bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent applications of high energy and spatial resolution
STEM‐EELS
to energy harvesting materials
Authors: Ramasse Quentin , Shukla Alpesh , Hage Fredrik , Kepaptsoglou Demie , Azough Feridoon , Freer Robert
Published: December 2016

A new generation of electron beam monochromators has recently pushed the energy resolution of (scanning) transmission electron microscopes deep into the sub 20meV range [1]. In addition to the obvious increase in resolution which has made exploring the phonon region of the EELS spectrum possible [1], the increased flexibility of these instruments is proving hugely advantageous for materials science investigations. The energy resolution, beam current and electron optics can be adjusted seamlessly and traded off each other as necessary within a greatly increased range, as will be illustrated on a number of systems studied using a Nion UltraSTEM100MC ‘Hermes’ instrument recently installed at the SuperSTEM Laboratory.

This added flexibility was essential in particular in studying the crystal structure of Li‐ and Mn‐rich transition metal oxides, whose pristine state is not yet fully understood in spite of their great potential as high‐capacity cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries. Only through complementary electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques at multi‐length scale could the structural make‐up of Li
1.2
(Ni
0.13
Mn
0.54
Co
0.13
)O
2
crystals be described unambiguously. Systematically observing the entire primary particles along multiple zone axes (Fig. 1) reveals that they are consistently made up of a single phase, save for rare localized defects and a thin surface layer on certain crystallographic facets. More specifically, this careful STEM and EELS study at the atomic scale using revealed that the bulk of the oxides consists of randomly stacked domains that correspond to three variants of monoclinic structure. Crucially, it is also shown that only the very surface is composed of a different Co‐ and/or Ni‐rich spinel with antisite defects [2].

Similarly, atomically‐resolved monochromated EELS mapping and imaging were used to study the structure and chemistry of promising complex oxide thermoelectrics such as misfit layered cobaltates [3] or Ca‐stabilized A‐site deficient titanates [4]. For the latter, careful inspection of images and atomically resolved EELS chemical maps in two orthogonal directions suggests that in the Nd
0.6
Ca
0.1
□
0.3
TiO
3
system, Ca predominantly occupies Nd vacancy shared sites, creating locally a higher occupation of the site and thus promotes short range vacancy‐cation ordering in both a and b lattice directions. This in turn results in intricately modulated octahedral tilting distortions of the O sublattice, whose signature can be fingerprinted at the atomic scale through the near‐edge fine structure of the Ti (and O) electron energy loss edges [5].
Robust sub‐diffraction imaging using
SOFI
and engineered genetically‐encoded labels
Authors: Dedecker Peter
Published: December 2016

Time‐lapse sub‐diffraction imaging of cells labeled with genetically‐encoded labels continues remains a challenging task. We have focused our efforts on developing techniques that work well under challenging conditions, combined with the semi‐rational engineering of “smart” fluorescent proteins. In this presentation I will discuss our work in developing live cell sub‐diffraction imaging by combining superresolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) with new photochromic probes based on the enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP. In particular, I will discuss our recent progress in enhancing the temporal resolution of SOFI imaging while also providing reliability estimates for the obtained images [1], followed by our work on engineering and understanding improved fluorescent proteins with properties specifically tailored to sub‐diffraction imaging. In particular I will discuss our recent rsGreens [2], which display robust optical performance while also expressing well in E. coli and HeLa cells. Since our rsGreens are based on EGFP, they should be widely useful in existing experiments. In the last part I will highlight ongoing work on how these developments can be applied to live cell interaction sensing.
Printed Neuromorphic Devices Based on Printed Carbon Nanotube Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Feng Ping , Xu Weiwei , Yang Yi , Wan Xiang , Shi Yi , Wan Qing , Zhao Jianwen , Cui Zheng
Published: December 2016

Hardware implementation of artificial synapse/neuron by electronic/ionic hybrid devices is of great interest for brain‐inspired neuromorphic systems. At the same time, printed electronics have received considerable interest in recent years. Here, printed dual‐gate carbon‐nanotube thin‐film transistors with very high saturation field‐effect mobility (≈269 cm2 V−1 s–1) are proposed for artificial synapse application. Some important synaptic behaviors including paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), and signal filtering characteristics are successfully emulated in such printed artificial synapses. The PPF index can be modulated by spike width and spike interval of presynaptic impulse voltages. The results present a printable approach to fabricate artificial synaptic devices for neuromorphic systems.
Hierarchical Porous Te@ZnCo2O4 Nanofibers Derived from Te@Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Superior Lithium Storage Capability
Authors: Huang Gang , Li Qian , Yin Dongming , Wang Limin
Published: December 2016

