bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a combined genetic effect of the 5-HT1A receptor and serotonin transporter genes in the clinical outcome of major depressive patients treated with citalopram
Authors: Arias Bárbara , Catalán Rosa , Gastó Cristóbal , Gutiérrez Blanca , Fañanás Lourdes
Published: February 2005

In the context of a long-term follow-up study, we analysed the possible implication of the 5-HT1A receptor gene ( HTR1A) -1018C/G polymorphism in the clinical outcome of major depressive patients treated with citalopram. We had previously reported an association between variation on the SERT gene ( SLC6A4) and clinical remission after citalopram treatment. In the present 12-week follow-up study, the combined effect of HTR1A and SLC6A4 genes in clinical outcome and response to citalopram was also evaluated. The sample consisted of 130 patients, all of Spanish origin, who were diagnosed as having a current major depressive episode according to DSM-IV criteria. A 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess severity of symptoms at the beginning and during the follow-up to determine the outcome and remission status at week 12. Patients were genotyped for HTR1A gene and, in addition, for two polymorphisms at the CYP2C19 gene, which together account for the 87% of the Caucasian poor metabolizer phenotype. Data were analysed adjusting for the effect of poor metabolizers in clinical response. No independent effect was found for the 5-HT1A receptor gene in relation to clinical outcome or remission after citalopram treatment. However, a combined genetic effect of HTR1A and SLC6A4 genes was found to influence the clinical outcome of patients [ F(4,102) = 2.89, p= 0.02]. When considering the remission status, an increase of patients carrying the risk genotype combination (S/S-G/G) was found among those subjects who did not reach remission (Fisher’s exact test = 0.009). Our results suggest that the combined effect of the serotonin transporter and the 5-HT1A receptor genes could be related to the clinical outcome of depressive patients treated with citalopram.
Undiagnosed impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus amongst inpatients receiving antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Taylor David , Young Corina , Mohamed Radia , Paton Carol , Walwyn Rebecca
Published: February 2005

The associations between psychosis, antipsychotic drugs and diabetes mellitus have not been precisely defined but it has been repeatedly suggested that atypical antipsychotics are more likely to give rise to diabetes than are conventional drugs. This belief is largely based on healthcare database analyses which, in part, rely on the assumption that all cases of diabetes are identified in practice. We examined records of 606 hospitalized patients receiving antipsychotic treatment and found an apparent prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose of 6.4%. From this sample of patients, we investigated 166 patients (fasting blood samples) who were not known to have any disorder of glucose homeostasis and identified 10 cases of impaired fasting glucose and nine cases of diabetes mellitus (11.4% of those tested). Nine of these cases had documented evidence of previous testing for diabetes. Apparent prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose was 16.9% in those tested in practice or the study. Diagnosis was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.02] and treatment duration with current drug (OR 1.01). Adjusted ORs of diagnosis were not significantly different for any atypical antipsychotic compared with conventional drugs. It is concluded that there was a clinically significant prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in those individuals receiving antipsychotics. Importantly, database analyses may underestimate the true prevalence of diabetes in similar populations and erroneously ascribe increased risk to certain drug treatments.
Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review
Authors: Semple David M. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Lawrie Stephen M.
Published: February 2005

Various lines of evidence suggest an association between cannabis and psychosis. Five years ago, the only significant case-control study addressing this question was the Swedish Conscript Cohort. Within the last few years, other studies have emerged, allowing the evidence for cannabis as a risk factor to be more systematically reviewed and assessed. Using specific search criteria on Embase, PsychINFO and Medline, all studies examining cannabis as an independent risk factor for schizophrenia, psychosis or psychotic symptoms, published between January 1966 and January 2004, were examined. Additional studies were also reviewed from references found in retrieved articles, reviews, and a cited reference search (ISI-Web of Science). Studies selected for meta-analysis included: (i) case-control studies where exposure to cannabis preceded the onset of schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychosis and (ii) cohort studies of healthy individuals recruited before the median age of illness onset, with cannabis exposure determined prospectively and blind to eventual diagnosis. Studies of psychotic symptoms were also tabulated for further discussion. Eleven studies were identified examining the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Seven were included in the meta-analysis, with a derived odds ratio (fixed effects) of 2·9 (95% confidence interval = 2.4-3.6). No evidence of publication bias or heterogeneity was found. Early use of cannabis did appear to increase the risk of psychosis. For psychotic symptoms, a dose-related effect of cannabis use was seen, with vulnerable groups including individuals who used cannabis during adolescence, those who had previously experienced psychotic symptoms, and those at high genetic risk of developing schizophrenia. In conclusion, the available evidence supports the hypothesis that cannabis is an independent risk factor, both for psychosis and the development of psychotic symptoms. Addressing cannabis use, particularly in vulnerable populations, is likely to have beneficial effects on psychiatric morbidity.
Gamma hydroxy butyrate abuse and dependency
Authors: Gonzalez Alejandro , Nutt David J.
Published: February 2005

