bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nurse’s Role in Continuous Dysrhythmia Monitoring
Authors: Hebra Jennifer D.
Published: January 2016

One of the areas of clinical management where nurses have the most diagnostic influence is cardiac rhythm monitoring and dysrhythmia detection. The critical care nurse must recognize that continuous monitoring is a nursing responsibility, and competence in this skill must be assured. It is essential that nurses understand the significance of accurate electrode placement in obtaining a specific monitoring lead. In addition, the nurse must use current research in determining which monitoring lead is most appropriate for the patient requiring cardiac monitoring in the critical care environment. The author reviews the current research on continuous bedside monitoring and lead selection, examines why nurses continue to make less than optimal lead selection decisions, and offers recommendations to improve the consistency with which patients are accurately monitored
Nasogastric and Nasointestinal Feeding Tube Placement: An Integrative Review of Research
Authors: Rakel Barbara A. , Titler Marita , Goode Colleen , Barry-Walker Jean , Budreau Ginette , Buckwalter Kathleen C.
Published: January 2016

The authors present a review of the research on various methods for determining placement of nasogastric and nasointestinal feeding tubes. They also discuss research on associated risk factors, complications specific to critical care patient populations, and techniques for postpyloric placement. They present research consensus, recommendations for practice, and implementation strategies.
Liquid Ventilation: It’s Not Science Fiction Anymore
Authors: Norris M. K. Gaedeke , Fuhrman Bradley P. , Leach Corinne Lowe
Published: January 2016

Liquid ventilation is, by all initial considerations, an unconventional concept. Decades of research, however, have found that by using perfluorocarbons, which are capable of holding high concentrations of critical gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, gas exchange optimal enough to support life is possible with no known toxic effects. The earliest method of liquid ventilation, tidal liquid breathing, involved infusion and active removal of tidal volumes of perfluorocarbons by a liquid ventilator for gas exchange. Recently, a new method of partial liquid breathing, called perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, makes the process of liquid ventilation simpler by using conventional gas ventilators. Current research is showing great promise in the use of liquid ventilation for patients with pulmonary pathology. Critical care nurses should become knowledgeable of this new mode of ventilation and be prepared to meet the special needs of this unique population
Good Research Ideas for Clinicians
Authors: Chulay Marianne
Published: January 2016

While the conduct of nursing research is an important professional value, it is an activity rarely performed by nurses employed in the service setting. Whether the reason is a lack of commitment to a scientific basis for nursing practice or an inability to operationalize the research process in the clinical setting, the outcome is a dearth of clinically relevant studies to guide patient care. Clinicians must be involved in asking and answering clinically relevant questions to maximize patient outcomes. This article provides suggestions to assist clinicians to identify the types of clinical questions that are most likely to result in successful completion of research projects by busy, service-setting clinicians. Strategies are described that will assist clinicians to identify research questions of relevance to their practice areas.
Endpoints of Resuscitation
Authors: Goodrich Cindy
Published: January 2016

Major resuscitation goals in the management of shock include restoration of adequate tissue perfusion and oxygen balance and normalization of cellular metabolism. Identification of the most appropriate endpoints of resuscitation is difficult and often debated in the literature. Traditional endpoints, such as heart rate, blood pressure, mental status, and urine output are useful in the initial identification of inadequate perfusion, but are limited in their ability to identify ongoing, compensated shock. Many clinicians continue to use these parameters as indicators that systemic oxygenation imbalances have resolved, even though they have been found to be poor indicators of ongoing tissue hypoxia. Additional resuscitation endpoints that more closely evaluate the adequacy of perfusion and oxygenation at the tissue level should also be used when managing the critically ill. Selected endpoints should include a variety of global and regional indicators to guide and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
Open Access, Peer Reviewing and Quality of Research Publications
Authors: Ramanan T.
Published: January 2016

No abstract availableJournal of the University Librarians' Association of Sri Lanka, Vol. 19, Issue 1, October 2015, Page 1-5
A Bibliometric Study of Postgraduate Theses in Library and Information Science: with special reference to University of Kelaniya and University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Authors: Angammana A. M. S , Jayatissa L. A.
Published: January 2016

