bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of ovarian cancer cell lines using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Lambros Maryou BK , Fiegler Heike , Jones Angela , Gorman Patricia , Roylance Rebecca R , Carter Nigel P , Tomlinson Ian PM
Published: December 2004

In this study, 23 ovarian cancer cell lines were screened using array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) based on large‐insert clones at about 1 Mb density from throughout the genome. The most frequent recurrent changes at the level of the chromosome arm were loss of chromosome 4 or 4q, loss of 18q and gain of 20 or 20q; other recurrent changes included losses of 6q, 8p, 9p, 11p, 15q, 16q, 17p, and 22q, and gain of 7q. Losses of 4q and 18q occurred together more often than expected. Evidence was found for two types of ovarian cancer, one typically near‐triploid and characterized by a generally higher frequency of chromosomal changes (especially losses of 4p, 4q, 13q, 15q, 16p, 16q, 18p and 18q), and the other typically near‐diploid/tetraploid and with fewer changes overall, but with relatively high frequencies of 9p loss, 9q gain, and 20p gain. Multiple novel changes (amplifications, homozygous deletions, discrete regions of gain or loss, small overlapping regions of change and frequently changed clones) were also detected, each of which might indicate the locations of oncogenes or tumour suppressor loci. For example, at least two regions of amplification on chromosome 11q13, one including cyclin D1 and the other the candidate oncogene PAK1, were found. Amplification on 11q22 near the progesterone receptor gene and a cluster of matrix metalloproteinase loci was also detected. Other potential oncogenes, which mapped to regions found by this study, included cyclin E and PIK3C2G. Candidate tumour suppressor genes in regions of loss included CDKN2C, SMAD4‐interacting protein and RASSF2. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioregular head‐to‐tail poly(6‐alkylpyridine‐2,5‐diyl)s and a new type of packing structure of the polymer in the solid state
Authors: Fukumoto Hiroki , Kimura Ryosuke , Sasaki Shintaro , Kubota Kenji , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: December 2004

New regioregular head‐to‐tail type poly(6‐alkylpyridine‐2,5‐diyl)s (P6RPys; R = nonyl, dodecyl, and pentadecyl) were prepared by organometallic polycondensation. The head‐to‐tail (HT) content in the polymers was higher than 95%, as revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Powder X‐ray diffraction data of HT‐P6RPys indicated that P6RPys formed a new type of structure composed of an alternating end‐to‐end packed unit and an interdigitation packed unit. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 215–222, 2005
Elastic behavior of ring polymer chains
Authors: Shen Yu , Zhang Linxi
Published: December 2004

In this article, the conformational properties and elastic behaviors of ring polymers in the process of tensile elongation are investigated with the Monte Carlo method and the bond fluctuation model. The ratio of the mean‐square diameter  to the mean‐square radius of gyration  increases with the elongation ratio, λ, and the instantaneous shape of ring polymers is more symmetric than that of linear chains in the process of tensile elongation. Here  for ring polymers rather than the mean‐square end‐to‐end distance  for linear polymers is defined as the average of squared distances between two segments separated by N/2 bonds, where N represents the total number of bonds. Local quantities, that is, the mean‐square bond length  and the mean bond angle <θ> increase with λ, especially for short ring chains. The  and  have the same relationship with the chain length, N, that is,  ∼ N1.130±0.020 and  ∼ N1.160±0.013 for a different λ. Some thermodynamics properties are also addressed here. The average energy per bond  decreases with λ and the average Helmholtz free energy and elastic force f increase with λ, especially for short ring chains. Comparisons with linear chains are also made. These investigations may provide insight into the elastic behaviors of ring polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 223–232, 2005
Explosion of auxiliary boiler in an ammonia plant
Authors: Babic Zlatko , Losso Ivica
Published: December 2004

The explosion of an auxiliary boiler occurred in the process of lighting, during plant start‐up. In the 20 years of plant operation, the boiler has been operated in the same way and without any problems. The investigation showed that the explosion happened because the manual valves for burners were not sufficiently closed and that they allowed larger quantities of gas into the boiler; moreover, the dampers were not sufficiently open for air and the flue gas. The installation of firing equipment, made according to the latest revision of relevant and recognized standards, which ensures automatic burner ignition, flame monitoring, and safety control equipment is one of the requirements to avoid boiler explosion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Thermostimulated luminescence properties of CaSO4:Dy and CaSO4:Tm phosphors annealed at high temperatures
Authors: Lakshmanan A. R. , Lapraz D. , Prévost H. , Benabdesselam M.
Published: December 2004

Pre‐irradiation annealing at temperatures ≥800 °C in air drastically reduces the 230 °C dosimetric thermostimulated luminescence (TSL) peak in CaSO4:Dy/Tm and simultaneously the 60 °C and 120 °C peaks are strongly enhanced. In samples sintered at 1000 °C, the dosimetric peak vanished totally while the low temperature peaks exhibit a high TSL sensitivity. Moreover, the PL intensities decrease drastically on high temperature sintering; a reduction by as much as 75% is seen at 1000 °C. Photo‐transfer studies indicate that the 60 °C peak might originate from electron release while the 120 °C peak from hole release. These two low temperature TSL peaks could have potential applications for photostimulation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An experimental design for the development of adaptive treatment strategies
Authors: Murphy S. A.
Published: December 2004