The recreational use of gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) has gained popularity over the last decade. GHB was initially sold as a safe bodybuilding and fat burning compound. It is now also widely abused by bodybuilders and young ravers. GHB attracts young people due the euphoria that it initially produces, and the claimed increase in sociability and sexual function (it is also known as liquid Ecstasy). Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of GHB intoxication, dependence and severe withdrawal, as reported in medical literature. The situation is complicated by the use of GHB analogues, other toxic chemicals that are easily converted into GHB. GHB has recently been classified as a class ‘C’ drug in the UK, but no provisions were made in relation to GHB analogues. GHB has been increasingly used in rape cases due to its capacity to produce intoxication and amnesia. The management of patients dependent on GHB is rather complicated due to the high doses of medication that they require to control withdrawal symptoms.
Clozapine-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus: possible mechanisms and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Tovey Elizabeth , Rampes Hagen , Livingstone Callum
Published: February 2005

The atypical antipsychotic clozapine has been reported to be associated with metabolic adverse effects, including type-2 diabetes mellitus. We present two cases of diabetes mellitus associated with clozapine treatment. One case resolved entirely upon withdrawal of the drug, whereas the other did not. We discuss the molecular basis of the diabetogenic action of clozapine and recommendations for monitoring.
Risperidone and breast-feeding
Authors: Aichhorn W. , Stuppaeck C. , Whitworth A. B.
Published: February 2005

We present the case of a breast-feeding woman with acute psychotic symptoms after delivery, which were treated with the antipsychotic agent risperidone. Serum levels of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone could be detected in both the mother and her infant. Drug-levels in breast milk were ten-fold lower compared to maternal serum. The patient responded well to antipsychotic treatment. Her infant did not display any adverse effects and psychomotor development was normal. In this case, risperidone was a safe treatment option for the breast-feeding mother and her infant. We also provide a brief overview of the clinically relevant data concerning antipsychotics and breast-feeding.
Optimal Voltage Design for Static Shape Control of Smart Structures with Nonlinear Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Sun Dongchang , Tong Liyong
Published: February 2005

In this paper, static shape control of structures with nonlinear piezoelectric actuators is investigated. Firstly, an adhesive element is developed to model smart plates with nonlinear piezoelectric actuator patches. The adhesive element combines a pair of collocated four-node quadrilateral elements for the upper and lower adherents and a pseudo-adhesive layer element with constant shear and peel strains along its thickness. Secondly, after establishing the equilibrium equations with nonlinear actuating forces, an explicit iterative algorithm for finding the optimal control voltage distribution on the nonlinear piezoelectric actuators is formulated, and the converging speed of this iterative algorithm is also estimated. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate that the present algorithm is effective in finding the optimal control voltage distribution for shape control of nonlinearly actuated structures. Significant effect of the nonlinear piezoelectric constitutive relationship on the optimal control voltage is also observed.
Influence of Matrix and Interface on Transverse Mechanical Properties of CF–PEI Thermoplastic Composites at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Kim Ki-Young , Ye Lin
Published: February 2005

The influence of environmental temperature on the interface between T700S carbon fiber (CF) and a polyetherimide (PEI) thermoplastic polymer, and matrix–interface-relevant mechanical properties of a unidirectional CF–PEI composite was investigated. The single-fiber fragmentation test, and the transverse tension and flexure tests were carried out in a temperature range from ambient temperature to 130 C. The experimental results demonstrated that the deterioration of the transverse tensile and flexural strength of the unidirectional CF–PEI laminate was correlated with the decrease in the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) with increasing temperature, but its effects were obscured by other dominant factors such as the reduction of matrix strength. However, from the fractographic observation of the failure mechanisms, the interface-dominated failure mode at elevated temperatures confirmed its detrimental effects on the transverse strength of the CF–PEI composite.
Factors Affecting the Bond Between Polymer Composites and Wood
Authors: Lyons Jed S. , Ahmed Mallik R.
Published: February 2005

Bond strength and durability play a vital role in the effectiveness of wood strengthening with fiber-reinforced polymer composites. This paper analyzes the effects that resin system, wood surface condition, moisture content, primer application, and environmental exposures have on bond strength. FRP composites were made by hand-layup with two types of epoxies and E-glass fabric on seven different wood surfaces. Bond strength was measured as fabricated, and after the following environmental exposures – soaked under water, dried in high temperature and cyclic tidal salty water. Results show a relationship between resin type and wood moisture content with respect to bond strength. Application of the composite on a rough surface overall improves the bond strength. Application of hydroxyl methanol resorcinol (HMR) overall improves the bond strength except in a dry environmental exposure.
Improved Finite Element Analysis of Multilayered, Doubly Curved Composite Shells
Authors: Sk Latifa , Sinha P. K.
Published: February 2005

