bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuovi dati desunti dallo spoglio di un archivio parrocchiale di tre secoli
Authors: Gandini L.
Published: July 2016

In this work the author by making use of parochial archives in Busnago (Milan) has controlled the long life proceeding of 187 among the 259 twins-pairs numbered during a period of three centuries (1632-1962). The author has verified the mothers' age at the moment of childbirth.

He has been able to point out a greatest concordance in the average life time of the MZ pairs in comparison with the DZ ones, which agrees with the hypothesis of a genetic long life factor. The mothers' average age, studied on a small group of population during a period of three centuries resulted, in the 159 cases the author could peruse, to be from 30 to 35 years, of age in agreement with the data collected by Gedda on the global Italian population during short periods of time.

This average age supports the hypothesis that among the factors of multiple pregnancies may be numbered besides mothers' age a geographic (racial) variability.
Distribuzione dei gruppi plasmatici aptoglobinici nella popolazione ligure
Authors: Cerruti P. , Borrone C. , Cordone G. , Colli S.
Published: July 2016

The Authors investigated the haptoglobin groups with immunoelectrophoresic technique in 150 subjects from Liguria. It was observed a frequency of the 39,33% for the types Hp1/Hp1 and Hp1/Hp2, of the 21,34% for the type Hp2/Hp2.
Genetica Clinica
Authors: Gedda Luigi
Published: July 2016

Nel Decimo Congresso internazionale di Genetica il Comitato Organizzatore ebbe l'eccellente idea di dimostrare alla popolazione di Montreal, Canada, quale possa essere l'utilità pratica della Genetica e perciò aprì al pubblico una Mostra che portava questo slogan: «La Genetica a servizio dell'uomo» (Genetics in the Service of Man).

Se dovessimo anche noi fabbricare uno slogan come riepilogo dei nostri lavori, mi sembra che potrebbe essere il seguente: «La Genetica a servizio della Medicina».

Infatti i temi delle nostre relazioni, tavole rotonde, simposi e comunicazioni riguardano per 1/3 l'uomo sano e per 2/3 l'uomo ammalato. Del resto, come nella Medicina la conoscenza dell'uomo sano è naturale premessa per la conoscenza dell'uomo ammalato, così nella Genetica la conoscenza dell'eredità dei caratteri normali dell'individuo e della popolazione è, a sua volta, la necessaria premessa per la conoscenza della Genetica delle malattie dell'uomo.

La Genetica che si occupa di queste malattie porta un nome ormai introdotto e accreditato: «Genetica Medica». Il tema della mia relazione porta invece un nome diverso, quello di «Genetica Clinica», nome che io vorrei giustificare dinanzi alla vostra cortese attenzione.
Twins and Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Campbell Maurice
Published: July 2016

Summary and Conclusions

The number of twins in 942 families where the propositus had a congenital malformation of the heart has been studied. The 38 pairs were not significantly more than could be expected by chance: nor were the 21 pairs where one member had a malformation of the heart. In 16 pairs, one was affected and the other normal; and in 5 pairs, one was affected and the other unknown. In 2 pairs, both were unknown because of early deaths; and in 15, both members of the pair were normal. In no pair were both members known to be affected.

There is clear evidence from this series and from the series of Uchida and Rowe (1957) and of Lamy et al. (1957) that where one member of a pair ofmonozygotictwins has a congenital malformation of the heart, the other is generally normal. It is the exception rather than the rule for both members to be affected, though several examples of such pairs have been reported.

There is some evidence from these three series that monozygotic twins are more liable to have a malformation of the heart than dizygotic twins and their sibs.

It follows from these two findings, that the immediate cause of the malformation of the heart must be environmental, though probably there is some genetic predisposition. A disturbance of the foetal circulation to the affected twin because of a single placenta and chorion seems to be the most likely environmental cause.

I should like to thank Professor Gedda of Rome and Professor Polani for their helpful suggestions and Dr. I. E. Evans for letting me see his unpublished paper on the evidence for monozygosity in some of the pairs of twins included in this paper.
La consanguineità nel Lodigiano dal 1900 al 1956
Authors: Serra A. , Soini A.
Published: July 2016

In this work the results of a research on the consanguinity of populations living in the Lodigiano, the southern part of the province of Milan, are exposed and briefly commented.

It has been found:

1) a relatively low incidence of consanguineous marriages from the third to the sixth degree (uncle-niece and aunt-nephew, first cousins, first cousins once removed, second cousins and double relatives), which varies with the time and the number of inhabitants of the «comuni»: in the whole, from a frequency of 2,27% in the years 1900-1923 they have decreased to 1,54%, in the years 1933-1956;

2) correspondently low coefficients of inbreeding, being F 0,00101 in the first period and F 0,00061 in the second;

3) no negative correlation between the number of inhabitants of the «comuni» and the incidence of consanguineous marriages.

