bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education from 2010 to 2020
Authors: Zhai Xuesong , Chu Xiaoyan , Chai Ching Sing , Jong Morris Siu Yung , Istenic Andreja , Spector Michael , Liu Jia-Bao , Yuan Jing , Li Yan
Published: April 2021

This study provided a content analysis of studies aiming to disclose how artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied to the education sector and explore the potential research trends and challenges of AI in education. A total of 100 papers including 63 empirical papers (74 studies) and 37 analytic papers were selected from the education and educational research category of Social Sciences Citation Index database from 2010 to 2020. The content analysis showed that the research questions could be classified into development layer (classification, matching, recommendation, and deep learning), application layer (feedback, reasoning, and adaptive learning), and integration layer (affection computing, role‐playing, immersive learning, and gamification). Moreover, four research trends, including Internet of Things, swarm intelligence, deep learning, and neuroscience, as well as an assessment of AI in education, were suggested for further investigation. However, we also proposed the challenges in education may be caused by AI with regard to inappropriate use of AI techniques, changing roles of teachers and students, as well as social and ethical issues. The results provide insights into an overview of the AI used for education domain, which helps to strengthen the theoretical foundation of AI in education and provides a promising channel for educators and AI engineers to carry out further collaborative research.
Sensitivity Analysis and Multiobjective Optimization of CO2 Huff-N-Puff Process after Water Flooding in Natural Fractured Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Jie Zhang , Ming-Jun Cai , Dangke Ge , Ning Lu , Hai-Ying Cheng , Hai-Feng Wang , Rong-Tao Li
Published: April 2021

The CO2 huff-n-puff is an effective substitute technology to further improve oil recovery of natural fractured tight oil reservoirs after water flooding, for its high displacement efficiency and superior injectivity. The CO2 huff-n-puff process is influenced by many factors, such as miscible degree, complex fracture networks, and production schemes. What is worse, those influence facts affect each other making the process more complex. Many researchers concentrated on mechanisms and single sensitivity analysis of CO2 huff-n-puff process, whereas few optimized this process with the consideration of all influence factors and multiobjective to get favorable performance. We built multiobjective consisted of miscible degree, oil recovery, and gas replacing oil rate considering the aspects of CO2 flooding special characteristic, technical effectiveness, and economic feasibility, respectively. We have taken Yuan 284 tight oil block as a case, firstly investigated sensitivity analysis, and then optimized CO2 huff-n-puff process using orthogonal experiment design with multifactors and multiobjectives. The optimization results show CO2 huff-n-puff can significantly improve oil recovery by 8.87% original oil in place (OOIP) compared with water flooding, which offers guidelines for field operations.
The Pioneering Role of Bryophytes in Ecological Restoration of Manganese Waste Residue Areas, Southwestern China
Authors: Ren Jun , Liu Fang , Luo Yang , Zhu Jian , Luo Xuqiang , Liu Rui
Published: April 2021

The mining of manganese brings excellent wealth to humankind. However, it destroys the ecological environment, mainly manifested as heavy metal pollution and vegetation destruction. The restoration of ecological vegetation in manganese mining areas has become an important work after mineral exploitation. The effect of bryophytes on ecological restoration in mining areas is irreplaceable. The bryophytes diversity and its pioneering role in two types of manganese waste residue areas were investigated in Guizhou province, China. The results showed that there were 24 species of mosses in mine waste slag areas, and all of them belonged to 6 families and 15 genera; the species Gymnostomum subrigidulum, Pohlia gedeana, and Bryum atrovirens were the dominant mosses. There were 6 species of mosses in electrolytic manganese slag areas, and all of them belonged to 5 families and 5 genera. The dominant moss was B. atrovirens. The bryophytes diversity in the electrolytic manganese slag areas with lower pH was poorer than that in mine slag areas. The accumulation of heavy metals in mosses showed that B. atrovirens collected from two types of areas had a strong ability to accumulate Mn with the cumulants 5588.00 μg/g and 4283.41 μg/g, respectively. All mosses had a strong enrichment ability to Cd. It indicated that mosses had strong tolerance to heavy metals. Bryophytes increased the available nutrients and bacterial community diversity of mosses growth substrates in two types of areas. Besides, we studied the relationships between bacterial community structure and soil factors. The main soil factor affecting the bacterial community structure was available nitrogen (AN) in mine waste slag areas, while it was pH in the electrolytic manganese residue areas. The systematic study suggested that bryophytes increased the available nutrients and the microbial community diversity of the growth substrates in manganese waste residue areas, which provided the basic conditions for the growth of vascular plants.
Perforated High-Grade Mixed Neuroendocrine Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasm of Cecum: Unusual Presentation of Rare Disease
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Gunasekaran , Srinivas Bheemanathi Hanuman , Pottakkat Biju , Gnanasekaran Senthil , Kalayarasan Raja
Published: April 2021

