bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modified specimen holder for cone calorimeter testing of composite materials to reduce influence from specimen edges
Authors: Sandinge Anna , Blomqvist Per , Rahm Michael
Published: February 2021

ISO 5660‐1 specifies the cone calorimeter method for characterizing the ignition and surface burning behavior of materials. The specimen is irradiated through a square opening in the frame of the specimen holder. The frame is intended to protect the edges of the specimen from irradiation but covers the edges with only a few mm. In tests with products such as composite laminates and sandwich wall panels, the production of pyrolysis gases from the edges and, in many cases, burning have been observed. Early contribution from the edges in the test is not representative for surface burning. A modified specimen holder was developed with a larger specimen size to allow better protection of the edges. The opening for exposure to irradiance of the retainer frame is circular and of the same area as that of the original frame. The distance between the exposed surface and the specimen edges is larger in order to prevent early exposure of edges. Tests using the standard specimen holder resulted in pyrolysis and burning from edges that took place outside of the specimen holder. Comparative tests using the modified specimen holder showed that it prevented the exposure and pyrolysis from edges for an extended time. However, the influence on ignition time and peak heat release due to the increased size of the modified specimen holder has not been characterized fully, and test results should not be used for direct comparison with those of the standard holder.
Efficient synthesis of novel 2‐(2‐chloroquinolin‐3‐yl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐amine derivatives
Authors: Akbari Mosayeb , Maleki Aziz , Bahadorikhalili Saeed , Taayoshi Fahimeh , Adibpour Neda , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: February 2021

An efficient method is applied for the synthesis of novel 2‐(2‐chloroquinolin‐3‐yl)‐N‐alkylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐amine derivatives. The method is based on a two‐step approach from acetanilide, 2‐chloro‐3‐formyl quinoline, 2‐aminopyridine, and isocyanide under mild reaction conditions. In the first step, acetanilide forms 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde in the presence of phosphoryl chloride. The synthesized 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde takes part in a multicomponent reaction with 2‐aminopyridine, and isocyanide in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride. The reaction is facile and the products are synthesized in high isolated yields under mild reaction conditions.
When Cause‐Marketing Backfires: Differential Effects of One‐for‐One Promotions on Hedonic and Utilitarian Products
Authors: Dugan Riley G. , Clarkson Joshua J. , Beck Joshua T.
Published: February 2021

A remarkable cause‐marketing (CM) strategy has emerged in the marketplace: businesses promise to donate an identical product for each product sold (i.e., a “one‐for‐one” promotion). Yet despite prosocial tendencies, consumers hesitate when uncertain about others' preferences, which poses the question of whether one‐for‐one promotions are perceived to meet recipients' preferences. Five experiments (one field experiment and four laboratory experiments) reveal that the efficacy of in‐kind, one‐for‐one promotions varies as a function of product type. Specifically, one‐for‐one promotions enhance purchase intentions for utilitarian products but undermine purchase intentions for hedonic products. Moreover, this difference is due to certainty regarding recipients' utilitarian preferences and uncertainty regarding recipients' hedonic preferences. Importantly, hedonic products' backfiring effects are attenuated when recipients' preferences are perceived as homogeneous or the recipient is familiar to the donor. Collectively, these findings emphasize the importance of consumer inferences regarding recipients' preferences in determining the efficacy of CM promotions that leverage in‐kind benefits while elucidating the role of product type in the effectiveness of these promotions.
Expert consensus on Didactic Clinical Skills Development for orthodontic curricula
Authors: Ferrer Vesna Lea S. , Van Ness Christopher , Iwasaki Laura R. , Nickel Jeffrey C. , Venugopalan Shankar Rengasamy , Gadbury‐Amyot Cynthia C.
Published: February 2021

Purpose/objective

Competence is expected of each beginning dentist and orthodontist. However, the broad definition of competence presents a challenge to academic programs in identifying the level of cognition for students to achieve competence. This study aimed to determine the Didactic Clinical Skills Development curriculum content and competency in predoctoral and advanced education orthodontic programs.

Method

A modified Delphi method with a consensus threshold of 70% was employed using an expert panel of academic orthodontists.

Results

Round One (n = 26) identified that all topics proposed by a focus group were necessary, except for predoctoral Appliances, which was at 65%. Round Two (n = 23) included subtopics of Appliances to confirm the lack of consensus, plus subtopics of all the other topics and the level of cognition required for each subtopic. The expert panel reached a consensus that all 24 subtopics, hence all topics, were necessary. In Round Three, subtopic responses in Round Two were assigned a value between 1 (remember) and 6 (create) to generate a hierarchical level‐of‐learning scale. Mean values were calculated for each subtopic response. For all subtopics, the mean level of cognition for predoctoral education was at understand; for advanced education, it was at evaluate.

