bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Functional Recovery during Rehabilitation after Severe Acquired Brain Injuries: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Finotti Paolo , Iannilli Massimo , Tognolo Lucrezia , Vargiu Claudia , Masiero Stefano , Checchia Giovanni Antonio
Published: October 2021

Severe acquired brain injuries (sABI) represent one of the main causes of disability and limitation in social life participation that need an intensive rehabilitation approach. The purpose of this study was to identify a possible correlation between different supposed conditioning factors and the efficiency of rehabilitation interventions. In this retrospective study, data were processed regarding 44 patients admitted to a neurorehabilitation department after sABI. A significant correlation with the efficiency of the rehabilitation intervention (expressed as the variation of the Barthel score between discharge and admittance in relation to the duration of the rehabilitative hospitalization) was found for both the etiology of the brain injury (p = 0.023), the precocity of the rehabilitation treatment (p = 0.0475), the presence of a tracheal cannula (p = 0.0084) and forms of nutrition other than oral (p < 0.0001). The results of this study suggest that improving the management of the respiratory system, swallowing and nutritional aspects, and favoring an early and personalized rehabilitation treatment, can help to optimize the overall care of patients suffering from sABI, thus allowing a reduction in complications, improvement in functional recovery and ensuring a better management of economic, social and health resources.
Weak Deflection Angle and Shadow by Tidal Charged Black Hole
Authors: Javed Wajiha , Hamza Ali , Övgün Ali
Published: October 2021

In this article, we calculate the deflection angle of a tidal charged black hole (TCBH) in weak field limits. First, we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and then apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem on it. With the help of Gibbons–Werner method, we are able to calculate the light’s deflection angle by TCBH in weak field limits. After calculating the deflection angle of light, we check the graphical behavior of TCBH. Moreover, we further find the light’s deflection angle in the presence of the plasma medium and also check the graphical behavior in the presence of the plasma medium. Moreover, we investigate the shadow of TCBH. For calculating the shadow, we first find the null geodesics around the TCBH and then find its shadow radius. We also obtain TCBH’s shadow in the plasma medium. Hence, we discuss the shadow of the TCBH, using the M87* parameters announced by the event horizon telescope.
Generalised Asymptotic Solutions for the Inflaton in the Oscillatory Phase of Reheating
Authors: Álvarez Gabriel , Martínez Alonso Luis , Medina Elena
Published: October 2021

We determine generalised asymptotic solutions for the inflaton field, the Hubble parameter, and the equation-of-state parameter valid during the oscillatory phase of reheating for potentials that close to their global minima behave as even monomial potentials. For the quadratic potential, we derive a generalised asymptotic expansion for the inflaton with respect to the scale set by inverse powers of the cosmic time. For the quartic potential, we derive an explicit, two-term generalised asymptotic solution in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, with a scale set by inverse powers of the square root of the cosmic time. In the general case, we find similar two-term solutions where the leading order term is defined implicitly in terms of the Gauss hypergeometric function. The relation between the leading terms of the instantaneous equation-of-state parameter and different averaged values is discussed in the general case. Finally, we discuss the physical significance of the generalised asymptotic solutions in the oscillatory regime and their matching to the appropriate solutions in the thermalization regime.
COVID-19 Vaccine Platforms: Challenges and Safety Contemplations
Authors: Al-Jighefee Hadeel T. , Najjar Hoda , Ahmed Muna Nizar , Qush Abeer , Awwad Sara , Kamareddine Layla
Published: October 2021

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic as of March 2020, creating a global crisis and claiming millions of lives. To halt the pandemic and alleviate its impact on society, economy, and public health, the development of vaccines and antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 was a dire need. To date, various platforms have been utilized for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, and over 200 vaccine candidates have been produced, many of which have obtained the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for emergency use. Despite this successful development and licensure, concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of these vaccines have arisen, given the unprecedented speed of vaccine development and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains and variants. In this review, we summarize the different platforms used for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development, discuss their strengths and limitations, and highlight the major safety concerns and potential risks associated with each vaccine type.
Passive Immunisation against RHDV2 Induces Protection against Disease but Not Infection
Authors: Hall Robyn N. , King Tegan , O’Connor Tiffany W. , Read Andrew J. , Vrankovic Sylvia , Piper Melissa , Strive Tanja
Published: October 2021

