bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing acute medical admissions: a survey of acute medical services and medical assessment and planning units in New Zealand
Authors: Providence C. , Gommans J. , Burns A.
Published: July 2010

Aims:  To determine the current provision of acute medical services, including the development of medical assessment and planning units (MAPUs), by district health boards (DHBs) throughout New Zealand (NZ).

Methods:  A questionnaire‐based survey about organisation of acute medical services and establishment of MAPUs was sent to all 21 DHBs in NZ.

Results:  All 21 DHBs responded. Seven DHBs serving 42% of the population have established MAPUs since 2003 and a further six have plans to do so over the next 3 years, potentially expanding service to 73% of the NZ population. All seven current MAPUs are in close proximity to and accept patients directly from emergency departments. Each MAPU has a documented target length of stay, four units have referral protocols, five provide guidelines for management of common medical emergencies and five routinely audit unit performance. Five MAPUs have cardiac monitored beds and isolation rooms. Rapid access is available to computed tomography scanning (six units), ultrasound (five) and echocardiography (four). Two units have no nominated physician leadership and two lack dedicated therapy resources. General physicians are involved in provision of acute medical services in 20 of 21 DHBs.

Conclusions:  Medical assessment and planning units have become an important component of acute medical service provision in NZ. The established units largely comply with Australasian recommendations, although important deficiencies exist. Training of physicians must combine the needs of acute medical patients and clinical roles of physicians within MAPUs with local DHB requirements for services to be most effective.
Prognostic utility of spontaneous erythroid colony formation and JAK2 mutational analysis for thrombotic events in essential thrombocythaemia
Authors: Weston H. , Cowell V. , Grimmett K. , Saal R. , Jones M. , Mills T. , Gill D. , Marlton P. , Bird R. , Mollee P.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Thrombotic events in essential thrombocythaemia (ET) are difficult to predict with current risk stratification based on age and prior history of thrombosis.

Aims:  We aimed to assess the predictive value of the JAK2 V617F mutation (JAK2) and spontaneous erythroid colony (SEC) growth for the development of thrombotic events post diagnosis in patients with ET.

Methods:  Consecutive patients with ET were retrospectively identified, and clinical and laboratory correlates were evaluated. Thrombotic events were categorized according to their occurrence at or prior to diagnosis (prior thrombosis), and any time post diagnosis of ET (subsequent thrombosis). JAK2 analysis was performed by allele‐specific PCR on whole blood or bone marrow.

Results:  A total of 62 patients was identified, median age 63 years; 67% (41/61) JAK2‐positive and 47% (25/53) SEC‐positive. Median follow‐up was 33 months (range, 1 to 137). JAK2‐positive patients showed a trend to increased prior thrombosis (27% vs 5%, P= 0.08), and a significant increase in the development of subsequent thrombosis (5‐year event rate 31% vs 6%, P= 0.04), which persisted when stratified for a history of prior thrombosis (P= 0.04). Survival was not affected by JAK2 status. The SEC assay predicted an increased rate of baseline thrombosis (16% vs 0%, P= 0.04), but was not found to be predictive of any subsequent thrombotic events.

Conclusions:  Patients with ET who are JAK2‐positive by whole blood allele‐specific PCR appear to be at increased risk of thrombotic complications, which is independent of a prior history of thrombosis.
Allocating monitoring effort in the face of unknown unknowns
Authors: Wintle Brendan A. , Runge Michael C. , Bekessy Sarah A.
Published: July 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1325–1337

There is a growing view that to make efficient use of resources, ecological monitoring should be hypothesis‐driven and targeted to address specific management questions. ‘Targeted’ monitoring has been contrasted with other approaches in which a range of quantities are monitored in case they exhibit an alarming trend or provide ad hoc ecological insights. The second form of monitoring, described as surveillance, has been criticized because it does not usually aim to discern between competing hypotheses, and its benefits are harder to identify a priori. The alternative view is that the existence of surveillance data may enable rapid corroboration of emerging hypotheses or help to detect important ‘unknown unknowns’ that, if undetected, could lead to catastrophic outcomes or missed opportunities. We derive a model to evaluate and compare the efficiency of investments in surveillance and targeted monitoring. We find that a decision to invest in surveillance monitoring may be defensible if: (1) the surveillance design is more likely to discover or corroborate previously unknown phenomena than a targeted design and (2) the expected benefits (or avoided costs) arising from discovery are substantially higher than those arising from a well‐planned targeted design. Our examination highlights the importance of being explicit about the objectives, costs and expected benefits of monitoring in a decision analytic framework.
Distant Encounters of the Third Kind: Multinational Companies Locating Divisional Headquarters Abroad
Authors: Benito Gabriel R. G. , Lunnan Randi , Tomassen Sverre
Published: July 2010

