bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A GFP‐based assay reveals a role for RHD3 in transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
Authors: Zheng Huanquan , Kunst Ljerka , Hawes Chris , Moore Ian
Published: January 2004

We describe the use of a secreted form ofAequoria victoriagreen fluorescent protein (secGFP) in a non‐invasive live cell assay of membrane traffic inArabidopsis thaliana. We show that in comparison to GFP‐HDEL, which accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secGFP generates a weak fluorescence signal when transported to the apoplast. The fluorescence of secGFP in the apoplast can be increased by growth of seedlings on culture medium buffered at pH 8.1, suggesting that apoplastic pH is responsible, at least in part, for the low fluorescence intensity of seedlings expressing secGFP. Inhibition of secGFP transport between the ER and plasma membrane (PM), either by Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment or by genetic intervention results in increased intracellular secGFP accumulation accompanied by an increase in the secGFP fluorescence intensity. secGFP thus provides a valuable tool for forward and reverse genetic analysis of membrane traffic and endomembrane organisation inArabidopsis. Using this assay for quantitative sublethal perturbation of secGFP transport, we identify a role for root hair defective 3 (RHD3) in transport of secreted and Golgi markers between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.
Trafficking of the plant potassium inward rectifier KAT1 in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba
Authors: Hurst Annette C. , Meckel Tobias , Tayefeh Sascha , Thiel Gerhard , Homann Ulrike
Published: January 2004

Trafficking of K+ inward (Kin+) rectifying channels was analyzed in guard cells of Vicia faba transfected with the Kin+ rectifier from Arabidopsis thaliana KAT1 fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Confocal images and whole‐cell patch‐clamp measurements confirmed the incorporation of active KAT1 channels into the plasma membrane of transfected guard cell protoplasts. The Kin+ rectifier current density of the plasma membrane was much larger in transfected protoplasts than in wild‐type (wt) protoplasts. This shows a coupling between K+ channel synthesis and incorporation of the channel into the plasma membrane. Pressure‐driven increase and decrease in surface area led to the incorporation and removal of vesicular membrane carrying active Kin+ rectifier in wt and transfected protoplasts. These vesicular membranes revealed a higher channel density than the plasma membrane, suggesting that Kin+ rectifier remains in clusters during trafficking to and from the plasma membrane. The observed results can be explained by a model illustrating that vesicles of a pre‐plasma membrane pool carry K+ channels preferentially in clusters during constitutive and pressure‐driven exo‐ and endocytosis.
Photosynthetic Responses of a Temperate Liana to Xylella fastidiosa Infection and Water Stress
Authors: McElrone A. J. , Forseth I. N.
Published: January 2004

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem‐limited bacterial plant pathogen that causes bacterial leaf scorch in its hosts. Our previous work showed that water stress enhances leaf scorch symptom severity and progression along the stem of a liana, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, infected by X. fastidiosa. This paper explores the photosynthetic gas exchange responses of P. quinquefolia, with the aim to elucidate mechanisms behind disease expression and its interaction with water stress. We used a 2 × 2‐complete factorial design, repeated over two growing seasons, with high and low soil moisture levels and infected and non‐infected plants. In both years, low soil moisture levels reduced leaf water potentials, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance at all leaf positions, while X. fastidiosa‐infection reduced these parameters at basally located leaves only. Intercellular CO2 concentrations were reduced in apical leaves, but increased at the most basal leaf location, implicating a non‐stomatal reduction of photosynthesis in leaves showing the greatest disease development. This result was supported by measured reductions in photosynthetic rates of basal leaves at high CO2 concentrations, where stomatal limitation was eliminated. Repeated measurements over the summer of 2000 showed that the effects of water stress and infection were progressive over time, reaching their greatest extent in September. By reducing stomatal conductances at moderate levels of water stress, P. quinquefolia maintained relatively high leaf water potentials and delayed the onset of photosynthetic damage due to pathogen and drought‐induced water stress. In addition, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed that P. quinquefolia has an efficient means of dissipating excess light energy that protects the photosynthetic machinery of leaves from irreversible photoinhibitory damage that may occur during stress‐induced stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. However, severe stress induced by disease and drought eventually led to non‐stomatal decreases in photosynthesis associated with leaf senescence.
Bacterial Stem Rot in Greenhouse Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Sardinia (Italy): Occurrence of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Authors: Fiori M. , Schiaffino A.
Published: January 2004

An unusual bacterial disease was observed in pepper plants during research carried out in greenhouses in central‐north Sardinia. The characteristics were: the presence of lesions and exudates on stems, soft rot of the pith, and a brownish‐black colour in the petioles and leaf‐veins. Only two isolates of 21 were pathogens. One was obtained from exudate present on the stem and the other from pith. Experimental infections revealed that the bacterial isolates were particularly aggressive in the stems and fruit of pepper and tomato. Biochemical, physiological and serological tests in conjunction with fatty acid profile analysis confirmed that they were Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. The product of 434 bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enabled a preliminary identification of isolates to be made. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of amplification products showed that the isolates DPP 23ef and DPP 24m, strain type CFBP 2046 and DPP 281, isolated from pepper fruit, belonged to the RFLP group 12, whereas DPP 29, also isolated from pepper fruit, was included in RFLP group 1. Measures to prevent and control this recently introduced disease are suggested in the conclusion of this paper.
Induction of Resistance in Melon to Didymella bryoniae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Seed Treatments with Acibenzolar‐S‐methyl and Methyl Jasmonate but not with Salicylic Acid
Authors: Buzi A. , Chilosi G. , De Sillo D. , Magro P.
Published: January 2004

