bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using adaptive control in DFIG‐based wind turbines to improve the subsynchronous oscillations of nearby synchronous generators
Authors: Taherahmadi Javad , Jafarian Mohammad , Asefi Mohammad‐Naser
Published: September 2016

In this study, adaptive control is used to damp network subsynchronous oscillations via doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind turbines. With an increase in wind power penetration in power systems and with regard to the flexible control of wind turbines, the use of wind turbine systems to improve the dynamic stability of power systems has been of significance importance for researchers. One of the important issues in regards to the stability of power systems are the subsynchronous oscillations. Damping subsynchronous oscillations using wind turbines has been studied in various research effort, mainly by adding a supplementary control loop to the control structure of the wind turbine. In most of the studies, this control loop is composed of linear blocks. In this study, adaptive control is used for this purpose. Since adaptive control parameters tend to optimum values in order to obtain optimum control performance, using this controller will help the wind turbines to have positive contribution in network subsynchronous oscillations damping at different wind speeds and system operating points, as shown in this study. It is also shown that this controller has an insignificant effect on the dynamic performance of the wind turbine, itself.
Speed recovery strategy for the inertia response control of DFIGs: extended state observer based approach
Authors: Liu Zhangwei , Shen Chen , Liu Feng , Mei Shengwei , Yao Yaxin
Published: September 2016

The inertia response control (IRC) of doubly‐fed induction generators is capable of providing the power system with controlled inertia by releasing mechanical power to or absorbing electrical power from the system when the system frequency experiences sudden changes. However, it will result in deviation of the rotor speed from the optimal working point and unexpectedly reduce the captured wind power. To restore the rotor speed as quickly after an IRC action as possible, in this study, the authors derive a novel rotor speed recovery strategy based on the extended state observer (ESO) technique. They first develop two ESOs to accurately estimate the captured wind power by the wind turbine and the system unbalance power, respectively. They then synthesise the rotor speed recovery strategy based on such estimates, including the optimal recovery timing and the control modes as well as the associated switching logics. Detailed simulations carried on PSCAD/EMTDC show that the authors’ controller outperforms the traditional proportional–integral controller in the aspects of dynamical performance, the robustness to varying working conditions and the capability to prevent the system frequency from a second drop.
Effect of polypyrrole coating modified by sodium fluoride and polyethylene glycol on corrosion behaviour of AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Saremi Mohsen , Mortazavi Seyed H.
Published: September 2016

A polypyrrole (PPy) coating modified by sodium fluoride (NaF) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) on AZ31 magnesium alloy is reported. The aim of this work was to obtain a composite coating with NaF and PEG in PPy matrix by electropolymerisation process. The idea was to form a stable PPy coating with higher resistance to corrosion damage. Prior to this process, the effect of sodium salicylate pre‐treatment on PPy electropolymerisation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarisation analysis was performed in 0.05 M NaCl solution to characterise the corrosion behaviour of each sample. EIS results showed that the addition of NaF and PEG could enhance the corrosion resistance (Rct) of PPy coating. Also, the corrosion current density for NaF + PEG (incorporated in PPy) was demonstrated a value 60 times lower than that of bare AZ31 Mg alloy. The better corrosion behaviour of PPy composite coating with NaF and PEG was attributed to inhibition effect of fluoride which could act as barrier for Mg alloys. Moreover, PEG can stabilise the PPy structure because of its high oxygen content. Furthermore, the addition of NaF and PEG simultaneously could show a synergistic behaviour because of the positive effect of PEG on fluoride mobility.
A Survey of Pediatric Critical Care Providers on the Presence, Severity, and Assessment of Capillary Leak in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Luckett Peter , Faustino Edward , Pierce Richard
Published: September 2016

Purpose To determine provider opinions on factors most commonly used to assess the presence and severity of pathologic capillary leak in critically ill children.

Methods We conducted an electronic survey of pediatric critical care providers. Patient scenarios were presented to assess opinions on the risk, presence, and clinical significance of capillary leak. Responses were obtained using Likert scales and multiple-choice questions.

Results A total of 160 responses were analyzed. Respondents agreed that capillary leak is present in the scenario with septic shock while respondents somewhat agreed that it is also present with poly-trauma, cardiac arrest, or cardiopulmonary bypass. They agreed that physical exam, but neither agreed nor disagreed that laboratory tests, can be used to assess and follow the severity of capillary leak in these children. Generalized edema, increase in weight, and pulmonary crackles were commonly identified parameters for assessing capillary leak. The patient factor most commonly identified with capillary leak was presence of infection, while treatment factors most commonly identified were cardiopulmonary bypass and general anesthesia.