Conclusion

This consensus suggests that, to be deemed competent, beginning dentists must learn these topics and subtopics in the cognitive domain of understand, and beginning orthodontists in the cognitive domain of evaluate. This study showed an expert consensus on Didactic Clinical Skills Development orthodontic curriculum content and a panorama of educational objectives that could be used as a template for curriculum design.
Performance of Synthetic Extracellular Volume Fraction in Different Cardiac Phenotypes From a Prospective Cohort of Patients Referred for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Censi Stefano , Cimaglia Paolo , Barbieri Alessandra , Naldi Monica , Ruggerini Sara , Brogneri Simona , Tonet Elisabetta , Rapezzi Claudio , Squeri Angelo
Published: February 2021

Background

A synthetic myocardial extracellular volume fraction (sECV) can be obtained without blood hematocrit (Hct) by using the linear relationship between Hct and the longitudinal relaxation time of blood. Concerns have been raised about the widespread clinical application of this approach.

Purpose

To assess the relationship between measured ECV (m‐ECV) and sECV, using both a published model and a locally derived one.

Study Type

Single‐center, prospective.

Field Strength/Sequence

A 1.5 T/modified Look Locker (MOLLI) sequence.

Subjects

Fifty‐two healthy subjects and 113 patients (76 with and 37 without a hypertrophic cardiac phenotype).

Assessment

Three ECV values were obtained for each patient: 1) measured ECV (m‐ECV), using Hct from a venous blood sample; 2) Fent‐synthetic ECV (F‐sECV), using the equation proposed by Fent et al; and 3) Local‐synthetic ECV (L‐sECV), using the equation obtained from a local derivation cohort comprising 83 subjects.

Statistical Tests

Shapiro–Wilk test, analysis of variance, Kruskal Wallis test, Pearson correlation, Bland–Altman analysis, univariate and multivariable regression analysis.

Results

In the validation cohort (N = 82), Bland–Altmann analysis revealed an excellent agreement between m‐ECV and L‐sECV with a statistically insignificant bias (−0.1%, limits of agreement: −2.8% and 2.6%; P = 0.528), while in the overall population (N = 165), the mean bias between m‐ECV and F‐sECV was small but significant (1.2%, limits of agreement: −1.5% and 3.9%, P < 0.05). F‐sECV bias was significantly higher for measured Hct (m‐Hct) values <0.372 (2.3% vs. 1.0%, P < 0.05). Among the phenotype subgroups, amyloidotic patients showed a higher bias compared to others, both with F‐sECV and L‐sECV (2.3% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.05 and 1.1% vs. 0.2%, P < 0.05, respectively).

Data Conclusion

Although synthetic ECV performs well in an external cohort, the use of a local formula further improves the accuracy of ECV estimate over a broad spectrum of cardiac phenotypes. Local sECV performs better for a wider range of Hct values, compared to the published model. Amyloidosis is the only group associated with a lower accuracy.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Evaluation of selected medicinal plant materials and dicyandiamide on nitrification of urea‐derived ammonium under laboratory conditions
Authors: Tahir Majid Mahmood , Begum Shahida , Maqbool Mehdi , Khaliq Abdul , Zahid Noosheen , Mehmood Khalid , Shehzad Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Background: Poor utilization of urea fertilizer and N losses from agriculture lands demands alternate fertilization practices to reduce N losses and improve utilization,i.e., application of nitrification inhibitors.

Aims: This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the influence of dicyandiamide (DCD) and selected medicinal plant materials and on N transformations, nitrification inhibition and recovery of applied N.

Methods: Treatments included: urea nitrogen (UN), UN + DCD, UN +Gingiber officinale, UN +Viola odorata, UN +Sewertia chirata, UN +Azadirachta indica, UN +Sphaenathus indicus, UN +Allium sativus, UN +Artemisia absenthium, UN +Fumaria indicus, UN +Caesalpinea bondusella, UN +Barberis lyceum, and an un‐amended control. Urea was applied at 200 mg N kg−1soil, while DCD and medicinal plant materials were applied at of 1% and 20% of applied urea, respectively.

Results: Medicinal plant materials inhibited nitrification of urea‐derived . On an average of medicinal plant materials treatments, 51% of was still present in soil compared to 17% in UN treatment without medicinal plant materials after 28 days. Similarly, was 76.54 mg kg−1in UN treatment compared to 34.40 mg kg−1in UN + medicinal plant materials treatments, indicating 55% reduction in nitrification. Apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) in UN treatment was 65% compared to 74% in UN + DCD treatment. ANR in treatments, where UN was amended with medicinal plant materials, varied between 58 to 70%.

Conclusions: The use of DCD and medicinal plant materials with UN significantly reduced oxidation and nitrification (). In general, medicinal plant materials were more effective in regulating N transformations and, thus, offer a suitable alternate fertilization practice to reduce N losses and improve fertilizer utilization.
A dynamic model for the COVID‐19 with direct and indirect transmission pathways
Authors: Memarbashi Reza , Mahmoudi Seyed Mahdi
Published: February 2021

