bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy for the successful implementation of ISO 9000 in small and medium manufacturers
Authors: Mo John P.T. , Chan Andy M.S.
Published: July 2002

States that small‐ to medium‐sized manufacturers are finding the ISO 9000 standards difficult to implement. Discusses a research project which investigates the factors influencing the process of ISO 9000 certification for these manufacturers and identifies the critical issues inhibiting its implementation. Uses the findings of the research project to formulate a strategy, which has been proved successful in a number of cases, to assist small‐ to medium‐sized manufacturing companies in obtaining ISO 9000 certification.
A Book of Five Rings: the Samurai way to achieving construction quality
Authors: Sui Pheng Low
Published: July 2002

Argues that the management of quality in the construction industry is often flawed by people‐related problems. Suggests that there is tremendous scope for applying Miyamoto Musashi’s lessons in A Book of Five Rings for overcoming some of these problems and for managing construction quality. Just as the samurai strives to perfect his killer instinct, the application of the Samurai way in the building industry can serve to achieve getting the construction quality right first time, every time. Provides a historical account of Miyamoto Musashi’s A Book of Five Rings, highlights its teachings and analyses how these can be adapted or applied for managing construction quality more effectively in the building industry.
Delayering in a US Army R&D organization
Authors: Mallak Larry A. , Watts Pame S.
Published: July 2002

Delayering has spread to the public sector with the US Army going to a team‐based structure in one of its R&D organizations. This organization has wrestled with many issues concerning team effectiveness, quality management, and customer satisfaction during this delayering process. Beginning with eight management levels, the organization went to three levels and later back to five levels. Summarizes their experience, including data from an employee survey conducted after the delayering to assess satisfaction with the new structure and to help in improving the overall effectiveness of the organization.
High and low quality performance in manufacturing firms
Authors: Brown Steve
Published: July 2002

Shows evidence of two types of manufacturing firm: traditional (low performing plants) and enlightened (high performing plants), and makes the case that the distinction in quality is not so much between Japanese versus Western, as it is between traditional and enlightened approaches to quality. The enlightened firms have the following characteristics. First, they see quality as an ongoing, never‐ending pursuit of customer satisfaction, rather than as a managerial fad which might be replaced by subsequent “management‐guru” terms. Second, they have senior manufacturing personnel committed to quality. Third, they have manufacturing strategies which help to translate external customer requirements into internal operational approaches. The differences in capability of quality levels between traditional and enlightened manufacturers are both intriguing and, for the traditional group, alarming. Clearly, the enlightened firms recognize the enormous benefits of, and remain committed to, TQM and they offer an approach which sets them apart from the traditional group.
Shifting the paradigm: TQM and the ways we use word processors
Authors: Egan Michael
Published: July 2002

Looks at ways to increase writing effectiveness through use of word processors. Considers aspects such as organization of material, methods to remove “writer’s block” and the use of visual facilities to uncover connections between ideas. Discusses aspects relating to prewriting, writing and rewriting.
People empowerment: the key to TQM success
Authors: Gatchalian Miflora M.
Published: July 2002

TQM is a philosophy which emphasizes continuous improvement as a process that places a premium on achievement of customer satisfaction. This requires participation of everyone in the company in the development of shared mission, vision, plans and in the quest for continuous improvement. Employees must, therefore, become management’s partners in meeting the ultimate goal of delighting the customers. Such partnerships will require concerted efforts towards the acquisition of knowledge and skills in meeting day‐to‐day problems and making fast but low‐risk decisions. The odds for TQM success are not very encouraging at this point in time, since surveys show that the proportion of successes in TQM implementation is only within the range of 20 to 35 per cent of those who have initiated the practice. It appears that the typical approach to TQM implementation in the company may need to be further reviewed and the basis for improvement properly identified and/or designed to truly fit the company’s requirements. Correct problem identification and rectification leading to continuous improvement can only be achieved through effective people empowerment.
Impact of an ISO 9001 compliant quality management system on a university research enterprise
Authors: Walker A.J.
Published: July 2002

The Software Engineering Applications Laboratory (SEAL) is a university‐based research enterprise with project activity in the areas of software quality management and the development of specialized engineering applications. The SEAL was awarded a third party ISO 9001 certification for software development in July 1995. Reviews the motivation for developing an ISO 9001 compliant quality management system (QMS). Examines some of the special challenges which had to be faced while developing the QMS. Considers benefits which have accrued from this experience.
Some thoughts on auditing
Authors: Peters John
Published: July 2002

