bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IRX–β RELATION OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS IN NGC 628 BASED ON INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Ye Chengyun , Zou Hu , Lin Lin , Lian Jianhui , Hu Ning , Kong Xu
Published: August 2016

It has been found that the infrared-to-ultraviolet luminosity ratio (IRX) and ultraviolet spectral slope (β) have a tight correlation in starburst galaxies, while in normal galaxies the relation is deviated and has a much larger scatter. Star formation regions are much simpler in both morphology and physical properties than galaxies, so their photometric and spectroscopic properties are more easily and accurately determined. We have used the integral field spectroscopy and multiband photometric images to study the IRX–β relation of H ii regions in a nearby galaxy, NGC 628. There are obvious correlations between the Dn
(4000), stellar population age, star formation rate, especially Hα equivalent width EW(Hα), and deviation distance d
p from the starburst IRX–β relation. However, there is little correlation between the Balmer decrement, metallicity, and d
p. It is much more complicated than expected, so that we cannot introduce a single second parameter to describe the scatter and deviation of the H ii region IRX–β relation.
Security Threats in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Mishra Alekha Kumar
Published: August 2016

Most of the applications of wireless sensor networks have critical tasks to be fulfilled; thus they must be secured. Recent studies focus on securing the communication between sensors and with the base station. An adversary can launch various types of attack on WSN depending on its ability and objective. These attacks can be broadly classified into two categories: 1) layer-dependent, and 2) layer-independent. Layer-dependent attacks are specific to communication protocol layers. They mostly target a node's functionality such as routing, availability, time synchronization, and data aggregation. Layer-independent attacks are not restricted to any communication protocol layers. These attacks can be launched independent of the communication protocol stack. In this chapter, we study the various attacks possessed by WSN and classify them based on their strength, action, security requirements and impact at different layers of WSN. We define metrics to evaluate the characteristic, behavior, and dependency of these attacks followed a discussion on various counter-measures to defend them.
Empowering IT with Green Computing
Authors: S. Taruna , Pahwa Bhumika
Published: August 2016

In the existing state of Information Technology one cannot imagine of endurance without computers. The computers are used in such a way so as to help in sustaining the environment. The great amounts of energy consumed by large-scale computing and network systems, such as data centers and supercomputers, have been a major source of concern in a society increasingly reliant on information technology. The experts in the field have thought about how they can combat the continuing saga in battling the problem of scarcity and energy consumption by computing resources. This movement led to the development of “Green IT” and “Green computing”. “Green IT” refers to all IT measures that help in reducing energy either at hardware level, software level or at the service level. IT architect are moving towards new technologies and network system such as Virtualization, Grid Computing, MIMO System, Cognitive Radio and Power Management Techniques to achieve their goal of Green IT. This chapter incorporates the facts that how these new technologies helps in empowering IT.
A Region of Association and Turbulence
Authors: Pant Meha
Published: August 2016

The areas in and around India have always had a close association in building up of events which with time have attained historical and cultural prominence. In this study of cultural association the today's neighboring countries of Pakistan and Afghanistan have served as a passage of the influx of various cultures into the Indian subcontinent. The end of the Cold War highlighted the new threats which had emerged, not bound in the notions of safeguarding the integrity and sovereignty; they were way beyond territorial demarcations. These new threats were transnational in form with a much larger impact on the masses of the state. The rise and fall of Taliban in Afghanistan and the Anti India Islamic forces in Pakistan with the rise of India as a new regional power has led to new perspectives in concerns for the diplomatic and bilateral relations between these countries. What remains to be pointed is the level of porosity of borders and the ancient passes which have been routes for trade and inter cultural affiliations among these countries. The period of 2009-2015 was marked by various incidents which rocked the subcontinent bringing in strategic concerns to a new level. This article would study the historical linkages and cultural affiliations which binds the area of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India into a deeper relationship. Along with dwelling into the political scenario defined by bilateral and diplomatic ties which has taken up an important place in the times of changing perspectives of war and conflict.
Applying Optoelectronic Devices Fusion in Machine Vision
Authors: Flores-Fuentes Wendy , Rivas-Lopez Moises , Hernandez-Balbuena Daniel , Sergiyenko Oleg , Rodríguez-Quiñonez Julio C. , Rivera-Castillo Javier , Lindner Lars , Basaca-Preciado Luis C.
Published: August 2016

