bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of poly(n‐octadecyl acrylate) on mechanical properties, melting behavior, and morphology of polypropylene/aluminum trihydroxide composites
Authors: Duan Yufeng , Fu Zhaoxia
Published: September 2011

Poly(n‐octadecyl acrylate) (PnOA) was used as an interfacial compatibilizer for improving the performance of polypropylene/alumina trihydrate (PP/ATH) composites in this study. The influences of PnOA on the properties of fire‐retardant PP/ATH composites were evaluated by tensile and impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, thermogravimetric analysis, and mass flow rate tests. The results suggested that PnOA significantly improved the mechanical properties and rheological behavior of the PP/ATH composites. SEM observation helped formulate reasons for these differences. A pronounced difference in DSC curves was detected for the composites with and without PnOA when the temperature is near the melt temperature of PnOA. Tentative theoretical explanation was also provided based on related DSC and SEM analysis. PnOA is a promising new compatibilizer for polyolefin composites with aluminum trihydrate as a flame retardant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel malodour compounds in laundry
Authors: Takeuchi Kohei , Hasegawa Yoshihiro , Ishida Hirohiko , Kashiwagi Mitsuyoshi
Published: September 2011

We investigated malodorous compounds on clothes in daily use and identified, for the first time, middle‐chain fatty acids responsible for the malodour often described as ‘wet and dirty dust‐cloth‐like’. Application of a preparative fraction collector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the acidic volatile fraction carefully isolated from used clothes revealed the newly identified odorants responsible for unpleasant odours. In particular, the olfactory threshold of 4‐methyl‐3‐hexenoic acid (4M3H), which has the ‘wet and dirty dust‐cloth‐like’ odour, was found to be the lowest among the detected fatty acids. Although 4M3H was present in trace amounts in the clothes tested (up to 5 µg/50 g cloth), an aroma extract dilution analysis revealed that it contributed the highest to the overall strength of malodour on them. In addition, quantitative analysis of the detected fatty acids in the clothes revealed a correlation between the logarithm of several fatty acid concentrations (their amount in the clothes) and the overall odour intensity. In particular, 4M3H showed a high correlation value (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). These results provide proof that these odorants can be used as indicators to assess the effectiveness of detergents and to develop a new deodorant technology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group‐based trajectories of depressive symptoms and the predictors in the older population
Authors: Hsu Hui‐Chuan
Published: September 2011

Purpose

The goals of this study were to examine the group‐based trajectories of depressive symptoms over an extended period among the older people and to identify the risk factors by gender.

Methods

The 18‐year data used in this study came from a multiple‐wave nationwide survey of older Taiwanese population. A group‐based trajectory analysis method was used to identify the trajectories, and risk factors at baseline and previous depressive symptoms were used as predictors for the trajectories.

Results

Six trajectories were identified within the total sample, and females were more likely to be in the increasing and declining trajectories than males. When the data were divided by gender, four trajectories for males and four trajectories for females were identified: low, medium, declining, and increasing. Higher‐level trajectories of depressive symptoms were related to more chronic diseases, lower physical function, lower economic satisfaction, and previous depressive symptoms for both the older men and women. Less social support and social participation were related to higher depressive symptom trajectories, particularly for men.

Discussion

Older females may experience more emotional fluctuation than male elderly, thus changes in psychosocial health for female elderly need to be considered by health professionals and families. Social support and social participation are protective against depressive symptoms for the higher‐level trajectory groups, and older men, in particular, are more sensitive to these two social‐health‐related variables. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between white matter microstructure, executive functions, and processing speed in older adults: The impact of vascular health
Authors: Jacobs Heidi I.L. , Leritz Elizabeth C. , Williams Victoria J. , Van Boxtel Martin P.J. , Elst Wim van der , Jolles Jelle , Verhey Frans R.J. , McGlinchey Regina E. , Milberg William P. , Salat David H.
Published: September 2011

Cerebral white matter damage is not only a commonly reported consequence of healthy aging, but is also associated with cognitive decline and dementia. The aetiology of this damage is unclear; however, individuals with hypertension have a greater burden of white matter signal abnormalities (WMSA) on MR imaging than those without hypertension. It is therefore possible that elevated blood pressure (BP) impacts white matter tissue structure which in turn has a negative impact on cognition. However, little information exists about whether vascular health indexed by BP mediates the relationship between cognition and white matter tissue structure. We used diffusion tensor imaging to examine the impact of vascular health on regional associations between white matter integrity and cognition in healthy older adults spanning the normotensive to moderate–severe hypertensive BP range (43–87 years; N = 128). We examined how white matter structure was associated with performance on tests of two cognitive domains, executive functioning (EF) and processing speed (PS), and how patterns of regional associations were modified by BP and WMSA. Multiple linear regression and structural equation models demonstrated associations between tissue structure, EF and PS in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital white matter regions. Radial diffusivity was more prominently associated with performance than axial diffusivity. BP only minimally influenced the relationship between white matter integrity, EF and PS. However, WMSA volume had a major impact on neurocognitive associations. This suggests that, although BP and WMSA are causally related, these differential metrics of vascular health may act via independent pathways to influence brain structure, EF and PS. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risks and clinical implications of perineural invasion in T1‐2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tai Shyh‐Kuan , Li Wing‐Yin , Chu Pen‐Yuan , Chang Shyue‐Yih , Tsai Tung‐Lung , Wang Yi‐Fen , Huang Jui‐Lin
Published: September 2011

Background

Risks of perineural invasion (PNI) in T1‐2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have not been specifically elucidated.

