bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Running on a Dark Racecourse
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 24 of Within You Without You, “Running on a Dark Racecourse,” closely examines George Harrison’s third solo album, Dark Horse, as well as the North American tour—the first for an ex-Beatle—that took place concurrently with the album’s release. The album (and tour) also captured Harrison with a terrible case of vocal hoarseness, giving rise to the pun Dark Hoarse. The tone of the album was somewhat dark, probably because of the crumbling state of his marriage to Pattie Boyd. Nevertheless, the title track was a funky, rocking hit with a hint of Indian sonorities. Harrison brought Ravi Shankar’s ensemble along for his late-1974 tour, arranging the concerts as a kind of East-meets-West rock ’n’ roll revue, blending Indian music, jazz, funk, and Harrison’s brand of pop-rock music, sometimes all in the course of a single song.
Why Peggy Lee Matters
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 28 of Within You Without You, “Why Peggy Lee Matters,” recounts the little-known interactions between pre-rock pop singer Peggy Lee and the Beatles, especially George Harrison. It was Lee’s version of the Broadway hit “Till There Was You” that inspired the Beatles to record the tune. The Los Angeles rental house in which Harrison composed “Blue Jay Way” belonged to Lee’s manager. And Lee was one of many pop singers to record Harrison’s “Something.” Harrison told an interviewer in 1979 that he long had in mind that his song “Not Guilty”—written in 1968 for The Beatles but not released officially until his 1979 eponymous solo album—would be recorded by Peggy Lee.
Names Used Twice Over
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

Fernando Pessoa’s relationship with his heteronyms is complicated. They exist as protagonists in imaginary stories of his own creation, and Pessoa imagines himself as them, or imagines being them. In “Notes for the Memory of My Master Caeiro,” Pessoa has Caeiro suggest that things thus seen in “dreams”—that is to say, in acts of imagination—have much the same status as things seen in pictures. The use of a name twice over in this story seems to be a characteristic hallmark of heteronymy. This chapter analyses it further, with reference to the story of two Līlās in the Mokṣopāya. I discuss too Pessoa’s poem “Autopsychography.”
“One Intellectual Breeze”
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

The idea of a cosmic consciousness is one with which Pessoa is familiar in his esoteric writings about neopaganism. During Pessoa’s time the idea was discussed by William James, Richard Bucke, Edward Carpenter, and others. Carpenter, whom Pessoa knew of, received the idea from an Indian savant he met, who is evidently channelling the Mokṣopāya. The topic is one that links Pessoa to Whitman. Coleridge, in his famous poem “Effusion XXXV,” later renamed “The Eolian Harp,” writes of “one intellectual breeze / At once the soul of each.” There are, this chapter claims, resources in Pessoa for a new variety of cosmopsychism, which I dub “heteronymic cosmopsychism.”
Linear Cities
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter assesses linear cities, which are often the result of natural phenomena, for example when cities are sandwiched between ocean and mountains. Bern, Switzerland, is linear because it developed between two rivers formed by a deep bend in the meandering River Aare. Commerce is also a common factor. Medieval towns were often essentially “street villages,” for example, Appleton-le-Moors in North Yorkshire, UK. The modern American equivalent is the arterial commercial strip. Both the street village and the commercial strip elevated commerce and movement simultaneously. The most famous explicitly planned linear city is La Ciudad Lineal in Madrid, devised by Arturo Soria y Mata in the late 19th century. La Ciudad Lineal’s growth concept was intended to bring services into the countryside along rail lines, a very different approach from populating the countryside with nodes and clusters of houses. The chapter then considers the advantages and efficiencies of linear development. It also looks at The Line, a linear city under construction in Saudi Arabia which has all the hallmarks of La Ciudad’s top-down utopian vision.
New Urbanism
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter evaluates New Urbanism. Hundreds of self-identified New Urbanist developments, from infill blocks to complete planned communities, have been constructed since the mid-1980s, mostly in the United States. The most visible New Urbanist communities are greenfield developments outside of existing cities. This opens them to the critique that they are simply a slightly better designed version of suburban sprawl. Being peripheral rather than infill, critics contend that they are an embodiment of suburban escapism. In addition, the focus on pedestrianism and traditional architecture has generated an authenticity critique. To some observers, the attempt to replicate past forms, generated under very different circumstances, presents a fake reality. Nevertheless, the attempt to replicate walkable, human-scale, mixed-use urbanism, even if in suburban contexts, can also be seen as a welcome change from car-dependent, modernist form.
Urban Renewal
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an overview of urban renewal. Projects of urban renewal often involve a lot of capital and a lot of upheaval. Thus, the projects symbolize centralized power and the belief that there are people in charge who know what’s best for people and city making. Big architectural projects are viewed as the antidote to what some perceive as chaos and disorder while also giving an impression of completeness, finality, order, and modernity when designed as a complete package. On the other hand, urban renewal in public housing form was about racial containment that aimed to keep African Americans separate and apart from the existing city.
Decisive Measures
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

