bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Silver‐Catalyzed Double [3 + 2] Cyclization of α‐Imino Esters with Isocyanoacetate.
Authors: Shao Pan‐Lin , Liao Jia‐Yu , Ho Yee Ann , Zhao Yu
Published: October 2014

Silver‐catalyzed reaction of cyclic α‐imino esters (I) with two equivalents of isocyanoacetates provides oxazole‐imidazolines in high diastereo‐ and enantiopurity.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Regiospecific Synthesis of 1‐Alkoxy‐isochromenes Catalyzed by Well‐Defined [Silver(I)(Pyridine‐Containing Ligand)] Complexes.
Authors: Dell'Acqua Monica , Castano Brunilde , Cecchini Clara , Pedrazzini Tommaso , Pirovano Valentina , Rossi Elisabetta , Caselli Alessandro , Abbiati Giorgio
Published: October 2014

The new silver catalysts (AGC) and (ATF) efficiently promote the ring closure reaction of 2‐alkynylbenzaldehydes with primary and secondary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Biomimetic Cyclization of 2′‐Hydroxychalcones to Flavanones.
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Lei , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: October 2014

It is demonstrated, that a novel L‐proline derived catalyst facilitates the enantioselective synthesis of flavanones from 2′‐hydroxychalcones with up to 99% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Picolinamide‐Directed Acetoxylation of Unactivated γ‐C(sp3)—H Bonds of Alkylamines.
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhang Shu‐Yu , He Gang , Nack William A. , Chen Gong
Published: October 2014

N‐Alkylpicolinamide substrates (I) are converted into the corresponding γ‐acetoxylated products in the presence of lithium carbonate, which suppresses the competing intramolecular C‐H amination process.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Further Rearrangements of 7‐(2‐Cycloalken‐1‐yl)‐8‐quinolinols.
Authors: Toerincsi Mercedesz , Kolonits Pal , Novak Lajos
Published: October 2014

The synthesis of 8‐cycloalkyloxyquinolines (III), their sigmatropic rearrangement to 7‐cycloalkylquinolols (IV) and acid‐catalyzed cyclization reactions of these rearrangement products are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Quinolin‐3‐amines.
Authors: Cai Xian‐Feng , Guo Ran‐Ning , Feng Guang‐Shou , Wu Bo , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: October 2014

A highly stereocontrolled asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of quinolin‐3‐amines is developed using Hantzsch ester in the presence of BINOL‐derived phosphoric acid catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: AuCl3 Catalyzed [3 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition: First Use of Aldehyde as a Carbon Monoxide‐Like One Carbon Synthon for Triple C—C Coupling.
Authors: Gayen Krishnanka S. , Maiti Dilip K.
Published: October 2014

Au(III)‐catalyzed reaction of two equivalents of O‐propargylsalicylaldehydes with glycine esters proceeds through formation of imines and subsequent intermolecular cyclization with a second equivalent of aldehyde furnishing benzopyranopyridines (III) and (V) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling Reactions by Single Electron Transfer (SET).
Authors: Sythana Suresh Kumar , Unni Santhosh , Kshirsagar Yogesh M. , Bhagat Pundlik R.
Published: October 2014

A novel single‐step protocol for the synthesis of cinnoline derivatives by a transition‐metal‐free coupling between amino‐ and nitroaryl compounds is developed and a plausible reaction mechanism involving radical intermediates is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Carbon—Hydrogen Bond Functionalization for the Synthesis of Indoloquinazolinones.
Authors: Tsukano Chihiro , Okuno Masataka , Nishiguchi Hiromi , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: October 2014

A convenient protocol is developed for the Pd‐catalyzed cyclization of substrates (I) to produce indoloquinazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Trifluoromethylations of 1,3‐Dimethyluracil and Reactivity of the Products in C—H Arylations.
Authors: Hocek Michal , Cernova Miroslava , Pohl Radek , Klepetarova Blanka
Published: October 2014

Regioselective 5‐trifluoromethylation of 1,3‐dimethyluracil is achieved in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Predictably Selective (sp3)C—O Bond Formation Through Copper Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling: Facile Synthesis of Dihydro‐Oxazinone Derivatives.
Authors: Modak Atanu , Dutta Uttam , Kancherla Rajesh , Maity Soham , Bhadra Mohitosh , Mobin Shaikh M. , Maiti Debabrata
Published: October 2014

The oxidative Cu‐catalyzed cyclization of salicylamides having two N‐alkyl substituents is developed to give dehydrooxazine derivatives in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Cyclic Ketones in MCR: Ugi/Amide Coupling Based Synthesis of Fused Tetrazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Yerande Swapnil G. , Newase Kiran M. , Singh Bhawani , Boltjes Andre , Doemling Alexander
Published: October 2014

Azido‐Ugi reaction of isonitrile, cyclic ketones, primary amines, and azide produces tetrazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Supported Tripod Triarylphosphane: Application to Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Borylations.
Authors: Iwai Tomohiro , Murakami Ryo , Harada Tomoya , Kawamorita Soichiro , Sawamura Masaya
Published: October 2014

The title phosphane is used as a catalyst component for the rhodium‐ and iridium‐catalyzed C(sp3)‐H borylation of amide, urea, and alkylpyridine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Cafestol: A Late‐Stage Construction of the Furan Ring Inspired by a Biosynthesis Strategy.
Authors: Zhu Lili , Luo Jisheng , Hong Ran
Published: October 2014

