bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização das internações de dependentes químicos em Unidade de Internação Psiquiátrica do Hospital Geral
Authors: Sousa Fernando Sérgio Pereira de , Oliveira Eliany Nazaré
Published: May 2010

A Unidade de Internação Psiquiátrica do Hospital Geral (UIPHG) é uma proposta articulada ao movimento da reforma psiquiátrica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os determinantes das internações de dependentes químicos na UIPHG Dr. Estevam, em Sobral (CE). Este estudo foi do tipo documental com abordagem quantitativa, envolvendo 203 clientes que foram internados na UIPHG no período de outubro de 2005 a abril de 2006. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um roteiro adaptado a partir do documento usado no momento da internação. Observou-se predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino (95,1%), com idade entre 30 e 40 anos (62,5%) e solteiros (59,1%). Em 76,3% dos casos, o diagnóstico da internação foi síndrome de abstinência do álcool. Após alta hospitalar, 70% desses clientes foram encaminhados ao CAPS-AD. Esses resultados demonstram quão imprescindíveis são os serviços de saúde mental que enfoquem a problemática do alcoolismo.
Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture
Authors: Boxall Alistair , Hardy Anthony , Beulke Sabine , Boucard Tatiana , Burgin Laura , Falloon Peter , Haygarth Philip , Hutchinson Thomas , Kovats Sari , Leonardi Giovanni , Levy Leonard , Nichols Gordon , Parsons Simon , Potts Laura , Stone David , Topp Edward , Turley David , Walsh Kerry , Wellington Elizabeth , Williams Richard
Published: May 2010

Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.
Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Oplostomus haroldi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Occurrence in Kenya, Distribution Within Honey Bee Colonies, and Responses to Host Odors
Authors: Torto Baldwyn , Fombong Ayuka T , Mutyambai Daniel M , Muli Eliud , Arbogast Richard T , Teal Peter E A
Published: May 2010

Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is considered a minor parasitic pest of African honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), colonies, but little information is available on other coleopteran pests. We surveyed for A. tumida and other beetles in honey bee colonies at four major beekeeping locations: Watamu, Chawia-Taita, Matuu, and Nairobi in Kenya and compared their distribution within the colonies. The presence of A. tumida was confirmed in all the colonies surveyed, whereas Oplostomus haroldi Witte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was found for the first time to be associated with honey bee colonies in varying numbers at all the sites, except that none were found in colonies in Nairobi. More than 90% of A. tumida and O. haroldi were found in Watamu and Chawia, located within the coastal province of Kenya. Although A. tumida was found mostly on the bottom board of the hives, consistent with previous reports, O. haroldi was found on the frames. Laboratory bioassays using a two-choice olfactometer showed that both beetle species were significantly attracted to worker honey bee volatiles and commercial pollen dough inoculated with the yeast Kodamaea ohmeri associated with A. tumida. Based on these findings, we report for the first time O. haroldi as a pest of African honey bee colonies in Kenya, We propose that differences in their densities recorded in the colonies may be due to dissimilarities in the colony environments in the areas surveyed and that odor-baited traps that have been successfully been used to manage populations of A. tumida also will be suitable for use against O. haroldi.
Phylogeography of a Specialist Leaf-Mining Weevil,Rhynchaenus dorsoplanatus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Associated withCastanopsisSpecies
Authors: Aoki Kyoko , Murakami Noriaki , Kato Makoto
Published: May 2010

Climatic changes during glacial periods have had a major influence on the recent evolutionary history of living organisms, even in the warm temperate forests, where the land was not covered with ice sheets. We investigated the phylogeographical patterns of the weevil, Rhynchaenus dorsoplanatus (Roelofs) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a host-specific leaf miner of Castanopsis (Fagaceae) that grows in the broadleaved evergreen forests of Japan. We examined 2343 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for 171 individuals collected from new infested leaves of Castanopsis at 55 localities in Japan. Spatial analysis of molecular variance showed a significant difference (φCT = 0.14, P < 0.001) in genetic structure of the leaf-mining R. dorsoplanatus between the southwestern and the northeastern areas within the main islands of Japan. We also observed a large gap between the southwestern and northeastern clades (φCT = 0.79, P < 0.001) with respect to the mtDNA sequences of the seed-boring Cuivulio hilgendorfi (Harold) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which shares the same host plant species. The demographic population expansion was detected and the beginning time of the expansion was dated to the end of the last glacial period in both weevil species. The congruent phylogeographical patterns observed in the leaf-mining and seed-boring weevil species reinforce the robustness of the deduced glacial and postglacial history of Castanopsis-associated organisms. These data suggest that the host-specific parasitic insects and their associated Castanopsis forests were likely restricted to separate southwestern and northeastern refugia within the main islands of Japan during repeated glacial periods in the Quaternary.
On the Eve of the Future
Authors: Goldberg Jonathan
Published: May 2010

