bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MIDDLE EAR AND NASOPHARYNGEAL BACTERIAL FLORA AND THEIR SENSITIVITY IN ACTIVE STAGE OF MUCOSAL DISEASE OTITIS MEDIA: A COMPARISON
Authors: Vuppala Rakesh. , Burugula Kathyayani , R Balakrishnan
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Identifying the role of nasopharyngeal bacteria in recurrent middle ear (ME) infection helps in developing an effective treatment strategy.We aimed to compare bacterial flora of ME with nasopharynx (NP) and their sensitivity patterns in active stage of mucosal disease - otitis media(CSOM).Methods: Ear and nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with active ear discharge for >3 months were processed for culture and sensitivity, theorganisms were identified using Gram-stain.Results: Twenty patients between 10 and 65 years and male:female ratio of 13:7 were enrolled. 9 had symptoms since childhood. 10 patientscomplained unilateral ear discharge; five each had discharge from the left and right ear. 11 patients had nasal symptoms; nose block due to obstruction(9), nasal discharge (8), and both symptoms were seen in eight patients. 14 patients (70.0%) had deviated nasal septum and 8 (40.0%) had dischargein the NP. Of 20 ear swabs, 19 grew bacteria; 1 was sterile (5.0%). 13 (65%) nasopharyngeal swabs grew bacteria, 7 were sterile. Culture yieldedaerobic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterium (9/20, 45.0%) followed by Pseudomonas (7/20, 35.0%) isolated from theear. The most common nasopharyngeal isolate was S. aureus (9=45%). 10 patients had common ME and nasopharyngeal flora. Organisms weresensitive to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, fluoroquinolones. Sensitivity was observed to polymyxin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole also.Conclusion: Common ME and nasopharyngeal flora with same antibiotic sensitivity pattern suggest nasopharyngeal etiology. Nasopharyngeal floramay have a role in recurrent ME infections in mucosal disease - otitis media.Keywords: Bacterial flora, Bacterial sensitivity, mucosal disease otitis media, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF KOMBUCHA TEA AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC FUNGI
Authors: Yuniarto Ari - , Anggadiredja Kusnandar , Annisa Nur Aqidah Riana
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: In general, infectious diseases still known as a major contributor to the number of morbidity and mortality in the worldwide besideother diseases. Infections are ordinarily caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Several human pathogenic fungi involving Aspergillus flavus, Candidaalbicans, and Microsporum gypseum have responsible against infectious diseases. The objective of the research was to evaluate the antifungal activityof kombucha tea against human pathogenic fungi such as A. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum.Methods: The antifungal activity of the kombucha tea against A. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum were tested by disc diffusion method with durationof fermentation in 6, 12, and 18 days.Results: Based on the present study, inhibitory diameter of A. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum are 16.83, 15.36, and 25.06 mm, respectively. Theinhibitory diameter was obtained from kombucha tea activity with duration of fermentation in 6 days.Conclusion: The results provide support for the use of kombucha tea as a potential antifungal source against human pathogenic fungi involvingA. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum.Keywords: Antifungal, Kombucha tea, Pathogenic, Fungi.
DESIGN, FACILE SYNTHESIS, AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL 1,3-THIAZINE DERIVATIVES AS POTENTIAL ANTICONVULSANT AGENTS
Authors: B Ravindar , Murthy M Srinivasa , Basha Shaik Afzal
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Chalcones and their heterocyclic analogs represent an important class of small molecules having anticonvulsant activities. Therefore, inthis study, the synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some new chalcones and 1,3-thiazines were described.Methods: The reaction of 1-acetylnaphthalene with substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of aq. NaOH afforded corresponding chalconeswhich upon further cyclization with thiourea resulted in 1,3-thiazine derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for anticonvulsantactivity by pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures method using diazepam as standard.Results: Most of the compounds showed good anticonvulsant activity but is less than diazepam. 1,3-thiazines were more potent than chalconesand among them, compound P4 containing 4-fluorophenyl substituents on the thiazine moiety was more potent as it has prolonged the onset ofconvulsions by 155.2 seconds.Conclusion: We described the synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of novel chalcones and 1,3-thiazine derivatives. 1,3-thiazines are more activeanticonvulsant agents than chalcones and in particular compounds with electron withdrawing substituents.Keywords: Chalcone, 1,3-thiazine, Pentylenetetrazole.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM THE LEAVES OF TEUCRIUM CAPITATUM L.
Authors: El Amri Jalila , Badaoui Khalid El , Haloui Zoubida
Published: April 2017

