bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Lipid Profile with the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shakthiya T , Senghor Arul , Annamalai Radha , Chand Leena , Koshy Teena
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes that damages the retina and is the primary cause of irreversible vision loss among young adults of working age worldwide. It is important to understand the risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, as they have been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of this microvascular disease.

Aim: To assess the association of lipid profiles with the severity of DR.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 150 participants of both genders with type 2 diabetes, aged 35-80 years, attending the Retina Clinic at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, between December 2021 and December 2022. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Scale (ETDRS) was used to grade the severity of DR.

Results: The mean age of diabetic patients with Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) was 53.28±8.56 years, while the mean age of those without DR was 54.35±7.79 years, with p=0.3. The mean Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) was significantly higher in patients with NPDR than in those without DR (199.76±65.47 vs. 177.69±62.75, p<0.031*). Similarly, the mean HbA1c level was higher in patients with DR compared to those without (9.77±2.27 vs. 8.71±1.97, p=0.002*). A statistically significant association was found between the level of Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and severe NPDR (p=0.03*), but no correlation was found between Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) with the lipid profile among type 2 diabetes patients with NPDR and those without DR.

Conclusion: A significant association was found between blood glucose, HbA1c, and the duration of diabetes in patients with NPDR and those without DR. Additionally, when NPDR is subcategorised as mild, moderate, and severe, a statistical increase in LDL cholesterol in severe NPDR was observed.
A Resource-limited Approach for Stabilising Paediatric Femoral Neck Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Hegazy Mohammad Abdelmonem , Hegazy Abdelmonem Awad , Doma Mohamed Ahmed , Salama Ahmed Ashraf , Alhoot Momen Abdallah
Published: February 2025

Paediatric Femoral Neck Fracture (PFNF) is rare, and its repair is challenging for orthopaedists. Surgical treatment should be performed, as soon as, possible with anatomical repair to avoid postoperative complications, including Avascular Head Necrosis (AVN) and bone deformity. In the present case scenario, a 14-year-old male patient presented to the Orthopaedic Emergency Department with hip pain and an inability to bear weight or move his right lower extremity. He arrived at the hospital at night and was examined immediately. The patient reported a fall from the second floor two days prior. Due to the unavailability of some necessary surgical instruments at the time of the emergency surgery, orthopaedic surgeons adopted a new procedure for treating a PFNF. The fracture reduction was maintained under general anaesthesia, and the incision site was properly sterilised before using a 3 mm Kirschner wire (K-wire). The 3 mm K-wire was removed before compressing the fracture site with screws. The wires were cut to a length that allows them to be bent over the femoral shaft and secured to the shaft using ligature wires. This is a modification of the Wagner technique, which involves passing the ligature wire around the femoral shaft.
Ketogenic Diet for Seizure Management in Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Basu Soma , Manokaran Ranjith Kumar , Hemamalini Arambakkam Janardhanam
Published: February 2025

Glucose transporter Type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome is a rare genetic disorder impairing glucose transport across the bloodbrain barrier, leading to reduced brain glucose availability and neurological symptoms, including epilepsy. The Ketogenic Diet (KD), high in fat and low in carbohydrates, induces ketosis, providing ketone bodies as an alternative brain fuel bypassing GLUT1 transport. This compensates for glucose deficiency, stabilising neuronal activity and reducing seizure frequency in GLUT1 deficiency. This case is of a 10-year-old girl with GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, developmental delay, SLC2A1 gene mutation and refractory epilepsy with 2-3 weekly seizures despite multiple Antiseizure Medications (ASMs). A South Indian-style KD, using traditional household ingredients, was initiated as medical nutrition therapy. Remarkable improvements were observed, a 50% reduction in seizures within one month, 80% reduction by three months and complete seizure freedom by the fourth month. Developmental progress accompanied seizure control and the diet was well-tolerated, maintaining stable nutritional status. This case highlights the efficacy of a culturally tailored KD in managing GLUT1 deficiency, emphasising its potential as a form of therapeutic treatment. Ongoing parental support and supervision were critical for ensuring dietary adherence and optimising outcomes.
Characterisation of Adrenal Masses with Contrast Enhanced Computed TomographyAdrenal Protocol: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Choudhury Hrishikesh , . Rishabh , Agarwal Sushant , Duara BK , Gogoi Mousumi , Talukdar Baloy Jyoti , Das Bhaskar , Dey Subhosree
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Adrenal masses are increasingly identified due to advancements in cross-sectional imaging. Radiology is critical in differentiating benign from malignant adrenal lesions, aiding in appropriate clinical management. Adrenal masses can arise from primary neoplasms, metastasis, hemorrhage, or hormonal stimulation, with adenomas and metastasis being the most common types. Characterising these masses is essential, as malignancy in adrenal lesions may indicate incurable primary disease, while benign lesions allow for curative treatment approaches.

Aim: To assess the accuracy of the Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) washout study in characterising adrenal masses as benign or malignant.

Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India from August 2022 to December 2023 on 50 patients with 53 adrenal masses. Patients underwent CECT using a Philips brilliance iCT 256-slice machine. Adrenal masses with non enhanced attenuation values over 10 Hounsfield Units (HU) were evaluated through Absolute Percentage Washout (APW) and Relative Percentage Washout (RPW) criteria. APW and RPW thresholds of 60% and 40%, respectively, were used to classify masses as adenomas. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD, and an Independent t-test was used for comparison. Categorical variables were expressed in terms of frequency and percentage, and variables were compared using the Chi-square test. Parameters between adenomas (benign adrenal masses) and non adenomas (malignant adrenal masses) were compared, with significance set at p-value <0.05.

Results: A total of 53 adrenal masses were evaluated in 50 patients (29 males and 21 females) with a mean age of 53.02±13.98 years (range: 27-77 years). After Histopathological Examination (HPE), it was determined that 24 of the masses were adrenal adenomas, i.e., benign adrenal masses, whereas the remaining 29 masses were classified as non adenomas, i.e., malignant adrenal masses. Malignant lesions were significantly larger than benign adenomas (p-value=0.026) and showed lower APW and RPW values. Using a 60% APW threshold, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating adenomas were 89.6% and 95.8%, respectively. The RPW method with a 40% cut-off yielded a sensitivity of 86.2% and specificity of 91.7.

Conclusion: The CECT washout studies demonstrate high accuracy in characterising adrenal masses, with APW and RPW showing robust sensitivity and specificity.
Optimization of Legume-based Stiff Dough: Impacts on Composition and Functional Properties
Authors: Okafor, Ebelechukwu Nwamaka  , Eberechukwu Akalihu Udensi , Nuria Chinonyerem Oganezi,
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the effect of optimization of process techniques for the production of Bambara groundnut flour and optimization of ingredient formulation for legume-based stiff dough, with an aim to improve nutritional composition and functional properties, while retaining the traditional appeal. The legume-based stiff dough comprised of fermented Bambara groundnut flour and three existing stiff dough staples (eba, pounded yam and fufu). The Bambara groundnut, yam and cassava tubers were processed into flour and mixed into different proportions of ratio 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 100 was used as control. Sensory properties were evaluated to determine most acceptable blend. Most acceptable blend (70% fermented Bambara groundnut flour inclusion) was evaluated for proximate composition (moisture, protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrate); and functional properties. All data obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The protein content ranged from 1.31% to 4.24% and 14.63% to 16.26%; fat content ranged from 0.26% to 3.02% and 3.31% to 3.77%; fiber content ranged from 0.17% to 2.90% and 1.64% to 3.12%; ash content ranged from 0.37% to 1.38% and 2.63% to 2.84%; for stiff dough with 0% and 70% fermented Bambara groundnut flour inclusion respectively. The bulk density, water absorption capacity, least gelation concentration ranged between 1.54g/cm3 and 2.00g/cm3; 12% and 20%, 8% and 22% respectively and varied significantly different (p<0.05) among samples. Sensory evaluation indicated significant difference (p<0.05) among the samples, with 70% legume inclusion being most preferred in terms of texture. The findings of this study have shown that blending 70% of fermented (48hours) Bambara groundnut flour into 30% stiff dough (e.g., Eba) improved nutrient content up to 50% and enhanced functionality, offering valuable insights for food manufacturers and consumers seeking healthier and more sustainable food options.
Assessment of Crop Water Productivity and Efficiency of Paddy Systems: A Comparison between Alternate Wetting and Drying and Conventional Flooding Methods
Authors: Moshi Gabriel Pollin , Mbungu Winfred B. , Hieronimo Proches
Published: February 2025