abstract

We examine the location and relocation abroad of divisional headquarters of companies originating in a small country on the periphery of Europe. While the internationalization of business activities has been extensively studied for more than four decades, there is limited research on the strategic decision to locate divisional headquarters outside the home country. Our study shows a massive movement of headquarters functions between 2000 and 2006. Building on agency, resource based, and institutional perspectives, we propose that such moves are driven by efficiency/effectiveness as well as legitimacy factors. We find that state ownership and ownership concentration discourage MNCs from moving headquarters activities abroad, but national ownership does not. We also find that while MNCs may move their divisional headquarters to gain efficiency by co‐locating with foreign subsidiaries, they keep them at home when the company becomes large, highly diversified and complex to manage.
The Role of Dual Embeddedness in the Innovative Performance of MNE Subsidiaries: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Figueiredo Paulo N.
Published: July 2010

abstract

This paper explores variability across a set of subsidiaries in a given local context and the same industry in terms of innovative performance as an outcome of the manner and extent to which they embed within both corporate (internal) and local (external) counterparts. By drawing on fieldwork evidence of seven subsidiaries operating in Brazil (1996–2007) it was found that: (1) subsidiaries that were able to develop knowledge‐intensive linkages with specific internal and external counterparts simultaneously and based on continually increased frequency and improved quality achieved higher innovative performance levels than subsidiaries that developed such linkages with limited frequency and unchanged quality over time; and (2) some counterparts and linkages were more effective than others in terms of contributing to the subsidiaries' innovative performance. By drawing on a novel approach that explores dual embeddedness and its impacts on differences across a set of subsidiaries in terms of innovative performance over time, this paper extends our understanding of embeddedness as part of strategic asset‐seeking strategies. It also provides a basis to deepen the analysis of the nuances of multiple embeddedness and its implications for the subsidiary's competitive performance.
The Impact of Added Cultural Distance and Cultural Diversity on International Expansion Patterns: A Penrosean Perspective
Authors: Hutzschenreuter Thomas , Voll Johannes C. , Verbeke Alain
Published: July 2010

abstract

International strategy research has identified a variety of multinational enterprise (MNE) expansion patterns. Some MNEs appear to expand internationally at a stable rate, whereas others expand rapidly in one period and then tend to experience slower growth. The latter pattern suggests the occurrence of the Penrose effect. We identified two determinants of these diverging patterns. First, we propose that high levels of added cultural distance (reflecting expansion into new local contexts) during one period, may negatively affect further international expansion because of dynamic adjustment costs. Second, we suggest that managing a network of subsidiaries operating in a set of local contexts with high cultural diversity, increases environmental and internal governance complexity. Extant cultural diversity of the local contexts where the MNE is active in a first period may therefore discourage adding further cultural distance. We test the hypothesized relationships using a panel of 91 German companies.
Knowledge Accumulation and Dissemination in MNEs: A Practice‐Based Framework
Authors: Tallman Stephen , Chacar Aya S.
Published: July 2010

abstract

This paper proposes that the mechanisms of external knowledge capture and internal knowledge transfer can best be understood at the micro‐organizational level of Communities of Practice (CoPs) rather than at that of the subsidiaries' network. The paper then offers a model of the dynamics of organizational learning in network organizations, such as MNEs, which builds on this unit of analysis. This model: (i) clarifies the link between CoPs and Networks of Practice (NoPs), by offering a novel conceptual model of how knowledge, particularly tacit, embedded knowledge, is absorbed; and (ii) proposes a new link – that between CoPs and Internal Networks of Practice (INoPs), as another essential ingredient to knowledge accumulation and transfer within firms. We also propose that the firm‐level architectural knowledge that is developed through INoPs is valuable and rare, and in combination with the component knowledge developed through NoPs, can create novel knowledge that may be a source of competitive advantage.
A ZYGOTE COULD BE A HUMAN: A DEFENCE OF CONCEPTIONISM AGAINST FISSION ARGUMENTS
Authors: CURTIS BENJAMIN L.
Published: July 2010

In this paper I defend the view that a zygote is a human from the fission objection that is widely thought to be decisive against the view. I do so, drawing upon a recent discussion of this issue by John Burgess, by explaining in detail the metaphysical position the proponent of the view should adopt in order to rebut the objection.
Achieving change in special needs units
Authors: Joyce Theresa , Oliver Barley
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY. The article outlines an intervention in a special needs unit in an adult training centre. Low levels of client activity prior to intervention increased significantly upon the introduction of: (i) staff training; (ii) weekly review meetings; (iii) use of the Portage Checklist; and (iv) a structured daily timetable.

Results are discussed in the context of increasing levels of activity by using a comprehensive yet flexible approach, as opposed to more traditional room management procedures which the authors consider are not always appropriate when working with people who are profoundly handicapped.
COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: Leech Benjamin
Published: July 2010

On the Cause and Means of Prevention In Piece‐dyed Fabrics of the Defect presumed to be due to the Splitting of the Fibres of Silk.
The Standardisation of Tests for Fastness of Dyed Fabrics
Authors: Barker S. G.
Published: July 2010

Joint meeting with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at University College, Nottingham, on 22nd Jan., Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., in the chair.
The Colour Changes of Vat and Azoic Dyes by Wet and Dry Heat*
Authors: KORNREICH E.
Published: July 2010

