bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upper ocean oxygenation dynamics from I/Ca ratios during the Cenomanian‐Turonian OAE 2
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Jenkyns Hugh C. , Owens Jeremy D. , Junium Christopher K. , Zheng Xin‐Yuan , Sageman Bradley B. , Hardisty Dalton S. , Lyons Timothy W. , Ridgwell Andy , Lu Zunli
Published: April 2015

Global warming lowers the solubility of gases in the ocean and drives an enhanced hydrological cycle with increased nutrient loads delivered to the oceans, leading to increases in organic production, the degradation of which causes a further decrease in dissolved oxygen. In extreme cases in the geological past, this trajectory has led to catastrophic marine oxygen depletion during the so‐called oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). How the water column oscillated between generally oxic conditions and local/global anoxia remains a challenging question, exacerbated by a lack of sensitive redox proxies, especially for the suboxic window. To address this problem, we use bulk carbonate I/Ca to reconstruct subtle redox changes in the upper ocean water column at seven sites recording the Cretaceous OAE 2. In general, I/Ca ratios were relatively low preceding and during the OAE interval, indicating deep suboxic or anoxic waters exchanging directly with near‐surface waters. However, individual sites display a wide range of initial values and excursions in I/Ca through the OAE interval, reflecting the importance of local controls and suggesting a high spatial variability in redox state. Both I/Ca and an Earth System Model suggest that the northeast proto‐Atlantic had notably higher oxygen levels in the upper water column than the rest of the North Atlantic, indicating that anoxia was not global during OAE 2 and that important regional differences in redox conditions existed. A lack of correlation with calcium, lithium, and carbon isotope records suggests that neither enhanced global weathering nor carbon burial was a dominant control on the I/Ca proxy during OAE 2.
Calibrating the magnitude of the Toarcian carbon cycle perturbation
Authors: Suan Guillaume , van de Schootbrugge Bas , Adatte Thierry , Fiebig Jens , Oschmann Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

Sedimentary rocks recording the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T‐OAE) are marked by a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) reaching up to −7‰ and ranking among the largest known in the Phanerozoic. These records suggest a dramatic perturbation of the carbon cycle that has been linked to the transfer of juvenile carbon from the endogenic to the exogenic reservoirs. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the Toarcian CIE varies significantly from one substrate to another, hence complicating mass balance evaluation of the potential driving mechanisms. Here we show, using high‐resolution, paired records of δ13Ctotal organic carbon (TOC) and hydrogen index from the Denkingen core and Dotternhausen quarry (Germany), that the amplitude of the negative CIE in marine organic matter is considerably exaggerated by changes in organic matter sourcing. Our corrected 3–4‰ CIE implies a constant carbon isotope fractionation between organic and carbonate carbon across the T‐OAE and may point to a prominent role of cyanobacteria as organic matter producers during the Early Jurassic. These results also suggest that the difference between inorganic and organic carbon isotope values in marine strata constitutes a poor proxy of pCO2 levels across the T‐OAE. Moreover, this corrected 3–4‰ CIE, together with evidence for >5°C seawater warming across the T‐OAE, point to the input of >25,000 Gt C with much more 13C‐enriched signature than previously modeled. Our results thus allow reconciling inorganic and organic δ13C records of the T‐OAE and have important implications for the evaluation of their causal mechanisms.
Modeling the release of E. coli D21g with transients in water content
Authors: Bradford Scott A. , Wang Yusong , Torkzaban Saeed , Šimůnek Jiri
Published: April 2015

Transients in water content are well known to mobilize colloids that are retained in the vadose zone. However, there is no consensus on the proper model formulation to simulate colloid release during drainage and imbibition. We present a model that relates colloid release to changes in the air‐water interfacial area (Aaw) with transients in water content. Colloid release from the solid‐water interface (SWI) is modeled in two steps. First, a fraction of the colloids on the SWI partitions to the mobile aqueous phase and air‐water interface (AWI) when the Aaw increases during drainage. Second, colloids that are retained on the AWI or at the air‐water‐solid triple line are released during imbibition as the AWI is destroyed. The developed model was used to describe the release of Escherichia coli D21g during cycles of drainage and imbibition under various saturation conditions. Simulations provided a reasonable description of experimental D21g release results. Only two model parameters were optimized to the D21g release data: (i) the cell fraction that was released from the SWI (fr) and (ii) the cell fraction that partitioned from the SWI to the AWI (fawi). Numerical simulations indicated that cell release was proportional to fr and the initial amount of retention on the SWI and AWI. Drainage to a lower water content enhanced cell release, especially during subsequent imbibition, because more bacteria on the SWI were partitioned to the AWI and/or aqueous phase. Imbibition to a larger water content produced greater colloid release because of higher flow rates, and more destruction of the AWI (smaller Aaw). Variation in the value of fawi was found to have a pronounced influence on the amount of cell release in both drainage and imbibition due to changes in the partitioning of cells from the SWI to the aqueous phase and the AWI.
Devastation of aquifers from tsunami‐like storm surge by Supertyphoon Haiyan
Authors: Cardenas M. Bayani , Bennett Philip C. , Zamora Peter B. , Befus Kevin M. , Rodolfo Raymond S. , Cabria Hillel B. , Lapus Mark R.
Published: April 2015

