bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction and Reconstruction of Social Event Sequences: A Developmental and Comparative Study
Authors: Oppenheimer Louis , Groot Monique
Published: September 2011

78 children from three age levels ( M ages 5.7, 7.5, and 9.0 yr.) and from Dutch and nonDutch parents were presented three tasks to index their abilities to construct and reconstruct sequences of social events. The results show that all tasks form a stochastic Guttman-scale indicating that all measures tap the same cognitive ability. The resulting hierarchy of the tasks suggests that the ability to complete an event sequence by selecting from two additional events, i.e., the initial and the final events, preceded ability to select from two alternative events either the correct final or the correct initial event. The latter two constructional abilities preceded ability to reconstruct sequences of social events involving memorizing the sequence and anticipatory and reversibility competences.
Characteristics of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale among Female Participants in Community Childbirth Education Classes
Authors: Shectman Karen L. , Bergen M. Betsy , Schumm Walter R. , Bugaighis Margaret A.
Published: September 2011

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale was administered to 61 female participants in community childbirth preparation classes. Further support for the internal consistency reliability of the scale ( alpha = 0.90) was obtained, and patterns of differences between item means were similar to those of previous research. The scale was correlated, in expected directions, with church attendance and income, as well as with two measures of spouse's supportiveness of the participant.
Developing an Instrument to Measure Attitudes toward Nurses: Preliminary Psychometric Findings
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Herman Mary W.
Published: September 2011

Although many doctors and nurses presumably develop good working relationships, substantial problems are frequently reported. There is a large body of reports on physicians' attitudes toward and perceptions of nurses, but no systematic attempt has been made to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to measure attitudes towards nurses. This study reports steps in developing such an instrument and its psychometric characteristics. Based on a review of the literature, a preliminary list of 59 statements of attitudes toward nurses was prepared and subsequently reviewed by 26 medical educators, nurses, and physicians. 25 statements were judged to have adequate face validity and were included in a preliminary version of a questionnaire using a 4-point Likert-type format. Quantitative analyses were performed on the responses of two groups of medical students (67 freshmen and sophomores and 15 freshmen). Twenty statements yielded a significant and positive correlation with the total score. Statistical analyses of the 20-item version of the scale supported its psychometric characteristics.
Student-Based Indicators of Campus Satisfaction as an Outcome of Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Study identified major predictors of student satisfaction. Student ratings may be used to locate problems and implement decision-oriented solutions within a college.
Sexual Experience among Men and Women: Associations within Three Independent Samples
Authors: Newcomb Michael D.
Published: September 2011

In the context of examining a wide range of correlates of sexual experience—defined as the lifetime number of sexual partners—an hypothesis is tested that sexual experience enhances personality by bolstering self-esteem and self-confidence. Three independent samples are examined separately and then compared ( ns = 173, 136, and 148). These groups vary by sex and amount of sexual experience. Within each of these samples, correlates of sexual experience are examined in regard to background variables, parental sexual attitudes, various sexual behaviors, history, satisfaction, and responsiveness measures, social competence, relationship attachment, and personality. Clear support for the hypothesis of enhancement of personality by sexual experience appeared for men, but little support among the women. Correlates of sexual experience among the female samples appear to reflect sexual facilitation (general involvement) or biological preparedness theory.
Relation of Agoraphobics' Health Locus of Control Orientation to Severity of Agoraphobia
Authors: Adler Donna , Price James H.
Published: September 2011

77 agoraphobics and 77 nonagoraphobics completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale in a true-false response format. The agoraphobics scored high on subscales of both internal and chance health locus of control. The agoraphobics were classified into four levels (severe, moderate, mild, and cured) assessed by self-report, which indicated severe agoraphobics were more oriented toward a chance health locus of control than were those at other levels.
Test Anxiety, Sex, and Exam Type
Authors: Furst David , Tenenbaum Gershon , Weingarten Gilad
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships (a) among worry, emotionality, and a more global measure of state anxiety before three types of examinations (objective, physical performance, and subjective) given in three academic disciplines and (b) among the three anxiety measures and expected and actual outcomes for 146 men and 217 women (age: M = 23.72, SD = 3.33). Across all types of examinations women scored higher on emotionality and general state anxiety than men. Women tended to underestimate and men to overestimate their performance. Both sexes were more emotional before pencil-and-paper examinations than physical performance examinations, but they worried more before the performance examination. Correlations indicated clearer and more consistent relationships for women between expectations, performance, relative success, and the outcomes measures. For men, more complex relationships with both somative and cognitive anxiety across types of examination were found. It is suggested that test anxiety and performance on examinations be studied in relation to both differences in gender and type of examination.
Myths about Male Midlife Crises
Authors: Ciernia James R.
Published: September 2011

