bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decline of exclusive breastfeeding: Practical advice and stronger policy compliance are needed in government health services in Lima, Peru
Authors: Macías Yvette Fautsch , Marquis Grace S. , Groleau Danielle , Penny Mary E.
Published: June 2021

In Peru, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in urban areas decreased from 64.5% in 2007 to 59.9% in 2010 despite a national infant feeding policy to protect, promote and support breastfeeding (BF). Health care providers (HCPs) play an essential role in influencing mothers’ feeding decisions. This study examined infant feeding advice provided by HCPs in government health services (N=3) in a peri‐urban area of Lima using a case‐study methodology. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 HCPs and 11 mothers of infants < 6 months of age. Seven mothers participated in two focus group discussions. The health service environment and educational activities were observed. Advice was provided via growth monitoring and medical visits, nutrition counseling sessions, home visits and talks. HCPs recommended EBF for 6 months but did not provide practical advice to address common problems. Barriers to providing adequate BF counseling by HCPs included heavy client load, inadequate in‐service training, poor counseling skills, and formula industry influence. Barriers to EBF among mothers included employment, perceived breast milk insufficiency, and infant formula promotion. Improved training of HCPs, stronger monitoring of compliance and implementation of national policy are needed in government health services to protect BF behaviors. Funding: CIHR GBH‐87063; McGill University
Breakfast Consumption Among Mexican American Adolescents
Authors: Maximo Ilane , Hernandez Ladia , Dong Yongquan , Wilkinson Anna V , Strong Larkin , Bondy Melissa , Spitz Margaret R , Forman Michele R
Published: June 2021

Obesity prevalence is disproportionately higher among Mexican Americans (MA) than non‐Hispanic whites. Omitting breakfast (BKF) has been associated with risk for overweight and obesity, and teens are less likely to consume BKF than children. The aim of this study was to examine how BKF consumption among MA teens varied by gender, BMI and maternal BMI. We also analyzed whether nutrient intakes differed among teens who reported consuming BKF on three diet recalls (regular BKF eaters) v. those who missed 1–2 BKFs (irregular BKF eaters). Teens were selected from an ongoing cohort study of MA teens, and 112 completed three 24‐hr diet recalls. Those who never reported BKF, were pregnant or sick were excluded; final sample size=100, mean age 14 yrs. Boys were more likely to consume BKF than girls, but the difference was not significant. Regular BKF eaters did not differ from irregular BKF eaters by level of parental education, teen and maternal BMI percentile, nativity, smoking and exercise. Regular BKF eaters consumed more vitamin C, and less carbohydrate, sodium, cholesterol and phosphorous. Consistent with previous findings, girls were more likely to skip 1–2 BKFs than boys, and regular BKF eaters consumed more energy throughout the day than irregular BKF eaters, but these differences were not significant perhaps due to the small sample size. Further analysis will be conducted to determine BKF food eating patterns in MA teens.

Grant Funding Source : NCI R01 CA105203
Are pro‐poor policies improving nutritional status of disadvantaged preschoolers in daycares in Salvador, NE Brazil?
Authors: Lander Rebecca , Lander Alastair , Bailey Karl , Ribiero Hugo , Barreto Danile , Gibson Rosalind S
Published: June 2021

Brazil has implemented pro‐poor social policies but whether they have improved growth, health, and micronutrient status of disadvantaged daycare children in Salvador is unknown. In a cross‐sectional survey we collected data from 376 disadvantaged preschoolers aged 3–6 y in 7 daycares in Salvador on socioeconomic status, growth, daycare meals, parasites, and biomarkers. Prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting was low (<10%); 13% had BMIZ‐scores >1SD. Children from very poor households (HHs) had lower somatic growth compared to poor HHs (p<0.01). Nutrient supply from daycare meals was enhanced by Fe and folate fortification and was adequate, despite low energy density (0.79 kcal/g), except for Ca, vitamin A, and B1. 29% were infected with >1 parasite which negatively impacted on retinol, B12, and Se biomarkers (p<0.05), but not on growth. Deworming and vitamin A supplements protected against helminths and Giardia. Anemia, Zn, Se, folate, vitamin A, and B12 deficiencies were low (<10%). In conclusion, some pro‐poor policies were associated with improved health and nutritional status, including provision of fortified daycare meals, deworming, and vitamin A supplementation. Program coverage should be expanded and improvements made to reduce deficits in nutrient supply of meals and parasitic infections. Funded by Interstate Batteries (USA), Human Nutrition and University of Otago Research Fund.
Changes in knowledge, preferences, auto‐efficacy and resource availability after a summer program on physical activity promotion
Authors: Pérez - Lizaur Ana , Moreno Luz Irene , Chaires Carolina , Haua Karime
Published: June 2021

In order to promote physical activity and healthy lifestyles, a summer course (“Playing to Gain Health”) was designed and implemented during three weeks in a playful, carefree, and non‐violent atmosphere. The physical activity program in this model included 30 min of moderate and 15 min of light physical activity, as well as educational sessions on physical activity topics. A group of young people aged 18–22 years provided an emotionally and physically safe ambiance for development of the program. A questionnaire about physical activity concepts was applied before and after the program, including items on four categories: knowledge, preferences, auto‐efficacy and resource availability. The program was applied twice ‐2010 and 2011‐ and 91 children (5–13 y) participated. After the course, a greater proportion of children answered satisfactorily to questions in all the four categories, but only significant changes were found in the knowledge dimension (paired t‐test; p=0.00). We consider that the observation period is not long enough to detect changes in other dimensions. Further observations should analyze if acquired knowledge can impact preferences and attitudes at long term.
Seasonal change in antioxidant intakes and major food sources in overweight postmenopausal women
Authors: Yang Meng , Wang Ying , Davis Catherine G. , Lee Sang-Gil , Fernandez Maria Luz , Koo Sung I. , Cho Eunyoung , Chun Ock K.
Published: June 2021