Conclusion There is agreement that capillary leak is common in critically ill children and exacerbates disease. The parameters identified in this study may facilitate a more standardized clinical evaluation of pathologic capillary leak for future studies.
An experimental investigation of the supersonic turbulent boundary layer subjected to concave curvature
Authors: Wang Qian-cheng , Wang Zhen-guo , Zhao Yu-xin
Published: September 2016

By employing particle image velocimetry, the response of a Mach 2.95 turbulent boundary layer to the concave curvature is experimentally investigated. The radius of the concave wall is 350 mm, and the turning angle is 20∘. Logarithmic law is well preserved in the profile of streamwise velocity at all streamwise positions despite the impact of curvature. The varying trend of principal strain rate is found to be different at different heights within the boundary layer, which cannot be explained by the suggestion given by former researchers. Based on the three-layer model proposed in this paper, distribution of the principal strain rate is carefully analyzed. The streamwise increase of wall friction is suggested to be brought by the increase of velocity gradient in the thin subsonic layer. Increases of the static temperature and the related sound speed are responsible for that. Larger correlated turbulent motions could be introduced by the concave curvature. The probability density histograms of streamwise velocity reveal that the large scale hairpin packets are statistically well organized. The concave curvature is found to have the potential of reinforcing the organization, which explains the increase of turbulent level in the supersonic concave boundary layer.
Stable transmission of slow highly charged ions through tapered glass capillary with active discharging method for sub-micron sized beams
Authors: Ikeda Tokihiro , Kojima Takao M. , Natsume Yoshio , Kimura Jun , Abe Tomoko
Published: September 2016

Stable transmission of a sub-μm-sized Ar8+ beam of 64–104-keV energy through glass tandem optics was achieved. The optics consisted of a 4-electrode tapered capillary and a sub-μm-sized tapered capillary tip, arranged in series. To actively discharge the capillary, and thus obtain stable transmission, an electrode was applied with a mechanical relay closing at a 0.01–0.1 Hz frequency. Transmitted beams were observed for tip outlets' diameters of 0.75 and 2.0 μm. When only a 4-electrode capillary was used, a beam density enhancement with a multiplicity of 14 times of the input beam density was achieved. A transmission efficiency up to 70% was observed with good reproducibility when the electrodes were biased with appropriate voltages.
Image method for induced surface charge from many-body system of dielectric spheres
Authors: Qin Jian , de Pablo Juan J. , Freed Karl F.
Published: September 2016

Charged dielectric spheres embedded in a dielectric medium provide the simplest model for many-body systems of polarizable ions and charged colloidal particles. We provide a multiple scattering formulation for the total electrostatic energy for such systems and demonstrate that the polarization energy can be rapidly evaluated by an image method that generalizes the image methods for conducting spheres. Individual contributions to the total electrostatic energy are ordered according to the number of polarized surfaces involved, and each additional surface polarization reduces the energy by a factor of (a/R)3ϵ, where a is the sphere radius, R the average inter-sphere separation, and ϵ the relevant dielectric mismatch at the interface. Explicit expressions are provided for both the energy and the forces acting on individual spheres, which can be readily implemented in Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of polarizable charged spheres, thereby avoiding costly computational techniques that introduce a surface charge distribution that requires numerical solution.
Electrical explosion of Al and Ag wires in air at different pressures
Authors: Sarkisov G. S. , Caplinger J. , Parada F. , Sotnikov V. I.
Published: September 2016

Experiments with electrically exploding fine Al and Ag wires in air demonstrate a strong dependence of the expanding metal core condition and velocity on ambient pressure. Expansion velocity of the wire core varies by 23 times between ∼0.2 km/s and ∼4.6 km/s. The shock-wave velocity at atmospheric pressure is ∼5 km/s and increases to ∼6 km/s when the pressure is decreased to 50 Torr. The condition of the metal core is strongly dependent on material and whether it is expanding into vacuum or against ambient air pressure. Expansion velocity of the fine Al and Ag wires for different surrounding pressures in general agree with Paschen's Law for air gap.
Amplification of terahertz frequency acoustic phonons by drifting electrons in three-dimensional Dirac semimetals
Authors: Bhargavi K. S. , Kubakaddi S. S.
Published: September 2016

