bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculated atmospheric color refraction and observed stellar positions
Authors: Langhans R. , Malyuto V. , Potthoff H.
Published: July 2003

Astrometric observations at different zenith distances have been performed in Dresden in an area centered atNGC 6791 where there are some stars with reliable color information (widely dispersed spectral types in the MK systemand color indices BT – VT) as well as with accurate positions from Tycho‐2 catalog. The results are used to estimate how significant improvements in stellar positions may be when accurate corrections for color refraction are taken into account. We have treated two cases for refraction calculations: (1) a photometric case for color indices and (2) a spectral case for spectral types and luminosity classes. To calculate refraction we use Stone's modified computer code (Malyuto & Meinel 2000). To treat the photometric case we have calculated the synthetic color indices for the spectral energy distributions of Sviderskiene (1988). The positional improvements due to including color refraction corrections are significant and slightly larger in the spectral case. An improvement of about 15% is reached at a zenith distance of 65°. Our basic conclusion is that color refraction should be taken into account for obtaining accurate stellar positions from ground based observations at larger zenith distances. Reliable refraction corrections may be calculated from spectral and/or photometric data.
Gravitational singularities via acceleration: The case of the Schwarzschild solution and Bach's gamma metric
Authors: Antoci S. , Liebscher D.‐E. , Mihich L.
Published: July 2003

The so called gamma metric corresponds to a two‐parameter family of axially symmetric, static solutions of Einstein's equations found by Bach. It contains the Schwarzschild solution for a particular value of one of the parameters, that rules a deviation from spherical symmetry.

It is shown that there is invariantly definable singular behaviour beyond the one displayed by the Kretschmann scalar when a unique, hypersurface orthogonal, timelike Killing vector exists. In this case, a particle can be defined to be at rest when its world‐line is a corresponding Killing orbit. The norm of the acceleration on such an orbit proves to be singular not only for metrics that deviate from Schwarzschild's metric, but also on approaching the horizon of Schwarzschild metric itself, in contrast to the discontinuous behaviour of the curvature scalar.
Erratum: XMM‐Newton view of the Hubble Deep Field‐North and Groth‐Westphal Strip regions
Authors: Miyaji T. , Griffiths R.E. , Lumb D. , Sarajedini V. , Siddiqui H.
Published: July 2003

In the paper, “XMM‐Newton view of the Hubble Deep Field‐North and Groth‐Westphal strip regions” by Miyaji et al. (2003), we found that one of the data points on Fig. 1 was incorrectly plotted. The corrected figure is shown below.
The emergence of green venture capital
Authors: Randjelovic Jelena , O'Rourke Anastasia R. , Orsato Renato J.
Published: July 2003

Innovative financing mechanisms are needed to facilitate sustainable development. In the past few years, socially responsible investments have emerged as a successful type of financing scheme but many eco‐oriented start‐up companies remain under‐funded. Apparently, environmental innovations have only recently caught the attention of an important financial sector: venture capital (VC). The article describes the emerging phenomenon of environment‐related VC (or green VC) and provides an overview of the current market for this type of investment. The paper delves into this industry, revealing its characteristics, processes and mechanisms. The study also uncovers the main problems faced by eco‐entrepreneurs as well as venture capitalists interested in this type of venture. Finally, it analyses the drivers for green VC and attempts to identify the sources of innovation and the uniqueness of these emerging financial products. Based on the analysis, the paper also derives a definition of green VC. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustainability labelling schemes: the logic of their claims and their functions for stakeholders
Authors: de Boer Joop
Published: July 2003

In this paper the author examines the role of labelling and certification schemes in the pursuit of policies to make production and consumption processes more sustainable. From a logical point of view, labels are conceived as claims put forward by sellers to inform buyers about certain characteristics of their products. In the case of sustainability, labels might identify relevant ‘ideals’ to approach and/or significant ‘ills’ to escape. Toulmin's argumentation theory is used to show how claims can be substantiated and challenged. Based on literature on the behaviour of the main stakeholders, the author discusses what labelling means for producers, consumers, policymakers and other groups in society. In the conclusions, attention is drawn to the way in which societal pressure might interact with market forces to shape the information environment for products and services. As a result, the role of sustainability labels might become more differentiated, varying from direct shopping aids to background quality assurances. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Symbolic politics in environmental regulation: corporate strategic responses
Authors: Matten Dirk
Published: July 2003

Though not entirely new in political science in general, the concept of symbolic politics (SP) currently meets a vivid reception in law and economics. Yet little attention has been paid to SP from a business perspective. Elements of SP are found in nearly all fields of environmental legislation, and the paper will focus on those empirical examples that have a particular effect on markets, the competitive situation of businesses and corporate strategies in general. The consequences of SP for companies are analysed from two different perspectives. First, business will be seen as an addressee of SP. Specific corporate consequences and reactions are discussed. Second, corporations can be regarded as users of SP, as they assume increasingly a role as political actors themselves. This results from certain developments in environmental regulation as well as from the fact that globalization increasingly weakens national governments and their political power, while at the same time corporate actors assume more influence and responsibility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A new politics of engagement: shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility
Authors: O'Rourke Anastasia
Published: July 2003

