bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of OLED performance by tuning of silver oxide buffer layer composition on silver grid surface using UV-ozone treatment
Authors: Wang Chen-Tao , Ting Chu-Chi , Kao Po-Ching , Li Shan-Rong , Chu Sheng-Yuan
Published: August 2018

In this study, silver grid/Ag2O and AgOx/MoO3 transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) were fabricated and implemented in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The effects of ultraviolet (UV)-ozone treatment time on the silver grids are discussed. With a treatment duration of 15 s, the Ag2O thin films do not grow completely and current-voltage characteristics are poor. However, a 30 s UV-ozone treatment yielded good-quality Ag2O thin films. The Ag2O thin films were reconverted into the AgOx phase with further increases in UV-ozone exposure time. The Ag2O work function is nearly 5.0 eV, which decreases the injection barrier of the silver grids (∼4.7 eV) and MoO3 (∼5.3 eV). Nevertheless, excessive treatment time leads to the production of AgOx thin films and an increase in the work function to 5.3 eV, the same as the highest occupied molecular orbital energy of MoO3, which causes a work function mismatch. The work function mismatch between the Ag grids and the MoO3 layer results in a high injection barrier, decreasing OLED performance. The electrical properties of the electrodes and devices apparently depend on the composition of the silver oxide buffer layer, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface and optical properties of the TCEs were also investigated. The results show that the OLED devices with the proposed TCEs have better roll off and current efficiency compared to traditional ITO-based devices.
Asymmetry in initial cluster size favors symmetry in a network of oscillators
Authors: Majhi Soumen , Muruganandam P. , Ferreira F. F. , Ghosh Dibakar , Dana Syamal K.
Published: August 2018

Counterintuitive to the common notion of symmetry breaking, asymmetry favors synchrony in a network of oscillators. Our observations on an ensemble of identical Stuart-Landau systems under a symmetry breaking coupling support our conjecture. As usual, for a complete deterministic and the symmetric choice of initial clusters, a variety of asymptotic states, namely, multicluster oscillation death (1-OD, 3-OD, and m-OD), chimera states, and traveling waves emerge. Alternatively, multiple chimera death (1-CD, 3-CD, and m-CD) and completely synchronous states emerge in the network whenever some randomness is added to the symmetric initial states. However, in both the cases, an increasing asymmetry in the initial cluster size restores symmetry in the network, leading to the most favorable complete synchronization state for a broad range of coupling parameters. We are able to reduce the network model using the mean-field approximation that reproduces the dynamical features of the original network.
Conductivity of two-dimensional disordered nanowire networks: Dependence on length-ratio of conducting paths to all nanowires
Authors: He Song , Xu Xiaomei , Qiu Xincan , He Yong , Zhou Conghua
Published: August 2018

Conducting behavior of two-dimensional (2D) disordered nanowire networks (DNNs) is studied. We find that the length-ratio (ηcp) of conducting paths to all nanowires in the network plays a key role in determining the network conductivity. An algorithm is designated to monitor the formation of conducting paths in the networks and the evolution of network conductance at the same time. As either the area fraction or length of nanowires increases, the length-ratio (ηcp) of the conducting paths expands; meanwhile, the network conductance increases. The network conductance is normalized by the conductance of the regular network so that normalized network conductivity (σ) is obtained. A linear relationship is observed when plotting σ against ηcp. An equation of σ=2(ηcp−0.5) is obtained when ηcp is higher than the threshold. It could fit most part of the simulated plots, except for the region near ηcp∼0.5. 2D transparent and conductive films are built from randomly arranged silver nanowires. Linear behavior is also observed, with the slope less than 2, which is due to the existence of the junction resistance between nanowires. The obtained equation is in agreement with the previous result of the Effective Medium Theory. Finally, the length-ratio (ηcp) could serve as a basic topological parameter in describing the conducting behavior of DNNs.
Hot science with cool sensors
Authors: Morgan Kelsey M.
Published: August 2018

The superconducting transition’s exquisite sensitivity to heat underlies a maturing technology for detecting photons.
Chromolactol, an Oxygenated Diterpene from the Indo-Pacific Nudibranch Goniobranchus coi: Spectroscopic and Computational Studies
Authors: Dewi Ariyanti S. , Pierens Gregory K. , Cheney Karen L. , Blanchfield Joanne T. , Garson Mary J.
Published: August 2018

A rearranged spongian diterpene chromolactol was obtained from the mantle extract of the Indo-Pacific nudibranch Goniobranchus coi. The structure of chromolactol, either 1a or 1b, which was investigated by extensive NMR experiments and by data comparison as well as by molecular modelling studies and density functional calculations, has a different relative configuration of the 2,8-dioxabicyclo-[3.3.0]-octane ring compared with the co-metabolite norrisolide (2). A biosynthetic pathway leading to the preferred diastereomer of chromolactol (1a) is presented.
Foraging movements of common noddies in the East Indian Ocean are dependent on breeding stage: implications for marine reserve design
Authors: Shephard Jill M. , Dunlop James N. , Bouten Willem
Published: August 2018