Machine vision is supported and enhanced by optoelectronic devices, the output from a machine vision system is information about the content of the optoelectronic signal, it is the process whereby a machine, usually a digital computer and/or electronic hardware automatically processes an optoelectronic signal and reports what it means. Machine vision methods to provide spatial coordinates measurement has developed in a wide range of technologies for multiples fields of applications such as robot navigation, medical scanning, and structural monitoring. Each technology with specified properties that could be categorized as advantage and disadvantage according its utility to the application purpose. This chapter presents the application of optoelectronic devices fusion as the base for those systems with non-lineal behavior supported by artificial intelligence techniques, which require the use of information from various sensors for pattern recognition to produce an enhanced output.
Usability Evaluation of Social Media Web Sites and Applications via Eye-Tracking Method
Authors: Mutlu-Bayraktar Duygu
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes usability studies of website-based and mobile application-based social media sites. In the study including 10 university students, the completion time of assigned tasks were measured along with click numbers and completion situations. These measures were analyzed. Data obtained from eye tracking movements was analyzed, and the results were evaluated. According to the results, the users can complete most of the tasks, but completion time varied. The participants had difficulties completing settings menu tasks except menus previously used in social media. When eye tracking results were examined, it was revealed that they mostly focused on the left side of websites and mobile applications. The participants stated that mobile applications were more useful than websites. According to eye-tracking data obtained in the study and the users' opinions, mobile social media applications were more functional than their websites.
Treating Central Catheter–Associated Bacteremia Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Beyond Vancomycin
Authors: Holt Shannon , Thompson-Brazill Kelly A. , Sparks E. Ryan , Lipetzky Juliana
Published: August 2016

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of hospital-associated infections, including central catheter–associated bacteremia. Vancomycin has been the drug of choice for treating this type of bacteremia for decades in patients who have no contraindications to the antibiotic. However, resistance to vancomycin is an emerging problem. Newer antibiotics approved by the Food and Drug Administration have activity against methicillin-resistant S aureus. Some of the antibiotics also have activity against strains of S aureus that are intermediately susceptible or resistant to vancomycin. This article uses a case study to highlight the clinical signs of vancomycin failure and describes the indications for and appropriate use of alternative antimicrobials such as ceftaroline, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, and telavancin. (Critical Care Nurse. 2016;36[4]:46–57)
Could the Pliocene constrain the equilibrium climate sensitivity?
Authors: Hargreaves J. C. , Annan J. D.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP) is the most recent interval in which atmospheric carbon dioxide was substantially higher than in modern pre-industrial times. It is, therefore, a potentially valuable target for testing the ability of climate models to simulate climates warmer than the pre-industrial state. The recent Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) presented boundary conditions for the mPWP and a protocol for climate model experiments. Here we analyse results from the PlioMIP and, for the first time, discuss the potential for this interval to usefully constrain the equilibrium climate sensitivity. We observe a correlation in the ensemble between their tropical temperature anomalies at the mPWP and their equilibrium sensitivities. If the real world is assumed to also obey this relationship, then the reconstructed tropical temperature anomaly at the mPWP can in principle generate a constraint on the true sensitivity. Directly applying this methodology using available data yields a range for the equilibrium sensitivity of 1.9–3.7 °C, but there are considerable additional uncertainties surrounding the analysis which are not included in this estimate. We consider the extent to which these uncertainties may be better quantified and perhaps lessened in the next few years.
Las tensiones del yo escritor: el diario como lugar de experimentación en José Donoso y Ágata Gligo
Authors: Fernández Arriagada Daniela Alejandra
Published: August 2016

Con la publicación de Correr el tupido velo (2009) se puede acceder a fragmentos del diario de escritor de José Donoso, mientras que Diario de una pasajera (1997) es el registro de los últimos años de vida de Ágata Gligo. Estos textos autobiográficos son entendidos por los mismos escritores como parte de su obra, hay en ellos una intimidad que se sabe saldrá a la luz, a la vez que una necesidad por llevar a cabo su escritura. En el caso de Gligo, ella recibe el mandato del mismo Pepe Donoso de llevar un diario para hacer frente a su sequia narrativa y la cercanía de la muerte. Por su parte, el novelista es sumamente prolífico en la escritura de estos, consolidándolos como un lugar para el desahogo de sus temores e inseguridades. Alberto Giordano propone que escribir sobre si mismos les da a los escritores la posibilidad de conocerse y desconocerse, en síntesis, crear su propia figura, por lo que la escritura de la verdad pugna constantemente con el oficio irrenunciable del contar. Ambos además aprovechan este espacio para la reflexión metatextual sobre su propia obra y la de sus contemporáneos, que son nombrados constituyendo el gesto doble de crítica y posicionamiento/construcción de un campo cultural.
The Qadisha Valley, Lebanon
Authors: Chaaya Anis
Published: August 2016

The Qadisha Valley (also known as Wadi Qadisha in Arabic) is located in northern Lebanon and is one of the longest valleys in the Mount Lebanon range. It combines a beautiful unique landscape with numerous historical and archaeological sites. Carved out by the Qadisha River in a deep gorge, the valley is an oasis of peace, serenity, and spirituality for many. It has sheltered Christian monastic communities for centuries. The Qadisha Valley is an important area for early Christian monastic movements that have been coming to live and pray there since the fifth century AD, mainly the Maronite Church between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. In 1998, the valley was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural landscape.
Storing Produce and Staging Dinner Parties: Fruit-Galleries and Genre in Varro’s De re rustica 1
Authors: Nelsestuen Grant
Published: August 2016