The ent‐kaurene derived diterpenoid (.+‐.)‐cafestol (I) exhibits anti‐inflammatory activities and a neuroprotective effect.
ChemInform Abstract: Vulgarisin A, a New Diterpenoid with a Rare 5/6/4/5 Ring Skeleton from the Chinese Medicinal Plant Prunella vulgaris
Authors: Lou Huayong , Zheng Shan , Li Tianlei , Zhang Jianxin , Fei Yue , Hao Xiaojiang , Liang Guangyi , Pan Weidong
Published: October 2014

shows weak cytotoxicity against human lung carcinoma A549 cells
ChemInform Abstract: New Steroids with a Rearranged Skeleton as (h)P300 Inhibitors from the Sponge Theonella swinhoei.
Authors: Gong Jun , Sun Peng , Jiang Nan , Riccio Raffaele , Lauro Gianluigi , Bifulco Giuseppe , Li Tie‐Jun , Gerwick William H. , Zhang Wen
Published: October 2014

The sterols swinhoisterol A (I) and B (II) are isolated from the title sponge.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning the Stereoelectronic Properties of 1‐Sulfanylhex‐1‐enitols for the Sequential Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐iodo‐β‐‐allopyranosides.
Authors: Koever Andrea , Boutureira Omar , Matheu M. Isabel , Diaz Yolanda , Castillon Sergio
Published: October 2014

The described procedure is also performed for ribo‐configured substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Enantioselective Approach to Pentoses: A Rapid Synthesis of PSI‐6130, the Nucleoside Core of Sofosbuvir.
Authors: Peifer Manuel , Berger Raphaelle , Shurtleff Valerie W. , Conrad Jay C. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: October 2014

TiCl2(OiPr)2‐promoted condensation of silylketene acetals (I) and the enantioenriched aldehyde (II) produces esters of type (III) in good diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indoxylic Acid Esters as Convenient Intermediates Towards Indoxyl Glycosides.
Authors: Boettcher Stephan , Thiem Joachim
Published: October 2014

An improved method to prepare indoxyl gylcosides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Neoflavonoids as Potential Osteogenic Agents from Dalbergia sissoo Heartwood
Authors: Kumar Padam , Kushwaha Priyanka , Khedgikar Vikram , Gautam Jyoti , Choudhary Dharmendra , Singh Divya , Trivedi Ritu , Maurya Rakesh
Published: October 2014

isolation, structure and anti‐osteoporotic activity of new neoflavonoid, dalsissooal (I), along with seven known neoflavonoids
ChemInform Abstract: Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Unusual Amino Acid Derivatives and Heterocycles via Methyl 2‐Acetamidoacrylate and Its Congeners
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Bandarugattu Venkata Babu , Krishna Nimita Gopal
Published: October 2014

Review: [107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Imidazole Alkaloids Originated in Marine Sponges
Authors: Bjoersvik Hans‐Rene , Sandtorv Alexander H.
Published: October 2014

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Saraine Alkaloids
Authors: Delpech Bernard
Published: October 2014

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boronyl Chemistry: The BO Group as a New Ligand in Gas‐Phase Clusters and Synthetic Compounds
Authors: Zhai Hua‐Jin , Chen Qiang , Bai Hui , Li Si‐Dian , Wang Lai‐Sheng
Published: October 2014

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Rings in Natural Products
Authors: de Oliveira Kleber T. , Servilha Bruno M. , Alves Leandro de C. , Desidera Andre L. , Brocksom Timothy J.
Published: October 2014

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalizing Pillar[n]arenes
Authors: Strutt Nathan L. , Zhang Huacheng , Schneebeli Severin T. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: October 2014

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated/‐Catalyzed Fluorination Reactions: New Routes to Aryl Fluorides
Authors: Mu Xin , Liu Guosheng
Published: October 2014

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Pt(II) Complexes: Precision Instruments for the Initiation of Transformations Mediated by the Cation‐Olefin Reaction
Authors: Felix Ryan J. , Munro‐Leighton Colleen , Gagne Michel R.
Published: October 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rates and Energetics of Intramolecular Electron Transfer Processes in Conjugated Metallofullerenes
Authors: Schubert Christina , Rudolf Marc , Guldi Dirk M. , Takano Yuta , Mizorogi Naomi , Herranz M. Angeles , Martin Nazario , Nagase Shigeru , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: October 2014

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed C—H Activation and Its Application to Multi‐Bond Forming Reactions
Authors: Ramachandiran Krishnan , Sreelatha Thonthula , Lakshmi Neelakandan V. , Babu Thelagathoti H. , Muralidharan Doraiswamy , Perumal Paramasiram T.
Published: October 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Transition Metal Complexes in the Framework of the Spin‐Crossover Phenomenon: A DFT Perspective
Authors: Lawson Daku Latevi Max
Published: October 2014

Review: 258 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies of the Dynamic Motion of Encapsulated Ions and Clusters in Fullerene Cages: A Wheel Within a Wheel
Authors: Zhang Jianyuan , Dorn Harry C.
Published: October 2014

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Properties of Stationary (Bubbling) Fluidized Beds Relevant to Combustion and Gasification Systems
Authors: Dennis J. S.
Published: October 2014

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Solid‐State Fermentation Applications for the Food Industry
Authors: Papagianni Maria
Published: October 2014

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral High‐Speed Counter‐Current Chromatography: Future Strategies for Chiral Selector Development
Authors: Ma Ying , Ito Yoichiro
Published: October 2014

