bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Rauhut–Currier‐Type 1,6‐Conjugate Addition of Methyl Vinyl Ketone to para‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Kang Tian‐Chen , Wu Lu‐Ping , Yu Qi‐Wen , Wu Xin‐Yan
Published: March 2017

An unprecedented Rauhut–Currier‐type 1,6‐conjugate addition has been developed. With chiral cyclohexane‐based phosphine‐amide catalyst 3 h, the 1,6‐conjugate reaction has been achieved to produce chiral diarylmethine compounds in excellent yields (91–99 %) and enantioselectivities (92–98 % ee).
Manganese(I)‐Catalyzed Dispersion‐Enabled C−H/C−C Activation
Authors: Meyer Tjark H. , Liu Weiping , Feldt Milica , Wuttke Axel , Mata Ricardo A. , Ackermann Lutz
Published: March 2017

C−H/C−C Functionalizations were achieved with the aid of a versatile manganese(I) catalyst. Thus, an organometallic manganese‐catalyzed C−H activation set the stage for silver‐free C−H/C−C transformations with ample substrate scope and excellent levels of chemo‐, site‐, and diastereo‐selectivities. The robust nature of the manganese(I) catalysis regime was reflected by the first C−H/C−C functionalization on amino acids under racemization‐free reaction conditions. Detailed experimental and computational mechanistic studies provided strong evidence for a facile C−H activation and a rate‐determining C−C cleavage, with considerable contribution from London dispersion interactions.
Template‐Directed Fabrication of Anatase TiO2 Hollow Nanoparticles and Their Application in Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange
Authors: Chang Jie , Zhang Wenjian , Hong Chunyan
Published: March 2017

Polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) was used to fabricate polymeric nanoparticles via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) using diblock copolymer poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PGMMA‐ PDMAEMA‐CTA) as the macro RAFT agent. The dispersion of polymeric nanoparticles with a final concentration of about 210 mg/g (solid content of 21%) was obtained via this efficient method (PISA). The resultant polymeric nanoparticles consisting of corona‐shell‐core three layers with weak polyelectrolyte PDMAEMA as the shell were used as sacrificial template to fabricate TiO2 hollow nanoparticles. The negatively charged titanium precursor was absorbed into the PDMAEMA shell via the electrostatic interaction, and hydrolyzed to form polymer/TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. Anatase TiO2 hollow nanoparticles were formed after removing the polymeric templates by calcination at 550 °C. The experiments of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange showed that the resultant anatase TiO2 hollow nanoparticles had high photocatalytic activity and good reusability.
Anatomical segmentation of the human medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Córcoles‐Parada M. , Müller N. C. J. , Ubero M. , Serrano‐del‐Pueblo V. M. , Mansilla F. , Marcos‐Rabal P. , Artacho‐Pérula E. , Dresler M. , Insausti R. , Fernández G. , Muñoz‐López M.
Published: March 2017

The medial prefrontal areas 32, 24, 14, and 25 (mPFC) form part of the limbic memory system, but little is known about their functional specialization in humans. To add anatomical precision to structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, we aimed to identify these mPFC subareas in histological preparations of human brain tissue, determine sulci most consistently related with mPFC areal boundaries, and use these sulci to delineate mPFC areas in MRIs. To achieve this, we obtained three‐dimensional MRI data from 11 ex vivo hemispheres and processed them for cyto‐ and myelo‐architectonic analysis. The architectonic boundaries of mPFC areas were identified in histology and cortical surface length and volumes were measured. Unfolded maps of histologically determined boundaries were generated to identify the association of mPFC areal boundaries with sulci across cases. This analysis showed that cingulate and superior rostral were the sulci most consistently related to mPFC areal boundaries. Based on presence/absence and anastomosis between such sulci, 6 sulci patterns in the 11 hemispheres were found. A further analysis of 102 hemispheres of in vivo MRI scans (N = 51 males, mean ± SD 24.1 ± 3.1 years of age) showed similar sulci patterns, which allowed us to delineate the mFPC areas in them. The volumes of mPFC areas across histological, ex vivo and in vivo MRI delineations were comparable and probabilistic maps generated from the MRIs of the102 hemispheres. Probabilistic maps of mPFC areas were registered to MNI space and are available for regional analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
Cytosine Radical Cations: A Gas‐Phase Study Combining IRMPD Spectroscopy, UVPD Spectroscopy, Ion–Molecule Reactions, and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Lesslie Michael , Lawler John T. , Dang Andy , Korn Joseph A. , Bím Daniel , Steinmetz Vincent , Maître Philippe , Tureček Frantisek , Ryzhov Victor
Published: March 2017

The radical cation of cytosine (Cyt.+) is generated by dissociative oxidation from a ternary CuII complex in the gas phase. The radical cation is characterized by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in the fingerprint region, UV/Vis photodissociation (UVPD) spectroscopy, ion–molecule reactions, and theoretical calculations (density functional theory and ab initio). The experimental IRMPD spectrum features diagnostic bands for two enol‐amino and two keto‐amino tautomers of Cyt.+ that are calculated to be among the lowest energy isomers, in agreement with a previous study. Although the UVPD action spectrum can also be matched to a combination of the four lowest energy tautomers, the presence of a nonclassical distonic radical cation cannot be ruled out. Its formation is, however, unlikely due to the high energy of this isomer and the respective ternary CuII complex. Gas‐phase ion–molecule reactions showed that Cyt.+ undergoes hydrogen‐atom abstraction from 1‐propanethiol, radical recombination reactions with nitric oxide, and electron transfer from dimethyl disulfide.
Diagnostic dilemmas and pitfalls in ThinPrep®cytology of breast fine needle aspiration biopsy:
Authors: Scarpa Carniello Jose Victor , Pareja Fresia , Santos‐Zabala Maria Laureana , Edelweiss Marcia
Published: March 2017

