.
Chronic neurological diseases and COVID-19: Associations and considerations
Authors: Meshkat Shakila , Salimi Amir , Joshaghanian Asef , Sedighi Sogol , Sedighi Saman , Aghamollaii Vajiheh
Published: September 2020

The 2019 novel coronavirus pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (COVID-19), has been a worldwide urgent public health threat, resulting in six-hundred seventy thousand deaths to date. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a series of public health challenges. One such challenge is the management of diseases such as chronic neurological diseases during an epidemic event. COVID-19 affects all kinds of people, including older people with chronic underlying diseases, who are particularly at risk of severe infection or even death. Chronic neurological diseases such as epilepsy, dementia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are frequently associated with comorbidities; thus, these patients are in the high-risk category. Therefore, in this article, we review associations and challenges the people with epilepsy, dementia, PD, and MS faces during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest approaches to provide consensus recommendations on how to provide the best possible care.
Constant-Amplitude Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of 7XXX Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Bretz P. E. , Bucci R. J. , Malcolm R. C. , Vasudevan A. K.
Published: September 2020

Tests were conducted on several variants of 7075 and 7050 high-strength aluminum alloys to determine the role of alloy composition and temper on fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance. These tests, which were conducted in high-humidity air, covered a crack growth rate range from very slow (near-threshold) to rapid FCG rates. Results of constant-load-amplitude tests showed that alloy ranking was sensitive to the stress-intensity factor range (ΔK) applied. In particular, overaging to a T7 temper reduced low-ΔK FCG resistance greatly, whereas intermediate- and high-ΔK FCG resistance was increased by overaging. The influence of other microstructural variables (purity, copper content, and dispersoid type) on FCG response also depended on the applied ΔK-level. Variations in constant amplitude FCG performance among the alloys were greatest in the near-threshold region. These differences at near-threshold growth rates are important, because this regime often comprises the major portion of component fatigue life; and yet, few data have been presented to date for aluminum alloys in this region. These results illustrate significant potential for improved fatigue performance when alloy selection includes consideration of near-threshold behavior. Fracture surface topography was examined in an effort to relate fracture characteristics to FCG behavior, and is discussed.
Effects of Loading Rate and Temperature on Fracture Toughness of 4130 Quenched and Tempered Steel Using Precracked Charpy V-Notch Specimens
Authors: Nguyen-Duy P.
Published: September 2020

The fracture-energy criterion JIc was determined by the single-specimen method on precracked Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens as a function of loading rate and temperature. The material for this study was quenched and tempered 4130 steel used for tower anchor bars of high-voltage transmission lines. The experimental temperature range was between −40 and 80°C, and the loading rate range varied from that characterized by slow bending (5 × 10−6 to 5 × 10−4 m/s) to that used for impact testing (1.8 to 5.2 m/s). Crack onset detection in slow bend testing is measured by the four-point resistivity method, and in the case of impact testing, maximum load is considered to be the crack onset load. The loading rate effect on the critical value of the J-integral is importa:it over the whole range from slow bend testing to impact testing; however, it is imperceptible in narrow ranges of loading rates. JIc and JIcd present a temperature transition zone. JIcd is greater than JIc on the upper shelf and in the transition zone.
Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Investigation of Ni-Mo-V Steel in Hydrogen Environment
Authors: Liaw P. K. , Hudak S. J. , Donald J. K.
Published: September 2020

The influence of hydrogen gas (448 kPa) on the near-threshold fatigue crack propagation rates in a 661 MPa yield strength Ni-Mo-V steel was investigated at 24 and 93°C at a testing frequency of 120 Hz. The threshold tests were performed at three load ratios (R = 0.1, 0.5, and 0.8) using a continuously decreasing and increasing stress-intensity technique. Crack growth rates measured in hydrogen were compared with those in air and argon. Data indicated that the rates of near-threshold crack propagation in hydrogen were slower than those in air at stress intensity range values (ΔK) less than 12 MPa·m1/2. In hydrogen, the maximum percentage of intergranular failure occurs at a ΔK of 10 MPa·m1/2, regardless of R ratios and temperatures studied.
Fracture Mechanics and Fractography Investigations of Crack Initiation for Two Steels
Authors: Hollstein T. , Blauel J. G.
Published: September 2020

Values of the fracture toughness KIc and the elastic-plastic toughness parameter Ji or KJi were determined for a medium-strength pressure-vessel steel (Type 22Ni-Mo-Cr3 7-SW similar to A508 Class 2) and a high-strength quenched and tempered steel 30Cr-Ni-Mo8 following the rules of ASTM Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399-81) and ASTM Test for JIc, a Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813-81). Proportional wedge-open-loaded X-type (WOL X) specimens with thicknesses 25, SO, 100, and 200 mm and compact (C) specimens with thicknesses 20, 40, and 80 mm were tested. This allowed for both cases to cover a wide range of toughness and temperature in which the results from specimens of different sizes and different evaluation procedures could be compared.

