bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A chromosome scale assembly of the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens provides insight into the process of virus domestication
Authors: Mao Meng , Simmonds Tyler J , Stouthamer Corinne M , Kehoe Tara M , Geib Scott M , Burke Gaelen R
Published: June 2023

The parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens is an important biological control agent of stored products moth pests and serves as a model to study the function and evolution of domesticated endogenous viruses (DEVs). The DEVs discovered in V. canescens are known as virus-like particles (VcVLPs), which are produced using nudivirus-derived components and incorporate wasp-derived virulence proteins instead of packaged nucleic acids. Previous studies of virus-derived components in the V. canescens genome identified 53 nudivirus-like genes organized in six gene clusters and several viral pseudogenes, but how VcVLP genes are organized among wasp chromosomes following their integration in the ancestral wasp genome is largely unknown. Here, we present a chromosomal scale genome of V. canescens consisting of 11 chromosomes and 56 unplaced small scaffolds. The genome size is 290.8 Mbp with a N50 scaffold size of 24.99 Mbp. A high-quality gene set including 11,831 protein-coding genes were produced using RNA-Seq data as well as publicly available peptide sequences from related Hymenoptera. A manual annotation of genes of viral origin produced 61 intact and 19 pseudogenized nudivirus-derived genes. The genome assembly revealed that two previously identified clusters were joined into a single cluster and a total of 5 gene clusters comprising of 60 intact nudivirus-derived genes were located in three chromosomes. In contrast, pseudogenes are dispersed among 8 chromosomes with only 4 pseudogenes associated with nudivirus gene clusters. The architecture of genes encoding VcVLP components suggests it originates from a recent virus acquisition and there is a link between the processes of dispersal and pseudogenization. This high-quality genome assembly and annotation represents the first chromosome-scale assembly for parasitoid wasps associated with VLPs, and is publicly available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Genome and RefSeq databases, providing a valuable resource for future studies of DEVs in parasitoid wasps.
Rural–Urban Disparities in Multimorbidity Associated With Climate Change and Air Pollution: A Longitudinal Analysis Among Chinese Adults Aged 45+
Authors: Hu Kai , He Qingqing
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives

Chronic conditions and multimorbidity are increasing worldwide. Yet, understanding the relationship between climate change, air pollution, and longitudinal changes in multimorbidity is limited. Here, we examined the effects of sociodemographic and environmental risk factors in multimorbidity among adults aged 45+ and compared the rural–urban disparities in multimorbidity.

Research Design and Methods

Data on the number of chronic conditions (up to 14), sociodemographic, and environmental factors were collected in 4 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018), linked with the full-coverage particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration data set (2000–2018) and temperature records (2000–2018). Air pollution was assessed by the moving average of PM2.5 concentrations in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years; temperature was measured by 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year moving average and their corresponding coefficients of variation. We used the growth curve modeling approach to examine the relationship between climate change, air pollution, and multimorbidity, and conducted a set of stratified analyses to study the rural–urban disparities in multimorbidity related to temperature and PM2.5 exposure.

Results

We found the higher PM2.5 concentrations and rising temperature were associated with higher multimorbidity, especially in the longer period. Stratified analyses further show the rural–urban disparity in multimorbidity: Rural respondents have a higher prevalence of multimorbidity related to rising temperature, whereas PM2.5-related multimorbidity is more severe among urban ones. We also found temperature is more harmful to multimorbidity than PM2.5 exposure, but PM2.5 exposure or temperature is not associated with the rate of multimorbidity increase with age.

Discussion and Implications

Our findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between climate change, air pollution, and multimorbidity, but this relationship is not equally distributed in the rural–urban settings in China. The findings highlight the importance of planning interventions and policies to deal with rising temperature and air pollution, especially for rural individuals.
Typology of Dementia-Specific Care Units: A Nationwide Survey Study in Germany
Authors: Bergmann Johannes Michael , Hoffmann Anna Louisa , Müller-Widmer René , Palm Rebecca
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives

Dementia-specific care units vary in their organizational characteristics and are difficult to compare in empirical studies. Based on a representative sample of care units in German nursing homes, we present a typology of organizational characteristics focusing on dementia-specific care structures. We also examine the relationships between organizational types and the provision of nonpharmacological interventions for people with dementia.

Research Design and Methods

Data were collected in a Germany-wide survey of a stratified randomized sample of 134 care units using a standardized questionnaire administered during telephone interviews with nursing home administrators or their representatives. The typology was developed based on a factor analysis of mixed data and a hierarchical cluster analysis.

