bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inverse procedure for high‐latitude ionospheric electrodynamics: Analysis of satellite‐borne magnetometer data
Authors: Matsuo Tomoko , Knipp Delores J. , Richmond Arthur D. , Kilcommons Liam , Anderson Brian J.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents an analysis of data from the magnetometers on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F‐15, F‐16, F‐17, and F‐18 satellites and the Iridium satellite constellation, using an inverse procedure for high‐latitude ionospheric electrodynamics, during the period of 29–30 May 2010. The Iridium magnetometer data are made available through the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) program. The method presented here is built upon the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics procedure but with a more complete treatment of the prior model uncertainty to facilitate an optimal inference of complete polar maps of electrodynamic variables from irregularly distributed observational data. The procedure can provide an objective measure of uncertainty associated with the analysis. The cross‐validation analysis, in which the DMSP data are used as independent validation data sets, suggests that the procedure yields the spatial prediction of DMSP perturbation magnetic fields from AMPERE data alone with a median discrepancy of 30–50 nT. Discrepancies larger than 100 nT are seen in about 20% of total samples, whose location and magnitude are generally consistent with the previously identified discrepancy between DMSP and AMPERE data sets. Resulting field‐aligned current (FAC) patterns exhibit more distinct spatial patterns without spurious high‐frequency oscillatory features in comparison to the FAC products provided by AMPERE. Maps of the toroidal magnetic potential and FAC estimated from both AMPERE and DMSP data under four distinctive interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions during a magnetic cloud event demonstrate the IMF control of high‐latitude electrodynamics and the opportunity for future scientific investigation.
Occurrence of equatorial spread F during intense geomagnetic storms
Authors: Ray S. , Roy B. , Das A.
Published: May 2015

Equatorial spread F (ESF) has been observed in response to the prompt penetration of magnetospheric electric field to equatorial latitudes during intense (minimum Dst ≤ −100 nT; Bz ≤ −10 nT for at least 3 h) magnetic storms using global ion density plots of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) over nearly one solar cycle (1996–2005). Geostationary amplitude scintillation observations from Calcutta at VHF and L band for 1996–2005 and GPS amplitude scintillation measurements during 2004–2005 from the Indian Satellite Based Augmentation System Geostationary and GPS Navigation Outlay (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation) network of stations all over India have been used to corroborate the DMSP observations. Subsequent to the time of southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz crossing −10 nT for an intense storm, it has been observed that within 4 h, ESF is generated at a longitude where the local time is dusk.
Dynamics of intraoceanic subduction initiation: 1. Oceanic detachment fault inversion and the formation of supra‐subduction zone ophiolites
Authors: Maffione Marco , Thieulot Cedric , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Morris Antony , Plümper Oliver , Spakman Wim
Published: May 2015

Subduction initiation is a critical link in the plate tectonic cycle. Intraoceanic subduction zones can form along transform faults and fracture zones, but how subduction nucleates parallel to mid‐ocean ridges, as in e.g., the Neotethys Ocean during the Jurassic, remains a matter of debate. In recent years, extensional detachment faults have been widely documented adjacent to slow‐spreading and ultraslow‐spreading ridges where they cut across the oceanic lithosphere. These structures are extremely weak due to widespread occurrence of serpentine and talc resulting from hydrothermal alteration, and can therefore effectively localize deformation. Here, we show geochemical, tectonic, and paleomagnetic evidence from the Jurassic ophiolites of Albania and Greece for a subduction zone formed in the western Neotethys parallel to a spreading ridge along an oceanic detachment fault. With 2‐D numerical modeling exploring the evolution of a detachment‐ridge system experiencing compression, we show that serpentinized detachments are always weaker than spreading ridges. We conclude that, owing to their extreme weakness, oceanic detachments can effectively localize deformation under perpendicular far‐field forcing, providing ideal conditions to nucleate new subduction zones parallel and close to (or at) spreading ridges. Direct implication of this, is that resumed magmatic activity in the forearc during subduction initiation can yield widespread accretion of suprasubduction zone ophiolites at or close to the paleoridge. Our new model casts the enigmatic origin of regionally extensive ophiolite belts in a novel geodynamic context, and calls for future research on three‐dimensional modeling of subduction initiation and how upper plate extension is associated with that.
High‐resolution magnetics reveal the deep structure of a volcanic‐arc‐related basalt‐hosted hydrothermal site (Palinuro, Tyrrhenian Sea)
Authors: Szitkar Florent , Petersen Sven , Caratori Tontini Fabio , Cocchi Luca
Published: May 2015

