bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro control of Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum the causative agent of brinjal wilt
Authors: Bashar MA , Chakma Mina
Published: August 2014

Seven soil fungi viz. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Penicillium sp., Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride associated with the rhizosphere, non?rhizosphere and rhizoplane of brinjal plants were selected to observe their antagonistic potential against the test fungi Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani . Out of seven soil fungi T. harzianum was found most effective to control the growth of both the test fungi. Plant parts extract of Allium sativum, Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Cassia alata, Ocimum sanctum, Zingiber officinale and Datura metel were evaluated for their in vitro efficacy at 5, 10 and 20% concentration against the test fungi. Datura metel, and C. alata and A. indica was found most efficient inhibitor of F. solani and F. oxysporum, respectively. Five fungicides viz., agridazim 50 wp, cozeb 80 wp, newban 50 wp, sunvit 50 wp and vitavax 200 B were evaluated for their in vitro efficacy at 500 ppm concentration against F. solani and F. oxysporum. Vitavax 200B was found most efficient inhibitor of both the test fungi. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v23i1.19826 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 23(1): 53-60, 2014
The reproductive biology of flesh fly, Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Majumder Md Zahidur Rahman , Dash Mohan Kumar , Khan Humayun Reza , Khan Rafia Akhtar
Published: August 2014

The reproductive biology of the flesh fly, Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera : Sarcophagidae ) was studied in the blowfly laboratory (25 -30ºC, 60 - 80% RH and 12 hrs light and 12 hrs dark) of the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka. The female reproductive system of B. peregrina comprises of two ovaries, two lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, three spermathecae, and a pair of accessory gland, a bilobed incubation pouch, vagina and genital opening. The male reproductive system B. peregrina consists of a pair of testes, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of accessory gland, a median ejaculatory duct, an ejaculatory sac and aedeagus. There is a general trend of gradual development of different organelles of the male and female reproductive systems from adult emergence to reproductive maturity. Protein diet was essential for proper development of female reproductive system. Oocyte development was apparent in both protein fed and protein unfed females. The mean sex-ratio of male to female was 20.2 : 14.2.
Relation of parental rejection with self-esteem and life satisfaction of young adults
Authors: Yasmin Shamima , Hossain Afroza
Published: August 2014

The present study was designed to study the relation of parental rejection with self?esteem and life satisfaction. A total of 30 males and 30 females were selected purposively from Dhaka city. Correlation analysis indicated that paternal? and maternal rejection had significant negative correlation with selfesteem and life satisfaction. Adjusted R² of regression analysis indicated that parental rejection was the most important predictor which explained 70.4% of self?esteem and 25.6% variance of life satisfaction. Parental rejection greatly influence in offsprings self?esteem and life satisfaction. Self?esteem is more influenced by parental rejection than life satisfaction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v23i1.19828 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 23(1): 69-76, 2014
Parental and children attitude toward homework
Authors: Ferdowshi Nafiza , Islam Shaheen
Published: August 2014

A comparative analysis between parental and childrens attitude toward homework for three grade levels (Grade?III, V and VII) reveals the importance of homework in educational experience. Two hundred sixty parents (140 mothers and 120 fathers) and 260 children (148 girls and 112 boys) of different schools in Dhaka city responded to parent and children forms of attitude toward homework questionnaire. Chi square value indicated common agreement between the children and the parents attitude toward homework. Certain dimension of childrens attitude differed for grade levels and gender. The study also focused on the effect of homework on family relationship and general attitude toward school. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v23i1.19830 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 23(1): 77-83, 2014
Salinity induced anatomical changes in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Bari-7)
Authors: Farhana Sharmin , Rashid Parveen , Karmoker JL
Published: August 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v23i1.19832
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 23(1): 85-91, 2014
Monitored anaesthesia care (MAC)
Authors: Laskar M Manzoorul Hoq
Published: August 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19807Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 1-3
Role of intravenous esmolol, fentanyl and lignocaine for attenuation of stress response in tracheal intubation - a comparative study
Authors: Islam Nurul , Islam Amirul , Ali Idris , Shumon Mohiuddin , Hossain Mozaffor , Khatun UH Shahera
Published: August 2014