The northwest Pacific Ocean is a hot spot for sea level rise and increasing frequency of stronger storms. It is where Supertyphoon Haiyan formed, the strongest storm to hit land, which provided a window into the hydrologic impacts of an extreme storm. Through detailed documentation of flood levels, groundwater table elevations and salinity, electrical resistivity, and modeling, we found that Haiyan's storm surge reached 7 m above sea level along Samar Island, Philippines, which led to contamination of crucial aquifers by infiltrating seawater. A contaminated surficial aquifer will take years to recover. Groundwater in an underlying deeper aquifer saw widespread contamination immediately after the storm, but here salinity has decreased significantly after 8 months. However, this deeper aquifer remains vulnerable to seawater slowly percolating through the surficial aquifer. As warmer seas generate more powerful storms, the vulnerability of aquifers to persistent contamination from intense storm surges is a growing concern for coastal communities.
Effects of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the Henry's law constant of triethylamine
Authors: Leng Chun‐Bo , Roberts Jason E. , Zeng Guang , Zhang Yun‐Hong , Liu Yong
Published: April 2015

The Henry's law constants (KH) of triethylamine (TEA) in pure water and in 1‐octanol were measured for the temperatures pertinent to the lower troposphere (278–298 K) using a bubble column system coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The KH values of TEA in water and 1‐octanol at 298 K are 5.75 ± 0.86 mol L−1 atm−1 and 115.62 ± 5.78 mol L−1 atm−1. The KH values display strong dependence on temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The characteristic times for TEA to establish an equilibrium between gas and droplet with a size of 5.6 µm are ~33 s (298 K, pH = 5.6); ~8.9 × 102 s (278 K, pH = 5.6); ~1.3 × 103 s (298 K, pH = 4.0); and 3.6 × 104 s (278 K, pH = 4.0). The evaluation of TEA partitioning between gas phase and condensed phase implies that TEA predominantly resides in rainwater, and TEA loss to organic aerosol is negligible.
Altimeter‐derived seasonal circulation on the southwest Atlantic shelf: 27°–43°S
Authors: Strub P. Ted , James Corinne , Combes Vincent , Matano Ricardo P. , Piola Alberto R. , Palma Elbio D. , Saraceno Martin , Guerrero Raul A. , Fenco Harold , Ruiz‐Etcheverry Laura A.
Published: April 2015

Altimeter sea surface height (SSH) fields are analyzed to define and discuss the seasonal circulation over the wide continental shelf in the SW Atlantic Ocean (27°–43°S) during 2001–2012. Seasonal variability is low south of the Rio de la Plata (RdlP), where winds and currents remain equatorward for most of the year. Winds and currents in the central and northern parts of our domain are also equatorward during autumn and winter but reverse to become poleward during spring and summer. Transports of shelf water to the deep ocean are strongest during summer offshore and to the southeast of the RdlP. Details of the flow are discussed using mean monthly seasonal cycles of winds, heights, and currents, along with analyses of Empirical Orthogonal Functions. Principle Estimator Patterns bring out the patterns of wind forcing and ocean response. The largest part of the seasonal variability in SSH signals is due to changes in the wind forcing (described above) and changes in the strong boundary currents that flow along the eastern boundary of the shelf. The rest of the variability contains a smaller component due to heating and expansion of the water column, concentrated in the southern part of the region next to the coast. Our results compare well to previous studies using in situ data and to results from realistic numerical models of the regional circulation.
Hyporheic zone hydrologic science: A historical account of its emergence and a prospectus
Authors: Cardenas M. Bayani
Published: April 2015

The hyporheic zone, defined by shallow subsurface pathways through river beds and banks beginning and ending at the river, is an integral and unique component of fluvial systems. It hosts myriad hydrologically controlled processes that are potentially coupled in complex ways. Understanding these processes and the connections between them is critical since these processes are not only important locally but integrate to impact increasingly larger scale biogeochemical functioning of the river corridor up to the river network scale. Thus, the hyporheic zone continues to be a growing research focus for many hydrologists for more than half the history of Water Resources Research. This manuscript partly summarizes the historical development of hyporheic zone hydrologic science as gleaned from papers published in Water Resources Research, from the birth of the concept of the hyporheic zone as a hydrologic black box (sometimes referred to as transient storage zone), to its adolescent years of being torn between occasionally competing research perspectives of interrogating the hyporheic zone from a surface or subsurface view, to its mature emergence as an interdisciplinary research field that employs the wide array of state‐of‐the‐art tools available to the modern hydrologist. The field is vibrant and moving in the right direction of addressing critical fundamental and applied questions with no clear end in sight in its growth. There are exciting opportunities for scientists that are able to tightly link the allied fields of geology, geomorphology, hydrology, geochemistry, and ecology to tackle the many open problems in hyporheic zone science.
ULSAS—Suspension, A Comparison of Rear Suspension Design
Authors: Wallentowitz Henning
Published: April 2015

The international steel industry ordered a research project to develop lightweight rear axle suspensions made out of steel only. The target was to reach 20% weight reduction without cost penalty, compared with existing steel concept, or to reach 20% cost reduction at the same weight, compared with aluminum suspensions.