High‐resolution magnetic surveys have been acquired over the partially sedimented Palinuro massive sulfide deposits in the Aeolian volcanic arc, Tyrrhenian Sea. Surveys flown close to the seafloor using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) show that the volcanic‐arc‐related basalt‐hosted hydrothermal site is associated with zones of lower magnetization. This observation reflects the alteration of basalt affected by hydrothermal circulation and/or the progressive accumulation of a nonmagnetic deposit made of hydrothermal and volcaniclastic material and/or a thermal demagnetization of titanomagnetite due to the upwelling of hot fluids. To discriminate among these inferences, estimate the shape of the nonmagnetic deposit and the characteristics of the underlying altered area—the stockwork—we use high‐resolution vector magnetic data acquired by the AUV Abyss (GEOMAR) above a crater‐shaped depression hosting a weakly active hydrothermal site. Our study unveils a relatively small nonmagnetic deposit accumulated at the bottom of the depression and locked between the surrounding volcanic cones. Thermal demagnetization is unlikely but the stockwork extends beyond the limits of the nonmagnetic deposit, forming lobe‐shaped zones believed to be a consequence of older volcanic episodes having contributed in generating the cones.
Multiparametric study of the February–April 2013 paroxysmal phase of Mt. Etna New South‐East crater
Authors: Spampinato Letizia , Sciotto Mariangela , Cannata Andrea , Cannavò Flavio , La Spina Alessandro , Palano Mimmo , Salerno Giuseppe G. , Privitera Eugenio , Caltabiano Tommaso
Published: May 2015

Between January 2011 and April 2013, Mt. Etna's eruptive activity consisted of episodic intracrater strombolian explosions and paroxysms from Bocca Nuova, Voragine, and the New South‐East (NSEC) summit craters, respectively. Eruptions from NSEC consisted of initial increasing strombolian activity and lava flow output, passing to short‐lasting lava fountaining. In this study we present seismic, infrasound, radiometric, plume SO2 and HCl fluxes and geodetic data collected by the INGV monitoring system between May 2012 and April 2013. The multiparametric approach enabled characterization of NSEC eruptive activity at both daily and monthly time scales and tracking of magma movement within Mt. Etna's plumbing system. While seismic, infrasound and radiometric signals give insight on the energy and features of the 13 paroxysms fed by NSEC, SO2 and halogen fluxes shed light on the likely mechanisms triggering the eruptive phenomena. GPS data provided clear evidence of pressurization of Mt. Etna's plumbing system from May 2012 to middle February 2013 and depressurization during the February–April 2013 eruptive activity. Taking into account geochemical data, we propose that the paroxysms' sequence represented the climax of a waxing‐waning phase of degassing that had started as early as December 2012, and eventually ended in April 2013. Integration of the multidisciplinary observations suggests that the February–April 2013 eruptive activity reflects a phase of release of a volatile‐rich batch of magma that had been stored in the shallow volcano plumbing system at least 4 months before, and with the majority of gas released between February and March 2013.
Antarctic ice rise formation, evolution, and stability
Authors: Favier Lionel , Pattyn Frank
Published: May 2015

Antarctic ice rises originate from the contact between ice shelves and one of the numerous topographic highs emerging from the edge of the continental shelf. While investigations of the Raymond effect indicate their millennial‐scale stability, little is known about their formation and their role in ice shelf stability. Here we present for the first time the simulation of an ice rise using the BISICLES model. The numerical results successfully reproduce several field‐observable features, such as the substantial thinning downstream of the ice rise and the successive formation of a promontory and ice rise with stable radial ice flow center, showing that ice rises are formed during the ice sheet deglaciation. We quantify the ice rise buttressing effect, found to be mostly transient, delaying grounding line retreat significantly but resulting in comparable steady state positions. We demonstrate that ice rises are key in controlling simulations of Antarctic deglaciation.
Sustained growth of the Southern Ocean carbon storage in a warming climate
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Bracco Annalisa , Deutsch Curtis , Frenzel Hartmut , Long Matthew , Takano Yohei
Published: May 2015

We investigate the mechanisms controlling the evolution of Southern Ocean carbon storage under a future climate warming scenario. A subset of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models predicts that the inventory of biologically sequestered carbon south of 40°S increases about 18–34 Pg C by 2100 relative to the preindustrial condition. Sensitivity experiments with an ocean circulation and biogeochemistry model illustrates the impacts of the wind and buoyancy forcings under a warming climate. Intensified and poleward shifted westerly wind strengthens the upper overturning circulation, not only leading to an increased uptake of anthropogenic CO2 but also releasing biologically regenerated carbon to the atmosphere. Freshening of Antarctic Surface Water causes a slowdown of the lower overturning circulation, leading to an increased Southern Ocean biological carbon storage. The rectified effect of these processes operating together is the sustained growth of the carbon storage in the Southern Ocean, even under the warming climate with a weaker global ocean carbon uptake.
Storm time occurrence and spatial distribution of Pc4 poloidal ULF waves in the inner magnetosphere: A Van Allen Probes statistical study
Authors: Dai Lei , Takahashi Kazue , Lysak Robert , Wang Chi , Wygant John R. , Kletzing Craig , Bonnell John , Cattell Cynthia A. , Smith Charles W. , MacDowall Robert J. , Thaller Scott , Breneman Aaron , Tang Xiangwei , Tao Xin , Chen Lunjin
Published: May 2015

