bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban development with financially sustainable rail service
Authors: Wang David Z. W. , Lo Hong K.
Published: July 2016

The positive correlation between urban population density and transit service patronage is well recognized, as was ascertained via statistical approaches in previous studies. In this study, we seek to derive some prescriptive results of the relationship between urban population density and the financial sustainability of rail transit service via analytical approaches. We consider an idealized metropolitan region with a central business district at its center, whose population is distributed according to a certain density saturation gradient pattern. Trips generated from the region to the central business district are served either by the rail service supplemented with feeder buses or by autos. Travelers choose one of the two modes to minimize the travel cost. The traffic congestion effects on highway system for auto users will be considered by assuming flow‐dependent travel time delay. The crowding costs of transit services will also be taken into account. The spatial equilibrium travel pattern with modal choices will be modeled by applying a differential equation approach. Then, we study the sensitivity of urban development density on the financial sustainability of the rail service by examining the supply and demand patterns. Through the analysis, the result sheds light on the threshold urban density required, below which the service cannot be sustained financially. The results also provide guidelines for planning urban development with financially sustainable rail services. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children with autism spectrum disorder have reduced otoacoustic emissions at the 1 kHz mid‐frequency region
Authors: Bennetto Loisa , Keith Jessica M. , Allen Paul D. , Luebke Anne E.
Published: July 2016

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally diagnosed disorder of early onset characterized by impairment in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Some of the earliest signs of ASD involve auditory processing, and a recent study found that hearing thresholds in children with ASD in the mid‐range frequencies were significantly related to receptive and expressive language measures. In addition, otoacoustic emissions have been used to detect reduced cochlear function in the presence of normal audiometric thresholds. We were interested then to know if otoacoustic emissions in children with normal audiometric thresholds would also reveal differences between children with ASD and typical developing (TD) controls in mid‐frequency regions. Our objective was to specifically measure baseline afferent otoacoustic emissions (distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions [DPOAEs]), transient‐evoked otoacoustic emissions (TrOAEs), and efferent suppression, in 35 children with high‐functioning ASD compared with 42 aged‐matched TD controls. All participants were males 6–17 years old, with normal audiometry, and rigorously characterized via Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Children with ASD had greatly reduced DPOAE responses in the 1 kHz frequency range, yet had comparable DPOAE responses at 0.5 and 4–8 kHz regions. Furthermore, analysis of the spectral features of TrOAEs revealed significantly decreased emissions in ASD in similar frequencies. No significant differences were noted in DPOAE or TrOAE noise floors, middle ear muscle reflex activity, or efferent suppression between children with ASD and TD controls. In conclusion, attention to specific‐frequency deficits using non‐invasive measures of cochlear function may be important in auditory processing impairments found in ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 337–345. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maitake Pro4X has anti‐cancer activity and prevents oncogenesis in BALBc mice
Authors: Roldan‐Deamicis Agustina , Alonso Eliana , Brie Belén , Braico Diego Aguilera , Balogh Gabriela Andrea
Published: July 2016

The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the immune tolerance induced by the tumoral microenvironment is fundamental to prevent cancer development or to treat cancer patients using immunotherapy. Actually, there are investigations about “addressed‐drugs” against cancer cells without affecting normal cells. It could be ideal to find selective and specific compounds that only recognize and destroy tumor cells without damaging the host normal cells. For thousands of years, mushrooms have been used for medicinal purposes because of their curative properties. D‐Fraction, an extract of Maitake (from the edible Grifola frondosa mushroom), rich in β‐glucans, exert notable effects in the immune system. Until now, some published articles suggest that Maitake D‐Fraction could have anti‐tumoral activity, prevent oncogenesis and metastasis in some tumor types. However, there are no clear data about Maitake D‐Fraction action on breast cancer prevention and its exact molecular mechanisms are not yet elucidated. The experiments were performed employing 25 female BALBc mice that were treated with and without Maitake D‐Fraction Pro4X or Maitake Standard for 15 days by daily intraperitoneal injection. After treatment period, all mice were implanted with murine tumor cells LM3 to induce mammary tumorigenesis. Animals were checked weekly and killed after 46 days of LM3 transplant; percentage of cancer prevention, rate of tumor growing, and overall survival were determined. Under dissection, the internal organs were evaluated histologically and genetically by RT‐PCR. We found that 5 mg/kg per day of Maitake D‐Fraction Pro4X, administered dairy during 15 days to BALBc mice was able to block more than 60% breast cancer development. However, Maitake Standard prevents oncogenesis in 26% to respect control. In this work, we found that Maitake D‐Fraction Pro4X, administered to BALBc mice, prevents breast carcinogenesis, block tumor invasiveness, reduce angiogenesis, and increase overall survival.
Coronary bifurcations in clinical practice: Tell me what we can do better
Authors: Collet Carlos , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: July 2016

Key Points

In bifurcation lesion, a precise evaluation of lesion severity and disease extension requires the use of bifurcation (three branches) quantitative coronary angiography.

The use of Intravascular imaging to guide PCI in bifurcation has shown to reduce clinical events.