The marked difference between these results and that obtained for the other part of the province of Milan shows how great the variability of this phaenomenon is even in small areas; variability that should be accurately evaluated and taken into account for studies of population genetics.
Un focolaio di microcitemia nella provincia di Roma
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Romei Licena
Published: July 2016

The Authors have found a remarkble frequency (8,8%) of microcytemia in a rural community so far unknown in the poulation study of this disease.
Analisi popolazionistica dell'etnia Valdostana attraverso il fenomeno gemellare
Authors: Gedda L. , Brenci G. , Bérard-Magistretti S. , Magistretti F.
Published: July 2016

The Authors have studied, from the standpoint of population genetics, twins born in the Aosta Valley from 1910 to 1957. This material, consisting in 980 pairs, has been examined from the standpoint of the frequency ot twin deliveries (Gemelliparity Index), of monozygosity (Monozygosity Index), and of patronymic (Patronymic Index). The Authors show that the region may be divided in geo-demographical departments, 6 of which may be considered « isolates » with a high rate of inbreeding. Moreover, the usefulness of the twin-method in population genetics is demonstrated.
De l'influence de l'exercice sur l'évolution des organes. Une théorie sub-lamarckienne de l'évolution
Authors: Gini Corrado
Published: July 2016

Lamarck a condensé sa théorie de l'évolution des formes vivantes dans les deux lois suivantes:

Dans tout animal qui n'a point dépassé le terme de ses développements, l'emploi plus fréquent et soutenu d'un organe quelconque, fortifie peu à peu cet organe, le développe, l'agrandit, et lui donne une puissance proportionnée à la durée de cet emploi: tandis que le défaut constant d'usage de tel organe l'affaiblit insensiblement, le détériore, diminue progressivement ses facultés, et finit par le faire disparaître.

Tout ce que la nature a fait acquérir ou perdre aux individus par l'influence des circonstances où leur race se trouve depuis longtemps exposée, et par conséquent, par l'influence de l'emploi prédominant de tel organe, ou par celle d'un défaut constant d'usage de telle partie, elle le conserve par la génération aux nouveaux individus qui en proviennent, pourvu que les changements acquis soient communs aux deux sexes, ou à ceux qui ont produit ces nouveaux individus.

La théorie de Lamarck a été généralement acceptée pendant un certain temps par les biologistes évolutionnistes, jugeant qu'elle donnait une explication satisfaisante de l'adaptation des formes vivantes au milieu.
Osteopetrosis: review of dominant cases and frequency in a Brazilian State
Authors: Salzano Francisco M.
Published: July 2016

Eleven reports of osteopetrosis due to dominant genes (table 1) establish in a firm basis the existence of such a genetic variant. By personal interview with all radiologists and orthopedists of Pòrto Alegre and larger Rio Grande do Sul cities, an estimate of 1: 100,000 was obtained for the frequency of osteopetrosis in this Brazilian State.
Prime osservazioni sulla distribuzione in Italia degli antigeni del sistema Kidd Ricerche sulla popolazione residente nel Lazio
Authors: Giorda Dott. Renato
Published: July 2016

After mentioning the main data of literature concerning the subject, the Author reports on the result of some research directed to establish the distribution of antigenes of the Kidd system in the population resident in the region of Latium.

This research has allowed to establish, in 110 individuals examined the presence of the following percentages; Jk (a+) 76.36%; Jk (a—) 23.64%.

The Author calculates further on the relative genie and genotypie incidence and finally calls the attention on the importance of the antigenes of the Kidd system from the forensic-medical point of view for the surveys directed to ascertain the ratio in relationship.
Importanza della Placentazione sul peso alla nascita dei Gemelli
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Poggi Domenico
Published: July 2016

The Authors have analyzed the separate and combined influences of zygosity, placentation and sex on intra-pair birth-weight differences in 124 MZ and 124 DZ twin pairs. The highest influence on birth weight was found to be due separately to zygosity and placentation (respectively in cases of dizygosity and of a single placenta). The single placenta causes more circulatory unbalance and, as a consequence, more intrapair weight difference. This finding may help to explain the higher frequency of blighted fetuses in utero in MZ twin pregnancies and that of discordant congenital heart disease in female MZ twins.
Su un caso di atresia congenita dei canalicoli lacrimali con carattere familiare
Authors: Lumbroso Bruno D.
Published: July 2016

The Author reports on six subjects of a family (three generations) affected by congenital atresia of the lacrimal canaliculi.
Hereditary spino-cerebellar ataxia in a large Brazilian Kindred
Authors: Carpilovsky José C.
Published: July 2016

A large Brazilian family, of white ancestry, in which several members presented a spinocerebellar ataxia, was studied. Informations were obtained covering six generations, in a total of 337 related individuals. 116 of them were examined by the author. 18 presented the disease, and of these 10 were alive at the time of the study. Besides them, by her descendents, it was possible to find a carrier of the gene, who died in a preataxic age.

The disease is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene, and appears at the age of 38.33 ± 1.74 years. Cerebellar, posterior chord and pyramidal alterations were present in the sick persons. Almost all the patients presented disturbances of the temperature sense. The disease had not lowered the viability and fertility of the affected persons.
Chronogenetics. Its Foundations, Scope, and Impact
Authors: Gedda L. , Brenci G.
Published: July 2016

Many chronological correlations in different plant and animal species, in populations, in human families, and between cotwins, prove the existence of characteristic biological times. Some such times also tend to be related to cosmic time, in which they develop and from which they are induced, resulting in peculiar composite times, such as the daily, monthly, or annual rhythms, that are the object of study of chronobiology.

