bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IL-2 enhances effector function but suppresses follicular localization of CD8+ T cells in chronic infection
Authors: Chen Yaping , Zhou Pengcheng , Gubser Patrick Marc , Leong Yew Ann , He Jing , Wei Yunbo , Makota Fadzai Victor , Pazhouhandeh Mehrdad , Zheng Ting , Yunis Joseph , Li Zhanguo , Kallies Axel , Yu Di
Published: August 2024

Cytotoxic CD8
+
T cells, essential in combating viral infections and cancer, become dysfunctional from prolonged antigen exposure. Precursors of exhausted T (T
PEX
) cells are pivotal in sustaining immune responses in chronic diseases and mediating immunotherapy efficacy. They also control viral infection within B-cell follicles, facilitated by CXCR5 expression. How cytokines regulate T
PEX
cell fate and follicular entry is not well understood. We reveal that IL-2 treatment enhances CD8
+
T cell effector functions in chronic LCMV infection but hinders CXCR5
+
T
PEX
cell formation and infection control within B-cell follicles. Mechanistically, IL-2 suppresses T
PEX
cell differentiation in a STAT5 and BLIMP1-dependent manner. Using an IL-2 fusion protein targeting CD122, we shifted the differentiation towards CX3CR1
+
T cells with increased effector function. Clinical observations with low-dose IL-2 in autoimmune disease confirmed IL-2’s inhibitory effect on CXCR5
+
T
PEX
cells, underscoring IL-2’s crucial regulatory role and therapeutic potential in modulating T
PEX
and effector T cell generation.
Live software documentation of design pattern instances
Authors: Lemos Filipe , Correia Filipe F. , Aguiar Ademar , Queiroz Paulo G. G.
Published: August 2024

Background

Approaches to documenting the software patterns of a system can support intentionally and manually documenting them or automatically extracting them from the source code. Some of the approaches that we review do not maintain proximity between code and documentation. Others do not update the documentation after the code is changed. All of them present a low level of liveness.

Approach

This work proposes an approach to improve the understandability of a software system by documenting the design patterns it uses. We regard the creation and the documentation of software as part of the same process and attempt to streamline the two activities. We achieve this by increasing the feedback about the pattern instances present in the code, during development—i.e., by increasing liveness. Moreover, our approach maintains proximity between code and documentation and allows us to visualize the pattern instances under the same environment. We developed a prototype—DesignPatternDoc—for IntelliJ IDEA that continuously identifies pattern instances in the code, suggests them to the developer, generates the respective pattern-instance documentation, and enables live editing and visualization of that documentation.

Results

To evaluate this approach, we conducted a controlled experiment with 21 novice developers. We asked participants to complete three tasks that involved understanding and evolving small software systems—up to six classes and 100 lines of code—and recorded the duration and the number of context switches. The results show that our approach helps developers spend less time understanding and documenting a software system when compared to using tools with a lower degree of liveness. Additionally, embedding documentation in the IDE and maintaining it close to the source code reduces context switching significantly.
Evaluación de habilidades del pensamiento histórico. Una investigación acción sobre su implementación en aula
Authors:   , Castillo Rozo Alejandro
Published: August 2024

La evaluación dentro de la disciplina de la historia se ha centrado tradicionalmente en el reconocimiento de hitos o conocimientos declarativos, dejando de lado el desarrollo de habilidades o conceptos del pensamiento histórico a pesar de su omnipresencia en la literatura didáctica. A través de un método de investigación-acción, se diseñó colaborativamente una propuesta para la evaluación de la habilidad de Continuidad y Cambio dentro del programa de Historia de un colegio particular pagado de Chile, en el nivel de 2° medio. El resultado fueron dos instrumentos, uno de intencionalidad formativa, y otro sumativa, cuya evaluación por juicio experto y posterior aplicación en el aula permitió recabar evidencias de procesos de respuesta que nos permiten elaborar un argumento de validez positivo. Finalmente, se discuten los alcances y limitaciones de la investigación, así como las recomendaciones para la acción profesional.
Gestão e preservação ambiental: uma abordagem multidimensional
Authors: Silva André Maciel da , Frade Luan Felipe da Silva , Silva Everton Sales da , Almeida Érica Damaceno de , Canuto Renê Elizeu das Flores , Silva André Luiz Pereira da , Jansen Tatiana da Costa , Azevedo Gênesis Alves de , Marques Daniela Ferreira , Silva Carla Michelle da , Silva Antônio Veimar da
Published: August 2024

Considerando a necessidade urgente de mitigar os impactos negativos das atividades humanas sobre o meio ambiente e promover o desenvolvimento sustentável, este trabalho aborda a evolução do conceito de gestão ambiental. Objetiva-se destacar a transição de abordagens reativas para práticas preventivas e integradas. Para tanto, procede-se à análise da implementação de Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental (SGAs), com ênfase na norma ISO 14001, e à discussão da importância da gestão ambiental pública e participativa, além das unidades de conservação. Desse modo, observa-se que os indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável são ferramentas essenciais para avaliar o desempenho das políticas ambientais. O que permite concluir que uma abordagem abrangente e multidimensional da gestão ambiental é fundamental para promover a conscientização e o engajamento de diversos atores na busca por um futuro sustentável.
Adoção de práticas sustentáveis e os efeitos na qualidade da produção de vinho em vinícolas
Authors: Lima Murilo Campos Rocha , Borba Marcelo da Costa , Ramos Josefa Edileide Santos , Canela Danilo Crisóstomo da Silva , Menezes Daniela Callegaro de , Révillion Jean Philippe Palma
Published: August 2024