Selection and duration of the dual antiplatelet therapy after bifurcation lesion PCI require further investigation.
The bare naked truth… “excuse me but your metal is showing!”
Authors: Krishnan Sandeep K. , Henry Timothy D.
Published: July 2016

Key points

In 11,181 consecutive STEMI patients, the use of DES increased over time and there were significant differences in patients who received DES versus BMS

Using complex statistical modeling to adjust for measured and unmeasured confounders, the study provides real world data that the use of DES in STEMI is associated with reduced TVR and improved long‐term survival

Overwhelming evidence supports the use of current‐generation DES as first line for STEMI
Size does matter but is there an obesity paradox in TAVR?
Authors: Yadav Pradeep K. , Eng Marvin H.
Published: July 2016

Key Points

Patients with low body mass index (<20 kg/m2) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement have higher short‐ and long‐term mortality

Low BMI is an important tool to consider in patient screening and prognostication

Prospective study is needed to accurately assess the effects of BMI in TAVR patients, to prove or refute the obesity paradox
In early returns scoring scores big
Authors: Butman Samuel M.
Published: July 2016

Key Points

A scoring or cutting balloon is always useful in preventing slippage during therapy of in‐stent restenosis.

A drug‐coated scoring balloon for in‐stent restenosis may be an alternative to a drug‐coated balloon

Definitive comparison trials are needed and likely to help define their exact role in patients with in‐stent restenosis
Molecular Basis for the Recognition of Higher Fullerenes into Ureidopyrimidinone–Cyclotriveratrylene Self‐Assembled Capsules
Authors: Huerta Elisa , Serapian Stefano Artin , Santos Eva , Cequier Enrique , Bo Carles , de Mendoza Javier
Published: July 2016

Fullerenes C60, C70, and C84 may be readily encaged within a hydrogen‐bonded dimeric capsule, based on two concave cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) scaffolds, each containing three self‐complementary 2‐ureido‐4‐[1H]‐pyrimidinone (UPy) subunits. NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies, complemented by dispersion‐corrected DFT calculations, are reported with the aim of characterizing such capsule–fullerene complexes both structurally and energetically. Six fullerenes are considered: in agreement with experiments, calculations find that encapsulation is most favorable for C84 (on a par with C90), and follows the trend C60<C70<C76<C78<C84≈C90. As also found by NMR spectroscopy, the most stable capsules are formed by monomers of identical stereochemistry with UPy and the OMe groups of CTV in a mutual anti orientation and UPy–CTV ethylene linkers within the capsular surface plane. Up to C78, encapsulation is favored by increasing host–guest contacts, but the trend is thereafter increasingly inhibited by growing capsule strain.
Uranium Metalla‐Allenes with Carbene Imido R2C=UIV=NR′ Units (R=Ph2PNSiMe3; R′=CPh3): Alkali‐Metal‐Mediated Push–Pull Effects with an Amido Auxiliary
Authors: Lu Erli , Tuna Floriana , Lewis William , Kaltsoyannis Nikolas , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: July 2016

We report uranium(IV)‐carbene‐imido‐amide metalla‐allene complexes [U(BIPMTMS)(NCPh3)(NHCPh3)(M)] (BIPMTMS=C(PPh2NSiMe3)2; M=Li or K) that can be described as R2C=U=NR′ push–pull metalla‐allene units, as organometallic counterparts of the well‐known push–pull organic allenes. The solid‐state structures reveal that the R2C=U=NR′ units adopt highly unusual cis‐arrangements, which are also reproduced by gas‐phase theoretical studies conducted without the alkali metals to remove their potential structure‐directing roles. Computational studies confirm the double‐bond nature of the U=NR′ and U=CR2 interactions, the latter increasingly attenuated by potassium then lithium when compared to the hypothetical alkali‐metal‐free anion. Combined experimental and theoretical data show that the push–pull effect induced by the alkali metal cations and amide auxiliary gives a fundamental and tunable structural influence over the C=UIV=N units.
A submodel for spherical particles undergoing phase change under the influence of convection
Authors: Bansal Hemant , Nikrityuk Petr
Published: July 2016

This work is devoted to the development and validation of a subgrid model describing heat transfer between the bulk flow and moving particles undergoing phase change under the influence of forced and free convection. Such kinds of submodels play the role of “scale bridges” between microscale (e.g. interfacial heat transfer) and macroscale (e.g. bulk flow) phenomena. Applied to multiscale modelling of particulate flows with phase change phenomena, our model serves as a coupling between equations describing particle movement in Lagrangian space and the mass and heat conservation equation defining melt flow in Eulerian space. The input parameters in our model are the particulate Reynolds number (Re), the Grashof number (Gr), the Stefan number (Ste), and the Prandlt number (Pr). The model has been validated against experimental data published recently in the literature applied to the melting of ice spheres under different flow conditions. Good agreement between our model predictions and published experimental data (Shukla et al.[16] and Hao and Tao[14]) is observed.
Facile Synthesis of Naphtho[2,3‐d]thiazoles, Naphtho[2,3‐e][1,3,4]thiadiazines and Bis(naphtho[2,3‐d]thiazolyl)copper(II) Derivatives from Heteroylthiosemicarbazides
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Mohamed Nasr K. , El‐Haleem Lamiaa E. Abd , Bräse Stefan , Nieger Martin
Published: July 2016

