bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso de tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones para el aprendizaje significativo de estudiantes
Authors: Aveiga-Delgado Janeth Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

La importancia del uso y aplicación de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (TIC) para un aprendizaje significativo por parte de los estudiantes motivó la realización del presente ensayo, que pretende socializar experiencias de trabajo como docente y compartir criterios consultados en fuentes especializadas. El proceso metodológico estuvo enmarcado por una investigación de tipo cualitativa y descriptiva, ya que permitió describir la situación en la que se desarrolló el aprendizaje, recurriendo para ello a la aplicación de técnicas como la observación; por tal razón, conlleva al cumplimiento del objetivo de identificar la utilidad que los estudiantes le dan a las TIC durante proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje. Las conclusiones a las que se arriba con el presente ensayo se sintetizan en la manera de cómo a través del uso y aplicación de las TIC se puede optimizar tiempo y recursos dentro del aula de clases, posteriormente sugerir alternativas puntuales para su adecuada aplicación y adaptación en las diversas asignaturas.
Implementación de un banco de prueba de redes industriales de tipo Profinet, Profibus mediante un sistema de comunicación ethernet industrial
Authors: González-Quiñonez Luis Adrián , Cevallos-Mina Mirna Geraldine , Gresely-Santi Francisco Abel , Quiñónez-Guagua Edson Francisco , Reyes-Vera Carlos Humberto
Published: April 2022

El propósito de esta propuesta tecnológica primordialmente es dotar de un banco de pruebas de redes industriales de tipo PROFINET, PROFIBUS a la FACULTAD DE MECÁNICA-ESPOCH, donde el estudiante pueda realizar prácticas de laboratorio de redes industriales. Durante el desarrollo de la propuesta tecnológica se realizó una investigación de las redes de comunicación PROFIBUS y PROFINET donde se especificó su funcionamiento y la configuración necesaria para los PLC S7 1200 MAESTRO CM1243-5 PROFIBUS DP Y EL PLC S7 1200 ESCLAVO CM1242-5 PROFIBUS DP. Con la implementación de la presente investigación se busca que el profesional que sale de las aulas de la facultad de mecánica sea un profesional dotado de armas al momento de realizar programación de este tipo de equipos dentro de la industria. Con estos resultados, se estableció un banco de pruebas funcional con sensores industriales para aplicaciones que tengan que ver con lo que sucede en la industria, además se instaló en el banco de pruebas un variador de frecuencia para realizar pruebas de frenado dinámico y aceleración de motores eléctricos con inversión de giro. La aplicación técnica y práctica de esta investigación, cuyos conceptos y métodos ayudan al profesional para el empleo de este equipo en prácticas de laboratorio en el laboratorio de electroneumática de la Facultad de Mecánica.
Radical chemistry at a UK coastal receptor site – Part 2: experimental radical budgets and ozone production
Authors: Woodward-Massey Robert , Sommariva Roberto , Whalley Lisa K. , Cryer Danny R. , Ingham Trevor , Bloss William J. , Ball Stephen M. , Lee James D. , Reed Chris P. , Crilley Leigh R. , Kramer Louisa J. , Bandy Brian J. , Forster Grant L. , Reeves Claire E. , Monks Paul S. , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. In our companion paper (Woodward-Massey et al., 2022), we presented measurements of radical species and OH reactivity (k ’OH) made in summer 2015 during the ICOZA (Integrated Chemistry of OZone in the Atmosphere) field campaign at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, a site on the east coast of the UK. In the present work, we used the simultaneous measurement of OH, HO2, total RO2, and k ’OH to derive experimental (i.e., observationally determined) budgets for all radical species as well as total ROx (= OH + HO2 + RO2). Data were separated according to wind direction: prevailing SW winds (with influence from London and other major conurbations), and all other winds (NW–SE; predominantly marine in origin). In NW–SE air, the ROx budget could be closed during the daytime within experimental uncertainty but OH destruction exceeded OH production, and HO2 production greatly exceeded HO2 destruction while the opposite was true for RO2. In SW air, the ROx budget analysis indicated missing daytime ROx sources but the OH budget was balanced, and the same imbalances were found with the HO2 and RO2 budgets as in NW–SE air. For HO2 and RO2, the budget imbalances were most severe at high NO mixing ratios. We explored several mechanistic modifications to the experimental budgets to try to reconcile the HO2 and RO2 budget imbalances: (1) the addition of generic radical recycling processes, (2) reduction of the rate of RO2 → HO2 conversion, (3) inclusion of heterogeneous HO2 uptake, and (4) addition of chlorine chemistry. The best agreement between HO2 and RO2 production and destruction rates was found for option (2), in which we reduced the RO2 + NO rate constant by a factor of 5. The rate of in situ ozone production (P(Ox)) was calculated from observations of ROx, NO, and NO2 and compared to that calculated from MCM-modelled radical concentrations. The MCM-calculated P(Ox) significantly underpredicted the measurement-calculated P(Ox) in the morning, and the degree of underprediction was found to scale with NO.
Rapid reappearance of air pollution after cold air outbreaks in North China
Authors: Liu Qian , Chen Guixing , Sheng Lifang , Iwasaki Toshiki
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The cold air outbreak (CAO) is the most important way to reduce air pollution during the winter over North China. However, a rapid reappearance of air pollution is usually observed during its decay phase. Is there any relationship between the reappearance of air pollution and the properties of CAO? To address this issue, we investigated the possible connection between air pollution reappearance and CAO by quantifying the properties of the residual cold airmass after CAO. Based on the analyses in recent winters (2014–2019), we found that the rapid reappearance of air pollution in the CAO decay phase has an occurrence frequency of 74 %, and the air quality in more than 50 % of CAOs worsens than that before CAO. The reappearance of air pollution tends to occur in the residual cold airmass with weak horizontal flux during the first two days after CAO. By categorizing the CAOs into groups of rapid and slow air pollution reappearance, we found that the residual cold airmass with moderate depth of 150–180 hPa, large negative heat content and small slopes of isentropes is favorable for the rapid reappearance of air pollution. Among these factors, the cold airmass depth is highly consistent with the mixing layer height, below which contains most air pollutants; the negative heat content and slope of isentropes in cold airmass jointly determine the intensity of low-level vertical stability. The rapid reappearance of air pollution is also attributed to the maintenance of residual cold airmass and the above conditions, which is mainly regulated by the dynamic transport process rather than diabatic cooling or heating. Furthermore, analysis of the large-scale circulation of CAOs in their initial stage shows that the anticyclonic (cyclonic) pattern in northern Siberia (northeastern Asia) can be recognized as a precursor for the rapid (slow) reappearance of air pollution after the CAO.
A stratospheric prognostic ozone for seamless Earth system models: performance, impacts and future
Authors: Monge-Sanz Beatriz M. , Bozzo Alessio , Byrne Nicholas , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Diamantakis Michail , Flemming Johannes , Gray Lesley J. , Hogan Robin J. , Jones Luke , Magnusson Linus , Polichtchouk Inna , Shepherd Theodore G. , Wedi Nils , Weisheimer Antje
Published: April 2022

