bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De Mercadoria a Presente, ou como uma mercadoria massificada se transforma em presente singular
Authors: Duarte Alice
Published: March 2013

Ao longo do último século, a cultura da sociedade industrial tornou-se crescentemente uma cultura baseada num mundo de objetos produzidos e distribuídos em massa. Através de uma abordagem do consumo como prática cultural, este artigo evidencia alguns dos mecanismos pelos quais as mercadorias são postas ao serviço da criação e manutenção das redes de sociabilidade dos sujeitos consumidores. Sistematizando as apropriações dos atores sociais relativas ao consumo para os outros, clarifico alguns dos procedimentos pelos quais os bens de consumo ligam entre si quem os compra e quem os recebe na forma de presentes. O material analisado resulta de uma investigação de design francamente qualitativo, concluída em 2007, que abrangeu os rituais de troca acionados por 24 famílias residentes na cidade do Porto ou área circundante num raio de 50 quilómetros. Atendendo à totalidade das situações de oferta e receção de presentes das famílias e dos seus membros, clarifica-se como os bens de consumo são utilizados enquanto mediadores de relacionamentos interpessoais.
Subjetividades confiscadas: silêncios e silenciamentos num terreno etnográfico
Authors: Lechner Elsa
Published: March 2013

Partindo da análise do “encontro” entre uma paciente refugiada em Portugal, um médico psiquiatra e a própria autora, este texto reflete sobre o sentido dos silêncios e silenciamentos observados no terreno etnográfico da “Consulta do Migrante”. Postos em diálogo com a assimetria estrutural existente entre as posições sociais e saberes dos migrantes (neste caso uma refugiada indocumentada) e dos autóctones (centro de refúgio, médico, antropóloga), tais silêncios e silenciamentos levantam questões de fundo sobre o substrato histórico das relações entre sujeitos e saberes em contextos de dominação. O silêncio das subjetividades confiscadas dos “dominados” traduz o monólogo dos saberes inquestionáveis dos dominantes. Vislumbrando uma possibilidade de diálogo, ousamos aqui uma proposta não prescritiva, distante da inocência da interculturalidade como receita, e próxima da experiência da partilha tal como esta é proposta pela pesquisa biográfica.
Enteral nutritional intake in adult korean intensivecare patients
Authors: Kim Hyunjung , Stotts Nancy A. , Froelicher Erika S. , Engler Marguerite M. , Porter Carol
Published: March 2013

Background

Nutritional support is important for maximizing clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, but enteral nutritional intake is often inadequate.

Objective

To assess the nutritional intake of energy and protein during the first 4 days after initiation of enteral feeding and to examine the relationship between intake and interruptions of enteral feeding in Korean patients in intensive care.

Methods

A cohort of 34 critically ill adults who had a primary medical diagnosis and received bolus enteral feeding were studied prospectively. Energy and protein requirements were determined by using the Harris-Benedict equation and the American Dietetic Association equation. Energy and protein intake prescribed and received and the reasons for and lengths of feeding interruptions were recorded for 4 consecutive days immediately after enteral feeding began.

Results

Although the differences between requirements and intakes of energy and protein decreased significantly, patients did not receive required energy and protein intake during the 4 days of the study. Energy intake prescribed was consistently less than required on each of the 4 days. Enteral nutrition was withheld for a mean of 6 hours per patient for the 4 days. Prolonged feeding interruptions due to gastrointestinal intolerance (r= –0.874; P < .001) and procedures (r= –0.839; P = .005) were negatively associated with the percentage of prescribed energy received.

Conclusions

Enteral nutritional intake was insufficient in bolus-fed Korean intensive care patients because of prolonged feeding interruptions and underprescription of enteral nutrition. Feeding interruptions due to gastrointestinal intolerance and procedures were the main contributors to inadequate energy intake. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2013;22:126–135)
Cheese whey recycling in traditional dairy food chain: effects of vinegar from whey in dairy cow nutrition
Authors: Lustrato Giuseppe , Salimei Elisabetta , Alfano Gabriele , Belli Claudia , Fantuz Francesco , Grazia Luigi , Ranalli Giancarlo
Published: March 2013

Selected yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus Y102 strain) and an acetic acid bacterium (Acetobacter aceti, DSM-G3508 strain) were used as inocula respectively in cheese whey for alcoholic and acetic fermentations. The experimental tests were carried out at both laboratory and pilot plant (20 L and 2000 L) levels. The data from the trials (working period 28 days) show increased ethanol production, increased acetic acid yield, and greater fermentation stability with biomass recycling (18.6 g L–1). Batch and fed-batch fermentation tests resulted in increased and standardized alcoholic fermentation, and allowed acetic acid recovery (average lactose consumption 56%, ethanol 6.7 g L–1 d–1 and acetic acid production 4.35 g L–1 d–1). The effects administration were then investigated on milk yield and composition, nutritional status of dairy cows and physical characteristics of total mixed ration (TMR). Twenty Holstein cows were divided into two groups; group C, receiving the traditional TMR, and group W, receiving the TMR plus 10 L wheynegar. The dietary treatment, lasted 35 days, did not affect milk yield and composition except for the urea content, significantly lowered in group W. The selection of coarse (<19 mm), medium (8-19 mm) and fine (<8 mm) dietary particles was not influenced by the wheynegar administration however a tendential lower selection against coarse particles was noted in W. The results highlight that microbial biotechnologies may significantly contribute to both the valorization of whey and the development of a stable nutrient recycling system as a ingredient in dairy cattle diet.
Anderson-Fabry, the Histrionic Disease: From Genetics to Clinical Management
Authors: Cecchi Franco , Tomberli Benedetta , Morrone Amelia
Published: March 2013

Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is an Xlinked lysosomal storage disorder of glycosphingolipid catabolism, due to deficiency or absence of a galactosidase A (α-gal A) enzyme. The disease may affect males and females, the latter with an average 10 years delay. Metabolites storage (mostly Gb3 and lyso-Gb3) leads to progressive cellular and multiorgan dysfunction, with either early and late onset variable clinical manifestations that usually reduce quality of life and life expectancy. Heart and kidney failure, stroke and sudden death are the most devastating complications. AFD is always been considered a very rare disease, although new epidemiologic data, based on newborn screening, showed that AFD prevalence is probably underestimated and much higher than previously reported, especially for late-onset atypical phenotypes. Currently, the diagnosis may be easier and simpler by evaluating α-gal A enzyme activity and genetic analysis for GLA gene mutations on dried blood spot. While a marked α-gal A deficiency leads to diagnosis of AFD in hemizygous males, the molecular analysis is mandatory in heterozygous females. However, referral to a center with an expert multidisciplinary team is highly advisable, in order to ensure careful management and treatment of patients, based also on accurate molecular and biochemical data interpretation. While long-term efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in advanced stage is still debated, increasing evidence shows greater efficacy of early treatment initiation. Concomitant, organ-specific therapy is also needed. New treatment approaches, such as chemical chaperone therapy, alone or in combination with ERT, are currently under investigation. The present review illustrates the major features of the disease, focusing also on biochemical and genetic aspects.
Limited Utility of Plain Abdominal Radiographs in Evaluating Intussusceptions Secondary to Long Indwelling Feeding Tubes
Authors: Yang Albert , Lall Chandana , Bhargava Puneet , Imagawa David
Published: March 2013

Adult intussusception (AI) is relatively rare and can be a difficult clinical diagnosis, often requiring cross-sectional imaging for confirmation. Unfortunately, intussusceptions in the setting of indwelling long enteral feeding tubes have been predominantly characterized in the pediatric population with minimal investigation in adults. We report three cases of AI in patients with long feeding catheters serving as anatomic lead points leading to intussusception diagnosed on cross-sectional imaging. We highlight the limited utility of the supine plain films for detection of AI, and it behooves the radiologist to hold a high index of suspicion if the patient has a long enteral catheter. Since the majority of these patients tend to be fairly ill and unable to stand for upright abdominal radiographs, in the setting of percutaneous feeding tubes, decubitus abdominal radiographs should always be obtained. These cases also highlight the importance of having a high clinical suspicion of intussusceptions in a patient presenting with abdominal pain in the setting of an enteral feeding tube. In post-operative patients, other factors can predispose the patient to intussusception, including adhesions. Another interesting feature in tube related AI is the reverse intussusception that may be seen with indwelling enteral tubes. Reverse intussusception is where the distal bowel telescopes into the proximal segment over the tube.
A Transformed Coordinates Shallow Water Model for the Head of the Bay of Bengal Using Boundary-Fitted Curvilinear Grids
Authors: Hussain Farzana
Published: March 2013

The Bay of Bengal is surrounded by coastline except to the south, where there is open sea. The coastline bends most sharply along the coast of Bangladesh, and there are many small and large islands in the off shore region there. In order to incorporate the island boundaries and the curved coastline properly, in any numerical scheme it is often necessary to consider a very fine grid resolution along the coastal belts whereas this is unnecessary away from the coasts. However, a very fine resolution involves more memory and more CPU time in the numerical solution process, and invites numerical instability. On the other hand, boundary-fitted curvilinear grids in hydrodynamic models for coastal seas, bays and estuaries not only fit to the coastline but also render the finite difference schemes simpler and more accurate. In this article, the boundary-fitted curvilinear grids for the model represent the complete boundary of the area considered by four curves defined by four functions, and the four boundaries of two of the larger islands are then represented approximately by two general functions. An appropriate independent coordinate transformation maps the curvilinear physical area to a square domain, and each island boundary is transformed to a rectangle within this square domain. The vertically integrated shallow water equations are transformed to the new space domain, and solved by a regular explicit finite difference scheme. The model is applied to compute the water levels due to astronomical tides, and also the water levels due to surges associated with tropical storms that hit the coast of Bangladesh.
Un "rigger" español en Disney: Iker J. De los Mozos
Authors: Lorenzo Hernández María
Published: March 2013

