bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the superior colliculus in analyses of space: Superficial and intermediate layer contributions to visual orienting, auditory orienting, and visuospatial discriminations during unilateral and bilateral deactivations
Authors: Lomber Stephen G. , Payne Bertram R. , Cornwell Paul
Published: August 2002

The superior colliculus (SC) has been implicated in spatial analyses of the environment, although few behavioral studies have explicitly tested this role. To test its imputed role in spatial analyses, we used a battery of four spatial tasks combined with unilateral and bilateral cooling deactivation of the upper and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. We tested the abilities of cats to orient to three different stimuli: (1) moving visual, (2) stationary visual, (3) stationary white‐noise aural. Furthermore, we tested the ability of the cats to discriminate the relative spatial position of a landmark. Unilateral cooling deactivation of the superficial layers of the SC induced a profound neglect of both moving and stationary visual stimuli presented in, and landmark objects located within, the contralateral hemifield. However, responses to auditory stimuli were unimpaired. Unilateral cooling deactivation of both the superficial and intermediate layers induced a profound contralateral neglect of the auditory stimulus. Additional and equivalent deactivation of the opposite SC largely restored orienting to either moving visual or auditory stimuli, and restored landmark position reporting to normal levels. However, during bilateral SC deactivation, orienting to the static visual stimulus was abolished throughout the entire visual field. Overall, unilateral SC deactivation results show that the upper and intermediate layers of the SC contribute in different ways to guiding behavioral responses to visual and auditory stimuli cues. Finally, bilateral superior colliculus deactivations reveal that other structures are sufficient to support spatial analyses and guide visual behaviors in the absence of neural operations in the superior colliculus, but only under certain circumstances. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:44–57, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modified mass matrices and positivity preservation for hyperbolic and parabolic PDEs
Authors: Berzins M.
Published: August 2002

Modifications to the standard finite element mass matrix are considered with the aim of preserving the positivity of the discrete solution. The approach is used in connection with calculating the initial time derivative values for parabolic equations and in connection with non‐linear Petrov–Galerkin schemes for hyperbolic equations in one space dimension. The extension of the ideas to unstructured meshes in two and three space dimensions is indicated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the hydrodynamic limit of Ginzburg‐Landau wave vortices
Authors: Lin Fanghua , Zhang Ping
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we study the hydrodynamic limit of the finite Ginzburg‐Landau wave vortices, which was established in [16]. Unlike the classical vortex method for incompressible Euler equations, we prove here that the densities approximated by the vortex blob method associated with the Ginzburg‐Landau wave vortices tend to the solutions of the pressure‐less compressible Euler‐Poisson equations. The convergence of such approximation is proved before the formation of singularities in the limit system as the blob sizes and the grid sizes tend to zero in appropriate rates. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mixing small volumes for continuous high‐throughput flow cytometry: Performance of a mixing Y and peristaltic sample delivery
Authors: Jackson W. Coyt , Kuckuck F. , Edwards B.S. , Mammoli A. , Gallegos C.M. , Lopez G.P. , Buranda T. , Sklar L.A.
Published: August 2002

Background

Online mixing for continuous high‐throughput flow cytometry has not been previously described. A simple, general high‐throughput method for mixing and delivery of submicroliter volumes in laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers would be widely useful.

Materials and Methods

We describe a micromixing approach that is compatible with commercial autosamplers, flow cytometry, and other detection schemes that require mixing of components that have been introduced into laminar flow. The scheme is based on a previous approach to high‐throughput flow cytometry (HyperCyt™, Kuckuck et al.: Cytometry 44:83–90, 2001). We showed that samples from multiwell plates that have been picked up by an autosampler can be separated during delivery by the small air bubbles introduced during the transit of the autosampler probe from well to well. Here, a particle sample flowing continuously is brought together in a Y with reagent samples from wells, which have been separated by bubbles.

Results

In the effluent stream, the particles and reagents are mixed, most likely as a result of peristaltic action, and reagents from individual wells can be resolved. The sample volumes that can be mixed with this technology are submicroliter in volume, and samples can be mixed at rates up to at least 100/samples per minute. With the current device, carryover between samples can be eliminated if the mixing system is flushed with several volumes of buffer. The anticipated throughput for screening is expected to be at least 20 samples per minute.