Review: 23 refs.
Lithiummetall‐Akkumulatoren als elektrochemische Energiespeicher und die faszinierende Chemie eines ausgewählten Alkalimetalls
Authors: Hasselmann Martin , Wagner Corina , Oetken Marco
Published: October 2014

Im Beitrag werden völlig neuartige Experimente zum Themenfeld der Lithiummetall‐Batterien und neue experimentelle Möglichkeiten zur Lithiummetallchemie in Theorie und Praxis vorgestellt. So werden u. a. eine Lithiummetall‐Batterie im Minenansatz auf Basis einer metallischen Lithium‐ und einer Anionen‐Intercalations‐Elektrode präsentiert. Die den Batteriesystemen zugrunde liegende, zentrale Idee der elektrochemischen Abscheidung von Lithium aus einer organischen, Lithiumperchlorat haltigen Elektrolytkomposition und die Intercalation von negativ geladenen Perchlorat‐Ionen in ein graphitisches Kathodenmaterial werden dabei ausführlich erläutert. Schließlich werden weitere innovative Experimente mit elektrochemisch gewonnenem Lithium vorgestellt, bspw. die Reaktion von Lithium mit Wasser, verschiedenen Alkoholen und Stickstoff.
Nucleic Acid Aptamer‐Mediated Drug Delivery for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhu Huijie , Li Jin , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Ye Mao , Tan Weihong
Published: October 2014

Aptamers are emerging as promising therapeutic agents and recognition elements. In particular, cell‐SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) allows in vitro selection of aptamers selective to whole cells without prior knowledge of the molecular signatures on the cell surface. The advantage of aptamers is their high affinitiy and binding specificity towards the target. This Minireview focuses on single‐stranded (ss) oligonucleotide (DNA or RNA)‐based aptamers as cancer therapeutics/theranostics. Specifically, aptamer–nanomaterial conjugates, aptamer–drug conjugates, targeted phototherapy and targeted biotherapy are covered in detail. In reviewing the literature, the potential of aptamers as delivery systems for therapeutic and imaging applications in cancer is clear, however, major challenges remain to be resolved, such as the poorly understood pharmacokinetics, toxicity and off‐target effects, before they can be fully exploited in a clinical setting.
Design of Highly Porous Single‐Site Catalysts through Two‐Step Postsynthetic Modification of Mixed‐Linker MIL‐53(Al)
Authors: Gotthardt Meike A. , Schoch Roland , Brunner Tobias S. , Bauer Matthias , Kleist Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

Defined mixed‐linker metal–organic frameworks based on MIL‐53‐NH2(Al) were successfully synthesized under ambient pressure, thus, enabling easy scaling up of the synthesis. The two‐step postsynthetic modification reaction of these materials with, first, maleic anhydride and, second, palladium(II) acetate resulted in immobilized palladium(II) complexes at the side chain of the linker molecules. The high porosity of the mixed‐linker materials was retained throughout the modification process, which was in contrast to a previous study with pure MIL‐53‐NH2(Al). The novel palladium‐containing materials were applied in Heck‐type CC coupling reactions of bromo‐ or chlorobenzene with styrene, in which they exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity.
Determinants of bird species richness, endemism, and island network roles in Wallacea and the West Indies: is geography sufficient or does current and historical climate matter?
Authors: Dalsgaard Bo , Carstensen Daniel W. , Fjeldså Jon , Maruyama Pietro K. , Rahbek Carsten , Sandel Brody , Sonne Jesper , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Wang Zhiheng , Sutherland William J.
Published: October 2014

Island biogeography has greatly contributed to our understanding of the processes determining species' distributions. Previous research has focused on the effects of island geography (i.e., island area, elevation, and isolation) and current climate as drivers of island species richness and endemism. Here, we evaluate the potential additional effects of historical climate on breeding land bird richness and endemism in Wallacea and the West Indies. Furthermore, on the basis of species distributions, we identify island biogeographical network roles and examine their association with geography, current and historical climate, and bird richness/endemism. We found that island geography, especially island area but also isolation and elevation, largely explained the variation in island species richness and endemism. Current and historical climate only added marginally to our understanding of the distribution of species on islands, and this was idiosyncratic to each archipelago. In the West Indies, endemic richness was slightly reduced on islands with historically unstable climates; weak support for the opposite was found in Wallacea. In both archipelagos, large islands with many endemics and situated far from other large islands had high importance for the linkage within modules, indicating that these islands potentially act as speciation pumps and source islands for surrounding smaller islands within the module and, thus, define the biogeographical modules. Large islands situated far from the mainland and/or with a high number of nonendemics acted as links between modules. Additionally, in Wallacea, but not in the West Indies, climatically unstable islands tended to interlink biogeographical modules. The weak and idiosyncratic effect of historical climate on island richness, endemism, and network roles indicates that historical climate had little effects on extinction‐immigration dynamics. This is in contrast to the strong effect of historical climate observed on the mainland, possibly because surrounding oceans buffer against strong climate oscillations and because geography is a strong determinant of island richness, endemism and network roles.
Deamination of N→Sn‐Coordinated Organotin(II) Hydroxide: Formation of a New C–O Covalent Bond
Authors: Dostál Libor , Růžička Aleš , Jambor Roman
Published: October 2014