Looks at the nature of the consultant‐client encounter with regard to the introduction of quality assurance systems. Notes that while the encounter itself is a dynamic one wherein prescription of quality‐assured behaviours is an impossibility, the static processes which surround the encounter can be effectively assured to auditable standards. Suggests that demand for a flexible approach will lead to an audit approach which focuses on process examination and less so on normative content.
Human resources and total quality management: case studies in Brazilian companies
Authors: Carpinetti Luiz C.R. , Santos Fernando C.A. , Gonçalves M.A.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an exploratory research carried out in four manufacturing companies (large to medium size) located in the central region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The research was conducted aiming at characterising the companies in regard to quality and human resource management practices. The results show that human resource management may co‐operate with the success of total quality programmes, emphasising the competitive advantages which can be created from this partnership, namely organisational learning, organisational culture management and team‐based management.
Process analysis tools for process improvement
Authors: Bal Jay
Published: July 2002

Business process re‐engineering and total quality management both emphasise the benefits that a process orientated view of company operations can bring. Acquiring a clear definition of the “as‐is” business process and developing an understanding about how the process may be re‐engineered is a crucial stage in any business process reengineering project. This early phase normally has three objectives: to achieve a full understanding of the process to be re‐engineered so as to clarify its objectives and characteristics; to create a shared vision and understanding among the re‐engineering team; and to have a basis for starting the redesign. To support this phase, there is a range of tools : manual, computer supported and computer enabled which are traditionally used to help in the activities of process definition and analysis. This paper describes some of the newer approaches. The product introduction process is examined in a general sense, and specific examples from the automotive industry are taken as a basis for evaluation of the available tools and applications. A sample from the process analysis tools identified was used to model the production introduction process, and from the difficulties and successes an understanding of the attributes required in such an analysis tool was derived.
Variation, innovation and dynamic quality
Authors: Miller Holmes
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the concepts of static and dynamic quality enunciated by Robert Pirsig in relation to concepts of variation and statistical control enunciated by W. Edwards Deming. The relationship between static and dynamic is seen to reflect a fundamental truth present in many systems, and is posited to lead to approaches to foster innovation and dynamic change. Three dimensions for addressing dynamic change concern operational processes, organizations and the environment. Along all three dimensions, the challenge for organizations is how to foster, recognize and manage the variation necessary for dynamic change. Approaches are discussed for doing this and conclusions are presented.
In pursuit of excellence: total quality approaches in Irish organisations
Authors: Drew Eileen
Published: July 2002

Quality is the major differentiator in an increasingly competitive and fast growing business environment in Ireland. This paper focuses on the degree to which quality initiatives have been developed in Irish organisations. Based on two major large scale national surveys of manufacturing and service organisations, the paper shows the scale of adoption of total quality concepts and the degree to which total quality management (TQM) is associated with standards, strategic planning, teamworking, employee and customer satisfaction, use of quality tools/techniques, benchmarking and relationships with suppliers. Some comparisons are made between the two surveys which suggest that service organisations have been slower than manufacturing companies to adopt total quality management in Ireland. However, the study points to a heightening of awareness about TQM among service,as well as manufacturing, organisations in Ireland.
What’s this “systems” stuff, anyhow?
Authors: Harrington H. James , Carr Joseph J. , Reid Robert P.
Published: July 2002

Discusses a simple overview of systems and systems theory. Describes what a system is and does. Suggests seven principles to use when designing or evaluating a system including tips such as: organize to reduce complexity, do not over‐optimize the system, and leave details of managing sub‐elements to the specialists who know how. Illustrates with graphic examples.
Japanese 5‐S – where TQM begins
Authors: Ho Samuel K.M.
Published: July 2002

It has been recognised that Japanese firms are clean and orderly. The same is true for high quality western firms. Over the last two decades, the Japanese have formalised the technique and name it as 5‐S practice. The author has developed the world’s first 5‐S audit worksheet and used it for training in Hong Kong, Malaysia and the UK since 1994. As the name is new to most western societies, the objective of this paper is to explain the intricacy of the 5‐S so that it can be understood easily and adopted readily by those who may find the tool useful. 5‐S is also an important tool for action learning and the corner stone of a new paradigm for quality culture. In 1994, the Hong Kong Government Industry Department started promoting the 5‐S practice in Hong Kong. Many seminars and workshops have been conducted and they were all very popular and well‐received by the business community. As a result of the success, the Department commissioned a “5‐S practice workbook” with ten successful case studies from the manufacturing, services and public sectors. Further, a grant has been given to the authors to train up 2,500 5‐S lead auditors, the first of its kind in the world. The experience will also be shared in this article.
Auditing recruitment and selection using generic benchmarking: a case study
Authors: Ifill Sharon , Moreland Neil
Published: July 2002