Conclusions

The high‐throughput approach and peristaltic mixing in HyperCyt™ serve to integrate autosamplers with submicroliter detection volumes for analysis in flow cytometry or in microfluidic channels. Cytometry 47:183–191, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of soft tissue tumors by fine‐needle aspiration with combined cytopathology and ancillary techniques
Authors: Sápi Zoltán , Antal Imre , Pápai Zsuzsa , Szendröi Miklós , Mayer Árpád , Jakab Klára , Pajor László , Bodó Miklós
Published: August 2002

The diagnosis of mesenchymal neoplasm by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has presented a diagnostic challenge. Most reports claim an accuracy approaching 95%, but while they distinguish benign and malignant lesions, the most problematic group, the intermediary malignant group, is omitted. The purpose of this study was to determine whether rapid cytologic diagnosis of soft‐tissue tumors could guide surgeons in therapeutic decisions without the need for a tissue biopsy. Ninety‐four FNA cytologic specimens were examined by the National Soft Tissue Consortium of Hungary and compared with the corresponding histology. Ordinary lipomas were excluded. Morphologic evaluation was supplemented by ancillary techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), DNA cytometry, and immunocytochemistry. From a practical clinicopathological point of view, the cases were grouped in the following categories: 1) tumors with definitive diagnosis: a) high‐grade malignant neoplasms (high‐grade sarcomas, metastatic carcinomas, lymphoma), b) tumors with precise histogenetic origin by cytogenetics, c) benign tumors; 2) tumors of questionable nature. In the first group there were 74 tumors: 22 high‐grade sarcomas, six metastatic carcinomas, one malignant lymphoma, 16 malignant tumors in which the precise histogenetic origin could be established by cytogenetic studies, and 29 benign soft‐tissue tumors other than lipomas. In the second group there were 20 tumors comprising benign and malignant soft tissue tumors of low grade, wherein the precise nature of the neoplasm could not be established with confidence on cytologic study, even using ancillary techniques. FNAB of soft‐tissue tumors combined with ancillary techniques should be considered a viable diagnostic technique for therapeutic protocols. Although the second group is fairly large, we have reliable, well‐characterized categories which provide great freedom for preoperative and surgical treatment, thus providing the best chance for healing. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:232–242. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological characterization of P2X3 homomeric and heteromeric channels in nociceptive signaling and behavior
Authors: Jarvis Michael F. , Kowaluk Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2002

ATP acts as a fast neurotransmitter by activating a family of ligand‐gated ion channels, the P2X receptors. The P2X3 receptor subunit, in both homomeric and heteromeric (P2X2/3) forms, is highly localized on primary sensory afferent neurons that function as nociceptors. Activation of these P2X3 containing channels may provide a specific mechanism whereby ATP, released via synaptic transmission or by cellular injury, elicits nociceptive sensations. This hypothesis is supported by recent data demonstrating that the exogenous peripheral or spinal administration of ATP and other P2X receptor agonists elicits nociceptive behaviors and increases sensitivity to noxious stimuli in both humans and laboratory animals. The nociceptive effects of ATP and other P2X receptor agonists are also enhanced in the presence of other inflammatory mediators. P2X receptor antagonists can attenuate the nociceptive actions of exogenously administered P2X receptor agonists and other exogenously administered algogenic agents. However, pharmacological characterization of these effects has been complicated by the general lack of highly selective ligands for the family of P2X receptor subunits and the ability of these receptors to form functional heteromultimeric receptors. Recent data describing an aberrant nociceptive phenotype of P2X3 receptor gene‐disrupted mice have provided additional insight into the role of P2X3 receptors in some types of pain. An overview of the pharmacology of P2X3 containing channels and the experimental data indicating that activation of P2X3 receptors contribute to the initiation and maintenance of persistent pain is presented in this review. Drug Dev. Res. 52:220–231, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells by multiple P2Y receptor subtypes
Authors: Boarder Michael R. , White Pamela J. , Roberts Jonathon R. , Webb Tania E.
Published: August 2002

Receptors for nucleotides regulate all aspects of vascular function. Here, the role and function of P2Y receptors in vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cell proliferation are explored. In both cell types the presence of multiple P2Y receptors is commonplace; however, the identity and role of these receptors is dependent on the vessel of origin. This is clearly seen with endothelial cells. The commonest observation is coexisting P2Y1 and P2Y2 (or P2Y4) receptors coupled through inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate production to Ca2+ mobilisation. However, in some endothelial cells other P2Y receptors are present. Brain microvascular endothelial cells, for example, exhibit a variety of responses with profiles which cannot be fully explained by cloned P2Y receptors, and which are coupled to diverse receptor–effector mechanisms. These include p42/p44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation, enhanced cyclic AMP synthesis and raised cytosolic Ca2+ in the absence of detectable rises in inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate. These responses can be expected to influence endothelial prostacyclin and nitric oxide production, permeability, adhesion factor expression, and leukocyte‐endothelial interaction. P2Y receptors also regulate proliferative responses. Previously, data has been presented indicating that nucleotides acting on P2Y receptors can enhance cell proliferation in response to other agents. Here, we discuss evidence that UTP is an antiproliferative regulator in human vascular smooth muscle cells and that P2Y4 receptors may be involved in this response. Drug Dev. Res. 53:180–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of consanguinity, exposure to pregnant females, and stimulation from young on male gerbils' responses to pups
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Liu Christine , Galef Bennett G.
Published: August 2002

