bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Index for Perioperative Renal Dysfunction/Failure
Authors: Aronson Solomon , Fontes Manuel L. , Miao Yinghui , Mangano Dennis T.
Published: February 2007

Background—

An acute renal event after coronary bypass graft surgery is associated with high mortality and substantial additive cost.

Methods and Results—

This prospective and descriptive study of 4801 patients having coronary bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from November 1996 to June 2000 at 70 centers in 16 countries established associations between predictor variables and postoperative renal composite (renal dysfunction and/or renal failure) from a cohort of 2381 patients and developed a risk index assessed in a validation cohort of 2420 patients. Postoperative renal composite occurred in 231 patients (4.8%). Independent and significant risk factors were age >75 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 3.37;
P
=0.006), preoperative congestive heart failure (OR, 2.38; CI, 1.55 to 3.64;
P
<0.001), prior myocardial infarction (OR, 1.75; CI, 1.08 to 2.83;
P
=0.023), preexisting renal disease (OR, 3.71; CI, 2.41 to 5.70;
P
<0.001), intraoperative multiple inotrope use (OR, 2.75; CI, 1.75 to 4.31;
P
<0.001), intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump insertion (OR, 4.41; CI, 2.21 to 8.80;
P
<0.001), cardiopulmonary bypass >2 hours (OR, 1.78; CI, 1.15 to 2.74;
P
=0.01), and preoperative pulse pressure such that for every additional 20–mm Hg increment in pulse pressure >40 mm Hg, there was an OR of 1.49 (CI, 1.17 to 1.89;
P
=0.001). Patients with pulse pressure hypertension >80 mm Hg were 3 times more likely to die a renal-related death compared with those without (3.7% versus 1.1%).

Conclusions—

Beside established risk factors, pulse pressure is independently and significantly associated with increased renal composite.
Effects of Normal Blood Pressure, Prehypertension, and Hypertension on Coronary Microvascular Function
Authors: Erdogan Dogan , Yildirim Ibrahim , Ciftci Ozgur , Ozer Ismail , Caliskan Mustafa , Gullu Hakan , Muderrisoglu Haldun
Published: February 2007

Background—

The assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography has recently been introduced into clinical practice, and reduced CFR has been suggested to be a sensitive indicator of hypertensive end-organ damage; however, to date, this methodology has not been used to evaluate CFR in subjects with prehypertension. Accordingly, the present study was designed to evaluate CFR in subjects with prehypertension.

Methods and Results—

We measured CFR of 40 subjects with prehypertension, 60 patients with hypertension, and 50 normotensive healthy volunteers using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. None of the subjects had any systemic disease. Age, gender, body mass index, heart rate, lipid profiles, fasting glucose levels, and hemoglobin were similar among the 3 groups. CFR was significantly lower in the hypertension group than in the prehypertension and control groups; in addition, it was significantly lower in subjects with prehypertension than in control subjects (2.23±0.47, 2.54±0.48, and 2.91±0.53, respectively). Furthermore, we found that prehypertension (β=−0.31,
P
<0.01) and hypertension (β=−0.57,
P
<0.01) were significant predictors of lower CFR in a multivariable model that adjusted for other variables. CFR was significantly and inversely correlated with age (
r
=−0.20,
P
=0.01), systolic blood pressure (
r
=−0.51,
P
<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (
r
=−0.47,
P
<0.01), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (
r
=−0.21,
P
=0.01), left atrium diameter (
r
=−0.22,
P
<0.01), mitral E deceleration time (
r
=−0.19,
P
=0.02), and mitral A velocity (
r
=−0.27,
P
<0.01), whereas mitral E/A ratio was significantly and positively correlated with CFR (
r
=0.26,
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

CFR is impaired in subjects with prehypertension, but this impairment is not as severe as that in hypertension.
Certificate of Need Regulation and Cardiac Catheterization Appropriateness After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ross Joseph S. , Ho Vivian , Wang Yongfei , Cha Stephen S. , Epstein Andrew J. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. , Krumholz Harlan M.
Published: February 2007

Background—

Certificate of need (CON) regulation was introduced to control healthcare costs and improve quality of care in part by limiting the number of facilities providing complex medical care. Our objective was to examine whether rates of appropriate cardiac catheterization after admission for acute myocardial infarction varied between states with and without CON regulation of cardiac catheterization.

