bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vantagens de uma gramática de usos para o Português Europeu. Alguns exemplos de análise de expressões extraídas de usos orais informais
Authors: Duarte Isabel Margarida
Published: December 2020

Taking into account the theoretical assumptions that praise the description of the use of the system and not only of the system in abstract, we will defend the need for a grammar of uses for European Portuguese. Such a description implies dealing with the complexity, the gradualness of linguistic phenomena, the compulsory contextualization of discourses, both in discursive genres and in their enunciative circumstances. This description testifies that regularities also exist in use and there should not be an excessive cut between describing the language and describing the use of language. Unlike what happens in Brazilian Portuguese, in European Portuguese there are few researches that focus on these uses, and even less researches that deal with oral productions, namely interactional and informal, based on corpora. It is necessary to pay more attention to the uses, above all to the description of the functioning of the language as discourse updated in certain discursive genres, as the informal conversation. These studies are crucial both for the teaching of Portuguese as a foreign language and as a mother tongue, since describing only the system, the standard variety, generally written, is scientifically reductive and ineffective from the point of view of teaching. But descriptions of uses are also essential for translation studies or contrastive analyzes of both different languages and different varieties of Portuguese. Starting from small research experiences that take place with university students, we propose a research route with corpora of familiar conversations, which try to account for the unguarded oral uses of the language, in an interaction context. Finally, two examples of this working plan will be advanced: that of the presentational marker "é assim" and that of the vague nominal quantifiers, with a function of attenuation and diminution of the speaker's enunciative responsibility, "Um bocado = a bit" and "Um bocadinho = a little." We will conclude by showing how the corpora analysis of informal conversations even allows us to better understand some characteristics of literary texts.
Ficar, tornar-se e virar em construções relacionais: variação e/ou mudança construcional?
Authors: Gois Pavão Ferreira Bruna , Dos Santos Machado Vieira Márcia
Published: December 2020

Based on constructionist approach of Goldberg (1995, 2003, 2013) and Traugott & Trousdale (2013), this research focuses on the relational construction of state change and the variation/alternation between the verbs ficar, tornar-se e virar (stay, become and turn) in this type of construction in Brazilian Portuguese. The verbal forms that alternate are investigated in the same context (predicative construction of a change of state) and motivations for the variation to occur. The main objective of this research is to identify: (i) constructional verbal patterns of change of state in Brazilian Portuguese based on frequency and in the relations of form and/or meaning by family similarities existing in the instances of use of such verbal forms; (ii) the configuration of the relational construction of state change (in view of state construction formulated in Goldberg, 1995); (iii) the functional differences between the microconstructions with ficar, tornar-se e virar, seeking to analyze how the variation/alternation between such verbs occurs in the construction of change of state. The data were collected in academic articles, journalistic texts and texts accessed in some sites of evaluation or complaint and analyzed according to some parameters, among which: (a) the type of subject and of predicative syntagma; (b) the more permanent/more transient aspect of the construction; (c) the degree of formality of the context in which it was recorded. This paper also evidences the central place of variation in Construction Grammar.
Relativas livres e interrogativas parciais: paralelos e diferenças
Authors: Matos Gabriela , Brito Ana Maria
Published: December 2020

In this paper we analyse parallelisms and differences between free relatives, true embedded wh interrogatives, and improper embedded wh interrogatives. While free relatives are DPs which contain a CP, embedded wh interrogatives, both true and improper interrogatives, are CPs. In the last years and in the framework of the Minimalist Program, this different categorial nature has been deduced from formal labelling conditions, mainly related to the nature of head or maximal projection of the moved wh constituent. In this paper, while not rejecting the importance of the difference between head and maximal projection of the wh constituent, we show that the DP or CP nature of the embedded constituent and its [+int] or [+decl] status must be sanctioned by the selection requirements of the matrix predicate.
Compreensão e produção oral de interrogativas-Q em crianças portuguesas surdas com implante coclear
Authors: Moita Mara , Lobo Maria
Published: December 2020

The present study investigates the comprehension and production of Portuguese wh-questions by hearing impaired children with cochlear implants. We investigate whether the asymmetries found in typically developing children are also present in our target group or whether the difficulties are more widespread. In particular, we investigate whether there are asymmetries between subject and (DP/PP) object wh-questions produced by these children, and whether wh-questions with a lexical restriction are more difficult than bare wh-questions. We also consider the importance of extra-linguistic variables, such as age of implantation, hearing age, early attendance of speech and language therapy sessions, and exposure to sign language.
A aquisição das consoantes laterais do português europeu por aprendentes chineses
Authors: Zhou Chao , Freitas Maria João , Castelo Adelina
Published: December 2020

