bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research into an Image Inpainting Algorithm via Multilevel Attention Progression Mechanism
Authors: Li Peng , Chen Yuantao
Published: June 2022

Existing image inpainting schemes generally have the problems of structural disorder and blurred texture details. This is mainly because, in the reconstruction process of the damaged area of the image, it is difficult for the inpainting network to make full use of the information in the nondamaged area to accurately infer the content of the damaged area. Therefore, the paper has proposed an image inpainting network driven by multilevel attention progression mechanism. The proposed network has compressed the high-level features extracted from the full-resolution image into multiscale compact features and then drives the compact features to perform multilevel order according to the scale size. Attention feature progression is to achieve the goal of the full progression of high-level features including structure and details in the network. To further realize fine-grained image inpainting and reconstruction, the paper has also proposed a composite granular discriminator to achieve image inpainting process performing global semantic constraints and nonspecific local dense constraints. The related experimental results in the paper can show that the proposed method can achieve higher quality repair results than state-of-the-art ones.
Novel Design and Optimization of Porous Titanium Structure for Mandibular Reconstruction
Authors: Liu Renshun , Su Yuxiong , Yang Weifa , Dang Xiaobing , Zhang Chunyu , Du Ruxu , Zhong Yong
Published: June 2022

A porous material is considered to be a potential material that can be used to repair bone defects. However, the methods of designing of a highly porous structure within the allowable stress range remain to be researched. Therefore, this study was aimed at presenting a method for generating a three-dimensional tetrahedral porous structure characterized by low peak stress and high porosity for the reconstruction of mandibular defects. Firstly, the initial tetrahedral porous structure was fabricated with the strut diameters set to 0.4 mm and a mean cell size of 2.4 mm in the design model space. Following this, the simulation analysis was carried out. Further, a homogenization algorithm was used for homogenizing the stress distribution, increasing porosity, and controlling peak stress of the porous structure by adjusting the strut diameters. The results showed that compared with the initial porous structure, the position of the large stress regions remained unchanged, and the peak stress fluctuated slightly in the mandible and fixation system with the optimized porous structure under two occlusions. The optimized porous structure had a higher porosity and more uniform stress distribution, and the maximum stress was lower than the target stress value. The design and optimization technique of the porous structure presented in this paper can be used to control peak stress, improve porosity, and fabricate a lightweight scaffold, which provides a potential solution for mandibular reconstruction.
An Integrated Model for On-Site Teaching Quality Evaluation Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Zhuang Wei , Xing Fanan , Fan Jili , Gao Chunming , Zhang Yunhong
Published: June 2022

During on-site teaching for university students, the level of concentration of every student is an important indicator for the evaluation of teaching quality. Traditionally, teachers rely on subjective methods for observing students’ learning status. Due to the volume of on-site crowds, teachers are unable to stay on top of the learning status of each student. Meanwhile, because of the subjective evaluation, the results would not be precise. With the fast development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, it is possible to adopt deep learning technology to achieve scientific evaluation of the classroom teaching quality. This paper proposes an integrated evaluation model based on deep learning technology, incorporating YOLOX model, Retinaface model, and SCN model. Among which, YOLOX model is used to detect the area of the students’ upper body, Retinaface model is adopted to assess the head-up rate, and SCN model is used to recognize the facial expression. The experimental results have shown that our model can achieve 93.1% object detection accuracy, more than 85% face recognition accuracy, and 87.39% expression recognition accuracy. We further develop a model to use the combination of head-up rate and facial expression scores to jointly evaluate classroom teaching quality. Five teaching professors’ evaluations of our classroom video images confirmed that our proposed model is effective in objectively evaluating the on-site teaching quality.
Green Synthesized Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles (CaO NPs) Using Leaves Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Jadhav Vikram , Bhagare Arun , Wahab Shadma , Lokhande Dnyaneshwar , Vaidya Chandraprabha , Dhayagude Akshay , Khalid Mohammad , Aher Jayraj , Mezni Amine , Dutta Mycal
Published: June 2022

Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) have unique catalytic and biological properties; their activities are highly influenced by their morphology; as a result, these characteristics are most needed for various applications in several fields, including material science, environmental science, and medicinal science. The primary motivation for synthesizing CaO NPs using a biological method is to suppress the usage of hazardous chemicals used in making its process, which will be more cost‐effective and ecologically profitable. However, due to the complexity of the biological extracts employed in chemical processes, large‐scale manufacturing of nanoparticles via the green synthesis approach remains a significant problem. As a result, the production of CaO NPs utilizing Moringa oleifera plant leaves aqueous extract as an alternative biological agent for capping, stabilizing, and reducing agents due to rich phytochemical parameters in synthesis was investigated in this study. The structural characterization of the CaO NPs obtained by using UV‐Vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM‐EDS indicates the presence of purity and primarily aggregated spherical nanosized material with an average size of 32.08 nm observed. The XRD study revealed that heat annealing increased the size of the crystallites, favoring monocrystalline. Finally, these findings, together with the cheap cost of synthesizing the plant‐mediated CaO NPs produced, show good antimicrobial (gram‐positive) activities.
LINC00461 Regulates the Recurrence of Large B Cell Lymphoma through the miR-411-5p/BNIP3 Pathway
Authors: Sun Shu-wen , Chen Yan , Liao Hui-juan , Zhang Wei , Xu Wen-ming , He Guo-qian
Published: June 2022