O setor vitivinícola está cada vez mais focado na sustentabilidade, impulsionado por preocupações ambientais e demandas dos consumidores. Como os consumidores exigentes questionam os métodos adotados pelas vinícolas cada vez mais visando à preservação ambiental e a qualidade biológica dos seus produtos, esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar quais práticas sustentáveis são adotadas pela vinícolas. Para o alcance do objetivo foi escolhido o método da revisão sistemática. Foi percebido pelos achados da revisão sistemática que nas últimas décadas, houve um aumento significativo no uso de práticas sustentáveis, embora a falta de diretrizes unificadas resulte em uma variedade de abordagens adotadas pelas vinícolas. A viticultura biodinâmica, por exemplo, tem ganhado popularidade, apesar das controvérsias científicas e da falta de regulamentações uniformes. Em resumo, a indústria vitivinícola está enfrentando desafios significativos relacionados à sustentabilidade, mas também está explorando novas oportunidades através da inovação e da colaboração, visando garantir um futuro sustentável para a produção de vinho.
Effectiveness and Management Strategy of Tual Archipelago Fishing Port in Supporting Measured Fishing
Authors: Asriadi Muhammad , Danial  , Jamal Muhammad
Published: August 2024

Measured Fishing (MF) is the government's effort to preserve fish resources by optimizing economic and social benefits for fishermen and fishery business actors.  One of the government's efforts to prepare for the implementation of the MF policy, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries through the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries continues to improve the preparation of fishing ports to carry out these activities. This requires the main role of Archipelago Fishing Port (AFP) Tual as a fishing port managed by the central government to be able to improve its function as an executor of government functions as well as provide services to the fishing fleet and other service users who need these services.  This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the role and function of AFP Tual in supporting Measured Fishing and analyze Tual's AFP strategy in supporting Measured Fishing. The data analysis technique used to measure the effectiveness of the role and function of AFP Tual was score assessment using the rating scale formula. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique to determine the AFP Tual strategy was to use the SWOT matrix, the Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) matrix, and the External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) matrix to determine the SWOT matrix quadrant. The results of this study showed that the effectiveness of the role and function of AFP Tual is at a score of 84.5%, which means that it is very effective in supporting the program measured fishing.  Based on the SWOT analysis, it is in favorable conditions so that it can take advantage of the existing opportunities. The strategy that must be implemented in this condition is to support an aggressive growth policy (growthoriented strategy) in supporting Measured Fishing so that the goals of MF can be maximally achieved.
Challenges and Supports of Volunteers During Crisis Situation: Lessons Drawn from Lockdown During Covid-19 in Bangladesh
Authors: Jewel Md. Mahathy Hasan , Amin Md. Al , Akter Tamanna
Published: August 2024

Aims: Numerous governments have created non-therapeutic prevention measures and enlisted volunteers to aid coronavirus victims due to its rapid global spread. Bangladesh, a low-middle-income country with one of the greatest population densities, presents major hurdles for volunteers. This study examines volunteer challenges and support during emergency situations like the COVID-19 epidemic and its causes.
Methodology: The study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to accomplish the research purpose. The qualitative research design comprises conducting five key informant interviews (KII) and one focus group discussion (FGD). Conversely, the quantitative design involves collecting 60 responses through a structured questionnaire. Furthermore, the qualitative research also found that volunteer training, attractiveness and maintenance, government and political variables, and self-esteem are the main factors affecting crisis volunteering challenges and support. More research with a bigger sample size and international comparisons can reveal volunteering job challenges and supports.
Result: The volunteers' perceptions during COVID-19 were examined for quantitative data to determine the outcome. Four of the five hypotheses were found to be true. These factors; volunteer training; volunteer recruiters and retainers, political and governmental difficulties, and volunteer self-esteem have a significant impact on volunteering. This study identified insufficient funding, inadequate coordination between volunteers and administrators, and a lack of training facilities as the main challenges encountered in volunteer work during crisis situations.
Conclusion: This study advocates engaging all demographics as volunteers. Additionally, volunteers need training to perform better. Volunteerism would improve with better administration and encouragement. Promoting volunteers' value in society boosts their self-esteem.
Effect of Tillage and Nutrient Management Practices on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of Maize
Authors: Naithani Pragya , Bhatnagar Amit , Chandra Subhash , Gautam Poonam , Kumar Rajeew , Singh Gurvinder
Published: August 2024

