bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Digitale) Elternzusammenarbeit in Kindertageseinrichtungen während der Corona-Pandemie. Digitalisierungsschub oder verpasste Chance?
Authors: Cohen Franziska , Oppermann Elisa , Anders Yvonne
Published: April 2021

Die Schließung von Kindertageseinrichtungen (Kita) als Maßnahme zur Eindämmung des Corona-Virus stellte frühpädagogische Fachkräfte kurzfristig vor veränderte Tätigkeitsbedingungen und Möglichkeiten, den weiterhin bestehenden Bildungsauftrag umzusetzen. Die Zusammenarbeit mit Eltern, mit und ohne digitale Medien, spielt in dieser Hinsicht eine wichtige Rolle. Der Beitrag untersucht a) wie häufig und in welcher Form Fachkräfte die Elternzusammenarbeit in der Corona-Schließzeit umsetzten, b) welche Einstellungen frühpädagogische Fachkräfte zu digital-gestützter und allgemeiner Elternzusammenarbeit in der Corona-Schließzeit hatten und c) welche Rolle die Qualifikation der Fachkräfte, ihre Einstellungen und ihre wahrgenommene Unterstützung im Hinblick für die digitale und nicht digitale Elternzusammenarbeit in der Corona-Schließzeit spielten. Datenbasis bildet eine bundesweite Onlinebefragung von 3513 Fachkräften in Kitas während der Corona-Schließzeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die wahrgenommene eigene Rolle im Hinblick auf die Elternzusammenarbeit einen positiven Einfluss darauf hat, ob mit den Eltern Kontakt aufgenommen wurde. Ob dieser Kontakt über digitale Medien passiert, hängt unter anderem von den Einstellungen der Fachkräfte zu digitalen Medien, der erwarteten Reaktion der Eltern auf diese Form der Elternzusammenarbeit und von der technischen Unterstützung im Implementationsprozess digitaler Medien in der Elternzusammenarbeit ab. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf strukturelle Bedingungen von Einrichtungen und professionelle Kompetenzen frühpädagogischer Fachkräfte für eine breite Implementierung digitaler Medien in der frühpädagogischen Praxis diskutiert.
Effect of anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Tieleman R. G. , Klok F. A. , Belfroid E. , Hoogervorst-Schilp J. , Schalkers I. , Jansen C. W. , Siebelink H. J.
Published: April 2021

Background

In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, an increased incidence of thromboembolic events, such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and stroke, has been reported. It is unknown whether anticoagulation can prevent these complications and improve outcome.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to answer the question: What is the effect of (prophylactic and therapeutic dose) anticoagulation therapy in COVID-19 patients on cardiovascular and thromboembolic complications and clinical outcome? Relevant outcome measures were mortality (crucial), hospital admission, length of stay, thromboembolic complications (pulmonary embolism, stroke, transient ischaemic attack), need for mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury and use of renal replacement therapy. Medline and Embase databases were searched with relevant search terms until 17 July 2020. After systematic analysis, eight studies were included. Analysis was stratified for the start of anticoagulation before or during hospital admission.

Results

There was insufficient evidence that therapeutic anticoagulation could improve the outcome in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. None of the studies demonstrated improved mortality, except for one very small Italian study. Furthermore, none of the studies showed a positive effect of anticoagulation on other outcome measures in COVID-19, such as ICU admission, length of hospital stay, thromboembolic complications, need for mechanical ventilation, acute kidney failure or need for renal replacement therapy, except for two studies demonstrating an association between anticoagulation and a lower incidence of pulmonary embolism. However, the level of evidence of all studies varied from ‘low’ to ‘very low’, according to the GRADE methodology.

Conclusion

Analysis of the literature showed that there was insufficient evidence to answer our objective on the effect of anticoagulation on outcome in COVID-19 patients, especially due to the low scientific quality of the described studies. Randomised controlled studies are needed to answer this question.
Correction to: First report of a comparative patient-oriented perspective on the use of non-vitamin-K oral anticoagulants or vitamin-K antagonists in atrial fibrillation: patients’ experiences, side-effects and practical problems leading to non-adherence
Authors: Bennaghmouch N. , de Veer A. J. W. M. , Zivelonghi C. , van Dijk L. , ten Berg J. M.
Published: April 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s12471-019-01331-x
Identification and assessment of a nonlinear dynamic actuator model for controlling an experimental flexible wing
Authors: Tang Martin , Böswald Marc , Govers Yves , Pusch Manuel
Published: April 2021

In this paper, the effect of nonlinear actuator dynamics on the performance of an active load alleviation system for an experimental flexible wing is studied. Common nonlinearities such as backlash or rate limits are considered for the control surface actuator. An aeroelastic simulation model of a flexible wing with control surface is being used. With this, a parameter study is carried out to quantify the impact of the individual nonlinearities on the overall closed-loop performance by means of describing functions. Finally, the nonlinear actuator model with parameters identified from dedicated tests is experimentally validated allowing for an accurate prediction of the expected gust load alleviation performance.
On the cohomology of certain subspaces of $$\text {Sym}^n(\mathbb {P}^1)$$ and Occam’s razor for Hodge structures
Authors: Banerjee Oishee
Published: April 2021

