bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Update: Direct conversion of h-BN into pure c-BN at ambient temperatures and pressures in air
Authors: Narayan Jagdish , Bhaumik Anagh
Published: February 2016

We report a direct conversion of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) into pure cubic boron nitride (c-BN) by nanosecond laser melting at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure in air. According to the phase diagram, the transformation from h-BN into c-BN can occur only at high temperatures and pressures, as the hBN-cBN-Liquid triple point is at 3500 K/9.5 GPa. Using nanosecond laser melting, we have created super undercooled state and shifted this triple point to as low as 2800 K and atmospheric pressure. The rapid quenching from super undercooled state leads to formation of super undercooled BN (Q-BN). The c-BN phase is nucleated from Q-BN depending upon the time allowed for nucleation and growth.
Tuning a Schottky barrier of epitaxial graphene/4H-SiC (0001) by hydrogen intercalation
Authors: Dharmaraj P. , Justin Jesuraj P. , Jeganathan K.
Published: February 2016

We report the electron transport properties of epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on 4H-SiC (0001) by low energy electron-beam irradiation. As-grown EG (AEG) on SiC interface exhibits rectifying current-voltage characteristics with a low Schottky barrier (SB) of 0.55 ± 0.05 eV and high reverse current leakage. The SB of AEG/SiC junction is extremely impeded by the Fermi level pinning (FLP) above the Dirac point due to charged states at the interface. Nevertheless, a gentle hydrogen intercalation at 900 °C enables the alleviation of both FLP and carrier scattering owing to the saturation of dangling bonds as evidenced by the enhancement of SB (0.75 ± 0.05 eV) and high electron mobility well excess of 6000 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Spectroscopic application of an iterative kinetic cathode sheath model to high voltage hollow cathode glow discharge in hydrogen
Authors: Spasojević Dj. , Mijin S. , Šišović N. M. , Konjević N.
Published: February 2016

We present a simple one-dimensional iterative kinetic model of the cathode sheath region of high voltage, low-pressure hydrogen hollow cathode discharge. The model's convenience as a supplemental diagnostic tool is demonstrated by determining the most relevant discharge parameters through an analysis of the spectral shape of the hydrogen Balmer alpha line recorded along the axis of a cylindrically symmetrical high voltage low-pressure hollow cathode glow discharge in hydrogen. Thus, an effectively one-dimensional approach is tested and shown to give satisfactory spectral lines fits with reasonable values for discharge parameters, most notably the gas temperature.
Note: A new truncation correction for the configurational temperature extends its applicability to interaction potentials with a discontinuous force
Authors: Lervik Anders , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Trinh Thuat T. , Blokhuis Edgar M.
Published: February 2016

We present a simple truncation correction for the configurational temperature which, unlike previous corrections, works even at low truncation values for the shifted and truncated Lennard-Jones potential. The success of the new correction suggests that the expression for the configurational temperature is valid also for interaction potentials with a discontinuous force, given that the discontinuity is properly accounted for.
Floating and submerged leaves of Potamogeton nodosus exhibit distinct variation in the antioxidant system as an ecophysiological adaptive strategy
Authors: Shabnam Nisha , Pardha-Saradhi P.
Published: February 2016

During evaluations of the ecophysiological adaptations of floating and submerged leaves of Potamogeton nodosus Poir, investigations were carried to assess their antioxidant status. Floating leaves possessed a significantly higher level of C skeletons per unit of area compared with submerged leaves as they possessed greater PSI and PSII activity (hence had superior potential to harness absorbed light energy and generate assimilatory power) and carboxylase activity of Rubisco (hence superior potential to fix CO2) compared with the latter. Interestingly, submerged leaves possessed ~2 times higher H2O2 levels compared with floating leaves. In contrast, the activity of all antioxidant enzymes tested (catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase) were significantly higher in floating leaves than in submerged leaves. Amazingly, catalase activity (a H2O2 detoxifying enzyme) was over fourfold higher in floating leaves than in submerged leaves. Among the nonenzymatic antioxidants, although levels of phenolics, ascorbate and thiols did not vary significantly between floating and submerged leaves, the level of total carotenoids was significantly higher in the former than the latter. In summary, floating leaves possess superior and efficient photosynthetic machinery for light and dark reactions, and also possess strong and superior enzymatic antioxidant machinery for scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintenance of the NAD(P)H to NAD(P)+ ratio compared with submerged leaves. Accordingly, floating leaves possessed superior potential to withstand photodamage compared with submerged leaves. We believe that excess H2O2 provides an ideal defence tool for submerged leaves to counter predators, pests and pathogens.
Survey of partner notification practices for sexually transmissible infections in the United States
Authors: Desir Fidel A. , Ladd Jessica H. , Gaydos Charlotte A.
Published: February 2016