Water scarcity is still among the major challenges facing rice production as the gap between available water supply and water demand is increasing in many parts of the world, limiting future expansion of irrigation. Crop water productivity for rice was evaluated using the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding irrigation (CF) methods to come up with the best method with higher productivity (WP) and water use efficiency (WUE). An experiment was carried out at Hembeti irrigation scheme, Morogoro region in Tanzania to investigate WP and WUE of paddy systems comparing the AWD and CF methods. The experiment was done in 2 seasons starting from July to September 2023 and from September to November 2023 using a rice variety locally known as SARO MALOLO (cross of YY and Super) with 90 day-growing duration from nursery to harvest. Two treatments namely, AWD and CF were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications to form 6 experimental plots each with 1m2 area separated by a 1 m buffer zone to prevent lateral movement of water. Plant spacing used was 20cm x 20cm forming 25 plants per square meter (1 seedling per hill). Several growth variables were monitored and data collected on daily and weekly basis. The growth parameters monitored were plant height, canopy cover, number of tillers and productive tillers, number of panicles and grain number. Findings show that WP was 4.05kgm-3 for AWD plots and 1.21kgm-3 for CF. It also shows that AWD achieved 75% of WUE compared to 41% in CF. Furthermore, AWD gave higher dry yield of 1.52 t ha⁻¹ than 1.33 t ha⁻¹ of dry yield in CF. This indicates that AWD performed much better compared to CF in terms of water use and yield. The results also showed that there was no significance difference in the number of productive tillers and panicles for both treatments at p=0.05, but with slight variation (significance difference) between the seasons and between the replicates. Results also showed significance difference in the amount of water applied and consumed for both treatments at p=0.05, where AWD managed to save 65.8% of irrigation water meaning AWD is the best method for regions with water scarcity as it can maintain or improve yield but with an advantage of less water input.
Kinetics of Fe2+ and Vitamin C Retention in a Novel Continuous Simultaneous Extraction and Pasteurization System: Application to Justicia secunda Beverage
Authors: Neba Noveta Binwi , Tsamo Cornelius , Ndasi Ngwasiri Pride , Foncha Claris Anuanwen , Bup Divine Nde
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the retention of Fe2+ and vitamin C during the processing of Justicia secunda drink using a Continuous Conventional Extraction followed by Pasteurization (CCEP) system in comparison to a Continuous Simultaneous Extraction and Pasteurization (CSEPA) system. In the Continuous Conventional extraction followed by Pasteurization (CCEP) system, the drink was first extracted and then pasteurized while the Continuous Simultaneous Extraction and Pasteurization (CSEPA) system integrates extraction and pasteurization into a single process.  The results revealed that the average Fe2+ and vitamin C content of the drink produced from the CSEPA process was significantly higher compared to that from the CCEP process, with average Fe²⁺ and vitamin C contents being higher by 30.65% and 50.60% respectively at optimal processing temperatures. The accumulation of Fe2+ and vitamin C, degradation of Fe2+ in the CSEPA process and degradation of vitamin C in the CCEP process followed a zero-order kinetic model while the degradation of vitamin C in the CSEPA process, accumulation of vitamin C and degradation of Fe2+ in the CCEP process followed a second order kinetic model. The results also revealed that activation energies calculated using the first order and second order equations for Fe2+ and Vitamin C degradations were found to be approximately 12 and 3 times higher for the CSEPA process compared to the CCEP process respectively. This study highlights the potential use of the CSEPA process over the CCEP process since the CSEPA process retains more Fe2+ and vitamin C, and utilizes less processing time, and energy relative to the CCEP process.
Applying Banach Algebra for Generalized (α-Ψ)-Contractive Type Maps in Cone Metric Spaces
Authors: Mishra Anil Kumar , Padmavati  , Sharma Sanjay
Published: February 2025

Aims/ objectives: In this research, we initially present a novel mapping within the framework of cone metric spaces associated with Banach algebra, referred to as generalized (α-Ψ)-contractive type mappings. Subsequently, a number of fixed point theorems related to (α-Ψ)-contractive type mappings in these cone metric spaces over Banach algebra are generalized and expanded.
Copper to Zinc Ratio in Hypertensive Subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Elechi-Amadi Kemzi Nosike , Briggs Ojoye Ngoye
Published: February 2025

Hypertension is a serious medical condition that is increasingly affecting an increasing number of individuals globally. This study investigated the levels of copper and zinc, and the copper/zinc ratio among hypertensive subjects in Port Harcourt. A total of 200 subjects, aged between 30 and 70 years, were involved in the study, comprising 100 hypertensive subjects and 100 apparently healthy control subjects. Five (5ml) of venous blood were collected from each subject and put into plain bottle for the determination of copper and zinc using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The data generated were analyzed using SPSS version 23. The mean copper levels were significantly higher in the hypertensive subjects compared to the control, as well as the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Zinc levels were significantly lower in the hypertensives. The levels of these parameters were significantly higher in male hypertensives compared to the female subjects. The results from this study show that there is an increased level of copper and copper/zinc ratio in hypertension, and these increases are more in male hypertensive subjects than in female hypertensive subjects. The assessment of the levels of copper and zinc, and copper/zinc ratio in hypertension is recommended in order to help in the management of the condition.
Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on Nutrient Uptake and Soil Fertility in Soybean Cultivation
Authors: Pandit Vaibhav Bhagwan , Ravali Ch.
Published: February 2025

A field experiment conducted at college farm, SR University, Warangal. Telangana to study the effect of different quality of water on nutrient uptake and soil fertility variation in soybean. The experiment was laid out in rsandomized block design (RBD) and replicated six times with three treatments i.e. untreated wastewater, treated wastewater and fresh water. The result of the present study indicate that untreated wastewater affects Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient uptake (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, and Mn) significantly and slight variation observed in soil pH and Electric conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients after harvest of soybean. Highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in soybean at harvest was observed in untreated wastewater (158.48, 32.55, and 74.85 kg ha⁻¹ in grain and 3612, 21.25 and 67.28 kg ha-1 in straw respectively) in relation to wastewater and freshwater. Higher value of micronutrient uptake was found in untreated wastewater. Highest value of soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients after harvest of soybean was recorded in untreated wastewater treatment and lowest value in fresh water treatment. This study, it concluded untreated waste water was increase nutrient uptake (N. P. K. Fe. Zn. Cu. Mn. B) due to presence of enough amount of nutrient in untreated wastewater and made slight changes in soil physico-chemical and chemical properties.
Determination of the Potassium (K) Uptake Potential of Water Leaf (Talinum Triangulare) Using Computer Simulated Models of Heterogeneous Condition
Authors: G. O Ogunlade-Anibasa , G. Gabakau, , E.I. Otteh, , M.V. Aregbesola,
Published: February 2025

