bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overworked Faculty: Job Stresses and Family Demands
Authors: Jacobs Jerry A. , Winslow Sarah E.
Published: September 2004

Do professors put in very long workweeks solely out of a love of their work, or do expectations for teaching and publishing essentially require a sixty-hour workweek for the successful completion of the job? How do faculty members reconcile the demands of an academic career with the realities of family life? Drawing on a large national survey of postsecondary faculty conducted in 1998, the authors examine the length of the workweek by analyzing its relationship to faculty dissatisfaction with their workload. The authors find evidence that many professors are dissatisfied with their workload. Moreover, dissatisfaction increases among those working the longest hours. The data also indicate that very long hours on the job greatly contribute to research productivity. The very long hours demanded by faculty jobs thus pose a dilemma for parents who want to spend time with their children and their families. The authors conclude by suggesting that the challenge is to create a set of expectations for academic employment that are compatible with responsible parenting in dual-career couples.
Fast-Track Women and the “Choice” to Stay Home
Authors: Stone Pamela , Lovejoy Meg
Published: September 2004

Increasing attention has been given to high-achieving women who appear to be leaving their careers in favor of staying home full-time to raise children. Some commentators interpret this trend as reflecting these women’s embrace of a “new traditionalism,” a rejection of feminist goals in favor of more traditional gender roles. Based on intensive interviews with forty-three women, the authors find that participants’ decisions to interrupt careers are highly conflicted and not grounded in a return to traditional roles. Although family concerns figure prominently, they are not the major reason behind most women’s decisions. Work-based factors play a primary role, with characteristics of husbands playing an important secondary role. The authors conclude that by virtue of their occupational status and class membership, professional women are caught in a double bind between the competing models of the ideal worker and ideal parent. The authors discuss the policy implications for the organization of work-family life.
Marriage and Baby Blues: Redefining Gender Equity in the Academy
Authors: Mason Mary Ann , Goulden Marc
Published: September 2004

Traditionally, gender equity in the academy is evaluated in terms of women’s professional success as compared to men’s. This study examines gender equity not only in terms of professional outcomes but also in terms of familial outcomes, such as childbirth, marriage, and divorce. Using data from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients as well as data from a 2002 to 2003 survey of the work and family issues facing ladder-rank faculty in the nine campuses of the University of California system, the authors followed more than thirty thousand Ph.D.s in all disciplines across their life course and surveyed more than eighty-five hundred active University of California faculty. Results indicate that gender equity in terms of familial gains is as elusive as gender equity in terms of professional employment, raising the fundamental issue of what gender equity means in a university setting or in any fast-track employment setting.
The Mommy Track and Partnership: Temporary Delay or Dead End?
Authors: Noonan Mary C. , Corcoran Mary E.
Published: September 2004

Using unique data from University of Michigan Law School graduates, the authors examine sex differences in promotion to partnership among lawyers. The authors investigate three steps in the partnership process: (1) the decision to attrite early from private practice, (2) the attainment of partnership among those who do not attrite, and (3) determinants of partners’ earnings. Results show that men are less likely than women to leave private practice and more likely than women to become partners, even after controlling for a number of individual characteristics. Among partners, men earn significantly more than women. There is no evidence of a direct marriage or parenthood penalty, but lawyers who have taken time out of the labor force to attend to child care responsibilities are less likely to become partners and earn less if they do become partners. These findings provide strong indirect evidence that women lawyers face multiple glass ceilings in the workplace.
Elite Careers and Family Commitment: It’s (Still) about Gender
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: September 2004

Men and women are increasingly likely to pursue careers in elite professions, but gendered expectations about homemaking and breadwinning continue to shape opportunities for professional advancement and individual decisions to marry, have children, regulate employment hours, or use “family-friendly” programs. This article describes how the Victorian ideology of separate spheres and other gendered beliefs and practices have spawned a modern-day “career advancement double standard” in which professional women who marry or have children are considered less serious about their careers, whereas professional men who marry or become fathers are considered more likely candidates for promotion. Trends in the general population toward more gender equality in labor force attachment and family labor sharing are compared to slower changes among elite professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and bankers.
Mothers in Finance: Surviving and Thriving
Authors: Blair-Loy Mary , Wharton Amy S.
Published: September 2004

