bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An example of functional integration and application of diversity, inequities, and social determinants of health in an applied physiology course
Authors: Donovan Elise L. , Barcus Matthew J.
Published: September 2021

Increasing diversity, including diverse perspectives in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) classrooms and teaching practices, is recognized as a current higher education priority. Resources to assist institutions and instructors are growing; however, many STEM instructors still hesitate to implement diverse teaching practices and discussions of diversity issues in their courses for a variety of reasons. This paper describes an example of the incorporation and discussion of diversity and social justice issues as part of an upper level physiology of aging course. The general approach was to examine the functional intersection of the sociology and physiology using social determinants of health as mechanistic influencers of physiology and examining how they affect healthy aging and etiology of age-associated diseases. Activities included in-class and virtual discussion, collaboration with the university diversity department, and a written assignment where the students explored in depth how a social determinant of health affected molecular physiology of aging. Students were also provided with strategies they can use in careers as health practitioners to be more inclusive in their practices. Student participation and feedback indicated that this approach and activities were engaging, enlightening and useful and should be continued. They specifically appreciated the social issues discussed in their sociology courses being included in their physiology major course and thinking about how those issues are mechanistically linked to physiology. This was the first attempt at this approach, and strategies for future activity improvement and tips for successful implementation are also addressed.
Rat skeletal muscle-nerve preparation to teach skeletal muscle physiology
Authors: Prince Neetu , Rajendran Elanchezhian , Sidharthan Anita , Amirtham Soosai Manickam , Kanthakumar Praghalathan , Oommen Vinay , Bhaskar Anand
Published: September 2021

This sourcebook update describes a variation of a previous sourcebook experiment that used isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle from mouse to teach skeletal muscle properties (Head SI, Arber MS. Adv Physiol Educ 37: 405–414, 2013). Gastrocnemius-sciatic nerve preparation in an anaesthetized rat was developed and muscle contractions were recorded in a computerized data acquisition system using an isometric force transducer. Teachers and students in physiology or biology can use this preparation to demonstrate skeletal muscle properties like simple muscle twitch, quantal summation, wave summation, superposition, incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus, treppe, fatigue, and length-tension relationship.
MUREs: a new member of the URE-CURE family of research opportunities for undergrads
Authors: Bates Holly E. , Lowes Shanna , West Sarah L.
Published: September 2021

Undergraduate research experiences are important for the development of scientific identity, appreciation of authentic research, and improvement of persistence toward science careers. We identified a gap in experiential research opportunities for undergraduate Biology students who were seeking a formal yet small-scale research experience that was unique to their own interests and career aspirations. These opportunities may be especially worthwhile for of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students aspiring to nonresearch scientific careers (i.e., medicine, dentistry, forensics, and communication) and underrepresented STEM students. Here, we reflect on the use of small-scale, individualized undergraduate research experiences that are based on established methods. These experiences have helped to fill this gap and create problem-centered learning opportunities for undergraduate students that are as unique as the students themselves.
Microvascular fluid flow in ex vivo and engineered lungs
Authors: Raredon Micha Sam Brickman , Engler Alexander J. , Yuan Yifan , Greaney Allison M. , Niklason Laura E.
Published: September 2021

We present a validated model of pulmonary microvascular fluid mechanics and apply this model to study the effects of increased capillary permeability in decellularized and regenerating lungs. We find that decellularization alters microvascular steady-state mechanics and that re-endothelialization partially rescues key biologic parameters. The described model provides powerful insight into intraorgan microvascular dynamics and may be used to guide regenerative engineering experiments. We include all data and derivations necessary to replicate this work.
Impedance of Inner Saturated Soil to Horizontally Vibrating Large‐Diameter Pipe Piles
Authors: Xie Jiang
Published: September 2021

An analytical solution for the inner soil impedance of saturated soil to a horizontally vibrating large‐radius pipe pile was presented. Based on the porous media theory and the assumption that the vertical normal stress is zero, the closed solution of the inner soil impedance of the saturated soil to the movement of the large‐diameter pipe pile is obtained. This analytical solution considers the influence of saturated soil parameters on the impedance of the core soil of large‐diameter pipe piles. Through numerical examples, the variation law of the inner soil impedance with pile radius, pile length, dimensionless frequency, compression coefficient, effective permeability coefficient, and porosity was analyzed and the pile radius corresponding to effective inner soil impedance is determined.
Simulation of Spatially Correlated Multipoint Ground Motions in a Saturated Alluvial Valley
Authors: He Ying , Chen Xueling , Liu Zhongxian , Yang Dejian , Zhang Hai
Published: September 2021

