bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wavelength selection and symmetry breaking in orbital wave ripples
Authors: Nienhuis Jaap H. , Perron J. Taylor , Kao Justin C. T. , Myrow Paul M.
Published: September 2014

Sand ripples formed by waves have a uniform wavelength while at equilibrium and develop defects while adjusting to changes in the flow. These patterns arise from the interaction of the flow with the bed topography, but the specific mechanisms have not been fully explained. We use numerical flow models and laboratory wave tank experiments to explore the origins of these patterns. The wavelength of “orbital” wave ripples (λ) is directly proportional to the oscillating flow's orbital diameter (d), with many experimental and field studies finding λ/d ≈ 0.65. We demonstrate a coupling that selects this ratio: the maximum length of the flow separation zone downstream of a ripple crest equals λ when λ/d ≈ 0.65. We show that this condition maximizes the growth rate of ripples. Ripples adjusting to changed flow conditions develop defects that break the bed's symmetry. When d is shortened sufficiently, two new incipient crests appear in every trough, but only one grows into a full‐sized crest. Experiments have shown that the same side (right or left) wins in every trough. We find that this occurs because incipient secondary crests slow the flow and encourage the growth of crests on the next flank. Experiments have also shown that when d is lengthened, ripple crests become increasingly sinuous and eventually break up. We find that this occurs because crests migrate preferentially toward the nearest adjacent crest, amplifying any initial sinuosity. Our results reveal the mechanisms that form common wave ripple patterns and highlight interactions among unsteady flows, sediment transport, and bed topography.
Sparse approximate inverse preconditioner for multiscale dynamic electromagnetic problems
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Min , Sheng Xin‐Qing
Published: September 2014

The inherent difficulties of traditional preconditioning techniques are revealed by numerically analyzing characteristics of method of moments systems with respect to multiscale dynamic electromagnetic applications. Techniques are developed to solve these difficulties for the traditional sparse approximate inverse preconditioner. The proposed techniques include a skeleton‐based filtering strategy aiming to overcome the awkward filtering strategy extensively employed in traditional preconditioners and the strategy to recover the block structure of the inverse matrix. The proposed techniques are investigated by numerical experiments on complex targets.
Investigating raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation
Authors: Thurai M. , Bringi V. N. , Manić A. B. , Šekeljić N. J. , Notaroš B. M.
Published: September 2014

Studies of raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation are presented. Drop shape measurements in natural rain using 2‐D video disdrometers (2DVDs) are discussed. As a representative exception to vast majority of the cases where the “most probable” shapes conform to the axisymmetric (2,0) oscillation mode, an event with a highly organized line convection embedded within a larger rain system is studied. Measurements using two collocated 2DVD instruments and a C‐band polarimetric radar clearly show the occurrence of mixed‐mode drop oscillations within the line, which in turn is attributed to sustained drop collisions. Moreover, the fraction of asymmetric drops determined from the 2DVD camera data increases with the calculated collision probability when examined as time series. Recent wind‐tunnel experiments of drop collisions are also discussed. They show mixed‐mode oscillations, with (2,1) and (2,2) modes dramatically increasing in oscillation amplitudes, in addition to the (2,0) mode, immediately upon collision. The damping time constant of the perturbation caused by the collision is comparable to the inverse of the collision frequency within the line convection. Scattering calculations using an advanced method of moments numerical technique are performed to accurately and efficiently determine the pertinent parameters of electrically large oscillating raindrops with asymmetric shapes needed for radio wave propagation. The simulations show that the scattering matrix and differential reflectivity of drops are dependent on the particular oscillation modes and different time instants within the oscillation cycle. The technique can be utilized in conjunction with 3‐D reconstruction of drop shapes from 2DVD data.
Channel evolution after dam removal in a poorly sorted sediment mixture: Experiments and numerical model
Authors: Ferrer‐Boix Carles , Martín‐Vide Juan P. , Parker Gary
Published: September 2014

Dam removal is commonly used for river restoration. However, there are still some uncertainties associated with dam removal, mainly related to the sediment transport rates released downstream from the deposit that had previously filled the impoundment. This research studies the physical response to dam removal in the antecedent deposit by answering the following questions: (a) how does an initial channel excavated into the deposit evolve, and (b) what is the time distribution of the material released during the early stages of the process. These goals are achieved by an experimental campaign using a poorly sorted mixture of sediment in the antecedent deposit. The research shows that for the given conditions of our experiments, the rate at which the sediment is released depends on the height of the removed dam, the water discharge and the maximum potential volume of sediment to be eroded. This investigation provides new insights of the width evolution when the sediment is composed of a poorly sorted mixture. This evolution is linked to the bed degradation rates: channel narrows during a rapid incisional phase, and subsequently widens when bed degradation rates decrease. Channel width changes propagate upstream as a convection‐like perturbation associated with a kinematic wave starting at the location of the antecedent dam. These features are modeled through a new numerical model accounting for mixtures. More specifically, a set of equations has been derived for the variation of bed elevation, channel bottom width, and bed grain‐size distribution, which when solved numerically, describe the observed channel processes.
Chebyshev orthogonal collocation technique to solve transport phenomena problems with Matlab® and Mathematica
Authors: Binous Housam , Shaikh Abdullah A. , Bellagi Ahmed
Published: September 2014

