bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of standalone audio-visual feedback devices on the quality of chest compressions during laypersons’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kahsay Desale Tewelde , Peltonen Laura-Maria , Rosio Riitta , Tommila Miretta , Salanterä Sanna
Published: May 2023

Aims

Individual studies that investigated the effect of standalone audio-visual feedback (AVF) devices during laypersons’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training have yielded conflicting results. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of standalone AVF devices on the quality of chest compressions during laypersons’ CPR training.

Method and result

Randomized controlled trials of simulation studies recruiting participants without actual patient CPR experience were included. The intervention evaluated was the quality of chest compressions with standalone AVF devices vs. without AVF devices. Databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, and PsycINFO, were searched from January 2010 to January 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A meta-analysis alongside a narrative synthesis was used for examining the effect of standalone AVF devices.

Sixteen studies were selected for this systematic review. A meta-analysis revealed an increased compression depth of 2.22 mm [95% CI (Confidence Interval), 0.88–3.55, P = 0.001] when participants performed CPR using the feedback devices. Besides, AVF devices enabled laypersons to deliver compression rates closer to the recommended range of 100–120 per min. No improvement was noted in chest recoil and hand positioning when participants used standalone AVF devices.

Conclusion

The quality of the included studies was variable, and different standalone AVF devices were used. Standalone AVF devices were instrumental in guiding laypersons to deliver deeper compressions without compromising the quality of compression rates. However, the devices did not improve the quality of chest recoil and placement of the hands.

Registration

PROSPERO: CRD42020205754
Prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders and its association with left atrial remodelling before and after catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Nakanishi Koki , Daimon Masao , Fujiu Katsuhito , Iwama Kentaro , Yoshida Yuriko , Hirose Kazutoshi , Mukai Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Yuko , Nakao Tomoko , Oshima Tsukasa , Matsubara Takumi , Shimizu Yu , Oguri Gaku , Kojima Toshiya , Hasumi Eriko , Morita Hiroyuki , Komuro Issei
Published: May 2023

Aims

To investigate the exact prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders, and their impact on left atrial (LA) remodelling and reversibility in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results

We examined 204 consecutive patients with AF who underwent their first catheter ablation (CA). Oral glucose tolerance test was used to evaluate glucose metabolism disorders in 157 patients without known diabetes mellitus (DM). Echocardiography was performed before and 6 months after CA. Oral glucose tolerance test identified abnormal glucose metabolism in 86 patients [11 with newly diagnosed DM, 74 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 1 with impaired fasting glucose (IFG)]. Ultimately, 65.2% of patients had abnormal glucose metabolism. Diabetes mellitus group had the worst LA reservoir strain and LA stiffness (both P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in baseline LA parameters between normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group and IGT/IFG group. The prevalence of LA reverse remodelling (≥15% decrease in the LA volume index at 6 months after CA) was significantly higher in NGT group compared with IGT/IFG and DM group (64.1 vs. 38.6 vs. 41.5%, P = 0.006). Both DM and IFG/IGT carry a significant risk of lack of LA reverse remodelling independent of baseline LA size and AF recurrence.

Conclusion

Approximately 65% of patients with AF who underwent their first CA had abnormal glucose metabolism. Patients with DM had significantly impaired LA function compared with non-DM patients. Impaired glucose tolerance/IFG as well as DM carries significant risk of unfavourable LA reverse remodelling. Our observations may provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of glucose metabolism-related AF.
Multiple Lineages of Nematode-Wolbachia Symbiosis in Supergroup F and Convergent Loss of Bacterioferritin in Filarial Wolbachia
Authors: Sinha Amit , Li Zhiru , Poole Catherine B , Ettwiller Laurence , Lima Nathália F , Ferreira Marcelo U , Fombad Fanny F , Wanji Samuel , Carlow Clotilde K S
Published: May 2023

The intracellular endosymbiotic proteobacteria Wolbachia have evolved across the phyla nematoda and arthropoda. In Wolbachia phylogeny, supergroup F is the only clade known so far with members from both arthropod and filarial nematode hosts and therefore can provide unique insights into their evolution and biology. In this study, four new supergroup F Wolbachia genomes have been assembled using a metagenomic assembly and binning approach, wMoz and wMpe from the human filarial parasites Mansonella ozzardi and M. perstans, and wOcae and wMoviF from the blue mason bee Osmia caerulescens and the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus, respectively. A comprehensive phylogenomic analysis revealed two distinct lineages of filarial Wolbachia in supergroup F, indicating multiple horizontal transfer events between arthropod and nematode hosts. The analysis also reveals that the evolution of Wolbachia-filaria symbioses is accompanied by a convergent pseudogenization and loss of the bacterioferritin gene, a phenomenon found to be shared by all filarial Wolbachia, even those outside supergroup F. These observations indicate that differences in heme metabolism might be a key feature distinguishing filarial and arthropod Wolbachia. The new genomes provide a valuable resource for further studies on symbiosis, evolution, and the discovery of new antibiotics to treat mansonellosis.
Seismicity of Ireland, and why it is so low: How the thickness of the lithosphere controls intraplate seismicity
Authors: Lebedev Sergei , Grannell James , Arroucau Pierre , Bonadio Raffaele , Agostinetti Nicola Piana , Bean Christopher J
Published: May 2023