This article explores the genre and ideological agenda of Varro’s De re rustica by examining the textual representation of oporothecae (“fruit-galleries”). As structures in which fruit could be stored and dinner parties held, the oporothecae not only serve to evaluate and satirize the rural practices of contemporary Roman elites but also programmatically epitomize the tension generated by De re rustica’s synthesis of the technical treatise, philosophical dialogue, and satire.
An Imitation Game: Rhetorical Play in Lucian’s Images, Images Defended, and The Mistaken Critic
Authors: Andrade Nathanael , Rush Emily
Published: August 2016

This article examines Lucian’s Images, Images Defended, and The Mistaken Critic as texts characterized by certain parallel elements. Though these texts are analyzed with one another only rarely, we argue that the use and function of ekphrasis and declamation link them. Through ekphrasis, all three texts create likenesses of absent figures, and, through declamation, their characters pose as the likenesses (or detached body parts thereof) that they create. By means of rhetorical display, therefore, Lucian’s interlocutors call into question the relationship between copy and original, real and fictional, thus highlighting the instability of knowledge.
Regional Security Arrangements and Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Case Study: Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Authors: Divsalar Majid , Veshki Ebrahim Javadi
Published: August 2016

In international system scene, interests and strategies for ensuring these interests are among key strategies of powerful countries. Therefore, super powers, organize security in different geographical areas through competition in order to challenge competitors and threaten them. Shanghai cooperation organization (SCO), as the most important security measure, has been developed by influence of competitive atmosphere in international system by help of Russian, China and some other important regional allies in response to transatlantic actions. As a result, this security measure could control peripheral threats in the region. In this regard, Islamic Republic of Iran, has considered emergence of this regional security measure as a serious threat for its national and regional interests and has acted to suppress them in the framework of its defense diplomacy. Considering this, authors try to answer this question that how Shanghai cooperation organization as security measure can influence the foreign policy behavior of Islamic Republic of Iran? By studying and analyzing how and why Shanghai cooperation organization (SOC) around Islamic Republic of Iran and determining foreign policy of super powers in establishing this organization, its effect on the foreign policy behavior of Islamic Republic of Iran is considered.
City and Urban Social Justice, Analyzing and Evaluating Regional Inequalities (Case Study: Eight Urban Deteriorated Districts of Zahedan City)
Authors: Moghadam Fereshte Sheybani , Darvish Behrouz , Javan Tayebeh Sargolzaee
Published: August 2016

Dissolution of distribution system of urban services centers has been one of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and physical development of Iranian cities within recent decades. It has brought about social inequalities for citizens in terms of taking advantage of such services. The public urban services forms the physical, social and spatial nature of a city; hence, unfair distribution of such services will impose an irrecoverable influence on both the structure and nature of the city and class-based segregation of districts of the city on the one hand and has brought about serious challenges for the urban management. This study tries to explain life quality levels in the urban deteriorated fabric of Zahedan City based on 38 life quality indexes and their relationship with the urban land uses per capita across different districts; 10-use per capita has been used. Over-18-year-old citizens living in deteriorated districts of Zahedan City constitutes population of this study. Totally 258789 people live in such districts. A total of 384 people were selected as the sample of the study using random sampling and Cochran’s formula. A descriptive-analytical method was followed to conduct the study. Initially, exploratory studies and preliminary visits were arranged and then it was followed by the field study, using survey method. Entropy and COPRAS methods were used to determine the sample size of the questionnaires given population of each district and finally to analyze and rank districts. The results showed that per capita distribution of urban services across the districts 4, 3 and 5 was better than the standard per capita issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and they were closer to the ideal condition. However, there was a large gap between distribution per capita in districts 2, 1, 7 and 8 and the standard per capita and the positive ideal and they have not ideal condition. According to the life quality indexes, accessing to primary schools is the most important item for the citizens and this item is not ideal in these districts and is the first item in the urban services accessibility indexes. Finally, the results of rating districts based on urban per capita and life quality indexes indicate that there is a weak relationship between urban per capita and life quality indexes; as only a district out of eight ones showed an equal rate.
Effect of AIPAC Lobby on America's Foreign Policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Shakoori Marziehe , Kiani Davood , Heidarpour Masha Allah
Published: August 2016