Aims: The aim of the experiment was to study the NDVI values of maize crop at knee height stage and pre tasseling stage as an indicator of crop health under different tillage practices and precision nutrient management strategies.
Study Design: The experiment was conducted in split plot design using six tillage practices (Conventional Tillage, Conventional Tillage + Chisel Plough, Permanent Ridges, Permanent Bed, Zero Tillage and Minimum Tillage) in main plots and three nutrient management strategies [Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM), GreenSeeker guided nitrogen application (GS), and 100% Recommended Dose of Nutrients (RDN)] in sub plots.
Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, for two years i.e., 2022 and 2023.
Methodology: Conventional tillage involved two passes of harrowing and one rotavator. Conventional tillage + chisel plough included the additional use of a chisel plough after every four years. In permanent ridge and permanent bed strip, raised soil configurations were reshaped after every crop. In zero tillage, land preparation was limited to opening of seed furrows and crop was sown directly. In minimum tillage field was tilled through only with single pass of rotavator. In SSNM using “Maize Nutrient Expert” nutrient application was done at the rate of 130:33:66 kg N: P2O5: K2O per ha. Under GS treatments maize nitrogen application was done as (40 + GS) N per ha. The 100% RDN for maize was 120:60:40 kg N: P2O5: K2O per ha.
Results: Results indicated significant variations in NDVI values at knee height stage and at pre tasseling stage due to different tillage practices where zero tillage and conventional + chisel plough were found significantly superior. NDVI values among nutrient management strategies were not statistically different. Correlation studies concluded that NDVI of kharif maize crop is negatively correlated to minimum temperature, maximum temperature, number of rainy days and amount of rainfall received. Zero tillage and conventional + chisel plough sustain crop health even under excess rainfall conditions.
Conclusion: Zero tillage and conventional + chisel plough can be advocated for the better health of kharif maize crop even under varied weather conditions.
Assessment of Eco-environmental Impact of Harvesting Greenhouse Gas from Bio-waste: A Case of Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Buumba Willy A. , Mwanza Mabvuto , Musonda Vincent
Published: August 2024

Aim: To determine economic and environmental impacts of greenhouse gas harvesting from bio-waste generated at wastewater treatment plant.
Study Design: Quantitative experimental research for anaerobic digestion using a prototype bio digester.
Place and Duration of Study: Case study of Kaunda square wastewater treatment plant in Lusaka city of Zambia. The duration of study was one year inclusive of research proposal writing.
Methodology: Two Anaerobic Digestion (AD) experiments were conducted; alongside was control experiment-c. The first experiment-a used a balloon as means of biogas collection while experiment-b used water displacement technique. Each experiment used 9.6kg feedstock (on dry basis) into a 40 litres prototype bio digester and subjected to AD for 30days hydraulic retention time (HRT).
Results: Total biomass potential available as feedstock at kaunda square wastewater treatment ponds was found to be 483,947kg per annum.  The 9.6kg biomass feedstock used in experiments A and B produced 0.0179  and 0.0165  of biogas respectively leading to 0.0172  as average monthly biogas production. Scaling-up these experimental findings of using 9.6kg feedstock to produce 0.0172  biogas, resulted in Kaunda square wastewater treatment plant with feedstock potential of 483,947kg yielding 868.43Kg (755,156.78 liters) of biogas production per annum.
Total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) of environmental importance came from the summation of contributions of methane and carbon dioxide and expressed as carbon-dioxide equivalents . The value of the two GHGs was found to be  with direct effect on global warming and climate change while the digestate had its economic value in agricultural use where the potential stood at 9,662 by 50kg bags of nitrogen/sulphur rich organic fertilizer per annum.
Conclusion: Energy harvesting through harvesting of greenhouse gases from bio-waste can lead to reduction in emission of greenhouse gases, reduce energy deficit and improve food security through soil preservation.
The Mediating Role of Financial Literacy in the Characteristics of Msmes and Financial Technology on MSME Sustainability
Authors: Ikhsanuddin Muhammad , Rahmawati Ika Yustina , Tubastuvi Naelati , Randikaparsa Irawan
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine the influence of MSME and Fintech Characteristics on MSME Sustainability with Financial Literacy as mediation, by developing mathematical models and hypotheses related to phenomena.
Research Design: The research I use is quantitative, which is systematic research of parts and phenomena and the causality of their relationships.
Place and Duration of Study: Banyumas Regency from October 2023 to February 2024.
Methodology: In this study I used a sample of 141 MSME actors in Banyumas Regency, the sampling technique used was non-probability sampling in the form of accidental sampling. The analysis tool used is SmartPLS.
Results: This study shows that the characteristics of MSMEs, Fintech, and Financial Literacy have a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of MSMEs in Banyumas Regency. Furthermore, the characteristics of MSMEs and Fintechs affect financial literacy. Financial literacy is able to mediate the relationship between the characteristics of MSMEs to the sustainability of MSMEs. Meanwhile, financial literacy cannot mediate the relationship between Fintech and MSME sustainability.
Conclusion: The sustainability of MSMEs can be improved by the characteristics of MSMEs through financial literacy. Meanwhile, Fintech can directly affect the sustainability of MSMEs without going through financial literacy.
The Barton‐McCombie Reaction
Authors: McCombie Stuart W. , Motherwell William B. , Tozer Matthew J.
Published: February 2015

