bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of timing of precipitation and acorn harvest date on emergence of Quercus emoryi
Authors: Germaine Heather L. , McPherson Guy R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Germination of semi‐arid Quercus is strongly correlated with the rainy season. However, the timing and amount of summer precipitation in the southwestern United States is extremely variable. Ongoing and impending changes in global and regional climates are likely to increase this variability. Specifically, anthropogenically induced changes in general circulation patterns may alter the seasonal distribution of precipitation in a directional manner. In addition to climatic variability, the inter‐ and intra‐annual variability of Quercus emoryi Torr. (Emory oak) acorn maturation also is high. Therefore, in light of existing climatic variability and potential future climate change, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of acorn maturation date and the timing of the onset of the ‘monsoon’ on emergence of Q. emoryi seedlings.

Acorns were collected at weekly intervals in July of 1995 and 1996, planted in a greenhouse, and subjected to different watering treatments. Watering treatments were (1) acorns watered the same day as planting; (2) acorns watered two weeks after planting; (3) acorns watered four weeks after planting. Emergence in 1995 was significantly greater in the last week of acorn maturation and decreased significantly as time to the onset of the ‘monsoon’ increased. Emergence in 1996 was very low, presumably because of soil moisture contents that were lower than those observed in 1995. The dependence of Q. emoryi on water for emergence has profound implications for Q. emoryi recruitment in the face of current climatic variability and future climate change. Summers with a delayed ‘monsoon’ and decreased soil moisture may severely constrain recruitment of this woody plant.
Aerophyte, a new life form in Raunkiaer's classification?
Authors: Galán de Mera A. , Hagen M.A. , Vicente Orellana J.A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. In the framework of a revision of Raunkiaer's classification of life forms, a new life form, aerophyte, is proposed for use in vegetation science. Aerophytic plant communities are described based on own observations and those of other authors. An extended system of life forms is proposed.
Plant species responses along a grazing disturbance gradient in Australian grassland
Authors: Fensham R.J. , Holman J.E. , Cox M.J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Floristic data from paired roadside‐paddock analyses from grassland in central Queensland, Australia, were ordinated. The mean direction of the vectors between these pairs was almost perfectly aligned with the indirect gradient represented by the first axis of Non‐metric Multi‐dimensional Scaling. It confirms anecdotal evidence of a trend from infrequently grazed roadsides to constantly grazed paddocks. The increasing abundance of annual herbs and grasses along this putative gradient is consistent with documented trends from elsewhere in the world. The response patterns of individual species along the disturbance gradient is consistent with ecological theory predicting unimodal peaks in abundance along physical environmental gradients. The ancestral perennial dominants of the grasslands, Dichanthium sericeum and D. queenslandicum, exhibited a declining response to grazing disturbance. Even the generally unpalatable perennial grass Aristida leptopoda declined considerably in the upper segments of the grazing disturbance gradient. A suite of herbaceous trailing legumes had peaks in their abundance near the middle of the grazing disturbance gradient, trends that can be readily explained by the combination of their palatability and intolerance to competition from tall perennial grasses. Several species including the noxious exotic herb Parthenium hysterophorus showed increasing abundance along the grazing disturbance gradient. The methodology may have application as a rapid method of assessing disturbance impacts elsewhere, and is most suited where a management differential between paired plots can be reliably generalized and where the physical environment is relatively monotonous.
Secondary succession after fire in a Mediterranean dwarf‐shrub community
Authors: Henkin Zalmen , Seligman No'am G. , Noy‐Meir Imanuel , Kafkafi Uzi
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Changes in vegetation composition after fire in a Sarcopoterium spinosum dwarf‐shrub community on phosphorus‐deficient terra rossa soil overlying limestone were studied over a 10‐yr period. Herbicide application and phosphate fertilizer were combined to provide a range of initial conditions for recovery. The site was undisturbed during the growing season in winter but was grazed by cattle in summer. Encroachment rate of S. spinosum was mainly a function of the density of viable buds on plants that survived the fire and/or the shrub control treatments. This, together with the very low rate of shrub establishment from seed set a short‐to‐medium term limit to the attainable cover of S. spinosum. The leguminous shrub Calycotome villosa appeared only in the third year after the fire, apparently from seed. After shrub control, the encroachment rate of C. villosa was low, even after 9 yr. On the other hand, where no herbicide was applied, and with the cessation of goat grazing, C. villosa became increasingly prominent, to the extent that by the 8th year after the fire, it inhibited the continued expansion of S. spinosum. Phosphorus nutrition tended to reduce the cover of S. spinosum because of its stimulating effect on the predominantly leguminous herbaceous vegetation. C. villosa also appeared to benefit from greater phosphorus availability, despite greater competition from the annual vegetation. These findings show that, depending on the context, secondary succession after fire can take different courses. Whereas the combined effect of herbicide control and P‐enrichment cannot prevent shrub encroachment, it can slow down the rate of succession for more than a decade, despite the presence of ample shrub seed sources in the area.
Possible role of disturbance in shaping the northern distribution of Pinus resinosa
Authors: Flannigan M.D. , Bergeron Y.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The objective of this study is to determine the factors responsible for the distribution of Pinus resinosa (red pine) at its northern limit in northwestern Québec. Pinus resinosa is found only on islands and protected lake shores at its northern distribution boundary. The influence of climate on the germination of P. resinosa seed and on the phenology of P. resinosa was investigated in the Lake Duparquet region of northwestern Québec. The results indicate that P. resinosa seed readily germinates at island‐ and inland sites, which indicates that germination is not responsible for the distribution of P. resinosa in the Lake Duparquet region. Also, cones and seeds developed normally at island sites and an inland plantation, which suggests that seed production is not hindering the expansion of P. resinosa. These results, together with other studies in the literature, suggest that no climatic factor could explain the present distribution of P. resinosa nor its northern limit. The fire regime appears to be responsible for the restriction of P. resinosa to lake environments and hinders the northward expansion of P. resinosa. The typical crown fire regime of the boreal forest is not conducive for P. resinosa regeneration and restricts the species to fire‐sheltered locations such as islands and protected lake shores.
Successional trends 219 years after fire in an old Pinus sylvestris stand in northern Sweden
Authors: Engelmark Ola , Hofgaard Annika , Arnborg Tore
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We present results from repeated analyses (1962, 1993) of a permanent plot established in 1947, combined with retrospective stand age structure data, in an old Pinus sylvestris stand in Muddus National Park, northern Sweden. The study points towards a successional pathway governed by concurrent disturbance effects of climate variability, reindeer grazing and fire. This is intermediate to the two often advocated ideas on dynamics in boreal forests, that is, one of disturbance‐related tree regeneration/mortality and one of continuous regeneration.

