bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multisensor approach for the 2016 Amatrice earthquake damage assessment
Authors: Vito Romaniello  , Alessandro Piscini  , Christian Bignami  , Roberta Anniballe  , Salvatore Stramondo
Published: June 2021

This work proposes methodologies aimed at evaluating the damage occurred in the Amatrice town by using optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) change features obtained from satellite images. The objective is to achieve a damage map employing the satellite change features in a classifier algorithm, namely the Features Stepwise Thresholding (FST) method. The main novelties of the proposed analysis concern the estimation of derived features at object scale and the exploitation of the unsupervised FST algorithm. A segmentation of the study area into several buildings blocks has been done by considering a set of polygons, over the Amatrice town, extracted from the open source Open Street Map (OSM) geo-database. The available satellite dataset is composed of several optical and SAR images, collected before and after the seismic event. Regarding the optical data, we selected the Normalised Difference Index (NDI), and two quantities coming from the Information Theory, namely the Kullback-Libler Divergence (KLD) and the Mutual Information (MI). In addition, for the SAR data we picked out the Intensity Correlation Difference (ICD) and the KLD parameter. The exploitation of these features in the FST algorithm permits to obtain a plausible damage map that is able to indicate the most affected areas.
Signals from groundwater in Gran Sasso underground laboratory during Amatrice earthquake of August 24th, 2016
Authors: Gaetano De Luca  , Giuseppe Di Carlo  , Marco Tallini
Published: June 2021

Since May 2015, hydraulic pressure, temperature and electrical conductivity of groundwater are in continuos recording near the deep underground laboratories of Gran Sasso of INFN. We used the S13 borehole that have pressure varying in the range of 24-28 bar during the year; these values mean that we have at least 300 m of water table above. The sampling of these parameters was brought until to 50 Hz using a 3 channels 24-bit ADC. During the period May 2015 – September 2016 (17 months) we detected hydraulic pressure signals from 12 earthquakes at different surface distances (from 12.000 to 30 km) and different magnitudes (from 8.3 to 4.3 Mw). For the Amatrice mainshock, we present, as first results, the hydroseismograph recorded at the S13 hydraulic pressure device compared to the time history recorded at GIGS station located both in the deep core of the Gran Sasso chain.

 
The Amatrice 2016 seismic sequence: a preliminary look at the mainshock and aftershocks distribution
Authors: Maddalena Michele  , Raffaele Di Stefano  , Lauro Chiaraluce  , Marco Cattaneo  , Pasquale De Gori  , Giancarlo Monachesi  , Diana Latorre  , Simone Marzorati  , Luisa Valoroso  , Chiara Ladina  , Claudio Chiarabba  , Valentino Lauciani  , Massimo Fares
Published: June 2021

We relocated the aftershocks of the MW 6.0 Amatrice 2016 mainshock by inverting with a non-linear probabilitstic method P- and S-arrival time readings produced and released in near realtime by the analyst seismologists of IGNV on duty in the seismic monitoring room. Earthquakes distribution shows the activation of a normal fault system with a main SW-dipping fault extending from Amatrice to NW of Accumoli village for a total length of 40 km. On the northern portion of the main fault hanging-wall volume, the structure become more complex activating an antithetic fault below the Norcia basin. It is worth nothing that below 8-9 km of depth, the whole fault system has an almost continuous sub-horizontal layer interested by an intense seismic activity, about 2 km thick.
Coseismic displacement waveforms for the 2016 August 24 Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake (central Italy) carried out from High-Rate GPS data
Authors: Antonio Avallone  , Diana Latorre  , Enrico Serpelloni  , Adriano Cavaliere  , André Herrero  , Giampaolo Cecere  , Nicola D'Agostino  , Ciriaco D'Ambrosio  , Roberto Devoti  , Roberta Giuliani  , Maurizio Mattone  , Stefano Calcaterra  , Piera Gambino  , Luigi Abruzzese  , Vincenzo Cardinale  , Angelo Castagnozzi  , Giovanni De Luca  , Luigi Falco  , Antonino Memmolo  , Franco Migliari  , Felice Minichiello  , Raffaele Moschillo  , Luigi Zarrilli  , Giulio Selvaggi
Published: June 2021

We used High-Rate sampling Global Positioning System (HRGPS) data from 52 permanent stations to retrieve the coseismic dynamic displacements related to the 2016 August 24 Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake. The HRGPS position time series (named hereinafter "GPSgrams") were obtained with two different analysis strategies of the raw GPS measurements (Precise Point Positioning [PPP] and Double-Difference [DD] positioning approaches using the Gipsy-Oasis II and the TRACK (GAMIT/GLOBK) software, respectively). These GPSgrams show RMS accuracies mostly within 0.3 cm and, for each site, an agreement within 0.5 cm between the two solutions. By using cross-correlation technique, the GPSgrams are also compared to the doubly-integrated strong motion data at sites where the different instrumentations are co-located in order to recognize in the GPSgrams the seismic waves movements. The high values (mostly greater than 0.6) of the cross-correlation functions between these differently-generated waveforms (GPSgrams and the SM displacement time-histories) at the co-located sites confirm the ability of GPS in providing reliable waveforms for seismological applications.
Minor shallow gravitational component on the Mt. Vettore surface ruptures related to MW 6, 2016 Amatrice earthquake
Authors: Matteo Albano  , Michele Saroli  , Marco Moro  , Emanuela Falcucci  , Stefano Gori  , Salvatore Stramondo  , Fabrizio Galadini  , Salvatore Barba
Published: June 2021

