bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic and socio‐cultural differentiation in the aborigines of Arnhem Land, Australia
Authors: White N. G. , Parsons P. A.
Published: August 2005

Four tribes of Arnhem Land were surveyed for dermatoglyphics; based on pattern intensity indices, total ridge‐counts, and a distance statistic combining the two, it was shown that the tribes can be arranged into western (Tiwi, Gunwinggu) and eastern (“Murngin” and Andilyaugwa) groups. This substantiates observations made on Arnhem Land by linguists and social anthropologists.

From a survey of allele frequency traits of blood factors and P.T.C. tasting, distance statistics were computed between the four tribes. These confirmed the relative isolation of the extreme Arnhem Land tribes. Distance statistics were also computed between the four tribes and two Central Australian tribes, the Aranda and Wailbri. The Aranda and “Murngin” were relatively close together agreeing with theories that the Aranda are derived from a not too remote southwards migration from north Arnhem Land, as supported by linguistic data.

Correlations between the biological, geographical and linguistic distances were positive, and generally agreed with the expectation that socio‐cultural and linguistic barriers are important in regulating gene flow between populations. This study emphasizes the need to consider biological distances in association with ecological and socio‐cultural factors.
Microevolutionary change in arikara crania: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Jantz Richard L.
Published: August 2005

Measurements of human crania from five archaeological sites were subjected to canonical analysis. The five sites form a temporal sequence, ranging from prehistoric (ca. 1600 A.D.) to late historic (1830 A.D.), and belonging archaeologically to the Coalescent Tradition, which in South Dakota encompasses the historic Arikara Indians and their prehistoric ancestors. One canonical variate in each sex arranges the sites in their appropriate temporal sequence, presumably reflecting systematic microevolutionary change. The hypothesis that the morphological change resulted from gene flow from either White or Mandan Indian sources was tested using a two‐group discriminate function. The function is found to effectively discriminate a Mandan sample and prehistoric Arikara, but becomes progressively less effective on the historic Arikara crania. This would suggest that Mandan gene flow into Arikara populations is responsible for the observed temporal variation. A similar analysis using British White crania suggests the possibility of slight White influence, but the effect is minimal compared to Mandan.
Albumin Mexico (AlMe) in the Guatemalan highlands
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Alarcon Odette , Benedict Frances , Dary Miguel , Galbraith Martha , Gindhart Patricia S.
Published: August 2005

The examination of the sera of two samples of Guatemalans (total n = 386) revealed the presence of albumin Mexico (AlMe) among unrelated individuals from the western highlands near the Mexican border. The frequency in the putatively less admixed sample, from Quiché, was 0.008. This is the first report of albumin polymorphism among American Indians south of Mexico. The presence of the AlMe allele among Indians of the Guatemalan highlands argues for a zone of gene flow between contiguous groups of Mexico and Guatemala. The failure to detect albumin polymorphism among lowland populations of the Yucatan peninsula may likewise be significant, but more testing of samples is required before definitive statements can be made with respect to contacts among and within highland and lowland groups.
Lansing man: A half century later
Authors: Bass William M.
Published: August 2005

One of the major fossil man finds from the Plains Area of the United States and one of the few from Kansas are the “Lansing Man” skeletons. The discovery was in February 1902 on the west bank of the Missouri River, south of Leavenworth near the town of Lansing, Kansas. Much was written about this skeleton following its discovery and Aleš Hrdlička's only trip to Kansas in October 1902 was to observe the skeletons and the site of its discovery. Numerous articles were written suggesting that “Lansing Man” was many thousands of years old. Geologists could not agree on an age of the skeletons, an adult male and a six to seven year old child, because they were discovered in deposits of slumped loess, confusing the geological picture.

