bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motherhood as a Gendered Entitlement: Intentionality, “Othering,” and Homosociality in the Online Infertility Community
Authors: Whitehead Krista
Published: February 2016

La maternité est un des plus grands rites de passage vers la féminité adulte chez les femmes. Cependant, toutes les femmes n'ont pas accès à cette maternité. Dans cet article, j'explore la communauté des personnes infertiles en ligne, dans lesquelles les femmes traient de leur exclusion et expriment leur incrédulité face à la perspective d'avoir un enfant biologique. Les femmes considèrent leur infertilité comme une injustice, ce qui les mène à revendiquer cette maternité. Je soutiens que la façon dont les femmes revendiquent la maternité change notre compréhension de la maternité comme norme du genre féminin. La maternité est plus que la poursuite d'une identité du genre féminin; c'est également un droit de la femme. Cette recherche pousse en avant les conceptualisations analytiques de la maternité, tout en enrichissant de façon empirique nos connaissances face à l'homosocialité des femmes.

Motherhood is one of the most enduring rites of passage to adult femininity for women. However, not all women have access to motherhood. In this paper, I explore the online infertility community wherein women blog to process their exclusion, expressing incredulity about the prospect of never having a biological child of their own. Women understand their infertility as an injustice, leading them to lay claim to motherhood. I argue that how women lay claim to motherhood changes our understanding of motherhood as a gendered norm. Motherhood is more than a pursuit of a gender identity; it is also a gendered entitlement. This research pushes analytic conceptualizations of motherhood forward, while also empirically enriching our knowledge about women's homosociality.
Children's experiences about a structured assessment of health‐related quality of life during a patient encounter
Authors: Petersson C. , Huus K. , Åkesson K. , Enskär K.
Published: February 2016

Background

It has been stated that care for children with chronic health conditions tends to focus on condition‐specific issues rather than how these children experience their health and everyday life functioning.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore children's experiences about a structured assessment of health‐related quality of life applied during a patient encounter.

Methods

Prior to the start of the study, a clinical intervention based on the questionnaire DISABKIDS Chronic Generic Measure (DCGM‐37) was performed. A qualitative explorative design was chosen, and 25 children between 10–17 years of age were interviewed after the consultation at four different paediatric outpatient clinics. Data were analysed according to qualitative content analysis.

Results

The results were twofold: children experienced that the assessment was providing them with insights about their health, which motivated them to make lifestyle changes. When outcomes were discussed and requested, the children felt encouraged.

Conclusions

The use of an assessment of health‐related quality of life may promote insights about health and encourage children with chronic health conditions to discuss their outcomes with healthcare professionals.
Measuring the short‐term impact of fluoridation cessation on dental caries in Grade 2 children using tooth surface indices
Authors: McLaren Lindsay , Patterson Steven , Thawer Salima , Faris Peter , McNeil Deborah , Potestio Melissa , Shwart Luke
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To examine the short‐term impact of fluoridation cessation on children's caries experience measured by tooth surfaces. If there is an adverse short‐term effect of cessation, it should be apparent when we focus on smooth tooth surfaces, where fluoride is most likely to have an impact for the age group and time frame considered in this study.

Methods

We examined data from population‐based samples of school children (Grade 2) in two similar cities in the province of Alberta, Canada: Calgary, where cessation occurred in May 2011 and Edmonton where fluoridation remains in place. We analysed change over time (2004/2005 to 2013/2014) in summary data for primary (defs) and permanent (DMFS) teeth for Calgary and Edmonton, for all tooth surfaces and smooth surfaces only. We also considered, for 2013/2014 only, the exposed subsample defined as lifelong residents who reported usually drinking tap water.

Results

We observed, across the full sample, an increase in primary tooth decay (mean defs – all surfaces and smooth surfaces) in both cities, but the magnitude of the increase was greater in Calgary (F‐cessation) than in Edmonton (F‐continued). For permanent tooth decay, when focusing on smooth surfaces among those affected (those with DMFS>0), we observed a non‐significant trend towards an increase in Calgary (F‐cessation) that was not apparent in Edmonton (F‐continued).

Conclusions

Trends observed for primary teeth were consistent with an adverse effect of fluoridation cessation on children's tooth decay, 2.5–3 years post‐cessation. Trends for permanent teeth hinted at early indication of an adverse effect. It is important that future data collection efforts in the two cities be undertaken, to permit continued monitoring of these trends.
Distinct activation of primary human BDCA1+ dendritic cells upon interaction with stressed or infected β cells
Authors: Schulte B M , Kers-Rebel E D , Bottino R , Piganelli J D , Galama J M D , Engelse M A , de Koning E J P , Adema G J
Published: February 2016