Abstract. We have implemented a new stratospheric ozone model in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather
Forecasts (ECMWF) system and tested its performance for different timescales to assess the impact
of stratospheric ozone on meteorological fields.
We have used the new ozone model to provide prognostic ozone in medium-range and long-range (seasonal) experiments,
showing the feasibility of this ozone scheme for a seamless numerical weather prediction (NWP) modelling approach.
We find that the stratospheric ozone distribution provided by the new scheme in ECMWF forecast experiments
is in very good agreement with observations, even for unusual meteorological conditions such as Arctic stratospheric
sudden warmings (SSWs) and Antarctic polar vortex events like the vortex split of year 2002.
To assess the impact it has on meteorological variables, we have performed experiments in which the
prognostic ozone is interactive with radiation. The new scheme provides a realistic ozone field able to
improve the description of the stratosphere in the ECMWF system, as we find clear reductions of biases in the stratospheric
forecast temperature. The seasonality of the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex is also significantly improved
when using the new ozone model.
In medium-range simulations we also find improvements in high-latitude tropospheric winds during the SSW
event considered in this study. In long-range simulations, the use of the new ozone model leads to
an increase in the correlation of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index with respect to ERA-Interim and an increase in the
signal-to-noise ratio over the North Atlantic sector. In our study we show that by improving the description
of the stratospheric ozone in the ECMWF system, the stratosphere–troposphere coupling improves.
This highlights the potential benefits of this new ozone model to exploit stratospheric sources of
predictability and improve weather predictions over Europe on a range of timescales.
Exploiting satellite measurements to explore uncertainties in UK bottom-up NOx emission estimates
Authors: Pope Richard J. , Kelly Rebecca , Marais Eloise A. , Graham Ailish M. , Wilson Chris , Harrison Jeremy J. , Moniz Savio J. A. , Ghalaieny Mohamed , Arnold Steve R. , Chipperfield Martyn P.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO + NO2) are potent air pollutants which
directly impact on human health and which aid the formation of other
hazardous pollutants such as ozone (O3) and particulate matter. In this
study, we use satellite tropospheric column nitrogen dioxide (TCNO2)
data to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability and magnitude of the United
Kingdom (UK) bottom-up National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI)
NOx emissions. Although emissions and TCNO2 represent different
quantities, for UK city sources we find a spatial correlation of
∼0.5 between the NAEI NOx emissions and TCNO2 from
the high-spatial-resolution TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI),
suggesting a good spatial distribution of emission sources in the inventory.
Between 2005 and 2015, the NAEI total UK NOx emissions and long-term
TCNO2 record from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), averaged over
England, show annually decreasing trends of 4.4 % and 2.2 %,
respectively. Top-down NOx emissions were derived in this study by
applying a simple mass balance approach to TROPOMI-observed downwind NO2 plumes from city sources. Overall, these top-down estimates were
consistent with the NAEI, but for larger cities such as London and
Birmingham the inventory is significantly (>25 %) less than
the top-down emissions.
Rapidly increasing sulfate concentration: a hidden promoter of eutrophication in shallow lakes
Authors: Zhou Chuanqiao , Peng Yu , Chen Li , Yu Miaotong , Zhou Muchun , Xu Runze , Zhang Lanqing , Zhang Siyuan , Xu Xiaoguang , Zhang Limin , Wang Guoxiang
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Except for excessive nutrient input and climate warming, the rapidly rising SO42- concentration is considered as a crucial contributor to the eutrophication in shallow lakes, however, the driving process and mechanism are still far from clear. In this study, we constructed a series of microcosms with initial SO42- concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mg/L to simulate the rapidly SO42- increase of Lake Taihu subjected to cyanobacteria blooms. Results showed that the sulfate reduction rate was stimulated by the increase of initial SO42- concentrations and cyanobacteria-derived organic matter, with the maximal sulfate reduction rate of 39.68 mg/L∙d in the treatment of 150 mg/L SO42- concentration. During the sulfate reduction, the produced maximal ∑S2- concentration in the overlying water and acid volatile sulfate (AVS) in the sediments were 3.15 mg/L and 11.11 mg/kg, respectively, and both of them were positively correlated with initial SO42- concentrations (R2 = 0.97; R2 = 0.92). The increasing abundance of sulfate reduction bacteria (SRB) was also linearly correlated with initial SO42- concentrations (R2 = 0.96), ranging from 6.65 × 107 to 1.97 × 108 copies/g. However, the Fe2+ concentrations displayed a negative correlation with initial SO42- concentrations, and the final Fe2+ concentrations were 9.68, 7.07, 6.5, 5.57, 4.42 and 3.46 mg/L, respectively. As a result, the released TP in the overlying water, to promote the eutrophication, was up to 1.4 mg/L in the treatment of 150 mg/L SO42- concentration. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effect of rapidly increasing SO42- concentrations on the release of endogenous phosphorus and the eutrophication in lakes.
Modelled storm surge changes in a warmer world: the Last Interglacial
Authors: Scussolini Paolo , Dullaart Job , Muis Sanne , Rovere Alessio , Bakker Pepijn , Coumou Dim , Renssen Hans , Ward Philip J. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Last Interglacial (LIG; ca. 125 ka) is a period of interest for climate research as it is the most recent period of the Earth’s history when the boreal climate was warmer than at present. Previous research, based on models and geological evidence, suggests that the LIG may have featured enhanced patterns of ocean storminess, but this remains hotly debated. Here, we apply state-of-the-art climate and hydrodynamic modeling to simulate changes in extreme sea levels caused by storm surges, under LIG and pre-industrial climate forcings. Significantly higher seasonal LIG sea level extremes emerge for the Gulf of Carpentaria, parts of Indonesia, the Mediterranean Sea and northern Africa, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the Persian Gulf, Pakistan, northwest India, and islands of the Pacific Ocean and of the Caribbean. Lower LIG sea level extremes emerge for the Baltic and North Seas, the Bay of Bengal, China and Vietnam. Some of these anomalies are clearly associated with anomalies in seasonal sea level pressure minima, and potentially also originate from anomalies in the meridional position and intensity of the predominant wind bands. In a qualitative comparison, LIG sea level extremes seem generally higher than those projected for future warmer climates. These results help to constrain the interpretation of coastal archives of LIG sea level indicators.