Authors writing on the subject of the male midlife crisis offer reference signs of increased personal disorganization which are attributed to a crisis. Three of the more commonly referenced problem areas are alcoholism, divorce, and suicide. Analysis of the known data indicates there is no quantitative basis for these contentions. The incidence of heavy drinking, divorce, and suicide go down at midlife rather than increase.
An Empirical Investigation of Mood Characteristics of Highly Apprehensive Persons
Authors: Butler Jeff , Dziuban Chuck
Published: September 2011

60 subjects identified as either high or low in communication apprehension completed mood state inventory scales. The high and low scorers differed significantly from one another across several mood dimensions. Highly apprehensive subjects' scores, however, all fell within the normal range for their peers, while low scorers fell outside the normal range on two dimensions.
Assessment Measures That Discriminate between Levels of DUI Clients
Authors: Brown Nina W.
Published: September 2011

The Adjective Checklist, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, Depression Adjective Checklist, and Profile of Mood States were administered to 166 males enrolled in an Alcohol Safety Action Program. Although a few individual scales showed significant differences between groups, a stepwise multiple discriminant analysis of combined test scales identified two functions, Intrapersonal Attributes which accounted for 84% of the variance and Personal Adequacy, accounting for 15.9% of the variance. The combined test results correctly classified 62% of the clients. Cross-validation is planned.
Comparisons of Psychiatric Outpatients with Controls on Bipolar Profile of Mood States
Authors: Myhill John , Lorr Maurice
Published: September 2011

68 psychiatric outpatients were compared with 70 alcohol-impaired drivers and the norm sample ( N = 432 college students) on Bipolar Profile of Mood States which measures six mood states. The psychiatric outpatients described themselves as more anxious, hostile, depressed, unsure, fatigued, and confused than members of the comparison groups. A table of T scores was constructed for use in assessing patients on the bipolar profile.
Change Seeking and Experimental Participation
Authors: Russell Michael L. , Garlington Warren K.
Published: September 2011

The Change Seeker Index was administered to a group of introductory psychology students who had volunteered to participate in a research study and to classes in introductory psychology in which most of the students did not volunteer. The volunteers received significantly higher scores suggesting that the use of volunteers might introduce a systematic bias in studies where “change seeking” could be a confounding variable.
Efficiency Points: Total Score versus Subject Area Score—Is There an Association?
Authors: Kuyper Lynda A.
Published: September 2011

The success of candidates who write the Medical Record Administration Registration Examination is based on a pass/fail system based on a cut-off score established by the American Medical Record Association. Previous studies were conducted to determine the efficiency of the registration examination. Because the test scores are reported by subject area, a second important question arises—is there an association between the efficiency points for each subject area test and that for the total test? Previous studies are summarized and the issue of associations among subject area and total score efficiency points addressed.
Correlation between Two Indices of Commonality and of Repetition in Free Word-Association Responses
Authors: Pack Daniel , Pons Louis
Published: September 2011

Two samples of subjects, one French ( n = 50) and one American ( n = 29), were given free word-association tests consisting of two successive presentations of the same list of stimulus words separated by a 15-min. interval. Both the frequency of “most common responses” (as defined by Palermo and Jenkins' word association norms for the Americans and a reference sample for the French) and the frequency of repeated responses (responses repeated on successive presentations) remained consistent for individual subjects tested on separate occasions with two different lists of 20 words. There was also a significant correlation between these two parameters for individual subjects.
Facilitation of Conservation Revisited
Authors: Onyehalu Anthony S.
Published: September 2011

The susceptibility of conservation behaviour to facilitation has been a debated issue. In seeking further clarification, 247 Nigerian nonconservers of substance and volume were selected, given verbal training on the pretest tasks, and posttested twice. t tests indicated positive effects of training as well as the durability of trained conservation for 2 wk. The implications of these findings for child rearing were pointed out.
Role of Immediate Feedback in a Personalized System of Instruction: Evidence of a Negative Impact
Authors: Haemmerlie Frances M.
Published: September 2011

The longstanding emphasis on immediate feedback in Personalized System of Instruction techniques was considered. Two studies investigated the effects of various feedback intervals in personalized instruction on measures of performance, retention, and preference of college students. The first study ( N = 10) indicated that an after-each-item feedback condition more negatively affected performance, preference, and recall than did feedback provided after the examination. Findings of the second study ( N = 12) replicated this effect by comparing after-each-item feedback with after-the-exam feedback and feedback given the next day with a minimal-feedback control condition. In all cases, feedback after-each-item provided the worst results. Further, even though both showed better effects on recall than did the control condition, after-the-examination and next-day-feedback conditions did not differ.
Sex Differences in Adults' Gifts and Children's Toy Requests at Christmas
Authors: Bradbard Marilyn R.
Published: September 2011