Background Partner notification (PN) for sexually transmissible infections (STIs) is a vital STI control method. The most recent evaluation of PN practices in the United States, conducted in 1999, indicated that few STI patients were offered PN services. The objectives of this study were to obtain a preliminary understanding of the current provision of PN services in HIV/STI testing sites throughout the US and to determine the types of PN services available. Methods: A convenience sample of 300 randomly selected testing sites was contacted to administer a phone survey about PN practices. These sites were from a large database maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sites were eligible to participate if they provided testing services for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV or syphilis and were not hospitals or Planned Parenthood locations. Results: Of the 300 eligible sites called, 79 sites were successfully reached, of which 74 agreed to participate, yielding a response rate of 24.7% and a cooperation rate of 93.7%. Most surveyed testing sites provided some form of PN service (anonymous or non-anonymous) on site or through an affiliate for chlamydia (100%), gonorrhoea (97%), HIV (91%) and syphilis (96%) infection. Anonymous PN services were available at 67–69% of sites. Only 6–9% of sites offered Internet-based PN services. Conclusions: Most surveyed testing sites currently offer some type of PN service for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV or syphilis infection. However, approximately one-third of surveyed sites do not offer anonymous services. Novel, Internet-based methods may be warranted to increase the availability of anonymous services.
Quantifying the influence of previously burned areas on suppression effectiveness and avoided exposure: a case study of the Las Conchas Fire
Authors: Thompson Matthew P. , Freeborn Patrick , Rieck Jon D. , Calkin David E. , Gilbertson-Day Julie W. , Cochrane Mark A. , Hand Michael S.
Published: February 2016

We present a case study of the Las Conchas Fire (2011) to explore the role of previously burned areas (wildfires and prescribed fires) on suppression effectiveness and avoided exposure. Methodological innovations include characterisation of the joint dynamics of fire growth and suppression activities, development of a fire line effectiveness framework, and quantification of relative fire line efficiencies inside and outside of previously burned areas. We provide descriptive statistics of several fire line effectiveness metrics. Additionally, we leverage burn probability modelling to examine how burned areas could have affected fire spread potential and subsequent exposure of highly valued resources and assets to fire. Results indicate that previous large fires exhibited significant and variable impacts on suppression effectiveness and fire spread potential. Most notably the Cerro Grande Fire (2000) likely exerted a significant and positive influence on containment, and in the absence of that fire the community of Los Alamos and the Los Alamos National Laboratory could have been exposed to higher potential for loss. Although our scope of inference is limited results are consistent with other research, suggesting that fires can exert negative feedbacks that can reduce resistance to control and enhance the effectiveness of suppression activities on future fires.
Interpreting Competence and Cultural Differences
Authors: Choi Jungwha
Published: February 2016

Dans la société de l’information actuelle, qui est basée sur la connaissance, la maîtrise d’une langue étrangère repose sur un ensemble de savoirs linguistiques dont la mobilisation constitue l’aboutissement d’un processus de pensée systématique. Cette maîtrise revêt un caractère autonome puisque le locuteur en fait usage dans le cadre d’un environnement culturel donné. A travers elle, compréhension, utilisation, production et transmission des informations linguistiques sont possibles. Lors de l’évaluation des connaissances linguistiques, le niveau de compréhension et d’expression se mesurent en premier lieu du point de vue de la langue considérée en tant que culture. On vérifiera ensuite que le locuteur est apte à manier cette langue avec correction et aisance, c’est-à-dire comme un outil de communication. Ces principes de base s’appliquent également à l’interprétation. La présente étude se propose d’analyser ce qui fait la maîtrise du processus interprétatif pour s’attacher ensuite à identifier les autres compétences qui sont requises pour mener à bien le passage d’une langue à une autre.

Cette définition évolue avec le temps, tout comme change la notion de maîtrise d’une langue. De la même manière, l’idée que l’on se fait des compétences d’un interprète, est évolutive notamment en termes linguistiques, thématiques et de communication. En particulier, ces deux premiers éléments de connaissance sont étroitement liés aux différences culturelles. Les facteurs d’explicitation et de localisation jouent un rôle décisif dans la mise en oeuvre d’une communication efficace par l’interprète et ces facteurs exigent l’acquisition d’un savoir-faire, de connaissances et d’une expérience qui sont spécifiques. Il faut aussi se souvenir que l’interprète n’est pas un simple médiateur linguistique, mais bien, lorsqu’il s’agit d’un professionnel, d’un double vecteur de communication sur les plans de la langue et de la culture.
Toward a Theory of Readers’ Expectations in Translation
Authors: Lee Chang-soo
Published: February 2016

Cette étude a pour but de réfléchir sur la notion des attentes des lecteurs de traduction. Ce concept, souvent considéré comme idée clé dans les principales théories fonctionnalistes et culturelles de la traduction, a déjà fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches et réflexions. Les attentes des lecteurs constituent un facteur important qui oriente les stratégies que le traducteur utilise pour une traduction donnée. Il est donc regrettable de constater que rares sont les recherches systématiques et bien organisées en la matière.