Bibliometric analysis is used by an increasing number of researchers in the field of Library and Information Sciences (LIS). University libraries, which spend large amounts of fund annually to acquire information sources, face enormous problems related to the selection and the weeding out of publications. To minimize or overcome these problems, bibliometric studies are often used by librarians. The objective of the study is to ascertain bibliometric features visible in the field of Library and Information Sciences. For this purpose, 50 theses submitted for the Master of LIS degree (MLS) of the University of Colombo and 20 theses submitted for the Master of Social Science in LIS (MSSc) of the University of Kelaniya were analyzed. From those 70 theses, a total of 4,901 citations were extracted using the lists of references and bibliographies provided as the main source of primary data. These citations were cross classified and tabulated according to a number of variables. It was revealed that books were the most heavily used source material, accounting for 39% of citations, while journals category coming next with 34% of citations. Most heavily used book was the “Organizational Behavior” by Robbins, (2001). “College and Research Libraries” is found to be the most heavily used journal. Within the span of 11 year study period, 485 journals were cited. A total of 1, 664 citations originated from these journals. The journal “College and Research Libraries” ranks as the first in the core journals list with 66 citations. “Library news” which ranks the second place accounts for 52 citations. The mean half-life of all citations is almost 9 years, while the mean half-life for journals and books are 7 years and 13 years, respectively. Findings of the study are in conformity with the previously reported research findings, which also reports that books as the main source material for research studies in LIS fields. Journal of the University Librarians’ Association of Sri Lanka, Vol. 19, Issue 1, October 2015, Page 32-53
Galectin-1 Couples Glycobiology to Inflammation in Osteoarthritis through the Activation of an NF-κB–Regulated Gene Network
Authors: Toegel Stefan , Weinmann Daniela , André Sabine , Walzer Sonja M. , Bilban Martin , Schmidt Sebastian , Chiari Catharina , Windhager Reinhard , Krall Christoph , Bennani-Baiti Idriss M. , Gabius Hans-Joachim
Published: January 2016

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that ranks among the leading causes of adult disability. Mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis pathogenesis are not yet fully elucidated, putting limits to current disease management and treatment. Based on the phenomenological evidence for dysregulation within the glycome of chondrocytes and the network of a family of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins, that is, galectins, we tested the hypothesis that Galectin-1 is relevant for causing degeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis substantiated that Galectin-1 upregulation is associated with osteoarthritic cartilage and subchondral bone histopathology and severity of degeneration (p < 0.0001, n = 29 patients). In vitro, the lectin was secreted and it bound to osteoarthritic chondrocytes inhibitable by cognate sugar. Glycan-dependent Galectin-1 binding induced a set of disease markers, including matrix metalloproteinases and activated NF-κB, hereby switching on an inflammatory gene signature (p < 10−16). Inhibition of distinct components of the NF-κB pathway using dedicated inhibitors led to dose-dependent impairment of Galectin-1–mediated transcriptional activation. Enhanced secretion of effectors of degeneration such as three matrix metalloproteinases underscores the data’s pathophysiological relevance. This study thus identifies Galectin-1 as a master regulator of clinically relevant inflammatory-response genes, working via NF-κB. Because inflammation is critical to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis, this report reveals an intimate relation of glycobiology to osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.
Cutting Edge: Eomesodermin Is Sufficient To Direct Type 1 Innate Lymphocyte Development into the Conventional NK Lineage
Authors: Pikovskaya Olga , Chaix Julie , Rothman Nyanza J. , Collins Amélie , Chen Yen-Hua , Scipioni Anna M. , Vivier Eric , Reiner Steven L.
Published: January 2016

Type 1 innate lymphocytes comprise two developmentally divergent lineages, type 1 helper innate lymphoid cells (hILC1s) and conventional NK cells (cNKs). All type 1 innate lymphocytes (ILCs) express the transcription factor T-bet, but cNKs additionally express Eomesodermin (Eomes). We show that deletion of Eomes alleles at the onset of type 1 ILC maturation using NKp46-Cre imposes a substantial block in cNK development. Formation of the entire lymphoid and nonlymphoid type 1 ILC compartment appears to require the semiredundant action of both T-bet and Eomes. To determine if Eomes is sufficient to redirect hILC1 development to a cNK fate, we generated transgenic mice that express Eomes when and where T-bet is expressed using Tbx21 locus control to drive expression of Eomes codons. Ectopic Eomes induces cNK-like properties across the lymphoid and nonlymphoid type 1 ILC compartments. Subsequent to their divergent lineage specification, hILC1s and cNKs thus possess substantial developmental plasticity.
Carotid artery disease and stroke in patients with peripheral arterial disease. The role of inflammation
Authors: Sirico Giusy , Spadera Lucrezia , De Laurentis Mario , Brevetti Gregorio
Published: January 2016

Although during the last decade there have been great advances in our knowledge of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of multi-district atherosclerotic disease, little is known about the association between peripheral arterial disease and carotid artery disease. This review was conceived to cast some light on this topic, paying special attention to inflammation which plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. An aspect of pathophysiologic and clinical relevance is that the coexistence of carotid disease is more frequent in peripheral arterial disease than in coronary artery disease, not only in terms of carotid stenosis, but also with respect to the presence of hypoechoic unstable plaque. These latter plaques present a large infiltration of macrophages and are associated to high levels of inflammatory markers. In particular, the greater prevalence of hypoechoic carotid plaques in peripheral arterial disease compared to patients with carotid artery disease was poorly related to classic risk factors, but showed an independent association with an increased number of leukocyte and neutrophil cells, which are reliable markers of inflammation. The greater prevalence of hypoechoic unstable carotid plaques could explain why peripheral arterial disease portends higher risk of stroke than coronary artery disease.
Additive beneficial effects of beta blockers in the prevention of symptomatic heart failure
Authors: Genovesi Ebert Alberto , Colivicchi Furio , Malvezzi Caracciolo Marco , Riccio Carmine
Published: January 2016

