bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Pelvic Actinomycosis
Authors: Maxová Kateřina , Menzlová E. , Kolařík D. , Dundr P. , Halaška M.
Published: December 2015

A case of pelvic actinomycosis is presented. The patient is 42-year-old female with a 5 weeks history of pelvic pain. An intrauterine device (IUD) was taken out 3 weeks ago. There is a lump length 9 cm between rectus muscles. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology are used to make the diagnosis. Actinomycosis can mimic the tumour disease. The definitive diagnosis requires positive anaerobic culture or histological identification of actinomyces granulas. A long lasting antibiotic therapy is performed.
Investigation of callogenesis and indirect regeneration of Freesia × hybrida Bailey ‘Argenta’
Authors: Pourkhaloee Ali , Khosh-Khui Morteza
Published: December 2015

An investigation was conducted to study the effects of explant sources, plant growth regulators, carbohydrates and light conditions on indirect cormlet regeneration and the induction of embryogenic callus of freesia (Freesia × hybrida Bailey ‘Argenta’). Sections of two different types of explants, corms and pupae (cold storage-produced corms), were placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators. The results showed that the highest percentage of callus induction (100%), the highest callus growth (15 mm diameter) and the best type of calli were achieved for pupa explants grown on the medium that contained 4 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in the dark. Increasing BAP up to 3 to 4.5 mg L−1 resulted in the maximum number of regenerated cormlets from 1 cm2 calli (2 cormlets) under light conditions. Overall, the best rooting of regenerated cormlets was achieved on MS media supplemented with 1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). In the next stage, high quality calli were subcultured on MS media containing sorbitol, sucrose, maltose and mannitol (0, 5, 10 and 15 g L−1). The results indicated that 15 g L−1 maltose was able to induce the highest percentage of embryogenic callus, with an average of 88.9% on media containing 2 mg L−1 BAP and 1 mg L−1 NAA.
What is essential data in digital forensic analysis?
Authors: Freiling Felix C. , Schuhr Jan C. , Gruhn Michael
Published: December 2015

In his seminal work on file system forensic analysis, Brian Carrier
defined the notion of essential data as “those that are
needed to save and retrieve files.” He argues that essential data is
therefore more trustworthy, than other data in the system since it has
to be correct in order for the user to use the file system. In many
practical settings, however, it is unclear whether a specific piece of
data is essential because either file system specifications are
ambiguous or the importance of a specific data field depends on the
operating system that processes the file system data. We therefore
revisit Carrier's definition and show that there are two types of
essential data: While strictly essential corresponds to
Carrier's definition, partially essential refers to
application specific interpretations. We further provide an opinion
regarding the legal usefulness of our definition.
Characteristic evidence, counter evidence and reconstruction problems in forensic computing
Authors: Dewald Andreas
Published: December 2015

With the ever increasing number of crimes in which computers or
other digital devices are used, digital forensics plays an
increasingly important role in today's jurisdiction. The acquisition
and investigation of the devices is done by forensic experts, whose
reports and personal explanations then form the basis of
justice. Because of this great responsibility of the experts, the
quality of their investigations has to meet the highest standards.
Historically, forensic computing (as digital forensics) developed
pragmatically, driven by specific technical needs. Indeed, in
comparison with other forensic sciences the field still is rather
immature and has many deficits, such as the unclear terminology used
in court. In this paper, we introduce notions of (digital) evidence,
characteristic evidence, and (characteristic) counter evidence, as
well as the definitions of two fundamental forensic reconstruction
problems. We show the relation of the observability of the different
types of evidence to the solvability of those problems. By doing
this, we wish to exemplify the usefulness of formalization in the
establishment of a precise terminology. While this will not replace
all terminological shortcomings, it (1) may provide the basis for
a better understanding between experts, and (2) helps to understand
the significance of different types of digital evidence to answer
questions in an investigation.
Ancient Reperformances of Sophocles
Authors: Finglass Patrick J.
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the evidence for early reperformances of Sophocles’ plays in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, making use of literary, inscriptional, and iconographical evidence to show the importance of the reperformance tradition for his plays in these early stages of their transmission, both in Attica and elsewhere in the Greek world.
Reduced β-cell function in early preclinical type 1 diabetes
Authors: Koskinen Maarit K , Helminen Olli , Matomäki Jaakko , Aspholm Susanna , Mykkänen Juha , Mäkinen Marjaana , Simell Ville , Vähä-Mäkilä Mari , Simell Tuula , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Toppari Jorma , Simell Olli
Published: December 2015

Objective

We aimed to characterize insulin responses to i.v. glucose during the preclinical period of type 1 diabetes starting from the emergence of islet autoimmunity.

Design and methods

A large population-based cohort of children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes was observed from birth. During regular follow-up visits islet autoantibodies were analysed. We compared markers of glucose metabolism in sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests between 210 children who were positive for multiple (≥2) islet autoantibodies and progressed to type 1 diabetes (progressors) and 192 children testing positive for classical islet-cell antibodies only and remained healthy (non-progressors).