Deoxygenations of alcohols, i.e., processes that replace a hydroxyl group with hydrogen at a saturated carbon, find applications in both total synthesis and the systematic modifications of natural products. They may also be employed to introduce deuterium or tritium in a site‐specific manner. Reductive methods that involve ionic or highly polarized reagents or intermediates can be limited in their applicability: for example, competing reaction pathways including cationic rearrangements and anionic eliminations may be encountered in sterically hindered systems with substrates bearing heteroatoms close to the center undergoing reduction. As evidenced by developments over the last few decades, methods that involve the generation and direct quenching via hydrogen atom abstraction of the derived, carbon‐centered radical typically show the greatest tolerance for the presence of other functional groups and for variations in both the steric acid and the electronic environment in the vicinity of the center undergoing deoxygenation. Derivatization of the hydroxyl is a prerequisite, the determinant factors for efficient formation of the deoxygenated product lies in the ability of the combination of the substrate and reagents to induce homolysis of the C‐O bond coupled with the induction of homolysis to rapidly reduce a free radical by hydrogen donation, thereby propagating an efficient chain process. A high‐yielding way to realize this sequence was first described by Barton McCombie using the free‐radical chain reaction ofO‐thioacyl derivatives of secondary alcohols with tri‐n‐butylstannane. This chapter provides a detailed description and comparison of the combinations of substrates and reagents that will bring about these processes and provides a summary and evaluation of alternative deoxygenation methods. Mechanistic and stereochemical issues set out the scope and limitations of these processes with respect to both the thioacylation and reduction steps and exemplify some applications to both total synthesis and the modification of natural products.
Asymmetric Transformations by Deprotonation Using Chiral Lithium Amides
Authors: S. Simpkins Nigel , D. Weller Michael
Published: February 2015

Lithium dialkylamides, especially lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), are valuable bases in organic synthesis but it is only since 1980 that their chiral counterparts have found application in reactions that can be broadly defined as asymmetric deprotonations. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of all selective deprotonation processes mediated by chiral lithium amides, including desymmetrizations, kinetic resolutions, and other applications such as regioselective enolizations of chiral substrates.

The chapter covers the entire substrate scope of chiral lithium amide deprotonation reactions, which includes rearrangement of epoxides to allylic alcohols, enolizations of carbonyl compounds (principally, but not exclusively, cyclic ketones), and metalations of organometallics (especially tricarbonyl(η6‐arene)chromium(0) complexes) and miscellaneous phosphorous‐ or sulfur‐containing compounds.

It is possible to perform some benchmark reactions under “catalytic conditions,” i.e., using substoichiometic quantities of chiral lithium amide, particularly epoxide rearrangements. The capability of deprotonations, mediated by chiral lithium amides, to deliver non‐racemic intermediates with acceptable selectivity for target synthesis is amply illustrated by the examples included in the review. In particular, the desymmetrization of conformationally biased prochiral cyclic ketones has become a well‐established strategy for organic synthesis, and has seen significant application in target‐oriented synthesis.
The McMurry Coupling and Related Reactions
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Tsubouchi Akira
Published: February 2015

The McMurry coupling reaction has been recognized as one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of alkenes from carbonyl compounds. This reaction can be applied to the preparation of various alkenes that are otherwise difficult to prepare. For example, sterically congested tetrasubstituted alkenes as well as medium to large membered rings involving natural products may be accessed via this process. This coupling utilizes various low‐valent titanium reagents generated by the reduction of titanium (III or IV) chloride with K, Zn, LiAlH4, C8K, amongst others. Furthermore, a variety of low‐valent metal species other than titanium, including aluminum, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, indium, tungsten, and samarium, have also been found to promote the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds. The scope and limitations of these reagent systems are reviewed in this chapter, together with the stereochemistry and reaction mechanism. This reaction is categorized into four coupling modes: i) homocoupling giving symmetrical alkenes, ii) mixed coupling giving unsymmetrical alkenes, iii) intramolecular coupling giving cycloalkenes, and iv) tandem coupling giving cyclic polyenes. Characteristics of these reaction modes are described briefly. A selection of synthetic applications are reviewed, including examples of the preparation of sterically congested and strained alkenes, medium to large‐ring compounds, biologically active targets, as well as substrates applicable in material science. Experimental conditions used for this versatile process are summarized to assist the choice of suitable conditions.
Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Nakamura Eiichi , Hatakeyama Takuji , Ito Shingo , Ishizuka Kentaro , Ilies Laurean , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: February 2015

Abundant, inexpensive, and nontoxic iron salts can efficiently catalyze the cross‐coupling reaction of organic electrophiles with organometallic reagents. A large variety of aryl, acyl, alkenyl, allylic, benzylic, propargylic, and alkyl electrophiles can be successfully coupled with organomagnesium, ‐zinc, ‐copper, ‐manganese, and ‐boron reagents. Coupling reactions of two organometallic reagents under oxidative conditions and of two organic halides under reductive conditions are also discussed. The reaction mechanism is controversial and various mechanisms, sometimes interconnected, in which iron can adopt different oxidation states have been proposed. Electron‐transfer processes may also be involved.
The Boronic Acid Mannich Reaction
Authors: G. Pyne Stephen , Tang Minyan
Published: February 2015

The boronic acid Mannich reaction is a three‐component reaction between a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone), an amine (primary or secondary) and a boronic acid. This chapter addresses the mechanism, stereochemistry, and the scope and limitations of each of the three components of this reaction. Some typical experimental conditions are provided along with a comprehensive Tabular Survey.