Methods

Pathological features, including PNI, were re‐reviewed under regular hematoxylin‐eosin staining in 190 patients with T1‐2 oral tongue SCC.

Results

Tumor thickness >5 mm, PNI(+), and lymphovascular invasion (+) independently predicted lymph node involvement. PNI(+) and neck observation also independently predicted neck recurrence, but only PNI(+) was associated with a poor disease‐specific survival (DSS; p = .003). In patients who were clinically node negative (cN0), elective neck dissection contributed to a better DSS in patients with PNI(+) tumors (p = .046), but not in patients with PNI (‐) tumors (p = .809). Additionally, increased tumor thickness predicted the presence of PNI.

Conclusion

PNI is a crucial pathological feature for T1‐2 oral tongue SCC. Elective neck dissection should be performed in patients who were cN0 with PNI. Careful evaluation for PNI should be advocated in regular pathological diagnosis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Predictors of survival and recurrence after temporal bone resection for cancer
Authors: Morris Luc G. T. , Mehra Saral , Shah Jatin P. , Bilsky Mark H. , Selesnick Samuel H. , Kraus Dennis H.
Published: September 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to identify factors predictive of outcome in patients undergoing temporal bone resection (TBR) for head and neck cancer.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 72 patients undergoing TBR. Factors associated with survival and recurrence were identified on multivariable regression.

Results

Most tumors were epithelial (81%), commonly (69%) involving critical structures. Cervical metastases were uncommon (6%). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the external auditory canal carried a high rate of parotid invasion (25%) and parotid nodal metastases (43%). The 5‐year rate of overall survival (OS) was 62%; disease‐specific survival (DSS), 70%; recurrence‐free survival (RFS), 46%. Factors independently associated with outcome on multivariable analysis were margin status and extratemporal spread of disease to the parotid, mandible, or regional nodes. Recurrence was common (72%) in cT3–4 tumors.

Conclusions

Margin status and extratemporal disease spread are the strongest independent predictors of survival and recurrence. In SCC of the external auditory canal, high rates of parotid involvement support adjunctive parotidectomy. Risk of recurrence in T3–T4 tumors may support a role for adjuvant therapy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Multivariate approaches optimize locations of groundwater pumping facilities for different hydrogeological scales
Authors: Lin Hsien‐Tsung , Tan Yih‐Chi , Chen Chu‐Hui , Lin Wen‐Sheng , Liu Chen‐Wuing
Published: September 2011

A number of optimization approaches regarding the design location of groundwater pumping facilities in heterogeneous porous media have elicited little discussion. However, the location of groundwater pumping facilities is an important factor because it affects water resource usage. This study applies two optimization approaches to estimate the best recharge zone and suitable locations of the pumping facilities in southwestern Taiwan for different hydrogeological scales. First, for the regional scale, this study employs numerical modelling, MODFLOW‐96, to simulate groundwater direction and the optimal recharge zone in the study area. Based on the model's calibration and verification results, this study preliminarily utilizes the simulated spatial direction of groundwater and compares the safe yield for each well group in order to determine the best recharge zone. Additionally, for the local scale, the micro‐hydrogeological characteristics are considered before determining the design locations of the pumping facilities. According to drawdown record data from six observation wells derived from pumping tests at the best recharge area, this study further utilizes the modified artificial neural network approach to improve the accuracy of the estimation parameters as well as to analyse the direction and anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivities of an equivalent homogeneous aquifer. The results suggested that the best locations for the pumping facilities are along the more permeable major direction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in women with celiac disease
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F. , West Joe , Ekbom Anders , Stephansson Olof
Published: September 2011

Women with celiac disease (CD) may be at decreased risk of female hormone‐related cancers given the observed reduction in breast cancer seen in some cohorts. Using biopsy data from all 28 pathology departments in Sweden, we identified 17,852 women with CD who were diagnosed between 1969 and 2007. We used Cox regression model to estimate their risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer and then compared them with 88,400 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. The results indicate that individuals with CD were at a lower risk for all three outcomes: breast cancer (hazard ratio, HR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.72–1.01), endometrial cancer (HR = 0.60; 95% CI =0.41–0.86) and ovarian cancer (HR = 0.89; 95% CI =0.59–1.34). This inverse relationship was strengthened when we excluded the first year of follow‐up beyond CD diagnosis (breast: HR = 0.82; 95% CI =0.68–0.99; endometrial: HR = 0.58; 0.39–0.87; ovarian cancer: HR = 0.72; 0.45–1.15). In conclusion, CD seems to be inversely related not only to breast cancer but also to endometrial and ovarian cancer. Potential explanations include shared risk factors and early menopause.
Sunitinib‐induced changes in circulating endothelial cell‐related proteins in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer
Authors: van der Veldt Astrid A.M. , Vroling Laura , de Haas Richard R. , Koolwijk Pieter , van den Eertwegh Alfons J.M. , Haanen John B.A.G. , van Hinsbergh Victor W.M. , Broxterman Henk J. , Boven Epie
Published: September 2011