Objective. To analyze the mechanism of LINC00461 regulating the recurrence of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) through microRNA (miR)-411-5p/BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) pathway. Methods. DLBCL samples in TCGA and GSE12453 were used for differential analysis to find long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) related to DLBCL recurrence. The 4 DLBCL data with the highest and lowest expression levels of LINC00461 in the TCGA database were selected for GSEA enrichment analysis. The targeting relationships of miR-411-5p with LINC00461 and BNIP3 were verified by the dual luciferase report. Blood samples from DLBCL patients were used to analyze the correlation between miR-411-5p and LINC00461 or BNIP3. LINC00461, miR-411-5p, or BNIP3 was overexpressed or silenced by transfection, and a tumor-bearing nude mice model was constructed to detect their effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Results. The level of LINC00461 in DLBCL was significantly higher than that in normal cases, and the level in recurrence DLBCL was significantly higher than that in nonrecurrence. The enrichment analysis results showed that the function of LINC00461 was closely related to apoptosis. The results shown that miR-411-5p bound to LINC00461 and BNIP3 and was negatively correlated with LINC00461 and BNIP3 mRNA in blood of DLBCL patients. Suppressing the level of LINC00461 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. The inhibition of LINC00461 or overexpression of miR-411-5p reduced the expression of BNIP3 protein, thereby inducing apoptosis at the in vivo and in vitro levels. Conclusion. LINC00461 may induce miR-411-5p to “sponge,” thereby increasing the expression of BNIP3 protein, and exerting the function of inhibiting apoptosis and promoting DLBCL recurrence.
An Efficient Radio Resource Allocation Scheme considering Terminal Mobility in Dense mmWave Cellular Networks
Authors: Gui Jinsong , Liu Jianglin , Zhou Xinran
Published: June 2022

In millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems, beamforming-enabled directional transmission and network densification are commonly used to reduce high path loss and improve signal coverage quality. The combination of the two approaches will pose a challenge to radio resource allocation, which is especially true when terminals move frequently. The existing works presented some effective solutions for resource allocation in dense mmWave cellular networks, but they assumed that terminals move infrequently. So, these works cannot be directly applied to the dense mmWave cellular networks where terminals move frequently. In this paper, based on the results of the existing beamforming training (BFT) information-aided radio resource allocation algorithm, we propose a relay selection method to select a set of reasonable relays to take over the terminals whose performance deteriorates due to movement, which can ensure that each selected relay is as close as possible to the original performance of the corresponding moved terminal. Then, the resource allocation problem between the Device to Device (D2D) links from the selected relays to the corresponding moved terminals is formulated as a potential game model. By designing the utility function reasonably, the resource allocation results on the D2D links can converge to a Nash equilibrium solution. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme adapts to the scenario with frequent terminal movement, restrains the sharp performance decline caused by terminal movement, and outperforms the existing related algorithms in terms of average energy efficiency and throughput per link.
Application of Recurrent Neural Network Algorithm in Intelligent Detection of Clinical Ultrasound Images of Human Lungs
Authors: Jia Yanjie
Published: June 2022

Lung ultrasound has great application value in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary exudative lesions. It has good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases in neonates and children. It is believed that it can replace chest CT examination. It is routinely used for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in emergency critical care medicine. However, the interpretation of the impact of ultrasound on the human lungs relies heavily on experienced physicians, which greatly restricts the interpretation efficiency of the impact of ultrasound. In order to improve the efficiency of monitoring and interpretation of the impact of ultrasound, this paper proposes an intelligent detection algorithm for human lung clinical ultrasound images based on recurrent neural network. Transfer learning is used to replace the fully connected layer of the VGG16 model and improve the loss function, so that the same the Euclidean distance between category images can be reduced, and the Euclidean distance between different categories of images can be increased, enhancing the resolution of the entire model, thereby achieving better image feature extraction results. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can surpass the doctor’s level in the identification of various lung diseases.
Application of IoT-Oriented Online Education Platform in English Teaching
Authors: Chen Deyong
Published: June 2022

