bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explicit Gain Equations for Hybrid Graphene‐Quantum‐Dot Photodetectors
Authors: Chen Kaixiang , Zhang Chufan , Zang Xiaoxian , Ma Fuyuan , Chen Yuanzhen , Dan Yaping
Published: December 2020

Graphene is an attractive material for broadband photodetection but suffers from weak light absorption. Coating graphene with quantum dots can significantly enhance light absorption and create extraordinarily high photogain. This high gain is often explained by the classical gain theory which is unfortunately an implicit function and may even be questionable. In this work, explicit gain equations for hybrid graphene‐quantum‐dot photodetectors are derived. Because of the work function mismatch, lead sulfide quantum dots coated on graphene will form a surface depletion region near the interface of quantum dots and graphene. Light illumination narrows down the surface depletion region, creating a photovoltage that gates the graphene. As a result, high photogain in graphene is observed. The explicit gain equations are derived from the theoretical gate transfer characteristics of graphene and the correlation of the photovoltage with the light illumination intensity. The derived explicit gain equations fit well with the experimental data, from which physical parameters are extracted.
Impact of gender on use of wasta among human resources management practitioners
Authors: Alsarhan Fadi , Ali Sa'ad , Weir David , Valax Marc
Published: December 2020

The practice of wasta dominates all aspects of Arabs' lives; it is a parallel inegalitarian system that categorizes people according to their connections. One of the epicenters of wasta is human resources management (HRM). This article studies the concept of wasta in the Arab world by examining its use in HRM according to gender, in the case of the Jordanian public sector. Results obtained from 27 semi‐structured interviews of HR managers indicate that though wasta is an important feature of HRM in general, there is a notable discrepancy between male and female employees, with the former displaying higher tendencies for using wasta than the latter. An explanation for this finding is the prevalent masculine nature of Jordanian society, which entails social caveats related to the traditional role of women. Professional determinants, such as gendered job segregation and variance in qualifications, also affect men's and women's access to wasta.
Evolution and genetic diversity of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) from piglets with congenital tremor in Guangxi Province, Southern China
Authors: Shi Kaichuang , Xie Shouyu , Sun Wenchao , Liu Huixin , Zhao Jing , Yin Yanwen , Si Hongbin , Qu Sujie , Lu Wenjun
Published: December 2020

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was identified and associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A‐II in new born piglets and has been reported in many countries. In China, the first APPV identification in swine herds was reported in Guangdong province in 2016. To investigate the genetic characteristics of APPV in Guangxi province, 53 tissue samples from neonatal piglets with CT were collected and detected from October 2017 to May 2019. Five APPV strains which were named as GX04/2017, GX01‐2018, GX02‐2018, GX01‐2019 and GX02‐2019 were obtained. Sequence analysis revealed that all six APPV strains from Guangxi province, including five strains from this study and one from a previous report, shared 83.3%‐97.5% nucleotide identity of complete genome and 91.7%‐99.1% amino acid identity of the open reading frame (ORF), and shared 77.7%‐97.7% nucleotide identity of complete genome and 90.6%‐99.3% amino acid identity of ORF with reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all APPV strains could be divided into three clades based on the complete genome, Npro, Erns and E2 gene sequences, respectively; and the APPV strains from Guangxi province distributed in two clades (clades I and II). No sign of recombination was observed from Guangxi strains. Evolution analysis performed on the complete genome of 58 APPV strains showed that America, Europe and Asia strains during 2006–2019 evolved at a mean rate of 1.37 × 10–4 substitutions/site/year, and the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of them was estimated as 1,700.5 years ago. The findings of this study indicated that there existed a high degree of genetic diversity of APPV from Guangxi province, Southern China, which provided important information on the epidemiological features and evolutionary relationships of APPV.
Role of Small Grains in Adapting to Climate Change: Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe
Authors: Nciizah Tendai , Nciizah Elinah , Mubekaphi Caroline , Nciizah Adornis D.
Published: December 2020

Climate change has become one of the most profound threats to smallholder agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Farmers in this sector are especially vulnerable to climate change due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture, limited access to capital and technology among other challenges. While several potential adaptation options exist, many barriers hinder effective adoption of these practices, hence production in marginal areas remains very low. This chapter discusses crop adaptation through the adoption of small grains in Zvishavane rural, a semi-arid area in Zimbabwe. Small grains are conducive in hot areas; their drought-tolerant nature enables them to thrive in marginal areas making them an appropriate strategy in responding to climate change. However, several production and policy challenges associated with small grain production hinder their adoption by farmers. In view of this, this chapter discusses the potential of small grains as an adaptation strategy to climate change in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe, and addresses potential challenges and opportunities for increased adoption and future research. The review showed that farmers in Zvishavane have perceived climate change due to noticeable changes in rainfall and temperature patterns in the past years. Despite small grain production being the best strategy due to drought and high temperature tolerance, an insignificant number of Zvishavane farmers is involved in small grain production. This is due to numerous barriers such as high labor demand associated with small grain production, the challenge posed by the quelea birds, food preferences, low markets, and low extension services and government support. It is therefore necessary to encourage adoption of small grains by developing improved varieties, adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, improved technical support, and access to markets among other interventions.
“Writing by Prescription”: Creative Writing as Therapy and Personal Development
Authors: Van Goidsenhoven Leni , Masschelein Anneleen
Published: December 2020

