bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Civil Society, Environment, and Trade
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2023

Many NGOs and Civil Society groups have played an important role in the field of environment by way of constructive activism. Civil society groups have been enlisted as participants in MEAs and trade agreements. Thanks to civil society activism, many development projects in developing countries, have been compelled to change their track and pay for social costs. It is argued that the success of sustainable development programmes and projects depends on how effectively they integrate activities in their multiple dimensions. A large number of projects and programmes that address global commons are designed and executed in a centralized fashion. Organizational centralization breeds incompetence. Unfortunately, both governmental bodies and civil society organizations do not deal with global commons oriented programmes and actions in an integrated manner. The critical challenge before civil society groups lies in being able to meld cross-cutting issues involving global conventions with national and local development priorities. Since most of the civil society groups successfully undertaking or supporting operational projects are locally or regionally based, they are able to customize projects to suit local needs and capabilities. This, in turn, creates conditions for the adoption of non-instrumental approaches to project implementation and monitoring. However, there are many grassroot organizations that do not have the capabilities of executing global commons projects. The importance of capacity building for such organizations cannot be under-emphasized.
The Diversity Principle, Digital Technologies, and the Future of Global Commons
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2023

The critical principle that defines proposals for restructuring environmental governance in the world are diversity, equity, and justice. It may not be desirable to realize a structure of world environment governance that is top-down. Any world governance system runs into insurmountable problems when it attempts to enter the domain of policy making at the country level. This is due to the fact that countries that are independent do not desire any inroads into their power as sovereign entities. However, the advent of distributed digital networks (like blockchain technologies) has the potential to conserve global commons and restructure global governance without undermining the sovereignty of countries. Smart contracts-based blockchain platforms, which are not based on energy-intensive mining operations, are not only climate-friendly but also provide a robust and unalterable record of NDC-related commitments given by individual countries, their fulfilment or non-fulfilment, the record of commitments and pledges made by donor countries on climate financing and the extent to which they are fulfilled. Blockchains can also provide similar services for the CBD, the UNCCD, and the other Conventions mentioned in the previous chapters by keeping track of activities and programmes. In the case of pandemics, blockchains, if designed well, can accurately monitor logistics associated with vaccine production and distribution, in addition to keeping a tab on supplies of vaccines pledged to poorer countries by international facilities such as the COVAX. The concept of a new environmental order is not about the creation of new supra-world structures that tower over sovereign nation-states. It is about an international system for environmental governance where layers of self-empowered sovereign entities exist that seek to achieve the goal of sustainable development with due regard to the norms of justice, equity, and fairness.
Connecting Contexts
Authors: Barrett Janet Revell
Published: June 2023

Music’s situatedness in time and place, and the way it moves through eras and social milieux, implicates its close ties to history, calling music educators to interrogate the nature of these relationships. An elementary music teacher’s aim to foster historical empathy by teaching a unit on the Underground Railroad opens up questions of historical validity of song material, representations of enslaved persons in children’s literature, and critical reappraisal of curricular mythologies. A contemporary concert drama focused on one day in the life of a US president portrays how a graduate student created a series of mini-courses for singers and instrumentalists to deepen their understanding of the historical conflicts related to the murder of three civil rights workers, and the threat of attack in international waters that prompted US escalation in the Vietnam War. These cases call for greater attention to historical context and contemporary controversies in the music curriculum.
Introduction
Authors: Harbert Benjamin J.
Published: June 2023

The Introduction sets up the book as a whole. It describes the danger of prison histories that point toward progress, proposing an alternative, thinking of the sounds of the prison over a century. History, then, accumulates from thinking about how the music connects to the working of the prison. It defines “prison music” as the organized sound of laws, policies, missions, and social consequences. In this way, a musical investigation of prison offers a way of listening to the complex dynamics of incarceration as they change over time. The introduction also contextualizes Louisiana State Penitentiary within the rise of mass incarceration, tracking the population growth and disproportionate effects on African American communities.
Politics
Authors: Harbert Benjamin J.
Published: June 2023