1D hierarchical porous nanocomposites with tailored chemical composition are gaining popularity in lithium‐ion batteries. Here, with core@shell Te@ZIF‐8 (Zn, Co) nanofibers as a starting point, rational designed porous Te@ZnCo2O4 nanocomposite has been fabricated by a simple morphology‐maintained and calcination‐induced oxidative decomposition process, with the purpose of simultaneously settling the pulverization and conductivity issues of transition metal oxides. This is the first time to integrate Te and ZnCo2O4 into one architecture at nanometer level. The Te@ZnCo2O4 nanofibers combine both advantages of Te such as excellent electrical conductivity and ZnCo2O4 with high capacity as well as take full use of their synergistic effect. With the favorable 1D porous structure and the unique composition, this novel Te@ZnCo2O4 nanofiber manifests strong ability to improve the lithium storage performances with a high specific capacity of 1364 mA h g−1 in the initial discharge and a reversible capacity of 956 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. When increased the current density to 2000 mA g−1, the capacity still remains as 307 mA h g−1, demonstrating superior rate capability. Furthermore, this general strategy can be extended to construct other core@shell Te@MOFs composites.
Sodium Passivation of the Grain Boundaries in CuInSe2 and Cu2ZnSnS4 for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Yan , Li Zhi‐Ming , Gu Hong‐Yang , Chen Shi‐You , Xiang Hongjun , Gong Xin‐Gao
Published: December 2016

It is well known that sodium at grain boundaries (GBs) increases the photovoltaic efficiencies of CuInSe2 and Cu2ZnSnS4 significantly. However, the mechanism of how sodium influences the GBs is still unknown. Based on the recently proposed self‐passivation rule, it is found that the dangling bonds in the GBs can completely be saturated through doping the Na, thus GB states are successfully passivated. It is shown that the Na can easily incorporate into the GB with very low formation energy. Although Cu can also passivate the GB states, it requires a copper rich condition which, however, suppresses the formation of copper vacancies in the bulk and thus decreases the concentration of hole carriers, so copper passivation is practically not as beneficial as sodium. The present work reveals the mechanism about how the Na enhances the photovoltaic performance through passivating the dangling bonds in the GBs of chalcogenide semiconductors, and sheds light on how to passivate dangling bonds in GBs with alterative processes.
Fabrication of N‐doped Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Hybrids from Prussian Blue for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Su Dawei , Cortie Michael , Wang Guoxiu
Published: December 2016

Hybrid nanostructures containing 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene sheets have many promising applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, the authors find Prussian blue (dehydrated sodium ferrocyanide) can be converted to N‐doped graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid materials through a simple one‐step pyrolysis process. Through field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra, atomic force microscopy, and isothermal analyses, the authors identify that 2D graphene and 1D carbon nanotubes are bonded seamlessly during the growth stage. When used as the sulfur scaffold for lithium–sulfur batteries, it demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity (1221 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C rate), excellent rate capability (458 and 220 mA h g−1 at 5 and 10 C rates, respectively), and excellent cycling stability (321 and 164 mA h g−1 at 5 and 10 C (1 C = 1673 mA g−1) after 1000 cycles). The enhancement of electrochemical performance can be attributed to the 3D architecture of the hybrid material, in which, additionally, the nitrogen doping generates defects and active sites for improved interfacial adsorption. Furthermore, the nitrogen doping enables the effective trapping of lithium polysulfides on electroactive sites within the cathode, leading to a much‐improved cycling performance. Therefore, the hybrid material functions as a redox shuttle to catenate and bind polysulfides, and convert them to insoluble lithium sulfide during reduction. The strategy reported in this paper could open a new avenue for low cost synthesis of N‐doped graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid materials for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries.
Multiscale Morphological and Electrical Characterization of Charge Transport Limitations to the Power Performance of Positive Electrode Blends for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Besnard Nicolas , Etiemble Aurélien , Douillard Thierry , Dubrunfaut Olivier , Tran‐Van Pierre , Gautier Laurent , Franger Sylvain , Badot Jean‐Claude , Maire Eric , Lestriez Bernard
Published: December 2016

In this work, exhaustive characterizations of 3D geometries of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC), LiFePO4 (LFP), and NMC/LFP blended electrodes are undertaken for rational interpretation of their measured electrical properties and electrochemical performance. X‐ray tomography and focused ion beam in combination with scanning electron microscopy tomography are used for a multiscale analysis of electrodes 3D geometries. Their multiscale electrical properties are measured by using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Finally, discharge rate performance are measured and analyzed by simple, yet efficient methods. It allows us to discriminate between electronic and ionic wirings as the performance limiting factors, depending on the discharge rate. This approach is a unique exhaustive analysis of the experimental relationships between the electrochemical behavior, the transport properties within the electrode, and its 3D geometry.
Durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Funktionalisierungen von Benzotriazolen, inspiriert durch mechanismusbasiertes Lumineszenz‐ Screening
Authors: Teders Michael , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián , Pitzer Lena , Hopkinson Matthew N. , Glorius Frank
Published: December 2016

Drei neuartige, durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Funktionalisierungen von Benzotriazolen als Quencher‐Substratklasse, entdeckt mithilfe einer mechanismusbasierten Screening‐Methode, wurden entwickelt. Mit dieser Synthesestrategie wurden unter milden Bedingungen ortho‐thiolierte, borylierte und alkylierte N‐Arylbenzamide erhalten. Die Verträglichkeit der Borylierungsreaktion mit funktionellen Gruppen wurde durch die erste Anwendung eines additivbasierten Robustheits‐Screens einer photokatalytischen Transformation untersucht. Allen Funktionalisierungen liegen photokatalytisch initiierte Kettenmechanismen zugrunde, wie durch die Bestimmung der Reaktionsquantenausbeute und durch Stern‐Volmer‐Analysen ermittelt werden konnte.
Constructing Hierarchical Tectorum‐like α‐Fe2O3/PPy Nanoarrays on Carbon Cloth for Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Libin , Yang Huiling , Liu Xiaoxiao , Zeng Rui , Li Ming , Huang Yunhui , Hu Xianluo
Published: December 2016

