bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An innovative sample preparation strategy to visualize the crystalline structure of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites by polarized optical microscopy
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Furushima Yoshitomo , Yamamoto Takashi , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: March 2024

This study aims at an innovative sample preparation strategy for fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) composites analyzed via polarized optical microscopy to visualize the crystalline structure of the matrix resin. Investigating the structure is relevant for understanding the relationship with the mechanical properties. In general, polarized optical microscopy is a powerful technique for visualizing polymer crystalline structures at samples sliced into thin sections below 30 μm. However, analyzing FRTPs remains challenging in absence of suitable methods for the preparation of thin sections owing to the embedded fibers. Herein, the preparation of appropriately thin sections in a novel sequence of steps is shown that may generically be applied to FRTPs. Four different types of FRTPs with major matrix resins (GF/PBT, CF/PA6, CF/PEEK and GF/PP) were successfully processed to thickness of 5 μm or below without fiber loss, resin breakage or delamination between fiber and resin demonstrating the utility of the developed method, which is the significant outcome of the study. To the best of our knowledge, the subsequently obtained polarized optical microscopic images for the first time visualized the crystalline structure of the matrix resin revealing nucleation of crystals from the fiber surface and effects of mold flow on the crystallization behavior.

Highlights

Thinning of fiber reinforced thermoplastics to thickness of 5 μm or below.

Thinning achieved despite fiber volume at industrial applications level.

Sample preparation ensures ideal conditions for polarized optical microscopy.

Visualization of crystalline structure of the matrix resin for the first time.

Potential advancement for spectroscopic and electron microscopic analyses.
Long‐term durability of thermoplastic elastomer containing antiviral additives for mobility applications
Authors: Iyigundogdu Zeynep , Couvreur Rachel , Tamrakar Sandeep , Yoon Jaewon , Basar Basak , Ersoy Osman G. , Sahin Fikrettin , Mielewski Deborah , Kiziltas Alper
Published: March 2024

In the mobility market, there is a demand from customers for antimicrobial protection. As a result, the market has grown considerably to provide antiviral and antimicrobial polymers and coatings. This study examines how the efficacy of a non‐commercial antimicrobial thermoplastic elastomer will change over the life of the application. Using an example application of an electric scooter handlebar grip, durability requirements were identified, and antiviral efficacy (exceeding a log value of 3 or >99.9 microbial growth reduction) was compared before and after testing. A scooter handlebar grip was selected as the ideal example application as it was a high‐touch surface, with several different riders. During the start of this study, scooter companies were encouraging their riders to disinfect scooter handlebars before riding, use hand sanitizer, and wear gloves. If the handlebar grip could be antimicrobial, then they could eliminate these steps and provide a safe ride for the users. In order to simulate long‐term durability, UV exposure, temperature, humidity, artificial sweat, sunscreen, insect repellent, and abrasion tests were performed and evaluated in terms of antiviral activity. Accelerated weathering reduced the virucidal activity of the sample versus unexposed antiviral thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). However, the efficacy increased with contact time from 90% to 96.83% at 30 and 120 min, respectively. Abrasion resistance of antiviral TPE showed a volume loss of 66 mm3 compared to control samples of 83 mm3. The antiviral TPE sample exhibited slightly lower efficacy compared to the control after exposure to the artificial sweat (99.43% vs. 99.95%). Additionally, a skin tolerance test conducted on rabbits showed that antiviral TPE was not an irritant and showed no dermal toxicity. The outcome of this study will lead to the development of long‐term durable antimicrobial material for the transportation industry.

Highlights

The effectiveness of an antimicrobial material depends on various environmental factors.

Accelerated weathering of the antiviral TPE reduced the efficacy.

The antiviral TPE was non‐irritating to the skin.

Significant research needs to continue in this area to provide safe and robust solutions.

This approach to antimicrobial incorporation can now be applied to the transportation industry.
Berührungslose Lichtkontrolle in Luft
Authors: Schrödel Yannick , Heyl Christoph , Dörsam Jan Helge , Kupnik Mario
Published: March 2024

Mithilfe hochintensiver Ultraschallwellen, die sich in gasförmigen Medien ausbreiten, ist es gelungen, ultrakurze Laserpulse mit einer bisher unerreichten Spitzenleistung von zwanzig Gigawatt in Luft abzulenken und dabei gleichzeitig eine herausragende Strahlqualität beizubehalten. Das könnte in Zukunft neue, äußerst robuste optische Bauteile wie beispielsweise Linsen oder Wellenleiter in bislang unerschlossenen spektralen Bereichen ermöglichen.
Aufnahme und Auswertung von Spektren mit Vernier Spectral Analysis
Authors: Gößling Alexander , Becker‐Genschow Sebastian , Kuhn Jochen , Wilhelm Thomas
Published: March 2024

Analysen von Absorptions‐ und Emissionsspektren zählen zu den grundlegenden Versuchen in der Atomphysik in Schule und Hochschule. Die App Vernier Spectral Analysis steuert ein kompaktes Spektrometer und erlaubt eine detaillierte Darstellung und Auswertung der Spektren.
Thomas Manns Zeitromane
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: March 2024