Vakil and Matchett-Wood (Discriminants in the Grothendieck ring of varieties, 2013. arXiv:1208.3166) made several conjectures on the topology of symmetric powers of geometrically irreducible varieties based on their computations on motivic zeta functions. Two of those conjectures are about subspaces of $$\text {Sym}^n(\mathbb {P}^1)$$

Sym
n

(

P

1

)

. In this note, we disprove one of them and prove a stronger form of the other, thereby obtaining (counter)examples to the principle of Occam’s razor for Hodge structures.
Study of non-metric characters of the skull to determine the epigenetic variability in populations of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) and domestic cats (Felis catus)
Authors: Lehmann Lisa , Stefen Clara
Published: April 2021

We studied the variability of non-metric cranial traits, mainly foramina, of European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) and domestic cats (Felis catus) from Germany based on 28 non-metric traits in 211 skulls. The domestic cats were grouped together as a statistical population. The wildcats were divided into two populations: Harz and Hesse, which were further subdivided, based on traffic infrastructure, natural landscape, and in the Harz, on time period. Epigenetic variability, epigenetic distance and the fluctuating asymmetry were calculated to assess genetic variability, possible depressions and population stability. The epigenetic variabilityIevof the wildcat groups ranged from 0.27 (Hesse II) to 0.40 (Harz I). The difference inIevbetween all specimens from Harz and Hesse respectively was less (Iev = 0.37 Harz and 0.31 Hesse). Compared to other studies these values are not assumed to indicate genetic depression. The epigenetic distance between the wildcat samples is 0.0774 overall, and in each case higher between sub-groups of the Harz and Hesse than between groups within these regions, respectively. The significant epigenetic distance between Harz and Hesse might indicate—at least past formerly—restricted connectivity between these regions. The fluctuating asymmetry for wildcats in total is 11.74% and in the sub-groups it ranges from 8.47 to 16.14%. These values are below 20% are at the lower range known from populations of other mammal species. The use of fluctuating asymmetry had also been discussed critically in its usefulness to assess viability of populations.
Global trends in diabetes‐related mortality with regard to lifestyle modifications, risk factors, and affordable management: A preliminary analysis
Authors: Khaltaev Nikolai , Axelrod Svetlana
Published: April 2021

Background

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a global reduction of 17% has been achieved in the major noncommunicable disease‐associated mortality rate since 2000. This decline was due to the decreasing mortality associated with cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases. The WHO has not made any comments on diabetes‐related mortality thus far. The objective of this study was to demonstrate trends in diabetes‐related mortality associated with country‐wide interventions.

Methods

The WHO statistics were used to assess trends in diabetes‐related mortality from 2000 to 2016. Different types of community‐based interventions in 49 countries were compared and assessed.

Results

The baseline mortality decreased by 7%. Mortality in middle‐income countries was higher than that in high‐income countries. The prevalence of obesity showed a gradual increase in all countries. After implementation of the WHO “best buy” in 2010, mortality increased in 17 countries and decreased in 32 countries. Regarding the smoking prevalence trend, 87% countries with decreasing diabetes‐related mortality had a gradual decline in tobacco usage since 2000. The decline was observed only in 43% countries with increasing diabetes‐related mortality. The prevalence of hypertension increased in 19% countries with declining diabetes‐related mortality and in 35% countries with increasing diabetes‐related mortality. Physical activity measures tended to be better implemented in countries with declining diabetes‐related mortality than in countries with increasing diabetes‐related mortality.

Conclusion

Smoking cessation and better blood pressure control are associated with declining diabetes‐related mortality. Longer implementation periods are needed for other lifestyle interventions.
Beads, Pixels, andNkisi: Contemporary Kinois Art and Reconfigurations of the Virtual
Authors: Pype Katrien
Published: April 2021

In the 2016 Abiola Lecture, Mbembe argued that “the plasticity of digital forms speaks powerfully to the plasticity of African precolonial cultures and to ancient ways of working with representation and mediation, of folding reality.” In her commentary, Pype tries to understand what “speaking powerfully to” can mean. She first situates the Abiola Lecture within a wide range of exciting and ongoing scholarship that attempts to understand social transformations on the continent since the ubiquitous uptake of the mobile phone, and its most recent incarnation, the smartphone. She then analyzes the aesthetics of artistic projects by Alexandre Kyungu, Yves Sambu, and Hilaire Kuyangiko Balu, where wooden doors, tattoos, beads, saliva, and nails correlate with the Internet, pixels, and keys of keyboards and remote controls. Finally, Pype asks to whom the congruence between the aesthetics of a “precolonial” Congo and the digital speaks. In a society where “the past” is quickly demonized, though expats and the commercial and political elite pay thousands of dollars for the discussed art works, Pype argues that this congruence might be one more manifestation of capitalism’s cannibalization of a stereotypical image of “Africa.”
Unusual host selection inAmblycerus disparlarvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) and its potential impact on stored almonds (Prunus dulcis)
Authors: Agrain Federico A. , Hernández Del Pino Santiago , López-García Guillermo P. , Roig-Juñent Sergio
Published: April 2021