Results

We identified 4 types of care units: Dementia Care Units (DCUs; n = 40), Dementia Special Care Units (DSCUs; n = 17), Usual Separated Care Units (n = 58), and Usual Incorporated Care Units (n = 19). All care unit types clearly differed in their organizational characteristics. The specialization of DSCUs was agreed upon with cost bearers and included admission criteria, higher costs, and better staff conditions. Dementia Care Units without specialization did not have these characteristics. Three of seven nonpharmacological interventions were associated with the DSCUs and two with DCUs, but not with the other care unit types.

Discussion and Implications

Researchers can use the typology to define and describe care units in empirical studies and improve the understanding and comparability of the context. A clear definition of care units also improves international comparisons.
Mappings, dimensionality and reversing out of deep neural networks
Authors: Cui Zhaofang , Grindrod Peter
Published: June 2023

We consider a large cloud of vectors formed at each layer of a standard neural network, corresponding to a large number of separate inputs which were presented independently to the classifier. Although the embedding dimension (the total possible degrees of freedom) reduces as we pass through successive layers, from input to output, the actual dimensionality of the point clouds that the layers contain does not necessarily reduce. We argue that this phenomenon may result in a vulnerability to (universal) adversarial attacks (which are small specific perturbations). This analysis requires us to estimate the intrinsic dimension of point clouds (with values between 20 and 200) within embedding spaces of dimension 1000 up to 800,000. This needs some care. If the cloud dimension actually increases from one layer to the next it implies there is some ‘volume filling’ over-folding, and thus there exist possible small directional perturbations in the latter space that are equivalent to shifting large distances within the former space, thus inviting possibility of universal and imperceptible attacks.
A case of retroperitoneal abscess secondary to duodenal perforation
Authors: Umbu Landry , Harrison Hailey , Thomas David , Contreras Megan , Darku Kwesi
Published: June 2023

The development of a retroperitoneal abscess in the setting of duodenal perforation is a rare occurrence. There are various causes of duodenal perforation such as trauma, iatrogenic injury and, most commonly, peptic ulcer disease [1]. Urgent surgical intervention is required when a patient presents with a perforated duodenal ulcer and signs of peritonitis. Generally, closure is performed with an omental pedicle or Graham patch [2]. In cases of large perforations, surgical resection, gastric partition with diverting gastrojejunostomy or T-drain placement may be required [2]. In this case, we present a patient with duodenal ulcer perforation complicated by retroperitoneal abscess formation. Treatment involved interventional radiological (IR) drainage of the abscess, followed by laparotomy for persistence of fluid. The surgery comprised of a right-side hemicolectomy, Braun jejunojejunostomy, pyloric exclusion, intraoperative retroperitoneal abscess drainage and Graham patch repair of retroperitoneal duodenal perforation.
The Non-Axisymmetric Influence: Radius- and Angle-Dependent Trends in a Barred Galaxy
Authors: Filion Carrie , McClure Rachel L , Weinberg Martin D , D’Onghia Elena , Daniel Kathryne J
Published: June 2023

Many disc galaxies host galactic bars, which exert time-dependent, non-axisymmetric forces that can alter the orbits of stars. There should be both angle and radius dependences in the resulting radial rearrangement of stars (‘radial mixing’) due to a bar; we present here novel results and trends through analysis of the joint impact of these factors. We use an N-body simulation to investigate the changes in the radial locations of star particles in a disc after a bar forms by quantifying the change in orbital radii in a series of annuli at different times post bar formation. We find that the bar induces both azimuth angle- and radius-dependent trends in the median distance that stars have travelled to enter a given annulus. Angle-dependent trends are present at all radii we consider, and the radius-dependent trends roughly divide the disc into three ‘zones’. In the inner zone, stars generally originated at larger radii and their orbits evolved inwards. Stars in the outer zone likely originated at smaller radii and their orbits evolved outwards. In the intermediate zone, there is no net inwards or outwards evolution of orbits. We adopt a simple toy model of a radius-dependent initial metallicity gradient and discuss recent observational evidence for angle-dependent stellar metallicity variations in the Milky Way in the context of this model. We briefly comment on the possibility of using observed angle-dependent metallicity trends to learn about the initial metallicity gradient(s) and the radial rearrangement that occurred in the disc.
Photometric redshift estimation of quasars with fused features from photometric data and images
Authors: Yao Lin , Qiu Bo , Luo A-Li , Zhou Jianwei , Wu Kuang , Kong Xiao , Liu Yuanbo , Zhao Guiyu , Wang Kun
Published: June 2023