This chapter investigates how-to books on creative “life writing” for therapy, transformative learning, and personal development, in short, therapeutic writing. This subgenre of writing advice is situated in two different domains with psychology and pedagogy on the one hand, and life writing and creative writing on the other hand. After a brief overview of the history of therapeutic writing, we focus on Jessica Kingsley Publishers (JKP), a leading international niche publisher in the field of neurological and cognitive differences. JKP offers a combination of popular-science books, memoirs, and self-help publications, as well as a series of how-to books on writing for therapy or personal development. By this specific grouping of genres and formats, JKP turns its readers into writers and also guides the process of writing by setting out standards for narratives about neurological illness and disability, both in content and form. Combining both textual and contextual analysis, we examine the advice oeuvres of three JKP authors, Gillie Bolton, Kate Thompson, and Celia Hunt, to see how they relate to the therapeutic and self-help ethos as well as to more literary forms of creative writing, and how they negotiate the ideas of becoming a writer through craft, therapy, and self-expression.
“Mostrar, no decir”: The Influence of and Resistance Against Workshop Poetics on the Hispanic Literary Field
Authors: Franco Harnache Andrés
Published: December 2020

Until recently, due to the Romantic imaginary of the artist-as-genius, the Hispanic literary tradition has been wary of a literary advice industry or academic programs of creative writing. This wariness hindered the professionalization of Hispanic authors, but at the same time it kept Hispanic literature out of anglicized uniformity which permitted, by the mid-twentieth century, a reinterpretation of western literature by writers such as Gabriel García Márquez, Jorge Luis Borges, and Mario Vargas Llosa. Nonetheless since the early 2000s a series of MFA programs in creative writing, first in the United States, but more recently in Latin America and Spain, have been changing Hispanic literature. These programs, with syllabi imported from the Anglophone canons, have influenced a new generation of writers who mirror the Englishsavoir-faireand reject their own literary traditions, which were more experimental, less rooted in realism, and even somewhat baroque. There is, however, also resistance in the field, where workshop-inspired developments coincide with a return to a more Hispanic tradition of innovation.
Tools for Shaping Stories? Visual Plot Models in a Sample of Anglo-American Advice Handbooks
Authors: Hoek Liorah
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the “storyology” in writing manuals, focusing on the verbal and the visual plot models in a corpus of sixteen mainstream creative writing handbooks on plot, novels, and screenplays, still in use today. We will focus on the prevalence of dramatic writing and the predominance of the “Mountain Model,” a model which combines earlier linear models, such as the “three-act structure,” “Field’s paradigm,” “Fichtean Curve,” “Freytag’s Pyramid,” and the polar model, built on the alternation of good and bad fortune, along with Joseph Campbell’s “Hero’s Journey.” The Mountain Model visualizes a concept of writing particularly suited for stories capable of being resolved within a limited time frame, combining the perspectives of protagonist and reader. While this model is usually presented as ideal and universal, changing the representation from a linear to a topographical model alters the kinds of plots which can be imagined.
The Phases of the Development of Mental Actions
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

The focus of lecture 2 is the executive part of the action, which comprises three subsystems: (i) the conditions for constructing the action (a scheme of the orienting basis of the action); (ii) the acquisition of the desired properties of the action; and (iii) the transfer of the original external action to the mental plane of the learner and the transformation of the action into a new psychological process. Galperin elaborates in detail the first and the second subsystems of the executive part of the action.
The Conditions for the Development of the Properties of the Action. The Phases of the Development of the Action
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

The focus of this lecture is on the measures needed to achieve the desired propertiesof the action
Psychological Grounds of the Development of Ideal Actions and Concepts
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

Galperin starts by reminding that the development of mental actions comprises two parts, orienting and executive, and both are transferred to the learner’s mental plane
Soziale Arbeit, nach acht
Authors: Bücheli Alexander
Published: December 2020

Die Soziale Arbeit blickt im Bereich Nachtleben in Europa auf eine über dreissigjährige Geschichte zurück. Die ersten Präventionsangebote wurden Mitte der 1980er‐Jahre in Holland ins Leben gerufen. Anlass dafür waren eine sich schnell ausbreitende Rave‐Kultur, die damit einhergehende Verbreitung des XTC‐Konsums und die Erfahrung, dass die damaligen, oft auf Abschreckung abzielenden Präventionsangebote in der Partyszene nur auf wenig Akzeptanz stiessen.
Die SIP der Stadt Luzern als Akteurin der vermittelnden Sozialarbeit
Authors: Rubin Christina , Sidler Lucia
Published: December 2020

