bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beiträge zur Kenntnis einiger Holzgewächse im europäischen Tertiär
Authors: Mai D. H.
Published: August 2010

Es werden einige Arten der Gattungen Acer L. (Aceraceae). Swida OPIZ (Cornaceae). Pterocarya KUNTH (Juglandaceae), Bruinsmia BOERL. & KOORD. (Styracaceae), Pieris D. DON, Comarostaphylis ZUCC. (Ericaceae) und Ampelopsis MICHX. (Vitaceae) nach karpologischen Funden beschrieben. Neu sind die Arten Swida crassicarpa sp. nova, Pterocarya miolusatica sp. nova und Bruinsmia vacciniformis sp. nova. Neu für Europa ist der Nachweis der südostasiatischen Gattung Bruinsmia und der mittelamerikanischen Gattung Comarostaphylis. Neu kombiniert werden die Arten Swida quadrilocularis (CHANDLER) comb. nova. Pieris quinquealata (MENZEL) comb. nova und Comarostaphylis globula (MENZEL) comb. nova. Alle Funde sind von vegetationsgeschichtlicher Bedeutung für das Tertiär von Europa.
What is the protective tissue replacing the stem epidermis in Trapa (Trapaceae, Myrtales)
Authors: Timonin A. C.
Published: August 2010

In Trapa, ephemeral stem epidermis is replaced by special multi‐layered protective tissue. The tissue is usually considered a periderm. Here, it is evidenced to be an exoderm.
Use of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms for the phylogenetic study of Allium subgenus Amerallium and subgenus Bromatorrhiza (Alliaceae) II
Authors: Samoylov A. , Friesen N. , Pollner S. , Hanelt P.
Published: August 2010

The utility of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction mapping of 18 Allium species of the subgenera Amerallium, Melanocrommyum, Allium and Bromatorrhiza have been cladistically analysed, according to the recently proposed paraphyletic origin of the subgenera Bromatorrhiza and Amerallium. The size of the restriction fragment and the precise fragment order of A. zebdanense cpDNA were determined for 10 enzymes. The parsimony analysis confirms strongly the subdivision of the genus Allium in two main groups with different basic chromosome numbers (x = 7 and x = 8), which had been earlier proposed on the basis of morphological, karyological, anatomical and other molecular markers. Subgenus Amerallium (x = 7) itself is distinctly differentiated into two main subgroups, representing the Eurasian and the American taxa. The subgeneric status of Bromatorrhiza has to be cancelled, its members must be subordinated as sections to subgenus Amerallium (sect. Bromatorrhiza) and to one of the Eurasian subgenera with x = 8 (probably to the subgenus Allium or Rhizirideum).
New species of cat‐tail (Typha L.) from Caucasus
Authors: Mavrodiev E. V.
Published: August 2010

The article contains the description of a new species of cat‐tail, Typha alekseevii sp. nova from Caucasus which should be referred to subsect. Rohrbachia H. RIEDL.
Ein Rosaceen‐Holz, Rosoxylon hassiacum sp. nova, gen. nov., aus dem Untermiozän von Lauterbach in Hessen (Deutschland)
Authors: Süss H. , Müller‐Stoll W. R. , Mädel‐Angeliewa E.
Published: August 2010

Ein fossiles Wurzelholz aus dem Untermiozän von Lauterbach (Hessen, Deutschland) wurde untersucht und als Rosoxylon hassiacum sp. nova, gen. nov. beschrieben. Es ist der erste Nachweis eines Fossils mit der Holzstruktur der Rosaceae‐Gattung Rosa L.
Verbreitung und Ökologie der GattungChamaesycein Mitteleuropa, Oberitalien und Südfrankreich
Authors: Hügin G.
Published: August 2010

Die aktuelle und historische Verbreitung vonChamaesyce‐Arten werden in Verbreitungskarten (UTM‐Gitter) dargestellt (Ch. canescens, Ch. glyptosperma, Ch. humifusa, Ch. maculata, Ch. nutans, Ch. prostrata, Ch. serpens). Verbreitung, Häufigkeit und Höhenverbreitung werden in Beziehung gesetzt zu Boden und Klima. Dabei ergibt sich, daß die potentiellen Arealgrenzen noch nicht erreicht sind; die Arealausweitung ist in erster Linie im Zusammenhang mit der Arealsättigung zu sehen, nicht als Folge einer Klimaänderung. Mit weiteren Arealveränderungen und zusätzlichenChamaesyce‐Arten ist in Zukunft zu rechnen.
New nomenclatural combinations for Chinese Umbelliferae
Authors: Pimenov M. G. , Kljuykov E. V.
Published: August 2010

19 new nomenclatural combinations in the generaAcronema(A. edosmioidescomb. nova),Angelica(A. angelicifoliacomb. nova,A. nakaianacomb, nova),Hymenidium(H. delavayicomb. nova),Ligusticopsis(L. dielsiana comb. nova, L. longicalyciacomb. nova,L. pseudodaucoidescomb. nova),Notopterygium(N. weberbauerianumcomb. nova),Pterocyclus(P. forrestiicomb, nova),Seseli(S. jinanensecomb, nova,S. lancifoliumcomb, nova,S. laticalyciumcomb, nova,S. spodotrichonumcomb, nova,S. wannienchumcomb. nova,S. togasiicomb. nova,S. simplicifoliumstat. nova),Sinodielsia(S. delavayicomb. nova,S. cuneatacomb. nova) andTongoloa(T. fortunatiicomb. nova) have been proposed for the species distributed in China. For all names (accepted and taxonomic synonyms) type materials kept in Chinese and extra‐Chinese herbaria are cited. Some brief comments on species under investigation have been also compiled.
Evolutionary and taxonomic studies of Ipomoea L. sect. Involucratae BAK. & RANDLE (Convolvulaceae) in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunwenmo K. O.
Published: August 2010

