bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Up-regulated and interrelated expressions of GINS subunits predict poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lian Yi-Fan , Li Shan-Shan , Huang Yan-Lin , Wei Huan , Chen Dong-Mei , Wang Jia-Liang , Huang Yue-Hua
Published: November 2018

The GINS complex is one of the core components of the eukaryotic replicative helicase CMG (Cdc45–MCM helicase–GINS) complex that serves as the replicative helicase unwinding duplex DNA ahead of moving replication fork during chromosome duplication. Many studies have highlighted the important functions amongst GINS subunits in various cancers. Nevertheless, the functions and prognostic roles of distinct GINS subunits in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were largely unexplored. In the present study, we reported the prognostic values of GINS subunits in HCC patients through analysis of several databases, including Oncomine, (TCGA), and Kaplan–Meier Plotter (KMPlotter). We found that mRNA expressions of all GINS subunits were significantly up-regulated in HCC tumor than in non-tumor liver tissues. Survival analysis revealed that elevated expression of individual GINS subunit predicts a poor overall survival (OS) in all HCC patients. When sorting the patients by gender, the correlation between elevated expression of individual GINS subunit and poor OS remains significant in male patient subgroup, but not in female patient subgroup. Additionally, we found that co-overexpression of all GINS subunits was significantly associated with a higher hazard ratio, suggesting the GINS complex may co-operate to promote HCC progression. Indeed, their expressions were highly correlated with each other in the same cohort and TRANSFAC analysis revealed that four transcription factors including C/EBPα, Oct-1, Sp1, and USF may serve as common transcription factors binding to the promoters of all four GINS subunits. Therefore, we propose that individual GINS subunit or GINS complex as a whole could be potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
Resetting the ligand binding site of placental protein 13/galectin-13 recovers its ability to bind lactose
Authors: Su Jiyong , Cui Linlin , Si Yunlong , Song Chenyang , Li Yuying , Yang Tong , Wang Hao , Mayo Kevin H. , Tai Guihua , Zhou Yifa
Published: November 2018

Placental protein 13/galectin-13 (Gal-13) is highly expressed in placenta, where its lower expression is related to pre-eclampsia. Recently, the crystal structures of wild-type Gal-13 and its variant R53H at high resolution were solved. The crystallographic and biochemical results showed that Gal-13 and R53H could not bind lactose. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to re-engineer the ligand binding site of wild-type Gal-13, so that it could bind lactose. Of six newly engineered mutants, we were able to solve the crystal structures of four of them. Three variants (R53HH57R, R53HH57RD33G and R53HR55NH57RD33G had the same two mutations (R53 to H, and H57 to R) and were able to bind lactose in the crystal, indicating that these mutations were sufficient for recovering the ability of Gal-13 to bind lactose. Moreover, the structures of R53H and R53HR55N show that these variants could co-crystallize with a molecule of Tris. Surprisingly, although these variants, as well as wild-type Gal-13, could all induce hemagglutination, high concentrations of lactose could not inhibit agglutination, nor could they bind to lactose-modified Sepharose 6b beads. Overall, our results indicate that Gal-3 is not a normal galectin, which could not bind to β-galactosides. Lastly, the distribution of EGFP-tagged wild-type Gal-13 and its variants in HeLa cells showed that they are concentrated in the nucleus and could be co-localized within filamentary materials, possibly actin.
Multi‐objective optimisation for heterogeneous cellular network planning
Authors: Tseng Fan‐Hsun , Chen Chi‐Yuan , Chao Han‐Chieh
Published: November 2018

Small cell aims at improving the cell coverage and capacity of macrocell. Network operators investigate cell planning for improving system performance and for satisfying user requirements with minimal construction cost and least unserved users. Most of the existing literature merely considered a single objective function or investigated cell planning for small‐scale and homogeneous networks. This study aims to optimise multiple objective functions of a large‐scale and heterogeneous wireless network with multiple macrocells and multiple small cells. The authors formulate the multi‐objective optimisation problem of cell planning for heterogeneous cellular networks. The three objects include construction cost, number of unserved users and network capacity. Then they propose the large‐scale cell planning genetic algorithm (LSCPGA) to find a planning result with the lowest fitness value. Simulation results show that LSCPGA economises 9–20% construction cost, eliminates the number of unserved users from 4 to 10% and enhances 2–15% in network capacity compared to other planning algorithms.
BRITE photometry of the massive post-RLOF system HD149 404
Authors: Rauw G. , Pigulski A. , Nazé Y. , David-Uraz A. , Handler G. , Raucq F. , Gosset E. , Moffat A. F. J. , Neiner C. , Pablo H. , Popowicz A. , Rucinski S. M. , Wade G. A. , Weiss W. , Zwintz K.
Published: November 2018

Context. HD 149 404 is an evolved non-eclipsing O-star binary that has previously undergone a Roche lobe overflow interaction.

Aims. Understanding some key properties of the system requires a determination of the orbital inclination and of the dimensions of the components.

Methods. The BRITE-Heweliusz satellite was used to collect photometric data of HD 149 404. Additional photometry was retrieved from the SMEI archive. These data were analysed using a suite of period search tools. The orbital part of the lightcurve was modelled with the nightfall binary star code. The Gaia-DR2 parallax of HD 149 404 was used to provide additional constraints.

