bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviving Everyday Products by Understanding the User Behaviour of Everyday Designing
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Yoon JungKyoon , Kim Chajoong
Published: July 2019

Everyday Designing (ED) involves the re-use of existing products for new purposes. In order to gain an understanding of how people perceive and apply product elements as cues for everyday designing and level of appropriation when reusing product for the new purpose, an experiment was conducted. In the experiment, four everyday products were provided for repurpose. The 40 repurposed products from 10 participants were analyzed with the interviews and questionnaire. ED products were reborn with various purposes beyond the original functions of the products. The results indicate that there is a difference between perceived product elements as usual and product elements as cues for everyday designing. Materials and manipulability plays an important role in ED although form-centred perceptions were mainly observed. It seems that the product elements as ED cue and the prior experience of the product seem to affect the level of the product appropriation. Although this study has an exploratory character, it could provide design practitioners with a better understanding of users’ ED behaviour, which could contribute to discovering new insight of product and product sustainability.
Seeking Insights into an unknown Future: Exploring Designers’ Strategies to Discover Key Insights
Authors: Knudsen Line Sand , Haase Louise Møller
Published: July 2019

Insights play a significant role in creation of new products. Insights provide the designer with an understanding of the user, market, technologies and trends, and how these might change over time. This information is critical for the designer to get an understanding of how and why present products succeed or fail. Hence, insights serve as both triggers and drivers for envisioning future products, but they are also fundamental to ensure that new products created will provide meaningful experiences to the users. In design literature, there is a significant amount of research on how to gather information about the user, market, trends, etc. However, very little research is focused on how the designer addresses this information to discover or uncover key insights. Through interviews with expert designers behind twelve products, we identified three strategies that designers use to discover insights. We found that designers search for insights that could be used to: 1) establish the product's future identity, 2) identify core challenges based on the new identity in the existing user experience and 3) identify solutions that could meet the core challenges and accentuate the new identity.
The Role of Sketching Activities and Outcomes in Conceptual Design Phase
Authors: Nikolić Marija , Škec Stanko , Martinec Tomislav , Horvat Nikola
Published: July 2019

Sketching-related activities are considered as an essential form of communication in the early phases of a design process. In the presented study, it is argued that both the sketching and the sketch-related verbalisations are reflected in the level of elaboration of the sketching outputs. Hence, a protocol study was conducted to analyse the frequencies of different sketching-related activities during team conceptual design sessions and the associated levels of elaboration for each of the sketching outputs in the form of concept drawings. The results show that although teams generate sketches of various number, complexity and clarity, there exist commonalities across the studied experiment sessions. For example, teams share a pattern of developing solutions without transformations or using lateral transformations within the first part of the sessions and using vertical transformations to produce final concepts towards the end of the sessions. Moreover, teams used associated sketch elements to start drawing new sketches and then alternated to other activities, most of all verbal explanation, for the sake of elaboration and better understanding.
Visualised Frames: How Sketching Influences Framing Behaviour in Design Teams
Authors: Yang Yujing , Brik Natalie , de Jong Peter , Guerreiro Goncalves Milene
Published: July 2019

Framing is a crucial skill for connecting problem and solution spaces in the creative design process, both for individuals and teams. Frames are implicit in individuals’ cognitive thinking, but the creation of shared frames plays a vital role in collaborative design. Many studies have attempted to describe the framing process, but little is still known about how to support designers in framing, specifically in teams. This paper addresses this gap, by exploring the connection between sketching and framing within interdisciplinary teams. Following a qualitative and explorative approach, we have investigated the process and outcome of five interdisciplinary teams. We identified that sketching assists in the creation and elaboration of frames. Furthermore, in tandem with discussion and reflection, sketching helps increase the chance of a frame to survive within the design process. Our findings have practical and educational implications for improving the creative design process in interdisciplinary teams.
Game-Based Learning of Knowledge Reuse in Engineering Education
Authors: Stenholm Daniel , Bergsjö Dag , Catic Amer
Published: July 2019

This paper presents an educational game fostering a new experience-based approach to teaching knowledge transfer using a codification strategy alone. The goal is to address and highlight some common issues and challenges that occur during knowledge transfer in product development and that are often difficult for especially students to grasp through exclusively a theoretical teaching approach. The game is introduced to 60 students in the final year of their Master's curriculum. In parallel, the game has been applied in a similar setting in a comparable higher educational institution, as well as in a product development organization.