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective agents in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). We here investigated whether inhibition of VEGFR signalin by sunitinib causes changes in plasma proteins associated with tumor endothelium. Forty‐three patients with mRCC received sunitinib 50 mg/day in a 4‐weeks on 2‐weeks off schedule. Sequential plasma samples were obtained before treatment (C1D1), on C1D14, on C1D28, and on C2D1 before start of cycle 2. Plasma levels were assessed for VEGF, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1), soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), circulating angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) and soluble Tie‐2 (sTie‐2). Total tumor burden was calculated at baseline and at first evaluation. Progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined. Tumor burden was positively associated with baseline circulating Ang‐2 [Spearman's rho (ρ) = 0.378, p = 0.028] and vWF (ρ = 0.417, p = 0.008). During sunitinib treatment, circulating Ang‐2 and sTie‐2 significantly decreased (p < 0.001 for both), plasma levels of sVCAM‐1 and VEGF significantly increased (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001), whereas those of sICAM‐1 and vWF remained stable. These protein changes had recovered on C2D1. The reduction in circulating Ang‐2 levels on C1D28 was positively correlated with the percentage decrease in tumor burden (ρ = 0.605; p = 0.002). Baseline protein levels and subsequent changes were not associated with PFS or OS. In conclusion, sunitinib‐induced changes in Ang‐2, sTie‐2, sVCAM‐1 and VEGF are related to the administration schedule, while reduction in Ang‐2 is also associated with decrease in tumor burden.
Using a sequential exploratory mixed‐method design to examine racial hyperprivilege in higher education
Authors: Cabrera Nolan L.
Published: September 2011

This chapter uses a mixed‐method approach to critically examine white male college students' racial ideologies and the experiences that influence racial ideology formation. It highlights both how racial privilege is recreated in higher education and how mixed‐methods and intersectionality approaches to institutional research allow more robust analytical possibilities.
The utility of using mixed‐methods and intersectionality approaches in conducting research on filipino american students' experiences with the campus climate and on sense of belonging
Authors: Maramba Dina C. , Museus Samuel D.
Published: September 2011

In this chapter, the authors discuss the utility of using mixed‐methods and intersectionality approaches to conducting research on campus climates and on sense of belonging.
Identity, intersectionality, and mixed‐methods approaches
Authors: Harper Casandra E.
Published: September 2011

This chapter explores how mixed‐methods research can reveal a more complex understanding of students' conceptualizations of their own identities.
Effects of usnic acid exposure on human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells in culture
Authors: Sahu Saura C. , Amankwa‐Sakyi Margaret , O'Donnell Michael W. , Sprando Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Usnic acid, a natural botanical product, is a constituent of some dietary supplements used for weight loss. It has been associated with clinical hepatotoxicity leading to liver failure in humans. The present study was undertaken for metabolism and toxicity evaluations of usnic acid in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells in culture. The cells were treated with the vehicle control and usnic acid at concentrations of 0–100 µm for 24 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Following the treatment period, the cells were evaluated by biochemical and toxicogenomic endpoints of toxicity that included cytochrome P450 activity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in pathway focused gene expression profiles. Usnic acid exposure resulted in increased P450 activity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells. The pathway‐focused gene expression analysis resulted in significantly altered expression of six genes out of a total of 84 genes examined. Of the six altered genes, three genes were up‐regulated and three genes down‐regulated. A marked up‐regulation of one gene CCL21 associated with inflammation, one gene CCNC associated with proliferation and carcinogenesis and one gene UGT1A4 associated with metabolism as well as DNA damage and repair were observed in the usnic acid‐treated cells compared with the vehicle control. Also a marked down‐regulation of one gene CSF2 associated with inflammation and two genes (CYP7A1 and CYP2E1) associated with oxidative metabolic stress were observed in the usnic acid‐treated cells compared with the control. The biomarkers used in this study demonstrate the toxicity of usnic acid in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells, suggesting an oxidative mechanism of action. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Application of molecular dynamics simulations in molecular property prediction II: Diffusion coefficient
Authors: Wang Junmei , Hou Tingjun
Published: September 2011