Results

In the progressors, the first phase insulin response (FPIR) was decreased as early as 4–6 years before the diagnosis when compared to the non-progressors (P=0.001). The difference in FPIR between the progressors and non-progressors was significant (P<0.001) in all age groups, increasing with age (at 2 years: difference 50% (95% CI 28–75%) and at 10 years: difference 172% (95% CI 128–224%)). The area under the 10-min insulin curve showed a similar difference between the groups (P<0.001; at 2 years: difference 36% (95% CI 17–58%) and at 10 years: difference 186% (95% CI 143–237%)). Insulin sensitivity did not differ between the groups.

Conclusions

FPIR is decreased several years before the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, implying an intrinsic defect in β-cell mass and/or function.
Morphokinetics of cloned mouse embryos treated with epigenetic drugs and blastocyst prediction
Authors: Mallol Anna , Piqué Laia , Santaló Josep , Ibáñez Elena
Published: December 2015

Time-lapse monitoring of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos may help to predict developmental success and increase birth and embryonic stem cells (ESC) derivation rates. Here, the development of ICSI fertilized embryos and of SCNT embryos, non-treated or treated with either psammaplin A (PsA) or vitamin C (VitC), was monitored, and the ESC derivation rates from the resulting blastocysts were determined. Blastocyst rates were similar among PsA-treated and VitC-treated SCNT embryos and ICSI embryos, but lower for non-treated SCNT embryos. ESC derivation rates were higher in treated SCNT embryos than in non-treated or ICSI embryos. Time-lapse microscopy analysis showed that non-treated SCNT embryos had a delayed development from the second division until compaction, lower number of blastomeres at compaction and longer compaction and cavitation durations compared with ICSI ones. Treatment of SCNT embryos with PsA further increased this delay whereas treatment with VitC slightly reduced it, suggesting that both treatments act through different mechanisms, not necessarily related to their epigenetic effects. Despite these differences, the time of completion of the third division, alone or combined with the duration of compaction and/or the presence of fragmentation, had a strong predictive value for blastocyst formation in all groups. In contrast, we failed to predict ESC derivation success from embryo morphokinetics. Time-lapse technology allows the selection of SCNT embryos with higher developmental potential and could help to increase cloning outcomes. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to find reliable markers for full-term development and ESC derivation success.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Authors: Lakshminrusimha Satyan , Keszler Martin
Published: December 2015

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is often secondary to parenchymal lung disease (such as meconium aspiration syndrome) or lung hypoplasia (with congenital diaphragmatic hernia) but can also be idiopathic. PPHN is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in right-to-left shunting of blood and hypoxemia. The diagnosis of PPHN is based on clinical evidence of labile hypoxemia often associated with differential cyanosis and confirmed by echocardiography. Lung volume recruitment with optimal use of positive end-expiratory pressure or mean airway pressure and/or surfactant is very important in secondary PPHN due to parenchymal lung disease. Other management strategies include optimal oxygenation, avoiding respiratory and metabolic acidosis, blood pressure stabilization, sedation, and pulmonary vasodilator therapy. Failure of these measures leads to consideration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, although this rescue therapy is needed less frequently with advances in medical management. Randomized clinical trials with long-term follow-up are required to evaluate various therapeutic strategies in PPHN.
Collaborative, Informed Decision-Making After an Admission Diagnosis of Rule-Out Sepsis
Authors: Bonadio Jeff
Published: December 2015

This review focuses on the management of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit with intra-amniotic fluid infection. The goal is to describe some of the ways in which a perinatal pathologist and neonatologist may collaborate during the newborn stay. Tools that facilitate and enhance communication between pathologists and neonatologists are discussed. Also discussed are special situations that often require more than the normal amount of communication for optimal care.
Medical Countermeasures Development for Neonates
Authors: Humeniuk Rita , Green Dionna
Published: December 2015

As a nation, we remain vulnerable to threats posed by the intentional or unintentional use of chemical, biological, radiologic, and nuclear agents or emerging infectious diseases. Children represent an at-risk population and are particularly vulnerable to the effects of these agents because of their unique anatomical and physiologic features. Hence, it is imperative that their unique needs be considered and prioritized. In the current article, we highlight the status of medical countermeasure product development for children, with a specific emphasis on the neonatal population. The aim of this article is to discuss the evidence that has been used to support pediatric approval of medical countermeasure products by the US Food and Drug Administration under various regulatory pathways. Understanding the strengths and limitations of the data that support labeling of medical countermeasures for pediatric patients will help guide health care professionals providing care in the event of a chemical, biological, radiologic, and nuclear agent–related incident or emerging infectious disease outbreak.
A Multicenter Collaborative to Reduce Unnecessary Care in Inpatient Bronchiolitis
Authors: Ralston Shawn L. , Garber Matthew D. , Rice-Conboy Elizabeth , Mussman Grant M. , Shadman Kristin A. , Walley Susan C. , Nichols Elizabeth ,   the Value in Inpatient Pediatrics Network Quality Collaborative for Improving Hospital Compliance with the AAP Bronchiolitis Guideline (BQIP)
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Evidence-based gGuidelines for acute viral bronchiolitis recommend primarily supportive care, but unnecessary care remains well documented. Published quality improvement work has been accomplished inchildren’s hospitals, but little broad dissemination has been reported outside of those settings. We sought to use a voluntary collaborative strategy to disseminatebest practices to reduce overuse of unnecessary care in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis in community settings.