Undoubtedly, no countries have been, by now, the host and under the influence of pressure groups as far America would, the issue make difficult to make a decision in foreign policy affairs, because of the benefits and the valuation system in America. It seems that among the pressure groups in America, the Israel lobby in America has the most influence on the foreign policy-making; accordingly it can be said almost there has been a special relationship between America and Israel after World War II and AIPAC always guarantees this relationship to continue. In shaping the foreign policy of any country, a collection of internally, nationally and internationally different-level factors would contribute that the outcome of the interaction between these factors has been provided as an output and called by "foreign policy". United States of America's foreign policy has been the outcome of such a process, accordingly, on the basis of theories of international relations that the internal level would be the most essential level of the analysis of the foreign policy of the United States of America, which one of its components is to examine the role of pressure groups in shaping this country’s foreign policy, actually in this regard, there is no the most prominent and significant lobby group except Israel lobby in America. So, author intends to investigate the influence of various forms of Israel lobby and this regime position and performance within America’s foreign policy against Iran and thereby, the lobby’s directed activates in the arena of Iran were investigated; followed by the research process, stated that the penetrating element in the decision-making system of the United states of America is undeniably in terms of the Israeli-centered influential lobby groups’ contribution and the unsparing support of the United states for this lobby.
Using and Trusting in Media, Type of Governance and the Political Trust of University Students: A Case Study
Authors: Jahangiri Jahangir , Sardarnia Khalil-Allah
Published: August 2016

Political trust in governments and political organs is a significant determinant of legitimacy. This quantitative study, using survey and questionnaire, has studied and investigated the effects of two variables of the state’s governing method and performance, as well as soft power on students’ political trust. The sample of the study included 400 bachelor’s and master’s students studying at Shiraz University. The result revealed a positive relationship students’ use of domestic media and trusting their contents and their political trust on the government and the political institutions. There was a negative and inverse relation when it came to the Internet and satellite channels. In terms of government performance indicators (including sense of security, notion of rule of law, services, accountability and political effectiveness) and political trust, a positive relationship was observed. However, an inverse and significant relationship was seen between the thought that there’s discrimination and corruption and political trust. The multivariate analysis showed that the variables namely Trust in news of local media, notion of corruption in institutions, notion of accountability, responsibility and supervision in the government and administration, sense of security, notion of rule of law, and sex (being man), totally explained 49.7% of changes in political trust.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 9, No. 6
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: August 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 9, No. 6, 2016.
Determining the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Iranian Legal System's Selection Policy in Response to Violent Crimes
Authors: Khozeimeh Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2016

In addition to being a social need, fighting against crime, has a political function and provides the acceptance and legitimacy of political systems. For this reason, the government’s policy of suppression, reduction and prevention of crime, concerns the public opinion. It is necessary that, the best and the most efficient way is selected to fight crime with the help of scientific technology. In the present article entitled “Determining the advantages and disadvantages of the legal system's selection policy in response to violent crime” we have been trying to serve the purpose of determining the advantages and disadvantages of the legal system's selection policy in response to violent crimes and explain the best way to fight against violent crimes, taking into account social needs, the analytical methods and the use of all library resources to answer the questions; what processes has the criminal policy of Iran regarded to prevent violent crimes? How has the Populist criminal policy been expressed in legislation of Iran? Finally, what are the results of the populist criminal policy? The results of the study show that the Populist criminal policy has always existed in the Iranian legal system, the example of which is seen in the law of intensification of punishments for the perpetrators of embezzlement, bribery and fraud.
Evaluation of Telecommunications Electromagnetic Compatibility with the Use of Three-Dimensional Modeling Technology
Authors: Abbasova Tatiana Sergeevna , Sidorova Natalya Petrovna , Teodorovich Natalya Nikolaevna , Abbasov Elshan Maggeram Oglu
Published: August 2016

Three-dimensional modeling is used as a new way of presenting information about the electromagnetic compatibility of telecommunications infrastructure equipment. We analyzed the problem of modeling of electromagnetic noise waves equipment and communication channels of telecommunications monitoring systems. Conducted the analysis of control problems of telecommunications equipment electromagnetic compatibility. Described the real conditions of installing the electronic equipment in computational complexes. Using tools of 3D-modeling was formed cable route, taking into account the suppression of noise waves, placement of telecommunication devices and checking whether the threshold value of cable susceptibility for all options of its gasket between devices was transcended. It is proposed to study the behavior of electromagnetic fields in the cable lines with shielding cable, electrostatic discharge, providing set of measures for electromagnetic compatibility, to convert created in a three-dimensional environment model in a specialized settlement package. The prospects of the use 4D-, 5D-, 6D-simulation for analysis of the implementation of projects, reduction of operating and electromagnetic compatibility costs.
Nonlinear Damage Mechanics Approach in Investigating Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members
Authors: Nassef Ahmad Salah Edeen
Published: August 2016

