bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The War and Its Aftermath, 1914–20
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

In this chapter Berg’s service in the Austrian military is outlined. He began as an officer trainee in the infantry, but a health crisis led to his reassignment in guard duty and later in office work at the War Ministry in Vienna. He had a lifelong belief in predestination, which he increasingly perceived in circular patterns and occurrences. His superstitious interest in numbers focused on the number twenty-three, which he saw as his fateful number. His belief in fate and numerology had a growing influence on his music. Berg’s progress on the opera Wozzeck was delayed by his military service and also by major confrontations with those in his family, especially over the sale of family property. Around 1920 Berg even considered making his main profession that of a writer on musical topics, and he wrote polemics attacking the ideas of Hans Pfitzner and Viennese music critics at this time. Eventually he put aside his activity as a writer and returned to composing, to complete his opera Wozzeck.
International Acclaim, 1923–25
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

Shortly after completing the opera Wozzeck, Berg emerged from relative obscurity to international prominence through performances of his earlier music. The premiere of Wozzeck in Berlin in 1925 was a huge success, reported in newspapers throughout the world. But Berg still faced challenges in the development of his career. His health remained poor, and a new taste in modern music had appeared, often called “neoclassicism,” that was different from the type of music that he had until then composed. Following the end of World War I, Schoenberg and others began to develop twelve-tone methods of composing, later termed “dodecaphony,” to control and systematize the appearance of the full chromatic. Berg began to adapt aspects of Schoenberg’s new method in his Chamber Concerto, a programmatic work that celebrates the three leading figures in Schoenberg’s circle—Webern, Berg, and Schoenberg—in addition to using elements of Schoenberg’s twelve-tone method.
Religious Experience and the Theory of Signs
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

The foundation of the psychology of religion in the work of William James and others is a major methodological breakthrough in the empirical study of religion. This psychology of religion focuses on experience, offering an alternative to the emphasis on religious doctrines or institutions. This chapter first presents a reconstruction of William James’s relevant writings. It then compares them to the theological writings of Friedrich Schleiermacher, who is sometimes seen as a source of inspiration for James. Finally it demonstrates the epochal achievement of Josiah Royce’s combination of pragmatist semiotics and the psychology of religion.
Multiple Forms of Ideal Formation or Process of Disenchantment?
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

More than any other authors around 1900, Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch developed a synthesis of the history, psychology, and sociology of religion. While in the conventional view the two thinkers were rather similar, this chapter contrasts them. I characterize Troeltsch’s views as a study of history that is open to ever new sacralizations. Weber’s notion of a world-historical process of disenchantment, meanwhile, I interpret and criticize as based on an ambiguous concept in urgent need of differentiation. If we do distinguish the different meanings of this highly ambiguous concept, the narrative of one world-historical process of disenchantment collapses.
Transcendence as Reflexive Sacredness
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the debate on the so-called Axial Age. It presents the major contributors from Karl Jaspers on, but also the predecessors in the 18th and 19th centuries. , It explores concepts such as the age of transcendence that have been used to characterize the fundamental innovation of that age. It particularly emphasizes the emergence of moral universalism in that period. The chapter also attempts to bring the different perspectives together by interpreting a reflexive view of the sources of sacredness as a major turning point in the global history of religion.
Fields of Tension
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

Max Weber’s “Intermediate Reflection,” also known under the title “Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions,” is usually interpreted as the classic text for a theory of the differentiation of value spheres. As such it has become part of the sociological canon. The new and very detailed interpretation presented in this chapter demonstrates that this view is problematic both with regard to Weber’s own intentions and in itself. An alternative reading shows what the fields of tension that Weber deals with really are. This is an important point of departure for an alternative to the narrative of disenchantment.
Linking HRM Systems with Public Sector Employees’ Performance
Authors: Gould-Williams Julian Seymour , Mostafa Ahmed Mohammed Sayed
Published: March 2021

Early research exploring the link between HRM and performance primarily focused on private sector and organizational-level factors (the firm’s HR policy and financial performance). Although the evidence revealed a positive link between organizational approaches to HR practices and performance, the effect on employees was not considered. Although there is now emerging evidence across the private and not-for-profit sectors which includes the employee experience, theory advancement remains limited. The aim of this chapter is to address this issue by identifying relevant theories that explain why HR systems affect employees’ responses. Of the three theories identified, namely (1) ability, motivation, opportunity (AMO); (2) social exchange; and (3) self-determination theory (SDT), it is believed AMO is the least suited for the public sector context, even though the results of a review study show that AMO is the preferred choice for analysis by public sector scholars. This chapter expands on the rationale for this choice and highlights implications for management practice and research.
Leading Change in a Complex Public Sector Environment
Authors: Kjeldsen Anne Mette , Voet Joris Van der
Published: March 2021