The plant resistance activator acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (BTH), the signalling molecules salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were tested by seed treatment for their ability to protect melon seedlings from gummy stem blight and white mould disease caused by the soil‐borne fungal pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively. Didymella bryoniae infection on melon seedlings was completely suppressed by MeJA treatment. Necrotic lesions akin hypersensitive response occurred on all inoculated seedlings and prevented pathogen diffusion into healthy tissues. Didymella bryoniae infection was restricted following BTH seed treatment as well, although the percentage of necrotic lesions in comparison with the water soaked lesions was significantly lower than that from MeJA‐induced seedlings. BTH protected melon seedlings against S. sclerotiorum by the occurrence of a high percentage of necrotic lesions. A lower level of resistance was also achieved by MeJA seed treatment. The augmented level of resistance of tissues from BTH and MeJA‐treated seeds was associated with rapid increases in the activity of the pathogenesis‐related proteins chitinase and peroxidase. MeJA also determined a rapid and transient accumulation of lipoxygenase. Moreover, BTH and MeJA treatments determined the differential induction of particular de novo synthesized isoenzymes of these proteins. Results indicate that BTH and MeJA applied to melon seeds may activate on seedlings diverse metabolic pathways leading to the enhancement of resistance against distinct pathogens.
Systemic Resistance in Tomato Induced by Biocontrol Bacteria Against the Root‐Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica is Independent of Salicylic Acid Production
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S.
Published: January 2004

Salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated induction of systemic resistance by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 7NSK2 and P. fluorescens strain CHA0 against soil‐borne fungi and viruses have been reported. The role of SA biosynthesis in the enhancement of defence mechanism against plant‐parasitic nematodes by these bacterial strains in tomato is not known. To better understand the importance of SA in rhizobacteria‐mediated suppression of root‐knot nematodes, biocontrol potential of SA‐negative or SA‐overproducing mutants against Meloidogyne javanica was evaluated with their respective wild type counter parts. Culture supernatant of 7NSK2, CHA0 and their respective mutants caused significant mortality of M. javanica juveniles in vitro. SA deletion in 7NSK2 and SA overproduction in CHA0 did not influence bacterial efficacy to cause nematode deaths. Similarly, culture supernatants resulting from King's B liquid medium amended with FeCl3 did not influence nematicidal activity of the bacterial strains. Strain CHA0 induced juvenile deaths more than 7NSK2 did. In pot experiments, the bacterial strains applied in unsterilized sandy loam soil markedly reduced final nematode population densities in roots and subsequent root‐knot infection in tomato seedlings. SA‐negative or overproducing derivatives prevented tomato roots in kinetics similar to those with their respective wild types. When soil iron concentration was lowered by the addition of ethylenediamine di(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid), nematode biocontrol by the bacterial strains (both wild type and mutants) remained unaltered. To understand the mechanism involved in rhizobacteria‐mediated suppression of root‐knot nematode in tomato, bacterial performance was assessed in a split root trial in which one‐half of the root system was treated with bacterium while the other inoculated with nematode. Compared with the controls, application of the bacterial cell suspension to one‐half of the root system lowered the populations of root‐knot nematode in non‐bacterized nematode‐treated sections indicating enhanced defence in the non‐bacterized half. With respect to nematode infection, mutants induced systemic resistance to a similar extent as that caused by the wild types in both wild type tomato and NahG tomato plants. It is concluded that fluorescent pseudomonads induce systemic resistance against root‐knot nematode via a signal transduction pathway, which is independent of SA accumulation in roots.
Allelism Tests between the Rust Resistance Gene Present in Common Bean Cultivar Ouro Negro and Genes Ur‐5 and Ur‐11
Authors: Alzate‐Marin A. L. , de Souza T. L. P. O. , Ragagnin V. A. , Moreira M. A. , de Barros E. G.
Published: January 2004

The pathogenic variability of the fungus Uromyces appendiculatus is an obstacle for the creation of rust‐resistant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. Gene pyramiding is an alternative strategy for the development of varieties with durable resistance. However, to reach this goal it is important to identify different genes with ample resistance spectra. Cultivars Ouro Negro, Mexico 309 and Belmidak RR‐3 have been shown to be resistant to several rust races identified in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ouro Negro is the only rust resistance source being used in the BIOAGRO/Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) breeding programme, which aims at pyramiding resistance genes in the ‘carioca‐type’ cultivar Rudá. It would be also interesting to use Mexico 309 (Ur‐5) and Belmidak RR‐3 (Ur‐11) in the breeding programme. However, there is no available information on the possible allelic relationships between the Ouro Negro resistance gene and Ur‐5 and Ur‐11. This work aimed at: (1) determining the allelic relationship between the Ouro Negro resistance gene and Ur‐5 and Ur‐11; and (2) evaluating a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker previously reported as being linked to Ur‐11, in populations from crosses between Belmidak RR‐3 and Rudá. The allelism tests confirmed that the Ouro Negro rust resistance gene is distinct from Ur‐5 and Ur‐11 and the molecular analyses confirmed that the RAPD marker can be used in our breeding programme to develop ‘carioca‐type’ cultivars with the Ur‐11 gene.
Tectonic implications of new age data for the Meratus Complex of south Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Wakita Koji , Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Zulkarnain Iskandar , Sopaheluwakan Jan , Sanyoto Prihardjo
Published: January 2004

