bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method of Spatial Mapping and Reclassification for High‐Spatial‐Resolution Remote Sensing Image Classification
Authors: Wang Guizhou , Liu Jianbo , He Guojin
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a new classification method for high‐spatial‐resolution remote sensing images based on a strategic mechanism of spatial mapping and reclassification. The proposed method includes four steps. First, the multispectral image is classified by a traditional pixel‐based classification method (support vector machine). Second, the panchromatic image is subdivided by watershed segmentation. Third, the pixel‐based multispectral image classification result is mapped to the panchromatic segmentation result based on a spatial mapping mechanism and the area dominant principle. During the mapping process, an area proportion threshold is set, and the regional property is defined as unclassified if the maximum area proportion does not surpass the threshold. Finally, unclassified regions are reclassified based on spectral information using the minimum distance to mean algorithm. Experimental results show that the classification method for high‐spatial‐resolution remote sensing images based on the spatial mapping mechanism and reclassification strategy can make use of both panchromatic and multispectral information, integrate the pixel‐ and object‐based classification methods, and improve classification accuracy.
Evaluation of the PI-RADS Scoring System for Classifying mpMRI Findings in Men with Suspicion of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Junker Daniel , Schäfer Georg , Edlinger Michael , Kremser Christian , Bektic Jasmin , Horninger Wolfgang , Jaschke Werner , Aigner Friedrich
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To evaluate the ESUR scoring system (PI-RADS) for multiparametric MRI of the prostate in clinical routine and to define a reliable way to generate an overall PI-RADS score.Methods. Retrospective analysis of all patients with a history of negative prebiopsies, who underwent 3 Tesla multiparametric MRI from October 2011 to April 2013 (n=143): PI-RADS scores for each single modality were defined. To generate the overall PI-RADS score, an algorithm based approach summing up each single-modality score to a sum-score was compared to a more subjective approach, weighting the single modalities dependent on the radiologist’s impression. Because of ongoing cancer suspicion 73 patients underwent targeted mpMRI-ultrasound image fusion rebiopsy. For this group thresholds for tumor incidences and malignancy were calculated.Results. 39 (53%) out of 73 targeted rebiopsies were cancer positive. The PI-RADS score correlated well with tumor incidence (AUC of 0.86, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.94) and malignancy (AUC 0.84, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99). Regarding the sum-score a threshold of ≥10 turned out to be reliable for cancer detection (sensitivity 90%, specificity 62%) and for ≥13 for indicating higher malignancy (Gleason≥4+3) (sensitivity 80%, specificity 86%). To generate the overall PI-RADS score, the use of an algorithm based approach was more reliable than that of the approach based on the radiologist’s impression.Conclusion. The presented scoring system correlates well with tumor incidence and malignancy. To generate the overall PI-RADS score, it seems to be advisable to use an algorithm based instead of a subjective approach.
Reaction Wheel Installation Deviation Compensation for Overactuated Spacecraft with Finite-Time Attitude Control
Authors: Zhang Aihua , Ni Jianfei , Karimi Hamid Reza
Published: December 2013

A novel attitude tracking control scheme is presented for overactuated spacecraft to address the attitude stabilization problem in presence of reaction wheel installation deviation, external disturbance and uncertain mass of moment inertia. An adaptive sliding mode control technique is proposed to track the uncertainty. A Lyapunov-based analysis shows that the compensation control law can guarantee that the desired attitude trajectories are followed in finite-time. The key feature of the proposed control strategy is that it globally asymptotically stabilizes the system, even in the presence of reaction wheel installation deviation, external disturbances, and uncertain mass of moment inertia. The attitude track performance using the proposed finite-time compensation control is evaluated through a numerical example.
Delayed Failure after Endoscopic Staple Repair of an Anterior Spine Surgery Related Pharyngeal Diverticulum
Authors: Al-Khudari Samer , Succar Eric , Standring Robert , Khadra Helmi , Ghanem Tamer , Gardner Glendon M.
Published: December 2013

We present a rare complication of endoscopic staple repair of a pharyngeal diverticulum related to prior anterior cervical spine surgery. A 70-year-old male developed a symptomatic pharyngeal diverticulum 2 years after an anterior cervical fusion that was repaired via endoscopic stapler-assisted diverticulectomy. He initially had improvement of his symptoms after the stapler-assisted approach. Three years later, the patient presented with dysphagia and was found to have erosion of the cervical hardware into the pharyngeal lumen at the site of the prior repair. We present the first reported case of late hardware erosion into a pharyngeal diverticulum after endoscopic stapler repair.
Influence of PVP on the Morphologies of Bi2S3 Nanostructures Synthesized by Solvothermal Method
Authors: Phuruangrat Anukorn , Thongtem Titipun , Thongtem Somchai
Published: December 2013

Different morphologies of Bi2S3 nanostructures were synthesized by a 180°C and 12 h solvothermal reaction of solutions containing Bi(NO3)3·5H2O and thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) in diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent. The as‐synthesized Bi2S3 products characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed that they were well‐crystallized orthorhombic Bi2S3 phase with morphologies of nanorod‐like, sheaf‐like, carnation‐like, and microspherical, controlled by different contents of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the solutions. Based on the experimental results, a growth mechanism was also proposed and discussed.
Incidence of New-Onset Hypertension in Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Fraeman Kathy H. , Nordstrom Beth L. , Luo Weixiu , Landis Sarah H. , Shantakumar Sumitra
Published: December 2013