A one step synthesis protocol for the conversion of heteroylthiosemicarbazides and 2,3‐dichloro‐1,4‐naphthoquinone to naphtho[2,3‐d]thiazoles, naphtho[2,3‐e][1,3,4]thiadiazines as well as bis(naphtho[2,3‐d]thiazolyl)copper(II) derivatives is described. The products were conclusively confirmed by single crystal X‐ray analyses. A mechanism for the formation of the products is presented.
A Novel CdS/g‐C3N4 Composite Photocatalyst: Preparation, Characterization and Photocatalytic Performance with Different Reaction Solvents under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Ye Xiangju , Dai Xia , Meng Sugang , Fu Xianliang , Chen Shifu
Published: July 2016

CdS/graphtic carbon nitride (CdS/g‐C3N4) hybrid materials were fabricated by thermal polymerization and hydrothermal methods using Cd(CH3COO)2•2H2O, thioacetamide, and melamine as precursors. The structural and optical properties of the as‐synthesized samples were investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. A coupled system toward the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and the reduction of nitrobenzene into aniline was used to estimate the photocatalytic performance of CdS/g‐C3N4 composite photocatalysts under visible light illumination. Results indicate that the CdS/g‐C3N4 sample exhibits an outstanding photocatalytic performance for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol and reduction of nitrobenzene. Meanwhile, benzotrifluoride is the best reaction medium among the screened solvents. Further research demonstrates that the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is induced by the photoexcited holes and the reduction of nitrobenzene into aniline is triggered by the photoexcited electrons. Additionally, the catalyst can be recycled several times without noticeable deactivation.
Electronic Structure of Thiolate‐bridged Diiron Complexes and a Single‐electron Oxidation Reaction: A Combination of Experimental and Computational Studies
Authors: Chen Si , Luo Lun , Li Yang , Yang Dawei , Qu Jingping , Luo Yi
Published: July 2016

Single‐electron oxidation of a diiron‐sulfur complex [Cp*Fe(μ‐bdt)FeCp*] (1, Cp*=η5‐C5Me5; bdt=benzene‐1,2‐dithiolate) to [Cp*Fe(μ‐bdt)FeCp*]+ (2) has been experimentally conducted. The bdt ligand with redox‐active character has been computationally proposed to be a dianion (bdt2−) rather than previously proposed monoanion (bdt·−) radical in 1 though it has un‐equidistant aromatic CC bond lengths. The ground state of 1 is predicted to be two low‐spin ferrous ions (SFe=0) and 2 has a medium‐spin ferric ion (SFe=1/2) and a low‐spin ferrous center (SFe=0), and the oxidation of 1 to 2 is calculated to be a single‐metal‐based process. Both complexes have no significant antiferromagnetic coupling character.
Sulfonamide and Morpholine‐Based Dual Chemosensor for Cu2+ and Ag+ in Different Solvent Media
Authors: Hu Fang , Li Rui , Wang Jinjian , He Luyan , Li Xing , Yin Jun , Liu Shenghua
Published: July 2016

The detection of cations has attracted considerable interest because of their importance in various physiological processes. In this study, compound 1 bearing sulfonamide and morpholine functionalities was synthesized. Its structure was well characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. UV/vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra indicated that it displayed high sensitivity and selectivity for Cu2+ and Ag+ by switching solvent media. It means that: (1) it showed selective response to Cu2+ in acetonitrile, (2) whereas it exhibited high selectivity for Ag+ in water. The density functional theory calculations were used to clearly explain the different recognition behaviors in different solvent media. This research suggests that compound 1 bearing sulfonamide and morpholine functionalities could act as a multifunctional chemosensor for monitoring multiple cations by changing solvent media and provides an alternative approach to design novel dual cations chemosensors.
Discovery of a Nanomolar Multikinase Inhibitor (KST016366): A New Benzothiazole Derivative with Remarkable Broad‐Spectrum Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: El‐Damasy Ashraf Kareem , Cho Nam‐Chul , Nam Ghilsoo , Pae Ae Nim , Keum Gyochang
Published: July 2016

