bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of jurisprudence and law in the doctrine of T. E. Holland
Authors: Mikhailov Anton Mikhailovich
Published: December 2021

The subject of this research is the legal doctrine of the leading representative of English legal positivism of the last quarter of the XIX – first third of the XX centuries of Thomas Erskine Holland. The article is dedicated to examination of the two key aspects of his concept – comprehension of the nature of jurisprudence as a science, and law as a type of social norm. Leaning on the classic work of the British jurist “The Elements of Jurisprudence” (1880), the author defines the understanding of jurisprudence and law, reveals the historical-cultural meaning of Holland's legal doctrine for the subsequent development of English jurisprudence. Methodological framework is comprised of the historical approach, elements of biographical approach, techniques and procedures of legal hermeneutics, rules and techniques of formal logic, and elements of comparative-legal method. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is first within Russian legal science to conduct the concept analysis of the key theoretical-legal definitions (jurisprudence and law) of T. Holland’s doctrine, as well as reveal the ideological interrelation between the views of the British jurist and the founders of analytical jurisprudence. The author also substantiates the position, according to which Holland's approach towards comprehension of the nature of jurisprudence as a science can be defined as dogmatic. T. Holland's contribution to the development of legal positivism consists in argumentation of the formal and analytical nature of legal science, as well as in carrying out gradual differentiation of positive law from natural and social norms, and analysis of the crucial theoretical concepts of legal science.
“Natural” in the philosophical and moralistic literature of the XVII century
Authors: Zaуtseva Nataliya Vladimirovna
Published: December 2021

In philosophy, “natural” is viewed as an ontological characteristic of the objects of internal and external reality along with the concept of “artificial”. However, in the XVII century, the philosophical and moralistic literature undergoes aestheticization. Numerous appeals of the writers, moralists and philosopher, as well as dialogues and arguments on the topic of “natural” indicate that this was of crucial importance for the aesthetic thought of the XVII century. The answer to the question ‘what natural is’ has become the cornerstone of the new gallant aesthetics, and in behavior was associated with fluency and aristocratic inattention, which are opposed to pomposity and affectation. In art, “natural” was perceived as a desire to purge from the Baroque ostentation. In literature, it is the result of hard work on the language that allows achieving lightness and fluency. Ultimately, in the philosophical thought, “natural” is perceived as the correspondence with truth. Until the present, the question of aestheticization of the “natural” did not draw the attention of Russian researchers. This is partly explained by the historical tradition. Russia enters the European philosophical thought only in the Era of Enlightenment in the XVIII century; thus, the XVII century seems somewhat archaic on the background of the topical issues. However, the XVII century is the advent of the history of modern philosophical and aesthetic thought, and creates the foundation of modern European mentality. This period marks the formation of the new aesthetic ideal, new aesthetic norms, and the system for assessing the work of art, which assign an important role to the “natural”.
Philosophical reception in modern art history
Authors: Popov Evgeniy Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2021

This article explores the applicability of philosophical reception in terms of analysis of the phenomenon and the essence of art and artworks. The goal of this research lies in substantiation of the need for proliferation of the philosophical reception in art history for the holistic study of art in the aspect of its “ontologization”. Emphasis is placed on the fact that modern art history sets the tone in examination of the formal and substantive sides of art, its types and genres. Methodological and theoretical framework for art history is the philosophy of art, which recently however does not hold the leading position in the analysis of art, and even yields to aesthetics. The problem of comprehending the essence of art and the value role of artwork in life of a person and society remains open. It is rather not the subject of close attention of the art historians, but may become such. Thus, the art history analysis should be complemented with the philosophical reception. Namely this aspect is given special attention in this research. Philosophical reception is a peculiar algorithm for understanding the meanings and ideas of the artwork, as well as realization of the essence of this phenomenon. Art is often viewed as one of the forms of collective consciousness (along with science, mythology, etc.); however, the philosophical reception helps to establish the value-semantic nature of art that prevails over the social and aesthetic. Comprehension of any genre or type of art through the prism of art history is essentially refracted in the philosophical reception. In this case, the researcher is able not only assess the style and genre nature of the artwork, but also to trace its position in the turn of eras, personality concepts, ideologies, and worldviews. It is undoubtedly gives an apparent advantage to any modern researcher who aims to perceive the essence of art.
Isolated clival subdural haemorrhage from a dolicoectactic vertebrobasilar aneurysm: Case report and overview of endovascular treatment strategies
Authors: Malik Luqman , Butt Waleed , Dhillon Permesh Singh , Lenthall Robert
Published: December 2021

Posterior fossa aneurysms presenting with isolated subdural haemorrhage (SDH) have scarcely been described with no cases attributed to a vertebrobasilar (VB) location. Non-saccular VB aneurysms are a distinct sub-group and in this report we also discuss the pathophysiology and treatment options for these difficult-to-manage lesions. We present a case of a 49 year-old man who presented with a 7-day history of severe headaches who was found to have an isolated acute clival SDH. Vascular imaging revealed a VB dolicoectatic segment with superimposed fusiform dilatations that contacted the dura adjacent to the SDH. A staged treatment was performed with initial parental vessel occlusion of the ruptured vertebral artery segment and subsequent insertion of a braided stent (LEO) with flow diverting properties into the progressively dilating basilar artery. A third procedure was performed to occlude a recurrent pouch at the lower basilar dilatation. Complete angiographic occlusion was achieved and the patient is under continued surveillance. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a ruptured non-saccular VB aneurysm presenting with radiologically isolated clival SDH. Clinical history will often inform the need for vascular imaging in such atypical presentations. Managing these lesions remains an endovascular challenge and requires a specialist multi-disciplinary approach.
aCPSF1 cooperates with terminator U-tract to dictate archaeal transcription termination efficacy
Authors: Li Jie , Yue Lei , Li Zhihua , Zhang Wenting , Zhang Bing , Zhao Fangqing , Dong Xiuzhu
Published: December 2021