Just a few days after Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's death last April 12, I received an e-mail from Lee Edelman. “I sometimes think,” he wrote, “that Eve was the only person who really thought this day would come.” Lee's “really” resonates with a talk Eve gave a decade ago. I don't recall that she shared it with me at the time she wrote it, or I may have forgotten, not wanting to take in what she was saying. The piece was made available to me as Eve's literary executor, a task I agreed to several years ago in something of the same state of mind: not wanting to accept what I knew I was agreeing to, not wanting to believe what Eve realized would come. I'm aiming now to put together a volume of Eve's writing that represents her work since Touching Feeling appeared in 2003. Thanks to David Kosofsky, I have on one of those mass storage devices the contents of Eve's computers; there I found “Reality and Realization,” the 1999 talk to which I refer. It was “learning that a cancer I had thought was in remission had in fact become incurable,” Eve wrote, that made “inescapably vivid in repeated mental shuttle-passes the considerable distance between knowing that one will die and realizing it.” Just this shuttle, I would suggest, colors much of the work Eve was doing toward the book on Proust she was writing in the last several years.
A Manual Approach to Mourning
Authors: Koestenbaum Wayne
Published: May 2010

I'm Writing this Essay on a Green Hermes 3000 Manual Typewriter from the 1950s. A Painting Student Gave it to Me; He found it on the street.

I imagine telling Eve about this typewriter. She would have understood how a material instrument—ink-flecked platen, jade-pale space bar—can change syntax: to looms and to Victorian textures her sentences responded, and I recognize, in her prose's rhythms, the period-specific thrill of stretched syntax, and the renunciatory satisfaction of curtailing a clause before it can exercise its right to conclude.

Although, in a self-deprecatory moment, she claimed to disregard music, I often fantasized about inviting her to my apartment for an evening musicale. On my Steinway M piano, I'd play a harmonically indecisive piece from Proust's era—a Fauré impromptu. She'd forgive my technical deficiencies; she'd comment on the performance's abreactive ambition (she taught me the word abreactive), my attempt to neutralize shame by exulting in it, my finger labor a haptic game affiliated with her favored arts—masturbating, interpreting, containing, hugging, sitting, retreating.
Bersani's Freudian Body
Authors: Gallop Jane
Published: May 2010

In 1986 Leo Bersani published a book entitled The Freudian Body. I love that title. From the first time I heard it, over two decades ago, up through this very moment, I have continued to love that title. To be honest, I wish it were mine—which is why I borrowed it for my essay here. I'm not exactly sure what I take this title to mean—probably something like a definitive delineation of a Freudian theory of the body. I'm not exactly sure what I take it to promise—probably something like a reconceptualization of the body beyond positivism, beyond Christian views of nature, beyond biologistic ideology. It sounds like something I really want. One thing is for sure: the title made me want to read the book.

And so the first time I read this book, I was disappointed, frustrated, and even a little angry. I did not find “the Freudian body” promised by the title. “Bait and switch,” I thought bitterly. “You fucking tease!”
Broken Connections
Authors: Bersani Leo
Published: May 2010

“I Can't Go on, I'll Go On.” Both Parts of This Bleak Acknowledgment By Samuel Beckett's Unnamable (407) seem to me appropriate (if not particularly gracious) responses to the honor of the preceding essays, which grow out of a distinguished 2008 MLA panel on what the program called my “career in writing.” First, there is, inevitably, a finalizing or conclusive connotation inherent in both the event and the reference to a “career,” a career that, at least for the purposes of the event meant to celebrate it, can only be located behind me. So the only way to avoid the entombment, the modest monumentalizing, unintentionally (I assume) accomplished in these essays is to insist, as Beckett does, that I must go on. If, to continue on another Beckettian note, there has been a career in writing, it has perhaps been because, somehow, I have not succeeded in failing, or I have at least (or at most) insufficiently failed. The Beckettian voice's exasperation at never having failed enough has always seemed to me to have something to do with the experience of the energizing effect of failures in language, an energy that prevents a voice from entering, and being locked into, the presumed history of a presumed culture.
An Auden Variant
Authors: Wright George T. , Mendelson Edward , withheld Name
Published: May 2010

It' surprising that Stephen E. Severn' article “The Library of Congress Variant of ‘The Shield of Achilles’” (124.5 [2009]: 1761-67), so earnestly devoted to explaining in detail a variant word in a handwritten copy of a poem, should misquote four lines about which there is no dispute. Auden' “unintelligible multitude” in “The Shield of Achilles” is here assembled on a “plane without feature, bare and brown” (1762). How could a million “eyes” and “boots in line” possibly fit, much less stand, on that brown plane–or in it? And why is it “bare”? The line, of course, should read (and does in all editions), “A plain without a feature….”
New Early Permian colonial rugose corals from the central Cordilleran miogeocline, U.S.A.
Authors: Stevens Calvin H.
Published: May 2010

