bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of mortality with unmeasured anions in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation
Authors: Novovic Milos , Jevdjic Jasna
Published: October 2014

Background/Aim. Acid-base disorders are common within critically ill
patients. Physicochemical approach described by Stewart and modified by
Figge gives precise quantification method of metabolic acidosis and insight
into its main mechanisms, as well as influence of unmeasured anion on
metabolic acidosis. The aims of this study were to determine whether the
conventional acid-base variables are connected with survival rate of
critically ill patients at Intensive care unit; whether strong ion
difference/strong ion gap (SID/SIG) is a better predictor of mortality rate
comparing to conventional acid-base variables; to determine all significant
predictable parameters for the 28-day mortality rate at intensive care
units. Methods. This retrospective observational analytic study included 142
adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation, survivors (n = 68) and
nonsurvivors (n = 74). Apparent strong ion difference (SIDapp), effective
strong ion difference (SIDeff) and SIG values were calculated with the
Stewart-Figge?s quantitative biophysical method. Descriptive and analytical
statistical methods were used in the study [t-test, Mann-Whitney U test,
?2-test, binary logistic regression, Reciever operating characteristic
(ROC) curves, calibration]. Results. Age, Na+, acute physiology and chronic
health evaluation (APACHE II), Cl-, albumin, SIG, SID app, SIDeff, and
aninon gap (AG) were statistically significant predictors. AG represented a
model with imprecise calibration, i.e. a model with little predictive power.
APACHE II had p-value more than 0.05 if it was near it, and therefore it
could be considered potentially unreliable for outcome prediction. SIDeff
and SIG represented models with well-defined calibration. ROC analysis
results showed that APACHE II, Cl-, albumin, SIDeff, SIG i AG had the
largest area bellow the curve. By creation of logistic models with
calibration methods, we found that outcome depends on SIG and APACHE II
score. Conclusion. Based on our data, unmeasured anions provide prediction
of mortality of critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, unlike
the traditional acid-base variables which are not accurate predictors of the
28-day mortality rate.
A successful retrieval of stripped outer coating of J-tip diagnostic guidewire from the left popliteal artery during elective coronary angiography
Authors: Damjanovic Miodrag , Salinger-Martinovic Sonja , Djordjevic-Radojkovic Danijela , Koracevic Goran , Miloradovic Vladimir
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Entrapment and fracture of diagnostic or therapeutic devices
within the coronary circulatory system are a rare, but increasing problem.
Case report. A 70-yearold man was admitted in our clinic for coronary
angiography before the planned aortic valve replacement. An arterial sheath
was inserted in the right common femoral artery. After introducing a J-tip
diagnostic coronary guidewire into the aorta and advancing a left Judkins
diagnostic catheter over it, suddenly occured peeling off of the wire?s
hydrophilic coating at the aortic arch level. Very soon, this outer coating
of guidewire carried by the blood stream was entered into the left femoral
artery, then into the left popliteal artery. This stripped part of guidewire
was successfully caught and extracted out by using a goose-neck snare
catheter. Conclusion. A sudden stripping of outer coating of a J-tip
diagnostic hydrophilic coronary guidewire during coronary angiography is
possible to manage quickly and successfully by the use of a simple cathether.
Unusual metastasis of esophageal cancer
Authors: Vidovic Vladimir , Nikolic Ivan , Vukojevic Jelena , Samardzija Golub , Kukic Biljana , Bogdanovic Bogdan , Petrovic Nemanja
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Carcinoma of the esophagus is in the eighth place by the
frequency of malignant diseases and the sixth cause of death from cancer
worldwide. It usually metastasizes to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs,
central nervous system, and bones, but metastases can appear to unusual
locations such as facial skin and lips. Case report. We presented a 56-
year-old man who reported to his physician because of upper lip swelling. A
physical checkup of the patients also showed a lesion on the skin of the left
temporal region and both lesions were biopsied. Based on the results of
histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of the samples a diagnosis
of metastatic adenocarcinoma to the skin was established. Additional
diagnostic procedures, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy, detected the
infiltration into the distal part of esophagus, which was histopathologically
confirmed as adenocarcinoma of esophagus. The results of positron emission
tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examination showed the invasion of
the disease. Because of the disease expansion, a multidisciplinary oncology
team suggested chemo- and radiotherapy treatment. The patient has received 4
cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy so far. Conclusion. The physicians
should always consider unusual skin lesions as the first sign of cancer
spreading.
Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers
Authors: Corbett Andrew I. , Leggitt V. Leroy , Angelov Nikola , Olson Greg , Caruso Joseph M.
Published: October 2014

Objective: 

To compare the periodontal health of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth retained with two types of fixed retainers.

Materials and Methods: 

A fixed straight retainer (SR) group had 39 subjects, and a fixed wave retainer (WR) group had 35 subjects. Subjects were between the ages of 13 and 22 years and had been in fixed retention for 2 to 4 years. Pocket probing depths, bleeding on probing, plaque index, calculus index, recession, and gingival crevicular fluid volume were compared between the two retainer groups. A four-question oral hygiene survey was given to each subject. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher exact test was used to analyze the data.