The amplification coefficient α of acoustic phonons is theoretically investigated in a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal (3DDS) driven by a dc electric field E causing the drift of the electrons. It is numerically studied as a function of the frequency ωq, drift velocity vd, electron concentration ne, and temperature T in the Dirac semimetal Cd3As2. We find that the amplification of acoustic phonons (α ∼ hundreds of cm-1) takes place when the electron drift velocity vd is greater than the sound velocity vs. The amplification is found to occur at small E (∼few V/cm) due to large electron mobility. The frequency dependence of α shows amplification in the THz regime with a maximum αm occurring at the same frequency ωqm for different vd. The αm is found to increase with increasing vd. α vs ωq for different ne also shows a maximum, with αm shifting to higher ωq for larger ne. Each maximum is followed by a vanishing α at nearly “2kf cutoff,” where kf is the Fermi wave vector. It is found that αm/ne and ωqm/ne1/3 are nearly constant. The αm ∼ ne can be used to identify the 3DDS phase as it differs from αm ∼ ne1/3 dependence in conventional bulk Cd3As2 semiconductor.
Ripening kinetics of bubbles: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Inaoka Hajime , Ito Nobuyasu
Published: September 2016

The ripening kinetics of bubbles is studied by performing molecular dynamics simulations. From the time evolution of a system, the growth rates of individual bubbles are determined. At low temperatures, the system exhibits a t1/2 law and the growth rate is well described by classical Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) theory for the reaction-limited case. This is direct evidence that the bubble coarsening at low temperatures is reaction-limited. At high temperatures, although the system exhibits a t1/3 law, which suggests that it is diffusion-limited, the accuracy of the growth rate is insufficient to determine whether the form is consistent with the prediction of LSW theory for the diffusion-limited case. The gas volume fraction dependence of the coarsening behavior is also studied. Although the behavior of the system at low temperatures has little sensitivity to the gas volume fraction up to 10%, at high temperatures it deviates from the prediction of LSW theory for the diffusion-limited case as the gas volume fraction increases. These results show that the mean-field-like treatment is valid for a reaction-limited system even with a finite volume fraction, while it becomes inappropriate for a diffusion-limited system since classical LSW theory for the diffusion-limited case is valid at the dilute limit.
Effect of phonon-plasmon and surface plasmon polaritons on photoluminescence in quantum emitter and graphene deposited on polar crystals
Authors: Singh Mahi R. , Brzozowski Marek J. , Apter Boris
Published: September 2016

We investigate the light-matter interaction in a quantum emitter and metallic graphene flake (MGF) hybrid system deposited on a polar material. The coupling of surface plasmons in graphene and optical phonons in the polar material produces phonon-plasmon polaritons (PPPs). Similarly, couplings of photons with surface plasmons of graphene produce surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Using the second quantized formulation for SPPs and PPPs interactions and density matrix method, we have calculated photoluminescence of the quantum emitters. It is found that when the exciton energy of the quantum emitter is in resonant with SPP and PPP energies, the photoluminescence in the quantum emitter are enhanced in the terahertz range. The enhancement is due to the transfer of SPP and PPP energies from the graphene flake to the quantum emitter. The energy transfer from graphene to the quantum emitter can be controlled by applying external pump lasers or stress and strain fields. These are interesting findings which can be used to fabricate switches and sensors.
Communication: Role of explicit water models in the helix folding/unfolding processes
Authors: Palazzesi Ferruccio , Salvalaglio Matteo , Barducci Alessandro , Parrinello Michele
Published: September 2016

In the last years, it has become evident that computer simulations can assume a relevant role in modelling protein dynamical motions for their ability to provide a full atomistic image of the processes under investigation. The ability of the current protein force-fields in reproducing the correct thermodynamics and kinetics systems behaviour is thus an essential ingredient to improve our understanding of many relevant biological functionalities. In this work, employing the last developments of the metadynamics framework, we compare the ability of state-of-the-art all-atom empirical functions and water models to consistently reproduce the folding and unfolding of a helix turn motif in a model peptide. This theoretical study puts in evidence that the choice of the water models can influence the thermodynamic and the kinetics of the system under investigation, and for this reason cannot be considered trivial.
Charge transport in CdZnTe coplanar grid detectors examined by laser induced transient currents
Authors: Praus P. , Kunc J. , Belas E. , Pekárek J. , Grill R.
Published: September 2016

Laser-induced transient current technique was used for the visualization of charge transfer in the coplanar CdZnTe radiation detector including distinction to the collecting and noncollecting grids. Transient current waveforms measured at different intergrid biasing allowed us the identification of principal charge transit features and the final redistribution of collected charge between grids. We have demonstrated that while at the initial period of the charge passage through the detector bulk the current waveform shapes on the collection and non-collection electrodes are nearly the same, the intergrid biasing entails significant current deviation at the final part of the transients, where inverted current through the non-collecting grid induces markedly reduced/enhanced collected charge in the non-collecting/collecting electrode. An optimum ratio of cathode/intergrid biasing was found to be close to the ratio of detector/intergrid dimensions. Theoretical simulations demonstrating all charge-transfer characteristics were presented and proved the validity of the experimental data.
Confirmation of filament dissolution behavior by analyzing electrical field effect during reset process in oxide-based RRAM
Authors: Pan Chih-Hung , Chang Ting-Chang , Tsai Tsung-Ming , Chang Kuan-Chang , Chu Tian-Jian , Lin Wen-Yan , Chen Min-Chen , Sze Simon M.
Published: September 2016

