bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delaying Riesling grape berry ripening with a synthetic auxin affects malic acid metabolism and sugar accumulation, and alters wine sensory characters
Authors: Böttcher Christine , Boss Paul K. , Davies Christopher
Published: August 2012

An improved understanding of the hormonal control of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening and the ability to manipulate it are of interest scientifically and commercially. Grapes are nonclimacteric fruit with ethylene unlikely to have a principal role in berry ripening but there are several other hormones thought to be involved. In this work, a significant delay in Riesling berry ripening was achieved through preripening treatments with the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The initiation of sugar accumulation was delayed and the rate of sugar accumulation was lower in NAA-treated fruit, resulting in a 15-day delay in harvest. NAA treatments also reduced the rate of decline in malic acid levels that occurs during ripening, and increased the synchronicity of malic acid and berry sugar accumulation. Sensory panel assessment revealed a significant difference between wine made from control and NAA-treated fruit. Analysis of the volatile composition of the wines’ headspace showed that the concentration of several compounds was altered significantly by the NAA treatment. These data provide further support for the involvement of auxins in inhibiting ripening and suggest that auxin treatments may be useful in controlling both winery intake, and fruit and wine composition.
The use of food resources by 0+ snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, from northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia
Authors: Saunders Richard J. , Fowler Anthony J. , Gillanders Bronwyn M.
Published: August 2012

Food availability is an important factor in survival and growth of juvenile fish and has been proposed as a major factor shaping the patterns of distribution and abundance of 0+ snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, in New Zealand and Japan. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that diet of 0+ snapper would exhibit spatial variation related to their abundance within a major nursery region. Therefore, we described the stomach contents of 0+ snapper collected from within a nursery region in areas of low and high abundance of 0+ snapper. The data also provided the opportunity to consider sized based differences in diet and temporal feeding patterns. 0+ snapper were generalist carnivores that preyed on a wide range of invertebrates and fish. No evidence of sized based dietary variation was identified but feeding either ceased or was much reduced during the hours of darkness. The major finding was that more polychaetes were present in the stomachs of 0+ snapper in the area of high 0+ snapper abundance than in the areas of low 0+ snapper abundance. The spatial differences in diet observed supports the hypothesis that prey availability is important as a driver of habitat selection by 0+ fish.
Factors contributing to the longevity of the commercial use of crocodiles by Indigenous people in remote Northern Australia: a case study
Authors: Austin B. J. , Corey B.
Published: August 2012

Access to land and resources has not, in itself, been sufficient for improving the wellbeing of Indigenous people living in remote regions of Australia. Much of the land has limited potential for mainstream market-based economic development. However, some Indigenous Australians have been able to use wildlife commercially to realise economic opportunities and to enhance their capacity to engage in natural resource management on their land. In this paper, a case study is presented of one such enterprise which has managed a crocodile egg-harvesting operation from a remote township for almost 15 years. Using a sustainable livelihoods approach to conduct field observations and semi-structured interviews, key factors were identified that had contributed to the longevity of this operation. These were minimal anti-use sentiment, demonstrably sustainable harvests, the market, the institutional context, parent-organisation support, activating and enhancing capitals and capabilities, and locally relevant enterprise activity. The crocodile egg-harvesting activity investigated is an example of a community-governed natural resource-based enterprise that has been able to engage Indigenous people in market-based economic activity in remote northern Australia. The findings have potential value to Indigenous peoples and communities, development practitioners, policy-makers and natural resource managers interested in the sustainable use of wildlife and Indigenous economic development.
Screening for anal neoplasia: anal cytology - sampling, processing and reporting
Authors: Darragh Teresa M. , Winkler Barbara
Published: August 2012

Anorectal cytology (ARC) is increasingly accepted as a valid screening tool for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions in populations at increased risk for anal cancer. As with cervical cancer screening protocols, proper patient preparation, specimen collection and specimen processing are essential for obtaining an optimal cytological sample. With attention and experience, the clinician can collect the best possible ARC specimen for laboratory evaluation. The incorporation of repeated interval anal cytology into standard surveillance practices for high-risk individuals is a valuable tool for the early detection of human papillomavirus-related anal squamous epithelial lesions and the prevention of anal squamous cell carcinomas.
French and underdevelopment, Haitian Creole and development
Authors: Hebblethwaite Benjamin
Published: August 2012