Two common transmission pathways for the spread of COVID‐19 virus are direct and indirect. The direct pathway refers to the person‐to‐person transmission between susceptibles and infectious individuals. Infected individuals shed virus on the objects, and new infections arise through touching a contaminated surface; this refers to the indirect transmission pathway. We model the direct and indirect transmission pathways with aSADOIRode model. Our proposal explicitly includes compartments for the contaminated objects, susceptible individuals, asymptomatic infectious, detected infectious, and recovered individuals. We compute the basic reproduction number and epidemic growth rate of the model and determine how these fundamental quantities relate to the transmission rate of the pathways. We further study the relationship between the rate of loss of immunity and the occurrence of backward bifurcation. An efficient statistical framework is introduced to estimate the parameters of the model. We show the performance of the model in the simulation scenarios and the real data from the COVID‐19 daily cases in South Korea.
Adaptation of kernel functions‐based approach with Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo distributed order derivative for solutions of fuzzy fractional Volterra and Fredholm integrodifferential equations
Authors: Abu Arqub Omar , Singh Jagdev , Alhodaly Mohammed
Published: February 2021

Mathematical modeling of uncertain fractional integrodifferentials (FIDEs) is an extremely significant topic in electric circuits, signal processing, electromagnetics, and anomalous diffusion systems. Based on the reproducing kernel algorithm (RKA), a touching numerical approach is considering in this study to solve groups of fuzzy fractional integrodifferentials (FFIDEs) with Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC) fractional distributed order derivatives. The solution‐based approach lies in generating infinite orthogonal basis from kernel functions, where an uncertain condition is fulfilled. Thereafter, an orthonormal basis is erected to figurate fuzzy ABC solutions with series shape in idioms of η‐cut extrapolation in Hilbert space
and
. In this orientation, fuzzy ABC fractional integral, fuzzy ABC fractional derivative, and fuzzy ABC FIDE are utilized and comprised. The competency and accuracy of the suggested approach are indicated by employing several experiments. From theoretical viewpoints, the acquired results signalize that the utilization approach has several merits in feasibility and opportunity for treating with many fractional ABC distributed order models. In the end, highlights and future suggested research work are eluded.
Image‐based simulation of complex fracture networks by numerical manifold method
Authors: Wu Jie
Published: February 2021

Complex geometric features of fracture networks contained in rock masses can be captured by digital images quickly and accurately. However, the continuous and discontinuous deformation simulation of rock masses directly based on digital images is still challenging. Based on the Numerical Manifold Method (NMM), a simple and efficient image‐based simulation method is developed for rock masses containing complex fracture networks. A new crack model, named as “voxel crack model,” is generated based on pixel values of the digital image and a user‐defined resolution. With the voxel crack model, physical cover and manifold elements in NMM are then efficiently generated for complex fracture networks. After this, the continuous and discontinuous displacement fields of rock masses are simulated straightforwardly. In the present work, conventionally burdensome tasks, like boundary detections to transform digital images into computer aided design (CAD) models, generating conforming meshes, and explicitly tracking of fracture surfaces, are avoided. Several benchmarks validate the developed method. The calculated continuous and discontinuous deformation field of the San Leo rock slope containing a complex fracture network demonstrates the capability of the proposed method for practical engineering application.
Discover impact of immigration laws, policies for foreign students
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: February 2021

The volatile and fluid nature of ongoing changes makes it more difficult than ever for higher education institutions to stay in compliance with the immigration laws impacting international students, faculty, and staff. That's according to immigration law expert Christian G.A. Zeller, Esq., Managing Partner at Maney Gordon Zeller, P.A., who shared his expertise in a webinar hosted by Stetson University's Center for Excellence in Higher Education Law and Policy.
Survey regularly to ensure your programming for adult learners to truly meet their needs
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2021

Danny Gourley Fischer was the first in his family to go to college and grew up in an area of Tennessee “where cotton is king and education is pretty low on the list of needs.” He was aware of the transformative possibilities of education from an early age. “I just knew early on that education was going to be an avenue of escaping poverty for me,” Fischer, now Director of the Center for Adult Learners and Veterans at the University of West Georgia, said.
Preemptive Versus Reactive Topical Clobetasol for Regorafenib-Induced Hand-Foot Reactions: A Preplanned Analysis of the ReDOS Trial
Authors: Jatoi Aminah , Ou Fang-Shu , Ahn Daniel H. , Zemla Tyler J. , Le-Rademacher Jennifer G. , Boland Patrick , Ciombor Kristen K. , Jacobs Nisha L. , Pasche Boris , Cleary James M. , McCune Jeannine S. , Pedersen Katrina S. , Barzi Afsaneh , Chiorean E. Gabriela , Heying Erica N. , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Sloan Jeff A. , Grothey Axel , Lacouture Mario E. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios
Published: February 2021

Background

Hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) is the most common regorafenib-induced adverse event and is in need of effective prevention and palliation.

Materials and Methods

The Regorafenib Dose Optimization Study (ReDOS), a four-arm, previously published trial with a 1:1:1:1 randomization scheme, was analyzed in a manner in keeping with the original protocol to assess whether clobetasol 0.05% cream (a corticosteroid) applied to the palms and soles twice per day for 8 weeks was more effective when prescribed preemptively (before the development of HFSR) versus reactively (after the development of HFSR). Patients were assessed during the first two cycles of regorafenib.