In this letter, we demonstrate completely different characteristics with different operating modes and analyze the electrical field effect to confirm the filament dissolution behavior. The device exhibited a larger memory window when using a single voltage sweep method during reset process rather than the traditional double sweep method. The phenomenon was verified by using fast I–V measurement to simulate the two operating methods. A better high resistance state (HRS) will be obtained with a very short rising time pulse, but quite notably, lower power consumption was needed. We proposed the electrical field effect to explain the phenomenon and demonstrate distribution by COMSOL simulation.
Evaluation of pre-slaughter losses of Italian heavy pigs
Authors: Nannoni Eleonora , Liuzzo Gaetano , Serraino Andrea , Giacometti Federica , Martelli Giovanna , Sardi Luca , Vitali Marika , Romagnoli Lucia , Moscardini Eros , Ostanello Fabio
Published: September 2016

A retrospective observational study evaluated the risk factors for pre-slaughter losses (i.e. animal deaths occurring during transport and lairage) and their economic impact in Italian heavy pigs (~160 kg bodyweight). Of the 3 344 730 pigs transported, 1780 (0.053%) died before slaughter, with most losses occurring during transport (56.6%). The estimated economic impact was of 424 000 €. The percentage of batches with at least one animal lost pre-slaughter increased during summer (P < 0.001). The proportion of pre-slaughter losses was higher when journey lasted more than 90 min (P < 0.001) and was positively correlated with transport duration (P < 0.01). Losses were higher (P < 0.01) in batches transported at low stocking densities (i.e. when heavier pigs were transported). Batches with lower slaughtering order (i.e. longer lairage time) had higher proportions of losses (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of a given batch to have at least one animal lost pre-slaughter were 1.32 times higher for batches slaughtered in summer, 1.54 times higher if journey durations exceeded 90 min, 1.25 times higher for batches with low slaughtering order, and not significantly influenced by stocking density during transport.
Did early logging or changes in disturbance regimes promote high tree densities in river red gum forests?
Authors: McGregor Hugh W. , Colloff Matthew J. , Lunt Ian D.
Published: September 2016

Density of woody plants is thought to have increased in many ecosystems in Australia since European colonisation. Globally, there has been much debate as to whether this phenomenon is driven by the process of post-disturbance recovery – whereby historical logging resulted in the replacement of large, mature trees with smaller, younger trees – or by the process of encroachment – whereby cessation of disturbance events reduced the mortality of seedlings and saplings. We examined the extent to which historical changes in forest structure are compatible with each of these models. The study was conducted in river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. floodplain forest on the River Murray at Millewa Forest, southern New South Wales. We compared ‘historical’ (~1860s) stand structure to ‘current’ structure in 45 one-hectare quadrants randomly stratified between three forest productivity classes. Historical trees were determined by stumps or stags likely to have been cut during the late 1800s. Size and position of each historical and current tree was recorded, and used to calculate stem density, basal area, canopy cover and the area of the ‘zone of influence’ (the peripheral extent of the root zone). Current stand structure was vastly different from historical structure. Stem density has increased 9-fold, from a mean of 17 (historical) to 147 (current) trees ha–1. However, basal area increased only slightly, from 13.0 to 15.3 m2 ha–1. Canopy cover increased substantially from 22.1 to 33.5% cover, as did zone of influence, from 55 to 81% cover. Evidence for both the post-disturbance recovery and encroachment hypotheses was found. The 9-fold increase in stem density between historical and current stands was attributable largely to the replacement of large trees with small trees, because basal area had increased only slightly (by 18%). However, the increase in basal area was associated with a substantial increase in canopy cover and area of the zone of influence, supporting the encroachment hypothesis. Regardless, the post-disturbance recovery hypothesis accounts for the bulk of changes in this river red gum forest.
Short-circuited interpretations of modal verb constructions
Authors: Cappelle Bert , Depraetere Ilse
Published: September 2016

In this paper we aim to show how distinct semantic and pragmatic layers of modal interpretation can be fruitfully integrated within a constructionist approach. We discuss in detail a number of cases from the Simpsons where a modal verb, as part of a longer expression, has ashort-circuited interpretation, that is, where it is conventionally associated with a context-specific modal semantic value and, in some cases, with added pragmatic information.Short-circuitednessis evidenced by the humorous effect that is obtained when a character wilfully or unknowingly ignores standard aspects of interpretation of such a modal verb construction.
On the adequacy of a constructionist approach to modality
Authors: Wärnsby Anna
Published: September 2016

When speakers are confronted with modal expressions in their native language, specifically those that contain a modal verb, they are able to interpret these expressions as epistemic or non-epistemic, for example. But what enables the speakers to interpret these modal expressions instantly and accurately despite the inevitably complex explanation any linguistic theory needs to evoke to account for this? Modality, modals, and modal interpretations are among those universal tension points where the explanatory value of any theoretical construct is sorely tested.