In adaptive treatment strategies, the treatment level and type is repeatedly adjusted according to ongoing individual response. Since past treatment may have delayed effects, the development of these treatment strategies is challenging. This paper advocates the use of sequential multiple assignment randomized trials in the development of adaptive treatment strategies. Both a simple ad hoc method for ascertaining sample sizes and simple analysis methods are provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of salivary steroid analyses to assess ovarian cycles in an Indian rhinoceros at the National Zoological Park
Authors: Gómez Andrés , Jewell Erin , Walker Susan L. , Brown Janine L.
Published: December 2004

Saliva samples were collected from a female Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) housed at the National Zoological Park, and ether‐extracted for analyses of androgen, estrogen, and progestin metabolites to assess ovarian cycles. Analyses of both salivary androgens and estrogens were found to reliably monitor follicular activity. Although the temporal patterns of the two steroids were significantly correlated (r=0.62; P<0.05), they differed slightly. Salivary androgens increased earlier during the follicular phase, although both peaked at the same time in association with behavioral estrus. Based on salivary androgen profiles, the mean duration of the follicular phase was 11.4 days (ranged=7–15 days; n=17 cycles). Estrous cycle length, as measured by the time between consecutive androgen peaks, was 47.4±3.4 days (range=37–86 days). Salivary progestin measurements were effective for monitoring luteal function. The mean duration of the luteal phase was 15.5±1.5 days (range=10–23 days). In sum, assays were identified for measuring salivary steroids to assess ovarian function in Indian rhinoceroses. However, not all of the assay systems tested were effective, perhaps because of interfering matrix effects. Mate introductions in the Indian rhinoceros often require careful monitoring, and a technique for monitoring hormones in saliva could be an alternative to urine or fecal analyses for identifying estrus and timing breeding in this species. Such a technique would be particularly useful for situations in which it is difficult to collect uncontaminated urine and feces. Zoo Biol 23:501–512, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsatellite markers linked to QTL for resistance to Mal de Río Cuarto disease in Zea mays L.
Authors: DI RENZO M. A. , BONAMICO N. C. , DÍAZ D. G. , IBAÑEZ M. A. , FARICELLI M. E. , BALZARINI M. G. , SALERNO J. C.
Published: December 2004

‘Mal de Río Cuarto’ (MRC) disease, caused by a member of the family Reoviridae belonging to the genus Fijivirus, is considered to be the most damaging viral disease of maize (Zea mays L.) in Argentina. Resistance to MRC disease is a quantitative trait with moderate heritability ranging from 0·44 to 0·56. The objective of this study was to identify simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to MRC disease resistance. Two hundred and twenty-seven F3 derived-lines from a cross between a susceptible inbred line, Mo17, and a partially resistant inbred line, BLS14, were evaluated across four Río Cuarto environments. A disease severity index (DSI) based on disease grades was calculated and used to rate F3 derived-lines for their resistance to MRC disease. A subset of parental F2 plants belonging to susceptible and resistant F3 derived-lines from field assessments was assayed for 180 SSR primer pairs to map resistance genes. Fifty-six maize SSR were employed for the testing of linkage among DNA markers and the mapping of QTL through composite interval mapping. Resistance to MRC disease was affected by two QTL on chromosomes 1 and 8 which showed overdominance and dominant gene action, respectively. A simultaneous fit with these QTL in the joint analyses explained 36·2% of the phenotypic variance. In spite of the fact that relative efficiency of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in comparison to phenotypic selection was close to 1, the mapped QTL could improve the efficiency of efforts in breeding for resistance to MRC disease.
Has the atmospheric supply of dissolved calcite dust to seawater influenced the evolution of marine 87Sr/86Sr ratios over the past 2.5 million years?
Authors: Jacobson Andrew D.
Published: December 2004