We present the first report ofAmblycerus dispar(Sharp) attacking stored almonds [Prunus dulcis(Mill.) D. A. Webb] in Argentina. A summarized diagnosis, illustrations, and photographs of the adult and mature larva are provided to facilitate identification. We performed species distribution models forA. disparand its main host plantGeoffroea decorticans(Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart. We includeA. disparinto a previous morphological character matrix and conduct a phylogenetic analysis to infer its phylogenetic position. The evolution of host plant associations of the genusAmblycerusis herein re-analyzed.A. disparand its main host shows high suitability areas especially in central-west Argentina and Chile, whereas for the USA, high suitability areas were found for the south-western which include the area of almond production in this country. Although the presence ofA. disparin the USA region is very unlikely, we recommend some awareness as other bruchines are present in the area. AlthoughA. disparis unlikely to become an economically important risk, monitoring for early detection is recommended to avoid productivity loss, especially when the native host is nearby cultivated areas.A. disparis hypothesized to be the sister species ofA. schwarziKingsolver. The colonization of a Rosaceae species is a novelty for this genus, being host shifts known as an important factor affecting both natural and agricultural systems.
ARISTOTLE, METAPHYSICS A 10, 993A13–15: A NEW READING AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE UNITY OF BOOK ALPHA
Authors: Kotwick Mirjam E.
Published: April 2021

This article argues for an emendation in Aristotle's Metaphysics A 10, 993a13–15. The emendation is based on a hitherto overlooked reading preserved in Alexander of Aphrodisias’ commentary on A 7. First, the article problematizes the reading of the Metaphysics manuscripts in terms of syntax, diction and content. Second, it shows that Alexander's reading is free of all three problems. Third, it argues for the originality of Alexander's reading according to the principle utrum in alterum abiturum erat? and based on the fact that the new reading reveals a subtle didactic link between A 7 and A 10 that sheds new light on the argumentative architecture of Metaphysics Book A.
The Interconnected Histories of the Syriac Churches in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: PARKER LUCY
Published: April 2021

Due to their different doctrinal positions, the various Syriac-using Churches of the Middle East have generally been understood as rivals to each other, with separate histories that can be studied in isolation. This article argues that doctrinal differences should not be given undue prominence, and that in the sixteenth century there was in reality considerable interaction between the different Churches. Increased contacts with Catholicism in this period may have encouraged these interactions, particularly in Rome itself, but connections were already present within the Ottoman Empire. These contacts had a significant effect on the Churches’ historical development.
DLPFC volume is a neural correlate of resilience in healthy high-risk individuals with both childhood maltreatment and familial risk for depression
Authors: Brosch Katharina , Stein Frederike , Meller Tina , Schmitt Simon , Yuksel Dilara , Ringwald Kai Gustav , Pfarr Julia-Katharina , Waltemate Lena , Lemke Hannah , Opel Nils , Meinert Susanne , Dohm Katharina , Grotegerd Dominik , Goltermann Janik , Repple Jonathan , Winter Alexandra , Jansen Andreas , Dannlowski Udo , Nenadić Igor , Kircher Tilo , Krug Axel
Published: April 2021

Background

Two prominent risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) are childhood maltreatment (CM) and familial risk for MDD. Despite having these risk factors, there are individuals who maintain mental health, i.e. are resilient, whereas others develop MDD. It is unclear which brain morphological alterations are associated with this kind of resilience. Interaction analyses of risk and diagnosis status are needed that can account for complex adaptation processes, to identify neural correlates of resilience.

Methods

We analyzed brain structural data (3T magnetic resonance imaging) by means of voxel-based morphometry (CAT12 toolbox), using a 2 × 2 design, comparing four groups (N = 804) that differed in diagnosis (healthy v. MDD) and risk profiles (low-risk, i.e. absence of CM and familial risk v. high-risk, i.e. presence of both CM and familial risk). Using regions of interest (ROIs) from the literature, we conducted an interaction analysis of risk and diagnosis status.

Results

Volume in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), part of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), was significantly higher in healthy high-risk individuals. There were no significant results for the bilateral superior frontal gyri, frontal poles, pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyri, and the right MFG.

Conclusions

The healthy high-risk group had significantly higher volumes in the left DLPFC compared to all other groups. The DLPFC is implicated in cognitive and emotional processes, and higher volume in this area might aid high-risk individuals in adaptive coping in order to maintain mental health. This increased volume might therefore constitute a neural correlate of resilience to MDD in high risk.
KNOWLEDGE AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: April 2021

Introductions to epistemology routinely define knowledge as a kind of belief which meets certain criteria. In the first two sections of this article, I discuss this account and its application to religious epistemology by the influential movement known as Reformed Epistemology. In the last section, I argue that the controversial consequences drawn from this account by Reformed Epistemology offer one of the best illustrations of the untenability of a conception of knowledge as a kind of belief. I conclude by sketching an alternative account of cognition which also provides a different framework for religious epistemology.
EUTHANASIA
Authors: Bowyer Lynne
Published: April 2021

In this article I consider the impact of euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide on the way we live and the relationships we have. I argue that embracing the practice of assisted dying is a deficient form of care that will erode the respectful and responsible human bonds that hold us all well in community.
Ratgeber Schulvermeidung
Authors: Walter Daniel , Döpfner Manfred
Published: April 2021