Identification and ranking of volcanic tsunami hazard sources in Southeast Asia
Authors: Zorn Edgar U. , Orynbaikyzy Aiym , Plank Simon , Babeyko Andrey , Darmawan Herlan , Robbany Ismail F. , Walter Thomas R.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Tsunamis caused by large volcanic eruptions and flanks collapsing into the sea are major hazards for nearby coastal regions. They often occur with little precursory activity, and are thus challenging to detect in a timely manner. This makes the pre-emptive identification of volcanoes prone to causing tsunamis particularly important, as it allows for better hazard assessment and denser monitoring in these areas. Here, we present a catalogue of potentially tsunamigenic volcanoes in Southeast Asia and rank these volcanoes by their tsunami hazard. The ranking is based on a Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) composed of five individually weighted factors impacting flank stability and tsunami hazard. The data is sourced from geological databases, remote sensing data, historical volcano induced tsunami records and our topographic analyses, mainly considering the eruptive and tsunami history, elevation relative to the distance from the sea, flank steepness, hydrothermal alteration as well as vegetation coverage. Out of 131 analysed volcanoes, we found 19 with particularly high tsunamigenic hazard potential in Indonesia (Anak Krakatau, Batu Tara, Iliwerung, Gamalama, Sangeang Api, Karangetang, Sirung, Wetar, Nila, Ruang, Serua) and Papua New Guinea (Kadovar, Ritter Island, Rabaul, Manam, Langila, Ulawun, Bam), but also in the Philippines (Didicas). While some of these volcanoes, such as Anak Krakatau, are well-known for their deadly tsunamis, many others on this list are lesser known and monitored. We further performed tsunami travel time modelling on these high-hazard volcanoes, which indicates that future events could affect large coastal areas in a short time. This highlights the importance of individual tsunami hazard assessment for these volcanoes, dedicated volcanological monitoring, and the need for increased preparedness on the potentially affected coasts.
Assessing Bare Ice Albedo Simulated by MAR over the Greenland Ice Sheet (2000–2021) and Implications for Meltwater Production Estimates
Authors: Antwerpen Raf , Tedesco Marco , Fettweis Xavier , Alexander Patrick , van de Berg Willem Jan
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Surface mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has accelerated over the past decades, mainly due to enhanced surface melting and liquid water runoff in response to atmospheric warming. A large portion of runoff from the GrIS originates from exposure of the darker bare ice in the ablation zone when the overlying snow melts, where surface albedo plays a critical role in modulating the energy available for melting. In this regard, it is imperative to understand the processes governing albedo variability to accurately project future mass loss from the GrIS. Bare ice albedo is spatially and temporally variable and contingent on non-linear feedbacks and the presence of light-absorbing constituents. An assessment of models aiming at simulating albedo variability and associated impacts on meltwater production is crucial for improving our understanding of the processes governing these feedbacks and, in turn, surface mass loss from Greenland. Here, we report the results of a comparison of the bare ice extent and albedo simulated by the regional climate model Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR) with satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the GrIS below 70° N. Our findings suggest that MAR overestimates bare ice albedo by 22.8 % on average in this area during the 2000–2021 period with respect to the estimates obtained from MODIS. Using an energy balance model to parameterize meltwater production, we find this bare ice albedo bias can lead to an underestimation of total meltwater production from the bare ice zone below 70° N of 42.8 % during the summers of 2000–2021.
Physiological flexibility of phytoplankton impacts modeled biomass and primary production across the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Sasai Yoshikazu , Smith Sherwood Lan , Siswanto Eko , Sasaki Hideharu , Nonaka Masami
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Phytoplankton growth, and hence biomass responds to changing light and nutrient conditions in the near-surface ocean. Although a wide variety of physiological photoacclimation models have been developed and tested against laboratory results, their application and testing against oceanic observations remain limited. Hence the biogeochemical implications of photoacclimation in combination with ocean circulation have yet to be fully explored. We compare modeled phytoplankton biomass and primary production from a recently developed flexible phytoplankton functional type model (FlexPFT), which incorporates photoacclimation and variable carbon (C) : nitrogen (N) : chlorophyll (Chl) ratios, to that obtained with an inflexible control model (InFlexPFT), which assumes fixed C : N : Chl ratios. We couple each plankton model with a 3-D eddy-resolving ocean circulation model of the North Pacific and evaluate their respective performance versus observations of Chl, nutrients, and primary production. These two models yield different horizontal and vertical distributions of Chl and primary production. The FlexPFT reproduces observed subsurface Chl maxima, although it overestimates Chl concentrations. In the subtropical gyre, where light is sufficient, even at low nutrient concentrations, the FlexPFT yields faster growth rates, as well as high Chl concentration and primary production in the subsurface layer. Compared to the FlexPFT, the InFlexPFT yields slower growth rates, and lower Chl and primary production. In the subpolar gyre, the FlexPFT also predicts faster growth near the surface, where light and nutrient conditions are most favorable. Compared to the InFlexPFT, the key differences that allow the FlexPFT to better reproduce the observed patterns are its assumption of variable, rather than fixed, C : N : Chl ratios and inter-dependent, rather than strictly multiplicative, effects of light- and nutrient-limitation.
Inter–annual global carbon cycle variations linked to atmospheric circulation variability
Authors: Li Na , Sippel Sebastian , Winkler Alexander , Mahecha Miguel D. , Reichstein Markus , Bastos Ana
Published: April 2022

