bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human papilloma virus infection of uterine cervix and spectrum of cervical pathology in human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS
Authors: Jain Bhawna Bhutoria , Adhikary Tathagata , Sadhukhan Provash C , Nandi Ayandip
Published: May 2021

Background:

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted viral diseases worldwide. High-risk HPV types such as HPV16 and 18 are known to cause cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individual, chance of HPV coinfection and risk of cervical dysplasia/carcinoma have been found to be significantly more than in HIV-negative individuals.

Aim:

In this institution-based, cross-sectional, observational study, we aim to find out the relationship of HPV infection of the uterine cervix with cervical dysplasia and neoplasia in HIV-infected/AIDS patients.

Materials and Methods:

Conventional Pap smears were taken from HIV-infected individuals admitted in the department of gynecology and obstetrics and reported by the Bethesda system. A second sample was sent to the virology unit of ICMR for detection and typing of HPV. Control samples were taken from HIV-negative individuals.

Results:

Fifty HIV-positive patients were included in this study. On cervical Pap smear examination, 32 cases were cytologically benign and 18 cases showed atypical cytomorphology. Twenty-four cases were HPV positive, among which 16 were cytologically atypical and 8 were benign. HPV 16 was the most common subtype (50%) followed by HPV 18 (37.5%) and others (12.5%) in HIV-positive patients. Chance of cervical dysplasia increased with age independent of HIV infection and with progressive lower CD4 count. Koilocytosis was a significant predictor of HPV infection. Majority of patients were asymptomatic. Peak incidence of HPV infection occurred in reproductive age group (20–40 years). The association between HIV and HPV coinfection (P = 0.002) and between HPV infection and cytology atypia (P < 0.0001) was statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Present study highlights the necessity of routine cervical Pap smear screening in HIV infected reproductive age-group women. Early detection enables dysplasia to revert or be effectively managed.
Evaluation of antimitotic activity of herbal extracts using plant-based model systems and their cytotoxic potential against human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Parmar Mayur P. , Waghela Bhargav N. , Vaidya Foram U. , Pathak Chandramani , Parmar Dipak V.
Published: May 2021

Objective:

The aim of this study was to screen plant extracts for antimitotic activity using Vigna radiata germination inhibition assay, followed by Allium cepa root tip assay and evaluation of their cytotoxic potential on colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines.

Subjects and Methods:

Aqueous extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum, Terminalia bellirica, Bauhinia variegata, Vanda roxburghii, and Cassia angustifolia were prepared by maceration method, and preliminary screening studies to check their antimitotic activity were done by V. radiata germination inhibition assay, followed by A. cepa root tip assay. Furthermore, cytotoxic actions were evaluated by cell proliferation assay. Effect of T. bellirica aqueous extract was analyzed to induce morphological changes, cell death, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell survival of HCT-116 cells.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The data represented were analyzed by Student's t-test using SigmaStat 2.0 statistical analysis software. The normality of data was tested by the Shapiro–Wilk test before the Student's t-test. P values *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001 were considered as statistically significant.

Results:

All the plant extracts showed promising antimitotic activity. Out of all, T. bellirica was highly effective on HCT-116 cells and promising effect on cell proliferation assay and Annexin-propidium iodide staining revealed that T. bellirica efficiently induces apoptosis.

Conclusions:

T. bellirica inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death. Collectively, it may hold potential for cancer therapeutics.
A Clinicopathological Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Cytolytic Vaginosis
Authors: Hacısalihoğlu Uguray P. , Acet Ferruh
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

Cytolytic vaginosis is a very rare entity that may be clinically misdiagnosed as vulvovaginal candidiasis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cytolytic vaginosis in patients displaying symptoms similar to vulvovaginal candidiasis and to develop a clinicopathological diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Materials and Methods:

In total, 3000 cervical smear samples were evaluated at our center between 2015 and 2018. Patients whose PAP smears demonstrated significant epithelial cytolysis, naked nuclei, excessive increase in lactobacilli population, absent or minimal neutrophils and no microorganisms were subjected to a symptom assessment questionnaire and had their vaginal pHs measured. They were classified into two groups according to their complaints, symptoms and vaginal pHs: Cytolytic vaginosis and Asymptomatic intravaginal lactobacillus overgrowth. A standardized NaHCO3 Sitz bath therapy was applied to the cytolytic vaginosis group.