When the plot was established in 1947 the tree layer (> 1.3 m) consisted of 300 individuals/ha of P. sylvestris and 62/ha of Betula pubescens. Subsequently the stand has become more dense and the species dominance has shifted. In 1993, 362 P. sylvestris and 62 Picea abies individuals were present per ha, while no Betula individuals were found. The number of dead trees increased from zero in 1947 to 200/ha (Pinus) in 1993. Pinus was also the most common species in the sapling layer (< 1.3 m) throughout the study period, though the number dropped from 8912/ha in 1947 to 51% in 1993. Dead saplings decreased from 2650/ha in 1947 to ca. 50% in 1962, and only 9% in 1993. Temporal variations in mortality and sapling mean height coincided with variations in snow depth, indicating a critical period in sapling development when saplings are exposed at the snow/atmosphere interface. The number of living Picea saplings increased slowly until 1993; no dead saplings were found.

Most Pinus recruited shortly after the 1774‐fire, and during the second half of the 1900s. The major part of the spruce regeneration took place during the later half of the 1900s. No successful Betula recruitment has occurred after the 1930s, and no live Betula were present in 1993, which might be explained as an effect of increased reindeer browsing – the reindeer stock has grown by 50% since 1961.

Although subjected to high mortality, Pinus regenerated and maintained a seedling/sapling bank. In this way Pinus remained dominant in the tree layer after more than 200 post‐fire years. The importance of the shade‐tolerant Picea has slowly increased, while Betula has died off. Thus, even after 219 yr since fire there is an early successional trend in the stand. This suggests that an increased chronic disturbance (grazing/browsing by reindeer) has partly succeeded earlier discrete fire‐disturbance events, and maintained a continuous seedbed favouring the shade‐intolerant pine recruitment.
Structure, dynamics and disturbance regime of temperate broad‐leaved forests in Japan
Authors: Masaki T. , Tanaka H. , Tanouchi H. , Sakai T. , Nakashizuka T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Structure, diversity and dynamics of five Japanese temperate old‐growth forests were compared, differing from each other in, i.a., climate, dominant tree type, topography, disturbance regime. The forests were Aya, Ogawa, Kanumazawa Riparian, Kanumazawa upland and Senju. A permanent plot (1–6 ha) was established in each forest and trees were censused several times at intervals of two years. Mean annual recruitment rates and mortality rates in these forests were both in the range of 0.5 to 4.6 %/yr at the community level. Analyses of the structure and dynamics of populations showed that the underlying process was different among the forests. Some forests experienced compositional shifts in their canopies, others had a constant canopy composition but appeared to lack effective regeneration in recent years. The recruitment rate appeared to be strongly affected by competitive undergrowth vegetation such as dwarf bamboo which has been controlled by natural disturbance or human impact. It is likely that the forests with mostly low recruitment rates had a low species diversity. The current variation in structure, diversity and dynamics of the studied forests might have been determined not only by physical conditions (e.g. climate) but also by chance factors (e.g. disturbance, outbreak of deer population).
Heterogeneity in shortgrass prairie vegetation: the role of playa lakes
Authors: Hoagland Bruce W. , Collins Scott L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We examined the role of playa lakes in promoting regional heterogeneity on the southern High Plains. The goals of this paper were to: (1) describe vegetation types and zonation patterns within playas, (2) evaluate patterns of species distribution and abundance within and among playas, and (3) assess patterns of heterogeneity within and among playas on a portion of the southern High Plains. Perennial grasses were the most abundant species in playa vegetation. Playa vegetation exhibited distinct and repeatable vegetation zones at the majority of sites, but the number of distinct zones varied from site to site. Agropyron smithii, Buchloë dactyloides, and Panicum obtusum were the most important species of playa interior zones, and Bouteloua gracilis, Buchloë dactyloides, and Schedonnardus paniculatus were important upland species outside of playas. Species distribution and abundance were positively correlated at 38 of 40 sites. The distributions of species occurrences among sites were unimodal both locally and regionally. The degree of heterogeneity varied from playa to playa. Local heterogeneity within playas was found to increase regional heterogeneity; therefore, playas increase both local and regional heterogeneity of vegetation. Long‐term monitoring will be necessary to understand the spatial and temporal response of vegetation within and among playas to stochastic climatic factors on the southern High Plains of North America.
Long‐term dynamics of vegetation and disturbance of a southern boreal spruce swamp forest
Authors: Segerström Ulf
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Analysis of pollen, charcoal and loss‐on‐ignition in peat cores from a Picea aèies‐dominated swamp forest in central Sweden show the vegetation changes and disturbance patterns over 9500 yr. Six major sequences of local vegetation development are identified: (A) Pinus period, ca. 9500–7000 cal. BP; (B) Open mire period (ca. 7000–4500 cal. BP; (C) Betula period, ca. 4500–2300 cal. BP; (D) Picea period (ca. 2300–1000 cal. BP; (E) Human impact period (ca. 1000–100 cal. BP); and (F) Period of human abandonment during the last ca. 100 yr.