The synthesis of the pentacarbonylchromium complex [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}(Cl)SnCr(CO)5] is reported. Starting with this compound, organotin(II)pentacarbonylchromium methoxide [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}(OMe)SnCr(CO)5] was prepared and used for the synthesis of dimeric N→Sn intramolecularly coordinated organotin(II)pentacarbonylchromium hydroxide [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(μ‐OH)Cr(CO)5]2 by easy hydrolytic protocol. In addition, acid–base‐type reaction of this latter compound with HOTf provided unprecedented cyclization product [6‐(Me2NCH2)‐2,3‐(C6H3CH2OSn)Cr(CO)5]2. The cyclization process is accompanied by the formation of a new C–O covalent bond along with the elimination of Me2NH.
Synthesis and Glycoconjugation of an Azido‐BF2–Azadipyrromethene Near‐Infrared Fluorochrome
Authors: Wu Dan , Cheung Shane , Daly Robin , Burke Helen , Scanlan Eoin M. , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: October 2014

A seven‐step synthetic route to a water‐soluble azide‐functionalized BF2–azadipyrromethene fluorochrome was developed; the fluorochrome shows λmax emission at 711 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.25. The fluorochrome can be effectively conjugated to alkyne‐substituted carbohydrates by click chemistry in water at room temperature in 20 min by using CuSO4 (20 mol‐%). The glycoconjugated fluorophores exhibit excellent near‐IR photophysical properties with little variance for different carbohydrates or from the preceding fluorochrome. The fluorescent glycoconjugates were evaluated by using confocal microscopy, and efficient cellular uptake and cytosolic localization were observed. This azido‐BF2–azadipyrromethene fluorochrome offers the potential to be a new near‐IR imaging research tool for biology.
Does Presumed Consent Save Lives? Evidence from Europe
Authors: Ugur Zeynep Burcu
Published: October 2014

One policy tool that could affect organ donation rates is legislative defaults. In this study, we examine how presumed consent impacts cadaveric donations and kidney transplantations, using a panel dataset from the EU‐27 countries plus Croatia in the period 2000–2010. We find that presumed consent countries have 28% to 32% higher cadaveric donation and 27% to 31% higher kidney transplant rates in comparison to informed consent countries, after accounting for potential confounding factors. After studying willingness to donate one's organs and registering preferences for organ donation, we find that presumed consent could increase cadaveric donation rates, because people fail to register their preferences and many have no preference for organ donation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional Poverty and Health Status as a Predictor of Chronic Income Poverty
Authors: Callander Emily J. , Schofield Deborah J.
Published: October 2014

Longitudinal analysis of Wave 5 to 10 of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia dataset was undertaken to assess whether multidimensional poverty status can predict chronic income poverty. Of those who were multidimensionally poor (low income plus poor health or poor health and insufficient education attainment) in 2007, and those who were in income poverty only (no other forms of disadvantage) in 2007, a greater proportion of those in multidimensional poverty continued to be in income poverty for the subsequent 5 years through to 2012. People who were multidimensionally poor in 2007 had 2.17 times the odds of being in income poverty each year through to 2012 than those who were in income poverty only in 2005 (95% CI: 1.23–3.83). Multidimensional poverty measures are a useful tool for policymakers to identify target populations for policies aiming to improve equity and reduce chronic disadvantage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Large Surface Protein Using a Time‐Resolved Immunofluorometric Assay
Authors: Hu Zhigang , Li Mei , Liu Jie , Yu Lei , Xue Yifeng , Chen Yu
Published: October 2014

Background

To establish a novel method based on time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR‐IFMA) with higher sensitivity and a broader detection range for detecting serum hepatitis B virus large surface protein (L protein).

Methods

The precision, sensitivity, specificity, coefficient of recovery, and stability of the assay were evaluated and comparison with the classical enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also executed.

Results

The precision, specificity, and sensitivity of the TR‐IFMA were clearly better than ELISA. Particularly, the sensitivity was 0.1 ng/ml; moreover, the specificity was 100%, 96%, 92.5%, 96.9%, 97.8%, and 100% in the sera of healthy blood donors, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection patients, and pregnant patients, respectively. Meanwhile, we observed that the established TR‐IFMA kit has a wider acceptable linear range of 0.63–10,367 ng/ml rather than the regular commercial ELISA kit having range of only 10.12–1095.9 ng/ml. Subsequently, correlation coefficient between the TR‐IFMA and ELISA was 0.8009. The intra‐ and interassay precision rates were less than 5% for three different concentrations. The average recovery rate for L protein was 101.17%. In sum, the established assay kit performed better in terms of stability than the commercial ELISA kit.

Conclusion

The TR‐IFMA that we developed for L protein presented a higher sensitivity and wider detecting range than regular commercial ELISA. Therefore, this TR‐IFMA has promising value both in the screening of HBV and monitoring of antiviral therapy.
Reversion‐Inducing‐Cysteine‐Rich Protein With Kazal Motifs (RECK) Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Bahgat Dina M. Rasheed , Shahin Rasha Mohamad Hosny , Makar Nada Nasr , Aziz Ashraf Omar Abdel , Hunter Shereen Shoukry
Published: October 2014

Background

The reversion‐inducing‐cysteine‐rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK) gene is a transformation suppressor gene that can negatively regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibit tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of RECK gene rs 11788747 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility and its relation to various clinical and laboratory data of the patients.

Methods

This is a case–control study including 200 HCC patients and 200 healthy controls. RECK rs 11788747 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP).

