bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coarse climate change projections for species living in a fine‐scaled world
Authors: Nadeau Christopher P. , Urban Mark C. , Bridle Jon R.
Published: August 2016

Accurately predicting biological impacts of climate change is necessary to guide policy. However, the resolution of climate data could be affecting the accuracy of climate change impact assessments. Here, we review the spatial and temporal resolution of climate data used in impact assessments and demonstrate that these resolutions are often too coarse relative to biologically relevant scales. We then develop a framework that partitions climate into three important components: trend, variance, and autocorrelation. We apply this framework to map different global climate regimes and identify where coarse climate data is most and least likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments. We show that impact assessments for many large mammals and birds use climate data with a spatial resolution similar to the biologically relevant area encompassing population dynamics. Conversely, impact assessments for many small mammals, herpetofauna, and plants use climate data with a spatial resolution that is orders of magnitude larger than the area encompassing population dynamics. Most impact assessments also use climate data with a coarse temporal resolution. We suggest that climate data with a coarse spatial resolution is likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments the most in climates with high spatial trend and variance (e.g., much of western North and South America) and the least in climates with low spatial trend and variance (e.g., the Great Plains of the USA). Climate data with a coarse temporal resolution is likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments the most in the northern half of the northern hemisphere where temporal climatic variance is high. Our framework provides one way to identify where improving the resolution of climate data will have the largest impact on the accuracy of biological predictions under climate change.
Chronic Daily Headache: Ten Steps for Primary Care Providers to Regain Control
Authors: Sheeler Robert D. , Garza Ivan , Vargas Bert B. , O'Neil Angela E.
Published: August 2016

Background

Chronic daily headache (CDH) affects 2% to 4% of the North American and European population. Various pathways lead to this condition, although chronification of migraine and the occurrence of central sensitization in tension headache are the 2 most common. Medication overuse headaches complicate a substantial portion of other primary headaches that have become chronic and often make their treatment more complex and less successful.

Methods/Results

A 10‐step process to help primary care providers evaluate and treat CDH patients begins with excluding secondary headache disorders, then moves on to classification of the primary underlying headache disorder. Next, the exacerbating factors, as well as relevant comorbid conditions, are identified. The patient's current acute therapy is examined, and attempts are made to identify and resolve medication overuse if present. Past preventive therapies are reviewed, allowing for thoughtful design of a headache action plan with preventive, acute, and lifestyle components. Patients are asked to keep a headache diary, used to initiate a cycle of continuous improvement in a patient's response to acute and preventive therapeutic approaches.

Conclusions

A systematic approach and partnership with patients often make it possible to convert CDH to episodic headache that is responsive to both acute and preventive therapies.
Universities Conducting STEM Outreach: a Conceptual Framework
Authors: Eilam Efrat , Bigger Stephen W. , Sadler Kirsten , Barry Fiachra , Bielik Tom
Published: August 2016

This paper addresses the positioning of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) outreach programmes within universities’ operations. Though universities in many respects form a rather homogenous international community, there is wide diversity in regard to the provision of STEM outreach by different institutions. To explain this diversity, a conceptual framework was developed by using the Theory of Legitimacy as an organising concept. The framework considers two opposing scenarios that form a continuum between them, namely: ‘top‐down’ initiative by the university governance versus ‘bottom‐up’ grass‐roots initiative. Using the Theory of Legitimacy, internal and external outreach relationships are characterised and explained under the two scenarios. The framework was applied to two settings chosen due to their essential differences in outreach provision, namely, Australia and Israel. The differences that were found in internal and external legitimacy provide a useful lens for examining the low‐performing, fragile system in Australia as compared with the high‐performing, thriving system in Israel.
Factors influencing participation in colorectal cancer screening—a qualitative study in an ethnic and socio‐economically diverse inner city population
Authors: Dharni Nimarta , Armstrong David , Chung‐Faye Guy , Wright Alison J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Ethnic and socio‐economic inequalities have been reported in the uptake of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. This study aimed to explore the factors affecting CRC screening participation in an ethnically and socio‐economically diverse inner city population.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 50 people aged 55–74 years, recruited from GP practices in south‐east London. Participants were from Black African (n=13), Black Caribbean (n=15), White British (n=17), Black other (n=2) and White other (n=3) backgrounds. Participants' socio‐economic status (SES) was assessed using a combined measure of educational attainment, housing tenure and car ownership. Participants' SES varied although there were more participants from less deprived backgrounds than those from more deprived backgrounds. The interview topic guide was informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using framework analysis.

