bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legitimacy and centrality under threat: The case for an ASEAN response to human rights violations against the Rohingya
Authors: Barber Rebecca , Teitt Sarah
Published: October 2021

The progression of genocide cases against Myanmar through the international justice system highlights the absence of an Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) response to the Rohingya crisis. This article argues that ASEAN's lack of intervention is undermining its legitimacy, and hence, centrality. The article begins by demonstrating that ASEAN's principles of noninterference and consensus have in the past been flexibly interpreted, and then asserts that to maintain legitimacy and centrality, ASEAN must do three things: it must be seen to be doing something commensurate with the gravity of the situation; it must demonstrate capacity to forge unity among its members; and it must demonstrate institutional integrity by adhering to its human rights commitments. The final part of this article then explores two ways in which ASEAN could more constructively respond to the Rohingya crisis: through the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights; and the ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance.
Clinical study of serum procalcitonin in the early diagnosis of burns and sepsis under the background of healthy clouds
Authors: Huang Chonggen , Gu Zaiqiu , Jia Zhigang , Yan Jiong
Published: October 2021

‘Health Cloud’ refers to the provision of hospital management and residents' health file management application services to all hospitals and related medical institutions in the area where the cloud computing industry base is located in the form of SaaS (software as a service). In the process of treating burn sepsis, it is particularly important to prevent burn sepsis. The purpose of this study is to diagnose burn sepsis early, after adding serum procalcitonin clinical research. First, use PCT during the experiment to observe the efficacy of antibiotics according to the situation and prognosis. In order to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics, it can be used as a reliable indicator to guide antibiotic management and allow patients with sepsis to receive accurate treatment. Second, according to the main observation indicators of burn sepsis, analyse the degree of injury of the patient. Finally, identifying burn sepsis as early as possible, and early intervention and prevention based on related technologies is a problem that needs to be solved by the research institute. The clinical symptoms and vital signs of burn sepsis are not particularly abnormal, and imaging examination may cause the focus of infection to be incorrect. As a result, the positive rate of positive results is low, which seriously affects the timely diagnosis and treatment of patients. Experimental data show that serum PCT of non‐septic patients is obvious during the six groups of experiments 1–5 days, 6–10 days, 11–15 days, 16–20 days, 21–25 days, 26–30 days after treatment serum PCT levels below sepsis. The data recorded during the experiment are in accordance with the relevant principles of statistics to ensure that the experiment is true and effective. The experimental results show that the PCT of burn sepsis group is higher than that of the cured group without burns, and the serum PCT level is crucial for the diagnosis of burn sepsis.
Linking net interaction effects with network topologies in food webs
Authors: Yan Chuan , Zhang Yongjun , Liu Rui
Published: October 2021

Aim

The difficulty in predicting responses to press perturbation is largely due to the tangled nature of indirect interactions in natural ecological networks. Although previous theories have paved the way for evaluating net interaction effects by incorporating direct and indirect effects related to press perturbation, there are still critical knowledge gaps regarding the relationships between net interaction effects and network topologies because of lack of comparable interaction strengths across ecosystems.

Location

Global.

Time period

1984–2020.

Major taxa studied

Aquatic organisms.

Methods

We compiled a global dataset of food webs with a consistent modelling method to estimate direct interaction strength. We revealed the general patterns of net interaction effects and their associations with network topologies by applying matrix theory and network analysis.

Results

In the examined food webs, the net (absolute) interaction strengths followed a right‐skewed pattern (many weak and few strong net strengths) and were significantly associated with various network‐ and species‐level topological structures. Indirect effects led to the emergence of net mutualism and competition effects rather than simply net predator–prey interaction effects, and might play an important role in changing signs from direct to net interaction effects in species‐rich and highly connected food webs and for species with a large number of interaction partners.

Main conclusions

Our results highlight the ecological significance and necessity of linking net interaction effects with network topologies, which can help target ecosystems and species that are more vulnerable to sustained perturbation in the application of conservation and biodiversity management.
Refractory eutectic assisted bonding (REABond) technology for joining of high temperature silicon carbide‐based composite materials
Authors: Halbig Michael C. , Singh Mrityunjay , Smith Craig E.
Published: October 2021

Continuous ceramic fiber‐reinforced ceramic composite materials are targeted for high temperature thermostructural components in aerospace. Advanced joining and integration technologies are enabling for the fabrication of large and complex shaped ceramic matrix composite components. Silicon rich refractory eutectic phase compositions in silicon‐chromium (Si‐18 at% Cr), silicon‐titanium (Si‐16 at% Ti), and silicon‐hafnium (Si‐8.5 at% Hf) systems were investigated for joining studies. The Si‐8.5 at% Hf system was down‐selected and further evaluated for joining silicon carbide fiber bonded composite (SA‐Tyrannohex) and additional fiber‐reinforced composite materials. Microstructural analysis of polished cross‐sections using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to evaluate the joint quality and determine the composition of the reaction formed phases. Joints along the full length of the paired substrates were observed to be well adhered, uniform, and free of gaps and pores. Single lap offset testing conducted at room temperature, 750°C, and 1200°C showed very good strengths when the fibers in the SA‐Tyrannohex material were perpendicular to the joint interface. However, when the fibers were orientated parallel to the joining plane, failures were premature due to the low interlaminar strength of the SA‐Tyrannohex material and occurred away from the joint interface.
Translation of novel antiemetic to sub‐Saharan Africa using diffusion of innovation framework
Authors: Bostwick Linda W. , Champion Jane D.
Published: October 2021