Background Endotracheal intubation is an essential part of safe airway management but this stimulates the patients airway reflexes and predictably leads to haemodynamic derangement. Many drugs have been suggested in modifying in haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. Objectives To assess efficacy of three drugs - esmolol, fentanyl and lignocaine and to assess which one is more effective to attenuate haemodynamic response to direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Methods A total number of 90 patients ASA class I and II were selected randomly as per inclusion and exclusion criteria in three groups, 30 patients in each group. Group A received esmolol 1.5mg/kg in the volume of 10ml (with distil water) 2min before intubation, group B received fentanyl 1.5mg/kg IV 5min before intubation and group C received lignocaine 1.5mg/kg IV 90 sec before intubation. Per-operative data were recorded at 1min, 2min, 5min and 10min after intubation. Results The mean heart rate, systolic, diastolic,mean arterial pressure before starting anaesthesia were similar in group-A (esmolol), B(fentanyl) and C(lignocaine). The mean values of heart rate and rate pressure product were significantly lower in group A(Esmolol) at 1 and 2 minute than group B(fentanyl) and at 1, 2 and 5 minute than group C(lignocaine). The mean values of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were slightly lower in group A(esmolol) at 5 minute than group B(fentanyl) and significantly lower at 1, 2 and 5 minute than group C(lignocaine). Conclusion Esmolol 1.5mg/kg is superior to lignocaine 1.5mg/kg for attenuation of haemodynamic response (HR, SBP, DBP, RPP and MAP) to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation and also superior to fentanyl for attenuation of HR and RPP. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19810 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 12-19
Effects of pretreatment with magnesium sulphate on suxamethonium induced complications during induction of general anaesthesia - A placebo controlled study
Authors: Das Malaya Kumar , Yasmin Rubina , Khatun UH Shahera , Alam Md Tanveer , Akhtaruzzaman AKM , Debnath Haradhan
Published: August 2014

Background To administer general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation, laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is necessary.Suxamethonium is drug of choice but some side effects preclude its use. Pretreatment with Magnesium sulphate reduces suxamethonium induced complications. Objective To see the effects of pretreatment with magnesium sulphate on suxamethonium induced complications during induction of general anaesthesia. Methods A total number of sixty patients of ASA grade I and II were selected randomly as per inclusions and exclusions criteria , thirty in each group. Group- C is the control group and group-M-patients were received magnesium sulphate 60mg per kg. Pulse rate, blood pressure, SPO2, ECG, Serum K+ concentration, fasciculation, myalgia and side effects of magnesium sulphate were recorded. Results Suxamethnium induced complications like fasciculation, raised potassium concentration, haemodynamic change during intubation and post operative myalgia significantly reduced in patients pre treated with magnesium sulphate. Conclusion Pretreatment with magnesium sulphate reduces incidence of suxamethonium induced complications during induction of general anaesthesia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19813 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 27-32
Preemptive oral paracetamol in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery - a comparative study
Authors: Saha Nepal Chandra , Masud Mehedi , Sofiuddin Mohammad , Rahman Mushifqur , Bhowmick Dilip Kumar , Akhtaruzzaman AKM
Published: August 2014

Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy causes a considerable pain in the post operative period. Preemptive use of oral paracetamol decreases the intensity of pain and subsequently reduces the dose of opioid as well as nausea and vomiting. Objective The study was designed to observe the effect of preemptive oral paracetamol reduces the dose of postoperative opioid and nausea and vomiting. Methods Fifty patients of ASA physical status I and II, age range 16-50 years and BMI 18.5-24.9 were randomly selected by cards sampling method. They were equally divided into two groups of 25 patients in each group. Group I received vitamin, Group-II received 1 g oral paracetamol 60 min before surgery. In the recovery room dose of opioid was measured in 1, 6, 12, 24 hours and frequency of nausea, vomiting were assessed. Results The total amount of pethidine needed significantly lower in the case group than that in the control group (p = 0.012). The pain scores were comparatively low in case group than that in the control group from beginning to endpoint of evaluation following operation (p = 0.027). The complaint of nausea at 6 and 12 hours was much less in the case group than that in the control group. Majority (80%) of patients in control group demanded analgesic (pethidine) 10 minutes earlier after operation as opposed to only 8% of the control group (p = 0.014). Conclusion Preemptive paracetamol reduces the intensity of postoperative pain and requirements of pethidine to a large extent with no significant side effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19814 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 33-38
A clinical study on risk- factors and feto-maternal outcome of pre-eclampsia in Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Shaila , Aleem Natasha Tiluttoma , Ul Hasna Asma , Husein Sabina , Khatun Kashefa , Ara Raushan
Published: August 2014

Background Preeclampsia (PE) is a major cause of maternal and foetal mortality and morbidity. Aim The purpose of the present study was to identify the risk factors, prognosis, maternal and foetal outcome of pre eclampsia patients. Methods This descriptive type of cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) & Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka for a period of 6 months. All admitted cases of pre-eclampsia patients who were given the consent were included in the study. Then a thorough history was taken followed by relevant clinical examination and some base line investigation done. For renal function urine for protein, blood for urea, creatinine and uric acid estimation were done. All the information were recorded in a predesigned data collection sheet. Fetal monitoring was done by observing foetal movement, foetal heart sound 6 hourly, ultrasonography of lower abdomen to see foetal well-being and amniotic fluid volume. Maternal and fetal complications were monitored. Results The incidence of preeclampsia was found in 3.4% in this study. Among the studied patients highest percentage had complaints of swelling of legs and abdominal pain (38%). In this study 46% pregnancies were terminated in 29-34 weeks of gestation. Obstetric examination revealed that 42% fundal height 29-34 weeks. Among the study population 4% patients developed abruptio placenta, 2% patients developed post partum eclampsia and 2% patients developed disseminated intravascular coagulation. In the developing countries the perinatal mortality in pre-eclampsia remains to the extent of about 20%, about 50% of which is being still born. In this study 80%, pregnancies gave live born foetus, 6% pregnancies still born babies and Intra uterine death occurred in 6% pregnancies, 8% pregnancies ended in abortion, before the age of viability of foetus. In the study population intrauterine growth retardation was present in 50% babies, 52% babies were premature, still birth was 6%, Intra uterine death was in 6% cases, and abortion was 6%. The IUGR babies also were premature. In this study 28% pregnancies had no foetal or maternal complication. Only foetal complication was present in 60% pregnancies. Only maternal complication was present in 2% pregnancies. Both maternal and foetal complication was present in 10% pregnancies. Conclusion In this study concluded that the abruptio placenta, post partum eclampsia and DIC are common complications of pre-eclampsia patients. Perinatal mortality and still born are also found though live born foetus are the most common. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19815 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 39-44
Peri operative diabetic management using subcutaneous regular insulin as sliding scale and alberti regimen of glucose insulin potassium infusion - comparative study
Authors: Aleem Mohammad Abdul , Haque M Masudul , Hussain Md Pervez Altaf , Mamun Al , Rahman Md Habibur , Ahmed Md Younis
Published: August 2014