Findings

Lack of awareness of CRC screening was a barrier for all participants. There were also some notable group differences by ethnicity and SES. Cancer fear was a barrier for White British participants of varying SES. Misunderstanding instructions for completing the guaiac faecal occult blood test (gFOBt) was a barrier for people of low SES regardless of ethnicity. For Black African and Black Caribbean participants, of any SES, religious faith and a perceived civic duty to participate in screening encouraged participation.

Discussion and conclusions

This is the first study to provide detailed information on the separate views of Black African and Black Caribbean participants about screening. Consideration of ethnicity and SES together also allowed us to identify pertinent barriers for particular groups that can be targeted to improve access to screening for those who wish to take part.
The significance of seed food in chick development re‐evaluated by tracking day‐to‐day dietary variation in the nestlings of a granivorous passerine
Authors: Orłowski Grzegorz , Wuczyński Andrzej , Karg Jerzy , Grzesiak Wojciech
Published: August 2016

The dietary adjustment of nestlings of granivorous birds to a seed diet and the different morphological characteristics of ingested food have rarely been examined in natural conditions. It has been suggested that the provision of cereal grains to nestlings of some seed‐eating bird species in modern agroecosytems is the result of poor food conditions after agricultural intensification. We analysed the abundance of invertebrate prey in the main foraging habitat of parent birds, daily changes (from hatching to fledging) in the efficiency of cereal seed digestion, and the dietary characteristics, diet composition and prey type delivered to nestlings of the Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella. Analysis of faecal sacs from nests located in breeding habitat with an abundant invertebrate fauna revealed no relationship between the proportion of cereal seeds in the diet of nestlings and the food supply in the main foraging sites of the parents. Neonate nestlings (1 day old) exclusively received weakly chitinized invertebrate prey (arachnids and flies), but from the second day of life the nestlings were fed a variety of highly chitinized invertebrate prey, the percentage biomass of which did not change for the remainder of the nesting period. Cereal grains started to be delivered to 3‐day‐old nestlings and were already efficiently digested, and the percentage biomass of this food type increased progressively with nestling age. We suggest that the provisioning of cereal grains to nestlings is not forced by external factors, such as modern agricultural intensification; rather, it is an intentional behaviour of parent birds aimed at achieving physiological adjustment to seed food in the early stages of ontogeny.
Improved Strength of Alumina Ceramic Gel and Green Body Based on Addition‐Esterification Reaction
Authors: Sun Yi , Peng Xiang , Shimai Shunzo , Zhou Guohong , Wang Shiwei
Published: August 2016

Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE), a water‐soluble epoxy resin, was used as a complementary gelling agent to improve the strength of alumina green bodies gelcast using PIBM (a copolymer of isobutylene and maleic anhydride acting as both dispersant and gelling agent) gelling system. The effects of EGDGE on the gelling behavior of PIBM‐EGDGE aqueous solutions and alumina slurries, mechanical properties of the resultant alumina gels, green bodies, and sintered ceramics were evaluated. Gelation of both the solutions and the slurries was accelerated with the addition of EGDGE. The changes in storage modulus (G′) of the slurries during gelation were quite different from those of the solutions. With the addition of 0.6 wt% EGDGE, G′ of the gel from a slurry with 50 wt% solid loading and 0.3 wt% PIBM increased 63% (100 min of testing), and flexural strength of the resultant green body increased 167%. Such gels and green bodies are strong enough for subsequent processing. They resulted in presintered bodies with low porosity and sintered ceramics with high relative density and flexural strength.
Introduction of New South Wales adult subcutaneous insulin‐prescribing chart in a tertiary hospital: its impact on inpatient glycaemic control
Authors: Wong V. W. , Ho A. , Fiakos E. , Lau N. S. , Russell H.
Published: August 2016

Background

Erratic blood glucose levels (BGL) are commonly observed amongst patients with diabetes mellitus during hospital admission. Patients on insulin therapy often do not have their doses titrated adequately by their team doctors during admission, and insulin is well known to be a high‐risk medication prone to administration error.

Aim

To assess the impact of a state‐wide adult subcutaneous insulin‐prescribing chart (ASCIPC) on glycaemic control and insulin‐prescribing pattern in a tertiary hospital.

Methods

An audit on the clinical records of inpatients who were on subcutaneous insulin therapy in the first week of July 2014 (prior to ASCIPC, n = 56) and in the first week of July 2015 (10 months after introducing ASCIPC, n = 62) was conducted at Liverpool Hospital.