Increasingly, space use by foraging seabirds is being used as an indicator of ocean condition to inform projected planning for climate change, fisheries management and marine protected areas. We tracked foraging common noddies (Anous stolidus) from a colony in the East Indian Ocean using back-mounted solar GPS trackers during incubation and chick rearing to evaluate their suitability as biomonitors of ocean condition, and the overlap of flight tracks with marine protected area boundaries. This is the first study to track this species in its eastern distribution and across different stages of the breeding cycle. Six birds were tracked for 89 days in total, describing 10089km of flight. Birds made significantly longer trips during chick rearing, which may reflect reduced availability of prey. The tracking period coincided with a particularly strong ENSO event, which may have impacted foraging behaviour, but the foraging area was found to be at least 10000km2. Foraging was associated with the end points of outward trips that were generally at the edge of the continental shelf, or within proximity of canyon-like bathymetric features or current structures on the shelf. Birds foraged over the shelf during incubation, suggesting a greater reliance on food web structures associated with Leeuwin Current structures. Home ranges and movement tracks showed limited overlap with proposed marine park boundaries, but are promising as indicators of ocean productivity, suggesting that their role in the design of marine reserve networks in the future should be maximised.
Energy transfer-enhanced photocatalytic reduction of protons within quantum dot light-harvesting–catalyst assemblies
Authors: Kodaimati Mohamad S. , Lian Shichen , Schatz George C. , Weiss Emily A.
Published: August 2018

Significance

A feature of natural photosynthetic systems is their ability to operate with the low photon flux of sunlight, where the absorption of light and transport of photochemical potential to the catalytic centers is efficiency-limiting. Natural systems overcome this limitation through a process called energy transfer, where quanta of energy are gathered by many weakly coupled light-absorbing centers that pass the energy among themselves to funnel it to a single catalytic reaction center. Prior to this report, this type of energy migration-based approach to light-powered chemistry has not been employed in artificial photocatalytic systems. This work demonstrates the viability of energy-transfer–based sensitization in colloidal photocatalytic assemblies and provides a framework for its incorporation into scalable solar energy conversion systems.
Preferences in a trait decision determined by transcription factor variants
Authors: Dorrity Michael W. , Cuperus Josh T. , Carlisle Jolie A. , Fields Stanley , Queitsch Christine
Published: August 2018

Significance

Transcription factors have been intensively examined to decipher how they regulate cellular decisions, but there are few in-depth studies of these factors across traits, environments, and genetic backgrounds. Here, we analyze the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ste12 protein, a transcription factor essential for both mating and invasion in many fungal species. Generating thousands of variants in the Ste12 DNA-binding domain, we scored each variant for its activity in promoting both mating and invasion. We found altered DNA-binding patterns of exceptional variants that result in yeast that lose their mating efficiency, but gain increased competence in invasion. This surprising malleability in transcription factor function has implications for understanding the evolution of pathogenicity in fungi.
Structural basis for the inhibition of poxvirus assembly by the antibiotic rifampicin
Authors: Garriga Damià , Headey Stephen , Accurso Cathy , Gunzburg Menachem , Scanlon Martin , Coulibaly Fasséli
Published: August 2018

Significance

Most antibiotics do not interfere with viral infections. Rifampicin is a notable exception, as it inhibits several poxviruses, including the causative agent of smallpox. However, the inhibition of viral assembly is unrelated to the antibacterial activity of rifampicin against microbial RNA polymerases. Here, we reveal how the antibiotic prevents the recruitment of an essential scaffolding protein to nascent viral membranes. Based on these results, we provide a structural model of membrane assembly that is distinct from budding through cellular membranes and is most likely conserved in many large DNA viruses. Together, the mechanism of membrane assembly and structural models provide avenues to develop broad spectrum inhibitors against human and animal poxviruses.
Threats to national security and public support for integration: the case of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh
Authors: Spina Nicholas
Published: August 2018

This study explores how the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh influences Armenians’ attitudes toward competing European- and Russian-led integration blocs. I focus on public reactions to a recent episode of violence - the four-day war in April 2016 - and why the clash may have increased the likelihood of support for (1) security integration (with NATO and the CSTO) rather than economic integration (with the EU and the EEU) and (2) joint relations with Europe and Russia rather than relations with one region. I test these propositions, pre-registered with the Open Science Framework, with data from the 2017 Caucasus Barometer. A series of statistical models find no evidence in support of the hypotheses. However, I find unexpected results in additional tests, which show substantively modest but positive statistical relationships between security concerns and the degree of support for integration. The findings imply that while security threats do not persuade citizens to shift support toward a particular integration alternative, they do intensify existing integration preferences. Factors that connect the identity of respondents to Russia or Europe are the most influential determinants of support for integration.
Warren, Robert Penn
Authors: Burt John
Published: August 2018