In an earlier paper1 the author showed that the change of shade of dyeings of vat and azoic dyes on soaping is due to a transition of the dye particles from the amorphous to the crystalline state. Additional evidence is now produced, and it is shown thattwo vat dyes deposited in the fibre simultaneously can combine on soaping to form a crystalline system different from that of the respective individual dyes.
The Apparent Anomalous Monoreduction of 2:4‐Dinitrotoluene explained on the Theory of Hyperconjugation (The Baker‐Nathan Effect)
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

Hyperconjugation accounts for the somewhat greater negativity of the 4‐nitro‐group compared with the 2‐nitro‐group in 2:4‐dinitrotoluene; in consequence, selective reduction of the former by alkaline sulphides produces mainly 2‐nitro‐4‐aminotoluene, although some 4‐nitro‐2‐aminotoluene is also formed. In acid medium the 2‐nitro‐group becomes relatively negative in comparison with the 4‐nitro‐group, owing to the inductive (+I) effect having the chief rôle, with resultant preferential salt formation to give the very positive ‐NO2H group at 2‐position and preferential reduction of it by acid stannous chloride. The apparent anomaly to the author's general theory1 is thus removed.
The Dyeing of Direct Dyes on Cotton*
Authors: LEMIN D. R. , VICKERS E. J. , VICKERSTAFF T.
Published: July 2010

Rate‐of‐dyeing measurements have been carried out on over fifty direct cotton dyes dyed on cotton in two liquor lengths and with three salt concentrations. The results are expressed in terms of the time of half‐dyeing and the equilibrium exhaustion.

The value of the results in predicting the dyeing behaviour of binary combinations of dyes has been critically examined. It is shown that in approximately one in three cases, the course of dyeing is not that which would be predicted from the rate‐of‐dyeing measurements on the individual components, whilst the prediction of truly compatible mixtures is even less successful. From this is is concluded that rate‐of‐dyeing data on direct dyes are of little practical value.

It is suggested that the rate of migration of direct dyes is of more importance than the rate of dyeing, and measurements of the migration rate and its variation with salt and dye concentrations have been made. The controllability of the dyes by salt is also highly important in practice, and the dyebath exhaustion produced by the addition of salt has been measured over a wide range of salt concentrations for all the dyes. A method of defining salt controllability is developed.

On the basis of the rate of migration and salt controllability, a system of classification of the direct dyes is derived which provides some indication of the best practical method of application.
Sodium 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐carboxynaphthalene‐6‐sulphonate and 2:6‐Dihydroxynaphthalene‐3‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: CROSS E. J.
Published: July 2010

Sulphonation of 1‐amino‐2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐3‐carboxylic acid and climination of the 1‐amino‐group from the product1 yields 2‐hydroxy‐3‐carboxynaphthalene‐6‐sulphonic acid. The orientation of the sulphonic group was determined by conversion into the corresponding dihydroxynaphthoic acid, the dimethyl ether of which afforded 2: 6‐dimethoxynaphthalene on decarboxylation.
The Mechanism of the Gomberg Reaction*
Authors: HODOSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

Various data connected with the Gomberg reaction are collected and discussed from the viewpoint that, although diaryl formation is explicable on a radical mechanism, the origin of the radicals is in the decomposition of diazonium ions rather than in that of the isomeric covalent diazo‐compounds. The difference in the reaction of diazonium salts with 2‐hydroxy‐1: 4‐naphthaquinone in acetic acid and alkaline media, respectively, is readily explained by modern resonance theory.
A Critical Review of the Various Methods Extant for the Preparation of the Mononitronaphthylamines
Authors: Hodgson H. H. , Hathway D. E.
Published: July 2010

The various methods which have been devised for the preparation of the 14 mononitronaphthylamines are discussed from the standpoint of general utility and convenience, and the best one selected where choice is possible.
The Action of Light on Cellulose Acetate Rayon and Nylon dyed with Duranol, Dispersol, S. R. A., and Solacet Dyes
Authors: EGERTON G–. S.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the photochemical degradation of cellulose acetate rayon and nylon yarns dyed with dispersed and soluble acetate dyes. Measurements were made of the losses in tensile strength of the yarns after exposure to sunlight in atmospheres of dry and moisture–saturated air. Many of the acetate dyes increase the degradation of nylon to a considerable extent, but have a very much smaller effect on the degradation of cellulose acetate rayon. In several cases the loss in strength of the dyed cellulose acetate is less than that of the undyed yarn exposed under identical conditions. The photochemical degradation of both textile materials, whether dyed or undyed, is found to be due to oxidation processes.

The acetate dyes that are particularly effective in increasing the degradation of nylon are capable of increasing the degradation of undyed cotton that is simultaneously irradiated in their vicinity. In these cases the dye may be present on nylon, on cellulose acetate rayon, or as a dye film on glass. A much smaller effect is observed when undyed cellulose acetate or nylon is irradiated in proximity to these acetate dyes. Cellulose acetate rayon delustred with titanium dioxide also increases the degradation of undyed cotton irradiated in its vicinity.