Despite the emerging evidence on antioxidant benefits, no studies have documented seasonal variation of antioxidant intakes from diet. This study aimed to document seasonal change in antioxidant intakes and major food sources from usual diet using antioxidant food frequency questionnaires (Aox‐FFQ). Forty overweight postmenopausal women residing in Farmington, CT participated in a 9‐month observational study and completed an Aox‐FFQ every season. Seven‐day food records (FR) and 12‐h fasting blood samples at the first visit were collected for testing validity of Aox‐FFQ. Individual antioxidant intakes estimated by averaged 7‐d FR and the FFQ were moderately to highly correlated (r=0.34–0.78, P<0.05). Total α‐tocopherol and dietary carotenoid intakes were correlated with corresponding plasma concentrations (P<0.05). Intakes of most antioxidants assessed by the repeated FFQ were consistent over 9 months (p<0.05). Leading food sources contributing to antioxidant intakes, such as vegetables for carotenoids, fruits, fruit juices and vegetables for vitamin C, fruits, fruit juices, tea, vegetables and wine for flavonoids, fruits, fruit juices, tea and wine for proanthocyanidins were not affected by seasonal change, although the minor food contributors were fluctuated in different seasons. To conclude, there was no significant seasonal change in antioxidant intakes and major food sources in this study.

Grant Funding Source: Donaghue Nutrition Research Program
Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Outcomes According to Pre‐pregnancy Obesity Status
Authors: Shin Sangah , Kim Moon Young , Ryu Hun Mee , Lee Si Won , Chung Jin Hoon , King Janet C. , Joung Hyojee
Published: June 2021

Studies of pregnant women in the US and Europe show that maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI influences gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine that relationship in South Korean pregnant women. Pregnant women were classified into three groups based on the pre‐pregnancy BMI (over ≥23; normal 18.5–22.9; under <18.5) using Asia‐Pacific BMI criteria. GWG was computed from the difference between delivery weight and self‐reported pre‐pregnancy weight. Underweight pregnant women were younger than normal and overweight pregnant women (p=0.0197). Weight and BMI (p<.0001) and waist circumference (p<.0001) were significantly different among three groups at baseline. GWG was lower in overweight pregnant women (12.3±4.8kg) than normal (14.4±4.6kg) and underweight (14.8±5.1kg) groups (p=0.0064). Overweight pregnant women had more complications (p=0.0408) and preterm delivery (p=0.0051) compare to underweight and normal pregnant women. The results imply that the pre‐pregnancy obesity status may influence on GWG and birth outcomes as has been observed in other populations. The results suggest a need for initiating nutritional interventions during the pre‐pregnancy period. This research was supported by World Class University program funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R33‐10053) and the Brain Korea 21 Project in 2012.
Socio‐cultural factors associated with child feeding practices among Hmong, Latino and white parents
Authors: Zhao Yanling , Roche Abigail , Wolff Cindy , Goto Keiko
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine parent perceptions of healthy feeding practices and to identify the association between socio‐cultural factors and child feeding practice among Hmong, Latino, and white parents

Methods

Six focus groups were held with parents separated by gender and ethnicity from Hmong, Latino, and white communities. Transcribed and translated data were analyzed using the Nvivo9 software program. Focus groups interviews were independently coded by two trained researchers based on the principles of grounded theory.

Results

Four themes were identified in the study: 1) attitude toward local foods; 2) acceptance of food from other culture; 3) food culture preservation; 4) barriers to healthy child feeding practices. White mothers were accepting of new and local food. Hmong parents highly valued traditional food. Latino and Hmong mothers were traditionally responsible for determining children's meals and teaching them how to cook while white fathers were more involved in child feeding practices. All parents valued feeding fruits and vegetables to their children but had different barriers to promoting them to their children, such as financial struggles noted by Latino fathers.

Conclusions

Identifying and promoting cultural assets for healthy child feeding among different cultural groups may be important for future studies. This research was funded by the USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative.
Predictors of Excessive Weight Gain in a Low Income and Diverse Population of Massachusetts Infants
Authors: Metallinos-Katsaras Elizabeth Sophia , Siu Elizabeth Colavito , Brown Lisa , Edelstein Sari
Published: June 2021

