bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prader‐Willi syndrome in old age
Authors: CARPENTER P. K.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. This case report describes a person with Prader‐Willi syndrome who recently died, aged 71 years. It is suggested that her longevity was helped by being female, with a moderate degree of mental handicap and a degree of weight control which reduced the problems of diabetes and hypertension.
Tentative classification of neuropsychiatric disturbances in Parader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: BARTOLUCCI G. , YOUNGER J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Prader‐Willi syndrome presents behavioural characteristics at the temperamental level which can be described as oppositional, explosive and at times antisocial. These traits may fluctuate and be driven by unknown biological factors as well environmental variables. Obsessive compulsive traits and other anxiety symptoms are also frequent. Delusional psychotic thinking is manifest in some cases, but may be latent in several such patients. A third set of manifestations is a ‘refusal‐lethargy’ syndrome of akinesis, refusal of food and drink, and soiling, which seems to be triggered by environmental circumstances but resembles the hypersomnic, lethargic depressions. These three sets of phenomena are documented through the clinical observation of nine cases and may be useful in the study of the genotype‐phenotype relationship in this and other syndromes, particularly those in which similar manifestations are observed and cyclic changes are seen. The use of drugs in this syndrome can also become more rational if this classification is used to identify clearer targets for treatment. The possibility that most manifestations of the syndrome may be an expression of a hyposerotonergic defect is suggested.
How do careers assess the severity of challenging behaviour? A total population study
Authors: Lowe K. , Felce D.
Published: July 2010

The severity of management problems of 13 types of problem behaviour presented by a total population sample of people with learning disabilities, as reported by their primary carers on eight separate assessments over 5 years, was examined. Three types of residential setting were represented: hospitals, family homes and community houses. The results showed a remarkable consistency in carers’ assessments of the severity of management problem posed to them. An association was found between the reported frequency of occurrence and the assessment of the severity of behaviours, with certain behaviours likely to be rated as severe regardless of the frequency with which they occurred. Differences between residential settings were found, with carers in family homes and community houses rating more behaviours as presenting severe management problems than carers in hospital. The results from this study and other studies which have examined the relative severity of different behaviour topographies are discussed.
Menopause in women with learning disabilities
Authors: Carr J. , Hollins S.
Published: July 2010

A brief questionnaire concerning previous and current menstrual status was sent to 280 women over the age of 35 on the Wandsworth Register for People with Leaming Disabilities: 196 questionnaires (70·4%) were returned. One hundred and seventy‐one were used in the analyses; 45 were from women with Down's syndrome. The results suggested that, compared with data on normal women, menopause may occur earlier in women with leaming disabilities and earlier still in women with Down's syndrome.
Attachment and learning disability: a theoretical review informing three clinical interventions
Authors: Clegg J. A. , Lansdall‐Welfare R.
Published: July 2010

Attachment theory makes sense of two phenomena observed in some people with learning disabilities: it provides a reason for their limited exploration of the world, and it explains discontinuities in the pattern and intensity of their expressions of anger. Applying this framework to three enmeshed relationships occurring between an adult with learning disabilities and a member of care staff achieved at least partial resolution of their problems. Attachment theory's critics have set a number of challenges for its proponents, including emphasizing an interactional rather than a unidirectional approach to relationships; prioritizing social context; and understanding the attachment dynamic dimensionally rather than as a set of categories. The latter issue is pertinent for residential services: facilitating secure attachment relationships for distressed clients may be difficult for professionals, but partial assuagement of their attachment needs is a realistic clinical goal.
Response biases in interviews of individuals with limited mental ability
Authors: Heal L W. , Sigelman C. K.
Published: July 2010

The validity of responses by individuals with mental retardation during interviews is threatened by a number of biases. Acquiescence (the disposition to answer ‘yes’ regardless of the question asked) is a commonly observed response bias committed by respondents to questionnaires and interviews, and this disposition is significantly more pronounced when persons of low status are questioned by high‐status interviewers. Research on the acquiescence bias suggests that it can be reduced in mentally retarded respondents by replacing the usual ‘yes/no’ question format with an ‘either/or’ format. Enhancing the either/or choices with accompanying picture representations of each choice is beneficial in increasing mentally retarded subjects’ responding and in reducing their tendency to choose the latter of two either/ or choices.‘Nay‐saying’(the disposition to say ‘no’ regardless of the question asked), while less common than ‘yea‐saying’(i.e. than acquiescence), has also been noted in response to certain question formats and taboo topics. This review implies that the validity of an interview with respondents of limited intelligence depends greatly on the format of its questions.
Beliefs and emotional reactions of care staff working with people with challenging behaviour
Authors: Bromley J. , Emerson E.
Published: July 2010