Im Jahre 2005 formulierte der Stadtrat von Luzern Folgendes: «Die politische Strategie der Stadt Luzern ist es, eine SIP zu bilden, damit es in der Stadt Luzern zu keiner erneuten Bildung einer offenen Drogenszene kommt. Auf der anderen Seite soll der öffentliche Raum von allen Bevölkerungsgruppen genutzt werden können. Einer gesellschaftlichen Spaltung von ökonomisch und sozial verschieden starken Bevölkerungsgruppen soll entgegengewirkt werden» (Stadt Luzern 2009: 6).
Soziale Arbeit in der Suchtprävention – eine Suche
Authors: Buchli Martina
Published: December 2020

Der Frage nach dem Stellenwert der Sozialen Arbeit in der Suchtprävention geht die Frage voraus, welche Aufgaben die Soziale Arbeit in der Suchtprävention überhaupt übernimmt. Was ist ihr Beitrag, ihre Expertise und ihre Legitimation. Der folgende Text bezieht sich auf den Fachbereich Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention (nachfolgend GuP genannt) der Stiftung Berner Gesundheit.
Eine Selbstverständlichkeit: Soziale Arbeit in der ambulanten Suchtberatung und Therapie Arbeitsfeld Ambulante Beratung
Authors: Rihs Ruth
Published: December 2020

Die Berner Gesundheit ist eine Stiftung mit Leistungsaufträgen der Gesundheits‐und Fürsorgedirektion des Kantons Bern (GEF) in den Bereichen Gesundheitsförderung, Prävention, Sexualpädagogik sowie Suchtberatung und Suchttherapie. Diese Leistungsaufträge betreffen sowohl die erste (Prävention) wie die zweite (Beratung) der vier Säulen der schweizerischen Drogenpolitik. Mit vier Regionalzentren und zusätzlichen Standorten ist die Berner Gesundheit im ganzen Kanton Bern vertreten. Die Angebote sind vielfältig, um die individuellen Bedürfnisse der KlientInnen abzudecken.
Soziale Teilhabe durch Arbeitsintegration
Authors: Stalder Martin , Stoop Karin
Published: December 2020

Der nachfolgende Artikel beleuchtet das Thema der Arbeitsintegration suchtmittelabhängiger Menschen. Die Ziele der Arbeitsintegration sind breit gefächert. Beginnend bei der sozialen Integration im Rahmen von Beschäftigungsangeboten von sozialen Einrichtungen bis hin zur Vermittlung in Arbeitsstellen im ersten Arbeitsmarkt unterstützen Sozialarbeitende ihre Klientinnen und Klienten.
Impact of guideline changes on adoption of hypofractionation and breast cancer patient characteristics in the randomized controlled HYPOSIB trial
Authors: Krug David , Vonthein Reinhard , Schreiber Andreas , Boicev Alexander D. , Zimmer Jörg , Laubach Reinhold , Weidner Nicola , Dinges Stefan , Hipp Matthias , Schneider Ralf , Weinstrauch Evelyn , Martin Thomas , Hörner-Rieber Juliane , Olbrich Denise , Illen Alicia , Heßler Nicole , König Inke R. , Dellas Kathrin , Dunst Jürgen
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Hypofractionated radiotherapy is the standard of care for adjuvant whole breast radiotherapy (RT). However, adoption has been slow. The indication for regional nodal irradiation has been expanded to include patients with 0–3 involved lymph nodes. We investigated the impact of the publication of the updated German S3 guidelines in 2017 on adoption of hypofractionation and enrollment of patients with lymph node involvement within a randomized controlled phase III trial.

Methods

In the experimental arm of the HYPOSIB trial (NCT02474641), hypofractionated RT with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) was used. In the standard arm, RT could be given as hypofractionated RT with sequential boost (HFseq), normofractionated RT with sequential boost (NFseq), or normofractionated RT with SIB (NFSIB). The cutoff date for the updated German S3 guidelines was December 17, 2017. Temporal trends were analyzed by generalized linear regression models. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the influence of time (prior to/after guideline) and setting (university hospital/other institutions) on the fractionation patterns.

Results

Enrollment of patients with involved lymph nodes was low throughout the trial. Adoption of HFseq increased over time and when using the guideline publication date as cutoff. Results of the multiple logistic regressions showed an interaction between time and setting. Furthermore, the use of HFseq was significantly more common in university hospitals.

Conclusion

The use of HFseq in the standard arm increased over the course of the HYPOSIB trial and after publication of the S3 guideline update. This was primarily driven by patients treated in university hospitals. Enrolment of patients with lymph node involvement was low throughout the trial.
Kombinierte Vitamin-D- und Vitamin-K-Supplemente für Kinder und Jugendliche: Nutzen oder Risiko?
Authors: Greber-Platzer Susanne , Haiden Nadja , Hauer Almuthe Christina , Lanzersdorfer Roland , Pietschnig Beate , Schneider Anna-Maria , Scholl-Bürgi Sabine , Sperl Wolfgang , Stenzl Helga-Christina , Weghuber Daniel , Zwiauer Karl , Eibensteiner Fabian , Högler Wolfgang , Marx George ,   Ernährungskommission der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGKJ), Greber-Platzer Susanne , Haiden Nadja , Hauer Almuthe Christina , Lanzersdorfer Roland , Pietschnig Beate , Schneider Anna-Maria , Scholl-Bürgi Sabine , Sperl Wolfgang , Stenzl Helga-Christina , Weghuber Daniel , Zwiauer Karl , Eibensteiner Fabian , Högler Wolfgang , Marx George
Published: December 2020

Eine tägliche Vitamin-D-Supplementierung für Säuglinge bis zum zweiten erlebten Frühsommer zur Prävention der Rachitis und die Gabe von Vitamin K1 bei Neugeborenen zur Prävention von Vitamin-K-Mangel-Blutungen sind empfohlen.