After reform efforts waned, Angola returned to a decade of violence, chaos, and austerity. Nevertheless, jazz continued, retreating to the band room. As drug charges continued to sweep musicians into Angola from New Orleans, jazz shifted to more contemporary, adventurous styles. Chapter 3’s focus on politics follows a group of musicians who develop avant-garde jazz to think beyond the status quo. Despite the institution’s oppressive formal and informal rules in the 1960s, they helped define and articulate higher principles of music and radical politics. Primarily based on the testimony of saxophonist Charles Neville, the chapter follows the Nic Nacs to becoming the premier band at the prison with the addition of James Black, James Booker, and Leotha Brown. As a backdrop to jazz intellectualism, the chapter follows Neville and a dozen other prisoners of the 1960s to the cotton and cane fields, where music existed within violence and unpredictability.
Activism under Fire
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

Rio de Janeiro’s favelas have become among the most well-known of Latin America’s neighborhoods under siege by armed drug gangs and invading militarized police. Since the 1970s, dangerous networks between drug traffickers and corrupt state actors have transformed these poor neighborhoods into sites of armed conflict and political repression, limiting residents’ ability to speak out against violence or demand their democratic rights. Despite these challenges, non-violent politics remains an integral element in Cidade de Deus, one of Rio’s most dangerous and famous favelas. Activism under Fire examines how local activists have adapted their mobilization efforts to this context, protesting against violence, making demands for their rights, and improving the neighborhood without directly endangering their lives. Based on fieldwork, virtual ethnography, and Participatory Action Research conducted between 2014 and 2020, the book provides a rich account of how conflict activism operates in Cidade de Deus. It documents how activists strategically navigate local constraints and opportunities—including gendered governing dynamics and racialized practices of solidarity—to create space for non-violent politics amid armed repression. By embedding themselves in urban, national, and transnational political networks and social movements, they bring resources into the neighborhood while avoiding dangerous alliances. Activism under Fire demonstrates that when we shift our focus away from the politics of violence in gang territories and other conflict zones and toward the creative actions of unarmed community members, we uncover many possibilities for non-violent organizing in the very terrains believed to be the most inhospitable to democratic claims-making.
Conflict Activism in Rio de Janeiro’s Gang Territories
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

The Introduction provides the overall framework, argument, and context of the book. It begins with background information on gang territories in Latin America and the constraints on activism in those areas, especially in favelas. The chapter also introduces the favela Cidade de Deus. It defines key concepts, including “conflict activism” and “gang territory,” and details the research methods used to collect the data in the book. It also provides a discussion of Participatory Action Research and how it was used in the research process. The chapter concludes with an overview of the core features of conflict activism in Cidade de Deus.
Milking the Resource Matrix
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

Chapter 2 explores the opportunities that enabled activism to emerge in favelas at a time when most scholars bemoaned the death of democracy and development in gang territories. These include the repertoires of action developed under the dictatorship, new funding opportunities and expectations under the Worker’s Party, a shift toward neoliberal economics, and the rise of information community technologies that have enabled access to social movements and allies across the world. The chapter describes three distinct clusters of activism that have emerged and become adept at targeting this matrix of resources, thereby capitalizing on opportunities at multiple scales and channeling external resources into the favela.
Violent Clientelism and Gendered Governance
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

While there has been a growing literature on the relationship between hyper-masculinity and criminal governance in gang territories, Chapter 3 explores the role of feminized, non-violent activism in contributing to the governance of the neighborhood. It introduces the concept of gendered division of governing labor and describes how a feminized sphere of non-violence has emerged in opposition to the masculinized sphere of violent clientelism. Each sphere negotiates relationships with different branches of the state: the former works with various state secretariats responsible for urban development (housing, education, social services, etc.), while the latter is embroiled in violent and often corrupt ties with the police. The chapter argues that the feminization of activism allows local non-violent actors to construct a meaningful semi-autonomous sphere of political action that operates parallel to violent clientelism, while also remaining subservient to it.
Political Upcycling
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

Chapter 4 explores the cultural tools employed by favela activists to situate their activism within the dominant frames of the favela. Through a strategy of embedded resistance, activists “upcycle” the cultural values of the neighborhood by deploying them for more political objectives. This strategy allows them to remain within the normative discourses of the neighborhood—surveilled by the local drug trade—while also calling for more concrete social and political changes. The chapter describes how activists capitalize on local values around education, cultural production, and opposition to racial violence as a way of maneuvering within cultural opportunities to make more explicitly political claims.
Seek and Ye Shall Find
Authors: Fahlberg Anjuli
Published: June 2023

