bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humidity Threshold Model of Numerical Control Multilayer Printed Circuit Board for Electrochemical Migration
Authors: Xie Chuanning , Tang Xiaoqi , Chen Jihong , Song Bao , Jin Jian , Zhang Hangjun
Published: March 2014

In this paper, numerical control finished boards are employed as test samples to evaluate the effects of the environment and bias voltage on the surface insulation resistance of printed circuit boards. The results indicate that the surface insulation resistance degradation processes leading to failure exhibit a relative humidity threshold value, which is mostly related to temperature, test patterns, and bias voltage. Then, a humidity threshold model is built on the basis of electrochemical migration to quantify the relationship between the relative humidity threshold and conductor spacing and bias voltage under the controlled environments. Finally, experiments and tests have been carried out to validate the effectiveness and practicability of the model. Furthermore, the residual analysis is applied to check the fitting effect of the proposed model. According to the new model, the humidity threshold value can be obtained to provide the guidance for reliability problems in application. It is crucial to the design and deployment of reliable printed circuit boards. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new secure Internet voting protocol using Java Card 3 technology and Java information flow concept
Authors: Mohammadpourfard Mostafa , Doostari Mohammad Ali , Ghaznavi Ghoushchi Mohammad Bagher , Shakiba Nafiseh
Published: March 2014

Recently, there has been a spate of interest in Internet voting systems because of advantages such as participation, efficiency, accuracy, and transparency. However, challenges for having a secure i‐voting system are considerable. Unless these systems are designed and implemented carefully, citizens might lose their trust on the whole voting process. This paper introduces a novel online voting protocol, which satisfies the desired security requirements of i‐voting as collusion resistance, fairness, coercion\bribery, and secure voting platform. Although Internet voting systems provide convenience for voters by requiring just a PC and an Internet connection, they might be subject to some drawbacks as PCs are very susceptible to malware and sophisticated attacks. To clarify, voter side insecure platform is one of the biggest challenges in Internet voting, which would breach voter's privacy and also affect the integrity of election. In this paper, we present an alternative to the voters' insecure PCs. Java Card 3 is the latest version of Java Card, which could be considered as voter's portable secure Web server. It can obtain an IP address and communicate with other network nodes with hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS). Therefore, regardless of utilizing a trusted device at the client side, end‐to‐end security is guaranteed. This means that Java Card 3 can resolve challenges, which are posed by insecurity of the vote casting PC. Furthermore, to enhance the security and guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of the data, which are stored in the card during the voting process, we have used Java information flow. An implementation of this protocol is proposed on the basis of Java Card 3 servlet container and Web server technology in which the card and electoral servers communicate on a machine‐to‐machine basis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synergy of ultrasonic treatment and organic modifiers for tuning the surface chemistry and conductivity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Omastová Mária , Mičušík Matej , Fedorko Pavol , Pionteck Jürgen , Kovářová Jana , Chehimi Mohamed M.
Published: March 2014

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were modified via the non‐covalent approach using anodic surfactants dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and poly(ethylene glycol) n‐alkyl 3‐sulfopropyl ether potassium salt and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). These surfactants were used individually or as DBSA/CTAB mixtures. Surface modification was ultrasonically‐assisted with a control over sonication power (64 or 360 W). The surface properties of modified CNT particles were determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrical conductivities of unmodified CNT, particles treated by ultrasound, and CNT modified with surfactants were measured. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the mass loading of surfactants after drying. The highest increase in conductivity was reached when CNT were treated solely with the anionic surfactant DBSA under the influence of soft ultrasound. This work shows conclusively that ultrasound‐assisted modification of CNT by surfactants is a simple and efficient approach to prepare surface modified and highly conductive CNT, provided that physical (ultrasonic) and chemical (surfactants) treatments are concomitantly controlled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS investigation on the chemical structure of a very thin, insulating, film synthesized on platinum by electropolymerization of o‐aminophenol (oAP) in aqueous solution at neutral pH
Authors: Carbone Maria Elvira , Ciriello Rosanna , Guerrieri Antonio , Salvi Anna Maria
Published: March 2014

Previous investigations on o‐aminophenol (oAP) electropolymerization by cyclic voltammetry (CV), onto platinum, in aqueous solution (phosphate buffer) at neutral pH, have shown the reproducible formation of an insulating film of inherent adherence and thinness, poly(o‐aminophenol) (PoAP). The applicability of this produced film as a permselective membrane for biosensors was demonstrated, as well as the influence of the platinum surface state on its self‐limited growth and morphology. Based on these findings, we have continued our investigation on insulating PoAP by combining compositional (XPS) and electrochemical (CV) analyses. To evaluate the finite film on its compositional homogeneity and stability, we have highlighted, in turn, different analyzed depths by angle‐resolved XPS, repeated experiments and performed stability test in ultra‐high vacuum. This investigation, combined with an accurate curve‐fitting procedure, has allowed the estimation of the PoAP thickness and the assignment of chemical states for determining its polymerization sequence. We show that PoAP thickness is about 7 nm; its repeat formula comprises alternating quinoneimine and oAP units, including approximately one water molecule, and the polymer chains are terminated with carbonyl‐type groups. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ni K‐edge XAFS analysis of NiO thin film with multiple scattering theory
Authors: Denny Yus Rama , Takahashi Kei , Niki Kaori , Yang Dong Seok , Fujikawa Takashi , Kang Hee Jae
Published: March 2014