Shareholder groups are increasingly going beyond the decision to invest, not to invest, or to divest by proposing and voting on company specific corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues at annual shareholder meetings. This activity is joined by an increasingly sophisticated ‘strategy of engagement’ by both shareholders and companies. In the process, a model of investor capitalism based on ‘responsible ownership’ is being forged that addresses social and environmental issues previously outside the domain of most shareholders. This paper traces a historical perspective on the growth and spread of shareholder activism, describes the key actors currently involved in this activity, illustrates the CSR issues being raised, explains the process of preparing resolutions and entering into dialogue, assesses some of the results gained so far and lays a conceptual foundation to help analyse the effectiveness of shareholder activism and assess the viability of models of ‘shareholder democracy’. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate environmental management and sustainable enterprise: the influence of information processing and decision styles
Authors: Sweet Susanne , Roome Nigel , Sweet Patrick
Published: July 2003

Research suggests that corporate environmental management and sustainability demand that managers can think systemically, integrate different facets of environment and business problems and support choices and collaborative action involving disparate partners. To learn more about how the decision styles of managers influenced managerial outcomes we used a theory and method of assessing decision styles, together with a complex simulation game. Theory characterizes five different decision making styles and addresses how managers deal with complexity when solving problems. It suggests managers with certain styles ‘interact and perform’ in predictable ways under given situations. In our empirical work, we presented a sample of managers with a common situation (a complex simulation game designed around the ‘greening of a specific industry’). We explored how different teams, selected on the basis of their patterns in decision‐making style, ‘performed’ in the simulation. Our results show qualitatively different responses by teams with different patterns of decision‐making style. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
On the path to sustainability: integrating social dimensions into the research and practice of environmental management
Authors: Sharma Sanjay , Ruud Audun
Published: July 2003

The theme of theTenth International Conference of the Greening of Industry Networkin Göteborg, Sweden, was focused on exploring the social dimensions of sustainability. This focus is timely because extant research and practice in sustainability has emphasized the environmental dimension. The UNWCED definition of sustainable development as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ is clear about the integration of the economic, ecological and social impacts of development (UNWCED, 1987, p. 43). As underlined by UNWCED, sustainable development refers to the concept of ‘needs’, but limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organizations on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs are also a central concern. Lafferty and Langhelle (1999) suggest that sustainable development must be treated as an ethical code for human survival and progress, and it is on a par with other high‐minded ideas such as democracy, freedom and human rights. The ‘openness of meaning’ of such concepts can never be closed and the fruitfulness of the concept of sustainable development is linked to continued political discourse on the concept's content and future goals and to the continuing debate about the instrumental implications of its normative aspirations (Lafferty and Langhelle, 1999, p. 26). The tenth GIN conference with its explicit focus on the social dimensions of sustainability facilitated the continuation of this discourse.

Just as scholars and practitioners concerned with sustainable development have focused mainly on environmental management, those concerned with corporate social responsibility (CSR) have focused on social and ethical issues such as human rights, working conditions and philanthropy. The social principles of justice and inclusiveness embedded in the concept of sustainable development have entered the corporate or research agenda to a very limited extent, even among firms making promising environmental efforts at a global scale (Ruud, 2002a). Promoting sustainable development requires that governments incorporate these principles into designing holistic policies that motivate and enable firms to develop more sustainable strategies (Roome and Cahill, 2001). This was also underlined by the chief executive officer of the Volvo group during the first plenary session of the GIN conference in Gothenburg.

We begin by examining to what extent the social aspects of sustainability have been integrated into public policy and government regulations and then into organizational research and practice. We then examine the extent to which the best representative papers in this volume from the tenth GIN conference have been able to achieve the integration of social and environmental dimensions. We conclude with some thoughts on future directions for sustainability research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies
Authors: Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Hachem Ray , Lewis Russell E. , Rivero Gustavo A. , Torres Harrys A. , Thornby John , Champlin Richard , Kantarjian Hagop , Bodey Gerald P. , Raad Issam I.
Published: July 2003

BACKGROUND

Caspofungin (CAS) as salvage therapy for refractory invasive aspergillosis (IA) had a response rate of 45% among a heterogeneous group of patients. The use of CAS with other agents is appealing given its unique mechanism of action. Therefore, the authors retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of CAS plus liposomal amphotericin B (LipoAMB) in patients with documented (definite or probable) or possible IA.