Information collected in the context of a survey of all people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour in a single metropolitan borough indicated: (1) care staff report that a significant proportion of their colleagues usually display such emotional reactions as sadness, despair, anger, annoyance, fear and disgust to episodes of challenging behaviour; (2) respondents reported that the most significant sources of stress associated with caring for someone with challenging behaviour centred upon the ‘daily grind’ of caring, their difficulty in understanding the person's behaviour, the unpredictability of the behaviour and the apparent absence of an effective way forward; (3) care staff attribute the causes of the person's challenging behaviour to a diversity of internal psychological, broad environmental, behavioural and medical factors. These results are discussed in relation to their implications for staff‐seeking and implementing external advice regarding the management of challenging behaviour.
Experienced and inexperienced health care workers’ beliefs about challenging behaviours
Authors: Hastings R. P. , Remington B. , Hopper G. M.
Published: July 2010

Within a behavioural framework, staff responses to challenging behaviours have been Identified as likely to ensure the long‐term maintenance of such behaviour. However, little has been done to understand why staff behave as they do. The present paper hypothesized that staff's beliefs about the causes of challenging behaviours may be an important factor in determining staff responses to it. Beliefs about causes of three topographies of challenging behaviour (self‐injury, stereotypy and aggression) were elicited from 148 experienced and 98 inexperienced institutional staff and nursing students using a questionnaire measure. Results showed that experienced participants held beliefs that were more consistent with contemporary theories of challenging behaviours than inexperienced participants. Experienced participants also distinguished between the behaviours in terms of their causes. These data were interpreted as reflerting a ‘needs‐based’ rather than a ‘functional’ approach to intervention for challenging behaviours. Implications for staff training, community living and future research on staff behaviour were briefly considered.
Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder and familial learning disability associated with temporal lobe (occipitotemporal gyrus) cortical dysplasia
Authors: Raghavan R. , Day K. A. , Perry R. H.
Published: July 2010

This case report describes a hitherto unreported association between temporal cortical dysplasia and rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in a learning disabled young man with a family history of rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in two dysmorphic and learning disabled maternal uncles, and probably learning disability in the mother and grandmother. An identical family with similar findings could not be located in the English literature.
The use of a low phenylalanine diet in response to the challenging behaviour of a man with untreated phenylketonuria and profound learning disabilities
Authors: Harvey E. L. , Kirk S. F.
Published: July 2010

If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not treated from an early age with a reduced phenylalanine diet, irreversible brain damage may occur. Although dietary intervention can do nothing to alter this impairment once it occurs, there is some evidence to suggest that a low phenylalanine diet may help to reduce the level of behavioural disturbances frequently experienced by people with untreated PKU. Using this evidence, dietary intervention was used in response to the challenging behaviour of a 30‐year‐old man with profound learning disabilities. Initial improvements were observed, but overall the results were inconclusive. Possible confounding factors are discussed. An unusual reaction to neuroleptic medication whilst on the diet is also documented.
Obstetric factors in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high‐functioning autism
Authors: Ghaziuddin M. , Shakal J. , Tsai L
Published: July 2010

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder widely regarded as a mild variant of autism. To investigate if AS is associated with a history of fewer obstetric insults compared to autism, we examined the developmental history and obstetric records of 10 males with AS (mean full scale IQ 95.3), and compared them with 10 autistic males with a full scale IQ of 70 or above (so‐called high‐functioning autism; mean full scale IQ 82.6). Males with AS showed a trend toward lower Apgar scores at one minute (chi‐square=4; df=l; P=0.04) and were more likely to have been born to mothers outside the optimal age group of 20–30 years (chi‐square=5; df= 1; P=0.02). They were also less likely to have been irritable and floppy as infants (chi‐square=3.8; df= I; P=0.05). However, the total optimality scores did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Symptoms of major depression in mentally retarded adults*
Authors: Meins W.
Published: July 2010

A total of 32 mentally retarded adults currently suffering from major depression were examined for the prevalence of typical and atypical depressive symptoms. In contrast to persons with severe mental handicap, all those with mild handicap could be assessed using almost all DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria, A depressive syndrome with increased irritableness and psychomotor agitation was found in more cases of severe than mild handicap. Both groups revealed atypical symptoms; these were more frequent amongst the severely handicapped. The atypical symptoms were mosdy emerged or increased behaviour problems, and rarely a loss of adaptive behaviour. The onset of new behaviour problems appeared equally in both groups, whereas an increase in existing behaviour problems seems typical for severe handicapped subjects. The diagnosis of major depression in mentally retarded adults should consider these features.
Methodological aspects of life events research in people with learning disabilities: a review and initial findings
Authors: Nadarajah J. , Roy A. , Harris T. O. , Corbett J. A.
Published: July 2010

A review of the life events studies relevant to people with leaming disabilities is discussed. Issues surrounding the collection of information by using a structured interview method as set out in the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule Manual and the adjustment of threat rating to accommodate the perspective of people with leaming disabilities are presented as a result of conducting a pilot study. The importance of using a probing interview style in contrast to a checklist method and eliciting the parents/carers’ perception of events is emphasized.
Theories of ability and the pursuit of challenge among adolescents with mild mental retardation
Authors: Koestner R. , Aube J. , Ruttner J. , Breed S.
Published: July 2010