Results: 

There was no clinically significant difference between the retainer groups regarding plaque index, gingival crevicular fluid volume, calculus index, recession, bleeding on probing, and pocket probing depths. A statistically significant increase in the reported frequency of flossing (P  =  .006) and ease of flossing (P < .001) was associated with the WR group. There was no significant difference between the groups in reported frequency of brushing and comfort of the retainer.

Conclusions: 

Under the conditions of this study, no clinical difference was found in the periodontal health of anterior teeth retained with a SR or WR for a period of 2 to 4 years. Subjects in the WR group reported an increase in frequency and ease of flossing.
Effects of laser vs ultrasound on bone healing after distraction osteogenesis: A histomorphometric analysis
Authors: Medeiros Myrla Alves Barros , do Nascimento Leonard Euler Andrade Gomes , Lau Thiago Chon Leon , Mineiro Ana Lys Bezerra Barradas , Pithon Matheus Melo , Sant'Anna Eduardo Franzotti
Published: October 2014

Objective: 

To assess the effects of low-level laser irradiation vs ultrasound irradiation on bone healing after distraction osteogenesis.

Materials and Methods: 

Distraction osteogenesis was performed with rapid maxillary expansion devices (Hyrax-Morelli, Sorocaba, São Paulo Brazil) in 24 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). After a 2-day latency period, the distraction devices were activated for 10 days at a rate of 1 mm/d. Four groups of six animals were treated as follows: (1) control, (2) laser irradiation on the right side, (3) ultrasound irradiation on the right side, and (4) laser irradiation on the right side and ultrasound on the left side. Histomorphometric analysis was used to assess the bone healing area. Analysis of variance was used to perform the statistical analyses.

Results: 

The influence of low-intensity laser associated with ultrasound irradiation on bone healing was statistically significant. The analyses showed the greatest amount of bone healing in the jaws of animals in group 4, which received treatment with both ultrasound and laser.

Conclusion: 

This study concluded that bone healing is accelerated with the application of laser irradiation. The greatest effects were observed with combined ultrasound and laser treatment.
Loss of NADPH Oxidase–Derived Superoxide Skews Macrophage Phenotypes to Delay Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Padgett Lindsey E. , Burg Ashley R. , Lei Weiqi , Tse Hubert M.
Published: October 2014

Macrophages are early islet-infiltrating cells seen in type 1 diabetes (T1D). While proinflammatory M1 macrophages induce T1D, M2 macrophages have been shown to delay this autoimmune disease in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, but the environmental cues that govern macrophage polarization and differentiation remain unresolved. We previously demonstrated the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in T1D, as NOD mice deficient in NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived superoxide (Ncf1m1J) were protected against T1D partly because of blunted Toll-like receptor–dependent macrophage responses. We provide evidence that NOX-derived ROS contribute to macrophage differentiation in T1D. During spontaneous diabetes progression, T1D-resistant NOD.Ncf1m1J islet-resident macrophages displayed a dampened M1 and increased M2 phenotype. The transfer of diabetogenic T cells into NOX-deficient NOD.Rag.Ncf1m1J recipients resulted in decreased TNF-α+ and IL-1β+ islet-infiltrating M1 macrophages and a concomitant enhancement in arginase-1+ M2 macrophages. Mechanistic analysis of superoxide-deficient bone marrow–derived macrophages revealed a marked diminution in a proinflammatory M1 phenotype due to decreased P-STAT1 (Y701) and interferon regulatory factor 5 compared with NOD mice. We have therefore defined a novel mechanistic link between NOX-derived ROS and macrophage phenotypes, and implicated superoxide as an important factor in macrophage differentiation. Thus, targeting macrophage redox status may represent a promising therapy in halting human T1D.
Detection of „Hotspot Mutations in Catalytic Subunit of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (Pik3ca) by Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: A. Mendelova , V. Holubekova , P. Zubor , E. Jezkova , K. Gemzova , L. Plank , J. Danko , Z. Lasabova
Published: October 2014

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of proteins involved in the regulation of cell survival, growth, metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Increased PI3K activity is associated with many cancers. PIK3CA gene (encoding p110 , the catalytic subunit of PI3K) is commonly mutated in breast cancer. In our study we focused on the detection of “hotspot” mutations in exons 9 and 20 of the PIK3CA gene in paraffin-embedded tissue of patients with breast cancer. We optimized conditions of allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and we used direct sequencing to verify our results. Overall, three “hotspot” mutations in PIK3CA gene in paraffin-embadded tissue from breast cancer were detected by allele-specific PCR. All results were verified by direct sequencing of PCR products and we observed 100% agreement between those two methods. We confirmed that allele-specific PCR assay is low cost method usefull for accurate detection of PIK3CA mutations.
Our Experience with Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in the Therapy of Morbid Obesity
Authors: R. Koren , L. Marko , P. Vladovlc
Published: October 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results and experience with Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in the treatment of morbid obesity.

Methods: The authors in their retrospective analysis evaluate their 6-years experience with LSG on the Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Endoscopy in Banská Bystrica. The study is aimed at the examination of the efficacy of LSG on the weight loss as well as on its effect on the associated diseases after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after LSG.