This three‐component reaction is extremely versatile for preparing important chiral starting materials for the synthesis of molecules of biological interest, including chiral α‐amino acids, 1,2‐amino alcohols, 2‐aminoalkyl phenols, heterocycles, and alkaloids as shown in the general scheme below.
How well do regional climate models simulate the spatial dependence of precipitation? An application of pair‐copula constructions
Authors: Hobæk Haff Ingrid , Frigessi Arnoldo , Maraun Douglas
Published: February 2015

We investigate how well a suite of regional climate models (RCMs) from the ENSEMBLES project represents the residual spatial dependence of daily precipitation. The study area we consider is a 200 km × 200 km region in south central Norway, with RCMs driven by ERA‐40 boundary conditions at a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 km × 25 km. We model the residual spatial dependence with pair‐copula constructions, which allows us to assess both the overall and tail dependence in precipitation, including uncertainty estimates. The selected RCMs reproduce the overall dependence rather well, though the discrepancies compared to observations are substantial. All models overestimate the overall dependence in the west‐east direction. They also overestimate the upper tail dependence in the north‐south direction during winter, and in the west‐east direction during summer, whereas they tend to underestimate this dependence in the north‐south direction in summer. Moreover, many of the climate models do not simulate the small‐scale dependence patterns caused by the pronounced orography well. However, the misrepresented residual spatial dependence does not seem to affect estimates of high quantiles of extreme precipitation aggregated over a few grid boxes. The underestimation of the area‐aggregated extreme precipitation is due mainly to the well‐known underestimation of the univariate margins for individual grid boxes, suggesting that the correction of RCM biases in precipitation might be feasible.
Lösemittelgemische, Vorbemerkungen [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2014]
Authors: Tschickardt M. , Krämer W. , Breuer D. , Eisenhardt A. , Hebisch R. , Karmann J. , Moritz A. , Nitz G. , Schmitt R. , Schneider W.
Published: February 2015

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 18. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2014

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:
Tetrachlorethen [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2014]
Authors: Tschickardt M. , Krämer W.
Published: February 2015

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vorbehandlung der Adsorptionsröhrchen

Lösungen

Prüfgase und Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision und erweiterte Messunsicherheit

Wiederfindung und Einfluss der Luftfeuchte

Bestimmungsgrenze

Kapazität des Probenträgers

Lagerfähigkeit

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion
Aestheticism
Authors: Evangelista Stefano
Published: February 2015

Aestheticism is a movement for the promotion of aesthetic autonomy and the doctrine of art for art's sake. Aesthetes criticized the realist, moral, and didactic biases of mainstream Victorian literature. Important authors associated with aestheticism include Michael Field, Henry James, Vernon Lee, Ouida, Walter Pater, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Addington Symonds, and Oscar Wilde. Many of these writers experimented in creating new forms of dialogue between literature and visual and material culture, as well as between literature and criticism. Aesthetic writers challenged dominant gender ideology by openly depicting female sexual desire and by offering a sympathetic portrayal of homosexuality. Aestheticism's critique of aesthetic autonomy was influential for the development of modernism.
Dickens, Charles, fiction
Authors: Drew John M. L.
Published: February 2015

Due in part to his mastery of the serial format, and in part to its distinctive idealism and investigative energy, Charles Dickens's fiction has reached an unprecedented range of readers, both socially and geographically, making his work – and the concept of “the Dickensian” – closely identified, in popular culture, with the Victorian era itself. A proportion of readers has always found Dickens's characterization lacking in the psychological depth achieved by certain other leading novelists of the era, but none can deny the force and originality of his creative faculty, which has given to Victorian literature its most memorable collection of comic and villainous characters. Strongly autobiographical in places, Dickens's fiction is also stylistically inventive and experimental, exploring many subgenres of short fiction, while testing the possibilities of the serial novel to their limits, in terms of structure and effect.
Henty, George Alfred
Authors: Forman Ross G.
Published: February 2015

George Alfred Henty (1832–1902) was one of the most significant and popular writers of adventure fiction in the late Victorian era. Although his work is often dismissed as blindly pro‐imperial and racist, a closer study of Henty reveals a crucial engagement with Britain's global presence and bears witness to popular literature's important role in shaping Victorian culture and politics.
Race
Authors: BRANTLINGER PATRICK
Published: February 2015

Race pervaded Victorian culture and literature. So‐called race science, involving such pseudoscientific methods as craniometry, continued the hierarchization of races that had begun with Enlightenment's natural history. Slavery and empire reinforced ideas about the inferiority of the “dark” races of the world and the superiority of Europeans, particularly the English or Anglo‐Saxons, “the imperial race.” History was often viewed as a matter of warfare between the races. It was often also held that the supposedly inferior, primitive races would die out, to be superseded by whites. The issue of whether the different races formed separate species was resolved by Darwin, who contended that they formed a single species and that differences among individuals within any race were far greater than differences between races.
Sexuality
Authors: Dellamora Richard
Published: February 2015