Cretaceous subduction complexes surround the southeastern margin of Sundaland in Indonesia. They are widely exposed in several localities, such as Bantimala (South Sulawesi), Karangsambung (Central Java) and Meratus (South Kalimantan).

The Meratus Complex of South Kalimantan consists mainly of mélange, chert, siliceous shale, limestone, basalt, ultramafic rocks and schists. The complex is uncomformably covered with Late Cretaceous sedimentary‐volcanic formations, such as the Pitap and Haruyan Formations.

Well‐preserved radiolarians were extracted from 14 samples of siliceous sedimentary rocks, and K–Ar age dating was performed on muscovite from 6 samples of schist of the Meratus Complex. The radiolarian assemblage from the chert of the complex is assigned to the early Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous. The K–Ar age data from schist range from 110 Ma to 180 Ma. Three samples from the Pitap Formation, which unconformably covers the Meratus Complex, yield Cretaceous radiolarians of Cenomanian or older.

These chronological data as well as field observation and petrology yield the following constraints on the tectonic setting of the Meratus Complex.

(1) The mélange of the Meratus Complex was caused by the subduction of an oceanic plate covered by radiolarian chert ranging in age from early Middle Jurassic to late Early Cretaceous.

(2) The Haruyan Schist of 110–119 Ma was affected by metamorphism of a high pressure–low temperature type caused by oceanic plate subduction. Some of the protoliths were high alluminous continental cover or margin sediments. Intermediate pressure type metamorphic rocks of 165 and 180 Ma were discovered for the first time along the northern margin of the Haruyan Schist.

(3) The Haruyan Formation, a product of submarine volcanism in an immature island arc setting, is locally contemporaneous with the formation of the mélange of the Meratus Complex.
A jadeite–quartz–glaucophane rock from Karangsambung, central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Sopaheluwakan J. , Zulkarnain I. , Wakita K.
Published: January 2004

High‐pressure metamorphic rocks are exposed in Karangsambung area of central Java, Indonesia. They form part of a Cretaceous subduction complex (Luk–Ulo Complex) with fault‐bounded slices of shale, sandstone, chert, basalt, limestone, conglomerate and ultrabasic rocks. The most abundant metamorphic rock type are pelitic schists, which have yielded late Early Cretaceous K–Ar ages. Small amounts of eclogite, glaucophane rock, garnet–amphibolite and jadeite–quartz–glaucophane rock occur as tectonic blocks in sheared serpentinite. Using the jadeite–garnet–glaucophane–phengite–quartz equilibrium, peak pressure and temperature of the jadeite–quartz–glaucophane rock are P = 22 ± 2 kbar and T = 530 ± 40 °C. The estimated P–T conditions indicate that the rock was subducted to ca 80 km depth, and that the overall geothermal gradient was ∼ 7.0 °C/km. This rock type is interpreted to have been generated by the metamorphism of cold oceanic lithosphere subducted to upper mantle depths. The exhumation from the upper mantle to lower or middle crustal depths can be explained by buoyancy forces. The tectonic block is interpreted to be combined with the quartz–mica schists at lower or middle crustal depths.
Inclusion‐trail geometry of albite porphyroblasts in a fold structure in the Sambagawa Belt, central Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Okamoto Kazuaki
Published: January 2004

The orientation of straight inclusion trails within albite porphyroblasts from basic schists has been measured around a north‐closure fold, in the Besshi district of the Sambagawa Belt, central Shikoku, Japan. The porphyroblasts are aligned with their longest dimension parallel to both the subhorizontal, east–west‐directed mineral lineation and to the fold axis. There is a systematic variation in inclusion‐trail geometry between the upper (northern) and lower (southern) fold limbs. The shear sense deduced from quartz c‐axis fabrics is top‐to‐the‐west in the upper limb and top‐to‐the‐east in the lower limb. Based on observed variations in porphyroblast inclusion trails, the structural history can be modelled as follows: (i) shear flow caused east–west stretching and folding of the metamorphic zonation; (ii) east–west ductile shear resulted in opposing senses of shear in the upper and lower limbs as the eclogite body situated in the core of the fold was extruded to the east.
Petrogenesis of dolomitic marbles from Rongcheng in the Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic terrane, eastern China
Authors: Ogasawara Y. , Zhang R. Y. , Liou J. G.
Published: January 2004