Based on Biot’s theory, the boundary element method, and spectral representation method, an effective simulation method for multiple‐station spatially correlated ground motions on both bedrock and surface is developed, incorporating the spectral density function, coherence function, and site transfer function that consider both the wave scattering effect and the medium saturation. The accuracy and feasibility of the present method are validated by a typical numerical example. Our results indicate that the local site conditions and the saturation property of the medium significantly affect the multipoint spatially correlated earthquake ground motions, especially in the long‐period range. It is necessary to use spatially varying ground motions with the rational consideration of local site effects and medium saturation as input during the seismic analysis of large‐span structures.
An Effective Solution to Eliminate DC-Offset for Extracting the Phase and Frequency of Grid Voltage
Authors: Sevilmiş Fehmi , Karaca Hulusi
Published: September 2021

Recently, several approaches with the ability to reject the DC-offset in phase locked loop (PLL) methods have been developed. These approaches include different filtering structures which can be classified into two categories: prefiltering before the PLL input and in-loop filtering in the PLL control loop. As highlighted in the literature, the DC-offset rejection methods based on in-loop filtering have received less attention due to their slow dynamic performance. Therefore, this paper proposes an alternative DC-offset rejection technique as in-loop filtering of the PLL. The effectiveness of the proposed PLL is confirmed by simulation and experimental results.
[Retracted] A Computational Framework to Identify Transcriptional and Network Differences between Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Normal Liver Tissue and Their Applications in Repositioning Drugs
Authors: Hu Aimin , Wei Zheng , Zheng Zuxiang , Luo Bichao , Yi Jieming , Zhou Xinhong , Zeng Changjiang
Published: September 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide. Although there have been extensive studies on the molecular mechanisms of its carcinogenesis, FDA‐approved drugs for HCC are rare. Side effects, development time, and cost of these drugs are the major bottlenecks, which can be partially overcome by drug repositioning. In this study, we developed a computational framework to study the mechanisms of HCC carcinogenesis, in which drug perturbation‐induced gene expression signatures were utilized for repositioning of potential drugs. Specifically, we first performed differential expression analysis and coexpression network module analysis on the HCC dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differential gene expression analysis identified 1,337 differentially expressed genes between HCC and adjacent normal tissues, which were significantly enriched in functions related to various pathways, including α‐adrenergic receptor activity pathway and epinephrine binding pathway. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) suggested that the number of coexpression modules was higher in HCC tissues than in normal tissues. Finally, by correlating differentially expressed genes with drug perturbation‐related signatures, we prioritized a few potential drugs, including nutlin and eribulin, for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The drugs have been reported by a few experimental studies to be effective in killing cancer cells.
Location Matters: Profiling Diffuse Type Gastric Cancer At the Single-Cell Level
Authors: Huang Huocong , Brekken Rolf A.
Published: September 2021

Spatial single-cell transcriptomics of primary patient diffuse type gastric cancer reveals distinct cancer and stromal cell differences based on location. Expression of CCL2 by stromal cells in deep tumor regions is highlighted as potentially driving the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhancing (directly or indirectly) the invasive capacity of tumor cells.

See related article by Jeong et al., p. 6529
Monitoring Circulating Tumor DNA During Surgical Treatment in Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Johansson Gustav , Berndsen Marta , Lindskog Stefan , Österlund Tobias , Fagman Henrik , Muth Andreas , Ståhlberg Anders
Published: September 2021

The majority of patients diagnosed with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are successfully treated with a combination of surgery and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it remains challenging to monitor treatment efficacy and identify relapse early. Here, we utilized a sequencing strategy based on molecular barcodes and developed a GIST-specific panel to monitor tumor-specific and TKI resistance mutations in cell-free DNA and applied the approach to patients undergoing surgical treatment. Thirty-two patients with GISTs were included, and 161 blood plasma samples were collected and analyzed at routine visits before and after surgery and at the beginning, during, and after surgery. Patients were included regardless of their risk category. Our GIST-specific sequencing approach allowed detection of tumor-specific mutations and TKI resistance mutations with mutant allele frequency < 0.1%. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was detected in at least one timepoint in nine of 32 patients, ranging from 0.04% to 93% in mutant allele frequency. High-risk patients were more often ctDNA positive than other risk groups (P < 0.05). Patients with detectable ctDNA also displayed higher tumor cell proliferation rates (P < 0.01) and larger tumor sizes (P < 0.01). All patients who were ctDNA positive during surgery became negative after surgery. Finally, in two patients who progressed on TKI treatment, we detected multiple resistance mutations. Our data show that ctDNA may become a clinically useful biomarker in monitoring treatment efficacy in patients with high-risk GISTs and can assist in treatment decision making.
Mutations in Noncoding Cis-Regulatory Elements Reveal Cancer Driver Cistromes in Luminal Breast Cancer
Authors: El Ghamrasni Samah , Quevedo Rene , Hawley James , Mazrooei Parisa , Hanna Youstina , Cirlan Iulia , Zhu Helen , Bruce Jeff P. , Oldfield Leslie E. , Yang S.Y. Cindy , Guilhamon Paul , Reimand Jüri , Cescon Dave W. , Done Susan J. , Lupien Mathieu , Pugh Trevor J.
Published: September 2021

