bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limit Theorems for Regressions with Unequal and Dependent Errors
Authors: Bicker Friedjielm
Published: October 2023

There exist a considerable number of publications dealing with the asymptotic normality of parameter estimates for linear regressions, many of which deal with specific cases, however, or are unnecessarily narrow in the assumptions made. The most general paper among these, and the one closest to the present note, seems to be that of Hannan (1961). In that paper vectorial regression equations are considered while we are predominantly interested in scalar ones.
The Transition of Finance, Postal Savings, and Government Financial Intermediation
Authors: Cargill Thomas F , Yoshino Naoyuki
Published: October 2023

The Postal Savings System (PSS) and the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) are major components of the Japanese economy measured by their size relative to both the economy and the financial system, and together they support a pervasive system of government financial intermediation. The PSS and the FILP also play an important role in Japanese politics, since they are an integral part of the budgeting process. Although extensively discussed and debated within Japan, the PSS and FILP are not familiar to many outside observers.
Prologue
Authors: Engel William E
Published: October 2023

The spirit of decline haunting the Renaissance imagination left its mark on dramas, dictionaries, and historical compendia. These various forms of literary expression all shared a common principle of organization. Each was decidedly at odds with oblivion, and drew from reservoirs of the culture’s collective memory—namely from emblems, proverbs, and exempla. These repositories of accrued commonplaces and perennial wisdom were staples of the classical Memory Arts, which enjoyed a revival during the period. This was especially the case with respect to theatre and its metaphors, as expressed through tragedies, phrase-books, and histories.
‘Now as touching my translation’: Linguistic Decorum and Memory’s Domain
Authors: Engel William E
Published: October 2023

The rhyming wordplay of ‘corte/morte’ does not come through in the English, ‘court/death’. In the Italian, however, only one letter keeps the words from becoming the other. Still, the translation makes the sententious meaning clear: in former times the court was called death because the vicious thrived, and it is still fatal for the virtuous. This was certainly the case with the honourable women mentioned in Part I, Antonio’s wife, Bracciano’s Isabella, and Calantha; and it was the case as well for those who were sinned against perhaps more than they sinned, like Tamyra and the Duchess of Malfi.
Introduction: The Economics of Public Spending
Authors: Miles David , Myles Gareth , Preston Ian
Published: October 2023

The public sector affects the lives of all those who live in developed economies. Public expenditure pays to defend nations against invasion. It finances schools and universities in which people are educated. When people are ill, it provides medical care and financial support. Public expenditure provides pensions for the old and finances the police to protect people from crime. It also provides entertainment and infrastructure. Much of this is taken for granted and commonly passes unremarked.
Government Failure in US Urban Transportation
Authors: Winston Clifford
Published: October 2023

Public provision of urban transportation is, in theory, socially desirable. Rail and bus operations exhibit economies of traffic density that could lead to destructive competition in an unregulated market. Highways are traditionally perceived as public goods that require enormous capital and maintenance investments that the private sector is unlikely to finance. Improving the urban mobility of elderly and low-income citizens is an important social goal that should be addressed by government.
Social spending
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

There is a great diversity among welfare states in the EU. As different systems have developed within the national context mostly after 1945, it is difficult to generalize about a ‘European model’ of the welfare state. This diversity—which is at the heart of this book—is reflected in the scale of expenditures for social protection systems, the division of expenditures among programs, the structure and design of benefits, the organization and the sources of financing. This chapter deals with the first two points. We first look at the level and structure of expenditures for the last year for which data is available. Then, we turn to the evolution of social expenditure over time. The financing issue is dealt with in Chapter 4. We discuss the issue of comparison of social expenditures across countries and consider the problem of entitlement that explains why dismantling programs that have lost their relevancy is so difficult.
Health care
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

Dealing with health care is quite different from dealing with unemployment, disability or retirement. Health care is a unique commodity for a number of reasons. First of all, receiving it can be a matter of life or death and is thus subject to less economic rationality than other consumptions: health has no price. Also, health care spending has increased in recent decades more rapidly than most other social spending. Yet, what makes health care so different is undoubtedly the issue of incomplete information that generates moral hazard and adverse selection problems. It is also the paternalistic argument according to which people should be forced to have medical insurance for their own good, even against their own will. These specificities make it difficult to tackle the issue of cost containment and to face the urgent need for reform that most European countries now face. In the following, we first describe the recent evolution of health care spending. We then turn to the issue of cost containment and of reform.
Introduction
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu
Published: October 2023

