bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thrombosis and nephritic syndrome in a dog with visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Font A. , Closa J. M. , Molina A. , Mascort J.
Published: April 2008

Visceral leishmaniasis with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed in a six‐year‐old dog presented with thromboembolic manifestations. A blood coagulation test indicated low levels of antithrombin III, prolonged partial thromboplastin time, hypofibrinogenaemia, an increase in fibrin degradation products and decreased plasminogenic activity. These results confirmed the diagnosis of thrombosis induced by glomerulonephritis, accompanied by secondary fibrinolysis. Bone marrow aspiration revealed an abundance of parasites of the genus Leishmania. Histopathology confirmed the presence of membranous glomerulonephritis due to Leishmania species parasites, as well as the presence of thrombosis in the aorta, iliac arteries, vena cava and femoral veni.
Tracheal collapse in the dog ‐ is there really a role for surgery? A survey of 100 cases
Authors: White R. A. S. , Williams J. M.
Published: April 2008

One hundred dogs with clinical signs associated with tracheal collapse were examined over a four‐year period. The symptomatic state of tracheal collapse was found to have a multifactorial aetiology. Factors linked with the onset of clinical signs included cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema, respiratory infection, endotracheal intubation, the presence of a smoker in the household, allergic respiratory disease and obesity. Medical or conservative management resulted in long term resolution of signs (greater than 12 months) in 71 per cent of cases while a further 4 per cent were successfully managed by upper airway surgery. Tracheal reconstruction was performed for the minority of non‐responsive cases (11 per cent) in which no other medical condition could be identified. Only half of these dogs (5 per cent) remained asymptomatic long term. The importance of identifying and eliminating the factors implicated in initiating the symptomatic state of tracheal collapse is emphasised. Suppression of these exciting causes should be considered as the therapeutic priority and surgery should be reserved only for those dogs which do not respond to conservative management.
Static strength evaluation of two modified unilateral external skeletal fixators
Authors: Dewey C. W. , Aron D. N. , Foutz T. L. , Marks M. A. , Budsberg S. C.
Published: April 2008

The relative static strengths of two modified unilateral external skeletal fixation configurations, intended for use in humeral and femoral fracture management, were compared with each other and with a type la (unilateral, uniplanar) and a type lb (unilateral, biplanar) configuration, using an in vitro model. The parameters of yield strength, ultimate (failure) strength and stiffness (slope) were measured for each of the four configurations in the disruptive modes of axial compression, craniocaudal bending and lateromedial bending. The two modified unilateral configurations (models 3 and 4) were biomechanically superior to the type la configuration (model 1) for all parameters, when loaded in axial compression and craniocaudal bending. Model 3 was stronger than the type lb (model 2) configuration for all parameters when loaded in axial compression. There were no significant differences among the models with lateromedial bending loads, except for the parameter of stiffness. The results of this study suggest that the two modified unilateral configurations are biomechanically superior to the type la fixator configuration. The results also suggest that the modified unilateral configurations equal or exceed the biplanar configuration (model 2) in stiffness when loaded in axial compression.
Ante mortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in four cats
Authors: Simpson K. W. , Shiroma J. T. , Biller D. S. , Wicks J. , Johnson S. E. , Dimski D. , Chew D.
Published: April 2008

The ante mortem detection of pancreatitis in four cats is reported. Clinical findings included vomiting, lethargy and constipation in all the cats, diabetes mellitus in two cats and severe jaundice and a vitamin K responsive coagulopathy in one cat. Serum amylase was normal in all the cats and serum lipase was elevated in one azotaemic cat. Ultrasonography revealed predominantly hypoechoic masses in the right cranial quandrant of the abdomen of each cat. The anatomical location of these masses was consistent with the pancreas. Gross examination supported these ultrasonographic observations. The pancreatic lesions were characterised histologically as acute necrotising pancreatitis, acute necrotising pancreatitis with abscessation, chronic active pancreatitis with cystic dilatation of the pancreatic duct causing bile duct obstruction and chronic active pancreatitis with nodular hyperplasia. This report indicates that pancreatitis is a clinically significant disease in cats that may be diagnosed ante mortem.
Marsupialisation of an arachnoid cyst in a dog
Authors: McKee W. M. , Renwick P. W.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐month‐old West Highland white terrier was presented with hindlimb ataxia and paraparesis. Radiographic studies revealed an arachnoid cyst at thoracic vertebrae 12 and 13. A dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed to decompress the spinal cord. The cyst was marsupialised by suturing the dura mater to the edge of the laminectomy defect. There were no postoperative complications and the dog improved to normality.
Use of a restricted antigen diet in the management of idiopathic canine colitis
Authors: Simpson J. W. , Maskell I. E. , Markwell P. J.
Published: April 2008

Eleven dogs diagnosed as having idiopathic chronic colitis were treated for four months with a commercial hypoallergenic diet. Ten clinical parameters were evaluated monthly for each dog. Within one month, four key signs associated with colitis (straining, faecal blood, faecal mucus and faecal consistency) were significantly improved and remained so for the subsequent three months. Sulphasalazine was also used in the initial stages of management to control presenting signs. However, within one month 60 per cent of the dogs required either no sulphasalazine (or less) than when originally presented; within two months 90 per cent were stabilised with no drug therapy.
Systemic histiocytosis in a Bernese mountain dog
Authors: Brearley M. J. , Dunn K. A. , Smith K. C. , Blunden A. S.
Published: April 2008

