bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lag screw and cancellous bone graft fixation of transverse proximal sesamoid bone fractures in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989)
Authors: Henninger R. W. , Bramlage L. R. , Schneider R. K. , Gabel A. A.
Published: December 2023

Case records of 25 horses with transverse fractures of the proximal sesamoid bone were reviewed to evaluate the success of treatment. All fractures were repaired by use of lag screw fixation and an autogenous cancellous bone graft because the fracture fragments were considered too large for surgical removal and reconstruction of the suspensory apparatus was necessary. Radiography was performed in all cases, and the fractures were classified into 3 types: (1) proximal midbody fractures, which included all fractures in the proximal aspect of the sesamoid bone that resulted in fragments involving greater than one third but less than one half of the total mass of the sesamoid bone; (2) midbody fractures that divided the bone into 2 equal portions; and (3) distal midbody fractures, which included transverse fractures in the distal aspect of the sesamoid bone that resulted in fragments involving greater than one third but less than one half of the total mass of the sesamoid bone. Of these cases, race records were obtained for 9 Standardbreds and 5 Thoroughbreds. Postoperative performance criteria evaluated were the ability to train and start 1 race, ability to maintain preinjury class of racing, earnings per start, and the number of starts following surgery.

In Thoroughbreds, fractures occurred most commonly in the right forelimb; in Standardbreds, the left hind limb was most commonly involved. The midbody fracture was the most common type in both breeds, and the distribution of fracture location within the sesamoid bone was similar for both breeds. Gender distribution, age, duration of injury prior to admission, and fracture displacement were similar in both breeds.

In Standardbreds, 9 of 12 (75%) horses raced after surgery. This figure is 9 of 10 (90%) when 2 horses that developed septic arthritis after surgery are not considered in the performance analysis. In Thoroughbreds, 5 of 8 (63%) horses raced after surgery, and 1 horse competed successfully as a 3-day-event horse. Mean convalescent time was 10.2 months for Thoroughbreds and 12.4 months for Standardbreds. Of the horses with preinjury starts that returned to racing, 4 of 8 (50%) achieved their previous class of racing, although there was a mean drop in earnings per start and number of starts following recovery in both groups. All 6 horses that were injured in training, prior to starting a race, were able to race following recovery. The one Quarter Horse continued as a show horse. Preoperative degenerative joint changes appeared to influence the ability of Thoroughbreds to race after surgery. Other preoperative fracture or sesamoid bone characteristics did not appear to affect the postoperative performance in either race breed.
Topical administration of cyclosporine for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Abrams Kenneth L.
Published: December 2023

Sixty dogs with chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated by topical administration of 2% cyclosporine twice daily. Causes and duration of keratoconjunctivitis varied. Tear production improved in 75 of 100 eyes, and corneal pigmentation decreased in 45 of 67 eyes. Six factors were evaluated to determine their influence on treatment outcome. The only significant variable was the initial Schirmer tear test value. Side effects were few. Evidence of burning in response to application of cyclosporine resolved with change in the formulation of the topical solution.
Effect of storage on measurement of ionized calcium and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood
Authors: Szenci Otto , Brydl Endre , Bajcsy Csaba Á.
Published: December 2023

The stability of blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood samples (n = 15, in each group) stored at 4 C for 3, 6, 9, 24, or 48 hours was studied. Variables included blood Ca2+ and standard ionized calcium (Ca2+ corrected to pH 7.4) concentrations, pH, blood carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, base excess, bicarbonate concentration, and total carbon dioxide content. Results indicate that storage of blood samples at 4 C for up to 48 hours, despite appreciable acid-base changes, is associated with <1.5% change in equine, bovine, and ovine blood Ca2+ concentrations. Similar changes were observed in canine blood during the first 9 hours' storage. After 24 and 48 hours' storage, clinically relevant decrease (10.5 and 15.5%) in canine blood Ca2+ concentration was measured. Therefore, Ca2+ concentration in equine, bovine, and ovine venous blood samples stored up to 48 hours, and in canine blood samples stored up to 9 hours at 4 C is of diagnostic use.
Clinical management and surgical repair of atresia coli in calves: 66 cases (1977-1988)
Authors: Smith Donald F. , Ducharme Norm G. , Fubini Susan L. , Donawick William J. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2023

The medical records of 66 calves with atresia coli were reviewed; 64 calves were examined at the New York State College of Veterniary Medicine, and 2 calves were examined at the New Bolton Center. In each case, the site of the atresia was within the spiral loop of the ascending colon. In 1 of these calves, a segment of jejunum was also atretic. Absence of feces, progressive weakness, and abdominal distension were the most common clinical signs observed. Other congenital abnormalities were detected in 12 (18%) of 66 calves.

