bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The value of expert review in prospective trials of automated assisted screening devices
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Elsheikh Tarik M.
Published: May 2013

Previous prospective studies of automated assisted gynecologic screening devices have used a panel of experts for truth determination. We sought to determine the value of this practice. The relative sensitivity of the devices compared with manual screening was calculated using an expert panel for truth determination and compared using likelihood ratios to the relative sensitivity assuming all abnormal cases were truly abnormal. These results show that expert panel review has no significant effect on relative sensitivity at the threshold of ASCUS+ but may have an effect at HSIL+. Trials without expert consensus review may be compared to those with expert consensus review at the threshold of ASCUS+ but may not be reliable at the threshold of HSIL+ without additional confirmatory data. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42: 117–119. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population admixture and high larval viability among urban toads
Authors: Hase Kazuko , Nikoh Naruo , Shimada Masakazu
Published: May 2013

In terms of evolutionary biology, a population admixture of more than two distinct lineages may lead to strengthened genetic variation through hybridization. However, a population admixture arising from artificial secondary contact poses significant problems in conservation biology. In urban Tokyo, a population admixture has emerged from two lineages of Japanese common toad: native Bufo japonicus formosus and nonnative B. japonicus japonicus, of which the latter was introduced in the early 20th century. To evaluate the degree of genetic disturbance in the admixed population of these two subspecies, we analyzed genotypes of toads distributed within and outside Tokyo by assessing mtDNA and seven microsatellite loci. We found that the introduced B. japonicus japonicus genotype dominates six local populations in the Tokyo admixture zone and was clearly derived from past introgressive hybridization between the two subspecies. These observations were supported by morphological assessments. Furthermore, the average larval survival rate in Tokyo was significantly higher than that outside Tokyo, suggesting that the temporary contribution of introduced toads occurred through introgression. The fitness of toads in urban Tokyo may thus be increasing with the assistance of nonnative individuals.
A tool for protected area management: multivariate control charts ‘cope’ with rare variable communities
Authors: Stringell Thomas B. , Bamber Roger N. , Burton Mark , Lindenbaum Charles , Skates Lucie R. , Sanderson William G.
Published: May 2013

Performance assessment, impact detection, and the assessment of regulatory compliance are common scientific problems for the management of protected areas. Some habitats in protected areas, however, are rare and/or variable and are not often selected for study by ecologists because they preclude comparison with controls and high community variability makes meaningful change detection difficult. Shallow coastal saline lagoons are habitats that experience comparatively high levels of stress due to high physical variability. Lagoons are rare, declining habitats found in coastal regions throughout Europe (and elsewhere) where they are identified as one of the habitats most in need of protected area management. The infauna in the sediments of 25 lagoons were sampled. Temporal and spatial variation in three of these [protected] lagoons was investigated further over 5 years. In a multivariate analysis of community structure similarities were found between some lagoons, but in other cases communities were unique or specific to only two sites. The protected lagoons with these unique/specific communities showed significant temporal and spatial variation, yet none of the changes observed were attributed to human impacts and were interpreted as inherent variability. Multivariate control charts can operate without experimental controls and were used to assess community changes within the context of ‘normal’ lagoon variability. The aim of control chart analysis is to characterize background variability in a parameter and identify when a new observation deviates more than expected. In only 1 year was variability more than expected and corresponded with the coldest December in over 100 years. Multivariate control charts are likely to have wide application in the management of protected areas and other natural systems where variability and/or rarity preclude conventional analytical and experimental approaches but where assessments of condition, impact or regulatory compliance are nonetheless required.
Positive selection of self‐antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells by hematopoietic cells
Authors: Yamada Hisakata , Shibata Kensuke , Sakuraba Koji , Fujimura Kenjiro , Yoshikai Yasunobu
Published: May 2013

In contrast to thymic epithelial cells, which induce the positive selection of conventional CD8+ T cells, hematopoietic cells (HCs) select innate CD8+ T cells whose Ag specificity is not fully understood. Here we show that CD8+ T cells expressing an H‐Y Ag‐specific Tg TCR were able to develop in mice in which only HCs expressed MHC class I, when HCs also expressed the H‐Y Ag. These HC‐selected self‐specific CD8+ T cells resemble innate CD8+ T cells in WT mice in terms of the expression of memory markers and effector functions, but are phenotypically distinct from the thymus‐independent CD8+ T‐cell population. The peripheral maintenance of H‐Y‐specific CD8+ T cells required presentation of the self‐Ag and IL‐15 on HCs. HC‐selected CD8+ T cells in mice lacking the Tg TCR also showed these features. Furthermore, by using MHC class I tetramers with a male Ag peptide, we found that self‐Ag‐specific CD8+ T cells in TCR non‐Tg mice could develop via HC‐induced positive selection, supporting results obtained from H‐Y TCR Tg mice. These findings indicate the presence of self‐specific CD8+ T cells that are positively selected by HCs in the peripheral T‐cell repertoire.
IFN‐β therapy modulates B‐cell and monocyte crosstalk via TLR7 in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Giacomini Elena , Severa Martina , Rizzo Fabiana , Mechelli Rosella , Annibali Viviana , Ristori Giovanni , Riccieri Valeria , Salvetti Marco , Coccia Eliana Marina
Published: May 2013

