bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex eco-evolutionary dynamics induced by the coevolution of predator–prey movement strategies
Authors: Netz Christoph , Hildenbrandt Hanno , Weissing Franz J.
Published: November 2021

The coevolution of predators and prey has been the subject of much empirical and theoretical research that produced intriguing insights into the interplay of ecology and evolution. To allow for mathematical analysis, models of predator–prey coevolution are often coarse-grained, focussing on population-level processes and largely neglecting individual-level behaviour. As selection is acting on individual-level properties, we here present a more mechanistic approach: an individual-based simulation model for the coevolution of predators and prey on a fine-grained resource landscape, where features relevant for ecology (like changes in local densities) and evolution (like differences in survival and reproduction) emerge naturally from interactions between individuals. Our focus is on predator–prey movement behaviour, and we present a new method for implementing evolving movement strategies in an efficient and intuitively appealing manner. Throughout their lifetime, predators and prey make repeated movement decisions on the basis of their movement strategies. Over the generations, the movement strategies evolve, as individuals that successfully survive and reproduce leave their strategy to more descendants. We show that the movement strategies in our model evolve rapidly, thereby inducing characteristic spatial patterns like spiral waves and static spots. Transitions between these patterns occur frequently, induced by antagonistic coevolution rather than by external events. Regularly, evolution leads to the emergence and stable coexistence of qualitatively different movement strategies within the same population. Although the strategy space of our model is continuous, we often observe the evolution of discrete movement types. We argue that rapid evolution, coexistent movement types, and phase shifts between different ecological regimes are not a peculiarity of our model but a result of more realistic assumptions on eco-evolutionary feedbacks and the number of evolutionary degrees of freedom.
Social capital and career planning amongst first generation and non-first generation high school and college students in Germany: a social network analysis approach
Authors: Wittner Britta , Kauffeld Simone
Published: November 2021

An important factor for First Generation High School students (FGS) in higher education is social capital. To highlight differences in social capital between FGS and their Non-FGS peers (NFGS) by analysing the structure of their ego-centred social networks and its’ effect on their career planning, we conducted two cross-sectional studies: on high school students during their first career planning stage and on college students at the beginning of their first semester. FGS have significantly less social capital in their networks than NFGS during school and university. Having academic supporters is associated with career planning amongst high school students, having instrumental support for career planning amongst college students.
Media negativity bias and tax compliance: experimental evidence
Authors: Fišar Miloš , Reggiani Tommaso , Sabatini Fabio , Špalek Jiří
Published: November 2021

We study the impact of the media negativity bias on tax compliance. Through a framed laboratory experiment, we assess how the exposure to biased news about government action affects compliance in a repeated taxation game. Subjects treated with positive news are significantly more compliant than the control group. Instead, the exposure to negative news does not prompt any significant reaction compared to the neutral condition, suggesting that participants may perceive the media negativity bias in the selection and tonality of news as the norm rather than the exception. Overall, our results suggest that biased news provision is a constant source of psychological priming and plays a vital role in taxpayers’ compliance decisions.
Identity Development and Social-Emotional Disorders During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Potterton Rachel , Austin Amelia , Robinson Lauren , Webb Hannah , Allen Karina L. , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: November 2021

Depression, anxiety and eating disorders (“social-emotional disorders”) are common during adolescence/emerging adulthood, periods of intense identity development. Despite this, there are few reviews of existing research on the relationship between symptoms of these disorders and ongoing identity development. This study systematically reviewed, narratively synthesized and meta-analyzed longitudinal investigations of the relationship between identity synthesis/confusion and depression, anxiety and eating disorders symptoms during adolescence/emerging adulthood. Three databases (PsycInfo, Medline, Embase) were searched. Study quality was systematically appraised, findings were qualitatively synthesized and (where possible) meta-analyzed. 20 studies (55% “fair” quality, 45% “poor” quality) were identified, including 13,787 participants (54.2% female, mean age = 14.48 years, range 10–29 years). The narrative synthesis found evidence of bidirectional relationships between identity synthesis/confusion and depression, anxiety and eating disorder symptoms. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions of a sub-sample of studies (N = 9) indicated no significant associations between identity synthesis or confusion and anxiety or depression symptoms. More high-quality research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Party-related primacy effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from a natural experiment in Polish local elections
Authors: Flis Jarosław , Kaminski Marek M.
Published: November 2021

We study the primacy effects that occur when voters cast their votes because a candidate or party is listed first on a ballot. In the elections that we analyzed, there are three potential types of such effects that might occur when voters vote for (1) the first candidate listed on the ballot in single-member district (SMD) elections (candidate primacy); (2) the first party listed on the ballot in open-list proportional representation (OLPR) elections (party primacy); or (3) the first candidate on a party list in OLPR elections (list primacy). We estimated the party primacy effect (2) and established that there was no interaction between (2) and (3). A party primacy effect is especially difficult to estimate because parties’ positions on ballots are typically fixed in all multi-member districts (MMDs) and it is impossible to separate the first-position “bonus” from a party’s normal electoral performance. A rare natural experiment allowed us to estimate the primacy party bonus between 6.02 and 8.52% of all votes cast for the 2014 Polish local elections. We attribute the large size of such bonus to the great complexity of voting in the OLPR elections, especially the much longer ballots, voting in many simultaneous elections, and ballot design as a booklet rather than a sheet.
Predicting Fluid Flow Regime, Permeability, and Diffusivity in Mudrocks from Multiscale Pore Characterisation
Authors: Rezaeyan Amirsaman , Pipich Vitaliy , Ma Jingsheng , Leu Leon , Seemann Timo , Rother Gernot , Barnsley Lester C. , Busch Andreas
Published: November 2021