Iker De los Mozos es un animador especializadoen la construcción y articulación de personajes3D, que en la actualidad trabaja en Walt DisneyAnimation Studios. Ha trabajado en Londres paracompañías como Nexus Productions y The Mill,donde ejerció como “rigger” en varios anunciospara cine y televisión. Anteriormente trabajó comosupervisor de “rigging” en Kandor Graphics parala película Justin y la espada del valor (Manuel Sicilia,2013) y cosechó dos Goyas con La dama y lamuerte (Javier Recio, 2010) y El lince perdido (ManuelSicilia, Raúl García, 2009). Su primer proyectocomo “rigger” profesional fue Planet 51 (2010), deIlion Animation Studios, también galardonada coneste premio. Iker De los Mozos es, además, profesordel módulo de SetUp y Rigging en el Máster de Animaciónde la UPV.
La aportación de los personajes femeninos al universo de Hayao Miyazaki
Authors: Pérez-Guerrero Ana María
Published: March 2013

La filmografía de Hayao Miyazaki se distingueespecialmente por la fuerza ética de sus historiasy el protagonismo de los personajes femeninos. Elpresente artículo tiene por objeto determinar losrasgos más relevantes de estas figuras y el modo enque intervienen al servicio de la visión del director.Para ello se analizan los modelos de mujer presentesen su filmografía, dentro del estudio Ghibli, a partirde la edad y la función narrativa que cumplen enel relato. Este estudio revelará que los estereotiposde mujer representados en el universo miyazakianopivotan en el modo de ser de la persona femenina,y hallan en su capacidad para la maternidad la baseque da relieve a estos personajes, convirtiéndolo enun factor de cambio de la humanidad hacia mundosmás amables y equilibrados.
Un café con Guillermo García Carsí (El Señor Studio)
Authors: Álvarez Sarrat Sara
Published: March 2013

El Señor Studio empieza a sonar con fuerza en elpanorama de la animación, y aunque su historia puedaparecer reciente (desde 2009), la trayectoria de suequipo está consolidada y la proyección de su trabajodestaca en el ámbito internacional. Guillermo GarcíaCarsí, director de este estudio familiar fundado juntoa su hermana Beatriz, fue el creador y director delfamoso personaje Pocoyó. Esta pequeña pero versátilproductora madrileña desarrolla y produce proyectosen 2D y 3D, cubriendo todo el proceso creativocomo sello de la casa: concepto, diseño de personajes,guión, story y dirección, poniendo siempre sobre lamesa una buena dosis de fantasía, talento y humor.Lazos familiares conectan a los García Carsí conValencia, pero ha sido la colaboración de GuillermoGarcía Carsí como profesor en el Máster en Animaciónde la UPV, la que nos ha permitido compartirmesa y café, y poder charlar de forma distendida sobreanimación.
Millennium Actress. Una mirada en profundidad
Authors: Rodríguez De León Rolando José
Published: March 2013

Análisis narratológico, gráfico, histórico y culturalde Millennium Actress, segunda película del directorSatoshi Kon y que se conformará en piedra angularpara comprender su forma de trabajo, técnicas yaspectos psicológicos que desarrollará en sus futurascreaciones. En un acercamiento no solo a la historiay cultura de Japón, sino también de su cinematografía,el artículo explora de forma sencilla los aspectosmuchas veces desconocidos para los occidentales dela cultura nipona, presentando los más relevantes dela película, de manera que permitan al lector un acercamientoa las formas de representación utilizadas anivel gráfico y cultural por su director.
Evaluating Culture: Sociology, Aesthetics and Policy
Authors: Stewart Simon
Published: March 2013