Objective

Studies indicate inhaled isopropyl alcohol (IIA) is effective or superior to ondansetron for adult patients. Although quick‐acting and low cost, it cannot be assumed this remedy is suitable for adoption in all settings. We explored how an innovative antiemetic remedy studied in the United States translates to a sub‐Saharan Africa clinic/hospital setting using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Framework.

Design

Qualitative design with purposive sampling.

Sample

Health care staff (n = 11) providing and community members (n = 22) accessing health care services in a sub‐Saharan Africa clinic/hospital.

Measurements

Semi‐structured interviews with coding and identification of themes via deductive content analysis using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Framework.

Results

Nausea and vomiting was a common complaint, with malaria the most common etiology. Participants emphasized treatment of etiology over symptomatic treatment and described previous aromatherapy use. IIA advantages included administration route, quick‐acting, self‐administration, portable, available, and easy trialability. Participants expressed concerns regarding use of term “alcohol” as potentially offensive to others.

Conclusion

Use of Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation framework identified barriers and facilitators to translation of a novel antiemetic remedy for sub‐Saharan Africa clinic/hospital settings. Evaluating clinical innovations from perspectives of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability enhances adoption of innovations within clinical settings.
Early ERP functions are indexed by lateralized effects to peripherally presented emotional faces and scrambles
Authors: Schindler Sebastian , Busch Niko , Bruchmann Maximilian , Wolf Maren‐Isabel , Straube Thomas
Published: October 2021

A large body of research suggests that early event‐related potentials (ERPs), such as the P1 and N1, are potentiated by attention and represent stimulus amplification. However, recent accounts suggest that the P1 is associated with inhibiting the irrelevant visual field evidenced by a pronounced ipsilateral P1 during sustained attention to peripherally presented stimuli. The current EEG study further investigated this issue to reveal how lateralized ERP findings are modulated by face and emotional information. Therefore, participants were asked to fixate the center of the screen and pay sustained attention either to the right or left visual field, where angry or neutral faces or their Fourier phase‐scrambled versions were presented. We found a bilateral P1 to all stimuli with relatively increased, but delayed, ipsilateral P1 amplitudes to faces but not to scrambles. Explorative independent component analyses dissociated an earlier lateralized larger contralateral P1 from a later bilateral P1. By contrast, the N170 showed a contralateral enhancement to all stimuli, which was most pronounced for neutral faces attended in the left hemifield. Finally, increased contralateral alpha power was found for both attended hemifields but was not significantly related to poststimulus ERPs. These results provide evidence against a general inhibitory role of the P1 but suggest stimulus‐specific relative enhancements of the ipsilateral P1 for the irrelevant visual hemifield. The lateralized N170, however, is associated with stimulus amplification as a function of facial features.
Risky Asset Holdings During Covid‐19 and their Distributional Impact: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Menkhoff Lukas , Schröder Carsten
Published: October 2021

We present evidence from a repeated survey on risky asset holdings carried out on a representative sample of the German population six times between April and June 2020. Given the size of the Covid‐19 shock, we find little evidence of portfolio rebalancing in April 2020. In May, however, individual investors started buying heavily, parallel to market recovery. The cross‐section shows large differences as young, educated, high income, and risk tolerant investors are net buyers throughout and, thus, benefit from the stock market recovery. Older individuals, parents of young children, and individuals affected by adverse liquidity shocks from Covid‐19 are net sellers. Given the high risk of illness, older people are hit by dual blows to both health and finances.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐C*07:977 allele by two next‐generation sequencing methods
Authors: Walencik Alexandre , Calvo De Olmos Orane , Bonneville Francoise , Blanchet Gaelle , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne
Published: October 2021

The novel HLA‐C*07:977 allele was characterized using two next generation sequencing technologies.
Correction:
Contributions to Embryology
, Vol. XXXIV, Nos. 222 to 230. Carnegie Institution Publ. 592. Washington, D. C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1951. 196 pp. and 58 plates. $9.50; $8.75 paper
Authors: Adams A. Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

It has been called to my attention that in my review of
Contributions to Embryology
, Vol. XXXIV, which appeared in SCIENCE, May 23 (115, 580 [1952]), I stated that the paper "On Cyclic Changes in the Endometrium of the Macaque" was by "Bartelmez, with the collaboration of Corner and Heuser." The authorship should have read "Bartelmez, with the collaboration of Corner and Hartman."
Erratum: Common Names for Subspecies in Zoology
Authors: Campbell Howard
Published: October 2021