Schulvermeidung, also das Fernbleiben vom Unterricht, ist bei Kindern und Jugendlichen weit verbreitet. Ohne Hilfe können Betroffene leicht ins schulische und soziale Abseits geraten. Die Gründe, warum Kinder und Jugendliche sich der Schule verweigern, sind vielfältig. Neben schulabsentem Verhalten zeigen die Betroffenen unterschiedliche psychische Begleitsymptome, besonders ängstliche und depressive Symptome, aber auch oppositionell-aggressive Verhaltenstendenzen treten gehäuft auf. Der Ratgeber informiert über die Symptomatik, die Risikofaktoren, den Verlauf und die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bei Schulvermeidung. Eltern, Lehrkräfte und andere Bezugspersonen erhalten Hinweise zum Umgang mit der Problematik in Familie und Schule. Betroffenen Schülerinnen und Schülern werden konkrete Tipps gegeben, was sie selbst tun können, um schulabsentes Verhalten zu vermindern.
C/NOFS, COSMIC and GNSS Observations of Plasma Irregularity During the Evening and Nighttimes in East African Sector
Authors: Tilahun Samson
Published: April 2021

In this paper, a comprehensive view of the evening and nighttime ionospheric irregularities using Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS), Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), and Global Navigation Satellite System GPS satellites were carried out over the east African region during June and September 2014. The strength of the pre‐reversal enhancement measured by C/NOFS during June and September shows a direct relationship with the mean rate of change of TEC index observation for respective months at both ADIS and BDMT GPS‐sites in Ethiopia. Simultaneous measurements of C/NOFS ion density and Scintillation Networks and Decision Aid dedicated scintillation show strong and weak ionospheric irregularities during September and June, respectively. Most importantly C/NOFS has detected the deep plasma irregularities in the local time range of 20:00–21:00. A significant decrease in ion density within the plasma irregularity became much smaller between 21:00–01:00 LT.
Regional Subsidence Analysis Through a Multi‐Scale Modeling Framework Based on Breakage Mechanics
Authors: Chen Yanni , Lizárraga José , Buscarnera Giuseppe
Published: April 2021

Although poroelastic models are often used to explain the delay between subsurface fluid depletion and ground subsidence, inelastic compaction involving permanent changes of rock microstructure may exacerbate hydro‐mechanical coupling, thus influencing the interpretation of measurements and long‐term forecasts. Here, a multi‐scale modeling approach is discussed, which accounts for the inherent connection between rock microstructure, hydraulic conductivity, and pore compaction. A constitutive model built within the framework of breakage mechanics is proposed to link the hydraulic conductivity of granular rocks with inelastic deformations and changes in grading caused by injection‐depletion cycles at stress levels far from yielding. The proposed model has been incorporated into large‐scale simulation frameworks, thus enabling the spatiotemporal mapping of regional subsidence through a hybrid, semi‐analytical approach. Numerical results based on this strategy show that the model allows isolating near‐field and far‐field effects into the computation of land subsidence and can generate forecasts for different modeling scenarios (e.g., elastic and inelastic compaction, constant permeability, and concurrent change of compressibility and permeability). In particular, examples of simulations for the case of the Groningen gas field are discussed, showing the model capabilities to use both field measurements and laboratory tests for the generation of reasonable subsidence maps, without expensive computational costs. Results indicate that ignoring coupled inelastic effects has major consequences on the predicted timescale of subsidence. Specifically, while all the model scenarios produced similar long‐term ground settlements, those ignoring breakage‐dependent permeability changes result in a variation of the temporal window of residual subsidence of the order of several decades.
Isoprene Emissions Response to Drought and the Impacts on Ozone and SOA in China
Authors: Wang Peng , Liu Yiming , Dai Jianing , Fu Xiao , Wang Xuemei , Guenther Alex , Wang Tao
Published: April 2021

Among the various environmental factors that affect isoprene emissions, drought has only been given limited attention. Four different drought response (DR) schemes were implemented in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN, version 2.1), and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to investigate the drought impacts on air quality during both drought and normal years in China. Generally, all DR schemes decrease isoprene emissions except for mild drought conditions. The significant decrease and even termination of isoprene emissions are predicted in South China under severe drought conditions. During the drought period, the DR scheme considering both mild and severe drought (SMD) improves the model performance especially in severe drought‐hit regions when compared with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) averaged formaldehyde vertical column density (HCHO VCD). The results show that most of the DR schemes decrease simulated ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) levels. For both O3 and SOA, noticeable changes are predicted in the Sichuan Basin (5 ppb and 4 µg m−3 for O3 and SOA, respectively). This investigation is the first modeling study to investigate the impacts of isoprene drought response on air quality in China.
The Strong Stratospheric Polar Vortex in March 2020 in Sub‐Seasonal to Seasonal Models: Implications for Empirical Prediction of the Low Arctic Total Ozone Extreme
Authors: Rao Jian , Garfinkel Chaim I.
Published: April 2021