This article contends that a sociologically-informed approach to aesthetic value can be usefully connected to debates regarding cultural policy. Such an approach can encourage reflexivity on the part of policy makers and cultural arbiters, making them sensitive to their privileged position in social space and aware of the differential levels of access to culture experienced by the public they serve. Furthermore, it can inform research into the process of evaluation that takes place at an individual and collective level. The article advocates research into the dynamics of the evaluative moment, which involves paying close attention to the interplay between the individual or group or community and the cultural object. The ways in which different social groups interact with and evaluate cultural objects will in part be determined by their social origin and levels of cultural competence. However, these contextual factors do not provide the whole picture. To zoom in on the dynamics of the evaluative moment means also to keep the cultural object in sight, to be aware of the properties of cultural objects as well as of the sensibilities and dispositions that enable their appreciation.
Brown carbon absorption linked to organic mass tracers in biomass burning particles
Authors: Lack D. A. , Bahreini R. , Langridge J. M. , Gilman J. B. , Middlebrook A. M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Traditional gas and particle phase chemical markers used to identify the presence of biomass burning (BB) emissions were measured for a large forest fire near Boulder, Colorado. Correlation of the organic matter mass spectroscopic m/z 60 with measured particle light absorption properties found no link at 532 nm, and a strong correlation at 404 nm. Non-black carbon absorption at 404 nm was well correlated to the ratio of the mass fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) that was m/z 60 (f60) to m/z 44 (f44). The f60 to f44 ratio did not fully explain the variability in non-BC absorption, due to contributions of brown carbon (BrC) absorption and absorption due to internal mixing of POM with black carbon (BC). The absorption Ångstrom exponent (ÅAbs) showed a good correlation to f60/f44; however the best correlation resulted from the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BrC at 404 nm (MAEPOM-404 nm) and f60/f44. This result indicates that the absorption of POM at low visible and UV wavelengths is linked to emissions of organic matter that contribute to the m/z 60 mass fragment, although they do not contribute to 532 nm absorption. m/z 60 is often attributed to levoglucosan and related compounds. The linear relationship between MAEPOM-404 nm and f60/f44 suggests that the strength of BrC absorption for this fire can be predicted by emissions of f60-related organic matter.
Black carbon contributes to organic matter in young soils in the Morteratsch proglacial area (Switzerland)
Authors: Eckmeier E. , Mavris C. , Krebs R. , Pichler B. , Egli M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Most glacier forefields of the European Alps are being progressively exposed since the glaciers reached their maximum expansion in the 1850s. Global warming and climate changes additionally promote the exposure of sediments in previously glaciated areas. In these proglacial areas, initial soils have started to develop so that they may offer a continuous chronosequence from 0 to 150-yr-old soils. The build-up of organic matter is an important factor of soil formation, and not only autochthonous but also distant sources might contribute to its accumulation in young soils and surfaces of glacier forefields. Only little is known about black carbon in soils that develop in glacier forefields, although charred organic matter could be an important component of organic carbon in Alpine soils. The aim of our study was to examine whether black carbon (BC) is present in the initial soils of a proglacial area, and to estimate its relative contribution to soil organic matter. We investigated soil samples from 35 sites distributed over the whole proglacial area of Morteratsch (Upper Engadine, Switzerland), covering a chronosequence from 0 to 150 yr. BC concentrations were determined in fine earth using the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) marker method. We found that charred organic matter occurred in the whole area, and that it was a main compound of soil organic matter in the youngest soils, where total Corg concentrations were very low. The absolute concentrations of BC in fine earth were generally low but increased in soils that had been exposed for more than 40 yr. Specific initial microbial communities may profit from this additional C source during the first years of soil evolution and potentially promote soil development in its early stage.
Spatial and temporal variability of N2O emissions in a subtropical forest catchment in China
Authors: Zhu J. , Mulder J. , Wu L. P. , Meng X. X. , Wang Y. H. , Dörsch P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Subtropical forests in southern China have received chronically large amounts of atmogenic nitrogen (N), causing N saturation. Recent studies suggest that a significant proportion of the N input is returned to the atmosphere, in part as nitrous oxide (N2O). We measured N2O emission fluxes by closed chamber technique throughout two years in a Masson pine-dominated headwater catchment with acrisols (pH ~ 4) at Tieshanping (Chongqing, SW China) and assessed the spatial and temporal variability in two landscape elements typical for this region: a mesic forested hillslope (HS) and a hydrologically connected, terraced groundwater discharge zone (GDZ) in the valley bottom. High emission rates of up to 1800 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 were recorded on the HS shortly after rain storms during monsoonal summer, whereas emission fluxes during the dry winter season were generally low. Overall, N2O emission was lower in GDZ than on HS, rendering the mesic HS the dominant source of N2O in this landscape. Temporal variability of N2O emissions on HS was largely explained by soil temperature (ST) and moisture, pointing at denitrification as a major process for N removal and N2O production. The concentration of nitrate (NO3−) in pore water on HS was high even in the rainy season, apparently never limiting denitrification and N2O production. The concentration of NO3− decreased along the terraced GDZ, indicating efficient N removal, but with moderate N2O-N loss. The extrapolated annual N2O fluxes from soils on HS (0.54 and 0.43 g N2O-N m−2 yr−1 for a year with a wet and a dry summer, respectively) are among the highest N2O fluxes reported from subtropical forests so far. Annual N2O-N emissions amounted to 8–10% of the annual atmogenic N deposition, suggesting that forests on acid soils in southern China are an important, hitherto overlooked component of the anthropogenic N2O budget.
Controls on groundwater response and runoff source area dynamics in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment
Authors: Smith R. S. , Moore R. D. , Weiler M. , Jost G.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The role of spatial variability in water inputs on runoff source area dynamics has generally not received as much research attention as topography and soils; however, the influence of topography and forest cover on snow surface energy exchanges can result in asynchronous snowmelt throughout a catchment complicating the space-time patterns of runoff generation. This study investigates temporal variation in the relative importance of spatial controls on the occurrence, timing, and persistence of shallow groundwater response utilizing a highly distributed monitoring network in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment in western Canada. The study findings indicate that deep soil hydraulic conductivity is a first-order control on the distribution of sites that generate shallow groundwater response versus sites that experience only deep percolation. Upslope contributing area and slope gradient are first-order controls on the persistence of groundwater response during peak flow, recession flow, and low flow periods. Runoff source areas expand and contract throughout these periods according to an interplay between catchment wetness and the spatial patterns of topographic convergence. However, controls on the differential timing, intensity, and quantity of snowmelt and controls on vertical versus lateral flux partitioning in the soil overwhelm the influence of topographic convergence on runoff source area dynamics during early spring freshet periods. The study findings suggest that various topographic indices and topography-based rainfall runoff models are not necessarily applicable to modelling snowmelt runoff source area dynamics during all streamflow periods for snowmelt-dominated montane catchments.
Drought evolution characteristics and precipitation intensity changes during alternating dry-wet changes in the Huang-Huai-Hai River basin
Authors: Yan D. H. , Wu D. , Huang R. , Wang L. N. , Yang G. Y.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. According to the Chinese climate divisions and the Huang-Huai-Hai River basin digital elevation map, the basin is divided into seven sub-regions by means of cluster analysis of the basin meteorological stations using the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network method. Based on the daily precipitation data of 171 stations for the years 1961–2011, the drought frequency changes with different magnitudes are analyzed and the number of consecutive days without precipitation is used to identify the drought magnitudes. The first precipitation intensity after a drought period is analyzed with the Pearson-III frequency curve, then the relationship between rainfall intensity and different drought magnitudes is observed, as are the drought frequency changes for different years. The results of the study indicated the following: (1) the occurrence frequency of different drought level shows an overall increasing trend; there is no clear interdecadal change shown, but the spatial difference is significant. The occurrence frequencies of severe and extraordinary drought are higher on the North China Plain, Hetao Plains in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia, as well as on the Inner Mongolia and the Loess Plateaus, and in the Fen-Wei Valley basin. (2) As the drought level increases, the probability of extraordinary rainstorm becomes lower, and the frequency of occurrence of spatial changes in different precipitation intensities vary. In the areas surrounding Bo Sea, the Shandong Peninsula and the Huai River downstream, as the drought level increases, the occurrence frequency of different precipitation intensities first shows a decreasing trend, which becomes an increasing trend when extraordinary drought occurs. In the middle and upper reaches of the Huai River basin, on the Hai River basin piedmont plain and Hetao Plains in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Loess Plateaus, and in the Fen-Wei Valley basin, the probability of the different precipitation intensities shows an overall decreasing trend. The mountains with high attitude and Tibetan Plateau are located at high altitudes where the variation of different precipitation intensities with the increase in drought level is relatively complex. (3) As the drought frequency increases, areas I, II and V which are located on the coastal and in the river basin are vulnerable to extreme precipitation processes; areas III, IV, VI and VII are located in the inland area where heavier precipitation is not likely to occur.
Grounding line transient response in marine ice sheet models
Authors: Drouet A. S. , Docquier D. , Durand G. , Hindmarsh R. , Pattyn F. , Gagliardini O. , Zwinger T.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Marine ice-sheet stability is mostly controlled by the dynamics of the grounding line, i.e. the junction between the grounded ice sheet and the floating ice shelf. Grounding line migration has been investigated within the framework of MISMIP (Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project), which mainly aimed at investigating steady state solutions. Here we focus on transient behaviour, executing short-term simulations (200 yr) of a steady ice sheet perturbed by the release of the buttressing restraint exerted by the ice shelf on the grounded ice upstream. The transient grounding line behaviour of four different flowline ice-sheet models has been compared. The models differ in the physics implemented (full Stokes and shallow shelf approximation), the numerical approach, as well as the grounding line treatment. Their overall response to the loss of buttressing is found to be broadly consistent in terms of grounding line position, rate of surface elevation change and surface velocity. However, still small differences appear for these latter variables, and they can lead to large discrepancies (> 100%) observed in terms of ice sheet contribution to sea level when cumulated over time. Despite the recent important improvements of marine ice-sheet models in their ability to compute steady state configurations, our results question the capacity of these models to compute short-term reliable sea-level rise projections.
Snowdrift modelling for Vestfonna ice cap, north-eastern Svalbard
Authors: Sauter T. , Möller M. , Finkelnburg R. , Grabiec M. , Scherer D. , Schneider C.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The redistribution of snow by drifting and blowing snow frequently leads to an inhomogeneous snow mass distribution on larger ice caps. Together with the thermodynamic impact of drifting snow sublimation on the lower atmospheric boundary layer, these processes affect the glacier surface mass balance. This study provides a first quantification of snowdrift and sublimation of blowing and drifting snow on Vestfonna ice cap (Svalbard) by using the specifically designed "snow2blow" snowdrift model. The model is forced by atmospheric fields from the Weather Research and Forecasting model and resolves processes on a spatial resolution of 250 m. Comparison with radio-echo soudings and snow-pit measurements show that important local scale processes are resolved by the model and the overall snow accumulation pattern is reproduced. The findings indicate that there is a significant redistribution of snow mass from the interior of the ice cap to the surrounding areas and ice slopes. Drifting snow sublimation of suspended snow is found to be stronger during winter. It is concluded that both processes are strong enough to have a significant impact on glacier mass balance.
Mirror of Time: Temporality and Contemporaneity in the work of Jorge Luis Borges
Authors: Donnelly Jennifer
Published: March 2013