By analyzing the geochemistry of Chinese loess, this study examines if the flux of calcite dust from the Chinese Loess Plateau to the North Pacific influenced the evolution of marine 87Sr/86Sr ratios between 2.5 million years ago (Ma) and the present. Calcite comprises ∼10 wt% of Chinese loess and contains ∼1 × 104 nmol of Sr/g with an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of ∼0.711. A compilation of literature data suggests that the calcite dust flux emanating from eastern Asia has averaged either 2 × 1013 or 1 × 1014 g/yr since the onset of Northern Hemisphere cooling ∼2.5 Ma. The factor of 5 difference between the estimates reflects discrepancies inherent to methods for determining dust fluxes to seawater. At present, these discrepancies remain unresolved. Calcite dust is completely dissolved during transport in the atmosphere and ocean. Thus the marine Sr input from eolian calcite dissolution has averaged either 2 × 108 or 1 × 109 mol/yr. A mass balance model demonstrates that the lower estimate has very little influence on seawater 87Sr/86Sr ratios, whereas the higher estimate has possibly elevated seawater 87Sr/86Sr ratios by ∼18% since 2.5 Ma. When combined with previously reported effects of Northern Hemisphere glaciation on the riverine Sr flux, this shift is sufficient to reproduce the entire Plio‐Pleistocene marine Sr record. While more research is required to constrain dust flux estimates, these findings suggest that the atmospheric supply of eolian calcite to seawater may represent a previously overlooked process linking climate change to the marine Sr cycle.
Application of video image processing to detect volcanic pressure waves: A case study on archived images of Aso Volcano, Japan
Authors: Yokoo Akihiko , Taniguchi Hiromitsu
Published: December 2004

Application of video image processing to a volcanic eruption was attempted, using video image archives of Aso volcano. As a result, continual flashings in the pale gray plume that appeared to be continual (5–6 times per second) and long‐lived nature (more than 20–30 sec) were found. The speed of their propagation was very high, 200–300 m/sec. They are thought to be due to a phase change of H2O in the plume caused by volcanic pressure waves, but they cannot be recognized directly on normal images. The video image processing reported here will become increasingly more useful in the field of volcanology as the imaging technology is developed.
The interannual variability of the North Atlantic Ocean revealed by combined data from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimetric measurements
Authors: Fu Lee‐Lueng
Published: December 2004

A decade‐long record of sea surface height from combined altimeter data taken by the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason satellites was analyzed for studying the interannual variability of the North Atlantic Ocean. On time scales of 5–6 years, variations of sea surface height have maximum amplitudes in three areas: the subpolar gyre, the Gulf Stream gyre (the Gulf Stream and its recirculation), and the subtropical region. The variation of the subpolar gyre is 180 degrees out of phase with that of the Gulf Stream gyre at its eastern end. The variation of the Gulf Stream gyre at its western end is connected to that of the subtropical region, exhibiting phase propagation from the subtropics all the way to the eastern end of the Gulf Stream gyre. The patterns of phase change suggest possible roles of Rossby waves in the dynamics of the basin‐wide variability.
Turbulent diapycnal mixing in the Nordic seas
Authors: Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Oliver Kevin I. C. , Watson Andrew J. , Messias Marie‐José
Published: December 2004

The distribution of turbulent diapycnal mixing in the Nordic seas is mapped from observations of internal wave density and velocity fine structure. The uppermost 500–1500 m host two distinct mixing regimes. In the eastern basins, the diapycnal diffusivity (Kρ) straddles 10−5 m2 s−1, whereas in the weakly stratified Greenland and Boreas basins it is raised by an order of magnitude. Below ∼2000 m, low stratification is associated with intense turbulent mixing across the Nordic seas, with diffusivities in the range 3 × 10−4–10−2 m2 s−1. These mixing rates agree within uncertainties with three tracer‐based diffusivity estimates in the region and are associated with turbulent dissipation rates (ɛ) that are at most moderately enhanced above typical open ocean values. A minimum in both ɛ and Kρ is commonly found at ∼1500 m, a depth level that is most efficiently sheltered from shallow and bottom energy sources for the mixing. Available evidence points to wind work on upper ocean inertial motions as a shallow source, with semidiurnal internal tides generated at different levels of the topography contributing to both shallow and deep turbulence. While the closure of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in the Nordic seas appears to be primarily driven by air‐sea interaction, turbulent mixing has the potential to play a critical role in shaping the stratification and ventilation of the region via a range of complex interactions with convection.
Acute impairment of contractile responses by 17β‐estradiol is cAMP and protein kinase G dependent in vascular smooth muscle cells of the porcine coronary arteries
Authors: Keung Wendy , Vanhoutte Paul M , Man Ricky Y K
Published: December 2004

The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) cascade in the acute impairment of contraction by 17β‐estradiol in porcine coronary arteries, and to elucidate the signaling pathway leading to the activation of this cascade by the hormone.

Isometric tension was recorded in isolated rings of porcine coronary arteries.

The contraction to U46619 was reduced significantly following 30 min incubation with 1 nM 17β‐estradiol or 1 nM isoproterenol. There was no additive effect when 17β‐estradiol and isoproterenol were administered together. The effect of 17β‐estradiol was mimicked by both the cyclic AMP analogue 8‐Br‐cAMP and the guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) analogue 8‐Br‐cGMP.

In rings with and without endothelium, the modulatory effect of 17β‐estradiol was abolished by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, SQ 22536, but was unaffected by the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ.

Both the cAMP antagonist Rp‐8‐Br‐cAMPS and the cGMP antagonist inhibitor Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS inhibited the effect of 17β‐estradiol.

The effect of 17β‐estradiol was unaffected by the protein kinase A inhibitor, KT5720, but was abolished by the protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor, KT5823, which also abolished the effect of isoproterenol.