Background The management of diabetic patient during the peri-operative period can be a problem to the anaesthesiologist. Many of worker have used short acting regular insulin using sliding scale which starts before operation and continue in post operatively. Alberti and Thomas proposed a simple regimen using a cotinuous intravenous infusion of an glucose insulin potassium (GIK) solution which is administered during the prei-operative period. Objectives The aim of the study is to observe the rise of blood sugar in diabetic patients per and post operatively and to detrermine the more acceptable method of controlling blood sugar amongst two predetermined methods. Methods A total of 80 patients of ASA II & III were randomly selected. They were divided into the following groups. Group A. forty patients were randomly allocated to the treatment of thrice daily subcutaneous injections of short acting regular insulin by sliding scale. Group B. Forty patients were randomly allocated to continuous glucose insulin potassium treatment (GIK). Pre-operative blood glucose was controlled with thrice daily subcutaneous injection of short acting regular insulin. Result The two groups were comparable in demographic data. The blood glucose of group A was raised at mid operation, after 8 hours, 16 hours and 24 hours of operation more than the group B and it were statistically significant. Serum potassium level of the two group did not show any significant difference. The study showed that group B can produce satisfactory blood sugar and serum potassium control than group A. It is safe, simple and less expensive and can be apply in any situation. Conclusion Due to the large number of diabetic patients undergoing surgery and probable complications associated with diabetes, careful perioperave evaluations and management are required in these patients. To select an appropriate interventional strategy depends on the patient, the associated diabetic complications and type of surgery. Chronic diabetic complications can influence surgery and anesthetic conditions. Hence, appropriate risk stratification, optimal blood glucose and suitable interventional strategy are necessary. Glucose insulin potassium infusion can minimize metabolic disturbances during surgery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19816 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 45-51
Submental endotracheal intubation in patient with panfacial fracture: a useful alternative to tracheostomy
Authors: Hossain Shahadat , Begum Hasina , Haider Ismat Ara , Sarker Selim
Published: August 2014

Submental intubation is a simple safe and useful technique for air way management during maxillofacial surgery when both nasal and oral tracheal intubation are deemed unsuitable. This technique offers an optimal operating field and an opportunity to check the dental occlusion. It avoids the need for tracheostomy and its consequent morbidity. We present a case of multiple facial fractures where we avoided tracheostomy by the use of submental endotracheal intubation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19818 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 54-57
Acrocyanosis - An uncommon event at post anaesthesia recovery room- A case report
Authors: Hossain Md Azmal , Begum Mosammat Maksuhuda
Published: August 2014

A healthy patient of aged 26 years underwent left ureter-lithotomy and cystostomy under general anesthesia. In post-operative ward, both extremities were cold & nailed were cyanosed. This cyanosis persisted for as long as 8-10 hours. No abnormality was detected in arterial blood gas analysis. This is not a simple peripheral cyanosis induced by cold environment of operation theatre, as warming usually reverses the phenomenon within a short period. But in this case, peripheral cyanosis persisted for as long as 8-10 hours. Therefore, this is a case of acrocyanosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19819 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 58-60
In Vivo Immunotoxicity of SiO2@(Y0.5Gd0.45Eu0.05)2O3 as Dual-Modality Nanoprobes
Authors: Tian Xiumei , Li Ermao , Yang Fanwen , Peng Ye , Zhu Jixiang , He Fupo , Chen Xiaoming
Published: August 2014