The redshift is a crucial parameter of quasars and performs a very important role in cosmological studies. In this paper, we propose a network called a quasar photometric redshift (photo-z or zphoto) estimation network (Q-PreNet) that integrates images and photometric data to estimate the redshifts of quasars. To enhance the information richness, we use optical and infrared data, from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), respectively. In Q-PreNet, on the one hand, an image feature extraction network (IfeNet) is designed to obtain image features, and, on the other hand, magnitudes after extinction and their mutual differences are taken as the features of photometric data. The two features are then concatenated to form fused features. Finally, a regression network to estimate photo-z (RegNet-z) is proposed based on a mixture density network, because of its ability to provide uncertainty information. To measure the uncertainty, two quantitative metrics are proposed. Experimental results show that the performance of Q-PreNet is superior. While using fused features, the proportion of samples with |Δz| = |(zspec − zphoto)/(1 + zspec)| (spectroscopic redshifts, spec-z or zspec) less than 0.15 can reach 86.3 per cent with a reduction of 8.15 per cent and 9.37 per cent, which is compared with separately using images and photometric data only. Compared with the literature, Q-PreNet offers a substantial improvement in the redshift estimation of quasars and this is significant for large-scale sky surveys.
Growth or Decay – I: universality of the turbulent dynamo saturation
Authors: Beattie James R , Federrath Christoph , Kriel Neco , Mocz Philip , Seta Amit
Published: June 2023

The turbulent small-scale dynamo (SSD) is likely to be responsible for the magnetization of the interstellar medium (ISM) that we observe in the Universe today. The SSD efficiently converts kinetic energy Ekin into magnetic energy Emag and is often used to explain how an initially weak magnetic field with Emag ≪ Ekin is amplified, and then maintained at a level Emag ≲ Ekin. Usually, this process is studied by initializing a weak seed magnetic field and letting the turbulence grow it to saturation. However, in this Part I of the Growth or Decay series, using three-dimensional, visco-resistive magnetohydrodynamical turbulence simulations up to magnetic Reynolds numbers of 2000, we show that the same final state in the integral quantities, energy spectra, and characteristic scales of the magnetic field can also be achieved if initially Emag ∼ Ekin or even if initially Emag ≫ Ekin. This suggests that the final saturated state of the turbulent dynamo is set by the turbulence and the material properties of the plasma, independent of the initial structure or amplitude of the magnetic field. We discuss the implications this has for the maintenance of magnetic fields in turbulent plasmas and future studies exploring the dynamo saturation.
Star formation concentration as a tracer of environmental quenching in action: a study of the eagle and c-eagle simulations
Authors: Wang Di , Lagos Claudia D P , Croom Scott M , Wright Ruby J , Bahé Yannick M , Bryant Julia J , van de Sande Jesse , Vaughan Sam P
Published: June 2023

We study environmental quenching in the eagle/c-eagle cosmological hydrodynamic simulations over the last 11 Gyr (i.e. z = 0–2). The simulations are compared with observations from the SAMI Galaxy Survey at z = 0. We focus on satellite galaxies in galaxy groups and clusters ($10^{12}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ ≲ M200 < $3 \times 10^{15}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$). A star-formation concentration index [C-index = log10(r50, SFR/r50, rband)] is defined, which measures how concentrated star formation is relative to the stellar distribution. Both eagle/c-eagle and SAMI show a higher fraction of galaxies with low C-index in denser environments at z = 0–0.5. Low C-index galaxies are found below the SFR–M⋆ main sequence (MS), and display a declining specific star formation rate (sSFR) with increasing radii, consistent with ‘outside-in’ environmental quenching. Additionally, we show that C-index can be used as a proxy for how long galaxies have been satellites. These trends become weaker at increasing redshift and are absent by z = 1–2. We define a quenching time-scale tquench as how long it takes satellites to transition from the MS to the quenched population. We find that simulated galaxies experiencing ‘outside-in’ environmental quenching at low redshift (z = 0 ∼ 0.5) have a long quenching time-scale (median tquench > 2 Gyr). The simulated galaxies at higher redshift (z = 0.7 ∼ 2) experience faster quenching (median tquench < 2 Gyr). At z ≳ 1–2 galaxies undergoing environmental quenching have decreased sSFR across the entire galaxy with no ‘outside-in’ quenching signatures and a narrow range of C-index, showing that on average environmental quenching acts differently than at z ≲ 1.
Improving the selection of changing-look AGNs through multiwavelength photometric variability
Authors: López-Navas E , Sánchez-Sáez P , Arévalo P , Bernal S , Graham M J , Hernández-García L , Homan D , Krumpe M , Lamer G , Lira P , Martínez-Aldama M L , Merloni A , Ríos S , Salvato M , Stern D , Tubín-Arenas D
Published: June 2023