Poloidal ULF waves are capable of efficiently interacting with energetic particles in the ring current and the radiation belt. Using Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)) data from October 2012 to July 2014, we investigate the spatial distribution and storm time occurrence of Pc4 (7–25 mHz) poloidal waves in the inner magnetosphere. Pc4 poloidal waves are sorted into two categories: waves with and without significant magnetic compressional components. Two types of poloidal waves have comparable occurrence rates, both of which are much higher during geomagnetic storms. The noncompressional poloidal waves mostly occur in the late recovery phase associated with an increase of Dst toward 0, suggesting that the decay of the ring current provides their free energy source. The occurrence of dayside compressional Pc4 poloidal waves is found correlated with the variation of the solar wind dynamic pressure, indicating their origin in the solar wind. Both compressional and noncompressional waves preferentially occur on the dayside near noon at L∼5–6. In addition, compressional poloidal waves are observed at magnetic local time 18–24 on the nightside. The location of the Pc4 poloidal waves relative to the plasmapause is investigated. The RBSP statistical results may shed light on the in‐depth investigations of the generation and propagation of Pc4 poloidal waves.
Properties and drivers of fast interplanetary shocks near the orbit of the Earth (1995–2013)
Authors: Kilpua E. K. J. , Lumme E. , Andreeova K. , Isavnin A. , Koskinen H. E. J.
Published: May 2015

We present a comprehensive statistical analysis spanning over a solar cycle of the properties and drivers of traveling fast forward and fast reverse interplanetary shocks. We combine statistics of 679 shocks between 1995 and 2013 identified from the near‐Earth (Wind and ACE) and STEREO‐A observations. We find that fast forward shocks dominate over fast reverse shocks in all solar cycle phases except during solar minimum. Nearly all fast reverse shocks are driven by slow‐fast stream interaction regions (SIRs), while coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the principal drivers of fast forward shocks in all phases except at solar minimum. The occurrence rate and median speeds of CME‐driven fast forward shocks follow the sunspot cycle, while SIR‐associated shocks do not show such correspondence. The strength of the shock (characterized by the magnetosonic Mach number and by the upstream to downstream magnetic field and density ratio) shows relatively little variations over solar cycle. However, the shocks were slightly stronger during the ascending phase of a relatively weak solar cycle 24 than during the previous ascending phase. The CME‐ and SIR‐driven fast forward shocks and fast reverse shocks have distinct upstream solar wind conditions, which reflect to their relative strengths. We found that CME‐driven shocks are on average stronger and faster, and they show broader distributions of shock parameters than the shocks driven by SIRs.
The Effects of Embedded Dipoles in Aromatic Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Abu‐Husein Tarek , Schuster Swen , Egger David A. , Kind Martin , Santowski Tobias , Wiesner Adrian , Chiechi Ryan , Zojer Egbert , Terfort Andreas , Zharnikov Michael
Published: May 2015

Using a representative model system, here electronic and structural properties of aromatic self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are described that contain an embedded, dipolar group. As polar unit, pyrimidine is used, with its orientation in the molecular backbone and, consequently, the direction of the embedded dipole moment being varied. The electronic and structural properties of these embedded‐dipole SAMs are thoroughly analyzed using a number of complementary characterization techniques combined with quantum‐mechanical modeling. It is shown that such mid‐chain‐substituted monolayers are highly interesting from both fundamental and application viewpoints, as the dipolar groups are found to induce a potential discontinuity inside the monolayer, electrostatically shifting the core‐level energies in the regions above and below the dipoles relative to one another. These SAMs also allow for tuning the substrate work function in a controlled manner independent of the docking chemistry and, most importantly, without modifying the SAM‐ambient interface.
ReS2‐Based Field‐Effect Transistors and Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Enze , Jin Yibo , Yuan Xiang , Wang Weiyi , Zhang Cheng , Tang Lei , Liu Shanshan , Zhou Peng , Hu Weida , Xiu Faxian
Published: May 2015

Atomically thin 2D layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been extensively studied in recent years because of their appealing electrical and optical properties. Here, the fabrication of ReS2 field‐effect transistors is reported via the encapsulation of ReS2 nanosheets in a high‐κ Al2O3 dielectric environment. Low‐temperature transport measurements allow to observe a direct metal‐to‐insulator transition originating from strong electron–electron interactions. Remarkably, the photodetectors based on ReS2 exhibit gate‐tunable photoresponsivity up to 16.14 A W−1 and external quantum efficiency reaching 3168%, showing a competitive device performance to those reported in graphene, MoSe2, GaS, and GaSe‐based photodetectors. This study unambiguously distinguishes ReS2 as a new candidate for future applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Wide‐Range Tunable Dynamic Property of Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Fibers
Authors: Zhao Jingna , Zhang Xiaohua , Pan Zhijuan , Li Qingwen
Published: May 2015

A carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber is formed by assembling millions of individual tubes. The assembly feature provides the fiber with rich interface structures and thus various ways of energy dissipation, as reflected by the nonzero loss tangent (>0.028–0.045) at low vibration frequencies. A fiber containing entangled CNTs possesses higher loss tangents than a fiber spun from aligned CNTs. Liquid densification and polymer infiltration, the two common ways to increase the interfacial friction and thus the fiber's tensile strength and modulus, are found to efficiently reduce the damping coefficient. This is because the sliding tendency between CNT bundles can also be well suppressed by a high packing density and the formation of covalent polymer cross‐links within the fiber. The CNT/bismaleimide composite fiber exhibits the smallest loss tangent, nearly the same as that of carbon fibers. At a higher level of the assembly structure, namely a multi‐ply CNT yarn, the interfiber friction and sliding tendency obviously influence the yarn's damping performance, and the loss tangent can be tuned within a wide range, similar to carbon fibers, nylon yarns, or cotton yarns. The wide‐range tunable dynamic properties allow new applications ranging from high quality factor materials to dissipative systems.
Understanding Inhomogeneous Reactions in Li‐Ion Batteries: Operando Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction on Two‐Layer Electrodes
Authors: Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Villevieille Claire , Takeuchi Yoji , Novák Petr
Published: May 2015

To understand inhomogeneous reactions perpendicular to the current collector in an electrode for batteries, a method combining operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and two‐layer electrodes with different porosities is developed. The two layers are built using two different active materials (LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiMn2O4), therefore, tracing each diffraction pattern reveals which active material is reacting during the electrochemical measurement in transmission mode. The results demonstrate that the active material close to the separator is obviously more active than that one close to the current collector in the case of low porosity electrodes. This inhomogeneity should be due to the rate‐limitation and especially to low average ionic conductivity of the electrolyte in the porous electrode because the current flows first mainly into the electrode regions close to the separator. The inhomogeneity is found to be mitigated by the adjustment of the electrode density and thus porosity. Hence, the novel operando method reveals a clear inhomogeneous reaction perpendicular to the current collector.
Tailored Near‐Infrared Photoemission in Fluoride Perovskites through Activator Aggregation and Super‐Exchange between Divalent Manganese Ions
Authors: Song Enhai , Ye Shi , Liu Tianhui , Du Peipei , Si Rui , Jing Xiping , Ding Sha , Peng Mingying , Zhang Qinyuan , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: May 2015

Biomedical imaging and labeling through luminescence microscopy requires materials that are active in the near‐infrared spectral range, i.e., within the transparency window of biological tissue. For this purpose, tailoring of Mn2+–Mn2+ activator aggregation is demonstrated within the ABF3 fluoride perovskites. Such tailoring promotes distinct near‐infrared photoluminescence through antiferromagnetic super‐exchange across effective dimers. The crossover dopant concentrations for the occurrence of Mn2+ interaction within the first and second coordination shells comply well with experimental observations of concentration quenching of photoluminescence from isolated Mn2+ and from Mn2+–Mn2+ effective dimers, respectively. Tailoring of this procedure is achieved via adjusting the Mn–F–Mn angle and the Mn–F distance through substitution of the A+ and/or the B2+ species in the ABF3 compound. Computational simulation and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy are employed to confirm this. The principle is applied to produce pure anti‐Stokes near‐infrared emission within the spectral range of ≈760–830 nm from codoped ABF3:Yb3+,Mn2+ upon excitation with a 976 nm laser diode, challenging the classical viewpoint where Mn2+ is used only for visible photoluminescence: in the present case, intense and tunable near‐infrared emission is generated. This approach is highly promising for future applications in biomedical imaging and labeling.
Copper (I) ion stabilized on fe3o4‐core ethylated branched polyethyleneimine‐shell as magnetically recyclable catalyst for ATRP reaction
Authors: Nabid Mohammad Reza , Bide Yasamin , Ghalavand Nastaran
Published: May 2015

Branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) was used to modify the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with silica layer, and then, it was treated with ethyl iodide to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2@Ethylated‐bPEI. In the next step, the yolk–shell structure was gained by selectively etching the SiO2 middle layer. Finally, copper(I) was introduced to the yolk–shell Fe3O4@Ethylated‐bPEI and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene, led to obtain the well‐defined polymer with relatively low polydispersity. The toxicity of the residual copper in the polymer product was a limiting issue for applicability of ATRP reactions especially for biological purposes. In this report, the copper content in the polymer was reduced to the excellent value of 1.1 ppm. Moreover, the magnetic isolation, recyclability, and remove the need for an external ligand were other advantages of the synthesized catalyst which makes it suitable for employing in ATRP reactions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42337.
Spontaneous formation of gold microplates during reduction‐coupled removal of noble metals using Dowex M4195 resin
Authors: Jermakowicz‐Bartkowiak Dorota , Cyganowski Piotr , Leśniewicz Anna , Tylus Wlodzimierz , Chȩcmanowski Jacek , Marcinowska Anna
Published: May 2015