This article provides an account of an audit on the recruitment and selection systems and procedures in place within a printing company based in the West Midlands (England). A human resource audit (HRA) of generic benchmarks was developed from a literature review. The audit subsequently was applied to establish the current position of the company in the areas of recruitment and selection. The empirical investigation process primarily consisted of content analysis of documents and the interviewing of 13 staff within the company. As a result of the audit, the recruitment and selection processes, systems and procedures were identified as ineffective. Consequently, an action plan was developed as part of a quality improvement process and preparation for Investors in People Award. As a result of the implementation of the recommendations, the culture of the company and the staff should become more focused, systematic and of a higher quality.
Experiences of implementing statistical methods in small enterprises
Authors: Deleryd Mats , Garvare Rickard , Klefsjö Bengt
Published: July 2002

In order to stay competitive most small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) need to make decisions and improve their processes in a more efficient way. To manufacturing companies this is crucial not the least within the design and production phases. This means that a deeper understanding of the concept of variation, identification of causes of variation, and handling of these causes are important factors within SMEs. This paper presents two studies of implementation of statistical methods. One is related to the use of process capability studies in Swedish industry. The other one is related to the use of design of experiments at two small enterprises within the high performance ceramic industry. From both the studies we find recommendations how to implement statistical technics in SMEs in order to increase the possibilities of success.
The new quality for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Feigenbaum A.V.
Published: July 2002

General Systems Company, Inc. has been directing its experience in installing quality systems throughout the world, as well as its research department’s focus on the development of new quality system strengths, to support and implement the quality growth opportunities of the twenty‐first century. The key is transforming quality from the past emphasis upon the reduction of things gone wrong for the customer, to emphasis upon the increase in things gone right for the customer, with the consequent improvement in sales and revenue growth. This customer value enhancement objective is a fundamentally new, different and much more effective business quality goal to drive the organization’s work from product and service design and development to customer satisfaction. For many organizations this requires a basic change in their business orientation and in their quality systems. Describes this new quality discipline, termed Total Quality System 2000 and its ten systems powers.
The quality‐related international trade agreements of the World Trade Organization and their implications for quality professionals
Authors: Sierra Enrique
Published: July 2002

This article highlights the main principles and provisions contained in the WTO’s product quality related agreements, i.e. the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) which apply, to a large extent, to quality concepts and practices in relation to the design, production, packaging, transportation and distribution of goods in international trade (exports and imports) such as standards, technical regulations (mandatory standards) and quality assurance procedures (testing, inspection, certification, accreditation). From this angle, quality professionals should be aware of the main principles and provisions embodied in the agreements so that their decisions and advice provided are consistent with the international trade rules which govern world trade and facilitate the accessibility of products to international markets.
Meeting customers’ requirements and what can be expected
Authors: Aschner Gabor S.
Published: July 2002

Relates a number of stories with regard to unsatisfactory items purchased by the author, describing his efforts to get satisfaction from the companies involved. Considers common elements of the various stories including factors such as: manufacturers of excellent image and reputation failing to produce failure‐free products; too many different management systems existing in traditional companies; and approaches of customer service and after sales service departments often being poor. Lists numerous trends for the future which may lead to the meeting of customer requirements. They include factors such as globalization leading to greater competition and greater information being passed to the consumer. Suggests that we are now witnessing a paradigm shift regarding the importance of the customer and notes that customers need to be clever enough to make the most of this situation.
Seamless Service
Authors: Grinstead Nigel
Published: July 2002

Describes the process used by the Mater Infirmorum Hospital in Belfast
in 1992‐1994 to achieve high quality care (Seamless Service), and
motivate staff to deliver and measure performance. Aims of the project
include focusing the organization on the customer, improving teamwork
and motivation at all levels. After comprehensive data collection from
GPs, patients and staff forums developed a full TQM strategy to gain
support and maintain momentum including innovative staff events (every
staff member was given the opportunity to attend) where multilevel,
multidisciplinary workshops enabled staff to design customer care
standards, develop teams and lead customer‐driven change.
Investors in People
Authors: Mason Don
Published: July 2002

Examines the experience of one NHS Unit in Wales as it carried through a
strategic decision to meet the National Standard for Effective
Investment in People (Iip). Argues that the Iip blueprint for improving
personal and organizational performance has never been more important to
an NHS undergoing radical change. Seeks to encourage more NHS
organizations to be measured against the standard in the areas of
commitment, regular review of training and development, continuous
development of employee skills, knowledge and attitudes, and evaluating
the effectiveness of the training investment in achieving business
goals.
Signposts, Icons and Change
Authors: Spiers John
Published: July 2002