Fine needle aspirations (FNA) of the breast for primary diagnoses have become less popular in the USA and are usually performed for lesions with low or extremely high clinical suspicion. They are also performed for lesions in close proximity to a breast implant. Liquid‐based cytological preparations, such as ThinPrep®(TP), provide a practical alternative to clinicians who are performing FNA. Using a selection of cases that represent challenging diagnoses, we describe common diagnostic pitfalls of breast FNA that are specifically associated with this preparation. Well known breast cytology pitfalls, such as fibroadenoma, when solely examined using a TP slide can be even more challenging since the usual stripped bipolar cells seen in the background of smeared slides, can appear singly dispersed with preserved cytoplasm, resembling carcinoma. We describe that large fragments of solid papillary carcinoma are represented by mostly singly dispersed cells with plasmacytoid features that mimic those of a lobular carcinoma. Since nuclear features are more pronounced in TP, prominent nucleoli and cytological atypia can potentially be overcalled. TP processing might also lead to clumping of epithelioid histiocytes that appear atypical, which increases the suspicion of malignancy. The presence of atypical cells in a TP slide of a peri implant seroma should always undergo additional testing, especially in patients with a prior history of breast carcinoma, to determine if it represents recurrent carcinoma or an implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Familiarity with the aforementioned artifacts associated with TP is essential to avoid diagnostic misinterpretations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:655–661. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Confirming a plant‐mediated “Biological Tide” in an aridland constructed treatment wetland
Authors: Bois Paul , Childers Daniel L. , Corlouer Thomas , Laurent Julien , Massicot Antoine , Sanchez Christopher A. , Wanko Adrien
Published: March 2017

As urban populations grow and the need for sustainable water treatment increases, urban constructed treatment wetlands (CTWs) are increasingly being used and studied. However, less is known about the effectiveness of this “turquoise infrastructure” in arid climates. In a recent publication, we presented evidence of plant‐mediated control of surface hydrology, using a water budget approach, in a CTW in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. We also demonstrated how this transpiration‐driven wetland surface flow made this treatment marsh more effective at pollutant removal than its counterparts in cooler or more mesic environments. Water budget‐based calculations estimated that nearly 20% of the water overlying the marsh was transpired daily by the plants (40–60 L·m−2·d−1) during the hottest summer months. We estimated the associated water velocity to be about 40 cm/h. In this paper, we report on hydrodynamic experiments that confirmed the existence of this phenomenon that we refer to as the “Biological Tide,” and verified the rate at which transpiration by the marsh vegetation moves surface water into the biogeochemically active marsh. We combined a water budget‐based approach and dye tracer experiments to quantify and confirm this phenomenon. Because of the low velocities estimated from our water budget approach (a few cm/h), we used a fixed‐wall flowthrough marsh flume to limit the lateral dye movement during the tracer experiments. We measured actual flow rates of 7–50 cm/h (with 5–8% precision) during these experiments, which closely conformed to the values estimated from our water budget‐based approaches. The flow was largely dispersive due to the extensive impedance imparted by dense plant stems in the marsh. From these summer flow rates, we calculated that residence time of the water overlying the marsh in this CTW averaged about 13 d, but could be as low as four days. Again, these values were reasonably close to the 15–20% replacement rate for marsh water we estimated using the water budget approach. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that plant‐mediated biological control of surface hydrology in a wetland, without connection to groundwater, has been reported.
Synthesis and Reactivity of NHC‐Stabilized Iron(II)–Mesityl Complexes
Authors: Schneider Heidi , Schmidt David , Eichhöfer Andreas , Radius Michael , Weigend Florian , Radius Udo
Published: March 2017

