bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Assessment of Sample Preparation Methods for the Determination of UV Filters in Water by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Greenness, Blueness, and Whiteness Quantification Using the AGREEprep, BAGI, and RGB 12 Tools
Authors: Wejnerowska Grażyna , Narloch Izabela
Published: August 2024

Sample preparation is a key step in the analytical procedure. This step is a time- and labor-consuming process, and often it is also expensive, with costs being influenced by the consumption of materials and reagents. Additionally, the toxicity of the reagents, waste generation, and energy consumption affect the environment and the safety of the analyst. New trends in sample preparation are focused on the development of miniaturized methods that are consistent with the principles of green sample preparation and contribute to environmental sustainability. The results of a comprehensive assessment of ten methods of preparing water samples for the determination of UV filters using gas chromatography are presented. Three assessment tools were used for this purpose: AGREEprep (the analytical greenness metric for sample preparation), BAGI (the blue applicability grade index), and the RGB 12 algorithm (red–green–blue model). All the differences and similarities between the three aforementioned metrics are discussed in this manuscript. The results of the evaluation of the most frequently used microextraction methods show their ecological friendliness, effectiveness, and practicality. The results of this assessment will allow researchers to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the given methods and select those that meet their requirements.
Spatiotemporal Trends and Variations in Rainfall Erosivity in the East Qinling Mountains and the Environmental Impacts
Authors: Xu Xiaoming
Published: August 2024

A better understanding of the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity and effects of extreme rainfall events on soil erosion is the basis for improved water resource planning, protection, and ecological restoration in the Qinling Mountains. Using long-term daily precipitation data from 19 national standard meteorological stations from 1957 to 2018, the spatiotemporal variation trend of rainfall erosivity was explored. A linear regression analysis method was used to detect trends in rainfall erosivity. The spatial pattern of rainfall erosivity, which is based on annual, seasonal, and extreme rainfall indices, was analyzed via a geospatial interpolation method. Effects of natural factors and human activities on soil erosion at different stages were examined via the double cumulative curve method. The average annual rainfall erosivity in the Shangluo area is 2306 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 year−1 and generally displays a gradual decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. Over the last 60 years, the annual R exhibited a nonsignificant increasing trend (p > 0.05). Overall, rainfall erosivity showed a phased trend with an increasing trend after 2000. Rainfall erosivity from June to September accounts for 78.5% of the annual total, while the annual R is mainly determined by a few rainfall events during the year. RX1d and RX5d account for 20–40% and 60–80%, respectively, of the total annual R and are likely to result in severe soil erosion in sloping cultivated land areas, agricultural lands, and dirt roads with continued climate change. Implementation of the National Natural Forest Protection Project and the ‘Grain for Green’ Project significantly reduced the intensity and scope of soil erosion in the area. This study aids in understanding the ecohydrological processes and soil erosion and sediment transport characteristics in the Qinling Mountains and promotes water resource protection and management along the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
Chaotic Measures as an Alternative to Spectral Measures for Analysing Turbulent Flow
Authors: Ho Richard D. J. G. , Clark Daniel , Berera Arjun
Published: August 2024

Turbulence has associated chaotic features. In the past couple of decades, there has been growing interest in the study of these features as an alternative means of understanding turbulent systems. Our own input to this effort is in contributing to the initial studies of chaos in Eulerian flow using direct numerical simulation (DNS). In this review, we discuss the progress achieved in the turbulence community in understanding chaotic measures including our own work. A central relation between turbulence and chaos is one by Ruelle that connects the maximum Lyapunov exponent and the Reynolds number. The first DNS studies, ours amongst them, in obtaining this relation have shown the viability of chaotic simulation studies of Eulerian flow. Such chaotic measures and associated simulation methodology provides an alternative means to probe turbulent flow. Building on this, we analyze the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) and study its fluctuations; we find that chaotic measures could be quantified accurately even at small simulation box sizes where for comparative sizes spectral measures would be inconclusive. We further highlight applications of chaotic measures in analyzing phase transition behavior in turbulent flow and two-dimensional thin-layer turbulent systems. This work shows that chaotic measures are an excellent tool that can be used alongside spectral measures in studying turbulent flow.
Coexistence of Algebraic Limit Cycles and Small Limit Cycles of Two Classes of Near-Hamiltonian Systems with a Nilpotent Singular Point
Authors: Liu Huimei , Cai Meilan , Li Feng
Published: August 2024

In this paper, two classes of near-Hamiltonian systems with a nilpotent center are considered: the coexistence of algebraic limit cycles and small limit cycles. For the first class of systems, there exist 2n+1 limit cycles, which include an algebraic limit cycle and 2n small limit cycles. For the second class of systems, there exist n2+3n+22 limit cycles, including an algebraic limit cycle and n2+3n2 small limit cycles.
Impacts of Whole-Grain Soft Red, Whole-Grain Soft White, and Refined Soft White Wheat Flour Crackers on Gastrointestinal Inflammation and the Gut Microbiota of Adult Humans
Authors: Kinney Gigi A. , Haddad Eliot N. , Gopalakrishnan Neha , Sugino Kameron Y. , Garrow Linda S. , Ng Perry K. W. , Comstock Sarah S.
Published: August 2024