This research project delivered analysis of existing axles and corresponding proposals and fulfilled the requested conditions. In addition, many technical proposals to improve the axle design have been published. This research report is still a source of design ideas for future cars.
Active Front Steering for Passenger Cars
Authors: Wiedmann Matthias
Published: April 2015

The steering system is the major link between the driver and the road. In this function, it affects driving feel, safety, and comfort. In the past, there have been major improvements in the form of hydraulic power steering, variable‐assist power steering, and last but not least electronic power steering with its wide tuning range. To achieve a specific driving feel, the best way is to vary the steering torque as well as the steering angle. To vary the required steering angle, an angle superimposition system is needed. With such a system, further various functions have become possible, such as variable steering ratio and active steering stabilization.
Passive and Active Limited Slip Differentials
Authors: Palazzolo Joseph
Published: April 2015

Limited slip differentials (LSDs) were developed to overcome the deficiencies of an open differential in extreme vehicle conditions where traction was limited. The most common example is a slippery surface on one of the drive wheels with a nonslippery surface on the drive wheel. In this situation, the wheel on the slippery surface will spin, whereas the other wheel will provide very little assistance and the vehicle is basically unable to propel forward. There are many different styles and means of overcoming this condition. The LSDs can be broken into two main categories of active and passive types. The most common styles are reviewed along with the pertinent equations to predict and model their behavior.
Hardware‐in‐the‐Loop Simulation
Authors: Köhl Susanne , Plöger Markus
Published: April 2015

In the last 20 years, hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL) simulation has become an integral part of the electronic control unit (ECU) software development process for both original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers. In many companies, successfulHILtests are even the precondition for system approval. At the present time, the main requirements forHILsimulation systems are

versatility for different test tasks;

flexibility duringHILtesting due to changing workflows;

reduced time to market for newECUsoftware;

management of increasing vehicle function complexity.

This chapter introducesHILsimulation and describes its objectives, as well as the different roles involved. The hardware and software components (SWCs) ofHILsimulation are also presented, with an explanation on how to successfully integrateHILtests into the existing development process. The chapter concludes by looking at futureHILsimulation requirements.
Interfaces between Sensors and
ECUs
Authors: Hoshika Hiroaki , Igarashi Shinya
Published: April 2015

This chapter explains interfaces between sensors and Electronic Control Units (ECUs). Requirement and classifications of interfaces, analog interfaces, pulse interfaces, serial communication interfaces (pulse code modulation), and network nodes are described.
Voltage Control and Frequency Control
Authors: Rehtanz Christian , Rolink Johannes , Horenkamp Willi
Published: April 2015

Electric vehicles (EVs) are nowadays treated as potential candidates for providing ancillary services. Owing to their storage capability, they are able to store energy in times of overproduction, especially from renewable energy sources, and to restore it, for example, when the volatile feed‐in is low. Thereby,
EVs
can help to maintain and improve the quality, reliability, and stability of the supply system. This means a paradigm shift because generally ancillary services are not provided from the low‐voltage grid. This chapter discusses these services and how electric vehicles can contribute to them. The main focus is on voltage and frequency control. For the analysis, the German perspective is chosen. First of all, voltage control is discussed briefly. This is followed by an overview of the current regulatory framework for providing frequency control in Germany. Eventually, a basic analysis of the technical potential of electric vehicles is presented taking into account the different types of control power.
Adaptive sensor and actuator fault estimation for a class of uncertain Lipschitz nonlinear systems
Authors: Defoort Michael , Veluvolu Kalyana C. , Rath Jagat J. , Djemai Mohamed
Published: April 2015

This paper deals with state and fault estimations for a class of uncertain Lipschitz nonlinear systems. The proposed scheme combines a descriptor form observer and an adaptive sliding mode observer. The adaptive descriptor sliding approach is proposed to jointly estimate the state and reconstruct the sensor fault while rejecting the effect of uncertainties and Lipschitz nonlinearities. Using a Lyapunov analysis, the stability condition is analyzed and the observer gains are designed such that the reduced–order system is practically stable. Then, an adaptive super‐twisting observer is derived to reconstruct the actuator faults. The main feature of the proposed adaptive scheme is that it does not overestimate the observer gains, which mitigates chattering in the presence of bounded uncertainties, actuator, and sensor faults with unknown boundaries. Simulation results for a robotic manipulator show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Probe as Surface Glycan Marker of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Research Outcomes and Application to Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Hirabayashi Jun , Tateno Hiroaki , Onuma Yasuko , Ito Yuzuru
Published: April 2015