The Conclusion returns to broader questions of what we can learn from Cidade de Deus about activism in conflict zones. The chapter begins by reflecting on the daily lives of residents in Cidade de Deus and how this is depicted in the media, which overwhelmingly focuses on violence while silencing stories about non-violent organizing. It also considers whether a more unified and consolidated favela-based social movement might emerge in the future. Finally, the chapter considers how the ability of CDD’s activists to adapt and reconfigure in light of changing political environments offers hope that non-violent collective action will be sustained in other times and spaces of armed conflict and political repression.
Role of Caregivers
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the effectiveness of C-READY skill training in leading to new communication patterns between caregivers and youth. Working with caregivers to develop new responses to their youth can be challenging and requires understanding of the family system. One of the key benefits of caregiver involvement is the generalization of skills in the clinic setting to real-life settings. The therapist coaches the caregiver to become the co-therapist while understanding the caregiver’s needs and possible frustrations. This chapter helps the reader conceptualize the program’s demands and impact on the caregiver, as well as how to maximize the relationships among therapist, caregiver, and youth.
Segregated Time
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

When Martin Luther King Jr. argued on behalf of civil rights he was told that he was “too soon.” Today, those demanding reparations for slavery are told they are “too late.” What time is it? Or perhaps the appropriate question is: whose time is it? These questions point to a phenomenon of segregated time: how certain political subjects are viewed as occupants of different time zones, how experiences of time diverge across peoples, and how these divergent temporal spheres entwine to serve white supremacy. While racial segregation and inequality are typically conceived in terms of space, Segregated Time explores how they are also sustained through impositions on human time. In this study, P. J. Brendese takes a time-sensitive approach to race as it pertains to the acceleration of human disposability, dynamic identity formation, and the production and allocation of economic goods. The chapters examine the temporal borders of migration politics, how the extended lifetimes of some are built on the foreshortened lives of others, how racial stigma conveys debt and “subprime time,” and how whiteness functions as a store of credit through time. Segregated Time illuminates the temporal orders whereby racial others are regarded as behind the times, violently cast out of time, compelled to “do time” in a carceral society, and forced to live on borrowed time in an epoch of climate catastrophe. Drawing upon a range of Africana, Latinx, and Indigenous political thought, Brendese advances an innovative theory of “white time” as a possessive, acquisitive, colonizing force.
Doing Time
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines carcerality in the United States as a condition of racialized temporal theft and entrapment of those subject to arrest in time and space. It considers how segregated carceral temporalities extend well beyond prison spaces and time served. Contemporary mass incarceration is frequently understood to be a reactionary response to people of color moving “too fast” and igniting racial blowback. Complicating and appending such accounts, the chapter explores how race functions as a forward-looking predictive technology, while also registering innovative race-making projects emerging from nonlinear forms of temporal arrest and capture. The weaponization of time and criminalization of racial difference are co-implicated in the regeneration of segregated time where children of color are apprehended as sites of future dangerousness. The insularity, myopia, and deafness of white temporality spurs reflections on forms of “white noise” and affective economies of pleasure and cruelty that fortify segregated time. The last section situates the analysis of carceral temporality in the context of debates over prison abolition by avowing the haunting copresence of slavery and colonial dispossession that conjoins the segregated time of prison system to racial capitalism and imperial futurity. The chapter initiates the kind of time-sensitive theoretical promiscuity the foregoing analysis enjoins by staging an encounter between decolonial theory, Michel Foucault, and Black Panther revolutionary George Jackson.
Killing Time
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter engages the temporal, as opposed to merely spatial, borders of Latinx immigration and detention, as well as evolving forms of punishment, attrition, and modes of longer-term wasting—such as the indefinite exploitation of temporary labor. Treating Foucauldian discipline and biopolitics as synchronic, rather than diachronic, the chapter disturbs the temporal stages he assigns to each while also illuminating nonlinear, dynamic race-making processes that go missing when migration is addressed with respect to territoriality alone. This, in turn, allows us to see how discipline and biopolitics function simultaneously for racialized ends. The strategy of casting racial/ethnic others as a viral epidemic to be documented, quarantined, and even exterminated—and to justify present-day states of emergency—resonates with what Foucault referred to as the “plague dream.” At the same time, the foreshortened life-spans of Latinx immigrants are also employed to shore up endemic contingencies and random events for the benefit of white time. The immunity paradigm provides interpretive insight into the simultaneity of disciplinary and biopolitical powers, while also illuminating the apparent contradiction in American politics whereby immigrants are alternately regarded as both a cure and a disease over time. The chapter closes by drawing sustenance from Latinx resistance, which is figured in temporal terms by dramatizing the role of immigrant presence in the prevailing temporal order.
End Times
Authors: Brendese P.J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter analyzes the segregated apocalypse now: a split temporality wherein right-wing racial chauvinists regard threats to white supremacy as apocalyptic, political realists worry about the world-ending powers of nuclear warfare, and left environmentalists tremble at the planetary destruction of ecocide. Intriguingly, many who regard the end of white supremacy in world-ending terms simultaneously deny the imminent catastrophe of climate change. Amid a growing apprehension that the credit value of whiteness is under siege, the chapter examines the threat of white disposability under the pejorative “white trash” as a fluid interlocution of race-making and waste-making. The chapter sketches the production of liminal whiteness and expendability of the poor as a distinct breed in colonial times through modern and contemporary innovations of white backwardness in US politics. The conflagration of the desire for white temporal sovereignty combined with the production of white trash functions as a politically meaningful accelerant of racial resentment and climate disavowal in segregated time.
Queer Posthumanism
Authors: Henry Claire
Published: June 2023