We present second epoch optical spectra for 30 changing-look (CL) candidates found by searching for Type-1 optical variability in a sample of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spectroscopically classified as Type 2. We use a random-forest-based light-curve classifier and spectroscopic follow-up, confirming 50 per cent of candidates as turning-on CLs. In order to improve this selection method and to better understand the nature of the not-confirmed CL candidates, we perform a multiwavelength variability analysis including optical, mid-infrared (MIR), and X-ray data, and compare the results from the confirmed and not-confirmed CLs identified in this work. We find that most of the not-confirmed CLs are consistent with weak Type 1s dominated by host-galaxy contributions, showing weaker optical and MIR variability. On the contrary, the confirmed CLs present stronger optical fluctuations and experience a long (from five to ten years) increase in their MIR fluxes and the colour W1–W2 over time. In the 0.2–2.3 keV band, at least four out of 11 CLs with available SRG/eROSITA detections have increased their flux in comparison with archival upper limits. These common features allow us to select the most promising CLs from our list of candidates, leading to nine sources with similar multiwavelength photometric properties to our CL sample. The use of machine learning algorithms with optical and MIR light curves will be very useful to identify CLs in future large-scale surveys.
Composite bulges – IV. Detecting signatures of gas inflows in the IFU data: the MUSE view of ionized gas kinematics in NGC 1097
Authors: Kolcu Tutku , Maciejewski Witold , Gadotti Dimitri A , Fragkoudi Francesca , Erwin Peter , Sánchez-Blázquez Patricia , Neumann Justus , Van de Ven Glenn , de Sá-Freitas Camila , Longmore Steven , Debattista Victor P
Published: June 2023

Using VLT/MUSE integral-field spectroscopic data for the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1097, we explore techniques that can be used to search for extended coherent shocks that can drive gas inflows in centres of galaxies. Such shocks should appear as coherent velocity jumps in gas kinematic maps, but this appearance can be distorted by inaccurate extraction of the velocity values and dominated by the global rotational flow and local perturbations like stellar outflows. We include multiple components in the emission-line fits, which corrects the extracted velocity values and reveals emission associated with AGN outflows. We show that removal of the global rotational flow by subtracting the circular velocity of a fitted flat disc can produce artefacts that obscure signatures of the shocks in the residual velocities if the inner part of the disc is warped or if gas is moving around the centre on elongated (non-circular) trajectories. As an alternative, we propose a model-independent method which examines differences in the LOSVD moments of H α and [N II]λ6583. This new method successfully reveals the presence of continuous shocks in the regions inward from the nuclear ring of NGC 1097, in agreement with nuclear spiral models.
HIV/AIDS and Children
Authors: Icard Larry D. , Martinez Omar , Oamen Benedict Raphael
Published: June 2023

Approximately 2.3 million children are living with HIV globally. During childhood fundamental biological, psychological, physical, and social developments occur that become compromised by HIV/AIDS. The issues concerning HIV infections among children are complex and interrelated. Cognitive and social development, care and treatment, laws and policies, the management of associated comorbidities such as tuberculosis along with the influence of COVID-19 are among the current and controversial issues requiring attention. The heightened use of smartphones has created opportunities for using mobile health (mHealth) technologies to develop innovative interventions across the HIV continuum of care and treatment for mothers and children living with HIV. The literature and resources cited in this article address these issues under the topics of Child Development, Treatment and Care, and Laws and Policy.
Trauma-Informed Care
Authors: Creswell Báez Johanna , Lichlyter-Klein M. Karen "Wren" , O'Connell Maria
Published: June 2023

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a conceptual approach to client care that uses evidence-based knowledge to create environments and services that are engaging, welcoming, and supportive for individuals or groups. Substance Abuse Mental Health Administration (SAMHSA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have collaborated on six primary practices that inform TIC praxis: safety, trustworthiness and transparency, peer support, collaboration and mutuality, empowerment voice and choice, and cultural, historical, and gender issues. These principles inform best practices for helping professionals to create an environment where individuals and groups can experience growth without re-traumatization. TIC is a proactive approach in caring that shifts the question from “What is wrong with you?” to ask instead, “What happened to you?” TIC understands that an individual’s behaviors occur within their environment and that trauma can present as maladaptive or, conversely, as adaptive growth behaviors. TIC helps the clinician understand and approach clients with curiosity and compassion, withholding judgment to support clients in their own unique growth process. The TIC principles can be applied to a wide range of settings, including clinical practice, organizations, and policymaking.
Payments for Environmental Services
Authors: Wunder Sven
Published: June 2023