These data support our earlier findings that 17β‐estradiol (1 nM) acutely impairs contractile responses of porcine coronary arteries in vitro. This acute effect of 17β‐estradiol involves cAMP in vascular smooth muscles and the activation of PKG.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 71–79. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706018
Pharmacological characterization of ligand–receptor interactions at the zebrafish bradykinin receptor
Authors: Bromée Torun , Kukkonen Jyrki P , Andersson Per , Conlon J Michael , Larhammar Dan
Published: December 2004

Ligand interactions of a piscine bradykinin (BK) receptor expressed in vitro have been characterized for the first time by measuring inositol phosphate accumulation.

The ligands were analogues of zebrafish BK with serial substitutions by D‐amino acids or alanine. Substitutions at residues Arg1, Gly4, Ser6, Pro7, Leu8 and Arg9 caused greatly reduced potency and maximum response. The Pro3 → Ala analogue had higher potency but lower maximum response.

The peptide HOE140 was a weak partial agonist although it is an antagonist at the human B2 receptor and a potent agonist at chicken B2.

Thus, cloned zebrafish BK receptor reveals a ligand‐interaction profile that is distinct from mammalian B1 and B2 receptors and from the previously characterized BK receptor in trout stomach, but similar to the receptor in cod intestine. These results increase our understanding of the evolution of BK receptors and the functions of the kallikrein–kinin system.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 11–16. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706032
Connexin‐mimetic peptides dissociate electrotonic EDHF‐type signalling via myoendothelial and smooth muscle gap junctions in the rabbit iliac artery
Authors: Chaytor Andrew T , Bakker Linda M , Edwards David H , Griffith Tudor M
Published: December 2004

Synthetic peptides corresponding to the Gap 26 and Gap 27 domains of the first and second extracellular loops of the major vascular connexins (Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43), designated as 43Gap 26, 40Gap 27, 37,40Gap 26 and 37,43Gap 27 according to Cx homology, were used to investigate the role of gap junctions in the spread of endothelial hyperpolarizations evoked by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) through the wall of the rabbit iliac artery.

Immunostaining and confocal microscopy demonstrated that gap junction plaques constructed from Cx37 and Cx40 were abundant in the endothelium, whereas Cx43 was the dominant Cx visualized in the media.

None of the Cx‐mimetic peptides affected endothelial hyperpolarizations evoked by CPA directly.

When administered individually, 40Gap 27, 37,40Gap 26 and 37,43Gap 27, but not 43Gap 26, attenuated endothelium‐dependent subintimal smooth muscle hyperpolarization. By contrast, only 43Gap 26 and 37,43Gap 27 reduced the spread of subintimal hyperpolarization through the media of the rabbit iliac artery. The site of action of the peptides therefore correlated closely with the expression of their target Cxs in detectable gap junction plaques.

The findings provide further evidence that the EDHF phenomenon is electrotonic in nature, and highlight the contribution of myoendothelial and homocellular smooth muscle communication via gap junctions to arterial function.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 108–114. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706046
Regulation of stability of cyclin-dependent kinase CDK11p110 and a caspase-processed form, CDK11p46, by Hsp90
Authors: MIKOLAJCZYK Monika , NELSON Mark A.
Published: December 2004

CDK11p110 (cyclin-dependent kinase 11p110, formerly known as PITSLRE) is a member of the CDK superfamily. It associates with cyclin L and is involved in the regulation of transcription and in premRNA splicing. During staurosporine-, Fas- and tumour necrosis factor α-induced apoptosis, CDK11p110, is cleaved by caspases to generate smaller 46–50 kDa proteins containing the catalytic kinase domain. Ectopic expression of the caspase-processed form CDK11p46 induces apoptosis. The mechanisms that regulate activation and stability of CDK11 isoforms are still unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that in human melanoma cells CDK11p110 and CDK11p46 interact with Hsp90 (heat-shock protein 90) and its co-chaperone cdc37. Furthermore, we show that the treatment of cells with the Hsp90-specific inhibitor geldanamycin leads to ubiquitination and enhanced degradation of both CDK11p110 and CDK11p46 through a proteasome-dependent pathway. We also determined that geldanamycin-triggered degradation of CDK11p46 slows down the progression of apoptosis. These results indicate that Hsp90 and cdc37 stabilize CDK11 kinase, and suggest that this stabilization is crucial for its pro-apoptotic function.
Probing the active site of YjeE: a vital Escherichia coli protein of unknown function
Authors: ALLALI-HASSANI Abdellah , CAMPBELL Tracey L. , HO Andy , SCHERTZER Jeffrey W. , BROWN Eric D.
Published: December 2004