In three experiments investigating variables affecting responses of male Mongolian gerbils to conspecific young, we compared the behavior directed towards pups of natural fathers, virgin foster fathers, and sexually experienced foster fathers (Experiment 1); males either previously exposed or not exposed to pregnant females (Experiment 2); and males provided or not provided with extra opportunities to huddle over pups (Experiment 3). We found no difference in responses to pups among natural fathers, virgin foster fathers, and foster fathers that had fathered litters. On the other hand, both a week of exposure to a pregnant female and opportunity to huddle over pups for an extra 15 min/day had significant effects on males' subsequent responses to conspecific young. We speculate on the reasons why a male's response to pups might be affected by his exposure to a pregnant female and stimuli from pups, but not by the probability that the pups were his own offspring. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 257–264, 2001
RP59, a marker for osteoblast recruitment, is also detected in primitive mesenchymal cells, erythroid cells, and megakaryocytes
Authors: Krüger Anders , Ellerström Catharina , Lundmark Carin , Christersson Cecilia , Wurtz Tilmann
Published: August 2002

We recently described a novel protein in bone marrow of rats, RP59, as a marker for cells with the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts. In this work, its expression pattern was further investigated to learn about the origin and biological relevance of RP59 expressing marrow cells. As revealed by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry of yolk sac embryos, RP59 was found in the cells of the primitive ectoderm and primitive streak as well as in blood islands and extraembryonal mesoderm. Later, RP59 occurred in fetal liver cells and in circulating blood. From the time around birth, it was found in bone marrow and spleen cells. In addition, in vitro–formed blood vessels contained RP59‐positive cells in the lumen. Endothelial cells and the vast majority of cells outside the blood vessels were not labeled. Concerning more mature hematopoietic cell types, RP59 was observed in megakaryocytes and nucleated erythroblasts, but absent from lymphoid cells. In conclusion, RP59 was induced in early mesoderm. It was maintained in the erythroid and megakaryotic lineages and, as earlier described, in young osteoblasts. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesenchymal expression of vascular endothelial growth factors D and A defines vascular patterning in developing lung
Authors: Greenberg James M. , Thompson Felisa Y. , Brooks Sherry K. , Shannon John M. , McCormick‐Shannon Kathleen , Cameron James E. , Mallory Bradford P. , Akeson Ann L.
Published: August 2002

The lung has specific vascular patterning requirements for effective gas exchange at birth, including alignment of airways and blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) are potent effectors of vascular development. We examined the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF‐D and specific VEGF‐A isoforms at each stage of lung development. VEGF‐D, expressed only by cadherin‐11–positive cells of the mesenchyme, is first detected at embryonic day (E) 13.5, a period of active vasculogenesis. VEGFR‐3, its cognate receptor, is detected earlier on days E11.5 to E14.5, in both blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and later, on day E17.5, in only lymphatic vessels. VEGF‐A is expressed in the mesenchyme throughout lung development and also by the epithelium midway through organogenesis. Before E14, the predominant forms of VEGF‐A are the soluble isoforms, VEGF‐A120 and 164. Not until E14.5 do epithelial cells at the tips of expanding airways express VEGF‐A, including VEGF‐A188, an isoform with high affinity for extracellular matrix. Our results demonstrate unique temporal and spatial expression of VEGF‐D and specific VEGF‐A isoforms during lung development and suggest these related factors have distinct functions in vascular and lymphatic patterning of the lung. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymes active in the areas undergoing cartilage resorption during the development of the secondary ossification center in the tibiae of rats ages 0–21 days: I. Two groups of proteinases cleave the core protein of aggrecan
Authors: Lee Eunice R. , Lamplugh Lisa , Davoli Maria Antonietta , Beauchemin Annie , Chan Kevin , Mort John S. , Leblond Charles Philippe
Published: August 2002