This study assesses predictors of excessive weight gain (EWG) (1–12&1–18) months among diverse low‐ income (LI) infants. Infants participating in MA/WIC (2001–2009). with growth measures (1,12,18 mos.) were included. Predictors examined: race/Hispanic ethnicity, maternal education and pre‐pregnancy weight status, child sex, birth order, food security and breastfeeding duration. EWG was defined as > 1 wt‐for‐length z‐score (CDC/WHO) increase. Logistic regression was used and infant age, initial wt‐for‐length z‐score were covariates. NH‐White (42.4%), NH‐Black (19.5%), Hispanic (31.7%), and Asian (6.5%) infants comprised this sample (n=47,264);48.0% (CDC) and 53.8% (WHO) of infants had > 1 z‐score increase in 1–12 month wt‐for‐length (46.7 and 56.1% at 18 months). Race, sex, and breastfeeding duration were predictors of EWG from 1–12/1–18(CDC/WHO); Hispanic infants had 35–49% higher odds (WHO and CDC, p<.0001) and Asian children, 53–54% lower odds (WHO‐CDC, p<.0001) of EWG 1–12 month compared to NH‐White infants. Higher odds of 1–12 month EWG was observed among infants never breastfed (15/12%, WHO/CDC, p<.0001) or < 3 months (13/7%, WHO/CDC, p<.05) compared to > six months. Similar results were found for 1–18 EWG (WHO/CDC). Infant EWG trajectory varies by race/Hispanic ethnicity, and breastfeeding duration among a LI high‐risk‐population. Study funding: ERS/USDA.
Broccosprout extract inhibits the nasal allergic response to diesel exhaust particles in atopic individuals
Authors: Wong Angela May , Li Zhaoping , Garcia-Lloret Maria , Zerlin Alona , Thames Gail , Zhang Yanjun , Nel Andre , Heber David
Published: June 2021

Oxidant stress is a factor in the development of allergic sensitization and asthma by triggering an inflammatory response. Well‐characterized Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP) collected from the emissions of a diesel engine have been shown in vitro, in animals and human to induce inflammatory and pro‐allergic effects that can be abrogated by antioxidants. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring isothiocyanate in broccoli that is a potent inducer of phase II enzymes and antioxidant response via activation of Nrf2. A strain of broccoli sprout extract (BSE) (Broccosprout®) with consistently high levels of SFN glucosinolate was obtained from Johns Hopkins University. To test the hypothesis that BSE could inhibit the inflammatory response caused by DEP, 29 subjects who responded to DEP challenge underwent 4 weeks of washout, followed by daily BSE administered as a single oral AM dose (containing >100 μmol/g SFN diluted with mango juice) for four days. The DEP challenge was carried out before and after BSE consumption. After DEP exposure the average cell count increased 4.5‐fold (p<0.0005) at 24 hours, but after four days of oral BSE administration, there was no significant increase in cell number after DEP (83.9±90.7%; p=0.389). The effects of BSE on a panel of cytokines in the nasal washes are being evaluated. These studies provide a model in which preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting asthma and allergic diseases can be developed based on the inhibition of oxidant stress through the action of phytochemicals such as SFN. Research Supported by the UCLA Asthma Center NIH Grant No. 1 U19‐AI 070453
The effect of beverage choice at an ad libitum meal caloric intake and post‐meal appetite and glycemia in healthy young men
Authors: El Khoury Dalia , Panahi Shirin , Luhovyy Bohdan L. , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: June 2021

We hypothesized that milk with meals lowers food intake and post meal blood glucose and appetite when compared with other beverages. In a randomized crossover design, 15 men (age: 22.1±0.5 years; BMI: 22.6±0.4 kg/m2) consumed one of five beverages, 1% milk (110 kcal/250 ml), orange juice (110 kcal/250 ml), regular cola (110 kcal/250 ml), diet cola (0 kcal), and water (0 kcal), at a pizza meal. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured at baseline and at 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min. Pizza intake was not affected by beverage, but total energy intake (P<0.0001) and postprandial appetite suppression (P=0.02) were higher with milk, orange juice and regular cola compared to water and diet cola. Ad libitum consumption of milk and pizza resulted in the highest intakes of proteins (P=0.012), vitamins and minerals and less total carbohydrate, sugars and caffeine (P<0.0001). Blood glucose area under the curve after milk was reduced by 31% and 36% compared to orange juice and regular cola, respectively (P=0.0003), with no difference between water, milk and diet cola. Glucose peaks at 30 min were lower after milk and diet cola (P<0.0001) and after only milk at 60 min (P=0.004) compared to orange juice and regular cola. While milk did not reduce meal time food intake, its contribution to nutrient balance at the meal and its lowering of post meal glycemia and appetite suggest that it is the preferred caloric meal‐time beverage.

Grant Funding Source: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada‐Collaborative Research and Development, Dairy Farmers of Ontario and Kraft Canada
Hypoglycemic Effect of Saururus chinensis Baill in ob/ob Mice
Authors: Kim Jung-In , Jeong Soo-Mi , Kim Minju , Kang Min-Jung
Published: June 2021

Saururus chinensis Baill was reported to have strong alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of S. chinensis Baill in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. Four‐week‐old male ob/ob mice (n=16) were fed AIN‐93G diet or diet containing a 0.3% ethanol extract of S. chinensis Baill for 10 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Blood glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose and insulin levels were measured and HOMA‐IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment‐Insulin Resistance) was calculated. Body weight, food intake, and serum insulin levels of the S. chinensis Baill group were not significantly different from those of the control groups. Consumption of S. chinensis Baill significantly decreased blood glycated hemoglobin, serum glucose, and HOMA‐IR compared with the control group (p<0.05). These results indicate that S. chinensis Baill is effective in improving insulin sensitivity and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009‐0090780).
Ingestion of nutrition bars high in protein or carbohydrate do not impact 24‐h energy intakes in healthy young adults
Authors: Trier Catherine M , Johnston Carol S
Published: June 2021

