bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the ability of the three-dose-volume-histogram-gamma (3DVH-γ) analysis and bio-mathematical model in detecting dose changes caused by dose-calculation-grid-size (DCGS)
Authors: Bai Han , Zhu Sijin , Wu Xingrao , Liu Xuhong , Chen Feihu , Yan Jiawen
Published: May 2020

Objective : To explore the efficacy and sensitivity of 3DVH-γanalysis and bio-mathematical model for cervical cancer in detecting dose changes caused by dose-calculation-grid-size(DCGS). Methods： 17 patients’ plans for cervical cancer were enrolled（Pinnacle TPS，VMAT）, and the DCGS was changed from 2.0mm to 5.0mm to calculate the planned dose respectively. The dose distribution calculated by DCGS = 2.0mm as the “ reference ” data set (RDS) , the dose distribution calculated by the rest DCGS as the“measurement”data set (MDS), the 3DVH-γ passing rates and the (N)TCPs of the all structures under different DCGS were obtained , and then analyze the ability of 3DVH-γ analysis and (N)TCP model in detecting dose changes and what factors affect this ability. Results: The effect of DCGS on planned dose was obvious. When the γ-standard was 1.0mm, 1.0% and 10.0%, the difference of the results of the DCGS on dose-effect could be detected by 3DVH-γ analysis ( p s<0.05). With the decline of the standard, 3DVH-γ analysis’ ability to detect this difference shows weaker. When the standard was 1.0mm, 3.0% and 10.0%, the p value of >0.05 accounted for the majority. With DCGS=2.0mm being RDS, ∆γ-passing-rate presented the same trend with ∆(N)TCPs of all structures except for the femurs only when the 1.0mm, 1.0% and 10.0% standards were adopted for the 3DVH-γ analysis. Conclusions: The 3DVH-γ analysis and bio-mathematical model can be used to analyze the effect of DCGS on the planned dose. For comparison, the former’s detection ability has a lot to do with the designed standard, and the latter’s capability is related to the parameters and calculated accuracy instrinsically.
A review of privacy-preserving human and human activity recognition
Authors: Jung Im Y.
Published: May 2020

Many automation technologies using software are making humans convenient. One of these technologies is to collect data through cameras and sensors that are common in personal life and automatically recognize human and human activities. The goal of automation is to analyze the various types of big data that are difficult to perform mechanical data mining. Raw data collected from cameras and sensors are nothing but big data before analysis. In this case, how to protect data by secure storage is the most important issue. However, when the context-aware semantic information such as a specific person and his behavior is extracted from the analysis, the security sensitivity is increased. In other words, the secondary information generated by interpreting and extracting personal location and behavioral information contained in images and videos is linked to other personal information, causing privacy infringement issues. Privacy issues become important because there is a lot of software that everyone can access. Therefore, it is necessary to study privacy protection methods in the automatic recognition of human and human activities. This paper analyzes the cutting-edge research trends, techniques, and issues of privacy-preserving human and human activity recognition.
Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Debebe Dawit , Behulu Fiseha , Getaneh Zerihun
Published: May 2020

Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.
Sedimentary nitrogen fractions and source assignment from different inflows to a receiving lake
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Zhao Yanping , Wang Guoxiang , Han Ruiming , Dang Xinyi , Li Zhuoran , Ren Jiafeng , Gao Chenxi
Published: May 2020

The spatial distribution of the sediment nitrogen in ten typical estuaries of Lake Taihu was determined. A simple quantitative estimation model and principal component analysis (PCA) method were applied to find the source and major factors of estuarine sediment nitrogen loading. The average concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), organic nitrogen (Org-N), ammonium nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen in the sediments of the ten estuaries were 1315.5, 1220.1, 82.53 and 6.45 mg/kg, with the organic fraction dominating. Results showed a significant difference for the TN concentration in sediments of different estuaries, which was mainly caused by geographical location, land use type and vegetation restoration measures. An important result was that sediment nitrogen in 80% of the estuaries was mainly originated from autochthonous algae and presettled organic matter, although there has been continuous pollution input from inflow rivers. The source estimation results found that the autochthonous aquaculture excretion, algae and hydrophyte debris and buried biodetritus accounted for 58.9% of the total nitrogen loading, which dominated the nitrogen sources compared with the pollution input. In addition, the PCA method was used to find that phosphorus loading and redox conditions were the major limiting factors affecting the distribution of inorganic and , respectively.
Covid-19 Pandemic and Neurological Manifestations
Authors: ŞİMŞEKOĞLU Ruken , TOMBUL Temel
Published: May 2020

A new corona virus outbreak (Corona virus disease, 2019, Covid-19), which started in December in Wuhan province of China, has been confirmed, and the virus spread to the whole world, creating a strong and serious pandemic.
Symptoms such as fever, cough, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and fatigue associated with Covid-19 are typical clinical findings. Some COVID‐19 patients also expressed neurologic findings like headache, dizziness, impaired consciousness, encephalitis, encephalopathy, cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral nervous system damage. In some of these patients, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated in the cerebrospinal fluid, in some cases, virus was detected in autopsy materials. In this review, the neurological signs and symptoms seen in Covid-19 infected patients and the mechanisms of the virus causing neuronal damage will be discussed.
Development of Cell Penetrating Peptides for Effective Delivery of Recombinant Factors into Target Cells
Authors: Vijakumaran Ubashini , Nordin Fazlina , Hamid Zariyantey Abdul , Abdullah Maha , Jun Tye Gee
Published: May 2020

