bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrieval Analysis of Total Disc Replacements: Implications for Standardized Wear Testing
Authors: Kurtz S , Siskey R , Ciccarelli L , van Ooij A , Peloza J , Villarraga M
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear and surface damage mechanisms of polyethylene in retrieved CHARITE total disc replacements. The retrieved implants showed evidence of adhesive/abrasive wear mechanisms in the central domed region of the implants. In addition, there was also evidence of macroscopic rim damage, including radial cracking, plastic deformation, and third body damage. The retrieved total disc replacements (TDRs) displayed surface damage observed previously in both hip and knee replacements. The information from this study will be useful for engineers seeking to adequately replicate long-term, clinically relevant damage modes of TDRs using in vitro testing methods.
Estimation of the Osteolytic Potential of Noncrosslinked and Crosslinked Polyethylenes and Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Prostheses
Authors: Tipper JL , Galvin AL , Ingham E , Fisher J
Published: September 2009

There is currently considerable interest in the wear debris and osteolytic potential of different types of bearings used in total joint replacements. The aim of this study was first to characterize the wear and wear particles generated from two different grades of UHMWPE acetabular cups with different levels of crosslinking in a hip joint simulator. Secondly, the results for the polyethylenes were compared to an alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prosthesis. The wear rates of the two noncrosslinked material types were very similar at 49±8 mm3 per million cycles for the GUR 1020 and 45.6±1.4 mm3 per million cycles for the GUR 1050. Moderate crosslinking (4 MRad) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the wear rate of the GUR 1020 material by 30 % to 35±9 mm3 per million cycles. High levels of crosslinking of GUR 1050 (10 MRad) produced a highly significant (P<0.01) 80 % reduction in wear volume. Although reduced wear volumes were observed with moderate levels of crosslinking for the 4 MRad GUR 1020 material, little benefit was conveyed by crosslinking, in terms of predicted overall biocompatibility and estimated osteolytic potential. Introducing high levels of crosslinking (10 MRad) into the GUR 1050 material reduced wear and osteolytic potential by up to five-fold compared to the other GUR 1050 materials. However, compared to the noncrosslinked and moderately crosslinked GUR 1020 materials, the highly crosslinked GUR 1050 UHMWPE had only a two-fold lower osteolytic potential. The alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prostheses produced extremely low wear rates under both standard and microseparation simulation conditions, and consequently the osteolytic potential of the alumina bearings was estimated to be >20-fold lower than the highly crosslinked polyethylene.
Load Profile and Fluid Composition Influence the Soak Behavior of UHMWPE Implants
Authors: Schwenke T , Schneider E , Wimmer MA
Published: September 2009

Wear of total joint replacements is determined gravimetrically in simulator studies. A mix of bovine serum, distilled water, and additives is intended to replicate the lubrication conditions in vivo. Load soak stations are used to correct for weight gain due to fluid absorption. Although the implementation of a soak station is considered only as an option for wear testing, this study indicated that fluid absorption depends on the lubricant composition as well as on the applied load profile. Two different fluid recipes were tested with three load scenarios each. Standard ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins acted against commercially available ceramic hip balls. Dynamic (0 to 1000 N), static (1000 N), and no load were applied for 23.1 days (or 2.106 cycles). Both lubricant recipes based on the same mix of deionized water and newborn calf serum (final protein content: 30 g/L), and differed in the chemicals admixed to the fluid to minimize bacterial growths and to prevent protein precipitation. After test completion, the group of samples tested in fluid B gained 2.4-, 3.6-, and 4.2-fold the weight of samples submersed in fluid A for the dynamically, statically, and nonloaded samples, respectively. The specimens showed a significantly higher weight gain under dynamic load than subjected to static or no load for both fluids. The results of this study suggest the implementation of a load-soak control station for every wear test when UHMWPE materials are examined.
The Effects of Load Soak Control on the Wear of UHMWPE at Various Hydration Levels in a Joint Simulation Study
Authors: Liao Y-S , Hanes M
Published: September 2009

The study was to investigate the effects of various hydration levels on the wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in a hip simulation testing, and to assess the effect of load soak control on the implant wear rates. Three types of polyethylene liners (28 mm ID) made from GUR 1050 UHMWPE bars were evaluated: noncrosslinked (XL0), gamma irradiated (thermally-treated) at nominal doses of 5 and 10 Mrads (XL5 and XL10, respectively). Three hydration processes were applied: (1) presoaked in water for four weeks, i.e., standard protocol; (2) exposed in air for four weeks; and (3) presoaked in water at 900 psi (approximately 60 atm) in a pressurized chamber for three weeks. Six groups of interest were selected and tested on a hip simulator with load soak control stations. The group that was subjected to 900 psi pressure gained 11.9±0.4 mg of water after three weeks, which was about eight times the groups that presoaked in water. After the wear simulation started, the highly hydrated group lost almost 10 mg during the first 0.5-million cycle interval, which was due to the pumping motion of the load soak stations. All soak control liners achieved similar hydration levels after one million cycles of testing. The overall wear rating was inversely related to the amount of crosslinking. Without load soak correction, the initial wear rate of XL5 with pressurized soaking was twice the corrected wear; however, the wear rate remained similar after one million cycles with or without corrections.
Differences of the Mechanical Setup of Hip Simulators and Their Consequences on the Outcome of Hip Wear Testing
Authors: Reinisch G , Schoerg J , Leder E , Judmann KP , Plitz W , Franek F
Published: September 2009

