bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value orientations of social welfare policy structures
Authors: Garlington Sarah B.
Published: August 2013

Substantial literature exists around the variation of welfare policy development in liberal democracies. The contrast of theAmerican welfare state to those in Europe has sparked significant analytical literature about which factors are most significant in the variation. The literature extensively examines many of these factors but has neglected the significance of social values. This article discusses values and policy development as a foundation for further studies linking specific values to policy and institutional development. First, I discuss theorists who have identified value orientation as significant to welfare state variation; second, I review the major comparative welfare state literature. Finally, I discuss the major variation categories through the lens of social values by identifying the significant value orientation of sample policy structures. Comparative welfare state literature benefits from elucidating the values orientation of welfare policies that define the welfare state typological categories. Including the role of social values in welfare state comparisons promotes greater understanding of the origins and trajectory of current policy.

Key Practitioner Message: ●Increase understanding of welfare state variation factors;● Frame questions about social values reflected in social policy.
Skin tumors and skin infections in kidney transplant recipients vs. patients with pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Sharquie Khalifa E. , Noaimi Adil A. , Al‐Jobori Ali A.
Published: August 2013

Background

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease of the skin and mucous membrane. Renal transplantation is a common procedure in Iraq, and these patients required prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs.

Objective

To study the frequency of skin tumors and infections in patients with pemphigus vulgaris compared with renal transplant recipients and normal controls.

Patients and methods

One hundred kidney transplant recipients, their ages ranged from 14 to 70 (46.65 ± 4.74) years, and 50 patients with pemphigus vulgaris, their ages ranged from 22 to 70 (43.32 ± 3.46) years, were studied in Baghdad Hospital from June 2009 to August 2010. Patients were treated with immunosuppressive drugs for 0.5–25 years. Patients were examined for tumors and infections and compared with the general population as controls (100 individuals).

Results

In renal transplant recipients, the following infections were observed: herpetic, 25 patients (25%); bacterial, 11 (11%); and fungal, 22 (22%). These infections appeared early in the course of immunosuppression. Benign tumors increased, most importantly viral warts in 40 (40%) and actinic keratosis, 14 (14%). The malignant tumors were basal cell carcinomas in 4 (4%), squamous cell carcinomas 2 (2%), and Kaposi's sarcoma 3 (3%). These malignancies usually appeared late in the course of immunosuppression. Patients with pemphigus vulgaris showed no important skin infections or tumors. Healthy controls showed no infections apart from herpetic infections in 7 (7%) and viral warts in 9 (9%). No tumors were seen.

Conclusions

Pemphigus vulgaris in prolonged immunosuppression is immunoprotective against skin infections and skin tumors while kidney transplant recipients are not protective.
Epidemiology of melasma in Brazilian patients: a multicenter study
Authors: Hexsel Doris , Lacerda Davi A. , Cavalcante Andrea S. , Filho Carlos A. S. Machado , Kalil Célia Luiza P. V. , Ayres Eloísa L. , Azulay‐Abulafia Luna , Weber Magda B. , Serra Marcio S. , Lopes Nádya F. P. , Cestari Tania F.
Published: August 2013

Background

Melasma is an acquired, irregularly patterned, light to dark‐brown hypermelanosis, with symmetric distribution mostly over the face. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics and factors related to melasma in Brazilian patients.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, multicenter study performed in Brazil. Investigators examined and questioned 953 patients over 18 years of age on clinical characteristics and other factors related to their melasma.

Results

Melasma was more prevalent in women (97.5%) and in Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II (12.8%), III (36.3%), and IV (39.7%). Skin phototypes II and III and family history of melasma had early onset of the disorder when compared with skin phototypes IV, V, and VI (P < 0.0001). Similar results were also observed when these same groups were compared with the absence of family history (P < 0.0001). Extra‐facial melasma was more frequent in postmenopausal women compared with those who were not experiencing menopause (14.2% vs. 3.5%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Data suggested that the age of melasma onset are related to skin phototypes and family history. Additionally, extra‐facial melasma was more common in menopausal women. This is the first study on the epidemiology of melasma in Brazil involving a large sample of the population. These data can be a source of new relevant research on the cause and development of melasma.
A case of idiopathic follicular mucinosis treated with bexarotene gel
Authors: Heyl Jennifer , Mehregan Darius , Kado Jessica , Campbell Michelle
Published: August 2013

Background

Topical bexarotene 1% gel is currently FDA‐approved for early stage (IA and IB) persistent or refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). No uniformly effective therapy exists for follicular mucinosis, although several treatments are routinely used. There are no known reports of topical bexarotene being used in the treatment of idiopathic follicular mucinosis when there is no association with CTCL. This article reports the first case of bexarotene gel to successfully treat persistent idiopathic follicular mucinosis.