Objective: In the framework of the search for new biological molecules, an ethnobotanical study has been carried out in the region of El Hajeb in Morocco in the interest of will select the data ethnopharmacological on medicinal and aromatic plants and on the découveres new principles assets. On the basis of a questionnaire prepared, a survey was conducted of the local population where we find a close relation which exists between the plant species described in the said region and the different types of diseases affecting the human being; six plants have been chosen to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils against the bacterial strain (Staphylococcus aureus, and on two yeasts: Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, which are the most frequently identified in clinical specimens, a mold: Aspergillus niger, and 5 dermatophytes: Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum.Methods: The extraction of essential oils was carried out by steam distillation in a clevenger-type apparatus. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method. The chromatographic analysis of HE five plants was performed with a gas chromatograph (GC) type Hewlett-Packard (6890) coupled to a mass spectrometer (HP5973).Results:  The results  show  that  the essential oil of Teucrium capitatum L. has a large antimicrobial activity vis-a-vis other plants. Therefore, an identification of their chemical composition is necessary to identify the active molecules based on the analysis GC-only and coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil of the plant of T. capitatum L. of the region of El Hajeb (Morocco) was extracted to the study its performance, its chemical composition, and its property antibacterial and antifungal. The average content in essential oil of the leaves of this species is approximately2% (wt.) of the total weight of dry matter. The chromatographic analysis showed the profiles, and the rates of the different components compared to the available standards, as function of the retention time by ascending order, four compounds were identified by GC and GC/MS as the main compounds of this oil: Endo-borneol (33%), naphthalene, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methyl ethyl)-, (1s-cis)-(19.63%), bronyle acetate (15.56%), alpha-terpineol (11.96%), bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-(10.94%) among other 21 compounds.Conclusion: This study allows, once again, the development of the exploitation of the essential oils in the areas, pharmaceutical and medicines and works the doors of the exploitation of these plants in the pharmaceutical market. Keywords: Teucrium capitatum L., Ethnobotanical study, Antifungal activity, Chromatography.
“STUDY OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (TC), TRIACYLGLYCEROLS (TG), HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL (HDL-C) IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.”
Authors: Patil Smita V , Mandare Anita P , Pandurang Gaikwad B
Published: April 2017

Objective: There are probably 100 million people in the world with diabetes mellitus (DM), and incidences of diabetes are on the rise. Dyslipidemia is one of the common disorders which are seen in most of the diabetes patients, which causes cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in Type 2 DM, and healthy controls.Methods: The study was conducted on 50 controls and 50 Type 2 diabetic subjects between age group of 30 and 60 years. Serum TC was determined by an enzymatic (cholesterol oxidase/phenol-aminophenazone [PAP]) colorimetric method and TGs were determined by an enzymatic (glycerol phosphate oxidase-PAP) method, and HDL-C was estimated by a precipitant method. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t-test.Results: The mean value of TC, TGs, and HDL-C in normal subjects is 165.5±24.24, 118.7±41.58, 28.38±7.85 mg/dl, respectively, and the value of TC, TGs, and HDL-C in diabetic patients is 179±31.69, 164.35±27.93, 25.4±6.86 mg/dl, respectively. The observed difference in the means of TC, TGs, and HDL-C in normal and diabetic are statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusion: From the present study, it is concluded that TC, TGs, and HDL-C levels for all persons with Type 2 DM should be done as a routine test. Furthermore, early diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia can be used as a preventive measure for the development of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Lipid profile, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MARINE BROWN SEAWEED AND ITS ANTIFUNGAL EFFICIENCY AGAINST CLINICAL FUNGAL PATHOGENS
Authors: S Rajeshkumar , C Malarkodi , S Venkat  S Kumar
Published: April 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles using the algal extract of Padina tetrastromatica and evaluate its antifungal activity against pathogenic fungus isolated from clinical samples.Results: Formation of brown color at 15 minutes indicates the production of silver nanoparticles by the extract of brown algae P. tetrastromatica. Surface plasmon resonance band was centered at 440 nm which was observed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. SEM image revealed spherical and cubical nanoparticles with high agglomeration, and energy-dispersive X-ray illustrates elemental components of silver formed at 3 keV. TEM shows spherical, truncated, and ellipsoidal nanoparticles and also it evidences the algae compounds that are capped with nanoparticles. SAED pattern proved four diffraction face-centered cubic rings at (111), (200), (220), and (311) which indicates the crystalline nature of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles show high inhibition activity against Fusarium sp, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus flavus at different concentrations. P. tetrastromatica-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles shows rapid and eco-friendly silver ion reduction process.Methods: Dried algal biomass was used to prepare the pure algal extract and added with 1 mM AgNO , and the color change was noted and recorded by ultraviolet (UV)-vis spectrophotometer. The morphological characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystalline structure was analyzed by SAED pattern. Antifungal activity was performed by agar well diffusion method against various pathogenic fungi.Conclusion: Therefore, this present study elucidates that algae-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles have antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi, so it can be developed as a novel medicine for human welfare in biomedical applications in the near future.Keywords: Padina tetrastromatica, Silver nanoparticles, Transmission electron microscopy, Antifungal activity, Green synthesis.
A STUDY OF MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH DENGUE AND ITS CLINICO- HAEMATOLOGICAL CORRELATION WITH SEVERITY.
Authors: Nayak Jadumani , Behera Sudeshna , Swain Shrikanta Kumar , Panda Smaraka Ranjan
Published: April 2017