This article explores two dimensions of well-being among five hundred finance managers and professionals in a large firm: higher income, which we regard as a proxy for career success, and work-family balance. These dimensions are partially incompatible: longer work hours are associated with higher earnings and with intensified conflict. Mothers are more likely than fathers to experience work-family conflict. Work that is overwhelming and unpredictable can exacerbate conflict, while workplace flexibility can alleviate it. Among men, using dependent care policies is associated with lower earnings. We find an earnings gap between men and women in the sample but no earnings penalty for mothers relative to other female respondents. Although women are less likely than men to combine parenting with careers at this firm, the mothers still at the firm may be unusually successful compared to their female coworkers.
The Evolution of Gender and Motherhood in Contemporary Medicine
Authors: Boulis Ann
Published: September 2004

In this article, the author endeavors to clarify the shifting nature of gender and motherhood for women physicians. She examines trends in the gender gap in marriage, divorce, childbearing, work hours, and earnings. The author draws on data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. decennial censuses and data spanning 1991 to 1997 from the Survey of the Practice Patterns of Young Physicians. Compared with women in the general population, the trends for women physicians have been favorable. Women physicians are more likely to marry and less likely to divorce than are other women. Among employed physicians, gender differences in earnings and work hours are also narrowing slightly. Nevertheless, a gap is growing between female physicians with children and childless women doctors, and a small but growing percentage of young physician mothers are electing to forgo labor force participation entirely. Thus, young physician mothers still suffer significant professional sacrifice.
Family-Friendly Workplace Reform: Prospects for Change
Authors: Wax Amy L.
Published: September 2004

The recent surge of women and mothers into the workforce has generated a call for changes that make it easier to combine employment with family life. Because neoclassical economic theory assumes that existing workplace structures are efficient, suggestions for reform have encountered resistance on the grounds that familyfriendly reforms will prove costly for firms and society as a whole. In particular, so-called “accommodation mandates,” which require employers to extend benefits like paid leave and job protection to parents, have been attacked as potentially inefficient and as harmful to those they are designed to help. This article challenges the suggestion that existing arrangements maximize social welfare and that family-friendly reforms will undermine efficiency. Using dynamic game-theoretic models, it explains how management-worker interactions can get stuck in equilibria that generate less wellbeing overall than more family-friendly alternatives, and it shows how family-friendly arrangements may be difficult to maintain despite their potential for making everyone better off. The article speculates on measures that might foster the adoption and stability of family-friendly workplace forms.
Policy Alternatives for Solving Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Hartmann Heidi
Published: September 2004

The failure of highly educated women to stay in the labor market represents a wasted societal investment. Despite publicity suggesting that educated mothers are increasingly staying home, the long-term trend is toward greater work effort by all mothers, especially highly educated ones. Policy measures can address the reasons some women do drop out by making it more possible for professionals, as well as other workers, to combine work and family. In addition, the double standard in parenting needs to be attacked so that, eventually, men are just as likely as women to take care of children at the same level of intensity and women’s and men’s labor force participation patterns will look even more similar than they do today.
Coordination in Rapidly Evolving Disaster Response Systems
Authors: Comfort Louise K. , Ko Kilkon , Zagorecki Adam
Published: September 2004

Assessing the changing dynamic between the demand that is placed on a community by cumulative exposure to hazards and the capacity of the community to mitigate or respond to that risk represents a central problem in estimating the community’s resilience to disaster. The authors present an initial effort to simulate the dynamic between increasing demand and decreasing capacity in an actual disaster response system to determine the fragility of the system, or the point at which the system fails. The results show that access to core information enhances efficiency of response actions and increases coordination throughout the network of responding organizations.
Adaptive Policy Design for the Management of Wildfire Hazards
Authors: Busenberg George J.
Published: September 2004

Wildfire disasters threaten numerous communities and ecosystems in America today. An effective policy strategy to counteract the threat of wildfire disasters would entail the reduction of accumulated fuels (flammable organic materials) found across large areas in many American ecosystems. Major uncertainties surround this policy endeavor because fuel reduction has never been attempted on such large scales before. This study outlines an adaptive policy strategy designed to resolve these uncertainties through a systematic process of learning. An adaptive wildfire policy would employ fuel reduction experiments on large scales, with the goal of generating new knowledge to progressively improve the effectiveness of fuel reduction strategies over time.
Filling the 24 × 7 News Hole
Authors: Mcdonald Ian R. , Lawrence Regina G.
Published: September 2004

In the days following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, all the major television networks devoted their broadcasts to continuous news coverage without commercial interruption. This article analyzes the prime-time broadcasts from ABC, NBC, and CNN over the 3 days from September 12 to 14, 2001. First, the authors ask whether the networks used the additional time to develop longer reports and more sustained treatment of news subjects. Second, the authors consider whether the news coverage provided a meaningful political and historical context for the attacks both in terms of explaining global terrorism and characterizing its geopolitical and military consequences. These observations provide the context for a third theme, that television covered the attacks of 9/11 more like a crime story than a political story. After reviewing the data supporting these conclusions, the authors speculate about the effects of such coverage on public understandings of the events of September 11.
Learning and Policy Improvement After Disaster
Authors: Birkland Thomas A.
Published: September 2004