Schriftsteller haben nicht die Aufgabe, Wissen korrekt darzustellen, sie können aber sein ästhetisches Potenzial für die Weltanschauung ihrer Zeit kreativ ausloten.
Epitaxial Tantalum‐Doped β‐Ga2O3 Thin Films Grown on Mgo (001) Substrate by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Lin Haobo , Liu Ningtao , Wang Wei , Zhang Xiaoli , Han Dongyang , Zhang Wenrui , Ye Jichun
Published: March 2024

Epitaxial thin films of tantalum‐doped β‐Ga2O3 (Ta‐Ga2O3) are grown on MgO (001) substrates to study the effect of Ta doping on the electrical properties of β‐Ga2O3 films. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show that the films with different Ta doping concentrations are (00l)‐oriented single‐crystalline β‐Ga2O3 without impurity phases. The incorporation of the Ta element modifies the electrical properties of Ta‐Ga2O3 films significantly. At a very low doping ratio of 0.05 mol%, the Ta‐Ga2O3 film showed a minimum resistivity of 2.32 Ω cm and a carrier concentration of 2.48 × 1017 cm−3. The corresponding activation energy of Ta element in the film is 16.8 meV, suggesting that the Ta element is a promising shallow donor dopant. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms that the Fermi level of the Ga2O3 films shifts toward the conduction band minimum after the introduction of Ta ions. These results indicate that the transition metal element Ta could be an effective n‐type dopant for modulating the carrier transport behavior of β‐Ga2O3 films.
Exploring the therapeutic potential of quercetin: A focus on its sirtuin‐mediated benefits
Authors: Ungurianu Anca , Zanfirescu Anca , Margină Denisa
Published: March 2024

As the global population ages, preventing lifestyle‐ and aging‐related diseases is increasing, necessitating the search for safe and affordable therapeutic interventions. Among nutraceuticals, quercetin, a flavonoid ubiquitously present in various plants, has garnered considerable interest. This review aimed to collate and analyze existing literature on the therapeutic potentials of quercetin, especially its interactions with SIRTs and its clinical applicability based on its bioavailability and safety. This narrative review was based on a literature survey spanning from 2015 to 2023 using PUBMED. The keywords and MeSH terms used were: “quercetin” AND “bioavailability” OR “metabolism” OR “metabolites” as well as “quercetin” AND “SIRTuin” OR “SIRT*” AND “cellular effects” OR “pathway” OR “signaling” OR “neuroprotective” OR “cardioprotective” OR “nephroprotective” OR “antiatherosclerosis” OR “diabetes” OR “antidiabetic” OR “dyslipidemia” AND “mice” OR “rats”. Quercetin demonstrates multiple therapeutic activities, including neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti‐atherosclerotic effects. Its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties are well‐established. At a molecular level, it majorly interacts with SIRTs, particularly SIRT1 and SIRT6, and modulates numerous signaling pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects. These pathways play roles in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose utilization, fatty acid oxidation, and genome stability. However, clinical trials on quercetin's effectiveness in humans are scarce. Quercetin exhibits a wide range of SIRT‐mediated therapeutic effects. Despite the compelling preclinical data, more standardized clinical trials are needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential. Future research should focus on addressing its bioavailability and safety concerns.
Robotic 8‐mm trocar fascial wounds: To close or not to close?
Authors: Milone Marco , Anoldo Pietro , Manigrasso Michele , Cantore Grazia , Campanile Silvia , Rompianesi Gianluca , Troisi Roberto Ivan , D’Amore Anna , De Palma Giovanni Domenico
Published: March 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate 8‐mm robotic trocar site hernia (TSH) rate over the short and long term, providing aids to manage the related fascial wounds.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 320 patients undergoing robotic surgery was conducted. The primary outcome was 8‐mm TSH rate with a minimum follow‐up of 12 months. The secondary outcome was the rate of haematomas and infections related to 8‐mm wounds and their association with patient comorbidities and trocar position.

Results

One case of TSH was observed (0.31%). There were 15 cases of wound infection (4.68%) and 22 cases of wound haematoma (6.87%). Trocar related complications were significantly associated with patient comorbidities, not with trocar position.

Conclusions

Our results do not justify the 8‐mm fascial wound closure. Data concerning the association between trocar‐related complications and patient comorbidities strengthen the need to implement the control of metabolic state and correct administration of perioperative therapy in high‐risk patients.
Dual‐mode resilient model predictive control for cyber‐physical systems against DoS attacks
Authors: Yang Huan , Dai Li , Xie Huahui , Cai Pushen , Xia Yuanqing
Published: March 2024

In this article, a resilient model predictive control algorithm incorporating a dual‐mode control strategy is proposed for a class of cyber‐physical systems subject to state and input constraints, additive disturbances and denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. An adversary aims to disrupt the controller‐to‐actuator channel by deploying adversarial jamming signals. By exploring the prediction uncertainty between a nominal model and an actual model and utilizing a constraint tightening technique, a novel set of constraints is developed, which guarantees robust constraint satisfaction in open‐loop mode caused by DoS attacks. A robust positive invariant set is designed, which allows the control mode to switch from rolling optimization to a state‐feedback control law when the state enters its interior, thus saving computational resources. We explicitly determine a critical duration for DoS attacks and, through theoretical analysis, establish that when the duration of DoS attacks falls below this critical value, the proposed algorithm ensures guaranteed recursive feasibility and robust asymptotic stability. Finally, some comparisons are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Fault‐tolerant control of observer‐based H∞ with sensor and actuator faults under two‐step event triggering mechanism
Authors: Lu Yang , Pang Guochen , Pan Ying , Liu Yang , Qiu Jianlong , Zhang Ancai , Cao Jinde
Published: March 2024

