bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in self‐reported sleep problems, tiredness and related school performance among Finnish adolescents from 1984 to 2011
Authors: Kronholm Erkki , Puusniekka Riikka , Jokela Jukka , Villberg Jari , Urrila Anna Sofia , Paunio Tiina , Välimaa Raili , Tynjälä Jorma
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate long‐term trends in insomnia symptoms, tiredness and school performance among Finnish adolescents. A time–series from 1984 to 2011 was analysed from two large‐scale survey studies, the Finnish School Health Promotion Study and the Health Behavior in School‐Aged Children study. A total of 1 136 583 adolescents aged 11–18 years answered a standardized questionnaire assessing frequency of insomnia symptoms, tiredness and school performance. A clear approximately twofold increasing trend in insomnia symptoms and tiredness was found from the mid‐1990s to the end of the 2000s. The increase was evident in all participating age groups and in both genders. After 2008, the increase seems to have stopped. Insomnia symptoms and tiredness were associated with lower school performance and they were more prevalent among girls (11.9 and 18.4%) compared to boys (6.9 and 9.0%, respectively). Unexpectedly, we also observed an increasingly widening gap in school performance between normally vigilant and chronically tired pupils. The underlying causes of these phenomena are unknown, but may concern changes in the broader society. The observed recent increasing trend in adolescents’ sleep problems is worrisome: poor sleep quality has also been suggested to associate with clinical or subclinical mood or anxiety disorders and behavioural problems and predispose to sleep and psychiatric disorders later in life. Our results justify further studies and call for serious attention to be paid to adolescent's sleep in the Finnish educational system and society at large.
Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?
Authors: Gamfeldt Lars , Lefcheck Jonathan S. , Byrnes Jarrett E. K. , Cardinale Bradley J. , Duffy J. Emmett , Griffin John N.
Published: November 2014

Marine ecosystems are experiencing rapid and pervasive changes in biodiversity and species composition. Understanding the ecosystem consequences of these changes is critical to effectively managing these systems. Over the last several years, numerous experimental manipulations of species richness have been performed, yet existing quantitative syntheses have focused on a just a subset of processes measured in experiments and, as such, have not summarized the full data available from marine systems. Here, we present the results of a meta‐analysis of 110 marine experiments from 42 studies that manipulated the species richness of organisms across a range of taxa and trophic levels and analysed the consequences for various ecosystem processes (categorised as production, consumption or biogeochemical fluxes).

Our results show that, generally, mixtures of species tend to enhance levels of ecosystem function relative to the average component species in monoculture, but have no effect or a negative effect on functioning relative to the ‘highest‐ performing’ species. These results are largely consistent with those from other syntheses, and extend conclusions to ecological functions that are commonly measured in the marine realm (e.g. nutrient release from sediment bioturbation). For experiments that manipulated three or more levels of richness, we attempted to discern the functional form of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. We found that, for response variables related to consumption, a power‐function best described the relationship, which is also consistent with previous findings. However, we identified a linear relationship between richness and production. Combined, our results suggest that changes in the number of species will, on average, tend to alter the functioning of marine ecosystems. We outline several research frontiers that will allow us to more fully understand how, why, and when diversity may drive the functioning of marine ecosystems.

Synthesis

The oceans host an incredible number and variety of species. However, human activities are driving rapid changes in the marine environment. It is imperative we understand ecosystem consequences of any associated loss of species. We summarized data from 110 experiments that manipulated species diversity and evaluated resulting changes to a range of ecosystem responses. We show that losing species, on average, decreases productivity, growth, and a myriad of other processes related to how marine organisms capture and utilize resources. Finally, we suggest that the loss of species may have stronger consequences for some processes than others.
Variability within a pea core collection of LEAM and HSP22, two mitochondrial seed proteins involved in stress tolerance
Authors: AVELANGE‐MACHEREL MARIE‐HÉLÈNE , PAYET NICOLE , LALANNE DAVID , NEVEU MARTINE , TOLLETER DIMITRI , BURSTIN JUDITH , MACHEREL DAVID
Published: November 2014

LEAM, a late embryogenesis abundant protein, and HSP22, a small heat shock protein, were shown to accumulate in the mitochondria during pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed development, where they are expected to contribute to desiccation tolerance. Here, their expression was examined in seeds of 89 pea genotypes by Western blot analysis. All genotypes expressed LEAM and HSP22 in similar amounts. In contrast with HSP22, LEAM displayed different isoforms according to apparent molecular mass. Each of the 89 genotypes harboured a single LEAM isoform. Genomic and RT‐PCR analysis revealed four LEAM genes differing by a small variable indel in the coding region. These variations were consistent with the apparent molecular mass of each isoform. Indels, which occurred in repeated domains, did not alter the main properties of LEAM. Structural modelling indicated that the class A α‐helix structure, which allows interactions with the mitochondrial inner membrane in the dry state, was preserved in all isoforms, suggesting functionality is maintained. The overall results point out the essential character of LEAM and HSP22 in pea seeds. LEAM variability is discussed in terms of pea breeding history as well as LEA gene evolution mechanisms.
Child deaths with persistent neglected experiences from medico‐legal documents in Japan
Authors: Yamaoka Yui , Tamiya Nanako , Fujiwara Takeo , Yamasaki Yukie , Matsuzawa Akemi , Miyaishi Satoru
Published: November 2014

Background

Few studies have examined the actual conditions of fatal neglect in Japan. The aims of this study were to investigate persistent neglect among child fatalities using medico‐legal documents, and to describe the characteristics of the socio‐familial background and biological data.

