bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of flooding on the availability of zinc and manganese to rice
Authors: Tiller K. G. , Wassermann P.
Published: February 2007

Der Einfluß eines Wasserüberstaus auf die Verfügbarkeit von Zink und Mangan für Reis.

És wurde der Einfluß eines Wasserüberstaus auf die Verfügbarkeit von Zink und Mangan für Reis in Gefäßversuchen durch Messung der isotopischen Nährstoffverdünnung in doppelt markierten Böden untersucht. Die Meßergebnisse dieses Verfahrens wurden durch eine sechswöchige Inkubation vor der Pflanzung nicht wesentlich beeinflußt–jedoch durch Hinzufügung des Isotopenträgers–besonders für Zink.

Der Überstau verdoppelte etwa die Gesamtmenge verfügbaren Mangans (MnL), während das verfügbare Zink (ZnL) bei allen Böden nur wenig anstieg. Trotzdem nahm die Konzentration an Zink und Mangan in der Pflanze bei Wasserstau z.T. erheblich ab.

Das isotopische Verdünnungsverfahren bestätigt, daß für nichtüberstaute Böden das Hydrochinon‐Verfahren von Jones und Leeper (1951) das gesamte verfügbare Mangan am besten erfaßt, während für überstaute Böden vermutlich die Extraktion mit EDTA‐enthaltendem Hydrochinon (nach Beckwith, 1955) das durch Überstau freigesetzte Mangan befriedigend ermittelt.

Es wird eine Hypothese aufgestellt, daß in nicht überstauten Böden lediglich das direkt an der Oberfläche der Mn‐oxide lokalisierte Mn an der Mn‐Versorgung der Pflanze teil hat. Der Anstieg von gelöstem Mn durch Wasserüberstau kommt vermutlich durch Beteiligung der nächst tieferen Schicht zustande, nachdem die unmittelbare Oberflächenschicht gelöst oder reorganisiert wurde.
Ein Beitrag zu Fragen der Methodik von Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen mit Hilfe der Neutronensonde
Authors: Schröder D.
Published: February 2007

A Methodical Study on Soil Moisture Determination by the Neutron Scattering Method

The use of the neutron scattering probe for the determination of soil moisture content in 60 plots in Dikopshof fertilisation experimental station for two years had required the study of some methodical aspects. One of the points is to get the standard curve.

It was found that the standard curves taken from the model and from the field were nearly identical. Although regression analysis of the standard curve yield linear shapes, significance for non linear curves, was also obtained.

The centre of sensitivity was more easily obtained by lowering the probe between two water filled containers than by the usual method.
Der Einfluß einer Kalkung auf Aggregatstabilität und Eindringwiderstand zweier Lößböden
Authors: Becher H. H. , Schwertmann U.
Published: February 2007

Aggregate Stability and Penetration Resistance of two Normal and Limed Soils

To investigate the meliorative effect of liming, the aggregate stability (determined by wet sieving and sedimentation) and the penetration resistance (by a previously described method (Becher 1973 a) of unlimed and limed samples of two field experiments on a Brown Earth‐Pseudogley and a Humic Pseudogley were determined. Penetration resistance decreased with decreasing water suction, but it did not show significant relation to liming. Aggregate stability was increased by liming on the Brown Earth‐Pseudogley but was lowered on the Humic Pseudogley, while penetration resistance was only influenced in some cases. The behaviour of the Humic Pseudogley was explained by its exceptional high organic matter content (5–6%).
Stickstoffverbindungen in Böden und ihre Beziehung zur Humusdynamik. 2. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung und Zuordnung des Amidstickstoffs
Authors: Aldag Rudolf , Kickuth Reinhold
Published: February 2007

Nitrogen compounds in soils and their relation to humus dynamics. 2. Communication: On the determination and attachment of amide‐nitrogen

The amide‐nitrogen fraction in soils – so far very insufficiently defined – has been determined in the hydrolysates of 12 different soil samples.

The proposed procedure allows to split this amide‐nitrogen fraction into two better befined N‐fractions, namely: real amide‐N (EAN) and pseudo‐amide‐N (PAN). This splitting is based on.

1.) a detailed N‐fractionation, especially a quantitation of aspartic acid + glutamic acid (AG) and ammonia in the hydrolysate,

2.) on the fact, that pure proteins and „soil proteins”︁ do not significantly differ in terms of their amino acid composition (average basis per mol protein) and deductive hereupon

3.) on the assumption, that the calculated NH4/AG‐ ratio of 0,5 from pure proteins can be transferred to „soil proteins”︁.

Methodically the real amide‐N (EAN) and the pseudo‐amide‐N (PAN) are determined as follows: After quantitation of aspartic acid + glutamic acid (AG) in the soil hydrolysate EAN can be calculated by the equation: EAN = (AG) X 0,5. PAN amounts to the difference between Ammonia of the hydrolysate and EAN.

For the 12 soil samples the PAN/EAN‐ratios are in the range 1,5–11,7.
Ansammlungen von biogenem Opal im A2‐Horizont eines Planosols
Authors: Stephan S.
Published: February 2007

Accumulation of Biogenetic Opal in the A2‐Horizon of a Planosol

The planosol examined develops in the centre of Santa Fe Province (Argentine) among Brunizem‐soils, in a depression which sometimes is under water. Its A2‐horizon is dominated by biogenetic opal whose production is favoured by a high content of volcanic glass rich in silicic acid. The horizon is indurated, when dry.
Langstreckentransport von Calcium in Stolonen von Kartoffelpflanzen
Authors: Krauß A. , Marschner H.
Published: February 2007

Long‐distance transport of calcium in stolons in potato plants

In potato plants grown in water culture the influence of the tuber growth rate and the Ca supply to the tubers as well as the effect of the relative humidity around the stolons and tubers on the 45Ca translocation in the stolon was investigated.