In this work, we have evaluated how well the general assisted model building with energy refinement (AMBER) force field performs in studying the dynamic properties of liquids. Diffusion coefficients (D) have been predicted for 17 solvents, five organic compounds in aqueous solutions, four proteins in aqueous solutions, and nine organic compounds in nonaqueous solutions. An efficient sampling strategy has been proposed and tested in the calculation of the diffusion coefficients of solutes in solutions. There are two major findings of this study. First of all, the diffusion coefficients of organic solutes in aqueous solution can be well predicted: the average unsigned errors and the root mean square errors are 0.137 and 0.171 × 10−5 cm−2 s−1, respectively. Second, although the absolute values of D cannot be predicted, good correlations have been achieved for eight organic solvents with experimental data (R2 = 0.784), four proteins in aqueous solutions (R2 = 0.996), and nine organic compounds in nonaqueous solutions (R2 = 0.834). The temperature dependent behaviors of three solvents, namely, TIP3P water, dimethyl sulfoxide, and cyclohexane have been studied. The major molecular dynamics (MD) settings, such as the sizes of simulation boxes and with/without wrapping the coordinates of MD snapshots into the primary simulation boxes have been explored. We have concluded that our sampling strategy that averaging the mean square displacement collected in multiple short‐MD simulations is efficient in predicting diffusion coefficients of solutes at infinite dilution. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Novel Micro/nanostructures from a Double Network Gel
Authors: Wang Hai‐Wang , Zhao Tian‐Bo , Lu Guo‐Zhong , Zhang Shuai , Miao Ce , Weia Xin‐Fang , Li Feng‐Yan
Published: September 2011

This communication describes a new study of microstructures of double network (DN) gels, which were prepared in two steps: firstly, an across‐linked polymer (the first network) was prepared, and then the other compound (the second network) was synthesized in the first network. A novel micro/nanostructure has been found in the DN gels. Meanwhile, solid composites with micro/nanostructures have been obtained as well.
Photoionization Mass Spectrometry: A Useful Method to Evaluate the Pyrolysis Process of Glycoside Flavor Precursor
Authors: Ding Yu , Cai Ji‐Bao , Qi Fei , Su Qing‐De
Published: September 2011

The thermal decomposition behavior and the pyrolysis products of benzyl‐2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (BGLU) were studied with synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry at temperatures of 300, 500 and 700 °C at 0.062 Pa. Several pyrolysis products and intermediates were identified by the measurement of photoionization mass spectra at different photon energies. The results indicated that the primary decomposition reaction was the cleavage of O‐glycosidic bond of the glycoside at low temperature, proven by the discoveries of benzyloxy radical (m/z = 107) and glycon radical (m/z = 331) in mass spectra. As pyrolysis temperature increased from 300 to 700 °C, two possible pyrolytic modes were observed. This work reported an application of synchrotron VUV photoionization mass spectrometry in the study of the thermal decomposition of glycoside flavor precursor, which was expected to help understand the thermal decomposition mechanism of this type of compound. The possibility of this glycoside to be used as a flavor precursor in high temperature process was evaluated.
The Effect of Controlled Dopant Concentration on the Performance of Blue Polymer Light‐emitting Diodes
Authors: Huang Ping‐Tsung , Chou Cheng‐Wei , Chang Mei‐Ying , Huang Wen‐Yao , Lee Chih‐Chien , Han Yu‐Kai , Liu Shun‐Wei
Published: September 2011

The performance of a blue polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLED) was significantly improved by doping a controlled amount (<1%) of a hole transport molecule N,N′‐bis‐(1‐naphthyl)‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4″‐diamine (NPB) into the emitting layer. Hole carrier mobility of the blue emitting polymer, BP105 (trade name of The Dow Chemicals Co.), increased from 5.27 × 10‐7 cm‐2/Vs of the pristine BP105 to 1.80 × 10‐6 cm‐2/Vs with the addition of 1% NPB in BP105. The enhanced carrier mobility greatly promoted performance of a blue PLED device with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/BP105+x% NPB/LiF/Ca/Al. Luminance increased from 573 cd/m2 to 2,720 cd/m2 at 6V and efficiency increased from 1.1 lm/W to 1.6 lm/W at 1,000 cd/m2 with 1% NPB in BP105. The most important improvement was an increase in the lifetime of the blue device from 80 to 120 hours at an initial luminance of 400 cd/m2. We found that by choosing the appropriate dopant with good energy alignment and controlled dopant concentration, the performance of a blue PLED device could be greatly improved.
Flavonoid Composition in the Leaves of Twelve Litsea and Neolitsea Plants
Authors: Tsai Sheng‐Fa , Lee Shoei‐Sheng
Published: September 2011

