bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Report of a Brugmansia sp. Infected by Tomato apical stunt viroid in Belgium
Authors: Olivier T. , Demonty E. , Govers J. , Belkheir K. , Steyer S. , Jongen C.
Published: March 2011

During a routine screening of ornamentals by the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) in Belgium, a pospiviroid was detected in a symptomless Brugmansia sp. (angel's trumpets) coming from the Netherlands. Detection was performed on a leaf sample by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, first using universal pospiviroid primer pair (2) VIR1/VIR2 and subsequently with semispecific primer pair (3) CEVd-FW/RE, to amplify the whole viroid genome. Amplicons of expected sizes (260 and 360 bp, respectively) were detected and the sequencing of the CEVd-FW/RE amplicon (GenBank Accession No. FN994891) revealed that the viroid from a Brugmansia sp. was a Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) showing 99.7% similarity with the Sj1 isolate found in Solanum jasminoides (GenBank Accession No. AM777161). Diluted-sap inoculation attempts on tomato from lyophilized material were unsuccessful in agreement with previous results obtained with a Brugmansia isolate of Potato spindle tuber viroid (4). TASVd is mentioned on the alert list of EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) because of the heavy yield losses it can induce in tomato, its asymptomatic presence on different ornamental plants (S. jasminoides, Lycianthes rantonnetii, and Streptosolen jamesonii), and its capacity to be transmitted by contact to different Solanaceae as well as by bumble bees to tomato (1). The contaminated plants found in the survey by FASFC have been destroyed to avoid accidental transmission to potato and tomato. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TASVd in a Brugmansia sp.

References: (1) Y. Antignus et al. Plant Dis. 91:47, 2007. (2) R. A. Mumford et al. EPPO Bulletin 30:431, 2000. (3) N. Önelge. Turk. J. Agric. For. 21:419, 1997. (4) J. Th. J. Verhoeven. Ph.D. thesis. Wageningen University, Netherlands, 2010.
Exserohilum monoceras, Newly Reported on Late Watergrass in Turkey
Authors: Erper I. , Mennan H. , Budak U. , Kaya Altop E.
Published: March 2011

Echinochloa species are major weeds in rice-cropping systems and are among the most noxious weeds in the world. Throughout the world, Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing, (late watergrass) is one of the most important and serious weed species of this genus. In September 2010, punctiform, purplish dark brown leaf spots were observed on leaves and sheaths of Echinochloa oryzicola in a rice field in Terme, Turkey (41°13.412′N, 36°56.248′E). Individual lesions ranged from 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Infected leaf and sheaths were surface disinfected for 1 min in 1% NaOCl, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C. Colonies of pure cultures on PDA turned to dark green colonies with increasing age. Conidia were 87 to 147 (120) × 15 to 21 (19) μm (n = 50), 6 to 10 pseudoseptate, straight or slightly curved, fusiform, tapering gradually toward the base, pale-to-dark straw colored, smooth, with a small protruding plenum-type hilum. The fungus was identified as Exserohilum monoceras (Drechsler) Leonard & Suggs based on its micromorphology and cultural features (1,2). Conidia were harvested from 3-week-old cultures grown on PDA by brushing the surface of the colonies with a small paint brush, suspending the conidia in sterile distilled water and filtering through cheesecloth for pathogenicity tests. Conidia were then diluted in sterile distilled water plus 0.1% polysorbate 20 to a concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Leaves and stems of Echinochloa oryzicola at the three-leaf stage were spray inoculated with 10 ml of this aqueous suspension per plant. Three inoculated plants and three noninoculated plants were placed in a dew chamber at 18 to 22°C with continuous dew, and after 48 h, plants were moved to a greenhouse bench. Symptoms, similar to those originally observed in the field, began to appear on the leaf and sheaths approximately 10 days later and E. monoceras was reisolated, successfully completing Koch's postulates. No symptoms developed on the control plants. E. monoceras has also been reported on Echinochloa oryzicola in Japan (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on Echinochloa oryzicola caused by E. monoceras in Turkey where the fungus may have potential as a biological control agent.

References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) M. Sisterna and R. Bezus. Plant Dis. 85:803, 2001. (3) H. Tsukamoton et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 64:526, 1998.
Characterizing Fenbuconazole and Propiconazole Sensitivity and Prevalence of ‘Mona’ in Isolates of Monilinia fructicola from New York
Authors: Villani Sara M. , Cox Kerik D.
Published: March 2011

Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) resistant populations of Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruit, and the presence of the genetic DMI resistance determinant ‘Mona’ have been reported throughout the eastern United States. In this study, we endeavored to conduct a comprehensive investigation of DMI sensitivity, the prevalence of ‘Mona’, and implications of DMI use for M. fructicola populations from New York and Pennsylvania. Of the 18 orchards surveyed, only 9 were primarily composed of isolates with either resistance or reduced sensitivity to fenbuconazole and propiconazole. The DMI resistance determinant ‘Mona’ was only found in 5 orchards, present in isolates with a range of sensitivity phenotypes, and not always present in resistant isolates. These results suggested that ‘Mona’ only contributes to a portion of the quantitative resistance response to DMI fungicides. On detached blossoms and fruit, protective applications of fenbuconazole (Indar 2F) against isolates with resistance or reduced sensitivity resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower brown rot incidence compared to applications of propiconazole (Orbit 3.6EC) and water controls. By comparison, therapeutic applications of fenbuconazole and propiconazole against isolates with resistance or reduced sensitivity provided little to no reduction in brown rot incidence on blossoms and fruit.
Sensing and control of flow separation using plasma actuators
Authors: Corke Thomas C. , Bowles Patrick O. , He Chuan , Matlis Eric H.
Published: March 2011