This paper was investigating cracks in reinforced concrete members subjected to pure bending using nonlinear damage mechanics approach. Concrete, steel and total damage variables were introduced and correlations were derived. Comparisons with different experimental and theoretical methods were executed, comparison between the proposed approach and different codes of practices were also executed. A parametric study was carried out for total damage variable considering both concrete cover and reinforcement ratio at different concrete damage variable.
Prediction of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient and Temperature Distribution of Air-Conditioned Spaces Using Numerical Simulation
Authors: Akeiber Hussein J. , Wahid Mazlan A. , Hussen Hasanen M. , Mohammad Abdulrahman Th. , Abdullah Bashar Mudhaffar , Altaie Arkan. , Aftab A. , Alwan Raid. A. , Sies M.M.
Published: August 2016

Accurate and efficient modeling of convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) by considering the detailed room geometry and heat flux density in building is demanding for economy, environmental amiability, and user satisfaction. We report the three-dimensional finite-volume numerical simulation of internal room flow field characteristics with heated walls. Two different room geometries are chosen to determine the CHTC and temperature distribution. The conservation equations (elliptic partial differential) for the incompressible fluid flows are numerically solved using iterative method with no-slip boundary conditions to compute velocity components, pressure, temperature, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate. A line-by-line solution technique combined with a tri-diagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA) is used. The temperature field is simulated for various combinations of air-change per hour and geometrical parameters. The values of HTCs are found to enhance with increasing wall temperatures.
Multilayered Cavity Material Radial Line Slot Array Antenna with Improved Bandwidth for 5G Communication Application
Authors: Maina Ibrahim , Rahman Tharek Abd , Khalily Mohsen , Zakwoi Splomon Iliya
Published: August 2016

Mobile broadband communication systems like the fifth generation (5G) will require large bandwidth allocation. Currently, the sweet spot is congested with no enough spectrum to support higher bandwidth allocation. The millimeter wave band is being explored to provide the needed spectrum with 28 GHz so far identified as a potential carrier frequency. Development of complimentary antennas for transmission and reception on the band therefore become necessary. This paper present the design of linearly polarized radial line slot array antenna at 28 GHz for mobile broadband communication system application. The antenna consists of radiating surface with radius ρ sitting on squared cavity and ground of side 2ρ. It is excited via a rear center mounted modified straight dielectric coated 50 Ω SSMA connector. The cavity is filled with layers of air space, low dielectric constant syntactic foam and high frequency laminate RT/duroid 5880. With ρ = 50 mm and a maximum total cavity height of 3.0 mm, the antenna was simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio 2014 software. A gain of 18.13 dB, directivity of 18.4 dBi, efficiency of 96 % and impedance bandwidth of up to 2.34 GHz were realized.
An Analysis on Locating and Finding the Most Appropriate Option in Order to Shifting Capital in Iran
Authors: Taghvaei Masoud , Rahmani Neda , Akrami Mahsa
Published: August 2016

Capital is the most important city in every country and it is the concentration center of political, social and economical powers. Every country is introduced by its capital. The issue of shifting capital is offered and conducted in some countries in the world. Iran had the experience of shifting its capital many times in different historical periods according to the certain circumstances. In this research, 19 options are examined. Type of the research is descriptive-analytical type and required information are collected in six indicators of environmental conditions, geographical position, locating in less dangerous zones, suitable facilities and infrastructures, cultural and social structures, economical status using documents and questionnaire. The collected data is analyzed using AHP by Expert Choice software. The obtained results indicate that among examined options, Hashtgerd, Doroud Vazena and Pardis are the most appropriate cities with weights 0.075, 0.068, 0.064, and Qom, Khomein and Hamadan are the most inappropriate cities for shifting capital with weights 0.043, 0.043 and 0.032.
The Effect of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy on Marital Adjustment of Couples Who Came to Consultancy Centers in Kerman City
Authors: Gohari Marjan Mehrabi , Razavi Vida
Published: August 2016

Current research was done aiming assessment of effect of emotionally focused couple therapy on marital adjustment of couples. Current research was a semi experimental one. Assessed statistical society were couples who came to consultancy centers in Kerman city. A sample including 40 person or 20 couples (20 women and 20 men) were selected randomly and were placed in two control and experiment groups. Experiment group had received required training within 10 session with 60 minutes each one and control group had not received any training. Data gathering tool was Spanier marital adjustment (2007). After conducting of Pretest on both groups, intervention group were treated by emotionally focused treatment within 10 session. Then Posttest was conducted on both groups. Data analysis was done by Covariance analysis method. MANCOVA analysis results showed that effect of emotionally focused couple therapy on marital adjustment was meaningful. Moreover Covariance analysis on each factor of marital adjustment was also an indication of effect of emotionally focused couple therapy on adjustment factors and satisfaction and on consistency factor.
Analysis of the Performance of Municipalities in Terms of Urban Good Governance in Shahrekords
Authors: Hadiani Zohreh , Ghasemi Ezzatollah
Published: August 2016