Derailment of immune responses can lead to autoimmune type 1 diabetes, and this can be accelerated or even induced by local stress caused by inflammation or infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) shape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we report on the responses of naturally occurring human myeloid BDCA1+ DCs towards differentially stressed pancreatic β cells. Our data show that BDCA1+ DCs in human pancreas-draining lymph node (pdLN) suspensions and blood-derived BDCA1+ DCs both effectively engulf β cells, thus mimicking physiological conditions. Upon uptake of enterovirus-infected, but not mock-infected cells, BDCA1+ DCs induced interferon (IFN)-α/β responses, co-stimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Notably, induction of stress in β cells by ultraviolet irradiation, culture in serum-free medium or cytokine-induced stress did not provoke strong DC activation, despite efficient phagocytosis. DC activation correlated with the amount of virus used to infect β cells and required RNA within virally infected cells. DCs encountering enterovirus-infected β cells, but not those incubated with mock-infected or stressed β cells, suppressed T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines and variably induced IFN-γ in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Thus, stressed β cells have little effect on human BDCA1+ DC activation and function, while enterovirus-infected β cells impact these cells significantly, which could help to explain their role in development of autoimmune diabetes in individuals at risk.
L1 syndrome diagnosis complemented with functional analysis of L1CAM variants located to the two N‐terminal Ig‐like domains
Authors: Christaller W. A. A. , Vos Y. , Gebre‐Medhin S. , Hofstra R. M. W. , Schäfer M. K. E.
Published: February 2016

L1CAM gene mutations cause neurodevelopmental disorders collectively termed L1 syndrome. Insufficient information about L1CAM variants complicates clinical prognosis, genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling. We combined clinical data, in silico effect predictions and functional analysis of four L1CAM variants, p.I37N, p.T38M, p.M172I and p.D202Y, located to the two N‐terminal Ig‐like domains present in five families with symptoms of L1 syndrome. Software tools predicted destabilizing effects of p.I37N and p.D202Y but results for p.T38M and p.M172I were inconsistent. Cell surface expression of mutant proteins L1‐T38M, L1‐M172I and L1‐D202Y was normal. Conversely, L1‐I37N accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and showed temperature‐sensitive protein maturation suggesting that p.I37N induces protein misfolding. L1CAM‐mediated cell–cell aggregation was severely impaired by L1CAM variants p.I37N, p.M172I and p.D202Y but was preserved by the variant p.T38M. Our experimental data indicate that protein misfolding and accumulation in the ER affect function of the L1CAM variant p.I37N whereas the variants p.M172I and p.D202Y impair homophilic interaction at the cell surface.
Contralateral tension pneumothorax during video‐assisted thorascoscopic surgery for lung cancer: a case report
Authors: Arai Hiromasa , Tajiri Michihiko , Ebuchi Keigo , Ando Kohei , Okudela Koji , Gamo Masahiro , Masuda Munetaka
Published: February 2016

Contralateral tension pneumothorax during one‐lung ventilation is a rare but catastrophic surgical complication. A 72‐year‐old Japanese male with lung cancer underwent right upper lobectomy with video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Despite use of various methods for maintaining oxygenation during one‐lung ventilation, percutaneous oxygen saturation was unstable from the start of surgery and suddenly decreased with a drop in blood pressure. An intraoperative chest X‐ray revealed a tension pneumothorax of the dependent lung. Insertion of a chest drain saved the patient's life. This case suggests that a contralateral tension pneumothorax should be considered as a possible cause when adequate oxygenation cannot be maintained during one‐lung ventilation.
Dissecting the clinical outcome and cause of abnormalities of the corpus callosum
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth Emma
Published: February 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Al‐Hashim et al. on pages 475–484 of this issue.
Questions about aspiration for children with eating, drinking, and swallowing difficulties
Authors: Sellers Diane
Published: February 2016

This commentary is on the systematic review by Calvo et al. on pages 541–553 of this issue.
Effect of metformin therapy on circulating amino acids in a randomized trial: the CAMERA study
Authors: Preiss D. , Rankin N. , Welsh P. , Holman R. R. , Kangas A. J. , Soininen P. , Würtz P. , Ala‐Korpela M. , Sattar N.
Published: February 2016

Aims

To investigate whether metformin therapy alters circulating aromatic and branched‐chain amino acid concentrations, increased levels amino acid concentrations, increased levels of which have been found to predict Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

In the Carotid Atherosclerosis: Metformin for Insulin Resistance (CAMERA) study (NCT00723307), 173 individuals without Type 2 diabetes, but with coronary disease, were randomized to metformin (n=86) or placebo (n=87) for 18 months. Plasma samples, taken every 6 months, were analysed using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ten metabolites consisting of eight amino acids [three branched‐chain (isoleucine, leucine, valine), three aromatic (tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine) and two other amino acids (alanine, glutamine)], lactate and pyruvate were quantified and analysed using repeated‐measures models. On‐treatment analyses were conducted to investigate whether amino acid changes were dependent on changes in weight, fat mass or insulin resistance estimated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR).