Discusses the need for cultural change in the NHS and the need to
nurture a performing organization that uses outcome measures to improve
service delivery. Considers Investors in People and BS 5750 as two
iconographic signposts that could help to achieve successful change by
introducing targets and incentives that involve staff and patients.
Continuity of Care in Maternity Services – The Implications for Midwives
Authors: Stock John
Published: July 2002

Examines issues raised by Changing Childbirth. Summarizes an IMS/RCM
report and is based on research in maternity units at different stages
in the adoption of various approaches to developing continuity of care.
It is concerned with the effect on midwives′ working lives and explores
issues of grading, responsibility, working hours, career progression and
job satisfaction.
Managing temporary nursing staff: nurse banks in Scotland
Authors: Buchan James , Thomas Siân
Published: July 2002

Nurse banks are locally organized in‐house sources of temporary
nursing staff. Reports on a study of policy and practice in the
management of nurse banks in the National Health Service in Scotland.
The study was based on a census survey of all 55 NHS units in Scotland
(100 per cent response rate). Examines management rationales in
establishing a nurse bank, explores costs and benefits of managing a
bank, and provides recommendations on good practice in maintaining
continuity of care.
Image and identity: performance appraisal in a trust hospital
Authors: Coates G.
Published: July 2002

Looks at performance appraisal (PA), which has become an important tool in the overseeing of employees in contemporary society. Notes, however, that little work, has focused on its mediation or actual practice, beyond simple descriptions informing its implementation. First examines the changing nature of employee management under PA, before investigating the contemporary usage of PA regarding its emphasis on the issue of managing and controlling the “images” of performance. Illustrates this with research, gathered from a case study in the Midlands. More specifically, focuses on the requirement on individuals to present the right image/self‐presentation as a means of subordination. Highlights, with the use of a hospital case study, some of these issues in relation to the changes taking place in the public service sector, which faces fundamental transformations to its concept of service. Concludes that, whatever the original intentions of PA were, they have seriously failed, and are superseded by the management of the subjectification of performance.
Performance appraisal and women’s “performance” in a Trust hospital
Authors: Coates G.
Published: July 2002

Reports that performance appraisal (PA) has become an important tool in “controlling” employees in modern public industries. Little work, however, has focused on its mediation or actual practice in relation to different groups, such as women and ethnic groups. Examines the changing nature of employee management under PA in relation to how it affects the role of women in organizations. Illustrates with research, gathered from a case study in the midlands. Moves analysis beyond the individual‐collectivist tradition towards assessing the subtle control strategies now employed in the contemporary form of 1990s management. More specifically, illustrates the requirement for women to make the correct self‐presentation as a means of “getting on” and, from a managerial stance, of subordinating them. The use of a hospital case study highlights some of these issues in relation to the changes taking place in the public service sector, which faces fundamental transformations to its concept of service. Concludes that PA has seriously affected the role of women in public health organizations and that PA has seriously failed to meet the needs of women.
Worthwhile visits on the World Wide Web
Authors: Sandelands Eric
Published: July 2002

Using personal experience and recommendations from other users in compiling a selection of reviews, provides a taste of the diversity of resources available on the World Wide Web, looking at sites to visit and detailing what each site has to offer. Covers information sources, journals, management development, networking, skills and directories.
The curse of the CATalytic converter
Authors: James Eileen
Published: July 2002

Addresses the transfer of nurse education from schools of nursing, previously located within health authorities and, more recently, hospital and/or community trusts, to institutions of higher education. The pressures this has produced for both providers and participants in this relatively new educational initiative have had a direct effect on the levels of stress and anxiety that students feel both in their initial professional qualification programmes and in continuing their personal and academic development subsequently. There is a paucity of research into this area of stress and student Angst as a result of the new educational thrust. Suggests that the evidence from student evaluations has not been collated adequately and that the result is a burgeoning of anecdotal evidence which is being ignored by nursing’s professional body. Higher education has encouraged and influenced an almost exponential growth in programmes of study, which the nursing profession has used to force its singular aim to create a degree‐based profession.
Educating health educators: a survey of hospital staff completing a certificate in health education course
Authors: Atmarow Gabrielle , Brown Adam , Pinder Jane , Renvoize Edward
Published: July 2002