L’objectif de cette étude est de combler ce manque, en présentant une étude préalablement menée sur la traduction coréenne des formes d’adresse qui figurent dans les romans anglais et un sondage réalisé ultérieurement sur les attentes des lecteurs. L’étude a montré, que les traducteurs littéraires coréens ont tendance à traduire littéralement les formes d’adresse anglaises, même si celles-ci ne conviennent pas à la langue coréenne. Les participants au sondage, quant à eux, devaient lire un extrait d’un texte coréen traduit de l’anglais, comportant des traductions littérales des formes d’adresse anglaises qui ne sont pas conformes à la norme de la langue coréene, avant de répondre aux questions. 50 sur 60 participants ont considéré ces expressions comme acceptables et le reste les a trouvées inappropriées. Ce résultat indique que la majorité du groupe ne se répugne pas à la traduction littérale des formes d’adresse anglaises. Mais, il nous révèle également le danger de présupposer les attentes homogènes pour un groupe de lecteurs donné. Basé sur ce résultat, cet article conclut que la notion des attentes des lecteurs de traduction devra être mieux étudiée et explicitée avant d’être utilisée comme un outil explicatif du processus de traduction.
Target Text Expansion
Authors: Cheong Ho-Jeong
Published: February 2016

Cet article porte sur le phénomène d’allongement des textes d’arrivée par rapport aux textes de départ. Cette étude empirique, basée sur 49 traductions realisées par les traducteurs professinnels, a pour but de vérifier si ce phénomène existe réellement comme l’a été suggéré par des études traductoligiques existantes, et si c’est le cas, quelles sont les paramètres influençant ce phénomene. L’accent a été mis sur une éventuelle corrélation entre la typologie des textes et l’allongement, et le caractère culturel d’un texte et la longueur du texte. La première partie de cette article présente les recherches préalablement menées, quoi que limitées, sur ce sujet. Dans la deuxième partie sont expliqués l’objectif, les hypothèses et les méthodes de collectes et d’analyse des données et du corpus. La troisième partie qui constitue le noyau de cette article, présente les résultats de ces analyses. En conclusion, si le sens de la traduction, la typologie des textes et le caractère culturel constituent les facteurs importants pour expliquer l’allongement des textes traduits, des recherches supplémentaires doivent venir les compléter pour expliquer pleinement ce phénomène.
Interprétation auprès des tribunaux nationaux
Authors: Driesen Christiane J.
Published: February 2016

The aim of this article is to take stock of the situation concerning training of court interpreters, particularly in what is known as the « civil law » countries in Europe as opposed to those with the « common law » system. It reviews existing organisational formats and proposes the two types of teaching that seem best-suited to meet the urgent requirements of the courts. One is in the framework of continuing education; the other a university course leading to a bachelor degree. The author recommends a principle of pedagogical progression taking into consideration the difficulties linked to less spoken languages and stresses the importance of teaching all the traditional interpreting techniques, including specific cognitive content, but at the same time focusing especially on ethical and human rights aspects in the interpreting strategies taught.
Study on Job Satisfaction and Directions for the Training of Conference Interpreters
Authors: Choi Jungwha
Published: February 2016

Le présent article traite des résultats d’un sondage effectué auprès des interprètes de conférence en Corée du Sud et à l’étranger sur la satisfaction du métier et les motivations qui poussent à continuer à travailler comme interprète de conférence.

Les interprètes ont répondu qu’ils travaillaient comme interprètes de conférence pour les raisons suivantes : (1) C’est mon métier ; (2) J’apprends beaucoup ; (3) J’aime m’impliquer dans la communication.

Ceux qui envisageaient un changement de carrière ont cité les raisons suivantes : (1) Il n’existe aucune opportunité de promotion ou de développement de carrière ; (2) Je suis toujours obligé de véhiculer le message d’autrui ; (3) Je suis toujours obligé de travailler avec des gens différents.

A la question « quel genre de travail vous voulez combiner avec les activités d’interprétation ?», les interprètes coréens ont répondu leur souhait d’enseigner, tandis que beaucoup d’interprètes occidentaux ont répondu qu’ils souhaitaient écrire ou s’engager dans les négociations. A la question « quelles seraient les matières à enseigner aux interprètes de formation ? », les sondés ont répondu (1) techniques de présentation, (2) techniques de négociations, (3) techniques d’écriture. Il est intéressant de noter que la plupart ont répondu que les interprètes, étant des experts dans la communication des messages, il était important qu’ils apprennent à produire et à communiquer de manière efficace leurs propres messages également.
“Going simul?” Technology-assisted Consecutive Interpreting1
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz
Published: February 2016

La prédominance de l'interprétation consécutive à base de notes, développée et utilisée par la première génération d'interprètes de la Ligue des Nations en vue des longs discours prononcés à la tribune a été cruciale pour la professionalistion de l'interprétariat au 20e siècle. Cependant, ce mode a perdu sa prédominance face à l'interprétation simultanée assistée par la technologie. Suite à l'essort d'appareils d'enregistrement numérique au format de poche, la technique classique de l'interprétation consécutive doit peut être faire face à son plus grand défi. En effet, la combinaison entre la mémoire de l'interprète et ses notes est remplacée par un fichier audio qui sert de base à une interprétation simultanée rendue une fois que l'intervention source a été rendue. Lancé par l'interprète du SCIC, Michèle Ferrari en 2001, cette innovation technologique soulève un certain nombre de questions pour les practiciens et les chercheurs. Certaines questions ont été traitées à l'occasion de test initiaux. L'étude décrit ce nouveau mode hybride d'interprétation au vu de sa conception et des répercussion au niveau de la communication. De plus, l'article présente un projet de recherche de faible envergure conçu pour évaluer l'efficacité de cette technique. Sont également décrit l'équipement utilisé ainsi que le retour d'informaton de la part des interprètes professionnels ayant testé cette technique. Au vu des résultats de travaux sur le terrain menés à Bruxelles, cette étude se concentre sur la réception du rendu consécutif (simultané) perçu par le public.
Corpus-based Translation Studies and Ideology
Authors: Ruiz Yepes Guadalupe
Published: February 2016

