bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Human Cancer Cell Motility and Invasiveness by Anaphylatoxin C5a via Aberrantly Expressed C5a Receptor (CD88)
Authors: Nitta Hidetoshi , Wada Yoshihiro , Kawano Yoshiaki , Murakami Yoji , Irie Atsushi , Taniguchi Keisuke , Kikuchi Ken , Yamada Gen , Suzuki Kentaro , Honda Jiro , Wilson-Morifuji Masayo , Araki Norie , Eto Masatoshi , Baba Hideo , Imamura Takahisa
Published: January 2013

Purpose: The anaphylatoxin C5a is a chemoattractant that induces leukocyte migration via C5a receptor (C5aR). There is emerging evidence that C5a is generated in the cancer microenvironment. We therefore sought C5aR expression and a direct influence of the C5a–C5aR axis on cancer cells.

Experimental Design: C5aR expression was investigated in human cancer tissues and cell lines. Effects of C5a stimulation on cancer cells were studied by cytoskeletal rearrangement, time-lapse analysis, Matrigel chamber assay, and invasion in nude mouse in a comparison of C5aR-expressing cancer cells with control cells.

Results: C5aR was aberrantly expressed in various human cancers. Several cancer cell lines also expressed C5aR. C5a triggered cytoskeletal rearrangement and enhanced cell motility three-fold and invasiveness 13-fold of C5aR-expressing cancer cells. Such enhancement by C5a was not observed in control cells. Cancer cell invasion was still enhanced in the absence of C5a concentration gradient and even after the removal of C5a stimulation, suggesting that random cell locomotion plays an important role in C5a-triggered cancer cell invasion. C5a increased the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) from cancer cells by two- to 11-fold, and inhibition of MMP activity abolished the C5a-enhancing effect on cancer cell invasion. Compared with control cells, C5aR-expressing cells spread 1.8-fold more broadly at implanted nude mouse skin sites only when stimulated with C5a.

Conclusions: These results illustrate a novel activity of the C5a–C5aR axis that promotes cancer cell invasion through motility activation and MMP release. Targeting this signaling pathway may provide a useful therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 19(8); 2004–13. ©2013 AACR.
Routine Skin Cancer Screening in Germany: Four Years of Experience from the Dermatologists' Perspective
Authors: Kornek Thomas , Schäfer Ines , Reusch Michael , Blome Christine , Herberger Katharina , Beikert Florian Christoph , Augustin Matthias
Published: January 2013

Background: In 2008, routine skin cancer screening (rSCS) was introduced into routine care for persons ≥35 years in Germany. To date, about 95% of approximately 3,500 office-based dermatologists participate in this program paid by the statutory health insurances. Objective: To evaluate German rSCS from the dermatologists' perspective. Methods: Since 2009, every year standardized questionnaires were sent nationwide to about 2,000 dermatologists, once yearly addressing the actual patients, screenings and treatments, the personal experiences and the dermatologists' attitudes towards rSCS. Descriptive data analysis from 2009, 2010 and 2011 was performed. Results: The average dermatologist -performed 1,380/1,364/1,348 screenings annually (2009/ 2010/2011), with a mean remuneration of EUR 21.50/22.10/ 21.93. 32.9/46.6/53.3% of the dermatologists were rather or very satisfied with rSCS, and a rising number of dermatologists (69.4/80.0/83.1%) perceived a better quality of health care for skin cancer since 2008. Conclusion: rSCS is widely accepted by German dermatologists and is conducted with increasing frequency.
Environmental Factors and Their Impact on the Intestinal Microbiota: A Role for Human Disease?
Authors: Biedermann Luc , Rogler Gerhard
Published: January 2013

The intestinal microbiota and its potential role in human health and disease have come into the focus of interest in recent years. An important prerequisite for the achieved advances with regard to a better characterization of its complex composition and influencing factors is the increasing availability and affordability of culture-independent methods, such as high-throughput sequencing technologies. We discuss some general aspects of the intestinal microbiota. Recent insights into its potential pathogenetic role in the metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease will also be discussed that imply an impact of smoking status and smoking cessation on intestinal microbial composition.
Physical Exercise and Clinically Depressed Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Silveira Heitor , Moraes Helena , Oliveira Natacha , Coutinho Evandro Silva Freire , Laks Jerson , Deslandes Andrea
Published: January 2013

Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and strength training as a treatment for depression in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Methods: PubMed (Medline), ISI knowledge (Institute for Scientific Information), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library) and Scopus databases were consulted from January 1970 to September 2011. Data were collected on variables as follows: total number of patients (pre- and postintervention), age, randomized (yes or no), diagnostic criteria, assessment instruments, and the percentage of remission and treatment response. Subsequently, we collected information on time intervention, intensity, duration, frequency, method of training (aerobic training and strength training) and type of supervision. Standardized mean differences were used for pooling continuous variables as endpoint scores. Binary outcomes, such as proportion of remission (no symptoms) and at least 50% reduction of initial scores (response), were pooled using relative risks. Random effects models were used that take into account the variance within and between studies. Results: Ten articles were selected and subdivided by their interventions, controlled training modality and levels of intensity. As there was no statistically significant difference between the two types of intervention (strength or aerobic training), we combined data which finally showed a 0.61 (95% CI: –0.88 to –0.33) standard deviation reduction in the intervention group compared to the control group. When the analysis was restricted only to those studies that used the Hamilton scale (n = 15), we observed a reduction of 3.49 points compared with the control group. Conclusion: Despite the heterogeneity of the studies, the present meta-analysis concluded that physical exercise improves the response to treatment, especially aerobic training. However, the efficacy of exercise in the treatment of depression was influenced by age and severity of symptoms.
Cannabinoid Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Dialysis-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis
Authors: Yang Chih-Yu , Chau Yat-Pang , Lee Hsi-Tzu , Kuo Hsin-Yu , Lee Oscar K. , Yang An-Hang
Published: January 2013

Background: Long-term exposure to bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions is frequently complicated with peritoneal fibrosis and ultrafiltration failure. As cannabinoid receptor (CBR) ligands have been reported to be beneficial to ameliorate the process of liver fibrosis, we strove to investigate their therapeutic potential to prevent peritoneal fibrosis. Methods: We used the rat model of peritoneal fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of methylglyoxal and in vitro mesothelial cell culture to test the effects of CBR ligands, including the type 1 CBR (CB1R) antagonist and the type 2 CBR (CB2R) agonist. Results: In the methylglyoxal model, both intraperitoneal CB1R antagonist (AM281) and CB2R agonist (AM1241) treatment significantly ameliorated peritoneal fibrosis. In addition, CB1R antagonist was able to alleviate TGF-β1-induced dedifferentiation of mesothelial cells and to maintain epithelial integrity in vitro. Conclusions: Intraperitoneal administration of CBR ligands (CB1R antagonist and CB2R agonist) offers a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce dialysis-induced peritoneal fibrosis and to prolong the peritoneal survival in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Rhodocetin-αβ–induced Neuropilin-1–cMet Association Triggers Restructuring of Matrix Contacts in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Niland Stephan , Ditkowski Bartosz , Parrandier Désirée , Roth Lise , Augustin Hellmut , Eble Johannes A.
Published: January 2013

Objective—

The snake venom component rhodocetin-αβ (RCαβ) stimulates endothelial cell motility in an α2β1 integrin–independent manner. We aimed to elucidate its cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Methods and Results—

We identified neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) as a novel target of RCαβ by protein-chemical methods. RCαβ and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A avidly bind to Nrp1. Instead of acting as VEGF receptor 2 coreceptor, Nrp1 associates upon RCαβ treatment with cMet. Furthermore, cell-based ELISAs and kinase inhibitor studies showed that RCαβ induces phosphorylation of tyrosines 1234/1235 and thus activation of cMet. Consequently, paxillin is phosphorylated at Y31, which is redistributed from streak-like focal adhesions to spot-like focal contacts at the cell perimeter, along with α2β1 integrin, thereby regulating cell–matrix interactions. Cortactin is abundant in the cell perimeter, where it is involved in the branching of the cortical actin network of lamellipodia, whereas tensile force–bearing actin stress fibers radiating from focal adhesions disappear together with zyxin, a focal adhesion marker, on RCαβ treatment.

Conclusion—

Our data demonstrate that (1) Nrp1 is a novel target for venom components, such as RCαβ; (2) Nrp1 coupled to cMet regulates the type of cell–matrix interactions in a manner involving paxillin phosphorylation; and (3) altered cell–matrix interactions determine endothelial cell migration and cellular force management.
Trophoblast-Induced Changes in C-X-C Motif Chemokine 10 Expression Contribute to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation During Spiral Artery Remodeling
Authors: Wallace Alison E. , Cartwright Judith E. , Begum Runa , Laing Ken , Thilaganathan Baskaran , Whitley Guy S.
Published: January 2013

Objective—

During pregnancy, fetal trophoblast disrupt endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) interactions in spiral arteries of the maternal decidua to enable increased nutritional and oxygen delivery to the fetus. Little is known regarding this transformation because of difficulties of studying human pregnancy in vivo. This study investigated how trophoblast-secreted factors affect the interactions of vascular cells and the differentiation status of VSMC during spiral arteries remodeling using 3-dimensional vascular spheroid coculture.

Methods and Results—

Endothelial cell and VSMC were cocultured in hanging droplets to form spheroids representing an inverted vessel lumen. Control or conditioned media from an extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell line was incubated with vascular spheroids for 24 hours. Spheroid RNA was then analyzed by Illumina Sentrix BeadChip array. Spheroids incubated with EVT conditioned medium showed significant up/downregulation of 101 genes (>1.5-fold;
P
<0.05), including an upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (IP-10). C-X-C motif chemokine 10 expression was confirmed by qualitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis of spheroids, and immunohistochemistry of first trimester decidua and ex vivo dissected nonplacental bed spiral arteries. EVT conditioned medium reduced VSMC expression of differentiation markers, and both EVT conditioned medium and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 increased motility of VSMC indicating dedifferentiation of VSMC.