An improved finite element model for the bending and free vibration analysis of doubly curved, laminated composite shells having spherical and ellipsoidal shapes is presented. The present formulation is based on the stress resultant-type Koiter’s shell theory and no restriction is imposed on the magnitude of curvature components to capture the deep and shallow shell cases. The twist curvature component is incorporated along with the normal curvatures to keep the strain equations complete. Transverse shear deformation is also considered according to Mindlin’s hypotheses. Both the Lagrangian and Serendipity families of isoparametric elements are incorporated in the analysis code to study their performance in different problems. The present five-DOF shell formulation is kept sufficiently general to capture both the bending- and membrane-dominated problems. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed finite element are illustrated by examples and are compared with those existing in the open literature. The comparison shows that the present analysis yields accurate results with a relatively small number of elements.
Friction of Nonwoven Wood–Polypropylene Fiber Mats on Heated Steel Platens
Authors: Englund K. R. , Wolcott M. P.
Published: February 2005

Pultrusion is a composites manufacturing process where a polymerimpregnated fiber mat or roving is pulled through a stationary die. The manufacture of wood–thermoplastic composites utilizing pultrusion requires knowledge of the composites' frictional properties. Many processing variables (e.g., normal stress, die temperature, sliding velocity, and moisture content) influence the frictional properties of synthetic and natural polymers. The coefficient of dynamic friction (k) was determined for the contact of wood fiber–polypropylene (PP) composites against a smooth heated steel surface. The k was found at varying PP fiber percentages, applied normal stresses, platen temperatures, and dwell times. A decrease in k was observed with increasing applied normal stress and dwell time, with normal stress having the greatest influence on frictional properties. An increase in k was observed with increasing PP fiber content and surface temperature above the melt temperature (Tm) of PP. Assuming an adhesion-controlled friction mechanism, the contact area and interfacial shear stress played an important role in property development.
Heterogeneous Chemical Modification of Cellulose for Composite Materials
Authors: Botaro Vagner Roberto , Gandini Alessandro , Belgacem Mohamed Naceur
Published: February 2005

Two different cellulosic substrates in the form of powders and regenerated fibers were surface modified with different isocyanates in a heterogeneous organic medium. Two of these isocyanates also bore alkenyl functions which were used as a means of copolymerization in subsequent reactions involving common monomers. The third isocyanate bore instead a non reactive C18 linear aliphatic chain. The fibers modified by either the latter single reaction or the former double procedure were introduced into macromolecular matrices in order to elaborate composite materials and study their properties. All the envisaged reactions were shown to occur and the application of the fragmentation test to the corresponding composite materials provided quantitative evidence of the improvement of fiber– matrix adhesion associated with the different modifications.
A Search for New Ways of Describing Parent-Child Relationships
Authors: Yee Pattie Luk-Fong Yuk
Published: February 2005

What are children’s perceptions and experience of parent-child relationships in Hong Kong, where westernization (modernization) has met with the indigenous Chinese culture? This article focuses on how school children in Hong Kong are constantly grappling with ‘Chinese’ and ‘western’ traditions in the parent-child relationship as they hear different voices from school guidance professionals, school principals, teachers and parents in an already hybridized society at large. Findings suggest that school stakeholders hold different views about the parent-child relationship and that parents are the most ambivalent about their parental role, being caught between the traditional idea of authority and submission, and the modern idea of equality. Furthermore, discrepancies between belief and behaviour are causing tensions for all stakeholders. The findings have theoretical as well as practical implications in teacher training, parent education and guidance programmes for primary school children.
Children at Play
Authors: Bai Limin
Published: February 2005

This article presents a childhood beyond the Confucian shadow by studying children at play. It looks at the Confucian image of the ideal child and its association with the traditional Chinese perceptions of play and the education of children. Against this conceptual and historical discussion, children’s games and toys are analysed to provide an insight into some crucial, unstated elements in a child’s daily life in traditional Chinese society. This may also be meaningful to our understanding of childhood and children’s education in contemporary China.
Citizenship and Childhood
Authors: Ben-Arieh Asher , Boyer Yifat
Published: February 2005