Successful organizational change depends on leadership, and this chapter reviews the literature on leadership in different types of public organization change processes. While transformational leadership is typically used more in planned processes of change, distributed leadership often accompanies emergent change processes. A key insight, however, is that the two leadership approaches should be viewed as complementary, depending on the characteristics of the different public organizations’ environments and structures. The bureaucratic structure and primacy of politics, the employment of public service professionals, and the environmental complexity with many stakeholders and complexity in tasks are all factors that affect the effectiveness of change leadership in public organizations. Future studies should address these characteristics in comparative and longitudinal studies that examine the mechanisms through which leadership contributes to the implementation of organizational change.
Value Conflicts in Public Organizations
Authors: Jensen Ulrich T. , Schott Carina , Steen Trui
Published: March 2021

The public sector and all its entities are characterized by a plurality of values. As a result, public service professionals and public managers often find themselves in situations where different conceptions of what is deemed desirable conflict with one another and render a singular, unambiguous path to better performance a hallucination. This chapter reviews research on value conflicts in public organizations to offer three contributions. First, it identifies the consequences of value conflicts on professionals’ attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Second, the chapter discusses how individual service professionals and public managers can address value conflicts in organizational contexts. Third, and finally, the chapter outlines a series of critical questions on the antecedents and consequences of value conflicts the current literature has yet to address.
Berkeley and Locke’s Substance–Person Distinction
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Especially in his post-1720 works, Berkeley focuses his comments about Locke on general abstract ideas. He warns against using metaphysical principles to explain observed regularities, and he extends his account to include spiritual substances (including God). Indeed, by calling a substance a spirit, he emphasizes how a person is simply the will that ideas be differentiated and associated in a certain way, not some thing that engages in differentiation. In this sense, a substance cannot be conceived apart from its activity.
Religious Experience in Seventeenth-Century Quakerism
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the precise ways in which the actual religious, emotional, and cultural experience of Quakers changed from the origins of the movement to roughly 1700. Recovering this experience, it becomes clear that Quakerism itself emerged out of a particular response to an awareness of Christ’s presence, and that Friends’ commitment to belief in immediate revelation was continuously affirmed throughout this period of transformation. However, other important religious changes did occur—namely, an altered understanding of divine immanence, the emergence of a powerful group identity, the loss of a distinctive prophetic vocation, and a growing understanding of perfection as moral righteousness. These shifts do not indicate a process of mollification in the pursuit of socio-political respectability, but rather point to a process of theological transformation—as the next chapter will show
Children of the Light
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 3 is the first of six chapters which meticulously trace the development of the Quakers’ Christology—the central theological shift affecting the movement during this period—in conversation with those outside the movement. The first Quakers professed an electrifying belief in the full, spiritual presence of Christ within the individual. This was not strictly a rationalist or a spiritualist dissenting position; nor was it a doctrine of celestial flesh. Rather, it was a highly spiritualized understanding of Christ which should be understood in context as an outworking of a Reformed theological culture and the broader Christological crisis of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Christ was understood to be fundamentally spiritual in nature, and the ‘Light within’ and ‘Christ’ were viewed as ontologically equivalent. However, this understanding was vehemently criticized as an attack on the historical Jesus; the earliest period of Quakerism was marked by hostility rather than dialogue
The Effects of the Blood
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 outlines the first Christological (and in turn, soteriological) changes in Quaker thought. More explicit distinction was made between Christ and the Light within, the historical Jesus was mentioned more frequently, and Quaker soteriology moved towards Reformed beliefs regarding atonement and justification. Simultaneously, the Quakers were also engaging with more radical streams of thought, and there is some evidence of their early engagement with Spinoza. However, these alliances turned out to be unsustainable; after Friends’ engagement with Dutch Collegiants broke down, their efforts turned back to the more constraining Anglophone West. These developments all reflected a theological process which should not hastily be attributed to the effects of regime change, and the impact of the Restoration upon Quakerism has been exaggerated. Documents such as George Fox’s famous letter to the Governor of Barbados also illustrate the limits of their theological re-evaluation before the early 1670s
An Introduction to Thermal Physics
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