Conclusion—

EVT-induced C-X-C motif chemokine 10 expression may contribute to spiral arteries remodeling during pregnancy by altering the motility and differentiation status of the VSMC in the vessel.
Hesr2
Knockout Mice Develop Aortic Valve Disease With Advancing Age
Authors: Kokubo Hiroki , Miyagawa-Tomita Sachiko , Nakashima Yasumi , Kume Tsutomu , Yoshizumi Masao , Nakanishi Toshio , Saga Yumiko
Published: January 2013

Objective—

Acquired heart diseases, such as valve disease, are major causes of human morbidity and mortality. However, the pathological mechanisms underlying these diseases are largely unknown. Our aim is to identify the role of the
hairy and enhancer of split-related
(
Hesr
)-2 gene in the adult heart.

Methods and Results—

Echocardiography detected heart dysfunctions indicative of aortic valve anomalies, stenosis, and regurgitation, in ≈59% of >12-month-old
Hesr2
knockout survivor mice. Morphological and histological analyses revealed thickened semilunar valves with increased fibrotic areas, indicating that sclerotic degeneration of valves is the main cause of aortic valve disease. The expression of osteogenic genes, such as
Osteopontin
and
Sclerostin
, were upregulated in the mutants, and the overexpression of
Sclerostin
in endothelial cells resulted in thickened semilunar valves with increased fibrotic areas, similar to that seen in the
Hesr2
knockout mice, suggesting that
Hesr2
can regulate osteogenic gene expression in valves. Reduced left ventricular function, which may be caused by increased ventricular interstitial fibrosis, and enlarged myocardial cell size without ventricular wall thickening were found in both aortic valve stenosis/regurgitation-positive (33%) and aortic valve stenosis/regurgitation-negative (38%) subpopulations in 12-month-old survivor mice. Dilated left ventricular internal dimensions were specifically detected in the aortic valve stenosis/regurgitation-positive subpopulation, thus suggesting that the degeneration of cardiomyocytes is influenced by irregular hemodynamics.

Conclusion—

These data revealed that survivor mice lacking the
Hesr2
gene exhibit fibrosis in the aortic valve and ventricle in adulthood, thus suggesting that
Hesr2
plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the aortic valve and ventricle.
Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase, CD73, Is an Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor Synthase
Authors: Ohta Masanori , Toyama Kazuyoshi , Gutterman David D. , Campbell William B. , Lemaître Vincent , Teraoka Ryutaro , Miura Hiroto
Published: January 2013

Objective—

Adenosine dilates human coronary arteries by activating potassium channels in an endothelial cell-independent manner. Cell surface ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) rapidly dephosphorylates extracellular adenosine 5′-monophosphate to adenosine. We tested the hypothesis that coronary vasodilation to adenine nucleotides is mediated by an endothelial CD73-dependent, extracellular production of adenosine that acts as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.

Methods and Results—

Videomicroscopy showed that adenine nucleotides, but not inosine, potently dilated and hyperpolarized human coronary arteries independent of nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and classical endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, whereas endothelial denudation, adenosine receptor antagonism, adenosine deaminase, or CD73 blockers reduced vasodilations. Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry revealed adenosine accumulation in perfusates from arteries in the presence of adenosine 5′-diphosphate. CD73 was localized on the cell surface of endothelial cells, but not of vascular smooth muscle cells, and its deficiency suppressed vasodilation of mouse coronary arteries to adenine nucleotides and augmented vasodilation to adenosine. Adenosine dose-dependently dilated and hyperpolarized human coronary arteries to a similar extent as adenosine 5′-diphosphate.

Conclusion—

Coronary vasodilation to adenine nucleotides is associated with endothelial CD73-dependent production of extracellular adenosine that acts as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor by relaxing and hyperpolarizing underlying vascular smooth muscle cells via activating adenosine receptors. Thus, CD73 is a novel endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor synthase in human and mouse coronary arteries.
Analysis of Stromal Cell Secretomes Reveals a Critical Role for Stromal Cell–Derived Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Fibronectin in Angiogenesis
Authors: Newman Andrew C. , Chou Wayne , Welch-Reardon Katrina M. , Fong Ashley H. , Popson Stephanie A. , Phan Duc Thien , Sandoval Daniel R. , Nguyen Dananh P. , Gershon Paul D. , Hughes Christopher C. W.
Published: January 2013

Objective—

Angiogenesis requires tightly coordinated crosstalk between endothelial cells (ECs) and stromal cells, such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The specific molecular mechanisms moderating this process are still poorly understood.