Seit einiger Zeit sind in Österreich Kombinationsprodukte der beiden fettlöslichen Vitamine D3 und K2 auf dem Markt erhältlich, die mit gesundheitsfördernden Effekten wie verbesserter Knochenmineralisation und Schutz vor vaskulärer Kalkeinlagerung beworben werden.

Die Wirkung einer kombinierten Supplementierung von Vitamin D und Vitamin K2 bei Kindern ist aus physiologischer Sicht gesehen zwar potenziell sinnvoll, um Effekt, Risiken oder unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen zu evaluieren. Zuvor werden aber Dosisfindungs- und Sicherheitsstudien für die kombinierte Verabreichung benötigt. Insbesondere sind randomisierte kontrollierte Studien bei Risikokindern und Frühgeborenen notwendig. Solange diese Daten nicht vorliegen, erscheint die Gabe von Vitamin D in Kombination mit Vitamin K2 im Kindesalter nicht gerechtfertigt und kann daher auch nicht empfohlen werden.
Impact of exogenous α-amylases on sugar formation in straight dough wheat bread
Authors: Rebholz Gerold Felix , Sebald Karin , Dirndorfer Sebastian , Dawid Corinna , Hofmann Thomas , Scherf Katharina Anne
Published: December 2020

The use of bacterial or fungal α-amylases is common in wheat bread production to improve several quality-related parameters such as loaf volume, crust color or staling behavior. To study the impact of exogenous α-amylases on straight dough wheat bread, we quantitated mono-, di- and oligosaccharides and residual α-amylase activity in bread crumb during storage for up to 96 h. Discovery-driven proteomics of the five α-amylase preparations studied showed that only a few different amylases per preparation were responsible for the hydrolytic effect. Compared to the control, the supplementation with α-amylase fromBacillus amyloliquefaciensin wheat dough preparation led to major changes in the sugar composition of bread crumb during storage with the formation of oligosaccharides like maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, and maltooctaose. A residual activity corresponding to 4.0% of the applied activity was determined in the breads prepared with α-amylase fromB. amyloliquefaciens, but no residual activity was detected for any of the other fungal or bacterial α-amylases fromAspergillus oryzaeorThermoactinomyces vulgaris. Whether the detected residual activity is related to the characteristics of bread staling or bread crumb properties must be clarified in further studies.
Facial palsy in children: long-term outcome assessed face-to-face and follow-up revealing high recurrence rate
Authors: Kanerva Mervi , Liikanen Hanna , Pitkäranta Anne
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term (minimum of 2 years from the palsy onset) outcome of pediatric facial palsy by patient questionnaire and face-to-face assessment by the Sunnybrook facial grading system, House–Brackmann grading system, and Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0. To compare the outcome results of self-assessment with the face-to-face assessment. To assess the applicability of the grading scales. To assess the palsy recurrence rate (minimum of a 10-year follow-up).

Methods

46 consecutive pediatric facial palsy patients: 38 (83%) answered the questionnaire and 25 (54%) attended a follow-up visit. Chart review of 43 (93%) after a minimum of 10 years for the facial palsy recurrence rate assessment.

Results

Of the 25 patients assessed face-to-face, 68% had totally recovered but 35% of them additionally stated subjective sequelae in a self-assessment questionnaire. Good recovery was experienced by 80% of the patients. In a 10-year follow-up, 14% had experienced palsy recurrence, only one with a known cause. Sunnybrook was easy and logical to use, whereas House–Brackmann and the Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0 were incoherent.

Conclusions

Facial palsy in children does not heal as well as traditionally claimed if meticulously assessed face-to-face. Patients widely suffer from subjective sequelae affecting their quality of life. Palsy recurrence was high, much higher than previously reported even considering the whole lifetime. Of these three grading systems, Sunnybrook was the most applicable.
Multimodal control of neck muscles for vestibular mediated head oscillation damping during walking: a pilot study
Authors: Hölzl Matthias , Neuhuber Winfried , Ueberschär Olaf , Schleichardt Axel , Stamm Natalie , Arens Christoph , Biesdorf Andreas , Goessler Ulrich , Hülse Roland
Published: December 2020

Purpose

It is still in question whether head oscillation damping during walking forms a part of the vestibular function. The anatomical pathway from the vestibular system to the neck muscles via the medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) is well known but there is a lack of knowledge of the exact influence and modulation of each other in daily life activities.