Using reanalysis and real‐time forecasts from 11 sub‐seasonal to seasonal (S2S) models, the strong stratospheric polar vortex in March 2020 coupled with Arctic ozone loss and their predictability are reported in this study. Arctic ozone reached a minimum value in March 2020 similar to the events in 1997 and 2011. Upward propagation of waves into the stratosphere in winter–early spring was anomalously weak, and the weakened Brewer‐Dobson circulation transported less ozone‐rich air to the Arctic stratosphere in November 2019–March 2020, which contributes around 40% of the total Arctic ozone loss in March, with the residual mainly explained by the chemical loss. Anomalous upwelling in the Arctic further cooled and intensified the polar vortex for ozone depletion and weak mixing, preventing recovery of ozone in early spring 2020. The polar vortex intensity and Arctic total ozone are strongly coupled, so a prediction of Arctic total ozone becomes possible for S2S models using metrics of the polar vortex as a proxy. The prediction of the strong stratospheric polar vortex in late March 2020 is assessed for four common initializations (February 27, March 5, March 12, and March 19) for S2S models. Displacement of the polar vortex toward the Western Hemisphere can only be forecasted in the two later initializations, and its intensity anomaly is underestimated in nearly all of those forecasts. Therefore, the empirical model using the S2S outputs also underestimates the Arctic total ozone. Despite this underestimation, this extremely strong polar vortex event led to improved surface predictability on subseasonal timescales: near‐surface temperature and precipitation are well forecasted 2–3 weeks in advance.
Impacts of Multiple Environmental Changes on Long‐Term Nitrogen Loading From the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Authors: Pan Shufen , Bian Zihao , Tian Hanqin , Yao Yuanzhi , Najjar Raymond G. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Hofmann Eileen E. , Xu Rongting , Zhang Bowen
Published: April 2021

Excessive nutrient inputs from land, particularly nitrogen (N), have been found to increase the occurrence of hypoxia and harmful algal blooms in coastal ecosystems. To identify the main contributors of increased N loading and evaluate the efficacy of water pollution control policies, it is essential to quantify and attribute the long‐term changes in riverine N export. Here, we use a state‐of‐the‐art terrestrial–aquatic interface model to examine how multiple environmental factors may have affected N export from the Chesapeake Bay watershed since 1900. These factors include changes in climate, carbon dioxide, land use, and N inputs (i.e., atmospheric N deposition, animal manure, synthetic N fertilizer use, and wastewater discharge). Our results estimated that ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) export increased substantially (66% for NH4+ and 123% for NO3−) from the 1900s to the 1990s and then declined (32% for NH4+ and 14% for NO3−) since 2000. The temporal trend of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) export paralleled that of dissolved inorganic N, while particulate organic nitrogen export was relatively constant during 1900–2015. Precipitation was the primary driver of interannual variability in N export to the Bay. Wastewater discharge explained most of the long‐term change in riverine NH4+ and DON fluxes from 1900 to 2015. The changes in atmospheric deposition, wastewater, and synthetic fertilizer were responsible for the trend of riverine NO3−. In light of our model‐based attribution analysis, terrestrial non‐point source nutrient management will play an important role in achieving water quality goals.
Tracking Oxygen in the Sargasso Sea’s 18 Degree Water
Authors: Shultz David
Published: April 2021

Biogeochemical floats provide an improved picture of ocean mixing and oxygen movement in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Using Satellite Data to Map Air Pollution and Improve Health
Authors: Rocheleau Jackie
Published: April 2021

NASA scientists will be teaming up with epidemiologists in the agency’s first health-focused mission. With satellite data, they’ll find out how air pollution affects health in cities around the world.
Progression of Wave Breaker Types on a Plane Impermeable Slope, Depending on Experimental Design
Authors: Moragues M. V. , Losada M. Á.
Published: April 2021

The objective of this research was to analyze the progression of breaker types on plane impermeable slopes. This study used dimensional analysis to demonstrate the relative water depth is a key explanatory quantity. The dominant breaker types depend on the incident wave characteristics at the foot of the slope. Accordingly, it is possible to combine values of H, T, and m. The physical experiments of Galvin, recent numerical results, and new experiments, performed on an impermeable 1:10 slope, were used to verify the result. It was thus possible to obtain the progression of breaker types in different sequences of pairs of combined wave H and T values. Once a sequence is defined, the expected progression of breaker types is predictable, and is well approximated by the log‐transform of the alternate similarity parameter. Since the classification of breaker types is discontinuous, the data assigned to each type were placed in horizontal lines, based on the value of log(χ). Given that the breaking of a wave train on a slope should be considered a continuous process, the location of some data was corrected to satisfy this assumption. There is thus a functional relationship between the sets of the experimental space and of the breaker types. This research also derives the non‐dimensional energy dissipation on the slope, considering the wave‐reflected energy flux on the slope. It is proportional to a dimensionless bulk dissipation coefficient which depends on the breaker type and, therefore, on the value of χ at the toe of the slope.
MEF2A transcriptionally upregulates the expression of ZEB2 and CTNNB1 in colorectal cancer to promote tumor progression
Authors: Xiao Qing , Gan Yaqi , Li Yimin , Fan Lili , Liu Jiaqi , Lu Pengyan , Liu Jiaxin , Chen Aoao , Shu Guang , Yin Gang
Published: April 2021