Whole-genome sequencing of primary breast tumors enabled the identification of cancer driver genes and noncoding cancer driver plexuses from somatic mutations. However, differentiating driver from passenger events among noncoding genetic variants remains a challenge. Herein, we reveal cancer-driver cis-regulatory elements linked to transcription factors previously shown to be involved in development of luminal breast cancers by defining a tumor-enriched catalogue of approximately 100,000 unique cis-regulatory elements from 26 primary luminal estrogen receptor (ER)+ progesterone receptor (PR)+ breast tumors. Integrating this catalog with somatic mutations from 350 publicly available breast tumor whole genomes, we uncovered cancer driver cistromes, defined as the sum of binding sites for a transcription factor, for ten transcription factors in luminal breast cancer such as FOXA1 and ER, nine of which are essential for growth in breast cancer with four exclusive to the luminal subtype. Collectively, we present a strategy to find cancer driver cistromes relying on quantifying the enrichment of noncoding mutations over cis-regulatory elements concatenated into a functional unit.

Implications:

Mapping the accessible chromatin of luminal breast cancer led to discovery of an accumulation of mutations within cistromes of transcription factors essential to luminal breast cancer. This demonstrates coopting of regulatory networks to drive cancer and provides a framework to derive insight into the noncoding space of cancer.
Intranasal Iloprost Prevents Tumors in a Murine Lung Carcinogenesis Model
Authors: Tennis Meredith A. , Smith Alex J. , Dwyer-Nield Lori D. , Keith Robert L.
Published: September 2021

Lung cancer chemoprevention with the prostacyclin analogue iloprost is the most promising approach to date for intercepting progression of premalignant lung lesions in former smokers. Previous preclinical studies of iloprost used oral delivery, but a study modeling delivery directly to the target organ was needed. In vivo and in vitro studies have identified gene expression changes following iloprost treatment, including increased e-cadherin and Ppargγ and decreased COX2 and vimentin. We used tumor counts and gene expression to demonstrate the effectiveness of intranasal delivery of iloprost in a murine model of premalignant adenomas. Intranasal delivery of iloprost reduced adenoma multiplicity 14 weeks after urethane exposure in FVB/N mice compared with untreated urethane controls. Intranasal iloprost reversed urethane-induced gene expression changes in tumors and whole lung. These results correspond to previous studies of oral iloprost and in vitro treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells. This study demonstrates that intranasal delivery of iloprost in a mouse model of lung premalignant lesions is effective chemoprevention. This will be an essential tool for exploring mechanisms and outcomes of iloprost chemoprevention, along with supporting ongoing clinical trials of inhaled iloprost chemoprevention.

Prevention Relevance:

Iloprost is a promising chemoprevention agent for lung cancer and this work describes a new delivery approach in vivo.
Short- and Long-Term Functional Connectivity Differences Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease Progression
Authors: Mondragón Jaime D. , Marapin Ramesh , De Deyn Peter Paul , Maurits Natasha ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Progression of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a clinical event with highly variable progression rates varying from 10–15% up to 30–34%. Functional connectivity (FC), the temporal similarity between spatially remote neurophysiological events, has previously been reported to differ between aMCI patients who progress to AD (pMCI) and those who do not (i.e., remain stable; sMCI). However, these reports had a short-term follow-up and do not provide insight into long-term AD progression. Methods: Seventy-nine participants with a baseline and 78 with a 12-month, 51 with a 24-month, and 22 with a +48-month follow-up resting-state fMRI with aMCI diagnosis from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database were included. FC was assessed using the CONN toolbox. Local correlation and group independent component analysis were utilized to compare regional functional coupling and between-network FC, respectively, between sMCI and pMCI groups. Two-sample t tests were used to test for statistically significant differences between groups, and paired t-tests were used to assess cognitive changes over time. Results: All participants (i.e., 66 sMCI and 19 pMCI) had a baseline and a year follow-up fMRI scan. Progression from aMCI to AD occurred in 19 patients (10 at 12 months, 5 at 24 months, and 4 at >48 months), while 73 MCI patients remained cognitively stable (sMCI). The pMCI and sMCI cognitive profiles were different. More between-network FC than regional functional coupling differences were present between sMCI and pMCI patients. Activation in the salience network (SN) and the default mode network (DMN) was consistently different between sMCI and pMCI patients across time. Discussion: sMCI and pMCI patients have different cognitive and FC profiles. Only pMCI patients showed cognitive differences across time. The DMN and SN showed local correlation and between-network FC differences between the sMCI and pMCI patient groups at multiple moments in time.
Altruism as an Explanation for Human Consanguinity
Authors: Denic Srdjan , Agarwal Mukesh M.
Published: September 2021