In geoenergy applications, mudrocks prevent fluids to leak from temporary (H2, CH4) or permanent (CO2, radioactive waste) storage/disposal sites and serve as a source and reservoir for unconventional oil and gas. Understanding transport properties integrated with dominant fluid flow mechanisms in mudrocks is essential to better predict the performance of mudrocks within these applications. In this study, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were conducted on 71 samples from 13 different sets of mudrocks across the globe to capture the pore structure of nearly the full pore size spectrum (2 nm–5 μm). We develop fractal models to predict transport properties (permeability and diffusivity) based on the SANS-derived pore size distributions. The results indicate that transport phenomena in mudrocks are intrinsically pore size-dependent. Depending on hydrostatic pore pressures, transition flow develops in micropores, slip flow in meso- and macropores, and continuum flow in larger macropores. Fluid flow regimes progress towards larger pore sizes during reservoir depletion or smaller pore sizes during fluid storage, so when pressure is decreased or increased, respectively. Capturing the heterogeneity of mudrocks by considering fractal dimension and tortuosity fractal dimension for defined pore size ranges, fractal models integrate apparent permeability with slip flow, Darcy permeability with continuum flow, and gas diffusivity with diffusion flow in the matrix. This new model of pore size-dependent transport and integrated transport properties using fractal models yields a systematic approach that can also inform multiscale multi-physics models to better understand fluid flow and transport phenomena in mudrocks on the reservoir and basin scale.
The protective effect of manganese superoxide dismutase from thermophilic bacterium HB27 on hydrochloric acid-induced chemical cystitis in rats
Authors: Chen Nai-wen , Gao Jin-lai , Li Hai-long , Xu Hong , Wu Ling-feng , Meng Fan-guo , Chen Wei , Cao Yi-fang , Xie Wen-hua , Zhang Xiao-qin , Liu Shi-hui , Jin Jing , He Yi , Lv Jian-wei
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) from thermophilic bacterium HB27 (name as Tt-SOD) on chemical cystitis.

Methods

Control and experimental rats were infused by intravesical saline or hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the first day of the experiments. Saline, sodium hyaluronate (SH) or Tt-SOD were infused intravesically once a day for three consequent days. On the fifth day, the rats were weighted and sacrificed following a pain threshold test. The bladder was harvested for histological and biochemical analyses.

Results

Tt-SOD could reduce the bladder index, infiltration of inflammatory cells in tissues, serum inflammatory factors and SOD levels, mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in tissues, and increase perineal mechanical pain threshold and serum MDA and ROS levels in HCl-induced chemical cystitis. Furthermore, Tt-SOD alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress by the negative regulation of the NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Intravesical instillation of Tt-SOD provides protective effects against HCl-induced cystitis.
Environmental Drivers of Fine-Scale Predator and Prey Spatial Dynamics in Sydney Harbour, Australia, and Adjacent Coastal Waters
Authors: Niella Yuri , Smoothey Amy F. , Taylor Matthew D. , Peddemors Victor M. , Harcourt Robert
Published: November 2021

Greater Sydney is the largest coastal city in Australia and is where bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) are present every summer and autumn. A decade of acoustic telemetry data was used to identify drivers of space use for bull sharks and their potential prey, according to standardised 6-h intervals using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models. Influences of environmental, physical, and biological variables on the areas of space use, location, and predator–prey co-occurrence were investigated with generalised additive mixed models. Rainfall in the catchment affected space use for all animals (i.e. teleost species and both sexes of sharks), with varying temporal responses. Male sharks responded most promptly to high rainfall moving upstream in < 1 day, followed by teleosts (2 to 7 days), and female bull sharks after 4 days. Environmental luminosity affected male shark dispersal and space use, possibly indicating use of visual cues for foraging. Physical characteristics of habitat were important factors driving spatial overlaps between predator and prey in estuarine areas. In sandy embayments < 10-m deep, males and female bull sharks overlapped with different species, whereas males and silver trevally (Pseudocaranx georgianus) co-occurred in deep holes (> 30 m). Shark size influenced overlap between sexes, with smaller females less likely to co-occur with larger males (~ 50 cm). Variability in space use suggests spatial segregation by sex and size in bull sharks, with individuals targeting similar prey, yet either in different areas or at different times, ultimately enabling them to exploit different resources when in the same habitats.
Extended family thalassemia screening as a feasible alternative method to be implemented in identifying carriers in West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Susanah Susi , Sari Nur Melani , Prihatni Delita , Sinaga Puspasari , Trisaputra Jessica Oktavianus , Rakhmilla Lulu Eva , Sribudiani Yunia
Published: November 2021

