bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1H and 19F spin-lattice relaxation and CH3 or CF3 reorientation in molecular solids containing both H and F atoms
Authors: Beckmann Peter A. , Rheingold Arnold L.
Published: April 2016

The dynamics of methyl (CH3) and fluoromethyl (CF3) groups in organic molecular (van der Waals) solids can be exploited to survey their local environments. We report solid state 1H and 19F spin-lattice relaxation experiments in polycrystalline 3-trifluoromethoxycinnamic acid, along with an X-ray diffraction determination of the molecular and crystal structure, to investigate the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions that determine the properties that characterize the CF3 reorientation. The molecule is of no particular interest; it simply provides a motionless backbone (on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) time scale) to investigate CF3 reorientation occurring on the NMR time scale. The effects of 19F–19F and 19F–1H spin-spin dipolar interactions on the complicated nonexponential NMR relaxation provide independent inputs into determining a model for CF3 reorientation. As such, these experiments provide much more information than when only one spin species (usually 1H) is present. In Sec. IV, which can be read immediately after the Introduction without reading the rest of the paper, we compare the barrier to CH3 and CF3 reorientation in seven organic solids and separate this barrier into intramolecular and intermolecular components.
Structural impact assessment of low level jets over wind turbines
Authors: Gutierrez W. , Araya G. , Kiliyanpilakkil P. , Ruiz-Columbie A. , Tutkun M. , Castillo L.
Published: April 2016

High-frequency (50 Hz) observational data from the 200-m tower data (Reese Technology Center, Texas) have been prescribed as inflow conditions into the NREL FAST code in order to evaluate the structural impacts of Low Level Jets (LLJs) on a typical commercial wind turbine. A vertical region of interest for the analysis of interaction LLJ–wind turbine has been delimited, and the LLJ length scales have been calculated. The analysis of power spectra exhibited a deviation within the inertial subrange from the classical −5/3 slope in a log-log representation towards a lower slope, which indicated a lower rate of energy transfer when the LLJ was present. It has been observed that during a LLJ event the turbulence intensity and turbulence kinetic energy were significantly lower than those during unstable conditions; and cyclical aerodynamic loads on the turbine blades produced a negative impact on the wind turbine, mainly due to the enhanced wind shear. Dominant frequencies present in the power spectra of the incoming wind were also observed in frequencies related to the dynamic loads of the turbines. It was found that the wind turbine can mimic the signals from the approaching inlet flow, although some of the replication can be altered or annulled in a wind farm.
The Noble-Abel Stiffened-Gas equation of state
Authors: Le Métayer Olivier , Saurel Richard
Published: April 2016

Hyperbolic two-phase flow models have shown excellent ability for the resolution of a wide range of applications ranging from interfacial flows to fluid mixtures with several velocities. These models account for waves propagation (acoustic and convective) and consist in hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations. In this context, each phase is compressible and needs an appropriate convex equation of state (EOS). The EOS must be simple enough for intensive computations as well as boundary conditions treatment. It must also be accurate, this being challenging with respect to simplicity. In the present approach, each fluid is governed by a novel EOS named “Noble Abel stiffened gas,” this formulation being a significant improvement of the popular “Stiffened Gas (SG)” EOS. It is a combination of the so-called “Noble-Abel” and “stiffened gas” equations of state that adds repulsive effects to the SG formulation. The determination of the various thermodynamic functions and associated coefficients is the aim of this article. We first use thermodynamic considerations to determine the different state functions such as the specific internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Then we propose to determine the associated coefficients for a liquid in the presence of its vapor. The EOS parameters are determined from experimental saturation curves. Some examples of liquid-vapor fluids are examined and associated parameters are computed with the help of the present method. Comparisons between analytical and experimental saturation curves show very good agreement for wide ranges of temperature for both liquid and vapor.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in a weak collisional and fully ionized dusty plasma
Authors: Jia Jieshu , Yuan Chengxun , Liu Sha , Yue Feng , Gao Ruilin , Wang Ying , Zhou Zhong-Xiang , Wu Jian , Li Hui
Published: April 2016

The propagation properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves in fully ionized dusty plasmas is the subject of this study. The dielectric relationships for EM waves propagating in a fully ionized dusty plasma was derived from the Boltzmann distribution law, taking into consideration the collision and charging effects of the dust grains. The propagation properties of the EM waves in a dusty plasma were numerically calculated and studied. The study results indicated that the dusty grains with an increased radius and charge were more likely to impede the penetration of EM waves. Dust grains with large radii and high charge cause the attenuation of the EM wave in the dusty plasma. The different density of the dust in the plasma appeared to have no obvious effect on the transmission of the EM waves. The propagation of the EM waves in a weakly ionized dusty plasma varies from that in a fully ionized dusty plasma. The results are helpful to analyze the effects of dust in dusty plasmas and also provide a theoretical basis for future studies.
Generation of continuous wave terahertz frequency radiation from metal-organic chemical vapour deposition grown Fe-doped InGaAs and InGaAsP
Authors: Mohandas Reshma A. , Freeman Joshua R. , Rosamond Mark C. , Hatem Osama , Chowdhury Siddhant , Ponnampalam Lalitha , Fice Martyn , Seeds Alwyn J. , Cannard Paul J. , Robertson Michael J. , Moodie David G. , Cunningham John E. , Davies A. Giles , Linfield Edmund H. , Dean Paul
Published: April 2016