“Sometimes you win—other times you lose and learn.”
An Inventory of Creative Spaces: Innovative Organizations and their Workspace
Authors: Thoring Katja , Mueller Roland M. , Badke-Schaub Petra , Desmet Pieter
Published: July 2019

Creative workspaces are becoming popular in many organizations. They are believed to support innovation efforts and creativity among employees. This paper presents spatial evidences of creative work environments from real-life organizations, based on an exploratory multi-case study in 18 institutions. The found workspaces were mapped and categorized according to the qualities they might provide for affecting creativity. The resulting inventory of creative spaces contributes to the emerging interest on creative workspace design by presenting inspiring best-practice examples. The shown examples provide the readers with a better understanding how a creative space could be designed in order to provide an environment for an innovative organisation. Related literature was added to explain the possible impact of specific spatial configurations.
Automated Candidate Detection for Additive Manufacturing: A Framework Proposal
Authors: Page Thomas Daniel , Yang Sheng , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona
Published: July 2019

As additive manufacturing (AM) continues to grow in its abilities, so does the need for a quick and effective method of determining how it should be applied. Over time, these methods are naturally developed and passed on as tacit knowledge. However, with the rapid advancement of AM technologies, identifying parts which are eligible for AM as well as gaining insight on what value it may add to a product needs to be modelled in an objective and transferrable way. This paper presents a framework for determining the candidacy of a part or assembly for AM, represented by its economic feasibility and potential for AM-specific benefits. A set of selection criteria is developed with the goal of fast-screening in mind; that is specific data which can be automatically extracted from CAD models and resource planning databases. A case study is performed to validate the criteria and decision model chosen, as well as gain insight to the potential for a more widespread application. The decision model successfully identified economic feasibility and AM potentials, which suggests the results of the case study show promise for a semi-automatic decision support system for identifying AM candidates.
Conception of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Valjak Filip , Bojčetić Nenad
Published: July 2019

Additive Manufacturing (AM) brought new design freedom and possibilities that enable design and manufacturing of products with new forms and functionalities. To utilise these possibilities a new design approach emerged, Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), that contains methods and tools for supporting AM oriented design process. Designers working with AM are aware of the need to apply DfAM and AM possibilities in conceptual design phase where they have the most significant influence on product architecture and form but are facing a lack of suitable DfAM approaches for early design phases. Therefore, the presented research is investigating possibilities of storing and representing AM knowledge in the form of design principles to be used in the conceptual design phase. The paper proposes conceiving of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing repository where formalised AM knowledge is stored in the form of design principles and structured based on function criteria. In the paper, various elements of design principle representation are discussed, as well as their role in the conceptual design process.
Design of a Custom-Made Cranial Implant in Patients Suffering from Apert Syndrome
Authors: Mandolini Marco , Brunzini Agnese , Brandoni Serrani Eleonora , Pagnoni Mario , Mazzoli Alida , Germani Michele
Published: July 2019

This study defines a methodological procedure for the design and manufacturing of a prosthetic implant for the reconstruction of a midsagittal bony-deficiency of the skull due to the Apert congenital disorder. Conventional techniques for craniofacial defects reconstruction rely on the mirrored-image technique. When the cranial lesion extends over the midline or in case of bilateral defects, other approaches based on thin plate spline interpolation or constrained anatomical deformation are applied.

The proposed method uses the anthropometric theory of cranial landmarks identification for the retrieval of a template healthy skull, useful as a guide in the successive implant design. Then, anatomical deformation of the region of interest and free-form modelling allow to get the customized shape of the implant. A full bulk and a porous implant have been provided according to the surgeon advises.

The models have been 3D printed for a pre-surgical analysis and further treatment plan. They fulfilled the expectancies of the surgeon thus positive results are predictable.

This methodology results to be reproducible to any other craniofacial defect spanning over the entire skull.
Design of Shoe Soles Using Lattice Structures Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Dong Guoying , Tessier Daniel , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona
Published: July 2019

Additive manufacturing (AM) has enabled great application potential in several major industries. The footwear industry can customize shoe soles fabricated by AM. In this paper, lattice structures are discussed. They are used to design functional shoe soles that can have controllable stiffness. Different topologies such as Diamond, Grid, X shape, and Vintiles are used to generate conformal lattice structures that can fit the curved surface of the shoe sole. Finite element analysis is conducted to investigate stress distribution in different designs. The fused deposition modeling process is used to fabricate the designed shoe soles. Finally, compression tests compare the stiffness of shoe soles with different lattice topologies. It is found that the plantar stress is highly influenced by the lattice topology. From preliminary calculations, it has been found that the shoe sole designed with the Diamond topology can reduce the maximum stress on the foot. The Vintiles lattice structure and the X shape lattice structure are stiffer than the Diamond lattice. The Grid lattice structure buckles in the experiment and is not suitable for the design.
Methods and Principles of Product Design for Small-Scale Production Based on 3D Printing
Authors: Salobir Jure , Duhovnik Jože , Tavčar Jože
Published: July 2019