Beyond these examples of exogenous chronological induction, the existence of a hereditary biological time is postulated, as the basic phenomenon in the relationship between time and life. The newborn scientific branch of chronogenetics is devoted to the study of the fundamental, endogenous genetic time, with its theoretical and practical, normal and pathologic implications. To explain and interpret the mechanisms of the hereditary biological time, the authors have developed a model based on the concepts of ergon (i.e., stability of the gene) and chronon (i.e., lifespan of the information). This Ergon/Chronon System is related to the gene, bringing into focus the fourth dimension and the dynamic aspects of the unit of inheritance.

The applications of chronogenetics extend to every expression of life, from the most primitive unicellular to the higher plants and animals. In the area of normal human traits, the study of the hereditary biological time contributes significantly to the interpretation of such phenomena as development, reproduction, homeostasis, and senescence. In the area of medicine, chronogenetics interpretes, unifies, and develops the temporal phenomena of inheritance. In a future perspective, chronogenetics appears to be fundamental for eugenics, preventive medicine, and prognosis.
A Method for Sexing 90-Day-Old Blood Stains in Absorbent and Nonabsorbent Materials
Authors: Aragonés J. , Egozcue J.
Published: July 2016

Cells from blood stains in absorbent and nonabsorbent materials like stainless steel, unpolished wood, cloth, glass, and paper, can be correctly sexed using fluorescent stains even after 90 days, during which the stains had been exposed to light, unfixed.
Haemoglobinopathies in the Indian Subcontinent.A Review of Literature
Authors: Saha N. , Banerjee B.
Published: July 2016

An up-to-date review of literature on the distribution of haemoglobinopathies in the Indian subcontinent has been presented. Haemoglobins S, D, E, J, K, L, M, Q, β-thalassaemia major, β-thalassaemia minor, α-thalassaemia minor, haemoglobin H, haemoglobin Lepore and persistence of foetal haemoglobin have been reported from India, β-thalassaemia in combination with haemoglobins S, E, D, J, K, Q has also been reported. Haemoglobin S is found to be prevalent among tribal populations in various regions of India, while haemoglobin D is prevalent among Sikhs, Pathans and Gujratis. Haemoglobin E is present in high frequency among populations of Assam, Bengal and Veddahs of Ceylon. β-thalassaemia major is widespread in various populations. There is paucity of data regarding distribution of β-thalassaemia minor and α-thalassaemias in this region.
Alcune Malformazioni come Casi di Consulenza Eugenica
Authors: Gedda L. , Porto G. Del
Published: July 2016

After having rapidly indicated Eugenics' tasks and aims, namely in the field of malformations, the Authors present a number of cases selected from the Mendel Institute Eugenic Counseling. This selection was made in order to show the various simple models of inheritance, while advancing hypotheses about more complex ones in the inheritance of malformations.

General conclusive remarks are made, and the need is stressed of the realization of meetings for the study of the morbid aspects of the various populations, in order to assemble an ever growing number of those notions needed by Eugenics for ever better diagnoses and prognoses.
I 17-Chetosteroidi Totali nei Gemelli
Authors: Gedda L. , Dati T.
Published: July 2016

The rate of the total urinary 17-ketosteroids has been studied in twins of the two sexes (8 ♂ ♂ and 3 ♀ ♀ MZ, and 4 ♂ ♂ and 3 ♀ ♀ DZ, for a total of 18 twin pairs).

On the basis of this material it could be shown: (i) that the metabolism of the urinary 17-ketosteroids is genetically controlled for aquantumof 43.65%; (ii) that the secretion of the urinary 17-ketosteroids is correlated with age, and (iii) that a quantitative differentiation of the phenomenon exists in the two sexes.
Pterygium in an Isolated Population
Authors: Forsius Henrik , Eriksson Aldur
Published: July 2016

The incidence of pterygium was studied in an isolated highly inbred fisher population. A clinical and hematological examination was performed and the blood chemistry was studied. Genealogical tables (pedigrees) were prepared for all probands and the degree of consanguinity in their parents stated. Of the total of 479 subjects studied by random sampling, 19 (4 per cent) had pterygium with a relatively high manifestation age. No linkage was detected between the genes for the blood group systems, serum groups etc. and the gene for pterygium. Increased capillary fragility was established in 10 probands. Capillary permeability was studied in 2 probands by the concentration in the anterior chamber of intravenously administrated fluorescein, and the test was found to be weakly pathological in one of them. The serum cholesterol level was elevated in 5 of the patients studied. Ophthalmological examination indicated the accumulation of degenerative eye diseases. Pingueculum showed a more pronounced development in 10 of the 17 subjects examined than in the rest of the population. The possibility of recessive transmission of the hereditary predisposition is discussed with reference to the high frequency of inbreeding and the accumulation of pterygium within the isolated population. According to the special frequency-raising peristasis conditions in an outer archipelago community and to the mendelian segregation rate, a not sex-linked, simple dominant gene, with low penetrance and no selective disadvantage for the pterygium seems to be the most plausible explanation. Because of the late manifestation age, pterygium was observed only in 2 generations. The expressiveness of the gene was unsteady and asymmetry of pterygium in the eyes of the probands is not uncommon.
A U. S. Case of Dicephalus tetrabrachius dipus
Authors: Brewster Paul G.
Published: July 2016

On 12th December, 1953 a set of conjoined male twins was born to Mr. & Mrs. Cecil Hartley in Petersburg, Indiana (U.S.A.). The mother, aged 28, had previously given birth to four normal children.