‘In order to achieve their objectives in undermining the Hong Kong dollar, speculators have deployed a whole host of improper measures which are clear to all. In order to deter such manipulation, I have exercised my power under the Exchange Fund Ordinance and asked the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) to draw upon the resources of the Exchange Fund to mount appropriate counter activities in the stock and futures markets. . . . Accordingly, the HKMA mounted counter activities earlier today.’
Background
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu
Published: October 2023

During the Asian Financial Crisis, Hong Kong was particular not only because of its firm currency peg, but also because of the way in which the government acted to protect the peg. To some, the August 1998 intervention came as a shock since it was totally unexpected of a government which took pride in its non-interventionist stand. The decision was seen as extremely controversial.
Insolvency of Companies
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

Although most of the fundamental principles of international insolvency law were originally conceived in the context of the insolvency of natural persons, it is undoubtedly the case that the area of greatest commercial significance –– both in terms of the monetary amounts involved and in terms of the complex issues encountered –– concerns the insolvency of companies. Historically, corporate entities of various kinds have been endowed with legal personality under municipal law, ranging from ecclesiastical or public bodies to the merchant adventurers of medieval and later times. These forms of corporate status were usually conferred by means of a Royal charter. However it was with the evolution, during the middle part of the nineteenth century, of the statute-based system for the formation of joint stock companies possessing corporate personality with limited liability, that the full possibilities were realized for legal persons, formed under the national law of one country, to become involved in international commercial ventures and legal relationships accompanied, inevitably, by the risk of financial failure. From these elements, the still evolving fabric of international corporate insolvency law has been gradually assembled.
The Ceremonial Animal
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

Adapting Wittgenstein’s concept of the human species as ‘a ceremonial animal’, Wendy James writes vividly and readably. Her new overview advocates a clear line of argument: that the concept of social form is a primary key to anthropology and the human sciences as a whole. Weaving memorable ethnographic examples into her text, James brings together carefully selected historical sources as well as references to current ideas in neighbouring disciplines such as archaeology, paleoanthropology, genetics, art and material culture, ethnomusicology, urban and development studies, politics, economics, psychology, and religious studies. She shows the relevance of anthropology to pressing world issues such as migration, humanitarian politics, the new reproductive technologies, and religious fundamentalism. Wendy James’s engaging style will appeal to specialist and non-specialist alike. The Foreword is written by Michael J. Lambek, Professor of Anthropology, University of Toronto.
The Constitutional Foundations of the European Union
Authors: Hartley”“ Trevor C
Published: October 2023

Most states were not created by law: their origin lies in a conquest or seizure of power. The European Union is different. It, together with its alter egos and earlier incarnations (European Community, EEC, ECSC, etc.), are all creations of the law. They owe their birth and continuing existence to the law: the law came first and the institutions came afterwards.
Introduction
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

Women’s bodies are the stuff of history. In early modern England, those bodies gave birth to babies, nursed them, cooked the dinners, milked the cows, and spun the yarn. This book argues that women’s bodies are the stuff of history in a second way. Men’s bodies, after all, plowed the fields, ground grain into flour, and sheared the sheep. But only women’s bodies had the power to make new life. Such power was the source of much speculation. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century people had no sex-education diagrams, no ovulation-predictor test kits, no ultrasound scans.
Venture Capital Financing of Innovative Firms: An Introduction
Authors: McCahery Joseph A , Renneboog Luc
Published: October 2023

Venture capitalists are specialized intermediaries that direct capital to firms and professional services to companies that might otherwise be excluded from the corporate debt market and other sources of private finance. Venture capital financing is used to invest mainly in small- and medium-size firms with good growth and exit potential.
The Value of Benchmarking
Authors: Bergemann Dirk , Hege Ulrich
Published: October 2023

The venture capital industry, which has become the main source of financing of innovative projects, offers unique insights into how financiers and managers of innovative start-ups align their interest and resolve agency conflicts.
Venture Capital on the Downside: Preferred Stock and Corporate Control
Authors: Bratton William W
Published: October 2023

When stock indices drop precipitously, when the start-up companies fizzle out, and when it stops raining money on places like Wall Street and Silicon Valley, attention turns to downside contracting. Law and business lawyers, sitting in the back seat as mere facilitators on the upside, move up to the front and sometimes even take the wheel.
Law, Innovation, and Finance
Authors: Armour John
Published: October 2023

Venture capital is used to finance a small minority of companies with the potential and ambition to grow rapidly. It is thought to be of disproportionate importance in stimulating innovation.
Greenhorns, Yankees, and Cosmopolitans: Venture Capital, IPOs, Foreign Firms, and US Markets
Authors: Rock Edward B
Published: October 2023