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers worldwide, accounting for high morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms governing tumor growth and metastasis in CRC require detailed investigation. The results of the present study indicated that the transcription factor (TF) myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) plays a dual role in promoting proliferation and metastasis of CRC by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Aberrant expression of MEF2A in CRC clinical specimens was significantly associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. Functionally, MEF2A directly binds to the promoter region to initiate the transcription of ZEB2 and CTNNB1. Simultaneous activation of the expression of EMT-related TFs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling by MEF2A overexpression induced the EMT and increased the frequency of tumor formation and metastasis. The present study identified a new critical oncogene involved in the growth and metastasis of CRC, providing a potential novel therapeutic target for CRC intervention.
Neuroplacentology in congenital heart disease: placental connections to neurodevelopmental outcomes
Authors: Leon Rachel L. , Mir Imran N. , Herrera Christina L. , Sharma Kavita , Spong Catherine Y. , Twickler Diane M. , Chalak Lina F.
Published: April 2021

Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are living longer due to effective medical and surgical management. However, the majority have neurodevelopmental delays or disorders. The role of the placenta in fetal brain development is unclear and is the focus of an emerging field known as neuroplacentology. In this review, we summarize neurodevelopmental outcomes in CHD and their brain imaging correlates both in utero and postnatally. We review differences in the structure and function of the placenta in pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD and introduce the concept of a placental inefficiency phenotype that occurs in severe forms of fetal CHD, characterized by a myriad of pathologies. We propose that in CHD placental dysfunction contributes to decreased fetal cerebral oxygen delivery resulting in poor brain growth, brain abnormalities, and impaired neurodevelopment. We conclude the review with key areas for future research in neuroplacentology in the fetal CHD population, including (1) differences in structure and function of the CHD placenta, (2) modifiable and nonmodifiable factors that impact the hemodynamic balance between placental and cerebral circulations, (3) interventions to improve placental function and protect brain development in utero, and (4) the role of genetic and epigenetic influences on the placenta–heart–brain connection.

Impact

Neuroplacentology seeks to understand placental connections to fetal brain development.

In fetuses with CHD, brain growth abnormalities begin in utero.

Placental microstructure as well as perfusion and function are abnormal in fetal CHD.
Autologous stem cell transplantation for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation: a retrospective analysis from the Lymphoma Working Party of the EBMT
Authors: Eyre Toby A. , Caillard Sophie , Finel Herve , Boumendil Ariane , Kothari Jaimal , Zimmermann Heiner , Trappe Ralf Ulrich , De Wilde Virginie , Tholouli Eleni , Kanfer Edward , Broom Angus , Damaj Gandhi , Bargetzi Mario , Kozák Tomáš , Hilgendorf Inken , Crawley Charles , Kerre Tessa , Trněný Marek , Bachy Emmanuel , Robinson Stephen , Montoto Silvia
Published: April 2021

Published data describing the efficacy and safety of autologous stem-cell transplantation (autoSCT) in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is limited to case reports. This is a retrospective analysis of 21 patients reported to the EBMT registry who received an autoSCT for PTLD post solid organ transplant (SOT). Median age at autoSCT was 47 (range: 22–71) years. The commonest SOTs were kidney (48%) and liver (24%). Commonest histologies included DLBCL-type PTLD (14/21) and plasmacytoma-like PTLD (3/21). Patients received a median of two lines of therapy (range: 1–4) pre-autoSCT. ECOG performance status pre-autoSCT was 0 in 14% and 1 in 86%. Remission status pre-autoSCT was CR 47% and PR 38%. BEAM conditioning was used in 57% and high-dose melphalan in 10%. The median follow-up post-autoSCT was 64 months for alive patients. 3-year PFS was 62% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44–87%] and 3-year OS was 61% [95% CI:43–86]. There were 12 deaths, including four related to autoSCT. 100-day non-relapse-mortality (NRM) was 14% and 1-year NRM was 24%. This study suggests that autoSCT, although feasible and with potential therapeutic activity, is associated with a high NRM, primarily driven by infectious toxicity. A multi-disciplinary approach, expert microbiological input and stringent patient selection are required to optimise outcomes.
Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome
Authors: Li Xingxing , Su Chunyan , Jiang Zhibo , Yang Yuxin , Zhang Yue , Yang Mengxia , Zhang Xiumin , Du Yu , Zhang Jin , Wang Li , Jiang Jiandong , Hong Bin
Published: April 2021

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a derivative from the gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), has been identified to be an independent risk factor for promoting atherosclerosis. Evidences suggest that berberine (BBR) could be used to treat obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis, however, its mechanism is not clear mainly because of its poor oral bioavailability. Here, we show that BBR attenuated TMA/TMAO production in the C57BL/6J and ApoE KO mice fed with choline-supplemented chow diet, and mitigated atherosclerotic lesion areas in ApoE KO mice. Inhibition of TMA/TMAO production by BBR-modulated gut microbiota was proved by a single-dose administration of d9-choline in vivo. Metagenomic analysis of cecal contents demonstrated that BBR altered gut microbiota composition, microbiome functionality, and cutC/cntA gene abundance. Furthermore, BBR was shown to inhibit choline-to-TMA conversion in TMA-producing bacteria in vitro and in gut microbial consortium from fecal samples of choline-fed mice and human volunteers, and the result was confirmed by transplantation of TMA-producing bacteria in mice. These results offer new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the anti-atherosclerosis effects of BBR, which inhibits commensal microbial TMA production via gut microbiota remodeling.
Comparison of short-range order in irradiated dysprosium titanates
Authors: Sherrod Roman , O’Quinn Eric C. , Gussev Igor M. , Overstreet Cale , Neuefeind Joerg , Lang Maik K.
Published: April 2021