The formation of a secondary ossification center in the cartilaginous epiphysis of long bones requires the excavation of canals and marrow space and, therefore, the resorption of cartilage. On the assumption that its resorption requires the lysis of the major cartilage component aggrecan, it was noted that the core protein may be cleaved in vitro by proteinases from two subfamilies: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases. Such cleavage results in aggrecan being replaced by a fragment of itself referred to as a “G1‐fragment.” To find out if this cleavage occurs in the developing epiphysis of the rat tibia, the approach has been to localize the G1 fragments. For this purpose two neoepitope antisera were applied, one capable of recognizing the MMP‐generated G1‐fragment that bears the C‐terminus …FVDIPEN341 and the other capable of recognizing the aggrecanase‐generated G1‐fragment that carries the C‐terminus …NITEGE373. With the aid of these antisera, we report here that aggrecan cleavage is localized to newly developed sites of erosion. Thus, at 6 days of age, canals allowing the entry of capillaries are dug out from the surface of the epiphysis in a radial direction (stage I), whereas immunostaining indicative of aggrecan cleavage by MMPs appears at the blind end of each canal. The next day, the canal blind ends fuse to create a marrow space in the epiphysis (stage II), whereas immunostaining produced by MMPs occurs along the walls of this space. By 9 days, clusters of hypertrophic chondrocytes are scattered along the marrow space wall to initiate the formation of the secondary ossification center (stage III), where the resorption sites are unreactive to either antiserum. From the 9th to the 21st day, the center keeps on enlarging and, as the distal wall of the marrow space recedes, it is intensely immunostained with both antisera indicating that both MMPs and aggrecanases are involved in this resorption. We conclude, that both enzyme subfamilies contribute to the lysis of aggrecan. However, the results suggest that the respective subfamilies target different sites and even stages of development in the tissue, suggesting some diversity in the mode of aggrecan lysis during the excavation of a secondary ossification center. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No evidence for ventrally migrating neural tube cells from the mid‐ and hindbrain
Authors: Yaneza May , Gilthorpe Jonathan D. , Lumsden Andrew , Tucker Abigail S.
Published: August 2002

Abstract

The neural crest is a migratory population of cells that originates from the dorsal neural tube in vertebrates. Recently, the existence of a group of ventrally emigrating neural tube (VENT) cells has been proposed, based upon cell labelling studies in the hindbrain of avian embryos. Like crest cells, these VENT cells have been reported to give rise to numerous cell types. VENT cell emigration is thought to occur after embryonic day (E) 3, when neural crest cell production has ceased. Migration of cells from the ventral neural tube into the periphery was inferred retrospectively after examining numerous embryos harvested at different stages. We have attempted to label VENT cells in vivo by using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression vector, electroporated into the ventral neural tube after crest cell migration and before the putative migration of the ventrally localised cells. Because GFP can be visualised strongly in living tissue a few hours after electroporation, the migration of labelled cells within the same embryo can be followed. Fluorescent cells labelled in the mid‐hindbrain region were examined in ovo and in explant culture. No GFP‐expressing cells were detected emigrating from the ventral neural tube from E3 to E5. Our findings are, thus, in disagreement with those of previous studies, which have indicated the existence of VENT cells in the cranial region. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comorbidity of obsessive‐compulsive disorders and duration of eating disorders
Authors: Milos Gabriella , Spindler Anja , Ruggiero Giovanni , Klaghofer Richard , Schnyder Ulrich
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study explored the comorbidity of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders (ED) and examined the relationship between OCD comorbidity and the duration of ED. Subjects with OCD were expected to show a longer history of ED.

Method

ED females (N = 237; 84 with anorexia nervosa and 153 with bulimia nervosa) were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I disorders (SCID‐1). Data were analyzed by logistic regression to determine whether OCD comorbidity is associated with duration of ED.

Results

The total sample showed a prevalence rate for OCD of 29.5%. OCD prevalence did not differ between anorexic and bulimic subjects. OCD comorbidity was significantly associated with a longer history of ED.

Conclusion

The findings of the study support previous research indicating a high comorbidity of ED with OCD. The results also suggest that OCD may play a role in the course of ED. Prospective studies are necessary to examine this hypothesis further. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 284–289, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10013
The interrater reliability of physical signs in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Tyler Ingrid , Birmingham C. Laird
Published: August 2002

Objective

To evaluate the interrater reliability of five common signs of eating disorders.

Methods

Eating disorder patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified (ED‐NOS), at various stages of recovery, were evaluated for the presence or absence of lanugo hair, acrocyanosis, parotid hypertrophy, hypercarotinemia, and Russell's sign. Patients were examined by two physicians with similar experience and training. Results are analyzed for reliability using the kappa statistic (κ).

Results

Kappa scores were as follows, indicating marginal reproducibility of results: lanugo hair (κ = 0.606), acrocyanosis (κ = 0.014), parotid hypertrophy (κ = 0.266), hypercarotinemia (κ = 0.101) , and Russell's sign (κ = 0.140).

Conclusion

The interrater reliability for individual items ranged from poor to moderate. Overall, there is marginal interrater reliability for the five common signs of eating disorders assessed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 343–345, 2001.
Fabrication of NbN single flux quantum (SFQ) circuit and operating properties at 10 K
Authors: Terai Hirotaka , Wang Zhen
Published: August 2002