This article considers the design problem of observer‐based fault‐tolerant control under three faulty cases: sensor only, actuator only, and both sensor and actuator faults. To save communication resources, the event trigger mechanism method is used for sensor‐to‐observer and observer‐to‐controller transmissions. In this case, the design method of the new observer is given for obtaining estimating both states and faults which are used to design observer‐based fault‐tolerant controllers. In particular, the virtual observer is designed to suppress the effects of faults on the system. As the virtual observer contains unmeasurable system information, the real observer is built on top of the virtual observer to eliminate the unmeasurable information. Finally, the feasibility of the approach is tested with a numerical example.
Preparation of nZVI/MCM‐41/rGO for Adsorption of Nickel Ions from Water
Authors: Piao Mingyue , Peng Xue , Liu Hao , Zhang Wei , Teng Honghui
Published: March 2024

Emissions of nickel (Ni) are harmful to the environment and people‘s health. Although nano zero‐valent iron (nZVI) has a lot of potential for treating water pollution, its instability and tendency for aggregation have limited its application. In order to improve its properties, composite adsorbent MCM‐41/rGO supported nZVI (nZVI/MCM‐41/rGO) is designed for improving the properties of nZVI, and it is characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET. The results show that it has an apparent Fe(0) crystallinity and modest rGO crystallinity, as well as a rough and porous structure. There are many oxygen‐containing groups found on the surface of nZVI/MCM‐41/rGO, such as −OH, −COOH, and Si−O. The pore diameter is concentrated at 23.82 nm, and the specific surface area is 15.94 cm2/g. The consequences of several parameters such as contact time, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH for adsorption efficiency were investigated. The best performance is occurred at pH 6, C0=80 mg/L with a 2 g/L adsorbent dosage, and after 180 min, a maximum adsorption capacity of 41.82 mg/g is reached at 333 K. The Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm and second order kinetic models fit the Ni(II) adsorption process well. It is determined through analysis of the thermodynamic parameters that the adsorption progress is endothermic (ΔH0>0) and spontaneous (ΔG0<0). nZVI/MCM‐41/rGO has proven to be an effective and alternative material for the removal of Ni(II) ions from aqueous media due to its excellent removal ability, availability, and low cost.
Biomass Carbon Anchored Co‐N4 Single‐Atom Catalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution and Alcohol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Wang Shuang , Chen Yu , Wang Xiaoqiao , Liu Xinyu , Fu Xiaoqi , Yang Juan
Published: March 2024

Great efforts have been made to boost the performance of electrochemical catalysts by regulating the electronic and geometric structures. However, the electrochemical catalytic properties have entered the bottleneck stage only depend on these methods, especially in alkaline or neutral conditions. It is highly desired to develop new strategy to make robust electrocatalysts. In this study, an atomic Co‐N4 catalyst embedded on nitrogen‐doped 3D hierarchically porous carbon has been prepared via a facile method of calcining the coordination compound. Benefiting from the unique properties of Co single‐atoms, they are coordinated with the heteroatom nitrogen of o‐phenylenediamine and melamine and anchored on the nitrogen‐doped porous carbon carriers. The as‐synthesized Co‐N‐LPC with a maximum Co single‐atom loading of 3.82 wt % features a high specific surface area of 196.6 m2 g−1 and exhibits decently high hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and alcohol oxidation catalytic activities in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte with competitive overpotentials of 131, 318 and 124 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density respectively. This study offers a cost‐effective electrocatalyst for water splitting or alcohol oxidation that can be used instead of noble metals in various renewable energy storage and conversion applications.
One‐pot Microwave‐assisted Synthesis of Pyrazolopyrimidines from 5‐Amino‐4‐thiocyanato‐pyrazoles with Vilsmeier Reagent
Authors: Zeng Wei‐Zheng , Zeng Jhih‐Jie , Chung Cheng‐Yen , Uramaru Naoto , Wong Fung Fuh
Published: March 2024

A facile one‐pot microwave‐assisted synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidines and pyrazolothiazoles was developed by reacting 5‐amino‐4‐thiocyanato‐pyrazoles with Vilsmeier Reagent (PBr3/foramide). The reaction gave the corresponding pyrazolopyrimidines as major products in good yields (61–85 %) and pyrazolothiazoles as minor products (11–23 % yields). The plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to account for the transformation of pyrazolopyrimidines and pyrazolothiazoles through two paths A and B. In path A, the reaction leading to the formation of pyrazolopyrimidines proceeded through four sequential steps, including acidic catalyzed cascade dethiocyanation/cyclization, Vilsmeier reaction, ring expansion, and deamination. The formation of the pyrazolothiazole in path B was caused by the nucleophilic heterocyclization reaction involving the sulfur nucleophilic reaction of thiocyanate (R−SC≡N) and the departure of a cyanamide. Based on the experimental results, we observed that the path A for the formation of pyrazolopyrimidines was more favorable.
2‐Dimensional Magnesium Oxide/Polyaniline Nanocomposite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and 4‐Nitrophenol
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Sharma Surbhi , Tripathi Chandra Shekhar Pati , Guin Debanjan
Published: March 2024