We present in this pedagogical paper an alternative numerical method for the resolution of transport phenomena problems encountered in the teaching of the required course on transport phenomena in the graduate chemical engineering curricula. Based on the Chebyshev orthogonal collocation technique implemented in Matlab® and Mathematica©, we show how different rather complicated transport phenomena problems involving partial differential equations and split boundary value problems can now readily be mastered. A description of several sample problems and the resolution methodology is discussed in this paper. The objective of the incorporation of this approach is to develop the numerical skills of the graduate students at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) and to broaden the extent of transport‐phenomena problems that can be addressed in the course. We noted with satisfaction that the students successfully adopted this numerical technique for the resolution of problems assigned as term projects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:422–431, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21612
Evaluation of a prognostic model for risk of relapse in stage I seminoma surveillance
Authors: Chung Peter , Daugaard Gedske , Tyldesley Scott , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Panzarella Tony , Kollmannsberger Christian , Warde Padraig
Published: September 2014

A prognostic model for relapse risk in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance after orchiectomy has been developed but has not been independently validated. Individual data on 685 stage I seminoma surveillance patients managed between 1998 and 2005 at three cancer centers were retrospectively analyzed. Variables including age and pathology of the primary tumor: small vessel invasion, tumor size, and invasion of rete testis were analyzed. Specifically median tumor size and rete testis invasion was tested to evaluate the performance of the published model. Median follow‐up was 3.85 years (0.1–10.29), 88 patients relapsed and 5‐year relapse‐free rate was 85%. In univariate analysis, median tumor size (<3 cm vs. ≥3 cm) was associated with increased risk of relapse but rete testis invasion was not, nor was age and small vessel invasion. In multivariable analysis, tumor size above median (cutpoint of 3 cm) was a predictor for relapse, HR 1.87 (95% CI 1.15, 3.06), whereas rete testis invasion HR 1.36, (95% CI 0.81, 2.28) was not statistically significant. The 3‐year relapse risk based on the primary tumor size alone increased from 9% for 1 cm primary tumor to 26% for 8 cm tumor. A clinically useful, highly discriminating prognostic model remains elusive in stage I seminoma surveillance as we were unable to validate the previously developed model. However, primary tumor size retained prognostic importance and a scale of relapse risk based on the unit increment of tumor size was developed to help guide patients and clinicians in decision making.
Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Excoecaria acertiflia
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Zhuo , Luo Huai‐Rong , Ma Qing‐Yun , Peng Hua , Dai Hao‐Fu , Zhou Jun , Zhao You‐Xing
Published: September 2014

Six new compounds, including two diterpenoids excocarinols F and G (1 and 2, resp.), two carotane (daucane) sesquiterpenoids excoecafolinols A and B (3 and 4, resp.), one lignanoid compound, excoecanol A (5), and one simple phenol, excoecanol B (6), together with 17 known compounds, were isolated from the BuOH extract of Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. stems. Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of the spectroscopic data. The AChE‐inhibitory activities of 17 compounds were evaluated and revealed that four of them possessed moderate inhibitory activities against AChE.
Chemical Constituents and Activities of the Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans against Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne
Authors: Du Shu‐Shan , Yang Kai , Wang Cheng‐Fang , You Chun‐Xue , Geng Zhu‐Feng , Guo Shan‐Shan , Deng Zhi‐Wei , Liu Zhi‐Long
Published: September 2014

Essential oil extracted from nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) by hydrodistillation was subjected to GC/MS and GC analysis. A total of 27 constituents were identified, of which eugenol (19.9%), methylisoeugenol (16.8%), methyleugenol (16.7%), sabinene (11.8%), and terpinen‐4‐ol (8.5%) were the major components. The essential oil was tested against Lasioderma serricorne for insecticidal and repellent activity, the LD50 value at the end of 24 h exposure period was 19.3 μg/adult. Six active compounds were isolated by bioassay‐guided fractionation. They were identified as eugenol (1), methyleugenol (2), methylisoeugenol (3), elemicin (4), myristicin (5), and safrole (6). Among these isolates, 4 showed the strongest contact toxicity against L. serricorne adults with an LD50 value of 9.8 μg/adult. Repellency of crude oil and active compounds were also determined. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 were strongly repellent against the cigarette beetle and exhibited the same level of repellency compared with the positive control, DEET. The results indicate that the essential oil of M. fragrans and its active constituents have potential for development as natural insecticides and repellents to control L. serricorne.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of N‐{2‐[4‐(3‐Cyanopyridin‐2‐yl)piperazin‐1‐yl]ethyl}‐3‐[11C]methoxybenz­amide, a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Radioligand for Dopamine D4 Receptors, in Rodents
Authors: Leopoldo Marcello , Selivanova Svetlana V. , Müller Adrienne , Lacivita Enza , Schetz John A. , Ametamey Simon M.
Published: September 2014