Five new species of Early Permian (late Sakmarian to Kungurian) colonial corals from eastern Nevada and southeastern California, one assigned to a new genus, are described and illustrated. These includeHeintzella playfordin. sp. from the Arcturus Formation in Nevada and the Darwin Canyon Formation in California,Paraheritschioides fergusonensisn. sp. from the Ferguson Mountain and Bird Spring formations in Nevada, andWendoverella arcan. gen. and n. sp.,Permastraea nevadensisn. sp., andPararachnastraea moormanensisn. sp. from the Pequop Formation in eastern Nevada. These new taxa are distinct from all previously described species, but most are related to other species in the North American miogeocline.Wendoverella arcan. sp., however, is unlike any other species described from North America but is quite similar to a Russian species, indicating faunal communication between the Ural Mountains and the Cordilleran miogeocline at least into Artinskian time.
Emended restoration of Titanocrinus sumralli Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea)
Authors: Guensburg Thomas E. , Sprinkle James
Published: May 2010

We provide clarification of the nature of the junction between cup and arms in Titanocrinus sumralli Guensberg and Sprinkle 2003, accompanied by an emended reconstruction. This morphological feature of so basal a species informs further phylogenetic studies.
Timing, Effect, and Recovery from Intraspecific Competition in Maize
Authors: Page Eric R. , Tollenaar Matthijs , Lee Elizabeth A. , Lukens Lewis , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: May 2010

In production agriculture, it is not uncommon for a crop to experience both intra‐ and interspecific competition during the normal course of development. Although the competition between crop plants (i.e., intraspecifc) is often considered independently of crop‐weed competition (i.e., interspecific), the mechanisms through which yields are reduced may be common to both. The objective of this study was to use the experimental structure of a critical time for weed removal study to examine the timing and effect of intraspecific competition on maize (Zea maysL.) biomass accumulation and phenological development. A field trial was conducted in which maize stands were thinned from a higher to a lower density at six stages of development. Results indicated that intraspecific competition at densities of 8 and 16 plants m−2did not affect maize biomass accumulation until the 14th and 12th leaf tip stages, respectively. Before these stages, maize seedling growth at 8 or 16 plants m−2was not resource limited. Increases in leaf area index and specific leaf area at the onset of intraspecific competition, and the recovery of plants following the removal of competitors, suggest that reductions in the rate of crop growth and development may have been linked to competition for light quantity.
Potato Yield Variability across the Landscape
Authors: Po Edgar A. , Snapp Sieglinde S. , Kravchenko Alexandra
Published: May 2010

To reduce yield variability and optimize management that meets environmental objectives, it is essential to understand the relationship of the tri‐factor impact of plant health, soil physical, and chemical properties on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productivity. Potato producers emphasize management of soil chemical properties to achieve less variable and high yield, yet tuber yield heterogeneity persists. There has been limited integrated research on the tri‐factor impact on potato tuber yield. The objective of this study was to investigate how specific soil and plant variables (stable aggregates, nutrients, and plant spectral reflectance among others) affect yield across a landscape. Soil (0–100 mm depth) and plant properties were monitored in two Michigan commercial fields using georeferenced sampling points in Field A1 (108 grid points) in 2003, and Field A2 (100 grid points) in 2004 (0.05 ha grid−1). Near‐earth plant spectral remote sensing was conducted using a customized digital camera set‐up, and potato tuber yield was obtained through a GPS‐linked commercial harvester. Stepwise multiple linear regression showed a combination of soil physical and chemical properties, as well as plant spectral reflectance, accounted for more than 60% of the yield variability in both fields. Soil stable aggregates in particular, were sensitive predictors of field‐level variability for tuber yield in a commercial environment. Improvements in soil structure may take time and concerted management attention, but should not be overlooked as a supplement to monitoring and ameliorating soil chemical properties. Plant spectral reflectance analysis also provided insights into the role of plant health on potato yield.
Steer Performance and Pasture Productivity of Caucasian Bluestem at Three Forage Masses
Authors: Burns J. C. , Fisher D. S.
Published: May 2010

The introduced perennial, warm‐season grass, Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucasia (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard ‘Caucasian’], appears to be adapted to the mid‐Atlantic region. This 4‐yr experiment compared animal and pasture productivity of Caucasian bluestem over three canopy heights, or forage masses (FM), designated as Short (14.6 cm), Medium (32.2 cm), and Tall (39.8 cm). The relationship of canopy height to diet and canopy characteristics was also evaluated. The soil was a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult). Pastures were continuously stocked using variable stocking from mid‐May through mid‐September. Forage mass (harvested to a 2.5‐cm stubble), increased linearly (P = 0.04) averaging 1.42, 2.31 and 2.75 Mg ha−1 for Short, Medium, and Tall canopy heights. Steer average daily gain (ADG) was similar among FM treatments (0.76 kg d−1) but weight gain decreased linearly (P < 0.01) from Short to Tall (from 817 to 518 kg ha−1). Increasing FM resulted in a quadratic decrease (P ≤ 0.04) in stocking rate (from 9.7 to 7.8 steers ha−1) and animal days (from 1019 to 700 d ha−1) and a linear decrease (P = 0.02) in effective feed units (from 4025 to 2806 kg ha−1). Stand counts of Caucasian bluestem increased linearly (P = 0.05) from Tall to Short FM (from 22.8–70.0%) with the Tall providing openings for potential weed invasion. Caucasian bluestem can be heavily stocked and may provide acceptable quality forage for summer grazing in the mid‐Atlantic region.
Matching Faces and Expressions in Pixelated and Blurred Photos
Authors: White Murray , Li Judy
Published: May 2010