Technology of 3D printing is opening the possibility for small-scale production in quantities between ten and several hundred pieces. The technology of adding material enables the production of complex and integrated functional concepts in a single-pass process, which consequently potentially reduces the need for assembly operations. Design approaches and manufacturing processing are not mastered well because of a constant stream of new materials and manufacturing options. Well-designed products need to consider attributes of 3D printing as early as the conceptual phase. The cost of the product can be reduced with a systematic research and considering principles for small-scale production. In a cheaper, alternative production process the quality range of products is often lower. It has to be compensated with appropriate construction solutions which are less tolerance-sensitive. Therefore, in order to support the designer, to reduce the costs and design time of the product, a computer program was created to provide the user with an insight into the appropriate 3D printing technology. For simplifying the use, the program is also integrated into the product development process.
Model for Evaluating Additive Manufacturing Feasibility in End-Use Production
Authors: Ahtiluoto Matti , Ellman Asko Uolevi , Coatanea Eric
Published: July 2019

In practical design work, a designer needs to consider the feasibility of a part for a manufacturing using additive manufacturing (AM) instead of conventional manufacturing (CM) technology. Traditionally and by default parts are assumed to be manufactured using CM and using AM as an alternative need to be justified. AM is currently often a more expensive manufacturing method than CM, but its employment can be justified due to number of reasons: improved part features, faster manufacturing time and lower cost. Improved part features means usually reduced mass or complex shape. However, in low volume production lower manufacturing time and lower part cost may rise to the most important characteristics.

In this paper, we present a practical feasibility model, which analyses the added value of using AM for manufacturing. The approach is demonstrated in the paper on four specific parts. They represent real industrial design tasks that are ordered from an engineering office company. These parts were manufactured by Selective Laser Meting (SLM) technology and the original design done for conventional manufacturing is also presented and used for comparison purpose.
Collaborative and Participatory Design: Assignment of Team Members to Engineering Projects with the Consideration of Designer’s Expectations
Authors: Jin Guangying , Sperandio Séverine , Girard Philippe
Published: July 2019

With the trend of global collaboration and development of Internet of Things in industry 4.0, the collaboration relationships between designers is getting more close and important than before. Therefore, when project manager assign designers to design projects, it is very important for them to select design projects with the consider about the expectations of the designers regarding the different projects and collaboration ability for the designers in the projects while it is very important to identify the projects with the consideration of skills, experiences, availabilities and so on. Even though, there are various methods for selecting projects, most of these methods not consider about the expectations of designer and the collaboration ability. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a project selection methodology, which consider about the designers’ expectations to the candidate multi-project and collaboration ability in the candidate multi-project. The main objective of our research is to help project manager to find an adaptable and comfortable multi- project to the designer.
Automotive IVHM: Towards Intelligent Personalised Systems Healthcare
Authors: Campean Felician , Neagu Daniel , Doikin Aleksandr , Soleimani Morteza , Byrne Thomas , Sherratt Andrew
Published: July 2019

Underpinned by a contemporary view of automotive systems as cyber-physical systems, characterised by progressively open architectures increasingly defined by their interaction with the users and the smart environment, this paper provides a critical and up-to-date review of automotive Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) systems. The paper discusses the challenges with prognostics and intelligent health management of automotive systems, and proposes a high-level framework, referred to as the Automotive Healthcare Analytic Factory, to systematically collect and process heterogeneous data from across the product lifecycle, towards actionable insight for personalised healthcare of systems.
Design Principles to Increase the Patient Specificity of High Tibial Osteotomy Fixation Devices
Authors: Kanagalingam Sanjeevan , Shepherd Duncan , Fernandez-Vicente Miguel , Wimpenny David , Thomas-Seale Lauren
Published: July 2019

High stiffness fracture fixation devices inducing absolute stability, activate inefficient primary healing and stress shielding. Taking High Tibial Osteotomy as a representative example, review of the clinical literature and mapping the fracture healing process revealed two physically contradicting requirements, which are only partially met by current techniques. Stiffness of the fixation is required immediately after fracture, however in the remodelling phase this can cause stress shielding. Stability is required immediately after fracture, however in the ossification phase less stability is required to stimulate secondary (and more efficient) healing. This study evaluates the use of the TRIZ Inventive Design Principles to overcome these physical contradictions. Six designs concepts were evaluated, of which the Macro-Geometry stiffness modulated design was ranked the highest. This was achieved through spatial decomposition of the problem utilising the Inventive Principles of Asymmetry, Extraction and Local Quality. This study offer perspectives on how to increase the patient specificity of fixation utilising the increased topology freedom of design for additive manufacture (AM).
Reduced isolation room turnover time using Lean methodology
Authors: Ankrum Andrea L. , Neogi Smriti , Morckel Molynda A. , Wilhite Adam W. , Li Zhaoyan , Schaffzin Joshua K.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To prevent environmental transmission of pathogens, hospital rooms housing patients on transmission-based precautions are cleaned extensively and disinfected with ultraviolet (UV) light. To do so consistently requires time and coordination, and these procedures must avoid patient flow delays and associated safety risks. We sought to improve room turnover efficiency to allow for UV disinfection.

Design:

A 60-day quality improvement and implementation project.

Setting:

A quaternary academic pediatric referral facility.