Results

Tyrosine decreased [−6.1 μmol/l (95% CI −8.5, ‐3.7); P<0.0001], while alanine [42 umol/l (95% CI 25, 59); P<0.0001] increased in the metformin‐treated group compared with the placebo‐treated group. Decreases in phenylalanine [−2.0 μmol/l (95% CI −3.6, −0.3); P=0.018] and increases in histidine [2.3 μmol/l (95% CI 0.1, 4.6); P=0.045] were also observed in the metformin group, although these changes were less statistically robust. Changes in these four amino acids were not accounted for by changes in weight, fat mass or HOMA‐IR values. Levels of branched‐chain amino acids, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate were not altered by metformin therapy.

Conclusions

Metformin therapy results in a sustained and specific pattern of changes in aromatic amino acid and alanine concentrations. These changes are independent of any effects on weight and insulin sensitivity. Any causal link to metformin's unexplained cardiometabolic benefit requires further study.
Differences in homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) values and insulin levels after vitamin D supplementation in healthy men: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tepper S. , Shahar D. R. , Geva D. , Ish‐Shalom S.
Published: February 2016

Vitamin D is thought to play a role in glucose metabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on markers of insulin sensitivity and inflammation in men without diabetes with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. In this 1‐year double‐blind randomized controlled trial, 130 men aged 20–65 years (mean age 47.52 ± 11.84 years) with serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels <50 nmol/l (mean 38.89 ± 8.64 nmol/l) were randomized to treatment (100 000 IU vitamin D bimonthly) or placebo. Anthropometric measurements, demographic questionnaires, and blood indices (fasting glucose, insulin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, lipids) were collected and repeated after 6 and 12 months. The compliance rate was 98.5%. Multivariate models, adjusted for baseline levels, age, body mass index, sun exposure, physical activity and LDL, showed significant differences in insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) values between groups. Levels of insulin and HOMA‐IR values remained steady during the study period in the treatment group but increased by 16% in the control group (p = 0.038 and p = 0.048, respectively). Vitamin D supplementation administered for 12 months in healthy men maintained insulin levels and HOMA‐IR values relative to the increase in the control group. Further studies are needed to establish the long‐term effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of diabetes.
DID REGIONAL ECONOMIC DIVERSITY INFLUENCE THE EFFECTS OF THE GREAT RECESSION?
Authors: Deller Steven , Watson Philip
Published: February 2016

Using data for U.S. counties from 2005 to 2012, we test whether higher levels of economic diversity mediated the effects of the Great Recession via four measures of stability. Spatial spillover effects are modeled by the use of the spatial Durbin estimator with heteroscedastic errors. The data generally support the central hypothesis that higher levels of diversity within a county are associated with enhanced employment stability across all counties as well as subsets of metro and nonmetro counties. Results for wage stability, however, appear to contradict our other findings. We suggest that underlying labor elasticities can bridge these apparent contradictory results. (JEL R11, R12, O47)
Spatio‐temporal dynamics of a tree‐killing beetle and its predator
Authors: Weed Aaron S. , Ayres Matthew P. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Billings Ronald F.
Published: February 2016

Resolving linkages between local‐scale processes and regional‐scale patterns in abundance of interacting species is important for understanding long‐term population stability across spatial scales. Landscape patterning in consumer population dynamics may be largely the result of interactions between consumers and their predators, or driven by spatial variation in basal resources. Empirical testing of these alternatives has been limited by the lack of suitable data. In this study, we analyzed an extensive network of spatially replicated time series to characterize the local and regional processes affecting spatio‐temporal dynamics of a tree‐killing bark beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis or SPB) and its key predator (Thanasimus dubius) across the southeastern United States. We first used a mechanistic model to evaluate factors affecting the stability of 95 predator–prey time series and then conducted spatial analyses to evaluate scale dependence in the factors affecting the geographical patterning of this system. Across the region, population fluctuations of both species were correlated in space beyond 400 km but there was notable spatial variation in the deterministic and stochastic processes influencing forest‐scale (local) fluctuations. Time series analyses indicated that local dynamics of SPB and T. dubius are not cyclical. Instead, the abundance of T. dubius responded almost instantaneously to changes in SPB abundance. Spatial variation in long‐term forest‐scale abundance of both species was linked most strongly to the abundance of pine habitat indicating a stronger role for resource availability in SPB population dynamics than top‐down effects. Our results are consistent with other studies indicating that animal populations tend to be synchronized in space via spatially correlated processes such as weather; yet local dynamics tend to be linked to smaller‐scale host patterns. Our study provides a rare empirical assessment of how local processes scale up to produce landscape patterns that influence forest ecology and forest management.
Drying as a primary hydrological determinant of biodiversity in river systems: a broad‐scale analysis
Authors: Leigh Catherine , Datry Thibault
Published: February 2016