Thermal physics deals with collections of large numbers of particles—typically 1023 or so. Examples include the air in a balloon, the water in a lake, the electrons in a chunk of metal, and the photons given off by the sun. We can't possibly follow every detail of the motions of so many particles. So in thermal physics we assume that these motions are random, and we use the laws of probability to predict how the material as a whole ought to behave. Alternatively, we can measure the bulk properties of a material, and from these infer something about the particles it is made of. This book will give you a working understanding of thermal physics, assuming that you have already studied introductory physics and calculus. You will learn to apply the general laws of energy and entropy to engines, refrigerators, chemical reactions, phase transformations, and mixtures. You will also learn to use basic quantum physics and powerful statistical methods to predict in detail how temperature affects molecular speeds, vibrations of solids, electrical and magnetic behaviors, emission of light, and exotic low-temperature phenomena. The problems and worked examples explore applications not just within physics but also to engineering, chemistry, biology, geology, atmospheric science, astrophysics, cosmology, and everyday life.
Conditions on Knowledge
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on conditions of knowledge. It argues that, for activities with constitutive aims featuring normative properties, it is not uncommon to find substantive conditions on both the means of attaining the aim and the environment. Moreover, it shows that inquiry is a case in point. Since knowledge is the constitutive aim of inquiry, it follows that there are substantive constraints on the means for attaining knowledge and on the environment in which knowledge can be had. Chapter 3 goes on to develops a more detailed account of these constraints in terms of abilities to know and shows how these conditions can be used to solve the Gettier problem. It discusses a number of key objections and offers responses.
Epistemic Value
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 turns to issues relating to epistemic value. It argues that activities with constitutive aims constitute value domains in which the constitutive aims are domain-relative for-their-own-sake values. Applying this to the case of the two forms of inquiry, we get the results that knowledge and understanding are valuable for their own sake in the domains constituted by these activities. Chapter 5 argues that the two forms of inquiry constitute the epistemic domain, thus shedding light on the boundaries and the structure of the epistemic domain. Finally, it is shown that the resulting view can solve a number of so-called value problems in epistemology, including the difficult tertiary value problem according to which knowledge must come out more valuable than mere true belief as a matter of kind.
Scepticism
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

Chapter 6 addresses the problem of scepticism. More specifically, it focuses on a particularly difficult sceptical argument which proceeds from the plausible claims (i) that we don’t know that we are not radically deceived and (ii) that, if so, we don’t know much at all to the problematic sceptical conclusion that we don’t know much at all. It is argued that there is reason to take issue with both premises of this argument. More specifically, Chapter 6 presents a novel theoretical argument against the principle the knowledge transmits across competent deduction, which motivates the second premise. And it develops a new way of resisting the first premise. The key idea here is that we can have basic knowledge of the denials of sceptical hypotheses thanks to an ability to know that certain possibilities could not easily obtain. Having dealt with some objections, Chapter 6 compares the approach to scepticism developed here with its closest competitor, the sensitivity-based approach, and argues that there is reason to favour the former.
Identify Courses of Action
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Identifying courses of action warns mental health professionals not to be caught in false dilemmas where only polar options are available. This chapter suggests using the “rule of three” to ensure that least three courses of action are ascertained. Next, it recommends considering the consequences of each possible course of action. To evaluate each of the alternatives, professionals should consider the moral values involved and responsibilities to multiple stakeholders. Based on the moral development of the students involved, professionals should involve them in collaborative decision-making and treat students as partners in the ethical process.
Implement the Decision
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Implementing the decision begins by double-checking that the course of action that is chosen passes six ethical tests prior to enactment. The chapter focuses on six final checks: the Golden Rule, fiduciary responsibility, justice and fairness, publicity, universality, and mitigation of harm. It recommends that mental health professionals be prepared to justify the decision by managing criticism. Criticism can be assuaged by emphasizing protection of the client, a focus on the present, and the positive outcomes achieved. It recommends that clinicians document their ethical decision-making process and use established parameters to justify their decision.
Innovation in Real Places
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