Systemic histiocytosis was diagnosed at post mortem examination in a three‐year‐old Bernese mountain dog born in the United Kingdom. The dog presented with a progressive nodular skin disease, chemosis and periocular swelling occurring over six months. It was unresponsive to topical corticosteroids, antibiotics and oral azathioprine. Elective euthanasia was performed. Post mortem examination revealed extensive histiocytic infiltration of the skin, subcutis and skeletal muscles, particularly of the head.
Canine ceroid‐lipofuscinoses: A review and classification
Authors: Jolly R. D. , Palmer D. N. , Studdert V. P. , Sutton R. H. , Kelly W. R. , Koppang N. , Dahme G. , Hartley W. J. , Patterson J. S. , Riis R. C.
Published: April 2008

The ceroid‐lipofuscinoses are a group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals characterised by the accumulation of a fluorescent lipopigment in neurons and other cells within the body. Syndromes occurring in dogs are classified, on the basis of the age of onset and, to a lesser degree, the course of the disease, as prepubertal‐protracted, early adult acute and adult onset. Clinical signs are generally those of progressive loss of vision, motor disturbances such as ataxia, tremors, seizures and proprioceptive deficits together with behavioural changes including loss of learned behaviour, fearfulness and aggression. The various syndromes can be expected to reflect different mutations, at least some of which affect the catabolism of subunit c of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Confirmation of diagnosis depends on the demonstration of lipopigment in brain or skin biopsies by histochemistry, fluorescence or electron microscopy.
Primary erythrocytosis in the cat: Treatment with hydroxyurea
Authors: Watson A. D. J. , Moore A. S. , Helfand S. C.
Published: April 2008

Primary erythrocytosis was diagnosed in six adult neutered domestic cats. All the cats showed varying signs of neurological dysfunction, including seizures, blindness, abnormal behaviour, episodes of ataxia, dilated pupils and foaming at the mouth. Other signs included polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, wobbly gait, head bobbing and twitching. Affected animals had initially high packed cell volumes (PCV) (0.63 to 0.82 litres/litre) without any identifiable cause of relative or secondary erythrocytosis. Serum erythropoietin concentrations were low or normal in four cats, equivocal in one and undetermined in one. Primary erythrocytosis was diagnosed, rather than polycythaemia vera, as abnormalities often associated with the latter were uncommon (granulocytosis, splenomegaly) or unrecorded (thrombocytosis, hepatomegaly). The six cats were treated with hydroxyurea and five had phlebotomies. All remain well at least 10 months after treatment began, and two have survived more than six years, despite potential complications with hydroxyurea, including neutropenia, anaemia and methaemoglobinaemia.
Primary pulmonary osteosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Fox L. E. , King R. R. , Mays M. Calderwood , Ackerman N. , Cooley A. J. , Meyer D. , Bolon B.
Published: April 2008

An 11‐year‐old mixed breed dog was referred because of coughing and painful swelling of the distal extremities which had not resolved with antibiotic treatment. A consolidated left cranial lung lobe and hypertrophic osteopathy were identified by radiographs. A unique feature of this report is the marked, rapid reduction in pain and lameness associated with hypertrophic osteopathy after treatment with corticosteroids. Histological examination of an 8 cm diameter, spherical mass found in the excised cranial lung lobe revealed osteosarcoma. No evidence of local or distant metastases was present. The dog survived one year after diagnosis.
Delimitation of safe corridors for the insertion of external fixator pins in the dog 1: Hindlimb
Authors: Marti J. M. , Miller A.
Published: April 2008

Anatomical dissections of fresh canine hindlimb specimens were carried out on the femoral region and crus and cross sections of the crus to identify the location of safe corridors for external skeletal fixator pin insertion. Safe, hazardous and unsafe corridors were defined and measured along the canine hindlimb. Recommendations are made on the safe and effective use of fixator frames in the canine femur and tibia, in order to avoid potentially serious complications. No safe corridors were identified in the canine femoral region. The canine tibia is an eccentric bone and its entire medial aspect and part of its cranial aspect lie in a subcutaneous position. These areas are identified as safe for external skeletal fixator pin insertion.
Suspected mechanobullous skin disease in a cat
Authors: O'Dair H. A. , Henderson J. P.
Published: April 2008

This report describes a three‐year‐old male domestic longhaired cat which was presented with generalised pruritus, alopecia and ulcerative dermatitis. All four feet showed evidence of nail shedding and there was widespread scarring of the skin of the back. Clinicopathological investigations suggested a mechanobullous disease. The condition was unresponsive to attempted medical therapy which included antibiotics, glucocorticoids and vitamin E supplementation.
Ocular disease associated with hypertension in 16 cats
Authors: Sansom J. , Barnett K. C. , Dunn K. A. , Smith K. C. , Dennis R.
Published: April 2008