The implication of B lymphocytes in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasingly recognized. Here we investigated the response of B cells to IFN‐β, a first‐line therapy for relapsing‐remitting MS patients, upon stimulation with TLR. IFN‐β restored the frequency of TLR7‐induced IgM and IgG‐secreting cells in MS patients to the levels found in healthy donors, showing a specific deficiency in the TLR7 pathway. However, no difference was observed in the TLR9 response. Furthermore, in MS‐derived PBMCs, TLR7‐mediated production of IL‐6 and the ex vivo expression of B‐cell‐activating factor of the TNF family, two crucial cytokines for B‐cell differentiation and survival, were induced by IFN‐β. Depletion of monocytes, which are key producers of both IL‐6 and B‐cell‐activating factor of the TNF family, showed that TLR7‐mediated B‐cell differentiation into Ig‐secreting cells is strongly dependent on the cross‐talk between B cells and monocytes. Accordingly, impaired expression of TLR7 mRNA was observed in PBMCs and monocytes isolated from MS‐affected individuals as compared with those from healthy donors, which was rescued by IFN‐β therapy. Collectively, our data unveil a novel TLR7‐regulated mechanism in in vivo IFN‐β‐stimulated whole leukocytes that could be exploited to define new TLR7‐based strategies for the treatment of MS.
Statistical modeling of changes in relative sea level in Maine during the Holocene Era
Authors: Altman N. S. , Balco G. , Crainiceanu C. , Gehrels W. R. , Qiu J. , Staudenmayer J. , Sullivan P.
Published: May 2013

Understanding past relative sea‐level changes is important to a number of social and scientific questions, including the effects of global climate change and future land‐use planning under scenarios of accelerated sea‐level rise with a concomitant increased threat to coastal areas around the world. In particular, accurately characterizing millennial sea‐level changes is important in evaluating vertical movements of the Earth's crust that happen in response to the advances and retreats of ice sheets during long‐term climatic cycles. In this paper, we analyze sea‐level data from several Maine salt marshes previously reported in a paper from the geological literature. We address these data and questions of geological interest with a ‘smooth transition’ model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence and associated demographic factors of dementia from a cross‐sectional community survey in Kingston, Jamaica
Authors: Neita Susanne M. , Abel Wendel D. , Eldemire‐Shearer Denise , James Kenneth , Gibson Roger C.
Published: May 2013

Objectives

Using a cross‐sectional community survey, the authors aimed to estimate the prevalence of dementia among a sample of older Jamaicans and to identify associated demographic factors.

Methods

From February to July 2010, persons of age ≥60 years were randomly selected from two communities in Kingston, Jamaica and screened with the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE). All MMSE‐positive participants and an equal number of matched MMSE‐negative participants underwent definitive diagnostic evaluation for dementia using the Clinical and Diagnostic Assessment Procedure for Dementia. Subsequently derived MMSE sensitivity and specificity measures from the subsample were used to estimate the overall prevalence of dementia (primary outcome). Chi square, Fisher's Exact, Exact, Spearman's correlation and t‐tests were used to explore associations of dementia with age, gender, educational level and socioeconomic status. Statistical significance was taken as p < 0.05.

Results

Two hundred participants were recruited. Age‐standardized prevalence rates of dementia were 5.07% (standardized to the Jamaican population) and 5.32% (standardized to the West Europe population). Dementia was more prevalent among older persons (Spearman's rho = 0.31; p < 0.001); no other significant associations were found.

Conclusions

Dementia prevalence found in this study is lower than figures from previous Caribbean reports. The older persons are disproportionately affected. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy budget of first‐year Arctic sea ice in advanced stages of melt
Authors: Hudson Stephen R. , Granskog Mats A. , Sundfjord Arild , Randelhoff Achim , Renner Angelika H. H. , Divine Dmitry V.
Published: May 2013

During an 8 day drift in July–August 2012 in the Nansen Basin, all components of the energy budget of melting first‐year sea ice were observed. Absorption of solar radiation by the ice and ponds was the largest source of energy to the ice at almost all times during the drift. However, oceanic heat flux also provided significant heating and dominated during one wind event. Longwave fluxes provided a relatively small cooling effect, and atmospheric heat fluxes were negligible. The aggregate scale albedo of this younger, thinner ice was significantly lower than at Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA), and the transmittance was significantly higher here, despite similar pond and open water fractions. The oceanic heat flux was only half of the solar flux through the ice to the water, producing warm water near the surface that might delay ice growth in autumn, an important effect of the transition to thinner first‐year ice in the high Arctic.
Shipping contributes to ocean acidification
Authors: Hassellöv Ida‐Maja , Turner David R. , Lauer Axel , Corbett James J.
Published: May 2013