Borges recognized the cracking facade of modernity and the fragility of its monist absolutisms, its commitment to linearity, and its faith in historical progress.  By disavowing the ability of time to be contained within any collective structure of representation, Borges both refutes modernist conceptions of time and offers insight into recent theories of contemporaneity.  A contemporaneous reading of Borges opens lucid temporal relationships, challenges assumptions about the affinities between the self and time, allows for the existence of multiple temporal antimonies, and ultimately reveals the contemporaneous relationship between individual sensations of time of the collective structural composition of temporality.
Review: The New Woman International: Representations in Photography and Film from the 1870s through the 1960s edited by Elizabeth Otto and Vanessa Rocco
Authors: Kim Gyewon
Published: March 2013

A review of Elizabeth Otto and Vanessa Rocco’s edited volume The New Woman International: Representations in Photography and Film from the 1870s through the 1960s, published in 2011 by the University of Michigan Press.
The Microarchitecture ofC. elegansBehavior during Lethargus: Homeostatic Bout Dynamics, a Typical Body Posture, and Regulation by a Central Neuron
Authors: Iwanir Shachar , Tramm Nora , Nagy Stanislav , Wright Charles , Ish Daniel , Biron David
Published: February 2013

Study Objectives:

The nematode C. elegans develops through four larval stages before it reaches adulthood. At the transition between stages and before it sheds its cuticle, it exhibits a sleep-like behavior during a stage termed lethargus. The objectives of this study were to characterize in detail behavioral patterns and physiological activity of a command interneuron during lethargus.

Measurements and Results:

We found that lethargus behavior was composed of bouts of quiescence and motion. The duration of individual bouts ranged from 2 to 100 seconds, and their dynamics exhibited local homeostasis: the duration of bouts of quiescence positively correlated with the duration of bouts of motion that immediately preceded them in a cAMP-dependent manner. In addition, we identified a characteristic body posture during lethargus: the average curvature along the body of L4 lethargus larvae was lower than that of L4 larvae prior to lethargus, and the positions of body bends were distributed non-uniformly along the bodies of quiescent animals. Finally, we found that the AVA interneurons, a pair of backward command neurons, mediated locomotion patterns during L4 lethargus in similar fashion to their function in L4 larvae prior to lethargus. Interestingly, in both developmental stages backward locomotion was initiated and terminated asymmetrically with respect to AVA intraneuronal calcium concentration.

Conclusions:

The complex behavioral patterns during lethargus can be dissected to quantifiable elements, which exhibit rich temporal dynamics and are actively regulated by the nervous system. Our findings support the identification of lethargus as a sleep-like state.
Disturbed Dreaming and the Instability of Sleep: Altered Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep Microstructure in Individuals with Frequent Nightmares as Revealed by the Cyclic Alternating Pattern
Authors: Simor Péter , Bódizs Róbert , Horváth Klára , Ferri Raffaele
Published: February 2013

Study Objectives:

Nightmares are disturbing mental experiences during sleep that usually result in abrupt awakenings. Frequent nightmares are associated with poor subjective sleep quality, and recent polysomnographic data suggest that nightmare sufferers exhibit impaired sleep continuity during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Because disrupted sleep might be related to abnormal arousal processes, the goal of this study was to examine polysomnographic arousal-related activities in a group of nightmare sufferers and a healthy control group.

Design:

Sleep microstructure analysis was carried out by scoring the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in NREM sleep and the arousal index in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep on the second night of the polysomnographic examination.

Setting:

Hospital-based sleep research laboratory.

Participants:

There were 17 in the nightmare (NMs) group and 23 in the healthy control (CTLs) group.

Interventions:

N/A.

Measurements and Results:

The NMs group exhibited reduced amounts of CAP A1 subtype and increased CAP A2 and A3 subtypes, as well as longer duration of CAP A phases in comparison with CTLs. Moreover, these differences remained significant after controlling for the confounding factors of anxious and depressive symptoms. The absolute number and frequency of REM arousals did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Conclusions:

The results of our study indicate that NREM sleep microstructure is altered during nonsymptomatic nights of nightmares. Disrupted sleep in the NMs group seems to be related to abnormal arousal processes, specifically an imbalance in sleep-promoting and arousing mechanisms during sleep.
La perception du poker selon les joueurs adeptes : un jeu qui les distingue
Authors: Dufour1 Magali , Petit Séverine , Brunelle Natacha
Published: February 2013

Présentement, le jeu de hasard et d’argent (JHA) gagnant le plus de popularité est le poker. Malgré les nombreux adeptes, peu de données scientifiques sur les habitudes de jeu des joueurs de poker et sur leur perception de ce loisir sont disponibles. Afin de décrire la perception qu’ont les joueurs de poker de leur activité, des entretiens qualitatifs ont été réalisés auprès de 20 d’entre eux. L’analyse des verbatims a permis de faire ressortir différents thèmes quant à leur vision des autres JHA, leur vision du poker, les différences entre les modalités du poker, le rôle du poker dans leur vie et les qualités nécessaires pour être un bon joueur de poker. À la lumière des expériences rapportées par les interviewés, trois grands constats se dégagent : 1) le poker est un jeu qui se distingue des autres JHA par plusieurs aspects ; 2) l’aspect légal ou illégal de l’activité ne semble pas faire partie des préoccupations des joueurs ; 3) la vision des joueurs de poker de leur activité est distincte de celle de leurs proches. Malgré les limites de cette étude, le discours des participants souligne bien les spécificités du monde du poker.
La violence dans les jeux vidéo et leurs effets : qu’en pensent les joueurs ?
Authors: Gagnon Benoît
Published: February 2013