This retrospective cohort study was conducted to estimate incidence rates of new-onset hypertension in adult cancer patients identified from the Varian Medical Oncology outpatient database. Incidence rates of increasing levels of hypertension severity were calculated overall and for periods of chemotherapy exposure and nonexposure. Cox models sought predictors of new-onset hypertension severity among baseline and chemotherapy exposure variables. New-onset hypertension was observed in about one-third of 25,090 patients with various cancer types. The incidence rates (IR) of severe and crisis-level hypertension, respectively, were the highest in patients with gastric (18.5 cases per 100 person-years (PY), 5.6 per 100 PY) and ovarian cancer (20.2 per 100 PY, 4.8 per 100 PY). The highest IR of moderate hypertension was observed in patients with renal cancer (46.7 per 100 PY). Across all cancers, chemotherapy exposure was associated with a 2–3.5-fold increase in risk of any degree of hypertension compared to periods of no chemotherapy; higher hypertension levels showed greater variability in relative risks by type and line of therapy but indicated an overall increase associated with chemotherapy exposure. These results help to elucidate the factors influencing HTN among cancer patients and the incidence of HTN relative to chemotherapy exposure.
Statistics Analysis Measures Painting of Cooling Tower
Authors: Zacharopoulou A. , Zacharopoulou E. , Batis G.
Published: December 2013

This study refers to the cooling tower of Megalopolis (construction 1975) and protection from corrosive environment. The maintenance of the cooling tower took place in 2008. The cooling tower was badly damaged from corrosion of reinforcement. The parabolic cooling towers (factory of electrical power) are a typical example of construction, which has a special aggressive environment. The protection of cooling towers is usually achieved through organic coatings. Because of the different environmental impacts on the internal and external side of the cooling tower, a different system of paint application is required. The present study refers to the damages caused by corrosion process. The corrosive environments, the application of this painting, the quality control process, the measures and statistics analysis, and the results were discussed in this study. In the process of quality control the following measurements were taken into consideration: (1) examination of the adhesion with the cross-cut test, (2) examination of the film thickness, and (3) controlling of the pull-off resistance for concrete substrates and paintings. Finally, this study refers to the correlations of measurements, analysis of failures in relation to the quality of repair, and rehabilitation of the cooling tower. Also this study made a first attempt to apply the specific corrosion inhibitors in such a large structure.
Investigation of Mechanical and Structural Properties of Blend Lignin-PMMA
Authors: Soygun Koray , Şimşek Selçuk , Yılmaz Ersen , Bolayır Giray
Published: December 2013

Thisin vitrostudy investigated the mechanical and structural characteristics of lignin-added PMMA resin composites at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5% by weight. Four sample groups were formed. For the transverse strength test, the specimens were prepared in accordance with ANSI/ADA specification number 12, and for the impact test ASTM D-256 standards were used. With the intent to evaluate the properties of transverse strength, the three-point bending (n=10) test instrument (Lloyd NK5, Lloyd Instruments Ltd., Fareham, Hampshire, UK) was used at 5 mm/min. A Dynatup 9250 HV (Instron, UK) device was employed for the impact strength measurements (n=10). All resin samples were tested by using a thermomechanical analyzer (Shimadzu TMA 50, Shimadzu, Japan). Mechanical tests revealed that, although the control group was found to have the value of highest transverse strength, the highest impact strength was observed in the PMMA-L-1 group. Upon examining the thermomechanical analysis data, it could be seen that theEvalue of the control sample was higher than that of all the other samples. Adding lignin powder into PMMA performs plasticizer effect on resin matrix.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Disease: Completely Percutaneous and Hybrid Approaches
Authors: Francesco Ciro Tamburrelli , Laura Scaramuzzo , Maurizio Genitiempo , Luca Proietti
Published: December 2013

The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a limited invasive approach for the treatment of upper thoracic spine disease. Seven patients with type-A thoracic fractures and three with tumors underwent long thoracic stabilization through a minimally invasive approach. Four patients underwent a completely percutaneous approach while the other three underwent a modified hybrid technique, a combination of percutaneous and open approach. The hybrid constructs were realized using a percutaneous approach to the spine distally to the spinal lesion and by open approach proximally. In two patients, the stabilization was extended proximally up to the cervical spine. Clinical and radiographic assessment was performed during the first year after the operation at 3, 6, and 12 months. No technically related complications were seen. The postoperative recovery was rapid even in the tumor patients with neurologic impairment. Blood loss was irrelevant. At one-year follow-up there was no loosening or breakage of the screws or failure of the implants. When technically feasible a completely percutaneous approach has to be taken in consideration; otherwise, a combined open-percutaneous approach could be planned to minimize the invasivity of a completely open approach to the thoracic spine.
An Efficient Synthesis of Bis-indolylindane-1,3-diones, Indan-1,3-diones, and Indene-1,3(2H)-denies Using [Hbim]BF4 Ionic Medium
Authors: Poor Heravi Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2013