As war with France loomed on the horizon, Congress passed legislation creating the Navy Department, a Provisional Army to be called up in the event of invasion, and additional regiments in the existing army. Out of his depth on military matters, John Adams appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the new forces. He then sent Secretary of War James McHenry to meet with Washington at Mount Vernon and sort out officer appointments. The inspector general, or the number two position, was the main point of contention. This position would run the day-to-day army and would wield enormous power. Washington and several members of the cabinet demanded Alexander Hamilton for this role; Adams preferred anyone else.
The “Majic” of His Name
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

Mid-way through Adams’s battle with the cabinet over army appointments, he fled north to Quincy to avoid the summer heat in Philadelphia and put space between him and his fractious secretaries. How powerful was the president? Did he control the executive branch, or did he simply oversee cabinet secretaries who dominated their own fiefdoms? Did the Constitution place the army under his jurisdiction or was it managed by the top-ranked officers? The battle over the army’s command structure compelled Adams to answer these questions and forced him to defend presidential authority. He and the secretaries spent the next several months fighting over officer appointments, before Washington threatened to resign his commission. Forced into a corner, Adams surrendered, but the conflict strengthened his resolve to undermine the army and pursue diplomacy with France.
Death or Liberty
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

The Republican Party campaign focused on attacking the Arch Federalists for their agenda of taxes, sedition prosecutions, a standing army, and threats of monarchy. While Jefferson remained at home, as he had in 1796, he did put forth public statements about his principles and openly spoke of accepting the office. In August, officials in Virginia thwarted an insurrection planned by enslaved men and women in Richmond and the surrounding counties. As officials arrested suspects, gathered evidence, and executed participants, information leaked that two French men had offered arms and assistance. The French connection appeared to confirm Federalist claims that the Republican Party would lead to the same anarchy and violence witnessed in the French Revolution.
The Prey of Anarchy and Faction
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

In early February 1801, rumors spread across the country of a Federalist plot to pass legislation and appoint a new president. As February 11 loomed, the threats of political violence increased. A snowstorm that blanketed Washington, DC, on the night of February 10, 1801 kept much of the mob home, but militias in Virginia and Pennsylvania were poised to march on the city if Federalists attempted to appoint a new president. The Republican governors stood ready to defend the election results, the will of the people, and the Constitution—as they saw it—if Federalists tried to pass legislation and select a president not elected by the people. Over the next six days, the House of Representatives cast thirty-five ballots before a series of backroom deals secured the victory for Thomas Jefferson on the thirty-sixth vote.
‘My Real Name’
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

This chapter turns to the question of racialized framings in examining works by writers of colour published by Fag Rag and the Good Gay Poets. Adrian Stanford’s Black and Queer was the first book of poetry to be published by an out gay Black man in the United States but has received no critical attention. Following a reading of Stanford’s poems, and those of exiled draft-resister Prince Eusi-Ndugu—who received his only publication in the magazine—I turn to the work of self-described ‘black lesbian redneck’ Stephanie (Stephania) Byrd, anticipating the following chapter on lesbian community in San Francisco. The chapter concludes by addressing the work of Maurice Kenny. More often framed in non-queer analyses of Native American literature, Kenny here emerges as a poet in dialogue with queer poetic traditions shared with those of the white writers of the San Francisco and Boston scenes, which he challenges and extends.
‘She Who’
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