The prevention of symptomatic heart failure represents the treatment of patients in the A and B stages of AHA/ACC heart failure classification. Stage A refers to patients without structural heart disease but at risk to develop chronic heart failure. The major risk factors in stage A are hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, family history of coronary artery disease and history of cardiotoxic drug use. In this stage, blockers hypertension is the primary area in which beta blockers may be useful. Beta blockers seem not to be superior to other medication in reducing the development of heart failure due to hypertension. Stage B heart failure refers to structural heart disease but without symptoms of heart failure. This includes patients with asymptomatic valvular disease, asymptomatic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, previous myocardial infarction with or without LV dysfunction. In asymptomatic valvular disease no data are available on the efficacy of beta blockers to prevent heart failure. In asymptomatic LV dysfunction only few asymptomatic patients have been enrolled in the trials which tested beta blockers. NYHA I patients were barely 228 in the MDC, MERIT and ANZ trials altogether. The REVERT trial was the only trial focusing on NYHA I patients with LV ejection fraction less than 40%. Metoprolol extended release on top of ACE inhibitors ameliorated LV systolic volume and ejection fraction. A post hoc analysis of the SOLVD Prevention trial demonstrated that beta blockers reduced death and development of heart failure. Similar results were reported in post MI patients in a post hoc analysis of the SAVE trial (Asymptomatic LV failure post myocardial infarction). In the CAPRICORN trial about 65% of the patients were not taking diuretics and then could be considered asymptomatic. The study revealed a reduction in mortality and a non-significant trend toward reduction of death and hospital admission for heart failure. Conclusions: beta blockers are not specifically indicated in stage A heart failure. On the contrary, in most of the stage B patients, and particularly after MI, beta blockers are indicated to reduce mortality and, probably, also the progression toward symptomatic heart failure.
Fluctuations in warfarin dose response after heart valve surgery: implications for cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Ambrosetti Marco , Ageno Walter , Calori Alberto , Ferrarese Sandro , Barosi Annalisa , Marchetti Paolo , Salvato Luciano , Sala Andrea
Published: January 2016

In patients undergoing heart valve surgery (HVS) who require warfarin therapy, the maintenance of low variability in the level of anticoagulation early after operation is generally difficult. Aim of this study was to evaluate the time in therapeutic range (TTR) in HVS patients receiving oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) during phase I-II of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), and, secondly, to identify clinical variables associated with inadequate anticoagulation. Methods: Observational study of consecutive in-hospital patients directly tracked from a cardiac surgery unit to a CR facility. OAT was monitored both in terms of administered warfarin doses and resulted INR values, from day 1 to day 15 after operation. Clinical variables were tested in a logistic regression model for the prediction of inadequate anticoagulation, defined as the presence of nontherapeutic INRs for ≥5 days between day 8 and 15. Results: Eighty-one patients (males 56%, age 62±19 yrs.), following valvuloplasty (37%), mechanical (17%), and bioprosthetic (45%) valve replacement were considered. The prescribed warfarin dosages were significantly higher from day 1 to day 7 than from day 8 to day 15 (4.6±3.6 and 3.0±1.1 mg respectively, p< 0.001). Overall, TTR was 6±3 days, while time with elevated and lower INRs accounted for 1.3±1.6 and 8.0±3.5 days respectively. At day 7, only 25% of patients (n= 20) showed a therapeutic INR value. Inadequate anticoagulation between postoperative day 8 and 15 was displayed in 41 (51%) patients, with hypertension as the only independent predictor (p< 0.001) at multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Despite intensive monitoring, half of patients have nontherapeutic INR values (mainly subtherapeutic) in the first two weeks after HVS while on warfarin. Giving the high risk of completing the hospitalization phase without a stable OAT in many patients, both cardiac surgeons and cardiologists should not miss the opportunity to improve patients education, and consider a direct track to anticoagulation management services after discharge.
Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy observed in a patient with sepsis and transient hyperthyroidism
Authors: Sarullo Filippo M. , Americo Luigi , Accardo Salvatore , Cicero Sergio , Schicchi Rossella , Schirò Maria , Castello Antonio
Published: January 2016