A single specimen J-evaluation procedure was developed and checked by compliance calibration experiments, and onset of stable crack growth was registered by a d-c potential method and interrupted loading tests. The linear elastic fracture toughness KIc (T)-curve from large specimens for both materials is in agreement with the KJi (T)-curve from small specimens up to a level of about 150 MN/m3/2.

Extensive scanning electron microscope investigations of the failure phenomena at the crack front showed that for all specimens of one steel tested at a given temperature. the width Δs of the stretched zone is about the same and is proportional to the square of the critical stress-intensity factor. This is true all through the transition regime and it is there where Δs seems to be the controlling parameter for fracture initiation regardless whether the subsequent fracture is of cleavage type, is stable crack growth followed by cleavage, or is fully stable crack growth. The equality of the toughness parameters KIc and KJi can then be expected.
Fracture Mechanics of PGX Graphite
Authors: Ho F. H. , Vollman R. E. , Cull A. D.
Published: September 2020

Fracture mechanics tests were performed on grade PGX graphite. A compact tension (CT) specimen configuration that yields consistent values of the opening mode critical stress-intensity factor KIc was designed. For the calculation of the fracture toughness and crack growth rate the concept of the effective crack length is used. It corresponds to the crack length of a machined notched specimen with the same compliance.

Fracture toughness testing was performed in two environments, air and helium, all at room temperature. The critical stress-intensity factor, KIc, is calculated based on the maximum load and the effective crack length. With grain KIc was found to be 0.91 and 1.04 MPa · m1/2 with the applied stress field perpendicular to and parallel to the grain direction, respectively. The in-helium values are about 10 percent higher than the in-air values.

The fatigue crack growth test was performed in air only. A “break-in” period was observed for the machined notch to develop into a naturally occurring crack path. Half of the fatigue life was spent in this period. The average KI at the end of this period is about the same as obtained in the fracture toughness test. This is followed by a stable crack growth period. In the log-log plot of the crack growth rate versus the stress-intensity factor a very steep slope is found.

The onset of the rapid crack propagation starts at approximately 90 percent of the fatigue life. The corresponding KI values are 0.97 and 1.12 MPa · m1/2 for stresses applied perpendicular to and parallel to the grain direction respectively. They are about 8 percent higher than the KIc values.
Reflection, Representation, Religion: André Caplet’s Le Miroir de Jésus
Authors: Sarno Megan
Published: September 2020

André Caplet’s Le Miroir de Jésus (1923), a song cycle scored for mezzo soprano soloist, women’s choir, string quartet, and two harps, has a lush sound world and dramatic vocal declamation, and it was immediately recognized as a masterpiece by the Parisian musical press. The work’s religious topic—mysteries of the rosary—has long been taken as the unambiguous sign that the piece and its composer were unapologetically Catholic, like the author of the poems, the convert Henri Ghéon. In the context of a secular French nation, unambiguous Catholicism can easily signal reactionary politics. Moreover, since it does not project images of anarchy, flappers, or committed nonchalance toward morality, when interpreted vis-à-vis the narrative of French musical aesthetics in the 1920s, the work’s status changed from masterpiece to footnote. Yet, though the work’s early reception by Catholic writers cemented its classification as a sacred work, Caplet’s own goals were less clear. Through a comparative musical analysis of characteristics that Le Miroir shares with Caplet’s secular works whose themes come from classicism or mystery, I demonstrate his agnostic aesthetic. Through an investigation of archival sources relating to Caplet’s smaller contemporaneous projects, including a 1923 setting of a poem by Baudelaire, his contribution to La Revue musicale’s 1924 Le Tombeau de Ronsard, and his response to a 1924 survey about “new music,” Caplet’s interest in classicism emerges as a salient context for understanding his largest postwar composition. Additionally Caplet’s real-time documentation of his creative process and goals in detailed correspondence with his wife, Geneviève, contributes further evidence of Caplet’s pragmatism. Rather than moralistic and reactionary, Le Miroir can be understood in the context of postwar artists attempting to render spirituality less institutional and more personal.
Glucocorticoid receptor activities in the zebrafish model: a review
Authors: Dinarello Alberto , Licciardello Giorgio , Fontana Camilla Maria , Tiso Natascia , Argenton Francesco , Dalla Valle Luisa
Published: September 2020