What is the connection between a venture capital industry, a well-developed stock market, and a nation’s securities regulation and corporate law? Bernie Black and Ron Gilson, in a comparative look at the USA, Germany, and Japan, observe that the USA has both an active venture capital industry and a well-developed stock market, while Germany and Japan have neither.
A ‘New Expression of the Meaning of my Books’
Authors: Andrews Malcolm
Published: October 2023

When I first entered on this interpretation of myself (then quite strange in the public ear), I was sustained by the hope that I could drop into some hearts, some new expression of the meaning of my books, that would touch them in a new way. To Robert Lytton, 17 April 1867: Letters XI, 353–4 The trial of ‘Bardell vs Pickwick’ we venture to say was perfectly familiar to the entire audience, and yet it seemed like a new thing as interpreted by its creator.
Attachment and Alteration Of Risk
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The doctrine of utmost good faith requires a full and accurate presentation of the risk, the marine adventure, to be insured. A resulting contract of insurance covers that adventure and none other on the agreed terms. Should the insured adventure not ensue, liability on the policy will never attach. Should the insured adventure commence but subsequently be departed from, the insurer’s liability on the policy is automatically prospectively discharged. The all-embracing question traditionally asked was whether the adventure embarked upon or pursued constituted a deviation from that insured.
Subrogation
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The occurrence of a casualty may present an assured with more than one avenue of recovery. Apart from a claim under its insurance policy, the assured may also have a right to recover compensation from a third party legally responsible for the casualty or a contractual right to claim an indemnity irrespective of legal responsibility for the casualty. This raises the prospect of double recovery by the assured. A right to compensation or indemnity from a third party is no barrier to an assured recovering against the insurer under the policy. Similarly an assured’s right to recover as against a third party is in no way prejudiced by either a right of indemnity under an insurance policy or actual payment by the insurer. The prospect of double recovery arises also where the assured receives some voluntary benefit that diminishes the insured loss.
Introduction
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

Browsing in the Bibliothèque Georges Perec, a wonderful archive hidden away at the back of the Arsenal library in Paris, I came across an official-looking exhibition catalogue, dating from 1981. Sponsored by a government planning department, the exhibition was called Construire pour habiter (Building for Living), and the brief preface was by Paul Delouvrier, the civil servant commissioned by de Gaulle in 1961 to modernize the Paris area.
The European Union: new threats and the problem of coherence
Authors: Burgess Niall , Spence David
Published: October 2023

The events of 11 September 2001, and the policy challenges posed by the United States’ reactions to them, had an impact on a European Union (EU) already in the midst of historic change. The successful introduction of the single European currency and the first steps towards a European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) had created new momentum in the monetary and security fields. Today, the admission of 10 new Central European and Med-iterranean members to the EU in the spring of 2004, and two additional members in 2006, are set to bring 100 million new citizens into the Union, creating new borders, new neighbours and new priorities.
A view from the League of Arab States
Authors: Alfarargi Saad
Published: October 2023

Against the background of the current threats and the ‘security agenda’, the following issues have been defined for reflection in this volume: (a) how can the private sector cooperate with governments in order to arrest the progress of ‘the bad’?; and (b) do governments need to make a greater effort to protect ‘the good’? To address these questions properly it is necessary to pose others.
The Control of Short-Term Interest Rates
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 2 it was explained why central bank open market operations need first of all to react to changes in autonomous liquidity factors so as to ensure that the supply and hence the scarcity of reserves is not affected by those factors.
Water-Related Investment: A European Perspective
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R
Published: October 2023

After the failure of the WfO Ministerial Conference in Cancun in late 2003, there is a continuous and increasing tendency for (newly) industrialized countries to conclude bilateral free trade agreements. They normally include bilateral concessions and rules on the liberalization of trade in services similar or com parable to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Furthermore, they most often include important chapters on the liberalization and protection of foreign direct investment (FDI). Both areas can have important repercussions on national policies regarding water distribution and supply. This chapter examines the motives and basic structures regarding water-related services of the existing bilateral free trade agreements, taking as examples the agreements of the European Economic Community and its Member States, as well as of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA),1 with numerous States since 1991. The objective is to identify similarities and differences to the current WfO negotiations on the one hand, and to bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on the other hand.
Estimation and Seasonal Adjustment of Population Means Using Data from Repeated Surveys
Authors: Pfeffermann Danny
Published: October 2023