Matching the emotional expressions of pairs of face photos was slower with pixelated and blurred photos than with original, untransformed photos. Matching the identities of the same face pairs was unaffected by pixelation and blurring. Because pixelation and blurring degrade higher spatial frequencies carrying edge-based information that define feature shape more than lower frequencies carrying configural properties, these findings converge with findings for line drawings and negative photos in showing that expression and face recognition processes differ in their reliance on edge-based and configural information.
Preparedness for Action: Responding to the Snake in the Grass
Authors: Flykt Anders
Published: May 2010

A visual search study by Öhman, Flykt, and Esteves (2001) found shorter reaction times to snake and spider targets than to flower and mushroom targets. The present study investigated whether preparation for action in response to potential threats could explain this difference. In this study 2 main changes were made to the paradigm. All possible combinations of target and distractors were used to disentangle the effects of targets and distractors, and the responses were withheld until after detection. The results suggest that the shorter reaction times to snakes and spiders than to flowers and mushrooms resulted from preparation for faster action in response to potential threats than to nonthreats.
Concreteness and Context Availability in Lexical Decision Tasks
Authors: Levy-Drori Shelly , Henik Avishai
Published: May 2010

Three experiments were carried out to elucidate the origins of the concreteness (C) effect in a lexical decision task. The first experiment was a replication of the work of Schwanenflugel et al. (1988) and Van Hell and De Groot (1998), who presented the context availability (CA) hypothesis. In this experiment CA seemed to be a dominant factor. Familiarity (FAM) was not incorporated in the ANOVA, but a regression analysis and negative correlation between C and FAM in the groups matched on CA showed that FAM could explain the disappearance of the C effect. Experiment 2 controlled FAM and revealed a C effect, although concrete and abstract words were matched on CA. Experiment 3 controlled C and FAM and revealed a CA effect. The current data emphasize the importance of controlling FAM and CA in examining the C effect in a lexical decision task and support a revised version of the dual-coding theory.
Predicting Cognitive Styles from Spatial Abilities
Authors: Nori Raffaella , Giusberti Fiorella
Published: May 2010

Previous studies on spatial memory reveal that people represent spatial information in 3 different forms: landmark, route, and survey. The aim of this work was to assess spatial abilities in order to predict a person’s cognitive style. In order to do this we used 9 different spatial tasks, which were linked with these 3 forms of spatial representations. We found that the 9 spatial tasks are able to distinguish different levels of spatial ability.
Consciousness and the Self-Sensing Brain: Implications for Feeling and Meaning
Authors: Tannenbaum Arnold S.
Published: May 2010

A number of authors have proposed or alluded to the significance for consciousness of sensing within the brain. This article reviews some of these proposals along with questions that have been raised and argues that consciousness might be understood as a property of a system that functions as a sense in the biological meaning of that term. The sense of consciousness is conceived not as a fixed structure but rather as a structure with variations, consistent with contemporary notions of complexity theory. A sense of consciousness has implications for concepts central to an understanding of consciousness, most notably the concepts of feeling and meaning. William James and others have proposed feeling as a ubiquitous aspect of consciousness. The concept of sensing, like that of feeling, provides a bridge between the organic and phenomenological aspects of consciousness, and the rudiments of meaning can be seen in the symbolizing role of a sense as it relates to adaptive problem solving.
Does Stimulus Appearance Affect Learning?
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Chater Nick , Ziori Eleni
Published: May 2010

We examined the learning process with 3 sets of stimuli that have identical symbolic structure but differ in appearance (meaningless letter strings, arrangements of geometric shapes, and sequences of cities). One hypothesis is that the learning process aims to encode symbolic regularity in the same way, largely regardless of appearance. Another is that different types of stimuli bias the learning process to operate in different ways. Using the experimental paradigm of artificial grammar learning, we provided a preliminary test of these hypotheses. In Experiments 1 and 2 we measured performance in terms of grammaticality and found no difference across the 3 sets of stimuli. In Experiment 3 we analyzed performance in terms of both grammaticality and chunk strength. Again we found no differences in performance. Our tentative conclusion is that the learning process aims to encode symbolic regularity independent of stimulus appearance.
The Situated Nature of Concepts
Authors: Yeh Wenchi , Barsalou Lawrence W.
Published: May 2010