Mixed neuroendocrine nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, where the neuroendocrine as well as the nonneuroendocrine components each comprise at least 30% of the tumor. Of all cases of colorectal malignancies, MiNENs constitute around 3–9.6%, with only a few cases reported to be arising in the cecum. Since majority present with nonspecific clinical and radiological findings, its diagnosis preoperatively is almost impossible and these are usually diagnosed after histopathological examination of the resected specimen. Owing to the rarity of these tumors as well as lack of complete molecular characterization, optimal treatment remains unestablished. We, here, report a rare case of MiNENs of the cecum infiltrating the right psoas muscle and presenting with perforation for which right hemicolectomy and en bloc excision of the involved psoas muscle was done followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.
Recovery of Unicellular Cyanobacteria from Nitrogen Chlorosis: A Model for Resuscitation of Dormant Bacteria
Authors: Neumann Niels , Doello Sofia , Forchhammer Karl
Published: April 2021

Nitrogen starvation induces developmental transitions in cyanobacteria. Whereas complex multicellular cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales can differentiate specialized cells that perform nitrogen fixation in the presence of oxygenic photosynthesis, non-diazotrophic unicellular strains, such as Synechococcus elongatus or Synechocystis PCC 6803, undergo a transition into a dormant non-growing state. Due to loss of pigments during this acclimation, the process is termed chlorosis. Cells maintain viability in this state for prolonged periods of time, until they encounter a useable nitrogen source, which triggers a highly coordinated awakening process, termed resuscitation. The minimal set of cellular activity that maintains the viability of cells during chlorosis and ensures efficient resuscitation represents the organism’s equivalent of the BIOS, the basic input/output system of a computer, that helps “booting” the operation system after switching on. This review summarizes the recent research in the resuscitation of cyanobacteria, representing a powerful model for the awakening of dormant bacteria.
Thrombophilia Testing After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Salehi Omran Setareh , Hartman Adam , Zakai Neil A. , Navi Babak B.
Published: April 2021

Thrombophilia testing is frequently performed after an ischemic stroke, particularly when cryptogenic. However, there is minimal evidence supporting a significant association between most conditions assessed through thrombophilia testing and ischemic stroke, and the rationale for thrombophilia testing in many clinical situations remains uncertain. In this topical review, we review and contextualize the existing data on the risks, predictors, and outcomes of thrombophilic conditions in patients with ischemic stroke. We report that inherited thrombophilias have an uncertain relationship with ischemic stroke. Conversely, antiphospholipid syndrome, an acquired immune-mediated thrombophilia, seems to be a strong risk factor for arterial thromboembolic events, including ischemic stroke, and especially among young patients. Our findings suggest that certain circumstances may warrant targeted thrombophilia testing, such as stroke in the young, cryptogenic stroke, and high estrogen states. Future prospective studies should investigate the utility and cost effectiveness of thrombophilia testing in various stroke settings, including among patients with patent foramen ovale; as well as the optimal secondary stroke prevention regimen in patients with confirmed thrombophilia, particularly if no other potential stroke mechanism is identified.
The Rule of Law and the Role of Strategy in U.S. Nuclear Doctrine
Authors: Sagan Scott D. , Weiner Allen S.
Published: April 2021

In 2013, the U.S. government announced that its nuclear war plans would be “consistent with the fundamental principles of the Law of Armed Conflict” and would “apply the principles of distinction and proportionality and seek to minimize collateral damage to civilian populations and civilian objects.” If properly applied, these legal principles can have a profound impact on U.S. nuclear doctrine. The prohibition against targeting civilians means that “countervalue” targeting and “minimum deterrence” strategies are illegal. The principle of distinction and the impermissibility of reprisal against civilians make it illegal for the United States, contrary to what is implied in the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review, to intentionally target civilians even in reprisal for a strike against U.S. or allied civilians. The principle of proportionality permits some, but not all, potential U.S. counterforce nuclear attacks against military targets. The precautionary principle means that the United States must use conventional weapons or the lowest-yield nuclear weapons that would be effective against legitimate military targets. The law of armed conflict also restricts targeting of an enemy's leadership to officials in the military chain of command or directly participating in hostilities, meaning that broad targeting to destroy an enemy's entire political leadership is unlawful.
The Case for Campaign Analysis: A Method for Studying Military Operations
Authors: Tecott Metz Rachel , Halterman Andrew
Published: April 2021

Military operations lie at the center of international relations theory and practice. Although security studies scholars have used campaign analysis to study military operations for decades, the method has not been formally defined or standardized, and there is little methodological guidance available for scholars interested in conducting or evaluating it. Campaign analysis is a method involving the use of a model and techniques for managing uncertainty to answer questions about military operations. The method comprises six steps: (1) question selection, (2) scenario development, (3) model construction, (4) value assignment, (5) sensitivity analysis, and (6) interpretation and presentation of results. The models that scholars develop to direct analysis are significant intellectual contributions in their own right, and can be adapted by other scholars and practitioners to guide additional analyses. Careful model construction can clarify, but does not obviate, the uncertainty of conflict. To manage uncertainty in parameter values, scholars can use the “input distribution approach” to propagate uncertainty in inputs through to a model's output. Replications and extensions of Wu Riqiang's 2020 analysis of Chinese nuclear survivability and Barry Posen's 1991 analysis of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's prospects against the Warsaw Pact illustrate the six steps of campaign analysis, the value of transparent models and the input distribution approach, and the potential of campaign analysis to contribute to policy and theory.
Range expansion of the vulnerable crayfish Creaserinus fodiens (Cottle, 1863) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Ontario, Canada, with added notes on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of this species in North America
Authors: Guiaşu Radu C.
Published: April 2021