Recently, aCPSF1 was reported to function as the long-sought global transcription termination factor of archaea; however, the working mechanism remains elusive. This work, through analyzing transcript-3′end-sequencing data of Methanococcus maripaludis, found genome-wide positive correlations of both the terminator uridine(U)-tract and aCPSF1 with hierarchical transcription termination efficacies (TTEs). In vitro assays determined that aCPSF1 specifically binds to the terminator U-tract with U-tract number-related binding affinity, and in vivo assays demonstrated the two elements are indispensable in dictating high TTEs, revealing that aCPSF1 and the terminator U-tract cooperatively determine high TTEs. The N-terminal KH domains equip aCPSF1 with specific-binding capacity to terminator U-tract and the aCPSF1-terminator U-tract cooperation; while the nuclease activity of aCPSF1 was also required for TTEs. aCPSF1 also guarantees the terminations of transcripts with weak intrinsic terminator signals. aCPSF1 orthologs from Lokiarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota exhibited similar U-tract cooperation in dictating TTEs. Therefore, aCPSF1 and the intrinsic U-rich terminator could work in a noteworthy two-in-one termination mode in archaea, which may be widely employed by archaeal phyla; using one trans-action factor to recognize U-rich terminator signal and cleave transcript 3′-end, the archaeal aCPSF1-dependent transcription termination may represent a simplified archetypal mode of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II termination machinery.
The role of action potential changes in depolarization-induced failure of excitation contraction coupling in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Wang Xueyong , Nawaz Murad , DuPont Chris , Myers Jessica H , Burke Steve RA , Bannister Roger A , Foy Brent D , Voss Andrew A , Rich Mark M
Published: December 2021

Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is the process by which electrical excitation of muscle is converted into force generation. Depolarization of skeletal muscle resting potential contributes to failure of ECC in diseases such as periodic paralysis, intensive care unit acquired weakness and possibly fatigue of muscle during vigorous exercise. When extracellular K+ is raised to depolarize the resting potential, failure of ECC occurs suddenly, over a narrow range of resting potentials. Simultaneous imaging of Ca2+ transients and recording of action potentials (APs) demonstrated failure to generate Ca2+ transients when APs peaked at potentials more negative than –30mV. An AP property that closely correlated with failure of the Ca2+ transient was the integral of AP voltage with respect to time. Simultaneous recording of Ca2+ transients and APs with electrodes separated by 1.6mm revealed AP conduction fails when APs peak below –21mV. We hypothesize propagation of APs and generation of Ca2+ transients are governed by distinct AP properties: AP conduction is governed by AP peak, whereas Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is governed by AP integral. The reason distinct AP properties may govern distinct steps of ECC is the kinetics of the ion channels involved. Na channels, which govern propagation, have rapid kinetics and are insensitive to AP width (and thus AP integral) whereas Ca2+ release is governed by gating charge movement of Cav1.1 channels, which have slower kinetics such that Ca2+ release is sensitive to AP integral. The quantitative relationships established between resting potential, AP properties, AP conduction and Ca2+ transients provide the foundation for future studies of failure of ECC induced by depolarization of the resting potential.
Partial connectomes of labeled dopaminergic circuits reveal non-synaptic communication and axonal remodeling after exposure to cocaine
Authors: Wildenberg Gregg , Sorokina Anastasia , Koranda Jessica , Monical Alexis , Heer Chad , Sheffield Mark , Zhuang Xiaoxi , McGehee Daniel , Kasthuri Bobby
Published: December 2021

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons exert profound influences on behavior including addiction. However, how DA axons communicate with target neurons and how those communications change with drug exposure remains poorly understood. We leverage cell type-specific labeling with large volume serial electron microscopy to detail DA connections in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the mouse (Mus musculus) before and after exposure to cocaine. We find that individual DA axons contain different varicosity types based on their vesicle contents. Spatially ordering along individual axons further suggests that varicosity types are non-randomly organized. DA axon varicosities rarely make specific synapses (<2%, 6/410), but instead are more likely to form spinule-like structures (15%, 61/410) with neighboring neurons. Days after a brief exposure to cocaine, DA axons were extensively branched relative to controls, formed blind-ended ‘bulbs’ filled with mitochondria, and were surrounded by elaborated glia. Finally, mitochondrial lengths increased by ~2.2 times relative to control only in DA axons and NAc spiny dendrites after cocaine exposure. We conclude that DA axonal transmission is unlikely to be mediated via classical synapses in the NAc and that the major locus of anatomical plasticity of DA circuits after exposure to cocaine are large-scale axonal re-arrangements with correlated changes in mitochondria.
Molecular structures and conformations of protocadherin-15 and its complexes on stereocilia elucidated by cryo-electron tomography
Authors: Elferich Johannes , Clark Sarah , Ge Jingpeng , Goehring April , Matsui Aya , Gouaux Eric
Published: December 2021