If the stolon tip or the tuber were supplied with additional exogenous Ca and the relative humidity around the stolon or tuber was very high then 45Ca applied to the roots was translocated in a negligible amount into the stolon or tuber. Even when the supply of exogenous Ca to the tubers was low, the tubers exerted no “sink”‐effect on the 45Ca translocation within the stolon.

Under conditions of high relative humidity around the stolon 45Ca applied to the stolon surface was nearly exclusively translocated in direction of the shoot. In contrast, under low relative humidity around the stolon or tuber 45Ca applied to the stolon surface or to the root system was translocated into the stolon tip and into the tuber.

The results indicate that within the stolon Ca is exclusively translocated in the xylem. A “sink”‐effect of the tuber on the Ca translocation into the stolon as well as within the stolon was not been observed.
Kupferaufnahme und Proteinsynthese bei Sommerweizen im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode
Authors: Linser H. , Kühn H. , Zahiri A. , Zeid F. A.
Published: February 2007

The copper content (on pure protein basis) of whole summer‐wheat plants remained nearly constant during the vegetative part of growth. However the contents were higher in the last third of the vegetation period.

Increased copper supply considerably increased the copper content of plants (on pure protein basis) throughout the vegetation period (12–65 %).

The copper content (on pure protein basis), after beginning of grain development, was 5–3 times higher (depending on copper supply) in vegetative organs than in grains, which would mean, that translocation of copper from the vegetative parts into the generative organs did not occur to the same extent as did the protein building components. The significance and possible cause of this phenomenon are discussed.

The uptake capacity of plants for copper (% per day on pure protein basis) increased strongly, reaching maximum, from 20th till 30th days of growth, then decreased nearly to zero by 45th day and remained fluctuating with low values between 50th and 80th day. Practically there was no uptake capacity after 80th day.

A theory on the close relationship between the synthesis capacity of system for system and the uptake of mineral nutrients is postulated.

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Foliar Application and Pre‐Sowing Treatment of Cereals with Selenite
Authors: Gissel‐Nielsen Gunnar
Published: February 2007

Blattspritzung und Saatgutbehandlung von Getreiden mit Selenit.

Um die Selenkonzentration auf mehr als 0.05 ppm Se zu erhöhen, welches das für die tierische Ernährung erforderliche Minimum ist, wurde Selenit auf 5–6 Wochen alte Gerstenpflanzen gesprüht. In zwei Feldversuchen — von 1972 und 1973 — wurde Selen in Form von Selenit in Konzentrationen von 0.5 bis 50 g Se auf 3001 Wasser pro Hektar gebraucht. Die Ergebnisse wiesen einige Unterschiede zwischen den Versuchen auf, für beide Jahre waren jedoch 5 g Se pro Hektar ausreichend, um in der Gerste eine Selenkonzentration von 0.05 ppm oder mehr zu erreichen.

Untersucht wurde der Einfluß von Nitrogen und Schwefel auf die Blattaufnahme von Selenit in einem Topfversuch, bei dem als 75Se gekennzeichnetes Selenit verwendet wurde. Der Nitrogen‐ und Schwefel‐Zustand der Pflanzen hatte einen deutlichen Einfluß auf den Transport von Selenit von den Blättern zum Korn.

Die Behandlung von Saat‐Gerste mit Selenit wurde in einem Topfversuch untersucht. Um die gleichen Endresultate zu erhalten, war die gleiche Menge Selen notwendig, die man benötigte, wenn Selenit im Düngemittel zugeführt wurde, dieses ist ungefähr 20mal soviel wie beim Besprühen der jungen Pflanzen mit Selenit gebraucht wird. Solche Vor‐Saatbehandlung von Gerstensaat resultiert in Konzentrationen von mehreren hundert ppm Se, welches das Saatmaterial für Tiere äußerst giftig macht.

Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, daß die Sprühmethode mit Selenit auf 5–6 Wochen alte Getreidepflanzen eine vollauf annehmbare Behandlungsart zu sein scheint, um einen von Natur aus zu niedrigen Selen‐Inhalt auszugleichen.
Urankonzentration in Böden und ihre mögliche Nutzung als Prospektionshilfe
Authors: Scharpenseel H. W. , Pietig F. , Kruse E.
Published: February 2007

Uranium concentrations of soils, and their use for prospection.

U3O8 ‐ concentration in about 300 samples, exceed but in few hydromorphous and subhydric materials 5 ppm, not so in A‐horizons of marsh soils and samples taken from deposits of the small streams and creeks to and from the Eifel‐maar's. Elevated U3O8‐concentrations observed in maar gyttja could be due to volcanic discharge into the maar.

In uranium bearing crystallin regions (regions Mähring, Böhmerwald; Weißenstadt, Fichtelgebirge; Ellweiler, Nahesenke; Menzenschwand and Wittichen near Alpirsbach, Black Forest) all measurement indicated strongly elevated U3O8 ‐ concentrations, especially in creek deposits and gley soil, but not so in A and B horizons of terrestric soils (dystrophic cambisols) even in the core of the uranium bearing region. Thus, U3O8 analysis in creek deposits and gleys can render assistance in uranium prospections.

U3O8 measurements in soil fractions are highest in the acid treated fractions ‘fulvic acid’ and ‘residue after humine precipitation’. Uranium contents relative to sample ‐ C are highest in the whole soil and extraction residue of the soil, pointing either to stronger link with the mineral part of the soil or to desorption of the uranium from the humic matter fractions in course of the alkali extraction.
Linolsäure‐ und Tocopherolgehalt von Sonnenblumenfrüchten in Abhängigkeit von Sorte und Standort
Authors: Dompert W. , Beringer H. , Michael G.
Published: February 2007

Linoleic acid and tocopherol contents of sunflower fruits as depending on different varieties and localities.