In the study described here, we have taken steps to characterize the YjeE protein, an Escherichia coli protein of unknown function that is essential for bacterial viability. YjeE represents a protein family whose members are broadly conserved in bacteria, absent from eukaryotes and contain both Walker A and B motifs, characteristic of P-loop ATPases. We have revisited the dispensability of the yjeE gene in E. coli and describe efforts to probe the function of the YjeE protein with in vitro biochemistry. We have looked critically for ATPase activity in the recombinant E. coli protein and have made vigilant use of site-directed variants in the Walker A [K41A (Lys41→Ala) and T42A] and putative Walker B (D80Q) motifs. We noted that any hydrolysis of ATP by the wild-type E. coli protein might be attributed to background ATPase, since it was not appreciably different from that of the variants. To overcome potential contaminants, we turned to crystalline pure YjeE protein from Haemophilus influenzae that was found to hydrolyse ATP at a slow rate (kcat=1 h−1). We have also shown high-affinity binding to YjeE by ADP using equilibrium dialysis (Kd=32 μM) and by fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a conserved tryptophan in YjeE to a fluorescent derivative of ADP, 2′-/3′-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)adenosine 5′-O-diphosphate (Kd=8 μM). Walker motif variants were notably impaired for ADP binding and T42A and D80Q mutations in yjeE were incapable of complementing the yjeE deletion strain.
A Mirage of Colonial Consensus: Resettlement Schemes in Early Spanish Peru
Authors: Scott Heidi V
Published: December 2004

In this paper I examine struggles over space, mobility, and indigenous human geographies that centred on the reducciones (reductions), colonial towns that were created for the purpose of controlling indigenous populations in 16th-century Spanish Peru. Drawing on recent geographical debates about ‘domination’ and ‘resistance’, I question assumptions, encountered in many studies of the reducciones, about the homogeneity and coherence of Spanish concepts of colonial spatial order, and seek to demonstrate that these settlements were located at the centre of complex struggles that went far beyond binary oppositions between Andeans and Spaniards. Rather than emphasising the manner in which the reducciones were implemented by colonial authorities as instruments of spatial and behavioural control, I draw attention to the ambivalence and diversity of Spanish reactions to the reducciones and the ways in which indigenous spatial practices were closely entwined with those of the colonisers. By reinserting the reducciones into the messy matrix of everyday colonial life, I aim to contribute to current efforts to question and dismantle the dualisms upon which colonialism was itself founded.
Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: Species-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque
Authors: Gil-da-Costa Ricardo , Braun Allen , Lopes Marco , Hauser Marc D. , Carson Richard E. , Herscovitch Peter , Martin Alex
Published: December 2004

Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller. Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques, we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus) and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing object concepts.
Bacterial productivity in Lake Superior, 2001: Implications for food web efficiencies in oligotrophic freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Heath Robert T. , Munawar M.
Published: December 2004

A synoptic survey of Lake Superior from 16 to 24 August 2001 investigated heterotrophic bacterial abundance, productivity and role in phosphorus dynamics. We examined integrated surface samples (0–20 m) drawn from three nearshore (depth < 50 m) and four offshore (depth > 100 m) stations. Bacterial abundance ranged from 5.7 to 10.0 × 105 cells ml−1. Heterotrophic bacterial productivity measured using 3H-leucine and primary productivity measured using 14C-bicarbonate at nearshore stations were generally greater than at offshore stations. Bacterial productivity generally represented a greater percentage of primary productivity at stations with higher phytoplankton productivity. Phosphate as soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was low at all stations examined but greater at nearshore stations (ave. 110 nM) than offshore (ave. 75 nM). 33P-orthophosphate uptake by size-fractionated groups indicated that greater than 61% (and up to 93%) of the instantaneous phosphate uptake was by bacteria in both nearshore and offshore habitats. Bacterial phosphorus use efficiency (production per mole of P taken up) was greatest at stations where primary productivity exceeded 1.5 μ g C l−1 h−1. Where bacterial phosphorus use efficiency is relatively low, the phosphorus-to-carbon ratio was relatively high, suggesting that bacterioplankton may be especially important in phosphorus-dynamics and that bacterivory may be an especially important process mobilizing phosphorus to higher trophic levels in Lake Superior and ultraoligotrophic aquatic communities in general. The implications for emerging issues of investigation in Lake Superior are discussed in the context of contemporary marine and freshwater research.
Work and family programs and productivity
Authors: Clifton Thomas J. , Shepard Edward
Published: December 2004

This paper provides statistical evidence about the effect of work and family programs on productivity using a sample of large Fortune 500 companies in 30 industries in the US economy. Cross‐sectional firm‐level data on work and family programs are combined with financial data on companies to estimate production functions. Alternative specifications and estimation techniques are applied, including ordinary least squares and two‐stage least squares, with controls or corrections for union status, capital quality, heteroskedasticity, and possible endogeneity of company work‐family programs. The empirical results suggest that work‐family support programs succeed in improving productivity. The positive effects on firm performance may help to explain the growth and spread of work and family programs among US corporations in recent years. Further research is needed to evaluate the economic costs of work and family programs and to identify the mechanisms whereby work and family programs result in improved productivity.
Achieving an optimal global versus domestic sourcing balance under demand uncertainty
Authors: Jin Byoungho
Published: December 2004