We prepared a brand new molecule in one step for the synthesis of bis-indolylindane-1,3-dione and indan-1,3-diones from the reaction of ninhydrin and 3 substituted/unsubstituted indoles using [Hbim]BF4 ionic liquid in excellent yields. The method was also used for the synthesis of novel indene-1,3(2H)-denies derivatives.
Active Disturbance Rejection Approach for Robust Fault-Tolerant Control via Observer Assisted Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Cortés-Romero John , Rojas-Cubides Harvey , Coral-Enriquez Horacio , Sira-Ramírez Hebertt , Luviano-Juárez Alberto
Published: December 2013

This work proposes an active disturbance rejection approach for the establishment of a sliding mode control strategy in fault-tolerant operations. The core of the proposed active disturbance rejection assistance is a Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) observer which is in charge of the active estimation of lumped nonlinear endogenous and exogenous disturbance inputs related to the creation of local sliding regimes with limited control authority. Possibilities are explored for the GPI observer assisted sliding mode control in fault-tolerant schemes. Convincing improvements are presented with respect to classical sliding mode control strategies. As a collateral advantage, the observer-based control architecture offers the possibility of chattering reduction given that a significant part of the control signal is of the continuous type. The case study considers a classical DC motor control affected by actuator faults, parametric failures, and perturbations. Experimental results and comparisons with other established sliding mode controller design methodologies, which validate the proposed approach, are provided.
Optimization of Blending Parameters and Fiber Size of Kenaf-Bast-Fiber-Reinforced the Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites by Taguchi Method
Authors: El-Shekeil Y. A. , Sapuan S. M. , Azaman M. D. , Jawaid M.
Published: December 2013

“Kenaf-fibers- (KF-)” reinforced “thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)” composites were prepared by the melt-blending method followed by compression molding. Composite specimens were cut from the sheets that were prepared by compression molding. The criteria of optimization were testing the specimens by tensile test and comparing the ultimate tensile strength. The aim of this study is to optimize processing parameters (e.g., processing temperature, time, and speed) and fiber size using the Taguchi approach. These four parameters were investigated in three levels each. The L9 orthogonal array was used based on the number of parameters and levels that has been selected. Furthermore, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of different parameters. The results showed that the optimum values were 180°C, 50 rpm, 13 min, and 125–300 micron for processing temperature, processing speed, processing time, and fiber size, respectively. Using ANOVA, processing temperature showed the highest significance value followed by fiber size. Processing time and speed did not show any significance on the optimization of TPU/KF.
Crossectomy and Foam Sclerotherapy of the Great Saphenous Vein versus Stripping of Great Saphenous Vein and Varicectomy in the Treatment of the Legs Ulcers
Authors: Delgado-Beltran Alvaro
Published: December 2013

Objective. To show our results in the surgical
treatment of legs varicose ulcers, with crossectomy and foam
sclerotherapy (CAFE) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in
group I and stripping of GSV and varicectomy in group II.
Methods. 35 patients with active venous leg
ulcers were recruited and treated. They were collected in two
groups. Group I were treated by crossectomy and foam
sclerotherapy of the GSV and group II were treated by
stripping of GSV and varicectomy. The healing time of the
ulcer and the complications were recorded after the procedure
in the follow-up visits. Results. 29 out of the
35 patients completed the follow-up. There were eight
cases of incomplete healing of the leg ulcer, 4 in group I
(19.04%) and 4 in group II (40%), P<0.05. The average rate of healing in group I was
0.38 cm/day and 0.13 in group II, P<0.05. Conclusion. CAFE technique
of the great saphenous vein in the treatment of 6 CEAP
patients is a procedure that improves the rate of ulcer
healing as compared to these two groups. It is a safe
and reliable minimally invasive method, with less morbidity.
Enhancement and Quenching of Fluorescence by Silver Nanoparticles in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chen Ying-Chung , Gao Chia-Yuan , Chen Kan-Lin , Meen Teen-Hang , Huang Chien-Jung
Published: December 2013

The influence of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) on the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is investigated in this study. The SNPs are introduced between the electron‐transport layers by means of thermal evaporation. SNPs are found to have the surface plasmon resonance at wavelength 525 nm when the mean particle size of SNPs is 34 nm. The optimized OLED, in terms of the spacing between the emitting layer and SNPs, is found to have the maximum luminance 2.4 times higher than that in the OLED without SNPs. The energy transfer between exciton and surface plasmons with the different spacing distances has been studied.
Identification of Insecticidal Constituents from the Essential Oil of Valeriana jatamansi Jones against Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel
Authors: Liu Xin Chao , Zhou Ligang , Liu Zhi Long
Published: December 2013