This article argues that Haiti’s French-dominant school system is an impediment to the nation’s development, whereas Haitian Creole-dominant education will lay the foundation for long-term development. In that Caribbean country, 95% of the population is monolingual in Haitian Creole while the portion that additionally speaks French does not exceed 5% with an additional 5–10% having some receptive competence (Valdman 1984: 78; Dejean 2006). Even though French is the language of the school system, as many as 80% of Haiti’s teachers control it inadequately and only a minority of students completes school (Dejean 2006). Economic, historical, sociolinguistic, and demographic factors are a part of the explanation for Haiti’s low educational achievement. Another important but often ignored factor is educational language policy. Data on educational language policy compared internationally show that the use of a second language in schools correlates with high illiteracy rates and poverty (Coulmas 1992). I reject arguments in favor of maintaining French-dominant education in Haiti (Lawless 1992; Youssef 2002; Francis 2005; Ferguson 2006, etc.) because the resources for it are woefully lacking. I argue that the progressive promotion of Haitian Creole throughout Haitian education will lead to improved learning, graduation, and Creole literacy, in addition to a more streamlined and coherent State, economy, and society (Efron 1954; De Regt 1984; DeGraff 2003; Dejean 2006). As Haiti rebuilds after the earthquake of January 12th, 2010, aid workers, government employees, and researchers who get involved in the recovery also unsuspectingly perpetuate French, English, and Spanish hegemony in development work (DeGraff 2010). The long history of suppressing Haitian Creole and promoting French in education and administration — and French, English, or Spanish in development work — form underlying obstacles in the nation’s struggle to produce an adequate class of educated citizens, to achieve universal literacy, and to make socioeconomic progress.
An exercise in the theory of conversational resources
Authors: Săftoiu Răzvan
Published: August 2012

In this paper, I will discuss and analyse two main resources for interaction in the context of bed and breakfast interactions: spatial and weather. Starting from the premise that guests in a bed and breakfast are from another geographical area, common background is first established by means of a spatial resource — requesting information on their hometown. Once they have some interactional history, they may start looking for other resources so that their dialogue may continue.
Graphing Jane Austen
Authors: Carroll Joseph , Johnson John A. , Gottschall Jonathan , Kruger Daniel
Published: August 2012

Building on findings in evolutionary psychology, we constructed a model of human nature and used it to illuminate the evolved psychology that shapes the organization of characters in nineteenth-century British novels. Characters were rated on the web by 519 scholars and students of Victorian literature. Rated categories include motives, criteria for selecting marital partners, personality traits, and the emotional responses of readers. Respondents assigned characters to roles as protagonists, antagonists, or associates of protagonists or antagonists. We conclude that protagonists and their associates form communities of cooperative endeavor. Antagonists exemplify dominance behavior that threatens community cohesion. We summarize results from the whole body of novels and use them to identify distinctive features in the novels of Jane Austen.
Flexibility in reading literature
Authors: Janssen Tanja , Braaksma Martine , Rijlaarsdam Gert , van den Bergh Huub
Published: August 2012

Previous research has shown that adolescent readers differ in their ‘online’ processing of literary texts. Differences were found in the extent to which these readers performed certain (meta)cognitive and affective activities while reading literary texts. However, readers might also differ in flexibility; that is, in the extent to which they vary their activities during reading. In this study we examined whether good and poor adolescent readers differ in flexibility. Nineteen Dutch students (ten known as good, nine known as poor literature readers) each read five stories while thinking aloud. Think aloud transcripts were analysed for the reading activities students performed. We used a multilevel model to estimate the mean changes in occurrence of activities during reading, as well as the variances between readers and stories. Results indicated that good readers were more flexible: they tended to change their reading activities both within and between stories, whereas poor readers showed more static patterns of response.
Balancing the kinetochore ledger
Authors: Cane Stuart , Maresca Thomas J.
Published: August 2012

Reduction of polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) at kinetochores as cells progress from prometaphase to metaphase is surprising given that the kinase is thought to stabilize kinetochore–microtubule (kt–MT) attachments. In this issue, Liu et al. (2012. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.201205090) demonstrate that kinetochore-associated Plk1 is a potent suppressor of microtubule plus-end dynamics. The authors propose that Plk1 activity facilitates the establishment of kt–MT attachments in prometaphase by stabilizing microtubules and that reduction of the kinase in metaphase promotes force generation by dynamic microtubules.
Modelling the transport of deuterium and tritium neutral particles in a divertor plasma
Authors: Tokar M.Z. , Kotov V.
Published: August 2012

A fluid model for transport of deuterium and tritium atoms in two-dimensional geometry of a poloidal divertor is elaborated by taking into account the coupling of both isotopes through the processes of cross-charge-exchange. Calculations are performed for the plasma parameters predicted with the code package B2-EIRENE (SOLPS4.3) for the divertor region in ITER. The results demonstrate that the transparency of the scrape-off layer for neutral particles generated by recycling on target plates and recombination of electrons and ions in the plasma volume can be significantly different for deuterium and tritium atoms. This difference has to be taken into account by considering the global particle balances in a reactor. The numerical approach applied for calculations is verified by comparing with an analytical model elaborated for the case of plasma parameters homogeneous in the divertor domain.
Outer divertor of ASDEX Upgrade in low-density L-mode discharges in forward and reversed magnetic field: I. Comparison between measured plasma conditions and SOLPS5.0 code calculations
Authors: Aho-Mantila L. , Wischmeier M. , Müller H.W. , Potzel S. , Coster D.P. , Bonnin X. , Conway G.D.
Published: August 2012