The swamp forest has been highly dynamic in response to various natural and anthropogenic disturbance agencies. Several fires have heavily influenced the vegetation development. During the last ca. 900 yr human influence has been important, initially from grazing and trampling by domesticated animals (ca. 1000–500 cal. BP), and subsequently small‐scale cereal growing (ca. 400–100 BP). Cutting, burning and animal browsing influenced the structure and dynamics of the swamp forest by creating a more open stand and suppressing tree regeneration. Recent cessation of human impact has led to increased tree regeneration and a denser swamp forest stand.

The present high biodiversity, and subsequent conservation interest does not result from long‐term stability or absence of fire and human impact. However, in spite of repeated disturbances, a continuity of old and senescent trees produced a forest type with abundant dead wood. With the relatively minor importance of fire over long periods of time, the swamp forest developed a structure maintaining a high biological diversity.

An important issue for maintaining long‐term biodiversity in the boreal landscape must be to create a mosaic where different forest types are present, with a variety of structures, substrates and processes, to provide a certain degree of freedom for species to move around in the landscape.
Temporal variation in the woody understory of an old‐growth Fagus‐Acer forest and implications for overstory recruitment
Authors: Foré Stephanie A. , Vankat John L. , Schaefer Robert L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Changes in woody vegetation were examined over eight years, using a 1.05‐ha permanent plot in which the location of every shrub and tree > 1m height was mapped. There was little change in the overstory vegetation, as expected for an old‐growth forest. Much greater change occurred in the understory, primarily related to a 40 % increase in density. Differences occurred among species in the under‐story, as Acer saccharum and Prunus serotina increased and Fraxinus americana and Fagus grandifolia decreased. Canopy gap dynamics are implicated in differences among species in the establishment and growth of individuals in the understory and their recruitment into the overstory. It is concluded that because understory is temporally variable, overstory recruitment from the understory may take different courses at different times in the same forest.
Who were the ‘Viri Militares’?
Authors: Campbell Brain
Published: May 2006

It has become the accepted view that a certain group of ‘viri militares’ can be identified among the legates who governed the consular military provinces in the Roman empire. The question of these ‘specialist soldiers’ is relevant to the understanding of how appointments to military commands were made, and, more generally, to the political history of the empire. For it can be argued that ‘viri militares’ were important not only because they were responsible for the defence of the empire and could raise revolts with their armies, but also because, as a group, they were particularly influential with the emperor. And so Professor Sir Ronald Syme, to whose work we owe most for the concept of ‘viri militares’, speaks of a ‘paramount oligarchy’ that was ‘drawn in the main from the men who govern the armed provinces of Caesar’. Now, Syme recognized a wide variety of factors that might influence the selection of consular legates. However, his theory of ‘viri militares’ tends to be repeated without qualification as accepted doctrine, and in the hands of those who do not mark his caution lends itself to a rather schematic approach and mechanical solutions. This incurs the danger to which Syme himself has adverted: ‘Historians in all ages become liable through their profession to certain maladies or constraints. They cannot help making persons and events more logical than reality’.
Studies in the Roman Province Galatia: II. Dedications at the Sanctuary of Colonia Caesarea
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