The small influence of acetate dyes on the photochemical degradation of cellulose acetate rayon and their larger effect on that of nylon are interpreted in terms of a theory involving oxidation of the textile material by activated oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

The relation between the fading of the dyed yarns and the degradation of the textile substrate is discussed, and it is pointed out that many of the dyes that increase the photochemical degradation of nylon are least fast to light on this fibre.
Colour and Constitution
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

Previous theories relating to the colour of certain diazonium salts, in particular those of Hantzsch1and Morgan4, 5, 15, are reviewed, and in general are found to be included, with their limitations explained, in the more comprehensive modern resonance theory of colour as developed by Lewis and Calvin13, Pauling15, Bury27, and others. On this theory, Morgan's colourless diazonium salts from. N–benzoyl–p–phenylenediamine and coloured di azonium salts from N–benzoyl –1:4 –naphthylenediamine receive adequate interpretation, as also do his coloured mono– and bis–diazonium salts from 2:7–diaminonaphthalene23.
The Mechanism of the Gomberg Reaction Part II–An Alternative to the Free Radical Interpretation
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

A simple electronic mechanism is shewn to be sufficient for the explanation of the Gomberg reaction, without recourse to the hypothesis of free radicals. In the present author's opinion, this hypothesis is entirely unnecessary, if not invalid, for the interpretation of the decomposition of diazo–compounds which can be tautomeric with diazonium salts. The paper also includes a discussion of the decompositions of nitrosoacetanilide, the alleged anomalous p–reactivity of nitrohydrocarbons, and the more recent extensions of the free radical hypothesis.
Colour and Constitution
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

The novel kind of intramolecular reaction assumed by Ufhtzev to explain the appearance of colour in colourless compounds of the type C6H5·NH·CH2·C6H4·NO2 or C6H5·NH·CO·C6H4·NO2 when the phenyl is replaced by the acenaphthenyl or fluorenyl group is shown t o be unnecessary, since the ordinary classical theory will suffice if the Baker‐Nathan effect (hyperconjugation) be operative. Steric hindrance of resonance and consequent lack of coplanarity in molecules can explain absence or only partial development of substantivity of dyes and also hypsochromic effects, while the same hypothesis is shown to throw considerable doubt on the validity of the alleged structure of cis‐azobensene, which is bathochromic compared with tram‐azobenzene, contrary to the reasonable view that the more strained structure, i.e. the cis, should be hypsochromic. The coplanar hypothesis is shown to provide an explanation of the substantivity of the dyes from the non‐coplanar 4:4′‐diamino‐o‐terphenyl. An explanation is also included for a previous over‐statement by the author for the substantivity of Naphtol AS‐G, and brief reference is given to the recent confirmation by absorption spectra of the ionic quinonoid structures assumed by the present author for the coloured diazophenols and diazonaphthols.
Studies on the Absorption of Methylene Blue by Jute Fibre
Authors: SABKAB P. B. , CHATTERJEE H.
Published: July 2010

The absorption of methylene blue by jute fibre, both raw and variously treated, has been measured undcr different conditionn. The dye absorption depends largely on the pH of the dyebath. but is practically independent of time, temperature, and concentration. The maximum absorption agrees fairly well with the acid value of the fibre, both raw and treated. It is suggested that cationic exchange takes place between polyuronic acids of the fibre and methylene blue. The strong natural affinity of jute for basic dyes does not appear to be due to the presence of lignin, which has a comparatively low absorption value. A much deeper hue can be obtained with basic dyes if the fibre is given a mild preliminary treatment with dilute caustic soda at room temperature
The Action of Light on Dyes
Authors: BOWEN E. J.
Published: July 2010

Excited singlet levels of dye molecules formed by absorption of light may pass to triplet or “diradical” levels, which may be chemically more reactive. Many of the photoreactions of dyes have been formally interpreted as “electron transfer” reactions, but details of the prooess are usually obscure, especially in regard to the relative parts played by the singlet and triplet levels, the states of ionisation of the radicals formed, and the intervention of reactive species such as O2, HO2 and OH. It is suggested that experiments to bring out the properties of the triplet levels would be helpful for further understanding of dye photoreactions.
Some Experimental Observations on the Photochemical Degradation of Dyed Cotton
Authors: ASHTON D. , CLIBBENS D. , PROBERT M. E.
Published: July 2010

The photochemical oxidation of cotton by the air is sensitised by sulphur and basic dyes, as well as by vat dyes. As with vat dyes, so too with sulphur dyes, there is a correlation between the colour of the dye and its sensitising action. With the basic dyes there is no such relation between colour and sensitising action. The only direct dye so far observed to accelerate the photochemical oxidation iH the thiazole dye Primuline. The introduction of the azo group into the Primuline molecule by oxidation, or by diazotising and coupling, diminishes or destroys its photochemical action.

Very small amounts of copper may exert a large effect on the photochomieal action of all classes of dyes. The effect is a complicated one, but its net result is to diminish greatly the sensitising action of the most active dyes.

Many dyes liberate hydrogen peroxide on irradiation in moist air, but this action is preventod by tho presence of small amounts of copper and of some other metals.

There is a strong positive correlation between the liberation of peroxide by a dye on irradiation and its accelerating effect on the photochemical oxidation. Tho accelerating sulphur dyes do not, however, liberate detectable amounts of peroxide on irradiation.
The Photo–oxidation of a Chlorophyll ‘Preparation
Authors: LONIE WILLIAM , RITCHIE MOWBRAY
Published: July 2010

Examination has been made of the photo–oxidation in white light of a chlorophyll preparation on various solids by the direct measurement of oxygen pressure decrease.