Methods and Results—

We performed a retrospective analysis of chart-abstracted data for 137 279 Medicare patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction between 1994 and 1996 at 4179 US acute-care hospitals. Using 3-level hierarchical generalized linear modeling adjusted for patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and physician and hospital characteristics, we compared catheterization rates within 60 days of admission for states (and the District of Columbia) with (n=32) and without (n=19) CON regulation in the full cohort and stratified by catheterization appropriateness. Appropriateness was categorized as strongly, equivocally, or weakly indicated. We found CON regulation was associated with a borderline-significant lower rate of catheterization overall (45.8% versus 46.5%; adjusted risk ratio [RR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.82 to 1.00,
P
=0.06). After stratification by appropriateness, CON regulation was not associated with a significantly lower rate of catheterization among 63 823 patients with strong indications (49.9% versus 50.3%; adjusted RR 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.86 to 1.02,
P
=0.17). However, CON regulation was associated with significantly lower rates of catheterization among 65 077 patients with equivocal indication (45.0% versus 46.0%; adjusted RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.00,
P
=0.05) and among 8379 patients with weak indications (19.8% versus 21.8%; adjusted RR 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 0.98,
P
=0.04). Associations were weakened substantially after adjustment for hospital coronary artery bypass graft surgery or cardiac catheterization capability.

Conclusions—

CON regulation was associated with modestly lower rates of equivocally and weakly indicated cardiac catheterization after admission for acute myocardial infarction, but no significant differences existed in rates of strongly indicated catheterization.
C-Reactive Protein Causes Downregulation of Vascular Angiotensin Subtype 2 Receptors and Systolic Hypertension in Mice
Authors: Vongpatanasin Wanpen , Thomas Gail D. , Schwartz Randall , Cassis Lisa A. , Osborne-Lawrence Sherri , Hahner Lisa , Gibson Linda L. , Black Steven , Samols David , Shaul Philip W.
Published: February 2007

Background—

Chronic elevations in circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with a greater risk of hypertension. Whether elevations in CRP cause hypertension is unknown.

Methods and Results—

Chronic, conscious blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed by radiotelemetry in wild-type CF1 control and CF1 transgenic mice expressing rabbit CRP (CF1-CRP) under the regulation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter. Compared with controls, CF1-CRP mice had hypertension that was predominantly systolic, and the severity of hypertension varied in parallel with changes in CRP levels modulated by dietary manipulation. Mice that were hemizygous for the transgene with CRP levels of 9 μg/mL were also hypertensive, indicating that modest elevations in CRP are sufficient to alter BP. CRP transgenic mice had exaggerated BP elevation in response to angiotensin II and a reduction in vascular angiotensin receptor subtype 2 (AT
2
) expression. In contrast, the decline in BP with angiotensin receptor subtype 1 (AT
1
) antagonism and vascular AT
1
abundance were unaltered, which indicates a selective effect of CRP on AT
2
. Ex vivo experiments further showed that the CRP-induced decrease in AT
2
is a direct effect on the vascular wall, not requiring systemic responses, and that it is reversed by an NO donor, which indicates a role for NO deficiency in the process. In parallel, the chronic inhibition of NO synthase in wild-type mice attenuated vascular AT
2
expression without affecting AT
1
.

Conclusions—

These findings provide direct evidence for CRP-induced hypertension, and they further identify a novel underlying mechanism involving downregulation of AT
2
related to NO deficiency.
“Uncovering” Industrial Symbiosis
Authors: Chertow Marian R.
Published: February 2007

Since 1989, efforts to understand the nature of interfirm resource sharing in the form of industrial symbiosis and to replicate in a deliberate way what was largely self‐organizing in Kalundborg, Denmark have followed many paths, some with much success and some with very little. This article provides a historical view of the motivations and means for pursuing industrial symbiosis—defined to include physical exchanges of materials, energy, water, and by‐products among diversified clusters of firms. It finds that “uncovering” existing symbioses has led to more sustainable industrial development than attempts to design and build eco‐industrial parks incorporating physical exchanges.

By examining 15 proposed projects brought to national and international attention by the U.S. President's Council on Sustainable Development beginning in the early 1990s, and contrasting these with another 12 projects observed to share more elements of self‐organization, recommendations are offered to stimulate the identification and uncovering of already existing “kernels” of symbiosis. In addition, policies and practices are suggested to identify early‐stage precursors of potentially larger symbioses that can be nurtured and developed further. The article concludes that environmentally and economically desirable symbiotic exchanges are all around us and now we must shift our gaze to find and foster them.
Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group
Authors: ZHU Qinghua , LOWE Ernest A. , WEI Yuan‐an , BARNES Donald
Published: February 2007

The Guitang Group (GG), which operates one of China's largest sugar refineries, has been developing and implementing an internal and external industrial symbiosis strategy for more than four decades. The GG first invested in developing its own collection of downstream companies to utilize nearly all byproducts of sugar production. This strategy has generated new revenues and reduced environmental emissions and disposal costs, while simultaneously improving the quality of sugar.