Methods and Results—

Stromal cell–derived factors are essential for EC sprouting and lumen formation. We therefore compared the abilities of 2 primary fibroblast isolates and a primary smooth muscle cell isolate to promote in vitro angiogenesis, and analyzed their secretomes using a combination of nano liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, quantitative PCR, and ELISA. Each isolate exhibited a different level of angiogenic ability. Using quantitative MS, we then compared the secretomes of a fibroblast isolate exhibiting low angiogenic activity, a fibroblast isolate exhibiting high angiogenic activity, and human umbilical vein ECs. High angiogenic fibroblast supernatants exhibited an overabundance of proteins associated with extracellular matrix constituents compared with low angiogenic fibroblasts or ECs. Finally, small interfering RNA technology and purified protein were used to confirm a role for stromal cell–derived hepatocyte growth factor and fibronectin in inducing EC sprouting.

Conclusion—

Differences in stromal cell ability to induce angiogenesis are a result of differences in the secreted proteomes of both extracellular matrix proteins and proangiogenic growth factors.
HMGB1 Expression and Secretion Are Increased Via TWEAK–Fn14 Interaction in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Cultured Monocytes
Authors: Moreno Juan A. , Sastre Cristina , Madrigal-Matute Julio , Muñoz-García Begoña , Ortega Luis , Burkly Linda C. , Egido Jesús , Martín-Ventura Jose L. , Blanco-Colio Luis M.
Published: January 2013

Objective—

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding cytokine expressed mainly by macrophages, contributes to lesion progression and chronic inflammation within atherosclerotic plaque. It has been suggested that different cytokines could regulate HMGB1 expression in monocytes. We have analyzed the effect of tumor necrosis factor–like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) on HMGB1 expression both in vivo and in vitro.

Methods and Results—

Expression of TWEAK and its receptor fibroblast growth factor–inducible 14 (Fn14) was positively correlated with HMGB1 in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. TWEAK increased HMGB1 mRNA expression and protein secretion in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line cultured monocytes. TWEAK-mediated HMGB1 increase was only observed in M1 macrophages but not in M2 ones. These effects were reversed using blocking anti-Fn14 antibody or nuclear factor-kappa B and phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitors. TWEAK also increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line cells, an effect blocked with an HMGB1 small interfering RNA. Systemic TWEAK injection in ApoE
−/−
mice increased HMGB1 protein expression in the aortic root and mRNA expression in total aorta of ApoE
−/−
mice. Conversely, TWEAK-blocking antibodies diminished HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression compared with IgG-treated mice.

Conclusion—

Our results indicate that TWEAK can regulate expression and secretion of HMGB1 in monocytes/macrophages, participating in the inflammatory response associated with atherosclerotic plaque development.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Multimodal Approach Heavily Weighted Toward Mechanical Thrombectomy With Solitaire Stent in Acute Stroke
Authors: Yoon Woong , Jung Min Young , Jung Se Hee , Park Man Seok , Kim Joon Tae , Kang Heoung Keun
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may appear on computerized tomography scans after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. The incidence and prognosis of this observation remain unknown. We investigated the frequency and clinical consequences of SAH after treating acute ischemic stroke with a multimodal approach heavily weighted toward mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire stent.

Methods—

Seventy-four consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke underwent mechanical thrombectomy with a Solitaire stent as a first-line treatment. Nonenhanced computerized tomography scans were performed before, immediately after, and 24 hours after treatment to detect SAH. Clinical outcome was assessed after treatment, on day 1, at discharge, and at 3 months. Clinical and radiological data were compared between patients with and without SAH.

Results—

Twelve patients (16.2%) exhibited SAH associated with pure SAH (n=4) or mixed SAH and contrast extravasation (n=8). The SAH was located in the ipsilateral Sylvian fissure (n=11) or bilateral parietooccipital sulci (n=1). Patients with SAH had no periprocedural vessel perforations or arterial dissections and no postprocedural neurological deteriorations. Rescue angioplasty was performed more frequently in SAH group than in control group (33.3% vs 9.7%;
P
=0.05). Patients with SAH and those without had similar recanalization rates and clinical outcomes.

Conclusions—

SAH on post-therapeutic computerized tomography scans were not uncommon after primary mechanical thrombectomy with a Solitaire stent, but they seemed to be benign. Rescue angioplasty and unidentified, small vessel ruptures due to mechanical stretch during stent retrieval might give rise to these lesions.
Resonant Diurnal Oscillations and Mean Alongshore Flows Driven by Sea/Land Breeze Forcing in the Coastal Southern California Bight
Authors: Nam SungHyun , Send Uwe
Published: January 2013