Interventions:

A multidisciplinary healthcare team participated in a 60-day before-and-after trial that followed the Toyota Production System Lean methodology. We used value-stream mapping and manual time studies to identify areas for improvement. Areas addressed included room breakdown, room cleaning, and wait time between cleaning and disinfection. Room turnover was measured as the time in minutes from a discharged patient exiting an isolation room to UV disinfection completion. Impact was measured using postintervention manual time studies.

Results:

Median room turnover decreased from 130 minutes (range, 93–294 minutes) to 65 minutes (range, 48–95 minutes;P< .0001). Other outcomes included decreased median time between room breakdown to cleaning start time (from 10 to 3 minutes;P= .004), room cleaning complete to UV disinfection start (from 36 to 8 minutes;P< .0001), and the duration of room cleaning and curtain changing (from 57 to 37 minutes;P< .0001).

Conclusion:

We decreased room turnover time by half in 60 days by decreasing times between and during routine tasks. Utilizing Lean methodology and manual time study can help teams understand and improve hospital processes and systems.
A model for improving and assessing outpatient stewardship initiatives for acute respiratory infection
Authors: Guzik Joan , Kothari Pooja , Sharp Misha , Ostrowsky Belinda , Patel Gopi ,   the United Hospital Fund Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship Program Collaborative Team
Published: July 2019

Many hospitals have established inpatient antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs), but outpatient activities remain limited. In 2016, the United Hospital Fund (UHF), an independent nonprofit working to build a more effective healthcare system for every New Yorker, launched a 2-stage grant-funded initiative to evaluate outpatient antibiotic stewardship, focusing on adults with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Conclusions from stage 1 included few outpatient antibiotic stewardship activities, variation in prescribing, macrolides as the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, and provider interest in improving prescribing.1
“Communis Hostis Omnium”: The Smerwick Massacre (1580) and the Law of Nations
Authors: Orr D. Alan
Published: July 2019

This article examines the brutal massacre of up to six hundred Spanish and Italian papal troops on the order of the English Lord Deputy Arthur Grey, 14th Baron de Wilton (1536–1593), at Dún An Óir (Forto del Oro), Smerwick, County Kerry, on 10 November 1580. The article investigates the relationship between the religious and juridical rationales for the massacre, shedding new light on the broader relationship between the early modern law of nations, Protestantism, and what Brendan Bradshaw has characterized as “catastrophic violence” in the Elizabethan military conquest of Ireland. While Vincent Carey has emphasized the virulently anti-Catholic character of Grey's rationales for the massacre, my argument instead emphasizes the role of the received laws of nations and of war in justifying Grey's actions both to Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) and to the English public, from the period immediately following the massacre until the writing of Edmund Spenser's pro-Grey apologetic,A View of the Present State of Ireland(ca. 1596). On this view, the papal troops at Smerwick were considered brigands, pirates, or, in Marcus Tullius Cicero's words, “communis hostis omnium”—a common enemy to all—and enjoyed no standing as lawful enemies under the law of nations. In the sixteenth century, the established law of nations was hardly a seamless web but manifested significant cleavages and fissures allowing for the construction of localized spheres of legal exception in which the ordinary rules of warfare did not apply, thus providing a convenient juridical rationale for atrocity.
Dynamics of the large-scale structures and associated noise emission in airfoil slats
Authors: Souza Daniel S. , Rodríguez Daniel , Himeno Fernando H. T. , Medeiros Marcello A. F.
Published: July 2019

We investigate the slat narrowband peak noise generating mechanism. Unsteady flow data were generated by a lattice-Boltzmann-based commercial code for four configurations, accounting for variations of the airfoil angle of attack and slat overlap. Comparison with experimental results indicates that the aspects of the flow field relevant for the generation of the narrowband peaks were accurately captured. Frequency-domain proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to identify dominant large-scale structures in the frequency range dominated by the peaks. The combined use of the two POD metrics, namely, the turbulent kinetic energy in the turbulent flow region and the acoustic pressure in the far field, demonstrated that the structures most correlated with the noise resemble spanwise coherent Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices which dominate the slat cove only at the frequency of the narrowband peaks. Time evolution of the structures educed using the acoustic pressure correlation provides detailed evidence of the hydrodynamic and acoustic steps of a Rossiter-like feedback mechanism between the slat cusp and trailing edge. The combined analysis of results for the different slat configurations provides an explanation for the effect of the slat configuration on the amplitude of the narrowband peaks observed in previous studies, particularly the influence of the main-element suction peak.
Wake behind a three-dimensional dry transom stern. Part 2. Analysis and modelling of incompressible highly variable density turbulence
Authors: Hendrickson Kelli , Yue Dick K.-P.
Published: July 2019