Background: Human inbreeding is a sociobiological puzzle. Despite widespread knowledge of its potential for genetic disorders, human consanguinity remains surprisingly common. The current reasons explaining its continued persistence in today’s modern world have major shortcomings. Summary: We propose that the Neolithic Agrarian revolution modified the structure of populations. It increased competition for the limited resources in which a larger group had better chances of survival. As a result, small, drifting, socially open bands of hunter-gatherers were transformed into bigger, less mobile, and more powerful kinship groups (tribes). In this transformation, a central role was played by human trust – an aspect of human altruism which is a universal sociobiological principle of behavior. Altruism (and trust) is an essential premise of social contracts such as economic cooperation, marriage arrangement, and creation of alliances between people. In kinship groups, human trust is limited to kin, so tribes remain small, economically poor, and consanguineous due to lack of nonkin mates. The expanding of trust from kin to that of nonbiological relatives increases the size of human groups, fosters economic wealth, and decreases the rate of consanguinity. Key Messages: The lack of nonkin altruism leads to: (a) poverty (due to poor economic cooperation with nonkin), (b) maintaining small group size, and (c) inbreeding.
High Inter- and Intratumoral Variability of Ki67 Labeling Index in Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer with High Gleason Scores
Authors: Vlajnic Tatjana , Brunner Patrik , Eppenberger-Castori Serenella , Rentsch Cyrill A. , Zellweger Tobias , Bubendorf Lukas
Published: September 2021

Background: The majority of studies investigating the role of Ki67 labeling index (LI) in prostate carcinoma (PC) focused on localized PC treated radically, where Ki67 LI is regarded as a prognostic marker. The relevance of Ki67 in advanced PC remains largely unexplored. While Gleason score is still one of the best indicators of clinical outcomes in PC, differences in progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with high Gleason scores suggest that additional factors are involved in tumor progression. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could help to optimize treatment strategies for an individual patient. Here, we aimed to determine the inter- and intratumoral distribution of Ki67 LI in patients with PC with high Gleason scores and to correlate Ki67 LI with the status of ERG, PTEN, and Bcl-2. Methods: Immunohistochemistry for Ki67, ERG, PTEN, and Bcl-2 was performed on core needle biopsies from 112 patients with newly diagnosed PC Gleason score 8, 9, and 10. Results: Using a cutoff of ≥10%, 17/112 cases (15%) had a homogeneously low and 95/112 cases (85%) a high Ki67 LI. 41% of cases showed intratumoral heterogeneity containing areas with low and high proliferation. There was no association between Ki67 LI and ERG, PTEN, or Bcl-2 status. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate major inter- and intratumoral variability of Ki67 LI in high-grade PC with a surprisingly low Ki67 LI in a subset of cases. Further studies are necessary to explore the molecular basis and potential clinical implications of a paradoxically low proliferation rate in high-grade PC.
Loss of Pulmonary Vascular Volume as a Predictor of Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Mortality in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Minhas Jasleen , Nardelli Pietro , Hassan Syed Moin , Al-Naamani Nadine , Harder Eileen , Ash Samuel , Sánchez-Ferrero Gonzalo Vegas , Mason Stefanie , Hunsaker Andetta R. , Piazza Gregory , Goldhaber Samuel Z. , Waxman Aaron B. , Kawut Steven M. , Estépar Raúl San José , Washko George R. , Rahaghi Farbod N.
Published: September 2021

Background:

In acute pulmonary embolism, chest computed tomography angiography derived metrics, such as the right ventricle (RV): left ventricle ratio are routinely used for risk stratification. Paucity of intraparenchymal blood vessels has previously been described, but their association with clinical biomarkers and outcomes has not been studied. We sought to determine if small vascular volumes measured on computed tomography scans were associated with an abnormal RV on echocardiography and mortality. We hypothesized that decreased small venous volume would be associated with greater RV dysfunction and increased mortality.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort of patients with intermediate risk pulmonary embolism admitted to Brigham and Women’s Hospital between 2009 and 2017 was assembled, and clinical and radiographic data were obtained. We performed 3-dimensional reconstructions of vasculature to assess intraparenchymal vascular volumes. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariable regression and cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, sex, lung volume, and small arterial volume.

Results:

Seven hundred twenty-two subjects were identified of whom 573 had documented echocardiography. A 50% reduction in small venous volume was associated with an increased risk of RV dilation (relative risk: 1.38 [95% CI, 1.18–1.63],
P
<0.001), RV dysfunction (relative risk: 1.62 [95% CI, 1.36–1.95],
P
<0.001), and RV strain (relative risk: 1.67 [95% CI, 1.37–2.04],
P
<0.001); increased cardiac biomarkers, and higher 30-day and 90-day mortality (hazard ratio: 2.50 [95% CI, 1.33–4.67],
P
=0.004 and hazard ratio: 1.84 [95% CI, 1.11–3.04],
P
=0.019, respectively).