Materials and methods

This study describes a 34‐year‐old Caucasian male with idiopathic follicular mucinosis. The patient had treatment failure with clobetasol 0.05% ointment and narrow‐band UVB. Intralesional injections with triamcinolone 5 mg/ml were successful for treating the plaques in the beard area. The patient was treated with bexarotene 1% gel applied twice a day to the persistent plaques on the lower extremities. The patient reported significant improvement in hair growth after only six weeks of treatment. The treatment was decreased to once a day due to erythema, and he had complete hair regrowth at 26 weeks.

Discussion

Several treatments have been described in the literature, such as corticosteroids, psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) light therapy, topical nitrogen mustard, and radiation therapy. Isolated cases have documented the beneficial responses of pimecrolimus, dapsone, indomethacin, minocycline, isotretinoin, hydroxychloroquine and interferons. No single treatment has been shown to be consistently effective.

Conclusion

Topical bexarotene 1% gel should be considered for patients with idiopathic follicular mucinosis resistant to standard treatment.
Acute adverse events associated with ventral slot decompression in 546 dogs with cervical intervertebral disc disease
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , White Courtney , Pancotto Theresa E. , Bays Alicia , Henao‐Guerrero P. Natalia
Published: August 2013

Objective

To report the frequency, types, and risk factors for acute perioperative adverse events (AEs) in dogs that had ventral slot decompression (VSD) for cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD).

Design

Retrospective, case–control study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 546) with cervical IVDD treated by VSD; 54 cases experiencing AE and 492 controls.

Methods

Historical, clinical, diagnostic, operative, and outcome data were collected. AE were graded using a Spine Adverse Events Severity (SAVES) system. Associations between the development of AE and hypothesized risk factors were analyzed using bi‐ and multi‐variable analyses.

Results

AE were observed in 54 dogs (9.9%). Minor AE (SAVES Grade 1–2) occurred in 3.5% (19 dogs) and major (SAVES Grades 3–5) AE in 6.4% (35 dogs). Deterioration in neurologic status (n = 13), persistent pain (12), and intraoperative hemorrhage (7) were common major AE. NSAID administration, surgeon experience, C7–T1 disc location, and intraoperative hypotension were significantly associated with AE in multivariate analyses. Improvement of AE occurred in 48/54 (88.9%) of cases, although reoperative neurosurgery was required in 48.5% (17/35) of dogs experiencing major AE. Dogs with major AE had significantly longer hospitalization and worse outcomes than dogs with minor AE or controls. No fatal AE occurred, although 0.7% (4/546) of dogs were euthanatized postoperatively.

Conclusions

AE occurred in 9.9% of dogs that had VSD, and were significantly associated with perioperative hypotension, C7–T1 disc extrusions, surgeon experience, and NSAID usage. Identification of a major postoperative AE is an indication for immediate diagnostic imaging studies, as 50% of dogs experiencing major AE required reoperation.
Dental erosion and bruxism. A tooth wear analysis from South East Queensland
Authors: Khan F. , Young W. G. , Daley T. J.
Published: August 2013

Tooth‐tissue loss from erosion and attrition from bruxism were associated findings in 104 patients with excessive toothwear from South East Queensland. Approximately one‐third of these subjects had been given a diagnosis of bruxism prior to referral. After a structured interview and clinical examination, the prevailing diagnosis was tooth erosion associated with occupational or sports‐related dehydration, and one‐third of the subjects were provisionally classified as bruxers. Eight items of clinical history and examination, designed to differentiate bruxers from non‐bruxers, were analysed retrospectively from their records. These clinical items, by which the diagnosis of bruxism might be made, segregated the subjects into three groups of equal size, ‘bruxers, possible bruxers and non‐bruxers,’ by a notional score for bruxism.

The presence of occlusal attrition or erosion on the sextants of the dentitions was determined by scanning electron microscopic criteria on epoxy resin dental casts. The incidence of attrition versus erosion was compared between the three groups. The hypothesis was that attrition would be found on more sextants of bruxers than non‐bruxers. Erosion predominated in virtually all sextants in all three groups, to the virtual exclusion of attrition in the molar sextants. The exception was the mandibular anterior sextant, where more sextants in bruxers were affected by attrition. Thus extrinsic or intrinsic acid erosion was strongly associated with occlusal tooth wear found in bruxers. Conversely, tooth‐wear patterns were unreliable indicators of a bruxing habit, for attrition alone was often found on acid‐exposed teeth. Thus, even if a patient is suspected of having bruxism, dental erosion is more likely the cause of tooth‐tissue loss than attrition, especially in the dehydrating environment of South East Queensland.
Synthesis of K2SiF6:Mn4+ Phosphor from SiO2 Powders via Redox Reaction in HF/KMnO4 Solution and Their Application in Warm‐White LED
Authors: Liao Chenxing , Cao Renping , Ma Zhijun , Li Yang , Dong Guoping , Sharafudeen Kaniyarakkal N. , Qiu Jianrong
Published: August 2013

In this article, we propose a facile method for synthesis of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor and discuss its promising application in warm‐white light emitting diodes (LED). The K2SiF6:Mn4+ was synthesized from SiO2 powders through redox reaction in HF/KMnO4 solution. The optical properties of LEDs containing different ratios of K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor and commercial Ce3+‐doped garnets (YAG‐40) yellow–green phosphor were studied. A warm‐white LED, with color temperature of 3510 K and color rendering index of 90.9 and efficacy of 81.56 lm/W was demonstrated.
Development and validation of the Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology: preliminary findings
Authors: Borteyrou Xavier , Truchot Didier , Rascle Nicole
Published: August 2013

Aim

This study is a report of the development and testing of the Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology.