Results. The periodograms reveal a clear orbital modulation of the lightcurve with a peak-to-peak amplitude near 0.04 mag. The remaining non-orbital part of the variability is consistent with red noise. The lightcurve folded with the orbital period reveals ellipsoidal variations, but no eclipses. The minimum when the secondary star is in inferior conjunction is deeper than the other minimum due to mutual reflection effects between the stars. Combined with the Gaia-DR2 parallaxes, the photometric data indicate an orbital inclination in the range of 23°–31° and a Roche lobe filling factor of the secondary larger than or equal to 0.96.

Conclusions. The luminosity of the primary star is consistent with its present-day mass, whereas the more evolved secondary appears overluminous for its mass. We confirm that the primary’s rotation period is about half the orbital period. Both features most probably stem from the past Roche lobe overflow episode.
The double blue-straggler sequence in NGC 2173: an artifact of field contamination
Authors: Dalessandro E. , Ferraro F. R. , Bastian N. , Cadelano M. , Lanzoni B. , Raso S.
Published: November 2018

Here we discuss the case of the double blue straggler star (BSS) sequence recently detected in the young stellar cluster NGC 2173 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) by Li et al. (2018, ApJ, 856, 25). In order to investigate this feature we made use of two Hubble Space Telescope (HST) sets of observations, one (the same one used by Li et al.) probing the cluster central regions, and the other sampling the surrounding field. We demonstrate that when field star decontamination is applied, ∼40% of the BSS population selected by Li et al. turns out to be composed of field stars interlopers. This contamination mainly affects one of the two sequences, which therefore disappears in the decontaminated color-magnitude diagram. We analyze the result of tens different decontamination realizations: we find no evidence of a double BSS sequence in any of them. We therefore conclude that NGC 2173 harbors a normal single (poorly populated) BSS sequence and that particular care needs to be devoted to the field decontamination process in any study aimed at probing stellar population features or star counts in the LMC clusters.
Fabrication and characterization of hypoeutectic open-cell Al-Si foams using gravity die casting and squeeze casting
Authors: Aida Samsudin Fitri , Hijrah Mirsad Nur , Hamdi Amirah Ahmad , Zuhailawati Hussain , Anasyida Abu Seman
Published: November 2018

Gravity die casting and squeeze casting are the techniques used for the fabrication of hypoeutectic open-cell Al-Si foams which are characterized and studied for their energy absorbing quality in compression tests. The effect of different amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) (up to 56 vol.%) as a space holder in the casting of aluminum foam on the morphology, density, porosity, compressive and energy absorption properties of aluminum foam was studied. The hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy with NaCl particles as a space holder was used to fabricate the aluminum foam using gravity die casting and squeeze casting. The hypoeutectic open-cell Al-Si foams produced by squeeze casting showed smaller pore size, better pore distribution, higher porosity, good compressive strength and greater energy absorption energy compared to that of gravity die casting. The hypoeutectic open-cell Al-Si foams with 44 vol.% NaCl using squeeze casting showed the best properties among all foams due to its moderate and well-distributed porosity.
Reliable real-time Polar Cap (PC) indices for space weather monitoring and forecasts
Authors: Stauning Peter
Published: November 2018

The Polar Cap (PC) indices were approved by the International Association for Geomagnetism and Aeromony (IAGA) by Resolution No. 3 (2013) noting that “IAGA … recommends use of the PC index by the international scientific community in its near-real time and definitive forms”. PC indices were made available in 2014 at the web portal http://pcindex.org holding near-real time as well as final index values. The near-real time PC index values are not permanently available. However, analyses of indices on basis of occasional downloads have detected differences between near-real time and final PC indices of up to 3.65 mV/m (Stauning, 2018b, Ann Geophys, 36, 621–631). At such differences, one or the other index may indicate (or hide) strong geomagnetic activity without justification in the actual conditions. The present work has disclosed the cause of observed large differences between real-time and final PC index values in the IAGA-endorsed versions. In addition, anticipated differences are derived on a general basis from the available basic magnetic data by using the index calculation procedures and calibration constants provided by the PC index suppliers. It is shown that corresponding or even larger anomalies are expected to be common during moderate to strong magnetic activity where the near-real time PC indices might otherwise prove very useful for space weather monitoring, e.g., for power grid protection. An alternative real-time PC index derivation scheme described here reduces the excessive differences between real-time and final PC index values by an order of magnitude.
Wirbelsäulenverletzungen im Kindesalter – Konzepte zu Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Kreinest Michael , Vetter Sven , Grützner Paul , Wendl Klaus , Matschke Stefan
Published: November 2018

