bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Authentic Inner Compass as an Important Motivational Experience and Structure
Authors: Assor Avi , Benita Moti , Geifman Yael
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the sense of having an authentic inner compass (AIC): the perception and feeling of knowing what is really important to one, because one has explicit and articulable self-guiding core preferences that feel voluntary and authentic. These core preferences reflect foundational values and personal inclinations, and long-term goals derived from them. The experience of having an AIC is presented as one of five facets of the meta-need for authentic self-direction (i.e., autonomy), which together promote optimal realization of more specific basic needs and personal inclinations. Research shows that the experience of having a firm AIC promotes true volition to engage in activities and contexts enabling AIC realization, vitality, sense of meaning, resisting negative peer pressures, and other optimal-functioning indicators. Educational and childrearing practices promoting or hindering AIC development are presented. The emphasis on articulable authentic core preferences underlying the sense of AIC reflects a view of autonomy as authentic intentionality and agency.
Need-Supportive and Need-Thwarting Socialization
Authors: Aelterman Nathalie , Vansteenkiste Maarten
Published: February 2023

To support motivation, growth, and performance it is critical to foster individuals’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To achieve this goal, socializing agents, such as teachers, sport coaches, and managers, can make use of a broad array of need-relevant strategies that can either support or thwart students’, athletes’, and employees’ psychological needs. Central to this chapter is the discussion of a circumplex approach, which allows for an integrative and fine-grained study of different need-relevant styles. The chapter discusses the basic tenets of this approach, reviews recent supportive studies, highlights its advantages and potential for practice, and provides recommendations for future research.
How Parental Autonomy Support, Structure, and Involvement Help Children Flourish
Authors: Grolnick Wendy S. , Lerner Rachel E.
Published: February 2023

Self-determination theory is an optimal backdrop for researching parenting as it provides a framework for understanding why certain parenting behaviors and strategies facilitate or undermine children’s motivation and adjustment. Three parenting dimensions identified within this theory, autonomy support, structure, and involvement, have been found to be associated with a broad array of positive outcomes in children and adolescents. Beyond studying parenting dimensions individually, research highlights the interactive effects of the dimensions and the importance of considering the context within which behaviors are enacted. In addition, while there is support for the importance of the three dimensions across context and culture, how specific parenting dimensions are experienced may vary by culture and context, thereby supporting a “universalism without uniformity” perspective. Research on parenting has begun to consider issues in parenting in diverse populations, again highlighting the importance of the three dimensions. Longitudinal studies are needed to address reciprocal effects between parenting and child behavior. While some work has focused on the factors that facilitate or undermine parents’ ability to provide facilitative parenting (e.g., stress), more work in this area is needed so that findings can be incorporated into parenting interventions.
The Interplay between Basic Psychological Needs and Sleep in Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Campbell Rachel , Vansteenkiste Maarten
Published: February 2023

Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), this chapter provides an overview of the nascent literature on the dynamic interplay between basic psychological needs and the physical need for sleep, thereby covering three recent lines of research. The chapter reviews recent studies indicating that psychological need-based experiences relate to diverse self-reported and objective indicators of sleep at both the between- and within-person level in nonclinical and clinical samples. It presents evidence from diary and experimental research demonstrating a reciprocal effect of sleep on psychological need-based experiences. Finally, it discusses evidence for intervening mechanisms that help to explain these associations, focusing especially on the role of arousal processes, subjective energy levels, and present-moment awareness. The chapter reflects on the limitations of these findings, as well as their implications for research on the interplay between SDT’s basic psychological needs and other physical needs.
Organismic Integration Theory
Authors: Pelletier Luc G. , Rocchi Meredith
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews the five propositions that constitute organismic integration theory (OIT). The five propositions address (1) the process of internalization; (2) the distinctions between intrinsic motivation, the different types of extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, and how they relate to each other; (3) the conditions that facilitate internalization of values and behaviors; (4) how behavior that is regulated through more internalized forms of regulation relates to better functioning; and (5) how internalization relates to psychological health and well-being. Also examined are aspects of the theory that have received less attention or that represent emerging trends, such as the contribution of the constructs of integrated regulation and amotivation to SDT’s model of motivation. The chapter argues that OIT provides a framework to explain how society and social contexts affect people’s motivation, as well as what people do in actively adapting to their social worlds. It also sees potential for OIT to expand from the examination of individual human functioning and wellness to understanding how people’s prosocial behaviors and willingness to contribute to others develops and how societies can support this.
Self-Determined Motivation, Oral Hygiene Behavior, Oral Health, and Oral Health–Related Quality of Life
Authors: Halvari Anne Elisabeth Münster , Halvari Hallgeir
Published: February 2023