We present the synthesis of a series of NHC‐stabilized iron(II) complexes of the type [Fe(NHC)2Mes2] and [Fe(NHC)Mes2], starting from [Fe2Mes4] and the NHC. Depending on the steric demand of the NHC used, tetrahedral {[Fe(Me2Im)2Mes2] 1 and [Fe(MeiPrIm)2Mes2] 2}, square‐planar {trans‐[Fe(iPr2Im)2Mes2] 3}, or trigonal‐planar {[Fe(R2Im)Mes2]; R = tBu 6, Dipp 7, Dipp2H2 8} complexes were isolated. Three‐coordinate complexes [Fe(R2Im)Mes2] (R = Me 4, iPr 5) of smaller carbenes were synthesized via ligand exchange of [Fe(NHC)2Mes2] and [Fe2Mes4]. The reactivity of trans‐[Fe(iPr2Im)2Mes2] 3 towards small molecules and element–hydrogen compounds was investigated. The reaction of 3 and 2 with dioxygen led to the tetrameric‐cluster complexes [{Fe(R2Im)(OMes)(µ2‐O)}4] 9 and 10 (R = iPr 9, Me 10). The reaction of 3 with CO afforded [Fe(iPr2Im)2(CO)3] 11. Reactions of 3 with E–H compounds (E = O, S, N, P, Sn), with substitution of the mesityl ligands, produced the complexes [Fe(iPr2Im)2(OtBu)2] 12, [Fe(iPr2Im)2(OPh)2] 13, [Fe(iPr2Im)2(SPh)2] 14, [Fe(iPr2Im)2(NHPh)2] 15, cis‐[Fe(iPr2Im)2{o‐C6H4(NH)2}] 16, [Fe(iPr2Im)2(PHPh)2] 17, [Fe(iPr2Im)2(PPh2)2] 18, trans‐[Fe(Me2Im)2(SnnBu3)2] 19, and trans‐[Fe(iPr2Im)2(SnnBu3)2] 20. The complexes 16, 17, 19, and 20 adopt square‐planar structures. The reaction of 3 with phenylsilane afforded crystallographically characterized [Fe(iPr2Im)2(µ2‐H)3(SiPh2H){SiH2(iPr2Im)}] 21.
Facile Synthesis of Iminodiacetate‐Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles with Sensitive Detection of CrIII
Authors: Huang Deshun , Wei Jianyu , Yue Guozong , Zhu Jing , Yang Luming , Wang Cong , Zhao Pengxiang
Published: March 2017

A highly sensitive, selective, and quick colorimetric assay for CrIII detection has been developed by using iminodiacetate (IDA) modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). These AuNPs were prepared by a hydrothermal method with IDA as both a reductant and a stabilizer. The as‐prepared IDA‐AuNPs display good selectivity for colorimetric detection of CrIII in aqueous solution over 15 other metal ions. In the presence of an increasing amount of CrIII, the color of the IDA‐AuNPs changes gradually from red to blue, together with a redshift of the plasmon absorption, within 1 min. The detection limit of CrIII was approximately 1.5 µm for the naked eye and 0.3 µm for UV/Vis spectroscopy. A good linear relationship was obtained between the logarithm of the ratios (A650/A520) and the concentration of CrIII over the range 0.3–3 µm. The feasibility of this technique was evaluated for the successful detection of CrIII in drinking‐water samples, with good recoveries.
Characterization and comparison of UK, Irish, and French cold pressed rapeseed oils with refined rapeseed oils and extra virgin olive oils
Authors: McDowell Daniel , Elliott Christopher T. , Koidis Anastasios
Published: March 2017

Various chemical parameters were used to characterize a wide range of cold pressed rapeseed oils and to contrast the findings with refined rapeseed and extra virgin olive oil. There were significant differences between cold pressed rapeseed oils regarding almost all measured parameters. Volatile composition analysis showed that hexanal, 3‐methyl pentane and 1‐butene, 4‐isothiocyanato were the most abundant compounds. There was no correlation between volatile compounds and geographical region of cold pressed rapeseed oils. French cold pressed rapeseed oils were found in exhibit significantly higher antioxidant activity levels than cold pressed rapeseed oils from other regions. Refined rapeseed oil was found to have a higher antioxidant activity but have significantly lower levels of phenolic acids (0.008 mg/kg oil) than cold pressed rapeseed oil (0.46 mg/kg oil). These phenolic acids appear to be important for oxidative stability as cold pressed rapeseed oil was more stable under heat stress than refined rapeseed oil. Olive oil was the most stable under heat stress, largely due to its comparatively high saturated fat content. Antioxidant potential, phenolic acids and peroxide values were found to be the main factors differentiating cold pressed rapeseed oil from refined rapeseed oil.

Practical applications: Cold pressed rapeseed oil is a relatively new oil to the market and this study is the first to examine oils available to the British, Irish and French consumers. It shows the compositional variation of oils on the market by analyzing many parameters important for oil quality and consumer palatability. Antioxidant behavior and phenolic acid identification indicate potential health benefiting properties. This research also compares cold pressed rapeseed oils with market competitors which allows for clear comparison of these widely used edible oils.

Cold pressed rapeseed oil is made by mechanically crushing rapeseeds at a low temperature, followed by filtering and bottling the oil. This work investigates the chemical composition of cold pressed rapeseed oil, along with its antioxidant capacity and stability under heat stress. Cold pressed rapeseed oil is also compared to market competitors; refined rapeseed oil and extra virgin olive oil.
Organocatalytic Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reactions of Ketones with 1,3,5‐Triazines
Authors: Yang Kai , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: March 2017

An organocatalytic version of the inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction of 1,3,5‐triazines was successfully developed. Hydrazine was used an effective organocatalyst for the direct IEDDA reaction of ketones with 1,3,5‐triazines. This reaction has an expanded substrate scope relative to other 1,3,5‐triazine IEDDA reactions and is also more operationally simple; thus, it is a succinct, economical, and green approach for the preparation of highly functionalized pyrimidines from readily available ketones.
PlasmonicAu‐TiO2/ZnOCore–Shell Nanorod Array Photoanode for Visible‐Light‐Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Hu Sujuan , Wang Baoling , Zhu Mingshan , Ma Yinhai , Wang Jiao
Published: March 2017

