bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability enhancement methodology and modelling - the REMM project
Authors: Marshall J. , Walls L. , Jones J.
Published: October 2022

Customers demand reliable products and such demands are reflected in the product specification and requirements documents. Indeed, contractual obligations are being introduced to ensure that the supplier meets the cost of unreliability. Thus, equipment suppliers must design products to perform reliably for the required product life. Moreover suppliers must provide sufficient evidence that their product will meet reliability requirements. This evidence is termed the reliability case. The main instigator for the use of the reliability case is the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) under the guise of Defence Standard 00-42 Part 3 but the concept is also becoming accepted in the commercial field as one of the key criteria for selecting products.

This paper describes the work carried out under a collaborative project funded by the UK Department of Trade and Industry (CARAD) entitled reliability enhancement methodology and modelling (REMM). More specifically it will concentrate on demonstrating the methodology in the form of providing the necessary guidance for building a reliability case. It will also discuss the challenges associated with design for reliability and demonstrate how the REMM tool will encourage designers to consider what might go wrong.

The REMM tool encompasses a reliability assessment model and this paper will describe and discuss the advantages of this Bayesian model with particular reference to decision making aspects during
the design stage of a project.
Tiltrotor development to meet public acceptability targets
Authors: Reber R. R.
Published: October 2022

Civil tiltrotor technology will literally change the way man flies! With the advent of modern vertical flight aircraft, like the tiltrotor, air travel will accede to new levels of convenience, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Tiltrotors can operate in all weather conditions from airports or from smaller facilities called vertiports strategically located to provide convenient access to other transportation systems. In evaluating the economic viability of this mode of travel, the entire cost of the system must be included to realise the benefits of such a system, not just the cost of the aircraft or its cost of operation. When an improved air transportation system is developed, tiltrotors, because of their time savings and cost-competitiveness, will be able to compete in the 50–500 mile range with all types of aircraft as well as high-speed rail and other modes of transportation. While each mode has its advantages, tiltrotor will do well because it can add flexibility to the system and can complement the other modes and make the overall system more efficient. It will also be acceptable to the public at large because of its unique capability and low noise signature.
Measurements of leading-edge vortices on a 75° delta planform wing at M = 2.5
Authors: Milanovic I. M. , Kalkhoran I. M.
Published: October 2022

An experimental study of the supersonic vortices from a 75° swept-back delta wing has been carried out in a Mach 2.49 stream. Five-hole conical probe surveys were conducted at the trailing edge of the planform for 7° and 12° angles-of-attack. The main objective was to determine the Mach number and pressure distributions in the primary vortex. A novel approach of utilising a computational flow solver was used to generate the calibration data for the five-hole probe over a range of Mach numbers and pitch angles. Measurements indicate significant static and total pressure deficits in the vortex core. Both the magnitude and the spatial scale of these deficits increase with the higher incidence angle. The swirl profiles have supersonic peak magnitudes and resemble the low speed Lamb-Oseen vortex. Similar to the case of supersonic wing tip vortices, and contrary to the experimental results from transonic and low speed leading-edge vortices, the axial Mach number distribution in the vortex core is found to have strong wake-like profile.
The impacts of aviation on the atmosphere
Authors: Rogers H. L. , Lee D. S. , Raper D. W. , Foster P. M. de F. , Wilson C. W. , Newton P. J.
Published: October 2022

This paper describes the current status of knowledge regarding the impact of aviation on the atmosphere. The growth of the aviation industry is likely to continue in the future and at present there are significant concerns that this will adversely affect climate and local air quality in the vicinity of airports. Indeed, it is possible that air quality may become a constraint to increased capacity of some large hub airports. Currently the radiative forcing impact from aircraft emissions, other than CO2, are not accounted for in the International Civil Aviation Organization emission trading scheme proposals. Taking only this approach, emissions trading could, in theory, increase the radiative forcing, rather than decrease it. The study of improved ‘environmentally friendly’ flight is still in its infancy, however any proposed and actual new developments, in terms of technology and operational practice, should include an environmental assessment.
Characterisation of wall flow topology in jet-in-crossflow interaction
Authors: Kwon E. Y. , Chocinski D.
Published: October 2022

The topological structure of an underexpanded Mach 2·5 jet injected into a Mach 0·75 crossflow are studied experimentally and numerically. The structure of the skin friction pattern is examined in detail by localising precisely the topological singularities. Oil-flow visualisations reveal the complex nature of the wall flow and its strong three-dimensionality. Four vortical structures appear in the vicinity of the wall, where two are essentially parallel to the wall (horseshoe vortex and boundary-layer vortices) and the other two are directed perpendicular to the wall (wake vortices). Comparison of computation with experiment shows good agreement for the complex separated-flow surface shear pattern and the pressure distribution. The crossflow Mach number plays an important role in the separation mechanisms. Significant differences in the topology occur with a Mach 0·3 crossflow whereas above Mach 0·6 the mean structure of the interaction is almost conserved, except that the secondary wake vortices disappear.
Advanced combat aircraft performance assessment
Authors: Kutschera A. , Render P. M.
Published: October 2022