Single dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators have been used to control flow separation in a large number of applications. An often used configuration involves spanwise-oriented asymmetric electrodes that are arranged to induce a tangential wall jet in the mean flow direction. For the best effect, the plasma actuator is placed just upstream of where the flow separation will occur. This approach is generally more effective when the plasma actuator is periodically pulsed at a frequency that scales with the streamwise length of the separation zone and the free-stream velocity. The optimum frequency produces two coherent spanwise vortices within the separation zone. It has been recently shown that this periodic pulsing of the plasma actuator could be sensed by a surface pressure sensor only when the boundary layer was about to separate, and therefore could provide a flow separation indicator that could be used for feedback control. The paper demonstrates this approach on an aerofoil that is slowly increasing its angle of attack, and on a sinusoidally pitching aerofoil undergoing dynamic stall. Short-time spectral analysis of time series from a static pressure sensor on the aerofoil is used to determine the separation state that ranges from attached, to imminent separation, to fully separated. A feedback control approach is then proposed, and demonstrated on the aerofoil with the slow angle of attack motion.
A proportional–integral–differential control of flow over a circular cylinder
Authors: Son Donggun , Jeon Seung , Choi Haecheon
Published: March 2011

In the present study, we apply proportional (P), proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–differential (PD) feedback controls to flow over a circular cylinder at
Re
=60 and 100 for suppression of vortex shedding in the wake. The transverse velocity at a centreline location in the wake is measured and used for the feedback control. The actuation (blowing/suction) is provided to the flow at the upper and lower slots on the cylinder surface near the separation point based on the P, PI or PD control. The sensing location is varied from 1
d
to 4
d
from the centre of the cylinder. Given each sensing location, the optimal proportional gain in the sense of minimizing the sensing velocity fluctuations is obtained for the P control. The addition of I and D controls to the P control certainly increases the control performance and broadens the effective sensing location. The P, PI and PD controls successfully reduce the velocity fluctuations at sensing locations and attenuate vortex shedding in the wake, resulting in reductions in the mean drag and lift fluctuations. Finally, P controls with phase shift are constructed from successful PI controls. These phase-shifted P controls also reduce the strength of vortex shedding, but their results are not as good as those from the corresponding PI controls.
Transition delay using control theory
Authors: Bagheri S. , Henningson D. S.
Published: March 2011

This review gives an account of recent research efforts to use feedback control for the delay of laminar–turbulent transition in wall-bounded shear flows. The emphasis is on reducing the growth of small-amplitude disturbances in the boundary layer using numerical simulations and a linear control approach. Starting with the application of classical control theory to two-dimensional perturbations developing in spatially invariant flows, flow control based on control theory has progressed towards more realistic three-dimensional, spatially inhomogeneous flow configurations with localized sensing/actuation. The development of low-dimensional models of the Navier–Stokes equations has played a key role in this progress. Moreover, shortcomings and future challenges, as well as recent experimental advances in this multi-disciplinary field, are discussed.
Turbulent boundary-layer control with plasma actuators
Authors: Choi Kwing-So , Jukes Timothy , Whalley Richard
Published: March 2011

This paper reviews turbulent boundary-layer control strategies for skin-friction reduction of aerodynamic bodies. The focus is placed on the drag-reduction mechanisms by two flow control techniques—spanwise oscillation and spanwise travelling wave, which were demonstrated to give up to 45 per cent skin-friction reductions. We show that these techniques can be implemented by dielectric-barrier discharge plasma actuators, which are electric devices that do not require any moving parts or complicated ducting. The experimental results show different modifications to the near-wall structures depending on the control technique.
Simulation of slot and round synthetic jets in the context of boundary-layer separation control
Authors: Leschziner Michael A. , Lardeau Sylvain
Published: March 2011

Synthetic jets—also referred to as
mass-less jets
—offer the potential of effective, on-demand, fluid-based control of separating boundary layers on highly loaded aerodynamic surfaces, without the need for a mass source. However, the control authority that may optimally be derived from such jets, and any generality of the underlying flow physics are obscured by the wide range of geometric and flow parameters that contribute to their performance characteristics. The present article reviews the state-of-the art in the area of computational modelling and simulation of synthetic jets, with emphasis placed on key fluid-mechanics phenomena. The review is divided into two principal parts, one focusing on slot jets and the other on round jets. Within the latter part, ongoing research by the authors on the simulation of synthetic jets discharged into a separated boundary layer is highlighted as an example of the current status in this area.
Drag reduction in turbulent boundary layers by in-plane wall motion
Authors: Quadrio Maurizio
Published: March 2011