Robert Penn Warren (1905–1989) was a prolific and distinguished poet, novelist, and critic. His novel All the King’s Men (1946), a fictionalized treatment of the Huey Long regime of 1930s Louisiana, is the finest novel of politics in the American tradition. He won the Pulitzer Prize three times, once for All the King’s Men, and twice for poetry, for Promises in 1957, and for Now and Then in 1978. With Cleanth Brooks he wrote a number of textbooks, most important among them Understanding Poetry (1938), which revolutionized the teaching of literature in the United States and shaped literary pedagogy for forty years. As a social critic, Warren played a role in persuading the white South to accept racial integration in such books as Segregation: The Inner Conflict in the South (1956) and Who Speaks for the Negro? (1965).
Asian Americans and Digital Games
Authors: Patterson Christopher B.
Published: August 2018

Asian Americans have frequently been associated with video games. As designers they are considered overrepresented, and specific groups appear to dominate depictions of the game designer, from South Asian and Chinese immigrants working for Microsoft and Silicon Valley to auteur designers from Japan, Taiwan, and Iran, who often find themselves with celebrity status in both America and Asia. As players, Asian Americans have been depicted as e-sports fanatics whose association with video game expertise—particularly in games like Starcraft, League of Legends, and Counter-Strike—is similar to sport-driven associations of racial minorities: African Americans and basketball or Latin Americans and soccer. This immediate association of Asian Americans with gaming cultures breeds a particular form of techno-orientalism, defined by Greta A. Niu, David S. Roh, and Betsy Huang as “the phenomenon of imagining Asia and Asians in hypo- or hypertechnological terms in cultural productions and political discourse.” In sociology, Asian American Studies scholars have considered how these gaming cultures respond to a lack of acceptance in “real sports” and how Asian American youth have fostered alternative communities in PC rooms, arcades, and online forums. For still others, this association also acts as a gateway for non-Asians to enter a “digital Asia,” a space whose aesthetics and forms are firmly intertwined with Japanese gaming industries, thus allowing non-Asian subjects to inhabit “Asianness” as a form of virtual identity tourism.

From a game studies point of view, video games as transnational products using game-centered (ludic) forms of expression push scholars to think beyond the limits of Asian American Studies and subjectivity. Unlike films and novels, games do not rely upon representations of minority figures for players to identify with, but instead offer avatars to play with through styles of parody, burlesque, and drag. Games do not communicate through plot and narrative so much as through procedures, rules, and boundaries so that the “open world” of the game expresses political and social attitudes. Games are also not nationalized in the same way as films and literature, making “Asian American” themes nearly indecipherable. Games like Tetris carry no obvious national origins (Russian), while games like Call of Duty and Counter-Strike do not explicitly reveal or rely upon the ethnic identities of their Asian North American designers. Games challenge Asian American Studies as transnational products whose authors do not identify explicitly as Asian American, and as a form of artistic expression that cannot be analyzed with the same reliance on stereotypes, tropes, and narrative. It is difficult to think of “Asian American” in the traditional sense with digital games. Games provide ways of understanding the Asian American experience that challenge traditional meanings of being Asian American, while also offering alternative forms of community through transethnic (not simply Asian) and transnational (not simply American) modes of belonging.
Literary Journalism
Authors: Keeble Richard Lance
Published: August 2018

