bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critical analysis of media discourse on information technology: preliminary results of a proposed method for critical discourse analysis
Authors: Cukier Wendy , Ngwenyama Ojelanki , Bauer Robert , Middleton Catherine
Published: March 2008

Since the 1980s, there has been a growing body of critical theory in information systems research. A central theoretical foundation of this research is Habermas’ theory of communicative action, which focuses on implications of speech and proposes general normative standards for communication. Habermas also places particular emphasis on the importance of the public sphere in a democratic society, critiquing the role of the media and other actors in shaping public discourse. While there has been growing emphasis on critical discourse analysis (CDA), there has been limited effort to systematically apply Habermas’ validity claims to empirical research. Moreover, while critical research in information systems has examined communication within the organizational context, public discourse on information technology has received little attention. The paper makes three primary contributions: (1) it responds to Habermas’ call for empirical research to ground and extend his theory of communication in every day critical practice; (2) it proposes an approach to applying Habermas’ theory of communication to CDA; and (3) it extends the reach of critical research in information systems beyond micro‐level organizational concerns and opens up to critical reflection and debate on the impact of systematically distorted communication about technology in the public sphere.
Association between polymorphisms in the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) promoter and release of PSA
Authors: Sävblom C. , Giwercman A. , Malm J. , Halldén C. , Lundin K. , Lilja H. , Giwercman Y.
Published: March 2008

Variations in serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) have been ascribed to A/G nucleotide polymorphisms located at −158 bp (rs266882) and −4643 bp (rs925013), relative to the transcription start site within the promoter of the PSA gene. PSA is also an androgen receptor target (AR) gene and polymorphisms in AR gene are known to affect AR function. Our objective was to compare the impact of these A/G polymorphisms separately or in combination with AR CAG micro satellite on regulation of PSA secretion into seminal plasma and blood in young men. Leukocyte DNA was extracted from 291 conscripts and genotyping performed with the Sequenom Mass Array System. PSA was measured with an immunofluorometric assay. Linear regression analysis was used to test the association of polymorphism frequencies with serum and seminal plasma levels of PSA. PSA gene polymorphisms at −158 bp or −4643 bp did not alone influence total PSA (tPSA) levels in seminal plasma or in blood. Homozygotes for the A‐allele at −158 bp in combination with CAG > 22 had significantly higher serum levels of tPSA than subjects carrying the G‐allele (p = 0.01). In conclusion, the PSA gene polymorphisms did not importantly influence the levels of tPSA in seminal plasma or in blood. tPSA in serum was influenced by interactions between PSA promoter variants and AR CAG polymorphism.
Secretion of collagen I and tenascin is modulated by laminin‐111 in 3D culture of human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells
Authors: Jaeger Ruy G. , Scarabotto‐Neto Normando , Azambuja Nilton , Freitas Vanessa M.
Published: March 2008

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a frequent malignant salivary gland neoplasm with high levels of recurrence and metastasis. This neoplasm expresses prominent extracellular matrix (ECM). We are studying regulatory mechanisms underlying secretion of ECM molecules in adenoid cystic carcinoma. We have previously demonstrated that laminin modulates the phenotype of a human adenoid cystic carcinoma (CAC2) cell line. Thus, this molecule would be a good candidate to regulate secretion of ECM molecules in these cells. Here we analysed the role played by laminin‐111 [formerly laminin‐1; Aumailley et al. (2005). Matrix Biol. 24, 326] stimulating secretory activity of CAC2 cells. Three‐dimensional cultures of cells in laminin‐111 (treated) or agarose (controls) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis of CAC2 cells grown within laminin‐111 showed pseudocysts filled with secretory‐like material. Cells exhibited prominent and dilated endoplasmic reticulum and coated and uncoated vesicles. Ultrastructural findings suggested that laminin‐111 induced secretory activity in CAC2 cells. We further investigated this point by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Histochemistry showed periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive diastase‐resistant material in CAC2 cells treated by laminin‐111. This material could represent laminin‐induced secretion of ECM molecules. We searched for collagen I and tenascin in CAC2 cells treated by laminin‐111. Confocal microscopy and immunoblot showed that laminin‐111 enhanced secretion of collagen I and tenascin in CAC2 cells. We suggest that laminin‐111 modulates secretion of collagen I and tenascin in cells derived from human adenoid cystic carcinoma.
PASTEURISED MILK. I. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF PLANTS IN THE MIDLANDS
Authors: Provan A. L. , Rowlands A.
Published: March 2008

The results of the bacteriological examination of 500 samples of pasteurised milk taken by surprise at monthly intervals from 41 plants in the Midlands are reviewed. Of the samples examined 7·2% had a colony count at 37° C. in excess of 100,000 per ml. and did not comply with the official standard, 3% had a colony count at 63° C. in excess of 100,000 per ml., 26·4% contained coliform organisms in 1 ml. or less, and the phosphatase test gave evidence that 8·8% were inefficiently pasteurised.