Drag-reduction techniques capable of reducing the level of turbulent friction through wall-parallel movement of the wall are described, with special emphasis placed on spanwise movement. The discussion is confined to active open-loop control strategies, although feedback control is briefly mentioned with regard to peculiarities of spanwise sensing and/or actuation. Theoretical considerations are first given to explain why spanwise motion is expected to be particularly effective in skin-friction drag reduction. A review of the spanwise oscillating-wall technique is given next, with discussion of recent results and prospects. Last, waves of spanwise velocity are addressed, either spanwise- or streamwise-travelling. The latter include the oscillating wall as a special case. The generalized Stokes layer—i.e. the laminar, transverse oscillating boundary layer that develops under the action of the streamwise-travelling waves—is described, and its importance in determining turbulent drag reduction discussed. Finally, open issues like energetic efficiency and its dependence on Reynolds number are addressed.
Passive control of transition in three-dimensional boundary layers, with emphasis on discrete roughness elements
Authors: Saric William S. , Carpenter Andrew L. , Reed Helen L.
Published: March 2011

A brief review of laminar flow control techniques is given and a strategy for achieving laminarization for transonic transport aircraft is discussed. A review of some flight-test results on swept-wing transition is presented. It is also shown that polished leading edges can create large regions of laminar flow because the flight environment is relatively turbulence free and the surface finish reduces the initial amplitude of the stationary crossflow vortex.
High resolution mapping of Twist to DNA in Drosophila embryos: Efficient functional analysis and evolutionary conservation
Authors: Ozdemir Anil , Fisher-Aylor Katherine I. , Pepke Shirley , Samanta Manoj , Dunipace Leslie , McCue Kenneth , Zeng Lucy , Ogawa Nobuo , Wold Barbara J. , Stathopoulos Angelike
Published: March 2011

Cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) function by binding sequence specific transcription factors, but the relationship between in vivo physical binding and the regulatory capacity of factor-bound DNA elements remains uncertain. We investigate this relationship for the well-studied Twist factor in Drosophila melanogaster embryos by analyzing genome-wide factor occupancy and testing the functional significance of Twist occupied regions and motifs within regions. Twist ChIP-seq data efficiently identified previously studied Twist-dependent CRMs and robustly predicted new CRM activity in transgenesis, with newly identified Twist-occupied regions supporting diverse spatiotemporal patterns (>74% positive, n = 31). Some, but not all, candidate CRMs require Twist for proper expression in the embryo. The Twist motifs most favored in genome ChIP data (in vivo) differed from those most favored by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) (in vitro). Furthermore, the majority of ChIP-seq signals could be parsimoniously explained by a CABVTG motif located within 50 bp of the ChIP summit and, of these, CACATG was most prevalent. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that different Twist E-box motif types are not fully interchangeable, suggesting that the ChIP-derived consensus (CABVTG) includes sites having distinct regulatory outputs. Further analysis of position, frequency of occurrence, and sequence conservation revealed significant enrichment and conservation of CABVTG E-box motifs near Twist ChIP-seq signal summits, preferential conservation of ±150 bp surrounding Twist occupied summits, and enrichment of GA- and CA-repeat sequences near Twist occupied summits. Our results show that high resolution in vivo occupancy data can be used to drive efficient discovery and dissection of global and local cis-regulatory logic.
Integrating comparative expression profiling data and association of SNPs with Salmonella shedding for improved food safety and porcine disease resistance
Authors: Uthe J. J. , Bearson S. M. D. , Qu L. , Dekkers J. C. , Nettleton D. , Rodriguez Torres Y. , O’Connor A. M. , McKean J. D. , Tuggle C. K.
Published: March 2011

Salmonella in swine is a major food safety problem, as the majority of US swine herds are Salmonella‐positive. Salmonella can be shed from colonized swine and contaminate (i) neighbouring pigs; (ii) slaughter plants and pork products; (iii) edible crops when swine manure is used as a fertilizer; and (iv) water supplies if manure used as crop fertilizer runs off into streams and waterways. A potentially powerful method of addressing pre‐harvest food safety at the farm level is through genetic improvement of disease resistance in animals. In this research, we describe a successful strategy for discovering genetic variation at candidate genes associated with disease resistance in pigs. This involves integrating our recent global gene expression analysis of the porcine response to Salmonella with information from the literature about important candidate genes. We identified single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these functional candidate genes and genotyped three independent pig populations that had data on Salmonella faecal shedding or internal burden (total n = 377) at these loci. Of 31 SNPs genotyped, 21 SNPs segregated in at least two populations with a minor allele frequency of 15% or greater. Statistical analysis revealed thirteen SNPs associated with Salmonella faecal shedding or tissue colonization, with an estimated proportion of false positives (PFP) ≤0.2. The genes with associated SNPs included GNG3, NCF2, TAP1, VCL, AMT, CCR1, CD163, CCT7, EMP1 and ACP2. These associations provide new information about the mechanisms of porcine host response to Salmonella and may be useful in improving genetic resistance to this bacterium.
Guidelines for the measurement of BCR‐ABL1 transcripts in chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Foroni Letizia , Wilson Gill , Gerrard Gareth , Mason Joanne , Grimwade David , White Helen E. , de Castro David Gonzalez , Austin Stephen , Awan Abida , Burt Emma , Clench Tim , Farruggia Joanna , Hancock Jeremy , Irvine Alexandra E. , Kizilors Aytug , Langabeer Stephen , Milner Benedict J. , Nickless Guillermina , Schuh Anna , Sproul Anne , Wang Lihui , Wickham Caroline , Cross Nicholas C. P.
Published: March 2011