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a lagovirus in the family Caliciviridae. The closely related Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, termed RHDV1 throughout this manuscript for clarity) has been used extensively as a biocontrol agent in Australia since the mid-1990s to manage wild rabbit populations, a major economic and environmental pest species. Releasing RHDV1 into populations with a high proportion of rabbits less than 8–10 weeks of age leads to non-lethal infection in many of these young animals, with subsequent seroconversion and long-term immunity against reinfection. In contrast, RHDV2 causes lethal disease even in young rabbits, potentially offering substantial benefits for rabbit management programs over RHDV1. However, it is not clear how acquired resistance from maternal antibodies may influence immunity after RHDV2 infection. In this study, we assessed serological responses after RHDV2 challenge in young rabbits of three different ages (5-, 7-, or 9-weeks-old) that were passively immunised with either high- (titre of 2560 by RHDV IgG ELISA; 2.41 mg/mL total protein) or low- (titre of 160–640 by RHDV IgG ELISA; 1.41 mg/mL total protein) dose RHDV2 IgG to simulate maternal antibodies. All rabbits treated with a high dose and 75% of those treated with a low dose of RHDV2 IgG survived virus challenge. Surviving animals developed robust lagovirus-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG responses within 10 days post infection. These findings demonstrate that the protection against RHDV2 conferred by passive immunisation is not sterilising. Correspondingly, this suggests that the presence of maternal antibodies in wild rabbit populations may impede the effectiveness of RHDV2 as a biocontrol.
Case Report: Marked Survival Advantage of Two Colorectal Cancer Patients with Liver Metastases Treated with Vigil and FOLFOX-6
Authors: Barve Vedin , Adams Ned , Stanbery Laura , Manning Luisa , Horvath Staci , Wallraven Gladice , Bognar Ernest , Barve Minal , Nemunaitis John
Published: October 2021

Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Five-year survival rates remain low and many patients will develop liver metastasis. Vigil is an immunotherapy manufactured from autologous tumor cells and transfected ex vivo with a plasmid that encodes the GM-CSF gene and bifunctional shRNA construct to knockdown furin. Here, we report two patients with colorectal cancer and resectable liver metastasis entered into a clinical trial involving Vigil in combination with standard of care modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy. The first dose of Vigil was given two weeks before the modified FOLFOX-6 regimen. Vigil treatment continued until Vigil supply was exhausted. Both patients exhibited remarkable response to combination therapy, demonstrating no evidence of disease recurrence for over eight years. Additionally, both patients demonstrated systemic immune response to Vigil therapy as tested by ELISPOT.
Hepatitis E Virus Quasispecies in Cerebrospinal Fluid with Neurological Manifestations
Authors: Abravanel Florence , Nicot Florence , Lhomme Sébastien , Cazabat Michele , Drumel Thomas , Velay Aurélie , Latour Justine , Belliere Julie , Cintas Pascal , Kamar Nassim , Izopet Jacques
Published: October 2021

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can lead to a variety of neurological disorders. While HEV RNA is known to be present in the central nervous system, HEV quasispecies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have rarely been explored. We studied the virus’ quasispecies in the blood and the CSF of five patients at the onset of their neurological symptoms. The samples of three patients suffering from meningitis, neuralgic amyotrophy and acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy were taken at the acute phase of the HEV infection. The samples from the other two patients were taken during the chronic phase (5 years after HEV diagnosis) when they presented with clinical signs of encephalitis. We sequenced at least 20 randomly polyproline regions of the selected virus clones. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus variants in the blood and the CSF revealed no virus compartmentalization for the three acute-phase patients but there was clear evidence of HEV quasispecies compartmentalization in the CSF of the two patients during chronic infection. In conclusion, prolonged infection in the immunocompromised condition can lead to independent virus replication in the liver and the tissues, producing viruses in CSF.
Associations between Allelic Variants of the Human IgH 3′ Regulatory Region 1 and the Immune Response to BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine
Authors: Colucci Mattia , De Santis Elisabetta , Totti Beatrice , Miroballo Mattia , Tamiro Francesco , Rossi Giovanni , Piepoli Ada , De Vincentis Gabriella , Greco Antonio , Mangia Alessandra , Cianci Rossella , Di Mauro Lazzaro , Miscio Giuseppe , Giambra Vincenzo
Published: October 2021

The escalation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has required the development of safe and effective vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-associated (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of the disease. Here, we determined the levels of antibodies, antigen-specific B cells, against a recombinant GFP-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and total T and NK cell subsets in subjects up to 20 days after the injection of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) vaccine using a combined approach of serological and flow cytometry analyses. In former COVID-19 patients and highly responsive individuals, a significant increase of antibody production was detected, simultaneous with an expansion of antigen-specific B cell response and the total number of NK-T cells. Additionally, through a genetic screening of a specific polymorphic region internal to the 3’ regulatory region 1 (3’RR1) of human immunoglobulin constant-gene (IgH) locus, we identified different single-nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) variants associated with either highly or lowly responsive subjects. Taken together, these results suggest that favorable genetic backgrounds and immune profiles support the progression of an effective response to BNT162b2 vaccination.
Sweet Syndrome Following SARS-CoV2 Vaccination
Authors: Baffa Maria Efenesia , Maglie Roberto , Giovannozzi Neri , Montefusco Francesca , Senatore Stefano , Massi Daniela , Antiga Emiliano
Published: October 2021