Nowadays, increasing cities population and difficulties due to the centralized programming approach that leading to the disorderliness in cities at one side and awareness and increasing citizens rights at the other side; necessitate the reexamining in urban management and city management. due to the radical changes in cities’ developmental management, in addition to the mentioned approach, we need to deploy a decentralized approach in urban organization or apply a good urban governance with citizens cooperation simultaneously, so for removing current problems in urban development we should take into account the local organizations and governmental and non-governmental organization. The goal of this research is to consider Shahrekord performance in the framework of good urban governance. The research method is descriptive-analytical method, and data and information for this research gathered through field study and used measuring method, and subjects include sample of 330 shahrekod citizens. In this research we applied four standards for good urban governance i.e cooperation, efficiency, transparency and accountability, and for data processing and analyzing we used SPSS software. Findings show that efficiency has a mean equals to 2.95, cooperation 2.67, accountability with a satisfying mean equals to 2.59, and transparency is 2.58. so shahrekords’ municipal performance in the framework of good performance is unsuitable, so research hypothesis which imply on suitable municipal performance at the framework of good urban management is unsatisfying and not being proven.
Understanding the Trade-Offs Between Environmental Service Provision through Improved Fallows and Private Welfare Using Stated Preference Approach: A Case Study in Chongwe - Zambia
Authors: Kuntashula Elias , Mungatana Eric
Published: August 2016

The trade-offs between environmental service (ES) provision through the uptake of improved fallows and private farmer welfare losses have rarely been evaluated. Unlike inorganic fertiliser, improved fallows provide ES in addition to improving the soil fertility. This study used contingent valuation methodologies to evaluate willingness to provide ES through improved fallows among 324 farmers in Chongwe district of Zambia. Given scenarios that improved fallows, unlike inorganic fertiliser, help in mitigating soil erosion and water pollution, more than 70% of the farmers were willing to supply these services through the technology. The willingness to be pro-fertiliser oriented was positively associated with cropped land sizes and soil fertility challenges and negatively associated with total farm size. In addition, for users of improved fallows, increases in per capita income increased the probability of willingness to embrace fertiliser. Group membership decreased the probability for the users’ willingness to embrace fertiliser. For the non-users, the probability of joining the association that would ensure blockage of an improved fallow policy decreased with maize productivity. For the few farmers, there was no significant difference in the willingness to pay (WTP) (t = 1.546, p = 0.136) to ensure availability of fertiliser or blocking a policy compelling uptake of improved fallows between the users (WTP = K1, 050,000, US$1 = K5, 000) and non-users (WTP= K1, 380,000) of the technology. The trade-off between ES provisions through improved fallows and loss in immediate private welfare by not embracing fertiliser was similar across the technology’ users divide. Therefore a payment for environmental services policy could target the farmers as a homogenous group.
Manikin-based simulation: online orientation and student anxiety
Authors: Giuliano Dominic A. , McGregor Marion , Howard Loretta , Taylor Rebecca , Statz Rachel , Linka Madolyn , Bagnell Christina
Published: August 2016

Objective: This study examined changes in anxiety associated with different modes of student orientation to a manikin-based simulation lab. It was purposed that the addition of an online orientation prior to the actual lab would save time for more learning content during the session.

Methods: Anxiety scores were gathered from groups of interns, using a visual analog scale. Some students experienced a 30-minute in-person orientation while others completed an online module. One-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for analysis.

Results: Mean anxiety scores were not statistically different (χ2 = 2.51, p = .29) between the group that received a 30-minute in-person orientation and the online group. At the end of the entire introductory phase, there was a significant difference between year cohorts (F = 9.61, p < .001), indicating overall higher anxiety for one of the years receiving in-person orientation. However, when looking at the remaining in-person orientation year vs the online module year, there was no significant difference seen (p = .56).

Conclusions: Successful transition, resulting in substantial gain to learning time, was observed by changing an in-person orientation to an online format. Anxiety levels were noted to fluctuate significantly from year to year regardless of orientation method.
Five-Year Incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in British Columbia (2010-2015)
Authors: Golby Riley , Poirier Brigitte , Fabros Marife , Cragg Jacquelyn J. , Yousefi Masoud , Cashman Neil
Published: August 2016