Taxonomic circumscription of the Nigerian material of Ipomoea pileata is suggested owing to its uniqueness from the Asian and other African specimens. Cotyledon size, presence or absence of inner, sepal‐like bracts, sepal's shape, colour and size of corolla, stigma colour and number of flower per involucre‐bract among others are diagnosticable. Evolutionary mechanisms leading to speciation in Ipomoea sect. Involucrutae include shortening of life cycle with development of long seed dormancy period, variation of flower opening and closing periods, reduction in size and number or loss of floral part(s), inbreeding and geographical isolation. Chromosome counts revealed 2n = 30 with different lengths (P < 0.01). A new taxon. Ipomoea involucrata P. BEAUV.var. involucrata f. bicolor OGONWENMO f. nova is described.
Taxonomic bearing of stylodium tooth in the genusLotus(Papilionaceae) with special reference toLotus creticusL
Authors: Kramina T. E. , Sokoloff D. D.
Published: August 2010

Stylodium morphology in 62 species ofLotusis studied. InLotus creticus, a stylodium tooth is detected for the first time. Therefore,L creticusshould be transferred from subgenusEdentolotusinto the subgenusPedrosia. L. cytisoidesandL. longisiliquosuswhich were often indicated as scarcely distinguishable fromL. creticus, are retained in the subgenusEdentolotusand can be easily separated from each other ifL. creticusis excluded from the subgenus.
Karyomorphological studies in some Nigerian species of Vernonia SCHREB. (Asteraceae) with different growth forms
Authors: Ayodele M. S.
Published: August 2010

Species of the genus Vernonia used in this study were collected from their natural habitats in the savannah and degraded savannah vegetation in Nigeria. The chromosome counts for eight of the taxa are reported for the first time. Karyological data for the species are being reported for the first time, even though some of the species have had their chromosome counts reported in Nigeria or elsewhere.

The chromosome data show that the species of Vernonia fall under two base‐number categories of x = 9 and x = 10. Species with different growth habits had similar chromosome numbers with similarities in the size and the morphology of their chromosomes. The x = 9 materials were more derived (specialized) than those of x = 10; and hence with more aggressive colonization trait. Some members of the x = 10 group were poor colonizers remaining only in their restricted ecovegetational niche.
Genetic and morphological variability in alpine Saxifraga oppositifolia L. after colonization
Authors: von Flüe I. , Gugerli F. , Holderegger R. , Schneller J. J.
Published: August 2010

In order to evaluate how fast intrapopulational genetic variability increases after colonization, morphological variation and isozyme diversity were studied in four populations of Saxifraga oppositifolia L. in an alpine valley of Central Switzerland. Three populations grew in natural habitats and were assumed to be long established. Another population was located on a 50‐year old roadside slope. This younger population showed the same level of morphological and genetic variability and diversity than did the older populations. The potential to inbreed admits single seed colonization in S. oppositifolia, and gene flow through pollen or seed and subsequent outbreeding may increase intrapopulational genetic diversity and variation with time. As a consequence, established populations of S. oppositifolia exhibit low genetic differentiation at the landscape level.
Carotenoid content in the thalli of 34 lichen species from Sicily
Authors: Czeczuga B. , Grillo M. , Czeczuga‐Semeniuk E.
Published: August 2010

Column and thin‐layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of 34 lichen species (38 specimens) from Sicily: α‐carotene, β‐carotene, γ‐carotene, retrodehydro‐β‐carotene, α‐cryptoxanthin, β‐cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, lutein, 3′‐epilutein, zeaxanthin, echinenone, hydroxyechinenone, 3‐oxoechinenone, canthaxanthin, adonixanthin, phoenicoxanthin, astaxanthin, citranaxanthin, reticulataxanthin, lycopene‐5,6‐epoxide, β‐carotene‐5,6,5′,6′‐diepoxide, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin, aurochrome, auroxanthin, flavochrome, flavoxanthin, cryptoflavin, mutatoxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, β‐citraurin, luteoxanthin, azafrin, bixin, β‐carotenone, loroxanthin, siphonaxanthin, torularhodin methyl ester, capsochrome, rhodoxanthin, β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal and 3‐hydroxy‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal.

The total content of carotenoids ranged from 12.9 (Cladonia fimbriata) to 151.1 μg g−1 (Caloplaca aurantia) dry weight.
A carpological study of Eversmannia subspinosa (Fisch. ex Dc.) B.Fedtsch. (Leguminosae, Hedysareae)
Authors: Mlronov E. M. , Sokoloff D. D.
Published: August 2010

Fruit morphology and anatomy is studied in Eversmannia subspinosa and, for comparison, in several species of the genus Hedysarum L. Fruits of Eversmannia Bge. in contrast with fruits of Hedysarum, do not break up into closed one‐seeded articles. The fruits of Eversmannia are rather dehiscent than lomentaceous. Although the fruits of Eversmannia and Hedysarum considerably differ from each other in the way of seed dispersal, the pericarp of the two has the same basic structure. Diagnostic characters of the tribe Hedysareae are discussed.
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vegetation im tuwinischen Teil des Uvs‐nuur‐Beckens (Russland)
Authors: Hilbig W.
Published: August 2010

Im August 1998 wurden im tuwinischen Teil des Uvs‐nuur‐Beckens von den Randgebirgen im Norden bis in die Nähe des Salzsees Uvs‐nuur und des Süßwassersees Tere‐chol an der tuwinisch‐mongolischen Grenze in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Bodenkundlern Vegetationsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Pflanzengesellschaften entsprechen in starkem Maße denen im mongolischen Teil des Beckens.