With the advent of thrust vector control and post stall manoeuvrability affecting the design of modern combat aircraft, there still remains a shortage of performance metric tools available to the conceptual designer. The need for such a tool is highlighted, and a suitable metric is introduced. Using the metric, the effects of thrust vector control and post stall manoeuvrability are investigated quantitatively for a 180° heading change in the horizontal plane, in terms of time to complete the manoeuvre, final Specific Excess Power, energy change over the manoeuvre and turn diameter. The extension of the metric to investigate different manoeuvres and the impact of other new technologies is briefly discussed.
A study of aerodynamic performance degradation on aerofoils and aircraft wings due to accreted ice
Authors: Khalid M. , Zhang F. , Chen S.
Published: October 2022

The aerodynamic performance of two dimensional (2D) aerofoils and finite aircraft wings is investigated when the leading edge is modified with a standard ice shape. Three ice-shapes, G1, G3 and R7 are selected for this investigation. For the aerofoils it was observed that the presence of strong vortex flows near the leading edge fundamentally changes the flow in that region forcing earlier transition and premature separation. Normal suction peaks designed to provide high aerodynamic lift and prolonged attached flow are replaced with a system of vortices which produce unwanted pressure spikes which influence the development of the boundary layer leading to earlier stall. The present study also includes the three dimensional (3D) effects due to iced leading edges on aircraft surfaces. As different from such studies elsewhere, which only considered the simple sweep back effects on constant cross section wings, the present work includes more realistic wings equipped with twist, taper and non-equal sweep back at leading and trailing edge of the wing. In absence of any experimental data on such real life type configurations, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results were first validated against measurements on non-swept wings. It was found that ice formations cause noticeable changes of the flow in the leading edge regions of the wing and promote strong 3D effects, which pervade across the entire span wise direction of the model.
Active control of fan noise from high-bypass ratio aeroengines: experimental results
Authors: Enghardt L. , Tapken U. , Neise W. , Schimming P. , Maier R. , Zillmann J.
Published: October 2022

Noise reduction in the inlet of stationary gasturbines or aeroengines is usually achieved by passive absorbers (acoustic liners) the efficiency of which is limited due to the confined length. Higher sound level reductions can be obtained — in particular for the tonal components -by using additionally active noise control techniques (ANC): The rotorspeed-coherent tonal components of the primary sound field are superimposed with an anti-phase sound field which is produced by secondary acoustic sources.
Role of sarcopenia risk in predicting COVID-19 severity and length of hospital stay in older adults: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ahmadiani Elham Sadat , Ariyanfar Shadi , Soroush Mohammadreza , Razeghi Jahromi Soodeh
Published: October 2022

Sarcopenia is more common in the elderly and causes adverse outcomes with increased morbidity and mortality. This prospective cohort study assessed the association of sarcopenia risk with the severity of COVID-19 at the time of admission and during hospitalisation and the length of hospital stay. Two hundred patients (aged ≥ 60 years) who were hospitalised for COVID-19 were enrolled using consecutive sampling between 29 December 2020 and 20 May 2021. The sarcopenia score of the patients was assessed using the Strength, Assistance in walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls questionnaire. The severity of COVID-19 was determined using the modified National Early Warning Score (m-NEWS) system for 2019 n-CoV-infected patients at admission (T1), day three (T2) and at discharge (T3). Data were analysed using SPSS, version 22 and STATA, version 14. Of the 165 patients included, thirty four (20·6 %) were at risk of sarcopenia. The length of hospital stay was slightly longer in patients with sarcopenia risk, but the difference was not significant (P = 0·600). The adjusted OR of respiratory rate (RR) > 20 /min at T1 for the sarcopenia risk group was 6·7-times higher than that for the non-sarcopenic group (P = 0·002). According to generalised estimating equations, after adjusting for confounding factors, the m-NEWS score was 5·6 units higher in patients at risk of sarcopenia (P < 0·001). Sarcopenia risk could exacerbate COVID-19 severity and increase RR at admission, as well as the need for oxygen therapy at discharge.
The December 12th Student Movement: Uyghur Student Protest in Reform-Era China
Authors: Spivey Brian
Published: October 2022

By assembling more than fifty hours of interviews with eleven former Uyghur students and teachers, alongside an array of published and unpublished textual documents, this article offers the most complete history of the Uyghur student movements of the 1980s—in the face of considerable neglect and confusion. It argues, first, that the university functioned as a social, intellectual, and political space that allowed Uyghurs to develop their ethno-national identity, build shared grievances, and mobilize politically. Second, it argues that the December 1985 Uyghur student movement was a foundational turning point in the erosion of Hu Yaobang's accommodationist ethnicity policies of the early 1980s, changing how the Party-state diagnosed the reasons for Xinjiang's instability and delimited Uyghur political participation in the People's Republic of China. This article further unsettles later attempts by Chinese scholars to retroactively characterize the student movement as essentially separatist and the work of behind-the-scenes plotters.
Research on Latin America in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin
Authors: Steger Hanns-Albert , Schrader Achim , Gräbener Jürgen
Published: October 2022

German scholarly concern with Latin America has a long and interesting tradition that began before Alexander von Humboldt's famous journey to Latin America at the beginning of the 19th century.