The following dedications are for the most part written in Greek, and made to a god who bears apparently a Greek name; but their value lies mainly in the light that they throw upon the circumstances and fate of a Roman colony in a land where the educated spoke Greek, though the uneducated rural population long retained the use of the Phrygian language. Various writers have spoken about the inevitable fate of such a small settlement of colonists originally speaking Latin. They melted gradually into the surrounding population. After a certain lapse of years they lost the Latin language, and adopted Greek. The evidence for this formerly was fragmentary; but in the series of dedications at the Sanctuary an opportunity is offered of studying the process as it evolved itself through the centuries.
Linear Logic Proof Games and Optimization
Authors: Lincoln Patrick D. , Mitchell John C. , Scedrov Andre
Published: May 2006

§ 1. Introduction. Perhaps the most surprising recent development in complexity theory is the discovery that the class NP can be characterized using a form of randomized proof checker that only examines a constant number of bits of the “proof” that a string is in a language [6, 5, 31, 3, 4]. More specifically, writing ∣x∣ for the length of a string x, a language L in the class NP of languages recognizable in Nondeterministic polynomial time is traditionally given by a polynomial p and a polynomial-time predicate P such that a string x is in L iff there is some string y satisfying P(x, y), where ∣y∣ ≤ p (∣x∣). Intuitively, we can think of a string y as a possible proof that x ϵ L, with the predicate P some kind of proof checker that distinguishes good proofs from bad ones. A string x is therefore in a language L ϵ NP if there is a short proof that x ϵ L, and not in L otherwise. The surprising discovery is that the deterministic proof checker that reads the entire input and proof can be replaced by a probabilistic verifier that on input x and possible proof y, where y is presented in a certain way, flips at most O (log ∣x∣) coins and reads at most a constant number of bits of x and y. Obviously, a probabilistic verifier that does not read the whole proof will sometimes make mistakes. However, the surprising and essentially non-intuitive mathematical fact is that for each language L in NP, it is possible to find a polynomial q and verifier V flipping a logarithmic number of coins and reading a constant number of bits such that, for any x ϵ L, there exists y with ∣y∣ ≤ q(∣x∣) and with V (x, y) accepting with probability 1 and, for x ∉ L, there is no y with ∣y∣ ≤ q(∣x∣) and with V (x, y) accepting with probability ≥ 1/4. This idea canalsobeextended to PSPACE [10, 9], using a game that alternates between two players instead of a proof presented by a “single player.”
Ordered Groups: A Case Study in Reverse Mathematics
Authors: Solomon Reed
Published: May 2006

The fundamental question in reverse mathematics is to determine which set existence axioms are required to prove particular theorems of mathematics. In addition to being interesting in their own right, answers to this question have consequences in both effective mathematics and the foundations of mathematics. Before discussing these consequences, we need to be more specific about the motivating question.

Reverse mathematics is useful for studying theorems of either countable or essentially countable mathematics. Essentially countable mathematics is a vague term that is best explained by an example. Complete separable metric spaces are essentially countable because, although the spaces may be uncountable, they can be understood in terms of a countable basis. Simpson (1985) gives the following list of areas which can be analyzed by reverse mathematics: number theory, geometry, calculus, differential equations, real and complex analysis, combinatorics, countable algebra, separable Banach spaces, computability theory, and the topology of complete separable metric spaces. Reverse mathematics is less suited to theorems of abstract functional analysis, abstract set theory, universal algebra, or general topology.

Section 2 introduces the major subsystems of second order arithmetic used in reverse mathematics:RCA0,WKL0,ACA0,ATR0and–CA0. Sections 3 through 7 consider various theorems of ordered group theory from the perspective of reverse mathematics. Among the results considered are theorems on ordered quotient groups (including an equivalent ofACA0), groups and semigroup conditions which imply orderability (WKL0), the orderability of free groups (RCA0), Hölder's Theorem (RCA0), Mal'tsev's classification of the order types of countable ordered groups (–CA0)
Optimal Proofs of Determinacy
Authors: Neeman Itay
Published: May 2006

In this paper I shall present a method for proving determinacy from large cardinals which, in many cases, seems to yield optimal results. One of the main applications extends theorems of Martin, Steel and Woodin about determinacy within the projective hierarchy. The method can also be used to give a new proof of Woodin's theorem about determinacy in L(ℝ).