The D4 dopamine receptor belongs to the D2‐like family of dopamine receptors, and its exact regional distribution in the central nervous system is still a matter of considerable debate. The availability of a selective radioligand for the D4 receptor with suitable properties for positron emission tomography (PET) would help resolve issues of D4 receptor localization in the brain, and the presumed diurnal change of expressed protein in the eye and pineal gland. We report here on in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the high‐affinity D4 receptor‐selective ligand N‐{2‐[4‐(3‐cyanopyridin‐2‐yl)piperazin‐1‐yl]ethyl}‐3‐[11C]methoxybenzamide ([11C]2) in rat. The results provide new insights on the in vitro properties that a brain PET dopamine D4 radioligand should possess in order to have improved in vivo utility in rodents.
Blockade of excitatory synaptogenesis with proximal dendrites of dentate granule cells following rapamycin treatment in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Yamawaki Ruth , Thind Khushdev , Buckmaster Paul S.
Published: September 2014

Inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway with rapamycin blocks granule cell axon (mossy fiber) sprouting after epileptogenic injuries, including pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. However, it remains unclear whether axons from other types of neurons sprout into the inner molecular layer and synapse with granule cell dendrites despite rapamycin treatment. If so, other aberrant positive‐feedback networks might develop. To test this possibility stereological electron microscopy was used to estimate the numbers of excitatory synapses in the inner molecular layer per hippocampus in pilocarpine‐treated control mice, in mice 5 days after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus, and after status epilepticus and daily treatment beginning 24 hours later with rapamycin or vehicle for 2 months. The optical fractionator method was used to estimate numbers of granule cells in Nissl‐stained sections so that numbers of excitatory synapses in the inner molecular layer per granule cell could be calculated. Control mice had an average of 2,280 asymmetric synapses in the inner molecular layer per granule cell, which was reduced to 63% of controls 5 days after status epilepticus, recovered to 93% of controls in vehicle‐treated mice 2 months after status epilepticus, but remained at only 63% of controls in rapamycin‐treated mice. These findings reveal that rapamycin prevented excitatory axons from synapsing with proximal dendrites of granule cells and raise questions about the recurrent excitation hypothesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:281–297, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wavelet neural network based on islanding detection via inverter‐based DG
Authors: Mohammadi Mohsen , Danandeh Akbar , Nasir Aghdam Hossein , Ojaroudi Nasser
Published: September 2014

In this article, a passive neurowavelet based on islanding detection technique for grid‐connected inverter‐based distributed generation has been developed. Connecting distributed generator to the distribution network has many benefits such as increasing the capacity of the grid and enhancing the power quality. However, it gives rise to many problems. This is mainly due to the fact that distribution networks are designed without any generation units at that level. Hence, integrating distributed generators into the existing distribution network is not problem‐free. Unintentional islanding is one of the encountered problems. Islanding is the situation where the distribution system containing both distributed generator and loads is separated from the main grid as a result of many reasons such as electrical faults and their subsequent switching incidents, equipment failures, or preplanned switching events like maintenance. The proposed method utilizes and combines wavelet analysis and artificial neural network to detect islanding. Discrete wavelet transform is capable of decomposing the signals into different frequency bands. It can be utilized in extracting discriminative features from the acquired voltage signals. Passive schemes have a large nondetection zone (NDZ) and concern has been raised on active method due to its degrading power quality effect. The main emphasis of the proposed scheme is to reduce the NDZ to as close as possible and to keep the output power quality unchanged. The simulations results, performed by MATLAB/Simulink, shows that the proposed method has a small NDZ. Also, this method is capable of detecting islanding accurately within the minimum standard time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 309–324, 2015
Growth of SiC bulk crystals for application in power electronic devices – process design, 2D and 3D X‐ray in situ visualization and advanced doping
Authors: Wellmann Peter , Neubauer Georg , Fahlbusch Lars , Salamon Michael , Uhlmann Norman
Published: September 2014

Silicon carbide single crystals have become widely used as substrates for power electronic devices like diodes and electronic switches. Today, 4 inch and 6 inch wafer diameters are commercially available which are processed from vapor grown crystals. The state of the art physical vapor transport method may be called mature. Nevertheless, low defect density and uniform doping are still topics which can be further improved by current research and development of more sophisticated processes and process control. The aim of the paper is to review the physical vapor transport growth method as applied today. Special emphasis will be put on currently less advanced in situ growth monitoring tools based on 2D and 3D X‐ray imaging that could be a tool for production monitoring. These techniques allow a precise determination of the crystal and source material evolution. Another topic will be the processing of highly conductive p‐type 4 H‐SiC which is of particular interest for power electronic switches.
Disposition and metabolic profile of the weak androgen Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) following administration as part of a nutritional supplement to exercised horses
Authors: Knych H.K. , Arthur R.M. , Stanley S.D. , McKemie D.S.
Published: September 2014