A plasmonic Au‐TiO2/ZnO core–shell nanorod array (NR) photoanode exhibits efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting induced by the plasmonic energy and type II TiO2/ZnO heterojunction. The plasmonic Au‐TiO2/ZnO core–shell NR photoanode provides a photocurrent density of 3.01 mA cm−2 at 1.7 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), almost 1.5 and 3 times higher than that of TiO2/ZnO core–shell NRs and TiO2 NRs upon exposure into simulated solar light. Moreover, the plasmonic Au‐TiO2/ZnO core–shell NR photoanode shows a clear photocurrent density under visible‐light irradiation (λ>400 nm) with a photocurrent density of 0.11 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. The visible‐light‐excited photocurrent is mainly caused by the surface plasmon resonance effects produced by plasmonic Au nanoparticles, which benefit the visible‐light absorption and charge separation of the wide‐band‐gap TiO2/ZnO heterojunction through the electrons and resonant energy transfer. Additionally, the strong interfacial interaction between TiO2 and ZnO leads to an effective photoinduced interfacial charge separation and transfer.
Serially Connectable Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells using Dipole Graphite Solids and Voltage Reversal Suppression
Authors: Lee Yoo Seok , An Junyeong , Kim Bongkyu , Chang In Seop
Published: March 2017

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are installed in natural water systems for the on‐site power source of aquatic devices; however, the power generated from single unit is not enough to operate certain devices. To overcome this drawback, the series connection of SMFCs is indispensable. We describe a dipole‐electrode‐containing stacked SMFC system operated in series connection mode. Two SMFC units were fabricated, which produced maximum current densities of 492 and 302 mA m−2, respectively. They were connected in series and operated at 1.45 V, which is close to the sum of the individual voltages. Even though voltage reversal inevitably occurred in the connected mode, it was suppressed by adjusting the internal resistance of each SMFC to be very close within a few Ω. We achieved a maximum power density at a high voltage over 123 mW m−2 at 0.6 V and enhanced the available maximum current density (i.e., no voltage reversal) by 269 to 320 mA m−2. We have developed a serially connectable SMFC system with an improved maximum power at a higher voltage than that of a single SMFC and we suggest a method for voltage reversal control for the further test of multistacked SMFCs.
A design procedure for suspended zipper‐braced frames in the framework of Eurocode 8
Authors: Rossi Pier Paolo , Quaceci Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

In the recent past, suspended zipper‐braced frames were proposed to avoid one‐storey collapse mechanisms and dynamic instability under severe ground motions. In this paper, the design procedure suggested by Yanget al.is first slightly modified to conform to the design approach and capacity design rules stipulated in Eurocode 8 for concentrically braced frames. The procedure is applied to a set of suspended zipper‐braced frames with different number of storeys and founded on either soft or rock soil. The structural response of these frames is analysed to highlight qualities and deficiencies and to assess the critics reported by other researchers with regard to the design procedure by Yanget al.Then, improvements are proposed to this procedure to enhance the energy dissipation of the chevron braces and the response of the structural system as well. The effectiveness of the design proposals is evaluated by incremental dynamic analysis on structures with different geometric properties, gravity loads and soil of foundation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Astrocyte‐specific insulin‐like growth factor‐1 gene transfer in aging female rats improves stroke outcomes
Authors: Okoreeh Andre K. , Bake Shameena , Sohrabji Farida
Published: March 2017

Middle aged female rats sustain larger stroke infarction and disability than younger female rats. This older group also shows age‐related reduction of insulin like growth factor (IGF)−1 in serum and in astrocytes, a cell type necessary for poststroke recovery. To determine the impact of astrocytic IGF‐1 for ischemic stroke, these studies tested the hypothesis that gene transfer of IGF‐1 to astrocytes will improve stroke outcomes in middle aged female rats. Middle aged (10‐12 month old), acyclic female rats were injected with recombinant adeno‐associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) packaged with the coding sequence of the human (h)IGF‐1 gene downstream of an astrocyte‐specific promoter glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (AAV5‐GFP‐hIGF‐1) into the striatum and cortex. The AAV5‐control consisted of an identical shuttle vector construct without the hIGF‐1 gene (AAV5‐GFAP‐control). Six to eight weeks later, animals underwent transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion via intraluminal suture. While infarct volume was not altered, AAV5‐GFAP‐hIGF‐1 treatment significantly improved blood pressure and neurological score in the early acute phase of stroke (2 days) and sensory‐motor performance at both the early and late (5 days) acute phase of stroke. AAV5‐GFAP‐hIGF‐1 treatment also reduced circulating serum levels of GFAP, a biomarker for blood brain barrier permeability. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells in the brain at 24 hr poststroke showed that AAV5‐GFAP‐hIGF‐1 altered the type of immune cells trafficked to the ischemic hemisphere, promoting an anti‐inflammatory profile. Collectively, these studies show that targeted enhancement of IGF‐1 in astrocytes of middle‐aged females improves stroke‐induced behavioral impairment and neuroinflammation.
Isotopic evidence for widespread cold‐season‐biased groundwater recharge and young streamflow across central Canada
Authors: Jasechko Scott , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Mayer Bernhard
Published: March 2017