Marbles are interbedded with biotite–hornblende gneiss in the Rongcheng area, Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, eastern China. Both marble and gneiss include UHP eclogite layers and boudins. Seven dolomitic marbles were selected for petrologic investigation. Dolomitic marbles have assemblages of major constituent minerals: (i) Mg–Cal + Dol + Ol; (ii) Mg–Cal + Dol + Di + Ol; (iii) Mg–Cal + Dol + Di; (iv) Mg–Cal + Dol + Ti–Chu; (v) Mg–Cal + Ti–Chu + Di; and (vi) Mg–Cal + Dol + Ti–Chu + Di + Ol. Titanium–clinohumites of (iv) and (v) contain 3∼4 wt% in TiO2, but those in (vi) are < 3 wt% and are regarded as later‐stage replacement products from olivine. Assemblages indicate uneven distribution of XCO2 within an individual sample. Schreinemakers' analysis of assemblage Arg (Cal) + Dol + Chu + Di + Fo in the system CaO–MgO–SiO2–CO2–H2O with thermodynamic calculations indicates that Fo‐ and Chu‐bearing assemblages are stable at very low XCO2 conditions, whereas Arg (Cal) + Dol + Di is stable at relatively higher XCO2 conditions. When XCO2 conditions are extremely low, Fo‐bearing and Chu‐bearing assemblages are stable at T > 800 °C and P > 2.2 GPa (XCO2 = 0.01), and T > 730 °C and P > 2 GPa (XCO2 = 0.005). If such extremely low XCO2 is possible, the assemblages (i–v) could be regarded as products at UHP conditions excepting Mg–calcite transformed from aragonite + dolomite. Calcite–dolomite intergrowths are common in these assemblages. Mg–calcite inclusions were found in Ti–clinohumite of assemblage (iv) with well developed radial fractures. The maximum XMgCO3 value of 0.111 yields a solvus temperature of 698 °C. If this Mg–calcite formed from aragonite + dolomite, solvus thermometry gives a minimum P–T point along the equilibrium curve of the reaction aragonite + dolomite = Mg–calcite during the decompressional stage; T = 680 °C and P = 1.9 GPa. Along both the prograde and retrograde P–T paths for UHP dolomitic marbles, changes in model proportion among carbonate phases including aragonite, dolomite and Mg–calcite were proposed on the basis of the phase relations in CaCO3–CaMg(CO3)2. Aragonite + dolomite is a stable assemblage during the prograde stage. Appearance of the eutectoid point between aragonite and dolomite in the phase diagram plays an important role for phase changes in this system. After peak‐P, the following phase changes are predicted for the bulk compositions < XMgCO3 at the eutectoid point during the decompressional stage: (i) Arg + Dol; (ii) Arg + Dol → Mg–Cal (eutectoid composition); (iii) Arg + Mg–Cal (XMgCO3 < eutectoid composition); (iv) Mg–Cal; (v) Mg–Cal (low‐XMgCO3) + exsolved Dol.
Kinetic modeling of the coesite–quartz transition in an elastic field and its implication for the exhumation of ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks
Authors: Nishiyama Tadao
Published: January 2004

The present paper examines a kinetic model of the coesite–quartz transition under an elastic field. This model is applied to discuss the possible exhumation path of ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. By incorporating the model of transition kinetics into a three‐shelled composite sphere model in linear elasticity, the internal stresses in coesite, quartz, and garnet shells were calculated for given external pressure (P)–temperature (T ) paths. The occurrence of rupture provides a constraint on the temperature and the amount of quartz inverted from coesite at the rupture for each P–T path. Comparison of calculated results and the natural occurrence of coesite inclusion from the Dora Maira Massif, containing ∼ 27% quartz at the rupture, enables us to constrain the possible exhumation path and possible transition kinetics. A steep decompression path with slow transition kinetics is most favorable, which is consistent with the estimated P–T path during exhumation for most UHP metamorphic rocks.
Multi‐anvil re‐equilibration experiments of a Dabie Shan ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite within the diamond‐stability fields
Authors: Okamoto K. , Maruyama S.
Published: January 2004

An eclogite (UHP303) formed at ∼ 700 °C and P > 4 GPa from the Dabie Shan ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terrane and the same sample + 1.1 wt% K2O (UHK303) were used for re‐equilibrium experimental studies at P = 2.6–3.2 GPa and T = 900–1000 °C, employing a piston cylinder apparatus, and at P = 3–7 GPa and T = 900–1200 °C, employing a 1000 ton uniaxial multi‐anvil apparatus (SPI‐1000). Run products of UHP303 are composed of garnet, sodic augite, with or without a SiO2 phase and phengite. Textural evidence indicates that the solidus lies between 900 and 1000 °C at 5 GPa, and above 1000 °C at 3 and 7 GPa for UHP303. The solidus temperature decreases to 1000 °C at 3–5 GPa and below 900 °C at 5 GPa in UHK303. Composition of rock‐forming minerals of all run products were determined and compared with those of starting materials. Garnets of all run products have a relatively higher almandine + spessartine component (alm + sps 24–30 mol%) and lower grossular component (12–16) with constant pyrope component (58–61), compared to the starting garnet (grs16–26, alm 21–26, pyp 42–61). The stable Ca–Na pyroxenes are sodic augite rather than omphacite at T higher than 900 °C in the P = 3–7 GPa pressure range, and the Cpx compositional gap is completely closed. The K2O content of Ca–Na pyroxenes is a function of P and T, and serves as a potential barometer in the diamond‐stability field. Sodium content in garnet is negligible. Using the proposed K2O content in Ca–Na pyroxene as a function of pressure, the maximum Kokchetav UHP condition is suggested to have been 7 GPa at T = 900 °C.
An overview and tectonic synthesis of the pre‐Tertiary very‐high‐pressure metamorphic and associated rocks of Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Parkinson C. D. , Miyazaki K. , Wakita K. , Barber A. J. , Carswell D. A.
Published: January 2004