The thalassemia screening program in Indonesia mostly conducted sporadically. Ideal prospective screening is still limited. This study aimed to compare thalassemia screening methods using the extended family approach with and without a history of severe thalassemia and the feasibility of implementing extended family screening method. A case control study was conducted in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung with 3 generations of extended families. Data were collected from 150 subjects of 8 extended families with severe thalassemia as an index case entry and 151 subjects of 12 families with no history of thalassemia. All subjects were examined for Hb, MCV, MCH, and peripheral blood smear (PBS) as initial laboratory examinations. Subjects with MCV < 80 fL, MCH < 27 pg, and suggestive findings on PBS continued hemoglobin analysis. Carrier status was determined by definition. All subjects consented to undergo screening and voluntarily participated. The proportion of thalassemia carriers and the participation rate between the 2 groups were compared. Sixty-four of 150 (42.7%) and 16 of 151 (10.6%) carriers were identified in both the case and control group (p < 0.001). The participation rate was 42–88 vs. 23–100% (p = 0.244). The mean age was 31.9 ± 21.2 vs. 31.1 ± 20.8 years (p = 0.782). The median family size was 28.5 vs. 20 subjects per family (p = 0.245). The types of identified thalassemia carrier in both groups consisted of β-thalassemia, β-thalassemia/HbE, suspected α-thalassemia, and β-thalassemia Hb variant. All carriers continued the counseling process. The extended family method seems feasible to be implemented for thalassemia screening in West Java, Indonesia.
The war on deciduous forest: Large-scale herbicide treatment in the Swedish boreal forest 1948 to 1984
Authors: Östlund Lars , Laestander Sandra , Aurell Gerd , Hörnberg Greger
Published: November 2021

At the mid-twentieth century the pace of the transformation of the Swedish forest increased. New methods; large-scale clearcutting, mechanization of logging and planting of seedlings were developed. Chemicals were used to control insects and unwanted tree species. The aims of this study were to elucidate the timing, chain of events and the spatial extent of the large-scale spraying of phenoxy acids in Swedish forests and the drivers for this practice. More than 700 000 hectares of productive forest land was sprayed and the main driving force was a strong will to transform the forest into high-yield coniferous forest plantations. We conclude that; (1) the use of herbicides in forestry in Sweden was done on a very large scale in the period 1948–1984, (2) the ecosystem legacy of herbicide spraying must be investigated and (3) a homogenous cadre of like-minded professionals working across commercial companies, state agencies and universities is dangerous.
In situ stress characteristics of the NE Sichuan basin based on acoustic emission test and imaging logging
Authors: Fang Xinxin , Feng Hong
Published: November 2021

This study presents the distribution rule of in situ stress in the northeast Sichuan basin and its relationship with fracture. Sixty-seven sets of core samples of 21 Wells from the terrigenous clastic rock formation (Shaximiao, Qianfoya, Xujiahe) and marine carbonate formation (Jialingjiang, Leikoupo, Feixianguan) in the northeast Sichuan basin were tested by acoustic emission experiment. The in situ stress variation with the depth was established and the corresponding regression analysis was done. The horizontal principal stress direction of terrigenous clastic rock formation and marine carbonate rock formation was obtained by combining the dual diameter data of 6 wells and the imaging logging data of 3 wells. The results show that the vertical stress in the northeast of Sichuan basin has a linear relationship with the depth, and there is little difference between the vertical stress and the overburden weight of rocks. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress and horizontal shear stress increase with the burial depth. The divergence degree of horizontal shear stress with depth greater than 3000 m is greater than that of the stratum smaller than 3000 m. The horizontal stress plays a dominant role in the northeast Sichuan basin. With the increase in depth, the influence of tectonic stress field decreases and the vertical stress increases. Impacted by Dabashan and Qinling plate tectonic movement, the direction of in situ stress in marine carbonate strata is nearly east–west. The direction of maximum horizontal principal stress in terrigenous clastic rock formation is basically northwest–southeast. The imaging logging data show that the fracture direction is consistent with the horizontal principal stress direction, and the present in situ stress direction is favorable to the secondary reconstruction of natural fractures, and the fractures keep good opening. The distribution law of in situ stress in northeast Sichuan basin shows σH > σV > σh, indicating that the fault activity in this area is dominated by strike-slip type, the tectonic stress field is dominated by horizontal tectonic stress, in addition that the stress state is conducive to reverse fault activity.
C–H activation by immobilized heterogeneous photocatalysts
Authors: Choi Isaac , Struwe Julia , Ackermann Lutz
Published: November 2021

During the last decades, the merger of photocatalysis with transition metal chemistry has been surfaced as a sustainable tool in modern molecular syntheses. This Account highlights major advances in synergistic photo-enabled C‒H activations. Inspired by our homogenous ruthenium- and copper-catalyzed C‒H activations in the absence of an exogenous photosensitizer, this Account describes the recent progress on heterogeneous photo-induced C‒H activation enabled by immobilized hybrid catalysts until September 2021, with a topical focus on recyclability as well as robustness of the heterogeneous photocatalyst.
Scale interactions and anisotropy in Rayleigh–Taylor turbulence
Authors: Zhao Dongxiao , Betti Riccardo , Aluie Hussein
Published: November 2021