Across the world, cities and regions have wasted trillions of dollars blindly copying the Silicon Valley model of growth creation. We have lived with this system for decades, and the result is clear: a small number of regions and cities are at the top of the high-tech industry, but many more are fighting a losing battle to retain economic dynamism. But, as this books details, there are other models for innovation-based growth that don’t rely on a flourishing high-tech industry. Breznitz argues that the purveyors of the dominant ideas on innovation have a feeble understanding of the big picture on global production and innovation. They conflate innovation with invention and suffer from techno-fetishism. In their devotion to start-ups, they refuse to admit that the real obstacle to growth for most cities is the overwhelming power of the real hubs, which siphon up vast amounts of talent and money. Communities waste time, money, and energy pursuing this road to nowhere. Instead, Breznitz proposes that communities focus on where they fit within the four stages in the global production process. Success lies in understanding the changed structure of the global system of production and then using those insights to enable communities to recognize their own advantages, which in turn allows to them to foster surprising forms of specialized innovation. All localities have certain advantages relative to at least one stage of the global production process, and the trick is in recognizing it.
Out with the Old, In with the New! But in What Ways?
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

The chapter, utilizing the tools and concepts developed in chapter 5, focuses on the trendiest (and for many people, wrongly, the only) stage of innovation—novel product and technologies innovation. It first analyzes one mode of success—the Silicon Valley model—utilizing the story of Israel and demonstrating both its allure and significant benefits, but also its considerable downsides and limitations, especially with regard to equality, equity, and long-term prosperity. The chapter then presents an alternative model for stage 1 innovation, one which is not built around massive financial exits and IPOs and utilizes different modes of innovation financing instead of the over-hyped venture capital model. The story of the ongoing transformation of Hamilton, Canada, serves to make those lessons concrete.
The Road to Hell Is Paved with Good Intentions
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

The true problem of economics is when economists fall in love with their models to such a degree that they try to force reality to comply with the models by influencing rules and regulations. The unintended consequences are catastrophic, and no more so than in finance. The reason is that financial markets are the area most easily captured by aesthetically pleasing mathematical models, while at the same time not being a true market (a fact too often conveniently forgotten). Currently, this phenomenon of trying to force reality to conform with theory moved into its periodical extreme, with the financialization of the economy. Financialization views all economic activity as a set of financial transactions, including viewing corporations as financial assets that should be maximized in the short term. With investors and courts now treating theories as shareholders’ value and efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) as the legal yardsticks with which to judge executives’ behavior, those who aim at sustained growth and prosperity find themselves in a perfect storm. The combined effect is that the ability of public companies in the United States to invest capital in large-scale productive assets with the aim of ensuring long-term growth is significantly curtailed. Further, it is quite clear that we cannot do anything to change this in the foreseeable future. Consequently, regions need to creatively engage with the system, trying to create a “financial space” that will allow their companies to scale-up, grow, and produce the jobs and prosperity they seek.
News in their Pockets
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

This book explores the societal, technological, and user-related factors in understanding why and how digitally savvy college students in Asia’s most mobile cities—Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei—seek news via the mobile phone, how they evaluate mobile news for credibility and usefulness, and the consequences of this practice: becoming engaged with mobile news, which then teaches them about current affairs. The analyses are situated at the intersection of technological advances from 3G to 4G and marked differences in political and media systems across the four cities, which jointly shape Asia’s new generations of citizens. Technologically, the deeply diffused mobile phone motivates civic-minded millennials and centennials in Asia to access news with their phones and engage with the news for civic learning. However, sociopolitical factors impede potential positive outcomes of mobile news consumption. Cross-societal comparisons of survey data collected from two time periods reveal new insights into the interplay of technology and society in consuming mobile news.
Consumption
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the evolution of the mobile phone as a viable channel to disseminate news by news organizations and as a portable device to access and consume news for users in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei. It also explores the gap in regulations concerning mobile news in the four aforementioned Asian cities and documents the growing trend in consuming mobile news among the mobile phone-savvy college students. The chapter then identifies predictors of patterns in mobile news consumption. Significant differences in consumption exist across the four studied cities due to different levels of press freedom.
Who Learns from Mobile News?
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

Does consumption of mobile news make a difference in acquiring knowledge of public affairs? Focusing on news regarding the relationship between North Korea and the United States, this chapter examines the learning effect of mobile news among the surveyed college students in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei. Results reveal that male respondents are more politically knowledgeable than are female respondents; need for orientation is a significant predictor of political knowledge. In addition, societal factors such as information accessibility also affect Asian college students’ acquisition of political knowledge—respondents living in a highly accessible city tend to know more about the North Korea and U.S. relations than do their peers living in a city with restricted access to digital information. In learning from mobile news, both the hardware (4G networks and smartphones) and software (global outlook, access, and openness) are equally important in producing informed and engaged young citizens in Asia.
Conclusions
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