The investigation showed that the phosphatase test was reliable in detecting faults of pasteurisation and the coliform test provided evidence of plant contamination. The colony count at 37° C. was not as reliable as these two tests for detecting faults in plant management, the result being influenced by the number of heat‐resistant organisms in the raw milk.
A COMBINED SAMPLING AND PLATING METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING INTRA‐MAMMARY INFECTIONS
Authors: Neave F. K. , Taylor M. E. , Lawes L. F.
Published: March 2008

For the purpose of detecting organisms causing mastitis in distant herds farmers were supplied with rectangular bottles, one surface of which contained a layer of aesculin blood agar. Milk was drawn by the farmer direct from the teat on to the agar, the excess milk drained off and the bottle posted to the laboratory. The method has proved more reliable than the posting of milk samples ana compares favourably with the plating of fresh samples.
THE SPEED OF “BUILD‐UP” OF THERMODURIC ORGANISMS ON FARM EQUIPMENT
Authors: Murray J. G.
Published: March 2008

Summary. The history of the thermoduric problem in milk in the Belfast area has been given and an explanation of the cause offered.

It has been shown that in Northern Ireland failure to cool the milk does not lead to any marked increase in the number of thermoduric bacteria. Provided there is no definite source of contamination, the build‐up of thermoduric organisms on farm equipment is slow even where production methods are poor and where suitable washing and sterilising of equipment is absent. Even under these conditions a serious build‐up takes longer than a month.
THE EFFECT OF NITRO‐COMPOUNDS AND SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES ON PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE BY SULPHATE‐REDUCING BACTERIA IN SEWAGE
Authors: Allen L. A.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Development of hydrogen sulphidc in sewage, due to growth of sulphate‐reducing bacteria, is favoured by neutral or alkaline conditions and retarded by acidic conditions. Strains able to use lactate, formate, stearate, and cellulose as sources of carbon were detected by the use of appropriate media; no sulphate‐reducing bacteria capable of using tributyrin appeared to be present in the sample of sewage tested.

Doses of chlorine much smaller than the chlorine demand delayed the formation of sulphide, sometimes for several days, but eventually the quantity formed was of the same order as that in untreated sewage.

Addition to sewage of nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, picric acid, or T.N.T., in amounts ranging from 2 to 20 p.p.m. in different tests, delayed development of sulphide during subsequent incubation; sufficiently high concentrations prevented its formation for prolonged periods.

Fumarate and nitrate also tended to inhibit formation of sulphide, but the concentrations required (100‐1,000 p.p.m. for nitrate and 1,000–10,000 p.p.m. for fumarate) were much higher than for the above nitro‐compounds.

Neither T.N.T. nor picric acid had any marked bactericidal action. It is suggested that these nitro‐compounds retard the lowering of the oxidation‐reduction potential uf the sewage to the region favourable for development of the sulphate‐reducing anaerobes.
THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN FRESH WATER
Authors: Taylor C. B.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Experiments have been carried out to determine the activity of bacteria in water by measurements of the oxygen consumed. It has been found that the rate of decomposition of organic matter depends on the concentration of phosphorus present. Different inorganic phosphates were equally effective sources of phosphorus. When phosphorus was present in excess the amount of oxygen consumed was directly related to the amount of decomposable organic matter supplied. Fe+++ was found to restrict the rate of oxygen consumption.

From the results obtained ir is concluded tentatively that in lake waters the phosphorus available for bacteria is more probably in combination with organic matter than with iron or manganese. Supply of readily‐available organic matter is the factor which controls primarily the activity of bacteria in lake waters.
BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE FLOUR MOTH, EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA Z.
Authors: JACOBS S. E.
Published: March 2008

A proprietary powder containing 10% by weight of spores of bacteria pathogenic for insects has been shown to kill the larvae of the flour moth. In wholemeal flour, between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight of the powder completely prevented the development of infestation by newly‐hatched larvae. Infestations of wholemeal flour in sheds were checked considerably by the application of surface deposits of the spores, established by dusting the dry powder or spraying a suspension in water.
POLLUTION IN WATER SUPPLIES FROM SHALLOW WELLS AND MEASURES FOR ITS PREVENTION
Authors: KNOWLES N. R.
Published: March 2008

In the course of field experiments designed to ascertain the main causes of pollution in shallow wells and the more important remedial measures which can be adopted, experimental renovations carried out on three shallow wells, all of poor hygienic quality, brought about a marked improvement in potability. The main items of renovation and construction concerned the use of correct waterproofing methods, and the sealing of the well orifice against surface seepage. Cemented concrete blocks and pre‐cast concrete cylinders provided adequate waterproofing for the first 10–14 ft. of the well shaft.

Data obtained from a survey of 48 shallow wells in Northern Ireland sunk or renovated during the past two years, indicate the general ability of such wells to supply water of satisfactory quality, providing due care is taken in construction and siting to prevent the infiltration of surface water.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN CHEESE STARTER ACTIVITY
Authors: CZULAK J. , MEANWELL L. J.
Published: March 2008

Depression of activity of certain single strain starter cultures in H.T.S.T. pasteurized milk during the October‐April season was observed, but the effect was removed by momentary boiling. The addition of a small percentage of such milk to autoclaved milk reduced the activity of these cultures. These ‘inhibited’cultures were unable to grow in modified Niven's medium even when additional known growth factors were added. Using a whey agar medium, active ‘uninhibited’colonies may be picked and a ‘failing culture’revived.