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative neurological disease with significant effects on quality of life. International studies continue to provide consistent incidence values, though complete case ascertainment remains a challenge. The Canadian population has been understudied, and there are currently no quantitative data on the incidence of ALS in British Columbia (BC). The objectives of this study were to determine the five-year incidence rates of ALS in BC and to characterize the demographic patterns of the disease. Methods: The capture–recapture method was employed to estimate ALS incidence over a five-year period (2010-2015). Two sources were used to identify ALS cases: one database from an ALS medical centre and another from a not-for-profit ALS organization. Results: During this time period, there were 690 incident cases within the two sources. The capture–recapture method estimated 57 unobserved cases, corresponding to a crude five-year incidence rate of 3.29 cases per 100,000 (CI95%=3.05-3.53). The mean age of diagnosis was 64.6 (CI95%=59.7-69.4), with 63.5 (CI95%=56.9-70.1) for men and 65.7 (CI95%=58.6-72.7) for women. There was a slight male preponderance in incidence, with a 1.05:1 ratio to females. Peak numbers in incidence occurred between the ages of 70 and 79. Conclusions: The incidence of ALS in BC was found to be consistent with international findings though nominally higher than that in other Canadian provinces to date.
Bubbly shock propagation as a mechanism for sheet-to-cloud transition of partial cavities
Authors: Ganesh Harish , Mäkiharju Simo A. , Ceccio Steven L.
Published: August 2016

Partial cavitation in the separated region forming from the apex of a wedge is examined to reveal the flow mechanism responsible for the transition from stable sheet cavity to periodically shedding cloud cavitation. High-speed visualization and time-resolved X-ray densitometry measurements are used to examine the cavity dynamics, including the time-resolved void-fraction fields within the cavity. The experimentally observed time-averaged void-fraction profiles are compared to an analytical model employing free-streamline theory. From the instantaneous void-fraction flow fields, two distinct shedding mechanisms are identified. The classically described re-entrant flow in the cavity closure is confirmed as a mechanism for vapour entrainment and detachment that leads to intermittent shedding of smaller-scale cavities. But, with a sufficient reduction in cavitation number, large-scale periodic cloud shedding is associated with the formation and propagation of a bubbly shock within the high void-fraction bubbly mixture in the separated cavity flow. When the shock front impinges on flow at the wedge apex, a large cloud is pinched off. For periodic shedding, the speed of the front in the laboratory frame is of the order of half the free-stream speed. The features of the observed condensation shocks are related to the average and dynamic pressure and void fraction using classical one-dimensional jump conditions. The sound speed of the bubbly mixture is estimated to determine the Mach number of the cavity flow. The transition from intermittent to transitional to strongly periodic shedding occurs when the average Mach number of the cavity flow exceeds that required for the generation of strong shocks.
Knowledge Acquisition in Production Networks: Effective Strategies for System Integrators and Component Specialists
Authors: Lin Shu-Jou , Lin Hsing-Er , McDonough Edward F.
Published: August 2016

This study provides new insight into the effectiveness of different knowledge acquisition strategies for organizations at different positions in a production network. Component specialists and systems integrators require a different knowledge repertoire in terms of knowledge depth and knowledge breadth. We show that a greater reliance on inter-organizational partnering than on intra-organizational acquiring is effective in the acquisition of knowledge breadth rather than knowledge depth. And the positive effect of a greater reliance on inter-organizational partnering on knowledge breadth is particularly strong for system integrators.
Stresses in Space-Curved Rings Reinforcing the Edges of Cut-Outs in Monocoque Fuselages
Authors: Hoff N. J.
Published: August 2016

The object of this paper is to contribute one step toward the knowledge of the stresses in the neighbourhood of openings in monocoque aircraft fuselages by developing a procedure for the calculation of the stresses in spaced-curved rings used for reinforcing the edges of openings. The general appearance of such an opening is shown in the perspective view of Fig. 1. The procedure presented here presupposes a knowledge of the forces which act upon the ring. These forces depend upon the relative distortions of the reinforcing ring and of the rest of the fuselage, and the exact determination of their magnitude under different conditions of loading of the fuselage presents great difficulties.
Stresses in Ring Structures
Authors: Whitehead L. G.
Published: August 2016

The simple ring frames which are a common feature of metal fuselage construction are being superseded in some large aircraft by more complicated frames in which one or more cross members are added to stiffen the frame. The stress distribution in simple rings is readily analysed by the standard methods for redundant structures, but the direct extension of these methods to more complicated cases leads normally to the solution of a number of simultaneous equations. The method now proposed avoids this difficulty by breaking down the calculation into a number of simple steps and then applying the principle of superposition to combine the results so obtained. In this respect it is equivalent to the Hardy Cross moment distribution method (1) or to Southwell's method of the systematic relaxation of constraints (2) though in many applications the final superposition of loadings is so simple that the full moment distribution or relaxation procedure is not required.
Compressor Design
Authors: Taylor R. G.
Published: August 2016