This chapter draws conclusions based on empirical evidence concerning the why, how, and effects of mobile news consumption. A new type of news consumer emerges—one who prefers to seek news over the phone rather than the PC, who tends to engage with the news, and who learns something about currents affairs from it. The increased consumption of news via the mobile phone reveals a process in which Asia’s civically motivated young generations seek to be informed. Our findings offer insights into the debate over technological determinism in that technological innovations matter in early stages of a technology’s diffusion. However, as the technology matures and its use becomes routinized, it is increasingly subject to societal constraints and impositions of political power. Consumption of mobile news among college students in the four studied Asian cities represents an illuminating case of social shaping of technology.
Politics Overtakes Policy in Egypt
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 considers refugee treatment, broadly conceived, in Egypt. Egypt is a “typical” refugee recipient: it is a developing country that has signed on to the 1951 Refugee Convention and hosts a relatively small number of refugees per capita. The chapter begins by reviewing the conventional wisdom about Egypt’s asylum policy, that is, that it has no policy. And indeed, Egypt does not have domestic refugee legislation or a single, clearly articulated official asylum policy. However, as this chapter demonstrates, there are clear patterns in Egypt’s responses to refugees. Drawing on elite interviews as well as archival sources and unpublished materials, it analyzes and compares Egypt’s post-WWII policies toward six refugee groups: Palestinians, Sudanese, Iraqis, Somalis, Eritreans, and Ethiopians. The fluctuation in policies over time and their variation by refugee group is consistent with the theory laid out in this book.
Selective Protection in Turkey
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

By analyzing the case of Turkey as a refugee-receiving country, chapter 5 allows a comparison with the more typical Egyptian case laid out in chapter 4. One of only a handful of countries that retains a geographical limitation to the 1951 Refugee Convention, Turkey has experienced several mass refugee influxes and boasts one of the largest refugee resettlement programs. The conventional wisdom in this “extreme” case emphasizes a dichotomy between European and non-European refugees. This chapter establishes that Turkish policies are more nuanced than this conventional wisdom expects. Once again, it draws on a range of sources to examine how Turkey responded to Bulgarians, Iraqis, Iranians, refugees from the former Yugoslavia, and refugees from Soviet and post-Soviet states. This analysis reveals that even seemingly general policies that exist on the books were applied selectively, a pattern that betrays the influence of foreign policy and ethnic politics on Turkey’s asylum policies.
The Implications of Selective Sovereignty for Refugee Rights
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

This concluding chapter uses the empirical evidence presented in previous chapters to reflect on the influence of foreign policy and ethnic politics on countries’ approaches to refugees. It considers the implications of these findings for a reconceptualization of the relationship between sovereignty and rights. The chapter also addresses the consequences of selective sovereignty for the international refugee regime. In so doing, it suggests some policy implications, such as attempting to identify when and where the international community can fruitfully exert pressure on states to welcome refugees. Selective sovereignty shapes the experiences of growing numbers of refugees around the world and, as a result, has consequences for long-term processes related to conflict, peacebuilding, and post-conflict reconstruction. Recent events underscore the importance of understanding why states sometimes assert their sovereignty and at other times uphold refugee rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 presents a cohesive conclusion, summarizing the findings, rehearsing the arguments, and synthesizing the concluding remarks of the entire study. Islamic historiography presents varying notions of conversion to Islam which are evidenced by repeated literary features and depictions. It suggests not only that conversion started slowly (as recent studies advocate) but also that conversion meant different things, including sincere religious conviction and mere political submission. Medieval Muslim historians utilize conversion themes to address both non-Muslims and Muslims, highlighting the supremacy of Islam to non-Muslims and emphasizing genuineness of faith to Muslims. Literary depictions of conversion are a product of the religious views of the historians, influenced by the sociopolitical requirements at the time of writing.
The Humanity of Universal Crime
Authors: Graf Sinja
Published: March 2021