The present work reports the novel phenomenon of spontaneous formation of gold microplates. The effect is observed as a consequence of
,
,
, and
sorption on the Dowex M4195 resin. Therefore an attempt to explain the phenomenon mechanism is made. The research is covering sorption, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. The shapes of formed gold single plates are determined. The uptakes of Au(III), Pt(IV), Pd(II), and Re(VII) tests have been conducted using a batch method from single‐component metals solutions in 0.1M HCl. The sorption‐reduction phenomenon has been assessed by executed SEM, FTIR, XRD, and XPS studies. The greatest sorption capacity, combined with reduction‐coupled removal phenomenon, has been achieved for gold (5.5 mmol Au·g−1 at 9°C). Executed SEM and XRD analyzes prove formation of gold single crystals during present process, furthermore reduction of rhenium is indicated by XPS analysis. Based on the obtained FTIR and Raman's spectra, the reduction phenomenon is probably followed by resins’ functional groups oxidation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42425.
Evaluating habitat associations of a fish assemblage at multiple spatial scales in a minimally disturbed stream using low‐cost remote sensing
Authors: Cheek Brandon D. , Grabowski Timothy B. , Bean Preston T. , Groeschel Jillian R. , Magnelia Stephan J.
Published: May 2015

Habitat heterogeneity at multiple scales is a major factor affecting fish assemblage structure. However, assessments that examine these relationships at multiple scales concurrently are lacking. The lack of assessments at these scales is a critical gap in understanding as conservation and restoration efforts typically work at these levels.

A combination of low‐cost side‐scan sonar surveys, aerial imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle, and fish collections were used to evaluate the relationship between physicochemical and landscape variables at various spatial scales (e.g. micro‐mesohabitat, mesohabitat, channel unit, stream reach) and stream–fish assemblage structure and habitat associations in the South Llano River, a spring‐fed second‐order stream on the Edwards Plateau in central Texas during 2012–2013.

Low‐cost side‐scan sonar surveys have not typically been used to generate data for riverscape assessments of assemblage structure, thus the secondary objective was to assess the efficacy of this approach.

The finest spatial scale (micro‐mesohabitat) and the intermediate scale (channel unit) had the greatest explanatory power for variation in fish assemblage structure.

Many of the fish endemic to the Edwards Plateau showed similar associations with physicochemical and landscape variables suggesting that conservation and restoration actions targeting a single endemic species may provide benefits to a large proportion of the endemic species in this system.

Low‐cost side‐scan sonar proved to be a cost‐effective means of acquiring information on the habitat availability of the entire river length and allowed the assessment of how a full suite of riverscape‐level variables influenced local fish assemblage structure.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Thule Inuit Mummies From Greenland
Authors: Lynnerup Niels
Published: May 2015

Fourteen Thule Culture Inuit mummies are described here, including remarks on the cultural and archaeological setting of the Thule people. The mummy finds pertain to two mummy caches: six mummies found near Nuuk, at the site Pissisarfik, and eight mummies from Qilakitsoq. The latter find is the biggest mummy find in the Arctic. The mummies are all children and females. Although their state of preservation is uneven, much data about the Thule culture people has been gleaned from them. This includes the use of facial tattooing, Paleopathology and isotopic and genetic data. Anat Rec, 298:1001–1006, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification on Fresh Human Tissue: Macroscopic and Histological Aspects
Authors: Papageorgopoulou Christina , Shved Natallia , Wanek Johann , Rühli Frank J.
Published: May 2015

Many studies have been concerned with the ancient Egyptian mummification method; nevertheless, little effort has been made to explore it experimentally. The goal of this study is to apply evidence‐based diagnostic criteria and state‐of‐the art methodology in order to improve knowledge on soft tissues preservation and postmortem alterations. Two human lower limbs (LL) from a female donor were (1) “naturally” mummified by dry heat and (2) artificially in natron. At specific time intervals a macroscopic and radiological examination of the LL was performed and skin and muscle samples were taken for histological and biomolecular analysis. Temperature, humidity, pH, and weight of the LL were systematically measured. The mummification by dry heat was stopped after 7 days due to unexpected lack of mummification progress. The mummification in natron was completed successfully after 208 days. The humidity, the external temperature, and the pH were proven with Pearson correlation and principal component analysis as important factors for the mummification process. The steady removal of water from the tissues through the natron has prevented the putrefaction. This is also evident in the absence of bacteria or fungi through the microbiological analysis. The histological analysis revealed very good preservation of the skin and the muscle tissues. In the muscular sample certain degree of structural disintegration can be seen, particularly affecting the epimysium whilst in the skin samples the epidermis, especially the stratum corneum, is mostly affected. The samples show better preservation compared with ancient Egyptian sections and other mummified tissues from historic or forensic context. Anat Rec, 298:974–987, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Tres Ventanas Mummies of Peru
Authors: Wann L. Samuel , Lombardi Guido , Ojeda Bernadino , Benfer Robert A. , Rivera Ricardo , Finch Caleb E. , Thomas Gregory S. , Thompson Randall C.
Published: May 2015

The Tres Ventanas mummies of Peru are thought to be among the oldest mummies in existence, dating to between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. A preliminary assessment is made of the potential of these mummies for use in future research on mummified remains. Although the Tres Ventanas cave and the four mummies were explored and then excavated by Frederic Engel in 1966–67, and the project is named in his honor as the “Engel Study Group”, the importance of both the physical remains and the context in which they were found has only come to light in the last few years. Most important is the paleopathological examination of these remains, since these mummies are found in a high altitude area of Peru where adaptation to the limited partial pressure of oxygen is perhaps a key component in broadening our understanding of human diversity in past populations. Anat Rec, 298:1026–1035, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bog Bodies
Authors: Lynnerup Niels
Published: May 2015