Pflanzengesellschaften folgender Formationen wurden untersucht: Lärchen‐ und Lärchen‐Arven‐Wälder der oberen Bergstufe, krautreiche Lärchen‐Wälder der unteren Bergstufe, Pappel‐Auenwälder der Flussauen und Birken‐Weiden‐Bachauenwälder, Felsgebüsche, Myricaria‐ und Hippophaë‐Gebüsche auf Flussgeröll, Wiesensteppen, grasreiche Trockensteppen, Nanophyton‐reiche Steppen und Halbwüsten, Sanddünenvegetation, Wiesen und Hochstaudenvegetation, annuelle Uferfluren, Wasser‐, Salz‐ und Ruderalvegetation.

Die Zuordnung zu Assoziationen und ranglosen Pflanzengesellschaften richtet sich nach der Bearbeitung der Vegetation in der Mongolei. Auf die Degradierung der Pflanzengesellschaften durch starke Beweidung und Holzeinschlag wird hingewiesen.
Die botanische Stellung von Haliserites reichii Sternberg 1833 (Dipteridaceae)
Authors: Kahlert E. , Rüffle L.
Published: August 2010

Haliserites reichii Sternb. galt in der älteren Literatur als Fossil unbekannter Zugehörigkeit. Die neuere Literatur hielt Haliserites für einen Vorläufer der Angiospermen. In der Sammlung des Museums für Naturkunde Berlin, Paläontologisches Museum, befindet sich ein Belegstück aus der Sammlung v. Cotta mit einem Sporangium. Haliserites muss den Dipteridaceae zugeordnet werden.
Ergänzungen zur Eozän‐Flora des Geiseltales, Deutschland, und einiger weiterer Eozän‐Fundstätten
Authors: Rüffle L. , Litke R.
Published: August 2010

Die Mitteleozän‐Flora des Geiseltales ist reich an Angiospermen‐Blättern. In der Arbeit werden bisher wenig bekannte Arten aus dem Eozän beschrieben und abgebildet. Einige von ihnen zeichnen sich durch fossile Guttapercha in den Gefäßen aus. Sie haben Bedeutung bei der Bestimmung der Blätter in Verbindung mit den fossilen Epidermen. Dabei konnten zwei neue Arten beschrieben werden: Euphorbiofolium suessii sp. nova (Euphorbiaceae) und Maytenoides papillosa gen. nov. et sp. nova. Der Holotypus von Stuartia kowalewskii Caspary 1872 aus dem baltischen Bernstein war bisher zu wenig bekannt, da er vom Autor nur beschrieben wurde. In vorliegender Arbeit wird er abgebildet.
Lobelia pliocenica (Dorofeev) comb. nova – ein neues atlantisches Florenelement im Jungtertiär und Altquartär Europas
Authors: Mai D. H.
Published: August 2010

Die fossilen Samen vom Typ der Typha pliocenica Dorofeev (1960) und zweier naher verwandter Arten werden morphologisch und anatomisch neu untersucht und zur Gattung Lobelia L. (Lobeliaceae) gestellt. Eindeutig vergleichbar ist Lobelia dortmanna L., eine transatlantische Wasserpflanze aus Nordwesteuropa und Nordamerika. Eine fossile Art reicht zeitlich vom unteren Miozän bis in das Altquartär und räumlich von Oberitalien und Mitteldeutschland bis Baschkirien und Westsibirien.
Taxonomic revision ofPleurospermumHoffm. and related genera of Umbelliferae I. General part
Authors: Pimenov M. G. , Kijuykov E. V. , Leonov M. V.
Published: August 2010

A critical evaluation of the taxonomic relationship of the species ofPleurospermumand related generaHymenolaena, Trachydium, Aulacospermum, Keraymonia, Pterocyclus, Physospermopsis, Hymenidium, andPleurospermopsishas been carried out. Eighty species, including all type species of these genera, were analysed using a large set of characters (47), mainly morphological (stem, leaf, umbel, flower and fruit traits). The species groupings were made using the UPGMA clustering method; the classification obtained is polythetic. The content of the genera and their circumscriptions have been drastically revised. Nine generic clusters have been revealed that correspond toAulacospermum, Pseudotrachydiumgen. nov.,Trachydium, Physospermopsis, Keraymonia, Hymenolaena, Hymenidiums.l.,Pleurospermums.str. andPterocyclus. For the largest assemblage of related species, formerly referred to diverse genera, the nameHymenidium, practically forgotten in current Umbelliferae nomenclature, has been restored. A key to the nine genera ofPleurospermumgroup is provided.
Lolium edwardii sp. nova (Gramineae) and its relationship with Schedonorus sect. Plantynia Dumort.
Authors: Scholz H. , Stierstorfer Ch. , Gaisberg M. V.
Published: August 2010

Lolium edwardii, probably an endemic of the Canary Islands, is new to science. It differs clearly from L. canariense by means of morphological characters provided in a key, and of its ecological preferences and distribution patterns presented for the Island of El Hierro. The relationship to the genus Schedonorus P. Beauv. is discussed.
Distribution of reproductive systems and taxonomical concepts in the genus Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) in Germany
Authors: Uhlemann I.
Published: August 2010