The international crime of “crimes against humanity” has become integral to contemporary political and legal discourse. However, the conceptual core of the term—an act offending against all of mankind—runs deep in the history of international political thought. In an original excavation of this history, The Humanity of Universal Crime examines theoretical mobilizations of the idea of “universal crime” in colonial and post-colonial contexts. The book demonstrates the overlooked centrality of humanity and criminality to political liberalism’s historical engagement with world politics, thereby breaking with the exhaustively studied status of individual rights in liberal thought. It is argued that invocations of universal crime project humanity as a normatively integrated yet minimally inclusive and hierarchically structured subject. Such visions of humanity have in turn underwritten justifications of foreign rule and outsider intervention based on claims to an injury universally suffered by all mankind. The study foregrounds the political productivity of the notion of universal crime that entails distinct figures, relationships, and forms of authority and agency. The book traces this argument through European political theorists’ deployments of universal crime in assessing the legitimacy of colonial rule and foreign intervention in non-European societies. Analyzing John Locke’s notion of universal crime in the context of English colonialism, the concept’s retooled circulation during the nineteenth century, and contemporary cosmopolitanism’s reliance on crimes against humanity, it identifies an “inclusionary Eurocentrism” that subtends the authorizing and coercive dimensions of universal crime. Unlike much-studied “exclusionary Eurocentrist” thinking, “inclusionary Eurocentrist” arguments have historically extended an unequal, repressive “recognition via liability” to non-European peoples.
“The Conscience of the Civilized World”
Authors: Graf Sinja
Published: March 2021

This chapter assesses the role of universal crime in nineteenth-century European arguments on the legitimacy of imperial rule. British abolitionist arguments redeployed the concept by overlaying “humanity” with the discourse of civilizationalism. Abolitionist uses of universal crime hence targeted imperial Britain rather than colonized societies. Refracting “humanity” through the lens of civilizational distinction indicates nineteenth-century changes in European international thought that lessened the popularity of the concept of universal crime. Overall, the chapter argues that a turn from an “inclusionary Eurocentrism” to an “exclusionary Eurocentrism” subtends these changes. Analyzing John Stuart Mill’s and Tocqueville’s evaluations of European imperialism shows that they discussed the legitimate conduct of colonial rule not in terms of humanity’s laws, but in terms of national identity and reputation. The chapter further assesses in detail those features of nineteenth-century international theory that engendered a normatively fractured vision of humanity that was inimical to its imagination as universally injured.
Conclusion
Authors: Graf Sinja
Published: March 2021

The concluding chapter critiques current scholarly trends to discuss crimes against humanity based on the feelings of horror they create and argues that an analysis of the power politics waged through their discursive mobilization requires analytical scrutiny. The conclusion therefore appraises the difference between hegemonic and counterhegemonic deployments of crimes against humanity in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The twenty-first-century deployments comprise the designation of slavery and apartheid as crimes against humanity (a designation that resulted from international political activities by actors from the Global South) as well as the denunciation of the 2003 US-led military campaign in Iraq as a crime against humanity (by transnational social movements). The chapter closes with a critique of debates on the Anthropocene that posit humanity as an undifferentiated, totalizing geological force and argues that, once again, scrutiny of the concrete, differential power positions structuring humanity is imperative for assessing the social causes of climate devastation.
Gifts of Life
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines views and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) regarding organ and tissue donation, which historically have evolved from a posture of ecclesiastical discouragement to a contemporary commendation. The ethics of organ and tissue donation can be situated within an LDS communal ethos of love of neighbor, altruism, and offering “gifts of life” as a morally and spiritually valuable action and a matter for individual agency rather than a state or ecclesiastical mandate. Communal practices surrounding organized blood donation, sacramental rituals of the offering of Christ’s body and blood for human salvation, and scriptural analogies of self-giving to others provide religious motivations for an organized culture of donation regarding organs and tissues.
Dying Well
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

The most meaningfully charged ethical choices confronted by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) and by LDS medical professionals concern decision-making at the end of life. This chapter examines ethical considerations confronting the LDS community in decisions regarding both forgoing medical life support and in medically assisted dying. LDS teaching has supported a negative right to die from treatment cessation while consistently opposing legalization of a positive right to die through a physician-prescribed medication or administration of a lethal drug. The ecclesiastical emphasis on responsible exercise of moral agency leaves open the prospect for adherents to claim that a version of death with dignity is compatible with LDS ethical principles. Nonetheless, ecclesiastical opposition has extended to opposing specific legislative and citizen referenda advancing patient rights to request a life-ending medication from their physician.
Conclusion
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This concluding chapter examines the question of whether or not large marine protected areas (MPAs) are a desirable and effective solution to ongoing ocean decline. It makes two seemingly at odds arguments, which it attempts to reconcile. The first argument is that the norm of large MPAs does represent an important paradigm shift in marine conservation, one that has given unprecedented attention to ocean biodiversity loss globally. The second argument qualifies this paradigm shift, claiming that the large MPA norm is still consistent with a neoliberal paradigm of environmentalism that insists that environmental protection not undermine economic growth.
The Promise of Audience Engagement
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