In my comment entitled "Common Names for Subspecies in Zoology" (SCIENCE, 115, 631 [1952]), the technical names
P. sayi, P. affinis
, and
P. deserticola
should in every case read
P. c. sayi, P. c. affinis
, and
P. c. deserticola.
They are subspecies—not species.
Correction: Electrophoretic Separation of Hemoglobins from the Chicken
Authors: Johnson Verner L. , Dunlap Jack S.
Published: October 2021

The filter paper strips used in V. L. Johnson and J. S. Dunlap "Electrophoretic separation of hemoglobins from the chicken" [
Science
122, 1186 (1955)] should be listed as follows: S. and S. No. 2043 B.
Correction: Yale Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II
Authors: Deevey E. S.
Published: October 2021

One of the series of "Yale natural radiocarbon measurements, II" [
Science
122, 954 (1955)], by Richard S. Preston, Elaine Person, and E. S. Deevey, was incorrectly reported through a technical error. The date for sample Y-293A (South Haven, Mich.: peat) was 10,790 ± 200 yr, not 9500 ± 250 yr as reported on page 958.
Correction: On the Rule for Leap Year
Authors: Wylie C. C.
Published: October 2021

Harold F. Gray, of Corning, Calif., has called my attention to an error in the note "On the rule for leap year" [
Science
123, 544 (30 Mar. 1956)]. In the sixth paragraph of the article (page 545), the end of the second sentence should read ". . .the century years 1800, 1900, and 2100 are not divisible by 400 and, hence, are not leap years; but 2000 is divisible by 400 and, hence, is a leap year."
Method for Determination of Oxygen-18 Content of Inorganic Phosphate
Authors: Williams F. Robert , Hager Lowell P.
Published: October 2021

The reaction of inorganic phosphate and mercuric cyanide at temperatures from 240° to 300°C leads to the quantitative conversion of the phosphate oxygens to carbon dioxide. This report describes the proper conditions for the advantageous use of this reaction for the determination of the oxygen isotope composition of the inorganic phosphate.
Correlation of Drug Penetration of Brain and Chemical Structure
Authors: Soloway A. H.
Published: October 2021

A study has been carried out on the permeability of the brain and a brain tumor to certain aromatic boronic acids with regard to their use in the neutron capture therapy of gliomas. The penetration of the brain by these compounds is discussed as a function of chemical substituent and benzene-aqueous partition coefficient.
"Shutoff Pulse Illusion"
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: October 2021

Visual signals produced by sharp illumination decrements are commonly misinterpreted because of the presence of an illusory sharp increment at the moment of switching. Conditions for occurrence of the illusion are outlined, as well as conditions under which it is not reported.
Significance of Diaspore at Magnet Cove, Arkansas
Authors: Scull B. J.
Published: October 2021

The Magnet Cove magmas developed essentially monometallic phases during the later stages of crystallization. The finding of diaspore indicates that an aluminum-rich phase was present. Barium- and titanium-rich phases have already been reported.
Isolation of Gelatin from Ancient Bones
Authors: Sinex F. Marott , Faris Barbara
Published: October 2021

The isolation and characterization of gelatin from 12,000-year-old deer antlers is described. Use of gelatin from ancient bones for carbon-14 dating may improve the accuracy of the dating procedure because gelatin is not likely to be contaminated by extraneous carbon.
Enchytraeus fragmentosus
, a New Species of Naturally Fragmenting Oligochaete Worm
Authors: Bell A. W.
Published: October 2021

A new species of enchytraeid (Oligochaeta) worm has no sex organs, but reproduces solely by fragmentation.
Inheritance of Diego Blood Group in Mexican Indians
Authors: Mallén M. Salazar , Arias Teresa
Published: October 2021

Diego blood factor is characteristic of Mongoloid populations. A study of 152 samples from Mexican Indians (Tlaxcaltecans) revealed this factor in 20.39 percent of the cases. Analysis of 30 Indian matings with 62 children support the hypothesis that the Diego antigen is transmitted through a gene capable of expressing itself in a single or double dose.
Growth Responses of
Phycomyces
to Polarized Light Stimuli
Authors: Shropshire W.
Published: October 2021

The effectiveness of stimuli in air depends upon the direction of polarization. For sporangiophores immersed in a medium of refractive index similar to that of the protoplasm this dependence disappears. These facts indicate that one is dealing with simple Fresnel reflection losses and not with dichroism of oriented photoreceptors.
On the Instrumental Conditioned Reaction Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Hypothalamus
Authors: Wyrwicka W. , Dobrzecka C. , Tarnecki R.
Published: October 2021

Weak electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic lateral area of satiated goats elicited the previously established conditioned reflex of putting the left foreleg on the food tray and then eating the food given as reinforcement. When, during stimulation, food was not given, an extinction of the conditioned reaction took place.
Differentiation of Activity of Three Mouse Strains with Magnetic Pickup Apparatus
Authors: Mitchell Walter G.
Published: October 2021

An activity pickup, when used with a high-gain amplifier, permits records to be made of essentially all the activity of a mouse. The sensitivity is such that the differences in the activity patterns of strains of mice can be determined.
Ballistics of Dwarf Mistletoe Seeds
Authors: Hawksworth F. G.
Published: October 2021