We study energy scale transfer in Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) flows by coarse graining in physical space without Fourier transforms, allowing scale analysis along the vertical direction. Two processes are responsible for kinetic energy flux across scales: baropycnal work

$\varLambda$

, due to large-scale pressure gradients acting on small scales of density and velocity; and deformation work

$\varPi$

, due to multiscale velocity. Our coarse-graining analysis shows how these fluxes exhibit self-similar evolution that is quadratic-in-time, similar to the RT mixing layer. We find that

$\varLambda$

is a conduit for potential energy, transferring energy non-locally from the largest scales to smaller scales in the inertial range where

$\varPi$

takes over. In three dimensions,

$\varPi$

continues a persistent cascade to smaller scales, whereas in two dimensions

$\varPi$

rechannels the energy back to larger scales despite the lack of vorticity conservation in two-dimensional (2-D) variable density flows. This gives rise to a positive feedback loop in 2-D RT (absent in three dimensions) in which mixing layer growth and the associated potential energy release are enhanced relative to 3-D RT, explaining the oft-observed larger

$\alpha$

values in 2-D simulations. Despite higher bulk kinetic energy levels in two dimensions, small inertial scales are weaker than in three dimensions. Moreover, the net upscale cascade in two dimensions tends to isotropize the large-scale flow, in stark contrast to three dimensions. Our findings indicate the absence of net upscale energy transfer in three-dimensional RT as is often claimed; growth of large-scale bubbles and spikes is not due to ‘mergers’ but solely due to baropycnal work

$\varLambda$

.
Boundary layers in turbulent vertical convection at high Prandtl number
Authors: Howland Christopher J. , Ng Chong Shen , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef
Published: November 2021

Many environmental flows arise due to natural convection at a vertical surface, from flows in buildings to dissolving ice faces at marine-terminating glaciers. We use three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a vertical channel with differentially heated walls to investigate such convective, turbulent boundary layers. Through the implementation of a multiple-resolution technique, we are able to perform simulations at a wide range of Prandtl numbers

${Pr}$

. This allows us to distinguish the parameter dependences of the horizontal heat flux and the boundary layer widths in terms of the Rayleigh number

$\mbox {{Ra}}$

and Prandtl number

${Pr}$

. For the considered parameter range

$1\leq {Pr} \leq 100$

,

$10^{6} \leq \mbox {{Ra}} \leq 10^{9}$

, we find the flow to be consistent with a ‘buoyancy-controlled’ regime where the heat flux is independent of the wall separation. For given

${Pr}$

, the heat flux is found to scale linearly with the friction velocity

$V_\ast$

. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for the parameterisation of heat and salt fluxes at vertical ice–ocean interfaces.
Report to the Executive Committee of the Working Group on the System of Astronomical Constants
Authors: Fricke W. , Brouwer D. , Kovalevsky J. , Mikhailov A. A. , Wilkins G. A.
Published: November 2021

The principal recommendations of this Report on the system of astronomical constants are in accordance with the resolutions passed at Symposium no. 21 (Paris, May 1963). We first of all give a reference list of the constants of the system and a set of explanatory notes. We have used the term ‘primary constant’, rather than ‘fundamental constant’, since the latter has a connotation in astronomical usage that is inappropriate to the manner of selection of the primary constants. In choosing the values for the primary constants we have, perhaps, adopted a conservative view of the likely errors of their determinations, but even so the new system should be of adequate accuracy for astronomical studies for many years. Limits within which the true values are believed to lie are indicated in a later section, in which we also give expressions for differential corrections to the derived constants. Finally we discuss the manner in which this system should be introduced into the national and international ephemerides.
Address by the President of The International Astronomical Union
Authors: Oort J. H.
Published: November 2021

Mr Chairman, Ambassador Stevenson, Doctor Menzel, Regent McLaughlin, Representatives of our sister Scientific Unions, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It is a pleasure to open the second General Assembly which the International Astronomical Union is holding in America. It is a special privilege to be able to do this in California, to which astronomy owes so much of its development in this century. We are deeply indebted to the Government of the United States and the National Academy of Sciences for inviting us to their country and in particular for providing the means to enable us to hold so complete a meeting at such a large distance from Europe. I thank President Kennedy and the Governor of California for their messages of welcome. That you, Ambassador Stevenson, have come to Berkeley especially for this occasion to welcome us, is a source of particular gratitude. You may be assured that we astronomers will do all we can to make our small contribution to international understanding as perfect as possible.
Stellar Motions and Stellar Dynamics
Authors: Blaauw A. , Fehrenbach Ch. , Scott F. P. , Strand K. Aa. , Blaauw A. , Strand K. Aa. , Bok B. J. , Sharpless S. , Franz O. G.
Published: November 2021