The scrape-off layer and divertor plasma conditions have been carefully analysed in dedicated ASDEX Upgrade experiments consisting of low-density L-mode discharges, with both forward and reversed toroidal magnetic fields and plasma currents. In the forward field, the outer divertor plasma is in a low-recycling regime with peak target temperature above 25 eV. In the reversed field with similar main plasma parameters, the target temperature is below 15 eV and the density is 5 times as high as in the forward field, indicating a higher recycling regime in the outer divertor. The SOLPS5.0 code package is used to model these divertor plasmas. Specifically, it is tested whether a combination of input assumptions exists that enables matching the code solution to all outer divertor diagnostic measurements, and whether these assumptions are compatible with constraints imposed by measurements outside the outer divertor. In the forward field, a good level of agreement with multiple outer target measurements is found with assumptions that simultaneously match the measured density and temperature profiles at the outer midplane, where the uncertainty in the radial position of the separatrix is ±0.5 cm. Similar approaches made previously for higher recycling regimes have not led to such a good consistency between all modelled and measured outer divertor parameters. In the reversed field with higher recycling in the outer divertor, a solution consistent with the outer target Langmuir probe measurements cannot be obtained, at least not without significantly compromising the match to the upstream profile measurements. Significant mismatches are observed also between the modelled and measured upstream Mach number in the forward field. These discrepancies question the global validity of the plasma solutions, and their origin is not yet clear. In part II (Aho-Mantila L. et al 2012 Nucl. Fusion

52 103007), the analysis of outer divertor conditions is complemented by local impurity migration studies, using the divertor plasma solutions presented in this paper.
On the cohomology of compact unitary group Shimura varieties at ramified split places
Authors: Scholze Peter , Shin Sug
Published: August 2012

In this article, we prove results about the cohomology of compact unitary group Shimura varieties at split places. In nonendoscopic cases, we are able to give a full description of the cohomology, after restricting to integral Hecke operators at

p
p

on the automorphic side. We allow arbitrary ramification at

p
p

; even the PEL data may be ramified. This gives a description of the semisimple local Hasse-Weil zeta function in these cases.

We also treat cases of nontrivial endoscopy. For this purpose, we give a general stabilization of the expression given in the article http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1090/S0894-0347-2012-00753-X, following the stabilization given by Kottwitz. This introduces endoscopic transfers of the functions

ϕ

τ
,
h

\phi _{\tau ,h}

introduced in the above article. We state a general conjecture relating these endoscopic transfers with Langlands parameters.

We verify this conjecture in all cases of EL type and deduce new results about the endoscopic part of the cohomology of Shimura varieties. This allows us to simplify the construction of Galois representations attached to conjugate self-dual regular algebraic cuspidal automorphic representations of

G
L

n

\mathrm {GL}_n

.
Decoherence and the conditions for the classical control of quantum systems
Authors: Milburn G. J.
Published: August 2012

We find the conditions for one quantum system to function as a classical controller of another quantum system: the controller must be an open system and rapidly diagonalized in the diagonal basis of the controller variable that is coupled to the controlled system. This causes decoherence in the controlled system that can be made small if the rate of diagonalization is fast. We give a detailed example based on the quantum optomechanical control of a mechanical resonator. The resulting equations are structurally similar to recently proposed models for consistently combining quantum and classical stochastic dynamics.
Mesoscopic systems: classical irreversibility and quantum coherence
Authors: Barbara Bernard
Published: August 2012

Mesoscopic physics is a sub-discipline of condensed-matter physics that focuses on the properties of solids in a size range intermediate between bulk matter and individual atoms. In particular, it is characteristic of a domain where a certain number of interacting objects can easily be tuned between classical and quantum regimes, thus enabling studies at the border of the two. In magnetism, such a tuning was first realized with large-spin magnetic molecules called single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with archetype Mn
12
-ac. In general, the mesoscopic scale can be relatively large (e.g. micrometre-sized superconducting circuits), but, in magnetism, it is much smaller and can reach the atomic scale with rare earth (RE) ions. In all cases, it is shown how quantum relaxation can drastically reduce classical irreversibility. Taking the example of mesoscopic spin systems, the origin of irreversibility is discussed on the basis of the Landau–Zener model. A classical counterpart of this model is described enabling, in particular, intuitive understanding of most aspects of quantum spin dynamics. The spin dynamics of mesoscopic spin systems (SMM or RE systems) becomes coherent if they are well isolated. The study of the damping of their Rabi oscillations gives access to most relevant decoherence mechanisms by different environmental baths, including the electromagnetic bath of microwave excitation. This type of decoherence, clearly seen with spin systems, is easily recovered in quantum simulations. It is also observed with other types of qubits such as a single spin in a quantum dot or a superconducting loop, despite the presence of other competitive decoherence mechanisms. As in the molecular magnet
V
15
, the leading decoherence terms of superconducting qubits seem to be associated with a non-Markovian channel in which short-living entanglements with distributions of two-level systems (nuclear spins, impurity spins and/or charges) leading to 1/
f
noise induce
τ
1
-like relaxation of
S

z

with dissipation to the bath of two-level systems with which they interact most. Finally, let us mention that these experiments on quantum oscillations are, most of the time, performed in the classical regime of Rabi oscillations, suggesting that decoherence mechanisms might also be treated classically.
Random student drug testing as a school‐based drug prevention strategy
Authors: DuPont Robert L. , Merlo Lisa J. , Arria Amelia M. , Shea Corinne L.
Published: August 2012