Molecular testing for the BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is the most sensitive routine approach for monitoring the response to therapy of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. In the context of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, the technique is most appropriate for patients who have achieved complete cytogenetic remission and can be used to define specific therapeutic milestones. To achieve this effectively, standardization of the laboratory procedures and the interpretation of results are essential. We present here consensus best practice guidelines for RT‐qPCR testing, data interpretation and reporting that have been drawn up and agreed by a consortium of 21 testing laboratories in the United Kingdom and Ireland in accordance with the procedures of the UK Clinical Molecular Genetics Society.
Beliefs about responsibilities, the aims of therapy and the structure of the therapy process: a qualitative study of caseload management issues in child health occupational therapy
Authors: Kolehmainen N. , Francis J. J. , McKee L. , Duncan E. A. S.
Published: March 2011

Background  Individual therapists' behaviour contributes to overall caseload management in therapy services. Therapists' caseload management (i.e. actions in relation to assessment, treatment and discharging) is likely to relate to their beliefs about caseload management; it may be possible to change therapists' caseload management by changing their beliefs. This study explored children's occupational therapists' beliefs about caseload management with a view to designing a caseload management intervention.

Methods  Twenty‐five therapists from six NHS Scotland Health Boards were interviewed using a semi‐structured format. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview transcripts were analysed for emerging themes. A proportion of transcripts were independently read and coded, and the themes were validated through critical discussion.

Results  Key issues emerged concerning therapists' beliefs about their responsibilities, the aims of therapy and the structure of the therapy process. Therapists expressed a strong sense of professional duty/responsibility, but the interpretations of what this duty/responsibility was differed between therapists. For example, therapists expressed highly contrasting beliefs about the goals and purpose of therapy and the ways in which therapy processes should be structured. Some therapists promoted an approach structured around clients' goals, while others focused more on relationship building.

Conclusions  Therapists' beliefs about caseload management differ considerably; these differences could translate to variation in therapists' intentions and behaviours. Implications for practice, policy and future research were identified, as were implications for the way clinicians' caseload management is theorized.
The association of preterm birth and small birthweight for gestational age on childhood disability screening using the Ten Questions Plus tool in rural Sarlahi district, southern Nepal
Authors: Wu L. A. , Katz J. , Mullany L. C. , Khatry S. K. , Darmstadt G. L. , LeClerq S. C. , Tielsch J. M.
Published: March 2011

Context  The Ten Questions tool was developed in 1984 as a low‐cost, simple screen for childhood disability and referral for diagnosis in low‐resource settings, and its use in Nepal has not been previously evaluated. Preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction are potential risk factors for child disability and loss of developmental potential, but there are few studies examining this relationship from developing settings.

Objective  To examine the associations of small for gestational age and preterm birth as predictors of Ten Questions Plus positivity.

Design, setting and participants  The Ten Questions Plus questionnaire was administered to caregivers of 680 children between 2 and 5 years of age from August 2007 to March 2008 in rural Sarlahi, southern Nepal. Participants had previously been enrolled in a randomized trial of chlorhexidine cleansing at birth. At 1 month of age, children were then enrolled into a randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial of daily iron and zinc supplementation between October 2001 and January 2006.

Intervention  None.

Main outcome measure  Positive screen on the Ten Questions Plus tool defined as a positive response to one or more questions.

Results  Of preterm children, 37 (33.6%) had a positive response to at least one question on the Ten Questions Plus and were considered at risk for disability. One hundred and seventy term children (29.8%) were at risk for disability.

Conclusions  The Ten Questions Plus tool can be used in this rural Nepali setting to identify children at increased risk for mental and physical disability to be targeted for further examination. The prevalence of parent‐reported disabilities is high in this population (almost one‐third of children); children who are both preterm and small‐for‐gestational age are at increased risk for motor milestone delay, reported learning difficulty, speech and behavioural problems. Intrauterine growth restriction may affect child development and result in disabilities later in childhood.
Effects of heating method and conditions on the quality attributes of black mulberry (Morus nigra) juice concentrate
Authors: Hojjatpanah Ghazaleh , Fazaeli Mahboubeh , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra
Published: March 2011