Hrdlička states that the skeletons were physically identical to Indians of that region at the period of historical contact. William Holmes had the skull sent to the U. S. National Museum and the remaining bones were placed in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas. While on the staff of the University of Kansas, I had Carbon‐14 tests conducted on bones from the lower limbs by three separate laboratories. These dates range from 2660 to 5020 B.C. with an average date of four samples (1 each from Geochron Laboratories and the University of Michigan and two from the Smithsonian Institution) of 3579 B.C. This suggests that the “Lansing Man” skeletons are Early Middle Archaic and not Paleoindian. They do, however, represent the oldest known human skeletons from Kansas.
Physical Anthropology and the biobehavioral approach to child growth and development
Authors: Katz Solomon H. , Rivinus Heidelise , Barker William
Published: August 2005

Recent progress in primatology, neurology and psychology has made it possible to begin to synthesize and combine the data and concepts from these fields into the physical anthropological approach to child growth and development. This paper attempts to conceptualize this new biobehavioral approach, reviewing two studies which exemplify it, already under research at the Krogman Growth Center. The first, which deals with mother‐newborn social interaction, explores neonate attachment behaviors and predictable maternal response. The methodology of this study relies heavily on ethological techniques. The second study, involving pre‐pubescent and post‐pubescent same sex twins, aims to delineate the genetic and environmental components of certain human behavioral qualities, such as intelligence, using the genetic approach to human variation. The problem of how this possibly interacts with the secular trend is also discussed.
Physical growth and development, neurological maturation and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. I. Outline of the problem of endemic goiter and cretinism. Physical growth and neurological maturation in the adult population of La Esperanza
Authors: Greene Lawrence S.
Published: August 2005

Animal experiments indicate that chronic dietary iodine deficiency can have a marked effect on neurological maturation and the consequent behavioral capacities of the individuals so affected. Goiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland, is hyperendemic throughout the Andean region of Ecuador and is associated with an insufficient dietary intake of iodine. In these populations there is also a strikingly high prevalence of gross mental and physical developmental retardation that has been classified under the rubric of “endemic cretinism.”

Anthropometric measurements and Bender Gestalt productions were collected from 44 deaf‐mute “cretin” and 344 “normal” adult individuals in the parroquia of La Esperanza. The anthropometric data were generally comparable to that of other Ecuadorian Andean populations which have been studied. The deaf‐mute “cretin” group showed retardation in physical growth and marked retardation in visual motor maturation compared to the “normal” population. Seventeen percent of the “normal” population showed clear signs of neurological deficit in visual motor perception. The data suggest that in addition to the large number of grossly retarded “cretins” in these populations, many of the “normal” individuals show some degree of neurological deficit, thus forming a continuum from frankly retarded, through moderately and slightly affected, to normal individuals.

The socio‐cultural adaptations to the presence of a large number of retarded individuals in the community are discussed.
Arm lengths and arm reaches: Some interrelationships of structural and functional body dimensions
Authors: Stoudt Howard W.
Published: August 2005

Structural measurements of the human body have for the most part been of little practical use as indicators of such functional body dimensions as arm reaches. These dimensions, which define the area around the body to which a person can reach given certain specified conditions and constraints are often critical for the design and layout of workspaces. However, they are relatively difficult and time‐consuming to obtain, usually requiring specially constructed measuring systems for each differing design situation, as well as resurveys for each physically distinct population.

An alternate approach, described here, investigates the interrelationships between these two classes of measurements with the aim of predicting functional reaches from structural body dimensions. In the present study traditional structural measurements and 117 functional arm reaches were obtained on 100 subjects. Correlations between the two types of measures are reported. Regression equations are presented which can predict functional arm reaches from two structural body dimensions on anthropometrically differing populations under a fixed set of workspace conditions.
Inventory of remains of Hominidae from Pliocene/Pleistocene formations of the lower Omo basin, Ethiopia (1967–1972)
Authors: Howell F. Clark , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Since its initiation in 1966 the Omo Research Expedition has recovered a series of hominid fossils, in association with many vertebrate taxa, from formations of Pliocene/Pleistocene age from the lower Omo basin, southern Ethiopia. These fossiliferous formations span a time range from over 4.2 m.y. to about 1.4 m. y. on the basis of K/A age determination. Hominid remains have been found so far to occur at two localities in the upper part of the Usno Formation (∼ 2.9 m.y.) and in the Shungura Formation at 79 localities from successive Members B through levels postdating J, a time span between 3 m.y. and 1.4 m.y. The remains—inventoried here according to skeletal part, locality and stratigraphic level, age and situation—include numerous isolated and associated teeth, mandibles, partial maxillae, portions of crania, and elements of the postcranial skeleton.
Facultative terrestrial hand postures in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and pongid evolution
Authors: Susman Randall L.
Published: August 2005