Payments for environmental services (PES), also sometimes called payments for ecosystem services, emerged from the perceived need of conservation practitioners around the world for more cost-effective and equitable ways of using scarce funds. Also sometimes referred to as ecocompensation, rewards, or cash transfers, PES consist of direct conditional payments from the users of environmental services (or their collective representatives) to landowners or stewards who provide them by adopting environmentally friendlier practices of protection or restoration. Environmental service (ES) users effectively rent out certain partial land rights from landholders (e.g., limiting their rights to deforest). This only works when ES provision can be well-monitored and enforced and when landholders can flexibly and legitimately change their preferred modes of production. Otherwise, ES users might prefer to buy out environmentally sensitive lands entirely (e.g., creating municipal reserves for spring protection in a watershed), although becoming responsible for land stewardship may over time be costly. While some PES started as long-term public environmental subsidy programs (e.g., the US Conservation Reserve Program), the big push for PES in this millennium came from economists arguing for more direct, performance-based incentives. The PES approach has become more popular among both scholars and conservation practitioners over the last few decades, with the majority of PES programs focused on forest conservation. Geographically, PES have been most popular in the Americas (North, South, Central) and in China. PES can predominantly be seen as a private lands counterpart to public protected areas, although in most countries PES are far less extensive. Increasingly, PES are applied alongside a mix of policy approaches, as a tool in a toolbox of conservation mechanisms, with the aim of incentivizing landholders to engage in sustainable practices, and promising potential long-term provenance of ES while also supporting livelihoods. PES contracts can range from short term to the indefinite duration of perpetual conservation easements. With more application of PES globally, and a font of new experiences to study, a growing body of research has emerged, seeking to evaluate the environmental and poverty reduction impacts of PES. These studies assess the successes and limitations of PES schemes, and promote best practices in preconditions, design, and implementation, as well as contextual backdrops that can affect the effectiveness and efficiency of PES schemes. Some obstacles and conditions may not be designed away, such as land-tenure insecurity and organizational capacity to pay for ES: these jeopardize the emergence and expansion of PES schemes, especially in tropical forest frontiers. However, despite the worrying record of government-led PES schemes in terms of design and implementation errors, their ability to organize collective payments at scale and to intelligently bundle them into complex policy mixes may be important future arguments in their favor.
Intercultural Friendships
Authors: Gareis Elisabeth
Published: June 2023

Intercultural friendship is known to reduce prejudice and foster international goodwill. Yet, intercultural friendship is not commonplace due to a complex interplay of factors that either foster or hinder friendship formation across cultures. Among these factors are the similarity or difference in cultural values, friendship patterns, and communication styles, as well as the extent of intercultural and communicative competence, cross-cultural knowledge, personality, identity, motivation, attitudes, opportunity, and receptivity. Intercultural friendship has intersections with interethnic and interracial friendship, but differs in crucial aspects. Whereas scholarship on intercultural friendship focuses on friendships across macro-cultural lines demarcated by nationality and often language, research on interethnic friendship focuses on ethnicities within a common domestic culture, and scholarship on interracial friendship critically examines interpersonal relationships in contexts marked by racism and discrimination. Intercultural friendship often occurs between sojourners or migrants and host nationals. Especially college campuses are a prime location for intercultural contact, as students of various backgrounds, unencumbered by family and career obligations, intermingle. As a result, much of the research on intercultural friendship focuses on the experiences of international students studying abroad. With English-speaking countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, being among the top destination countries for international students worldwide, scholarship on intercultural friendship is especially abundant in these countries. Because differences in cultural values and friendship patterns constitute a major obstacle to intercultural friendship formation, an integrally connected area of investigation is that of cross-cultural friendship patterns (i.e., the comparison of friendship patterns in different cultures). Due to the complex nature of the phenomenon of intercultural friendship, the field is multidisciplinary and includes scholarship in anthropology, applied linguistics, communication studies, education, psychology, and sociology, among others.
Music in Paraguay
Authors: Fahrenkrog Laura
Published: June 2023

Paraguay is a landlocked country in South America. With a majority of Roman Catholics among a population of 7.45 million in 2022, Paraguayans speak a blend of Spanish and Guaraní known as jopará. This is a distinctive marker throughout the country, which has succeeded in integrating the Guaraní language in practically all its manifestations of expressive culture, however ambivalent Paraguayans might feel toward the nation’s indigenous legacy, which, since the nineteenth century, has wavered between denial and enshrinement. The legacy of African descendants, on the other hand, has been largely overlooked until recently. The practice of traditional music, subsumed in the expression ñande purahéi (or “our song”) takes pride of place in the lives of Paraguayan peoples and has acquired nationalist connotations in the twentieth century. The southeast border Paraguay shares with Argentina has encouraged the dissemination of genres such as the guarania, polka, and chamamé, all of which have transcended their national boundaries in ways that challenge definitions of identity. In general, Paraguay’s historiography has been focused on landmarks and the narratives constructed around them. Special historiographical attention is paid to the prominent role played by the Jesuit reducciones during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; the bloody military conflicts such as the 19th-century War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) fought between Paraguay and a coalition of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, and the 20th-century Chaco War (1932–1935) between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the north-central Chaco region; the development of the polka and the creation of the guarania, as well as perfecting a local version of the harp dubbed “Paraguayan”; and to the birth of Agustín Barrios (b. 1885–d. 1944), the guitar virtuoso known as “Mangoré.” The available information on music, written mostly in Spanish by composers, performers, journalists, and orchestra leaders who figure prominently in the musical life of urban centers, has appeared in discontinued editions of difficult access. With the exception of research into the cultural practices and organology of indigenous groups, musicological inquiry is practically non-existent, and, consequently, a wealth of Paraguayan musical traditions has yet to be scientifically studied. This article was translated by Malena Kuss.
Deceptive Speech
Authors: Clark Brady
Published: June 2023