ischemic stroke with residual left hemiparesis, was admitted to our hospital because of dyspnoea with clinical evidence of acute pulmonary edema. She was found to have a sinus tachycardia with ST-elevation in leads D1, aVL and V1-V4 in the electrocardiogram, and akinesis of the left ventricular apex with overall left ventricular systolic function being severely impaired and an ejection fraction of 28% on echocardiography. Orotracheal intubation was performed and mechanical ventilation was immediately started. Emergency cardiac catheterization was performed 2 h after the symptom onset. Coronary angiography showed no significant coronary artery disease. Blood analysis revealed an increase in the creatine kinase MB fraction, a significant positive detection in troponin T, a white blood cell count of 35000 per microliter, C-reactive protein of 59,9 mg/dl, and transient elevation in the concentration of free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid globulin antibody, and thyroid peroxidase antibody. The symptoms improved during the next days, and follow-up echocardiography 18 days later showed complete resolution of the left ventricular dysfunction. These data suggest that tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy may be induced in patients with sepsis and transient hyperthyroidism.
Screening for chronic respiratory diseases in Georgia
Authors: Gorecka D. , Zieliński J.
Published: January 2016

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Time to culture conversion in smokers with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Gullón J.A. , Suárez I. , Lecuona M. , Fernández R. , Rubinos G. , Medina A. , Cabrera C. , González I.
Published: January 2016

Background and objective. It has been reported that tobacco smoking slows the sterilisation of sputum culture in pulmonary tuberculosis, but the factors that could delay culture conversion in patients who smoke are not known. Our aim is to identify the factors influencing sputum culture conversion in smokers with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods. Ninety-nine patients with a smoking history and diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed retrospectively. The relationship between sputum culture status at the second month and the following variables: age, gender, pack-years index, comorbid diseases, number acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum smear examination, radiological findings (cavitary, extensive or limited disease), drug susceptibility pattern and initial treatment, was analysed. The Student t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression model with forward stepwise conditional methods were used for statistical analysis. A p value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results. Twenty six patients (26.2%): 18 males (22.2%) and 8 females (44%) were sputum culture positive at the end of the second month of treatment. In univariate analysis, culture conversion time was significantly associated with female gender and extensive disease, but in a logistic regression analysis was only correlated with female gender (OR=5.63 95% CI 1.21-20.64-p=0.02). Conclusion. In current smokers with pulmonary tuberculosis, the ‘time to culture’ conversion relates only to the female gender.
Karel Slavíček, SJ and His Correspondence from China with European Astronomers and Scholars
Authors: LIŠČAK Vladimir
Published: January 2016

Karel Slaviček, SJ (1678–1735) was a Jesuit missionary to Chinese Empire, and in the same time the mathematician, astronomer and musician, coming from the Czech Crown lands. He was one of the eight Jesuits of the old Bohemian province who reached China. His letters from China are an ample source of his observation of life and customs in China, as well as of Chinese science. These letters in Czech translation, together with their originals (mostly in Latin), were published, for the first time, in 1995. This edition was later translated into Chinese and published in 2002 in Beijing. This article aims to acquaint the readers with the scientific contribution of Karel Slaviček, which we can found primarily in his letters to European scholars published so far.
Unravelling the New Classical Counter Revolution
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon
Published: January 2016

To understand the position of Keynes's The General Theory today, and why so many policy-makers felt they had to go back to it to understand the Great Recession, we need to understand the New Classical Counter Revolution (NCCR), and why it was so successful. This revolution can be seen as having two strands. The first, which attempted to replace Keynesian policy, failed. The second, which was to change the way academic macroeconomics was done, was successful. Before the NCCR, macroeconomics was an intensely empirical discipline: something made possible by the developments in statistics and econometrics inspired by The General Theory. After the NCCR and its emphasis on microfoundations, it became much more deductive.

As a result, most academic macroeconomists today would see the foundation of their discipline as not coming from The General Theory, but as coming from basic microeconomic theory – arguably the ‘classical theory’ that Keynes was so keen to cast aside. Students are also taught that pre-NCCR methods of analysing the economy are fatally flawed, and that simulating DSGE models is the only proper way of doing policy analysis. This is simply wrong. The problem with the NCCR was not the emergence of microfoundations modelling, which is a progressive research programme, but that it discouraged the methods of analysis that had flourished after The General Theory. I argue that, had there been more academic interest in these alternative forms of analysis, the discipline would have been better prepared ahead of the financial crisis.
A Prefatory Assessment of Erosive Potential of Commonly used Indian Spices
Authors: Mandke Lalitagauri , Shenoy Vanitha , Verma Jayeeta Surinder
Published: January 2016

Objective

Spices are an integral part of Indian cuisine and their consumption is increasing in popularity. These mouthwatering spices can lower the pH of the mouth; dissolving the protective outer layer of the teeth. Thus, it is essential to protect our teeth from the various chemical insults which may lead to erosion. The purpose of the study was to assess the erosive, potential of these spices.