METHODS:

This project was aquality improvement collaborative consisting of monthly interactive webinars with online data collection and feedback. Data were collected by chart review for 2 bronchiolitis seasons, defined as January, February, and March of 2013 and 2014. Patients aged <24 months hospitalized for bronchiolitis and without chronic illness, prematurity, or intensive care use were included. Results were analyzed using run charting, analysis of means, and nonparametric statistics.

RESULTS:

There were 21 participating hospitals contributing a total of 1869 chart reviews to the project, 995 preintervention and 874 postintervention. Mean use of any bronchodilator declined by 29% (P = .03) and doses per patient decreased 45% (P < .01). Mean use of any steroids declined by 68% (P < .01), and doses per patient decreased 35% (P = .04). Chest radiography use declined by 44% (P = .05). Length of stay decreased 5 hours (P < .01), and readmissions remained unchanged.

CONCLUSIONS:

A voluntary collaborative was effective in reducing unnecessary care among a cohort of primarily community hospitals. Such a strategy may be generalizable to the settings where the majority of children are hospitalized in the United States.
Medium- and large-sized mammals in Mata Atlântica State Park, southeastern Goiás, Brazil
Authors: Rocha Ednaldo Cândido , Soares Kálita Luis , Pereira Ismael Martins
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to carry out an inventory of medium and large-sized mammal species occurring in the Mata Atlântica State Park (MASP). Located in Água Limpa municipality, state of Goiás, the MASP occupies an important area with a seasonal forest remnant, which is considered an enclave of the Atlantic Forest within the Cerrado biome. From October 2012 to December 2013, MASP’s area was randomly surveyed for evidence of mammal presence. Records of 23 species of wild mammals were obtained, seven of them listed as nationally endangered. Medium and large-sized mammal species composition is characteristic of the Cerrado biome, and no endemic species of the Atlantic Forest were recorded. Richness and diversity of the mammal species recorded in MASP show the importance of this protected area for in situ conservation.
Social and stylistic variation in the use of phonetic variants of Fortalezense Portuguese 'para'
Authors: Gradoville Michael
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates the social variation surrounding the phonetic variants of para ‘to, for, in order to’ in the educated spoken Portuguese of the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. Through two quantitative analyses of a 75-speaker corpus of the educated spoken Portuguese of 1990’s Fortaleza, the evidence presented shows that the reduction of para to p(r)a was increasing during the period in question from already high rates to near-categoricity in the youngest generation represented. A strong effect is also found for linguistic style where unreduced para, to a great extent, occurs in the niche of formal speech. With respect to the variation surrounding the complex onset in p(r)a, other social attributes are key. In particular, women are significantly less likely than men to use non-rhotic pa, which seems to owe to pa’s relative unacceptability in Brazilian society, although no predictor has any particularly strong effect on this process.
The Influence of Assessment of Classroom Writing on Feedback Processes and Product vs. on Product Alone
Authors: Ruegg Rachael
Published: December 2015

Although many second language writing classes use a process approach, anecdotal evidence suggests that assessment of writing in such classes often still focuses on the written product alone. This assessment practice continues despite specialists having recommended that both process and product be assessed. This study compares second-year university students in Japan who were assessed on feedback processes and product with others assessed on product alone in terms of perceptions of the feedback received. Perceptions were determined through a post-treatment questionnaire. Neither the assessment of the use of teacher feedback in revisions nor the assessment of the quality and quantity of peer feedback was found to have a clear benefit in terms of students’ perceptions of the feedback received. This finding suggests the need for further research to confirm whether the assessment of both process and product is worth the considerable time investment required.
New Standards and Opportunities
Authors: Berne Jennifer , McMahon Susan
Published: December 2015

New standards for writing provide the opportunity to rethink definitions of what writing is in schools. While traditional assessment methods align with many of the new standards and offer an important tool for gauging the success of some elements of writing, they often neglect other elements. In traditional assessment, the elements that are quantifiable become those that are valued. Teachers can promote consideration of other elements, those intangibles that change a text from an assignment to be completed into a powerful communicative act, by intervening in the prewriting or planning stage of the writing process. This article discusses one possible form of intervention in which the teacher has a conversation with a student that centers on the student’s investment of interest in her/his topic and helps the student plan a paper that will make a unique contribution and not just fulfill a task. By using a prewriting rubric to focus the conversation, the teacher is able to track student progress in understanding and enacting this important component of writing.
An Evaluation of English Writing Assessment in Japanese University Entrance Examinations
Authors: Moore Yumiko
Published: December 2015

Drawing on Shaw and Weir’s theoretical framework for validating writing tests (2007), this paper highlights the issues of the writing constructs measured in English writing tests in university entrance exams, and recommends improvements. The paper analysed the writing response formats of 66 English tests used by Japanese universities and one English test of National Centre Exams (NCE) for 2013 entry. It was found that translation was the most commonly used skill in the writing tests, and accounts for 45% of the total. The most common writing response format used by the state universities was translation, whereas word-reordering was commonly in use at the private universities and NCE. Because word-reordering and translation tasks can assess very limited English grammatical and lexical discrete writing skills, there is no conclusive proof that the task can assess writing skills needed by the applicants to write cohesive texts in English. However, there are potential reasons why indirect writing assessments have remained a key method for Japanese university admission in the system of designing the English tests: the number of applicants and time constraints. Taking these factors into account, alternative English tests should be introduced to Japanese university entrance examinations.
Intraoral 3D Scanning or Dental Impressions for the Assessment of Dental Arch Relationships in Cleft Care: Which is Superior?
Authors: Chalmers E.V. , Mcintyre G.T. , Wang W. , Gillgrass T. , Martin C.B. , Mossey P.A.
Published: December 2015

Objective

This study was undertaken to evaluate intraoral 3D scans for assessing dental arch relationships and obtain patient/parent perceptions of impressions and intraoral 3D scanning.