The distribution of the semi-terrestrial burrowing crayfish Creaserinus fodiens (Cottle, 1863) in Ontario was updated based on the examination of the records stored in the crayfish database of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and specimens collected during field studies. New Ontario locality records are reported for this crayfish species from MacGregor Point Provincial Park and other nearby sites in Bruce County, along the shores of Lake Huron. These are among the northernmost locality records reported for this species in North America. These new records represent a northwestern range expansion for this crayfish species in southern Ontario. As a result of these new records, the revised distribution of this species in Ontario is estimated to cover an area of about 32 620 km2. This is an increase of 7620 km2 over a previous 1996 estimate of this range. Creaserinus fodiens is a vulnerable species in Ontario, mainly due to the loss of suitable wetland habitats. Thus, the new locations and the range expansion reported here provide some hopeful news about the long-term future of burrowing crayfishes in this Canadian province. At some of the new locations, C. fodiens was found together with Faxonius immunis (Hagen, 1870), another burrowing crayfish species. However, this analysis of all the relevant records found in the collections of the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto) and the Canadian Museum of Nature (Ottawa) shows that our knowledge of the distribution of C. fodiens in Ontario remains quite incomplete. A survey of the conservation status and challenges for this crayfish species in various regions of North America was also undertaken.
The Contribution of Integrated Marine Policies to Marine Environmental Protection: The Case of Norway
Authors: Schøning Lena
Published: April 2021

This article investigates the contribution of the Norwegian integrated marine management (IMM) plans to marine environmental protection and conservation. These plans have been described as international best practice, and the government’s goal is ‘for Norway to be a pioneer in developing an integrated ecosystem-based management regime for marine areas’. The plans pursue other objectives, including sustainable use and value creation, but this article focuses on their contribution to environmental objectives. By means of a problem analysis, the article outlines three approaches to ‘marine environmental protection and conservation’ that contribute thereto in profoundly different ways. The contribution of the IMM plans to each of these approaches is examined, leading to the conclusion that two are embedded in the plans, which therefore primarily contribute to some reduced harm, as opposed to contributing to long-term marine environmental protection. This suggests that integrated marine plans and policies are relevant for more restricted environmental objectives.
The Comic Frame of Mark’s Passion
Authors: Hatton Stephen B.
Published: April 2021

This article uses narrative criticism and a study of the word neaniskos in Greek culture to argue that the Gethsemanic young man and the young man in Jesus’ open tomb are linked by comedy. It demonstrates that the naked young man pericope utilizes comic imitation and the word neaniskos to connote comic behavior. With the naked young man as a model, the article proceeds to show that the speech of the messenger in the open tomb is comedy vis-à-vis the narrative of the context. This interpretation has the advantages of explaining the ill-fitting interruption of the naked young man scene in Gethsemane, of making sense of the abrupt ending of the Gospel of Mark, and of fitting the use of the word neaniskos in the Gospel of Mark to a connotation used in classical and Hellenistic Greek culture.
Flipping Tables and Building Temples: An Intertextual Reading of Psalm 68:10 LXX in John 2:17
Authors: Klem Matthew J.
Published: April 2021

John 2:17 quotes Ps 68:10: “Zeal for your house will consume me.” Interpreters disagree about whether consume portrays Jesus’s zeal overwhelming him during the temple incident or leading to his death. They also disagree about whether John alludes metaleptically to the whole psalm, especially the rebuilding of Jerusalem in Ps 68:36–37. This article argues that consume portrays Jesus’s death. It substantiates that John alludes to the whole psalm, not only the rebuilding of Jerusalem in 68:36–37, but also the table becoming a trap and the pouring out of wrath in 68:23, 25. These echoes suggest that Jesus embodies the judgment of God in the temple incident, the suffering of the psalmist in his death, and the restoration of Jerusalem in his resurrection. The story from the Psalter is thus reconfigured in the temple incident: God rebuilds the forsaken city by identifying with Israel’s exile in the crucified body of Jesus.
“A Factious, Seditious and Unruly Multitude”
Authors: McAleavy Tony
Published: April 2021