Soil potassium (K) is vital for plant growth and its spatial distribution potentially affects crop nutrition and productivity. This study investigated effects of simulated heterogeneous soil K distribution on its uptake by Talinum triangulare. Pot trial modelled control (0 mg/kg K added), homogeneous (1000 mg/kg K added), and heterogeneous (simulated reach heterogeneity) K treatments which was maintained in the greenhouse for 45 days after transplanting in the treatments. At harvest, the shoots and roots were cut, washed, and analyzed for potassium after acid digest by nitric acid. The mean concentrations of potassium in the root of the control, homogeneous, heterogeneous treatments were 9972±1184 mg/kg, 9526±1299 mg/kg and 10854.7±147 mg/kg respectively, while the shoot potassium concentration were 11864±162 mg/kg, 12069±184 mg/kg and 11967±268 mg/kg respectively. However, the root K concentration in the heterogeneous treatment was 0.088 times higher than the control and 0.139 times higher than the homogeneous. Conversely, the homogeneous shoot K concentration 0.017 was times higher than the control and 0.009 times higher than the heterogeneous. The shoot K concentration was higher than the root. This suggest that T.triangulare would translocate potassium from the root to the shoot easily by almost 90%. The Concentration factors for the control, homogeneous, and heterogeneous conditions were 0.1118, 0.1498, 0.1258 respectively. Similarly, there was no significant differences (p>0.05) between treatments.   Overall, simulated heterogeneity did not substantially affect K nutrition and growth of T. triangulare within experimental constraints. Furthermore, long-term field studies are recommended to elucidate heterogeneity influences over crop cycles. The findings provide baseline insights on K uptake by T. triangulare under variable nutrient conditions and which is relevant to agriculture.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on SUS (Universal Health System) Primary Preventive Dental Care in Brazil during the First Two Years of the Pandemic
Authors: CAPRIGLIONE Ana Carolina , FIALHO Tiago , OHIRA Eduardo Terumi Blatt , PONCE Ana Luisa , PEREIRA Alex Luis Pozzobon , PINZAN-VERCELINO Célia Regina Maio , VALARELLI Fabricio Pinelli , FREITAS Karina Maria Salvatore , COTRIN Paula
Published: February 2025

Objective: Public health in Brazil has witnessed substantial transformations over the past four years due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to quantify and compare the dental preventive procedures performed within the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) during the initial two years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) against the preceding two-year period (2018-2019), assessing the pandemic's impact on public dental health services
Methods: Data were retrospectively obtained from the Outpatient Information System (SIA/SUS) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Annual and total procedure numbers for 3 variables were established in each region. The indicators were: Educational activity/guidelines for groups in primary care, collective action of fluoride mouthwash and collective action of supervised toothbrushing. Descriptive analysis with annual percentage change (APC) was used.
Results: The preventive procedures decreased from 2018 to 2021, drastically dropping from 2020 to 2021. There was a 54% reduction in educational activity/guidelines for groups in primary care. There was a drastic reduction in the collective actions of fluoride mouthwash and supervised toothbrushing.
Conclusion: Dental preventive procedures in the SUS decreased from 2018 to 2021, but a greater decrease was observed in the first two years of the pandemic.
Evaluating Multidisciplinary Learning in Pharmacy Education: Insights from Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ephraim-Emmanuel Opemipo , Ezike Adaobi Chioma , Mohammed Elijah Nurudeen A
Published: February 2025

Background: Pharmacy practice has increasingly focused on pharmaceutical care from traditional product-centred approaches, and now emphasizing multidisciplinary patient management, which requires a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. This has necessitated a reassessment of the pharmacy training curricula. This study thus aimed to evaluate pharmacy educators' perceptions of implementing a multidisciplinary learning approach within the Bachelor of Pharmacy curriculum in Southern Nigeria.
Methods: A mixed-method approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques in obtaining data for this study. The quantitative component employed a descriptive design where multi-stage sampling was used to select pharmacy educators from various Faculties of Pharmacy in Southern Nigeria. The qualitative component involved key informant interviews (KIIs) with Deans of Pharmacy Faculties, using a narrative design to gather insights on the multidisciplinary applicability, challenges, and curriculum relevance of the learning approach. Descriptive statistics were developed for the quantitative responses, while the thematic content analysis was used to analyse responses from the KIIs.
Results: The majority of pharmacy educators supported the multidisciplinary learning approach, believing it could address deficiencies in patient care education. Identified challenges included insufficient manpower (52%) and resistance from other healthcare team members (42%). The approach was perceived as being relevant for improving patient care experiences (72%), problem-solving skills (72%), and evidence-based pharmacotherapy (68%). Additionally, issues such as outdated teaching methods (56%) and a lack of e-learning systems (52%) were also noted. Thematic analysis identified five key themes: holistic educational approach, development of practical proficiency, navigating educational challenges, curriculum dynamics, and integration of educational components.
Conclusion: The study underscores the need for a multidisciplinary integrated curriculum that encompasses multiple departments within the Faculty of Pharmacy to enhance pharmacy education and pharmaceutical care. While the emphasis has been on practical patient care skills, there is a need for a broader approach to address other aspects of pharmacy practice and current challenges effectively.
Evaluation of Bacterial Endophytes of Tomato Plant for Bio-control and Growth Promoting Potential
Authors: Kujur Endira , Dash Diptimayee , Xalxo Anjna
Published: February 2025