Objective: To study of multiorgan dysfunction in patients with dengue and to correlate the severity and clinical outcome with different haematological parameters.Material & methods: All suspected cases of dengue admitted to Medicine dept within 1 year period were evaluated & classified as DF(dengue fever), DHF(dengue hemorrhagic fever), DSS(dengue shock syndrome).Results: out of total 150 cases,108 cases were classified as DF, 31 cases as DHF and 11 cases as DSS. Liver involvement was seen in 97.33% cases. Jaundice was observed in 10 cases(6.6%),abnormal AST(aspartate transaminase) in 146 (97.33 %) cases and abnormal ALT(alanine transaminase)in 126 (84%) cases. Bleeding manifestations was reported in 61 patients (40.6%).Presence of GI Bleeding in 17 patients (11.3%) was related to severe disease. Thrombocytopenia was present in 25% of DF cases, and in all cases of DHF and DS. Among these, PT(prothrombin time) was prolonged in 10 cases and aPTT(activated partial thromboplastin time) in 47 patients. Serum Fibrinogen was low in 28.57 % of patients. Multiorgan dysfunction was observed in the form of simultaneous hepatic and renal dysfunction in 3.33 % of cases, hepatic and CNS dysfunction in 2.66% of cases, hepatic & cardiac dysfunction in 2% of cases and all the organ system dysfunction in 0.67% of cases.Conclusion: The extent of rise of liver enzymes, PT, aPTT & fall of serum fibrinogen, and degree of thrombocytopenia correlated with disease severity. Acute renal failure, encephalitis and myocarditis are manifestations of severe form of dengue. Major organ involvement may occur in simple DF also.
EFFECT OF ANTI-BIOFILM POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANTS: REVIEW
Authors: Gayathri M , Man Abinaya
Published: April 2017

Medicinal plant products are the natural products which have been very useful for human to cure various ailments and as an alternative medicine for conventional therapy. However, bacteria in natural environments are mainly exist in biofilm formation and are more susceptible to cause severe infections than the planktonic counterparts. Biofilm is associated with impaired epithelization and granulation tissue formation and also promotes a low-grade inflammatory response that interferes with wound healing. Since the infection caused by biofilm is often very difficult to treat, there is a need to find a new active anti-biofilm agent. In recent past, interest in the therapeutic and nutritional properties of various medicinal plants and its natural phytochemical compounds which have established for their anti-biofilm activities has been increased gradually. In this review, we have described various aerial parts of medicinal plants which have anti-biofilm effect which was evaluated against biofilm producing different bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial agents which are responsible to cure wound healing.Keywords: Medicinal plants, Phytochemical, Anti-biofilm activity.
EVALUTION OF IN VITRO ANTI-ANGIOGENESIS ACTIVITY ON METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Clematis buchaniana PLANT
Authors: Tiwari Abhishek
Published: April 2017

Objective: Angiogenesis plays an important role in embryonic development and various physiological processes. However, excessive angiogenesis is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer. Clematis is a genus of about 300 species within the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the India, where has been used as folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments. This work is aimed to evaluate the antiangiogenesis activity in the crude methanolic extract of Clematis buchaniana plant.Methods: The entire aerial parts of C. buchaniana were extracted by soxhelation in methanol. Then, the solvent was evaporated to dryness to yield the dried crude extract of C. buchaniana. Then, the extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to determine the active constituents for effective pharmacological activity. The in-vitro antiangiogenesis effects were later evaluated using chorioallantoic membrane model carried out by incubation in fresh chicken’s eggs.Results: The crude methanolic extract of C. buchaniana was found to have slight ability to inhibit angiogenesis that was evaluated by visualization.Conclusion: C. buchaniana plant extract inhibits angiogenesis by blocking normal vascularization in chick embryo. The ability of inhibiting angiogenic process in eggs by this extract can provide us an herbal anticancer agent in future for further scrutiny.Keywords: Antiangiogenesis, Chorioallantoic membrane, Incubation, Angiogenesis, Clematis buchaniana, Methanolic extract.
NOVEL NANOPARTICLES FOR THE ORAL DELIVERY OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ASSESSMENT
Authors: Lavanya Nallaguntla , Muzib Indira , Jithan Aukunuru , Umamahesh Balekari
Published: April 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate a novel oral formulation of nanoparticles for the systemic delivery of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared by polyelectrolyte complexation (PEC) method using polymers sodium alginate and chitosan. Entrapment efficiency of LMWH in nanoparticles was found to be  ̴88%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‑ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)  studies carried for nanoparticles. In vitro release studies were performed for the formulations. Ex vivo permeation studies were performed optimized formulation by using small intestine of rat and in vivo studies were conducted on rat model.Results: In vitro release studies demonstrated that the release of LMWH was negligible in the stomach and high in the small intestine. FTIR has indicated that there is no interaction between the ingredients in nanoparticle. DSC and XRD studies confirmed that the amino groups of chitosan interacted with the carboxylic groups of alginate. Invitro % drug release of 95% was shown by formulation AC5. Ex vivo permeation studies have elucidated that ̴ 73% of LMWH was transported across the epithelium. Nanoparticles have shown enhanced oral bioavailability of LMWH as revealed by 4.5 fold increase in AUC of plasma drug concentration time curve.Conclusion: The results suggest that the nanoparticles prepared can result in targeted delivery of LMWH into systemic circulation via intestinal and colon routes. Novel nanoparticles thus prepared in this study can be considered as a promising delivery system.Keywords: Antifactor Xa activity, Chitosan, Differential scanning calorimetry, Sodium alginate, Low-molecular-weight heparin, Oral bioavailability.
SITTING VERSUS LATERAL POSITION FOR INDUCTION OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA IN ELDERLY PATIENTS – A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Tali Showkat Hussain , Bhat Showkat Ahmad , Nm Kumar , Yousuf Shagufta
Published: April 2017