Nous présentons ici un modèle d’analyse de textes à dimension idéologique visant à indiquer comment la langue véhicule diverses idéologies. Ce modèle s’appuie sur les paramètres dégagés par l’Analyse Critique du Discours (Critical Discourse Analysis) et sur les études traductologiques et a recours également au logiciel WordSmith Tools afin de mettre en regard les deux méthodes et d’en dégager les désavantages et la manière dont elles peuvent se combiner.
An Approximation to the Ideological Basis of Metaphors Used for Cancer in the English and Spanish Press
Authors: Williams Camus Julia T.
Published: February 2016

La métaphore est un outil très employé dans les articles de divulgation du cancer dans la presse parce que les processus par rapport à l’origine et la dissémination de la maladie restent relativement inconnus. Comme la métaphore implique nécessairement un système de correspondances partielles entre domaines, aussi que l’adoption d’une perspective particulière, elle est étroitement liée à l’idéologie. Cette étude examine la dimension idéologique des métaphores du cancer dans la presse britannique et espagnole dans deux corpus comparables, chacun composé de 34 articles. Les métaphores utilisées ont été identifiées et analysées en tenant compte de l’emploi de relèvement et occultation avec chaque système figuratif. L’étude met en évidence 15 métaphores conceptuelles dans les corpus. La comparaison de ces métaphores permet d’établir des différences transculturelles. La moyenne est de 3 thèmes métaphoriques par texte dans le corpus anglais et de 3,6 dans le corpus espagnol. Les métaphores les plus fréquentes dans les deux corpus sont LE CANCER C’EST LA GUERRE, LES CELLULES CANCEREUSES SONT HUMAINES, LES CELLULES CANCEREUSES SONT DES MACHINES. Les tropes apparaissent combinés pour réaliser trois fonctions principales: attirer l’attention du lecteur, fonction explicative, et fonction structurelle. Certaines images sont aussi privilégiées selon l’aspect du cancer traité dans le texte.
Nizar Qabbani’s “Balqis”
Authors: Aman Yasser K.R.
Published: February 2016

Cet article montre l'importance d'adapter les différentes théories littéraires de traduction ainsi que de mettre la traduction donnée dans son contexte approprié. L'introduction vise à fournir au lecteur de langue cible avec une meilleure compréhension du poème traduit "Belqis", un poème politique célèbre par Un poète arabe a appelé Nizar Qabbani. La première section traite de l'introduction aux théories de la traduction avec référence particulière aux «Belqis." Je soutiens que l'approche de crédit correspond à la traduction de la poésie depuis la traduction des approches différentes peuvent pas supporter séparément pour répondre aux exigences de la traduction littéraire. Le second présente à la fois une esquisse biographique du poète, ce qui reflète une forte corrélation entre sa vie et de pensées comme on le voit dans sa poésie, et fournit au lecteur un contexte politique qui donne un éclairage sur le contexte culturel et intertextuel de la traduction. Le poème, mais un chant funèbre sur la femme morte, découvre peu à peu les mauvaises pratiques politiques arabes. les implications politiques de l'image de la femme sont un rappel de les territoires occupés. En fait, le poème se lamente tous les peuples arabes qui souffrent de leurs dirigeants. Par conséquent, je soutiens que le poème est le cri du Qabbani pour réveiller les gens partout dans le monde arabe.
Translation in Enhancing National Brand
Authors: Choi Jungwha
Published: February 2016

Les stratégies d’amélioration de la marque nationale exigent à la fois l’amélioration de la marque elle-même et une communication efficace. Concernant cette dernière, la traduction joue un rôle-clé. La nécessité de former des traducteurs de qualité tient à trois raisons. Premièrement, des traductions fidèles et promptes contribuent à véhiculer avec précision l’image d’une Corée compétitive. Deuxièmement, nous pouvons, à travers la traduction, faire découvrir les patrimoines spirituels hérités de nos ancêtres ainsi que la compétence de notre pays, ce qui aboutira à l’amélioration de la marque nationale. Troisièmement, la langue coréenne est une langue minoritaire sur le marché culturel mondial. Dans le contexte actuel de la mondialisation, la marque nationale est liée non seulement à l’image ou à la culture, mais également à la survie d’un pays.