Rates were very low on glass, zinc oxide, aluminium oxide, thallous phosphate, and ferric phosphate, but were some ten times more rapid on thallous bromide and thallous iodide. No change in rate with thallous bromide preparations was observed in the presence of water vapour and carbon dioxide. The quantum efficiency on glass was of the order of 10˜8 for blue light.

The oxygen: chlorophyll and the oxygen: carotene molecular ratios of the final photoproduct were almost exactly unity. The final stable product is regarded as a hydroperoxide: partial reversibility of the oxidation was observed by simple pressure reduction.

In general, the course of the oxidation resembles that of some other organic molecule oxidations, being characterised by an induction period, by a constant–rate portion, and by a subsequent rate of oxidation slowly decreasing to zero.
Artificial Light–fastness Tests on Coloured Textiles
Authors: LEAD W. L.
Published: July 2010

A résumé is given of the various factors which influence the rate of fading of coloured textiles by natural and artificial light, reference being made to both published and unpublished results.

The importance of humidity is stressed.

Two dyes of equal fastness under one set of conditions are not necessarily of equal fastness under other conditions. Consequently, it is possible for a dye to be rated differently on the British Standard (S. D. C.) system according to the conditions of testing.

It is impossible to express in a single number all the information about how a dye fades.

Agreement on a suitable physical method of measuring the degree of fading would help to remove some of the guesswork from present methods of colour–fastness testing.
Photo–oxidation and its Relation to Fading and Photodegradation
Authors: DUFBAISSE CHARLES , LOURY MAUBICE
Published: July 2010

Ixone, which is a non–nitrogenous vat dye, the simplest known for so deep a colour as green, contains in its molecule an anthracene ring system capable under the influence of solar radiation of combining with oxygon to give a colourless photo–oxide. The sensitivity of this dye to sunlight n;ay thus be explained, and the hypothesis may be extended to other dyes containing the same structure.
Processing of Woolled Sheepskins
Authors: WINTON E. R.
Published: July 2010

Lecture given in the Refresher Course on Textile Science and Technology at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 20th November 1948, Prof. W. M. CUMMING in the ohair
The Mechanism of the Gomberg Reaction
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

The assertion made by Hey and Waters1'2 that Hodgson has applied a free–radical concept to experimental conditions which their own theory was never intended to embrace is stated to be contrary to all the facts. Hodgson now affirms that he has never supported the hypothesis of the fission of covalent diazo compounds into free radicals at any time. Moreover, the arguments used by Hey and Waters to refute Hodgson's criticisms of their work are held to be invalid, and actually, in their analogy with decompositions of arylazotriphenylmethanes, to prove the exact opposite of their claim.
Proceedings of the Society
Authors: Speke R.W.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown that the restraining effect of Dispersol VL upon leuco vat dyes is a function of the amountM present in the system and not of its concentration in the aqueous solution. A method of assessment of the relative sensitivities of individual leuco vat dyes has been evolved. By this method the relationship between the dyebath exhaustion and the amount of Dispersol VL in the dyebath, obtaining under given dyeing conditions, is experimentally determined. A sensitivity factor is then calculated from the slope of the initially linear graphical relation between these two variables. An anomalous behaviour has, however, been encountered with certain indanthrone derivatives. Evidence is presented to show the influence, on restraining effect, of varying the depth of shade, the temperature of dyeing, and the salt concentration of the dyebath.

Investigations into the retarding and levelling effects of this non‐ionic body, as herein reported, indicate that these two properties are related to the restraining effect of Dispersol VL upon the leuco vat dye under consideration.
The Sorption of Anionic Detergents by Wool
Authors: Swanston Kathleen , Palmer R. C.
Published: July 2010

The rates of sorption of sodium cetyl sulphate by wool at 50d̀c. under varying conditions of salt concentration and pH have been measured. A qualitative explanation of the results is given using the approximation that the concentrations of ions have their stoichiometric relationship (as in equilibrium systems).
Finishing Machinery–Principles and Development
Authors: LAURIE K. S.
Published: July 2010

Lecture given in the Refresher Course on Textile Science and Technology at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 20th November 1948, Professor W. M. CUMMING in the chair.
Some Observations on the Tendering of Nylon by Exposure to Light
Authors: NEWSOME O.
Published: July 2010

In experiments on the effect of certain black dyes on the tendering of nylon by exposure to light, none of the dyes increased the degree of tendering, while several decreased it, logwood and Multamine Black B (ICI) being particularly effective. Experiments on the action of chromium compounds suggested that the protective action of logwood is mainly due to the presence of chromium.
The Distribution of Direct Dyes between Wool and Cotton in One–bath Union Dyeing Part
Authors: BIRD C. L. , NANAVATI C. M. , STEVENS C. B.
Published: July 2010

Durazol Red 2B shows maximum affinity for cotton at 40°c., but is absorbed more rapidly at higher temperatures; on wool both the rate of absorption and the amount of dye absorbed increase as the temperature is raised. The effects of adding Glauber's salt to the dyebath, and of varying the liquor–goods ratio, are very similar for both wool and cotton. Addition of small amounts of acid to the dyebath greatly increases the amount of dye absorbed by the wool, but the absorption by cotton is relatively insensitive to pH changes. Provided that acid is not present, the percentage exhaustion of a union dyebath is low, except when the amount of dye available is small.