Self-determination theory (SDT) studies in the field of oral health behavior, oral health, and oral health–related quality of life have been summarized in this chapter. The results demonstrate that interventions (randomized clinical trials) designed to promote autonomy-supportive dental competence, relative to standard care, yield increases of autonomous motivation, perceived dental competence, and oral hygiene behaviors (e.g., brushing, flossing, more regular meals), decreases in dental plaque, and improved oral health. Moreover, these interventions are associated with more frequent dental attendance and oral health–related quality of life. The active elements of the interventions performed are related to (1) dental hygienist support of patients’ psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness; (2) increases in autonomous motivation; and (3) increases in perceived dental competence. In the tested SDT process models, these elements mediated the effects from the intervention to increases in dental behavior, which mediated the effects from autonomous motivation and perceived dental competence to decreases in dental plaque, which, in turn, mediated the effect from dental behavior to improvements in oral health. Hence, the described autonomy-supportive dental competence intervention is recommended as an evidence-based alternative that belongs in the education syllabus for dental hygienist students.
How Important Is Money to Motivate People to Work?
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Nordgren Selar Alexander , Sverke Magnus
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores research on the importance of money to motivate people to work. Research on the role of money in people’s lives and as a motivator of working shows that even though people need a decent basic income, money is not the best motivator of work performance. A review of research on the effects of performance-based compensation on motivation, performance, and well-being concludes that financial incentives do not seem to be as powerful to drive performance as portrayed in many motivation theories, and that there is still a need to better understand how such incentives relate to need satisfaction and work motivation. Moreover, incentives seem to have undesirable side effects on moral engagement, stress, and well-being. The chapter also explores other aspects of compensation, including how fairness and the relative distribution of money within organizations influence need satisfaction, motivation, and work outcomes, as well as how motivational assumptions and payment norms and preferences might modify how money influences motivation. It ends with an identification of remaining knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research on the effects of compensation on work motivation that would benefit from using self-determination theory, as well as the practical implications of what is known thus far for the design of compensation systems.
A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Stigma and Prejudice
Authors: Ryan William S. , Moore Annabelle
Published: February 2023

A large body of research documents the negative impact of being a member of a stigmatized group on well-being. Despite these population-level findings, research suggests that there is considerable variation in the well-being of members of stigmatized groups such that although some individuals may be suffering, others may be flourishing. This chapter uses self-determination theory (SDT) as a framework for discussing key determinants of this variation. Stigma represents a social condition of prejudice that can directly thwart people’s basic psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness. The chapter focuses on the role of basic psychological need support and thwarting, particularly in relation to autonomy, in understanding the internalization of negative attitudes toward the self and others; the impact of stigma on well-being through intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional-level processes; and the regulation and change of prejudicial attitudes and discrimination. Interpersonal and institutional supports for autonomy and relatedness can reduce the extent to which stigmatizing experiences occur, as well as the harms that follow. Insofar as our modern world has become increasingly global and multicultural, these issues of stigma, prejudice, and inclusion have become correspondingly more salient. This thus represents an important area for continued research and intervention development to which SDT has much to offer.
Acting as One
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Deci Edward L.
Published: February 2023

Research in self-determination theory, amply detailed across the chapters of this Handbook, attests to the universal human propensities toward growth and integration, as well as the social conditions that can either facilitate or hinder their expression. Beyond the influences of social contexts, we as individuals can also actively craft our development, or balk at that existential responsibility. People have inherent capacities to reflect upon, and to accept or reject, values and aims and in so doing they affect their own and others’ well-being and vitality. This human capacity for autonomy develops most robustly within need-supportive social contexts, whereas controlling and need thwarting environments often bring out the more defensive and compensatory “dark sides” of human nature. By creating more autonomy, competence, and relatedness supportive environments in families, schools, organizations, and cultures, the overarching aim of SDT is to help foster a more humane world within which all can flourish.
Causes, Costs, and Caveats
Authors: Bradshaw Emma L.
Published: February 2023