Results

Sixty-one patients received preemptive clobetasol, and 55 received reactive clobetasol. Groups were balanced on demographics. Over the first two cycles, no evidence of HFSR occurred in 30% with preemptive clobetasol versus 13% with reactive clobetasol (p = .03). During the first cycle, 54% and 45% of patients had no HFSR with preemptive and reactive clobetasol, respectively (p = .35). During the second cycle, 33% and 15% had no HFSR with preemptive and reactive clobetasol, respectively (p = .02). During the second cycle, rates of grade 1, 2, and 3 HFSR were 30%, 8%, and 3%, respectively, with preemptive clobetasol and 43%, 18%, and 7%, respectively, with reactive clobetasol (p = .12). Patient-reported outcomes showed HFSR compromised nearly all activities of daily living with worse quality of life in patients who received reactive versus preemptive clobetasol. No clobetasol-induced adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Preemptive clobetasol might lessen regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions compared with reactive therapy. Further confirmatory studies are needed in a larger patient cohort.

Implications for Practice

Regorafenib causes hand-foot skin reactions. Preemptive clobetasol, a high-potency topical corticosteroid, appears to lessen the severity of this adverse event. Although further study is needed, the favorable adverse event profile of this intervention might prompt clinicians to discuss this option with their patients.
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Alumina over Activated Carbon Electrodes Enabling a Stable 4 V Supercapacitor Operation
Authors: Gandla Dayakar , Song Guanghui , Wu Chongrui , Ein‐Eli Yair , Tan Daniel Q.
Published: February 2021

Designing high voltage (>3 V) and stable electrochemical supercapacitors with low self‐discharge is desirable for the applications in modern electronic devices. This work demonstrates a 4 V symmetric supercapacitor with stabilized cycling performance through atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina (Al2O3) on the surface of activated carbon (AC). The 20‐cycle ALD Al2O3 coated AC delivers 84 % capacitance retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles under 4 V, contrary to the bare AC cells having only 48 % retention. The extended cycling life is associated with the thickened Stern layer and suppressed oxygen functional group. The self‐discharge data also show that the Al2O3 coating enables AC cells to maintain 53 % of charge retention after 12 h, which is more than twice higher than that of bare AC cells under the same test protocol of 4 V charging. The curve fitting analysis reveals that ALD coating induced slow self‐discharge dominated by ion diffusion mechanism, thus enhancing the AC surface energy.
Antioxidant potential of family Cucurbitaceae with special emphasis on Cucurbita genus: A key to alleviate oxidative stress‐mediated disorders
Authors: Salehi Bahare , Quispe Cristina , Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Giri Lalit , Suyal Renu , Jugran Arun K. , Zucca Paolo , Rescigno Antonio , Peddio Stefania , Bobiş Otilia , Moise Adela Ramona , Leyva‐Gómez Gerardo , Del Prado‐Audelo María L. , Cortes Hernán , Iriti Marcello , Martorell Miquel , Cruz‐Martins Natália , Kumar Manoj , Zam Wissam
Published: February 2021

Oxidative stress is the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and accumulation and the ability of a biological system to clear these reactive products. This imbalance leads to cell and tissue damage causing several disorders in human body, such as neurodegeneration, metabolic problems, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Cucurbitaceae family consists of about 100 genera and 1,000 species of plants including mostly tropical, annual or perennial, monoecious, and dioecious herbs. The plants from Cucurbita species are rich sources of phytochemicals and act as a rich source of antioxidants. The most important phytochemicals present in the cucurbits are cucurbitacins, saponins, carotenoids, phytosterols, and polyphenols. These bioactive phyto‐constituents are responsible for the pharmacological effects including antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti‐obesity, diuretic, anti‐ulcer activity, and antigenotoxic. A wide number of in vitro and in vivo studies have ascribed these health‐promoting effects of Cucurbita genus. Results of clinical trials suggest that Cucurbita provides health benefits for diabetic patients, patients with benign prostate hyperplasia, infertile women, postmenopausal women, and stress urinary incontinence in women. The intend of the present review is to focus on the protective role of Cucurbita spp. phytochemicals on oxidative stress‐related disorders on the basis of preclinical and human studies. The review will also give insights on the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of the Cucurbitaceae family as a whole.
Generalized linear mixed hiddensemi‐Markovmodels in longitudinal settings: A Bayesian approach
Authors: Haji‐Maghsoudi Saiedeh , Bulla Jan , Sadeghifar Majid , Roshanaei Ghodratollah , Mahjub Hossein
Published: February 2021

Hidden Markov and semi‐Markov models (H(S)MMs) constitute useful tools for modeling observations subject to certain dependency structures. The hidden states render these models very flexible and allow them to capture many different types of latent patterns and dynamics present in the data. This has led to the increased popularity of these models, which have been applied to a variety of problems in various domains and settings, including longitudinal data. In many longitudinal studies, the response variable is categorical or count‐type. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) can be used to analyze a wide range of variables, including categorical and count. The present study proposes a model that combines HSMMs with GLMMs, leading to generalized linear mixed hidden semi‐Markov models (GLM‐HSMMs). These models can account for time‐varying unobserved heterogeneity and handle different response types. Parameter estimation is achieved using a Monte Carlo Newton‐Raphson (MCNR)‐like algorithm. In our proposed model, the distribution of the random effects depends on hidden states. We illustrate the applicability of GLM‐HSMMs with an example in the field of occupational health, where the response variable consists of count values. Furthermore, we assess the performance of our MCNR‐like algorithm through a simulation study.
Recent Catalytic Approaches for the Production of Cycloalkane Intermediates from Lignin‐Based Aromatic Compounds: A Review
Authors: Gundekari Sreedhar , Kumar Karmee Sanjib
Published: February 2021