In this study, we have developed an electrochemical sensor based on a polyaniline (PANI) integrated magnesium oxide nanosheet (MgO‐NSs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the rapid electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) and 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). 2‐D MgO‐NSs were synthesized using a straightforward one‐step sugar‐blowing method, and PANI was synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of aniline. The nanocomposite (PANI‐MgO) was prepared by simple mechanical blending of MgO‐NSs with PANI. The as‐synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using several analytical techniques to determine their morphological and microstructural properties. The as‐synthesized PANI, MgO, and PANI‐MgO were further electrochemically characterized using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The fabricated PANI‐MgO/GCE showed a considerable increase in the redox peak currents of DA and 4‐NP, suggesting that PANI‐MgO/GCE substantially enhances the electrocatalytic oxidation of DA and the reduction of 4‐NP. The analytical performance of PANI‐MgO/GCE for the detection of DA and 4‐NP was investigated using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The developed sensor was successfully applied for the detection of DA and 4‐NP in real samples with good recovery results.
Enhancing Performance of Arsenic Adsorption through Ce‐Modified Activated Carbon Derived from Bamboo Shoot Shells
Authors: Zhao Han , Jiao Xuanru , Wang Mingjie , He Linhan , Yao Yao , Liu Zhijia , Chen Yao
Published: March 2024

Arsenic is a major pollutant in aquatic environments. Due to its high toxicity and poor biodegradability, arsenic has emerged as a significant challenge in the realm of water pollution management. In this study, bamboo shoot shells activated carbon modified with cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce‐BAC) is prepared, and its adsorption properties for As (V) and As (III) are investigated. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of bamboo shoot shells activated carbon (BAC) for As (V) and As (III) is measured to be 3.718 mg/g and 3.527 mg/g, respectively, under the conditions of an activation temperature of 900 °C, activation time of 75 minutes, and pH=7. After modifying it with cerium nitrate hexahydrate, the greatest adsorption capacity of Ce‐BAC for As (V) increases to 16.5 mg/g, and for As (III) to 21.47 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption process of As (V) and As (III) by BAC and Ce‐BAC in this study exhibits conformity to pseudo‐second order kinetics. These findings indicate that the adsorption performance of As (V) and As (III) by Ce‐BAC has been greatly improved. Therefore, Ce‐BAC exhibits a vast potential in adsorbing both As (V) and As (III), showcasing promising prospects.
SSK1‐Loaded Neurotransmitter‐Derived Nanoparticles for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy via Clearance of Senescent Cells
Authors: Ji Wenbo , Zhou Honglei , Liang Wendanqi , Zhang Weicong , Gong Baofeng , Yin Tong , Chu Jianjian , Zhuang Jianhua , Zhang Jian , Luo Yi , Liu Yan , Gao Jie , Yin You
Published: March 2024

Age is a significant contributor to the onset of AD. Senolysis has been recently demonstrated to ameliorate aging‐associated diseases that showing a great potential in AD therapy. However, due to the presence of BBB, the anti‐AD activity of senolytics are significantly diminished. SSK1 is a prodrug that can be activated by β‐gal, a lysosomal enzyme commonly upregulated in senescent cells, and thus selectively eliminates senescent cells. Furthermore, the level of β‐gal is significantly correlated with conventional AD genes from clinical sequencing data. SSK1‐loaded neurotransmitter ‐derived lipid nanoparticles are herein developed (SSK1‐NPs) that revealing good BBB penetration and bioavailability of in the body. At the brain lesion, SSK1‐NP treatment significantly reduces the expression of genes associated with senescence, induced senescent cells elimination, decreased amyloid‐beta accumulation, and eventually improve cognitive function of aged AD mice. SSK1‐NPs, a novel nanomedicine displaying potent anti‐AD activity and excellent safety profile, provides a promising strategy for AD therapy.
Electrochemical Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Conversion Enabled by Carbon‐Decoration of Ni─GaOOH Synthesized via Plasma‐Assisted CO2 Reduction
Authors: Babikir Abd H. , Mao Xin , Du Aijun , Riches James D. , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , O'Mullane Anthony P.
Published: March 2024

The release of nitrates into the environment leads to contaminated soil and water that poses a health risk to humans and animals. Due to the transition to renewable energy‐based technologies, an electrochemical approach is an emerging option that can selectively produce valuable ammonia from nitrate sources. However, traditional metal‐based electrocatalysts often suffer from low nitrate adsorption that reduces NH3 production rates. Here, a Ni‐GaOOH‐C/Ga electrocatalyst for electrochemical nitrate conversion into NH3 is synthesized via a low energy atmospheric‐pressure plasma process that reduces CO2 into highly dispersed activated carbon on dispersed Ni─GaOOH particles produced from a liquid metal Ga─Ni alloy precursor. Nitrate conversion rates of up to 26.3 µg h−1 mg−1cat are achieved with good stability of up to 20 h. Critically, the presence of carbon centers is central to improved performance where both Ni─C and NiO─C interfaces act as NO3− adsorption and reduction centers during the reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the NiO─C and Ni─C reaction sites reduce the Gibbs free energy required for NO3− reduction to NH3 compared to NiO and Ni. Importantly, catalysts without carbon centers do not produce NH3, emphasizing the unique effects of incorporating carbon nanoparticles into the electrocatalyst.
A Label‐Free Multitechnique Approach to Characterize the Interaction of Bioactive Compounds with Biomimetic Interfaces
Authors: Fernandes Eduarda , Costa Rui R. , Machado Raúl , Reis Rui L. , Pashkuleva Iva , Lúcio Marlene
Published: March 2024