The problem considered in this article is the following: Suppose that data are available from repeated surveys carried out at regular time intervals on a given population. How can this data be combined to estimate population means and their components like trend levels and seasonal effects? As illustrated in subsequent sections, the answer to this question depends on three major factors: The sampling design and, in particular, whether or not the samples are partially overlapping so that primary and/or ultimate sampling units are retained in the sample over more than one period.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Andrew C , Proietti Tommaso
Published: October 2023

This part of the book considers the issues involved in testing in unobserved components models. The most important, and most interesting, tests are those concerned with whether or not certain variances are zero. In other words is a particular component actually present? The non-stationary nature of many components means that the asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are non- standard. However, it turns out that using the Lagrange multiplier principle to construct tests often leads to statistics that have asymptotic distributions belonging to the class of under of Cramérvon Mises distributions. The same ideas can be used in tests of unit roots, leading to a nice unification of the statistical theory. However, the emphasis here is on tests for the presence of unobserved components. Particular attention is paid to stationarity tests and seasonality tests. There is also some discussion of how structural breaks may be handled and what hypotheses may be tested in multivariate models.
Are Seasonal Patterns Constant Over Time? A Test for Seasonal Stability
Authors: Canova Fabio , Hansen Bruce E
Published: October 2023

The study of seasonal fluctuations has a long history in the analysis of economic time series. Traditionally, seasonal fluctuations have been considered a nuisance that obscures, the more important components of the series (presumably the growth and cyclical components; e.g., see Burns and Mitchell 1946), and seasonal adjustment procedures have been devised and implemented to eliminate seasonality (Shiskin, Young, and Musgrave 1967). This view dominated applied time series econometrics until quite recently. In the past few years a new view- point has emerged. Seasonal fluctuations are not necessarily a nuisance, but they are an integral part of economic data and should not be ignored or obscured in the analysis of economic models. Contributors to this view include Ghysels (1988), Barsky and Miron (1989), Braun and Evans (1990), Chattarjee and Ravikumar (1992), and Hansen and Sargent (1993).
Track One JI and ‘Greening of AAUs‘: How Could It Work?
Authors: Vayrynen Jari , Lecocq Franck
Published: October 2023

Articles 6 and 17 of the Kyoto Protocol offer seemingly clear-cut options for countries with economies in transition (EITs). On the one hand, Article 6 Joint Implementation 01) is a project-based mechanism by which Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) are transferred in exchange for emission reductions achieved through a project. On the other, trading under Article 17 offers countries the possibility to sell Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) on the market without any reference to an underlying project or activity, as long as they meet minimal requirements for trading.1
Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: The EU ETS and the ‘Linking Directive
Authors: Lefevere Jurgen
Published: October 2023

Linking domestic or regional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading schemes can provide imponant benefits to participants in such trading schemes. By expanding the market and increasing the availability of reduction opponunities it can increase the cost-effective functioning of the schemes involved and enhance their liquidity. Linking such trading schemes with project-based mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (COM) and Joint Implementation QI) can fun hermore provide an important stimulus to the transfer of clean technology to countries or sectors not covered under a trading scheme. Linking emissions trading schemes can however also provide a threat to the schemes involved.
Catharine Macaulay, Thomas Hollis, and the London Opposition
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

You ask me, dear Madam, whether the Genius of Liberty has entirely forsaken our devoted isle. The acts of parliament which have passed this session and to which we have tamely submitted will be a complete answer to that question. But that the Goddess of Liberty has left in the minds of individuals some traces of her former residence will, I hope, appear plainly to you in the conduct of myself .. . 2The movement here from a genius (whose loss is discovered in the behaviour of a corrupt parliament and a supine populace) to a goddess (who still resides in her mind) suggests just how far Catharine Macaulay might have regarded herself as Liberty’s last English representative.
Mercy Otis Warren’s Revolutionary Letters
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines what Edith Gelles has termed the ‘domestic patriotism’ of wartime New England.1 This idiom (perhaps conservative in origin yet nonetheless suggestive of women’s understanding of their own political legitimacy) can be traced in the revolutionary correspondence of Mercy Otis Warren and her female friends. It has been usual to treat Warren as an eighteenth-century American exception: a woman with enough extraordinary acumen and ambition to dare to enter the ‘public’ sphere of print.2 Yet here I am more interested in the literary form that made her a conventional figure among the women of her politics and position in revolutionary New England: the familiar letter.
Great Britain
Authors: McKibbin Ross
Published: October 2023