Dweck (1991) distinguishes two different ways children can view their abilities. Children who have an ‘incremental theory’ of their ability believe that it is a changeable, increasable and controllable quantity. Those who have an ‘entity theory’ believe their ability represents a fixed, unchangeable trait. Children with an ‘incremental theory’ tend to display adaptive achievement behaviours such as pursuing challenging activities, whereas children with an ‘entity theory’ tend to avoid challenges. The present study examined the usefulness of this distinction in understanding the behaviour and affect of children with mental retardation in an achievement situation. Results from an attdbutional questionnaire showed that children with mental retardation were significantly less likely to possess an incremental theory of their abilities than children without retardation. However, experimental results showed that when the context highlighted an incremental theory of ability, children with mental retardation showed the same positive motivational response as children without retardation (i.e. they chose high levels of challenge and reported greater interest‐enjoyment). One unexpected finding emerged: children with mental retardation showed a tendency to choose lower challenge levels after no‐reinforcement condition, and actually showed the least productivity under conditions of externally imposed reinforcement. Thus, encouraging an incremental theory of ability and a capacity to provide self‐reinforcement would seem to be especially important among individuals with mental retardation, because it may help to break the cycle of dependency on the approval of others.

The present authors' experimental design could have been improved by the inclusion of (i) manipulation checks, and (2) a second control group of children without mental retardation who were matched for chronological age with the children with mental retardation. The self‐report measures should have been expanded to include Dweck's measure of theories of intelligence, and perhaps, Haywood and Svitzky's Picture Motivation Scale. The level of challenge measure could have been made more sensitive by increasing the number of options available (e.g. a seven‐point rather than three‐point scale). Finally, multiple performance trials could have been used along with process measures of children's confidence in, and theories about, their ability. Such a design would allow us to more clearly identify the causal relations among the experimental manipulations, children's internal beliefs, and their subsequent behavior and affect.
Alpha2 macroglobulin elevation without an acute phase response in depressed adults with Down's syndrome: implications*
Authors: Tsiouris J. A. , Mehta P. D. , Patti P. J. , Madrid R. E. , Raguthu S. , Barshatzky M. R. , Cohen I. L. , Sersen E.
Published: July 2010

Studies of immune function during depression in persons without intellectual disability (ID) have revealed elevated levels of α2 macroglobulin (α2M) and an acute phase protein (APP) response. Clinical observation suggests that people with Down's syndrome (DS) may have associated genetic abnormalities in their immune systems. The APP response and α2M changes in depressed versus non‐depressed adults with DS was the subject of the present study. The serum pan‐proteinase inhibitor α2M, and the AP proteins c‐reactive protein (CRP), α1 antitrypsin (α1AT), ceruloplasmin (Cp), β2 Macroglobulin (β2M), transthyretin (Trans), serum amyloid protein (SAP), and albumin (Alb) were measured in 38 adults with DS, 19 of whom were diagnosed with and 19 without depression using a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The DSM‐IV criteria were used for diagnoses. Medical and neurological examinations excluded medical disorders associated with APP response. Only α2M and CRP were significantly different in the depressed versus non‐depressed groups. The α2M was higher, a response similar to one observed in depressed people without ID, but the CRP was lower in the depressed group, especially in those subjects not on psychotropic medications, contrary to the expected APP response to depression. The results suggest that α2M elevation in depressed adults with DS is independent of the APP response. An alternative explanation for its elevation is proposed linking the core symptom of depression with the mammalian dormancy/hibernation process. Further studies are needed to confirm that α2M elevation is specific to depression and that it might provide a helpful marker for the diagnosis of depression in people with ID.
Risk factors for injuries and falls among adults with developmental disabilities
Authors: Hsieh K. , Heller T. , Miller A. B.
Published: July 2010

The present study was designed to identify risk factors for injuries including falls and non fall‐related injuries among adults with developmental disabilities. The following variables were examined as potential risk factors: age, gender, level of intellectual disability, health, seizures, ambulatory status, adaptive and maladaptive behaviours, use of antipsychotic drugs, and type of residential setting. The subjects were 268 adults with developmental disabilities ≥30 years of age. A total of 30 participants (11%) were reported to have injuries. Over 50% of injuries were caused by falls. Individuals who had a higher frequency of seizures, had more destructive behaviour and used antipsychotic drugs had the highest risk of injuries. A sub‐analysis of fall‐related injuries indicated that individuals who were ≥70 years of age, ambulatory and had a higher frequency of seizures had the highest risk of injurious falls. Adaptive behaviour, destructive behaviour and physical health were positively related to non‐fall‐related injuries. Individuals with developmental disabilities who have better health and greater adaptive behaviour may be more active, and therefore, at an increased risk of non‐fall‐related injuries.
Cause‐specific mortality of people with intellectual disability in a population‐based, 35‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Patja K. , Mölsä P. , Iivanainen M.
Published: July 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate cause‐specific mortality in people with intellectual disability (ID). It was based on a 35‐year follow‐up study of a nation‐wide population of 2369 subjects aged between 2 and 97 years. The 1095 deceased people had accumulated 64 539 person‐years. The research took the form of a prospective cohort study with mortality follow‐up. Observed and expected deaths were calculated as standardized mortality ratios using the Finnish general population as the reference. Cause‐specific mortality ratios were calculated by the level of ID, sex and age. The three most common causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and neoplasms. Disease mortality was high up to 40 years of age, but did not increase thereafter. The difference between sexes in cause‐specific mortality was smaller than in the general population. Cause‐specific mortality differed significantly from the general population, with reduced mortality from neoplasms and external causes, but ageing individuals with mild ID had similar mortality patterns to the general population. The disparities in the cause‐specific mortality between younger people with ID and the general population fade with advancing age, producing similar health risks. In preventative work, special attention should focus on common diseases and accidents in the community.
Molecular identification of weedy Sporobolus species by PCR‐RFLP
Authors: SHRESTHA S , GRAHAM G C , LOCH D S , ADKINS S W
Published: July 2010