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), represented by embryonic stem (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are attracting increasing attention in various research fields. However, their application in a clinical scenario must overcome an important hurdle given that these cells are potentially tumorigenic. This inherent problem becomes more significant as the number of transplanted cells becomes larger. In this Progress Report, recent findings concerning a novel glycan marker for hPSCs are described, as well as attempts made in relation to its practical application to regenerative medicine. In line with current thinking in the glycoscience field, it is assumed that cellular glycomes are closely related to cell functions. Based on this premise, hESCs and hiPSCs are analyzed by an advanced glycan profiling technology—the high‐density lectin microarray. It is found that all human iPSCs derived from different tissular origins show essentially the same glycan profiles, which are typified by several characteristic structural features. In addition, a recombinant lectin probe, rBC2LCN, which shows rigorous specificity to H type 1 and 3 glycan structures, is found to serve as an excellent probe for hPSCs.
Examples of Molecular Self‐Assembly at Surfaces
Authors: Whitelam Stephen
Published: April 2015

The self‐assembly of molecules at surfaces can be caused by a range of physical mechanisms. Assembly can be driven by intermolecular forces, or molecule‐surface forces, or both; it can result in structures that are in equilibrium or that are kinetically trapped. Here we review examples of self‐assembly at surfaces focusing on a physical understanding of what causes patterns seen in experiment. Some apparently disparate systems can be described in similar physical terms, indicating that simple factors – such as the geometry and energy scale of intermolecular binding – are key to understanding the self‐assembly of those systems.
A Versatile Environmental Impedimetric Sensor for Ultrasensitive Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Highly Toxic Inorganic Ions
Authors: Chen Xing , Guo Zheng , Liu Zhong‐Gang , Jiang Yu‐Jing , Zhan Dong‐Ping , Liu Jin‐Huai , Huang Xing‐Jiu
Published: April 2015

An impedimetric sensor for persistent toxic substances, including organic pollutants and toxic inorganic ions is presented. The persistent toxic substances are detected using an ultrasensitive technique that is based on electron‐transfer blockage. This depends on the formation of guest–host complexes, hydrogen bonding, or a cyclodextrin (CD)‐metal complex (Mm(OH)n−β‐CD) structure between the target pollutants and β‐CD.
Extreme Flexibility in a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework: Porous to Dense Phase Transition in Desolvated ZIF‐4
Authors: Wharmby Michael T. , Henke Sebastian , Bennett Thomas D. , Bajpe Sneha R. , Schwedler Inke , Thompson Stephen P. , Gozzo Fabia , Simoncic Petra , Mellot‐Draznieks Caroline , Tao Haizheng , Yue Yuanzheng , Cheetham Anthony K.
Published: April 2015

Desolvated zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF‐4(Zn) undergoes a discontinuous porous to dense phase transition on cooling through 140 K, with a 23 % contraction in unit cell volume. The structure of the non‐porous, low temperature phase was determined from synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction data and its density was found to be slightly less than that of the densest ZIF phase, ZIF‐zni. The mechanism of the phase transition involves a cooperative rotation of imidazolate linkers resulting in isotropic framework contraction and pore space minimization. DFT calculations established the energy of the new structure relative to those of the room temperature phase and ZIF‐zni, while DSC measurements indicate the entropic stabilization of the porous room temperature phase at temperatures above 140 K.
Acylsulfonamide‐Functionalized Zwitterionic Gold Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cellular Uptake at Tumor pH
Authors: Mizuhara Tsukasa , Saha Krishnendu , Moyano Daniel F. , Kim Chang Soo , Yan Bo , Kim Young‐Kwan , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: April 2015

A nanoparticle design featuring pH‐responsive alkoxyphenyl acylsulfonamide ligands is reported herein. As a result of ligand structure, this nanoparticle is neutral at pH 7.4, becoming positively charged at tumor pH (<6.5). The particle uptake and cytotoxicity increase over this pH range. This pH‐controlled uptake and toxicity makes this particle a promising tool for tumor selective therapy.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Chan–Lam Coupling Reactions of Aryl Boronic Acids and Aniline Derivatives
Authors: Yoo Woo‐Jin , Tsukamoto Tatsuhiro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: April 2015

The copper(II)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reaction between aryl boronic acids and aniline derivatives was found to be improved significantly under visible‐light‐mediated photoredox catalysis. The substrate scope of this oxidative Chan–Lam reaction was thus expanded to include electron‐deficient aryl boronic acids as viable starting materials.
Targeted Histone Peptides: Insights into the Spatial Regulation of the Methyltransferase PRC2 by using a Surrogate of Heterotypic Chromatin
Authors: Brown Zachary Z. , Müller Manuel M. , Kong Ha Eun , Lewis Peter W. , Muir Tom W.
Published: April 2015