Objectives: To compare the effect of induction position (sitting versus lateral) for spinal anaesthesia in the elderly patient on hemodynamic, sensory block and motor block characteristics and patient satisfaction.Material and methods: Randomized controlled trial of patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for lower abdominal, pelvic, lower limb and urological surgeries aged more than 60 years. Hyperbaric Bupivacain (0.05%) was injected into the spinal space while the patients were either in sitting or lateral position. Effects on hemodynamic parameters, sensory block and motor block characteristics and patient satisfaction were analysed.Results: Induction position for spinal anaesthesia does not affect the hemodynamic parameters and incidence of adverse effects when adequate preloading is done. There was no statistically significant difference in the sensory level and motor level achieved. However lateral position appears to be more comfortable for elderly patients (P= 0.03).Conclusions: Induction position for administration of spinal anaesthesia has no effect on hemodynamic parameters or block characteristics except that patients feel more comfortable in lateral position.Keywords: Spinal anesthesia, Induction position, Hyperbaric bupivacaine.
THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX: A REVIEW
Authors: Sharma Preeti , Kumar Pradeep , Sharma Rachna
Published: April 2017

One of the important components of the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules allow T-lymphocytes to detect cells, such as macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells that ingest infectious microorganisms or the self-cells infected with microorganism. On being engulfed a microorganism, macrophage partially digests it and displays peptide fragments of the microbe on its surface, bound to MHC molecules and the T-lymphocyte recognizes the foreign fragment attached to the MHC molecule and binds to it, lead to stimulation of an immune response. The MHC molecule presents peptides from its own cell (self-peptides) in healthy self-cells to which T-cells do not normally react.Keywords: MHC, B Cells, T Cells, Antigen Processing.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES AND HEMATOLGICAL DATA IN SABRATHA HOSPITAL IN LIBYA
Authors: Elsayed Ata Sedik , Azab Azab Elsayed , Eaboda Nargis Omar
Published: April 2017

In chronic kidney failure, there is impairment in the excretion of toxic non-volatile solutes, with consequent increase in the plasma concentrations of all metabolites derived mainly from protein metabolism, characterized by increased urea and creatinine, the prevalence and severity of anemia are related to the kidney disease stage and the relative deficiency or reduction in erythropoietin production is the main cause. This study aimed at checking the correlation between anemia and chronic kidney diseases in patients who underwent hemodialysis in Sabratha Hospital in the West of Libya. This study was conducted on 60 patients (36 males and 24 females) with chronic renal failure from October 2015 to April 2016 and a group of 40 (20 males and 20 females) individuals as control. The results of the study concluded that there is a correlation between progression of chronic kidney diseases and reduction in hemoglobin, red blood cells count, hematocrit, and serum iron.Keywords: Chronic kidney diseases, Chronic kidney disease, Anemia, Renal failure
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION IN MACADAMIA SEDES OIL (MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA) FROM ECUADOR
Authors: Carrillo Wilman , Carpio Cecilia , Morales Dayana , Vilcacundo Edgardo , Alvarez Mario
Published: April 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acids composition in a macadamia seeds oil sample cultivated in Ecuador.Materials & Methods: macadamia oil was obtained of macadamia seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was carried out using the Gas Chromathography method with a Mass Selective Detector (GC/MSD) and using the data base Library NIST14.L to identify the compounds.Results: macadamia seeds have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids with 41.36% of oleic acid. Macadamia seeds oil has 37.77% of polyunsaturated fatty acids of which 3.79% ɷ6 α- Linoleic and 33.98% of ɷ3 α- Linolenic. Macadamia seeds only have 9.33% of palmitic acid. Conclusions: Macadamia seeds are a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and with a good content of ɷ6 α- Linoleic and ɷ3 α- Linolenic. This profile enables their use as a good and healthy oil to be used in the food industry in Ecuador. Keywords: Macadamia, Macadamia integrifolia, Fatty acids, Gas chromatography-mass selective detector, Methyl ester, Omega acids.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN A RURAL COMMUNITY; A HOME-BASED SCREENING
Authors: Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram , Kandasamy Krishnaveni , Prasad Amrita , Surendran Anjana , Sebastian Anne Christy , Ramanathan Sambathkumar
Published: April 2017