We analyse the turbulence characteristics and consider the closure modelling of the air entraining flow in the wake of three-dimensional, rectangular dry transom sterns obtained using high-resolution implicit large eddy simulations (iLES) (Hendricksonet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 875, 2019, pp. 854–883). Our focus is the incompressible highly variable density turbulence (IHVDT) in the near surface mixed-phase region${\mathcal{R}}$behind the stern. We characterize the turbulence statistics in${\mathcal{R}}$and determine it to be highly anisotropic due to quasi-steady wave breaking. Using unconditioned Reynolds decomposition for our analysis, we show that the turbulent mass flux (TMF) is important in IHVDT for the production of turbulent kinetic energy and is as relevant to the mean momentum equations as the Reynolds stresses. We develop a simple, regional explicit algebraic closure model for the TMF based on a functional relationship between the fluxes and tensor flow quantities.A prioritests of the model show mean density gradients and buoyancy effects are the main driving parameters for predicting the turbulent mass flux and the model is capable of capturing the highly localized nature of the TMF in${\mathcal{R}}$.
A direct numerical investigation of two-way interactions in a particle-laden turbulent channel flow
Authors: Peng Cheng , Ayala Orlando M. , Wang Lian-Ping
Published: July 2019

Understanding the two-way interactions between finite-size solid particles and a wall-bounded turbulent flow is crucial in a variety of natural and engineering applications. Previous experimental measurements and particle-resolved direct numerical simulations revealed some interesting phenomena related to particle distribution and turbulence modulation, but their in-depth analyses are largely missing. In this study, turbulent channel flows laden with neutrally buoyant finite-size spherical particles are simulated using the lattice Boltzmann method. Two particle sizes are considered, with diameters equal to 14.45 and 28.9 wall units. To understand the roles played by the particle rotation, two additional simulations with the same particle sizes but no particle rotation are also presented for comparison. Particles of both sizes are found to form clusters. Under the Stokes lubrication corrections, small particles are found to have a stronger preference to form clusters, and their clusters orientate more in the streamwise direction. As a result, small particles reduce the mean flow velocity less than large particles. Particles are also found to result in a more homogeneous distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the wall-normal direction, as well as a more isotropic distribution of TKE among different spatial directions. To understand these turbulence modulation phenomena, we analyse in detail the total and component-wise volume-averaged budget equations of TKE with the simulation data. This budget analysis reveals several mechanisms through which the particles modulate local and global TKE in the particle-laden turbulent channel flow.
Interaction of linear modulated waves and unsteady dispersive hydrodynamic states with application to shallow water waves
Authors: Congy T. , El G. A. , Hoefer M. A.
Published: July 2019

A new type of wave–mean flow interaction is identified and studied in which a small-amplitude, linear, dispersive modulated wave propagates through an evolving, nonlinear, large-scale fluid state such as an expansion (rarefaction) wave or a dispersive shock wave (undular bore). The Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is considered as a prototypical example of dynamic wavepacket–mean flow interaction. Modulation equations are derived for the coupling between linear wave modulations and a nonlinear mean flow. These equations admit a particular class of solutions that describe the transmission or trapping of a linear wavepacket by an unsteady hydrodynamic state. Two adiabatic invariants of motion are identified that determine the transmission, trapping conditions and show that wavepackets incident upon smooth expansion waves or compressive, rapidly oscillating dispersive shock waves exhibit so-called hydrodynamic reciprocity recently described in Maiden et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 120, 2018, 144101) in the context of hydrodynamic soliton tunnelling. The modulation theory results are in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations of full KdV dynamics. The integrability of the KdV equation is not invoked so these results can be extended to other nonlinear dispersive fluid mechanic models.
Signatures of fluid–fluid displacement in porous media: wettability, patterns and pressures
Authors: Primkulov Bauyrzhan K. , Pahlavan Amir A. , Fu Xiaojing , Zhao Benzhong , MacMinn Christopher W. , Juanes Ruben
Published: July 2019

We develop a novel ‘moving-capacitor’ dynamic network model to simulate immiscible fluid–fluid displacement in porous media. Traditional network models approximate the pore geometry as a network of fixed resistors, directly analogous to an electrical circuit. Our model additionally captures the motion of individual fluid–fluid interfaces through the pore geometry by completing this analogy, representing interfaces as a set of moving capacitors. By incorporating pore-scale invasion events, the model reproduces, for the first time, both the displacement pattern and the injection-pressure signal under a wide range of capillary numbers and substrate wettabilities. We show that at high capillary numbers the invading patterns advance symmetrically through viscous fingers. In contrast, at low capillary numbers the flow is governed by the wettability-dependent fluid–fluid interactions with the pore structure. The signature of the transition between the two regimes manifests itself in the fluctuations of the injection-pressure signal.
Openness to experience predicts dopamine effects on divergent thinking
Authors: Käckenmester Wiebke , Bott Antonia , Wacker Jan
Published: July 2019