Shrestha S, Graham GC, Loch DS & Adkins SW (2010). Molecular identification of weedy Sporobolus species by PCR‐RFLP. Weed Research.50, 383–387.

Identification of the five noxious weedy Sporobolus species from non‐weedy and native species in Australia is extremely difficult. Furthermore, seeds of these species, which are found in commercial seed lots, are morphologically indistinguishable. The lack of a reliable identification protocol is contributing to the rapid spread of these noxious weedy species within Australia. A polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism approach carried out on nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was used to create a molecular diagnostic tool. To develop this tool, 40 ITS sequences generated from 14 Sporobolus species were used. A restriction enzyme (MvnI) was identified which could cut the ITS sequences from the noxious weedy species into two approximately equal fragments, while not cutting those from all other species. When tested on 23 randomly selected seed samples, identification was accomplished with 100% accuracy, suggesting a possible application in seed certification programmes.
Tumor‐specific Active Enhancement of a Murine Sarcoma
Authors: BLOOM EDA T. , HILDEMANN W. H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract ‐ Immunological enhancement of a methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma of recent origin was studied in isogeneic C57BL/10 mice. Tumor growth was enhanced by either active pre‐immunization with viable cells or passive transfer of serum from resistant hosts. Enhancement was evidenced by significantly more rapid tumor growth in treated animals relative to growth in controls. Active enhancement was immunologically specific and was contingent upon proper combinations of cell dosage and timing of challenge. Tumor‐specific antibodies were detected in vitro with a cytotoxic microassay in sera of mice having actively enhanced tumor growth. The precise mechanism of enhancement remains conjectural, with evidence suggesting contributions by both central and peripheral mechanisms.
Standardization and Stability of Platelet Suspensions in the Complement‐Fixation Test for HL‐A Antigens
Authors: SMITH GEORGE S. , WALFORD ROY L.
Published: July 2010

A simple spectrophotometric method of standardization of platelet suspensions is described which demonstrates an initial gradual change in optical density for 4 days followed by a stable light transmittance for up to 2 years. Hence standardization is possible at any suspension age. Several series of microcomplement‐fixation tests are presented which characterize the slow deterioration of antigenic strength of these suspensions, with good reactions still obtained on suspensions almost 2 years old when strong antisera are investigated.
The Influence of Histocompatibility upon the Corneal Immune Reaction after Interlamellar Allótransplantation in Rabbits
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , AHRONS STEEN
Published: July 2010

The influence of the RL‐A (R abbit L eukocyte — locus A) histocompatibility system upon the corneal immune response to interlamellar allotransplantation was studied in 75 rabbits. The evaluation of histocompatibility was based upon reactions with 18 different lymphocytotoxic rabbit isoantisera obtained by pairwise immunization of outbred rabbits. These sera were tested against pure lymphocyte suspensions from the potential corneal donors and recipients.

The evaluation of the immune reaction was performed by clinical observation, by photographs, and histologically in sections of the eyes and in conjunctival scrapings.

The immune reaction to allotransplantation was weak and consisted of lymphocyte infiltration around the graft. Immune reaction was seen only in histoincompatible transplantations, compatible ones showed no reaction. The lymphocyte infiltrations were more pronounced when the noncompatible animals were presensitized by donor skin grafts. In contrast to this no reaction could be produced in compatible animals presensitized by donor skin grafts. Histocompatibility evaluation may be of clinical importance in corneal transplantations if the recipients have been presensitized to histocompatibility antigens by previous transplantations, transfusions, or pregnancies, especially if the recipient cornea is vascularized.
The HL‐A System: Antigenic Heterogeneity and Four New Antigens
Authors: THORSBY E. , BRATLIE A. , MAYR W. , SPARCK J. , SVEJGAARD A. , KJERBYE K. E. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: July 2010

Four new antigens of the second HL—A series are reported. They were established by means of lymphocytotoxic and platelet complement‐fixing antisera, and they behaved in population and family studies as determined by alleles at the second HL—A sublocus. It was found that three of them were parts of a previously assumed monofactorial antigen: SL. The antigen SL thus is heterogeneous, as also seems to be true of several other HL—A antigens. If all HL—A genetic determinants presently identified in our laboratories are taken into account, 18,145 different genotypes are possible. Implications of heterogeneous HL—A antigens for histocompatibility testing and matching are discussed.
HL‐A Antibodies: Influence on the Human Foetus
Authors: AHRONS S.
Published: July 2010

Sera from 1,726 pregnant women were investigated for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The incidence of antibodies was found to increase significantly with parity. No deleterious effect of maternal HL—A antibodies upon the foetus were found.