Methods

(I) We fixed a head–neck unit of a human cadaver specimen in a steal frame to determine the required pitch-torque for a horizontal head position. The mean value of the acquired pitch-torque was 0.54 Nm. (II) On a motorized treadmill we acquired kinematic data of the head, the sternum and both feet by wireless 3D IMUs for seven asymptomatic volunteers. Subsequently three randomized task conditions were performed. Condition 1 was walking without any irritation. Condition 2 imitated a sacculus irritation using a standardized cVEMP signal. The third condition used an electric neck muscle-irritation (TENS). The data were analyzed by the simulation environment software OpenSim 4.0.

Results

8 neck muscle pairs were identified. By performing three different conditions we observed some highly significant deviations of the neck muscle peak torques. Analysing Euler angles, we found during walking a LARP and RALP head pendulum, which also was strongly perturbated.

Conclusion

Particularly the pitch-down head oscillation damping is the most challenging one for neck muscles, especially under biomechanical concerns. Mainly via MVST motor activity of neck muscles  might be modulated by vestibular motor signals. Two simultaneous proprioceptor effects might optimize head oscillation damping. One might be a proprioceptive feedback loop to the vestibular nucleus. Another might trigger the cervicocollic reflex (CCR).
Collateral damage of the COVID-19 pandemic: an alarming decline in critical procedures in otorhinolaryngology in a German university hospital
Authors: Riemann Sarah , Speck Iva , Gerstacker Kathrin , Becker Christoph , Knopf Andreas
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of ENT patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the pandemic on the number of otolaryngological procedures, particularly for critical diagnoses with potential negative effects due to prolonged symptom duration.

Methods

We evaluated 10,716 surgical procedures between January 1, 2018 and May 31, 2020, focusing on the 16-week period around March 16, 2020, which includes 1080 observations. We further analyzed subsets of critical procedures.

Results

We found a decline in critical procedures by 43% although no critical procedures were postponed by the hospital. Meanwhile, the share of critical procedures increased up to 90% caused by the cancellation of elective surgery. Especially worrisome was that diagnostic procedures for suspected malignancies decreased by 41% during the pandemic.

Conclusion

The decline in critical procedures in otorhinolaryngology as collateral damage of the COVID-19 pandemic is considerable and therefore alarming.
The Japan Society for Surgical Infection: guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of gastroenterological surgical site infection, 2018
Authors:   The Committee for Gastroenterological Surgical Site Infection Guidelines, the Japan Society for Surgical Infection, Ohge Hiroki , Mayumi Toshihiko , Haji Seiji , Kitagawa Yuichi , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Motomu , Mizuguchi Toru , Mohri Yasuhiko , Sakamoto Fumie , Shimizu Junzo , Suzuki Katsunori , Uchino Motoi , Yamashita Chizuru , Yoshida Masahiro , Hirata Koichi , Sumiyama Yoshinobu , Kusachi Shinya
Published: December 2020

Background

The guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of gastroenterological surgical site infections (SSIs) were published in Japanese by the Japan Society for Surgical Infection in 2018. This is a summary of these guidelines for medical professionals worldwide.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and comprehensive evaluation of the evidence for diagnosis and treatment of gastroenterological SSIs, based on the concepts of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The strength of recommendations was graded and voted using the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Modifications were made to the guidelines in response to feedback from the general public and relevant medical societies.

Results

There were 44 questions prepared in seven subject areas, for which 51 recommendations were made. The seven subject areas were: definition and etiology, diagnosis, preoperative management, prophylactic antibiotics, intraoperative management, perioperative management, and wound management. According to the GRADE system, we evaluated the body of evidence for each clinical question. Based on the results of the meta-analysis, recommendations were graded using the Delphi method to generate useful information. The final version of the recommendations was published in 2018, in Japanese.

Conclusions

The Japanese Guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of gastroenterological SSI were published in 2018 to provide useful information for clinicians and improve the clinical outcome of patients.
Species identity, rather than species mixtures, drives cover crop effects on nutrient partitioning in unfertilized agricultural soil
Authors: Freund Lucas , Mariotte Pierre , Santonja Mathieu , Buttler Alexandre , Jeangros Bernard
Published: December 2020

Aims

Previous cover crop studies mainly focused on the links between plant uptake and soil fertility, and there is a clear knowledge gap regarding the role of microbes in these processes. Our aim was then to better understand the effects of plant mixtures (versus monoculture) and the specific effects of each plant species on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) partitioning between plant, soil, and more particularly microbial pools.

Methods

Monocultures and mixtures composed of black oat, field pea and Indian mustard were grown during two months in a greenhouse. The concentrations of carbon (C), N and P were measured in both plant and microbial biomass at final harvest, together with soil available N and P.

Results

Overall, our findings highlight stronger selection effect (i.e., presence of key species) rather than complementarity effects (i.e., species mixture) to affect the measured parameters. The presence of pea increased the biomass production of oat and mustard, as well as the nutrient concentration of oat, whereas pea P concentration decreased in presence of oat and mustard N and P concentrations were negatively impacted respectively by the presence of oat and pea. We also observed a strong competition between plants and microbes for both soil N and P.