METHODS

Patients were evaluable for outcome if they received CAS/LipoAMB for at least 7 days. Patients who received CAS and LipoAMB sequentially were excluded. All patients were evaluable for toxicity. Outcome was assessed weekly and at the end of therapy. Stable disease and progression were considered treatment failures.

RESULTS

Forty‐eight patients with documented (n = 23) or possible (n = 25) IA were identified between March 2001 and December 2001. The majority of the patients (65%) received CAS/LipoAMB as salvage therapy for progressive IA despite 7 or more days of previous LipoAMB monotherapy. The overall response rate was 42%. No significant toxic effects were seen. Factors associated with failure at the end of therapy were documented IA (P = 0.03), significant steroid use before the study (P = 0.02), and duration of combination therapy for less than14 days (P =0.01). The response rate in patients with progressive documented IA was low (18%).

CONCLUSIONS

The CAS/LipoAMB combination is a promising preemptive therapy for IA and was generally well tolerated. This combination might have limited benefit as salvage therapy for documented IA. Cancer 2003;98:292–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11479
Comparing the performance of MPICH with Cray's MPI and with SGI's MPI
Authors: Luecke Glenn R. , Kraeva Marina , Ju Lili
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of MPICH with the vendor Message Passing Interface (MPI) on a Cray T3E‐900 and an SGI Origin 3000. Seven basic communication tests which include basic point‐to‐point and collective MPI communication routines were chosen to represent commonly‐used communication patterns. Cray's MPI performed better (and sometimes significantly better) than Mississippi State University's (MSU's) MPICH for small and medium messages. They both performed about the same for large messages, however for three tests MSU's MPICH was about 20% faster than Cray's MPI. SGI's MPI performed and scaled better (and sometimes significantly better) than MPICH for all messages, except for the scatter test where MPICH outperformed SGI's MPI for 1 kbyte messages. The poor scalability of MPICH on the Origin 3000 suggests there may be scalability problems with MPICH. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The LINPACK Benchmark: past, present and future
Authors: Dongarra Jack J. , Luszczek Piotr , Petitet Antoine
Published: July 2003

This paper describes the LINPACK Benchmark and some of its variations commonly used to assess the performance of computer systems. Aside from the LINPACK Benchmark suite, the TOP500 and the HPL codes are presented. The latter is frequently used to obtained results for TOP500 submissions. Information is also given on how to interpret the results of the benchmark and how the results fit into the performance evaluation process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of the EARTH programming model on SMP clusters: a multi‐threaded language and runtime system
Authors: Tremblay G. , Morrone C. J. , Amaral J. N. , Gao G. R.
Published: July 2003

This paper describes the design and implementation of an Efficient Architecture for Running THreads (EARTH) runtime system for a multi‐processor/multi‐node cluster. The (EARTH) model was designed to support the efficient execution of parallel (multi‐threaded) programs with irregular fine‐grain parallelism using off‐the‐shelf computers. Implementing an EARTH runtime system requires an explicitly threaded runtime system. For portability, we built this runtime system on top of Pthreads under Linux and used sockets for inter‐node communication. Moreover, in order to make the best use of the resources available on a cluster of symmetric multi‐processors (SMP), this implementation enables the overlapping of communication and computation.

We used Threaded‐C, a language designed to implement the programming model supported by the EARTH architecture. This language allows the expression of various levels of parallelism and provides the primitives needed to manage the required communication and synchronization. The Threaded‐C programming language supports irregular fine‐grain parallelism through a two‐level hierarchy of threads and fibers. It also provides various synchronization and communication constructs that reflect the nature of EARTH's fibers—non‐preemptive execution with data‐driven scheduling—as well as the extensive use of split‐phase transactions on EARTH to execute long‐latency operations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing OODB semantics to support browsing in an OODB vocabulary representation
Authors: Liu Li‐min , Geller James , Perl Yehoshua
Published: July 2003

In previous work, we have modeled a vocabulary given as a semantic network by an object‐oriented database (OODB). The OODB schema thus obtained provides a compact abstract view of the vocabulary. This enables the fast traversal of the vocabulary by a user. In the semantic network vocabulary, the IS‐A relationships express the specialization hierarchy. In our OODB modeling of the vocabulary, the SUBCLASS relationship expresses the specialization hierarchy of the classes and supports the inheritance of their properties. A typical IS‐A path in the vocabulary has a corresponding shorter SUBCLASS path in the OODB schema.

In this paper we expose several cases where the SUBCLASS hierarchy fails to fully correspond to the IS‐A hierarchy of the vocabulary. In these cases there exist traversal paths in the semantic network for which there are no corresponding traversal paths in the OODB schema. The reason for this failure is the existence of some IS‐A relationships between concepts of two classes, which are not connected by a SUBCLASS relationship. This phenomenon weakens the accuracy of our modeling.