Results

RECK rs 11788747 A/G and G/G genotypes frequencies were significantly higher in HCC patients compared to the healthy controls. The HCC patients possessing at least one polymorphic G allele were significantly at a higher risk of developing lymph nodes involvement and distant metastasis.

Conclusion

This study revealed the role of RECK rs 11788747 SNP in HCC in Egyptian patients, which consequently might be used as a prognostic tool and could be added to its therapeutic strategies.
Is there a Convergence or Divergence between Feminist Empowerment and Microfinance Institutions' Success Indicators?
Authors: Haile Hirut B. , Osman Intan , Shuib Rashidah , Oon Siti Waringin
Published: October 2014

This study examines whether female borrowers categorised as ‘successful’ by two microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Malaysia experience greater empowerment as measured by decision‐making over loan use and enterprise earnings, enterprise management, asset ownership and motivation. The study is based on in‐depth interviews with 20 female borrowers. Results show that most of the borrowers are empowered. However, it is inconclusive whether economic empowerment achieved by borrowers could be entirely attributed to the services of the studied MFIs, given the prevalence of cross‐borrowing. Furthermore, some female borrowers labelled as ‘successful’ do not meet the MFIs' or feminist standards of success or empowerment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioural Profiles and Offender Characteristics across 111 Korean Sexual Assaults
Authors: Sea Jonghan , Kim Kyungil , Youngs Donna
Published: October 2014

Although the potential usefulness of the offence action–offender characteristic (A–C) relationships is widely accepted and operational ‘offender profiling’ units now exist around the world, few such relationships have been empirically established. To explore this, the offending action patterns within 111 sexual assault cases from South Korea were coded in terms of 16 distinctive, objective crime scene criteria and subjected to an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. Background psychiatric and general characteristics, Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale scores, and criminal histories were described for each cluster. The cluster analysis drew attention to six clusters or behavioural profiles within the sexual assaults. Cluster 1 included serial offenders who aggressively raped and robbed adult women, with some pseudo‐intimate sexual behaviour, in their homes. Two thirds of these offenders had histories of sexual assault. Cluster 2 included offenders who again targeted adults in their homes, but without pseudo‐intimate sexual behaviour. Cluster 3 included offenders who targeted adults outdoors at night. These offenders showed high antisocial personality PAI scores and psychiatric histories of sexual sadism. Cluster 4 included unarmed offenders who targeted adults in their homes without robbery. These offenders often had psychiatric histories of depression. Cluster 5 included offenders who targeted adults outdoors with a blitz‐style attack, and Cluster 6 included offenders who targeted minors outdoors, without weapons, using a confidence‐trick style of approach. Paedophilia and histories of psychiatric treatment were prominent amongst these offenders. The results indicate therefore some of the key empirical relationships that future research may develop as the basis for sexual assault ‘profiles’. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro Raman investigation on corrosion of Pb‐based alloy replicas of letters from the museum Plantin‐Moretus, Antwerp
Authors: Ghiara Giorgia , Campodonico Serena , Piccardo Paolo , Martini Carla , Storme Patrick , Carnasciali Maria Maddalena
Published: October 2014

To better understand corrosion behaviour of lead (Pb)‐based alloys exposed to volatile organic compounds – specifically acetic and formic acid – a preliminary research has been carried out on laboratory‐made samples replicating such alloys. Replicas have been manufactured by simulating specific types of Pb‐based alloys, with antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn) as alloying elements, in order to characterise corrosion products and evaluate the influence of each alloying element. Replicas were cast in a refractory mould and later placed in size‐specific desiccators and exposed to concentrated acetic and formic acid vapours for 15 days. Each specimen was also subjected to gravimetric measurements and periodically monitored in order to understand the corrosion behaviour. Micro Raman Spectroscopy (μRS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy together with energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy were used for the characterisation of Pb‐based replicas. Results showed the presence of typical corrosion products – more or less hydrated forms of Pb and Sn acetates and formates – and also a sudden increase in the volume and brittleness of some Sb‐rich specimens as well as the presence of seldom‐detected metallic Sb peaks with μRS. In this perspective, the influence of Sb as an alloying element on the corrosion of Pb‐based artefacts may generate serious problems when such objects have to be restored and particular attention should be given to conservation/stabilisation procedures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inaccuracy of regression results in replacing bivariate correlations
Authors: Aloe Ariel M.
Published: October 2014

This manuscript considers discrepancies between the bivariate correlation and several indices of association estimated from regression results. These indices can be estimated from results typically reported in primary studies. In recent years, many researchers conducting meta‐analyses have used these indices in place of, or together with, the bivariate correlation. I illustrate the differences among these indices and the bivariate correlation. I demonstrate the inaccuracy of these indices as replacements for bivariate effects. Thus, I recommend discontinuing the use of these indices and partial effect sizes as replacement for the bivariate correlation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Morphology, Crystallinity, and Hydrophilicity of Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Films Prepared Via Casting of Ethyl Lactate and Ethyl Acetate Solutions
Authors: Causa Andrea , Filippone Giovanni , Acierno Domenico , Domingo Concepción , Salerno Aurelio
Published: October 2014

Films of semicrystalline poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) are fabricated by casting drops of fully biocompatible ethyl lactate (EL) and ethyl acetate (EA) solutions onto a glass substrate. The main goals of this work are: i) to assess the interplay among the physico‐chemical properties of the solution and its interaction with the casting substrate; and ii) determine how the solution/substrate interactions influence the formation of the films and their final surface morphology and hydrophilicity. The competition between the rates of solution drop spreading and solvent evaporation controls the polymer crystallization process and the final film properties. Compared with EA, EL provides better wetting properties and a slower evaporation rate, eventually resulting in thinner films. The film thickness increases with polymer concentration in the solution; this parameter also affects the crystalline structure and, ultimately, the film surface roughness. As a result, the film hydrophilicity is finely tunable by changing the solution composition, so as to control the crystal nucleation density.