Reproductive studies of the genus Taraxacum F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae) were carried out in the Eastern part of Germany (approx. 1,300 individuals). Using the method of variability of pollen diameter we observed almost in all cases only obligately agamospermous plants in the area studied. With regard to Germany, regions with 1. obligately sexual and obligately agamospermous 2. facultatively and obligately agamospermous 3. exclusively obligately agamospermous individuals, could be distinguished. From these facts, it is concluded that the microspecies concept is preferable to the traditional macrospecies concept, especially in regions with exclusively obligately agamospecies. The microspecies concept is also applicable in a differentiated form in the remaining regions.
Fungal biodiversity, pollen morphology and leaf surface of some native species in Egypt
Authors: Abdel‐Hafez S. I. I. , Naggar S. M. El
Published: August 2010

Five native species of the flora of Egypt:Adonis dentataDelile, Ranunculaceae;Papaver dubiumL., Papaveraceae;Matthiola longipetala(Vent.) DC., Brassicaceae;Malva parvifloraL., Malvaceae; andErodium laciniatum(Cav.) Willd., Geraniaceae have been investigated morphologically, palynologically and mycologically.

The total counts of phyllosphere fungi fluctuated between 223 and 388 colonies/100 leaf segments giving maximum onMalva parviflorafollowed byMatthiola longipetala, Erodium laciniatum, Papaver dubiumandAdonis dentata.The widest spectrum of genera (20) and species (39 and l variety) was recorded onMalva parvifloraand the narrowest onAdonis dentata(9, 14).

Sixty species and one variety belonging to 27 genera were collected from leaves (24 genera and 56 species and 1 variety) and anthers/pollen (16 genera and 27 species) of the five studied plants with the most frequently species were some members ofAlternaria, Cladosporium, FusariumandMucor.Members ofAspergillusandPenicilliumwere prevalent only on leaves ofMatthiola longipetalaandMalva parviflora, while these members were infrequently recorded on leaf surfaces ofAdonis dentataandPapaver dubium.Results revealed that density of hairs on the leaf surface and size of leaf blade, almost seem to be the most reliable factors of the biodiversity of the fungal spores on the studied taxa. On the other hand, reticulate or striate pollen surface had a wider spectrum of fungal biodiversity and higher densities of spores compared with echinate and scabrate surface.
Phyloproteomic classification of unsequenced organisms by top‐down identification of bacterial proteins using capLC‐MS/MS on an Orbitrap
Authors: Wynne Colin , Edwards Nathan J. , Fenselau Catherine
Published: August 2010

Currently, most MS‐based proteomic studies of bacteria and archea match experimental data to known amino acid sequences from the target organism. Top‐down studies use a protein's molecular weight along with data gathered from MS/MS experiments to identify proteins by database matching. For Erwinia herbicola and Enterobacter cloacae, studied here, the necessary protein sequences are not available in protein sequence repositories. We apply top‐down protein fragmentation, but match the experimental data with homologous proteins from related organisms with sequenced genomes, demonstrating considerable shared protein sequence between closely related bacteria. Using this homology‐based approach, we are not only able to identify representative proteins, but are also able to place the two target bacteria in their correct phylogeny. Furthermore, we show that the unexpected mass delta between the experimental precursor and matched protein sequence can often be localized and characterized using accurate‐mass precursor and fragment ion measurements. Finally, we demonstrate that proteins identified by top‐down workflows provide strong experimental evidence for correct, missing, and misannotated bacterial protein sequences, not only in the analyzed organism, but also for homologous proteins in closely related species.
Effects of modified splenocaval shunt plus devascularization on esophagogastric variceal bleeding: a comparative study of this treatment and devascularization only in cirrhotic portal hypertension
Authors: Du Lixue , Wu Wujun , Zhang Yu , Sun Zhongjie , Hu Haitian , Liu Xiaogang , Liu Qingguang
Published: August 2010

Background

Pericardial devascularization (PCDV) and portosystemic shunt were reported to have favorable results for the management of portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients in China and the West, respectively. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of a modified proximal splenocaval shunt plus PCDV on variceal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension.

Methods

From January 1997 to December 2007, 168 patients with portal hypertension of cirrhotic origin received an operation for gastroesophageal variceal bleeding. Of these, 90 patients received a splenocaval shunt plus a PCDV procedure (Combined Group) and the other 78 patients received a PCDV procedure only (PCDV Group). The procedure‐related morbidity and mortality, rebleeding, encephalopathy, and survival rates were analyzed.

Results

Postoperative mortality was 3.3% in the combined group and 5.1% in the PCDV group (p > 0.05). Overall morbidity was 13.3% in the combined group and 15.4% in the PCDV group (p > 0.05). The rate for rebleeding, including variceal bleeding and gastropathy, was 5.1% in the combined group, which was significantly lower than that in the PCDV group, at 16.7% (p < 0.05). The incidence of encephalopathy was 6.63% in the combined group and 6.67% in the PCDV group (p > 0.05). The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates were 97.4, 91.7, 80.0, and 60.0% in the combined group and 96.7, 83.3, 73.3, and 53.3% in the PCDV group (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The modified splenocaval shunt plus PCDV is a safe and effective procedure for the long‐term control of variceal bleeding; the procedure may not only maintain the portal flow to the liver, but may also protect the liver function in cirrhotic patients. The better clinical outcome means that the procedure may be one of the best choices for treating portal hypertension of cirrhotic origin.
Intravenous 64‐multi‐detector row CT‐cholangiography of porcine livers: a feasibility study with definition of the temporal window for optimal bile duct delineation
Authors: Sommer Christof M. , Schwarzwaelder C. B. , Ramsauer S. , Stampfl U. , Stiller W. , Nickel F. , Omri W. , Kenngott H. G. , Gehrig T. , Meinzer H. P. , Kauczor H. U. , Radeleff B. A.
Published: August 2010

Background/purpose

To assess the feasibility of intravenous 64‐multi‐detector row computed tomography (CT)‐cholangiography of porcine livers with definition of the temporal window for optimal bile duct delineation.