On 24th August 2016 a ML 6.0 earthquake occurred near Amatrice (central Italy) causing nearly 300 fatalities. The mainshock ruptured a NNW-SSE striking, WSW dipping normal fault. The earthquake produced several coseismic effects at ground, including landslides and ground ruptures. In particular, ground surveys identified a 5.2 km long continuous fracture along the Mt. Vettore flank, both on rock and slope deposits, along one of the active normal fault segments bounding the relief to the west. In this work, we evaluated the contribution of seismically-induced surface instabilities to the observed ground fractures by means of a permanent-displacement approach. The results of a parametric analysis show that the computed seismically-induced gravitational displacements (about 2-10 cm) are not enough to explain field observations, testifying to a mean 20-25cm vertical offset. Thus, the observed ground fractures are the result of primary faulting related to tectonics, combined with gravitational phenomena.
Bilateral Trade Intensity and Business Cycle Synchronization Nexus: An Analysis from Major Trading Partners of Pakistan
Authors: Batool Maryam , Asghar Nabila
Published: June 2021

The existing research on the relationship between bilateral trade and business cycle synchronization (BCS) is limited in the context of developing countries like Pakistan. Theoretically, bilateral trade can lead to convergence as well as divergence of business cycles depending upon prevailing economic conditions in a country. The present study is an attempt to explore the relationship between bilateral trade and business cycle synchronization in Pakistan. For empirical analysis, data of six major trading partners of Pakistan is collected for the period 1991-2017 and multidimensional fixed effect estimation technique has been used. The results of the study show that bilateral trade has significant and positive impact on BCS. The coordination of fiscal and monetary policies appear to be significant determinants of GDP synchronization. These results have strong implications for policymakers and practitioners for formulating and implementing policies for Pakistan to get the maximum benefits of BCS.
Skala Prioritas Penggunaan Dana Desa di Kabupaten Semarang, Demak, dan Kendal
Authors: Kartika Ray Septianis , Arief Sulasdiono
Published: June 2021

The priority scale in the use of village funds is an effort to take into account village needs during the planning process and when the budget is used. Its implementation must be relevant to community needs. Determining the priority scale will face problems if it gets intervention from the regional head. This study aims to identify the priority scale for village use by Government Regulation Number 60 of 2014 concerning Village Funds. This research is a descriptive qualitative type. The research focuses are Kendal, Demak, and Semarang Regency. Data were collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The results of the study show that the determination of the priority scale is based on the needs and problems in each region. Semarang Regency is directed towards physical development; Demak Regency is directed at village governance, implementation of village development, community development, and empowerment of village communities; while the Kendal priority scale were village community development. This study recommends that there is a need for identification of program needs based on mapping of existing problems in the local area, it is necessary to carry out supervision to synchronize the APBDesa with the priority scale for the use of village funds as well as to follow up on the results of the monitoring report, and to include village cadres in the team that oversees the suitability of village fund proposals against priority scale and use of village funds.
The opinion of breast cancer patients on the non-pharmacological pain-relief methods
Authors: Mamčenkovaitė Evelina , Lekauskaitė Aušra
Published: June 2021

Aim. To determine the opinions of II and III stage breast cancer patients on the non-pharmacological pain-relief methods.

Methods. The research was performed from November 2019 to January 2020 in the Oncology and Hematology department of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics. Patients completed a survey of 25 questions. 33 surveys were analysed. Statistical data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2016 software packages.

Results. Almost half of the survey participants were unaware of the pain-relief methods, had not tried any of physical pain-relief methods and did not know or have an opinion about their effectiveness. Half of the survey participants thought that music, spiritual and cognitive behavioral therapies can relieve the pain. Also, more than half of the participants had not tried any psychological pain-relief methods and did not know or have an opinion about their effectiveness. More than half of the participants did not know if it is possible to reduce pain using medical marijuana, virtual reality glasses and hypnosis.
Self–care teaching of patients with multimorbidity in primary health care
Authors: Steponkutė Justina , Galdikienė Nijolė
Published: June 2021

Population who is getting older and the increase of multimorbidity spread amongst it shows that the numbers of people who suffer from more than two chronic diseases will increase. Due to increasing multimorbidity, healthcare professionals have to observe the condition of each patient very carefully, teach how to manage it and help patients to adjust their behavior in order to avoid complications. Multimorbidity requires knowledge not only of separate diseases but also of their combinations. Community nurses have to set the priorities in nursing of patients with multimorbidity, but also to keep in mind other illnesses that the patient have. Only properly chosen methods of teaching improves Self–Care of patients.