Citizenship is not merely a formal status. It is a source of human rights and entitles its owners to services, protection and benefits. Citizenship stipulates what obligations a citizen must fulfil and in what manner he or she is to behave. Citizenship is the prerequisite for belonging to a group (from a social and historical perspective) and as such bears a significant impact on identity formation. Therefore, citizenship is crucial for the well-being of human beings in general and for children in particular. Children’s civil status (and their citizenship) determines their rights (including their social, political and civil rights). Furthermore, children’s possibilities to develop and practise various civil skills, and therefore their activities as citizens, have a major impact on their well-being, as children of today and adult citizens of tomorrow. The article discusses the relations between citizenship - rights - and the well-being of children. Children’s rights are examined, throughout the course of their development, in a range of aspects of their lives. An overview of children’s rights and their civil status in Israel is presented, by the age at which children are entitled to them. A further focus is on the ‘dynamics of citizenship’ by analysing child participation and its influence on children’s well-being.
Factors Underlying Junior High School Students’ Seeking Help from Social Services
Authors: Cheung Chau-Kiu , Liu Suk-Ching
Published: February 2005

Adolescents with emotional, interpersonal and even academic problems can benefit from using social services. However, these adolescents are unlikely to seek help from social services, thus creating issues in service underutilization. Supposedly, these adolescents may not find social services to be useful or socially desirable. How these perceptions impede adolescents’ help-seeking intention is the focus of the present study, which collected data from 1065 junior high school students in Hong Kong, China. Results support the hypotheses that the perceived usefulness of social services and perceived societal disdain for seeking help from the services affected students’ likelihood of help seeking in the presence of problems. These findings generally hold for students who seek help to deal with academic, emotional and interpersonal problems. Promoting the image of social services is therefore necessary to encourage adolescents with problems to seek help from the services.
‘White Slaves’ in a Colonial Nation: the Dutch Campaign Against the Traffic in Women in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: de Vries Petra
Published: February 2005

Between 1900 and World War I an international political campaign was conducted against ‘white slave traffic’. This campaign ultimately resulted in two international agreements to combat the procuring of women for ‘immoral purposes’ across borders. This article analyzes the politics of the Dutch campaign and argues that it gave rise to a powerful image of the white slave as a meaningful political concept. Although forced prostitution is identified as one of the realities of female migration, the ‘white slave’ is a historical construction. The first part of the article distinguishes the social meaning of the ‘white slave’ from older notions about prostitution as slavery. Using the lenses of race, gender and colonialism, the question is what the ‘whiteness’ of the white slave signified about women, sexual danger and the social order. The second part discusses the political and legal aspects of the Dutch campaign, for example, the rise of a gendered movement, the fight against the brothel and the nature of certain legal changes.
Now You See Her, Now You Don’t: Sex Workers at the UN Trafficking Protocol Negotiation
Authors: Doezema Jo
Published: February 2005

In December 2000, over 80 countries signed the ‘Protocol to Suppress, Prevent and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children’ (The Trafficking Protocol) in Palermo, Italy. The UN Trafficking Protocol was the target of heavy feminist lobbying during the two years in which the negotiations took place. The lobby efforts were split into two ‘camps’, deeply divided in their attitudes towards prostitution. One lobby group framed prostitution as legitimate labour. The other considered all prostitution to be a violation of women’s human rights. Not only feminist NGO networks were deeply divided over the issue of prostitution. Many state delegations used the negotiations as an opportunity to denounce the evils of prostitution, while others (fewer in number) argued that focusing on prostitution detracted from the efforts to come to an agreement on trafficking. These differences were most ferociously fought out during debates on the proposed definition of trafficking, with the pivotal term ‘consent’. This article is an examination of the role played by sex workers in these debates, and of ‘sex work’ in competing definitions of trafficking in women.
A Tale of Two Servitudes: Defining and Implementing a Domestic Response to Trafficking of Women for Prostitution in the UK and Australia
Authors: Munro Vanessa E.
Published: February 2005

Having attracted intense academic interest, the trafficking of women for the purposes of prostitution constitutes a contemporary battle-ground for competing agendas on issues as diverse as globalization, migration, labour relations and the regulation of sexuality. This article deconstructs the policy discussions that have determined the parameters of this engagement. In particular, it examines competing perspectives on the appropriate remit of the offence and the significance of consent within it. In a context in which the UN Optional Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish the Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children retains a marked element of ambiguity in these regards, this article goes on to examine two examples of the way in which such questions have been resolved at the domestic level. Drawing upon field-work interviews conducted with officials and interest groups in the UK and Australia, this article highlights the extent to which each country has developed a markedly different anti-trafficking response. It is submitted that the roots of this divergence lie in their respective regulatory and ideological approaches to the sex industry. Regardless of such definitional diversity, however, it is submitted that both jurisdictions share substantial common ground in their experiences of implementing these different regimes. On the basis of this finding, this article challenges the way in which polarized campaign groups have dominated anti-trafficking analysis. Thus, the central claim of this article is not that such policy-level engagements are unimportant (clearly they are) but that their seeming intractability should not distract us from what might be done at a concrete level to bring about a more effective anti-trafficking response.
A Preoccupation with Perversion: the British Response to Refugee Claims on the Basis of Sexual Orientation, 1989–2003
Authors: Millbank Jenni
Published: February 2005