Objective: The prevalence of anemia is disproportionately high in developing countries due to poverty, inadequate diet, certain diseases, pregnancy and lactation, and poor access to health services. It is a risk factor for cardiovascular health and early death in adult.  To estimate the prevalence of anemia and its associated risk factors in a rural a community in India.Methodology: Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, an observational house-to-house survey was conducted for a period of 6 months, by screening for anemia, using digital strip type hemoglobin meter. Result: Out of 200 people, 146 were anemic of which 77 were with mild anemia, 67 with moderate anemia and only 3 had severe anemia. There were more number of anemic patients in the group of normal and underweight (Normal=86, 58.90%; Underweight=27, 18.49%) than that of overweight and obese (Overweight=22, 15.06%; Obese=11, 7.53%). The newly diagnosed cases of anemia were 138 and previously diagnosed cases of anemia were 8. Out of 146 anemic populations, 13 were hyperlipidemics, 20 were hypertensives, 18 were diabetics, 5 were thyroid patients and 4 were cardiac patients. Conclusion: This screening program helps to diagnose anemia in a selected population and benefit avoiding further complications by offering adequate patient counseling. Study population was enriched with information on nutrition intake and importance of maintaining hemoglobin concentration at normal level in day-to-day life of an individual.Keywords: Anemia, Nutrition, Screening, Hemoglobin.
A REVIEW: ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS BASED ON NITROGEN AND SULFUR CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES
Authors: Sharma Praveen Kumar
Published: April 2017

At present, heterocyclic compounds and their derived forms have become strong reflection in medicinal research field because of their positive pharmacological and biological properties. Heterocycles are prosperous in nature and have expanded additional importance because their structural subunits are established in many natural products such as antibiotics, vitamins, and hormones. Thiazine moieties present in compounds have multiplicity of medicinal activities such as antihypertensive, antitumor, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral. This review article mainly based on thiazines and their derivatives with potential antimicrobial activities that are at this time in advancement.Keywords: Nitrogen, Sulfur heterocycles (thiazines), Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antimicrobial agents.
THROMBOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF C.AMADA AND C.CAESIA
Authors: Saravana Sankar Vijaya Bharathi , V Anuradha , Ahmad Ali , Tajo Sani Mohammed
Published: April 2017

Objective: To compare the thrombolytic activity of C.amada and C. caesia.Methods: Hydro alcoholic extractions of C.amada and C. caesia were prepared. Clot lysis potential of the extracts was checked and the results were statistically analysed.Result and Conclusion: On comparing the thrombolytic potential, the % of clot lysis of silver nanoparticle synthesized using C. caesia (51%) was found to be higher than C.amada (34.7%) extract. Similarly C. caesia extract (38.75 ± 2.217) showed higher % of clot lysis than C.amada (34.74 ± 6.074). The mean percentage of clot lysis of rhizome extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticle were statistically more significant (p value < 0.05) when compared to the positive control streptokinase and negative control water. Active component involvement analysis will be helpful to utilize the C.amada and C. caesia as potent therapeutic agent.Key words: C.amada, C. caesia, thrombolytic potential.
DESIGN AND SCREENING OF GALLIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS OF MALARIAL DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (DHFR) BY IN SILICO DOCKING
Authors: Arsianti Ade Arsianti , Astuty Hendri , Fadilah Fadilah , Bahtiar Anton , Tanimoto Hiroki , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: April 2017