Background

Stressors in oncology nursing are generally assessed using generic stress scales like the Nursing Stress Scale or the Health Professions Stress Inventory. However, qualitative investigations have highlighted the specific nature of the stress to which nurses are exposed.

Design

The Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology was developed using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

Method

For the item generation phase, a semi‐structured interview was conducted with 59 nurses working in oncology units during 2007. A total of 51 work‐related items were retained for the final survey. A convenience sample of 582 nurses working in oncology completed the survey between January 2008–June 2008. They also completed the General Health Questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology was further tested for theoretically supported constructs, internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity.

Findings

The exploratory results revealed five factors: workload, dealing with death and dying, dealing with suffering, interpersonal conflicts, dealing with patients and relatives. The internal consistency of the five subscales was satisfactory. Correlation patterns between the Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology dimensions and both mental health and burnout variables support the criterion‐related validity of the scale.

Conclusion

Future quantitative or qualitative studies using this scale could add knowledge about the experiences of emotional and organizational stressors related to this area of nursing.
JAK2 V617F mutation and 46/1 haplotype in Chinese Budd‐Chiari syndrome patients
Authors: Wang Hui , Sun Guixiang , Zhang Peijin , Zhang Jing , Gui Er , Zu Maoheng , Jia Enzhi , Xu Hao , Xu Lichun , Zhang Jinpeng , Lu Zhaojun
Published: August 2013

Background and Aim

The presence of JAK2V617F was reported to be associated with JAK2 46/1 haplotype, which was considered as an independent risk factor for Budd‐Chiari syndrome (BCS) in Western countries. However, little is known in China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the 46/1 haplotype is associated with such patients.

Methods

Patients with primary BCS and controls were consecutively admitted in our study from October 2009 to December 2012. The subjects were detected for the JAK2V617F mutation by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (AS‐PCR) and the JAK2 46/1 haplotype by real‐time PCR.

Results

The prevalence of JAK2V617F mutation was 2.37% (7/295) in BCS patients, and 46/1 haplotype was overrepresented in JAK2V617F‐positive BCS patients compared with controls (P < 0.01). The risk for the JAK2V617F‐positive BCS with CC genotype was elevated compared with subjects presented TT genotype (OR = 13.4, 95%CI = 2.01–89.5) and non‐CC genotype (OR = 15.0, 95%CI = 2.45–91.7).

Conclusions

Our study showed that the presence of 46/1 haplotype increased the risk of JAK2V617F‐positive BCS in China. In addition, low prevalence of JAK2V617F mutation in BCS patients suggested that myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) should not be an etiological factor of BCS in China.
Gender in Academic Networking: The Role of Gatekeepers in Professorial Recruitment
Authors: van den Brink Marieke , Benschop Yvonne
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study is to build a theoretical framework to understand how gendered networking practices produce or counter inequalities in organizations. We introduce a practice approach combined with a feminist perspective in organization network studies. The notions of gender and networking as social practices allow better insights into what people say and do in networks, and the ways that networking produces or counters gender inequalities. We draw on empirical material about professorial appointments inDutch academia and analyse the accounts of gatekeepers illuminating their networking practices. The accounts show which networking practices gatekeepers routinely use in recruitment and how these networking practices are intertwined with gender practices. We use the notion of mobilizing masculinities to understand the self‐evident identification of men gatekeepers with men in their networks, and to understand how both men and women gatekeepers prefer the male candidates that resemble the proven masculine success model. Furthermore, this study provides the first empirical insights in mobilizing femininities in which women search for and support women candidates. We show how the gender practice of mobilizing femininities is a more precarious and marked practice than mobilizing masculinities. Mobilizing femininities in networking is intended to counter gender inequalities, but is only partially successful. Through constructions of ‘who you can trust’ or ‘who is a risk’, gatekeepers exercise the power of inclusion and exclusion and contribute to the persistence of structural gender inequalities.
Topiramate as an add‐on antiepileptic drug in treating refractory canine idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Kiviranta A.‐M. , Laitinen‐Vapaavuori O. , Hielm‐Björkman A. , Jokinen T.
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topiramate as an add‐on therapy in dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy.

Method

Prospective, open label, non‐comparative clinical trial of topiramate in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and poor seizure control despite therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital and potassium bromide. The efficacy of topiramate was evaluated by comparing seizure and seizure day frequencies during a retrospective 2‐month period with a prospective short‐term follow‐up of 6 months. An additional long‐term follow‐up period ranging from 3 to 9 months was conducted on dogs that responded to topiramate therapy during the short‐term follow‐up.