“Literary journalism” is a highly contested term, its essential elements being a constant source of debate. A range of alternative concepts are promoted: the “New Journalism,” “literary non-fiction,” “creative non-fiction,” “narrative non-fiction,” “the literature of fact,” “lyrics in prose,” “gonzo journalism” and, more recently, “long-form journalism,” “slow journalism,” and “multi-platform immersive journalism.” At root, the addition of “literary” to “journalism” might be seen to be dignifying the latter and giving it a modicum of cultural class. Moreover, while the media exert substantial political, ideological, and cultural power in societies, journalism occupies a precarious position within literary culture and the academy. Journalism and literature are often seen as two separate spheres: the first one “low,” the other “high.” And this attitude is reflected among men and women of letters (who often look down on their journalism) and inside the academy (where the study of the journalism has long been marginalized). The seminal moment for the launching of literary journalism as a subject in higher education was the publication in 1973 of The New Journalism, edited by Tom Wolfe and E. W. Johnson. Bringing together the work of 22 literary journalists, Wolfe pronounced the birth of a distinctly new kind of “powerful” reportage in 1960s America that drew its main techniques from the realist novels of Fielding, Smollett, Balzac, Dickens, and Gogol. By the 1980s and 1990s, the study of literary journalism was growing (mainly in the United States and United Kingdom), with some courses opening at universities. In recent years, literary journalism studies have internationalized revealing their historic roots in many societies while another emphasis has been on the work of women writers. Immersive journalism, in which the reporter is embedded with a particular individual, group, community, military unit (or similar), has long been a feature of literary journalism. In recent years it has been redefined as “slow journalism”: the “slowness” allowing for extra attention to the aesthetic, writerly, and experimental aspects of reportage for the journalist and media consumer. And perhaps paradoxically in this age of Twitter and soundbite trivia, long-form/long-read formats (in print and online) have emerged alongside the slow journalism trend. The future for literary journalism is, then, full of challenges: some critics argue that one solution to the definitional wrangles would be to consider all journalism as worthy of critical attention as literature. Most analysis of literary journalism is keen to stress the quality of the techniques deployed, yet greater stress could be placed on the political economy of the media and a consideration of ideological bias. Indeed, while most of the study of literary journalism to date has focused on the corporate media, the future could see more studies of partisan, progressive, alternative media.
Religion and Spirituality in Sport
Authors: Jirásek Ivo
Published: August 2018

Religion, spirituality, and sport is an increasingly popular discipline in the sport psychology framework, often based on one’s own faith and religious beliefs. The spiritual dimension of the human experience first focused on religious and mystic experiences; later, various other states of mind, such as peak experiences, flow, and “being in the zone,” were discussed using the framework of humanistic and positive psychology, including in the context of sports. Human movement activities were part of religious cults and rites in ancient societies, for example in the Greek Olympic Games. Thanks to this tradition, the father of the modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin, wrote about religio athletae when discussing the transcendent aspects of modern sport. Contemporary sport is not connected to religion in such a direct way, however. The modern athlete normally follows his or her own religious tradition in a private manner. This does not mean, however, there is no connection between religion and sport. On the contrary, religious and quasi-religious behavior is commonly found in the sport environment, including superstitious rituals of athletes and fans, prayer in sporting areas, and application of non-Christian practices in sports psychology consulting. Furthermore, deeper values and meanings can be attributed to sport activities as a kind of nonreligious spirituality. It is possible to observe an increasing interest in the religious and spiritual aspects of sports in the new millennium, which can be seen in the establishing of specific professions like sport psychologists or chaplains, as well as university centers for the study of religion and spirituality in sport.
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Quality of Life
Authors: Focht Brian C. , Fairman Ciaran M.
Published: August 2018

Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a multidimensional subcomponent of quality of life involving subjective appraisal of various dimensions of one’s life that can be affected by health or health-related interventions. There is considerable evidence demonstrating that exercise consistently results in meaningful improvements in an array of HRQL outcomes. Advances in the conceptualization of HRQL and recent evidence identifying select moderators and mediators of the effects of upon HRQL outcomes have important implications for the design and delivery of exercise interventions. Taken collectively, contemporary findings support the utility of adopting a hierarchical, bottom-up approach to the investigation of the effects of exercise upon HRQL.
Exercise Psychology Considerations for Chronically Ill Patients
Authors: Marks Ray
Published: August 2018

There is no doubt that exercise, a vital health-promoting activity, regardless of health status, produces numerous well-established physical, functional, and mental health benefits. Many people, however, do not adhere to medical recommendations to exercise consistently, especially if they have chronic illnesses. Put forth to explain this conundrum are numerous potential explanatory factors. Among these are mental health correlates such as anxiety, fear, fatigue, pain, motivation, and depression, as well as various self-efficacy perceptions related to exercise behaviors, which may be important factors to identify and intervene upon in the context of promoting adherence to physical activity recommendations along with efforts to reduce the cumulative health and economic burden of exercise non-adherence among the chronically ill and those at risk for chronic illnesses.
Critical Role of Social–Cognitive Age Representations
Authors: Chasteen Alison , Iankilevitch Maria , Schiralli Jordana , Bergstrom Veronica
Published: August 2018

In 2016, Statistics Canada released the results of the most recent census. For the first time ever, the proportion of Canadians aged 65-plus years surpassed the proportion aged 15 and under. The increase in the proportion of older adults was viewed as further evidence of the faster rate of aging of Canada’s population. Such demographic shifts are not unique to Canada; many industrialized nations around the world are experiencing similar changes in their populations. Increases in the older adult population in many countries might produce beneficial outcomes by increasing the potential for intergenerational contact and exposure to exemplars of successful aging. Such positive intergenerational contact could counter prevailing age stereotypes and improve intergenerational relations. On the other hand, such increases in the number of older adults could be viewed as a strain and potential threat to resources shared with younger age groups. The possibility of increased intergenerational conflict makes it more important than ever before to understand how older adults are stereotyped, how those stereotypes can produce different kinds of biased behavior toward them, and what the impact of those stereotypes are on older adults themselves.