Transformations of precipitation into groundwater and streamflow are fundamental hydrological processes, critical to irrigated agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and ecosystem health. Our understanding of the timing of groundwater recharge and streamflow generation remains incomplete, limiting our ability to predict fresh water, nutrient, and contaminant fluxes, especially in large basins. Here, we analyze thousands of rain, snow, groundwater, and streamflow δ18O and δ2H values in the Nelson River basin, which covers 1.2 million km2 of central Canada. We show that the fraction of precipitation that recharges aquifers is ~1.3–5 times higher for precipitation falling during cold months with subzero mean monthly temperatures than for precipitation falling during warmer months. The near‐ubiquity of cold‐season‐biased groundwater recharge implies that changes to winter water balances may have disproportionate impacts on annual groundwater recharge rates. We also show that young streamflow—defined as precipitation that enters a river in less than ~2.3 months—comprises ~27% of annual streamflow but varies widely among tributaries in the Nelson River basin (1–59%). Young streamflow fractions are lower in steep catchments and higher in flatter catchments such as the transboundary Red River basin. Our findings imply that flat, lower permeability, heavily tiled landscapes favor more rapid transmission of precipitation into rivers, possibly mobilizing excess soluble fertilizers and exacerbating eutrophication events in Lake Winnipeg.
Identifying, attributing, and overcoming common data quality issues of manned station observations
Authors: Hunziker Stefan , Gubler Stefanie , Calle Juan , Moreno Isabel , Andrade Marcos , Velarde Fernando , Ticona Laura , Carrasco Gualberto , Castellón Yaruska , Oria Clara , Croci‐Maspoli Mischa , Konzelmann Thomas , Rohrer Mario , Brönnimann Stefan
Published: March 2017

In situ climatological observations are essential for studies related to climate trends and extreme events. However, in many regions of the globe, observational records are affected by a large number of data quality issues. Assessing and controlling the quality of such datasets is an important, often overlooked aspect of climate research. Besides analysing the measurement data, metadata are important for a comprehensive data quality assessment. However, metadata are often missing, but may partly be reconstructed by suitable actions such as station inspections. This study identifies and attributes the most important common data quality issues in Bolivian and Peruvian temperature and precipitation datasets. The same or similar errors are found in many other predominantly manned station networks worldwide. A large fraction of these issues can be traced back to measurement errors by the observers. Therefore, the most effective way to prevent errors is to strengthen the training of observers and to establish a near real‐time quality control (QC) procedure. Many common data quality issues are hardly detected by usual QC approaches. Data visualization, however, is an effective tool to identify and attribute those issues, and therefore enables data users to potentially correct errors and to decide which purposes are not affected by specific problems. The resulting increase in usable station records is particularly important in areas where station networks are sparse. In such networks, adequate selection and treatment of time series based on a comprehensive QC procedure may contribute to improving data homogeneity more than statistical data homogenization methods.
The second‐time flap from the previously used anterior thigh donor site for head and neck microsurgical reconstruction
Authors: AL Deek Nidal Farhan , Liao Chun‐Ta , Huang Shiang‐Fu , Kan Chung‐Jan , Chang Kai‐Ping , Fang Ku‐Hao , Tsao Chung‐Kan
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Multiple free tissue transfer from the same donor site is not well described for microsurgical head and neck reconstruction.

METHODS

Between (8/2011 and 11/2012), 103 patients received 103 free ALT flaps for head and neck reconstruction; flaps were called first‐time ALT flaps. Intra‐operative findings were used to assess the presence of a favorable anatomy for a future second flap from the same donor site. And, between 9/2009 and 12/2013, second‐time flaps from previously used anterior thighs were attempted either freely or guided by the intra‐operative data from the previous surgery.

RESULTS

A favorable anatomy for a future second‐time flap was noted in (n: 96/103). Future second‐time flaps were ALT, AMT, and TFL flaps (n: 32, n: 91, n: 96, respectively). The second‐time flap was attempted (n: 11) and was successful (n: 8, 72.7%). Harvested second‐time flaps were (5 ALT, 2 AMT, 1TFL). All flaps survived. The donor site was closed primarily (n: 6) and skin grafted (n: 2).

CONCLUSION

Thorough exploration of the anatomy of the anterior thigh during the first‐time ALT flap surgery with detailed documentation in addition to meticulous surgery are essential for success. The proposed concept limits morbidity to one site, and serves as an alternative donor site or a life‐boat.
Optimization of extraction of linarin from Flos chrysanthemi indici by response surface methodology and artificial neural network
Authors: Pan Hongye , Zhang Qing , Cui Keke , Chen Guoquan , Liu Xuesong , Wang Longhu
Published: March 2017

The extraction of linarin from Flos chrysanthemi indici by ethanol was investigated. Two modeling techniques, response surface methodology and artificial neural network, were adopted to optimize the process parameters, such as, ethanol concentration, extraction period, extraction frequency, and solvent to material ratio. We showed that both methods provided good predictions, but artificial neural network provided a better and more accurate result. The optimum process parameters include, ethanol concentration of 74%, extraction period of 2 h, extraction three times, solvent to material ratio of 12 mL/g. The experiment yield of linarin was 90.5% that deviated less than 1.6% from that obtained by predicted result.
Dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica and tentative silicon balance in the Yellow Sea
Authors: Wu Bin , Liu Su Mei , Ren Jing Ling
Published: March 2017