An hypothesis postulating an inhibitor‐growth factor antagonism is advanced, to explain the findings.
TOWARDS MICROBIOLOGICAL STANDARDS FOR MANUFACTURED FOODS
Authors: HELLER C. L.
Published: March 2008

In order to design and apply microbiological standards for manufactured foods, it is necessary to obtain a reliable count of significant types of organism. Methods of counting, and the choice of types of organism to be counted, are discussed.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF SOME SUGARS ON THE ASSAY OF PENICILLIN
Authors: SYKES G. , LEWIS D. G. , GOSHAWK BARBARA
Published: March 2008

The addition of certain carbohydrates, notably glucose, lactose and sucrose, to penicillin gives rise to inhibition zones of increased size and, consequently, to apparently increased potencies, when assayed by the cylinder‐plate method. On the other hand, glucose in the assay medium leads to smaller zones. The accuracy of the assay is reduced in the former case, but not in the latter. Accuracy can be restored by using 0.2% glucose agar instead of nutrient agar in the assay.
AN OPERATIONAL COMPARISON OF TWO COLONY COUNTING CHAMBERS
Authors: CLARKE PAMELA M. , COX C. P.
Published: March 2008

In an experiment to compare the performance of a modification of the Mattick‐Hiscox colony counting chamber with that of the original chamber, nine observers counted a set of five plates inoculated with raw milk, using both chambers in the light and in the dark. No decisive differences were found between the mean counts or between the counting error variances obtained with the two boxes.

Differences in the performances under different lighting conditions were not significant with either chamber; in particular, counts made with the original chamber in the light were of the same order of accuracy as those made in the dark. The differences between counts made by different observers gave coefficients of variation ranging from 2.1% to 6.4%; the coefficients of variation for within‐observer differences varied between 1.5% and 10.2%. However, the variance between observers was usually greater than the corresponding variance within observers.
THE RÔLE OF PLANT CELLS IN THE ENSILAGE PROCESS: AN APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM
Authors: MABBITT L. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An apparatus is described in which sufficient microbe‐free timothy grass to make ‘silage’ on a laboratory scale was grown. In one experiment the chemical changes which occurred during the period of ensiling were measured. They could be attributed only to the metabolism of the plant cells.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF OBLIGATE ANAEROBES IN SILAGE
Authors: ROSENBERGER R. F.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The dominant anaerobes isolated from grass silage were proteolytic and lactate‐attacking species. Dilution methods for the enumeration of vegetative cells and spores of both types, using selective media, are described.
A PRELIMINARY BACTERIOLOGICAL SCREENING TEST FOR QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS AND FORMULATIONS
Authors: COUSINS CHRISTINA M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The test is based on a colony count method to determine the survival of a given test organism, Bacterium coli, in the presence of sterile homogenized whole milk added with the bacterial suspension to the quaternary ammonium compound dilutions, for an exposure time of two min.

Attention is drawn to the special cleaning of the glassware used. The preparation and use of the Q.A.C. inhibitor, lecithin in ‘Lissapol N’, is described, with details of the testing procedure.

Inconsistencies in survivor counts occurring when Q.A.C. solutions were tested against saline suspensions of Bact. coli were reduced by carrying out the test in the presence of whole milk solids.

Examples quoted show how this test indicated a difference in bactericidal efficiency between (a) two different Q.A.C. solutions, and (b) the same Q.A.C. included in two powder formulations of differing pH value.
A NOTE ON THE CONTAMINATION OF MILK DURING INCUBATION AT 22° FOR THE CLOT‐ON‐BOILING TEST
Authors: GARVIE ELLEN I. , ROWLANDS A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: During the removal of samples from thick‐walled vessels, either by pouring or pipetting, the remaining liquid frequently became contaminated, no matter whether the vessel was closed by a rubber bung or a glass Kali bottle top over a cotton wool plug. This was not the case with vessels of thin heat‐resistant glass. It seems that the necks of thin‐ but‐not thick‐walled vessels can be sterilized in the bunsen flame.
THE NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: LOCHHEAD A. G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Certain aspects of the procedure for the nutritional classification of soil bacteria developed in this laboratory are discussed, particularly in the light of the criticism by Taylor (1951a). Though any system of nutritional grouping is admittedly susceptible to modifications as advances are made in our knowledge of bacterial nutrition, Taylor's criticism reveals, in part, a lack of understanding of the principles underlying various procedures; consequently certain objections are pointless. Possible merit in other points of objection is obscured by a lack of experimental data.

Taylor's proposed scheme of classification indicates a different approach, based as it is on a study of cultures isolated from a more selective medium than ours, which latter was designed as being the least selective and one most favouring the ‘autochthonous’ soil bacteria. Furthermore, his method for assessing growth response in the differential liquid media appears to differ radically from ours. For the purpose for which our system of nutritional grouping was designed such changes are considered disadvantageous.