The search for improved wear resistant materials for hip endoprostheses has lead to an international standard for wear testing of total hip joint prosthesis (ISO 14242). The displacement and load curves in this standard are derived from clinical gait analysis. However the standard leaves the interpretation of its displacement curves open since no coordinate system is defined in the document. By reviewing the development of the standard, the apparent coordinate system is identified and its application from both, an anatomical point of view and a technical perspective for designing hip simulators is explained. The study examines the coordinate transformations necessary for using common gait analysis data with the standard. On the basis of these transformations, the relative movements of the articulating surfaces are compared with existing hip simulators, the situation in vivo and the guidelines of the ISO standard. Thus possible consequences on the outcome of hip wear testing are discussed.
The Men Who Made Committee D-1 History
Authors: Boughton EW
Published: September 2009

Any group endeavor is a reflection of the cumulative interest and effort of the group members. Many individuals and many corporations have unselfishly contributed time and effort to the work of Committee D-1. It is impossible to mention all by name, but the committee is particularly indebted to the members whose names appear in the following paragraphs.
Subcommittee V (Volatile Hydrocarbon Solvents for Organic Protective Coatings)
Authors: Phelps N. T. , Kurtz Stewart S.
Published: September 2009

Mineral spirits (or petroleum spirits), a class of hydrocarbon solvents, vary greatly in composition, depending on the source of the crude oils and the refining processes used in their production. Consequently, it is not a simple problem to prepare testing procedures and specifications that will give all the desired information concerning the performance characteristics of hydrocarbon solvents when used in organic protective coatings. Subcommittee V, recognizing the need for test procedures to indicate performance characteristics, has standardized several procedures designed to indicate the elusive property of solvency. Solvency of hydrocarbon solvents is a rather indefinite characteristic and cannot be completely evaluated by any single test. It is a relative term used to indicate the effect of dissolving or dispersing a resin, oil, or combination of resin and oil in a hydrocarbon solvent. The nature of the material being dispersed or dissolved is as important as the composition of the solvent. Solvency may be expressed in different values, depending on the test used, such as Kauri-Butanol Value, Aniline or Mixed Aniline Point, Heptane Number, Nitrocellulose Diluting Power, and Viscosity Reducing Power. For many years, the Kauri-Butanol Value (or Number) was the generally accepted test for solvency determination, although many realized its inadequacy. Since this test was in common use by both producer and consumer, Subcommittee V undertook its standardization. Earlier work by the Philadelphia Paint and Varnish Production Club on Kauri-Butanol procedure served as a basis for a cooperative test program by Subcommittee V resulting in a tentative method of test for Kauri-Butanol Value of hydrocarbon solvents (D 1133).
Subcommittee VIII (Methods of Chemical Analysis of Paint Materials)
Authors: Hopkins C. Y.
Published: September 2009

A small group of ASTM workers was organized about 1912 under the designation “Subcommittee H on Methods of Analysis of Paint Materials.“ Their early work included a compilation of the methods of analysis of the white pigments and extenders in use at that time.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Linear Dimensions of Roofing Felt Laminates
Authors: Long E. G.
Published: September 2009

Data are presented on laminates of roofing felt and roof bitumen showing that their linear dimensional responses to changes in humidity and temperature are affected by felt type, felt direction, and previous history. It is also shown that equilibrium is approached very slowly and that, in many cases, humidity change causes more dimensional change than temperature.
Load-Strain Properties and Splitting of Roof Membranes
Authors: Jones P. M.
Published: September 2009

The load-strain properties of several bituminous membranes when tested in tension are examined and the effect of temperature on the breaking load, load-strain modulus, and breaking strain is considered. The shear properties of the bitumens used as adhesives in the production of the membranes are examined at temperatures from -15 F (-26 C) to 32 F (0 C) at a rate of shear of 0.21 per min. The observed transition in the shear modulus of the asphaltic material at 0 F (-18 C) is found to coincide with the glass transition temperature of this material. The development of a critical-thickness concept is described, and it is suggested that the performance of roofing membranes under deformation may be controlled by the load-strain properties of the membrane and the shear properties of the adhesive.
Wind-Resistance Tests of Roof Shingles and Roof Assemblies
Authors: Benjamin I. A. , Bono J. A.
Published: September 2009

Two laboratory test methods have been developed in the past few years to aid architects, engineers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies in the evaluation of the wind resistance of roof covering and roof deck materials and construction methods. The test apparatus and methods are described in this paper. They are based on the effects of high-wind conditions on buildings as determined by observations of storm damage and wind-tunnel tests of model structures. One method evaluates the resistance of asphalt strip shingles, of the self-sealing and lock types, to high-velocity air flow. The other method evaluates the wind-uplift resistance of 10 by 10-ft sections of roof decks under the application of positive pressure on the underside and vacuum (negative) pressure on the topside of the roof. The results of various curing and outdoor exposure conditions on self-sealing shingles are related. Also, uplift tests of three common forms of roof decks and of clip methods for attaching insulation board to metal decks are described. While data are not yet available showing correlation between these laboratory tests and wind storms, the methods appear to provide engineering data useful in evaluating relative wind resistance of materials and assemblies.
Progress in the Development of a Thermal-Shock-Resistance Factor for Bituminous Built-Up Roofing Membranes
Authors: Cullen W. C. , Boone T. H.
Published: September 2009