Methods

The current study analyzed the documents of all postmortem external examinations and autopsies in children <2 years old carried out in one prefecture in Japan from 2006 to 2011. After examining 59 autopsy cases using modified the Maltreatment Classification System, we identified six children who experienced persistent neglect as study samples.

Results

Three children were found in unsanitary rooms and one was left alone inside a car. In two cases, age of mother at delivery was <21 years old. Three victims had 1 year older sibling. With regard to history of use of health services, three mothers missed some prenatal care visits, and two refused to receive neonatal home visits. With regard to biological data the average weight Z score of six children was −2.22 after being adjusted to average weight for age (in months) and sex. Three children had acute or chronic undernutrition. Three victims had thymic involution considered as being due to chronic child maltreatment.

Conclusions

The present collaboration between public health and legal medicine has enabled investigation of the background and biological impact of experiences of persistent neglect. A multidisciplinary system of evaluating child death is needed to identify preventable factors in order to intervene in the case of neglected children in a timely manner.
Following Oxygen Consumption in Singlet Oxygen Reactions via Changes in Sensitizer Phosphorescence
Authors: Feng Tingting , Grusenmeyer Tod A. , Lupin Max , Schmehl Russell H.
Published: November 2014

This work reports an examination of singlet oxygen reactions with amino acid substrates by a method involving measurement of the change in phosphorescence intensity of the singlet oxygen sensitizer. The sensitizer, a Ru(II) bipyridyl complex covalently linked to pyrene, has long‐lived phosphorescence in N2 purged aqueous solutions (τ0 ~ 20 μs) that is nearly completely quenched by oxygen in aerated solutions. Irradiation of the complex in water containing sub mM concentrations of histidine, tryptophan and methionine results in a dramatic, easily visible increase in the phosphorescence intensity over a period of 10–100 s. Rate constants for singlet oxygen oxidation of each of the substrates can be obtained by using changes in the phosphorescence intensity in initial rate kinetic analysis. Rate constants obtained in this way compare favorably with those reported in the literature. The method represents a very simple approach for obtaining rate constants for singlet oxygen reactions with various substrates and the kinetics can be extended to nonaqueous solvents.
Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy in asthma control: Acute, dose‐related effects and real‐life effectiveness
Authors: Lin Ching‐Hsiung , Hsu Jeng‐Yuan , Hsiao Yi‐Han , Tseng Ching‐Min , Su Vincent Yi‐Fong , Chen Yu‐Hsuan , Yang Sheau‐Ning , Lee Yu‐Chin , Su Kang‐Cheng , Perng Diahn‐Warng
Published: November 2014

Background and objective

The efficacy of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy (BFMRT) in asthma control is well documented in large randomized controlled trials. However, the acute reliever effects and real‐life effectiveness are seldom reported.

Methods

This multicenter trial enrolled steroid‐naïve, symptomatic asthmatics with baseline exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) of ≥40 ppb. There were 120 eligible patients who were randomized and received a dose of inhaled budesonide/formoterol 320/9 μg (lower dose budesonide/formoterol), 640/18 μg (higher dose budesonide/formoterol (HDBF)), or terbutaline (TERB) 1 mg. Inflammatory cells and mediators in induced sputum, eNO and lung function were measured at baseline and 6 h (acute phase). Subsequently, all patients used BFMRT as real‐life practice for 24 weeks (maintenance phase).

Results

In the acute phase, the degree of post‐treatment reduction in total eosinophil counts, interleukin‐8 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in induced sputum were significantly greater in group HDBF (vs TERB, P < 0.05). The increase in forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) in group HDBF was significantly higher (vs LDBF and TERB, P < 0.05) 3 h after dosing. In the maintenance phase, significant improvement of asthma control (presented by eNO, FEV1 and a five‐item asthma control questionnaire) in real‐life settings was observed at 4 weeks and sustained to the end of study. The rate of patients who followed scheduled visits declined over time (87% at week 4 and 42% at week 24).

Conclusions

Budesonide/formoterol as reliever exerts acute, dose‐related anti‐inflammatory effects and FEV1 improvement in symptomatic asthmatics. BFMRT is effective in asthma control. However, the decrease in long‐term follow‐up rate remains an issue to overcome in real‐life settings.
Cough during therapeutic thoracentesis: Friend or foe?
Authors: Zielinska‐Krawczyk Monika , Michnikowski Marcin , Grabczak Elzbieta M. , Palko Krzysztof J. , Korczynski Piotr , Golczewski Tomasz , Krenke Rafal
Published: November 2014