Abstract. One of the least understood temporal–scales of global carbon cycle (C–cycle) dynamics is its inter–annual variability (IAV). This variability is mainly driven by variations in the local climatic drivers of terrestrial ecosystem activity, which in turn are controlled by large–scale modes of atmospheric variability. Here, we quantify the fraction of C–cycle IAV that is explained by large–scale atmospheric circulation variability, which is quantified by spatio–temporal sea level pressure (SLP) fields. CO2 variability is diagnosed from the detrended atmospheric CO2 growth rate and the land CO2 sink from different datasets in the global carbon budget. We use a regularized linear regression model, a statistical learning technique, apt to deal with the large number of atmospheric circulation predictors (p ≥ 800, each representing one pixel–based time–series of SLP anomalies) in a relatively short observed record (n < 60 years). We show that boreal winter and spring SLP anomalies allow predicting IAV in atmospheric CO2 growth rate and of the global land sink, with Pearson correlations between reference and predicted values as high as 0.70–0.84 with boreal winter SLP anomalies. This is comparable or higher than that of a similar model using 15 traditional teleconnection indices as predictors. The coefficient patterns of the model based on SLP fields show a predominant role of the tropical Pacific and over Southeast Asia extending to Australia, corresponding to the regions associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation variability. We also identify one region in the western Pacific, roughly corresponding to the West Pacific pattern. We further evaluate the influence of the time–series length on the predictability of IAV and find that reliable estimates of C–cycle IAV can be obtained from records of ~30–60 years. For shorter time–series (n < 30 years), however, conclusions about CO2 IAV patterns and drivers need to be evaluated with caution. Overall, our study illustrates a new data–driven and flexible approach to model the relationship between large–scale atmospheric circulation variations and C–cycle variability at global and regional scales, complementing the traditional use of teleconnection indices.
Last interglacial sea-level proxies in the glaciated Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Dalton April S. , Gowan Evan J. , Mangerud Jan , Möller Per , Lunkka Juha P. , Astakhov Valery
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Because global sea level during the last interglacial
(LIG; 130–115 ka) was higher than today, the LIG is a useful approximate
analogue for improving predictions of future sea-level rise. Here, we
synthesize sea-level proxies for the LIG in the glaciated Northern
Hemisphere for inclusion in the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines
(WALIS) database. We describe 82 sites from Russia, northern Europe,
Greenland and North America from a variety of settings, including boreholes,
riverbank exposures and along coastal cliffs. Marine sediments at these
sites were constrained to the LIG using a variety of radiometric methods
(radiocarbon, uranium–thorium, potassium–argon), non-radiometric methods (amino acid dating, luminescence methods, electron spin resonance,
tephrochronology) as well as various stratigraphic and palaeo-environmental approaches. In general, the sites reported in this paper do not offer constraint on the global LIG highstand, but rather evidence of glacial
isostatic adjustment (GIA)-influenced sea-level positions following the
Marine Isotope Stage 6 glaciation (MIS 6; 191–130 ka). Most of the proxies
suggest that sea level was much higher during the LIG than at the present
time. Moreover, many of the sites show evidence of regression due to
sea-level fall (owing to glacial isostatic uplift), and some also show
fluctuations that may reflect regrowth of continental ice or increased
influence of the global sea-level signal. In addition to documenting LIG sea-level sites in a large swath of the Northern Hemisphere, this compilation is
highly relevant for reconstructing the size of MIS 6 ice sheets through GIA
modelling. The database is available at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5602212 (Dalton et al., 2021).
A geomorphic-process-based cellular automata model of colluvial wedge morphology and stratigraphy
Authors: Gray Harrison J. , DuRoss Christopher B. , Nicovich Sylvia R. , Gold Ryan D.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The development of colluvial wedges at the base of fault
scarps following normal-faulting earthquakes serves as a sedimentary record
of paleoearthquakes and is thus crucial in assessing seismic hazard.
Although there is a large body of observations of colluvial wedge
development, connecting this knowledge to the physics of sediment transport
can open new frontiers in our understanding. To explore theoretical
colluvial wedge evolution, we develop a cellular automata model driven by
the production and disturbance (e.g., bioturbative reworking) of mobile
regolith and fault-scarp collapse. We consider both 90 and
60∘ dipping faults and allow the colluvial wedges to develop over
2000 model years. By tracking sediment transport time, velocity, and
provenance, we classify cells into analogs for the debris and wash
sedimentary facies commonly described in paleoseismic studies. High values
of mobile regolith production and disturbance rates produce relatively
larger and more wash-facies-dominated wedges, whereas lower values produced
relatively smaller, debris-facies-dominated wedges. Higher lateral collapse
rates lead to more debris facies relative to wash facies. Many of the
modeled colluvial wedges fully developed within 2000 model years after the
earthquake, with many being much faster when process rates are high. Finally,
for scenarios with the same amount of vertical displacement, differently sized
colluvial wedges developed depending on the rates of geomorphic processes
and fault dip. A change in these variables, say by environmental change such
as precipitation rates, could theoretically result in different colluvial
wedge facies assemblages for the same characteristic earthquake rupture
scenario. Finally, the stochastic nature of collapse events, when coupled
with high disturbance, illustrates that multiple phases of colluvial
deposition are theoretically possible for a single earthquake event.
Transport parameterization of the Polar SWIFT model (version 2)
Authors: Wohltmann Ingo , Kreyling Daniel
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Polar SWIFT model is a fast scheme for calculating the chemistry of stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex in winter. It is intended for use in General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs) to enable the simulation of interactions between the ozone layer and climate, when a full stratospheric chemistry scheme is computationally too expensive. Many GCMs do not include a usable general scheme for the transport and mixing of chemical species in the stratosphere. When using the Polar SWIFT model in a GCM, it is usually necessary to parameterize the transport of ozone in order to obtain the total change of ozone as the sum of the change by transport and by chemistry. We present a transport parameterization for the Polar SWIFT model that simulates the change of vortex-averaged ozone by transport in a fast and simple way without the need for a complex transport scheme in the GCM.
Wind-Wave Characteristics and extremes along the Emilia-Romagna coast
Authors: Pranavam Ayyappan Pillai Umesh , Pinardi Nadia , Federico Ivan , Causio Salvatore , Trotta Francesco , Unguendoli Silvia , Valentini Andrea
Published: April 2022