This is an analysis primarily of Victorian bourgeois sexual culture, literary and legal, as the pre‐bourgeois organization of consanguineous and close kinship came to be supplemented and in part displaced by the modern organization of sexuality, with special reference to companionate marriage and, in the fin de siècle, to the invention of a taxonomy of sexual perversions. Topics include courtship, marriage, patriarchy, adultery, prostitution, sexual scandal, Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act (1907), kinship, friendship, masculine desire, feminine desire, same‐sex desire, sadomasochism, sexual science, sexuality and anthropology, sexuality and empire, sexuality and religion, sexuality and socialism, aestheticism, decadence, Bloomsbury.
A Versatile Nanotheranostic Agent for Efficient Dual‐Mode Imaging Guided Synergistic Chemo‐Thermal Tumor Therapy
Authors: Cai Xiaojun , Jia Xiaoqing , Gao Wei , Zhang Kun , Ma Ming , Wang Shige , Zheng Yuanyi , Shi Jianlin , Chen Hangrong
Published: February 2015

The integration of efficient imaging for diagnosis and synergistic tumor therapy into a single‐component nanoplatform is much promising for high efficacy tumor treatment but still in a great challenge. Herein, a smart and versatile nanotheranostic platform based on hollow mesoporous Prussian blue nanoparticles (HMPBs) with perfluoropentane (PFP) and doxorubicin (DOX) inside, has been designed, for the first time, to achieve the distinct in vivo synergistic chemo‐thermal tumor therapy and synchronous diagnosis and monitoring by ultrasound (US)/photoacoustic (PA) dual mode imaging. The prepared HMPBs show excellent photothermal conversion properties with large molar extinction coefficient (≈1.2 × 1011m−1 cm−1) and extremely high photothermal conversion efficiency (41.4%). Such a novel theranostic nanoplatform is expected to overcome the inevitable tumor recurrence and metastasis resulting from the inhomogeneous ablation of single thermal therapy, which will find a promising prospect in the application of noninvasive cancer therapy.
Shear‐rate‐dependent rheology effects on mass transport and surface reactions in biomicrofluidic devices
Authors: Sadeghi Arman , Amini Younes , Saidi Mohammad Hassan , Yavari Hadi
Published: February 2015

Consideration is given to shear‐rate‐dependent rheology effects on mass transport in a heterogeneous microreactor of rectangular cross section, utilizing both numerical and analytical approaches. The carrier liquid obeys the power‐law viscosity model and is actuated primarily by an electrokinetic pumping mechanism. It is discovered that, considering the shear‐thinning biofluids to be Newtonian fluids gives rise to an overestimation of the saturation time. The degree of overestimation is higher in the presence of large Damkohler numbers and electric double layer thicknesses. It is also increased by the application of a favorable pressure gradient, whereas the opposite is true when an opposed pressure gradient is applied. In addition, a channel of square cross section corresponds to the maximum fluid rheology effects. Finally, the numerical results indicate the existence of a concentration wave when using long channels. This is confirmed by analytical solutions, providing a closed form solution for wave propagation speed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1912–1924, 2015
Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma: a population‐based analysis of incidence and survival
Authors: Patel Tapan D. , Vazquez Alejandro , Dubal Pariket M. , Baredes Soly , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: February 2015

Background

Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) is a rare, aggressive tumor usually associated with a poor prognosis. This study analyzes the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of SNEC using population‐based data.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973 to 2011) was queried for SNEC cases. Data analyzed included patient demographics, incidence, treatment modality, and survival.

Results

A total of 201 cases of SNEC were identified. Mean age at diagnosis was 55.8 ± 15.7 years. Overall 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) rate for SNEC was 50.8%. Five‐year survival analysis for SNEC by site revealed DSS of 80.7%, 59.2%, 34.5%, and 33.0% for the sphenoid sinus, nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus, respectively (p = 0.0014). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed greater hazard of death for the maxillary (hazard ratio [HR] 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 3.71; p = 0.0094) and ethmoid sinuses (HR 1.83; 95% CI, 1.05 to 3.16; p = 0.0345) when compared to the nasal cavity. Advanced stage disease (stages III to IV, 5‐year DSS 40.5%, p = 0.0008) was associated with poor survival outcomes. Survival was better among those treated with surgery (with [59.4%] or without [69.0%] radiotherapy) than those treated with primary radiotherapy alone (39.9%) (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

SNEC commonly presents at an advanced‐stage with poor survival outcomes. Negative prognostic factors include primary tumor site and advanced stage disease. SNEC is a highly aggressive tumor necessitating surgery and/or surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy as the treatment of choice.
Enantioselektive Katalyse photochemischer Reaktionen
Authors: Brimioulle Richard , Lenhart Dominik , Maturi Mark M. , Bach Thorsten
Published: February 2015