We fabricated a prototype of a single flux quantum (SFQ) logic circuit for operation near 10 K by using NbN, which has a critical temperature around 16 K. This circuit is fabricated on a 2‐inch silicon (Si) substrate based on the NbN/AlN/NbN tunnel junction having fluctuations in the critical current of ±5% or less from 976 Josephson junctions (JJ). The fabrication of a prototype circuit to generate, propagate, and detect SFQ pulses and the examination of its operation confirmed normal operation up to approximately 9.8 K, which is close to 10 K. In addition, at the operating temperature of 8.5 K, the operations of elementary cells such as a confluence buffer and a T flip‐flop were verified and were successful in the operation of the largest scale circuit, an 8‐bit shift register consisting of 105 JJ. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(10): 34–39, 2001
Calibration of a moving camera using a planar pattern: Optimal computation, reliability evaluation, and stabilization by the geometric AIC
Authors: Matsunaga Chikara , Kanatani Kenichi
Published: August 2002

We propose a “simultaneous calibration” scheme for computing the parameters of a continuously moving and continuously zooming camera by placing a planar pattern behind the object. We describe a procedure for computing an analytical solution which is exact in the absence of noise, estimating an optimal solution that attains the theoretical accuracy bound in the presence of noise, and evaluating the reliability of the computed solution. Finally, we show that degenerate configurations in which the solution is indeterminate and statistical fluctuations of computation can be avoided by “model selection.” This is done by comparing the model predicted from the history of the camera motion with the actually computed model by the “geometric AIC.” We confirm the effectiveness of our method by simulations and show real image examples. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(7): 12–21, 2001
A hill‐climbing learning method for Hopfield networks
Authors: Tang Zheng , Jin Haihe , Murao Kenji , Ishizuka Okihiko , Tanno Koichi
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we propose a hill‐climbing learning method for Hopfield networks in which the energy of the network is intentionally raised in the weight space so that the network can escape from local minima. This learning method involves repeated updating of the Hopfield network in state space and modification of the weights in weight space if it settles into a local minimum, so that the energy is raised. Shifting of the global minimum during learning can be avoided by updating the state on the unlearned Hopfield network in state space, using equilibrium states obtained from learning as the initial state. Simulations using this learning method show that the Hopfield network can escape from a local minimum which depends on the initial state. A simulation experiment is first conducted with a two‐variable Hopfield network, and the convergence of learning and the change of the domain from a local minimum to a global minimum are demonstrated. Then, using an example of the traveling‐salesman problem, a simulation is performed using concrete numerical values, and the validity of the method is demonstrated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(7): 28–40, 2001
Incorporating the environment into structural funds regional programmes: evolution, current developments and future prospects
Authors: Roberts Peter
Published: August 2002

During the last two decades the environment has become an important element in a number of areas of member state and European Union policy. A key instrument for the delivery of environmental objectives is the European Union's Structural Funds. These Funds provide support for regional development programmes, which are developed and managed by partnerships representing the European Commission, member state governments and regional stakeholders. A potential model for these environmentally driven regional programmes is provided by the concept of ecological modernization. Environmental concerns have now been absorbed into the regional programmes and it is likely that in future even greater emphasis will be placed on the environmental (and social) dimensions of regional development. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Molecular epidemiologic studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon–DNA adducts and breast cancer
Authors: Rundle Andrew , Tang Deliang , Hibshoosh Hanina , Schnabel Freya , Kelly Amalia , Levine Richard , Zhou Jingzhi , Link Bruce , Perera Frederica
Published: August 2002

We review our studies on the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)–DNA adducts in breast cancer. Additionally we report on analyses of the reliability of the scoring procedures used with immunohistochemical assay for PAH–DNA adducts and of potential bias arising from the use of benign breast disease (BBD) controls. We conducted a case‐control study utilizing two control groups: BBD controls who donated tissue and blood samples, and healthy controls who donated blood samples. In comparisons of tumor tissue from cases and benign tissue from BBD controls, increasing adduct levels were significantly associated with case‐control status [odds ratio (OR) = 2.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–4.92], whereas in comparisons of nontumor tissue from cases and benign tissue from BBD controls the association was nonsignificant (OR = 1.97, 95% CI 0.94–4.17). We also show among cases, but not among BBD controls, that theGSTM1null genotype is associated with increased adduct levels in breast tissue. Our reliability study found the scoring procedures used with the immunohistochemical assay to have high reliability, 0.93 in nontumor, 0.82 in tumor, and 0.74 in benign tissues. However, we found that the technician significantly contributed to the total variability of a series of data. Finally, we did not find a consistent bias to the null associated with the use of BBD controls; however, BBD controls may overestimate the prevalence of family history of breast cancer compared to that of healthy controls (18% vs.14%). We hypothesize that the higher prevalence results from a referral bias and discuss how this may influence our results. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:201–207, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender difference in DNA adduct levels among nonsmoking lung cancer patients
Authors: Cheng Ya‐Wen , Hsieh Ling‐Ling , Lin Pin‐Pin , Chen Chao‐Pin , Chen Chih‐Yi , Lin Ton‐Sen , Su Jan‐Ming , Lee Huei
Published: August 2002