Consumption of whole-grain wheat has been associated with positive health outcomes, but it remains unclear whether different types of wheat elicit varying effects on the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of two whole-grain wheat flours versus refined wheat flour on the diversity of the human gut microbiota, as well as on butyrate production capacity and gastrointestinal inflammation, using one-week dietary interventions. For this study, 28 participants were recruited, with ages ranging from 18 to 55 years and a mean BMI of 26.0 kg/m2. For four weeks, participants were provided 80 g daily servings of different wheat crackers: Week A was a run-in period of crackers made from soft white wheat flour, Week B crackers were whole-grain soft white wheat flour, Week C crackers were a wash-out period identical to Week A, and Week D crackers were whole-grain soft red wheat flour. At the end of each week, participants provided fecal samples that were analyzed for markers of intestinal inflammation, including lipocalin and calprotectin, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time PCR. The primary outcome, gut bacterial community alpha and beta diversity, was similar across timepoints. Three taxa significantly differed in abundance following both whole-grain wheat flour interventions: Escherichia/Shigella and Acidaminococcus were significantly depleted, and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group was enriched. Secondary outcomes determined that protein markers of intestinal inflammation and genes related to putative butyrate production capacity were similar throughout the study period, with no significant changes. Lipocalin concentrations ranged from 14.8 to 22.6 ng/mL while calprotectin ranged from 33.2 to 62.5 ng/mL across all 4 weeks. The addition of wheat crackers to the adult human subjects’ usual diet had a minimal impact on their gastrointestinal inflammation or the gut microbiota.
An In Silico Design of a Vaccine against All Serotypes of the Dengue Virus Based on Virtual Screening of B-Cell and T-Cell Epitopes
Authors: Ullah Hikmat , Ullah Shaukat , Li Jinze , Yang Fan , Tan Lei
Published: August 2024

Dengue virus poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite the urgent demand for vaccines in the control of the disease, the two approved vaccines, Dengvaxia and TV003/TV005, there are current questions regarding their effectiveness due to an increased risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and reduced protection. These challenges have underscored the need for further development of improved vaccines for Dengue Virus. This study presents a new design using an in silico approach to generate a more effective dengue vaccine. Initially, our design process began with the collection of Dengue polyprotein sequences from 10 representative countries worldwide. And then conserved fragments of viral proteins were retrieved as the bases for epitope screening. The selection of epitopes was then carried out with criteria such as antigenicity, immunogenicity, and binding affinity with MHC molecules, while the exclusion criteria were according to their allergenicity, toxicity, and potential for antibody-dependent enhancement. We then constructed a core antigen with the selected epitopes and linked the outcomes with distinct adjuvant proteins, resulting in three candidate vaccines: PSDV-1, PSDV-2, and PSDV-3. Among these, PSDV-2 was selected for further validation due to its superior physicochemical and structural properties. Extensive simulations demonstrated that PSDV-2 exhibited strong binding to pattern recognition receptors, high stability, and robust immune induction, confirming its potential as a high-quality vaccine candidate. For its recombinant expression, a plasmid was subsequently designed. Our new vaccine design offers a promising additional option for Dengue virus protection. Further experimental validations will be conducted to confirm its protective efficacy and safety.
Ongoing Dynamics of Peak Alpha Frequency Characterize Hypnotic Induction in Highly Hypnotic-Susceptible Individuals
Authors: Landry Mathieu , da Silva Castanheira Jason , Rousseaux Floriane , Rainville Pierre , Ogez David , Jerbi Karim
Published: August 2024

Hypnotic phenomena exhibit significant inter-individual variability, with some individuals consistently demonstrating efficient responses to hypnotic suggestions, while others show limited susceptibility. Recent neurophysiological studies have added to a growing body of research that shows variability in hypnotic susceptibility is linked to distinct neural characteristics. Building on this foundation, our previous work identified that individuals with high and low hypnotic susceptibility can be differentiated based on the arrhythmic activity observed in resting-state electrophysiology (rs-EEG) outside of hypnosis. However, because previous work has largely focused on mean spectral characteristics, our understanding of the variability over time of these features, and how they relate to hypnotic susceptibility, is still limited. Here we address this gap using a time-resolved assessment of rhythmic alpha peaks and arrhythmic components of the EEG spectrum both prior to and following hypnotic induction. Using multivariate pattern classification, we investigated whether these neural features differ between individuals with high and low susceptibility to hypnosis. Specifically, we used multivariate pattern classification to investigate whether these non-stationary neural features could distinguish between individuals with high and low susceptibility to hypnosis before and after a hypnotic induction. Our analytical approach focused on time-resolved spectral decomposition to capture the intricate dynamics of neural oscillations and their non-oscillatory counterpart, as well as Lempel–Ziv complexity. Our results show that variations in the alpha center frequency are indicative of hypnotic susceptibility, but this discrimination is only evident during hypnosis. Highly hypnotic-susceptible individuals exhibit higher variability in alpha peak center frequency. These findings underscore how dynamic changes in neural states related to alpha peak frequency represent a central neurophysiological feature of hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility.
Gender Differences in Prefrontal Cortex Response to Negative Emotional Stimuli in Drivers
Authors: Balada Ferran , Aluja Anton , García Óscar , Aymamí Neus , García Luis F.
Published: August 2024