The potential effect on surface water pH of emissions of SOX and NOX from global ship routes is assessed. The results indicate that regional pH reductions of the same order of magnitude as the CO2‐driven acidification can occur in heavily trafficked waters. These findings have important consequences for ocean chemistry, since the sulfuric and nitric acids formed are strong acids in contrast to the weak carbonic acid formed by dissolution of CO2. Our results also provide background for discussion of expanded controls to mitigate acidification due to these shipping emissions.
The 2011 M = 9.0 Tohoku oki earthquake more than doubled the probability of large shocks beneath Tokyo
Authors: Toda Shinji , Stein Ross S.
Published: May 2013

The Kanto seismic corridor surrounding Tokyo has hosted four to five M ≥ 7 earthquakes in the past 400 years. Immediately after the Tohoku earthquake, the seismicity rate in the corridor jumped 10‐fold, while the rate of normal focal mechanisms dropped in half. The seismicity rate decayed for 6–12 months, after which it steadied at three times the pre‐Tohoku rate. The seismicity rate jump and decay to a new rate, as well as the focal mechanism change, can be explained by the static stress imparted by the Tohoku rupture and postseismic creep to Kanto faults. We therefore fit the seismicity observations to a rate/state Coulomb model, which we use to forecast the time‐dependent probability of large earthquakes in the Kanto seismic corridor. We estimate a 17% probability of a M ≥ 7.0 shock over the 5 year prospective period 11 March 2013 to 10 March 2018, two‐and‐a‐half times the probability had the Tohoku earthquake not struck.
The role of hydrous phases in the formation of trench parallel anisotropy: Evidence from Rayleigh waves in Cascadia
Authors: Wagner Lara S. , Fouch Matthew J. , James David E. , Long Maureen D.
Published: May 2013

The cause of seismic anisotropy exhibiting trench parallel fast directions in subduction systems has been the subject of significant recent research. We provide new constraints on the contributions of hydrous phases to seismic anisotropy from an unusually well‐localized region of trench parallel fast directions in Rayleigh wave phase velocities near the Cascade arc at 45 to 66 s periods. We constrain the location of the anisotropic material to within or directly above the oceanic plate, using the depth sensitivity of Rayleigh waves as a function of frequency and the accurate slab imaging available for Cascadia from scattered wave studies. We infer that the likely source of trench‐parallel anisotropy is either a thin layer of sheared hydrous material directly above the slab or hydrated outer rise faults in the upper part of the subducting plate. Similar contributions to trench parallel anisotropy from hydrous phases are likely stronger in other subduction zones.
Time‐variable gravity observations of ice sheet mass balance: Precision and limitations of the GRACE satellite data
Authors: Velicogna I. , Wahr J.
Published: May 2013

Time‐variable gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission have been available since 2002 to estimate the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. We analyze current progress and uncertainties in GRACE estimates of ice sheet mass balance. We discuss the impacts of errors associated with spherical harmonic truncation, spatial averaging, temporal sampling, and leakage from other time‐dependent signals (e.g., glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)). The largest sources of error for Antarctica are the GIA correction, the omission of l=1 terms, nontidal changes in ocean mass, and measurement errors. For Greenland, the errors come mostly from the uncertainty in the scaling factor. Using Release 5.0 (RL05) GRACE fields for January 2003 through November 2012, we find a mass change of −258 ± 41 Gt/yr for Greenland, with an acceleration of −31 ± 6 Gt/yr2, and a loss that migrated clockwise around the ice sheet margin to progressively affect the entire periphery. For Antarctica, we report changes of −83 ± 49 and −147 ± 80 Gt/yr for two GIA models, with an acceleration of −12 ± 9 Gt/yr2 and a dominance from the southeast pacific sector of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.
Validation of predicted meteorological drought in California using analogous orbital geometries
Authors: Ejeta Messele Zewdie
Published: May 2013

Recent studies have uncovered the predictability of hydrological conditions on Earth, based on an analysis of long‐term precipitation data in California and analogous orbital forcings during different years that are separated by Saros cycles. With similar orbital geometries of the Earth and Moon, water years 1976 and 1994, which are one and two Saros cycles apart from water year 2012, respectively, were both Critically Dry years in California, according to the California Department of Water Resources’ water year type classification. Further analysis of precipitation data at a cross section of gauging stations across the U.S. during water years 1976 and 1994 reinforces the previously observed association between analogous orbital forcings and hydrological conditions on earth. The current work is a validation of predicted meteorological drought in California during water year 2012 using: (1) real‐time precipitation data collected from a cross section of gauging stations across California, and (2) estimated full natural flows of eight major rivers in California. The data for these years were analyzed and found to have a high level of correlation. The results of the current work provide a significant mark in the validation exercises of the recent novel finding of the predictability of earth's meteorological and hydrological variability. Continued studies and mapping of observed hydrological conditions globally in the coming years using this approach will be highly valuable for sustainable water resources engineering and various other applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of an automatic calibration procedure for HYDROTEL based on prior OAT sensitivity and complementary identifiability analysis
Authors: Bouda Médard , Rousseau Alain N. , Gumiere Silvio J. , Gagnon Patrick , Konan Brou , Moussa Roger
Published: May 2013