The integration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and education has accelerated due to the rapid growth of national information technology. Thanks to advancements in the internet of things technology, students can learn in a new way using mobile devices and online education platforms. Despite the fact that the internet of things is a science and technology, it can be used in education and teaching. This is especially true in English classes, where the internet of things can help pupils break free from the restrictions of traditional teaching. When teachers and students can instantly access information using internet of things technology, the English teaching process becomes more efficient. Learners can use mobile terminals for online learning and self-control learning steps, arrange learning time, and strengthen learning content based on their own shortcomings. The main contents of this work are as follows: (1) This study designs an internet of things-oriented online education platform for English language teaching, in order to provide a good learning environment and improve their comprehensive English strength. (2) This study offers a new BP network to assess the impact of an IoT-oriented online education platform on English language instruction. In order to improve the ability to search for the optimal solution, the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm was first modified; then, the reverse learning (RL) mechanism was added to the grey wolf algorithm to develop the RLGWO algorithm. Using RLGWO to optimize BP and construct RLGWO-BP, the model is used to evaluate the improvement effect of the internet of things-oriented online education platform on English language teaching. The systematic experiment verifies the validity and reliability of this work.
Potential Food Security Risks and Countermeasures under the Background of Seed Industry Innovation Based on Industry 4.0
Authors: Luo Xiaoxia , Zhou Yingzheng
Published: June 2022

Industry 4.0, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is characterized by process automation and digitization and the use of technologies such as the Internet of things, cloud, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and embedded systems, among others. The application of automation technology based on Industry 4.0 contributes to the realization of a sustainable food security regime. Based on the policy guidance of the “No.1 Document” of the Chinese government on seed industry innovation and the quantitative analysis of the application, authorization, research, and development data of new varieties of agricultural plants in China in recent years, as well as the data of food import and export, this paper studies the risks and challenges facing China’s food security at present and explores the significance, existing problems, and specific countermeasures of resolving food security risks through seed industry innovation.
The Interaction of SWI/SNF with the Ribosome Regulates Translation and Confers Sensitivity to Translation Pathway Inhibitors in Cancers with Complex Perturbations
Authors: Ulicna Livia , Kimmey Samuel C. , Weber Christopher M. , Allard Grace M. , Wang Aihui , Bui Nam Q. , Bendall Sean C. , Crabtree Gerald R. , Bean Gregory R. , Van Rechem Capucine
Published: June 2022

Subunits from the chromatin remodelers mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (mSWI/SNF) are mutated, deleted, or amplified in more than 40% of cancers. Understanding their functions in normal cells and the consequences of cancerous alterations will provide insight into developing new targeted therapies. Here we examined whether mSWI/SNF mutations increase cellular sensitivity to specific drugs. Taking advantage of the DepMap studies, we demonstrate that cancer cells harboring mutations of specific mSWI/SNF subunits exhibit a genetic dependency on translation factors and are sensitive to translation pathway inhibitors. Furthermore, mSWI/SNF subunits were present in the cytoplasm and interacted with the translation initiation machinery, and short-term inhibition and depletion of specific subunits decreased global translation, implicating a direct role for these factors in translation. Depletion of specific mSWI/SNF subunits also increased sensitivity to mTOR-PI3K inhibitors. In patient-derived breast cancer samples, mSWI/SNF subunits expression in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm was substantially altered. In conclusion, an unexpected cytoplasmic role for mSWI/SNF complexes in translation suggests potential new therapeutic opportunities for patients afflicted by cancers demonstrating alterations in their subunits.

Significance:

This work establishes direct functions for mSWI/SNF in translation and demonstrates that alterations in mSWI/SNF confer a therapeutic vulnerability to translation pathway inhibitors in cancer cells.
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Suppress CD8+ T-cell Infiltration and Confer Resistance to Immune-Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Jenkins Liam , Jungwirth Ute , Avgustinova Alexandra , Iravani Marjan , Mills Adam , Haider Syed , Harper James , Isacke Clare M.
Published: June 2022

Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) promotes antitumor immune responses and can result in durable patient benefit. However, response rates in breast cancer patients remain modest, stimulating efforts to discover novel treatment options. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) represent a major component of the breast tumor microenvironment and have known immunosuppressive functions in addition to their well-established roles in directly promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Here we utilized paired syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma models to show that CAF abundance is associated with insensitivity to combination αCTLA4 and αPD-L1 ICB. CAF-rich tumors exhibited an immunologically cold tumor microenvironment, with transcriptomic, flow cytometric, and quantitative histopathologic analyses demonstrating a relationship between CAF density and a CD8+ T-cell–excluded tumor phenotype. The CAF receptor Endo180 (Mrc2) is predominantly expressed on myofibroblastic CAFs, and its genetic deletion depleted a subset of αSMA-expressing CAFs and impaired tumor progression in vivo. The addition of wild-type, but not Endo180-deficient, CAFs in coimplantation studies restricted CD8+ T-cell intratumoral infiltration, and tumors in Endo180 knockout mice exhibited increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration and enhanced sensitivity to ICB compared with tumors in wild-type mice. Clinically, in a trial of melanoma patients, high MRC2 mRNA levels in tumors were associated with a poor response to αPD-1 therapy, highlighting the potential benefits of therapeutically targeting a specific CAF subpopulation in breast and other CAF-rich cancers to improve clinical responses to immunotherapy.