The present study examined the production of European Portuguese (EP) lateral consonants by 14 Chinese learners, through a picture naming task eliciting the target segments in all possible syllable and word-level positions. Our results illustrate that /l/ is stable in singletons (100% target-like) due to the positive transfer from Mandarin Chinese. However, it is very often vocalized in codas (only 16.7% target-like production, [ɫ]), which might be attributed to a phonetically based tendency (Graham, 2017; Johnson & Britain, 2007). The high accuracy (97% target-like) of /l/ in onset clusters, an absent structure in the L1, can be the result of the heterosyllabic nature of EP obstruent-liquid sequences (Veloso, 2006) or of the association of two segments to a single skeletal position, which was also argued as an intermediate stage in EP L1 acquisition (Freitas, 2003). /ʎ/ is still in acquisition (52.4% target-like), and is often produced as an L1 category [lj], due to acoustic and articulatory similarity.
Cliticization as Extraction: The Big DP Hypothesis Revisited
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna
Published: December 2020

In this paper, it is argued that cliticization is extraction out of a big DP. Big DPs contain both clitic pronouns and associate DP arguments (Torrego, 1995; Uriagereka, 1995, 2005, among others). The DP can be pronounced, which gives rise to a clitic doubling configuration, or can be null, in which case a simple clitic configuration is obtained. This hypothesis allows us to explain not only the limited movement possibilities of clitic pronouns (cf. Belletti 1999), but also their restricted inventory: Not all complements can be cliticized. If clitic pronouns are reduced maximal projections (Cardinaletti and Starke, 1999), the big DP hypothesis needs to be revisited. Clitic pronouns cannot be assumed to be the heads of big DPs, as was suggested in the abovementioned proposals. The proposal is that clitic pronouns are merged as specifiers of the highest projection of big DPs, namely K(ase)P, which also captures the fact that they are the only elements which bear morphological case in languages like Italian.
A coesão referencial em textos traduzidos do inglês para o português: a questão dos sujeitos nulos
Authors: Gonçalves Anabela , Colaço Madalena
Published: December 2020

Understanding and writing a text arise from several factors. Among them, coreference relations, which allow for the identification of the referents of linguistic expressions, are of particular importance, since they ensure referential cohesion and, thus, contribute to text cohesion.  One context in which recognizing referential relations is crucial involves reference chains with anaphoric pronouns. Although all languages exhibit coreference relations, the linguistic means to establish them may vary. Thus, in the context of translation, maintaining reference chains often implies the use of adaptation strategies: when working with non-null subject source languages, such as English, and null subject target languages, such as Portuguese, translators should recognize the contexts in which, in the latter, they may or must omit the subject, without affecting interpretation nor creating vagueness, conflict of interpretations or referential ambiguity. In this work, some data about reference chains in the context of English to Portuguese translation is discussed. We identify the main mismatches in translations done by university students and present clues to help train students in translation, promoting their mastering of the grammatical and textual conditions that determine the omission vs. the realization of the subject. The results show that the main problems result either from calque of the source language properties or from the overgeneralization of null subject contexts in the target language.
Corpus e géneros textuais nas práticas de divulgação de ciência ou as novas hierarquias na construção do conhecimento
Authors: Gonçalves Matilde , Magalhães Miguel
Published: December 2020

This paper, as result from the research project Scientific Literacy Promotion, funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, shows, in a first moment, the heterogeneity of the textual formats that participate in the dissemination of science, widespread by the media in Portugal, starting from the analysis of the relations between corpus, genres and texts. In a second moment, the textual support, in particular the evolution from print to digital, led to a discussion of the linguistic and textual implications of this development, as well as the implications of the new hierarchies of knowledge construction
POR Nível: Construção e validação de um teste de colocação para o Português Língua Estrangeira – resultados de um estudo-piloto
Authors: Gramacho Carolina , Madeira Ana , Martins Cláudia , Alexandre Nélia , Pinto Jorge , Correia Susana
Published: December 2020

Placement tests are a form of assessment that aims at placing students in appropriate levels. Placement tests must, therefore, be based on validity and reliability arguments to ensure appropriateness and consistency of assessment. Despite the growing interest in Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PFL), both nationally and internationally, to our knowledge there is no validated placement test that informs on general language abilities of adult PFL learners across levels. The POR Nível project aims at designing and validating a placement test for PFL adult learners, from A1 to C1 CEFR levels in grammar, vocabulary, listening and reading components. Corpora of written productions of 15 learners of 3 native languages (English, Mandarin and Spanish) from certified exams of PFL provide the empirical basis for items construction. Also, items’ specifications follow national and international guidelines (CEFR, Camões Profile for PFL), validity, reliability and practicality requirements, and also ALTE and ILTA recommendations. The results found thus far will provide empirical ground for item specification in a validated placement test and eventually contribute to the discussion of the contents of PFL teaching programs.
Resolução de pronomes em posição de sujeito em orações completivas na retoma de antecedentes em SNs complexos: estudo comparativo entre Português Brasileiro e Português Europeu
Authors: Da Hora Katharine , Luegi Paula , Maia Marcus , Costa Armanda
Published: December 2020