Nur 5 – 10% aller Wirbelsäulenverletzungen betreffen Kinder. Über 90% dieser Kinder mit einer Verletzung der Wirbelsäule haben ihr 16. Lebensjahr bereits erreicht. Bei Kindern unter dem 10. Lebensjahr ist am häufigsten die Halswirbelsäule betroffen. Zwischen 12 und 27% der Kinder mit einer Verletzung der Wirbelsäule haben begleitende neurologische Defizite bis hin zur kompletten Querschnittsymptomatik. Sowohl für die Diagnostik als auch für die Therapie von Verletzungen der Wirbelsäule im Kindesalter sind Kenntnisse über die Ossifikation der Wirbelkörper sowie über weitere anatomische und biomechanische Besonderheiten der heranwachsenden Wirbelsäule erforderlich. Neben der klinischen und neurologischen Untersuchung erfolgt die Diagnostik hauptsächlich mittels Röntgen und kernspintomografischer Bildgebung. Für die Frakturen der Wirbelsäule im Kindesalter existieren spezielle Klassifikationssysteme. Im Vergleich zum Erwachsenen ist bei Kindern mit Verletzungen der Wirbelsäule häufiger eine konservative Therapie möglich. Alle stabilen Frakturen sowie die typischen Verletzungen der Endplatten können prinzipiell funktionell nachbehandelt werden. Auch Verletzungen, die eine geringgradige Veränderung des physiologischen Alignments verursachen, können oftmals noch konservativ therapiert werden. An der Halswirbelsäule wird die Indikation zur Stabilisierung vor allem bei deutlich gestörtem zervikalen Alignment gestellt. Oftmals erfolgt die Therapie im Halofixateur. Alternativ kann die Stabilisierung mittels Fixateur interne oder direkter Verschraubung erfolgen. Bei Verletzungen der Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule wird eine operative Therapie empfohlen, wenn sich eine posttraumatische Segmentkyphose von über 20° ausbildet. Nach Reposition erfolgt hier meist die dorsale Instrumentierung. Generell zeigen Kinder mit Verletzungen der Wirbelsäule ein gutes Outcome.
Distale Humerusfrakturen beim Kind
Authors: Nuber Stefan , Plath Johannes , Förch Stefan , Mayr Edgar
Published: November 2018

Frakturen des distalen Humerus sind die häufigsten Verletzungen am kindlichen Oberarm. Im überwiegenden Teil handelt es sich hierbei um eine suprakondyläre Humerusfraktur. Prinzipiell muss man diese rein metaphysären Frakturen und die ebenfalls extraartikulär liegenden Frakturen im epikondylären Bereich von den intraartikulären Frakturen im kondylären Bereich bez. der Behandlungsstrategie und der Prognose unterscheiden. Die Wachstumspotenz und damit das Korrekturpotenzial sind am distalen Humerus selbst bei sehr jungen Kindern gering, dies muss daher bei der Behandlungsstrategie beachtet werden. Undislozierte und stabile Frakturen können immer konservativ behandelt werden. Ziel der operativen Therapie bei den dislozierten und instabilen Frakturen ist die anatomische Reposition und wenn möglich bewegungsstabile Frakturfixation, wobei Osteosynthesen mittels K-Drähten einer zusätzlichen Ruhigstellung bedürfen. Bei Beachtung der grundlegenden therapeutischen Prinzipien kommt es in aller Regel zu exzellenten funktionellen Ergebnissen. Durch übersehene Fehlstellungen oder unzureichend reponierte Frakturen können selten durch Pseudarthrosenbildung, häufiger durch Wachstumsstörungen vor allem kosmetisch störende Fehlstellungen (Cubitus valgus oder varus), aber auch Bewegungseinschränkungen, Schmerzen und Nervenirritationen resultieren, die das Outcome dieser Verletzungen deutlich verschlechtern.
Traumatologie des Gesichtsschädels im Kindesalter
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian , Hoffmann Jürgen , Ristow Oliver
Published: November 2018

Frakturen des Gesichtsschädels sind im Kindesalter aufgrund anatomischer Besonderheiten und unterschiedlicher Kausalitäten deutlich seltener als im Erwachsenenalter. Die Versorgung von sich im Wachstum befindlichen Gesichtsschädelknochen stellt den behandelnden Arzt oft vor eine große Herausforderung und setzt eine genaue Kenntnis der kindlichen Anatomie voraus. Oft bleiben mögliche spätere Wachstumsstörungen aufgrund des initialen Traumas, aber auch durch den chirurgischen Eingriff selbst schwer abzuschätzen. Kleine Patientenkollektive und die Notwendigkeit langfristiger Nachuntersuchungen erschweren zusätzlich evidenzbasierte Aussagen.
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei alkoholabhängigen Patienten zu Beginn stationärer Behandlung
Authors: Vollmer Heinz , Domma Julia
Published: November 2018

Fragestellung Inwiefern unterscheiden sich alkoholabhängige Frauen und Männer zu Beginn einer stationären Behandlung.

Methode Naturalistische Feldstudie, in der retrospektiv mittels Chi2-Test, Mann-Whitney-U-Test, Kruskal-Wallis-Test und 3-faktorieller Varianzanalyse Unterschiede zwischen Patientenmerkmalen der Frauen (N=1040) und Männer (N=1570) analysiert wurden.