Work on natural language meaning in linguistics and philosophy often assumes a highly idealized model of communication, one grounded in cooperation, honesty, and trust. Real-world communication is, of course, quite different. We use language both to assert what we believe to be the case and to directly deceive by lying. Lying, however, is just one tool among many we use to deceive with language. We use language to deceive indirectly as well. We bullshit, mislead, and insinuate (among other deceptive acts of speech). Further, the distinction between lying and other forms of deceptive speech is significant in a variety of domains, both formal and informal. For example, the lying-misleading distinction is one that has enormous import in our intimate relationships, politics, and the courtroom (among other venues). A range of fields beyond linguistics have contributed to our understanding of deceptive speech, including philosophy, psychology, sociology, political, and legal studies. But, despite the significance that deceptive speech plays in our lives and several millennia of inquiry, we have a poor understanding of the taxonomy of verbal deception and only preliminary answers to foundational questions (including: How should we characterize the different kinds of deceptive speech?; How do we acquire the ability to deceive through language?; How can we reliably detect verbal deception, if at all?; etc.). Quite a bit of work on deceptive speech has been devoted to articulating its taxonomy. A simple, albeit controversial, taxonomy has emerged in recent years: lying, misleading, and bullshitting. Following a section which presents General Overviews of deceptive speech, there are sections below devoted to each of Lying, Misleading, and Bullshitting, respectively, as well as a final section highlighting work that has sought to expand this taxonomy. In each section, key references and guiding questions are described.
Histories of Protest and Social Movements
Authors: Griffin Carl
Published: June 2023

It has become something of a truism that whenever and wherever power is exercised and manifest it is always met with contestation and resistance. It was arguably not until the late 1970s, though, that historical geography began to take the study of protest seriously. The spurs to action were several. Armed decolonial struggles in Africa and parts of South Asia, a wave of violence in American ghettos in the late 1960s, and the concurrent student uprising in Paris (and other cities) in 1968 all brought social protest into the public consciousness in newly stark ways. Against the pressing problems that such conflicts highlighted, and against the need to understand the politics and the place of such powerful movements, human geographers’ obsession with the abstract numerical modeling of spatial science lacked meaningful answers. The founding of the radical geography journal Antipode in 1969 and the concurrent publication of David Harvey’s Social Justice and the City arguably opened the intellectual space in geography to study the impact of economic (and political) change on those who had to labor to get by. Likewise, the intellectual influence of “history from below” approaches, not least the work of E. P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm, offered a model to historical geographers of how to analyze the geographies of both everyday life and exceptional moments of contention. Similarly, the emergent body of work in the Subaltern Studies movement, with its foundational emphasis on everyday forms of peasant resistance, provided encouragement to geographers to think about the impact of not just capitalism but also imperialism on the poor. Research on protest at first was dominated by dramatic moments and (loosely organized) movements. A reflection of these influences, such work was, and remains to this day, highly interdisciplinary, with geographers often working closely with those from other disciplines on spatially sensitive studies of protests past in asking where did protest happen, why did it happen there, and how did space and place shape protest. Further, such analyses have proven to be remarkably temporally diverse, ranging from the medieval to the recent past. Work on social movements—as opposed to protest movements—has taken a different trajectory. Drawing upon a different set of influences, notably from political science and sociology, geographers were slower to take the study of social movements seriously. This worked both ways: social movement studies was also slow to consider space as something more than the isotropic backdrop to the real stuff of politics and activism. Indeed, Bryon Miller’s landmark monograph Geography and Social Movements could meaningfully note the “missing geography” in the study of social movements, to which one might also add the missing geographers. As Hannah Awcock has noted in an important recent review of the field, scholars of the spaces and spatiality of past protest and social movements have tended to overlook critical contributions on feminist, gay, and black movements from beyond the discipline.
Geographies of Nuclear War
Authors: Alexis-Martin Becky
Published: June 2023