We demonstrate the generation of continuous wave terahertz (THz) frequency radiation from photomixers fabricated on both Fe-doped InGaAs and Fe-doped InGaAsP, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The photomixers were excited using a pair of distributed Bragg reflector lasers with emission around 1550 nm, and THz radiation was emitted over a bandwidth of greater than 2.4 THz. Two InGaAs and four InGaAsP wafers with different Fe doping concentrations were investigated, with the InGaAs material found to outperform the InGaAsP in terms of emitted THz power. The dependencies of the emitted power on the photomixer applied bias, incident laser power, and material doping level were also studied.
Structural properties of lithium atom under weakly coupled plasma environment
Authors: Dutta S. , Saha J. K. , Chandra R. , Mukherjee T. K.
Published: April 2016

The Rayleigh-Ritz variational technique with a Hylleraas basis set is being tested for the first time to estimate the structural modifications of a lithium atom embedded in a weakly coupled plasma environment. The Debye-Huckel potential is used to mimic the weakly coupled plasma environment. The wave functions for both the helium-like lithium ion and the lithium atom are expanded in the explicitly correlated Hylleraas type basis set which fully takes care of the electron-electron correlation effect. Due to the continuum lowering under plasma environment, the ionization potential of the system gradually decreases leading to the destabilization of the atom. The excited states destabilize at a lower value of the plasma density. The estimated ionization potential agrees fairly well with the few available theoretical estimates. The variation of one and two particle moments, dielectric susceptibility and magnetic shielding constant, with respect to plasma density is also been discussed in detail.
Table-top two-color soft X-ray laser by means of Ni-like plasmas
Authors: Masoudnia Leili , Ruiz-Lopez Mabel , Bleiner Davide
Published: April 2016

Laser-produced Ni-like plasmas are known as active media for extreme ultraviolet lasing, with the flexibility to two-color lasing. Two-color laser generation is very complex at accelerator facilities. In this work, plasma lasing at the 3d94d1(J = 0) → 3d94p1(J = 1) (collisional-pumping process) and the 3d94f1(J = 1) → 3d94d1(J = 1) (photo-pumping process) transitions is studied experimentally and computationally. Several key characteristics of collisional- and photo-pumping laser, such as divergence, pointing stability, and intensity have been investigated. The measurements showed different pulse characteristics for the two lasing processes affected by plasma inhomogeneity in temperature and density. Analytical expressions of these characteristics for both collisional- and photo-pumping are derived. It is found that the plasma that maximizes the photo-pumping lasing is 20% hotter and 70% denser than the plasma that optimizes the collisional-pumping lasing. The gain of collisional pumping is ≈4 times higher than the gain for the photo-pumping. The gain lifetime is a factor of ≈5.2 larger for the monopole-pumping. Similarly, the gain thickness is a factor of ≈1.8 larger. It is also found that the gain build-up time for collisional- and photo-pumping is 0.7 ps and 0.9 ps, respectively, whereas the build-up length-scale is 11.5 μm and 6.3 μm, respectively.
Detection of short range order in SiO2 thin-films by grazing-incidence wide and small-angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Nagata Kohki , Ogura Atsushi , Hirosawa Ichiro , Suwa Tomoyuki , Teramoto Akinobu , Ohmi Tadahiro
Published: April 2016

The effects of the fabrication process conditions on the microstructure of silicon dioxide thin films of <10 nm thickness are presented. The microstructure was investigated using grazing-incidence wide and small-angle X-ray scattering methods with synchrotron radiation. The combination of a high brilliance light source and grazing incident configuration enabled the observation of very weak diffuse X-ray scattering from SiO2 thin films. The results revealed different microstructures, which were dependent on oxidizing species or temperature. The micro-level properties differed from bulk properties reported in the previous literature. It was indicated that these differences originate from inner stress. The detailed structure in an amorphous thin film was not revealed owing to detection difficulties.
Solar energy status in Iraq: Abundant or not—Steps forward
Authors: Al-Douri Y. , Abed Fayadh M.
Published: April 2016