The cell membrane is a protective layer that strictly controls the passage of molecules restricting
the delivery of biomolecules such as drugs, oligonucleotides, peptides, and siRNA into the
cells. This shortcoming has been overcome by the discovery of Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs)
that has undergone 30 years of evolution. To date, CPPs are largely modified to improve its efficacy
and to suit the different delivery applications. The modes of CPPs penetration are still an unresolved
mystery and requires further investigations to increase its effectiveness and to diversify its
use. Despite having huge potential as a biomolecule carrier, CPPs also have some drawbacks. In
this review, the natural and synthetic CPPs, the modifications that have been conducted on CPPs to
improve its efficacy, its extended applications, modes of penetration and limitation as well as challenges
will be discussed.
The Effect of Chalcones on the Main Sources of Reactive Species Production: Possible Therapeutic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sousa Adelaide , Ribeiro Daniela , Fernandes Eduarda , Freitas Marisa
Published: May 2020

:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycaemia, resulting from defects
in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There are several factors such as hyperlipidemia and
oxidative stress (OS), namely the production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS),
that actively contribute to the development and worsening of DM. Chalcones, also termed as
benzalacetophenone or benzylidene acetophenone, present a 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-one scaffold
that has been shown to be highly promising in the development of new antioxidant compounds.
Considering the potential interest of antioxidant therapy, the present review scrutinizes
the role of the main sources of ROS/RNS production during DM. The modulatory effect of
chalcones against nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, xanthine
oxidase, mitochondrial respiratory chain and nitric oxide synthase, is also thoroughly discussed,
establishing, whenever possible, a structure-activity relationship (SAR). From the SAR
analysis, it can be stated that the presence of catechol groups, hydroxyl and methoxyl substituents
in the chalcones scaffold improves their modulatory activity against the main sources of
ROS/RNS production in DM.
A Systematic Review of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Gallium Compounds
Authors: de Albuquerque Wanderley Sales Victor , Timóteo Taysa Renata Ribeiro , da Silva Natália Millena , de Melo Camila Gomes , Ferreira Aline Silva , de Oliveira Marcos Victor Gregório , de Oliveira Silva Emerson , dos Santos Mendes Larissa Morgana , Rolim Larissa Araújo , Neto Pedro José Rolim
Published: May 2020

Background:

Inflammation is an essential response provided by the immune system,
ensuring the survival during microbial infection, tissue injury and other noxious conditions.
However, prolonged inflammatory processes are often associated with severe side effects
on health.

Objective:

This systematic review aimed to provide the evidence in the literature of the preclinical
and human anti-inflammatory activity of gallium compounds from 2000 to 2019 focused
on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory process.

Methods:

Seven bibliographical databases were consulted (PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect,
Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost). The selection of appropriate publications
and writing of this systematic review were based on the guidelines mentioned in the
PRISMA statement. Moreover, the assessment of the methodological quality of the selected
studies was also performed.

Results:

From a total of 3018 studies, 16 studies were included in this paper based on our eligibility
criteria, which showed promising and consistent results.

Conclusion:

Further research concerning specific inflammatory conditions is required.
Metagenomic Exploration of Plastic Degrading Microbes for Biotechnological Application
Authors: Purohit Jyotika , Chattopadhyay Anirudha , Teli Basavaraj
Published: May 2020

:

Since the last few decades, the promiscuous and uncontrolled use of plastics led to the accumulation
of millions of tons of plastic waste in the terrestrial and marine environment. It elevated
the risk of environmental pollution and climate change. The concern arises more due to the reckless
and unscientific disposal of plastics containing high molecular weight polymers, viz., polystyrene,
polyamide, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polyurethane, and polyethylene, etc. which are very difficult
to degrade. Thus, the focus is now paid to search for efficient, eco-friendly, low-cost waste management
technology. Of them, degradation of non-degradable synthetic polymer using diverse microbial
agents, viz., bacteria, fungi, and other extremophiles become an emerging option. So far, very few
microbial agents and their secreted enzymes have been identified and characterized for plastic degradation,
but with low efficiency. It might be due to the predominance of uncultured microbial species,
which consequently remain unexplored from the respective plastic degrading milieu. To overcome this
problem, metagenomic analysis of microbial population engaged in the plastic biodegradation is advisable
to decipher the microbial community structure and to predict their biodegradation potential in
situ. Advancements in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics analysis allow the rapid metagenome
screening that helps in the identification of total microbial community and also opens up the
scope for mining genes or enzymes (hydrolases, laccase, etc.) engaged in polymer degradation. Further,
the extraction of the core microbial population and their adaptation, fitness, and survivability can
also be deciphered through comparative metagenomic study. It will help to engineer the microbial
community and their metabolic activity to speed up the degradation process.
Nano-Carriers of Combination Tumor Physical Stimuli-Responsive Therapies
Authors: Jin Weiqiu , Dong Changzi , Yang Dengtian , Zhang Ruotong , Jiang Tianshu , Wu Daocheng
Published: May 2020