Objective: Malaria is an infection disease caused by plasmodium parasite with high prevalence in tropic and subtropic countries. The aim of this work was to design and screening of  gallic acid derivatives as inhibitors of malarial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) by in silico docking.Methods: The derivatives were designed by expanding the carboxyl group of gallic acid with open-chain moiety of L-threonine-allyl esters, as well as to modify the hydroxy groups on the aromatic ring of gallic acid with methoxyl group in the derivatives.  In silico approach has been utilized in finding the potential antimalaria of gallic acid derivatives. Fourteen Gallic acid derivatives (compound 2-15) were modeled into 3D structures by  ACD Labs software. Geometry optimization and minimization of energy 3D structure of gallic acid derivatives as ligands using the MOE software.  Docking process and amino acid analysis were executed by using MOE software. Results: In silico docking study resulted in the three top-ranked compounds, namely compound 5, 8 and 12. Among those three top-ranked compounds, compound 12 (octyl gallate), exhibited the strongest interaction and greatest inhibitory activity against the receptor of malarial DHFR.Conclusion Our results clearly demonstrated that compound 12 (octyl gallate) could be developed as a promising candidate for  the new anti-malarial agent.
STUDY ON ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF OLEA DIOICA ROXB. CRUDE EXTRACT AND ITS PURE COMPOUND COLLECTED FROM WESTERN GHATS, KARNATAKA, INDIA.
Authors: Rao Ashwathanarayana
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Olea dioica Roxb. an important medicinal tree plants used by local siddha tribes, belongs to the family Oleaceae. The parts such asleaves, bark, root, and fruits used in the traditional medicine to cure skin diseases, rheumatism, fever, and cancer.Objectives: The anti-oxidant experiment by metal chelating activity, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radical, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals,2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging assays with in vitro cytotoxicity was tested using trypan blue dye exclusiontechnique and 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazole-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was conducted.Results: Anti-oxidant experiments revealed that the bark ethanolic extract of the O. dioica plant parts has excellent radical scavenging activity and itsextracted pure compound, Benzene ethanol, 4-hydroxy-alcohol, showed excellent radical scavenging activity higher than the standards used. In vitrocytotoxicity experiments revealed that bark ethanolic extract has excellent cytotoxicity activity and its pure compound benzene-ethanol, 4-hydroxyalcoholalso showed excellentactivitywhichis comparablewith the standardcurcumin.Conclusion: O. dioica bark could be exploited as a valuable source of antioxidant and cytotoxic agent for pharmaceutical industry.Keywords: Olea dioica Roxb, Metal chelating, Superoxide radicals, Hydroxyl radical, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging,Trypan blue, 3-(4,5dimethylthiazole-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy-alcohol.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RE1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) OF TELEOST FISHES
Authors: Panda Subhamay
Published: April 2017

Objective: Repressor element 1 (RE1)-silencing transcription factor (REST) is a zinc-finger transcription factor or else can be called as neuron- restrictive silencer factor primarily described as a negative regulator of nuclear differentiation at present known to play key function in neuronal cells.Methods: With this initial note the aim of this study was to determination of protein sequence level characteristics of REST of Japanese pufferfish(Takifugu rubripes) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) with the help of different bioinformatical research tools.Results: There was no instance of any signal signature present within the amino acid sequence of studied REST molecules. In the present research work protein multiple sequence alignment represented in polarity coloring scheme demonstrates variable sites and as well as conserved sites of proteins in Japanese pufferfish and channel catfish.Conclusion: The current research analysis clearly manifests that protein evolution occurred within the REST of Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).Keywords: Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor, Teleost fishes, Japanese pufferfish, Channel catfish, Sequence analysis.
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF INDONESIAN VARIETIES SWEET POTATO LEAVES EXTRACT FROM CILEMBU AGAINST Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313
Authors: Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri
Published: April 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial  activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaves ethanol extract  against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The study was performed by collecting and determining plant samples, extraction, moisture content assay, phytochemical screening, Thin layer Chromatography, antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method using perforator of 11 mm in diameter and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test using macrodilution method against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Results: The Phytochemical analysis of the sweet potato leaves extract revealed the presence of  flavonoids, tannin, steroid and polyphenolic compound. The sweet potato leaves ethanol extract showed significant zone of inhibition in a dose dependent manner against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 with the range of MIC and MBC was 10-20 % b/v.Conclusion : It can be concluded that the sweet potato leaves ethanol extract  shows promise as an antibacterial agent for inhibiting bacillary dysentery due to the presence of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity in the extract.Keywords: sweet potato, Cilembu, Indonesia, antidysentery, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313
EDIBLE VACCINES: AN ADVANCEMENT IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Bhairy Srinivas Rajesham , Hirlekar Rajashree Shreeram
Published: April 2017