Each of the twins had a neck, a pair of shoulders, two arms, one heart and one stomach. One of them had two lungs, while the other had just one. Two nervous systems were found. The genitalia were normal.

Both twins died of acute cardiac dilatation on 12th April, 1954 having survived four months.
Human Cytogenetics
Authors: Ford C. E.
Published: July 2016

May I begin by recalling that at the Copenhagen Conference five years ago, Tjio and Levan had just published their almost apologetic announcement that they could only find 46 chromosomes in cultured human somatic cells, and Hamerton and I presented evidence that there were 23 bivalents in spermatocytes, not 24.

Since that time there has been a very marked expansion of work in human cytogenetics. The reason is not hard to seek: the findings have been of significance in so many fields of medicine ranging from endocrinology, through paediatrics, gynaecology and mental diseases to haematology and cancer.

To the biologist, this outpouring of interest may seem at times to have bordered on the hysterical. For him the developments may have done little more than illustrate in our own species the principles that were established in the twenties and thirties with other material. On second throughts he will realize that man offers unique advantages for cytogenetic study in virtue of the enormous numbers of individuals who are subjected to medical scrutiny and thereby become candidates for chromosomal examination. But he will also remember the serious disadvantages, (some shared with human Mendelian genetics) of long generation time, small family size, impossibility of experimental mating and lack of opportunity (except perhaps rarely in males) to study the meiotic pairing which can be so revealing of homology.

If opportunities for direct test of an interpretation are few, reliance on general hypotheses must be the greater. I make it a rule to doubt an observation if it is not in accord with hypothesis. This is not to reject Bateson's exhortation to “treasure your exceptions”; but one must first make quite sure that they are exceptions. Perhaps one does not make so many new discoveries this way, but fewer may later be shown not to be discoveries after all.
Central Serous Retinopathy in a Monozygotic Twin-pair
Authors: Jonkers G. H.
Published: July 2016

A description is given of the first case in the literature of practically simultaneous occurrence of central serous retinopathy in a monozygotic twin-pair.
Presenza di Emoglobina «L» nel Ferrarese e di Emoglobina «D» nel Bolognese
Authors: Silvestroni E. , Bianco I. , Lucci R. , Soffritti E.
Published: July 2016

The Authors describe from the electro-phoretic, biochemical, spectrophotometric and chromatographic points of view the slow Hb as observed in 5 family groups from Ferrara and Bologna, in 4 of which they found an Hb L, while the 5th presented an Hb D. A new Hb is therefore added to the numerous abonrmal hemoglobines already found in Italy (Hb S, Hb G, Hb D, Hb K, Hb H, Hb J, abundant Hb A2): the Hb L, which is rather frequent in the region of Ferrara.

As for the Hb D, its presence in different regions of Italy is stressed, in as far as the first family, previously described, came from Calabria, and the present one from Bologna.
Malattia di Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann in due sorelle gemelle
Authors: Ormea Ferdinando
Published: July 2016

The Author reports on the simultaneous appearance of a skin manifestation of the B.B.S. disease in female Twins. Partly diffuse and partly nodose infiltrations, with tendency to peripheral extension and central resolution constituted the clinical picture of the disease: (diffuse, small nodose variety of Boeck's sarcoids). In both cases the localisation was on the right cheek, the time-course was very similar. The histological picture was almost identical and was represented by infiltrations of epiteloid-cells with concentrical distribution.
Osservazioni sulla distribuzione delle anomalie mediterranea e drepanocitica in tre famiglie calabresi
Authors: Gigante D. , Santagati U. , Ghione R.
Published: July 2016

Three families from Calabria, whose members were related to each other have been studied. In the first there were both the thalas-semic and the drepanocytic traits separately in its members; in the second the thalassemic trait and in the third the drepanocytic trait. From the marriage of individuals with thalassemic trait from the first and the second family a child was born with Cooley's disease, from the marriage of drepanocytic individuals from the first and the third family a drepanocytic girl was born.

The clinical, hematologic and genetic characteristics of the 19 members of these families are reported and the distribution of the pathologic features is discussed.
Sesso genetico nei mielociti neutrofili normali e patologici Nota II
Authors: Mario Torrioli , Giovanni Brenci , Giuseppe Casparrini
Published: July 2016

The Authors confirm the finding of a difference in the diameter of the nuclei of myelocytes between males and females.

The diameter is greater in the females, with a significance of 1‰ (Student's t).

In cases of myelocytic leukemia the difference is even greater, suggesting the hypothesis that in this disease the cells may be polyploid.
Sesso genetico nei mielociti neutrofili normali e patologici
Authors: Mario Torrioli , Giovanni Brenci , Giuseppe Casparrini
Published: July 2016

The Authors report the finding of a difference in the diameter of the nuclei of myelocytes between males and females.