Though Taylor is in agreement as to the need of certain strains of bacteria for some factor or factors present in soil extract, his attributing of a growth factor effect to the presence of calcium is open to objection in the absence of this element in the basal medium; the significance of the interaction between calcium and various peptones must now be interpreted in the light of the discovery of the role of vitamin B12 in the nutrition of many soil bacteria.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MOULD GROWTH OF WAD MATERIALS USED IN GLASS JAR AND BOTTLE CLOSURES
Authors: EVERTON J. R. , BASHFORD T. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The relatively high mould‐resisting qualities of both wood pulp and felt board as compared with composition cork are not due to the presence of fungistatic substances. Wood pulp board withstands mould attack because of its comparatively inert nature. The apparent fungistatic property of felt is due mainly to the fact that a high humidity is necessary for it to support growth; when used in bottle closures the humidity at the interface between cap and wad is normally below that required for mould development on this material. Under conditions where mould could occur, growth at the interface seems to be limited by mechanical restriction.
LACTOBACILLI AND SILAGE‐MAKING
Authors: STIRLING ANNA C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An examination of green crops has indicated that the counts of lactobacilli may not always be sufficiently high to ensure preservation when the fodder is made into silage.
THE INCIDENCE OF BACTERIUM COLI IN FARM WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , CUTHBERT W. A. , GRIFFITHS D. G. , MORRISON MARY
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Farm water supplies giving 37° positives in MacConkey's broth within 24 hr. had a much higher incidence of presumptive Bact. coli type I than those which gave 37° positives during the second day of incubation only; presumptive Bact. coli reactions were obtained with 85% of the 7,522 tubes positive in 24 hr. compared with 23% for the 7,593 tubes showing positive reactions during the second day at 37°.
STUDIES IN THE BACTERIAL DIE‐BACK AND CANKER DISEASE OF POPULAR. II. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE BACTERIAL SLIME AND THE CAUSAL ORGANISM
Authors: SABET K. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The bacteria in the slime are capsulated and withstand drying longer than the non‐capsulated from derived from cultures. The natural slime is either neutral or slightly alkaline in reaction but turns acid when kept under humid conditions; it contains available nutrients, a toxic substance and two pectic enzymes.

Certain substances belonging to the classes of compound detected in natural slime were tested to see whether they would increase the infectivity of the bacteria, and it was found that glutamine and asparagine caused a considerable increase. Cultures of the pathogen 10 weeks old contained a wilt producing toxin which also apparently increased the infectivity. Inoculation of acidified suspensions reduced infectivity. Typical cankers were not produced by adding nutrients to bacteria inoculated into popular twigs. The slime provides a particularly suitable substrate possessing the optimum requirements for infection.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF A VACUUM CONTACT‐PLATE DEHYDRATION PROCESS
Authors: WOODBINE M. , REID E. B. , SCORER EILEEN M. C. , GRANT AUDREY A. , McKAY CONSTANCE M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A process for dehydrating fish under vacuum and in contact with heated plates is described. Although the conditions, in respect of time and temperature, appeared suitable for microbial development, a reduction in the number of bacteria usually occurred. A survey of the data accumulated over twenty months, including a series of experimental production periods, showed that the bacterial population estimated at 22° was reduced in the process as a whole to about 1% of its initial value and that estimated at 37° to about 10%. Species of the genus Micrococcus tended to predominate on the finished product. Contrary to earlier expectations, there should be no serious microbiological hazards if high standards of personal and factory hygiene are maintained.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF RAW AND HEAT‐TREATED LIQUID EGG
Authors: KNOWLES N. R.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Factors influencing the hygienic quality of raw liquid egg have been inverstigated and bacterial counts obtained during the period January–October, 1952, have been summarized. As a commercial standard of quality, it is suggested that raw liquid egg with a total bacterial count in the region of 5 × 106/g. at 22°, might be regarded as reasonably satisfactory, having regard to the quality of the raw material now permitted to be used.

A study of heat‐treatment of Liquid egg has shown that a time‐temperature combination slightly in excess of 2 min. at 146°F. may be regarded as satisfactory, as it gives a 99·99% kill of the initial flora without significantly imparing the functional properties of the final product. The residual flora in herat‐treated egg has been found to be relatively inactive.

Salmonella organisms were found in 4·2% of raw hen egg and in 67·4% of raw duck egg. Under controlled conditions of heat‐treatment, destruction of Salmonella species can be accomplished.
A NOTE ON THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE KEEPING QUALITY OF COMMERCIAL STERILIZED MILK
Authors: Ridgway J. D.
Published: March 2008

During a period of four years the keeping quality of milk commercially sterilized by a continuous automatic process has been recorded. The results indicate a marked seasonal variation, suggesting a relatively high incidence of aerobic spore‐formers in winter milk and a relatively low incidence in summer milk. Aerial contamination from dusty fodders is tentatively suggested as the dominant factor controlling this phenomenon.
THE USE OF 2,3,5, TRIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE IN DETERMINING THE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF BACT. COLI
Authors: HUGO W. B.
Published: March 2008

A study has been made of the use of triphenyltetrazolium bromide as an indicator of bacterial dehydrogenase activity. It has been shown that for practical purposes the determination may be carried out in the presence of air, thus obviating the use of oxygen‐freed Thunberg tubes. The method has been placed on a quantitative basis by determining, colorimetrically, the formazan produced on reduction. The limitations of the method are discussed.
THE LETHAL ACTION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES ON BACTERIA SUSPENDED IN MILK AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Authors: JACOBS S. E. , THORNLEY MARGARET J.
Published: March 2008

Seven species of bacteria, including both rods and cocci, were exposed in dilute suspension in solutions of dried skim milk and in nutrient broth to ultrasonic vibrations of 1 Mc./s. frequency. Bacterium coli, Lactobacillus casei and a Microbacterium species were killed fairly rapidly, Bact. coli being the most sensitive. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus lactis, Strep, faecalis and Strep, pyogenes showed at first a rise in the viable count, followed by a decline in numbers. The cocci were all more resistant than the rod‐shaped species tested. Similar tests at 20.5 Kc./s., but with much less power absorbed, showed a slower decline in numbers with Bact. coli than at 1 Mc./s. There was no decrease with Staph, aureus, but there was more rapid death of Strep, lactis during the second half of the treatment period. In relation to power absorbed, the lower frequency was the more effective.