In northern Europe during the Iron Age, many corpses were deposited in bogs. The cold, wet and anaerobic environment leads in many cases to the preservation of soft tissues, so that the bodies, when found and excavated several thousand years later, are remarkably intact. Since the 19th century the bog bodies have been studied using medical and natural scientific methods, and recently many bog bodies have been re‐examined using especially modern, medical imaging techniques. Because of the preservation of soft tissue, especially the skin, it has been possible to determine lesions and trauma. Conversely, the preservation of bones is less good, as the mineral component has been leached out by the acidic bog. Together with water‐logging of collagenous tissue, this means that if the bog body is simply left to dry out when found, as was the case pre‐19th century, the bones may literally warp and shrink, leading to potential pitfalls in paleopathological diagnostics. Bog bodies have in several instances been crucial in determining the last meal, as gut contents may be preserved, and thus augment our knowledge on pre‐historic diet by adding to, for example, stable isotope analyses. This article presents an overview of our knowledge about the taphomic processes as well as the methods used in bog body research. Anat Rec, 298:1007–1012, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mummy Restoration Project Among the Anga of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Beckett Ronald G. , Nelson Andrew J.
Published: May 2015

We report on a unique Mummy restoration project among the anga of papua new guinea. Moimango was a village leader who had gone through the smoked body mummification process about 50 years ago. His smoked body has been displayed, alongside other ancestors, on a cliff niche gallery 308 m (1011 feet) above Koke Village. Although somewhat protected by an overhang, Moimango suffered a great deal of deterioration as he has been unprotected and exposed to the elements. The goals of our 2010 expedition to Koke Village was to assess the efficacy of restoration efforts applied to Moimango initiated by the authors and villagers of Koke in 2008. The restoration process used materials native to the local jungles. We examined Moimango for additional restoration challenges that may have arisen since the 2008 expedition. We discovered that many of the restoration techniques developed and applied in 2008 held up well. We found that the anatomical supports developed from native tapa and kumaka sap were still in place and effective, as well as our lichen eradication method of a suca slurry applied in 2008. Of particular importance was the stability of Moimago's head, which prior to restoration, was held in place by only the mummified muscle and integument of the lateral and posterior neck region. Endoscopic evaluation demonstrated disarticulated C1 and C2 vertebrae. New restoration challenges included construction of a new display chair, realignment and securing of the mandible, replacing and securing a loose tooth, repatching, and recoating with ritualistic red ochre clay. Anat Rec, 298:1013–1025, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Terahertz Imaging Modalities of Ancient Egyptian Mummified Objects and of a Naturally Mummified Rat
Authors: Öhrström Lena , Fischer Bernd M. , Bitzer Andreas , Wallauer Jan , Walther Markus , Rühli Frank
Published: May 2015

During the last few years, terahertz (THz) imaging has been used to investigate artwork and historic artifacts. The application of THz imaging to mummy investigations is very attractive since it provides spectroscopic information over a broad frequency range and its radiation has proven to be harmless to human cells. However, compared with the current standard imaging methods in mummy imaging—X‐ray and computed tomography (CT)—it remains a novel, emerging technique whose potential still needs to be fully evaluated. Here, ancient Egyptian mummified objects as well as a naturally mummified rat have been investigated by two different THz imaging systems: a broadband THz time domain imaging system and an electronic THz scanner. The obtained THz images are compared with conventional CT, X‐ray, and magnetic resonance images. While the broadband THz time domain setup permits analyses of smaller samples, the electronic THz scanner allows the recording of data of thicker and larger samples at the expense of a limited spectral bandwidth. Terahertz imaging shows clear potential for mummy investigations, although currently CT imaging offers much higher spatial resolution. Furthermore, as commercial mobile THz scanners become available, THz imaging could be applied directly in museums or at excavation sites. Anat Rec, 298:1135–1143, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short Review: The Use of Conventional X‐rays in Mummy Studies
Authors: Lynnerup Niels , Rühli Frank
Published: May 2015

X‐raying is arguably the most well‐known, non‐invasive technique for visualising the internal structures of ancient mummies and bog bodies. There are several factors such as the easy availability, the relative cheapness as well as the high spatial resolution, which speaks for this diagnostic modality in ancient mummy research. The aim of this short review is to address the advantages and pitfalls of this particular technique for such unique samples. We recommend that when results of X‐ray examination of mummies are presented, the specific recording data should be listed, and any given finds, for example, of Paleopathology, should be cross‐checked against other sources, for example, CT‐scanning, direct inspection (also by endoscopy), and so forth. Anat Rec, 298:1085–1087, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Critical Look at Mummy CT Scanning
Authors: Cox Samantha L.
Published: May 2015