When only a small amount of dye is used, the eolour of the two fibres is the same when each contains the same amount of dye. As the percentage of dye on the fibre increases more dye is required on the cotton than on the wool if the shades on the two fibres are to match. Ultimately, the amount of dye required on the cotton may be four times as much as that required on the wool. The maximum depth of shade obtainable on cotton is much less than that obtainable on wool.
The Diffusion of Direct Dyes into Cellulose
Authors: CKANK J.
Published: July 2010

Some recent theoretical papers concerned with the diffusion of direct dyes into cellulose are reviewed. Mathematical solutions of the diffusion equation applicable to dyeing with a restricted amount of dye, as in commercial practice, are presented in a form suitable for calculation. Several examples of calculated rate–of–dyeing curves, suitable for direct comparison with measured ratos of dyeing from a commercial dyebath, are shown.

Attempts to provide a quantitative theoretical explanation of the experimental facta about rate of dyeing are discussed. The picture of dye diffusion in cellulose, which seems to be emerging as a result of recent work, is described.
The Application of Logwood to Wool
Authors: BIRD C. L. , NEWSOME O.
Published: July 2010

The fastness properties of logwood on various metallic) mordants have been studied, particular attention having been paid to fastness to light. The possibility of dyeing logwood blacks by a one–bath method based on the Bonsor process has been investigated in detail. Using a colorimetrio method for the estimation of hæmatein, its rate of exhaustion on various mordants and the influence of the pH of the dyebath on the extent of exhaustion have been determined.
The Oxidative Dyeing of Keratinous Protein Fibres I–The Dyeing of Wool with the Colourless 2: 4: 5–Trihydroxytoluene
Authors: BURTON H. , STOVES J. L.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that wool fibres can be dyed various shades of brown by aqueous solutions of the colourless 2: 4: 5–trihydroxytoluene. Simultaneous treatment with various metal salts causes a pronounced darkening in the shade, which becomes almost black with ferrous iron. The brownish–black stain obtained by application of the trihydroxytoluene to living skin is attributed to the formation of a co–ordination complex derived from a thiohydroxytoluquinone and iron; a similar process can thus be separated into two distinct stages with wool.
Recent Developments in Fluorescent Lamps, with particular reference to Colour Problems
Authors: Henderson S. T.
Published: July 2010

Joint Meeting of the Midlands Section with the British Association of Chemists held at the School of Arts and Crafts, Derby, on 21st March 1951, Mr. A. J. Wesson in the chair

A brief survey of the factors influencing fluorescent lamp utility is followed by an account of the phosphors used, with particular reference to their emission bands and the specification of the resulting colour properties of lamps by spectrophotometry and colorimetry. The problem of adequate colour rendering is discussed with examples, in particular the attempts made to improve rendering at the red end of the spectrum.
Advances in the Application of Vat Dyes to Viscose Rayon Cakes
Authors: Hampson H.
Published: July 2010

The dyeing of viscose rayon cakes with vat dyes is discussed. The use of vat dye pigments of a particle size of approx. 2–3 μ diameter for application by a pigmentation‐reduction technique of dyeing is shown to produce satisfactory results. This low degree of aggregation of particles is achieved by regrinding commercial brands in a ball or pebble mill.
The Removal of Impurities from Grey Cotton
Authors: Hvattum O. J. , Turner H. A.
Published: July 2010

A review is given of the developments in scouring procedures since these commenced to be carried out on an industrial scale, principally with the object of showing how modern developments are related to some of the earlier discoveries in this field.
The Removal of Impurities from Grey Cotton
Authors: Hvattum O. J. , Tubner H. A.
Published: July 2010

Grey cotton has been padded in aqueous solutions of caustic soda and thin staamed in a standard laboratory apparatus. Determinations have been made of the proportion of organic material removed from the cotton and of the solvent‐extraotable material remaining in the cotton after treatment. The effects of chemical pretreatment of the cotton, concentration of alkali, time of steaming, and the presence of auxiliary substances on these quantities have been studied.
Old Fulling Methods
Authors: Ponting K. G.
Published: July 2010

The importance of fulling in woollen cloth manufacture and the development of the process (by hand until the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, then mechanically) are discussed. Types of water wheel and the effect of the mechanisation of fulling on the location of the woollen industry are also considered.
Talking of Dyeing
Authors: Peel R. A.
Published: July 2010

Abridged Report of a Lecture to the Incorporation of Bonnet Makers and Dyers in the Trades House, Glasgow, on 12th December 1950
Milestones in the Production of Synthetic Dyes for Cellulosic Fibres
Authors: Whittaker C. M.
Published: July 2010