We report intriguing preliminary observations on the effect of cough on pleural pressure changes during therapeutic thoracentesis. We found that cough‐related elevation of pleural pressure persisted even when the cough had stopped. Thus, we hypothesize that cough during therapeutic thoracentesis may have a beneficial effect preventing the excessive drop in pleural pressure. The true role of cough‐related elevation of pleural pressure is unknown, but it seems to be an interesting subject for further research.
Achilles tendinopathy: A prospective study on the effect of active rehabilitation and steroid injections in a clinical setting
Authors: Wetke E. , Johannsen F. , Langberg H.
Published: November 2014

In published efficacy studies onAchilles tendinopathy (AT) exercise alone results in improvement in 60–90% of the cases. However, this high success rate cannot be expected in usual clinical practice. We prospectively investigated the effectiveness of a treatment regimen consisting of home‐based exercises (concentric, eccentric, and stretching) and optional glucocorticosteroid (GCS) injections in patients with (AT) in a usual clinical setting. Patients unable to commence or progress in exercise were offeredGCS, hypothesizing that theGCSwould facilitate exercise. Ninety‐three consecutive patients withATreferred to two outpatient rheumatology clinics were registered, and seen at five visits over a 6‐month period. Exercises seemed to have a slow, but long‐lasting effect withGCShaving a dramatic short‐term effect on symptoms. Twenty‐six percent of the patients could proceed with training alone, the remainder received one to three supplementaryGCS. There were significant improvements on all outcome variables over time (P ≤ 0.001). At follow‐up, 42 had no more symptoms, 29 good result, 16 slightly improved, 4 unchanged, and 2 slightly worse. Overall, 94% of the patients had improved, and we thus recommend the use ofGCSinjections inATpatients if training alone does not lead to improvement.
Effects of big‐five personality traits on the quality of relationship and satisfaction in Chinese coach–athlete dyads
Authors: Yang S. X. , Jowett S. , Chan D. K. C.
Published: November 2014

The present study examined the influence of personality traits on the quality of the Chinese coach–athlete relationship and satisfaction through a dyadic research design. A total of 350 coach–athlete dyads completed a self‐report instrument that assessed personality traits, as well as perceptions of relationship quality and satisfaction with training. Results revealed that: (a) actor effects (i.e., actor's personality will predict his or her own perceptions of relationship quality) of personality traits, namely, conscientiousness, extroversion, and neuroticism, on both coaches' and athletes' perceptions of relationship quality and (b) partner effects (an actor's own personality will predict his or her partner's perceptions of relationship quality) of only athletes' personality, namely, conscientiousness, extroversion, and neuroticism, on their coaches' perceptions of relationship quality. The findings suggested that each relationship member's personality trait contributed independently to relationship quality, and both actor and partner effects of the relationship quality on satisfaction with training were found to be significant. In Chinese sports culture, there presents a unique dynamics of personality and relationship quality among coach–athlete dyad.
Quantitative Infrared Photoelasticity of Silicon Photovoltaic Wafers Using a Discrete Dislocation Model
Authors: Lin T.-W. , Horn G. P. , Johnson H. T.
Published: November 2014

Residual stress and crystalline defects in silicon wafers can affect solar cell reliability and performance. Infrared photoelastic measurements are performed for stress mapping in monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) wafers and compared to photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The wafer stresses are then quantified using a discrete dislocation-based numerical modeling approach, which leads to simulated photoelastic images. The model accounts for wafer stress relaxation due to dislocation structures. The wafer strain energy is then analyzed with respect to the orientation of the dislocation structures. The simulation shows that particular locations on the wafer have only limited slip systems that reduce the wafer strain energy. Experimentally observed dislocation structures are consistent with these observations from the analysis, forming the basis for a more quantitative infrared photoelasticity-based inspection method.
The Direct Incorporation of Perfusion Defect Information to Define Ischemia and Infarction in a Finite Element Model of the Left Ventricle
Authors: Veress Alexander I. , Fung George S. K. , Lee Taek-Soo , Tsui Benjamin M. W. , Kicska Gregory A. , Paul Segars W. , Gullberg Grant T.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the process in which complex lesion geometries (specified by computer generated perfusion defects) are incorporated in the description of nonlinear finite element (FE) mechanical models used for specifying the motion of the left ventricle (LV) in the 4D extended cardiac torso (XCAT) phantom to simulate gated cardiac image data. An image interrogation process was developed to define the elements in the LV mesh as ischemic or infarcted based upon the values of sampled intensity levels of the perfusion maps. The intensity values were determined for each of the interior integration points of every element of the FE mesh. The average element intensity levels were then determined. The elements with average intensity values below a user-controlled threshold were defined as ischemic or infarcted depending upon the model being defined. For the infarction model cases, the thresholding and interrogation process were repeated in order to define a border zone (BZ) surrounding the infarction. This methodology was evaluated using perfusion maps created by the perfusion cardiac-torso (PCAT) phantom an extension of the 4D XCAT phantom. The PCAT was used to create 3D perfusion maps representing 90% occlusions at four locations (left anterior descending (LAD) segments 6 and 9, left circumflex (LCX) segment 11, right coronary artery (RCA) segment 1) in the coronary tree. The volumes and shapes of the defects defined in the FE mechanical models were compared with perfusion maps produced by the PCAT. The models were incorporated into the XCAT phantom. The ischemia models had reduced stroke volume (SV) by 18–59 ml. and ejection fraction (EF) values by 14–50% points compared to the normal models. The infarction models, had less reductions in SV and EF, 17–54 ml. and 14–45% points, respectively. The volumes of the ischemic/infarcted regions of the models were nearly identical to those volumes obtained from the perfusion images and were highly correlated (R2 = 0.99).
Numerical Evaluation of Myofiber Orientation and Transmural Contractile Strength on Left Ventricular Function
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Haynes Premi , Campbell Kenneth S. , Wenk Jonathan F.
Published: November 2014