Materials and Methods

The pH and the titrable acidity of commonly used Indian spices, like turmeric, red chillies, cumin and coriander powder were determined. The same test was carried out for spice mixes (masalas), like garam masala, pavbhaji, sambhar, panipuri and goda masalas. The single powder spices were home-made while the spice mixes were ready to use available in the market. The initial pH was measured using digital pH meter and titration was carried out against 0.1M NaOH.

Results

All the spices showed an endogenous pH lower than critical pH. Among these, panipuri masala, a spice mix used in a widely relished snack in the western part of India showed the lowest pH and also required the highest quantity of 0.1M NaOH to neutralize its acidity.

Conclusion

People may be placing themselves unintentionally at risk of dental erosion due to their diet and clinicians may find this study to be helpful while counseling patients regarding their dietary habits.

How to cite this article

Verma JS, Padhye L, Mandke L, Sumanthini MV, Shenoy V. A Prefatory Assessment of Erosive Potential of Commonly used Indian Spices. J Contemp Dent 2015; 5(2):86-89.
Comparative Evaluation of Micronuclei in Exfoliated Urothelial Cells in Patients with Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco-associated Lesions: A Prospective Quantitative Study
Authors: Iyer Janaki Subramanian , Poonja Leela
Published: January 2016

Objective

To clinically evaluate various tobacco-associated lesions and to evaluate and compare the micronucleus (MN) assay in exfoliated urothelial cells in patients with smoking and smokeless tobacco-associated lesions.

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, from October 2012 to June 2013. One hundred cases having tobacco habits (smoking or smokeless) and clinically detectable tobacco-associated lesions were included. Exfoliated urothelial cytosmears were prepared, stained with Papanicolaou and slides were scored for MN.

Results

All cases (n = 100) were found to have tobaccoassociated lesions that were clinically detectable. Voided urine samples were collected from all cases (n = 100) who indulged in smoking and smokeless tobacco habit, with males (n = 71) and females (n = 29), whose ages ranged from 19 to 75 years. We observed that out of the 100 cases evaluated, 12 cases showed the presence of MN in the urine cytosmear. Of these 12 cases, n = 10 were bidi smokers and n = 2 were betel quid chewers. Owing to insufficient population of urothelial cells in the cytosmear, MN evaluation could not be statistically proved.

Conclusion

Although, MN score in the urothelial cells could not be statistically assessed, due to insufficient number of urothelial cells, our observations reveal that MN count seems to be increased in smokers than smokeless tobacco users. Thus, we urge the need for further studies to highlight the comparative evaluation of MN score between smokers and smokeless tobacco on urothelial cells.

How to cite this article

Iyer JS, Pathak J, Patel S, Poonja L, Swain N. Comparative Evaluation of Micronuclei in Exfoliated Urothelial Cells in Patients with Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco-associated Lesions: A Prospective Quantitative Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(2):93-97.
Subperiosteal Osteoid Osteoma: A Rare Entity
Authors: Rathod Smita Vishwanath
Published: January 2016

Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a relatively frequent benign tumor of the bone which has seldom been described in the jaws. It was originally described by Bergstand in 1930 and recognized as a distinct clinical entity by Jaffe in 1935. It is composed of osteoid and woven bone, and surrounded by a halo of reactive sclerotic bone, with an average size of the nidus less than 1.5 cm. The lesion occurs predominantly in children, adolescents and young adults. It accounts for 3% of all primary bone tumors, and about 10% of benign bone tumors. About 80% cases of OO occur in long bones while less than 1% occurs in head and neck region. The most common site is in the skull. When affecting the facial bones, they are frequently found in the mandible, the most common location being the posterior lingual surface and the mandibular angle area.

Herein, we report a rare case of OO of the mandible in a 16-year-old male patient with a brief literature review.

How to cite this article

Rathod SV, Patel S, Pathak J, Swain N. Subperiosteal Osteoid Osteoma: A Rare Entity. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(2):118-121.
Serum Albumin, Globulin and Albumin/Globulin Ratio in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Study
Authors: Hosalkar Rashmi Maruti , Poonja Leela
Published: January 2016

Background

Detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at an early stage would be a paramount for any successful clinical treatment, and thus better prognosis. Serum proteomics, a minimally invasive procedure being simple, safe and accessible, is one of the methods that are used for detection of various biomarkers that could be of diagnostic and prognostic importance for diseases including OSCC. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the role of serum albumin, globulin levels and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio as a reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OSCC.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted on 30 clinically diagnosed OSCC patients and 10 normal healthy patients of the control group. Blood samples were collected from all patients under necessary precautions and processed further to obtain serum. Biopsies were obtained from OSCC patients and were histopathologically graded into well, moderate and poorly differentiated OSCC. Serum sample from both groups was evaluated and statistically analyzed for albumin, globulin and A/G ratio.

Results

Serum albumin, globulin and A/G ratio levels did not show any statistically significant increase in OSCC patients as compared to the control group. However, A/G ratio decreased with the advancement of disease.