Of the 66 calves examined, 5 were euthanatized or died on admission, and 61 had an exploratory celiotomy performed. Eight calves were euthanatized or died during the surgery. In the remaining 53 calves, surgical treatment consisted of enterotomy followed by meconium evacuation, resection of the proximal blind end (in 30 calves), and restoration of intestinal continuity. Restoration of intestinal continuity was done either by side-to-side anastomosis of the proximal to distal blind ends (5 calves), or by side-to-side or end-to-side anastomosis of the proximal blind end to the descending colon (48 calves). Of the 66 calves seen, 27 (41 %) were discharged from the hospital, and 11 of these reached reproductive age (11 calves were lost to follow-up before they were 2 years old). From the 11 calves reaching reproductive age, 33 calves were born, one of which may have had atresia coli. The owners should anticipate that long-term survivors likely will have loose feces and normal offspring, but may not grow as well as otherwise expected.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic features of plague in cats: 119 cases (1977-1988)
Authors: Eidson Millicent , Thilsted John P. , Rollag Ole J.
Published: December 2023

The clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic features of 119 cases of plague in cats from 1977 to 1988 in New Mexico were reviewed. Fifty-three percent were bubonic, 10% were pneumonic, 8% were septicemic, and 29% with neither buboes nor pneumonia were unclassified (but presumed septicemic). Three quarters of the lymphadenopathy was submandibular, and almost half of this was bilateral. One third of all cats had the triad of lethargy, anorexia, and fever in addition to buboes; one quarter had this triad plus abscesses. The overall mortality rate was 33%, with the greatest risk of death in pneumonic cases. For confirmatory diagnosis with a single laboratory test, fluorescent antibody was most frequently used (39% of cases). Cultures and passive hemagluttination titers were also used for confirmation. Gross and histologic findings depended on the type of plague, with Yersinia pestis organisms visualized in buboes of cats with bubonic plague and in the alveolar spaces and respiratory tubules of cats with pneumonic plague.
General principles of retrovirus immunodetection tests
Authors: Hardy William D.
Published: December 2023

Because infecting retroviruses contain protein and glycoprotein antigenic determinants that can be readily distinguished from host cell determinants, the development of immunologic detection systems, immunodetection tests, or immunoassays capable of identifying antigens of some retroviruses (oncoretroviruses) in blood, body fluids, or cells is possible. Conversely, detection of antibodies produced by animals against some infecting retroviruses can also be used to identify current infections of lentiretroviruses and some oncoretroviruses. Studies of various microorganisms by various immunodetection systems indicate that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot (western blot) analysis, followed by sensitive but less specific elisa and agglutination assays, and finally by even less sensitive but very specific isolation in culture and double immunodiffusion techniques.

The first test used routinely for clinical detection of any retrovirus was the immunofluorescent antibody test, introduced in 1972, for detection of FeLV infection in pet cats. Since then, tests for human retroviruses, the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2 and the human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (htlv-I and htlv-II) have been introduced for routine use in human medicine. Recently, retroviral tests for a second feline retrovirus, the feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) have been introduced in veterinary medicine. General principles of sensitivity, specificity, true-positive and -negative rates, false-positive and -negative rates, and positive and negative predictive values apply to all methods used for detection of retroviral infections.
Evaluation of feline leukemia virus diagnostic tests available for in-office use by veterinarians
Authors: Swango Larry J.
Published: December 2023

Blood samples from cats were tested for FeLV group-specific antigen by use of an indirect immunojluorescent antibody (ifa) test, elisa, or both. Several elisa kits were evaluated as they would be used in a veterinary clinic, and some elisa kits were compared with an ifa test for agreement of results. Good agreement of results was evident among the commercially available elisa kits; results for most blood samples were clearly negative or decidely positive. Occasionally, test results were equivocal and retesting was necessary to obtain clear interpretation. Negative results are highly reliable, which makes elisa valuable screening tests for FeLV in healthy cats. Results of tests on blood from healthy cats in Alabama indicated positivity rate of 4.0% in 1978 with an ifa test and 4.8% with elisa in 1988 through 1989. Infection rate in sick cats ranged from 11.6 to 35.8%. The frequency of positive test results for FeLV in cats tested at Auburn University decreased from a 5-year average of 27.7% during 1980 through 1984 to a 5-year average of 14.9% during 1986 through 1990; the rate in 1990 was 11.6%.
Evaluation of efficacy and safety of an inactivated virus vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Hines David L. , Cutting John A. , Dietrich Deborah L. , Walsh James A.
Published: December 2023

An inactivated virus vaccine was developed for prevention of FeLV infection in domestic cats. When given in 2 doses, 3 weeks apart, to cats that were ≥9 weeks old at the time of first vaccination, the vaccine prevented persistent viremia from developing in 132 of 144 (92%) vaccinates after oronasal challenge exposure with virulent FeLV. In contrast, persistent viremia developed after oronasal challenge exposure with FeLV in 39 of 45 (87%) age-matched nonvaccinated control cats. Transient viremia, indicated by early detection of p27 by elisa in serum of cats protected from persistent viremia at 12 weeks after challenge exposure, was found in 10 of 132 (8%) vaccinates. Cats that were aviremic 12 to 16 weeks after challenge exposure were examined for reactivation of latent FeLV infection; 4 weekly doses of methylprednisolone were administered, followed by in vitro culture of bone marrow cells. Latent infection was readily reactivated in 6 of 8 (75%) nonvaccinated control cats that had been transiently viremic after challenge exposure. However, latent infection was reactivated in only 5 of 48 (10%) protected vaccinates, and in none of 38 vaccinates in which transient viremia had not been detected. In a safety field trial, only 34 mild reactions of short duration were observed after administration of 2,379 doses of vaccine to cats of various ages, breeds, and vaccination history, for a 1.43% reaction rate. Results indicate that the aforementioned inactivated virus vaccine is safe and efficacious for the prevention of infection with FeLV.
Biomechanical evaluation of acrylic external skeletal fixation in dogs and cats
Authors: Okrasinski E. B. , Pardo A. D. , Graehler R. A.
Published: December 2023