A total of 113 Rh‐immunized women delivering Rh‐positive children were investigated for the presence of HL‐A antibodies. The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was significantly higher than among non‐Rh‐immunized women. No correlation were found between demonstrable maternal HL—A immunization and the degree of the haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh antibodies.
Identification of Two Determinants Included in “Antigen” HL‐A‐10 (TO 31 and TO 40) and of a New Family of Cross‐reacting Specificities (HL‐A1,11, TO 30,31,40)
Authors: RICHIARDI P. , CURTONI E. S. , PIAZZA A. , MATTIUZ L.
Published: July 2010

A new family of cross‐reacting HL—A specificities is described. Sera obtained from a multiparous woman and four polytransfused individuals identify three antigenic determinants belonging to the first HL—A segregant series: TO 30 (gene frequency .0446), TO 31 (gene frequency .0150), and TO 40.

Serological, familial, and population analysis shows that (A) the specificities TO 31 and TO 40 are included in HL—A10; (B) TO 30 is probably identical to Ao 28 (from Amos); (C) TO 30, TO 31, TO 40, HL—A1, and HL—A11 are a group of cross‐reacting specificities of the first HL—A series.
The Immune Reactivity of Heterologous Antisera Against a Solubilized Human Lymphoid Membrane Component
Authors: EINSTEIN A. B. , MANN D. L. , GORDON H. G. , FAHEY J. L.
Published: July 2010

Purified HL‐A antigen bearing cell membrane components were prepared from human lymphoid cells by papain digestion and physicochemical fractionation. Rabbits immunized with these components produced antisera which had high cytotoxic titers against human lymphoid cells and other human tissue culture cells. The cytotoxicity was inhibited only by those membrane fractions which contained HL‐A activity. Absorption and cytotoxicity inhibition studies showed that the antisera possessed antibodies against antigens shared by humans and monkeys, antigens common to different human tissues, lymphoid antigens and allotypic antigens.

To determine if the heterologous antisera reacted with immunoglobulin‐like receptor sites on the lymphoid cell surface, purified human immunoglobulins were tested for their ability to inhibit the cytotoxic antisera. The evidence obtained from complement and noncomplement dependent systems indicated that the surface components recognized by the antisera did not include immunoglobulins. Addition of IgM to the complement dependent cytotoxicity assay, however, did interfere with the reaction by binding complement.
Leukocyte Antigens of Rhesus Monkeys (RhL‐A) and Chimpanzees (ChL‐A): Similarities with the Human HL‐A System
Authors: BALNER H. , VAN LEEUWEN A. , VREESWIJK W. v. , DERSJANT H. , VAN ROOD J. J.
Published: July 2010

The current state of tissue typing in Rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees is described. Data are presented, suggesting that the antigens of the Rhesus monkey's major histocompatibility system (RhL‐A) may well be controlled by two closely linked series of allelic genes, as is also the case for the human HL‐A system. Furthermore, methods for the production of typing reagents of high specificity by planned inter‐sib immunizations are described.

For chimpanzees, advantages in the use of the complement‐fixation test are emphasized. Specificities previously established with a microcytotoxicity method seem to be better defined if the complement‐fixation test is used. The currently known specificities of the chimpanzee's major histocompatibility system (ChL‐A) were once again compared with the human HL‐A system. Several new similarities between both systems are reported. These similarities confirm the phylogenetic closeness between chimpanzee and man and reflect on the evolution of the human HL‐A system.
Inhibition of the Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Response by Antibody Following Successful Human Renal Transplantation
Authors: HATTLER BRACK G. , KARESH CHARLES , MILLER JOSHUA
Published: July 2010

Immunoglobulin G, appearing after several months in the serum of a recipient of a successful kidney transplant from a closely matched sibling donor, was demonstrated to progressively inhibit unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures when donor lymphocytes were used either in responding or stimulating cell populations. The active recipient IgG had no effect in cultures in which donor cells were not used, nor did IgG obtained from other individuals show nonspecific inhibitory effects on cultures containing donor cells. It is suggested that the MLC inhibitory immunoglobulin may serve an immunoregulatory function after renal transplantation.
MLC Between Two HL‐A Identical Siblings and a Recombinant
Authors: SACHS J. A. , WOLF EVA , FESTENSTEIN H.
Published: July 2010

The genotype of an Austrian family tissue typed in Vienna in 1970 is given in Table 1 ‐ one sibling inherited a recombinant chromosome from his father and differed with respect to the FOUR end of the HL‐A chromosome from two HL‐A identical siblings. More recently, the whole family was reinvestigated with a view to 1) confirming the HL‐A genotypes, 2) undertaking mixed lymphocyte cultures between the recombinant and the two HL‐A identical siblings, 3) performing a variety of serological and biochemical tests to facilitate the investigation of linkage studies. We report the results of the first two investigations.
A Study of Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Multiparous Women Having Had At Least Four Pregnancies
Authors: TONGIO M. M. , BERREBI A. , MAYER S.
Published: July 2010