Six sunflower varieties were grown in Germany, Romania and Zambia. All varieties showed a lower percentage in linoleic acid and a higher percentage in oleic acid if grown in Zambia. Additionally the ratio of α‐Tocopherol: linoleic acid was increased in all varieties.

Wir danken der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für finanzielle Unterstützung und Fräulein V. Fischer für technische Hilfe.
Reinprotein, Chlorophyll, Carotin und Kohlenhydrate bei Daucus carota im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode des ersten Jahres unter dem Einfluß von Wachstumsregulatoren
Authors: Linser H. , Zeid F. A.
Published: February 2007

Pure protein, chlorophyll, carotene, and carbohydrates of Daucus carota throughout the vegetative period of first year as influenced by growth regulators (CCC, GA and BA).

1) Carrot plants were treated for 9 weeks with gibberellic acid (GA3), benzyladenine (BA) and chlorcholinechloride (CCC). 2) Yield of carrot roots (g/plant) was reduced by GA, and changed insignificantly by CCC and BA. Leaf yield was increased with GA and BA, and decreased with CCC. 3) The quantity of pure protein in carrot roots (mg/plant) increased with CCC and decreased with GA and BA. Opposite results were obtained for leaves. 4) The quantity of hydrolysable carbohydrates (g/plant) in roots decreased with GA, BA and CCC. In leaves GA and BA increased the yield of carbohydrates whereas CCC decreased it. 5) The quantity of carotene (mg/plant) in roots decreased strongly with GA and negligibly with BA. CCC increased the yield of carotene. 6) The quantity of chlorophyll (mg/plant) increased with GA and decreased with CCC. BA increased chlorophyll during the first half phase of the vegetative period and decreased in the other half phase. 7) Following relations were calculated for the duration of the vegetative period: a) hydrolysable carbohydrates to pure protein of leaves and roots. b) carotene (in the roots) to pure protein (in the leaves) c) Carotene (in the roots) to carbohydrates (in the roots) d) carbohydrates to chlorophyll in the leaves, furthermore was calculated e) the storing power of the living system of leaves for carbohydrates in the roots. 8) The time curves for daily synthesis capacity of system of leaves or their storing capacity for products in the roots show that protein, chlorophyll and carotene of leaves behave as components of the system while carbohydrates (as expected) belog to the product. Contrary to that the daily storing capacity of the system of leaves shows that protein, carotene and carbohydrates in the roots belong to the product. Thus the root proves to be a genuine storage organ in which the major quantities of protein and carotene are not involved in the metabolic processes but can be regarded as stored or end products. .
Auswirkungen von Lockerungsmaßnahmen auf das Bodengefüge von Pseudogleyen
Authors: Schröder D.
Published: February 2007

Effect of sub‐soiling on the physical characteristics of pseudogleys..

Physical studies on eight soils that had been sub‐soiled over a range from two to twelve years before, showed that after two years the loosening of the subsoil was still god. The soils that had been sub‐soiled eight to twelve years before were only slightly better than the untreated ones. Available water capacity for plants could not be increased. On the other hand it was possible to decrease mechanical compactness of the soil and to cultivate the soil earlier in the year.
Mögliche Ursachen der Mangan‐Toleranz bestimmter Reis‐Sorten
Authors: Isermann K.
Published: February 2007

Possible causes for tolerance of certain rice varieties to manganese..

The physiological explanation for Mn‐tolerance of certain rice‐varieties was surched in a long‐(3 weeks) and short‐termed (24 h) experiment with 4 and 5 weeks old intact rice‐plants. Three rice‐varieties are used which were resp. different in their tolerance to an high level of manganese (long‐termed experiment: IR‐8 + susceptible, IR‐22 + intermediate, IR‐661 + resistant; short‐termed experiment: Peta + susceptible, IR‐22 + intermediate, Ml‐48 + resistant). The rice plants were grown up for 4 resp. 5 weeks under the same conditions with a manganese‐level in the nutrient solution of 1 ppm (MnCl2) and 5 ppm Fe (FeEDTA). Then uptake and translocation of Mn and Fe was studied in the same nutrient solutions with different levels of Mn (0,01‐1 ppm). In the long‐termed experiment toxic symptoms, which resulted from the high Mn‐level, were observed. The following results were obtained: 1. At high manganese levels in the substrate only the shoots but not the roots showed Mn‐induced toxic symptoms. 2. In relation to the extent of tolerance of the rice‐varieties, the high Mn‐level in the substrate resulted in the shoots in chlorosis with following nekrosis, in a reduced number of leaves and a reduced dry matter. 3. Irrespective of differences in variety and Mn‐level, the shoots had, in contrast to the roots, a much more Mn‐ than Fe‐content. Therefore the Mn‐sensitive shoot of rice plants had an high Mn/Fe‐relation, while this relation was low in Mn‐resistant roots. 4. There are no differences in Mn‐uptake and translocation of the three varieties in relation to their extent of tolerance to an high level of manganese. 5. At low (0,01–0,1 ppm) and normal )1‐10 ppm) levels of Mn in the substrate, uptake and translocation of Fe was higher in varieties which are sensitive, than in those wihich are intermediate or resistant to an high Mn‐level. 6. Increasing of Mn reduced Fe‐uptake and ‐translocation, but at toxic levels of Mn in the substrate (50–100 ppm), uptake and translocation of Fe was now higher in varieties which are intermediate and resistant to an high Mn‐level than in those which was Mn‐sensitive. Therefore rice‐varieties which are resistant or intermediate to high Mn‐levels can maintain a much lower Mn/Fe‐relation, than those which are Mn‐sensitive, esp. in the shoots. 7. On this basis of manganese‐induced Fe‐deficiency, and of better Fe‐uptake and ‐translocation at toxic Mn‐levels, Mn‐tolerance of certain rice‐varieties is discussed. .
Die Zersetzung des Stroh‐Zellulose‐Ligninkomplexes mit Pleurotus Florida und dessen Nutzung
Authors: Zadražil F.
Published: February 2007

The decomposition of straw‐cellulose‐lignin by Pleurotus florida and its use..