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Taiwanese women. Cigarette smoking cannot explain the high lung cancer mortality in this population because less than 10% of women in Taiwan are smokers. Therefore, environmental factors other than smoking may play an important role in lung cancer development in female nonsmokers. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of environmental carcinogen exposure in lung cancer development in Taiwanese female nonsmokers, based on DNA adduct formation. We collected nontumorous lung tissues resected from 62 nonsmoking lung cancer patients and 20 noncancer controls to investigate whether differences in susceptibility to DNA adduct formation exist between men and women. 32P‐postlabeling and ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) with polyclonal antibody against BPDE (7,8‐dihydroxy‐anti‐9,10‐epoxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene)–DNA adduct were used to evaluate DNA adduct levels in lung tissues of study subjects. Our data showed that the DNA adduct levels of lung cancer patients determined by both assays were significantly higher than those of noncancer controls (P = 0.0001 for 32P‐postlabeling; P = 0.01 for ELISA). Moreover, DNA adduct levels in females were markedly greater than those in males (P = 0.014 for 32P‐postlabeling; P = 0.001 for ELISA). The difference in DNA adduct levels could not be explained by genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P‐4501A1 (CYP1A1) or glutathione S‐transferase (GSTM1), as determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. These results demonstrate that lung cancer patients have a higher susceptibility to DNA damage than that of noncancer controls. In addition, differences in susceptibility to DNA damage derived from environmental carcinogen exposure were observed between male and female nonsmokers. In conclusion, high susceptibility to DNA damage in females may partially explain the high mortality rate of lung cancer in nonsmoking Taiwanese women. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:304–310, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for the analysis of trends in streamflow response due to changes in catchment condition
Authors: Letcher R. A. , Schreider S. Yu. , Jakeman A. J. , Neal B. P. , Nathan R. J.
Published: August 2002

Two algorithms for analysing changes in streamflow response due to changes in land use and farm dam development, based on the Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) and the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) methods, were compared on three catchments in the Macquarie River Basin in NSW, Australia. In order to account for the influence of climatic conditions on streamflow response, the IHACRES conceptual rainfall‐runoff model was calibrated on a daily time step over two‐year periods then simulated over the entire period of concurrent rainfall, streamflow and temperature data. Residuals or differences between observed and simulated flows were calculated. The EGLS method was applied to a smoothing of the residual (daily) time series. Such residuals represent the difference between the simulated streamflow response to a fixed catchment condition (in the calibration period) and that due to the actual varying conditions throughout the record period. The GAM method was applied to quarterly aggregated residuals. The methods provided similar qualitative results for trends in residual streamflow response in each catchment for models with a good fitting performance on the calibration period in terms of a number of statistics, i.e. the coefficient of efficiency R2, bias and average relative parameter error (ARPE). It was found that the fit of the IHACRES model to the calibration period is critically important in determining trend values and significance. Models with well identified parameters and less correlation between rainfall and model residuals are likely to give the best results for trend analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal placement of sensors on buildings subjected to intermediate‐storey excitation according to QN control method
Authors: Xing Liping , Tachibana Eizaburo , Inoue Yutaka
Published: August 2002

An algorithm to calculate direct velocity feedback gain with limited number of sensors is developed in a simple way such that a certain performance index is minimized according to QN control method. If a limited number of velocity outputs can be measured, full velocity responses of the whole structure can be interpolated based on the mode shapes. By defining the performance index function as a combination of the structure's velocity responses and control forces only, feedback gain can be determined according to QN control method with the external excitation being taken into account throughout the entire algorithm. Control forces are then regulated by the time‐invariant feedback gain matrix. The effective location of the active control devices for a building structure subjected to intermediate‐storey excitation has been determined to be in the three floors adjacent to the vibration source. Hence for the purpose of this paper, only the optimal placement of sensors is verified. It is shown in this paper that if the dynamic behaviour of the structure is well described by a mathematical model, sufficient response reduction effect can be achieved according to the new DVFC algorithm, and the degradation of control performance due to time delay can also be verified. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation into the influence of gender and parenting styles on excessive exercise and disordered eating
Authors: Tata Philip , Fox John , Cooper Jerry
Published: August 2002

Previous research has shown a gender difference in the incidence of eating disorders, with a far higher number of female sufferers. This study aimed to re‐examine this gender difference, and also any difference in primary excessive exercise, based on Lerner et al.'s (1976) theoretical distinction between ‘body effectiveness’ and ‘body attractiveness’. It also considered the significance of parental styles to abnormal eating and exercising behaviour. As predicted, young adult females demonstrated significantly higher levels of disordered eating than young adult males while the reverse was the case for excessive exercise. The degree of these behavioural abnormalities was related to low body satisfaction and subjects' weight perceptions. For both sexes, mother and father overprotection was associated with low body satisfaction, and, for female subjects, disordered eating patterns. These results are discussed in relation to Lerner et al.'s (1976) theory and the models proposed by Eisler and Le Grange (1990). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Anorexia nervosa and psychological control: a reexamination of selected theoretical accounts
Authors: Surgenor Lois J. , Horn Jacqueline , Plumridge Elizabeth W. , Hudson Stephen M.
Published: August 2002