Results

Following the introduction of ASCIPC, fewer BGL readings were missed (9.1 vs 11.6%, P = 0.032), and medical officers were more likely to adjust insulin dosage (71.0 vs 42.6%, P = 0.002) when compared to baseline. Glycaemic control improved, with lower mean BGL (9.4 ± 2.0 vs 10.4 ± 2.6 mmol/L, P = 0.021) and a greater proportion of BGL within the normal range of 5–10 mmol/L (56.2 vs 47.7%, P = 0.041). Omission of insulin doses after ASCIPC remained common, with over 40% of patients having at least one dose of insulin omitted during the audit week.

Conclusion

Our study showed that the introduction of ASCIPC had positive impacts on glycaemic management for patients on subcutaneous insulin therapy during admission. More work is required to reduce the rate of insulin omission and to improve further glycaemic control for inpatients.
Trends and outcomes of chronic kidney disease in intensive care: a 5‐year study
Authors: Ngu K. , Reid D. , Tobin A.
Published: August 2016

Background

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in Australia and is independently associated with a higher risk of hospitalisation and death. Australian data may be useful in guiding improved hospital management of this growing cohort of patients.

Aim

To assess and compare the trends and outcomes of CKD patients requiring hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission at a tertiary referral hospital and state public hospitals.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of all acute care admissions to St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and all Victorian public hospitals using the Victorian Admitted Episodes Data Set (VAED) for the years 2010–2014 to determine CKD prevalence, demographic and outcome associations. The Elixhauser ICD‐10 comorbidity classification of renal failure was used to identify CKD (ElixRF). Chi‐squared test, Kruskal–Wallis test and logistic regression were used for analysis.

Results

A total of 101 817 patients was included from our institution, with 6.4% classified as having ElixRF. ELixRF increased from 5.2% in 2010 to 8.6% in 2014 for all hospital admissions and from 8.3% to 13.3% for ICU admissions. ElixRF was associated with longer hospital and ICU length of stay, male gender, older age, higher comorbidity and independently with increased mortality. The VAED contained 2 044 507 episodes for the same period with similar trends and associations.

Conclusions

CKD prevalence amongst patients admitted to hospital and ICU is increasing and is associated with worse outcomes. ElixRF may be a useful administrative flag for nephrologist involvement in care and for prompting consideration of advanced care planning.
Commercializing Citizenship in Crisis EU: The Case of Immigrant Investor Programmes
Authors: Parker Owen
Published: August 2016

Immigrant investor programmes (IIPs) – aimed at attracting investment in return for residency or citizenship for wealthy foreigners – have proliferated in EU Member States in recent years. Such schemes constitute part of a much broader commercialization of citizenship, which has intensified during the crisis. They have been particularly controversial in the EU because they rely for their attractiveness in part on the reality of EU citizenship and the rights of mobility and residence that it entails. The European Commission, among others, has presented them as threat to national citizenship and yet the EU at once champions a ‘post‐national’ citizenship and is arguably culpable in the very commercialization of citizenship of which investor schemes are a stark manifestation. This paper unpacks the tensions in the theory and politics of investor migration in the recent EU context, arguing that they reveal what is termed a ‘quadrilemma’ at the heart of a multi‐level citizenship.
Prescription of oral hypoglycemic agents for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study using a Japanese hospital database
Authors: Tanabe Makito , Motonaga Ryoko , Terawaki Yuichi , Nomiyama Takashi , Yanase Toshihiko
Published: August 2016

Aims/Introduction

In treatment algorithms of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Western countries, biguanides are recommended as first‐line agents. In Japan, various oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) are available, but prescription patterns are unclear.

Materials and Methods

Data of 7,108 and 2,655 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in study 1 and study 2, respectively, were extracted from the Medical Data Vision database (2008–2013). Cardiovascular disease history was not considered in study 1, but was in study 2. Initial choice of OHA, adherence to its use, effect on glycated hemoglobin levels for 2 years and the second choice of OHA were investigated.

Results

In study 1, α‐glucosidase inhibitor, glinide and thiazolidinedione were preferentially medicated in relatively lower glycated hemoglobin cases compared with other OHAs. The two most prevalent first prescriptions of OHAs were biguanides and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, and the greatest adherence was for α‐glucosidase inhibitors. In patients treated continuously with a single OHA for 2 years, improvement in glycated hemoglobin levels was greatest for dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors. As a second OHA added to the first OHA during the first 2 years, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors were chosen most often, especially if a biguanide was the first OHA. In study 2, targeting patients with a cardiovascular disease history, a similar tendency to study 1 was observed in the first choice of OHA, adherence and the second choice of OHA.