Conclusions:

Loss of small venous volume quantified from computed tomography angiography is associated with increased risk of abnormal RV on echocardiography, abnormal cardiac biomarkers, and higher risk of 30- and 90-day mortality. Small venous volume may be a useful marker for assessing disease severity in acute pulmonary embolism.
An Unknown Dutch Incunable Recovered
Authors: Kok Ina
Published: September 2021

This article discusses and reproduces a unique copy of a hitherto unknown Dutch incunable. It was recovered at a Belgian auction after 164 years and bought by the Athenaeum Library in Deventer, the Netherlands. Thus, the book returned to the city where it was printed by Jacobus de Breda, between 27 October 1495 and 16 April 1496.
Urban Diplomacy
Authors: Manfredi-Sánchez Juan Luis
Published: September 2021

By examining the great economic and political transformations of our time, it is revealed how cities and their hinterlands have become part of globalisation. The global city has joined the group of actors who develop diplomatic, political and communicative action in a manner that is de facto and lawful. Thus, the city is involved in the formulation of foreign policy at the same time that it proposes its own political agenda, which may or may not be aligned with its own country. The city thereby becomes a source of innovation in the field of diplomacy. The Covid-19 pandemic is accelerating the political and diplomatic role of cities, which have become epicentres of prevention and response in the face of this public health crisis.
A new species of Gymnopus sect. Androsacei (Omphalotaceae, Agaricales) from China
Authors: LI JI-PENG , SONG BIN , FENG ZHAN , WANG JING , DENG CHUN-YING , YANG YI-HUA
Published: September 2021

A new species of Gymnopus sect. Androsacei, namely, G. pallipes is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is characterized by marasmioid basidiomata, a dark brown to reddish brown pileus becoming dull white to yellowish grey with age, whitish to pale yellow stipe and presence of rhizomorphs. Phylogenetic analyses support it as a new species within Gymnopus sect. Androsacei. The detailed morphological description, colour photos of basidiomata, and line drawings of microcharacters are presented and delimitation characters from similar species are discussed. A key to the known species of Gymnopus s. str. from China is also provided.
Zhao, F., Min, D.Z., Xiang, C.L., Chen, B., Zhou, X.X., Liu, B. & Li, B. (2021) Morphological evidence for the conspecific status of the rediscovered Mimulicalyx rosulatus and M. paludigenus. Phytotaxa 520 (1):106–112.
Authors: ZHAO FEI , MIN DAO-ZHANG , XIANG CHUN-LEI , CHEN BIN , ZHOU XIN-XIN , LIU BING , LI BO
Published: September 2021

N/A
New Colombian Goja Navás (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) with peculiar genitalia, and the first Goja with brachypterous male, from Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: CARREJO NANCY , OBANDO RANULFO GONZÁLEZ , CASASOLA-GONZÁLEZ JOSÉ ARTURO , ALDRETE ALFONSO N. GARCÍA
Published: September 2021

Eight species of Goja are here described and illustrated, seven of them are from Colombia, they present peculiar phallosomes and constitute assemblages of three and four related species each, they are: G. andina n. sp., G. garridoi n. sp., G. meremberg n. sp., G. risaraldensis n. sp., G. tenerife n. sp., G. vallecaucana n. sp. and G. vavilovi n. sp. The other species, G. sierrajuarez n. sp., collected in the Sierra Juárez of Oaxaca, Mexico, is the first species of Goja, in which the male is brachypterous. A key to the identification of the males here treated is included, as well as a cladistic analysis of the species of Goja known to date.
Review of the genus Cerconychia Klapálek, 1913 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae), with description of C. multiseta sp. nov.
Authors: MO RAORAO , LIU HAO , KONG FANBIN , LI WEIHAI
Published: September 2021

Species of the genus Cerconychia (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyoidea: Styloperlidae) are reviewed. A new species, C. multiseta sp. nov. is described from Cenwanglaoshan Mountain of western Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The new species is compared with related congeners. Complementary description or brief taxonomic comments are presented for C. brunnea Klapálek, 1913, C. flectospina Wu, 1962, C. livida Klapálek, 1913, C. sinensis Yang & Yang, 1995 and C. trilobata Mo, Yao, Wang & Li, 2019.
A proposed order-level classification in Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata)
Authors: SCHMELZ RÜDIGER M. , ERSÉUS CHRISTER , MARTIN PATRICK , HAAREN TON VAN , TIMM TARMO
Published: September 2021