Aim

This paper describes the goals and current practice of school‐based random student drug testing (RSDT) as part of an overall drug prevention strategy, briefly explores the available literature evaluating its effectiveness and discusses the controversies related to RSDT.

Method

The authors describe the rationale for RSDT programs and the prevalence of RSDT and other drug testing programs in schools. Eight major criticisms and controversies in RSDT are discussed, including those related to acceptance of RSDT, program effectiveness, costs, legality and effects of drug testing on students. The limitations of the current literature are explored.

Findings

Although there is limited empirical evidence to support or refute the efficacy of RSDT in schools, there remains substantial opposition to such programs, which may contribute to the paucity of empirical studies of RSDT.

Conclusions

Rigorous long‐term evaluations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of various versions of RSDT programs to prevent drug use and identify students in need of assistance to become and stay drug‐free.
A phase 1 study to evaluate the effect of dolutegravir on renal function via measurement of iohexol and para‐aminohippurate clearance in healthy subjects
Authors: Koteff Justin , Borland Julie , Chen Shuguang , Song Ivy , Peppercorn Amanda , Koshiba Takaaki , Cannon Courtney , Muster Heather , Piscitelli Stephen C.
Published: August 2012

Aim

Dolutegravir (DTG; S/GSK1349572) is under clinical development as a once daily, unboosted integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection. The effect of DTG on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and creatinine clearance (CLcr) was evaluated in 34 healthy volunteers.

Methods

Subjects received DTG 50 mg (once daily or twice daily) or placebo for 14 days. GFR was measured by iohexol plasma clearance, ERPF was assessed by para‐aminohippurate plasma clearance and CLcr was measured by 24 h urine collection.

Results

All treatments were generally well tolerated. A modest decrease (10–14%) in CLcr was observed, consistent with clinical study observations. DTG 50 mg once daily and twice daily had no significant effect on GFR or ERPF compared with placebo over 14 days in healthy subjects.

Conclusions

These findings support in vitro data that DTG increases serum creatinine by the benign inhibition of the organic cation transporter 2, which is responsible for tubular secretion of creatinine.
Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression
Authors: Oleinika K , Nibbs R J , Graham G J , Fraser A R
Published: August 2012

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in mediating immune homeostasis and promoting the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, in the context of cancer their role is more complex, and they are thought to contribute to the progress of many tumours. As cancer cells express both self- and tumour-associated antigens, Tregs are key to dampening effector cell responses, and therefore represent one of the main obstacles to effective anti-tumour responses. Suppression mechanisms employed by Tregs are thought to contribute significantly to the failure of current therapies that rely on induction or potentiation of anti-tumour responses. This review will focus on the current evidence supporting the central role of Tregs in establishing tumour-specific tolerance and promoting cancer escape. We outline the mechanisms underlying their suppressive function and discuss the potential routes of Tregs accumulation within the tumour, including enhanced recruitment, in-situ or local proliferation, and de-novo differentiation. In addition, we review some of the cancer treatment strategies that act, at least in part, to eliminate or interfere with the function of Tregs. The role of Tregs is being recognized increasingly in cancer, and controlling the function of these suppressive cells in the tumour microenvironment without compromising peripheral tolerance represents a significant challenge for cancer therapies.
Performance of new signal‐to‐noise ratio estimation for SEM images based on single image noise cross‐correlation
Authors: SIM K.S. , NIA M.E. , TSO C.P. , LIM W.K.
Published: August 2012

A new technique for estimation of signal‐to‐noise ratio in scanning electron microscope images is reported. The method is based on the image noise cross‐correlation estimation model recently developed. We derive the basic performance limits on a single image signal‐to‐noise ratio estimation using the Cramer–Rao inequality. The results are compared with those from existing estimation methods including the nearest neighbourhood (the simple method), the first order linear interpolator, and the autoregressive based estimator. The comparisons were made using several tests involving different images within the performance bounds. From the results obtained, the efficiency and accuracy of image noise cross‐correlation estimation technique is considerably better than the other three methods.
The use of supportive observations within an inpatient mental health unit for older people and dilemma of using the Mental Health Act (2007) or the Mental Capacity Act (2005) in England and Wales
Authors: KHAN F. A. , RICE D. , TADROS G.
Published: August 2012

Accessible summary

With the increase in numbers of people suffering from dementia there is a need for staff at all levels of nursing to be trained in, and to be knowledgeable of, the basics of the MHA 2007, MCA 2005 and DoLS.