Lignin is one of the primary components of lignocellulosic biomass. It is an alternative and sustainable source for aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons. Lignin is obtained in large quantities as a co‐product in sugar, paper‐pulp, and bioethanol industries. Hydrodeoxygenation/‐hydrogenation of lignin‐based phenolic compounds is an important route to synthesize new generation products. This review focuses on recent catalytic methods for selective conversion of phenolics into cyclohexa(nol/none/ne); which are precursors for emerging polymers and fuels. Furthermore, effect of metal catalysts, supports, and parameters on different reactions were discussed along with possible industrial applications of obtained cycloalkanes. In addition, limitations, advantages, and future scope of hydrodeoxygenation/‐hydrogenation of monolignols are also described.
Label‐Free Biophysical Markers from Whole Blood Microfluidic Immune Profiling Reveal Severe Immune Response Signatures
Authors: Zeming Kerwin Kwek , Vernekar Rohan , Chua Mui Teng , Quek Kai Yun , Sutton Greg , Krüger Timm , Kuan Win Sen , Han Jongyoon
Published: February 2021

Disease manifestation and severity from acute infections are often due to hyper‐aggressive host immune responses which change within minutes. Current methods for early diagnosis of infections focus on detecting low abundance pathogens, which are time‐consuming, of low sensitivity, and do not reflect the severity of the pathophysiology appropriately. The approach here focuses on profiling the rapidly changing host inflammatory response, which in its over‐exuberant state, leads to sepsis and death. A 15‐min label‐free immune profiling assay from 20 µL of unprocessed blood using unconventional L and Inverse‐L shaped pillars of deterministic lateral displacement microfluidic technology is developed. The hydrodynamic interactions of deformable immune cells enable simultaneous sorting and immune response profiling in whole blood. Preliminary clinical study of 85 donors in emergency department with a spectrum of immune response states from healthy to severe inflammatory response shows correlation with biophysical markers of immune cell size, deformability, distribution, and cell counts. The speed of patient stratification demonstrated here has promising impact in deployable point‐of‐care systems for acute infections triage, risk management, and resource allocation at emergency departments, where clinical manifestation of infection severity may not be clinically evident as compared to inpatients in the wards or intensive care units.
Anisotropic 2D SiAs for High‐Performance UV–Visible Photodetectors
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Park Kidong , Lee Jong Hyun , Kwon Ik Seon , Kwak In Hye , Park Jeunghee
Published: February 2021

Recently, extensive efforts have been directed at finding novel 2D‐layered structures with anisotropic crystal structures. Herein, the in‐plane anisotropic optical and (photo)electrical properties of 2D SiAs nanosheets synthesized using a solid‐state reaction and subsequent mechanical exfoliation are reported. The angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectrum shows high in‐plane anisotropy of the phonon vibration modes, which are consistent with the theoretical prediction. Field‐effect transistor devices fabricated using the SiAs nanosheets demonstrate significant anisotropy in the hole mobility with an anisotropic ratio as high as 5.5. Photodetectors fabricated with single SiAs nanosheet exhibit high sensitivity in the UV–visible region, and the anisotropic ratio of the photocurrent reaches 5.3 at 514.5 nm and 2.3 at 325 nm. This work lays the foundation for future research in anisotropic 2D materials.
Gallium‐Doped Silicon for High‐Efficiency Commercial Passivated Emitter and Rear Solar Cells
Authors: Grant Nicholas E. , Altermatt Pietro P. , Niewelt Tim , Post Regina , Kwapil Wolfram , Schubert Martin C. , Murphy John D.
Published: February 2021

Czochralski‐grown gallium‐doped silicon wafers are now a mainstream substrate for commercial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) devices and allow retention of established processes while offering enhanced cell stability. We have assessed the carrier lifetime potential of such Czochralski‐grown wafers in dependence of resistivity, finding effective lifetimes well into the millisecond region without any gettering or hydrogenation processing, thus demonstrating one advantage over boron‐doped silicon. Second, the stability of gallium‐doped PERC cells are monitored under illumination (>3000 h in some cases) and anomalous behavior is detected. While some cells are stable, others exhibit a degradation then recovery, reminiscent of light and elevated temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID) observed in other silicon materials. Surprisingly, cells from one ingot exhibit LeTID‐like behavior when annealed at 300 °C but near stability when not annealed, but, for another ingot, the opposite is observed. Moreover, a stabilization process typically used to mitigate boron–oxygen degradation does not influence any cells that are studied. Secondary‐ion mass spectrometry of the PERC cells reveals significant concentrations of unintentionally incorporated boron in some cases. Nevertheless, even in the absence of mitigating light‐induced degradation, Ga‐doped silicon is still more stable than unstabilized B‐doped silicon under illumination.
Physicochemical, Functional Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility Studies of Starch from Rice Cultivars Grown in Indian Temperate Region
Authors: Qadir Nafiya , Wani Idrees Ahmed , Masoodi Farooq Ahmad
Published: February 2021