La traduction est une condition préalable à l’amélioration de la marque nationale, étant donné qu’elle constitue un moyen de compréhension de la Corée par les étrangers.
The Impact of Non-native English on Information Transfer in Simultaneous Interpretation
Authors: Kurz Ingrid , Basel Elvira
Published: February 2016

Dans la deuxième moitie du 20ème siècle, l’anglais est devenu la langue de conférence la plus répandue. Dans les réunions internationales conduites en anglais, la plupart des participants sont des locuteurs non natifs dont le lexique, la syntaxe et l’élocution diffèrent de l’anglais standard. Ils sont par conséquent souvent difficiles à comprendre et à interpréter. Cette étude, réalisée par Elvira Basel (2002) dans le cadre de sa thèse de doctorat, dirigée par le premier auteur, examine la question de savoir si la connaissance de la langue maternelle du locuteur aide les interprètes a la restitution plus complète de la densité d’information dans leur interprétation.
Style Shift in Korean Teledramas
Authors: Mueller Jeansue , Mueller Charles M.
Published: February 2016

La pragmatique de la communication interpersonnelle a été sous représentée dans le domaine de la recherche en traduction audiovisuelle (Mason, 1989). Cette lacune en recherche est regrettable si l'on considère des langues telles que le coréen, dans lesquelles les notions telles que la familiarité et le statut accueillent obligatoirement une représentation morphosyntactique. Un domaine particulièrement intéressant de la pragmatique coréenne est le changement stylistique, un phénomène par lequel les interlocuteurs changent leurs niveaux de parole pour des considérations stratégiques ou normatives. Cette étude examine 16 cas de de changements stylistiques qui ont lieu dans 64 épisodes de séries télévisées coréennes. Une analyse de ces scènes et leurs sous-titres en anglais révèlent que (1) le changement stylistique a lieu pour des raisons stratégiques, souvent pour dépeindre la froideur ou la rage des interlocuteurs ; (2) a lieu également pour des raisons normatives indiquant des changements importants de relations entre les interlocuteurs : (3) il est de surcroît utilisé pour transmettre des cadres relationnels discursifs ; (4) il est parfois redondant, surtout quand il est utilisé pour exprimer les crises de colère ; et (5) il est souvent négligé surtout lorsqu'il est utilisé en tant que dispositif dramaturge pour manifester un changement relationnel ou démontrer les difficultés qu'ont les personnages avec les ambiguïtés inhérentes dans les relations. Cette étude confirme les résultats de Hatim et Mason (1997) selon lesquels négliger les phénomènes pragmatiques est un problème potentiel dans le domaine des traductions audio visuelles et suggère un besoin plus grand pour la recherche descriptive et de meilleures pratiques dans ce domaine.
Influence of Ideology, Poetics, Patronage and the Professional on Rewriting Vanity Fair into Chinese Texts
Authors: Yang Shizhuo , Yang Wenrui
Published: February 2016

La Foire aux Vanités(Vanity Fair) de William Thackeray dépeint la vie diverse de la haute société anglaise de la première moitié du 19ème siècle et critique l’ordre social du monde bourgeois en caricaturant les individus des différentes couches sociales. Depuis que ce roman a été introduit en Chine au 20ème siècle, de diverses versions chinoises ont fait successivement leur apparition, dont les versions de Yang Bi des années cinquante et de Peng Changjiang des années quatre-vingt dix les meilleures. Fondé sur la théorie « récriture » d’André Lefèvre, à savoir « idéologie, poétique, patronage et professionnel », ce présent article recherche l’influence de ces quatre éléments sur les choix des stratégies traductrices de ces deux traducteurs à leur époque. Nous étudions également la subjectivité du traducteur en examinant le choix de la poétique de traduction des deux traducteurs et en soulignant l’importance pour les traducteurs de devenir médiateur compétent dans les échanges culturels, au lieu d’être seulement « marionnette » manipulée par les éléments extérieurs.
Adapting Training to the Changing Professional Landscape
Authors: Donovan Clare
Published: February 2016

La formation à l’interprétation comporte deux facettes : l’enseignement des processus interprétatifs, mais aussi l’accompagnement des étudiants vers une professionnalisation. Cette dernière suppose une compréhension des situations d’intervention de l’interprète, ainsi que la capacité de s’adapter à ces situations. Les nouvelles technologies constituent un élément incontournable du paysage professionnel sous la forme de visioconférences et de télé-interprétation (interprétation à distance). Il importe de proposer aux étudiants une expérience directe de ces conditions et d’aménager au sein de la formation un espace de réflexion à leur sujet.
Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Matthews Daniel T. , Hemnes Anna R.
Published: February 2016

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by fibrotic obstruction of the proximal pulmonary arteries, and it is believed to result from incomplete thrombus resolution after acute pulmonary embolism. While treatment for this condition with surgery and medical therapy has improved outcomes, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CTEPH is incomplete. Numerous risk factors have been associated with the development of CTEPH, including but not limited to acquired thrombophilias and chronic inflammatory states. A minority of patients with CTEPH have an abnormal fibrin structure that may delay thrombus resolution. Recently, examination of resected scar material in patients with CTEPH has suggested that deficient angiogenesis may play a role in thrombus nonresolution, and there is increasing interest in factors that drive intravascular scar formation. An additional challenge in CTEPH research is understanding the etiology and implications of the small‐vessel disease present in many patients. Future work will likely be directed at understanding the pathways important to disease pathogenesis through further examinations of resected tissue material, continued work on animal models, and genomic approaches to identify alterations in gene expression or gene variants that may distinguish CTEPH from other forms of pulmonary hypertension.
Electronic properties of unstrained unrelaxed narrow gap InAsxSb1−x alloys
Authors: Suchalkin S , Ludwig J , Belenky G , Laikhtman B , Kipshidze G , Lin Y , Shterengas L , Smirnov D , Luryi S , Sarney W L , Svensson S P
Published: February 2016