This study presents observations of the cross-sectional structure of resonant response to sea/land breezes (SLBs) off Huntington Beach (HB) in the Southern California Bight (SCB). A resonant response to local diurnal wind stress fluctuations associated with SLB forcing occurs intermittently and produces strong diurnal oscillations of flow and temperature resulting from enhanced work of the diurnal local wind on the sea surface. At nighttime (daytime), a coherent cross-sectional circulation with offshore (onshore) currents in the surface layer (upper 15 m) and onshore (offshore) currents in the intermediate layer around 20 m are generated, with a three-layered vertical structure on the outer shelf. The authors find a net cross-shore eddy heat flux (net cooling of nearshore water) during the period of strong response to SLB, that is, a rectified mean heat flux and steeper isotherms resulting from the diurnal SLB fluctuations. The steepened mean isotherms are also found to be in thermal–wind balance with intensified mean equatorward flow, which thus can also be generated by the resonant SLB dynamics. Similar rectified onshore transport of other quantities is expected, relevant for biogeochemical processes. The distribution of maximum diurnal kinetic energy in time and across the shelf supports the concept that subinertial shears create the sufficient condition for resonant response to SLB forcing.
Gifted and Talented Education
Authors: Casey Ronald , Koshy Valsa
Published: January 2013

In 1999, the British government launched an education program for gifted and talented pupils as part of its Excellence in Cities initiative (EiC) that was initially designed to raise the educational achievement of very able pupils in state-maintained secondary schools in inner-city areas. Although some activities targeting gifted children had already been initiated by various voluntary organizations over several previous decades, this was the first time that the topic of improved provision for these pupils had been placed firmly within the national agenda. This article provides the background to the English gifted and talented policy “highway” and an overview of what was expected of schools. How practitioners responded to the policy, their beliefs and attitudes toward identifying gifted and talented pupils, and the opportunities and challenges that arose along the way to the current crossroads are explored. The need to empower teachers to feel more confident in classroom provisions for gifted and talented pupils is identified along with the potentially pivotal role of action research and “pupil voice” in the process of continued professional development and support.
Improved Training for Disasters Using 3-D Virtual Reality Simulation
Authors: Farra Sharon , Miller Elaine , Timm Nathan , Schafer John
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of virtual reality simulation (VRS) on learning outcomes and retention of disaster training. The study used a longitudinal experimental design using two groups and repeated measures. A convenience sample of associate degree nursing students enrolled in a disaster course was randomized into two groups; both groups completed web-based modules; the treatment group also completed a virtually simulated disaster experience. Learning was measured using a 20-question multiple-choice knowledge assessment pre/post and at 2 months following training. Results were analyzed using the generalized linear model. Independent and paired t tests were used to examine the between- and within-participant differences. The main effect of the virtual simulation was strongly significant ( p < .0001). The VRS effect demonstrated stability over time. In this preliminary examination, VRS is an instructional method that reinforces learning and improves learning retention.
Money or Life: Metaphors of Georg Simmel’s Philosophy
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2013

This essay by the influential post-war German cultural theorist Hans Blumenberg was published originally in German in 1976 in a collection of studies on Simmel’s aesthetics. Renowned as the author of The Legitimacy of the Modern Age (1966), Work on Myth (1979), Paradigms for a Metaphorology (1960) and other major writings, the essay showcases Blumenberg’s unique approach to metaphorical figuration in the languages of philosophy and philosophers. Here Blumenberg considers how money stands as Simmel’s ‘proto-metaphor’ for Life in the latter’s nascent Lebensphilosophie. The very phenomenon that might seem most opposed to Life and to ‘higher’ ‘spiritual’ values is also the phenomenon that most dynamically unlocks life’s plenitude of creative forms – even as it threatens constantly to destroy this plenitude through effects of reification and objectification. As Blumenberg reads Simmel, Life itself turns out to be pure circulation, sociation, and interactivity, an endless cycle of extensions and intensifications of value emerging through processes of social exchange. The essay forms a striking counterpart to the many seminal readings of Simmel in the German critical theory tradition from Benjamin, Kracauer, Adorno and Horkheimer to Habermas.
Selections from Simmel’s Writings for the Journal Jugend
Authors: Simmel Georg
Published: January 2013

Originally published in the avant-garde Jugendstil (art nouveau) journal Jugend (Youth) between 1901 and 1902, this selection of six of Simmel’s short experimental pieces illustrates themes of this special section while also showing him playing with unconventional genres of philosophical and sociological writing. The comical sketch ‘Beyond Beauty’ anticipates issues Simmel treats more systematically in his essays on the philosophy of art; the poem ‘Only a Bridge’ is concerned with themes of social separation and psychic connection discussed in his sociological treatises; and four pieces collectively titled ‘Snapshots sub specie aeternitatis’ present stories or anecdotes in the form of satirical commentaries: ‘“Money Alone Doesn’t Bring Happiness”’, a conversation about the psychology of money; ‘The Maker of Lies’ and ‘Relativity’, two Faustian fables on the power of truth and knowledge; and ‘La Duse’, a lyrical appreciation of the famous Italian actress reflecting on how the soul’s movements are expressed through bodily gestures. As in Simmel’s later writings, these allegorical fragments attempt to recover ideal or even absolute values from the fleeting forms and fugitive experiences of modern life.
Regional Appropriation of University-Based Knowledge and Technology for Economic Development
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Leyden Dennis P. , Link Albert N.
Published: January 2013