Internally, the GG's complex consists of interlinked production of sugar, alcohol, cement, compound fertilizer, and paper and includes recycling and reuse. Externally, the GG has established a strong customer base as a result of its product quality, has worked to maintain and expand its supply base through technological and economic incentives to farmers (and even to competitors), and has had to react to a strong government presence that fundamentally affects its operations.

Operations to date support some of the fundamental concepts of industrial symbiosis. Significant challenges exist, though, if the company is to continue to prosper in the volatile globalized sugar market.
Attention and Sensory Interactions within the Occipital Cortex in the Early Blind: An fMRI Study
Authors: Weaver Kurt E. , Stevens Alexander A.
Published: February 2007

Visual deprivation early in life results in occipital cortical responsiveness across a broad range of perceptual and cognitive tasks. In the reorganized occipital cortex of early blind (EB) individuals, the relative lack of specificity for particular sensory stimuli and tasks suggests that attention effects may play a prominent role in these areas. We wished to establish whether occipital cortical areas in the EB were responsive to stimuli across sensory modalities (auditory, tactile) and whether these areas maintained or altered their activity as a function of selective attention. Using a three-stimulus oddball paradigm and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, auditory and tactile tasks presented separately demonstrated that several occipital regions of interest (ROIs) in the EB, but not sighted controls (SCs), responded to targets and task-irrelevant distracter stimuli of both modalities. When auditory and tactile stimuli were presented simultaneously with subjects alternating attention between sensory streams, only the calcarine sulcus continued to respond to stimuli in both modalities. In all other ROIs, responses to auditory targets were as large or larger than those observed in the auditory-alone condition, but responses to tactile targets were attenuated or abolished by the presence of unattended auditory stimuli. Both auditory and somatosensory cortices responded consistently to auditory and tactile targets, respectively. These results reveal mechanisms of orienting and selective attention within the visual cortex of EB individuals and suggest that mechanisms of enhancement and suppression interact asymmetrically on auditory and tactile streams during bimodal sensory presentation.
Co-Constitution of Domestic and International Welfare Obligations
Authors: Bergman Annika
Published: February 2007

Sweden’s self-narrative is that of an outward-looking internationalist state whose commitments to justice and equality are not confined to co-nationals. What distinguishes Swedish internationalism, apart from being social democratically inspired, is that it rests on a thin conception of cosmopolitan duty that does not exclusively privilege the rights of Swedish nationals alone, but recognizes the need to extend social and political rights to non-nationals as well. Key here is the universality principle of the Nordic welfare model, which inspires policies that do not tend to discriminate on the basis of class or ethnic background. What is more, this way of thinking has not generally been confined to the domestic level, but can be traced through to Sweden’s (and the other Nordic states’) distinctive foreign policy traditions. This article examines the inter-connection between domestic and international welfare commitments in the Swedish context. The key thesis developed here is that states that promote the values of solidarity, inclusiveness and universal welfare at the national level are also more likely to do so beyond borders. The article deconstructs the endogenously framed ideational factors that underpin Swedish internationalism, with particular focus on social democracy in the process. It also investigates the co-constitutive relationship between Sweden’s domestic and international welfare commitments by exploring contemporary discourses and practices that make up a significant part of Sweden’s self-identity. Finally, it analyses the normative relevance of a social democratically inspired Swedish internationalism for the future of Nordic internationalism more generally.
Inter-team coordination activities as a source of customer satisfaction
Authors: Ambrosini Véronique , Bowman Cliff , Burton-Taylor Sarah
Published: February 2007

This article reports the results of a micro-level study into firm resources. It involved a comparative qualitative study of the activities contributing to service delivery in two similar but differentially performing divisions, one perceived by customers to be a high quality provider, the other a lower quality provider. The results indicate that there were differences in the incidence of inter-team coordination activities and that effective inter-team coordination was a critical factor in delivering increased customer satisfaction. This suggests that these activities, by causing staff to interact across internal boundaries, may constitute a resource advantage. We propose that these activities are critical for both the coordination of service delivery activities and knowledge exchange, and that contextual factors may have an impact on these activities. The study makes a contribution to the resource-based view and strategy as practice literatures and illustrates how a practice-orientated approach can inform the resource-based view.
Strategizing in pluralistic contexts: Rethinking theoretical frames
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Langley Ann , Rouleau Linda
Published: February 2007

Pluralistic organizations characterized by multiple objectives, diffuse power and knowledge-based work processes present a complex challenge both for strategy theorists and for strategy practitioners because the very nature of strategy as usually understood (an explicit and unified direction for the organization) appears to contradict the natural dynamics of these organizations. Yet pluralism is to some extent always present in organizations and perhaps increasingly so. This article explores the usefulness of three alternate and complementary theoretical frames for understanding and influencing strategy practice in pluralistic contexts: Actor-Network Theory, Conventionalist Theory and the social practice perspective. Each of these frameworks has a predominant focus on one of the fundamental attributes of pluralism: power, values and knowledge. Together, they offer a multi-faceted understanding of the complex practice of strategizing in pluralistic contexts.
Strategizing: The challenges of a practice perspective
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula , Balogun Julia , Seidl David
Published: February 2007