For decades the importance of background situations has been documented across all areas of cognition. Nevertheless, theories of concepts generally ignore background situations, focusing largely on bottom-up, stimulus-based processing. Furthermore, empirical research on concepts typically ignores background situations, not incorporating them into experimental designs. A selective review of relevant literatures demonstrates that concepts are not abstracted out of situations but instead are situated. Background situations constrain conceptual processing in many tasks (e.g., recall, recognition, categorization, lexical decision, color naming, property verification, property generation) across many areas of cognition (e.g., episodic memory, conceptual processing, visual object recognition, language comprehension). A taxonomy of situations is proposed in which grain size, meaningfulness, and tangibility distinguish the cumulative situations that structure cognition hierarchically.
Evolutionary Psychology: Its Programs, Prospects, and Pitfalls
Authors: Neher Andrew
Published: May 2010

The emerging specialty of evolutionary psychology presents a challenge to mainstream psychology. It proposes that cognitive, not just more fundamental, traits in humans are grounded in dedicated evolutionary programs. Specifically, it maintains that the common assumption in psychology--that the complexities of our psyches have been largely freed from evolutionary constraints and are instead based in a general learning capacity--is mistaken. The major premises of evolutionary psychology are examined in light of arguments and evidence presented by both supporters and detractors. Although some of these premises are well grounded, others are questionable and limit the development of the specialty and its integration into mainstream psychology.
Commission Errors but Not Critical Lures Decrease When You Have to Pay a Price for Them
Authors: Candel Ingrid , Merckelbach Harald , Jelicic Marko , Jentjens Kim
Published: May 2010

Using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, we explored the effect of monetary penalty on false memories. Participants were presented 6 15-word lists of semantic associates that all converged on a nonpresented critical lure. Next, half of the participants received a monetary reward (0.10 Euro; about $0.10) for each correctly recalled word, whereas they lost money (0.20 Euro; about $0.20) for each incorrect response. Compared with control participants who received a fixed financial compensation, participants in the experimental group reported fewer commissions (i.e., incorrect responses other than the critical lure). Number of hits and critical lures did not differ between the groups.
Psychological Reactance: Examination across Age, Ethnicity, and Gender
Authors: Woller Kevin M. P. , Buboltz Walter C. , Loveland James M.
Published: May 2010

Psychological reactance is a motivational state aroused when real or perceived personal freedoms are threatened, reduced, or eliminated. Although psychological reactance theory has existed for almost 40 years, there is still dissent over some of its most basic characteristics. Research on age and ethnicity is scant, and research on gender has not produced a clear pattern of results. We attempted to clarify the relationships of these variables to psychological reactance. A total of 3,499 undergraduates completed the Therapeutic Reactance Scale and a brief demographic questionnaire. We found a curvilinear relationship between age and reactance, with older and younger participants exhibiting higher reactance than the middle age group. African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics exhibited higher total, behavioral, and verbal reactance than Caucasians and Native Americans. Men produced higher total, behavioral, and verbal reactance scores than women. We discuss the implications of these findings and make suggestions for further research.
Emotional Arousal and Memory: A Test of the Poststimulus Processing Hypothesis
Authors: Hulse Lynn M. , Allan Kevin , Memon Amina , Read J. Don
Published: May 2010

Emotional arousal is believed to enhance memory for details central to an episode but impair memory for peripheral details. However, new research suggests that arousal induced thematically (i.e., through involvement with an unfolding event) produces only memory enhancements. This article examines whether consciously controlled elaborative processing in the aftermath of an arousing experience is responsible. A dual task manipulation was used to prevent participants from ruminating over a video that depicted an abduction and attack. Several indices of recall showed greater memory for emotional event details than for details from a neutral control video, which remained the case when the opportunity for poststimulus elaboration was prevented. Thus, superior retention of the content of emotional experiences may arise from the way in which arousal is induced rather than through immediate postevent cognitions.
Measuring Emotional Expression with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey H. , Tobin Renée M. , Massey Audra E. , Anderson Jennifer A.
Published: May 2010

The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text analysis program often is used as a measure of emotion expression, yet the construct validity of its use for this purpose has not been examined. Three experimental studies assessed whether the LIWC counts of emotion processes words are sensitive to verbal expression of sadness and amusement. Experiment 1 determined that sad and amusing written autobiographical memories differed in LIWC emotion counts in expected ways. Experiment 2 revealed that reactions to emotionally provocative film clips designed to manipulate the momentary experience of sadness and amusement differed in LIWC counts. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2 and found generally weak relations between LIWC emotion counts and individual differences in emotional reactivity, dispositional expressivity, and personality. The LIWC therefore appears to be a valid method for measuring verbal expression of emotion.
Players’ Quality of Play and Overall Interest of the Game in Dyadic Competition
Authors: Dru Vincent , Rulence-Pâques Patricia , Mullet Etienne
Published: May 2010