Herein we report the discovery of compound 6 [KST016366; 4‐((2‐(3‐(4‐((4‐ethylpiperazin‐1‐yl)methyl)‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)benzo[d]thiazol‐6‐yl)oxy)picolinamide] as a new potent multikinase inhibitor through minor structural modification of our previously reported RAF kinase inhibitor A. In vitro anticancer evaluation of 6 showed substantial broad‐spectrum antiproliferative activity against 60 human cancer cell lines. In particular, it showed GI50 values of 51.4 and 19 nm against leukemia K‐562 and colon carcinoma KM12 cell lines, respectively. Kinase screening of compound 6 revealed its nanomolar‐level inhibitory activity of certain oncogenic kinases implicated in both tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Interestingly, 6 displays IC50 values of 0.82, 3.81, and 53 nm toward Tie2, TrkA, and ABL‐1 (wild‐type and T315I mutant) kinases, respectively. Moreover, 6 is orally bioavailable with a favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. Compound 6 may serve as a promising candidate for further development of potent anticancer chemotherapeutics.
Access to Children's Oncology Group and Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium phase 1 clinical trials: Racial/ethnic dissimilarities in participation
Authors: Nooka Ajay K. , Behera Madhusmita , Lonial Sagar , Dixon Margie D. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Pentz Rebecca D.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Phase 1 clinical trials introduce new therapies to humans with the goal of establishing their safety. A prior Children's Oncology Group (COG) study analyzed the proportional enrollment of patients by race, ethnicity, sex, and age for all trial phases. The current study evaluated the representation of patients by race, ethnicity, sex, and age in phase 1 clinical trials.

METHODS

This study evaluated 1348 children with 128 diagnoses enrolled in COG and Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium phase 1 clinical trials in the United States from February 28, 2000 to December 29, 2008. Observed and expected proportions were calculated according to an established methodology with a representative population from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, which included 27,766 children with the same International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (third edition) diagnostic codes.

RESULTS

Underrepresentation in phase 1 trials was seen for lymphohematopoietic (LH) tumors (9.3% observed vs 37% expected) versus solid tumors (90.6% observed vs 63% expected). Although representation was fairly proportional, Hispanics (12.6% observed vs 27% expected), particularly Hispanic females (6% observed vs 18% expected), were significantly underrepresented. The 0‐ to 4‐year age group was underrepresented (11.7% observed vs 36.5% expected). By tumor type, the most significantly underrepresented groups were 0‐ to 4‐year‐old children and Hispanics for both solid cancers (11% observed vs 34.4% expected for 0‐ to 4‐year‐old children and 12% observed vs 24% expected for Hispanics) and LH cancers (16% observed vs 40% expected for 0‐ to 4‐year‐old children and 19.4% observed vs 33% expected for Hispanics).

CONCLUSIONS

Although sex and racial/ethnic groups are mostly proportionally represented in phase 1 trials, some specific subgroups such as Hispanic children are underrepresented and may benefit from focused accrual. Cancer 2016;122:3207–14. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
On the Effect of Electron Temperature Fluctuations on Turbulent Heat Transport in the Edge Plasma of Tokamaks
Authors: Baudoin C. , Tamain P. , Ciraolo G. , Futtersack R. , Gallo A. , Ghendrih P. , Marandet Y. , Nace N. , Norscini C.
Published: July 2016

In this paper we study the impact of electron temperature fluctuations in a two‐dimensional turbulent model. This modification adds a second linear instability, known as sheath‐driven conducting‐wall instability, with respect to the previous isothermal model only driven by the interchange instability. Non‐linear simulations, backed up by the linear analysis, show that the additional mechanism can change drastically the dynamics of turbulence (scales, density‐potential correlation, and statistical momentum). Moreover, its importance relatively to the interchange instability should be more significant in the private flux region than in the main scrape of layer. Its effect on heat transport is also investigated for different regimes of parameters, results show that both instabilities are at play in the heat transport. Finally, the sheath neagtive resistance instability could be responsible for the existence of corrugated heat flux profiles in the scrape‐off layer leading to a multiple decay length. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interchange Turbulence Model for the Edge Plasma in SOLEDGE2D‐EIRENE
Authors: Bufferand H. , Ciraolo G. , Ghendrih Ph. , Marandet Y. , Bucalossi J. , Colin C. , Fedorczak N. , Galassi D. , Gunn J. , Leybros R. , Serre E. , Tamain P.
Published: July 2016

Cross‐field transport in edge tokamak plasmas is known to be dominated by turbulent transport. A dedicated effort has been made to simulate this turbulent transport from first principle models but the numerical cost to run these simulations on the ITER scale remains prohibitive. Edge plasma transport study relies mostly nowadays on so‐called transport codes where the turbulent transport is taken into account using effective ad‐hoc diffusion coeffecients. In this contribution, we propose to introduce a transport equation for the turbulence intensity in SOLEDGE2D‐EIRENE to describe the interchange turbulence properties. Going beyond the empirical diffusive model, this system automatically generates profiles for the turbulent transport and hence reduces the number of degrees of freedom for edge plasma transport codes. We draw inspiration from the k‐epsilon model widely used in the neutral fluid community. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First Principle Modelling of Interplay between Langmuir Probes and Plasma Turbulence
Authors: Futtersack R. , Colin C. , Tamain P. , Ciraolo G. , Ghendrih Ph. , Marandet Y. , Schwander F. , Serre E.
Published: July 2016