Background: Road safety improvement is a governmental priority due to driver-caused accidents. Driving style variation affects safety, with emotional regulation being pivotal. However, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies show inconsistent prefrontal cortex activity during emotion processing. This study examines prefrontal cortex response to negative emotional stimuli, particularly traffic accident images, across drivers diverse in age and gender. Method: The study involved 118 healthy males (44.38 ± 12.98 years) and 84 females (38.89 ± 10.60 years). The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) was used to assess driving behavior alongside fNIRS recordings. Participants viewed traffic accident and neutral images while prefrontal oxygenation was monitored. Results: Women rated traffic accidents (t-test = 2.43; p < 0.016) and neutral images (t-test = 2.19; p < 0.030) lower in valence than men. Arousal differences were significant for traffic accident images (t-test = −3.06; p < 0.002). correlational analysis found an inverse relationship between Dissociative scale scores and oxygenation (all p-values ≤ 0.013). Greater prefrontal oxygenation occurred with neutral images compared to traffic accidents. Left hemisphere differences (t-test = 3.23; p < 0.001) exceeded right hemisphere differences (t-test = 2.46; p < 0.015). Subgroup analysis showed male participants to be driving these disparities. Among adaptive drivers, significant oxygenation differences between neutral and accident images were evident in both hemispheres (left: t-test = 2.72, p < 0.009; right: t-test = 2.22, p < 0.030). Conclusions: Male drivers with maladaptive driving styles, particularly dissociative ones, exhibit reduced prefrontal oxygenation when exposed to neutral and traffic accident images. This response was absent in female drivers, with no notable age-related differences.
Involvement of Subinsular Territory Stroke as Predictor of Outcome after Successful Endovascular Recanalization of Left Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Yoshida Yasuyuki , Mutoh Tatsushi , Tatewaki Yasuko , Taki Yasuyuki , Moroi Junta , Ishikawa Tatsuya
Published: August 2024

Subinsular stroke (subIS) can occur between the penetrating middle cerebral artery (MCA) branches, which clinical and radiological findings sometimes encounter in patients after the recanalization of left proximal MCA occlusion. However, no supportive data are available to clarify this relationship. This study investigated whether the involvement of subIS can impact outcomes after successful reperfusion therapy. Data from 152 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy between 2019 and 2023 were collected. A 3-month functional independence defined as a modified Rankin Scale 0–2 (primary outcome) and influencing factors were analyzed retrospectively. Recanalization was achieved in 35 patients, of whom 11 (31%) developed subIS. Patients with subIS were older in age (81 vs. 75; p < 0.05), had lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on admission (0.52 vs. 0.62; p < 0.001), and higher modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores (4 vs. 2; p < 0.001) than those without subIS. In a multivariate analysis, subIS was independently associated with a worse functional outcome (odds ratio: 10.5, p = 0.02). The cut-off value of the ADCs was 0.52 with a sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 64%, respectively. Subinsular ischemic lesions contribute to poor functional independence in patients after the successful recanalization of left MCA occlusion. The attenuation of the ADC value in these territories could be a valuable predictor of the outcome.
Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Transversely Ribbed Corrugated Steel Plate–Steel Pipe Concrete Shear Wall
Authors: Chen Zixuan , Liu Xuan
Published: August 2024

To enhance the seismic resilience of building structures and refine the stability and longevity of buildings, it is essential to implement strategies that not only reinforce their structural integrity but also ensure their enduring functionality. The seismic performance test of corrugated steel plate–concrete–filled steel tube shear walls with transverse ribs was studied. Three specimens of shear walls featuring transversely ribbed corrugated steel plates filled with concrete were fabricated, namely, a C–shaped shear wall with four square steel tube concrete columns (specimen C40), a C–shaped shear wall with vertical loading beams (specimen C40X), and a C–shaped shear wall with two steel tube concrete columns (specimen C40LX). Each specimen was equipped with transverse–rib corrugated steel plates with the same parameters. The seismic performances of the specimens were tested by applying loads to different specimens through the displacement–controlled loading system. The tests show that the hysteretic curves of test piece C40 and test piece C40X are not full compared with that of test piece C40LX; the cracking load, yield load, peak load, and ultimate load of both are significantly lower than those of test piece C40LX; and the energy consumption levels of test piece C40 and test piece C40X are relatively weak. The test piece C40LX obviously has a high ductility coefficient, and the stiffness decrease under load is relatively small. During the loading process, the strain change law of the vertical reinforcement in the bottom section of the wall also maintains a reasonable state. It can be seen that the C–shaped transverse–rib corrugated steel plate–concrete–filled steel tube shear wall with two concrete–filled steel tube columns has a higher seismic performance.
Research on the Optimization Design of the Atrium Space Form in University Libraries Based on the Coupling of Daylighting and Energy Consumption
Authors: Bai Wenqi , Guo Weihong , He Yiwei , Wu Yudi , Liang Sheng , Zhang Shen
Published: August 2024