Black mulberry juice was concentrated by different heating methods including conventional heating and microwave heating at different operational pressures (7.3, 38.5 and 100 kPa). The effects of each method of heating on the quality attributes of the concentrated juice were investigated. The final juice concentration of 42°Brix was achieved in 140, 120 and 95 min at 100, 38.5, and 7.3 kPa, respectively, by using a rotary evaporator. Applying microwave energy decreased the required times to 115, 95, and 60 min. The changes in anthocyanin, antioxidant, phenolic content, turbidity, pH value, and acidity during concentration were investigated. Results showed that the degradation of anthocyanins was more pronounced in rotary evaporation comparing to microwave heating method. The higher phenolic concentrations resulted in a smaller EC50 value, which corresponds to a higher antioxidant activity of the mulberry extract.
Identification of pork genome in commercial meat extracts for Halal authentication by SYBR green I real‐time PCR
Authors: Farrokhi Reza , Jafari Joozani Raziallah
Published: March 2011

The identification of pork DNA in meat extracts is very important for Halal authentication and Muslim consumers demand protection from falsely labelled meat products. A pig‐specific SYBR green I real‐time PCR assay has been developed to address this issue. Using specific primers for pig mitochondrial DNA, successful amplification has been obtained by DNA extracted from control meat samples. With SYBR green I real‐time PCR, the specificity of the amplification was showed by Tm value. Detection limit of the real‐time PCR was down to 0.1 ng of porcine DNA. An appropriate linearity was obtained by construction of a standard curve based on Ct value and different concentrations of porcine DNA. By conventional PCR, no amplification was shown by porcine DNA less than 0.1 ng. The established method was conducted on commercially available meat extracts for detection and quantification of porcine DNA. The results showed the SYBR green I real‐time PCR could be considered a robust method for Halal authentication of meat extracts.
Investigation of the aroma impact volatiles in Turkish pine honey samples produced in Marmaris, Datça and Fethiye regions by SPME/GC/MS technique
Authors: Bayraktar Dilek , Onoğur Tomris Altuğ
Published: March 2011

The aroma impact volatiles of twenty‐four pine honey samples produced in Marmaris, Datça and Fethiye regions of Turkey were evaluated by solid phase micro extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) technique and the results were evaluated by using the analysis of variance and Duncan tests. A total of eight common volatiles nonanal, nonanol, decanal, octanal, 16‐oxosalutaridine, dodecanal, nonadecane and pentadecane were detected in three regions. The total area of the common volatiles were 73.01%, 78.10% and 73.91% in Marmaris, Datça, and Fethiye regions, respectively. There were not significant differences (P < 0.05) between the common volatiles detected in pine honey samples from three different regions. The major contributers to the pine honey aroma seems to be nonanal (aldehyde, citrus, fatty, floral, green, piny), nonanol (green, sweet, oily), decanal (soap, orange peel, tallow), and octanal (fat, soap, lemon, green). Nonanal seems to be the principal volatile component in all samples having average values of 46.82% in Marmaris, 51.67% in Datça and 48.63% in Fethiye regions.
Contextual factors influencing success or failure of emergency department interventions for cognitively impaired older people: a scoping and integrative review
Authors: Parke Belinda , Beaith Amy , Slater Linda , Clarke Alexander M.
Published: March 2011

parke b., beaith a., slater l. & clarke a.m. (2011) Contextual factors influencing success or failure of emergency department interventions for cognitively impaired older people: a scoping and integrative review.Journal of Advanced Nursing67(7), 1426–1448.

Aim. This paper is a report of a scoping review of research on cognitive impairment in older adults who visit Emergency Departments of acute care hospitals, followed by an integrative review that included a quality assessment to determine the effectiveness of interventions for this population.

Background. Being old and cognitively impaired in the Emergency Department – a fast‐paced intervention system – is a complex phenomenon that challenges many healthcare professionals. The rise in the incidence and prevalence of dementia will have a large impact on healthcare systems.

Data sources. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, AgeLine, Abstracts in Social Gerontology, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Google Scholar between 1990 and 2008, for qualitative or quantitative studies reporting extractable data on delirium or dementia in non‐institutionalized older people (65+ years) in the Emergency Department.

Review methods. Titles screened by a project researcher and checked against inclusion criteria by another researcher. Two reviewers completed independent data extraction and synthesis of included studies. Quality assessment occurred using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Tools.

Results. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for integrative review. Analysis of these studies indicates that the prevalence of cognitive impairment is high and improvements are needed. Contextual details and relevant features of an appropriate intervention are poorly explained.

Conclusion. Although the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment is recognized, appropriate interventions and programmatic responses remain elusive. Quality improvements require more thorough examination of emergency department context to identify modifiable influencing factors that are transferable across settings.
Survey estimates of fishable biomass following a mass mortality in an Australian molluscan fishery
Authors: Mayfield S , McGarvey R , Gorfine H K , Peeters H , Burch P , Sharma S
Published: March 2011