Individual differences in trait levels of openness to experience and creativity have been theoretically linked to dopamine function. However, empirical evidence for this assumption is scarce, especially for causal connections. The present study aims to directly assess the influence of dopamine activity on the established association between openness to experience and divergent thinking (i.e., an index of creativity). We hypothesized that manipulating dopamine activity alters the relationship between self-reported openness to experience and ideational fluency and flexibility. In a placebo-controlled between-subjects design, 193 healthy male volunteers completed four divergent thinking tasks after they received either the dopamine-receptor blocker sulpiride (200 mg) or a placebo. The data revealed an interaction such that openness to experience was more positively associated with divergent thinking in the dopamine blocker group (r = 0.304) than in the placebo group (r = −0.002). Specifically, highly open individuals in the dopamine blocker group reached the highest divergent thinking scores. Thus, sulpiride administration selectively affected divergent thinking as a function of trait levels of openness to experience. Although somewhat limited by the unexpected absence of the association between openness to experience and divergent thinking in the placebo group, the present study provides novel evidence for an association between dopamine activity and both openness to experience and divergent thinking.
Economic Sanctions and Government Spending Adjustments: The Case of Disaster Preparedness
Authors: McLean Elena V , Whang Taehee
Published: July 2019

Economic sanctions research suggests that sanctioned countries’ overall economic costs tend to be low. This article argues that, despite this, sanction costs can force the governments of these countries to reallocate budget resources from low-priority spending categories to other categories in an effort to minimize their political costs. One such low-priority category is disaster preparedness and mitigation. The authors show that economic sanctions lead to reduced disaster preparedness spending and, as a result, increase the scale of economic and human losses generated by natural disasters in sanctioned countries.
Media Coverage and IPO Pricing around the World
Authors: Chen Yangyang , Goyal Abhinav , Veeraraghavan Madhu , Zolotoy Leon
Published: July 2019

We study how media coverage impacts pricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) around the world. Higher media coverage in the pre-IPO period leads to lower IPO initial returns. The effect is mitigated in countries with better financial reporting quality, greater shareholder rights protection, and more stringent media censorship, and for IPOs “certified” by reputable intermediaries, while it is amplified in countries with higher levels of media penetration and media trust. Further, IPOs with higher pre-IPO media coverage have lower ex post price revision volatility. Our findings suggest that higher pre-IPO media coverage reduces information asymmetry among investors, leading to less underpriced IPOs.
Language learning and teaching in South African primary schools
Authors: Wildsmith-Cromarty Rosemary , Balfour Robert J.
Published: July 2019

South Africa's history of segregation and the privileging of English and Afrikaans as the only languages of teaching and learning beyond primary schooling, make the post-apartheid period a complex one, especially in light of the Constitutional commitment to multilingualism in the 11 official languages. Research on literacy and language teaching contextualises the impact of curriculum and language policy initiatives aimed at improving learner performance. We review research concerning the transition from the study of first additional language (FAL) as subject, to the use of FAL as the language of learning and teaching (LoLT). Also considered are major studies on learner performance nationally and South Africa's comparability globally. The impact of home language (HL) literacy development on performance in English as the LoLT links to research on language development in teacher education programmes, and shows connections between the capacity of teachers to develop languages for literacy and LoLT and learner success. Research on the development of early childhood literacy in the HL demonstrates the positive impact on literacy development in the LoLT.
Multilingualism in older age: A research agenda from the cognitive perspective
Authors: Cox Jessica G.
Published: July 2019

Calls to diversify second language acquisition (SLA) (e.g., Ortega, 2013) have led to increased interest in multilingualism and inclusion of groups less represented in samples of university students, such as individuals at older ages. Nevertheless, we still have more questions than we do answers. This article outlines a research agenda targeting older adult language learning and multilinguals at older ages, both in and beyond the classroom. Since a key difference between young and older adults is cognitive aging, I follow a cognitive approach, focusing on how individual differences in cognition may affect language and vice versa, and how relevant sociocultural factors add to the interplay between language and cognition. Notably, this is not always a story of decline and deficits, but instead of both strengths and weaknesses that differ from those of young adults.
Language teacher identity
Authors: Kayi-Aydar Hayriye
Published: July 2019

The topic of language teacher identity receives strong attention in current scholarly literature. Understanding the complexities of identities that second/foreign language teachers construct is crucial because the ways teachers perceive themselves as professionals impact teacher development (e.g., Kanno & Stuart, 2011*), interactions with peers and colleagues (e.g., Kayi-Aydar, 2015*), pedagogical choices or classroom practices (e.g., Duff & Uchida, 1997*), and access to power and ownership of language (De Costa & Norton, 2017*; Varghese et al., 2016*), ultimately undergirding or undermining second/foreign language teaching (Varghese et al., 2016*).
Unified Virtual Guides Framework for Path Tracking Tasks
Authors: Žlajpah Leon , Petrič Tadej
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we propose a novel unified framework for virtual guides. The human–robot interaction is based on a virtual robot, which is controlled by the admittance control. The unified framework combines virtual guides, control of the dynamic behavior, and path tracking. Different virtual guides and active constraints can be realized by using dead-zones in the position part of the admittance controller. The proposed algorithm can act in a changing task space and allows selection of the tasks-space and redundant degrees-of-freedom during the task execution. The admittance control algorithm can be implemented either on a velocity or on acceleration level. The proposed framework has been validated by an experiment on a KUKA LWR robot performing the Buzz-Wire task.
Utility, Reason and Rhetoric: James Mill's Metaphor of the Historian as Judge
Authors: Loizides Antis
Published: July 2019