Between 1990 and 1993, 16 cats were referred with acute onset blindness or intraocular haemorrhage. Blood pressure assessment, using the Doppler ultrasonic recording technique in 11 of the cats, proved these cases to be hypertensive. Fifteen cats underwent further investigation, revealing 13 with some degree of renal impairment and one as hyperthyroid. Five underwent cardiac ultrasound and all showed evidence of cardiac hypertrophy. The eyes from four of the cats were examined histologically and showed serous or haemorrhagic retinal detachments with varying degrees of retinal degeneration and a range of ocular hypertensive vascular changes. Two cats had full post mortem examinations which revealed evidence of renal and thyroid pathology.
Small animal fluid therapy 2. Solutions and monitoring
Authors: Michell A. R.
Published: April 2008

This review outlines the importance of considering other aspects of treatment for underlying conditions, and other nursing measures, when fluid therapy is employed in small animal patients. The choice of fluid therapy should be based on rationally defined therapeutic targets and not following a strict set of procedures. Monitoring should also be a constant feature during fluid therapy so that adjustments can be made according to a patient's response to the treatment.
Post anaesthetic oesophageal stricture formation in three cats
Authors: Galatos A. D. , Rallis T. , Raptopoulos D.
Published: April 2008

Three cases of distal oesophageal stricture which developed after ovariohysterectomy, carried out under atropine‐xylazine‐ketamine anaesthesia in the cat are reviewed. Diagnosis was based upon medical history, clinical signs and contrast radiography and confirmed by endoscopy. Dilatation was successfully attempted in one case by advancing the endoscope through the stricture. The multifactorial pathogenesis of the condition and the diagnostic and therapeutic methods applied are discussed.
Corneal stromal abscess in a cat
Authors: Moore D. L. , Jones R. G.
Published: April 2008

A corneal stromal abscess was diagnosed in a 13‐year‐old domestic shorthaired cat. A superficial keratectomy was performed to obtain samples for cytological and bacteriological examination. These confirmed the diagnosis and, following medical management with topical and systemic antibiotics, the lesion resolved completely.
Conservative and surgical treatment of canine acetabular fractures: A review of 34 cases
Authors: Butterworth S. J. , Gribben S. , Skerry T. M. , Denny H. R. , Barr A. R. S. , Gregory S. P.
Published: April 2008

The case histories of 34 dogs with acetabular fractures are reviewed. Twenty‐one were treated surgically and 13 conservatively. A classification system for acetabular fractures is presented and the results of treatment in each group are described and discussed.
Subarachnoid abscess as a complication of discospondylitis in a dog
Authors: Lobetti R. G.
Published: April 2008

A three‐year‐old German shepherd dog was presented with a history of acute neck pain. A diagnosis of acute discospondylitis involving two intervertebral disc spaces was made. The dog initially responded to conservative treatment over an eight‐week period and then suddenly deteriorated. Spinal cord compression was evident on cervical myelography. At autopsy, a subarachnoid abscess was present at the intervertebral disc space between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae.
Bodyweight and feed intake of German shepherd bitches during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Schroeder G. E. , Smith G. A.
Published: April 2008

Thirty German shepherd bitches were assessed for weekly changes in bodyweight, daily food intake and litter size during pregnancy and lactation. The weekly changes in food intake and bodyweight were divided into two and three phases, respectively. Linear regression equations were used to fit each phase. The bodyweight of the bitches at mating ranged between 17 and 36 kg. The same diet was used for all the bitches throughout the study. Despite the tendency that litter size, birthweight and bodyweight of the puppies at three and six weeks increased with age of the bitch, no significant differences could be found. Significant (P<0·05) bodyweight differences existed at mating between the age groups. High correlations existed between mating weight and weight at 60 days of pregnancy (r2= 0·94] and between mating weight and weaning weight (r2= 0·89) of the litter. It was possible to successfully establish performance criteria for the reproductive German shepherd bitch in a commercial breeding unit, which can be used as a baseline to improve diets and feeding programmes by means of dietary manipulations.
Diagnostic importance of urothelial cells of the dog and cat
Authors: Batamuzi E. K. , Kristensen F.
Published: April 2008

The cells lining the canine and feline urinary tract and their role in the diagnosis of urological diseases in small animals is assessed. The urothelium was found to consist of transitional epithelial cells ranging from the calyces to the urethra. Caudate cells were found lining the ureter, renal pelvis and the calyces. There was no feature that could be used to distinguish the transitional cells from different parts of the urothelium. Squamous cells were found lining the urinary tract from the trigone to the vagina in females and to the urethra in male animals. Hydropic degeneration in the form of vacuolation of the cytoplasm, granulation and total loss of cytoplasm was one of the urine‐induced degenerative changes recorded in the transitional cells. The significance of the degenerative changes in the management of urological problems is discussed.
Parotid salivary gland adenocarcinoma with bilateral ocular and osseous metastases in a dog
Authors: Habin D. J. , Else R. W.
Published: April 2008