We have successfully synthesized SiO2@(Y0.5Gd0.45Eu0.05)2O3 nanocomposites as a potential dual-modality nanoprobe for molecular imaging in vitro. However, their immunotoxicity assessment in vivo remains unknown. In this article, the in vitro biocompatibility of our dual-modality nanoprobes was assayed in terms of cell viability and apoptosis. In vivo immunotoxicity was investigated by monitoring the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cluster of differentiation (CD) markers and cytokines in Balb/c mice. The data show that the in vitro biocompatibility was satisfactory. In addition, the immunotoxicity data revealed there are no significant changes in the expression levels of CD11b and CD71 between the nanoprobe group and the Gd in a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) chelator (Gd-DTPA) group 24 h after injection in Balb/c mice (p > 0.05). Importantly, there are significant differences in the expression levels of CD206 and CD25 as well as the secretion of IL-4 and the generation of ROS 24 h after injection (p < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that few nanoprobes were localized in the phagosomes of liver and lung. In conclusion, the toxic effects of our nanoprobes may mainly result from the aggregation of particles in phagosomes. This accumulation may damage the microstructure of the cells and generate oxidative stress reactions that further stimulate the immune response. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the in vivo immunotoxicity of these rare earth-based biomaterials at the molecular level before molecular imaging in vivo.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Met-enkephalin on Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Lesions in Male CBA Mice
Authors: Martinić Roko , Šošić Hrvoje , Turčić Petra , Konjevoda Paško , Fučić Aleksandra , Stojković Ranko , Aralica Gorana , Gabričević Mario , Weitner Tin , Štambuk Nikola
Published: August 2014

Recent histopathological investigations in patients with hepatitis suggested possible involvement of Met-enkephalin and its receptors in the pathophysiology of hepatitis. Consequently, we evaluated the potential hepatoprotective effects of this endogenous opioid pentapeptide in the experimental model of acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in male CBA mice. Met-enkephalin exhibited strong hepatoprotective effects in a dose of 7.5 mg/kg, which corresponds to the protective dose reported for several different animal disease models. In this group plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activities, as well as liver necrosis score were significantly reduced in comparison to control animals treated with physiological saline (p > 0.01). The specificity of the peptide hepatoprotection was investigated from the standpoint of the receptor and peptide blockade. It was concluded that Met-enkephalin effects on the liver were mediated via δ and ζ opioid receptors. Genotoxic testing of Met-enkephalin confirmed the safety of the peptide.
Characterization of Four Bifunctional Plant IAM/PAM-Amidohydrolases Capable of Contributing to Auxin Biosynthesis
Authors: Sánchez-Parra Beatriz , Frerigmann Henning , Alonso Marta-Marina , Loba Víctor , Jost Ricarda , Hentrich Mathias , Pollmann Stephan
Published: August 2014

Amidases [EC 3.5.1.4] capable of converting indole-3-acetamide (IAM) into the major plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are assumed to be involved in auxin de novo biosynthesis. With the emerging amount of genomics data, it was possible to identify over forty proteins with substantial homology to the already characterized amidases from Arabidopsis and tobacco. The observed high conservation of amidase-like proteins throughout the plant kingdom may suggest an important role of theses enzymes in plant development. Here, we report cloning and functional analysis of four, thus far, uncharacterized plant amidases from Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor, Medicago truncatula, and Populus trichocarpa. Intriguingly, we were able to demonstrate that the examined amidases are also capable of converting phenyl-2-acetamide (PAM) into phenyl-2-acetic acid (PAA), an auxin endogenous to several plant species including Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we compared the subcellular localization of the enzymes to that of Arabidopsis AMI1, providing further evidence for similar enzymatic functions. Our results point to the presence of a presumably conserved pathway of auxin biosynthesis via IAM, as amidases, both of monocot, and dicot origins, were analyzed.
Lubricating and Waxy Esters. VI. Effect of Symmetry about Ester on Crystallization of Linear Monoester Isomers
Authors: Bouzidi Laziz , Li Shaojun , Narine Suresh
Published: August 2014

The crystal structure development of jojoba-like esters incorporating either 1-decenoic acid and/or 1-decenol, namely octadec-9-enyl dec-9-enoate (JLE-281), and its isomer dec-9-enyl oleate (JLE-282) was investigated to reveal the effect of symmetry about the ester group on crystallization of aliphatic fatty monoesters. The phase transformation path was investigated with temperature-time resolved X-ray diffraction during stepped isothermal crystallization, and while cooling from the melt at a fixed rate. Startling differences in phase behavior were uncovered between the isomers. When stepped isothermals were used, selective extinctions occurred at a transition temperature for JLE-281 but not for JLE-282. The extinctions, which are due to dramatic changes in the electronic density of certain families of planes, indicate a phase transition attributed to a brusque rearrangement of the oxygen atoms in the crystal subcell. The phase transition did not occur when the JLEs were cooled continuously. The crucial role played by the position of the alkyl chain and its orientation relative to the easy rotation site of the C–O bond in the phase trajectories of the JLEs was particularly highlighted.
iteRates: An R Package for Implementing a Parametric Rate Comparison on Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Fordyce James A. , Shah Premal , Fitzpatrick Benjamin M.
Published: August 2014

Patterns of diversification rate variation detected in phylogenetic hypotheses are frequently used to infer historical, ecological, and evolutionary processes. The parametric rate comparison (PRC) is a method for detecting rate variation in trees that models branch lengths as random variables drawn from familiar statistical distributions. iteRates is a library of functions for the R statistical computing environment for implementing PRC on phylogenetic trees. Here, we describe some of the functions in iteRates for subtree identification, tree manipulation, applying the PRC and K-clades PRC analyses, and conducting a whole-tree randomization test.
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2014