Under conditions which caused rapid death of Bact. coli suspended in broth, complete protection was afforded to that organism by fresh whole milk: smaller degrees of protection were seen in both homogenized and separated milk. Protection was also conferred by dried skim milk, casein, gelatine and peptone in solution, the effect increasing with concentration. High concentrations of lactose and gum tragacanth also had some effect.

When Bact. coli was treated at 1 Mc./s. in broth, there was no lethal action unless the power absorbed exceeded a quite large threshold value: no threshold was detected at the lower frequency.

The death rate of Bact. coli treated at 1 Mc./s. in various liquids was as a rule not constant: it usually diminished with time. The shape of the survivor curve was greatly altered when the volume (depth) of suspension treated was increased.
MARINE BACTERIA OF CARDIGAN BAY. I. BACTERIA OF AN OFF‐SHORE AREA
Authors: HUDLESTON MABYN
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A study of marine bacteria from a fixed off‐shore area in Cardigan Bay showed there was little significance in the variation between numbers from different levels within 8 fathoms deep. There was a suggestion of seasonal variation in surface water in colony counts at 15–18°. In general, the bacterial content was highest over the summer months, but showed little direct correlation with temperature, pH or light.

Strains were mainly obligate halophytes and small Gram‐negative rods predominated (96%). Nearly 50% of strains isolated liquefied gelatin; otherwise, biochemical reactions were weak. The proportion of pigmented strains was low.

Alien bacteria were present in irregularly varying numbers in all samples and showed no seasonal variation. Coli‐aerogenes strains were recorded in small numbers, at all depths and in all seasons, but Bact. coli type I only rarely occurred.
A NEPHELOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF BACTERIOSTATIC ACTIVITY
Authors: BERRY H. , PARKINSON J. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Different suspensions of Bacterium coli in distilled water, prepared by a routine technique and adjusted nephelometrically with reference to a ground glass screen, showed no significant difference in their viable counts at the 5% level.

In a study of the inhibition by phenol of cultures grown in peptone water from inocula of such suspensions the regression line obtained by plotting the probit of the percentage inhibition against the logarithm of the concentration was rectilinear. From this the concentration needed for 95% inhibition was calculated.
THE DISINFECTANT PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE: A COMPARISON OF RESULTS USING DIFFERENT TEST METHODS
Authors: GARVIE ELLEN I. , CLARKE PAMELA M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: On exposing a strain of Bacterium coli 28.D.10 in a surface film at atmospheric temperature to atmospheres of different moisture contents, it was found that for relative humidities between 100 and 66% the numbers of survivors decreased with decreasing humidity. There was also some evidence of a slight increase in survivors for a decrease in relative humidity from 43 to 0%.

The percentage of survivors of Bact. coli after exposure to quaternary ammonium disinfectants also decreased with relative humidity between 100 and 66% but no significant differences were found for changes in relative humidity below 66%. The numbers of survivors of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus were the same after storage at a relative humidity of 43% as at 100%; drying did not appear to affect the sensitivity of Staph. aureus to quaternary ammonium compounds. Tests of the effect of storage time in a saturated atmosphere gave results which were not entirely consistent, but where differences were observed, there was a lower percentage of survivors for freshly inoculated films than for films which had been stored for 3 hr, presumably because a fresh film was more easily removed to the disinfectant.

When either Bact. coli or Staph. aureus was exposed to a disinfectant, the percentage of survivors was higher when the organisms were in a surface film than when they were inoculated directly into the disinfectant. Agitation during exposure reduced the numbers of survivors from a surface film. Neither the glass nor the metal coming in contact with the disinfectants affected the level of survivors.