Mass mortality events are relatively uncommon in commercially fished populations, but when they occur, they reduce production and degrade ecosystems. Observing and documenting mass mortalities is simpler than quantifying the impact on stocks, monitoring or predicting recovery, and re‐establishing commercial fishing. Direct survey measures of abundance, distribution and harvestable biomass provide the most tenable approach to informing decisions about future harvests in cases where stock collapses have occurred because conventional methods have been disrupted and are less applicable. Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (AVG) has resulted in high levels of mortality across all length classes of blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra Leach, off western Victoria, Australia, since May 2006. Commercial catches in this previously valuable fishery were reduced substantially. This paper describes the integration of research surveys with commercial fishermen’s knowledge to estimate the biomass of abalone on AVG‐impacted reefs. Experienced commercial abalone divers provided credible information on the precise locations of historical fishing grounds within which fishery‐independent surveys were undertaken. Abalone density estimates remained low relative to pre‐AVG levels, and total biomass estimates were similar to historical annual catch levels, indicating that the abalone populations have yet to adequately recover. Survey biomass estimates were incorporated into harvest decision tables and used with prior accumulated knowledge of the populations to determine a conservative harvest strategy for the fishery.
Growth of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fish serum correlates with pathogenicity
Authors: Nagai T , Nakai T
Published: March 2011

Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates, obtained from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, three species of salmonids and two species of cyprinids in Japan, were used in this study. Bacteria were inoculated to serum prepared from ayu or red spotted masu trout (RSMT), Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, and incubated at 18 °C for 24 h. All isolates (n = 19) from ayu grew well with a 9‐ to 116‐fold increase of CFU in ayu serum, while CFU decreased markedly in RSMT serum. In contrast, isolates (n = 17) from fish species other than ayu exhibited no growth in ayu serum, but some isolates from salmonids survived or grew (1.2–23.5 fold increase of CFU) in RSMT serum. The isolates that could not survive or grow in ayu and RSMT sera grew well in both heat‐inactivated sera of ayu and RSMT. Experimental infection by intraperitoneal injection showed that ayu isolates examined were all pathogenic to ayu but not to RSMT, while none of the isolates from salmonids and cyprinids were pathogenic to ayu but some showed pathogenicity to RSMT. These results indicate that the in vitro growth ability of F. psychrophilum isolates in fish serum correlates well with their pathogenicity to fish, particularly in ayu.
Cryptic diversity and female host specificity in a parasitoid where the sexes utilize hosts from separate orders
Authors: HAYWARD ALEXANDER , MCMAHON DINO P. , KATHIRITHAMBY JEYARANEY
Published: March 2011

Investigating complex parasitic life cycles is important for understanding the major fitness components that drive the evolution of host–parasite systems. The rare condition of heterotrophic heteronomy, in which the sexes utilize disparate host taxa, is a poorly understood complex parasitic lifestyle. One of only two known examples occurs in the Myrmecolacidae, an unusual family of the parasitoid order Strepsiptera (Insecta), in which males parasitize ants while females parasitize grasshoppers, crickets, and praying mantids. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary pattern and timescale of host‐use in a set of morphologically cryptic myrmecolacid taxa currently identified as Caenocholax fenyesi. We find that (i) C. fenyesi contains at least ten cryptic lineages consistent with separate species; (ii) Fossil evidence suggests a very low molecular clock rate and an ancient origin for cryptic lineages; (iii) Diversity among Caenocholax species is partitioned by geography and host association of the female; and (iv) Switches in host usage are uncoupled between the sexes, with changes in female host preference accompanying diversification. This study represents the first phylogeographical analysis of any strepsipteran, and the first molecular examination of host‐use for a heterotrophic heteronomous taxon. Our results have implications for the understanding of evolution, host usage and estimated species richness in parasitic taxa.
Pollen and seed dispersal inferred from seedling genotypes: the Bayesian revolution has passed here too
Authors: KLEIN E.K. , ODDOU‐MURATORIO S.
Published: March 2011

Understanding precisely how plants disperse their seeds and pollen in their neighbourhood is a central question for both ecologists and evolutionary biologists because seed and pollen dispersal governs both the rate of spread of an expanding population and gene flow within and among populations. The concept of a ‘dispersal kernel’ has become extremely popular in dispersal ecology as a tool that summarizes how dispersal distributes individuals and genes in space and at a given scale. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, the study by Moran & Clark (2011) (M&C in the following) shows how genotypic and spatial data of established seedlings can be analysed in a Bayesian framework to estimate jointly the pollen and seed dispersal kernels and finally derive a parentage analysis from a full‐probability approach. This approach applied to red oak shows important dispersal of seeds (138 m on average) and pollen (178 m on average). For seeds, this estimate contrasts with previous results from inverse modelling on seed trap data (9.3 m). This research gathers several methodological advances made in recent years in two research communities and could become a cornerstone for dispersal ecology.
Scanning the European corn borer (Ostrinia spp.) genome for adaptive divergence between host‐affiliated sibling species
Authors: MIDAMEGBE AFIWA , VITALIS RENAUD , MALAUSA THIBAUT , DELAVA ÉMILIE , CROS‐ARTEIL SANDRINE , STREIFF RÉJANE
Published: March 2011