As manufacturers face demand uncertainty and new retailing practices, such as filling frequent, small replenishment orders, agility has become an important competitive tool. By sourcing globally, manufacturing firms can reduce production costs, but may not be agile enough to meet retailers' needs on a timely basis. To minimize the cost/agility trade‐off, many firms are combining global and domestic sourcing. However, factors to be considered for mixed strategies have not been suggested. Based on Bucklin's concepts of postponement and speculation, this study tried to find the ideal point, “I”, at which the optimal amount of global and domestic sourcing can be formulated considering the total cost and delivery time simultaneously. In mixing domestic and global sourcing to reach the optimum profit, this study provided four conditions under which the larger portion of domestic sourcing can be formulated: greater level of demand uncertainly, information and manufacturing technology, local subcontractor clusters, and long‐term relationship with a subcontractor.
Content management helps us to work smarter at Telecom New Zealand
Authors: Myles Sally
Published: December 2004

The vision for Telecom New Zealand's intranet – “one company working together online” – is being realised, thanks to the decision to move the entire intranet to a content management system. The challenge was to move over 220 disparate sites to a single platform and develop a strategy for future development. This article outlines how a governance model was developed and standard intranet architecture aligned to business objectives; 35,000 pages of content were migrated and delivered on the vision, while building a solid foundation for the future of the intranet in the organisation.
Oceans of opportunity: Whakawhitihia te Moana
Authors: Raitt David
Published: December 2004

This issue contains selected papers from the 2003 Annual LIANZA Conference held in Napier, Hawke's Bay, 7‐10 October 2003, plus one paper that was not. The title of the Conference was “Oceans of Opportunity”, with sessions aptly named: Seize the day, Exploring the depths, Netting the fish and Swimming with the sharks. The papers that make up this issue reflect these topics.
The British Library – delivering the world's knowledge: some recent developments
Authors: Ceeney Natalie
Published: December 2004

Describes the development of the British Library's services for researchers, business and the public.
Making the connection: the changing face of Ingenta library services
Authors: Wright Doug
Published: December 2004

This article looks at the development of Ingenta and recent innovations.
Designing out crime: the retail perspective
Authors: Lawrence Greg
Published: December 2004

Looks at various ways in which properties can be made more secure. Using a little thought and planning can make it more difficult for people to enter the property, and more time‐consuming for intruders to exit. Looks at ways in which the layout of stores can be more of a deterrent to would‐be perpetrators, reducing opportunities for casual opportunists to take advantage and posing more problems for the determined offenders.
Spatial technology for natural risk management
Authors: Mansor Shattri , Abu Shariah Mohammed , Billa Lawal , Setiawan Iwan , Jabar Faisal
Published: December 2004

This study integrates high spatial resolution remote sensor data with geographic information system (GIS) data and multi‐criteria analysis to develop a methodology to model disaster risk for flood risk management and in peat swamp forest fires in order to assist in providing decision support systems for emergency operations and disaster prevention. Landslides are the result of a wide variety of processes, including geological, geomorphological and meteorological factors. Spatial technology has the ability to assess and estimate regions of landslide hazard by creating thematic maps and overlapping them to produce a final hazard map which classifies regions according to three categories of risk.
Insight into the nature of road accidents from data on injured and dead
Authors: Rautela Piyoosh , Sharma Ravish
Published: December 2004

Analysis of data on road accidents collected from different sources brings forth important characteristics related to the nature of accidents. Based on this, the fatality index (FI) is defined as the ratio of fatalities to injuries in accidents. An increase in FI is indicative of fatalities in accidents. High FI is observed to correlate positively with difficult terrain, slow response and poor medical facilities. FI therefore represents an important indicator for planning initiatives to reduce fatalities related to road accidents.
Strategic preparation for crisis management in hospitals: empirical evidence from Egypt
Authors: Mostafa Mohamed M. , Sheaff Rod , Morris Michael , Ingham Valerie
Published: December 2004

This study examines Egyptian managers' perceptions of their hospitals' preparation for crisis management. A total of 259 participants completed a 24‐item Strategic Preparation for Crisis Management (SPCM) instrument. The instrument was found to be valid and reliable in a non‐Western context. The study detected a positive relationship between long‐term strategy and crisis readiness. A significant statistical relationship was also found between external strategic orientation and crisis readiness. Finally, organizational complexity was found to be significantly and negatively associated with perceived crisis readiness.
Structure, speed and salience: performance measurement in the supply chain
Authors: Morgan Chris
Published: December 2004

The supply chain presents many challenges for management and for the design of performance measurement systems. It is possibly one of the final structural areas of business in which significant savings are to be made, and it is becoming an increasingly important strategic tool as trade becomes global in perspective. To assess the problems faced in the supply chain, this paper begins with an overview of where we are in terms of the development of performance measurement theory. It then highlights two key issues that the supply chain raises in measuring performance in an intra‐organisation scenario before identifying no fewer than nine preconditions necessary for effective and dynamic performance measurement within supply chains.
Date‐restricted queries in web search engines
Authors: Lewandowski Dirk
Published: December 2004