In order to ensure the welfare of performance horses and riders as well as the integrity of the sport, the use of both therapeutic and illegal agents in horse racing is tightly regulated. While Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is not specifically banned from administration to racehorses in the United States and no screening limit or threshold concentration exists, the metabolic conversion of DHEA to testosterone make its presence in nutritional supplements a regulatory concern. The recommended regulatory threshold for total testosterone in urine is 55 and 20 ng/mL for mares and geldings, respectively. In plasma, screening and confirmation limits for free testosterone (mares and geldings), of no greater than 0.1 and 0.025 ng/mL, respectively are recommended. DHEA was administered orally, as part of a nutritional supplement, to 8 exercised female thoroughbred horses and plasma and urine samples collected at pre‐determined times post administration. Using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), plasma and urine samples were analyzed for DHEA, DHEA‐sulfate, testosterone, testosterone‐sulfate, pregnenolone, androstenedione, and androstenediol. DHEA was rapidly absorbed with maximal plasma concentrations reaching 52.0 ± 43.8 ng/mL and 32.1 ± 12.9 ng/mL for DHEA and DHEA sulfate, respectively. Free testosterone was not detected in plasma or urine samples at any time. Maximum sulfate conjugated testosterone plasma concentrations were 0.98 ± 1.09 ng/mL. Plasma testosterone‐sulfate concentrations did not fall below 0.1 ng/mL and urine testosterone‐sulfate below 55 ng/mL until 24–36 h post DHEA administration. Urine testosterone sulfate concentrations remained slightly above baseline levels at 48 h for most of the horses studied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of astrocytes in the vertebrate eye
Authors: Tao Chenqi , Zhang Xin
Published: September 2014

Astrocytes represent the earliest glial population in the embryonic optic nerve, contributing critically to retinal angiogenesis and formation of brain‐retinal‐barrier. Despite of many developmental and clinical implications of astrocytes, answers to some of the most fundamental questions of this unique type of glial cells remain elusive. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the origination, proliferation, and differentiation of astrocytes, their journey from the optic nerve toward the neuroretina, and their involvement in physiological and pathological development of the visual system.Developmental Dynamics 243:1501–1510, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cochrane in context: Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children
Authors: Chaturvedi Swasti , Lipszyc Deborah H. , Licht Christoph , Craig Jonathan C. , Parekh Rulan S.
Published: September 2014

Cochrane Review: Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children Chaturvedi S, Lipszyc DH, Licht C, Craig JC, Parekh RS. Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD008117. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008117.pub2.

This companion piece to the review, “Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children,” contains the following pieces:

The abstract of the review

A commentary from one or more of the review authors, explaining why the review team felt the review was an important one to produce

A review of clinical practice guidelines

Some other recently published references on this topic
Cochrane in context: Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children
Authors: Wong Tiffany , Stang Antonia S. , Ganshorn Heather , Hartling Lisa , Maconochie Ian K. , Thomsen Anna M. , Johnson David W.
Published: September 2014

Cochrane Review: Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children Wong T, Stang AS, Ganshorn H, Hartling L, Maconochie IK, Thomsen AM, Johnson DW. Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD009572. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009572.pub2

This companion piece to the review, “Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children,” contains the following pieces:

The abstract of the review

A commentary from one or more of the review authors, explaining why the review team felt the review was an important one to produce

A review of clinical practice guidelines

Some other recently published references on this topic
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) and Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide Ionic Liquid for PEM Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Rangasamy Vijay Shankar , Thayumanasundaram Savitha , de Greef Niels , Seo Jin Won , Locquet Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2014

Ionic liquids (ILs), with their inherent ionic conductivity and negligible vapor pressure, can be exploited in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells for which thermal management is a major problem and the cell operation temperature is limited by the boiling point of water. In this work, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes were modified by the incorporation of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P4 4 4 4]Br) by solvent‐casting. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the electrical properties of the modified membranes. Simultaneous TGA and FTIR studies were used to evaluate the thermal stability and chemical structure of the modified membranes, respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopy was applied to probe the changes in the chemical environment due to the interaction between the ionic liquid and the polymer. Mechanical properties were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis. The temperature‐dependent behavior of the viscosity of the [P4 4 4 4]Br ionic liquid was observed to obey the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) equation, and was correlated to the ion‐conducting properties of the IL‐doped SPEEK membranes.
From (Phenylsulfanyl)cycloalkanecarbaldehydes to Optically Active Spirocyclic Tetrahydrofurans: Stereospecific Resolution of Symmetric Aldehydes through (S)‐Proline‐Catalysed Aldol Reaction
Authors: Secci Francesco , Frongia Angelo , Rubanu Maria Grazia , Sechi Maria Laura , Sarais Giorgia , Arca Massimiliano , Piras Pier Paolo
Published: September 2014