Goal contents theory (GCT) is the fifth of SDT’s mini-theories and describes the associations between the content of people’s life aspirations and their well-being, the links between which are understood to be mediated by basic psychological need satisfactions and frustrations. Intrinsic aspirations—typically for personal growth, affiliation, community giving, and physical health—inherently satisfy basic psychological needs and, therefore, bolster wellness. Conversely, extrinsic aspirations—most commonly for wealth, fame, and beauty—do not directly satisfy needs and, in some cases, actively frustrate them, thus compromising well-being. This chapter reviews the eight basic propositions and evidence base of GCT, with an emphasis on recent investigations. It introduces seven additional “candidate” propositions, or ideas that have emerged in the GCT literature, the generalizability and universality of which remain to be comprehensively tested. The chapter concludes by detailing some caveats of which researchers should be cognizant, while highlighting important future directions for this universally relevant and highly reliable theory.
Relationships Motivation Theory
Authors: Knee C. Raymond , Browne Lindsay
Published: February 2023

Although self-determination theory (SDT) originally emphasized individual well-being, it has also been described as a theory of optimal relationship development and functioning. SDT’s sixth mini-theory, relationships motivation theory (RMT), elaborates the mutual roles of close relationships in supporting self-development, and how motivation can support the development of flourishing close relationships. This chapter examines how SDT’s unique concepts of the continuum of self-determined motivation, basic psychological needs, and the noncontingent self offer a novel and integrative perspective on optimal relationship development. It first presents SDT’s motivation continuum in the close relationships domain, then discusses the mutuality of basic psychological need fulfillment and frustration in close relationships, followed by an integration of these concepts with regard to internalization, identity, and true-self involvement, along with their downstream relationship dynamics and benefits. The chapter illustrates ways in which several major concepts and theoretical perspectives in the close relationships literature can be folded into RMT.
Mindfulness and the Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs
Authors: Beloborodova Polina , Brown Kirk Warren
Published: February 2023

Conceptualized as a receptive awareness of and attention to present-moment events and experiences, mindfulness is regarded by self-determination theory as a critical psychological factor that facilitates the fulfillment of basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. This chapter reviews research showing that trait, state, and trained mindfulness are related to more autonomous functioning, greater social well-being, and increased felt competence and task performance. Also discussed are proposed mechanisms that might explain those salutary effects, including a shift from automatic processing of experience to conscious attention regulation and observation of experience without egoic identification. Also discussed is the importance of intervention and other experimental research to examine the role of different mindfulness practices (e.g., focused attention vs. open monitoring) in promoting need satisfaction, and to investigate the interaction between mindfulness and need-supportive versus need-frustrating environments.
Civil and Ethnic Conflict in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Jha Saumitra
Published: February 2023

Despite great falls in global poverty, civil and ethnic conflict remains tragically common. This chapter examines the patterns of persistence and change in conflict around the world through the lens of historical political economy. It compares two important approaches for measuring the impact of contemporary ethnic differences on conflict: ethno-linguistic fractionalization and polarization. It highlights two aspects that are crucial for understanding these impacts but remain relatively understudied in this literature: the role of organizational capacity within groups and complementarities between groups. The chapter illustrates these relationships through the history of Hindu-Muslim relations in South Asia, as well as drawing on broader contexts. Finally, this discussion highlights some common pitfalls that arise from neglecting history when studying conflict, and promising directions for future research.
The Corporation and the State in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the relationship between corporations and states from the appearance of the very first corporations in the late Middle Ages to the twentieth century. It identifies four types of relationships. The first views the corporation as one of the arms of the state. The second views the corporation as an organ that, from the outset, was independent of the state. The third relationship views the corporation as expecting the state to credibly commit not to expropriate the assets pooled together in the corporation. The fourth identifies that corporations need states to provide enforcement of contracts among corporate stakeholders. The chapter shows how these types of relationships developed historically, replaced and complemented each other, and played out against each other. The text asserts that tensions between states and corporations along these types of relationships still exist today.
Rhizomatic Entanglements
Authors: Baishya Amit R.
Published: February 2023

Assamese fiction written by janajatiya writers (writers from indigenous, “tribal” communities) can be read productively via a deployment of various standpoints from the “nonhuman turn.” This chapter reads the triangulation of three nonhuman entities—bamboo, rats, and fire—in Arunachali author Yeshe Dorje Thongchi’s short story “Baah Phulor Gundho” (“The Smell of Bamboo Blossoms”). While stories by janajatiya writers such as Thongchi are usually read via “tradition” versus “modernity” and social reform perspectives, this chapter argues that nonhuman entities play a vitalist and agential role in their fictional universes. Thongchi’s short story demonstrates this through a unique event that occurs in Northeast India—the periodic flowering of bamboo that leads to an exponential increase in rat populations—which becomes the fulcrum for an exploration of social change and the passage of time in the lifeworlds of the Nyishi tribespeople in Arunachal Pradesh.
Forensic Mental Health Assessments in Juvenile Justice Contexts
Authors: King Christopher M. , Grove Lauren , Hitchcock Sarah , Gonzalez Kenny , Palardy Amanda , Guevara Nicole
Published: February 2023