The introduction of the various classes of dyes for cellulosic fibres is dealt with in Historical sequence from Mauve in to the latest phthalocyanine compound. Some of the prominent members of each class are briefly mentioned, giving the year of their introduction. The effect of their introduction on the dyeing industry as seen by the author is briefly outlined.
Developments in the Azoic Dyeing of Yarns
Authors: Thornber W.
Published: July 2010

A brief account is given of the history of azoic dyeing, from the discovery of Vaeanceine Red by Read Holliday Ltd. in 1880 up to the present day.
A Practical Survey of Hosiery Dyeing
Authors: Edwards W. A.
Published: July 2010

The survey is intended to indicate how advances in hosiery‐dyeing techniques have been made possible by technical developments in dyes and auxiliaries. In tracing these developments from the use of natural dyes in the later nineteenth century to representative modern practice, the practical application of scientific method and control is discussed with the more important theoretical advances in mind. Following a discussion of special considerations in the dyeing of knitted footwear and fabrics by different methods, recently developed features of hosiery‐dyeing machinery are outlined.
The Evolution and Development of Dyeing within the Carpet Industry
Authors: Robinson G. , Jagger D.
Published: July 2010

The dyeing processes of antiquity employed in the Oriental rug‐weaving centres are described, and developments in this country of dyeing methods and equipment reviewed. The significance of the various operations employed in the production of hank‐dyed and predyed carpet‐pile yarns is discussed. Mention is made of several factors peculiar to the carpet industry.
The Evolution of Slubbing Dyeing and Dyes
Authors: Gaunt J. P.
Published: July 2010

Development on the mechanical aide of slubbing dyeing occurred mainly between 1880 and 1920, and progress during the last twenty years has been relatively slow. Slubbing dyeing is still essentially a batch operation, although a continuous process would be attractive. Although many of the dyes used for slubbing date from the nineteenth century, dyes of improved brightness and fastness are being introduced.
The Prospect Before Us*
Authors: Evans J. G.
Published: July 2010

Modern processes of continuous dyeing are reviewed, and an estimate is made of future trends in the dyeing industry.
Some Aspects of the Drying and Heating of Textiles
Authors: Preston J. M. , Chen J. C.
Published: July 2010

The effects of drying viscose rayon yarn in cake form by convection, infra‐red, and high‐frequency methods have been compared.
Reduction of Direct Dyes during the Dyeing of Viscose Rayon
Authors: Armfield W.
Published: July 2010

The cause of reduction of certain direct dyes during the dyeing of viscose rayon at temperatures near the boil is the presence of alkali, and some direot dyes contain sufficient alkali to cause reduction of other direct dyes although they themselves may not be affected.

With increase in temperature reduction increases, and at the boil considerably more reduction takes place than at 90d̀c.

Dyeing in enclosed machines favours reduction owing to the restricted air space, but the effect of this can be overoome by blowing air. over the surface, or through the dye liquor. Lowering the pH of the dye liquor decreases the tendency of dyes to reduce during dyeing. Addition of such a substance as ammonium sulphate or chloride prevents reduction altogether even when dyeing at temperatures near the boil, in all but exceptional cases.

The pH values of a number of aqueous dye solutions are listed, and a simple method is described whereby the susceptibility of direct dyes to reduction can be determined. A number of dyes have been tested, and are classified into four groups, according to whether they show considerable, moderate, slight, or no reduction.
Combination of Wool with Acids
Authors: Olofsson Bebtil
Published: July 2010

1. Titrations of wool with mixtures of hydrochloric acid and sulphurio acid in different total and relative concentrations have been performed, and the absorption of hydrogen, chloride, and sulphate ions has been determined.

2. The experimental results are compared with results calculated on the basis of the Gilbert‐Rideal, Donnan, and ion‐exchange theories.

3. Statistical dnalysis proves the applicability of the Gilbert‐Rideal theory. The Donnan theory is not applicable, as there are speoiflo thermodynamio differences between fibre and solution phases. The ion‐exohange theory is more general, including the other two theories.

4. A theoretical study of the attachment of the sulphate ion at one or two positive sites in the fibre has been made. Experimental values are not conclusive, but make it possible that there is either a one‐site attachment or a distribution between one and two sites.
The Role of Foam in Detergent Action
Authors: Stevenson D. G.
Published: July 2010

Foams have the power of sucking oil into the junctions between the liquid films or lamellae which separate air bubbles, probably because the cury ature of the water‐air surface is greatest, and the pressure in the liquid lowest, at these junctions. When a foam carrying lines of oil along these junctions breaks, the oil is dispersed as fine droplets; therefore foams can assist emulsification of oil.
Studies in the Fundamental Processes of Textile Printing
Authors: Patel R. B. , TMurner H. A.
Published: July 2010

A selection of acid dyes, including representativés of the group suitable for direct printing on regenerated cellulose, has been examined by the method of Munshi and, Turner1. It is found that the transfer of some of them from starch to cellulose during steaming passes through a maximum as steaming continues, and also that the exhaustion of the starch layer under standard conditions increases with increasing initial concentration of dye in the starch. The effect of a number of assistants, including sodium chloride and urea, has been examined. It seems probable that the distribution of the dye between starch and cellulose is closely connected with the distribution of water between these two phases.
Quantitative Estimation of Eulan CN, Mitin FF, and Lanoc GN in Wool
Authors: Hartley R. S. , Elsworth F. F. , Midgley P. G. , Barritt J.
Published: July 2010