Well-known research in entomology, for example, was carried out by Maria Sybilla Merian, who was active in 1699 in Surinam. Similarly, a long and protracted cooperation exists between German and Latin American mining research on the major mining centers of the colonial Latin American world: the Bolivian highlands and Mexico. Alexander von Humboldt was able to build directly on these established and generally accepted contacts, especially in Mexico, where he found old college friends from Freiberg (Saxony) in decisive positions in Mexican mining affairs.
Status of Research on Education in Latin America
Authors: McCleary Lloyd E.
Published: October 2022

THE TASK OF DRAWING TOGETHER USEFUL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT RESEARCH on problems of education in Latin America is at once an attractive and a disagreeable task. It is attractive because the kind of effort exemplified by this publication seems to imply increased attention to the need for research. It is disagreeable because of the obvious paucity of research, lack of a dynamic role for research in the educational process, disjointed and unrelated effort in the research that does exist, and misunderstanding of the nature of research and its function in a social field. The views expressed here are critical of research—its goals, its conduct, and the mechanisms for integrating it into educational development; but, hopefully, the observations made can be of use to enhance the research potential in this important sphere of activity.
A Survey of Literature and Research on Latin American Universities
Authors: Arnove Robert F.
Published: October 2022

Literature on the latin american university is largely of a polemical and speculative nature, generally devoid of empirical grounding and theoretical significance. Research, in the sense of a systematic quest to enhance our powers to understand, predict, and control relationships among variables, is of recent origin. Parker (1964), in a review of over two hundred U.S. doctoral dissertations written on Latin American education, noted that few studies were concerned with university reform or the influence of universities on social, economic, and political improvement. Lipset (1966, p. 153), in a general survey of literature on university students in underdeveloped countries, observed that the influence of university studies, patterns of recruitment, modes of teaching on intellectual, professional, political and cultural standards and aspirations or the assimilation of students into the various spheres of adult activity is still terra incognita.
The Peripheral State Debate: State Capitalist and Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America
Authors: Canak William L.
Published: October 2022

In 1975 the Trilateral Commission published Crozier, Huntington, and Wantanuki'sCrisis of Democracy, which questioned the compatibility of stable capitalist development and traditional democratic freedoms in the advanced capitalist nations, a theme echoed in Lindblom (1977), Lindberg et al. (1975), Nisbet (1975), and Huntington (1981). Living in capitalist societies whose recent experience is strikingly nondemocratic, Latin American scholars have felt most urgently the need to assess critically this contradiction and its implications for general political tendencies within the process of capitalist development. In the 1970s, directly in response to events in the major industrialized Latin American nations (especially Brazil, Argentina, and Chile), theoretical and empirical research has reformulated the terrain of debate regarding the relationship of political, economic, and social relations in peripheral capitalist nations. This new vocabulary and new set of hypotheses about state structure and state intervention suggest explanations for the nondemocratic political structure and the increasingly expansive and intensive role of the state in the process of capital accumulation in Latin America.
Social Stratification Research in Latin America
Authors: Iutaka Sugiyama
Published: October 2022

To Understand the development of research on latin america we must not overlook the present status of the social sciences throughout the world. One of the characteristics of the contemporary world is that distances hardly exist; scientists thus continually stage “invasions” from more developed into the so-called underdeveloped societies. Such phenomena, of course, existed in the past, too; the origin of anthropology is linked to the study of primitive societies in colonial times. The amount of resources available today, modern transportation facilities, and the constantly growing number of researchers make it increasingly impossible that one area or country could be without social scientists studying something.
The Study of Latin American History Today
Authors: Mörner Magnus
Published: October 2022

It requires a lot of temerity to analyze in a few pages such a great and complicated topic as “The Study of Latin American History Today,” especially if one is not Richard Morse. My only vantage point is a rather varied experience. A European historian, I am an autodidact in things Latin American. Since the late 1940s, I have visited and done some research in most of the countries of Latin America, and Spain. I have had the privilege of teaching Latin American history at five major United States universities during a total of five and a half years. At the present time I find myself once again in Europe. Thus I am familiar with the increased European interest in Latin American studies during recent years as well as with the various factors which still hamper us in our job. From the psychological point of view I have probably become a kind of mestizo, a Swedish-Latin-North American blend. Though at ease in any of three environments, I have the feeling of being to some extent an outsider even in the country of my birth. After this presentation-confession I shall first survey the current situation in broad terms. The second point will be to discuss the purpose of the study of Latin American history and finally, to recommend some norms of policy.
New Research Opportunities in Ecuador
Authors: Jaime E. Rodriguez O.
Published: October 2022