Results:

Fifty-three of the patients (1.7%) were diagnosed as cytolytic vaginosis. After Sitz bath therapy, there was a statistically significant decrease in the cytolysis and lactobacillus scores of the patients. Vaginal discharge of 43 (81%) patients ceased completely while that of the remaining 10 (19%) patients decreased after the therapy. The improvement was statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was a complete resolution in 28 (96%) patients with severe; and in 21 (94%) patients with intermediate vaginal discomfort, after the therapy. Dyspareunia was resolved in 35 (97%) patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Cytolytic vaginosis is a rare entity that can be diagnosed with the help of cytopathology and has a therapy based on the modulation microbiota by decreasing the vaginal pH.
Evaluation of geothermal energy resources in parts of southeastern sedimentary basin, Nigeria
Authors: Okiyi I.M. , Ibeneme S.I. , Obiora E.Y. , Onyekuru S.O. , Selemo A.I. , Olorunfemi M.O.
Published: May 2021

Residual aeromagnetic data of parts of Southeastern Nigerian sedimentary basin were reduced to the equator and subjected to magnetic vector inversion and spectral analysis. Average depths of source ensembles from spectral analysis were used to compute depth to magnetic tops (Z), base of the magnetic layer (Curie Point t Depth (CPD)), and estimate geothermal gradient and heat flow required for the evaluation of the geothermal resources of the study area. Results from spectral analysis showed depths to the top of the magnetic source ranging between 0.45 km and 1.90 km; centroid depths of 4 km - 7.87 km and CPD of between 6.15 km and 14.19 km. The CPD were used to estimate geothermal gradients which ranged from 20.3°C/km to 50.0°C/km 2 2 and corresponding heat flow values of 34.9 mW/m to 105 mW/m , utilizing an average thermal conductivity -1 -1 of 2.15 Wm k . Ezzagu (Ogboji), Amanator-Isu, Azuinyaba, Nkalagu, Amagunze, Nta-Nselle, Nnam, Akorfornor environs are situated within regions of high geothermal gradients (>38°C/Km) with models delineated beneath these regions using 3D Magnetic Vector Inversion, having dominant NW-SE and NE-SW trends at shallow and greater depths of <1km to >7 km bsl. Based on VES and 2D imaging models the geothermal system in Alok can be classified as Hot Dry Rock (HDR) type, which may likely have emanated from fracture systems. There is prospect for the development of geothermal energy in the study area.

Keywords: Airborne Magnetics, Magnetic Vector Inversion, Geothermal Gradient, Heat Flow, Curie Point Depth, Geothermal Energy.
A multiple-case study testing the implementation of a non-aphasia-specific app into evidence-based therapy
Authors: Python Grégoire , Krethlow Giulia , Chételat Daphné
Published: May 2021

Digital treatments on tablet computers have become increasingly popular to deliver speech and language therapy. Practice guidelines have been proposed to successfully integrate non-aphasia-specific apps into rehabilitation, but few evidence-based reports are available yet. Three individuals with acquired language disorders trained at home with a mainstream app containing personalized material. The treatment plan was specific to each individual and supervised by a speech and language therapist. All three participants showed significant improvements in picture naming that were specific to the treated items and treatment gains were overall maintained after a couple of months. Treatments carefully designed and delivered in an app led to specific language improvements similar to those previously reported in the literature with or without technology. There is presently no proof that ready-to-go dedicated apps are more effective than this kind of mainstream app allowing the creation and adaptation of materials and tasks to evidence-based knowledge.
Голосование участников (акционеров) по вопросу о реорганизации
Authors: Кузнецов А.А.
Published: May 2021

САМЫМ БАЗОВЫМ И ПРОСТЫМ СПОСОБОМ ЗАЩИТЫ СВОИХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ ПРИ РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ УЧАСТНИКОВ (АКЦИОНЕРОВ) ВЫСТУПАЕТ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ
ПРИНЯТЬ УЧАСТИЕ В ОБЩЕМ СОБРАНИИ, НА КОТОРОМ РЕШАЕТСЯ ВОПРОС О РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ. В РАМКАХ ТАКОГО СОБРАНИЯ ЛИЦО СМОЖЕТ НЕ ПРОСТО ПРОГОЛОСОВАТЬ, НО И ЗАДАТЬ ВОПРОСЫ ОБ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ АСПЕКТАХ РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ,
А ТАКЖЕ ПРЕДСТАВИТЬ СВОЮ ПОЗИЦИЮ. ХОТЯ САМО ПО СЕБЕ ЭТО НЕ МОЖЕТ ЗАЩИТИТЬ УЧАСТНИКОВ (АКЦИОНЕРОВ) ОТ УЩЕМЛЯЮЩЕГО ИХ ПРАВА РЕШЕНИЯ
СОБРАНИЯ, НО ВСЕ ЖЕ СОЗДАЕТ НЕКОТОРУЮ ПРОЦЕДУРНУЮ ГАРАНТИЮ ПРОЗРАЧНОСТИ И ЛЕГИТИМНОСТИ ПРОЦЕССА ПРИНЯТИЯ ТАКОГО РЕШЕНИЯ. В РАМКАХ
СТАТЬИ ПРОВОДИТСЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННОЙ ДОКТРИНЫ ПО ОБСУЖДАЕМОМУ ВОПРОСУ, А ТАКЖЕ АНАЛИЗИРУЕТСЯ РОССИЙСКОЕ ПРАВО.
О некоторых новеллах в налоговом законодательстве Французской Республики
Authors: Соловьев А.А.
Published: May 2021