Computed tomography scanning of mummies has been conducted for almost 40 years, and has become an increasingly popular method of mummy study in the 21st century. However, most CT scan analyses published today still do little more than praise the technique's non‐destructive, non‐invasive properties. Despite the wealth of information contained within a modern, high definition scan, most researchers have yet to fully exploit the full potential of this technology. In addition, those that have utilized CT scanning in ancient remains continue to interpret mummified tissues as though they were living, without investigating how taphonomy and mummification could have effected the tissue images that are produced. Because of this, there is very limited information available for clear interpretation of mummy CT's. This article presents a critical assessment of the development of mummy CT scanning and presents the results of two Egyptian mummies CT'ed at the Penn Museum as an example of the potentials and pitfalls of high‐resolution scanning. Anat Rec, 298:1099–1110, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CT Examination of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses of Egyptian Mummies and Three Distinct Human Population Groups: Anthropological and Clinical Implications
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Lawson William , Mowbray Kenneth , Delman Bradley N. , Laitman Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2015

The interaction of nasal morphology and climatic conditions has resulted in diverse hard‐ and soft‐tissue configurations across human population groups. While the processes of skull pneumatization are not fully understood, the invasions of the paranasal sinuses [PNS] into the cranium have contributed to assorted morphologies. Human migratory patterns and the strong association with climatic variables through time and space may explain this diversity. This study examined four multiregional populations of which two are from Egypt but of widely divergent eras. Three Egyptian mummies [EG‐M] from the middle kingdom were CT scanned providing a unique opportunity to investigate the status of PNS anatomy within a time frame from 1567 BCE to 600 CE and compare it to a contemporary Egyptian [EG] (n = 12) population. Dry skulls of Inuit [IT] (n = 10) and East African [EA] (n = 8) provide out‐group comparisons, as one group represents an isolated geographic environment far different from that of Egypt and the other group inhabiting distinct environmental conditions albeit located within the same continent. Results showed EG‐M and EG frontal sinus volumes were diminutive in size with no statistically significant difference between them. Maxillary sinus size values of EG‐M and EG clustered together while IT and EA significantly differed from each other (P = 0.002). The multiregional groups exhibited population specific morphologies in their PNS anatomy. Ecogeographic localities revealed anatomical differences among IT and EA, while the potential time span of about 3,500 years produced only a negligible difference between the Egyptian groups. The small sample sizes incorporated into this research requires confirmation of the results by analyses of larger samples from each geographic region and with the integration of a larger group of Egyptian mummified remains. Anat Rec, 298:1072–1084, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary analyses of caspase‐8 and its paralogs: Deep origins of the apoptotic signaling pathways
Authors: Sakamaki Kazuhiro , Imai Kenichiro , Tomii Kentaro , Miller David J.
Published: May 2015

Although Caenorhabditis and Drosophila proved invaluable in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, it is now clear that these animals are of limited value for understanding the evolution of apoptotic systems. Whereas data from these invertebrates led to the assumption that the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is restricted to vertebrates, recent data from cnidarians and sponges indicate that this pathway predates bilaterian origins. Here we review the phylogenetic distribution of caspase‐8, the initiator caspase of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, its paralogs and other components of the network. The ancestral caspase‐8 gave rise to four paralogs early in vertebrate evolution, and these have been maintained in many tetrapods. However, eutherians have lost caspase‐18 and myomorph rodents have lost caspase‐10, these losses suggesting functional redundancy amongst caspase‐8 paralogs. The apoptotic network of the eumetazoan ancestor appears to have been complex and vertebrate like, and is only now being revealed by studying simple animals.
Regioselective Acetylation of C21 Hydroxysteroids by the Bacterial Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase I
Authors: Mosa Azzam , Hutter Michael C. , Zapp Josef , Bernhardt Rita , Hannemann Frank
Published: May 2015

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase I (CATI) detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol and confers a corresponding resistance to bacteria. In this study we identified this enzyme as a steroid acetyltransferase and designed a new and efficient Escherichia‐coli‐based biocatalyst for the regioselective acetylation of C21 hydroxy groups in steroids of pharmaceutical interest. The cells carried a recombinant catI gene controlled by a constitutive promoter. The capacity of the whole‐cell system to modify different hydroxysteroids was investigated, and NMR spectroscopy revealed that all substrates were selectively transformed into the corresponding 21‐acetoxy derivatives. The biotransformation was optimized, and the reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of a computationally modeled substrate docking into the crystal structure of CATI.
Cellular Antisense Activity of PNA–Oligo(bicycloguanidinium) Conjugates Forming Self‐Assembled Nanoaggregates
Authors: Valero Julián , Shiraishi Takehiko , de Mendoza Javier , Nielsen Peter E.
Published: May 2015