Nuclear warfare is a global issue that presents a unique set of geographies. The detonation of the first nuclear weapon on 16 July 1945 irrevocably changed the physical and cultural landscape. While the mushroom clouds produced by nuclear weapons are ephemeral, their fallout generates an (in)visible yet lingering signature of technoscientific progress, destruction, and power that persists into deep time. It is for this reason that fallout is included within the proxies used to describe the Anthropocene. The impacts of nuclear weapons stretch across place, space, and time. Almost limitless distance and speed make nuclear warfare a phenomenon of velocity and blurred boundaries. It is everywhere and nowhere, it transcends war and peace, it merges war zone and homeland, and melds the actual and the possibilities of the virtual. These blurry distinctions are made visible by the ways that geopolitics and boundaries affect the likelihood and actualization of nuclear war. They are characteristics that facilitated a Cold War that persisted until 1991—and that continue to produce and reproduce nuclear threats today. China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are recognized nuclear weapon possessors by the UN Non-Proliferation Treaty. However, Pakistan, India, Israel, and North Korea also have nuclear weapons. Nuclear warfare is embedded within a globalized military-industrial complex of extraction, processing, and manufacture. Its geographies manifest within places that have been left unmapped, or that become remapped and remade. This has created spaces of peace—but also of oppression, colonization, and harm. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park has been remapped from radioactive ruins to memorialize the devastating atomic bombing. Conversely, the necropolitical unmapping of nuclear testing and manufacture sites constitutes a component of institutional and cultural amnesia, whereby nuclear harms are denied. Thus, nuclear legacies remain uncharted terrain due to either ignorance or intention. Every species on this planet is affected by nuclear weapons due to their lethal potentiality for mutually assured destruction. Nuclear weapons are bounded and described by landscapes, geotechnologies, zones, bodies, and communities. Specific communities affected by nuclear warfare include nuclear sector workers, military personnel, and those within the hinterlands of sites of nuclear weapon activity. Conversely, nuclear-weapon-free zones have been instigated to reduce nuclear harms, and anti-nuclear activists have resisted nuclear weapons since their development.
Village Society in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Han Xiaorong
Published: June 2023

The early twentieth century was an era of rapid and drastic transformations in Chinese history mainly because of the serious survival crisis that China was experiencing, and the Chinese villagers, who formed the great majority of China’s population at that time, actively participated in such transformations. They were the ones who launched the unsuccessful Boxer Rebellion at the very beginning of the twentieth century, and they also formed the core force that brought the Communist revolution to its triumph in 1949. Villagers acted either spontaneously or at the instigation of groups of reformers and revolutionaries, most of whom were of rural origins but had received education and accepted new ideas in urban centers. Throughout the early twentieth century, village China became the setting of all kinds of reformist and revolutionary movements aimed at bringing about multifaceted changes to China in general and rural China in particular. The size of the rural population, the significant influence the Chinese villages had had on the Chinese traditional culture, as well as the important roles the villages and villagers played in the modern transformations of China, are among the factors that have made the Chinese village society in the early twentieth century a subject of a large number of political, academic, and literary writings during and after the first half of the twentieth century. Those writings focus on many different topics, including the nature, structure, and culture of the village society; the performance of China’s rural economy; the relations between the villages and the cities; the relations between the intellectuals and the peasants; and the villagers as bandits, rebels, reformers, and revolutionaries. The authors of these writings were political leaders, scholars, novelists, and others, and they wrote for different purposes. Generally speaking, most of those who wrote about the villagers and villages during the early twentieth century were motivated by an intense desire to present justifications for the reformist or revolutionary agenda they were advocating, whereas those who wrote after the early twentieth century have shown a stronger interest in seeking interpretations than providing justifications. This bibliography includes not only academic studies of the Chinese village society of the early twentieth century, but also representative political and journalistic writings that are essential for understanding the major aspects and dynamic changes of village China in the early twentieth century.
Identification of a Major-Effect Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Begomovirus Resistance in Cucurbita moschata
Authors: Verma Neha , Garcha Karmvir Singh , Sharma Abhishek , Sharma Madhu , Bhatia Dharminder , Khosa Jiffinvir Singh , Kaur Barinder , Chuuneja Parveen , Dhatt Ajmer Singh
Published: June 2023