The electronic properties of unstrained unrelaxed InAs
x
Sb1−x
alloys have been determined in a wide range of alloy compositions using IR magnetospectroscopy, magnetotransport and IR photoluminescence. All studied alloys have n-type background doping with electron concentration decreasing with the Sb content. The composition dependence of the background doping concentration follows an empirical exponential law in a wide range of compositions. Both bandgap and electron effective mass dependence on alloy composition exhibit negative bowing reaching lowest values at x  =  0.63: E
g  =  0.10 eV, m*  =  0.0082 m
0 at 4.2 K. The bowing coefficient of 0.038 m
0 obtained for the electron effective mass is in good agreement with that obtained from the Kane model.
Comment on ‘Molecular structure-dependent deformations in boron nitride nanostructures subject to an electrical field’
Authors: Seyyed Fakhrabadi Mir Masoud
Published: February 2016

The nanomechanical deformation and buckling characteristics of boron nitride nanostructures including boron nitride nanotubes and sheets under an external electric field were analyzed in Zhang et al (2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 235303). A mistake in the consideration of the type of chemical bond between boron and nitride atoms was made that affected the reported results. The authors considered the bond between the atoms ionic but they actually bond to each other via covalent bonds. In this comment, the mentioned problem is going to be discussed and its effects on the final results are to be analyzed.
Higher order Fourier analysis of multiplicative functions and applications
Authors: Frantzikinakis Nikos , Host Bernard
Published: February 2016

We prove a structure theorem for multiplicative functions which states that an arbitrary multiplicative function of modulus at most

1
1

can be decomposed into two terms, one that is approximately periodic and another that has small Gowers uniformity norm of an arbitrary degree. The proof uses tools from higher order Fourier analysis and finitary ergodic theory, and some soft number theoretic input that comes in the form of an orthogonality criterion of Kátai. We use variants of this structure theorem to derive applications of number theoretic and combinatorial flavor:

(
i
)

(i)

we give simple necessary and sufficient conditions for the Gowers norms (over

N

\mathbb {N}

) of a bounded multiplicative function to be zero,

(
i
i
)

(ii)

generalizing a classical result of Daboussi we prove asymptotic orthogonality of multiplicative functions to “irrational” nilsequences,

(
i
i
i
)

(iii)

we prove that for certain polynomials in two variables all “aperiodic” multiplicative functions satisfy Chowla’s zero mean conjecture,

(
i
v
)

(iv)

we give the first partition regularity results for homogeneous quadratic equations in three variables, showing for example that on every partition of the integers into finitely many cells there exist distinct

x
,
y

x,y

belonging to the same cell and

λ
∈

N

\lambda \in \mathbb {N}

such that

16

x
2

+
9

y
2

=

λ
2

16x^2+9y^2=\lambda ^2

, and the same holds for the equation

x
2

−
x
y
+

y
2

=

λ
2

x^2-xy+y^2=\lambda ^2

.
Immersed self-shrinkers
Authors: Drugan Gregory , Kleene Stephen
Published: February 2016

We construct infinitely many complete, immersed self-shrinkers with rotational symmetry for each of the following topological types: the sphere, the plane, the cylinder, and the torus.
G-quadruplex-interacting compounds alter latent DNA replication and episomal persistence of KSHV
Authors: Madireddy Advaitha , Purushothaman Pravinkumar , Loosbroock Christopher P. , Robertson Erle S. , Schildkraut Carl L. , Verma Subhash C.
Published: February 2016

Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes life-long latent infection by persisting as an extra-chromosomal episome in the infected cells and by maintaining its genome in dividing cells. KSHV achieves this by tethering its epigenome to the host chromosome by latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which binds in the terminal repeat (TR) region of the viral genome. Sequence analysis of the TR, a GC-rich DNA element, identified several potential Quadruplex G-Rich Sequences (QGRS). Since quadruplexes have the tendency to obstruct DNA replication, we used G-quadruplex stabilizing compounds to examine their effect on latent DNA replication and the persistence of viral episomes. Our results showed that these G-quadruplex stabilizing compounds led to the activation of dormant origins of DNA replication, with preferential bi-directional pausing of replications forks moving out of the TR region, implicating the role of the G-rich TR in the perturbation of episomal DNA replication. Over time, treatment with PhenDC3 showed a loss of viral episomes in the infected cells. Overall, these data show that G-quadruplex stabilizing compounds retard the progression of replication forks leading to a reduction in DNA replication and episomal maintenance. These results suggest a potential role for G-quadruplex stabilizers in the treatment of KSHV-associated diseases.
God, Greco-Roman
Authors: Millington Alexander
Published: February 2016