This study was aimed to study the chemodiversity of flavonoids in the Formosan Litsea and Neolitsea plants. Applications of LC‐SPE‐NMR and LC/MS hyphenated techniques in analyzing polar constituents from the leaves of L. acuminata, L. hypophaea, N. acuminatissima, and N. konishii led to the identification of 13 known flavonoids and one new flavonol dioside, quercetin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐β‐D‐apiofuranosyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside. The quantity and variety of flavonoid composition in the leaves of 12 Litsea and Neolitsea plants were examined to enable more effective utilization of such bioactive ingredients. Of these, N. acuminatissima was found to contain the most quantity of flavonoids (ca. 0.24%leaves).
Predoctoral prescriptive authority curricula: A training option
Authors: Resnick Robert J. , Ax Robert K. , Fagan Thomas J. , Nussbaum David
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the current article is to encourage discussion among stakeholders about the viability and benefits of predoctoral prescriptive authority (RxP) training. The existing APA model curriculum for RxP training requires that such training is postdoctoral. However, predoctoral models are potentially viable and offer several distinct advantages: reducing the time and financial costs of training, attracting more applicants with a biopsychosocial orientation, and, as more individuals complete this training, enlarging the constituency for state prescriptive authority initiatives. Several possible predoctoral model curricula including the incorporation of a postdoctoral master's degree in clinical psychopharmacology are described within existing APA PhD program requirements, with suggested accommodations for PsyD programs. These are offered as alternatives to, rather than as replacements for, postdoctoral training for RxP.
Modulation in the feeding prey capture of the ant‐lion, Myrmeleon crudelis
Authors: Lambert Eric Patten , Motta Philip Jay , Lowry Dayv
Published: September 2011

Ant‐lions are pit‐building larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), which possess relatively large mandibles used for catching and consuming prey. Few studies involving terrestrial arthropod larva have investigated prey capture behavior and kinematics and no study has shown modulation of strike kinematics. We examined feeding kinematics of the ant‐lion, Myrmeleon crudelis, using high‐speed video to investigate whether larvae modulate strike behavior based on prey location relative to the mandible. Based on seven capture events from five M. crudelis, the strike took 17.60 ± 2.92 msec and was characterized by near‐simultaneous contact of both mandibles with the prey. Modulation of the angular velocity of the mandibles based on prey location was clearly demonstrated. M. crudelis larvae attempted to simultaneously contact prey with both mandibles by increasing mean angular velocity of the far mandible (65 ± 21 rad sec−1) compared with the near mandible (35 ± 14 rad sec−1). Furthermore, kinematic results showed a significant difference for mean angular velocity between the two mandibles (P<0.005). Given the lengthy strike duration compared with other fast‐striking arthropods, these data suggest that there is a tradeoff between the ability to modulate strike behavior for accurate simultaneous mandible contact and the overall velocity of the strike. The ability to modulate prey capture behavior may increase dietary breadth and capture success rate in these predatory larvae by allowing responsive adjustment to small‐scale variations in prey size, presentation, and escape response. J. Exp. Zool. 315:602–609, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence of DNA transfer across a model membrane by a neutral amphiphilic block copolymer
Authors: Huin Cécile , Gall Tony Le , Barteau Benoît , Pitard Bruno , Montier Tristan , Lehn Pierre , Cheradame Hervé , Guégan Philippe
Published: September 2011

Background

Neutral amphiphilic triblock copolymers have been shown to be efficient for gene transfectionin vivo, especially by direct injection into the muscle. To contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, in the present study, we investigated the properties of a poly(ethylene oxide‐b‐4‐vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer as vector for nucleic acid transfer, with the particular aim of shedding some light on a possible mechanism explaining the internalization of DNA by the transfected cells.

Methods

Complexation of plasmid DNA with the PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymer was investigated by ethidium bromide exclusion and gel electrophoresis assays. Interaction of the copolymer with a lipid model membrane was evaluated by electrophysiological assays and quantification of plasmid DNA was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.In vivoluciferase transfection assays were finally performed.

Results

The diblock copolymer was found to poorly interact with DNA up to a mass ratio (copolymer/DNA) as high as 150. At a concentration of 36 µg/ml, it induced the formation of mainly transient (but sometimes permanent) pores and the formation of those pores allowed the translocation of plasmid DNA across the model membrane. However, only low transgene expression was obtained; the luciferase levels observed with the diblock being of the same order of magnitude as those observed with the corresponding PEO and P4VP homopolymers.

Conclusions

These results strongly suggest that gene transfection by neutral block copolymers may involve the formation of cellular pores; in addition, they also highlight thatin vivogene transfection requires the use of adequately soluble block copolymers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership learning: Crucial conversations, next steps, and thoughts for consideration
Authors: Allen Scott J. , Roberts Dennis C.
Published: September 2011

Forty years ago, the questions most discussed among those who cared about leadership were “is leadership possible among those who don't have titles and positions?”; “what are the characteristics possessed by effective leaders?”; and “how do we find the people who are the best leaders and help them prepare for positions that will allow them to have an impact?” After many conversations, conferences, research studies, and books, the terrain has shifted among scholars. Now the conversations focus on questions such as “If leadership is a shared responsibility among members of groups, how can the full leadership potential of all be cultivated?”; “What role do collaborators play in empowering positive leadership and defending against those who misuse it?”; and “How can organizations cultivate cultures that support and encourage visionary leadership dedicated to benefitting all?”