Conclusions

Even in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, a Western algorithm seems to be respected to some degree. The OHA choice does not seem to be affected by a cardiovascular disease history.
Variation in the Presence of Simple Home Modifications of Older Americans: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Meucci Marissa R. , Gozalo Pedro , Dosa David , Allen Susan M.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To investigate the association between sociodemographic and economic factors and the presence of simple home modifications (HMs) among older adults in the United States.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011, Round 1).

Participants

Community‐dwelling Medicare enrollees aged 65 and older (N = 6,628).

Measurements

The primary dependent variable was the reported presence or absence of simple HMs (grab bars in the shower or near the toilet, shower seats, raised toilet seats).

Results

Of the individuals sampled, 60.7% reported having at least one HM of interest. Black (odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68–0.91) and Hispanic (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.45–0.78) respondents were less likely than white, non‐Hispanic respondents to have HMs. Those with more education (high school graduate: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01–1.42; >high school: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.14–1.62) and larger social networks (≥4 people; OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.12–1.89) were more likely to have at least one HM, whereas being divorced (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.43–0.74) was associated with lower likelihood. Income (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.97–1.05), Medicaid enrollment (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.77–1.25), and living alone (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.85–1.23) were not significantly associated with the presence of HMs.

Conclusion

Minorities, individuals with less education, and those with less social support are less likely to have HMs. Awareness of these disparities and the shortcomings of the HM delivery system is important to clinicians and policy‐makers who seek to prevent falls and facilitate aging in place for all older Americans.
Associations Between Serum Inflammatory Markers and Hippocampal Volume in a Community Sample
Authors: Schmidt Mike F. , Freeman Kevin B. , Windham Beverly G. , Griswold Michael E. , Kullo Iftikhar J. , Turner Stephen T. , Mosley Thomas H.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To quantify associations between inflammatory biomarkers and hippocampal volume (HV) and to examine effect modification according to sex, race, and age.

Design

Cross‐sectional analyses using generalized estimating equations to account for familial clustering; standardized β‐coefficients adjusted for age, sex, race, and education.

Setting

Community cohorts in Jackson, Mississippi and Rochester, Minnesota.

Participants

The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy study.

Measurements

C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 (sTNFR‐1) and 2 (sTNFR‐2) from peripheral blood were measured in a sample of 773 non‐Hispanic whites (61% women, aged 60.2 ± 9.8) and 514 African Americans (70% women, aged 63.9 ± 8.1) who also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Biomarkers were standardized and compared according to sex, race and age with HV.

Results

In the full sample, higher sTNFR‐1 and sTNFR‐2 were associated with smaller HV. Each standard deviation (SD) increase in sTNFR‐1 was associated with 59.1 mm3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = −101.4 to −16.7 mm3) smaller HV and each SD increase in sTNFR‐2 associated with 48.8 mm3 (95% CI = −92.2 to −5.3 mm3) smaller HV. Relationships were stronger for sTNFR‐2 in men (HV = −116.6 mm3 for each SD increase, 95% CI = −201.0 to −32.1) than women (HV = −26.0 per SD increase, 95% CI = −72.4–20.5) and sTNFR‐1 in non‐Hispanic whites (HV = −84.7 mm3 per SD increase, 95% CI = −142.2 to −27.1) than African Americans (HV = −14.1 mm3 per SD increase, 95% CI = −78.3–50.1). Associations between IL‐6 or CRP and HV were not supported.

Conclusion

Higher levels of sTNFRs were associated cross‐sectionally with smaller hippocampi. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether these biomarkers may help to identify risk of late‐life cognitive impairment.
Sibling sexual abuse: why don't we talk about it?
Authors: Yates Peter
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore two hypotheses for explaining why there is little written about sibling sexual abuse and to raise awareness of the subject in order better to protect children and to facilitate sensitive patient care.

Background

While there is no universal agreement over its definition, sibling sexual abuse is acknowledged internationally as a prevalent form of child sexual abuse but tends not to be recognised by health professionals. It is also under‐represented within the literature in comparison with other forms of intrafamilial sexual abuse. Understanding why this is may help to illuminate the potential barriers to effective professional responses. Two explanations which emerge strongly are the existence of a sibling incest taboo and a prevailing belief that sibling sexual behaviour is largely harmless.

Design

Discursive position paper.

Method

The paper examines the two hypotheses through exploration of the extant literature on sibling incest and sibling sexual abuse.