The study of anti‐HL‐A immunization was carried out on 26 sera taken from multiparous women who had had at least 4 pregnancies and who had never been transfused. In 20 of these cases, it was possible to define the HL‐A phenotype of the husband and wife. As many well‐defined sera were detected in multiparous women as in primiparous women. However, persistence of antibodies from one pregnancy to another can make the sera of the multiparous women more polyspecific than the sera of the primiparous women. One cross‐reaction was described between the W14, HL‐A5 and W5 antigens, and the cross‐reaction between the HL‐A7 and HL‐A8 antigens was confirmed.
HL‐A Antigens and Antibodies in South African Indians
Authors: HAMMOND M. G. , APPADOO B. , BRAIN P.
Published: July 2010

The Indian population of South Africa has been found to have a higher frequency of the antigens HL‐A5 and W5 than do either Caucasians or Bantu. Some antisera that appeared to be good anti‐HL‐A5 or anti‐W5 in South African Caucasians gave anomalous results when tested in Indians. The sera of 1,000 Indian women were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies and those sera found to contain antibodies were tested in parallel with known antisera against the cells of 150 Indians.

We tested for 10 antigens at the first locus, HL‐A1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, W28, W19, Te63 (= W19–1) and Te66 (= W19–4) and at the second locus for 12 antigens, HL‐A5, 7, 8, 12, 13, W5, W14, W15, W17, W22, W27 and W10.

The frequency of HL‐A1 is 22%, which agrees with the Caucasian origin of the Indian population. There apparently are subdivisions of HL‐A5 and W5, and one serum was found to be a “short” W10. HL‐A11 has a relatively high frequency in Indians and may also be subdivided.
The Distribution of HL‐A Antigens in the Coastal Populations of Papua New Guinea
Authors: TING A. , JAMES MARIE , WOODFIELD D. G. , MORRIS P. J.
Published: July 2010

The frequencies of 21 HL‐A antigens were studied in an indigenous population of 247 people from the coastal regions of Papua New Guinea and the surrounding islands. The antigens HL‐A9,10,11 (first series) and HL‐A13, W10, W22 (second series) occurred with high frequencies. Twelve of the 21 antigens were either not found or occurred with a frequency of less than 10%. The population studied was classified into 12 Administrative Districts according to birthplace. Variations in antigen frequencies were noted between the different Districts. This variation can be attributed to random genetic drift, gene flow from other ethnic groups, or a combination of both. The genetic distance between three of the Districts (Milne Bay, Central, and Gulf) were calculated. These results were consistent with the geographic relationship of the three Districts.
A Serological, Clinical and Morphological Study of Eight Kidney Grafts in Three Patients
Authors: JOYSEY V. C. , EVANS D. B. , MILLARD P. R. , HERBERTSON B. M.
Published: July 2010

Three patients with end stage renal failure are presented; the first received 2 and the second and third patients each received 3 kidney grafts. All three patients were given multiple blood transfusions and after the first graft all produced demonstrable cytotoxic antibody. A serological analysis is presented showing that Patient 1 produced antibody of additional HL—A specificity to the incompatibilities present in his two grafts, suggesting that multiple blood transfusions had formed a significant stimulus.

In Patient 1 a strongly positive cross match was present with lymphocytes of the second donor and the second kidney was hyperacutely rejected. With the second and third kidneys of Patient 2 and the second kidney of Patient 3 the cross match was weakly positive and the kidneys did not achieve significant function and had to be removed at 10, 7 and 3 weeks respectively because of rejection. The third allograft kidney of Patient 3 appeared to have 4 antigens in common with the recipient and was serologically HL—A identical on all sera tested. The cross match was unequivocally negative and 61/2 months after transplantation the kidney continues to function well with standard immunosuppressive therapy.
A Simple Method of Freezing and Storing Live Lymphocytes
Authors: WOOD NANCY , BASHIR HELEN , GREALLY J. , AMOS D. B. , YUNIS E. J.
Published: July 2010

A simple method of freezing lymphocytes requiring a cryoprotective medium consisting of glucose, MEM, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and an ultra‐low freezer to freeze and store the lymphocytes is described. The thawed lymphocytes following 2 weeks' to 5 months' storage were found to be useful for HL—A antibody screening, HL—A typing, and PHA stimulation.
A Combined Dye Exclusion (Trypan Blue) and Fluorochromatic Technique for the Microdroplet Lymphocytotoxicity Test
Authors: FONG R. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: July 2010

A combined dye exclusion (Trypan Blue) and fluorochromatic technique for lymphocytotoxicity test is described. The technique allows the test to be read either as a dye exclusion or a fluorochromatic assay as required, and is found to be useful for typing lymphocyte samples with a high background of killed cells present. It is suggested that frozen lymphocytes, as well as samples which are shipped from one laboratory to another over a long distance and thus easily subjected to inadvertent damage during transit, should be labelled with Fluorescein Diacetate prior to their typing using the combined technique.
Renal Transplantation in Rabbits. VIII: The Relationship between Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies, Renal IgG Deposits and the Renal Allograft Reaction in Rabbits Sensitized by Multiple Skin Grafts
Authors: AHRONS S. , LUND B.
Published: July 2010