The shift in the questions that leadership educators now explore, coupled with the breadth and variety of the initiatives dedicated to nurturing it, demonstrate that leadership can be taught. More importantly, the practice of leadership demonstrates that many can pursue leadership and that they must if the opportunities of the 21st century are to be fulfilled. The conversations and the needs for leadership have both shifted and it is now incumbent on those who value leadership most to agree to unifying perspectives that can draw us together in common purpose. From your vantage point, what are the crucial conversations, next steps, and/or thoughts for consideration as we enter the second decade of the 21st century?
Our response to the question: Next steps in clarifying the language of leadership learning
Authors: Allen Scott J. , Roberts Dennis C.
Published: September 2011

Forty years ago, the questions most discussed among those who cared about leadership were “is leadership possible among those who don't have titles and positions?”; “what are the characteristics possessed by effective leaders?”; and “how do we find the people who are the best leaders and help them prepare for positions that will allow them to have an impact?” After many conversations, conferences, research studies, and books, the terrain has shifted among scholars. Now the conversations focus on questions such as “If leadership is a shared responsibility among members of groups, how can the full leadership potential of all be cultivated?”; “What role do collaborators play in empowering positive leadership and defending against those who misuse it?”; and “How can organizations cultivate cultures that support and encourage visionary leadership dedicated to benefitting all?”

The shift in the questions that leadership educators now explore, coupled with the breadth and variety of the initiatives dedicated to nurturing it, demonstrate that leadership can be taught. More importantly, the practice of leadership demonstrates that many can pursue leadership and that they must if the opportunities of the 21st century are to be fulfilled. The conversations and the needs for leadership have both shifted and it is now incumbent on those who value leadership most to agree to unifying perspectives that can draw us together in common purpose. From your vantage point, what are the crucial conversations, next steps, and/or thoughts for consideration as we enter the second decade of the 21st century?
An upper echelons view of “Good to Great”: Principles for behavioral integration in the top management team
Authors: Evans Randy W. , Butler Frank C.
Published: September 2011

We examined the best‐selling management book Good to Great (GTG) through the lens of upper echelons theory. In doing so, it is demonstrated that the often cited practitioner/academic divide is not necessarily so expansive as frequently perceived. We utilized upper echelons theory and more specifically, the associated metaconstruct of behavioral integration, to identify principles from GTG that are consistent with the theoretically rooted processes of collective action. Through this theoretical lens, three key principles emerged from GTG for building a successful organization: organizationally focused leadership, a disciplined culture, and the right people. Implications for practice are discussed, including the reciprocal relationship among these principles. We conclude by appealing for more constructive dialogue between academics and practitioners of management.
Myocardial T1 mapping with MRI: Comparison of look‐locker and MOLLI sequences
Authors: Nacif Marcelo Souto , Turkbey Evrim B. , Gai Neville , Nazarian Saman , van der Geest Rob J. , Noureldin Radwa A. , Sibley Christopher T. , Ugander Martin , Liu Songtao , Arai Andrew E. , Lima João A.C. , Bluemke David A.
Published: September 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the relationship between “Look‐Locker” (LL) and modified Look‐Locker Inversion recovery (MOLLI) approaches for T1 mapping of the myocardium.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 168 myocardial T1 maps using MOLLI and 165 maps using LL were obtained in human subjects at 1.5 Tesla. The T1 values of the myocardium were calculated before and at five time points after gadolinium administration. All time and heart rate normalizations were done. The T1 values obtained were compared to determine the absolute and bias agreement.

Results:

The precontrast global T1 values were similar when measured by the LL and by MOLLI technique (mean, 1004.9 ms ± 120.3 versus 1034.1 ms ± 53.1, respectively, P = 0.26). Postcontrast myocardial T1 time from LL was significantly longer than MOLLI from 5 to 25 min (mean difference, LL ‐ MOLLI was +61.8 ± 46.4 ms, P < 0.001). No significant differences in T1 values were noted between long and short axis measurements for either MOLLI or LL.

Conclusion:

Postcontrast LL and MOLLI showed very good agreement, although LL values are higher than MOLLI. Precontrast T1 values showed good agreement, however LL has greater limits of agreement. Short and long axis planes can reliably assess T1 values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age‐related cerebral perfusion changes in the parietal and temporal lobes measured by pulsed arterial spin labeling
Authors: Preibisch Christine , Sorg Christian , Förschler Annette , Grimmer Timo , Sax Iris , Wohlschläger Afra M. , Perneczky Robert , Förstl Hans , Kurz Alexander , Zimmer Claus , Alexopoulos Panagiotis
Published: September 2011

Purpose:

To investigate age‐related regional perfusion changes focused on the medial temporal lobes and related parietal areas using a pulsed arterial spin labeling technique.

Materials and Methods:

Resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps were obtained from 44 healthy volunteers (18 male, 26 female; age range, 19 to 79 years) using a pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) MRI technique at 3 Tesla focused on the parietal and temporal lobes. Repeated measurements were performed in 20 subjects to assure the reliability and reproducibility of the applied PASL technique.