The study of history in Ecuador is still in its infancy. Too few foreign scholars have ventured into the country's past and most Ecuadorean historians have failed to produce well-researched studies. Consequently, generalization and bias have passed for scholarship. Although there are many reasons for the backward state of Educadorean historiography, perhaps the most important has been the poor condition of the nation's archives. During the last decade, however, libraries and repositories in the country have improved tremendously. While not yet the equal of research facilities in many other Latin American nations, still it is now possible to do historical research with relative ease in Ecuador.
Latin American Doctoral Dissertations of the 1960s
Authors: González Nelly S.
Published: October 2022

The decade of the 1960s ushered in a “New Frontier” for scholarly interest in all aspects of Latin American life. This trend was reflected in the curricula of American and Canadian institutions of higher education as they embarked on expanded programs in Latin American studies. This intensified effort resulted in an unprecedented number of doctoral dissertations on Latin American topics being submitted at 152 U.S. and Canadian universities. This research will be analyzed by drawing primarily on two bibliographic works: Allen Bushong's 1967 work, “Doctoral Dissertations on Pan American Topics Accepted by United States and Canadian Colleges and Universities 1961-1965” (LARR 2, No. 2 Supplement [Spring 1967]), and my Doctoral Dissertations on Latin America and the Caribbean: An Analysis and Bibliography of Dissertations Accepted at American and Canadian Universities, 1966-1970 (Publication No. 10 of the Consortium of Latin American Studies Programs, 1980). A comparison of the decade will also be made with the period 1861-1960.
Lies, Damn Lies, and Argentine GDP
Authors: Randall Laura
Published: October 2022

“Statistics are the poetry of Latin America” was Frank Tannenbaum's discreet version of “there are lies, damn lies, and statistics.” This is a widespread enough view, even now, when numbers are fashionable, and a fair number of my colleagues suggest any series will do to illustrate their well-conceived articles. A few skeptics refuse to go in for misplaced fashion. A Mexican economist, working in the statistics in the boondocks, said he was told to apply a correction coefficient to his numbers, to make them consistent with his boss's earlier reports. He quit, and became an essayist. An Argentine economist said that when his division head wanted to show growth, the investigators were sent to big firms; slumps were reported by surveying the output of small firms.
The State of Occupational Stratification Studies in Argentina: A Classificatory Scheme
Authors: Szuchman Mark D. , Sofer Eugene F.
Published: October 2022

Research in social mobility in postcolonial Argentina has not benefitted from the sweeping changes in methodology and content found in histories of other periods and areas. The question of social mobility receives close attention in these studies partly because it offers such a variety of research opportunities and is measurable in several forms. Usually, the laboratory for these recent studies is the city—the place with the greatest opportunities for self-improvement. Since the nineteenth century, the city has become the locus of concentration for countless native and foreign migrants. With the appropriate data, urban social historians have investigated their spatial and economic dimensions of mobility. In addition, one of the bases of social change most often studied is the shifting within the occupational structure. The ties between occupation and social ranking are intimate. “Thus,” writes Michael Katz, “to trace the movements of a man from occupation to occupation is, to a considerable extent, to trace his vertical movement within social space; the sum of those movements determines the patterns and rate of social mobility, the degree of openness, within a society.”
Attitudes Toward the Public Interest and Conflict in Latin American Political Culture
Authors: Veblen Eric P. , Bigler Gene E.
Published: October 2022

Latin Americanists commonly stress the traditional cultural and philosophical differences between the region they study and the United States. A frequent contention holds that such historical contrasts persist to the present. For example, Howard J. Wiarda asserts, “Latin America … remains paternalistic, hierarchical, authoritarian, Catholic, corporate, personalist, and elitist to its core.” In contrast, the United States is presumably more egalitarian, Protestant, and impersonal than her southern-hemispheric neighbors.
An Analysis of PH.D. Dissertations on Central America: 1960-1974
Authors: Snarr D. Neil , Brown E. Leonard
Published: October 2022