This paper raises some questions about the adequacy of applying Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006) as a method of analysis of expressions containing modal verbs. In particular, the following issues are discussed: (i) the necessity to postulate a great number of constructions to account for a modal utterance, (ii) the theoretically unrestricted scope of a construction, and (iii) the ever-present problem of indeterminate modal utterances.
Critical metaphor analysis of cosmetics metaphorical advertising slogans
Authors: Kelly Lai Haiyan
Published: September 2016

Metaphor is regarded as a figure of speech in traditional linguistics, but in Cognitive Linguistics (CL), it is “a cognitive phenomenon in which people understand abstract target domains in terms of concrete source domains” (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 8). In addition to its cognitive basis, metaphor is also culture-dependent (Kövecses 2005). Charteris-Black (2004) stated that metaphor is central to CDA since it deals with forming a coherent view of reality, but it has been largely neglected in mainstream CDA. This study attempts to conduct critical metaphor analysis of cosmetics metaphorical advertising slogans from a cross-cultural perspective by adopting Charteris-Black’s (2004) Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) framework. Data include 10 English metaphorical advertising slogans and 10 Chinese ones. The findings demonstrate that critical metaphor analytic approach is a useful tool to view advertising discourse through the lens of Cognitive Linguistics within the critical paradigm, and to unveil people’s values, beliefs, and attitudes hidden in these ideology-loaded cosmetics advertising slogans.
Construals of meaning
Authors: Mealier Anne-Laure , Pointeau Grégoire , Gärdenfors Peter , Dominey Peter Ford
Published: September 2016

In robotics research with language-based interaction, simplifications are made, such that a given event can be described in a unique manner, where there is a direct mapping between event representations and sentences that can describe these events. However, common experience tells us that the same physical event can be described in multiple ways, depending on the perspective of the speaker. The current research develops methods for representing events from multiple perspectives, and for choosing the perspective that will be used for generating a linguistic construal, based on attentional processes in the system. The multiple perspectives are based on the principle that events can be considered in terms of the force driving the event, and the result obtained from the event, based on the theory of Gärdenfors. In addition, within these perspectives a further refinement can be made with respect to the agent, object, and recipient perspectives. We develop a system for generating appropriate construals of meaning, and demonstrate how this can be used in a realistic dialogic interaction between a behaving robot and a human interlocutor.
Investigating models for second language spelling
Authors: Hamilton Thomas G. , Watson Todd Richard
Published: September 2016

In spelling research, data is easily quantifiable and offers a possible glimpse into the mind’s cognitive mechanisms. Previous research has focused on two cognitive routes assumed to be used for spelling in differing situations: one route enabling spelling of words from our lexical memory, and another route facilitating sublexically constructed spellings based on a writer’s rules for how phonemes map to graphemes. As the dual-route model emerged from first language alphabetic spelling data, there is a lack of research which synthesizes second language research with first language spelling models. This paper’s analysis of second language spellings suggests that the traditional dual-route model of spelling may not be universally applicable to second language spellers. Instead, the data suggests that consideration of the differences between L1 and L2 writing systems may help identify directions towards developing a comprehensive model of second language spelling.
Gossip as a model of inference to composite hypotheses
Authors: Bertolotti Tommaso , Magnani Lorenzo
Published: September 2016

In this paper we seek an inferential and cognitive model explaining some characteristics of abduction to composite hypotheses. In the first section, we introduce the matter of composite hypotheses, stressing how it is coherent with the intuitive and philosophical contention that a single event can be caused not only by several causes acting together, but also by several kinds of causation. In the second section, we argue that gossip could serve as an interesting model to study the generation of composite hypotheses at a larger scale: several characteristics of gossip (for instance its being diluted over time and its collaborative dimension) make it extremely prone to produce composite hypotheses considering different levels of causation. In the third and final section, we try to illustrate some specificities of abduction to composite hypotheses for individual agents basing on the analysis of collective agents.
The cognitive pragmatics of subtitling
Authors: Xie Chaoqun , You Sheng , Wu Xiaoying
Published: September 2016