Significance:

Paired syngeneic models help unravel the interplay between CAF and tumor immune evasion, highlighting the benefits of targeting fibroblast subpopulations to improve clinical responses to immunotherapy.
Avian Paramyxovirus 4 Antitumor Activity Leads to Complete Remissions and Long-term Protective Memory in Preclinical Melanoma and Colon Carcinoma Models
Authors: Javaheri Aryana , Bykov Yonina , Mena Ignacio , García-Sastre Adolfo , Cuadrado-Castano Sara
Published: June 2022

Avulaviruses represent a diverse subfamily of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses infecting avian species worldwide. To date, 22 different serotypes have been identified in a variety of avian hosts, including wild and domestic birds. APMV-1 (Avian Paramyxovirus 1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is the only avulavirus that has been extensively characterized because of its relevance for the poultry industry and, more recently, its inherent oncolytic activity and potential as a cancer therapeutic. An array of both naturally occurring and recombinant APMV-1 strains has been tested in different preclinical models and clinical trials, highlighting NDV as a promising viral agent for human cancer therapy. To date, the oncolytic potential of other closely related avulaviruses remains unknown. Here, we have examined the in vivo antitumor capability of prototype strains of APMV serotypes -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, and -9 in syngeneic murine colon carcinoma and melanoma tumor models. Our studies have identified APMV-4 Duck/Hong Kong/D3/1975 virus as a novel oncolytic agent with greater therapeutic potential than one of the NDV clinical candidate strains, La Sota. Intratumoral administration of the naturally occurring APMV-4 virus significantly extends survival, promotes complete remission, and confers protection against rechallenge in both murine colon carcinoma and melanoma tumor models. Furthermore, we have designed a plasmid rescue strategy that allows us to develop recombinant APMV-4–based viruses. The infectious clone rAPMV-4 preserves the extraordinary antitumor capacity of its natural counterpart, paving the way to a promising next generation of viral therapeutics.

Significance:

Discovery of the oncolytic properties of APMV-4 Duck/Hong Kong/D3/1975: a novel cancer therapeutic with natural capacity to exert complete remission and long-term antitumor protection in syngeneic mouse cancer models.
Relationship Disturbances in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Patient Perspective
Authors: Thompson Alyssa M. , Rick Jonathan W. , De Devea R. , Fernandez Jennifer M. , Maarouf Melody , Seivright Justine R. , Hsiao Jennifer L. , Shi Vivian Y.
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) can significantly impact patients’ relationships. Methods: Using an anonymous electronic survey, we aimed to determine what aspects of sexual relationships are affected by HS discomfort and patients’ reluctance to discuss HS with their partner. Results: Among the 873 participants, 60.9% reported that some aspect of their relationship was affected by HS discomfort, with the greatest being their sexual encounters with spouse (49.1%). Furthermore, 43.0% (320) of participants reported feeling reluctant to discuss HS with their spouse/significant other, with the more common reason being fear of partner seeing boils and scars (84.7%). Multiple aspects of relationships can be affected by HS such as sexual encounters, overall relationship, and finding a relationship. Additionally, several communication barriers are present, such as fear of partner seeing boils and scars, partner thinking they had an infection such as a sexually transmitted disease, and fear of bloody or malodorous drainage, among others. The presence of anogenital pain, Hurley stage, gender, and age significantly affect these findings. Conclusion: Addressing HS-related relationship disturbances should be included in HS management.
From calcium imaging to graph topology
Authors: Blevins Ann S. , Bassett Dani S. , Scott Ethan K. , Vanwalleghem Gilles C.
Published: June 2022

Systems neuroscience is facing an ever-growing mountain of data. Recent advances in protein engineering and microscopy have together led to a paradigm shift in neuroscience; using fluorescence, we can now image the activity of every neuron through the whole brain of behaving animals. Even in larger organisms, the number of neurons that we can record simultaneously is increasing exponentially with time. This increase in the dimensionality of the data is being met with an explosion of computational and mathematical methods, each using disparate terminology, distinct approaches, and diverse mathematical concepts. Here we collect, organize, and explain multiple data analysis techniques that have been, or could be, applied to whole-brain imaging, using larval zebrafish as an example model. We begin with methods such as linear regression that are designed to detect relations between two variables. Next, we progress through network science and applied topological methods, which focus on the patterns of relations among many variables. Finally, we highlight the potential of generative models that could provide testable hypotheses on wiring rules and network progression through time, or disease progression. While we use examples of imaging from larval zebrafish, these approaches are suitable for any population-scale neural network modeling, and indeed, to applications beyond systems neuroscience. Computational approaches from network science and applied topology are not limited to larval zebrafish, or even to systems neuroscience, and we therefore conclude with a discussion of how such methods can be applied to diverse problems across the biological sciences.
What Are the Odds?
Authors: Adamson Grant
Published: June 2022