Forming a temporal parallel to earlier chapters, this chapter examines the growth of Bay Area lesbian feminist communities from 1969 onwards and the key role played by poetry within these. Serving in the United States Air Force—where she was placed under military arrest for her sexual ‘deviance’—Judy Grahn subsequently studied at the HCBU Howard University, where she became involved in civil rights activism. Reading Grahn’s pioneering ‘The Psychoanalysis of Edward the Dyke’ in relation to psychiatry, the chapter also examines her early involvement with homophile activism, Black liberation, and the feminist movement, and her later formulation of a radical lesbian politics and poetics, of which her ‘Common Woman Poems’ were a foundational text.
New Narrative, New Communities from Left Write to AIDS
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyzes the work of the San Francisco New Narrative writers from three angles: its roots in the gay counterculture and attempts to build a Gay Left; its building of community around Robert Glück’s workshops at the non-profit Small Press Traffic bookstore; and its response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, the chapter seeks to restore New Narrative’s political context, including the ambitious 1981 Left Write Conference held at the Noe Valley ministry, which brought together writers from various communities to debate issues of poetry and politics, and Glück’s involvement with the first civil disobedience against AIDS. Drawing on the work of the writers addressed in the earlier chapters of this study—particularly Spicer, on whom Kevin Killian was concurrently writing a biography—such work enables us to chart changing conceptions of queer politics and poetics at a time of widespread death and historical change.
Slavery and Social Contract Theory in Seventeenth-Century Europe
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the role of contractarianism, or social contract theory, in seventeenth-century debates about slavery. The core idea of contractarianism is that legitimate political power is derived from the consent of the governed. Contractarians typically hold that other licit forms of subordination must be consensual as well, which means that they tend to reject the legitimacy of some types of slavery. The chapter focuses on three political philosophers from England: Thomas Hobbes, Algernon Sidney, and John Locke. All three authors theorize about slavery on the basis of contractarian principles, but they come to different conclusions. None of them rejects all forms of slavery. Sidney’s account is closest to Aristotelian natural slavery, that is, the theory that natural differences in human abilities make it fitting for some people to be enslaved. The other two authors deny this, even though they think that in principle there could be natural slaves.
Children’s Exquisite Vulnerability to Environmental Exposures
Authors: Etzel Ruth A. , Landrigan Philip J.
Published: July 2024

Children are uniquely sensitive to hazards in the environment. They have greater exposures to toxic chemicals and other environmental hazards than adults. Children’s metabolic pathways are immature, and they have difficulty in breaking down and excreting many toxic chemicals. In addition, children’s early development is highly complex and easily disrupted. In early human development, especially in prenatal life, there are windows of vulnerability—periods of exquisite sensitivity to environmental hazards that have no counterpart in adult life. Recognition of children’s unique vulnerabilities had its origins in tragic episodes in the 1950s and 1960s—the thalidomide disaster, the DES episode, and Minamata disease. These episodes documented the extreme sensitivity of infants to environmental hazards. They showed that the placenta does not protect against toxic chemicals. Recent research shows that even extremely low-dose exposures to toxic chemicals during early life can cause devastating injury. The consequences are diminished cognition (loss of IQ), shortened attention span, disordered behavior, impaired immune function, acute lung bleeding, reduced lung growth, and decreased reproductive capacity. These effects can last a lifetime. In light of these new findings, researchers need to amend the ancient toxicological precept, “the dose makes the poison” with a new corollary: “in early development, timing makes the poison.”
The Chemical Environment and Children’s Health
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Etzel Ruth A.
Published: July 2024

More than 85,000 synthetic chemicals have been developed in the past 50 years. These chemicals are used today in millions of consumer products. They are dispersed widely in the environment. Several hundred can be detected in the bodies of most people around the world. Children are exposed extensively to them. Most of the chemicals in widest use have never been tested for safety. This failure to test chemicals represents a grave lapse of stewardship. It reflects the unwillingness of the chemical industry to take responsibility for its products, coupled with the failure of governments around the world to protect their citizens. Evidence is strong and rapidly growing that toxic chemicals are important causes of disease in children. A major unanswered question is whether there are chemicals of unrecognized toxicity in wide use today whose impacts on children’s health have not yet been discovered. Research to answer this question is urgently needed. The alert clinician is a critical line of defense against the unanticipated hazards of new chemicals. Alert pediatricians have frequently been the first to recognize new chemical hazards.
The Changing Global Environment and Children’s Health
Authors: Sheffield Perry E. , Schultz Lucy , Ebi Kristie L.
Published: July 2024

Children’s health and development are profoundly affected not only by their immediate surroundings but also by the larger global environment. The global environment is undergoing rapid change on a massive scale. This change is driven in large part by the consequences of unprecedented growth in the human population over the past century and the way societies are choosing to use natural resources. Four areas of wide-scale environmental change that have important implications for human health are loss of biodiversity, deforestation, desertification and ocean degradation, and climate change. These changes in the global environment cannot be halted in the next several decades, but they can be made either better or worse. Short-term prevention activities can address current deficits in managing the risks of global environmental change. In the longer term, decision-makers need an increased appreciation of global interconnectedness between humans and the environment.
Economics and Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Landrigan Philip J.
Published: July 2024