The interplay between Langmuir probes (LP) and Scrape‐Off‐Layer plasma turbulence is numerically investigated with the TOKAM2D and TOKAM3X fluid codes. The LP is modelled by biasing a part of the target plates surface; we then study its impact on the turbulent transport 1) in presence of electron temperature fluctuations and 2) with a complete description of the parallel dynamics. We find that a biased probe can disturb local plasma parameters as well as turbulent transport in its vicinity, by polarizing the connected flux tube and thus driving a strong ExB vortex. Moreover, electron temperature fluctuations are found to account significantly those of floating potential, but with a limited impact on flux measurements depending on the probe's exact geometry. The 3D study of the problem shows the attenuation, but the persistency, of these perturbations induced by the presence of the LP. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photon Trapping Effects in DEMO Divertor Plasma
Authors: Hoshino K. , Sawada K. , Idei R. , Tokunaga S. , Asakura N. , Shimizu K. , Ohno N.
Published: July 2016

In the DEMO divertor, the neutral density becomes high to produce the full detachment and therefore the photon trapping can become important. In this paper, effects of the photon trapping on the DEMO divertor plasma has been studied. The pre‐evaluation of the photon trapping effects on the fixed background plasma profile was carried out by using an iterative self‐consistent collisional radiative model. The recombining plasma near the inner target and the private region changed to the ionizing plasma by the photon‐excitation. Based on the preevaluation result, the database of the effective ionization rate coefficient including the photon transport inside a 2 mm sphere. Advantage of the 2 mm sphere approximation is that the extra calculation cost is not necessary. Iterative calculation of the SONIC including the photon trapping effects was carried out. While the electron density increased and the neutral density decreased in the wide region, the electron density decreases close to the inner strike point. This may be due to decrease in the ionization rate by decrease in the neutral density. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extended Numerical Modeling of Impurity Neoclassical Transport in Tokamak Edge Plasmas
Authors: Inoue H. , Homma Y. , Yamoto S. , Hatayama A.
Published: July 2016

Understanding of impurity transport in tokamaks is an important issue in order to reduce the impurity contamination in fusion core plasmas. Recently, a new kinetic numerical scheme of impurity classical/neoclassical transport has been developed. This numerical scheme makes it possible to include classical self‐diffusion (CL SD), classical inward pinch (CL IWP), and classical temperature screening effect (CL TSE) of impurity ions. However, impurity neoclassical transport has been modeled only in the case where background plasmas are in the Pfirsch‐Schluter (PS) regime. The purpose of this study is to extend our previous model to wider range of collisionality regimes, i.e., not only the PS regime, but also the plateau regime. As in the previous study, a kinetic model with Binary Collision Monte‐Carlo Model (BMC) has been adopted. We focus on the modeling of the neoclassical self‐diffusion (NC SD) and the neoclassical inward pinch (NC IWP). In order to simulate the neoclassical transport with the BCM, velocity distribution of background plasma ions has been modeled as a deformed Maxwell distribution which includes plasma density gradient. Some test simulations have been done. As for NC SD of impurity ions, our scheme reproduces the dependence on the collisionality parameter in wide range of collisionality regime. As for NC IWP, in cases where test impurity ions and background ions are in the PS and plateau regimes, parameter dependences have been reproduced. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Connecting Collisionless Landau Fluid Closures to Collisional Plasma Physics Models
Authors: Joseph I. , Dimits A. M.
Published: July 2016

In this work, collisionless Landau fluid models are combined with collisional fluid models using a Padé approximation that is accurate in both collisionality limits. The collisionless models capture Landau damping through a nonlocal integro‐differential sub‐diffusion operator with ballistic characteristics. Collisional extensions of Landau fluid models are derived by analyzing the higher order moment equations which combine a Landau closure with collisional friction forces. The model derived here evolves fluid moments for density, parallel velocity, and anisotropic pressure and includes the frictional heat flux, the parallel thermal force and anisotropic electrical conductivity. Since anisotropies must vanish in the collisional limit, a simple closure can be derived if the friction force neglects pitch‐angle scattering for the closure moments themselves. The resulting plasma physics model is potentially quite useful for applications in magnetic fusion and astrophysics. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of ITER Edge Plasma in the Presence of Resonant Magnetic Perturbations
Authors: Rozhansky V. , Kaveeva E. , Veselova I. , Voskoboynikov S. , Coster D.
Published: July 2016

The modeling of the ITER edge is performed with the use of the code B2SOLPS5.2 in the presence of the electron conductivity caused by RMPs as well as for the reference case with the same input parameters but without RMPs. The radial electric field close to the neoclassical one is obtained without RMPs. Even the modest level of RMPs changes the direction of the electric field and causes the toroidal spin‐up of the edge plasma. At the same time the pump‐out effect is small. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent Developments in Plasma Edge Theory
Authors: Stacey W. M.
Published: July 2016

Recent developments in electromagnetic particle pinch, ion orbit loss, intrinsic rotation, rotation theory and radial electric field theory in the tokamak plasma edge are described. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrostatic Characteristic of Spherical Dust on PFM in Sheath Field
Authors: Tomita Y. , Niu G. J. , Luo G. N.
Published: July 2016