This Selected Issues paper examines the causes of recent inflation in Ethiopia and discusses possible policy responses. Inflation in Ethiopia has reached a historical peak. Following a drought-related surge of food prices in 2003, it receded to single digits but soon turned back up in 2004 and gradually increased. The paper provides an overview of recent inflation developments, and explores the factors contributing to recent inflation, based on fresh studies and the review of current monetary and external developments. The paper also lays out cross-country analysis with countries experiencing high inflation.
Projective Texturing Uncertain Geometry: silhouette-aware box-filtered blending using integral radial images
Authors: Brédif M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Projective texturing is a commonly used image based rendering technique that enables the synthesis of novel views from the blended reprojection of nearby views on a coarse geometry proxy approximating the scene. When scene geometry is inexact, aliasing artefacts occur. This introduces disturbing artefacts in applications such as street-level immersive navigation in mobile mapping imagery, since a pixel-accurate modelling of the scene geometry and all its details is most of the time out of question. The filtered blending approach applies the necessary 1D low-pass filtering on the projective texture to trade out the aliasing artefacts at the cost of some radial blurring. This paper proposes extensions of the filtered blending approach. Firstly, we introduce Integral Radial Images that enable constant time radial box filtering and show how they can be used to apply box-filtered blending in constant time independently of the amount of depth uncertainty. Secondly, we show a very efficient application of filtered blending where the scene geometry is only given by a loose depth interval prior rather than an actual geometry proxy. Thirdly, we propose a silhouette-aware extension of the box-filtered blending that not only account for uncertain depth along the viewing ray but also for uncertain silhouettes that have to be blurred as well.
3D Building Adjustment Using Planar Half-Space Regularities
Authors: Wichmann A. , Kada M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The automatic reconstruction of 3D building models with complex roof shapes is still an active area of research. In this paper we present a novel approach for local and global regularization rules that integrate building knowledge to improve both the shape of the reconstructed building models and their accuracy. These rules are defined for the planar half-space representation of our models and emphasize the presence of symmetries, co-planarity, parallelism, and orthogonality. By not adjusting building features separately (e.g. ridges, eaves, etc.) we are able to handle more than one feature at a time without considering dependencies between different features. Additionally, we present a new method for reconstructing buildings with concave outlines using half-spaces that avoids the need to partition the models into smaller convex parts. We present both extensions in the context of a fully automatic feature-driven 3D building reconstruction approach where the whole process is suited for processing large urban areas with complex building roofs.
Hypoxic conditions alter developing branchial arch-derived structures in zebrafish
Authors: Parsons Trish E , Weinberg Seth M , Tsang Michael , Vieira Alexandre R
Published: August 2014

Background: Previous epidemiological findings have implicated hypoxia as a risk factor for craniofacial defects including cleft lip, microtia and branchial arch anomalies. This study tests the hypothesis that hypoxic exposure results in craniofacial shape variation in a zebrafish model. Methods: Three sets of zebrafish embryos were raised in uniform conditions with the exception of dissolved oxygen level.  At 24 hours past fertilization (hpf) embryos were placed in hypoxic conditions (70% or 50% dissolved oxygen tank water) and compared to unexposed control embryos.  After 24 hours of exposure to hypoxia, the embryos were incubated under normoxia.  Larvae were collected at 5 days post fertilization (dpf) and stained for cartilage. Images were taken of each specimen and subsequently landmarked to capture viscerocranial morphology.  A geometric morphometric analysis was performed to compare shape variation across groups. Results: The mean branchial arch shape of each exposure group was significantly different from controls (p<0.001).  Principal components analysis revealed a clear separation of the three groups, with controls at one end of the shape spectrum, the 50% hypoxia group at the other end, and the 70% hypoxia group spanning the variation in between. Conclusions: This experiment shows that hypoxia exposure at 24hpf is capable of affecting craniofacial shape in a dose-dependent manner.  These results may have implications not only for high altitude fetal health, but other environments, behaviors and genes that affect fetal oxygen delivery.
Formative Research on Acceptability of Pearl Millet in Rural Eastern Kenya – A Pilot Study
Authors: Ndiku Mueni H. , Jara Eddy , Sabate Joan
Published: August 2014

This study explored the acceptability of pearl millet grain in rural Eastern Kenya. Ninety seven households accepted to plant pearl millet. These were the 37 who were part of the study and other 60 who were not part of the study. When requested to barter 2 kg pearl millet with maize, 33 (85%) out of 39bartered with maize, 2 (5%) with sorghum, 2 (5%) with chicken and 2 (5%) with money. The average score for skill attainment was 88% with 92.5% mothers readily gaining the skill to prepare and incorporate pearl millet into the daily diet of children. Children liked pearl millet when given with a low of 77.8% and a high of 93.2%. These findings suggest that policies or programs to promote cultivation, bartering, and consumption of pearl millet grain could be well acceptable in rural Eastern Kenya which could add to the nutritional content of local diets.
Using the Cytosensor Microphysiometer to Assess Ocular Toxicity
Authors: Nash Jennifer R. , Mun Greg , Raabe Hans A. , Curren Rodger
Published: August 2014