Vaccines are today considered one of the most effective means against the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic. The BNT162b2 vaccine by Pfizer/BioNTech has been massively administered throughout the globe; since its approval, a wide spectrum of cutaneous reactions has been reported. Here we report the case of a 52-year-old Caucasian male who presented with an acute febrile eruption that arose 72 h after the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The clinicopathological findings were consistent with Sweet’s syndrome. The short latency time suggested a possible role of the vaccine in triggering Sweet’s syndrome in this case.
Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Fasciola hepatica Tetraspanin 2 (TSP2) Fused to E. coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit LTB Adjuvant Following Intranasal Vaccination of Cattle
Authors: Zerna Gemma , Rathinasamy Vignesh A. , Toet Hayley , Anderson Glenn , Dempster Robert , Spithill Terry W. , Beddoe Travis
Published: October 2021

Fasciolosis, caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, is an economically important and globally distributed zoonotic disease. Liver fluke infections in livestock cause significant losses in production and are of particular concern to regions where drug resistance is emerging. Antigens of the F. hepatica surface tegument represent promising vaccine candidates for controlling this disease. Tetraspanins are integral tegumental antigens that have shown partial protection as vaccine candidates against other trematode species. The Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin’s B subunit (LTB) is a potent mucosal adjuvant capable of inducing an immune response to fused antigens. This study investigates the potential of F. hepatica tetraspanin 2 extracellular loop 2 (rFhTSP2) as a protective vaccine antigen and determines if fusion of FhTSP2 to LTB can enhance protection in cattle. Cattle were immunised subcutaneously with rFhTSP2 mixed in the Freund’s adjuvant and intranasally with rLTB-FhTSP2 in saline, accounting for equal molar ratios of tetraspanin in both groups. Vaccination with rFhTSP2 stimulated a strong specific serum IgG response, whereas there was no significant serum IgG response following rLTB-FhTSP2 intranasal vaccination. There was no substantial antigen specific serum IgA generated in all groups across the trial. Contrastingly, after the fluke challenge, a rise in antigen specific saliva IgA was observed in both vaccination groups on Day 42, with the rLTB-FhTSP2 vaccination group showing significant mucosal IgA production at Day 84. However, neither vaccine group showed a significant reduction of fluke burden nor faecal egg output. These results suggest that intranasal vaccination with rLTB-FhTSP2 does elicit a humoral mucosal response but further work is needed to evaluate if mucosal delivery of liver fluke antigens fused to LTB is a viable vaccine strategy.
Hepatitis A Outbreak Characteristics: A Comparison of Regions with Different Vaccination Strategies, Spain 2010–2018
Authors: Domínguez Angela , Varela Carmen , Soldevila Núria , Izquierdo Conchita , Guerrero María , Peñuelas Marina , Martínez Ana , Godoy Pere , Borràs Eva , Rius Cristina , Torner Núria , Avellón Ana María , Castilla Jesús ,   PREVICET Working Group on Viral Hepatitis
Published: October 2021

We compared the cumulative incidence and characteristics of hepatitis A outbreaks in two groups of Spanish autonomous regions according to whether a universal or risk group vaccination strategy was followed. Outbreaks between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed. The cumulative incidence rate of outbreaks was estimated and compared by estimating the rate ratio (RR). The characteristics of the outbreaks and those of the first cases were compared. Adjusted OR (aOR) were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Outbreak incidence was 16.04 per million persons in regions with universal vaccination and 20.76 in those with risk-group vaccination (RR 0.77; 95%CI 0.62–0.94). Imported outbreaks accounted for 65% in regions with universal vaccination and 28.7% in regions with risk-group vaccination (aOR 3.88; 95%CI 2.13–7.09). Adolescents and young adults aged 15–44 years and men who have sex with men were less frequently the first case of the outbreak in regions with a universal vaccination strategy (aOR 0.54; 95%CI 0.32–0.92 and 0.23; 95%CI 0.07–0.82, respectively). The cumulative incidence rate of outbreaks was lower in regions with universal vaccination. In all regions, independently of the vaccination strategy, activities to vaccinate persons belonging to high-risk groups for infection should be emphasized.
Uptake of Vaccinations among Children with Chronic Diseases Is Affected by Knowledge Gaps and Implementation Challenges in Italy
Authors: Beni Alessandra , Mazzilli Sara , Bellino Elisabetta , Costagliola Giorgio , Ferretti Elena , Lopalco Pier Luigi , Tavoschi Lara , Peroni Diego Giampietro
Published: October 2021