The success of Health care professionals (nurses, a midwife, a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist) working in a large NHS Trust hospital who had completed the Certificate in Health Education with the support of their employer, were interviewed. The study objectives were to seek their views on the quality of the course, to determine the extent to which participants were able to apply their new found knowledge and skills in the care they provided to patients and the level of support received to allow them to do this. Barriers that prevented staff from routinely applying health education in their work were identified. The findings indicated that the majority found the course content to be good and relevant to their clinical work but they identified lack of time due to the pressure of routine clinical work as the main barrier to the promotion of health education in their clinical area.
A firm’s driving force to implement and incorporate a business philosophy into its current business activities: the case of ECR
Authors: Svensson Göran
Published: July 2002

Focuses on a business philosophy, usually labelled efficient consumer response (ECR), applied in the retail industry. Its application in a firm’s current business activities may lead to the achievement of substantial business potentials but there can be problems in its implementation. Explores and describes the perceived potentials and obstacles in the implementation of ECR in the Swedish retail industry and introduces a model of a firm’s driving force to implement and incorporate ECR in its current business activities. A firm’s driving force may be in part analysed, if ECR’s achievable and non‐achievable potentials, as well as ECR’s probable and non‐probable obstacles, are simultaneously taken into consideration. Furthermore, a model is introduced in order to analyse the driving force of a business philosophy in a specific firm. The models may be applicable also in the context of classifying, measuring, and evaluating a firm’s driving force to implement and incorporate any other business philosophy.
Mexico’s 1994 peso crisis and its aftermath
Authors: Maskooki Kooros
Published: July 2002

Mexico’s 1994 peso devaluation and ensuing crisis surprised the markets and caught international markets and many policy makers off‐guard. Some of the contributing factors were due to structural deficiencies and institutional rigidities, while others dealt with public policy issues. In addition, Mexico’s membership to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and ensuing rapid trade liberalization and deregulation of capital market and banking, were paramount to the peso crisis. Financial deregulation in Mexico, as in Korea and other crisis countries of Asia, took place before adequate, prudential regulation and supervision were in place. The result was excessive build‐up of bank credits driven by moral hazard. This paper deals with various factors leading to the peso crisis and presents the logical sequence of the unfolding of the events by analyzing the structural and institutional factors. Also, major developments in the post‐crisis period are discussed.
Time‐based differentiation – an old strategic hat or an effective strategic choice: an empirical investigation
Authors: Jácome Rui , Lisboa João , Yasin Mahmoud
Published: July 2002

The strategic orientation of Portuguese firms in the porcelain industry is examined empirically. In the process, the effective use of traditional generic strategies as opposed to emerging strategies is compared. Special attention is devoted to the utility of classical Porter’s generic strategies in comparison to time‐based differentiation strategy. The study concludes that different variations of the classical differentiation strategy, which includes time‐based differentiation, appear to be more effective than cost leadership or mixed generic strategies.
High‐definition Television:
Authors: Curwen Peter
Published: July 2002

The consumer electronics market has long been a battleground between
competing trade blocs – primarily the EC, the USA and Japan. Discusses
the most recent, ongoing battle, which concerns High‐definition
Television (HDTV). The approach taken by the EC was to promote
“national champions” in France and Holland without consulting the wishes
of consumers and broadcasters. In the USA, by contrast, no subsidies
were offered and a market‐driven solution was sought. This will be based
on modern digital technology, whereas the EC and Japan initially set out
to develop old‐fashioned analogue systems – and indeed achieved an
end‐product. Since the consumer will either want no HDTV at all or a
digital system, the market appears to have achieved what industrial
policy could not.
Czech Reform and Economic Restructure
Authors: Kenny Brian
Published: July 2002

Helped by somewhat limited inward investment from the West and a
programme of wide‐scale privatization, reform in the Czech Republic
appears to be proceeding relatively successfully. Emerging from the
pressures of a long and complex history of political, geophysical and
economic change and more recent Soviet domination, the Republic has
given maximum priority to the speedy development of a free market
economy. The subsequent drastic reduction of state intervention,
however, is questionable and some argue that the pace of reform should
be matched by an appropriate public sector infrastructure.
Future Images of Europe:
Authors: Groth John C.
Published: July 2002