The design of complex heterostructured electrode materials that deliver superior electrochemical performances to their individual counterparts has stimulated intensive research on configuring supercapacitors with high energy and power densities. Herein we fabricate hierarchical tectorum‐like α‐Fe2O3/polypyrrole (PPy) nanoarrays (T‐Fe2O3/PPy NAs). The 3D, and interconnected T‐Fe2O3/PPy NAs are successfully grown on conductive carbon cloth through an easy self‐sacrificing template and in situ vapor‐phase polymerization route under mild conditions. The electrode made of the T‐Fe2O3/PPy NAs exhibits a high areal capacitance of 382.4 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 and excellent reversibility. The solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor consisting of T‐Fe2O3/PPy NAs and MnO2 electrodes achieves a high energy density of 0.22 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 165.6 mW cm−3.
Eine Conia‐En‐artige Cyclisierung unter basischen Bedingungen ermöglicht die effiziente Synthese von (−)‐Lycoposerramin R
Authors: Hartrampf Felix W. W. , Furukawa Takayuki , Trauner Dirk
Published: December 2016

Eine enantioselektive Synthese des Lycopodium‐Alkaloids Lycoposerramin R wird vorgestellt. Diese basiert auf einer basenvermittelten Cyclisierung, welche der Conia‐En‐Reaktion und ihren goldkatalysierten Varianten ähnelt. Mittels dieser Methode können Hydrindanone und andere mit einer exo‐Methylengruppe funktionalisierte Ringsysteme bei Raumtemperatur ohne Metallkatalyse oder Substrataktivierung erhalten werden.
Kombination von Cp*RhIII‐katalysierter C‐H‐Aktivierung mit einer Variante der Wagner‐Meerwein‐Umlagerung
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Lerchen Andreas , Gensch Tobias , Knecht Tobias , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: December 2016

Eine Kombination aus Cp*RhIII‐katalysierter C‐H‐Aktivierung und einer Variante der Wagner‐Meerwein‐Umlagerung wurde zum ersten Mal erfolgreich realisiert. Hierbei konnten verbrückte polycyclische Moleküle, die über andere Methoden nicht einfach zu erhalten sind, unter milden Bedingungen mit einer hohen Effizienz (0.5 Mol‐% Rh‐Katalysator) durch die Kupplung von N‐Phenoxyacetamiden mit 7‐Azabenzonorbornadienen synthetisiert werden.
In‐Cell Activation of Organo‐Osmium(II) Anticancer Complexes
Authors: Needham Russell J. , Sanchez‐Cano Carlos , Zhang Xin , Romero‐Canelón Isolda , Habtemariam Abraha , Cooper Margaret S. , Meszaros Levente , Clarkson Guy J. , Blower Philip J. , Sadler Peter J.
Published: December 2016

The family of iodido OsII arene phenylazopyridine complexes [Os(η6‐p‐cym)(5‐R1‐pyridylazo‐4‐R2‐phenyl))I]+ (where p‐cym=para‐cymene) exhibit potent sub‐micromolar antiproliferative activity towards human cancer cells and are active in vivo. Their chemical behavior is distinct from that of cisplatin: they do not readily hydrolyze, nor bind to DNA bases. We report here a mechanism by which they are activated in cancer cells, involving release of the I− ligand in the presence of glutathione (GSH). The X‐ray crystal structures of two active complexes are reported, 1‐I (R1=OEt, R2=H) and 2‐I (R1=H, R2=NMe2). They were labelled with the radionuclide 131I (β−/γ emitter, t1/2 8.02 d), and their activity in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells was studied. 1‐[131I] and 2‐[131I] exhibit good stability in both phosphate‐buffered saline and blood serum. In contrast, once taken up by MCF‐7 cells, the iodide ligand is rapidly pumped out. Intriguingly, GSH catalyzes their hydrolysis. The resulting hydroxido complexes can form thiolato and sulfenato adducts with GSH, and react with H2O2 generating hydroxyl radicals. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of action of these organo‐osmium complexes.
C−H and C−N Activation at Redox‐Active Pyridine Complexes of Iron
Authors: MacLeod K. Cory , Lewis Richard A. , DeRosha Daniel E. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Holland Patrick L.
Published: December 2016

Pyridine activation by inexpensive iron catalysts has great utility, but the steps through which iron species can break the strong (105–111 kcal mol−1) C−H bonds of pyridine substrates are unknown. In this work, we report the rapid room‐temperature cleavage of C−H bonds in pyridine, 4‐tert‐butylpyridine, and 2‐phenylpyridine by an iron(I) species, to give well‐characterized iron(II) products. In addition, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) undergoes room‐temperature C−N bond cleavage, which forms a dimethylamidoiron(II) complex and a pyridyl‐bridged tetrairon(II) square. These facile bond‐cleaving reactions are proposed to occur through intermediates having a two‐electron reduced pyridine that bridges two iron centers. Thus, the redox non‐innocence of the pyridine can play a key role in enabling high regioselectivity for difficult reactions.
Diverse Visible‐Light‐Promoted Functionalizations of Benzotriazoles Inspired by Mechanism‐Based Luminescence Screening
Authors: Teders Michael , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián , Pitzer Lena , Hopkinson Matthew N. , Glorius Frank
Published: December 2016