This article considers whether policy makers in the aviation security field have learned from actual or apparent aviation security breaches in the late 1980s through 2001. The author finds that the loss of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and of TWA Flight 800 in 1996 did lead to greater policy-making attention to a relatively narrow range of issues raised by these events. The author also finds that the September 11 terrorist attacks led to a comprehensive search for improved policy tools to prevent a recurrence of the attacks. The author argues that this post-September 11 search would not have been possible without the debates on aviation safety that accompanied the earlier events.
Of Du Bois and Diaspora
Authors: Gomez Michael A.
Published: September 2004

This article explores the role African American Studies has played in responding to the quandary of multiple consciousness as initially outlined by Du Bois, arguing that the origins of African American Studies were informal but nonetheless incisive in its analysis, as can be see in such works as David Walker’s Appeal. When taken as a hemispheric phenomenon (as opposed to a North American boundedness), certain fundamental themes reoccur in both the informal and the subsequent formal scholarship, such as the condition of exploitative labor extraction, the relationship to Africa, and the transnational linkages and meanings of the diasporic experience. The article ends with a call to marry prescription and praxis.
Black Transnationalism, Africana Studies, and the 21st Century
Authors: Hanchard Michael George
Published: September 2004

The renewed interest in diaspora studies, interdisciplinarity, and transnationalism has long been a feature of African American, Africana, and Black studies. African American studies combines two modalities of knowledge formation that have been common to Western academia throughout the 20th century; the disciplines (the categorization of the social and natural sciences as well as the humanities) and area or regional studies. It combines various methodologies, concepts, and theories of the social sciences and humanities to examine specific groups of people (African and African derived) from specific territories and regions of the world (Africa and the Americas). Its unusual intellectual foundations continue to be an advantage in relation to the conventional disciplines in terms of multi-method, multiperspectival approaches to African and African diaspora related topics. The debates about area studies and their relevance for social science research have not generated much commentary or debate within African American studies. Nevertheless, these debates have profound implications for the direction and future of African American studies as a discipline, its scholarly direction, and its relation to a world beyond the academy.
Black Artistic Invisibility
Authors: Banfield William
Published: September 2004

This article follows a long pattern of works where authors (e.g., Alain Locke, The New Negro; Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual; Amiri Baraka, Blues People) write to provide an aesthetic inquiry and examine what constitutes the politics of the documentation of Black concert music and culture (i.e., symphonies, opera, chamber work, etc.). Writings like these have taken a stab as well at American cultural institutions, which have in the past choked and blocked artistic voices of color and consciousness. The author addresses, celebrates, and critiques some current values carried within the traditional institutional culture around Black composers in contemporary concert music. This piece is a historical essay outlining thematic threads and trends in the concert music circles, and it poses questions to the industry and common listeners interested in music who do not yet recognize or celebrate these important and unique artists.
Thirty Years of Black American Literature and Literary Studies
Authors: Griffin Farah Jasmine
Published: September 2004

The past 30 years have witnessed an explosion of literary production by people of African descent. Although Black writers have been publishing their work for centuries, this has been an era of institutionalizing and diversifying literature, identifying and creating a market for it, and formalizing its study. This article explores a number of major trends that have influenced the production, distribution, and reception of African American literature since the Civil Rights and Black Power movements.
Notes on the Precious Few A.D.
Authors: Adkins Terry
Published: September 2004

Beginning with his years at Fisk University (1971-1975), the author makes special reference to the work of Aaron Douglas as being the fire that ignited his interest in art. Discussion of Douglas is followed by the historical circumstances that gave birth to the “precious few.” This small group of Black male artists was born into a segregated America. They witnessed the struggle for justice firsthand and therefore carry the torch of a political agenda that promotes high abstract thinking. They are the precious few because they were spared the genocide of Vietnam War, which killed and maimed many would-be cohorts. As a result, precious few are separated on one hand by a decade of loss from their pioneering abstract elders and on the other by a decade of identity politics played out by their image-making successors. The precious few are a pivotal group between the two.
Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: September 2004