Results: The % Excess Weight Loss (%EWL) in obese patients 2 years after LSG was 74.4%. There was also regression of diabetes mellitus (DM) in 75% patients and arterial hypertension in 68.7% patients after LSG.

Conclusion: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective method in the case of weight loss as well as in the regression of associated diseases.
Potential Inequality with Hilbert Type Kernels
Authors: Elezović Neven , Pečarić Josip , Praljak Marjan
Published: October 2014

We generalize to the n-dimensional case the set of sufficient conditions on the kernel under which the maximum principle and the potential inequality hold, given by Rao and Šikić in the 1-dimensional case. These conditions are satisfied for Hilbert-type kernels and we are able to construct new families of exponentially convex functions.
Acoustic Divergence in Domestic Horses
Authors: Holeckova Stepanka , Policht Richard
Published: October 2014

We tested whether pronounced morphological variability of horses caused by artificial selection was followed also by variation in their vocalization. We compared whinnies of 10 breeds representing horse varieties both in morphology and history using discrimination analyses (Wilks´ lambda = 0.070). Whinnies of Shetland pony were the most distinct from calls of other breeds (74.1% classification success). This result is in agreement with distinction based on morphological features. Whinnies of the primitive Hucul horse belonged among the most correctly classified ones (73.5%). Classification results of both Old Kladruby horse colour forms were very different: whinnies of the grey form revealed the least successful classification (18.9%) whilst calls of the black form showed one of the best classification outputs (72.4%). A surprising result was the extreme vocal distinction between the heaviest breeds, confirmed by discrimination analysis, the Czech-Moravian Belgian (55.5%), and Silesian Noriker (51.4%). This finding was contrary to their morphological similarity.

The relationship between morphological and acoustical variables revealed a significant correlation (r ˂ -0.57). Our results did not confirm the hypothesis of acoustic distinction in horse breeds based simply on their morphology. However, whinnies of an old breed, the Shetland pony, were the most distinct ones from all the others. The other old breeds, the Thoroughbred and the Old Kladruby horses, clustered together with the modern Czech warmblood. Our results seem to not confirm the second hypothesis of vocal distinction based on the length of time since establishment of the respective breed. Significant differences among horse breeds indicate the process of vocal distinction during the process of artificial selection.
Plea Bargaining as an Example of the Recent Changes in the Finnish Ciriminal Procedural Paradigm
Authors: Ervo Laura
Published: October 2014

In Finland, a government bill on plea bargaining is now at the parliament. In Estonia, Norway, Denmark, Germany and Latvia they have adopted similar systems already. In Sweden and Iceland plea bargaining is not possible. As a procedural instrument, plea bargaining is something quite new in Europe, and in the Baltic and in the Nordic countries. How does it fit into our systems and into our way of thinking? If we look at the current trends in criminal proceedings fairness, procedural justice, conflict resolution, negotiated law, pragmatically acceptable compromise, procedural truth, party autonomy, court service, communication and interaction are good examples of the topics which are currently being discussed. All these examples indicate that the criminal jurisdiction has become more communal. It has even been said that criminal proceedings have recently become closer civil proceedings, which seems to be quite true. Still, efficiency plays a major role in European adjudication thanks to economic crisis and lack of resources. How to understand the role of plea bargaining in this set? At least the legislator has pointed out the efficiency, the appropriate allocation of resources and the simplifying the criminal proceedings when suggesting adopting the plea bargaining in Finland. The novelty has not been put into philosophical context or into the systemic context of criminal proceedings. It looks like the legislator adopts some single instruments from the foreign legal orders if they seem to fit well into legislators’ puzzle to intensify the proceedings and to save the state money. However, there seem to be more coherent trends behind all of that as well - namely, the change of paradigm.
Consent to Arbitration and the Legacy of the Spp V. Egypt Case
Authors: Palevičienė Solveiga
Published: October 2014

The aim of this article is to identify the main principles governing the interpretation of domestic law clauses that grant jurisdiction to ICSID arbitration and to analyse the meaning of such provisions in the context of the SPP v. Egypt case as the first case on the issue. The article first examines the peculiarities of consent to ICSID jurisdiction by way of national legislation. In the first part the analysis of the practice of arbitral tribunals in which a claim was introduced on the basis of consent to arbitration in domestic law shows that specific language of national legislation on consent to arbitration varies considerably. Therefore, since consent is the “cornerstone” of the Centre’s jurisdiction, arbitral tribunals recognize that not all references to ICSID arbitration in national legislation amount to consent. They approach the task of ascertaining the existence of such consent with great care. In the second part, the article focuses on the SPP v. Egypt case on the issue and analyses challenges that the tribunal met in interpreting relevant national clauses and establishing the consent to arbitration. Finally, this article discusses the legacy of interpretation standard of SPP v. Egypt case in context of the dissenting opinion and further case law. It is argued that the rules of interpretation of domestic law clauses that grant jurisdiction to ICSID arbitration are conditioned by the sui generis nature of consent to arbitration as unilateral declarations capable of giving rise to international legal obligations. Therefore, for the purpose of establishing whether there is consent to arbitration provided in national legislation, international tribunals reasonably take a balanced approach and use the methodological mix of rules of interpretation involving various sources: the VCLT, customary law principles governing unilateral declarations and domestic legislation. Additionally, this article provides suggestions on the possible role of the Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of states capable of creating legal obligations (Guiding principles) in interpreting domestic provisions containing an offer to arbitrate before ICSID.
Flow Cytometric Determination of the Expression of gp 51 Protein of Bovine Leukaemia Virus in Experimentally Infected Sheep
Authors: Szczotka Maria
Published: October 2014