The study was conducted at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, during 2020-2023 with the objective to evaluate endophytic bacteria of tomato plants. A total of 24 endophytic bacterial isolates (ESR1, EBR2, EAR4 ERR5, EAS12 EJS11 ERS13, ESL17, EBL18, ERL21, and EML24) obtained from roots (R), fresh leaf (L) and stems (S) of tomato plants collected from several locations i.e., Surajpur (S), Balrampur (B), Jashpur (J), Ambikapur (A), Raipur college campus (R), Pirda (P), Chhokranala (C) and Mungeli (M). Significant quantity of IAA produced by these isolates in-vitro after 24 hours of incubation with added precursor Tryptophan ranging from 8.80 μg ml-1 to 18.00μg ml-1 being significantly maximum in EAR4 followed by ERR5, EAS12. Siderophore test was positive in EBR2, ERR5 and EJS11. Using the in vitro dual culture technique, seven isolates were found to have antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum out of which EJS11, and EAS12 isolates showed highest inhibition percentage of 67.5 and 65.11 respectively. Plant infection studies of endophytic bacteria in tomato revealed that a significant increased shoot dry weight (60%) was obtained with ESL17 followed by ESR1 (58.08%) and EJS11 (56.22%). Shoot N content was found maximum (3.12%) with ESR1 followed by EML24 and EAS12. EAS12 has shown highest germination% (97.5) and seedling vigour index (2774) was maximum in EJS11 followed by EAS12. Considering these, promising isolates were ESR1, EBR2, EAR4, ERR5, EJS11, EAS12 and EML24. The endophytic bacteria from tomato have better potential; may be applied for growth promoter, also may be used as commercial fungicides looking towards economic and environmental impacts.
Advancing Cloud Security in Digital Finance: AI-Driven Threat Detection, Cryptographic Solutions, and Privacy Challenges
Authors: Olutimehin Abayomi Titilola
Published: February 2025

This study examines security risks, emerging technologies, and cryptographic techniques in cloud-based digital currency transactions using a quantitative research approach. Data was sourced from the REKT Database, Web3 Security Report, and Elliptic Open Dataset, employing descriptive statistical analysis, regression modeling, and time-series analysis to assess security vulnerabilities, fraud reduction trends, and regulatory compliance effectiveness. Findings reveal that AI-driven security measures reduced fraud cases by 55% from 2022 to 2025, while illicit transactions declined from 12.5% in 2019 to 6.1% in 2023, demonstrating the impact of cryptographic advancements and regulatory interventions. However, cybercriminals are shifting toward high-value, precision-based attacks, necessitating an integrated security framework. This study contributes to AI-driven security, cryptographic resilience, and regulatory compliance in cloud-based digital transactions. By analyzing emerging threats and security frameworks, it offers valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and financial institutions. The findings aid in developing robust fraud detection, post-quantum cryptography, and regulatory strategies to enhance digital financial security. This research bridges technological advancements with compliance measures, ensuring a more resilient and secure cloud-based cryptocurrency ecosystem. The study recommends enhancing AI fraud detection with cryptographic security models, adopting post-quantum cryptography, strengthening regulatory compliance, and implementing zero-trust security models to ensure long-term resilience in cloud-based financial ecosystems.
Forecasting of Cropping Intensity of Kerala in India: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Akhisha P A , Sarkar K A , Dhakre D S , Bhattacharya Debasis
Published: February 2025

A state like Kerala in Indian subcontinent, even though, blessed with the typical physiographical features contributing to its agricultural diversity, has an average cropping intensity of 132 percentages which shows the huge gap between its potential and actual production. A multivariate statistical approach known as Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) modeling was done in the present study to analyse the behavior of Cropping Intensity in reference to gross cropped area, net cropped area and annual rainfall of the state from 1965-66 to 2022-23 and to forecast the same. These forecasts are aimed at enhancing resource optimization, sustainability, or agricultural planning. VAR(1) model was found to be better fitting for prediction as well as forecasting based on validation tests like ADF Test, Granger Causality and decision criteria like Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQ), Schwarz’s Criterion (SC) and Akaike's Final Prediction Error criterion (FPE). The model suggested that Cropping Intensity is influenced by past Cropping Intensity, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Annual Rainfall.
Mycorrhizal Interaction between Companion Trees and Cocoa Trees (Theobroma cacao L.) in Traditional Agroforestry Systems in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Cyriak AMANI Yves Frédéric , Alban M’BO Kacou Antoine , Mamadou CHÉRIF , Daouda KONE , Christophe KOUAME
Published: February 2025