Ergebnisse Die Männer waren häufiger ledig und arbeitslos, hatten eine bessere Schulbildung, waren im Interaktionsstil eher dominant und konkurrierend. Die Frauen hatten häufiger eine Posttraumatische Belastungs- und eine Essstörung, waren eher nachgiebig und fürsorglich und nur im höheren Alter häufiger depressiv als die Männer. Besonders jüngere Frauen tranken Alkohol bei unangenehmen Gefühlen und körperlichen Beschwerden. Die jüngeren Männer tranken eher Alkohol in Gesellschaft und bei angenehmen Gefühlen. Die motivationale Inkongruenz war bei den Frauen insgesamt stärker ausgeprägt. Das Leben zu genießen und Selbstvertrauen zu gewinnen waren für die Frauen wichtige motivierende Teilziele der Abstinenz.

Schlussfolgerungen In ihrer Kombination erlauben die Ergebnisse die Interpretation, dass sich alkoholabhängige Frauen im Vergleich zu alkoholabhängigen Männern in einer schwierigeren sozio-ökonomischen Situation befinden, dass sie selbstunsicherer sind und wahrscheinlich eine höhere auf positive Ziele orientierte Therapiemotivation haben. Eine Beschränkung auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede reicht für eine genderspezifische Forschung und Behandlung nicht aus. Lebensrelevante Merkmale wie Alter, Partner- und Arbeitssituation sollten bei der genderspezifischen Forschung und Therapieplanung berücksichtigt werden.
Thermodynamic control of ferroelectric-phase formation in HfxZr1−xO2 and ZrO2
Authors: Shibayama Shigehisa , Nishimura Tomonori , Migita Shinji , Toriumi Akira
Published: November 2018

Since ferroelectric HfxZr1−xO2 is different from other ferroelectric doped-HfO2 materials in terms of the dopant sensitivity of the formation of a ferroelectric phase, the mechanism of formation of a ferroelectric phase is investigated in comparison with that in ZrO2. It is found that ferroelectric HfxZr1−xO2 follows a unique phase-transition pathway from tetragonal to monoclinic phases similar to that in other doped HfO2 materials. The phase diagram of the HfO2–ZrO2 solid-solution system is reconsidered thermodynamically by taking into account the effects of both film thickness and nonequilibrium fabrication conditions on structural phase stability. The formation mechanism of a ferroelectric phase in the HfxZr1−xO2 system over a wide range of Hf/Zr concentration ratios is qualitatively (but clearly) understandable from these thermodynamic considerations. Finally, it is demonstrated that both ferroelectric and antiferroelectric ZrO2 films can be formed on the same substrate by controlling the nucleation of monoclinic and tetragonal phases, respectively.
Tuning electromigration-thermomigration coupling in Cu/W Blech structures
Authors: Somaiah Nalla , Kumar Praveen
Published: November 2018

Here, we study the effect of electromigration-thermomigration coupling on enhanced mass transport and anomalous backward mass transport phenomenon at the cathode and the anode, respectively, in Cu thin films, by varying different experimental parameters, such as current density, interlayer thickness, and temperature. Test samples were fabricated as per the Blech configuration on a SiO2/Si substrate with a W interlayer in between the Cu film and the substrate. To interpret the experimental results, finite element analysis was performed. Increasing current density and temperature as well as decreasing interlayer thickness enhanced the net backward mass transport at the anode, as these factors led to a significant increase in the temperature gradient in the Cu film near the anode, thereby enhancing the electromigration-thermomigration coupling. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of minimizing the coupling of the aforementioned driving forces that cause the anomalous backward mass transport phenomenon at the anode in the interconnects.
Graph theory for automatic structural recognition in molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Bougueroua S. , Spezia R. , Pezzotti S. , Vial S. , Quessette F. , Barth D. , Gaigeot M.-P.
Published: November 2018

Graph theory algorithms have been proposed in order to identify, follow in time, and statistically analyze the changes in conformations that occur along molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The atomistic granularity level of the MD simulations is maintained within the graph theoric algorithms proposed here, isomorphism is a key component together with keeping the chemical nature of the atoms. Isomorphism is used to recognize conformations and construct the graphs of transitions, and the reduction in complexity of the isomorphism has been achieved by the introduction of “orbits” and “reference snapshots.” The proposed algorithms are applied to MD trajectories of gas phase molecules and clusters as well as condensed matter. The changes in conformations followed over time are hydrogen bond(s), proton transfer(s), coordination number(s), covalent bond(s), multiple fragmentation(s), and H-bonded membered rings. The algorithms provide an automatic analysis of multiple trajectories in parallel, and can be applied to ab initio and classical MD trajectories alike, and to more coarse grain representations.
Influence of TiO2 nanoparticle size on creeping flashover property of transformer oil-impregnated pressboards
Authors: Han Qiubo , Sun Zhen , Ying Yupeng , Huang Meng , Lv Yuzhen , Li Chengrong
Published: November 2018