A variety of enantiomerically enriched tetrahydrofuran spirocyclic derivatives have been synthesised by a sequential enantioselective proline‐induced stereospecific resolution through aldol reaction of (E/Z)‐(phenylsulfanyl)cycloalkanecarbaldehydes followed by a ketone reduction, acid‐catalysed [1,2]‐SPh stereospecific migration, and ring‐closure reaction.
Reactivity of Dipyrromethanes towards Azoalkenes: Synthesis of Functionalized Dipyrromethanes, Calix[4]pyrroles, and Bilanes
Authors: Lopes Susana M. M. , Lemos Américo , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: September 2014

The introduction of side chains at the 1‐ and 9‐positions of dipyrromethanes was explored by using the hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction of azoalkenes. New 5,5′‐diethyldipyrromethanes and 5‐phenyldipyrromethanes that were functionalized with open‐chain hydrazone moieties, including derivatives with tetrazolyl groups, were prepared. Furthermore, the synthesis of new calix[4]pyrroles and bilanes was achieved by employing the bis(hetero‐Diels–Alder) reaction of azoalkenes with 5,5′‐diethyldipyrromethane.
Phytochemical screening and protective effects of Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) against free radical‐induced stress in rats
Authors: Shah Abdus S. , Ahmed Mushtaq , Alkreathy Huda M. , Khan Muhammad R. , Khan Rahmat A. , Khan Samiullah
Published: September 2014

Trifolium alexandrinum is traditionally used in various human ailments, including renal dysfunctions. The present experiment was designed to investigate antioxidant and nephroprotective effect of T. alexandrinum methanolic extract (TAME) against CCl4‐induced oxidative stress in albino rats. Results of in vitro study revealed significant (P < 0.05) antioxidant effects. The ameliorative role of TAME was also examined by investigating the level of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), nonenzymatic antioxidant viz; reduced glutathione contents (GSH) and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in the renal tissue homogenate in CCl4‐treated rats. The intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL/kg b.w. CCl4 caused a significant depletion in the activity antioxidant enzymes and increased the TBARS contents. Supplementation of TAME at 200 mg/kg b.w. for 2 weeks significantly improved activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced TBARS formation. Co‐treatment of TAME also presented significant protection in maintaining renal urine and serum markers. Antioxidant and nephroprotective effects of TAME are associated with its polyphenolic constituents.
Geophysical and Geoarchaeological Investigations at Aganoa Beach, American Samoa: An Early Archaeological Site in Western Polynesia
Authors: Pearl Frederic B. , Sauck William A.
Published: September 2014

Archaeological investigations at Aganoa, a coastal site in American Samoa, western Polynesia, revealed a marine resources exploitation base for the early inhabitants of the island. A series of 19 radiocarbon age determinations indicates the principal period of site utilization began no later than 570 B.C., and probably earlier, and lasted for about 300 years. This site is squarely in the phase identified by previous scholars as “ancestral Polynesian.” Geophysical survey in the form of long, shore‐perpendicular transects showed the accretionary history of this beach and ridge area. Surprisingly, it revealed that the earlier ridges were directly below the modern ridge (i.e., progradation of this geomorphic feature had not occurred). The survey revealed a buried paleosol with little or no disturbance, which yielded a well‐preserved assemblage of plain and decorated ceramics, stone artifacts, fishhooks, and archaeofauna. No evidence of archaeological continuity was seen between the end of the terminal Lapita occupation and the later reoccupation of the site after about A.D. 700. This study demonstrates the utility and feasibility of using ground‐penetrating radar for the discovery of deeply buried coastal sites.
Sesquiterpenoids from the Root Bark of Acanthopanax leucorrhizus and Their Biological Activities
Authors: Hu Hao‐Bin , Zhang Peng‐Hui , Wu Yun
Published: September 2014

Three furoeremophilane‐type sesquiterpenoids, including one new, 1α‐acetoxy‐6β‐(benzoyloxy)‐10β‐hydroxy‐9‐oxofuroeremophilane (1), and two known, 1β,6β‐diacetoxy‐9‐oxofuroeremophilane (2) and (6α)‐furoeremophilan‐14,6‐olide (3), were isolated from the root bark of Acanthopanax leucorrhizus from China. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments. A preliminary bioassay revealed that compound 1 exhibits weak cytotoxicities against the human tumor cell lines MCF‐7 and SMMC‐7721 with the IC50 values of 75.12±1.69 and 168.36±2.01 μg/ml, respectively. Compound 1 and 2 showed moderate activities against Escherichia coli with the MIC values of 32 and 64 μg/ml, respectively.
Two New Sesquiterpenoids from the Rhizomes of Curcuma xanthorrhiza
Authors: Zhang Chun‐Mei , Fan Pei‐Hong , Li Min , Lou Hong‐Xiang
Published: September 2014