Vaccines represent a useful contribution to the field of biotechnology as they supply protection against various diseases. But, the major obstacle to oral vaccination is the digestion of macromolecule antigenic protein within the stomach due to extremely acidic pH. To address this issue, scientist Arntzen introduced the concept of edible vaccines. Edible vaccines are prepared by using the science of genetic engineering in which the selected genes are introduced into the plants by means of various methods. The transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein which acts as a vaccine. Owing to its low cost, it will be affordable for developing countries like India. Edible vaccines are used to treat various diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, stopping autoimmunity in type-1 diabetes, cholera, enterotoxicogenic E.coli (ETEC), HIV and anthrax. This review comprises mechanism of action, methods of development, candidate plants, applications, clinical trials and patents of edible vaccines.Keywords: Edible vaccines, Antigens, Oral immunization, Immunity.
Hexavalent Chromium Induced Alteration of Carbohydrate Bioenergetics: A Dose-dependent Study
Authors: Shil Kanu , Pal Sudipta
Published: April 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to observe the dose-dependent effect of Cr (VI) on certain aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in mice with four different doses, viz., 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively, for 30 days of exposure.Methods: Blood glucose, glycogen content, and pyruvic acid of liver tissue were determined to evaluate the glycolytic activity. Enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities were measured to determine the tricarboxylic acid cycle function. In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ubiquinone C oxidoreductase activity was estimated to evaluate the alteration in oxidative phosphorylation pathway with dose-dependent chromium exposure. Total protein, free amino acid nitrogen, and transaminase enzyme activity were also measured.Results: Chromium exposure caused marked depletion of blood glucose and liver glycogen contents in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of IDH, succinate dehydrogenase, and MDH were significantly altered in a dose-specific manner by chromium exposure. Relevant exhaustion of glycolytic substrates was noted in the form of reduced pyruvate content in hepatocytes following chromium exposure. In addition, the treatment caused elevation of free amino nitrogen associated with depletion of total protein content and elevated transaminase enzyme activities in hepatocytes. Significant alteration of mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone C oxidoreductase activity was also noted.Conclusion: By analyzing the observed results, it can be suggested that Cr (VI) exerts hypoglycemic and glycogenolytic effects associated with alteration of citric acid cycle and electron transport pathways in hepatocytes in a dose-specific manner thus resulting in serious alteration in the carbohydrate bioenergetics and mitochondrial energy generation in hepatic cells.Keywords: Hexavalent chromium, Hypoglycemia, Glycogenolysis, Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain.
EFFECT OF SESAMOL IN ASSOCIATION WITH FOLIC ACID ON 6-OHDA INDUCED PARKINSONIAN ANIMALS- BIOCHEMICAL, NEUROCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Sereen Khadira , K Vijayalakshmi , Nagappan Priya , Balima Shinu
Published: April 2017

Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the world’s second neurodegenerative disorder. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is the hallmark of the disease. Here is a novel approach to treat PD with a phenolic compound Sesamol (SA) and in combination with Folic acid (FA).Methods: The study was designed with five groups of animals and 6 rats in each group. The rats was infused with 6-hydroxydopamine (10μg/2μl in 0.1% ascorbic acid saline) once for the development of PD, Group 1(control), Group 2(Lesion), Group 3(Lesion+ SA), Group 4(Lesion + SA+ FA) and Group 5(Lesion+ L-dopa). The biochemical parameter like glucose, triglycerides, protein, folic acid, TBARS and antioxidant profile in serum were estimated. The neurotransmitters level in striatum was estimated and histopathology of striatum and mid-brain tissues was carried out.Results: The results showed that 6-hydroxydopamine induced lesion has a significant alteration in the level of glucose, triglycerides, protein and folic acid where as TBARS level was elevated and the activities of antioxidants and neurotransmitters level were reduced. This was significantly restored on SA+FA treatment. The lesion group shows an abnormal architecture of striatum and mid-brain, whereas on SA+FA treatment there was minimal abnormality.Conclusion: Thus our study demonstrates that Sesamol has neuroprotective effect against 6-hydroxy dopamine insult and showed a synergic effect when combined with Folic acid.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Sesamol, Folic acid, 6-Hydroxy dopamine, Neurotransmitter, Antioxidant
Virtual Screening of potential inhibitors from Herbs for the treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Isaac Arnold Emerson , Khan Faizy , Bafna Shantanu , Gupta Tanu
Published: April 2017

Objectives: Cancer is a disease which results in uncontrollable abnormal cells division and destruction of body tissues. Breast cancer occurs when malignant tumors develop in the breast. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women. To study the role of herbs used in the treatment for breast cancer. To investigate the anti-breast cancer activity of compounds present on most common herbs and to analyse their interaction with amino acids in the active sites. Methods: Complementary and alternative medicine is often used for curing cancer mainly the breast cancer. Also certain studies support the benefits of herbal medicines over others among Complementary and alternative medicine. Herbal treatments are more popular due to less complications and more safety. We selected a dataset of 38 compounds and performed virtual screening to identify the potential inhibitor against the known protein target BRCA1 involved in breast cancer using AutoDock4 as docking software. The binding site analyses were carried out using Discovery studio.Results: From our study, we deduced that cimigenol (black cohosh) and glycyrrhetinic acid (licorice) were found to have the highest affinity with the target protein. The amino acid interactions with the top five compounds were also analysed.Conclusion: During the course of our research we explored over common herbs used globally in treatment for breast cancer. Virtual screening was performed using AutoDock to search ligands to identify those structures which are most likely to bind to the protein. The high affinity compounds canbind more efficiently to the BRCA1 receptor and, hence, has potential to emerge as lead compound in the treatment of breast cancer.Keywords: Protein, Ligands, AutoDock, Virtual screening, Visualization, BRCA1.
Screening of active antimicrobial and biological enzymes of microbial isolated from soil in Thailand
Authors: Powthong Pannapa , Sripean Apichai , Suntornthiticharoen Pattra
Published: April 2017