The purpose of our contribution is to propose a robust and practical order-level classification of the families of Oligochaeta, that is, non-leech Clitellata. The order level is mandatory in Linnaean rank-based classification and is also required in many internet-based biodiversity databases. However, it has received little attention in oligochaete systematics, and the few available order-level classifications of Oligochaeta no longer represent phylogenetic relationships adequately. Our proposal is based on corroborated molecular phylogenetic evidence and takes as benchmarks class level for Clitellata, subclass level for Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, and order level for Crassiclitellata, the monophylum that includes most of the earthworm taxa. As a result, eleven orders are proposed: Alluroidida Timm & Martin, 2015; Capilloventrida Timm, n. ordo; Crassiclitellata Jamieson, 1988; Enchytraeida Kasprzak, 1984; Haplotaxida Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971; Lumbriculida Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971; Moniligastrida Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971; Narapida Timm, n. ordo; Parvidrilida Timm, n. ordo; Randiellida Jamieson, 1988; Tubificida Jamieson, 1978. This order-level classification is robust and easily adaptable to future insights into phylogenetic relationships.
Doxycycline-Induced Gastric Perforation
Authors: Hong Yeahwa , Staniorski Christopher , Pollack Dean , Evans Steven
Published: September 2021

Esophageal and gastric mucosal injuries are well-documented adverse effects of doxycycline leading to odynophagia, chest pain, and abdominal pain. There are no clear diagnostic criteria for such adverse effects; hence, the diagnosis depends heavily on thorough history. There is a paucity of literature describing life-threatening complications from doxycycline-induced mucosal injury, such as hemorrhage and perforation. We present the first case report describing a gastric perforation from doxycycline use.
Downward Trend in Resident Myringotomy and Tympanostomy Tube Experience
Authors: Dermody Sarah M. , Johng Stephanie Y. , Watkins Mariel O. , Malekzadeh Sonya , Ahn Jaeil , Harley Earl H.
Published: September 2021

Introduction/Objective:

Historically, myringotomy, and the insertion of tympanostomy tubes has served as one of the initial surgical training experiences for residents. Resident experience with this procedure since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has not been well described in the literature. The objective of this study was to identify trends in resident training experience with chronic otitis media-related surgeries, such as myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement. While multiple factors influence resident experience, we hypothesize that resident experience has decreased since the introduction of the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13).

Methods and Materials:

In a retrospective review of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) National Data Reports, mean number of myringotomy and tympanostomy tube cases logged in the Resident Case Log System from 2006 to 2019 were collated and plotted against years to identify monotonic trends. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare pre-PCV13 era and post-PCV13 era data.

Results:

Since the introduction of PCV13, there is a national decreasing trend in the myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement by otolaryngology residents ( P = .001).

Conclusions:

Otologic surgeries are an important part of resident education and historically have served as one of the initial surgical training experiences for residents. There has been a significant reduction in the number of myringotomy and tympanostomy procedures performed by otolaryngology residents in the past decade. While multiple factors influence resident experience, it is possible that introduction of PCV13 has impacted resident exposure to myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement. Resident proficiency with this procedure has likely not been affected by introduction of PCV13. Data should be reassessed in 5 years to determine if an impact of the PCV13 vaccine on resident training is evident.
Will high school students ‘rethink their drink’? Findings from an impact evaluation of a healthy beverage curriculum
Authors: Strochlic Ron , Woodward-Lopez Gail , Plank Kaela , Hewawitharana Sridharshi , Richardson Jackie , Whetstone Lauren
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To promote healthy beverage consumption among 9–12 grade students (ages 14–18) by means of a 4-week curriculum promoting increased awareness of drinks containing added sugar and the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and health risks.

Design:

Quasi-experimental pre–post design.

Setting:

High schools in Northern California with at least 50% of students eligible for free or reduced-price meals.

Method:

A 4-lesson version of the Rethink Your Drink high school curriculum was piloted in three high schools in two northern California counties. Two high schools in the same area served as comparison sites. A survey of beverage-related knowledge, behaviours, perceptions and self-efficacy was administered to intervention and comparison students before and after the intervention. Focus groups with students and an online survey and semi-structured interviews with teachers were conducted following the intervention.

Results:

Intervention students reported significantly greater frequency of reading Nutrition Facts labels and understanding of beverage choice influences and decreased consumption of diet soda than comparison students. A decrease of 0.26 times per day in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages relative to the comparison group was not significant.

Conclusion:

The intervention resulted in some positive outcomes, but improvements in targeted beverage consumption were not significant. Students and teachers want shorter, more engaging and experiential curricula that build on previous learning. Findings point to actionable recommendations for improvement of high school healthy beverage curricula and suggest the need for reinforcement using a multi-level approach.
A rapid and simple procedure for the isolation and cultivation of fibroblast-like cells from medaka and zebrafish embryos and fin clip biopsies
Authors: Beedgen Lars , Hüllen Andreas , Gücüm Sevinç , Thumberger Thomas , Wittbrodt Jochen , Thiel Christian
Published: September 2021