Zedoardiol (1), a new furanoguaiane sesquiterpenoid, and 3,4‐dihydroxybisabola‐1,10‐diene (2), a new naturally occurring bisabolane sesquiterpenoid, together with six known compounds, were isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Their structures were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, mainly 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, MS, IR and X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. Herein, the isolation and structure elucidation of the compounds are described.
Two New Limonoids from the Root Bark of Chinese Medicinal Plant Dictamnus dasycarpus
Authors: Wang Li‐Li , Jiang Cheng‐Shi , Fu Yan , Chen Fei‐Fei , Lan Le‐Fu , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: September 2014

Two new limonoids, kihadanin C (1) and 23‐methoxydasylactone A (2), together with seven related known ones, 3–9, were isolated from the root bark of the plant Dictamnus dasycarpus. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive analyses of their spectroscopic data (1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, MS) and by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, 1 presents the first example of A,D‐seco limonoid with an unusual 3,4‐dihydroxy‐2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran moiety as ring E. In the bioassay in vitro, 7 showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while 8 and 9 displayed neuroprotective activities against H2O2‐induced injury in SH‐SY5Y cells.
Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT)‐Ionic Liquid‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode: Probing FurazolidoneDNA Interactions and DNA Determination
Authors: Fotouhi Lida , Arabiyan Shahrbanoo
Published: September 2014

The interactions of furazolidone (Fu) with double‐stranded calf thymus DNA (dsDNA) on the multi‐walled carbon nanotubes‐ionic liquid‐modified carbon paste electrode (MWCNT‐IL‐CPE) have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. In the presence of DNA, the cathodic peak current of Fu decreased and the peak potential shifted to a positive potential, indicating the intercalative interaction of Fu with DNA. The binding constant of Fu with DNA and stoichiometric coefficient has been determined according to the Hill's model. This electrochemical method was further applied to the determination of DNA. Two linear calibration curves were obtained for DNA detection in the concentration ranges of 0.03–0.10 and 0.10–4.0 μg l−1 with a detection limit of 0.027 μg l−1. The method was successfully applied to analyze Fu in serum samples.
How Small Amounts of Impurities Are Sufficient to Catalyze the Interconversion of Carbonyl Compounds and Iminium Ions, or Is There a Metathesis through 1,3‐Oxazetidinium Ions? Experiments, Speculations, and Calculations
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Yoshinari Tomohiro , Beck Albert K. , Ebert Marc‐Olivier , Castro‐Alvarez Alejandro , Vilarrasa Jaume , Reiher Markus
Published: September 2014

Under the ‘best anhydrous’ conditions, we were able to achieve, the bicyclic oxazolidinones derived from proline and pivalaldehyde (or cyclohexanone) equilibrate with added carbonyl compounds in (D6)DMSO and in (D6)benzene. With (18O)cyclohexanone, no incorporation of the label into the 1,3‐oxazolidinone ring was observed (in‐situ NMR investigations; Figs. 1, 3, and 4). Since an iminium‐carboxylate zwitterion might be involved in this process, we also studied the reaction of N‐isopropylidene‐pyrrolidinium perchlorate with cyclohexanone in anhydrous CDCl3 (Fig. 5). We speculated that an interconversion between iminium and carbonyl species might occur in the absence of H2O or other impurities, i.e., formally a metathesis through 1,3‐oxazetidinium ions (Schemes 2 and 3). A theoretical investigation with various DFT methods, ranging all the way to CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ//MP2/def2‐QZVPP, shows (Figs. 8–11) that oxazetidinium ions are stable species (more or less equi‐energetic with the reactants iminium ion+carbonyl system), but that the transition states leading to these cations are too high in energy for a reaction taking place in the gas phase at room temperature. Further investigations are proposed to study the iminiumcarbonyl interconversion mechanism.
Impact of Ferti‐Irrigation with Vinasse on Groundwater Quality
Authors: González Luis , Mejía Miguel
Published: September 2014

Vinasse, a residual substance left after sugarcane alcohol distillation, is a mixture of water and organic compounds and can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Some alcohol industries in Mexico have adopted its utilization in the irrigation of sugarcane plantations. If vinasse percolates and reaches the groundwater, microbial degradation of the organic matter produces a sequence of redox reactions in which O2, NO3‐, Mn (IV), Fe (III), SO42‐ and CO2 are reduced. This causes problems with groundwater quality, because manganese and iron become soluble, causing the water to acquire a brown colour and bad taste. The aim of this study was determine the effect of ferti‐irrigation with vinasse over 50 years in the groundwater quality of an aquifer in east central Mexico. The results shows a shallow groundwater table (14 m) in the area where vinasse is used. The results also show reduction of oxygen, nitrate reduction and manganese reduction where vinasse is used for ferti‐irrigation. In fact, some wells exceed the maximum permissible limit for manganese established by Mexican standards. The primary cause of groundwater contamination is attributed to the dissolution of the manganese present in the soil, during the oxidation of organic matter introduced to the aquifer by deep percolation of irrigation water with vinasse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of potential water pollutants in the presence of NaCl using nanocrystalline titania films
Authors: Tantis Iosif , Stathatos Elias , Mantzavinos Dionissios , Lianos Panagiotis
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Photocatalytic degradation using nanoparticulate titania films does not provide sufficiently high specific surface area for fast pollutant degradation. This deficiency can be corrected by electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic processes.