The reason we look for optimal determinacy proofs is not only vanity. Such proofs serve to tighten the connection between large cardinals and descriptive set theory, letting us bring our knowledge of one subject to bear on the other, and thus increasing our understanding of both. A classic example of this is the Harrington-Martin proof that -determinacy implies -determinacy. This is an example of a transfer theorem, which assumes a certain determinacy hypothesis and proves a stronger one. While the statement of the theorem makes no mention of large cardinals, its proof goes through 0#, first proving that

-determinacy ⇒ 0# exists,

and then that

0# exists ⇒ -determinacy

More recent examples of the connection between large cardinals and descriptive set theory include Steel's proof that

ADL(ℝ) ⇒ HODL(ℝ) ⊨ GCH,

see [9], and several results of Woodin about models of AD+, a strengthening of the axiom of determinacy AD which Woodin has introduced. These proofs not only use large cardinals, but also reveal a deep, structural connection between descriptive set theoretic notions and notions related to large cardinals.
The Pergamene Frieze
Authors: Farnell L. R.
Published: May 2006

The description of the larger frieze cannot at present be completely methodical, as the task of arrangement and reconstruction is not yet near its end, and skill or accident may discover the relative position in the whole work of many fragments and slabs that are at present isolated, and through their isolation lose much of their significance. It is certain at least that the artists have been guided in their grouping of the figures bya higher principle than that of mere decoration. The natural affinity of personages has been to some extent respected: thus there is reason to believe, as has been shown, that Heracles stands near to Zeus; and we see engaged in one common action a family of deities that belong to the nether world; we see a group of sea-divinities, and around Cybele the nymphs that are attached to the Magna Dea, while before the Sungod the goddess of the dawnis riding. Yet such connections as one might suggest will not give a certain clue in the arrangement of the slabs. Thus the fragment upon which the figure of Dionysos is preserved might be supposed to belong to the part of the frieze containing Hekate; to whom, because of his Chthonian character, his affinity in myth is close. The tradition and probably also the art of the sixth century B.C. had taken notice of this aspect of the many-natured god, for in many of the black-figured vases published by Gerhard we see Dionysos in close connection with Persephone, prominent in the representations of her return to the upper world: and an allusion is conveyed of their mysterious marriage: while according to more than one authority Hades and Dionysos had been identified by Heraclitus.
A Statuette representing a Boy and Goose
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

The silver statuette which is described in the present paper, and which is represented in the accompanying Plate (A.), acquires a peculiar interest both from its subject and from the circumstances of its discovery. In the first aspect it belongs to an exceedingly numerous class; a boy struggling or playing with a goose seems to have been a very favourite subject with Greek artists of certain periods; the popularity of such representations and the frequency with which they were reproduced are testified by at least fifty extant examples in various galleries and museums throughout Europe. But though belonging to so numerous a family, our specimen differs considerably, both in character and in composition, from all its other members; not more, however, than many of these differ among themselves. Then again, this statuette was discovered together with a hoard of coins, and thus we are able to fix at least a posterior limit of date for the invention not only of the type we find in this figure, but also of all others which show an affinity to it so close as to compel us not to assign them to any very distant period. It is clear, therefore, that we have here an additional clew of no small importance, which may help in the solution of a problem that has already given rise to much controversy among archaeologists.
Inscriptions from Salonica
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: May 2006

The appended inscriptions are the outcome of a short visit to Salonica in April of this year: the object that I had in view in going there was rather to hear and see on the spot the situation of ancient remains, the possibility and prospects of research, the attitude of the authorities and the general ‘lie’ and state of the country, than to investigate the actual antiquities of Salonica itself: however I copied or impressed as many Greek inscriptions as came to my notice in my short stay, the great majority being sepulchral of a commonplace order found in the foundations of houses in the Jewish quarter, and too frequently relegated to the stonemasons' yards to be cut up for modern gravestones. I have ranged first the three non-sepulchral inscriptions, the first being a mere fragment containing apparently part of an Imperial letter to the Thessalonians; the second a dedication by the city to the Emperor Claudius, and containing the titles and names of the chief magistrates; and the third, again a fragment, being a public document of the time of Antoninus Pius relative to certain κυνηγία, apparently left by will to the city or some religious foundation therein. If any of these have been previously published, I must apologise for my ignorance: but I cannot discover among the various records accessible here in Athens any trace of them; and indeed Salonica has been spared the archaeologist to a surprising degree. Where the stelae were sculptured I have briefly indicated the nature of the reliefs: there are a few others without inscriptions, but, as none of the sculptures are early or of merit, I have not thought it necessary to detail them.
Inscriptions from Thasos
Authors: Hicks E. L. , Bent J. Theodore
Published: May 2006

The following inscriptions were discovered in Thasos in the winter of 1886, by Mr. J. Theodore Bent. Owing to the opposition of the Turkish authorities he was prevented from conveying to England the original marbles and monuments, and had to be content, for the present, with his memoranda of the sites explored and impressions of the inscriptions. One of these paper impressions has supplied the text of the Thasian Decree discussed in the preceding pages. The other Thasian impressions were placed by Mr. Bent in the hands of Mr. A. H. Smith of the British Museum, to be prepared for publication in this Journal. Mr. A. H. Smith however found the task he had undertaken in preparing an Index to the Hellenic Journal was making such demands upon his time, that he invited me to relieve him by editing the whole of Mr. Bent's Thasian impressions. Mr. Smith had already made transcriptions of a number of the texts, which he kindly placed at my disposal. I am however myself responsible for the arrangement and restoration of the texts as here given. Their interest and value will be considerably enhanced by the memoranda which Mr. Bent himself has furnished respecting the sites and buildings wherein the various inscriptions were discovered. None of them, so far as I know, have been published before.
The Petelia Gold Tablet
Authors: Comparetti D.
Published: May 2006