Aims: The effective use of companion trees in agroforestry systems could improve the health and productivity of cocoa trees by understanding the interactions they promote. This study aims to decipher the characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in the roots and soil of cocoa trees and their companion trees to understand the interaction between these two types of trees.
Methodology: Five mycorrhization parameters measured in cocoa trees and nearby companion trees were compared. These were, shared species diversity, number of spores, mycorrhization frequency, mycorrhization intensity and colonization intensity in the mycorrhized part of the root system. correlation tests between these parameters were also used to establish the link between the data.
Results: The study identified 49 AMF species involved in the interactions between companion and cocoa trees. T. superba (64.28%) and B. mannii (62.5%) recorded the highest species diversity and spore numbers. The highest mycorrhization rates were found between T. ivorensis and cocoa. Statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations for species diversity and spore numbers with specific companion trees. Based on the results, T. superba, B. mannii, and R. heudelotii are recommended for promoting mycorrhizal spore production, while T. ivorensis is suggested for high mycorrhization levels.
Conclusion: The study of interactions thus disclosed strong links between all cocoa trees and companion trees on the basis of the 5 types of variables used to establish correlations. But, A. boonei, T. superba, T. ivorensis, T. heckelii, M excelsa, B. mannii, B. mannii and G. kola can be recommended in cocoa agroforestry systems as they have the most important mycorrhizal interactions with cocoa trees.
The Impact of the Karo-Langkat Bypass Road Development on Land Cover Dynamics and Suitability Evaluation
Authors: Aramico  , Akub Erwin Nyak , Sulistyono Nurdin
Published: February 2025

The construction of the 44.85 km Karo-Langkat bypass road, which traverses critical conservation areas such as Mount Leuser National Park and the Bukit Barisan Forest Park, has significantly improved accessibility and economic development in Karo and Langkat Regencies. However, this infrastructure development has also triggered substantial land cover changes, raising concerns over long-term environmental sustainability. This study analyzes land cover dynamics from 2012 to 2024, predicts future trends for 2037, and evaluates their alignment with the North Sumatra Provincial Spatial Plan (RTRW) 2017–2037. Using Landsat 7, 8, and 9 imagery, validated with 60 ground truth points, land cover changes were examined through the Land Change Modeler (LCM), with future projections generated via the Markov Chain model. Results indicate a 470-hectare loss of primary forest over 12 years, while shrubland and open land increased by 200 hectares and 170 hectares, respectively. If current trends persist, primary forest may shrink to 1,700 hectares by 2037, raising concerns over biodiversity loss and carbon emissions. The evaluation against the RTRW 2017–2037 reveals that a majority of land cover changes are inconsistent with designated conservation areas, emphasizing the urgent need for regulatory intervention. This study highlights the policy implications of road-induced deforestation, advocating for stricter spatial planning enforcement, agroforestry initiatives, and forest rehabilitation programs to mitigate environmental degradation. The findings provide data-driven insights for policymakers, balancing regional development with ecosystem protection. Additionally, this research demonstrates the value of Markov Chain modeling in land-use planning, offering a predictive framework for sustainable decision-making.
Nonadjuvanted Bivalent Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination and Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Son Moeun , Riley Laura E. , Staniczenko Anna P. , Cron Julia , Yen Steven , Thomas Charlene , Sholle Evan , Osborne Lauren M. , Lipkind Heather S.
Published: July 2024

Importance

A nonadjuvanted bivalent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F (RSVpreF [Pfizer]) protein subunit vaccine was newly approved and recommended for pregnant individuals at 32 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks’ gestation during the 2023 to 2024 RSV season; however, clinical vaccine data are lacking.

Objective

To evaluate the association between prenatal RSV vaccination status and perinatal outcomes among patients who delivered during the vaccination season.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at 2 New York City hospitals within 1 health care system among patients who gave birth to singleton gestations at 32 weeks’ gestation or later from September 22, 2023, to January 31, 2024.

Exposure

Prenatal RSV vaccination with the RSVpreF vaccine captured from the health system’s electronic health records.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome is preterm birth (PTB), defined as less than 37 weeks’ gestation. Secondary outcomes included hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), stillbirth, small-for–gestational age birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, neonatal respiratory distress with NICU admission, neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and neonatal sepsis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), and multivariable logistic regression models and time-dependent covariate Cox regression models were performed.