Holocellulose, alpha‐cellulose and lignin in wheat straw are regularly decomposed by Pleurotus Florida. The absolute quantities of individual components are not altered in relation to dry mass. The commencing mass (wheat straw) is reduced by decomposition to 20%.

The difference between the spent compost and a substratum stored for an identical period under semianaerobic conditions will be the greater, depending upon how much more favourable the conditions (for example oxigen) were for fruitingbody development.

The water and glucose solubility of the substratum (time function of Pleurotus growth) is shown at various temperatures and with the use of various extraction media. It can be seen that the water solubility of the substratum increases with the duration of Pleurotus growth.

About 10% of wheat straw substratum is converted into fruiting‐body (Pleurotus Florida), 70% is given off as CO2 and H2O as loss. The remaining 20% of the original mass is spent compost.

With harvesting of the fruiting‐bodies part of the nutrient is removed. The final constitution of the spent compost is altered by the selective removal of nutrients by the Pleurotus mycelium and harvesting of the fruiting‐bodies. In this process, Ca and Mg show a relative increase, whereas N, K and P decrease slightly.

The change of Pleurotus substratum was with spectroscopic analysis by 280 nm determined.

Spent compost can be used as plant manure or ballast feed.

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Fixation of emitted lead by soils
Authors: Hildebrand E. E. , Blum W. E.
Published: February 2007

Die Bindung von Immissionsblei in Böden.

Durch Bleisättigung isolierter Sorptionsträger bei unterschiedlichen pH‐Werten und durch Extraktionsanalysen an bleikontaminierten Böden wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt:.

Der Humus trägt am meisten zur Immobilisierung von Blei in Böden bei. Der Einfluß der Humusform auf die Sorptionskapazität für Blei kann zu einem großen Teil auf den Polymerisationsgrad zurückgeführt werden. Die koordinative Bindung des Bleis an Gruppen mit freien Elektronenpaaren wird als entscheidender Reaktionsmechanismus der humusspezifischen Bleisorption erachtet. Daneben konnte auch Bleisalzbildung an polaren Gruppen festgestellt werden. Entsprechend diesen Bindungsformen nehmen die Bleisorptionskapazität und die Stabilität der Humus‐Blei‐Komplexe mit sinkendem pH‐Wert ab.

Der niedrige. aber eindeutig erfaßbare Anteil der Tonminerale an der Bleibindung in Böden beruht auf zwei pH‐abhängigen Sorptionsmechanismen. Bei pH7 und darüber bestimmen chemische Eigenschaften der Reaktionspartner die Bleisorption. In Analogie zur Säure‐Base‐Reaktion wird Blei von SiOH, AlOH und AlOH2‐Gruppen der Mineraloberflächen nicht elektrolyt‐austauschbar gebunden. Bei pH ≦ 7 bestimmen vorwiegend physikochemische Eigenschaften der Reaktionspartner das Ergebnis einer physisorptiven Bleiadsorption.

Unterhalb des isoelektrischen Bereiches wird Blei von amorphem Fe‐Oxidhydrat, Goethit und Hämatit aufgrund seiner Hydroxyl‐affinität adsorbiert. Die nicht elektrolytaustauschbare Bleibindung an den Oxidoberflächen scheint quantitativ weit stärker vom Verhältnis Oberfläche: Volumen der Oxide abzuhängen als von der Oxidform selbst.

Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wird gefolgert, daß eine Bleikontamination des Grundwassers durch vertikalen Transport bei Böden durchschnittlichen Entwicklungsgrades nicht anzunehmen ist. Dies wird auch durch die Abhängigkeit der Bleigehalte von der Zeitdauer der Bleiimmission in straßennahen Oberflächenhorizonten bestätigt.

Dagegen kann die Bleiakkumulation in Oberflächenhorizonten zu einer vermehrten Einbeziehung von Blei in ökologische Kreisläufe führen, mit zunehmender Gefahr für die Nahrungsketten und möglicher zukünftiger Gefahren für den Menschen.
Zuckerbildung in Möhren unter dem Einfluß einer Behandlung mit Harnstoffderivaten, Carbamaten und Amiden
Authors: Amberger A. , Gutser R.
Published: February 2007

Effect of applications of phenyl‐ureas, ‐carbamates and ‐amides on synthesis of sugar in carrots.

In field and pot trials with mineral and peaty soil respectively lower moor the synthesis of sugar was studied with carrots treated with herbicides of the type of phenyl‐ureas, ‐carbamates and amides. In field trials the success of the chemical weed control determines the yield and sugar content. In pot trials the application of herbicides diminishes the yield and formation of sugar. From the 3 predominant sugars of carrots (glucose, fructose and sucrose) the disaccharid is reduced the most in spite of frequently unchanged respectively slowly increased reducing sugars. It is supposed, that the synthesis of disaccharides from monosaccharides is inhibited by an increased activity of phosphatase.
Die Wirkung des Stickstoffs in langsamwirkenden synthetisch‐organischen Stickstoffdüngemitteln oder Mischdüngern mit einer langsamwirkenden Stickstoffkomponente
Authors: De Haan S. , Werkhoven C. H. E.
Published: February 2007

The effectiveness of nitrogen in slow‐release synthetic‐organic nitrogen fertilizer materials and mixed fertilizers containing a slow‐release nitrogen component.