The dissolution of biogenic silica (bSiO2) in coastal environments is important for marine productivity and essential to the global silicon cycle. BSiO2 dissolution experiments were performed using sediments from the Yellow Sea (YS) to explore the factors that influence bSiO2 dissolution and to better understand the silicon cycle in the YS. The results showed that the bSiO2 content in surface sediments varied from 0.40% to 3.7% (average 2.2% ± 0.79%, SiO2%). Additionally, the bSiO2 content was higher in the central areas of the northern and southern YS and lower in the near‐shore area of the northern Changjiang Estuary. The burial flux of bSiO2 in surface sediments ranged from 0.12 mol m−2 yr−1 to 2.3 mol m−2 yr−1 and gradually decreased eastward from near shore to offshore. Continuous flow experiments showed that the solubilities of bSiO2 in the YS sediments varied from 91.0 to 303 μM‐Si. Further, the dissolution rate constant of bSiO2 was 9.3–41 nmol g−1 h−1, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than that of other marginal seas such as the Arabian Sea and Scotia Sea. The structural incorporation of aluminum in bSiO2 and the content of lithogenic minerals in sediments hindered bSiO2 dissolution. The silica budget of the YS was established. The burial efficiency of bSiO2 in the surface sediment was calculated to be 73%, which accounts for 4% of the global balance and is much higher than that of the global ocean average. Because of its high sediment accumulation rate and much lower dissolution rate constant, bSiO2 was well preserved in the YS, highlighting the important role of the YS in the global silicon cycle.
Rehabilitation of revision total hip replacement: A multi‐centre survey of current practice
Authors: Newman Meredith , Barker Karen
Published: March 2017

Background

Demand for revision total hip replacement (RTHR) is increasing. Outcomes after RTHR are varied, with reasonable pain relief but smaller gains in function and mobility. Whether sub‐optimal rehabilitation contributes to poorer functional outcomes is unclear. Current rehabilitation is not well defined and there is little research into RTHR rehabilitation.

Aims and objectives

To gather information about the current rehabilitation of patients undergoing planned, single‐stage revision or re‐revision THR surgery.

Methods

An online survey was developed and sent to clinicians at 117 orthopaedic centres in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Questions were asked about standard rehabilitation practice pre‐operatively, post‐operatively and immediately after discharge. The frequency (%) of responses to closed questions was analysed and free‐text comments were summarized thematically.

Results

There were 133 respondents: mostly physiotherapists (92, 69%) and occupational therapists (39, 29%). Pre‐operative education was common (112, 84%) but not uniform, and for 52 (46%) the same as for primary THR patients. Respondents were more likely to agree about the general objectives of rehabilitation, for example gait re‐education with walking aids (93, 70%), and retraining functional mobility (92, 69%) rather than about specific elements including exercise prescription, duration of hip precautions and provision of occupational therapy. The provision of rehabilitation following discharge varied considerably.

Conclusions

This survey adds to sparse information about rehabilitation RTHR. No consensus emerged about optimal rehabilitation. The diversity in approach and lack of clear structure suggests work is needed to develop rehabilitation interventions that are tailored to this population.
Getting back to the dissecting room: An evaluation of an innovative course in musculoskeletal anatomy for UK‐based rheumatology training
Authors: Blake Tim , Marais Debbi , Hassell Andrew B. , Stevenson Kay , Paskins Zoe
Published: March 2017

Background

The rheumatologist relies heavily on clinical skills to diagnose diverse conditions, something that is correlated with one's knowledge of clinical anatomy. More recently, rheumatology has offered further career flexibility with opportunities to develop skills such as joint injection and musculoskeletal (MSK) ultrasound, both of which require a sound understanding of anatomy. Currently, there are no formal strategies to support competency‐based anatomy learning in rheumatology in the UK. This study aimed to evaluate an innovative applied anatomy course utilizing cadaveric material, targeted at clinicians practising in rheumatology and MSK medicine.

Methods

A new course was developed for rheumatologists, rheumatology trainees and allied health professionals practising rheumatology and MSK medicine, with the principal focus being on applied MSK anatomy. A questionnaire was given to course attendees and a mixed methods approach of evaluation used. Descriptive statistical data analysis was performed.

Results

The course received overall positive feedback and statistically significant improvements in levels of confidence in anatomy (mean 52.35–83.53, p < 0.0001), injections (mean 57.65–81.18, p < 0.0001), examination of the upper limb (mean 60.59–76.47, p < 0.0001) and examination of the lower limb (mean 58.24–77.65, p < 0.0001). Course attendees also favoured a peer‐assisted and multidisciplinary learning approach.