Results

Ten dogs were included. Five (50%) responded to topiramate therapy during the short‐term follow‐up showing a significant (P=0·04) decrease of 66% in seizure frequency. Three of the five dogs remained responders during the long‐term follow‐up. Weight loss, sedation and ataxia were the most common adverse effects of topiramate therapy, but in dogs with moderate sedation or ataxia, signs subsided in a few weeks to few months to mild sedation or ataxia.

Clinical Significance

Topiramate may be effective as an add‐on medication in treating canine idiopathic epilepsy. Apart from sedation and ataxia reported in some of the dogs, topiramate was well‐tolerated.
The Association of Physical and Mental Health with Sexual Activity in Older Adults in a Retirement Community
Authors: Bach Lynea E. , Mortimer James A. , VandeWeerd Carla , Corvin Jaime
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Understanding sexual behavior is important when evaluating the health needs of older adults. Little research has addressed the effect of specific health conditions on sexual inactivity in this growing population.

Aim

The study aims to assess the association of mental and physical health conditions with sexual inactivity among adults 55 and older living in The Villages, Florida.

Methods

Exposure data for 22 self-reported health conditions were assessed in relation to sexual inactivity in 22,654 participants ages 55 and older, including 1,879 participants over age 80 in a community-based cross-sectional study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted separately for men and women to evaluate the likelihood of being sexually active for each health condition. Covariates included age, race, education, income, self-reported overall health, and marital status.

Main Outcome Measures

The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for sexual activity status were calculated separately for men and women.

Results

Fifty-five percent of men and 45% of women reported being sexually active. Significant positive correlates of sexual activity included walking at least 1–2 times per week, participating in at least two registered clubs, engaging in physical and social activities, no tobacco use, fewer medications, increased alcohol consumption, and reporting a good quality of life, psychological well-being, or social support. Sexual inactivity was significantly related to cancer, bladder/bowl problems, major surgery, poor vision, mental health conditions, and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol. Additional associations with sexual inactivity included hearing loss and dementia for men, and dermatologic conditions, problems with the joints, bone or back, gastrointestinal problems, alcohol misuse, chronic wound care, and gum disease in women.

Conclusions

Mental and physical health conditions have very similar associations with sexual inactivity in men and women. Increased sexual activity was associated with positive physical, social, and emotional health indicators.
Estimation of stationary autoregressive models with the Bayesian LASSO
Authors: Schmidt Daniel F. , Makalic Enes
Published: August 2013

This article explores the problem of estimating stationary autoregressive models from observed data using the Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). By characterizing the model in terms of partial autocorrelations, rather than coefficients, it becomes straightforward to guarantee that the estimated models are stationary. The form of the negative log‐likelihood is exploited to derive simple expressions for the conditional likelihood functions, leading to efficient algorithms for computing the posterior mode by coordinate‐wise descent and exploring the posterior distribution by Gibbs sampling. Both empirical Bayes and Bayesian methods are proposed for the estimation of the LASSO hyper‐parameter from the data. Simulations demonstrate that the Bayesian LASSO performs well in terms of prediction when compared with a standard autoregressive order selection method.
Pseudogenization in pathogenic fungi with different host plants and lifestyles might reflect their evolutionary past
Authors: van der Burgt Ate , Karimi Jashni Mansoor , Bahkali Ali H. , de Wit Pierre J. G. M.
Published: August 2013

Pseudogenes are genes with significant homology to functional genes, but contain disruptive mutations (DMs) leading to the production of non‐ or partially functional proteins. Little is known about pseudogenization in pathogenic fungi with different lifestyles. Here, we report the identification of DMs causing pseudogenes in the genomes of the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium fulvum, Dothistroma septosporum, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Verticillium dahliae and Zymoseptoria tritici. In these fungi, we identified 1740 gene models containing 2795 DMs obtained by an alignment‐based gene prediction method. The contribution of sequencing errors to DMs was minimized by analyses of resequenced genomes to obtain a refined dataset of 924 gene models containing 1666 true DMs. The frequency of pseudogenes varied from 1% to 5% in the gene catalogues of these fungi, being the highest in the asexually reproducing fungus C. fulvum (4.9%), followed by D. septosporum (2.4%) and V. dahliae (2.1%). The majority of pseudogenes do not represent recent gene duplications, but members of multi‐gene families and unitary genes. In general, there was no bias for pseudogenization of specific genes in the six fungi. Single exceptions were those encoding secreted proteins, including proteases, which appeared more frequently pseudogenized in C. fulvum than in D. septosporum. Most pseudogenes present in these two phylogenetically closely related fungi are not shared, suggesting that they are related to adaptation to a different host (tomato versus pine) and lifestyle (biotroph versus hemibiotroph).
Do strigolactones contribute to plant defence?
Authors: Torres‐Vera Rocío , García Juan M. , Pozo María J. , López‐Ráez Juan A.
Published: August 2013