Parents of 47 preschool boys and girls kept diaries of their children's Christmas toy requests and gifts. While these children requested only 3.4 toys for Christmas, they received 11.6. Toys requested also increased with age, though toys received did not. Boys requested and received more vehicles than girls, while girls requested and received more domestic items than boys. Boys also received more spatial-temporal items than girls, and girls requested more dolls and musical items than boys.
Evaluation of a Multimodal Structured Group Approach in Treatment of Depression
Authors: Green Mack , Wisner Wayman
Published: September 2011

The effects of a multimodal structured group approach for 8 clients with histories of recurrent or chronic depression were investigated. The Beck Depression Inventory, a measure of depression, was administered immediately prior to the first session and immediately afterwards. Scores were significantly lower immediately following the group. At a 6-mo. follow-up clients were again given the Beck scale and were also given the Depression Adjective Check List. The Beck scale scores remained significantly lower than at the beginning of the group; and the Depression Adjective Check List scores were within the normal, nondepressed range. A small n and lack of controls limit interpretation.
Strain-Producing Aspects of Life Events
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Rubio Charles T.
Published: September 2011

To determine some of the important strain-producing aspects of life events, 30 male and 40 female college undergraduates attending the student counseling center were compared with a matched control group of nonhelp-seeking students from the same campus on 9 descriptive rating scales associated with each of the 60 items on the Stressful Life Events Inventory. Analyses indicated that the clinic group reported a significantly larger number of stressful life events and significantly more strain produced by these events than did the control group. Neither sex nor the interaction of sex and group was significant.
Psychotherapeutic Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Baxter Pam M.
Published: September 2011

The bibliography contains references to 160 articles on psychotherapeutic approaches to anorexia nervosa and bulimia from journals in psychology, psychiatry, medicine, and allied disciplines. All articles were published between 1970 and 1983 and are written in English. A broad spectrum of psychotherapies is represented.
Unethical Decisions: The Impact of Reinforcement Contingencies and Managerial Philosophies
Authors: Worrell Dan L. , Stead W. Edward , Stead Jean Garner , Spalding J. B.
Published: September 2011

Unethical behavior is a serious issue facing business organizations. This study reports the results of a laboratory experiment involving 338 subjects in an in-basket simulation requiring that they decide whether or not to give kickbacks. Subjects were divided into two groups—each assigned a different managerial philosophy. Subjects were rewarded for unethical decisions on the first three trials and punished for unethical decisions on the last three trials. Results on all six trials support the hypotheses that unethical decisions are dependent on reinforcement contingencies and partially (in the first three trials) support the hypothesis that unethical decisions are dependent on stated managerial philosophy.
Health Concerns of Adolescents: Impact of Family Status, Sex, Family Size, and Birth Order
Authors: Turner Joseph G. , Smith Katherine L. Duchen , Jacobsen R. Brooke
Published: September 2011

This paper reports results of a study of 149 early adolescents' self-perceptions of their health concerns, as related to certain familial characteristics. Of these adolescents (aged 12 to 15 yr.) those in single-parent families expressed fewer concerns than those in traditional homes. Girls in smaller families (less than 4.55 persons) were more concerned about physical appearance—skin, etc. Girls in larger families (more than 4.55 persons) expressed psychological worry about “tension.” In contrast, boys expressed no significant health concerns, regardless of family size. Finally, ordinal position in the family was important: boys who were oldest or youngest siblings were concerned about their muscles. Girls, in contrast, who were oldest siblings expressed concern about nervousness and being down in the dumps; girls who were youngest siblings noted facial appearance as a concern, along with worries about feeling good about themselves, their future, emotions, and feelings.
Relationship of the Masculinity-Femininity Scale of the MMPI to Intellectual Functioning
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: September 2011

In a group of 97 male chronic alcoholics and other addicts ( M age 37.7 yr., SD = 12.5), scores on the Raven's Matrices and on a multiple choice version of the WAIS Vocabulary subtest were significantly related to scores on the Masculinity-Femininity Scale of the MMPI: higher scorers on the scale had better intellectual skills.
Similarity of Personalities of Flight Instructors and Student-Pilots: Effect on Flight Training Time
Authors: Kreienkamp Ronald A. , Luessenheide H. Duane
Published: September 2011