The explosive fruit of
Arceuthobium
expels the seed for several feet, but the ballistics of seed flight has not been previously investigated. The data reported here for
A. vaginatum
f.
cryptopodum
indicate that the seeds have an initial velocity of about 1370 cm/sec and an initial acceleration of nearly 5000
g
.
Identification of a Growth Inhibitor from Extracts of Dormant Peach Flower Buds
Authors: Hendershott C. H. , Walker David R.
Published: October 2021

A growth inhibitor in dormant peach flower buds was identified as naringenin (5,7,4′trihydroxyflavanone) from infrared and ultraviolet spectra, through determination of melting point, through paper chromatography, and from activity in the bioassay test.
Resistance to Deformation of Axial Structures in Living Guinea-Pig Spermatozoa
Authors: Erskine C. A.
Published: October 2021

Rotation of living guinea-pig spermatozoa can be effected by drawing the shaft of a long microneedle of diameter 0.5 to 1.0 μ across the tail; the special characteristics of this rotation demonstrated in the tail a polygonal structure and high resistance of the peripheral fibrils to deformation by pressure of the microneedle.
Zinc-65 in Foods
Authors: Murthy G. K. , Goldin A. S. , Campbell J. E.
Published: October 2021

Small quantities of Zn
65
have been found in a wide variety of foods obtained from the local markets serving Cincinnati, Ohio. The highest levels of radioactivity were observed in oysters harvested from Chesapeake Bay; however, none of the samples contained significant quantities of this radionuclide in terms of a potential radiological health hazard. In view of the widespread occurrence of Zn
65
in foods, it has been postulated that this radionuclide has been dispersed by high-altitude fallout.
The Clock Paradox
Authors: Boas Mary L.
Published: October 2021

In Minkowski space, a coordinate system can always be chosen so that the straight line (geodesic) joining two events (not on a null line) is either parallel to the time axis or parallel to the space axis. In either case the geodesic has maximum length (time dilatation and Lorentz contraction).
Enzymatic Factors in Experimental Galactose Cataract
Authors: Lerman Sidney
Published: October 2021

In the rat lens, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is specifically inhibited by galactose-1-phosphate, both in vitro and in vivo. In galactose-fed animals this inhibition occurs prior to the apparent inhibition of soluble protein synthesis in the ocular lens.
Degree of Obesity and Serum Cholesterol Level
Authors: Thomas Caroline Bedell , Garn Stanley M.
Published: October 2021

No significant correlation was found between the serum cholesterol level and weight, weight corrected for frame size, or thickness of the fat shadow in medical students (mean age, 22 years).
Correction of Sample Absorption of Radioactivity
Authors: Berson Solomon A. , Yalow Rosalyn S.
Published: October 2021

In the method presented here for the correction of sample absorption of C
14
activity, the only requirement is the availability of any C
14
-labeled compound of sufficiently high specific activity to permit addition, in negligible mass, of a number of counts equal to or greater than that in unknown samples and with solubility characteristics that exclude preferential layering during drying of samples. The principle may be applied to liquid scintillation counting. Absorption curves are dispensed with, and the weights of the assayed samples need not be determined.
Opponent Color Responses in Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Wagner H. G. , MacNichol E. F. , Wolbarsht M. L.
Published: October 2021

The receptive fields of certain ganglion cells in the goldfish retina have been mapped. These fields are "off" center. "on-off" intermediate, and "on" periphery types. The excitatory process controlling the "on" response is stimulated maximally by green light; the "off" response process, inhibitory in nature, is stimulated maximally by red light. The two processes can be light adapted independently.
Uterine Vascular Clamping: New Procedure for the Study of Congenital Malformations
Authors: Brent Robert L. , Franklin John B.
Published: October 2021

Clamping the uterine blood vessels of the rat on the 9th day of gestation for 1½ to 3 hours resulted in fetal death, growth retardation, and severe congenital malformations. This procedure has broad applications in the fields of teratology and cancer chemotherapy, and in the investigation of fetal-maternal physiology.
Age at Menopause of Urban Zulu Women
Authors: Abramson J. H. , Gampel B. , Slome C. , Scotch N. , Majola C. C.
Published: October 2021

Interviews with a population sample of Zulu women residing in Durban, Union of South Africa, indicated a tendency for the permanent cessation of menstruation to occur late. The median menopausal age of 33 women questioned within 5 years of their menopause was 48.6 years, and their mean menopausal age was 49.2 years. It is suggested that this may be an effect of malnutrition or of climatic factors.
Developmental Selection of Mutations
Authors: Whyte L. L.
Published: October 2021

The direction of evolution may at times be determined by the internal selection of genotypes during development, rather than by the external selection of phenotypes. Biological theory and experiment have reached the point where those concerned with evolutionary problems or with nuclear and cellular organization should consider this possibility.
Pineal Regulation of the Body Lightening Reaction in Amphibian Larvae
Authors: Bagnara Joseph T.
Published: October 2021