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that contribute to the regulation of many physiological processes, such as inflammation, metabolism and stress response, mainly through binding to their cognate receptor, GR, which works as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Due to their pleiotropy and the common medical use of these steroids to treat patients affected by different pathologies, the investigation of their mechanisms of action is extremely important in biology and clinical research. The evolutionary conservation of GC physiological function, biosynthesis pathways, as well as the sequence and structure of the GC nuclear receptors has stimulated, in the last 20 years, the use of zebrafish (a teleost of Cyprinidae family) as a reliable model organism to investigate this topic. In this review, we wanted to collect many of the most significant findings obtained by the the scientific community using zebrafish to study GCs and their receptors. The paper begins by describing the experiments with transient knockdown of zebrafish gr to gain insights, mainly during development, and continues with the discoveries provided by the generation of transgenic reporter lines. Finally, we discuss how the generation of mutant lines for either gr or the enzymes involved in GC synthesis has significantly advanced our knowledge on GC biology.
Unnecessary PCI Attempt for Presumed CTO Which Was Revealed To Be Anomalous Coronary Arteries – Role of Coronary CT Angiography
Authors: Kook Hyungdon , Choi Jin-Ho , Lee Hyun Jong , Yu Cheol Woong
Published: September 2020

Herein, we present a brief case of anomalous coronary arteries mistaken to be chronic total occlusion. Since we first presumed the anomalous coronary arteries to be chronic total occlusion of the distal right coronary artery, percutaneous coronary intervention was attempted for the presumed lesion, but it failed. Before the second attempt of percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary computed tomography angiography revealed the coronary artery from the left anterior descending artery corresponding with the distal part of the right coronary artery without connection to the right coronary artery. Therefore, we recognized the patient had anomalous coronary arteries with no connection of the vascular wall between the main and distal segments of the right coronary artery.
This case may give insights to the importance of meticulous examination of coronary computed tomography angiography imaging before chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention to avoid the unnecessary procedure.
A Seat at the Table: Centering the Voices of Gun Violence Survivors
Authors: Jones Kamaal A.
Published: September 2020

The following is the winning submission from the Fourth Annual Section on Pediatric Trainees Essay Competition. This year’s competition was informed by the 2019–2020 Section on Pediatric Trainees Advocacy Campaign: Protect Kids – Trainees for Firearm Safety. We asked writers to share their experiences as pediatric trainee advocates for gun violence prevention and were impressed by the breadth of entries we received from around the country. The winning essay by Dr Kamaal Jones was focused on amplifying the voice of gun violence survivors. Dr Jones eloquently implores us to offer gun violence survivors “A Seat at the Table,” so that our policies may be shaped by survivors’ lived experiences and calls for change. This inspiring piece reminds us that listening to the community is a critical first step in our advocacy efforts and that doing so can empower us to make the greatest impact. Names and minor identifying details have been altered to protect the privacy of group members.
Longitudinal Changes in Early Nasal Microbiota and the Risk of Childhood Asthma
Authors: Toivonen Laura , Karppinen Sinikka , Schuez-Havupalo Linnea , Waris Matti , He Qiushui , Hoffman Kristi L. , Petrosino Joseph F. , Dumas Orianne , Camargo Carlos A. , Hasegawa Kohei , Peltola Ville
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVES:

Although the airway microbiota is a highly dynamic ecology, the role of longitudinal changes in airway microbiota during early childhood in asthma development is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of longitudinal changes in early nasal microbiota with the risk of developing asthma.

METHODS:

In this prospective, population-based birth cohort study, we followed children from birth to age 7 years. The nasal microbiota was tested by using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing at ages 2, 13, and 24 months. We applied an unsupervised machine learning approach to identify longitudinal nasal microbiota profiles during age 2 to 13 months (the primary exposure) and during age 2 to 24 months (the secondary exposure) and examined the association of these profiles with the risk of physician-diagnosed asthma at age 7 years.

RESULTS:

Of the analytic cohort of 704 children, 57 (8%) later developed asthma. We identified 4 distinct longitudinal nasal microbiota profiles during age 2 to 13 months. In the multivariable analysis, compared with the persistent Moraxella dominance profile during age 2 to 13 months, the persistent Moraxella sparsity profile was associated with a significantly higher risk of asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 2.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.20–6.27). Similar associations were observed between the longitudinal changes in nasal microbiota during age 2 to 24 months and risk of asthma.