Cost is an inevitable consequence of diseases of environmental origin in children. The costs associated with disease include direct medical costs and indirect or nonmedical costs, which include the cost of a child’s time lost from school, a parent’s time lost from work while caring for a sick child, special education, rehabilitation, the lifelong reduction in economic productivity in damaged children, and the costs of lost productivity from premature death. Disease of environmental origin is very costly. A 2011 estimate in American children found these costs to total US$76.6 billion per year. It is also possible to calculate the economic benefits that result from improvements in public health. A study of the gains that resulted from removal of lead from gasoline in the United States found an economic benefit of US$200 billion in each year’s birth cohort since 1980—an aggregate benefit in the past 30 years of more than US$3 trillion, driven primarily by a population-wide increase in IQ that resulted from reduction in blood lead levels. This increase in intelligence stimulated broad gains in economic productivity. Economic analyses can be powerful tools for disease prevention. Accurate information on the previously hidden costs of diseases of environmental origin can be a persuasive adjunct to clinical, pathophysiologic, and epidemiologic data. Economic data can sway the opinions of elected officials and governmental policymakers and encourage them to take action to protect children’s health.
Hazardous Waste and Toxic Hotspots
Authors: Fuller Richard
Published: July 2024

Hazardous waste sites and polluted hotspots pose major threats to the environment and human health worldwide. Problem sites include municipal dumps, illegal hazardous waste dumpsites, informal battery recycling, industrial and mining sites, artisanal mining, smelters, abandoned factories, pesticide storage areas, poorly run industrial estates, and e-waste dumps. In higher-income, industrially developed countries, substantial progress has been made in cataloguing and remediating hazardous waste sites. In the United States, this work has received Congressional authorization through the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability “Superfund” Act. By contrast, in developing countries where environmental controls are less well developed, hazardous waste sites pose major, on-going hazards to health.
Fluoride and Manganese
Authors: Diaz Yenny Fariñas , Azmoun Somaiyeh , Lucchini Roberto G.
Published: July 2024

Children can be exposed to many hazardous metals in the environment, including fluoride and manganese. Sources of exposure may include drinking water, foods and dietary supplements, and metal-containing particles released into the air from industrial and vehicular sources. Exposures may be especially intense near active and abandoned industrial “hotspots.” Children’s routes of absorption include ingestion and inhalation. Adherence of metal-contaminated particles to the skin of small children contributes to the inadvertent ingestion of contaminated dust and soil. The effects of metals on children’s health include toxicity to the nervous system, lungs, kidneys, liver, and, in the case of excessive fluorides, the teeth and bones. Prevention of children’s exposure to metals is multifaceted. Primary prevention that reduces unnecessary uses of metals and prevents environmental contamination at its source is the most effective strategy. Children should not be allowed to come into contact with metallic particles transported home on working parents’ contaminated shoes and work clothing. Well water, especially from unregulated private wells, needs to be tested for metal content
PCBs, Dioxins, Furans, DDT, Polybrominated Compounds, Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, and Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Landrigan Philip J.
Published: July 2024

Halogenated hydrocarbons include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, furans, DDT, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and PFAS. These compounds are widely dispersed in the environment, are biologically and environmentally persistent, and are detected in the bodies of virtually all humans. Consumption of contaminated foods, most notably seafood from contaminated waters as well as red meat and chicken, is the main route of human exposure. For the PBDEs, contaminated house dust is additional source of exposure. Halogenated hydrocarbons cross the placenta from mother to baby, and they concentrate in breast milk. Injury to the developing brain is the most serious health consequence of early-life exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons. Babies born to mothers with increased body burdens of PCBs have decreased IQ scores and problems with visual recognition. Deficits in executive functioning, and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders can become evident at higher levels of exposure. PBDEs appear to produce similar effects. National governments can reduce exposures to halogenated hydrocarbons by curtailing or banning their manufacture and use, establishing programs for monitoring the food supply, and controlling environmental releases. Local governments can control the spread of PCBs into school environments by requiring timely removal of PCB-containing fluorescent light ballasts and can ban use of PBDEs. Although human breast milk can contain high concentrations of halogenated hydrocarbons, the advantages of breastfeeding outweigh this hazard except in cases of extreme exposure. Authoritative bodies such as the American Academy of Pediatrics continue to strongly recommend breast feeding.
Environmental Carcinogens and Childhood Cancer
Authors: Straif Kurt
Published: July 2024