The study was performed on lambs experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The presence of BLV antibodies in sera of infected animals was detected by agar gel immunodiffusion test and ELISA. Proviral DNA was detected by PCR and nested PCR. Dual-colour flow cytometry analysis was performed with the use of specific monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte CD markers and gp51 viral envelope protein, followed by incubation with fluorescent-labelled secondary antibodies conjugated with FITC or PE. Gp51 viral envelope protein was detected in tumours caused by BLV infection. The BLV infection resulted in depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes, increase in CD8+ lymphocytes, and decrease in CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in infected sheep. Proliferation of IgM+ CD19+ cells was also detected. These cells had an immature character without tendency to differentiate, and their vitality was prolonged. Flow cytometry enabled detection of gp51 expression in sheep blood lymphocytes at the early stages of the infection, before detection of serum antibodies using ELISA.
Effect of Persistent Infection of Mink with Aleutian Mink Disease Virus on Reproductive Failure
Authors: Reichert Michał , Kostro Krzysztof
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of asymptomatic infections of mink with Aleutian mink disease virus (AMD on reproductive performance and the morphology of the internal organs. The study drew its subjects from two farms where the disease was endemic and included 450 clinically healthy female mink divided into three equal groups: two AMD positive groups and one AMD negative control group. The mink were subjected to clinical observations throughout the period of reproduction, and then for the first seven weeks after birth. Data collected during this period were evaluated using selected breeding and reproductive indices. All reproductive indices including conception rate, litter size, and litter weight at birth as well as neonatal mortality were substantially poorer. Histopathological examination revealed changes typical for AMD, particularly in the spleen, kidneys, liver, and lymph nodes. The results highlighted and proved the frequently underestimated extent of economic losses on farms where AMD is endemic yet the mink stock is apparently healthy.
Post-Mortem Evaluation of Pathological Lesions in European Bison (Bison Bonasus) in the Białowieża Primeval Forest Between 2008 and 2013
Authors: K. Krzysiak Michał , Dackiewicz Jerzy , Kęsik-Maliszewska Julia , Larska Magdalena
Published: October 2014

The study presents the analysis of the findings of 234 post-mortem examinations on free-ranging and captive European bison selectively culled or having fallen between 2008 and 2013 in Białowieża Primeval Forest. Pneumonia, emphysema, nephritis, bodily traumas, and intestinal lesions were observed in 106 (45.3%), 77 (32.9%), 82 (35.0%), 68 (29.1%), and 56 (23.9%) animals respectively and were the most common pathological changes. Almost half of all males (66 out of 140; 47.1%) tested showed some pathological changes of prepuce and penis, described as posthitis or balanoposthitis. Infection with liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) was observed macroscopically in 114 (48.7%) and 80 (32.9%) bison respectively. F. hepatica prevalence was associated with the emergence of other liver changes such as hepatitis and cirrhosis (P < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of D. viviparus coincided with pneumonia (P = 0.001), changes in the upper respiratory tract (P = 0.04), and emphysema (P < 0.001). Hepatitis, infection with F. hepatica, and pathological lesions in the male and female reproductive tracts were associated with the animals’ age. Mechanical injuries, caused by other bison or less commonly by traffic accidents, were the most common cause of death of bison below six months of age. Most pathological changes were significantly more frequent in the selectively culled animals in comparison with the ones having fallen, which confirms the desirability of elimination as a tool to improve the health and welfare of the bison population and limit the number of reservoirs of invasive and possibly infectious diseases.
Important Structural Linkages in the Process of Income Circulation Defined by SAMs
Authors: Tomaszewicz Łucja
Published: October 2014

The main aim of this paper is to present the analytical possibilities offered by Social Accounting Matrices as regards economic policy. These matrices are synthetic presentations of income flows in the economy, described by the international statistical system - System of National Accounts (SNA). Comparative analyses presented in the paper are based on the structure of transactions observed in SNA for three years (2002, 2007, 2012) for selected countries (Germany, Spain, Poland, Bulgaria). The analysis includes a comparative study of the expenditure and income structure of individual institutional sectors, SAM multipliers as an important analytical tool, and the importance of SNA transactions, evaluated by how their changes influence multipliers.
Franchising as a Way of Creating Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Authors: Lewandowska Lucyna
Published: October 2014