Methods

Six healthy Landrace pigs, each weighing 28.97 ± 2.99 kg, underwent 64‐multi‐detector row CT‐cholangiography. Each pig was infused with 50 ml of meglumine iotroxate continuously over a period of 20 min and, starting with the initiation of the infusion, 18 consecutive CT scans of the abdomen at 2‐min intervals were acquired. All series were evaluated for bile duct visualization scores and maximum bile duct diameters as primary study goals and bile duct attenuation and liver enhancement as secondary study goals.

Results

Of the 16 analyzed biliary tract segments, maximum bile duct visualization scores ranged between 4.00 ± 0.00 and 2.83 ± 1.47. Time to maximum bile duct visualization scores ranged between 10 and 34 min. Average bile duct visualization scores for the 10‐ to 34‐min interval ranged between 3.99 ± 0.05 and 2.78 ± 0.10. Maximum bile duct diameters ranged between 6.47 ± 1.05 and 2.65 ± 2.23 mm. Time to maximum bile duct diameters ranged between 24 and 34 min. Average bile duct diameters for the 10‐ to 34‐min interval ranged between 6.00 ± 0.38 and 2.40 ± 0.13 mm.

Conclusions

Intravenous 64‐multi‐detector row CT‐cholangiography of non‐diseased porcine liver is feasible, with the best bile duct delineation acquired between 10 and 34 min after initiation of the contrast agent infusion.
Prediction of species composition of plant communities in a rural landscape based on species traits
Authors: Tanaka Ryoko , Koike Fumito
Published: August 2010

The species composition of a community is a subset of the regional species pool, and predicting the species composition of a community from ecological traits of organisms is an important objective in ecology. If such a prediction can be made feasible, we could assess the risk of invasion of locally new species (alien species and genetically modified species) into natural communities. We developed and tested statistical models to predict a community's species composition from ecological traits of the species pool. Various types of communities (forest, meadow, and weed communities) exist in a small area of traditional rural landscape in Japan, and have been maintained by human activities. These communities and the tracheophytes species pool in the 1‐km2 research area were considered. We used logistic regression and decision‐tree analysis to construct predictive models of community species composition based on plant traits, using the presence or absence of species in a community as the dependent variable and ecological traits as independent variables. Plant traits were grouped by cluster analysis, and the average in each trait group was used for model building to avoid multiple collinearity. Statistical prediction models were significant in all communities. About 60–75% of species composition could be predicted from the measured plant traits in forest communities, but 33–56% in the meadow and weed communities. Our results showed the possibility of predicting the species composition of plant communities from the ecological traits of the plant species together with the information on local species pool.
The ontogenetic stoichiometric bottleneck stabilizes herbivore–autotroph dynamics
Authors: Nakazawa Takefumi
Published: August 2010

In the ecological stoichiometry theory of population dynamics, ontogenetic changes in nutrient demand have been ignored. Here, I studied a stage‐structured Daphnia–algae herbivore–autotroph model, in which the juveniles of the herbivore had a higher nutrient (phosphorous) demand for maturation than the adults for reproduction. The model predicted that while an increase in the juvenile nutrient demand (i.e., ontogenetic stoichiometric bottleneck) affects stage‐specific performances in complex ways through nutrient dynamics and resource quality, in general it has stabilizing effects on the population dynamics.
Marshalling existing biodiversity data to evaluate biodiversity status and trends in planning exercises
Authors: Jiménez‐Valverde Alberto , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Peterson A. Townsend , Soberón Jorge
Published: August 2010

A thorough understanding of biodiversity status and trends through time is necessary for decision‐making at regional, national, and subnational levels. Information readily available in databases allows for development of scenarios of species distribution in relation to habitat changes. Existing species occurrence data are biased towards some taxonomic groups (especially vertebrates), and are more complete for Europe and North America than for the rest of the world. We outline a procedure for development of such biodiversity scenarios using available data on species distribution derived from primary biodiversity data and habitat conditions, and analytical software, which allows estimation of species’ distributions, and forecasting of likely effects of various agents of change on the distribution and status of the same species. Such approaches can translate into improved knowledge for countries regarding the 2010 Biodiversity Target of reducing significantly the rate of biodiversity loss—indeed, using methodologies such as those illustrated herein, many countries should be capable of analyzing trends of change for at least part of their biodiversity. Sources of errors that are present in primary biodiversity data and that can affect projections are discussed.
The New Transnational Activism
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: August 2010

The New Transnational Activism, first published in 2005, shows how even the most prosaic activities can assume broader political meanings when they provide ordinary people with the experience of crossing transnational space. This means that we cannot be satisfied with defining transnational activists through the ways they think. The defining feature of transnationalism in this book is relational, and not cognitive. This emphasis on activism's relational structure means that even as they make transnational claims, transnational activists draw on the resources, the networks, and the opportunities in which they are embedded, and only then - if at all - on more distant transnational links. But we can no more sharply draw a line between domestic and international politics in studying transnational activism than we could ignore local politics in studying its national equivalent. Understanding the processes that link the local, the national and the international is the major undertaking of the book.
Provision of nutritional support to those experiencing complications following bariatric surgery
Authors: Segaran Ella
Published: August 2010