Materials & Methods

Forty-three subjects with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) had impressions taken for plaster models. These and the teeth were scanned using the R700 Orthodontic Study Model Scanner and Trios® Digital Impressions Scanner (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) to create indirect and direct digital models. All model formats were scored by three observers on two occasions using the GOSLON and modified Huddart Bodenham (MHB) indices. Participants and parents scored their perceptions of impressions and scanning from 1 (very good) to 5 (very bad). Intra- and interexaminer reliability were tested using GOSLON and MHB data (Cronbach's Alpha >0.9). Bland and Altman plots were created for MHB data, with each model medium (one-sample t tests, P < .05) and questionnaire data (Wilcoxon signed ranks P < .05) tested.

Results

Intra- and interexaminer reliability (>0.9) were good for all formats with the direct digital models having the lowest interexaminer differences. Participants had higher ratings for scanning comfort (84.8%) than impressions (44.2%) ( P < .05) and for scanning time (56.6%) than impressions (51.2%) ( P > .05). None disliked scanning, but 16.3% disliked impressions. Data for parents and children positively correlated ( P < .05).

Conclusions

Reliability of scoring dental arch relationships using intraoral 3D scans was superior to indirect digital and to plaster models; Subjects with UCLP preferred intra-oral 3D scanning to dental impressions, mirrored by parents/carers; This study supports the replacement of conventional impressions with intra-oral 3D scans in longitudinal evaluations of the outcomes of cleft care.
Actualidad en la etiología de la dislexia
Authors: Rivas Rosa María , López Santiago
Published: December 2015

El estudio de las posibles causas de las dificultades lecto-escritoras ha generado muchos conocimientos sobre su génesis, y se configura como un campo que todavía no está cerrado. En la etiología de las dislexias se han barajado factores genéticos, neurológicos, neurofisiológicos, cognitivos, madurativos, de personalidad, pedagógicos, etc. Sin embargo, resulta evidente la dificultad de poder identificar una única causa que las explique, ya que estos factores incluyen numerosas estructuras, procesos y funciones que, de modo interdependiente, contribuyen al dominio lecto-escritor. Este hecho complica más su estudio. Abordamos el estado de la cuestión sobre la etiología de las dislexias. Para ello se revisan diferentes estudios considerando los diversos enfoques que mayor visibilidad tienen en la actualidad. Concretamente, se revisan los estudios neurológicos, los neurofisiológicos, los estudios cognitivos y los genéticos. Las aportaciones más notorias, si bien, lejos de ser concluyentes, tratan de demostrar que las conexiones entre las disfuncionalidades hemisféricas y las dificultades lecto-escritoras son cada vez más precisas y prometedoras.
La evaluación del desarrollo pragmático temprano a través del EDPRA y The Pragmatics Profile
Authors: Botana Iria , Peralbo Manuel
Published: December 2015

En el presente trabajo  se presenta el estudio piloto sobre la adaptación y validación de la  Escala de Desarrollo Pragmático ( EDPRA),  diseñada con el objetivo de disponer de   un  instrumento de medida de las funciones comunicativas que nos permita conocer el perfil pragmático de un niño entre los 6 y los 48 meses. A sido elaborada a  partir del trabajo de Dewart y Summers " The pragmatics profile  e   incluye las funciones descritas por Halliday   en la estructura de la valoración del perfil pragmático. En el estudio piloto participaron un total  de 30 niños y niñas de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 48 nmeses . Todos fueron evaluados mediante el nuevo instrumento ( EDPRA)  y se le aplicó “ The Pragmatic Profile” . Los resultados muestran una alta fiabilidad y validez del EDPRA comparado con el Pragmatics profile. La ampliación de la muestra permitirá elaborar baremos y perfiles útiles para la evaluación temprana de estas funciones comunicativas.
Intervención sobre el funcionamiento ejecutivo en un caso de TDAH: implicaciones en conciencia fonológica y lectura
Authors: Pérez-Mariño Nuria
Published: December 2015