The atrium, as the core space of modern university libraries, is crucial for providing ample natural lighting and creating a comfortable spatial experience. It is also key to achieving the building’s green and low-carbon goals. However, designing the atrium of a university library faces a significant challenge: finding the right balance between ensuring good natural lighting and effectively reducing the energy consumption of the air conditioning system. This study aims to explore this balance and provide architects with various feasible design schemes. Firstly, a parametric typical model of the atrium space was established by researching 36 university libraries. Based on the Grasshopper platform in Rhino, the typical model was simulated for natural lighting and energy consumption, and the Wallacei plugin was used to couple the optimization parameters of the typical model with the optimization target parameters. The multi-objective optimization experiment of the typical model was carried out with the objectives of maximizing spatial daylight autonomy and the percentage of useful daylight illuminance, as well as minimizing air conditioning energy consumption. The experiment generated 2000 optimization solutions, and the analysis of the historical solution set revealed the complex non-linear relationship between optimization parameters and performance indicators. Moreover, three Pareto optimal solutions were selected as representative design schemes, providing valuable references for architects when designing the spatial form of the atrium.
The Elastic-Analysis-Based Study on the Internal Force and Deformation of the Double-System Composite Guideway
Authors: Bai Zhengwei , Zhu Eryu , Cai Wenchao , Jian Honghe , Li Jiacheng
Published: August 2024

To fill the gaps in the theoretical research on the internal force and deformation of the DSCG, the development law of the internal force and deformation of DSCG was explored in conjunction with the theory of elastic analysis. In addition, a finite element model was established to validate the calculation results. The results showed that using different pre-stressing increment calculation methods affected the calculation results of the composite interface deformation, with the equivalent section method accounting for 0.74% and the principle of the virtual work method for 0.03%. On the other hand, the development of internal forces and deformations in the DSCG was closely related to the magnitude of the load forms and axle weights. At the same time, material non-linearity had less influence on these factors. Finally, the development patterns of the internal forces and deformations of the DSCG with different spans were similar. The specific values were closely related to the span of the guideway, and the interfacial slip, axial force, and deflection of the DSCG with span L = 25 m were 0.60, 0.41, and 0.23 times those of the DSCG with span L = 35 m, respectively. The conclusions of this paper fill the gaps in the theoretical study of multi-system guideways.
The Stabilization of a Hellenistic City Square (Plaza) at the Kınık Höyük Archeological Site, Niğde Province, Türkiye
Authors: Üçer Erduran Deniz , Yolaçan Burak , d’Alfonso Lorenzo
Published: August 2024

In recent years, at the Kınık Höyük archeological site in Niğde province in Turkey, a city square (plaza) located in the town’s acropolis was discovered. Context and spatial finds indicate that this stone-paved plaza dates to the Hellenistic era. It is made of a large cobblestone masonry structure made of local amorphous units that were fixed only with compacted earth. The conservation plan concentrated on enclosing the unbound free edges by using new pavement and a retaining wall to stop the ongoing decay because the plaza had already lost its integrity before the discovery. To distinguish between the original application and modern interventions, new cladding was designed and installed lower than the ancient pavement’s level using smaller stones from the same source. Additionally, a retaining wall was planned and built to be plastered to achieve a plain surface, where the pavement’s texture created contrast and highlighted neat craftsmanship. For this consolidation application, a hydraulic lime-based binder was combined with local earth for compatibility with the older application. The application’s suitability and durability were demonstrated after it was observed for a few years while being subjected to atmospheric impacts without any protection. Therefore, the examination confirmed that the suggested method is safe to apply in situations where similar stabilization needs arise.
Three-Dimensional Printing with Earthen Materials: A Settlement-Scale Design Experience
Authors: Giacomobono Leonardo , Argenti Maria , Ferretti Elena , Paparella Giulio
Published: August 2024