The left ventricle (LV) of the heart is composed of a complex organization of cardiac muscle fibers, which contract to generate force and pump blood into the body. It has been shown that both the orientation and contractile strength of these myofibers vary across the ventricular wall. The hypothesis of the current study is that the transmural distributions of myofiber orientation and contractile strength interdependently impact LV pump function. In order to quantify these interactions a finite element (FE) model of the LV was generated, which incorporated transmural variations. The influences of myofiber orientation and contractile strength on the Starling relationship and the end-systolic (ES) apex twist of the LV were assessed. The results suggest that reductions in contractile strength within a specific transmural layer amplified the effects of altered myofiber orientation in the same layer, causing greater changes in stroke volume (SV). Furthermore, when the epicardial myofibers contracted the strongest, the twist of the LV apex was greatest, regardless of myofiber orientation. These results demonstrate the important role of transmural distribution of myocardial contractile strength and its interplay with myofiber orientation. The coupling between these two physiologic parameters could play a critical role in the progression of heart failure.
Molecular layer deposition of alucone films using trimethylaluminum and hydroquinone
Authors: Choudhury Devika , Sarkar Shaibal K. , Mahuli Neha
Published: November 2014

A hybrid organic–inorganic polymer film grown by molecular layer deposition (MLD) is demonstrated here. Sequential exposures of trimethylaluminum [Al(CH3)3] and hydroquinone [C6H4(OH)2] are used to deposit the polymeric films, which is a representative of a class of aluminum oxide polymers known as “alucones.” In-situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies are employed to determine the growth characteristics. An average growth rate of 4.1 Å per cycle at 150 °C is obtained by QCM and subsequently verified with x-ray reflectivity measurements. Surface chemistry during each MLD-half cycle is studied in depth by in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) vibration spectroscopy. Self limiting nature of the reaction is confirmed from both QCM and FTIR measurements. The conformal nature of the deposit, typical for atomic layer deposition and MLD, is verified with transmission electron microscopy imaging. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements confirm the uniform elemental distribution along the depth of the films.
Correlates of Physical Activity in Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Larkin Louise , Kennedy Norelee
Published: November 2014

Background:

Physical activity (PA) is an important component in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). To date the correlates of PA have not been thoroughly investigated in the RA population. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the correlates of PA in the adult RA population.

Methods:

A search of Medline, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL plus, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. A manual search of reference lists was conducted to compliment the electronic search. Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were assessed for methodological quality.

Results:

Results determined correlates in 4 categories: sociodemographic, physical, psychological and social variables. The variables varied greatly and were inconsistently studied. Changes were noted from a previous review in 2005 in relation to the association between certain variables and PA, including age, gender, disease duration, pain, exercise beliefs and social support.

Conclusions:

Positive associations with PA were found for motivation, self-efficacy, health perception, and previous PA levels. Negative associations were found for fatigue, a coerced regulation style and certain physiological variables. In addition differences between correlates of PA in the adult RA population and other chronic disease and healthy adult populations have been demonstrated.
Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Percent Body Fatness and Physical Activity
Authors: White Erin , Slane Jennifer D. , Klump Kelly L. , Burt S. Alexandra , Pivarnik Jim
Published: November 2014

Background:

Knowing the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence percent body fatness (%Fat) and physical activity (PA) would be beneficial, since both are tightly correlated with future health outcomes. Thus, the purpose was to evaluate sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on %Fat and physical activity behavior in male and female adolescent twins.

Methods:

Subjects were adolescent (age range 8.3 to 16.6 yr) twins. %Fat (n = 518 twins) was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and PA (n = 296 twins) was measured using 3-Day PA Recall. Each activity was converted to total MET-minutes. Univariate twin models were used to examine sex differences in genetic and environmental factors influencing %Fat and PA.

Results:

%Fat was influenced by genetic effects in both boys and girls (88% and 90%, respectively), with slightly higher heritability estimates for girls. PA was influenced solely by environmental effects for both sexes with higher shared environmental influences in boys (66%) and higher nonshared effects in girls (67%).

Conclusions:

When developing interventions to increase PA in adolescents, it is important to consider the environment in which it takes place as it is the primary contributor to PA levels.
Patterns and Determinants of Physical Activity Among Saudi Adolescents
Authors: Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M. , Alahmadi Mohammad A. , Al-Sobayel Hana I. , Abahussain Nada A. , Qahwaji Dina M. , Musaiger Abdulrahman O.
Published: November 2014

Background:

Few studies have reported comprehensive and valid physical activity (PA) data for Saudi youth. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine patterns and determinants of PA among Saudi adolescents.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi secondary schools (15–19 years) during 2009/2010 and used multistage stratified cluster sample (N = 2866, 51.7% females). Weight, height, sedentary behaviors, PA, and dietary habits were assessed.