Ireland and neighbouring Britain share much of their tectonic history and are both far from active plate boundaries at present. Their seismicity shows surprising lateral variations, with very few earthquakes in Ireland but many low-to-moderate ones in the adjacent western Britain. Understanding the cause of these variations is important for our understanding of the basic mechanisms of the intraplate seismicity distributions and for regional hazard assessment. The distribution of microseismicity within Ireland and its underlying causes have been uncertain due to the sparsity of the data sampling of the island, until recently. Here, we use the data from numerous recently deployed seismic stations in Ireland and map its seismicity in greater detail than previously. The majority of detectable seismic events are quarry and mine blasts. These can be discriminated from tectonic events using a combination of the waveform data, event origin times, and the epicentres’ proximity to quarries and mines, catalogued or identified from the satellite imagery. Our new map of natural seismicity shows many more events than known previously but confirms that the earthquakes are concentrated primarily in the northernmost part of the island, with fewer events along its southern coast and very few deeper inland. Comparing the seismicity with the recently published surface wave tomography of Ireland and Britain, we observe a strong correspondence between seismicity and the phase velocities at periods sampling the lithospheric thickness. Ireland has relatively thick, cold and, by inference, mechanically strong lithosphere and has very few earthquakes. Most Irish earthquakes are in the north of the island, the one place where its lithosphere is thinner, warmer and, thus, weaker. Western Britain also has relatively thin lithosphere and numerous earthquakes. By contrast, southeastern England and, probably, eastern Scotland have thicker lithosphere and, also, few earthquakes. The distribution of earthquakes in Ireland and Britain is, thus, controlled primarily by the thickness and mechanical strength of the lithosphere. The thicker, colder, stronger lithosphere undergoes less deformation and features fewer earthquakes than thinner, weaker lithosphere that deforms more easily. Ireland and Britain are tectonically stable and the variations in the lithospheric thickness variations across them are estimated to be in a 75–110 km range. Our results thus indicate that moderate variations in the lithospheric thickness within stable continental interiors can exert substantial control on the distributions of seismicity and seismic hazard—in Ireland, Britain and elsewhere around the world.
Show Me Your Teeth And I Will Tell You What You Eat: Differences in Tooth Enamel in Snakes with Different Diets
Authors: Dumont Maïtena , Milgram Joshua , Herrel Anthony , Shahar Ron , Shacham Boaz , Houssin Céline , Delapré Arnaud , Cornette Raphaël , Segall Marion
Published: May 2023

Synopsis

Teeth are composed of the hardest tissues in the vertebrate body and have been studied extensively to infer diet in vertebrates. The morphology and structure of enamel is thought to reflect feeding ecology. Snakes have a diversified diet, some species feed on armored lizards, others on soft invertebrates. Yet, little is known about how tooth enamel, and specifically its thickness, is impacted by diet. In this study, we first describe the different patterns of enamel distribution and thickness in snakes. Then, we investigate the link between prey hardness and enamel thickness and morphology by comparing the dentary teeth of 63 species of snakes. We observed that the enamel is deposited asymmetrically at the antero-labial side of the tooth. Both enamel coverage and thickness vary a lot in snakes, from species with thin enamel, only at the tip of the tooth to a full facet covered with enamel. There variations are related with prey hardness: snakes feeding on hard prey have a thicker enamel and a lager enamel coverage while species. Snakes feeding on softer prey have a thin enamel layer confined to the tip of the tooth.
The LACE index and risk factors of 14-day versus 30-day readmissions in children
Authors: Lin Chaohsin , Hsu Shuofen , Yan Yu-Hua
Published: May 2023

Risk factors for readmissions in children differ from those in adults, yet little is known about whether the LACE index (Length of stay, Acute admission, Charlson comorbidity index, Emergency department visits in the previous 6 months) developed for adults retains its validity when applied to the prediction of readmissions in children or within shorter intervals of time after discharge. In this retrospective cohort analysis of 4256 patients aged ≤18 years hospitalized at one academic medical center in Taiwan in 2019, we first evaluated the performance of a LACE index model and the three other multivariate logistic regression models in their predictions of hospital readmissions in children using the same time interval of 30 days. We then used multinomial logistic regression to analyze the characteristics and risk factors for readmissions that occur in the first 14 days with those that occur between 15 and 30 days after discharge. The optimal cut-off of the LACE index score for children in the current study was 7, which is less than the optimal score of 10 in the original derivation for adults. The predictive model with the least discriminatory power was based on the LACE score alone, whereas our model that included only two variables (length of stay and the number of admissions in the past 1 year) was found to outperform the LACE index. Multinomial logistic regression results revealed that children who had supplemental private health insurance had lower readmission rates than those insured by the National Health Insurance program only, suggesting a disparity by insurance status. Some risk factors of readmission within 14 days such as acute admissions and supplemental private health insurance were not found to be relevant for longer-term predictions, while age, which was a valid predictor of readmission within 15–30 days, did not affect the prediction of shorter-term readmissions. Prior health care utilization and a higher illness burden were found to be greater contributors to readmissions beyond 14 days. Our simpler model outperformed the more complex LACE tool in identifying children at risk of readmission. Shorter-term readmissions can be attributed to different causes than 30-day readmissions, suggesting a need for different screening tools, interventions, and care support. There remains some socioeconomic disparity associated with readmission rates in the current health care system.
Rifaximin potentiates clarithromycin against Mycobacterium abscessus in vitro and in zebrafish
Authors: Goh Boon Chong , Larsson Simon , Dam Linh Chi , Ling Yan Han Sharon , Chua Wei Lin Patrina , Abirami R , Singh Samsher , Ong Jun Long Ernest , Teo Jeanette W P , Ho Peiying , Ingham Philip W , Pethe Kevin , Dedon Peter C
Published: May 2023