The structural response of Dy2TiO5 oxide under swift heavy ion irradiation (2.2 GeV Au ions) was studied over a range of structural length scales utilizing neutron total scattering experiments. Refinement of diffraction data confirms that the long-range orthorhombic structure is susceptible to ion beam-induced amorphization with limited crystalline fraction remaining after irradiation to 8 × 1012 ions/cm2. In contrast, the local atomic arrangement, examined through pair distribution function analysis, shows only subtle changes after irradiation and is still described best by the original orthorhombic structural model. A comparison to Dy2Ti2O7 pyrochlore oxide under the same irradiation conditions reveals a different behavior: while the dysprosium titanate pyrochlore is more radiation resistant over the long-range with smaller degree of amorphization as compared to Dy2TiO5, the former involves more local atomic rearrangements, best described by a pyrochlore-to-weberite-type transformation. These results highlight the importance of short-range and medium-range order analysis for a comprehensive description of radiation behavior.
A silicon carbide-based highly transparent passivating contact for crystalline silicon solar cells approaching efficiencies of 24%
Authors: Köhler Malte , Pomaska Manuel , Procel Paul , Santbergen Rudi , Zamchiy Alexandr , Macco Bart , Lambertz Andreas , Duan Weiyuan , Cao Pengfei , Klingebiel Benjamin , Li Shenghao , Eberst Alexander , Luysberg Martina , Qiu Kaifu , Isabella Olindo , Finger Friedhelm , Kirchartz Thomas , Rau Uwe , Ding Kaining
Published: April 2021

A highly transparent passivating contact (TPC) as front contact for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells could in principle combine high conductivity, excellent surface passivation and high optical transparency. However, the simultaneous optimization of these features remains challenging. Here, we present a TPC consisting of a silicon-oxide tunnel layer followed by two layers of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon carbide (nc-SiC:H(n)) deposited at different temperatures and a sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) layer (c-Si(n)/SiO2/nc-SiC:H(n)/ITO). While the wide band gap of nc-SiC:H(n) ensures high optical transparency, the double layer design enables good passivation and high conductivity translating into an improved short-circuit current density (40.87 mA cm−2), fill factor (80.9%) and efficiency of 23.99 ± 0.29% (certified). Additionally, this contact avoids the need for additional hydrogenation or high-temperature postdeposition annealing steps. We investigate the passivation mechanism and working principle of the TPC and provide a loss analysis based on numerical simulations outlining pathways towards conversion efficiencies of 26%.
Fluid activity detection in geothermal areas using a single seismic station by monitoring horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios
Authors: Okamoto Kyosuke , Asanuma Hiroshi , Nimiya Hiro
Published: April 2021

Subsurface structure survey based on horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios is widely conducted. The major merit of this survey is its convenience to obtain a stable result using a single station. Spatial variations of H/V spectral ratios are well-known phenomena, and it has been used to estimate the spatial fluctuation in subsurface structures. It is reasonable to anticipate temporal variations in H/V spectral ratios, especially in areas like geothermal fields, carbon capture and storage fields, etc., where rich fluid flows are expected, although there are few reports about the temporal changes. In Okuaizu Geothermal Field (OGF), Japan, dense seismic monitoring was deployed in 2015, and continuous monitoring has been consistent. We observed the H/V spectral ratios in OGF and found their repeated temporary drops. These drops seemed to be derived from local fluid activities according to a numerical calculation. Based on this finding, we examined a coherency between the H/V spectral ratios and fluid activities in OGF and found a significance. In conclusion, monitoring H/V spectral ratios can enable us to grasp fluid activities that sometimes could lead to a relatively large seismic event.
Phylogenomic and morphological relationships among the botryllid ascidians (Subphylum Tunicata, Class Ascidiacea, Family Styelidae)
Authors: Nydam Marie L. , Lemmon Alan R. , Cherry Jesse R. , Kortyna Michelle L. , Clancy Darragh L. , Hernandez Cecilia , Cohen C. Sarah
Published: April 2021