Economic development practitioners and scholars recognize the link between universities and regional economic development. It is predicated on the spillover of knowledge from universities to commercialization. The literature has focused on the supply side, which involves university research and technology transfer mechanisms. We examine the role played by the demand for university-based knowledge and university-developed technology. We identify links between businesses and the university as a key conduit facilitating the spillover of knowledge using data on the Department of Energy’s Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We provide supply-side evidence on university research relationships and how the use of knowledge and technologies that flow from a university affect economic growth. We identify the role that SBIR-funded businesses play in the spillover of knowledge from the creating organization to where that knowledge is used and commercialized. Our results suggest that knowledge is systematically transmitted through university-related research.
Ideology and Prejudice
Authors: Chambers John R. , Schlenker Barry R. , Collisson Brian
Published: January 2013

In three studies, we tested whether prejudice derives from perceived similarities and dissimilarities in political ideologies (the value-conflict hypothesis). Across three diverse samples in Study 1, conservatives had less favorable impressions than liberals of groups that were identified as liberal (e.g., African Americans, homosexuals), but more favorable impressions than liberals of groups identified as conservative (e.g., Christian fundamentalists, businesspeople). In Studies 2 and 3, we independently manipulated a target’s race (European American or African American) and political attitudes (liberal or conservative). Both studies found symmetrical preferences, with liberals and conservatives each liking attitudinally similar targets more than dissimilar targets. The amount of prejudice was comparable for liberals and conservatives, and the race of the target had no effect. In all three studies, the same patterns were obtained even after controlling for individual differences on prejudice-related dimensions (e.g., system justification, social-dominance orientation, modern racism). The patterns strongly support the value-conflict hypothesis and indicate that prejudice exists on both sides of the political spectrum.
Bringing context and structure back into situated learning
Authors: Hotho Jasper J , Saka-Helmhout Ayse , Becker-Ritterspach Florian
Published: January 2013

Practice-based studies have progressed thinking in the knowledge, learning and innovation fields by emphasizing the continual negotiation of social structures and meaning through participation. Yet, only a few contributions discuss how participation and learning are affected by broader structures. This is an inconsistency in the understanding of ‘situated’ learning where learning through participation is restricted to the immediate community involved in a social activity. We aim to address this inconsistency by investigating the effects of the interplay between institutional and organizational structures on patterns of participation and, in turn, learning outcomes. We develop a framework of situated learning in multinational enterprises, and explore its value through a comparative case study of the introduction of new practices in four subsidiaries of two multinational enterprises in two contrasting national institutional systems.In contrast to older views, our case findings suggest that while the interplay between institutional context and organizational structure indeed matters, it does not determine collective participation and situated learning as actors can actively create solutions when structural conditions and institutioanl demands are less aligned.
Priority setting in kidney transplantation: A qualitative study evaluating Swedish practices
Authors: Omar Faisal , Tinghög Gustav , Carlsson Per , Omnell-Persson Marie , Welin Stellan
Published: January 2013

Background: Transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease; it increases survival and quality of life, while being more cost-effective than dialysis. It is, however, limited by the scarcity of kidneys. The aim of this paper is to investigate the fairness of the priority setting process underpinning Swedish kidney transplantation in reference to the Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R) framework. Methods: Fifteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with transplant surgeons (7), nephrologists (6) and coordinators (2) representing centers nationwide. Collected data was analysed using thematic analysis. To assess fairness in the priority setting process, identified factors were assessed in the reference to the four conditions (publicity, relevance, revision and appeal, enforcement) forming the accountability for reasonableness framework. Results: Decision-making in assessment and allocation is based on clusters of factors. The factors appeal to various values, which are balanced against each other throughout the kidney allocation process: maximizing benefit, priority to the worst off and equality. The factors described by subjects and the values on which they rest satisfy the relevance condition of the accountability for reasonableness framework. However, two potential sources for unfair inequalities in access to treatment are identified: clinical judgment and institutional policies. Conclusions: The development of national guidelines both for assessing transplant candidacy, and for the allocation of kidneys from deceased donors, would contribute to standardize practices across centres; it will also help to better meet the conditions of fairness in reference to Accountability for Reasonableness. The benefits of this policy proposal in Swedish kidney transplantation merits consideration.
Health disparities paradoxes: Depression and chronic back pain in college alumnae and U.S. women, 39–49
Authors: Wyshak Grace
Published: January 2013