Under the conditions of testing, sodium hypochlorite was a more effective disinfectant than the quaternary ammonium compounds used.
A SIMPLE MECHANICAL PLATE INOCULATOR
Authors: PIERCE W. H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A simple machine is described for inoculating Petri dishes and producing discrete colonies on solid media.
THE SELECTIVE ACTION OF THALLOUS ACETATE FOR LACTOBACILLI
Authors: SHARPE M. ELISABETH
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The effect of thallous acetate has been examined on the growth of 23 strains of lactobacilli representing 13 different species. All strains grew satisfactorily in both broth and agar media containing 0.1% of thallous acetate. Of the 18 other organisms also examined the growth of the streptococci was unsuppressed, staphylococci, a micrococcus, B. licheniformis and Pr. mirabilis were partially inhibited and strains of Bact. coli, B. cereus, Chr. prodigiosum and Ps. fluorescens were almost completely inhibited by that concentration. By its use a valuable selective medium for isolating lactobacilli from natural habitats of mixed flora was obtained, other organisms, with the exception of streptococci, being almost completely eliminated.
THE THERAPEUTIC INDEX OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS: THE EFFECT OF NUCLEIC ACID ON DIMIDIUM BROMIDE
Authors: SEAMAN A. , WOODBINE M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The complexes of dimidium bromide with nucleic acids are less toxic and bactericidal than dimidium bromide itself, but the toxicity is reduced more than the antibacterial activity. The therapeutic activity is, therefore, raised.
THE EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA IN DILUTE NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: WARE G. C. , CHILDS EILEEN , SMITH HAZEL M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In dilute nutrient solutions Bacterium coli and Streptococcus faecalis were able to grow only over a narrow range of salt concentrations.
IMPROVED TECHNIQUES FOR THE BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF MOLLUSCAN SHELLFISH
Authors: REYNOLDS N. , WOOD P. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The main obstacles to the general acceptance of the Clegg & Sherwood (1947) method for the examination of molluscan shellfish are thought to be the difficulties of preparing the medium and of rolling the tubes satisfactorily. The use of Astell or McCartney bottles, or sealed plates, in place of the conventional 6x1 in. test tubes, is described.

The following simplified MacConkey medium is recommended in place of that of Clegg & Sherwood (all quantities % w/v): agar, 3·5; peptone, 1·5; lactose, 1·0; NaCl, 0·5; bile salt (Difco No. 3), 0·15 or Oxoid, qs.; neutral red, 0·003; distilled water to 100 ml, pH 7·2–7·4. With 5 ml of this medium inocula of 2 ml may be used. Oxoid MacConkey agar No. 3 (CM. 115a) is equally suitable.

A brief account is given of the use of this method and examples of the better performance of the new medium for the examination of molluscan shellfish.
A MEDIUM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA FROM HEVEA LATEX
Authors: TAYSUM D. H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A medium has been devised for the culture of bacteria from fresh Hevea latex, ammoniated field latex and ammoniated latex concentrate. It is a modification of Kligler's iron agar, and can be used as a counting medium.
THE RATES OF GROWTH OF SOME THERMODURIC BACTERIA IN PURE CULTURE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TESTS FOR THE KEEPING QUALITY OF MILK
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The growth rates of eleven representative thermoduric bacteria, comprising 3 aerobic spore formers, 3 streptococci, 1 Corynebacterium lacticum and 4 micrococci, have been determined in glucose broth and sterile pasteurized milk at 37·5°, 26° and 15°. The spore formers and streptococci were generally not affected by the presence of inhibitory factors in pasteurized milk. When multiplication of micrococci and C. lacticum occurred in milk this was only after a lag period. One micrococcus showed an unusual series of growth phases in glucose broth at 37·5°, possibly due to the appearance of mutants or to adaptation of the organism to growth at that temperature. This was not observed in pasteurized milk. C. lacticum died off when incubated in glucose broth at 37·5°.

None of the keeping quality tests was more effective than any other in detecting these organisms in milk. The micrococci and C. lacticum had little effect on the keeping quality of pasteurized milk within the period of ‘commercial life’. Some of the spore formers and streptococci showed marked differences in the end‐points with the clot‐on‐boiling and the alcohol precipitation tests.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FAECAL STREPTOCOCCI IN BACON FACTORIES
Authors: BARNES ELLA M. , INGRAM M. , INGRAM G. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A survey has been made of the numbers and types of group D faecal streptococci in three bacon factories. Although Streptococcus faecium, normally present in the gut of the pig and isolated from spoiled canned hams, was found, it was often outnumbered by Strep. faecalis, an indicator of human faecal contamination which is rare in the pig. The rôle of these two organisms in ham spoilage is discussed. The value of thallous acetate‐tetrazolium‐glucose agar for isolating and distinguishing these organisms has been demonstrated, and it is suggested that the method may have more general application where it is necessary to differentiate between faecal streptococci of human and animal origin.
A BACTERIAL METHOD FOR TRACING SEWAGE POLLUTION
Authors: ROBSON JUNE E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Serratia indica, added to raw sewage, has been used to discover the distribution of effluent material discharged into the sea. Results were obtained after six days, but a new variant of Sr. indica has been selected which should give identifiable colonies in 48 hr.
THERMODURIC ORGANISMS IN MILK. PART V. A SIMPLIFIED TESTING TECHNIQUE
Authors: EGDELL J. W. , THOMAS S. B. , CUTHBERT W. A. , JONES G. E. , HOSKING ZENA D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Thermoduric colony counts at 30° of laboratory pasteurized milk determined by the roll tube or agar strip methods were lower than those obtained by the standard Petri plate method. The differences in colony count were not of such magnitude, however, as to be likely to result in many errors in grading if a thermoduric bacterial content of greater than 104/ml is accepted as an index of unsatisfactory cleansing of dairy equipment.