Extensive research has been conducted on biomimetic interfaces mimicking the complex and diverse microenvironment of cell membranes to gain insights into bioactive compound interactions and membrane biophysics modulation. The present study proposes an innovative approach that combines five prospective label‐free methodologies (derivative spectroscopy, synchrotron small‐ and wide‐angle X‐Ray scattering, attenuated total reflection–Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation, and surface plasmon resonance) to showcase their synergistic capabilities and complementarity in investigating drug–membrane interactions. This multitechnique approach combines the real‐time monitoring of the adsorption process under continuous flow conditions with the steady‐state perspective of this process. As a proof of concept, the interaction of three bioactive compounds (caffeine, testosterone, and diclofenac) with two biomimetic membrane interfaces (multistacked lipid bilayers and supported lipid bilayers) mimicking the more ordered lipid transient phases, with and without cholesterol (lo and so), that are responsible for a variety of membrane‐associated biological activities, is investigated. The biophysical effects of the bioactives are discussed using complementary data from real‐time and steady‐state experiments, including membrane adsorption and distribution, predicted location, and induced changes in order and fluidity, encompassing bilayer thickness, hydration, and area per lipid molecule.
Hierarchically Interconnected 3D Catalyst Structure of Porous Multi‐Metal Oxide Nanofibers for High‐Performance Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Lee Keon Beom , Jo Seunghwan , Zhang Liting , Kim Min‐Cheol , Sohn Jung Inn
Published: March 2024

Non‐aqueous lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs) have emerged as a promising candidate due to their high theoretical energy density and eco‐friendly cathode reaction materials. However, LOBs still suffer from high overpotential and poor cycling stability resulting from difficulties in the decomposition of discharge reaction Li2O2 products. Here, a 3D open network catalyst structure is proposed based on highly‐thin and porous multi‐metal oxide nanofibers (MMONFs) developed by a facile electrospinning approach coupled with a heat treatment process. The developed hierarchically interconnected 3D porous MMONFs catalyst structure with high specific surface area and porosity shows the enhanced electrochemical reaction kinetics associated with Li2O2 formation and decomposition on the cathode surface during the charge and discharge processes. The uniquely assembled cathode materials with MMONFs exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with energy efficiency of 82% at a current density of 50 mA g−1 and a long‐term cycling stability over 100 cycles at 200 mA g−1 with a cut‐off capacity of 500 mAh g−1. Moreover, the optimized cathode materials exhibit a remarkable energy density of 1013 Wh kg−1 at the 100th discharge and charge cycle, which is nearly four times higher than that of C/NMC721, which has the highest energy density among the cathode materials currently used in electric vehicles.
A review of the application of virtual and augmented reality in physical and occupational therapy
Authors: Luckykumar Dwarkadas Agrawal , Talasila Viswanath , Challa Rama Krishna , K G Srinivasa
Published: March 2024

This paper includes a research review in five bibliographic databases on using the application of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in physical and occupational therapy (POT). This literature review addresses five research questions and two sub‐research questions. A total of 36 relevant studies were selected in the review based on the defined keywords and inclusion‐exclusion criteria. The primary motivation for using the application of VR and AR in POT is that it is accurate, involves higher patient participation, and requires less therapy recovery time. The standard software tool used is the Unity 3D game engine, and the common device used is the Oculus Rift HMD. Various applications of VR and AR consist of different VR environments and AR contents used in POT. Post‐stroke rehabilitation, rehabilitation exercises, pain management, mental and behavioral disorders, and autism in children are the main aspects addressed through the VR and AR environments. Literature review indicates that questionnaires, interviews, and observation are the primary metrics for measuring therapy's effectiveness. The study's findings show positive results such as reduced treatment time, nervousness, pain, hospitalization period, making therapy enjoyable and encouraging, improved quality of life, and focus on using the application of VR and AR in POT. This review will be relevant to researchers, VR and AR application designers, doctors, and patients using the application of VR and AR in POT. Further research addressing multiple participants with clinical trials, adding new VR environments and AR content in VR and AR applications, including follow‐up sessions, and increasing training sessions while using the application of VR and AR in POT are recommended.
Influence of Quenching and Tempering on the Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Plasma‐Nitrided Society of Automotive Engineers 52100
Authors: Souza dos Reis Junior Jenario , Cristino de Sousa Brito Marcos , Abreu de Oliveira Patrik , Santana Libório Maxwell , Matos Monção Renan , Sousa Nunes Maelson , Augusto Antônio Júnior César , Sgarbi Rossino Luciana , Henrique de Carvalho Costa Thércio , Ciqueira Feitor Michelle , Ribeiro Magalhães de Sousa Rômulo
Published: March 2024