Aims: In the US, higher SES (socio-economic status) groups and white Americans tend to be “healthier” than less advantaged groups. Elimination of disparities is a major public health goal. This study examines disparities for two highly prevalent medical conditions – depression and chronic back pain – and selected medical conditions and behavioral practices. The aim is to provide evidence that may have public health implications for prevention as well as for treatment. Methods: Data from two groups of women: 1) 1704 college-educated women who responded to a self-report questionnaire; and 2) women whose data are reported in the U.S. Health Interview survey and in epidemiologic studies of depression and chronic back pain were compared for depression, chronic back pain and selected behavioral practices and medical conditions reported by the two groups of women. Results: The percentages reporting depression were 17.6 and 16.6; for chronic back pain 9.6 and 10.2 – non statistically-significant differences. For other conditions, the higher SES women had significantly more favorable outcomes. Conclusions: The paradox of no SES disparities for depression and low back pain raises a number of questions regarding the underlying mechanisms; and also has implications for prevention and treatment strategies of the two highly prevalent conditions.
Now I see it, now I don’t: researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research
Authors: Berger Roni
Published: January 2013

This article addresses potential effects on reflexivity of researcher’s social position (e.g. gender, age, race, immigration status, sexual orientation), personal experiences, and political and professional beliefs. Because reflexivity is a major strategy for quality control in qualitative research, understanding how it may be impacted by the characteristics and experiences of the researcher is of paramount importance. Benefits and challenges to reflexivity under three types of researcher’s position are discussed and illustrated by means of case examples: (1) reflexivity when researcher shares the experience of study participants, (2) reflexivity when researcher moves from the position of an outsider to the position of an insider in the course of the study, and (3) reflexivity when researcher has no personal familiarity or experience with what is being studied. Strategies are offered for harvesting the benefits of researcher’s familiarity with the subject and for curbing its potentially negative effects. Directions for future research are suggested.
Making ethics review a learning institution: The Ethics Application Repository proof of concept – tear.otago.ac.nz
Authors: Tolich Martin , Tumilty Emma
Published: January 2013

The Ethics Application Repository is an open access, online repository of exemplary Institutional Review Board (ethics committee) application forms donated by scholars who want to gift some of their expertise and wisdom to novice researchers in the spirit of a public good. This article describes the background for the genesis of the project, the building of The Ethics Application Repository as a proof of concept and the initial supportive and critical feedback from graduate students, graduate advisors and Institutional Review Board members. The article also serves as a call for donations from qualitative researchers to enlarge and develop stage 2 of the project, the development of special collections featuring children, information research, innovative methodologies and community-based participatory research.
Wage Disparity and Team Performance in the Process of Industry Development
Authors: Yamamura Eiji
Published: January 2013

The changing effects of wage disparity on team performance during the process of industry development are examined using data sourced from the Japanese professional football league. The results show that wage disparity leads to a reduction in team performance during the developing stage but does not influence performance during the developed stage. Unobserved fixed team effects and endogeneity bias were controlled in the study.
The Ox from the Four Corners of the World: The Historic Origins of the Brazilian Beef Industry
Authors: Ribeiro Ricardo Ferreira
Published: January 2013

During the twentieth century, Brazil developed its beef industry, acquiring in the last decade great importance in the international market. This article considers four exotic factors that contributed to its moving from importer of beef to the largest exporter: the raising of cattle of Iberian origin, since the sixteenth century; the Zebu breed brought from India at the end of the nineteenth century; the grass brought from Africa, for the cattle to graze; and barbed wire, invented in the United States, which deepened land concentration in the country. Each factor has distinct geographical origins, but all acted together, like the four ‘legs’ that sustain this immense bovine, to enable its adaptation to Brazilian lands. These four factors, before obtaining success and hegemony, encountered resistance and created controversy, not only for ideological and technical reasons, but also the conflicts of interest that their arrival represented.
TLR9-mediated siRNA delivery for targeting of normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells in vivo
Authors: Zhang Qifang , Hossain Dewan Md Sakib , Nechaev Sergey , Kozlowska Anna , Zhang Wang , Liu Yong , Kowolik Claudia M. , Swiderski Piotr , Rossi John J. , Forman Stephen , Pal Sumanta , Bhatia Ravi , Raubitschek Andrew , Yu Hua , Kortylewski Marcin
Published: January 2013

Key Points

CpG(A)-siRNA oligonucleotides allow for targeting genes specifically in human TLR9+ immune cells and blood cancer cells. Tumoricidal and immunostimulatory properties of CpG(A)-STAT3 siRNA provide a novel therapeutic opportunity for hematologic malignancies.
Production of mycobacterial cell wall glycopeptidolipids requires a member of the MbtH-like protein family
Authors: Tatham Elizabeth , sundaram Chavadi Sivagami , Mohandas Poornima , Edupuganti Uthamaphani R , Angala Shiva K , Chatterjee Delphi , Quadri Luis E N
Published: January 2013

Background

Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are among the major free glycolipid components of the outer membrane of several saprophytic and clinically-relevant Mycobacterium species. The architecture of GPLs is based on a constant tripeptide-amino alcohol core of nonribosomal peptide synthetase origin that is N-acylated with a 3-hydroxy/methoxy acyl chain synthesized by a polyketide synthase and further decorated with variable glycosylation patterns built from methylated and acetylated sugars. GPLs have been implicated in many aspects of mycobacterial biology, thus highlighting the significance of gaining an understanding of their biosynthesis. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed that every GPL biosynthetic gene cluster known to date contains a gene (referred herein to as gplH) encoding a member of the MbtH-like protein family. Herein, we sought to conclusively establish whether gplH was required for GPL production.