A series of peptide nucleic acid–oligo(bicycloguanidinium) (PNA–BGn) conjugates were synthesized and characterized in terms of cellular antisense activity by using the pLuc750HeLa cell splice correction assay. PNA–BG4 conjugates exhibited low micromolar antisense activity, and their cellular activity required the presence of a hydrophobic silyl terminal protecting group on the oligo(BG) ligand and a minimum of four guanidinium units. Surprisingly, a nonlinear dose–response with an activity threshold around 3–4 μM, indicative of large cooperativity, was observed. Supported by light scattering and electron microscopy analyses, we propose that the activity, and thus cellular delivery, of these lipo‐PNA–BG4 conjugates is dependent on self‐assembled nanoaggregates. Finally, cellular activity was enhanced by the presence of serum. Therefore we conclude that the lipo‐BG‐PNA conjugates exhibit an unexpected mechanism for cell delivery and are of interest for further in vivo studies.
A Versatile Strategy for the Semisynthetic Production of Ser65 Phosphorylated Ubiquitin and Its Biochemical and Structural Characterisation
Authors: Han Cong , Pao Kuan‐Chuan , Kazlauskaite Agne , Muqit Miratul M. K. , Virdee Satpal
Published: May 2015

Ubiquitin phosphorylation is emerging as an important regulatory layer in the ubiquitin system. This is exemplified by the phosphorylation of ubiquitin on Ser65 by the Parkinson's disease‐associated kinase PINK1, which mediates the activation of the E3 ligase Parkin. Additional phosphorylation sites on ubiquitin might also have important cellular roles. Here we report a versatile strategy for preparing phosphorylated ubiquitin. We biochemically and structurally characterise semisynthetic phospho‐Ser65‐ubiquitin. Unexpectedly, we observed disulfide bond formation between ubiquitin molecules, and hence a novel crystal form. The method outlined provides a direct approach to study the combinatorial effects of phosphorylation on ubiquitin function. Our analysis also suggests that disulfide engineering of ubiquitin could be a useful strategy for obtaining alternative crystal forms of ubiquitin species thereby facilitating structural validation.
Stumpless chronic total occlusion with no retrograde option
Authors: Dautov Rustem , Abdul Jawad Altisent Omar , Rinfret Stéphane
Published: May 2015

When dealing with flush ostial chronic total occlusion (CTO) and no viable retrograde option, the only way to perform recanalization is through an antegrade approach. Such a procedure can be extremely difficult considering the ambiguity of the proximal cap. We demonstrate how we solved ambiguity of the proximal cap of an ostial obtuse marginal CTO with the help of cardiac multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). We also discuss several techniques including bilateral radial approach with home‐made sheathless large‐bore catheters, IVUS‐guided cap puncture, ping‐pong guide catheters engagement in the left main, and bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) for an ostial left circumflex disease that we all used in our CTO case. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimizing acute kidney injury during TAVR: The Importance of Seeing the Trees and the Forest
Authors: Krishnaswamy Amar , Tuzcu E. Murat
Published: May 2015

Key Points

The importance of minimizing radio‐contrast load among patients with CKD undergoing TF‐TAVR is highlighted by Arrigo and coworkers.

Use of non‐contrast annular sizing techniques such as cardiac MRI or 3D TEE should be encouraged for precise valve sizing.

Limited‐contrast CT performed with contrast infusion via a pigtail catheter placed in the descending aorta provides excellent iliofemoral assessment for TF‐TAVR.
Experience and accuracy can result in parity of outcomes following one or two stents for left main stem bifurcation disease
Authors: Colombo Antonio , Ruparelia Neil
Published: May 2015

Key Points:

Approximately one‐third of patients presenting with significant distal left main stem disease, due to the complexity of disease, require the implantation of two‐stents to achieve acceptable revascularization.

In patients with complex distal unprotected left main stem bifurcation disease, a two‐stent strategy is associated with long‐term outcomes that are comparable to a single‐stent strategy in spite of the presence of higher plaque burden and greater lesion complexity.

Future studies should focus upon the impact of procedure optimization (e.g. with the routine use of intravascular imaging) and newer generation coronary stents upon long‐term outcomes in this challenging patient group.
The radialist's religious fervor
Authors: Heuser Richard R.
Published: May 2015

Key Points

The MATRIX Trial proved that radial was superior to femoral in ACS patients due to reduction in complications with equal effectiveness.

This large study suggests that the radial approach can be equally successful compared to the femoral approach in CTOs.

Since so few radial CTO procedures were included, one wonders whether CTO operators with MATRIX‐like radial experience could have less complications than the femoral approach in these procedures.
Percutaneous tricuspid valve‐In‐ring replacement for the treatment of recurrent severe tricuspid regurgitation
Authors: Condado Jose , Leonardi Robert , Babaliaros Vasilis
Published: May 2015

Percutaneous tricuspid valve‐in‐ring replacement can be an alternative to surgery for high‐risk patients with symptomatic severe tricuspid regurgitation that recurs after surgical ring repair. Practitioners must pay attention to the specific technical details associated with this procedure that include: using the ring as a fluoroscopic landmark, sizing the valve area with multi‐modality imaging, choosing the appropriate device based on the patients anatomy, and dealing with the inevitable paravalvular leak (created by the ring deformation in the absence of valve‐specific devices). Our case demonstrates that percutaneous tricuspid valve‐in‐ring replacement is a feasible treatment that can result in both hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.