A case of primary parotid salivary gland adenocarcinoma is described in a three‐year‐old entire female great dane. The presenting complaint was sudden onset blindness concomitant with the development of bilateral hyphaema and anterior uveitis. A soft‐tissue swelling of the left subaural region and right forelimb lameness were also present. A definitive diagnosis of primary parotid salivary gland adenocarcinoma with bilateral ocular metastases was made on post mortem examination. Metastases were also present in the right proximal humerus, left and right prescapular lymph nodes, left axillary lymph node, left retropharyngeal lymph node, bronchial lymph nodes and all lung lobes.
Synovial cysts in cats
Authors: Stead A. C. , Else R. W. , Stead M. C. P.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiographic appearance and histological findings in three cats with cystic extensions of the elbow joint capsule are described. The condition was only temporarily alleviated by surgical excision or drainage. In all cases the condition was associated with osteoarthritis.
Pulverulent nuclear cataract in the Norwegian buhund
Authors: Bjerkas E. , Haaland M. B.
Published: April 2008

Pulverulent cataracts were diagnosed in 52 of 102 Norwegian buhunds, with both sexes being equally affected. All the dogs were otherwise considered clinically healthy. Initial lens changes were visible from six and a half weeks of age as small dots parallel to the suture lines behind the nucleus. Gradually, the opacities along the suture lines became more opaque until, by the age of four to five and a half years, they had progressed to involve the fetal nucleus which then resembled a ball of candy floss. The outer part, the adult nucleus, usually remained clear, and the cortex was not involved. The ages of the dogs in the present study ranged from three and a half weeks to 12 years at first examination. An outcross of an affected bitch to a mixed‐breed dog resulted in three puppies, of which two were affected. The retinas could be evaluated in all the examined dogs, and revealed no abnormalities except for one case of focal retinopathy. In addition to the pulverulent cataracts, 10 cases of cortical cataracts were diagnosed, three of which also had pulverulent cataracts. Based on the pedigrees, an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with a high degree of penetrance is suggested for pulverulent cataract.
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of non‐palpable Sertoli cell tumours in infertile dogs
Authors: England G. C. W.
Published: April 2008

Three previously fertile dogs were examined with a history of recent infertility. Semen evaluation revealed marked spermatozoal abnormalities, including lesions of the mid‐piece region, poor spermatozoal motility and a low total spermatozoal output. The mean number of live normal spermatozoa was 21·1 ± 17·4 × 106spermatozoa. Examination of the testes with diagnostic B‐mode ultrasound demonstrated solitary mass lesions which in each case were not palpable. Plasma oestrogen concentrations were elevated (mean, 43·0 ± 8·s 5 pg/ml), and histologically the masses were shown to be Sertoli cell tumours. Several months after unilateral orchidectomy there was an increase in the percentage of normal spermatozoa and an increase in the spermatozoal motility and total spermatozoal output. The mean number of live normal spermatozoa was 149·8 ± 22·9 × 106spermatozoa and all the dogs subsequently returned to fertility. Ultrasonographic examination of the testes should be considered part of the routine investigation of the male reproductive tract.
Poor semen quality in Irish wolfhounds: A clinical, hormonal and spermatological study
Authors: Dahlbom M. , Andersson M. , Huszenicza G. , Alanko M.
Published: April 2008

On the basis of clinical observations, Irish wolfhounds were suspected as being subject to a relatively high incidence of soft testicular consistency and low semen quality. Thirty‐seven Irish wolfhounds and 67 dogs of other breeds (control group) were therefore examined. Conventional andrological studies were performed in both groups, these included libido testing, palpation and measurement of testes and semen evaluation. Semen evaluation was performed both manually and by videomicrographic analysis. Testosterone concentrations were measured both before and after human chorionic gonadotropin challenge in the Irish wolfhounds. The Irish wolfhounds had lower libidos than the control group. More Irish wolfhounds (21‐2 per cent) exhibited low semen quality than the control group (6‐1 per cent). Soft testicular consistency occurred more frequently in Irish wolfhounds (25‐7 per cent) than in the control group (10‐5 per cent). In the control group, bodyweight correlated significantly with total sperm count. Serum testosterone concentration did not correlate with semen quality parameters.
Surgical treatment of intramedullary spinal cord neoplasia in two dogs
Authors: Jeffery N. D. , Phillips S. M.
Published: April 2008

An area of intramedullary spinal cord enlargement at the thoracolumbar junction was identified by myelography in each of two dogs, Exploratory laminectomy followed by durotomy and myelotomy permitted removal of an intramedullary neoplasm in each dog. In one animal the tumour was diagnosed to be an ependymoma, in the other the tumour had the characteristics of a nephroblastoma. Following surgery each dog recovered quickly to pre‐operative status or better. In one dog there was long term resolution of neurological deficits, while the other was euthanased because of persistent faecal incontinence.
Encephalo‐myelopathy in young cats
Authors: Palmer A. C. , Cavanagh J. B.
Published: April 2008

Nineteen cats, aged three to 16 months, developed neurological signs including hindleg paralysis, head shaking, nystagmus, defective vision and reduced proprioception. Most of the animals were in cat colonies in research centres and were derived from specific pathogen‐free stock. One was referred from veterinary practice. Over 40 per cent of litters could be affected constituting a serious commercial loss. Wallerian degeneration affected long tracts in the spinal cord and variously in the brain stem and cerebral white matter. In seven animals there was loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and in eight there was neuronal loss in the spinal cord. Gliosis accompanied all changes. Although no viral agent was isolated the clinical pattern of the disease and evidence from other cases reported in the literature suggest an infectious cause.
Effect of the interval between feeding and drug administration on oral ampicillin absorption in dogs
Authors: Küng K. , Hauser B. R. , Wanner M.
Published: April 2008