Results

Deletion of gplH, a gene clustered with nonribosomal peptide synthetase-encoding genes in the GPL biosynthetic gene cluster of Mycobacterium smegmatis, produced a GPL deficient mutant. Transformation of this mutant with a plasmid expressing gplH restored GPL production. Complementation was also achieved by plasmid-based constitutive expression of mbtH, a paralog of gplH found in the biosynthetic gene cluster for production of the siderophore mycobactin of M. smegmatis. Further characterization of the gplH mutant indicated that it also displayed atypical colony morphology, lack of sliding motility, altered capacity for biofilm formation, and increased drug susceptibility.

Conclusions

Herein, we provide evidence formally establishing that gplH is essential for GPL production in M. smegmatis. Inactivation of gplH also leads to a pleiotropic phenotype likely to arise from alterations in the cell envelope due to the lack of GPLs. While genes encoding MbtH-like proteins have been shown to be needed for production of siderophores and antibiotics, our study presents the first case of one such gene proven to be required for production of a cell wall component. Furthermore, our results provide the first example of a mbtH-like gene with confirmed functional role in a member of the Mycobacterium genus. Altogether, our findings demonstrate a critical role of gplH in mycobacterial biology and advance our understanding of the genetic requirements for the biosynthesis of an important group of constituents of the mycobacterial outer membrane.
The university münster model surgery system for orthognathic surgery. Part II – KD-MMS
Authors: Ehmer Ulrike , Joos Ulrich , Ziebura Thomas , Flieger Stefanie , Wiechmann Dirk
Published: January 2013

Background

Model surgery is an integral part of the planning procedure in orthognathic surgery. Most concepts comprise cutting the dental cast off its socket. The standardized spacer plates of the KD-MMS provide for a non-destructive, reversible and reproducible means of maxillary and/or mandibular plaster cast separation.

Methods

In the course of development of the system various articulator types were evaluated with regard to their capability to provide a means of realizing the concepts comprised of the KD-MMS. Special attention was dedicated to the ability to perform three-dimensional displacements without cutting of plaster casts. Various utilities were developed to facilitate maxillary displacement in accordance to the planning. Objectives of this development comprised the ability to implement the values established in the course of two-dimensional ceph planning.

Results

The system - KD-MMS comprises a set of hardware components as well as a defined procedure. Essential hardware components are red spacer and blue mounting plates. The blue mounting plates replace the standard yellow SAM mounting elements. The red spacers provide for a defined leeway of 8 mm for three-dimensional movements. The non-destructive approach of the KD-MMS makes it possible to conduct different model surgeries with the same plaster casts as well as to restore the initial, pre-surgical situation at any time. Thereby, surgical protocol generation and gnathologic splint construction are facilitated.

Conclusions

The KD-MMS hardware components in conjunction with the defined procedures are capable of increasing efficiency and accuracy of model surgery and splint construction. In cases where different surgical approaches need to be evaluated in the course of model surgery, a significant reduction of chair time may be achieved.
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Pepek Joseph M , Chino Junzo P , Willett Christopher G , Palta Manisha , Blazer III Dan G , Tyler Douglas S , Uronis Hope E , Czito Brian G
Published: January 2013

Background

To examine toxicity and outcomes for patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for gastric cancer.

Methods

Patients with gastroesophageal (GE) junction (Siewert type II and III) or gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant CRT followed by planned surgical resection at Duke University between 1987 and 2009 were reviewed. Overall survival (OS), local control (LC) and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Toxicity was graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0.

Results

Forty-eight patients were included. Most (73%) had proximal (GE junction, cardia and fundus) tumors. Median radiation therapy dose was 45 Gy. All patients received concurrent chemotherapy. Thirty-six patients (75%) underwent surgery. Pathologic complete response and R0 resection rates were 19% and 86%, respectively. Thirty-day surgical mortality was 6%. At 42 months median follow-up, 3-year actuarial OS was 40%. For patients undergoing surgery, 3-year OS, LC and DFS were 50%, 73% and 41%, respectively.

Conclusions

Preoperative CRT for gastric cancer is well tolerated with acceptable rates of perioperative morbidity and mortality. In this patient cohort with primarily advanced disease, OS, LC and DFS rates in resected patients are comparable to similarly staged, adjuvantly treated patients in randomized trials. Further study comparing neoadjuvant CRT to standard treatment approaches for gastric cancer is indicated.