Le présent article discute de la relation ambiguë qui existe entre les comportements violents et la violence qui est dépeinte dans les jeux vidéo. L’objectif de l’analyse est de mieux comprendre la vision qu’ont les joueurs de la violence véhiculée dans les jeux vidéo. Cela nous permettra non seulement de cerner la portée du discours ambiant touchant à la question de la violence dans les jeux vidéo, mais cela nous donnera aussi l’occasion d’évaluer la cohérence du discours des joueurs par rapport à cette dite violence.
Les communautés francophones de l’Ouest canadien : de la constitution des corpus de français parlé aux perspectives de revitalisation
Authors: Hallion Sandrine , Martineau France , Bigot Davy , Nyongwa Moses , Papen Robert A. , Walker Douglas
Published: March 2013

La recherche sur les variétés de français parlées dans l’Ouest canadien a connu ces dernières années un essor lent mais certain. Il reste que bien des aspects de ces parlers français sont encore méconnus et qu’il est nécessaire de poursuivre les travaux de collecte, de description et d’analyse afin de donner un portrait linguistique actualisé des communautés francophones de ces régions du Canada. C’est le principal objectif que s’est fixé l’équipe de six chercheurs qui aborde, selon différents points de vue, la question des particularités des variétés de français de l’Ouest canadien et des communautés où elles sont en usage. En procédant d’est en ouest (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta), le tour d’horizon des recherches et des réalisations en cours proposé dans cet article se veut essentiellement descriptif et se situe donc, souvent mais pas uniquement, en amont de l’analyse. Il ne néglige pourtant pas les aspects réflexifs qui accompagnent nécessairement la prise en main d’un corpus oral déjà constitué ou l’élaboration d’un nouveau corpus. Les corpus présentés ici offrent de nombreuses perspectives d’analyse qui s’arriment à d’autres projets en cours de grande envergure (PFC,Le français à la mesure d’un continent) dont la finalité commune est l’enrichissement des connaissances sur les variétés de français de la francophonie.
Identité bilingue et surtitres ludiques dans les théâtres francophones de l’Ouest canadien
Authors: Ladouceur Louise , Liss Shavaun
Published: March 2013

Les théâtres francophones de l’Ouest explorent des esthétiques dont la nouveauté tient à la spécificité des contextes dans lesquels ils sont ancrés. Ainsi, après avoir suscité la méfiance, les manifestations du bilinguisme des francophones minoritaires ont été de plus en plus fréquentes sur les scènes théâtrales de l’Ouest, où on va maintenant jusqu’à revendiquer une identité bilingue. Conçue comme un phénomène de mouvance entre les langues et les cultures, cette identité bilingue invite à transgresser des frontières qui se voulaient auparavant plus étanches. Dans cette optique, l’emploi de surtitres anglais dans les théâtres francophones de l’Ouest et l’expérimentation ludique dont ils font l’objet façonnent de nouvelles esthétiques représentatives d’une réalité où le bilinguisme et l’interculturalité sont des composantes essentielles de l’identité francophone.
Effect of concurrent use of anti‐retroviral therapy and levonorgestrel sub‐dermal implant for contraception on CD4 counts: a prospective cohort study in Kenya
Authors: Hubacher David , Liku Jennifer , Kiarie James , Rakwar Joel , Muiruri Peter , Omwenga Jackline , Chen Pai‐Lien
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Simultaneous use of contraceptive hormones and anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) may theoretically lessen the effectiveness of both. Women on ART need assurance that hormonal contraception is safe and effective. The sub‐dermal implant is an ideal product to study: low and steady progestin release and no adherence uncertainties. We sought to determine if the medications’ effectiveness is compromised.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study among women on first line ART (stavudine or zidovudine and lamivudine+nevirapine). We recruited new implant users and matched them to women not using hormonal contraception, based on age and baseline CD4. Participants were followed prospectively for up to two years, recording serial CD4 measures and medical histories. We used generalized growth curve models and Wald chi‐square tests to compare changes in CD4 counts across study groups. Prospective CD4 measures were censored (excluded) if any of the following events occurred: change in ART, implant removal or use of any hormonal contraception among controls. We examined incidence of opportunistic infection and pregnancy.

Results

We matched 48 implant users to 33 non‐hormonal controls. Over time, CD4 counts for both groups rose slightly but did not deviate significantly from each other (p=0.44). Opportunistic infection rates did not differ between the groups. None of the implant users and one of the non‐hormonal controls became pregnant during follow‐up.

Conclusions

This small study found concurrent use of contraceptive implants and ART to be safe and effective. Although other hormonal contraceptive products and ART regimens may interact in unknown ways, the results of this study are reassuring.
‘Originality’ Revisited: Balancing Tradition and Agility in JLSC
Authors: Gilman Isaac , Ramírez Marisa
Published: March 2013

The basic structure and function of scholarly journals have remained largely unchanged since 1665, when the concepts of publisher, editor, and peer reviewer were outlined in the initial description of Philosophical Transactions (Zuckerman & Morton, 1971). The traditions that have developed since that time have become almost sacrosanct—journals that diverge from the three pillars of original submissions, blind peer review, and editorial authority (along with the slightly less inviolable fourth pillar of paper) are often viewed as lesser by scholars and the committees that evaluate them for promotion or tenure.
Occupational health outcomes for workers in the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector: Implications for immigrant workers in the southeastern US
Authors: Quandt Sara A. , Kucera Kristen L. , Haynes Courtney , Klein Bradley G. , Langley Ricky , Agnew Michael , Levin Jeffrey L. , Howard Timothy , Nussbaum Maury A.
Published: March 2013

Background

Workers in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (AgFF) sector experience exposures directly related to the work itself, as well as the physical environment in which the work occurs. Health outcomes vary from immediate to delayed, and from acute to chronic.