Conclusions

Sibling sexual abuse accounts for a significant minority of child sexual abuse and has the potential to be as harmful as sexual abuse by a parent. An abhorrence at the thought of sibling sexual activity and a prevailing view of its harmlessness may hinder nurses’ detection of and appropriate responses to sibling sexual abuse, but do not provide convincing explanations for the dearth of literature. Instead, a deeply held perspective of sibling relationships as non‐abusive offers a more profound explanation.

Relevance to clinical practice

A knowledge of sibling sexual abuse and its consequences are important both for the effective protection of children and the sensitive and appropriate treatment of patients who present with a variety of physical and mental health concerns. A perspective that sibling relationships are non‐abusive provides a deeper level of understanding of the powerful obstacles to raising awareness of and responding appropriately to this form of abuse.
Dietary advice on prescription: experiences with a weight reduction programme
Authors: Bräutigam‐Ewe Marie , Lydell Marie , Månsson Jörgen , Johansson Gunnar , Hildingh Cathrine
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To describe overweight persons’ experiences with weight reduction and participation in the dietary advice on prescription.

Background

Approximately 20% of overweight individuals are able to successfully lose weight. Experiences from earlier weight reduction programmes indicate that those who succeed typically manage to avoid overeating to handle stress and have high motivation to lose weight. Those who fail have low self‐control and engage in negative health behaviours such as eating when experiencing negative emotions and stress.

Design

The study used a descriptive qualitative design and was conducted at a Primary Health Care Centre in south‐west Sweden.

Methods

The first nineteen study participants who completed the weight reduction programme in two years responded in writing to five open questions about their experiences with the programme. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results

The participants appreciated the face‐to‐face meetings with the nurse because they felt seen and listened to during these sessions. They also felt their life situations and self‐discipline had an impact on how well they were able to follow the programme. Dietary advice on prescription advice was considered to be helpful for achieving behavioural changes and losing weight. People who succeeded in sustainably losing weight described the importance of support from partners or close friends.

Conclusions

To achieve sustainable weight reduction, it is important to individualise the programme in order to address each person's life situation and the unique difficulties they may encounter.

Relevance to clinical practice

Motivational interviewing appears to be a good technique for developing a successful relationship between the nurse and the patient. The dietary advice on prescription advice was perceived to be a good way to improve food habits and can easily be used at many Primary Health Care Centres. Patient's partners should also be offered the opportunity to participate in the programme.
Natural products for the management of xerostomia: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Navarro Morante Anabel , Wolff Andy , Bautista Mendoza Gloria Rocio , López‐Jornet Pia
Published: August 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of lycopene‐enriched virgin olive oil in spray form used to treat patients with drug‐induced xerostomia, comparing this with a placebo spray.

Materials and Methods

This double‐blind, randomized clinical trial included elderly subjects with drug‐induced xerostomia (n = 60). Resting salivary flow was measured using the draining technique. The Xerostomia Inventory (XI) was used to assess symptoms and the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP‐14) to assess patient quality of life. Evaluations were made before and after 12 weeks of product/placebo application.

Results

Sixty patients took part in the study. Symptoms improved among the treatment group (n = 30) after 12 weeks in the following XI domains: ‘Rate the difficulty you experience in speaking because of dryness’ (P = 0.03); ‘Rate how much saliva is in your mouth’ (P = 0.03); and ‘Rate the dryness of your lips’ (P = 0.04). The placebo group (n = 30) underwent improvements in: ‘Rate how much saliva is in your mouth’ (P = 0.02) and ‘Rate the dryness of your mouth’ (P = 0.01). A significant improvement (P = 0.001) in oral‐related quality of life (OHIP‐14) was identified in the treatment group, while no significant differences were observed in the placebo group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The topical application of lycopene‐enriched virgin olive oil and its placebo counterpart improved xerostomia‐related symptoms significantly (but not salivary flow rate) in patients with drug‐induced xerostomia.
Respite needs of families receiving palliative care
Authors: Smith Christine H , Graham Carol A , Herbert Anthony R
Published: August 2016

Aim

The care of a child with a life‐limiting condition proves an emotional, physical and financial strain on the family that provides care for their child. Respite care is one way which allows carers to receive some relief and support in the context of this burden of care. The provision of and the requirements for respite in this context is poorly understood. This survey aims to describe the types of respite care families receive, the respite that they would ideally receive and the barriers that prevent this.

Methods

A cohort of 34 families cared for by the Paediatric Palliative Care Service in Queensland were approached to participate in a 20‐question survey about their current respite preferences for future respite, with 20 surveys returned.