Nickel oxide is a p‐type semiconductor with wide band gaps of 3–4 eV. The defects of O or Ni atoms are essential to explain some specific features of the semiconductors. The information of the local structure around Ni is important to clarify the conduction mechanism. We investigate the Ni K‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra of the nickel oxide thin films in order to obtain the structural information around Ni. For the X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analyses, we apply a full multiple scattering theory. The experimental results suggest that the crystallinity of the thin films depends on the annealing temperature. The distances of Ni–O and Ni–Ni are 1.984 and 2.747 Å for the sample annealed at 100 °C and 2.084 and 2.947 Å for the sample annealed at 300 °C, respectively. Our multiple scattering calculations can satisfactorily explain the experimental result. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting potential liver toxicity from phase 2 data: a case study with ximelagatran
Authors: Southworth Harry
Published: March 2014

Ximelagatran was denied marketing approval in the USA and was withdrawn from those markets in which it had been approved, because of concerns over potential liver toxicity. A retrospective analysis of phase 2 data relating to liver toxicity is performed using the methods of extreme value modelling. The analysis reveals that the phase 2 data were predictive of the phase 3 results and, had the methods been available at the time, such analysis would have provided valuable information relating to the decision to proceed with further development of the compound. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Has the “CEO effect” increased in recent decades? A new explanation for the great rise in America's attention to corporate leaders
Authors: Quigley Timothy J. , Hambrick Donald C.
Published: March 2014

We introduce a new explanation for one of the most pronounced phenomena on the American business landscape in recent decades: a dramatic increase in attributions of CEO significance. Specifically, we test the possibility that America's CEOs became seen as increasingly significant because they were, in fact, increasingly significant. Employing variance partitioning methodologies on data spanning 60 years and more than 18,000 firm‐years, we find that the proportion of variance in performance explained by individual CEOs, or “the CEO effect,” increased substantially over the decades of study. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this finding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge Management, Learning Behavior from Failure and New Product Development in New Technology Ventures
Authors: Yu Xiaoyu , Chen Yi. , Nguyen Bang
Published: March 2014

This research examines how knowledge management influences new product development (NPD) in new technology ventures. Researchers demonstrate that knowledge management is a critical antecedent of NPD. However, few studies have explored the role of knowledge management in NPD from a behavioral perspective. By employing experiential learning theory, this research develops a conceptual model to study the relationships between knowledge management, learning behavior arising from failures, and new ventures' NPD performance. Using a sample of 176 new high‐tech technology ventures, the theoretical model is examined. The findings show that, for new technology ventures, knowledge acquisition facilitates NPD performance positively and that the relationship is partially mediated by learning behavior from failures. In addition, it is demonstrated that knowledge application plays a moderating role between learning behavior from failure and NPD. Both the theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evidence for protein oxidative damage and altered antioxidant defense in patients with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Derks Terry G. J. , Touw Catharina M. L. , Ribas Graziela S. , Biancini Giovana B. , Vanzin Camila S. , Negretto Giovanna , Mescka Caroline P. , Reijngoud Dirk Jan , Smit G. Peter A. , Wajner Moacir , Vargas Carmen R.
Published: March 2014

The objective of this study was to test whether macromolecule oxidative damage and altered enzymatic antioxidative defenses occur in patients with medium‐chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. We performed a cross‐sectional observational study of in vivo parameters of lipid and protein oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in asymptomatic, nonstressed, MCAD‐deficient patients and healthy controls. Patients were subdivided into three groups based on therapy: patients without prescribed supplementation, patients with carnitine supplementation, and patients with carnitine plus riboflavin supplementation. Compared with healthy controls, nonsupplemented MCAD‐deficient patients and patients receiving carnitine supplementation displayed decreased plasma sulfhydryl content (indicating protein oxidative damage). Increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients receiving carnitine supplementation probably reflects a compensatory mechanism for scavenging reactive species formation. The combination of carnitine plus riboflavin was not associated with oxidative damage. These are the first indications that MCAD‐deficient patients experience protein oxidative damage and that combined supplementation of carnitine and riboflavin may prevent these biochemical alterations. Results suggest involvement of free radicals in the pathophysiology of MCAD deficiency. The underlying mechanisms behind the increased SOD activity upon carnitine supplementation need to be determined. Further studies are necessary to determine the clinical relevance of oxidative stress, including the possibility of antioxidant therapy.
Does Church Size Matter? A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of Chinese Congregants’ Religious Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Cheung Sing-Hang , Hui C. Harry , Lau Esther Yuet Ying , Cheung Shu-Fai , Mok Doris Shui Ying
Published: March 2014