Abstract. This study examines the wind-wave characteristics along the Emilia-Romagna coasts (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) with a 10-year wave simulation for the period 2010–2019 performed with the high-resolution unstructured-grid WW3 coastal wave model. The wave parameters (significant wave height, mean and peak wave period, and direction) were validated with the in-situ measurements at a coastal station Cesenatico. In the coastal belt, the annual mean wave heights varied from 0.2–0.4 m, and the seasonal mean was highest for the winter period (> 0.4m). The Emilia-Romagna coastal belt was characterized by wave and spectra seasonal signals with two dominant frequencies of the order of 10 s/ 5–6 s for autumn and winter, and 7–9 s/4 s for spring and summer. The wavelet power spectra of significant wave height for 10-years show considerable variability, having monthly and seasonal periods. This validated and calibrated data set enabled us to study the probability distributions of the significant wave height along the coasts and define a hazard index based on a fitted Weibull probability distribution function.
Stratospheric Wave Reflection Events Modulate North American Weather Regimes and Cold Spells
Authors: Messori Gabriele , Kretschmer Marlene , Lee Simon H. , Matthias Vivien
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Arctic stratospheric polar vortex is an important driver of mid-latitude cold spells. One proposed coupling mechanism between the stratospheric polar vortex and the troposphere are upward-propagating planetary waves being reflected downward by the polar vortex. However, while the wave reflection mechanism is well-documented, its role in favouring cold spells is still under-explored. Here, we analyse such stratospheric wave reflection events and their impacts on the tropospheric circulation and surface temperatures over North America in winter. We present a physically interpretable regional stratospheric wave reflection detection metric, and identify the tropospheric circulation anomalies associated with prolonged periods of wave reflection, which we term reflection events. In particular, we characterise the tropospheric anomalies through the lens of North American weather regimes. Stratospheric reflection events show a systematic evolution from a Pacific Trough regime – associated on average with positive temperature anomalies and a near-complete absence of anomalously cold temperatures in North America – to an Alaskan Ridge regime, which favours low temperatures over much of the continent. The most striking feature of the stratospheric reflection events is thus a rapid, continental-scale decrease in temperatures. These emerge as continental-scale colds spells by the end of the reflection events. Stratospheric reflection events are thus relevant for tropospheric predictability in a socioeconomic impacts perspective.
Medical Student Research Journals: The International Journal of Medical Students (IJMS) Legacy
Authors: Liblik Kiera , Garcia-Espinosa Patricio , Nahian Ahmed , Chatterjee Surobhi , Găman Mihnea-Alexandru , Egan Ciara , Puyana Juan C. , Bonilla-Escobar Francisco J
Published: April 2022