This study assessed whether similarities or differences in personality between student pilots and their flight instructors at least partially account for the wide range of flying hours required to obtain a pilot's certificate. A significant relationship was noted between difference scores for male students and instructors, as measured on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and student-pilots' flying time.
College Students' Perceptions of Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Social Workers: A Comparison
Authors: Alperin Richard Martin , Benedict Annette
Published: September 2011

The present study compared perceptions held by 180 college students of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers. The students viewed social workers as warm and easy to relate to but not particularly intelligent. Psychiatrists were viewed as bright but cold and reserved. The students indicated that they would most likely consult psychologists for help with the majority of their problems.
Preparatory Procedures for Videotaped Feedback to Improve Social Skills
Authors: Blumer Craig H. , McNamara J. Regis
Published: September 2011

Videotaped feedback in conjunction with group approaches which utilized didactic lectures, behavioral problem solving, or group exercises to increase cohesion were compared to ascertain their effectiveness in improving social skills for undergraduates. Self-report, partners' evaluations, and independent observers' ratings indicated that group treatment coupled with feedback nondifferentially improved social skills over time. For undergraduates undergoing brief social skills training, differences in subjects' preparation involving videotape feedback may not produce corresponding differences in subjects' behavior.
Untutored Lay Knowledge of the Principles of Psychology: Do We Know Anything They Don't?
Authors: Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

50 volunteer subjects without psychological training were paid $5 to answer 21 multiple-choice questions, each of which embodied one principle of learning or memory. 76% of the questions were answered correctly more often than chance. Number of questions answered correctly correlated positively with subjects' ages when the effect of education was partialed out. Number correct also correlated positively with education when age was partialed out. Taken together with Houston's 1983 findings, these results suggest that the general population has a good grasp of the essentials of psychology even without exposure to formal training in psychology.
A Text Synthesis Approach to Feedback
Authors: Langer Philip , Keenan Verne C. , Medosch-Schonbeck Christina M.
Published: September 2011

The text synthesis method was used to examine effects of corrective feedback, length of passage, and content on text comprehension as measured by recall and recognition. Two randomly ordered passages from the biography of Enrico Fermi of 13 and 19 sentences each were presented. Subjects rearranged the sentences to reconstruct meaningful texts. Feedback did not influence recall, recognition, or concordance with the original order. Retrieval was not related to concordance. Recall and recognition were proportionally higher for shorter versions and for the more complex selections. The paradigm is promising as it shows the importance of content and passage length as well as the problems of providing feedback for processing discourse.
An Empirical Investigation of the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children
Authors: Taylor Ronald L. , Ziegler Edward W. , Partenio Ingrid
Published: September 2011

The Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children was individually administered to the parents of 660 children of various ethnic groups from both urban and rural areas. In addition, the other measures of the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment were also administered. Criterion-related validity coefficients were determined and the performance of children of different ethnic status and community type was explored. Low to moderate validity coefficients were found. No significant differences were found as a function of ethnic status although urban children scored significantly higher on all of the areas. Implications of these results regarding cautions and directions for research were discussed.
An Index for Measuring Company Employees' Participation
Authors: Lavy Chaim
Published: September 2011

Responses of 277 employees to a 140-item questionnaire on employees' participation in decision-making were factor analyzed. The six factors yielded a single score for comparison of organizations. Construct validity was supported by correct reclassification of 96 employees into their firms which differed in level of participation.
EMG Biofeedback with College Student Volunteers: Limitations of Effects of Independent Variables
Authors: Drennen William T. , Rutledge Larry L. , Wattles William P.
Published: September 2011