Acrylic external skeletal fixators (esf) were compared with Kirschner esf in biomechanical tests. A 2-cm unilateral acrylic esf was found to be superior to medium Kirschner esf in compression and shear loads. Acrylic esf performed as well as Kirschner esf in torsion loads. Acrylic esf were used on 11 dogs and cats for repair of long bone fractures, for arthrodesis, or for immobilization of joints following ligament or tendon surgery. There were no complications associated with the use of acrylic esf. Acrylic esf offers the advantage of reduced cost, improved versatility, and simplified application technique when compared with Kirschner esf.
Septic tenosynovitis in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989)
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , Schumacher Jim , Cohen Noah D. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Taylor Tex S.
Published: December 2023

The medical records of 25 horses with septic tenosynovitis treated over 7 years (1983 to 1989) were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to treatment. The median age of horses with septic tenosynovitis was 5 years (range, 1 month to 21 years). Fourteen fore limbs and 11 hind limbs were affected.

Sepsis was located in the sheath of the digital flexor tendons of 22 horses. Sepsis was located in the sheath of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (1 horse), sheath of the long digital extensor tendon (1 horse), or sheath of the common digital extensor tendon (1 horse) in the remaining horses.

Nine horses received only medical treatment, using a combination of broad-spectrum parenterally administered antimicrobial drugs (8 of 9 horses), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (8 of 9 horses), or irrigation of the wound (4 of 9 horses). Fourteen horses were treated surgically with either transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (5 of 14 horses), lavage of the sheath after insertion of drains into the sheath (7 of 14 horses), or both (2 of 14 horses). All horses treated surgically were concurrently treated parenterally with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Two horses with septic tenosynovitis were not treated and were euthanatized at the owners' request.

Five horses were euthanatized before discharge from the hospital. Two horses (both treated medically) were lost to follow-up. Follow-up information was obtained for 18 horses, 6 to 55 months after discharge from the hospital. Of the 5 horses treated medically for which follow-up was available, 4 returned to their intended use (3 performance, 1 breeding), and 1 was being used for breeding rather than as intended for performance.

Of the 13 horses treated surgically, for which long-term follow-up information was available, 6 returned to their intended use (3 performance, 3 breeding), 3 were unable to return to their intended use (performance), and 4 horses used for performance prior to injury were retired for breeding.

Overall, 18 of the 23 horses (78%) for which long-term follow-up was available survived >6 months after discharge from the hospital. Ten of these horses (56%) returned to their intended use (6 performance and 4 breeding).
Seroprevalence of antibodies against encephalomyocarditis virus in swine of Iowa
Authors: Zimmerman Jeff J. , Owen William J. , Hill Howard T. , Beran George W.
Published: December 2023

A total of 2,614 swine from 104 herds located throughout Iowa were tested for antibodies against encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) by use of the microtitration serum neutralization test. The sample was composed of 587 sows and gilts and 2,027 finishing swine. A statistically significant (P < 0.002) difference was observed between prevalence in sows and gilts (17.2%) and that in finishing swine (12.2%). Breeding swine maintained in total confinement (20.5%) had significantly (P = 0.04) higher prevalence than did breeders maintained in other types of housing (12.1%), whereas prevalence in finishing swine raised in total confinement (6.4%) was significantly (P = 0.02) lower that in finishers not raised in total confinement (13.6%). Association was not detected between prevalence and herd size or between prevalence and season of the year. Adjusting for test specificity and sensitivity, the true prevalence of emcv infection in swine in Iowa was estimated to be 13.8% in breeding stock and 8.5% in finishing swine. On a herd basis, 89.4% (93/104) of the herds had one or more emcv-positive swine.
Thoracotomy in adult dairy cattle: 14 cases (1979-1991)
Authors: Ducharme Norm G. , Fubini Susan L. , Rebhun William C. , Beck Kathy A.
Published: December 2023

Fourteen cows were subjected to thoracotomy as an aid in the treatment of either septic pericarditis (n = 7) or unilateral pleuritis (fibrous or purulent; n = 7). Thoracic lesions were primary in 4 cows, secondary to traumatic reticuloperitonitis in 9 cows, and secondary to extension of a liver abscess in 1 cow. Thoracotomy was performed on 9 cows under local anesthesia. Surgery was performed on 5 cows under general anesthesia; 2 died during anesthesia, and 2 others were euthanatized. Of the 10 cows allowed to recover from surgery, 4 had pericarditis and 6 had pleuritis. Four cows with pleuritis had thoracic abscesses. All but 1 cow with pericarditis died or were euthanatized, and 5 of the 6 cows with pleuritis were discharged from the hospital. A year after surgery, 1 cow was culled because of infertility, and the other 5 cows were returned to production.
Microbiologic investigation of an epizootic of mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a dairy herd
Authors: Ruegg P. L. , Guterbock W. M. , Holmberg C. A. , Gay J. M. , Weaver L. D , Walton R. W.
Published: December 2023