In an incubation trial conducted for a period of 16 weeks at 30°C and 100% R.H. the release of nitrogen was studied from 20 slow‐release nitrogen fertilizers and mixed fertilizers containing a slow‐release nitrogen component on an urea‐aldehyde basis. Amounts equivalent to 500 mg N per kg dry soil were added to a diluvial sandy soil having a pH‐KCl of 5.44 and a moisture content of 55% of the maximum retentive capacity. On the average, 35% of the slow‐release nitrogen was released, 60% of which during the first 4 weeks. The best measure of the amount of N released was the amount of cold‐water soluble N in the fertilizers. The amount of N released exceeded the amount of applied cold‐water soluble N on the average by about 4%, which was also the percentage of released cold‐water insoluble nitrogen.

The differences among the individual fertilizers were rather large. In a supplementary trial it was found that the various urea‐aldehyde combinations do not react alike to pH and moisture content of the soil, and that they for that reason can hardly be lumped together with respect to their nitrogen effect. Each of these materials is more or less a special‐purpose fertilizer, and as such less suited as a substitute for the conventional fast‐acting fertilizers in agriculture.
Effect of Slow‐Release Nitrogenous Fertilizers on Growth. Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat
Authors: Verstraeten L. M. J. , Livens J.
Published: February 2007

Einfluß langsam fließender Stickstoffdüngemittel auf Wachstum, Ertrag und Qualität von Winterweizen.

Es wurde untersucht, inwieweit verschiedene Harnstoff‐Aldehyd‐Kondensate als N‐Dünger für die Qualitätsverbesserung von Winterweizen angewandt werden können.

Obwohl ein Effekt dieses langsam wirkenden Stickstoffs während des vegetativen Wachstums beobachtet wurde, waren sowohl die Kornproduktion (5.457 bis 5.838 kg/ha T. M.) als auch der Eiweißgehalt (9.6 bis 10.8%) bei nahezu allen Behandlungen gleich.

Eine Verdopplung der N‐Düngung mit Hexamin ergab nicht nur einen größeren Ertrag, sondern verbesserte auch alle Qualitätsmerkmale bedeutend.

Mit UF (Ureaform) wurde die niedrigste Produktion erreicht, aber mit normalen Qualitätseigenschaften. Diese Behandlung erzielte außerdem eine ziemlich gute Backfähigkeit.

Weitere Vorteile der langsam wirkenden Dünger waren die Produktion von kürzerem Stroh — wodurch die Lagerung des Getreides verhindert wird — und das Ausbleiben der Mehltaukrankheit.
Über den Transport von Lithium in der höheren Pflanze
Authors: Hinz Ulrich , Fischer Hermann
Published: February 2007

The Transport of Lithium in Higher Plants.

In corn, wheat, and tomato plants the possibility of Li‐transport in the phloem was studied.

After absorption by the root Li is quickly distributed throughout the stem and the leaves, redistribution from the leaves cannot be observed, however. Also no redistribution of Li takes place if at the same time by means of K‐deficiency transport of K from the leaves is intensified.

If Li is applied directly on the leaf, transport of Li only occurs into the same direction as the translocation of water.

Thus Li shows the same transport characteristics as Ca, Sr, and Ba and not those of the alkali ions; concerning the long distance transport in the conductive tissues the minerals mentioned can be grouped in the same way as for the absorption by the roots.
Schwermetallverteilung und Tongehalte in Böden
Authors: Schlichting E. , Elgala A .M.
Published: February 2007

Heavy metal distribution and clay contents in soils.

In soil profiles differing considerably in horizon pattern and parent material the contents of Mn, Zn, Cu and Co were correlated with those of clay (and CEC), of total Fe (and dithionite soluble Fe) and ‐ after relation to clay ‐ with C. The correlations with clay, CEC, Fet and Fed were in all cases positive and highly significant, though differing between the different metals and between the references. Deviations for all elements are due to lithogenic differences in soils from mesozoic sediments and for Mn also due to its lower pedogenic stability. The correlations with C were not significant, since O horizons were not yet investigated. The ‘mobility’ of the heavy metals ( = EDTA + NH4O Ac‐extractable in relation to total amount) in topsoils could be more correlated (negative) with the reserves than with other soil features. Relating the ‘immobile’ heavy metal contents to the other soil features considerably improved the correlations.
Einfluß der Lichtintensität bei variierter Kaliumernährung auf CO2‐Assimilation und Ertragsbildung bei Sommerweizen
Authors: Haeder H. E. , Mengel K.
Published: February 2007

Effect of light intensity at varied potassium supply on CO2 assimilation and yield formation of spring wheat.

The effect of a varied K+ supply on CO2 assimilation rates and yield formation has been studied at two different light intensities with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture. Light intensity was reduced in one treatment by shading the plants with a cloth, which caused a reduction of about 50 % of the light intensity. This shading was applied from the heading stage until grain maturation.

Reduced light intensity resulted in remarkably decreased rates of dry matter increments in both K treatments. In the beginning this growth depression, however, was small in the treatment with the higher K supply. At the stage of transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage the better K+ nutrition obviously could compensate the lacking light to some degree. This favourable K+ effect, however, decreased with the advance of the reproductive phase. Thus at maturation in both K treatments equal quantities of dry matter were harvested. In the treatments with full light the higher K supply resulted in a yield increase at maturation.