Various topics such as CO2 emissions, industry, human activities, and electricity distribution grids have attracted considerable attention because of the current state of crude oil production. Furthermore, estimations of solar radiation levels and of the efficiencies of photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), and solar chimney towers, as well as other renewable energy sources such as wind, tidal, and geothermal, have all been investigated. Here, an overview is presented of the potential future demands and possible supply of solar energy in relation to Iraq. Solar and wind energy sources, which are clean, inexhaustible, and environmentally friendly, are presented as renewable energy resources. Those systems that combine various sources of energy are called hybrids and they have received considerable attention in recent decades. The fundamental characteristics of solar radiation in Iraq are summarized, and the selection of those sites with potential for development of solar plants is based on the local maximum solar radiation. Furthermore, longitudinal and latitudinal orientation, wind, solar intensity, dust, temperature, rain, humidity, and pollution factors are all considered in the calculation of PV/CSP efficiencies. A study of the variation of annual radiation levels was conducted. The average UV radiation was found to comprise 3.25% of the global radiation. Therefore, most of the 47% reduction in received incoming global solar UV radiation is due to scattering and absorption in the atmosphere. Details regarding the desalination of underground or polluted water resources to support solar energy systems and plants and to preserve a clean low-dust environment are presented.
Effect of dietary fish oil with or without vitamin E supplementation on fresh and cryopreserved ovine sperm
Authors: Habibi M. , Zamiri M. J. , Akhlaghi A. , Shahverdi A. H. , Alizadeh A. R. , Jaafarzadeh M. R.
Published: April 2016

This study was carried out to determine whether dietary fish oil (FO) with or without vitamin E (VE) supplementation would have a beneficial effect on characteristics of fresh and cryopreserved ovine sperm. Sixteen rams were allotted to four groups and fed one of the four diets: control diet (CON; without FO and VE supplementation), VE diet supplying 200 IU VE/day.ram, FO diet containing 2.5% (dry matter basis) FO, and OVE diet containing FO and VE. Semen samples were collected at Weeks 7, 9 and 11 for evaluation of seminal quality. Frozen samples from Weeks 9 and 11 were subjected to computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Seminal volume, percentage of sperm with normal morphology and intact acrosome and seminal concentration of malondialdehyde were increased in FO rams (P < 0.05). In VE rams, semen volume and percentage of morphologically normal sperm were higher compared with CON rams; however, in OVE rams these attributes were not different from those in CON rams. Other traits in fresh semen were not affected by the diet. Fish oil alone negatively affected the sperm viability, but not motility, of the frozen–thawed semen; however, simultaneous supplementation with FO and VE resulted in increased percentage of morphologically normal sperm, motility, and viability. The percentages of CASA type A (showing rapid progressive motility) and type B (showing medium progressive motility) sperm were higher in OVE compared with other groups. Vitamin E supplementation decreased the beat-cross frequency values compared with other groups. Other CASA parameters were not affected by the diets. In conclusion, dietary FO and VE in the breeding season of ram, generally, do not cause significant changes in fresh sperm quality but, for cryopreservation of sperm, supplementation of the diet with an antioxidant such as VE may be beneficial when polyunsaturated fatty acids are added to the diet.
Enhancing employability through group work
Authors: Lategan M Josie
Published: April 2016

Graduates are expected to demonstrate a wide set of soft skills in order to compete successfully in the current job market. Evidence of effective skills in teamwork, organisation, time management and interpersonal relationships are ultimately very important in determining levels of success as they show how one leads, relates and works along with other people. Experiencing leadership roles in the microbiology laboratory classes encouraged the development of soft skills and provided examples to support job applications.
Fine processes of Nestin-GFP–positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature
Authors: Moss Jonathan , Gebara Elias , Bushong Eric A. , Sánchez-Pascual Irene , O’Laoi Ruadhan , El M’Ghari Imane , Kocher-Braissant Jacqueline , Ellisman Mark H. , Toni Nicolas
Published: April 2016

Significance

A population of adult neural stem cells supplies the dentate gyrus with new neurons that play a role in mechanisms of learning and memory. Radial glia-like stem cells have a unique morphology, including a dense arbor of fine processes that infiltrate the neurogenic niche. Here, we provide what is, to our knowledge, the first detailed ultrastructural description of these processes, and we reveal that these cells establish a variety of contacts with local blood vessels, synapses, and astrocytes. Given that signals derived from neurons, astrocytes, and blood vessels regulate the process of adult neurogenesis, the identification of these contacts provides a structural framework for elucidating the mechanisms by which this regulation occurs. These results contribute to a greater understanding of the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche.
Structural characterization of the interaction of α-synuclein nascent chains with the ribosomal surface and trigger factor
Authors: Deckert Annika , Waudby Christopher A. , Wlodarski Tomasz , Wentink Anne S. , Wang Xiaolin , Kirkpatrick John P. , Paton Jack F. S. , Camilloni Carlo , Kukic Predrag , Dobson Christopher M. , Vendruscolo Michele , Cabrita Lisa D. , Christodoulou John
Published: April 2016

Significance

Protein biosynthesis is carried out by ribosomes, the macromolecular machines present in all kingdoms of life. Aided by molecular chaperones, nascent proteins can begin to fold while emerging from the ribosome. Achieving their native fold, and avoiding misfolding, is thereby crucial for the fate of all newly synthesized proteins. The molecular details of this fundamental process, however, are poorly understood. In this work we develop a combined NMR and molecular simulation approach to characterize the behavior during biosynthesis of α-synuclein (αSyn), an intrinsically disordered protein associated with Parkinson’s disease. The detailed interactions of αSyn with the ribosome surface and with trigger factor, a ribosome-associated chaperone, reveal the first steps of how a nascent chain emerges from the ribosome.
Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction
Authors: Sakamoto Manabu , Benton Michael J. , Venditti Chris
Published: April 2016