Die Natur des angeregten Zustands macht die Entwicklung chiraler Katalysatoren für enantioselektive photochemische Reaktionen zu einer enormen Herausforderung. Die Absorption eines 400‐nm‐Photons entspricht einer Energieaufnahme von etwa 300 kJ mol−1. Es bedarf innovativer Konzepte, um in einem derart großen Abstand vom Grundzustand Reaktionspfade zu eröffnen, die gezielt zu einem Enantiomer einer chiralen Verbindung führen. Hier werden die beiden wesentlichen Vorgehensweisen für homogen katalysierte, enantioselektive Prozesse diskutiert. Im ersten Teil werden chirale Photokatalysatoren besprochen, die in den photochemischen Schlüsselschritt eingreifen und in diesem Schritt eine asymmetrische Induktion bewirken. Im zweiten Teil werden Reaktionen vorgestellt, in denen die photochemische Anregung durch einen achiralen Katalysator erfolgt und die asymmetrische Induktion durch einen zweiten chiralen Katalysator gewährleistet wird (duale Katalyse).
A Trefoil Knotted Polymer Produced through Ring Expansion
Authors: Cao Peng‐Fei , Mangadlao Joey , Advincula Rigoberto
Published: February 2015

A synthetic strategy is reported for the production of a trefoil knotted polymer from a copper(I)‐templated helical knot precursor through ring expansion. The expected changes in the properties of the knotted polymer compared to a linear analogue, for example, reduced hydrodynamic radius and lower intrinsic viscosity, together with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of individual molecular knots, confirmed the formation of the resulting trefoil knotted polymer. The strategies employed here could be utilized to enrich the variety of available polymers with new architectures.
Copper/Palladium Synergistic Catalysis for the syn‐ and anti‐Selective Carboboration of Alkenes
Authors: Logan Kaitlyn M. , Smith Kevin B. , Brown M. Kevin
Published: February 2015

A method for the diastereoselective carboboration of 1,2‐disubstituted styrenes with aryl/vinyl bromides and (Bpin)2 is reported. High diastereoselectivities and yields are observed for the formation of either diastereomer of the product from a single alkene isomer. These reactions provide access to a diverse range of structures from simple starting materials.
Enantioselective Catalysis of Photochemical Reactions
Authors: Brimioulle Richard , Lenhart Dominik , Maturi Mark M. , Bach Thorsten
Published: February 2015

The nature of the excited state renders the development of chiral catalysts for enantioselective photochemical reactions a considerable challenge. The absorption of a 400 nm photon corresponds to an energy uptake of approximately 300 kJ mol−1. Given the large distance to the ground state, innovative concepts are required to open reaction pathways that selectively lead to a single enantiomer of the desired product. This Review outlines the two major concepts of homogenously catalyzed enantioselective processes. The first part deals with chiral photocatalysts, which intervene in the photochemical key step and induce an asymmetric induction in this step. In the second part, reactions are presented in which the photochemical excitation is mediated by an achiral photocatalyst and the transfer of chirality is ensured by a second chiral catalyst (dual catalysis).
Highly Isoselective Coordination Polymerization of ortho‐Methoxystyrene with β‐Diketiminato Rare‐Earth‐Metal Precursors
Authors: Liu Dongtao , Yao Changguang , Wang Rong , Wang Meiyan , Wang Zichuan , Wu Chunji , Lin Fei , Li Shihui , Wan Xinhua , Cui Dongmei
Published: February 2015

Stereoselective coordination/insertion polymerization of the polar ortho‐methoxystyrene has been achieved for the first time by using the cationic β‐diketiminato rare‐earth‐metal species. High activity and excellent isoselectivity (mmmm>99 %) were acheived. The unmasked Lewis‐basic methoxy group does not poison the Lewis‐acidic metal center, but instead activates the polymerization through σ‐π chelation to the active species together with the vinyl group, thus lower the coordination and activation energies as compared with those of styrene derivatives lacking the methoxy group.
o‐Carborane‐Based Anthracene: A Variety of Emission Behaviors
Authors: Naito Hirofumi , Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: February 2015

An o‐carborane‐based anthracene was synthesized, and single crystals, with incorporated solvent molecules, were obtained from the CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and C6H6 solutions. The anthracene ring in the crystal is highly distorted by the formation of a π‐stacked dimer between the anthracene units. The crystals exhibited a variety of emission behaviors such as aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), crystallization‐induced emission (CIE), aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ), and multichromism.
Auger Ionization Beats Photo‐Oxidation of Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Extended Stability of Single‐Molecule Photoluminescence
Authors: Yamashita Shin‐ichi , Hamada Morihiko , Nakanishi Shunsuke , Saito Hironobu , Nosaka Yoshio , Wakida Shin‐ichi , Biju Vasudevanpillai
Published: February 2015