Determining and understanding relationships between biodiversity and hydrology is a critical goal in ecology, particularly given biodiversity in the freshwater realm is in crisis. Despite the prevalence of rivers experiencing natural drying disturbances (which we collectively refer to as intermittent rivers), and projections of increased frequency and duration of drying events, the importance of drying relative to other flow‐related determinants of river biodiversity remains understudied. We assessed the influence of drying on alpha‐ and beta‐diversity using discharge and macroinvertebrate data collated from Australia and southwest Europe over broad spatial and temporal scales, providing information on current and past drying events, and combining a wide variety of flow metrics. We found clear evidence that drying acts as a strong environmental filter and is a primary hydrological determinant of alpha‐diversity; even when considering both intermittent and perennial rivers, drying‐event conditions were its most important predictors. Macroinvertebrate richness declined with increasing durations of drying over the long‐term (Australia) and recent (Australia and southwest Europe) history of river discharge, and with decreasing predictability of event timing (Australia). Our analysis also revealed that: responses can be taxon specific due to variation in traits of resistance and resilience to drying; some taxa may respond just as or more strongly to variation in other discharge components (e.g. high‐ or low‐flow events) than to drying; and together these phenomena may result in differing community‐level responses within and across regions. Patterns of beta‐diversity across the wide biogeographical range of our study suggested that convergent and divergent niche‐selection processes may act in combination on aquatic communities of rivers experiencing drying disturbances. However, strong ability to disperse by flight (not by water) weakened beta‐diversity patterning among rivers. Our findings can be used to improve understanding of biodiversity organisation in disturbed systems, notably in those with dendritic features, including intermittent rivers.
Non‐legal‐tender paper money: the structure and performance of Maryland's bills of credit, 1767–75
Authors: CELIA JAMES , GRUBB FARLEY
Published: February 2016

In this article, Maryland's non‐legal‐tender paper money emissions between 1765 and 1775 are reconstructed to determine quantities outstanding and redemption dates, providing a substantial correction to the literature. Over 80 per cent of this paper money's current market value was expected real asset present value and under 20 per cent was liquidity premium. It was primarily a real barter asset and not a fiat currency. The liquidity premium was positively related to the amount of paper money per capita in circulation. This paper money traded below face value due to time‐discounting, rather than depreciation. Past scholars have simply confused depreciation with time‐discounting.
Altered directed functional connectivity in temporal lobe epilepsy in the absence of interictal spikes: A high density EEG study
Authors: Coito Ana , Genetti Melanie , Pittau Francesca , Iannotti Giannina R. , Thomschewski Aljoscha , Höller Yvonne , Trinka Eugen , Wiest Roland , Seeck Margitta , Michel Christoph M. , Plomp Gijs , Vulliemoz Serge
Published: February 2016

Objective

In patients with epilepsy, seizure relapse and behavioral impairments can be observed despite the absence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). Therefore, the characterization of pathologic networks when IEDs are not present could have an important clinical value. Using Granger‐causal modeling, we investigated whether directed functional connectivity was altered in electroencephalography (EEG) epochs free of IED in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE and RTLE) compared to healthy controls.

Methods

Twenty LTLE, 20 RTLE, and 20 healthy controls underwent a resting‐state high‐density EEG recording. Source activity was obtained for 82 regions of interest (ROIs) using an individual head model and a distributed linear inverse solution. Granger‐causal modeling was applied to the source signals of all ROIs. The directed functional connectivity results were compared between groups and correlated with clinical parameters (duration of the disease, age of onset, age, and learning and mood impairments).

Results

We found that: (1) patients had significantly reduced connectivity from regions concordant with the default‐mode network; (2) there was a different network pattern in patients versus controls: the strongest connections arose from the ipsilateral hippocampus in patients and from the posterior cingulate cortex in controls; (3) longer disease duration was associated with lower driving from contralateral and ipsilateral mediolimbic regions in RTLE; (4) aging was associated with a lower driving from regions in or close to the piriform cortex only in patients; and (5) outflow from the anterior cingulate cortex was lower in patients with learning deficits or depression compared to patients without impairments and to controls.

Significance

Resting‐state network reorganization in the absence of IEDs strengthens the view of chronic and progressive network changes in TLE. These resting‐state connectivity alterations could constitute an important biomarker of TLE, and hold promise for using EEG recordings without IEDs for diagnosis or prognosis of this disorder.
Single‐port laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in a horse
Authors: Gandini M. , Giusto G. , Caramello V. , Comino F. , Rosso A.
Published: February 2016

A 16‐year‐old Italian Saddle Horse gelding was referred for treatment of an incisional hernia that developed 7 months after a ventral midline laparotomy for treatment of acute abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed a hernia approximately 20 cm long and 15 cm wide on the ventral aspect of the abdomen. Ultrasonography revealed the dimensions of the hernia ring to be approximately 15 cm in length and 10 cm in width. A single‐port laparoscopic incisional hernia repair using an operating 0° laparoscope was performed with an appropriately sized (24 × 18 cm) piece of mesh fixed in place with simple interrupted transabdominal sutures. At 4 weeks post operatively, follow‐up physical examination and ultrasonography confirmed healing of the surgical site with no evidence of hernia recurrence. The same evaluation was done 6 months post operatively, and the horse returned to its previous level of activity 8 months post operatively. In horses, laparoscopic application of mesh should be considered among the treatment options for incisional hernia. In the present case, this technique was performed with a single port using an operative laparoscope, in contrast to the multiportal techniques reported previously. The case presented here demonstrates that single‐port laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is feasible, and allows proper placement of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene intraperitoneal mesh in horses
Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 1: Pharmacology
Authors: Cuming R. S. , Groover E. S. , Wooldridge A. A. , Caldwell F. J.
Published: February 2016