Decision‐making processes concerning observation levels on inpatient wards must be a team‐based.

All individuals must be assumed to have mental capacity unless it has been proved otherwise.

There is a need to develop clear and unambiguous observation policies for use on inpatient units.

In England and Wales the interface between the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) and Mental Health Act 2007 (MHA) is frequently encountered in mental health practice. In services involving older adults many service users will have cognitive impairment and dementias in some instances with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and assessments regarding their mental capacity to make decisions are frequently required. Service users with these illnesses are admitted to psychiatric wards and occasionally nursed under ‘close observations’ in order to maintain their safety and that of others. The concepts of ‘complete and effective control’ which may be exercised by ward staff in these circumstances, and the resulting ‘loss of autonomy under supervision and control’ must be understood in consideration of whether a ‘deprivation of liberty’ should ensue, particularly when they do not have mental capacity to make decisions about the observations. The observation policy must clearly delineate the different forms of nursing observations possible e.g. close, constant, intermediate, general etc. to avoid confusion among staff members implementing the observation plan. Various dilemmas and management of such dilemmas concerning the use of MCA 2005, MHA 2007 and observation policies has been discussed in this paper. Nursing staff working in both psychiatric and acute hospitals need training in concepts of MCA 2005, MHA 2007 and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards.
Unconstrained evolution in short introns? – An analysis of genome‐wide polymorphism and divergence data from Drosophila
Authors: Clemente F. , Vogl C.
Published: August 2012

An unconstrained reference sequence facilitates the detection of selection. In Drosophila, sequence variation in short introns seems to be least influenced by selection and dominated by mutation and drift. Here, we test this with genome‐wide sequences using an African population (Malawi) of D. melanogaster and data from the related outgroup species D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. erecta and D. yakuba. The distribution of mutations deviates from equilibrium, and the content of A and T (AT) nucleotides shows an excess of variance among introns. We explain this by a complex mutational pattern: a shift in mutational bias towards AT, leading to a slight nonequilibrium in base composition and context‐dependent mutation rates, with G or C (GC) sites mutating most frequently in AT‐rich introns. By comparing the corresponding allele frequency spectra of AT‐rich vs. GC‐rich introns, we can rule out the influence of directional selection or biased gene conversion on the mutational pattern. Compared with neutral equilibrium expectations, polymorphism spectra show an excess of low frequency and a paucity of intermediate frequency variants, irrespective of the direction of mutation. Combining the information from different outgroups with the polymorphism data and using a generalized linear model, we find evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, D. sechellia, arguing against a bottleneck in D. melanogaster. Generally, we find that short introns can be used as a neutral reference on a genome‐wide level, if the spatially and temporally varying mutational pattern is accounted for.
U Clips for arteriovenous anastomosis: a pilot, randomized study
Authors: Walker Stuart Robert
Published: August 2012

Purpose

The objective of this study was to assess a novel, new, nitinol clip for performing arteriovenous anastomoses.

Methods

This was a pilot, randomized, blinded trial. The trial was register with Clinicaltrials.gov identifier – NCT00829153. Thirty‐one patients undergoing autologous arteriovenous fistulas for renal access, where the inflow artery had a lumen diameter of 2 mm or more and the outflow vein had a diameter of 3 mm or more, were included in this study. At the time of operative preparation and exposure of the vessels, the patients were randomized to a conventional anastomosis with 6/0 Prolene or to U Clip anastomosis. The primary outcome measure was three successful dialysis treatments using the fistula.

Results

The primary outcome was achieved in 8/19 (42%) of the Prolene group and 7/12 (58%) in the U Clip group (P = 0.379 chi‐squared test Pearson uncorrected).

Conclusion

This pilot study has shown no advantage to the U Clip anastomotic technique when compared with the traditional continuous Prolene technique.
High Resolution DEM Generation in High‐Alpine Terrain Using Airborne Remote Sensing Techniques
Authors: Bühler Yves , Marty Mauro , Ginzler Christian
Published: August 2012

Up‐to‐date and accurate digital elevation models (DEMs) are essential for many applications such as numerical modeling of mass movements or mapping of terrain changes. Today the Federal Department of Topography, swisstopo, provides Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and Digital Surface Models (DSMs) derived from airborne LiDAR data with a high spatial resolution of 2 m covering the entire area of Switzerland below an elevation of 2000 m a.s.l.. However, above an elevation of 2000 m a.s.l., which is typical for high‐alpine terrain, the best product available is the a DTM with a spatial resolution of 25 m. This spatial resolution is insufficient for many applications in complex terrain. In this study, we investigate the quality of DSMs derived from opto‐electronic scanner data (ADS80; acquired in autumn 2010) using photogrammetric image correlation techniques based on the multispectral nadir and backward looking sensor data. As reference, we take a high precision airborne LiDAR data set with a spatial resolution of ca. 0.5 m, acquired in late summer 2010, covering the Grabengufer/Dorfbach catchment near Randa, VS. We find the deviations between the two datasets are surprisingly low. In terrain with inclination angles of less than 30° the RMSE is below 0.5 m. In extremely steep terrain of more than 50° the RMSE goes up to 2 m and outliers increase significantly. We also find dependencies of the deviations on illumination conditions and ground cover classes. Finally we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different data acquisition methods.
Subject and Topic: Evidence From Kenyang1
Authors: Green Melanie , Tabe Florence A. E.
Published: August 2012