In the present study the relative effects of biofeedback, a set to relax, and a no set (adaptation) condition upon EMG changes in the frontalis muscles were addressed. Subjects were college student volunteers and the proportion of males to females was equal among groups. All subjects were first monitored for minutes (adaptation, no set). Subsequently, subjects in the biofeedback group were then instructed to relax and also to attend to feedback signals to facilitate relaxation for 20 additional minutes (1-min. trials). Subjects in the relaxation set group were given a set to relax but not biofeedback until the last 5-min. segment. Subjects in the no set group were given no instructions to relax and no biofeedback until the last 5-min. segment. Results indicated reductions of EMG monitored tension levels in all groups with no significant between-group differences. Pre- and poststate anxiety self-report measures also showed a significant reduction in anxiety for all groups but no between-group differences reached significance.
Levels of Analysis and the Vertical Dyad Linkage Approach to Leadership
Authors: Nachman Sidney , Dansereau Fred , Naughton Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has raised questions about the level of analysis associated with the variables of interest in the Vertical Dyad Linkage approach to leadership. Rather than the group level of analysis, individual and dyadic levels ate suggested as potentially appropriate levels to consider for variables included in the Vertical Dyad Linkage approach.
Alcohol and Aggression: A Validation Study of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was performed testing the validity of the Taylor aggression paradigm when used to study the effects of alcohol on aggression. The main hypothesis stated that the Taylor paradigm does not adequately control for differences in pain/discomfort thresholds when subjects are repeatedly shocked. 36 male subjects were randomly assigned to an alcohol or a placebo condition. They were first required to adjust an electric shock to a subjective criterion (“definitely unpleasant”). This shock setting was then used to calibrate a shock-intensity scale. Subjects were given 12 shocks of varying intensities from this scale. No shock was above the subjective criterion. After the 12 shocks subjects again adjusted an electric shock to the same subjective criterion. Each shock and subjective criterion were rated by subjects for experienced pain and experienced total discomfort. Validity of the Taylor paradigm requires that pain/discomfort thresholds remain stable throughout a period of experimental observation. The results indicate that intoxicated subjects chose a higher initial subjective criterion and experienced the subsequent shocks more intensely. Intoxicated subjects in the Taylor paradigm are more provoked than sober subjects and reported increases in aggression scores for intoxicated subjects can not conclusively be attributed to alcohol alone.
Mood-Dependent Retrieval: Commentary on Wetzler
Authors: Mayer John D. , Bower Gordon H.
Published: September 2011

We comment on a failure to replicate mood-dependent retrieval of memories that was reported in this journal by Wetzler in 1985. Wetzler's procedures for obtaining the effect were reasonable so we attempt to explain Wetzler's result and integrate it with other recent work on mood-dependent retrieval.
Role of Memory in the Performance-Evaluation Process: With Special Reference to Diary-Keeping
Authors: Larson James R.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between raters' ability to remember specific information about ratee behavior and the accuracy of their performance-evaluation ratings. 75 undergraduate subjects listened to a rape recording of a person performing either well or poorly at an interviewing task. During a second experimental session eight to nine weeks later they rated the interviewer's performance. It was predicted that the performance-evaluation ratings of subjects who were better able to recall specific details of the interviewer's behavior would (1) better discriminate between good and poor interviewers and (2) show greater interrater agreement. The results did not support either prediction. Subjects generally gave favorable ratings to the good interviewer and unfavorable ratings to the poor interviewer and did so regardless of their ability to recall specific details of the interviewer's behavior. The implications of these results for the role of memory in the performance-evaluation process are discussed.
Early Recollections of Neurotic Depressive Patients
Authors: Fakouri M. Ebrahim , Hartung Jurgen R. , Hafner James L.
Published: September 2011

Early recollections of 25 neurotic depressive patients were significantly different from those of 25 control subjects. The recollections of neurotic depressive patients suggested more disturbed relationships with family members, more references to incidents that elicited fear, anxiety, or other negative affects, and little acceptance of responsibility for what happens in their memories. If confirmed for a much larger sample, such signs might be used with other sources of information for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
Seating Arrangement and State Anxiety as Related to Performance on Digit Span and Digit Symbol of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Authors: Steyaert James P. , Snyder John F.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the effects of dyadic seating arrangement as it related to performance on the Digit Span and Digit Symbol subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) and on anxiety as measured by the “Now” version of the Affective Adjective Check List. The WAIS—R subtests and the “Now” version of the check list were administered to 40 men and 40 women to determine correlation of seating arrangement with sex of subject and performance on the WAIS—R subtests and “Now” check list. Seating arrangement (subject seated face-to-face with a desk between, versus the corner of a desk between subject and experimenter) and sex of subject had no significant effect on WAIS—R subtest scores. State anxiety was unrelated to scores or dyad seating arrangement or sex of subjects.
Internal-External Locus of Control, Power and Political Participation
Authors: Deutchman Iva Ellen
Published: September 2011

Rotter's 1966 Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E) was administered to 20 men and 24 women, along with new projective techniques to measure power behavior and political participation. The power behavior studied included power style, power drive, and power salience. The political participation index was composed of a traditional political participation scale and a Sphere of Influence Profile designed for this study measuring participation in nonpolitical life spheres. Results confirmed previous findings which established a link between internal control and political participation. A further link was established' between power drive and internal control. However, previous work suggesting a relationship between locus of control and power style was not confirmed, and there was no relationship between power salience and locus of control.
Paranormal Beliefs, Alienation and Anomie in College Students
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

The Paranormal Belief Scale, Alienation Scale, and Anomie Scale were given to 168 college students. Significant hypothesized relationships linked belief in Superstition with greater alienation and anomie and greater belief in Spiritualism with greater alienation. No evidence was found that greater Traditional Religious Belief was associated with significantly less alienation or anomie.
Conceptions of Femininity and Masculinity: 1974–1983
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd B.
Published: September 2011