Efficiency of hydrological models mostly depends on the quality of the calibration performed prior to use. In this paper, an automatic calibration framework for the distributed hydrological model HYDROTEL is proposed. The calibration procedure was performed for three watersheds characterized with different hydroclimatological conditions: the Sassandra located in Ivory Coast, Africa, and the Montmorency and Beaurivage watersheds located in Quebec (Canada). Results of one‐a‐time (OAT) sensitivity analysis showed that the order of the most sensitive parameters differs for each watershed. Thus, the sensitivity depends on the hydroclimatic and physiographic characteristics of the watersheds. Co‐linearity indices showed that all model parameters were identifiable, that is, none of the studied parameters could be explained by a combination of the other parameters. Following these findings, an automatic calibration was run. Results indicated there was good agreement between simulated and measured streamflows at the outlet of each watershed; Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ranging between 0.77 and 0.92 and R2 ranging from 0.87 to 0.97. When comparing NSE and R2 values obtained using a process‐oriented, multiple‐objective, manual calibration strategy, a slight increase in model efficiency was reached with the automatic calibration procedure (4.15% for NSE and 2.95% for R2) improving predictions of peak flows for the Montmorency and Beaurivage watersheds (temperate climate conditions) and flows beyond the rainfall season in the Sassandra watershed. The proposed automatic calibration procedure introduced in this paper may be applied to other distributed hydrological model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early gene expression changes by Epstein‐Barr virus infection of B‐cells indicate CDKs and survivin as therapeutic targets for post‐transplant lymphoproliferative diseases
Authors: Bernasconi Michele , Ueda Seigo , Krukowski Patricia , Bornhauser Beat C. , Ladell Kristin , Dorner Marcus , Sigrist Juerg A. , Campidelli Cristina , Aslandogmus Roberta , Alessi Davide , Berger Christoph , Pileri Stefano A. , Speck Roberto F. , Nadal David
Published: May 2013

Lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection cause significant morbidity and mortality in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients. To gain insight into LPD pathogenesis and to identify potential effective therapeutic approaches, we investigated early molecular events leading to B‐cell transformation by gene expression profiling of EBV‐infected B‐cells from tonsils by Affymetrix microarray 72 hr postinfection when the B‐cells hyperproliferation phase starts. Cell cycle and apoptosis were the most significantly affected pathways and enriched gene sets. In particular, we found significantly increased expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK)1 and CCNB1 (cyclin B1) and of one of their downstream targets BIRC5 (survivin). Importantly, the strong upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein survivin was confirmed in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and 71% of EBV‐positive post‐transplant EBV‐LPD lesions scored positive for survivin. The validity of early transforming events for the identification of therapeutic targets for EBV‐LPD was confirmed by the marked antiproliferative effect of the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol on LCLs and by the strong induction of apoptosis by survivin inhibition with YM155 or terameprocol. Our results suggest that targeting of CDKs and/or survivin in post‐transplant EBV‐LPD by specific inhibitors might be an important approach to control and eliminate EBV‐transformed B‐cells that should be further considered.
Designing Assessments: A Multiliteracies Approach
Authors: Jacobs Gloria E.
Published: May 2013

Assessment, as defined by policy mandates such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top, is a well‒established concept within education. However, assessing multiliteracies presents new challenges because multiliteracies is about ways of knowing and being in the world rather than mastery of a particular set of cognitive skills. In this article, the author reviews three approaches to multimodal assessment. The author argues that although there are differences between the assessment approaches, the core of a multiliteracies assessment is teacher observation of student engagement, a practice in which good teachers already engage. The shift inherent in a multiliteracies assessment is that a pedagogy of multiliteracies raises a different set of questions about texts and text use, which lead to a new way of envisioning assessment.
Disciplinary Literacy : What You Want to Know About It
Authors: Fang Zhihui , Coatoam Suzanne
Published: May 2013

The recent call for a disciplinary perspective on literacy instruction in the content areas has generated considerable interest among literacy educators. This column addresses some of the questions that have been raised about disciplinary literacy. These questions concern the definition and assessment of disciplinary literacy, as well as the timing, teacher capacity, evidence base, and target audience for disciplinary literacy instruction.
Learning to Talk Like the Test: Guiding Speakers of African American Vernacular English
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Lapp Diane
Published: May 2013

In this article, we focus on instructional support for 91 students who speak African American Vernacular English and who are at high risk for not passing the required state exams. We profile the instruction that was provided and the results from that instruction, providing examples of how students’ language was scaffolded such that they could code switch between test language (standard academic English) and the languages of their homes.
Evaluation of simultaneous reduction of Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA by a bacterial pure culture
Authors: Dong Xiyang , Zhang Yu , Zhou Jiti , Li Hongyang , Wang Xiaojun , Chen Mingxiang
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

The integrated approach of using metal chelate (e.g. Fe(II)EDTA) absorption combined with microbial reduction for nitric oxide (NO) removal has been a frequent topic of much recent study. The present study was undertaken to evaluate simultaneous Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA with Paracoccus denitrificans as a model microorganism.