The texts of the twelve prepared contributions, often in abbreviated form, are given first; they are followed by a summary of the discussion on all the contributions considered together.
Does anthropogenic fragmentation selectively filter avian phylogenetic diversity in a critically endangered forest system?
Authors: EHLERS SMITH DAVID A. , WILLOWS-MUNRO SANDI , EHLERS SMITH YVETTE C. , DOWNS COLLEEN T.
Published: November 2021

Documenting phylogenetic diversity for conservation practice allows elucidation of ecosystem functioning and processes by highlighting the commonality and divergence of species’ functional traits within their evolutionary context. Conserving distinct evolutionary histories has intrinsic value, and the conservation of phylogenetically diverse communities is more likely to preserve distinct or relic evolutionary lineages. We explored the potential for anthropogenic forest fragmentation to act as a selective filter of avian phylogenetic diversity within the community of forest-dependent birds of the critically endangered Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Forest (IOCBF), South Africa. We conducted avian point count surveys during the austral breeding season, and calculated fragmentation metrics of forest structural complexity, patch size and isolation. We constructed a maximum likelihood phylogeny using the combined analysis of two mitochondrial genes and three nuclear markers and measured the influence of the fragmentation metrics on six measures of phylogenetic diversity. Our results indicated that the avian community was variously affected by anthropogenic forest fragmentation, with the different metrics of phylogenetic diversity responding with no definitive overall pattern. However, forest structural complexity emerged as an important metric explaining phylogenetic structuring. While the avian community’s phylogenetic diversity displayed resilience to anthropogenic fragmentation, previous research showed a reduction in functional diversity along the fragmentation gradient. Therefore, we recommend studies that especially aim to guide conservation management, incorporate both phylogenetic and functional diversity measures to sufficiently interrogate communities’ resilience to the threats under investigation.
Meaning and Anti-Meaning in Life and What Happens After We Die
Authors: Nyholm Sven
Published: November 2021

The absence of meaningfulness in life is meaninglessness. But what is the polar opposite of meaningfulness? In recent and ongoing work together with Stephen Campbell and Marcello di Paola respectively, I have explored what we dub ‘anti-meaning’: the negative counterpart of positive meaning in life. Here, I relate this idea of ‘anti-meaningful’ actions, activities, and projects to the topic of death, and in particular the deaths or suffering of those who will live after our own deaths. Connecting this idea of anti-meaning and what happens after our own deaths to recent work by Samuel Scheffler on what he calls ‘the collective afterlife’ and his four reasons to care about future generations, I argue that if we today make choices or have lifestyles that later lead to unnecessarily early deaths and otherwise avoidable suffering of people who will live after we have died, this robs our current choices and lifestyles of some of their meaning, perhaps even making them the opposite of meaningful in the long run.
Meaning in Lives Nearing Their End
Authors: Kamm F. M.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, I consider the idea of meaning in life as I believe it has arisen in some discussions of ageing and death. I critically examine and compare the views of Atul Gawande and Ezekiel Emanuel, connecting their views to the idea of meaning in life. I further consider the relation of meaning in life to both the dignity of the person and the reasonableness of continuing or not continuing to live. In considering these issues, I evaluate and draw on Bernard Williams’ distinction between categorical and conditional desires, Susan Wolf's work on meaning in life, and Jeremy Waldron's views on dignity in old age.
Tätigkeiten und Rollen von neu graduierten Bachelorabsolvent_innen der Pflege im akutstationären Setting
Authors: Strobl Annemarie , Nestler Nadja , Gnass Irmela
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Institutionen im deutschsprachigen Gesundheitswesen sind trotz Bedarf nicht auf Bachelorabsolvent_innen von berufsqualifizierenden Pflegestudiengängen vorbereitet, da keine Tätigkeits- und Rollenprofile zu deren Einsatz in bestimmten Settings vorliegen. Ziel: Ziel ist ein nationaler und internationaler Überblick über Tätigkeiten und Rollen von neu graduierten Bachelorabsolvent_innen im akutstationären Setting. Methoden: Deutsch- und englischsprachig publizierte Studien wurden zwischen 2010 und 2021 in den Datenbanken CINAHL und MEDLINE gesucht und unabhängig ihres Studiendesigns in das Scoping Review aufgenommen. Ergebnisse: Die acht eingeschlossenen Studien folgen qualitativen (n = 5), einem Querschnitt (n = 2) und Mixed-Method Design (n = 1). Sie wurden überwiegend im skandinavischen (n = 3) und nordamerikanischen Raum (n = 3) durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Mix an Tätigkeiten und Rollen, in dem Absolvent_innen in der primären pflegerischen Versorgung als Edukator_innen (inkl. Lehrende) und im Medikamentenmanagement bei allen Altersgruppen genauso eingesetzt werden wie für fortgeschrittene pädiatrische Lebensrettung, Überwachung und Wartung von Geräten zur Beurteilung und Diagnostik und als Manager_innen von Bereichspflegeteams. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Entwicklung von Tätigkeits- und Rollenprofilen für spezifische Versorgungssettings, die sich aus Kompetenzzuschreibungen ableiten, sind notwendig. Darauf basierende Traineeprogramme unterstützen die Einarbeitung und fördern die Sicherung einer qualitativen interprofessionellen Versorgung.
Variability and Controls on δ18O, d‐excess, and ∆′17O in Southern Peruvian Precipitation
Authors: Aron Phoebe G. , Poulsen Christopher J. , Fiorella Richard P. , Levin Naomi E. , Acosta Rene P. , Yanites Brian J. , Cassel Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2021