Four rice cultivars (SR‐4, K‐39, Mushq Budij, and Pigmented) grown in Kashmir were selected for starch extraction and characterization. Rice starches were observed for physicochemical, functional properties, and in vitro digestibility studies for estimation of their glycemic indices. Compositional analysis revealed that moisture, crude fat, ash, and protein contents of rice starches varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 7.96 to 11.33, 0.15–0.31, 0.23–0.27, and 0.29–0.36 g per 100 g. Pigmented starch revealed high amylose content (25.40 g per 100g) that contribute for high solubility index (0.01–0.08 g per g) and low peak viscosity (3.31 Pa s). Scanning electron microscopy of all the starches revealed polyhedral granule shape. An X‐ray diffractogram showed the starches to possess A‐type pattern with prominent peaks at 15.27, 17.63, and 23.29°. Gelatinization enthalpy of starches varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 8.30 to 11.15 J g−1. K‐39 starch with least amylose content (21.08 g per 100 g) had high peak (92.01 °C) and conclusion (107.95 °C) temperatures, indicating more thermal stability. Pigmented starch displayed high resistant starch content (12.61 g per 100 g). Starches displayed high predicted glycemic index scores (82.10–84.80), indicating their non‐utility for diabetic populations.
Performance of an omnidirectional piezoelectric wind energy harvester
Authors: Shi Tianyi , Hu Gang , Zou Lianghao , Song Jie , Kwok Kenny C.S.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a vortex‐induced vibration (VIV)‐based piezoelectric energy harvester that performs well for all wind directions, a so‐called omnidirectional wind energy harvester. The kinetic energy of this harvester stems from wind‐induced vibrations of a circular cylinder mounted on an orthogonal bibeam system, rather than a traditional single beam. Wind tunnel testing results show that compared to the traditional single‐beam energy harvester, the proposed harvester substantially enhances the effectiveness, in most cases that the beam is skew to the incoming flow. The reasons for the enhancement are explained in detail by examining the wind‐induced displacement response components of the cylinder identified by the image processing technique. For all wind directions, both the maximal output energy and the range of effectively working wind speed of the proposed bibeam wind energy harvester are significantly improved with respect to the single‐beam system, indicating excellent performance of the proposed omnidirectional harvester in a natural wind environment.
Conclusion: Spiralling Forwards, Backwards, and Together to Decolonise Freshwater
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra
Published: February 2021

In this concluding chapter, we bring together our earlier analyses of the historical and contemporary waterscapes of the Waipā River (Aotearoa New Zealand) to consider the theory and practice of Indigenous environmental justice. In this chapter, we return to review three key dimensions of environmental justice: distributive, procedural, and recognition. We summarise the efforts of one Māori tribal group (Ngāti Maniapoto) to challenge the knowledge and authority claims of the settler-colonial-state and draw attention to the pluralistic dimensions of Indigenous environmental (in)justice. Furthermore, we highlight that since settler colonialism is not a historic moment but still a ongoing reality for Indigneous peoples living settler societies it is critically important to critically evaluate theorising about and environmental justice movements through a decolonising praxis.
Environmental Justice and Indigenous Environmental Justice
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra
Published: February 2021

In this chapter we provide a broad overview of three dominant ways environmental justice is framed within the scholarship and consider how Indigenous peoples’ understanding and demands for environmental justice necessitate a decolonising approach. Despite critiques, many scholars and policymakers still conceive of environment justice through a singular approach (as distributive equity, procedural inclusion, or recognition of cultural difference). Such a narrow reading fails to appreciate the intersecting and interacting processes that underpin environmental (in)justices faced by Indigenous peoples. We argue that the theoretical discussions and empirical research into environmental (in)justice need to extend beyond Western liberal philosophies and instead consider pluralistic approach to Indigenous environment justice which is founded on Indigenous ontologies and epistemologies, which include intergenerational and more-human-human justice requirements.
‘The past is always in front of us’: Locating Historical Māori Waterscapes at the Centre of Discussions of Current and Future Freshwater Management
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the historical waterscapes of Indigenous Māori iwi (tribes) and hapū (sub-tribes) in the Waipā River (Aotearoa New Zealand). We highlight some of the principles of Te Ao Māori (the Māori world) that shaped Māori understandings and engagements with their ancestral waters and lands prior to colonisation. We explore how the arrival of Europeans resulted in Māori embracing new technologies, ideas, and biota, but always situating and adapting these new imports to fit within their Indigenous ontologies and epistemologies. In contrast, British colonial officials were unwilling to embrace such cross-cultural learnings nor allow Te Ao Māori to peacefully co-existent with their own world (Te Ao Pākehā). Military invasion, war, and the confiscation of Māori land occurred, which laid the foundations for environmental injustices.
A History of the Settler-Colonial Freshwater Impure-Ment: Water Pollution and the Creation of Multiple Environmental Injustices Along the Waipaˉ River
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra
Published: February 2021