This article is the first in a three part review series examining glucocorticoid use in treatment of medical conditions and musculoskeletal disorders of the horse. This article provides a review of the structure and function of corticosteroids together with a summary of the available literature pertaining to the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and indications for use of, and adverse effects associated with, glucocorticoids currently available for use by equine veterinarians.
The remarkable reproductive diversity of teleost fishes
Authors: Smith Carl , Wootton Robert J
Published: February 2016

Teleosts display the most striking reproductive diversity of all vertebrates. However, no convincing hypothesis has yet been proposed to explain why they have evolved this remarkable variability in their modes of reproduction. Some of the features of the reproductive biology of teleosts are briefly reviewed, and unique characteristics of the group that may have made possible the evolution of their remarkable reproductive diversity are considered. These include whole‐genome duplication, the mode of differentiation of the gonads and the organization of the brain–pituitary relationship.
Acupuncture in Australia
Authors: O'Sullivan Jack , Del Mar Chris , Barnes Alex , Marron Loretta J
Published: February 2016

Acupuncture is one of the most commonly accepted forms of alternative therapy in Australia. We have hypothesised that a 2002 World Health Organization (WHO) report on acupuncture, which listed over 90 diseases for which acupuncture may be indicated, but was subsequently withdrawn in 2014, could be contributing to the rise in the popularity of acupuncture. We have determined the prevalence of Australian acupuncturists' websites citing the withdrawn WHO acupuncture report.
Liver transplantation in Japan: Registry by the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society
Authors: Umeshita Koji , Inomata Yukihiro , Furukawa Hiroyuki , Kasahara Mureo , Kawasaki Seiji , Kobayashi Eiji , Kokudo Norihiro , Sakisaka Shotaro , Shimada Mitsuo , Tanaka Eiji , Uemoto Shinji ,   for the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society
Published: February 2016

As of December 31, 2013, a total of 7474 liver transplants have been carried out at 66 institutions in Japan. This total included 7255 living‐donor transplants and 219 deceased‐donor transplants (216 from heart‐beating donors and 3 from non‐heart‐beating donors). The annual total of liver transplants in 2013 decreased to 408, from 422 in 2012. The number of liver transplants from living donors decreased to 369, from 381, whereas the number of liver transplants from heart‐beating deceased donors did not change significantly. The most frequent indication was cholestatic disease, followed by neoplastic disease. In terms of graft liver in living‐donor cases, right‐lobe graft was the most popular (36%). Patient survival following transplantations from heart‐beating donors (1 year, 85.9%; 3 years, 82.6%; 5 years, 81.3%; 10 years, 73.8%) was similar to those from living donors (1 year, 83.8%; 3 years, 79.6%; 5 years, 77.1%; 10 years, 71.9%; 15 years, 67.8%; 20 years, 66.1%). Graft survival was very much the same as patient survival. As for ABO‐incompatible transplantation, transplant period affected the outcome significantly, probably due to local infusion therapy and rituximab prophylaxis, which were introduced in many transplant centers after 2000 and 2004, respectively.
The impact of clinical librarian services on patients and health care organisations
Authors: Brettle Alison , Maden Michelle , Payne Clare
Published: February 2016

Background

Systematic reviews have found limited evidence of effectiveness and impact of clinical librarians (CLs) due to the poor quality of reporting, scale and design of previous studies.

Objectives

To measure specific CL impact on organisational and patient outcomes using a robust approach that helps CLs develop research skills.

Methods

Questionnaire and interviews.

Results

Clinical librarians contribute to a wide range of outcomes in the short and longer term reflecting organisational priorities and objectives. These include direct contributions to choice of intervention (36%) diagnosis (26%) quality of life (25%), increased patient involvement in decision making (26%) and cost savings and risk management including avoiding tests, referrals, readmissions and reducing length of stay (28%).

Discussion

Interventions provided by CL's are complex and each contributes to multiple outcomes of importance to health care organisations.