Chapter 4 turns to the critical alignment between queer theory and posthumanism. Drawing on theorists such as Patricia MacCormack and Rosi Braidotti, the chapter sets out key conceptual figures of queer posthumanism that cut across theory and cinema, including the cyborg, the monster, and the collective. Being John Malkovich (Spike Jonze, 1999) is addressed as a prototypical example of the cyborg’s queer potential and compared with Jonze’s later film Her (2013) and Brandon Cronenberg’s Possessor (2020) to trace the analog to digital queering of heteronormative humanist selfhood across time, genre, and auteur preoccupations. The chapter then turns to the figures of the monster and collective within revolutionary films by independent queer auteurs. Born in Flames (Lizzie Borden, 1983) is discussed as a prototype of queer posthumanist vision in independent cinema for its genre hybridity, political fury, utopianism, and centering of collectivity. Bruce LaBruce’s zombie films, Otto; or, Up with Dead People (2008) and L.A. Zombie (2010), and the third film of Shu Lea Cheang’s postporn trilogy Fluidø (2017) are analyzed for the ways they use monstrosity, collectivity, and genre hybridity to achieve radical utopian queer posthuman ends. The chapter’s diverse examples demonstrate how film theorizes the intersection of the queer and posthuman as they transcend boundaries, upset dichotomies, and challenge the cisgender heterosexual male as the foundational figure of humanism.
The Cinematic Convergence of Posthuman and Crip Perspectives
Authors: Duncan Pansy , Molloy Missy
Published: June 2023

Chapter 5 navigates the uneasy intersection of disability and posthumanism through a pair of acclaimed auteur films, Pedro Almodóvar’s Hable con ella/Talk to Her (2002) and Sound of Metal (Darius Marder, 2019). As it will show, these films reflect the productive potential of the alliance between critical disability studies and critical posthumanism in their commitment to using disability as a basis for interrogating rather than sustaining humanist ideals. However, as this chapter will also show, neither film is straightforward in its affordances to this convergence of posthumanism and disability. While Talk to Her uses a pair of comatose women to unsettle practices of expressivity and expressive reading that have become cornerstones of humanism, it also deploys able-bodied actors to play the “brain-dead” women at its heart, while yoking its uplifting conclusion to one of the women’s miraculous recovery. And The Sound of Metal is still more ambivalent in its relation to posthumanist and post-ableist ideals. While the film’s widely celebrated sound design honors the capacity of “disability” to open up more-than-human worlds, especially through its prosthetic or cinematic supplements, the film’s narrative reflects a classic humanist distrust of technology.
Post-anthropocentrism
Authors: Henry Claire
Published: June 2023