Begomoviruses, viz. squash leaf curl China virus and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus causative diseases are major concerns of quantitative and qualitative losses in pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata) worldwide. Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) in India has identified a resistant source (PVR-1343) against mixed infection (MI-Sq/To) of these begomoviruses. Introgression of resistance in diverse genetic backgrounds requires the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with MI-Sq/To resistance. Phenotyping of 229 F2:3 progenies derived from the PVR-1343 × P-135 cross revealed digenic recessive inheritance against MI-Sq/To resistance in PVR-1343. To identify the genomic region, resistant and susceptible bulks were subjected to whole-genome resequencing along with their parents. The whole-genome resequence analysis of parents and bulks using QTLseq/QTLseqr approaches identified an overlapping 1.52 Mb region on chromosome 7 ( qMI-Sq/To7.1), while chromosomal region spanning 0.87 Mb on chromosome17 ( qMI-Sq/To17.1) was additionally identified by QTLseqr. However, the highest peak value on chromosome 7 with three algorithms {G′, ∆(SNP-index) and −log10 ( P value)} highlighted the major contribution of qMI-Sq/To7.1 in MI-Sq/To resistance. Nine polymorphic SNPs identified within the highly significant qMI-Sq/To7.1 region were converted into KASP markers. KASP genotyping of F2 individuals narrowed down the qMI-Sq/To7.1 interval to 103 kb region flanked by two markers, Cmo3914729 and Cmo4018182, which contained 16 annotated genes and accounted for 59.84% of phenotypic variation. The Cmo4018182 KASP marker accurately predicted disease reaction in 91% of diverse Cucurbita genotypes and showed nonsynonym substitutions in the coding region of putative candidate SYNTAXIN-121 gene. These findings pave the way for marker-assisted breeding and elucidating the underlying mechanism of begomovirus resistance in C. moschata.
Tuition Costs of Master’s of Health Professions Education Programs: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Lai Jacqueline , Fang Evan , Chan Teresa M. , Tekian Ara , Ibrahim Halah
Published: June 2023

Purpose

The increasing professionalization of medical education during the past 2 decades has ushered in an era in which formal degrees, particularly master’s of health professions education (MHPE), have become important for career advancement in medical education. Although tuition costs can pose a substantial barrier for many seeking advanced degrees in health professions education, data on tuition associated with these programs are lacking. This study examines the accessibility of pertinent cost-related information available to prospective students and the variability of costs among programs worldwide.

Method

The authors conducted an Internet-based, cross-sectional study, augmented with emails and direct contact with educators, to extract tuition-related data for MHPE programs between March 29, 2022, and September 20, 2022. Costs were converted to an annual total within each jurisdiction’s currency and converted to U.S. dollars on August 18, 2022.

Results

Of the 121 programs included in the final cost analysis, only 56 had publicly available cost information. Excluding programs free to local students, the mean (SD) total tuition cost was $19,169 ($16,649), and the median (interquartile range) cost was $13,784 ($9,401– $22,650) (n = 109). North America had the highest mean (SD) tuition for local students ($26,751 [$22,538]), followed by Australia and New Zealand ($19,778 [$10,514]) and Europe ($14,872 [$7,731]), whereas Africa had the lowest ($2,598 [$1,650]). The region with the highest mean (SD) tuition for international students was North America ($38,217 [$19,500]), followed by Australia and New Zealand ($36,891 [$10,397]) and Europe ($22,677 [$10,010]), whereas Africa had the lowest ($3,237 [$1,189]).

Conclusions

There is substantial variability in the geographic distribution of MHPE programs and marked differences in tuition. Incomplete program websites and limited responsiveness from many programs contributed to a lack of transparency regarding potential financial implications. Greater efforts are necessary to ensure equitable access to health professions education.
Morphological characteristics and progression patterns of macular neovascularization-related atrophy in eyes with pathologic myopia
Authors: Xie Shiqi , Lu Hongshuang , Chen Changyu , Xiong Jianping , Wang Yining , Uramoto Kengo , Kamoi Koju , Onishi Yuka , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko
Published: June 2023

Purpose:

To investigate the development and progression patterns of macular neovascularization (MNV)-related atrophies in eyes with pathologic myopia (PM).

Methods:

Twenty-seven eyes of 26 patients with MNV followed from its onset to progression to macular atrophy were studied. A longitudinal series of auto-fluorescence and OCT images were examined for the patterns of MNV-related atrophy. Changes of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were determined for each pattern.

Results:

The mean age was 67.2±8.7 years. The mean axial length was 29.6±1.5 mm. Three patterns of atrophy were identified: Multiple-atrophic Pattern, 63% of the eyes had small atrophies occurring at multiple sites around the MNV edge; Single-atrophic Pattern, 18.5% had atrophies occurring only on one side of the MNV edge; and Exudation-related Pattern, 18.5% had atrophy occurring within a previous serous exudation or hemorrhagic area and slightly away from the MNV edge. Eyes with atrophies in multiple-atrophic and exudation-related patterns progressed to large macular atrophies involving the central fovea and showed decrease of BCVA during the 3-year follow-up period. Eyes with single-atrophic pattern had a sparing of the fovea and had good recovery of the BCVA.

Conclusion:

There are three patterns of MNV-related atrophy in eyes with PM with different courses of progression.