RESULTS

The experimental results suggested that Fe(III)EDTA reduction was severely inhibited by Fe(II)EDTA‐NO while the addition of Fe(III)EDTA could have a positive effect on the reduction of Fe(II)EDTA‐NO. Riboflavin, AQDS and vitamin B12 at 0.1 mmol L−1 did not have significant effects on simultaneous reduction of Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA. Addition of sulfide not only could directly react with Fe(II)EDTA‐NO and Fe(III)EDTA but also might play multiple roles in biological Fe(II)EDTA‐NO reduction and Fe(III)EDTA reduction. The respiratory inhibitor CuCl2 inhibited Fe(II)EDTA‐NO reduction as well as Fe(III)EDTA reduction while NaN3 and rotenone showed no measurable effects.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed that Fe(II)EDTA‐NO reduction and Fe(III)EDTA reduction reacted upon each other. The roles of sulfide were divided in terms of biological and chemical interactions during the simultaneous reduction. CuCl2 could inhibit the simultaneous reduction rates. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of 2,3‐butanedione over new composite supported Pd catalysts
Authors: Carrara Nicolás , Badano Juan , Bertero Nicolás , Torres Gerardo , Betti Carolina , Martínez‐Bovier Luciana , Quiroga Mónica , Vera Carlos
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

Heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts for fine chemical synthesis are a convenient alternative to homogeneous catalysts because of the ease of separation and reuse. In order to be good catalysts they must have high activity and selectivity and good mechanical properties. Appropriate kinetic models should also be available for reactor design.

Novel composite supported Pd catalysts were synthesized and tested in the liquid‐phase selective hydrogenation of 2,3‐butanedione to 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (acetoin). The composite support comprised a mixture of an organic polymer and γ‐Al2O3. The support and the Pd catalyst were further characterized by XRD, SEM, EMPA and XPS spectroscopy. Catalytic tests at various conditions were performed in order to elucidate the kinetics of the system.

RESULTS

The composite had better mechanical properties (resistance to radial and axial compression) in comparison with other commercial supports. Good activity and high selectivity to acetoin, a product of partial hydrogenation, were obtained at different reaction conditions. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood chemical rate expression useful for reactor design was regressed from the kinetic data.

CONCLUSIONS

The experimental results could be explained by a Horiuti–Polanyi mechanism in which the addition of an H atom to the carbonyl group in the adsorbed state is the rate limiting step. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Absence of post‐lesion reactive gliosis in elasmobranchs and turtles and its bearing on the evolution of astroglia
Authors: Kálmán M. , Somiya Hiro , Lazarevic Lidia , Milosevic Ivan , Ari Csilla , Majorossy K.
Published: May 2013

In the mature mammalian and avian central nervous systems, neuronal destructions are followed by reactive gliosis, but data on other vertebrates are rather controversial. Mammals and birds belong to different amniote groups (Synapsida and Diapsida, respectively), but exhibit common general features in their glial architecture, mainly the predominance of astrocytes. Two vertebrate groups seem to be in special positions of glial evolution: turtles (Testudiniformes) and skates and rays (Batoidea). The purely ependymoglial system of turtles seems to be the simplest one among the extant amniotes. In skates and rays, true astrocytes are preponderant glial elements, in contrast to the other “anamniotes” (and even to reptiles). We investigated stab wounds by the immunohistochemical detection of GFAP in turtles (Trachemys—formerly Pseudemys—scripta elegans), a skate (Raja clavata) and rays (Dasyatis akajei and Torpedo marmorata). Sharks (Scyliorhinus canicula) as ependymoglia‐predominated chondrichthyans, and—for positive controls—rats were also studied. In the elasmobranchs, other astroglial markers: glutamine synthetase and S100 protein were also applied. Neither turtles nor elasmobranchs presented considerable astroglial reactions. Critically surveying the former reports on different vertebrates, these results complete the picture that typical post‐lesion reactive gliosis is confined to mammals and birds. Analysis of the astroglial systems from phylogenetic perspective suggests that the capability of forming glial demarcation and scar formation evolved independently in mammals and birds. Predominance of astrocytes is a necessary condition but not sufficient for reactive gliosis. The intense glial reactivity of mammals and birds may be attributed to their complex cerebralization. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 351–367, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FAST observations of solar illumination and solar cycle dependence of the acceleration of upflowing ion beams on auroral field lines
Authors: Cattell C. , Dombeck J. , Eskolin M. , Hanson L. , Lorshbough D. E. , Carlson C. W. , McFadden J. , Temerin M.
Published: May 2013