Ascidians (Phylum Chordata, Class Ascidiacea) are a large group of invertebrates which occupy a central role in the ecology of marine benthic communities. Many ascidian species have become successfully introduced around the world via anthropogenic vectors. The botryllid ascidians (Order Stolidobranchia, Family Styelidae) are a group of 53 colonial species, several of which are widespread throughout temperate or tropical and subtropical waters. However, the systematics and biology of this group of ascidians is not well-understood. To provide a systematic framework for this group, we have constructed a well-resolved phylogenomic tree using 200 novel loci and 55 specimens. A Principal Components Analysis of all species described in the literature using 31 taxonomic characteristics revealed that some species occupy a unique morphological space and can be easily identified using characteristics of adult colonies. For other species, additional information such as larval or life history characteristics may be required for taxonomic discrimination. Molecular barcodes are critical for guiding the delineation of morphologically similar species in this group.
Fibrinogen may aid in the early differentiation between amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum haemorrhage: a retrospective chart review
Authors: Matsunaga Shigetaka , Masuko Hiroko , Takai Yasushi , Kanayama Naohiro , Seki Hiroyuki
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to determine whether blood loss and fibrinogen can differentiate amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) from postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). This retrospective case–control study included nine patients with clinical AFE (“AFE group”) and 78 patients with PPH managed at our tertiary care perinatal centre between January 2014 and March 2016. Patients meeting the Japanese diagnostic criteria for AFE were stratified into cardiopulmonary collapse-type AFE and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)-type AFE groups. The relationship between blood loss and fibrinogen at onset was examined to compare DIC severity. Vital signs at onset were not significantly different. The AFE group had significantly less blood loss at onset (1506 mL vs 1843 mL, P = 0.0163), significantly more blood loss 2 h post-onset (3304 mL vs 1996 mL, P < 0.0001) and more severe coagulopathy and fibrinolysis. The blood loss/fibrinogen (B/F) ratio at onset was significantly higher in the DIC-type AFE group (23.15 ± 8.07 vs 6.28 ± 3.35 mL dL/mg, P < 0.0001). AFE was complicated by catastrophic DIC irrespective of blood loss at onset. Fibrinogen exhibited the strongest correlation among test findings at onset. The B/F ratio may help differentiate PPH from DIC-type AFE and diagnose clinical AFE, facilitating optimal replacement of coagulation factors during the early stages.
Multiple internal controls enhance reliability for PCR and real time PCR detection of Rathayibacter toxicus
Authors: Arif Mohammad , Busot Grethel Y. , Mann Rachel , Rodoni Brendan , Stack James P.
Published: April 2021

Rathayibacter toxicus is a toxigenic bacterial plant pathogen indigenous to Australia and South Africa. A threat to livestock industries globally, the bacterium was designated a U.S. Select Agent. Biosecurity and phytosanitary concerns arise due to the international trade of seed and hay that harbor the bacterium. Accurate diagnostic protocols to support phytosanitary decisions, delineate areas of freedom, and to support research are required to address those concerns. Whole genomes of three genetic populations of R. toxicus were sequenced (Illumina MiSeq platforms), assembled and genomic regions unique to each population identified. Highly sensitive and specific TaqMan qPCR and multiplex endpoint PCR assays were developed for the detection and identification of R. toxicus to the population level of discrimination. Specificity was confirmed with appropriate inclusivity and exclusivity panels; no cross reactivity was observed. The endpoint multiplex PCR and TaqMan qPCR assays detected 10 fg and 1 fg of genomic DNA, respectively. To enhance reliability and increase confidence in results, three types of internal controls with no or one extra primer were developed and incorporated into each assay to detect both plant and artificial internal controls. Assays were validated by blind ring tests with multiple operators in three international laboratories.
Sodium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in simulated cooling water
Authors: Rizvi Marziya , Gerengi Husnu , Kaya Savas , Uygur Ilyas , Yıldız Mesut , Sarıoglu Ibrahim , Cingiz Zafer , Mielniczek Michal , El Ibrahimi Brahim
Published: April 2021

The corrosion inhibition behavior of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) towards pure copper (99.95%) in simulated cooling water (SCW) was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). NaNO2interferes with metal dissolution and reduce the corrosion rate through the formation or maintenance of inhibitive film on the metal surface. Surface morphologies illustrated that the surface homogeneity increased on adding sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite’s adsorption on copper surface followed the modified form of Langmuir, Freundlich and Frumkin isotherms. Physiosorption mode was involved in the corrosion protection. Electrochemical results revealed an corrosion resistance of copper increases on increasing the inhibitor concentration. The DEIS results indicated that copper corrosion mechanism could be hindered by 50% even after interval of 24 h by optimum concentration of sodium nitrite. The maximum inhibition was achieved with 2000 ppm of NaNO2. With this concentration, inhibition efficiency of up to 61.8% was achievable.
Sustained high blood pressure and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Tanzanian adolescents
Authors: Nsanya Mussa K. , Ayieko Philip , Hashim Ramadhan , Mgema Ezekiel , Fitzgerald Daniel , Kapiga Saidi , Peck Robert N.
Published: April 2021

Estimates for prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) among adolescents in Africa vary widely and few studies, if any, have documented the results of the recommended stepwise BP screening. In this cross-sectional study in Tanzania, we aimed to estimate prevalence of sustained high BP in 3 public secondary schools using the American Academy of Pediatrics BP screening strategy. On Day 1, one screening automated office BP (AOBP) measurement (Step 1) was followed by two more AOBP measurements (Step 2). Repeat AOBP measurements were obtained after about one month on adolescents with high AOBP measurements on Day 1 (Step 3). Participants with sustained high BP underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (step 4). Of all 500 enrolled participants, the prevalence of high blood pressure at each step in the process was 36.6% (183), 25.6% (128), 10.2% (51), and 2.6%(13) respectively for Steps 1–4. All except 6 students completed all 4 steps of the BP screening algorithm as indicated. We conclude that diagnosis of hypertension in African adolescents should use multiple AOBP measurements over multiple days followed by 24-h ABPM. Screening for high BP in school settings appears to be feasible and could provide a platform for cardiovascular disease education and health promotion.