Although there is concern that consumption of high‐energy bars may lead to unhealthy dietary patterns and contribute to obesity risk, few studies have addressed this issue. In this crossover trial, 24‐h energy intakes were assessed in college students ingesting a high‐protein (HP, 280 kcal) or a high‐carbohydrate (HC, 260 kcal) nutrition bar for the breakfast meal and compared to a control day. Fifty‐four students entered the trial, and 39 participants completed all three test days. Daily energy intakes ranged from 1752±99 kcal for the non‐intervention day to 1846±75 and 1891±110 kcal for the days the HP and HC bars were consumed respectively (p=0.591). In the individuals who reported high levels of physically activity (n=11), energy intakes increased significantly compared to the control day for the HC bar day (+45%; p=0.030) and for the HP bar day (+22%; p=0.038). Daily energy intakes did not differ across test days for those with low to moderate physical activity (p=0.595). Macro‐ and micro‐nutrient intakes did differ significantly across test days in the total sample mirroring the nutrient profile of the specific bars. These data suggest that young adults adjust daily caloric intakes appropriately following the ingestion of energy‐dense, novel foods; however, caloric compensation may not occur in those reporting high levels of physical activity. This research was supported by the ASU Nutrition Foundation.
Knowledge on dietary treatment for weight reduction and eating habits of patients attending an Obesity Clinic
Authors: Kaufer-Horwitz Martha , Villa Mercedes , Pedraza Javier , Vázquez Verónica , Reynoso Ricardo , Domínguez Jannet , Méndez Juan Pablo , García Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Objective

To explore knowledge on dietary treatment for weight‐loss and eating habits of patients attending the Obesity Clinic of the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition in Mexico.

Methods

BMI was assessed in 104 consecutive first time patients. They were asked to design a detailed weight‐loss diet they would recommend to a person of their same characteristics; if the designed diet (RD) was similar to their own; and the reasons for not following such a diet. A 24‐hour diet recall was assessed (consumed diet; CD). The Mexican Food Exchange System was used to calculate energy content of RD and CD; and fruit, vegetable, cereal and sweetened beverage portions. Energy requirement (ER) by gender was assessed with Mifflin‐St Jeor equations multiplied by 1.2 assuming sedentary behavior. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess differences.

Results

Patients were 37.3±11.8 years old; BMI of 44.9±9.4; 52.9% were female; 67.3% had BMI≥40. ER was 2406±483kcal. RD 1175±273kcal; and CD was 2337±1063kcal (p=.000 RD vs CD and ER). Fruit and vegetable portions were lower in CD (1.9±2.1 and 1.5±1.6 vs. 2.5±1.3 and 2.0±1.0) p<.05; cereal and sweetened beverage portions were higher in CD (10.8±5.9 and 4.1±4.9 vs. 4.9±2.3 and 1.1±1.4) p<.0001. RD was not followed by 46.1% of patients; main referred reasons were lack of time, of structure, and economic issues.

Conclusions

Patients who seek care for their obesity have knowledge on dietary strategies to lose weight; but they do not seem to translate it into practice. Treatment approaches should focus on giving patients tools to implement their nutrition knowledge.
Dietary fructose was not a causal factor in rise in obesity prevalence between 1970 and 2008
Authors: Carr Timothy P , Carden Trevor J
Published: June 2021

Dietary fructose and its role in obesity has been the focus of much research and debate in recent years. To determine whether fructose consumption in the U.S. has increased sufficiently to be a casual factor in the rise in obesity prevalence, we analyzed U.S. per capita loss‐adjusted food availability data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture for 132 individual food items. Nutrient profiles for each of these foods were used to determine the availability of energy as well as macronutrients and monosaccharides during the years 1970–2008. Our findings indicate that during this 39 year period the percent change in total energy availability increased 10.5%, but that the net change in fructose availability was 0%. Energy available from glucose, however, increased 12.8%. Furthermore, glucose available from all food sources was about 3–4 times greater than fructose. Energy available from protein, carbohydrate and fat increased 4.6%, 9.1% and 14.1%, respectively. These data suggest that fructose availability in the U.S. did not increase between 1970 and 2008 and therefore could not have been a unique causal factor in the increased obesity prevalence. Increased consumption of foods that contribute other nutrients, primarily glucose and fat, appear to be a more likely explanation.
Rates of Weight Loss in Diabetics versus Non‐Diabetics in Subjects in an Outpatient Very Low Calorie Diet Program
Authors: Deng Max L , Wang Michelle , Tseng Chi-Hong , Li Zhaoping , Heber David
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate differences in the efficacy of a very low calorie diet (VLCD) in promoting weight loss in diabetic mellitus (DM) and non‐DM patients.

METHOD

Patients enrolled in a self‐paid, university‐based, outpatient weight loss program with VLCD (500–800 Cal/day) were studied retrospectively. Patients entering the program for the first time and attending weekly clinic visits for >8 weeks were included in the analysis. Repeated measurement analysis was used to determine whether weight loss was different in DM subjects compared to those subjects without DM.

RESULTS

A total of 326 patients with DM and 3209 without DM entering the program from 1991 to 2010 met all the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. In the linear mixed effects model, DM subjects had a slower rate of weight loss by 0.0163 lb/day compared to non‐DM subjects (p=0.0006). Gender had no effect on the difference of weight loss rate observed above (p=0.258). When subjects were compared according to BMI groups, there was no statistical difference in the rate of weight loss observed between patients with DM and without DM in the BMI ranges of 30–35 or >45.