Significance

Whether dinosaurs were in decline before their final extinction 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. This dispute has not been resolved because of inappropriate data and methods. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a statistical approach that models changes in speciation and extinction through time. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three major dinosaur groups. Our results highlight that dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event 66 Mya.
Part mutual information for quantifying direct associations in networks
Authors: Zhao Juan , Zhou Yiwei , Zhang Xiujun , Chen Luonan
Published: April 2016

Significance

Measuring direct associations between variables is of great importance in various areas of science, especially in the era of big data. Although mutual information and conditional mutual information are widely used in quantifying both linear and nonlinear associations, they suffer from the serious problems of overestimation and underestimation. To overcome these problems, in contrast to conditional independence, we propose a novel concept of “partial independence” with a new measure, “part mutual information,” based on information theory that can accurately quantify the nonlinearly direct associations between the measured variables.
Slide-and-exchange mechanism for rapid and selective transport through the nuclear pore complex
Authors: Raveh Barak , Karp Jerome M. , Sparks Samuel , Dutta Kaushik , Rout Michael P. , Sali Andrej , Cowburn David
Published: April 2016

Significance

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates the trafficking of macromolecules in and out of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Here, we characterize how transport factors diffuse rapidly through multiple layers of disordered phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains lining the NPC. Transport factors interact with FG repeats through a dynamic sliding motion, enabling faster translocation through the NPC than that attainable by a two-state binding mechanism as well as effectively blocking the passage of large macromolecules that do not bind to transport factors. Thus, the NPC exemplifies a dynamic system in living cells, the function of which depends on protein–protein interactions that are transient on the one hand, and highly specific on the other.
Comparative systems pharmacology of HIF stabilization in the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Hoppe George , Yoon Suzy , Gopalan Banu , Savage Alexandria R. , Brown Rebecca , Case Kelsey , Vasanji Amit , Chan E. Ricky , Silver Randi B. , Sears Jonathan E.
Published: April 2016

Significance

In all premature births, oxygen supplementation is a necessary life-sustaining measure, but unfortunately for these high-risk babies, oxygen toxicity may adversely and permanently affect the retina. Pharmacological activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway can prevent experimental oxygen-induced retinopathy and thus has the potential to prevent blindness in 100,000 children annually. Comprehensive analysis of liver and retinal transcriptomes after HIF stabilization demonstrates that select small molecules, given systemically, protect the retina by two pathways: stimulating the liver to secrete angiogenic hepatokines or locally stimulating retinal protection. These findings support a low dose, intermittent, systemic approach for preventing oxygen induced injury to premature infants.
Primary motor and sensory cortical areas communicate via spatiotemporally coordinated networks at multiple frequencies
Authors: Arce-McShane Fritzie I. , Ross Callum F. , Takahashi Kazutaka , Sessle Barry J. , Hatsopoulos Nicholas G.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Sensorimotor integration is important for the acquisition and performance of motor skills. Here, we show the emergence of neuroplastic changes in the interactions between the motor and somatosensory areas of the primate cortex during learning. Interareal coherence is frequency- and network-specific and exhibits a spatiotemporal organization. Time-sensitive sensorimotor integration and plasticity may rely on coherence of local and large-scale sensorimotor networks in order for cortical processes to operate at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Understanding cortico-cortical interactions may be important for developing therapies for sensorimotor disorders, such as those affecting feeding and speech that are commonly found in stroke and Parkinson’s disease.
Gene duplication confers enhanced expression of 27-kDa γ-zein for endosperm modification in quality protein maize
Authors: Liu Hongjun , Shi Junpeng , Sun Chuanlong , Gong Hao , Fan Xingming , Qiu Fazhan , Huang Xuehui , Feng Qi , Zheng Xixi , Yuan Ningning , Li Changsheng , Zhang Zhiyong , Deng Yiting , Wang Jiechen , Pan Guangtang , Han Bin , Lai Jinsheng , Wu Yongrui
Published: April 2016

Significance

More than half a century ago, Oliver Nelson and Edwin Mertz at Purdue University found the maize
opaque2
(
o2
) mutation produces doubling of the endosperm lysine content, creating the foundation for quality protein maize (QPM) breeding. QPM has the potential to benefit millions of people in developing countries who consume maize as their sole protein source. However, breeding new QPM hybrids takes longer than regular hybrids, primarily because of the complex and unknown components of
o2
endosperm modification; this has limited expansion of QPM worldwide. We identified a quantitative trait locus, a gene duplication at the 27-kDa γ-zein locus, which confers enhanced expression of this protein and leads to endosperm modification. This knowledge can effectively be applied in QPM breeding.
Energy landscapes of a mechanical prion and their implications for the molecular mechanism of long-term memory
Authors: Chen Mingchen , Zheng Weihua , Wolynes Peter G.
Published: April 2016