In Mr. J. M. Stephenson's Technical Note, “ The Elimination of Wall Effects in Axial-Flow Compressor Stages,” in the April 1953 issue of the Journal, the author suggests that the blade rows of an axial flow compressor are so closely spaced as to ensure that the axial velocity profile is unchanged across the rows. Whether this statement is correct or not such an assumption regarding the axial velocity profile is a basic design condition and when made it will not leave any flexibility in the choice of the function f(r).
The Life and Work of Roy Chadwick
Authors: Rogerson H.
Published: August 2016

The 987th Lecture to be given before the Society was the 24th Main Lecture to be given at a Branch of the Society and was also the First Chadwick Memorial Lecture. The Lecture, inaugurated by and held under the auspices of the Manchester Branch was given by Mr. H. Rogerson, M.B.E., A.M.I.Mech.E., F.R.Ae.S., before a large and distinguished audience on the 21st March 1956, at the College of Technology, Manchester.
Crack Detection in Aircraft Structures
Authors: Deck W.
Published: August 2016

In Switzerland aircraft often have to take off and land in narrow mountain valleys where a strong, irregular wind is blowing. In these circumstances one faulty casting may cause failure of a control; or a small part, if insufficiently heat-treated, may fracture and result in the loss of the aircraft. For this reason, thorough inspection during production and careful maintenance of the aircraft are of prime importance. Control within the aircraft factory consists of inspection of the raw materials, such as bars, sheet metal, tubes, castings, forgings and so on; testing of the most important parts during manufacture to detect cracks and to control the heat treatment; and the final control of all parts, of components and of the whole aircraft. Maintenance inspection reveals cracks, corrosion and other defects of the most important parts of the aircraft.
Parnell and the Bradlaugh case
Authors: Arnstein Walter L.
Published: August 2016

It is a historical truism that the ‘Irish question’ dominated British parliamentary life during the last third of the nineteenth century. For good reason does Sir Robert Ensor give one of the chapters in England, 1870-1914 the title ‘The ascendancy of Parnell’. Yet it is the custom to treat the Irish nationalist contingent at Westminster as concerned only with Irish questions. It has been observed, to be sure, that the ‘Irish question’ had a highly significant impact upon English affairs. The Irish land acts of 1870 and 1881, for example, have come to be seen as a type of government intervention in economic affairs foreshadowing the twentieth-century welfare state. One aspect of the existence of an Irish third party at Westminster has, however, been curiously neglected, the impact of Irish M.Ps upon essentially English political controversies. It is with one such controversy that this paper is concerned, the notorious Bradlaugh case.
Government policy and the Irish party crisis, 1890–921
Authors: Curtis L.P.
Published: August 2016

Captain O’Shea’s successful divorce petition in November 1890 not only set in motion the forces which shattered the unity of Parnell’s party but also extricated the Salisbury ministry from a position of acute discomfort. Among unionists of all political complexions there was profound relief when news of dissension over the divorce and its aftermath first leaked out of Committee Room 15. Government supporters, already chagrined by Parnell’s triumphant emergence from the ordeal of the special commission, had expected a lengthy and inconclusive hearing in the divorce court. Not even in their fondest dreams did they imagine that the Irish leader would refuse to defend the suit or that the reaction of the Liberal leaders would imperil the ‘union of hearts’. Lord Cranbrook expressed the joy and hopes of his cabinet colleagues when he wrote in his diary on November 27: ‘Consternation prevails among the separatists. Can we get the advantage of the confusion to pass our measures?’ The answer to this question was in the affirmative. Much of the opposition to the Irish land purchase bill disappeared overnight, and parliament adjourned for the holidays on December 9 after a brief session which was notable for the absence of obstruction. O’Shea’s handiwork and Gladstone’s sensitivity to nonconformist opinion thus combined to give the government a new lease of life.
XXXVI: Is the O’Neill — MacCarthy letter of 1317 a forgery?
Authors: Murchadha Diarmuid Ó
Published: August 2016

In June 1926 Herbert Wood, deputy-keeper of the public records of Ireland, read a paper to the Royal Irish Academy under the title ‘Letter from Domnall O’Neill to Fineen MacCarthy, 1317’, based on a manuscript (Add. MS 34727, ff 268–9) in the British Museum. The paper was published shortly afterwards as an interesting — perhaps unique — example of a personal communication from one Gaelic lord to another in the era of the Bruce wars. Wood, who obviously had some doubts concerning it, debated in his final paragraphs the case for and against the possibility of forgery before accepting the letter as genuine. But despite the singularity of the letter and the circumstances of its provenance through one person — Thomas O’Sullivan of Middle Temple, London — it has been unquestioningly accepted by historians both general and specialist.

Since 1926 several contemporary and near-contemporary sources of early MacCarthy history have been published, providing evidence which was not readily accessible in Wood’s time. In the light of sources such as these, the authenticity of the letter deserves to be reassessed, and the purpose of this article is to show that the whole document could well have been a fabrication concocted by O’Sullivan.