An epizootic of subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens was investigated in a 1,000-cow dairy farm in California. Serratia marcescens was isolated from 13 to 18% of composite milk samples obtained from lactating dairy cows. During monthly milk sampling performed during a 4-month period, S marcescens was isolated from 38.8 to 62.3% of composite milk samples obtained from cows from which S marcescens was previously isolated. Few cows infected with S marcescens had evidence of clinical mastitis. Somatic cell count value was associated with isolation of S marcescens. Cows with somatic cell counts > 500,000 were 5.48 times as likely to have intramammary infections with S marcescens, compared with cows with somatic cell count ≤ 500,000. Lactation number also was associated with S marcescens intramammary infection. After adjusting for the effect of lactation number, cows with high somatic cell count values were 2.98 times as likely to have intramammary infection with S marcescens, compared with cows with low somatic cell counts. Infection with S marcescens was independent of days in lactation, production string, and daily milk production. Eleven months after the beginning of the epizootic, S marcescens was isolated from organic bedding samples obtained from the dairy. Despite numerous attempts, other sources of S marcescens could not be identified on this dairy.
Disposition of gentamicin administered intravenously to horses with sepsis
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Divers Thomas J. , Rossier Yves
Published: December 2023

Plasma concentration of gentamicin was measured 1, 4, and 6 hours after iv administration in 35 hospitalized adult horses on days 1, 3, 5, and 10 of treatment. The mean apparent elimination rate constant β was 0.53 ± 0.10h-1 on day 1 for horses with normal plasma creatinine concentration and 0.41 ± 0.13 h-1 for horses with abnormally high plasma creatinine concentration. There was no significant difference between β of the hospitalized horses and of 6 healthy horses treated with gentamicin, but total clearance for the hospitalized horses with normal plasma creatinine concentration was significantly greater than that of the healthy horses and the hospitalized horses with abnormally high plasma creatinine concentration. Gentamicin clearance was significantly correlated with plasma creatinine concentration for healthy horses and hospitalized horses, and β was significantly correlated with plasma creatinine concentration for hospitalized horses.

Twelve of the 35 hospitalized horses required an adjustment in gentamicin dosage. Ten required a reduction, 1 an increase, and 1 a change in dosage and interval with no net change in total daily dose. One horse of 35 (2.9%) developed signs compatible with nephrotoxicosis on day 14 of treatment, despite appropriate gentamicin concentrations on day 10.
Evaluation of survival times after limb amputation, with and without subsequent administration of cisplatin, for treatment of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 30 cases (1979-1990)
Authors: Thompson James P. , Fugent Madonna J.
Published: December 2023

Appendicular osteosarcoma was diagnosed in 30 dogs. Fifteen dogs were treated by limb amputation alone, and 15 dogs were treated by limb amputation followed by 2 doses of cisplatin given iv approximately 2 and 7 weeks after limb removal. Mean survival time after limb amputation alone ± sd was 190 ± 138 days (median, 168 days); 7 dogs survived longer than 6 months, and 3 dogs survived more than 1 year. Fourteen of 15 dogs treated by amputation and administration of cisplatin survived a mean of 315 ± 158 days (median, 290 days) after amputation, and 1 dog was still alive at 1,095 days; 13 dogs survived longer than 6 months and 5 dogs survived more than 1 year. Survival time was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in dogs given cisplatin.
Efficacy of ivermectin as an anthelmintic in leopard frogs
Authors: Letcher James , Glade Michael
Published: December 2023

Ivermectin administered cutaneously at dosages of 2 mg/kg of body weight eliminated nematode infections in leopard frogs. Three clinical trials were conducted. In the first trial, 5 groups of 11 frogs were given ivermectin im at dosages of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 2, or 20 mg/kg. All frogs given ivermectin im at dosages of 2.0 mg/kg or greater died. In trial 2, 44 frogs, allotted to 5 groups, were given ivermectin cutaneously at 0, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg. Cutaneously administered ivermectin was not toxic at dosages up to 20 mg/kg. In trial 3, nematode infections were eliminated in all 10 frogs treated cutaneously with ivermectin at 2.0 mg/kg.
Prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection after perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Griffin D. W. , Gregory C. R.
Published: December 2023

It has been reported that the prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) increases after perineal urethrostomy in male cats. Perineal urethrostomy, using a surgical technique preserving striated urethral sphincter function, was performed on 2 groups of cats. The first group consisted of healthy castrated cats. The second group of cats had recurrent or persistent urethral obstruction. All cats had normal urethral sphincter function after surgery, as measured by urethral pressure profilometry and electromyography. Long-term periodic urinalysis and bacterial culturing of urine was performed on all cats. Twenty-two percent of the previously obstructed cats had recurrent bacterial UTI, compared with none of the healthy cats. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that perineal urethrostomy per se does not predispose cats to bacterial UTI, but surgical alteration of the urethral meatus combined with an underlying uropathy may increase the prevalence of ascending bacterial UTI after surgery.
High- and low-challenge exposure doses used to compare intranasal and intramuscular administration of pseudorabies virus vaccine in passively immune pigs
Authors: Arellano Pablo E. , Morrison Robert B. , Molitor Thomas W. , Thawley David G.
Published: December 2023