Psychologists, criminologists, lawyers, and other professionals have made and continue to make important contributions to the structure and functioning of the juvenile justice system in the United States. Within the modern-day juvenile justice system—which generally seeks to be developmentally sensitive and balanced as to accountability and rehabilitation—several issues arise in the processing and management of youth’s cases in juvenile and criminal courts that prompt referrals for forensic mental health assessments. These referred evaluations inform preadjudication (transfer to or from adult court and competence to proceed), adjudication (waiver of Miranda rights and reliability of confession evidence), and postadjudication decision-making (juvenile disposition or adult sentencing). This chapter reviews seminal and contemporary research and legal precedent as relevant to these juvenile forensic mental health assessments. In addition, future directions for research, policy, and best practice are discussed.
Key Considerations for Pre-arrest Diversion Programs
Authors: Dugosh Karen L. , Lipkin Jessica L. , Flack Daniel J. , DeMatteo David , Festinger David S.
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews the extant literature to identify empirically proven strategies that pre-arrest diversion (PAD) programs could employ to improve outcomes. PAD programs generally refer low-risk individuals who use drugs to community-based services and rehabilitation in lieu of formal entry into the criminal justice system. Preliminary data indicate that these programs can reduce incarceration rates, recidivism, and drug use, and that they result in cost savings relative to standard engagement in the criminal justice system. Although the early verdict is that these programs reduce public harm, existing programs often use arbitrary criteria for determining eligibility, making evaluation and replication unreliable. PAD programs may serve to improve both public health and public safety by utilizing empirically proven practices. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges to the development, implementation, and operations of PAD programs. Although preliminary data from these programs support their utility, continued research is necessary to identify what practices facilitate their short- and long-term success.
Police Custody
Authors: Alceste Fabiana , Kassin Saul M.
Published: February 2023

Police are only required to provide Miranda rights to criminal suspects during custodial interrogations. Other important legal safeguards, like the video recording of interrogations, are triggered by the same event. Over many decades, the US Supreme Court has refined the definition of police custody: when the totality of the objective circumstances of an interrogation are tantamount to arrest, as determined by a hypothetical reasonable person in the suspect’s position. Until recently, however, this legal standard had not been subjected to the scrutiny of psychological and empirical testing. This chapter summarizes the case law surrounding the legal concept of custody, as well as the psychology of perceptions of custody and attributions of freedom. We discuss disparities in perceptions of custody between actors and observers, as well as between legal and lay participant groups. Finally, we make policy recommendations and identify avenues for future research.
Emerging Issues in the Psycholegal Study of Guilty Pleas
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Zottoli Tina M. , Dezember Amy , Schneider Ryan , Catlin Mary , Shammi Suraiya
Published: February 2023

In the 2010 Lafler v. Cooper decision, the Supreme Court equated the US criminal justice system to one of guilty pleas. As addressed in this chapter, this is because guilty pleas make up the majority of criminal case outcomes (around 64 percent) and the majority of convictions (around 97 percent). In this chapter, common themes in guilty plea research are reviewed, including the psychology of guilty plea decision-making, the validity of guilty pleas, and false guilty pleas. Further, new data are presented, aimed at reconceptualizing guilty plea rates and measuring plea discounts. Researchers’ choices about which dichotomous plea rate (prospective vs. retrospective) to examine and how to define plea discounts have implications for theories of plea decision-making and for advancing psycholegal scholarship on guilty pleas.
Prosecutorial Misconduct
Authors: Bull Kovera Margaret , Fessinger Melanie B.
Published: February 2023

Prosecutors have a complicated role in which they are tasked with convicting the guilty while also protecting the innocent. However, prosecutors sometimes abrogate their duties, which can result in miscarriages of justice. Prosecutorial misconduct includes activities like failure to disclose evidence favorable to the defense, improper argument (e.g., mentioning information not in evidence and denigrating the integrity of the defense attorney), and racial bias in jury selection. A variety of factors may contribute to the likelihood that prosecutors engage in misconduct, including a culture of competition, pressure to secure convictions, tunnel vision (a cognitive bias in which one gives more weight to evidence that supports the desired suspect), unguided prosecutorial discretion in deciding what evidence to disclose to the defense, and a lack of accountability. There is very limited empirical research that explores the antecedents of or remedies for prosecutorial misconduct, providing fertile ground for researchers to make substantial contributions toward understanding this particular cause of wrongful convictions.
Jury Decision-Making
Authors: Levett Lora M.
Published: February 2023