(1) Background: Children with chronic medical conditions may be at increased risk for severe complications related to vaccine-preventable infections. Therefore, additional booster doses or supplementary vaccines are recommended, over and above the routine immunization schedule for healthy children. The aim of this study was to investigate attitude, knowledge, and practices toward additional vaccinations for children affected by chronic conditions among pediatricians and parents. (2) Methods: This study is based on two surveys: (i) a national cross-sectional survey, targeting pediatrician working in hospitals or in the primary health sector; (ii) a local cross-sectional survey, targeting parents of children with a previous diagnosis of chronic disease. (3) Results: Despite the fact that most of the health professionals and parents interviewed had an overall positive vaccine attitude, most pediatricians did not show an adequate knowledge of additional vaccinations for children affected by chronic diseases. Moreover, the coverage of additional recommended vaccinations in chronic pediatric patients was low. (4) Conclusions: This research highlighted important existing challenges hampering optimal vaccination coverage among pediatric chronic patients, including knowledge gaps on tailored vaccination schedules among pediatricians and organizational issues. The ongoing review of the Italian national immunization plan is a not-to-be-missed-opportunity to include evidence-based, detailed, and comprehensive recommendations on vaccinations for children affected by chronic conditions.
Predictive and Experimental Immunogenicity of Burkholderia Collagen-like Protein 8-Derived Antigens
Authors: Grund Megan E. , Kramarska Eliza , Choi Soo Jeon , McNitt Dudley H. , Klimko Christopher P. , Rill Nathaniel O. , Dankmeyer Jennifer L. , Shoe Jennifer L. , Hunter Melissa , Fetterer David P. , Hedrick Zander M. , Velez Ivan , Biryukov Sergei S. , Cote Christopher K. , Berisio Rita , Lukomski Slawomir
Published: October 2021

Burkholderia pseudomallei is an infectious bacterium of clinical and biodefense concern, and is the causative agent of melioidosis. The mortality rate can reach up to 50% and affects 165,000 people per year; however, there is currently no vaccine available. In this study, we examine the antigen-specific immune response to a vaccine formulated with antigens derived from an outer membrane protein in B. pseudomallei, Bucl8. Here, we employed a number of bioinformatic tools to predict Bucl8-derived epitopes that are non-allergenic and non-toxic, but would elicit an immune response. From these data, we formulated a vaccine based on two extracellular components of Bucl8, the β-barrel loops and extended collagen and non-collagen domains. Outbred CD-1 mice were immunized with vaccine formulations—composed of recombinant proteins or conjugated synthetic peptides with adjuvant—to assess the antigen-specific immune responses in mouse sera and lymphoid organs. We found that mice vaccinated with either Bucl8-derived components generated a robust TH2-skewed antibody response when antigen was combined with the adjuvant AddaVax, while the TH1 response was limited. Mice immunized with synthetic loop peptides had a stronger, more consistent antibody response than recombinant protein antigens, based on higher IgG titers and recognition of bacteria. We then compared peptide-based vaccines in an established C57BL/6 inbred mouse model and observed a similar TH2-skewed response. The resulting formulations will be applied in future studies examining the protection of Bucl8-derived vaccines.
Microendoscopic Mini-Hemilaminectomy and Discectomy in Acute Thoracolumbar Disc Extrusion Dogs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kamishina Hiroaki , Nakano Yukiko , Nozue Yuta , Nakata Kohei , Kimura Shintaro , Drury Adam G. , Maeda Sadatoshi
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and complications of a microendoscopic laminectomy and discectomy (MED) for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions in dogs. Eleven client-owned dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions were included in this retrospective case-series. Dogs were diagnosed with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MED was performed with an integrated endoscopic system to the affected intervertebral disc. Surgery time, intra-operative complications, causes of conversion to microscopic surgery if necessary, post-operative complications, and neurological status on presentation at discharge, as well as any further evaluations in hospital, and long-term concerns via owner contact, were recorded. Post-operative CT images were obtained to compare the extent of laminectomy performed to the planned region of laminectomy. The fully endoscopic procedure was completed in eight dogs without major complications. Three cases were converted to an open surgery due to difficulty removing extruded disc material and controlling hemorrhage. The clinical outcome was good in all cases and equivalent to previously reported prognoses after open surgery. MED is an effective and safe alternative to conventional open procedures in dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.
Suspected Drinking Water Poisoning in a Domestic Kitten with Methemoglobinemia
Authors: Fidanzio Francesca , Corsini Andrea , Spindler Kevin Pascal , Crosara Serena
Published: October 2021