The three methods examined were simpler and more economical than the Petri plate technique, but the agar strip method, as described, using the standard loop, was the simplest and gave a sufficiently reliable estimate of the thermoduric colony count for advisory purposes.
THE INFLUENCE OF RENNET ON BACTERIOPHAGE MULTIPLICATION IN MILK
Authors: MEANWELL L. J. , THOMPSON NORAH
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Milk inoculated with 1% starter culture and immediately infected with small numbers of phage particles was afforded protection from phage attack for several hours if rennetted within 30 min of infection. The degree of protection was largely dependent upon the multiplication rate of the phage under test. When rennetting was delayed for 90 min after infection, protection was greatly reduced. The effect of early rennetting was to stimulate cell multiplication and retard the increase of phage. This retardation prolonged the period before equality between cell and phage numbers was reached. Even after equality was reached, acid production continued for some hours in milk that had received early addition of rennet.
THE OCCURRENCE OF COLI‐AEROGENES ORGANISMS ON PLANTS
Authors: FRASER MARGARET H. , REID WINIFRED B. , MALCOLM J. F.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Coli‐aerogenes bacteria were seldom found on the foliage of a wide variety of garden plants, trees and shrubs, and field plants, including pasture, except where there was a possibility of contamination by insects, animals or dust. They were present in only a few instances on the flowering heads of hay plants (wind pollinated) but on almost all the flowers of garden plants (insect pollinated). Although cereal crops are wind pollinated, coli‐aerogenes organisms were found on about one‐third of the grains examined. The question of their origin on grain is discussed.

In a series of paired samples of soil and of the foliage of the covering vegetation, coli‐aerogenes organisms were present in most of the soil samples, but were absent from the foliage except where animal contamination was possible, as in the case of grazed pasture.

With foliage samples unlikely to have been contaminated by animals, most of the coli‐aerogenes organisms isolated were A. cloacae, but with grazed pasture E. coli predominated, indicating contamination by grazing animals.

The coli‐aerogenes floras of garden flowers and cereal grains corresponded closely, consisting in each case largely of A. cloacae.
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN DRINKING WATER
Authors: REITLER R. , SELIGMANN RACHEL
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The literature concerning antagonism between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, the natural habitat of the former and its potential pathogenicity, has been briefly surveyed. Experimental work showed that the two organisms can coexist in pure water, but in mixed cultures in peptone water Ps. aeruginosa can inhibit E. coli, though not in the early stages of growth and only within a critical range of peptone concentration. Ps. aeruginosa might therefore reduce the coli‐aerogenes content in grossly polluted water but would not normally interfere with the determination of the actual coli‐aerogenes content at the time of sampling. Water supplies containing many Ps. aeruginosa but few or no coli‐aerogenes bacteria were found to be relatively common in Northern Israel and in view of the faecal origin of the former, and its potential pathogenicity, it is concluded that this organism should be taken into account, as well as coli‐aerogenes bacteria, in assessing the suitability of water for drinking purposes.
THE GERMINATION OF SPORES OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW THE MINIMUM FOR VEGETATIVE GROWTH
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J. , CLEGG L. F. L. , WOLF J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The germination in nutrient media of the spores of several strains of Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis at temperatures too low to permit vegetative growth has been investigated. Germination occurred with only 11 of 54 strains of B. subtilis and with none of 35 strains of B. licheniformis.
THE EFFECT OF THIOSULPHATE AND OF PHOSPHATE ON THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF COPPER AND ZINC IN SAMPLES OF WATER
Authors: HOATHER R. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Because of the increased use of copper and galvanized pipes, samples of water for bacteriological examination not infrequently contain minute traces of copper or zinc. These metals have a fairly rapid bactericidal action in the sampling bottle. The bactericidal action of copper can be prevented by the thiosulphate used for neutralizing chlorine; 100 mg/l is a useful quantity for general use in all sampling bottles. The bactericidal action from zinc can be prevented by the use of a small quantity of sodium phosphate in the sampling bottle. When special sampling points are installed, copper or galvanized pipes should be avoided.
A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOR THE COLLECTION OF HEVEA LATEX UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS
Authors: TAYSUM D. H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A simple apparatus, designed to eliminate the bacterial infection of Hevea latex which occurs on tapping, is described. It produces two materials, ultraviolet irradiated latex and non‐irradiated latex. An attempt has been made to maintain normal tapping conditions on a half‐spiral cut. Under these conditions the latex flow time and the dry rubber content were both increased.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. II. LACTOBACILLI AND STREPTOCOCCI; THE EFFECT OF AGE OF CULTURE
Authors: BERRIDGE N. J. , CHEESEMAN G. C. , MATTICK A. T. R. , BOTTAZZI V.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The pictures obtained when extracts of intact bacterial cells are subjected to paper chromatography show some small variations according to the age of the culture. Larger variations occur if a culture is very old. Satisfactory consistency and differentiation of species can be achieved by harvesting cells when, or soon after, the rate of increase of optical density in the cultures begins to decline.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. IV. AN EXAMINATION OF THE MICROCOCCI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE ON THE CHROMATOGRAMS OF MEDIUM AND AGE OF CULTURE
Authors: GREGORY MARGARET , MABBITT L. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The amino acid and peptide content of the micrococci as revealed by paper chromatography depended on the physiological age of the culture and on the composition of the growth medium. The use of different peptones in a Yeastrel glucose peptone medium resulted in minor changes in the chromatograms. A greater effect was noted when glucose was omitted. When the composition of the growth medium was standardized the best comparison of cultures was afforded by the preparation of chromatograms from samples taken in the late logarithmic and early stationary phases of growth.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. V. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF THE MICROCOCCI
Authors: GREGORY MARGARET , MABBITT L. A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Chromatograms of unhydrolyzed extracts of the type strains of the Cowan groups of the micrococci and of other representatives of these groups have shown that the resulting pattern of ninhydrin‐positive spots is useful taxonomically.