The development of lymphocytotoxic antibodies during sensitization by two to nine skin grafts from the same donor has been followed weekly or biweekly for up to 6 months. A total of 438 serum samples from 46 rabbits sensitized with 250 skin grafts were studied. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were demonstrable in all but four rabbits. Peak activity was generally reached 8 weeks after the first skin graft and after transplantation of from 4 to 6 skin grafts. Prolongation of the period of sensitization and increase in the number of skin grafts did not result in higher antibody titre or a more constant antibody level, but sera reacted with lymphocytes from a greater number of rabbits. Early appearance of neutrophils or of multiple glomerular microthromboses in small intrarenal blood vessels or glomerular capillaries, indicating severe allograft reaction, were observed in 17 out of 43 primary kidney allografts into presensitized rabbits. A further 7 allografts were removed 2–6 hours after re‐establishment of blood circulation because of clinical signs of rejection, but these grafts showed no histologic lesions. Neither the titre of cytotoxic antibodies at the time of operation nor the maximum titre of antibodies found during the whole observation period were correlated to the severity of the allograft reaction. Long term sensitization did not result in a significantly higher frequency of severe allograft reactions than did short term sensitization.
Tissue Typing Antisera from Immunization by Pregnancy
Authors: STASTNY PETER
Published: July 2010

Anti‐HL‐A antibodies developing during pregnancy were investigated and identified in 1400 pregnancy sera. Of these 169 (12 %) were observed to be strongly reactive with at least 1 out of 20 lymphocytes. A panel of 33 lymphocyte donors phenotyped for 22 HL‐A antigens was used for the determination of antibody specificity in the reactive sera. During this investigation 11 sera showing a perfect or almost perfect correlation with one known HL‐A specificity were identified. Fifteen other useful sera showed correlation with more than one HL‐A specificity. Eight additional sera reacted with patterns that did not fit a defined group but suggested the possibility of reactions with as yet unidentified HL‐A antigens. The results of this study demonstrate that the development of tissue typing reagents from pregnancy sera in a clinical tissue typing laboratory can be highly productive.
The Heterophile Reaction between Anti‐Mouse Thymocyte Sera and Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: BRADLEY B. A. , BARNES A. D.
Published: July 2010

Antisera raised in rabbits and immunosuppressive to mouse thymocytes were examined for their content of antibodies to specificities shared with sheep erythrocytes. The level of antibodies with this specificity was much higher than in corresponding preimmune sera. Both haemagglutinin and haemolysin assays suggested the presence of more than one biological type and class of antibody. Although heterophile haemolysin titres failed to correlate with lymphocytotoxicity titres, they did reflect immunosuppressive potency in vivo. Furthermore, absorption of an immunosuppressive antiserum reduced its potency. The data strongly suggest that antibody with this specificity is one of a number of specificities which are important in the mouse.
The Use of Computer Programs for Tissue Typing and Immunogenetic Research
Authors: ALBERT E. , MICKEY M. R. , TERASAKI P. I.
Published: July 2010

Experience in the use of electronic data processing for tissue typing and immunogenetic research is presented and some of the important features of typing programs are discussed. The cell typing program is set up for the use of updated serum information. It forms the basis for a summary analysis of the 2 × 2 tables which includes correlation coefficients, phenotype frequencies, gene frequencies, haplotype frequencies, and the linkage disequilibrium parameter (delta). A minimumX2program is described for the test of the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium and for the estimate of gene frequencies. The family analysis lists the sera according to the different backcrosses and according to the specificities, and assigns the paternal chromosomes to the offspring.

The sera typing program gives criteria for sera selection: strength of reaction, frequency and false positive and negative reactions in relation to the typed specificity. The detection of new antigens is described in a few theoretical examples.
Studies on Recombination within the Mouse H‐2 Complex
Authors: DAVID C. S. , SHREFFLER D. C.
Published: July 2010

Detailed serological analyses of four intra‐H—2 recombinants for 20 H—2 alloantigenic specificities were conducted. The H—2 alloantigenic profiles of these recombinants and resulting assignments to the H—2 genetic fine structure map are presented.
Quantitation of Partially Purified H‐2 Antigens by Micro‐Complement Fixation
Authors: ALSPAUGH MARGARET A. , DAVIS WILLIAM C.
Published: July 2010