Search engines usually offer a date‐restricted search on their advanced search pages. But determining the actual update of a web page is not without problems. Conducts a study testing date‐restricted queries on the search engines Google, Teoma and Yahoo! Finds that these searches fail to work properly in the engines examined. Finally, discusses implications of this for further research and search engine development.
Citation searching
Authors: Jacsó Péter
Published: December 2004

Citation searching has been available for decades, although in a limited form. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of searching by cited references, and also some alternatives in searching for cited references, before presenting a case study involving citation searching in full‐text indexes.
‘Can my daughter of 18 read this book?’: Ulysses and obscenity
Authors: Potter Rachel
Published: December 2004

This article considers Ulysses in relation to legal, social and literary ideas of obscenity in the early twentieth century. I discuss the trial of the Little Review in 1921, in which the question of the text's obscenity was related to the responses of a particular audience, 'young girls'. I also consider, however, whether Joyce twists the meaning of obscenity in the 'Nausicaa' section Ulysses, asking whether it is Bloom's masturbation or the young Gerty's sentimental imagination which is obscene. The article explores the shifting relationship between Ulysses, obscenity and femininity.
Writing like a rat
Authors: Ellmann Maud
Published: December 2004

According to Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka's experiments with animality epitomise the responsibility of the artist: 'either stop writing, or write like a rat'. The present essay examines how modernist writing tackles this strange responsibility. The first section provides a brief synopsis of facts and fictions about rats, focusing on the animals' association with the networks of modernity; a further section examines the role of rats in Freud's case history of the Rat Man; and the conclusion discusses the role of the rat in modernist writing, particularly in the works of Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, and Beckett.
The AIDS Epidemic and Migrants in South Asia and South‐East Asia
Authors: Simonet Daniel
Published: December 2004

Migrant vulnerability to AIDS is an important public health care issue. After having listed some characteristics of the epidemic in Asia and their link with migration, the article describes some of the disease's consequences on economic sectors that employ migrants and lists preventive measures (regulatory, sectoral, microeconomic) that have been taken to counter the spread.
Spatial‐temporal population dynamics across species range: from centre to margin
Authors: Guo Qinfeng , Taper Mark , Schoenberger M. , Brandle J.
Published: December 2004

Understanding the boundaries of species’ ranges and the variations in population dynamics from the centre to margin of a species’ range is critical. This study simulated spatial‐temporal patterns of birth and death rates and migration across a species’ range in different seasons. Our results demonstrated the importance of dispersal and migration in altering birth and death rates, balancing source and sink habitats, and governing expansion or contraction of species’ ranges in changing environments. We also showed that the multiple equilibria of metapopulations across a species’ range could be easily broken following climatic changes or physical disturbances either local or regional. Although we refer to our models as describing the population dynamics across whole species’ range, they should also apply to small‐scale habitats (metapopulations) in which species abundance follows a humped pattern or to any ecosystem or landscape where strong central‐marginal (C‐M) environmental gradients exist. Conservation of both central and marginal populations would therefore be equally important considerations in making management decisions.
Charcoal and activated carbon as adsorbate of phytotoxic compounds – a comparative study
Authors: Hille Marco , Den Ouden Jan
Published: December 2004

This study compares the potential of natural charcoal from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and activated carbon to improve germination under the hypothesis that natural charcoal adsorbs phytotoxins produced by dwarf‐shrubs, but due to it's chemical properties to a lesser extent than activated carbon. Activated carbon has been used in many bioassays as an adsorbate to clean aqueous solutions.

We used aqueous extracts from young leaves of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull and Vaccinium myrtillus (L.) as phytotoxin sources in two different concentrations (10 and 14 gr. of dried leaves in 100 ml distilled water). Germination of pine seeds was prevented by the higher concentration of both species, while the lower ones did not show significantly reduced germination. Both ericaceous species showed a very similar potential to prevent germination of Scots pine seeds.

Supplemented carbon (activated carbon, powdered or granulated pine charcoal) restored germination in strong extracts. Adding activated carbon resulted in germination of almost 100%. With pine charcoals added, lower germination percentages were observed. The charcoal powder was more effective (60% for C. vulgaris; 28% for V. myrtillus) than the charcoal granulate (30% and 16%, respectively) in restoring germination.

Chemical and surface analysis of the three carbon supplements revealed that activated carbon had by far the biggest active surface area (641 m2 g−1), and thus many more cavities to bind phytotoxins than natural charcoal (total surface area of 142 m2 g−1).