A 4-month-old male indoor cat was referred for dyspnea, mental dullness and weakness, which appeared two days earlier. The cat had been adopted at 3 months of age. Physical exam showed cyanosis, dyspnea and mild hypothermia. The “spot test” was supportive of methemoglobinemia. Co-oximetry blood gas analysis revealed severe methemoglobinemia (81.40%), severe hyperchloremia and mild hyponatremia. CBC, biochemistry and urinalysis were within normal limits, blood smear showed the presence of Heinz bodies. Treatment was instituted with oxygen therapy, methylene blue 1% solution, ascorbic acid, intravenous fluid therapy. The clinical course was favorable with rapid improvement of cyanosis and methemoglobinemia (4.2%). Acquired methemoglobinemia was hypothesized. Two weeks after discharge the cat was asymptomatic but mild methemoglobinemia (15.60%) and hyperchloremia were evident. Exposure to oxidants contained in drinking water was suspected so the owners were instructed to use bottled water only. One month later the cat was asymptomatic, and methemoglobinemia and chloremia were within normal limits. Even if a congenital form due to cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency cannot be ruled out, drinking water intoxication is the most likely cause of methemoglobinemia in this cat.
Evaluation of Karst Spring Discharge Response Using Time-Scale-Based Methods for a Mediterranean Basin of Northern Algeria
Authors: Zerouali Bilel , Chettih Mohamed , Alwetaishi Mamdooh , Abda Zaki , Elbeltagi Ahmed , Augusto Guimarães Santos Celso , E. Hussein Enas
Published: October 2021

Understanding of behavior, variability, and links between hydrological series is a key element for successful long-term water resources planning and management. In this study, various time-scale-based methods such as correlation and spectral analysis (CSA), cross wavelet (XWT), and wavelet coherence transform (WCT) were applied to assess the response of daily rainfall and karst spring discharge for the Sebaou River basin, which is located on Mediterranean basin in northern Algeria. The CSA revealed that the hydrogeological systems under study are characterized by various memory effect (small, poor, reduced, and extensive) with regularization times ranging from 5 to 50 day. XWT between rainfall and discharge time series indicates few marked disruptions in the spectra between the 1980s and 1990s corresponding to the dry period. The annual process is visible, dominant, and more amplified compared to the multi-annual fluctuations that characterize the 1-3- and 3–6-year modes, which explained the multi-annual regulation. The nonlinear relationship of the short-term components seems to be linked to the periods of storage (infiltration). Compared to the WCT components of 2–5, 26, and 52 weeks, there is a strong coherence for 102 weeks, which explains the long-term component, indicating a quasi-linearity of the rainfall-runoff relationship. According to the obtained results, the construction of more water resources structures is recommended to increase the water storage and improve the water supply due to the richness of the hydrographic network. On the other hand, the impacts of human activities on streamflow due to the looting of rocks and sands in the Sebaou River valleys have reached alarmingly high levels that require urgent intervention for the protection of water and ecological resources and their better rational use.
Host Dependence of Zooplankton-Associated Microbes and Their Ecological Implications in Freshwater Lakes
Authors: Wang Qianhong , Hao Zheng , Ding Ruirui , Li Huabing , Tang Xiangming , Chen Feizhou
Published: October 2021

Zooplankton is colonized by quite different microbes compared with free-living and particle-associated bacteria, serving as a non-negligible niche of bacteria in aquatic ecosystems. Yet detailed analysis of these bacterial groups is still less known, especially in freshwater lakes. To widen our knowledge of host-microbe interaction and bacterial ecosystem functions, we chose two specific populations of zooplankton, i.e., cladoceran Moina and copepod Calanoids, as hosts from five natural lakes, and illustrated detailed features of their associated bacteria. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found microbes colonized on Calanoids presented significantly higher α-diversity, stronger bacterial interaction and metabolic function potentials than for Moina. It was also notable that zooplankton-associated bacteria showed a high potential of fatty acid metabolism, which is beneficial for host’s development. Moreover, we found that zooplankton-associated microbes may exert profound effects on biogeochemical cycles in freshwater lakes, since several bacterial members able to participate in carbon and nitrogen cycles were found abundant. Overall, our study expands current understanding of the host-microbe interaction and underlying ecological dynamics in freshwater ecosystem.
Legal regulation of the system of social services for the population in modern Russia
Authors: Sadykov Ramil Midkhatovich Sadykov Ramil Midkhatovich , Bolshakova Nataliya Leonidovna , Khamadeeva Rita Khurmatullovna
Published: October 2021

The article examines the issues of the modernization of the system of social services for the population in the framework of the implementation of the Federal Law «On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation.» The subject of the analysis is the legal norms governing the specifics of the provision of social services. The innovations in the service system that have occurred within the framework of the adoption of the new legislation of the Russian Federation are considered in detail. Positive changes in social policy required bringing the sphere of legal regulation of the system in line with the modern stage of the development of society. The important innovations are in the legislative requirements to the organization of social services, the parameters for assessing citizens in need, and the determination of per capita indicators for financing the services. However, along with positive aspects, in practice there are some shortcomings concerning, in particular, the imperfection of the delineation of powers between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, the lack of legal norms on many social services, their clear normative quality indicators, shortcomings in the system for identifying those in need, problems of law enforcement in the sphere of implementation of certain forms of social services, etc. All these issues dictate the need for further improvement of some of its provisions, the introduction of innovative technologies in the field of social services to the population with the study and application of successful domestic practice and foreign experience, as well as further development of methodological and regulatory framework. The substantial component of the modernization of the system is services that increase the vector of social subjectivity of the needy categories of the population and ensure the improvement of their life and social comfort, and the fact that the institutionalization of the system of social services in the service sector contributes to the expansion of its capabilities in modern conditions.
The identity of the Kyrgyz: a historical and social study (Part 1)
Authors: İSRA ŞENGÜL ÇEBİ
Published: October 2021