The diameter is greater in the females, with a significance of 5% (Student's t).

In cases of myelocytic leukemia the difference is even greater, suggesting the hypothesis that in this disease the cells may be polyploid.
On sweet Taste perception for P. T. C.
Authors: Skude Gunnar
Published: July 2016

67 persons aged 19 to 33 were examined with P. T. C. solutions by the method of Harris and Kalmus (1949). Two persons (2.99%) distinguished between distilled water and a P. T. C. solution which they described as sweet. Four persons (5.97%) distinguished distilled water from P. T. C. which they, however, described as “sweet and bitter”. When both these categories were regarded as sweet tasters, the frequency was 8.96 per cent.

The observed frequency supports the hypothesis of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for sweet taste perception for P. T. C. (Skude 1959).
Una famiglia di Appendicopatici
Authors: Romei Licena
Published: July 2016

5 sisters out of 10 siblings were affected. Bearing an abnormally long appendix. No males showed the disease.
La voce nei gemelli monozigotici
Authors: Gedda L. , Ratti L. Fiori , Bruno G.
Published: July 2016

The Authors describe the methodology of an analytic electroacoustical study of the spoken voice of MZ twins of prepuberal age.

The study was intended to reveal any possible analogies of the vocal spectrum and to ascertain the extent of the genetic conditioning of such analogies. For this purpose the Authors analyzed electroacustically a recorded material obtained as follows:

a) during free conversation,

b) by applying a laryngophone to the larynx in order to identify the fundamental laryngeal frequency,

c) after introducing in both cotwins a critical variant by application to the ears of a deafening tone.

Identical studies were carried out on a control material including DZ pairs and pairs of random-coupled non-related individuals very similar as to age and build.

The results can be summed up as follows:

1. The curves representing the vocal spectrum at the various frequency for each MZ pair reveal a marked similarity both in the general trend of the vocal curve and in the values at each point of the curve. The similarity is specially marked in the vicinity of the voice's fundamental frequency.

2. The location of the fundamental laryngeal frequency in the majority of MZ pairs has been found to be very close, and in many cases even coincidental.

3. Neither the analogies in the vocal spectrum nor the location of the fundamental frequency have been significantly modified by deafening.

4. The control material (including DZ pairs and random-coupled pairs of individuals having different heredity but similar as to age and build) has revealed marked dissimilarities both in the curves of the vocal spectrum and in the location of the fundamental laryngeal frequency.

On the basis of these results the Authors conclude that there is a similarity in the spoken voice of MZ pairs of prepuberal age they have examined, and this similarity is to be largely ascribed to morphological and functional factors of similarity of a genetic nature in the laryngeal generator.
Ricerche sulla familiarità del carcinoma ovarico
Authors: Serra A. , Soini A.
Published: July 2016

The results of a genealogical study of human ovarian carcinoma are presented.

In this investigation 4160 individuals are included: out of these 1892 belong to 138 proband families (experimental sample) and 2268 to 138 control families (control sample).

The following facts clearly emerge:

1. There is a highly significant proportion of cancer cases among relatives of the probands.

2. The incidence of cancer cases is highly significant either in probands' generation or in parents' and grand-parents' generations.

3. The higher frequencies are found in mothers' and sisters' groups.

4. The sites preferably interested pertain to the gastro-enteric and genito-mammarian apparatuses. The ovary is relatively highly represented.

These facts are an evidence of a not casual aggregation of cancer cases in probands' families. Therefore a family factor must be postulated, at least as a co-factor, in the pathogenesis of the ovarian cancer. Nothing however, may be said, on the basis of this research, about the real nature of that factor, even though the orientation towards the hypothesis of its hereditary nature seems sufficiently founded.
Taste Deficiency for Phenyl-Thio-Urea in Southern Sweden
Authors: Åkesson Hans Olof
Published: July 2016

Of 200 students from Southern Sweden 32 per cent were non-tasters for phenyl-thio-urea.
Una famiglia con conformazione del padiglione auricolare del tipo di Potter (cup-shaped ear)
Authors: Romei Licena
Published: July 2016

A pedigree of «cup-shaped» ears (as described by Potter), with 7 cases in 5 generations. The abnormality is heredited as a dominant.
Considerazioni su di una famiglia con Retinosi Pigmentaria e Sindrome di Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl
Authors: Romei L. , Ioli-Spada G.
Published: July 2016

A recessive pedigree of retinitis pigmentosa and Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. The retinitis affects all male children of a normal couple; the only female child shows a complete Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. The pedigree of the family shows no other case of the disease in six generations.
Il fenomeno gemellare in Sardegna nella prima metà del secolo ventesimo
Authors: Maxia Carlo
Published: July 2016

In a wide survey of twin births which was made in Sardinia, covering the years from 1902 to 1954, it was found that there was an incidence of 9.2 multiple births out of a thousand, which may be considered the lowest for any of the regions of Italy. The survey comprised not only the three provinces, but individual zones which are distinguished by historical and geographical differences.