Society of automotive engineers (SAE) 52100 (100Cr6) steel, used in manufacturing bearings and shafts, deserves attention due to wear and corrosion problems that cause machine losses in the industry. To solve these problems, heat treatments such as quenching and tempering are adopted to reduce wear mechanisms. However, in this work, the effect of these previous heat treatments on the final properties of plasma nitrided steel at three different temperatures (400, 450, and 500 °C) is evaluated. Surface hardness, tribological behavior, and corrosion resistance are evaluated. In the results of Vickers hardness, wear, and electrochemical analysis, it is shown that performing plasma nitriding at 400 and 450 °C on previously heat‐treated SAE 52100 steel provides better mechanical resistance and chemical integrity in a corrosive environment, making the studied steel more comprehensive for important industrial applications.
The Effect of Ca Pretreatment on the Characteristics of Rare‐Earth Nonmetallic Inclusions in Super‐Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Zheng Lichun , Ren Zebin , Chen Kai , Li Yan , Fukaya Hiroshi , Jiang Zhouhua
Published: March 2024

Rare‐earth treatment enhances steel properties. Nevertheless, this beneficial effect can be counterbalanced by the formation of large‐sized rare‐earth inclusions. To refine and spheroidize these inclusions, Ca pretreatment is employed between Al deoxidation and Ce treatment stages for super‐duplex stainless steel 2507 at 1580 °C, using a vertical tube furnace. A systematic analysis is performed to compare the characteristics of nonmetallic inclusions between the Ca‐untreated and Ca‐treated tests. Prior to Ce addition, Ca pretreatment transforms irregular and clustered MgO–Al2O3 spinel inclusions into spherical CaO–MgO–Al2O3 inclusions. Additionally, Ca pretreatment significantly reduces mean diameter of the inclusions from 2.36 ± 0.54 to 1.27 ± 0.47 μm. After Ce addition, rare‐earth inclusions appear near‐spherical with few clustered inclusions in Ca pretreatment case. Conversely, the absence of Ca treatment results in numerous clustered inclusions, thereby yielding significantly larger rare‐earth inclusions, measuring 2.75 ± 1.66 μm compared to 1.99 ± 1.09 μm. CaO component in CaO–MgO–Al2O3 inclusions is largely reduced by Ce. Consequently, Ca pretreatment only yields slight alterations in chemical composition of rare‐earth inclusions. Ce in situ reduces parent inclusions, initiating from the periphery and progressing toward the center. Therefore, the size and morphology of final rare‐earth inclusions are largely inherited from parent inclusions.
Comparative Study of the Performances of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride‐Modified Agriophyllum squarrosum and Quinoa Starches to Stabilize Pickering Emulsions
Authors: Xiao Liuyang , Zhang Jingru , Huang Yumin , Yang Xiaofan , Wei Zhaojun , Han Lihong
Published: March 2024

Very small granule starch is a good source for effective Pickering emulsion stabilizers. In this study, native Agriophyllum squarrosum (A. squarrosum) starch (N‐AS) and native quinoa starch (N‐QS) are modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), and the physicochemical as well as the emulsifying characteristics of two modified starches are evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the esterification reactions between OSA and the two starches are successful, and the substitution effect of OSA‐modified A. squarrosum starch (OSA‐AS) is better than that of OSA‐modified quinoa starch (OSA‐QS). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that OSA modification does not alter the crystal type of the starch particles. OSA modification increases the particle size and hydrophobicity of both starches, and the particles of OSA‐AS are smaller than that of OSA‐QS, which corresponded to the fact that N‐AS possesses a smaller particle size compared to native N‐QS. OSA‐modified starches are arranged at the interface of oil–water to stabilize the emulsion. The OSA‐AS displays better performance of stabilizing emulsion than OSA‐QS. The Pickering emulsions formed by all OSA‐modified starch samples are mainly elastic gel‐like emulsions. In summary, OSA‐AS is more suitable for Pickering emulsion stabilizer than OSA‐QS.
Schools and Families of Early Learners Collaborating to Support At Home Read Alouds
Authors: Cobb Charlene , Blachowicz Camille L. Z.
Published: March 2024

Question asked in a preschool/primary teacher PD session on read‐alouds: “After our Family Night presentation on home read‐alouds, we got so many questions from families and caretakers. How can we give follow‐up support?” This teaching guide suggests three simple ideas for supporting parent home‐read‐alouds with preschool, kindergarten, and first‐grade students.
Global trends in incidence and prevalence of achalasia, 1925–2021: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Kwanjoo , Hong Sung Pyo , Yoo In Kyung , Yeniova Abdullah Özgür , Hahn Jong Woo , Kim Min Seo , Yoon Soo‐Young , Rahmati Masoud , Lee Jun Hyuk , Lee Myeongcheol , Cho Wonyoung , Yon Dong Keon
Published: March 2024

Background

Achalasia poses a significant socioeconomic burden, yet global trends remain undocumented. This study aims to describe the worldwide trends in the incidence and prevalence of achalasia from 1925 to 2021 and explore their correlation with various factors through a comprehensive systematic review.

Methods

We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases from inception to 30 June 2023, to identify studies reporting the incidence or prevalence of achalasia in the general population. This study utilized pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to estimate the incidence and prevalence of achalasia, and conducted various subgroup analyses.

Results

A total of 26 eligible studies covering approximately 269 million participants and 20,873 patients from 14 countries across five continents were included. Global pooled incidence and prevalence of achalasia were estimated to be 0.78 cases per 100,000 person‐years (95% CI, 0.64–0.93; number of studies, 26; sample population, 269,315,171) and 10.82 cases per 100,000 person‐years (95% CI, 8.15–13.48; number of studies, 14; sample population, 192,176,076), respectively. The incidence of achalasia was higher in Oceania (than Asia and Africa) and in adults (than children) after the introduction of the Chicago classification. Prevalence followed a similar pattern. The pooled incidence of achalasia showed an overall upward trend from 1925 to 2021 (1925–1999; 0.40 [0.32–0.49] vs. 2018–2021; 1.64 [1.33–1.95] cases per 100,000 person‐years).