Measuring in vitro cytotoxicity is one method currently used to estimate damage to the eye after chemical exposure. The Cytosensor Microphysiometer method evaluates cytotoxicity by measuring the test material–induced reduction in the metabolic rate of L929 cells. Changes in metabolic rate are measured indirectly as a function of changes in the extracellular acidification rate of the cells. During exposure to increasing concentrations of a cytotoxic material, there is a decrease in the release of acid byproducts into the surrounding medium as the cells die. These acidic metabolic byproducts cause a measurable change in the pH of a lightly buffered medium, which can be measured by the Cytosensor Microphysiometer. The change in the pH of the medium over time is then converted into a metabolic rate estimate for the cells. The endpoint measurement from the assay is the metabolic rate decline of 50%, the MRD50 value (in units of mg/ml). Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 61:1.13.1‐1.13.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Current Concepts in Drug‐Induced Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) Interference
Authors: Kenna J. Gerry
Published: August 2014

Numerous drugs have been shown to inhibit the activity of the Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP in humans, Bsep in animals), and this is now considered to be one of several mechanisms by which idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) may be initiated in susceptible patients. The potential importance of BSEP inhibition by drugs has been recognized by the European Medicines Agency and the International Transporter Consortium, who have recommended that it should be evaluated during drug development when evidence of cholestatic liver injury has been observed in nonclinical safety studies or in human clinical trials. In addition, some pharmaceutical companies have proposed evaluation and minimization of BSEP inhibition during drug discovery, when there is a chemical choice, to help reduce DILI risk. The methods that can be used to assess and quantify BSEP inhibition, and key gaps in our current understanding of the relationship between this process and DILI, are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 61.23.7.1:‐23.7.15. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Endothelial Cells from Mouse Lung
Authors: Cao Gaoyuan , Abraham Valsamma , DeLisser Horace M.
Published: August 2014

The isolation of endothelial cells (ECs) from knockout and transgenic mouse lines provides the opportunity to study the endothelial‐specific activities of a targeted molecule. As a means of pursuing these types of investigations, the protocols described in this unit provide a reliable method for isolating lung microvascular ECs from mouse neonatal pups that can be serially passaged. These protocols are useful in settings where mouse age is irrelevant and a pure population of pulmonary vascular ECs, uncontaminated by other cells, is needed. When a specific source of ECs is not required, these procedures also represent a reliable means of obtaining murine ECs in general. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 61:24.2.1‐24.2.9. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mapping variability of soil water content and flux across 1–1000 m scales using the Actively Heated Fiber Optic method
Authors: Sayde Chadi , Buelga Javier Benitez , Rodriguez‐Sinobas Leonor , El Khoury Laureine , English Marshall , van de Giesen Nick , Selker John S.
Published: August 2014

The Actively Heated Fiber Optic (AHFO) method is shown to be capable of measuring soil water content several times per hour at 0.25 m spacing along cables of multiple kilometers in length. AHFO is based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) observation of the heating and cooling of a buried fiber‐optic cable resulting from an electrical impulse of energy delivered from the steel cable jacket. The results presented were collected from 750 m of cable buried in three 240 m colocated transects at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths in an agricultural field under center pivot irrigation. The calibration curve relating soil water content to the thermal response of the soil to a heat pulse of 10 W m−1 for 1 min duration was developed in the lab. This calibration was found applicable to the 30 and 60 cm depth cables, while the 90 cm depth cable illustrated the challenges presented by soil heterogeneity for this technique. This method was used to map with high resolution the variability of soil water content and fluxes induced by the nonuniformity of water application at the surface.
Seismic moment tensor and b value variations over successive seismic cycles in laboratory stick‐slip experiments
Authors: Kwiatek Grzegorz , Goebel T. H. W. , Dresen Georg
Published: August 2014

The formation of fault damage due to slip under high normal stresses can rarely be monitored under in situ conditions. To advance our understanding of microfracture processes, we investigated stick‐slip events on Westerly granite samples containing the following: (1) a planar saw cut fault and (2) a fault developed from a fresh fracture surface. We examined temporal changes of seismic moment tensors and b values of acoustic emission (AE) events. During experiment on the saw cut surface, small AEs exhibiting non‐double‐couple components were observed continuously and strong AEs displaying double‐couple components were visible only when approaching the slip onsets. Sliding on naturally fractured surfaces showed, in addition to double‐couple components, significant volumetric contributions, especially during the interslip periods and immediately after stick‐slip events indicating substantial shear‐enhanced compaction within a relatively broad damage zone. The obtained results shed light on how differences in fault structure control the kinematics of microseismicity during different periods of the seismic cycle.
Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: Evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the Main Frontal Thrust
Authors: Bollinger L. , Sapkota S. N. , Tapponnier P. , Klinger Y. , Rizza M. , Van der Woerd J. , Tiwari D. R. , Pandey R. , Bitri A. , Bes de Berc S.
Published: August 2014