While the strategy-as-practice research agenda has gained considerable momentum over the past five years, many challenges still remain in developing it into a robust field of research. In this editorial, we define the study of strategy from a practice perspective and propose five main questions that the strategy-as-practice agenda seeks to address. We argue that a coherent approach to answering these questions may be facilitated using an overarching conceptual framework of praxis, practices and practitioners. This framework is used to explain the key challenges underlying the strategy-as-practice agenda and how they may be examined empirically. In discussing these challenges, we refer to the contributions made by existing empirical research and highlight under-explored areas that will provide fruitful avenues for future research. The editorial concludes by introducing the articles in the special issue.
Clustering methodologies for identifying country core competencies
Authors: Kostoff Ronald N. , del Río J. Antonio , Cortés Héctor D. , Smith Charles , Smith Andrew , Wagner Caroline , Leydesdorff Loet , Karypis George , Malpohl Guido , Tshiteya Rene
Published: February 2007

The technical structure of the Mexican science and technology literature was determined. A representative database of technical articles was extracted from the Science Citation Index for the year 2002, with each article containing at least one author with a Mexican address. Many different manual and statistical clustering methods were used to identify the structure of the technical literature (especially the science and technology core competencies), and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each technique. Each method is summarized, and its results presented.
Can organizational knowledge capabilities affect knowledge sharing behavior?
Authors: Yang Chyan , Chen Liang-Chu
Published: February 2007

Recent concerns about the issue of knowledge management (KM) within an organization have accentuated the need for more efficient and effective knowledge sharing - that is, knowledge sharing plays an increasingly significant role in determining the outcomes of KM. Most scholars explore this issue from the economic perspective, while only a few research studies have focussed on organizational capabilities. Drawing from the theories of resource-based view and KM, this study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational knowledge capabilities (OKC) and knowledge sharing (KS). Using regression analysis with data from questionnaires collected in different industries with a valid response rate of 62.4%, the results show that OKC have a positive association with KS. Technical, structural, and human knowledge capabilities are significant for organizational knowledge sharing. Moreover, the effects of implementing KM on OKC and KS are also significant.
Bicycling on the Moon: Collective Tacit Knowledge and Somatic-limit Tacit Knowledge
Authors: Collins Harry
Published: February 2007

The idea of tacit knowledge plays an important role in many areas of academic debate, not least automation and its role in management. Here it is shown that tacit knowledge comes in two distinct types, with different causes and consequences. The first kind, ‘somatic-limit tacit knowledge’, has to do with the limitations of the human body and brain and has no consequences for encoding knowledge into machines. The second kind, ‘collective tacit knowledge’, is more ‘ontological’ than biological, having to do with its location in the social collectivity. Here the human body and brain’s unique capacity gives it special access to the tacit knowledge; known and foreseeable machines do not have this capacity.
Institutions and Individuals: Interaction and Evolution
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M.
Published: February 2007

The conceptualization of the relation between individual and structure is central to social science. After making some key definitions, this paper overviews some recent developments in the social theory of structure and agency, and makes a novel addition, based on a concept of habit derived from pragmatism and Veblenian institutional economics. Processes of habituation provide a mechanism of ‘reconstitutive downward causation’ where institutional circumstances may affect individual preferences. Finally, special characteristics of organizations are discussed, endorsing an evolutionary analytical approach that combines insights from both evolutionary economics and organization science.
The Study of Organizations and Organizing Since 1945
Authors: March James G.
Published: February 2007

The history of organization studies is embedded in its times and the ways those times affect different regions differently. In particular, significant features of the field were molded by the moods and prejudices associated with academia after three critical events in 20th-century history: (1) the Second World War, (2) the social and political protest movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s, (3) the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the triumph of markets. Speculating about the unfolding of the events of the future that will have similar impacts is discouraged by an awareness that neither their timing nor the severity of their impacts can be specified with any precision. In any event, our task is not to join any particular wave of the future, but to make small pieces of scholarship beautiful.
Integrating the Internet and Marketing Operations
Authors: Bengtsson Maria , Boter Håkan , Vanyushyn Vladimir
Published: February 2007