To rectify the situation we introduce a new OODB semantic relationship IS‐A$'$ to represent the existence of IS‐A relationships between concepts of a pair of classes which are not connected via a SUBCLASS relationship. The resulting schema contains both SUBCLASS relationships and IS‐A$'$ relationships which completely model the IS‐A hierarchy of the vocabulary. We define a mixed‐class level traversal path to contain either SUBCLASS or IS‐A$'$ relationships. Consequently, each traversal path in the semantic network has a corresponding mixed traversal path in the OODB schema. Hence the introduction of the semantic OODB IS‐A$'$ relationship improves the modeling of semantic network vocabularies by OODBs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ observation experiment for semiconductor solution growth under reduced convection condition – a review
Authors: Inatomi Yuko , Kuribayashi Kazuhiko
Published: July 2003

Morphological stability of solid/liquid interface in semiconductor crystal growth from solution has been investigated using a near‐infrared microscopic interferometer under a reduced convection condition by authors and Prof. Benz's group. In the result, step kinetic coefficient of the interface of GaP/GaP(111)B in liquid phase epitaxy growth was obtained and the estimated value of macrostep wavelength agreed well with the measured one.
Non‐stoichiometry related defects at the melt growth of semiconductor compound crystals – a review
Authors: Rudolph P.
Published: July 2003

An overview on the defect knowledge in IV‐VI (PbTe), II‐VI (CdTe) and III‐V (GaAs, InP) semiconductor compound crystals in dependence on non‐stoichiometric growth conditions from the melt is given. The treatment starts with the today's informations about the phase relations, i.e. the shape of the existence regions versus stoichiometry. Non‐stoichiometry related melt growth phenomena are specified. After that selected intrinsic point defects and their influence on the impurity incorporation as function of deviation from stoichiometry are discussed. The interaction processes between native point defects and dislocation formation is touched. Finally, the serious mechanisms of precipitation and inclusion incorporation are shown. Possible measures of defect minimization are mentioned.
Review: Nucleation in solutions revisited
Authors: Kashchiev D. , van Rosmalen G. M.
Published: July 2003

Existing and new results in nucleation in solutions are outlined from a unified point of view. The thermodynamics of the process is considered and expressions are given for the supersaturation, the nucleation work and the size of the nucleus in homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation. It is shown how the nucleation theorem can be used for a model‐independent determination of the nucleus size from experimental data. The mechanism and kinetics of nucleation are also considered and formulae are presented for the supersaturation dependence of the monomer attachment frequency and the stationary rate of homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation. General expressions for the induction time and the critical supersaturation ratio for crystallization are given. An approximate formula is derived for estimating the width of the metastable zone with the help of data for the solubility of the substance crystallized. Existing experimental data are used for verification of the validity of some of the presented theoretical dependences.
Garnet layers prepared by liquid phase epitaxy for microwave and magneto‐optical applications – a review
Authors: Aichele T. , Lorenz A. , Hergt R. , Görnert P.
Published: July 2003

The magnetic iron garnets possess two outstanding properties, an excellently narrow linewidth of the ferromagnetic resonance and a magneto‐optical activity that is without competition when the iron garnet is substituted with bismuth. Here the growth of bismuth substituted iron garnet layers with a bismuth content of up to 1.8 formula units is reported. The influence of solution compositions and undercooling on the growth and bismuth incorporation is discussed. Morphological instabilities due to misfit stress are avoided by the use of lattice‐matched substrates. Two applications of iron garnet layers, namely a electronically controllable magnetostatic delay line for the communication technology in the GHz range and magneto‐optic garnet sensor layers for real‐time visualisation of eddy currents with high spatial resolution for the non‐destructive evaluation are presented. Furthermore the detection, measurement, and visualisation of magnetic fields by magneto‐optic garnet layers are reviewed.
Growth of high resistivity CdTe and (Cd,Zn)Te crystals
Authors: Fiederle M. , Babentsov V. , Franc J. , Fauler A. , Konrath J.‐P.
Published: July 2003

The growth of high resistivity CdTe and (Cd,Zn)Te is successfully performed with different kinds of doping. In the literature intentionally undoped as well as doped crystals are presented with resistivities up to 1010 Ωcm. In this paper we review the growth of high resistivity CdTe and (Cd,Zn)Te. The mechanism of compensation is discussed regarding the different dopants and deep levels, which seem to be responsible for the high resistivity. A common compensation model explains the high resistivity by deep levels. The doping and the influence on the compensation mechanism is compared for several elements like tin, germanium and chlorine. The material properties and the crystal quality of undoped and doped CdTe as well as (Cd,Zn)Te are shown.
Solid–vapor equilibrium in quasi‐binary CdTe—ZnTe
Authors: Greenberg J. H. , Guskov V. N. , Alikhanyan A. S.
Published: July 2003