Through the kindness of Mr. Newton I was informed that the British Museum is now the possessor of an inscribed gold tablet found on the site of the ancient Petelia, in Southern Italy, which had been considered as lost after the death of Millingen, to whom it first belonged. The inscription was published by Franz in 1836, and after him by Göttling; afterwards it appeared in the third volume of the Corp. Inscr. Gr. No. 5,772, and recently again in Kaibel's Epigrammata Graeca ex Lapid. No. 1,037. Franz's first reading, from the original, was not quite satisfactory, and the modified reading given by him afterwards, and by the others, was not founded on the inspection of the original, a fac-simile of which was never published. Recent discoveries having thrown a new light on this monument I was glad to hear of its existence in the British Museum, and Mr. Newton kindly favoured my wish of seeing it published again more completely and exactly, with a fac-simile. He entrusted this task to Mr. Cecil Smith, to whose skilful accuracy we are indebted for the fac-simile here published, representing the monument slightly larger than its real size, as well as for the following explanatory note on the reading of the inscription.
Inscriptions from Nacoleia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

Nacoleia is situated at the western border of the wide treeless plain which extends over the greater part of northern Phrygia and Galatia. In front of it north and east lies the great valley, which is drained by the river Sangarius or Sagaris: behind it are the Phrygian mountains, in which are the most important remains of the old Phrygian kingdom about six hours' journey away. The ancient city was placed on an isolated hill at the mouth of a glen bordered by higher hills: the modern town of Seid-el-Ghazi lies below this hill in the glen. A very fine old mosque, which would well reward careful examination, is placed far up on one of the higher hills: in it are buried Seid-el-Ghazi, the Arab general of Haroun al Raschid, and his wife the Greek princess. Much interesting information about these personages, and about the later history of Nacoleia, may be found in Mordtmann's paper, Münch. Gel. Anz. 1860. It is unnecessary to repeat anything that has been already said by him about the city, which plays a considerable part in later Roman history and was the scene of several important battles.
Inscriptions from Casarea, Lydae, Patara, Myra
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

In last year's volume of this Journal (ix. pp. 82, 83) Mr. Theodore Ben described the situation of this Carian town, which he discovered about three miles to the north-east of Loryma. In laying before the reader the inscriptions found on this site, from which we recover its name, I would call attention to the accompanying Map of Casarea and its neighbourhood, prepared by Mr. Bent at my request. He has made it the more valuable by adding the following memoranda:—

‘During investigations on the southern coast of Caria, near the promontory anciently called Cynossema, and now known as Cape Aloupo or Fox, we were anchored in the Bay of Aplotheka, around which are the ruins of ancient Loryma. Whilst here, we heard from the peasants of a curious harbour and ruins at a little distance from the bay. Accordingly we rowed along the coast in our boat past several islets, and soon arrived at this harbour, the entrance of which is not a stone's throw across, though it opens within into a considerable basin surrounded by high mountains.
Artemis-Leto and Apollo-Lairbenos
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

One of the most curious series of Anatolian inscriptions known to me has been published by Mr. Hogarth in this Journal, 1887, pp. 376 ff. Their importance lies in the fact that they show us the manners and religion of one district hardly affected by Greek civilisation, and almost purely native in character. As the use of the Greek language and knowledge of Greek civilisation spread, the native manners were proscribed as barbarous, and even native mythology was discarded and Greek tales adapted to suit the locality. I have frequently given instances of this. At Magnesia ad Sipylum, for example, if we may judge from the references of Pausanias, the mythology of the district was re-modelled under the influence of the Greek literary tradition of Niobe, and localities had to be found to suit the details of the story.

As to the inscriptions published by Mr. Hogarth, Nos. 12–20, probably no one who reads over the texts can doubt that Greek was strange to the writers. They were native Phrygians, speaking their own language with a smattering of Greek, quite uneducated, but impressed with the belief universal over Asia Minor that Greek was the one language of education, and trying to express themselves in Greek. In every part of the country where the inscriptions enable us to penetrate below the Graeco-Roman varnish, the same inference is forced on us. Greek did not succeed in forcing itself on the native population of Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, and Cappadocia (except in the large cities which were centres of Graeco-Roman civilisation) until Christianity gave it the additional power of being the language of the Scriptures.
Archaic Etruscan Paintings from Caere
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

The British Museum has lately acquired five terra-cotta slabs on which are Etruscan paintings of an archaic and interesting character such as have not hitherto been seen in this country. These slabs were found at Cervetri in 1874 inside a small tomb to which they had served as wall decorations. The only measurement that is given of the tomb is the size of the entrance which was forty inches in height. As that corresponds with the height of the three principal slabs we may perhaps assume that they had been placed against the walls so as to rest on the ground and reach up to the height of the doorway. The surface of the slabs has been first covered with a white slip which converts them into πίνακες λελευκωμένοι such as were used by Craton of Sikyon, one of the oldest painters in Greece.