Two methods are described for estimating Eulan CN, Mitin FF, and Lanoc CN in wool. Eulan CN and Lanoc CN form chloroform‐soluble ooloured complexes in the presence of copper sulphate and pyridine. The reaction is specific for these and other closely related chemical compounds, and may be used for their estimation. Mitin FF and also Eulan CN and Lanoe CN may be estimated by means of the chloroform‐soluble complex formed in the presence of Methylene Blue. This reaction is non‐specific.
The Rates of Fading of the S.D.C. Light Fastness Standards (B. S. 1006)
Authors: Ricketts R. H.
Published: July 2010

The rates of fading of the S.D.C. light, fastness standards 1 to 6 have been determined by exposing portion of'each standard for different times in a fading lamp and finding the difference between the exposed and unexposed patterns, optically and visually. The reflectance rurves of the patterns have been obtained, and two colour difference formulæ used to calculate the colour change, on exposure, in just perceptible steps. It is shown that the results obtained optically do not correspond to the obtained difference. In view of this, the differences I have been estimated visually against a grey scale, and the results obtained show that the spacing of the standards 1 to 6 is satisfactory.
The Desorption of a Direct Cotton Dye from Cellulosic Fibres
Authors: Jackson J. H. E. , Turner. H. A.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the desorption of purified Chlorazol Sky Blue FF from dyed bleached cotton and from dyed viscose rayon into water and into solutions of sodium chloride. With cotton a dyeing hysteresis is observed. Unexpected features of the desorption into very dilute solutions of sodium chloride have been explained by assuming that the cotton may contain a small proportion of basic groups.
Quantitative Analysis of Azo and other Dyes and Intermediates
Authors: Arshid F. M. , Desai N. F. , Giles C. H. , McLintock G. K.
Published: July 2010

An oxidative method of semi‐micro analysis suitable for nitrogen in dyes is described. The results with a representative number of different types of azo dye and some members of other classes agree closely, for the majority of the dyes examined, with those obtained by titanous chloride analysis, and the new method has the advantage of being simple, rapid, and clean in use. The procedure involves measurement of the volume of nitrogen produced on boiling the dye with a dilute solution of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid.

A still simpler, colorimetric method of determining water‐soluble azo dyes uses ceric, sulphate oxidation. It is useful for some dyes, but many do not react in simple proportion with the oxidant.

A colorimetric method for the determination of the purity of coupling components for azo dyes is also described. This procedure is simpler than the usual method of diazo titration.
Absorptiometry Colorimetry in the Textile Laboratory
Authors: Giles C. H. , Shaw I. S.
Published: July 2010

This is a description of the principal uses of absorptiometers and colorimeters in a textile laboratory, including their employment for the determination of the concentrations of dyes in solution and of dyes and certain auxiliary products on the fibre, the amounts of metals present on the fibre, and the pH values of aqueous liquids. Tabulated descriptive details of current British instruments are included, and recent developments in the understanding of the relative accuracy attainable in absorptiometric analysis, and its improvement, are discussed. The paper is largely a review, but a little new investigational work has been included where necessary to supplement the published information.
The Production of Printing Rollers by Electrodeposition
Authors: Ollard E. A.
Published: July 2010

The process and the plant for depositing printing rollers are described in detail, and also the process employed for facing rollers with chromium.
Rheology and the Letterpress Printing Process
Authors: Casson N.
Published: July 2010

Since most printing inks do not obey the Newtonian flow equation, their rheological properties cannot be characterised by a single coefficient of viscosity. However, in the majority of printing inks the shearing stress‐rate of shear relation becomes linear at high rates of shear, allowing the now curve to be defined by two quantities, viz. U the “plastic viscosity” and f the “yield value”. The validity and the usefulness of this procedure are discussed. The effects of the U and f values of an ink on its printing performance are considered in outline.
Developments in the Application of Azoic Dyes in Printing
Authors: Jomain B.
Published: July 2010

A brief review is made of the development of azoic dyes for printing, from the original application on β‐naphthol prepares, via the Rapid Fast and Rapidogen ranges, to the recently introduced neutral‐steaming dyes. The application of these new dyes in multicolour styles is discussed in some detail.
Resists under Azoic Dyes
Authors: Frei J.
Published: July 2010

The introduction of Variamine Blue has given a new impetus to resist pilnting. The most usual methods‐resists by the lead chromate and aluminium chlorate processes ‐ are described, and new‐possibilities are indicated of producing resists under red, orange, scarlet, and bordeaux diazo components.
An Electron Microscope Examination of Wool The Fraction resistant to Peracetic Acid‐Ammonium Hydroxide Treatment
Authors: Manogue B. , Elliott R. L.
Published: July 2010

The fraction of wool fibres resistant to peracetic acid and ammonium hydroxide treatment has been investigated with the electron microscope. The insoluble residues consist of (i) a cuticle sheath, which encloses (ii) fibrous material from the cortex.