Britain’s approach to refugee claims by lesbians and gay men has been notably hostile in comparison to other Western refugee-receiving nations. For many years decisionmakers in the UK have refused to accept that those fleeing persecution on the basis of sexual orientation were even capable of being refugees under the terms of the Refugees Convention. Since accepting eligibility in 1999, UK decision-makers have repeatedly held that asylum seekers are under a duty to protect themselves by hiding their sexuality. They have also been extremely reluctant to hold that criminal sanctions for gay sex are themselves persecutory and have frequently failed to appreciate the relationship between violence against lesbians and gay men and the existence of criminal provisions. This article suggests that there is a discernible national response in the courts and tribunals of Britain to sexual orientation-based refugee claims. That response carries echoes of the 1956 Wolfenden Report, most notably its ‘solution’ to the ‘problem’ of homosexuality: privacy.
War Is Peace: On Post-National War
Authors: Beck Ulrich
Published: February 2005

To what extent does the cosmopolitan responsibility, the responsibility that does not end at national borders, conjure up new war-like developments? The present article will form part of a book that differentiates between political and analytic cosmopolitanism, or between philosophical cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan regard, in order to distinguish between the question of why reality has become cosmopolitan and the question of whether the ideational complex of normative cosmopolitanism contains political responsibility for the self-endangering civilization. In this regard, the concept of empirical-analytic cosmopolitanism is fruitful, open to discussion and development, and open for the clarification of controversies. By contrast, the normative-political cosmopolitanism must at the same time be situated at the beginning of an uncomfortable reality, namely the paradox that the successful institutionalization of the cosmopolitan regime that serves the objective of securing the world conjures up the contrary: the legitimization and legalization of war. A self-critical cosmopolitanism must therefore deal with the suspicion that the legal order that is supposed to lead to the recognition and protection of the rights of others, gives to war the blessing of law, rendering it ‘just’ and more plausible.
Through the Looking Glass: Creeping Vulnerabilities and the Reordering of Security
Authors: Liotta P. H.
Published: February 2005

Although security - as a basic concept - is frequently considered in the study and analysis of policy decisions, its essential meaning ought to be more widely disagreed than agreed upon. Commonly considered a basic concept in policy and academic debates, security is in reality a quantity that is not basic at any register. The couching of emerging ‘non-traditional’ concepts such as environmental security and human security solely on their relationship to potential or real threats, most often within a topology of power, and the use of language that is inadequate to the often nuanced and almost always complex dynamics of such emerging identities imprisons such concepts within ‘traditional’ state-centered, national security paradigms. Moreover, not all security issues involve ‘threats’; rather, the notion of vulnerabilities is as serious to some peoples, and some regions, as the more familiar concept of threat. The issue truly is not one of ‘hard’ traditional security (often based on state-to-state power relationships) or ‘soft’ non-traditional security (which can involve multiple trans-national aspects), but rather the need for a focus on both. Too exclusive a focus on one form of security may cause a ‘boomerang effect’, resulting from failure to recognize, or deal with, other contending forms of security. Recognizing and acting on the best approaches to issues of security will prove the greatest challenge.
Mapping the Mind Gap: A Comparison of US and European Security Strategies
Authors: Berenskoetter Felix Sebastian
Published: February 2005

This article analyses the state of the transatlantic security relationship by comparing two recent key documents: the Bush administration’s National Security Strategy (NSS) and the EU’s European Security Strategy (ESS). Deploying Robert Kagan’s caricature of differing strategic cultures between Europeans and Americans as an analytical foil, it assesses both documents with regard to how they define (i) realms of responsibility, (ii) threat assessments and (iii) tasks and instruments necessary to address these threats. Despite semantic overlaps and a sense of common commitment, the findings confirm divergent strategic thinking between European and US policymakers in all three areas. Although some of the differences run along well-known fault lines, the comparison reveals a mind gap that is significantly different from the one outlined by Kagan in one crucial aspect: it shows a US agenda guided by utopian thinking, and a European strategy that appears more realistic.
Beyond the Axis of Evil: Ballistic Missiles in Iran’s Military Thinking
Authors: Taremi Kamran
Published: February 2005