The resistance of bituminous built-up roofing membranes to thermally induced forces is considered in terms of their strength properties such as breaking load in tension, modulus of elongation, and apparent linear-thermal-expansion coefficient. The development of a thermal-shock-resistance factor is described and values are given for three bituminous built-up membranes at temperatures of -30 F (-34.4 C), 0 F (-17.8 C), 30 F (-1.1 C), and 73 F (22.8 C). The apparent relation between the values obtained in the laboratory and the observed performance of roofing membranes in service is considered. The utilization of the thermal-shock-resistance factor in the reduction of potential failures of bituminous built-up roofing membranes in service from thermally induced forces is also discussed.
The Effects of Moisture on Built-Up Roofing Membranes
Authors: Tator K. , Alexander S. H.
Published: September 2009

The effect of entrapped moisture on blistering, buckling, and interply adhesion of built-up roofing membranes is well known. Shown in this paper is the added effect of moisture transmission into, and absorption by, the components of an otherwise dry system, using dry cup water vapor transmission measurements. Variations in the absorbed equilibrium moisture contents, and their vapor pressures, with changing environmental conditions seems to correlate well with observed roof behavior.
The Challenge of Multiple Particles in Extreme Value Inclusion Rating
Authors: Beretta Stefano , Anderson Clive W.
Published: September 2009

The presence of multiple types of defect is a challenge for Extreme Value Inclusion Rating since it can lead to serious underestimation of extreme inclusion size and it can in practice make methods less robust than expected. First the paper deals with the results being obtained by ESIS TC20 within two round-robins carried out on an automotive steel and a bearing steel. Results show the need for correct assessment of multiple types of particles. We present here a new method of analysis based on a “competing risks” model together with some practical exploitation in terms of: (i) evaluation of the minimum control area to be inspected by “block maxima” sampling; (ii) new implications for data collection based on image analysis; (iii) assessment of sensitivity to the distribution of different particles.
Continued Developments in Easily Carburizable High Speed Steel Alloys
Authors: Hetzner Dennis W.
Published: September 2009

A technical update on how bearing fatigue life in high speed steels (HSS) is enhanced by modifying the carbide distributions and morphologies is presented. A brief review of the laser glazing process as applied to bearings (U.S. Patents 5,861,067 and 5,879,480) will be presented. For wrought M50 steel, this processing resulted in an increase in bearing L10 % fatigue life of approximately 10x. The microstructural enhancements created by this processing will be illustrated. How the knowledge gained from the laser glazing process led to the development of the easily carburizable high speed steel alloys (U.S. Patent 6,702,981) will be discussed. Developments made for these alloys since the last bearing steel symposium in 2001 will be presented. The most notable achievement in the development process is a 20 x increase in bearing L10 % fatigue life for the easily carburizable version of M50 as compared to standard M50 HSS. Other data pertinent to these alloys will be presented.
Are Multiaxial Fatigue Criteria Appropriate When Steels With Surface Defects are Subjected to Rolling Contact Fatigue
Authors: Desimone Hernân , Bernasconi Andrea , Beretta Stefano
Published: September 2009

The fatigue strength assessment of parts subjected to rolling and sliding contacts is a multiaxial fatigue problem because of the cyclic variation of the six components of the stress tensor, which generate non proportional stress paths. In real steels, the difficulty of the problem is increased by the presence of defects, which has to be considered in order to achieve an accurate assessment of their multiaxial fatigue strength. In this context, this paper analyzes the behavior and accuracy of some multiaxial fatigue criteria when dealing with a quenched and tempered steel with and without defects. Several fatigue tests on smooth and micronotched specimens were carried out, for different stress ratio conditions. The results are confronted with the most popular multiaxial fatigue criteria of the critical plane class (e.g., Dang Van, Findley) and implementing an integral approach (e.g., Liu-Zenner). Even if some of these criteria fit the results when smooth specimens are considered, noticeable contradictions arise when they are applied to steels containing defects. From this point of view, it seems that new criteria should be considered for rolling contact fatigue in presence of defects.
Air Filtration by Fibrous Media
Authors: Liu Benjamin Y. H. , Rubow Kenneth L.
Published: September 2009

Theories of air filtration by fibrous media have been reviewed and the pertinent equations for calculating filter pressure drop and efficiency summarized. Calculation results have been presented showing the single fiber efficiency as a function of particle size for various fiber sizes and packing densities. The existence of a most penetrating particle size for fibrous media has been demonstrated and shown to vary between 0.015 to 0.9 μm for fiber diameters of 1 to 30 μm, packing densities of 0.01 to 0.3 and filtration velocities of 1 to 100 cm/s.
The Dustron: An Automated Flat Sample Filtration Performance Testing System
Authors: Moulton James E. , Wilson James C.
Published: September 2009

A microprocessor controlled flat sample filtration performance tester called HV DUSTRON has been developed to be a flexible and versatile laboratory or quality control system. A five year record of performance with a standard filter medium has resulted in a coefficient of variation of 6 – 7%. Evidence is presented that the DUSTRON can distinguish one type of filtration surface from another and one type of filter medium from another.
Time Resolved Measurements of Industrial Pulse-Cleaned Cartridge Dust Collectors
Authors: McDonald Bruce N. , Schaller Robin E. , Engel Mark R. , Liu Benjamin Y. H. , Pui David Y. H. , Johnson Todd W.
Published: September 2009