Eight dogs of various breeds received single oral doses of 20 mg/kg bodyweight ampicillin at four different time intervals relative to feeding a meal. In treatment A the dogs were fasted for 12 hours before and after ampicillin administration. In treatment B the dogs received ampicillin immediately after, in treatment C one hour before and in treatment D two hours after the meal. Each dog received these treatments during a period of feeding dry and canned dog food according to an 8 × 8 Latin square design. Blood samples were taken at specified time intervals after drug administration by jugular venepuncture. Antibiotic concentrations in plasma were determined by microbiological assay. Non‐compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the individual concentration‐time curves and were compared by non‐parametric statistic tests between treatments and types of food. With both dry and canned food ampicillin absorption was impaired when the drug and food were given at the same time (treatment B) as compared to the absorption in fasting dogs (treatment A and C). On dry food, drug absorption was also decreased in treatment D. It is recommended for clinical purposes to give ampicillin to fasted dogs, and to wait at least one hour before feeding. After a meal (dry food) waiting two hours until drug administration is not sufficient to avoid impaired ampicillin absorption.
Percutaneous biopsy of abdominal organs under ultrasound guidance
Authors: Barr F.
Published: April 2008

Percutaneous sampling of one or more abdominal organs was performed under ultrasound guidance in 89 dogs and 16 cats. Tissue core samples were considered to be of diagnostic quality in 92 per cent of hepatic and 100 per cent of renal biopsies. Core biopsies were collected from the prostate in only three cases but each was adjudged of diagnostic quality. The technique allowed a definitive diagnosis or normal tissue to be confirmed in 65 per cent of animals undergoing hepatic biopsy, 83 per cent undergoing renal biopsy and 82 per cent undergoing prostatic biopsy or aspiration. Few complications occurred which could be ascribed with certainty to the procedure. One dog with extensive hepatic necrosis died one week after the biopsy, but necropsy examination was denied. One severely debilitated cat did not recover from general anaesthesia. One dog underwent aspiration of a sterile intraprostatic cyst, and developed prostatic abscessation one week later; prostatic carcinoma was subsequently found. Careful selection and preparation of patients for biopsy are essential. With this caveat, ultrasound‐guided sampling of abdominal organs is a useful technique allowing a definitive diagnosis in a high proportion of cases. The technique is minimally invasive and the complication rate low.
Fracture associated sarcoma in the cat
Authors: Fry P. D. , Jukes H. F.
Published: April 2008

A nine‐year‐old neutered male cat developed an osteosarcoma 15 months after the surgical repair of the proximal femur using an intramedullary pin at the fracture site. The repair had been effective with good healing of the fracture and restoration of normal activity.
Investigating uterine disease in the bitch: Uterine cannulation for cytology, microbiology and hysteroscopy
Authors: Watts J. R. , Wright P. J.
Published: April 2008

A technique for transcervical cannulation of the uterus of the bitch for the collection of samples for cytology and microbiology was developed. This technique involved passing a cannula into the uterus with the aid of an endoscope. The uterus was cannulated successfully in mature bitches (over 10 kg) 110 times in 144 attempts. Success of cannulation was influenced by the experience of the operator and ease of cannulation by the stage of the reproductive cycle, the size of the bitch and the type of cannula. Complications associated with the procedure were endometritis, vaginitis and vaginal tears. Uterine cannulation was generally possible in all bitches studied at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Techniques for the collection of samples from the uterus for cytology and microbiology and for the processing of samples for uterine cytology are outlined. Hysteroscopy was performed on seven occasions in post partum bitches and was found to be possible at least until day 17 after whelping.
Assessment of dose and time responses to TRH and thyrotropin in healthy dogs
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Wotton P. R. , Gleadhill A. , Evans H. , Walker M. J.
Published: April 2008

Changes in total thyroxine (T4 [TT4]), free T4(FT4) and total tri‐iodothyronine (T3 [TT3]) in serum after the intravenous administration of different doses of thyrotropin (TSH) and thy‐rotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) were measured in six healthy beagles. Significant (P<0·05) elevations in serum TT4, FT4 and TT3 were observed at each sampling time (two, four, five, six, seven, eight and 10 hours) after administration of 1, 3 or 5 iu (total dose) TSH and peak mean responses were observed six to eight hours after injection. At six hours after injection the mean TT4, FT4 and TT3 levels were approximately 2·6, 3·9 and 1·5 times basal levels, respectively, and there were no significant differences between the three doses of TSH. Significant (P<0·05) elevations in serum TT4 and FT4 but not TT3 were observed at each sampling time (two, four, five, six, seven and eight hours) after the administration of TRH. Peak mean responses were observed at four hours after injection at which time TT4 and FT4 levels were approximately 1·7 and 1·9 times basal levels, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the four doses of TRH used (100, 200, 300 and 600 μg total dose). Concentrations of TT4, FT4 and TT3 were significantly (P<0·05) higher following the administration of TSH compared with TRH, and the response to TRH showed greater individual variation.
Posterior mediastinal paraganglioma involving the spinal cord of a dog
Authors: Mascort J. , Pumarola M.
Published: April 2008