We compared 3 modified-live pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine strains, administered by the intranasal (IN) or IM routes to 4- to 6-week-old pigs, to determine the effect of high- and low-challenge doses in these vaccinated pigs. At the time of vaccination, all pigs had passively acquired antibodies to PRV. Four experiments were conducted. Four weeks after vaccination, pigs were challenge-exposed IN with virulent virus strain Iowa S62. In experiments 1 and 2, a high challenge exposure dose (105.3 TCID50) was used, whereas in experiments 3 and 4, a lower challenge exposure dose (102.8 TCID50) was used. This low dose was believed to better simulate field conditions. After challenge exposure, pigs were evaluated for clinical signs of disease, weight gain, serologic response, and viral shedding.

When vaccinated pigs were challenge-exposed with a high dose of PRV, the duration of viral shedding was significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and body weight gain was greater in vaccinated pigs, compared with nonvaccinated challenge-exposed pigs. Pigs vaccinated IN shed PRV for fewer days than pigs vaccinated IM, but this difference was not significant. When vaccinated pigs were challenge-exposed with a low dose, significantly (P <0.05) fewer pigs vaccinated IN (51%) shed PRV, compared with pigs vaccinated IM (77%), or nonvaccinated pigs (94%). Additionally, the duration of viral shedding was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in pigs vaccinated IN, compared with pigs vaccinated IM or nonvaccinated pigs. The high challenge exposure dose of PRV may have overwhelmed the local immune response and diminished the advantages of the IN route of vaccination. Repeatable difference in the effect of vaccine strain was not detected in pigs challenge-exposed with low- or high-PRV doses. These findings suggested that the dose of challenge virus is critical for determining the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing the prevalence and duration of viral shedding after PRV infection, and that the route of vaccination plays a more important role than vaccine strain.
Bovine abortions attributable to Listeria ivanovii: Four cases (1988-1990)
Authors: Alexander Amy V. , Walker Richard L. , Johnson Bill J. , Charlton Bruce R. , Woods Leslie W.
Published: December 2023

During a 3-year period, 4 cases of bovine abortion attributable to Listeria ivanovii were diagnosed from 243 bovine fetuses submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated only once from a bovine fetus during this same time period. Pathologic findings were similar to those seen in abortions attributable to L monocytogenes. Consistent management factors were not recognized and breed susceptibility was not apparent. Listeria ivanovii is most often associated with abortions from sheep and is rarely reported from cattle. On the basis of findings in this study, L ivanovii must be included as a potential cause of bovine abortions.
Prevalence of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the United States
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Sacks Jerome M. , Weaver Amy L.
Published: December 2023

Goats from 28 states were tested for antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Of 3,790 goats, 1,175 (31%) tested positive, and of 196 herds tested, 143 (73%) had 1 or more seropositive members. This prevalence, based on serum samples from all goats in the participating herds, was lower than most rates reported in other studies. Such studies were based on fewer samples, incomplete sampling of herds, or smaller geographic base. Prevalence was highest in western Pacific and northern plains regions, increased with age to 3 years, was highest among goats on family-owned farms, and was lowest in the Angora breed. Differences in prevalence were not related to gender or size of herd.
Prevalence, type, and importance of splenic diseases in dogs: 1,480 cases (1985-1989)
Authors: Spangler W. L. , Culbertson M. R.
Published: December 2023

The prevalence data of splenic diseases from 3 sources were studied. Group 1 consisted of a general diagnostic survey of accessions submitted from private veterinary hospitals in California during a period of approximately 4 years and included 1,372 submissions of canine splenic tissue. Group 2 consisted of surgical splenectomy specimens from 92 dogs; the specimens were submitted to the laboratory for gross and histologic evaluation prior to fixation, and a questionnaire was subsequently sent to determine the outcome of the disease. Group 3 was made up of specimens of 105 splenic lesions derived from a large colony of Beagles with complete medical records and records of pathologic findings.

In this study, splenic hematoma and hyperplastic nodule, not hemangiosarcoma, made up the bulk of splenic lesions. Hemangiosarcoma was the most frequent neoplasm of the canine spleen, but the combined prevalence of all other splenic neoplasms was similar to that of hemangiosarcoma alone. Splenic hematoma and hemangiosarcoma were grossly indistinguishable in most cases. Hyperplastic lymphoid nodules and hematomas of the spleen appeared to represent a continuum. If that finding was correlated with microscopic splenic blood flow, specific causal relationship could be suggested. Prognostically, the live/dead ratio and mean survival of dogs with various splenic lesions differed significantly.
Relation between pharmacokinetics of amikacin sulfate and sepsis score in clinically normal and hospitalized neonatal foals
Authors: Wichtel Maureen G. , Breuhaus Babetta A. , Aucoin David
Published: December 2023