The study of Greco-Roman divinity encompasses all of the many elements that make up a Greco-Roman god. These include stories told about the gods and stories that incorporate the gods as narrative elements, both of which can appear within narrative and lyric poems, within stage-plays, within speeches composed for the law-courts, and within narrative histories, which we may possess in their original form or in summaries compiled in a later era to engage that era’s debates. The constituent elements of a god also include the gods’ names, which bind together cult and story, and sometimes carry metonymic weight or derive from a preexisting abstract concept, and they include the epithets that are joined to them, which may be geographic or descriptive or reflective of function. The gods were made up of stories and images, and occupied space and reciprocal interactions with their worshippers. Sanctuaries and statues, sacrifices and festivals, prayers and votive offerings, epiphanies (both in dreams and in the waking world), and messages passed through oracles and divinatory experts all contributed to these complex divine constructs. The gods possessed both vivid anthropomorphic personalities and an array of functions: social, political, causal, and narrative. The exact relationship between the god emplaced within a local cultic context, and the many other manifestations of the same divine name, continues to engender debate. The gods permeate our sources for the ancient world: literary and archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic. This article, therefore, suggests introductory surveys not of particular source-types, but of the scholarship concerning the key constituent elements of Greco-Roman gods. I have favored works published in the early 21st century because they invariably contain comprehensive references to, and often extended critical discussions of, the most influential of the older works.
Moravians
Authors: Fogleman Aaron Spencer
Published: February 2016

The Moravians were a mostly German Pietist religious group that spread throughout the Atlantic world and beyond in the eighteenth century. Though considered “Protestant,” their origins predate the Reformation. In the late fourteenth century, a grassroots religious renewal movement began in Bohemia and Moravia that gained momentum after the martyrdom of its two most important leaders, Jan Hus (b. c. 1369–d. 1415) and Jerome of Prague (b. 1379–d. 1416). Thereafter, a mass movement developed that armed itself and successfully fought off numerous crusades by forces of the Holy Roman Empire bent on its destruction. After a settlement that secured its existence, a branch of this “Hussite” movement became pacifist and called itself the Unitas Fratrum, a name the Moravians carry to this day. Victorious imperial Catholic forces destroyed them and other “Protestants” in Bohemia and Moravia during the Thirty Years’ War, forcing them to go underground. In 1722 a remnant of the old Unitas Fratrum from Moravia settled on the estates of Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (b. 1700–d. 1760) in Upper Lusatia (Saxony). They began building a new community called Herrnhut, with Zinzendorf as their leader, and in 1728 the Unitas Fratrum formally celebrated its rebirth. Under Zinzendorf’s direction, the movement expanded rapidly in the mid-eighteenth century and developed a rigorous mission program that continues to this day. The Moravians promoted ecumenism in a confessional age, which led to their involvement with Lutheran, Calvinist, and other churches in often controversial ways. They are important to Atlantic history because they engaged with Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in significant ways throughout the Atlantic world, and they kept detailed records of their activities. Many of their early missionary efforts failed, but they became noted for their successes, especially among slaves on St. Thomas, St. Croix, and elsewhere in the Caribbean; the Mahicans, Delawares, and Shawnees in British North America; Maroons and later slaves in Suriname; and Inuits in Greenland. They also had significant short-term successes among the Arawaks in Berbice and Cherokees in northern Georgia. Suriname became a long-term success story in the nineteenth century, and in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Moravians had tremendous success in Africa. Today, the largest numbers of Moravians are in Africa and North America, not Europe. It is their mission successes in so many places, combined with their disassociation from European imperial projects, their record keeping, and their cosmopolitan Weltanschauung, that make them such an important people to the study of Atlantic history, especially for historians who wish to cross imperial boundaries and study encounters among all peoples in the region.
Preston Sturges
Authors: Jaeckle Jeff
Published: February 2016

Preston Sturges has long been a study in contrasts, inspiring highly divergent characterizations such as genius and fluke, artist and entertainer, auteur and sellout. These extremes seem warranted when one is considering his startlingly eclectic life. A groundbreaking writer-director, Sturges was also a songwriter, inventor, restaurateur, and engineer. He created some of the most witty, acerbic, and hilarious comedies of the 1940s, yet his forays into dramatic genres resulted in several dull and saccharine on-screen moments. He was considered the most “American” of Hollywood filmmakers, yet he lived in Europe from ages eight to fifteen, and spent the final years of his life in France. He was devoted to his globetrotting socialite mother, Mary Desti, yet he had an abiding love and respect for his pragmatic, stockbroker stepfather, Solomon Sturges. He was one of the highest-paid people in the United States in the mid-1940s, yet he was consumed by debt and failure upon his death in 1959. Scholarship on Preston Sturges has also seen its fair share of ups and downs. After a relative lull following his demise, various works since the early 1980s have done much to enlarge and deepen our understanding of his films, career, and personal life. The publication of three biographies, several critical studies, fourteen screenplays, and Sturges’s own memoirs have afforded numerous insights. Much of this work has been made possible through access to the Preston Sturges Papers, an archive of production materials, interoffice memos, letters, and miscellany at the UCLA Charles E. Young Research Library. This article gathers the most relevant, representative, and engaging of these sources, so that scholars and enthusiasts might enlighten themselves about Sturges’s legacy or build upon existing research to verify, correct, or complicate what we already know.
Ecology of the Himalaya
Authors: Seshia Galvin Shaila
Published: February 2016