An optical particle counting system has been developed for testing industrial pulse-cleaned cartridge dust collectors. The system is applied to measure fractional penetration of a full scale dust collector and to study its short term and long term dynamic behavior. Results show collector efficiencies for dust loadings of 23 g/m3 exceeding 99.999% over the particle size range from 0.5 to 10 μm, with a minimum fractional penetration occurring at approximately 2 μm. The measurement system is shown to be capable of providing particle size and/or concentration measurements on time scales, ranging from 100 ms to many hours. Phenomena from details of individual cleaning pulses to overall collector life and efficiency are demonstrated.
New Filter Efficiency Tests Being Developed for the Doe
Authors: Scripsick Ronald C.
Published: September 2009

The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) is considering adoption of new test specifications and new test techniques for quality assurance testing of nuclear grade high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. Proposed new filter test specifications require penetration measurements to be made at a particle diameter in the range from 0.1 μm to 0.2 μm rather than at a particle diameter of 0.3 μm which is currently required. The new specifications are aimed at making penetration measurements at or near the size of maximum penetration for the current generation of nuclear grade HEPA filters. The new test specifications provide a high estimate of filter penetration relative to the predicted penetration of field challenges in terms of aerosol size and aerosol density. This conservative estimate is required to assure that USDOE air cleaning systems adequately protect public and worker health and the environment in the event of unplanned release of hazardous materials.

Operational evaluation of a high flow alternative filter test system (HFATS) developed for the USDOE by Los Alamos National Laboratory is currently being completed. Interim results of this evaluation and results of laboratory and full-scale evaluations demonstrate that the HFATS is capable of providing measurements of filter penetration at specific sizes over the diameter range from ∼0.1 μm to ∼0.4 μm within the operational requirements of the USDOE Filter Test Facilities.
Standards for Pressure Drop Testing of Filters as Applied to Hepa Filters
Authors: Fain Douglas E.
Published: September 2009

A study has been made of the pressure drop testing performed by three filter test facilities for the Department of Energy. The testing is performed for both pressure drop and filter efficiency to assure that the filters meet specifications for use in the nuclear industry. It is shown that serious errors in pressure drop testing can occur if mass flow rates are used without correcting the pressure drop to a standard condition. Several alternatives are given for testing methods, including use of volume flow rates or laminar flow meters as testing standards. Similar standards should be considered for general filter pressure drop testing.
Some Experience with 30 Years Old Buried (uPVC) Pipes from the Viewpoint of Stress and Strain
Authors: Alferink F. J.M.
Published: September 2009

This contribution reports on the experience with (uPVC) pipes used for gas distribution in the Netherlands. An extensive research program has been carried out in order to determine the behaviour of buried PVC pipes, some of which have been in service for over 30 years. This research program covers both theoretical and experimental studies, the latter being the subject of this contribution. Over the last three years a lot of pipe deformation measurements were carried out on pipes buried under different circumstances concerning soil type, burial depth and loading conditions.

The results clearly show that buried PVC pipes behave quite well from the viewpoint of stress and strain. The results of measurements on old pipes when compared with results from measurements on newly installed pipes and from different stress calculation methods, also indicate that the buried pipes are not in a situation of constant stress, but in a constant strain situation. This supports the idea of using the short-term modulus of elasticity for calculation of the pipe deflection instead of the long-term value.
The Design of Underground Thrust Restrained Systems for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
Authors: Kennedy Harold , Shumard Dennis D. , Meeks Cary M.
Published: September 2009

Direct shear tests were performed on soil to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe surfaces to study pipe-to-soil friction. Soil type and moisture content were varied. The resulting data were used to formulate design parameters for PVC pipe thrust restrained systems installed in a wide range of soil types. Soil types are identified by ASTM D2487, "Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes". Design methods, equations, and recommendations are presented for horizontal bends, tees, vertical offsets and other combinations of pipe and fittings.
Review of the Relationship Between Internal Shear Resistance and Arching in Plastic Pipe Installations
Authors: Petroff Larry J.
Published: September 2009

A soil mass shifts load from its weaker components to its stronger components such that the load is distributed in proportion to the stiffness of the components. This characteristic often results in the shifting of load around weak zones or cavities in the soil. Such redistribution of stresses in a soil mass is called arching. Arching is usually thought of in regard to pipe and tunnels. However, arching is a consequence of a more general property of soil known as internal shearing resistance. Slope stability, the bearing capacity of shallow footings, and the pressure distribution on retaining walls depend on the internal shear resistance. This paper discusses internal shearing resistance, the movement required to mobilize it, its measurement, typical values for common trench soils, and how it relates to the load applied to a buried pipe.
Review of Design and Experience with Thermoplastic Outfall Piping
Authors: Janson Lars-Eric
Published: September 2009

Flexible pipes of thermoplastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene are excellently suited for the construction of submarine outfall systems because they can be extruded in long sections, towed fully equipped with anchoring weights to the outfall site from the production base, and sunk directly on to a seabed with a minimum of underwater work. When lying on the seabed they can yield to extreme wave and current forces and conform to the seabed when underscoured without failure. This factor allows a light structure, a short implementation time and a cost-effective outfall system.
Effect of Material Composition in High-Temperature Water Corrosion
Authors: Roebuck A. H.
Published: September 2009