CONCLUSION

Patients with Type 2 DM may lose weight at a slightly slower rate than non‐DM patients, regardless of gender, when enrolled in a structured outpatient program. Further analysis will be carried out to better understand the reason for the observed difference.
Soy and curcumin supplementation inhibits dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)‐induced liver fibrosis in rats
Authors: Cheng An-Chin , Chien Ling-Lung , Lee Ming-Fen , Pan Min-Hsiung , Guo Yan-Jyun , Huang Han
Published: June 2021

Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐cancer properties and extensively studied for its therapeutic aspects in a variety of disorders. Soy consumption associates with lower incidence of chronic diseases in epidemiological and clinical studies in many Asian countries. This study was to investigate the effect of soy and curcumin mix on liver injury and its fundamental mechanism. SD Rats were intraperitoneally injected dimethylnitrosamine (10 mg/kg) three times per week for four consecutive weeks. Soy and curcumin mix (50 or 100 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage daily for four weeks. Liver morphology, histochemistry, function, and fibrotic status were examined. Fermented soy and curcumin supplementation alleviated the dimethylnitrosamine‐induced changes in the relative organ weights of liver, kidney, and spleen and serum levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (p <0.05). Fibrogenesis and activation of hepatic stellate cells were relieved upon soy and cucumin supplementation as evidenced by histopathological examination and gene expression of α‐smooth muscle actin, respectively. These data demonstrated that fermented soy and curcumin preparations exhibited inhibitory effects in experimental model of liver fibrosis, suggesting their promising role in clinical intervention.

This work was supported by the National Science Council grants, NSC 100‐2313‐B‐309‐003, to A‐C Cheng, and NSC 98‐2320‐B‐309‐002‐MY3, to M‐F Lee.
Effects of fermented pinus densiflora extracts on obesity‐related pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in KK‐Ay mice
Authors: Ahn Eun-Mi , Yoo Seon-Mi , Choi Jeong-Sook , Kim Hang-Ran , Kang Min-Sook
Published: June 2021

With health concerns, substitutional sugar consumption is increasing. This study investigated the effects of fermented pinus densiflora extracts on obesity‐related pro‐inflammatory cytokines in diet induced obese diabetic mice. Twenty eight KK‐Ay mice were divided into four groups. Because sugar containing, we obtained appropriate concentration through preliminary experiment. Normal diet control (NC), 1% fermented pine needle (FPN), 3%FPN, 5%FPN group respectively. For seven weeks, they supplemented diluted solution with 10% fat calory (Normal) diet. Inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory analysis showed that Interlukin‐6(IL‐6), Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1(MCP‐1), Adiponectin were no differences. Also there were no significant changes in the values of Leptin, Adiponectin. But leptin concentration was tended to be higher in 1% FPN group than in other groups. Apolipoprotein‐1(ApoA‐1) showed significantly increased in 5%FPN group. These results suggest that the possibility of FPN, as an anti‐obese functional food ingredients, by improved lipid metabolism.

Grant Funding Source: This Research was supported by National Academy of Agricultural Science of Korea Grant
The role of Aurora‐A in curcumin‐treated human bladder T24 and breast MCF‐7 cancer cells
Authors: Su Chun-Li , Yen Cheng-Hsin , Ke Ching-Shiun , Liu Hsiao-Sheng , Cheng Hung-Chi , Huang Chi-Ying F.
Published: June 2021

Curcumin, a yellow pigment in turmeric, has been proven to induce tumor apoptosis and inhibit tumor proliferation. Aurora‐A, an oncoprotein, plays vital roles in centrosomal activity and chromosome segregation. Although both curcumin and Aurora‐A regulate cell cycle, the effect of curcumin on Aurora‐A has not been concerned. In this study, we observe that curcumin‐induced growth inhibition of human bladder T24 and breast MCF‐7 cancer cells was associated with suppression of Aurora‐A protein and thus kinase activity. Aurora‐A siRNA acted similar to curcumin, resulting in monopolar spindle, G2/M arrest, and cell division reduction. Ectopic Aurora‐A restored the curcumin effects. Of notes, the anticancer effect of curcumin was enhanced by Aurora‐A siRNA, producing additivity and synergism effects in cell division and monopolar phenotype, respectively. The discovery of curcumin‐induced inhibition of oncoprotein Aurora‐A supports the application of curcumin in cancer treatments.

(Supported in part by the National Science Council, Taiwan, No. NSC 98‐2313‐B‐003‐002‐MY3; the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan, No. 99‐EC‐17‐A‐17‐S1‐152; and the National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, No. 99‐D and NTNU100‐D‐06).
(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate sensitizes human promyelocytic HL‐60 cells to x‐ray irradiation and alters expression of pro‐apoptotic genes
Authors: Pollard Cory , Liu Bo , Zhou Lei , Percival Susan S
Published: June 2021