The article analyses franchising as a business model based on an economic relationship between the parties. The discussion of the early forms of franchising and of factors stimulating its development in Poland and the world is followed by the presentation of data showing franchise growth trends in Poland for, respectively, domestic and foreign brands. The article highlights the advantages of franchising, which allow it to resist economic crises, stimulate entrepreneurship and innovativeness, and minimise business risks. It also offers a number of comments, observations and conclusions on the synergies that both firms and the Polish economy as a whole can derive from franchising.
Wykorzystanie Testów DST w Rozpoznaniu i Udostêpnianiu Złóż Wêglowodorów Na Przykładzie Utworów Jury Górnej-Kredy Dolnej Zapadliska Przedkarpackiego
Authors: Dubiel Stanisław , Uliasz-Misiak Barbara
Published: October 2014

Streszczenie

W publikacji przedstawiono problemy wykorzystania wyników testów DST w pracach zwią-zanych z rozpoznaniem i udostêpnianiem złóż wêglowodorów. Możliwośæ zastosowania wyników testów do projektowania technologii badañ DST w rozpoznawanych złożach oraz podejmowanie decyzji technologicznych w trakcie udostêpniania złóż przedstawiono na przykładzie utworów jury górnej-kredy dolnej zapadliska przedkarpackiego.

W projektowaniu technologii testów DST zaproponowano wykorzystanie: wyników badañ geofi-zycznych, prognozowania statystycznego warunków złożowych i parametrów technologicznych, wyników kontroli technicznej testu, stosowanych metod interpretacji oraz przetwarzania uzyskanych rezultatów.

Omówiono możliwośæ zastosowania informacji uzyskanych z interpretacji testów DST w rozpoz-nawaniu złóż wêglowodorów. Umożliwiają one określenie podstawowych parametrów złożowych, a także dokonanie szczegółowej diagnostyki złożowej możliwe dziêki oparciu na analizie i interpretacji rezultatów testów DST tradycyjną metodą Hornera oraz nowoczesną metodą log-log w za-leżności od jakości uzyskanych wykresów ciśnienia.

Na przykładzie utworów jury górnej-kredy dolnej zapadliska przedkarpackiego przedstawiono sposób wykorzystania danych statystycznych uzyskanych z testów DST w projektowaniu kolejnych testów.

Na podstawie opracowanych schematów blokowych wykazano, że dogłêbna analiza technologii testów DST może poprawiæ jakośæ i kompletnośæ uzyskiwanych rezultatów oraz umożliwiæ podejmowanie efektywnych decyzji technologicznych w procesie udostêpniania złóż oraz oceny produk-tywności badanych utworów.
Ocena Opłacalności Wzbogacania Wêgla W Układach Osadzarek
Authors: Boron Sergiusz , Pielot Joachim , Wojaczek Antoni
Published: October 2014

Streszczenie

Procesy wzbogacania mają decydujący wpływ na zbyt produktów handlowych. Ważnym zagad-nieniem jest uzyskiwanie maksymalnej wartości produkcji z wêgla surowego przy różnych kontrak-tach handlowych. Istotne jest wiêc poszukiwanie nowych sposobów zwiêkszenia wartości produkcji.

Krzywe rozdziału osadzarek mają kształt odbiegający od idealnej krzywej, co powoduje, że w procesie wzbogacania grawitacyjnego pojawiają siê ziarna błêdne. Zastosowanie grupy osadzarek poprawia kształt wypadkowych krzywych rozdziału. Dziêki temu przy tej samej zadanej zawartości popiołu w koncentracie koñcowym z grupy dwóch osadzarek (rys. 3): z ponownym wzbogacaniem koncentratu (2 os. K) i z recyrkulacjąproduktu pośredniego (2 os. rec. KO) możliwe jest uzyskanie znacząco wiêkszej wartości produkcji niż w przypadku pojedynczej osadzarki - szczególnie w przypadku małej zadanej zawartości popiołu. Wzrost wartości produkcji jest szczególnie znaczący w przypadku nadawy trudno wzbogacalnej. Oszacowanie przyrostu kosztów eksploatacyjnych (koszty inwestycyjne zostały pominiête jako nieistotne w przeliczeniu na 1 Mg wêgla wzbogacanego w całym okresie eksploatacji drugiej osadzarki) pokazuje, że właśnie w przypadku małej zadanej zawartości popiołu zastosowanie drugiej osadzarki może byæ ekonomicznie opłacalne (rys. 5). Jeśli wiêc w zakładzie wzbogacania znajduje siê wiêcej osadzarek, to celowym działaniem jest odpo-wiednie ich wykorzystanie, poprzez zastosowanie wzbogacania wtórnego lub z recyrkulacją produktu pośredniego.

Gdy osadzarka ma zbyt małą wydajnośæ w stosunku do ilości wêgla surowego, wtedy stosuje siê wzbogacanie równoległe w dwóch lub trzech osadzarkach (układ 3 os. na rys. 6a). W przypadku różnych klas ziarnowych nadawy krzywe rozdziału mają różny kształt (rys. 2), dlatego efekty wzbogacania są różne w poszczególnych klasach ziarnowych. Z tego powodu celowe jest wzbogacanie w układzie równoległym z rozdzielaniem klas ziarnowych (układ 3 os. kl na rys. 6b), a wiêc ze wstêpną klasyfikacją. W takim przypadku możliwy jest dobór gêstości rozdziału w poszczególnych osadzarkach, maksymalizujący wychód koncentratu o zadanej jakości. Maksymalizowana jest wiêc wartośæ produkcji. Wartośæ ta jest wiêksza niż w układzie referencyjnym 3 os., zwłaszcza przy małej zadanej zawartości popiołu oraz w przypadku nadawy trudno wzbogacalnej.