Three new visible‐light‐promoted functionalizations of benzotriazole substrates were discovered using a mechanism‐based screening method. ortho‐Thiolated, borylated, and alkylated N‐arylbenzamide products were obtained under mild reaction conditions in a new denitrogenative synthetic approach to functionalized aniline derivatives. The functional group tolerance of the borylation reaction was further analyzed in the first application of an additive‐based robustness screen in a photocatalytic transformation. All the functionalizations proceed via photocatalytically initiated chain mechanisms as indicated by determination of the reaction quantum yields and Stern–Volmer analyses.
A Conia‐Ene‐Type Cyclization under Basic Conditions Enables an Efficient Synthesis of (−)‐Lycoposerramine R
Authors: Hartrampf Felix W. W. , Furukawa Takayuki , Trauner Dirk
Published: December 2016

An enantioselective total synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid lycoposerramine R is presented. It relies on a base‐mediated cyclization that resembles the Conia‐ene reaction of ynones and gold‐catalyzed variants thereof. Thus, hydrindanones and other functionalized ring systems bearing an exocyclic alkene can be rapidly accessed at room temperature without noble metal catalysis or substrate preactivation.
Combination of Cp*RhIII‐Catalyzed C−H Activation and a Wagner–Meerwein‐Type Rearrangement
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Lerchen Andreas , Gensch Tobias , Knecht Tobias , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: December 2016

A combination of Cp*RhIII‐catalyzed C−H activation and Wagner–Meerwein‐type rearrangement was successfully achieved for the first time. Thus, bridged polycyclic molecules that are not readily accessible by other means were accessed under mild conditions with high efficiency (as low as 0.5 mol % Rh catalyst) in the coupling of N‐phenoxyacetamide with 7‐azabenzonorbornadiene.
Halogen‐Bonded Supramolecular Capsules in the Solid State, in Solution, and in the Gas Phase
Authors: Dumele Oliver , Schreib Benedikt , Warzok Ulrike , Trapp Nils , Schalley Christoph A. , Diederich François
Published: December 2016

Supramolecular capsules were assembled by neutral halogen bonding (XB) and studied in the solid state, in solution, and in the gas phase. The geometry of the highly organized capsules is shown by an X‐ray crystal structure which features the assembly of two XB hemispheres, geometrically rigidified by H‐bonding to eight MeOH molecules and encapsulation of two benzene guests. To enhance capsular association strength, tuning the XB donor is more efficient than tuning the XB acceptor, due to desolvation penalties in protic solvents, as shown for a tetraquinuclidine XB acceptor hemisphere. With a tetra(iodoethynyl) XB donor and a tetralutidine XB acceptor, the association in deuterated benzene/acetone/methanol 70:30:1 at 283 K reaches Ka=(2.11±0.39)×105 m−1 (ΔG=−6.9±0.1 kcal mol−1). The stability of the XB capsules in the gas phase was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). A new guest binding site was uncovered within the elongated iodoethynyl capsule.
An efficient and recoverable palladium organocatalyst for Suzuki reaction in aqueous media
Authors: Fareghi‐Alamdari Reza , Golestanzadeh Mohsen , Bagheri Omid
Published: December 2016

Meso‐tetrakis[4‐(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]porphyrinatopalladium(II) as a palladium organocatalyst was synthesized and then used in aqueous media as a heterogeneous organocatalyst in Suzuki reaction. The prepared organocatalyst was characterized using UV–visible, infrared and NMR spectroscopies. It was found to be an efficient catalyst for Suzuki coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and a broad range of aryl halides. Mild reaction conditions, water solvent as green media, and easy catalyst separation and reusability are the advantages of the presented method.
Environment‐Related Variation in the Human Mid‐Face
Authors: Cui Yaming , Leclercq Sébastien
Published: December 2016

Previous studies that have examined mid‐facial morphology in geographically dispersed and genetically diverse groups of humans have shown a strong adaptation of the nasal part to extreme cold environments, which was not observed in non‐Arctic regions. However, it remains unclear whether different parts of the mid‐face area show independent adaptation to nonpolar climates, and if so, how this adaptation impacted the morphology. To address this question, we investigated potential associations between climatic variables and the mid‐facial shape in 14 populations, focusing on four aspects of the morphology: total shape, zygomatic, nasal and alveolar. The results show that when the genetic distance between populations is not considered, all aspects of the morphology are strongly correlated with all climatic variables. When the genetic distance is considered, significant correlations remain only for the zygomatic, and nasal parts with temperature, and for the nasal part and alveolar with sunshine exposure. A strong but probably artificial correlation of the alveolar with atmospheric pressure is also observed. Additionally, partial least square analyses indicate that tropical and subtropical environments are associated with smaller zygomatic and more triangular nose aperture compared to more temperate environments. These findings suggest that temperate and tropical climates have induced adaptation of zygomatic and nasal parts of the mid‐face in humans, and that this adaptation was probably driven by temperature and sunlight exposure conditions. Anat Rec, 300:238–250, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward Understanding the Mammalian Zygoma: Insights From Comparative Anatomy, Growth and Development, and Morphometric Analysis
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Pagano Anthony S. , Schwartz Jeffrey H. , Curtis Abigail , Delman Bradley N. , Lawson William , Laitman Jeffrey T.
Published: December 2016