Chapter 6 explores how posthuman cinema turns to the animal to dismantle anthropocentric understandings of “the human.” The chapter begins by interpreting contemporary surrealist films, The Lobster (Yorgos Lanthimos, 2015), Gräns/Border (Ali Abbasi, 2018), and Teströl és lélekröl/On Body and Soul (Ildikó Enyedi, 2017), as subversive cogs in what Giorgio Agamben terms the “anthropological machine.” These films deploy surrealist devices to mirror back to humanity not its distinction from other animals, but its spiritual coexistence and interdependence with them. The chapter then turns to examine how two Thai films—Kraben Rahu/Manta Ray (Phuttiphong Aroonpheng, 2019) and Satpralat/Tropical Malady (Apichatpong Weerasethakul, 2004)—further highlight the post-anthropocentric ends of contemporary posthuman cinema. Read through a framework of “new animism,” the conceptual, narrative, and formal aspects of these films offer another lens to challenge both anthropocentric worldviews and the idea of cinema as inherently realist. Whether operating in surrealist or new animist modes, these global post-anthropocentric films work toward the shared aims of critical posthumanism and critical animal studies: breaking down binary oppositions; resisting the tendency to reduce animals to the status of metaphors and mirrors to the human; and offering a sensory exploration of the blurred borders between human and nonhuman animals.
Union Booms and Busts
Authors: Stepan-Norris Judith , Kerrissey Jasmine
Published: June 2023

Union Booms and Busts takes a bird’s-eye view of the shifting fortunes of U.S. workers and their unions, on the one hand, and employers and their organizations, on the other. Using newly assembled and detailed data, it analyses union density across eleven industries and 115 years, demonstrating that workers in some industries and some time periods were remarkably successful in forming and defending unions, while others were not. Union Booms and Busts traces the approaches that workers used, including organizing strategies, strikes, and union elections, as well as those of employers, including disrupting union organizing by using legal maneuvers, workforce-based strategies, and race and gender divisions. Chapters are organized around time periods—the early unregulated period where unions took hold in only a handful of industries; the mid-century regulated period where strikes, elections, and union density grew in many industries; and the later dis-regulated period where union trajectories diverged, with union density drastically declining in most industries and holding steady in a few. Each chapter begins with a depiction of the economic, legal, and political context of the time as well as important historical trajectories. The book concludes by suggesting what might come next for workers and unions in America.
Introduction
Authors: Stepan-Norris Judith
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces the central questions of the book: it explores trends in union density for each major industry from 1900 to 2015 and what factors may account for them. Using both aggregate and industry-level data, it displays trends over time for various factors, including union membership, employment, union density, strikes, union elections, occupation, and race and gender demographics. It develops theories to account for shifts in union density in the United States during this period: state and macro context, replacement costs, organizing strategies of unions and disorganizing strategies of employers, and race and gender dynamics. It discusses methodological considerations and provides a brief overview of each chapter.
Union Density in the Dis-Regulated Period (1980–2015)
Authors: Stepan-Norris Judith
Published: June 2023

This chapter analyzes union dynamics during the dis-regulated period, 1980–2015. The chapter begins with an overview of the broader political, legal, and economic context of the period, including changes to how work was organized. This period was marked by a decline in union density for many (but not all) industries. Strike and union election activity also dropped precipitously during this period. A host of new union and employer strategies emerged or intensified during the period. The chapter analyzes how the broader contexts and strategies actors used contributed to different levels of union density by industry within the dis-regulated period.
Between Intelligence and Counterintelligence
Authors: Scott Erik R.
Published: June 2023