The CO2 assimilation rates measured at flowering, milk stage and dough stage indicated that rather the K supply than the light intensities influenced the CO2 assimilation. The treatments with the higher K supply showed almost twice as high assimilation rates compared with the treatments with the lower K supply.

The reduced light intensity caused a substantial depression in grain yield in both K treatments. The poor grain yield was mainly due to a reduced thousand grain weight and to a less extent to a reduction in the number of ears.

As the better K supply resulted in increased CO2 assimilation rates without having an influence on the grain filling of the plants exposed to a lower light intensity, it is concluded that at low light intensities the grain filling is not limited by the supply of grains with photosynthates but probably is affected by other processes.

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Auswirkungen der Wintersalzstreuung auf den Mineralstoffhaushalt von Linden
Authors: Ernst W. , Feldermann D.
Published: February 2007

Effects of de‐icing salts (NaCl) on the mineral status of lime‐trees.

The long time effect of de‐icing salt on the mineral status of the roadside trees Tilia cordata and Tilia tomentosa are investigated after mild winters. Despite the low content of chloride in the soils injured trees contain high amounts of chloride and also sometimes soidum in leaves, bark and wood. There was a good correlation between the accumulation of sodium chloride or chloride alone and the degrees of visible injury of the leaves (chlorosis or necrosis), but no correlation exists for calcium, magnesium and potassium levels. However, in branches and stems increasing amounts of sodium chloride caused an decrease of potassium. An early recognition of salt injury in trees is possible by analysing the ion composition of the interior bark. Levels of more than 7.5 meq chloride or/and 5.0 meq sodium per 100 g dry bark substance are indicating salt injuries.
Zur Feldspatverwitterung und ihrer Bedeutung für die Tonmineralbildung
Authors: Bronger A. , Kalk E.
Published: February 2007

Weathering of feldspars and their importance for the formation of clay minerals

In quaternary sediments weathering and transformation of layer silicates, and in particular of biotites play a dominant role in the formation of clay minerals in soils of the moderately (semi) humid climate. In contrast, conflicting results were published concerning the participation of feldspar weathering for pedogenetic clay mineral formation. Another question is, whether formation of clay minerals in the fractions 0,6–0,2 μ m and<0,2μ m by chemical weathering of micas and feldspars is the dominating process, or the formation of „pseudo clay minerals”︁ in the fraction 2–0,6 μ m by cryoclastic desintegration of micas and feldspars, as proposed by several authors. It is not yet clear, which clay minerals are formed from the weathering products of feldspars. — A necessary condition for a conclusive study of these problems is the vertical sedimentary homogeneity of the soil forming material.

In eight loess soils investigated of very different genesis (a syrosem, chernozems, brown forest soils and a „braunlehm”︁) there were no indications for clay formation in the coarse clay fraction (2–0,6μm) by physical weathering of feldspars. This was also true for the loess‐syrosem of young Würm age, where the former climatic conditions should have promoted this process.

In the chernozems, the brown forest soils and the braunlehm the proportion of illite and Smectite newly formed were about 25–40% and 45–50% respectively. They are derived mainly from layer silicates but also from feldspars. In the chernozems 15–20%, the recent brown forest soils 20–25%, in a brown forest soil from the last interglacial period more than 30% and in the braunlehm of middle pleistocene age more than 40% of the original feldspars were destroyed by chemical weathering and had participated in clay formation, especially in the formation of smectites.
Umwandlungen von Dreischichtsilikaten unter K‐Abgabe und K‐Aufnahme
Authors: Niederbudde E. A.
Published: February 2007

Transformation of three‐layer silicates through K‐release and K‐uptake (A review).

In soils formed from unconsilidated sediments with illite‐vermiculite‐smectite mixtures in their clay fractions the clay mineral transformation from illite to vermiculite and smectite between pH 5 and 7 cannot be considered so far as proven on the grounds of available analytical data. Studies of soil profiles showed that the formation of illite from expandable three layer silicates predominates over the formation of smectite from illite. Practically all samples of loess and calcareous tills of the areas discussed contain smectites. K loesses between pH 5 and 7 are probably very small, because K released during the formation of vermiculites from micas is immediately fixed by smectitic layers which are converted to illite. In those soils potential K fixation of the clay fraction (« 2 μ) is lower than in the corresponding parent sediments despite of vermiculite formation in the soils. Further analytical data (X‐ray, interlattice‐K, K‐selectivity, specific surface) support the hypothesis of illitization of smectites during soil formation.
Bildung und Eigenschaften amorpher Tonbestandteile in Böden des gemäßigt‐humiden Klimabereichs
Authors: Gebhardt H.
Published: February 2007

Formation and properties of amorphous clay constituents in soils of the temperate‐humid climate region

A review of literature and of some own work was given on formation and properties of amorphous clay constituents which occur along with crystalline clay minerals in soils. By that the importance of soil amorphous material with respect to pedologic‐agricultural and social‐environmental problems was tried to emphasize.

At the beginning some clarification of the different terms used for inorganic amorphous clay constituents and a sort of difinition of the different kinds of amorphous materials seemed to be evident. Then, the occurence and the formation of amorphous material in soils of the temperate‐humid climate region was commentated. As a result of this it was stated that amorphous clay constituents occur mainly as coatings on negatively charged surfaces of crystalline layer silicates. From the grouping of amorphous substances around negatively charged cores (layer silicates or AlIV‐cores in allophanic soils, respectively) it was deduced that the organisation of amorphous clay constituents and allophanes as well as synthetic aluminosilicates might be due to an unique structural principle, which was tried to explain more detailed.