Body pallor due to contraction of both deep and integumental melanophores occurs when either blinded or normal
Xenopus laevis
and other amphibian larvae are placed in the dark. The reaction is abolished by pinealectomy, but is induced by administration of pineal hormones. It is suggested that the normal body lightening reaction is mediated by the pineal gland.
Reaction of Human Sera with Mammalian Chromosomes Shown by Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Krooth Robert S. , Tobie John E. , Tjio J. H. , Goodman Howard C.
Published: October 2021

Certain human sera, including sera from five patients with lupus erythematosus, react with mammalian chromosomes. If chromosomal preparations are exposed first to the serum and then to horse antihuman globulin conjugated with fluorescein, the chromosomes will fluoresce. Sera having this activity appear to react with all the chromosomes of the cell.
Environmental Significance of Palynomorphs from Lower Eocene Sediments of Arkansas
Authors: Jones Eugene L.
Published: October 2021

Spores and pollen present in sediments of the lower Eocene Wilcox group in south-central Arkansas are mixed temperate and tropical genera. The source area is postulated to have been temperate highlands adjacent to a tropical coastal plain. A similar interpretation based on plant megafossils has been made. Hystrichosphaerids and dinoflagellates found in the sediments suggest a depositional environment of brackish water.
An Overview of Sleep as an Experimental Variable (1940-1959)
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: October 2021

Less than one half of 1 percent of the psychological literature relates to sleep. Although there has been a relative decline in such research, the central nervous system and pathological aspects have recently received increased attention. The United States is producing less than 17 percent of the research on sleep.
Influence of Cage Type and Dietary Zinc Oxide upon Molybdenum Toxicity
Authors: Brinkman G. L. , Miller Russell F.
Published: October 2021

Molybdenum-fed rats housed in galvanized cages gained less weight and had lower hemoglobin levels than similarly fed rats housed in stainless steel cages. Since similar effects were produced in rats housed in stainless steel cages by increasing the zinc in their diets, it was concluded that zinc consumed by chewing on zinc-coated cages was responsible for the abnormalities noted.
Demonstration of a Hypocalcemic Factor (Calcitonin) in Commercial Parathyroid Extract
Authors: Copp D. Harold , Cameron E. C.
Published: October 2021

Intravenous injection of commercial parathyroid extract into fasted dogs resulted in a transient hypocalcemia. The plasma calcium fell 0.40 to 0.65 mg/100 ml within 20 minutes and then rose in the characteristic response to the parathyroid hormone. The hypocalcemic response was similar to that ascribed to the recently reported hormone "calcitonin," and the data suggest that the extract may contain both.
Changes in Titer of Ecdysone in
Bombyx mori
during Metamorphosis
Authors: Burdette Walter J.
Published: October 2021

The amount of ecdysone extracted from
Bombyx mori
rose precipitously immediately before, and fell immediately after, transition from the larval to the pupal stage, and thereafter a secondary rise in titer was observed. These observations correlate very well with physiologic sequences of metamorphosis, critical period, and oxygen uptake.
Histochemical Distribution of Acid Phosphatase in Healing Wounds
Authors: Carranza F. A. , Cabrini R. L.
Published: October 2021

When wounds are inflicted in the palate, tongue and skin of Wistar rats and guinea pigs, acid phospatase activity in proliferating epithelium of these wounds is markedly decreased from that in normal epithelium; the enzyme reappears as soon as keratinization is evident. In connective tissue the enzyme is found especially in foreign body giant cells and in histiocytes in macrophagic function.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides: Immunological Unresponsiveness to Copolymers of α-Amino Acids
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Lowy Richard , Kierney Carl
Published: October 2021

Immunological tolerance toward three synthetic random copolymers of the α-amino acids, glutamic, lysine, alanine, and tyrosine, was produced by a single injection of the polymers into newborn rabbits. The tolerant state could be extended by an additional intravenous injection of antigen. Repeated injections of the polymer in adjuvant mixture could "break" the tolerant state.
Electrocardiographic Notching in Rats Deficient in Essential Fatty Acids
Authors: Caster W. O. , Ahn Philip
Published: October 2021

A notch has been seen in the electrocardiograms of rats who were fed diets deficient in essential fatty acids. This notching occurs consistently at a point 37 percent through the
QRS-
-complex. It can be prevented by the addition of small amounts of linoleate, linolenate, or arachidonate to the diet of these rats.
Electronarcosis and Evoked Cortical Responses
Authors: Sances Anthony , Larson Sanford J. , Jacobs John E.
Published: October 2021

Evoked response data and electrocorticograms were recorded in macaque monkeys under the influence of electronarcosis currents sufficient to render the animals unresponsive to peripheral nerve stimulation. The data were obtained from chronically implanted electrodes in the sensory cortex as well as depth electrodes directed to thalamic and reticular loci. At the levels of current used, the amplitude characteristics of the evoked response data were not appreciably modified.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice Bearing Diffusion Chambers Containing Thymus
Authors: Levey R. H. , Trainin N. , Law L. W. , Black P. H. , Rowe W. P.
Published: October 2021