Background

Mycobacterium abscessus is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that causes chronic pulmonary infections. Because of its extensive innate resistance to numerous antibiotics, treatment options are limited, often resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Current treatment regimens usually involve a combination of antibiotics, with clarithromycin being the cornerstone of NTM treatments.

Objectives

To identify drug candidates that exhibit synergistic activity with clarithromycin against M. abscessus.

Methods

We performed cell-based phenotypic screening of a compound library against M. abscessus induced to become resistant to clarithromycin. Furthermore, we evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of the top compound in a zebrafish embryo infection model.

Results

The screen revealed rifaximin as a clarithromycin potentiator. The combination of rifaximin and clarithromycin was synergistic and bactericidal in vitro and potent in the zebrafish model.

Conclusions

The data indicate that the rifaximin/clarithromycin combination is promising to effectively treat pulmonary NTM infections.
Comparative analysis of the ocular surface microbiome in type-1, type-2 diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals
Authors: Ali Shima Mahmoud , Abdel-Gawad Maryam Mohamed , Azab Marwa , Hamed Selwan , Emara Mohamed , Shawky Riham M
Published: May 2023

Aim

Ocular health greatly impacts the quality of life, and diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of several visual diseases. Likewise, microbiomes have a pivotal role in eye health. The aim was to study the effect of DM, both type-1 (T1DM) and type-2 (T2DM) on the ocular microbiome.

Methods and results

A total of 70 subjects were recruited for this study and divided into two main groups healthy nondiabetic (n = 18) and diabetic (28 T1DM and 24 T2DM). The ocular surface (OS) microbiome was more diverse in the healthy group than in the diabetic one. Taxonomic analysis revealed Proteobacteria as the main phylum (healthy nondiabetic 41.8%, T1DM 50.6%, and T2DM 52.5%), besides Streptococcus (healthy nondiabetic 16%, T1DM 26.75%, and T2DM 29.20%) and Paracoccus (healthy nondiabetic 17%, T1DM 34.85%, and T2DM 37.47%) as the main genera. No significant diversity was found between T1DM and T2DM on both phylum and genus levels; yet genera Brevundimonas and Leptotrichia were more significantly predominant in T1DM.

Conclusion

Two pathogenic genera, Streptococcus and Paracoccus, were more predominant in the DM group than in the healthy one.
Modelling the deactivation of Escherichia coli in Nigerian soils amended with differently treated manures
Authors: Chukwu Vince A , Smith Jo U , Strachan Norval J C , Avery Lisa M
Published: May 2023

Aim

This study aimed to simulate deactivation of Escherichia coli in soils amended with cattle manure after burning, anaerobic digestion, composting, or without treatment.

Method and results

The Weibull survival function was used to describe deactivation of E. coli. Parameters for each treatment were determined using E. coli measurements from manure-amended soils and evaluated against measurements at different application rates. A statistically significant correlation and high coincidence between the simulated and measured values were obtained. The simulations revealed that although anaerobic digestion or burning of cattle manure effectively reduced the E. coli loads to background levels, burning retained very little nitrogen, so the ash residue was ineffective as an organic fertilizer. Anaerobic digestion was most effective at reducing E. coli levels while retaining a high proportion of N in the bioslurry residue, but the persistence of E. coli was higher than in compost.

Conclusion

The results from this study suggest that the safest method for production of organic fertilizer would involve anaerobic digestion to reduce E. coli, followed by composting to reduce its persistence.
First record of the major termite pest species, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), in Argentina
Authors: Carrijo Tiago F , Battilana Jaqueline , Morales Jorge
Published: May 2023

Reticulitermes flavipes is the most invasive species in its genus and is responsible for causing significant damage to human structures in areas where it has been introduced. Although it has already become established in Chile and Uruguay, it had not previously been reported in Argentina. In this study, we report the first detection of this species in Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. The colony was already producing alates, and species identification was confirmed through both morphology and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA analysis. Our results, while not conclusive, suggest that this introduction was independent from the one that occurred in Chile and Uruguay, and potentially originated from the United States. The detection of R. flavipes in Argentina is significant because it highlights the potential for this species to establish itself in new regions and underscores the need for future research on and control of R. flavipes in this country.
Quantification of damage to plasmid DNA from 35 MeV electrons, 228 MeV protons and 300 kVp X-rays in varying hydroxyl radical scavenging environments
Authors: Wanstall Hannah C , Henthorn Nicholas T , Jones James , Santina Elham , Chadwick Amy L , Angal-Kalinin Deepa , Morris Geoffrey , Warmenhoven John-William , Smith Rob , Mathisen Storm , Merchant Michael J , Jones Roger M
Published: May 2023