Pharmacokinetic values after iv administration of amikacin sulfate were determined for clinically normal and hospitalized foals during the first week of life. The relations between drug disposition and sepsis score and serum creatinine concentration also were studied. In clinically normal foals, differences in sepsis score, serum creatinine concentration, and pharmacokinetic variables of amikacin were not found between foals 1 to 3 and 4 to 7 days old. In hospitalized foals, sepsis score, serum creatinine concentration, area under the curve, area under the moment curve, and mean residence time were greater, and total clearance was decreased, compared with values in clinically normal foals. Sepsis score and serum creatinine concentration were inversely correlated to amikacin clearance and appeared to be useful indicators of altered drug disposition.
Comparison of mitotane treatment for adrenal tumor versus pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Marsha S. , Farver Thomas B.
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism to treatment with the adrenocorticolytic agent mitotane. Specifically, we looked for differences in response to treatment using this drug in dogs with adrenocortical tumors (adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism, ath) vs those with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (pdh). For inclusion in this study, each dog must have had clinical signs, data base laboratory abnormalities, and endocrine screening test results consistent with the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. Further, each dog had to have been treated for at least 6 months with mitotane and have histologic evidence for adrenocortical or pituitary neoplasia (all dogs were necropsied). Thirteen dogs with ath (8 carcinomas, 5 adenomas) were identified. The ages and body weights of these 13 dogs were computer-matched to 13 dogs with pdh. All dogs were initially treated with approximately 50 mg of mitotane/kg/d of body weight. Reexaminations were performed after 7, 30, 90, and 180 days of treatment.

Individual dosages varied widely after the initial 5 to 12 days of treatment. The mean (± sd) dose of mitotane (mg/kg/d) for the first 7 days of treatment was 47.5 ± 9.4 for dogs with ath vs 45.7 ± 11.9 for dogs with pdh. The mean plasma cortisol concentrations 1 hour after acth administration at the 7-day recheck were significantly higher in dogs with ath (502 ± 386 nmol/L) than in dogs with pdh (88 ± 94 nmol/L). At 30 days, the mean daily dose of mitotane and post-acth cortisol concentration were significantly greater in dogs with ath (28.8 ± 15.4 mg/kg/d; 392 ± 356 nmol/L, respectively) than in dogs with pdh (10.5 ± 7.5 mg/kg/d; 99 ± 72 nmol/L, respectively). After 90 days of treatment, these values were larger (25.3 ± 16.8 mg/kg/d; 340 ±193 nmol/L in dogs with ath vs those in dogs with pdh (5.4 ± 2.5 mg/kg/d, 110 ± 94 nmol/L) and again after 180 days (26.0 ± 22.1 mg/kg/d, 268 ± 152 nmol/L in dogs with ath vs 6.3 ± 3.4 mg/kg/d, 80 ± 116 nmol/L in dogs with pdh). Clinical signs were consistent with laboratory values, that is, cortisol control was not as good in dogs with ath as in the dogs with pdh. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that dogs with hyperadrenocorticism caused by ath are more resistant to mitotane than are dogs with pdh.
Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987-1990)
Authors: Murray Michael J.
Published: December 2023

Gastroendoscopy was performed on 111 horses (1 to 22 years old) that had signs of abdominal discomfort of variable duration and severity. At least 1 episode of colic had been observed within 48 hours of examination in 31 horses. Recurrent episodes of colic were observed in 28 horses within 2 to 10 days of examination, 31 horses within 11 to 30 days, 12 horses within 31 to 60 days, and in 9 horses at more than 60 days after the initial examination. Gastric ulceration was found in 91 of 111 horses examined. Other abnormalities involving the gastrointestinal tract or other abdominal viscera were not found on examination in 57 of 91 horses with gastric ulcers. The most frequent concurrent abnormalities found in the remaining 34 horses with gastric ulcers were impaction of the large colon (n = 6), colonic tympany (n = 6), peritonitis (n = 6), gastric impaction (n = 4), ileocecal intussusception (n = 3), small-colon impaction (n = 4), and proximal enteritis (n = 2). Thirteen horses with gastric ulceration underwent abdominal surgery, and in 5 horses, lesions were not found at surgery.

Gastric ulceration was determined to be the primary cause of colic in 31 horses on the basis of the lack of other abnormalities, clinical response to treatment with histamine type-2 receptor (H2) antagonists, and confirmation of improvement or resolution of gastric ulceration via endoscopy. Gastric ulceration was the suspected cause of colic in 26 other horses on the basis of the lack of other abnormalities, severity of lesions, and clinical response to treatment with H2 antagonists. Gastric ulceration was secondaly to another gastrointestinal disorder in 17 horses, and was unrelated to colic in 17 horses.
Toxicosis in horses after ingestion of hoary alyssum
Authors: Geor Raymond J. , Becker Roger L. , Kanara Edward W. , Hovda Lynn R. , Sweeney William H. , Winter Thomas F. , Rorick Jerre K. , Ruth George R. , Hope Esther , Murphy Michael J.
Published: December 2023

Fever, limb edema, and laminitis were observed in horses 18 to 36 hours after they consumed hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) under field and experimental conditions. Clinical signs were not observed in all horses that had ingested the plant. Diagnosis in the field cases was limited to observation of clinical signs and evidence of plant ingestion in hay or on pasture. In most cases, clinical remission was observed 2 to 4 days after empirical treatment, removal of the plant source, or both.
Surgical treatment of colic in American miniature horses: 15 cases (1980-1987)
Authors: Ragle Claude A. , Snyder Jack R. , Meagher Dennis M. , Honnas Clifford M.
Published: December 2023