Results

Three of the families (15%) reported receiving no respite in the previous 12 months. Families who received respite received a combination of formal respite (a structured care provider) and informal respite (family or friends). Ten families (50%) reported that they would want the time of respite changed. Barriers to receiving adequate respite included complexity of care of the child, financial barriers and lack of a respite provider.

Conclusions

There is disparate provision of respite care with the main perceived barrier to attaining ‘ideal respite’ being the lack of a provider able to meet the complex care needs of their child. The provision of respite across diversity in geography; medical condition; social and cultural needs remains a challenge.
How Do Transformational Leaders Promote Exploratory and Exploitative Innovation? Examining the Black Box through MASEM
Authors: S. Kraft Priscilla , Bausch Andreas
Published: August 2016

Understanding how firms can promote exploratory and exploitative innovations is of high interest for both scholars and practitioners. Although a substantial body of research has emphasized that top management's transformational leadership is crucial to innovation, the mechanisms through which strategic leaders influence these distinct types of innovations remain unclear. Building on upper echelon and social learning theory, this study develops and empirically examines a model that investigates the mediating roles of three distinct strategic orientations (market, learning, and entrepreneurial orientation) on the relationship between transformational leadership and exploratory and exploitative innovation. Using meta‐analytic methods combined with structural equation modeling, this study integrates findings from separate research streams, covering over 15 years of research, and using a sample of 215 effect sizes from 75 studies. The results from the partial mediation model reveal that transformational leaders play a key role in creating these specific strategic orientations which, in turn, support different innovation outcomes. Specifically, the findings indicate that transformational leaders promote exploitative innovations predominantly by building a market orientation, whereas they foster exploratory innovations by stimulating an entrepreneurial and a learning orientation. Hence, this study extends upper echelon research by uncovering the different mechanisms through which transformational leaders promote exploratory and exploitative innovations as it theoretically identifies and empirically validates the unique mediating roles of three specific strategic orientations. The results thus provide valuable insights for the challenging management of exploratory and exploitative innovations, as they provide a “guiding map” which reveals how transformational leaders from the top may use specific orientations to foster these distinct types of innovations.
Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of diversity among small araphid diatoms all lacking rimoportulae. I. Five new genera, eight new species
Authors: Li Chun L. , Ashworth Matt P. , Witkowski Andrzej , Lobban Christopher S. , Zgłobicka Izabela , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J. , Qin Song
Published: August 2016

Pennate diatoms are important contributors to primary production in freshwater and marine habitats. But the extent of their diversity, ecology, and evolution is still largely unknown. This is particularly evident among the clades of pennate diatoms without raphe slits, whose diversity is likely underestimated due to their small size and features that can be difficult to discern under light microscopy. In this study, we described five new araphid genera with eight new species based on morphological observations (light and electron microscopy) and molecular data (nuclear‐encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA and chloroplast‐encoded rbcL and psbC): Serratifera varisterna, Hendeyella rhombica, H. dimeregrammopsis, H. lineata, Psammotaenia lanceolata, Castoridens striata, C. hyalina, and Cratericulifera shandongensis. We also transferred Dimeregramma dubium to Hendeyella dubia. Phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data revealed that all the newly established taxa fell into a monophyletic group, with Fragilariforma virescens located at the base. The group was composed by two subclades: one comprising Castoridens, Cratericulifera, and Plagiostriata, and the larger including also the rest of the new genera plus some of the smallest known diatoms, such as Nanofrustulum, Opephora, Pseudostaurosira, Staurosirella, and Staurosira with a high level of support. This study enhances the general knowledge on the phylogeny and biodiversity of a group of small araphid diatoms that have been generally poorly described both by electron microscopy and DNA sequence data.
Salivary and serum adiponectin and C‐reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health
Authors: Ebersole J. L. , Kryscio R. J. , Campbell C. , Kinane D. F. , McDevitt J. , Christodoulides N. , Floriano P. N. , Miller C. S.
Published: August 2016

Background and Objective

Adiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti‐inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C‐reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk.

Material and Methods

This investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals.

Results

Significantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S‐T wave elevated patients with MI.