This article critiques prior epistolary analysis of the Mar Saba Clementine done by Jeff Jay in comparison with a variety of other Greek and Latin epistles. As a closer match, it brings forward Serapion’s letter on the Gospel of Peter apud Eusebius. Due to a pair of formal and conceptual parallels, combined in the Historia ecclesiastica, the article hypothesizes that Morton Smith’s discovery is a modern forgery, which he based upon Eusebius’s excerpt of Serapion in Hist. eccl. 6.12 and upon Eusebius’s paraphrase of the authentic Clement in Hist. eccl. 6.14.
Jesus as Benefactor
Authors: Jantsch Torsten
Published: June 2022

This article argues that a thus far neglected aspect of Luke’s Christology is the portrayal of Jesus as a benefactor. It interprets the use of lexemes of the semantic domain euergetes (“benefactor”) in Luke-Acts (Luke 22:25; Acts 4:9; 10:38) against the background of ancient sources. The common feature of designating kings and emperors as saviours and benefactors fits perfectly, both with Luke’s use of the title “saviour” for Jesus and with his royal Christology, but adds a decisive new aspect: Jesus, the heavenly lord and judge, is not a tyrant, but a beneficial ruler.
Evaluating the Response of Diurnal Variations in Surface and Air Temperature to Evaporative Conditions across Vegetation Types in FLUXNET and ERA5
Authors: Panwar Annu , Kleidon Axel
Published: June 2022

The diurnal variations of surface and air temperature are closely related, but their different responses to evaporative conditions can inform us about land–atmosphere interactions. Here, we evaluate the responses of the diurnal ranges in surface (ΔTs) and air (ΔTa) temperature to evaporative fraction at 160 FLUXNET sites and in the ERA5 reanalysis. We show that the sensitivity of ΔTs to evaporative fraction depends on vegetation type, whereas ΔTa does not. On days with low evaporative fraction, ΔTs in FLUXNET is enhanced by up to ∼20 K (∼30 K in ERA5) in short vegetation, but only by up to ∼10 K (∼10 K in ERA5) in forests. Note that ΔTa responds rather similarly to evaporative fraction irrespective of vegetation type (∼5 K in FLUXNET, ∼10 K in ERA5). We find a systematic bias in ERA5’s ΔT response to evaporative conditions, showing a stronger sensitivity to evaporative fraction than in FLUXNET. We then demonstrate with a simple atmospheric boundary layer (SABL) model that the weak response of ΔTa to evaporative fraction can be explained by greater boundary layer growth under dry conditions, which increases the heat storage capacity and reduces the response of air temperature to evaporative fraction. Additionally, using a simplified surface energy balance (SSEB) model we show that ΔTs mainly responds to solar radiation, evaporative fraction, and aerodynamic conductance. We conclude that the dominant patterns of diurnal temperature variations can be explained by fundamental physical concepts, which should help us to better understand the main controls of land–atmosphere interactions.

Significance Statement

Generally, air temperature is used more widely than the surface temperature, and often they are assumed to be equivalent. However, we show that their responses to changes in vegetation type and evaporative conditions are quite different. Using FLUXNET observations, ERA5 reanalysis, and two simple physical models, we found that these responses are much stronger in surface temperature, especially in short vegetation, and relatively weaker in air temperature. Despite being measured just 2 m above the surface, air temperature carries lesser imprints of evaporation and vegetation than the surface temperature because of boundary layer dynamics. These findings suggest the importance of coupled land–atmosphere processes in shaping surface and air temperature differently and provide insights on their distinctive responses to global changes.
Sources and Pathways of Intraseasonal Meridional Kinetic Energy in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Körner Mareike , Claus Martin , Brandt Peter , Tuchen Franz Philip
Published: June 2022

In the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, meridional velocity variability exhibits a pronounced peak on intraseasonal time scales whereas zonal velocity dominantly varies on seasonal to interannual time scales. We focus on the intraseasonal meridional velocity variability away from the near-surface layer, its source regions, and its pathways into the deep ocean. This deep intraseasonal velocity variability plays a key role in equatorial dynamics as it is an important energy source for the deep equatorial circulation. The results are based on the output of a high-resolution ocean model revealing intraseasonal energy levels along the equator at all depths that are in good agreement with shipboard and moored velocity data. Spectral analyses reveal a pronounced signal of intraseasonal Yanai waves with westward phase velocities and zonal wavelengths longer than 450 km. Different sources and characteristics of these Yanai waves are identified: near the surface between 40° and 10°W, low-baroclinic-mode Yanai waves with periods of around 30 days are excited. These waves have a strong seasonal cycle with a maximum in August. High-frequency Yanai waves (10–20-day period) are excited at the surface east of 10°W. In the region between the North Brazil Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent, high-baroclinic-mode Yanai waves with periods between 30 and 40 days are generated. Yanai waves with longer periods (40–80 days) are shed from the deep western boundary current. The Yanai wave energy is carried along beams eastward and downward, thus explaining differences in strength, structure, and periodicity of the meridional intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.