Mechanosensory transduction (MT), the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, underpins hearing and balance and is carried out within hair cells in the inner ear. Hair cells harbor actin-filled stereocilia, arranged in rows of descending heights, where the tips of stereocilia are connected to their taller neighbors by a filament composed of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23), deemed the ‘tip link.’ Tension exerted on the tip link opens an ion channel at the tip of the shorter stereocilia, thus converting mechanical force into an electrical signal. While biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the molecular composition and structure of isolated portions of the tip link, the architecture, location, and conformational states of intact tip links, on stereocilia, remains unknown. Here, we report in situ cryo-electron microscopy imaging of the tip link in mouse stereocilia. We observe individual PCDH15 molecules at the tip and shaft of stereocilia and determine their stoichiometry, conformational heterogeneity, and their complexes with other filamentous proteins, perhaps including CDH23. The PCDH15 complexes occur in clusters, frequently with more than one copy of PCDH15 at the tip of stereocilia, suggesting that tip links might consist of more than one copy of PCDH15 complexes and, by extension, might include multiple MT complexes.
Learning to create images with computer code
Authors: Haakonsen Peter , Fauske Laila Belinda
Published: December 2021

Programming is becoming a part of the school curricula in Norway both in lower and upper secondary education – this includes subjects such as art, design and craft. What can programming contribute to the learning processes of these subjects? ‘Tinkering’ is a creative phase in a learning/working process, emphasising both creation and learning. In this project, visual images are created via computer programming to enhance the main author’s learning. The process is structured into stages. The important phases of the learning process are realised as a result of tinkering with existing codes. An important discovery for the learner, and one key aspect of programming images is that, as a mode, it opens up ways to create repetitions effectively, resulting in various patterns. This turned out to be motivating for the learner. This paper discusses tinkering as a learning process that is relevant to programming within art, design and craft education.
Learning about materiality through tinkering with Micro:bits
Authors: Digranes Ingvild , Hoem Jon , Stenersen Arnhild Liene
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses two pilot projects in Art and design education at the teacher training at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences. In the second round of drafts for the new curriculum of Art and design digital knowledge is described as stretching from using simple digital resources to master and shape your own digital products. It is no longer limited to two-dimensional visual modelling as previously drafted. This is in our view a new approach in a subject where making, tinkering and designing allows for explorations in both 2D and 3D. Given that we want to encourage the use of the digital together with the use of physical materials, the pilot case studies demonstrate the importance of bringing coding and the material aspects of tinkering, making, and creating into play. The BBC Micro:bit was used to make coding and mechanical control part of projects made with traditional material. Further research and development should be undertaken to bring such practices into classrooms in primary and lower secondary schools.
Complexity, interdisciplinarity and design literacy
Authors: Ringvold Tore Andre , Nielsen Liv Merete
Published: December 2021

In today’s complex world, a variety of perspectives are needed to better understand and solve challenges. For decades, global organisations and researchers have pointed to interdisciplinarity as a way forward for educational systems. Educational research offers great possibilities and gains for students involved in interdisciplinary teaching and learning processes, and the interdisciplinary nature of design thinking and practice can play a vital role in interdisciplinary general education. This paper explores how future scenario-building, as part of general design education, can serve as a framework for inter-disciplinarity in general education and contribute to a better understanding of complex problems, challenges and design literacy.
Networking for strengthening design literacy
Authors: Brodshaug Irene , Reitan Janne Beate
Published: December 2021

This article focuses on design education for the general public and the ways in which students and teachers can become more design literate through the development of networks, such as professional groups for teachers. The aim of professional groups is to create a structure that focuses on design competency among Design, Art and Crafts teachers as well as design education in Norway’s primary and secondary schools. Etienne Wenger's theories of community of practice and Unn Stålsett's theory about the development of networking through professional groups are highlighted in this study through the comparison of two municipalities in conjunction with informant interviews. The emphasis of this study is on how each municipality gives time and space for the development of design competence through professional groups. A well-organized professional group will hopefully contribute to a deeper level of expertise in schools and an increased ability for the general public to recognize design education.
Working Together: Cooperation or Collaboration?
Authors: Kvellestad Randi Veiteberg , Stana Ingeborg , Vatn Gunhild
Published: December 2021

Teamwork involves different types of interactions—specifically cooperation and collaboration—that are necessary in education and many other professions. The differences between cooperation and collaboration underline the teacher’s role in influencing group dynamics, which represent both a found­ation for professional design education and a prequalification for students’ competences as teachers and for critical evaluation. As a test case, we focused on the Working Together action-research project in design education for specialised teacher training in design, arts, and crafts at the Oslo Metropolitan University, which included three student groups in the material areas of drawing, ceramics, and textiles. The project developed the participants’ patience, manual skills, creativity, and abilities, which are important personal qualities for design education and innovation and represent cornerstones in almost every design literacy and business environment. The hope is that students will transform these compe­tences to teaching pupils of all ages in their future careers.
Una llave maestra en el proceso creativo de Casa de campoFragmentos inéditos de los Diarios íntimos de José Donoso.
Authors:   Universidad Diego Portales (Chile), García-Huidobro Cecilia
Published: December 2021