Results:

Roughly 44% of males and 20% of females were active (≥ 1 hour/day). Males in public schools were more active than in private schools, whereas the opposite was true for females. Females exercise mostly at home, whereas males exercise at public places. The majority of females exercise alone or with relatives, whereas males largely exercise with friends. Males were active for health and recreation whereas females were active for weight loss and recreation. Lack of time was the primary reason for inactivity in both sexes. The predictors of total PA time were gender, intakes of fruit, milk, energy drinks and vegetables and waist/height ratio (R2 = 0.145).

Conclusions:

The high inactivity levels, especially among females, are of great concern. Promotion of active living among youth should be a national public health priority.
First Report of a Clinical, Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolate Coharboring Fosfomycin Resistance Gene
fosA3
and Carbapenemase Gene
bla
KPC-2
on the Same Transposon, Tn
1721
Authors: Li Gang , Zhang Ying , Bi Dexi , Shen Pinghua , Ai Fuqi , Liu Hong , Tian Yueru , Ma Yiming , Wang Bei , Rajakumar Kumar , Ou Hong-Yu , Jiang Xiaofei
Published: November 2014

In order to understand the genetic background and dissemination mechanism of carbapenem resistance and fosfomycin resistance in
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates, we studied a clinical
Escherichia coli
strain HS102707 isolate and an
Enterobacter aerogenes
strain HS112625 isolate, both of which were resistant to carbapenem and fosfomycin and positive for the
bla
KPC-2
and
fosA3
genes. In addition, a clinical
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strain HS092839 isolate which was resistant to carbapenem was also studied. A 70-kb plasmid was successfully transferred to recipient
E. coli
J53 by a conjugation test. PCR and Southern blot analysis showed that
bla
KPC-2
was located on this plasmid. The complete sequence of pHS102707 showed that this plasmid belongs to the P11 subfamily (IncP1) and has a replication gene, several plasmid-stable genes, an intact type IV secretion system gene cluster, and a composite transposon Tn
1721
-Tn
3
that harbored
bla
KPC-2
. Interestingly, a composite IS
26
transposon carrying
fosA3
was inserted in the Tn
1721-tnpA
gene in pHS102707 and pHS112625, leading to the disruption of Tn
1721-tnpA
and the deletion of Tn
1721-tnpR
. However, only IS
26
with a truncated Tn
21-tnpR
was inserted in pHS092839 at the same position. To our knowledge, this is the first report of
fosA3
and
bla
KPC-2
colocated in the same Tn
1721
-Tn
3
–like composite transposon on a novel IncP group plasmid.
Optimization of a Nucleic Acid-Based Reporter System To Detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotic Sensitivity
Authors: Mulvey Matthew C. , Lemmon Margaret , Rotter Stephanie , Lees Jonathan , Einck Leo , Nacy Carol A.
Published: November 2014

We previously reported the development of a prototype antibiotic sensitivity assay to detect drug-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
using infection by mycobacteriophage to create a novel nucleic acid transcript, a surrogate marker of mycobacterial viability, detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (M. C. Mulvey et al., mBio
3:
e00312-11, 2012). This assay detects antibiotic resistance to all drugs, even drugs for which the resistance mechanism is unknown or complex: it is a phenotypic readout using nucleic acid detection. In this report, we describe development and characteristics of an optimized reporter system that directed expression of the RNA cyclase ribozyme, which generated circular RNA through an intramolecular splicing reaction and led to accumulation of a new nucleic acid sequence in phage-infected bacteria. These modifications simplified the assay, increased the limit of detection from 10
4
to <10
2
M. tuberculosis
cells, and correctly identified the susceptibility profile of
M. tuberculosis
strains exposed for 16 h to either first-line or second-line antitubercular drugs. In addition to phenotypic drug resistance or susceptibility, the assay reported streptomycin MICs and clearly detected 10% drug-resistant cells in an otherwise drug-susceptible population.
Evaluation of Pyrosequencing for Detecting Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Clinical Isolates from Four High-Burden Countries
Authors: Ajbani Kanchan , Lin Shou-Yean Grace , Rodrigues Camilla , Nguyen Duylinh , Arroyo Francine , Kaping Janice , Jackson Lynn , Garfein Richard S. , Catanzaro Donald , Eisenach Kathleen , Victor Thomas C. , Crudu Valeru , Gler Maria Tarcela , Ismail Nazir , Desmond Edward , Catanzaro Antonino , Rodwell Timothy C.
Published: November 2014