Though there is widespread agreement surrounding the problems journalism faces, there also is a growing rift among journalism professionals and researchers about how best to solve them. A growing number of journalism stakeholders argue that the news should focus more on “audience engagement,” a loosely defined term that generally involves journalists’ incorporating more audience input in news production to more accurately reflect their lived experiences. Those at City Bureau and Hearken believe this more collaborative form of news production will increase the audience’s trust in news as well as the amount of value they derive from it. Others, including many at the Chicago Tribune, disagree. In addition to offering a comprehensive definition of audience engagement, this chapter also traces the disagreement surrounding it to enduring differences in how journalists perceive the public.
First Imagined, Then Pursued
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter draws on Hearken’s efforts to challenge journalism’s audience perceptions—as well as the audience pursuits unfolding within City Bureau and the Chicago Tribune—to explore the connection between the way journalists imagine their audiences and the steps they take to reach them. This chapter also explores another dispute unfolding throughout the news industry: the lens through which journalists conceptualize their own expertise. Traditional journalists tend to take for granted the assumption that their professional training and skills make them significantly better equipped to report the news than the people they hope to reach. This is different from those advocating for more audience engagement, who see their audiences as being more valuable as news collaborators than they are typically given credit for and also view journalists themselves as being in need of exactly this sort of collaboration.
Income and Labour Market Developments and Social Outcomes in Germany and France
Authors: Granelli Lucia , Pálvölgyi Balázs , Ziemendorff Johannes
Published: March 2021

This chapter focuses on France and Germany, the two largest economies of the European Union, comparing recent economic and social developments. It finds that the two economies rely on different growth models, with important social implications. Germany’s postwar economic growth model was strongly based on exports and typically proved more volatile, while gross domestic product (GDP) growth in France was more focused on domestic demand and is usually more stable while on average generating a somewhat lower growth. The flexible German labour market allowed unemployment to decrease, albeit at the expense of higher income poverty and a larger low-wage sector. In France, instead, lower income poverty and a smaller low-wage sector were accompanied by a relatively higher unemployment rate. Recently, the gap between the two growth models and the resulting differences in social outcomes has appeared to be narrowing, reflecting the slowdown in the global cycle and more institutional focus in Germany on inclusiveness and in France on flexibility.
Inequality in Income, Wealth, and Consumption Trends in the Western Balkans
Authors: Kóczán Zsóka , Savastano Sara
Published: March 2021

This chapter looks at income, consumption, and inequality trends in the Western Balkans, a region still coping with incomplete transition and the legacies of the boom-bust cycle, as most clearly reflected in still-high unemployment rates. The chapter thus presents trends in inequality in the broader context of persistent unemployment and perceptions of high and rising inequality. It is fundamentally a story of transition, the process, still unfinished, of moving from a system with an ‘employer of last result’ and resulting job security, to one with income gains for at best some parts of the population, but widening inequality and increasing uncertainty, translating into reform fatigue and general feelings of discontent with the process of transition.
Education, Income, and Inequality in the European Union
Authors: Vandeplas Anneleen
Published: March 2021

Education and skills are increasingly important determinants of life outcomes in Europe. On the positive side, populations across Europe are upgrading their educational attainment, and educational attainment is less strongly linked to parental background than it was for previous generations. On the negative side, important gaps remain in educational attainment and foundation skills. Furthermore, while lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important in today’s fast changing economy, those individuals who need it most may not always have access to adequate opportunities to upskill or reskill. Finally, there is substantial variation across countries in Europe at the level of education and labour outcomes, reflecting factors such as the structure of national education systems, the institutional and sectoral setup of the economy, and so on.
From Social Protection to Social Investment
Authors: van Vliet Olaf , Bakker Vincent , van Doorn Lars
Published: March 2021