Social-cognitive age representations are complex and multifaceted. A common stereotype applied to older people is one of warmth but incompetence, often resulting in paternalistic prejudice toward them. However, such benevolent prejudice, characterized by warm overtones, can change to hostile bias if older adults are perceived to violate prescriptive norms about age-appropriate behavior. In addition to coping with age prejudice, older adults also have to deal with the deleterious effects of negative age stereotypes on their day-to-day function. Exposure to negative aging stereotypes can worsen older adults’ cognitive performance in a number of contexts. As well, age stereotypes can be incorporated into older adults’ own views of aging, also leading to poorer outcomes for them in a variety of domains. A number of interventions to counteract the effects of negative aging stereotypes appear promising, but more work remains to be done to reduce the impact of negative aging stereotypes on daily function in later life.
Famines, Hunger, and Later-Life Health
Authors: Berg Gerard J. van den , Lindeboom Maarten
Published: August 2018

Modern-day famines are caused by unusual impediments or interventions in society, effectively imposing severe market restrictions and preventing the free movement of people and goods. Long-run health effects of exposure to famine are commonly studied to obtain insights into the long-run effects of malnutrition at early ages. This line of research has faced major methodological and data challenges. Recent research in various disciplines, such as economics, epidemiology, and demography, has made great progress in dealing with these issues. Malnutrition around birth affects a range of later-life individual outcomes, including health, educational, and economic outcomes.
Accretion Processes
Authors: Morbidelli Alessandro
Published: August 2018

In planetary science, accretion is the process in which solids agglomerate to form larger and larger objects, and eventually planets are produced. The initial conditions are a disc of gas and microscopic solid particles, with a total mass of about 1% of the gas mass. These discs are routinely detected around young stars and are now imaged with the new generation of instruments. Accretion has to be effective and fast. Effective, because the original total mass in solids in the solar protoplanetary disk was probably of the order of ~300 Earth masses, and the mass incorporated into the planets is ~100 Earth masses. Fast, because the cores of the giant planets had to grow to tens of Earth masses to capture massive doses of hydrogen and helium from the disc before the dispersal of the latter, in a few millions of years.

The surveys for extrasolar planets have shown that most stars have planets around them. Accretion is therefore not an oddity of the solar system. However, the final planetary systems are very different from each other, and typically very different from the solar system. Observations have shown that more than 50% of the stars have planets that don’t have analogues in the solar system. Therefore the solar system is not the typical specimen. Models of planet accretion have to explain not only how planets form, but also why the outcomes of the accretion history can be so diverse.

There is probably not one accretion process but several, depending on the scale at which accretion operates. A first process is the sticking of microscopic dust into larger grains and pebbles. A second process is the formation of an intermediate class of objects called planetesimals. There are still planetesimals left in the solar system. They are the asteroids orbiting between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the trans-Neptunian objects in the distant system, and other objects trapped along the orbits of the planets (Trojans) or around the giant planets themselves (irregular satellites). The Oort cloud, source of the long period comets, is also made of planetesimals ejected from the region of formation of the giant planets. A third accretion process has to lead from planetesimals to planets. Actually, several processes can be involved in this step, from collisional coagulation among planetesimals to the accretion of small particles under the effect of gas drag, to giant impacts between protoplanets. Adopting a historical perspective of all these processes provides details of the classic processes investigated in the past decades to those unveiled in the last years.

The quest for planet formation is ongoing. Open issues remain, and exciting future developments are expected.
National Urban Renewal
Authors: Klemek Christopher
Published: August 2018