Psychological control has been hypothesized to play a central role in the aetiology and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). Indeed, by positioning psychological control as an important organizing or underlying causal mechanism, theoretical accounts typically rely on this construct. This paper reviews three strategically important accounts of the hypothesized relationship between psychological control and AN. These theoretically articulated relationships are complex and diverse. The implications of this situation for current clinical practice, and future research questions, are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Small‐size sensors for the in‐field stripping voltammetric analysis of water
Authors: Brainina Khiena Z. , Kubysheva Inna V. , Miroshnikova Elena G. , Parshakov Stanislav I. , Maksimov Yuri G. , Volkonsky Andrei E.
Published: August 2002

Sensors based on thick‐film graphite and screen‐printed electrodes open up a new era in stripping voltammetry. The increasing application of the stripping analysis in laboratory, field, and on‐line variants is expected in the near future. The use of modified thick‐film graphite and screen‐printed electrodes allows solving main problems of the method: toxicity of mercury and mechanical regeneration of the solid electrode surface. However, one of the problems with the stripping voltammetric method, namely the interference of organic compounds, cannot be solved without sample pretreatment. New four‐electrode sensors based on thick‐film graphite and screen‐printed carbon electrodes for analysis of natural and waste waters are described. The analysis is performed in three steps: sample pretreatment, accumulation of the analyte on the electrode surface, and measurement. The measuring cells have a small volume (e.g., 0.2–0.8 ml) sufficient for uniform mixing of the test solution and introduction (if required) of standard additions. A solid electrolyte can be placed in the cell. The sensors were used for determination of Cu, Pb, and Cd concentrations. The detection limit is n × 10−7 g l−1. Some results of the analysis of model solutions, river and waste waters with the use of the standard addition method or calibration curves are given. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 260–271, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10006
Composition of the essential oil of Teucrium fruticans L. from the Maremma Regional Park (Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Flamini Guido , Cioni Pier Luigi , Morelli Ivano , Maccioni Simonetta , Monti Giovanni
Published: August 2002

The composition of the essential oil of a population of Teucrium fruticans L. from the Maremma Regional Park, Italy, has been studied for the first time. The oil was obtained from both flowering and fruiting tops. The former contained almost equal amounts of mono‐ and sesquiterpenes (53% and 45%, respectively), while the latter was constituted mainly by sesquiterpenes (70%). The main components during the flowering phase were β‐pinene (21%), germacrene D (18%), β‐myrcene (13%), and β‐caryophyllene (12%), and during the fruiting phase germacrene D (24%), β‐caryophyllene (22%), β‐pinene (7%) and β‐selinene (7%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and applications in stability of free‐surface time‐domain boundary element models
Authors: Büchmann Bjarne
Published: August 2002

A method is presented for examining the stability of a free‐surface time‐domain boundary element model based on B‐splines. Effects of a non‐uniform discretization occurring in practical applications are included. It is demonstrated that instabilities may occur, even in situations where earlier stability analyses predicted the scheme to be stable. These instabilities are due to non‐uniformities in the spatial discretization, which have until now not been included in the stability analyses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of plane viscous jet to entrance flow rate perturbation
Authors: Knani Mohamed Ali , Lili Taieb , Boisson Henri‐Claude
Published: August 2002

A two‐dimensional numerical simulation solving unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is used to study the natural varicose instability of a plane jet in the Reynolds number range of 100–900. A transient train of vortices is observed at the beginning of the computation. It disappears yielding a steady flow. This flow is then used at the basis for forced excitation in order to study the space time development of instability. A Reynolds number dependant behaviour is observed which implies that viscosity directly affects the vortex dynamics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Petrov–Galerkin finite element model for one‐dimensional fully non‐linear and weakly dispersive wave propagation
Authors: Woo Seung‐Buhm , L.‐F. Liu Philip
Published: August 2002

A new finite element method is presented to solve one‐dimensional depth‐integrated equations for fully non‐linear and weakly dispersive waves. For spatial integration, the Petrov–Galerkin weighted residual method is used. The weak forms of the governing equations are arranged in such a way that the shape functions can be piecewise linear, while the weighting functions are piecewise cubic with C2‐continuity. For the time integration an implicit predictor–corrector iterative scheme is employed. Within the framework of linear theory, the accuracy of the scheme is discussed by considering the truncation error at a node. The leading truncation error is fourth‐order in terms of element size. Numerical stability of the scheme is also investigated. If the Courant number is less than 0.5, the scheme is unconditionally stable. By increasing the number of iterations and/or decreasing the element size, the stability characteristics are improved significantly. Both Dirichlet boundary condition (for incident waves) and Neumann boundary condition (for a reflecting wall) are implemented. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the range of applicabilities and the accuracy of the model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reappraisal of Taylor–Galerkin algorithm for drying–wetting areas in shallow water computations
Authors: Quecedo M. , Pastor M.
Published: August 2002