The isotopic composition of precipitation is used to trace water cycling and climate change, but interpretations of the environmental information recorded in central Andean precipitation isotope ratios are hindered by a lack of multi‐year records, poor spatial distribution of observations, and a predominant focus on Rayleigh distillation. To better understand isotopic variability in central Andean precipitation, we present a three‐year record of semimonthly δ18Op and δ2Hp values from 15 stations in southern Peru and triple oxygen isotope data, expressed as ∆′17Op, from 32 precipitation samples. Consistent with previous work, we find that elevation correlates negatively with δ18Op and that seasonal δ18Op variations are related to upstream rainout and local convection. Spatial δ18Op variations and atmospheric back trajectories show that both eastern‐ and western‐derived air masses bring precipitation to southern Peru. Seasonal d‐excessp cycles record moisture recycling and relative humidity at remote moisture sources, and both d‐excessp and ∆′17Op clearly differentiate evaporated and non‐evaporated samples. These results begin to establish the natural range of unevaporated ∆′17Op values in the central Andes and set the foundation for future paleoclimate and paleoaltimetry studies in the region. This study highlights the hydrologic understanding that comes from a combination of δ18Op, d‐excessp, and ∆′17Op data and helps identify the evaporation, recycling, and rainout processes that drive water cycling in the central Andes.
Continental and Sea Ice Iron Sources Fertilize the Southern Ocean in Synergy
Authors: Person Renaud , Vancoppenolle Martin , Aumont Olivier , Malsang Manon
Published: November 2021

Iron release from melting continental and sea ice is deemed important for phytoplankton, the growth of which is iron‐limited in the Southern Ocean. Both sources are generally considered separately, yet their effects on the biological carbon pump could interact. Using a global ocean‐sea‐ice‐biogeochemical model with a representation of both continental and sea ice iron sources, we find them to have an overall additive effect on phytoplankton activity, increasing carbon export by +13.9% of the Southern Ocean total, with continental ice contributing +4.5% and sea ice +8.0%. The +1.4% residual is due to a coupled fertilization effect: When the iron source from continental ice is activated, iron in sea ice increases by 16%, so does iron transport toward low production areas. Overall, this increases phytoplankton activity: Fertilization is more efficient where sea ice melts than at locations of initial iron release by continental ice.
Evaluation of Biogenic Organic Aerosols in the Amazon Rainforest Using WRF‐Chem With MOSAIC
Authors: Mao Jingying , Zhou Luxi , Wu Liqing , Chen Weihua , Wang Xuemei , Yu Pengfei
Published: November 2021

Biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) accounts for 70%–80% of submicron aerosol over the Amazon rainforest. However, uncertainties with regard to the chemical formation pathway, mass budget, and radiative impact of BSOA in the region still remain high. To address the issue, we used a regional chemistry transport model (WRF‐Chem‐MOSAIC) to evaluate the budget of BSOA in the Amazon forest during the wet season (March) of 2014 when the air mass was clean from influences from anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. We found that the default model underestimated the surface concentration of submicron organic aerosol (OA) by 57% at a ground measurement site (T3). We subsequently updated the WRF‐Chem‐MOSAIC model by including SOA formation from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX‐SOA) and SOA aging schemes. The updated model reproduced the observed submicron OA concentration well with an overestimation of only 2.5%. With the updated model, we will show that IEPOX‐SOA accounts for 23% of surface submicron OA averaged over the entire Amazon rainforest. The modeled surface SOA (smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentration in the Amazon region was about a factor of 14 larger than the global mean. Finally, a sensitivity study was conducted which showed that convective plumes can remove more than 40% of submicron OA below 5 km in the Amazon region. Overall, our study highlights the importance of IEPOX chemistry as well as the convective removal processes in the global SOA budget.
An abiotic source of Archean hydrogen peroxide and oxygen that pre-dates oxygenic photosynthesis
Authors: He Hongping , Wu Xiao , Xian Haiyang , Zhu Jianxi , Yang Yiping , Lv Ying , Li Yiliang , Konhauser Kurt O.
Published: November 2021

The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis is a pivotal event in Earth’s history because the O2 released fundamentally changed the planet’s redox state and facilitated the emergence of multicellular life. An intriguing hypothesis proposes that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) once acted as the electron donor prior to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, but its abundance during the Archean would have been limited. Here, we report a previously unrecognized abiotic pathway for Archean H2O2 production that involves the abrasion of quartz surfaces and the subsequent generation of surface-bound radicals that can efficiently oxidize H2O to H2O2 and O2. We propose that in turbulent subaqueous environments, such as rivers, estuaries and deltas, this process could have provided a sufficient H2O2 source that led to the generation of biogenic O2, creating an evolutionary impetus for the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis.
Fluids as primary carriers of sulphur and copper in magmatic assimilation
Authors: Virtanen Ville J. , Heinonen Jussi S. , Molnár Ferenc , Schmidt Max W. , Marxer Felix , Skyttä Pietari , Kueter Nico , Moslova Karina
Published: November 2021