Despite the proliferation of megachurches, it is unclear how the size of a religious organization affects its members. Two opposing assumptions are (1) size is a liability and (2) size is an asset. According to the first assumption, size negatively impacts the religious attitudes and behaviors of church attendees through the reduction of motivation and a loss of coordination (Hypothesis 1). According to the second assumption, a large church benefits from the economies of scale, and therefore size positively influences religious attitudes and behaviors (Hypothesis 2). A third possibility is that the outcome variables are curvilinearly related to size (Hypothesis 3). Using an Asian sample, we compared congregants from churches of different sizes to evaluate these hypotheses empirically. Analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal data revealed that although churches of medium size (501-1,000 attendees) may be more successful in attracting and retaining believers more committed to their religion and positive about their congregation, they are no better or worse than smaller or larger churches in fostering religious commitment or building relationships among the congregants. Furthermore, our data showed that larger churches are more effective than smaller ones in preserving the “vertical” aspect of faith maturity. They are, however, less effective in fostering a sense of bonding among attendees. Thus, both Hypotheses 1 and 2 received partial support. A sweeping statement of whether being large is good for a religious organization and its attendees cannot be made.
How Islam Influences Women's Paid Non-farm Employment: Evidence from 26 Indonesian and 37 Nigerian Provinces
Authors: Spierings Niels
Published: March 2014

Studies on women's employment in Muslim countries often mention Islam, but its influence is undertheorized and tests simply compare ‘Muslim’ women and areas to ‘non-Muslim’ women and areas. Here, multilevel analyses of Indonesia and Nigeria show this focus is not tenable: non-farm employment of Muslim women is not consistently lower than that of non-Muslim women, nor is it lower in Muslim-dominated provinces than in other provinces. A new theoretical frame conceptualizes religion's influence in terms message and messenger. It is shown how different manifestations of Islam influence women's non-farm employment, inside and outside the home. Empirically, the ideological strand of Islam is more important than differences between Islam and Christianity. In addition, when a conservative Islam is codified through Shari'a-based law women's employment outside the home seems to be lower, but the presence of Islamic political parties seems to foster women's access to the labor market through their focus on support for the poor.
Influencia del gobierno corporativo en el costo de capital proveniente de la emisión de deuda
Authors: Lagos Cortes Diógenes , Vecino Arenas Carlos Enrique
Published: March 2014

Este documento estudia la relación entre la aplicación de prácticas de gobierno corporativo, incluidasen el código de mejores prácticas corporativas (Código País), y el costo de capital proveniente de deudaen empresas listadas en la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia. Usando modelos de regresión, se encuentraevidencia que indica la existencia de una relación inversa entre el nivel de aplicación de prácticas degobierno corporativo y el costo de la deuda en emisores no financieros (empresas pertenecientes alsector real y de servicios públicos). Para el caso de los emisores financieros, no se encuentra evidencia deesta situación.
Herbivory-induced plant volatiles fromOryza sativaand their influence on chemotaxis behaviour ofTibraca limbativentrisstal. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and egg parasitoids
Authors: Melo Machado R.C. , Sant'Ana J. , Blassioli-Moraes M.C. , Laumann R.A. , Borges M.
Published: March 2014

The rice stem bug,Tibraca limbativentrisStal. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most important pests of rice crops, especially irrigated crops. Plant defence strategies against these bugs may involve the emission of chemical compounds, which are released following herbivore attacks, directly or indirectly harming pest performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of constitutive and herbivory-induced volatiles from rice plants (Oryza sativaL.) on the behavioural responses ofT. limbativentrisadults and egg parasitoidsTrissolcus basalis(Wollaston) andTelenomus podisi(Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Plant volatiles were collected from undamaged plants of the rice cultivar IRGA 424 and from plants that suffered herbivory by five males or five females ofT. limbativentris.Air-entrainment extracts were analysed by GC–flame ionization detector and GC–MS, and insect responses evaluated in a ‘Y’ olfactometer.T. limbativentrisfeeding damaged on rice plants induced the release of 16 volatiles compounds in a higher amounts compared to undamaged plants The main compounds induced were (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, methyl salicylate and α-muurolene. Female bugs were significantly attracted to air-entrainment extracts containing volatiles from undamaged plants compared with air-entrainment extracts containing volatiles emitted from plants damaged byT. limbativentris, whereas males showed no preference.Telenomus podisifemales were significantly attracted to volatiles from air-entrainment extracts of plants damaged by females, whereasT. basalisshowed no preference. These results suggest that rice plants may be emitting defence compounds, which could be avoided byT. limbativentrisfemales and also acted indirectly by attracting natural enemies.
Genetic identification of South AfricanArtemiaspecies: invasion, replacement and co-occurrence
Authors: Baxevanis Athanasios D. , Maniatsi Stefania , Kouroupis Dimitrios , Marathiotis Konstantinos , Kappas Ilias , Kaiser Horst , Abatzopoulos Theodore J.
Published: March 2014