Conclusion

The results obtained suggested that serum albumin, globulin and A/G ratio cannot be used as serum markers for diagnosis of OSCC. However, there have been studies suggesting significant increase in the levels, hence we emphasize on the need for more studies with larger sample sizes to be conducted for determining the role.

How to cite this article

Hosalkar RM, Patel S, Pathak J, Swain N, Poonja L. Serum Albumin, Globulin and Albumin/ Globulin Ratio in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):149-152.
Shear Bond Strength Evaluation of Two Adhesive Systems Applied to Etched and Deproteinized Dentin: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hans Manoj , Sharma Abhinav , Shetty Shashit
Published: January 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two different adhesives to normal and deproteinized dentin at an interval of 24 hours and 6 months.

Materials and Methods

Sixty human molars were sectioned and embedded in acrylic resin. Enamel was worn out and dentin was exposed over which acid etching was performed and the specimens were divided into 12 groups (n = 10) depending on the adhesive system used, the dentin treatment performed and the length of evaluation. A resin composite was inserted over the prepared area followed by assessment for shear bond strength evaluation.

Results

The application of Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) significantly increased the SBS values of prime and bond NT but for adper single bond it was decreased. The means values of SBS standard deviation (SD) in MPa for adhesive systems with 5% NaOCI for 60 seconds, 120 seconds and without NaOCl treatment were: prime and bond NT = 12.48 (1.25), 13.01 (1.00) and 17.74 (4.26) and for adper single bond = 10.92 (1.65), 10.96 (2.45) and 7.57 (1.45). Shear bond strength after storage time of 6 months was decreased significantly.

Conclusion

According to the statistical analysis, the results only partly supported the hypotheses and greatly depend on the composition of adhesive system.

How to cite this article

Sharma A, Shetty S, Hans M. Shear Bond Strength Evaluation of Two Adhesive Systems Applied to Etched and Deproteinized Dentin: A Longitudinal Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):153-157.
Antrochoanal Polyp
Authors: LS Vagish Kumar
Published: January 2016

Background

Antrochoanal polyp (ACP) is a benign solitary polypoidal rare lesion which most commonly arises in maxillary sinus. It appears radiographically as an opacifying and enlarging lesion in the sinus cavity without bony destruction.

Case report

The article presents a case of ACP occurring in a young child, while describing the radiological features of the lesion as seen in computed tomography (CT), orthopantomograph (OPG) and in the paranasal sinus (PNS) view and attempts to briefly review this rare lesion.

Conclusion

Children presenting with unilateral sinus pain and nasal blockage should be suspected of suffering from ACP. Dentist should be aware of the radiological features of the disease especially in pediatric patients. It is important for the dentist to recognize this rare disease so that appropriate timely treatment can be initiated.

How to cite this article

Shanbhag VKL. Antrochoanal Polyp. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):181-183.
Land-Development Politics and the American Civil War
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This chapter deals directly with the Civil War, exploring the secession crisis in California, wartime federal policy, and the beliefs of Union soldiers. Each of these episodes shows how Republican opposition to slavery was based, in part, on a vision of proper land use. Republican criticism of slavery’s land-use practices influenced Union support in California during 1861. According to contemporaries, California was in the process of transitioning from a rough-and-tumble frontier to a more settled agricultural society. Union loyalists argued that the state’s agricultural potential could be compromised if California sided with the South and slavery. In Congress, Republicans made similar claims that slavery destroyed the land. Only free people could build ideal farming communities. When southern Democrats left for secession, Republicans saw a golden opportunity to promote small farms and agricultural permanence in the West. Ignorant of environmental realities in the region making small farms difficult to maintain, they insisted that the West could become “civilized” and loyal if settled by yeomen. Congress passed the Homestead Act, the Pacific Railroad Act, and the Land Grant College Act. It also created the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Viewing small farmers as a natural barrier to the extension of slavery, many Republicans pushed for these four laws as a means to keep slavery from moving westward. They feared that the conflict would end with slavery largely intact.
Introduction
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: January 2016