This article takes popular cultural expressions as a window onto the transformation of the American city after World War II. First, it considers the film genre known as film noir as evidence of a larger perception of social disorder that ensued within the context of the centralized, modern city, which peaked at the turn of the century. Second, it turns to Disneyland as the archetypal example of a postwar suburban order, one that promised to deliver a respite from the racial and sexual upheaval that characterized the culture of industrial urbanism. Together, film noir and Disneyland illuminate the meanings assigned to the structural transformation of the mid-century American city and reveal the cultural underpinnings of a grass-roots conservatism that prized white suburban homeownership. Ultimately, this article emphasizes the interplay of structure and culture, demonstrating the linkage between how cities are imagined and how they are made.
Colliding Interests
Authors: Bradley Martha Sonntag
Published: September 2004

Histories of Salt Lake City have emphasized the homogeneity of the settlement experience of what was for the Mormons a sacred city. Salt Lake was settled by a group of believers in the same God who followed the prophetic leadership of the same man and lived lives distinguished by unconventional beliefs. These beliefs functioned as boundaries between the Mormons and outsiders. In the urban context, these beliefs became embedded in geographical lines that isolated those who were different from the hegemony of the Mormon world. This was manifested in a visual and physical sense in th/e division between the East Side and the West Side. Eventually, the physical line between the two sides of the city were loaded with meaning. Mapping the landscape works in combination with written primary source materials, photographs, and oral interviews to search for relationships between people and space and attempts to understand the ways social and spatial realities intercept over time.
A Progressive South African City?
Authors: Baines Gary
Published: September 2004

This case study examines the specificity of the circumstances in which influx control measures were introduced in the city of Port Elizabeth. The Eastern Cape’s premier port and industrial center acquired a reputation as a progressive place partly because the city council resisted implementing such measures until 1953, by which time they were well entrenched in other South African centers. This reputation also rested on the municipality’s provision of low-cost council housing for both white and black residents. But Port Elizabeth’s exceptionalism was overstated by the city’s publicists. It is argued that the city’s labor requirements, the institutional interests of the local authority, the possibility of African resistance, and the costs thereof contributed to the council’s misgivings about influx control. In the final analysis, the resistance to the implementation of influx controls was based on pragmatic rather than principled objections by liberal councillors who determined council policies toward the African population.
Mexicanos and Suburban Parish Communities
Authors: Badillo David A.
Published: September 2004

Chicago has hosted several generations of Mexicano immigrants, both in central cities as well as in its flourishing inner suburbs. This article interprets Mexican American religion though the filter of urban history, providing a comparative perspective on parish communities. Elements of racial, ethnic, and religious identity emerge from church records, contemporary periodicals, and a considerable secondary literature. Contrasts and similarities are demonstrated between Cicero and Melrose Park, owing to diverse sociohistorical and even theological factors, all of which broaden the focus of scholars working in the area of urban Latino history. Finally, the article places suburban Mexicanos in a national perspective, suggesting a convergence of metropolitan and regional studies approaches.
Emotional Responses to Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Constants and Differences Across Genders, Samples, and Methods
Authors: Sabini John , Green Melanie C.
Published: September 2004

In three studies (total N = 619), the authors tested an evolutionary hypothesis: Men are more bothered by sexual than emotional infidelity, whereas the reverse is true of women. More diverse samples (in age) and measures than is typical were used. In Study 1, the authors found across gender, sample, and method that sexual infidelity was associated with anger and blame, but emotional infidelity was associated with hurt feelings. The evolutionary effect was replicated with undergraduates but not with the nonstudent sample. In Study 2, narrative scenarios were used; it was found that nonstudent men and women were more hurt and upset by emotional infidelity but were made angrier by sexual infidelity. In Study 3, using Likert-type scales, scenarios, and a nonstudent sample, it was found that both genders were more upset, hurt, and angrier about sexual than emotional transgressions when rating one kind without hearing the opposite type. The implications for how emotional responses evolved are discussed.
Close Relationships and the Working Self-Concept: Implicit and Explicit Effects of Priming Attachment on Agency and Communion
Authors: Bartz Jennifer A. , Lydon John E.
Published: September 2004

Two studies investigated how contextually activating attachment relationships influences the working self-concept in terms of agency and communion. In Study 1, 245 participants were primed with a secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent relationship and the implicit accessibility of agency and communion was assessed using word fragments. Activating a secure relationship increased the accessibility of communion, whereas activating an anxious-ambivalent relationship increased the accessibility of agency. In Study 2, 123 participants were primed with a secure, preoccupied, avoidant-dismissive, or avoidant-fearful relationship and explicit self-perceptions of agency and communion traits were assessed using the Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ). Gender interacted with the attachment prime, such that men primed with a secure relationship reported higher communion than did men primed with an avoidant (dis-missive or fearful) relationship, whereas women primed with an anxious (preoccupied or fearful) relationship reported higher agency than did women primed with a secure relationship.
Personality Characteristics Associated With Romantic Attachment: A Comparison of Interview and Self-Report Methodologies
Authors: Gjerde Per F. , Onishi Miyoko , Carlson Kevin S.
Published: September 2004