The role of the dissertation as part of academic preparation is generally accepted and unquestioned. The dissertation is intended to initiate students into serious research in their chosen field. However, what happens to the research, once completed, is another question. Apparently very few have addressed this question, and their findings are not consistent. McPhie, in a study of dissertations completed in social studies education, measured the dissemination of dissertations via library circulation. He concluded that: “These data on library circulation, even when viewed with caution, would seem to indicate a rather meager use of some potentially valuable findings.” He also found that nearly two-thirds had not published even one article from their dissertations. In a more recent study of Ph.D. dissertations in sociology, Yoels found a similar picture. He concluded, after analyzing citations to Ph.D. dissertations in the two most frequently cited journals in sociology, that “the likelihood that dissertations will be widely disseminated appears to be slim.” However, in a recent and more complete study, Hanson found that dissertations are more widely used than is indicated in the above studies. He concludes that: “When one broadens the definition of dissemination to include the media of books, monographs, chapters, presented papers, journal articles (including those not appearing in the two major journals), research bulletins, and miscellaneous forms during the professional life of the Ph.D. sociologist, a picture of more extensive transmission of dissertation results emerge. A conservative estimate would be that findings from a substantial majority of dissertations are disseminated through various media at some point in time.”
The Historical Formation of the State in Latin America: Some Theoretical and Methodological Guidelines for Its Study
Authors: Oszlak Oscar
Published: October 2022

This work will sketch some methodogical and theoretical guidelines for studying the historical process by which national states were formed in Latin America. It is a suggested method for studying this process, not a rigorous interpretation of it. Such an interpretation would be difficult without first having studied in depth the experiences of several nations from which to infer and generalize a pattern of historical development. Studies of this sort have been undertaken recently, so I will confine myself here to a discussion of certain conceptual elements and a research strategy that may prove useful in the work that lies ahead. Several hypotheses on the process of state formation will be advanced to illustrate the perspective from which I propose to undertake its study.
Self-Plagiarism and Foreign Policy
Authors: Wood Bryce
Published: October 2022

As the Secretary of State looks out over the Potomac River, pondering reports from his embassies to the south, the fundamental question: “What is it?” comes to him again and again. Is a new regime in a Latin American country controlled by “agrarian reformers,” “moderate socialists,” “malleable leftists,” “Christian Democrats,” “safe militarists,” or—others?
On Quantitative History: The Poverty Index for Mexico
Authors: Wilkie James W.
Published: October 2022

This is a response to the recent critique of my book The Mexican Revolution: Federal Expenditure and Social Change Since 1910, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, 1970) by Felix G. Boni and Mitchell A. Seligson. Their factor analysis of my data on poverty suggests, first, that their methodology is more “sensitive” than mine; second, that they have confirmed the thrust of an earlier analysis by Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith; and third, that the task of quantitative history is to reduce data of “unwieldy proportions” so that it is subject to greater understanding.
The Political Mobilization of Urban Squatter Settlements: Santiago's Recent Experience and Its Implications for Urban Research
Authors: Handelman Howard
Published: October 2022

On 11 September 1973, heavily armed troops attacked the Chilean Presidential Palace in Santiago and toppled the government of Dr. Salvador Allende. The military coup brought an end to Latin America's first democratically-elected Marxist government. Since the September military takeover, the Chilean armed forces have moved with unparalleled harshness to suppress the base of the Allende regime's popular support. The Allende government's efforts toward raising the consumption level of Chile's lower classes had earned his Popular Unity (Unidad Popular—UP) coalition a high degree of political support among the nation's working class and urban migrant population. Because his Socialist-Communist coalition had been actively competing since the 1960s with both the reformist Christian Democratic party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano—PDC) and the ultraradical Leftist Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria—MIR) for the support of the urban poor, Santiago's migrant shantytowns had an unusually high level of political mobilization. The squatter settlements outside of the capital provided some of the strongest support for Chile's various Marxist parties. Not surprisingly, since the military takeover many of Santiago's squatter communities have been subjected to mass arrests and even executions by the rightist government (Slaughterhouse, 1973; Terror, 1974).
The Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies: The First Twenty Years
Authors: Chamberlin Eugene K.
Published: October 2022

During the academic year 1974–75, the Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies (PCCLAS) is commemorating its twentieth anniversary. A summary of its origins and some of the highlights of its development may give current participants in its affairs that breadth of vision which historians assert is helpful in evaluating such human institutions.
Urban Household Income and Consumption in Latin America
Authors:   Programa de Estudios Conjuntos de Integración Económica Latinoamericana (ECIEL)
Published: October 2022

This study is based on household budget surveys conducted in eighteen major cities of ten South American countries. The project has two major objectives: One is to present a uniform statistical analysis of the principal features of family income and expenditure; the other is to create a body of data suitable for a variety of subsequent analyses. These analyses, described below, concentrate on the relations between income and expenditure, and on the allocation of the household budget as a function of income and a variety of socioeconomic variables. Because information with wide coverage and extensive detail is rare in Latin America, much of the project effort lies in obtaining and cleaning the data.
Some Current Directions in Mexican American Religious Music
Authors: Bensusan Guy
Published: October 2022