В НАСТОЯЩЕЙ СТАТЬЕ АВТОР РАССМАТРИВАЕТ ОПЫТ ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ
ПО СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЮ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ПОЛОЖЕНИЙ НАЛОГОВОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА, В ТОМ ЧИСЛЕ ОТРАЖАЮЩЕМУ ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И
ПРОБЛЕМЫ, С КОТОРЫМИ В НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ВРЕМЯ СТАЛКИВАЕТСЯ ОБЩЕСТВО.
ИССЛЕДУЮТСЯ НОВЕЛЛЫ НАЛОГОВОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА ФРАНЦИИ, СВЯЗАННЫЕ С РАЗВИТИЕМ ПРОЦЕССОВ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ И ЭЛЕКТРОННОГО ДОКУМЕНТООБОРОТА, ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА В СФЕРЕ
НАЛОГОВОГО КОНТРОЛЯ, ФОРМИРОВАНИЕМ ИНСТИТУТА ЕДИНОГО НАЛОГООБЯЗАННОГО
ЛИЦА, А ТАКЖЕ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЕМ КРИЗИСА, ВЫЗВАННОГО ПАНДЕМИЕЙ COVID-19.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN DURING COVID-19 IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Chowdhury Md. Mahabub
Published: May 2021

COVID-19 has become one of the biggest humanitarian crises affecting millions of lives around the world. Bangladesh is also affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Society, health, and economic sectors of Bangladesh are affected by this pandemic. Violence against Women is also common in Bangladesh. This study discusses the trends of violence against women in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevailing gender norms, patriarchy, and socio-economic factors made women of Bangladesh vulnerable to different forms of gender-based violence. Women face different types of gender-based violence such as rape, domestic violence, dowry-related violence, sexual harassment, and stalking. The objective of the study is to find out the trends of violence against women during COVID-19, underlying factors behind such acts, and the consequences of such violence on women’s lives. The study is done using qualitative research techniques. In-depth interview, Key Informant Interview (KII), document analysis techniques were used to collect data. This study found that socio-cultural factors and prevailing gender norms played a significant role in the spike of violence against women during the pandemic causing extreme social, psychological, economic, and health harm to women.

JEL Classification Codes: K42, K38, N35.
Towards strategic integration in marketing communications in a decentralised organisational structure
Authors:   , Frehse Enno
Published: May 2021

The concept of integrated marketing communications (IMC) was developed in the early 1990s and has gained significant interest from academics and practitioners alike. Although the concept is widely known for its theme of achieving consistency in messages sent, integration of marketing communications with corporate strategy is arguably the defining construct of IMC. In contrast to the attention the concept of IMC has achieved, integration of marketing communications with corporate strategy is rarely achieved. Correspondingly, there is a gap in understanding why such successful integration remains scarce. In order to support closure of this knowledge gap, the aim of this research is to support the successful implementation of IMC at a strategic level through the development of a conceptual model that is capable of helping to overcome barriers to successful integration. The objectives of the study are therefore to explore how decisions about marketing communication activities are taken and how customer knowledge generated through marketing communication activities is used to inform business strategy decisions. The knowledge needed to fulfil the research aim was generated from a case study setting of a global company, operating a decentralised organisational structure in the healthcare industry. The resulting research findings were grouped into three thematic areas which are termed efficiency, consistency, and relationship. These thematic areas, if unmanaged, may inhibit company-wide alignment of marketing communications activities with business strategy. This thesis contributes towards facilitating integration of marketing communications with strategy by providing a conceptual model which is termed ‘integration areas’. This model is based on the idea of using guiding principles for aligning marketing communication activities throughout a company. The integration area concept helps in the development of these guiding principles by providing thematic areas which should be considered in the course of this development so that integration of marketing communication activities with business strategy is achieved. Such support for guiding principles development for the purpose of achieving strategic integration of marketing communication activities has not yet been provided.
Exploring the constituents of Investor Relations in a crisis in Germany: antecedents, consequences and role.
Authors:   , Brodowski Anne Katrin
Published: May 2021

In my thesis, I explore the constituents of an organizational crisis for Investor Relations and the capital market in Germany. The literature review reveals a research gap on crisis research for these organizational groups as well as on qualitative research in the field. Grounding my research within the hermeneutic phenomenological tradition, I conduct an instrumental case study on BP and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to obtain the required pre-understanding. I use secondary data by means of newspaper articles from three UK national newspapers. The findings from the instrumental case study guide the collection of primary data. I conduct interviews with Investor Relations managers and institutional capital market participants. I analyze the interview data using thematic analysis. A crisis that is considered relevant for Investor Relations and the capital market shows different characteristics than those relevant for other organizational crises. My study extends existing crisis frameworks by adding impacts and the perspective from a specific corporate function and the related stakeholder group. It offers a new conceptualization of crisis. Research regarding impacts on capital markets is often associated with quantitative research, using secondary data to assess effects on share prices. My research seeks to explore the underlying mechanisms of effects on Investor Relations and the capital market by employing a twofold exploratory approach. Therefore, my qualitative approach is methodologically relevant. I demonstrate that qualitative research can be applied successfully in this domain and obtain meaningful results.
Numerical Simulation on Reinforced Concrete Beam with Different Cover Size under Two Point Bending Load
Authors: R Padma Rani & R Harshani
Published: May 2021