Results

Of 2973 pregnant individuals (median [IQR] age, 34.9 [32.4-37.7] years), 1026 (34.5%) received prenatal RSVpreF vaccination. Fifteen patients inappropriately received the vaccine at 37 weeks’ gestation or later and were included in the nonvaccinated group. During the study period, 60 patients who had evidence of prenatal vaccination (5.9%) experienced PTB vs 131 of those who did not (6.7%). Prenatal vaccination was not associated with an increased risk for PTB after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.62-1.20) and addressing immortal time bias (hazard ratio [HR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.64-1.34). There were no significant differences in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes based on vaccination status in the logistic regression models, but an increased risk of HDP in the time-dependent model was seen (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.16-1.77).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of pregnant individuals who delivered at 32 weeks’ gestation or later, the RSVpreF vaccine was not associated with an increased risk of PTB and perinatal outcomes. These data support the safety of prenatal RSVpreF vaccination, but further investigation into the risk of HDP is warranted.
Tapping the Brakes on New Parkinson Disease Biological Staging
Authors: Okubadejo Njideka U. , Okun Michael S. , Jankovic Joseph
Published: July 2024

This Viewpoint cautions against the premature adoption and implementation of biological definitions for Parkinson disease proposed in February 2024.
Multiplexed imaging to reveal tissue dendritic cell spatial localisation and function
Authors: Rocca Giuseppe , Galli Marco , Celant Anna , Stucchi Giulia , Marongiu Laura , Cozzi Stefano , Innocenti Metello , Granucci Francesca
Published: July 2024

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in immune surveillance, acting as sentinels that coordinate immune responses within tissues. Although differences in the identity and functional states of DC subpopulations have been identified through multiparametric flow cytometry and single‐cell RNA sequencing, these methods do not provide information about the spatial context in which the cells are located. This knowledge is crucial for understanding tissue organisation and cellular cross‐talk. Recent developments in multiplex imaging techniques can now offer insights into this complex spatial and functional landscape. This review provides a concise overview of these imaging methodologies, emphasising their application in identifying DCs to delineate their tissue‐specific functions and aiding newcomers in navigating this field.
Efgartigimod for generalized myasthenia gravis: A multicenter real‐world cohort study in China
Authors: Luo Sushan , Jiang Qilong , Zeng Wenshuang , Wang Qinzhou , Zou Zhangyu , Yu Yanyan , Hong Daojun , Zeng Quantao , Tan Song , Zhang Zhouao , Zhang Yong , Guo Xiuming , Chen Jing , Zhao Zhongyan , Huang Shixiong , Shi Jianquan , Chen Ying , Du Lei , Yan Chong , Xi Jianying , Song Jie , Zhao Chongbo ,   the Chinese Myasthenia Gravis Collaborating Group (CMGCG)
Published: July 2024

Objective

Efgartigimod, a neonatal Fc receptor antagonist, facilitates antibody degradation including pathogenic IgGs. The ADAPT study demonstrated the tolerability and efficacy of efgartigimod in the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG). However, very limited evidence is available for the Chinese population, and it remains inconclusive about which kind of patients are selected to preferentially receive efgartigimod in real‐world settings.

Methods

This multicenter cohort study included gMG patients treated at 14 neuromuscular reference centers in China. The Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG‐ADL) score, immunosuppressants, and the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were prospectively collected.

Results

Of the 1640 gMG admitted between September and December 2023, 61 (3.7%) received efgartigimod for at least one treatment cycle. Among them, 56 cases (92%) were anti‐AChR antibody‐positive, 4 were anti‐MuSK antibody‐positive, and 1 was seronegative. Thymoma‐associated myasthenia gravis accounted for most cases (44%, 27 out of 61). The principal causes of efgartigimod initiation included MG acute exacerbation (MGAE) (48%, 29 out of 61) and myasthenic crisis (MC) (15%, 9 out of 61). Clinically meaningful improvement was rapidly achieved in 97% (58 out of 61) of patients at 1.3 ± 0.7 weeks. By week 12, the MG‐ADL score reduced to 3.8 ± 4.1 (baseline:10.5 ± 5.2) for all participants, while it reduced to 4.0 ± 4.7 for MGAE and 3.8 ± 4.2 for MC, respectively. All but one TMG patient required no additional rescue therapies after efgartigimod initiation. 11.5% (7 out of 61) reported ≥1 TEAEs.

Interpretation

This multicenter cohort study demonstrated the efficacy of efgartigimod in rapid control of gMG. Patients with MGAE or MC would benefit from efgartigimod treatment.
Glucosamine and Cancer Incidence in Osteoarthritis: A Prevalent New‐User Cohort Design
Authors: Suissa Karine , Dell'Aniello Sophie , Comin Eros , Hudson Marie , Suissa Samy
Published: July 2024

Objective

Observational studies have associated glucosamine, used to treat joint pain and osteoarthritis, with reductions in cancer incidence, although their study design was affected by selection bias. We assessed this association using a study design that mitigates this selection bias.

Methods

We used the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink to identify a cohort of patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis during 1995 through 2017. The prevalent new‐user cohort design was employed to match glucosamine initiators with non‐users on time‐conditional propensity scores, who were observed until cancer incidence. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer incidence were estimated to compare glucosamine initiators with non‐users.

Results

The study cohort of patients with osteoarthritis included 20,541 glucosamine initiators who were matched to 20,541 non‐users. Over an average follow‐up of eight years, the overall incidence rate of any cancer was 16.4 per 1,000 per year. The HR of any cancer incidence with glucosamine treatment was 0.97 (95% CI 0.91–1.02) compared with non‐users. For lung cancer, the HR with glucosamine treatment was 0.99 (95% CI 0.83–1.18), whereas it was 1.11 (95% CI 0.93–1.33) for colorectal cancer, 1.07 (95% CI 0.93–1.23) for breast cancer in women, and 1.03 (95% CI 0.88–1.22) for prostate cancer.