This study compared the personality attributes associated with self-report versus interview assessment of romantic attachment. Twenty-three-year-olds (N = 83) completed the Romantic Attachment Interview, the Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory, and measures of response bias, self-enhancement, and self-insight. Five psychologists evaluated the participants’ personality. Although both self-report and interview assessment were related to attachment-relevant personality attributes, interview assessment was slightly more likely to explain unique variance in personality, especially regarding intrapsychic attributes. Self-enhancement was negatively related to secure attachment and positively related to dismissing attachment. The opposite pattern emerged for self-insight. A subgroup of 12 vulnerable individuals who described themselves as securely attached on self-report was judged as dismissing according to interview assessment. These individuals scored low on self-insight and high on self-enhancement and psychological vulnerability. The results are discussed with reference to the relative strengths of different measures of romantic attachment and relations among dismissing attachment, self-enhancement, and narcissism.
Less Thought, More Punishment: Need for Cognition Predicts Support for Punitive Responses to Crime
Authors: Sargent Michael J.
Published: September 2004

Three studies examined the relationship between need for cognition and support for punitive responses to crime. The results of Study 1 (N = 110) indicated that individuals high in need for cognition were less supportive of punitive measures than their low need for cognition counterparts. This finding was replicated in Study 2 (N = 1,807), which employed a nationally representative probability sample and included a more extensive battery of control variables. The purpose of Study 3 (N = 255) was to identify a third variable that might explain this relationship. This final study’s results suggest that attributional complexity mediates the relationship between need for cognition and punitiveness. High need for cognition individuals are less supportive of punitive measures because they endorse more complex attributions for human behavior than their low need for cognition peers.
The Causal Role of Theories of Relationships: Consequences for Satisfaction and Cognitive Strategies
Authors: Franiuk Renae , Pomerantz Eva M. , Cohen Dov
Published: September 2004

Two studies demonstrated the causal role of relationship theories in influencing relationship satisfaction and the processes affecting satisfaction. In both studies, participants were induced to hold either the soulmate or work-it-out theory. Feelings that one’s partner was ideal (or not) were associated with relationship satisfaction more strongly for people induced to hold the soulmate theory than the work-it-out theory (Study 1). In Study 2, participants’ beliefs about their relationships were threatened, and strategies for responding to this threat were assessed. Inducing people to hold the soulmate theory resulted in more relationship-enhancing cognitions if participants believed they were with the right person but more relationship-detracting cognitions if participants did not believe they were with the right person. These polarizing tendencies were enhanced under threat. In contrast, inducing people to hold a work-it-out theory produced almost no biased processing, leading people to process information similarly, regardless of their feelings about their partner.
Watch Out! That Could Be Dangerous: Valence-Arousal Interactions in Evaluative Processing
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Storbeck Justin , Meier Brian P. , Kirkeby Ben S.
Published: September 2004

Seven studies involving 146 undergraduates examined the effects of stimulus valence and arousal on direct and indirect measures of evaluative processing. Stimuli were emotional slides (Studies 1 to 6) or words (Study 7) that systematically varied in valence and arousal. Evaluative categorization was measured by reaction times to evaluate the stimuli (Studies 2, 3, and 7), latencies related to emotional feelings (Study 3), and incidental effects on motor performance (Studies 4 and 5). A consistent interaction was observed such that evaluation latencies were faster if a negative stimulus was high in arousal or if a positive stimulus was low in arousal. Studies 1, 6, and 7 establish that the findings are not due to stimulus identification processes. The findings therefore suggest that people make evaluative inferences on the basis of stimulus arousal.
Adolescent-to-Parent Abuse
Authors: Cottrell Barbara , Monk Peter
Published: September 2004

Adolescent-to-parent abuse is a serious social problem that has received limited attention from researchers and service providers. Most knowledge about this type of violence in the family comes from quantitative studies that focus on intrafamilial characteristics, demographic factors, and overall rates of abuse. The aim of this article is to provide detailed qualitative descriptions of adolescent-to-parent abuse based on the combined findings of two independent Canadian studies. Information was gathered through semistructured focus groups and individual interviews with youth, parents, and service providers—all of whom were selectively recruited for their experiential knowledge on this topic. The data from both studies were analyzed through a qualitative coding strategy, and the research process was guided by a critical constructivist philosophy with a focus on nested ecological theory. Overall findings revealed a number of interacting factors that contribute to adolescent-to-parent abuse, and these occur across psychological, intrafamilial, social, and political spheres.
The Role of Offspring and In-Laws in Grandparents’ Ties to Their Grandchildren
Authors: Fingerman Karen L.
Published: September 2004