It has recently been shown that the European corn borer, a major pest of maize crops, is actually composed of two genetically differentiated and reproductively isolated taxa, which are found in sympatry over a wide geographical range in Eurasia. Each taxon is adapted to specific host plants: Ostrinia nubilalis feeds mainly on maize, while O. scapulalis feeds mainly on hop or mugwort. Here, we present a genome scan approach as a first step towards an integrated molecular analysis of the adaptive genomic divergence between O. nubilalis and O. scapulalis. We analysed 609 AFLP marker loci in replicate samples of sympatric populations of Ostrinia spp. collected on maize, hop and mugwort, in France. Using two genome scan methods based on the analysis of population differentiation, we found a set of 28 outlier loci that departed from the neutral expectation in one or the other method (of which a subset of 14 loci were common to both methods), which showed a significantly increased differentiation between O. nubilalis and O. scapulalis, when compared to the rest of the genome. A subset of 12 outlier loci were sequenced, of which 7 were successfully re‐amplified as target candidate loci. Three of these showed homology with annotated lepidopteran sequences from public nucleotide databases.
The complexity of the adherence‐response relationship in tuberculosis treatment: why are we still in the dark and how can we get out?
Authors: van den Boogaard Jossy , Boeree Martin J. , Kibiki Gibson S. , Aarnoutse Rob E.
Published: March 2011

Non‐adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is a major challenge to global TB control because it increases the risk of treatment failure, relapse and the emergence of drug‐resistant TB. Although the problem is widely acknowledged, there is still no clarity about the exact impact of different levels and patterns of non‐adherence on treatment outcome. This hampers the provision of adequate advice to patients and clinicians, and it challenges the development and evaluation of adherence‐promoting interventions. In this article, we explain why we are still in the dark with respect to predicting how different types of non‐adherence to TB treatment affect treatment outcome. We show that we lack uniformity in how we define and measure non‐adherence, that we have no easily accessible treatment success indicators, and that the relationship between treatment adherence and outcome is influenced by a number of pathogenic, immunological and pharmacological factors that are only partly understood. We conclude that an integral ‘bench and bedside approach’ that incorporates experimental studies with in vitro models and animals, as well as observational studies in patients with TB, is needed to help us get out of the dark regarding the adherence‐response relationship in TB treatment.
Effect of tank‐mixed blended green adjuvants on glyphosate efficacy in four winter crop weed species
Authors: MENENDEZ J , CAMACHO D , FERNANDEZ‐CEREJIDO M C , BASTIDA F
Published: March 2011

MenendezJ, CamachoD, Fernandez‐CerejidoMC & BastidaF (2011). Effect of tank‐mixed blended green adjuvants on glyphosate efficacy in four winter crop weed species.Weed Research51, 344–352.

The effect of four ‘green’ blended adjuvants on the effectiveness of glyphosate on the grass speciesAlopecurus myosuroides,Lolium rigidumandAvena fatuaand the broad‐leaved speciesChenopodium albumwas studied. The adjuvants used in the experiments were alkylpolysaccharide derivatives and several by‐products derived from the food industry, including modified lecithins. The parameters of theED50, spray retention, contact angle, leaf coverage, foliar uptake and translocation were compared. The effect onED50values of the presence of adjuvants in the spraying solution varied, depending on the species. All the adjuvants tested failed to increase glyphosate effectiveness inL. rigidum, but promising results were obtained for the other three species, where one (A. myosuroides) to four (A. fatua) adjuvants showed better results than unamended controls. Retention, contact angle and absorption/translocation parameters studied could not individually explain the enhancement effect observed in some of the mixtures. However, there was a relationship between high retention values and glyphosate effectiveness, which was modulated by the presence/absence of high contact angle droplets, resulting in thick, discrete glyphosate spots, rather than thin leaf‐covering herbicide layers. The analysis of these two variables may be an easy way to predict the effectiveness of herbicide formulations, by presenting concentration‐dependant uptake patterns.
Interactive effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth, water relations, nutritional status and photosynthetic activity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Talbi Zribi O. , Abdelly C. , Debez A.
Published: March 2011

The interactive effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth, water relations, nutritional status and photosynthetic activity were investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Manel). Seedlings were grown hydroponically under low or sufficient phosphorus (P) supply (5 or 180 μmol KH2PO4 plant−1 week−1, respectively), with or without 100 mm NaCl. Phosphorus deficiency or salinity significantly decreased whole plant growth, leaf water content, leaf osmotic potential and gas exchange parameters, with a more marked impact of P stress. The effect of both stresses was not additive since the response of plants to combined salinity and P deficiency was similar to that of plants grown under P deficiency alone. In addition, salt‐treated plants exposed to P deficiency showed higher salt tolerance compared to plants grown with sufficient P supply. This was related to plant ability to significantly increase root:shoot DW ratio, root length, K+/Na+ ratio, leaf proline and soluble sugar concentrations and total non‐enzymatic antioxidant capacity, together with restricting Na+ accumulation in the upper leaves. As a whole, our results indicate that under concomitant exposure to both salt and P deficiency, the impact of the latter constraint is pre‐dominant.
Pollinator directionality as a response to nectar gradient: promoting outcrossing while avoiding geitonogamy
Authors: Fisogni A. , Cristofolini G. , Rossi M. , Galloni M.
Published: March 2011