In this study we tested, in EP and in BP, complement clauses with a null or an overt pronoun in subject position that is forced by number agreement to retrieve an antecedent within a complex subject NP in the main clause. With an eye-tracking while reading paradigm, we analysed the impact of structural position on pronoun resolution, investigating if the bias described for null-subject and overt-object pronoun resolution for null subject languages replicates for antecedents with different structural positions: null-NP1, the highest structural entity, and overt-NP2, the lowest structural entity. Moreover, we especially investigate the impact of structural position in BP, where c-command relations are considered to be of great relevance for null subject resolution. Results indicate that structural position impacts on pronoun resolution in the predicted way: null-highest NP, overt-lowest NP. Also, BP results reveal that, not only is the null form more constrained by c-command relations, preferentially referring to the c-commanding antecedent (NP1), but also that the overt pronoun does not show a clear bias also when considering structural position (as does not for syntactic function, as shown in previous studies).
A deixis emocional em português europeu contemporâneo: alguns contributos
Authors: Macário Lopes Ana Cristina
Published: December 2020

This paper is a contribution to the description of the structures that express emotional deixis, in European contemporary Portuguese. The analysis of our empirical data show that, in Portuguese, demonstratives are not the only category that encodes emotional deictic meaning; possessives and first person plural display the same function, in some contexts. It is also discussed the semantic bleaching of the deictic space adverbs cá and lá and it is argued that it can only be described and explained in illocutionary terms, and not in the framework of emotional deixis.
Formas de tratamento e preservação da face em interações verbais online
Authors: Marques Maria Aldina , Duarte Isabel Margarida
Published: December 2020

The forms of address constitute a complex system that regulates the interpersonal relations created in the situation of communication. It is a pragmatic category with direct impact on the relations established by each social and linguistic community. As we have already mentioned in a previous unpublished communication, some forms of pronominal address, the forms Tu, Vós, Você and Vocês are a current social concern, which speakers refer to on social networks but also in more traditional public discourses, such as political discourse and media discourse or academic discourse. We aim to analyse and systematize the way in which speakers represent, in explicit comments, but also implicitly, the functions and values of these forms of address in the construction of a (im)polite speech. Within a discursive-pragmatic approach, the present analysis combines interpersonal relations and the politeness theory, in particular the pragmatic concept of face. Data for analysis were collected from web sites, namely blogs and Facebook.
Mínimo e máximo em estruturas nominais – uma análise semântica
Authors: Marques Rui
Published: December 2020

This paper is concerned with the semantics of the portuguese phrases with the form o mínimo/máximo N (‘the minimum N’) and o mínimo/máximo de N (‘the minimum/maximum of N’). Some nouns may occur in both of these constructions, while others might occur in only one of them, and still other nouns might occur only if accompanied by a modal operator. The proposal is made that these facts can be straightforwardly explained by the hypothesis that the first and the second of these syntactic constructions have, respectively, an extensional and an intensional meaning, together with the fact that some nouns have the same denotation in any possible world, while others denote different sets of entities in different possible worlds.
Gramática, cognição e sociedade: para uma gramática de significados, usos e variações
Authors: Soares da Silva Augusto
Published: December 2020

This study aims to highlight the relationship between grammar, cognition and society, identifying cognitive and social processes applied to grammatical constructions in Portuguese and their correlations. First, we will characterize certain cognitive operations that play an important role in grammar and that make it an efficient conceptual structuring and communication system: construal (our ability to view, conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways); objectivity vs. subjectivity (the construal of a scene as detached or not from the conceptualizer); prominence (the focusing of attention on some aspects of a situation); mental spaces (packages of encyclopedic knowledge built and evoked in the current discourse); and inferences about the speaker’s intended meanings. Then, we will show how these cognitive operations (which are common to language and other cognitive faculties, such as perception, attention, and memory) are configured and conditioned by sociocultural factors and communicative efficiency processes – hence the importance of intersubjectivity and cultural conceptualization, and the need for systematically including intralinguistic variation in grammar. The answer to the question of the correlation between cognitive processes and social processes in grammar is based on the cognitive science notion of social cognition and on multivariate and sociocognitive grammar models. A usage-based grammar implies a deconstruction of the linguistic system in favor of a view of language in its inevitable variability as a complex dynamic system and the construction of a multifactorial grammar model that may adequately unravel, through multivariate quantitative methods, the interplay between conceptual, structural and social factors. Finally, we will illustrate these principles of a grammar of meanings, uses and variations (in contrast with traditional perspective of a grammar of forms, structures and rules) with three studies on constructional variation in Portuguese. They are part of our sociocognitive and sociolectometrical research into convergence and divergence between European and Brazilian Portuguese: se constructions (reflexive, reciprocal, middle, anticausative, passive, impersonal) and the null se constructions; prepositional relative constructions and their chopping and resumptive counterparts; and the alternation between inflected and uninflected infinitival constructions.
Sujeitos nulos em inglês L2
Authors: Teixeira Joana
Published: December 2020