For the past two decades, Iran has pursued a vigorous program to develop ballistic missiles. This article examines the domestic and external factors that have driven this program; the regime’s perceptions of the contribution of ballistic missiles to its security; and the likely future priorities of Iran’s ballistic missile industries. It argues that during the Iran-Iraq War, the imperative to deter Iraqi attacks on Iranian civilian centers and the need to develop a means of delivery for nuclear weapons were the primary factors that drove Iran to acquire a ballistic missile capability. In the postwar years, Iran’s ballistic missile program has been primarily driven by the need to prevent a US invasion through impeding the USA’s ability to project force into the region and threatening to target oil facilities in the Persian Gulf. These requirements have compelled Iran’s ballistic missile industries to concentrate on greater range, improved accuracy, and the development of solid-fuelled engines and more advanced warheads.
Failures of the Discourse of Ethnicity: Turkey, Kurds, and the Emerging Iraq
Authors: Somer Murat
Published: February 2005

This article analyzes the discursive-ideational barriers restricting regional cooperation by examining Turkey’s relations with Iraqi Kurds from a critical, theoretical perspective in the context of Turkey’s domestic reforms and its relations with the USA and the EU. It is argued that the ethnicity discourse undermines cooperation, insofar as it feeds the perception of rival groups with zero-sum interests. Presenting a simple model, the article argues that replacing the ethnicity discourse with alternative, post-ethnic discourses requires combining alternative discourses with policies that produce positive-sum interests, coordination between groups, and opportunities for joint collective actions. Hence, state capacity to formulate and implement such policies is crucial. Predictions and policy implications are generated accordingly. First, further reconciliation of Turkey’s domestic Kurdish conflict through democratic and administrative reforms, EU integration, and the promotion of national-identity models that are more flexible and more reflective of diversity will facilitate cooperation with Iraqi Kurds. Second, prosperity and democratic stability in Iraq will help achieve a lasting resolution in Turkey. Third, regional cooperation requires that domestic and external actors promote the positive-sum perception of Turkish and Kurdish interests. Fourth, research can help by developing linguistic-analytical categories that transcend the narrow discourse of ethnicity in favor of discourses that reflect multiple and compatible group belongings.
Leadership and Bureaucracy
Authors: Koremenos Barbara
Published: February 2005

In the midst of state budget cuts, Director Victor Wirth transformed the Illinois Department on Aging (IDOA) from a demoralized agency drowning in the paperwork of a massive compliance system into a cooperative organization devoted to service quality. I develop and apply a game-theoretic model of IDOA that shows how and why the management strategies pursued by Wirth brought about this transformation. Combining the model with detailed empirical evidence, I identify the key factors that allowed Wirth to lead the agency to a new equilibrium. His detailed knowledge of the strategic structure of IDOA allowed him to choose a new equilibrium. His desire and ability to communicate with every level involved in the implementation of the CCP as well as his considerable autonomy from the governor enabled him to create, articulate, and implement the strategies necessary to change the equilibrium. And finally his reputation in the aging field served as a bond that allowed him to enforce the new agency equilibrium, thereby overcoming problems of renegotiation proofness. This article also provides an empirical illustration of the folk theorem.
Can Bilingualism be Dynamically Stable?
Authors: Wickstrom Bengt-Arne
Published: February 2005

A model is developed in which parents choose the language or languages in which their children are brought up. Their choice of language community into which children are socialized depends both on the practical value of the language as a means of communication and on the emotional attachment of the parents to the language as a carrier of cultural identity. In the model, two languages are considered, and children can be brought up as monoglots or bilinguals, that is be socialized into both linguistic communities. The dynamic structure of the model is investigated and dynamically stable equilibria are characterized. It is shown that the behavior of bilingual parents is the crucial factor in determining the survival chances of bilingualism in society. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, J10, J15, Z10.
Barriers to Domestic Violence Help Seeking
Authors: Fugate Michelle , Landis Leslie , Riordan Kim , Naureckas Sara , Engel Barbara
Published: February 2005

Data were obtained from the Chicago Women’s Health Risk Study, in which 491 abused women were interviewed in public health centers and a hospital. Responses of a subgroup of these women who did not seek help through the identified interventions are examined. Common themes emerge across the help-seeking interventions studied: individual thresholds for the seriousness of the violence, a perceived requirement to end the relationship, and certain specific barriers. The responses provide a glimpse into abused women’s reasons for not seeking particular interventions. Implications for public health, mental health, domestic violence counseling agencies, and the police are discussed.
Individual, Family, and Community Risk Markers for Domestic Violence in Peru
Authors: Flake Dallan F.
Published: February 2005