The pBR322 plasmid DNA was irradiated with 35 MeV electrons, 228 MeV protons and 300 kVp X-rays to quantify DNA damage and make comparisons of DNA damage between radiation modalities. Plasmid was irradiated in a medium containing hydroxyl radical scavengers in varying concentrations. This altered the amount of indirect hydroxyl-mediated DNA damage, to create an environment that is more closely associated with a biological cell. We show that increasing hydroxyl scavenger concentration significantly reduced post-irradiation DNA damage to pBR322 plasmid DNA consistently and equally with three radiation modalities. At low scavenging capacities, irradiation with both 35 MeV electrons and 228 MeV protons resulted in increased DNA damage per dose compared with 300 kVp X-rays. We quantify both single-strand break (SSB) and double-strand break (DSB) induction between the modalities as a ratio of yields relative to X-rays, referred to as relative biological effectiveness (RBE). RBESSB values of 1.16 ± 0.15 and 1.18 ± 0.08 were calculated for protons and electrons, respectively, in a low hydroxyl scavenging environment containing 1 mM Tris–HCl for SSB induction. In higher hydroxyl scavenging capacity environments (above 1.1 × 106 s−1), no significant differences in DNA damage induction were found between radiation modalities when using SSB induction as a measure of RBE. Considering DSB induction, significant differences were only found between X-rays and 35 MeV electrons, with an RBEDSB of 1.72 ± 0.91 for 35 MeV electrons, indicating that electrons result in significantly more SSBs and DSBs per unit of dose than 300 kVp X-rays.
The minimal important difference of Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire in subjects with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Sehgal Inderpaul Singh , Dhooria Sahajal , Muthu Valliappan , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Aggarwal Ashutosh Nath , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M , Agarwal Ritesh
Published: May 2023

The estimates of the minimal important difference (MID) for the Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) remain unknown. We performed a retrospective analysis on treatment-naïve CPA subjects (n = 148) treated with 6-month oral itraconazole therapy and completed SGRQ at baseline and 6 months. The study’s objective was to estimate the MID for SGRQ. We used an anchor-based method to determine the MID and found the MID for SGRQ of 7.3.
A Bayesian chemical evolution model of the DustPedia galaxy M74
Authors: Calura Francesco , Palla Marco , Morselli Laura , Spitoni Emanuele , Casasola Viviana , Verma Kuldeep , Enia Andrea , Meneghetti Massimo , Bianchi Simone , Pozzi Francesca , Gruppioni Carlotta
Published: May 2023

We introduce a new, multizone chemical evolution model of the DustPedia galaxy M74, calibrated by means of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. We take into account the observed stellar and gas density profiles and use Bayesian analysis to constrain two fundamental parameters characterizing the gas accretion and star formation time-scale, i.e. the infall time-scale τ and the SF efficiency ν, respectively, as a function of galactocentric radius R. Our analysis supports an infall time-scale increasing with R and a star formation efficiency decreasing with R, thus supporting an ‘Inside-Out’ formation for M74. For both τ and ν, we find a weaker radial dependence than in the Milky Way. We also investigate the dust content of M74, comparing the observed dust density profile with the results of our chemical evolution models. Various prescriptions have been considered for two key parameters, i.e. the typical dust accretion time-scale τ0 and the mass of gas cleared out of dust by a supernova remnant, Mclear, regulating the dust growth and destruction rate, respectively. Two models with a different current balance between destruction and accretion, i.e. with an equilibrium and a dominion of accretion over destruction, can equally reproduce the observed dust profile of M74. This outlines the degeneracy between these parameters in shaping the interstellar dust content in galaxies. Our methods will be extended to more DustPedia galaxies to shed more light on the relative roles of dust production and destruction.
Particle acceleration with magnetic reconnection in large-scale RMHD simulations – I. Current sheet identification and characterization
Authors: Nurisso Matteo , Celotti Annalisa , Mignone Andrea , Bodo Gianluigi
Published: May 2023

We present a new algorithm for the identification and physical characterization of current sheets and reconnection sites in 2D and 3D large-scale relativistic magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations. This has been implemented in the pluto code and tested in the cases of a single current sheet, a 2D jet, and a 3D unstable plasma column. Its main features are (i) a computational cost that allows its use in large-scale simulations and (ii) the capability to deal with complex 2D and 3D structures of the reconnection sites. In the performed simulations, we identify the computational cells that are part of a current sheet by a measure of the gradient of the magnetic field along different directions. Lagrangian particles, which follow the fluid, are used to sample plasma parameters before entering the reconnection sites that form during the evolution of the different configurations considered. Specifically, we track the distributions of the magnetization parameter σ and the thermal to magnetic pressure ratio β that – according to particle-in-cell simulation results – control the properties of particle acceleration in magnetic reconnection regions. Despite the fact that initial conditions of the simulations were not chosen ‘ad hoc’, the 3D simulation returns results suitable for efficient particle acceleration and realistic non-thermal particle distributions.
Instabilities in dusty non-isothermal protoplanetary discs
Authors: Lehmann Marius , Lin Min-Kai
Published: May 2023