Of all the major European powers, Britain’s history between 1914 and 1945 is probably the most exceptional. Alone of these powers she fought in both world wars from their beginning to their end. In 1914 she was one of five (six if we include Italy) European states of roughly comparable power. In 1945 she was one of only two; and much weaker militarily than the other, the Soviet Union. But undefeated she remained. She was the first European state to be affected by mass unemployment; but the international depression of the 1930s struck her comparatively lightly. For a substantial part of the population the 1930s meant steadily rising living standards and ‘modernity’ in social and economic life. Despite real class tension in the early 1920s, the decline of the great Liberal Party, and the rapid growth of a mass working-class party, the Labour Party, Britain’s political institutions— unlike those of the other major European states— retained a high degree of legitimacy and supported a remarkably stable political and social structure.
The Successor States
Authors: Evans R J W
Published: October 2023

In East-Central Europe, empires went to war in 1914; nation-states emerged after it. Few there in 1914 had doubted the future of their existing empires (except the Ottoman one, by now marginal to the region anyway). During the war, émigrés in the West were first to urge a radical restructuring, especially of Austria-Hungary, to facilitate the defeat of the Central Powers. But the possibility of a separate peace with the Habsburgs, and fears of revolution following the collapse of Tsarist Russia, blunted their campaign. By 1918, dismemberment became an Allied war aim, but the main determinant of that outcome was a domestic upsurge against the imperial regimes, channelled by existing political groupings at home.
When Do the ICE Regulations Apply?
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

The ICE Regulations apply to ‘undertakings’ with a specified number of employees. This chapter considers: what will constitute an undertaking for these purposes; consequently which organizations will be caught by the ICE Regulations, either from 6 April 2005 if the undertaking has 150 or more employees, or subsequently for smaller undertakings with 50 or more employees; how to calculate whether the undertaking has the relevant number of employees to trigger the application of the ICE Regulations; and
The I(2) model: Specification and estimation
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Even though the statistical theory of the I(2) model has been available since the beginning of the 1990s, only few applications can be found in the literature. There seem to be several reasons for this. One frequent argument is that I(2) prices would lead to economically implausible conclusions if the model is taken to infinity and, hence, that the I(2) ‘ness can be disregarded from the outset. As already argued in Chapter 2, this argument is flawed because it confuses a statistical approximation with a structural economic parameter. Another argument is that I(2) trends can only be found over very long time periods and, hence is of no concern in the analysis based on 10–30 years of data.
Wage, price, and unemployment dynamics
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The main purpose of this chapter is partly to illustrate the stepwise procedure to gradually identify a long-run structure discussed in Chapter 19, partly to learn about the relative importance of the labour market for the determination of nominal prices, real income, and interest rates. The data to be analysed consist of wages, consumer and output prices, productivity, unemployment, inflation rate, the long-term bond rate and the real exchange rate. We begin with a VAR analysis of the first five variables and extend the model first adding the bond rate and then the real exchange rate.
Foreign transmission effects: Denmark versus Germany
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Denmark, as a small open economy, is strongly dependent on its trade with Europe, in particular with her influential neighbour Germany. As a result, Denmark has over the whole sample period tied its currency to the German mark, first by participating in the ‘snake-in-the-tunnel ‘ float against the US dollar.
Ordering the World: Creation Narratives and Spatial Control
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

In chapter 24 of the fourth book of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Bede tells the story of Cædmon, who becomes the first Anglo-Saxon poet to compose religious verse in the vernacular. Cædmon, embarrassed because he cannot sing, leaves the feast he is attending when he sees the harp approaching and his turn to contribute to the entertainment drawing near. He goes to his shed, falls asleep, and is visited in a dream by someone who enjoins him to recite poetry. The cowherd asks his supernatural visitor what he should sing about, and the answer is:’Canta principium creaturarum’.
Integrating New Spaces: Saint’s Lives and Missions of Conversion
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

GUthlac, A, the Old English poetic life of St Guðlac, recounts how the holy man settles in the wilderness to lead a life of prayer and worship. He chases out hostile fiends who constantly harass him and trouble his solitary retreat, and who want him to leave the beorg where he at present dwells. They enjoin him to find another home where he has friends, an injunction to which the saint answers: ‘Wid is þes westen, wræcsetla fela, eardas onhæle earmra gæsta’.He points out that the wasteland is vast and he advises them simply to move further away.
The Evolution of High Incomes in Canada, 1920–20001
Authors: Saez E , Veall M R
Published: October 2023

The evolution of income inequality during the process of development has attracted enormous attention in the economics literature as well as in the political sphere. Understanding the relative roles of ‘natural ‘ economic progress such as technological change versus policy interventions such as taxation, redistribution, and regulation in shaping the distribution of income requires analysing long-term series on inequality. Income tax statistics are the only source of income distribution data available on a regular annual basis for extended periods of time, and are still the best source to study upper income groups. Recent studies, gathered in this volume, have used income tax statistics to construct inequality time series for various countries over the course of the twentieth century.
Legal Framework
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