Cancer treatment with radiotherapy is common but often comes with undesirable side effects or tumor resistance. If the effectiveness of radiotherapy can be enhanced by epigenetically modifying certain genes, then less radiation may be possible. One means of increasing the efficacy of radiotherapy may be by using dietary bioactive compounds. (−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) is a flavan‐3‐ol found in cranberries and green tea, and has been shown to modify the epigenome in certain cancers. In the present study, we treated human promyelocytic leukemia (HL‐60) cells with EGCG and low‐dose (2 Gy) X‐irradiation to determine whether combined treatment resulted in increased apoptosis. As a marker of apoptosis, caspase‐3 activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Caspase‐3 and viability data support the hypothesis that EGCG enhances the sensitivity of HL‐60 cells to X‐irradiation. To determine the mechanism through which EGCG exhibits this effect, qRT‐PCR was performed to examine changes in the expression of several pro‐apoptotic genes. PCR data indicate that EGCG has little effect on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, however, may enhance apoptosis by potentiating the irradiation‐induced induction of the death receptor pathway genes TRAIL, Fas, and FasL. Funded by UF Opportunity Fund and UF/IFAS AES
Mulberry leave extracts inhibit stem cell‐like human neuroblastoma cells through induction of differentiation, down‐regulation of delta‐like 1 homologue (DLK1), and inhibition of ERK pathway
Authors: Park Seolhyun , Kim Jina , Kim Yuri
Published: June 2021

Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of the neural crest and the most prevalent pediatric solid tumor. Malignant neuroblastoma cells resemble stem cell/progenitor cells possessing differentiable and self‐renewal potential. Understanding the mechanism that regulates the characteristics of cancer stem cells is of greatest importance of discovery of chemotherapeutic treatment. Mulberry leaves are traditional medical plants and have been reported to have medical benefits, including antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer effect. However, the effect of mulberry leaves on cancer stemness remains to be examined. In this present study, mulberry leaves extracts (MLE) inhibited cell growth in a timeand dose‐dependent manner. MLE enhanced neuronal differentiation by elongating neurites and significantly reduced clonogenicity and non‐adherent sphere formation. Western blot results demonstrated that MLE not only down‐regulated the expression of stem cell markers (notch‐1 and sox‐2), but also upregulated beta‐tubulin III, one of neuronal differentiation markers. Furthermore, MLE increased phosphorylation of ERK kinases, a mechanism that has been shown to facilitate neuronal differentiation and regulated the bona fide stem cell gene, delta‐like 1 homologue (DLK1), which indicated the involvement of MLE in stem cell regulation. Taken together, these findings provide experimental evidence that MLE may possess chemopreventive effect on neuroblastoma cells by inhibiting cancer stem cell characteristics as well as regulating cancer‐stem cell pathway, which enable us to discover more preventive strategies for this deadly child cancer, thereby improve patient survival.

[This research was supported by Ewha Womans University Research Grant of 2010 (Project Number is 2010‐0256‐1‐2)]
Effects of indole‐3‐carbinol on adipocyte‐induced invasion‐associated factors on breast cancer cells
Authors: Wang Mei Lin , Chen Yue-Hwa
Published: June 2021

Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), one of the major indolic derivatives in cruciferous vegetable, has been reported to inhibit the invasion of the breast cancer cells and reduce body weight in high fat diet‐induced obesity mice. Because obesity is positively associated with breast cancers, and because the information on the relationship between adipocytes and breast cancer cells is limited, this study was aimed at investigating the cross‐talk among I3C, adipocytes as well as breast cancer cells on invasion‐association factors. After the breast cancer cells were cultivated with the condition medium (CM) from differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes in the presence or absence of I3C for 24 h, the medium was then collected for analyses of cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloprotease (MMP). The results indicated that the CM from differentiated adipocytes significantly enhanced cell proliferation and increased VEGF production in breast cancer cells, whereas I3C inhibited such induction. On the other hand, high MMP activity observed in CM was also inhibited by I3C treatment, although no effects on NO production was noticed. In conclusion, mediators released from adipocytes had direct effects on the breast cancer invasion‐associated factors, and I3C showed inhibitory effects on these factors.
The photoprotective effects of almond phytonutrients in a three‐dimensional human skin tissue model
Authors: Evans Julie A , Garlick Jonathan , Johnson Elizabeth J , Wang Xiang-Dong , Chen C-Y. Oliver
Published: June 2021

Background

Almonds contain α‐tocopherol (AT) and polyphenols (AP), which have shown promise as photoprotectants in skin.

Objective

Our aims were: 1) assess the feasibility of nutrient studies in a 3‐dimensinal (3D) human skin model and 2) determine photoprotection of AT and AP from ultraviolet‐A (UVA) irradiation.

Materials and Methods

AT or AP was applied to media (25 and 5 μM, respectively) for 48 h or topically (1 mg/cm2 and 14 μg/cm2, respectively) for 2 h. Tissues were subsequently UVA irradiated (35 J/cm2) and photodamage was assessed at 96 h by morphology, proliferation (BrdU assay), apoptosis (TUNEL assay) and differentiation (keratin‐10 immunohistochemistry).

Results

UVA induced morphological deterioration and delayed differentiation was partially prevented by pretreatment of all nutrient applications. Tissues pretreated with media AT and topical AP tended to have increased proliferation compared to corresponding control tissue after UVA irradiation, while media and topical AT and topical AP treated tissue tended to have decreased apoptotic fibroblasts.