The electrostatic characteristics of the spherical dust particle on the PFM were investigated analytically by introducing the bipolar coordinate in the plasma sheath field. The smaller dust compared to the Debye length λD is applicable to this model. It is clarified that the effect of finite size of the dust becomes remarkable at the larger dust than 0.2, Rd/λD > 0.2, where the change of the e‐folding length amounts to 10% of λD. The surface charge density on the dust is disturbed on the surface facing to the plasma due to the larger dust. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wild immunology assessed by multidimensional mass cytometry
Authors: Japp Alberto Sada , Hoffmann Kerstin , Schlickeiser Stephan , Glauben Rainer , Nikolaou Christos , Maecker Holden T. , Braun Julian , Matzmohr Nadine , Sawitzki Birgit , Siegmund Britta , Radbruch Andreas , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Frentsch Marco , Kunkel Desiree , Thiel Andreas
Published: July 2016

A great part of our knowledge on mammalian immunology has been established in laboratory settings. The use of inbred mouse strains enabled controlled studies of immune cell and molecule functions in defined settings. These studies were usually performed in specific‐pathogen free (SPF) environments providing standardized conditions. In contrast, mammalians including humans living in their natural habitat are continuously facing pathogen encounters throughout their life. The influences of environmental conditions on the signatures of the immune system and on experimental outcomes are yet not well defined. Thus, the transferability of results obtained in current experimental systems to the physiological human situation has always been a matter of debate. Studies elucidating the diversity of “wild immunology” imprintings in detail and comparing it with those of “clean” lab mice are sparse. Here, we applied multidimensional mass cytometry to dissect phenotypic and functional differences between distinct groups of laboratory and pet shop mice as a source for “wild mice”. For this purpose, we developed a 31‐antibody panel for murine leukocyte subsets identification and a 35‐antibody panel assessing various cytokines. Established murine leukocyte populations were easily identified and diverse immune signatures indicative of numerous pathogen encounters were classified particularly in pet shop mice and to a lesser extent in quarantine and non‐SPF mice as compared to SPF mice. In addition, unsupervised analysis identified distinct clusters that associated strongly with the degree of pathogenic priming, including increased frequencies of activated NK cells and antigen‐experienced B‐ and T‐cell subsets. Our study unravels the complexity of immune signatures altered under physiological pathogen challenges and highlights the importance of carefully adapting laboratory settings for immunological studies in mice, including drug and therapy testing. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Phenotypic and functional characterization of in vitro cultured human mast cells
Authors: Cop N , Decuyper II , Faber MA , Sabato V , Bridts CH , Hagendorens MM , De Winter BY , De Clerck LS , Ebo DG
Published: July 2016

Background

Mast cell progenitor cells, derived from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, enter the circulation and subsequently mucosal or connective tissues where they mature to mast cells. Upon activation, mast cells increase the expression of activation markers, e.g. CD63, and release histamine amongst other mediators. Traditionally, release of these mediators is quantified using assays measuring their extracellular concentration in the supernatant of stimulated cells.

Methods

Human mast cells (HuMC) were cultured from peripheral blood, phenotypically characterized, passively sensitized with allogenic IgE antibodies and finally stimulated by anti‐IgE that crosslinks IgE/FcεRI complexes. Alterations in the number of cells positive for CD63 and release of histamine were quantified simultaneously by flow cytometry.

Results

In culture, two distinct CD45+ cell populations were identified: CD117+CD203c+hi and CD117‐CD203c+low cells. Both populations showed positivity for FcεRI, tryptase and chymase, and contained histamine. Activation resulted in a significant increase of cells positive for CD63+ up to 21% (range: 11–39) for CD117+CD203c+hi cells (P = 0.005), and 27% (18–55) CD63+ for CD117‐CD203c+low cells (P = 0.02). Baseline histamine content was higher for CD117+CD203c+hi cells than for CD117‐CD203c+low cells, respectively 994 (695–6815) Molecules of Equivalent Specific Fluorochrome V500 per cell (MESF‐V500/cell) and 797 (629–4978) MESF‐V500/cell (P = 0.02). After activation, CD117+CD203c+hi cells showed significant histamine release of 578 (366–1521) MESF‐V500/cell, whilst CD117‐CD203c+low cells resulted in 310 (217–366) MESF‐V500/cell histamine release.

Conclusion

This study discloses that culturing HuMC from CD34+ progenitors yields 2 phenotypically distinct cell populations that display a greatly similar response upon cross‐linking of IgE/FcεRI complexes. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Zebrafish connexin 79.8 (Gja8a): A lens connexin used as an electrical synapse in some neurons
Authors: Yoshikawa Shunichi , Vila Alejandro , Segelken Jasmin , Lin Ya‐Ping , Mitchell Cheryl K. , Nguyen Duc , O'Brien John
Published: July 2016