W układach osadzarek możliwe jest uzyskanie mniejszej minimalnej zadanej zawartości popiołu w koncentracie niż w przypadku układów referencyjnych (1 os. lub 3 os.).

Niniejsze opracowanie, dotyczące zagadnieñ wzbogacania wielokrotnego (wtórnego bez re-cyrkulacji i z recyrkulacją produktu pośredniego), wpisuje siê w nurt postulowanego doskonalenia metod wzbogacania. Rozpatrzenie wzbogacania w układach osadzarek powinno byæ szczególnie istotne w przypadku zadañ projektowych lub modernizacyjnych w zakładzie wzbogacania wêgla.
Modelowanie Koncentracji Czêści Stałych W Nadawie Do Flotacji Wêgla Kamiennego
Authors: Joostberens Jarosław
Published: October 2014

Streszczenie

W polskich rozwiązaniach systemów sterowania i monitorowania procesu flotacji wêgla kamien-nego zwykle z parametrów nadawy tylko natêżenie przepływu oraz koncentracja czêści stałych są mierzone w sposób ciągły. Z punktu widzenia sterowania procesu flotacji, wielkości te należy traktowaæ jako zakłócenia, gdyż podlegają losowym zaburzeniom zmieniającej siê nadawy. Lo-sowe zmiany koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie mogą w istotny sposób wpływaæ na parametry ilościowe i jakościowe produktów flotacji wêgla. Z tego punktu widzenia opis mierzonej koncen-tracji czêści stałych w nadawie w postaci modelu matematycznego nabiera szczególnego znaczenia. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeñ identyfikacyjnych modelu koncentracji czêści stałych nadawy kierowanej do procesu flotacji wêgla kamiennego jako zakłócenia. Dane pomiarowe niez-bêdne do wyznaczenia empirycznego modelu koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie uzyskano z reje-stracji prowadzonej w trzech nastêpujących po sobie okresach pracy obiektu przemysłowego jednej z polskich kopalñ. Pomiar koncentracji czêści stałych realizowany był z użyciem gêstościomierza izotopowego. Pierwsza seria danych pomiarowych wykorzystana została do wyznaczenia modelu koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie, a dwie pozostałe serie danych pomiarowych wykorzystano do weryfikacji obliczonego modelu. Przebiegi czasowe koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie opisano za pomocą modelu ARMA o postaci (1), a estymacji parametrów modeli dokonano dwustopniową metodą najmniejszych kwadratów. Wyniki identyfikacji i przeprowadzona weryfikacja wyznaczo-nego modelu wykazały słusznośæ przyjêcia modelu ARMA rzêdu trzeciego o parametrach (9).

Parametry tego modelu ARMA wyznaczono opierając siê na ciągu reszt opisanym modelem rzêdu czwartego (tab. 1). Wyznaczony model koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie do flotacji wêgla jako zakłócenia wykorzystano do opracowania modelu predykcyjnego, umożliwiającego jednokrokowe prognozowanie wartości koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie z horyzontem predykcji równym okresowi próbkowania. Stwierdzono, że jednokrokowe prognozowanie oparte na wyznaczonym równaniu predyktora (13) daje wyniki zbieżne z zarejestrowanymi wartościami koncentracji czêści stałych w nadawie.
Processes and Technologies for the Recycling of Spent Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Kujawski Wojciech , Pospiech Beata
Published: October 2014

The growing industrial application of rare earth metals led to great interest in the new technologies for the recycling and recovery of REEs from diverse sources. This work reviews the various methods for the recycling of spent fluorescent lamps. The spent fluorescent lamps are potential source of important rare earth elements (REEs) such as: yttrium, terbium, europium, lanthanum and cerium. The characteristics of REEs properties and construction of typical fl uorescent lamps is described. The work compares also current technologies which can be utilized for an efficient recovery of REEs from phosphors powders coming from spent fluorescent lamps. The work is especially focused on the hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes. It was concluded that hydrometallurgical processes are especially useful for the recovery of REEs from spent fluorescent lamps. Moreover, the methods used for recycling of REEs are identical or very similar to those utilized for the raw ores processing.
The Impact of Dry Mass Content in Pig Liquid Manure on its Treatment with a Filtration Method
Authors: Kowalski Zygmunt , Makara Agnieszka , Marszałek Marta , Hoffmann Józeff , Hoffmann Krystyna
Published: October 2014