As a child in Malmesbury, Thomas Hobbes had an opportunity to observe many of the social and political phenomena that he considered in his later work. Contemporary sources reveal that Hobbes lived in a community that was wracked by marked animosity between different social groups, frequent disorder and a lack of consensus about the legitimacy of local political institutions. There was tension between the town’s elite and a proletariat of impoverished workers. Different members of the elite clashed, sometimes violently, as they competed for local ascendancy. Hobbes’s extended family was heavily involved in these events. His hometown was deeply troubled. It was also a place where people had access to some “political” vocabulary which they used when describing their discontents and conflicts. The possible influence of Hobbes’s early experiences on his intellectual development has attracted little previous attention.
Les systèmes numéraux en quechua et en aymara : une histoire de suffixes
Authors: Gonzalez Carmen
Published: April 2021

The Quechuan and Aymaran numeral systems show strong similarities, e.g., they have a decimal base and thirteen simple lexemes (simple cardinal numerals). In the case of Quechuan, when forming compound cardinal numerals (namely, numerals with two or more simple lexemes), two distinct sets can be identified: in the first, the compound cardinals are the results of the juxtaposition of simple lexemes. In the second, to this juxtaposition are added nominal suffixes: /-yuq/ or /-n/ or /-wan/. This paper is focused on studying these two numeral Quechua sets involving both diachronic and geographical considerations, and puts forward the hypothesis that nominal suffixes presence in one of them is a consequence of its intense contact with the other great Andean linguistic family, the Aymara. Indeed, Aymaran in all its components, as will be described, adds nominal suffixes to its compound cardinals similarly to the Quechua suffixal numeral set.
Système de numération en wolof : description et comparaison avec les autres langues atlantiques
Authors: Guérin Maximilien
Published: April 2021

The Wolof (Atlantic, Niger-Congo) numeral system is decimal, with an additive pivot 5. This means that there are special words for the numbers 1 to 5, but that 6, 7, 8 and 9 are formed by 5 + one unit (1, 2, 3, 4 respectively). From 10 onwards, the count starts again. The system is very regular, as only 20 and 30 have unpredictable forms. In addition, despite the relative genetic proximity between the members of the Atlantic family, the numeral systems of these languages display many differences, in particular with regard to the structure of complex numbers.

This article provides a detailed description of the Wolof numeral system (list and status of lexical units, morphosyntactic structure of complex numbers), as well as a comparison with the systems of other Atlantic languages.
Les parents pauvres de la nominalisation en français
Authors: Gaatone David
Published: April 2021

Rather than a subordinating conjunction, French que is an “embedder”, a “nominalizer”, since it can introduce a subject clause, where there is neither linking, nor subordination. It makes it possible to transform a sentence into the component of a sentence, functioning as a nominal. In some contexts, que is not allowed, for instance, with certain prepositions, and is then replaced by ce que and le fait que/de, his poor relations (“parents pauvres”), less investigated, and functioning as free or contextual variants. Ce que behaves like a single word, a grammatical instrument, devoid of any meaning, while le fait que/de allow insertions and keep some of their original meaning, which accounts for their incompatibility with non factive contexts.
Gold Miners on the Trail of the Earliest Humans in Eastern Saharan Africa. Investigating the Acheulean and Middle Stone Age in Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Masojć Mirosław , Nassr Ahmed , Kim Ju Yong , Ehlert Maciej , Michalec Grzegorz , Krupa-Kurzynowska Joanna , Sohn Young Kwan , Andrieux Eric , Armitage Simon J. , Szmit Marcin , Kim Jin Cheul , Kim Ji Sung , Cendrowska Marzena , Dreczko Ewa , Moska Piotr , Kim Kyeong Ja , Choi Yire
Published: April 2021

This research note presents evidence for the oldest Middle Pleistocene Eastern Saharan human activity from the area referred to as the Eastern Desert Atbara River (EDAR), Sudan, which is currently threatened by gold mining. Preliminary results of multifaceted analyses indicate the activity of Homo sapiens during MIS 5 as well as Homo erectus during MIS 7–11 or earlier.
Hierarchies of whiteness in the geographies of empire: Thomas Thistlewood and the Barrets of Jamaica
Authors: Green Cecilia A.
Published: April 2021

Shows how a racial solidarity between whites in colonial Jamaica during slavery developed, but covered class differences between whites. Author examines the differences between the lesser-white, socially mobile settlers, and the upper plantocracy. She looks especially at social-structural factors, in particular genealogy and reproduction, that separated upper plantocratic families and dynasties, with connections with Britain, e.g. through absentee plantation owners, from less wealthy white settlers, that obtained intermediate positions as overseers, and generally were single males. She relates this further to the context with a white minority and a majority of slaves, and with relatively less women than men among the whites, that influenced differing reproductive patterns. The upper-class tended to achieve white marrying partners from Britain, alongside having children with slaves or people of colour, while lower-class whites mostly reproduced only in this last way. Author exemplifies this difference by juxtaposing the family histories and relationships, and relative social positions of Thomas Thistlewood, an overseer who came alone, and had an intermediate position, and the upper-class wealthy Barrett family, who were large land and slave owners, and established a powerful white dynasty in Jamaica, with British connections, over centuries, and that also included, sidelined, coloured offspring.
Empowered objects, powerless subjects: citizenship, religion, and political representation in twentieth-century Cuba
Authors: Gomes da Cunha Olivia Maria
Published: April 2021