Reliable molecular diagnostics, which detect specific mutations associated with drug resistance, are promising technologies for the rapid identification and monitoring of drug resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates. Pyrosequencing (PSQ) has the ability to detect mutations associated with first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs, with the additional advantage of being rapidly adaptable for the identification of new mutations. The aim of this project was to evaluate the performance of PSQ in predicting phenotypic drug resistance in multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR-TB) clinical isolates from India, South Africa, Moldova, and the Philippines. A total of 187 archived isolates were run through a PSQ assay in order to identify
M. tuberculosis
(via the IS
6110
marker), and to detect mutations associated with M/XDR-TB within small stretches of nucleotides in selected loci. The molecular targets included
katG
, the
inhA
promoter and the
ahpC-oxyR
intergenic region for isoniazid (INH) resistance; the
rpoB
core region for rifampin (RIF) resistance;
gyrA
for fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance; and
rrs
for amikacin (AMK), capreomycin (CAP), and kanamycin (KAN) resistance. PSQ data were compared to phenotypic mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 drug susceptibility testing results for performance analysis. The PSQ assay illustrated good sensitivity for the detection of resistance to INH (94%), RIF (96%), FQ (93%), AMK (84%), CAP (88%), and KAN (68%). The specificities of the assay were 96% for INH, 100% for RIF, FQ, AMK, and KAN, and 97% for CAP. PSQ is a highly efficient diagnostic tool that reveals specific nucleotide changes associated with resistance to the first- and second-line anti-TB drug medications. This methodology has the potential to be linked to mutation-specific clinical interpretation algorithms for rapid treatment decisions.
Overproduction of the MtrCDE Efflux Pump in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Produces Unexpected Changes in Cellular Transcription Patterns
Authors: Ohneck Elizabeth A. , Goytia Maira , Rouquette-Loughlin Corinne E. , Joseph Sandeep J. , Read Timothy D. , Jerse Ann E. , Shafer William M.
Published: November 2014

The global consequence of drug efflux gene overexpression in bacteria has not been specifically analyzed because strains showing high-level expression typically have mutations in genes encoding regulatory proteins that control other genes. Results from a transcriptional profiling study performed with a strain of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
that is capable of high-level transcription of the
mtrCDE
efflux pump operon independently of control by cognate regulatory proteins revealed that its overexpression has ramifications for systems other than drug efflux.
Novel Rate-Area-Shape Modeling Approach To Quantify Bacterial Killing and Regrowth for
In Vitro
Static Time-Kill Studies
Authors: Cheah Soon-Ee , Li Jian , Nation Roger L. , Bulitta Jürgen B.
Published: November 2014

In vitro
static concentration time-kill (SCTK) studies are a cornerstone for antibiotic development and designing dosage regimens. However, mathematical approaches to efficiently model SCTK curves are scarce. The currently used model-free, descriptive metrics include the log
10
change in CFU from 0 h to a defined time and the area under the viable count versus time curve. These metrics have significant limitations, as they do not characterize the rates of bacterial killing and regrowth and lack sensitivity. Our aims were to develop a novel rate-area-shape modeling approach and to compare, against model-free metrics, its relative ability to characterize the rate, extent, and timing of bacterial killing and regrowth from SCTK studies. The rate-area-shape model and the model-free metrics were applied to data for colistin and doripenem against six
Acinetobacter baumannii
strains. Both approaches identified exposure-response relationships from 0.5- to 64-fold the MIC. The model-based approach estimated an at least 10-fold faster killing by colistin than by doripenem at all multiples of the MIC. However, bacterial regrowth was more extensive (by 2 log
10
) and occurred approximately 3 h earlier for colistin than for doripenem. The model-free metrics could not consistently differentiate the rate and extent of killing between colistin and doripenem. The time to 2 log
10
killing was substantially faster for colistin. The rate-area-shape model was successfully implemented in Excel. This new model provides an improved framework to distinguish between antibiotics with different rates of bacterial killing and regrowth and will enable researchers to better characterize SCTK experiments and design subsequent dynamic studies.
Overlapping and Complementary Oxidative Stress Defense Mechanisms in Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Harrison Alistair , Baker Beth D. , Munson Robert S.
Published: November 2014

The Gram-negative commensal bacterium nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHI) can cause respiratory tract diseases that include otitis media, sinusitis, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchitis. During colonization and infection, NTHI withstands oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species produced endogenously, by the host, and by other copathogens and flora. These reactive oxygen species include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals, whose killing is amplified by iron via the Fenton reaction. We previously identified genes that encode proteins with putative roles in protection of the NTHI isolate strain 86-028NP against oxidative stress. These include catalase (HktE), peroxiredoxin/glutaredoxin (PgdX), and a ferritin-like protein (Dps). Strains were generated with mutations inhktE,pgdX, anddps. ThehktEmutant and apgdX hktEdouble mutant were more sensitive than the parent to killing by H2O2. Conversely, thepgdXmutant was more resistant to H2O2due to increased catalase activity. Supporting the role of killing via the Fenton reaction, binding of iron by Dps significantly mitigated the effect of H2O2-mediated killing. NTHI thus utilizes several effectors to resist oxidative stress, and regulation of free iron is critical to this protection. These mechanisms will be important for successful colonization and infection by this opportunistic human pathogen.
Physiology and Bioenergetics of [NiFe]-Hydrogenase 2-Catalyzed H2-Consuming and H2-Producing Reactions in Escherichia coli
Authors: Pinske Constanze , Jaroschinsky Monique , Linek Sabine , Kelly Ciarán L. , Sargent Frank , Sawers R. Gary
Published: November 2014