Eukaryotic genomes are dynamically regulated through a host of epigenetic stimuli. The substrate for these epigenetic transactions, chromatin, is a polymer of nucleosome building blocks. In native chromatin, each nucleosome can differ from its neighbors as a result of covalent modifications to both the DNA and the histone packaging proteins. The heterotypic nature of chromatin presents a formidable obstacle to biochemical studies seeking to understand the role of context on epigenetic regulation. A chemical approach to the production of heterotypic chromatin that can be used in such studies is introduced. This method involves the attachment of a user‐defined modified histone peptide to a designated nucleosome within the polymer by using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) targeting compound. This strategy was applied to dissect the effect of chromatin context on the activity of the histone methyltransferase PRC2. The results show that PRC2 can be stimulated to produce histone H3 methylation from a defined nucleation site.
Sampling of Glycan‐Bound Conformers by the Anti‐HIV Lectin Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin in the Absence of Sugar
Authors: Carneiro Marta G. , Koharudin Leonardus M. I. , Ban David , Sabo T. Michael , Trigo‐Mourino Pablo , Mazur Adam , Griesinger Christian , Gronenborn Angela M. , Lee Donghan
Published: April 2015

Lectins from different sources have been shown to interfere with HIV infection by binding to the sugars of viral‐envelope glycoproteins. Three‐dimensional atomic structures of a number of HIV‐inactivating lectins have been determined, both as free proteins and in glycan‐bound forms. However, details on the mechanism of recognition and binding to sugars are elusive. Herein we focus on the anti‐HIV lectin OAA from Oscillatoria agardhii: We show that in the absence of sugars in solution, both the sugar‐free and sugar‐bound protein conformations that were observed in the X‐ray crystal structures exist as conformational substates. Our results suggest that glycan recognition occurs by conformational selection within the ground state; this model differs from the popular “excited‐state” model. Our findings provide further insight into molecular recognition of the major receptor on the HIV virus by OAA. These details can potentially be used for the optimization and/or development of preventive anti‐HIV therapeutics.
Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death by Chemotherapeutic Platinum Complexes
Authors: Wong Daniel Yuan Qiang , Ong Wendy Wei Fang , Ang Wee Han
Published: April 2015

There is compelling evidence suggesting that the immune‐modulating effects of many conventional chemotherapeutics, including platinum‐based agents, play a crucial role in achieving clinical response. One way in which chemotherapeutics can engage a tumor‐specific immune response is by triggering an immunogenic mode of tumor cell death (ICD), which then acts as an “anticancer vaccine”. In spite of being a mainstay of chemotherapy, there has not been a systematic attempt to screen both existing and upcoming Pt agents for their ICD ability. A library of chemotherapeutically active Pt agents was evaluated in an in vitro phagocytosis assay, and no correlation between cytotoxicity and phagocytosis was observed. A PtII N‐heterocyclic carbene complex was found to display the characteristic hallmarks of a type II ICD inducer, namely focused oxidative endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calreticulin exposure, and both HMGB1 and ATP release, and thus identified as the first small‐molecule immuno‐chemotherapeutic agent.
A Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed CH Activation Cascade Sequence for Polyheterocycle Formation
Authors: Cooper Stephen P. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I.
Published: April 2015

Polyheterocycles are found in many natural products and are useful moieties in functional materials and drug design. As part of a program towards the synthesis of Stemona alkaloids, a novel palladium(II)‐catalyzed CH activation strategy for the construction of such systems has been developed. Starting from simple 1,3‐dienyl‐substituted heterocycles, a large range of polycyclic systems containing pyrrole, indole, furan and thiophene moieties can be synthesized in a single step.
Photooxidizing Chromium Catalysts for Promoting Radical Cation Cycloadditions
Authors: Stevenson Susan M. , Shores Matthew P. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: April 2015

The photooxidizing capabilities of selected CrIII complexes for promoting radical cation cycloadditions are described. These complexes have sufficiently long‐lived excited states to oxidize electron‐rich alkenes, thereby initiating [4+2] processes. These metal species augment the spectrum of catalysts explored in photoredox systems, as they feature unique properties that can result in differential reactivity from the more commonly employed ruthenium or iridium catalysts.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed [3+2]/[5+2] Annulation of 4‐Aryl 1,2,3‐Triazoles with Internal Alkynes through Dual C(sp2)H Functionalization
Authors: Yang Yuan , Zhou Ming‐Bo , Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Pi Rui , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: April 2015

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed [3+2]/[5+2] annulation of 4‐aryl 1‐tosyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with internal alkynes is presented. This transformation provides straightforward access to indeno[1,7‐cd]azepine architectures through a sequence involving the formation of a rhodium(III) azavinyl carbene, dual C(sp2)H functionalization, and [3+2]/[5+2] annulation.
Postsynthetic Improvement of the Physical Properties in a Metal–Organic Framework through a Single Crystal to Single Crystal Transmetallation
Authors: Grancha Thais , Ferrando‐Soria Jesús , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Gascon Jorge , Seoane Beatriz , Pasán Jorge , Fabelo Oscar , Julve Miguel , Pardo Emilio
Published: April 2015