In order to construct high-temperature water systems operating with a maximum water purity and a minimum corrosion product contamination or chance of corrosion failure, the corrosion characteristics of a number of materials were studied under a variety of conditions. It was found that the corrosion behavior of these materials was dependent upon their composition and, to a certain extent, upon the conditions under which they were tested. This paper, therefore, deals with material composition and its relation to corrosion resistance. The influence of water composition on corrosion is covered in other papers (1, 2) of this symposium.
Standardization in Germany
Authors: Ehlers Gerhard
Published: September 2009

The “Deutscher Normenausschuss” (DNA) (German Standards Assn.) was set up in May 1917 by the “Verein deutscher Ingenieure” (VDI) (Association of German Engineers) as “Normalienausschuss für den allgemeinen Maschinenbau” (Standards Committee for General Mechanical Engineering) from which was formed in December 1917 the “Normenausschuss der deutschen Industrie” (Standards Committee of the German Industry). The final change of title to “Deutscher Normenausschuss” was decided in November 1926 in recognition of the growth of standardization beyond the narrower range of the industrial field.
Standardization in Hungary
Authors: Miklovicz Andrew
Published: September 2009

The central standards body in Hungary is the Hungarian Office for Standardization (MSZH). Its principal tasks and functions, based on the theoretical work and practice of Hungarian standardization of the past several decades, are quality specifications, reduction of variety of types and sizes, and unification of drawings, units, symbols, nomenclature and definitions, etc.
Rheology of Polymer Melts—A Correlation of Dynamic and Steady Flow Measurements
Authors: Cox W. P. , Merz E. H.
Published: September 2009

The response of a viscoelastic fluid to a shearing stress varying sinusoidally with time can be described in terms of a complex dynamic viscosity. The real part of the complex viscosity thus obtained from dynamic measurements is observed to decrease with increasing frequency of the deformation in much the same way that the apparent viscosity of the material diminishes with increasing rate of shear in a steady flow test. Also, the dynamic and steady state viscosities approach the same limiting value as frequency and shear rate, respectively, approach zero. Therefore, it is natural to speculate on analogies between the role of frequency in dynamic tests and that of shear rate in steady flow measurements and to seek correlations between dynamic and steady state measures of viscosity.
Tuned Q Analysis of Quench and Precipitation Hardening of 4330M and 17-7PH Steels
Authors: Hendrickson I. G.
Published: September 2009

Quench-temper and precipitation hardening processes of 4330M and 17-7PH steels are analyzed as a function of mechanical Q; internal friction, Q−1, is the reciprocal of this parameter. The free decay of the resonant, unrestrained, fundamental torsional mode of vibration is used in the Q measurements of the test specimens. A tuned Q technique is employed which provides a measurement of mechanical Q under conditions of minimum external background loss, selected pure mode of vibration, and precise mechanical-electrical phase matching. The tuned Q measurements have proved very sensitive in following both tempering and precipitation hardening processes. It is believed that the observed changes in Q are dependent on the degree of lattice distortion or internal strain of the materials as brought about by these heat treatment processes. Also, the tuned Q measurements are shown to be a means of analysis of the relative stability of materials as a function of stress and time.
Field Percolation Tests for Sanitary Engineering Application
Authors: Bendixen T. W.
Published: September 2009

The most extensive use of field percolation testing for sanitary engineering application has been for the design and control of soil absorption systems for individual household sewage disposal. In addition to the use of the septic tank soil absorption system for the individual home as an on-lot disposal medium, soil is being used increasingly as a more general liquid waste disposal medium. The additional uses further emphasize the need for soil appraisal techniques for sanitary engineering application. In current practice an approximate measure of the capacity of a soil for receiving treated sewage is obtained from falling-head percolation tests with clear water. Administrative and technical deficiencies of the test are discussed, and experience with supplemental soil appraisal techniques is described.
Pile Load Tests and Their Evaluation
Authors: Fletcher G. A.
Published: September 2009

Pile load test procedures and the criteria by which the results are judged, as set forth in building and other agency codes, are compared to point up the need for modernization and standardization in procedures. In the evaluation of pile load test results, the importance of the plastic deformation curve and methods of determining the yield point load are explained. The paper emphasizes the engineer's responsibility in the selection of adequate safety factors based on the results of load tests on piles. Piles in tension and laterally loaded piles are briefly discussed.
Lunar Soil Sampling and Testing
Authors: Azmon Emanuel
Published: September 2009

The limited real data available on the lunar environment is presented and several selected references are listed. Soil is usually tested for the properties that are expected to change and differ from one environment to another, whereas the properties that are more or less in equilibrium in any terrestrial environment are not tested. It is argued that when the lunar soil is to be examined one must determine the lunar environments under which the soil originated before proceeding to select the proper tests for the soil. Meteorites, the only extraterrestrial and possibly the only lunar soil samples available at present, are discussed and their igneous origin postulated. Results of laboratory examinations under controlled high pressure (40,000 atmos) and high temperature (over 1000 C) are presented. However, no conclusion as to the mode of origin of the meteorites and the lunar soil has been reached yet.
Travelling Waves in a Two-Step Chain Branching Model with Heat Loss
Authors: Sidhu Harvinder S , Gubernov V.V. , Mercer Geoff , Kolobov A.V. , Polezhaev A.A. , Sharples J.J.
Published: September 2009