The aim of the study – to evaluate Self–Care teaching of patients with multimorbidity in primary health care.

Research methods. Quantitative research was conducted using a written survey method to collect data. Research participants were the persons (n = 41) diagnosed with two or more chronic diseases.

Results. According to the research data, patients with multimorbidity are taught Self–Care in primary health care, but not all possible opportunities of teaching are exploited. Most patients with multimorbidity named that nurses assessed their knowledge of the health and Self–Care and provided them with new additional information; ensured communication with patients for prophylaxis purposes; taught how patients should properly follow their health indicators and highlighted, why it is important; specified what should be the health indicators of patients; encouraged patients to follow health indicators; gave booklets and leaflets which had relevant information on Self–Care.
Association of CDH1 -160 C → A and -347 G→ GA polymorphisms and expression of E-cadherin and gastric cancer: A case-control study
Authors: Akçakaya Adem , Ünver Nurcan , Aydoğan Kiriş Tuğba , Güzel Mehmet , Betül Akçakaya Fatma , Çakmakoğlu Bedia , Hasbahçeci Mustafa
Published: June 2021

Objective: The loss of function of the E-cadherin (CDH1) gene with -160 C→A and -347 G→GA polymorphisms is regarded as a critical step for gastric cancer. It was aimed to investigate possible association of these polymorphisms and immunoexpression of E-cadherin with gastric cancer.

Material and Methods: Gastric adenocarcinoma patients and individuals with benign gastric pathologies were included in this case-control study. Demographic data and pathological findings were recorded. Immunohistochemical staining of E-cadherin expression and analysis of -160 C→A and -347 G→GA polymorphisms were done. Differences between allele frequencies of -160 C→A and -347 G→GA polymorphisms and expression of E-cadherin were the primary outcomes.

Results: There were 78 gastric cancer patients (Group A) and 113 individuals with benign gastric pathologies (Group B). The number of male patients and mean age were higher in Group A (p< 0.001). -160 C→A and 347 G→GA polymorphisms and their allelic distributions showed no difference between the groups (p> 0.05 for all). There was a significant association between -160 C→A polymorphism and grade of E-cadherin expression (p= 0.013). There were no significant differences between survival rates with -160 C→A, 347 G→GA and intensity of E-cadherin expression (p> 0.05 for all). There was no significant association between -160 C→A and -347 G→GA polymorphisms and gastric cancer.

Conclusion: There was no impact of E-cadherin expression on tumoral features and survival in gastric cancer. -160 C→A polymorphism may influence the expression of E-cadherin in gastric cancer.
Serial estimation of serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin for early detection of anastomotic leak after elective intestinal surgeries: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Jebin Aaron Devarajan , Anandhi Amaranathan , Shamanaa Sreenath Gubbi , Sureshkumar Sathasivam , Hajilal Shaikh Oseen , Balasubramaniyan Vairrappan , Kate Vikram
Published: June 2021

Objective: Anastomotic leak can adversely affect the outcome of surgery especially if detected late. The present study was carried out to detect the anastomotic leak early in the postoperative period using serial estimation of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP).

Material and Methods: A single centre prospective cohort study was done on patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery with anastomosis. Serial estimation of serum procalcitonin and C reactive protein was done on the first five postoperative days. Other parameters such as hemoglobin, total protein, albumin and WBC counts were noted perioperatively. Patients were followed up to 60th postoperative day to assess for anastomotic leak, wound infection and other septic foci.

Results: Eighty-four patients were included in the study. Anastomotic leak rate was 26.19% (22/84) and 3/22 patients died in the anastomotic leak group. Wound infection rate was 23.81%. The cut off value of CRP on third postoperative day in detecting anastomotic leak was 44.322 mg/dl with sensitivity of 72.73%, specificity of 66.13% and accuracy of 59.52%. The cut off value for WBC count measured perioperatively in detecting anastomotic leak was 9470 cell/mm3 with sensitivity of 72.73%, specificity of 56.45% and accuracy of 59.74%. Serum procalcitonin, haemoglobin, total protein and albumin measured were not sensitive enough to detect the anastomotic leak early.

Conclusion: Measuring CRP on the third postoperative day can predict anastomotic leak with a cut off value of 44.32 mg/dl. Patients with raised CRP need careful evaluation to rule out anastomotic leak before deciding on early discharge.
The internal structure of the state protection of children in Mendoza: the actors and their movements (1995-1999)
Authors: Vitaliti José María
Published: June 2021