In Cold War Germany and Austria, the Soviet and American mobility regimes were further constituted by their interaction. The United States pressed allies to establish a reliable framework of asylum to shelter migrants from socialist states and employed psychology to screen defectors, gather intelligence from them, and consider their suitability for resettlement. In response, Soviet authorities coordinated with other socialist states to prevent exit. They used diplomatic and intelligence channels to push for access to escaped citizens, and they proved capable at countering the US-led media campaign touting the flight of defectors to the “free world.” While the American side arguably succeeded in setting the terms of the competition, the Soviet Union proved effective at finding weak points in the asylum regime, undermining the popular notion of Western sanctuary, and using psychological appeals to encourage the return of migrants.
Conquistadors and Aztecs
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

Five hundred years ago, a flotilla landed on the coast of Yucatán under the command of the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. While the official goal of the expedition was to explore and to expand the Christian faith, everyone involved knew that it was primarily about gold and the hunt for slaves. That a few hundred Spaniards destroyed the Aztec empire—and its highly developed culture—is an old chestnut, because the conquistadors, who had every means to make a profit, did not succeed alone. They encountered groups such as the Tlaxcaltecs, who suffered from Aztec rule and were ready to enter into alliances with the foreigners to overthrow their old enemy. In addition, the conquerors benefited from diseases brought from Europe, which killed hundreds of thousands of locals. Drawing on both Spanish and indigenous sources, this account of the conquest of Mexico from 1519 to 1521 offers a narrative of these events—including the fall of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and the flight of the conquerors—and also represents the individual protagonists on both sides, their backgrounds, their diplomacy, and their struggles. It portrays the tens of thousands of local warriors who faced off against each other during the fighting as they attempted to free themselves from tribute payments to the Aztecs.
The Expedition Begins
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter tells of the expedition of Hernán Cortés. It cites Cortés as a typical representative of the social class of hidalgos who, due to the limited opportunities for social advancement in Spain, headed to the New World to make their fortunes. Most of the men who joined Cortés had failed in their existential quest for honor and social recognition, and the hidalgo culture shaped the entire group. Cortés traveled to Cozumel with his fleet to investigate the whereabouts of the shipwrecked Spaniards who had gone missing in the Yucatán years earlier as well as to Christianize the Maya. This chapter describes the battle between the Spaniards and the Chontal at the port city of Potonchán. It also looks at the significance of Marina, one of the female slaves offered by the Mayan nobles to Spaniards and later on baptized as Christians, on the Conquest.
Why Pluralism?
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Plural Self-Identification
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
We Who? Kita!
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Plural Self-Commitment
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Plural Intentional Subjects
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Community: Being Together
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Ethics: Owning Up to Ourselves
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Introduction
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

The Roman world of the sixth century ad was already quite ancient, even if it had evolved considerably from its earliest days. The empire governed by Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) and Empress Theodora was very large, but they had ambitions to make it larger. That would be the job of Belisarius, who was Justinian’s preeminent general, and Antonina the general’s wife. The exploits of this powerful couple were recorded by their historian, Procopius of Caesarea, who wrote both a well-publicized History of the Wars and a carefully concealed Secret History. The Wars makes Belisarius and Antonina look good, while the Secret History castigates them. Both works of Procopius should be approached with care by the historian of Belisarius and Antonina.
Italy Redux
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

The disgrace of Belisarius in 542 proved to be temporary, and by spring 544 (or possibly earlier) the general was rehabilitated by the Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Justinian had a tendency toward clemency when dealing with famous subjects like his general, Belisarius. Restored to favor, Belisarius was dispatched to Italy a second time to prosecute war with the Ostrogoths who survived there under a new king, Totila (r. 541–552). Antonina again accompanied Belisarius to Italy. Unfortunately, there were not enough experienced Roman soldiers for Belisarius to prosecute the war successfully, and he spent five years fighting a losing campaign against Totila and the Ostrogoths. In despair, Belisarius sent Antonina to Constantinople to ask Empress Theodora for reinforcements. But Theodora died just before Antonina arrived, so she instead asked Justinian to recall Belisarius.
The Great Puzzle of Social Norms
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: June 2023

The great puzzle of social norms is the source or origin of their normativity. The chapter defines the puzzle by distinguishing the question of the source of normativity from causal questions about the content of norms. It also distinguishes social normativity from both applied ethics and merely prudential norms of behavior. It introduces the distinction between internalism and externalism regarding the source of social normativity, and the artisanal model as a promising externalist model of social role normativity. The chapter also addresses the resources of the artisanal model to accommodate social norm nonconformists, social norm critics, and normative self-creation.
The Artisanal Model
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: June 2023