Total vapor pressure measurement and Knudsen cell mass spectrometry have been applied to study sublimation processes in the quasi‐binary system CdTe—ZnTe at temperatures 780 K – 1350 K. This system was shown to correspond to the vapor pressure minimum in the pressure–temperature–composition (P–T–X) phase diagram of the ternary system Cd—Zn—Te. The shape of the solidus and vaporus surfaces was traced via experimental isothermal and isobaric sections of the Pmin area up to the near‐melting region. Relationship between the composition of the crystal, vapor pressure and composition of the vapor was determined in the whole concentration range. At temperatures above 780 K CdTe—ZnTe was found to be a continuous solid solution with incongruent sublimation, whereas at T = 780 K a tendency to phase separation was observed.
Macrosegregation in the growth of doped III‐V‐semiconductors from the solution
Authors: Danilewsky A. N. , Meinhardt J.
Published: July 2003

In case of the solution growth of S‐doped InP bulk crystals from the In solution the solutal convection plays the dominant role for the transport of matter even under microgravity conditions. A measure for the strength of convection is the macrosegregation. For various boundary conditions the axial segregation is described with modified classical segregation models. The measured and calculated physical parameters such as effective distribution and diffusion coefficients respectively allow a consistent formulation of macro‐ and microsegragtion.
Beam induced lateral epitaxy: a new approach for lateral growth in molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Suzuki T. , Naritsuka S. , Maruyama T. , Nishinaga T.
Published: July 2003

Epitaxial lateral growth has been conducted without using oxide masks by a new technique called as beam induced lateral epitaxy (BILE). In this technique, molecular beams are sent in a glancing angle with respect to a substrate in MBE and a large lateral growth was accomplished on a side of pre‐fabricated truncated ridges on the substrate. By using BILE we have successfully grown GaAs in lateral direction on GaAs(001) substrate. It was found that the growth behavior of BILE depends strongly on incident angle of the Ga beam. With the incident angle of 12°, a lateral growth of nearly 6μm wide was achieved.
Effect of oxygen partial pressure on silicon single crystal growth by floating zone technique: surface oxidation and Marangoni flow
Authors: Hibiya Taketoshi , Asai Yoshihiko , Sumiji Masanobu , Kojima Toshiya
Published: July 2003

Silicon single crystals were grown by the floating‐zone method using an infrared image furnace in the wide range of oxygen partial pressure defined at the inlet of the furnace from 1×10−2Pa to 8.2×102Pa (Po2surface= 5.3 × 10−24Pa to 3.6 × 10−14Pa), so that the Marangoni number was changed from 2070 to 616. Degree of surface oxidation of the grown crystal was dependent on oxygen partial pressure of an ambient atmosphere. Striation pattern in almost all crystal shows a single frequency. AtPo2inlet= 4.9 × 102Pa (Po2surface= 1.3 × 10−14Pa: imaginary Marangoni number of 700) precipitation of SiO2was observed at the melt surface. AtPo2inlet= 8.2 × 102Pa (Po2surface= 3.6 × 10−14Pa: imaginary Marangoni number of 616), which is over the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure for a SiO2phase, the silicon specimen was polycrystallized and showed no growth striation. Temperature coefficient of surface tension |‐∂σ/∂T| less than 0.25 × 10−3N/m‐K is not realistic, although many small values have been reported.
Influence of liquid bridge volume on the floating zone convection
Authors: Hu W. R. , Tang Z. M.
Published: July 2003

The liquid bridge volume is a critical geometrical parameter in addition to the aspect ratio for onset of oscillation in the floating zone convection. The oscillatory features are generally divided into two characteristic regions: slender liquid bridge region and fat liquid bridge region. The oscillatory modes in two regions are discussed in the present paper.
Influence of high frequency vibrations on fluid flow and heat transfer in a floating zone
Authors: Lyubimova T. P. , Scuridin R. V. , Cröll A. , Dold P.
Published: July 2003

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a silicon floating zone (FZ) subjected to axial vibrations. Corresponding experiments were performed under microgravity conditions within the framework of the European sounding rocket Maxus‐4 flight. The study concerns a liquid zone maintained between two rigid rods of equal radii. The growing crystal is subjected to vibrations in the direction of the zone axis. Numerical modelling of the convective heat transfer in the liquid zone is carried out accounting for melting and crystallization. The flows and the heat transfer in the melt are calculated on the basis of the equations of thermal vibrational convection under non‐uniform vibrations. The calculations are made for zero gravity and 1‐g conditions accounting for both pulsational and average deformations of the free surface. The temperature at the free surface is fixed and corresponds to the experimental one. The shape and the position of the solid‐liquid interfaces are given by the isotherm of the melting point of the material. The problem is solved by a finite difference method. The boundary‐fitted curvilinear coordinate system is employed. The calculations are made for the parameters corresponding to the radiation heated floating zone growth of silicon, i.e. a crystal diameter of 10 mm and an aspect ratio of the melt zone between 1 and 1.5. The vibration amplitude is varied in the range of 3 to 4.5 μm and the vibration frequency lays in the interval of 2 to 4.5 kHz. It is shown that for zero gravity and for 1‐g conditions, the vibrations lead to a decrease of the thermocapillary flow intensity near the crystal‐melt interface. For zero gravity conditions vibrations lead to a flattening of the crystallization front.
29Si and 30Si single crystal growth by mini‐Czochralski technique
Authors: Abrosimov N. V. , Riemann H. , Schröder W. , Pohl H.‐J. , Kaliteevski A. K. , Godisov O. N. , Korolyov V. A. , Zhilnikov A. Ju.
Published: July 2003