Detailed molecular data ofArtemia(Crustacea, Anostraca) from South Africa are scarce. Here, we provide for the first time genetic data on the species status and phylogeography ofArtemiafrom this region after an extensive sampling expedition. Our 16S rRNA RFLP analysis of 27Artemiapopulations, including seven from South African sites, provides evidence for the presence of a mixed bisexual and parthenogenetic component in this area. Phylogenetic and network analyses reveal that three (out of seven)Artemiapopulations from South Africa belong to the invasiveA. franciscana, two of them belong toA. salinawhile the last two contain both parthenogenetic and bisexual (A. salina) individuals. From a total of 18 haplotypes identified, seven were recorded from South Africa. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report ofA. franciscanain this region. Its invasiveness is reaffirmed by evidence for the complete replacement of the nativeA. salinapopulation from Velddrif Saltworks. However, in other cases, parthenogens seem to modify the capacity ofA. franciscanato replace natives. Results on the genetic identification of South AfricanArtemiaprovide insights into the dynamics of invasion and co-occurrence and highlight effects on species interactions and on biodiversity in inland aquatic invertebrates.
Evidence of human neurocysticercosis in Slovenia
Authors: ŠOBA BARBARA , BEOVIĆ BOJANA , LUŽNIK ZALA , SKVARČ MIHA , LOGAR JERNEJ
Published: March 2014

To assess the prevalence ofTaenia soliumcysticercosis in patients with neurological disorders in Slovenia, serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 348 suspected patients were collected between the beginning of January 2001 and the end of December 2012 and analysed serologically for the presence of anti-T. soliumIgG antibodies. Of 20 patients whose samples tested positive or equivocal by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), samples of 7 patients were confirmed positive by Western blot (WB). The overall seroprevalence rate ofT. soliuminfection in patients with neurological disorders included in the study was 2.0%. Serological results of positive patients corresponded to clinical and/or imaging findings concerning their brain cysts. Based on their personal data, it was ascertained that neurocysticercosis (NCC) positive patients had immigrated or came to Slovenia from the former Yugoslav republics. Since the disease is believed not to be endemic in Slovenia we assume that all of the NCC-positive patients had acquired the infection before immigration to Slovenia or visiting or being visited by their relatives infected with an adultT. soliumparasite. The present results represent the first insight into the prevalence of NCC in patients with neurological disorders in Slovenia.
Orbit Determination of Spacecraft Formation Flying With Slowly Rotating Asteroids
Authors: Yang HuiXin , Yang XiXiang , Zhang WeiHua
Published: March 2014

This article proposes a novel method to autonomously determine the relative orbits of a small spacecraft formation flying with a slowly rotating near-Earth asteroid for the asteroid mitigation mission. A combined model of spacecraft-to-asteroid measurements with inter-spacecraft communication is built up. The dynamic model accounting for the perturbations is derived to describe the state variables of the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The Lyapunov function approach is used to design a control law to maintain the orbits of the spacecraft formation. Four navigation scenarios are presented based on the different combinations of multiple measurements: two of them are non-collaborative scenarios which only include the spacecraft-to-asteroid measurements in the measurement models, while the other two are collaborative scenarios with the inter-spacecraft communication added into the measurement models. Simulation results are analysed and compared with each other to show the improvements of the filter performance in the aspects of the convergence speed and the accuracy of the estimator.
A Universe Light House — Candidate Architectures of the Libration Point Satellite Navigation System
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xu Bo
Published: March 2014

In view of the shortcomings of existing satellite navigation systems in deep-space performance, candidate architectures which utilise libration point orbits in the Earth-Moon system are proposed to create an autonomous satellite navigation system for lunar missions. Three candidate constellations are systematically studied in order to achieve continuous global coverage for lunar orbits: the Earth-Moon L1,2 two-satellite constellation, the Earth-Moon L2,4,5 three-satellite constellation and the Earth-Moon L1,2,4,5 four-satellite constellation. After a thorough search for possible configurations, the latter two constellations are found to be the simplest feasible architectures for lunar navigation. Finally, an autonomous orbit determination simulation is performed to verify the autonomy of the system and two optimal configurations are obtained in a comprehensive consideration of coverage and autonomous orbit determination performance.
Maternal parenting predicts infant biobehavioral regulation among women with a history of childhood maltreatment
Authors: Martinez-Torteya Cecilia , Dayton Carolyn J. , Beeghly Marjorie , Seng Julia S. , McGinnis Ellen , Broderick Amanda , Rosenblum Katherine , Muzik Maria
Published: March 2014