These experiments examined the cognitive processes involved in judging the quality of play of a player competing against another player and the overall interest of a competitive game as a function of the players’ respective ability and motivation levels. For the quality of play of one player, a very simple information integration rule was found. Quality of play was judged almost exclusively as an additive function of the ability and motivation levels of the player. For the interest of the game, an apparently complex but fundamentally simple integration rule was found. For a game to be very interesting, players had to be both highly able and highly motivated; for a game to be somewhat interesting, each player had to be at least either highly able or highly motivated; and all other configurations corresponded to lower expected levels of interest.
Regularity of Symmetry Verticality Guides Perceptual Judgments of Objects
Authors: Schiano Diane J. , McBeath Michael K. , Chambers Kenneth W.
Published: May 2010

Previous research indicated that most salient, real-world objects possess natural regularities that observers commonly assume in perceptual judgments of figural orientation and interpretation. Regularities include 3-dimensionality, bilateral symmetry, and the tendency for object tops to possess more salient information than bottoms. Thus, when observers interpret randomly shaped figures, they reliably impose volume, bilateral symmetry, and top and front orientation directions, even when figures are 2-dimensional and asymmetric. We confirmed generalizability for observers to assume these regularities with stimuli that vary in complexity, and we found evidence supporting another regularity, that of symmetry verticality (symmetry about a vertical axis). Findings support use of a family of perceptual heuristics corresponding to natural regularities that constrain stimulus indeterminacy and help guide judgment of object orientation and interpretation.
Thinking Styles and Identity Development among Chinese University Students
Authors: Zhang Li-Fang
Published: May 2010

This study investigates the relationship between thinking styles and identity development among Chinese students. Students from Shanghai responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised, based on Sternberg’s theory of mental self-government, and to the Erwin Identity Scale-III, grounded in Chickering’s theory of psychosocial development. Not only were thinking styles strongly associated with identity development, but also the former had predictive power for the latter. Along with findings in the existing literature, results of this study call for a collaborative effort between teaching faculty and student development educators in fostering holistic student development.
Visual Identity and Uncertainty in Repetition Blindness
Authors: Brill Gary A. , Glass Arnold L. , Rashid Hanin , Hussey Erika
Published: May 2010

Repetition blindness (RB) was investigated in 6 experiments. In the first 3 experiments participants detected vowel targets in 11-letter sequences. When all letters were uppercase, detection was poorer for same (e.g., AA) than for different (e.g., AO) targets. However, when one target was uppercase and the other lowercase, RB was found only for targets visually identical except for size (e.g., Oo), not for visually different pairs (e.g., Aa). Experiment 4 found RB for visually identical versus different consonant-vowel-consonant words. Experiments 5 and 6 replicated Kanwisher’s (1987) experiment in which RB was insensitive to word case but revealed these effects to be artifacts of poor recognition of 5-letter words coupled with a biased guessing strategy. Overall, these experiments found RB only at a low level of visual information processing.
Interference Effects and the Consequences of Recognition Failures and Successes
Authors: Pilotti Maura , Chodorow Martin , Vlasova Olga
Published: May 2010

This investigation examined the contribution of memory awareness to interference, conceptualized as response competition that arises from the encoding of materials similar in appearance. Subjects performed incidental encoding tasks (counting vowels, counting syllables, and word association) on targets and nontargets that were orthographically similar (experimental condition) or dissimilar (control condition). The tasks were intended to make the memories of the studied words at test more or less accessible to subjects’ awareness. During the test, fragments of the targets were intermixed with fragments of nonstudied words, and the task was to complete fragments with studied words or, in the absence of such memories, with the first words that came to mind. Response competition was expected to produce a blocking effect, consisting of fewer correct completions and more instrusions (or null responses) in the experimental condition than in the control condition. When the overall accessibility of the studied, orthographically similar words was optimized by the semantic association task, responses recognized as studied exhibited both more instrusions and fewer correct completions than in the control condition. When the accessibility of these words was curtailed by the vowel counting task, only unrecognized correct completions after the proactive interference treatment tended to be lower than in the control condition. These results suggest that memory awareness can modulate interference conceptualized as response competition.
Elemental Analysis of Alkalis and Dental Deposits Associated with Coca Chewing in Ecuador
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. , Stothert Karen E.
Published: May 2010

The relationship between Andean coca use and dental deposits is explored through the use of scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Elemental analyses of samples of large dental deposits from archeologically recovered skeletons from Ecuador dating between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1532 are compared with those of normal calculus deposits of individuals from North America (modern and precontact), of normal tooth structure and of samples of alkali recovered from Ecuadorian artifacts thought to have been employed in coca use. Spectral analysis revealed homogeneity among all dental samples (deposits and structure) and that they are distinct from the elemental pattern revealed in the analysis of the artifact alkalis.
Chronology, Subsistence, and the Earliest Formative of Central Tlaxcala, Mexico
Authors: Lesure Richard G. , Borejsza Aleksander , Carballo Jennifer , Frederick Charles , Popper Virginia , Wake Thomas A.
Published: May 2010