A single crystal to single crystal transmetallation process takes place in the three‐dimensional (3D) metal–organic framework (MOF) of formula MgII2{MgII4[CuII2(Me3mpba)2]3}⋅45 H2O (1; Me3mpba4−=N,N′‐2,4,6‐trimethyl‐1,3‐phenylenebis(oxamate)). After complete replacement of the MgII ions within the coordination network and those hosted in the channels by either CoII or NiII ions, 1 is transmetallated to yield two novel MOFs of formulae Co2II{CoII4[CuII2(Me3mpba)2]3}⋅56 H2O (2) and Ni2II{NiII4[CuII2(Me3mpba)2]3}⋅ 54 H2O (3). This unique postsynthetic metal substitution affords materials with higher structural stability leading to enhanced gas sorption and magnetic properties.
Palladium(0)/PAr3‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of C(sp3)H Bonds: Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids
Authors: He Jian , Shigenari Toshihiko , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: April 2015

An intermolecular C(sp3)H amination using a Pd0/PAr3 catalyst was developed. The reaction begins with oxidative addition of R2NOBz to a Pd0/PAr3 catalyst and subsequent cleavage of a C(sp3)H bond by the generated PdNR2 intermediate. The catalytic cycle proceeds without the need for external oxidants in a similar manner to the extensively studied palladium(0)‐catalyzed CH arylation reactions. The electron‐deficient triarylphosphine ligand is crucial for this C(sp3)H amination reaction to occur.
To what extent the presence of real‐strength tropical cyclones influences the estimation of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation intensity?
Authors: Bi Mingyu , Li Tim , Shen Xinyong , Peng Melinda
Published: April 2015

An idealized dataset that contains a background seasonal mean state, a reference intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) state and real‐strength tropical cyclones (TCs) was constructed, in order to examine to what extent the presence of the real‐strength TCs may impact the overall ISO strength over the western North Pacific. The averaged ISO strength (measured by combined 850‐hPa zonal and meridional wind fields) increases by 9% when the realistic TCs are included. The percentage increase of the overall ISO strength depends on the variable used. It is doubled (reduced to 3%) when the vorticity (stream function) is used as the estimated variable.
Preparing augmented reality learning content should be easy: UNED ARLE—an authoring tool for augmented reality learning environments
Authors: Cubillo Joaquín , Martin Sergio , Castro Manuel , Boticki Ivica
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate how an augmented reality learning environment system (UNED ARLE) can be used both by teachers and students to add virtual content into educational resources and how can it serve as a tool for acquiring knowledge, motivating and encouraging students. UNED ARLE is used to add contextualized virtual content (3D objects, animated 3D objects, videos, sound files and images) and the accompanying descriptions or narratives into printed material, thereby enriching existing content without any programming skills. This study recruited 44 students of advanced and intermediate cycles of vocational training and two teachers. It analyses UNED ARLE by examining the interaction between teachers and the system and by comparing the results of two groups of students. The study concludes that the students who used UNED ARLE show significantly better learning achievements compared to the traditional system. In regards to the teachers, the study shows that incorporating multimedia resources into augmented reality is directly influenced by their knowledge of this technology, due to the difficulty of developing new virtual objects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:778–789, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21650
Manage legal, practical issues related to elimination of teams
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: April 2015

Notwithstanding the flow of television money into the largest college sports programs, the reality is that the vast majority of colleges and universities are stretched to their financial limits.
Photocatalytic CH Activation by Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer in Synthesis
Authors: Protti Stefano , Fagnoni Maurizio , Ravelli Davide
Published: April 2015

This minireview encompasses the most recent (since 2010) advancements in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) processes for CH bond functionalization. The direct HAT process promoted from the excited state of a photocatalyst is limited to the classes of polyoxometalates and aromatic ketones, but alternative photocatalytic strategies have recently been devised to alleviate this shortcoming, making use of indirect HAT reactions. The applications of these two approaches in organic synthesis, including the formation of CC, as well as Chalogen, CO (CO), and CN bonds, are presented herein.
Extension of the Rapid Design Algorithm for Twisted‐Tube Evaporative Fluid Coolers
Authors: Nasr Mohammad R. Jafari , Jafarifar Shima
Published: April 2015

The thermal analysis performance of evaporative fluid coolers (EFCs) is improved by replacing plain tubes by twisted oblong tubes. Results of the system are assessed by a rapid design algorithm (RDA) and compared to conventional plain‐tube EFCs and other traditional algorithms including the effectiveness number of transfer units (ϵ‐NTU). Based on the RDA, a relationship between heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, heat transfer area, and mass transfer coefficient is derived. Using the maximum allowable pressure drops in this algorithm, the minimum required heat transfer area can be determined. The algorithm is validated by comparing the plain‐tube EFC design with twisted‐tube design. The RDA‐designed EFCs with twisted tubes provide higher efficiency compared with the traditional designs with plain tubes in such that the new design needs a lower heat transfer area for a given heat load.
Synthesis of a Tricyclic Bisguanidine Compound Structurally Related to Saxitoxin and its Identification in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin‐Producing Microorganisms
Authors: Tsuchiya Shigeki , Cho Yuko , Konoki Keiichi , Nagasawa Kazuo , Oshima Yasukatsu , Yotsu‐Yamashita Mari
Published: April 2015