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Consumer Search, Market Characteristics, and Price Dispersion: New Evidence from the Retail Markets for Prescription Drugs
Authors: Chen Jihui
Published: October 2014

Using pharmacy‐level price data collected in New Hampshire between 2009 and 2011, this study empirically documents the price distribution in the retail pharmaceutical market, through a dispersion and a price margin analysis. Consistent with previous studies, I find significant negative relationship between price dispersion and search intensity, which is proxied by both direct and indirect measures. In addition, market power and pharmacy type are shown as important factors determining price margins of top‐selling prescription drugs. All results are robust to various measures of search intensity and subsamples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3‐D‐Zellkulturen und der Ersatz von Tierversuchen
Authors: Gottwald Eric , Giselbrecht Stefan
Published: October 2014

Toxikologische Tests in der Pharmaforschung und in der Chemikalienzulassung laufen in der Regel mit Tierversuchen. Zellkulturbasierte Test könnten diese langfristig ersetzen, vorausgesetzt, die Behörden lassen die Methoden zu.
Zwischen Luft und Wasser
Authors: van Pinxteren Manuela
Published: October 2014

Auf der Oberfläche der Meere sitzt ein hauchdünner Film. Er bildet die direkte Schnittstelle zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre und beeinflusst die Austauschprozesse zwischen diesen beiden Kompartimenten und somit Wolkenbildung und Wellen. Welche Stoffe der Film enthält, ist Gegenstand von Feldforschung.
Kontaktaktiv oder durch Biozide
Authors: Krumm Christian , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: October 2014

Klassische mikrobenabtötende Oberflächen setzen Biozide frei. Eine Alternative sind kontaktaktive antimikrobielle Materialien. Doch der Nachweis der Kontaktaktivität ist nicht leicht zu erbringen.
Depressive rumination and experiential avoidance: A task based exploration
Authors: Thomas Justin , Raynor Monique , Ribott David
Published: October 2014

Depressive rumination has been conceptualized as being closely connected with experiential avoidance. Evidence supporting this hypothesis derives primarily from studies using self‐report measures. The present study explores this idea using a task‐based assessment of avoidance. College students (N = 100) rated their emotional responses to 60 computer‐presented images (positive, negative and neutral). Response times for the image‐rating task were surreptitiously recorded, along with Ruminative Response Scale and Beck Depression Inventory II scores. Rumination was correlated with faster response times for negative, but not positive or neutral images. These findings are interpreted as lending support to the experiential avoidance conceptualization of rumination; however, consideration is also given to a potentially synergistic interpretation implicating heightened threat monitoring. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Variability of CO2 Emissions from Newly Exposed Paraglacial Soils at a Glacier Retreat Zone on King George Island, Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Thomazini André , Teixeira Daniel De Bortoli , Turbay Caio Vinícius Gabrig , La Scala Newton , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto G. R. , Mendonça Eduardo De Sá
Published: October 2014

Thawed soils in Antarctica represent organic carbon (C) reservoirs with great potential to increase the net losses of CO2 to the atmosphere under climate change scenarios. This study spatially zones CO2 emissions from soil and vegetation along a transect in front of the retreating margin of Ecology Glacier in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands, near the Polish Antarctic station Henryk Arctowski. Two experiments were carried out to determine soil respiration: (1) a transect of 150 measuring points spaced 1 m apart, statistically analysed with split moving windows, identified three regions with different patterns of CO2 emissions; (2) a survey with three grids containing 60 sampling points, with a minimum distance between points of 0.30 m, totalling 2.7 × 1.5 m, in each of the identified locations. The survey showed that CO2 emission rates decreased (from 2.38 to 0.00 µmol m‐2s‐1) and soil temperature at 5 cm depth increased (from 1.9 to 7°C) near the glacier. The site farthest from the glacier provided an emission 3.5 times higher than the closest site. The spatial variability of CO2 emissions decreased with distance from the glacier. Soil development and vegetation are identified as key drivers of CO2 emissions. Soil formation and vegetation growth increased with longer exposure since deglaciation, leading to enhanced homogeneity of CO2 emissions, independent of permafrost occurrence and stability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the Synthesis and Interfacial Interaction Performance of Novel Dodecylamine‐Based Bonding Agents Used for Composite Solid Propellants
Authors: Chen Yu , Liu Yun‐fei , Shi Liang , Yang Wei , Yao Wei‐shang
Published: October 2014