RESULTS

Nanocrystalline titania films have been deposited on transparent conductive electrodes and were used for photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic discoloration of the anionic Acid Orange 7 and the cationic Rhodamine 6G under simulated solar radiation. Experiments have been conducted in the presence of either NaCl, as a natural active species, or Na2SO4, as a relatively inert electrolyte. Photocatalytic discoloration was relatively slow but the process was highly accelerated by applying an electric bias, both in the forward and the reverse direction, particularly in the presence of NaCl. Application of forward bias assisted photogenerated electron–hole separation and affected attraction or repulsion of the charged dyes towards the photocatalyst. However, both effects were masked by the strong electrocatalytic effect produced in the presence of NaCl when Cl‐based oxidative species could be created on either of the two electrodes under any electric bias. As expected, such electrocatalytic effects were much slower in the presence of SO42‐ instead of the highly active Cl‐ anions.

CONCLUSIONS

Degradation of model pollutants can be accelerated in a photoelectrochemical cell using the same quantity of photocatalyst. The natural electrolyte NaCl additionally allows for strong electrocatalytic effects, which were obtained at moderate applied electric bias. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of cleaning effectiveness for new ecological systems on ancient tempera icon by complementary microscopy techniques
Authors: Pruteanu Silvea , Vasilache Viorica , Sandu Irina Crina Anca , Budu Ana‐Maria , Sandu Ion
Published: September 2014

The study presents an old icon painted in egg tempera on lime wood, with a poor conservation condition and clogged dirt deposits. The icon is attributed to an anonymous painter of XIXth century and to the neo‐classical style of painting. The painting layer was done with only a hand full of pigments, earth colors that were often used in painting the icons from XVIIth to XIXth century in Eastern Europe, that have Byzantine influences. Taking into consideration the nature and the structure of the materials from the upper layers of the painting, affected by deposits of dirt over time, a series of cleaning recipes were studied, using the so called cleaning tests with compatible mixtures of different juices and infusion from indigenes plants, that were freshly done and odorless. A low alkaline 95% ethyl alcohol solution, combined with a few drops of ammoniac 25%, was used as a reference system, due to its compatibility with the greasy deposits found on the polychrome layer and on the wood. The cleaning capacity of the new systems used, in comparison with the standard solution, was analyzed through modern analytical methods of evaluating the degree of cleaning, more exactly by means of visible and UV reflectography, CIE L*a*b* colorimetry by reflection assisted by SEM‐EDX and IR spectroscopy.Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:1060–1070, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritive quality and protein production from grain legumes in a boreal climate
Authors: Lizarazo Clara I , Lampi Anna‐Maija , Liu Jingwei , Sontag‐Strohm Tuula , Piironen Vieno , Stoddard Frederick L
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Boreal cropping systems are heavily focused on the production of small‐grain cereals; to improve their resilience to climate change and to achieve food and feed security, diversification is needed. This study investigated the potential of faba bean, narrow‐leafed lupin and lentil as protein crops in southern Finland, where faba bean is traditional but the other two are novel.

RESULTS

Early cultivars of narrow‐leafed lupin and lentil matured adequately. Protein concentration in faba bean was, at 32%, higher than the world average of 29%, while those of narrow‐leafed lupin and lentil were close to their world averages. Protein yields decreased in the order faba bean > narrow‐leafed lupin > lentil. Lipid content of faba bean and lentil was about 1.2% and that of narrow‐leafed lupin about 5.5%, and fatty acid composition was largely oleic and linoleic in all three species.

CONCLUSION

Both lentil and narrow‐leafed lupin can be added to the range of feed and food crops produced at high latitudes in Europe. While faba bean produces the greatest protein yield and lysine concentration, the higher sulfur amino acid concentration in lupin, its oil content and its adaptation to acid, sandy soils not suitable for faba bean make it an attractive alternative. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro antioxidant and mineral‐chelating properties of natural and autocleaved ovotransferrin
Authors: Moon Sun Hee , Lee Jae Hoon , Ahn Dong Uk , Paik Hyun‐Dong
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Egg white proteins can be excellent substrates for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. In this study, several in vitro antioxidant methods, namely the β‐carotene linoleate model system, the ferric thiocyanate method, the 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) method and copper/calcium ion chelation, were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of natural and autocleaved ovotransferrin.