With the development of nanotechnology, Tumor Physical Stimuli-Responsive Therapies
(TPSRTs) have reached a new stage because of the remarkable characteristics of nanocarriers. The
nanocarriers enable such therapies to overcome the drawbacks of traditional therapies, such as
radiotherapy or chemotherapy. To further explore the possibility of the nanocarrier-assisted
TPSRTs, scientists have combined different TPSRTs via the platform of nanocarriers into combination
TPSRTs, which include Photothermal Therapy (PTT) with Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy
(MHT), PTT with Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT), MHT with Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and
PDT with PTT. To achieve such therapies, it requires to fully utilize the versatile functions of a
specific nanocarrier, which depend on a pellucid understanding of the traits of those nanocarriers.
This review covers the principles of different TPSRTs and their combinations, summarizes various
types of combination TPSRTs nanocarriers and their therapeutic effects on tumors, and discusses
the current disadvantages and future developments of these nanocarriers in the application of combination
TPSRTs.
The Anterior-posterior Functional Connectivity Disconnection in the Elderly with Subjective Memory Impairment and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Tao Wuhai , Sun Jinping , Li Xin , Shao Wen , Pei Jing , Yang Caishui , Wang Wenxiao , Xu Kai , Wang Jun , Zhang Zhanjun
Published: May 2020

Background:

Subjective Memory Impairment (SMI) may tremendously increase the risk of
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The full understanding of the neuromechanism of SMI will shed light on
the early intervention of AD.

Methods:

In the current study, 23 Healthy Controls (HC), 22 SMI subjects and 24 amnestic Mild Cognitive
Impairment (aMCI) subjects underwent the comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and
the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. The difference in the connectivity of the
Default Mode Network (DMN) and Functional Connectivity (FC) from the Region of Interest (ROI) to
the whole brain were compared, respectively.

Results:

The results showed that HC and SMI subjects had significantly higher connectivity in the region
of the precuneus area compared to aMCI subjects. However, from this region to the whole brain,
SMI and aMCI subjects had significant FC decrease in the right anterior cingulum, left superior frontal
and left medial superior frontal gyrus compared to HC. In addition, this FC change was significantly
correlated with the cognitive function decline in participants.

Conclusion:

Our study indicated that SMI subjects had relatively intact DMN connectivity but impaired
FC between the anterior and posterior brain. The findings suggest that long-distance FC is more
vulnerable than the short ones in the people with SMI.
The Myometrium in Pregnant Women with Obesity
Authors: Carvajal Jorge A. , Oporto Joaquín I.
Published: May 2020

Obesity is a worldwide public health problem, affecting at least one-third of pregnant women.
One of the main problems of obesity during pregnancy is the resulting high rate of cesarean section. The
leading cause of this higher frequency of cesarean sections in obese women, compared with that in
nonobese women, is an altered myometrial function that leads to lower frequency and potency of contractions.
In this article, the disruptions of myometrial myocytes were reviewed in obese women during
pregnancy that may explain the dysfunctional labor. The myometrium of obese women exhibited lower
expression of connexin43, a lower function of the oxytocin receptor, and higher activity of the potassium
channels. Adipokines, such as leptin, visfatin, and apelin, whose concentrations are higher in obese
women, decreased myometrial contractility, perhaps by inhibiting the myometrial RhoA/ROCK pathway.
The characteristically higher cholesterol levels of obese women alter myometrial myocyte cell
membranes, especially the caveolae, inhibiting oxytocin receptor function, and increasing the K+ channel
activity. All these changes in the myometrial cells or their environment decrease myometrial contractility,
at least partially explaining the higher rate of cesarean of sections in obese women.
Gender-related Differences in Sedentary Behavior of Japanese Living Overseas in Malaysia
Authors: Izawa Kazuhiro P. , Oka Koichiro
Published: May 2020

Background:

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the differences in social demographic
factors and sedentary behavior by gender in Japanese living overseas in Malaysia.

Methods:

First, 130 subjects were surveyed by self-entry questionnaire for statistical factors related
to social demographics and sedentary behavior. These factors were age (years), gender (man/woman),
body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), educational history (>13 years, %), employment (full-time
or part-time, yes, %), alcohol intake (a certain amount, yes, %), smoking behavior (yes, %), and
marital status (yes, %). BMI, as obtained from the participants’ weight and height, was collected
from the self-reported questionnaire and assessed. Sitting behavior time as an index of sedentary behavior
on workdays, non-workdays, and total time was identified by questionnaire. Data were analyzed
using the chi square-test and t-test, respectively. The criterion for a statistically significant difference
was p < 0.05.