The renewed religious activity which has been gathering national momentum over the past decade has deeply affected Mexican Americans and other Spanish speakers in the United States. For Catholics one may perhaps date the resurgence as commencing shortly after the Second Vatican Council of 1963; Protestant growth seems to have begun at approximately the same time, somewhat in parallel with the La Raza Movement. It is rewarding to analyze developments among the various denominations because of what is revealed about the diversity of Mexican American outlooks, because of the interesting leadership activities of church groups, and because of the musical trends which are appearing in worship.
Cooperation in the Publication of Basic Bibliographic Works: The Hispanic American Periodicals Index
Authors: Cox Barbara G.
Published: October 2022

Library cooperation on regional and statewide levels has helped to expand significantly the collections of individual research libraries through cooperative purchasing policies, cataloging networks, union lists, interlibrary loan services and other means. However, access to the contents of these materials is also essential if this vast body of information is to be utilized fully. Books on specific topics can be found with relative ease by searching library subject catalogs, printed bibliographies, and specialized data bases. On the other hand, the wealth of information that appears regularly in periodical literature is all but lost unless it is adequately indexed.
Nettie Lee Benson and the Latin American Collection
Authors: Kahler Mary Ellis
Published: October 2022

Nettie Lee Benson can be said to be without an equal and truly in a class by herself. She and the collection which today bears her name are widely known. Admired and respected as a builder and administrator of a collection that has become a standard by which others are judged, she is known not only as a librarian but as a teacher, an unfailing source of information about Latin American library materials, and a scholar of the history of Mexico.
José Martí: Surrealist or Seer?
Authors: Vincent Jon S.
Published: October 2022

A great deal has been written about José Martí as poet, patriot, and essayist. Much of his life and work has, however, remained almost completely ignored; by some, denied. Relatively little is known about his personal life except that he was Cuban, which for most has been sufficient. But recent research casts fascinating light on his little-known fondness for baccarat, his secret dream of acquiring a Caribbean monopoly of Thom McAn shoe franchises, and his tendency to walk into closed doors. Though all this information is useful and interesting, there has persisted yet another oversight in Martí scholarship, one which has led to an altogether unwarranted and almost totally inaccurate image of him as an inspired but rather inept artist of verse.
Cuba Materials in the Bureau of Insular Affairs Library
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: October 2022

For the better part of the last fifteen years, scholars in the United States researching late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Cuba have worked under severe handicaps. First and foremost, obviously the richest collections of Cuban materials—in Cuba—are beyond easy access. It is not without some irony that the very phenomenon that made Cuba the subject of intense interest also placed the vast corpus of sources vital to the study of the island beyond the reach of the researcher in the United States. The researcher has had to suffer a general paucity of sources, and has been forced to reconstruct the Cuban past from incomplete and fragmentary materials scattered in archives, libraries, and manuscript collections across the country.
Of Numbers, History, and Other Things
Authors: Lombardi John V.
Published: October 2022

Any scholar who has followed the ongoing debates in the profession over the use and misuse of quantitative data for the study of historical phenomena is well aware of the perils inherent in any attempt to use numbers to help explain the past. The controversy surrounding Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman's Time on the Cross is only the most visible manifestation of the continuing battle over the limits, usefulness, and standards of quantitative history. Closer to home, in the pages of this journal, we have witnessed the exchange between Wilkie, Smith, and Skidmore over the proper way to analyze and interpret Mexican budgetary accounts.
Escuela de Sociología y Ciencias Políticas: La Política Académica de la Dirección, 1974–1976
Authors: López Rafael Quintero
Published: October 2022

“No basta la verdad y no vencera inevitablemente. Pero una politica de la verdad puede bastar, y representa una posibilidad de veneer. No siempre ganara la verdad, pero la verdad dicha a la gente que debe oirla con las palabras adecuadas y en el momenta oportuno representa una posibilidad de veneer. Iniciara cambios entre los impotentes y desenmascarara como mentiras las pretenciones de los poderosos que las sancionan.”—C. Wright Mills

Un pensamiento social militante, coherente y capaz de organizar y sistematizar teóricamente una concepción totalizadora de la cultura de la sociedad ecuatoriana, aún no emerge en el Ecuador. Nuestro país es uno de los pocos en América Latina que aún no ha visto surgir ese tipo de pensamiento, posibilitado históricamente en otros y que parece estar todavía en un proceso de gestación, a madurar en un futuro impredecible. La trayectoria histórica de nuestra estructura social global y la no insurgencia aún de un poderoso movimiento revolucionario de la clase obrera parecerían explicar este desarrollo acortado. En ausencia de una cultura revolucionaria, en el sentido estricto: que no carezca de una teoría total de si misma, es empero posible y necesario una práctica avanzada dentro de la cultura. La lucha por construír y/o fortalecer las corrientes críticas en las Ciencias Sociales a lo interno de nuestras universidades, es una forma de esta lucha. Y es en esa perspectiva que los esfuerzos realizados en estos dos años desde la Dirección de la Escuela de Sociología, para construir lo que se ha construido y fortalecer lo positivo que existía, se han inscrito. Las prioridades para haber hecho efectiva la inscripción de esta política académica en esa perspectiva han sido contínuas a lo largo de este bienio: posibilitar el desafío y la crítica seria al pensamiento seudo-científico de la sociología burguesa; crear condiciones, espirituales y materiales, para el desarrollo de posturas avanzadas en el pensamiento; desarrollar mecanismos de discusión y difusión de ese pensamiento avanzado para posibilitar su mayor influencia en el terreno de la cultura; y abrir alternativas académicas críticas para nuestro estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales.
On Paradigms and the Pursuit of the Practical: A Response
Authors: Safford Frank
Published: October 2022