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in North American children. The incidence of childhood cancer—the number of new cases per 100,000 children—has been increasing over the past 40 years. In this same time, because of extraordinary advances in treatment, death from childhood cancer has declined. Cancers occurring in childhood and adolescence differ markedly from the cancer patterns in adults. Globally, the most common cancers in children are leukemia and lymphoma. Children are exposed to multiple environmental carcinogens. These include ionizing radiation, solar ultraviolet radiation, tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, arsenic, cadmium, asbestos, benzo[a]pyrene, pesticides, aflatoxins, hepatitis B virus, and human papilloma virus. Exposures to environmental carcinogens not only increase risk of cancer in childhood, but can also increase risk of cancers decades later in adult life. Studies to establish causal relationships between environmental carcinogens and cancer are very difficult because of the rarity of childhood cancer and the long latency that must typically elapse between exposure and the appearance of disease. Pooled international prospective studies coordinated by the World Health Organization are a promising new approach to discovery of environmental carcinogens. Primary prevention of exposures to environmental carcinogens is the most effective approach to preventing childhood cancer.
Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Henshaw Denis L. , Belpoggi Fiorella , Mandrioli Daniele , Philips Alasdair
Published: July 2024

Electric and magnetic fields (electromagnetic fields, EMF) arise wherever electricity is generated, transmitted, or distributed. Exposure to EMFs is ubiquitous in the modern environment. EMF exposures can occur at extremely low frequencies (ELF) from personal electric appliances such as hair dryers and shavers. EMF exposures can also occur at radiofrequencies from radar installations, smart meters, base-station antennas, and mobile phones. Children appear to be particularly vulnerable to EMF. Mobile phone use in children is associated with exposures to radiofrequency energy in the brain at levels that are two times higher than those associated mobile phone use by adults. Mobile phone use in children is associated additionally with exposures in the bone marrow of the skull that are up to 10 times higher than those experienced by adults. The mechanisms by which EMFs interact with the human body are not fully understood. The strongest although still very limited scientific evidence for health effects of long-term ELF-EMF exposures is the finding of an approximately two-fold increased risk of leukemia in children exposed in their homes to ELF magnetic fields of more than 0.3−0.4 µT (micro-Tesla). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified “extremely low-frequency magnetic fields” as well as “radiofrequency electromagnetic fields” as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) and “static electric and magnetic fields and extremely low-frequency electric fields” as not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
The Environmental History and Examination
Authors: Paulson Jerome A. , Jee Sandra H.
Published: July 2024

Diagnosis of disease of environmental origin in a child requires basic knowledge of environmental medicine, openness to the possibility of environmental causation, and a systematic approach to obtaining a history of environmental exposure. A careful history of environmental exposure should be obtained on every new patient and every patient with unexplained illness. To make an environmental diagnosis, the clinician must systematically work through a short checklist of screening questions about major environmental exposures while obtaining the history of present illness, the past history, and the review of systems. If any of the screening questions elicit suspicious information, more detailed follow-up questions are asked and laboratory testing may be indicated. In complex cases, referral to a Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit may be helpful. It is important to consider every child with a disease of environmental origin a “sentinel” case who may be representative of a larger group of children with similar exposures. Epidemiologic follow-up or consultation may be required. Astute clinicians who have diagnosed and reported sentinel cases have in numerous instances provided the first recognition of diseases children’s environmental health.
Global Treaties and Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Etzel Ruth A.
Published: July 2024

Global trade and global pollution have grown greatly in the past 30 years and have resulted in very large increases in the movement of toxic chemicals and other environmental hazards across national boundaries. As a consequence, children around the world, and especially children in low- and middle-income countries, are at increased risk of harmful environmental exposures. To counter these threats and to protect the global environment, human health, and particularly the health and well-being of children, the international community has developed a number of legally binding Conventions. The Convention on the Rights of the Child sets overall principles and establishes a framework for the protection of children’s health. International Conventions are complex and time-consuming mechanisms. To be effective in controlling hazards on a global scale, they must involve all countries. Despite these difficulties, they are very effective instruments for international governance, and they have contributed importantly to the protection of human health and the global environment. Their implementation, monitoring, and evaluation deserve high priority in the global agenda.
The Impacts of War on Children’s Health
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: July 2024

War adversely affects children’s health in many ways. Children are wounded or otherwise injured during war and, as a result, may die or become permanently disabled. Landmines and unexploded ordnance cause many of these injuries. Children become malnourished due to family disruption, damage to agriculture and food distribution systems, and inadequate healthcare. Malnutrition, in turn, increases morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases and impairs growth and development. Profound mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, affect children in war zones and also affect children whose parents are deployed in military service. Children forced or coerced into being child soldiers suffer multiple physical and mental health problems. In addition, economic sanctions adversely affect children’s health. Physicians and other health workers can help to address and prevent these problems.
On Audrey Hepburn
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