Results:

Finally, 107 subjects (68 men, 39 women) were analyzed. The ratios of social demographic
factors of the men versus women group were age (58.5 ± 14.7 vs. 61.0 ± 12.1 years, p = 0.36),
BMI (23.1 ± 2.6 vs. 21.8 ± 2.6 kg/m2, p = 0.01), educational history (86.7% vs. 56.4%, p < 0.001),
employment (51.5% vs. 10.3%, p <0.001), alcohol intake (86.7% vs. 35.9%, p < 0.001), smoking
behavior (30.9% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.01), and marital status (88.2% vs. 100%, p = 0.02). Sitting behavior
time was 501.8 ± 254.6 vs. 346.0 ± 153.4 minutes (p < 0.001) on workdays, 415.1 ± 225.3
vs. 320.6 ± 178.7 minutes (p = 0.019) on non-workdays, and 458.5 ± 203.9 vs. 333.3 ± 132.1 minutes
(p < 0.001) in total.

Conclusion:

These findings indicated that social demographic factors and sitting behavior time differed
by gender. However, there are some limitations. This was a cross-sectional study conducted
in only one city with a small number of participants who completed a self-entry questionnaire. In
conclusion, assessment of the differences in social demographic factors and postponement of sedentary
behavior for both genders may reduce sitting behavior time in overseas Japanese residents and
may help in developing public health strategies.
PCF Based Formalin Detection by Exploring the Optical Properties in THz Regime
Authors: Bulbul Abdullah A.M. , Jibon Rayhan H. , Das Sumon K. , Roy Tonmoy , Saha Avijit , Hossain Mohammad B.
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

Ongoing amelioration of semiconductor nano-crystal in chemical sensing
applications has led the Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) as the most appropriate candidate for chemical
sensing. A PCF based sensor model has been proposed in this paper.

Objective:

The aim of this model is to detect formalin at a high level of sensitivity.

Method:

This sensor model has been designed and simulated in COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS to analyze the sensing performance
based on the optical parameters such as relative sensitivity, confinement loss, and effective material loss. Formalin solution is placed
into the core and then the simulation is performed in THz regime ranging from 1 to 2 THz to carry out the optical properties. Simulation data collected from COMSOL are used in Matlab to carry out the graphical representation of the optical parameters.

Results:

Simulation results demonstrate that the sensor model inherits high relative sensitivity of approximately 77.71 % at 1.8 THz.
In addition to that, the proposed sensor exhibits zero confinement loss above 1.3 THz and very low effective material loss in the THz
regime for the optimum model.

Conclusion:

All the optical parameters maintain standard and desirable values in the THz regime. Besides, the flexible fabrication of
the proposed model is feasible using existing fabrication methods. Simulation results validate the high performance of this proposed
model in formalin detection.
Nanocluster Structure of Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica Turpentine and its Antibacterial Effects
Authors: Darehbagh Ramyar R. , Ramezani Rojin , Hosseinpanahi Afra , Fotoohi Ahmad , Rouhi Samaneh
Published: May 2020

Background:

Medicinal herbs such as Pistacia Atlantica (P. Atlantica) subsp. Kurdica
have antimicrobial effects. The present study is aimed to investigate the nanocluster structure of P.
atlantica subsp. Kurdica turpentine and its composing elements and antibacterial effect.

Methods:

100 μl ethanol was used to dissolve oily turpentine. 2, 2.2, 2.4, and 2.6 μg/μl of turpentine
were used for investigating the antibacterial effects using disk and well diffusion methods. Elemental
and nanocluster structure analyses were performed by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis
(EDXMA) and Field Emission (FE)-scanning electron. Two-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and Bonferroni test were used for data analysis (p ≤ 0.001).

Results and Discussion:

EDXMA elemental analysis of turpentine included: Zinc (Zn), Magnesium
(Mg), Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Carbon (C), and Argentum (Ag). A topography
image of the turpentine showed a nanocluster surface with bright clusters in the background. The
largest diameters of the growth inhibition zones (24.67 ± 0.58 mm in the disk diffusion and 23.67
± 1.53 mm in the well diffusion) that were created by turpentine were observed against S. aureus
ATCC 25923 at the concentration of 2.6 μg/μl. The diameter of the inhibition zone around bacterial
growth had a direct relationship with turpentine concentration (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion:

The nanocluster structure of turpentine and its composed elements were detected in
this research. Moreover, the antibacterial effects of turpentine were proved. Herbal substances are
widely used in medical applications. Different elements of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica turpentine
can be used as antibacterial agents, but more in-vitro and in-vivo studies should be performed in
this field.
Recent Patents on Conical Pick and Flat Pick for Coal Mining
Authors: Wang Yanxiang , Yang Daolong , Xing Bangsheng , Yu Wenqiang , Guo Jie , Xu Hao
Published: May 2020

Background:

Coal mining machines are the primary equipment used for the comprehensive
mining of medium and thick coal seams. A shield machine is used to modify the geological structure of
the soil, especially in urban subway tunnel engineering. The cutting and tunneling equipment have
greatly improved the efficiency of coal seam mining and rock tunneling construction, but the consumption
of picks in mining and tunneling is very high.