Significance Statement

Past studies show that intraseasonal meridional kinetic energy is important for the deep equatorial circulation (DEC). However, numerical studies use intraseasonal variability with varying characteristics to investigate the formation and maintenance of the DEC. This is partly because of sparse observations at depth that are limited to single locations. This study investigates intraseasonal meridional kinetic energy in the equatorial Atlantic in a high-resolution ocean model that is tested against available shipboard and moored observations. We analyze the spatial and temporal distribution and the baroclinic structure of intraseasonal variability. Using the model, we identify different sources and pathways of intraseasonal energy in the deep equatorial Atlantic. We offer groundwork for further studies on the formation and maintenance of the DEC.
Meddies and Their Sea Surface Expressions: Observations and Theory
Authors: Ienna Federico , Bashmachnikov Igor , Dias Joaquim
Published: June 2022

The sea surface expressions of Mediterranean Water eddies, known as “meddies,” are observed in satellite data, and their main characteristics are measured. Satellite altimeter observations of surface expressions are detected over the meddies observed in situ using the MEDTRANS meddy dataset (1950–2013). In this study 209 observed meddy cores in the North Atlantic Ocean, selected over the period of the 22 years of sea surface height measurements with satellite altimetry (1993–2013), were analyzed. Results show relatively good agreement between the theoretical estimates of the meddy surface signals as reported by Bashmachnikov and Carton and the measured surface expressions. It was found that, on average, the theoretical results underestimate the measured sea surface elevations of the meddy surface expressions by a factor of 2. Although the variability of the measured expressions is reasonably well described by the combination of meddy core and the ocean background parameters of the theoretical expression, we cannot define a single individual parameter of the meddy core, which chiefly shapes the magnitude of the meddy surface signal. Interestingly, the overall distribution of characteristics of meddy surface expressions in the Atlantic shows that the sea level anomalies formed by meddies intensify westward, growing both in magnitude and radius. This opposes the expected theoretical decrease of meddy surface signals due to a known progressive decay of the meddy cores with distance from their generation region at the Iberian continental slope. This observed tendency is attributed to meddy interaction with the upper-ocean currents and other eddies (in particular in the region of the North Atlantic Current and Azores Current) that are not considered by the theory.
GOES ABI Detection of Thin Cirrus over Land
Authors: McHardy Theodore M. , Campbell James R. , Peterson David A. , Lolli Simone , Garnier Anne , Kuciauskas Arunas P. , Surratt Melinda L. , Marquis Jared W. , Miller Steven D. , Dolinar Erica K. , Dong Xiquan
Published: June 2022

This study develops a new thin cirrus detection algorithm applicable to overland scenes. The methodology builds from a previously developed overwater algorithm, which makes use of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 16 (GOES-16) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) channel 4 radiance (1.378-μm “cirrus” band). Calibration of this algorithm is based on coincident Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) cloud profiles. Emphasis is placed on rejection of false detections that are more common in overland scenes. Clear-sky false alarm rates over land are examined as a function of precipitable water vapor (PWV), showing that nearly all pixels having a PWV of <0.4 cm produce false alarms. Enforcing an above-cloud PWV minimum threshold of ∼1 cm ensures that most low-/midlevel clouds are not misclassified as cirrus by the algorithm. Pixel-filtering based on the total column PWV and the PWV for a layer between the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and a predetermined altitude H removes significant land surface and low-/midlevel cloud false alarms from the overall sample while preserving over 80% of valid cirrus pixels. Additionally, the use of an aggressive PWV layer threshold preferentially removes noncirrus pixels such that the remaining sample is composed of nearly 70% cirrus pixels, at the cost of a much-reduced overall sample size. This study shows that lower-tropospheric clouds are a much more significant source of uncertainty in cirrus detection than the land surface.
Observing the classroom literacy environment of children on the autism spectrum in specialist classrooms
Authors: Walker Sue , Clendon Sally , Paynter Jessica , Flückiger Beverley , Bowen Rachael , Sullivan Roslyn , Westerveld Marleen
Published: June 2022