A continuación, el rescate de algunos trozos y trazos inéditos referidos a Casa de Campo durante los cinco años que le tomó su gestión
La novela porvenir: Semblanza en homenaje a Diamela Eltit en el marco del Premio FIL de Literatura en Lenguas Romances 2021
Authors:   Universidad de Princeton (Estados Unidos), Guerrero Javier
Published: December 2021

“Lo que resta de este anochecer será un festín para L. Iluminada” así comienza la primera novela de la escritora Diamela Eltit. Con Lumpérica, publicada en 1983, en tiempos irrespirables de dictadura, la escritora irrumpió en la escena literaria chilena a partir de una novela escrita con una sintaxis nunca antes vista, que ponía en crisis el maldenominado milagro chileno, la obediencia ante el fascismo y su capacidad de oprimir la vida. La novela escribió no solo un personaje inolvidable, también le dio cuerpo a una soberanía hecha trizas por un Estado arrebatado, por el imperativo del mercado, por el pacto entre medios, dispositivos y totalitarismo. Lumpérica, luego de ser ignorada, etiquetada como novela críptica o sencillamente ilegible, se convertiría en una ficción emblemática de esa rara e impresionante neovanguardia chilena de los ochenta, una de las obras más impactantes gestada en la relación entre política y poética de nuestro siglo XX.
Lenguajes de la memoria y los Derechos Humanos III. Asedios al archivo, la literatura, los territorios, las pedagogías y la creación. María Manuela Corral, Vanesa Garbero y Mirian Pino (Editoras). Unquillo, Córdoba: Narvaja editor, 2020
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Parejas Héctor
Published: December 2021

Reseña de Lenguajes de la memoria y los Derechos Humanos III. Asedios al archivo, la literatura, los territorios, las pedagogías y la creación, de María Corral, Vanesa Garbero y Mirian Pino (editoras).
Interferencias del archivo: Cortes estéticos y políticos en cine y literatura. Argentina y Chile. Wolfgang Bongers. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Edition, 2016
Authors:   Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schuchardt Beatrice
Published: December 2021

Reseña de Interferencias del archivo: cortes estéticos y políticos en cine y literatura. Argentina y Chile, de Wolfgang Bongers.
Trama. Eugenia Brito. Santiago: Editorial MAGO, 2020
Authors:   Universidad Andrés Bello (Chile), Valenzuela Luis
Published: December 2021

Reseña de Trama, de Eugenia Brito.
De El entenado a El río sin orillas: destitución subjetiva y materialidad del significante en la obra de Juan José Saer
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Parra David
Published: December 2021

La obra de Juan José Saer es conocida por su atención sobre el lenguaje como materialidad productiva y constituyente. Productiva, porque es principalmente desde el lenguaje desde donde habitamos un mundo (El entenado). Constituyente, porque es el lenguaje es una autonomía material, sonora y significante, que nos descentra respecto de nuestros imaginarios (El río sin orillas). Este artículo plantea los alcances antropológicos, ideológicos y literarios de las reflexiones propuestas por Juan José Saer.
Women’s Political Status: Female Difference and Public Involvement in Diamela Eltit’s Fuerzas especiales
Authors:   University of Reading (United Kingdom), Lazo-González Denisse
Published: December 2021