Significance

The physical basis for the long timescale of memory has been mysterious. The formation of a functional prion-like fiber in the neuronal system may resolve the question. This work shows that the energy landscapes of a candidate prion, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein, allow external mechanical forces to facilitate the structural transition to a fiber form. The mechanical coupling thus allows a positive feedback loop between CPEB prion transitions and cytoskeletal actions to mark synapses.
Novel cell-free high-throughput screening method for pharmacological tools targeting K
+
channels
Authors: Su Zhenwei , Brown Emily C. , Wang Weiwei , MacKinnon Roderick
Published: April 2016

Significance

Humans express nearly 80 K
+
channels. This large diversity of K
+
channels (compare 10 Na
+
channels and 10 Ca
2+
channels) reflects their importance in tying many different biochemical processes to electrical signaling and to shaping and fine-tuning the electrical waveforms produced by excitable cells. We understand the biological roles of only a tiny fraction of the K
+
channels because, for many of them, good pharmacological tools do not exist. To remedy this situation and thus open up a new avenue to study K
+
channels’ biological roles, we developed a new cell-free assay that enables the discovery of inhibitors and activators for almost any K
+
channel. It also provides a new high-throughput human ether-à-go-go-related gene safety assay.
Controllability analysis of the directed human protein interaction network identifies disease genes and drug targets
Authors: Vinayagam Arunachalam , Gibson Travis E. , Lee Ho-Joon , Yilmazel Bahar , Roesel Charles , Hu Yanhui , Kwon Young , Sharma Amitabh , Liu Yang-Yu , Perrimon Norbert , Barabási Albert-László
Published: April 2016

Significance

Large-scale biological network analyses often use concepts used in social networks analysis (e.g. finding “communities,” “hubs,” etc.). However, mathematically advanced engineering concepts have only been applied to analyze small and well-characterized networks so far in biology. Here, we applied a sophisticated engineering tool, from control theory, to analyze a large-scale directed human protein–protein interaction network. Our analysis revealed that the proteins that are indispensable, from a network controllability perspective, are also commonly targeted by disease-causing mutations and human viruses or have been identified as drug targets. Furthermore, we used the controllability analysis to prioritize novel cancer genes from cancer genomic datasets. Altogether, we demonstrated an application of network controllability analysis to identify new disease genes and drug targets.
Tissue-specific DNA demethylation is required for proper B-cell differentiation and function
Authors: Orlanski Shari , Labi Verena , Reizel Yitzhak , Spiro Adam , Lichtenstein Michal , Levin-Klein Rena , Koralov Sergei B. , Skversky Yael , Rajewsky Klaus , Cedar Howard , Bergman Yehudit
Published: April 2016

Significance

Even though DNA methylation is known to be correlated with gene repression, it has never been demonstrated that this modification must indeed be removed from a gene in order for it to become activated during cell differentiation in vivo. In this paper, we inactivated the enzymes responsible for the demethylation reaction in the B-cell lineage and in this manner have shown that this epigenetic mark plays a critical role in development, independently of the many specific transcription factors that direct the selection of genes involved in cell differentiation. Our study is the first to our knowledge to causally connect all of the molecular components necessary to prove the link between the Tet enzymes, CpG demethylation, expression, and phenotype.
Density and Survival of Walleye Eggs and Larvae in a Great Lakes Tributary
Authors: Rutherford E. S. , Allison J. , Ruetz C. R. , Elliott J. R. , Nohner J. K. , DuFour M. R. , O'Neal R. P. , Jude D. J. , Hensler S. R.
Published: April 2016

The Walleye Sander vitreus is an important sport fish that has experienced low reproductive success in some Great Lakes tributaries since severe population declines began in the late 1940s. In the Muskegon River, a Lake Michigan tributary, natural reproduction of Walleyes remains low and is largely supplemented by stocking. We evaluated the influence of abiotic factors on Walleye reproductive success in the Muskegon River during April and May 2009 and 2010 by (1) estimating Walleye egg density and survival; (2) estimating the size, density, abundance, and survival of Walleye larvae; and (3) relating our estimates to physical habitat conditions. Egg densities were 70‐fold higher in 2009 than in 2010, but eggs experienced colder water temperatures, higher river discharge rates, and lower survival in 2009 relative to 2010. Egg survival in incubators was positively related to temperature and negatively related to flow at most sites. In both years, Walleye larvae that hatched during periods of cooler temperature were smaller than larvae that hatched later during periods of warmer temperature. Walleye larval densities were highest near spawning grounds and decreased downstream. Bayesian estimates of variability in larval densities indicated that temporal variability was twice as high as spatial variability in the Muskegon River. Larval survival was much lower in 2009 than in 2010, resulting in an approximately sevenfold higher production of larvae in 2010 than in 2009. Survival was highest for smaller larvae that hatched early in April 2010, when temperatures were warm and discharges were low and stable; in contrast, survival was much lower for larger larvae hatching later in 2010 or for large and small larvae in 2009, when water temperatures were colder and discharges were higher and more variable. Our results suggest that abiotic factors, primarily temperature and river flow, likely control the early survival of Walleyes in the Muskegon River.