This review details the practicalities of providing nutrition support to obese patients who experience complications following bariatric surgery and highlights some of the nutritional challenges encountered by this group of patients. Bariatric surgery to treat morbid obesity has significantly increased internationally over the past decade with hospital admissions rising annually. The gastric bypass is currently the most commonly performed procedure. The complication rate can be up to 16%, with a considerable proportion having nutritional implications. The treatment can involve avoidance of oral diet and nutrition support, i.e. enteral or parenteral nutrition. Opposition to nutrition support can be encountered. It is useful to clarify the aims of nutrition support, these being: the avoidance of overfeeding and its consequences, preservation of lean body mass and promotion of healing. Evidence suggests that hypoenergic nutrition is not harmful and may actually be beneficial. There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimum method to predict the nutritional requirements in the obese acutely unwell patient. The literature suggests that the predicted equations are fairly accurate compared to measured energy expenditure in free living obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. However, these findings cannot be directly applied to those obese patients experiencing complications of bariatric surgery, who will be acutely unwell exhibiting inflammatory response. It is therefore necessary to refer to the literature on energy expenditure in hospitalized obese patients, to help guide practice. More research examining the energy and protein requirements of obese patients needing nutrition support following bariatric surgery is urgently required.
Does eating local food reduce the environmental impact of food production and enhance consumer health?
Authors: Edwards-Jones Gareth
Published: August 2010

The concept of local food has gained traction in the media, engaged consumers and offered farmers a new marketing tool. Positive claims about the benefits of local food are probably not harmful when made by small-scale producers at the local level; however, greater concern would arise should such claims be echoed in policy circles. This review examines the evidence base supporting claims about the environmental and health benefits of local food. The results do not offer any support for claims that local food is universally superior to non-local food in terms of its impact on the climate or the health of consumers. Indeed several examples are presented that demonstrate that local food can on occasions be inferior to non-local food. The analysis also considers the impact on greenhouse gas emissions of moving the UK towards self-sufficiency. Quantitative evidence is absent on the changes in overall emissions that would occur if the UK switched to self-sufficiency. A qualitative assessment suggests the emissions per item of food would probably be greater under a scenario of self-sufficiency than under the current food system. The review does not identify any generalisable or systematic benefits to the environment or human health that arise from the consumption of local food in preference to non-local food.
Towards a Strategic View on EMU: A Critical Survey
Authors: Winkler Bernhard
Published: August 2010

This paper contributes to the ongoing debate over European Monetary Union (EMU), reviewing the economics literature on the merits of a single currency (‘optimum currency area’) and on the requirements for astable currency (‘credibility’). To understand Europe's drive for EMU and the transition strategy adopted at Maastricht both issues must be analysed together. The controversial convergence criteria in the Maastricht Treaty, in particular, primarily address valid concerns about the (price) stability performance of a future single currency by determining the timing and membership of EMU. In general, we propose to interpret the Maastricht design as a mechanism that must reconcile conflicting interests, solve credibility problems over time and extract information about candidate countries’ ‘stability culture’ in the run-up to monetary union.
Structural Analysis of the I1 Inner Dynein Arm Complex from Chlamydomonas Flagella
Authors: Heuser T , Barber CF , Lin J , Krell J , Porter M , Nicastro D
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
On the role of caprock and fracture zones in dispersing gas plumes in the subsurface
Authors: Woods Andrew W. , Norris Simon
Published: August 2010

Waste stored in a geological disposal facility can generate gas, and depending on the geological environment, this gas may migrate into the rock mass. Here we develop a simplified physical model to describe the initial stages of the dispersal of a gas plume as it rises from such a geological disposal facility, located at a depth of many hundreds of meters below the surface. Typically, the plume becomes confined below a low‐permeability layer and then spreads laterally until reaching a fault or fracture zone, when it may continue rising upward. Since the gas is soluble in the groundwater, the gas may partially dissolve as it displaces the groundwater. In addition, in the generic geology considered herein, since the source of gas gradually wanes with time, the spreading plume tends to thin out, leading to some residual trapping of the gas behind the plume. We show that depending on the distance of the fault or fracture zone from the geological disposal facility, different fractions of the source gas may be diverted farther upward into the formation rather than being trapped in the original layer. This can have an important impact on the subsequent pattern of dispersal of the gas by the groundwater flows, which may be key information in any safety assessment.
Antimicrobial and immunostimulatory peptide, KLK, induces an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration by mobilizing Ca2+ from intracellular stores
Authors: Weghuber Julian , Lipp Anna M. , Stadlbauer Jacqueline , Aichinger Michael C. , Ruprecht Verena , Sonnleitner Alois , Schütz Gerhard J. , Henics Tamás
Published: August 2010

The cationic antimicrobial immunomodulatory peptide, KLK (KLKL5KLK), exerts profound membrane interacting properties, impacting on ultrastructure and fluidity. KLK–membrane interactions that lead to these alterations require the ability of the peptide to move into an α‐helical conformation. We show that KLK induces an increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in human T24 cells. The effect of KLK is buffer‐sensitive, as it is detected when HBSS buffer is used, but not with PBS. This, together with the lack of effect of the middle leucine‐to‐proline‐substituted peptide derivative [KPK (KLKLLPLLKLK)], indicates that it is the conformational propensity rather than the net positive charge that contributes to the effect of KLK on intracellular Ca2+ level of T24 cells. We show that, although KLK slightly stimulates Ca2+ influx into the cell, the bulk increase of Ca2+ levels is due to KLK‐induced depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Finally, we demonstrate a KLK‐induced switch of PS (phosphatidylserine) from the inner to the outer plasma membrane leaflet that contributes to the onset of early apoptotic changes in these cells.
Microvascular Reconstruction of Composite Cranial Defects
Authors: Bayramiçli Mehmet
Published: August 2010