Structural analysis is used to assess the behavior of engineering structures under the application of loads.
Usually, structural analysis methods include analytical,experimental and numerical methods is used in
thisproject, however, only Analytical method is used and the values are taken from literature reference, to get
familiar with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS, this is done to acquire practical knowledge about of
the effect of the cover. The aim is to identify different failure modes under a range of loading conditions by
changing the cover size to get the data of various parameters such as deflection, stress etc. Study of cover
helps to observe the stability, reliability and the overall strength of the structural beam. This project attempts
made to study the effect of cover on the behavior of reinforced concrete beam. Forthis analytical study, the
Reinforced concrete beam specimen of 2000x100x200mm was considered.ANSYS software is a suite of
engineering simulation software, based on finite element method, which can solve problems ranging from
linear analysis to nonlinear analysis. The Doubly reinforced beams weremodeled by using geometry. In this
model,various covers are provided. The beam specimensused in this study were tested under two-point static
loading condition until failure of the specimen. From theobtained resultconcluded that the total deformation
and directional deformation values are low in 25mm cover compared to other cases but the equivalent stress
value is low in 35mm cover size compared to 25mm cover size.
Real Time Data Pipeline for Twitter Trends Analysis
Authors: Mukesh Kumar Sah., Rishabh Sharma & Amritpal Singh
Published: May 2021

In social media, Information is present in enormous amount. Extracting data from processed information from
social media gives us diverse usages in various fields. In the field of Business Analytics, HealthCare,
Technologies and Trending Topics in Social Media posted by the user. Extracting information from social
media is providing number of benefits such as knowledge about the latest Technology, Medical field,
Business Decisions, etc. Twitter is solitary of the social media which allows the user post tweets of limited
number of characters and share the tweet to their followers. Twitter allows application developer to access
the tweets for their motive. In the implemented methodology, Tweets are collected, and sentiment analysis is
performed on them. Based on the results of sentimental analysis of Trending Topics in Twitter, suggestions
can be provided to the user. In this way, the implemented system can help in improving the growth of
business, healthcare, technologies and alsoNegative or Positive mentions of a product or service can be
determined.
Rural Voices on Quality of Service Delivery in Community-Based Health Planning and Services in the Wassa-Amenfi West District, Ghana
Authors: Naya Zuure David , Nsowah Sarah , Gbandan Konzabre James
Published: May 2021

The study sought to establish respondents’ views on the attitude of health care providers, perceptions of the quality of medical services provided and indications on the future use of CHPS compound in the Wassa-Amenfi West District. The study employed the cross-sectional survey design within the quantitative research paradigm. Questionnaire was administered to one hundred and fifty community members and analysis was done through frequencies and percentages. The study concluded that respondents had positive views on the attitude of health service providers in the CHPS compound. They were also satisfied with the quality of service delivery at the CHPS compound. Respondents were willing to visit and recommend family members and friends to the facility in the future to access healthcare. It was therefore recommended that medicines and health information should be made available at the compound to enhance quality health delivery at the grass root.
L.E.V.I:
Authors: Araujo Fontes Celso
Published: May 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os esforços aplicados em meio à pandemia da COVID-19 para automatização da distribuição de ações no âmbito da Advocacia Pública Fluminense. O trabalho evidencia a premência da utilização de recursos automatizados que pudessem mitigar a complexidade na categorização das ações frente à grandeza do contencioso da Procuradoria Geral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A Inteligência Artificial, associada ao uso do Modelo Nacional de Interoperabilidade (MNI), surgiu como uma ferramenta para agilizar diversas atividades da Advocacia Pública possibilitando maior agilidade e precisão no trabalho do Procurador de Estado e evitar a exposição dos Servidores da Procuradoria ao vírus Sars-CoV-2.
CALCULATED CALORIES FOR TRAINING AND THEIR EFFECT ON DEVELOPING SOME PHYSICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL ABILITIES AND ACHIEVING 400-METER RUN FOR YOUTH
Authors: Hussein Iman Sabeeh , Ahmed Bilal Ali
Published: May 2021