Conclusions

This study lends support for the use of cadaveric material in the teaching of postgraduate anatomy to rheumatologists. It has demonstrated a continual need for hands‐on and interactive anatomy training in an ever‐advancing digital world. To be successful, cadaveric learning should not be viewed in a purely ‘pre‐clinical’ setting, but instead integrated with postgraduate learning.
Resolution limit of cylinder diameter estimation by diffusion MRI: The impact of gradient waveform and orientation dispersion
Authors: Nilsson Markus , Lasič Samo , Drobnjak Ivana , Topgaard Daniel , Westin Carl‐Fredrik
Published: March 2017

Diffusion MRI has been proposed as a non‐invasive technique for axonal diameter mapping. However, accurate estimation of small diameters requires strong gradients, which is a challenge for the transition of the technique from preclinical to clinical MRI scanners, since these have weaker gradients. In this work, we develop a framework to estimate the lower bound for accurate diameter estimation, which we refer to as the resolution limit. We analyse only the contribution from the intra‐axonal space and assume that axons can be represented by impermeable cylinders. To address the growing interest in using techniques for diffusion encoding that go beyond the conventional single diffusion encoding (SDE) sequence, we present a generalised analysis capable of predicting the resolution limit regardless of the gradient waveform. Using this framework, waveforms were optimised to minimise the resolution limit. The results show that, for parallel cylinders, the SDE experiment is optimal in terms of yielding the lowest possible resolution limit. In the presence of orientation dispersion, diffusion encoding sequences with square‐wave oscillating gradients were optimal. The resolution limit for standard clinical MRI scanners (maximum gradient strength 60–80 mT/m) was found to be between 4 and 8 μm, depending on the noise levels and the level of orientation dispersion. For scanners with a maximum gradient strength of 300 mT/m, the limit was reduced to between 2 and 5 μm.
Persuading the undecided: An interdisciplinary approach to increase public support for the arts
Authors: Shehryar Omar , Weidner Kelly , Moshavi Dan
Published: March 2017

This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach to address the issue of lack of public support for the arts. The paper utilizes an acquisition‐ and transaction‐value approach from marketing and economic theory to identify 4 segments that vary in the degree to which members of each segment value and support the arts. Using system 1 and system 2 processing styles as discussed in management literature, as well as central and peripheral routes to persuasion as studied in psychology, the segments are examined in order to understand their potential information‐processing styles. Last, using advertising and communication theories, the paper proposes the use of information and transformational communication strategies to create better persuasive communications that match the processing styles of targeted segments of undecided decision makers in order to garner greater public support for the arts.
Frequency of change of diagnoses in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Hobbs Melanie , Stanbrook Rachel , Chakraborty Nandini
Published: March 2017

Early diagnosis leading to relevant treatment and appropriate psychoeducation is crucial to the role of an early intervention in psychosis (EIP) team. However, diagnostic uncertainty in first‐episode psychosis in young people has to be acknowledged. Here, the authors examine the frequency with which diagnoses of psychotic disorders change between entry and exit from an EIP team and the practical implications for relevant psychoeducation.
Psychotic depression mimicking limbic encephalitis
Authors: Newrick Laurence , Gomes‐Pinto Alister , Hewitt Jonathan
Published: March 2017

Autoimmune encephalitis may present with prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms, and is increasingly considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with altered mental state. Here, the authors navigate the muddy waters between neurology and psychiatry, describing the caveats of antibody testing with a misdiagnosed case of psychotic depression.
Association between variants in genes involved in the immune response and prostate cancer risk in men randomized to the finasteride arm in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Winchester Danyelle A. , Till Cathee , Goodman Phyllis J. , Tangen Catherine M. , Santella Regina M. , Johnson‐Pais Teresa L. , Leach Robin J. , Xu Jianfeng , Zheng S. Lilly , Thompson Ian M. , Lucia M. Scott , Lippman Scott M. , Parnes Howard L. , Isaacs William B. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Drake Charles G. , Platz Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

We reported that some, but not all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in select immune response genes are associated with prostate cancer, but not individually with the prevalence of intraprostatic inflammation in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) placebo arm. Here, we investigated whether these same SNPs are associated with risk of lower‐ and higher‐grade prostate cancer in men randomized to finasteride, and with prevalence of intraprostatic inflammation among controls.

Methods A total of 16 candidate SNPs in IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12(p40), IFNG, MSR1, RNASEL, TLR4, and TNFA and 7 tagSNPs in IL10 were genotyped in 625 white prostate cancer cases, and 532 white controls negative for cancer on an end‐of‐study biopsy nested in the PCPT finasteride arm. We used logistic regression to estimate log‐additive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for age and family history.

RESULTS

Minor alleles of rs2243250 (T) in IL4 (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.03‐2.08, P‐trend = 0.03), rs1800896 (G) in IL10 (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.61‐0.96, P‐trend = 0.02), rs2430561 (A) in IFNG (OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.02‐1.74; P‐trend = 0.04), rs3747531 (C) in MSR1 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32‐0.95; P‐trend = 0.03), and possibly rs4073 (A) in IL8 (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.64‐1.01, P‐trend = 0.06) were associated with higher‐ (Gleason 7‐10; N = 222), but not lower‐ (Gleason 2‐6; N = 380) grade prostate cancer. In men with low PSA (<2 ng/mL), these higher‐grade disease associations were attenuated and/or no longer significant, whereas associations with higher‐grade disease were apparent for minor alleles of rs1800795 (C: OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.51‐0.94, P‐trend = 0.02) and rs1800797 (A: OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.53‐0.98, P‐trend = 0.04) in IL6. While some IL10 tagSNPs were associated with lower‐ and higher‐grade prostate cancer, distributions of IL10 haplotypes did not differ, except possibly between higher‐grade cases and controls among those with low PSA (P = 0.07). We did not observe an association between the studied SNPs and intraprostatic inflammation in the controls.