The present study examines the impacts of dry mass content in pig liquid manure on its treatment with a filtration method. Samples of liquid manure with variable dry mass content were subjected to treatment using phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, lime milk and superphosphate, as well as to thermal treatment, while in the last phase of pressure filtration. Increased dilution of the manure resulted in a reduced raw materials consumption ratio and improved filtration process efficiency, which ranged from 408 to 3765 kg/m2/h. The highest filtration efficiency was achieved using manure containing 3% dry mass, while the lowest efficiency was observed in manure at 10% dry mass. The increase in liquid manure dilution also reduced chemical oxygen demand in the filtrate, which ranged from 15 062 to 3656 mg/l. An appropriate manure dilution level, under the constant parameters of the treatment process, reduced phosphorus content in the filtrate to < 10 mg/kg while simultaneously enriching the post-filtration sediment with this precious fertilizing component.
Gregory Palamas and our Knowledge of God
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2014

Although Gregory wrote very little about this. he acknowledged that natural reason can lead us from the orderliness of the physical world to the existence of God; in this, he followed the tradition of Athanasius and other Greek fathers. Unlike Aquinas, he did not seek to present the argument a; deductive: in fact his argument is inductive, and of die same kind as - we now realize - scientists and historians use when they argue from phenomena to then explanatory cause. Gregory wrote hardly anything about how one could obtain knowledge of the truths of the Christian revelation by arguments from non-question-beggining premises; but in his conversations with the Turks he showed that he believed that there are good arguments of this kind. Almost all of Gregory's writing about knowledge of God concerned how one could obtain this by direct access in prayer: this access, he held is open especially to monks, but to a considerable degree also to all Christians who follow the divine commandments.
Techniques and Rules of Ineffability in the Dionysian Corpus
Authors: Knepper Timothy D.
Published: October 2014

Is the Dionysian God, or an experience of the Dionysian God, absolutely ineffable? Does the Dionysian corpus assert or perform such ineffability? This paper will argue that the answer to each of these questions is no. The Dionysian God is known hyper-nous as the hyper-ousia cause of all. And the Dionysian corpus unambiguously refers to, asserts of, and metaphorizes about this God just so. In arguing these points, this paper will call upon both the speech act theory of John Searle and the metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. More particularly, it will look to Searle’s rules of reference and predication and conditions of illocutionary acts, as well as Lakoff and Johnson’s schematization of metaphor gestalt and entailment to show how Dionysian expressions of inexpressibility are rule-governed and the Dionysian God is thereby (relatively) effable.
Theorizing Jewish Ethics
Authors: Mittleman Alan
Published: October 2014

The concept of Jewish ethics is elusive. Law occupies a prominent place in the phenomenology of traditional Judaism. What room is left for ethics? This paper argues that the dichotomy between law and ethics, with regard to Judaism, is misleading. The fixity of these categories presumes too much, both about normativity per se and about Judaism. Rather than naming categories “law” and “ethics” should be seen as contrastive terms that play a role in fundamental arguments about how to characterize Judaism.
Varieties of Religious Visualizations
Authors: Zahavy Tzvee
Published: October 2014

In this paper, I describe several distinct visualizations that I recognize in Jewish prayers. By the term prayers, I mean the texts recited by Jews in religious ritual contexts. By the term visualizations, I mean the formation of mental visual images of a place and time, of a narrative activity or scene, or of an inner disposition. The goals of the visualizations can include: (1) professed communication with God, articulation of common religious values for (2) personal satisfaction or for (3) the sake of social solidarity, or (4) attainment of altered inner emotional states or moods.
“Teaching to the Test” in the NCLB Era
Authors: Jennings Jennifer L. , Bearak Jonathan Marc
Published: October 2014

What is “teaching to the test,” and can one detect evidence of this practice in state test scores? This paper unpacks this concept and empirically investigates one variant of it by analyzing test item–level data from three states’ mathematics and reading tests. We show that NCLB-era state tests predictably emphasized some state standards while consistently excluding others; a small number of standards typically accounted for a substantial fraction of test points. We find that students performed better on items testing frequently assessed standards—those that composed a larger fraction of the state test in prior years—which suggests that teachers targeted their instruction towards these predictably tested skills. We conclude by describing general principles that should guide high-stakes test construction if a policy goal is to ensure that test score gains accurately represent gains in student learning.
Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants and Methods for Determination of Their Antimicrobial Activity – Review
Authors: Tyagi Shilpa , Tyagi Vinod Kumar
Published: October 2014

Newly series of Gemini surfactants have emerged which are composed of two hydrophobic tails and two cationic head groups linked by spacer group. Today, these cationic Gemini surfactants are attracting attention of the researchers as these surfactants are more efficient in lowering surface tension as the conventional ones. Cationic Gemini surfactants have lower critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and higher surface tension reduction as compared to those of corresponding monoalkyl ammonium salts. They have wide industrial and household applications. They can be used as emulsifiers, dispersing and anti-foaming agents etc. Cationic Gemini surfactants show good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activity has also been studied against fungi and yeast species. These cationic Gemini surfactants can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral agents. This review paper deals with synthesis, antimicrobial activity, methods for determining antimicrobial activity (MIC means minimum inhibitory concentration) and applications of cationic Gemini surfactants.
Micellar Encapsulation of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Glucose Derived Non-Ionic Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Sharma Lalit , Saroj  , Singh Nirmal
Published: October 2014