Prior research has considered the influence of the middle generation on ties between grandparents and grandchildren but has not differentiated between gender of parent and kinship to grandparent(e.g., daughter vs. daughter-in-law and son vs. son-in-law). Eighty-six grandparents provided information about the qualities of their relationships with their grandchildren ( n = 239) and their grandchildren’s parents ( n = 141 mothers and 141 fathers). Two characteristics of the middle generation were considered: (a) gender of the parent (mother vs. father) and (b) kinship to grandparent—son or daughter (consanguine parent) or daughter-in-law or son-in-law (affinal parent). Relationships with children-in-law were more strongly associated with qualities of ties to grandchildren than relationships with grandparents’ own children. Implications for future research addressing in-law relationships are discussed.
An Exploration of the Grandparent Caregiver Role
Authors: Landry-Meyer Laura , Newman Barbara M.
Published: September 2004

Using role theory to guide a qualitative analysis of 26 grandparents raising grandchildren, the role transition from grandparent to grandparent caregiver was explored. Participants were predominantly female, low income, married, with an average age of 53. On average, participants were raising 1.7 grandchildren for 4 years and at the time of interview had legal custody of the grandchildren. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were used. With a 92% interrater reliability, themes focused on the grandparent caregiver role being off-time or unexpected, achieving a sense of role clarity, and the experience of role conflict.
The Role of Cognitive Development in Mezirow’s Transformational Learning Theory
Authors: Merriam Sharan B.
Published: September 2004

The link between development and learning is explicit in Mezirow’s theory of transformational learning. Indeed, numerous studies have documented that growth and development are outcomes of transformational learning. What has not been questioned, and what is argued in this Forum article, is that it appears one must already be at a mature level of cognitive functioning to engage in the transformational learning process. For transformational learning to occur, one must be able to critically reflect and engage in rational discourse; both of these activities are characteristic of higher levels of cognitive functioning.
“It’s Not Like Normal School”: The Role of Prior Learning Contexts in Adult Learning
Authors: Belzer Alisa
Published: September 2004

This article explores the ways in which prior experiences in formal learning contexts influence adult learners’ views of their current context. Using interview data from five women participating in a General Educational Development program, this study suggests that these learners’ constructions of previous learning contexts function as “screens” between the learner and the learning. Contextual features of current learning contexts may pass easily through a learner’s screen, may be a misfit creating ambivalence and tension, or may exceed the boundary of the screen’s frame. The outcomes of each situation are discussed and an argument is made for conscious examination of the screen.
War Rape: New Conceptualizations and Responses
Authors: Farwell Nancy
Published: September 2004

This article presents new conceptualizations of war rape in international law and defines rape as a weapon and strategy of war. It also outlines the intersections of gender, patriarchy, militarism, and ethnic, religious, and political identities that fuel war rape as part of a continuum of violence against women. Local and transnational examples of women’s responses to war rape demonstrate their importance to survivors, practitioners, and policy makers who seek to address its causes and effects. Finally, the article challenges feminist social workers to address the dynamics of war rape within the complex nexus of policies that fuel conflict.
Crone Songs: Voices of Lesbian Elders on Aging in a Rural Environment
Authors: Comerford Susan A. , Henson-Stroud M. Maxwell , Sionainn Corbett , Wheeler Elizabeth
Published: September 2004

This article reports on a qualitative study with 15 lesbian elders that explored their perceptions of aging in Vermont. Three broad themes were identified as having an impact on the aging process of these lesbian women: self-reliance mediated by interdependence, the state as context, and social supports. Implications for social work education and practice are presented.
Predicting Gender-Role Attitudes Among Mothers and Their Adolescent Daughters in Israel
Authors: Kulik Liat
Published: September 2004

This study compared predictors of gender-role attitudes among 60 mothers and their 60 adolescent daughters in Israel. Two sets of predictors were studied—background variables (education, religiosity, age, ethnicity, family income, and mother’s length of marriage) and personality traits (self-esteem and tolerance for ambiguity). Significant correlations were found between the mothers’ and daughters’ gender-role attitudes. Among the mothers, the main background predictors were religiosity, ethnicity, and education, and the main personality predictor was self-esteem. Among the daughters, the main predictors were religiosity, mothers’ length of marriage, and self-esteem. The variables were better predictors for the mothers than for the daughters.
Strange Bedfellows: Feminist Advocates and U.S. Marines Working to End Violence
Authors: Kanuha Valli Kalei , Erwin Patricia , Pence Ellen
Published: September 2004