Strigolactones are multifunctional molecules involved in several processes outside and within the plant. As signalling molecules in the rhizosphere, they favour the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, but they also act as host detection cues for root parasitic plants. As phytohormones, they are involved in the regulation of plant architecture, adventitious rooting, secondary growth and reproductive development, and novel roles are emerging continuously. In the present study, the possible involvement of strigolactones in plant defence responses was investigated. For this purpose, the resistance/susceptibility of the strigolactone‐deficient tomato mutant Slccd8 against the foliar fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata was assessed. Slccd8 was more susceptible to both pathogens, pointing to a new role for strigolactones in plant defence. A reduction in the content of the defence‐related hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acid was detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in the Slccd8 mutant, suggesting that hormone homeostasis is altered in the mutant. Moreover, the expression level of the jasmonate‐dependent gene PinII, involved in the resistance of tomato to B. cinerea, was lower than in the corresponding wild‐type. We propose here that strigolactones play a role in the regulation of plant defences through their interaction with other defence‐related hormones, especially with the jasmonic acid signalling pathway.
Performing the nation in anti‐colonial protest in interwar Morocco
Authors: Wyrtzen Jonathan
Published: August 2013

This article applies a process approach to the study of nationalism, analysing anti‐colonial protest in interwar Morocco to address how and why elite‐constructed national identity resonates for larger audiences. Using Alexander's social performance model to study nationalist contention, it examines how a Muslim prayer ritual was re‐purposed by Moroccan nationalists to galvanise mass protest against a French divide‐and‐rule colonial policy towards Moroccan Berbers that they believed threatened Morocco's ethno‐religious national unity. By looking at how national identity was forged in the context of contentious performances and why certain religious (Islam) and ethnic (Arab) components were drawn on to define the Moroccan nation, this study offers a model for answering why national identity gets defined in specific ways and how the nation gains salience for broader publics as a category of collective identity.
Patients' and relatives' experiences of transfer from intensive care unit to wards
Authors: Cullinane James P , Plowright Catherine I
Published: August 2013

Aims

This literature review looks at the evidence around transferring patients from intensive care units (ICU) to wards. The literature informs us that patients and their families experience problems when being transferred from an ICU environment and that this increases overall anxiety.

Background

The effects of surviving critical illness often have a profound psychological impact on patients and families This study examines the experiences of adult patients, and their families, following their transfer from the ICU to the ward.

Findings

Five themes emerged from this literature review: physical responses, psychological responses, information and communication, safety and security, and the needs of relatives.

Conclusions

This review reminds us that these problems can be reduced if information and communication around time of transfers were improved.

Relevance to clinical practice

As critical care nurses it is essential that we prepare patients and families for transfer to wards.
Invasive forb benefits from water savings by native plants and carbon fertilization under elevated CO2 and warming
Authors: Blumenthal Dana M. , Resco Víctor , Morgan Jack A. , Williams David G. , LeCain Daniel R. , Hardy Erik M. , Pendall Elise , Bladyka Emma
Published: August 2013

As global changes reorganize plant communities, invasive plants may benefit. We hypothesized that elevated CO2 and warming would strongly influence invasive species success in a semi‐arid grassland, as a result of both direct and water‐mediated indirect effects.

To test this hypothesis, we transplanted the invasive forb Linaria dalmatica into mixed‐grass prairie treated with free‐air CO2 enrichment and infrared warming, and followed survival, growth, and reproduction over 4 yr. We also measured leaf gas exchange and carbon isotopic composition in L. dalmatica and the dominant native C3 grass Pascopyrum smithii.

CO2 enrichment increased L. dalmatica biomass 13‐fold, seed production 32‐fold, and clonal expansion seven‐fold, while warming had little effect on L. dalmatica biomass or reproduction. Elevated CO2 decreased stomatal conductance in P. smithii, contributing to higher soil water, but not in L. dalmatica. Elevated CO2 also strongly increased L. dalmatica photosynthesis (87% versus 23% in P. smithii), as a result of both enhanced carbon supply and increased soil water.

More broadly, rapid growth and less conservative water use may allow invasive species to take advantage of both carbon fertilization and water savings under elevated CO2. Water‐limited ecosystems may therefore be particularly vulnerable to invasion as CO2 increases.
Intra-Articular Synovial Haemangioma of the Elbow in an Adolescent Male
Authors: Banks Daniel B. A. , Hay Stuart M.
Published: August 2013

Intra-articular haemangiomas are rare phenomena and are difficult to diagnose and manage. We describe a case in which a haemangioma was found at the time of elbow arthroscopy in an adolescent male. The case highlights the advantage of early arthroscopic assessment and also that synovial haemangiomas must be considered as a rare differential diagnosis in unexplained elbow and joint pain.
The impact of nonsyndromic oral clefts on family quality of life
Authors: Antunes Leonardo Santos , Maués Caroline Pelagio Raick , Nadaes Mariana Rocha , Costa Marcelo Castro , Küchler Erika Calvano , Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves
Published: August 2013