A posterior mediastinal paraganglioma is described in a five‐year‐old female collie showing paralysis of the hindlimbs. The mass was observed radiographically and a myelogram confirmed a spinal cord compression at the thoracic level. Histological examination of the mass diagnosed a paraganglioma which was confirmed by histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. This is compared with paraganglioma found in man.
Chronic carriage of multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium in a cat
Authors: Wall P. G. , Davis S. , Threlfall E. J. , Ward L. R. , Ewbank A. J.
Published: April 2008

Gastroenteritis caused by a multidrug‐resistant Salmonella typhimurium was diagnosed in a 12‐week‐old kitten. Although the kitten recovered from the acute episode after seven days, it continued to shed salmonella in its faeces for a further 12 weeks. Carriage was finally cleared by administering a 14‐day course of treatment with parenteral enrofloxacin. The public health implications of an infection and subsequent carriage in a cat of a salmonella strain known to cause illness in humans is discussed.
Intestinal permeability testing in dogs with diet‐responsive intestinal disease
Authors: Rutgers H. C. , Batt R. M. , Hall E. J. , Sørensen S. H. , Proud F. J.
Published: April 2008

Fifteen dogs with signs of small and, or, large bowel disease that responded clinically to an exclusion diet were studied, using differential sugar absorption as an objective parameter of the mucosal response to the diet. Intestinal permeability and function were assessed by determining the urinary excretion ratios of lactulose/rhamnose and xylose/3‐O‐methylglucose, respectively, following oral administration of a mixture of these four sugars. Five dogs, all retrievers, were tentatively diagnosed as having dietary hypersensitivity, based upon resolution of clinical signs and normalisation of high intestinal permeability following an exclusion diet and recurrence of signs (in four of five dogs) upon challenge with the original diet. The fifth dog did not become symptomatic when challenged, but intestinal permeability increased. The remaining 10 dogs were diagnosed as having food intolerance, based upon clinical improvement on an exclusion diet, relapse on challenge with their original diet, but lack of improvement in intestinal permeability. These findings suggest that a differential sugar absorption test may be useful to determine the reasons for clinical response to exclusion diets. Demonstration of increased intestinal permeability with subsequent normalization following an exclusion diet may be useful in the diagnosis of dietary hypersensitivity, while persistent abnormalities in intestinal permeability are suggestive of underlying intestinal disease and food intolerance.
Additive benefits of EFAs in dogs with atopic dermatitis after partial response to antihistamine therapy
Authors: Paterson S.
Published: April 2008

It has been reported that 20 to 70 per cent of atopic cases in the dog can be controlled with antihistamines, though the effective antihistamine cannot be predetermined. Combination therapy with essential fatty acids (EFAS) and antihistamines has been shown to be useful in dogs. All of the work published to date has been performed in open studies, without the use of placebo, and in dogs where the aim has been to control pruritus as a symptom rather than that caused specifically by atopy. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effects of four antihistamines; hydroxyzine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine and clemastine; with both an EFA supplement and a placebo of olive oil, in 25 dogs to control pruritus in clinically proven cases of atopy.
Canine cemented total hip replacements: State of the art
Authors: Olmstead M. L.
Published: April 2008

Total hip replacements in the dog have become well established over the past 20 years as an effective method for treating disabling hip conditions. A fixed head prosthesis has been the mainstay during most of this period. Return to normal function with this prosthesis has been reported at 95 per cent. Although patient selection, pre‐ and post surgical care, the surgical technique and the treatment or prevention of complications has been continually improved, it was not until recently that the prosthesis and its instrumentation were improved. Now a modular prosthesis with improved instrumentation gives the veterinary surgeon ‘state of the art’ implants and instruments. The prosthesis is easier to implant, the surgeon has greater flexibility in surgery and improved results are expected. Total hip replacement continues to be an effective way to give dogs a pain‐free, mechanically sound hip joint.
Mitral valve replacement for the treatment of congenital mitral dysplasia in a bull terrier
Authors: White R. N. , Stepien R. L. , Hammond R. A. , Holden D. J. , Torrington A. M. , Milner H. R. , Cobb M. A. , Hellens S. H.
Published: April 2008

A 10‐month‐old entire male bull terrier was presented with a history of collapse on exercise. Clinical examination, electrocardiography, radiography and echocardiography all supported a diagnosis of mitral valve dysplasia. There was no evidence of congestive heart failure. Surgical intervention consisted of open resection of the dysplastic mitral valve and its replacement with a bioprosthetic valve. The procedure was performed through a median sternotomy and the dog was placed on to full cardiopulmonary bypass. Total cardiopulmonary bypass time was 70 minutes. A full recovery was made and at the time of writing (17 months postoperatively) the dog is clinically normal requiring no medication.
Clinical and patho‐morphological investigation of spontaneously occurring Seriodontal isease in dogs
Authors: Hoffmann Th. , Gaengler P.
Published: April 2008