The Cameroonian language Kenyang provides evidence for the view that subjects evolve from topics, and subject agreement morphemes from pronominal subjects. Kenyang has fully grammaticalised clause‐internal subjects, and a pre‐verbal subject marker that licenses null subjects, as well as marking aspect. Clause‐external topics may be involved in subject‐like processes such as reflexivisation or control of a null embedded subject, but only through a chain of reference mediated by a co‐referential subject. A comparison of topic and clause‐initial contrastive focus enables a full characterisation of topic by revealing systematic structural differences. A broadly minimalist analysis provides a straightforward model of the findings.
Urinary tract infection in multiple sclerosis: a practical algorithm for a common problem
Authors: Maghzi A.‐H. , Minagar A.
Published: August 2012

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
A Creative Industry in Transition: The Rise of Digitally Driven Independent Music Production
Authors: Hracs Brian J.
Published: August 2012

This paper nuances our understanding of the ongoing transition within the North American music industry. It extends the existing analysis of the so‐called “MP3 Crisis” by exploring the ways in which digital technologies have challenged the entrenched power of the major record labels. In particular, new insights are offered based on interviews with music industry executives who have been active in shaping the industry's response to illegal file sharing. The paper also uses interview data from musicians to investigate the implications of restructuring at the macroscale on creative talent at the microscale. As such, it documents the structures and spatial dynamics of digitally driven independent music production in Canada for the first time.
Risk factors for postpartum urinary retention: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mulder FEM , Schoffelmeer MA , Hakvoort RA , Limpens J , Mol BWJ , van der Post JAM , Roovers JPWR
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Mulder F, Schoffelmeer M, Hakvoort R, Limpens J, Mol B, van der Post J, Roovers J. Risk factors for postpartum urinary retention: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BJOG 2012;119:1440–1446.

Background  Postpartum urinary retention (PUR) is a common condition with varying prevalence. Measurement of the post‐void residual volume (PVRV) is not regularly performed. Various studies have been published on overt (the inability to void after giving birth, requiring catheterisation) and covert (an increased PVRV after spontaneous micturition) PUR. To evaluate which clinical prognostic factors are related to PUR, the identification of independent risk factors for covert and overt PUR is needed.

Objectives  We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies reporting on risk factors for PUR.

Search strategy  Systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE to September 2011.

Selection criteria  Articles that reported on women diagnosed with PUR or with an abnormal PVRV.

Data collection and analysis  The included articles were selected by two authors. We constructed two‐by‐two tables for potential risk factors of overt and covert PUR and calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals.

Main results  Twenty‐three observational studies with original data were eligible for data extraction, of which 13 could be used for meta‐analysis. Statistically significant risk factors for overt PUR were epidural analgesia (OR 7.7), instrumental delivery (OR 4.5), episiotomy (OR 4.8) and primiparity (OR 2.4). For covert PUR, variety in the definitions used resulted in heterogeneity; no significant prognostic factors were found.

Conclusions  Instrumental delivery, epidural analgesia, episiotomy and nulliparity are statistically significantly associated with a higher incidence of overt PUR. The same factors were identified for covert PUR, but without statistical significance. Uniformity in definitions in future research is essential to create a prognostic model.
Pregnancy outcome in women with peritoneal, ovarian and rectovaginal endometriosis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Vercellini P , Parazzini F , Pietropaolo G , Cipriani S , Frattaruolo MP , Fedele L
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Vercellini P, Parazzini F, Pietropaolo G, Cipriani S, Frattaruolo M, Fedele L. Pregnancy outcome in women with peritoneal, ovarian and rectovaginal endometriosis: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:1538–1543.