Magmas readily react with their wall-rocks forming metamorphic contact aureoles. Sulphur and possibly metal mobilization within these contact aureoles is essential in the formation of economic magmatic sulphide deposits. We performed heating and partial melting experiments on a black shale sample from the Paleoproterozoic Virginia Formation, which is the main source of sulphur for the world-class Cu-Ni sulphide deposits of the 1.1 Ga Duluth Complex, Minnesota. These experiments show that an autochthonous devolatilization fluid effectively mobilizes carbon, sulphur, and copper in the black shale within subsolidus conditions (≤ 700 °C). Further mobilization occurs when the black shale melts and droplets of Cu-rich sulphide melt and pyrrhotite form at ∼1000 °C. The sulphide droplets attach to bubbles of devolatilization fluid, which promotes buoyancy-driven transportation in silicate melt. Our study shows that devolatilization fluids can supply large proportions of sulphur and copper in mafic–ultramafic layered intrusion-hosted Cu-Ni sulphide deposits.
Direct evidence that twisted flux tube emergence creates solar active regions
Authors: MacTaggart D. , Prior C. , Raphaldini B. , Romano P. , Guglielmino S. L.
Published: November 2021

The magnetic nature of the formation of solar active regions lies at the heart of understanding solar activity and, in particular, solar eruptions. A widespread model, used in many theoretical studies, simulations and the interpretation of observations, is that the basic structure of an active region is created by the emergence of a large tube of pre-twisted magnetic field. Despite plausible reasons and the availability of various proxies suggesting the accuracy of this model, there has not yet been a methodology that can clearly and directly identify the emergence of large pre-twisted magnetic flux tubes. Here, we present a clear signature of the emergence of pre-twisted magnetic flux tubes by investigating a robust topological quantity, called magnetic winding, in solar observations. This quantity detects the emerging magnetic topology despite the significant deformation experienced by the emerging magnetic field. Magnetic winding complements existing measures, such as magnetic helicity, by providing distinct information about field line topology, thus allowing for the direct identification of emerging twisted magnetic flux tubes.
Cortical sensorimotor activity in the execution and suppression of discrete and rhythmic movements
Authors: Hervault Mario , Zanone Pier-Giorgio , Buisson Jean-Christophe , Huys Raoul
Published: November 2021

Although the engagement of sensorimotor cortices in movement is well documented, the functional relevance of brain activity patterns remains ambiguous. Especially, the cortical engagement specific to the pre-, within-, and post-movement periods is poorly understood. The present study addressed this issue by examining sensorimotor EEG activity during the performance as well as STOP-signal cued suppression of movements pertaining to two distinct classes, namely, discrete vs. ongoing rhythmic movements. Our findings indicate that the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), which is classically used as a marker of pre-movement processing, indexes multiple pre- and in- movement-related brain dynamics in a movement-class dependent fashion. In- and post-movement event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) observed in the Mu (8–13 Hz) and Beta (15–30 Hz) frequency ranges were associated with estimated brain sources in both motor and somatosensory cortical areas. Notwithstanding, Beta ERS occurred earlier following cancelled than actually performed movements. In contrast, Mu power did not vary. Whereas Beta power may reflect the evaluation of the sensory predicted outcome, Mu power might engage in linking perception to action. Additionally, the rhythmic movement forced stop (only) showed a post-movement Mu/Beta rebound, which might reflect an active "clearing-out" of the motor plan and its feedback-based online control. Overall, the present study supports the notion that sensorimotor EEG modulations are key markers to investigate control or executive processes, here initiation and inhibition, which are exerted when performing distinct movement classes.
A novel aerial manipulator system compensation control based on ADRC and backstepping
Authors: Ma Le , Yan Yiming , Li Zhiwei , Liu Jie
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a fully-actuated control method for a novel aerial manipulation system (AMS). A customized carbon frame structure supports the servo actuators, on which eight propellers group into pairs located. We present kinematics and dynamics modeling of the AMS based on Craig parameter method and recursive Newton–Euler equation, respectively. Then, an Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC)—Backstepping—Compensation controller is designed to control the exact position and orientation of the manipulator in the Cartesian space. Finally, the performance of the system is demonstrated through simulations and virtual experiments.
Combined effects of ARNI and SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Kim Hyue Mee , Hwang In-Chang , Choi Wonsuk , Yoon Yeonyee E. , Cho Goo-Yeong
Published: November 2021

Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) and sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) have shown benefits in diabetic patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, their combined effect has not been revealed. We retrospectively identified diabetic patients with HFrEF who were prescribed an ARNI and/or SGLT2i. The patients were divided into groups treated with both ARNI and SGLT2i (group 1), ARNI but not SGLT2i (group 2), SGLT2i but not ARNI (group 3), and neither ARNI nor SGLT2i (group 4). After propensity score-matching, the occurrence of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), cardiovascular mortality, and changes in echocardiographic parameters were analyzed. Of the 206 matched patients, 92 (44.7%) had to undergo HHF and 43 (20.9%) died of cardiovascular causes during a median 27.6 months of follow-up. Patients in group 1 exhibited a lower risk of HHF and cardiovascular mortality compared to those in the other groups. Improvements in the left ventricular ejection fraction and E/e′ were more pronounced in group 1 than in groups 2, 3 and 4. These echocardiographic improvements were more prominent after the initiation of ARNI, compare to the initiation of SGLT2i. In diabetic patients with HFrEF, combination of ARNI and SGT2i showed significant improvement in cardiac function and prognosis. ARNI-SGLT2i combination therapy may improve the clinical course of HFrEF in diabetic patients.
Characterization of normal and cancer stem-like cell populations in murine lingual epithelial organoids using single-cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Johansson Erik , Ueno Hiroo
Published: November 2021

The advances in oral cancer research and therapies have not improved the prognosis of patients with tongue cancer. The poor treatment response of tongue cancer may be attributed to the presence of heterogeneous tumor cells exhibiting stem cell characteristics. Therefore, there is a need to develop effective molecular-targeted therapies based on the specific gene expression profiles of these cancer stem-like cell populations. In this study, the characteristics of normal and cancerous organoids, which are convenient tools for screening anti-cancer drugs, were analyzed comparatively. As organoids are generally generated by single progenitors, they enable the exclusion of normal cell contamination from the analyses. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that p53 signaling activation and negative regulation of cell cycle were enriched characteristics in normal stem-like cells whereas hypoxia-related pathways, such as HIF-1 signaling and glycolysis, were upregulated in cancer stem-like cells. The findings of this study improved our understanding of the common features of heterogeneous cell populations with stem cell properties in tongue cancers, that are different from those of normal stem cell populations; this will enable the development of novel molecular-targeted therapies for tongue cancer.
Optimized production, Pb(II) adsorption and characterization of alkali modified hydrochar from sugarcane bagasse
Authors: Malool Mohamad Ebrahim , Keshavarz Moraveji Mostafa , Shayegan Jalal
Published: November 2021

Today, sugarcane bagasse (SB) is used for bioethanol and biodiesel production, energy generation, and adsorbent synthesis. The goal of this project is to determine the optimized conditions for producing adsorbent from sugarcane bagasse using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH activation. To optimize process parameters such as reaction temperature, residence time, ZnCl2/SB mixing ratios, and water/SB mixing ratios, response surface methodology was used. The results revealed that the optimum modified adsorption occurred at 180 °C, 11.5 h, a water to biomass ratio of (5:1), and a ZnCl2 to precursor ratio of (3.5:1). The physicochemical features of optimum activated hydrochar were investigated, as well as batch adsorption experiments. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model were found to fit the experimental results in batch adsorption studies [$${q}_{max}=90.1$$

q

max

=
90.1

(mg/g)]. Thermodynamic experiments further confirmed the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption mechanism.
Pattern analysis for prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer according to preoperative serum thyrotropin levels
Authors: Kim Hosu , Jung Jaehoon , Cho Young-Seok , Choi Joon Young , Park Hyunju , Lee You-Bin , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon , Kim Tae Hyuk
Published: November 2021

Serum thyrotropin (TSH) level after thyroid surgery affects the prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the effects of preoperative serum TSH levels on the prognosis of DTC remain contradictory. In this study, to better understand the relationship between preoperative TSH levels and the prognosis of DTC, we performed pattern analysis of prognostic factors of DTC according to preoperative serum TSH levels. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients who were diagnosed and treated for DTC at the Samsung Medical Center, between 1994 and 2016. We reviewed preoperative serum TSH levels and performed a pattern analysis with prognostic risk factors for DTC. For pattern analysis, TSH was divided into 10 groups of equal fractions (TSH decile). We found a linear association between preoperative TSH levels and extra-thyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis. However, primary tumor size and initial distant metastasis showed a bimodal peak, which was similar to the pattern of overall and disease-specific death. We found that preoperative TSH range which showed the lowest mortality rate was about 0.8 to 1.59 mIU/L, which are slightly lower normal TSH levels. Although there was no linear trend, the primary tumor size, initial distant metastasis, and mortality of DTC were closely related with preoperative TSH decile and they showed a bimodal pattern. The results obtained in this study provide additional information for understanding the association between preoperative TSH levels and DTC prognosis.
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a quality control system for monitoring the storage of blood products
Authors: Martin Miguela , Perez-Guaita David , Wood Bayden R.
Published: November 2021

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can be applied to assess storage of blood products.
Gold/scandium bimetallic relay catalysis of formal [5+2]- and [4+2]-annulations: access to tetracyclic indole scaffolds
Authors: Xiao Jun-An , Peng Hai , Liang Jin-Shao , Meng Ru-Fang , Su Wei , Xiao Qi , Yang Hua
Published: November 2021

A series of benzo[b]carbazole and cyclohepta[b]indole derivatives were afforded in a 77% average yield with excellent regioselectivities enabled by Au(i)/Sc(iii) bimetallic relay catalysis.