We propose that pottery-using villages did not appear in the upland Apizaco region of central Tlaxcala, Mexico, until after 1000 B.C., centuries after such developments in choice locations for maize agriculture. We excavated at two of the earliest known Formative sites in the region. That work revealed abundant intact refuse deposits, allowing us to evaluate an existing ceramic chronology with new radiocarbon dates as well as characterize Formative subsistence. Our results support a more general model of emerging sedentism in central Mexico involving population dispersions from prime agricultural areas to zones of higher elevation. The earliest pottery-using agriculturalists in Apizaco were probably migrants from adjacent regions.
Compositional and Stylistic Analysis of Aztec-Era Ceramics: Provincial Strategies at the Edge of Empire, South-Central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Skoglund Thanet , Stark Barbara L. , Neff Hector , Glascock Michael D.
Published: May 2010

We use a provincial perspective combined with compositional and stylistic data and historic accounts to propose three provincial strategies for imperial interactions—bolstering, resistance, and emulation—and note a fourth, exodus. A sample of three Late Postclassic period (A.D. 1350–1521) pottery types differs in chemical composition between two localities in south-central Veracruz, Mexico. Sherds from the Aztec provincial capital of Cuetlaxtlan along the lower Cotaxtla River are compared to those from the Lower Blanco River where Callejón del Horno is located. The composition of stamped-base bowls, Texcoco Molded censers, and Aztec III-style Black-on-orange bowls is distinct in samples from the two localities, with only scant evidence of exchange. A few vessels of Aztec III Black-on-orange were imported from the Basin of Mexico to Cuetlaxtlan. The stylistic characteristics on Aztec III-style Black-on-orange vessels do not distinguish the two Veracruz localities, but there are differences between them and illustrated vessels from the Basin of Mexico. The Cuetlaxtlan province was subject to unusual imperial investments, which may account partly for the emulation of imperial styles. Despite documentary evidence of rebellions, another factor was local decisions to use a prestigious exogenous style.
Formative and Classic Period Obsidian Procurement in Central Mexico: A Compositional Study Using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Carballo David M. , Carballo Jennifer , Neff Hector
Published: May 2010

This report presents the results of a compositional study using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to examine central Mexican obsidian procurement at four sites dating to the Formative and Classic periods. The study demonstrates LA-ICP-MS to be a highly accurate obsidian sourcing technique, with results that are directly comparable to instrumental neutron activation analysis. It documents a shift circa 600 B.C. in which Middle Formative villages in Tlaxcala began to obtain obsidian almost exclusively from sources located in the Mesa Central, when they had previously obtained approximately 50 percent from Mesa Central sources and 50 percent from sources located in the Sierra Madre Oriental. This shift broadly coincided with the development of large regional centers in Tlaxcala-Puebla and suggests a linkage between the local political evolution occurring at this time and increased interactions with the Mesa Central economic sphere, including the Basin of Mexico. Obsidian workshop dump deposits next to Teotihuacan’s Moon Pyramid, dating to a millennium later, demonstrate the continued reliance on predominantly Mesa Central sources but also diversified procurement that drew on several sources. The Teotihuacan deposits exhibit the preferential utilization of particular sources depending on the types of implements being produced.
Sourcing the Palygorskite Used in Maya Blue: A Pilot Study Comparing the Results of INAA and LA-ICP-MS
Authors: Arnold Dean E. , Neff Hector , Glascock Michael D. , Speakman Robert J.
Published: May 2010

Maya Blue is an unusual blue pigment consisting of a clay-organic complex of indigo and the unusual clay mineral palygorskite (also called attapulgite). Used on pottery, sculpture, and murals from the Preclassic to Late Colonial periods largely in Mesoamerica, blue was the color of sacrifice and ritual. Did the palygorskite used to make Maya Blue come from a restricted source in Yucatán like Shepard, Arnold, Arnold and Bohor believed, or from widespread sources like Littmann argued? This report presents the results of a pilot study comparing INAA and LA-ICP-MS analysis of 33 palygorskite samples collected from different parts of the Maya area. These data reveal that it is possible to discriminate mineral source locations, and that it should be possible to determine whether the palygorskite used to make Maya Blue came from widespread sources or was traded widely from one or a few sources. Consideration of contextual information such as agency, landscape and language suggest that the Shepard/Arnold/Bohor hypothesis is more plausible than that of Littmann. No matter which hypothesis is supported, however, each has significant implications for the relationship of the diffusion of Maya Blue (or the knowledge of its production) to Maya social organization.
Showdown in South America: James Scrymser, John Pender, and United States–British Cable Competition
Authors: Britton John A. , Ahvenainen Jorma
Published: May 2010