The aim of this research was to determine chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Valeriana jatamansi Jones roots against booklice, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, and to isolate insecticidal constituents from the oil. Essential oil of V. jatamansi was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC‐MS. A total of 27 components in the essential oil were identified. The major compounds were patchoulol (24.3%), α‐bulnesene (13.8%), isovaleric acid (12.9%), α‐guaiene (8.7%), and 3‐methylvaleric acid (8.4%). Based on bioactivity‐guided fractionation, isovaleric acid, 3‐methylvaleric acid, and patchoulol were isolated and identified as the active constituents. The essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila with an LC50 value of 236.4 μg/cm2. Patchoulol (LC50 = 61.35 μg/cm2) exhibited stronger acute toxicity than 3‐methylvaleric acid (LC50 = 210.69 μg/cm2) against the booklice. The essential oil also possessed fumigant toxicity against L. bostrychophila with an LC50 value of 6.0 mg/L, while 3‐methylvaleric acid and isovaleric acid had LC50 values of 5.53 mg/L and 5.67 mg/L against the booklice, respectively. The results indicated that the essential oil and its constituent compounds have potential to develop into natural insecticides or fumigants for control of insects in stored grains.
A Relativistic Algorithm with Isotropic Coordinates
Authors: Ngubelanga S. A. , Maharaj S. D.
Published: December 2013

We study spherically symmetric spacetimes for matter distributions with isotropic pressures. We generate new exact solutions to the Einstein field equations which also contain isotropic pressures. We develop an algorithm that produces a new solution if a particular solution is known. The algorithm leads to a nonlinear Bernoulli equation which can be integrated in terms of arbitrary functions. We use a conformally flat metric to show that the integrals may be expressed in terms of elementary functions. It is important to note that we utilise isotropic coordinates unlike other treatments.
Acquired Vulvar Lymphangioma Circumscriptum
Authors: Uçmak Derya , Aytekin Sema , Sula Bilal , Akkurt Zeynep Meltem , Türkçü Gül , Ağaçayak Elif
Published: December 2013

Lymphangioma circumscriptum (LC) is a benign dilation of lymph channels localized to the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is generally localized in mouth mucosa, tongue, proximal regions of arms and legs, groin, axilla, and trunk. Primary vulvar involvement is very rare. Vulvar involvement occurs in various clinical settings. Here, two uncommon cases with giant lymphangioma circumscriptum mimicking genital warts will be presented: a 55-year-old female patient with extensive lymphangiectasic lesions and genital wart-like papular lesions in the vulva secondary to diffuse scrofuloderma scars and a 60-year-old female patient with verruca-like lesions secondary to chronic inflammation.
Lack of Functional GABAB Receptors Alters Kiss1, Gnrh1 and Gad1 mRNA Expression in the Medial Basal Hypothalamus at Postnatal Day 4
Authors: Di Giorgio Noelia P. , Catalano Paolo N. , López Paula V. , González Betina , Semaan Sheila J. , López Gabriela C. , Kauffman Alexander S. , Rulli Susana B. , Somoza Gustavo M. , Bettler Bernhard , Libertun Carlos , Lux-Lantos Victoria A.
Published: December 2013

Background/Aims: Adult mice lacking functional GABAB receptors (GABAB1KO) show altered Gnrh1 and Gad1 expressions in the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (POA-AH) and females display disruption of cyclicity and fertility. Here we addressed whether sexual differentiation of the brain and the proper wiring of the GnRH and kisspeptin systems were already disturbed in postnatal day 4 (PND4) GABAB1KO mice. Methods: PND4 wild-type (WT) and GABAB1KO mice of both sexes were sacrificed; tissues were collected to determine mRNA expression (qPCR), amino acids (HPLC), and hormones (RIA and/or IHC). Results: GnRH neuron number (IHC) did not differ among groups in olfactory bulbs or OVLT-POA. Gnrh1 mRNA (qPCR) in POA-AH was similar among groups. Gnrh1 mRNA in medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was similar in WTs but was increased in GABAB1KO females compared to GABAB1KO males. Hypothalamic GnRH (RIA) was sexually different in WTs (males > females), but this sex difference was lost in GABAB1KOs; the same pattern was observed when analyzing only the MBH, but not in the POA-AH. Arcuate nucleus Kiss1 mRNA (micropunch-qPCR) was higher in WT females than in WT males and GABAB1KO females. Gad1 mRNA in MBH was increased in GABAB1KO females compared to GABAB1KO males. Serum LH and gonadal estradiol content were also increased in GABAB1KOs. Conclusion: We demonstrate that GABABRs participate in the sexual differentiation of the ARC/MBH, because sex differences in several reproductive genes, such as Gad1, Kiss1 and Gnrh1, are critically disturbed in GABAB1KO mice at PND4, probably altering the organization and development of neural circuits governing the reproductive axis.
Associations of Smoking with Alterations in Renal Hemodynamics May Depend on Sex- Investigations in Potential Kidney Donors
Authors: Guberina Hana , Baumann Marcus , Bruck Heike , Feldkamp Thorsten , Nürnberger Jens , Kribben Andreas , Philipp Thomas , Witzke Oliver , Sotiropoulos Georgios , Mitchell Anna
Published: December 2013