In this paper we undertake a numerical investigation of travelling nonadiabatic combustion waves for the case of a two-step chain branching reaction mechanism. For simplicity we have assumed equal diffusivity of the reactant, radicals and heat. The speed of the combustion wave is analysed for different values of the heat loss parameter. We also determine how the extinction limit depends on the heat loss parameter as well as properties of the fuel.
Cross-Sectional Validation of Diabetes Risk Scores for Predicting Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Taiwanese
Authors: Lin Jou-Wei , Chang Yi-Cheng , Li Hung-Yuan , Chien Yu-Fen , Wu Mei-Yu , Tsai Ru-Yi , Hsieh Yenh-Chen , Chen Yu-Jen , Hwang Juey-Jen , Chuang Lee-Ming
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

To validate the performance of current diabetes risk scores (DRSs) based on simple clinical information in detecting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The performance of 10 DRSs was evaluated in a cross-sectional population screening of 2,759 Taiwanese subjects.

RESULTS

All DRSs significantly correlated with measures of insulin resistance, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urine albumin excretion. The prevalence of screening-detected diabetes (SDM), MetSyn, and CKD increased with higher DRSs. For prediction of SDM, the Cambridge DRS by Griffin et al. and the Finnish DRS outperformed other DRSs in terms of discriminative power and model fit. For prediction of MetSyn and CKD, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Community Study score by Schmidt et al. outperformed other DRSs.

CONCLUSIONS

Risk scores based on simple clinical information are useful to identify individuals at high risk for diabetes, MetSyn, and CKD in different ethnic populations.
Statistiques économiques indonésiennes 1970
Authors: Chesnel Gérard
Published: September 2009

Statistik ekonomi Indonesia tahun 1970, daftar papers mengenai dunia Nusantara jang telah diadjukan pada Konggres Internasional para Orientals ke 28 (Canberra-Djanuari 1971) dan pada Konggres Kebudajaan Melaju ke 1 (Puntjak- April 1971) djuga dimuat dalam aktualitas.
Relationship between Religions in Indonesia
Authors: Monteil Vincent
Published: September 2009

2) Prof. V. Monteil, who stayed two years in Indonesia as a cultural attaché, has gathered numerous facts in order to write a book devoted to "Indonesian Islam"; we are publishing here the text of a talk he gave in Djakarta in June, 1970, where he analyses the burning question of the common points and the tensions which bring together — and which separated — the diverse religions of Indonesia (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism ).
Louis Berthe, 1927-1968
Authors: Pelras Christian
Published: September 2009

4) Christian Pelras telah menulis beberapa halaman untuk menge- nang seorang Perantjis, achli ilmu bangsa2, Louis Berthe jang djuga telah mendjadi guru dan temannja. Kepergiannja kealam baka pada tahun 1968 betul2 dirasakan sangat berat oleh semua jang mempeladjari dunia Nusantara.
Orphelin transformé, jalons mythologiques
Authors: Dournes Jacques
Published: September 2009

IV. 1. Pater Jacques Dournes, seorang misonaris dari "Mission étrangères", telah ber-tahun2 tinggal di-tengah2 orang Jôrai, penduduk asli Indotjina di Vietnam Selatan. Ketika tahu bahwa orang2 Jôrai itu berbitjara dalam bahasa jang djelas masuk rumpun keluarga bahasa2 Nusantara, bahkan kata Jôrai sendiri berdekatan dengan kata Melaju tjerai. Pater Dournes mentjurahkan perhatiannja untuk mempeladjari hubungan2 jang menjatu- kan mitologi2 Indotjina asli, jang dikenalnja dengan baik setelah membuat riset dalam lapangan itu, dengan mitologi2 golongan Nusantara lainnja, terutama golongan Melaju, Dajak dan Sasak, jang dikenalnja melalui buku2. Setelah menondjolkan beberapa hubungan antara tjeritera Pelandok Melaju jang terkenal itu dan Si Pai dari dongeng2 Jôrai (Pai berarti kelintji), penulis mentjurahkan perhatiannja pada tema si anak jatim, orang terpentjil jang menentang kekuasaan. Penulis terlebih dahulu memperkenalkan tokoh Rit, si anak jatim Jôrai, miskin tetapi tjerdik dan mengemukakan beberapa my- thème chas, kemudian penulis memperkenalkan Iwo, si anak jatim dari Sa- sak, Ddôi, si anak jatim dari Sré, dan Lumang, si anak jatim dari Redjang. Dalam tokoh2 pahlawan jang menang, meskipun kemiskinannja, tidakkah seharusnja kita lihat adanja keinginan jang sama dari golongan2 etnis jang berdiri sendiri?
Un Ifugao face à la guerre
Authors: Lorrin-Bona De Santos Rosario
Published: September 2009

II. (1) Rosario Lorrin-Bona de Santos presents the text, the translation and commentary of a ballad collected in 1968 in a village in the Ifugao country (center of the island of Luçon). It recounts the lament of a montagnard who had joined the guerrillas during the anti-Japanese resistance (1942-45), and who found himself brusquely confronted with the demanding brutalities of the Second World War. Interesting from the point of view of language and meter, this ballad is also a sociological document.
Le travail du coton chez les Ema de Timor portugais
Authors: Clamagirand Brigitte
Published: September 2009