This case study originates as a design experiment for a sustainable housing system built on-site. The context is Niamey, the capital of Niger. The study takes into account the environmental issues in the construction sector and aims to find a solution capable of meeting housing, environmental, and economic needs. In the field of earthen construction, the most important developments have been achieved in manufacturing methods. In particular, the use of an additive digital manufacturing system, such as large-scale 3D printing, allows the construction of complex shapes derived from structural and thermal studies, maintaining a high degree of automation in the construction process, reducing construction times and labor costs. This paper investigates the possibility of responding to housing and environmental needs with a settlement system made almost entirely of printed earth, maintaining the highest possible degree of automation. Starting from a study on the state of the art of 3D printing in architecture and printable earthen compounds, the design choices of similar cases are analyzed to understand the construction techniques, potentials, and limitations of the medium. Finally, a design proposal is developed based on the definition of a fully printable functional module, which, upon aggregation, determines the characteristics of the final settlement. This implies a radical change of approach compared to previous prototyping of 3D-printed earthen buildings, as the design of the single functional module is not an exercise that finds completion in itself, but is oriented to the scale of the settlement right from the definition of its basic geometric characteristics. In other words, the settlement is no longer the result of the serial aggregation of independent basic units, but arises spontaneously from the juxtaposition of functional modules designed to interact with each other and merge into a single residential complex. The settlement is, therefore, the large-scale replication of the alternation between full and empty spaces that characterizes the single functional module and, even more importantly, the replication can take multiple forms. In fact, the full and empty spaces of the functional module are planned to allow multiple combinations of aggregation. This introduces a certain degree of customization into the growth dynamics of the settlement, a factor that is entirely new compared to previous proposals by repeatable modules. No less important are the environmental implications, as designing for the scale of the settlement allows the low carbon footprint typical of earth-based construction to be extended from the single building to the entire settlement.
A Recognition Technique for the Generative Tessellations of Geometric Patterns in Islamic Architectural Ornaments; Case Study: Southern Iwan of the Grand Mosque of Varamin
Authors: Sheikhi Nashalji Mehdi , Mehdizadeh Saradj Fatemeh
Published: August 2024

The ornamentation of historical buildings in Iran often features geometric patterns, which hold cultural and architectural significance. These patterns, rooted in Islamic tradition, are widely used in contemporary Middle Eastern architecture. By employing regular polygons, intricate designs emerge, forming interconnected tessellations and repeating modules. This paper focuses on uncovering hidden tessellations and geometric patterns within the southern Iwan of the Grand Mosque of Varamin. Through photography and field measurements, 82.4 and 36 tessellations were identified. Using the Revit 2024 program, a novel method was introduced to model these patterns. By manipulating repeating units, designers can create diverse geometric latticework, preserving Islamic architectural heritage. Furthermore, these patterns offer practical applications beyond ornamentation. They can serve as architectural elements in urban environments, such as fences or enclosures, enhancing privacy in residential spaces and contributing to urban aesthetics. This approach facilitates the integration of historical patterns into contemporary architectural designs, enriching both cultural identity and urban landscapes and is a step toward smart cities.
Assessment of the Mechanical and Microstructural Performance of Waste Kraft Fibre Reinforced Cement Composite Incorporating Sustainable Eco-Friendly Additives
Authors: Taiwo Anuoluwapo S. , Ayre David S. , Khorami Morteza , Rahatekar Sameer S.
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the influence of limestone powder and metakaolin as sustainable eco-friendly additives on the properties and behavior of cementitious composite boards, with a focus on mechanical strength, physical properties, and microstructural characteristics. The experimental investigation begins with the characterization of the raw materials, including limestone powder, and metakaolin, to assess their particle sizes, elemental composition, and microstructural features. Cement composite boards were fabricated using an innovatively developed lab-simulated vacuum dewatering process, by varying the proportions of limestone powder and metakaolin as partial replacements for cement, along with waste kraft fibres as reinforcement. Mechanical testing was conducted to evaluate the flexural strength and behaviour of the composite boards according to standardized procedures. A microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the effect of additives on the cementitious matrix, fibrematrix interaction, and hydration products. The findings from the experimental study reveal insights into the influence of limestone powder and metakaolin on the mechanical properties and microstructure of waste kraft fibre-reinforced cement composite boards. Our analysis of the results shows that adding 9% limestone powder as partial cement replacement produces a 24% and 50% enhancement in flexural strength at 7 and 28 days of hydration, while that of metakaolin as partial cement replacement was optimum at 6% with an enhancement of 4% and 36%, respectively, at 7 and 28 days of hydration. The implications of these findings for the development of sustainable cementitious composite are discussed, including the potential benefits of using limestone powder and metakaolin as supplementary cementitious materials in waste kraft fibre-reinforced cement composite boards. Finally, recommendations for optimizing additive proportions are also provided to enhance the understanding and application of these materials in the construction and building industries.
Protein Biomarkers of Gastric Preneoplasia and Cancer Lesions in Blood: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Bazin Thomas , Nozeret Karine , Julié Catherine , Lamarque Dominique , Touati Eliette
Published: August 2024