Normal, nonoperated Swiss mice which had been inoculated intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus showed a 100-percent mortality within 8 days after virus challenge. Neonatally thymectomized mice, with or without empty intraperitoneal diffusion chambers, were protected from the lethal effects of the virus, with no animals dying within 14 days after inoculation. Cell-tight Millipore diffusion chambers containing newborn thymic tissue, implanted intraperitoneally into neonatally thymectomized mice, restored the susceptibility of 52 percent of these mice to the lethality of the virus infection. The percentage restoration with subcutaneous thymic grafting was similar. A humoral mechanism of action of the tissue in the chamber is proposed.
Diving Depths of the Weddell Seal
Authors: DeVries Arthur L. , Wohlschlag Donald E.
Published: October 2021

Dives as deep as 350 meters have been recorded for the Weddell seal in the waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. It is suggested that Weddell seals possess a well-developed navigational system which enables them to swim long distances under thick ice shelves where light and breathing holes are limited.
Purified Interferons: Physical Properties and Species Specificity
Authors: Merigan Thomas C.
Published: October 2021

The antiviral activity of highly purified preparations of chick and mouse interferons has marked species specificity. This species specificity is not explained by a demonstrable difference in adsorption rates. There is no difference in charge between the molecules as measured by combined zone electrophoresis or ion-exchange chromatography. The interferons are distinguishable by thermal inactivation studies and by precise chromatography on G-100 Sephadex columns. With the latter method, interferons produced by the same cell species (i) in vivo or in vitro, or (ii) in response to different viruses, have been shown to be identical. The same virus stimulates physically distinguishable molecules in the two different cell species. These findings indicate that interferon is a virus-induced product of the host genome.
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase in Liver of the Dipnoan
Protopterus aethiopicus
Authors: Brown G. W.
Published: October 2021

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, an enzyme that occurs typically in vertebrates having a ureotelic metabolism, is present in the liver of the African lungfish
Protopterus aethiopicus
. The reaction studied depends on L-ornithine, carbamoylphosphate, and unboiled homogenate of liver.
Inheritance of Two Alkaline Phosphatase Variants in Fowl Plasma
Authors: Law G. R. J. , Munro S. S.
Published: October 2021

Starch-gel electrophoresis of plasma reveals two mutually exclusive forms of alkaline phosphatase. Analysis of the plasma of 931 birds from 96 sib families of two inbred lines through two generations shows that the faster-moving isozyme is determined by an autosomal gene Ap
2
which is completely dominant to its allele Ap
4
determining the slower form.
Adenovirus in Blood Clots from Cases of Infectious Hepatitis
Authors: Hartwell W. V. , Love G. J. , Eidenbock Marie P.
Published: October 2021

Adenovirus type 5 was isolated from blood clots from 27 of 30 sporadic cases of infectious hepatitis. Only one isolation of virus, also adenovirus 5, was made from blood clots from 70 persons with no known contact with infectious hepatitis.
Peroxidation of Liver Lipids in the Pathogenesis of the Ethanol-Induced Fatty Liver
Authors: Kalish G. H. , Di Luzio N. R.
Published: October 2021

Administration of an acutely intoxicating dose of ethanol produced significant increases in the concentration of liver triglyceride and enhanced the peroxidation of liver lipids in rats. Adipose triglyceride and lipid peroxide concentrations were unaltered. Coenzyme Q
4
, an effective antioxidant, significantly inhibited accumulation of liver triglyceride following ethanol intoxication and prevented the peroxidation of liver lipids. These results, which demonstrate the selective ability of ethanol to induce peroxidation of liver lipids, together with the effectiveness of antioxidants, support the previously proposed hypothesis that peroxidation of liver lipids following ethanol intoxication is a factor in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury.
Volcanic Sunset-Glow Stratum: Origin
Authors: Meinel A. B. , Meinel M. P.
Published: October 2021

Reexamination of the phenomenon of volcanic-dust sunsets, as typified by the Krakatoa event, supports a theory that the scattering layer is produced by the interaction of ozone and sulfur dioxide in much the same manner as is the normal "Junge" aerosol layer at 20 kilometers.
Clathrate Hydrates of Some Amines
Authors: Jeffrey G. A. , Jordan Truman H. , McMullan R. K.
Published: October 2021

A crystallographic study of some alkylamine hydrates establishes that these are polyhedral clathrate hydrates. While the simpler alkylamines form hydrates with water structures related to those of the gas hydrates or the alkylonium salt hydrates, the diethylamine and
tert
-butylamine hydrates have water frameworks forming cages which have not previously been observed in the clathrate hydrates.
Suppression by Actidione of Development of Rat Liver L-Tyrosine : 2-Oxoglutarate Aminotransferase Activity
Authors: Benson Philip F. , Young Peter M.
Published: October 2021

The development of
L-
tyrosine : 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase in newborn rats is suppressed by actidione (cycloheximide), an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, administered immediately after birth.
Errratum: Plutonium (I): Questions of Health in a New Industry
Authors: Gillette Robert
Published: October 2021