Why should Audrey Hepburn still matter today? This book revises the contemporary view of Hepburn that sees her primarily as a fashion icon and style guru. It argues that her films, more than her biography or her likeness, are essential to understanding both her importance as one of the all-time major stars to emerge in Hollywood after World War II and her lasting popularity. On Audrey Hepburn examines her screen presence and persona while at the same time emphasizing her skill as an actress. While cognizant of the many contradictions inhering in her films, the book examines the liminality she represented in her comedies and musicals, demonstrating how her characters’ desiring and intelligence supply the primary motors of the plots, resist the films’ patriarchal template, and complicate her asymmetrical casting opposite older male stars. Moreover, Hepburn’s close relation with designer Hubert de Givenchy, which established her identification with haute couture, enabled her characters’ movement on-screen and was a basis for understanding transformation through fashion as a turning-point event in the narrative. This forged a pathway through spectacle for viewer identification with Hepburn’s difference, as symbolized by her unorthodox body, which the clothes did not disguise but amplified. On Audrey Hepburn, finally, examines her skillful performances in thrillers and dramas, studying her expert timing and use of props, her expressive face as it revealed interior emotions and thinking, her interaction with other actors in an ensemble, and the overall nuance with which she developed complex characterizations.
The Life
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides a year-by-year chronological account of Audrey Hepburn’s personal and professional life from her parents’ marriage and her birth to her death. It covers her adolescence during World War II, when famine gripped the Netherlands, and her training in dance. It lists each stage appearance in London and New York, and each of her films, as well as her own marriages and births of her sons. It mentions her various awards and nominations, her work for UNICEF, and her attaining EGOT status posthumously.
The Audrey Films
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines “the Audrey film,” which follows a Cinderella template for the plot and for which Audrey Hepburn is best known. Using Sabrina, Funny Face, and My Fair Lady to exemplify the Audrey film, the chapter then considers variations of the template in Roman Holiday, Love in the Afternoon, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, and Paris When It Sizzles. While pointing to the many contradictions inhering in her star image, the chapter emphasizes the liminality that Hepburn represented in these, her most memorable, films of the 1950s and early 1960s. It demonstrates how her characters’ mischief, intelligence, unconventionality, and desiring supply the primary motor for the fairy-tale plots. These qualities also resist the films’ patriarchal template and closures and complicate her asymmetrical casting opposite older male stars.
Thrillers
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter looks at Charade and Wait Until Dark to analyze how, in playing a woman threatened with deception and murder in thrillers, Hepburn adjusted her screen persona to reflect her real age, reversed the conventional role of women in this genre through her strong female characters who confront danger on their own terms, and demonstrated her skill as an actress. The chapter looks at Charade to show how, through her performance, she controls the numerous tonal shifts as the film seesaws from romance to suspense to comedy. The chapter looks at Wait Until Dark to feature Hepburn’s strong character, who single-handedly deals with a psychopathic killer, as well as the acting challenge the film posed. Finally, the chapter looks at two lackluster thrillers Hepburn made following her sporadic return to acting toward the latter part of her life: the awful Bloodline and the generic TV movie Love Among Thieves.
Some answers, some findings, and some questions: Kashrut as both stage for and reflection of tensions within Orthodox Judaism
Authors: Topel Marta F.
Published: July 2024