Nanoparticles have exhibited great potential in improving insulating property of liquid and solid dielectrics. To explore their modification mechanism on transformer oil-impregnated pressboards, TiO2 nanoparticles with different diameters of 5nm, 10nm, and 15nm were synthesized and used to prepare transformer oil-based nanofluids. The creeping flashover characteristics of both pure oil-impregnated paperboards (OPs) and nanofluid-impregnated pressboards (NPs) were examined under lightning impulse and AC voltages. It was found that the creeping flashover property of NPs is significantly improved with the decreasing of nanoparticle size. Especially, it is enhanced by 2.44 times under positive lighting impulse as nanoparticle size reduced from 15 nm to 5 nm. The results of space charge decay and trap characteristics reveal the decrease of nanoparticle size can lower trap depth and greatly enhance the space charge dissipation rate, leading to more uniform electric field distribution at the interface between nanofluid and pressboards and higher creeping flashover property.
What is red? On the chromaticity of orange-red InGaN/GaN based LEDs
Authors: Robin Y. , Pristovsek M. , Amano H. , Oehler F. , Oliver R. A. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: November 2018

The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the luminescence of visible InGaN quantum well (QW) based emitters increases with wavelength. This broadening of the luminescence decreases the color saturation from 100% to about 70% up a wavelength shorter than 515 nm. For emission wavelengths longer than 515 nm, the saturation surprisingly increases again and reaches 95% beyond 560 nm. More important, in the yellow-red range, the perceived hue is strongly blue-shifted by a broad emission. This phenomenon is known as Abney effect, and it originates from the spectral sensitivities of the cone cells of the human eyes. As a consequence, for red InGaN QW based LEDs, the peak wavelength must be even further in the red. Based on a large set of QWs grown on different crystal orientations, we correlated the wavelength and the luminescence FWHM of InGaN/GaN QWs to build a model which predicts the perceived chromaticity, i.e., the apparent hue and saturation of yellow-red nitride LEDs. We also applied this model to (11-22), a-plane, and m-plane QWs and compared our data to the state-of-the-art of the literature. We concluded that the FWHM of the luminescence is a critical parameter to design and a further challenge for red InGaN-based light-emitting diodes.
Maxwell-Jüttner distributed counterstreaming magnetoplasmas—Parallel propagation
Authors: Sadegzadeh S. , Mousavi A.
Published: November 2018

Counterstreaming beams of charged particles are frequently observed in the laboratory and space plasma systems, and they are responsible for supplying the free energy of the system in the absence of temperature anisotropies. Such systems are unstable and give rise to excitation of various electrostatic and electromagnetic plasma waves. This work is intended as a supplement to the previous investigations of the Maxwell-Jüttner distributed counterstreaming plasmas on the basis of the covariant (fully relativistic) formulation. Here, we aim to find analytical solutions of the dispersion relations and investigate the properties of the growth rate for the electrostatic and electromagnetic modes propagating parallel to the background magnetic field. The influences of the important parameters of the beam, namely, velocity, temperature, the relative intensity of the two streams, and the strength of the stationary magnetic field, on the growth rates of the longitudinal and transverse modes are compared. The analytical evaluation of the parallel modes reveals several interesting results. First, for all investigated modes, the growth rate is minimum only if the particle distribution function is exactly symmetric. Second, the behavior of the electrostatic and electromagnetic instabilities by varying the beam temperature is totally opposite. Third, increasing the drift velocity, the growth rate exhibits a maximum at a certain velocity; however, beyond that, wave damping occurs. Finally, under the same conditions, the external magnetic field has a destabilizing (stabilizing) effect on the left (right)-hand branch of the transverse modes.
Rare earth doping and effective band-convergence in SnTe for improved thermoelectric performance
Authors: Acharya Somnath , Dey Dibyendu , Maitra Tulika , Soni Ajay , Taraphder A.
Published: November 2018

Thermoelectric performance of SnTe has been found to enhance with isovalent doping of alkaline and transition metal elements where most of these elements have a solubility of less than 13%. We propose a strategy of doping rare earth element Yb to enhance the thermoelectric performance of SnTe. With heavy atomic mass and strong spin-orbit coupling, even the mild doping of Yb (∼5%) is enough to create a degeneracy via band-convergence which enhances the density of states near the Fermi level and improves the overall performance. Our transport data and first-principles calculations corroborate that nearly 5% Yb is an efficient dopant to achieve thermoelectric response which is equivalent to 9% of Mn doping. The results are useful for understanding the environmentally friendly thermoelectric SnTe.
A systematic review of the geospatial barriers to antiretroviral initiation, adherence and viral suppression among people living with HIV
Authors: Card Kiffer G. , Lachowsky Nathan J. , Althoff Keri N. , Schafer Katherine , Hogg Robert S. , Montaner Julio S. G.
Published: November 2018

Background
With the emergence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), Treatment as Prevention (TasP) has become the cornerstone of both HIV clinical care and HIV prevention. However, despite the efficacy of treatment-based programs and policies, structural barriers to ART initiation, adherence and viral suppression have the potential to reduce TasP effectiveness. These barriers have been studied using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). While previous reviews have examined the use of GIS for HIV testing – an essential antecedent to clinical care – to date, no reviews have summarised the research with respect to other ART-related outcomes. Methods: Therefore, the present review leveraged the PubMed database to identify studies that leveraged GIS to examine the barriers to ART initiation, adherence and viral suppression, with the overall goal of understanding how GIS has been used (and might continue to be used) to better study TasP outcomes. Joanna Briggs Institute criteria were used for the critical appraisal of included studies. Results: In total, 33 relevant studies were identified, excluding those not utilising explicit GIS methodology or not examining TasP-related outcomes. Conclusions: Findings highlight geospatial variation in ART success and inequitable distribution of HIV care in racially segregated, economically disadvantaged, and, by some accounts, increasingly rural areas – particularly in the United States. Furthermore, this review highlights the utility and current limitations of using GIS to monitor health outcomes related to ART and the need for careful planning of resources with respect to the geospatial movement and location of people living with HIV (PLWH).
Quantitative charcoal reflectance measurements better link to regrowth potential than ground-based fire-severity assessments following a recent heathland wildfire at Carn Brea, Cornwall, UK
Authors: New Stacey L. , Hudspith Victoria A. , Belcher Claire M.
Published: November 2018