Urban renewal refers to an interlocking set of national and local policies, programs, and projects, implemented in the vast majority of American cities between 1949 and 1973. These typically entailed major redevelopment of existing urban areas with a view to the modernization of housing, highway infrastructure, commercial and business districts, as well as other large-scale constructions. Reformers from the Progressive Era through the Great Society strove to ameliorate the conditions of poverty and inequality in American cities by focusing primarily on physical transformation of the urban built environment. Citing antecedents such as the reconstruction of Second Empire Paris, imported via the City Beautiful movement, and then updated with midcentury modernism, US urban planners envisioned a radical reorganization of city life. In practice, federal programs and local public authorities targeted the eradication of areas deemed slums or blighted—often as much to socially sanitize neighborhoods inhabited by racial minorities and other marginalized groups as to address deteriorating physical conditions. And while federal funding became available for public works projects in declining central cities under the auspices of improving living conditions for the poor—including providing public housing—urban renewal programs consistently destroyed more affordable housing than they created, over more than three decades. By the end of the 1960s, urban residents and policymakers across the political spectrum concluded that such programs were usually doing more harm than good, and most ended during the Nixon administration. Yet large-scale reminders of urban renewal can still be found in most large US communities, whether in the form of mid-20th-century public housing blocks, transportation projects, stadiums, convention centers, university and hospital expansions, or a variety of public-private redevelopment initiatives. But perhaps the most fundamental legacies of all were the institutionalization of the comprehensive zoning and master planning process in cities nationwide, on the one hand, and the countervailing mobilization of defensively oriented (NIMBY) neighborhood politics, on the other.
American Mass Culture, 1900–1945
Authors: Borus Daniel
Published: August 2018

The story of mass culture from 1900 to 1945 is the story of its growth and increasing centrality to American life. Sparked by the development of such new media as radios, phonographs, and cinema that required less literacy and formal education, and the commodification of leisure pursuits, mass culture extended its purview to nearly the entire nation by the end of the Second World War. In the process, it became one way in which immigrant and second-generation Americans could learn about the United States and stake a claim to participation in civic and social life. Mass culture characteristically consisted of artifacts that stressed pleasure, sensation, and glamor rather than, as previously been the case, eternal and ethereal beauty, moral propriety, and personal transcendence. It had the power to determine acceptable values and beliefs and define qualities and characteristics of social groups. The constant and graphic stimulation led many custodians of culture to worry about the kinds of stimulation that mass culture provided and about a breakdown in social morality that would surely follow. As a result, they formed regulatory agencies and watchdogs to monitor the mass culture available on the market. Other critics charged the regime of mass culture with inducing homogenization of belief and practice and contributing to passive acceptance of the status quo. The spread of mass culture did not terminate regional, class, or racial cultures; indeed, mass culture artifacts often borrowed them. Nor did marginalized groups accept stereotypical portrayals; rather, they worked to expand the possibilities of prevailing ones and to provide alternatives.
1. An introduction to writing law essays and exams
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter introduces law students to writing law essays and sitting exams, firstly by explaining why there is a need for a special approach to law essays and exams. It then outlines the hallmarks of a good essay in law, from paying close attention to the question as it is asked, to excellent use of supporting information and ideas. It also describes the four-step IRAC method of legal analysis and writing that provides a practical and proven method of answering law school essay and examination questions: identification of the issues relevant to the question; presentation of the applicable rules; application of the facts to the legal authority presented in the second step; and identification of the conclusion of the argument.
2. Building the necessary foundation: reading, understanding and summarising legal materials
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter offers tips on how to read, understand, and summarise legal materials. It emphasises the importance of having the building blocks, that is, the understanding of the relevant legal authority, for better organisation and legal writing. This chapter also describes the three types of legal materials with which law students must become familiar in the course of their studies (statutes, cases and legal commentary, including textbooks, treatises and legal articles) and identifies the best way to use each category of authority. The discussion is replete with practical writing tips that will help students prioritise the necessary skills. Examples are also given.
3. Step one in the IRAC method: the issue
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the first step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: namely, the identification of the major issue and the specific sub-issues that are in contention. It offers suggestions meant to help law students learn how to identify what question the examiners want them to answer, as well as how to write a two to three-sentence opening paragraph in approximately one minute. The chapter first considers the relationship of the IRAC method to legal practice before explaining in detail what an ‘issue’ is according to the IRAC methodology; why it is important to identify the issue explicitly in a legal essay or exam; and how to spot the major issues and the contentious sub-issues that arise out of a problem question. Examples of issue spotting are given. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
7. Adapting IRAC to ‘discuss’ questions
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for use with ‘discuss’ type questions, focusing on the following topics: what a ‘discuss’ question is asking you to do; how to structure the ‘discuss’ essay; and how to adapt each of the four IRAC steps (issue, rule, application, conclusion) to ‘discuss’ questions. The discussion also identifies the three basic types of ‘discuss’ questions (legal theory, legal reform and legal history) and describes the best way to approach each particular category of questions and the best types of legal authorities to introduce to do well. Tips on writing legal essays and exams are given.
9. Adapting IRAC for professional practice
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for professional practice, with particular reference to drafting original documents (letters, attendance notes, memoranda, briefs (instructions) and opinions) that do not rely on precedents. While the discussion does not go into the same amount of detail as a professional legal training course, it does outline the forms of documents that every law student will encounter in legal practice and demonstrate how the IRAC method can be used to create those types of documents. The chapter also provides a brief overview of various formatting issues that may arise in professional practice. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
4. Supporting Members and Peers
Authors: Geddes Marc , Mulley Jessica
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the way the UK Parliament is administered and organized in terms of the support offered by the institution to Members of Parliament (MPs) and peers to fulfil their parliamentary, political, and policy functions. The House of Commons employs roughly 2,500 and the House of Lords around 500 members of staff, in addition to staff in the bicameral Parliamentary Digital Service. These staff provide invaluable and impartial support to Parliament. This chapter considers the political and non-political sources of support provided to MPs and peers in carrying out their role and how the resources available to parliamentarians have increased over the past two decades through a range of parliamentary reforms. It also discusses key issues and debates arising from the support given to MPs and peers, including the issue over whether staff exist to serve the institution of Parliament or to support parliamentarians.
Reacting to China’s rise throughout history: balancing and accommodating in East Asia
Authors: Meng Weizhan , Hu Weixing
Published: August 2018