The state protection of children in the last 30 years has a critical reflection of the ratification of the first human rights treaty for children and adolescents. Multiple glances focused on the bureaucratic normative apparatuses that operated/operate on children's bodies, to glimpse the configuration of institutional practices. This article attempts to reconstruct the circuits generated through the articulation and power networks related to the state protection of institutionalized childhood (1995 - 1999), through the study of the actors involved in the institutionalization in the province of Mendoza. The methodology used is hermeneutical, heuristic and will be carried out from the analysis of the case of the “witnesses”. For this, three cases of institutionalized boys, girls, and adolescents have been chosen, reflected in institutional files. The results raise the relevance of four institutional actors that are key in institutional actions, whose profiles could be translated into the decision-maker, the communicational control, the sentinel, and the public force. On the other hand, in the minimal networks of the cases presented, the subordination of one (executive) power over another state (judicial) power is proposed. Finally, differentiated power dynamics are indicated between the center and the peripheries of the province of Mendoza, Argentina.
Geochronology of the Cordillera Real granitoids, the inner magmatic arc of Bolivia
Authors: Iriarte Alvaro Rodrigo , Cordani Umberto Giuseppe , Sato Kei
Published: June 2021

The Cordillera Real granitoids are a suite of Triassic and Oligocene plutons in the core of the Eastern Cordillera of the Central Andes of Bolivia. Their tectonic setting, chemical and ore compositions make them part of the so-called “Inner Magmatic Arc”, which differs from the current “Magmatic Arc” located immediately to the west. U-Pb SHRIMP data were obtained in order to constrain crystallization ages. The Triassic group yielded the following results: 239±2 Ma for the Huato granite, 231±1 Ma for the Illampu granodiorite, 221±3 Ma for the Huayna Potosí granite and 223±2 Ma for the Taquesi granodiorite. For the Oligocene group we obtained ages of 27 Ma for two samples of the Quimsa Cruz granite. Secondary processes related to regional thermal anomalies and magmatic melt-enrichment, reset the K-Ar and U-Pb isotopic systems, producing: a) younger ages by Ar loss and b) anomalous data plot in the Concordia diagram by reorganization of U-Pb isotopic ratios. As noted in previous studies, most zircon analysed from the Zongo/Kuticucho Triassic granite exhibited extremely high U enrichment, producing reverse discordia curves that obscure the true crystallization age. Relatively abundant zircon inheritance was found in these “cold” granitoids, with ages suggesting provenance from early Paleozoic metapelites that also contained recycled older sources. This relatively abundant xenocrystic inheritance probably records the influence of the subduction process acting during the Gondwanide orogeny (336-205 Ma) as an overall subduction arc environment, punctuated at its final stage with the imprint of a continental rifting (245-220 Ma).
The Nico Pérez terrane (Uruguay) and its archean and paleoproterozoic inheritance
Authors: Sanchez Bettucci Leda , Cordani Umberto Giuseppe , Loureiro Judith , Peel Elena , Fort Santiago , Sato Kei
Published: June 2021

A U-Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronological study was carried out in the Nico Pérez Terrane in the central-eastern portion of Uruguay with the aim of constraining its geological evolution and its cratonic affinity. Nico Pérez Terrane is made up by a mosaic of tectonic blocks with diferente lithologies and sizes. This terrane is limited to the west by the Piedra Alta Terrane through the Sarandí del Yí shear zone, and to the east, is in tectonic contact through the Retamosa thrust with the Dom Feliciano Belt (Brasiliano orogenic cycle). Lithologically, the Nico Pérez Terrane is composed by medium to high grade metamorphic rock contained in three tectonic blocks (Pavas, Valentines and Rivera blocks) represented mainly by granitoids, as well as ortho and parametamorphic rocks, such as amphibolites, metapyroxenites, BIFs, schists, quartzites with fuchsite, among others. Archean inheritance, Rhyacian, Statherian, and Neoproterozoic magmatic ages are reported here. Similar ages, which show Archaean inheritance and Neoproterozoic imprint, reported in units of the Piedra Alta Terrane modify the idea that the Río de La Plata Craton only corresponds to a juvenile Paleoproterozoic tectonic unit. This, together with recently published geophysical information, supports the cratonic affinity of the Nico Pérez Terrane with the Río de La Plata Craton.
Caracterización y reconstrucción del deslizamiento Agassiz mediante el uso de datos geoespaciales. Patagonia Austral, Argentina
Authors: Moragues Silvana Noelia , Lenzano María Gabriela , Rivera Sergio Andrés , Oberreuter Jonathan Gabriel , Vich Alberto
Published: June 2021

Glaciation and deglaciation modify the stress of the slopes affected by these processes and can trigger their instability and landslides. This study describes, characterizes and reconstructs a large rotational landslide of soil and moraine material, which occurred on February 10, 2013 on the western slope of Upsala Channel, North Branch of Argentino Lake, in Southern Patagonia. With this aim a qualitative analysis of the slope condition before and after the date of the landslide occurrence, the possible conditioning and triggering factors, and the destructive consequences of the related tsunami that affected the margins of the lake was carried out. To reconstruct the state of the slope before and after the event, techniques of photo-interpretation of optical satellite imagery, digital elevation models, historical photographs, in situ observations, bathymetric data and stories of the park rangers of Los Glaciares National Park were used. The retreat of the Upsala Glacier has caused the relaxation of the slopes of the channel conditioning its stability. Among the conditioning and triggering factors that favored the process of activation and generation of the landslide event, are the presence of unconsolidated moraine material covering the channel slopes, steep slopes exposed to the east, which increases its exposure to the sun and melting of snow accumulated during the winter, and the existence of soil creep processes. Although the specific triggering factor is unknown, sediment saturation by surface runoff and water infiltration, eventually a severe rain event, foot slope erosion by glacial activity, and local and regional seismic activity can be mentioned as potential triggering factors. The slope showed evidences of instability for more than 20 years prior to the generation of the landslide, and there is currently evidence that the slope may undergo.
Mondaca Volcano lahar of December 3, 1762, Maule Region (35°28’S): one of the largest volcanic disasters in Chilean history
Authors: Naranjo José Antonio , Hevia Francisco , Polanco Edmundo
Published: June 2021