This book explores the emasculation of surrender and the efforts of German military prisoners held in the UK from 1914 to 1920 to overcome the stigma of captivity. It was not combat deaths that crippled the German army in autumn 1918 but rather waves of surrenders that occurred among its troops in the war's final months. More than 325,000 German soldiers surrendered to the British during the Great War, at least 132,000 of whom spent some portion of their captivity in British military camps. Drawing upon a wide range of materials such as unpublished memoirs, capture reports, camp newspapers, and previously unused letters written by prisoners and their families, this book follows prisoners from capture through their attempts at social reintegration following their return to Germany. It considers a soldier's manhood in relation to his status as a defender of the German nation, as well as his existence as a prisoner within the context of his efforts to reestablish a place within the national community.
Between Victory and Death
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the dishonor of captivity against the backdrop of “normative” notions of manhood. More than 997,000 German soldiers fell into enemy hands from 1914 to 1918, and roughly 325,000 surrendered to the British. Soldiers who were subjected to the indignity of capture or surrender faced the possibility that their soldierly virtue might be called into question. Surrender threatened a soldier's attachment to a community at war by making him vulnerable to charges of cowardice or treason and damaging his sense of belonging to a larger entity. Within the German army, few military observers failed to recognize that it was not death tolls but unprecedented waves of surrender that led to military defeat in November 1918. In the postwar era, military prisoners would be closely linked with the shame of Germany's defeat, regardless of the circumstances of their capture.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher Colin
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter highlights the importance of outdoor recreation for people living in industrialized and urban cities during the early twentieth century in America. It mentions the Sand Dunes National Park, a reserve located southeast of Chicago that featured massive wind-blown mounds of sand along the southern Lake Michigan shore. The park was formed from the demand of a signature wilderness park where people can interact with the nation’s frontier past. Additionally, the wilderness inspired artists and served as a vital laboratory for ecologists. The chapter describes how the park also had a different purpose—to serve the exploding immigrant and working-class population of Chicago. Contact with the dunes would restore and renew the tired industrial workers who toiled at monotonous jobs, serve as an alternative to unhealthy urban amusements, and Americanize the foreign born.
Eastern Realities
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the harsh realities of the Civil War and the impact of conflict on agriculture in the Eastern Confederacy. Southern farmers and planters greeted the arrival of 1863 with guarded optimism across the Eastern Confederacy. In mid-January Georgia farmers crowded the streets in Atlanta with their wagons hauling corn, fodder, hogs, peas, potatoes, and turkeys. Prices of agricultural products such as tobacco, corn whiskey, and eggs soared as demand exceeded supply. The rest of this chapter describes the problems that hounded agriculture during the war, including the food supply problem in states such as North Carolina; President Jefferson Davis's call on farmers and planters to raise food and forage, to “abstain” from planting tobacco and cotton, and to provide an immediate supply of meat for the Confederate armies; the government's inability to raise sufficient operating money from its tax policy and its produce loan program; the beef supply for the Army of Northern Virginia; and the flight of slaves to Union lines.
Eastern Hard Times
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the hard times experienced by farmers and planters in the Eastern Confederacy at the height of the Civil War. In the Eastern Confederacy farmers and planters greeted 1864 with a feeling of despondency. In this last full year of the war, Union forces pressed General Robert E. Lee's army hard and made incremental territorial gains at great cost to both sides. Attrition wore away at Confederate armies. Farmers and planters at this point confronted even greater difficulty supplying soldiers and civilians with food due to disrupted production, impressment of provisions, worthless currency, and conscription. Feared by all, the year would bring the collapse of Confederate agricultural power. The rest of this chapter discusses the food shortages that accompanied the beginning of 1864; Congress's renewal of the tax-in-kind and approval of more exemptions for small-scale farmers; government officials' call on farmers to plant as much corn and other food crops as possible; and the increase in agricultural prices.
Allah Invoked
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the daily invocations of Allah. While most mainstream Muslims invoke Allah by the name “Allah,” or by one of the other names linked to Allah, others see a deep resonance within the cosmos, above all, in the h-m-d sequence that can mean hamid, “praiseworthy,” of Allah or Muhammad, the one who praises, of the Prophet. Both meanings are echoed in the phrase known as the tahmid, “Praise be to Allah,” that occurs in the opening chapter, or Sura al-Fatiha, of the Qur'an. While invocation is a daily discipline for the tongue, common to all believers, the elites engaged the intellect in trying to understand what the tongue said. Though separated from the “ordinary” Muslim by their education, status, and role, often serving in the courts of rulers or kings, the elites were no less concerned with the name Allah.
Allah Defined
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This chapter looks at the intellectuals' practice of the name Allah. There are two paths to knowing and practicing the name Allah. One is content, the other context. Content analyzes the who and the what—who said what about Allah? Context focuses on the where and how: where did the knower or practitioner invoke, or rely on, the name Allah? And how did he or she share with others that knowledge or practice of Allah? The philosophical and mystical elites of the Muslim Mediterranean world all wrestled with the legacy of Aristotle—to use reason while embracing faith, to refine language but also to acknowledge its limits, especially when talking about God or Allah. What is never disputed is the importance of remembering Allah, not just occasionally but on all occasions, and not just with the name Allah but with an array of access nodes that must be identified, pursued, and monitored.
Family Bonds
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