Conclusion

This study is unique in taking a wide view of potential and specific impacts to which CLs contribute across health care organisations. It is the largest UK evaluation of CL services to date and demonstrates CLs affect direct patient care, improve quality and save money. Future researchers are urged to use the tools presented to collect data on the same outcomes to build a significant and comprehensive international evidence base about the effectiveness and impact of clinical librarian services.
Navigating Frames of Address: María Lugones on Language, Bodies, Things, and Places
Authors: Roelofs Monique
Published: February 2016

Address figures prominently in contemporary (Latina) feminism, yet calls for further theorizing. Modes of address are forms of signification we direct at people, objects, and places, and they at us. Address constitutes a vital dimension of our corporeal interactions with persons and the material world. Our relationships are in motion as we adopt modes of address toward one another or fail to do so. Clarifying address through examples from Gloria Anzaldúa, this essay reveals its importance in María Lugones's writings. The essay thereby highlights underexplored aspects of Lugones's texts, identifies continuities between Lugones's philosophy and (Latina) feminist work that comprehends address as a carrier of aesthetic and political meanings, and illuminates the resources of a remarkably fruitful concept. Address, in Lugones, is the centerpiece of a quotidian cultural politics. Principal concepts she introduces (concerning subjectivity, critique and transformation, social categorization and interaction, the role of language, bodies, objects, and places) recruit address. Yet, by foregrounding address, the essay also brings into view unforeseen obstructions in the paths of address that Lugones champions, and an enlarged playing field that we can activate to realize desirable frames of address and derail objectionable structures. Avenues open up for further development of Lugones's insights and for inquiries into address.
Woman as a Politically Significant Term: A Solution to the Puzzle
Authors: Diaz‐Leon E.
Published: February 2016

What does woman mean? According to two competing views, it can be seen as a sex term or as a gender term. Recently, Jennifer Saul has put forward a contextualist view, according to which woman can have different meanings in different contexts. The main motivation for this view seems to involve moral and political considerations, namely, that this view can do justice to the claims of trans women. Unfortunately, Saul argues, on further reflection the contextualist view fails to do justice to those moral and political claims that motivated the view in the first place. In this article I argue that there is a version of the contextualist view that can indeed capture those moral and political aims, and in addition, I use this case to illustrate an important and more general claim, namely, that moral and political considerations can be relevant to the descriptive project of finding out what certain politically significant terms actually mean.
Antimicrobial activity of Butyl acetate, Ethyl acetate and Isopropyl alcohol on undesirable microorganisms in cosmetic products
Authors: Lens C. , Malet G. , Cupferman S.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The microbiological contamination risk of a cosmetic product has to be assessed by the manufacturer, according to the composition, to determine whether microbiological testing is required. Certain ingredients in cosmetic formulations help to create an environment hostile towards microbial growth. In this study, the influence on microbial survival of some solvents used in nail varnishes was evaluated. The purpose of this study was two‐fold. The first was to define the thresholds to be considered for the exemption of products from microbiological testing. The second was to assess the cross‐contamination risk linked to the use on successive consumers of solvent‐based products in beauty salons.

Methods

Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum were exposed to various concentrations of ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and isopropyl alcohol in culture medium to estimate their MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). These strains are relevant to cosmetic products as they are associated with skin and nail infections. Mixtures of the three solvents, which are characteristic of nail varnish compositions, were also tested for their cidal activity.

Results

Ethyl and butyl acetates had a stronger impact than isopropyl alcohol: the MIC of ethyl and butyl acetate is ≤5% for all of the tested strains, whereas that of isopropyl alcohol is ≤10%. Various combinations of the three solvents tested showed a significant effect on both fungal and bacterial strains (greater than 3 log reduction in 15 min for the bacterial test strains and in 30 min for T. rubrum).

Conclusion

Products containing more than 5% ethyl or butyl acetate or more than 10% isopropyl alcohol are hostile towards microbial growth. These products can therefore be considered as microbiologically low risk during both production and use, and so do not require microbiological testing (challenge test and end‐product testing). Moreover, the nine tested mixtures of these three solvents – which are characteristic of nail varnish compositions – all have a high cidal activity on the tested strains within a short time. The risk of cross‐contamination can therefore be considered as controlled when the nail varnishes are applied on successive clients in beauty salons.
Outcomes of artificial urinary sphincter placement in octogenarians
Authors: Ziegelmann Matthew J , Linder Brian J , Rivera Marcelino E , Viers Boyd R , Rangel Laureano J , Elliott Daniel S
Published: February 2016

Objective

To evaluate the impact of patient age on device outcomes among patients undergoing primary artificial urinary sphincter.

Methods

A total of 1081 male patients who underwent primary artificial urinary sphincter placement from 1983 to 2011 were analyzed, including 91 men (8%) who were aged >80 years at the time of surgery. Revisions and explanations were compared between men stratified by decade of life. Hazard ratios adjusting for competing risks were used to determine the association with age and artificial urinary sphincter device outcomes (infection/erosion, urethral atrophy and malfunction), while overall device failure was estimated using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analysis.

Results

Patients aged >80 years were more likely to have coronary disease (P = 0.009), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.04), hypertension (P = 0.002) and lower body mass index (P < 0.0001). On multivariable analysis, patients aged >80 years were significantly more likely to experience device erosion or infection compared with a reference of patients aged <60 years (hazard ratio 4.13; P = 0.046), whereas there was no difference in those patients aged 60–70 years or 70–80 years compared with the reference group (P = 0.56 and 0.45). There was no significant difference in overall device survival between the age‐stratified groups (P = 0.26).