Freedom of religion has always been one of the most controversial of rights at the international level. It is no less so in the domestic setting. While the freedom privately to hold particular religious or philosophical views is unlikely to give rise to practical difficulties, the extent to which manifestations of religious belief are considered acceptable in society is a vexed issue. The diversity of views on substantive beliefs, on the position of religion in the public sphere, and the balance between the right to express and manifest religious views on the one hand, and the legitimate restrictions that may be imposed by the state on the other, all create considerable challenges for society today.
Liability in Tort for Pure Economic Loss
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

In some legal systems, the victim of a tort cannot recover for ‘ pure economic loss’. If the defendant had harmed his person or property or some other legally protected right, he can recover for the economic loss consequent on the injury. Otherwise, in principle, he cannot. This rule has been adopted in some jurisdictions such as Germany, England and the United States and not in others such as France, Italy, and the Netherlands. Nevertheless, exceptions in special cases have been made by courts both in the jurisdictions that have adopted and in those which have rejected the rule. The first part of this chapter will examine why the rule was adopted in jurisdictions such as Germany, England and the United States. AB we will see, it was a creation of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Before that time, recovery for what we call economic loss was permitted, and the late scholastics of the 16th and early 17th centuries developed sophisticated reasons why it should be. The rule excluding recovery for economic loss was adopted for reasons which commended themselves to the 19th century conceptualists. Now that concepcualism has been discredited, these reasons have little appeal. The rule against the exclusion of economic loss survives largely because during the concepcualist era it became entrenched in the German Civil Code and the Anglo-American case law.
Who Owns the Tower of London? The Production and Consumptions of a Historical Monument, 1840–1940
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

If ‘everything’ in the culture of history, ‘not this or that thing, but literally everything, was soaked’ in the one event of the French Revolution, then it was practically drenched in images and vestiges of the Tudor era. The early and mid-Victorians discovered and appropriated an abundance of traces of Tudor life and culture, inscribed in the architecture of mansions, halls, churches, and cottages, in paintings of different scales, in objects, and in literature. Material traces were reproduced and percolated in and through antiquarian writing and a vast popular historical literature, the latter moulding a new kind of historical tourism, more plebeian than ever before.
The Perfect Enemy: Reflections of an Intelligence Officer on the Cold War and Today’S Challenges
Authors: Kerr Richard J
Published: October 2023

In the late 1940s and 1950s, there was an’iron curtain’ around the Soviet Union. Russian Communism was on the march, expanding its control over neighbouring countries and supporting nationalist causes throughout the world. Most important from the perspective of the US and its Western allies, the Soviets presented a major strategic threat to Western Europe and the United States’ homeland. Its military forces, missile test facilities and nuclear production plants were hidden behind a barrier of secrecy and, moreover, spread throughout a sizeable country that was largely inaccessible. Developing confident judgments about the size, capability and location of Soviet forces became the primary goal of US and Allied intelligence. This challenge played to the strength of the US—technology, innovation, industrial know-how and resources. Although easier to say in hindsight and with contemporary eyes—the Soviet Union was the perfect enemy at least compared to the intelligence challenges faced by the US today.
Intelligent Partnership
Authors: Lewis Sarah
Published: October 2023

This chapter describes a model for partnership-working that has been developed by the Greater Manchester Community Safety Partnership Team (GMCSPT). Application of the model to partnership-working has led to collaborative successes and has identified ways in which partnership-working can be improved. With recent government emphasis on locally delivered neighbourhood policing in partnership with other community-safety actors (Home Office, 2004; 2008), the innovation and initiative being developed in Manchester may offer food for thought for agencies in other geographical areas planning knowledge-based collaboration and intelligent partnership.
Cross-Border Liaison and Intelligence: Practicalities and Issues
Authors: Block Ludo
Published: October 2023

Most European law enforcement agencies are currently aware that the coordination of criminal intelligence at local, regional, and national levels is at the heart of combating serious and organized crime. Nonetheless, putting this to practice effectively and efficiently remains difficult to accomplish, particularly as activities undertaken within the boundaries of the territorial jurisdiction increasingly do not suffice to successfully investigate serious and organized crime. A few decades ago neither the places where offences were carried out, nor the places where damage or harm from crime occurred varied considerably. The competent authority to investigate and prosecute, the citizenship of offender, investigator, and victim—and last but not least the actual whereabouts of offender, victim, and proceeds of the crime—were largely territorially based and relatively more clearly defined and fixed than they are today (Marx, 1997). Nowadays serious and organized crime almost by definition involves activities in more than one jurisdiction. Successfully combating this new dimension of crime requires law enforcement to seek partnerships across borders in order to obtain adequate intelligence on the criminal activities they are facing and investigating.
Strategic Intelligence: Methodologies for Understanding
What Police Services Already ‘Know’ to Reduce Harm
Authors: Stanko Betsy
Published: October 2023