There is increasing awareness of the high levels of support needed for literacy learning for children on the autism spectrum. Although research has investigated the quality of the classroom literacy environment, little attention has been paid to examining the classroom literacy environment in specialist classrooms catering specifically for children on the spectrum. The current study used the Early Language and Literacy Classroom Observation (ELLCO) to guide observations, combined with stimulated recall and semi-structured teacher interviews to explore the classroom environments and teacher practices used to support children on the spectrum. Ten teachers from two primary specialist schools participated. The findings highlighted the strong focus on language development and foundational literacy skills across the early years in both schools. Findings demonstrated the potential utility of an observation checklist such as the ELLCO in guiding observations when augmented by stimulated recall interviews. Suggestions are provided for assessing the literacy environment in specialist classrooms for children on the spectrum.
Pedagogy matters: Positive steps towards Indigenous cultural competency in a pre-service teacher cohort
Authors: Macdonald Mary-anne , Gringart Eyal , Booth Sarah , Somerville Robert
Published: June 2022

The present study aimed to empirically evaluate the knowledges, attitudes and perspectives of pre-service teachers towards Indigenous peoples, and to identify relationships between student learning experiences and student knowledges, attitudes and preparedness to work with Indigenous peoples, at one Australian university. The project was part of a broader mixed-methods study utilising an Indigenous Graduate Attribute evaluation instrument developed by Indigenous scholars at another Australian university, hence we also present construct validation of the instrument for the present sample. The project identified that students entered the units with positive attitudes towards Indigenous peoples and knowledges and found value in their learning. Students reported that the units facilitated authentic engagement with Indigenous standpoints even though some educators were non-Indigenous. Visible pedagogical and content decisions such as Indigenous leadership in the course, collaboration between Indigenous and non-Indigenous staff, professionally relevant learning opportunities, and engaging with Indigenous perspectives through assessment were all identified to be related to positive experiences of learning.
COVID-19, distress and potential trauma exposure in the police service of England and Wales: A mixed method approach
Authors: Elliott-Davies Mary
Published: June 2022

This study provides an initial exploration into the impact of COVID-19 on the exposure of police officers to potentially traumatic events and their subsequent impacts on wellbeing. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered from over twelve thousand rank-and-file officers across England and Wales in Autumn 2020, via an online survey. The results not only identify several frequently experienced COVID-related duties and events that are potentially detrimental to officer wellbeing; but that these exposures are related to an officer’s rank and role. These results offer valuable information that may help forces target key resources towards those that need it most.
Prophylactic mesh placement in emergency midline laparotomy for intestinal perforation peritonitis: An appeal for caution
Authors: Kumar Vivek Vijay , Verma Amrendra , Thakur Dileep Singh , Somashekar Uday , Kothari Reena , Sharma Dhananjaya
Published: June 2022

Prophylactic mesh placement (PMP) is increasingly being used to reduce the incidence of incisional hernia after routine and emergency midline laparotomy (EML). However, such studies are not available for EMLs done solely for intestinal perforation. Patients who underwent non-absorbable PMP during EML for intestinal perforation (Group A, 15 patients) were compared with those who had a conventional abdominal wall closure (Group B, 20 patients). The incidence of wound dehiscence was significantly higher in Group A, while surgical site infection (SSI), and incisional hernia were similar in both groups. Mesh explantation was needed in half the cases. A prophylactically placed non-absorbable mesh in patients undergoing EML for intestinal perforation is associated with significantly higher rates of wound dehiscence and of mesh explantation and therefore, routine use of such a mesh appears not to be justified.
Governance of Gene-edited Plants: Insights from the History of Biotechnology Oversight and Policy Process Theory
Authors: Kuzma Jennifer
Published: June 2022

The history of US biotechnology oversight for genetically modified plants is analyzed in the context of policy process theories to derive insights for contemporary governance of gene-edited plants. The Advocacy Coalition Framework sheds light on how opposing coalitions with different policy beliefs struggled to influence oversight, along with coalition disputes over the scope of issues that should be considered in regulatory policy-making. The Multiple Streams Approach and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory explain how focusing events arising from these struggles opened “windows of opportunity” to put issues on the public policy agenda and force changes to oversight over time. For example, nongovernmental organizations had a prominent role in bringing legal challenges through federal courts or in raising attention to risk issues in the media—efforts that prompted advancements in federal regulations, guidance documents, or risk-mitigation practices for biotechnology oversight. These policy dynamics depended on public information to bring controversies to light and elicit a policy response. However, recent biotech regulations allow for gene-edited crops to enter the marketplace without requirements for public disclosure or tracking. Lack of transparency jeopardizes the public legitimacy of gene-edited crops, venues for public participation in biotechnology oversight, and ultimately responsiveness to adapt oversight to future biotech products and emerging risks.
An Integrative Review of the Research on Teen Mothers’ Resilience
Authors: SmithBattle Lee , Phengnum Wisitsri
Published: June 2022