Globalization, technological change, and migration form three major challenges for European welfare states in the 21st century. These challenges are regarded as important sources of inequality on the labour market. Whereas the existing literature has mainly been focused on the sectors and occupations affected by globalization and technological change, the authors of this chapter argue that, via job polarization, these phenomena also affect the type of contract that workers have. They hypothesize that increased competition for low-paying jobs is associated with labour market flexibilization. Another major trend that they analyse is the free movement of labour. New data illustrate that labour migration from Central and Eastern European countries to Western European countries has grown slowly but substantially following recent enlargements of the Union. It has been considered a challenge for welfare states as it might contribute to feelings of economic insecurity and might erode solidarity, which forms the basis for the provision of social policy. Subsequently, the authors analyse how European welfare states have evolved over the past decades. They show that in spite of budgetary pressure stemming from globalization and migration, most countries have increased social expenditure. Furthermore, they analyse to what extent the focus has shifted from classical social protection to social investment policies to enable workers to adapt themselves to new labour market transformations. They contribute to the existing literature by covering years after the financial crisis for all EU member states and by demonstrating a novel way of correcting social expenditures for the number of recipients.
The Monster of Lituya Bay
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

The remarkable story of the highest tsunami waves ever accurately measured relates the legend of the native Tlingit tribe inhabiting Lituya Bay, Alaska, telling of a monster who grabs and shakes the surface of the sea, and the European discovery of the bay in 1786 by the French explorer La Perouse with tragic consequences. In 1954, a brilliant geologist studying the bay interpreted strange lines in the forest as possibly the result of tsunami waves, but his innovative ideas were rebuffed by fellow scientists. Merely 4 years later in 1958, he would be proven correct when the “monster” struck again with waves reaching 1,740 ft (524 m) in the forest. The details of this incredible tsunami are described by survivors on boats anchored in the bay, whose firsthand accounts are truly amazing.
A Way Forward
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Overcoming challenges associated with decentralization and policy conflict across policy interests to address chronic homelessness in municipalities across the United States will be a big hurdle requiring substantial changes. Primary recommendations for reform include, first, aligning Continuums of Care with municipal government to ensure Continuums have access to necessary resources and governmental authority to design and implement policy across the variety of policy spaces including housing, healthcare, behavioral health, policing, and incarceration. Second, improving participatory equity in homeless policy decision-making to include minority groups and persons who are currently or formerly homeless will improve policy design and implementation to ensure policies targeting persons experiencing homelessness work to their intended goals and protect policy processes from bias toward economic elite stakeholders in pluralistic settings. Lastly, steps are recommended to align tangential state-level policies providing services for persons experiencing chronic homelessness but, by virtue of not being designed to target chronic homelessness, fail in implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

After opening at the 2016 Republican convention that nominated Donald Trump as presidential candidate, and where the sounds and images of rock were on prominent display, the book’s premise and scope are outlined. The pop culture that once stood for protest and provocation now signifies a very different set of values, embraced by a very different audience, which can tell us much about the ways the values and the audience have evolved in the last five decades. How has something as rebellious as rock ‘n’ roll become associated with political conservatives and the stolid working classes? Have right-wing populists co-opted the music, or has the co-optation gone the other way?
Salt of the Earth
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the history of the socioeconomic leanings of rock ‘n’ roll, from the poor rural origins of early figures such as Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis to the complex mix of hippie idealism and earthy rootedness of the late 1960s, with everyone from the Beatles and the Byrds to the Band and blues rock wrestling with the fraught left-right dynamics of the era. As the boldest era of rock innovation peaked, some performers and listeners began finding a curious sense of tradition within a hitherto experimental genre.
Workin’ Man Blues
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

While musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Grand Funk Railroad, Aerosmith, and Ted Nugent took rock ‘n’ roll back to the masses, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, and Merle Haggard, were transforming the genre of country music, making the medium more original and more relevant as America’s cultural center of gravity was shifting south and west. Country now expressed its own forms of rebellion, against both the strictures of its industry and the condescension of outsiders. As country became a little bit cooler, it was inevitable that cool rock ‘n’ roll in turn would become a little bit country.
British Steel
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

Across the Atlantic, Britain in the 1970s was wracked by economic and social crises even harsher than those besetting the United States, and the heavy metal, punk, and skinhead rock that emerged from rusting English mill towns—Black Sabbath, Slade, Thin Lizzy, Nazareth, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Motörhead and others—articulated the angry, defensive outlook of listeners whose prospects had turned gloomy as the postwar boom died down. The international success of British heavy metal bands, singing of frustration, despair, and of a mythic past whose triumphs were lost to history, told of dimmed generational futures and alienated youth worldwide.