Conclusions

Although overall artificial urinary sphincter device survival is similar, patients aged >80 years are more likely to experience erosion or infection compared with younger patients. Despite this, the overall device failure rate is low, and artificial urinary sphincter might be considered for appropriately selected and counseled octogenarians.
Documentary analysis of risk‐assessment and safety‐planning policies and tools in a mental health context
Authors: Higgins Agnes , Doyle Louise , Morrissey Jean , Downes Carmel , Gill Ailish , Bailey Sive
Published: February 2016

Despite the articulated need for policies and processes to guide risk assessment and safety planning, limited guidance exists on the processes or procedures to be used to develop such policies, and there is no body of research that examines the quality or content of the risk‐management policies developed. The aim of the present study was to analyse the policies of risk and safety management used to guide mental health nursing practice in Ireland. A documentary analysis was performed on 123 documents received from 22 of the 23 directors of nursing contacted. Findings from the analysis revealed a wide variation in how risk, risk assessment, and risk management were defined. Emphasis within the risk documentation submitted was on risk related to self and others, with minimal attention paid to other types of risks. In addition, there was limited evidence of recovery‐focused approaches to positive risk taking that involved service users and their families within the risk‐related documentation. Many of the risk‐assessment tools had not been validated, and lacked consistency or guidance in relation to how they were to be used or applied. The tick‐box approach and absence of space for commentary within documentation have the potential to impact severely on the quality of information collected and documented, and subsequent clinical decision‐making. Managers, and those tasked with ensuring safety and quality, need to ensure that policies and processes are, where possible, informed by best evidence and are in line with national mental health policy on recovery.
A systematic review of prevalence and impact of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction in identified workforce groups
Authors: Pierce Heather , Perry Lin , Chiarelli Pauline , Gallagher Robyn
Published: February 2016

Aim

To investigate the prevalence and impact of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction in identified workforce groups.

Background

Productivity of workforce groups is a concern for ageing societies. Symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction are associated with ageing and negatively influence psychosocial health. In the general population, lower urinary tract symptoms negatively influence work productivity.

Design

A systematic review of observational studies.

Data sources

Electronic searches of four academic databases. Reference lists were scanned for relevant articles. The search was limited to English language publications 1990–2014.

Review methods

The Centre for Reviews and Dissemination procedure guided the review method. Data extraction and synthesis was conducted on studies where the workforce group was identified and the type of pelvic floor dysfunction defined according to accepted terminology. Quality appraisal of studies was performed using a Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool.

Results

Twelve studies were identified of variable quality, all on female workers. Nurses were the most frequently investigated workforce group and urinary incontinence was the most common subtype of pelvic floor dysfunction examined. Lower urinary tract symptoms were more prevalent in the studied nurses than related general populations. No included study investigated pelvic organ prolapse, anorectal or male symptoms or the influence of symptoms on work productivity.

Conclusion

Lower urinary tract symptoms are a significant issue among the female nursing workforce. Knowledge of the influence of symptoms on work productivity remains unknown. Further studies are warranted on the impact of pelvic floor dysfunction subtypes in workforce groups.
Connecting Applied and Theoretical Bayesian Epistemology: Data Relevance, Pragmatics, and the Legal Case of Sally Clark
Authors: Barker Matthew J.
Published: February 2016

In this article applied and theoretical epistemologies benefit each other in a study of the British legal case of R. vs. Clark. Clark's first infant died at 11 weeks of age, in December 1996. About a year later, Clark had a second child. After that child died at eight weeks of age, Clark was tried for murdering both infants. Statisticians and philosophers have disputed how to apply Bayesian analyses to this case, and thereby arrived at different judgments about it. By dwelling on this applied case, I make theoretical gains: clarifying and defending pragmatic principles of inference that are important for estimating key probabilities in a range of cases. Then, partly by drawing on such principles, and uncovering overlooked data on post‐partum psychosis, I make applied gains: improving the rationality of judgments about the Sally Clark case in particular, judgments important to future similar cases.
Multidimensional Competition and Corporate Disclosure
Authors: Muiño Flora , Núñez‐Nickel Manuel
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we argue that the influence product market competition exerts on disclosure is defined by the combined effect of the incentives and disincentives to disclose raised by the multiple competition dimensions. We distinguish between firm‐ and industry‐level competition measures, and we hypothesize that the former raises agency and proprietary costs, whereas the latter creates incentives to disclose either to fulfil the owners’ need for information to monitor managers or to deter the entrance of new competitors in the industry. Our research design allows for non‐monotonic relationships between competition and disclosure as well as for interactions between competition dimensions. Using a sample of US manufacturing companies, we gather evidence that is consistent with our hypotheses. First, we find an inverted U‐shape relationship between corporate disclosure and a firm's abnormal profitability, which is suggestive of firms being reluctant to disclose when they are underperforming (outperforming) their rivals because of the fear of unveiling agency conflicts (raising proprietary costs). Second, we observe a U‐shape relationship between corporate disclosure and industry profitability, although this U design evolves to approximate a rising function as the protection provided by entry barriers increases.
Color Correlations among Six Types of Permanent Anterior Teeth
Authors: Lee Yong‐Keun
Published: February 2016

Statement of Problem

When multiple teeth are missing, the color for missing teeth should be estimated based on the color of remaining teeth.