Background/Aims: Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for renal damage, but little is known about subclinical effects of smoking on renal hemodynamics and parameters of renal function in humans. We examined the associations of smoking with systemic and renal hemodynamics and renal function parameters in healthy individuals. Methods: Data from 196 potential living kidney donors were analysed retrospectively. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and creatinine clearance had been measured. We additionally calculated parameters of renal hemodynamics. Data were analyzed for the effects of smoking and sex dependent on age and MAP. Results: Systemic and renal hemodynamic parameters did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. In non-smokers of both sexes MAP was negatively correlated with ERPF, and higher MAP was associated with increased renal vascular resistance and with afferent arteriolar resistance, with glomerular pressure (PG) remaining constant. However, in male, but not in female smokers, ERPF and PG increased with MAP. A correlation of age with a steeper decline in ERPF in male smokers was lost in multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: As compared to women, smoking men may exhibit an increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure, which is a known promoter of kidney damage.
Kruppel-Like Factor 15 Modulates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by ERK/MAPK and JNK/MAPK Pathways Regulation
Authors: Gao Xiang , Wu Guiqun , Gu Xiangchen , Fu Lili , Mei Changlin
Published: December 2013

Background/Aims: Renal interstitial fibrosis is a hallmark of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous studies reported that kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) is an important regulator of cardiac fibrosis and could reduce the expression of extracellular matrix in mesangial cells. However, the role of this transcription factor in renal interstitial fibrosis has not been reported. Methods: In this study, we examined KLF15 expression in the remnant kidney of 5/6 nephrectomized rats 12 or 24 weeks after operation. In vitro we examined the effect of altered KLF15 expression on the production of extracellular matrix and the pro-fibrotic factor CTGF in rat renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F), and further explored the related mechanisms. Results: The level of KLF15 was drastically decreased in the renal interstitium of 5/6 nephrectomized rats with progressive interstitial fibrosis, especially at 24 weeks. Our in vitro evidence showed that overexpression of KLF15 repressed basal and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced extracellular matrix and CTGF in NRK-49F cells. In addition, TGF-β1-mediated activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) / mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) /MAPK downregulated KLF15 expression and increased the level of extracellular matrix and CTGF, and all these effects were completely abolished by ERK1/2 inhibitor and JNK inhibitor in NRK-49F cells. Conclusions: Our findings implicate that KLF15 plays an important role and may prove to be an antifibrotic factor in renal interstitial fibrosis through regulation of ERK/MAPK and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways.
A Candidate Gene Approach to ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Reveals Links to the C3 and CTLA-4 Genes but not to the IL1-Ra And Fcγ-RIIa Genes
Authors: Persson Ulf , Gullstrand Birgitta , Pettersson Åsa , Sturfelt Gunnar , Truedsson Lennart , Segelmark Mårten
Published: December 2013

Background/Aims: The aim of the study is to search for associations between Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and polymorphisms in the genes of four key molecules possibly involved in different pathogenic pathways; complement C3, CTLA-4, Fcγ-RIIa and IL1-Ra. Patients and Methods: Patients with AAV (n=105) subgrouped as microscopic polyangiitis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase 3 (PR3) ANCA positive were compared to a control group of 200 blood donors. Polymorphisms in the genes were analysed with PCR amplification of DNA. Results: The diagnosis of AAV was confirmed in the 105 cases. The gene frequency of C3F was 0.27 in the PR3-ANCA subgroup (p=0.041) compared to 0,19 in the control group. The number of patients homozygous for the shortest 86 bp allele of CTLA-4 was significantly decreased in the whole group of patients (p=0.049). No differences were evident in the Fcγ-RIIa and IL1-Ra polymorphisms when compared to controls, neither in the whole group of patients, nor in any of the sub-groups. Conclusion: The aberrant gene frequency of the C3F allele among PR3-ANCA positive patients and the findings with the CTLA-4 polymorphism indicates that complement may be involved in pathogenesis and that T-cell activation also is of importance in these diseases.
Olanzapine-Induced Hyperglycemia: Possible Involvement of Histaminergic, Dopaminergic and Adrenergic Functions in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Ikegami Megumi , Ikeda Hiroko , Ohashi Takahiro , Kai Misa , Osada Mamiko , Kamei Atsuko , Kamei Junzo
Published: December 2013

Background/Aims: Atypical antipsychotic drugs such as olanzapine are known to induce metabolic disturbance. We have already shown that olanzapine induces hepatic glucose production through the activation of hypothalamic adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, it is unclear how olanzapine activates hypothalamic AMPK. Since olanzapine is known to antagonize several receptors, including histaminergic, muscarinic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors, we examined the effect of each receptor antagonist on blood glucose levels in mice. Moreover, we also investigated whether these antagonists activate hypothalamic AMPK. Methods: Male 6-week-old ICR mice were used. Blood glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method. AMPK expression was measured by Western blotting. Results: Central administration of olanzapine (5-15 nmol i.c.v.) dose-dependently increased blood glucose levels in mice, whereas olanzapine did not change blood insulin levels. Histamine H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine (1-10 μg i.c.v.), dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L-sulpiride (1-10 μg i.c.v.) and α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.3-3 μg i.c.v.) also significantly increased blood glucose levels in mice. In contrast, the blood glucose levels were not affected by muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist dicyclomine (1-10 μg i.c.v.) or serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 (1-10 ng i.c.v.). Olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia was inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor compound C, and AMPK activator AICAR (10 ng to 1 μg i.c.v.) significantly increased blood glucose levels. Olanzapine (15 nmol), chlorpheniramine (10 μg), L-sulpiride (10 μg) and prazosin (3 μg) significantly increased phosphorylated AMPK in the hypothalamus of mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that olanzapine activates hypothalamic AMPK by antagonizing histamine H1 receptors, dopamine D2 receptors and α1-adrenoceptors, which induces hyperglycemia.
Congenital Dermal Sinus with an Infected Dermoid Cyst in the Cervico-Thoracic Spinal Cord
Authors: Lee Brian , Jeelani Yasser , McComb J. Gordon
Published: December 2013