Early biobehavioral regulation, a major influence of later adaptation, develops through dyadic interactions with caregivers. Thus, identification of maternal characteristics that can ameliorate or exacerbate infants’ innate vulnerabilities is key for infant well-being and long-term healthy development. The present study evaluated the influence of maternal parenting, postpartum psychopathology, history of childhood maltreatment, and demographic risk on infant behavioral and physiological (i.e., salivary cortisol) regulation using the still-face paradigm. Our sample included 153 women with high rates of childhood maltreatment experiences. Mother–infant dyads completed a multimethod assessment at 7 months of age. Structural equation modeling showed that maternal positive (i.e., sensitive, warm, engaged, and joyful) and negative (i.e., overcontrolling and hostile) behaviors during interactions were associated with concurrent maternal depressive symptoms, single parent status, and low family income. In turn, positive parenting predicted improved infant behavioral regulation (i.e., positive affect and social behaviors following the stressor) and decreased cortisol reactivity (i.e., posttask levels that were similar to or lower than baseline cortisol). These findings suggest increased risk for those women experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms postpartum and highlight the importance of maternal positive interactive behaviors during the first year for children's neurodevelopment.
Contributions of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to understanding development: Potential applications in the study of adolescent alcohol use and abuse
Authors: Cohen-Gilbert Julia E. , Jensen J. Eric , Silveri Marisa M.
Published: March 2014

A growing body of research has documented structural and functional brain development during adolescence, yet little is known about neurochemical changes that occur during this important developmental period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a well-developed technology that permits the in vivo quantification of multiple brain neurochemicals relevant to neuronal health and functioning. However, MRS technology has been underused in exploring normative developmental changes during adolescence and the onset of alcohol and drug use and abuse during this developmental period. This review begins with a brief overview of normative cognitive and neurobiological development during adolescence, followed by an introduction to MRS principles. The subsequent sections provide a comprehensive review of the existing MRS studies of development and cognitive functioning in healthy children and adolescents. The final sections of this article address the potential application of MRS in identifying neurochemical predictors and consequences of alcohol use and abuse in adolescence. MRS studies of adolescent populations hold promise for advancing our understanding of neurobiological risk factors for psychopathology by identifying the biochemical signatures associated with healthy brain development, as well as neurobiological and cognitive correlates of alcohol and substance use and abuse.
The emergence of attachment following early social deprivation
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth A. , Hostinar Camelia E. , Mliner Shanna B. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: March 2014

This study examined the formation and quality of attachment of 65 postinstitutionalized (PI) toddlers with their parents at 1–3 and 7–9 months postadoption compared to 52 nonadopted (NA) children. The formation of attachment relationships of PI children with adoptive parents occurred relatively quickly. Children exposed to greater preadoption adversity took longer to form an attachment to their adoptive parents, although by 7–9 months postadoption, nearly all (90%) of the children achieved the highest level on an attachment formation rating scale. PI children did not differ from NA children in attachment security, based either on the Attachment Q-Sort or Strange Situation categorical scoring. However, the PI children were more likely to be disorganized in their attachment patterns. Preadoption adversity was related to lower Q-sort security scores especially at the initial assessment 1–3 months postadoption. The results indicated that attachment formation and attachment quality in PI children are differentiable constructs with different precursors.
Neural correlates of cognitive and affective processing in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms: Does gender matter?
Authors: Crozier Joseph C. , Wang Lihong , Huettel Scott A. , De Bellis Michael D.
Published: March 2014

We investigated the relationship of gender to cognitive and affective processing in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Maltreated (N= 29, 13 females, 16 males) and nonmaltreated participants (N= 45, 26 females, 19 males) performed an emotional oddball task that involved detection of targets with fear or scrambled face distractors. Results were moderated by gender. During the executive component of this task, left precuneus/posterior middle cingulate hypoactivation to fear versus calm or scrambled face targets were seen in maltreated versus control males and may represent dysfunction and less resilience in attentional networks. Maltreated males also showed decreased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus compared to control males. No differences were found in females. Posterior cingulate activations positively correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. While viewing fear faces, maltreated females exhibited decreased activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum I–VI, whereas maltreated males exhibited increased activity in the left hippocampus, fusiform cortex, right cerebellar crus I, and visual cortex compared to their same-gender controls. Gender by maltreatment effects were not attributable to demographic, clinical, or maltreatment parameters. Maltreated girls and boys exhibited distinct patterns of neural activations during executive and affective processing, a new finding in the maltreatment literature.
Investigating eye movement patterns, language, and social ability in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Stagg Steven D. , Linnell Karina J. , Heaton Pamela
Published: March 2014