Objective:

In order to reduce the consumption of picks, it is necessary to obtain the change of temperature
inside the pick in the process of cutting.

Methods:

This paper introduces a temperature measurement method to measure the temperature inside
the conical and flat pick to provide a reference for the design and manufacture of picks.

Results:

The temperature measurement method used in flat and conical pick can obtain the temperature
change inside the pick under the actual working condition, which has a considerable guiding significance
to promote the development of coal mining.

Conclusion:

This study provides an important basis for the safety of mining operations and for prolonging
the service life of picks. It has a strong innovation value and broad practicality.
Design and Simulation of a Novel Planetary Gear Mixer for Dry Particle Materials
Authors: Zhang Lei , Bao Jiusheng , Zhang Qingjin , Yin Yan , Liu Tonggang , Huang Shan
Published: May 2020

Background:

Mixer with excellent performance is the essential premise for high-quality
mixture production to ensure uniformity. In the fields of food, pharmacy, powder metallurgy and machinery
industry, materials mixing is an indispensable process. At present, the mixing efficiency and
performance of the traditional mixer are very low, which has its own limitations, and it is difficult to
ensure the quality of the mixture, which seriously affects the safety and reliability of the mixture products
such as synthetic drugs, chemical reagents, cement, synthetic fiber, etc.

Objective:

In order to improve the mixing performance by improving the mixing uniformity, volume
utilization, reducing the mixing time and mixing blind area, a novel planetary gear mixer for dry particle
materials is designed. Its blades can rotate and the angle of attack can be changed at any time, which
realizes the multi-degree of freedom movement of the blades.

Methods:

Firstly, the shortcomings of three kinds of traditional mixers are compared and analyzed, a novel planetary gear
mixer for dry particle is proposed and its structural characteristics are described. Then, the transmission system and blade
parameters of the mixer are designed and calculated, and the blade parameters of the mixers are optimized based on ADAMS
and EDEM. Finally, the comparative simulation experiment between planetary gear mixers and SHR-10A mixers is carried
out. The experiment is used to inquiry on the mixing performance of the new planetary gear mixer.

Results:

The complementary cycloid was the ideal mixing trajectory of the blade. The most distinctive
feature of this motion is that the attack angle of the blade can change in all directions. When the blade
parameter p = 11, the Lacey index rises the fastest and the mixing degree is the largest, which indicates
that the optimal mathematical model of the blade is ‘y2= 22x’. The comparison with SHR-10A mixer
showed that spatial distribution of multi-degree of freedom blades in the new planetary gear mixer has
strong dispersion effects on particles and better mixing performance.

Conclusion:

The planetary gear mixer for dry particle materials is a new type of mixer, which is composed
of two sets of blades whose attack angle can be changed at any time. Convection and shear mixing
dominate its mixing space, which is conducive to its rapid and full mixing, improving the mixing
performance. The dry particle planetary gear mixer for dry particle materials has great developmental
value and wide engineering application prospect. In this article, various patents have been discussed.
Targeted Therapy of Her-2 Positive Breast Cancer: Past and Future (Preprint)
Authors: Wang Xue-Fei , Zhang Guo-Chao , Sun Qiang
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

In recent years, with the scientific and technological progress, new drugs for breast cancer have been developed constantly, and the OS and DFS of breast cancer patients are also improving. However, the large number of drugs has also made the clinical trials of drugs disordered.

OBJECTIVE

To overcome the existing problems in targeted therapy and figure out the best choice of targeted therapy.

METHODS

we proposed the method of permutation and combination to classify the drugs for Her-2 targeted therapy, and analyzed the most common drugs (mainly the drugs recommended by NCCN) through single comparison, single-double comparison and pairwise comparison, and analyzed the related neoadjuvant/ adjuvant chemotherapy, early / advanced breast cancer, first / second line clinical trials, so as to systematically summarize the previous clinical data on targeted therapy.

RESULTS

In single comparison, tratuzumab is still strong, while T-DM1 is developing. In single double comparison, T+P is strong and T-DM1+L will be promising in the short term, more combination therapy included ADC and targeted drugs are potential to be developed. Meanwhile, TKI and ADC for BCBM and more newly developed ADC are presence of new drug trials. What's more, the ADC drugs is developed targeted more.