In the mammalian central nervous system, a remarkably small number of connexins is used in electrical synapses, with the majority formed from Cx36. A larger number has been detected in teleosts, with some seeming to serve restricted roles. Here, we report the discovery of a new connexin expressed in the zebrafish lens and a limited set of neurons. Zebrafish cx79.8 (gja8a), previously annotated incorrectly as cx50.5 based on a partial cDNA sequence, is a homologue of mammalian Cx50 (Gja8). We examined its expression through transgenic promoter‐reporter constructs, in situ hybridization, and immunolabeling, and examined regulation of coupling in transfected HeLa cells. cx79.8 was expressed most strongly in the lens, but expression was also found in several groups of neurons in the cerebellum and related areas at the midbrain‐hindbrain boundary, in cone photoreceptors, and in neurons in the retinal inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. Labeling in the retina with antibodies against two C‐terminal epitopes revealed numerous small punctate spots in the inner plexiform layer and along the somata of cones. Abundant gap junctions were labeled in the outer 1/3 of the lens, but were absent from the center, suggesting that the epitopes or the entire protein was absent from the center. Cx79.8 tracer coupling was strongly regulated by phosphorylation, and was extremely low in control conditions in HeLa cells due to protein phosphatase 2A activity. These properties allow coupling to be strongly restricted in situ, a frequently observed property for electrical synapses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 548–561, 2017
European guidelines for workplace drug and alcohol testing in hair
Authors: Salomone A. , Tsanaclis L. , Agius R. , Kintz P. , Baumgartner M. R.
Published: July 2016

Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing have been prepared and updated by the European Workplace Drug Testing Society (EWDTS). They are based on the 2010 version published by Pascal Kintz and Ronald Agius (Guidelines for European workplace drug and alcohol testing in hair. Drug Test. Anal. 2010, 2, 367) and in concordance with the Society of Hair Testing guidelines (Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 218, 20‐24). The European Guidelines are designed to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and legislation. The EWDTS recommends that all European laboratories that undertake legally defensible workplace drug testing use these guidelines as a template for accreditation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal smoking blends using NMR
Authors: Dunne Simon J. , Rosengren‐Holmberg Jenny P.
Published: July 2016

Herbal smoking blends containing synthetic cannabinoids have become popular alternatives to marijuana. These products were previously sold in pre‐packaged foil bags, but nowadays seizures usually contain synthetic cannabinoid powders together with unprepared plant materials. A question often raised by the Swedish police is how much smoking blend can be prepared from certain amounts of banned substance, in order to establish the severity of the crime. To address this question, information about the synthetic cannabinoid content in both the powder and the prepared herbal blends is necessary. In this work, an extraction procedure compatible with direct NMR quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal smoking blends was developed. Extraction media, time and efficiency were tested for different carrier materials containing representative synthetic cannabinoids. The developed protocol utilizes a 30 min extraction step in d4‐methanol in presence of internal standard allowing direct quantitation of the extract using NMR. The accuracy of the developed method was tested using in‐house prepared herbal smoking blends. The results showed deviations less than 0.2% from the actual content, proving that the method is sufficiently accurate for these quantifications. Using this method, ten synthetic cannabinoids present in sixty‐three different herbal blends seized by the Swedish police between October 2012 and April 2015 were quantified. Obtained results showed a variation in cannabinoid contents from 1.5% (w/w) for mixtures containing MDMB‐CHMICA to over 5% (w/w) for mixtures containing 5F‐AKB‐48. This is important information for forensic experts when making theoretical calculations of production quantities in legal cases regarding “home‐made” herbal smoking blends. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ablation of the epithelial‐specific splicing factor Esrp1 results in ureteric branching defects and reduced nephron number
Authors: Bebee Thomas W. , Sims‐Lucas Sunder , Park Juw Won , Bushnell Daniel , Cieply Benjamin , Xing Yi , Bates Carlton M. , Carstens Russ P.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Abnormalities in ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and reduced nephron numbers associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Previous studies showed that the epithelial fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) IIIb splice variant supports ureteric morphogenesis in response to ligands from the metanephric mesenchyme during renal organogenesis. The epithelial‐specific splicing regulator Esrp1 is required for expression of Fgfr2‐IIIb and other epithelial‐specific splice variants. Our objective was to determine whether Esrp1 is required for normal kidney development.

Results:

Ablation of Esrp1 in mice, alone or together with its paralog Esrp2, was associated with reduced kidney size and increased incidence of renal aplasia. Three‐dimensional imaging showed that embryonic Esrp1 knockout (KO) kidneys had fewer ureteric tips and reduced nephron numbers. Analysis of alternative splicing in Esrp‐null ureteric epithelial cells by RNA‐Seq confirmed a splicing switch in Fgfr2 as well as numerous other transcripts.

Conclusions:

Our findings reveal that Esrp1‐regulated splicing in ureteric epithelial cells plays an important role in renal development. Defects in Esrp1 KO kidneys likely reflect reduced and/or absent ureteric branching, leading to decreased nephron induction secondary to incorrect Fgfr2 splicing and other splicing alterations. Developmental Dynamics 245:991–1000, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Pluripotent stem cells as a model for embryonic patterning: From signaling dynamics to spatial organization in a dish
Authors: Heemskerk Idse , Warmflash Aryeh
Published: July 2016

In vivo studies have identified the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in patterning the vertebrate embryo, but much remains unknown about how these are organized in space and time to orchestrate embryogenesis. Recently, embryonic stem cells have been established as a platform for studying spatial pattern formation and differentiation dynamics in the early mammalian embryo. The ease of observing and manipulating stem cell systems promises to fill gaps in our understanding of developmental dynamics and identify aspects that are uniquely human. Developmental Dynamics 245:976–990, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dimensions of impulsivity in relation to eating disorder recovery
Authors: Bardone‐Cone Anna M. , Butler Rachel M. , Balk Margaret R. , Koller Katherine A.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Impulsivity is associated with eating pathology, but different dimensions of impulsivity have not been extensively studied in the eating disorders. The current study examined the relationship between four facets of impulsivity and eating disorder recovery status.