This paper features a critical review of the bookPoliteness and Audience Response in Chinese-English Subtitling. A brief introduction of the book’s content is given first, followed by a critical appraisal on merits and loopholes in the book. Furthermore, some interdisciplinary amendments — based on House’s (1998) comprehensive politeness theory and Lakoff’s (1987) embodiment concept — are put forward to remedy the loopholes in question. It is argued that covert translation works better in subtitling for it is compatible with different social norms at the micro level and universally explanative politeness maxims at the macro level. Another issue discussed in this paper is the pretextual influence on audience interpretation. Pretextual influence — or embodiment system which we render more pertinent in cognitive interpretation practice — can barely be mitigated in the audience’s interpretation. Given the audience’s potential misunderstanding derived from access to various pretextual experiences, the translator may as well transfer the right implications underneath paralinguistic behaviors to the subtitling in domesticalized terms.
On untruthfulness, its adversaries and strange bedfellows
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: September 2016

This introductory paper aims to demystify the concept of untruthfulness. Drawing on the scholarship on deception, the author reports on a distinction between the (objective) truth and (subjective) truthfulness, as well as their respective opposites: falsehood and untruthfulness. An attempt is made to discriminate between truthfulness and sincerity, to notions which capture similar phenomena but have originated in distinct scholarly traditions. Further, the author depicts untruthfulness as an internally diversified construct and teases out its main subtypes. Some light is shed on overt untruthfulness and covert untruthfulness, as approached in philosophical, cognitive and pragmatic literature. The paper closes with a description of the scope of the present Special Issue entitled “New theoretical insights into untruthfulness”.
Comparing and combining covert and overt untruthfulness
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: September 2016

This paper aims to differentiate between lying (seen as a type of deceiving) and irony, typically addressed independently by philosophers and linguists, as well as to discuss the cases when deception co-occurs with, and capitalises on, irony or metaphor. It is argued that the focal distinction can be made with reference to Grice’s first maxim of Quality, whose floutings lead to overt untruthfulness (notably, irony and metaphor), and whose violations result in covert untruthfulness (notably, lying, next to other forms of deception). Both types of untruthfulness are divided into explicit and implicit subtypes depending on the level of meaning on which they are manifest (what is said/made as if to say, or what is implicated). Further, it is shown that deception may be based on irony or metaphor, which either promote deceptive implicatures or are deployed covertly. Finally, some argumentation is provided in favour of why these cases of deceiving can be conceptualised as lying.
Blood flow boosts BMP signaling to keep vessels in shape
Authors: Franco Claudio A. , Gerhardt Holger
Published: September 2016

Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and blood flow regulate vascular remodeling and homeostasis. In this issue, Baeyens et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603106) show that blood flow sensitizes endothelial cells to BMP9 signaling by triggering Alk1/ENG complexing to suppress cell proliferation and to recruit mural cells, thereby establishing endothelial quiescence.
7. The purchase deed and mortgage
Authors: Abbey Professor Robert M. , Richards Mark B.
Published: September 2016

The principal purpose of the purchase deed is to transfer the legal estate in the property from the seller to the buyer. The transfer of a legal estate is void unless it is made by deed. This chapter discusses types of purchase deed; joint representation of borrower and lender; commercial mortgages; the mortgage deed; and post-completion steps; and mortgage fraud.
3. The Civil Courts
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes the civil courts in England and Wales. It covers the composition and administration of magistrates’s courts, County Court, and the High Court; jurisdiction; High Court Divisions (Queen’s Bench Division (QBD), Chancery Division (ChD), and Family Division), and specialist courts (Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, Administrative Court, Companies Court, Patents Court, and Intellectual Property Enterprise Court). For most civil claims the claimant has a free choice between the High Court and the County Court. Common law claims are suitable for the Queen’s Bench Division, whereas equity claims are more suitable for the Chancery Division. The High Court should be used for the more important and complex claims.
9. Personal injury claims under £25,000
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

Out of the estimated 950,000 personal injuries claims each year in the UK, about 750,000 cases arise from road traffic accidents (RTAs), 90,000 are employers’ liability cases (EL), and 100,000 are public liability cases (PL). About 90% of these are cases where the damages are estimated at between £1,000 and £25,000. This chapter discusses cases covered by the RTA and EL/PL protocols; the provisions of the RTA protocol; the process under the RTA protocol: claim notification, medical evidence and negotiation, and Part 8 claim to determine quantum; child settlement applications; fixed costs under the RTA and EL/PL protocols; and cases where parties can stop following the RTA or EL/PL protocols.
13. Default judgment
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