In the first of this two-part series on 20 September the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation was incorrectly identified as the Nuclear Materials and Engineering Corp.
Tumor cells exhibit deregulation of the cell cycle histone gene promoter factor HiNF-D
Authors: Holthuis J , Owen TA , van Wijnen AJ , Wright KL , Ramsey-Ewing A , Kennedy MB , Carter R , Cosenza SC , Soprano KJ , Lian JB , et al.
Published: October 2021

Cell cycle-regulated gene expression is essential for normal cell growth and development and loss of stringent growth control is associated with the acquisition of the transformed phenotype. The selective synthesis of histone proteins during the S phase of the cell cycle is required to render cells competent for the ordered packaging of replicating DNA into chromatin. Regulation of H4 histone gene transcription requires the proliferation-specific promoter binding factor HiNF-D. In normal diploid cells, HiNF-D binding activity is regulated during the cell cycle; nuclear protein extracts prepared from normal cells in S phase contain distinct and measurable HiNF-D binding activity, while this activity is barely detectable in G1 phase cells. In contrast, in tumor-derived or transformed cell lines, HiNF-D binding activity is constitutively elevated throughout the cell cycle and declines only with the onset of differentiation. The change from cell cycle-mediated to constitutive interaction of HiNF-D with the promoter of a cell growth-controlled gene is consistent with, and may be functionally related to, the loss of stringent cell growth regulation associated with neoplastic transformation.
Waivers Proposed for Emergency Studies
Authors: Wolfgang Lori
Published: October 2021

The Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health are proposing new procedures that will enable emergency-room physicians to test clinical procedures when it is difficult to obtain a patient's informed consent. They are walking an ethical tightrope.
New Biotech Law Shores Up U.S. Firms
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: October 2021

Congress has passed a new law that will make it easier for biotechnology companies to obtain patents for processes that use novel materials or make novel products.
U.S. and Europe Close In on LHC Deal
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

U.S. and European negotiators have drafted an agreement in which the United States would pump about half a billion dollars into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project at CERN, Europe's particle physics laboratory near Geneva. The proposed arrangement, subject to the endorsement of legislators on both sides of the Atlantic, would allow CERN to come closer to meeting its original target date of 2004 to complete construction of the facility. It would also give U.S. physicists a major role in the $2.3 billion accelerator and its two, $1 billion detectors.
Genome Researchers Take the Pledge
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2021

When the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently awarded grants to six U.S. groups for large-scale sequencing of the human genome, it added an important condition: Researchers were asked to publish data rapidly and not to apply for patents on raw sequences. Although the principal investigators all agreed with the goals, some are concerned about how this will work in practice. In particular, they worry that if data are to be released on a weekly or even a daily basis, there will be little time for checking the accuracy of sequences. Some also believe the new policy reduces sequencers to the status of “scintillation counters.” These qualms suggest that NIH will have a hard time negotiating the details of the new policy with its grant recipients.
Industry Group Assails Climate Chapter
Authors: Weiss Peter
Published: October 2021

The political debate over greenhouse warming heated up by several degrees when an industry group charged that revisions to a crucial chapter in a United Nations report on climate change violated peer review and amount to “scientific cleansing” of doubts about human influence on climate. Earlier this month, the Washington, D.C.-based Global Climate Coalition—which is supported by oil and coal producers and electric utilities—argued in a public statement that changes made after the draft report was issued last fall were politically motivated. The authors of the chapter at issue, which concludes that a human effect on climate may already be apparent, deny the charges, saying that the changes were legitimate and were made at reviewers' suggestions.
Salk Institute Picks a New President
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: October 2021

La Jolla, California—After a long search, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies has appointed a new president and chief executive officer: Thomas Pollard, a cell biologist from Johns Hopkins University. Pollard, who specializes in the molecular basis of cell movement, will take over on 1 July.
Awards Mark Research-Learning Links
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: October 2021

The National Science Foundation is hoping to change the image of the research university as a place where scientists spend too much time in their labs and too little on the job of teaching with a $5 million offer to research-intensive universities to show federal legislators that they care about both missions. A recent workshop lured nearly 100 faculty members and administrators from more than 60 of the nation's top universities to Washington, D.C., on very short notice to learn more about the new Recognition Awards for the Integration of Research and Education. Preliminary applications are due by 5 July.
Embryo Report Opens Old Wounds
Authors: Biggin Susan
Published: October 2021

Venice—A government-appointed bioethics committee is scheduled to present a controversial set of proposals for regulating the manipulation of human embryos to the Italian Parliament this week. The panel's “statute of the embryo” takes a conservative line, stating that life begins at the moment of conception, although it would permit some forms of embryo research and genetic testing. The statute has drawn criticism from former committee members who were removed in late 1994 by then-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi in what is widely believed was a purge of non-Catholics. Some have described its conclusions as muddled and concealing disagreements.
Publisher Draws Censorship Charge
Authors: Holden Constance
Published: October 2021