The micro‐complement fixation test has been evaluated as an assay method for monitoring the purification of H‐2 antigens. Antigens were extracted from spleen and tumor cell membranes with 3 M potassium chloride. The extracted antigens were measured in micro‐complement fixation tests with polyspecific and monospecific anti‐H‐2 alloantisera at two steps in the purification process. In the initial steps of purification, partial complement fixation curves were obtained with H‐2 antigens from spleen cells of three strains of mice and a complete curve with antigens from tumor cells. Antigens from spleen and tumor cells were measured also following separation on Sephadex G‐200 and G‐75. The data indicate that micro‐complement fixation can be used as a direct, sensitive assay system for the purification of major histocompatibility antigens.
Cross‐Reactivity of Primate Alloantigens: Absorption of Anti‐HL‐A Reactivity from Human Alloantisera by Chimpanzee Lymphocytes
Authors: Ward F. E. , Seigler H. F. , Metzgar R. S. , Reid D. M.
Published: July 2010

Similarity between human and chimpanzee alloantigens was investigated by absorbing human alloantisera with chimpanzee lymphocytes and testing the absorbed antisera with appropriate HL–A‐phenotyped human lymphocytes. Chimpanzee lymphocytes were consistently negative in cytotoxicity assays with monospecific human HL–A2, 3, 9, and 13 antisera. Chimpanzee lymphocytes failed to remove reactivity for these specificities in absorption studies. Positive cytotoxic reactions were observed with chimpanzee lymphocytes and anti‐HL–A1, 11, 12, and W27 human alloantisera. Absorption with chimpanzee lymphocytes removed reactivity removed reactivity for these specificities as shown by tests with human lymphocytes of the appropriate HL–A phenotype. Non‐specific absorption or a CYNAP‐type phenomenon was seen in chimpanzee lymphocyte absorptions with anti‐HL–A1, 5, and 11 antisera.
Cold Lymphocytotoxins in Infections and Parasitic Infestations
Authors: Mayer S. , Falkenrodt A. , Tongio M. M.
Published: July 2010

‘Cold’lymphocytotoxins were studied in sera of viral infections (mumps, influenza, rubella, herpes, infectious mononucleosis), Rickettsia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and sera from infestations by toxoplasmosis, by endointestinal parasites and parasites with tissue migration. All sera positive at + 37° C were eliminated. A score was established in order to compare the sera with each other. The frequency of ‘cold’cytotoxins varies according to the type of infection under study. It is especially high in infectious mononucleosis, mumps, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and migrating parasite infestations. In these same disorders, the greatest number of high scores can be found (a single exception being the high scores in herpes). According to the serum, cold cytotoxins give every possible score for the same disease. Thus, it would seem that the same antibodies are always involved, but in varying degrees of strength.
HL‐A Frequencies in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Säfwenberg J. , Lindblom J. B. , Osterman P.‐O.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐two patients with Myasthenia Gravis have been HL–A typed. Gene and phenotype frequencies have been calculated and compared with those of a normal population. A significantly increased HL–A8 frequency was found, gene frequency 0.2762 compared with 0.1000 in the control group (P < 0.023). Increased HL–A8 frequencies have also been found by other authors.
Lack of Association between Carcinoma of the Breast and HL‐A Specificities
Authors: Martz Eric , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: July 2010

Forty‐eight patients with carcinoma of the breast and 122 controls from the Boston area were typed for 24 HL–A specificities. Types were assigned objectively by a computer program, and two controls were matched to each of 40 breast cancer patients on the basis of the countries of origin of the patients’ ancestors or race. Our data fail to confirm an association of HL–A7 with breast cancer suggested by the data of Patel and coworkers (1972) who typed 52 patients from the Boston area. In the present study, no HL–A specificity or pairs of specificities were found to be significantly more or less frequent in breast cancer patients than in controls.
Inhibition of the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction by Sera from Multipara
Authors: Robert M. , Betuel H. , Revillard J. P.
Published: July 2010

The effects of alloantisera on lymphocyte proliferation were studied in 45 multipara. Lymphocytes from mother (M), father (F) and unrelated person (U) were typed for HL–A specificities and cultured in bilateral and unilateral MLC comparatively in mother's and father's sera. Statistical analysis of these paired cultures demonstrated an inhibitory effect of mother's sera in 16 cases. Blocking factors were directed against stimulator as well as against responding lymphocytes. In most cases this effect was observed in the absence of detectable cytotoxic antibodies. PHA response was but slightly affected. The blocking effect was often directed against unrelated lymphocytes, which did not share evident HL–A specificities with the father. The possible heterogeneity of antibodies blocking the MLC and the diversity of their mode of action are outlined.
HL‐A Antigens in Retinoblastoma
Authors: Bertrams J. , Schildberg P. , Höpping W. , Böhme U. , Albert E.
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐one HL–A antigens of the first and the second HL–A series have been studied in a total of 122 German children with retinoblastoma and in 64 families. The frequency of antigen W5 was significantly increased (P < 0.001) and that of HL–A12 was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in the patients than in healthy controls. The presence of W5 and the absence of HL–A12 may be among the factors influencing the penetrance of the retinoblastoma allele (hereditary form) or could in some way produce, together with several other unknown factors, an increased susceptibility to the disease, possibly through a defect in the immune response towards the tumor. Such correlations, however, must be very complex, since segregation analysis and family studies of patients with the hereditary and the nonhereditary form of the tumor failed to demonstrate clear‐cut correlations between HL–A antigens and the incidence of the tumor.