High‐pressure metamorphic rocks are widely distributed in Cretaceous accretionary complexes throughout Java, Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) and southeast Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Many of these rocks occur as imbricate slices of carbonate, quartzose and pelitic schists of shallow marine or continental margin parentage, interthrust with subordinate basic schists and serpentinite. They are predominantly of low‐to‐intermediate metamorphic grade (300 < T < 550 °C; 4 < P < 12 kbar) and yield mica K–Ar radiometric ages of 110–120 Ma. Metamorphic rocks that exhibit evidence of exhumation from much greater depths (> 60 km), however, are sporadically exposed, usually as tectonic blocks, throughout the Cretaceous accretionary complexes. They include eclogite, garnet–glaucophane rock (P = 18–24 kbar, T = 580–620 °C), and jadeite–garnet–quartz (?coesite) rock (?P > 27 kbar, T = 720–760 °C) in Bantimala, southwest Sulawesi; eclogite and garnet granulite in west central Sulawesi; eclogite and jadeite‐glaucophane‐quartz rock (P ∼ 22 kbar, T ∼ 530 °C) in Luk Ulo, Central Java; and Mg–chloritoid‐bearing whiteschists (P ∼ ?18 kbar) in the Meratus Mountains, southeast Kalimantan. Garnet lherzolites from depths of > 60 km are also associated with schists in east central Sulawesi (P = 22–28 kbar, T = 1000–1100 °C), west central Sulawesi (P = 16–20 kbar, T = 1050–1100 °C); and garnet pyroxenite (P ∼ 20 kbar, T ∼ 850 °C) occurs as blocks with pyrope–kyanite amphibolite, eclogite and blueschist, within Miocene conglomerate in Sabah, northeast Borneo. Many of the metamorphic rocks were probably recrystallized in a north‐dipping subduction zone at the margin of the Sundaland craton in the Early Cretaceous. Exhumation may have been facilitated by the collision of a Gondwanan continental fragment with the Sundaland margin at ca 120–115 Ma.
Metamorphic veins with kyanite, zoisite and quartz in the Zhu‐Jia‐Chong eclogite, Dabie Shan, China
Authors: Castelli Daniele , Rolfo Franco , Compagnoni Roberto , Xu Shutong
Published: January 2004

The Zhu‐Jia‐Chong quartz eclogites occur within two mica–epidote–garnet–plagioclase gneiss as lenses up to 200 m thick and more than 1 km long. The eclogite is medium‐grained and consists of omphacite, garnet, clinozoisite, minor kyanite and quartz. No evidence for the former presence of coesite was found. Locally, poikiloblastic amphibole occurs, which is zoned from glaucophane in the core to Mg–cummingtonite in the rim. In some localities, clinozoisite occurs as polycrystalline aggregates, interpreted as pseudomorphs after former porphyroblasts of lawsonite. The eclogite is cut by irregular metamorphic veins up to 20 cm thick and several meters long, consisting of kyanite ± zoisite ± omphacite ± rutile ± apatite ± clinozoisite in a quartz matrix. Locally, vein minerals attain pegmatite‐like grain size. Geothermobarometric calculations and mineral compatibilities of peak and retrograde minerals of both eclogite and veins indicate a clockwise P–T path, characterized by initial eclogitic conditions prograding from the lawsonite to the epidote stability field. The veins are considered to have formed before peak metamorphic conditions by prograde dehydration of lawsonite to kyanite + zoisite/clinozoisite + quartz + fluid; the fluid released from the reaction favored the growth of coarse‐grained vein minerals. The eclogitic peak, estimated at ∼ 24 kbar and 700 °C, is followed by a two‐stage retrograde evolution: the earlier stage, characterized by a quasi‐adiabatic decompression from eclogite‐ to the amphibolite‐facies conditions, implies a rapid exhumation from depths of ∼ 90 km to mid‐crustal levels; the later stage, characterized by slower exhumation rates, led to the final exposure of eclogites and country rocks. The role of lawsonite as storage of fluid in subducting plates is therefore discussed.
Petrogenesis of impure dolomitic marble from the Dabie Mountains, central China
Authors: Omori S. , Liou J. G. , Zhang R. Y. , Ogasawara Y.
Published: January 2004