Conclusions

These initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.
Current Research on Linguistic Variation in the Arabic‐Speaking World
Authors: Horesh Uri , Cotter William M.
Published: August 2016

Given its abundance of dialects, varieties, styles, and registers, Arabic lends itself easily to the study of language variation and change. It is spoken by some 300 million people in an area spanning roughly from northwest Africa to the Persian Gulf. Traditional Arabic dialectology has dealt predominantly with geographical variation. However, in recent years, more nuanced studies of inter‐ and intra‐speaker variation have seen the light of day. In some respects, Arabic sociolinguistics is still lagging behind the field compared to variationist studies in English and other Western languages. On the other hand, the insight presented in studies of Arabic can and should be considered in the course of shaping a crosslinguistic sociolinguistic theory. Variationist studies of Arabic‐speaking speech communities began almost two decades after Labov's pioneering studies of American English and have flourished following the turn of the 21st century. These studies have sparked debates between more quantitatively inclined sociolinguists and those who value qualitative analysis. In reality, virtually no sociolinguistic study of Arabic that includes statistical modeling is free of qualitative insights. They are also not flawless and not always cutting edge methodologically or theoretically, but the field is moving in a positive direction, which will likely lead to the recognition of its significance to sociolinguistics at large.
Ethics in Numbers: Auditing Cleft Treatment in Mexico and Beyond
Authors: Taylor‐Alexander Samuel
Published: August 2016

Plastic surgeons around the globe are implementing projects that mix audit with medical research to ensure and improve the level of care offered to patients with cleft lip and palate. Drawing on recent literature on “audit culture” and the global growth of “performance indicators” as a form of governance, I demonstrate the conjugation of ethics and the production of numerical indicators in cleft treatment. By standardizing documentation, cleft treatment audit programs facilitate evidence‐based medicine and a form of reflexive self‐governance. However, the abstraction that accompanies standardization is amplified as corollary data practices travel. In emerging as the answer to improving treatment, these projects lock out the politico–economic factors that mediate medical care in resource poor settings. This danger is compounded by the tendency of numerical governance to replace political conversation with technocratic expertise.
Multiple dispersal vectors drive range expansion in an invasive marine species
Authors: Richardson Mark F. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Lee Randall S. , Bott Nathan J. , Hirst Alastair J.
Published: August 2016

The establishment and subsequent spread of invasive species is widely recognized as one of the most threatening processes contributing to global biodiversity loss. This is especially true for marine and estuarine ecosystems, which have experienced significant increases in the number of invasive species with the increase in global maritime trade. Understanding the rate and mechanisms of range expansion is therefore of significant interest to ecologists and conservation managers alike. Using a combination of population genetic surveys, environmental DNA (eDNA) plankton sampling and hydrodynamic modelling, we examined the patterns of introduction of the predatory Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) and pathways of secondary spread within southeast Australia. Genetic surveys across the invasive range reveal some genetic divergence between the two main invasive regions and no evidence of ongoing gene flow, a pattern that is consistent with the establishment of the second invasive region via a human‐mediated translocation event. In contrast, hydrodynamic modelling combined with eDNA plankton sampling demonstrated that the establishment of range expansion populations within a region is consistent with natural larval dispersal and recruitment. Our results suggest that both anthropogenic and natural dispersal vectors have played an important role in the range expansion of this species in Australia. The multiple modes of spread combined with high levels of fecundity and a long larval duration in A. amurensis suggests it is likely to continue its range expansion and significantly impact Australian marine ecosystems.
Targeted re‐sequencing confirms the importance of chemosensory genes in aphid host race differentiation
Authors: Eyres Isobel , Duvaux Ludovic , Gharbi Karim , Tucker Rachel , Hopkins David , Simon Jean‐Christophe , Ferrari Julia , Smadja Carole M. , Butlin Roger K.
Published: August 2016

Host‐associated races of phytophagous insects provide a model for understanding how adaptation to a new environment can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation, ultimately enabling us to connect barriers to gene flow to adaptive causes of divergence. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) comprises host races specializing on legume species and provides a unique system for examining the early stages of diversification along a gradient of genetic and associated adaptive divergence. As host choice produces assortative mating, understanding the underlying mechanisms of choice will contribute directly to understanding of speciation. As host choice in the pea aphid is likely mediated by smell and taste, we use capture sequencing and SNP genotyping to test for the role of chemosensory genes in the divergence between eight host plant species across the continuum of differentiation and sampled at multiple locations across western Europe. We show high differentiation of chemosensory loci relative to control loci in a broad set of pea aphid races and localities, using a model‐free approach based on principal component analysis. Olfactory and gustatory receptors form the majority of highly differentiated genes and include loci that were already identified as outliers in a previous study focusing on the three most closely related host races. Consistent indications that chemosensory genes may be good candidates for local adaptation and barriers to gene flow in the pea aphid open the way to further investigations aiming to understand their impact on gene flow and to determine their precise functions in response to host plant metabolites.
Oppressed nationalities: Italian responses to the Polish Uprising of January 1863
Authors: Bacchin Elena
Published: August 2016