The Mondaca Volcano comprises a thick rhyolitic lava-field and a dome of similar composition, located near the Lontué River Valley headwaters in the northern part of the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone. It reaches a total volume of ~0.85 km3, and it is formed by 4 subunits, named Mondaca 1, 2, 3 and 4, which correspond to successive rhyolitic blocky lava flows, emitted from a rounded dome structure. They present well-preserved flow structures and, in the surroundings, restricted to the south and east of the dome, pyroclastic fall, as well as block and ash deposits are also exhibited. Downstream, along the Lontué River, a laharic deposit is recognized. The lahar was produced after the collapse of an ephemeral ~0.44 km3 lake generated after the river obstruction by viscous lavas, during the 1762 first eruptive phase. Proximal lahar facies are well exposed between 5 and 30 km from their source. The profuse agricultural activity has completely obliterated the lahar’s medium facies deposits along the Central Depression, but are well identified at the mouth of the Mataquito River, 180 km downstream, as a beige-coloured layer, interbedded within dark coastal beach-sands. The identification of overflows and super-elevation deposits formed during the debris flow emplacement along the Lontué River valley, allows to determine a high flow mobility, with estimated velocities that locally reached up to 114 km/h. Petrographic characteristics in addition to chemical composition of lavas from the volcano, pyroclasts and juvenile blocks of the laharic deposit, indicate that all they correspond to high K calcoalkaline rhyolites with subalkaline affinity. These backgrounds, together with the geographical continuity between the lavas and debris deposits along the Lontué and Mataquito rivers, verify facies correlation and common origin as the result of the 1762 Mondaca Volcano eruption complex evolution. Although it was a mainly effusive eruption that could not be observed from Curicó, the collateral consequences would have been catastrophic over a vast area to the south of that city, and evidences one of the largest volcanic disasters in Chilean history. Probably because of the low density polulation at that time, the consequences could have been minor.
Religious Diversity and the American Experience
Authors: Tilley Terrence W.
Published: June 2021

This book surveys the 8 basic approaches to religious pluralism, ranging from exclusivism (evangelical right) through classic inclusivism (Rahner), revised inclusivism (DuPuis), particularism (Paul Griffith), radical diversity (S. Mark Heim), pluralism (Knitter), comparative theologies (Frank Clooney), and dual belonging (Raimundo Panikkar). The unique contribution of this book is the ability to situate the issue of pluralism in the cultural site in the US (here relying on "thick" cultural analyses of Robert Wuthnow, Vincent Miller, and others) and in the religious site of Roman Catholicism (as offering mainstream Christian responses to religious diversity).
Effect of High Involvement Work System on Employee Counterproductive Work Behavior: A Mediating Role of Psychological Capital
Authors: Shah Waqas Mujahid , Manzoor Sheikh Raheel , Rahman Muhammad khalil ur
Published: June 2021

Psychological capital with sub-concepts of hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism (HERO) is organized as a general primary ability that measured the important motivation of human being, thinking process and struggle for success at the workplace. This study focused on the mediating effect of psychological capital in the relationship with high involvement work system and employees’ counterproductive work behaviors. Questionnaires were used to measure the concepts about 200 respondents. The social exchange, leader member exchange and self-determination theories were used to generate the study hypotheses. The hierarchal linear regression model was used to test the study hypotheses. The result of the study clearly demonstrated that the high involvement work system significantly affect employees’ psychological capital and employee’s counterproductive work behaviors. Moreover, result shows that psychological capital significantly mediate in the relationship with high involvement work system and counterproductive work behaviors. Practical implications of the result were presented along with number of limitations and direction for future study.
Política social para la equidad en Colombia. Historia y experiencias
Authors:   Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Urrutia Montoya Miguel , Robles Báez Christian
Published: June 2021