CONCLUSIONS

We point out the research direction and potential breakthrough of targeted therapy in the future, hoping to provide the most direct help to the clinical practice.
Do Political Factors affect Government Health Spending? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Sahara African Countries
Authors: Dianda Issa
Published: May 2020

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), access to essential health care services remains problematic. The financing of health care is mainly provided by private sources, mainly out-of-pocket payments which represent respectively 53.12% and 36.73% of total health expenditure in 2016. As for public health expenditure, essential for ensuring universal health coverage, it represents only about 35% of health expenditure. Thus, the increase in public spending on health from domestically sources proves to be a major challenge for the countries of the region in the prospect of reaching the SDG relating to health by 2030. This paper aims to analyse the determinants of domestic government health spending in SSA by focusing on political factors. We use data from 39 SSA countries covering the period 2010-2016 and panel-corrected standard errors method for empirical investigation. The results show that democracy favours an increase in government health spending. Furthermore, a political competitive environment, the guarantee and the protection of civil liberties and political right, accountability, government effectiveness and political stability are decisive for increasing government health spending. The results also showed that political participation does not affect public health spending. These results indicate that improving political factors is essential to increase public spending in SSA.
Dietary intake, adequacy of energy and nutrients in older working people.
Authors: Housni Fatima Ezzahra , Lares-Michel Mariana , González-Flores Juan José , Ortigoza-Pantoja Karla Nayeli , Bracamontes-del Toro Humberto
Published: May 2020

As the population ages, their diet changes and their energy and nutrient intake tends to decrease, affecting their body composition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between body composition, energy intake, and macro and micronutrient intake in people over 50 who continue in work activities. 82 people, from the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area in Jalisco, Mexico, were the participants. Questionnaires were applied to collect sociodemographic, physical activity and food consumption (FCFC) data, as well as anthropometric and body composition measures. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to associate the percentage of body fat with caloric intake and the intake of micro and macronutrients. The results showed that high intake of energy, carbohydrates, cereals with fat, food of animal origin and oils with protein are related to a high percentage of body fat (R2 = 0.42, p-value = 0.001). From this study, it is necessary to reconsider the nutrition strategies of older people. An inadequate diet could influence their nutritional status and health. It is suggested to attend the diet for this population group.
Forms and styles of love: couple relationships and sexual patterns among Mexican youth
Authors: Barajas-Márquez Miriam Wendolyn , Cruz-del Castillo Cinthia , Rosales-Sarabia Rodrigo Miguel
Published: May 2020

The ways in which people loves are strongly delimited by culture, and our culture has undergone some important changes recently, so weanalyzed the relationship of the love styles with different relationships features, and sexual behavior patterns. With data from 955 youngcollege students from Mexico City, we analyzed the correlation of love styles with the age of their first couple relationship, as well as with thenumber of couples in life, important couples, couples sexually active, open / free relationships, casual sex, as well as the importance, commitmentand duration of the last romantic relationship. Results showed statistically significant yet small correlations, which suggest the formationof new and more flexible love styles. Subsequently, we created profiles to distinguish people with low or high levels of each love style,then we performed comparisons on relationships features, and sexual behavior patterns . Our findings are discussed based on the effect thathistory, culture, social networks and other media have on the current concept of couples and the exercise of sexuality in university students.
De caminos y de metas: interacción entre niveles de criterios y estrategias de estudio
Authors: Morales-Chávez Germán , Peña-Pérez Benjamín , Hernández-Corona Alfredo , Pintle-Díaz Brenda
Published: May 2020

La utilidad de las estrategias que un estudiante emplea para llevar a cabo sus tareas académicas es en la actualidad incuestionable, pero su uso al margen de un criterio u objetivo que defina la tarea académica puede resultar en desempeños inefectivos. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto de la interacción entre criterios de ajuste y las estrategias utilizadas por los estudiantes sobre el porcentaje de respuestas correctas en tareas de lecto-escritura, para explorar algunas formas en las que la estrategia se integra funcionalmente al criterio de la tarea. ­Para ello participaron 32 estudiantes de la carrera de psicología, los cuales fueron expuestos a dos evaluaciones, con un entrenamiento diferencial entre ambas dependiendo del grupo al que pertenecieran: Grupo entrenado a usar Estrategias (GE), Grupo entrenado a satisfacer Criterios (GCR), Grupo con entrenamiento a satisfacer Criterios y usar Estrategias (GCE), y Grupo Control en el que sólo resolvían tareas (GC). Se encontró que la relación establecida entre el uso de una estrategia y el texto tiene un menor impacto que la relación criterio estrategia sobre el desempeño efectivo en tareas en las que hay que leer y realizar diferentes actividades.
La geometría nutricional como herramienta para el estudio del comportamiento alimentario en animales y humanos
Authors: Righini Nicoletta , Martínez-Moreno Alma Gabriela , Sánchez-Caballero Berenice , López-Espinoza Antonio
Published: May 2020

La selección de la dieta es un proceso complejo, y para analizarla es necesario integrar información sobre la fisiología, el comportamiento, y los ambientes ecológicos y sociales en los que viven los sujetos de estudio. La ecología nutricional es una disciplina que justo nos puede ayudar a explorar las interacciones dinámicas entre los alimentos y los organismos que los consumen. En este contexto ha surgido la geometría nutricional, la cual considera la alimentación como un proceso cuyo fin es balancear la ingesta de múltiples nutrientes y no simplemente maximizar la energía. A través de la geometría nutricional se pueden analizar gráficamente y modelar varios escenarios nutricionales, en donde los requerimientos de nutrientes, el comportamiento, y la fisiología de los organismos son tomados en cuenta junto con variables ambientales en el mismo modelo multidimensional. Este marco teórico y experimental nos permite entender mejor los mecanismos que controlan la ingestión de nutrientes y los apetitos específicos, y la manera en que el comportamiento y la fisiología interactúan afectando la salud de los individuos. En esta revisión ofrecemos una descripción de esta herramienta y de cómo puede ser empleada en diferentes estudios de ecología animal y aplicada al comportamiento alimentario y salud humana.
Efectos en el desarrollo competencial de la variabilidad de los problemas entrenados
Authors: Romo-Estrada Mauricio Alejandro , Rodríguez-Pérez María Elena , Silva-Castillo Luis Hernando
Published: May 2020