The British dominated the world's submarine cable business over the second half of the nineteenth century, but they encountered significant challenges in the 1880s and 1890s—especially from James Scrymser, an upstart entrepreneur from New York. Scrymser exploited a strategic gap in the cable system in the Western Hemisphere and became locked in a confrontation along the west coast of South America with John Pender, the leading British cable magnate. Scrymser gained the upper hand in Chile by outmaneuvering Pender and used this victory to expand his operations with the telegraph network that linked South America, North America, and Europe.
“What Is My Prospects?”: The Contours of Mercantile Apprenticeship, Ambition, and Advancement in the Early American Economy
Authors: Luskey Brian P.
Published: May 2010

This essay examines the origins of a managerial class in American business by exploring the dynamic economic and cultural milieu in which merchants and clerks forged apprenticeship and employment relations in eighteenth- and nineteenthcentury northeastern cities. Apprenticeship unraveled as an institution in countinghouses and stores throughout this period, a casualty of the Revolutionary-era narrative touting economic opportunity and independence through the cultivation of character. Increased competition for clerkships in the early republic led to the establishment of waged relationships shorn of traditional obligations. Yet in an uncertain economic climate, apprenticeship endured in idealized form within an antebellum cultural debate about the meanings of success and the ways to achieve it. As clerks' work tasks, social status, and economic prospects changed, many attempted to hitch their hopes for advancement to the coattails of merchants with capital instead of starting their own businesses, decisions that foreshadowed the formation of corporate hierarchies in the late nineteenth century.
Remittance Procedures in the Eighteenth-Century British Slave Trade
Authors: Morgan Kenneth
Published: May 2010

This article considers the changing nature of remittance procedures in the eighteenth-century British slave trade. It explains why bills of exchange became the preferred form of making payment for slave sales, rather than specie or produce. It also indicates the legal and institutional practices that informed the circulation of bills of exchange in a notoriously risky form of long-distance trade. The growth and complexity of the British slave trade, which was conducted mainly by private merchants, led to procedures such as remitting bills “in the bottom” of ships that had supplied slaves to North American and Caribbean markets and the extension of lengthy credit periods to purchasers. Colonial factors played a role as well, acting as the agents for coordinating remittances, and secure British merchant houses were deployed as “guarantees” for payment by bills. The development of credit practices associated with the slave trade, including remittance procedures, helped to strengthen the British economy by providing sound, complex intermediary instruments for the realization of profits from international trade.
Atlantic Intersections: Early American Commerce and the Rise of the Spanish West Indies (Cuba)
Authors: Salvucci Linda K.
Published: May 2010

An Atlantic approach to the history of early American trade challenges traditional British opinions and, indeed, much Anglo-American scholarship regarding the commercial prospects of the new United States. Contemporary Spanish observations, in contrast to the more familiar and widely cited ones in English, correctly predicted the post-Revolutionary War integration of American and Spanish imperial markets. As political, diplomatic, and economic upheavals broke down the old mercantilist system, U.S. merchants quickly succeeded in exploiting their comparative advantage in the expanding Atlantic economy. The debate over the “decline” of theBritishWest Indies is amplified by examining the concurrent “rise” of theSpanishWest Indies, particularly Cuba, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Entrepreneurship and the Development of Global Brands
Authors: da Silva Lopes Teresa , Casson Mark
Published: May 2010

Over the course of the twentieth century, entrepreneurs developed a number of successful global brands in consumer-goods industries. However, few independent brands survived the merger waves of the 1980s. To address the question of why so few independent brands survived, this paper examines successful brands in industries that rely principally on advertising for competitive success. Successful consumer-goods brands in several industries and countries are compared in order to highlight innovative strategies pursued by brand managers. The analyzed brands are mainly owned by Europeans, although a few examples of American and Japanese brands are covered as well.
Migration and Social Structure among the Hopewell: Evidence from Ancient DNA
Authors: Bolnick Deborah A. , Smith David Glenn
Published: May 2010

For more than a century, archaeologists have studied the cultural and skeletal remains of the prehistoric Native Americans known as the “Hopewell Moundbuilders.” While many aspects of the Hopewell phenomenon are now well understood, questions still remain about the genetic makeup, burial practices, and social structure of Hopewell communities. To help answer these questions, we extracted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the skeletal remains of 39 individuals buried at the Pete Klunk Mound Group in Illinois. The pattern of mtDNA variation at this site suggests that matrilineal relationships did not strongly influence burial practices. Because different forms of mortuary activity were not associated with distinct genetic lineages, this study provides no evidence of a maternally inherited or ascribed status system in this society. The genetic data collected here also help clarify another aspect of Illinois Hopewell social structure by suggesting a matrilocal system of post-marital residence. Finally, when these data were considered in conjunction with mtDNA data previously collected from the Hopewell Mound Group in Ohio (Mills 2003), they demonstrated that migration and gene flow did accompany the cultural exchange between Hopewell communities in the Illinois and Ohio Valleys.