Adopting the Internet for advanced marketing operations opens up challenging opportunities for firms of all sizes. However, such adoption might destroy investments in present market channels and thus has the characteristics of radical innovation. In this article, we draw on the literature on innovation to investigate what differentiates adopters of advanced Internet-based marketing operations from non-adopters in firms of different sizes. The conceptual model for this study is centred on the set of internal and external factors size, willingness to cannibalize, entrepreneurial drivers, management support, and market pressure. Our analysis is built on survey data from 379 Swedish manufacturing firms. The results of analysis show that composition of factors on which firms base their decision to adopt advanced Internet-based marketing operations varies signifi cantly with fi rm size. A number of implications for further research as well as for managers and educators are discussed.
Another Look at Ethnicity as a Biological Concept
Authors: Billinger Michael S.
Published: February 2007

Montagu referred to race as ‘man’s most dangerous myth’, while Lévi-Strauss called it ‘the original sin of anthropology’. Although persuasive arguments against the concept of race were made throughout the 20th century, race remains a particular problem for anthropologists who deal in the classification of human populations. Racial terminology has been perpetuated within anthropology largely owing to the fact that, historically, race formed the very core of anthropological study. Despite the conceptual inadequacy of race, the anthropological enterprise has yet to move beyond it as an explanatory tool for understanding human biological variation because of the lack of a conceptual and/or methodological replacement. This article re-analyses historical anthropological literature on ethnicity and biocultural interaction as a replacement for the race concept, and recasts it in the context of modern philosophical and psychological perspectives on population variation.
The War in Chechnya
Authors: Rigi Jakob
Published: February 2007

This article argues that the post-Soviet form of sovereignty is chaotic in two senses: (1) its operations are not predicated on, constrained by or accountable to any formal rules, and (2) this form of sovereignty is a post-hegemonic one. In the absence of law and hegemony, relations of power are negotiated through the use of force, money and contacts, with force having the final say. Sovereignty, which is in the shifting balance of networks of power, becomes arbitrary and coercive. In the absence of a hegemonic system, spectacles have become the second axis of sovereignty. The article argues that the Chechen war is a significant example of such a spectacle and that it has played a crucial role in the constitution and transformation of post-Soviet sovereignty in Russia.
Divergent Interpretations of Communism and Currents of Duplicity in Post-Cold War Sarawak
Authors: Yong Kee Howe
Published: February 2007

According to the literature on the history of communism in Sarawak, Malaysia, it was the concerted effort of the government in educating the public of the danger within the state that led to the demise of the communist movements. In this article, I argue that the prevailing ideology of the progress of democracy against the evil of communism, on which a large portion of the scholarship on communism in Sarawak is based, needs to be re-examined. Moreover, even though there were several communist organizations in Sarawak, the competition and conflicts between them seemed to be de-emphasized by this literature. Working with former guerrillas from two communist organizations that had a history that was anything but amicable, this article offers divergent representations of episodes of communist activities in Sarawak. The article is also concerned with how the anthropologist’s working relations with these two groups of former guerrillas affected the interpretations of their representations of communism in Sarawak.
Responsible Expertise
Authors: Phillips Lynne , Ilcan Suzan
Published: February 2007

Viewing biotechnology as a lens through which to analyse new ways of governing populations, in this article we consider how the United Nations has globally communicated biotechnology’s risks, uncertainties and opportunities to develop and expand what we refer to as ‘responsible expertise’. We specifically examine the activities of UNESCO and the FAO to show how these organizations operate as agencies of rule by, on the one hand, marshalling expertise about biotechnology to identify populations ‘at risk’ and, on the other, capturing the imagination of people as responsible subjects with appropriate expertise to manage their own uncertain futures. As an orientation that engages both expert knowledge and moral judgement, the promotion of responsible expertise around the world signals a strategic shift in the UN’s efforts to tame bio-technology for the everyday decision-maker.
Anglo-German mythologics: the Australian Aborigines and modern theories of myth in the work of Baldwin Spencer and Carl Strehlow
Authors: Nicholls Angus
Published: February 2007

This article examines the respective interpretations of the Arrernte tribe of central Australian Aborigines adopted by the English biologist Baldwin Spencer and the German missionary Carl Strehlow. These interpretations are explored in relation to the broader theoretical debates in the theory of myth that took place in England and Germany in the latter half of the 19th century. In Britain, these debates were initially shaped by the comparative philology of F. Max Müller, before being transformed by the evolutionism of Edward Burnett Tylor and James George Frazer. The article shows how the research of Spencer and Strehlow was both influenced by and exerted an influence upon these theoretical debates, before assessing their research findings in relation to the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and the theories of myth offered by Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer and Hans Blumenberg.
The strange case of Phineas Gage
Authors: Kotowicz Zbigniew
Published: February 2007