The incidence of intimate partner abuse among couples in the military, as throughout all social life, has been well documented. In the early 1990s, there were a number of dramatic domestic-violence-related cases, including homicides of military wives. In response, the U.S. Marines partnered with an advocacy-based domestic violence organization to implement a coordinated community response to domestic violence throughout the U.S. Marine Corps. This article presents a case study describing the processes, activities, policies, accomplishments, and challenges of the project from 1992 to 1998.
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics Online
Authors: Chiteji Ngina S. , Stafford Frank P.
Published: September 2004

This article discusses recent efforts by staff members associated with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to extend access to PSID files in the context of instruction using the World Wide Web and the role that PSID’s online Data Center and online tutorials can play in helping the economics discipline fulfill its educational objectives.
Student Preferences in Using Online Learning Resources
Authors: Brown Byron W. , Liedholm Carl E.
Published: September 2004

This article explores a theory of student choice in richer learning environments and presents data on how students in an online microeconomics course actually make choices about a variety of learning tools. The results allow the authors to offer some prescriptions for ways that online learning environments can be improved.
The Internet and the American Economic Association
Authors: Goffe William L.
Published: September 2004

The Internet poses numerous short- and long-term opportunities and challenges for almost all the operations of the American Economic Association (AEA). This article examines these challenges and proposes various actions. In general terms, the AEA should first adapt its operations to maintain a constant level of service to its members in this changing environment. Second, the AEA charter calls for the “encouragement of perfect freedom of economic discussion,” and the cost-reducing promise of the Internet and associated computer technologies brings us closer to this goal, but their full potential requires their adoption by the AEA. Finally, the AEA is uniquely positioned as a large, capable nonprofit to implement these new services.
Using Technology to Facilitate Active Learning in Economics Through Experiments
Authors: Ball Sheryl B. , Eckel Catherine C.
Published: September 2004

Classroom experiments are becoming increasingly popular as active-learning exercises for courses in economics. There are many situations where technology is needed to facilitate the effective use of classroom experiments. This article examines how computers and wireless handheld devices are being used to enhance the flexibility of classroom experiments and expand their usability to larger classes. Evidence on learning gains from the use of computer-assisted experiments in the classroom is also reported.
Message in a Model: Teachers’ Responses to a Court-Ordered Mandate for Curriculum Reform
Authors: Ryan Sharon
Published: September 2004

This article reports the findings of a qualitative case study of two preschool teachers and their responses to a court-ordered mandate to use the High/Scope curriculum model. Analysis of the data record, which included interviews, observations, and documents, reveal that despite a framework for action, both teachers remained confused about their role and the content of the curriculum. This article suggests that the current policy strategy of using curriculum models to compensate for the lack of qualified teachers in preschool settings is operating on false and outdated logic that may also contribute to teachers implementing less than desirable practices.
A Framework for Assessing the Impact of Education Reforms on School Capacity: Insights from Studies of High-Stakes Accountability Initiatives
Authors: Malen Betty , Rice Jennifer King
Published: September 2004

This article offers a framework for assessing how education policy initiatives may affect a school’s capacity to improve its performance. Drawing on the theoretical literature regarding school capacity and case studies of high-stakes accountability policies, the authors develop and illustrate a framework that includes both a resource dimension and a productivity dimension. They argue that this dual dimensional construction of school capacity encourages a more complete exploration of the manner in which education reform policies might alter school capacity.
Is HOPE Enough? Impacts of Receiving and Losing Merit-Based Financial Aid
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Rubenstein Ross , Bugler Daniel T.
Published: September 2004

In 1993, the creation of Georgia’s HOPE Scholarship Program accelerated interest in understanding the effects of merit-based student financial aid. This article compares a sample of “borderline” HOPE recipients (students just above the eligibility threshold) with similar nonrecipients to examine differences on four college performance outcomes. The HOPE Scholarship recipients accumulated more credit hours, achieved slightly higher grade point averages, and were more likely to have graduated after 4 years of college. In addition, HOPE recipients who attended 4-year institutions of higher education were more likely to persist in college. Most merit aid recipients lost their scholarships, however, which slightly reduced recipients’advantages on grade point average and credit hour accumulation. Differences in persistence and graduation are significant only for those who maintain eligibility for the scholarship, suggesting that scholarship retention is critical if merit aid programs are to help achieve several of the broad goals of higher education.
Because the Numbers Matter: Transforming Postsecondary Education Data on Student Race and Ethnicity to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Nation
Authors: Renn Kristen A. , Lunceford Christina J.
Published: September 2004