The US Constitution guarantees the right to a public trial by an impartial jury of one’s peers in both criminal and civil contexts. This system is a cornerstone of our democracy but is not free from criticism. Researchers have spent decades investigating the jury, exploring what affects jurors’ decisions, and how to increase the competence of this decision-making body. In this broad overview, the chapter first explores the theoretical underpinnings of juror and jury decision-making and discusses mathematical and explanation-based models at the juror and jury levels. Next, the chapter explores factors that influence the jury’s decision, including the demographic and attitudinal characteristics of the legal participants, examples of evidentiary, extra-evidentiary, and trial factors, including the possibility of judges as alternative decision makers. Last, I summarize directions for future research and discuss some of the methodological difficulties jury researchers may encounter.
Ethics in Forensic Psychology Practice
Authors: Otto Randy K.
Published: February 2023

Psychologists’ obligations and responsibilities when providing forensic services manifest differently than when they are providing therapeutic services. The sources of authority that impose obligations upon psychologists, who psychologists’ clients are, to whom psychologists owe a duty, whose interests psychologists must be consider when acting, and how obligations of privacy apply are just a few examples of this. Discussed in this chapter are key sources of authority that impose obligations upon psychologists when providing forensic services, some key distinctions in how general ethical obligations manifest in forensic settings, and recommendations for how the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association can be revised to better account for these many differences.
Forensic Report Writing
Authors: DeMier Richart L. , Krauss Daniel A.
Published: February 2023

Most guidance for forensic report writing lacks empirical support. Current recommendations have largely been derived from ethical principles, the professional literature, and, in some cases, personal experiences. This chapter briefly reviews these existing recommendations, their rationales, and, when it exists, their scientific foundations. Practical and stylistic considerations are discussed, from language choice to issues such as relevance of data and how to frame diagnoses. The chapter proposes a research agenda to investigate whether existing guidance can be empirically supported. Broad research questions are proposed to stimulate thought about additional empirical work, and some initial ideas about how to approach specific hypotheses are considered. In particular, researchers need to further investigate ways to fashion reports that legal actors and other consumers of the information will read, understand, and use appropriately.
MPs, Outside Interests, and Corporate Boards: Too Busy to Serve?
Authors: Smith Matthew , Newman Jack
Published: February 2023

The corporate governance literature has often been concerned with whether individuals with a high number of board directorships are too busy to serve in their role. In the UK, many MPs also hold positions on boards of directors. This raises the question of whether MPs with board memberships are too busy to serve their constituents, party and parliament. To address this question, we construct a network of directors (including MPs) and the firms they are associated with. We then draw on measures from social network analysis to capture how embedded these individuals are in the UK corporate system. We employ a regression approach to examine the relationship between MPs’ position in the corporate system and their participation in Parliament. We find that that some positions within the corporate network are associated with increased participation and others with decreased participation. MP participation increases when they have high numbers of directorships or high levels of corporate opportunity, but it decreases for those who are deeply embedded in the corporate system, sitting on the boards of well-connected firms. The latter are potentially ‘too busy’ to serve.
Racial Concordance in the Market for Financial Advice
Authors: Clifford Christopher P , Gerken William C , Qiu Tian
Published: February 2023

We examine the role of race and racial concordance between financial advisors and their local community. We document significant differences in stock market participation based on community racial composition, as well as differences in the characteristics of communities served by minority advisors. Notably, minority advisors are more likely to serve racially concordant communities, which tend to be poorer. We find that racial concordance has only a modest relation with local stock market participation. However, while minority advisors are more likely to leave the industry, this relation is mitigated among advisors located in more concordant communities. (JEL G20, G50, D14, J15)
The Size and Life-Cycle Growth of Plants: The Role of Productivity, Demand, and Wedges
Authors: Eslava Marcela , Haltiwanger John , Urdaneta Nicolas
Published: February 2023