A lo largo de las páginas de Política social para la equidad en Colombia Miguel Urrutia Montoya y Christian Robles Báez plantean que una economía es realmente próspera solo si de manera paralela a los mercados se ejecuta un gasto social estatal que evite que amplios sectores de la población queden excluidos de sus beneficios. Los autores afirman que el crecimiento económico, el ingreso per cápita y el bienestar generalizado son mayores si más individuos participan en la economía nacional y si esta integra y comprende los aportes que diversas personas pueden hacer desde diferentes esferas, en lugar de excluirlas y marginarlas. Por ello, concluyen, disminuir la brecha de desigualdad económica en Colombia, un asunto apremiante e ineludible, solo será posible si se implementa una política social eficaz.
Una vuelta a la oncología en 54 respuestas
Authors:   Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Pino Villareal Luis Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Los interrogantes que aborda esta obra provienen de pacientes reales evaluados en consulta externa y hospitalización por los estudiantes del pregrado en Medicina de la Universidad de los Andes durante la rotación en oncología. Una vuelta a la oncología en 54 respuestas busca resolver estas dudas, por lo que es una lectura obligada no solo para médicos en formación, sino para cualquier persona que quiera tener un panorama amplio y novedoso sobre cómo se aborda al paciente con cáncer en la actualidad. En sus cinco capítulos se ofrecen al lector las bases para comprender la oncología desde la biología molecular, la inmunooncología, la eficacia de los tratamientos actuales y algunas controversias sobre las neoplasias más frecuentes. La velocidad a la que se publica nueva información sobre el cáncer es avasallante; por lo tanto, sabemos que estas preguntas y respuestas serán revalidadas, refutadas o complementadas en el futuro inmediato, pero también es pertinente compartir con los lectores este importante ejercicio científico construido por estudiantes.
PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENTION OF STUDENTS IN EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
Authors:   University «Turan», Kazakhstan, Katshibekova Zh.B. , Sangilbaev O. S. ,   University «Turan», Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

The article reveals the importance of attention in the educational and cognitive activities of students. The review of the main foreign theories of attention (V. Wundt, E. Titchener, W. James, T. Ribot, R. Woodwards, D. Kahneman, W. Neisser, N. N. Lange, L. C. Vygotsky, N. F. Dobrynin, P. P. Blonsky, etc.) and domestic approaches (M. Zhumabaev, Zh. Aimauytov, M. M. Mukanov), acting as a theoretical basis for the studyof attention. The article reveals the history, formation and current state of attention research in Kazakhstan psychological science. The contribution of scientists and psychologists studying the phenomenon of attention, its structure, types and basic properties, the influence on the development of specific professional training, educational technologies, etc.
THEORETICAL PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE PROFESSIONAL QUALITIES OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Authors:   Abay Kazakh National Pedagogical University (Almaty, Kazakhstan), Zhigitbekova B.D. , Arhodzhatva G. ,   Abay Kazakh National Pedagogical University (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
Published: June 2021

A competent, qualified psychologist becomes in the process of education and formation of professionally important qualities and, observing the moral and ethical standards of behavior when working with clients, which have been developed by psychological practice. Professionally important qualities (PVK) are individual qualities of the subject of activity that affect the effectiveness of the activity and the success of its development. The professional competence of a psychologist, their compliance with moral and ethical norms of behavior in professional activity is one of the indicators of professional competence assessment, ensure their social adaptation, ability to self-regulation and multi-level reflection
RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEM OF AUTISM IN FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SCIENCE
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, Satova А.К. , Serikova S.S. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, Autayeva А.N. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Almaty
Published: June 2021

This article describes the first attempts to develop the doctrine of autism, as well as a theoretical analysis of the historically established stages and trends in the study of autism in foreign science. The experience of studying the problem of autism and correctional pedagogical work in Kazakhstan is also described.
INTERACTION OF PARENTS WITH A SPECIAL TEACHER IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Authors:   Kazakh national women's pedagogical University (Almaty, Kazakhstan), Оspanova А.S.
Published: June 2021