Although all intellectually high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display core social and communication deficits, some develop language within a normative timescale and others experience significant delays and subsequent language impairment. Early attention to social stimuli plays an important role in the emergence of language, and reduced attention to faces has been documented in infants later diagnosed with ASD. We investigated the extent to which patterns of attention to social stimuli would differentiate early and late language onset groups. Children with ASD (mean age = 10 years) differing on language onset timing (late/normal) and a typically developing comparison group completed a task in which visual attention to interacting and noninteracting human figures was mapped using eye tracking. Correlations on visual attention data and results from tests measuring current social and language ability were conducted. Patterns of visual attention did not distinguish typically developing children and ASD children with normal language onset. Children with ASD and late language onset showed significantly reduced attention to salient social stimuli. Associations between current language ability and social attention were observed. Delay in language onset is associated with current language skills as well as with specific eye-tracking patterns.
Asymmetric Attention Networks: The Case of Children
Authors: Yaakoby-Rotem Sarit , Geva Ronny
Published: March 2014

Visuospatial attention-networks are represented in both hemispheres, with right-hemisphere dominance in adults. Little is known about the lateralization of the attentional-networks in children. To assess the lateralization of attentional-networks in children aged 5 years, performance on a Lateralized-Attention-Network-Test specifically designed for children (LANT-C) was compared with performance on the Attention-Network-Test for children (ANT-C). Participants were 82 children, aged 5–6 years (55% boys, middle–class, mainstream schooling). They were examined with both the ANT-C and the LANT-C along with evaluation of intelligence and attention questionnaires. Multiple analysis of variance showed a main effect for network, with high efficiency for orienting and lower executive efficiency (accuracy; p < .001; η2 = .282). An effect for procedure, elucidated higher efficiency in the ANT-C relatively to the LANT-C (accuracy; p < .01; η2 = .097). A procedure × network interaction effect was also found, showing that this procedure difference is present in the alerting and executive networks (accuracy; p < .05; η2 = .096). LANT-C analysis showed a left visual-field advantage in alerting, (accuracy; p < .05; η2 = .066), while executing with the right hand benefitted executive performance (response-time; p < .05; η2 = .06). Results extend previous findings manifesting a right-hemisphere advantage in children's alerting-attention, pointing to the importance of lateralization of brain function to the understanding of the integrity of attention-networks in children. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)
Invincible or Just a Flesh Wound? The Holy Grail of Scots Law
Authors: MacQueen Hector
Published: March 2014

This paper, by Hector MacQueen, assesses the current state of Scots law and the Scottish legal system, arguing that as a small legal system which cannot be self-contained it is inevitably in a state of crisis, from which, however, it will not be rescued by Scotland becoming independent.* Whatever happens after the referendum concerning Scottish Independence on 18 September 2014, the law is in need of active legislative reform, possibly codification, while the courts must become more positive in the attraction of business rather than, as it sometimes seems, seeking to push it away. Mere defence of the status quo will end in disablement and defeat.
Archival Sources for Legal Biography at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
Authors: Dawson Elizabeth
Published: March 2014

Elizabeth Dawson's article outlines archival sources for legal biography held at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, focussing on primary sources of information on individuals, including the Law Society and Bar Examination results. It also summarises additional sources which provide biographical information on legal practitioners and scholars eg. the archives of The Society of Legal Scholars and the Council of Legal Education, IALS institutional archives, The Bar Council, The International Law Association and academic membership associations. The article also provides guidance to researchers on using the IALS Archive, and advice on using related external archival sources.
Biographical Research and Institutional Archives: the Case of the Inns of Court
Authors: Holborn Guy
Published: March 2014

The Holy Grail for most biographical researchers is a large hoard of unpublished personal papers such as letters or diaries. In reality that quest will usually be in vain. Research must instead focus on institutional sources. Because of their long history and pervasive role in the English legal profession, the Inns of Court and their records are likely to be the starting point for many legal biographical research projects. They also very usefully illustrate what the biographical researcher is likely to gain (and unlikely to gain) from using institutional archives in general. This article, written by Guy Holborn, describes the main classes of records held in the Inns' archives and what they can yield.
United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp and Diamond Sawblades from China: never ending zeroing in the WTO?
Authors: AHN DUKGEUN , MESSERLIN PATRICK
Published: March 2014

Despite many legal rulings to clarify the WTO inconsistency of zeroing practices, in practically all aspects of antidumping proceedings, the United States declined to categorically rectify the illegal antidumping duties based on zeroing calculation methods. This dispute is merely example of a number of disputes where the US government had to exhaust the whole process for proper implementation of the WTO rulings under its domestic legal system. The US approach is starkly contrasted with the position taken by the European Union that categorically terminates zeroing practices pursuant to the WTO rulings. While the WTO system indeed recognizes individual Member's peculiar regulatory systems and policies during implementation phases, the current situation in which WTO Members must individually resort to the dispute settlement system in order to rectify the US zeroing practices raises a serious concern regarding the legitimacy and integrity of the WTO dispute settlement system. Maybe it is time for WTO Members to agree on better implementation mechanisms before more Members try to develop overly burdensome and complicated regulatory processes for compliance.
Agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas in the United States: Highlights from the Census of Agriculture
Authors: Rogus Stephanie , Dimitri Carolyn
Published: March 2014

Urban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in cities and higher property values. However, the literature lacks an understanding of whether urban farming has extended beyond a compelling concept into the practice of farming in the city and peri-urban areas. The exact definition of an urban farm is challenging, since many urban farms have a primary mission of supporting social goals rather than providing food. Use of the USDA definition of farm omits many self-identified urban farms, but the most consistent measure of agriculture is the Census of Agriculture. Using census data, this paper finds that urban farms are smaller than the typical farm, and while the amount of urban and peri-urban farmland declined between 2002 and 2007, the total number of farms increased. Growth in farmland is positively related to land values, suggesting that increases in urban farmland are more likely to take place in population dense, land scarce areas. Spatial analysis of urban and peri-urban farms in the Northeast finds fewer clusters of farms in areas with high land costs. In the most populous Northeastern cities, the farms are more likely to be located in the peri-urban area than in the urban core. Urban farms in the Northeast were more likely to produce vegetables, eggs and goats. Significant levels of vegetable farm clusters were detected surrounding Providence, Boston and Hartford Metropolitan Statistical Areas, which are regions that had no significant level of clustering of total farms. Future analysis, incorporating data from the 2012 census, should provide insight into whether local policy changes have resulted in growth in urban farms and farmland.
“What Happens in the Cabin . . .”: An Arts-Based Autoethnography of Underground Hip Hop Song Making
Authors: HARRISON ANTHONY KWAME
Published: March 2014

Taking an autoethnographic perspective that foregrounds the interplay between the author's artist-self and researcher-self, this article explores the relationship between agency and structure in the activities surrounding underground hip hop music making within a home studio recording space. It aims to demystify the aura of in-studio music creation by focusing on the nexus of oral/written, pre-composed/improvised, and pre-recorded/live creative practices as experienced within the context of performance. Utilizing Harris Berger's notion of stance, I discuss how hip hop recording artists transcend performative self-consciousness in the pursuit of creativity. Ultimately, this article presents hip hop home recording studios as spaces that facilitate particular kinds of musical innovation through a mix of collective and individual pursuits, as well as routinized and spontaneous activities.
Paul's BoutiqueandFear of a Black Planet: Digital Sampling and Musical Style in Hip Hop
Authors: SEWELL AMANDA
Published: March 2014

The Beastie Boys’Paul's Boutique(1989) and Public Enemy'sFear of a Black Planet(1990) often draw comparisons because of their profuse and eclectic use of digital sampling. These two hip hop albums, however, use sampling in markedly different ways, a fact that is obscured because no well-developed language exists to differentiate how and why their sampling styles differ. To account for these differences, this article proposes a typology for sample-based hip hop, a systematic terminological and conceptual approach to this repertory. Using these two classic albums by the Beastie Boys and Public Enemy as case studies, this typology offers a way to describe and distinguish in concrete terms the richly varied musical styles that make up sample-based hip hop.
Design, simulation, and fabrication of broadband coaxial matched loads for the frequency range from 0 to 110 GHz
Authors: Tag Andreas , Leinhos Jens , Hechtfischer Gerd , Leibfritz Martin , Eibert Thomas
Published: March 2014

Combining a theory for reflection-free termination of coaxial lines together with a novel manufacturing method results in 1-mm coaxial matched loads with an excellent absorption behavior over the frequency range from 0 to 110 GHz. Three different electromagnetic (EM) simulation approaches verify the capability of these matched loads to achieve reflection coefficients smaller than −43 dBover the entire frequency range. Matched loads with a maximum reflection coefficient of only −32 dBhave been produced. An excellent performance was achieved by exponentially tapering the outer conductor over the region of a coaxial ceramic substrate coated by a thin-film resistance and by compensation for EM wave propagation inside the resistive coating.
States' obligations to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts: complementarity of IHL and the right to health
Authors: Müller Amrei
Published: March 2014

Armed conflicts have numerous adverse health consequences for the affected populations, many of which occur in the long-term. This article analyses in detail how international humanitarian law (IHL) and the right to health complement each other in obliging states to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts. With its historical origin and purpose of protecting wounded and sick combatants of standing governmental armies, IHL focuses on the protection of the wounded and sick suffering from the direct health consequences of armed conflicts, such as injuries resulting from ongoing hostilities. The right to health is more expansive: it obliges states to prioritise the provision of primary health care through creating and maintaining an accessible basic health system. This focus enables it to highlight and address the indirect health consequences of armed conflicts, such as the spreading of epidemic and endemic diseases and rising child and maternal mortality and morbidity.
The Brain is Hypothermic in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases
Authors: Rango Mario , Arighi Andrea , Bonifati Cristiana , Del Bo Roberto , Comi Giacomo , Bresolin Nereo
Published: March 2014

We sought to study brain temperature in patients with mitochondrial diseases in different functional states compared with healthy participants. Brain temperature and mitochondrial function were monitored in the visual cortex and the centrum semiovale at rest and during and after visual stimulation in seven individuals with mitochondrial diseases ( n = 5 with mitochondrial DNA mutations and n = 2 with nuclear DNA mutations) and in 14 age- and sex-matched healthy control participants using a combined approach of visual stimulation, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and phosphorus MRS. Brain temperature in control participants exhibited small changes during visual stimulation and a consistent increase, together with an increase in high-energy phosphate content, after visual stimulation. Brain temperature was persistently lower in individuals with mitochondrial diseases than in healthy participants at rest, during activation, and during recovery, without significant changes from one state to another and with a decrease in the high-energy phosphate content. The lowest brain temperature was observed in the patient with the most deranged mitochondrial function. In patients with mitochondrial diseases, the brain is hypothermic because of malfunctioning oxidative phosphorylation. Neuronal activity is reduced at rest, during physiologic brain stimulation, and after stimulation.
Diagnostic Utility of Amyloid PET in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Baron Jean-Claude , Farid Karim , Dolan Eamon , Turc Guillaume , Marrapu Siva T , O'Brien Eoin , Aigbirhio Franklin I , Fryer Tim D , Menon David K , Warburton Elizabeth A , Hong Young T
Published: March 2014

By detecting β-amyloid ( Aβ) in the wall of cortical arterioles, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging might help diagnose cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in patients with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (I-ICH). No previous study has directly assessed the diagnostic value of 11-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET in probable CAA-related I-ICH against healthy controls (HCs). 11C-PiB-PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including T2* were obtained in 11 nondemented patients fulfilling the Boston criteria for probable CAA-related symptomatic I-ICH (sl-ICH) and 20 HCs without cognitive complaints or impairment. After optimal spatial normalization, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)-corrected PiB distribution volume ratios (DVRs) were obtained. There was no significant difference in whole cortex or regional DVRs between CAA patients and age-matched HCs. The whole cortex DVR was above the 95% confidence limit in 4/9 HCs and 10/11 CAA patients (sensitivity = 91%, specificity = 55%). Region/frontal or occipital ratios did not have better discriminative value. Similar but less accurate results were found using visual analysis. In patients with sl-ICH, 11C-PiB-PET has low specificity for CAA due to the frequent occurrence of high 11C-PiB uptake in the healthy elderly reflecting incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD), which might also be present in suspected CAA. However, a negative PiB scan rules out CAA with excellent sensitivity, which has clinical implications for prognostication and selection of candidates for drug trials.
Damaging Effects of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes on Pregnant Mice with Different Pregnancy Times
Authors: Qi Wei , Bi Juanjuan , Zhang Xiaoyong , Wang Jing , Wang Jianjun , Liu Peng , Li Zhan , Wu Wangsuo
Published: March 2014

The mechanism by which nanoparticles cross the placental barrier was studied by using isotopic tracers. The abortion rates and other related data were counted and analysed in pregnant mice with different pregnancy times. Results showed that oxidised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (oMWCNTs) crossed the placental barrier and entered the foetus body. The abortion rates in the pregnant mice depended on pregnancy times. The abortion rates in the first-time, second-time and fourth-time pregnant mice were 70%, 40% and 50%, respectively. The maternal body weight gain was inhibited until gestational ages of 13, 10 and 11 d. oMWCNTs decreased the serum progesterone level and increased the serum oestradiol level in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, this effect decreased with gestational age. The histology and vascular endothelial growth factor/reactive oxygen species content in the placenta showed that oMWCNTs narrowed the blood vessel and decreased the number of blood vessels in the placenta.
Aerobic oxidation catalysis with stable radicals
Authors: Cao Qun , Dornan Laura M. , Rogan Luke , Hughes N. Louise , Muldoon Mark J.
Published: March 2014

Selective oxidation reactions are challenging when carried out on an industrial scale. Many traditional methods are undesirable from an environmental or safety point of view. There is a need to develop sustainable catalytic approaches that use molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant. This review will discuss recent advances in the use of stable radicals in aerobic oxidation catalysis.