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It is often associated with a bad prognosis because of its asymptomatic phenotype until advanced stages, highlighting the need for its prevention and early detection. GC development is preceded by the emergence of gastric preneoplasia lesions (GPNLs), namely atrophic gastritis (AG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), and dysplasia (DYS). GC is currently diagnosed by endoscopy, which is invasive and costly and has limited effectiveness for the detection of GPNLs. Therefore, the discovery of non-invasive biomarkers in liquid biopsies, such as blood samples, in order to identify the presence of gastric preneoplasia and/or cancer lesions at asymptomatic stages is of paramount interest. This comprehensive review provides an overview of recently identified plasma/serum proteins and their diagnostic performance for the prediction of GPNLs and early cancer lesions. Autoantibodies appear to be promising biomarkers for AG, IM and early gastric cancer detection, along with inflammation and immunity-related proteins and antibodies against H. pylori virulence factors. There is a lack of specific protein biomarkers with which to detect DYS. Despite the need for further investigation and validation, some emerging candidates could pave the way for the development of reliable, non-invasive diagnostic tests for the detection and prevention of GC.
Opportunities and Challenges of Small Molecule Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Treatment: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials
Authors: Hoosemans Linde , Vooijs Marc , Hoeben Ann
Published: August 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent central nervous system tumour (CNS). Patients with GBM have a dismal prognosis of 15 months, despite an intensive treatment schedule consisting of surgery, chemoradiation and concurrent chemotherapy. In the last decades, many trials have been performed investigating small molecule inhibitors, which target specific genes involved in tumorigenesis. So far, these trials have been unsuccessful, and standard of care for GBM patients has remained the same since 2005. This review gives an overview of trials investigating small molecule inhibitors on their own, combined with chemotherapy or other small molecule inhibitors. We discuss possible resistance mechanisms in GBM, focussing on intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity, bypass mechanisms and the influence of the tumour microenvironment. Moreover, we emphasise how combining inhibitors can help overcome these resistance mechanisms. We also address strategies for improving trial outcomes through modifications to their design. In summary, this review aims to elucidate different resistance mechanisms against small molecule inhibitors, highlighting their significance in the search for novel therapeutic combinations to improve the overall survival of GBM patients.
Estrogen-Receptor Loss and ESR1 Mutation in Estrogen-Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer and the Effect on Overall Survival
Authors: Westenend Pieter J. , Meurs Claudia J. C. , de Leeuw Bertie , Akkers Robert C.
Published: August 2024

In patients with metastatic estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive HER2-negative breast cancer, the loss of ER expression and the mutation of ESR1—the gene encoding the ER receptor—are mechanisms for resistance to endocrine therapy. We aimed to determine the frequency of these mechanisms and their interaction. Metastases were retrieved from our pathology files. ESR1 hotspot mutations resulting in p.(D538G), p.(Y537S), and p.(L536H) were determined by means of pyrosequencing. Clinical data were retrieved from electronic medical records. A total of 136 metastases were available for analysis. ER loss was found in 23 metastases (17%). ESR1 mutations were found in 18 metastases (13%), including p.(D538G) in 9, p.(Y537S) in 7, and p.(L536H) in 2. ESR1 mutation and ER loss were mutually exclusive (p = 0.042), and ESR1 mutation was associated with endocrine therapy (p = 0.002). ESR1 mutation was found in two primary breast cancers. ESR1 mutations are rare in primary breast cancer and develop in metastases during endocrine therapy. Furthermore, ER loss had a statistically significant negative effect on overall survival when compared to patients without ER loss, with a rate ratio of 3.21 (confidence interval 1.95–5.26). No such effect was observed for ESR1 mutations, with a rate ratio of 1.15 (confidence interval 0.67–1.95). We conclude that ER loss and ESR1 mutation together account for 30% of the resistance to endocrine therapy.
Exploring the Role of CBX3 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Lung Cancer
Authors: Wahab Muhammad Aamir , Del Gaudio Nunzio , Gargiulo Biagio , Quagliariello Vincenzo , Maurea Nicola , Nebbioso Angela , Altucci Lucia , Conte Mariarosaria
Published: August 2024

Epigenetic changes regulate gene expression through histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and protein translation of these modifications. The PRC1 and PRC2 complexes shape gene repression via histone modifications. Specifically, the CBX protein family aids PRC1 recruitment to chromatin, impacting the progressive multistep process driving chromatin silencing. Among family members, CBX3 is a complex protein involved in aberrant epigenetic mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression. CBX3 promotes lung tumorigenesis by interacting with key pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Ras/KRAS, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, Notch, and p53, leading to increased proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhanced resistance to therapy. Given our current lack of knowledge, additional research is required to uncover the intricate mechanisms underlying CBX3 activity, as well as its involvement in molecular pathways and its potential biomarker evaluation. Specifically, the dissimilar roles of CBX3 could be reexamined to gain a greater insight into lung cancer pathogenesis. This review aims to provide a clear overview of the context-related molecular profile of CBX3, which could be useful for addressing clinical challenges and developing novel targeted therapies based on personalized medicine.
Evidence for Radiation Therapy in Stage III Locoregionally Advanced Cutaneous Melanoma in the Post-Immunotherapy Era: A Literature Review
Authors: Zhou Jennifer , Wuthrick Evan
Published: August 2024