The zygoma, or jugum, is a cranial element that was present in Mesozoic tetrapods, well before the appearance of mammals. Although as an entity the zygoma is a primitive retention among mammals, it has assumed myriad configurations as this group diversified. As the zygoma is located at the intersection of the visual, respiratory, and masticatory apparatuses, it is potentially of great importance in systematic, phylogenetic, and functional studies focused on this region. For example, the facial component of the zygoma and its contribution to a postorbital bar (POB) appear to be relevant to the systematics of a number of mammalian subclades, and the formation of a bony postorbital septum (POS) that separates the orbit from the infratemporal fossa is unique to, and thus potentially phylogenetically significant for uniting anthropoid primates, while the zygoma itself appears to serve to resist tension and bending forces during mastication. In order to better understand the zygoma in the context of its contributions to the circumorbital region, we documented its morphological expression in specimens representing 10 orders of mammals. Since the presence of a POB and of a POS has long been used to justify uniting extant primates and anthropoid primates as respective clades, and because postorbital closure (POC) is morphologically more complex than a POB, we provide detail necessary to address these claims. Our taxically broad overview also allowed us to provide for the first time definitions of configurations that can be applied to future studies. Using a different, but also taxically broad sample of mammals, and of primates in particular, we performed two geometric morphometric analyses that were geared toward testing long‐held interpretations of the functional role of the zygoma, especially with regard to mastication and in the context of orbital frontation (to which the zygoma contributes). Further, overall, zygomatic morphology tends not to scale with allometry, sexual dimorphism, or angle of orbital convergence, but it does contribute to unique patterns of intraspecies variation. Anat Rec, 300:76–151, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological Diversity and Evolution of the Jugal in Dinosaurs
Authors: Sullivan Corwin , Xu Xing
Published: December 2016

In dinosaurs, as in other reptiles, the homologue of the mammalian zygomatic bone is the jugal. The dinosaurian jugal was primitively triradiate, with posterior, dorsal and anterior processes that respectively contacted the quadratojugal, the postorbital, and the maxilla and lacrimal. However, the jugal evolved along different lines in the three major dinosaurian clades. In theropods this cranial element remained relatively conservative in morphology, apart from being reduced to a rod‐like structure in most birds and a few non‐avians. In sauropodomorphs the jugal eventually became small, plate‐like and nearly restricted to the area below the orbit, even being excluded from the ventral margin of the skull in many derived taxa. Among ornithischians the jugal was highly variable, but in many cases became large and/or adorned with ornamental features such as horns, flanges, and rugosities. The jugal does not appear to have been a site of muscle attachment in most non‐avian dinosaurs, but represented an important structural element in the akinetic dinosaurian skull. The conspicuous jugal ornaments seen in many ornithischian dinosaurs, like the less striking ones documented in some saurischians, may have played an important role in the social behavior of the species that possessed them. In many cases they have a weapon‐like aspect suggesting use in aggressive displays, if not actual combat, adding to the evidence that agonistic behavior was likely widespread among ornithischians in particular. Anat Rec, 300:30–48, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zygomatic Root Position in Recent and Fossil Hominids
Authors: Weber Gerhard W. , Krenn Viktoria A.
Published: December 2016

The relative position of the zygomatic root to the dentition plays a crucial role in determining the overall strength of the face in response to bite forces. The powerful superficial head of the masseter arises there and the zygomaticoalveolar crest (ZAC) is discussed as a buttressing feature of the face. For instance, a more forwardly or backwardly positioned zygomatic root or a lower or higher vertical distance to the dentition could be indicative for evolutionary adaptations to particular loading regimes which are associated with diet. We therefore examined the morphology of the maxilla using state‐of‐the‐art 3D Geometric Morphometric methods. The data set was reduced to a minimum of relevant measurements and includes five landmarks (pr, ol, zm, lingual and buccal midpoint of second molar alveoli) and three curves with semilandmarks along the lingual and buccal alveolar rim and the ZAC. Results show a stunning overlap in shape variation. We find no clear pattern of shape that would allow separating different hominid groups with confidence, except two extreme forms—Paranthropines and Neanderthals. We also find no clear trend over time. Australopithecines, Habilines, Erectines, and Middle Pleistocene Homo can be very similar to modern humans. Even great apes are within or not far from the central shape distribution of Homo, but they separate clearly from gracile and robust Australopithecines. We discuss the shape factors underlying our data. The geometry studied allows simple measurements and analyses and is thus potentially interesting for classification purposes of extreme forms. Anat Rec, 300:160–170, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opposing Extremes of Zygomatic Bone Morphology: Australopithecus Boisei versus Homo Neanderthalensis
Authors: Rak Yoel , Marom Assaf
Published: December 2016

The lateral margin of the zygomatic bone of Australopithecus boisei flares both anteriorly and laterally. As a result, the bone loses the suspensory bracing of the facial frame and is transformed into a visor‐like structure that supports itself and gains its rigidity from its shape. The coronally oriented bony plates and the outline of the facial mask help the A. boisei face resist the effect of the visor‐like structure, which tends to pull the bone plates of the face away from the midline. On the other hand, the nearly sagittal orientation of the zygomatic bone in Homo neanderthalensis helps the face resist torque and bending forces, which themselves stem from the positioning of the bite point on the anterior teeth. Although the zygomatic bones of these two taxa are highly specialized, they differ fundamentally from each other. Anat Rec, 300:152–159, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A survey on tag recommendation methods
Authors: Belém Fabiano M. , Almeida Jussara M. , Gonçalves Marcos A.
Published: December 2016