The methods used for determination of amorphous materials, especially allophanes, were discussed. Since the determination of amorphous clay constituents by chemical dissolution techniques is ambiguous with respect to soils containing different weathering stages of crystalline layer silicates as well, some suggestions were made for characterizing amorphous substances in soils by cation exchange and anion adsorption properties. Finally the importance of exchange‐reactions caused by specific adsorption of ions and molecules (e.g. nutrients and pesticides) was indicated. Furthermore, the possibility was mentioned that harmful environmental substances might be bound (neutralized) and waste nutrients might be recycled by specific adsorption on amorphous soil constituents.
Bestand, Umwandlung und Neubildung von Tonmineralen in küstennahen Sedimenten der Nordsee
Authors: Brümmer Gerhard , Schroeder Diedrich
Published: February 2007

Content, Transformation and Neoformation of Clay Minerals in near shore Sediments of the North Sea

From literature and our own results, approximate quantitative values are given on the mineral content of clay and silt fractions of marine sediments from the Wadden Sea. Besides this, the extent of clay mineral transformation and neoformation in a marine environment is discussed.

According to our knowledge, the extent of clay mineral transformation and neoformation must be unimportant because the sea water and pore solution of the sediments seems to be ‐ with the exception of a small Mg‐surplus — something like an equilibrium solution for three‐and fourlayer minerals, which neither favors a considerable base fixation nor base release. Therefore illite neoformation during halmyrolysis or early diagenesis seems to be impossible because of unfavourable relations of potassium to all other cations in the sea water. Obviously the neoformation of illite is connected with later diagenesis. The processes of clay mineral neoformation in a marine evironment are probably restricted to the formation of amorphous (Mg‐) Fe‐Si‐particles, which may be first steps in the formation of chamosites, chlorites or smectites.
Elektrochemisches Verhalten harnstofflöslicher Komponenten von Weizenkleberproteinen
Authors: Günzel G.
Published: February 2007

Electrochemical Behavior of Urea Soluble Components of Gluten Proteins of Wheat

Protein zones of urea soluble gluten proteins of wheat samples from different cultivars and locations were analyzed after 2 dimensional separation by sucrose‐density‐gradient isoelectric focusing and disk polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis.

More than 50% of the urea soluble proteins was focused in a range from pH 6,5–7,6. The major concentration in all samples was observed close to pH 7,0 as indicated by the main peak in all absorption diagrams.

Electrophoretic separation of proteins of equal isoelectric characteristics yielded fractions differing mainly in charges.

Two dimensional separation yielded more than 40 protein fractions. The pattern of these fractions was more influenced by environmental effects than by cultivars. No relation between protein pattern and baking quality was observed.
The physiology of salt injury in plant production
Authors: Oertli J. J.
Published: February 2007

Die Physiologie der Salzschädigung in der Pflanzenproduktion

Das Pflanzenwachstum bei verschiedener Salinität wird an einem Modell der Zellstrekkung untersucht. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, daß die Geschwindigkeit der Zellstreckung durch die Produktion von Osmolalität in der Zelle via Stofftransport begrenzt wird. Eine osmotische Anpassung, d.h. konstanter Turgordruck, wird vorausgesetzt.

Modell und Beobachtungen stimmen in folgenden Punkten überein: a) Es gibt eine optimale äußere Lösungskonzentration, bei der die Zellstreckungsrate maximal ist, b) bei hohen Salzkonzentrationen nimmt die Zellstreckungsrate trotz osmotischer Anpassung ab, c) niedere (stark negative) Wasserpotentiale, die durch nicht aufnehmbare Osmotika (oder durch eine Matrix) verursacht werden, reduzieren immer die Zellstreckungsrate, d) in Mischlösungen verschieben die nicht aufnehmbaren Osmotika die Optimumkonzentration aufnehmbarer Osmotika zu höheren Werten. Die Zellstreckungsraten werden dabei aber kleiner. e) Schnelle Stoffaufnahme bedeutet größere Produktion von Osmolalität im Zellsaft und fördert dadurch die Zellstreckung. b) Während des nicht stationären Zustandes, der auf eine Versetzung von Geweben aus verdünnten in mehr konzentrierte Lösungen folgt, verschiebt sich das Optimum allmählich zu höheren äußeren Konzentrationen.

Stoffaufnahme und Auxinwirkung zeigen verschiedene pH Optima bei der Zellstreckung. Die Zellstreckungsrate wird durch das pH Optimum der Stoffaufnahme dominiert außer in Anfangsstadien.

Die Teilungsrate von Scenedesmus quadricauda zeigt ebenfalls eine optimale äußere Konzentration. In konzentrierten Lösungen werden weniger, dafür aber größere Zellen gefunden.
The role of magnesium in plant nutrition
Authors: Kirkby E. A. , Mengel K.
Published: February 2007

Die Rolle des Magnesiums in der Pflanzenernährung

In dem Beitrag wird die Bedeutung des Mg in der Pflanzenernährung diskutiert. Er behandelt den Boden in seiner Eigenschaft als Mg‐Quelle der Pflanze. Aufnahme und Verteilung von Mg in der Pflanze, physiologische Funktionen des Mg, Mg‐Mangel und die Rolle des Mg bei der Ernährung von Kulturpflanzen.
Einfluß einer Stickstoff‐Spätdüngung auf das Korneiweiß einer lysinreichen Maishybride
Authors: Zink F. , Wilberg E.
Published: February 2007

Effect of Late Application of Nitrogen on the Grain Protein of a Maize Hybrid Rich in Lysine

1. In pot experiments the influence of an additional late N fertilizer application at time of flowering on a high yielding lysine‐rich experimental maize hybrid has been determined.

2. N‐fertilization at flowering increased the total‐N and the lysine‐contant of the grains. The lysine‐N in % of total‐N was constant at 5,1%. Comparable values from a former investigation with an opaque‐ and a standard hybrid are 6,0% lysine‐N and 4,0% lysine‐N of total‐N, respectively.