In the landscape of Stage III locoregionally advanced cutaneous melanoma treatment, the post-immunotherapy era has sparked a number of questions on the management of the nodal basin. However, much of the available literature is not focused on radiation therapy as an adjuvant therapy. This literature review aims to illuminate the evidence surrounding radiation therapy’s potential to mitigate regional recurrences in the adjuvant setting for melanoma. Additionally, it seeks to identify adjunct systemic therapy options and explore the synergy between systemic therapy and radiation. Despite strides in surgical techniques and systemic therapies, controlling regional Stage III melanoma remains a formidable clinical hurdle. While historical data strongly suggest the efficacy of adjuvant radiation therapy in reducing regional recurrence risk, its evaluation predates the advent of MAPK pathway inhibitors and robust immunotherapy options. Notably, clinical trials have yet to definitively demonstrate a survival advantage with adjuvant radiation therapy. Additional research should focus on refining the definition of high risk for regional recurrence through gene expression profiling or tumor immune profiling scores and elucidate the optimal role of adjuvant radiation therapy in patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy.
BioTemplated Fe3+-Doped g-C3N4 Heterojunction Micromotors for the Degradation of Tetracycline through the Photo-Fenton Reaction
Authors: Gan Qingbao , Zhang Jianwei , Wang Jinglin , Wei Yuntian , Chen Shikun , Cai Shuguang , Xiao Xueqing , Zheng Chan
Published: August 2024

The excessive discharge of antibiotics into aquatic systems is a major issue in many countries worldwide and poses a threat to human health and the sustainable development of society. Hence, developing efficient treatment methods and purification technologies to degrade antibiotics is essential. Herein, we present the synthesis of low-cost, self-propelled tubular Fe3+-incorporated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-Fe@KF) micromotors using kapok fibers (KFs) as templates and their application as photo-catalysts for the photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible-light irradiation. The g-C3N4-Fe@KF micromotors moved rapidly when being propelled by oxygen bubbles generated in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution as a result of a photo-assisted Fenton reaction. The motion behavior of the g-C3N4-Fe@KF micromotors was dependent on the concentration of H2O2 and the length of the micromotors. The propulsion mechanism was discussed in detail. The micromotors efficiently degraded antibiotics via the photo-Fenton process. Photo-Fenton degradation efficiency was attributed to the synergistic effects of the doped Fe3+ and g-C3N4 under visible-light irradiation and self-propulsion of the micromotors. In addition, the micromotors possessed good reusability, thereby efficiently realizing multiple cycles of degradation. The current work offers an avenue for the design of micromotors, using inexpensive approaches, for various potential environmental applications.
Correction: Trstenjak Prebanda et al. Upregulation of Mitochondrial Redox Sensitive Proteins in LPS-Treated Stefin B-Deficient Macrophages. Cells 2019, 8, 1476
Authors: Trstenjak Prebanda Mojca , Završnik Janja , Turk Boris , Kopitar Jerala Nataša
Published: August 2024

In the original publication [...]
Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Blood Cells in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Ibrutinib
Authors: Stéphan Pierre , Bouherrou Khaled , Guillermin Yann , Michallet Anne-Sophie , Grinberg-Bleyer Yenkel
Published: August 2024

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell-derived hematologic malignancy whose progression depends on active B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Despite the spectacular efficacy of Ibrutinib, an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), resistance can develop in CLL patients, and alternative therapeutic strategies are therefore required. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care and may be an attractive approach in this context. We speculated that characterizing the immune responses of CLL patients may highlight putative immunotherapeutic targets. Here, we used high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry to compare the distribution and phenotype of non-B-cell immune populations in the circulating blood of CLL patients treated with Ibrutinib displaying a complete response or secondary progression. Although no drastic changes were observed in the composition of their immune subsets, the Ibrutinib-resistant group showed increased cycling of CD8+ T cells, leading to their overabundance at the expense of dendritic cells. In addition, the expression of 11 different surface checkpoints was similar regardless of response status. Together, this suggests that CLL relapse upon Ibrutinib treatment may not lead to major alterations in the peripheral immune response.
Prolactin Modulates the Proliferation and Secretion of Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells via Regulating Sodium-Coupled Neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1 and 2
Authors: Ma Xiaoyue , Liu Hanling , Li Wentao , Chen Jianguo , Cui Zhenliang , Wang Zixia , Hu Changmin , Ding Yi , Zhu Hongmei
Published: August 2024