The International Journal of Medical Students (IJMS) has emerged over the past decade as a critical platform for showcasing medical student innovation and experiences. Though the work of trainees has historically been undervalued and over scrutinized, the IJMS is committed to highlighting the immense capacity for novel and robust research in this cohort. Thus, supporting an upcoming generation of leaders in medicine and academia to gain confidence in their work and contribute positively to the scientific community. In this issue of the IJMS, we are proud to present 16 articles from the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Original research articles cover a breadth of topics, including medical training, impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and communication, pediatric respiratory illness, gender equity in medicine, understudied illnesses, and cardiovascular disease. The IJMS is proud to feature first-hand experiences of medical trainees in each issue. Accordingly, in the present issue perspectives of six medical students are outlined following unique and career-altering experiences. From working in palliative care to international outreach program, local vaccination initiatives, and the creation of a student-oriented research and innovation council in India. The IJMs extends our gratitude to our contributors, team, and readers for another remarkable issue.
Editorial and Front Matter
Authors: SHORT TOM
Published: April 2022

First published May 2009 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
MODELING THE GROWTH OF STUDENTS’ COVARIATIONAL REASONING DURING AN INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS COURSE
Authors: ZIEFFLER ANDREW S. , GARFIELD JOAN B.
Published: April 2022

This study examined students’ development of reasoning about quantitative bivariate data during a one-semester university-level introductory statistics course. There were three research questions of interest: (1) What is the nature, or pattern of change in students’ development in reasoning throughout the course?; (2) Is the sequencing of quantitative bivariate data within the course associated with differences in the pattern of change in reasoning?; and (3) Are changes in reasoning about foundational concepts of distribution associated with differences in the pattern of change? Covariational and distributional reasoning were measured four times during the course, across four cohorts of students. A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the data, revealing some interesting trends and relationships regarding the development of covariational reasoning.
First published May 2009 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIATION AND EXPECTATION ON THE DEVELOPING AWARENESS OF DISTRIBUTION
Authors: WATSON JANE M.
Published: April 2022