2. Brigitte Clamagirand (C.N.R.S., Paris) telah dua kali tinggal dalam watu jang lama di daerah penduduk Kemak, Timor Portugis, untuk mengadakan penjelidikan. Penulis memaparkan berbagai tahap pengerdjaan kapas, jang hanja dikerdjakan oleh kaum wanita; untuk tiap tahap jang penting, mulai dari membersihkan kapas dari bidji2-nja sampai memberi warna (proses ikai) dan waktu penenunan, penulis memberikan semua istilah tehniknja beserta photo dan skemanja.
Pages d'exotisme (III): Le planteur de Java (1860) de Henri Guénot
Authors: Guenot Henri
Published: September 2009

(5) The "Page of Exotica" is devoted to a novel written in 1860, by Henri Guénot, entitled "The Planter of Java". The story takes place, in, part, in Bali, which at that time still appears as a formidable hideaway,

whose inhabitants are presented as pirates and rebels The myth of

"Bali island of the gods" antedates the 20th century.
Hari Sastra, trois "journées littéraires" à Kota Baharu (1-3 août 1972)
Authors: Metzger Laurent
Published: September 2009

3. Hart is the name of a congress held in Kota Baharu, Malaysia in the year 1972, bringing together those authors who write in Bahasa Malaysia. A report on that event is given by Laurent Metzger.
La légende de Samudra
Authors: Cowan H.K.J.
Published: September 2009

III. H.K. J. Cowan presents the Malay text of the Samudra legend with an abridged French translation and an introduction in which he draws attention to the differences between this manuscript and other better known ones.
Chronique d'Indonésie 1973
Authors: Cayrac Françoise
Published: September 2009

I. 1. Françoise Cayrac (CERI, Paris) reprend la chronique d'Indonésie en rappelant les faits marquants de l'année 1973.
Préparation d'un Guide des sources de l'Histoire de l'Asie et de l'Océanie
Authors: Menier M.-A.
Published: September 2009

3. In preparing A Guide to Sources of Asian and Oceanian History, Mlle M. A. Menier, Head of the Overseas Section of Archives Nationales, hopes to get information on private archives which might contain important documents.
Proto-Philippine Phonology
Authors: Llamzon Teodoro A.
Published: September 2009

1. Teodoro Llamzon (Universiti Sains Malaysia), famous for his linguistic studies of the regional languages of the Philippine Islands, proposes some phonological reconstructions of the Proto-Austrone- sian language.
Une exposition à Tananarive : "Malgache, qui es-tu ?"
Authors: Rantoandro Gabriel
Published: September 2009

1. Gabriel Rantoandro membuat ikhtisar singkat tentang pameran be- sar "Malgache, Qui es-tu ?" (Malagasi, Siapakah kau ?) yang setelah diselenggarakan di Neufchâtel, diselenggarakan lagi pada bulan Juni 1974 di bekas "istana Perdana Menteri" di Tananarive.
Des Malgaches à Paris sous Louis XIV : exotisme et mentalités en France au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Lombard-Jourdan Anne
Published: September 2009

3. With regard to the Malagasy people brought to France under the reign of Louis XIV, A. Lombard-Jourdan describes the way the western rulers made use of the arrival of these "exotic" people to enhance their own prestige.
Une gazette en français à Batavia : "La Lorgnette", 1875-1876
Authors: Lombard Denys
Published: September 2009

3. Denys Lombard consacre une courte note à une gazette qui parut en français à Batavia en 1875-1876 ; sous le titre de La Lorgnette, cette feuille était une sorte de chronique théâtrale, rendant compte des opéras et des opérettes qu'une troupe — également française — présentait alors au tout-Batavia.
Les Etudes indonésiennes en Italie
Authors: Santa-Maria Luigi
Published: September 2009

IL 1. L. Santa Maria (Istituto Orientale, Naples,) discusses the development of studies of the Indonesian world in Italy. He deals with the accounts of the earliest travellers (Marco Polo, Nicolo dei Conti, Giovanni da Empoli, Varthema, Pigafetta,) then those of the 19th century (Giglioli, Modigliani, Beccari,) and finally discusses the revival of Indonesian studies in the present century under the influence of Professor A. Bausani.
Minangkabau, Background of the main pioneers of modern standard Malay in Indonesia
Authors: Anwar Khaidir
Published: September 2009

— Khaidir Anwar (SOAS, Londres) analyse, en partie à l'aide de ses souvenirs personnels, le rôle joué par les élites Minangkabau dans les premiers développements de 1' "Indonésien".
Le pantun soundanais. Quelques aspects historiques et culturels
Authors: Iskandarwassid
Published: September 2009

— Iskandar Wassid (EFEO, Bandung) amorce ici l'exploitation de l'énorme corpus mis à la disposition des chercheurs par les efforts du poète soundanais Ajip Rosidi qui a enregistré et transcrit un nombre impressionnant de pantun ou longs poèmes soundanais traditionnels. Il en étudie ici la forme, la langue, et voit dans quelle mesure il est possible d'y trouver des références à l'histoire réelle.
Festivités annuelles aux Philippines
Authors: Pottier Marina
Published: September 2009