Congenital dermal sinuses (CDS) are epithelium-lined tracts that result from incomplete separation of cutaneous ectoderm from the underlying neuroectoderm. CDS may be associated with dermoid cysts and can cause complications by mass effect and by functioning as a pathway for infection. Cervical and thoracic tracts are rare, making up 1 and 10% of all CDS, respectively. We present an unusual case of a cervico-thoracic CDS with concomitant infected dermoid leading to neurological dysfunction. A 1-year-old male with a normal developmental history presented with a several-week history of progressive weakness. Previous visits to two outside emergency departments diagnosed the patient with acute otitis media. After another episode of fever and worsening of neurological symptoms, the patient was correctly diagnosed as having CDS with an infected dermoid cyst. Antibiotics were initiated, the lesion was resected, and the patient improved neurologically. Although cervical and thoracic CDS with infected dermoids are rare, one should have a high index of suspicion when cutaneous stigmata of spinal dysraphism are identified. Due to the risk of neurological deterioration, the recommended treatment of CDS with or without a concomitant intraspinal dermoid is prompt administration of antibiotics and definitive surgical intervention.
Sensitization to Beer Ingredients in Chinese Individuals with Beer Allergy: A Clinical Study of 20 Cases
Authors: Song Zhiqiang , Chen Wenchieh , Huang Xiuying , Zhou Xiaofang , Luo Jie , Wang Huan , Darsow Ulf , Becker Thomas , Qian Fei , Hao Fei , Ring Johannes
Published: December 2013

Background: Rare case reports of allergic reactions to beer have been published, but the nature of the eliciting substances in beer ingredients is often unknown. Objective: It was the aim of this study to identify sensitization patterns against various beer ingredients in Chinese individuals with beer allergy. Methods: Twenty-seven Chinese individuals with a clear-cut history of beer allergy were prescreened to answer a specific questionnaire related to the history and symptoms of beer allergy. Twenty individuals underwent allergy diagnostics with different food allergens and extracts of beer ingredients using the skin prick test (SPT) and the open oral provocation test (OPT) with beer. Results: Fifteen patients (75%) showed positive reactions to one or more beer ingredients. Of these, 9 individuals, reactive to sorghum and/or sorghum malt also showed positive reactions to other ingredients. Seventeen individuals showed variable symptoms after the OPT. Cutaneous erythema and urticaria were the most common symptoms and usually persisted for over 2 h. There were no significant differences in SPT reactivity to beer ingredients between male and female individuals. Single patients reacted to barley, hops or yeast. Conclusions: Sensitization to sorghum and/or sorghum malt was the most common finding in Chinese individuals with beer allergy.
C-Terminal Agrin Fragment - A New Fast Biomarker for Kidney Function in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Steubl Dominik , Hettwer Stefan , Vrijbloed Wim , Dahinden Pius , Wolf Petra , Luppa Peter , Wagner Carsten A. , Renders Lutz , Heemann Uwe , Roos Marcel
Published: December 2013

Background: The C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF) is a cleavage product of agrin, the major proteoglycan of the glomerular basement membrane. This article studies if CAF could serve as a biomarker for renal function in renal transplant recipients. Material and Methods: We measured serum CAF and creatinine concentrations and calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (MDRD) in 96 healthy individuals and in 110 end-stage renal disease patients undergoing kidney transplantation before and after transplantation. Correlation between CAF and creatinine concentrations/eGFR was calculated as within-patient (cWP) and between-patient correlations (cBP). Moreover, we evaluated the association of CAF with delayed graft function (DGF). The diagnostic value of CAF for early detection of DGF compared to creatinine was evaluated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Results: CAF concentrations strongly correlated with creatinine (r = 0.86 (cWP), r = 0.74 (cBP)) and eGFR (MDRD) (r = 0.86 (cWP), r = 0.77 (cBP)). Pre-transplant (pre-Tx) CAF concentrations were 19-fold higher than in healthy individuals (1,115.0 (258.4-3,990.0) vs. 56.6 (20.0-109.5) pM). After transplantation, CAF decreased significantly faster than creatinine (postoperative days 1-3 (POD 1-3): 562.8 (101.6-2,113.0) pM; creatinine: pre-Tx 6.9 (3.1-15.7), POD 1-3: 6.4 (1.7-12.7) mg/dl, p < 0.001). Stable concentrations were reached 1-3 months after transplantation for CAF and creatinine (CAF 145.1 (6.7-851.0) pM; creatinine 1.6 (0.7-8.0) mg/dl). CAF concentrations at POD 1-3 were significantly associated with DGF and outperformed creatinine in early detection of DGF (area under the curve (AUC) CAF 80.7% (95% CI 72.3-89.1%) vs. AUC creatinine 71.3% (95% CI 61.8-81.1%), p = 0.061). Conclusion: CAF is a promising new and fast biomarker for kidney function and may serve as a new tool for the early detection of DGF.
Scintigraphic Evaluation of Osseointegrative Response around Calcium Phosphate-Coated Titanium Implants in Tibia Bone: Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Bone Healing in Dogs
Authors: Cho K. , Kim J.M. , Kim M.H. , Kang S.S. , Kim G. , Choi S.H.
Published: December 2013