Identity is the expression of an individual's self-definition and self-positioning. It gives the answer to who a person is and what his worldview is. It is the definition of being and belonging. It is the explanation of what the individual is, both socially and psychologically. It is clear that identity, which is the focus of our research, is a concept related to belonging, what we have in common with some people and what differentiates a person from others. Based on this definition, it can be stated that identity is characterized by sharing certain things and, on the basis of these common points, a person is differentiated from other groups of people and approaches a group to which he feels belonging. In this understanding, identity is determined not by the norms that characterize the culture of a particular period, but by the existence of a community of people who share a common heritage, such as language and history: “… our identities reflect common historical experiences and common cultural codes that provide us as «a people» with stable, unchanging and permanent frames of reference and meaning under the changing distinctions and changes of our true history.» Accordingly, we can define the Kyrgyz identity through «a common culture, a common history and a kind of collective real identity shared by all members of the clan». However, the Kyrgyz identity accepts cultural identity as a reality belonging to both the future and the past. In this direction, the Kyrgyz identity is a positioning formed within the framework of historical and cultural discourses. In the light of this information, in this study, we will reveal the historical roots of the Kyrgyz identity.
Parental Knowledge Regarding Dental Radiography of Children Attending Dental Clinics in Ilam, Iran
Authors: Arzani Vida , Bagherzadeh Ali
Published: October 2021

Background: Radiological examinations expose the patient to the adverse effects of ionizing radiation, which is more severe among developing children. This can cause excessive and unreasonable fear and anxiety for parents and even disrupt the treatment process. This study aimed to evaluate the parents’ knowledge about dental radiographs for children referred to dentistry, and to assess the relevant factors. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study examining parents of children referred to dental clinics from October 2019 to April 2020. The required information included demographic information, and nine statements for assessing parents’ level of knowledge. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent t-test, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Ward’s cluster analysis method with a squared Euclidean distance was adopted to include the background and demographic variables. Results: A total of 108 parents of children referred to Ilam dental clinics – including 69 females (68.3%) and 32 males (31.7%) in the 24-51 age range, participated in this study. Among the studied variables, the level of educational attainment of the parents had a highly significant influence (P<0.01) on their knowledge of pediatric radiography. Furthermore, parents holding bachelor’s degrees or higher with an average score of 5.35 had more heightened awareness of radiography than those in other educational groups. Conclusions: Examining the parental radiographic knowledge revealed significant differences among three groups of parents with educational attainment in favor of those with higher educational achievement. In general, three biographical variables, namely age, gender, and household size were found to be less influential. Therefore, the dentists should learn about the educational attainment of the parents and provide them with the required information on treatment accordingly. Due to the relatively poor knowledge of the parents about children’s dental radiographs, it is recommended that plans be developed for raising the parental awareness of the issue in order for reducing their unreasonable fears which may create a burden for dental treatment procedures.
Evaluation of the Effect of Cavity Preparation Using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on Microleakage of Class V Composite Restorations
Authors: Khamverdi Zahra , Rezaei-Soufi Loghman , Haseli Paik Hamidreza , Jabari Puya , Ahmadian Mohammad
Published: October 2021