The research problem arose through researchers' follow-up of training curricula for athletes in athletics in general and 400-meter runners in particular. Most training curricula adopt physical and skill exercises without paying attention to the need for energy appropriate for the effort exerted during the race or training. The Pro Health program - Commerce with Compassion is used in this research to calculate the calories spent during training to find out what is burned during training. The experimental research method is used in this research. The research sample was selected from young 400-meter joggers (9 runners). The arithmetic mean for age is (19.64), a standard deviation is (± 1.5), with an arithmetic mean for training age which is (6.6) with a standard deviation (± 1.65), an arithmetic mean for mass (71) with a standard deviation (± 2.54), an arithmetic mean for height (172) cm, and a standard deviation (± 3.5). The results showed that the calories consumed during training changed during training. The differences were statistically in favor of the post-test. The differences energy variable remaining in the body after performing the effort, whether in calories or kilojoules, were not significant. This means that the amounts of energy remained the same, whether in the pre or post-test. The cost of energy per 1 kg of the body, appeared in the indicator, indicated that the differences are not significant between what the body consumes during physical activity and the remaining calories in the body for both tests. It also showed that there is an imbalance between calories and their output in kilo joules that the sample members take from food, and the calories they burn to make physical effort.

 Article visualizations:
Shunt Infection
Authors: Choux Maurice
Published: May 2021

The improvement in the management of hydrocephalus comes from the following:  early diagnosis, radiological investigation, better knowledge of mechanisms, quality of material, surgical technique of implantation, less shunt complications (e.g.infections) and alternatives to shunt (e.g. Neuroendoscopy). However, shunt infection does not improve in the last decades, ranging from 3 to 12%. Shunt infection can be classified in: would infection, CSF infection, infected shunt system, abdominal complications (infection).  The main agent is  Staphylococcus, causing  67%-85%  of problems, mainly due to  colonization of shunt by skin flora. The majority of cases occur during the first 2 months (85%), late infection is rare.  Risk factors to infection are the following: the cause of hydrocephalus, clinical condition and the age of children, operation time of the day, the duration of the shunt operation, the number of persons in OR, shunt material (Antibiotic catheter), presence of previously shunt system, postoperative CSF leak, perioperative antibiotics and economic level of Medical Center. Recommended management of shunt infection: removal of the shunt, insertion of an external drainage (EVD) (always in operation room), change EVD after 15 days, intravenous antibiotics, replacement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt after 3 sterile cultures. The most feared complications of Shunt infection are mortality, morbidity and cost.  In conclusion: SHUNT INFECTION IS NOT A FATALITY
New Normal in the Construction Industry a Covid-19 Effect
Authors:   Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Gen. Tinio Street, Cabanatuan City 3100, CABANESAS Amor Judith A.
Published: May 2021

Construction is one of the oldest and major industries in the world that makes substantial contribution to the national economy and provides employment to a great number of individuals. In the early part of year 2020, COVID-19 pandemic arises that has turned into a worldwide catastrophe, evolving at high speed and scale. The impacts on the construction industry have been sudden and wide-ranging. This outbreak changes the usual daily activity and ‘The New Normal’ is introduced. Construction companies are moving forward, with strict regulations that end up as the new normal for the industry. This study explored the adaption to this new normal in Nueva Ecija, Philippines and seeks out if there’s a relationship between adaption to new safety protocols and the category also the number of workers in a company. Survey was done for data collection. SPSS 25 software was used for data analysis. Result reveals that although the percentage of adaption to new normal is great, still there are areas that needs improvement. In addition, the company’s category and the number manpower does indeed has correlation on the adaption to new normal. This study is essential to ensure responsible, healthy, safe operations, and serve as protection of workers.
The Determinants of Farmers’ Suicide in Karnataka – An Econometric Analysis
Authors:   ICSSR, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Studies in Economics and Co-operation, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri,Mysuru, H S Dr. Yogesh
Published: May 2021

Karnataka is an agrarian state and one of the eighth largest state in India, in the area and seventh state in population. In Karnataka state, about 76% of the population lives in rural areas and about 56% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture and allied activities which generate about 49% of the State’s income. Despite the tremendous agricultural profile, the state is not excluded from the burning issues like the agrarian crisis as well as farmers’ suicide. Out of the last nine years, the state has experienced drought for seven years, this is one of the major reasons for farmers taking the severe step of suicide. Hence, the main intention of this paper is to examine the status and determinants of the farmers’ suicide on the other hand it tries to Study the long-run and short-run relationships between Farmers’ Suicide and other selected variables by using ADF and Johansen’s cointegration tests. The results reveal that there is a long-run and short-run relationship between farmers’ suicide and other explanatory variables.
Pakistan’s Exertions of Reconciliation between Iran and Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Zehraa Sania , Imtiaz Ayesha , Ahmad Jawad
Published: May 2021

The Middle East is experiencing a period of progressive change that is testing the international strategies of every single local state. In this new condition, openings and difficulties exist for various territorial and extra-local states to propel their national advantages, while endeavouring to minimize those of their adversaries. One of the most significant contentions characterizing the vital scene of the Middle East is Saudi-Iran relations. Saudi Arabia and Iran have frequently carried on as genuine adversaries for impact in the Middle East. Pakistan is partner of both states and attempting to arbitrate between them for territorial harmony and congruity. The point of the accompanying work is to examine the Saudi-Iranian competition and endeavours of conciliation of Pakistan between two. This paper aims to explore the new developments in Saudi-Iranian relations and their impact on Middle East. This research is descriptive and analytical. It is qualitative research and secondary methods such as books, articles, journals, newspapers, and magazines have been utilized. The study analyses and examines the role of Pakistan as a mediator between both respective states and how Iran and Saudi Arabia’s quest for regional hegemony may impact the Middle East and Pakistan.
An Analysis of Political Rights Situation during Musharraf Regime (1999-2004)
Authors: Naazer Manzoor , Mahmood Amna , Ashfaq Shughla
Published: May 2021