Charcoal has recently been suggested to retain information about the fire that generated it. When looked at under a microscope, charcoals formed by different aspects of fire behaviour indicate different ability to reflect the amount of light when studied using the appropriate technique. It has been suggested that this method, charcoal reflectance (Ro), might be able to provide a quantitative fire severity metric that can be used in conjunction with or instead of standard qualitative fire severity scores. We studied charcoals from a recent heathland wildfire in Carn Brea, Cornwall, UK, and assessed whether charcoal reflectance (Ro) can be linked to standard qualitative fire severity scores for the burned area. We found that charcoal reflectance was greater at sites along the burned area that had been scored as having a higher qualitative fire severity. However, there were clear instances where the quantitative charcoal reflectance measurements were able to better indicate damage and regrowth potential than qualitative scoring alone. We suggest measuring the reflectance of charcoals may not only be able to provide quantitative information about the spatial distribution of heat across a burned area post fire but that this approach is able to provide improvement to fire severity assessment approaches.
Remote optimization of an ultracold atoms experiment by experts and citizen scientists
Authors: Heck Robert , Vuculescu Oana , Sørensen Jens Jakob , Zoller Jonathan , Andreasen Morten G. , Bason Mark G. , Ejlertsen Poul , Elíasson Ottó , Haikka Pinja , Laustsen Jens S. , Nielsen Lærke L. , Mao Andrew , Müller Romain , Napolitano Mario , Pedersen Mads K. , Thorsen Aske R. , Bergenholtz Carsten , Calarco Tommaso , Montangero Simone , Sherson Jacob F.
Published: November 2018

Significance

The emerging field of gamified citizen science continually probes the fault line between human and artificial intelligence. A better understanding of citizen scientists’ search strategies may lead to cognitive insights and provide inspiration for algorithmic improvements. Our project remotely engages both the general public and experts in the real-time optimization of an experimental laboratory setting. In this citizen science project the game and data acquisition are designed as a social science experiment aimed at extracting the collective search behavior of the players. A further understanding of these human skills will be a crucial challenge in the coming years, as hybrid intelligence solutions are pursued in corporate and research environments.
Themis-associated phosphatase activity controls signaling in T cell development
Authors: Mehta Monika , Brzostek Joanna , Chen Elijah W. , Tung Desmond W. H. , Chen Shuting , Sankaran Shvetha , Yap Jiawei , Rybakin Vasily , Gascoigne Nicholas R. J.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (Themis) regulates T cell selection. Absence of Themis leads to severely reduced numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells, indicating a defect in T cell selection. The molecular mechanism of Themis involvement is not clear. Themis was shown to bind to Src-homology domain containing phosphatase-1 (Shp1), which is a known negative regulator of T cell receptor signaling. Here, using a very sensitive technique to measure phosphatase activity from immunoprecipitated proteins, we find that Themis positively regulates Shp1 phosphatase activity in thymocytes. Shp1 activity is reduced in the absence of Themis, thus providing an explanation for why Themis-deficient thymocytes respond more strongly to positive-selecting ligands, resulting in fewer thymocytes reaching maturity.
Mapping the spread of the English language in India
Authors: Muru Cristina
Published: November 2018

This article aims to offer, within an intra- and interdisciplinary approach, a further analysis of the formal and informal contexts
in which the English language was used in India during the British colonisation, highlighting the favourable conditions these
contexts created for the formation of pidginised varieties of English, such as Butler Pidgin English or Boxwāllā(h) Pidgin English
(Kachru 1994). Substantial elements of a wider picture of social, cultural,
political and commercial contact have been taken into account along with the analysis of old written sources. Indeed, both
official records of the East Indian Company (e.g. dispatches about political strategies and language policy) and merchants’
correspondence have been studied in order to understand how we can say something about oral communication through written sources
(Rambø 2013).
Pidgin as a counterlanguage
Authors: Bizri Fida
Published: November 2018

A close-up on the linguistic interactive scene between Arab employers and Asian migrants communicating today in Asian Migrant Pidgin Arabic shows that migrant talk and native Arabs’ foreigner talk are different but interdependent. Here, it appears that the interactants are constantly navigating across one of two continua which sometimes meet and overlap. Arabic Foreigner Talk is further analysed from the perspective of the linguistic strategies deployed by Arabs to exert power over the migrants: self-facilitating, excluding, and mocking strategies. However, from a tool of communication and/or exclusion, the pidgin is also becoming one of transgression used by both Arabs and the migrants to oppose their respective hegemonic cultures – that of the masters for the migrants, that of religion for the Arabs.
Language of empire, language of power
Authors: Versteegh Kees
Published: November 2018