The return times of large Himalayan earthquakes are poorly constrained. Despite historical devastation of cities along the mountain range, definitive links between events and specific segments of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) are not established, and paleoseismological records have not documented the occurrence of several similar events at the same location. In east central Nepal, however, recently discovered primary surface ruptures of that megathrust in the A.D. 1255 and 1934 earthquakes are associated with flights of tectonically uplifted terraces. We present here a refined, longer slip history of the MFT's two overlapping strands (Patu and Bardibas Thrusts) in that region, based on updated geomorphic/neotectonic mapping of active faulting, two 1.3 km long shallow seismic profiles, and logging of two river‐cut cliffs, three paleoseismological trenches, and several pits, with constraints from 74 detrital charcoals and 14 cosmogenic nuclide ages. The amount of hanging wall uplift on the Patu thrust since 3650 ± 450 years requires three more events than the two aforementioned. The uplift rate (8.5 ± 1.5 mm/yr), thrust dip (25° ± 5°N), and apparent characteristic behavior imply 12–17.5 m of slip per event. On the Bardibas thrust, discrete pulses of colluvial deposition resulting from the coseismic growth of a flexural fold scarp suggest the occurrence of six or seven paleo‐earthquakes in the last 4500 ± 50 years. The coeval rupture of both strands during great Himalayan earthquakes implies that in eastern Nepal, the late Holocene return times of such earthquakes probably ranged between 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years.
Dynamic triggering of microearthquakes in three geothermal/volcanic regions of California
Authors: Aiken Chastity , Peng Zhigang
Published: August 2014

Geothermal/volcanic regions are most susceptible to local earthquake triggering by regional and remote earthquakes. Transient stresses caused by surface waves of these earthquakes can activate critically stressed faults. Though earthquakes can be triggered in geothermal/volcanic regions, it is less understood how these regions differ in their triggering responses to distant earthquakes. We conduct a systematic survey of local earthquakes triggered by distant earthquakes in three geothermal/volcanic regions of California: Long Valley Caldera, Coso Geothermal Field, and Geysers Geothermal Field. We examine waveforms of distant earthquakes with magnitudes ≥ 5.5 occurring between 2000 and 2012 and compute β statistics to confirm the significance of our findings. We find that Long Valley, Coso, and Geysers vary in triggering frequency—2.0%, 3.8%, and 6.8% in the 12 year period, respectively—and when compared to the triggering of deep tectonic tremors along the Parkfield‐Cholame section of San Andreas Fault (9.2% in the 12 year period). Stress triggering thresholds vary among the regions with Long Valley having the highest of ~5 kPa and ~1 kPa for the other regions. Because dynamic stresses from distant earthquakes are similar in these three regions, the varying triggering behavior likely reflects faults having a tendency to be at or near failure. This is compatible with Geysers having a higher a value in the Gutenberg‐Richter relationship and higher geothermal productivity than the other two regions. The observation of more frequent triggering of tremor than microearthquakes is consistent with recent laboratory studies on increasing triggerability with lower effective stress.
Snow particle speeds in drifting snow
Authors: Nishimura Kouichi , Yokoyama Chika , Ito Yoichi , Nemoto Masaki , Naaim‐Bouvet Florence , Bellot Hervé , Fujita Koji
Published: August 2014

Knowledge of snow particle speeds is necessary for deepening our understanding of the internal structures of drifting snow. In this study, we utilized a snow particle counter (SPC) developed to observe snow particle size distributions and snow mass flux. Using high‐frequency signals from the SPC transducer, we obtained the sizes of individual particles and their durations in the sampling area. Measurements were first conducted in the field, with more precise measurements being obtained in a boundary layer established in a cold wind tunnel. The obtained results were compared with the results of a numerical analysis. Data on snow particle speeds, vertical velocity profiles, and their dependence on wind speed obtained in the field and in the wind tunnel experiments were in good agreement: both snow particle speed and wind speed increased with height, and the former was always 1 to 2 m s−1 less than the latter below a height of 1 m. Thus, we succeeded in obtaining snow particle speeds in drifting snow, as well as revealing the dependence of particle speed on both grain size and wind speed. The results were verified by similar trends observed using random flight simulations. However, the difference between the particle speed and the wind speed in the simulations was much greater than that observed under real conditions. Snow transport by wind is an aeolian process. Thus, the findings presented here should be also applicable to other geophysical processes relating to the aeolian transport of particles, such as blown sand and soil.
General Information on the Marine Environment
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Physicochemical Aspects

Chemical Composition of Seawater

Optical Properties of Seawater

Biological and Ecological Aspects

Primary and Secondary Metabolites

Ecomones: Vectors of Chemical Communication

Phenomena of Dependence

Main Types of Interspecific Relations

The Hierarchy of Ecological Levels and Space Distribution of Marine Organisms

Plant Biodiversity: Phylogeny of the Algae

Animal Biodiversity

Biochemical Characteristics of Sessile Animals

Estimation of Biomass
Basic Marine Pharmacology
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