3. The ratio of prolamine to gluteline was 1:1. N‐fertilization did not change this ratio.

4. The amino‐acid pattern of the single protein fractions, albumine globuline, prolamine and gluteline was very different, but it was not changed by N‐fertilization.

5. Dissecting embryo and endosperm, demonstrated that by late N‐fertilization the growth of embryo was promoted more than that of the endosperm. The embryo contributed 30% to total‐N and 44% to total‐lysine‐N of the grain and was not changed by the late N‐application.

6. At cultivating such improved hybrids it may be expected that the protein quality will not be changed by application of high amounts of N‐fertilizer, whereas the protein quantity will be increased.
Aufnahme und Verteilung von 15N‐markiertem Harnstoff bei Phaseolus vulgaris L
Authors: Hentschel G.
Published: February 2007

The Uptake and Distribution of 15N‐Labelled Urea by Phaseolus vulgaris L

The uptake of two‐fold 15N‐labelled urea via the root system of 21 days old plants of Phaseolus vulgaris in comparison with 15N‐marked ammonium chloride has been investigated. The concentration of urea or ammonium resp. was 3 mmol/l. The plants were allowed to take up the labelled nitrogen for an 8 hours period. The determination of the 15N‐frequency was carried out by emission spectrometry.

The results demonstrate that urea is taken up as a whole undestructed molecule. Also there is evidence for a 7‐fold enrichment of urea in the exsudation sap in comparison with the urea concentration in the nutrition solution. Inhibition of the metabolic activity of the roots (2,4‐DNP, KCN, AsO4, N2) reduces both the urea and the ammonium absorption to a considerable rate. Variations of the transpiration, of the Ca/K ratios or pH in the nutrition solution have none or only a very small influence on the uptake of urea. There may be the possibility for the existence of a common mechanism for the absorption of both urea and ammonium.
Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung des Ernährungszustandes von Kulturpflanzen für ihre Salztoleranz
Authors: Schleiff U. , Finck A.
Published: February 2007

Investigations on the significance of the nutritional status of plants for their salt tolerance

In order to explain the causes of salt damages on crops in the Sibari Plain (Southern Italy) the nutrient contents of plants were used in addition to soil data.

Increasing Na‐ and Mg‐salinity reduced the K‐contents of wheat plants during sprouting below the (preliminary) critical value of 30%o and the Ca‐contents below the value of 3%o in spite of high gypsum contents and optimum K‐supply of the soils (compared to soils with low salt contents). The content of nutrient elements can be improved by an increased nutrient supply up to the optimum range, and the content of detrimental elements in plants can be reduced below toxic limits. The specific toxicity of Mg‐salts (believed to be especially high) could be prevented by optimum nutrition of the plants until general salt effects became dominant factors of damage.

At optimum nutrient supply 6–7%o Mg in the tops of corn plants were toxic in greenhouse experiments. In the field even at high Mg‐supply of the soils no more than 2,5%o Mg were found in cereals. At optimum K‐supply more than 1–2%o Na in wheat plants reduced the yield.

The salt tolerance of plants, therefore, can be increased by proper fertilisation.
Der Einfluß von Ancymidol und Ethrel auf den Gibberellinsäuregehalt (GA3) von Getreidepflanzen
Authors: Sadeghian E. , Kühn H.
Published: February 2007

Influence of Ancymidol and Ethrel on the synthesis of gibberellic acid (GA3) in cereal plants.

In pot experiments with oat, barley and rye both growth regulators Ancymidol and Ethrel considerably reduced the GA3 content in the 3 plant species. Ancymidol was approximately 10 times more effective than Ethrel. This higher effectivity of Ancymidol on the GA3 content and the different structure of the Ancymidol molecule compared to Ethrel makes it probable that Ancymidol inhibits the GA synthesis in a different way than Ethrel (or CCC).

Although Ethrel was less effective in reducing the GA content it decreased the stalk length more than Ancymidol. It is concluded that Ethrel not only influences the GA induced growth but also other processes which regulate the length growth of plants.
Bodenhydrologische Methoden zur Untersuchung ungestörter, skelettreicher Böden
Authors: Benecke P. , Beese F. , van der Ploeg R. R.
Published: February 2007

Soil hydrological methods for investigations on undisturbed samples of skeleton‐rich soils

New methods are proposed, which allow the determination of moisture transmission properties of stony soils. A soil sampling technique is discussed whereby small monoliths are isolated from the surrounding soil and covered with polyester‐soaked glassfiber sheets. With use of such irregularly shaped columns the soil moisture characteristic and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are determined by laboratory procedures. Starting with a saturated column, suction is applied and the resulting outflow is measured. At the same time the suction in the sample is registered and also the hydraulic gradient within the sample is determined.

Also discussed is a procedure to install tensiometers in stony soils. The installation provides reliable data and the maintenance is easy. By building in a heating system in the tensiometers, these can be operated all year round.
Quantitative Erfassung der reduzierten Substanzen in Unterwasserböden
Authors: Fischer W. R. , Baumann G.
Published: February 2007

Quantitative determination of reduced substances in subhydric soils

The determination of reduced substances is possible by rapid oxidation with a diluted potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid solution at room temperature, and subsequent titration with FeSO4 solution. These values (meq/100 ml of fresh sample) show a nonlinear, negative correlation with redox potential, and increase with increasing content of organic material. Sulfides, expressed as FeS, amount to appr. 50 % of the reduction equivalents. Subhydric soils rich in nutrients show an increasing amount of reduced substances with increasing depth, whereas oligotrophic and mesotrophic soils give no distinct depth function.