In this chapter, we outline the history of water pollution in Aotearoa New Zealand’s Waipā River and its tributaries and demonstrate how environmental injustices can accumulate slowly over time. We highlight how Indigenous (Māori) and non-Indigenous (Pākehā) peoples held fundamentally different understandings of what constituted contaminated or clean water based on their different ontologies and epistemologies. We highlight how Māori people and their tikanga (laws) and mātauranga (knowledge) were excluded from settler-state water management planning processes for the majority of the twentieth century. Since 1991 new legislation (Resource Management Act) allows for Māori to participate in decision-making, however Māori values and knowledge continues to be marginalised, and Māori concerns about water pollution remain unaddressed. Accordingly, in the Waipā River environmental injustice continues to accumulate.
Co-Management in Theory and Practice: Co-Managing the Waipaˉ River
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra
Published: February 2021

In Aotearoa New Zealand, co-management initiatives are increasingly commonplace and are intended to improve sustainable management of environments as well as foster more equitable sharing of power between the settler-state and Indigenous Māori iwi (tribes). In this chapter we examine one such co-management arrangement that recognises and includes Ngāti Maniapoto iwi in decision-making about their ancestral river (the upper section of the Waipā River Catchment) and whether the implementation of initiative translated into tangible benefits for the iwi. Our research findings highlight how co-management agreement is perceived as overwhelming positive by both government and Ngāti Maniapoto representatives. However iwi note that they still face substantive barriers to achieving environmental justice (including the lack of formal recognition of their authority and power, and limited resourcing).
Why Explore Stranded Encyclopedias?
Authors: Holmberg Linn
Published: February 2021

Influential publications have long occupied central positions in histories of literature, philosophy, and science. The history of encyclopedias is no exception. With the ongoing digitization and increasing accessibility of historically important reference works, this trend is in fact still being reinforced. In this chapter, however, Linn Holmberg argues that by shifting our attention from successful publications to projects that somehow “failed,” we can deepen our understanding of modern encyclopedic practice—its development, challenges, motivations, and geographical expansion. Here, the concepts ofstrandedandstrandednesscan function as simple yet powerful analytical tools to compare cases where intellectual ambitions and practical outcomes have parted ways, and to explore the complex relationships between the finished and the unfinished, the printed and the non-printed, the complete and the uncomplete, the updated and the outdated, as well as the successfully and unsuccessfully disseminated. After all, all human undertakings run the risk of being stranded—of not reaching a desired destination, or of not being fulfilled as planned. Studying stranded encyclopedias means taking seriously the many obstacles facing those who pursue complete knowledge, and uncovering what it takes for large-scale enterprises to be realized and made public in various historical contexts.
A Buddhist Alternative
Authors: Long William J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter concludes with a summary of essential features of a Buddhist approach to thinking about the world, our role in it, and the type of political environments conducive to our higher nature. It notes that Buddhism has historically shaped a wide variety of societies in Asia and is adaptable to the Western world and to contemporary international challenges. Further, rather than being unscientific or otherworldly, Buddhist concepts are remarkably consistent with emerging findings in the natural and biological sciences.
Cysts of the “Oro-Maxillofacial Region”
Authors: Malik Neelima
Published: February 2021

Cysts of the Oro-Maxillofacial region have common occurrence in comparison to any other parts of the body. These can be true cysts or pseudocysts and can be found in the jaw bones or in the soft tissues. Cysts are of various types, and over the years, various classifications are put forward, which are helpful to identify each cyst, based on its origin and its clinical and histopathological presentation. Based on the classification, one can also decide the treatment plan accordingly. The classifications are given by various researchers and also by WHO. In this chapter, various odontogenic and nonodontogenic cysts and their treatment aspect are discussed in detail.
Benign Odontogenic Tumours
Authors: Shah Anjan Kumar
Published: February 2021

Odontogenic tumours of the maxillofacial region presents with a large number of histologic patterns and are derived from the primordial tooth forming tissues. They can occur most commonly in mandible and maxilla. The recent WHO classification helps in developing the appropriate treatment plan and categorizing the tumours. The present chapter deals with various benign odontogenic tumours with their clinical presentation and management in detail, based on clinical scenarios.
Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Ladani Paritkumar
Published: February 2021

Microtia is a congenital deformity of the external ear, with a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 live births worldwide. The auricle is a distinguishing feature of the face. Its deformity may have severe psycho-social implications on the affected children, affecting their self-confidence. Current reconstructive techniques for microtia mainly include the auricular prosthesis, implantation of alloplastic or an autologous rib cartilage framework. Alloplastic implant reproduces an excellent shape of the ear with no donor site morbidity, however its bio-integration is questionable and may make them prone for extrusion and infection. Sub-cutaneous implantation of autologous rib cartilage still remains the gold-stand treatment for microtia. However this technique has its surgical morbidities and skill demands, which makes it difficult to master. Translational research in the fields of tissue engineering for generation of bone and cartilage for ear reconstruction are emerging trends.
Primary Assessment and Care in Maxillofacial Trauma
Authors: Saigal Saurabh , Khan Manal M.
Published: February 2021