I am grateful to Charles Bergquist for his consideration in sending me a draft of his review essay, thus giving me an opportunity to reply in the same issue of LARR. It is in many respects a perceptive commentary that raises some useful questions about the book. Nevertheless, some of the comments suggest an imperfect grasp of my intended message, perhaps because of a failure on my part to make it sufficiently clear. On some important points he reads things into the book that are not there; and other points that are in the book seem to be missed in Bergquist's reading of it. I therefore would like to clarify some of these matters, both for those who may read the book as Bergquist has and for those who may choose to rely upon his commentary for their knowledge of the book's contents. I also will attempt to say something about some of the general issues he raises.
The Rocky Mountain Council for Latin American Studies: A Silver Anniversary Assessment
Authors: Hayes Robert A.
Published: October 2022

The silver anniversary of the Rocky Mountain Council for Latin American Studies (RMCLAS) provides a good opportunity for an assessment of that organization. Much of the following analysis focuses upon annual meetings since they are the major activity of the organizational membership. Programs and minutes of past meetings as well as organizational newsletters and correspondence were examined for patterns in the areas of program participation (numbers, institutional affiliation, academic discipline, and sex of participants), topics favored (as concerns discipline and theme), the general political orientation of the organization, openness to participation from the outside, and organizational publications; an attempt is also made to provide some appreciation for the subjective side of the organization's life.
The Southeastern Conference on Latin American Studies: A Quarter Century of Service
Authors: Arbena Joseph L.
Published: October 2022

The origins of the Southeastern Conference on Latin American Studies (SECOLAS) are similar to those of several regional associations whose histories have previously been summarized in this journal. In an attempt to foster more and better academic courses on Latin America in the United States, the Pan American Union convened a national round table in Washington in April 1952 and, during the ensuing decade, sponsored a series of regional conferences to discuss similar problems and to provide for future cooperation and interchange. One such meeting, held on the campus of Duke University (Durham, North Carolina), 12–13 February 1954, was organized by R. L. Predmore of the host institution, and was called the “Southeastern Regional Round Table on Teaching Problems in the Field of Latin American Studies.” Aníbal Sánchez-Reulet represented the PAU and explained the history and purpose of such regional meetings, which, in other forms, had actually preceeded the Washington round table by as much as thirty-five years.
A Survey of Recent Chilean Historiography, 1965–1976
Authors: Sater William F.
Published: October 2022

The past eleven years have been extremely fruitful for Chilean specialists. Various scholars have formulated theories to explain Chile's political, social, and economic development; new monographs as well as doctoral dissertations have provided grist for the generalist's mill; and studies on mining—particularly the nitrate sector—agriculture, the role of labor, and more detailed political surveys have been published. Increasingly, one notes a tendency to undertake projects that will investigate twentieth-century topics. This essay reviews some of the recent contributions to Chile's already rich historiography and attempts to include material from other disciplines as well as history. It will not, however, discuss the Allende period, whose massive and still growing literature requires separate treatment. Those interested in this topic might profitably consult the recent work of Arturo and Samuel Valenzuela, “Visions of Chile” (LARR 10, no. 3 [1975]:155–75).
On Questioning the Questionnaire: Research Experiences
Authors: Eckstein Susan
Published: October 2022

Social scientists generally present the conclusions of their studies without describing how their ideas may have changed in the course of doing research. They also rarely discuss the impact they have on the persons they study or the ethical problems of research. I will address both of these issues, focusing on my experiences doing research on Mexican urban poor. In addition, I will describe how and why my conceptual framework changed during the study and raise some general questions about the relationship between theory and methods and the types of moral dilemmas faced by researchers, who often are neither value-free nor politically neutral.
Luso-Hispanic Recordings at the Library of Congress
Authors: Dorn Georgette M.
Published: October 2022