Novel glucose-based non-ionic gemini surfactants consisting of two sugar head groups, two hydrophobic tails having chain length of C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18 and –CH2-C6H4-CH2– as a rigid spacer were synthesized and investigated for their micellar encapsulation properties. The head groups of the geminis consist of glucose entities (with reducing function blocked in cyclic acetal group) connected through C-6 to tertiary amines. These surfactants were explored for micellar encapsulation of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) viz. fluorene, anthracene, triptycene and pyrene in 20% ethanol–water mixture. Micellar studies revealed that PAHs were encapsulated in the sequence fluorene > anthracene > triptycene > pyrene and the better efficiency of gemini surfactant was dependent on longer alkyl tail but lesser HLB value.
Impact of Artificial UV-Light on Optical and Protective Effects of Cotton After Washing with Detergent Containing Fluorescent Compounds
Authors: Dekanić Tihana , Soljačić Ivo , Pušić Tanja
Published: October 2014

Bleached cotton and polyester/cotton blend fabrics were laundered at 60°C and 90°C with standard ECE detergent with addition of selected fluorescent compounds through 10 cycles. As fluorescent whitening agents for cellulosic materials are most often used in detergents, two types of these were selected – stilbene and biphenyl. UV absorber, a stilbene derivative, as a separate type of fluorescent compounds, was added on its own and in a combination with both types of fluorescent whitening agents. After each laundering cycle cotton and PES/cotton blend fabrics were exposed to artificial light for 60 and 180 minutes. Obtained optical and protective effects were monitored through whiteness degree, remission and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). Optical effects of cotton fabrics laundered in a detergent containing fluorescent whitening agents of stilbene and biphenyl type exhibit considerable sensitivity to light. It was not found that irradiation reduces the UPF meaning that even decomposition products of fluorescent compounds, created by irradiation, absorb UV radiation as well.
Simulating Consumer-Like Air Drying of Dishes via Thermal Drying Process
Authors: Gorny Susanne , Widdig Jessica , Bichler Sandra , Stamminger Rainer
Published: October 2014

The current EN 50242/EN 60436:2008 tests the performance of electric household dishwashers by using soiled dishes persistently dried in a thermal cabinet. Assuming the conditions of soiling load and persistence of the soiling as representative for consumer behaviour may be challenged. The difficulty in laboratory testing is to simulate usage behaviour under restrictions of limited time and personnel conditions. The task was to verify if the thermal drying of dishes in a thermal cabinet is able to mimic the typical air drying of dishes in consumer households. Experiments were conducted comparing the cleaning performance of a dishwasher load after air drying the soiled dishes in controlled ambient conditions to the cleaning performance of a dishwasher load after a thermal drying process in a thermal cabinet. Results show that thermal drying is able to display dishwashing frequencies for 91.6% of German households.
Fleet Sizing for Flexible Carsharing Systems
Authors: Barrios Jorge A. , Godier Jean Doig
Published: October 2014

In the past 10 to 15 years, carsharing has attracted significant attention as a green transportation alternative that can reduce car dependence and promote smarter, healthier mode choice in urban areas. Despite rapid growth and aggressive funding, carsharing remains a niche product with quantifiable but relatively small benefits. A new type of carsharing seeks to expand its reach, and perhaps its benefits, by eliminating some of the inconveniences of traditional services, such as having to book in advance and having to return the car to the same location. Flexible carsharing, pioneered by Daimler's car2go program in late 2008, also introduces a logistical problem not present in traditional carsharing: the spatial distribution of vehicles tends to be irregular because of the randomness of demand. Vehicle redistribution, which can be done periodically (e.g., at the end of the day) or continuously, can be used to ameliorate this problem. By using an agent-based model of a flexible carsharing system, this research explores the trade-offs between fleet size and hired vehicle redistributors, with the objective of maximizing the demand level that can be satisfactorily served. Production functions for representative city sizes and demand densities are presented. Finally, the results of the simulation are compared with actual data from car2go's Austin, Texas, operation. The comparison shows that the simulation results are reasonably close to the measured performance of one-way carsharing in Austin.
Piloting Low-Cost Transit Service Enhancements through Agency Collaboration
Authors: Flint Tanya , Ben-Amos Ariel , Ellis Patricia , Krykewycz Gregory R.
Published: October 2014

In 2011, the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA); and the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) launched the Route 47 Service Enhancement Pilot Project. This project was conceived within the framework of the Transit First Committee. The pilot presented an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of low-cost operational initiatives that might have the ability to improve transit services in dense, urban environments. These strategies included bus stop consolidation, farside stop placement, and the switch from a time point–based scheduling system to a headway-based scheduling system. This joint initiative served as a test of the potential to build community support for a pilot, the impact of the interventions themselves, and the ability of the Transit First Committee to work together collaboratively. Although the pilot initiative did not deliver the time savings expected, the process provided important lessons for the city, SEPTA, and DVRPC that are applicable for other transit agencies operating in similar geographic, political, and economic environments. The results of the collaborative process necessary to get the pilot in motion helped to reconnect the city and SEPTA after years of distrust and discord. The initiatives piloted were scrutinized through data analysis, which provided not only an understanding of the impacts but also an awareness of operational performance issues. Ultimately, this extensive data analysis supported decision making, fostered agreement between stakeholders, and developed trust within the community.