How do people in a position of power address those under their control? Do they impose their own language, possibly in a reduced version? Do they adopt a simple form of the language of the people they control? Do they employ a lingua franca that is commonly used in the region? Recent research usually focuses on the linguistic strategies the new speakers apply to the input. Much less information is available about the input itself. The contributions to the present issue deal with the linguistic strategies and policies used by those in power to facilitate communication with those under their control, as well as the modifications they apply to their speech. The contributions deal with the input in several work- or trade-related varieties, such as Français tirailleur, Garden Herero, Pidgin Madame, Butler English, Lingua da preto, Dienstmaleisch, Kyakhta Pidgin, and the role they played in colonial societies.
Cleft sentences in the history of French and English
Authors: Trips Carola , Stein Achim
Published: November 2018

This paper addresses the question of whether certain types of cleft constructions found in earlier stages of English can be interpreted as instances of pragmatic borrowing from French. According to Prince (1988) this type of borrowing can be assumed if (i) a syntactic form in the recipient language is construed in an analogous fashion to a syntactic form in the source language; (ii) the discourse functions of the syntactic form in the source language are borrowed and associated with the syntactic form in the recipient language. Based on a corpus study of Anglo-French (AF) and Middle English (ME) we will show that both languages exhibited a number of different types of cleft constructions some of which seem to have had similar, and some seem to have had different functions. By identifying the nature of clefts in AF as being ambiguous between clefts and predicative constructions, we will discuss in how far this ambiguity could be seen as an accelerating factor of contact-induced change leading to pragmatic borrowing into ME.
Annotation of interpreters’ conversation management problems and strategies in a corpus of criminal proceedings in
Spain
Authors: Arumí Marta , Vargas-Urpi Mireia
Published: November 2018

This article reviews the design and methodology developed for compiling and analyzing corpora that can inform corpus-based studies
involving public service interpreting discourses. The corpus was transcribed and annotated using the EXMARaLDA software tools designed for
working with oral corpora. The annotation system accounts for Wadensjö’s (1998) distinction
between “talk-as-text” and “talk-as-activity” in order to classify interpreters’ various problems when working in criminal proceedings and
the strategies they adopt in response. The article provides the results of an analysis of a pilot sample of 20 criminal proceedings,
focusing on non-renditions and distinguishing between those that are “justified” and those that are “unjustified.” The article then
discusses these preliminary results as part of the ongoing project.
“Craving to hear from you…”
Authors: Darden Vicki , Maroney Elisa M.
Published: November 2018

This study examines the feasibility of mobile technology for interpreter education. While interpreter education and its use of technology is well-established and documented in developed countries, educational opportunities for signed language interpreters in developing countries are scarce. One innovation, mobile phone technology, appears to be changing patterns of technological adoption in developed and developing countries, connecting those previously denied access by geography or income. Education through mobile applications, or m-learning, was used to provide professional development to interpreters from the U.S. and Ghana in an action research pilot study. Surveys, discussions, and reflections were analyzed to identify the types of technologies employed, challenges encountered, evidence of learning, and collegial interactions. While successful outcomes were documented, findings indicate feasibility is still dependent on several factors.
Entrepreneurship for religious tourism in Mumbai, India.
Authors: Yasuda S.
Published: November 2018

This chapter first summarizes the concept of entrepreneurship in religious tourism by focusing on the theory of religious economy. It then considers the characteristics of the religious tourism marketplace in Mumbai and India. Subsequently, the management strategy of an Islamic tour operator is described, based on a personal interview with the company's co-manager. The unique management strategy of the Islamic tour operator is summarized by three points: the establishment of a leisure culture based on Islamic value for lower-middle-class people in local communities; the development of customers' religious knowledge and piety through religious tours; and the circulation of the company's profit in the local community.
Religious tourism in Azerbaijan: current challenges.
Authors: Liutikas D.
Published: November 2018

This chapter offers an analysis of religious tourism possibilities in Azerbaijan. The potential for international travellers is presented. The analysis includes a reflection on the contemporary challenges of visiting religious places in relation to the country's history and heritage development.
Religious tourism in the ideological framework of Chinese tourism education.
Authors: Korstanje M. E. , George B. P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter deals with the rise and expansion of Chinese presence in tourism-related studies as well as the limitations of Chinese tourism scholars in conducting applied research, particularly in religious tourism. It also looks at the way religious tourism is treated in Chinese tourism education simply as a business and nothing else. The communist ideology pervading the Chinese education system provides an overarching influence upon what to teach and how. Chinese educational thinkers do not consider it ethical to teach religious tourism to students, yet market forces present tremendous opportunities for the exploitation of the country's religious and cultural heritage.
Religion and religious tourism: a case study of Kerala.
Authors: Pillai S. K. B.
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents an overview of pilgrimage tourism in India and provides some insights on three temples in the state of Kerala to understand the intricacies of the practices of modern-day Hinduism.
Discussion questions.
Authors: Yasuda S. , Raj R. , Griffin K.
Published: November 2018

Discussion questions are presented for each chapter of this book on religious tourism in Asia.
Objectively measured absolute and relative physical activity intensity levels in postmenopausal women
Authors: Gil‐Rey Erreka , Maldonado‐Martín Sara , Palacios‐Samper Natalia , Gorostiaga Esteban M.
Published: November 2018

Objectives: To investigate how objectively measured physical activity (PA) levels differ according to absolute moderate intensity recommendation (3–6 METs) and relative to individual lactate thresholds (LT1 and LT2), and to verify if high‐fit women record higher PA levels compared to women with lower aerobic fitness.