Evanston, Illinois—Book reviews in scholarly journals don't usually make much of a splash. But a review published in the journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society has produced charges of anti-Semitism against the author, followed by allegations of censorship against the journal's publisher, which in turn have led to a new publishing contract with a guarantee of editorial independence and much discussion at the group's annual meeting here 2 weeks ago.
Shooting for the Moon With Drugs
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: October 2021

Vancouver, British Columbia—The 11th International Conference on AIDS featured several studies aimed at determining whether treatments with combinations of drugs can eradicate HIV from people with very early infections. Preliminary results show promise, but reaching the goal is far from a sure thing.
IOM Backs Cautious Experimentation
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: October 2021

A panel put together by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concludes in a report released this week that the benefits of xenotransplants outweigh the risks that the procedure might permit animal pathogens to cross the species barrier into humans. The panel advises, however, that new trials should be delayed until the government has put some guidelines into place. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is now finalizing rules that mirror those suggested by the IOM panel, and experiments, which have been on hold for several months, may soon be resumed.
Agency Heads See Give in R&D Plan
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

Three of the government's top science managers told Congress last week that they intend to fight for more money than is penciled into the president's long-term budget projections for their agencies. But their appearance before House Science Committee Chair Robert Walker (R-PA)—who is irked that Democrat proposals to trim R&D spending haven't received the same scrutiny as Republican proposals—put the officials in the awkward position of trying to defend the president's budget without biting the congressional hand that feeds them.
U.S. Joins “Science Shop” Movement
Authors: Roush Wade
Published: October 2021

Amherst, Massachusetts—A slogan popularized by community activists—"Think globally, act locally"—can serve equally well for university-based scientists who want to use their knowledge to help their neighbors. That's the view of MIT-trained nuclear engineer and political scientist Richard Sclove. His model is a network of 50 public “science shops” in the Netherlands, university-based centers where community groups, public interest organizations, local governments, and labor unions can commission faculty and students to investigate societal concerns ranging from air pollution to teen alienation. Two weeks ago at Amherst College in western Massachusetts, Sclove gathered some 50 activists, scientists, and university officials who share his beliefs to lay down plans for a Community Research Network.
Searching for the Sand-Pile Pressure Dip
Authors: Watson Andrew
Published: October 2021

For the past 15 years, physicists have tried—and failed—to explain a perplexing mystery of granular mechanics: A conical pile of poured sand does not exert its maximum pressure on the ground in the middle, directly under the apex, but in a ring around the center point; there is actually a dip in pressure in the middle. Now a group of British and French researchers has proposed a new model of sand piles, in which the main compressive stresses lie along fixed parallel lines. These stress lines, angled precisely halfway between the slope of the pile surface and the vertical, steer the pile's weight away from the center, giving a central pressure dip. Despite its simplicity, the model does a respectable job of reproducing experimental data.
Funding Crisis Grips Genome Research
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2021

Canada's genome program, which leapt out of the starting blocks with great promise 4 years ago, is suddenly struggling to stay on its feet. It was plunged into crisis this summer as the Canadian government followed through on a 4-year plan to cut research budgets. The chief contributor to the Canadian Genome Analysis and Technology program (CGAT)—a ministry called Industry Canada—said it cannot give CGAT any more support. Other agencies are trying to scramble up some funds, but without a big backer, the $22-million, 5-year program, which has funded everything from mapping of human chromosomes and sequencing mouse immune system genes to research on social issues, will soon run out of grant money.
Learning Defect Identified in Brain
Authors: Barinaga Marcia
Published: October 2021

Researchers who study learning disabilities have known for years that many children who lag behind in language or reading skills have trouble distinguishing between certain spoken syllables known as phonemes. Now, a report on
page 971
describes what may be a biological basis of that problem: in at least some of these children the brain's auditory system simply doesn't recognize the syllables as different. The finding dovetails with the recent discovery that computer games designed to teach language-impaired children to distinguish between certain rapidly delivered sounds can boost their language skills, and may lead to ways to identify those children who would benefit from such training methods.
2003 Is Earliest to Retrieve Samples
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: October 2021

A group of space scientists wants NASA to keep its feet on the ground in planning future Mars missions despite the recent flurry of excitement over evidence of possible ancient life on the red planet. In a meeting last week at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., the group supported additional missions to collect and analyze data on possible landing sites and to refine robotic technologies for gathering samples before sending a spacecraft to bring back any rocks and soil samples. That would mean a mission no earlier than 2003, just 2 years ahead of the schedule NASA was previously planning. The group plans another meeting next month before funneling its recommendations to another NASA advisory panel.
Mars Meteorite Quest Goes Global
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

An international effort is under way to verify or disprove the dramatic claim that an ancient Martian meteorite contains evidence of fossilized life. Last week NASA officials told a congressional panel that they expect research teams in Britain, Japan, and the United States to generate a definitive answer within 2 years to the report last month that life may once have existed on Mars (Science, 16 August, pp.
p.864
and
p. 924
). They also sketched out plans to expand that cooperation into space with a joint U.S.-Russian mission in 2001, part of a series of Mars missions to search for more fossil-laden rocks.