Purpose

The purpose was to determine the strength of color correlations among six types of permanent anterior teeth.

Methods

Color of 12 anterior teeth was measured by Shade Vision System for 47 volunteers. The color coordinates in each type of teeth such as maxillary central incisor (MX1), lateral incisor (MX2), and canine (MX3), and mandibular central incisor (MD1), lateral incisor (MD2), and canine (MD3) were determined. Correlations and differences among the corresponding color coordinates of each type of teeth were determined.

Results

Compared with MX1, the differences were in the range of −3.2 to −6.5 in L*, 0.5 to 2.7 in a*, −0.7 to 7.5 in b*, and the color difference (ΔE*ab) was 4.5 to 10.3. The color difference by ΔE00 formula was 3.1–6.7. Although the color coordinates were different by tooth type, they generally showed correlations (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

For the color estimation of missing MX1, the color coordinates of MD1 were the strongest predictors. In case of missing MX3, L* and a* of MD3 and b* of MX1 were the strongest predictors for each corresponding coordinates.

Clinical Significance

The color for missing teeth, especially for maxillary central incisor and maxillary and mandibular canines, could be estimated based on those of the same type teeth on the opposing arch. These results should be applied for clinical color selection for missing teeth.(J Esthet Restor Dent 28:S5–S13, 2016)
Seasonal and spatial ontogenetic movements of Gerreidae in a Brazilian tropical estuarine ecocline and its application for nursery habitat conservation
Authors: Ramos J. A. A. , Barletta M. , Dantas D. V. , Costa M. F.
Published: February 2016

The density and biomass of different ontogenetic phases (juvenile, sub‐adult and adult) of the two most important sympatric Gerreidae species in the Goiana Estuary, north‐east Brazil, are described in order to determine the patterns of estuarine habitat use and to identify nursery grounds.Eugerres brasilianusandEucinostomus melanopteruswere the most abundant gerreids in the main channel and adjacent estuarine beach habitats.Eugerres brasilianusis abundant in the main channel, whereasE. melanopterusis most common in the beach habitats. Significant interaction in density and biomass of juvenile and sub‐adult size classes ofE. brasilianuswas found between season and area. In addition,E. brasilianusadults andE. melanopterussub‐adults differed significantly in density and biomass between areas of the estuary. Both the upper estuary, during the late dry season, and the middle estuary, during the early rainy season, functioned as nursery habitats forE. brasilianus. During the early rainy season and dry season, the beaches were a nursery for theE. melanopterus. The concentration of these ontogenetic phases was mainly related to the dissolved oxygen and salinity gradients of the estuary, which drive not only gerreid movement between estuarine habitats but also moves the habitats. This study reinforces the importance of conserving the habitats of the Goiana Estuary so that species such as gerreids can complete their life cycle in the face of pressure from anthropogenic activities, such as mangrove forest deforestation, overfishing, fish contamination by plastic ingestion and domestic effluent disposal.
Shade‐induced stem elongation in rice seedlings: Implication of tissue‐specific phytohormone regulation
Authors: Liu Huihui , Yang Chuanwei , Li Lin
Published: February 2016

A better understanding of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is an urgent need because of its effect on energy reallocation. Leverage‐related mechanism in crops is of potential economic interest for agricultural applications. Here we report the SAS phenotype at tissue level rice seedlings. Tissue‐specific RNA‐sequencing indicates auxin plays different roles between coleoptile and the first leaf. Phenotypes of wild type treated by gibberellin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitors and of related mutants suggest these two hormones positively regulate SAS. Our work reveals the diversity of hormone responses in different organs and different species in shade conditions.
Late onset dHMN II caused by c.404C>G mutation in HSPB1 gene
Authors: Oberstadt Moritz , Mitter Diana , Classen Joseph , Baum Petra
Published: February 2016

Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) type II is genetically heterogeneous. We report three siblings of a German family with late onset distal motor neuropathy due to the c.404C>G mutation in heat‐shock 27‐kDa protein 1 gene (HSPB1/HSP27). A 36‐year‐old mutation carrier, daughter of one sibling, did not present any clinical or electrophysiological abnormalities. The index patient (oldest brother) developed weakness of the distal lower limbs and nocturnal muscle cramps at the age of 54. After 5 years this patient developed an l‐DOPA‐responsive hypokinetic rigid syndrome, establishing a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Although none of the three other mutation carriers displayed Parkinsonian signs, a pathogenic relationship with Parkinson's disease remains a possibility, based on the known molecular pathology of HSPB1. The rare pathogenic HSPB1 c.404C>G mutation may predispose for late‐onset of dHMN type II.