This scientific article discusses the cooperation of special teachers and parents on ways to improve them and psychological support, on ways to improve joint activities. We are also talking about important steps of close interaction between parents and a special teacher in inclusive education. Accessibility and openness of the educational environment for children with special educational needs and their parents is a necessary factor for the successful implementation of educational and educational tasks facing special teachers
Measurement report: An assessment of the impact of a nationwide lockdown on air pollution – a remote sensing perspective over India
Authors: Pathakoti Mahesh , Muppalla Aarathi , Hazra Sayan , D. Venkata Mahalakshmi , A. Lakshmi Kanchana , K. Sagar Vijay , Shekhar Raja , Jella Srinivasulu , M. V. Rama Sesha Sai , Vijayasundaram Uma
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The nationwide lockdown was imposed over India from 25 March to 31 May 2020 with varied relaxations from phase I to phase IV to contain the spread
of COVID-19. Thus, emissions from industrial and transport sectors were halted during lockdown (LD), which has resulted in a significant reduction of
anthropogenic pollutants. The first two lockdown phases were strictly implemented (phase I and phase II) and hence were considered to be total lockdown
(TLD) in this study. Satellite-based tropospheric columnar nitrogen dioxide (TCN) from the years 2015 to 2020, tropospheric columnar carbon monoxide
(TCC) during 2019/20, and aerosol optical depth (AOD550) from the years 2014 to 2020 during phase I and phase II LD and pre-LD periods
were investigated with observations from Aura OMI, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI, and Aqua and Terra MODIS. To quantify lockdown-induced changes in TCN, TCC, and
AOD550, detailed statistical analysis was performed on de-trended data using the Student paired statistical t test. Results indicate
that mean TCN levels over India showed a dip of 18 % compared to the previous year and also against the 5-year mean TCN levels during the
phase I lockdown, which was found to be statistically significant (p value < 0.05) against the respective period. Furthermore, drastic changes in
TCN levels were observed over hotspots, namely eastern region and urban cities. For example, there was a sharp decrease of 62 % and 54 % in
TCN levels compared to 2019 and against 5-year mean TCN levels over New Delhi with a p value of 0.0002 (which is statistically significant)
during total LD. The TCC levels were high in the northeast (NE) region during the phase I LD period, which is mainly attributed to the active fire
counts in this region. However, lower TCC levels are observed in the same region due to the diminished fire counts during phase II. Further,
AOD550 is reduced over the country by ∼ 16 % (Aqua and Terra) from the 6-year (2014–2019) mean AOD550 levels, with
a significant reduction (Aqua MODIS 28 %) observed over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region with a p value of ≪ 0.05. However, an
increase in AOD550 levels (25 % for Terra MODIS, 15 % for Aqua MODIS) was also observed over central India during LD compared to
the preceding year and found significant with a p value of 0.03. This study also reports the rate of change of TCN levels and AOD550
along with statistical metrics during the LD period.
On the estimation of boundary layer heights: a machine learning approach
Authors: Krishnamurthy Raghavendra , Newsom Rob K. , Berg Larry K. , Xiao Heng , Ma Po-Lun , Turner David D.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The planetary boundary layer height (zi) is a key
parameter used in atmospheric models for estimating the exchange of heat,
momentum, and moisture between the surface and the free troposphere.
Near-surface atmospheric and subsurface properties (such as soil
temperature, relative humidity, etc.) are known to have an impact on
zi. Nevertheless, precise relationships between these surface properties
and zi are less well known and not easily discernible from the
multi-year dataset. Machine learning approaches, such as random forest (RF),
which use a multi-regression framework, help to decipher some of the
physical processes linking surface-based characteristics to zi. In this
study, a 4-year dataset from 2016 to 2019 at the Southern Great Plains
site is used to develop and test a machine learning framework for estimating zi. Parameters derived from Doppler lidars are used in combination with
over 20 different surface meteorological measurements as inputs to a RF
model. The model is trained using radiosonde-derived zi values spanning
the period from 2016 through 2018 and then evaluated using data from 2019.
Results from 2019 showed significantly better agreement with the radiosonde
compared to estimates derived from a thresholding technique using Doppler
lidars only. Noteworthy improvements in daytime zi estimates were
observed using the RF model, with a 50 % improvement in mean absolute
error and an R2 of greater than 85 % compared to the Tucker method
zi. We also explore the effect of zi uncertainty on convective
velocity scaling and present preliminary comparisons between the RF model
and zi estimates derived from atmospheric models.
Behaviour of KCl sorbent traps and KCl trapping solutions used for atmospheric mercury speciation: stability and specificity
Authors: Gačnik Jan , Živković Igor , Ribeiro Guevara Sergio , Jaćimović Radojko , Kotnik Jože , De Feo Gianmarco , Dexter Matthew A. , Corns Warren T. , Horvat Milena
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric mercury speciation is of paramount importance for understanding the behavior of mercury once it is emitted into the atmosphere as gaseous elemental (GEM), gaseous oxidized (GOM) and particulate-bound (PBM) mercury. GOM and PBM sampling are the most problematic steps in the analytical procedure. GOM sampling with speciation traps composed of KCl sorbent materials and KCl trapping solutions are commonly used sampling methods, although the work done at ambient air concentrations is limited. The results of the specificity test showed that the KCl sorbent traps are very specific when using new traps, while their specificity drops dramatically when they are reused. The results of the stability test showed that the highest Hg2+ losses (up to 5.5 % of Hg2+ loss) occur when low amounts of Hg2+ (< 1 ng) are loaded, due to a reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0. GOM losses should be taken into account when using KCl sorbent traps for atmospheric Hg speciation, especially at low ambient GOM concentrations. KCl trapping solutions have also been considered as a selective trapping media for GOM in atmospheric samples. A dimensionless Henry’s law constant was experimentally derived and was used to calculate the solubility of elemental Hg in KCl solution. The degree of GEM oxidation was established by purging elemental Hg calibration gas into a KCl solution and determining the GOM trapped using aqueous phase propylation liquid-liquid extraction GC-AFS. A positive GOM bias was observed due to the solubility and oxidation of GEM in KCl trapping solutions strongly suggesting that this approach is unsuitable for atmospheric mercury speciation measurements.
SOC sequestration potentials for agricultural management practices under climate change