Conclusions

The incidence and prevalence of achalasia have notably increased, particularly with advancements in diagnosis, and show significant variation worldwide, despite the large heterogeneity within the sample population. Further studies are necessary to accurately assess the global incidence and prevalence of achalasia.
Hydro‐pedo‐transfer‐functions expressing drought and memory effects on pine tree growth
Authors: Wessolek Gerd , Riek Winfried , Bohne Klaus
Published: March 2024

Over the last 30 years, the impact of climate change in Berlin, Germany, has manifested in the form of reduced summer rainfall, elevated temperatures, and a notable rise in the frequency of days with temperatures surpassing 30°C. All of them are leading to a decreasing water supply and increasing risk of drought. Various field, laboratory, and numerical simulation studies have been done for deriving information on long‐term potential and actual evapotranspiration, water stress during the vegetation period (April–September), and tree ring growth of various pine tree stands in Berlin. Data analysis highlights periodical climate patterns and complex interactions between drought, water supply, and plant growth. Annual tree ring growth is not only related to the actual weather conditions but also to the past climate years. With decreasing water supply, this kind of drought memory effect increases up to 5 years into the past. For Berlin's climate, it is noteworthy that late summer, particularly the water stress in August, represents the most sensitive indicator for tree ring growth.

For regionalization purposes, long‐term numerical simulations were done to derive hydro‐pedo‐transfer‐functions (HPTFs) predicting the water stress coefficient of the growing season (Eact‐s/Epot‐s). They only need easily available information such as soil texture, climate water balance, and groundwater depth. Two HPTFs were successfully tested and can be easily applied by geo‐information systems. However, for other climate regions and tree species, HPTFs need to be adapted.
A discrete‐event simulation model for assessing operating room efficiency of thoracic, gastrointestinal, and orthopedic surgeries
Authors: Pu Zhongchan , Wu Shuqing , Han Yi
Published: March 2024

Background

In hospital management, pinpointing steps that most enhance operating room (OR) throughput is challenging. While prior literature has utilized discrete event simulation (DES) to study specific strategies such as scheduling and resource allocation, our study examines an earlier planning phase, assessing all workflow stages to determine the most impactful steps for subsequent strategy development.

Methods

DES models real‐world systems by simulating sequential events. We constructed a DES model for thoracic, gastrointestinal, and orthopedic surgeries summarized from a tertiary Chinese hospital. The model covers preoperative preparations, OR occupation, and OR preparation. Parameters were sourced from patient data and staff experience. Model outcome is OR throughput. Post‐validation, scenario analyses were conducted for each department, including: (1) improving preoperative patient preparation time; (2) increasing PACU beds; (3) improving OR preparation time; (4) use of new equipment to reduce the operative time of a selected surgery type; three levels of improvement (slight, moderate, large) were investigated.

Results

The first three improvement scenarios resulted in a 1%–5% increase in OR throughput across the three departments. Large reductions in operative time of the selected surgery types led to approximately 12%, 33%, and 38% increases in gastrointestinal, thoracic, and orthopedic surgery throughput, respectively. Moderate reductions resulted in 6%–17% increases in throughput and slight reductions of 1%–7%.

Conclusions

The model could reliably reflect OR workflows of the three departments. Among the options investigated, model simulations suggest that improving OR preparation time and operative time are the most effective.
How to build a black hole out of instantons
Authors: Mouland Rishi
Published: March 2024

Abstract

An often fruitful route to study quantum gravity is the determination and study of quantum mechanical models — that is, models with finite degrees of freedom — that capture the dynamics of a black hole’s microstates. An example of such a model is the superconformal quantum mechanics of Yang-Mills instantons, which has a proposed gravitational dual description as M-theory on a background of the form X7 × S4. This model arises in the strongly-coupled limit of the BFSS matrix model with additional fundamental hypermultiplets, offering a route towards useful numerical simulation. We construct a six-parameter black hole solution in this theory, which is generically non-supersymmetric and non-extremal, and is shown to arise in an “ultra-spinning” limit of the recently-found six-parameter AdS7 solution. We compute its thermodynamic properties, and show that in the supersymmetric limit the entropy and on-shell action match precisely the expected results as computed from the superconformal index of the quantum mechanics, to leading order in the supergravity regime. The low-lying spectrum thus provides access to the dynamics of near-extremal black holes, whose spectra are expected to receive strong quantum corrections.
Second leptogenesis: Unraveling the baryon-lepton asymmetry discrepancy
Authors: ChoeJo YeolLin , Enomoto Kazuki , Kim Yechan , Lee Hye-Sung
Published: March 2024