Petrogeneses of impure dolomitic marble and enclosed eclogite from the Xinyan area, Dabie ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, central China were investigated with a special focus on fluid characteristics. Identified carbonate‐bearing UHP assemblages are Dol + Coe ± Arg (or Mgs) ± Ap, Dol + Omp ± Coe ± Ap ± Arg (or Mgs), Phen + Omp + Coe + Dol ± Arg and Dol + Coe + Phen + Rt ± Omp ± Arg ± Ap. Retrograde assemblages are characterized by symplectitic replacement of Tr–Ab and Di–Ab after omphacite, and Phl–Pl symplectite after phengite. The P–T conditions of UHP metamorphism were estimated to be P > 2.7 GPa and T > 670 °C by the occurrence of coesite inclusions in garnet in enclosed eclogite and garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer. The P–T conditions of initial amphibolitization were estimated to be 620 < T < 670 °C and 1.1 < P < 1.3 GPa by calcite–dolomite solvus thermometer and mineral parageneses. Phase relations in P–T–XCO2 space in the systems NaAl–CMSCH and KCMASCH were calculated in order to constrain fluid compositions. Compositions and parageneses of UHP‐stage minerals suggest the presence of fluid in UHP and exhumation stages. Occurrence of retrograde low‐variance assemblages indicates that fluid composition during amphibolitization was buffered. A metastable persistence of magnesite and very restricted occurrence of calcite, magnesite and dolomite suggest a low fluid content in the post‐amphibolitization stage.
Auditory Hallucinations in Nonpsychotic Children: Diagnostic Considerations
Authors: Mertin Peter , Hartwig Steve
Published: January 2004

Background:  Auditory hallucinations in childhood and adolescence are not necessarily an indication of psychosis, but are more frequently associated with a range of other mental health problems. Although not specifically linked to abuse as an aetiological factor, the literature reporting on hallucinations in children alludes to a range of family dysfunction and disruption.

Method:  This study reports on the auditory hallucinations of 13 children referred to a community‐based child and family mental health service exhibiting a variety of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The presence of the hallucinations was generally revealed during the course of the initial assessment.

Results:  None of the children were considered psychotic at initial presentation; however, all were experiencing high levels of stress and/or anxiety in their lives. Following the initial assessments children were given diagnoses ranging from generalised anxiety disorder, through adjustment disorder, to posttraumatic stress disorder. The hallucinations gradually disappeared over the course of therapy. Two case studies describe the hallucinations and family histories in more detail.

Conclusions:  The present study adds further confirmation of the presence of auditory hallucinations in nonpsychotic children. The clinical presentation of the children in the present study indicates an association between hallucinations and high levels of stress and anxiety, suggesting that mental health professionals should enquire more routinely about auditory hallucinations, particularly with those children from abusive and violent backgrounds.
Cognitive Therapy for Children, Young People and Families: Considering Service Provision
Authors: Derisley Jo
Published: January 2004

Background:  This article presents a case for the development of cognitive therapy services for children, adolescents and their families.

Method:  The theoretical basis of cognitive therapy is described, and illustrated with a case. The article continues by exploring the context for service development, with a specific emphasis on evaluating the evidence‐base for using cognitive therapy with children and adolescents. Consideration is also given to adapting cognitive therapy to the child's developmental level, and the evidence for the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioural family approaches.

Conclusions:  The article concludes by arguing that there is a need to address mental health difficulties in young people by providing effective treatment approaches. The development of cognitive therapy services would support the further evaluation of this therapeutic approach.
The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Revisited
Authors: Totsika Vasiliki , Sylva Kathy
Published: January 2004

This review describes the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). After describing the structure of the instrument, it shows how it has been used successfully in studies on normally developing children and on samples drawn from high‐risk populations. These are followed by studies showing how the HOME has been used to evaluate interventions. Although most interventions are not designed primarily on the basis of the HOME outcomes, the instrument has been used as a measure of the effectiveness of the intervention schedule. HOME has been used extensively in research to reveal relationships between several aspects of the home environment and children's developmental outcomes. The very good relationship between HOME scores and children's measures of developmental competence has also been found in non‐normative populations and research has attempted to identify the specific aspects of the home environment, as indexed by the HOME subscales that reveal the strengths or the weaknesses of homes of at‐risk populations.
The
HcrVf2
gene from a wild apple confers scab resistance to a transgenic cultivated variety
Authors: Belfanti Enrico , Silfverberg-Dilworth Eve , Tartarini Stefano , Patocchi Andrea , Barbieri Massimo , Zhu Jun , Vinatzer Boris A. , Gianfranceschi Luca , Gessler Cesare , Sansavini Silviero
Published: January 2004

The
Vf
gene from the wild species
Malus floribunda
821 is the most studied apple scab resistance gene. Several molecular markers mapping around this gene were the starting point for a positional cloning project. The analysis of the bacterial artificial chromosome clones spanning the
Vf
region led to the identification of a cluster of genes homologous to the
Cladosporium fulvum
resistance gene family of tomato. One of these genes,
HcrVf2
(homologue of the
C. fulvum
resistance genes of the
Vf
region), was used to transform the susceptible apple cultivar Gala. Four independent transformed lines resistant to apple scab were produced, proving that
HcrVf2
is sufficient to confer scab resistance to a susceptible cultivar. The results show that direct gene transfer between cross-compatible species can be viable when, as in apple, the use of backcrosses to introduce resistance genes from wild species cannot exactly reconstitute the heterozygous genotype of clonally propagated cultivars.
How risky is risk assessment: The role that life history strategies play in susceptibility of species to stress
Authors: Stark John D. , Banks John E. , Vargas Roger
Published: January 2004