Microvascular reconstruction of composite cranium defects is challenging, and operative planning differs in various anatomic regions of the cranium. The aim of this article is to detail surgical strategies for microvascular reconstruction in different areas of the cranium. Fifty-eight free tissue transfers were performed in 54 patients with composite cranial defects between 1995 and 2009. The cranium was divided into six zones to classify the defects. Data on patient demographics, location and cause of the defects, technical details of surgical management, and complications were analyzed. Defects were secondary to ablative procedures in 45 patients. Eight patients had posttraumatic defects, and one patient had congenital defect. Nine different flap types were used in the series. Choice of recipient vessels and the use of interpositional vein grafts varied according to the site of the cranial defects. Microsurgical reconstruction of cranial defects can be performed safely with predictable outcome by methodic assessment of the problem and by careful attention to the details of the reconstructive plan. In this article, valid conclusions on the planning of microvascular reconstruction in different areas of the cranium have been determined.
Identification of traps in an epitaxied AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structure
Authors: El Hdiy Abdelillah , Mouetsi Souheil
Published: August 2010

An epitaxied AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure is studied by using the low frequency noise technique over a wide range of temperature from 300 K down to 4 K as a function of bias. Emphasis is placed on the generation—recombination noise because it is present on a wide range of temperature and frequency. Thermal activation energies and capture cross sections of traps responsible for this kind of noise are extracted from an arrhenius plot. Six kinds of traps have been identified and their electrical nature has been suggested.
Hot electron effects on efficiency degradation in InGaN light emitting diodes and designs to mitigate them
Authors: Ni X. , Li X. , Lee J. , Liu S. , Avrutin V. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H. , Matulionis A.
Published: August 2010

Hot electrons and the associated ballistic and quasiballistic transport, heretofore neglected endemically, across the active regions of InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been incorporated into a first order simple model which explains the experimental observations of electron spillover and the efficiency degradation at high injection levels. The model is in good agreement with experiments wherein an adjustable barrier hot electron stopper, commonly called the electron blocking layer (EBL), is incorporated. The model is also in agreement with experiments wherein the electrons are cooled, eliminating hot electrons, inside a staircase electron injector (SEI) prior to their injection into the active region. Thermionic emission from the active region, even if one uses an uncharacteristically high junction temperature of 1000 K, fails to account for the carrier spillover and the experimental observations in our laboratory in samples with varying EBL barrier heights. The model has been successfully applied to both m-plane (lacking polarization induced electric field) and c-plane (with polarization induced field) InGaN double heterostructure (DH) LEDs with a 6 nm active region featuring a variable barrier hot electron stopper, and a SEI, and the various combinations thereof. The choice of DH LEDs stems from our desire to keep the sample structure simple as well as the model calculations. In this paper, the theoretical and experimental data along with their comparison followed by an insightful discussion are given. The model and the approaches to eliminate carrier spillover proposed here for InGaN LEDs are also applicable to GaN-based laser diodes.
Time-dependent start-up and decay of secondary electron emission in dielectrics
Authors: Fitting H.-J. , Touzin M.
Published: August 2010

Electron beam induced selfconsistent charge transport and secondary electron emission in insulators are described by means of an electron-hole flight-drift model implemented by an iterative computer simulation. Ballistic secondary electrons and holes, their attenuation and drift, as well as their recombination, trapping, and field-dependent and temperature-dependent detrapping are included. As a main result the time dependent secondary electron emission rate σ(t) and the spatial distributions of currents j(x,t), charges ρ(x,t), field F(x,t), and potential V(x,t) are obtained. Whereas the switching-on of the secondary electron emission proceeds over milliseconds due to selfconsistent charging, the switching-off process occurs much faster, even over femtoseconds.
A pair of concentric capillaries as an interface for gas chromatography and supersonic jet/multiphoton ionization/mass spectrometry
Authors: Okudaira H. , Uchimura T. , Imasaka T.
Published: August 2010

A pair of concentric capillaries was developed to mix helium, which was used as the carrier gas for gas chromatography, with argon for efficient molecular cooling by supersonic jet expansion. A simple instrument was constructed for the evaluation of nozzle diameter using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. The effects of nozzle diameter, type of expansion gas, flow rate, and the distance from the nozzle to the observation region were investigated. Mixing argon gas with the carrier gas helium resulted in efficient molecular cooling from 30 to 10 K and the complete disappearance of the background signal from the multiphoton ionization spectrum. Consequently, the spectral selectivity was significantly improved and the nozzle was successfully applied to isomer-selective analysis of dichlorotoluenes. Since the dead volume in the nozzle was negligible, it was suitable as an interface for gas chromatography and supersonic jet/multiphoton ionization/mass spectrometry.
Carrier transfer and recombination dynamics of a long-lived and visible range emission from multi-stacked GaN/AlGaN quantum dots
Authors: Kim Je-Hyung , Kwon Bong-Joon , Cho Yong-Hoon , Huault Thomas , Leroux Mathieu , Brault Julien
Published: August 2010