This study aimed to assess the impact of nonsyndromic oral cleft (NSOC) on families’ quality of life (QoL) using the Brazilian version of the Family Impact Scale (B‐FIS). A hospital‐based case–control study was conducted with NSOC cases and unaffected controls recruited at Dental Clinic in Federal University. The mean B‐FIS scores were 10.32 (SD 6.53) and 5.04 (SD 4.73), while the median scores were 9.00 and 3.50 (p < .05 Wilcoxon test), respectively, in case and control group. The “parental/family activity” subscale had the highest impact average score in case (5.62 SD 3.76) and control group (3.00 SD 3.08) (p < .05 Mann–Whitney test). The types of cleft with the most impact were cleft lip (12.00 SD 8.98) and cleft lip with cleft palate (11.06 SD 6.74). NSOC affects the QoL of families with children who have this condition; however, there were no remarkable differences between the groups.
Morphodynamics and sedimentary structures of bedforms under supercritical‐flow conditions: New insights from flume experiments
Authors: Cartigny Matthieu J.B. , Ventra Dario , Postma George , van Den Berg Jan H.
Published: August 2013

Supercritical‐flow phenomena are fairly common in modern sedimentary environments, yet their recognition and analysis remain difficult in the stratigraphic record. This fact is commonly ascribed to the poor preservation potential of deposits from high‐energy supercritical flows. However, the number of flume data sets on supercritical‐flow dynamics and sedimentary structures is very limited in comparison with available data for subcritical flows, which hampers the recognition and interpretation of such deposits. The results of systematic flume experiments spanning a broad range of supercritical‐flow bedforms (antidunes, chutes‐and‐pools and cyclic steps) developed in mobile sand beds of variable grain sizes are presented. Flow character and related bedform patterns are constrained through time‐series measurements of bed configurations, flow depths, flow velocities and Froude numbers. The results allow the refinement and extension of some widely used bedform stability diagrams in the supercritical‐flow domain, clarifying in particular the morphodynamic relations between antidunes and cyclic steps. The onset of antidunes is controlled by flows exceeding a threshold Froude number. The transition from antidunes to cyclic steps in fine to medium‐grained sand occurs at a threshold mobility parameter. Sedimentary structures associated with supercritical bedforms developed under variable aggradation rates are revealed by means of combining flume results and synthetic stratigraphy. The sedimentary structures are compared with examples from field and other flume studies. Aggradation rate is seen to exert an important control on the geometry of supercritical‐flow structures and should be considered when identifying supercritical bedforms in the sedimentary record.
Autogenic dynamics of alluvial fans in endorheic basins: Outcrop examples and stratigraphic significance
Authors: Ventra Dario , Nichols Gary J.
Published: August 2013

Alluvial fans are relatively simple depositional systems, due to the direct coupling of sediment sources and adjacent accumulation areas. Nonetheless, general models of alluvial‐fan evolution and stratigraphy remain elusive, due to the great sensitivity of such systems to allogenic controls and their strongly case‐specific responses. Autogenic processes intrinsic to alluvial‐fan dynamics can complicate stratigraphic architectures, with effects not easily distinguishable from those of allogenic forcing. A distinction is made here between lateral autogenic dynamics, tied to spatial sediment distribution over fan surfaces, and vertical autogenic dynamics, related to independent incision‐aggradation cycles. Autogenic mechanisms have been highlighted recently by modelling studies, but remain poorly constrained in field‐based studies. Examples are presented here from the margins of the Cenozoic Teruel and Ebro basins (Spain), where alluvial fans accumulated thick successions during phases of basin topographic closure and endorheic drainage which promoted forced aggradation. Fan successions consist of conformable architectures of stacked clastic sheets, laterally continuous and with no evidence of internal unconformities, inset architectures, fan segmentation or preserved incised channels. Continuous aggradation in these closed basins strongly inhibited ‘vertical’ autogenic dynamics in the form of fan head and through fan incision, due to the forced rise in geomorphic base level and the creation of positive accommodation. Furthermore, the lack of incised channels favoured widespread sediment transport and aggradation over broad fan sectors in relatively short time spans, in contrast to the typical occurrence of active lobes and abandoned fan surfaces caused by ‘lateral’ autogenic dynamics. Stratigraphic records of alluvial fans developed in endorheic basins are essentially complete and largely unaffected by autogenic processes. The latter characteristic implies that they can be more unambiguously interpreted in terms of allogenic forcing, because stratigraphic signatures are not complicated by the effects of complex fan autodynamics.
Public Support for International Human Rights Institutions: A Cross‐National and Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: August 2013