We retrospectively assessed pregnancy outcome in 419 women who achieved a first spontaneous singleton pregnancy after surgery for endometriosis. A miscarriage was observed in 87 of 419 women (20.8%) and an ectopic pregnancy in eight (1.9%). Among the remaining 324 women, 14 (4.3%) experienced gestational hypertension/pre‐eclampsia, 38 (11.7%) had a preterm delivery, five (1.5%) had placental abruption and 12 (3.7%) had placenta praevia. The incidence of placenta praevia was 7.6% in 150 women with rectovaginal lesions, 2.1% in 69 with ovarian endometriomas plus peritoneal implants, and 2.4% in 100 women with peritoneal implants only, whereas no case was observed in 100 women with ovarian endometriomas only.
Perinatal outcomes and gestational weight gain in women with eating disorders: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Micali N , De Stavola B , dos‐Santos‐Silva I , Steenweg‐de Graaff J , Jansen PW , Jaddoe VWV , Hofman A , Verhulst FC , Steegers EAP , Tiemeier H
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Micali N, De Stavola B, dos‐Santos‐Silva I, Steenweg‐de Graaff J, Jansen P, Jaddoe V, Hofman A, Verhulst F, Steegers E, Tiemeier H. Perinatal outcomes and gestational weight gain in women with eating disorders: a population‐based cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:1493–1502.

Objective  To investigate adverse perinatal outcomes and gestational weight gain trajectories in women with lifetime (current/past) eating disorders (ED: anorexia nervosa [AN] and bulimia nervosa [BN]).

Design  A longitudinal population‐based birth cohort.

Setting  Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Sample  Women who enrolled prenatally, had complete information on exposure (lifetime ED), and gave birth to a live singleton (n = 5256). Four groups of exposed women: lifetime AN (n = 129), lifetime BN (n = 209), lifetime AN + BN (n = 100), other lifetime psychiatric disorder (n = 1002) were compared with unexposed women (n = 3816).

Methods  Perinatal outcomes and gestational weight gain were obtained from obstetric and midwifery records, self‐report and objective measurements. Exposed women were compared with unexposed women within the cohort using linear, logistic regression and mixed models.

Main outcome measures  Any pregnancy, delivery and postnatal complications. Birthweight adjusted for gestational age, prematurity (born <37 weeks), small‐for‐gestational age; maternal weight gain during pregnancy.

Results  Maternal AN was positively associated with suspected fetal distress. No differences were found in mean birthweight, prevalence of a small‐for‐gestational‐age, or premature birth. Relative to unexposed women, women with AN had, on average, a lower body weight but a higher rate of weight gain subsequently; whereas women with BN had a higher body weight but a lower rate of weight gain.

Conclusions  Maternal lifetime ED is associated with few adverse perinatal outcomes in this sample. Differential gestational weight gain patterns in women with AN and BN are consistent with possible biological compensatory mechanisms aimed at protecting the fetus.
PLAIN POTTERY AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPES: REINTERPRETING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CERAMIC PROVENANCE IN THE NEOLITHIC
Authors: JORGE A. , DIAS M. I. , DAY P. M.
Published: August 2012

This paper focuses on plain, stylistically unvaried pottery from three Late Neolithic sites from the Mondego Plateau, Portugal, and investigates ceramic production and exchange among small‐scale prehistoric societies by means of thin‐section petrography and chemical analysis (INAA). The results show that the majority of the pottery was made with widely available, granite‐derived sedimentary clays, but petrographic differences between fabrics indicate collection at multiple locations within these deposits. Variation in chemical composition is consistent with site‐specific sourcing areas, while comparison with data from earlier sites in the Mondego and surrounding mountains suggests that such sources were geographically restricted within the plateau. In contrast, the small percentage of vessels produced with residual clays of metamorphic and intermediate igneous origin, which outcrop over 10 km and 30 km from the archaeological sites, demonstrates that plain pottery did circulate during the Neolithic beyond the funerary sphere. This is the product of the routines of mobility and social networks of Neolithic groups across the wider landscape, which involved the exchange of ‘mundane’ vessels. Finally, the study demonstrates that micro‐regional provenance studies can provide significant insights into prehistoric social landscapes if the data are interrogated beyond simplistic classifications of local and non‐local.
Focal cortical dysplasia type IIa underlying epileptogenesis in patients with epilepsy associated with Sturge‐Weber syndrome
Authors: Murakami Nobuya , Morioka Takato , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Amano Toshiyuki , Sakata Ayumi , Iwaki Toru , Sasaki Tomio
Published: August 2012

In patients with epilepsy associated with Sturge‐Weber syndrome (SWS), epileptogenesis has been suggested to be caused by chronic ischemia in cortical areas affected by leptomeningeal angiomatosis or by ischemia‐related cortical malformations. However, this has not been fully verified electrophysiologically. We herein present two cases of SWS with medically intractable epilepsy in which the epileptogenic area involved focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIa near the region of leptomeningeal angiomatosis. In both cases, the ictal‐onset zones were identified by chronic subdural electrodes, and the presence of FCD type IIa was shown histopathologically. In SWS, especially in association with focal leptomeningeal angiomatosis, FCD may thus play a major role in epileptogenesis. FCD should therefore be demonstrated by the collective findings of perioperative neurophysiologic examination, anatomic and functional neuroimaging, and histopathologic examination.
Resection of ictal high‐frequency oscillations leads to favorable surgical outcome in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Fujiwara Hisako , Greiner Hansel M. , Lee Ki Hyeong , Holland‐Bouley Katherine D. , Seo Joo Hee , Arthur Todd , Mangano Francesco T. , Leach James L. , Rose Douglas F.
Published: August 2012

Purpose:  Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) is performed as part of an epilepsy surgery evaluation when noninvasive tests are incongruent or the putative seizure‐onset zone is near eloquent cortex. Determining the seizure‐onset zone using intracranial EEG has been conventionally based on identification of specific ictal patterns with visual inspection. High‐frequency oscillations (HFOs, >80 Hz) have been recognized recently as highly correlated with the epileptogenic zone. However, HFOs can be difficult to detect because of their low amplitude. Therefore, the prevalence of ictal HFOs and their role in localization of epileptogenic zone on intracranial EEG are unknown.