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo más frecuentes de la infancia, caracterizándose, principalmente, por un fallo en las funciones ejecutivas, lo que provoca dificultades en la capacidad de atención sostenida, inhibición de estímulos irrelevantes, regulación y selección de conductas, planificación, organización y flexibilidad. Frecuentemente, aparecen asociados al trastorno problemas en el aprendizaje, especialmente, dificultades en la lectura que se relacionarían con el fallo en las funciones ejecutivas, siendo posible que exista también una relación entre estas últimas y un bajo desempeño en tareas de conciencia fonológica. El presente trabajo trata de valorar los efectos de un programa de intervención en las funciones ejecutivas sobre las dificultades en conciencia fonológica y en lectura en un caso con TDAH que manifiesta ambos problemas.En el estudio participó un niño de 7 años y 7 meses de edad, diagnosticado de TDAH refiriendo un retraso madurativo y presentando además dificultades en lectura y conciencia fonológica. El trabajo se desarrolló a lo largo de tres fases: una inicial de evaluación previa a la intervención; una segunda en la que se aplicó un programa de intervención diseñado para mejorar el funcionamiento ejecutivo en niños con TDAH; y finalmente, una tercera fase de evaluación posterior a la intervención para valorar los resultados del tratamiento. Los datos obtenidos muestran una mejora tanto en la conciencia fonológica como en las habilidades lectoras. La intervención se realizó desde la vertiente de las funciones ejecutivas por lo que los resultados obtenidos coinciden con las hipótesis que  proponen la existencia de una relación entre el buen desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas y las mejoras en la conciencia fonológica y en la lectura. Estos resultados avalan la necesidad de llevar a cabo programas de este tipo como parte de la intervención que se realiza con los niños afectados por TDAH. No obstante, sería recomendable llevar a cabo más trabajos en esta línea con una metodología de corte experimental, comparando los resultados de la intervención con niños sin dificultades e incluyendo seguimientos para valorar si los resultados de la intervención perduran a lo largo del tiempo.
Intervención logopédica para la estimulación de las habilidades fonológicas en un caso con retraso madurativo
Authors: Noya-Lameiro Pilar
Published: December 2015

En las últimas décadas el estudio de la conciencia fonológica se ha vuelto muy frecuente. Lo que más impulsa a esta investigación es la relación de reciprocidad que se establece entre conciencia fonológica y lectura, concediendo un papel fundamental a las habilidades fonológicas en el desarrollo y aprendizaje de las habilidades lectoras. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue valorar los efectos de un programa de intervención en conciencia fonológica en un caso de dificultades de aprendizaje. En el estudio participó un niño de 7 años de edad, que presentaba dificultades de aprendizaje asociadas a un retraso madurativo. El trabajo se desarrolló a lo largo de tres fases: una primera de evaluación previa a la intervención; una segunda en la que se diseñó un plan de intervención para estimular las habilidades fonológicas de reconocimiento y adición tanto de  sílaba  como  de  fonema;  y  finalmente,  una tercera  fase  de  evaluación  una  vez finalizada la intervención con el fin de valorar los resultados del tratamiento. Los datos obtenidos muestran una mejora en las variables que fueron objeto de intervención. Además, los resultados obtenidos coinciden con la hipótesis propuesta en otras investigaciones de que las habilidades fonológicas interfieren en el desarrollo y aprendizaje de las habilidades lectoras, pues estas mejoraron notablemente tras la intervención en conciencia fonológica. Valorando los logros de la intervención se puede afirmar que un programa de estimulación de las habilidades fonológicas en personas con dificultades de aprendizaje puede ayudar a compensar dichas dificultades, mejorando así el futuro rendimiento académico de muchos niños. En estos casos sería recomendable  llevar a cabo una intervención más prolongada que la efectuada en este caso, para reforzar y generalizar los aprendizajes.
Teoría de la Mente en personas con Síndrome de Asperger: estudio de caso.
Authors: Louro Miriam
Published: December 2015

La Teoría de la Mente es una habilidad metacognitiva que consiste en ser capaz de ponerse en el lugar del otro, de imaginarse lo que piensa y/o siente y de comprender de manera intuitiva estados mentales, como creencias y deseos. Esta habilidad se supone deficitaria en las personas con autismo. Por un lado, las personas diagnosticadas de Autismo Clásico son incapaces de reconocer lo que otros piensan, saben o creen, mientras que las personas con un diagnóstico de síndrome de Asperger pueden percibir estas señales aunque no las interpretan correctamente. Se presenta un estudio clínico con un niño de siete años y seis meses de edad, diagnosticado de síndrome de Asperger con el objetivo de comprobar la efectividad de las tareas de falsas creencias, que se considera miden la Teoría de la Mente. A través de estas tareas, se realiza una evaluación y, posteriormente, un entrenamiento en habilidades mentalistas con la finalidad de entrenar la Teoría de la Mente en un niño diagnosticado de síndrome de Asperger. Los ponen de manifiesto que el entrenamiento se ha mostrado efectivo en la resolución de tareas de falsas creencias de 1º orden.
Práticas de Supervisão Pedagógica:Análise dos Relatórios de Avaliação Externa de Escolas
Authors: Amaral Margarida Africano , Bidarra Maria Graça , Vaz-Rebelo Maria Piedade , Barreira Carlos Folgado
Published: December 2015

Pretendendo identificar práticas de supervisão em escolas que se destacaram no primeiro e segundo ciclos avaliativos do programa de Avaliação Externa de Escolas no domínio Prestação de serviço educativo, procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo dos relatórios de seis escolas do primeiro ciclo avaliativo com a classificação de Muito Bom tanto no domínio referido como no fator Acompanhamento da prática letiva e de duas no segundo ciclo avaliativo que mantiveram os requisitos estabelecidos. A análise efetuada revela que as escolas desenvolveram práticas indiretas de supervisão pedagógica, embora, no segundo ciclo, a partilha de materiais, o trabalho colaborativo entre pares e a ação supervisiva das lideranças intermédias também sejam referidas.
Provinha Brasil: reflexões sobre cotidiano escolar e formação de professores
Authors: Shilke Ana Lúcia , Eckhardt Fabiana
Published: December 2015