In 1997, the Office of Management and Budget revised guidelines for treatment of racial and ethnic data, adding a requirement to allow respondents to indicate more than one race and mandating a change in all federal data collection and reporting by January 1, 2003. Nearly 2 years after the deadline for implementation, however, higher education institutions had not yet been required by the National Center for Education Statistics to make the change. This article discusses the policy context for collecting and reporting data on student race and ethnicity in higher education and challenges created by the addition of the multiple race option. This article describes the current status of postsecondary racial/ethnic data collection, predicts challenges in aggregating and bridging data, and makes recommendations for policy and practice.
A Pilot Study Examining Older Adults’ Beliefs Related to Medication Adherence
Authors: Mcdonald-Miszczak Leslie , Maris Paula , Fitzgibbon Tracy , Ritchie Gina
Published: September 2004

Objective: To establish a multifactorial measure of older adults’ beliefs related to medication adherence. Methods: Ninety-two older adults ( M = 71.42 years) were asked to provide medication and health-related information, memory strategies, and complete the Beliefs Related to Medications (BERMA) Survey. Results: The final version of the BERMA survey contains 53 questions with three scales. The overall reliability of the scale is excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = .94), as is the reliability of the scales. Correlations show that better rated memory for medications was associated with higher reported adherence and fewer external memory strategies. Higher perceived ability to deal with health professionals was related to higher importance of medication adherence and greater perceived seriousness of one’s medical condition. Finally, more positive attitudes about medications were associated with better self-rated health and fewer side effects. Discussion: The results indicate that the BERMA survey is a potentially useful research tool for understanding older adults’medication adherence.
Approaches to Improving Recruitment and Retention of Minority Elders Participating in Research
Authors: Stahl Sidney M. , Vasquez Lisa
Published: September 2004

This introductory overview addresses the importance of recruiting and retaining racial and ethnic minority elders in biopsychosocial research. It highlights developments by scholars, many associated with the National Institute on Aging’s Resource Centers for Minority Aging Research, to develop and reinforce a research infrastructure intended to minimize the minority/nonminority differential in health and its social sequelae for older people.
Involving Rural, Older African Americans and Their Female Informal Caregivers in Research
Authors: Chadiha Letha A. , Morrow-Howell Nancy , Proctor Enola K. , Picot Sandra J. Fulton , Gillespie Danette C. , Pandey Pramod , Dey Alicia
Published: September 2004

Objective:This article presents the methodology, procedures, and results for involving rural, older African Americans and recruiting their female informal caregivers for a well-being and service use study. Methods:Using a list of 1,994 Medicare enrollees, this study adapted a reversed screening telephone methodology tested on urban African American elders and their caregivers. It used trained screeners, local African American female interviewers, and a mixed-mode procedure (i.e., telephone and canvassing) to screen elders and recruit caregivers. Results:Adequate information for 1,547 listings allowed screeners to contact qualified elders meeting the study criteria. Using chi-square analysis, significant differences were found between telephone and canvassing screening methods on nonreferral cases and referral cases. Elders or a proxy referred 286 caregivers. Interviewers obtained 265 of 300 proposed caregiver interviews. Discussion:Knowledge about the involvement of rural, older African Americans and recruitment of their female informal caregivers in research is essential to understanding recruitment successes and pitfalls in ethnic minority research.
Design of a Case Management Approach to Enhance Cancer Screening Trial Retention Among Older African American Men
Authors: Ford Marvella E. , Randolph Vernetta , Hopkins-Johnson Linda , Eason Sharon L. , Havstad Suzanne , Jankowski Michelle , Swanson G. Marie , Johnson Christine Cole , Vernon Sally W.
Published: September 2004

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to enhance retention among African American men enrolled in a cancer screening trial. Design and Methods:A telephonebased, randomized trial design was used. The intervention group included 352 African American men aged 55+. Case managers contacted participants at least monthly and provided information and referral services to participants and their relatives. Results:The mean age of participants was 65.7 years. A total of 14,978 calls were made resulting in 780 referrals. The 10 most frequent referrals were for scheduling medical appointments, health information, insurance information, legal aid, transportation, cancer screening information, information technology/computer information, employment, housekeeping/chore services, and food programs. Conclusions:The case managers served as links between participants and community-based resources. The types of referrals made could be associated with the age-related needs of the participants.