CONCLUSION

In the PCPT finasteride arm, variation in genes involved in the immune response, including possibly IL8 and IL10 as in the placebo arm, may be associated with prostate cancer, especially higher‐grade disease, but not with intraprostatic inflammation. We cannot rule out PSA‐associated detection bias or chance due to multiple testing.
Designing Z‐scheme 2D‐C3N4/Ag3VO4 hybrid structures for improved photocatalysis and photocatalytic mechanism insight
Authors: She Xiaojie , Yi Jianjian , Xu Yuanguo , Song Yanhua , Huang Liying , Ji Haiyan , Xu Hui , Li Huaming
Published: March 2017

The two‐dimensional oxygen‐modified g‐C3N4 nanosheets‐loaded Ag3VO4 (2D‐C3N4/Ag3VO4) photocatalysts were synthesized successfully via a facile in situ deposition method. The comprehensive characterizations were employed to characterize the morphologies, structures, chemical states, optical and electronic properties and photocatalytic performances of the samples. The 20% 2D‐C3N4/Ag3VO4 showed the best photocatalytic activity on the degradation of RhB and BPA. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the effective electron‐hole separation efficiency and the larger specific surface area. The photogenerated electrons and holes can quickly separate by Z‐scheme passageway in composite. Through ESR analysis, the photocatalytic mechanism was also researched in detail.
Degradation of polyimide under exposure to 90 keV electrons
Authors: Plis Elena , Engelhart Daniel P. , Barton David , Cooper Russell , Ferguson Dale , Hoffmann Ryan
Published: March 2017

Interaction of high energy electrons with spacecraft materials, such as polyimide (PI, Kapton®), is known to cause their physical degradation. In this paper, we investigated chemical and optical changes in Kapton® during and after irradiation with high energy (90 keV) electrons. Several complimentary characterization techniques were utilized to qualify and quantify radiation induced property changes in the material, including directional‐hemispherical reflectance (DHR) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and the surface potential decay method. It was found that the conductivity of radiation‐damaged PI is significantly increased compared to that of the pristine material. This change is attributed to the creation of radicals during irradiation, which could play a critical role in the transport of electrons through the bulk of the damaged material. Excessive radicals are likely originating from a radiation‐induced breakage of phenyl rings and/or ether bridges forming a metastable carbonyl.
Initial trials of convective‐scale data assimilation with a cheaply tunable ensemble filter
Authors: Flowerdew Jonathan
Published: March 2017

Ensemble methods are an attractive option for data assimilation (DA) in convection‐permitting models, providing flow‐dependent covariances which respect the complex balances that apply at these scales. The Met Office deterministic UK forecast currently uses variational assimilation based on predominantly climatological covariances, whilst the MOGREPS‐UK ensemble interpolates its initial perturbations from the corresponding global members. An experimental convective‐scale ensemble DA system has now been built based on a serial ensemble filter, where observations are assimilated sequentially. This has been tested in a series of one month trials assimilating sonde, surface and aircraft observations, exploring issues such as cycle length, filter type, localization and inflation. The tests use 44 perturbed ensemble members, plus an unperturbed control forecast that is updated using the same Kalman gain as the ensemble mean. The best configurations provide control forecasts which are competitive with interpolating global initial states like MOGREPS‐UK did at the time, even though the local assimilation has seen fewer observation types than the global DA. An hourly cycle performs much better than a 6‐hourly one, as suggested by theoretical arguments, even though both see the same boundary conditions and essentially the same total set of observations.

The serial filter calculates the difference between each observation and its model equivalent as updated by all previous observations. We call this the Innovation After assimilating Prior Observations (IAPO). The mean square IAPO measures the error of the developing analysis using observations which are statistically independent of it, without the need to involve the forecast model. This diagnostic confirms the beneficial impact of assimilation, can be used to cheaply tune parameters such as localization radii, and contributes to evaluating the correctness of the ensemble spread.
Study of thermo‐elastic cruciform crack with unequal arms in an orthotropic elastic plane
Authors: Mishra P. K. , Singh P. , Das S.
Published: March 2017

The objective of this article is concerned with a study of a static cruciform crack problem in an infinite orthotropic elastic medium opened by prescribed normal pressure distributions subjected to steady state temperature field. The problem is reduced to Fredholm singular integral equations of first kind, which are solved using Chebyshev polynomials. Analytical expressions of the stress intensity factors and crack energies are found and the numerical computations for the orthotropic elastic material Boron‐epoxy composite for different particular cases are depicted through figures. The striking feature of the article is the graphical presentation of possibility of crack arrest and variations of crack energies with the variations of the arms of the cruciform crack.
Medical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Kroch Daniel A. , Madanick Ryan D.
Published: March 2017

Medical treatment is effective in the majority of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lifestyle modifications are often recommended for patients with GERD, although the data supporting lifestyle recommendations are limited. Antacids are often used to treat the symptoms of GERD, but their effect is short‐lived. H2‐receptor antagonists and proton‐pump inhibitors provide more effective options for remission of GERD symptoms and healing of esophagitis. Prokinetic medications (e.g., metoclopramide) have not been proven to help in the control of symptoms. Baclofen, which inhibits transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, provide an additional option for patients with persistent symptoms related to GERD; however its use is limited by side effects. Long‐term medical therapy for GERD should be tailored to each patient to provide symptomatic control and maintain esophageal mucosal healing.