O presente estudo objetiva discutir a relação entre avaliação externa e cotidiano escolar. Tal trabalho justifica-se, na medida em que as avaliações externas estão cada dia mais presentes na escola, refletindo o que vem sendo preconizado em diversos estados/países, inclusive Brasil. No referido trabalho, tomamos como estratégia metodológica a aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado sobre a Provinha Brasil, destinado a professores dos anos iniciais  de uma rede municipal e a estudantes do curso de pedagogia de uma instituição privada. É possível inferir que tais exames associados a políticas de formação reduzem a compreensão do professor sobre a aprendizagem e ensino.
La evaluación en las materias Gráfico Visual de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Authors: López-Pena Vicente , López-Chao Andrea , López-Chao Vicente
Published: December 2015

La evaluación es una actividad compleja que forma parte del proceso educativo y siempre ha constituido una preocupación central del docente. Aunque a veces es percibida como el componente más incómodo del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, resulta esencial contar con un sistema de evaluación que legitime y promueva la calidad Esta no constituye una labor que se realiza al margen del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, siendo una actividad integrada la acción docente.  Consideramos que la evaluación es uno de los elementos clave del proceso formativo en cualquier nivel educativo, sus finalidades son amplias y no se remiten solamente a calificar, clasificar o aprobar estudiantes o que este sea capaz simplemente de reproducir la información asimilada. Dada su importancia, las formas de evaluación y sus estrategias asociadas han de ser variadas, además de constituir una fuente de información lo suficientemente amplia como para calificar a los estudiantes, puesto que no sería responsable pretender evaluar las tres dimensiones del aprendizaje empleando solo las formas correspondientes a una de estas dimensiones. Sin embargo, Andreu y Labrador afirman que la evaluación sigue mayoritariamente asociada con el examen, poco a poco ha ido surgiendo una nueva forma de entender la formación universitaria, reconceptualizándose el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, que incluye también un cambio en el enfoque de la evaluación. Así pues, dada la importancia que posee la evaluación se ha realizado una investigación a través del análisis de las guías docentes de todas las titulaciones técnicas de la Universidad de Santiago que contienen entre sus materias alguna relacionada con la Enseñanza Gráfico Visual para averiguar  cuáles son las estrategias evaluadoras que se emplean. Los resultados, que indican que de las 12 asignaturas de Expresión Gráfico Visual presentes en la USC, sólo en 2 (16,6% de la muestra) se detalla el modo de realizar la evaluación, siendo en ambos casos e examen el responsable del 60 o 65% de la nota final. Es resto de la calificación se realiza a través de los trabajos. Cabe destacar que a pesar de no estar detallada su ponderación, en el 75% de los casos se utiliza el examen como parte de la evaluación, y el 66,66% las prácticas.
Escala de Pensamento Existencial: análise Rasch da versão Portuguesa
Authors: Miguel José Pacheco , Silva José Tomás da , Machado Teresa Sousa
Published: December 2015

As preocupações com as questões fundamentais da existência (e.g., o sentido da vida, o que acontece após a morte) constituem uma experiência humana universal, ao ponto da maior parte das pessoas possuírem crenças formadas acerca das questões existenciais.  Para além disso, a valorização transcultural da capacidade para considerar as questões existenciais e a procura de sentido para a própria existência são dimensões importante para o funcionamento humano ideal.  No entanto, uma vez que as pessoas possuem capacidades distintas de exploração e compreensão das questões existenciais, diferindo consideravelmente no modo como contemplam estas questões nucleares, a psicologia necessita de instrumentos que permitam medir o pensamento existencial e avaliar os efeitos e correlatos deste construto.  Allan e Shearer definem este tipo de pensamento como a tendência para se envolver em preocupações fundamentais da existência e a capacidade do sujeito para realizar um processo de atribuição de sentido que o situe relativamente a estas questões existenciais.  Com base neste modelo, os autores desenvolveram uma medida de auto-relato, a Scale for Existential Thinking (SET), cujo estudo psicométrico (dimensionalidade e fidelidade) resultou em evidência confirmatória de um modelo unifactorial, recorrendo a uma amostra de alunos universitários.  Apresentamos neste trabalho os primeiros dados relativos às propriedades psicométricas (dimensionalidade e fidelidade) da versão Portuguesa da Scale for Existential Thinking (SET-P), numa amostra de jovens adultos universitários.  Tendo em consideração a unidimensionalidade da escala, pressuposto do modelo de Rasch, realizou-se uma análise detalhada das propriedades psicométricas da SET-P ao nível dos seus itens, mas no âmbito da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), uma vez que associa a probabilidade de resposta do sujeito ao seu nível de construto latente (e.g., pensamento existencial) que o instrumento de avaliação psicológica se propõe medir.  Este estudo procura demostrar a qualidade psicométrica da versão Portuguesa da SET através do Rasch Rating scale model (RSM), em termos de dimensionalidade, calibração dos itens, análise do funcionamento diferencial dos itens (DIF) e da adequabilidade da escala de resposta.  Avaliam-se também as relações entre o pensamento existencial, o afecto, a auto-estima e a perspectiva temporal de futuro, recorrendo às versões portuguesas da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, da Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale e da Future Time Perspective Scale, respectivamente.  São discutidas as implicações destas relações para o desenvolvimento adaptativo dos jovens, bem como as principais limitações do estudo, propondo-se futuras linhas de investigação.
A gramática nos exames nacionais do 12º ano de Português em Timor-Leste
Authors: Silva António Carvalho da , Teles Ana Paula
Published: December 2015