What determines the distribution of establishments in terms of size and life-cycle growth? How are those determinants related to aggregate productivity? We provide novel answers by developing a framework that uses price and quantity information on establishments’ outputs and inputs to jointly estimate the demand and production parameters, and subsequently, establishments’ quality-adjusted productivity, deriving both micro-level and aggregate implications. We find that the dominant source of variation in establishment size is variation in quality/product appeal but that variation in technical efficiency plays an important supporting role. Multiple factors dampen dispersion in establishment size including dispersion in input (quality-adjusted) prices, markups, and residual wedges. Relatively moderate dampening factors induce large aggregate allocative efficiency losses relative to their absence. We show that joint estimation of the parameters of the demand and production function crucially affects inferences on the determinants of the size distribution of firms and their implications for aggregate productivity.
Do People With Schizophrenia Enjoy Social Activities as Much as Everyone Else? A Meta-analysis of Consummatory Social Pleasure
Authors: Abel Danielle B , Rand Kevin L , Salyers Michelle P , Myers Evan J , Mickens Jessica L , Minor Kyle S
Published: February 2023

Background

The “emotion paradox” of schizophrenia suggests people with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits when reporting anticipated and retrospective pleasure; yet, in-the-moment, consummatory pleasure is largely intact. It is uncertain how these findings extend to social situations. This meta-analysis aimed to (1) determine the mean difference in consummatory social pleasure between people with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and (2) examine moderators of this effect, including study design and clinical characteristics of participants.

Design

A literature search using PsycINFO, Web of Science, Pubmed, and EMBASE databases was conducted. Studies measuring consummatory social pleasure using experience sampling methods and laboratory social simulations were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted using Hedge’s g.

Results

Meta-analysis of 26 studies suggests people with schizophrenia exhibited a small, significant deficit in consummatory social pleasure (g = −0.38, 90% CI [−0.53, −0.22]). There was significant heterogeneity in effect sizes; magnitude was moderated by study design and type of measure used to assess social pleasure.

Conclusions

Overall, people with schizophrenia seem to exhibit less consummatory social pleasure than controls. However, this deficit is smaller than in studies of anticipated and retrospective pleasure. Thus, consummatory social pleasure may not be quite as impaired in people with schizophrenia as traditional anhedonia research suggests. Moreover, pleasure deficits observed in people with schizophrenia may result from differences in the quality of their daily social experiences rather than differences in their capacity for social pleasure. Results have important implications for clinical interventions that address barriers to social engagement, low-pleasure beliefs, and cognitive remediation to treat schizophrenia.
The Republic of Fear: Mental Illness in the Finnish Civil War of 1918
Authors: Pietikainen Petteri
Published: February 2023

This article examines the links between mental illness and the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Based on the study of patient records from a large state mental hospital, the article discusses the mental wounds of both servicemen and civilians and focuses on fear as an essential component in the onset of mental disorder. An examination of patient records reveals how civil war affected the mental health of ordinary people and created a collective psychological atmosphere of fear and anxiety. What this article also demonstrates is that, during and after the war, patients who were mentally scarred by the atrocities were neither categorised nor diagnosed any differently from other mental patients. By focussing on patient experiences in the ‘mini-society’ of a mental hospital, this article aims to give a nuanced account of the ways in which civil war can affect mental health on both the individual and collective levels.
Altered functional connectivity associated with striatal dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Shima Atsushi , Inano Rika , Tabu Hayato , Okada Tomohisa , Nakamoto Yuji , Takahashi Ryosuke , Sawamoto Nobukatsu
Published: February 2023

We aimed to clarify whether dopamine depletion in the posterior dorsal striatum in early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) alters synchronized activity in the cortico-basal ganglia motor circuit. In sum, 14 PD patients and 16 matched healthy controls (HC) underwent [11C]-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl) tropane positron emission tomography to identify striatal dopamine-depleted areas. The identified map was applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discover abnormalities in functional connectivity (FC) during motor-task and rest-state in PD patients in the drug-off state relative to HC. Striatal dopamine-depleted areas formed synchronized fMRI activity that largely corresponded to the cortico-basal ganglia motor circuit. Group comparisons revealed that striatal dopamine-depleted areas exhibited decreased FC with the medial premotor cortex during motor-task and with the medial, lateral premotor and primary motor cortices during rest-state. Striatal dopamine-depleted areas also elucidated decreased FC in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in PD both during motor-task and rest-state. The STN regions that exhibited reduced FC with striatal dopamine-depleted areas demonstrated excessive FC with the lateral premotor and primary motor cortices in PD only during rest-state. Our findings suggest that striatal dopamine-depleted area reduced synchronized activity with the motor cortices and STN, which, in turn, induces an abnormal increase in coupling between the areas in PD.
Mindfulness for depression management in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Teigen Amber
Published: February 2023