Abstract

We propose a novel scenario to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry by twofold leptogenesis, wherein heavy Majorana neutrinos exhibit temperature-dependent masses and engage in CP-violating decays. This scenario envisages two distinct phases of leptogenesis: one occurring above the electroweak scale and the other below it. The sphaleron process converts the first lepton asymmetry to baryon asymmetry, but not the second one due to its decoupling. This mechanism potentially explains the significant discrepancy between baryon and lepton asymmetries, as suggested by recent observations of Helium-4. Furthermore, our model implies that the present masses of Majorana neutrinos are lighter than the electroweak scale, offering a tangible avenue for experimental verification in various terrestrial settings.
Holographic timelike superconductor
Authors: Krikun Alexander , Elinos Uriel
Published: March 2024

Abstract

We explore the state of matter characterized by the charged timelike vector order parameter. We employ holographic duality in order to construct such a state and study its thermoelectric transport, fermionic spectral function and the character of the Meissner effect. We uncover the unusual features of this “timelike superconductor”: the absence of the gap in the fermionic spectrum and co-existence of Drude peak and supercurrent in the AC transport, which are reminiscent to those of time-reversal-odd and gapless superconductors, correspondingly. We show that this state is dynamically stable and thermodynamically at least metastable. Along the way we develop the holographic model of the charged vector field, which acquires mass due to a variant of the Stueckelberg mechanism with the adjoint Higgs field.
Precise estimate of charged Higgsino/Wino decay rate
Authors: Ibe Masahiro , Nakayama Yuhei , Shirai Satoshi
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Higgsinos and Winos in the supersymmetric Standard Model are prime candidates for dark matter due to their weakly interacting nature. The mass differences between their charged components (charginos) and neutral components (neutralinos) become degenerate when other superparticles are heavy, resulting in long-lived charginos. In the case of the Winos, the mass difference is approximately 160 MeV across a wide range of the parameter space. Consequently, the chargino decays into the lightest neutralino, emitting a single charged pion. For Higgsinos, however, mass differences ranging from O(0.1) GeV to O(1) GeV are possible, leading to a variety of decay channels. In this paper, we extend our previous analysis of Wino decay to the chargino with a larger mass difference. We emphasize characterizing its decay signatures through leptonic and hadronic modes. By utilizing the latest experimental data, we perform a comprehensive study of the decay rate calculations incorporating these hadronic modes to determine the impact on the predicted chargino lifetime. Additionally, we conduct next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations for the leptonic decay modes. Our NLO results can be applied to the case of more general fermionic electroweak multiplets, e.g., quintuplet dark matter.
A smooth horizon without a smooth horizon
Authors: Burman Vaibhav , Das Suchetan , Krishnan Chethan
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Recent observations on type III algebras in AdS/CFT raise the possibility that smoothness of the black hole horizon is an emergent feature of the large-N limit. In this paper, we present a bulk model for the finite-N mechanism underlying this transition. We quantize a free scalar field on a BTZ black hole with a Planckian stretched horizon placed as a Dirichlet boundary for the field. This is a tractable model for the stretched horizon that does not ignore the angular directions, and it defines a black hole vacuum which has similarities to (but is distinct from) the Boulware state. Using analytic approximations for the normal modes, we first improve upon ’t Hooft’s brick wall calculation: we are able to match both the entropy and the temperature, exactly. Emboldened by this, we compute the boundary Wightman function of the scalar field in a typical pure state built on our stretched horizon vacuum, at an energy sliver at the mass of the black hole. A key result is that despite the manifest lack of smoothness, this single-sided pure state calculation yields precisely the Hartle-Hawking thermal correlator associated to the smooth horizon, in the small-GN limit. At finite GN, there are variance corrections that are suppressed as $$ \mathcal{O}\left({e}^{-{S}_{BH}/2}\right) $$
O

e

−

S
BH

/
2

. They become important at late times and resolve Maldacena’s information paradox. Highly excited typical pure states on the stretched horizon vacuum are therefore models for black hole microstates, while the smooth horizon describes the thermal state. We note that heavy excited states on the stretched horizon are better defined than the vacuum itself. These results suggest that complementarity in the bulk EFT could arise from a UV complete bulk description in which the black hole interior is not manifest.
Absorptive effects and classical black hole scattering
Authors: Jones Callum R. T. , Ruf Michael S.
Published: March 2024

Abstract

We describe an approach to incorporating the physical effects of the absorption of energy by the event horizon of black holes in the scattering amplitudes based post-Minkowskian, point-particle effective description. Absorptive dynamics are incorporated in a model-independent way by coupling the usual point-particle description to an invisible sector of gapless internal degrees-of-freedom. The leading order dynamics of this sector are encoded in the low-energy expansion of a spectral density function obtained by matching an absorption cross section in the ultraviolet description. This information is then recycled using the scattering amplitudes based Kosower-Maybee-O’Connell in-in formalism to calculate the leading absorptive contribution to the impulse and change in rest mass of a Schwarzschild black hole scattering with a second compact body sourcing a massless scalar, electromagnetic or gravitational field. The results obtained are in complete agreement with previous worldline Schwinger-Keldysh calculations and provide an alternative on-shell scattering amplitudes approach to incorporating horizon absorption effects in the gravitational two-body problem.
Hyperbolic width functions and characterizations of bodies of constant width in the hyperbolic space
Authors: Böröczky Károly J. , Csépai András , Sagmeister Ádám
Published: March 2024

We discuss basic properties of several different width functions in the n-dimensional hyperbolic space such as continuity, and we also define a new hyperbolic width as the extension of Leichtweiss’ width function. Then we prove a characterization theorem of bodies of constant width regarding the aforementioned notions of hyperbolic width.