Tags (keywords freely assigned by users to describe web content) have become highly popular on Web 2.0 applications, because of the strong stimuli and easiness for users to create and describe their own content. This increase in tag popularity has led to a vast literature on tag recommendation methods. These methods aim at assisting users in the tagging process, possibly increasing the quality of the generated tags and, consequently, improving the quality of the information retrieval (IR) services that rely on tags as data sources. Regardless of the numerous and diversified previous studies on tag recommendation, to our knowledge, no previous work has summarized and organized them into a single survey article. In this article, we propose a taxonomy for tag recommendation methods, classifying them according to the target of the recommendations, their objectives, exploited data sources, and underlying techniques. Moreover, we provide a critical overview of these methods, pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we describe the main open challenges related to the field, such as tag ambiguity, cold start, and evaluation issues.
Comparative evaluation of bibliometric content networks by tomographic content analysis: An application to Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Keeheon , Kim SuYeon , Kim Erin Hea‐Jin , Song Min
Published: December 2016

To understand the current state of a discipline and to discover new knowledge of a certain theme, one builds bibliometric content networks based on the present knowledge entities. However, such networks can vary according to the collection of data sets relevant to the theme by querying knowledge entities. In this study we classify three different bibliometric content networks. The primary bibliometric network is based on knowledge entities relevant to a keyword of the theme, the secondary network is based on entities associated with the lower concepts of the keyword, and the tertiary network is based on entities influenced by the theme. To explore the content and properties of these networks, we propose a tomographic content analysis that takes a slice‐and‐dice approach to analyzing the networks. Our findings indicate that the primary network is best suited to understanding the current knowledge on a certain topic, whereas the secondary network is good at discovering new knowledge across fields associated with the topic, and the tertiary network is appropriate for outlining the current knowledge of the topic and relevant studies.
A note concerning primary source knowledge
Authors: Collins Harry M. , Reyes‐Galindo Luis , Ginsparg Paul
Published: December 2016

We present the results of running 4 different papers through the automated filtering system used by the open access preprint server “arXiv” to classify papers and implement quality control barriers. The exercise was carried out in order to assess whether these highly sophisticated, state‐of‐the‐art filters can distinguish between papers that are controversial or have gone past their “sell‐by date,” and otherwise normal papers. We conclude that not even the arXiv filters, which are otherwise successful in filtering fringe‐topic papers, can fully acquire “Domain‐Specific Discrimination” and thus distinguish technical papers that are taken seriously by an expert community from those that are not. Finally, we discuss the implications this has for citizen and policy‐maker engagement with the Primary Source Knowledge of a technical domain.
User involvement and system support in applying search tactics
Authors: Xie Iris , Joo Soohyung , Bennett‐Kapusniak Renee
Published: December 2016

Both user involvement and system support play important roles in applying search tactics. To apply search tactics in the information retrieval (IR) processes, users make decisions and take actions in the search process, while IR systems assist them by providing different system features. After analyzing 61 participants’ information searching diaries and questionnaires we identified various types of user involvement and system support in applying different types of search tactics. Based on quantitative analysis, search tactics were classified into 3 groups: user‐dominated, system‐dominated, and balanced tactics. We further explored types of user involvement and types of system support in applying search tactics from the 3 groups. The findings show that users and systems play major roles in applying user‐dominated and system‐dominated tactics, respectively. When applying balanced tactics, users and systems must collaborate closely with each other. In this article, we propose a model that illustrates user involvement and system support as they occur in user‐dominated tactics, system‐dominated tactics, and balanced tactics. Most important, IR system design implications are discussed to facilitate effective and efficient applications of the 3 groups of search tactics.
Antiobesity efficacy of GLP‐1 receptor agonist liraglutide is associated with peripheral tissue‐specific modulation of lipid metabolic regulators
Authors: Decara Juan , Arrabal Sergio , Beiroa Daniel , Rivera Patricia , Vargas Antonio , Serrano Antonia , Pavón Francisco Javier , Ballesteros Joan , Dieguez Carlos , Nogueiras Rubén , Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando , Suárez Juan
Published: December 2016

To investigate the role of glucagon‐like‐peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) in peripheral lipid metabolism. Both lean and high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity (DIO) rats were used to compare the peripheral effects of the subcutaneous and repeated administration of the GLP‐1R agonist liraglutide on the expression of key regulators involved in lipid metabolism, β‐oxidation and thermogenesis in liver, abdominal muscle, and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). We observed that liraglutide reduced caloric intake, body weight, and plasma levels of triglycerides and VLDL in a diet‐independent manner. However, changes in liver fat content and the expression of lipid metabolism regulators were produced in a diet and tissue‐dependent manner. In lean rats, liraglutide increased the gene/protein expression of elements involved in lipogenesis (ChREBP,Acaca/ACC,Fasn/FAS,Scd1/SCD1, PPARα/γ), β‐oxidation (CPT1b), and thermogenesis (Cox4i1,Ucp1/UCP1) in eWAT and muscle, which suggest an increase in fatty‐acid flux and utilization to activate energy expenditure. Regarding DIO rats, the specific reduction of liver lipid content by liraglutide was associated with a decreased expression of main elements involved in lipogenesis (phospho‐ACC), peroxisomal β‐oxidation (ACOX1), and lipid flux/storage (Pparγ/PPARγ) in liver, which suggest a recovery of lipid homeostasis. Interestingly, the muscle of DIO rats treated with liraglutide showed a decreased expression of PPARγ and the thermogenic factor UCP1. These results help us to better understand the peripheral mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism that underlay the effectiveness of GLP‐1 analogues for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):600–611, 2016
Genistein regulates tumor microenvironment and exhibits anticancer effect in dimethyl hydrazine‐induced experimental colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Sekar Vasudevan , Anandasadagopan Suresh Kumar , Ganapasam Sudhandiran
Published: December 2016

Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality, worldwide. Cancer stem cells are attractive targets for therapeutic interventions since their abnormal growth may trigger tumor initiation, progression, and recurrence. Colon cancer in rats were induced with 1, 2‐dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) and treated with genistein, an isoflavone rich in the soy food products, which also possesses various biological activities. Genistein treatment regulates enzymatic and non‐enzymatic anti‐oxidants in the DMH‐induced colonic tissue microenvironment. Alcian blue staining in colonic tissue reveals that mucin secretion was found to be depleted in DMH‐induced group of animals. The alterations were normalized in the genistein‐treated groups. Also, the mast cell population and collagen deposition were reduced as compared to induced group. Genistein treatment reduces the prognostic marker Argyrophilic nuclear organizer region (AgNOR) and proliferating cell nucleolar antigen (PCNA) in DMH‐induced group of rats. DMH administration induces oxidative stress, whereas genistein activates nuclear factor‐erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf‐2) and its downstream target hemoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1). Colonic stem cell marker protein CD133, CD44, and β‐catenin expressions were found to be increased in DMH‐induced group of animals as compared to control group of rats. Genistein treatment suppressed the expression of these stem cell markers suggesting rapid dysfunctional activation and proliferation of colonic stem cell‐induced by DMH. The results of this study indicate that genistein administration in rats restored the colonic niche that was damaged by DMH and inhibits colon cancer progression. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):623–637, 2016
Upregulation of rat liver PPARα‐FGF21 signaling by a docosahexaenoic acid and thyroid hormone combined protocol
Authors: Videla Luis A. , Fernández Virginia , Vargas Romina , Cornejo Pamela , Tapia Gladys , Varela Nelson , Valenzuela Rodrigo , Arenas Allan , Fernández Javier , Hernández‐Rodas María C. , Riquelme Bárbara
Published: December 2016

Prevention of ischemia‐reperfusion liver injury is achieved by a combined omega‐3 and thyroid hormone (T3) protocol, which may involve peroxisome‐proliferator activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α)‐fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling supporting energy requirements. Combined docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; daily doses of 300 mg/kg for 3 days) plus 0.05 mg T3/kg given to fed rats elicited higher hepatic DHA contents and serum T3 levels, increased PPAR‐α mRNA and its DNA binding, with higher mRNA expression of the PPAR‐α target genes for carnitine‐palmitoyl transferase 1α, acyl‐CoA oxidase, and 3‐hydroxyl‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase 2, effects that were mimicked by 0.1 mg T3/kg given alone or by the PPAR‐α agonist WY‐14632. Under these conditions, the mRNA expression of retinoic X receptor‐α (RXR‐α) is also increased, with concomitant elevation of the hepatic mRNA and protein FGF21 levels and those of serum FGF21. It is concluded that PPAR‐α‐FGF21 induction by DHA combined with T3 may involve ligand activation of PPAR‐α by DHA and enhanced expression of PPAR‐α by T3, with consequent upregulation of the FGF21 that is controlled by PPAR‐α. Considering the beneficial effects of PPAR‐α‐FGF21 signaling on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, further investigations are required to clarify its potential therapeutic applications in human metabolic disorders. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):638–646, 2016
Taurine protects cisplatin induced cardiotoxicity by modulating inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses
Authors: Chowdhury Sayantani , Sinha Krishnendu , Banerjee Sharmistha , Sil Parames C.
Published: December 2016

Oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, and apoptosis results in the pathogenesis of cisplatin‐induced cardiotoxicity. The present study was designed to investigate the signaling mechanisms involved in the ameliorating effect of taurine, a conditionally essential amino acid, against cisplatin‐mediated cardiac ER stress dependent apoptotic death and inflammation. Mice were simultaneously treated with taurine (150 mg kg−1 body wt, i.p.) and cisplatin (10 mg kg−1 body wt, i.p.) for a week. Cisplatin exposure significantly altered serum creatine kinase and troponin T levels. In addition, histological studies revealed disintegration in the normal radiation pattern of cardiac muscle fibers. However, taurine administration could abate such adverse effects of cisplatin. Taurine administration significantly mitigated the reactive oxygen species production, alleviated the overexpression of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), and inhibited the elevation of proinflammatoy cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokines. Cisplatin exposure resulted in the unfolded protein response (UPR)‐regulated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CHOP) up‐regulation, induction of GRP78: a marker of ER stress and eIF2α signaling. Increase in calpain‐1 expression level, activation of caspase‐12 and caspase‐3, cleavage of the PARP protein as well as the inhibition of antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2 were reflected on cisplatin‐triggered apoptosis. Taurine could, however, combat against such cisplatin induced cardiac‐abnormalities. The above mentioned findings suggest that taurine plays a beneficial role in providing protection against cisplatin‐induced cardiac damage by modulating inflammatory responses and ER stress. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):647–664, 2016
Curcumin and insulin resistance—Molecular targets and clinical evidences
Authors: Jiménez‐Osorio Angélica Saraí , Monroy Adriana , Alavez Silvestre
Published: December 2016