Protoplanetary discs (PPDs) can host a number of instabilities that may partake directly or indirectly in the process of planetesimal formation. These include the vertical shear instability (VSI), convective overstability (COS), streaming instability (SI), and dust settling instability (DSI), to name a few. Notably, the VSI and COS have mostly been studied in purely gaseous discs, while the SI and DSI have only been analysed in isothermal discs. How these instabilities operate under more general conditions is therefore unclear. To this end, we devise a local model of a PPD describing a non-isothermal gas interacting with a single species of dust via drag forces. Using this, we find that dust drag sets minimum length-scales below which the VSI and COS are suppressed. Similarly, we find that the SI can be suppressed on sufficiently small scales by the gas’ radial buoyancy if it cools on roughly a dynamical time-scale. We show that the DSI can be effectively stabilized by vertical buoyancy, except at special radial and vertical length-scales. We also find novel instabilities unique to a dusty, non-isothermal gas. These result in a dusty analogue of the COS that operates in slowly cooled discs, and a dusty version of the VSI that is strongly enhanced by dust settling. We briefly discuss the possible implications of our results on planetesimal formation.
The odd bunch: chrono-chemo-dynamics of sixteen unusual stars from Kepler
Authors: Alencastro Puls Arthur , Casagrande Luca , Monty Stephanie , Yong David , Liu Fan , Stello Dennis , Lund Mikkel N
Published: May 2023

In this study we combine asteroseismic, spectroscopic, and kinematic information to perform a detailed analysis of a sample of 16 stars from the Kepler field. Our selection focuses on stars that appear to contradict Galactic chemical evolution models: young and α-rich, old and metal-rich, as well as other targets with unclear classification in past surveys. Kinematics are derived from Gaia DR3 parallaxes and proper motions, and high-resolution spectra from HIRES/Keck are used to calculate chemical abundances for over 20 elements. This information is used to perform careful checks on asteroseismic masses and ages derived via grid-based modelling. Among the seven stars previously classified as young and α-rich, only one seems to be an unambiguously older object masking its true age. We confirm the existence of two very old (≥11 Gyr), super metal-rich (≥0.1 dex) giants. These two stars have regular thin disc chemistry and in-plane solar circle orbits that fit well in the picture of radial migration via the churning mechanism. The alternative explanation that these stars have younger ages would require mass-loss rates that strongly increase with increasing metallicity. Finally, we suggest further investigations to explore the suitability of Zn as a chemical clock in red giants.
Chemistry of NH2OH and its related species in the ISM
Authors: Zhao Guoming , He Mingwei , Quan Donghui , Li Dalei , Yang Xue , Chang Qiang , Ma Ming-Shuo , Qu Minglei
Published: May 2023

Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is a key precursor of both the formation of amino acids and the concurrent synthesis of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides. Recently, NH2OH was detected towards the quiescent molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027, which is located in the Galactic Centre. In this study, we construct the chemical network for NH2OH and its related species via quantum chemical calculations, and simulate their chemistry using the astrochemical code Nautilus in isothermal models and shock models. According to the disagreement distance formula and molecular abundance ratios, we acquire the best-fitting isothermal model T18 and the best-fitting C-shock model S2, respectively. Of these two models, S2 is more suitable for G+0.693-0.027 due to its reproduction of abundances of all considered molecules. From the model, we found that NH2OH and CH3NH2 are mainly formed on grain surfaces, while HNCN and CH2NH, which are the post-shock tracers, are produced by both gas-phase and grain-surface reactions. Our chemical modelling also agrees with the observed abundances or upper limits of NH2OH and its related species towards IRAS 16293-2422 B and Sgr B2(N). Moreover, we predict that NH2OH and the undiscovered species H2NO and HNOH are of high abundance, thus are detectable in cold clouds and pre-stellar cores, and in G+0.693-0.027, respectively.
Body image and dietary habits in adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Bodega Patricia , de Cos-Gandoy Amaya , Fernández-Alvira Juan M , Fernández-Jiménez Rodrigo , Moreno Luis A , Santos-Beneit Gloria
Published: May 2023

Context

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage in which increasing concerns about body image (BI) coincide with the consolidation of dietary habits (DHs). Multiple studies have sought robust associations between BI and DHs to prevent unhealthy behaviors.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available literature on the association between BI perception (BIP) and/or satisfaction (BIS) and DHs in adolescents.

Data Sources

A search was carried out of 5 electronic databases (PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane, Embase, and PsycInfo) using a combination of keywords (and synonyms) related to adolescence, BI, and diet.