Chapter 3 introduces the artisanal model as providing an externalist understanding of the source of social role normativity. The term “Afunction” refers to several interrelated ideas concerning artisanal functions and activities that is extracted from Aristotle’s texts, explained in this chapter, and used to explain the source of social role normativity. Particularly important are the core ideas of technique and expertise that together describe artisanal agents and their activities. The concept of an Afunction is a central component of the artisanal model. The artisanal model captures the situatedness, locality, and materiality of social role normativity better than other candidates for externalist theories, such as Lawson’s social positioning theory and the rules of the game account.
Self-Creation and Transformation
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: June 2023

We are sometimes creators of our normative selves not simply inheritors of it. Working through and with our current social roles we forge new projects and engage new commitments with new (to us) sets of norms and values. Sometimes our decisions are transformative; sometimes they usher in entirely new (to us) norms and values. The externalist artisanal model has better resources to explain normative self-creation than does internalism. In particular I argue that Afunction externalism provides a solution to the paradox of self-creation—that is, the idea that self-creation is a process guided by values that we do not yet possess—and familiar forms of internalism lack the resources to disarm the paradox. The artisanal model offers an external location for the goods and norms that are the objects of aspiration for the apprentice.
The Artisanal Model and Social Hierarchy
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: June 2023

The central focus in this chapter is on the relationship among social roles, and the implications of these relationships for the individuals who stand under them. The chapter shows how the artisanal model helps to explain the oppressive and hierarchical structure of some social positions and roles including contemporary gendered or racialized social roles. Second, it argues that oppressive and hierarchical relations are not a necessary feature of the artisanal model and that the model also suggests the possibility of nonhierarchical and nonoppressive relations among social roles. Using the artisanal model, we can imagine a social world with techniques for being human that are not enmeshed in oppressive, hierarchical relations.
Democracy and Exclusion
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

As people become more mobile, the nature of citizenship, and all its attendant rights, has become the object of intense scrutiny. And, as we know, democracies forcefully and coercively exclude those whom they believe do not belong on their territory or among their constituency. This book looks at how and when democracies exclude both citizens and non-citizens from territory and from membership to determine if and when these instances are justified. This book draws on the all-subjected principle—the idea that all those who are the subject of law—should have a real say in what the law is. This principle rarely supports exclusion, and instead shows that in most cases admission—to territory and membership—is either favored by, or required by, democratic justice. Using a contextual methodology and taking for granted that states have at least some rights to control their borders, this book considers a wide range of cases to demonstrate how a focus on subjection can illustrate who merits inclusion, usually in the form of citizenship status. Among the cases considered are stateless peoples, foreign fighters, and their children, convicted and suspected terrorists domestically and abroad, those fleeing humanitarian disasters, resettled refugees, asylum seekers, and temporary labor migrants. The book concludes with a consideration of the way in which systemic racism and discrimination, including through the adoption of policies that deliberately target racial, cultural, and ethnic minorities make their inclusion as full and equal members of democratic communities a struggle.
Functional Awareness
Authors: Romita Allegra , Wanich-Romita Nancy
Published: June 2023