The Hopes of the Past

The Realities of the Present

Ethnopharmacology

The Triptych: Biodiversity–Chemodiversity–Pharmacodiversity

Methods

Future Directions

Bryostatin 1

DidemninBand DehydrodidemninB

Discodermolide

Dolastatin 10

Ecteinascidin‐743

Halichondrins

KRN7000

Squalamine

Ziconotide (SNX‐111; Prialt™)

Marine Natural Products Marketed as Biological Tools
Documentary Resources
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Short Historical Background

Printed Documentation

Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents

Basic Works

Reference Works

Articles Published in Volumes not Entirely Dedicated to Marine Organisms

Scientific Journals and the Impact Factor

Scientific Journals Specializing in Developments

Articles about Development Published in other Scientific Journals

Proceedings of the Major International Symposia

General Articles on the Synthesis of Marine Natural Products

Electronic Documentation

“Static” Databases

“Dynamic” Databases

Searching for Information on the Internet
Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Frustules: Fundamental Characteristics of Diatoms

Bases of Classification of Diatoms

Primary Metabolites

Photosynthetic Pigments

Membrane Lipids

Terpenic Hydrocarbons and Linear Polyunsaturated Alkenes

Other Terpenic Derivatives: Description of the Two Biosynthetic Pathways

GeneraNitzschiaandPseudo‐nitzschia: Domoic Acid and Analogs

Other Molecules
Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) and Marine Spermatophyta
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

General Aspects

Elements of Classification of Marine Macroalgae

Classification of Chlorophyceae

Chlorophylls, Carotenes, and Xanthophylls

Storage Polysaccharides: Starches

Cell‐Wall Polysaccharides

Matrix Polysaccharides

Membrane Lipids: Fatty Acids and Sterols

Oxylipins

Background on the Secondary Metabolites of Chlorophyceae

Terpenes

Meroterpenes of Dasycladales

Aromatic Derivatives

Amino Acids, Amines, and Betaines

Peptides and Depsipeptides: Kahalalides

Other Nitrogen‐Containing Derivatives

Sulfur‐Containing Derivatives

Marine Spermatophyta (Phanerogams)

Mangrove Plants
Porifera (Sponges)–2
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Secondary Metabolites of Hadromerida and Chondrosida

Perforating Power of Clionaidae

lyso‐Phospholipids and Sulfated Sphingosines ofSpirastrella abata

Brominated Acetylenic Derivatives ofDiplastrella

Cyclic Peroxides

Terpenes

Unconventional Sterols

Macrolactones: Latrunculins and Spongistatins

Atypical Glycosides ofLatrunculia corticata

Other Nitrogen‐Free Toxins

Peptides and Depsipeptides

Pyrrole Derivatives and other Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles

Atypical Nucleosides

Secondary Metabolites of Lithistida

Particular Characteristics of Lithistid Sponges

Unusual Halogenated Fatty Acids

Nitrogen‐Containing Sesquiterpenes ofTheonella

Specific Glycolipids ofTheonella swinhoei, Discodermia calyxandD. dissoluta

Long‐Chain Polyacetylenic Derivatives ofTheonellasp

3β‐Methoxysterols ofJereicopsis graphidiophora

4‐Methylene Sterols and Sterones ofTheonella

Macrolides

Examples of Acetogenins: Discodermolide, Calyculins, and Onnamides

Linear Amides and Peptides

Mono‐ and Bicyclic Peptides

Symbiotic Origin of Some Polypeptides

Cyclic and Linear Depsipeptides

Atypical Nitrogenous Derivatives

Secondary Metabolites ofSpirophorida

Atypical Sterols ofCinachyra, Microscleroderma, andScleritoderma

Cinachyrolide A, Enigmazole A

Microsclerodermins and Aciculitins

Examples of Atypical Derivatives of Some Sponges of the Tetillidae

Secondary Metabolites ofAgelasida

Sterols

Diterpenes and Carotenoids

Gracilioethers ofAgelas gracilis

Merosesquiterpenes and Nitrogen‐Containing Meroditerpenes

Galactosylceramides and Glycolipids

Oroidin and RelatedC11N5Bromopyrrole Alkaloids

Oroidin Series

Agelastatin A Series

Other Series

Pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Other Examples of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles

Betaines

Secondary Metabolites ofHalichondrida

A‐nor‐Steroids and Other Nonconventional Sterols

Conventional Terpenes

Nitrogen‐Containing Terpenes: Isonitriles and Related Derivatives

Other Terpenes

Long‐Chain Linear Polyamines and α,ω‐bis‐isothiocyanates

Polyethers: Halichondrins, Okadaic, and Glycookadaic Acids

Various Lipids

Linear Peptides of the Genera Auletta and Cymbastela

Depsipeptides and Cyclic Peptides

Unusual Amino Acids and Betaines

Pyrrole, Imidazole, Pyridine, Isoquinoline, and Indole Derivatives

Pyrrole Derivatives

Imidazole Derivatives

Pyridine and Isoquinoline Derivatives

Indole Derivatives

Heterocycles Related to the Oroidin Family

Atypical Halogenated and Sulfur‐Containing Derivatives