Methods:  We identified 48 patients who underwent surgical treatment after the surgical evaluation with intracranial EEG, and 44 patients met criteria for this retrospective study. Results were not used in surgical decision making. Intracranial EEG recordings were collected with a sampling rate of 2,000 Hz. Recordings were first inspected visually to determine ictal onset and then analyzed further with time‐frequency analysis. Forty‐one (93%) of 44 patients had ictal HFOs determined with time‐frequency analysis of intracranial EEG.

Key Findings:  Twenty‐two (54%) of the 41 patients with ictal HFOs had complete resection of HFO regions, regardless of frequency bands. Complete resection of HFOs (n = 22) resulted in a seizure‐free outcome in 18 (82%) of 22 patients, significantly higher than the seizure‐free outcome with incomplete HFO resection (4/19, 21%).

Significance:  Our study shows that ictal HFOs are commonly found with intracranial EEG in our population largely of children with cortical dysplasia, and have localizing value. The use of ictal HFOs may add more promising information compared to interictal HFOs because of the evidence of ictal propagation and followed by clinical aspect of seizures. Complete resection of HFOs is a favorable prognostic indicator for surgical outcome.
Long‐term seizure outcome after resective surgery in patients evaluated with intracranial electrodes
Authors: Bulacio Juan C. , Jehi Lara , Wong Chong , Gonzalez‐Martinez Jorge , Kotagal Prakash , Nair Dileep , Najm Imad , Bingaman William
Published: August 2012

Purpose:  Despite advances in “noninvasive” localization techniques, many patients with medically intractable epilepsy require the placement of subdural (subdural grid electrode, SDE) and/or depth electrodes for the identification and definition of extent of the epileptic region. This study investigates the trends in longitudinal seizure outcome and its predictors in this group.

Methods:  We reviewed the medical records, and electroencephalography (EEG) data of 414 consecutive patients who underwent intracranial electrode placement (SDE and/or depth electrodes) at Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center between 1998 and 2008. A favorable outcome was defined as complete seizure freedom, discounting any auras or seizures that occurred within the first postoperative week. Survival curves were constructed, and Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to identify outcome predictors.

Key Findings:  The estimated probability of complete seizure freedom was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58–64%) at one postoperative year, 47% (95% CI 44–50%) at 3 years, 42% (95% CI 39–45%) at 5 years, and 33% (95% CI 28–38%) at 10 years. Half of all seizure recurrences occurred within the first two postoperative months. Subsequently, the rate of seizure freedom declined by 4–5% every 2–3 years. After multivariate analysis, two independent predictors of seizure recurrence were identified: (1) prior resective surgery (p ≤ 0.002), mostly in patients with temporal lobe resections, and (2) sublobar or multilobar resection (p ≤ 0.02), mostly in patients following frontal lobe resections.

Significance:  Favorable seizure outcomes are possible in the complex epilepsy population requiring invasive EEG studies. We propose that mislocalization of the epileptogenic zone or its incomplete resection account for early postoperative recurrences, whereas epileptogenesis may lead to later relapses.
A Novel Internet‐Based Geriatric Education Program for Emergency Medical Services Providers
Authors: Shah Manish N. , Swanson Peter A. , Nobay Flavia , Peterson Lars‐Kristofer N. , Caprio Thomas V. , Karuza Jurgis
Published: August 2012

Despite caring for large numbers of older adults, prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) providers receive minimal geriatrics‐specific training while obtaining their certification. Studies have shown that they desire further training to improve their comfort level and knowledge in caring for older adults, but continuing education programs to address these needs must account for each EMS provider's specific needs, consider each provider's learning styles, and provide an engaging, interactive experience. A novel, Internet‐based, video podcast–based geriatric continuing education program was developed and implemented for EMS providers, and their perceived value of the program was evaluated. They found this resource to be highly valuable and were strongly supportive of the modality and the specific training provided. Some reported technical challenges and the inability to engage in a discussion to clarify topics as barriers. It was felt that both of these barriers could be addressed through programmatic and technological revisions. This study demonstrates the proof of concept of video podcast training to address deficiencies in EMS education regarding the care of older adults, although further work is needed to demonstrate the educational effect of video podcasts on the knowledge and skills of trainees.