Conclusions

The oat-pea and the oat-pea-mustard mixtures represented the best compromise between biomass production, nutrient storage and biomass C:N ratio, thus insuring a good organic matter decomposition and nutrient provision for the following main crop.
Soziale Spaltung und Corona-Kapitalismus
Authors: Klundt Michael
Published: December 2020

Der Beitrag untersucht zunächst die sozioökonomischen Bedingungen der sozialen Spaltungsprozesse im Corona-Crash, um daraufhin Implikationen für Kinderechte und (Kinder-)Armut in einem reichen Land zu betrachten.
‘Consumption as Work’ - Questioning the Meaning of ‘Retirement’ in the Self-Service Economy
Authors: Nicholls Richard
Published: December 2020

This article contributes to the establishment of a new perspective in the debate on how to respond to the economic and social challenges of ageing society. It re-examines the productive activity of older people through the lens of the self-service economy and initiates a discussion on how the self-service economy can be leveraged to help deal with some of the challenges created by an ageing population. The article’s main argument is built on the growing importance of self-service and the potential for older consumers to engage in such production/consumption. The substantial efficiency gains surrounding increased levels of self-service are illustrated. The potential of the retired population engaging in self-service and thus dampen the life cycle deficit is highlighted. Self-service activity by older consumers is presented as a type of productive activity and as forming part of older people’s contribution to society. It is argued that the growing self-service nature of consumption brings the meaning of ‘retirement’ even further into question. The policy implications of self-service are explored and a wide range of suggestions for further research areas related to self-service and the older consumer are put forward.
Sexual Harassment in Transit Environments among College Students in the #MeToo Era: Reporting Evidence from Six Continents
Authors: Ceccato Vania , Loukaitou-Sideris Anastasia
Published: December 2020

Evaluating patterns of sexual violence against young people across the world in the era of the #MeToo movement presents great opportunities for research and practice but also challenges. The aim of this article is to critically assess an internet-based methodology employed in a comparative study conducted with university students in 18 different cities, in six continents. While our main purpose is to examine the methodological aspects of this study, the article also presents briefly its major findings and discusses compiled recommendations to curb sexual violence in some of the most important transit systems in the world. Findings show that sexual violence in transit environments is a common occurrence globally, is highly underreported, and ranges considerably from one city to the other, and between gender groups. Lessons from this study suggest that it is crucial to use identical research tools and choose partners who can ensure that research tasks are undertaken on time, ethically, and with good care for the quality of data and the research process. To curb sexual violence on transit, actions tailored to local contexts are necessary, but as underreporting of harassment is prevalent in all contexts, one global need is initiatives that facilitate incident reporting.
Ursachen der unterschiedlichen Entwicklung demokratischer Standards in den postkommunistischen Staaten Europas
Authors: Ziemer Klaus
Published: December 2020

Die politische Entwicklung etlicher bis 1989/91 kommunistischer Staaten in Richtung Rechtsstaatlichkeit verlief so positiv, dass die EU zwischen 2004 und 2013 elf von ihnen als Vollmitglieder aufnahm. Seither nimmt das politische System vor allem in Ungarn und Polen zunehmend autoritäre Züge an. Der Beitrag fragt zunächst nach möglichen langfristigen Prägungen der politischen Kultur dieser Länder durch ihre Zugehörigkeit zu Ostmittel- bzw. Südosteuropa und geht danach Ursachen für die nachlassende Attraktivität der demokratischen Wertevorstellungen der EU in einigen neuen Mitgliedsländern nach. Es zeigt sich, dass einige Nationalkonservative wie Orbán in Ungarn der EU den Verrat europäischer Grundwerte wie Christentum, Familie oder Nation vorwerfen und ihr eigenes Modell als die Zukunft Europas propagieren. Skizziert werden weiter der „Umbau“ der Verfassungssysteme in Ungarn und Polen, bei dem im politischen Institutionensystem gezielt horizontale Kontrollen abgebaut werden, sowie Argumentationsmuster populistischer Parteien. Deutlich wird dabei u. a., dass zu kommunistischer Zeit tabuisierte Konfliktlagen aus der Vergangenheit heute destabilisierend nachwirken. Abschließend wird gefragt, welche innergesellschaftlichen Kräfte wie etwa die Kirchen oder externen Akteure wie die EU zu einer Festigung der rechtsstaatlichen Einstellungen und Strukturen in den jeweiligen Gesellschaften beitragen können.
Let’s groove: attachment techniques of Eurasian elk (Alces alces) tooth pendants at the Late Mesolithic cemetery Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov (Lake Onega, Russia)
Authors: Mannermaa Kristiina , Rainio Riitta , Girya Evgeny Yu. , Gerasimov Dmitry V.
Published: December 2020

More than 4300 Eurasian elk (Alces alces) incisors, most of them pendants, were found in 84 burials in the Late Mesolithic cemetery of Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov, Northwest Russia. We analysed the manufacture techniques of elk teeth (4014), in the collection of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, St Petersburg. A striking observation is that the manufacture of these pendants is similar in all burials. Teeth were worked by carving one or several grooves around the root tip. In addition to grooved ones, a number of teeth were not worked at all. The uniformity of the chosen species, tooth and techniques indicates that strict norms prevailed in the pendant industry. Despite the overall similarity, our study shows some variation in making pendants. A groove can cut the whole circumference of the root, or several distinct grooves can mark opposite sides of the root. Sometimes the grooves are deep and made carefully, and sometimes they are weak and made hastily. A typology of various groove types was created. In many graves, one groove type dominates. We interpret that this inter-burial variation and domination of one type resulted from personal choice and taste based on practicality. Such variation could also be associated with kin identifiers, but we did not find clear support for that in our study. Our study indicates that the groove types as such had no connection with particular ornaments, garments or hanging positions.
Second Language Speech Fluency
Authors: Tavakoli Parvaneh , Wright Clare
Published: December 2020