Comparing ratings of “typical” personality and self on 20 sex-related personality traits by 1115 male and 1510 female college students across the years 1974-77-80-83 shows that strength of rating on all traits increased but especially so on sex-typed ratings. This pattern of increased stereotyping holds even when demographic factors are controlled.
Interpersonal Traits and Facilitative Helping Characteristics
Authors: Jackson Eugene
Published: September 2011

Although the over-all regression equation was significant, additive effects of Dominance and Love assessed by Leary's Interpersonal Check List accounted for little variance (16%) in Therapeutic Talent, a composite index. Correlations among measures were based on responses of 53 undergraduate women.
A Dozen and Two Years of Methaqualone: A Case Report
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

A middle-aged man volunteered to be interviewed about his 14 years of methaqualone abuse. He characterized methaqualone as more satisfying in the euphoric and hypnotic properties then either barbiturates or triazolam (a benzodiazepine) with less severe side effects and shorter withdrawal reaction, limited only to a few days.
Drinking among College Students: Are Consumption Rates Increasing?
Authors: Condon Roxanne H. , Carman Roderick S.
Published: September 2011

Alcohol consumption rates of college students in 1981 are compared with a similar sample taken in 1965 using the same measures. No evidence is found for a change in consumption rates among college students during this time interval.
A Report on Phosphatidylcholine Therapy in a down Syndrome Child
Authors: Cantor David S. , Thatcher Robert W. , Ozand Pinar , Kumin Libby , Rothschild Jonathan
Published: September 2011

Recent research has given support to the hypothesized existence of impaired cholinergic systems in young Down Syndrome individuals. In this study, a 2 ½-yr.-old Down Syndrome boy was given a phosphatidylcholine supplement over a 7-mo. period. Measures of the EEG indicate a normalization during the treatment period with minor reoccurrence of abnormalities during a placebo period. The child showed a definitive increase in speech and language skills as well as general motor skills which exceeded same aged Down Syndrome peers experiencing like training programs. These data, although preliminary, are part of a larger group study in progress and suggest that phosphatidylcholine therapy may be useful for improving neurophysiological and intellectual functioning of some Down Syndrome children.
Reconstruction of Text and Feedback
Authors: Langer Philip , Keenan Verne , Medosch-Schonbeck Christina M.
Published: September 2011

Subjects reconstructed two sets of scrambled discourse of 26 sentences each. Subjects were either given no feedback or limited feedback as confirmation-disconfirmation, with retrieval either immediate or delayed one week. Memory was measured as recall of idea units and recognition of original sentences from paraphrases. Concordance was measured by relationship to the original sentence order. Recall was not related to any of the independent variables, but recognition was related to content. The data suggest a modest contribution of feedback to concordance, but this did not lead to differences in achievement. The findings replicate previous research which suggests that prior knowledge and local cues for syntax and coherence may diminish the contributions of feedback.
The Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory, Faking, and Social Desirability: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , Matherly Timothy A.
Published: September 2011

Data from 138 college students showed that responses to the Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory are unaffected by social desirability ( r = .03). A subsample of 47 students also completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory Lie scale. The low correlation reported by Kirton for these two instruments was successfully replicated.
Birth Order, Sex, and Dependence Proneness in Indian Students
Authors: Vats Arunima
Published: September 2011

Scores of 220 undergraduates on Sinha's Dependence Proneness Scale show firstborn or only females score higher than like males and lastborn males score significantly higher than firstborn or only males. This interaction of sex and birth order needs to be explored.
Threat as a Determinant of Alcohol-Related Aggression
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was performed within a modified version of the Buss “aggression-machine” paradigm testing the hypothesis that threat will inhibit aggression in intoxicated subjects given that threat is not unavoidable. 40 males were randomly assigned to either an alcohol group, drinking .08 ml of pure alcohol per kg body weight, or a placebo group, drinking only tonic. Half of the subjects in each group were exposed to a threat and the other half to no threat. At 10 opportunities subjects could choose between a nonaggressive response or an aggressive response in the form of an electric shock given to a bogus partner. Aggression was estimated in terms of number of aggressive responses, the intensity and duration of these responses, and response latency. Results clearly confirmed the hypothesis and were discussed theoretically in a model combining pharmacological and psychological factors.
Serotonin, Septal Lesions, and Shock-Escape Learning in Rats
Authors: Mattingly Bruce A. , Gotsick James E. , Applegate E. Brooks
Published: September 2011