Background: The application of laser in dentistry for medical purposes such as caries removal, preparation of restorative cavities, and dental surface treatment for more effective bonding of restorative materials to the tooth has been significant. The present experimental study aimed to evaluate the effect of cavity preparation on microleakage by using erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers, and to compare it with the effect of bur on microleakage in class V composite restorations. Methods: In this experimental study, 20 intact human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 2 equal groups according to the cavity preparation technique: G1: laser cavity preparation (LCP) using a Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Bio Lase, USA), and G2: bur cavity preparation (BCP). Standard class V cavity was prepared on both lingual and buccal surfaces in two groups. The samples underwent thermocycling for 3000 times (5-55ºC) and were immersed in a methylene blue 2% solution for 24 hours. After buccolingual sectioning from the middle of the restoration, a stereomicroscope with 20 x magnification was used to measure the penetration rate of the dye and to determine the score for microleakage. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) software and Mann-Whitney U test (α=5%). Results: According to the study results, the minimum and maximum microleakage values were observed in the occlusal and gingival margins, respectively, which were identically for both groups. Comparing two groups (BCP and LCP) revealed that there was no significant difference between them in terms of microleakage values at the occlusal and gingival margins (P>0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that cavity preparation using Er,cr:YSGG laser had microleakage values similar to those found with conventional cavity preparation (bur) method in class V composite restorations.
Cytotoxic and Radiosensitizing Effects of Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin on Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Heshmatian Behnam , Behrouzkia Zhaleh , Mohammadian Mahshid , Moradi Zhino , Ebrahimifar Meysam , Mohammadi Zeinab , Zohdi Aghdam Reza
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Radiotherapy is one of the most important therapeutic options used to treat cancers. Radiation effects can be improved using nanoparticles and chemotherapeutic drugs as radiosensitizing agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of folic acid-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP-F) in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) and x-Ray irradiation in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line (HT-29). Methods: The cell viability assay (WST-1) was performed to study the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of DOX and GNP-F after 24 and 48h treatments. Then, the effects of the GNP-F, X-Ray irradiation, and DOX drug in single and combined treatments were examined after 24 and 48 h treatment with effective doses. Likewise, the Caspase 3 gene expression ratio and the Caspase 3 activity were assessed after 48 h treatment. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was determined in treated and untreated cells. Results: When GNP-F (at a concentration of 70 μM) was combined with X-ray irradiation (2 Gy) or DOX drug, induced more cytotoxic effects compared to the control group. The results of cell viability assay showed that GNP-F+X-Ray in combination with a low concentration of DOX (0.25×IC50) enhanced the cytotoxic effects of cells compared to related single treatments. Caspase 3 gene expression ratio and Caspase 3 activity increased in double and triple combination treatments in comparison with the single groups. Moreover, the MDA level increased in triple combination compared to the single treatments. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the potential anti-cancer effects of the GNP-F and DOX in combination with X-Ray irradiation in CRC cells.
Differential Expression of Serum Exosomal miRNAs in Breast Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls
Authors: Asgari Rahim , Rezaie Jafar
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Breast cancer has become as a serious public health concern worldwide. Breast cancer cells release exosomes into the circulatory system, which are easily accessible for further analysis like cancer diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate expression of circulating exosomal miRNAs (miRs) in the serum of individuals with breast cancer and healthy controls. Methods: Exosomes were collected from serum samples using a commercial kit and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and flow cytometry analysis. Expression of miRs such as miR-21, miR-155, miR-182, miR-373, and miR-126 were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: The result showed that the expression level of exosomal miR-21, miR-155, miR-182, and miR-373 in the serum of breast cancer patients was higher than of those controls (P<0.05). However, expression of miR-126 did not change between breast cancer and control individuals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed a different miRs expression pattern between breast cancer and healthy samples, supposing potential biomarkers for breast cancer. Further studies focusing on these miRs are required to confirm our findings.
Natural Immunomodulators Treat the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Abbas Heba S , Abd-elhakeem Mona M , Abd  El Galil Rania M , Reyad Omar A. , Mohamed Heba A , Ismail Salma E. S. , Nabil Manal A.
Published: October 2021

Recently, the world has been dealing with a destructive global pandemic COVID-19 infection, since 2020; there were millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. With sequencing generations of the virus, around 60 % are expected to become infected during the pandemic. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has been approved because no real evidence from clinical trials in treatment was reached. According to current thinking, SARS-COV-2 mortality is caused by a cytokine storm syndrome in patients with hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in acute respiratory distress and finally death. In this review, we discuss the various types of natural immune-modulatory agents and their role in the management of SARS-COV-2, and cytokine storm syndrome. For example, Polyphenols as natural products can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to host cell receptor ACE2, stop viral entry into the host cell and block viral RNA replication. Also, Saikosaponins (A, B2, C, and D), triterpene glycosides, which are isolated from medicinal plants exert antiviral action against HCoV-22E9, and Houttuynia cordata water extract has antiviral effects on SARS-CoV. Moreover, eucalyptus oil has promising potential for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. There is an urgent need for research to improve the function of the human immune system all over the world. As a result, actions for better understanding and improving the human immune system are critical steps toward mitigating risks and negative outcomes. These approaches will be strongly recommended for future emerging viruses and pathogens.
On the legal feignfullness in the sanitary and epidemiological sphere against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bakulina Irina P. , Kirillov Dmitry A.
Published: October 2021