Functional Awareness: Anatomy in Action for Dancers, 2nd edition. introduces the reader to the reflective practice of Functional Awareness®. Functional Awareness (FA) is an approach to improving dance skills through practices in embodied anatomy. FA is a method with a defined pedagogical philosophy to advocate for the importance of developing body understanding in dance training while fostering student agency and honoring individual difference. The FA method is applicable and accessible to all dance forms. This book uses foundational information of anatomy and motor learning to guide readers toward a deeper understanding of their personal body structure. The authors provide essentials in functional anatomy with movement explorations and over 60 beautiful illustrations to guide the reader through the content. The second edition sources new research in motor learning and integrative anatomy to support and enhance the content previously presented in the first edition.
The Relationship of Habit to Dance Training
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Functional Awareness (FA) is a practice in embodied anatomy to deepen understanding of movement function, improve dynamic alignment, and enhance expressivity and artistry required in any form of dance. The approach investigates information about the skeletal structure, the muscle structure, and the myofascial tissue to help sustain elasticity, flexibility, and efficiency in movement. Chapter 1 presents the major bones in the human body as well as key principles for improving awareness to prevent misalignment of the skeletal structure. The authors introduce the concept that small daily unconscious habits can have an impact on dance training and create undesired tension. The skeletal system is the foundational information needed to develop skills in anatomical visualization that can improve dance skills and develop ease in action in daily life. Guided movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover personal applications for the content in daily life and in dance training.
Dynamic Alignment and the 4Rs
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Conscious awareness of our bodies can enhance patterns for neuromuscular balance. Unconscious habits may place unequal force on the body’s structural integrity as well as unnecessary stress on joints and muscles. Chapter 2 investigates the skeletal center of gravity, dynamic alignment, and postural control. The chapter includes an introduction to the Functional Awareness reflective practice of the 4Rs: Recognize, Release, Recruit, Restore. The authors offer the tripod of balance of the foot and balance of the head at the top of the spine (atlanto-occipital joint) as anatomical visualizations to aid in recruiting a new movement choice to restore toward balance. Guided movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover personal applications for the content.
Impact of Thinking on Doing
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Imagery has a profound effect on the way we move, and mental imagery and mental training are powerful teaching tools. Changing your thinking can change your dancing. Chapter 3 provides some historical background for integrating dance and imagery to improve students’ awareness and dance skill. It shows that understanding the inherent muscle structure to support a lengthening spine is necessary for discovering efficiency of movement and freedom from unnecessary effort and tension. The chapter describes the transversospinalis muscle group and suboccipital muscles and the role these deep muscles have on postural support. Guided movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover personal applications for the content.
Motions of the Trunk and Use of Spiral
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

The spine moves in a myriad of complex ways to fulfill the demands of artistic expression. The balance of upright posture is an excellent place to begin to discover principles that support efficiency in the movement required for any dance aesthetic. Chapter 4 introduces skeletal components of the spine (i.e., cervical, thoracic, lumbar) and examines the nature of spinal curvatures. The authors describe the different idiopathic and postural curvatures that can be present in the spine, such as lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. Guided movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover greater expressivity while dancing and personal applications to support ease in action in daily life.
The Knee
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Chapter 7 describes the skeletal landmarks and five primary ligaments that comprise the knee joint. Movement explorations encourage awareness of the alignment of the knee joint while honoring individual structure. Movement explorations bring awareness to key muscular components that support the patellofemoral joint/knee joint. The exercises develop balanced strength for the hamstrings and the quadriceps muscles. The reader is also guided through an activity in assessing mobility of the knee and the impact of ligament laxity on the knee joint. It offers examples for mindfulness of the knee joint alignment in daily life that help to support the knee through the rigors of dance training.
The Ankle and Foot
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

The ankle and foot provide the structural base of support for standing, walking, and dancing. There are typically 26 articulating bones, 31 joints, and 20 intrinsic muscles in the foot. Guided movement explorations help the reader to better understand the function of these joints and provide strategies to prevent injury and improve stability and resilience. The structure of the arches of the foot are introduced along with some key muscular function. The chapter uses the anatomical information to build a series of strategies and visualizations that improve ankle and foot stability during the rigors of one-legged standing balances and lifting the heels off the ground relevé. This chapter offers the reader the opportunity to revisit the anatomical visualization of tripod of balance of the foot with greater detail and deeper understanding for the power of imagery to have a profound effect on balance and dance skill.
Walking and Weight Shift
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Chapter 9 brings attention to how we walk. Walking is a shift of weight from one foot to the other, propelling the body’s center of gravity through space. Unconscious habits in walking can unwittingly interfere with the ability to transfer weight. Weight shift affects the ability to run, turn, leap, and dance successfully. The reader is invited to explore walking and to look at the bottoms of their shoes as a visual representation of their habits while walking. We learn to walk when we are very young, yet we are never taught how to do so biomechanically. This chapter provides biomechanical considerations for gait as well as information about fasciae and their role in walking, and how this applies to shifting weight from one foot to the other through complicated dance movements.