Conclusion

In this large, real‐world study of patients with osteoarthritis, designed to emulate a trial, treatment with glucosamine did not reduce the incidence of cancer. This finding reinforces that previous studies, not based on glucosamine initiators, were affected by selection bias. Our study does not support the prescription of glucosamine to prevent cancer in patients with osteoarthritis.

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Beyond the Endosomal Bottleneck: Understanding the Efficiency of mRNA/LNP Delivery
Authors: Liu Haiyin , Chen Moore Z. , Payne Thomas , Porter Christopher J.H. , Pouton Colin W. , Johnston Angus P.R.
Published: July 2024

The development of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) holds great promise for vaccine and therapeutic applications. However, ineffective transport of nucleic acid cargo from endosomes to the cytosol, termed “endosomal escape,” has remained a bottleneck to achieving greater LNP efficacy. Poor understanding of the mechanisms of endosomal escape and a lack of suitable techniques to assess the efficiency of escape have also impeded progress in this field. To address this gap, a modified SNAPSwitch/SNAP‐tag assay is developed to compare the cytosolic delivery capabilities of various LNP formulations, comparing ionizable lipids used in major commercial LNP products. The results show that all the LNP formulations tested exhibited low (<10%) endosomal escape efficiency. Interestingly, a limited correlation is found between the amount of mRNA delivery to the cytosol and protein expression. While endosomal escape of mRNA LNP cargo is necessary for protein expression, subcellular processes after delivery to the cytosol play a critical role in maximising protein expression. These findings challenge existing paradigms and reveal critical parameters for optimizing nucleic acid delivery and therapeutic effectiveness of next‐generation LNP.
Unleashing 2D MXene's Plasmonic Effect for Advanced Photonic Device Applications
Authors: Jang Moonjeong , Kim Seoung Hyun , Kim Shinho , Chae Kwanbyung , Choi Sodam , Ha Hwi Heon , Song Jungchul , Bak Min Jun , Cho Su‐Ho , Kim Eunji , Song Wooseok , Han Hee , Jang Min Seok , Ahn Chi Won , Lee Yonghee
Published: July 2024

MXenes, the largest family of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides, have emerged as promising materials for various applications due to their exceptionally fascinating properties. In this study, the potential of MXenes is investigated in plasmonic applications, particularly focusing on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and broadband photodetection. The study explored a broader range of light‐matter interactions based on edge plasmons that emerge at sub‐monolayer coverage of MXene, while existing studies have primarily focused on thicknesses exceeding tens of nanometers. Additionally, by incorporating MXenes onto 3D trench nanostructures, To maximize their plasmonic properties is aimed by enhancing the manifestation of edge plasmons, leading to intensified light amplification. The fabricated opto‐electronic devices exhibit remarkable sensitivity in SERS detection, achieving a detection limit as low as ≈0.1 nm for the target dye molecule, significantly surpassing typical thresholds for non‐metal‐based detection. Additionally, the enhancement factor exceeds that of commercially available Au‐based SERS substrates. Furthermore, MXene‐based photodetectors demonstrate competitive photoresponsivity and response time, particularly toward the near‐infrared (NIR) wavelength bands, which are challenging to achieve with MXene‐based photodetectors. Through a comprehensive analysis, including electric field calculations, the mechanisms driving the observed enhancements are unveiled, primarily attributing them to edge plasmons.
Wearable Photoferroelectric Perovskite X‐Ray Detectors
Authors: Li Haojin , Wang Chang‐feng , Luo Qing‐feng , Ma Chuang , Zhang Jing , Zhao Ri , Yang Tinghuan , Du Yachao , Chen Xin , Li Telun , Liu Xinmei , Song Xin , Yang Ye , Yang Zhou , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhang Yi , Zhao Kui
Published: July 2024

High‐sensitivity wearable radiation detectors are essential for personnel protection in radiation environments such as defense, nuclear facilities, and medical fields. Traditional detectors using bulk crystals lack flexibility, and emerging perovskite films suffer from lead toxicity and poor charge transport. Herein, lead‐free photoferroelectric hybrid metal halide perovskite flexible membranes for wearable detectors are presented, offering superior X‐ray response with sensitivities up to 7872 ± 517 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 at 50 V bias and 394 ± 67 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 in a self‐driven mode, detection limit of lower than 77 nGyair s−1, and excellent imaging capabilities. This exceptional performance is attributed to the spontaneous polarization that promotes efficient charge transport. Additionally, they show remarkable radiation stability, long‐term air stability, mechanical fatigue resistance, and water stability. They also exhibit efficient energy response under the Compton effect and meet the angle response requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission standard for direct‐reading personal dose equivalent meters, paving the way for their integration into flexible, wearable dosimeters. These advancements have the potential to drive the realization of the next generation of flexible wearable radiation detectors.