Received February 9, 2015; accepted January 11, 2016 Published online April 19, 2016
Use of Psychotropic Drug Urine Test Strips in Opiate Maintenance Therapy: A Clinical Assessment of its Advantages
Authors: Victorri-Vigneau Caroline , Rousselet Morgane , Grall-Bronnec Marie , Bouquié Regis , Belliot Emeric , Guerlais Marylène , Guillet Jean-Yves , Jolliet Pascale
Published: April 2016

Background: Methadone and buprenorphine are the 2 opiate maintenance treatments (OMTs) available in France. According to good clinical practices, a full clinical and biological assessment is required before deciding to initiate or renew an OMT. For methadone, this assessment includes psychoactive drug consumption investigation through an initial interview completed by a systematic urine test mandatory before starting methadone treatment. In case of buprenorphine prescription, the situation is less clear and the urine test was not systematically performed. This work aims at evaluating changes in the therapeutic strategy brought by the systematic use of urine strips for detecting drug consumptions. Methods: During 1 month, for each case of OMT renewal, physicians belonging to the 3 types of prescribing structures in France (general medicine, specialized centers for drug addict patients, and specialized centers for drug addict patients in prison) had to complete a specific questionnaire about prescription renewal. This questionnaire contained 2 parts. The first part was completed by the physicians before the urine test strip realization. The second part was completed by the same physicians at the end of the consultation, after obtaining the results from the urine test strip. A change between parts 1 and 2 of the questionnaire concerning OMT prescription, dialogue with the patient, associated psychotropic drug prescription, and orientation were considered as a change in therapeutic strategy. Results: A total of 429 questionnaires have been collected. Among them, 315 showed at least 1 change in therapeutic strategy (73.4%). Conclusions: This study highlighted the important benefits brought by the urine test strip in managing patients under opiate maintenance treatment. Urine test strips provided an immediate answer that allowed physicians to optimize their therapeutic strategy. However, regulatory evolutions would be necessary to ease their implantation.
Factors Associated with Patterns of Mobile Technology use among Persons who Inject Drugs
Authors: Collins Kelly M. , Armenta Richard F. , Cuevas-Mota Jazmine , Liu Lin , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Garfein Richard S.
Published: April 2016

Background: New and innovative methods of delivering interventions are needed to further reduce risky behaviors and increase overall health among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have potential for reaching PWID; however, little is known about mobile technology use (MTU) in this population. In this study, the authors identify patterns of MTU and identified factors associated with MTU among a cohort of PWID. Methods: Data were collected through a longitudinal cohort study examining drug use, risk behaviors, and health status among PWID in San Diego, California. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to define patterns of MTU (i.e., making voice calls, text messaging, and mobile Internet access). Multinomial logistic regression was then used to identify demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, and health indicators associated with mobile technology use class. Results: In LCA, a 4-class solution fit the data best. Class 1 was defined by low MTU (22%, n = 100); class 2, by PWID who accessed the Internet using a mobile device but did not use voice or text messaging (20%, n = 95); class 3, by primarily voice, text, and connected Internet use (17%, n = 91); and class 4, by high MTU (41%, n = 175). Compared with low MTU, high MTU class members were more likely to be younger, have higher socioeconomic status, sell drugs, and inject methamphetamine daily. Conclusion: The majority of PWID in San Diego use mobile technology for voice, text, and/or Internet access, indicating that rapid uptake of mHealth interventions may be possible in this population. However, low ownership and use of mobile technology among older and/or homeless individuals will need to be considered when implementing mHealth interventions among PWID.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake as a Moderator of the Association between Depressive Symptoms and Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Haibach Jeffrey P. , Homish Gregory G. , Collins R. Lorraine , Ambrosone Christine B. , Giovino Gary A.
Published: April 2016

Background: Studies have consistently reported associations among depression, cigarette smoking, and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI). This study evaluated FVI as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and smoking. Methods: The authors analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979: Child and Young Adult. The study sample was adults aged 19–33 years at baseline in the year 2004 from the Young Adult Survey portion. Moderation analyses were performed using the Johnson-Neyman technique to assess whether baseline FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and smoking status cross-sectionally and as a predictor of smoking cessation longitudinally at 4-year follow-up. Results: Cross-sectionally, at lower levels of FVI (<4.9 times/day), there was a significant association between smoking and depressive symptoms ( P < .05), but not at higher levels of FVI (≥4.9 times/day; P > .05). Longitudinally, there was an inverse association between depressive symptoms and quitting smoking at FVI <1.2 times/day ( P < .05), but there was not a significant association at FVI ≥1.2 times/day ( P ≥ .05). Conclusions: FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The cross-sectional findings might be partially explained by the longitudinal findings paired with prior research; there might be fewer smokers with high FVI because depressive symptoms are removed as an impediment to cessation. Further experimental research is warranted to test the efficacy of increased FVI as an adjunct to smoking cessation, with a possible mechanism of action being reduced depressive symptoms during quit attempts.
Risk Factors for Weight Gain during Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Authors: Peles Einat , Schreiber Shaul , Sason Anat , Adelson Miriam
Published: April 2016