Criminological research has argued for some time that there are some evidence-based ways of working to better prevent crime and minimize harm. Focusing on the places, most vulnerable victims, and the people who cause the most harm to communities should—by all reviews of the literature—mould an intelligence-led strategy leading to the reduction of harm. I use a definition of ‘intelligence’ here that is eclectic, drawing from Legg and Hutter’s (2007) musings on the definitions of intelligence.
Intelligence, Knowledge, and the Reconfiguration of Policing
Authors: Harfield Clive , Kleiven Maren Eline
Published: October 2023

Another day, another buzzword? Barely a decade after the first British articulation of intelligence-led policing as the foundation for policing the twenty-first century (HMIC, 1997), a rather similar-sounding phrase is emerging and gaining widespread currency: ‘Knowledge-Based Policing’. In Britain the nascent UK Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) is focusing on knowledge, rather than intelligence, as driving the new approaches to tackling organized crime. Also, the Lothian and Borders Police in Scotland assert that ‘promotion of a culture of knowledge-based policing through better information management and analysis’ will help them achieve their strategic aim of ‘making best use of existing and emerging technology’ as part of their overall corporate communication strategy which seeks to develop a knowledge-based communication culture (Lothian and Borders Police, 2006: 11).
The Home Office and the Police: The Case of the Police Funding Formula
Authors: Pease Ken
Published: October 2023

Those of my former students who have become community safety practitioners, and seek references from me to support their case for promotion, give prominence in their CVs to central government cash attracted to their Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships, not to any crime reductive impact to which such funding may have led (Pease, 2007). This oddity led me to the realization that in one guise or another, funding arrangements reveal the exercise of power in relationships and distinguish the essential from the incidental purposes of those involved. From the parental allocation of pocket money to subsidies under the European Common Agricultural Policy, the basis on which money is disbursed and the form which objections to that disbursement take tell one much about how individuals and groups relate to each other. In 1948, the bulk of the public supported the notion of a National Health Service, but the medical profession, especially its most senior members, did not. Aneurin Bevan’s method for their conversion, famously, was to ‘stuff their mouths with gold’ (see Foot, 1975; Tobias, 1994). Senior consultants in medicine perhaps were (and remain) in a particularly powerful position to open their mouths and expect riches to be available for ingestion. Medical consultants, by dint of their professional prestige and political influence, can make life difficult for governments wishing to constrain their earning power.
Eccentricity and the Cultural Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

What did it mean to call someone ‘eccentric’ in nineteenth-century Paris? And why did breaking with convention arouse such ambivalent responses in middle-class readers, writers, and spectators? From high society to Bohemia and the demi-monde to the madhouse, the scandal of nonconformism provoked anxiety, disgust, and often secret yearning. In a culture preoccupied by the need for order yet simultaneously drawn to the values of freedom and innovation, eccentricity continually tested the boundaries of bourgeois identity, ultimately becoming inseparable from it. This interdisciplinary study charts shifting French perceptions of the anomalous and bizarre from the 1830s to the fin de siècle, focusing on three key issues. First, during the July Monarchy eccentricity was linked to fashion, dandyism, and commodity culture; to many Parisians it epitomized the dangerous seductions of modernity and the growing prestige of the courtesan. Second, in the aftermath of the 1848 Revolution eccentricity was associated with the Bohemian artists and performers who inhabited ‘the unknown Paris’, a zone of social exclusion which middle-class spectators found both fascinating and repugnant. Finally, the popularization of medical theories of national decline in the latter part of the century led to decreasing tolerance for individual difference, and eccentricity was interpreted as a symptom of hidden insanity and deformity. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including etiquette manuals, fashion magazines, newspapers, novels, and psychiatric treatises, the study highlights the central role of gender in shaping perceptions of eccentricity. It provides new readings of works by major French writers and illuminates both well-known and neglected figures of Parisian modernity, from the courtesan and Bohemian to the female dandy and circus freak..
The First Team
Authors: Nevshemal —Lt. Martin
Published: October 2023