Considerando diferentes tradiciones escolares en la enseñanza de solución de problemas, en el presente estudio se diseñaron dos escenarios de entrenamiento con requerimientos correspondientes a los niveles de aptitud funcional contextual y suplementario de la taxonomía de Ribes y López (1985). Para ello, se adaptó un juego de lógica (laberinto con bolas) para demandar criterios de diferencialidad y efectividad, respectivamente. Participaron 16 estudiantes universitarios los cuales se dividieron en cuatro grupos. Un grupo se entrenó en formato suplementario directamente mientras que los otros grupos pasaron primero por un entrenamiento en el formato contextual con diferentes grados de variabilidad morfológica (número de laberintos y repeticiones empleadas). Los resultados mostraron que (1) en el formato contextual, se aprendió más rápido cuando no hubo variabilidad o la variabilidad fue la máxima posible, (2) entre más variabilidad del entrenamiento contextual previo, menos ensayos se requirieron durante el entrenamiento suplementario, y (3) a largo plazo, entrenar directamente en el formato suplementario fue igual de efectivo que entrenarlo después del formato contextual con la mayor variabilidad.
Análisis de la correspondencia Decir-Hacer- Reportar en terapia: un estudio piloto
Authors: Froxán-Parga María Xesús , Ávila-Herrero Isabel , Trujilo-Sánchez Carolina , Serrador-Diez Concepción , Núñez de Prado-Gordillo Miguel
Published: May 2020

Los terapeutas comúnmente desean mejorar el grado de coherencia entre lo que los clientes dicen que harán, lo que hacen y lo que reportan haber hecho después. Esta descripción de la práctica clínica se asemeja a los experimentos realizados en el ámbito de la correspondencia Decir-Hacer-Reportar (D-H-R). Sin embargo, la investigación sobre la correspondencia en entornos aplicados, naturales y/o ecológicos es escasa. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue establecer una tarea que nos permitiera evaluar la correspondencia D-H-R en un entorno más ecológico (el contexto terapéutico), además de investigar cómo afecta la terapia a la correspondencia. Se analizó individualmente la evolución PRE-POST de la correspondencia en dos grupos, experimental (terapia) y control (no terapia), para tres grupos de conductas-objetivo (Beber, Comer yActividades). La tarea experimental demostró ser apropiada para evaluar la correspondencia en un entorno más ecológico. Los resultados sobre el efecto de la terapia en la correspondencia no fueron concluyentes. Sin embargo, los diferentes estudios de interacción verbal que ocurren a lo largo de la terapia y de conducta gobernada por reglas apuntan a que uno de los procesos clave que subyacen al resultado clínico exitoso es el refuerzo sistemático de la correspondencia.
Vivencias de madres mapuches durante la hospitalización de sus hijos, en un hospital de alta complejidad del sur de Chile
Authors: Rivas Riveros Edith , García Silva Verónica , Catalán Melinao Yaqueline
Published: May 2020

Introducción: Cuando el cuidado cultural de enfermería reconoce el valor de la cultura, las creencias y modo de vida de los individuos, este se vuelve integral. La pregunta fue ¿Cuál es la vivencia de madres mapuches durante la hospitalización de sus hijos en un hospital de alta complejidad del sur de Chile, 2017-2018? Objetivo general: Develar la vivencia de madres mapuches durante la hospitalización de sus hijos en un hospital de alta complejidad del sur de Chile. Metodología: Se trabajó con etnografía dirigida, con una muestra intencionada de 9 participantes, los criterios de inclusión fueron: madres mapuches hablantes de mapudungun con hijos hospitalizados en servicios pediátricos, en hospital de alta complejidad; que accedan a dar una entrevista grabada, previa firma de consentimiento informado. Se recolectan los datos mediante observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad y notas de campo. Resultados: En la metacategoría vivencia de madres mapuches se identifican las subcategorías: sentido pertenencia a su cultura; complementariedad en la atención, calidad en la atención y discriminación. Conclusión: Se aprecia contrariedades, decepciones y complicaciones en legitimar la diversidad cultural y social, que se traducen en impedimentos, para el éxito de las estrategias de coherencia cultural en salud, ya que emergen trazos de discriminación. Se manifiesta integralidad del mundo indígena que se expresa en las personas a través de sus valores propios de la cultura.
The Beneficial Effect of Paricalcitol (Zemplar) on Secondary hyperparathyroidism Refractory to Calcitriol (Calcijex) and Cinacalcet HCl (Mimpara) in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Prospective and Crossover Study
Authors: El-Reshaid Kamel , Al-Bader Shaikha , El-Marzabani Salah
Published: May 2020