In each of these areas a different trend appeared in what might be termed the twin phenomenon due, obviously, to the characteristic hereditary traits of the population, the degree of isolation and the endogamy which has usually been praticed over a long period.

In a commune of Campidano di Cagliari, Serramanna, research was made to ascertain what part heredity played in twin births, with positive results.

Furthermore, MZ and DZ twins were studied for the resemblance or non-resemblance in certain characteristics such as the form and colour of the hair, the skin colour, the m.c.c, the colour of the iris.

This survey of twins has shown itself to be a truly suitable method for the study of the patrimony of heredity of the Sardinians who are a Mediterranean population which are anthropologically and ethnically a distinct group on their own.
Un focolaio di distrofia muscolare progressiva familiare in Sardegna
Authors: Torrioli-Riggio Giuseppina
Published: July 2016

The A. refers a case of a family living in a little country town of Sardinia: five males among 12 siblings are affected by myopathy (pelvic) while only one female shows a doubtful or very early form of it.

Parents, grand-parents and relatives are free from muscolar diseases, while among relatives there are four cases of psychopathy, one of mental deficiency, one of epilepsy.

The family is described as a case of recessive sex-linked disease with irregular phenomenology in a female.

In the same place lives a sporadic case with negative familiarity, which is not easy to discus because only child of two normal parents: anyway it deservers mention because the patient has the same family-name of two members of the case referred above.
Anthropologische Beobachtungen an den Kindern einer Inzest-Verbindung. Das Hautleistensystem
Authors: Weninger Margarete
Published: July 2016

The dermatogliphics of an incestuous family (a couple, their daughter and the daughter's 5 children) have been studied. The couple's daughter had 5 children with her own father. Thus the man is the children's father and grandfather at the same time.

Compared with the results of monozygotic twins some features of the children's digital patterns are of great similarity whereas other ones differ strongly. The palmar ridge configurations of the children, especially the terminations of the main lines and the interdigital patterns show striking conformity. The children with their mother and father (respectively grandfather) differentiate clearly from the grandmother, above all in the palmar charac-

The problem is how to explain the features mentioned above which vary markedly among the children and which show configurations absent in the three ancestors.
Genetische Studien an Zwillingen. A. Morphologischer Teil
Authors: Osato Shungo , Awano Isamu
Published: July 2016

We have studied, in this work, environmental variability in twins, including the influence of age on the morphological and functional, physical and psychical characteristics.

I. Morphological Characteristics

1. For anthropometric measurements, most of the measurements of the cranium and of body lenght reveal a relatively high similarity between MZ twins, i. e. a high hereditary conditioning and low environmental influence. Most measurements of body volume and weight indicate instead a wider percentile intra-pair difference in MZ twins, indicating higher environmental susceptibility. Among constitutional indexes, Pignet-Vervaecksche's index appears to undergo the highest hereditary conditioning.

2. The heart, the first section of the aorta, the lungs, thorax and stomach were examined radioscopically. Their shapes appeared largely conditioned by heredity. Their measurements (obtained by telefilms) are, in part, conditioned by heredity.

3. The vessels of the retina and the capillaries of the skin are also conditioned by heredity.

4. Finger and palm ridges clearly show similarity in MZ twins. Examining MZ twins belonging to different age groups we have found that similarity of finger ridges was higher in MZs between 6 and 8 years of age than in later age groups.

5. As for blood cells, their size is largely conditioned by heredity, but also highly susceptible to environmental influences. The Hemogram and the Elmonogram of the leucocytes are, to a certain degree, conditioned by heredity. No clear appraisal could be made of the influence of heredity on the blood platelets count and on the reticulocytes.

II. Functional Characteristics

6. Body function as a whole.
Considerazioni genetiche sullo sviluppo osseo in gemelli MZ e DZ
Authors: Maltarello A.
Published: July 2016

Roentgenograms have been taken of the hand and wrist on 58 pairs of MZ twins, on 40 pairs of DZ twins, and on 4 groups of triplets, between 2 and 18 years of age.

Their comparative examination has shown the highest concordance in MZ pairs and a remarkable discordance in DZ pairs, accentuated above all in those of opposed sex. Generally, the comparison between male and female pairs of same age has shown a delay on bony growth of the firsts, event remarkable also within DZ pairs of opposed sex.

Comparing the Roentgenograms taken with those standard of Greulich and Pyle, generally it is to be remarked that males are retarded in regard to females.

Some cases of concordant paramorphysms in healthy pairs of MZ twins and of remarkable immaturity in MZ pairs at the same time sick are also shown.
Ricerche genetiche sulle neoplasie dell'utero
Authors: Emilio Beolchini Pier , Angelo Cresseri , Luisa Gianferrari , Piero Malcovati , Giuseppe Morganti
Published: July 2016

The Authors after a brief critical review of the literature on the familial incidence of uterine cancer, refer some clinical and statistical data of the 144 cases of cancer of the corpus and of the 418 cases of cancer of the cervix uteri that have been collected during their work.
Rhabdomyoma of the Heart in Both of a Set of Twins
Authors: Scariano Nicola
Published: July 2016