This final chapter summarizes the book’s original hypotheses and suggests some conclusions. Assuming that food is an important dimension of Jewish identity, transformations in kashrut in recent decades have produced changes in Orthodox Jewish identity. Among them, the creation and consolidation of fragmented identities stand out. Another finding of this work points to the formation of two major groups of Orthodox Jews, each of which sees itself as purer—and therefore holier—than the other, based on their dietary choices. This is related to Jewish tradition, in which forbidden foods are seen as so damaging to the spirit that divine holiness is lost. Based on the works of Mary Douglas, Jacob Milgrom, Howard Eilberg-Schwarts, Hyam Maccoby, David Kramer, and the author’s own analysis of several Hebrew terms related to different types of purity and impurity, this chapter raises the issue as to whether Orthodox Jews’ consumption of nonkosher meat would hence make they themselves unclean and, consequently, further from God, moving them off the course of their original mission: to become a people of priests, a holy people.
Introduction
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for some of the research explicated in the coming chapters. An overview of each chapter is provided. In addition, the Introduction gives a preview of some of the larger arguments contained in the book. These include the relationship between healthcare access and trust, the contribution of mistrust in the healthcare system specifically to the rise of populism and far-right movements in the United States, and a more appropriate and modernized notion of the nature of conspiracy theories, among other key arguments. The introductory chapter also provides audiences with a sense of the key research methods used to draw conclusions presented throughout the book.
“Above All, I Trust My Doctor”
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines and challenges some of the prevailing theories about medical mistrust. Chief among these is the concept that interpersonal trust (usually between a physician and patients) and institutional trust (attitudes that patients have toward the entire healthcare system) are distinct phenomena. Instead, this chapter argues that the two are intimately intertwined, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, and should always be considered in tandem. Aside from complicating the narrative about medical mistrust, this chapter also examines how trust impacts medical decision-making and the various ways in which people incorporate a variety of sources into these decisions. It also includes tips on how to help people make more evidence-based decisions.
“Othered” Bodies
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines a truism in the field of medical mistrust: that Black and Latinx communities have higher levels of mistrust due to historical mistreatment, the most prominent example being the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. While recognizing the centrality of the horrific Tuskegee Syphilis Study in the ongoing assessment, particularly by Black communities, of the trustworthiness of the healthcare system, this chapter advances the argument that mistrust and conspiracy theories in vulnerable communities in the United States, especially Black and Latinx communities, have more to do with everyday discrimination than necessarily with historical wrongdoing. The chapter thus argues that resolving these trust issues will depend on systemic and structural change to counteract institutional racism and discrimination. It also warns against the temptation to group different vulnerable communities as if their reasons for distrust are all the same. It is imperative to examine the often unique dynamics of distrust in each particular case.
Use Errors to Your Advantage
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Bad habits persist because they are outside conscious awareness. The brain protects them through a process called proactive interference, which suppresses new information that conflicts with old information. This chapter discusses two methods to overcome proactive interference through bringing bad habits back into conscious awareness, namely amplification of error and old way/new way. Step-by-step instructions are given to implement these methods, as well as research supporting their efficacy. The role of instantaneous/simultaneous feedback is also discussed, specifically the use of the mirror in correcting technical issues, to illustrate why this is detrimental in overcoming bad habits and correcting well-learned skills.
The Fastest Way to Learn Music: Take More Breaks
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

The majority of learning and improvement happens during breaks, not during practice itself. It is necessary for the brain to physically change in order for learning to occur, and these physical changes cannot be made until the brain is resting. This chapter discusses numerous studies to illustrate the power of spaced practice, the method of taking strategic breaks to enhance and speed learning. Long-term potentiation, the initial stage of changes in the brain that support learning, is discussed with specific implications for timing practice session and breaks. This chapter looks at what is happening in the brain during breaks to explain why rest is necessary for the brain.
The Economics of Accounting Earnings
Authors: Frankel Richard M. , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo
Published: July 2024

This chapter describes imperfect and incomplete markets as a prelude to understanding why firms arise and why the need for an earnings measure follows. Markets are imperfect and incomplete when transaction costs exist and certain goods or claims cannot be traded. The notion that earnings somehow enhance the efficiency of firms yields three implications. First, the firm’s value differs from the value of its separable assets and liabilities. Second, the incentive conflicts inherent in imperfect and incomplete markets leave an indelible mark on the earnings report. Finally, the objective of accounting rules cannot be merely to measure the change in value or provide information to assess value. Accounting must have efficiency effects to be demanded and supplied. To make this discussion more concrete, the chapter describes the income-statement and balance-sheet approaches to computing earnings as a means of organizing and highlighting specific limitations and efficiency considerations that arise in the earnings computation.
Studying Chinese Politics
Authors: Joseph William A.
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an introduction to the study of Chinese politics. It includes geographic and demographic overviews of the People’s Republic of China that set important contexts for understanding the historical and political development of one the world’s largest in terms of area and most populous countries. It offers a four-fold framework for the analysis of contemporary Chinese politics: China as China; China as a communist party-state; China as a developing country; and China as a rising power. This is followed by a discussion of major political science approaches to the study of Chinese politics and a brief section on the organization of the book and topics of each of the chapters.
From Empire to People’s Republic
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: July 2024

This chapter covers the period from the decline of the Chinese empire beginning in the early decades of the nineteenth century to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. It discusses failed efforts to save the imperial system by the Qing dynasty, the 1911 Republican Revolution and its aftermath, the fragile republic that emerged in the aftermath of that revolution, the consolidation of power in the Republic by Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang (KMT) party, the rise of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Mao Zedong as its unchallenged leader, the brutal invasion and occupation of China by Japan, the civil war between the CCP and the KMT, and the victory of the communists in that conflict.
Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976)
Authors: Teiwes Frederick C.
Published: July 2024

From the founding of the PRC in 1949 to his death in 1976, Mao Zedong was the absolute ruler of China, albeit one whose role and behavior changed dramatically over time. In the initial period to 1956, Mao oversaw the transition to socialism in a manner largely adhering to Marxist precepts and Soviet methods, while delegating authoritative roles to top Party colleagues. From 1957 to 1965, Mao personally initiated major failed policies, most tragically the Great Leap Forward famine, which led to his criticism or removal of colleagues he relied on before 1957, but no widespread leadership purge. In the last decade of Mao’s life, the Cultural Revolution saw social and economic disruption, brutal treatment of many high-ranking leaders, Party members, and citizens, but also his efforts to mitigate excesses. Mao’s status as regime founder prevented any meaningful challenge to his authority during these “ten years of chaos.”
China’s Communist Party-State: The Structure and Dynamics of Power
Authors: Li Cheng
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the structure and defining nature of China’s party-state, distinguishing among its three bodies: the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the government, and the People’s Liberation Army. With a further examination of the relationships among the three, the study illustrates both the monopoly of power of the CCP leadership and the extent to which the interplay between bodies affects political tensions and dynamics within. A central inquiry is how China’s new political landscape under Xi Jinping reflects both shifts in elite composition and changes and continuities in institutional rules. This discussion assesses political weights and tensions between leaders of different generations, between foreign-educated and domestically trained cadres, between technocrats with strong science and technology credentials and party functionalists in security and propaganda, and between leaders who have advanced careers from various levels of local administration and officials primarily from major state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
China’s Legal System
Authors: deLisle Jacques
Published: July 2024

Although it has ancient roots, China’s contemporary legal system largely reflects developments since the beginning of the reform era. Law has supported economic development by providing a framework for markets and engagement with the global economy. Courts play key roles in protecting rights and resolving disputes. China’s socialist rule-of-law system provides a means of governance, bolstering party-state control and controlling the party-state and its agents through private lawsuits, administrative law, criminal punishment, and top-down enforcement of party-state discipline. It promises to protect citizens’ rights, offers mechanisms for public input in lawmaking and government, and helps maintain social stability and the party’s power. Law’s roles and impact have varied considerably since the beginning of the reform era. Its prospects depend on choices and actions of the top elite, people with legal training and roles, and groups in society, as well as law’s contributions to prosperity and stability.
Urban China: Changes and Challenges
Authors: Hurst William , Sorace Christian
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the history and administrative structure of urban space in China. From the Maoist work unit to the smart city grid, China’s cities are complex sites of political organization, economic production, and social reproduction. The chapter examines how China’s “Zero COVID” pandemic response was possible due to its unique forms of urban governance. In addition to the new megaregions being built around Beijing and in the Pearl River Delta, the chapter shows how party leaders envision a rational administration of urban space extending throughout the countryside. Reality is always messier, as the urban is also a site of transit of people, dreams, and unrest. How China governs its cities offers insight into its past, present, and future.
Policy Case Study: The Arts
Authors: Kraus Richard Curt
Published: July 2024

China’s arts and their political context have changed dramatically since the Maoist period. The arts constitute one of the more open and dynamic aspects of civil society in the PRC, although the cultural arena remains under political scrutiny by the party-state. This chapter looks at the balance between party-state and market in the arts since the era of “reform and opening up” began in the early 1980s, both the weakening and persistence of censorship, and China’s national quest for global cultural respect.
Policy Case Study: Public Health
Authors: Kaufman Joan
Published: July 2024

Health care provision and policy are important themes in China’s modern history and contemporary politics. Equity-oriented policies in the first decades of the PRC improved population health dramatically but were undermined by the reform and opening up period and focus on the market economy that exacerbated rural and urban divides. Government-provided health insurance coverage is now nearly universal again, but the fruits of modernization have created new challenges related to non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, exacerbated by both environmental pollution and the aging of the population. Increasing urbanization and lack of coverage for rural migrants are perpetuating inequities. New infectious disease epidemics continue to emerge and demand new approaches. The SARS, AIDS , and COVID-19 epidemics and responses are used to illustrate both effective policy making and important governance innovations, but also continuing challenges related to transparency and global citizenship in an era of pandemic disease.