We recently reported the chemical synthesis and identification of the genetically predicted biosynthetic intermediates of saxitoxin (STX), including a 2‐aminoimidazole‐bearing monoguanidine compound (Int‐C′2) in two paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)‐producing microorganisms. In this study, we achieved the direct conversion of Int‐C′2 into a tricyclic bisguanidine compound (called Cyclic‐C′), which is structurally related to STX, through oxidative intramolecular guanidine transfer to 2‐aminoimidazole catalyzed by Pd/C under basic conditions in air. By using HPLC‐MS analysis, Cyclic‐C′ was also identified in the PST‐producing microorganisms, suggesting that Cyclic‐C′ is either another biosynthetic intermediate or a shunt product of PSTs. In addition, a weak inhibitory activity of Cyclic‐C′ to the voltage‐gated sodium channels was detected by using a cell‐based assay.
Buoyant Photocatalyst Based on ZnO Immobilized on Polystyrene Beads for Pollutants Treatment
Authors: Altın İlknur , Sökmen Münevver
Published: April 2015

ZnO photocatalyst particles were immobilized onto waste polystyrene (PS) using thermal attachment method at low temperature for the removal of textile dye and pathogen microorganisms from water. The as‐prepared photocatalyst (ZnO‐PS) was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. X‐ray diffraction studies of the ZnO‐PS catalyst proved that formation of the hexagonal wurtzite phase on the PS surface has occurred. The study was aimed making a “green chemistry” approach and exploring the photocatalytic property of metal oxide immobilized polymer (ZnO‐PS) for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye solution. Beside this applicability of ZnO‐PS as photocatalyst for its bactericidal property against Gram negative Escherichia coli and fungicidal property against Aspergillus niger was also assessed. The material exhibited good photocatalytic activity for removal of MB under UVA (λ = 365 nm) at ambient temperature and pressure. An effective antimicrobial activity for E. coli and A. niger with 100 and 40% with ZnO‐PS, respectively, proved that it is an efficient, reliable and non‐hazardous catalyst. This simple and economical preparation strategy of metal oxide immobilized polymer may be an improved and good choice for the new catalyst systems utilizing polymer or other waste as support material.
Practical communication guidance to improve phase 1 informed consent conversations and decision‐making in pediatric oncology
Authors: Johnson Liza‐Marie , Leek Angela C. , Drotar Dennis , Noll Robert B. , Rheingold Susan R. , Kodish Eric D. , Baker Justin N.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

It can be difficult to explain pediatric phase 1 oncology trials to families of children with refractory cancer. Parents may misunderstand the information presented to them, and physicians may assume that certain topics are covered in the informed consent document and need not be discussed. Communication models can help to ensure effective discussions.

METHODS

Suggestions for improving the informed consent process were first solicited from phase 1 study clinicians via questionnaire. Eight parents who had enrolled their child on a phase 1 pediatric oncology trial were recruited for an advisory group designed to assess the clinicians' suggestions and make additional recommendations for improving informed consent for pediatric phase 1 trials.

RESULTS

A phase 1 communication model was designed to incorporate the suggestions of clinicians and families. It focused on educating parents/families about phase 1 trials at specific time points during a child's illness, but specifically at the point of disease recurrence. An informative phase 1 fact sheet that can be distributed to families was also presented.

CONCLUSIONS

Families who will be offered information regarding phase 1 clinical trials can first receive a standardized fact sheet explaining the general purpose of these early‐phase clinical trials. Parental understanding may be enhanced further when oncologists address key themes, beginning at the time of diagnosis and continuing through important decision points during the child's illness. This model should be prospectively evaluated. Cancer 2015;121:2439–2448. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Effect of age on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ganti Apar Kishor , Williams Christina D. , Gajra Ajeet , Kelley Michael J.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection improves outcomes for patients with early‐stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To the authors' knowledge, there are no published prospective trials to date of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection administered exclusively in older patients. In the current study, the authors sought to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients in a Veterans Health Administration cohort.

METHODS

Patients who underwent surgical resection for American Joint Committee on Cancer stages IB to III NSCLC between 2001 and 2011 were analyzed. Data regarding patient demographics and comorbidities, tumor characteristics, and primary treatment were collected. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on age at diagnosis: those aged <70 years and those aged ≥70 years. The primary exposure was use of adjuvant chemotherapy. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the significance of patient characteristics. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and group comparisons were performed using the log‐rank test.

RESULTS

The analysis included 7593 patients who underwent surgical resection for stage IB to stage III NSCLC. Among these, 2897 patients (38%) were aged ≥70 years. The percentage of older patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy was approximately one‐half that of younger patients who did so (15.3% vs 31.6%; P<.0001). Carboplatin‐based doublets were used most often in all patients (64.6%). Both younger patients (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.72‐0.86) and older patients (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.71‐0.92) were found to have a lower risk of death with receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Older patients derive a similar magnitude of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy as younger patients and therefore adjuvant chemotherapy should not be withheld based on age alone. Cancer 2015;121:2578–2585. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Epidemiology of meningiomas post‐Public Law 107‐206: The Benign Brain Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act
Authors: Dolecek Therese A. , Dressler Emily Van Meter , Thakkar Jigisha P. , Liu Meng , Al‐Qaisi Abeer , Villano John L.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

The current analysis follows the implementation of Public Law 107‐260, the Benign Brain Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act, which mandated the collection of nonmalignant brain tumors.