We conclude, that charcoal produced by forest fires can have a positive effect on seed germination, but to a much lesser extent than activated carbon. Previous studies, which used activated carbon as an equivalent for charcoal, overestimated the effect of charcoal on germination.
Analyzing patterns of species diversity as departures from random expectations
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: December 2004

Insight into the factors that influence patterns of species diversity can be obtained by comparing real patterns to their counterparts derived under a model of randomness or a null model. For example, intraspecific aggregation is very common among a wide variety of protozoan, plant, and animal taxa. Despite this, ecologists do not yet fully appreciate the potential effect of intraspecific aggregation on patterns of species diversity. Intraspecific aggregation is predicted to limit alpha‐diversity (mean species richness of a set of ecological communities) to a level less than that expected based on random distributions of individuals. Conversely, intraspecific aggregation should enhance beta‐diversity (differences in species composition among communities). These effects on alpha‐ and beta‐diversity should be related to the mean amount of intraspecific aggregation within a species assemblage (group of taxonomically similar species distributed among a set of communities). I tested these predictions by applying additive diversity partitioning and a randomization routine to 28 arthropod assemblages. Intraspecific aggregation was very common. It significantly limited alpha‐diversity to less than that expected under the random model. At the same time, intraspecific aggregation enhanced beta‐diversity. These effects were greatest in assemblages where intraspecific aggregation was greatest. The next step for ecologists is to identify those factors that cause conspecifics to aggregate and thus also influence patterns of species diversity.
Neoliberalism and casualization of public sector services: the case of waste collection services in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Miraftab Faranak
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on the waste collection strategies of the municipal government in Cape Town, South Africa, using the case as a point of entry to a wider critique of global neoliberalism and the privatization of municipal services. The analysis of the case sheds light on the links between the cost recovery agenda of the neoliberal state and the casualization of labor. To minimize costs, local governments, like private sector firms, rely on and have enhanced the casualization of labor. This strategy further blurs the conceptual distinction between the public and private sectors, in that the local governments treat citizens as, instead, customers with stratified entitlements to basic services. Stressing the continuities of apartheid under the neoliberal policies, the article identifies specific ways in which the neoliberal government in its post‐apartheid moment uses gender ideologies and the rhetoric of voluntarism and empowerment to justify its use of residents' underpaid and precarious labor for municipal services in poor black townships.

Cet article aborde les stratégies de ramassage des ordures établies par la municipalité de Cape Town (Afrique du Sud) et utilise ce cas comme point de départ d'une critique plus large sur le néolibéralisme ambiant et la privatisation des services municipaux. L'analyse révèle les liens entre le programme de recouvrement des coûts de l'État néolibéral et la précarisation de la main‐d'œuvre. En effet, pour minimiser les coûts, les gouvernements locaux, à l'instar des entreprises privées, s'appuient sur une précarisation (qu'ils accroissent) de l'emploi. Cette stratégie atténue encore la distinction conceptuelle entre secteurs public et privé, les gouvernements locaux traitant les habitants plutôt comme des clients ayant droit, selon leur strate d'appartenance, à tel ou tel service de base. Soulignant les prolongements de l'apartheid sous une politique néolibérale, l'article identifie les modalités spécifiques grâce auxquelles le gouvernement néolibéral de post‐apartheid recourt aux idéologies sexistes et au discours sur le bénévolat et l'habilitation pour justifier son utilisation d'une main‐d'œuvre précaire et mal rémunérée parmi les habitants, pour les services municipaux dans les quartiers noirs pauvres.
Impact of O‐linked glycosylation of the VWF‐A1‐domain flanking regions on platelet interaction
Authors: Esch Jan Schulte am , Robson Simon C. , Knoefel Wolfram T. , Eisenberger Claus F. , Peiper Matthias , Rogiers Xavier
Published: December 2004

This study investigated the functional impact of O‐linked glycosylation of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) A1 domains on the interaction with platelet receptors. Native or mutant VWF‐A1‐domains were transiently overexpressed on COS‐7 cells as membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored FLAG‐tagged fusion proteins. Cytofluometric analysis assured comparable levels of A1‐domain expression among native and mutant homologues as well as for different culture conditions. Expressing native VWF‐A1‐domains under O‐linked glycosylation blocking conditions increased the platelet aggregatory responses observed for fully glycosylated forms. Utilizing a neuronal network for prediction of O‐linked glycosylation of mammalian proteins, threonine (T) and serine (S) residues located in the VWF‐A1‐loop flanking regions – not in the loop itself – were determined to be glycosylated n‐terminal at amino acids T485, S490, T492 and T493 and c‐terminal at T705. Simultaneous selective charge‐to‐alanine mutation of S490, T492 and T493 led to gain in aggregatory responses. When compared with native forms, equivalent alterations of T485 did not dictate functional differences. Any alanine‐substitution for T705 revealed a substantial loss in aggregatory effects – possibly as a result of structural desintegration of the VWF‐A1‐binding site for glycoprotein (GP) Ib. These data suggest specific O‐linked glycosylation of the amino‐terminal VWF‐A1‐loop‐flanking region to have a negative regulatory impact on the A1‐domain affinity of non‐activated human VWF for human platelet‐GPIb.