[First paragraph]Measures of Equality: Social Science, Citizenship, and Race in Cuba, 1902-1940. Alejandra Marina Bronfman. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. xi + 234 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95)Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity. Christine Ayorinde. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. ix + 283 pp. (Cloth US$ 59.95)In the last ten years, research topics such as race and nation have been privileged areas for the historical and anthropological understanding of Caribbean and Latin American societies. Regarding Cuba in particular, social scientists have dedicated important scholarship to these issues by mapping conceptions of citizenship and political representation, while situating them within a broader debate on the making of the new postcolonial and republican society at the beginning of the twentieth century. By pursuing different aims and following distinct approaches, Alejandra Bronfman and Christine Ayorinde have made contributions to this academic literature. Through divergent theoretical and methodological perspectives, both of their books explore alternative ways of interpreting the making of the nation founded upon a multiple and fluid rhetoric of race.
Indic Lexicon in the English/Creole of Trinidad
Authors: Winer Lise
Published: April 2021

Examines the contemporary lexical component of the English/Creole of Trinidad (TEC) that is derived from languages of India. Author focuses on the TEC as spoken among Indo-Trinidadians, but also pays attention to Indic words used in the TEC of Afro-Trinidadians and other groups. Author sketches the history of Indian immigration into Trinidad, explaining how most came from the Bihar province in northern India and spoke Bhojpuri, rather than (closely related) Hindi, and how in the 20th c. Indian languages were replaced by English with education. She further focuses on retained Indic words incorporated in current-day TEC, and found 1844 of such words in usage. She discusses words misassigned locally as Indian-derived, but actually from other (European or African) languages. Then, she describes most of the Indo-TEC lexicon, categorizing items by their semantic-cultural domain, with major domains for Indian-derived words: religious practice, music, dance and stickfighting, food preparation, agriculture, kinship, and behaviour or appearance. Further, the author discusses to what degree Indic words have been mainstreamed within the non-Indian population of Trinidad, sometimes via standard English, sometimes directly assimilated into TEC, and made salient through the press or street food selling.
Speeding up Time: Hierarchical Bayesian Drift Diffusion Modelling Evidence for Accelerating Temporal Accumulation
Authors: Tipples Jason , Lupton Michael , George David
Published: April 2021

Time perception is malleable ‒ it can be made to speed up and slow down by various experimental manipulations including the presentation of a sequence of auditory clicks and also angry facial expressions. Recent evidence supports the idea that auditory click trains increase accumulation of evidence across time. Here, we test this idea for both angry expressions and auditory clicks by modelling response times (and choice responses) using Bayesian Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling. Two separate groups of participants (Experiment 1; n = 29; Experiment 2; n = 38) judged the duration of angry and neutral facial expressions preceded by either a 3-s sequence of auditory clicks or silence. In both experiments, standard psychophysical analyses showed that both clicks and angry expressions lengthened the perception of time. The original finding came from the analyses of the Drift Diffusion Modelling parameter that represents the speed of information accumulation ‒ the drift rate parameter. Drift rates grew in magnitude with the duration of the face and moreover this effect was larger when the faces were either preceded by clicks or appeared angry ‒ evidence for accelerating temporal accumulation. This novel insight would not have been possible from traditional psychophysical analyses and therefore, the results highlight the potential value of Bayesian Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modelling as a tool for understanding how we perceive time.
From the Plague to the Coronavirus: Islamic Ethics and Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shabana Ayman
Published: April 2021

This paper examines some of the important ethical questions that emerged in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic in light of the various Muslim responses to this global emergency. It focuses on the ethical discussions concerning the main measures that have been taken to fight the disease, which can be divided into two main categories: preventive and therapeutic. The paper also addresses measures taken to handle the dead bodies of deceased patients in a proper and dignified manner, according to relevant Islamic norms. The paper traces the background of these discussions in classical normative discourses, with a particular focus on the issue of the plague and also the issue of medical treatment. The paper argues that Islamic responses to the Covid-19 pandemic echo a longstanding two-pronged moral concern in the Islamic normative tradition with regard to pandemic situations; namely, to balance: the religious and metaphysical dimensions of the scriptural sources with the practical implications of real incidents of plagues and pandemics; and the interests of individuals against the collective interests of groups and societies.
Christology in the Epistle of James
Authors: Baker William R.
Published: April 2021

Though generally ignored as a source for New Testament theology, the Epistle of James is an excellent starting point for developing theology which is not pre-determined by theological systems. Influenced by the postmodern situation of Western culture, the call from both evangelicals and non-evangelicals today is for theology to be pastoral, character building, to change people, and for exegetical theologians to grapple with the text personally in the process of conveying its significance to others. As a NT book in the genre of Jewish wisdom literature, James shines as a source for discovering pastoral theology like this. In examining the Epistle of James from this perspective, three aspects of the author’s understanding of Christ are identified: (1). he is the church’s teacher; (2). he shares the quality and offices of God; (3) he remains functionally active in the church
The Authenticity of John 12.24
Authors: Ensor Peter W.
Published: April 2021