We have investigated the optical properties of multi-stacked GaN/AlGaN self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The QDs that emit visible light have a broad spectral range without incorporation of indium alloy because of the quantum-confined Stark effect. We found differences in the structural and optical properties between the layers of multi-stacked QDs. The carriers are more effectively transferred from the AlGaN barrier to the low energy side of the GaN QD emission than to the high energy side. We also observed long-lived carrier recombination dynamics for the visible range emission from QDs.
Field enhanced bulk conductivity of acceptor-doped BaTi1−xCaxO3−x ceramics
Authors: Masó Nahum , Prades Marta , Beltrán Héctor , Cordoncillo Eloisa , Sinclair Derek C. , West Anthony R.
Published: August 2010

The electrical properties of Ca-doped BaTiO3 are very different when Ca substitutes onto Ba or Ti sites. The p-type semiconductivity of Ti-substituted ceramics increases reversibly by one to two orders of magnitude under a dc-bias voltage of ≤100 V cm−1, whereas Ba-substituted ceramics show little sensitivity to a dc bias. This increase in BaTi1−xCaxO3−x, studied over the temperature range 150–600 °C, is independent of electrode material and atmosphere and is attributed to ionization of underbonded O2− ions adjacent to acceptor-doped Ca2+ ions.
Standing-wave excited soft x-ray photoemission microscopy: Application to Co microdot magnetic arrays
Authors: Gray Alexander X. , Kronast Florian , Papp Christian , Yang See-Hun , Cramm Stefan , Krug Ingo P. , Salmassi Farhad , Gullikson Eric M. , Hilken Dawn L. , Anderson Erik H. , Fischer Peter , Dürr Hermann A. , Schneider Claus M. , Fadley Charles. S.
Published: August 2010

We demonstrate the addition of depth resolution to the usual two-dimensional images in photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), with application to a square array of circular magnetic Co microdots. The method is based on excitation with soft x-ray standing-waves generated by Bragg reflection from a multilayer mirror substrate. Standing wave is moved vertically through sample simply by varying the photon energy around the Bragg condition. Depth-resolved PEEM images were obtained for all of the observed elements. Photoemission intensities as functions of photon energy were compared to x-ray optical calculations in order to quantitatively derive the depth-resolved film structure of the sample.
Theoretical studies on the thermoelectric figure of merit of nanograined bulk silicon
Authors: Hao Qing , Zhu Gaohua , Joshi Giri , Wang Xiaowei , Minnich Austin , Ren Zhifeng , Chen Gang
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we investigate the phonon transport in silicon nanocomposites using Monte Carlo simulations considering frequency-dependent phonon mean free paths, and combine the phonon modeling with electron modeling to predict the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of silicon nanocomposites. The model shows that while grain interface scattering of phonons is negligible for large grain sizes around 200 nm, ZT can reach 1.0 at 1173 K if the grain size can be reduced to 10 nm. Our results show the potential of obtaining a high ZT in bulk silicon by the nanocomposite approach.
Mie scattering enhanced near-infrared light response of thin-film silicon solar cells
Authors: Nunomura S. , Minowa A. , Sai H. , Kondo M.
Published: August 2010

Light trapping is of importance in thin-film silicon solar cells for achieving a higher photocurrent. In this letter, we propose a unique cell structure incorporating submicron-sized light scatterers to enhance light trapping in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The effect of NIR light trapping is demonstrated in substrate-type hydrogenated amorphous/microcrystalline silicon tandem solar cells. By introducing the light scatterers at the interface between the top and bottom subcells, the NIR response of the solar cell is improved, where Mie scattering plays an essential role in increasing the optical path length of the NIR light.
Optimization of the bimetallic gold and silver alloy nanoshell for biomedical applications in vivo
Authors: Wu DaJian , Liu XiaoJun
Published: August 2010

The far- and near-field properties of Au/Ag alloy nanoshell have been investigated by using Mie theory. With increasing Au content in shell, the dipole peak of alloy nanoshell shows a redshift from that of Ag nanoshell to that of Au nanoshell. It is found that the effect of the variation in shell thickness on the near-field for Au/Ag alloy nanoshells plays dominant role and the variation in the Au content leads to a significant modulation. We have further found that the near-infrared excitation at smaller wavelength can induce stronger near-field in Au/Ag alloy nanoshell with suitable geometry.
A morphotropic phase boundary system based on polarization rotation and polarization extension
Authors: Damjanovic Dragan
Published: August 2010

Many ferroelectric solid solutions exhibit enhanced electromechanical properties at the morphotropic boundary separating two phases with different orientations of polarization. The mechanism of properties enhancement is associated with easy paths for polarization rotation in anisotropically flattened free energy profile. Another mechanism of properties enhancement related to free energy flattening is polarization extension. It is best known at temperature-driven ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transitions and may lead to exceedingly large properties. Its disadvantage is temperature instability of the enhancement. In this paper a temperature-composition phase diagram is proposed that exhibits compositionally driven-phase transitions with easy paths for both polarization rotation and polarization extension.
Corrigendum to: An Unexpected Zinc Coordination Polymer Formed during the Preparation of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from a Nitrile in Water
Authors: Xue X. , Abrahams B. F. , Xiong R.-G. , You X.-Z.
Published: August 2010

The reaction of N,N�-dicyanohydrazine with ZnCl2 and NaN3 in water unexpectedly affords 5-aminotetrazolato hydroxo zinc rather than a zinc complex with bis(tetrazolyl)hydrazine. An N–N bond cleavage has occurred in the Demko–Sharpless' tetrazole synthesis.