Background: Weight gain was reported during methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). However, its relation to eating habits and specific risk factors, including methadone dose or serum level, was limited. The aims of this study were to characterize risk factors for weight gain and to study current eating habits, food preferences, and nutrition knowledge. Methods: Patients with available measures of weight and height (body mass index [BMI]) at admission to MMT and at follow-up, when methadone serum levels were determined (after 1 year or when stabilized) ( N = 114), were studied (using the Addiction Severity Index [ASI], drugs in urine, methadone doses, and serum levels). In addition, 109 current patients with available earlier (5.8 ± 2.6 years earlier) BMI completed eating behavior rating and nutrition knowledge questionnaires, and their current and earlier BMI were compared. Results: The BMI of 114 newly admitted patients increased from 22.5 ± 3.8 to 24.4 ± 4.3 ( P < .0005). Once stabilized on methadone, BMI increased further (24.3 ± 4.5 to 25.6 ± 5.0; P < .0005; n = 74), with no change in methadone doses (125.6 ± 32.5 to 128.0 ± 34.1; F = 1.4, P = .2) or serum levels (495.6 ± 263.7 to 539.8 ± 306.2; F = 1.3, P = .2). Repeated-measures analyses revealed that BMI elevation was higher among 45 hepatitis C virus seronegative and 46 non–benzodiazepine-abusing on-admission patients. Those who scored lower on knowledge about healthy diet and showed a higher sweet-foods preference had a higher BMI. Conclusion: BMI increased over time, but independent of methadone dosage and blood levels. As expected, worse diet habits and a desire for sweet foods are related to higher BMI. Paradoxically, healthier status (i.e., hepatitis C seronegative, no benzodiazepine abuse) at admission is predictive of greater weight gain during MMT. Education about nutrition habits is recommended.
Effect of austenitic fillers on microstructural and mechanical properties of ultra-low nickel austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Vashishtha H. , Taiwade R.V. , Khatirkar R.K. , Dhoble A.S.
Published: April 2016

In the present investigation effect of austenitic fillers namely E308, E309 and E310 on microstructural and mechanical properties of ultra-low nickel austenitic stainless steel weldment was analysed. The WRC-1992 diagram has been used to predict δ-ferrite and solidification mode of weld metal. Microstructural exploration confers the variation in magnitude and morphologies of δ-ferrite for different Creq/Nieq ratio. It was observed that greater amount of δ-ferrite resulted in improved tensile strength. On the other hand, it lowered the impact strength of weld joint. The results indicated that E308 exhibits higher hardness and tensile strength, whereas E310 demonstrates higher impact strength and this may be attributed to the variation in δ-ferrite content and solidification mode. During tensile test joints failed in heat affected zone for all weld specimen. Surface morphology of fragmented specimens was analysed using scanning electron microscopy and different morphologies were recognised for samples failed before and after Strauss test.
Jung’s Answer to Job: a modern myth for the times
Authors: Doran Christine
Published: April 2016

Jung’sAnswer to Jobwas one of the most allusive, and yet elusive, texts he ever wrote. This article offers an interpretation of what Jung was intending to accomplish in writing this strange book. It places it in historical context in the aftermath of World War II, a time of widespread public shock at the Holocaust and fear of imminent global destruction. By outlining some notable theories about the nature of myth, the true significance of Jung’s achievement can be better understood. In this regard the insightful concepts of the Italian philosopher, Giambattista Vico, are particularly helpful. The myth that almost immediately began to grow up surrounding the writing of the book and its controversial public reception is also discussed.
Multi-scale study of the isotope effect in ISTTOK
Authors: Liu B. , Silva C. , Figueiredo H. , Pedrosa M.A. , van Milligen B.Ph. , Pereira T. , Losada U. , Hidalgo C.
Published: April 2016

The isotope effect, namely the isotope dependence of plasma confinement, is still one of the principal scientific conundrums facing the magnetic fusion community. We have investigated the impact of isotope mass on multi-scale mechanisms, including the characterization of radial correlation lengths (

L

r

) and long-range correlations (LRC) of plasma fluctuations using multi-array Langmuir probe system, in hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) plasmas in the ISTTOK tokamak. We found that when changing plasma composition from the H dominated to D dominated, the LRC amplitude increased markedly (10–30%) and the

L

r

increased slightly (~10%). The particle confinement also improved by about 50%. The changes of LRC and

L

r

are congruent with previous findings in the TEXTOR tokamak (Xu et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110
265005). In addition, using biorthogonal decomposition, both geodesic acoustic modes and very low frequency (<5 kHz) coherent modes were found to be contributing to LRC.
Study on the L–H transition power threshold with RF heating and lithium-wall coating on EAST
Authors: Chen L. , Xu G.S. , Nielsen A.H. , Gao W. , Duan Y.M. , Liu H.Q. , Wang L. , Li M.H. , Wang M. , Zhang X.J. , Chen R. , Wang H.Q. , Sun Z. , Ding S.Y. , Yan N. , Liu S.C. , Shao L.M. , Zhang W. , Hu G.H. , Li J. , Zhang L. , Wan B.N.
Published: April 2016