Judgment in default may be entered where the defendant fails to defend a claim. It produces a judgment in favour of a claimant without holding a trial. This chapter discusses when default judgment may be entered; cases excluded from judgment in default; entering default judgment; final judgment and judgment for an amount to be decided; deciding the amount of damages; setting aside default judgments; and stay of undefended cases.
15. Track allocation and case management
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

Judicial case management of civil litigation is one of the central planks of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). In exercising their powers to manage cases, the courts will be seeking to secure the overriding objective of the CPR of ensuring that cases are dealt with justly and at proportionate cost. This chapter discusses procedural judges; docketing; provisional track allocation; filing directions questionnaires; track allocation rules; notice of allocation; allocation directions; ADR and stays to allow for settlement; transfer to appropriate court; trial in the Royal Courts of Justice; changing tracks; and subsequent case management.
22. Amendment
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

Changes in the parties’ knowledge of a case as it progresses and straightforward drafting errors make it necessary on occasion to make amendments to the statements of case. This chapter discusses amendment by consent; amendment without permission; principles governing permission to amend; amendment after the expiry of the limitation period; and procedure on amending.
23. Interim Applications
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

An order is a formal decision by the court granting a remedy or relief to a party, usually in the stages before the final determination of a case. Interim orders are sometimes made after the substantive hearing of a claim, and sometimes the relief granted at trial includes various types of orders. This chapter discusses pre-action interim remedies; obligation to apply early; applications with and without notice; interim hearings; summary determination of interim costs; and varying or revoking interim orders.
26. Security for costs
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

The question of who pays for the costs of a claim is generally not determined until the claim is finally disposed of, whether by consent, interim process, or trial. However, an order for security for costs can be made against a party in the position of a claimant. Once security is given it may be retained, subject to the court’s discretion, pending an appeal. An order for security for costs usually requires the claimant to pay money into court as security for the payment of any costs order that may eventually be made in favour of the defendant, and staying the claim until the security is provided. On the application three matters arise: (a) whether one of the conditions for ordering security for costs is satisfied; (b) if so, whether, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, it would be just to exercise the court’s discretion in favour of making the order; and (c) if so, how much security should be provided. This chapter considers each of these three matters. It begins by looking at the procedure for making the application and the capacity of the respondent to the application.
27. Small claims track
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) provide for the allocation of claims with a limited financial value to what is known as the small claims track. This is intended to provide a streamlined procedure with limited pre-trial preparation, with very restricted rules on the recovery of costs from the losing party, and without the strict rules of evidence. It is appropriate for the most straightforward types of cases, such as consumer disputes, accident claims where the injuries suffered are not very serious, disputes about the ownership of goods, and landlord and tenant cases other than claims for possession. This chapter discusses provisions of the CPR that do not apply; standard and special directions of the court; determination without a hearing; final hearings in small claims track cases; cost restrictions for claims allocated to the small claims track; and rehearings.
30. Striking out, discontinuance, and stays
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses striking-out orders, discontinuance, and stays in civil proceedings. Rule 3.4(2) of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) allows the court to strike out a statement of case if it appears to the court: that the statement of case discloses no reasonable grounds for bringing or defending the claim; that the statement of case is an abuse of the court’s process or is otherwise likely to obstruct the just disposal of the proceedings; or that there has been a failure to comply with a rule, practice direction, or court order. A party who realizes their case is doomed is often best advised to discontinue to prevent the accumulation of further costs, but often has to pay the costs of the other parties to date. Stays are temporary halts in proceedings, and can be granted for a range of reasons. A stay is normally lifted once the reason no longer applies.
33. Hearsay
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the admissibility of and procedural matters relating to hearsay evidence in civil cases. Hearsay evidence is where a witness gives evidence of facts they have not personally experienced for the purpose of proving the truth of those facts. Hearsay may be written or oral, and may be first-hand, second-hand, etc. Evidence is no longer excluded in civil cases solely on the ground that it is hearsay. However, in practice, trial judges give limited weight to hearsay evidence.
36. Offers to settle
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