Increasing incidence and survival rates of prostate cancer are leaving more men to suffer the sequelae of their diagnosis and treatment, like depression. Depression and other negative psychosocial factors significantly affect this population but often go undiagnosed and/or ineffectively managed. This case report focuses on the negative effects of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment, the importance of screening these patients for depression, and the exploration of mindfulness as an adjunctive management option for this population.
PAs in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Joyce Pauline , Robinson Sean T. , Alexander Lisa Mustone
Published: February 2023

The physician associate/assistant (PA) profession was introduced into the Republic of Ireland following a 2-year pilot project with the Irish Department of Health between 2015 and 2017. Four PAs from North America were recruited into four designated surgical services at a large teaching hospital in Dublin. To date, the PA numbers are small in Ireland, with one university, in Dublin, running the program and 61 graduates working mostly in the hospital setting, with a small number in primary care. The cautious introduction of PAs partly is due to a delay in follow-up from the Department of Health after the pilot project and in the university's decision to increase the student intake slowly to ensure all graduates secure employment.
Making the Case for Case-Based Learning
Authors: Kirton Carl A.
Published: February 2023

Is it time for an academic–practice–publishing partnership?
Understanding the Profound Impact of Alopecia Areata on Patients
Authors: Caro Sarah R.
Published: February 2023

Psychological and other effects of hair loss from this condition should not be minimized.
The Benefits of a Diverse Nursing Workforce
Authors: Crespo-Fierro Michele
Published: February 2023

Building trust in the nurse–patient relationship.
Incompatibility of Some Prefilled Glass Syringes and Luer-Activated Needleless Valve Connectors
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: February 2023

Some needleless Luer-activated valve connectors with internal pins are not compatible with certain prefilled glass syringes. The internal pin can block the glass syringe tip and prevent drug administration.

Nurses should be aware of this risk and assist in evaluating the Luer-activated valve connectors used in their organization.
How to Write Powerful Letters of Recommendation
Authors: Wendler M. Cecilia , Vortman Rebecca K.
Published: February 2023

Nurses at all levels may be asked to write a letter of recommendation to support colleagues' and students' career and academic advancement. This article outlines key steps and considerations in the letter-writing process.
Knot the Best Scenario: A Case of a Knotted Nasogastric Tube
Authors: Monica Fan Peijin Esther , Teo Kai Yunn , Tan Min Yi , Ang Shin Yuh
Published: February 2023

Nasogastric tubes are widely used in clinical practice for enteral nutrition, medication administration, and gastric decompression. Common complications of their use—such as tube blockage, displacement, and accidental removal—are well described in the literature. However, knotting—a complication that occurs when a knot forms in the nasogastric tube in situ—is rare. This report presents the case of a nasogastric tube that became knotted, causing difficulty in its removal. Key takeaways from this case are discussed, among them that more emphasis should be placed on safe nasogastric tube removal in practitioner training to better prevent such complications in the future.
Consider Short Course of Antibiotics for Children with Nonsevere Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: February 2023

According to this study:

A systematic review and meta-analysis found high-quality evidence that a shorter course of antibiotics was noninferior to a longer course in children ages two to 59 months who had nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia.

Clinicians should consider prescribing a shorter course of antibiotics for the management of nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia in children.
Limited Evidence of Effectiveness of Acupuncture for Adult Health Conditions
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: February 2023

According to this study:

Systematic reviews of acupuncture for adult health conditions have concluded that there is only a modest number of conditions for which there is at least moderate-certainty evidence regarding health outcomes.

Most of these studies involved comparisons of acupuncture with sham or control acupuncture, and mostly for painful conditions.
Medical respite post-hospitalization for adults experiencing homelessness
Authors: Hadenfeldt Cindy , Todd Martha J. , Hamzhie Chelsea
Published: February 2023

Nurses provide care in various settings and advocate for vulnerable populations. Recognizing the need for follow-up care after hospitalization and mobilizing necessary resources are part of caring for patients, including those experiencing homelessness. This article discusses how one community coalition assessed gaps in care that might be met by establishing medical respite in the community.
High- Versus Low-Energy Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures in Young Patients: Injury Characteristics and Factors Associated With Complications
Authors: Stenquist Derek S. , Albertson Spencer , Bailey Daniel , Paladino Lucas , Flanagan Christopher D. , Stang Thomas , Watson David T. , Shah Anjan R. , Maxson Benjamin J. , Infante Anthony F. , Donohue David , Sanders Roy W. , Mir Hassan R.
Published: February 2023

Objective:

To compare fracture patterns and associated injuries for young patients with high- versus low-energy intertrochanteric hip fractures and to report on factors associated with complications after surgical fixation of high-energy fractures.