The involvement of reduced serotonin in deficient leverpress, shock-escape performance of rats with septal lesions was assessed in two studies. In Exp. 1, rats were treated with either para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or saline and then tested in a leverpress, shock-escape task. In Exp. 2, rats with septal lesions and sham-operated control rats were treated daily with either 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) or saline and tested on the same shock-escape task. Primary findings were as follows: (a) rats treated with PCPA learned to escape shock as quickly as saline control rats; (b) the shock-escape performance of rats with septal lesions was significantly inferior to that of control rats; and (c) the administration of 5HTP did not significantly improve the performance of either lesioned or control rats. These results suggest that the reduction of brain serotonin induced by septal lesions is not involved in the deficient shock-escape performance of septal-lesioned rats.
Borderline Personality Traits in Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Snyder Scott , Pitts Wesley M. , Pokorny Alex D.
Published: September 2011

While some believe the borderline personality disorder cuts across a variety of diagnoses, others feel it is a discrete clinical entity. The present study was designed to assess retrospectively the degree of borderline psychopathology in a group of 4800 psychiatric inpatients with a variety of primary diagnoses (i.e., major affective disorder, dementia, etc.) and to measure the relationship of schizophrenia and depression scales with borderline traits. Patients with schizophrenia or personality disorder had the most marked borderline traits. Borderline psychopathology was closer to the schizophrenic spectrum than had been anticipated. Objective rating scales for depression were more powerful discriminators of depression in borderline patients compared to the subjective rating scales. Findings are discussed in light of the theoretical literature and recent empirical studies.
Respiratory Distress during Panic Attacks Associated with Agoraphobia
Authors: Pollard C. Alec
Published: September 2011

59 patients with agoraphobia and panic attacks completed check lists of physical and cognitive panic-related symptoms to estimate the extent to which respiratory distress is associated with panic. Over half of the patients reported experiencing difficulty breathing during most or all panic attacks, but respiratory difficulty was not consistently associated with panic. Further research is needed using alternative methods of assessment, but these findings suggest that biologically oriented explanations of panic which ascribe a precipitative role to respiratory dysfunction cannot account for many of the panic attacks experienced by agoraphobics.
Instruction and Course Content in Sex Knowledge and Attitudes and Internal Locus of Control
Authors: Adame Daniel D.
Published: September 2011

Scores of 297 college students from 3 different courses taught by different instructors on Lief and Reed's Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test and Levenson's Locus of Control test at Weeks 1 and 15 did not change significantly on Levenson's subscales but attitudes of students in the sexuality class changed on masturbation, abortion, and heterosexual relations. No change in knowledge was noted.
Self-Ideal Congruence as Measure of Self-Esteem
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: September 2011

This study concerned whether self-ideal congruence correlates with general self-esteem and what aspects of self-esteem are better measured by the self-ideal congruence. For 25 men and 82 women ( M age = 21 yr.) self-ideal congruence correlated (-.28 to -.48) with general self-esteem and measured Sociability and Social Intelligence better (.34 to .42).
Confirmatory Item Factor Analysis of Gough's Socialization Scale
Authors: DeFrancesco John J. , Taylor Jerome
Published: September 2011

The Socialization scale (So) of the California Psychological Inventory was administered to a sample of delinquent and nondelinquent males. Responses to items of the scale were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis to determine if previously identified factor components of the So scale would be consistent with data obtained from the present sample. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis using the LISREL IV maximum-likelihood procedure indicated that the previously identified factor structure was not recoverable from the present data. This suggests that there might be a unitary rather than a multiple factor structure underlying the present data. Obtained results are discussed in terms of sampling and statistical procedures, however, the weight of evidence argues against factor invariance.
Relationship between Type a Behavior Pattern and Motivational Needs
Authors: Chusmir Leonard H. , Hood Jacqueline A.
Published: September 2011

Type A/B behavior pattern, motivational needs, and several job-related attitudes and characteristics were examined for a group of 799 working men and women (358 men, 441 women) in a wide variety of occupations and hierarchical positions. Results of multiple regression analysis indicated that Type A individuals tend to be higher in n Ach, n Pwr, job commitment and managerial responsibilities, but lower in job satisfaction than Type B persons. Type B subjects are inclined in the opposite direction, being higher in job satisfaction but lower in n Ach, n Pwr, job commitment and organization level. A number of other variables, including n Aut, years employed, sex, education, and propensity to leave were not significantly related to Type A/B behavior.
Effects of a Transformational Mnemonic Strategy to Facilitate Digit Span Recall by Mildly Handicapped Students
Authors: Laufenberg Richard , Scruggs Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