In many human diseases, the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms are not understood, which makes the development and testing of new therapeutic approaches difficult. The generation and characterization of animal models such as mice, rats, fruit flies, worms or fish offers the possibility for in detail studies of a disease’s development, its course and potential therapies in an organismal context, which considerably minimizes the risk of therapeutic side effects for patients. Nevertheless, due to the high numbers of experimental animals used in research worldwide, attempts to develop alternative test systems will help in reducing their count. In this regard, the cell culture system displays a suitable option due to its potential of delivering nearly unlimited material and the good opportunities for high-throughput studies such as drug testing. Here, we describe a quick and simple method to isolate and cultivate vital fibroblast-like cells from embryos and adults of two popular teleost model organisms, the Japanese rice fish medaka ( Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish ( Danio rerio).
Reusable textile microfiber and laundry in healthcare: Critical analysis of problematic published information
Authors: Overcash Michael
Published: September 2021

Recent analyses of environmental services products and practices in healthcare have covered the concepts of hygienically clean, mechanisms of cleaning, and comparison of reusable and disposable textile microfiber products. In 11 referred papers, it was discovered that three had sufficient factual errors to influence the citations found in the broader literature. This study evaluating these problematic papers is an obligation of the scientific community for accuracy. In light of newer data on the efficacy of important textiles for microfiber cleaning, these previous studies were reexamined to see if methodological corrections are needed. Closer investigation of the authors’ data was used to ascertain the validity of their initial conclusions. These current reevaluations reverse conclusions in these journal articles. It appears factors such as multi-variant statistical comparisons, combining variables, and use of extremely high inoculum for cleaning led to the wrong conclusions in these three papers. The revised results show that for hospital surface cleaning with reusable textile microfiber products, no detectable levels were found for two of the most challenging organisms for hospital-acquired infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. Commercial laundry was substantially better than hospital laundry and reusable microfiber products improved with use.
The Utility of Janowitz’s Political Awareness in Officer Education
Authors: Nielsen Suzanne C. , Liebert Hugh
Published: September 2021

In the pages of this journal, Damon Coletta and Tom Crosbie published a response to our article entitled, “The Continuing Relevance of Morris Janowitz’s The Professional Soldier for the Education of Officers.” In that article, we argued that Janowitz’s emphasis on the need for political awareness in the U.S. military should receive greater attention in the education of today’s officer corps. Coletta and Crosbie suggest that we are too ready to abandon Samuel Huntington’s classic work, The Soldier and the State. In this continuation of that dialogue, we respond with three clarifications and three substantive disagreements. Huntington and Janowitz offer divergent perspectives on the issues of officer education and “political virtue,” we suggest, and Janowitz’s perspective deserves greater weight that it has traditionally received. Coletta and Crosbie also place greater emphasis on the separability of political and military affairs than is warranted, and Janowitz is more helpful here as well.
Two Ways to Stay at the Top: Prestige and Dominance Are Both Viable Strategies for Gaining and Maintaining Social Rank Over Time
Authors: McClanahan Kaylene J. , Maner Jon K. , Cheng Joey T.
Published: September 2021

The dual-strategies theory of social rank proposes that both dominance and prestige are effective strategies for gaining social rank (i.e., the capacity for influence) in groups. However, the only existing longitudinal investigation of these strategies suggests that, among undergraduate students, only prestige allows people to maintain social rank over time. The current study provides a longitudinal test of dominance and prestige in a context where dominance is more normative: MBA project groups. Among 548 MBA students in 104 groups, peer-rated dominance and prestige predicted gains in social rank over the course of 4 weeks, indicating that both strategies may help people not only gain social rank but also maintain it over time. Furthermore, prestige—but not dominance—led to social rank because of willingly given deference from group members. This confirms a central but thus-far-untested principle of dual-strategies theory: While prestige is based on freely conferred deference, dominance is not.
Family Disruption and Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Schmeer Kammi K. , Singletary Britt , Purtell Kelly M. , Justice Laura M.
Published: September 2021

Using unique data from an economically and racially diverse sample of 448 caregivers with young children (ages 4–9 years) in Ohio, we assess multiple sources of family social and economic disruptions and their associations with parenting activities during the COVID-19 stay-at-home order. Caregivers reported extensive social and economic challenges during this time, while also increasing (on average) their time spent in play/learning activities. Time spent in discipline was less likely to increase during this period. We found significant associations among disadvantaged social conditions/experiences and parenting, and that some effects were moderated by 2019 household income status. Unexpectedly, changes in economic conditions, particularly caregiver job loss, were associated with higher odds of increases in reading/telling stories time across household income groups. Overall, findings indicate that social conditions associated with the stay-at-home period of COVID-19 might have been more disruptive to parenting for caregivers with young children than the short-term economic changes.
Colonization Through Municipalization: The Politics of Sanitation and Municipal Governance in the ‘Mofussils’ of Colonial Bengal, c. 1870–1940s
Authors: Basu Sudipto
Published: September 2021