This study considers the evolving influence of variation and expectation on the development of school students’ appreciation of distribution as displayed in their construction of graphical representations of data sets. Three interview protocols are employed, presenting different contexts within which 109 students, ranging in age from 6 to 15 years, could display and interpret their understanding. Responses are analyzed within a hierarchical cognitive framework. It is hypothesized from the analysis that, contrary to the order in which expectation and variation are introduced in the school curriculum, the natural tendency for students is to acknowledge variation first and then expectation.
First published May 2009 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
A FRAMEWORK FOR THINKING ABOUT INFORMAL STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Authors: MAKAR KATIE , RUBIN ANDEE
Published: April 2022

Informal inferential reasoning has shown some promise in developing students’ deeper understanding of statistical processes. This paper presents a framework to think about three key principles of informal inference – generalizations ‘beyond the data,’ probabilistic language, and data as evidence. The authors use primary school classroom episodes and excerpts of interviews with the teachers to illustrate the framework and reiterate the importance of embedding statistical learning within the context of statistical inquiry. Implications for the teaching of more powerful statistical concepts at the primary school level are discussed.
First published May 2009 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
The use of a hierarchical construct to investigate students’ learning of inferential statistics
Authors:   University Malaya, Krishnan Saras , Idris Noraini ,   University Malaya
Published: April 2022

At present, there is still a need for more research in the teaching and learning of inferential statistics because of the limitedness of literature in this area of statistics education. Moreover, there is continuing evidence of students’ partial or unsuccessful learning of many aspects of inferential statistics. This is one of the concerns brought to attention in my postgraduate research whereby part of my work involved the development of a hierarchical construct to identify the different levels of students’ learning of inferential statistics. This paper particularly discusses the use of this hierarchical construct to investigate the learning of inferential statistics among students.
Development of synthetic microdata for educational use in Japan
Authors:   National Statistics Center, Makita Naoki , Ito Shinsuke ,   Meikai University, Horikawa Akiko ,   National Statistics Center, Goto Takehiko ,   National Statistics Center, Yamaguchi Kozo ,   Statistical Research and Training Institute Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Published: April 2022

Japan’s new Statistics Act has come fully into effect in April 2009. The new law allows access to Anonymized microdata, and at the same time it requires users to go through an application process and imposes some restrictions. The National Statistics Center (NSTAC) has developed a type of microdata which can be accessed without an application process and used without restrictions. These data do not contain original microdata, but consist of Synthetic microdata. The absence of an application process and usage restrictions make Synthetic microdata particularly suitable for educational use. This paper outlines the process for creating Synthetic microdata for educational use based on multi-dimensional tables derived from original microdata, and compares the characteristics of them.
Fantastic niches and where to find them: the current diagnosis and management of uterine niche
Authors: Mc Gowan S , Goumalatsou C , Kent A
Published: April 2022

Background: Caesarean section (CS) scar niche is a well recognised complication of caesarean delivery and is defined as an indentation at the site of the CS scar with a depth of at least 2mm.

Objectives: To review systematically the medical literature regarding the current diagnosis and management of uterine niche

Materials and Methods: We carried out a systematic review using MeSH terms ‘niche’ OR ‘sacculation’ OR ‘caesarean scar defect’ OR ‘caesarean section scar’ OR ‘uterine defect’ OR ‘isthmocele.’ Articles included were peer-reviewed and in English language.

Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of uterine niche.

Results: CS scar niche is common and, in a subgroup, produces a range of symptoms including post-menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia and subfertility. It may be linked to use of locked sutures during CS closure. Niche repair can be achieved laparoscopically or hysteroscopically and appears to improve symptoms, although solid conclusions regarding fertility outcomes cannot be drawn.

Conclusions: CS scar niche is associated with a range of symptoms. Repair may aid subfertile patients and those with post-menstrual spotting. The presence of a niche is probably irrelevant in the absence of symptoms.

What is New? LNG-IUS and surgical repair appear to improve symptoms in those with a niche.
Reproductive performance following hysteroscopic treatment of intrauterine adhesions: single surgeon data
Authors: Direk L.S. , Salman M , Alchami A , Saridogan E
Published: April 2022

Background: Intrauterine adhesions can negatively affect reproductive outcomes by causing infertility, miscarriage and preterm birth in women. Hysteroscopic surgery is now widely accepted as the treatment of choice in symptomatic women to restore reproductive function.

Objectives: To analyse the patient characteristics and long-term reproductive outcomes of women who received treatment for intrauterine adhesions under the care of a single surgeon.

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analysis, all women who underwent hysteroscopic surgery for intrauterine adhesions under the care of the same surgeon between January 2001 and December 2019 were identified and their data were evaluated. Relevant demographic, diagnostic and reproductive outcome data was procured from patient notes. Referring doctors and patients were contacted to obtain missing information.

Main outcome measures: Live birth and miscarriage rates.