On this white slip the designs were sketched in with an ivory or wood point and then filled in with reds and blacks, the white ground being allowed to stand for the faces and arms of the women and for dresses which were meant to be white, whereas the flesh of the men is always painted red. In this use of white to distinguish women from men we have an artifice familiar in the Greek black-figure vases. But there the white is specially laid on and becomes a conspicuous feature on the vases. Here we have an older stage of the process, more natural, less conspicuous, yet quite effective enough. It is said by Pliny that the painter Eumaros was the first of the Greeks to distinguish men from women, and it has often been thought that this distinction consisted in white colour for the flesh of women. But as this use of white had been traditional from very early times, possibly long before Eumaros, we may perhaps assume that his peculiar name had given rise to the story of his having first made the distinction in question.
Archaeology in Greece, 1888–89
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

Yet another year has passed during which the Acropolis at Athens has been the centre of interest: and the past season has been successful enough to bear comparison with any of the previous years which have astonished by their results not only archaeologists and scholars, but all who have been fortunate enough to visit Athens during this epoch of discoveries. It must seem to many as if the Acropolis would go on indefinitely yielding its treasure of architecture sculpture and inscriptions, and ever increasing and changing our knowledge of early Athens and its arts and history. But even the Acropolis is not inexhaustible; it has now been searched to the native rock in almost every part; and unless some other site, perhaps the long-promised, long-delayed Delphi, come to succeed it, we must expect a lull in the astonishing rush of discoveries that has been almost of a nature to bewilder those that have sought to follow its course. Such a lull will almost be welcome in some respects to those who have to arrange or to study the new finds as they follow one another in rapid succession. It will enable the museums to settle into a final and orderly arrangement, and the students to arrange within their minds the new facts that have been thrust in one upon another, till the brain of the archaeologist has been as much a stranger to order or stability as the rooms of the Acropolis Museum. Meanwhile, for the present season a series of discoveries has to be reported which has dealt in the marvellous, if not in the beautiful, as extensively as that of any previous year.
A Byzantine Reformer
Authors: Tozer H. F.
Published: May 2006

The object of the present paper is to give some account of the scheme of political and social reform for the Peloponnese, which was propounded in the year 1415, by Gemistos Plethon, in the form of two pamphlets, addressed respectively to the emperor of Constantinople, Manuel Palaeologus II., and to his son, Theodore II., who at that time held the office of Despot of the Byzantine province of the Morea. These are entitled and . They were first printed at Antwerp in 1575, as an appendix to the first edition of Stobaeus, W. Canter being the editor; but the manuscript from which this text was derived was imperfect, and the first complete edition was that of Dr. Ellissen of Göttingen, who published the ‘Addresses,’ after a collation of a manuscript existing at Florence—with a German translation, and an excellent Introduction and notes—in 1860, in the fourth part of his Analekten der mittel- und neugriechischen Litteratur. The first person however who in modern times drew the attention of scholars to the importance of their contents was Prof. Fallmerayer, in his Geschichte der Morea, published in 1830. Though the proposals which they contain never were, and in all probability never could have been carried into effect, yet a greater interest attaches to them than to mere paper schemes and imaginary systems, because they were intended to be adapted to the circumstances of the case.
Archaeology in Greece, 1887–1888
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: May 2006

The progress of archaeological work in Greece will be most conveniently noted under three heads.

1. New arrangements made for the building of museums and the general arrangement and exhibition of antiquities already known.

2. Excavations on the Acropolis and other discoveries at Athens itself.

3. Excavations carried on in the remainder of Greece and Asia Minor by the Greek government, the Archaeological Society, and the Archaeological Institutes of Germany, France, America. The work of the British School in Cyprus will be matter for separate publication, and need not be noted here.

The arrangement of antiquities is put first to avoid subsequent repetition. It is to be understood throughout that unless the contrary is expressly stated all antiquities found in the Acropolis have gone to the Acropolis Museum, all those found elsewhere in Greece to the Central Museum.

On the Acropolis the second museum is nearly complete. It is intended to contain vases, terra-cottas, and minor antiquities generally, and all such as are likely to be of interest to the ‘professional’ archaeologist, architect, and artist only. To this museum the general public will not be admitted. The Greek government acting through the general-director, Mr. Kabbadias, is most liberal in allowing all possible facilities for study to foreign archaeologists, and it is good news that there will now be space and seclusion in which it will be possible for them to avail themselves of such liberality. The disposition of the more notable antiquities in the first museum is nearly complete. It is unnecessary to describe in detail a collection well known and perhaps, in the department of archaic art, the finest in the world, but it may be noted that at last the beautiful slabs of the Parthenon frieze and those of the Nike balustrade are set up to full advantage. A catalogue of the museum is promised, but not as yet published.
Note on some Attic Stelai
Authors: White John Forbes
Published: May 2006

I should like to call attention to an attitude in some of the Attic stelai which has attraced little, if any, notice, while its meaning, so far as I know, has met with no consideration.