We present the magnetic local time, invariant latitude, and altitude distribution of upflowing ion beams and the dependence of their occurrence on whether the ionospheric foot point of the satellite is illuminated or dark and on solar cycle, as indicated by F10.7. The effects of illumination and solar cycle are additive, consistent with the fact that the solar EUV depends on solar cycle and that the ionospheric conditions are dependent on total flux illuminating the foot point. Consistent with previous studies, the occurrence of upflowing ion beams peaks in the premidnight local time sector, and the occurrence increases dramatically with altitude over the altitude range of FAST (~700 km to ~4000 km). Solar illumination both reduces the occurrence of ion beams observed by more than a factor of 10 and increases the altitude where the acceleration occurs so that beams are rare below ~4000 km altitude. The effect of the increased solar EUV near solar maximum is almost as large. The inferred potential drops at altitudes below 4000 km, even during dark conditions, are usually less than 1 keV; during sunlit conditions and/or high F10.7, the potentials are usually less than 500 eV. These results place constraints on the altitude of the auroral parallel potential drop and on the relative importance of ionospheric conductivity and plasma density on the acceleration processes. There is no evidence that the statistical results are due to motion of large parallel potential drops to lower latitudes near solar maximum.
Wavenumber broadening of the quasi 2 day planetary wave in the ionosphere
Authors: Yue Jia , Wang Wenbin , Richmond Arthur D. , Liu Han‐Li , Chang Loren C.
Published: May 2013

Using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model, we investigate the observed zonal wavenumber broadening phenomena in the ionospheric quasi 2 day oscillation (QTDO) that is associated with westward zonal wavenumber 3 (W3) quasi 2 day wave (QTDW) perturbations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). We aim to explain why the observed longitudinal structures of the QTDOs in the ionosphere are different from those of the QTDWs in the MLT. We find that large QTDOs in the ionosphere with zonal wavenumbers other than W3 occur in the model run with the true magnetic field, but not in the model run with an aligned dipole field. These numerical experiments suggest that the occurrence of the additional zonal wavenumbers in ionospheric QTDOs is related to the longitudinal variations of the Earth's magnetic field configuration, strength, and dip angle, which have distinct stationary zonal wavenumbers. We also find that when the specified W3 QTDW winds drive ionospheric plasma motion in the magnetic field, the resultant QTDOs in ionospheric parameters, such as the dynamo electric field, ion vertical drifts, plasma densities, and total electron content, have more complicated longitudinal variations than simply W3, corresponding to a zonal wavenumber broadening effect. Additionally, we find that the wavenumber broadening effect in the ionosphere can be fed back onto the neutrals through ion drag, to produce small QTDW winds with new wavenumbers in the thermosphere.
Tropical cyclone cloud‐top height and vertical temperature structure detection using GPS radio occultation measurements
Authors: Biondi Riccardo , Ho Shu‐Peng , Randel William , Syndergaard Stig , Neubert Torsten
Published: May 2013

The accurate determination of tropical cyclone (TC) cloud‐top height and its vertical thermal structure using the GPS radio occultation (RO) technique is demonstrated in this study. Cloud‐top heights are determined by using the bending angle anomaly and the temperature anomaly profiles during the TC events, and the results are compared to near‐coincident cloud‐top heights determined by Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) measurements. Based on 34 closely located RO‐CALIOP pairs during 2006 to 2009, TC cloud‐top heights from RO are highly correlated with CALIOP (r = 0.84), with a mean RO‐CALIOP cloud‐top height difference of approximately 500 m and a root‐mean‐square difference near 1 km. GPS RO data also allow analysis of the TC thermal structure, showing warm anomalies in the middle troposphere and cold anomalies in the upper levels, with a strong inversion near cloud top. We further investigate the thermal structure of the TCs from collocated radiosondes, and identify 246 RO‐radiosonde pairs from 2001 to 2009. Radiosonde data confirm the thermal structure identified in GPS RO, with a strong inversion near the inferred cloud top. The mean difference between RO‐derived inversion heights and those from radiosonde temperature profiles is approximately 500 m. Results show that, while cloud‐top height detected from nadir‐viewing satellites can be easily biased by a few kilometers, the biases of RO‐derived cloud‐top height are within ~500 m.
Statistical estimations of the number of future ozone exceedances due to climate change in Europe
Authors: Varotsos K. V. , Tombrou M. , Giannakopoulos C.
Published: May 2013