The rise of China and how other countries respond to China’s rising is widely studied. But little has been done on how other countries reacted to the rise of China throughout history and how China strategically interacted with them. The conventional wisdom holds East Asian international relations did not operate in the Westphalian way and China’s rising in history did not trigger regional balancing actions. In this article, we challenge that view. We argue East Asian international relations were not exceptional to basic rules of the Westphalian system. Each time China rose up, it triggered balancing actions from neighboring regimes, including nomadic empires and settled kingdoms. The neighboring regimes would accommodate China only after they were defeated by China or pro-China regimes propped up in these countries. The Chinese hegemony in East Asian history could not be taken for granted. Over last 2,000 plus years, only during three periods of time (the Qin-Han 秦汉, Sui-Tang 隋唐, and Ming-Qing 明清 dynasties) China could successfully overpower regional resistance and enjoyed a stable tributary relationship with neighboring states. In the rest of time, the Chinese state could not retain hegemony in East Asia.
Psychosocial Care of Cancer Survivors
Authors: Krauter Cheryl
Published: August 2018

Psychosocial Care of Cancer Survivors: A Clinician’s Guide and Workbook for Providing Wholehearted Care is a clinical resource written for healthcare practitioners with the goal of helping them enhance communication with both patients and colleagues. It addresses questions of how to bring a humanistic approach and quality attention to the growing needs of patients in the post-treatment phase of a cancer diagnosis. As a workbook, it is both a guide and an applicable resource for daily clinical practice. It provides a needed structure for clinicians to help them reconnect with the meaningful aspects of their work. Part I focuses on skillful means for providing humanistic, person-centered care. Part II offers clinicians pragmatic structures and methods they can start using with patients right away and provides a humanistic clinical framework that benefits them both personally and professionally: clinical skills vital to forming healing clinical relationships (e.g., the four C’s of communication: communication, curiosity, concern, conversation; communication tools to enhance effective collaboration, such as personal and professional boundaries, the essentials of a healing relationship, stages of the clinical interview, collegial collaboration; exercises designed for personal reflection and the implementation of the clinical skills and communication tools mentioned; and useful practices and solutions to increase the efficacy of and satisfaction with their work.
Roots of Authenticity
Authors: Krauter Cheryl
Published: August 2018

This chapter demonstrates the value of incorporating the humanistic–existential psychotherapy framework into the cancer healthcare provider–patient relationship. The existential humanistic framework focuses on helping people free themselves from obsessive worries and scary stories by assisting them to understand and work with the reality of living with uncertainty. A humanistic approach is oriented toward a compassionate, nonpathological frame that promotes acceptance, reflection, and relationship. This viewpoint suggests redefining professional competence as something that allows for compassionate engagement with patients, other professionals, and most important, with oneself. Presenting the foundations of humanistic psychology, the chapter illustrates the benefits of this type of relational perspective as it translates to working with life-threatening illness and post-treatment cancer care.
A Conversation of Hope and Healing
Authors: Krauter Cheryl
Published: August 2018

Cultural humility is described as a lifelong process and a commitment to self-evaluation and self-reflection that encourages an appreciation of growth and understanding. This puts healthcare providers and patients in a mutually beneficial relationship that attempts to diminish damaging power dynamics. The chapter includes the presentation and discussion of the following attributes of introspection: awareness of self and other; supportive interactions; mutual empowerment; partnerships; respect; optimal care; and lifelong learning. Cultural humility applies a variety of contexts, from ethnic and racial differences, to sexual orientation and identity, to social status, to interpersonal communication styles of different cultures, cultural belief systems, and practices.
Relationship
Authors: Krauter Cheryl
Published: August 2018