The paper scrutinizes the political rights situation during the first five years (1999-2004) of Pervaiz Musharraf era. Musharraf had come into power after army had revolted over his dismissal as army chief by the prime minister. He strove to project soft image of his government to get legitimacy within the country and recognition from the outside world, particularly the West. He portrayed himself as a liberal leader and later also propagated his idea of “enlightened moderation” as a panacea for the miseries of the Muslim world. Despite his overtures, the political rights situation became bleak during his military rule and no meaningful change took place even during the first two years after country returned to “democratic rule.” Musharraf government denied people of their political rights to prolong his authoritarian rule. His rule was characterized by: arbitrary arrests and imprisonments of political leaders; repression of political activities; imposition of forced exile; political victimization in the name of accountability; attacks on rights to elect the government; military’s direct grip over affairs of state despite transition to the civilian rule; intimidation of opposition over legal framework order; and limitations on freedom of association.
Political Instability in Sudan after Military Coup: Implications for China’s Economic Interests
Authors: Rahim Nazim , Mehmood Assad , Bukhari Syed Mussawar
Published: May 2021

The current military coup and further political unrest in Sudan, though termed as ‘Bread Riots,’ however the internationally observed, beyond ‘bread.’ Especially, the Darfur and Sudan’s current crisis vis-à-vis China’s increasing politico-economic engagement in pursuance of its interests in the Sudan, particularly about energy sector, have placed China’s policies for Africa in focus. Since, Sino-Sudan maintained an extended history of politico-economic engagement and outreaching diplomatic relationships, hence, internationally perceived an expectation that Chinese factor can persuade the politico-economic situation in Sudan after recent political unrest in the country. Considering, such conditions, this paper while employing the economic diplomacy theory argues that, the policy of ‘non-interference’ may not be translated as disinclination with regards to China to employ the conscientiousness to defend. In this paper, statements given by the world about the interests lie in Sudan have been analysed through content analysis technique. However, particularly the complex features of condition of instability in Sudan, the economic-engagement strategy pursued by China, seems much productive than the retaliatory sanctions initiatives being approached by the West, particularly US to ensure peace process and stability conditions in Sudan. China had deep concerns with the situation prevailing in Sudan because it has invested billions of dollars on the development projects in this country.
Cultural Diplomacy: A Tool for Pakistan’s Positive Image Internationally
Authors: Syed Areeja , Ahmad Sohail , Bhutta Muhammad Makkey
Published: May 2021

Cultural Diplomacy can most aptly be defined as a course of actions centered on using the interchanging of views, ethics, customs, and other features of a culture. Cultural Diplomacy is employed by the public sector, private sector, and civil society to either accelerate socio-cultural collaboration, fortify the relationship or endorse the state wellbeing. Pakistan has long been suffering from a negative image globally on account of her poor foreign policy and her adversaries’ vile propaganda. Notwithstanding Pakistan is archaeologically, historically, and culturally rich and a thriving country and is home to an assortment of cultures but she could never efficaciously liberate herself from the stigmas attached to her. Cultural Diplomacy is one of the most noteworthy tactics that can pull Pakistan out of this mayhem and restore her image internationally. In this article, the authors delve into exploring the tools of cultural diplomacy, which Pakistan can put into the best utilization to cultivate enhanced perception on the international platform
Militancy and Pashtun Culture: Challenges and Developments in Pashtun Society in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Wasai  , Ullah Jawad , Bano Abida
Published: May 2021

The invasion of Afghanistan by the former USSR in 1979 led to violent conflict in the country with severe implications for all neighbouring countries along with Pakistan. Within Pakistan, the most affected people are the Pashtuns bordering Afghanistan. The armed conflict, which started after the USSR invasion, continues to this day. Among other aspects, this conflict has severely affected the social and cultural values of Pashtun society. Due to the continued militancy and extremism in the region, the historical Pashtun social institutions and norms like Jirga, Melmastia (hospitality), and Badal (revenge) has undergone drastic changes alongside profound effects Pashtu literature. This paper attempts to answer the question as to what changes did occur in Pashtun socio-cultural institutions and literature because of continuous militancy during the last several decades. For this research, the researchers used qualitative research methods and used both primary and secondary data. The primary data includes original works of writers and individual in-depth interviews with experts, while secondary data entails a systematic review of the scholarly published data. The study found that the ongoing militancy has severely affected the social fabric of the Pashtun society. It has changed Pashtun social institutions like Jirga, Melmastia, revenge, and literature significantly.
Marxism and Literature: Marxist Analysis of ‘The Garden Party’
Authors: Bashir Tayyaba , Mir Shahid Hussain , Mehmood Arshad
Published: May 2021