Suggests scenarios for future images of what one commonly calls the
European Union (EU). Many architects have laid plans for the future of
Europe. Numerous forces have exerted and continue to exert their
influences on Europe and its future. The net effect of these forces will
precipitate the future for unification efforts and Europe. Asserts that
the images held by many about the future for the EU are very different
from what will transpire. Underlying and significant social, political
and economic forces will provide for significant differences in what
people expect and what actually will transpire. The implications of the
eventual developments will profoundly affect key areas of concern. For
one, we will witness significant differences in business risks
associated with Europe. Furthermore, the consequences of unification
efforts will influence investment decisions, commonization of taxes and
currencies, the standard of living and the movement of human capital.
Offers some images of the future Europe. Provides perspectives
concerning the forces at work within the EU and the adverse consequences
that will result, and specific predictions for Europe and the potential
implications for business and society.
Strategic Alliances in the European Food Industry
Authors: Fearne Andrew
Published: July 2002

The EC food industry is characterized by a fragmented manufacturing
sector of over 100,000 companies. The heterogeneous nature of food
demand and the predominance of family‐owned companies servicing
specialized local needs has hindered the growth of the major food
manufacturers, while the influence of the food multiples has grown
unabated. An analysis of the forces for change in the European food
industry leads to the conclusion that partnerships and alliances will
increase rapidly throughout Europe. Vertical co‐ordination will be
driven by such factors as: food safety legislation; growing consumer
concern over how, where and by whom food products are produced; and
incentives for all parties to squeeze costs in the supply chain to gain
additional margin and enhanced competitiveness. Horizontal alliances
will continue to develop as retailers seek to maintain their strength in
the market, manufacturers attempt to minimize the risks associated with
entering new markets, and farmers (co‐operatives) look to add value to
their produce and improve marketing management.
Eastern Promise? Foreign Investment in Poland
Authors: Hardy Jane
Published: July 2002

Provides a critical overview of the role of foreign direct investment in
the transition to market economies in Eastern Europe, and Poland in
particular. Patterns of investment are examined in the wider context of
changes in the global pattern of international trade and production,
taking into account the specific nature of the Polish economy in terms
of industrial structure and institutions. The industrial legacy of the
Communist period and the low level of savings makes foreign investment
critical for updating obsolete capital and bringing Western business
expertise. It is suggested that firms have been attracted by low costs,
new markets and, in particular, market domination. However, political
instability and embryonic market structures suggest that firms have
found other means of accessing markets and only large transnational
companies in a limited number of sectors have undertaken investment of
any significance.
New developments and prospects of the European financial services industry
Authors: Kiriazidis Theo , Tzanidakis George
Published: July 2002

Suggests that EU legislation has induced enormous changes in the structure of the European financial markets, and that financial institutions increasingly modify their strategies to cope with the new developments. Identifies which type of corporate strategy enhances organizational efficiency. The position developed is that, at the national level, a multipurpose institution (or “financial supermarket”, offering a range of financial services, such as banking, insurance, pensions, etc.), with quasiindependent entities, could serve this objective. At the European level, given the remaining obstacles to financial integration, the risks and the high costs of cross‐border mergers and acquisitions, alliances of financial institutions appear to be the appropriate response.
Standort Deutschland – is Germany losing its appeal as an
international manufacturing location?
Authors: Tüselmann Heinz‐Josef
Published: July 2002

Against the background of intensified competition for company
locations, hotly debates Germany′s position as an international
manufacturing base. Aims to identify how far concerns about Germany′s
location quality are justified. After examining German direct foreign
investment (DFI) developments as an indicator for location quality,
analyses important underlying variables, which actually determine the
quality of location. The DFI position compares unfavourably with those
of other major economies. The German position has deteriorated further
since the early 1990s. The eastern region′s location quality seemed to
be even poorer than that of the western region. The subsequent
comparative analysis of quantifiable cost and burden factors and
qualitative factors revealed that, on balance, the relative location
weaknesses outweighed the relative strengths in both German regions.
Grave disadvantages were disclosed in eastern Germany. A reliable
prognosis concerning Germany′s future location quality could not be
made, since it is too early to predict the net effect of recent changes
of certain location factors.
Unemployment: does Europe have a strategy
Authors: Floyd David
Published: July 2002

Unemployment has become one of the key challenges for European
member states and the process of further economic integration as one
approaches the later years of the 1990s. The main question concerns how
exactly should Europe tackle this problem? Also what strategies could be
adopted and does Europe have an effective strategy? Analysis would
suggest that Europe is trying to strike a balance between a variety of
theoretical perspectives which emphasizes the complexity of the problem.
It is also important to examine the future trends of this worrying
problem and see whether it is likely to be a key issue for debate in the
years ahead.
International approaches to computer‐integrated manufacturing
perspectives from Europe and Japan
Authors: Hardaker Glenn , Ahmed Pervaiz K.
Published: July 2002