What people remember most after the end of cancer treatment is the quality of the relationship between themselves and their practitioners and how they were treated. The chapter focuses on healthcare provider and patient as fellow travelers on the path to healing in the survivorship phase of cancer. Subjects covered include letting the patient matter; appropriate professional boundaries that allow quality contact; the use of humor; assessing the need for referral to more in-depth psychotherapy or counseling; and interacting with the partners and family members of the patient. Also highlighted is the importance of interpersonal connection in this work. This chapter deals with the essential need for understanding, respecting, and working with personal and professional boundaries.
Surviving Our Work
Authors: Krauter Cheryl
Published: August 2018

Self-care in the medical profession is typically not taught in medical school or included in ongoing training programs. This lack of attention to clinician concerns continues into professional practice, where vulnerabilities as well as the need for personal fulfillment are frequently overlooked and indeed even stigmatized. Self-neglect leads to both physical and emotional distress and can have serious consequences. Life–work balance for healthcare providers is a key issue. The chapter covers ways to recognize, avoid, and deal with burnout. Discussed are topical issues in the ongoing struggle of self-care in the healthcare professional and identifying signs of burnout: emotional exhaustion; depersonalization, characterized by an impersonal approach to treating patients; low sense of personal accomplishment, characterized by loss of meaning and purpose of work; administrative burden, inflexibility, inefficient practice environments; and inadequate resources.
Personal Narrative in Survivorship Care
Authors: Krauter Cheryl
Published: August 2018

This chapter deals with the inner personal world of the clinician. While Surviving the Storm: A Workbook for Telling Your Cancer Story guides the patient to connect with their unique story, Psychosocial Care of Cancer Survivors: A Clinician’s Guide and Workbook for Providing Wholehearted Care acknowledges the importance of the clinician’s need to connect with their experience and guides them in expressing their unique story. The experience of a connected inner life is the foundation of work and personal satisfaction. This chapter covers the importance of continued personal growth, the avoidance of stagnation, and the difficulties related to depersonalization in an objectified health system.
What to Expect
Authors: Dwarakanath Sanjay , Van Drunen Lindsey
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes the process of orientation for the incoming clinical anesthesia year 1 (CA-1) resident. It highlights information to seek out during the orientation period and discusses the mentor or preceptor programs now integrated by multiple academic institutions. Furthermore, it suggests how to obtain and organize a patient’s preoperative information to present it to the attending anesthesiologist. This chapter also touches on the basics of the Anesthesia Knowledge Test and In-Training Examination administered to anesthesia residents nationwide. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of a team-based approach to perioperative patient care and the consultant role of the anesthesiologist.
Making the Most of Your CA-1 Year
Authors: Arthur Mary E. , Bora Vaibhav
Published: August 2018

Making the transition from the clinical base year to the first clinical anesthesia year can be stressful. During this time, the trainee transforms from a confident intern to a resident bombarded by unfamiliar equipment and drugs and confronted with patients with dynamic physiologic changes. This chapter focuses on simple rules to make the transition easy. It also provides “dos and don’ts,” Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies, professionalism, interpersonal and communication skills, work-life balance, physician burnout, and reaching out. “Speak Up,” a patient safety concept borrowed from the Joint Commission, is introduced. Details on preparing for the American Board of Anesthesiology BASIC exam, a requirement for advancing in anesthesiology residency, and maintaining certification are also discussed.
Preanesthesia Patient Evaluation
Authors: Riveros-Perez Efrain , Perilla Mauricio
Published: August 2018

The preanesthesia evaluation usually occurs when the anesthesia provider first meets a patient scheduled for a surgical intervention. The importance of the preanesthesia evaluation must be underscored as it represents the foundation for the anesthetic plan. A continuum of care that starts with the initial assessment and ends with the complete recovery of the surgical patient requires intervention by the anesthesiologist as a perioperative physician. Moreover, the anesthesiologist is both the patient’s advocate and the leader of the perioperative pathway. This chapter focuses on the rational use of screening tools and resources to evaluate patients as well as risk stratification based on a systematic approach that includes a careful assessment of the various organ systems for a planned procedure. The relevance of the informed consent process and documentation as well as the elements of preanesthesia evaluation in special circumstances are also addressed.
Anesthesia Care on the Day of Surgery
Authors: Clavijo Claudia F. , Arthur Mary E. , Riveros-Perez Efrain
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides anesthesia residents with recommendations that will guide them through the sequence of events on the day of surgery. This chapter focuses on operating room setup, basic pharmacology, medications typically used in the operating room, guidelines for discontinuation of at-home medications, intraoperative patient monitoring, and ventilation. There is also a detailed discussion on patient positioning and potential complications related to positioning. Checklists facilitate efficiency and ensure that all important steps are completed before patients receive anesthesia care. These recommendations may be adjusted to meet specific needs and institutional standards.