Measurements of toxicity based on individuals, such as the LC50(concentration that kills 50% of a population), and effects on reproduction are used extensively in determining ecological risk, in particular, for endangered or threatened species. An underlying assumption is that individual-based toxicity metrics for one species can be directly compared with that for another species. However, this assumption overlooks the fact that different species have different life-history strategies and variables, such as lifespan, time to first reproduction, and number of offspring produced over a lifetime. Using a simple model and laboratory-derived parameter values, we tested the impact of differences in life-history traits on predicted responses to stress. The model predicts the delay in population growth. We compared seven invertebrate species by imposing 50% chronic mortality, 50% reduction of offspring, and both of these effects. The model predicted substantial differences in population delay among all of the species. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of increase of each population was negatively correlated with the delay in population growth; species with high intrinsic rates of increase were less susceptible to equal levels of stress than species with lower intrinsic rates of increase. These results suggest that the susceptibility of species to pollutants is more complicated than previously thought and that differences in life-history variables must be considered in analyses of population persistence for threatened and endangered species.
Multiple substrates of the
Legionella pneumophila
Dot/Icm system identified by interbacterial protein transfer
Authors: Luo Zhao-Qing , Isberg Ralph R.
Published: January 2004

Legionella pneumophila
is an intracellular pathogen that multiplies in a specialized vacuole within host cells. Biogenesis of this vacuole requires the Dot/Icm type IV protein translocation system. By using a Cre/
loxP
-based protein translocation assay, we found that proteins translocated by the Dot/Icm complex across the host phagosomal membrane can also be transferred from one bacterial cell to another. The flexibility of this system allowed the identification of several families of proteins translocated by the Dot/Icm complex. When analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy, a protein identified by this procedure, SidC, was shown to translocate across the phagosomal membranes to the cytoplasmic face of the
L. pneumophila
phagosome. The identification of large numbers of these substrates, and the fact that the absence of any one substrate rarely results in strong defects in intracellular growth, indicate that there is significant functional redundancy among the Dot/Icm translocation targets.
Successful induction of immune tolerance to enzyme replacement therapy in canine mucopolysaccharidosis I
Authors: Kakkis E. , Lester T. , Yang R. , Tanaka C. , Anand V. , Lemontt J. , Peinovich M. , Passage M.
Published: January 2004

Immune responses can interfere with the effective use of therapeutic proteins to treat genetic deficiencies and have been challenging to manage. To address this problem, we adapted and studied methods of immune tolerance used in canine organ transplantation research to soluble protein therapeutics. A tolerization regimen was developed that prevents a strong antibody response to the enzyme α-
l
-iduronidase during enzyme replacement therapy of a canine model of the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis I. The tolerizing regimen consists of a limited 60-day course of cyclosporin A and azathioprine combined with weekly i.v. infusions of low-dose recombinant human α-
l
-iduronidase. The canines tolerized with this regimen maintain a reduced immune response for up to 6 months despite weekly therapeutic doses of enzyme in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. Successful tolerization depended on high plasma levels of cyclosporin A combined with azathioprine. In addition, the induction of tolerance may require mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated uptake because α-
l
-iduronidase and α-glucosidase induced tolerance with the drug regimen whereas ovalbumin and dephosphorylated α-
l
-iduronidase did not. This tolerization method should be applicable to the treatment of other lysosomal storage disorders and provides a strategy to consider for other nontoleragenic therapeutic proteins and autoimmune diseases.
Assessing fitness costs for transgenicAedes aegyptiexpressing the GFP marker and transposase genes
Authors: Irvin Nic , Hoddle Mark S. , O'Brochta David A. , Carey Bryan , Atkinson Peter W.
Published: January 2004

The development of transgenic mosquitoes that are refractory to the transmission of human diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever has received much interest due to the ability to transform a number of vector mosquito species with transposable elements. Transgenic strains of mosquitoes have been generated with molecular techniques that exhibit a reduced capacity to transmit pathogens. These advancements have led to questions regarding the fitness of transgenic mosquitoes and the ability of transformed mosquitoes to compete and effectively spread beneficial genes through nontransformed field populations, the core requirement of a genetically based control strategy aimed at reducing the spread of mosquito-borne human disease. Here we examine the impact of transgenesis on the fitness ofAedes aegypti, a mosquito that transmits yellow fever. Mosquitoes were altered with two types of transgene, the enhanced GFP gene and two transposase genes from theHermesandMOS1transposable elements. We examined the effects of these elements on the survivorship, longevity, fecundity, sex ratio, and sterility of transformed mosquitoes and compared results to the nontransformed laboratory strain. We show that demographic parameters are significantly diminished in transgenic mosquitoes relative to the untransformed laboratory strain. Reduced fitness in transgenic mosquitoes has important implications for the development and utilization of this technology for control programs based on manipulative molecular modification.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives ofRafflesia, the world's largest flower
Authors: Barkman Todd J. , Lim Seok-Hong , Salleh Kamarudin Mat , Nais Jamili
Published: January 2004