James Mill'sHistory of British India(1817) made a rather strange claim: first-hand experience of India was not vital in writing a history – potentially, it led to false ideas about its subject-matter: eyewitnesses are susceptible to bias. The historian was thus to perform his task as a judge: sifting through various testimonies to obtain a ‘more perfect’ conception of the whole than those who witnessed its various parts. Although strange, Mill's claim does not bewilder his readers: after all, Mill was a ‘militant’ exponent of theorizing utilitarianism. I argue that such a reading of Mill's method is injudiciously restrictive. Not only did Mill draw on well-known methodological concerns in contemporary historiographical practice, not necessarily linked with Jeremy Bentham or the Scottish theoretical historiography, but he also seemed to adopt the vocabulary of forensic rhetoric, making his claim that his was a ‘judging’ history more literal than it has been supposed.
Germination ecology of the perennial herb Xyris longiscapa: inter-annual variation in seed germination and seasonal dormancy cycles
Authors: Oliveira Túlio G. S. , Garcia Queila S.
Published: July 2019

Germination ecology was investigated in a natural population of Xyris longiscapa, a perennial herbaceous species endemic to the Brazilian campo rupestre. Seeds were collected over four consecutive years (2014 to 2017) to evaluate germination responses to a range of temperatures (from 15 to 30°C). The light requirement was evaluated in seeds collected in 2014. Seeds collected in 2014 were also buried in soil in the natural habitat of the species to evaluate changes in germinability at different temperatures over the time. Seeds showed an absolute light requirement for germination. Seed germination was affected by temperature, collection year and the interaction between these two factors. Seeds collected in 2014 showed a narrower temperature range for germination (15–20°C), compared with the seeds collected in 2015, 2016 and 2017 that germinated in a temperature range of 15–25°C. Buried seeds remained viable in soil for at least 14 months and exhibited seasonal dormancy cycling. Secondary dormancy was induced during the rainy season and alleviated during the dry season, following a conditional dormancy/dormancy cycle. The degree of primary dormancy appeared to be influenced by the environmental conditions experienced by seeds during maturation. Primary dormancy (when present), seed persistence in soil and seasonal dormancy cycles are strategies of X. longiscapa to enhance regeneration success in the harsh environment of the Brazilian campo rupestre.
A role for PM19-Like 1 in seed dormancy in Arabidopsis
Authors: Barrero Jose M. , Dorr Marie M. , Talbot Mark J. , Ishikawa Shinnosuke , Umezawa Taishi , White Rosemary G. , Gubler Frank
Published: July 2019

The understanding of the genetic basis of grain dormancy in wheat has rapidly improved in the last few years, and a number of genes have been identified related to that trait. We recently identified the wheat genes TaPM19-A1 and -A2 and we have now taken the first step towards understanding the role of this class of genes in seeds. By investigating the Arabidopsis homologous PM19-Like 1 (PM19L1) we have found that it has a seed-specific expression pattern and, while its expression is higher in dormant than in non-dormant seeds, knock-out mutations produced seeds with increased dormancy. Not only primary dormancy, but also secondary dormancy in response to high temperature was increased by the loss-of-function. We have also examined the function of PM19L1 by localizing the PM19 protein primarily to the cotyledon cells in seeds, possibly in membranes. By investigating the co-expression network of this gene we have found that it is connected to a small group of abscisic acid (ABA)-induced seed maturation and storage-related genes. The function of PM19L1 represents a good opportunity to explore the interactions of key factors that can influence seed dormancy such as ABA, temperature and membrane properties.
What’s the True Shape of An Ocean Eddy?
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: July 2019

Ocean eddies spin round and round, but not in a perfect circle.
Congo Rain Forest Endures a Longer Dry Season
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: July 2019

The forest’s dry season has been starting earlier and ending later for decades, making parts of it vulnerable to incursions by drought-resistant ecosystems.
Temporal phosphate gradients reveal diverse acclimation responses in phytoplankton phosphate uptake
Authors: Cáceres Carlos , Spatharis Sofie , Kaiserli Eirini , Smeti Evangelia , Flowers Hugh , Bonachela Juan A
Published: July 2019