Escherichia coliuptake hydrogenase 2 (Hyd-2) catalyzes the reversible oxidation of H2to protons and electrons. Hyd-2 synthesis is strongly upregulated during growth on glycerol or on glycerol-fumarate. Membrane-associated Hyd-2 is an unusual heterotetrameric [NiFe]-hydrogenase that lacks a typical cytochromebmembrane anchor subunit, which transfers electrons to the quinone pool. Instead, Hyd-2 has an additional electron transfer subunit, termed HybA, with four predicted iron-sulfur clusters. Here, we examined the physiological role of the HybA subunit. During respiratory growth with glycerol and fumarate, Hyd-2 used menaquinone/demethylmenaquinone (MQ/DMQ) to couple hydrogen oxidation to fumarate reduction. HybA was essential for electron transfer from Hyd-2 to MQ/DMQ. H2evolution catalyzed by Hyd-2 during fermentation of glycerol in the presence of Casamino Acids or in a fumarate reductase-negative strain growing with glycerol-fumarate was also shown to be dependent on both HybA and MQ/DMQ. The uncoupler carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibited Hyd-2-dependent H2evolution from glycerol, indicating the requirement for a proton gradient. In contrast, CCCP failed to inhibit H2-coupled fumarate reduction. Although a Hyd-2 enzyme lacking HybA could not catalyze Hyd-2-dependent H2oxidation or H2evolution in whole cells, reversible H2-dependent reduction of viologen dyes still occurred. Finally, hydrogen-dependent dye reduction by Hyd-2 was reversibly inhibited in extracts derived from cells grown in H2evolution mode. Our findings suggest that Hyd-2 switches between H2-consuming and H2-producing modes in response to the redox status of the quinone pool. Hyd-2-dependent H2evolution from glycerol requires reverse electron transport.
Sinobronchial allergic aspergillosis with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a less common co-existence
Authors: Upadhyay Rashmi , Kant Surya , Prakash Ved , Saheer S
Published: November 2014

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immunological pulmonary disorder that is characterised by a hyper-responsiveness of the airways toAspergillus fumigatus. Although several other fungi may also present with similar clinical conditions,Aspergillusremains the most common fungal pathogen causing airway infections. Co-existence of ABPA with allergicAspergillussinusitis (AAS) is an uncommon presentation. The concept of one airway/one disease justifies the co-existence of ABPA with AAS, but it does not always hold true. We report a case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with symptoms suggestive of bronchial asthma. On further investigation, the radiological pattern showed fleeting shadows and CT scan showed central cystic bronchiectatic changes characteristic of ABPA. The nasal secretions were investigated for the presence ofAspergillusand were found to be positive. Hence a diagnosis of ABPA with AAS was established. The patient was treated with oral steroids and antifungal drugs.
Brain MRI in patients with diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Arinuma Yoshiyuki , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Wada Tatsuhiko , Nagai Tatsuo , Tanaka Sumiaki , Oba Hiroshi , Hirohata Shunsei
Published: November 2014

Background

Manifestations in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), especially active diffuse NPSLE syndromes, are some of the most difficult complications of the disease. For the evaluation and the diagnosis of central nervous system manifestations, including NPSLE, MRI is a very useful tool to detect the various abnormalities. However, the relationship between brain MRI findings and clinical variables has not yet been clarified in patients with diffuse NPSLE.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis of diffuse NPSLE, by comparing various parameters such as serum autoantibodies and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with abnormal findings revealed on brain MRIs in patients with diffuse NPSLE.

Methods

Fifty-three patients with diffuse NPSLE admitted to our University Hospital from 1992 to 2012 were exhaustively enrolled in this study. Their medical charts and brain MRI scans were reviewed. The relationship of MRI abnormalities with various parameters was analysed.

Results

As many as 25 of 53 patients (47.2%) had abnormal MRI findings. MRI findings improved after treatment in 10 of 17 patients for whom follow-up studies were available. MRI abnormalities were not correlated with age at the onset of diffuse NPSLE. However, the disease duration of SLE was significantly longer in patients with abnormal MRI findings (p=0.0009). MRI abnormalities were not significantly associated with serum autoantibodies. However, there were significant elevations of the CSF protein level (p=0.0106) and the CSF interleukin 6 level (p=0.0225) in patients with abnormal MRI findings. Patients with MRI abnormalities showed significantly higher overall mortality (p=0.0348).