Research is conducted on Marxism but many literary genres still need to be studied using Marxist lens. Short stories like ‘The Garden Party’ gives realistic depiction of life so demands a Marxist explanation. It is full of themes and characters, every individual encounters frequently in real life, has not yet been studied in view of some economic or social theory. This research aims to analyse this short story applying Marxism to yield plurality of meanings embedded in it and to widen compass of this economic and political theory. Research technique used here is qualitative in nature as it analyses ‘words and phrases’ used in the text to decipher its underlying theme. The findings of this study gives an insight into social condition of a common human being and subjugation of lower social class in the hands of upper social class. Further, it scrutinizes “the politics of class” to observe socio-economic circumstances of individuals and societies along with asserting how people are shaped, and their behaviour is affected by their social class. Through characters, Katherine Mansfield has not only portrayed exploitation and manipulation of the lower social class/stratum but has also revealed role of ideology to maintain this status quo.
Pathways of Youth Radicalization in Pakhtun Society: Applying the Anomie and Strain Theory
Authors: Khan Zafar , Ullah Rahman , Uzma Kamal
Published: May 2021

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.
US-Taliban Peace Agreement: A Study of Economic and Strategic Implications for Pakistan
Authors: Salim Asif , Khan Raid , Zikriya
Published: May 2021

The competition among the regional stake-holders cannot be neglected because they can sabotage the peace process by delaying the focused intra-afghan dialogue. It is, therefore, argued that only Afghans can dilute the influence of external actors and keep them away from interfering in the internal politics of Afghanistan. Without the active participation of Pakistan objectives for durable and long-standing peace cannot be achieved. Pakistan not only provided its good-offices for the negotiation between the parties at different forums but also influenced and persuaded the Taliban factions for negotiations. The question arises that what will be the implications of this deal on Pakistan and how it can play plank the fruitful outcomes from this deal. The results shows that the deal between the US and Taliban has deep-down strategic and economic implications on Pakistan and with better strategy Pakistan can create win-win situation for the other regional stakeholders.  Furthermore, the current research is qualitative in nature in which the empirical data and popular literature have critically analyzed to understand the peace agreement in Afghanistan with its different dimensions and perspectives. Policy recommendations are the part of discussion, however paper focuses fundamentally on possible ramifications of Doha peace deal.
Afghan Peace Process and the Role of Pakistan in Engaging the Stakeholders
Authors: Idrees Muhammad , Rehman Ashfaq , Naazer Manzoor Ahmad
Published: May 2021

The Afghan people suffered a lot from war on terror, security issues, and political and economic instability since US invasion in 2001. Pakistan being an important neighbouring country of Afghanistan can play a vital role in bringing amity and stability through facilitating peace process. Both the US administration and Afghan government demand Pakistan to influence and bring the Taliban to the table talks. In this context, this study aims to explore Pakistan’s role in the ongoing peace process that has so far created an understanding among the stakeholders that a peaceful and stable Afghanistan is in the interest of the region. The study finds that there are greater issues to be dealt with carefully e.g., the governance system of the country, the constitution, and a viable power-sharing formula to be acceptable to all the stakeholders. Any successful peace deal needs a strong commitment on the part of all the stakeholders. Peace is the need of the hour not only for Afghanistan but for the whole region as well. Pakistan needs to continue her support to the Afghanistan’s stability and play its due role in the peace negotiations in the greater regional interests.
Discourse of Pakistan's Identity under Strand of Liberal Citizenship: A Case Study of Musharraf Education Policy Reforms
Authors: Qurban Shafique , Amin Husnul , Siddiqa Maryam
Published: May 2021

Keeping in view the political shifts in the wake of 9/11 incident, new social and political trends/concepts have emerged which affected the nations across the world particularly the Muslim world, wherein a wave of extremism and conservatism was seen to be set in. In consequence, Pakistan embarked upon to make reforms in the curriculum to avoid that wave. Accordingly, Musharraf government has adopted education reform under the banner of enlightened moderation and introduced curriculum to construct Pakistani nationalism in the context of liberal citizenship to curtail the issues like extremism and conservatism spread under the slogan of Islamization. This study pinpoints the overall impact of Musharraf policy changes upon curriculum and its role in the construction of liberal citizenship. This study uses secondary data in the shape of policy texts and curriculum of social studies. This study uses discourse analysis to analyse policy text and curriculum. The findings of the study have pointed out that the government has introduced modern contents such as life skills and scientific knowledge to tackle prevailing issues by removing biased and outdated contents from existing curricula. This study has recommended that effective policy measures to construct liberal citizenship should only be realized with effective implementation.
Attitude and Perception of Women on Domestic Violence Practiced by Husbands in Ethiopia
Authors: Bayissa Rata
Published: May 2021