A review of the evidence for the authenticity of Jn. 12.24 reveals that by its vocabulary, form, style and content it fits naturally into the ministry of the historical Jesus and at the same time is unlikely to have been composed by the author of the Fourth Gospel himself. The fact that the combination of motifs present in the saying is unparalleled in any extant contemporary Jewish, pagan or Christian literature lends credence to the view that he did not draw it from any other source than the body of traditional sayings of Jesus with which he was familiar. If so, then this verse gives further support to the view that Jesus’ discourses in the Fourth Gospel are not pure Johannine creations, as some have thought, but contain sayings which go back to the historical Jesus himself.
Female Piety in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Roxburgh Kenneth B. E.
Published: April 2021

Evidence from intimate accounts of the spiritual pilgrimage of ordinary women in the early eighteenth century indicates a vital piety, marked by a deep devotion to Christ. They fully shared in the experiences of the revival movement, although their numbers indicate that the revival affected females more than males. However, because of the patriarchal society in which they lived, their contribution to the overall spirituality of the Christian Church in Scotland was not often appreciated at the time and has not always been recognised in Christian history. Their chief responsibility was expected to be within the home and family, although the evidence suggests that several women were breaking out of this mould and discovering a role within the wider community of church and society.
Timothy Gorringe’s Contextualised Barth: An Article-Review
Authors: McDowell John
Published: April 2021

In recent years there has been a recognition that Barth was concerned theologically with how to live. Timothy Gorringe’s study of Barth is an important contribution of this ‘turn to the ethical’, and in particular the political, Barth. This article seeks to critically review Gorringe’s book by demonstrating the significance of its thesis on the politics of the divine freedom, perceive its limitations, and suggest ways of further developing its illuminating treatment of Barth’s theological development.
The Hermeneutical Framework of Social-Scientific Criticism: How much can Evangelicals get involved?
Authors: Berding Kenneth
Published: April 2021

How can an evangelical read and benefit from the writings of the socalled social-scientific critic? To what extent can an evangelical participate in this approach to interpreting the Bible? This article seeks answers to these questions. It lays out and evaluates the hermeneutical assumptions and methodology of some of the most prolific writers among those practicing social-scientific criticism. The conclusion is that there are a couple fundamental issues at stake, a few non-fundamental differences of degree, but many potential areas of benefit for the evangelical interpreter who wants to draw upon cultural-anthropological and social-scientific models in interpreting the Bible.
Gog and Magog: the History of a Symbol
Authors: Railton Nicholas M.
Published: April 2021

All three monotheistic religions face the same problem posed by prophetical-apocalyptic passages in their holy texts: Can names of people and place names be identified with historical persons, places and events? This study reveals inherent difficulties in such an exegetical approach. The war against ‘Gog’ has proved to be a very flexible form of political rhetoric. While men of varying religious convictions have neatly divided the world into God’s camp and an evil empire, they have instrumentalised and politicised eschatological imagery and fitted it into their own socio-political setting. The author reveals how the Gog-Magog oracle has shaped the thought and coloured the judgements of believers in their relations to other ethnic and religious groups.
Some New Testament Invitations to Ethnic Reconciliation
Authors: Keener Craig S.
Published: April 2021

The pervasive Jewish-Gentile conflict in the earliest church invited comment. The theme of the gospel’s challenge for surmounting ethnic prejudices (generally to the extent of commitment to the Gentile mission, hence incorporation into the church) appears widely in the New Testament; the present article surveys some samples of its treatment. John and Luke used Jesus’ ministry to Samaritans or comments about them in ways that likely summoned their audiences to consider and surmount ethnic prejudices in their own day. Paul demanded ethnic unity in Christ as an integral part of the gospel he preached (presumably as part of his mission to the Gentiles). Modern interpreters can explore ways to apply such passages in countering ethnic divisions which continue to plague much of the church today.
A new name for Euphorbia linguiformis Hett., Haev. & Spannring (Euphorbiaceae)

Authors: HAEVERMANS THOMAS , HETTERSCHEID WILBERT L.A.
Published: April 2021

The species Euphorbia linguiformis Hetterscheid, Haevermans & Spannring (2021: 16) has been named erroneously in a recent publication (Haevermans & Hetterscheid 2021) on Euphorbia Linnaeus (1753: 450), not realising that this epithet was already in use for another taxon, Euphorbia linguiformis McVaugh (1961: 184), making our new species an illegitimate later homonym (ICN Art. 53.1, Turland et al. 2018). We therefore propose a new name for our taxon here
A natural intergeneric hybrid of Gesneriaceae from Brazil

Authors: DE ARAUJO ANDRÉA ONOFRE , PEIXOTO MAURO , DE SOUZA CINTIA NEVES , GASPARINO EDUARDO CUSTÓDIO , FARIA JULIANA TOLEDO , LOMBELLO RICARDO AUGUSTO
Published: April 2021