Phytoplankton face environmental nutrient variations that occur in the dynamic upper layers of the ocean. Phytoplankton cells are able to rapidly acclimate to nutrient fluctuations by adjusting their nutrient-uptake system and metabolism. Disentangling these acclimation responses is a critical step in bridging the gap between phytoplankton cellular physiology and community ecology. Here, we analyzed the dynamics of phosphate (P) uptake acclimation responses along different P temporal gradients by using batch cultures of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We employed a multidisciplinary approach that combined nutrient-uptake bioassays, transcriptomic analysis, and mathematical models. Our results indicated that cells increase their maximum nutrient-uptake rate (Vmax) both in response to P pulses and strong phosphorus limitation. The upregulation of three genes coding for different P transporters in cells experiencing low intracellular phosphorus levels supported some of the observed Vmax variations. In addition, our mathematical model reproduced the empirical Vmax patterns by including two types of P transporters upregulated at medium-high environmental and low intracellular phosphorus levels, respectively. Our results highlight the existence of a sequence of acclimation stages along the phosphate continuum that can be understood as a succession of acclimation responses. We provide a novel conceptual framework that can contribute to integrating and understanding the dynamics and wide diversity of acclimation responses developed by phytoplankton.
Structure of amyloid-β (20-34) with Alzheimer’s-associated isomerization at Asp23 reveals a distinct protofilament interface
Authors: Warmack Rebeccah A. , Boyer David R. , Zee Chih-Te , Richards Logan S. , Sawaya Michael R. , Cascio Duilio , Gonen Tamir , Eisenberg David S. , Clarke Steven G.
Published: July 2019

Amyloid-β (Aβ) harbors numerous posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that may affect Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here we present the 1.1 Å resolution MicroED structure of an Aβ 20–34 fibril with and without the disease-associated PTM, L-isoaspartate, at position 23 (L-isoAsp23). Both wild-type and L-isoAsp23 protofilaments adopt β-helix-like folds with tightly packed cores, resembling the cores of full-length fibrillar Aβ structures, and both self-associate through two distinct interfaces. One of these is a unique Aβ interface strengthened by the isoaspartyl modification. Powder diffraction patterns suggest a similar structure may be adopted by protofilaments of an analogous segment containing the heritable Iowa mutation, Asp23Asn. Consistent with its early onset phenotype in patients, Asp23Asn accelerates aggregation of Aβ 20–34, as does the L-isoAsp23 modification. These structures suggest that the enhanced amyloidogenicity of the modified Aβ segments may also reduce the concentration required to achieve nucleation and therefore help spur the pathogenesis of AD.
Passive optical time-of-flight for non line-of-sight localization
Authors: Boger-Lombard Jeremy , Katz Ori
Published: July 2019

Optical imaging through diffusive, visually-opaque barriers and around corners is an important challenge in many fields, ranging from defense to medical applications. Recently, novel techniques that combine time-of-flight (TOF) measurements with computational reconstruction have allowed breakthrough imaging and tracking of objects hidden from view. These light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based approaches require active short-pulsed illumination and ultrafast time-resolved detection. Here, bringing notions from passive radio detection and ranging (RADAR) and passive geophysical mapping approaches, we present an optical TOF technique that allows passive localization of light sources and reflective objects through diffusive barriers and around corners. Our approach retrieves TOF information from temporal cross-correlations of scattered light, via interferometry, providing temporal resolution that surpasses state-of-the-art ultrafast detectors by three orders of magnitude. While our passive approach is limited by signal-to-noise to relatively sparse scenes, we demonstrate passive localization of multiple white-light sources and reflective objects hidden from view using a simple setup.
The histone methyltransferase Setd2 is indispensable for V(D)J recombination
Authors: Ji Zhongzhong , Sheng Yaru , Miao Juju , Li Xiaoxia , Zhao Huifang , Wang Jinming , Cheng Chaping , Wang Xue , Liu Kaiyuan , Zhang Kai , Xu Longmei , Yao Jufang , Shen Lijing , Hou Jian , Zhou Wenhao , Sun Jinqiao , Li Li , Gao Wei-Qiang , Zhu Helen He
Published: July 2019

The diverse repertoire of T cell receptors (TCR) and immunoglobulins is generated through the somatic rearrangement of respective V, D and J gene segments, termed V(D)J recombination, during early T or B cell development. However, epigenetic regulation of V(D)J recombination is still not fully understood. Here we show that the deficiency of Setd2, a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes lysine 36 trimethylation on histone 3 (H3K36me3) in mice, causes a severe developmental block of thymocytes at the CD4−CD8−DN3 stage. While H3K36me3 is normally enriched at the TCRβ locus, Setd2 deficiency reduces TCRβ H3K36me3 and suppresses TCRβ V(D)J rearrangement by impairing RAG1 binding to TCRβ loci and the DNA double-strand break repair. Similarly, Setd2 ablation also impairs immunoglobulin V(D)J rearrangement to induce B cell development block at the pro-B stage. Lastly, SETD2 is frequently mutated in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Our study thus demonstrates that Setd2 is required for optimal V(D)J recombination and normal lymphocyte development.