Data Extraction

Data screening, extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently by 2 investigators using the PRISMA and AXIS guidelines.

Data Analysis

Of 2496 articles screened, 30 articles, published in English or Spanish, that evaluated the relationship between BI and DHs in adolescents aged between 10 years and 18 years, were included. A relationship between accurate BI perception in adolescents and healthy DHs was reported in 5 articles (16.2%). A relationship between overestimation of body weight in adolescents and healthy DHs was reported in 4 articles (13.3%). A relationship between underestimation of body weight and unhealthy DHs was reported in 8 articles (26.7%). In addition, 4 articles (13.3%) reported a relationship between BIS and healthy DHs. The desire to gain weight was associated with unhealthy DHs in 3 (10%) of the articles, while the desire to lose weight was related to healthy DHs in 3 (10%) of the articles and to unhealthy DHs in 3 (10%) other articles. There were also gender differences in the relationship between BIP or BIS and DHs.

Conclusion

Adolescents who underestimate their body weight tend to report less healthy DHs than body weight overestimators. Adolescents unsatisfied with their BI and with a drive for thinness frequently engage in DHs linked to losing weight.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020184625.
Efficacy of psychological interventions for dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis
Authors: Rogers Sarah K , Galloway Amanda , Hirsh Adam T , Zapolski Tamika , Chen Chen X , Rand Kevin L
Published: May 2023

Dysmenorrhea is pelvic pain associated with menstruation and is one of the most common pain conditions among reproductive-age women. It is commonly treated with medications, complementary and alternative medicine, and self-management techniques. However, there is increased focus on psychological interventions which modify thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and behavioral responses to dysmenorrhea. This review examined the efficacy of psychological interventions on dysmenorrhea pain severity and interference. We conducted a systematic search of the literature using PsycINFO, PubMed, CINHAL, and Embase. A total of 22 studies were included; 21 examined within-group improvement (ie, within-group analysis) and 14 examined between-group improvement (ie, between-group analysis). Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on pain severity and interference, with average effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g. Within-group analyses showed decreased pain severity and interference at post-treatment (g = 0.986 and 0.949, respectively) and first follow-up (g = 1.239 and 0.842, respectively). Between-group analyses showed decreased pain severity at post-treatment (g = 0.909) and decreased pain severity and interference at first follow-up (g = 0.964 and 0.884, respectively) compared to control groups. This review supports the efficacy of psychological interventions for dysmenorrhea, but conclusions are tempered by suboptimal methodological quality of the included studies and high heterogeneity across studies. Additional, rigorous research is needed to determine the clinical utility of psychological interventions for dysmenorrhea.
Can leaf drought tolerance predict species abundance and its changes in tropical-subtropical forests?
Authors: Song Hui-Qing , Wang Yong-Qiang , Yan Chao-Long , Zeng Wen-Hao , Chen Ya-Jun , Zhang Jiao-Lin , Liu Hui , Zhang Qian-Mei , Zhu Shi-Dan
Published: May 2023

Climate change has resulted in an increase in drought severity in the species-rich tropical and subtropical forests of southern China. Exploring the spatiotemporal relationship between drought-tolerance trait and tree abundance provides a means to elucidate the impact of droughts on community assembly and dynamics. In this study, we measured the leaf turgor loss point (πtlp) for 399 tree species from three tropical forest plots and three subtropical forest plots. The plot area was 1 ha and tree abundance was calculated as total basal area per hectare according to the nearest community census data. The first aim of this study was to explore πtlp abundance relationships in the six plots across a range of precipitation seasonality. Additionally, three of the six plots (two tropical forests and one subtropical forest) had consecutive community censuses data (12–22 years) and the mortality ratios and abundance year slope of tree species were analyzed. The second aim was to examine whether πtlp is a predictor of tree mortality and abundance changes. Our results showed that tree species with lower (more negative) πtlp were more abundant in the tropical forests with relative high seasonality. However, πtlp was not related to tree abundance in the subtropical forests with low seasonality. Moreover, πtlp was not a good predictor of tree mortality and abundance changes in both humid and dry forests. This study reveals the restricted role of πtlp in predicting the response of forests to increasing droughts under climate change.
Best Practice Alerts Informed by Inpatient Opioid Intake to Reduce Opioid Prescribing after Surgery (PRIOR): A Cluster Randomized Multiple Crossover Trial
Authors: Rolfzen Megan L. , Wick Abraham , Mascha Edward J. , Shah Karan , Krause Martin , Fernandez-Bustamante Ana , Kutner Jean S. , Ho P. Michael , Sessler Daniel I. , Bartels Karsten
Published: May 2023

Background

Overprescription of opioids after surgery remains common. Residual and unnecessarily prescribed opioids can provide a reservoir for nonmedical use. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that a decision-support tool embedded in electronic health records guides clinicians to prescribe fewer opioids at discharge after inpatient surgery.