This study draws on an ecological framework in testing relationships between individual, family, and community characteristics and the likelihood of women experiencing domestic violence in Peru. The sample of 15,991 women was taken from the 2000 Peru Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression models revealed that at the individual level, low educational attainment, early union formation, and a violent family background increase a woman’s likelihood of abuse. Family-level risk markers include cohabitation, large family size, partner alcohol consumption, employment, and a woman’s having higher status than her husband. At the community level, living in a noncoastal area and having an urban residence increase the likelihood of abuse.
Women’s Resources and Use of Strategies as Risk and Protective Factors for Reabuse Over Time
Authors: Goodman Lisa , Dutton Mary Ann , Vankos Natalie , Weinfurt Kevin
Published: February 2005

Using a longitudinal and ecological approach, we investigated the relationships between women’s material and emotional resources and strategies and their ability to stay safe over time in a sample of 406 help-seeking African American women. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that social support served as a protective factor and resistance strategies as risk factors for reabuse during a 1-year period. It also showed an interaction between social support and history of violence such that for participants who had experienced the most severe violence, social support did not serve as a protective factor; however, for the other participants, those with the least amount of social support had a 65% predicted probability of reabuse during the next year, compared to a 20% predicted probability for women reporting the highest level of social support. Policy and programmatic implications of these findings are discussed.
Perforation of Sandwich Panels with Honeycomb Cores by Hemispherical Nose Projectiles
Authors: Lin Chunfu , Fatt Michelle S. Hoo
Published: February 2005

Analytical models for the static and low-velocity perforation of composite sandwich panel with woven E-glass/epoxy prepreg facesheets and aluminum honeycomb core are developed. The analytical models are based on a set of experimental results. A three-stage perforation process involving consecutive failures of top facesheet, core, and bottom facesheet is proposed. The analytical predictions of static failure loads and deformation are within 10 and 8% of the test data, respectively. The predicted ballistic limit is within 10% of the test data, while the total energy dissipated at the ballistic limit is within 18% of the test results.
Las Vegas in Africa
Authors: Hall Martin , Bombardella Pia
Published: February 2005

Recent years have seen substantial capital investments in ‘destination resorts', many of which utilize heritage themes to attract consumers. This movement was led by the renaissance of Las Vegas and by major urban destination projects, and coincided with South Africa's reintegration into the global economy from the early 1990s onwards. As a result of new legislation in 1996, South Africa has seen the opening of a number of major destination resorts, in partnership with international interests that include Las Vegas-based multinationals, which reinterpret heritage to provide themed entertainment for the postapartheid middle-class consumer. This article looks in detail at four South African destination resorts, and shows how established themes in the representation of Africa and its history have been reappropriated by the heritage industry in the material culture of casinos and associated retail and entertainment facilities.
Mediational techniques and conceptual frameworks in archaeology
Authors: Webmoor Timothy
Published: February 2005

A recent trend in archaeology has been to turn reflexive attention upon the methods employed by archaeologists in field practice. In this article, I take a step back to consider the map as a fundamental conceptual framework that archaeologists utilize in directing their methods and formulating interpretations. I explore what a map ‘does' for the consideration of a site. I work around this question with the ‘Millon map’ of Teotihuacán, Mexico as a case study. Building upon ideas expressed by Alfred Gell and Roland Barthes, I argue that maps cannot be utilized as independent, self-contained media, as maps ‘work’ via an inherent mutuality of subjective and objective elements. In archaeological discourse, this is best expressed by the integration of photography and graphic representation. Finally, I offer an example of integrated ‘mapwork’ through a novel interpretation of space at Teotihuacán. It is reiterated that media such as maps operate as conceptual frameworks and so predispose certain interpretations. Acknowledging this recursive relationship between media and interpretation draws critical awareness to the media archaeologists employ and encourages the innovative use of mediational techniques to engage archaeological subjects.
The cultural landscape of interplanetary space
Authors: Gorman Alice
Published: February 2005

Since the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957, interplanetary space has become filled with human material culture. A ‘spacescape’ now exists including terrestrial space sites like rocket ranges, satellites and space junk in Earth orbit and planetary landing sites. The significance of this material is usually understood within a ‘Space Race’ framework that emphasizes high technology and the Cold War rivalry between the USA and the USSR. However, appropriate management of the cultural heritage of space exploration requires a broader scope and this can be provided by a cultural landscape approach. The heritage significance of space exploration is explored through three cultural landscapes which illustrate complex and conflicting perspectives on space: Peenemünde in Germany, Woomera in South Australia and Tranquility Base on the Moon.
Driving by
Authors: Lydon Jane
Published: February 2005