Design:

Retrospective comparative study.

Setting:

Academic Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients:

A total of 103 patients 50 years of age or younger were included: 80 high-energy fractures and 23 low-energy fractures.

Intervention:

Cephalomedullary nailing (N = 92) or a sliding hip screw (N = 11).

Main Outcome Measures:

Radiographic characteristics of fracture morphology, implant position, and reduction quality and postoperative complications were the main outcome measures.

Results:

Compared with young patients with low-energy fractures, those with high-energy fractures had more fracture comminution (P = 0.013) and higher ISS scores (P < 0.003) and were more likely to require open reduction (P < 0.001). Patients with low-energy fractures from a ground-level fall had higher rates of alcohol abuse (0.032), cirrhosis (0.010), and chronic steroid use (0.048). Overall reoperation rate for high-energy fractures was 7%, including 2 IT fracture nonunions (5%) and 1 deep infection (2%). For high-energy fractures, ASA class (P = 0.026), anterior lag screw position (P = 0.001), and varus malreduction (P < 0.001) were associated with malunion. Four-part fracture (OTA/AO 31A2.3/Jensen 5) (P = 0.028) and residual calcar gap >3 mm (P = 0.03) were associated with reoperation.

Conclusions:

Surgical treatment of high-energy IT fractures in young patients is technically demanding with potential untoward outcomes. Injury characteristics and severity are significantly different for young patients with high-energy IT fractures compared with low-energy fractures. For young patients with a high-energy IT fracture, surgeons can anticipate a high rate of associated injuries and complex fracture patterns requiring open reduction. For young patients with a low-energy IT fracture, comanagement with a hospitalist or a geriatrician should be considered because they may be physiologically older.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Maintaining Skeletal Traction During CT Scans: A Novel and Reproducible Setup
Authors: Cross Jeff M. , Rasmussen Michaela , Stokey Phillip , Tank Jason
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Skeletal traction is an integral technique in orthopedic fracture management, used primarily in the acute preoperative setting, but in many parts of the world, is still considered for definitive management. Maintenance of skeletal traction during imaging procedures can be a large burden on providers, and releasing traction even for a short period of time can have significant adverse outcomes for patients. There is currently no practical technique for accomplishing this in the literature.

Materials and Methods:

We describe here a novel and easily reproducible setup that allows for the maintenance of traction during computed tomography scans.

Results:

The described technique is versatile as it can be used with different computed tomography scanners, easily assembled in a few minutes, and accommodates up to 25 lbs.

Conclusions:

This technical design offers a safe and quickly reproducible setup for skeletal traction in unique situations where traction is required during imaging. The apparatus has implications for advanced diagnostic and research-based imaging as well, and all materials should be readily available at any institution frequently performing skeletal traction.
Radiation Treatment for Cancer of the Anal Margin
Authors: Gracie Jayden , Fortune E. Charles , Morris Christopher G. , Leach Daniel F. , Mendenhall William M.
Published: February 2023

Objective:

To identify best treatment practices by examining outcomes of anal margin cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.

Methods:

Relevant literature was compared with 38 patients at our institution treated 1979 to 2019 with curative radiotherapy. Median age was 51. Four patients had T1, 22 had T2, and 12 had T3 disease based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging at time of diagnosis. Nodal staging distribution was: N0=33; N1=2; N2=2; N3=1. Median radiation dose was 56 Gy/30 fractions. Five received nodal radiation for node positivity, 29 received elective nodal radiation, and 29 had perineal boost. Twenty-seven received concurrent chemotherapy.

Results:

Three patients experienced isolated local recurrence, 2 had isolated inguinal node recurrences, and 2 developed distant metastases, 1 of whom also had local and regional recurrence. Ten-year disease-free survival (DFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival were 87%, 92%, and 68%, respectively. One patient did not complete radiation, and 4 had unexpected treatment breaks. Two received salvage abdominoperineal resections. At last follow-up, 17 were alive with no evidence of disease, 2 were alive with anal margin cancer present, 3 had died with anal margin cancer present at 11, 18, and 21 months from radiation therapy, and 16 had died from intercurrent disease. Median follow-up was 6.6 years (range 0.9 to 29.0 y). Age ≥51 was associated with worse locoregional control (P=0.018) and DFS (P=0.0233), males had worse DFS (P=0.0311), and HIV-positive patients had worse overall survival (P=0.006).

Conclusions:

Radiation provides high locoregional control of anal margin cancer with good long-term outcomes.