The Library of Congress began to gather contemporary Latin American, Caribbean, and Iberian literature recorded on magnetic tape, when the Uruguayan poet Emilio Oribe passed through Washington in 1942. He recorded a then recently written poem entitled “Oda al cielo de la nueva Atlántida” dedicated to Archibald MacLeish, the poet who was Librarian of Congress from 1939 to 1944. A year later Andrés Eloy Blanco of Venezuela recorded “Píntame angelitos negros” and six other compositions. Around 1944 the Library set out to formulate a program to record North American poets reading selections from their own works. The Library's Hispanic Foundation (now called the Hispanic Division) decided to assemble a similar Archive of Hispanic Literature on Tape, heeding the words of Gabriela Mistral, the first Latin American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature: “Poetry hushed and inert in books fades away and dies. The air not the printed word is its natural home. Recordings serve it well.”
El Orden Latinoamericano: Cinco Escenarios
Authors: Hodara Joseph
Published: October 2022

Un lector asiduo de ciertos géneros de la literatura sobre el reciente desarrollo económico y social de Latinoamérica podría rematar en la conclusión de que “aquí no ha pasado nada,” Su aserto descansaría en el examen de algunos problemas y expresiones centrales de la temática regional de los últimos lustros. Ejemplo ilustrativo: la infatigable presencia de restricciones externas e internas que militan en conjunto contra el desarrollo: segmentos de ellas mudaron tal vez énfasis e importancia, pero el escenario, los personajes y el guión permanecen en general sin alteración. Continúan, en otras palabras, las oscilaciones caprichosas del comercio exterior, la fragilidad financiera, la debilidad-ingreso del mercado interior, el subempleo y la pobreza crítica, las rigideces institucionales.
Latin American Studies in the Upper Midwest: The Growth of the North Central Council of Latin Americanists
Authors: Harrigan John J.
Published: October 2022

The North Central Council of Latin Americanists grew out of the Wisconsin Council of Latin Americanists which was formed during the 1966–67 year by scholars from various colleges and universities in Wisconsin. A group of nine met originally on 25 March 1966 at Stevens Point, Wisconsin to determine whether there was enough interest on their campuses to warrant drafting plans for a statewide association. This group, plus other Latin Americanists from the state, met again at Wisconsin State University—Whitewater on 16 December 1966. They formed an executive committee and charged it with drafting a charter for the new organization; they also set the first general meeting for Spring 1967 at Wisconsin State University—Platteville.
El Archivo del Fuero Agario: Lima, Perú
Authors: Pastor Humberto Rodríguez
Published: October 2022

Desde al año 1971 estamos organizando lo que actualmente se llama el Archivo del Fuero Agrario. Esta institución fue conocida antes con el nombre de Centro de Documentación Agraria y ahora, de manera resumida, se le dice simplemente Archivo Agrario. Desde el año mencionado un grupo de investigadores científicos sociales e historiadores percibieron que con el proceso de Reforma Agraria (Decreto Ley 17716) en las haciendas que iban siendo expropiadas quedaban un conjunto de documentos que debían ser centralizados en un local. Fue de esta manera como se empezó a reunir los documentos de empresas agrícolas o ganaderas. De esto han pasado ya seis años y se puede decir que ya hay un importante archivo que facilita la comprensión del mundo rural peruano desde el interior de las unidades de producción. Esto es algo así como penetrar dentro de un organismo y comprender, desde su interior, el funcionamiento de sus distintos sistemas. El Archivo Agrario es un caso único en América Latina y en el mundo. Hay casos particulares de documentos muy similar a los que tenemos en el archivo que han sido utilizados por investigadores sociales, pero en ninguna parte hay concentrado el volumen del material documental del tipo al que nos estamos refiriendo. Esto es lo que tenemos ya construido. Y no solamente se trata de un repositorio de documentos sino que se trata de algo más que ello. Se está creando un centro donde colaboramos en orientar las investigaciones históricas agrarias y donde los que trabajamos ahí hacemos historia del mundo rural. Estamos creando una institución donde también hay organizados mapoteca, hemeroteca, fototeca, todo ello del ambiente rural peruano.
Recent Regional Studies of the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Carr Barry
Published: October 2022

Historians have long complained that research on the regional and local impact of the Mexican Revolution has been eclipsed by macro-level analysis of national politics, including studies of formal institutions (the army, the Church, political parties) and biographies of “great men.” Very few of the global studies of the Revolution published in English have paid more than token attention to its regional complexity. It is ironic, for example, that until recently the most detailed, if idiosyncratic, treatment of regional politics in the 1920s was provided by Ernest Gruening's Mexico and Its Heritage (London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1928). Its devastatingly drawn picture of violence at the local level was richly documented from official archives opened to the author by the Calles government in an effort to discredit its enemies. More recently, Jean Meyer's study of the period 1910–40 has provided historians with an analysis that offers both a general characterization of the revolutionary process and a narrative that is informed throughout by a keen appreciation of the Revolution's regional and local variations. Another particular merit of this and other work by Meyer is its iconoclastic vigor and insistence on viewing the Revolution as an event that deepened Mexico's dependence upon international capitalism, providing revolutionary leaders with abundant opportunities for personal enrichment.