I. M. Pottier (I.N.L.C.O., Paris) décrit les très nombreuses fêtes annuelles des Philippines. Ces fêtes, pour une très grande partie d'origine religieuse, ne manquent pas d'originalité ni de pittoresque.
Un Français aux Philippines : La Gironière
Authors: Nardin Denis
Published: September 2009

D. Nardin menceritakan dengan singkat riwayat hidup seorang bangsawan Perancis : Paul de la Gironière (meninggal sekitar tahun 1860) yang sebagai pedagang, dokter, perwira dan usahawan pertanian senang bertualang, pernah menulis "Kenang-kenangan"nya yang sangat menarik tentang kedua puluh tahun masa dia hidup di Filipina pada bagian pertama abad ke XIX.
Baptême à Saint-Malo d'un enfant né dans l'île de Butung (22 mars 1636)
Authors: Lombard-Jourdan Anne
Published: September 2009

A. Lombard-Jourdan mengungkapkan kembali pembaptisan seorang anak yang lahir di pulau Butung (Sulawesi Tenggara) dan yang ber- langsung di Saint-Malo pada permulaan abad ke XVII. Anak laki-laki tersebut, yang telah dibeli oleh seorang pelaut Perancis sebagai budak belian di Hindia Belanda, dibawa ke Perancis dan dibaptis (dan dibebas- kan) pada tahun 1636 dan diberi nama Macé Bouton sebagai kenangan atas negeri asalnya.
Les Sciences sociales en Indonésie. II: La Recherche
Authors: Pelras Christian
Published: September 2009

The Social Sciences in Indonesia II: Research (Christian Pelras).
Les tribulations d'un journaliste chinois dans les Mers du Sud (1917 - 1971)
Authors: De Beer-Luong Brigitte
Published: September 2009

Brigitte De Beer-Luong, Pcngalaman pahit seorang wartawan Cina di Asia Tenggara (1917-1971).
Augustin de Beaulieu et son Dessein touchant les Indes orientales (1631-1632)
Authors: Lombard-Jourdan Anne
Published: September 2009

Anne Lombard- Jourdan

The Captain Augustin de Beaulieu (1589-1637) and his travels to Banten and Aceh in the early 17th century are now better known thanks to the recent publication of his Mémoires (Maisonneuve et Larose, 1996) and two of his letters written at the same time {Archipel 50, 1995 and 51, 1996). Between January 1631 and July 1632, Beaulieu sent his «Project» to Marshal d'Effiat. The previously unpublished text is reproduced here based on the manuscript conserved in the National Library of France (Bibliothèque Nationale de France). Beaulieu warns Richelieu of the urgency and of the absolute necessity for France to develop her Navy and to make sure that she had a place in the overseas trade for which the Dutch and the English were competing. He emphasised the importance of establishing a port of call in Madagascar, the mid-way point situated along the maritime routes leading to Asia. This large island would serve as a base for launching expeditions to the neighbouring African coast, to the banks of the Red Sea, to Persia and to the East Indies. Augustin de Beaulieu was not alone in drawing attention to the need to create a powerful fleet and to obtain a position in the trade with the East Indies. He was nonetheless one of the first to do so. He possessed a profound understanding of the difficulties of long-distance navigation and trade and of the advantages of having a port of call in Madagascar. Assuring his success was a foresight for linking trade to commercial exchanges among the countries involved, and not just to money itself.
Raden Saleh, un artiste-prince à Paris
Authors: Guillot Claude , Labrousse Pierre
Published: September 2009

Claude Guillot & Pierre Labrousse

The authors of this article retrace the years spent by Raden Saleh in Paris between 1845 and 1848, as well as his relations with France. Thanks to the aid of Dutch living in Paris, such as the Ambassador Fagel; the former Governor of the East Indies, Van der Capellen ; the General Le Bron de Vexela ; and the family connections of Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, etc., the Javanese painter Raden Saleh enjoyed a warm welcome from Parisian high society and was even received at the court of Louis-Philippe, who acquired two of his paintings. Raden Saleh entered into contact with the well-known artist Horace Vernet, in whose studio Raden Saleh worked for a while at Versailles, but with whom he never travelled to Algeria. Raden Saleh was apparently a prolific painter during his time in Paris, accomplishing 12 paintings in two and half years, as well as participating in the Exhibitions of 1847 and 1848. During his time in Paris, he focused mainly on paintings depicting wild animals. He presented two of his works to the Emperor Napoleon III. In the appendix, is included a list of his paintings completed in France.
De la reformasi à la restauration ? Quand le passé sert à relire le présent
Authors: Raillon François
Published: September 2009

François Raillon

The coming to power of Soekarno's daughter, Megawati, in July 2001, marked a new stage in Indonesia's era of reformation. A two-pronged process occurred : while Soekarnoism was mobilized as an ideology meant to help maintain the country's unity and independence, elements of Soeharto's New Order were brought back to power to restore stability. Associates of the former president and authoritarian ways that recalled his regime were reestablished, among them a freer hand was given to the military. This double restoration taking place under Megawati's auspices has been an attempt to overcome what is felt as a multidimensional crisis of a troubled nation, at the same time reining in reformation. The author explores discrepancies between political discourse and practice, and examines Megawati's behavior as well as responses of public opinion to it, as reported by the Indonesian press.