METHODS

Meningiomas were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database for the years 2004 to 2011. Demographic and clinical characteristics, initial treatment patterns, and survival outcomes were evaluated using surveillance epidemiology statistical methods.

RESULTS

The average annual age‐adjusted incidence rate per 100,000 population was 7.62 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 7.55‐7.68) for all meningiomas, 7.18 (95% CI, 7.12‐7.25) for benign meningiomas, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.31‐0.33) for borderline malignant meningiomas, and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.11‐0.12) for malignant meningiomas. The annual rates increased for benign and borderline malignant tumors but decreased for malignant tumors. The rates for women exceeded those for men, especially for those with benign meningiomas. Black race was associated with significantly higher rates as was advancing age. Greater than 80% of tumors were located in cerebral meninges. Diagnostic confirmation through pathology occurred for approximately 50% of benign tumors, 90% of borderline malignant tumors, and 80% of malignant tumors. No initial treatment was reported for greater than 60% of benign tumors, 29% of borderline malignant tumors, or 31% of malignant tumors. The 5‐year relative survival estimates for benign tumors, borderline malignant tumors, and malignant tumors were 85.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85%‐86.2%), 82.3% (95% CI, 79.3%‐84.8%), and 66% (95% CI, 60.6%‐70.9%), respectively. Predictors of poorer survival were advanced age, being male gender, black race, no initial treatment, and malignant tumor behavior.

CONCLUSIONS

The current analysis demonstrates that there is an increasing incidence of nonmalignant meningiomas, probably because of reporting learning curves associated with the implementation of Public Law 107‐260. The high proportion of cases who receive no initial treatment is a survival outcome concern, especially for patients with malignant meningiomas. Cancer 2015;121:2400–2410. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
A perspective on complementary/alternative medicine use among survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Benefits and uncertainties
Authors: Chakraborty Rajshekhar , Savani Bipin N. , Litzow Mark , Mohty Mohamad , Hashmi Shahrukh
Published: April 2015

The widespread use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer survivors is well known despite a paucity of scientific evidence to support its use. The number of survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) is growing rapidly and HCT clinicians are aware that many of their patients use CAM therapies consistently. However, due to a paucity of data regarding the benefits and harms of CAM therapies in these survivors, clinicians are reluctant to provide specific recommendations for or against particular CAM therapies. A systematic literature review was conducted with a search using PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Ovid online for each CAM therapy as defined by the National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The search generated 462 references, of which 26 articles were deemed to be relevant for the review. Due to extensive heterogeneity in data and limited randomized trials, a meta‐analysis could not be performed but a comprehensive systematic review was conducted with specified outcomes for each CAM therapy. In randomized controlled trials, certain mind and body interventions such as relaxation were observed to be effective in alleviating psychological symptoms in patients undergoing HCT, whereas the majority of the other CAM treatments were found to have mixed results. CAM use is an understudied area in HCT survivorship and clinicians should convey the benefits and uncertainties concerning the role of CAM therapies to their patients. Cancer 2015;121:2303–2313. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Changing prognostic significance of tumor stage and nodal stage in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx in the human papillomavirus era
Authors: Keane Florence K. , Chen Yui‐Hui , Neville Bridget A. , Tishler Roy B. , Schoenfeld Jonathan D. , Catalano Paul J. , Margalit Danielle N.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Although human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) tends to present at an advanced nodal stage (N stage), the prognosis is generally better than that for HPV‐negative OPSCC. Prior work has demonstrated the increasing incidence of HPV‐related OPSCC in the United States. This study was designed to determine whether the changing epidemiology of OPSCC is reflected in changes in the prognostic significance of the tumor stage (T stage) and the N stage in a population‐based cohort.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program was used to identify 13,328 patients who were 18 years old or older and were diagnosed with OPSCC from 1997 to 2008. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate head and neck cancer–specific survival. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the associations between head and neck cancer–specific mortality (HNCSM) and T and N stages and the interaction of variables with the year of diagnosis.

RESULTS

With a median follow‐up of 67 months, there were 4099 head and neck cancer deaths. There was a significant interaction between the T stage and time (Pfor interaction = .01), with the effect of the T stage on HNCSM increasing from 1997 to 2008. The T stage retained a linear relationship with HNCSM. The effect of the N stage on HNCSM declined over time (Pfor interaction = .0004). The current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system did not subdivide distinct prognostic subgroups for HNCSM by overall stage.

CONCLUSIONS

In this population‐based study of OPSCC, the effect of the N stage on cancer‐specific mortality decreased over time as the impact of the T stage increased. The current AJCC staging system did not distinguish prognostic subgroups. These changes may reflect the increasing prevalence of HPV‐related OPSCC. Further study in HPV‐defined cohorts is needed to tailor the AJCC staging system to better reflect HNCSM risk.Cancer2015;121:2594–2602. ©2015 American Cancer Society.