Highlights similarities, as well as differences, between European
and Japanese approaches to implementing computer‐integrated
manufacturing (CIM), and is based on research which uses the 7S model,
developed by McKinsey & Co., as an underlying framework. Considers a
number of pertinent factors which were employed to define a sample
frame: first, to judge the influence of CIM on world‐class manufacturing
organizations, researches manufacturing companies in key developed
countries with an established manufacturing base; second, emphasizes the
impact of CIM on profit‐seeking businesses; third, as the survey
assessed the integration of leading‐edge technology, the sample of
manufacturing organizations comprised technology‐driven companies.
Productivity, quality and ethics – a European viewpoint
Authors: Stainer Alan , Stainer Lorice
Published: July 2002

Emphasizes the productivity and quality connection in relation to
competitive advantage in operations management and strategy. Discusses
the issue of ethics and its interface with productivity and quality.
Highlights the underlying relationship between these three elements and
demonstrates their integration to offer a triadic gain in both economic
and moral terms in the pursuit of corporate growth. Presents and
analyses a survey of business organizations, in both manufacturing and
services, in three European countries, the UK, France and Germany. It is
the combination of productivity, quality and ethics which will establish
the management culture of the future. Provides guidelines to sow the
seeds for the basis of improved operations performance and business
excellence.
Success factors in going international: experiences from small firms in southeastern USA
Authors: Davis Elynor , Keys Bernard
Published: July 2002

Reviews the individual experiences of many small southeastern US firms as they attempted to meet the challenge of overseas markets, sometimes in response to market saturation at home or to smooth out the seasonality of product demand. Although many small firms were initially reluctant to “go global”, those who did so found that they were able to work through the hurdles and build strong overseas markets. Reviews the variety of measures and techniques which individual firms used to turn obstacles into a successful global venture. Explores the most important lessons which these firms learned in the process.
Reviewing the EC Merger Control Regulation: present experience and practice and future directions
Authors: Davison Leigh M. , Fitzpatrick Edmund
Published: July 2002

Examines, with special regard to business, the operation of certain aspects of the Merger Control Regulation (MCR), particularly the “one‐stop‐shop‐approach”, that is likely to be reappraised at the forthcoming inter‐governmental conference or the scheduled review of the MCR. Uses the critical concepts of certainty, uniformity and transparency, to explore the scope and effectiveness of the “one‐stop‐shop‐approach” with regard to: definition of a community dimension; distinct markets (Article 9 MCR) and parallel EC/member state enforcement (Article 21 MCR and Article 223 Treaty of Rome). Looks at the role of subsidiarity. Addresses the questionable interpretation by the Commission of the MCR’s applicability to oligopolistic dominance. Considers the proposal for an independent cartel office, particularly with regard to enhancing transparency and certainty in decision making. Concludes by proposing an alternative definition of community dimension, not based on the size of the parties measured by aggregate turnover of all their products, but rather on the competition spillover effects on the specific product markets affected by the concentration.
A two‐speed Europe: a suitable case for modelling?
Authors: Hughes Hallett Andrew , Demertzis Maria
Published: July 2002

Discusses the idea of a two‐speed Europe in the light of the recent open letter from the governing parties in Germany. This letter raised the ideal of a two‐speed Europe from a de facto configuration of the European economies to an explicit strategy for European integration. Puts forward the view of many commentators that several factors have made some kind of a two‐speed arrangement inevitable and desirable. Outlines the costs and benefits of a two‐speed Europe. Attempts to provide a model based on research that would allow these questions to be analysed in full. Concludes that if an adequate model is to be achieved, more academic resources are required.
The executive view on the cost problem of European airlines
Authors: Seristo Hannu
Published: July 2002

Summarizes European airline executives’ views on the reasons for the cost problem in major airlines and on the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operations. Presents a survey where 28 executives from 17 European airlines were respondents. In the executives’ opinion the cost problem in major European airlines is primarily due to high salaries and inflexible work rules. Of the various functions in airlines, general administration was seen as the least cost efficient, whereas flight operation was seen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Most respondent airlines had made route and fleet changes after the beginning of 1991 to reduce costs. Concludes from the survey results that privatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operations. Also, flexibility from the labour unions would be very much welcomed.
National economic sovereignty and the Single European Currency
Authors: Potts Nic
Published: July 2002