29Si and 30Si single crystals were grown for the first time from the highly isotopic enriched starting material. Si crystal growth from extremely small charge (the weight of 29Si and 30Si was 4,0g and 13,3g, respectively) was realized by mini‐Czochralski technique (mini‐CZ) which allowed the stable growth conditions during the whole growth process and practically complete volume of the melt was crystallized. To avoid the isotopic dilution SiC seed was used for the growth of 29Si.
Czochralski growth of doped germanium with an applied rotating magnetic field
Authors: Dold P.
Published: July 2003

The influence of time‐dependent buoyancy convection on the temperature field and the microsegregation during the Czochralski growth of doped germanium was investigated. For physical modelling, experiments with gallium melts have been carried out in the temperature range of 690 to 1000 °C. Growth experiments were performed in a 2 inch crucible. Temperature measurements in the melt revealed convective temperature fluctuations in the range of 1.5 K with a standard deviation of σ=0.3 K. The corresponding frequencies are f≤0.6 Hz. The facility was equipped with a rotating magnetic field (RMF) of Bmax=0.8 mT, adjustable in the range of 5 to 400 Hz. When the maximum field strength was applied, a uniform, azimuthal flow was induced and the germanium melt rotates with 60 rpm. The melt rotation generated by the RMF can completely replace crystal and/or crucible rotation. Growth under an applied RMF results in the lowest microsegregation, compared to the growth without magnetic field / without rotation or to the case when the crystal was rotated but no magnetic field was applied. Increasing the magnetic field strength continuously, the convective temperature fluctuations pass through an intermediated state, where their amplitude becomes even higher, before they are effectively reduced by the RMF.
Melt‐crucible wetting behavior in semiconductor melt growth systems
Authors: Cröll A. , Lantzsch R. , Kitanov S. , Salk N. , Szofran F. R. , Tegetmeier A.
Published: July 2003

The wetting angles of several semiconductor‐substrate combinations that are of practical importance for crystal growth have been measured: Ga‐GaSb‐Sb on fused quartz; Ge on fused quartz and carbon‐based substrates, each with a selection of roughness; Si on fused quartz plates and on plates coated with fused quartz, Si3N4, and BN powders. The Ga‐GaSb‐Sb system showed no significant dependence of the wetting angle on the composition despite a large composition dependence of the surface tension. For Ge, the effect of the roughness on the angle could initially be seen on both types of substrates, but for the fused quartz substrates an equilibrium value independent of the surface treatment was reached after several hours of contact time. For Si, total wetting was found for Si3N4 powders. A reduction of the angle over time was found for both fused quartz and BN powders, with the BN powder showing the highest angle at 150‐120°.
Diffusion effects at the Au/p‐CuInSe2 contact studied by XPS
Authors: Neumann H. , Yakushev M. V. , Tomlinson R. D.
Published: July 2003

X‐ray excited photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the reactions at the interface between Au and CuInSe2 in case of Au/p‐CuInSe2 contacts produced by a procedure usually used to prepare low resistance ohmic contacts. Formation of an In‐Au alloy is observed after an annealing step at 300 °C in a nonoxidising atmosphere. Furthermore, it is found that some amount of gold diffuses into the CuInSe2 substrate. A tentative defect model is proposed to describe the formation mechanism of Au/ p‐CuInSe2 contacts.
In situ study of the kinetics of displacement of growth steps on {010} faces of potassium acid phthalate single crystals grown from aqueous solutions
Authors: Sangwal K. , Wójcik K. , Borc J.
Published: July 2003