This article analyzes Fuerzas especiales’ representation of women’s political status and public involvement. From a close reading of the protagonist-narrator’s role as the breadwinner of her family and drawing insights from feminist political theory, this work conducts a theoretically-informed textual analysis of the novels’ view of female public involvement at work in a context of state repression. It aims to unveil the way in which the novel engages critically with the ambiguities of a model of women’s political participation based on female difference and the politics of motherhood.
Effect of Foetal Movement Counting on Prenatal Attachment and Maternal Worries among Primigravidas- A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Asari Jignya Vinodbhai , Tiwari Anjali Pushkar
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Pregnant woman experience various physical, emotional, and hormonal changes that may cause anxiety. The anxiety and worries can be decreased by sharing information about the developing child, like foetal body movement. Aim: To assess effect of Foetal Movement Counting (FMC) on prenatal attachment and maternal worries among primigravida mothers. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out among primigravida mothers of selected Hospitals of Central Gujarat using proforma of Cranley’s maternal foetal attachment scale and Cambridge worry scale. The study was conducted from March 2019 to July 2020. Eighty participants were recruited by convenient sampling 40 in each study group and control group. The study group were provided with foetal movement chart and the participants were asked to record foetal movements for seven consecutive days, twice a day for 20 minutes. Post assessment of prenatal attachment and maternal worries was done using tools of data collection for both study and control group. Chi- square test was used to test the significance (p-value <0.05). Results: The study results revealed that in study group mean score for prenatal attachment was 79.43 at the start and improved to 101.25 (p-value <0.001) after seven days of FMC. In control group, the mean score for prenatal attachment did not show significant difference pre-test and post-test (74.20 vs 74.85, p-value=0.077). In study group, the mean Cambridge worry scale score was 36.55 which came down to 20.28 (p-value <0.001) after seven days, while in control group it was 41.38 at the beginning and 41.30 after seven days (p-value=0.998). Conclusion: Foetal Movement Counting was found to improve maternal foetal attachment and reduce maternal worries. FMC can be routinely and effectively promoted among the pregnant population to help them achieve a positive pregnancy experience and outcome.
Prosthetic Satisfaction and Body Image among Lower Limb Amputee: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Mishra Sudhir Ramkishore , Kumar Dileep , Yadav Ganesh , Gupta AK , Asthana Satyasheel
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Limb amputation not only brings functional and sensory loss, but also leads to loss or change of body image. These changes have significant effect on the Quality of Life (QoL) of an individual. Amputee adaptation varies widely between individuals. For an amputee a prosthesis not only bring back near normal physical appearance but also it significantly repair his disturbed body image. There is a significant correlation between body image and life satisfaction. Aim: To investigate the correlation between body image and prosthetic satisfaction among lower limb amputee. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to January 2020 at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Participants with unilateral lower limb prosthesis using amputees of either sex from Regional Artificial Limb Centre, Lucknow were included in the study. Each participant was subjected offline questionnaire based assessment of satisfaction with respect to their prosthesis related to it`s function, aesthetic (cosmesis), weight of prosthesis and general (overall) by Revised Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale (R-TAPES). Change in body image was assessed by Amputee Body Image Scale (ABIS). Results were analysed by computer-based software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 20.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) t-test was used for normally distributed and Mann-Whitney U test was used for abnormally distributed variables. Results: The study enrolled 119 patients in which the most common cause of amputation was an accident (69). Statistically significant difference was found for satisfaction between males and females for weight of prosthesis (p-value=0.038). Statistically significant difference was found between male and female for amputee body image with ABIS score (p-value=0.001). Significant correlation was found between ABIS and functional satisfaction (p-value=0.001; r=-0.38)) and between ABIS and weight satisfaction (p-value=0.001; r=-0.36). Conclusion: Amputation causes significantly deterioration of body image among the amputee, with such deteriorated body image prosthetic satisfaction remains a big challenge for healthcare worker and prosthetist.
Голоценовая летопись вулканических извержений острова Итуруп, "Природа"
Authors: Дегтерёв А.В. , Пинегина Т.К. , Разжигаева Н.Г. , Кожурин А.И.
Published: December 2021

Воссоздание глобальной летописи вулканических извержений входит в число первоочередных задач, стоящих перед вулканологией. История активности действующих вулканов Курильской островной дуги пока еще изучена слабо и для большинства из них ограничена редкими, отрывочными сведениями об их извержениях в исторический период (последние 200–250 лет). На сегодняшний день на островах Кунашир, Итуруп (Южные Курилы) и Парамушир (Северные Курилы) проживает постоянное гражданское население, при этом практически все населенные пункты находятся в зонах различной степени вулканической опасности. Летом 2021 г. в рамках работ по проекту Российского научного фонда «Изучение вулканической, сейсмической и цунами опасности, а также оценка геотермальных ресурсов для развивающихся территорий Курильских островов» мы провели специальные тефростратиграфические и тефрохронологические исследования, которые были направлены на изучение частоты и интенсивности голоценовых пеплопадов в центральной части о.Итуруп.
Звезда палеогена: первая находка следов морской звезды в отложениях Горного Крыма, "Природа"
Authors: Комаров В.Н. , Вайтиева Ю.А.
Published: December 2021

Приведены данные о первой находке ихнорода Asteriacites в эоценовых отложениях Горного Крыма. Сделан вывод о том, что изученная окаменелость представляет собой след жизнедеятельности морской звезды и относится к этологической группе следов лежания, неподвижности или покоя.
Джорджо Паризи: за исследование неупорядоченных систем, "Природа"
Authors: Панюков С.В.
Published: December 2021

Нобелевская премия 2021 г. по физике (ее 1/2 часть) присуждена итальянцу Джорджо Паризи «за открытие взаимодействия хаоса и флуктуаций в физических системах от атомарных до планетарных масштабов». За этой формулировкой стоит важное достижение в теоретической физике — первый значительный шаг в создании теории спиновых стекол и других неэргодических систем.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБРАТНОЙ СВЯЗИ ТЕМПЕРАТУРА ВОДЫ–ФИТОПЛАНКТОН НА ТЕМПЕРАТУРУ ВЕРХНЕГО СЛОЯ ИНДИЙСКОГО ОКЕАНА, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Сеин Д.В. , Дворников А.Ю. , Мартьянов С.Д. , Кабос У. , Рябченко В.А. , Грёгер М. , Мишра А.К. , Кумар П. , Горчаков В.А.
Published: December 2021