An effective pathway was explored to design and select proper bonding agents that could effectively improve the interfacial interactions between bonding agents and solid particles, with three novel synthesized alkyl bonding agents, dodecylamine‐N,N‐di‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐acetate (DIHPA), dodecylamine‐N,N‐di‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐hydroxy‐acetate (DIHPHA) and dodecylamine‐N,N‐di‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐cyano‐acetate (DIHPCA), as examples. Molecular dynamics simulation was applied to compare unit bond energies of these bonding agents with the [110] crystal face of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and the [120] crystal face of hexogen (RDX). The infrared test was used to characterize the interfacial interactions of these bonding agents with AP or RDX. XPS test was applied to calculate the adhesion percentage of the bonding agents on the surface of precoated AP or RDX particles. All of the above results indicated that these three bonding agents have strong interfacial interactions with AP or RDX in the order of DIHPCA>DIHPHA>DIHPA. The prepared three bonding agents were used in HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellants, and their effects on tensile strength (σ), elongation under maximum tensile strength (εm), elongation at breaking point of the propellant (εb) and adhesion index (Φ) of the propellant were studied. The results show that the bonding agents improve the mechanical properties of the propellant in the order of DIHPCA>DIHPHA>DIHPA. The methods found from theoretical design, materials synthesis, and mechanistics studies up to practical application show effective guiding significance for choosing the proper bonding agent and improving the interfacial interactions between the solid particles and binder matrix.
Accuracy of a hexapod parallel robot kinematics based external fixator
Authors: Faschingbauer Maximilian , Heuer Hinrich J. D. , Seide Klaus , Wendlandt Robert , Münch Matthias , Jürgens Christian , Kirchner Rainer
Published: October 2014

Background

Different hexapod‐based external fixators are increasingly used to treat bone deformities and fractures. Accuracy has not been measured sufficiently for all models.

Methods

An infrared tracking system was applied to measure positioning maneuvers with a motorized Precision Hexapod® fixator, detecting three‐dimensional positions of reflective balls mounted in an L‐arrangement on the fixator, simulating bone directions. By omitting one dimension of the coordinates, projections were simulated as if measured on standard radiographs. Accuracy was calculated as the absolute difference between targeted and measured positioning values.

Results

In 149 positioning maneuvers, the median values for positioning accuracy of translations and rotations (torsions/angulations) were below 0.3 mm and 0.2° with quartiles ranging from −0.5 mm to 0.5 mm and −1.0° to 0.9°, respectively.

Conclusions

The experimental setup was found to be precise and reliable. It can be applied to compare different hexapod‐based fixators. Accuracy of the investigated hexapod system was high. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ScFe5P3, ScRu6P4, U2Mo30P19, and Other Ternary Phosphides with a Metal to Phosphorus Ratio close to 2:1
Authors: Jeitschko Wolfgang , Albering Jörg H. , Brink Reinhold , Jakubowski‐Ripke Ursula , Reinbold Elke J.
Published: October 2014

The title compounds and several other new ternary phosphides – all with closely related crystal structures – were prepared mostly by using elemental tin as a flux. ScFe5P3, Sc(Ta0.18Fe0.82)Fe4P3, and ZrFe5P3 are isotypic with YCo5P3. The crystal structure of the tantalum containing compound was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray counter data: space group Pnma, a = 1212.5(2) pm, b = 363.0(2) pm, c = 1052.2(2) pm with a residual R = 0.036 for 505 unique structure factors and 30 variable parameters. The Ta atoms occupy only that Fe site with the highest coordination number. The crystal structure of ScRu6P4 (α‐UCr6P4 type) was refined from single‐crystal data: P$\bar{6}$m2, a = 690.0(2) pm, c = 362.5(3) pm; R = 0.023 for 226 Fo and 15 variables. The same structure was also found from Guinier powder data for ErRu6P4 and ZrCr6P4. However, single‐crystal film data for the latter compound suggest a superstructure with a doubling of the hexagonal axis. The new compound Nd2Ru12P7 is shown from Guinier powder data to crystallize with a hexagonal Zr2Fe12P7 type structure. X‐ray powder data also confirm Zr2Ru12P7 and SmCo3P2 to crystallize with Zr2Fe12P7and HoCo3P2 type structures, respectively. The crystal structure of the phosphide U2Cr30P19 is confirmed to be isotypic with Zr2Cr30P19. The same structure was found for the new compound U2Mo30P19. The crystal structures of these and other compounds with a metal to phosphorus ratio close to 2:1 are briefly discussed including that of LiCo6P4.
Thermoelectric Properties of p‐Type Semiconducting NaB5C with Hexaboride‐Type Structure, Compared to Layered MB2C2 (M = La, Ce)
Authors: Gürsoy Murat , Hempel Sabine , Reitz Andreas , Hofmann Kathrin , Albert Barbara
Published: October 2014

While hexaborides are known to exhibit n‐type semi‐conducting or metallic properties, the carbaboride NaB5C that crystallizes with the hexaboride‐structure type was found to be p‐type. It thus complements n‐type CaB6, which has almost identical structural features [s.g. Pm$\bar{3}$m, a = 409.25 pm and z/c(B) = 0.2034 for NaB5C and a = 415.37 and z/c(B) = 0.201 for CaB6]. Mono‐phasic samples were synthesized via solid state reactions of the elements and compacted by spark plasma sintering at high pressures. The thermoelectric properties (thermal diffusivities, electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients) were measured up to temperatures as high as 873 K (S = 80 μV·K–1) and compared to that of LaB2C2 and CeB2C2. These have layered structures and are metallic.
Delayed Laparotomy After Selective Non‐operative Management of Penetrating Abdominal Injuries
Authors: Peev Miroslav P. , Chang Yuchiao , King David R. , Yeh Daniel D. , Kaafarani Haytham , Fagenholz Peter J. , De Moya Marc A. , Velmahos George C.
Published: October 2014

Background

Main concern during the practice of selective non‐operative management (SNOM) for abdominal stab wounds (SW) and gunshot wounds (GSW) is the potential for harm in patients who fail SNOM and receive a delayed laparotomy (DL). The aim of this study is to determine whether such patients suffer adverse sequelae because of delays in diagnosis and treatment when managed under a structured SNOM protocol.