Objective: The objectives of this study were to isolate microorganisms and screen for potential antimicrobial activities from the soil. Methods: In this study, a total of 425 isolates were isolated from 100 soil samples. The preliminary screening for antimicrobial activities of these isolates was performed by modified cross-streak, agar diffusion, and modified icrodilution technique against 16 pathogenic bacteria and fungi.Results: In the anti-microbial activity, there were three isolates, namely, 277, 303, and 307 exhibited inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium respectively. This study also examined the various enzymes producing from soil microorganisms including chitinase, chitosanase, amylase, cellulose, caseinase, gelatinase, esterase, and lipase production of different selective media for 24 and 48hrs using the direct spot method. The results revealed that 28 isolates could produce various enzymes with strong activity. Most of them produced gelatinase (5.65%) and caseinase (5.18%). There were four isolates that produce broad-spectrum enzyme. In addition, the investigation of selectedmicroorganism identification showed that they can be divided into three groups: Burkholderia spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Rhodococcus spp.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the microorganisms from soil are capable of producing potential, antibacterial, and bioactive enzymes.Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Extracellular enzyme, Soil microbial, Drug-resistant bacteria.
ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES, PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES, BARK AND ROOT FROM THE Abutilon indicum (L.) SWEET
Authors: Raj Adaikalam , D Saranya , J Sekar
Published: April 2017

Objective: This study evaluated the antioxidant properties of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Abutilon indicum (L).Methods: The different extracts of A. indicum leaves, bark and roots  were antioxidant potential by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-Azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+) , Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, Superoxide anions scavenging,  Hydroxyl radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdic acid) and total phenol and flavonoid contents.                      Results: The highest total phenol and flavonoid contents in leaves extracts of A. indicum. The total phenol (3.08 ± 0.06) mg/ml and flavonoid (7.16 ± 0.15) mg/ml were found to be higher in ethyl acetate extract of A. indicum and free radical scavenging activities IC50 values were calculated and compare to standard for L- ascorbic acid, (BHT) butylated hydroxytoluene and gallic acid    Conclusion:  The results of the study revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of A. indicum leaves can be used for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds identified and creates a platform to screen many bioactive compounds to treat many diseases.Keywords: Abutilon indicum, Free radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,Ferric reducing antioxidant power.
IN SILICO DOCKING STUDIES OF GALLIC ACID STRUCTURAL ANALOGUES AS BCL-XL INHIBITOR IN CANCER
Authors: Ulfa Dian Maria , Arsianti Ade , Radji Maksum
Published: April 2017

Objective: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, forms an important part of the cellular regulation machinery. The Bcl-2 protein family, comprising of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members, forms an important part of the cells internal apoptotic pathway. Overexpression of the antiapoptotic members of the family in a number of cancer cell lines renders them immune to apoptosis and the ability to survive under conditions of cellular stress. Inhibition of the antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family like Bcl-xL are therefore, an interesting target for the development of anticancer therapy.Methods: The structure of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL receptor (1YSG) was taken from PDB database. The twenty-three dimensional structure of gallic acid analogues were designed. The Lipinski properties of gallic acid analogues were calculated by using molsoft. Docking studies have been carried out through Autodock 4.0 software.Results: Molecular docking analysis with gallic acid and their structural analogues showed propyl gallate, benzyl gallate, diallyl gallate, phenyl ethyl gallate and allyl gallate are more interactive and binding strongly than gallic acid at active site of Bcl-xLConclusion: Further these five compounds should be considered as potential candidates for Bcl-xL inhibitor.Keywords: Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Antiapoptotic Bcl-XL receptor, Gallic acid, Docking studies.
PREVALENCE OF VARIOUS BETA LACTAMASES AMONG GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI IN URINARY ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF NORTHERN INDIA
Authors: Thakur Rameshwari , Atul Kumar , Varsha Chaudhary , Paramjit Singh , Vk Sharma , Agarwal Nidhi
Published: April 2017

Objective: Urinary tract infections are considered among the most common infections, occurring either in the community or health-care setting. We are left with very few options for the treatment due to rapid development of antibiotic resistance among the organisms. To find out the prevalence of various types of β-lactamases among urinary isolates.Methods: Seven antibiotic discs (HiMedia) were placed in combinations and approximation in a particular sequence on a 90 mm diameter MuellerHintonagar plate.Results: Out of a total 165 urinary isolates, 66 (40%) isolates were positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, AmpC β-lactamases(AmpC) activity was present in 31 (18.78%) isolates, co-production of both ESBL and AmpC was seen in 16 (9.69%) isolates, 3 (1.81%) isolatesproduced metallo β-lactamase (MBL), 2 (1.21%) isolates produced both MBL, and ESBL and 1 (0.60%) isolates were positive for inducible third generation cephalosporin resistance.Conclusion: With the presence of such high prevalence of various β-lactamases in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli and also other types ofantibiotic resistance, antibiotic policy should be made, and strict adherence should be followed.Keywords: Extended spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC β-lactamase, Metallo β-lactamase.