В результате экспериментов с региональной климатической моделью системы Земли обнаружено, что в эксперименте, в котором ослабление света рассчитывается с учетом обратной связи между температурой воды и фитопланктоном, средняя температура поверхности моря ниже на большей части Индийского океана в тропиках по сравнению с эталонным экспериментом, в котором используется постоянный коэффициент ослабления света (равный 0.06 м), типичный для глобальных расчетов с климатической моделью системы Земли. Установлено также, что наиболее сильные различия (более 1 °C) в температуре поверхности моря наблюдаются в летний период. В эксперименте с учетом указанной обратной связи отмечается также охлаждение приповерхностных слоев океана и смещение термоклина вверх. Последнее, а также сезонные изменения коэффициента ослабления света заметно приближают модельные результаты к данным наблюдений. Таким образом, включение полной обратной связи между температурой воды и фитопланктоном с соответствующим коэффициентом ослабления света в целом понижает температуру поверхности моря и температуру воды в подповерхностных слоях тропической части Индийского океана, что имеет серьезные последствия для взаимодействия океана и атмосферы и, следовательно, для моделирования регионального климата.
ТИПЫ МОДЕЛЕЙ ДЛЯ ОПИСАНИЯ НАПРАВЛЕННОЙ САМОСБОРКИ БЛОК-СОПОЛИМЕРОВ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Литаврин М.В. , Горнев Е.С. , Янович С.И.
Published: December 2021

Рассматривается метод направленной самосборки (directed self-assembly, DSA) блок-сополимеров, общая схема маршрута формирования маски и требования к моделям направленной самосборки. Проводится обзор классов моделей для описания данного метода.
РОЛЬ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ МИКРО- И НАНОЭЛЕКТРОНИКИ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Бокарев В.П. , Красников Г.Я.
Published: December 2021

Рассмотрено влияние физико-химических свойств поверхности кристаллов на физические и химические свойства материалов. На примерах ряда технологических операций показано определяющее влияние физико-химических свойств поверхностей контактирующих материалов на результат воздействия и его анизотропию.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОЛЕБАНИЙ БИМОРФНОЙ ПЛАСТИНЫ ИЗ ПЬЕЗОЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА В ПЕРЕМЕННОМ МАГНИТНОМ ПОЛЕ, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Соловьёв А.Н. , До Б.Т. , Чебаненко В.А. , Васильев В.Б.
Published: December 2021

Работа посвящена исследованию поперечных колебаний биморфа, состоящего из двух пьезомагнитоэлектрических слоев, находящегося в переменном магнитном поле. Пьезомагнитоэлектрические слои представляют собой многослойный композит с чередующимися пьезоэлектрическими и пьезомагнитными слоями. Механические и физические свойства такого композита задаются эффективными константами, известными из литературы. На основе прикладной теории колебаний многослойной пластины, учитывающей нелинейное распределение электрического и магнитного потенциала в пьезоактивных слоях как в продольном, так и поперечном направлении, проведено исследование напряженно деформированного состояния, электрического и магнитного поля шарнирно опертого биморфа. Электрический потенциал принят равным нулю на всех электродах, в то время как магнитный равен нулю на внутренней границе и неизвестен на внешних. Поэтому распределение электрического и магнитного потенциалов в середине слоя принимается неизвестными функциями, а в случае магнитного потенциала распределение на внешней границе также является функцией, которую следует найти. В задаче были приняты гипотезы Кирхгофа для механических характеристик. С использованием вариационного принципа и принятой в работе квадратичной зависимости электрического и магнитного потенциалов по толщине пьезоактивных слоев была получена система дифференциальных уравнений и граничных условий. Полученная краевая задача решалась численными методами. Сравнение результатов расчета по предложенной теории с плоской задачей, решенной в конечно-элементном пакете FlexPDE, в низкочастотной области показало, что погрешность в нахождении характеристик механического и магнитного полей составляет менее 1 %. В свою очередь при определении электрического поля разница составила порядка 5 % в средней части пластины и 27 % в окрестности точек опоры. Такая погрешность связана с тем, что конечно-элементный анализ демонстрирует явный нелинейный характер распределения электрического поля, в то время как прикладная теория – линейный.
О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПОНЯТИЯ «ЛАНДШАФТНАЯ ОБОЛОЧКА» В ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Шуйский Ю.Д.
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена теоретическому обоснованию понятий «географическая оболочка» и «ландшафтная оболочка». Для этого уточняются причины зарождения, развития и смысл понятия «ландшафт», его сложившееся определение, а также географическое распространение, структура ландшафтов и др. Ландшафт рассматривается как определенная экзогенная система наземного типа, как часть географической оболочки. В основу определения положены коренные слова «land» и «terra». Географическая оболочка вмещает в себя три основные мегасистемные части (ступени): а – континенты и острова; б – Мировой океан вместе с отдельными морями; в – береговые зоны при активном взаимодействии между «а» и «б». В составе географической оболочки их суммарная площадь составляет 509471,21 млн км, в том числе а = 29,22 %, б = 60,83 %, в = 9,95 %. Каждая часть (ступень) является принципиально неравнозначной по генезису, месту расположения, границам, структуре, динамике, принадлежности к иерархичному ряду и пр. Соответственно, системные иерархические ряды «а», «б», «в» и каждый их таксон являются разными на уровне организации. По определению, организации и свойствам континентальная система суши является ландшафтной, океаническая гидрогенная – талассогенной, а прибрежно-морская – аквашафтной природной системой, каждая с различным уровнем организации. Они наряду с системами атмосферы, литосферы и биосферы заполняют площадь географической оболочки и неразрывно связаны между собой. Таким образом, в принципе нельзя ставить знак равенства между понятиями «географическая оболочка» и «ландшафтная оболочка».
О ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СТРУКТУРНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОЧВ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ УРБОПЕДОГЕНЕЗА НА ПРИМЕРЕ РОСТОВСКОЙ АГЛОМЕРАЦИИ, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Тагивердиев С.С. , Безуглова О.С. , Горбов С.Н. , Минаева Е.Н. , Козырев Д.А. , Скрипников П.Н. , Сальник Н.В. , Корбань В.А. , Дымченко Н.П.
Published: December 2021