All parasites are thought to have evolved from free-living ancestors. However, the ancestral conditions facilitating the shift to parasitism are unclear, particularly in plants because the phylogenetic position of many parasites is unknown. This is especially true forRafflesia, an endophytic holoparasite that produces the largest flowers in the world and has defied confident phylogenetic placement since its discovery >180 years ago. Here we present results of a phylogenetic analysis of 95 species of seed plants designed to infer the position ofRafflesiain an evolutionary context using the mitochondrial genematR(1,806 aligned base pairs). Overall, the estimated phylogenetic tree is highly congruent with independent analyses and provides a strongly supported placement ofRafflesiawith the order Malpighiales, which includes poinsettias, violets, and passionflowers. Furthermore, the phylogenetic placement ofMitrastema, another enigmatic, holoparasitic angiosperm with the order Ericales (which includes blueberries and persimmons), was obtained with these data. Although traditionally classified together,RafflesiaandMitrastemaare only distantly related, implying that their endoparasitic habits result from convergent evolution. Our results indicate that the previous significant difficulties associated with phylogenetic placement of holoparasitic plants may be overcome by using mitochondrial DNA so that a broader understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism may emerge.
The costs and benefits of library site licenses to academic journals
Authors: Bergstrom Carl T. , Bergstrom Theodore C.
Published: January 2004

Scientific publishing is rapidly shifting from a paper-based system to one of predominantly electronic distribution, in which universities purchase site licenses for online access to journal contents. Will these changes necessarily benefit the scientific community? By using basic microeconomics and elementary statistical theory, we address this question and find a surprising answer. If a journal is priced to maximize the publisher's profits, scholars on average are likely to be worse off when universities purchase site licenses than they would be if access were by individual subscriptions only. However, site licenses are not always disadvantageous. Journals issued by professional societies and university presses are often priced so as to maximize subscriptions while recovering average costs. When such journals are sustained by institutional site licenses, the net benefits to the scientific community are larger than if these journals are sold only by individual subscriptions.
Evidence for polar positional information independent of cell division and nucleoid occlusion
Authors: Janakiraman Anuradha , Goldberg Marcia B.
Published: January 2004

We present evidence that, in
Escherichia coli
, polar positional information is present at midcell independent of known cell division factors. In filamented cells, IcsA, which is normally polar, localizes at or near potential cell division sites. Because the cell pole is derived from the septum, the sites to which IcsA localizes in filaments correspond to future poles. IcsA localization to these sites is independent of FtsZ, MinCDE, septation, and nucleoid occlusion, indicating that positional information for the future pole is independent of cell division and chromosome positioning. Upon IcsA localization to these sites, septation is inhibited, suggesting that IcsA recognition of this polar positional information may influence cell division.
Rapid refinement of crystallographic protein construct definition employing enhanced hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS
Authors: Pantazatos Dennis , Kim Jack S. , Klock Heath E. , Stevens Raymond C. , Wilson Ian A. , Lesley Scott A. , Woods Virgil L.
Published: January 2004

Crystallographic efforts often fail to produce suitably diffracting protein crystals. Unstructured regions of proteins play an important role in this problem and considerable advantage can be gained in removing them. We have developed a number of enhancements to amide hydrogen/high-throughput and high-resolution deuterium exchange MS (DXMS) technology that allow rapid identification of unstructured regions in proteins. To demonstrate the utility of this approach for improving crystallization success, DXMS analysis was attempted on 24Thermotoga maritimaproteins with varying crystallization and diffraction characteristics. Data acquisition and analysis for 21 of these proteins was completed in 2 weeks and resulted in the localization and prediction of several unstructured regions within the proteins. When compared with those targets of known structure, the DXMS method correctly localized even small regions of disorder. DXMS analysis was then correlated with the propensity of such targets to crystallize and was further used to define truncations that improved crystallization. Truncations that were defined solely on DXMS analysis demonstrated greatly improved crystallization and have been used for structure determination. This approach represents a rapid and generalized method that can be applied to structural genomics or other targets in a high-throughput manner.
CO
2
, not \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}\begin{equation*}{\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}\end{equation*}\end{document}, facilitates oxidations by Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase plus H
2
O
2
Authors: Liochev Stefan I. , Fridovich Irwin
Published: January 2004

The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase catalyzes

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-dependent oxidations by H
2
O
2
. This activity has been shown to depend on the creation of a bound oxidant at the Cu(II) by interactions with H
2
O
2
. The bound oxidant was then thought to oxidize

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to

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, which diffuses into the bulk solution and there oxidizes diverse substrates. We now find that CO
2
rather than

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facilitates the peroxidations catalyzed by Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. This fact was shown by a lag in the rate of peroxidation of NADPH when

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was added last and by a burst in the rate when aqueous CO
2
was added last. Both the lag and the burst were eliminated by carbonic anhydrase.