The patient with maxillofacial trauma presents with serious challenges and requires the rapid assessment of injuries and institution of life-preserving therapy. It is essential to apply rapid and accurate systematic approach because the timing is crucial. This chapter highlights the correct sequence of priorities for assessment (primary and secondary surveys) and management of severely injured patients and also recognizes patients who will require transfer for definitive management.
Maxillary Fractures
Authors: Jacob Oommen Aju , Prathap Akhilesh
Published: February 2021

Facial trauma is often associated with severe morbidity with respect to loss of function and disfigurement. The maxilla is arguably the most anatomically intricate structure of the face and blunt trauma due to interpersonal violence, motor vehicle accidents, gunshot wounds, industrial accidents and falls contribute to etiology of maxillary fractures. Fractures of the midface are often challenging to the maxillofacial surgeon, due to wide variety of patterns of the fracture, diagnostic challenges and treatment dilemmas. The basic tenet in the management of these fractures is to reconstitute the vertical and horizontal buttresses of the midface, thus reestablishing structure and function. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview on the diagnosis, management and treatment of fractures of the Maxilla.
Gunshot Injuries of the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Sharma Lt Col Rohit , Jose Maj Anson
Published: February 2021

The current principles and pillars in the management of gunshot maxillofacial injuries have largely been the result of an exhaustive experimental approach spanning centuries of warfare. However, while medical professionals endlessly strive to revolutionize healthcare in combat injury, there are simultaneous efforts directed towards creation of new and ever more lethal arms and ammunition. Consequently, these doctrines continue to undergo significant transformations with a contemporary understanding of war injuries as well as the advent of new surgical materials and modern instrumentation. Previously accepted principles like external pin fixations without adequate exposure of bony fragments, fracture stabilization using intra-osseous wiring and inter-maxillary fixation, minimal attention to primary soft tissue closure and delay in definitive management have been sidelined for most of the part. On the other hand, new principles have evolved that including adequate exposure of fracture fragments and precise anatomic rigid fixation, immediate bone grafting, definitive soft tissue management and early definitive repair allowing for better return of patients to their pre-traumatic appearance.
Office-Based Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-The American Model and Training
Authors: Verma Payal , Krishnan Deepak G.
Published: February 2021

Anxiety and pain control has been an inherent part of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon’s (OMS’s) armamentarium. In the United States, achieving competency in anesthesia is an integral part of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) training curriculum. Further, OMS’s maintain the highest of standards in their practice of anesthesia outside the operating theaters. OMS-anesthesia-team model emphasizes patient safety. This requires rigorous training and meticulous standards of practice, not only by the surgeons but by the entire supporting team of office personnel. The American Association of Oral Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) endorses several critical steps in promoting the safety of this model in OMS offices. Periodic review of parameters of care, mandated training for office team and a peer review for office anesthesia evaluation of fellow OMSs are some of the critical components. AAOMS has a simulation based training to train teams in the provision of safe anesthesia in a low risk environment. Emphasis on appropriate patient selection, impeccable advanced anesthesia monitoring, and periodic strong didactic and skills based training supports the OMS-anesthesia-team in being a valid, safe practice model of anxiety and pain control in an outpatient setting.
Anaesthesia for Maxillo Facial Surgery
Authors: Jacob Rebecca , Mahankali Subramanyam S. , Maria Renita , Ananathanarayana Suman , Sharma Garima , Thomas Mary
Published: February 2021

Maxillofacial surgery presents unique challenges to the anaesthesiologist. The main challenges include working with multiple professionals; managing a shared airway; ensuring good surgical access; identifying difficult airway and choosing an appropriate airway management technique perioperatively; using measures to reduce bleeding and tissue oedema. To achieve this effectively and safely, there is a great need for good communication among anaesthesiologists, surgeons and other team members.
Premalignant Lesions and Conditions of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Mustafa El , Parmar Sat , Praveen Prav
Published: February 2021

Oral cancer develops in precursor lesions referred to as the group of premalignant disorders (PMDs) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some lesions are relatively common affecting between 1 and 5% of the population (leukoplakia) and may resemble benign and prevalent mucosal disease. These lesions pose a risk for malignancy that is independent of tobacco or alcohol, with a wide range of transformation rates between 13 and 70%. The commonest types are white patches (leukoplakia), red patches (erythroplakia) and submucous fibrosis. Knowledge of the patterns of clinical presentation of PMDs is important in order to screen patients effectively, identifying those who benefit from a close observation, those who require from targeted biopsy and those who may be safely followed up in primary care. We describe clinical features of the most well-documented premalignant disorders discussing lesion-specific risk predictors and treatment options. We also present a brief outline of the less prevalent group or premalignant systemic conditions including those that predispose to the development of mucosal squamous carcinoma and those that associate with the development of cutaneous squamous carcinoma. Genetic pathways involved in the development and progression of PMDs are outlined, and finally, we describe best practices for carrying out a diagnostic tissue biopsy.