Differential diagnoses for canine bone disease are commonly based on radiography. However, scintigraphy is a nuclear scanning test to trace bone healing during stress fracture and osteomyelitis and thus can be used to probe the osseointegration process in vivo in the context of the dental implant. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of using noninvasive scintigraphy to probe the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to enhance osseointegration of the implant and to confirm the result with a parallel histological examination in adult beagle dogs. Two independent calcium phosphate-coated titanium screw implants 8 mm in length and 4 mm in diameter were inserted into each tibia in 4 dogs (4 implants/animal, total = 16). The PRP-treated group was deposited with 0.5 ml of PRP into the drill hole in the right tibia; the control group was instilled with 0.5 ml of saline into the drill hole in the left counterpart before titanium screw implantation. Radiography of the implanted tibias showed complete osseointegration but no osteomyelitis. No difference in the ossification of the peri-implant bone on the radiographs was observed between the two groups during the experimental period. However, the scintigraphic findings revealed obvious differences in bone uptake between the two groups. The higher bone uptake in the PRP-treated group significantly increased bone activity and faster bone regeneration compared to the control group (p < 0.05) at 4 weeks after implantation. The percentage of the bone-to-implant contact on histological examination in the PRP-treated group showed dense cortical bone formation in close contact with the metallic surface of the titanium implant (p < 0.05). Quantitative histological analysis correlated well with that of the scintigraphic evaluation as revealed by Pearson correlation analysis (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). Thus, scintigraphy is a sensitive and noninvasive method suitable for osseointegration of the implant in vivo.
Heart Rate Variability Is a Predictor of Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Report from the CRIC Study
Authors: Drawz Paul E. , Babineau Denise C. , Brecklin Carolyn , He Jiang , Kallem Radhakrishna R. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Xie Dawei , Appleby Dina , Anderson Amanda H. , Rahman Mahboob ,   CRIC Study Investigators
Published: December 2013

Background/Aims: Low heart rate variability (HRV) is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in the general population. We aimed to determine the factors associated with HRV and evaluate the association between low HRV and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: A 10-second electrocardiogram was obtained at baseline in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. HRV was measured by the standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive differences between R-R intervals (RMSSD). Results: In 3,245 CRIC participants with available baseline SDNN and RMSSD, lower HRV was associated with older age, lack of exercise, heart failure, elevated phosphorus and hemoglobin A1c, and low estimated glomerular filtration rate. After a median follow-up of 4.2 years, in fully adjusted models, lower HRV was not associated with renal [SDNN: hazard rate, HR = 0.96 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.88-1.05); RMSSD: HR = 0.97 (95% CI 0.88-1.07)] or cardiovascular outcomes [SDNN: HR = 1.02 (95% CI 0.92-1.13); RMSSD: HR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.90-1.10)]. There was a nonlinear relationship between RMSSD and all-cause mortality with increased risk with both low and high RMSSD (p = 0.04). Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients with CKD, multiple risk factors for renal and cardiovascular diseases were associated with lower HRV. Lower HRV was not associated with increased risk for renal or cardiovascular outcomes, but both low and high RMSSD were associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality. In conclusion, HRV measured by RMSSD may be a novel and independent risk factor for mortality in CKD patients.
Triple-Frequency Radar Reflectivity Signatures of Snow: Observations and Comparisons with Theoretical Ice Particle Scattering Models
Authors: Kulie Mark S. , Hiley Michael J. , Bennartz Ralf , Kneifel Stefan , Tanelli Simone
Published: December 2013

An observation-based study is presented that utilizes aircraft data from the 2003 Wakasa Bay Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Precipitation Validation Campaign to assess recent advances in the modeling of microwave scattering properties of nonspherical ice particles in the atmosphere. Previous work has suggested that a triple-frequency (Ku–Ka–W band) reflectivity framework appears capable of identifying key microphysical properties of snow, potentially providing much-needed constraints on significant sources of uncertainty in current snowfall retrieval algorithms used for microwave remote sensing instruments. However, these results were based solely on a modeling framework. In contrast, this study considers the triple-frequency approach from an observational perspective using airborne radar observations from the Wakasa Bay field campaign. After accounting for several challenges with the observational dataset, such as beam mismatching and attenuation, observed dual-wavelength ratio results are presented that confirm both the utility of a multifrequency approach to snowfall retrieval and the validity of the unique signatures predicted by complex aggregate ice particle scattering models. This analysis provides valuable insight into the microphysics of frozen precipitation that can in turn be applied to more readily available single- and dual-frequency systems, providing guidance for future precipitation retrieval algorithms.
The Residual-Mean Circulation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer Driven by Tropical Waves
Authors: Ortland David A. , Alexander M. Joan
Published: December 2013