Conclusions

The results revealed that MRI abnormalities in diffuse NPSLE might be heterogeneous with regard to their reversibility. These data also indicate that patients with diffuse NPSLE and MRI abnormalities have more severe inflammation in the central nervous system related to the activity of diffuse NPSLE, as evidenced by poorer prognosis.
Radiation-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus (A) isolated from radiation-processed semidried prawns
Authors: Karani Manisha , Shashidhar Ravindranath , Kakatkar Aarti , Gautam Raj Kamal , Sukhi Shibani , Pansare-Godambe Lipika , Bandekar Jayant
Published: November 2014

A radiation-resistant bacterial isolate from gamma-radiation-processed (5 kGy) semidried prawns was identified as a new strain of Macrococcus caseolyticus and was designated as M. caseolyticus (A) on the basis of morphological and biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA sequencing. DNA–DNA hybridization studies with M. caseolyticus DSM 20597T further confirmed the isolate as M. caseolyticus. Major fatty acids present in M. caseolyticus (A) were C14:0, C16:1ω11c, and C18:1ω9c, whereas C15:0anteiso, C16:0iso, and C18:0iso were absent. The closest match for the isolate, as per fatty acid methyl ester analysis, was M. caseolyticus DSM 20597T. However, the similarity index was significantly low (0.112), which indicates that the isolate could be a new strain of M. caseolyticus. The decimal reduction dose (D10) for M. caseolyticus (A), M. caseolyticus JCSC5402, and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC96 was 1.18, 0.607, and 0.19 kGy, respectively. This is the first report on radiation resistance of M. caseolyticus. Macrococcus caseolyticus (A) is more resistant to gamma and UV radiation stress than are M. caseolyticus JCSC5402 and S. aureus MTCC96; however, it is sensitive to heat as well as desiccation stress.
Note on universal description of heavy and light mesons
Authors: Afonin S. S. , Pusenkov I. V.
Published: November 2014

The experimental spectrum of excited S-wave vector mesons with hidden quark flavor reveals a remarkable property: For all flavors, it is approximately linear in mass squared, [Formula: see text], n is the radial quantum number. We draw attention to the fact that such a universal behavior for any quark mass cannot be obtained in a natural way within the usual semirelativistic potential and string-like models — if the Regge-like behavior is reproduced for the mesons composed of the light quarks, the trajectories become essentially nonlinear for the heavy-quark sector. In reality, however, the linearity for the heavy mesons appears to be even better than for the light ones. In addition, the slope a is quite different for different quark flavors. This difference is difficult to understand within the QCD string approach since the slope measures the interaction strength among quarks. We propose a simple way for reparametrization of the vector spectrum in terms of quark masses and universal slope and intercept. Our model-independent analysis suggests that the quarks of any mass should be regarded as static sources inside mesons while the interaction between quarks is substantially relativistic.
Thermoelastic Vibration of an Axially Moving Microbeam Subjected to Sinusoidal Pulse Heating
Authors: Zenkour Ashraf M. , Abouelregal Ahmed E.
Published: November 2014

This paper develops the solution for the generalized thermoelastic vibration of an axially moving microbeam resonator induced by sinusoidal pulse heating. The system of governing equations is reduced to a novel six-order thermoelastic differential equation in terms of either deflection or temperature. The Laplace transformation method is used to determine the deflection, temperature, axial displacement, and bending moment of the microbeam. The effects of phase-lag and width of the sinusoidal pulse are studied and represented graphically. The effect of the moving speed on the microbeam resonator is also investigated.
A Seismic Wave Oblique Incidence Method and the Application in Gravity DAM Seismic Research
Authors: Chen Li , Zhang Liaojun
Published: November 2014

The incidence of seismic wave is generally assumed to be vertical in seismic analysis of large-scale hydraulic structures, but during some near-field earthquakes, the direction of seismic waves is at certain angle to the ground. The non-uniform motion produced by oblique incidence can significantly affect the structures. In this paper, based on the theories of wave motion an oblique P-wave and SV-wave incidence method based on viscous-spring boundary was introduced into finite element analysis, which can accurately simulate the incidence at different oblique angles. Then the proposed method was applied in seismic analysis of a gravity dam located in southwest China. The seismic responses under oblique incidence of P-wave and SV-wave at different oblique angles were discussed. The results indicated that the seismic response was obviously influenced by the oblique incidence, and the traditional vertical incidence was unsuitable for some near-field earthquakes. The oblique incidence should be considered in the seismic analysis of high dams as well as other large-scale water-retaining structures located in seismic regions.
Reviving the Ancient Silk Road: China's New Diplomatic Initiative
Authors: WONG John , LYE Liang Fook
Published: November 2014

Chinese President Xi Jinping has pursued a proactive foreign policy to strengthen ties with its neighbours. In particular, Xi has proposed two major initiatives, i.e. the Silk Road Economic Belt (an overland route) and the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century (a maritime route), that leverage on China's economic strengths. Nevertheless, China will have to contend with the interests of other major powers as well as its own lack of soft power in its implementation.
The Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone and China's Maritime Silk Road in the 21st Century
Authors: YU Hong , LIM Wen Xin
Published: November 2014

Guangxi is perceived as the gateway for China-ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) cooperation as it is the only province in China with land and sea access to ASEAN countries and the only western province with a sea gateway. The Guangxi authority attempts to make Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone an important part of the “Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century” and give it new dynamics for boosting economic development.
The “Tigers” in Xi Jinping's Anti-corruption Campaign
Authors: CHEN Gang
Published: November 2014

After Xi's assumption of office, an unprecedented number of vice-ministerial-level-and-above incumbent officials have been investigated for corruption charges, including Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Su Rong and Xu Caihou, a retired vice chairman of the Central Military Commission. Many of these probed officials have worked in the security and legal system, the petroleum industry, the Ministry of Land and Resources or the Sichuan province where Zhou Yongkang once held key positions.