Methods

190 patients underwent laparotomy after an abdominal GSW or SW (5/04–10/12). Patients taken to operation within 120 min of admission were included in the early laparotomy (EL) group (n =153, 80.5 %) and the remaining in the DL group (n =37, 19.5 %). Outcomes included mortality, hospital stay, and postoperative complications.

Results

The median time from hospital arrival to operation was 43 min (range: 17–119) for EL patients and 249 min (range: 122–1,545) for DL patients. The average number and type of injuries were similar among the groups. Mortality and negative laparotomy were observed only in the EL group. There was no significant difference in the hospital stay between the groups. The overall complications were higher in the EL group (44.4 vs. 24.3 %, p =0.026). DL was independently associated with a lower likelihood for complications (OR 0.39, 95 % CI 0.16–0.98, p =0.045). Individual review of all DL patients did not reveal an incident in which complications could be directly attributed to the delay.

Conclusions

In a structured protocol, patients who fail SNOM and require an operation are recognized and treated promptly. The delay in operation does not cause unnecessary morbidity or mortality.
Behandlung einer serösen makulären Netzhautablösung mit Antihistaminika
Authors: Kirschfeld K.
Published: October 2014

Die Ätiologie der Netzhautablösungen bei Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa (CCS) ist unbekannt. Von 3 Tatbeständen wird aber ausgegangen: 1) dass der Abhebung der Rezeptor/Pigmentepithel-Schicht durch ein seröses Exsudat eine Hyperpermeabilität der Choriokapillaren zugrunde liegt; 2) dass betroffene Patienten häufig unter Kopfschmerzen leiden; 3) dass die Erkrankung durch Stress begünstigt wird. Eine erhöhte Histaminkonzentration im Blutplasma könnte zu den genannten Konsequenzen führen. Dies führte zur Hypothese, dass Histamin an der Entstehung der CCS beteiligt sein könnte. Nach Einnahme des Antihistaminikums Loratadin erfolgten innerhalb 1 Woche ein deutlicher Abbau des retinalen Exsudats sowie die Wiederherstellung des Sehvermögens. Dies stützt die Hypothese, dass Histamin an der Entstehung von Netzhautablösungen beteiligt sein könnte. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen klären, ob diese Hypothese zutrifft und ob Antihistaminika womöglich auch bei Makuladegeneration (AMD) eingesetzt werden können.
Dimensional Analysis of the Distal Phalanx with Consideration of Distal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Using a Headless Compression Screw
Authors: Darowish Michael , Brenneman Rodney , Bigger Justin
Published: October 2014

Background

Headless compression screws have been used for arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint with good clinical results. However, some distal phalanges are too small, thus precluding their use, or increasing complication rates.

Methods

In order to validate our digital measurements, radiographs of five cadaveric hands were obtained. The distal phalanges of these fingers were measured using our institution's digital radiograph software. The cadavers were then dissected, and the actual phalanges were measured to confirm the accuracy of the digital measurements; 200 consecutive hand radiographs were then measured to obtain average width and heights of the narrowest measurements of the distal phalanx of each finger. Subgroup analysis of each finger for age and gender was completed.

Results and Conclusions

Females were routinely smaller than their male counterparts. No age-related differences were seen. A substantial number of fingers were found to be too small to allow for use of headless compression screws; 42 % of small finger distal phalanges are too small to accommodate 2.8-mm threads, and that number increases to 81 % with 3.2-mm threads and 97 % with 3.5-mm threads. Few distal phalanges, regardless of which finger, are large enough to accommodate 3.5-mm-diameter threads; 22% of female ring finger distal phalanges are smaller than 2.8 mm, and 66 % of ring fingers are smaller than 3.2 mm. Based on our measurements, a surprising number of distal phalanges are smaller than the trailing thread diameter of commonly commercially available headless screws. Care must be taken in selecting implants for distal interphalangeal (DIP) fusion.
Trends in Mortality Decrease and Economic Growth
Authors: Niu Geng , Melenberg Bertrand
Published: October 2014

The vast literature on extrapolative stochastic mortality models focuses mainly on the extrapolation of past mortality trends and summarizes the trends by one or more latent factors. However, the interpretation of these trends is typically not very clear. On the other hand, explanation methods are trying to link mortality dynamics with observable factors. This serves as an intermediate step between the two methods. We perform a comprehensive analysis on the relationship between the latent trend in mortality dynamics and the trend in economic growth represented by gross domestic product (GDP). Subsequently, the Lee-Carter framework is extended through the introduction of GDP as an additional factor next to the latent factor, which provides a better fit and better interpretable forecasts.
Additional intranasal oxytocin to escitalopram improves depressive symptoms in resistant depression: An open trial
Authors: Scantamburlo G. , Hansenne M. , Geenen V. , Legros J.J. , Ansseau M.
Published: October 2014

The aim of this open trial was to assess the antidepressant/anxiolytic effects of oxytocin used as an adjunct to antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression. Fourteen patients, who have not responded to 40 mg of escitalopram, received intranasal synthetic oxytocin during 4 weeks, in association with antidepressant. This is the first open trial study suggesting OT in association with escitalopram significantly reduced scores on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.