Non‐linear shallow water equations are a useful approximation to phenomena such as estuary dynamics, tidal propagation, breaking of a dam, flood waves, etc. Quite frequently they involve propagation over dry beds and drying of wet zones, for which boundary changes. To solve this problem either special techniques such as remeshing and Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulations or algorithms initially developed for flows exhibiting shocks have been proposed in past years. The purpose of this paper is to show how classical finite elements formulations, such as Taylor–Galerkin can be applied to solve the problem to wetting–drying areas in a simple yet efficient manner. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Return and Volatility Dynamics in the Spot and Futures Markets in Australia: An Intervention Analysis in a Bivariate EGARCH‐X Framework
Authors: Bhar Ramaprasad
Published: August 2002

This article provides evidence of linkages between the equity market and the index futures market in
Australia, where the futures market has experienced a major structural event due to the futures contract
respecification. A bivariate Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity
(EGARCH) model is developed that includes a cointegrating residual as an explanatory variable for both
the conditional mean and the conditional variance. The conditional mean returns from both markets are influenced
by the long‐run equilibrium relationship, and these markets are informationally linked through the second
moments. The crossmarket spillovers exhibit asymmetric behavior in that the volatility responses to past
standardized innovations are different for market advances and market retreats. An intervention analysis shows
that some of the parameters describing the return‐generating process have shifted after the contract
respecification by the futures exchange. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:833–850,
2001
Loss of chromosome arms 3p and 9p and inactivation of P16INK4a in normal epithelium of patients with primary lung cancer
Authors: Caballero Otávia L. , Cohen Daniel , Liu Qing , Esteller Manel , Bonacum Julie , White Peter , Engles James , Yochem Robert , Herman James G. , Westra William H. , Lengauer Christoph , Sidransky David , Jen Jin
Published: August 2002

The accumulation of genetic alterations in the respiratory epithelium may give rise to cancer and often is accompanied by a series of histologic alterations over a period of several years. Recent studies have identified some molecular alterations in histologically normal‐appearing epithelium among patients with lung cancer. To extend these observations, we investigated clonal genetic alterations by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and immunohistochemistry in 69 biopsy samples of histologically normal‐appearing bronchial epithelium from 22 patients with or without lung cancer. Thirty‐seven biopsy specimens from 13 patients were examined for loss of 3p14, and 48 biopsy specimens from 18 patients were examined for loss at 9p21 by FISH. P16INK4a expression was analyzed in 54 biopsy samples from 19 patients. In at least one biopsy specimen from five of the13 patients with primary lung cancer, FISH or immunohistochemistry detected loss of the 3p14 or 9p21 region. In contrast, no alterations were detected for the same regions in the nine patients without primary lung cancer. Our results support the concept that the normal epithelial surface of large bronchi of patients with lung cancer has molecular changes suggestive of the outgrowth of numerous clonal foci. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The magnetic susceptibility of cherts: Archaeological and geochemical implications of source variation
Authors: Thacker Paul T. , Ellwood Brooks B.
Published: August 2002

Recent exploratory studies have suggested the potential of magnetic susceptibility (MS) as a rapid and low‐cost sourcing technique for lithic archaeological materials. Most commercially available susceptibility instruments, however, do not have the sensitivity to characterize weakly susceptible cherts and silicified woods. Comparative results from nine chert, two silicified wood, a porcellanite, and four obsidian sources using a highly sensitive, calibrated, and magnetically‐shielded instrument allow exploration of MS variability within and between geological sources. Color, texture, grain size, and large inclusions of cherts and obsidians are not straightforward determinants of MS. Weathering rinds (patinas) and cortex from a variety of cherts yield reduced MS values, as does a recrystalized cobble of Rio Maior flint, indicating that magnetic mineral removal during chemical weathering and diagenesis is more prevalent than staining or other mineral penetration of cobbles. In situations of multiple overlapping MS ranges, analysis is limited to discriminating cherts with high or low MS range distributions, for example in an atypicality index. Some silicified woods, obsidians, and porcellanites possess a much greater range of intersource variability, and thus sourcing analysis is more likely to be broadly successful using the susceptibility of these materials. Unexpected results from an archaeological test using a historic lithic assemblage from Azinheira, Portugal, indicate that assemblage MS may be influenced by practices of raw material selection. Understanding variability in lithic MS has relevance for the design of most source geochemical sampling, as well as the behavioral interpretations that result from such investigations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.