How does a state govern a territory which has seen a sudden spurt in population and become the most densely populated regions of the province? How does the state account for the governance of a place which very recently has seen the transition from a rural or a semi-rural tract to a town? And most importantly, how does the state govern a place where the main source of power resides with the proprietors of private enterprises? These were some of the questions which the colonial state had to deal with when it was faced with the prospect of administering some of the most rapidly ‘urbanizing’ or expanding regions of Bengal, that is, the industrial belt or the riparian municipalities of the districts of 24 Parganas and Hooghly and the mining and railway junctions of Ranigunj and Asansol from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. How was their administration going to be any different from the other mofussil municipalities, which also had a semi-rural character? This article will look at these questions and try to understand how through the process of municipalization the colonial state was trying to control the newer territories and how the locals reacted to these attempts. This article will investigate and hence argue that any attempt at improvement in these mofussil municipalities was being throttled due to the lack of understanding, on the part of the provincial government, of the local socio-economic conditions and the ineffectiveness of the local self-government in these towns.
A pre-clinical animal study of a novel mechanical-only ablation device treatment for superficial venous disease
Authors: Kabnick Lowell S , Phelan Nigel , Cummins Seán , O Hynes Seán
Published: September 2021

Objective

Current minimally invasive techniques for ablation in superficial venous reflux are limited to thermal based systems requiring tumescent anesthesia, non-thermal chemical sclerosants and permanent glue implantation. The aim of this feasibility study was to determine the safety and efficacy of a novel mechanical-only ablation (MOA) device called EnVena, in a recognised large animal model with chronic follow up.

Methods

Venous ablation of six lateral saphenous veins in three sheep was performed using the EnVena device. Luminal patency and vein wall fibrosis were evaluated by histologic analysis at 51 and 89 days.

Results

All treated veins demonstrated fibrotic occlusion in contiguous segments at 51 and 89 days on histological analysis. From 45 consecutive segments spanning the treatment length across the six treated veins, 26 (57%) were fully occluded, 7 (16%) were impinged or partially occluded and 12 (27%) were open. There were no device related complications during the follow up period.

Conclusions

A purely mechanical approach to superficial venous ablation demonstrated safety and efficacy in a recognized large animal model based on histological findings.
Is gender role self-concept a predictor for music class attendance? Findings from secondary schools in Lower Saxony (Germany)
Authors: Nonte Sonja , Krieg Maria , Stubbe Tobias C
Published: September 2021

Although there is an increasing number of studies investigating the effects of attending music programs and classes, research on the impact of gender role self-concept on the decision to attend music classes is limited. Current research highlights the significance of gender role self-concept in decision-making processes. Accordingly, we conducted path analysis on a sample of n = 353 fifth-graders to identify interrelations and mediation effects of students’ gender role self-concept on the attendance of a specific music class through the self-concept in music, intrinsic value of music, and other relevant aspects. The results showed that only gender role self-concept of femininity revealed direct effects on attending a music class. Students describing themselves as feminine had a more positive self-concept in music and value music more. No mediation effects could be detected. However, a negative direct path from gender role self-concept of femininity on music class attendance was observed. No effect was found for gender role self-concept of masculinity and music class attendance. The intrinsic value for music showed the highest impact on music class attendance. After discussing the main results, recommendations for researchers, teachers, and school administrators are made with regard to an accessible music education, which is independent of gender role orientations.
Pilot-administered anaesthesia and the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia: An interview with Captain Keith Galloway
Authors: Redmond Michael J , Potter Thomas A , Bradley James P
Published: September 2021

The lack of radio navigational aids in early Royal Flying Doctor Service aircraft in Australia occasionally resulted in aircraft being stranded at a remote site with a critically injured patient due to weather and other conditions. For a brief period in the 1950s, at least one Royal Flying Doctor Service pilot was trained to administer anaesthesia to critically ill patients who could not be immediately evacuated. The aim of this paper is to describe the circumstances in which this arose and how it worked in practice. This is based largely on the recollections of pilot anaesthetist Captain Keith Galloway, who shared his recollections during interviews with the authors.
Transport Energy Efficiency in Domestic Long-Distance Travel in Japan
Authors: Kosai Shoki , Noguchi Hiroki , Fuse Masaaki , Yamasue Eiji
Published: September 2021

A sound understanding of transport energy efficiency is of paramount importance. It has been widely accepted that a higher level of urban density is associated with a more significant amount of energy consumption in long-distance travel, including international trips. Meanwhile, its negative correlation with domestic long-distance travel was reported in only a few studies. In addition, the analysis of domestic long-distance travel and its transport energy efficiency has yet to be thoroughly conducted. Therefore, this study first assesses the transport energy efficiency of various transportation modes (roadways, railways, aviation, and waterways) in the form of energy intensity, and then obtains the overall transport energy intensity (OTEI) in the domestic long-distance travel in Japan by considering the social modal choice. Finally, its association with distance, income per capita, and population density in Japan is evaluated, and the results are compared with the case in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. It was found that higher income per capita is associated with lower energy intensity for domestic long-distance travel in Japan. The relationship in Japan between OETI for domestic long-distance travel and traveled distance is observed as a U-shaped form.