Between 1854 and 1864, more than a hundred free African Americans in Virginia proposed to enslave themselves and, in some cases, their children. This book explains this phenomenon as a response to state legislation that forced free African Americans to make a terrible choice: leave enslaved loved ones behind for freedom elsewhere or seek a way to remain in their communities, even by renouncing legal freedom. This text paints an intimate portrait of these people whose lives, liberty, and use of Virginia law offer new understandings of race and place in the upper South. The book shows how free African Americans quietly challenged prevailing notions of racial restriction and exclusion, weaving themselves into the social and economic fabric of their neighborhoods and claiming, through unconventional or counterintuitive means, certain basic rights of residency and family. Employing records from nearly every Virginia county, it pieces together the remarkable lives of Watkins Love, Jane Payne, and other African Americans who made themselves essential parts of their communities and, in some cases, gave up their legal freedom in order to maintain family and community ties.
Global Dimensions of Irish Identity
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

Though Ireland is a relatively small island on the northeastern fringe of the Atlantic, 70 million people worldwide—including some 45 million in the United States—claim it as their ancestral home. This book explores the nineteenth-century roots of this transnational identity. Between 1840 and 1880, 4.5 million people left Ireland to start new lives abroad. Using primary sources from Ireland, Australia, and the United States, the book demonstrates how this exodus shaped a distinctive sense of nationalism. By doggedly remaining loyal to both their old and new homes, it argues, the Irish helped broaden the modern parameters of citizenship and identity.
L’Esprit et les Lois
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

This chapter roots the story of the Irish diaspora in the soil, people, idioms, and history of Ireland. Buoyed by a rising tide of popular support for political independence from Britain, yet wracked by an unprecedented natural disaster in the form of the Great Famine, weekly periodicals such as the Young Irelanders’ Nation constructed and disseminated a highly elastic historical image of Irish Catholics as “the original Celtic owners of the soil.” Once it was dislocated from the Irish natural environment, this dexterous discourse subsequently provided the template for global nationalism. Following their abortive rebellion in 1848, many of the Young Ireland leaders were arrested and sentenced to exile in Britain’s Australian penal colonies.
Talking about Madrasas
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the negative perceptions of the Western media and government about madrasas. Media and political commentators portray madrasas as malevolent institutions and Muslims as devoid of both comparative and critical value because they adhere to a faith called Islam. Indeed, madrasas fit nicely with attempts to raise the specter of Islam as a dangerous ideology, not a faith, to Western political interests. In America and Europe, the word “madrasa,” along with keywords like “terrorism,” “Islamic fundamentalism,” “suicide bomber,” “Taliban,” and “Bin Laden,” make up the narrative for a clash-of-civilizations rhetoric. Even terms like “Islam,” “mosque,” and “minarets” are now advertised as anti-Western viruses that must be expunged from European societies. This chapter argues that the view of the madrasas as bastions of extremism is at odds with reality, and that Western publics remain uninformed about these orthodox Muslim institutions.
Conclusion
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter briefly describes what had become of the musicians, social clubs, ethnic institutions, and other opportunities for cultural expression explored throughout the text. It argues that these cultural productions and racialized expectations had shaped future claims of belonging and modes of (self-)identification as “Afro-Cuban” and “Afro-Latino/a.” It also considers how post-1965 Latin American and Caribbean migration and the Cold War-era politics have conditioned popular memory and historiography toward a dismissal of the similarities and links between Cuban migration and that of Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and other Latino/a groups. The chapter ends by examining the controversy surrounding Republican politician Marco Rubio, who in 2011 was revealed to have lied about his family background. This controversy suggests that the local and transnational dimensions of identity making and community building continue to persist and circulate today.
Introduction
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter outlines the critical role black and white Cuban musicians played in shaping Cuban ethnic and broader Hispano/a and Latino/a identity in the 1940s and 1950s. During this period, nearly 90,000 black and white Cubans migrated to New York and Florida, two of the most concentrated areas of Cuban settlement. Among the migrants were numerous musicians and entertainers whose stories and perspectives reveal both shared understandings and significant differences in their migration experiences, their participation in the professional entertainment industries, and their construction of white, brown, and black racial identities. The chapter briefly discusses their experiences and uses them as a window into a broader experience of Cuban ethnic identity. It examines how this identity took shape in a “Jim Crow city”—against the backdrop of politics characterized by a constant cycle of reform and revolution, as well as increasingly dominant ideologies and racialized practices of Pan-Americanism.
Postwar Hopes and Promises
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the Soviet-Polish negotiations over the terms of cultural initiatives in the immediate postwar years. In their approach to Polish culture, the Soviets displayed a mélange of aggressive overtures, tactful involvement, and plain inaction. On the whole, the mid-level Soviet officials and cultural figures often mixed the desire to intervene with the prudent impulse to disengage. Thus, the Soviets' approach frequently contributed to the confusion about the future of Soviet-Polish cultural relations. But the Poles' resulting disorientation mixed with a potent postwar optimism. Their perceived sense of open ground easily fostered hopes that a Soviet-Polish modus vivendi in the cultural sphere could be sustained. In this way, cultural cooperation had a hopeful start in Poland after the war.