Структура почвы как результат сложной системы внутрипочвенных взаимодействий и внешнего воздействия в условиях урбопедогенеза претерпевает изменения, что не может не влиять на протекторные функции почвы, роль которых в урболандшафтах многократно возрастает. Отсюда актуальность изучения процессов трансформации структуры городских почв. В сравнительном аспекте рассмотрен состав структурных фракций и их водоустойчивость в типичных городских почвах – урбостратоземах (открытых и запечатанных под плотными покрытиями) и черноземах миграционно-сегрегационных рекреационных зон города. Состав и качество почв изучали по результатам сухого и мокрого просеивания по методу Саввинова. Разницу в структурном состоянии этих двух групп почв оценивали погоризонтно, сравнивая их между собой с применением критерия Стьюдента. Учитывая многовариантность формирования урбиковых горизонтов, для снижения разброса значений их разделили на 2 кластера: тяжелые и легкие. Явным признаком урбопедогенеза является возрастание доли структурных агрегатов с диаметром >10 мм как в горизонтах урбик, так и в погребенных горизонтах. В легких горизонтах урбик обнаружено более высокое содержание фракций 0,5–0,25 и <0,25 мм, чем в тяжелых. Погребенная часть профиля урбопочв, представляющая собой фактически законсервированный под толщей урбонаслоений чернозем миграционно-сегрегационный, по сравнению с черноземами рекреационных зон имеет тенденцию к увеличению содержания глыбистой фракции за счет снижения доли агрономически ценных агрегатов. Водопрочность структуры – более стабильный показатель. Достоверное увеличение содержания фракции 0,5–0,25 мм по сравнению с нативными почвами обнаружено только в погребенных гумусово-аккумулятивных горизонтах за счет снижения доли агрегатов размерностью >3 и 2–1 мм.
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА АВИФАУНЫ КРЫМСКОГО ПОЛУОСТРОВА, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Костин С.Ю.
Published: December 2021

В результате анализа экологической структуры авифауны Крыма установлено, что в общем спектре преобладают лимнофилы (42,6 %) и дендрофилы (34,2 %), на кампофилов, населяющих зональные ландшафты, и склерофилов – обитателей интразональных биотопов приходится по 11,6 и 11,0 % соответственно. Отмечена диспропорция в распределении дендрофилов – 97,2 % состава экологической группы встречается в степной зоне, тогда как в Горном Крыму – 86,2 %, в том числе в горно-лесном поясе – 78,9 %. Склерофилы равномерно распределены по территории полуострова: в предгорьях – 97,1 % состава экологической группы, в степной зоне – 91,4 %, тогда как б льшая часть лимнофилов (99,3 %) и кампофилов (94,6 %) отмечена в равнинном Крыму. Среди гнездящихся видов преобладают лимнофилы (38,1 % фенологической группы), составляя 55,1 % от числа всех птиц этой экологической группы региона. Видовое разнообразие гнездящихся дендрофилов закономерно больше (49,3 %) в Горном Крыму, тогда как в степной зоне на эту экологическую группу приходится 27,4 %. Миграционный комплекс птиц Крыма отличается не только видовым богатством (252 вида), но и различным фенологическим статусом видов, в него входящих. Б льшая часть мигрантов относится к лимнофилам (48,8 %) и дендрофилам (31,7 %), которые концентрируются на равнине. Зимовочный комплекс птиц полуострова характеризуется наименьшими показателями видового богатства (167 видов). Основные районы концентрации птиц находятся в равнинном Крыму и предгорьях (86,8 % от общего числа видов фенологической группы). В горно-лесном поясе зарегистрирована только треть зимующих на полуострове видов, большая часть которой представлена дендрофилами.
АПРОБАЦИЯ МОДУЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ КАРПА ИНТЕНСИВНЫМ МЕТОДОМ, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Пономарёва Е.Н. , Гераскин П.П. , Ковалёва А.В. , Григорьев В.А. , Корчунов А.А. , Манаенко Д.В.
Published: December 2021

Приведены результаты исследований по выращиванию годовиков карпа в модульных установках открытого типа, расположенных в береговой части пруда, принадлежащего ООО «Прибой» (Волгоградская область, с. Новоникольское). По итогам выращивания карпов в течение 3,5 месяцев выявлена оптимальная плотность посадки, равная 6,5–7,5 тыс. экземпляров на секцию, что даст за сезон выход товарной продукции массой 1,5 кг в количестве 9–10,5 т на секцию, а с модуля в целом – 90–100 т товарного карпа. Исследование комплекса физиолого-биохимических показателей крови, характеризующих состояние белкового и жирового обмена, не выявило существенных отклонений в физиологическом состоянии рыб. При этом обнаружен не свойственный для них повышенный уровень жирового обмена при высоких температурах воды.
Examining the validity of chiropractic grade point averages for predicting National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Part I exam scores
Authors: Himelfarb Igor , Shotts Bruce L. , Gow Andrew R.
Published: December 2021

Objective

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of grade point average (GPA) for predicting the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) Part I exam scores using chiropractic GPA.