The present article investigates the acquisition of a core syntactic property – the ungrammaticality of null subjects in English – by advanced and near-native learners whose first languages are European Portuguese (EP), a null subject language, and French, a non-null subject language. Two experimental tasks were used: an untimed drag-and-drop task and a speeded acceptability judgement task. Results show that French speakers behave target-like across all tasks and conditions, but EP speakers do not. At an advanced level, they fail to reject expletive and [-animate] null subjects in the speeded task. Crucially, at a near native level, EP speakers behave fully target-like across all conditions and tasks. These findings indicate that the syntax of subjects may exhibit significant developmental delays depending on first-second language combinations, but is completely acquirable. Developmental problems are argued to result from the misanalysis of (some of) the overt expletive subjects in the L2 input. This proposal is supported by an exploratory follow-up experiment, whose results are presented and discussed in the article.
Omissão e colocação de clíticos por crianças bilingues Português-Francês
Authors: Tomaz Margarida , Lobo Maria , Madeira Ana , Soares-Jesel Carla , Vaz Stéphanie
Published: December 2020

This study investigates clitic omission and clitic placement in Portuguese-French bilingual children. Using two elicited production tasks, we show that the global pattern of development is very similar to the one found in monolingual acquisition: bilingual children are sensitive to the type of clitic (more omission in accusative contexts than in reflexive contexts), syntactic context (higher rates of pronoun production in islands than in simple sentences), and animacy (the rates of omission are always higher with inanimate antecedents). As for clitic placement, although the developmental path is similar to monolinguals, we find higher rates of proclisis in the bilinguals both in enclitic and in proclitic contexts, which may be caused by language transfer from French, although there are individual differences. We also show that a smaller group of Portuguese-French bilingual children who are speakers of the Brazilian Portuguese variety and exposed to European Portuguese in school context (and who are thus not only bilingual, but also bilectal) differ from the European PortugueseFrench bilinguals both in the rates of clitic production and in clitic placement patterns.
Sintagmas nominais superlativos encaixados em SNs definidos: ambiguidades de leitura
Authors: Valadas Rita
Published: December 2020

This paper analyses the semantical ambiguity in sentences containing superlative structures of European Portuguese where the superlative nominal phrase is particularly embedded, viz. in a higher definite nominal phrase – e.g. “a montanhaN1 com o soloN2 mais rochoso”; “o caçadorN1 do javaliN2 mais pesado”. I show that, besides the typical interpretation, where the superlative NP does not require a comparison of the set of entities expressed by the higher noun (N1), another interpretation is available where two interdependent comparisons are at stake – one between the entities identified by the higher noun (N1) and another one between the entities identified by the lower noun (N2). In this second type of interpretation, the higher noun influences directly the semantics of the superlative NP, by acting as a linguistic restrictor of the superlative’s comparison set, and the embedded NP also directly influences the interpretation of the higher NP. Formally, this restriction must be encoded in the semantic representation of the superlative NP, since, as will be shown, the information of the higher noun must be included in the comparison set’s restrictions (C*). This phenomenon is conditioned by pragmatics, since the restrictive reading of the higher noun is only possible in a context where the comparison between the two types of entities makes sense. I will propose that the NP embedding context of the superlative NP should be regarded as a crucial element in the typology of linguistic restrictors of the comparison set.
CORPORART - um corpus de arte pública para a extração de léxico: representatividade e comparabilidade em corpora de especialidade
Authors: Barbero Chiara
Published: December 2020

This paper introduces the CORPORART, a bilingual corpus of Public Art. CORPORART intends to gather, in a single collection of bilingual data, representative samples of specialized language in European Portuguese and Italian. The compilation of this corpus is part of an ongoing doctoral project, which aims to integrate specialized lexical units into a pre-existing common language resource, WordNet.PT (Marrafa et al., 2005), in the perspective of contributing to streamline communication between heterogeneous interlocutors (Amaro & Mendes, 2012). Assuming that the structure of the corpus heavily depends on the goals of the investigation, this paper presents the linguistic and extralinguistic parameters adopted for the construction and organization of the corpus, as well as the criteria for text processing. In particular, we will deepen the notion of representativity and comparability considering the specificity of this case study, outlining a work practice proposal oriented to guarantee these two flexible dimensions within the specialized languages context.
Formas em competição em construções condicionais na diacronia do português
Authors: Brocardo Maria Teresa
Published: December 2020