A study of 15 American miniature horses (amh) that underwent surgical treatment for colic was performed. Information obtained from the medical records included signalment, clinical signs, type and location of gastrointestinal lesion, and postoperative complications. All 15 amh had intraluminal obstructions, attributable to feed impactions (11 horses), enteroliths (2), and sand (2). The most common location of obstruction was the small colon, which was involved in 9 of the 15 cases. All 15 amh survived and were discharged from the hospital. Six of the 15 amh underwent subsequent surgical treatment for abdominal disorders. Elapsed time between the first and second operations ranged from 1 month to 5 years. Intestinal adhesions were observed in all amh that were surgically treated twice. Thus, despite the fact that most of the amh had a simple intraluminal obstruction, 40% (n = 6) developed adhesions that required or complicated a second surgery. Of the 15 amh, 87% (n = 13) survived at least 12 months after the initial exploratory celiotomy. These findings suggest that most surgical abdominal conditions in amh can be corrected; however, precautions should be taken to avoid or minimize adhesion formation.
Immunogenicity and efficacy study of a commercial Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin
Authors: Chu Hsien-Jue , Chavez Lloyd G. , Blumer Barbara M. , Sebring Randal W. , Wasmoen Terri L. , Acree William M.
Published: December 2023

The immunogenicity and efficacy of a commercial Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin was evaluated for stimulation of the host immune response and protection against clinical disease associated with experimentally induced borreliosis in dogs. A total of 30 vaccinated and 24 control dogs were used in 3 separate studies. The vaccine was given im as two 1-ml doses separated by a 3-week interval. Two weeks or 5 months following the last vaccination, the dogs were challenge inoculated with 7 daily doses of a virulent preparation of a B burgdorferi field isolate through intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intradermal routes with or without glucocorticoid administration at the same time. The development of B burgdorferi spirochetemia and clinical disease in the dogs after challenge exposure was studied. Serum samples were obtained from the dogs at various times during the study for serum neutralizing antibody determination and protein immunoblot antibody assay against various geographic isolates of B burgdorferi. Challenge exposure induced limb/joint disorder, fever, anorexia, signs of depression, and B burgdorferi spirochetemia in the nonvaccinated control dogs. The vaccine was found to elicit cross-reactive serum neutralizing and protein immunoblot antibody responses in dogs to various isolates of B burgdorferi and to protect the vaccinated dogs against experimentally induced borreliosis.
Colostral transfer of Bacteroides nodosus antibodies in sheep
Authors: Bartram P. A. , Glenn J. S. , Lasslo L. L.
Published: December 2023

Ovine contagious foot rot may cause lameness in sheep, resulting in decreased wool growth and low weight gain. Affected neonatal lambs are difficult to treat, and treatment is labor intensive; thus, a method of prevention is warranted.

Vaccination of ewes with a multivalent vaccine in an oil adjuvant induced development of antibody to the somatic O antigen of Bacteroides nodosus, and this antibody was detected in serum of newborn lambs after consumption of colostrum from the vaccinated ewes. Antibody titers were determined in 48 unvaccinated ewe/lamb pairs, and in 50 once-vaccinated and 78 twice-vaccinated pairs. Serum and colostrum O-agglutinin titers to B nodosus were determined by a microtitration agglutination test. Lambs from vaccinated ewes had significantly (P < 0.05) higher O-agglutinin titers than those from unvaccinated ewes, and double vaccination of ewes resulted in the highest potentially protective titers (>1:2,400) in ewes and lambs.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis in dogs and cats: 240 cases (1989-1990)
Authors: Jones R. D. , Baynes R. E. , Nimitz C. T.
Published: December 2023

A search of medical records at the Georgia Animal Poison Information Center over a 19-month period revealed 240 cases of dog and cat exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaid). The most common nsaid consumed were ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, and indomethacin. The most common clinical signs of toxicosis were vomiting and diarrhea, cns depression, and circulatory manifestations. Pets are at risk from nsaid toxicosis through administration by the owners or accidental consumption of improperly stored drugs.
Effects of countercurrent scalding and postscald spray on the bacteriologic profile of raw chicken carcasses
Authors: James William O. , Prucha John C. , Brewer Robert L. , Williams W. Oliver , Christensen Walter A. , Thaler Alice M. , Hogue Allan T.
Published: December 2023

In June and September 1988, the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service sampled raw chicken carcasses at a federally inspected slaughter establishment in Puerto Rico to determine the effects of changing the scalding equipment on bacterial contents of raw poultry products. The scalding equipment was changed to a countercurrent configuration, with a postscald hot-water rinse cabinet that sprayed carcasses as they exited the scalder. Analysis of 250 carcass-rinse samples collected at preevisceration, prechill, and postchill sites over 7 days indicated that carcasses had mean aerobe plate counts of log103.73 before evisceration, 3.18 before chilling, and 2.87 after chilling; Enterobacteriaceae counts of log102.70 before evisceration, 2.25 before chilling, and 1.56 after chilling; and Escherichia coli counts of log102.09 before evisceration, 1.61 before chilling, and 0.89 after chilling. Salmonellae were found on 24% of the carcasses before evisceration, on 28% before chilling, and on 49% after chilling. Although bacterial count reductions were significant at all 3 sites, the proportion of carcasses contaminated with salmonellae in this study was higher at the postchill than prechill site (49 vs 28%). This no doubt was caused by cross-contamination in the chiller. These percentages indicated that although simple scalder changes contributed substantially to the improvement of the bacterial quality of chicken carcasses, additional interventions in the chilling process (such as chlorination of chill water) are important to control cross-contamination and to preserve the positive effects obtained by the scalder changes.
Ivermectin treatment of naturally acquired and experimentally induced Strongyloides stercoralis infections in dogs
Authors: Mansfield L. S. , Schad G. A.
Published: December 2023

Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection was investigated in 2 dogs with naturally acquired, chronic-active infections, and in 3 dogs with corticosteroid-enhanced, experimentally induced hyperinfections. A single oral dose of ivermectin was given to naturally infected (200 μg/kg of body weight) and experimentally infected (800 μg/kg) dogs. Five dogs with experimental hyperinfections served as controls. Dogs with naturally acquired infections ceased to shed first-stage larvae in the feces 1 week after treatment, but 1 dog had recrudescence and required a second dose. Ivermectin was 100% effective in removing adult S stercoralis from the intestinal tract of the experimentally infected dogs, but it was not effective in removing third-stage larvae from parenteral sites. lvermectin-treated dogs had few intestinal parasites of any stage, whereas at necropsy, 4 of 5 experimentally infected dogs not treated had massive infections (>100,000 adults, >92,000 larvae) in the intestinal tract, and 3 of 5 had larvae (>2,500) in parenteral sites.
Colopexy in broodmares: 44 cases (1986-1990)
Authors: Hance Stephen R. , Embertson Rolf M.
Published: December 2023

Colopexies were performed in 44 broodmares requiring abdominal surgery for large colonvolvulus or right dorsal displacement of the large colon. Colopexies were performed by suturing the lateral bands of the left and right ventral colon to the ventral abdominal wall. Forty-seven percent of the mares in which a colopexy was performed had previous surgery for a large colon volvulus or right dorsal displacement of the large colon. Postoperative complications considered directly associated with the colopexy procedure were intermittent abdominal pain in 7, reoperation in 5, subcutaneous fistulous tracts in 1, and catastrophic rupture of the left ventral colon in 2 horses. Thirty-six horses survived > 6 months after colopexy, 34 of which had complete follow-up examinations. Twenty-seven mares have foaled at least once subsequent to the colopexy procedure, totalling 40 foals. Colopexy was considered a viable technique to prevent recurrence of large colon displacement or volvulus in selected predisposed populations.
Salmonella infections in neonatal dairy calves
Authors: Lance Susan E. , Miller Gay Y. , Hancock Dale D. , Bartlett Paul C. , Heider Lawrence E.
Published: December 2023

To estimate herd prevalence of Salmonella spp, fecal specimens were obtained for culture from neonatal calves of 47 Ohio dairy herds. Of the 452 calves tested, 10 calves from 7 farms were culturepositive. Salmonella serotypes isolated were S dublin, S typhimurium, S enteritidis, S agona, S mbandaka, and S montevideo. Bulk tank milk filters from these dairies were also submitted for culture. Salmonella sp was isolated from 1 of the 50 filters, and 2 calves from this herd were found to be shedding Salmonella sp of the same serotype.
Comparison of the human and canine Schiotz tonometry conversion tables in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Pickett J. Phillip
Published: December 2023

Intraocular pressure (iop) was measured in 114 eyes of 57 clinically normal dogs with 2 applanation tonometers (Tono-Pen and Mackay-Marg) and the Schiotz indentation tonometer, using the 5.5- and 7.5-g weights. Significant differences were not detected between measurements obtained with the Tono-Pen and Mackay-Marg tonometers the Mackay-Marg and Schiotz tonometers using either weight and conversion with the human calibration table, or the Tono-Pen and Schiotz tonometers using the 7.5-g weight and the human calibration table. Values obtained by use of the Tono-Pen tonometer were significantly less (P < 0.005) than values obtained with the Schiotz tonometer when a 5.5-g weight and the human calibration table were used, but the amount was clinically unimportant. Estimates of iop using the Schiotz tonometer and the canine calibration table, and either the 5.5− or 7.5-g weight were clinically and significantly much higher (P < 0.0001) than estimates obtained with the Tono-Pen, Mackay-Marg, or Schiotz tonometers, using the human calibration table and either weight. Sixty to 70% of clinically normal dogs had an iop ≥ 30 mm of Hg when Schiotz scale measurements were converted with the canine conversion table. For clinically normal dogs, the human calibration table was the most clinically useful table for converting Schiotz tonometer measurements to mm of Hg. Normal mean (± sd) canine readings with the Schiotz tonometer and the 5.5-g weight was 4.9 ± 1.5 tonometerscale units (range, 2 to 11; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 7.9). Converted means (± sd) for clinically normal dogs with the 5.5-g weight were 18.0 ± 4.1 mm of Hg (range, 6 to 29; 95% confidence interval, 9.8 to 26.2) with the human calibration table, and 30.9 ± 4.7 mm of Hg (range, 17 to 43; 95% confidence interval, 21.5 to 40.3) with the canine conversion table.