Methods

Data were collected during the January 2019 computer-based testing administration of the NBCE's Part I exam. The sample size was n = 2278 of test takers from 18 domestic and 4 international chiropractic educational institutions. Six regression models were developed and tested to predict the Part I domain scores from chiropractic GPA while controlling for self-reported demographic variables. Residuals from the models were disaggregated by pre–chiropractic GPA.

Results

Chiropractic GPA revealed a positive, statistically significant correlation with sex. The chiropractic GPA was found to be a significant predictor of the Part I domain scores. A different perspective was obtained when residuals (observed minus predicted) were collected and split by the pre–chiropractic GPA. Very good students tended to be underpredicted, while other students were overpredicted.

Conclusion

This study builds on the cascading evidence from educational literature by providing additional results suggesting that undergraduate (prechiropractic) GPA as well as the GPA obtained in doctor of chiropractic programs are related to the future performance on the NBCE Part I exam. The results provide a first glance at the connection between the standardized test scores, which are often used for instructors' and institutional evaluation and the GPA obtained in a doctor of chiropractic program.
Fire Incident Statistics in the Tamale Metropolitan Area in the Northern Region of Ghana: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Banyeh Moses , Adda Gilbert Balinia
Published: December 2021

The effect of a fire disaster is greater in developing countries due to inadequate 'firefighting preventive and support systems. There is therefore the need to analyze fire incident data to enable better fire safety and prevention strategies. The study was a retrospective cross-sectional study from January to June 2021. In all, 130 fire incident reports from 2017 to 2020 were collected. The data, consisting of 32 variables were analyzed using binary logistic regression. It was observed that fire incidents due to electrical causes (53.9%), occurring in residential buildings (55.4%), and in the dry season (57.7%) were the most common. Fires due to nonelectrical causes were less likely to spread compared to fires due to electrical causes [AOR: 0.465(95%CI:0.221-0.977)]. Also, the likelihood of a fire spreading in the wet season was reduced, compared to the dry season [AOR: 0.341(95%CI:0.118-0.988)]. Moreover, apartment house’s fires were less likely to spread as compared to compound house's' fires [AOR: 0.341(95%CI:0.118-0.988)]. The source of energy, the design of a building and the climatic conditions are associated with fire incidents in the study area. These findings will serve as guidelines for fire safety and prevention strategies in the Tamale metropolitan area.
Effects of Medical Drugs According to Sweating Localization in Primary Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Onur Bayrakçi
Published: December 2021

Background: Primary hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating localized to different parts of the body, mostly on the hands. It is exact cause  unknown, negatively affects the psychosocial structure of the person and a clinically important health problem.

Aims: In the study, it was aimed to examine the effects of drugs used on primary hyperhidrosis.

Study Design: The drugs used by the patients who applied to the thoracic surgery clinic with the complaint of sweating and their effects were analyzed retrospectively. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital Thoracic Surgery Clinic between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2021 (outcomes of seven years).

Methodology: A total of 120 patients(45 female, 75 male and age range 8-67) with sweating complaints were identified. Age, gender, sweating localization and drugs used were examined. Statistically, data were analyzed with 95% confidence interval(CI) and Chi Square test.

Results: A total of 120 patients were analyzed. 37.5% were female and 62.5% male.The mean age was 27.1±1.54 years.Patients were use 23.4% Aluminum hydrochloride cream),20.8% Bornaprine hydrochloride, 20% Hyoscine-N-butylbromide.According to sweating localizations;42.6% palmar only, 18.7% palmar and axilla, 18.7% palmar and craniofacial, 7.8% palmar and plantar, 5.9% diffuse, 4.5% cranial, 1.8% palmar and abdomen.It is more often between ages of 21-30 and in male.According to the complaints of patients with a history of using medical treatment; there were 34.5% partial response and 20.2% complete response, and no response to medical treatment in 45.3%.

Conclusion: In the study; according to the localization of sweating;Aluminum hydrochloride cream reduces sweating on the palmar, and Hyoscine-N-butylbromide reduces axillary and palmar sweating. Bornaprine hydrochloride reduces sweating on all localizations except craniofacial and abdomen, and is related with a complete response on palmar sweating.According to sweating localizations; although there are localizations where all three drugs used are effective, it has been concluded that these drugs used in primary hyperhidrosis do not respond fully at a high rate.
Stepwise Procedure for Toxicological Assessment Based on Ratio of Mean Differences for a Normally Distributed Data
Authors: Adjabui Michael J. , Dioggban Jakperik , Howard Nathaniel K.
Published: December 2021

We propose a new stepwise confidence set procedure for toxicity study based on ratio of mean difference. Statistical approaches for evaluating toxicity studies that properly control familywise error rate (FWER) for difference of means between treatments and a control already exist. However, in some therapeutic areas, ratio of mean differences is desirable. Therefore, we construct stepwise confidence procedure based on Fieller's confidence intervals for multiple ratio of mean difference without multiplicity adjustment for toxicological evaluation. Simulation study revealed that the FWER is well controlled at prespecified nominal level α. Also, the power of our approach increases with increasing sample size and ratio of mean differences.