In Portuguese past stages, both simple pluperfect (MPS) and conditional (COND) forms occurred in the apodosis of conditional constructions. In this study I investigate the ‘competition’ (cf., a.o., Berg, 2014), in the mentioned constructions, of these two verbal paradigms, in data retrieved from late 15th to early 17th century’s textual sources. In most cases, the interpretation of the constructions contrasts: with MPS forms the constructions have a counterfactual reading, while constructions with COND forms are interpretable as hypothetical, thus evidencing the persistence, in modal uses, of the distinct tense values of these paradigms. Some ‘critical’ examples, however, appear to show that, in some contexts, the MPS is compatible with a non-counterfactual interpretation and also that the COND could have a counterfactual reading. I discuss the various conditioning factors which may have contributed to the convergence, and thus the competition, in conditional constructions, of the MPS and the COND, and the factors which may have determined the obsolescence of the modal uses of the MPS in the diachrony of Portuguese.
Quando a escrita precisa de mundo. Quando o mundo precisa de ser escrito
Authors: Lima Ferreira Antonieta
Published: December 2020

The teaching of writing, in the context of the Portuguese class of high school students, mobilizes reflection on how perspectives and informed opinions are built, being capable of underpinning the writing of expositoryargumentative texts. The theme to be developed in the texts is given by the present, which is configured, in its complexity, as requiring a specially informed approach. Since the world needs to be written and writing needs the world, what one teaches, learns, and evaluates must jointly consider these needs. Only in this way, it will be possible to figure what students know and how do they know how to do it, in this case, their writing competence, particularly in this textual genre. To make assessment a tool to better teach and learn.
Exames nacionais: a influência de pequenos factores
Authors: Leal João Paulo
Published: December 2020

To construct external examinations is a complex and very serious matter. It is necessary time and the contribution of many people with complementary skills, who are specialists in various subjects (scientific, pedagogical and technical ones). Despite all this effort, a test always depends on many small factors. Small changes in quotations, the way one asks a question or the type of question chosen can have very marked effects in the grades of a test. Whatever the subject in analysis the fundamental question is: what are the national examinations for? If the examinations are to be the end of a cycle, i.e. the completion of secondary education, the way questions are placed and the distribution of quotations must follow a certain pattern if the examinations are meant to select students to access higher education the approaches to assume will be completely different. The option of using national exams as a way of select students to access higher education has been hijacking teachers who increasingly feel pressure to prepare students for exams instead of providing students with knowledge and skills. Universities and Polytechnics should assume their responsibilities and, in coordination with the Ministry of Education, take the initiative to select the students for Higher Education by releasing the national exams to fulfill their task, certifying the end of a cycle.
Conhecimento gramatical avaliado à saída da escolaridade obrigatória: uma análise de exames nacionais do ensino secundário
Authors: Valente Rodrigues Sónia
Published: December 2020

The present study aims to understand how syntactic knowledge is assessed in exams and to compare the level of difficulty between comparable items, from the point of view of the object of assessment. The corpus includes 66 grammar assessment items, taken from the national final exams of secondary education, carried out between 2010 and 2017. The analysis focused on two indicators: the structural / syntactic pattern of instruction setting out the task to be performed by students and the metalinguistic operations required to respond to the instruction. The results describe the existence of different levels of difficulty in assessment items that have the same learning object. The study proves that similarly formulated instructions do not always match the same level of difficulty, nor are the same learnings assessed. It also proves that the tasks required from students involve metalinguistic operations of greater complexity than comprehension.
Que inter-relações entre géneros de texto e conhecimento gramatical podem ser objeto de conhecimento explícito e de avaliação?
Authors: Coutinho Antónia
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we discuss epistemological and theoretical approaches of grammatical and textual contents, focusing on their relevance in learning (Portuguese) contexts. We will argue that different epistemological approaches can be used complementarily; however, clear objectives must lead to different assessment tasks, ensuring that they are not masking or merging the specific identity of texts, which can’t be reduced to linguistic objects, if we consider them in a social interactionism epistemological approach.
Sobre interferência sintática em tradução e em escrita autêntica
Authors: Colaço Madalena , Gonçalves Anabela
Published: December 2020