Experimental results of an in situ study of displacement rates of growth steps, observed by optical microscopy, of different height on the {010} faces of potassium acid phthalate single crystals from aqueous solutions of predefined supersaturations up to 8.5% at about 30 °C are reported and discussed. It was found that: (1) there is a large spread in the displacement rate of steps even for the same supersaturation but the spread decreases with increasing value of supersaturation, (2) in some cases the step displacement rate decreases while in others it increases with increasing growth duration, (3) the average displacement rate of low‐height steps increases linearly with an increase in supersaturation, and (4) the velocity of steps decreases with an increase in their height. Analysis of the results showed that (1) the linear supersaturation dependence of step velocity occurs in the case of a supersaturation independent activation energy for growth, and (2) the supersaturation dependence of relative decrease in the velocity of steps with their height may be explained by three approaches: (i) net flux of growth units from the surface terrace to the advancing step, (ii) time dependent adsorption of solute molecules to the advancing step, and (iii) anisotropy in solute transport by surface diffusion to a step from the two terraces on its either sides (Schwoebel effect). In approaches (i) and (ii) the decrease in the step velocity is associated with the nucleation of kinks on step edges.
Noise thermometry in crystal growth facilities for the International Space Station (ISS)
Authors: Stenzel Ch. , Meyer Th. , Krause H. , Brixy H.
Published: July 2003

Although noise thermometry is an established technique for absolute temperature measurement, several aspects needed to be clarified before this method can be employed for temperature measurement in a space furnace at 1800°C. First, the electrical insulation resistance for sheathed sensors with different insulation materials were measured. Five test sensors with outer diameters of 3.2 mm or less were fabricated and tested. The measurements clearly show a significant advantage for the pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) insulation compared to Hafnium oxide. The electrical insulation resistance values at 1800°C for the sensors with HfO2 were below 10 Ω, whereas pBN‐insulated test sensors exhibited values of more than 600 Ω for the same diameter. Furthermore, no difference has been found between the resistance of bent and straight sensors. Based on these results a miniaturised and bent noise thermometer with a diameter of 3.2 mm having a pBN insulation was fabricated. This sensor and additional control thermocouples were subjected to performance tests up to 1800°C in a space‐compatible furnace. All sensor readings exhibited a consistent figure during the tests. The noise thermometer, however, showed always the highest reading indicating that noise thermometry is an appropriate method for accurate measurements of absolute temperatures, even in the harsh environment of a compact multi‐zone space furnace.
Investigation of additional convective transports in liquid metals and semiconductors during diffusion measurements by means of the shear cell technique
Authors: Müller H. , Müller‐Vogt G.
Published: July 2003

Diffusion measurements of metallic and semiconductor melts on earth show highly irreproducible results due to occurrence of unknown convection. Therefore we investigated the influence of different kinds of additional transports. Diffusion experiments with the shear cell technique and numerical simulations have been performed. It could be shown that neither the initial transport due to the shearing at the beginning of an experiment nor the buoyancy driven convection due to horizontal temperature gradients have sufficient strength to explain the high scattering of the experimental results. Instead there is strong evidence that solutal Marangoni convection, if free surfaces cannot be avoided, may be the main reason for the irreproducibility, at least under laboratory conditions.
Numerical study of the effects of cusp‐shaped magnetic fields and thermal conductivity on the melt‐crystal interface in CZ crystal growth
Authors: Kakimoto Koichi , Liu Lijun
Published: July 2003

A numerical study was carried out to determine the effects of magnetic fields and thermal conductivity of a crystal on the melt flow in a crystal growth system. Comparisons of computations for the case of no magnetic field and for two types of cusp‐shaped magnetic fields were made. The effect of thermal conductivity of a crystal on the shape of a melt‐crystal interface was also investigated. The computation results showed that the magnetic fields have clear effects on both the pattern and strength of flow of the melt and the interface shape. Application of a magnetic field to the Czochralski system is therefore an effective tool for controlling the quality of bulk crystal during Czochralski growth process. The results also showed that the shape of the interface could be modified by changing thermal conductivity of silicon.
Numerical modeling of crystal growth and solidification experiments carried out under microgravity conditions
Authors: Friedrich J. , Dagner J. , Hainke M. , Müller G.
Published: July 2003

In this paper first examples for global thermal modeling of microgravity experiments in the field of crystal growth and alloy solidification are presented. The software program CrysVUn is used to simulate alloy solidification experiments carried out in TEXUS sounding rocket missions. Based on this software global thermal models are developed for the furnace inserts Low Gradient Furnace (LGF) and Solidification and Quenching Furnace (SQF) to be operated in the Materials Science Laboratory (MSL) onboard the International Space Station (ISS). These models will be used in order to optimize the process conditions and cartridge designs for the experiments to be carried onboard the ISS.
An emulation system for melting zone semiconductor single crystal growth in space
Authors: Li Chaorong , Ge Pewen , Pang Yuzhang , Zhai Yongliang , Huo Chongru , Yu Yude , Zhu Zhenhe
Published: July 2003