Authors: Herzfeld Tobias , Heinke Jens , Rolinski Susanne , Müller Christoph
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) on cropland has been proposed as a climate change mitigation strategy to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere, which is in particular needed to achieve the targets proposed in the Paris Agreement to limit the increase in atmospheric temperature to well below 2 °C. We here analyze the historical evolution and future development of cropland SOC using the global process-based biophysical model LPJmL, which was recently extended by a detailed representation of tillage practices and residues management (version 5.0–tillage2). We find that model results for historical global estimates for SOC stocks are at the upper end of available literature, with ~2650 Pg C of SOC stored globally in the year 2018, of which ~170 Pg C are stored in cropland soils. In future projections, assuming no further changes in current cropland patterns and under four different management assumptions with two different climate forcings, RCP2.6, and RCP8.5, results suggest that agricultural SOC stocks decline in all scenarios, as the decomposition of SOC outweighs the increase of carbon inputs into the soil from altered management practices. Different climate-change scenarios, as well as assumptions on tillage management, play a minor role in explaining differences in SOC stocks. The choice of tillage practice explains between 0.2 % and 1.3 % of total cropland SOC stock change in the year 2100. Future dynamics in cropland SOC are most strongly controlled by residue management, whether residues are left on the field or harvested. We find that on current cropland, global cropland SOC stocks decline until the end of the century by only 1.0 % to 1.4 % if residue-retention management systems are generally applied and by 26.7 % to 27.3 % in case of residues harvest. For different climatic regions, increases in cropland SOC can only be found for tropical dry, warm temperate moist, and warm temperate dry regions in management systems that retain residues.
ESD Ideas: A Weak Positive Feedback Between Sea Level and the Planetary Albedo
Authors: Marzeion Ben
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Since the planetary albedo of Earth above ocean is typically lower than above land surface, increasing sea-level reduces the planetary albedo. This causes a feedback that is very weak on the global scale, but significantly positive. Its amplitude can be assumed to be higher locally and to grow with the considered time scale.
Staying and immobility: new concepts in population geography? A literature review
Authors: Gruber Elisabeth
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Immobile populations have received academic attention in recent years, following a period of focus on hypermobility and increasing migration as the main research interest. This article analyses the existing stock of literature on the topics of “immobilities” and “staying” to give insight into the importance of these concepts for rethinking contemporary population geography. It considers texts dealing with voluntary and involuntary types of immobility, as well as reasons for and factors influencing the increased observed immobility in the context of internal migration. Common theoretical frameworks used to explain immobilities and consequences for increasingly rooted societies are discussed. The paper also presents open research questions for future research. It draws the conclusion that staying and immobility are meaningful concepts for future research in the context of population and human geography, since they introduce a new perspective for research dedicated to spatial living patterns of populations. These concepts furthermore highlight the importance of different types and forms of (im)mobilities, the interconnectedness of mobile and immobile populations, and changes in aspirations and capabilities of life-course decision-making over time.
Assessing the feasibility of a directional CRNS-sensor for estimating soil moisture
Authors: Francke Till , Heistermann Maik , Köhli Markus , Budach Christian , Schrön Martin , Oswald Sascha E.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive tool for measuring hydrogen pools like soil moisture, snow, or vegetation. The intrinsic integration over a radial hectare-scale footprint is a clear advantage for averaging out small-scale heterogeneity, but on the other hand the data may become hard to interpret in complex terrain with patchy land use. This study presents a directional shielding approach to block neutrons from certain directions and explores its potential to gain a sharper view on the surrounding soil moisture distribution. Using the Mont-Carlo code URANOS, we modelled the effect of additional polyethylene shields on the horizontal field of view and assessed its impact on the epithermal count rate, propagated uncertainties, and aggregation time. The results demonstrate that directional CRNS measurements are strongly dominated by isotropic neutron transport, which dilutes the signal of the targeted direction especially from the far field. For typical count rates of customary CRNS stations, directional shielding of halfspaces could not lead to acceptable precision at a daily time resolution. However, the mere statistical distinction of two rates should be feasible.
Review article: Detection of actionable tweets in crisis events
Authors: Kruspe Anna , Kersten Jens , Klan Friederike
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Messages on social media can be an important source of information during crisis situations. They can frequently provide details about developments much faster than traditional sources (e.g., official news) and can offer personal perspectives on events, such as opinions or specific needs. In the future, these messages can also serve to assess disaster risks. One challenge for utilizing social media in crisis situations is the reliable detection of relevant messages in a flood of data. Researchers have started to look into this problem in recent years, beginning with crowdsourced methods. Lately, approaches have shifted towards an automatic analysis of messages. A major stumbling block here is the question of exactly what messages are considered relevant or informative, as this is dependent on the specific usage scenario and the role of the user in this scenario. In this review article, we present methods for the automatic detection of crisis-related messages (tweets) on Twitter. We start by showing the varying definitions of importance and relevance relating to disasters, leading into the concept of use case-dependent actionability that has recently become more popular and is the focal point of the review paper. This is followed by an overview of existing crisis-related social media data sets for evaluation and training purposes. We then compare approaches for solving the detection problem based (1) on filtering by characteristics like keywords and location, (2) on crowdsourcing, and (3) on machine learning technique. We analyze their suitability and limitations of the approaches with regards to actionability. We then point out particular challenges, such as the linguistic issues concerning social media data. Finally, we suggest future avenues of research and show connections to related tasks, such as the subsequent semantic classification of tweets.