24 mildly handicapped students were taught two 9-digit numbers in a cross-over design in which number of digits and order of presentation of condition were counterbalanced. In the cluster-rehearsal condition, students were taught the digit series in clusters of three with overt experimenter-led rehearsal. In the mnemonic condition, numbers were transformed into isomorphic pictorial representations of concrete objects and pictured as appearing on the head, hand, and foot of a man, woman, and child, respectively, in each of three pictures. Free and cued recall scores were collected on immediate and three delayed recall intervals, and scored for position, sequence, and span scores. Recall data were obscured by ceiling effects but consistently favored mnemonic instruction. Cued recall scores collapsed across recall intervals statistically favored mnemonic instruction according to nonparametric tests. In addition, as in previous investigations of mnemonic instructions, response latencies were significantly greater under mnemonic instruction. Finally, collapsed item-position scores showed bowed serial-position curves in cluster-rehearsal but not mnemonic conditions. Implications for further research are given.
Loneliness in Relation to Depression and Self-Esteem
Authors: Ouellet R. , Joshi P.
Published: September 2011

Correlations obtained between loneliness and depression (.41), loneliness and self-esteem (-.72) confirm a relationship between these two variables for 81 French-Canadian university undergraduates. Moreover, a Pearson correlation between depression and self-esteem of -.28 was also significant.
Comparing Students in Architecture and Medicine: Findings from Two New Measures of Cognitive Style
Authors: Kienholz Alice , Hritzuk John
Published: September 2011

59 students in architecture and 50 medical students were compared using two questionnaire-defined measures of cognitive style. The Inquiry Mode Questionnaire (InQ) measured cognitive style according to five major dimensions: synthesist, idealist, analyst, realist and pragmatist. Your Style of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT)—Form C, now published as the Human Information Processing Survey (HIP Survey), measured preference for one of three main styles: a visuospatial, nonlinear, holistic, right-brain style; a verbal, analytic, sequential, left-brain style; and an integrated style involving an integration of the right and left styles. Significant differences were found for the two groups on the two questionnaires. Students in architecture favored the idealist style on the InQ and right-brain style on the SOLAT. Medical students favored the realist style on the InQ and the left-brain style on the SOLAT. Association between the InQ synthesist-idealist combined scores and the SOLAT inferred right-brain style and between the InQ analyst-realist style and the SOLAT left-brain style were observed.
Ego Deficits in Anorexia Nervosa Patients and Incest Victims: An MMPI Comparative Analysis
Authors: Scott Ronald , Thoner Gail
Published: September 2011

Ego deficit is a frequent theme in the clinical literature for both patients of anorexia nervosa and victims of incest, but no previous study has analyzed, compared or contrasted the dynamics of the two groups psychometrically. The present investigation utilized the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to study the mean profiles of 30 hospitalized anorexic women, 30 female victims of father-daughter incest, and 30 female subjects in a matched contemporary control group. Remarkable similarities were noted between the anorexic and incest groups (and differences from the control group) in characterological elevations on five clinical scales and lower scores on Barron's ego strength ( Es) scale. The results are discussed in terms of ego deficits shared by the two groups in spite of their distinctly different developmental and behavioral histories.
Jealousy and Romantic Love: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: September 2011

In this study subjects' 1978 Interpersonal Jealousy Scale scores predicted whether they had married their 1978 dating partners by 1985. Jealousy apparently preserves and promotes love.
Hypnosis in the Treatment of Depression: Research and Theory
Authors: Deltito Joseph , Baer Lee
Published: September 2011

The literature contains several case reports demonstrating the successful use of hypnosis in nonpsychotic, unipolar depression; controlled studies however are lacking. In an attempt to substantiate theoretically the anecdotal literature on hypnotic treatments of depression, we advance the following theory: hypnotic treatment can be viewed as both an antianxiety technique and as a facilitator of restructuring nihilistic cognitions in depression. Hypnosis, both theoretically and anecdotally, appears to facilitate the process of cognitive therapy. The importance of moderate to high hypnotic ability of patients is commented on, and the need for controlled clinical trials is noted.
Familiarity and Liking: Direct Tests of the Preference-Feedback Hypothesis
Authors: Colman Andrew M. , Best Wendy M. , Austen Alison J.
Published: September 2011

Previous investigations have provided evidence for positive (“mere exposure”), negative, and inverted-U functional relationships between familiarity and liking for various categories of stimuli. The preference-feedback hypothesis offers an explanation for these seemingly contradictory findings; two experiments designed to test the hypothesis directly are reported in this paper. In both experiments, as predicted by the hypothesis, mere-exposure effects were found for Class A stimuli, whose cultural prevalence is determined partly by their popularity; but the hypothesized nonmonotonic familiarity-liking relationship did not emerge for Gass B stimuli, whose cultural prevalence is unresponsive to their popularity. Four possible explanations of these findings are discussed.