The Himalayan region, spanning Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, Pakistan, and the Tibet Autonomous Region, may be defined by its mountainous geography, but it is characterized by tremendous ecological diversity. This diversity results from the altitude, slope, and aspect of the mountains and complex glaciology and hydrology as well as the climate and the micro-climates that the range itself shapes. It is evident in alpine pastures and fertile valleys; high altitude deserts and montane; temperate, tropical, and subtropical forests; grasslands; and glacial lake and river systems. The ecological diversity of the region is matched by that of its human communities, which adhere to a range of religious beliefs and cultural practices and pursue complex livelihood strategies. Understanding this relationship—between people and the environment—has been an enduring theme in studies of Himalayan ecology. Some scholarship takes the Himalayan region as an important site in which to learn how human communities are shaped by the natural environment; other studies consider the reverse, how people influence the ecological communities within the Himalaya. In this respect, the Himalaya has been an important site for the broader study of human-environment relations. Contentious debates on population, environmental degradation, natural resource management, and conservation that extend well beyond the region are all well represented within this regional literature. Notable too is the way that these issues have proved of interest for academic inquiry, policy, and practice and have given rise to scholarship on political ecology, community forestry, pastoralism, climate change, and biodiversity and conservation.
Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Thomson Susan
Published: February 2016

In the early 1990s, Rwanda was devastated by civil war and genocide. From April to July 1994, an interim government lead by ethnic Hutu extremists implemented the systematic murder of almost three-quarters of Rwanda’s ethnic Tutsi minority as well as ethnic Hutu who did not support the plan for genocide. The genocide of at least 500,000 ethnic Tutsi took place in the context of a civil war that began in October 1990, when the then-rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) entered Rwanda from its base in Uganda. The genocide ended in mid-July with the RPF’s total victory. It too committed widespread and systematic murder of ethnic Hutu civilians before and during the 1994 genocide. Owing to its gravity, the Rwandan genocide generated intense international interest, which, in turn, shapes how foreign authors have understood its causes and consequences. Initial comment immediately following the genocide often identified “ethnic hatred” or “tribalism” as its root cause. Among nonspecialist and popular writing on the genocide, the idea of tribalism as a root cause remains pervasive today. Scholars, journalists, and human rights agencies have sought to debunk the notion that ethnic hatred is what drove the 1994 genocide—addressing the “tribalism” argument is a central theme in academic and popular literatures. The literature on Rwanda’s post-genocide reconstruction and reconciliation policies is more polarized, divided generally between those who praise the government for its economic growth and human development policies and those who criticize its human rights record. Much of the literature on the Rwandan genocide is published in English, which marks a break from the predominantly French-language scholarly literature on Rwanda before 1994. The lack of pre-genocide literature in English means that many well-intentioned and capable authors have sometimes failed to address the historically relevant details so essential to understanding Rwandan society. Lack of historical depth also means that some authors rely on politicized interpretations of ethnicity and statehood that, in turn, legitimate the current RPF government’s interpretation of how the genocide happened, and what needs to be done to rebuild the country. This matters because of Rwanda’s highly politicized research environment, which has, in turn, created a polarized post-genocide literature that praises or pillories the ruling RPF. Acknowledging this politicized terrain matters because it shapes what is written on Rwanda, and who is able or willing to do so. See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Rwanda.
El Paso
Authors: Perales Monica , Enríquez Sandra I.
Published: February 2016

El Paso, Texas, is the epicenter of the largest international border metroplex in the Western Hemisphere. With a population of nearly 675,000, El Paso is the nineteenth largest city in the United States and the sixth largest in Texas. Throughout its history, El Paso has been a Hispanic city by virtue of its location on the US-Mexico border, and the majority of its Latino population is of Mexican heritage. In 2010, the US Census reported that 80.7 percent of the population was Latino. Located on the banks of the Rio Grande River at the natural pass between the rugged mountain ranges that cut across the Chihuahuan Desert, the region has historically served as a center for trade and commerce. For centuries prior to European settlement, Native American peoples forged trade routes across the region. The first Spanish expedition made its way into the region in 1581, and in 1598 Juan de Oñate claimed the area that would become El Paso for Spain in nearby San Elizario, placing it at the center of an empire that stretched from Mexico into the northern frontiers of present-day New Mexico. Franciscan missionaries established the Missión Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Mansos del Paso del Norte in 1659 (today, Ciudad Juárez). By the end of the 17th century, the area constituted a critical post on the Camino Real between Chihuahua and Santa Fe. After Mexican independence in 1820, Paso del Norte remained an important commercial center notable for its size and its prominence as the seat of political and economic power in the region. American business interests soon turned their attention to Paso del Norte. During the US war with Mexico, American troops captured Paso del Norte, and, following the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the region was divided politically but remained culturally and economically entwined. Incorporated in 1873, El Paso began to take on the characteristics of an “American” town, and the arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1881 transformed El Paso into a bustling city. While its bicultural history has set El Paso apart, the process of bridging national and cultural identities has not always been easy. The consolidation of economic and political power led to the dislocation of the city’s Mexican population and increasing social, educational, and residential segregation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, Mexican El Pasoans were by no means small players in the formation of the vibrant border city. They created their own community institutions, political organizations, and business districts, and they contributed countless hours of labor to the functioning of the city, as many of the following readings will show.