A case of congenital multiple rhabdomyoma of the heart in both of a set of twins of like sex is presented. A separated diamnionic dichorionic placenta was found. However because both twins had the same sex, the same color of eyes, the same blood group and very similar plantar prints pattern they were considered MZ. Twin A died after 10 days becouse of intractable heart failure. Twin B died one hour after birth of hydrops fetalis. The autopsies showed the presence of multiple rabdomyoma in the walls of both hearts and in Twin B a widely patent ductus arteriosus. No other extracardiac anomalies were noted. The diagnosis of rhabdomyoma of the heart, as is usual, was not made. It should be suspected in any infant who shows evidence of cardiac disease. On the other hand, this first case, known so far in the world literature of congenital rhabdomyoma of the heart in both twins could be an important contribution to the knowledge of the nature of this so discussed lesion.
Morfologia dei polinucleati neutrofili studiata con il metodo gemellare Nota prima: La formula di Arneth
Authors: Riggio G. Torrioli , Reggiani L.
Published: July 2016

In this first report the Authors take into consideration only the meaning of group I of Arneth's formula, utilizing the data of the zoo findings on pairs of DZ, of healthy MZ and diseased MZ Twins. They find, in group I, a moderate influence of the disease factor.

These findings are believed to be in agreement with Pappenheim's theory, according to which the relationship between the first group of Arneth's formula and the following groups would be lined more closely to a maturative factor influenced by physiopathological conditions than to a cellular constitutional, which is present, though.

The genie factor dominate instead in the other four groups, as will be amply shown in the next report.
Panmielopatia costituzionale con malformazioni multiple (sindrome di fanconi)
Authors: Gatto Ignazio , Albeggiani Alberto
Published: July 2016

The Author describes two case of Fanconi's syndrome in a 5-year-old boy and in an 11-year-old girl respectively. A diagnosis was made in both of erythroleucothrombocytofenia and medullary aplasia, cutaneous, hyperpigmentation, some shortened and bent fingers, symptoms of haemorragic diathesis and of alterations in body development with radiological signs of intracranic hypertension, high levels of plasmatic proteins with increased globulins. In the boy scleroedema was also found. The tests for haemorragic diathesis hinted in this case, at the presence of anticoagulants in the blood.

The statistical study of all the cases published in the literature and an appraisel of the results by the methods of Lenz and Hogben induces the admission that Fanconi's syndrome is a hereditary disease transmitted by a recessive character with multiple effects irregularly expressed.
La Voce dei Gemelli—I. Prova di identificazione intrageminale della voce in 104 coppie (58 MZ e 46 DZ)
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Bianchi Alfonso , Bianchi-Neroni Lydia
Published: July 2016

The Authors have studied the voices of twins by means of an intrageminal identification test. They have recorded the voices of 104 twin-pairs (58 MZ and 46 DZ), asking each twin to listen to the play-back of his own and his co-twin's voice, urging him to indicate which of the two voice samples was his co-twin's.

In 66% of the MZ pairs both twins were unable to identify their co-twin's voice; in 21% of the MZ pairs only one twin identified his co-twin's voice, and in 13% of the MZ pairs both twins could identify their co-twin's voice. In the case of the DZ pairs the corresponding results are completely reversed, as they are respectively 2%, 20% and 78%.

This experience shows that the voice of MZ twins carried over the air is concordant and practically identical in its acoustical effect. Furthermore, the comparison of this result with the one afforded by the voice of the DZ pairs proves that the mechanisms charged with originating the human voice are highly conditioned by heredity.
Comments on the Analysis of Twin Samples—II. The Sample
Authors: Allen Gordon
Published: July 2016

Summary, Part II

The statistics describing a twin sample should be computed from index cases (probands) rather than from twin pairs, if some or many pairs are represented by a single index case. Only then can the sample be compared with a larger population either in terms of twin frequency or in terms of proportions within the sample. The latter comparison might involve the proportions of opposite-sex and same-sex pairs, the proportions of monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, or the proportions of diagnostic subgroups. The same type of computation is also required for the estimation of penetrance and concordance rates. In the latter case, however, the number of index cases from concordant pairs should be halved in order to correct for the twofold representation of concordant pairs in the sample.
Reazioni posturali e mimiche di 56 coppie di gemelli alla proiezione di film umoristici ed ansiogeni
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Nerotti Lydia
Published: July 2016

The Authors have studied 56 twin pairs (31 MZ and 25 DZ) under the aspect of the psychomotor reactions they have shown while watching motion pictures. The most closely considered reactions have been head posture, arm and leg posture and mimic reactions. The analysis of the reactions was carried out on photographs taken during the projection of the films and then compared for the degree of similarity of the postural or mymical reactions. The degree of similarity was rated according to the following scale: concordant, similar, dissimilar, discordant.

The results obtained have shown that head posture (on which the influence of conscious mobility is higher) the hereditary factors have a clear influence; while for arm posture and especially for leg posture during projection the influence of hereditary factors could not be proven in any appreciable degree; this finding is thought to be related to the low influence of conscious mobility and with the sitting position being conditioned by environmental factors.