Method

Females formerly seen for an eating disorder were categorized as having an eating disorder (n = 53), partially recovered (n = 15), or fully recovered (n = 20) based on a diagnostic interview and physical, behavioral, and psychological indices. These groups and non‐eating disorder controls were compared on impulsivity facets from the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS): Urgency (negative urgency), Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), and Sensation Seeking.

Results

Negative urgency (the tendency to engage in impulsive behavior to alleviate negative affect) was related to recovery. The fully recovered group and controls experienced significantly less negative urgency than those with a current eating disorder; the partially recovered group did not differ from the eating disorder group.

Discussion

Findings suggest that negative urgency may be a particularly important facet of impulsivity to target in therapeutic intervention for eating disorders, especially among those with a history of binge eating and/or purging. Future longitudinal work is needed to test a potential causal relationship between negative urgency and eating disorder recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1027–1031)
Efficient removal of arsenate by a surface functionalized chelating fiber based on polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Deng Hui , Li Kai
Published: July 2016

A kind of surface functionalized chelating fiber prepared by immobilizing amino‐group on surface of polyacrylonitrile fiber (APAF) was used for As(V) adsorption. Results indicated that tetraethylenepentamine was the optimum amine agent, and addition of AlCl3 in preparation could strengthen the removal of As(V) by APAF. The morphology of APAF observed by SEM showed that heterogeneous protuberances existed on the surface of APAF due to nitrile groups transferring between the amine agents and polyacrylonitrile polymers. Zeta potential measurement suggested the pHzpc of APAF increased greatly after amination, beneficial of As(V) adhesion. The effects of initial solution concentration, pH, and contact time on adsorption of As (V) ions have been investigated in detail. The maximum equilibrium uptake capacity of As(V) on APAF was 327.26 mg/g at 298 K and Langmuir isotherm equation well fitted to the experimental data. Mechanism study indicated that the protonated amine groups on the fiber surface were responsible for sorption of As(V) on the APAF. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1634–1641, 2016
Characterization of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for High‐Temperature PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Rau M. , Niedergesäß A. , Cremers C. , Alfaro S. , Steenberg T. , Hjuler H. A.
Published: July 2016

This paper will present the characterization of two types of membrane‐electrode‐assemblies (MEAs) for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT‐PEMFC) working under reformate stream. The important aspects to be considered in the characterization of these MEAs are: (i) presence of contaminants, and (ii) composition of the anode. Start/stop cycling test were performed for two different Dapozol® MEAs using different GDL materials, using first hydrogen and then synthetic reformate as a fuel gas, both with a dew point of 80 °C. With these results the influence of contaminants present in the reformate was compared for the two types of MEAs, showing the superior performance of the Dapozol® 101 MEA under these conditions. The possibility to further enhance the MEAs' resilience against the operation of reformates by changing the anode catalyst composition was evaluated in a half MEA configuration, considering that the impact of the H2S present in the fuel presents a major issue. For this reason the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) was evaluated for two types of Pt‐based electrocatalysts in an anodic half MEA configuration using different hydrogen‐rich fuel mixtures. These results provide valuable information for the optimization of the MEA and the anode catalyst for HT‐PEMFC.
Truncating and missense PPM1D mutations in early‐onset and/or familial/hereditary prostate cancer patients
Authors: Cardoso Marta , Paulo Paula , Maia Sofia , Teixeira Manuel R.
Published: July 2016

Truncating activating mutations in the last exon of PPM1D have been described in patients with breast, ovarian, colorectal and non‐small cell lung cancer, but recent data indicate that they may be associated with previous chemotherapy. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of PPM1D mutations in white blood cells (WBC) of 462 patients with early‐onset and/or familial/hereditary prostate cancer (PrCa) by sequencing the coding region of exon 6. Two truncating mutations were found in two patients (0.4%), both treated with androgen‐ablation therapy but no chemotherapy prior to blood collection. Next generation sequencing analysis showed that the truncating variants were present in 21.4% and 32.4% of the reads, indicating that they were in mosaic in WBC, something that was confirmed by its absence in a different tissue from one of these patients. Additionally, nine patients (1.95%) were found to harbor non‐synonymous germline mutations, with three patients sharing the same missense variant, c.1607G > A, p.Arg536Lys. This variant was predicted to be deleterious by different in silico tools and was not found in the 293 male control subjects tested. Large cohorts and/or functional evaluation are needed to clarify the nature of the truncating mosaic mutations in PrCa patients treated with and without androgen‐ablation therapy and to evaluate the contribution of the recurrent missense variant to the risk of developing PrCa. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.