The power threshold for low (L) to high (H) confinement mode transition achieved by radio-frequency (RF) heating and lithium-wall coating is investigated experimentally on EAST for two sets of walls: an all carbon wall (C) and molybdenum chamber and a carbon divertor (Mo/C). For both sets of walls, a minimum power threshold P
thr of ~0.6 MW was found when the EAST operates in a double null (DN) divertor configuration with intensive lithium-wall coating. When operating in upper single null (USN) or lower single null (LSN), the power threshold depends on the ion  ∇B drift direction. The low density dependence of the L–H power threshold, namely an increase below a minimum density, was identified in the Mo/C wall for the first time. For the C wall only the single-step L–H transition with limited injection power is observed whereas also the so-called dithering L–H transition is observed in the Mo/C wall. The dithering behaves distinctively in a USN, DN and LSN configuration, suggesting the divertor pumping capability is an important ingredient in this transition since the internal cryopump is located underneath the lower divertor. Depending on the chosen divertor configuration, the power across the separatrix P
loss increases with neutral density near the lower X-point in EAST with the Mo/C wall, consistent with previous results in the C wall (Xu et al 2011 Nucl. Fusion
51 072001). These findings suggest that the edge neutral density, the ion  ∇B drift as well as the divertor pumping capability play important roles in the L–H power threshold and transition behaviour.
The Library in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century French Literature: Benoît de Sainte-Maure's
Roman de Troie
, Chrétien de Troyes's
Cligès
, and Adenet le Roi's
Berte as grans piés
Authors: Campbell Emma
Published: April 2016

The allusion to a real or imaginary source is a commonplace in medieval literature; however, some writers take this reference to sources a stage further and speak about the discovery of a work in a library or book collection, occasionally evoking particular place names or locations. If the library's depiction in such instances elaborates upon a common motif, it also raises the issue of the imaginative work that this elaboration might perform, inviting reflection on the historical conceptualization of book collections and the relationship to knowledge they connote. To the extent that it features in more modern discussions, the library as a figure or metaphor has usually been thought about in connection with periods subsequent to the Middle Ages, often being associated with the organization or throwing into chaos of systems of knowledge. This article considers how the library as it appears in twelfth- and thirteenth-century francophone literature offers alternative ways of imagining hierarchies of knowledge from those associated with modernity and post-modernity, ways that are less concerned with systems of classification or notions of ordered space than with relationships among writers, readers, and texts.
Amazonian Forests and Trees: Multiplicity and Objectivity in Studies of Online Consumer-Generated Ratings and Reviews, A Commentary on de Langhe, Fernbach, and Lichtenstein
Authors: Kozinets Robert V.
Published: April 2016

Consumer-generated ratings and reviews play an important role in people’s experiences of online search and shopping. This article applauds and extends the thought-provoking response of de Langhe, Fernbach, and Lichtenstein (2016, in this issue) to Simonson’s (2015) assertions about the topic and suggests an agenda for future research. Follow-up research into the topic should emphasize the diversity of consumers and the multiplicity of their needs. It should recognize that reviews and ratings are complex social conversations embedded in consumers’ multifaceted communicational repertoires. It should be cautious when using terms such as objective and rational when describing consumers and consumption. Being aware of the risks to external validity of studying average ratings may lead to frameworks with greater contextual integrity, and encourage collaborative communication between scholars from different perspectives working in this field.
A Case of Suggested Ibuprofen-Induced Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Moslim Maitham A. , Sodeman Thomas C. , Nawras Ali T.
Published: April 2016

Drug-induced acute pancreatitis (DIP) is uncommon and may account for 2%–5% of cases, although the incidence may be increasing nowadays. DIP has been documented for more than 160 drugs in the literature. The most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that have been reported to cause pancreatitis are sulindac and salicylates. In this report, we present a case of probable ibuprofen-induced pancreatitis. A 60-year-old white woman presented with the sudden onset of mild acute pancreatitis (AP) 5 hours following the ingestion of 6 tablets of ibuprofen (Advil) 200 mg (equivalent to 20.4 mg/kg). She denied any history of alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, or any other medication use. She has no history of gallstones, choledocholithiasis, abdominal trauma, or hypertriglyceridemia. Laboratory workup revealed elevated amylase and lipase levels more than 3 times the normal limits with complete resolution within 15 hours. Computed tomography scan of abdomen and pelvis and endoscopic ultrasound of the pancreaticobiliary system were within the normal limits. Ibuprofen-induced mild DIP was the most probable diagnosis. She was discharged on her second day of hospitalization with significant improvement in her symptoms. Physicians need to be aware that DIP may occur in patients taking NSAIDs, including ibuprofen. Therefore, all patients with AP of an unknown etiology should be carefully questioned about the usage of NSAIDs, and all patients with idiopathic AP restarted on their medications should be closely monitored, and the drug must be immediately discontinued if symptoms recur.