For mimic reactions the influence of a hereditary component is always clear, but from this point of view a marked difference is found between mimic reactions to anxiogenous and to comical films. Reactions to the latter reveal a higher, characteristic degree of difference between MZ and DZ twin pairs, i. e. a higher degree of hereditary influence.

The Authors have made further studies on the family trees under the aspects of previous twinnings and of previous personal pathological anamnesis, increasing the known case histories and strenghtening the conclusions reached by Gedda in previous studies.
Distributions of skin pigmentation, dermatoglyphics, tasting ability, and ABO blood groups within mixed negro-white populations
Authors: Rife David C.
Published: July 2016

1. A highly significant association exists between dark pigmentation and patterns in the second interdigital palmer area among populations of mixed Negro-White ancestry, both in northern Sudan and in the United States.

2. No significant associations were observed between pigmentation and ABO blood groups, tasting ability and pigmentation, blood groups and tasting ability, palm patterns and blood groups, or tasting ability and palm patterns.

3. The relatively high association between pigmentation and second-interdigital palmar patterns suggests linkage between some of the genes conditioning these two traits.
Zur Frage der Vererbbarkeit des Irregulaeren Agglutinins Anti A1(a1)
Authors: Speiser P.
Published: July 2016

On the basis of serological observations in male twins of group A2with irregular Anti-A1(α1,) agglutinins in the serum the possibility of an inheritance of these antibodies is indicated. Further additional five individual observations are included.

Simultaneously it was possible to obtain in the above indicated twins a triple group-and factor paternity exclusion.

The following is proposed:

1. To place on a broad basis the examination of the inheritance of irregular Anti-A1-Agglutinin.

2. To evaluate the previous «exceptions» to the rules of genetics concerning the system of blood groups and blood factors in the light of the currently known serological and anthropological armentarium.
Die Zwillingspathologie der Vitiligo
Authors: Siemens H. W.
Published: July 2016

Other than a specific case of concordant Vitiligo in MZ twins, the development of which has been followed for more than 11 years up to now, MZ twins suffering from Vitiligo have been described only three times. In all the four cases, three were concordant, one discordant; this last was accompanied by a discordant disorder of basal metabolism, by hyperhydrosis and exophtalmus. The greater degree of concordance found up to the present day, notably contrasts with the relative extreme rarity of familiar Vitiligo.
I problemi medico - legali della morte improvvisa e contemporanea nei gemelli
Authors: Dell'Erba Antonio
Published: July 2016

The A. explains the case of a pair of male twins five month aged, contemporaneously and suddenly died of a cardiac insufficiency from hyperthymism.

The examination of both their parents permitted to assure a syphilitic inherited lemish in their children.

Considering the question from the medico-legal standpoint, he does not justify any suspicion of a criminal action when the event may be justificable under the acquaintance of gemellology.

He confirms, besides, reflecting upon the genealogic factors of the parent's families, the theory of Gedda on the hereditary mechanism of gemellogenesis which in the above mentioned case declares itself as an heredity jointed to the sex.
An Analysis of Stillbirth Frequencies among Members of Twin Pregnancies within the total, the White and the Colored Populations of the United States
Authors: Strandskov Herluf H. , Askin J. E.
Published: July 2016

1. Data are presented relative to twin pregnancies within the total, the “white” and the “colored” populations of the United States for the 15 year interval from 1922 to 1936, inclusive.

2. Attention is called to the fact that twin pregnancy frequencies in all human populations fall within rather narrow limits, and it is suggested that this fact supports the conclusion based on other lines of evidence that human twinning has some genetic basis.

3. It is shown that the twin pregnancy frequency for the “colored” population is significantly higher than is the corresponding percentage for the “white”. It is concluded that this difference is due, in part at least, to a difference in heredity.

4. It ise stimated that 33.43 percent of all twin pregnancies within the total population are of the monozygotic type and that within the “white” and the “colored” populations considered separately the corresponding percentages are 34.16 and 28.91, respectively.

5. Calculations show that the higher percentage of twin pregnancy frequency within the “colored” population than within the “white” is exclusively the result of a higher percentage of the dizygotic type of pregnancy.

6. It is shown that livebirths among twins have a significantly lower percentage of males than do livebirths among members of single pregnancies. This is attributed primarily to a higher percentage of male deaths in twin than in single pregnancies during early uterine stages.

7. It is shown that the percentage of stillbirth for twin pregnancies is twice as high as is the percentage for members of single pregnancies. Even so it is suggested that there may be at present or in the future a trend started in the direction of an increase in the percentage of plural births within the human species.

8. It is shown that the percentage of sets of twins in which both members are stillborn is higher than the one expected on the assumption that the deaths of the two members are independent events.

9. The percentage of sets of twins in which both members are stillborn is found to be significantly higher for same sex sets than for opposite sex sets. This is attributed primarily to the inclusion of monozygotic sets among the former.

10. It is also shown that the percentage of sets of twins in which only one member is stillborn is significantly higher for same sex sets than for opposite sex sets. This is attributed primarily to the inclusion among the former of monozygotic sets in which one member is handicapped as a result of an unequal twinning process or of some related phenomenon.

11. Many additional differences relative to twin pregnacies are shown in the accompanying tables, but are not discussed either because they are relatively insignificant or because they require supporting data.