Plants with multiple flowers could be prone to autonomous self‐pollination and insect‐mediated geitonogamy, but physiological and ecological features have evolved preventing costs related to autogamy. We studied the rare perennial herb Dictamnus albus as a model plant, with the aim of describing the plant–pollinator system from both plant and pollinator perspectives and analysing features that promote outcrossing in an entomophilous species. The breeding system and reproductive success of D. albus were investigated in experimental and natural conditions, showing that it is potentially self‐compatible, but only intra‐inflorescence insect‐mediated selfing is possible. Nectar analysis showed gender‐biased production towards the female phase, which follows the male phase, and during flowering, full blooming is found in flowers at the bottom of the raceme. Among a wide spectrum of insect visitors, three genera (Bombus, Apis, Megachile) were found to be principal pollinators. A study of insect behaviour showed a tendency towards bottom‐to‐top flights for the most important pollinators Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera: upward movements on the racemes could be explained by foraging behaviour, from more to less rewarding flowers. In accordance with the ‘declining reward hypothesis’, bumblebees and honeybees leave the plant when gain of reward is low, after which few flowers are visited, reducing the chance of self‐pollen transfer among flowers. Intra‐flower self‐pollination is prevented in D. albus by protandry and herkogamy, while the nectar‐induced sequential pattern of pollinator visits avoids geitonogamy and tends to maximise pollen export, promoting outcrossing. All these features for preventing selfing benefit plant fitness and population genetic structure.
Development of a cost‐effective pyrosequencing approach for SNP genotyping in barley
Authors: Silvar Cristina , Perovic Dragan , Casas Ana M. , Igartua Ernesto , Ordon Frank
Published: March 2011

With 1 figure and 1 table

An improved, efficient, reliable and cost‐effective pyrosequencing protocol for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping in plants is described. Labelling of the PCR products, required for the single‐stranded pyrosequencing assay, is carried out in a one‐step PCR with a universal biotinalyted M13 primer of 19‐bp. A ratio of 1 : 10 of tailed primer to M13 primer in a 15‐μl reaction volume turned out to be best suited for a successful identification of different alleles based on known SNPs. This technology allows cost‐effective SNP genotyping in plant genomes for loci of interest at an overall low cost in a short period of time and is therefore best suited for marker‐based selection procedures.
Clofazimine‐induced enteropathy in treatment‐resistant nodular vasculitis
Authors: Kieu Violet , Williams Richard , Hill Prue , Kelly Rob
Published: March 2011

We report a chronic case of nodular vasculitis that responded to oral clofazimine 300 mg daily. The condition had previously responded to moderate dose oral prednisolone, 50 mg daily, but would recur with weaning. Multiple corticosteroid‐sparing agents were trialled, however these were either ineffective or poorly tolerated. The introduction of clofazimine enabled prednisolone dose reduction, not achieved with other agents, to 22.5 mg daily, and was associated with complete suppression of disease activity. Unfortunately the patient developed a clofazimine‐induced enteropathy and the treatment was ceased after almost 2 years of therapy. Cessation of clofazimine was associated with a flare of the condition. Clofazimine should be considered as a corticosteroid‐sparing agent in resistant cases of nodular vasculitis. Clinicians should be aware of clofazimine‐induced enteropathy as a potentially serious complication of the therapy.
Incipient retinal vein occlusion following immunotherapy of periorbital basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hong Esther , Cooper Alan
Published: March 2011

We report a case of retinal vein occlusion in a 54‐year‐old woman following treatment with topical imiquimod for a superficial basal cell carcinoma of the temple. Signs and symptoms resolved rapidly upon ceasing treatment. Although they are uncommon, it is important to recognise and promptly manage ophthalmic complications related to treatment with imiquimod in order to prevent serious sequelae such as macular oedema and neovascularization.
Urinary transforming growth factor‐β1 in children with obstructive uropathy
Authors: ZIEG JAKUB , BLAHOVA KVETA , SEEMAN TOMAS , BRONSKY JIRI , DVORAKOVA HANA , PECHOVA MARTA , JANDA JAN , MATOUSOVIC KAREL
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Obstructive uropathies (OU) in childhood constitute one of the major causes of chronic renal insufficiency. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) is considered to be the major fibrogenic growth factor. The aim of the present study was to investigate urinary TGF‐β1 levels in children with obstructive and non‐obstructive uropathies (NOU).

Methods:  This study involved 19 children with OU, 11 children with non‐obstructive hydronephrosis and 21 healthy children. Urinary TGF‐β1, proteinuria, microalbuminuria and urinary α1‐microglobulin were measured, and renal function was assesed. The results were statistically analyzed.

Results:  Mean urinary TGF‐β1 concentrations in patients with OU were significantly higher than those with NOU (4.14 ± 0.67 creatinine vs 1.80 ± 0.24 pg/mmol creatinine, P < 0.05) and healthy controls (1.66 ± 0.28 pg/mmol creatinine, P < 0.05). Positive correlations of urinary TGF‐β1 concentrations with proteinuria (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001) and urinary α1‐microglobulin (r = 0.82, P = 0.0002) were found in patients with OU.

Conclusion:  Children with OU have higher urinary TGF‐β1 than children with NOU. Urinary TGF‐β1 may be a useful non‐invasive tool for the differential diagnosis between OU and NOU in children. A positive correlation of TGF‐β1 with markers of renal tissue damage in patients with OU was found.