Methods

We reviewed existing literature on the health outcomes of work in the AgFF sector and identified areas where further research is needed to understand the impact of these exposures on immigrant Latino workers in the southeastern US.

Results

Outcomes related to specific body systems (e.g., musculoskeletal, respiratory) as well as particular exposure sources (e.g., pesticides, noise) were reviewed. The most extensive evidence exists for agriculture, with a particular focus on chemical exposures. Little research in the southeastern US has examined health outcomes of exposures of immigrant workers in forestry or fisheries.

Conclusion

As the AgFF labor force includes a growing number of Latino immigrants, more research is needed to characterize a broad range of exposures and health outcomes experienced by this population, particularly in forestry and fisheries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:940–959, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of highly degraded high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) on processing and mechanical properties of wood flour‐HDPE composites
Authors: Kazemi‐Najafi Saeed , Englund Karl R.
Published: March 2013

The influence of highly degraded high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) on physical, rheological, and mechanical properties of HDPE‐wood flour composites was studied. For this purpose, the virgin HDPE was subjected to accelerated weathering under controlled conditions for 200 and 400 h. The virgin and exposed HDPE and pine wood flour were compounded to produce wood flour‐HFPE composites. The results showed that the accelerated weathering highly degraded HDPE. Degradation created polar functional carbonyl groups and also produced extensive cross‐linking in HDPE and consequently poor processibility. The interruptions in the flow characteristics of the degraded HDPE potentially caused processing hurdles when using them for extrusion or injection molding manufacturing as only small part (10%) of virgin HDPE could be replaced by highly degraded HDPE for wood flour‐HDPE composite manufacturing. The mechanical properties of composites containing highly degraded HDPEs were similar to the composites with virgin HDPE and in some cases they exhibited superior properties, with the exception being with the impact strength. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Dielectric properties of Ag@C/PVDF composites
Authors: Kuang Xiwen , Liu Zhe , Zhu Hong
Published: March 2013

The core–shell Ag@C nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method. The silver cores with diameters from 100 to 120 nm are each covered with a carbon shell about 60–80‐nm thick. Ag@C/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites were prepared by the solution cast method. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the Ag@C core–shell nanoparticles were dispersed homogenously in the PVDF matrix with little agglomeration. The crystallization behavior and dielectric properties of the Ag@C/PVDF composites as a function of frequency and temperature were studied. The differential scanning calorimeter measurements showed that the crystallinity of the Ag@C/PVDF composites decreased with the increasing content of the Ag@C nanoparticles. The dielectric tests showed that the permittivity of the Ag@C/PVDF composites increased obviously over that of the pure PVDF with increasing content of Ag@C particles because of the enhanced interfacial polarization. The tan δ of the composites remained at a low level (∼0.08 at 1000 Hz). Furthermore, the permittivity and the tan δ of the composites increased with increasing temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Phase morphology and dynamic mechanical behavior for MIS toughened polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Wang Hai Ling , Tan Hong Sheng , Li Yu Jie , Yu Yuan Zhang
Published: March 2013

Graft copolymers of isoprene (Is), styrene (St), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers (MIS) with typical core–shell structure were synthesized by seed emulsion polymerization and used as a toughening agent for preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/MIS blends. The St and MMA monomers were separately grafted on the cross‐linked poly‐isoprene rubber core. The toughness, sub‐micro‐morphology, and dynamic mechanical behavior of the blends were characterized by impact machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results showed that the impact strength of the blends was optimized when the content of MIS in PVC/MIS blends was kept at a constant value of 8 wt %, while the content of Is in MIS was 70 wt %. SEM morphologies of impact fractured surface showed that the PVC/MIS blends were typical ductile fracture because of the toughness effect of rubber particles, which correlated well with the mechanical properties. Under the same rubber content condition, the curves of the dynamic mechanical behavior of MIS toughened PVC blends appeared a more obvious rubber peak, indicating that the rubber content of MIS was higher than that of methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS), which explained the better toughening effect of MIS compared with MBS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Cellulose filter coated with m‐aramid for water disinfection
Authors: Kim Sam Soo , Kim Minji , Lee Jaewoong
Published: March 2013

Cellulose filters were dipped and padded with m‐aramid dissolved in N,N‐dimethylacetamide followed by coagulation in distilled water. The coated filters were then chlorinated in a hypochlorite solution. The liquid permeability of the m‐aramid‐coated cellulose filters was examined. The resulting chlorinated and unchlorinated filters were assessed for their ability to disinfect contaminated water. The chlorinated m‐aramid‐coated cellulose filter produced 5 log reductions of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which was much higher than that observed on the unchlorinated m‐aramid‐coated cellulose filter. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013