The 19th-century story of Phineas Gage is much quoted in neuroscientific literature as the first recorded case in which personality change (from polite and sociable to psychopathic) occurred after damage to the brain. In this article I contest this interpretation. From a close examination of the story of Gage I have come to conclude that first of all there was nothing psychopathic in Gage’s behavior and that changes in his life are more coherently explained by seeing them as his way of dealing with disfigurement that he suffered after the accident. This is not just a matter of reinterpreting a case. The way Gage has been presented and discussed in neuroscientific literature suggests that the new paradigm of neuroscientifically oriented psychiatry may lead to an erosion of clinical knowledge.
Women and the state: Käthe Truhel and the idea of a social bureaucracy
Authors: Kettler David
Published: February 2007

Käthe Truhel’s 1934 doctoral dissertation, prepared under the supervision of Karl Mannheim, repays detailed examination for a number of reasons. First, it serves as an important counter-example to commonplace generalities about the alleged incapacity of women social workers of Truhel’s generation, supposedly enmeshed in ideological myths about ‘motherliness’, to reflect on their power relations to a male-dominated society and state. Second, it offers an intrinsically interesting and subtle analysis of the emerging bargaining structure for negotiations between bureaucrats and social workers in the context of late Weimar, understood as a site of the crisis of modernity. Third, it illustrates the quality and range of empirical work fostered by Mannheim during his brief tenure in Frankfurt.
The Crisis of the Salon Nude and a Search for its Resolution
Authors: Parker Shalon
Published: February 2007

This article concerns the work of Raphaël Collin and his effort–and failure in the eyes of critics–to overcome the ideological obstacles that he and other painters of the Salon nude encountered at the end of the nineteenth century. Critics often found his nudes perplexing because of the figures' lack of solidity; rather than paint ‘real’ bodies, Collin seemed to be painting with great frequency the ghostly presence of them. He attempted to reinvigorate the female nude at times by nearly erasing the female body from the canvas. Furthermore, he clumsily mixed traditional academic techniques of painting with distinct visual qualities found in the paintings of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. Collin's attempt to incorporate some aspects of Puvis's achievement serves only to demonstrate the intensity of the Academy's final crisis. This effort is most strangely evident in Collin's 1892 Au bord de la mer, a painting analysed in relation to the critical reaction to the image.
The Nation According to Lavisse
Authors: Provencher Denis M. , Eilderts Luke L.
Published: February 2007

Ernest Lavisse's Histoire de France: Cours élémentaire (1884) was one of the most widely used history textbooks among French school children during the Third Republic. Le Petit Lavisse is replete with gender lessons that encourage French schoolboys to reflect on their identity and invigorate them with national pride following defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. In this essay, we examine representations of masculinityand male citizenship in Lavisse's manual to illustrate how male ‘codes of honor’ (Nye, 1993) and a male ‘sex in mourning’ (Corbin, 1992) function in this republican project of nation rebuilding. In contrast to previous scholarship, we illustrate how Lavisse situates both his male and female heroes in these nineteenth-century discourses on honour, masculinity and citizenship. In sum, we expose the inherently male-centred nature of the pedagogy of the Third Republic prescribed by Lavisse and others.
Say what you mean, mean what you say: a pragmatic analysis of the Italian translations of Emma
Authors: Morini Massimiliano
Published: February 2007

My aim in this article is to show the usefulness of pragmatics for translation analysis and, tentatively, translation training. The tools and methods developed by pragmatics in the past four decades are particularly useful for the analysis of dialogue and, more generally, face-to-face interaction. Therefore, a source text is chosen which displays a rich and intricate web of personal and social relations, and whose dialogues strike a delicate balance between what is spoken and unspoken, said and implied. Jane Austen’s Emma is compared with three Italian target texts in order to verify if that web and that balance are kept, erased, or altered in translation: the results are, perhaps not surprisingly, mixed, and demonstrate that a knowledge of the pragmatics of face-to-face interaction can be of great advantage to the translator of Emma.
A stylistic analysis of Saul Bellow’s Herzog: a mode of ‘postmodern polyphony’
Authors: Teranishi Masayuki
Published: February 2007

Saul Bellow’s Herzog has been regarded by some critics as a polyphonic novel in which plural voices coexist. However, it has not been fully discussed how polyphony is embodied in the text. In this article, I analyse the speech and thought presentation involved in the characterization of the protagonist. I pay special attention to the fusion of and competition among ‘different versions’ of Herzog and subjectivities of other characters existent in Herzog’s consciousness. From the analysis of selected passages, it is shown how Bellow creates ‘polyphony’ or ‘poly-subjectivization’ in the text, and the place of Herzog in the context of ‘Postmodernism’ is also clarified.
The ‘dual voice’ of free indirect discourse: a reading experiment
Authors: Bray Joe
Published: February 2007