The best example of the attitude is to be found in the beautiful Plate XXIV. of Mr. Percy Gardner's ‘Sculptured Tombs of Hellas’ (Conze, Pl. LXXVIII). Mr. Gardner describes the sitting figure as ‘a lady stretching out both hands towards a matron who stands before her,’ certainly an inadequate description of a peculiar attitude. Conze, in his great work ‘Die Attischen Grabreliefs,’ says that the standing figure with the left hand takes hold of the right arm of the sitter on the under side (unterfasst). But this seems to me to miss the point. It is not the right arm but the right wrist of the sitter that is laid hold of. The forefingers of the standing figure are extended along the forearm and the thumb is raised at the wrist, so that the sitter's right hand lies softly in a sort of couch. From an artistic point of view the attitude is a remarkable one, being unlike that of any of the other best known stelai.
The Name Anthesteria
Authors: Verrall A. W.
Published: May 2006

The conventional interpretation of the name Anthesteria as festival of flowers, or of the wine-bloom, and the derivation from ἄνθος always insecure and unsatisfactory, will need to be reconsidered in the light of Miss Harrison's paper in the present volume of the Journal on the origin and nature of the festival itself. Even from the Dionysiac point of view, it does not appear that either flowers or the ἄνθος of wine were connected with the season or the ceremonies in such a way as naturally to give a name to the whole: and still more doubtful is the supposed formation of the word. Nouns in -τηριο- are normally formed from verb-stems, through the ‘noun of the agent’ in -τηρ and take their sense from the action described by the verb, as σωτήριος λυτήριος βουλευτήριον etc. The names of festivals ending in -τηρια are no exception to this rule. They describe the action in which the ceremony consisted, or with which it was chiefly connected. Thus ἀνακλητήρια is a feast or ceremony of ἀνακλησις ἀνακαλυπτήρια of ἀυακἀλυψις and so on.
Excavations in Cyprus in 1894
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: May 2006

Early in 1894 the Committee of the Cyprus Exploration Fund offered the small balance which remained from the excavations of 1891, to the British School of Archaeology in Athens, for use in Cyprus if possible. As a student of the School was then watching the excavations which were being carried on at Amathus on behalf of the British Museum, this sum was applied to defray part of the cost of several small excavations, the principal object of which was to test certain theories current in Cypriote archaeology; though some new ground was broken incidentally.

Five sites were examined in all; none of them exhaustively, but all with distinct and definite result.

I.—Agia Paraskevi (Nicosia District): Bronze Age Necropolis.

The celebrated Bronze Age Necropolis which occupies the edge of the plateau S.W. of Nicosia seemed the most suitable site for making practical acquaintance with the Bronze Age of Cyprus, and for verifying previous observations, with a view to the re-organisation of the Cyprus Museum which took place in the course of the summer.

Fourteen tombs were opened along the northern edge of the plateau, half a mile north of the Church of Agia Paraskevi, to the west of the Larnaka road, and between it and the stone quarries in the direction of the village of Agii Omologitádes. The tombs in the surface of this part of the plateau were found nearly exhausted by Dr. Ohnefalsch-Richter's excavations in 1883–4: but enough evidence was collected to illustrate the general character of the site. Tomb 12, as explained below, was an intruder of Hellenistic or Graeco-Roman date. Similar tombs have been opened on the low hills west of the road to Strobilo village.
A Summer in Phrygia
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

During the summer of 1897 I had the opportunity of making extensive exploration in Phrygia, and the following paper gives, as a first instalment, an account of the more important results of the season's work there. I have given a map (Plate XII) based on the Ottoman Railway Survey to illustrate the watercourses of the Laodiceian district, but I regret that a map to show the new sites has had to be deferred. At the outset I must make acknowledgment of the valuable help I have received from Prof. W. M. Ramsay, who has kindly sent me some criticisms and suggestions. For the numerous references to his volumes on Phrygia no apology is necessary. Every student of its history must use his brilliant pages as the basis of his study; and the work of the explorer in the districts which they cover must naturally be to endeavour to amplify the information, and to confirm or correct the views, which he finds there.
The Campaign of 716–718, from Arabic Sources
Authors: Brooks E. W.
Published: May 2006

In the work known as Khitab Al ‘Uyun, or Book of Springs, pp. 24–33, is contained a long narrative of the disastrous siege of Constantinople by the Arabs in 717–8, which, owing to its great length, I was unable to include in my article on the ‘The Arabs in Asia Minor’ in J.H.S. xviii, p. 182 ff. This work dates from the latter half of the 11th century, and in its present state appears to have been written in Spain, but is clearly drawn from early Eastern sources. Unfortunately the author does not, like most Arabic historians, mention his sources; but from a comparison with the narrative of Al Tabari it is clear that his chief, if not his only, authorities were Al Wakidi and Al Madaini, both of whom wrote in the early part of the 9th century and are earlier in date than any extant Arabic chroniclers.