A natural hybrid between Goyazia and Mandirola (Gloxiniinae, Gesneriaceae) from Cerrado (Brazil) is here described, supported by pollen morphology, cytological data and morphological characters. The microsporogenesis of Mandirola hirsuta and that of the hybrid were analyzed in order to evaluate the cytogenetic characteristics. The haploid chromosome numbers observed were n = 12 for M. hirsuta and n = 11, 13, 16 and 26 for the hybrid. Structural abnormalities (monads, dyads, triads and micronuclei) were observed at the final of the hybrid’s meiosis. High viability rates of the pollen were recorded for Goyazia and Mandirola (>90%) and low viability for the hybrid (34.7%). The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured and photographed for pollen morphology analysis. Quantitative pollen data were analyzed through descriptive and multivariate statistics. The hybrid has intermediate pollen characteristics between G. petraea and M. hirsuta; it is more related to G. petraea by the measures of diameters and ectoapertures; it is more similar to M. hirsuta mainly regarding the microreticulum on the mesocolpium region. The hybrid and Mandirola share vegetative and flower size, while the colors of the hybrid are similar to Goyazia. Pollen morphology, cytological data and morphological characters brought clear evidence for the recognition of the intergeneric hybrid, which we named as Goydirola x punctata.
Thalictrum brevisericeum var. pentagynum (Ranunculaceae), a new synonym of T. uncinulatum from China

Authors: ZENG YOU-PAI , YUAN QIONG , YANG QIN-ER
Published: April 2021

Based on critical observations on both herbarium specimens (including type material) and living plants in the wild, we demonstrate that Thalictrum brevisericeum var. pentagynum, described recently from Heishui county in northwestern Sichuan province, China, is identical with T. uncinulatum, a widely distributed Chinese species. We therefore reduce T. brevisericeum var. pentagynum as a synonym of T. uncinulatum herein. Lectotypification is proposed for T. uncinulatum.
Ranunculus solhanensis (Ranunculaceae), a new species from eastern Turkey

Authors: SİNAN ALİ , BEHÇET LÜTFİ , YAPAR YAKUP
Published: April 2021

Ranunculus solhanensis sp. nov. (Ranunculaceae) is described from Bingöl province (Eastern Anatolia) in Turkey. It is related to R. bulbilliferus and R. munzurensis also distributed in east Anatolia. The new species is easily distinguished from its relatives by morphological features of stem, corolla, stamen and achenes. Achenes and pollen characteristics have been assessed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Distribution, ecological data and IUCN conservation status of the new species are also provided.
On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C.F.E. Erichsen

Authors: OSET MAGDALENA
Published: April 2021

Pertusaria inopinata Erichsen (= Lepra excludens (Nyl.) Hafellner), P. jurana Erichsen (= Lepra albescens (Huds.) Hafellner) and P. jurana var. confluens Erichsen (= Ochrolechia turneri (Sm.) Hasselrot) are synonymized based on results from comparison of morphology and secondary compound chemistry of type material. Lectotypes are selected for Pertusaria inopinata and P. jurana.
A ghost in the salt: A new species of halotolerant tube-web spider in the genus Ariadna (Araneae: Segestriidae)
Authors: MARSH JESSICA R. , HUDSON PETER , FRAMENAU VOLKER W.
Published: April 2021

A new species of halotolerant Ariadna Audouin, 1826 is described from Western Australia, based on morphological features of both the male and female, and elevating the total number of described species of Ariadna in Australia to 14. This is the first record of the tube-web spider family Segestriidae Simon, 1893 inhabiting salt lakes, where they construct burrows in to the lake surface. The species is likely to be of conservation importance, due to its specialised habitat requirements and the many threats posed to the salt lake ecosystem. We provide recommendation for Ariadna phantasma sp. nov. to be considered for inclusion in the IUCN Red List.
A new amphibious species of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan
Authors: TSUKAMOTO SHO , HIRUTA SHIMPEI F. , EGUCHI KATSUYUKI , LIAO JHIH-RONG , SHIMANO SATOSHI
Published: April 2021

In Japan and Taiwan, five valid species of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 have been described: S. morsitans Linnaeus, 1758, S. subspinipes Leach, 1816, S. mutilans Koch, 1878, S. japonica Koch, 1878, and S. multidens Newport, 1844. Recently, an undetermined species was found in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan. Using molecular phylogenetic analyses with mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes as well as conventional morphological examination, we successfully discriminated this sixth species as an independent lineage from S. subspinipes, S. mutilans, and other named congeners from East and Southeast Asia. Therefore, the species was described as S. alcyona Tsukamoto & Shimano, sp. nov. Several situational evidences suggest that this species prefers streamside environments and exhibits amphibious behavior.
New host-plants records of Afrotropical Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera), with description of three new species
Authors: BIDZILYA OLEKSIY
Published: April 2021