Sanitary and epidemiological processes against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic have confirmed the prevalence of legal feignfullness in Russia. For a long time, legal feignfullness has been officially mentioned only in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and has been assessed by the state and society quite neutrally. The assessment has not changed much even with the recent introduction of administrative responsibility for feigned accounting, although the nominally in this branch of law assessment of legal feignfullness has become negative. Against the background of anti-COVID sanitary and epidemiological measures, the neutral attitude of society to legal feignfullness changed to a negative one and coincided with administrative and legal negative assessment of legal feignfullness. This makes it topical to eliminate the negative consequences of legal feignfullness in the sanitary and epidemiological sphere; to determine the legal means of blocking conflict-causing factors; to prevent new manifestations of legal feignfullness. It is revealed that the high alert mode is largely feigned, covers up a “hybridˮ regime of a dubious legal nature with an unreasonable amount of legal restrictions and insufficient state guarantees. The interpretation of the Presidium of the Supreme Court worsens, in comparison with the law, the legal fate of persons brought to justice for violating the “anti-COVIDˮ rules. All this generates social tension and distrust of the anti-pandemic measures of the state as feigned ones. The article contains recommendations for neutralising the consequences of legal feignfullness. In addition, the increase in social tension against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated the existence of feigned legal phenomena of a general social nature, in particular, in the areas of federalism, legality, as well as solidarity of the state and society.
Use of economic research in cases of violations of antitrust law by digital platforms
Authors: Zhevnyak Oksana V.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the influence of the economic features of the digital platform market on the application of competition law. Purpose – to identify the features of economic research, including economic expertise, in cases of violation of antimonopoly legislation by the owners of digital platforms. Thus, the economic features of the digital platform market and the use of economic research and expertise in cases of violations of competition law by digital platforms are investigated. Results. The types of economic research conducted in cases of violations of antimonopoly legislation by the owners of digital platforms and the features of economic research, including economic examinations, carried out in such cases, are highlighted. These features are determined, first of all, by the specifics of the platform economy and they consist in the use of special methods for qualifying economic phenomena.
Unknown lines in Nikolai Gogol’s notebook
Authors: Vinogradov Igor' A.
Published: October 2021

There is an unknown note by Nikolai Gogol in his pocket notebook. The reasons why it has remained unpublished for a long time are thoroughly highlighted. What is listed are similar – numerous – Nikolai Gogol’s texts of religious content, which also used to be inaccessible to the Soviet reader for a long time for ideological reasons. In the ninth volume of the academic Nikolai Gogol's Complete Works of 1937–1952, where a notebook was printed for the first time from an autograph, only one line in the notes was devoted to a note which had been entitled “To pray” by Nikolai Gogol himself. In addition to the title, the laconic information provided by the volume commentator Georgiy Fridlender, the content of Nikolai Gogol's recording was not disclosed in any way. In turn, the error made by the same commentator in the dating of the note is corrected. The data are given in favour of the fact that the record was made not in 1846, as the researcher believed, but three years earlier, in the summer of 1843. The connection of the 1843 note with the final religious-patriotic book of Nikolai Gogol "Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends" 1846, as well as the invariability of the political views of the writer.
Total War System and Youth Culture in East Asia Looking at 20th Century Culture from the Changes of Mobilization Mode
Authors: Senno Takumasa
Published: October 2021

In recent years, the relations between the governments of Japan, China and South Korea have been very tense. The Chinese government often sends military aircraft or warships to the Senkaku Islands (the Diaoyu Islands), and the South Korean government stationed its troops on Takeshima (Dokdo). Their domestic media also reported daily on Japan's right-leaning. An atmosphere of opposition to Japan is slowly brewing in the societies of the two countries. The media in Japan also daily report the "airspace and territorial water violations" of Chinese military aircraft and warships, as well as anti-Japanese trends in China and South Korea. The societies of the three countries are slowly permeating an atmosphere of mutual hatred. It seems that the entire East Asia lies in a vortex of opposition. In a sense, the government’s declaration and media reports, as well as the dissemination of literature and art, are all modes of mobilizing the public. But looking at the current situation in East Asia, the results of the two mobilizations are completely opposite. Behind it are mobilization changes.
The Doctrine of Soteriology from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Nyambisa Dominic Onsongo
Published: October 2021

Although the doctrine of soteriology (salvation) is core to Christianity, it has divided ecclesiology for over five centuries, since the Protestant reformation of the sixteenth century. There is a misunderstanding on the role of grace and works of faith in the process of attaining salvation, especially between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, particularly the Lutherans. The misunderstandings have been visible in the process of teaching and practice of this doctrine to their respective memberships; and many Christians are in dilemma in regard to work or not to work so as to earn salvation. The teaching on justification that leads to salvation deals with how both grace and works are involved in the process that leads to salvation. The use of the Hegelian dialect, in this article, helps us to find and propose a common way of understanding soteriology. It also guides us in understanding the teachings from the proponents of salvation by grace alone and from those who antagonistically propose that both God’s grace and a believer’s works play a role in God’s salvific plan in an individual. We therefore aim at finding a way of teaching Christians in our contemporary world in matters regarding soteriology from its doctrinal perspectives. It is anticipated that this will help in addressing the rift that obtains in the teaching of the doctrine of soteriology. Hence, this article will strive to shed more light on how one could receive justification in order to be in God’s salvific plan.