Em particular a partir de 2011, com o Projeto de Reestruturação Curricular do Ensino Secundário Geral em Timor-Leste, verificaram-se alterações ao nível do currículo nacional de Timor, as quais foram transpostas para os programas oficiais do 10º, 11º e 12º Anos, assim como para os novos manuais escolares, a introduzir no Ensino Secundário desde então. Tendo em conta estas alterações e porque com elas o Estado continuará a atribuir-se uma função controladora da avaliação externa, pretende-se, neste estudo, descobrir, primeiro, como são concebidas e organizadas as provas de exame de Português do 12º Ano de Timor-Leste e, ainda, avaliar se tais provas refletem alguma das inovações propostas pelos programas em vigor. Em segundo lugar, e na medida em que os domínios principais da avaliação na área do Português são a Leitura, a Escrita e a Gramática, optámos por centrar a atenção no domínio gramatical, que continua a ser representativo do ensino das línguas. Por conseguinte, com o objetivo de caracterizar as perspetivas de avaliação de uma das áreas centrais do ensino do Português (a gramática), começou-se, em termos de método, por descrever a organização interna de dois exames de Língua Portuguesa, realizados em Timor em 2013 e 2014, dirigindo a análise para as questões que avaliam o conhecimento gramatical, em três dimensões: comparação da natureza das perguntas utilizadas nas provas de exame; distinção dos conteúdos avaliados no âmbito do conhecimento gramatical; avaliação dos níveis de conhecimento sobre a língua implicados nas perguntas (reconhecimento, produção ou explicitação). Relativamente aos resultados da análise destes exames, aquilo que se pode, desde logo, verificar é que há uma presença significativa de questões sobre gramática (cerca de 50%), que as questões são (todas) de escolha múltipla, que as perguntas sobre gramática incidem (maioritariamente) em atividades de reconhecimento ou reprodução de conteúdos e que as áreas linguísticas mais avaliadas são as da sintaxe e da morfologia. Esta é, na verdade, uma forma muito particular de entender a avaliação do conhecimento gramatical nos Exames Nacionais de Timor, que interessa, portanto, aprofundar na posterior discussão dos dados deste estudo.
A autoavaliação de escolas: tensões e sentidos da ação
Authors: Correia Ana Paula , Fialho Isabel , Sá Virgínio
Published: December 2015

No contexto educativo português a questão da avaliação das organizações escolares tem vindo a ocupar um lugar de destaque na agenda das políticas educativas, onde os processos de avaliação externa e de autoavaliação são apontados como instrumentos decisivos para a melhoria da qualidade do serviço educativo. Porém, numa era de responsabilização (accountability) das escolas pelos resultados escolares, de aumento da pressão para avaliações externas e de elaboração de rankings não tem sido fácil para as escolas desenvolverem processos de autoavaliação que tenham em conta a sua totalidade e consigam promover a capacidade de mudança e melhoria interna. Num contexto onde os objetivos são, por vezes, inconsistentes e não consensuais e as tecnologias pouco claras e frequentemente mal dominadas, a ação organizacional em torno dos processos avaliativos acaba por refletir o jogo dos atores. Integrada numa investigação mais ampla, em curso, com a finalidade de averiguar os efeitos do programa de avaliação externa das escolas (AEE) nas dinâmicas de autoavaliação e nos planos de ação para a melhoria da escola, na presente comunicação restringe-se a abordagem e procura-se conhecer como se desenvolve o processo de autoavaliação nas escolas. Questiona-se essencialmente: (1) como se desenvolve o processo de conceção e implementação da autoavaliação? (2) quais os constrangimentos ao desenvolvimento de processos de autoavaliação?. O estudo geral no qual a comunicação se baseia insere-se numa matriz de cariz essencialmente qualitativo e opta pelo estudo de casos múltiplos, aplicado a cinco escolas (2 escolas secundárias e 3 agrupamentos de escola). Como fonte de informação recorreu-se à observação, entrevistas, e inquérito por questionário. Nesta comunicação apresentam-se essencialmente os resultados das trinta e sete entrevistas realizadas a atores da comunidade educativa com diferentes funções nas escolas. Os resultados preliminares tendem a evidenciar que as organizações educativas, nas respostas às prescrições externas para a sua avaliação e melhoria, recorrem a estratégias e táticas plurais, de tal modo que os processos de autoavaliação, mais do que alimentarem processos de melhoria na prestação do serviço educativo, configuram processos de adaptação que lhes permitem assegurar a sua credibilidade social e a legitimidade organizacional.
Avaliação da atenção no contexto do trânsito: uma amostra da Bahia – Brasil
Authors: Silva Marlene Alves da , Sardinha Luís Sérgio , Finelli Leonardo Augusto Couto
Published: December 2015