In translation contexts, translators must activate two distinct grammars, as well as pragmatic conditions that may also be distinct. This particular case of languages in contact may give rise to inadequacies or errors, sometimes explained as the result of transferring properties of the source language to the target language. Focussing on the results presented in Gonçalves & Colaço (2019), who analysed some issues concerning reference chains in the context of translation, this paper discusses the data under a new perspective. In line with Sorace & Filiaci’s (2006) Interface Hypothesis, we show that in translation, as well as in other situations of languages in contact, linguistic phenomena involving the interface between syntax and other cognitive domains (in particular, semantics and pragmatics) are more affected than phenomena that exempt this interface, which explains why syntactic interference does not operate randomly; we show that this hypothesis is empirically motivated by data involving reference chains in the context of English to Portuguese translation. Plus, we present and discuss data from L1 authentic writing, showing that Portuguese students at the University present similar problems in establishing the adequate reference chains both when they are writing texts in their L1 (Portuguese) and when they are translating from English to their L1 (Portuguese), which leads us to conclude that reference chains are a particular relevant area to confirm the Interface Hypothesis also in L1 contexts.
Hinge Binder Scaffold Hopping Identifies Potent Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 (CAMKK2) Inhibitor Chemotypes
Authors: eduful benjamin , O'Byrne Sean , Temme Louisa , Asquith Christopher R. M. , Liang Yi , Picado Alfredo , Pilotte Joseph , Wells Carrow , Zuercher William , Catta-Preta Carolina , Ramos Priscila Zonzini , Santiago André , Counago rafael , Langendorf Christopher G , Nay Kevin , Oakhill Jonathan S , Pulliam Thomas L , Lin Chenchu , Awad Dominik , Willson Timothy M. , Frigo Daniel E , Scott John W. , Drewry David
Published: December 2020

CAMKK2 is a serine/threonine kinase and an activator of AMPK whose dysregulation is linked with multiple diseases. Unfortunately, STO-609, the tool inhibitor commonly used to probe CAMKK2 signaling, has limitations. To identify promising scaffolds as starting points for the development of high-quality CAMKK2 chemical probes, we utilized a hinge-binding scaffold hopping strategy to design new CAMKK2 inhibitors. Starting from the potent but promiscuous disubstituted 7-azaindole GSK650934 (CAMKK2 IC50 = 3 nM), a total of 32 compounds, composed of single ring, 5,6-, and 6,6-fused heteroaromatic cores were synthesized. The compound set was specifically designed to probe interactions with the kinase hinge-binding residues. These compounds were evaluated in vitro in biochemical and cellular assays for CAMKK2 inhibition. Compared to GSK650394 and STO-609, thirteen of our compounds displayed similar or better CAMKK2 inhibitory potency in vitro, while compounds 13g and 45 had greatly improved selectivity for CAMKK2 across the kinome. Our systematic survey of hinge binding chemotypes identified several potent and selective inhibitors of CAMKK2 to serve as starting points for medicinal chemistry programs aimed at the identification of CAMKK2 chemical probes and clinical candidates
Fabrication of Multilayered Composite Nanofibers Using Continuous Chaotic Printing and Electrospinning: Chaotic Electrospinning
Authors: Holmberg Sunshine , Garza-Flores Norma Alicia , Almajhadi Mohammad Ali , Chávez-Madero Carolina , Lujambio-Angeles Alejandro , Mendoza-Buenrostro Christian Carlos , Pérez-Carillo Esther , Wickramasinghe Hemantha K. , Martinez-Chapa Sergio O. , Madou Marc , Álvarez Mario Moisés , Santiago Grissel Trujillo-de
Published: December 2020

ChE is proposed for the creation of multi-material and multilayered nanostructures. This technology allows for the precise, continuous, and deterministic generation of internal nano-striations. The potential of ChE is shown through the fabrication of a nano-striated carbon electrode that shows a significant increase in capacitance. ChE has the potential of creating multifunctional architectures with enhanced properties for numerous applications.
Viruso-bacterial pneumonia, complicated by lightness pulmonary bleeding with death
Authors: Chizhova O. Y. , Ruslyakova I. A. , Baculin I. G. , Vinnichuk S. A. , Sakharov V. I.
Published: December 2020

Despite the significant achievements and successes of medical science, the incidence of influenza, its complications and socio-economic damage do not decrease, remaining at a high level. In the clinic of Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University from December 2018 to February 2019, from 89 hospitalized patients with pneumonia/acute bronchitis viral etiology was determined in 29 (32%). In 27 (97%) patients it was virus A (H1N1), in 2 cases A (H3N2). 9 (31%) patients were sever and were hospitalized in intensive care unit. The case of severe viral pneumonia caused by A (H3N2) complicated by fulminant pulmonary hemorrhage with a lethal outcome is presented.
Whooping cough in different periods of pregnancy
Authors: Popova O. P. , Smetanina S. V. , Antipyat N. A. , Revazyan N. R. , Skirda T. A.
Published: December 2020