Despite the bright and tuneable photoluminescence (PL) of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), the PL instability induced by Auger recombination and oxidation poses a major challenge in single‐molecule applications of QDs. The incomplete information about Auger recombination and oxidation is an obstacle in the resolution of this challenge. Here, we report for the first time that Auger‐ionized QDs beat self‐sensitized oxidation and the non‐digitized PL intensity loss. Although high‐intensity photoactivation insistently induces PL blinking, the transient escape of QDs into the ultrafast Auger recombination cycle prevents generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and preserves the PL intensity. By the detection of the NIR phosphorescence of 1O2 and evaluation of the photostability of single QDs in aerobic, anaerobic, and 1O2 scavenger‐enriched environments, we disclose relations of Auger ionization and 1O2‐mediated oxidation to the PL stability of single QDs, which will be useful during the formulation of QD‐based single‐molecule imaging tools and single‐photon devices.
Asthma and Allergies in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Results From the CHARGE Study
Authors: Lyall Kristen , Van de Water Judy , Ashwood Paul , Hertz‐Picciotto Irva
Published: February 2015

Immune aberrations are often noted in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but whether asthma and allergy are related to ASD is not well defined. This study examined asthma and allergies in association with ASD and phenotypic subsets. Participants were 560 children with confirmed ASD and 391 typically developing children from the CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study. Maternally reported child asthma and allergy was compared between cases and controls, and in association with cognitive and behavioral test scores. Prevalence of asthma and overall allergies did not differ between cases and controls, but overall allergy in children with ASD was associated with higher stereotypy scores as measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. In addition, reported food allergies were significantly associated with ASD (adjusted odds ratio = 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.28, 3.89). Our results suggest food allergies and sensitivities may be more common in children with ASD, and that these issues may correlate with other behaviors. Autism Res 2015, 8: 567–574. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta‐Analysis of Gene Expression in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ch'ng Carolyn , Kwok Willie , Rogic Sanja , Pavlidis Paul
Published: February 2015

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are clinically heterogeneous and biologically complex. In general it remains unclear, what biological factors lead to changes in the brains of autistic individuals. A considerable number of transcriptome analyses have been performed in attempts to address this question, but their findings lack a clear consensus. As a result, each of these individual studies has not led to any significant advance in understanding the autistic phenotype as a whole. Here, we report a meta‐analysis of more than 1000 microarrays across twelve independent studies on expression changes in ASD compared to unaffected individuals, in both blood and brain tissues. We identified a number of known and novel genes that are consistently differentially expressed across three studies of the brain (71 samples in total). A subset of the highly ranked genes is suggestive of effects on mitochondrial function. In blood, consistent changes were more difficult to identify, despite individual studies tending to exhibit larger effects than the brain studies. Our results are the strongest evidence to date of a common transcriptome signature in the brains of individuals with ASD. Autism Res 2015, 8: 593–608. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐inflammatory activity and molecular mechanism of delphinidin 3‐sambubioside, a Hibiscus anthocyanin
Authors: Sogo Takayuki , Terahara Norihiko , Hisanaga Ayami , Kumamoto Takuma , Yamashiro Takaaki , Wu Shusong , Sakao Kozue , Hou De‐Xing
Published: February 2015

Delphinidin 3‐sambubioside (Dp3‐Sam), a Hibiscus anthocyanin, was isolated from the dried calices of Hibiscus sabdariffa L, which has been used for folk beverages and herbal medicine although the molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. Based on the properties of Dp3‐Sam and the information of inflammatory processes, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in both cell and animal models in the present study. In the cell model, Dp3‐Sam and Delphinidin (Dp) reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators including iNOS, NO, IL‐6, MCP‐1, and TNF‐α induced by LPS. Cellular signaling analysis revealed that Dp3‐Sam and Dp downregulated NF‐κB pathway and MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 signaling. In animal model, Dp3‐Sam and Dp reduced the production of IL‐6, MCP‐1 and TNF‐α and attenuated mouse paw edema induced by LPS. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that Hibiscus Dp3‐Sam possessed potential anti‐inflammatory properties. © 2015 BioFactors, 41(1):58–65, 2015
A non‐chromatographic method for the removal of endotoxins from bacteriophages
Authors: Branston Steven D. , Wright Jason , Keshavarz‐Moore Eli
Published: February 2015

The Ff filamentous bacteriophages show potential as a new class of therapeutics, displaying utility in materials science as well as pharmaceutical applications. These phages are produced by the infection of E. coli, a Gram‐negative bacterium which unavoidably sheds endotoxins into the extracellular space during growth. Since endotoxin molecules are highly immunoreactive, separation from the phage product is of critical importance, particularly those developed for human therapeutic use. The properties of M13, one of the Ff group, present a purification challenge chiefly because the standard scalable method for endotoxin removal from proteins—anion exchange chromatography—is not applicable due to pI similarity between the particles. This article examines the potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG)–NaCl precipitation as a scalable method for the separation of endotoxins from phage M13. Precipitation of M13 by 2% (w/v) PEG 6 000, 500 mM NaCl reduced endotoxin contamination of the phage product by 88%, but additional precipitation rounds did not maintain this proportional decrease. Dynamic light scattering was subsequently used to determine the effectiveness of a detergent to disassociate endotoxin molecules from M13. As a result, PEG–NaCl precipitation was supplemented with up to 2% (v/v) Triton X‐100 to improve separation. A 5.7 log10 reduction in endotoxin concentration was achieved over three rounds of precipitation whilst retaining over 97% of the phage. This method compares favorably with the well‐known ATPS (Triton X‐114) technique for endotoxin removal from protein solutions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1714–1719. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.