Conclusions

Our 3D skin model is a feasible tool to assess nutrient photoprotection. AT and AP applied to medium or topically provided some degree of photoprotection from UVA. These data may have positive implications for the use of dietary and topical almond phytonutrients to prevent sun damage. USDA#581950‐7‐07; Almond Board of California
Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of tamarillo fruit (Cyphomandra betacea Sendt.) extracts on LPS‐activated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Villegas-Ruiz Xadeni , Harris Gabriel Keith , Barcenas-Pozos Maria Eugenia , Jordan Chad
Published: June 2021

Tamarillo, or tree tomato, is native to South America. We examined the in vitro antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of ethanolic extracts of skins, seeds, pulp, and whole tamarillo fruit in an LPS (lipopolysaccharide) induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell model. Chemically, tamarillo skin exhibited the highest total phenol (116.75 ± 2.78 mg gallic acid/g tamarillo), Trolox® equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (67,018.7 ± 2,539.9 meq Trolox®/g tamarillo) and ORAC values (4,684.9 ± 267.5 μM Trolox®/100 ml). The highest anthocyanin values (17.86 ± 0.85 mg/g) were associated with the seeds. MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays were used to determine non‐toxic tamarillo extract doses and viability in RAW 264.7 cells. In the absence of LPS stimulation, tamarillo seeds and whole fruit, but not skin or pulp extracts, significantly induced NO formation (P < 0.05). In contrast, tamarillo skin, but not seeds, pulp, or whole tamarillo extracts significantly suppressed NO formation (P < 0.05) in the presence of LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the tamarillo fruit extracts modulate NO formation in the RAW 264.7 model and that these effects vary depending on the composition of the extract in question, such that seeds are net inducers of NO, while skins inhibit LPS‐induced NO formation.
Purple potato, even after processing, suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in high‐fat diet consuming pigs
Authors: Radhakrishnan Sridhar , Reddivari Lavanya , Smith Stephen B , Kim Sung Woo , Vanamala Jairam
Published: June 2021

Colored potatoes are becoming popular for their putative health benefits. Previously, we reported that purple potato (PP) chips suppressed the colonic inflammatory markers but did not alter feed intake/weight gain in the high‐fat diet (HFD) consuming pigs. However, no information exists if PP chips alter the systemic inflammatory markers. Elevated ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in adipose tissue of obese mice/humans leads to elevated inflammatory markers. We hypothesized that PP chips may alter mesenteric fat fatty acid profile and suppress systemic oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers compared to white potato (WP) chips in pigs consuming HFD. To test this hypothesis, obese pigs were provided with HFD containing 10/20 % PP/WP chips for 5 wks. Only PP diet (10%) suppressed oxidative stress markers (8‐isoprostane and malondialdehyde; ELISA, p < 0.05) compared to control and WP diet. Mesenteric fat free fatty acid analysis (GC) showed that PP and WP diet (10%, PP > WP) suppressed SFA and elevated PUFA compared to control. TNF‐α levels in serum were also suppressed (p < 0.05) by PP (10 and 20%) and WP (10%) diets compared to control. This suggests that PP, even after processing, might suppress oxidative stress/inflammatory markers in vivo via alterations in the fatty acid composition. Thus, consumption of colored potatoes may suppress chronic inflammation during obesity.

Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by National Research Initiative Grant 2009‐55200‐05197 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture (2009–2012) and USDA AES (2010–2012) grant proposals.
Two prebiotics are effective in promoting fermentation in rats fed a high fat diet
Authors: Goldsmith Felicia , Martin Roy J , Raggio Anne M , McCutcheon Kathleen L , Goita M'Famara , Williams Cathleen C , Pelkman Christine , Finley John , Keenan Michael J
Published: June 2021

Resistant starch (RS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are two non‐digestible, fermentable fibers whose break down by intestinal microbiota has been shown to improve gut health. However, previous studies suggest that a high fat diet fed prior to the prebiotic negatively impacted the fermentation process in rodents. The pre‐feeding of the high fat diet may change the microbiota so that the rodents could no longer respond to a dietary prebiotic. The question examined in the current study was: will concurrent feeding of prebiotics with a high fat diet preserve the ability to ferment? This 2×2×2 factorial study in Sprague Dawley rats (n=96) studies the fermentation effects of a high‐amylose corn starch (Hi‐maize® resistant starch) and a short‐chain FOS (NutraFlora®) in low (4% g/kg; 18% of energy) and high (14% g/kg; 40% of energy) levels of dietary fat. Results were significant at p<0.05. Prebiotic diets produced animals with larger full and empty ceca than control diets, and an increase in serum concentrations of GLP‐1 total and PYY, regardless of dietary fat level. Both RS and FOS significantly decreased cecal and colonic pH levels. RS and FOS combined diets caused a further reduction in pH. Feeding the prebiotics concurrently with high dietary fat preserved a significant amount of fermentation that was reduced or lost when pre‐feeding a high fat diet without prebiotics in a previous study. Funding was provided by National Starch LLC and LSU AgCenter. scFOS was provided by GTC Nutrition.
Progesterone receptor B through Sp1 induces the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene promoter activity and cell death in breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Guido Carmela , De Amicis Francesca , Santoro Marta , Avena Paola , Perrotta Ida , Casaburi Ivan , Panza Salvatore , Marsico Stefania , Ando’ Sebastiano
Published: June 2021

Phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor attracting considerable attention as new target for effective therapeutic strategies in breast cancer. The antitumors effect of progesterone were envisaged, however the mechanism thorough which this occurs was not clearly established. In the present study we report that OHPg, through the PR‐B isoform, produces a significant inhibition of MCF‐7 breast cancer cell survival with a concomitant increase of PTEN protein, mRNA and gene promoter activity. By using different deleted constructs of the PTEN promoter, we found that the OHPg failed to enhance the transcriptional activity of the PTEN promoter lacking the region between −1398 bp to −1118 bp. This DNA sequence contains several DNA motifs known to bind the transcription factors Sp1that has been shown to interact with PRs. In our experimental conditions mithramycin, prevented the PTEN promoter transactivation on OHPg treatment. ChIP and EMSA analyses showed specific recruitment of PR, Sp1 and RNA polymerase II upon OHPg treatment at PTEN promoter. The persistence of such effects in T47 cells which express high PR levels, addresses how OHPg/PR signalling may be considered as useful pharmacological tool to be exploited for innovative adjuvant strategies in breast cancer treatment.
Lapatinib for breast cancer′s systematic review and metaanalysis
Authors: Li doulin , Shi wentao , Li jiqiang , Wang jing , Su ke , Wei lei
Published: June 2021

Breast cancer makes up 23% of women malignant tumor incidence and there are 1.15 million new cases increasing each year. Lapatinib has clinical activity with manageable toxic effects in HER2‐overexpressing breast cancer. We assess the effect and safety of lapatinib for breast cancer.

Methods

Electronic retrieval in databases was finished for literatures as well as several journals, while Chinese journals and some relevant websites searched by hand. Data extraction was done by two reviewers according to the criteria respectively.

Results

Five trials were included. Clinically significant benefit was showed in lapatinib plus capecitabine and there wasn′t significant difference between the two groups. Overall response rate and clinical benefit were compared between lapatinib‐based regimens and control regimens and data showed a superiority in former but not significant.

Conclusion

It revealed that lapatinib plus capecitabine was superior to capecitabine alone in women with HER2‐positive advanced breast cancer that had progressed after treatment with regimens that included an anthracycline, a taxane, and trastuzumab. Patients with HER2‐negative, ‐untested metastic breast cancer didn′t benefit from the addition of lapatinib to paclitaxel.

(This work was supported by the Hubei Science Foundation under Grant No. 2009CDA074)
A fostriecin sensitive protein phosphatase, serine/threonine protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) is required for faithful chromosome segregation and mitotic progression into anaphase
Authors: Honkanen Richard , Theobald Benjamin , Bonness Kathy
Published: June 2021

Fostriecin is a phosphate monoester produced by Streptromyces that displays antitumor activity. Fostriecin inhibits the catalytic activity of PPP‐family ser/thr phosphatases (PP1, PP2A, PP4 and PP5), acting as a strong inhibitor of PP2A/PP4 and a weak inhibitor of PP1/PP5. Still, the molecular mechanisms linking phosphatase inhibition and antitumor activity are not clear. The studies reported here reveal that prior to the onset of apoptosis fostriecin disrupts of the metaphase alignment of chromosomes, which produces a prolonged mitotic arrest. To explore the contribution of individual fostriecin‐sensitive phosphatases, antisense‐oligonucleotides that potently and specifically suppress the expression of fostriecin sensitive phosphatases were developed. The suppression of either PP2Aα or PP4, but not PP5 or PP1γ1, was sufficient to induce metaphase arrest, during which time condensed chromosomes fail to achieve normal metaphase alignment. The suppression of PP4 alone induced a strong apoptotic response. Prior to apoptosis, cells with low levels of PP4 arrest in mitosis. In cells with suppressed levels of PP4 that do not become apoptotic, 4N cells that escape mitotic arrest and proceed into an aberrant form of cytokinesis that ultimately fails due to cleavage furrow regression. These studies provide novel evidence that PP4 plays a critical role in the regulation of metaphase progression into anaphase.
Activation of adenosine 2A receptors (A2ARs) enhances norepinephrine (NE) transport into perivenous sympathetic nerves in normotensive, but not DOCA‐salt hypertensive rats
Authors: Sangsiri Sutheera , Galligan James J.
Published: June 2021

NE and ATP are released from perivascular sympathetic nerves to control peripheral resistance and blood pressure. NE is cleared from the neuroeffector junction by the NE transporter (NET). Adenosine, a product of ATP hydrolysis, inhibits NE release via an action at adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs). A2ARs are also expressed on perivascular sympathetic nerves, but their function is unclear. We determined the role of A2ARs in modulating NE release and tested if A2AR function is impaired in DOCA‐salt rats. Electrically‐evoked NE release was measured in vitro using amperometry. The amplitude, rise slope, and decay slope of NE oxidation currents were measured in the absence or presence of drugs. CGS21680 (1–100 nM, A2AR agonist) increased the decay slope in mesenteric veins, but not arteries. The effect was antagonized by an A2AR antagonist (SCH58261 400 nM), and a NET blocker (cocaine 10 μM). This effect was mimicked by adenylate cyclase activation (forkolin, 1μM), but not PKC activation (PDBu 100 nM, or PMA 100 nM). A PKA inhibitor, H‐89 (1 μM) blocked the CGS‐induced effect. In mesenteric veins from DOCA‐salt rats, forskolin but not CGS21680 increased the decay slope of NE current. These data indicate that A2AR activation enhances NE transport into perivenous sympathetic nerves through activation of adenylate cyclase/cAMP/PKA pathway and A2AR function is impaired in DOCA‐salt veins.