Second language (L2) fluency is an exciting and fast-moving field of research, with clear practical applications in language teaching. This book provides a lively overview of the current advances in the field of L2 fluency, and connects the theory to practice, presenting a hands-on approach to using fluency research across a range of different language-related professions. The authors introduce an innovative multidisciplinary perspective, which brings together research into cognitive and social factors, to understand fluency as a dynamic variable in language performance, connecting learner-internal factors such as speech processing and automaticity, to external factors such as task demands, language testing, and pragmatic interactional demands in communication. Bringing a much-needed multidisciplinary and novel approach to understanding the complex nature of L2 speech fluency, this book provides researchers, students and language professionals with both the theoretical insights and practical tools required to understand and research how fluency in a second language develops.
De Valera and Roosevelt
Authors: Whelan Bernadette
Published: December 2020

How did Irish and American diplomacy operate in Washington DC and Dublin during the 1930s era of economic depression, rising fascism and Nazism? How did the Anglo–American relationship affect American–Irish diplomatic relations? Why and how did Éamon de Valera and Franklin D. Roosevelt move their countries towards neutrality in 1939? This first comprehensive history of American and Irish diplomacy during the 1930s focuses on formal and informal diplomacy, examining all aspects of diplomatic life to explain the relationship between the two administrations from 1932 to 1939. Bernadette Whelan reveals how diplomats worked on behalf of their governments to implement Franklin D. Roosevelt and Éamon de Valera's foreign policies – particularly when Éamon de Valera believed in the existence of a 'special' transatlantic relationship but Franklin D. Roosevelt increasingly favoured a strong relationship with Britain. Drawing on a wide range of under-used sources, this is a major new contribution to the history of American and Irish diplomacy and revises our understanding of the importance of Ireland to a US administration.
Point prevalence survey to evaluate the seropositivity for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among high-risk healthcare workers
Authors: Yogo Norihiro , Greenwood Kristina L. , Thompson Leslie , Wells Pamela J. , Munday Stephen , Smith Tyler C. , Smith Besa , Bakhtar Omid R.
Published: December 2020

Among 1,770 healthcare workers serving in high-risk care areas for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 39 (2.2%) were seropositive. Exposure to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the community was associated with being seropositive. Job or unit type and percentage of time working with COVID-19 patients were not associated with positive antibody tests.
The making of the ‘useless and pathological’ uterus in Taiwan, 1960s to 1990s
Authors: Wang Hsiu-Yun
Published: December 2020

During the 1960s and 1970s, the notion that the uterus is a useless and pathological organ after a woman has had ‘enough’ children emerged alongside news reports of excessive hysterectomy in Taiwan. This notion and hysterectomy became two sides of the same coin, the former pointing to the burden of birth control and cancer risk, and the latter to sterilization and removing cancer risk. I explore how, in post-war Taiwan, the notion became commonplace through the intersection of three historical formations: the medical tradition of employing surgery to manage risk (such as appendectomy for appendicitis), American-dominated family planning projects that intensified the surgical approach and promoted reproductive rationality, and cancer prevention campaigns that helped cultivate a sense of cancer risk. The gender politics operating in the family planning and cancer prevention projects were apparent. The burden of birth control fell mainly on women, and the cancer prevention campaign, centring almost exclusively on early detection of cervical cancer, made cancer into a woman’s disease. I argue that the discourses of reproductive rationality and disease risk were parallel and, in several key ways, intersecting logics that rendered the uterus useless and pathological and then informed surgeons’ practice of hysterectomy. Exploring the ways in which the uterus was envisioned and targeted in the history of medicine in Taiwan, this paper shows overlapping bio-politics in three strands of research in an East Asian context – namely women’s health, family planning and cancer prevention – and offers a case for global comparison.
Insertion and deletion in Northern English (ng): Interacting innovations in the life cycle of phonological processes
Authors: BAILEY GEORGE
Published: December 2020

In north-western varieties of British English the historical process ofng-coalescence that simplified nasal + stop clusters in words likewrongandsingernever ran to completion, with surface variation between [ŋ] and [ŋɡ] remaining to this day. This paper presents an empirical study of this synchronic variation, specifically to test predictions made by the life cycle of phonological processes; a diachronic account of /ɡ/-deletion has been proposed under this framework, but crucially the life cycle makes hitherto-untested predictions regarding the synchronic behaviour of (ng) in north-west England. Data from 30 sociolinguistic interviews indicate that these predictions are largely met: internal constraints on the variable are almost entirely accounted for by assuming cyclic application of /ɡ/-deletion across a stratified phonology. There is also evidence of apparent time change in the pre-pausal environment, which is becoming increasingly [ɡ]-favouring contrary to the life cycle’s predictions. It is argued that this reflects a separate innovation in the life cycle of (ng), with synchronic variation reflecting two processes: (i) the original deletion, overlaid with (ii) a prosodically-conditioned insertion process. These results have implications for theories of language change and the architecture of grammar and add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the effect of pause on probabilistic phenomena can be synchronically variable and diachronically unstable.
Kritische Exegese. Der 1829 von H. A. W. Meyer begründete „Kritische und exegetische Kommentar über das Neue Testament“ in forschungsgeschichtlicher Sicht
Authors: Koch Dietrich-Alex
Published: December 2020