Diagnostic evaluation of, and treatment planning for, different periodontal diseases of dogs are a common problem in veterinary dentistry. Therefore the aim of the present study was to propose a classification for inflammatory periodontal disease. One hundred and twenty‐three male and female poodles (from two to over 12 years) were used for the clinical investigations; 120 periodontitis teeth were analysed for pathomorphological signs of inflammation. The recorded data made it possible to differentiate five forms of gingivitis (gingivitis simplex, hyperplastica, ulcerosa, granulomatosa and desquamativa) and three forms of periodontitis (juvenile, rapidly progressive adult and chronic adult periodontitis). The pathomorphological investigations allowed a differentiation between acute progressive inflammation, chronic nonprogressive inflammation, chronic proliferative inflammation and chronic resorptive inflammation. It is concluded that standardised diagnoses as well as the pathomorphological background may be helpful tools for providing effective treatment strategies.
Oral eosinophilic granuloma in three Cavalier King Charles spaniels
Authors: Bredal W. P. , Gunnes G. , Vollset I. , Ulstein T. L.
Published: April 2008

Oral eosinophilic granuloma is a rare and enigmatic disease in dogs. The clinical, haematologi‐cal, cytological and histopathological features of three unrelated Cavalier King Charles spaniels with oral ulcers are presented. The disease was characterised by granuloma or plaque formation in the oral cavity. Common clinical signs were clearing the throat, swallowing problems, coughing during and after meals, reduced appetite and difficulty in eating. Haematological findings were not specific. Cytology was considered easier to perform than tissue biopsy due to friability of the tissue, but could not be used to confirm a granuloma diagnosis. The diagnosis of oral eosinophilic granuloma was verified histopatho‐logically in each case. Response to glucocorticoid therapy varied, from complete remission to lack of any visible effect, leading to a guarded prognosis. The aetiology of the disease was not determined; however, the gross and microscopic morphologies of the lesions, their location and the response to corticosteroid therapy was suggestive of hypersensitivity.
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunt in 14 cats
Authors: Lamb C. R. , Hijfte Forster‐van , White R. N. , McEvoy F. J. , Rutgers H. C.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐four cats with clinical and, or, clinico‐pathological signs compatible with portosystemic shunting were examined prospectively using two‐dimensional grey‐scale, duplex and colourflow Doppler ultrasonography. Diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunt was subsequently confirmed in 14 cats using operative mesenteric portography and surgery. Of the 14 affected cats, nine were purebred; eight were male and six female. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was nine months (range four to 27 months). Ultrasonographic evidence of a small liver was present in seven cats (50 per cent); visibility of intrahepatic portal vessels was reduced in three (21 per cent). An anomalous blood vessel was identified ultrasonographically in each cat; in 10 cats (71 per cent) the vessel was observed to originate from the portal vein and drain into the caudal vena cava. Abnormally variable portal blood flow waspresent in eight of the 10 cats in which it was measured. At surgery, six shunts were intrahepatic and eight extrahepatic; the ultrasonographic diagnosis of intra‐ versus extra‐hepatic shunt was correct in 13 cats (93 per cent). No anomalous blood vessels or abnormalities affecting the portal vein were detected ultrasonographically in any of the 10 cats that did not have congenital portosystemic shunting. Hence, the accuracy of ultrasonography for diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunting in this series was 100 per cent.
Recent advances in understanding the spectrum of canine generalised progressive retinal atrophy
Authors: Clements P. J. M. , Sargan D. R. , Gould D. J. , Petersen‐Jones S. M.
Published: April 2008

Canine generalised progressive retinal atrophy (gPRA) is a large and ever‐increasing collection of naturally occurring, heterogeneous, progressive disorders. Most are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and new, breed‐specific forms continue to be described. The gPRAs cause photoreceptor cell death and subsequent retinal degeneration, culminating in blindness. In humans, similar inherited retinal dystrophies are recognised as retinitis pigmentosa and macular dystrophy. Molecular biological studies have revealed disease‐causing mutations in several genes in humans and also in mice with retinal dystrophies. Recently, molecular genetic techniques have identified the cause of one form of gPRA in Irish setters while important candidate genes have been investigated in other breeds. Identification of mutations responsible for different forms of gPRA allows carrier and pre‐degenerate animals to be detected using DNA‐based tests. Such genetic tests will greatly facilitate the eradication of these diseases in different breeds.
Treatment of urinary incontinence in bitches by endoscopic injection of glutaraldehyde cross‐linked collagen
Authors: Arnold S. , Hubler M. , Lott‐Stolz G. , Rüsch P.
Published: April 2008

Thirty‐two spayed bitches with urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter incompetence, non‐responsive to phenylpropanolamine administration, were treated by urethral submucosal injection of glutaraldehyde cross‐linked collagen. Urinary incontinence resolved after a single injection in 19 of the bitches. Additional medication with phenylpropanolamine was necessary in five of these dogs, however. Of the 13 bitches that remained incontinent, the injections were repeated in nine. This resulted in a return to continence in five dogs, although two of these required additional medication for complete continence. The cure rate due to collagen injections alone is 53 per cent (17 of the 32 cases). A total of 41 injections were performed and no postoperative complications were observed.
Mega‐oesophagus secondary to acquired myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yam P. S. , Shelton G. D. , Simpson J. W.
Published: April 2008