The grouping based on the chromatograms agreed well with the Gibson grouping, but indicated that Cowans group III contained some dissimilar organisms.
THE ENUMERATION OF WATERBORNE BACTERIA BY A NEW DIRECT COUNT METHOD
Authors: COLLINS VERA G. , KIPLING CHARLOTTE
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A direct method has been devised to enumerate bacteria in lake water, using a concentration technique. The method involves the staining of 10−2 ml samples of water with gentian violet dissolved in a glycerol‐water base, and concentrating in vacuo. The residue remaining after concentration consists of glycerol and stained bacteria. Glass capillaries are filled from the concentrate and the volume of the contents determined. The organisms in this are counted microscopically. Results by the direct count were from six times to eleven thousand times greater than by the colony count.
A LABORATORY TEST FOR EVALUATING CHEMICAL STERILIZERS FOR DAIRY FARMS
Authors: AYNSLEY LUCY H. , BUOL JANE M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A technique for testing chemical sterilizers for dairy farms, using moulded rubber teat cup liners, is described. Results are based on colony counts of rinses taken after disinfection. The test can be used for comparing a new disinfectant with a standard sodium hypochlorite.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE COLI‐AEROGENES CONTENT OF MILK AND DAIRY EQUIPMENT BY PLATING ON VIOLET RED BILE AGAR INCUBATED AT 30°
Authors: DRUCE R. G. , BEBBINGTON NANCY B. , ELSON K. , HARCOMBE JEAN M. , THOMAS S. B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Violet red bile agar (VRB) incubated at 30° for 20–24 hr was as good an indicator of coli‐aerogenes bacteria in milk as MacConkey's broth. A high proportion (82%) of the large, deep red colonies considered to be formed by coli‐aerogenes bacteria were confirmed as such. A British brand of dehydrated VRB agar was as suitable as an American brand of this medium for determining the coli‐aerogenes content of milk. All the strains of typical coli‐aerogenes bacteria tested formed red colonies. In a small proportion of cases the diameter was less than 0·5 mm. The only other milk bacteria which formed colonies resembling those of coli‐aerogenes organisms were some acid forming strains of Gram‐negative rods. Coli‐aerogenes bacteria, determined on VRB agar at 30°, generally constituted only a small proportion of the microflora of fresh raw milk and of farm dairy equipment.
SOME BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESHLY ISOLATED STRAINS OF THE GENUS SERRATIA
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , LEWIS ELIZABETH
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Many of 110 strains of Serratia, isolated from soil, water, milk and dairy equipment, were biochemically closely related to the coli‐aerogenes bacteria. Acid and gas was formed from glucose in 14 days at 30° by 53% and from lactose and MacConkey's broth by about 40%. All except one strain gave——++ IMViC reactions.

An inverse relationship was observed between depth of pigmentation and carbohydrate fermentation. Complete loss of pigment in mutant strains was not uncommon, and was associated with loss of proteolytic properties and increase of saccharolytic activity.

The majority of the strains had psychrophilic characteristics: 75% grew at 3–5°. Most strains showed moderate growth at 37°, but only 7 formed red pigment at that temperature.

All strains resembled Serratia marcescens in morphology, containing minute coccoid rods smaller than those of coli‐aerogenes bacteria.
CHANGES IN THE SKIN FLORA OF COD AFTER WASHING AND ICING
Authors: GEORGALA D. L.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Bacterial counts done on the skin of North Sea cod show that while washing with running sea water greatly reduced the numbers on newly caught fish, contact with ice from a trawler's ice bunker resulted in an immediate large increase on the washed fish.

Washing did not materially alter the percentage representation of the various genera present, but icing with trawler bunker ice could cause major alterations and often added types of bacteria similar to those present on newly caught fish, indicating contamination of the ice on board the trawler.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AORTA PLAQUE LIPIDS, LIPOPROTEINS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES
Authors: SCHATZ A. , ADELSON L. M. , BAILEY C. P. , LEIBOVITZ L. , MARTIN J. J. , SCHATZ VIVIAN , TRELAWNY G. S.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: This work is part of a project that is currently applying microbiology to certain aspects of the multiple sclerosis problem. The present comparative studies were carried out in connection with atherosclerosis because this disease, like multiple sclerosis, involves deranged lipid metabolism. Twenty‐one soil actinomycetes and a bacterium were isolated from agar streak plates containing homogenized human aorta as the source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. These organisms included forms capable of digesting and growing on the ether‐extractable lipids from human atherosclerotic aorta plaques, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, glycerides, phospholipids, bovine white matter and other related materials. Two actinomycetes, isolated in other studies and capable of demyelinating bovine spinal cord in vitro, produced lipoproteinase(s) which hydrolyzed lipemic serum obtained from dogs after a fatty meal.