Methods

This study included 21,689 surgical inpatient discharges in a cluster randomized multiple crossover trial from July 2020 to June 2021 in four Colorado hospitals. Hospital-level clusters were randomized to alternating 8-week periods during which an electronic decision-support tool recommended tailored discharge opioid prescriptions based on previous inpatient opioid intake. During active alert periods, the alert was displayed to clinicians when the proposed opioid prescription exceeded recommended amounts. No alerts were displayed during inactive periods. Carryover effects were mitigated by including 4-week washout periods. The primary outcome was oral morphine milligram equivalents prescribed at discharge. Secondary outcomes included combination opioid and nonopioid prescriptions and additional opioid prescriptions until day 28 after discharge. A vigorous state-wide opioid education and awareness campaign was in place during the trial.

Results

The total postdischarge opioid prescription was a median [quartile 1, quartile 3] of 75 [0, 225] oral morphine milligram equivalents among 11,003 patients discharged when the alerts were active and 100 [0, 225] morphine milligram equivalents in 10,686 patients when the alerts were inactive, with an estimated ratio of geometric means of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.80 to 1.13; P = 0.586). The alert was displayed in 28% (3,074 of 11,003) of the discharges during the active alert period. There was no relationship between the alert and prescribed opioid and nonopioid combination medications or additional opioid prescriptions written after discharge.

Conclusions

A decision-support tool incorporated into electronic medical records did not reduce discharge opioid prescribing for postoperative patients in the context of vigorous opioid education and awareness efforts. Opioid prescribing alerts might yet be valuable in other contexts.(Anesthesiology 2023; 139:186–96)

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A Wireless, Wearable Carotid Doppler Ultrasound Aids Diagnosis and Monitoring of Pericardial Tamponade: A Case Report
Authors: Prager Ross , Pratte Michael , Kenny Jon-Emile , Rola Philippe
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND:

Pericardial tamponade can often be diagnosed through clinical findings and echocardiography; however, the diagnosis can be aided by demonstrating the hemodynamic consequences of the effusion. We describe the use of a wearable carotid Doppler device to help diagnose and monitor pericardial tamponade.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 54-year-old man developed hypotension after an endobronchial biopsy for a lung mass. Echocardiography showed a pericardial effusion with sonographic evidence of tamponade. A wearable carotid Doppler device demonstrated low corrected carotid flow time (CFT) (a surrogate for stroke volume) with significant respiratory variation, supporting the diagnosis of tamponade. The patient underwent pericardiocentesis which revealed purulent pericardial fluid from a mediastinal abscess. After drainage there was increased CFT and reduced respiratory variability in Doppler, surrogates of improved stroke volume.

CONCLUSION:

A wearable carotid Doppler device is a noninvasive tool that can help determine the hemodynamic impact of a pericardial effusion, and potentially aid in the diagnosis of pericardial tamponade.
Post-traumatic Telecanthus Induced by a Missed Diagnosis of Avulsion Fracture of the Medial Canthal Tendon
Authors: Seo Min-Gi , Chung Kyu-Jin , Kim Yong-Ha
Published: May 2023

Telecanthus is commonly accompanied by severe naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures. If there is only an avulsion fracture of the medial canthal tendon (MCT), the initial diagnosis may be missed, and post-traumatic telecanthus may follow. To avoid misdiagnosis of post-traumatic telecanthus, the following should be considered: avulsion fracture of the MCT should be suspected in the presence of an injury or edema of the medial canthal area; the facial computed tomography images should be carefully analyzed to confirm the presence of bone segment caused by the avulsion fracture of the MCT; physical examinations, such as the bowstring test and bimanual palpation, also provide essential data for early diagnosis. And even if early diagnosis is delayed, post-traumatic telecanthus can be improved through aggressive surgical correction.
Domain-based multi-domain protein and complex structure prediction using inter-domain interactions from deep learning
Authors: Xia Yuhao , Zhao Kailong , Liu Dong , Zhou Xiaogen , Zhang Guijun
Published: May 2023

Accurately capturing domain-domain interactions is key to understanding protein function and designing structure-based drugs. Although AlphaFold2 has made a breakthrough on single domain, it should be noted that the structure modeling for multi-domain protein and complex remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a multi-domain and complex structure assembly protocol, named DeepAssembly, based on domain segmentation and single domain modeling algorithms. Firstly, DeepAssembly uses a population-based evolutionary algorithm to assemble multi-domain proteins by inter-domain interactions inferred from a developed deep learning network. Secondly, protein complexes are assembled by means of domains rather than chains using DeepAssembly. Experimental results show that on 219 multi-domain proteins, the average inter-domain distance precision by DeepAssembly is 22.7% higher than that of AlphaFold2. Moreover, DeepAssembly improves accuracy by 11.8% for 164 multi-domain structures with low confidence deposited in AlphaFold database. We apply DeepAssembly for the prediction of 247 heterodimers. We find that DeepAssembly generates models with acceptable quality (DockQ ≥ 0.23) for 32.4% of the dimers, suggesting a lighter way to assemble complex structures by treating domains as assembly units and using inter-domain interactions learned from monomer structures.
Reducing Motor Variability Enhances Myoelectric Control Robustness Across Limb Positions
Authors: Stuttaford Simon A. , Dyson Matthew , Nazarpour Kianoush , Dupan Sigrid S. G.
Published: May 2023

Background

The limb position effect is a multi-faceted problem, associated with decreased upper-limb prosthesis control acuity following a change in arm position. The many factors contributing to this problem can arise from distinct environmental or physiological sources. Despite their differences in origin, the effect of each factor manifests similarly as increased variability in the detected control signal. This variability can cause incorrect decoding of user intent, leading to dropped items or inability to use the prosthesis during activities of daily living. The general approach of previous research has attempted to limit the impact of the factors or better capture the variability with data abundance. In this paper we take an alternative approach and investigate the effect of reducing the variability of the control signal by improving the consistency of muscle activity with user training.