The tempo of the long-distance car journey and the locales constituted by road-side monuments define the itinerary of this article, which visits four widely-scattered examples of (post)-colonial Australian placemaking: The Kalkadoon/Mitakoodi Monument near Mt Isa in Queensland's redneck ‘deep north’; Victoria's Grampians/Gariwerd National Park; the site of the Blacktown Native Institution in western suburban Sydney; the Coniston Massacre Memorial in Central Australia. As Australian society attempts to come to terms with its colonial past, these places express public narratives structured by physical acts of remembering and knowing. They reveal a profound shift from settler assertions of the possession of landscape and history effected through practical techniques of inscribing the land, to the acknowledgement of the Aboriginal experience, opening new spaces for reconciliation through harnessing the inertia and insistence of place.
The roles of material culture in the colonization of the Orinoco, Venezuela
Authors: Scaramelli Franz , de Scaramelli Kay Tarble
Published: February 2005

The analysis of exchange and commerce, the introduction and consumption of foreign manufactures and technologies, and the process of commoditization of Native material products, service and labor, provides the background for the examination of long-term historical process and Native cultural response in the face of different colonial and post-colonial circumstances in the Middle Orinoco. Our analysis focuses on the exchange relations and the forms of incorporation of Western objects and practices into Native cultures in the region. We trace the impact of certain material items as they contributed to the transformations undergone by local indigenous societies, and offer examples of the differential consequences of the incorporation of foreign manufactures and practices into Native structures of consumption and systems of values. The two cases analyzed in this article concern the incorporation of items of Western dress and the introduction of alcoholic beverages. Through insights derived from the archaeological record, historical accounts, and ethnographic descriptions, we discuss the way in which these commodities served as the medium for the articulation of strategies on the part of the Native and colonial agents. While the colonial strategy was designed to create and perpetrate relations of dependency and domination over the local population, the indigenous strategy aimed at increasing personal political power and enhancing status.
Did the market force Subject Review?
Authors: Jowett Adrian K.
Published: February 2005

This study sought to discover if staff in a university department believed the 1998 Subject Review to be a valid Quality Assurance process and if its findings could benefit the department. Fifteen academic staff members took part in semi-structured interviews and the content of their responses was analysed qualitatively. Respondents described how Subject Review arose from an emerging ethos of accountability in public services and the demand for performance indicators from stakeholders. By considering their own viewpoints, as non-academics, they identified with these pressures and accepted the need for Subject Review. The methodology of Subject Review was well understood by staff and they explained how it was unnecessarily bureaucratic for its aims. Respondents suspected that the outcome of Subject Review would have an effect on the Department’s place in the education marketplace and described why its impact would be minor. In explaining their views of Subject Review staff largely predicted the basis of the future quality assurance process.
Learning in lectures
Authors: Huxham Mark
Published: February 2005

Many educational development resources recommend making conventional lectures more interactive. However, there is little firm evidence supporting either the acceptability (to students) or efficacy of doing so. This research examined the use of short ‘interactive windows’ (discussions and problem-solving exercises) in first year evolution lectures delivered to between 73 and 126 students over five years. Semi-structured evaluations of the teaching, involving more than 500 responses, identified the interactive nature of the lectures as the single most popular feature of the sessions. The division of the year class into two separate groups allowed the opportunistic testing of how interactive windows influenced learning about discrete problems within each lecture. Two short problem-solving or discussion sessions were devised for each lecture; one of these sessions was taught interactively to the first student group, the second was taught interactively to the second group. Comparing test scores achieved in questions addressing these paired problems showed strong evidence for a generally weak, positive influence of the interactive windows on recall and learning.
From evaluation towards an agenda for quality improvement
Authors: Saunders Mark N. K. , Williams Christine S.
Published: February 2005

For many students and lecturers evaluation is confined to some form of survey. Whilst these can provide useful feedback, their focus is likely to reflect the values and norms of those commissioning and undertaking the evaluation. For real improvements in quality to occur both lecturers’ and students’ perspectives of factors that are important need to be made explicit and understood. Drawing upon literature relating to service quality and in particular the Service Template, this article outlines and evaluates an alternative approach for establishing students’ and lecturers’ perspectives, obtaining feedback and developing an agenda for improvement. Using the example of dissertation supervision, it is argued that a revised Template Process operating within a process consultation framework can meet these concerns. The article concludes with a discussion of the applicability of the Template Process to evaluating teaching and learning.
Tête à tête
Authors: Finlay Sara-Jane , Faulkner Guy
Published: February 2005

This project was inspired by an awareness of the lack of engagement with the research literature by our students. The project consisted of self-help reading groups that centralized student discussion with three research objectives: to encourage students to engage with a broader range of literature, to encourage critical thinking around subject issues central to their subject area and to provide opportunities for active learning through peer learning and shared understandings. Reading groups consisting of 3-5 students were formed on a level three undergraduate module in Exercise and Sports Sciences and a masters level module in Media Studies. Questionnaires administered at the end of the modules revealed positive perceptions of the process as a whole (73%) with comments revealing heightened critical insight, time management and reduced workload. Some important suggestions from the students to improve the process were considered.