Greater attention to teen mothers’ strengths and aspirations has generated interest in their resilience. An integrative review of the research was undertaken to determine how teen mothers’ resilience, risks, and protective factors are conceptualized across methodological approaches. In total, 10 databases were searched in 2021 to identify relevant studies. Of the 32 studies meeting criteria, the majority were conducted in the United States. Qualitative studies mined teen mothers’ accounts for resilient processes, adversities, and protective factors while quantitative studies operationalized variables based on the resilience framework. The studies in this review present a more balanced and contextual perspective on teen mothers and suggest broader notions of their competence, success, and vulnerabilities. Several studies draw attention to the potential costs of resilience and the heterogeneity of teen mothers. Unfortunately, this research shows little cross-fertilization across methods. Implications of the findings for future research, policy, and practice are described.
The Evolution of Regulatory Toxicology: Where is the Gardener?
Authors: Landsiedel Robert , Birk Barbara , Funk-Weyer Dorothee
Published: June 2022

There is a need for paradigm change in the methodology employed for toxicological testing and assessment. It could be said that this change is well on its way, through an evolutionary progress analogous to that of natural selection. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution has defined the idea of evolution and descendancy since the last third of the 19th century. Increasingly, this concept of ‘evolution’ is being applied beyond the field of biology. This Comment article discusses the progress of toxicological testing in the context of ‘evolutionary pressure’ and deliberates how this process can help foster the development, implementation and acceptance of mechanistic and human-relevant methods in this field. By comparing the current regulatory landscape in toxicity testing and assessment to specific elements in Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory, we aim to better understand the needs and requirements for the future.
Itinerant urbanization: On circles, fractals and the critique of segmented space
Authors: Crowley Thomas , Ghertner D Asher
Published: June 2022

This article discusses the ways that Lefebvrian thinking on urbanization has found a purchase in Indian urban and anti-caste scholarship, and conversely, how compelling new figures of the urban have emerged from Indian scholarship that productively enliven Lefebvrian categories, refusing any separation between the experimentalism of everyday life and the political economy of space. The article explores a sense of “itinerant urbanization” at two levels: at an empirical level, it describes the urban as a tentative condition of becoming that is always on the move and inter-mixed with its non-urban other. At a more theoretical level, itinerant urbanization is an acknowledgment of the tremendous generativity of Indian scholarship’s own itineracy, which produces a transversal relation with not only metropolitan urban theory, but also agrarian Marxism and rich scholarship on embedded geographies of caste. The article suggests that theorizations of the Indian urban—some expressly drawing on Lefebvre, but many not—offer spatial figures that work with but extend Lefebvrian dynamics of concentration and extension. It specifically draws from anti-caste thought to discuss circles, fractals and segmented planes as ways to capture emergent productions of space that avoid center/periphery binaries and to add explicitly postcolonial and anti-caste political commitments to urbanization debates.
On-manifold probabilistic Iterative Closest Point: Application to underwater karst exploration
Authors: Breux Yohan , Mas André , Lapierre Lionel
Published: June 2022

This paper proposes MpIC, an on-manifold derivation of the probabilistic Iterative Correspondence (pIC) algorithm, which is a stochastic version of the original Iterative Closest Point. It is developed in the context of autonomous underwater karst exploration based on acoustic sonars. First, a derivation of pIC based on the Lie group structure of [Formula: see text] is developed. The closed-form expression of the covariance modeling the estimated rigid transformation is also provided. In a second part, its application to 3D scan matching between acoustic sonar measurements is proposed. It is a prolongation of previous work on elevation angle estimation from wide-beam acoustic sonar. While the pIC approach proposed is intended to be a key component in a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping framework, this paper focuses on assessing its viability on a unitary basis. As ground truth data in karst aquifer are difficult to obtain, quantitative experiments are carried out on a simulated karst environment and show improvement compared to previous state-of-the-art approach. The algorithm is also evaluated on a real underwater cave dataset demonstrating its practical applicability.
The impact of different types of screen time on school-aged children’s quality of life and participation
Authors: Ye Winnie , Brown Ted , Yu Mong-Lin
Published: June 2022

Introduction

This study investigated the impact of different types of screen time on quality of life and participation in school-aged children.

Method

Twenty-nine typically developing children (mean age: 9.34 [Formula: see text] 1.37, range: 8–14 years) and 20 of their parents completed the Children Screen Time Use Report, the KIDSCREEN-52 and the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth. Spearman rho correlations and linear regressions with bootstrapping were used to assess associations between screen time, health-related quality of life and activity participation.

Results

Regression analysis identified that passive screen time was a significant predictor of various KIDSCREEN-52 domains: physical wellbeing ( b = −0.445, SE B = 0.008, p = .016), autonomy ( b = −0.445, SE B = 0.011, p = .016) and social acceptance ( b = 0.447, SE B = 0.007, p = .048). Educational, social and passive screen time were positively correlated with increased participation in home, community and school activities, respectively.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that passive screen time was mostly predictive of lower quality of life levels. However, passive, educational and social screen time positively correlate with participation in typically developing school-aged children. These findings assist occupational therapists to understand the impact of screen time on health and participation in children.