Methods: Seventy‐five postmenopausal women performed an incremental exercise test and several constant‐velocity tests wearing an accelerometer to identify the activity counts (ct min−1) corresponding to LT1 and LT2. Individual linear regression determined activity counts cut‐points for each intensity: (1) sedentary (<200 ct min−1), (2) light (from 200 ct min−1 to ct min−1 at LT1), (3) moderate (ct min−1 between LT1 and LT2) and (4) vigorous (ct min−1 > LT2). Participants then wore an accelerometer during a week to measure the time spent at each PA intensity level.

Results: According to absolute intensity categorisation, high‐fit postmenopausal women recorded twice as much time at moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) (P < 0.01) than low‐fit women. However, when PA intensity was calculated relative to individual lactate thresholds, MVPA was significantly reduced by half (P < 0.01) and the data revealed no differences (P = 0.62) between groups (∼20 min day−1 at MVPA).

Conclusions: Accelerometer cut‐points derived from absolute moderate‐intensity recommendations overestimated MVPA. Similar time at MVPA was recorded by high‐ and low‐fit postmenopausal women when the cut‐points were tailored to individual lactate thresholds. A more accurate estimation of PA behaviour could be provided with the use of individually tailored accelerometer cut‐points.
Clogging in two-dimensions: effect of particle shape
Authors: Goldberg Ezequiel , Manuel Carlevaro C , Pugnaloni Luis A
Published: November 2018

We study the discharge of a two-dimensional silo through small openings via discrete element simulations. We consider the effect of the shape of the grains on the clogging of the flow, focusing on regular polygons and disks. We show that the clogging probability presents a non-linear response as a function of the number of vertexes of the polygons. Also, the clogging probability is strongly dependent on the protocol used to trigger the flow after each clog. We found that the size and shape of the blocking arches display a much larger variability for some polygons, particularly for squares, than for disks.
Occupy Climate: Social Movement-Building in Literature, Politics, and the Arts
Authors: LeMenager Stephanie
Published: November 2018

New books by Shelley Streeby, Robert Marzec, and Ashley Dawson point the way toward a cultural criticism for the climate change era. In its own way, each seeks to change the methods of literary and cultural studies, to change the form of the academic monograph, and to encourage a just transition from the radically unequal and ecologically injured world of the now. All three can be seen as contributing to the social and academic movement known as Environmental Justice or Critical Environmental Justice. All three evoke, to some extent, earlier, experimental scholarly works influenced by or generative for the Occupy movement, writings by theorists and practitioners of tactical media like McKenzie Wark and Ricardo Dominguez, and such popular radical thinkers as Mike Davis, Rebecca Solnit, Naomi Klein, and Winona LaDuke. Finally, all three books emerge, somewhat unexpectedly, from literature departments, raising the question of what we mean by literary and cultural studies at this moment in the eclipse of humanism by planetary geology and posthumanist philosophical thought.
Paleontology: advancing China's international leadership
Authors: Jia Hepeng
Published: November 2018

In recent years, Chinese scientists have achieved significant progress in paleontological discoveries and scientific studies. Series of studies published in top journals, such as Science, Nature and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), have astonished the world by presenting beautiful fossils that furnish robust evidence to enrich the understanding of organismic evolution, major extinctions and stratigraphy. It has been portrayed as the heyday in the paleontology of China. What is the status of the field? What factors have caused the avalanche of fossil discoveries in China? What implications can these new discoveries provide for our understanding of current evolution theories? How, given their significant contribution to the world's paleontology scholarship, can Chinese scientists play a due leadership role in the field? At an online forum organized by the National Science Review (NSR), its associate editor-in-chief, Zhonghe Zhou, asked four scientists in the field as well as NSR executive editor-in-chief Mu-ming Poo to join the discussion.

Jin Meng

Paleobiologist at American Museum of Natural History

Mu-ming Poo

Neurobiologist at Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shuzhong Shen

Stratigrapher at Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shuhai Xiao

Paleobiologist and geobiologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Zhonghe Zhou (Chair)

Paleobiologist at Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences
Improving Care Transitions
Authors: Welch Shelly R. , Carruth Ann K. , Wood Ralph , Bode Bobijo , Babineaux-Jones Amy , Mitchell Cortney , Burdett Gina , Davis Brandy , Ducombs Charles
Published: November 2018

To avoid penalty through the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program, an academic practice partnership, Health Transitions Alliance, was formed with the local university, resulting in adoption of an innovative transitional care model. Key to the model was a health coach who operationalized transition care to the home setting. Health coaches, interns in their last semester of college, used motivational interviewing to help patients set disease management goals. As a result of this model, the readmission rate for program participants in the initial 7 months was reduced by 72%.