First and additional host-plant records for 38 species of Gelechiidae from South Africa and Kenya are presented. An annotated list with brief descriptions of larval biology and known geographical distributions is presented. Three species are described as new: Mesophleps kruegeri sp. nov. (Namibia: Kavango Region and South Africa: Limpopo Province), Istrianis inquilinus sp. nov. (South Africa: North West Province), and Teleiopsis sharporum sp. nov. (South Africa: Limpopo Province). The new combination Istrianis epacria (Bradley, 1965) comb. nov. is proposed. The male genitalia of Hypatima melanecta (Meyrick, 1914) is described for the first time. It is noticed that male hitherto associated with T. commaculata (Meyrick, 1918) in fact refers to T. pundamilia Bidzilya & Mey, 2018. Hypatima stasimodes (Meyrick, 1931), Dichomeris coenulenta (Meyrick, 1927), Dichomeris eustacta Meyrick, 1921, Neotelphusa similella Janse, 1958 and Argophara epaxia Janse, 1963 are recorded for the first time from South Africa, and Istrianis epacria is new for Kenya. The adults, male and female genitalia are illustrated for some species mentioned in paper. The first record of the genus Teleiopsis Sattler, 1960 from South Africa is briefly discussed.
Revision of Nearctic species of Acerocnema Becker (Diptera: Scathophagidae)
Authors: CHAGNON MARIE-EVE , SINCLAIR BRADLEY J.
Published: April 2021

The Nearctic species of the genus Acerocnema Becker are revised. Four species are recorded including two new species: A. fasciventris (Malloch), A. merga sp. nov., A. rufula (Curran) and A. vanga sp. nov. Species descriptions, diagnoses and distribution maps are presented, including images of the male terminalia. A key to the Nearctic species is provided. COI mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences were obtained for two named and one unidentified species of Acerocnema.
The genus Locheutis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with descriptions of four new species
Authors: WANG SHUXIA , TAO ZHULIN
Published: April 2021

Four new species of the genus Locheutis Meyrick, 1883 are described. Locheutis pingxiangensis Wang, sp. nov., L. similempolaea Wang, sp. nov. and L. spinellosa Wang, sp. nov. are described from China; L. elliptica Wang, sp. nov. is described from Thailand. Locheutis jiangkouensis Wang, 2004 and L. tianmushana Wang, 2002 are redescribed, with the female of L. tianmushana described for the first time. Images of adults and available genitalia are provided as well as a key to the species based on male genitalia.
Comparison of Five Intraocular Lens Power Formulas to Predict Postoperative Refraction Accuracy
Authors: Wang Tiecheng , Bu Shaochong , Tian Fang , Zhang Hong
Published: April 2021

The present study sought to investigate and compare the accuracy of two third-generation intraocular lens calculation formulas contrasted against three new-generation intraocular lens calculation formulas regarding their ability to predict postoperative refraction following cataract
surgery. A retrospective case study following 172 patients (172 eyes) exhibiting age-related cataracts in their eyes who were subject to phacoemulsification between September 2017 and September 2018 at the Department of Cataracts, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, was carried out. Based
upon ocular axial length, the sampled patients were grouped into a short axis group (ocular axial length ≤ 22 mm; 17 cases; 17 eyes), a normal axis group (22 mm < ocular axial length ≥ 24.5 mm; 132 cases; 132 patients), and a long axis group (ocular axial length > 24.5 mm; 23 cases;
23 eyes); mean absolute prediction error (MAE) postoperative refraction in each group was determined using five formulas, and the percentage of eyes displaying postoperative myopic shift symptoms, postoperative hyperopic shift symptoms, alongside the percentage of eyes displaying postoperative
refractive shift symptoms in the range of (−0.25 to 0.25 D, −0.50 to 0.50 D, −1.00 to 1.00 D), were all calculated following the procedures of the five selected formulas. The MAE of the 172 patient cases was compared within the five selected formulas, and SRK/T possessed
the highest prediction accuracy, exhibiting a significant difference from the other four formulas (P < 0.05), with accuracy levels subsequently followed by the Holladay 1 and Barrett Universal II formulas-however, the two formulas lacked a significant difference between them (P
> 0.05). In addition, the MAE of the normal axial group was compared and analyzed within the five formulas, with analysis revealing that the SRK/T, Holladay 1, and Barrett Universal II formulas exhibited strong prediction accuracy, with no significant difference present among these three
formulas (P > 0.05), and also revealing a significantly difference between the aforementioned formulas and remaining two formulas (P < 0.05). For further analysis, the MAE of the short axis group was compared, and the SRK/T and Haigis (Holladay 1, and Barrett Universal
II) demonstrated stronger prediction accuracy when compared to the Olsen formula (P < 0.05). Finally, the MAE of the long axis group was compared, and it was found that the SRK/T and Barrett Universal II formulas exhibits the best prediction accuracy, followed by the Haigis and Holladay
1 formulas, with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the former two formulas or the latter two. The majority of patients exhibited hyperopic shift post-surgery. Of the five formulas studied, the SRK/T and Barrett Universal II formulas possessed strong accuracy capable of
predicting postoperative refraction. However, more long-term observation, including large patient samples, is necessary in order to corroborate our result.