A statistical model to examine the potential impact of increasing future temperatures due to climate change on ozone exceedances (days with daily maximum 8 h average ≥ 60 ppb) is developed for Europe. We employ gridded observed daily maximum temperatures and hourly ozone observations from nonurban stations across Europe, together with daily maximum temperatures for 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 from three regional climate models, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Reports on Emissions Scenarios A1B scenario. A rotated principal components analysis is applied to the ozone stations yielding five principal components, which divide the study domain in five subregions. The historical ozone‐temperature relationship is examined and then used to provide estimates of future ozone exceedance days under current emissions and under the assumption that this relationship will retain its main characteristics. Results suggest that increases in the upper temperature percentiles lead to statistically significant increases (95% statistical significance level) of the ozone exceedances for both future periods. The greatest average increases depending on the particular regional climate model range from 5 to 12 extra ozone days/yr for 2021–2050 and from 16 to 25 for 2071–2100, in southeast Europe. The lowest average increases range from 0 to 2 extra ozone days/yr for 2021–2050 and from 2 to 4 for 2071–2100 and are seen in northwest Europe. The simulations with the dynamical Goddard Institute of Space Studies/GEOS‐CHEM climate chemistry modeling system shows decreases instead of increases in eastern Europe, higher increases in northwest Europe, whereas for the other subregions similar results to the statistical model are obtained.
Solar cycle modulation of the ENSO impact on the winter climate of East Asia
Authors: Zhou Qun , Chen Wen , Zhou Wen
Published: May 2013

This study examines how the East Asian winter climate response to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) varies with the 11‐year solar cycle. The results indicate that the ENSO and East Asian climate relationship is robust and significant during winters with low solar (LS) activity, with evident warming in the lower troposphere over East Asia, which can be closely linked to the decreased pressure gradient between the cold Eurasian continent and the warm Pacific. Moreover, during the LS and El Niño winters, there is a typical rainfall response in Southeast Asia, with wet conditions over South China and dry conditions over the Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, and Sulawesi, which can be explained by the anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP). However, during high solar activity winters, both the surface temperature and rainfall anomalies are much less closely associated with the ENSO. The possible mechanism for this solar modulation of the ENSO‐related East Asian climate anomalies may be the change in the tropospheric circulation with the ENSO in both tropical and extratropical regions. Particularly, in the LS cases, an anomalous WNP anticyclone is intensified and a noticeable cyclone occupies northern Northeast Asia, resulting from the changing location and strength of the large‐scale Walker circulation induced by the more pronounced sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the ENSO. Further investigation with long historic data confirms that the relationship between the ENSO and the East Asian winter climate anomalies depends on the phases of 11 year solar cycle, with enhanced East Asian climate variation during the LS winters.
Improved MRI quantification of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kearney Hugh , Yiannakas Marios C. , Abdel‐Aziz Khaled , Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A.M. , Altmann Daniel R. , Ciccarelli Olga , Miller David H.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

To identify an improved method for measuring spinal cord cross‐sectional area (CSA) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Materials and Methods

MRI was performed on 15 controls and 15 MS patients and repeated in nine controls and nine patients after 6 months. At this timepoint, an additional scan was acquired to evaluate scan–rescan reproducibility. Two sequences were acquired in the cervical cord: 3D phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) and 3D magnetization prepared rapid acquisition T1‐weighted gradient echo. CSA was outlined at C2–C3 using two methods: a semiautomated edge detection method and active surface model (ASM). We evaluated reproducibility for all combinations of sequences and analysis methods using coefficient of variation (COV) and intraclass correlation coefficient and performed sample size calculations for clinical trials to reduce longitudinal cord atrophy.

Results

PSIR/ASM combination provided the lowest values of COV for intrarater, interrater, scan–rescan reproducibility (0.002%, 0.03%, and 0.1% respectively). At 6‐month follow‐up no significant changes were seen in CSA of controls, and a trend towards significance was observed in patients.

Conclusion

PSIR/ASM proved more reproducible than established methods of evaluating CSA in MS and also provides the lowest number of subjects per arm for 6‐month and 1‐year clinical trials.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:617–623. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of extrusion, infrared and microwave processing on Maillard reaction products and phenolic compounds in soybean
Authors: Žilić Slađana , Mogol Burçe Ataç , Akıllıoğlu Gül , Serpen Arda , Delić Nenad , Gökmen Vural
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

The Maillard reaction indicators furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acrylamide and color were determined to evaluate heat effects induced during extrusion, infrared and microwave heating of soybean. In addition, the present paper aimed to study changes in the phenolic compounds, as well as in the overall antioxidant properties of different soybean products in relation to heating at 45–140 °C during the processes.

RESULTS

Soybean proteins were highly sensible to Maillard reaction and furosine was rapidly formed under slight heating conditions during extrusion and infrared heating. Microwave heating at lower temperatures for a longer time yielded lower acrylamide levels in the final soybean products, as a result of its partial degradation. However, during infrared heating, acrylamide formation greatly increased with decreasing moisture content. After a short time of extrusion and infrared heating at 140 °C and microwave heating at 135 °C for 5 min, concentrations of HMF increased to 11.34, 26.21 and 34.97 µg g−1, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The heating conditions caused formation of acrylamide, HMF and furosine in high concentration. The results indicate that the complex structure of soybeans provides protection of phenolic compounds from thermal degradation, and that Maillard reaction products improved the antioxidant properties of heat‐treated soybean. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Nodal status of central lymph nodes as a negative prognostic factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lee Yoon Se , Lim Yun‐Sung , Lee Jin‐Choon , Wang Soo‐Geun , Kim In‐Ju , Son Seok‐Man , Shin Dong Hoon , Lee Byung‐Joo
Published: May 2013

Background

The status of metastatic lymph nodes, including the size and extracapsular spread (ECS), in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been well established. This study evaluated the correlation between the specific status of central lymph node metastases (CLNM) and negative prognostic factors.