Paricalcitol, 19-nor-1, 25-dihydroxvitamin D2, is a novel 1,25–dihydroxyvitamin D2 analogue, which has greater potential to suppress parathyroid hormone without inducing significant hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.  We therefore investigated its role in treatment of patients with moderate to severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) who were refractory to conventional therapy with Calcitriol and Cinacalcet HCl.  Eight patients were recruited in whom conventional therapy was stable over the past 3 months.  After a washout period of 2 weeks, calcijex injections were replaced by Paricalcitol.  Paricalcitol induced more suppression of iPTH compared to the conventional therapy without significant hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia or side effects.  The conversion ratio was approximately 1:2.5 (calcitriol:paricalcitol).  In conclusion, injectable Paricalcitol is superior to Calcitriol in treatment of SHPT.

Keywords: Cinacalcet, Calciferol, hemodialysis, hyperparathyroidism, Paricalcitol.
Acute toxicity of Aristolochia longa L. of aqueous extract in mice
Authors: Merouani Nawel , Belhattab Rachid
Published: May 2020

Aristolochia longa L. (Aristolochiaceae) is widely used to treat breast cancer in Algerian traditional medicine. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ingestion of aqueous extracts of different parts of the plant on liver and kidney functions in wistar albinos mice. Acute oral toxicity was performed to determine DL50, this toxicity was carried out by the oral administration in single doses of 0–12 g/kg for tubers aqueous extracts and 2 g/kg and 5 g/kg for aerial and fruit aqueous extract respectively.  General behavior, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. The animals were sacrificed and biochemical study was done. The acute oral toxicity result revealed that LD50 of the tubers and fruit aqueous extracts was respectively more than 12 g/kg and 5 g/kg, but DL50 of the aerial aqueous extract was at 5 g/kg. The result revealed also that liver and kidney function of different groups receiving high doses was affected as ASAT, ALAT, Urea, creatinine was significantly increased as compared to control group. Histological examination showed alterations of the renal parenchyma and the liver which is greater in animals treated with high dose. Thus, caution should be exercised with its usage.

Keywords: Acute toxicity, Biochemical parameters, Histological examination Aristolochia longa L.
Quality of Life Assessment of Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Jaipur
Authors: Sharma Kushagra , Mishra Nikhil , Kumar Ranjeet
Published: May 2020

Background: Hypertension is the well-known risk factor for mortality and morbidity. About 7.1 million population worldwide dies each year due to cause of hypertension. It directly effects persons quality of life.  Methods: Total number of 128 Hypertension diagnosed Patient’s data were collected under this study who were admitted to the General Medicine wards of tertiary care teaching hospital. WHO BREF questionnaires were given and filled forms by patients were collected. Result: In physical health 42 Patients are with excellent health, 81 Patients are fall under the moderate health and 5 Patients are with poor physical health status. In psychological assessment 36 Patients are with excellent health 83 Patients are fall under the moderate health and 9 Patients are with poor physical health status. In Social relation, 15 Patients are with excellent health, 98 Patients are fall under the moderate health, and 15 Patients are with poor physical health status. In environmental assessment, 57 Patients are with excellent health, 41 Patients are fall under the moderate health and 31 Patients are with poor physical health status. Conclusion: This study has shown overall moderate QOL with mean 3.25 and SD 0.63 among hypertensive patients according all four domains. Physical activities and marital status were important independent factors affecting both domains in QOL. Older age was associated with lower QOL in physical health. Presence of co-morbidity in hypertension patients are an important health issue influencing their satisfaction in physical health. Interventions targeted towards improving QOL of disadvantage patients are needed in the setting.

Keywords- Mental Health Assessment, WHO BREF, Quality of Life, Hypertension.
A Review on Epilepsy and its Management
Authors: Potnis V.V. , Albhar Ketan G. , Nanaware Pritamsinh Arjun , Pote Vishal S.
Published: May 2020

Today, people face various types of stress in everyday fast life and most people in the world suffer from various neurological disorder. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders of the brain, affecting about 50 million people around the world, and 90% of them are coming from developing countries. Genetic factors and brain infection, stroke, tumors and epilepsy cause high fever. It imposes a great economic burden on the health systems of countries associated with stigma and discrimination against the patient and also his family in the community, in the workplace, school and home. Many patients with epilepsy suffer from severe emotional stress, behavioral disorders and extreme social isolation. There are many different types of seizure and mechanisms by which the brain generates seizures. The two features of generating seizures are hyperexcitability of neurons and a hyper synchronousneural circuits. A variety of mechanisms alters the balance between excitation and inhibition in predisposing brain local or generalized hyperexcitability region and a hypersynchronia. Purpose of the review is to discuss the history, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification of epilepsy, symtomps, diagnosis, management of epilepsy and future trends.

Keywords: Anti-epileptic drugs, pathophysiology, seizures, epidemiology, hypersynchrony