The prolactin (PRL) hormone is a major regulator of mammary gland development and lactation. However, it remains unclear whether and how PRL contributes to mammary epithelial cell proliferation and secretion. The Boer and Macheng black crossbred goats are superior in reproduction, meat, and milk, and are popular in Hubei province. To elucidate the mechanisms of PRL on mammary growth and lactation, to improve the local goat economic trade, we have performed studies on these crossbred goats during pregnancy and early lactation, and in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). Here, we first found that the amino acid transporters of SNAT1 and SNAT2 expression in vivo and in vitro were closely associated with PRL levels, the proliferation and secretion of GMECs; knockdown and over-expression of SNAT1/2 demonstrated that PRL modulated the proliferation and lactation of GMECs through regulating SNAT1/2 expression. Transcriptome sequencing and qPCR assays demonstrated the effect of PRL on the transcriptional regulation of SNAT1 and SNAT2 in GMECs. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays further verified that the binding of the potential PRL response element in the SNAT1/2 promoter regions activated SNAT1/2 transcription after PRL stimulation. Additionally, silencing of either PRLR or STAT5 nearly abolished PRL-stimulated SNAT1/2 promoter activity, suggesting PRLR–STAT5 signaling is involved in the regulation of PRL on the transcriptional activation of SNAT1/2. These results illustrated that PRL modulates the proliferation and secretion of GMECs via PRLR–STAT5-mediated regulation of the SNAT1/2 pathway. This study provides new insights into how PRL affects ruminant mammary development and lactation through regulation of amino acid transporters.
Microplastics in Sludges and Soils: A Comprehensive Review on Distribution, Characteristics, and Effects
Authors: Arab Maliheh , Yu Jimmy , Nayebi Behnam
Published: August 2024

Microplastic contamination in terrestrial environments has risen significantly, far exceeding levels in marine environments. This shift underscores the concerning prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in sewage sludge and soil, raising environmental apprehensions. Microplastics from various sources accumulate in sewage systems, consequently, sewage sludge and soil have transformed into primary reservoirs of microplastic pollutants, capable of infiltrating aquatic ecosystems. While using sludge to enrich soil provides nutrients, it simultaneously introduces substantial microplastic content, posing environmental hazards. These microplastics can accumulate in the soil, altering its properties and potentially polluting deeper soil layers and groundwater, compounding environmental risks. This review scrutinizes the abundance, types, and shapes of microplastics in sewage sludge and soil, evaluating their impacts and suggesting future research directions. Statistical analysis reveals higher microplastic concentrations in sludge (271 Particles/kg dry weight) than in soil (34.6 Particles/kg). Strong correlations between microplastic concentrations in soil and sludge (R2 = 0.95) underscore the significant influence of sludge application on soil ecosystems. The p-value of 0.0001 indicates a significant correlation between MP amounts in soil and sludge, while the p-value of 0.47 suggests no significant association between MP concentrations in wastewater and sludge. Research confirms that microplastics influence sludge properties, microbial communities, and soil characteristics, contingent on microplastic attributes and soil conditions. Predominantly, microplastic shapes found in sludge and soil are fibers and fragments, often linked to agricultural fertilizer use. Microplastics detrimentally affect soil bulk density and aggregate stability, impairing soil structure and surface. Furthermore, their presence alters pollutant transport behavior in soil, emphasizing the imperative to investigate microplastics’ effects and transport mechanisms for mitigating environmental and health risks.
The Electrical Conductivity of a Bacterial Cellulose and Polyaniline Composite Significantly Improved by Activated Carbon: A Nano-Based Platform for Electrodes
Authors: Sirichaibhinyo Thanakrit , Supchocksoonthorn Preeyanuch , Paoprasert Peerasak , Ummartyotin Sarute
Published: August 2024

In this study, we successfully fabricated a composite sheet comprising bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyaniline (PAN), integrated with activated carbon (AC), to produce electrodes in a supercapacitor. The electrical conductivity level can be adjusted by adding AC into the composite. FTIR revealed hydrogen bonding interactions between the -OH groups of the bacterial cellulose and the -NH groups of the polyaniline. The XRD pattern showed the characteristic peak of activated carbon. The SEM showed that PAN was filled into the porous network of the bacterial cellulose. The AC was randomly distributed onto the composite’s surface. The composite was thermally stable up to 200 °C. The electrical conductivity was reported to be 1.5–3.5 S/m when AC was added from 0.2 to 1 wt%. Furthermore, the specific capacitances (Cs), energy densities (Es), and power density (P) were typically reported to be 30–70 F/g, 4–11 Wh/kg, and 400–700 W/kg, respectively. Moreover, the optimization of the activated carbon ratio led to a reduction in the charge transfer resistance (Rct), as demonstrated by a Nyquist plot analysis, thereby enhancing electrical conductivity. Overall, the bacterial cellulose and polyaniline composite sheet, incorporating activated carbon, exhibited excellent properties, making it a promising candidate for bioelectrode supercapacitor applications in the near future.