Methods

We reviewed 243 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and neck dissection. The CLNM slides were reviewed and the relationship between the CLNM status and risk factors was analyzed.

Results

CLNM were found in 111 patients. ECS (+) was related to a large tumor, high number of CLNM, and large node (P < 0.05). Tumor size and number of CLNM were related to the ECS rate (OR = 3.861 and 2.491, respectively; P < 0.01) in a multivariate analysis. Large nodes (≥6 mm) were related to large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, number of CLNM, and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM). Tumor size and LNM (OR = 4.519 and 7.811, respectively; P < 0.05) were related to large nodes in a multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

ECS was related to node size, tumor size, and number of CLNM. Node size was related to tumor size and LNM. Thus, specific nodal status is a possible prognostic factor for PTC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:777–782. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafast Laser Systems: Fiber or Bulk Solutions?
Authors: Paschotta Rüdiger
Published: May 2013

Fiber technology has become well established in ultrafast laser technology. Specific strengths of that approach are quite beneficial in some cases, while serious limitations still favor bulk solutions in other cases. The article discusses various technical issues both for mode‐locked oscillators and ultrafast amplifiers.
Generalized logarithmic Gauss map and its relation to (co)amoebas
Authors: Madani Farid , Nisse Mounir
Published: May 2013

We define the generalized logarithmic Gauss map for algebraic varieties of the complex algebraic torus of any codimension. Moreover, we describe the set of critical points of the logarithmic mapping restricted to our variety, and we show an analogous of Mikhalkin's result on the critical points of the logarithmic map restricted to a hypersurface.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Proteins on Western Blots with Semiconducting Polymer Dots
Authors: Ye Fangmao , Smith Polina B. , Wu Changfeng , Chiu Daniel T.
Published: May 2013

Ultrasensitive fluorescence imaging of proteins on western blots using a bright, compact, and orange‐emitting semiconducting polymer dot (CN‐PPV) is demonstrated. A detection limit at the single‐picogram level in dot blots is achieved; with conventional western blotting, 50 pg of transferrin and trypsin inhibitor after sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transfer onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane are detected. This method does not require any additional equipment or time compared with the conventional procedure with traditional fluorescent probes.

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Microvascular salvage of a thrombosed total ear replant
Authors: Senchenkov Alex , Jacobson Steven R.
Published: May 2013

Microvascular replantation, when possible, is the treatment of choice for total ear amputations. Both arterial and venous reconstruction should be attempted. The present case report describes a successful total ear replantation in a 45‐year‐old woman whose ear was amputated due to a horse accident. Venous thrombosis subsequently occurred and was managed with anticoagulation and leech therapy. Eighty hours after the replantation, arterial thrombosis took place. The posterior auricular artery thrombosed anastomosis was resected and reconstructed with an interposition vein graft. This report illustrates the feasibility of the successful microvascular salvage of a thrombosed total ear replant. It suggests the need for close clinical monitoring of the replanted ear and prompt microvascular reexploration in an event of the loss of arterial flow. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:396–400, 2013.
In vivo imaging of islet transplantation using PLGA nanoparticles containing iron oxide and indocyanine green
Authors: Hwang Jung Hwan , Noh Young‐Woock , Choi Jung‐Hyun , Noh Jung‐Ran , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Gang Gil‐Tae , Kim Kyoung‐Shim , Park Hye Sun , Lim Yong Taik , Moon Hyeyoung , Hong Kwan Soo , Lee Hee Gu , Chung Bong Hyun , Lee Chul‐Ho
Published: May 2013

Purpose

We determined whether poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles would be a useful reagent for the successful monitoring of isolated islets by magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging systems, without clinically relevant toxicity in vitro or in vivo.

Methods

We used iron oxide for MR imaging and a cyanide dye approved by the Food and Drug Administration (indocyanine green) for optical imaging and estimated the in vivo detection of transplanted pancreatic islets.

Results

The poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles were associated with the islets in vitro and were successfully detected by 4.7 T (MR) and optical imaging, without other toxic effects. When labeled islets were transplanted under the mouse kidney capsule, in vivo T2/
‐weighted scans with 4.7 T MR detected as few as 300 labeled islets by 4 weeks. Optical in vivo imaging revealed indocyanine green fluorescence by 2 and 4 days after transplantation of islets containing 250 and 500 µg/mL poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles, respectively. These results were further supported by the immunohistochemical results for insulin and iron in the recipient mouse kidney and pancreas.

Conclusions

Taken together, these data indicate that poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles may be used to label transplanted islets and may be imaged with in vivo MR and optical imaging systems. Magn Reson Med 71:1054–1063, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.