Walking the perimeter of the camp, Marine Colonel Michael Lehnert squinted in the sun before entering the enclosure surrounded by concertina wire. Ordinary looking, of average height and weight, with medium brown hair and eyes, yet identifiable by bushy eyebrows and a square jaw, Lehnert tried to take it all in with one glance. There they were, hundreds of them, clustered in groups of twos and threes and more, talking and waving their lightbrown arms, animated and, to the naked eye, innocuous. He was coming in on the heels of a few rough months. There had been two rapes, numerous instances of arson, and periodic rioting. The rate of attempted suicides was on the rise.
Filling the Void
Authors: Supervielle (Retired) —Col. Manuel
Published: October 2023

Since the end of the Second World War, few have doubted the authority of the Geneva Conventions. Originating in 1864 and updated throughout the 20th century with the intent of protecting the wounded and sick and the medical teams that attended to them, the Geneva Conventions have been amended and supplemented over time to cover “prisoners of war, civilians, children, even cultural property.” The First Convention (from 1864) is aimed at enabling the International Committee of the Red Cross to have access to the wounded and sick. The Second Convention (1906) adds the shipwrecked to those who can safely be attended to by medical personnel, namely the Red Cross (the ICRC). The Third Convention (1929) includes prisoners of war among protected persons. The Fourth Convention (1949) protects civilians in times of war.
‘Now for a Likeness to Illustrate the Surprising Scene’
Authors: Shepherd Lynn
Published: October 2023

You wonder Madam, that the same Hand which could draw a Pamela & Clarissa, could draw a Mr. B. & an odious Jewkes; a Lovelace, & a vile Sinclair—From the amiable Character of a good Person, it is not hard to draw a bad one. But tho I have had Ideas of this or that Person before me in parts no one Person Man or Woman sat before me for the Whole of any of my Pictures. Few of Richardson’s letters survive from the period when he was writing Pamela, but there is quite extensive correspondence covering the writing and revision of Clarissa, and the composition of Grandison. Passages in these letters, such as those cited above, are therefore the nearest approximation we have to an exposition of Richardson’s literary practice in his own words. It is clearly impossible to draw any conclusions about earlier letters that may have been lost, or how such letters might have differed from what survives, but when Richardson writes about the two later novels it is striking how often and how consistently he resorts to the vocabulary of painting and portraiture in describing his art. Again and again he explains to his correspondents how his characters are ‘drawn’ and his scenes ‘painted’, whether ‘in strong colours’ or with ‘soft and tender Pencillings’. Such a synaesthetic conceit was, of course, commonplace, and dates back as far as the Horatian dictum ut pictura poesis, but Richardson takes the traditional analogy between painting and writing far further, making an explicit connection with contemporary portraiture. For Richardson the representation of character in the two later novels is made explicitly comparable to the process of taking a portrait likeness, when he uses the image of ‘a Model before [his] Eyes’ sitting for his picture, or the family group gathered together in a ‘busy Scene’ of ‘Domestic Happiness’. And his correspondents respond in the same terms. While Pamela is experienced verbally, as a text to be read, it is striking how often the special qualities of the following two novels are defi ned as the capacity to ‘turn readers into spectators’.5 Astraea and Minerva Hill extol ‘that never to be enough admired Power of natural Picture drawing’; and another anonymous correspondent praised the way the novelist has ‘drawn [Sir Charles Grandison’s] Picture in most beautiful colouring’; Aaron Hill takes the analogy even further, saying ‘there are many, many Qualities, wherein I wish I cou’d but never shall be able to resemble him!—One of them is, the strong, yet natural Easiness of those inimitable Paintings, so replete with Life that Any single Stroke effaced seems hazarding a kind of Murder’.
The foundations of money and payments
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier, Erlend , Schanz Jochen
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we step back to examine the historical evolution of central bank roles in payment systems, beginning with the early emergence of money and banking. From these foundations, we plot the subsequent development of banks, and then of payment and settlement systems. We then describe the development of central banks in the context of their settlement function, laying the foundation for the discussion in Chapter 2 of central banks ‘ monetary and financial stability roles and their position in today ‘s increasingly complex infrastructural landscape. A further ob- jective of this chapter is to set the historical context for the directions in which payments may develop in future – some aspects of which are covered in Part IV of this volume.
Ownership, governance and regulation of payment systems
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen
Published: October 2023

The likely existence of market failures in payment and settlement systems, discussed in Chapter 7, implies that some form of public-sector intervention may be needed. But the optimal intensity of such intervention is considerably less certain. In this chapter, we discuss the alternative governance and regulatory models that might be brought to bear to address market failures in the provision of payment services. We interpret the term ‘governance’ relatively widely as the distribution of rights and responsibilities of the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders, including the rules and procedures for making decisions on organizational matters.