Aim. To study the clinical course, diagnosis of pertussis in pregnant women.
Materials and methods. Under observation were 25 pregnant women with whooping cough. The age structure was dominated by patients from 6 to 35 years old, amounting to 64%. At the time of hospitalization in 2 (8%) patients the gestation period corresponded to the first trimester, in 7 (28%) II, in 9 (36%) III. In 7 (28%) patients, the diagnosis of whooping cough was made during childbirth. The following methods were used to verify pertussis: bacteriological, PCR and serological (ELISA).
Results and discussion. Clinical analysis showed that pregnant women with pertussis who came to the hospital were admitted to hospital mainly in the late stages of the disease (at 45 week in 68.6% of cases). Pertussis infection in all cases was typical: in moderate form 96%, mild at 4%. In 64% of patients, whooping cough accompanied by other respiratory diseases, which were the main cause of development of bronchitis. The use of ELISA allowed to confirm the clinical diagnosis in 91.7% of patients.
Conclusion. The course of whooping cough in pregnant women is characterized by a typical symptom complex. To improve the verification of the diagnosis, it is advisable to use modern laboratory tests (PCR, ELISA).
Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with pharmacological glucosuria
Authors: Sturov N. V. , Popov S. V. , Mamporia N. K. , Mager A. A.
Published: December 2020

Selective inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter belong to a new class of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mechanism of their action is based on insulin-independent reduction of glucose reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules, which leads to stimulation of its excretion in the urine and, accordingly, to a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma. Drugs of this group demonstrate effectiveness in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but their use may be associated with an increased frequency of urinary tract infections. Pharmacological glucosuria, which leads to a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood, creates the preconditions for the occurrence of urinary tract infections. Urinary tract and genital infections are the most common adverse events associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors. In the presented literature review for 20162019, the relationship between urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and therapy with sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors was analyzed.
Visceral leishmaniasis: a challenging diagnosis in internal medicine
Authors: Brovko M. Iu. , Akulkina L. A. , Potapov P. P. , Sholomova V. I. , Lebedeva M. V. , Nekrasova T. P. , Varshavskii V. A. , Volchkova E. V. , Rozina T. P. , Nikulkina E. N. , Karan L. S. , Moiseev S. V. , Fomin V. V.
Published: December 2020

Leishmaniasis is a vector-born parasitic disease characterized by predominant cutaneous or visceral involvement with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and anemia. Leishmaniasis has relatively high prevalence in tropical and subtropical areas. Several sporadic and mostly imported cases are detected in Russian Federation. Nevertheless, some local incidents are noted in southern areas (Crimea, Dagestan). Lack of epidemiological alertness hampers confirmation of diagnosis and may lead to incorrect treatment. The article summarizes current state of knowledge in epidemiology, diagnostic approach and treatment of leishmaniasis. Particular clinical case is discussed.
Risks of oncologic pathology in parasitosis at the present time
Authors: Omarova Kh. G. , Aleshina N. I. , Ponezhevа Zh. B. , Gorelov A. V. , Maleev V. V. , Akimkin V. G.
Published: December 2020

An analysis of published literature data on the relationship of parasitic diseases and oncogenesis is carried out. Current knowledge about the association of parasitic infections and cancer formation has revealed several carcinogenic mechanisms, but the severity of the relationship between parasites and cancer formation (except for schistosome, opisthorchis and clonorchis) should be confirmed in future experimental and population studies.
Risk factors for the early development of septic shock in patients with severe COVID-19
Authors: Glybochko P. V. , Fomin V. V. , Moiseev S. V. , Avdeev S. N. , Yavorovskiy A. G. , Brovko M. Yu. , Umbetova K. T. , Aliev V. A. , Bulanova E. L. , Bondarenko I. B. , Volkova O. S. , Gaynitdinova V. V. , Gneusheva T. Yu. , Dubrovin K. V. , Kapustina V. A. , Kraeva V. V. , Merzhoeva Z. M. , Nuralieva G. S. , Nogtev P. V. , Panasyuk V. V. , Politov M. E. , Popov A. M. , Popova E. N. , Raspopina N. A. , Royuk V. V. , Sorokin Yu. D. , Trushenko N. V. , Khalikova E. Yu. , Tsareva N. A. , Chikina S. Yu. , Chichkova N. V. , Akulkina L. A. , Bulanov N. M. , Ermolova L. A. , Zykova A. S. , Kitbalyan A. A. , Moiseev A. S. , Potapov P. P. , Tao E. A. , Sholomova V. I. , Shchepalina A. A. , Yakovleva A. A.
Published: December 2020

Aim. In a retrospective study, we evaluated factors associated with the early development of septic shock in patients with severe COVID-19.
Materials and methods. We collected medical records of the intensive care unit patients submitted by the local COVID-19 hospitals across Russia to the Federal Center for the Critical Care at the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University). Septic shock in crticially ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation was defined as a need in vasopressors to maintain blood pressure.
Results. We studied 1078 patients with severe COVID-19 who were admitted to the intensive care units for respiratory support. There were 611 males and 467 females. The mean age was 61.013.7 years. Five hundred twenty five medical records (48.7%) were received from the Moscow hospitals, 159 (14.7%) from the Moscow region, and 394 (36.5%) from the hospitals located in 58 regions of the Russian Federation. In 613 (56.9%) patients, diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by PCR, and in the other cases it was established on the basis of the clinical picture and the results of the chest CT scan. Septic shock developed in 214 (19.9%) of 1078 patients. In the logistic regression model, the risk of septic shock in patients older than 50 years was higher than in patients of a younger age (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.533.67; p0.0001). In patients with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation, type 2 diabetes and malignant tumors. The risk of septic shock in patients with three or more concomitant diseases was higher than in patients without any concomitant chronic diseases (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.762.70).
Conclusion. The risk of septic shock in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 is higher in patients older than 50 years with concomitant diseases, although a severe course of the disease is also possible in younger patients without any concomitant disorders.
The role of vitamin D in seasonal acute respiratory viral infections and COVID-19
Authors: Pigarova E. A. , Povalyaeva A. A. , Dzeranova L. K. , Rozhinskaya L. Y. , Mokrysheva N. G.
Published: December 2020