The emergence of cognitive poetics has focused attention on how stylistic features are processed by readers. One area ripe for empirical investigation in this respect is point of view. Little attention has previously been paid in cognitive science to the specifics of how point of view is identified during reading. This essay reports on an experiment designed to examine how readers respond to a narrative style that has attracted a great deal of interest from both stylisticians and literary critics: free indirect discourse. The experiment tested two questions in particular: (1) Do readers hear a ‘dual voice’ when reading passages of free indirect discourse? and (2) What kind of ‘contexts’ influence the identification of point of view? Some critics have noted the importance of the preceding co-text in deciding whose point of view is present in ambiguous passages; this experiment suggests that the succeeding co-text might also be relevant. This in turn has implications for the flexibility of the reading process, especially when more than one point of view may be present.
In the Shadow of Canada’s Camps
Authors: French Martin
Published: February 2007

States engaged in the war on terror have pursued war-time domestic security policies, as reflected by special anti-terror legislation enacted, for instance, in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Taking Canada as a case study, this article argues that the pursuit of these policies exacerbates existent racial fissures in the social body. Using elements of Giorgio Agamben’s theory of the state of exception as an analytical framework, this article interprets empirical interview and survey data, as well as the Canadian government’s national security policy. It highlights some of the surveillance methods used by Canadian security forces and concludes that the convergence of these methods with the spectacle of extraordinary detention evinces a shift towards totalitarianism. For some, it is not the conditions of parliamentary democracy that constitute the backdrop of political life, but the conditions of the detention camp.
Mixed Messages: Housing Associations and Corporate Governance
Authors: McDermont Morag
Published: February 2007

Housing associations have traditionally been bound together by notions of providing for those in housing need, non-profit making and a voluntary ethos. Since the mid- 1980s these understandings have altered when associations began to develop a private sector ethos leading to: increased priority given to the needs of private funders; the professionalization of boards of management, largely at the behest of the state regulator; and a reimaging of tenants as ‘customers’. These changes have raised fundamental questions about the appropriateness of associations’ modes of internal governance through voluntary governing bodies. This article explores those shifts in culture and the ways in which they have created difficult and contradictory subject positions for members of boards, particularly tenant board members. The article raises questions about the application of corporate governance models to the housing association sector, and the appropriateness of applying private sector principles of corporate governance to organizations in the voluntary/quasi-public sector. Using Foucault’s insights on the subject and power the article will consider how tenant board members are constructed by others and themselves, and how these constructions could affect their potential for intervening in the power relations of the board.
Coercive Normalization and Family Policing: The Limits of the ‘Psy-Complex’ in Australian Penal Systems
Authors: McCallum David
Published: February 2007

Much contemporary social and historical research on problem children and families focuses on the different kinds of power deployed in a complex of legal and non-legal settings. This article reviews socio-legal studies in Europe, Australia and the UK, and additional archival evidence in Victoria, Australia, in relation to a shift towards positivist and ‘welfarist’ approaches to the problem of child criminality and family regulation from the turn of the 20th century. The aim is to assess the applicability for Australia of trends in European social theory that emphasize non-coercive, non-legal correction of families, a productive rather than repressive form of power which incites families to seek to align their conduct to social norms. The article argues that ‘coercive normalization’ - systems of knowing and acting upon children and families arising from the penal system and images of threat - is a significant presence in the complex of power relations that make up a genealogy of family and child regulation in Australia.
Ethical Sensitivity: State of Knowledge and Needs for Further Research
Authors: Weaver Kathryn
Published: February 2007

Ethical sensitivity was introduced to caring science to describe the first component of decision making in professional practice; that is, recognizing and interpreting the ethical dimension of a care situation. It has since been conceptualized in various ways by scholars of professional disciplines. While all have agreed that ethical sensitivity is vital to practice, there has been no consensus regarding its definition, its characteristics, the conditions needed for it to occur, or the outcomes to professionals and society. The purpose of this article is to explore the meaning of the concept of ethical sensitivity based on a review of the professional literature of selected disciplines. Qualitative content analysis of the many descriptors found within the literature was conducted to enhance understanding of the concept and identify its essential characteristics. Ethical sensitivity is considered to be an emerging concept with potential utility in research and practice.
Moral Obligations of Nurses Based on the ICN, UK, Irish and Polish Codes of Ethics for Nurses
Authors: Dobrowolska Beata , Wrońska Irena , Fidecki Wiestlaw , Wysokiński Mariusz
Published: February 2007

A code of professional conduct is a collection of norms appropriate for the nursing profession and should be the point of reference for all decisions made during the care process. Codes of ethics for nurses are formulated by members of national nurses’ organizations. These codes can be considered to specify general norms that function in the relevant society, adjusting them to the character of the profession and enriching them with rules signifying the essence of nursing professionalism. The aim of this article is to present a comparative analysis of codes of ethics for nurses: the ICN’s Code of ethics for nurses, the UK’s Code of professional conduct, the Irish Code of professional conduct for each nurse and midwife, and the Polish Code of professional ethics for nurses and midwives. This analysis allows the identification of common elements in the professional ethics of nurses in these countries.
Supporting Stroke Patients’ Autonomy During Rehabilitation
Authors: Proot Ireen M , ter Meulen Ruud H J , Abu-Saad Huda Huijer , Crebolder Harry F J M
Published: February 2007