Considers how membership of a Single European Currency would affect Single European Currency members’ national economic sovereignty. First defines concisely national economic sovereignty. Explores economic life in the Single European Currency. A picture of a converged Single European Currency area economy emerges. Then considers what influence Single European Currency members would have on the Single European Currency area’s macroeconomic policy, finding members’ influence, their national economic sovereignty, depends on the Single European Currency’s institutional structure. Explores three institutional structures, a Council of Ministers approach, a federal approach and the Maastricht plan, the European Union’s (EU’s) actual plan for the Single European Currency. Finds that both a federal and a Council of Ministers approach appear to offer Single European Currency members some degree of national economic sovereignty, while the Maastricht plan appears to offer Single European Currency members very little national economic sovereignty. Analyses the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), to assess what national economic sovereignty EU countries currently enjoy. It becomes apparent that in order to prevent excessive exchange rate instability EU countries must set their monetary policies to the satisfaction of the Financial Market, EU free capital mobility undermining EU countries’ national economic sovereignty. The ERM’s and the Maastricht plan’s preference for price stability over democratic accountability leads to an investigation of the significance of a economy’s average inflation rate. Finds evidence of a negative correlation between EU countries average inflation rates and their private sectors level of profitability. Concludes by asking if a Single European Currency, which favours enforcement of price stability over democratic accountability, is good for European business or not.
UK membership of the European Union: establishing a framework for analysis
Authors: Floyd David
Published: July 2002

Emphasizes the need to evaluate European Union membership within a broad framework rather than focusing solely on the benefits associated with trading with our partner countries. Suggests also how such frameworks could be used with respect to the future challenges presented for Britain from continued membership of the European Union. Examines in addition the extent to which the proposed losses associated with continued membership are justified. Indicates key attributes which should be borne in mind, especially during times of crisis within the European Union.
Environment of transition: new and old positive and negative trends in the post‐Soviet marketplace
Authors: Khazanet V.L.
Published: July 2002

The fragmentation of the Soviet Union has left its citizens tired of promises and hungry for positive results. However, while the current transitional period in the former Soviet states (FSS) from the command economy to the market economy has added enormous hurdles for ordinary working people and retirees, newly‐emerged post‐Soviet rich and famous enjoy fabulous wealth and power. Describes the roots of their climb to wealth and power, gives tips regarding how to mitigate the risk of being caught up in the crime tide, underlines the importance of tailoring products to the local markets, and makes other recommendations for businesses involved in the FSS market.
Strategies of multinational enterprises and the development of the Central and Eastern European economies
Authors: Williams David
Published: July 2002

Foreign direct investment (FDI) manifests itself in different ways and in order to evaluate the likely impact of FDI it is necessary to examine the strategic aspirations of multinational enterprises (MNE). This involves analysing the entry modes which MNEs use to gain access to foreign markets and the type of subsidiary organization which is established in the host country. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have identified FDI as a key element of their transition to market economies. Drawing on the experience of influential FDI flows into Western economies, argues that the strategic ambitions of MNEs will not necessarily lead to a wholly favourable impact on the CEE economies and that there is a need to encourage technological and infrastructure development as well as a monitoring process of FDI projects, which includes an after‐care service.
Experiences of investing in Eastern Europe: a study of a multinational brewing company
Authors: Dezutter Boudewijn
Published: July 2002

The markets of Eastern Europe have given a great opportunity to potential foreign investors, especially since 1989. This market consists of 400 million possible consumers. Before the recent reforms, there was already some co‐operation, especially joint ventures, but these were rare. In the two years after the reforms of 1989, the number of foreign investments in Eastern Europe increased from 2,931 in 1989 to 34,903 in 1991. Presents a case study of the investment of the brewing concern Interbrew (the owners of brands such as Stella Artois and Labatt) in Hungary. Information was gathered by interviewing several people (at board level) at the corporate headquarters, who were involved in the decision‐making process of the take‐over of the Borsodi brewery in Hungary. Discusses the acquisition process and examines the outcomes.
Breakdown ‐ a psychological contract for expatriates
Authors: Gail Lewis Kerry
Published: July 2002

States the purpose of this study was to develop a framework, through which to analyse the nature of an expatriate’s psychological contract, in order to specifically address expatriate psychological needs and expectations. The proposed Breakdown model was formulated from the overseas work experience of the author; a literature search and qualitative research with present and former expatriates. The findings revealed that perceived violations of the psychological contract were in the areas anticipated in the Breakdown model, and ignoring these needs and expectations resulted in unnecessary stress and lower employee productivity. Concludes that there was a vast gap between expatriation theory and practice; formal recognition and implementation of the model would bridge this gap and demonstrate that organizations do in fact regard people as their most important assets. Suggests the model might contribute towards competitive organizational advantage, as the successful completion of overseas assignments would be better assured.