The expansion of international human rights institutions has drawn much attention. Bringing together theories from sociology, political science, and international law, this article examines what factors promote public support for international human rights institutions, using the recent wave of the World Values Survey data (2005–2008). The level of public support displays both cross‐national and cross‐individual variations, so I conceptualize it as a two‐level process and employ the multilevel modeling. At the individual level, it is found that men, younger people, and individuals with more education and income show a higher level of support. At the country level, national affluence, political change (de‐democratization), and linkage to the world society are associated with more support. I further integrate individual‐level characteristics and country‐level social contexts, and pay special attention to education. Education is the institutional link between macro‐level social influences and micro‐level individual attitudes. I find that the support‐promoting effect of education is contingent on social contexts. It is more salient in wealthy countries and countries with strong ties to the world society.
An Analysis of Labor Union Participation in U.S. Congressional Hearings
Authors: Albert Kyle W.
Published: August 2013

Using both a new data set of labor union appearances in congressional hearings and archival data on union organizational resources, this article analyzes factors that determine whether a labor union will be represented in congressional hearing testimony in a given year. Consistent with the expectations of resource mobilization theory, organizational resources are important predictors of participation in congressional hearings. For example, membership is an important predictor of testimony in hearings, as is the number of lobbyists on staff and the character of a union's primary industry. However, membership in the AFL‐CIO federation is negatively related to hearing participation, and some of the benefits of having a large membership base may be diminishing over time. Implications for the study of interest group politics and organizational political strategies are discussed.
Sociological Reflections on Security Through Surveillance
Authors: Bajc Vida
Published: August 2013

This article initiates a Sociology of Security. Such a field should analyze how conditions transpire for security—however defined—to surface as a value in individual and collective living, how this value comes to be articulated, and how different kinds of individual and collective experiences shape its meaning. In addition, a Sociology of Security should pay attention to how the kinds of individual and collective responses to particular understandings of security, institutions and policies put in place to this end (or lack thereof), and consequences of such practices are shaping the nature of our social world and the aesthetics of our physical environment. Specific focus is on the relationship between security and surveillance.
Larval morphology and phylogenetic position ofHorelophopsis hanseniSatô etYoshitomi (Coleoptera,Hydrophilidae,Horelophopsinae)
Authors: MINOSHIMA YÛSUKE , HAYASHI MASAKAZU , KOBAYASHI NORIO , YOSHITOMI HIROYUKI
Published: August 2013

The subfamilyHorelophopsinae was originally proposed as one of the earliest diverging clades ofHydrophilidae (s.s.), but its phylogenetic placement has never been tested. We describe the larva ofHorelophopsis hanseniSatô etYoshitomi, 2004 of theHorelophopsinae. Larval data are based on larval specimens collected together with adults, and unambiguously associated with them by means ofDNAbarcoding. We perform an analysis testing the phylogenetic position ofH. hansenibased on larval and adult morphological characters.Horelophopsis hanseniis unambiguously placed within the hydrophilid subfamilyHydrophilinae and its close relationships to the genusAgraphydrusRégimbart, 1903 (Hydrophilinae,Acidocerini) is recognized. The results suggest that the subfamilyHorelophopsinae is unlikely to be a basal taxon ofHydrophilidae, as originally suggested.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DPA1*02:05 allele identified by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Xu Y. , Deng Z. , He L.
Published: August 2013

The novel HLA‐DPA1*02:05 variant allele differs from the closest allele DPA1*02:02:02.
Regulation of the NADPH Oxidase and Associated Ion Fluxes During Phagocytosis
Authors: Nunes Paula , Demaurex Nicolas , Dinauer Mary C.
Published: August 2013

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within immune cell phagosomes is critical for antimicrobial activity and for correct antigen processing, and influences signaling pathways that direct host responses to infection and inflammation. Because excess oxidants can cause tissue damage and oxidative stress, phagocytes must precisely control both the location and timing of NADPH oxidase activity. How differential regulation is achieved at phagosomes is not well understood. Recent studies have revealed that the PI(3)P phosphoinositide plays an important role in locally boosting phagosomal NADPH oxidase activity through its binding to the p40phox NADPH oxidase subunit. Furthermore, phox subunit dynamics at phagosomes may regulate the timing of the oxidative burst. Novel elements regulating catalytic core trafficking include Rab27 and SNAP‐23. In addition to trafficking events, the activity of the electrogenic oxidase is also governed by ionic fluxes, which are constrained at phagosomes owing to low intraphagosomal volume and dynamic display of channels, transporters, and pumps. New insights on the interdependence of phagosomal pH and ROS have been recently elucidated, and chloride channels important for microbicidal functions, including CFTR, and CLIC family channels, have been identified. Finally, periphagosomal calcium microdomains and calcium‐dependent S100A8/9 protein recruitment may help fine‐tune spatiotemporal regulation of NADPH oxidase activation for an effective immune response.
Assessment of shock index in healthy dogs and dogs in hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Peterson Katherine L. , Hardy Brian T. , Hall Kelly
Published: August 2013

Objective

To compare the shock index (SI) in a population of healthy dogs to a population of dogs with confirmed hemorrhagic shock.