Latent heating estimates derived from rainfall observations are used to construct model experiments that isolate equatorial waves forced by tropical convection from midlatitude synoptic-scale waves. These experiments are used to demonstrate that quasi-stationary equatorial Rossby waves forced by latent heating drive most of the observed residual-mean upwelling across the tropopause transition layer within 15° of the equator. The seasonal variation of the equatorial waves and the mean meridional upwelling that they cause is examined for two full years from 2006 to 2007. Changes in equatorial Rossby wave propagation through seasonally varying mean winds are the primary mechanism for producing an annual variation in the residual-mean upwelling. In the tropical tropopause layer, averaged within 15° of the equator and between 90 and 190 hPa, the annual cycle varies between a maximum upwelling of 0.4 mm s−1 during boreal winter and spring and a minimum of 0.2 mm s−1 during boreal summer. This variability seems to be due to small changes in the mean wind speed in the tropics. Seasonal variations in latent heating have only a relatively minor effect on seasonal variations in tropical tropopause upwelling. In addition, Kelvin waves drive a small downward component of the total circulation over the equator that may be modulated by the quasi-biennial oscillation.
Strengthening of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent in the SODA Reanalysis: Mechanisms, Ocean Dynamics, and Implications
Authors: Drenkard Elizabeth J. , Karnauskas Kristopher B.
Published: December 2013

Several recent studies utilizing global climate models predict that the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) will strengthen over the twenty-first century. Here, historical changes in the tropical Pacific are investigated using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis toward understanding the dynamics and mechanisms that may dictate such a change. Although SODA does not assimilate velocity observations, the seasonal-to-interannual variability of the EUC estimated by SODA corresponds well with moored observations over a ~20-yr common period. Long-term trends in SODA indicate that the EUC core velocity has increased by 16% century−1 and as much as 47% century−1 at fixed locations since the mid-1800s. Diagnosis of the zonal momentum budget in the equatorial Pacific reveals two distinct seasonal mechanisms that explain the EUC strengthening. The first is characterized by strengthening of the western Pacific trade winds and hence oceanic zonal pressure gradient during boreal spring. The second entails weakening of eastern Pacific trade winds during boreal summer, which weakens the surface current and reduces EUC deceleration through vertical friction. EUC strengthening has important ecological implications as upwelling affects the thermal and biogeochemical environment. Furthermore, given the potential large-scale influence of EUC strength and depth on the heat budget in the eastern Pacific, the seasonal strengthening of the EUC may help reconcile paradoxical observations of Walker circulation slowdown and zonal SST gradient strengthening. Such a process would represent a new dynamical “thermostat” on CO2-forced warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean, emphasizing the importance of ocean dynamics and seasonality in understanding climate change projections.
Temporal Downscaling of Daily Gauged Precipitation by Application of a Satellite Product for Flood Simulation in a Poorly Gauged Basin and Its Evaluation with Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: Ryo Masahiro , Saavedra Valeriano Oliver C. , Kanae Shinjiro , Ngoc Tinh Dang
Published: December 2013

The study demonstrates that the temporal downscaling of rain gauge–measured precipitation with satellite-based precipitation estimates enhances the accuracy of hydrological simulations, especially for flood duration. Multiple regression analysis was examined to predict which hydrometeorological parameters have a significant influence on accuracy. The approach was examined at the Hương River basin in Vietnam (1520 km2), which is a mountainous region subject to heavy rainfall. The multisensor algorithm Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation, version Moving Vector with Kalman (MVK; GSMaP_MVK; Psat), was employed to downscale the daily gauge precipitation measurements into 6-h time steps. Discharge in the rainy season in 2006–09 was simulated by a distributed hydrological model with 6-h time steps with four precipitation datasets: 6-h gauge (Pcontrol), daily uniform gauge (Puni), Psat, and the downscaled satellite product (Pds). Flood simulation with Pds performed better than that with Puni in 14 out of the 18 flood events, being close to the results with Pcontrol (median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies of 0.776, 0.261, and 0.710, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that the effectiveness of the downscaling method was significantly related to the bias and random errors of the satellite product. In conclusion, satellite-based precipitation measurements have potential for temporal downscaling of discharge simulations from daily to subdaily resolutions in moderate-sized watersheds that lack subdaily rainfall records, and the degree of simulation improvement can be estimated by statistical analysis. The suggested method can be broadly applied to watersheds where the daily precipitation is measured and when satellite-based precipitation measurements are available.
Using Growth Models to Measure School Performance
Authors: Ryser Gail R. , Rambo-Hernandez Karen E.
Published: December 2013

Using assessment data to determine student growth has become an integral part of the accountability movement, and researchers and educators are currently examining how new rules impact the academic assessment of gifted learners. In 2008, the Association for the Gifted’s Annual Symposium at the Council for Exceptional Children Convention focused on policy and legislative issues and their effects on gifted and talented students. One presentation in the symposium centered on the No Child Left Behind Growth Model Pilot Program (GMPP). This article provides an historical overview of the GMPP, describes the current use of growth models used by states for accountability purposes, defines measuring growth from a statistical modeling perspective, discusses implications for gifted learners who are above proficiency, and makes recommendations for policy makers and administrators to begin measuring growth.