The ‘Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament’, formerly called ‘The Meyer’, was established more than 180 year ago. As the KEK is the oldest commentary series in German (and not only in German) still existing today, it is an important subject of research and the analysis of the development of the series reveals many significant insights in the history of New Testament scholarship in the last two centuries. Last but not least, recent investigations shed light on the relations between the German and the English-speaking scholarship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Narrative Rhetoric of Speech and Silence in the Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Dinkler Michal Beth
Published: December 2020

Approaches to ancient texts that focus exclusively on speech are inherently imbalanced. Far from simply an innocuous absence of language, silence can carry thundering significances. Yet, these meanings are not always obvious, and they can be especially difficult to interpret in texts, without attendant non-verbal cues such as facial expressions or gestures. How can New Testament interpreters best discern and describe the interwoven words, whispers, silences and subtexts of ancient narratives? In this article, I seek to build on my earlier narratological study of speech and silence, Silent Statements: Narrative Representations of Speech and Silence in the Gospel of Luke. There, I demonstrate how focusing on silences as well as speech enriches our understanding of the narratological dimensions of Luke's Gospel, including Lukan plot, characterisation, theme(s) and readerly experience(s). The obvious next step is to extend this work to the Lukan sequel. The guiding question of this article is therefore: how do speech and silence contribute to the narrative rhetoric of the Acts of the Apostles?
Reframing Julius’ Kindness (Acts 27) as an Extension of Luke's Socratic Characterisation of Paul
Authors: Kochenash Michael
Published: December 2020

The Acts narrative's characterisation of Julius evokes the circumstances of Socrates, specifically the end of his life, at which point his prison guard – who exhibits a fondness for Socrates – allows his friends to visit and care for him. The credibility of this reading is strengthened by situating Acts 27 amid other Socratic characterisations of Paul in Acts 17–26, 28. By understanding Julius’ characterisation in this way, readers can regard Paul as a Socratic figure even during his sea voyage and shipwreck. This reading is more credible than others that attribute the characterisation of Julius to the narrative's positive disposition towards centurions.
The exchange of letters in early Sufism: A preliminary study
Authors: Salamah-Qudsi Arin
Published: December 2020

This paper introduces the exchange of letters in early Sufism, analyses the significance of these exchanges, and examines these documents not for their general literary qualities or for theoretical discussion of appropriate conduct but, rather, for actual data relating to personal and interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the crucial need for creating a corpus of Sufi letters and pieces of correspondence. The discussion is divided into methodological and conceptual-historical perspectives. The methodological perspective includes a survey of sources, the question of transmission, letter fragment usage by later authors, and a reconstruction attempt of the actual circumstances of these documents. The conceptual-historical perspective analyses content, rhetoric, argumentation forms, and self-representation.
Sleep Mediates Age-Related Executive Function for Older Adults with Limited Cognitive Reserve
Authors: Parker Denise , Bucks Romola S. , Rainey-Smith Stephanie R. , Hodgson Erica , Fine Lara , Sohrabi Hamid R. , Martins Ralph N. , Weinborn Michael
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Sleep quantity and quality are associated with executive function (EF) in experimental studies, and in individuals with sleep disorders. With advancing age, sleep quantity and quality decline, as does the ability to perform EF tasks, suggesting that sleep disruption may contribute to age-related EF declines. This cross-sectional cohort study tested the hypothesis that poorer sleep quality (i.e., the frequency and duration of awakenings) and/or quantity may partly account for age-related EF deficits.

Method:

Community-dwelling older adults (N = 184) completed actigraphic sleep monitoring then a range of EF tasks. Two EF factors were extracted using exploratory structural equation modeling. Sleep variables did not mediate the relationship between age and EF factors. Post hoc moderated mediation analyses were conducted to test whether cognitive reserve compensates for sleep-related EF deficits, using years of education as a proxy measure of cognitive reserve.

Results:

We found a significant interaction between cognitive reserve and the number and frequency of awakenings, explaining a small (approximately 3%), but significant amount of variance in EF. Specifically, in individuals with fewer than 11 years of education, greater sleep disturbance was associated with poorer EF, but sleep did not impact EF in those with more education. There was no association between age and sleep quantity.

Conclusions:

This study highlights the role of cognitive reserve in the sleep–EF relationship, suggesting individuals with greater cognitive reserve may be able to counter the impact of disturbed sleep on EF. Therefore, improving sleep may confer some protection against EF deficits in vulnerable older adults.