In situ monitoring and controlling the space experiments is an effective method to enhance the success probabilities of space experiments. A system to emulate the monitoring and controlling process of the semiconductor crystal growth by melting‐zone in space has been built up. The system mainly contains three parts, that are a remote crystal growth furnace, a numerical simulation software package and local controlling and displaying center. The temperature distribution data of the furnace were transmitted to the ground control center for the numerical simulation program as the boundary conditions. The crystal growth process and crystal growth parameters including crystal growth rate, the width of melting‐zone, the shape of the interfaces between crystal and melt, and the temperature gradient at the interface, etc. will be calculated with the simulation program. The theoretical calculation results of the crystal growth process will be then clearly displayed on the ground control terminal with image technique. The growth parameters were also displayed on the screen. Scientists can in situ observe the experiment progress. If the experiment process deviate from the programmed profile, the central control terminal can adjust the heating program of the space furnace to fulfill the requirements. The whole system can successfully emulate the crystal growth process.
Medicines in the 21st century Or pills, politics, potions, and profits: Where is public policy?
Authors: Triggle David J.
Published: July 2003

The delivery of health care over the past century, including drugs for the past 60 years, has brought significant gains to the overall health of the world population. The recent advances in genomics carry the promise, as yet not fulfilled, of far greater benefits perhaps, as far as molecular medicines are concerned of actually delivering Paul Ehrlich's “magic bullet.” However, the delivery of currently available health benefits to the world has been remarkably non‐uniform and the major fraction of the world's population still remains inadequately served by basic public health services, including clean water and sanitation. Additionally, this same population is devastated by diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS. This discrepancy in health care parallels the economic disparities that exist between nations and that are in fact increasing rather than decreasing. The absence of health care is a driving force for the generation and maintenance of poverty. The issue is less science than it is public policy and the will of the rich world to generate the infrastructural environments under which the rewards of science can be shared equitably. The delivery of biomedical science in the future is discussed both in terms of the science that will drive advances and the public policy issues that must be implemented to ensure delivery of scientific benefits. Drug Dev. Res. 59:269–291, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of group delay ripple in chirped fiber Bragg gratings and its effective reduction method
Authors: Komukai Tetsuro , Inui Tetsuro , Nakazawa Masataka
Published: July 2003

In this paper, the characteristics of a fiber Bragg grating fabricated with a chirped phase mask are compared with those of a fiber Bragg grating that is made chirped by addition of distortion to a uniform fiber Bragg grating without phase error. It is found that the dominant cause of generation of group delay ripples lies in the phase error of the chirped phase mask. It is demonstrated that a chirped fiber Bragg grating with smaller group delay ripples than the conventional ones can easily be obtained by adding linear distortions made of insertion of a rod containing a fiber Bragg grating without phase error into an S‐shaped groove. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(8): 76–84, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10007
High‐density 3D packaging sidewall interconnection technology for CCD micro‐camera visual inspection system
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Togasaki Takashi , Kimura Masanobu , Sudo Hajime
Published: July 2003

The authors have developed 3D packaging sidewall interconnection technology, which enables a higher packaging density in the 3D stack direction, in order to realize a CCD micro‐camera visual inspection system integrated on the front of an experimental wireless micromachine for a visual inspection robot moving by itself in pipes of diameter 10 mm ϕ in an electric power generation plant. This technology was achieved by exposing the high‐aspect‐ratio circuit wiring layers at the edge of a stack‐unit substrate as sidewall footprint. The sidewall footprint has a high aspect ratio, which is a superior shape for the electrode terminals, by designing the Cu‐filled stacked vias to be laid out directly on the core substrate in a build‐up multilayer wiring substrate. With regard to the alignment between the stack‐unit substrates that determines the relative precision of the sidewall footprint, the process of dividing into the individual 3D packaging modules after multiple‐unit layout stack‐unit substrate lamination was used to improve the precision of sidewall footprint. By using this packaging technology, a prototype 3D packaging module consisting of a CCD video signal transmission circuit and a CCD control signal circuit in a CCD micro‐camera visual inspection system obtained an excellent CCD output signal and confirmed the effectiveness of the technology for high‐density packaging in a microspace. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(8): 67–75, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10063
Studies on adsorption behavior of hemoglobin onto hydrophobic surface by using slab optical waveguide spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshida Takamitsu , Asano Hajime , Santos Jose H. , Qi Zhi‐mei , Takatsu Akiko , Kato Kenji , Matsuda Naoki
Published: July 2003

A quartz plate, whose surface was treated with octyltrichlorosilane (OTS), was used as a slab optical waveguide (SOWG) in studying the absorption of hemoglobin by measuring the in situ adsorption spectrum. More hemoglobin is adsorbed on a hydrophobic surface than on a hydrophilic surface. The amount of adsorption increases depending on the time required for surface processing and the solvent concentration. Adsorption of hemoglobin onto the surface did not reach equilibrium even after more than 1 hour. In the case of a hydrophilic surface, the light absorption becomes almost constant within several minutes. The hemoglobin once adsorbed onto the surface persists even if buffered solvent is injected. It is therefore confirmed that hemoglobin is reduced by a reducing solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(8): 61–66, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10125