Curcumin ((1E,6E)−1,7‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,6‐heptadiene‐3,5‐dione), the main component of the Indian spice turmeric, has been used in traditional medicine to improve diabetes and its comorbidities. Since the last two decades, scientific research has shown that in addition to its antioxidant properties, curcumin could also work as protein homeostasis regulator and it is able to modulate other intracellular pathways. Curcumin supplementation has been proposed to improve insulin resistance (IR) through the activation of the insulin receptor and its downstream pathways in several experimental models, pointing out that its clinical use may be a good and innocuous strategy to improve IR‐related diseases. IR is associated with many diseases and syndromes like carbohydrate intolerance, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is imperative to identify safe therapeutic interventions aimed to reduce side effects that could lead the patient to leave the treatment. To date, many clinical trials have been carried out using turmeric and curcumin to improve metabolic syndrome, carbohydrate intolerance, diabetes, and obesity in individuals with IR. Results so far are inconclusive because dose, time of treatment, and type of curcumin can change the study outcome significantly. However, there is some clinical evidence suggesting a beneficial effect of curcumin on IR. In this review, we discuss the factors that could influence curcumin effects in clinical trials aimed to improve IR and related diseases, and the conclusions that can be drawn from results obtained so far. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):561–580, 2016
Methyl gallate, a potent antioxidant inhibits mouse and human adipocyte differentiation and oxidative stress in adipocytes through impairment of mitotic clonal expansion
Authors: Rahman Naimur , Jeon Miso , Kim Yong‐Sik
Published: December 2016

Methyl gallate (MG) is a derivative of gallic acid and a potent antioxidant. In this study, we confirmed that MG treatment effectively inhibits lipid accumulation, which occurred mostly in the early stages of adipogenesis. We also showed that shortly after adipogenic induction, MG facilitated a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Mechanistic studies revealed that MG treatment inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which is a key regulator of the G1‐ to S‐phase transition. Furthermore, MG treatment prevented the adipogenic hormonal stimuli‐induced inhibition of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. This led to inhibition of the transcription factor E2F1 by preventing the phosphorylation of, and thereby activation of its destruction partner RB. MG treatment also downregulated factors that are upstream of RB‐E2F1 signaling such as Cdk2, Cyclin E, Cdk4, and Cyclin D1 where Cyclin D3 level was unaffected. We also found that MG treatment markedly decreased the expression and phosphorylation of C/EBPβ, by phosphorylating, and therefore inactivating, GSK3β, which is a prerequisite for its DNA binding capacity, and thereby mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). Ultimately, MG treatment downregulates key terminal adipogenic transcription factors including C/EBPα, PPARγ, aP2 (Fabp4), and adiponectin. Moreover, MG also protects adipocytes from oxidative stress by alleviating intracellular reactive oxygen species and activating Nrf2, HO‐1, and PRDX3. Thus, this study provides a mechanistic insight into the anti‐adipogenic actions of MG. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):716–726, 2016
Dietary flavonoid luteolin attenuates uropathogenic Escherichia. Coli invasion of the urinary bladder
Authors: Shen Xiao‐Fei , Teng Yan , Sha Kai‐Hui , Wang Xin‐Yuan , Yang Xiao‐Long , Guo Xiao‐Juan , Ren Lai‐Bin , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Li Jingyu , Huang Ning
Published: December 2016

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary uropathogen, adhere to and invade bladder epithelial cells (BECs) to establish a successful urinary tract infection (UTI). Emerging antibiotic resistance requires novel nonantibiotic strategies. Our previous study indicated that luteolin attenuated adhesive and invasive abilities as well as cytotoxicity of UPEC on T24 BECs through down‐regulating UPEC virulence factors. The aims of this study were to investigate the possible function of the flavonoid luteolin and the mechanisms by which luteolin functions in UPEC‐induced bladder infection. Firstly, obvious reduction of UPEC invasion but not adhesion were observed in luteolin‐pretreated 5637 and T24 BECs sa well as mice bladder via colony counting. The luteolin‐mediated suppression of UPEC invasion was linked to elevated levels of intracellular cAMP induced by inhibiting the activity of cAMP‐phosphodiesterases (cAMP‐PDEs), which resulting activation of protein kinase A, thereby negatively regulating Rac1‐GTPase‐mediated actin polymerization. Furthermore, p38 MAPK was primarily and ERK1/2 was partially involved in luteolin‐mediated suppression of UPEC invasion and actin polymerization, as confirmed with chemical activators of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. These data suggest that luteolin can protect bladder epithelial cells against UPEC invasion. Therefore, luteolin or luteolin‐rich products as dietary supplement may be beneficial to control the UPEC‐related bladder infections, and cAMP‐PDEs may be a therapy target for UTIs treatment. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):674–685, 2016