A link between vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to infectious diseases was suggested over a hundred years ago. Epidemiological studies show a strong association between seasonal fluctuations in vitamin D levels and the incidence of various infectious diseases, including septic shock, acute respiratory infections, and influenza. Our understanding of vitamin D metabolism and its extra-skeletal functions has improved significantly over the past three decades, and the discovery that the vitamin D receptor and 1a-hydroxylase, an enzyme needed to convert vitamin D to its active form, is present in the cells of the immune system, revolutionized in this area. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D regulates the expression of specific endogenous antimicrobial peptides in immune cells, modulates the immune response and the course of autoimmune processes; these actions indicate the potential role of vitamin D in modulating the immune response to various infectious diseases. This publication reviews the literature on the effects of vitamin D on immunity, its potential in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases, with a particular focus on COVID-19.
A network meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of baloxavir marboxil versus neuraminidase inhibitors for the treatment of influenza in otherwise healthy patients
Authors: Taieb Vanessa , Ikeoka Hidetoshi , Ma Fang-Fang , Borkowska Katarzyna , Aballea Samuel , Tone Keiko , Hirotsu Nobuo
Published: December 2020

Aim. Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is the first cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor being studied for the treatment of influenza in single oral dosing regimen. This network meta-analysis (NMA) evaluated the efficacy and safety of baloxavir compared to other antivirals for influenza in otherwise healthy patients. Methods. A systematic literature review was performed on 14 November 2016 in Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, and ICHUSHI to identify randomized controlled trials assessing antivirals for influenza. A NMA including 22 trials was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of baloxavir with other antivirals. Results. The time to alleviation of all symptoms was significantly shorter for baloxavir compared to zanamivir (difference in median time 19.96 h; 95% CrI [3.23, 39.07]). The time to cessation of viral shedding was significantly shorter for baloxavir than zanamivir and oseltamivir (47.00 h; 95% CrI [28.18, 73.86] and 56.03 h [33.74, 87.86], respectively). The mean decline in virus titer from baseline to 24 h was significantly greater for baloxavir than for the other drugs. Other differences in efficacy outcomes were not significant. No significant differences were found between baloxavir and the other antivirals for safety, except total drug-related adverse events where baloxavir demonstrated a decrease compared to oseltamivir and laninamivir. Conclusion. The NMA suggests that baloxavir demonstrated better or similar efficacy results compared to other antivirals with a comparable safety profile. Baloxavir led to a significant decrease in viral titer versus zanamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir and decreased viral shedding versus zanamivir and oseltamivir.
Anti-viral activity of enisamium iodide against viruses of influenza and ARVI’s on different cell lines
Authors: Zarubaev V. V. , Slita A. V. , Sinegubova E. O. , Muryleva A. A. , Lavrentieva I. N.
Published: December 2020

Influenza and ARVI represent the most numerous and dangerous group of causative agents of respiratory infections human. Aim. Characterization of the antiviral properties of enisamium iodide against human respiratory viruses in in vitro experiments. Materials and methods. In the course of experiments, the cytotoxic properties of enisamium iodide were studied against the cell lines Vero, MA-104, A549, L-41 and HEp-2. The antiviral activity of enisamium iodide was studied using virus yield reduction assay against influenza viruses, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Coxsackie B3 and Coxsackie B4 viruses, as well as adenoviruses types 5 and 6. Results. The most sensitive to the action of enisamium iodide was the human parainfluenza virus, whose activity decreased by 2.3 orders of magnitude under the action of the drug in A549 cells. Of the cell cultures used, enisamium iodide exhibited the maximum antiviral effect in human lung carcinoma cells A549, where, in its presence, the level of reproduction of adenoviruses of types 5 and 6, Coxsackie viruses B3 and B4, and human parainfluenza virus decreased by an order of magnitude or more. The antiviral activity of enisamium iodide was least manifested in Vero cells. Conclusion. According to the results of in vitro experiments, enisamium iodide can be considered as an antiviral drug with a wide spectrum of activity against human respiratory viruses.