RESULTS

Autocleaved ovotransferrin was prepared by reducing natural ovotransferrin with tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) for 6 h at 37 °C. Autocleaved ovotransferrin suppressed the discoloration of β‐carotene effectively and prevented the oxidation of linoleic acid during 5 days of storage at 4 °C. However, the concentration of autocleaved ovotransferrin had no influence on its antioxidant effect. Similarly, the highest TBARS values were obtained from autocleaved ovotransferrin (>90%) and the lowest value in natural ovotransferrin (24%) during incubation at 37 °C for 48 h. The hydrolysates obtained from autocleaved ovotranferrin showed better copper/calcium‐solublilizing activity than those from natural ovotransferrin.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that autocleaved ovotransferrin has the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant in foods. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of grape maturity on the foaming properties of base wines and sparkling wines (Cava)
Authors: Esteruelas Mireia , González‐Royo Elena , Kontoudakis Nikolaos , Orte Antonio , Cantos Antoni , Canals Joan Miquel , Zamora Fernando
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

The aim of this paper is to determine the main factors that influence the foaming properties of base wines and sparkling wines and, in particular, the role played by the maturity of the grapes in the controlled designation of origin (CDO) Cava. Macabeo, Xarel.lo, Parellada and Chardonnay grapes were harvested at two different maturity levels in two vintages. The first harvest was selected because of its desirable titratable acidity and the second because of its optimal sugar concentration. The mono‐varietal base wines and standard blends were transformed into sparkling wines and aged for 14 months.

RESULTS

The results indicate that the main factors affecting foam properties are ethanol content, high molecular weight polysaccharides and gluconic acid (which have a negative effect), and proteins (which have a positive effect).

CONCLUSION

The main conclusion of this study is that the foaming properties of wines can be improved if harvest dates are advanced. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasound to differentiate thyroglossal duct cysts and dermoid cysts in children
Authors: Oyewumi Modupe , Inarejos Emilio , Greer Mary‐Louise , Hassouneh Basil , Campisi Paolo , Forte Vito , Propst Evan J.
Published: September 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine if ultrasound could differentiate between thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC) and midline dermoid cysts (DC).

Study Design

Cohort study.

Methods

A search of pathology reports yielded 91 patients with TGDC or midline DC. Ultrasound images were presented to a radiologist blinded to pathology who evaluated the following: 1) depth of lesion from skin, 2) maximum diameter, 3) dimensions, 4) midline location, 5) distance from base of tongue, 6) tract, 7) wall regularity, 8) wall thickness, 9) margin definition, 10) heterogeneity, 11) internal septae, 12) solid components, 13) intralesional Doppler flow, and 14) posterior enhancement. The predictive power of these variables was evaluated in a multiple logistic regression model.

Results

There were 53 TGDC and 38 DC. TGDC were significantly more likely than DC to have the following features: 1) smaller distance from base of tongue, 2) tract, 3) irregular wall, 4) ill‐defined margin, 5) internal septae, 6) solid components, and 7) intralesional Doppler flow. Three clinically reliable ultrasound variables were independently able to discriminate between TGDC and DC. A predictive model was fashioned whereby each variable was scored as 0 or 1, with a total score calculated (septae + irregular wall + solid components = TGDC [or SIST] score). We propose a scoring system whereby 0 = suggestive of DC; 1 = suggestive of TGDC; and ≥2 = highly suggestive of TGDC.

Conclusions

It may be possible to differentiate between TGDC and midline DC preoperatively using ultrasound.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:998–1003, 2015
Factors influencing sleep time with oxygen saturation below 90% in sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Bostanci Asli , Turhan Murat , Bozkurt Selen
Published: September 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine factors influencing sleep time with oxygen saturation below 90% (ST90) in a population referred to a tertiary sleep center for assessment of possible sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB).

Study Design

Retrospective review of demographic and polysomnographic data of 731 consecutive patients with suspected SDB.

Methods

Bivariate correlation analyses were performed, and Spearman rho coefficients were calculated. Variables with a marginal association with ST90 (P < .05) in the bivariate analysis were included into the multiple regression analysis.

Results

The distributions of SDB were as follows: normal/simple snoring, 18.2%; mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 25.6%; moderate OSA, 17.4%; and severe OSA, 38.9%. The univariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between ST90 and age (r = 0.204), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.440), arousal index (r = 0.754), apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) (r = 0.761), mean oxygen saturation (SaO2) (r = −0.506), and mean O2 desaturation (r = 0.858) (P < .001 for all parameters). In multiple regression analysis, age (P < .001), BMI (P = .040), male gender (P = .001), AHI (P < .001), mean SaO2 (P < .001), and mean O2 desaturation (P < .001) were found to be independent parameters influencing ST90. Furthermore, these parameters explained a significant proportion of variance in ST90 (R2 = 0.794, F (6, 729) = 464.65, P < .001). Although there was a strong correlation between AHI and ST90 (r = 0.76, P < .001), a large variation of ST90 values was observed, especially within the severe OSA group.

Conclusions

The study results provide supporting evidence that patients with similar AHI may have quite different values of ST90, and thereby hypoxia. The stratification of patients with OSA according to AHI combined with ST90 may allow better identification of prognostic information.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:1008–1012, 2015