CONCLUSIONS:

Children with an altered longitudinal pattern in the nasal microbiota during early childhood had a high risk of developing asthma. Our data guide the development of primary prevention strategies (eg, early identification of children at high risk and modification of microbiota) for childhood asthma. These observations present a new avenue for risk modification for asthma (eg, microbiota modification).
Information resources for communication of priests with parishioners
Authors: Lisina Svitlana , Kerenovych Liliia
Published: September 2020

The article considers the problem of using modern means of communication in the field of religion. This topic has become extremely relevant today, given the unfavorable situation due to the establishment of quarantine restrictions that directly affect the communication process between priests and parishioners.The main information resources for providing religious communications in the modern world are analyzed in the work, their main advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to comprehensive religious web resources. All web resources are divided into 6 categories: Christian sites, religious portals, sites of individual religious institutions, societies, YouTube channels, sites of electronic Christian libraries and electronic databases. It was found that the main disadvantage of most of the analyzed resources is the poor design and disorder of information. Based on the analysis of religious web resources, it is proposed to develop a website for the Parish. Such a site has a complex structure in the form of the main and additional menus, which, in turn, are structured by sections, and sections - by subsections. Thanks to the sections of the main menu, users will be able to see when, where, at what time an event will take place. Using the additional menu "Communication", the user will be able to anonymously send questions to the priest using the service "Ask a priest" and receive a response to the specified e-mail address. Equally important is the section "Library", which contains religious publications, and which are structured in alphabetical order and by category. The conclusion of the article presents the prospects of development of religious information resources on the basis of their comprehensive and complex analysis. Recommendations for improving religious communication web resources are offered. In particular, it is recommended to conduct constant monitoring in the world of Internet technologies, to research the preferences of users, and on this basis, to make changes to existing web resources in the field of religion.
Theoretical Framework of Democratic Transition: Mechanisms of Democratization
Authors: Harb Mustafa
Published: September 2020

Democratic transition from authoritarian rule has been an important focus of scholarly interest since 1970s. The democratic transition literature presented many concepts, theoretical arguments, methodological and analytical approaches to tackle with this phenomenon. This huge academic accumulation came in conjunction with what was called the third wave of democratization which started in the mid-seventies beginning from southern Europe, and extended during the decades of the eighties and nineties to include many countries around the globe. Democratic transition can be defined as a political process of establishing or enlarging the possibility of democratic participation and liberalization. This process reflects the redistribution of power between the state and the civil society. It is accompanied by the appearance of different centers of power and the introduction of the political debate. The article concentrates on the mechanisms which lead to the consensus between political actors which perform this democratic transformation. Democratic transition thus always requires a mechanism of negotiations, political talks, facilitating compromises between authoritarian politicians and democratic opposition and engendering a minimum level of trust between these parties. The strategy of political compromise has a major impact on the stability of society during the democratic transition period. This article addresses the concept of democratic transition alongside with general theories of democratization and the emergence of democratic transition studies. It focuses on some aspects in explaining the democratic transition theory. The negotiations, political talks and their impact on democratic transitions are also explored by the author. The article specifies the ways and methods through which the democratic transition is taking place in the global world.
Idea of Quasi-transcendental in Philosophy of Deconstruction
Authors: Ilyina Anna
Published: September 2020

Paper deals with investigation of deconstructive concept of quasi-transcendental in the context of general thematization of transcendental philosophy framework of which deconstruction is thought as a representational version. It was established that quasi-transcendental thinking amounts to such a re-interpretation of theoretical foundation of transcendental discourse in the frame of which moments of critique and hyperbolizing are united.Author brings to light and explores main topics of transcendental thought primarily and foremost subjected to the quasi-transcendental reflection: namely, the problem of relationship between transcendental and empirical and the problem of conditions of possibility. In the first case, an ambivalence of “transcendental-empirical” relation, inherent to transcendental discourse turns out to be sharpened. This relation combines in itself characteristics of opposition and juxtaposition, up to reciprocal conditioning. Transcendental becomes such only with regard to empirical and vise versa. In the second case, questioning on conditions of possibility is reshaped in discourse on conditions of impossibility, which proves to be both critical restriction and hyperbolic extension of the former. Paper shows that development of idea of quasi-transcendental in deconstructive philosophy is an outcome of mutual work of Derrida himself and his eminent commentators. The function and basic senses of concept “quasi”, which it obtains within the scope of deconstructive version of transcendentalism, are determined. In particular, an affinity of Derridian “quasi” with Kantian als ob is ascertained, as well as its connection with both critical attitude and discursive realm of fiction. A peculiarity of concept of ultra-transcendental as variation of notion “quasi-transcendental” is found out.Author explores the relation of quasi-transcendental discourse to empirism and gives reasons for priority of transcendental realm over empirical in Derridian thought. Paper lays bare the relationship of quasi-transcendental thinking with discourse of other, as a fundamental theme of deconstructive philosophy.In sum author claims that (1) importance of the theme of (quasi)transcendental in deconstructive discourse and (2) personal Derrida’s self-identification as quasi-transcendental philosopher serve as crucial reasons for investigation of deconstructive philosophy as a prominent version of transcendental thinking.