Methods

Participants underwent 4 days of myoelectric training with either concurrent or delayed feedback in a single arm position. During this time, they were trained to control a two-dimensional cursor using muscles in the forearm. At the end of training participants underwent a zero feedback retention test in multiple limb positions. In doing so, we tested how well the skill learned in a single limb position generalized to untrained positions.

Results

We found that delayed feedback training led to more consistent muscle activity across both the trained and untrained limb positions. Analysis of patterns of activation in the delayed feedback group suggest a structured change in muscle activity occurs across arm positions. The structured changes allowed us to quantify the limb position effect by comparing trained to untrained arm positions. Different limb positions changed mean ECR and FCR muscle activity in the range of -4.3% to +18.7%. All participants were able to counter the limb position effect if given concurrent feedback, confirming our results align with existing findings.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that myoelectric user-training can lead to the retention of motor skills that are more robust to limb position changes. This work highlights the importance of reducing motor variability with practice, prior to examining the underlying structure of muscle changes associated with limb position. These findings will be useful for the majority of myoelectric prosthesis control systems and will create better quality input data leading to more robust machine-learning based prosthesis control systems.
Widespread sex-dimorphism across single-cell transcriptomes of adult African turquoise killifish tissues
Authors: Teefy Bryan B. , Lemus Aaron J.J. , Adler Ari , Xu Alan , Bhala Rajyk , Hsu Katelyn , Benayoun Bérénice A.
Published: May 2023

The African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri), the shortest-lived vertebrate that can be bred in captivity, is an emerging model organism to study vertebrate aging. Here we describe the first multi-tissue, single-cell gene expression atlas of female and male turquoise killifish tissues comprising immune and metabolic cells from the blood, kidney, liver, and spleen. We were able to annotate 22 distinct cell types, define associated marker genes, and infer differentiation trajectories. Using this dataset, we found pervasive sex-dimorphic gene expression across cell types, especially in the liver. Sex-dimorphic genes tended to be involved in processes related to lipid metabolism, and indeed, we observed clear differences in lipid storage in femalevs. male turquoise killifish livers. Importantly, we use machine-learning to predict sex using single-cell gene expression in our atlas and identify potential transcriptional markers for molecular sex identity in this species. As proof-of-principle, we show that our atlas can be used to deconvolute existing liver bulk RNA-seq data in this species to obtain accurate estimates of cell type proportions across biological conditions. We believe that this single-cell atlas can be a resource to the community that could notably be leveraged to identify cell type-specific genes for cell type-specific expression in transgenic animals.
Evolutionary analysis of conserved non-coding elements subsequent to whole-genome duplication in opium poppy
Authors: Xu Yu , Bush Stephen J. , Yang Xinyi , Xu Linfeng , Wang Bo , Ye Kai
Published: May 2023

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) leads to the duplication of both coding and non-coding sequences within an organism’s genome, providing an abundant supply of genetic material that can drive evolution, ultimately contributing to plant adaptation and speciation. Although non-coding sequences contain numerous regulatory elements, they have been understudied compared to coding sequences. In order to address this gap, we explored the evolutionary patterns of regulatory sequences, coding sequences, and transcriptomes using conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) as regulatory element proxies following the recent WGD event in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Our results showed similar evolutionary patterns in subgenomes of regulatory and coding sequences. Specifically, the biased or unbiased retention of coding sequences reflected the same pattern as retention levels in regulatory sequences. Further, the divergence of gene expression patterns mediated by regulatory element variations occurred at a more rapid pace than that of gene coding sequences. However, gene losses were purportedly dependent on relaxed selection pressure in coding sequences. Specifically, the rapid evolution of tissue-specific benzylisoquinoline alkaloids production inP. somniferumwas associated with regulatory element changes. The origin of a novel stem-specific ACR, which utilized ancestral cis-elements as templates, is likely to be linked to the evolutionary trajectory behind the transition of thePSMT1-CYP719A21cluster from high levels of expression solely inP. rhoeasroot tissue to its elevated expression inP. somniferumstem tissue. Our findings demonstrate that rapid regulatory element evolution can contribute to the emergence of new phenotypes and provide valuable insights into the high evolvability of regulatory elements.

Significance Statement

This study demonstrates that rapid evolution of regulatory elements can drive the emergence of novel phenotypes in plants. Our investigation, in particular, revealed that the evolution of stem-specific high expression patterns of BIAs genes inP. somniferumwas linked to rapid changes in regulatory elements.