In a qualitative study, 22 stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation in three nursing homes were interviewed about constraints on and improvements in their autonomy and about approaches of health professionals regarding autonomy. The data were analysed using grounded theory, with a particular focus on the process of regaining autonomy. An approach by the health professionals that was responsive to changes in the patients’ autonomy was found to be helpful for restoration of their autonomy. Two patterns in health professionals’ approach appeared to be facilitatory: (1) from full support on admission through moderate support and supervision, to reduced supervision at discharge; and (2) from paternalism on admission through partial paternalism (regarding treatment) to shared decision making at discharge. The approach experienced by the patients did not always match their desires regarding their autonomy. Support and supervision were reduced over time, but paternalism was often continued too long. Additionally, the patients experienced a lack of information. Tailoring interventions to patients’ progress in autonomy would stimulate their active participation in rehabilitation and in decision making, and would improve patients’ preparation for autonomous living after discharge.
State intervention in commercial education: the case of the Portuguese School of Commerce, 1759
Authors: Rodrigues Lúcia Lima , Craig Russell , Gomes Delfina
Published: February 2007

Prior to the eighteenth century, commercial (including accounting) knowledge was acquired principally from on-the-job training and courses conducted in private schools. However, in eighteenth century Europe, the State began to participate directly in the provision of commercial (including accounting) education through the establishment of public schools of commerce.This article explores changes in commercial education in eighteenth-century Portugal and the role the state played in those changes. It attempts to falsify the claim that the Portuguese School of Commerce, established in Lisbon in 1759, was Europe’s first official, government-sponsored school to offer formal instruction in commerce, including in double-entry bookkeeping. The archival and literature searches conducted, and the various other enquiries we have made are such that we are unable to falsify the claim.The results point to the likelihood that the Portuguese School of Commerce was the first government sponsored business school in Europe.
Religion, Job Readiness, and Employment Outcomes: The Case of Latter-Day Saint Employment Resource Services
Authors: Bartkowski John P. , Call Vaughn R. A. , Heaton Tim B. , Forste Renata
Published: February 2007

Despite increased attention to religious organizations as an ally in America's welfare-to-work revolution, faith- based employment assistance programs have garnered little attention from scholars. This study seeks to fill this gap by examining intake and follow-up survey data collected from clients of Employment Resource Centers sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). The authors begin by examining the sociodemo- graphic composition and human capital of the clientele served by Employment Resource Centers. They then proceed to explore the economic outcomes associated with program participation. LDS job seekers differ from their national counterparts, with the former commanding significantly higher stocks of human capital. Still, net of controls for human capital and other characteristics, positive economic outcomes are observed for client participation in select Employment Resource Center programs. This study sheds new light on the prospects and challenges of faith-based efforts to assist unemployed and underemployed job seekers.
Understanding Causes of and Responses to Intimate Partner Violence in a Jewish Orthodox Community: Survivors' and Leaders' Perspectives
Authors: Ringel Shoshana , Bina Rena
Published: February 2007

There has been little research on intimate partner violence (IPV) in faith-based communities. This qualitative study examines social attitudes and religious values in an Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community that affect the incidence of IPV and prevent women survivors from seeking help. Interviews were conducted with 8 Orthodox women and 11 community leaders, and findings include the following: (a) causes of IPV were early marriage, separation of the sexes, and personality characteristics; (b) religious beliefs and social values were barriers to seeking help; and (c) the role of rabbis in education and marital intervention was viewed in markedly different ways by the two sets of respondents. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Evaluation of a Faith-Based Culturally Relevant Program for African American Substance Users at Risk for HIV in the Southern United States
Authors: MacMaster Samuel A. , Jones Jenny L. , Rasch Randolph F. R. , Crawford Sharon L. , Thompson Stephanie , Sanders Edwin C.
Published: February 2007

Objective: This article provides an evaluation of a federally funded faith-based program that serves African Americans who use heroin and cocaine and are at risk for HIV/AIDS in Nashville, Tennessee. Methods: Data were collected from 163 individuals at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up interviews. A subset of participants (n = 51) completed all three interviews. Results: Results suggested that this culturally relevant set of interventions was successful in reducing substance use and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. The program was able to show data that supported the efficacy of a faith-based approach emphasizing spirituality rather than directive, aggressive, authoritarian, or coercive counseling techniques. Discussion: The model is important to the continued development of culturally relevant interventions that are vital to decreasing the disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS within the African American community.