Design

Retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively from 2 previous studies.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Seventy‐eight healthy control dogs enrolled in a study to establish a reference interval for a tissue oxygen monitor; 38 dogs with confirmed hemorrhagic shock enrolled in a study to evaluate the tissue oxygen monitor in hemorrhagic shock. The heart rate and systolic blood pressure obtained during the respective studies were used to calculate the SI.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Shock index was significantly higher in the hemorrhage group (median 1.37, range 0.78–4.35) than the control group (median 0.91, range 0.57–1.53); 92% of the dogs in hemorrhagic shock had an SI of >0.91. Compared with controls, dogs in hemorrhagic shock had significantly lower body temperatures (median 38.3°C, range 35.6–39.9°C versus median 38.7°C, range 37.5–39.9°C), higher heart rates (median 150/min, range 120–220/min versus median 110/min range 80–150/min), lower systolic blood pressures (mean 112 mm Hg, SD ±35.8 mm Hg versus mean 125 mm Hg, SD ±21.5 mm Hg), higher lactate concentrations (median 0.51 mmol/L, range 0.078–1.41 mmol/L versus median 0.11 mmol/L, range 0.033–0.33 mmol/L), and lower hemoglobin concentrations (median 81 g/L, range 56–183 g/L versus median 162.5 g/L, range 133–198 g/L).

Conclusions

Shock index is a simple and easy calculation that can be used as an additional triage tool and should prompt further investigation for hemorrhage if the values are >0.9.
COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND99mTC‐ PERTECHNETATE SCINTIGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THYROID GLAND IN CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Lautenschlaeger Ines E. , Hartmann Antje , Sicken Julia , Mohrs Sabrina , Scholz Volkher B. , Neiger Reto , Kramer Martin
Published: August 2013

Scintigraphy is currently the reference standard for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism; however, computed tomography (CT) is more widely available in veterinary practice. The purposes of this prospective study were to describe the CT appearance of thyroid glands in cats with hyperthyroidism and compare CT findings with findings from99mTc–pertechnetate scintigraphy. Twenty‐five adult hyperthyroid cats were included. Plain CT images were acquired for each cat and the following characteristics recorded for each thyroid lobe: visibility, delineation, position, attenuation, shape, and subjective size. Scintigraphic images were also acquired and the following characteristics recorded: radiopharmaceutical uptake, delineation, ectopic foci, shape, and subjective size. In CT images, thyroid lobes were most commonly found between the second and fourth cervical vertebrae, dorsolateral to the trachea. Affected thyroid lobes (based on scintigraphy reference standard) were most commonly oval and moderately enlarged in CT images. A heterogeneous attenuation pattern (isoattenuating to adjacent soft tissues with hypo‐ and hyperattenuating foci) was most commonly found in affected thyroid lobes. A positive correlation (P< 0.01) was identified between CT and scintigraphy for left‐to‐right thyroid lobe size relationship and subjective size of the larger thyroid lobe. The CT estimated mass was significantly higher (median = 148.8; range = [0;357.6]) for the more active thyroid lobe compared to the less active thyroid lobe (median = 84.6; range = [0;312.3]); (W = 154;P< 0.01). Findings indicated that CT may not reliably differentiate unilateral vs. bilateral hyperthyroidism in cats; however, CT may be a reliable alternative test for correctly identifying the more active thyroid lobe.
ISLAMIC BIOETHICS IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Ghaly Mohammed
Published: August 2013

Islamic bioethics is in good health, this article argues. During the twentieth century, academic researchers had to deal with a number of difficulties including the scarcity of available Islamic sources. However, the twenty‐first century witnessed significant breakthroughs in the field of Islamic bioethics. A growing number of normative works authored by Muslim religious scholars and studies conducted by academic researchers have been published. This nascent field also proved to be appealing for research‐funding institutions in the Muslim world and also in the West, such as the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). On the other hand, the article argues that contemporary Islamic bioethics is in need of addressing news issues and adopting new approaches for the sake of maintaining and improving this good health in the future.
EMBODIED COGNITION IN CLASSICAL RABBINIC LITERATURE
Authors: Weiss Daniel H.
Published: August 2013

Challenging earlier cognitivist approaches, recent theories of embodied cognition argue that the human mind and its functions are best understood as intimately bound up with the human body and its physiological dimensions. Some scholars have suggested that such theories, in departing from some core assumptions of the Western philosophical tradition, display significant similarities to certain non‐Western traditions of thought, such as Buddhism. This essay extends such parallels to the Jewish tradition and argues that, in particular, classical rabbinic thought presents a profoundly nondualistic account of the body–soul relation in its connection to cognition, action, and embodiment. Classical rabbinic texts therefore model the possibility of engaging with ‘Western’ conceptions such as God and the soul, while doing so in a manner that resonates strongly with many aspects of contemporary scientific theories. Thus, beyond their value as historical documents, insight into the texts and concepts of classical rabbinic Judaism can contribute to the further development of new theories of intellect and cognition.