Fifteen dogs with confirmed adult onset idiopathic megaoesophagus, in which no generalised muscle weakness was observed, were tested for the presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Of these, six were found to have values greater than 0–6 nmol/litre, previously determined to be diagnostic of acquired myasthenia gravis. The mean serum titre value for these dogs was 5–59 nmol/litre (range 0–78 to 8–72 nmol/litre). It appears that a significant proportion of dogs presenting with megaoesophagus have myasthenia gravis and, if a prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment can be instituted, clinical signs may improve.
Use of the Wagner apparatus to lengthen the antebrachium of a growing dog
Authors: Hay C. W. , Manley P.
Published: April 2008

A six‐month‐old male golden retriever was presented with a shortened radius and ulna and valgus deformity of the carpus secondary to premature closure of the distal radial and ulnar physes. Osteotomies of the radius and ulna were performed and the antebrachium was lengthened over eight weeks using a Wagner apparatus. This external fixation distractor is used in humans for limb‐lengthening procedures. In this case, it was used to correct the angular deformity and to lengthen the limb.
Use of external skeletal fixators in the repair of femoral fractures in cats
Authors: Langley‐Hobbs S. J. , Carmichael S. , McCartney W.
Published: April 2008

This paper reports the results of fixation of 35 femoral fractures in cats using an external skeletal fixator alone or in combination with supplementary devices. All the fractures healed. The average time to fixator removal was eight weeks and two days. The external skeletal fixator offers a method of repairing many types of femoral fractures in cats allowing sound orthopaedic principles to be maintained and producing a successful outcome.
Factors associated with elevated cutaneous Malassezia p a chyderm a tis populations in dogs with Pruritic skin isease
Authors: Bond R. , Ferguson E. A. , Curtis C. F. , Craig J. M. , Lloyd D. H.
Published: April 2008

The prevalences of breeds and concurrent diseases in a group of 40 dogs with pruritic skin disease associated with elevated cutaneousMalassezia pachydermatispopulations were compared with samples of a dermatological hospital population. The ages and genders of the affected dogs were comparable to those of the dermatology population. Basset hounds, cocker spaniels and West Highland white terriers were significantly overrepresented. Concurrent diseases were diagnosed in 27 dogs, of which 15 were atopic. However, the prevalences of atopic disease, primary keratinisation defects and endocrinopathies in dogs with elevated cutaneous Mpachydermatispopulations were comparable to those in the dermatology population as a whole. These results indicate that certain breeds are predisposed to the development of elevated cutaneousM pachydermatispopulations and that concurrent skin diseases can frequently be identified in affected dogs. However, the relationship between these concurrent diseases and abnormalM pachydermatispopulations remains unclear.
Systemic use of pentosan polysulphate in the treatment of osteoarthritis
Authors: Read R. A. , Cullis‐Hill D. , Jones M. P.
Published: April 2008

Forty dogs diagnosed as having chronic osteoarthritis took part in a double‐blind clinical dose‐response study using the antiarthritic agent pentosan polysulphate (PPS). After complete physical examination to ensure good general health, dogs received four subcutaneous injections at intervals of one week of 0, 1, 3 or 5 mg/kg PPS from code‐numbered bottles. At weekly intervals and four weeks after the last injection, weakness, stiffness, pain on joint manipulation, willingness to exercise, body condition and overall response were scored. There were no differences between groups in baseline data, but dogs receiving PPS had a favourable response compared to dogs receiving a placebo for lameness, body condition, pain on joint manipulation and willingness to exercise. The 3 mg/kg dose rate gave the best improvement, the 1 mg/kg dose was partially effective and the 5 mg/kg group was least effective. The use of PPS at a dose rate of 3 mg/kg for the treatment of clinical osteoarthritis in dogs is indicated by our study.
Investigation of possible leptospiral infection in cats in Scotland
Authors: Agunloye C. A. , Nash A. S.
Published: April 2008

Eighty‐seven cats from the Glasgow area were investigated to determine the prevalence of leptospiral infection and possible resultant disease. Eight (9‐2 per cent) of the cats reacted serologically with the antigens of three serovars. Five of the cats were seropositive to Leptospira hardjo, two to L autumnalis and one cat serocon‐verted to L icterohaemorrhagiae. A paired serum sample indicated a recent infection in one of the cats. The major clinical sign shown by this cat was ascites. Four of the cats were from rural areas. This appears to be the first report of a serological survey of leptospiral infection in cats in the Glasgow area.
Diagnosis and clinical course of canine oral papillomavirus infection
Authors: Bredal W. P. , Thoresen S. I. , Rimstad E. , Aleksandersent M. , Nafstadt P. H. J.
Published: April 2008

A six‐month‐old intact male rottweiler presented with papillomatous growths protruding from the oral mucous membranes. A tentative diagnosis of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) infection was made based on the gross appearance of the numerous lesions and the young age of the patient. Two warts from the oral mucosa were removed surgically for further diagnostic investigations. The viral aetiology of the disease was confirmed by histopathological and electron microscopic findings, and by the identification of specific COPV DNA in removed oral papillomatous tissue. The patient was followed clinically and complete regression of the oral lesions occurred after four weeks. Neither the route of transmission nor the source of infection was found. Immunodeficiency as a contributing aetiological factor to the development of COPV‐induced lesions is discussed.