Results:

Focal age‐related CBF decreases were detected in the parietal cortex, cuneus and caudate, whereas increases were seen in the lateral and medial temporal lobe such as hippocampus, the calcarine gyrus and the thalamus. Moreover, repeated measurements demonstrated a high reliability and reproducibility of the applied PASL technique.

Conclusion:

Data provide evidence for regionally dissociated patterns of perfusion increases and decreases during ageing in the temporal and parietal lobes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring the neural response to continuous intramuscular infusion of hypertonic saline by perfusion MRI
Authors: Owen Daron G. , Clarke Collin F. , Bureau Yves , Ganapathy Sugantha , Prato Frank. S. , St. Lawrence Keith S.
Published: September 2011

Purpose:

To determine the extent to which arterial spin labeling (ASL), a functional magnetic resonance imaging technique that directly measures cerebral blood flow (CBF), is able to measure the neural activation associated with prolonged experimental muscle pain.

Materials and Methods:

Hypertonic saline (HS) (5% NaCl) was infused into the brachioradialis muscle of 19 healthy volunteers for 15 min. The imaging volume extended from the dorsal side of the pons to the primary somatosensory cortices, covering most of the cortical and subcortical regions associated with pain perception.

Results:

Using a numerical scale from 0 to 10, ratings of pain intensity peaked at 5.9 ± 0.5 (mean ± SE). Group activation maps showed that the slow infusion of HS evoked CBF increases primarily in bilateral insula, with additional activation in right frontal regions. In the activated areas, CBF gradually increased at the onset of HS infusion and was maintained at relatively constant levels throughout the remainder of the infusion period. However, the level and extent of activation were smaller than observed in previous studies involving acute muscle pain.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates the ability of ASL to measure changes in CBF over extended periods of time and that the neural activation caused by muscle pain is paradigm specific. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:669‐677. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation of Rhizobacteria from Jatropha curcas and characterization of produced ACC deaminase
Authors: Jha Chaitanya Kumar , Annapurna Kannepalli , Saraf Meenu
Published: September 2011

Decreased levels of ACC (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid) result in lower levels of endogenous ethylene, which eliminate the potentially inhibitory effects of stress‐induced higher ethylene concentrations. It is worth noting the substantial ability of the bacterial species to colonize different environments, including taxonomically distinct plants cultivated in distantly separated geographical regions. For example, Enterobacter cloacae, designated as MSA1 and Enterobacter cancerogenus, designated as MSA2 were recovered from the rhizosphere of Jatropha in the present work. This study first time confirms the ACC deaminase activity in the Enterobacter cancerogenus on the preliminary basis. Several bacterial plant growth‐promoting mechanisms were analyzed and detected like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, IAA production, GA3 (gibberellic acid) production and ACC deaminase activity in the isolated cultures. Isolates were grown until exponential growth phase to evaluate their ACC deaminase activity and the effect of pH, temperature, salt, metals and substrate concentration after the partial purification of enzyme by ion exchange chromatography. The FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FT‐IR) spectra were recorded for the confirmation of α‐ketobutyrate production. By using lineweaver Burk plot Km and Vmax value for ACC deaminase of both the organism was calculated in the different fractions. In this work, we discuss the possible implications of these bacterial mechanisms on the plant growth promotion or homeostasis regulation in natural conditions. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Purification and characterization of an extracellular 24 kDa chitobiosidase from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma saturnisporum
Authors: Sharma Vivek , Shanmugam Veerubommu
Published: September 2011

A Trichoderma saturnisporum Hamill isolate GITX‐Panog (C) exhibiting strong chitinolytic and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi, the causal agent of vascular wilt in carnation was used to purify extracellular chitobiosidase using Czapek‐Dox broth amended with the fungal mycelium as the carbon source. The protein was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, followed by DEAE‐Cellulose anion‐exchange and Sephacryl S‐200 high resolution gel filtration chromatography. The purity of the enzyme was determined by SDS‐PAGE, with an estimated molecular mass of 24 kDa. In native gel assay with 4‐methylumbelliferyl ‐N,N ′ diacetyl‐β‐D‐chitobioside (4‐Mu‐(GluNAc)2, the purified chitobiosidase was visualized as single fluorescent band. Enzyme activity towards short oligomeric natural substrates indicated that the enzyme has properties that are characteristic to exochitinases. The enzyme was active up to 60 °C and at pH 4.0, and displayed maximum stability at 50 °C. Mn2+ and Zn2+ stimulated the enzyme activity by 63% and 41%, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme for 4‐Mu‐(GluNAc)2were 338.9 μM ml–1 and 0.119 μM ml–1 min–1, respectively. This appears to be the first report of characterization of a chitobiosidase from antagonistic Trichoderma saturnisporum. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biosynthesis and characterization of Au‐nanostructures by metal tolerant fungi
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , Devi Sunita , Singh Karamjit
Published: September 2011