Results: 126 women were treated for intrauterine adhesions. Of those women who were trying to conceive, 71.4% (65/91) achieved pregnancy, 58.2% (53/91) had live births and 13.2% (12/91) had miscarriages. No statistically significant difference was found in the live birth rates when data was analysed in subgroups based on age, reason for referral/aetiology and severity of pathology.

Conclusions: Hysteroscopic surgery leads to live birth in the majority of women with intrauterine adhesions. The lack of statistically significant difference in live birth rates across subgroups, including advanced age and severe pathology, suggests that surgery in all women wanting to conceive can be justified.

What is new? Hysteroscopic treatment can lead to successful outcomes even in the presence of severe adhesions and in older women with appropriate treatment.
The impact of COVID-19 on O&G trainees; where are we now?
Authors: Duggan I , Hablase R , Beard L , Odejinmi F , Mallick R
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives: Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) training continues to face challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in gynaecological surgical training. This follow-up survey captures the ongoing effect on O&G trainees and highlights the future recovery plan considering the historical training gaps in benign gynaecology.

Materials and Methods: an anonymised survey was emailed to all O&G trainees in Kent, Surrey and Sussex (KSS). Responses were collected over 6 weeks.

Main Outcome Measures and Results: 53% of trainees responded. In total, 78% of trainees agreed that the pandemic had an ongoing negative effect on their physical and mental wellbeing respectively. Trainees felt the prior negative impact on obstetric training is improving, whilst 88% still experience a negative impact on their gynaecology surgical training despite the resumption of elective services in the National Health Service (NHS). 80% continue to feel the negative impact on their educational activities and 88% felt their overall training continues to be negatively impacted. 70% were positive that they would recover from this. Responses were representative of each training year. Interestingly, 95% of trainees had accepted the COVID vaccine.

Conclusion: despite “restoration” of normal services, the negative impact on trainees particularly benign gynaecology surgical training continues. Addressing pre-pandemic training gaps whilst tackling the surgical back- log and the needs of service provision will continue for years to follow.

What is new? Future training needs to incorporate creative ways of acquiring surgical skills. It is imperative to imbed simulation training into O&G training programmes. Pastoral support is key to ensure trainees’ mental and physical well-being are prioritised and the already high burn-out rates do not worsen.
Incorporating 3D reconstruction in preoperative surgical planning of Multiple Myomectomy
Authors: Armano G , Barbuto S , Wagner S , Carugno J , Bifulco G , Di Spiezio Sardo A
Published: April 2022

Background: Medical 3D imaging is a promising emerging technology that allows recreating the details of human anatomy. The use of this innovative technology has resulted in improved surgical efficiency and better clinical outcomes. However, its incorporation in gynaecologic surgery has not been widely adopted.

Objectives: To demonstrate the use of Hyper Accuracy 3D reconstruction in a patient with infertility who underwent multiple myomectomy.

Materials and Methods: A stepwise approach describing the incorporation of Hyper Accuracy 3D imaging technology into the preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative guidance of a patient with multiple myomas undergoing multiple myomectomy.

Main outcome measures: Preoperative evaluation of a patient with multiple myoma and infertility who presented to our department seeking surgical management. Hyper Accuracy 3D image was obtained, and a 3D digital image reconstruction of the uterus delineating the exact number, volume, and location of the fibroids was created. The 3D digital image was available during the surgical procedure which helped to plan the surgical steps allowing a systematic surgical approach resulting in an effective surgery with minimal blood loss.

Results: The benefits of intraoperative guidance using Hyper Accuracy 3D in a patient with multiple myomas and infertility are demonstrated.

Conclusions: The adoption of this promising imaging technology into gynaecologic surgery is feasible and should be further investigated. Additional studies evaluating the clinical impact of using Hyper Accuracy 3D imaging in the preoperative planning of patients with gynaecologic surgical pathology are needed.
The first European gynaecological procedure with the new surgical robot Hugo™ RAS. A total hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy in a woman affected by BRCA-1 mutation
Authors: Monterossi G , Pedone Anchora L , Gueli Alletti S , Fagotti A , Fanfani F , Scambia G
Published: April 2022

Background: The benefits of minimally invasive surgery are well known in gynaecology. Robotic-assisted surgery has gained widespread acceptance within the surgical community and seems to be the most rapidly developing sector of minimally invasive surgery.

Objectives: This video shows the salient steps of total hysterectomy with new robotic technology, Hugo™ RAS. The objectives were to introduce and demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of this new advanced device.

Material and Methods: A sixty-two years-old woman affected by BRCA-1 mutation underwent the first European gynaecological surgical procedure using the new surgical robot Hugo™ RAS in the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Main Outcomes measures: Docking and operative times.

Results: The docking time was 6 minutes and the total operative time was 58 minutes. There were no system errors and faults in the robotic arms. The surgeon found no friction or rasping in the arms. The estimated blood loss was 30 mL. No intraoperative complications were recorded.

Conclusion: Gynaecological surgery with Hugo™ RAS seems feasible, safe and effective as shown by initial experiences in urological surgery. A larger case series would confirm the current experience and determine whether this technology could offer any additional benefit.