Part 36 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) provides a means for a party to make a formal offer in settlement of the claim which will be treated as without prejudice for the purposes of liability and remedies, but which can be disclosed to the court on the question of costs. This chapter discusses offers to settle before the commencement of proceedings; making a Part 36 offer; acceptance of a Part 36 offer; rejections, counter-offers, and subsequent offers; withdrawal and amendment of Part 36 offers; failing to obtain judgment more advantageous than a Part 36 offer; advising on Part 36 offers; non-disclosure to judge; and Part 36 offers in appeals.
42. Interim injunctions
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the rules on interim injunctions. Interim injunctions are temporary orders made with the purpose of regulating the position between the parties to an action pending trial. Such an order is particularly useful where there is evidence that the respondent’s alleged wrongdoing will cause irreparable damage to the applicant’s interests in the period between issue of process and trial. The chapter covers judges able to grant injunctions; pre-action applications for interim injunctions; applications during proceedings; principles for the granting of interim injunctions; defences and bars to relief that may be raised on an application for an interim injunction; interim injunction orders; and effect of not applying for interim relief.
43. Freezing injunctions
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the rules on freezing injunctions. A freezing injunction is an interim order restraining a party from removing assets located within the jurisdiction out of the country, or from dealing with assets whether they are located within the jurisdiction or not. The order is usually restricted to assets not exceeding the value of the claim. The main purpose of a freezing injunction is to prevent the injustice of a defendant’s assets being salted away so as to deprive the claimant of the fruits of any judgment that may be obtained.
8. Capital and capital maintenance
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2016

EachConcentraterevision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more.Concentratesshow you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the two principal types of capital that companies acquire: share capital (capital obtained by selling shares) and debt capital (capital borrowed from others). Having obtained share capital through the selling of shares, the law requires that the company ‘maintain’ that capital by not distributing it in unauthorized ways.
10. Corporate rescue and insolvency
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2016

EachConcentraterevision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more.Concentratesshow you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the various procedures available to companies experiencing financial difficulties that are so severe that the company’s survival is in jeopardy. It focuses on procedures that aim to help struggling companies (such as administration); help creditors recover monies owed (such as receivership); and commence the process of ending the company existence and provide for the distribution of its remaining assets (namely winding up).
Criminal Litigation
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

Criminal Litigationoffers a guide to the areas of criminal litigation covered in the Legal Practice Course. Making use of realistic case studies backed up by online documentation, the text combines theory with practical considerations and encourages a focus on putting knowledge into a practical context. The volume covers all procedural and evidential issues that arise in criminal cases. The more complex areas of criminal litigation are examined using diagrams, flowcharts, and examples, while potential changes in the law are highlighted. This edition has been fully revised to reflect the most recent law and practice in all aspects of criminal litigation.
6. Challenging Unlawfully and Unfairly Obtained Evidence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter examines the court’s powers to exclude unlawfully or unfairly obtained prosecution evidence by examining the position in relation to confession evidence excluded under ss. 76 and 78 Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984; and other prosecution evidence excluded at common law, under s. 78 PACE 1984, and as an abuse of process.
11. Prosecuting an Either-Way Offence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

Either-way offences include assault occasioning actual bodily harm, theft, and burglary. These offences can be committed with varying degrees of seriousness depending on the aggravating or mitigating features in the particular case. The more aggravating features, the more serious the offence will be regarded. This chapter examines the procedure for deciding where an either-way offence should be tried; the relative merits of summary trial and trial on indictment; and for those either-way offences that are to be tried in the Crown Court, the next stage of the proceedings.
16. Witness Evidence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter explains the law, procedure, and the practical issues associated with witness evidence. It considers the circumstances in which a witness can refresh his memory from an earlier written statement; the test to decide a witness’ competence to give evidence; the compellability of a witness; the assistance available to ‘vulnerable’ or ‘intimidated’ witnesses to give evidence under a special measures direction; a witness taking the oath or affirming; the rules associated with examination-in-chief; and the rules associated with cross-examination and re-examination.
19. Character Evidence and the Accused as a Witness at Trial
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter examines the evidential rules that apply to the defendant at trial. These include the defendant’s competence and compellability; the course of the defendant’s evidence; drawing an adverse inference under s. 35 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 from the defendant’s silence at trial; disclosure of a defendant’s past character; and arguments for and against the defendant giving evidence.
Introduction to Competition Law
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda
Published: September 2016

This introductory chapter discusses the following: the economics of competition law; the objectives of competition law, particularly in the EU; US antitrust law; schools of competition analysis and theories and concepts relevant to competition law; ordoliberalism and its implications for competition policy; competition law and the new economy; competition law and regulation; form and effects based rules; and the concept and assessment of market power.
Article 101 TFEU
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the text and scheme of Article 101 which prohibits agreements, decisions and concerted practices which restrict competition and may affect trade between Member States. It explains the terms employed in Article 101(1) and how they are interpreted and applied. This entails a discussion of the meaning of ‘undertaking’ and ‘association of undertakings’, including the concepts of ‘economic activities’ and of a ‘single economic entity’; the meaning of ‘agreement’ including the coverage of both horizontal and vertical agreements; the meaning of ‘concerted practice’; the meaning of ‘decisions by associations of undertakings’; the application of Article 101(1) to complex arrangements and single continuous infringements; and the meaning of an appreciable effect on trade between Member States.