No Brasil, um teste psicológico, para ser considerado em condições de uso, deve ser aprovado pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia, que regulamenta a matéria por meio da Resolução 002/2003. Tal resolução dispõe sobre elaboração, comercialização e uso dos testes psicológicos. Para isto devem ser apresentados estudos atualizados relativos aos parâmetros psicométricos do teste, particularmente os que evidenciem sua validade e precisão, pelos profissionais que fazem uso dos mesmos. Em decorrência desta regulamentação existe um grande número de instrumentos que são estudados com o objetivo de atualizar e aperfeiçoar as avaliações já realizadas, dada à importância dos testes psicológicos no processo de avaliação psicológica. A validade de um instrumento de avaliação deve ser apoiada por uma análise complexa, relacionada com fatores como objetivos, contexto, variáveis a serem examinadas, sujeito ou população e, consequentemente, os resultados e propósitos do processo avaliativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi buscar evidência de validade para os testes de Atenção Dividida e Alternada, que avaliam dois tipos de atenção. O Teste de Atenção Dividida (TEADI) traz uma medida sobre a capacidade do indivíduo para dividir a atenção, de buscar mais de dois estímulos simultaneamente. Já o Teste de Atenção Alternada (TEALT) avalia a capacidade que o sujeito tem para focar a atenção de modo alternado em distintos estímulos. Nos dois testes, ao buscar os estímulos alvejados, o indivíduo deve desconsiderar os estímulos que dificultem esta ação. Os dois instrumentos podem ser aplicados individual ou coletivamente. Os testes foram aplicados de forma coletiva em 311 pessoas que passaram pelo processo de avaliação psicológica para obtenção da Carteira Nacional de Habilitação - CNH e motoristas que buscavam a renovação ou mudança de categoria da CNH no estado da Bahia - Brasil. A idade da amostra variou de 18 a 68 anos, sendo 165 solteiros, 137 casados ou em convivência estável e 09 separados, divorciados ou viúvos. A escolaridade variou do ensino fundamental a pós-graduação. Foi calculada a correlação de Pearson entre os totais de pontos. Os principais resultados apontam que ocorreu correlação moderada, positiva e significativa entre as pontuações dos testes TEADI e TEALT. Os dados disponíveis até o momento permitem concluir que, nesta amostra, existem evidências de validade dos referidos testes.
Analysis of Diagnostic Value of Ultrasonography in Perianal Abscess and Anal Fistula
Authors: Gao Xing
Published: December 2015

Objective: To discuss the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in perianal abscess and anal fistula. Method: through retrospectively analyzing clinical data of 80 cases of perianal abscess and anal fistula patients in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2011, compare the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and positive predictive value of transrectal ultrasonography and body surface ultrasonography. Results: Operation pathology of 80 cases of patients confirms that there are 35 cases of single perianal abscess (43.8%), transrectal ultrasonography and body surface ultrasonography diagnosis also confirm 35 cases; 2 cases of single anal fistula (2.5%), transrectal ultrasonography and body surface ultrasonography diagnosis also confirm 2 cases; 43 cases of abscess combined anal fistula (53.8%), body surface ultrasonography diagnosis confirms 39 cases of abscess and 36 cases of anal fistula transrectal ultrasonography diagnosis confirms 40 cases of abscess and 38 cases of anal fistula. There is no significant difference in Se, Sp and positive predictive value between two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in Se, Sp and positive predictive value of body surface ultrasonography diagnosis, but it can obviously relieve patients' pain.
Study of the Optimization of Structural Designs in Residential Buildings
Authors: Wei Jianyu
Published: December 2015

The building structural design which has met both functional and quality assurances could no longer meet the demands of human life and spirit, especially with the continuous improvement in living standards and increasing in public needs. Therefore, there is necessary to optimize the design of building structures. This study will give a brief introduction to the optimization theory of structural design, present some optimization measures and theoretical reference for future structural design optimization.
On Matters Needing Attention in Building Structure Design
Authors: Huo Ruiping
Published: December 2015

Although there have been good developments in China’s construction industry with increasing building technology and design levels, there are still some issues that require attention and to be solved by designers in constructing structure designs. The stability of building structure and the quality of construction can only be ensured with continual rectifying and solving problems in structural design. In this study, the discussion examines some design problems encountered in actual construction work.
Index 2015 (Online Only)
Authors: ESA
Published: December 2015

Please see pdf for full text version.
Emergence of sex-segregated behavior and association patterns in juvenile spider monkeys
Authors: Rodrigues Michelle A.
Published: December 2015

Sex-segregation occurs in a number of mammals, and is typically attributed to differences in body size, reproductive energetics, or social roles. Although most primates remain in cohesive groups, spider monkeys exhibit fission-fusion dynamics and sex-segregated association patterns. Here, I present results on sex differences in behavior and subgrouping in juvenile spider monkeys. I found that the monkeys exhibit several aspects of sex-differentiated behavioral and grouping patterns that emerge despite the fact that both sexes ranged with their mothers. I conclude that juvenile spider monkeys exhibit sex-segregated behavior and association patterns earlier than previously reported for this species. Because the hypotheses regarding body size dimorphism and reproductive energetics do not apply to these juveniles, I attribute these differences to social roles.
Observation of weapon use in a group of semi-free tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp)
Authors: Hamilton Claire , Fragaszy Dorothy M.
Published: December 2015

No abstract