This study assesses women's attitudes and perceptions of domestic violence that are practiced in different communities with a variety of cultures. The study investigates the causes and impacts of domestic and gender-based violence on women's life in Ethiopia. The study also investigates the attitude and perceptions of the women towards their experiences of domestic and gender base violence. This study specifically aims to examine the perception and attitudes of the women towards domestic violence in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study also aims to analyse the common types of domestic violence and the response of communities towards the domestic violence in the study area. Purposive and convenient sampling is used to determine selection of the respondents. In-depth interview tool for focus group discussion is used to collect the data and analyse it thematically. A significant number of women respondents consider that violence against women is the usual conflict between the wife and the husband that could happen anywhere in the male dominated societies.
Gender Role as Relative Phenomenon in Bharati Mukherjee’s Novel Desirable Daughters
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Bashir Tayyaba , Mehmood Arshad
Published: May 2021

Gender is a relative, fluid and dynamic phenomenon. In a traditional society woman has always been treated as “other” which needs to be changed. Human beings unconsciously remain engaged to absorb notions of gender-based manhood and womanhood. Gender construction is not static but changes with circumstances. Women who live in different environment face different problems and whole pattern of their lives changes when they change their living conditions and social set up. Gender is basically an aggregate of cultural and sociological traits which are associated with a particular being and leads to marginalization of one gender namely women. A particular behaviour is expected from that gender and vice versa. This concept is visible in the novel ‘Desirable Daughters’ by Bharati Mukherjee which is primary text for current research. The characters in this novel violate traditional limitations and gender role becomes a fluid and relative concept. So, this work focuses on highlighting that gender role is a relative term primarily a product of environment. The theoretical framework used here is third wave of feminism and the methodology employed to conduct this research is textual analysis.
Socio-Economic and Psychological Impacts of Covid-19: A Case Study of Quarantined Village Ziarat Talash in Dir Lower, Pakistan
Authors: Jan Azizullah , Rahman Khalil Ur , Khan Ihsan Ullah
Published: May 2021

The global outbreak of coronavirus is conclusively attributed to the direct contacts and social interactions of individuals with one another. Because of the fatal nature of the virus and man being the major host for the virus, scientists have embarked upon/ intimidated people to practice social distancing so that the further spreading of the virus may be stopped. Such social distancing, including self-isolation, restriction of movement, lockdown, and quarantine has brought enormous social disruption in the lives of people. This paper aims to explore the social, psychological, and economic impacts of social distancing on the lives of the inhabitants in a quarantined village Ziarat Talash in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. For this purpose, 08 potential respondents in the mentioned village were purposively selected and their views were taken through in-depth interviewing. The collected data was analysed and the interviews were clubbed into three major themes including social, psychological, and economic impacts of self-isolation and quarantined life in the targeted locale of the study. It is concluded that self-isolation and social distancing through quarantine has seriously disrupted the social, economic, and psychological aspects of the inhabitants in the area.
The Climate Change Awareness and Literacy in Pakistan: Role of Media and Social Actors
Authors: Jan Azam , Khan Tariq Anwar , Mahsud Muhammad Imran
Published: May 2021

The multidimensional impacts of climate change are increasing the vulnerability of Pakistan day by day. The government of Pakistan has framed polices and laws related to climate change however, the challenge is the implementation of these polices and initiatives which is directly related to climate change awareness and literacy. This study addresses the central question of what the status of climate change awareness and literacy and what role media and social actors play in this regard. To answer this question, a qualitative, descriptive, and analytical methodology has been employed. This study found that poor climate literacy and awareness among common masses is one of the key reasons that so far these initiatives are not successful. Since the real chain movers of any response and development are people not policy makers or power elites so nourishing eagerness for climate change literacy and awareness proves effective. This study recommends that as a nation, it is necessary to develop climate literacy and awareness to generate public response against the imminent threat of climate change.
Role of Educational Institutions in Building a Peaceful Society
Authors: Gul Asma , Bashir Tayyaba , Mustafa Javed
Published: May 2021

Educational institutions’ role is not limited to technology’s progression or improvement in their social and economic values but also is to teach the lesson of harmony, humbleness, tolerance, equality, and justice. Educational institutions are not merely building individuals to strengthen society and eradicate the negativities but also to build a peaceful society. Pakistan’s educational system is a complex one that does not merely involve government and private schools; there are also many registered or unregistered madrassas. Lack of regulation of the curriculum and monitoring of the activities of madrasas is a matter of concern. Terrorism, too, is linked to such madrasas, which contradicts and nullifies educational institutions’ purpose and aim of building a peaceful society. The study applied the functionalism theoretical assumptions and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) based on the previous studies review of literature on educational institutions’ role in building peaceful societies to figure out the gap and develop new findings. The study suggests committing the national educational system, with it, the school and its teachers so that from their work, they contribute towards building peace in society.