This article analyses the activities organised in Italy to support the Polish Uprising of 1863 and the speeches and narratives used to present this foreign question to the Italian public. This international event brought to the forefront the same issues that had been raised by Italian nationalism, and also when discussing foreign national movements, Italy reflected both on her own identity and past history. In particular, the democratic ideals of the Risorgimento found their fulfilment in supporting the Polish rebels. The article, using archival sources, tries to build a transnational approach to Italian nationalism with a particular focus on how both Italian patriots and public opinion perceived and acted towards other ‘oppressed nationalities’ while also struggling to complete its own unification. Supporting a foreign cause was not only an expression of solidarity, but it also strengthened national sentiment and provoked a reflection on Italian national pride and identity.
Factors influencing intention to help and helping behaviour in witnesses of bullying in nursing settings
Authors: Báez‐León Carmen , Moreno‐Jiménez Bernardo , Aguirre‐Camacho Aldo , Olmos Ricardo
Published: August 2016

The role played by witnesses of bullying in nursing settings remains little studied, despite their potential relevance in explaining the onset and development of bullying. The objective of this study was to develop a model to account for witnesses’ intention to help and helping behaviour in response to bullying in a nursing setting. Three hundred and thirty‐seven witnesses completed self‐report measures of variables predicting intention to help and helping behaviour. A full structural model was constructed using structural equation modelling. The intention to help victims was elicited by tension, group identity, support to peers’ initiative to intervene and absence of fear of retaliation. However, engagement in helping behaviour was only predicted by the absence of fear of retaliation. This study shows that witnesses of bullying in nursing settings do not remain impassive, but their experienced discomfort and intention to help victims is not sufficient to predict helping behaviour. Fear of possible retaliation if intervening in favour of victims constitutes a crucial factor explaining witnesses’ hesitation to help victims. Several implications for the implementation of policies directed at eradicating bullying in nursing settings are discussed.
Caudal analgesia and cardiothoracic surgery: a look at postoperative pain scores in a pediatric population
Authors: Nguyen Khoa N. , Byrd Heather S. , Tan Jonathan M.
Published: August 2016

Aim

Caudal epidural anesthesia has been shown to reduce stress response and shorten the time to extubation in children after cardiac surgery. Combined with general anesthesia, regional anesthesia has been proven to be safe and efficacious in the pediatric population. It is not known, however, whether the use of caudal anesthesia actually reduces postoperative pain scores and decreases postoperative opioid use.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 199 children who underwent repair for atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) at a major academic children's hospital between 2010 and 2013.

Results

Eighty‐six patients underwent preoperative placement of caudal anesthesia (bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml·kg−1 up to 20 ml + clonidine 2mcg·kg−1 + Duramorph 40 mcg·kg−1 up to 2.5 mg) and 113 patients did not have a caudal block. Postoperative cardiac intensive care pain scores were analyzed according to standard nurse‐recorded patient‐appropriate pain scales ranging from 0 to 10 (CRIES for neonates and FLACC for 2 months–7 years). There was no statistical difference between caudal and noncaudal groups with respect to postoperative pain scores or with postoperative opioid requirements. There was a statistical significance with regard to intraoperative opioid use as noncaudal patients invariably received more opioid during the procedure.

Conclusion

Although regional anesthesia reduced intraoperative opioid usage, there was no difference in postoperative opioid usage or pain scores.
Regional variation in the use of 1A status exceptions for pediatric heart transplant candidates: is this equitable?
Authors: Godown Justin , McKane Meghann , Wujcik Kari A. , Mettler Bret A. , Dodd Debra A.
Published: August 2016

The use of status exceptions (SE) was recently publicized as a strategy to reduce waitlist times for children awaiting heart transplant (HTx). The aim of this study was to assess SE use across UNOS regions and compare survival in patients listed using a SE to those listed by standard criteria. The OPTN database was queried for all pediatric patients listed for HTx (2000–2014). SE use was compared across UNOS regions. Survival curves were generated and compared using the log‐rank test. 1A SE use is uncommon, being utilized in 108 of 4587 pediatric 1A listings (2.4%). There is significant variability in SE use across UNOS regions (0.7%–16.4% of 1A listings, P < .001). Waitlist survival is significantly higher in candidates listed using a 1A SE compared to those listed by standard criteria (P = .001) and is similar to 1B listings. Regional variation in 1A SE use has the potential to introduce bias into a system designed to be equitable. Waitlist survival in patients listed using a SE is similar to those listed status 1B, suggesting these patients may not require 1A status. Careful review of pediatric heart allocation policies is needed to optimize patient outcomes and ensure a fair and unbiased allocation system.