Microorganisms being eco‐friendly and encompassing special features are widely employed in the biosynthesis of different metal nanoparticles (NPs). In the present study, the potential of different fungal strains has been explored for the synthesis of various morphologies of gold nanostructures. Preliminary confirmation of nanosized particles formation has been done with visual observation as the synthesized gold nanoparticles exhibited a variety of colours covering whole visible spectra. Crystallographic and morphological characterization of synthesized nano‐materials associated with different fungal strains have been done using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanoparticles morphology dependence on different fungal strains has been studied and described in detail. A wide variation in shape and size of gold nanoparticles with different strains has been reported as a function of strain characteristics. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cloning and characterization of a bifunctional glycosyl hydrolase from an antagonistic Pseudomonas putida strain P3(4)
Authors: Singh Naosekpam Ajit , Shanmugam Veerubommu
Published: September 2011

A fluorescent pseudomonad strain P3(4) showing chitinolysis on chitinase detection agar and antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp dianthi causing vascular wilt of carnation was isolated from pea rhizosphere soil. PCR primers specific for glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5) of Pseudomonas putida isolate KT2440 amplified a 947 bp fragment of the GH5 gene from P3(4). Cloning of this gene into Escherichia coli M15 using an expression vector pQE‐30UA and screening on chitin and chitosan detection agar identified one positive clone (Pchi+). Sequence analysis of the cloned insert revealed an open reading frame of 947 nucleotides corresponding to a protein of 315 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38.0 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the open reading frame (gene product/GH) showed 83–84% homology to the GH5 of P. putida strains F1 and KT2440, respectively. The purified enzyme was homogenous, as examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was visualized as single fluorescent band in native gel assay with 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐N ‐acetyl‐β;‐D‐glucosaminide and glycol chitosan, respectively. For hydrolysis of 4‐nitrophenyl‐N ‐acetyl‐β;‐D‐glucosaminide (pNP‐(GlcNAc) and colloidal chitosan, the enzyme had an optimal temperature of 40 °C, and was stable within the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C. The enzyme showed an optimal pH of 3.5, with maximum stabilities at 5.0 and 5.5 for hydrolysis of pNP‐(GlcNAc) and colloidal chitosan, respectively. Fe3+ and Cu2+ stimulated chitinase and chitosanase activities by 74.2 and 51.4%, respectively. The purified GH displayed 70 and 45% inhibition of spore germination of the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and Alternaria solani, respectively. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stratigraphic architecture and sedimentology of a Late Pleistocene subaqueous moraine complex, southwest Ireland
Authors: Evans David J. A. , Hiemstra John F. , Cofaigh Colm Ó
Published: September 2011

Glacigenic sediments exposed in coastal cliffs cut through undulatory terrain fronting the Last Glacial Maximum laterofrontal moraine at Waterville on the Iveragh Peninsula, southwest Ireland, comprise three lithofacies. Lithofacies 1 and 2 consist of interdigitated, offlapping and superimposed ice‐proximal subaqueous outwash and stacked sequences of cohesionless and cohesive subaqueous debris flows, winnowed lag gravels and coarse‐grained suspension deposits. These are indicative of sedimentation in and around small grounding line fans that prograded from an oscillating glacier margin into a proglacial, interlobate lake. Lithofacies 3 comprises braided river deposits that have undergone significant syn‐sedimentary soft‐sediment deformation. Deposition was likely related to proglacial outwash activity and records the reduction of accommodation space for subaqueous sedimentation, either through the lowering of proglacial water levels or due to basin infilling. The stratigraphic architecture and sedimentology of the moraine at Waterville highlight the role of ice‐marginal depositional processes in the construction of morphostratigraphically significant ‘end moraine’ complexes in Great Britain and Ireland. Traditional ‘tills’ in these moraines are often crudely stratified diamictons and gravelly clinoforms deposited in ice‐proximal subaqueous and subaerial fans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of sodium chloride on wheat flour dough for yeast‐leavened products. I. Rheological attributes
Authors: Beck Margit , Jekle Mario , Becker Thomas
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND: The rheological properties of wheat dough for yeast‐leavened products were tested at different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) addition ranging from 0 to 40 g NaCl kg−1 wheat flour. Rheological tests carried out to make this evaluation included (1) empirical rheological methods of the Farinograph, load extension and a dough stickiness test and (2) fundamental rheological methods of creep recovery and dynamic rheometry. Modifications to the gluten matrix microstructure by NaCl were examined by confocal laser‐scanning microscopy.

RESULTS: Highly significant (P⩽0.001) differences due to NaCl addition could be determined in particular by the stickiness test as well as by examination of the creep test with the Burger model. Rheological changes measured in the creep test probably depend on protein charge shielding due to NaCl interaction, resulting in an improvement in gluten network formation. An increase in dough stickiness was measured when using NaCl.

CONCLUSION: The present result for stickiness is contrary to the common subjective results. Therefore the theory proposed here for increased stickiness suggests that it is based on more non‐protein‐bound water in the dough system due to NaCl interaction and thus more viscous dough behaviour, which leads to higher stickiness as measured with the stickiness test. This may also suggest that the objectively measured ‘stickiness’ in this case does not properly indicate the subjectively measured stickiness it was designed to represent. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry