bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wine tourism and the introduction of new technologies in winemaking and viticulture
Authors: Dorofeeva A A , Kazak A N , Nyurenberger L B
Published: August 2019

This paper, provided by the authors, focuses on the prospects for the development of wine tourism in the southern regions of the Russian Federation. Unlike a beach holiday, for obvious reasons unpopular in winter, wine tourism is a year-round phenomenon. The most important factor in the successful development of this type of business is familiarizing tourists with the latest technologies in winemaking and viticulture. These technologies are based on digitization of agriculture, the introduction of elements of precision farming, digital mapping and yield planning, parallel driving systems, Internet of Things (IoT), the use of unmanned tractors (combines) and robotics.
The study of the parent material of spring triticale
Authors: Mefodyev G A , Sashkarov L G , Dimitriev V L
Published: August 2019

New varieties of spring triticale were taken an assessment in the conditions of the Republic of Chuvashia. It’s elicited that Saur variety is characterized by the biggest number of productive footstalks with kernel weight per spike and thousand-kernel weight. Variety Rovnya had the least number of productive footstalks. This variety showed minimal number of spikelets in a spike. At the same time, Rovnya had the biggest amount of grains. Variety Ulyana was inferior to all other varieties in kernel weight per spike and thousand-kernel weight. Variety Khaikar true of fact exceeded the standard in the number of productive footstalks, kernel weight per spike and thousand-kernel weight but in the number of spikelets and seeds in a spike was equal to Ulyana. The varieties Saur and Khaikar exceeded the standard in crop yields. Field germination rate turned to be rather low. In fact, Ulyana’s seeding rate has not affected the index. It fluctuated from 56, 0-56, 5%. Seeding density depended on both seed application rate and the variety itself. Number of seedlings with seeding rate growth increased of Ulyana variety from 225 to 339 and 276-372 pcs / m² of Khaikar. However, with increase of the seeding rate the survival capacity and viability of plants decreased. Especially sharp decline was common to the seeding rate of 6 ml of germinating seeds. Optimal seeding rate of triticale varieties in Chuvashia is 5 ml per 1 ha.
Measuring effectiveness of control of information security management system based on SNI ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 standard
Authors: Aldya A P , Sutikno S , Rosmansyah Y
Published: August 2019

One of the keys to the successful implementation of information security management in an organization is the selection and implementation of an information security management system control that is good and in accordance with the needs of the organization, the information security management system control can be adopted based on ISO/IEC 27001: 2013 standard document. To ensure the success of information security controls, it is necessary to measure the effectiveness of each control applied. SNI ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 is a standard that provides guidance on the development and use of measures and measurements to assess the effectiveness of controls and control groups in the information security management system as stated in the ISO/IEC 27001 standard, but to do the measurement process, required objects and measurement attributes and metrics, which are not explained in detail in the ISO ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 standard. This study aims to assist in measuring the effectiveness of information security management control by generating the flow of steps in determining the object and measurement parameters and the metrics used based on the provisions contained in the ISO ISO/IEC 27004: 2013 standard.
Performance comparison of signed algorithms on JSON Web Token
Authors: Rahmatulloh A , Gunawan R , Nursuwars F M S
Published: August 2019

The system survive in this digital era is a system that can work on multiple platforms, the use of web services is one of the solution. Exchange data using JSON format and for the security of authentication using JSON Web Token (JWT). The importance of token-based authentication using JWT on web services can solve interoperability problems. JWT is stateless and can include information in the token authorization. JWT has several options for using algorithms namely HMAC, RSA, and ECDSA. Unfortunately, it is unknown which algorithm has better performance. Here, we directly tested the signing algorithm in the three algorithms seen from several parameters. The experimental results showed the use of HMAC algorithm produces an average value of token-generating time is 21.3 s, token size 109 bytes and data transfer token speed 91.2 s. It was considered that the HMAC had an excellent performance.
Numerical investigation of droplet evaporation phenomena in the spray methods
Authors: Florena F F , Faizal F , Maulana D W , Satrio S T , Panatarani C , Joni I M , Viridi S
Published: August 2019

Physical phenomena of the droplet evaporation occurred in the spray pyrolysis reactor tube has been studied. This model simulation was expected to predict the process occurred in the reactor tube and predicted the size and morphology of particle. The dynamical model of particles influenced by macroscopic parameters such as reactor wall temperature, flow rate carrier gas and concentration of precursor have been successfully simulated. The size of the particle, the number of aqueous vapors around droplet, air temperature around the droplet, temperature of droplet and solution concentration profile of particle in the reactor tube were simulated. The desired final particle can be achieved by controlling these factors.
Determining the conditions for oxidative desulphurization of oils
Authors: Andrienko O , Kobotaeva N , Skorokhodova T , Marakina E , Sachkov V , Medvedev R
Published: August 2019

The paper studies oxidative desulphurization of oils with an initial sulphur content of 1.98 wt% by hydrogen peroxide on a carbon-black (CB) catalyst coated by a combination of cobalt and nickel. The results demonstrate the effects of temperature and duration of the process, amount of the catalyst and the nature of the selected extractant on the removal efficiency of oxidized sulphur compounds. The extractant was represented by a solution of dimethylformamide (DMF) with water (10 vol%). The maximum removal degree of sulphur exceeded 70% and was achieved in 90 minutes with an amount of the catalyst of 1.0–1.3 wt.% and a temperature of 50 °C.
Effect of the nature of silicon source on physicochemical properties of high-silica zeolites and the activity of Zn-pentasils prepared on their basis in the course of aromatization of lower alkanes
Authors: Vosmerikov A V , Smoliakova O S , Vosmerikov A A , Vosmerikova L N
Published: August 2019

The effect of the nature of the silicon source on the physicochemical properties of synthesized zeolites and the activity of Zn-containing catalysts prepared on their basis in the course of conversion of the propane-butane fraction into aromatic hydrocarbons is studied. It is shown that the silicon source plays an important role in the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite. It has an effect on the duration of synthesis but its effect on the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting product is minor. It is established that the activity and selectivity of Zn-containing catalysts for the aromatization of lower alkanes are practically independent on the nature of the silicon source used in the synthesis of the high-silica zeolite, which is an acid carrier of these catalysts.
Microwave synthesis and study of physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite modified with silver and zinc ions
Authors: Gigilev A S , Korotchenko N M , Lariushina A V , Kozik V V
Published: August 2019

The authors obtained two-phase samples of silver- and zinc-modified hydroxyapatite (AgHA, ZnHA) by liquid-phase deposition under microwave exposure; the main phase for all samples was hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH) with hexagonal syngony. The parameters of the elementary lattice of HA were studied via X-ray phase analysis and confirmed the formation of solid substitutional solutions while modifying HA with silver and zinc ions. Solubility has been estimated at 20 ºC for a 0.9% NaCl solution; specific surface area and porosity have been estimated for ZnHA powders obtained in presence of aminoacids. Surface morphology and dispersiveness have been studied for AgHA and ZnHA powders. Hammett method helped to establish the presence of acidic and basic centers on the surface of ZnHA and AgHA. Koch biotesting showed HA, AgHA, and ZnHA acting as inhibitors thus affecting E. coli tested samples. HA, AgHA, and ZnHA powders can be recommended for medical purposes.
Non-oxidative methane conversion over Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with mesoporous structure
Authors: Vosmerikov A V , Stepanov A A , Zharnov K N , Korobitsyna L L
Published: August 2019

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of 4.0% Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts manufactured on the basis of zeolites with a hierarchical pore system are investigated. The effect of the conditions of synthesis of zeolites with an additional mesoporous structure on their textural and acidic characteristics is studied. The structure and morphology of crystals of synthesized zeolites and catalysts produced from them are determined by the methods of X-ray diffraction analysis and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that 4.0% Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts produced from zeolites with a mesoporous structure exhibit higher activity and stability in the course of methane dehydroaromatization.
Thermal destruction of the components of high-sulfur vacuum residues
Authors: Goncharov A V , Krivtsov E B , Sviridenko N N , Golovko A K
Published: August 2019

The problem of processing vacuum residues is relevant due to the enhancement of heavy crude oil recovery. The processing of fuel oil and vacuum residues is complicated due to the high content of resins and asphaltenes present in them. In order to develop new approaches to the processing of vacuum residues, it is necessary to comprehend the mechanisms of thermal degradation of high-molecular-weight oil components. Three samples of high-sulfur vacuum residues are cracked at a temperature of 500 °C and with a various process duration. The characteristic changes in the material and fractional composition of the products of the vacuum residue cracking depending on the process conditions are shown. It is found that the ratio of light to medium distillates in the composition of the products depends on the duration of cracking.
Sol-gel synthesis of spherical biomaterials of TiO2–SiO2–P2O5/MgO composition and study of their properties
Authors: Kozik V , Borilo L , Lyutova E , Izosimova E , Brichkov A
Published: August 2019

The authors obtained spherical biomaterials of TiO2 – SiO2 – P2O5/MgO composition by sol-gel method. TOKEM-200, a weakly acid porous cation exchanger based on acryl-divinylbenzene was used as organic matrices. The cation exchangers were saturated with Mg2+ ions. Sol based on titanium butoxide, tetraethoxysilane and phosphoric acid was deposited on them. The temperature condition for producing spherical materials TiO2–SiO2– P2O5 / MgO were proposed. To obtain a spherical material, the treated cation exchangers were subjected to stepwise heat treatment in the temperature range from 60 to 600 °C. To study the biologically active properties of the material, the samples were immersed in simulation body fluid (SBF).
Structure and properties of the cement stone modified by ultradispersed quartz waste
Authors: Darulis M A , Kuznetsova I N , Kosach A F
Published: August 2019

The paper scrutinizes the application of an ultradispersed filler from activated quartz waste as a modifier of cement stone and resulting physicomechanical characteristics of the latter. The deliverables justify the addition of the ultradispersed filler to cement stone in production of cement concrete. The physicomechanical characteristics of quartz-cement stone after dry and wet activation are given. Goal: the goal of the present work is to study the physicomechanical properties of the cement stone modified by ultradispersed quartz filler. Methodology: mechanical milling is used to get ultrafine particles. Research results: the research establishes that the effective ratio of ultradispersed activated quartz to cement is 30:70. The application of the ultrafine filler based on activated quartz waste allows increasing the density by 7%, strength by 35% and lowering the heat conductivity by 16%. Practical use of results: the work proposes a method for producing cement stone with augmented physicomechanical properties using quartz waste in the amount of 30% in total cement volume. Value: the work scientifically justifies the possibility to produce cement stone under hydraulic activation with denser structure with the major volumetric fraction of the filler represented by quartz waste particles with dimensions less than 20 μm.
Methods of introduction of glyoxal-containing additives into foam concrete mixture
Authors: Kudyakov A I , Steshenko A B , Simakova A S , Latypov A D
Published: August 2019

The present paper investigates a cement based foam concrete with glyoxal-containing additives which are introduced into the mixture in different ways. The relevance of the given study is conditioned by the necessity to provide the required quality parameters of mixture for transportation and laying the formwork, as well as providing strength and physical characteristics of wall structures for housing construction. Four ways of introducing additives into the foam concrete mixture have been proposed: spraying with 40% glyoxal aqueous solution; joint grinding of sand with crystalline glyoxal in the amount of 0.01% by weight of cement; introduction of crystalline glyoxal into the foam concrete mixture; introduction of a 40% aqueous solution of glyoxal to the foam concrete mixture. The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building which is accredited in accordance with the national standards requirements. Glyoxal-containing additives applied within the technology of cement foam concrete of natural hardening contributes to ensuring increased aggregative stability of mixtures and compressive strength at the age of 28 days. The elaborated composition and technology of foam concrete production with glyoxal-containing additives is intended for use in the walls structures as well in monolithic construction as in pre-cast production.
Microstructure features of Ni-based and Ti-based alloys formed by method of wire-feed electron beam additive technology
Authors: Gurianov D A , Kalashnikov K N , Utyaganova V , Khoroshko E S , Chumaevskii A V
Published: August 2019

In the present study, a microstructural investigation of wire-feed EBAM-manufactured nickel-based and titanium-based alloys were conducted by producing single wall sample with 16 and 19 vertical layers, respectively. It was shown that in obtained material microstructural and elemental gradient presents. The results of the research show that dendrites and grains grow epitaxial in the direction of temperature gradient. Non-directional dissipation of heat on the edge of the sample leads to formation of equiaxed structure. Chosen parameters allow to produce low-defective samples by EBAM technology.
Modification of physical-mechanical properties of NiTi alloy by electron beam in surface melting mode
Authors: D’yachenko F A , Meisner S N , Yakovlev E V , Atovullaeva A A , Meisner L L
Published: August 2019

This paper presents a research data on investigation of physical-mechanical properties of the surface of NiTi shape memory alloy after low-energy high-current pulsed electron beam (LEHCPEB) treatment in surface melting mode. Investigation of physical-mechanical and functional properties (Young’s modulus E

IT
, dynamic hardness H

IT
, plasticity characteristic δH, and parameter of shape recovery ratio η) was held by method of instrumented nanoindentation test. Our data suggest that after LEHCPEB treatment physical-mechanical properties of the surface layers of ~500 nm thickness change in depth from the surface without critical influence to the pseudoelastic properties of NiTi alloy.
Influence of annealing temperature on microstructure and microhardness of V–Cr–Ta–Zr alloy
Authors: Smirnov I V , Tsverova A S , Grinyaev K V , Ditenberg I A
Published: August 2019

The effect of stabilizing annealing temperature on the features of microstructure and microhardness of V–Cr–Ta–Zr alloy after thermomechanical treatment by regime II was studied. Main stages of relaxation processes are revealed. Characteristic microstructure parameters and microhardness values are determined for each relaxation stage.
Synthesis of Ti3SiC2-based composites by spark plasma sintering of preceramic papers
Authors: Kashkarov E B , Syrtanov M S , Sedanova E P , Ivashutenko A S , Lider A M , Travitzky N
Published: August 2019

This paper is devoted to fabrication of Ti3SiC2-based ceramic materials from preceramic paper using spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The synthesis temperature and pressure were 1373-1473 K and 30 MPa, respectively. The phase composition, microstructure and elemental composition were analysed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of temperature on the sintering process as well as on the phase and microstructure of the sintered materials was investigated.
Forevacuum plasma electron source of a ribbon electron beam with a multi-aperture extraction system
Authors: Klimov A S , Zenin A A , Tu Chan Van , Bakeev I Yu
Published: August 2019

The article presents the results of using a multi-aperture extraction system in the source of a ribbon electron beam. The optimal size of the holes in the anode and extractor, as well as the distance between the anode and the extractor at which the beam losses are minimal, are investigated.
Method of gas flows calculation in solid propellant rocket engines taking into account the combustion of solid fuel charge
Authors: Kostyushin K V , Eremin I V , Kagenov A M , Zhiltsov K N , Tyryshkin I M , Sereda M S , Chervakova A V
Published: August 2019

The paper presents a method for calculating the local and integral characteristics of the flow in the axisymmetric gas-dynamic paths of solid propellant rocket motors, taking into account the combustion of a charge of solid fuel. The numerical method of calculation is based on the use of the Godunov scheme, formulated for moving computational grids. The speed of movement of the combustion surface is defined locally on the edge of each calculation boundary cell. This approach allows us to take into account the uneven distribution of the pressure of the combustion products in the free volume of the combustion chamber. In test calculations, the power law of burning rate is used. Calculations of the gas flow in the solid propellant combustion chamber with cylindrical charge of solid fuel are carried out. Unsteady pressure curve in the combustion chamber is obtained. The method allows to determine all integral characteristics of the developed solid propellant rocket motors as a function of the engine running time.
Evaluation of REACH-TX: A Community-Based Approach to the REACH II Intervention
Authors: Cho Jinmyoung , Luk-Jones Susanna , Smith Donald R , Stevens Alan B
Published: August 2019

Background and Objectives

Family caregiving interventions have been proven efficacious at reducing dementia caregiver’s stress and burden, yet translation of evidence-based interventions into community-based support service programs requires modification to the original intervention protocol. In collaboration with community partners, the REACH-TX program was developed based on the REACH II (Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health) intervention. REACH-TX maintains the integrity of the multicomponent skill-based REACH II intervention but requires significantly fewer therapeutic contacts between the family caregiver and the dementia care specialist. This study presents an evaluation of REACH-TX implemented by the Alzheimer’s Association North Central Texas Chapter.

Research Design and Methods

REACH-TX was provided to 1,522 caregivers between November 2011 and December 2017. The number of therapeutic contacts scheduled for caregivers was determined by the Risk Appraisal Measure (RAM) and ranged from 1 to 23. The rate of follow-up data on outcome measures collected was 59.0% (n = 898). All five domains of the REACH II quality-of-life measure (burden, depression, social support, self-care, and problem behaviors) were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. Caregivers (n = 53) participating in the program more than once allowed us to investigate the long-term impact of the first exposure to REACH-TX and the value of repeating the program. Generalized linear models were used to assess changes in quality of life after adjusting for covariates.

Results

Caregivers who completed the program showed significant improvements from baseline to 6 months on all five domains of quality of life, as evidenced by the follow-up data. Furthermore, caregivers who enrolled a second time in REACH-TX showed significant improvement in burden and social support scores.

Discussion and Implications

This evaluation of REACH-TX suggests that REACH II evidence-based intervention can be translated into a valuable and sustainable community-based service for family caregivers. Additional translational research is needed to overcome the challenges of conducting standardized outcome assessments of caregiving services.
3-D imaging of subsurface magnetic permeability/susceptibility with portable frequency domain electromagnetic sensors for near surface exploration
Authors: Guillemoteau Julien , Simon François-Xavier , Hulin Guillaume , Dousteyssier Bertrand , Dacko Marion , Tronicke Jens
Published: August 2019

The in-phase response collected by portable loop–loop electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors operating at low and moderate induction numbers (≤1) is typically used for sensing the magnetic permeability (or susceptibility) of the subsurface. This is due to the fact that the in-phase response contains a small induction fraction and a preponderant induced magnetization fraction. The magnetization fraction follows the magneto-static equations similarly to the magnetic method but with an active magnetic source. The use of an active source offers the possibility to collect data with several loop–loop configurations, which illuminate the subsurface with different sensitivity patterns. Such multiconfiguration soundings thereby allows the imaging of subsurface magnetic permeability/susceptibility variations through an inversion procedure. This method is not affected by the remnant magnetization and theoretically overcomes the classical depth ambiguity generally encountered with passive geomagnetic data. To invert multiconfiguration in-phase data sets, we propose a novel methodology based on a full-grid 3-D multichannel deconvolution (MCD) procedure. This method allows us to invert large data sets (e.g. consisting of more than a hundred thousand of data points) for a dense voxel-based 3-D model of magnetic susceptibility subject to smoothness constraints. In this study, we first present and discuss synthetic examples of our imaging procedure, which aim at simulating realistic conditions. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our method to field data collected across an archaeological site in Auvergne (France) to image the foundations of a Gallo-Roman villa built with basalt rock material. Our synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the potential of the proposed inversion procedure offering new and complementary ways to interpret data sets collected with modern EMI instruments.
Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). This case concerns the constitutional convention of collective Cabinet responsibility which requires, inter alia, that Cabinet discussions remain secret, whether the publication of a diary detailing Cabinet discussions breached the convention, and what the constitutional consequences of any breach were. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
O’Brien v Ministry of Justice (formerly Department of Constitutional Affairs) [2013] UKSC 6, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in O’Brien v Ministry of Justice (formerly Department of Constitutional Affairs) [2013] UKSC 6, Supreme Court. This case considered whether part-time judges were entitled to judicial pensions, but more generally considers the extent to which judicial remuneration is constitutuionally protected from political influence. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex parte National Federation of the Self Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1982] AC 617, House of Lords (also known as Fleet Street Casuals)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex parte National Federation of the Self Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1982] AC 617, House of Lords (also known as Fleet Street Casuals). This case concerns when and how an assessment of whether an applicant seeking to bring a judicial review should occur. Lord Diplock’s judgment provided a liberal approach to the assessment of standing. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Cart) v The Upper Tribunal [2011] UKSC 28, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Cart) v The Upper Tribunal [2011] UKSC 28, Supreme Court. This case examined the circumstances under which the Upper Tribunal would be subject to judicial review. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Re Dr Bonham’s Case (1608) 8 Coke Reports 107a, 77 ER 638, Court of King’s Bench; Dr Bonham’s Case (1609) 8 Coke Reports 113b, 77 ER 646, Court of King’s Bench
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Dr Bonham’s Case (1608) 8 Coke Reports 107a, 77 ER 638, Court of King’s Bench; Dr Bonham’s Case (1609) 8 Coke Reports 113b, 77 ER 646, Court of King’s Bench. This case concerns questions of bias and, more importantly, the attempt by Coke to establish a common law power to overturn Acts of Parliament. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Re Amendment to the Constitution of Canada [1981] 1 SCR 753, also known as the Patriation Reference, Supreme Court of Canada
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Amendment to the Constitution of Canada [1981] 1 SCR 753, also known as the Patriation Reference, Supreme Court of Canada. This case considers the identification of constitutional conventions using the Jennings test, and the legal enforceability of conventions. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Horsham Properties Group Ltd v Clark [2008] EWHC 2327, High Court (Chancery Division)
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Horsham Properties Group Ltd v Clark [2008] EWHC 2327, High Court (Chancery Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Armitage v Nurse [1998] Ch 241, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Armitage v Nurse [1998] Ch 241, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Swindle v Harrison [1997] 4 All ER 705, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Swindle v Harrison [1997] 4 All ER 705, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Murad v Al-Saraj [2005] EWCA Civ 959, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Murad v Al-Saraj [2005] EWCA Civ 959, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Foskett v McKeown [2001] 1 AC 102, House of Lords
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Foskett v McKeown [2001] 1 AC 102, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Re Hallett’s Estate (1880) 13 Ch D 696, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Hallett’s Estate (1880) 13 Ch D 696, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (No 1) [1975] AC 396, House of Lords
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (No 1) [1975] AC 396, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co (Contractors) Ltd [1973] 1 QB 27
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co (Contractors) Ltd [1973] 1 QB 27. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969] 1 QB 428
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969] 1 QB 428. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] 2 AC 572
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] 2 AC 572. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern (Case C-85/96), EU:C:1998:217, [1998] ECR I-2691, 12 May 1998
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern (Case C-85/96), EU:C:1998:217, [1998] ECR I-2691, 12 May 1998. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Harvey & another v Facey & others [1893] AC 552
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd [1989] QB 833
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd [1989] QB 833. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1996] AC 344
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1996] AC 344. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Watts & another v Morrow [1991] 1 WLR 1421
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2019

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Watts and another v Morrow [1991] 1 WLR 1421. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
13. The economics of monopoly abuse
Authors: Marco Colino Sandra
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers the economics of monopoly abuse. A monopolist is a firm which is the sole supplier in a relevant market. Monopolists are able to determine the market price. This will be higher than the competitive price, with the quantity supplied being lower. This situation leads to a loss of welfare to society as a whole, and also a redistribution of income from some of the monopolist’s customers to the monopolist. The monopolist may also engage in wasteful strategic behaviour to protect its privileged position. In both the EU and UK regimes, competition enforcement is largely complaint driven. This forces the courts, and therefore economists as expert witnesses, to consider the (anti-)competitive impact of short-run activity that might be expected to have little in the way of long-run repercussions.
22. Competition law and intellectual property
Authors: Marco Colino Sandra
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the relationship between competition law and intellectual property rights. Competition law may limit the ability to exercise intellectual property rights. Article 101 TFEU and Chapter I Prohibition may apply to agreements to license intellectual property, as well as pay-for-delay settlements between a patent holder and potential competitors. Article 102 TFEU and Chapter II Prohibition may apply to the use of intellectual property rights by a dominant undertaking, particularly when the protected asset is essential to third parties. The existence of intellectual property rights does not automatically confer a dominant position — the product or service may still face competition.
The relations of international and national law
Authors: Crawford James
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between international and national law, discussing both the common law tradition and the civil law tradition. It suggests that each system is supreme in its own field; neither has hegemony over the other. And yet any generalities offered can only provide a background to the complex relations between the national and international systems. Three factors operate. The first is organizational: to what extent are the organs of states ready to apply rules of international law internally and externally? The second factor is the difficulty of proving particular rules of international law. Third, courts, national and international, will often be concerned with the question of which is the appropriate system to apply to particular issues arising. The question of appropriateness emphasizes the distinction between organization, that is, the character of the jurisdiction as ‘national’ or ‘international’, and the character of the rules of both systems as flexible instruments for dealing with disputes and regulating non-contentious matters.
Forms of governmental authority over territory
Authors: Crawford James
Published: August 2019

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the concept of territory. It explains key terms and distinctions, including sovereignty and jurisdiction, sovereignty and ownership, sovereignty and administration, and ‘sovereign rights’ beyond state territory. This is followed by discussions of territorial administration separated from state sovereignty and restrictions on disposition of territory.
Diplomatic and consular relations
Authors: Crawford James
Published: August 2019

The rules of international law governing diplomatic relations are the product of long-established state practice reflected in treaties, national legislation, and judicial decisions, as codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This chapter discusses the general legal aspects of diplomatic relations; staff, premises, and facilities of missions; inviolability of missions; diplomatic agents; consular relations; special missions; and crimes against internationally protected persons.
The conditions for international responsibility
Authors: Crawford James
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the basis and character of state responsibility, attribution to the state, breach of an international obligation, and circumstances precluding wrongfulness. This chapter focuses on the articulation of the law of responsibility through the ILC’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.
International criminal justice
Authors: Crawford James
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the development of international criminal law and institutions, international criminal courts and tribunals, and international criminal justice in national courts. These developments respond to but also reflect repeated failures to prevent serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The work of the International Criminal Court, specialized criminal tribunals and ‘hybrid’ tribunals is outlined.
4. Infringement of copyright
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula , McDonagh Luke
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the two types of copyright infringement within the CDPA 1988: primary infringement and secondary infringement. In primary infringement, the defendants are directly involved in copying, performing, and issuing to the public the copyright work, whereas secondary infringement involves people who deal with infringing copies, or facilitate such copying or other activities that are restricted by copyright. Besides this difference that has to do with the scope of rights, there is also difference on the mental element. Unlike primary infringement that does not require knowledge or intention to infringe on the part of the alleged infringer and is hence subject to strict liability, secondary infringement occurs where the defendant knew or had reason to believe that activities in question are wrongful. This is assessed on the basis of an objective test, namely what matters is what a reasonable person would have thought in the relevant circumstances.
7. Related rights
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula , McDonagh Luke
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses related rights. These are related to, but fall outside, the protection afforded by copyright law. They include performer's rights; the sui generis database right; rights relating to technological protection measures and rights management information; and the artist's resale right. Each one of these rights is specific in terms of rightholders or the subject matter concerned. The chapter then considers a related right for press publishers that is currently in the agenda of the EU Commission. Following a public consultation on the Role of Publishers in the Copyright Value Chain and on the ‘Panorama Exception’ (23 March 2016), the Commission published on September 14, 2016 a proposal for a Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which suggests granting press publishers the exclusive rights of reproduction and making their press publications available for digital use.
10. Registration of a ‘sign’
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula , McDonagh Luke
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the registration of trade marks. Unlike passing off protection that is not subject to formalities, trade marks ought to be registered in order to receive legal protection. Whether a trade mark is capable of registration depends on three requirements. First, whether the subject matter of the application satisfies the definition of ‘trade mark’ in s. 1 of the Trade Marks Act 1994; second, whether there are any objections to the application under the absolute grounds for refusal in s. 3; and third, whether there are any prior rights which could prevent registration under the relative grounds for refusal in s. 5. The chapter then presents an outline of the registration procedure. In essence, the procedure can be broken down into six steps: application and filing of Form TM3; examination; search and notification of prior rights; publication and notification to owner(s) of prior rights; opposition; and registration.
17. Patentability
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula , McDonagh Luke
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the criteria for patentability; in other words, the rules patent examiners and courts use to decide if a patent is valid or not. These criteria are also useful in the context of an infringement action, because a defendant may make a counter-claim to revoke the claimant's patent for invalidity on the basis of one of the criteria. The patentability of an invention is defined by Articles 52–57 of the European Patent Convention. The criteria comprise five core elements: three positive and two negative. In terms of the positive requirements, for an invention to be patentable, it must possess novelty; inventive step; sufficiency and support; and industrial applicability. Regarding the negative criteria, the invention must not consist of excluded subject matter, and it must not fall afoul of any of the exceptions to patentability.
21. Dealings in intellectual property rights
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula , McDonagh Luke
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines dealings in intellectual property (IP) rights. Given the economic importance of IP rights, it is necessary to understand how IP dealings — or transactions — work. The starting point for considering IP transactions is a simple principle — there is a distinction between being the author/creator of the underlying work, invention, mark, or design and being the owner of the right. For this reason, being the author/creator does not necessarily mean that one will always have the ability to enter into transactions with others concerning the work, design, invention, or mark. Generally, it is owners, or their agents/trustees, who will have the power to engage in IP transactions. There are two basic forms of IP dealings: assignment, and licensing. An assignment involves the outright transfer of ownership from the current owner to the new owner. By contrast, a licence is a mere permission to use the IP right.
1. The history and nature of international law
Authors: Hernández Gleider
Published: August 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history and nature of international law. Rather than regulating the behaviour of individuals in their relations with one another, international law is usually portrayed as a legal framework to govern the relations between ‘States’, the organized political entities which are the primary subjects of international law. ‘Public international law’ is to be distinguished from ‘private international law’, which describes the principles that determine the applicability of a certain law or set of laws to situations involving individuals with a foreign or transboundary element. Indeed, private international law regulates the conflicts between rules of different domestic legal orders, while public international law concerns relations between States. Today, public international law has exceeded its foundations as the law of inter-State relations and operates as an integral part of the daily lives of individuals.