An adult male orangutan at the Chicago Zoological Park utilizes various knuckle‐walking hand postures in terrestrial bipedal‐squatting and quadrupedal diagonal‐sequence, diagonal‐couplet gaits. A study was conducted in order to discern the circumstances surrounding the subject's terrestrial locomotor modes. It was found that various locomotor behaviors correlate with specific conditions of the substrate and the subject's motivation. Biomechanical properties of orangutan knuckle‐walking are discussed in terms of their relevance for modelling hominoid phylogeny.
Amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides comprising the β‐hemoglobin chain of Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Nute Peter E. , Pataryas H. A.
Published: August 2005

The tryptic peptides comprising the aminoethylated β‐hemoglobin chain of Macaca nemestrina were isolated by paper electrophoresis and chromatography. The results of stains for specific amino acids, comparison of peptide maps with those produced by aminoethlated β chains from human hemoglobin A, and amino acid analyses of all peptides in the macaque β chain support the conclusion that the primary structure of the β chain of M. nemestrina is identical to that of the corresponding chains of M. fuscata fuscata and M. fascicularis. The apparent evolutionary conservatism of macaque β chains is discussed in relation to the wide degree of structural variation previously observed among the α‐hemoglobin chains of several species of Macaca.
Behavior of an all‐juvenile group of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Loy James , Loy Kent
Published: August 2005

The behavior and organization of a group of 33 juvenile rhesus monkeys removed from a single free‐ranging group were found to parallel closely intact rhesus social groups. Dominance ranking among the juveniles was 95% predictable from prior knowledge of mothers' ranks. Grooming, sitting close together, sitting touching, and play were found to occur much more frequently between matrilineal kin than expected from random selection of partner. Some estrous behavior was observed, including two instances of peri‐menstrual estrus. One lengthy homosexual interaction between two two‐year‐old females was observed. The basis of much of the behavior and organization shown by the juveniles was found to be the matrilineal kin bonds brought from their natal group.
Changes in metatarsal robusticity following experimental surgery
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: August 2005

When a marginal metatarsal (M1 or M5) is amputated in neonatal rats, robusticity increases in all other metatarsals in both sexes. The robusticity increase is greatest in the metatarsal adjacent to the operation and declines in the direction away from it. The tripod structure of the rat's foot with its maximum robusticity of the marginal metatarsals is retained. When both marginal metatarsals are removed, this tripod arrangement is less clearly retained. When robusticity of all remaining metatarsals is averaged in a total robusticity quotient, total robusticity increase is greater in M1 than in M5 removal and greatest when both are removed. Total increase is greater in females than in males.

Metatarsal robusticity increases result from retardation of longitudinal growth and increase of weight. The fact that some robusticity increases coincide with lesser length but not with increased weight suggests that in the process of robusticity increase longitudinal growth retardation precedes that of weight increase.

Lesser length and greater weight of a long bone occurs also when hypofunction is produced in neonatal rats. However, in hypofunction the thickness of the compacta is increased leading to an obliteration of the medullary canal, while in the experimental metatarsals of this study, submitted to greater weight‐bearing stresses, this canal is never reduced or obliterated.
The dermatoglyphics of American Negroes
Authors: Steinberg Florence S. , Cereghino James J. , Plato Chris C.
Published: August 2005

Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of 184 male and 224 female normal American Negroes were evaluated for digital patterns, digital ridge counts, palmar patterns, palmar main line terminations, accessory triradii and palmar creases. All subjects were seven year olds examined and found free of chronic or other genetic diseases. The results were presented for the left and right hand for the most part comparable to those of the African and other American Negro groups reported earlier. The distributions of the various dermatoglyphic features among the Negroes taken as a group were compared to those of the other racial groups and their differences were discussed.
The dermatoglyphics of American Caucasians
Authors: Plato Chris C. , Cereghino James J. , Steinberg Florence S.
Published: August 2005

Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics were collected from 360 male and 360 female seven year old Caucasians from the greater Boston area. All participants were screened and found to be free of minor anomalies or chronic diseases. All individuals with I.Q. scores below 70 were also excluded. The results were presented in such a way as to give information on bilateral symmetry as well as overall frequencies of the various dermatoglyphic features. The results were compared with those of the corresponding sample of seven year old normal male and female Negrose of the accompanying report.

A review of the distribution of the dermatoglyphic features in different Caucasian populations has also been presented and the overall dermatoglyphics of the Caucasians were discussed in reference to the distribution of the same features in the other major “racial” groups.

The method of collection and selection of the subjects, described in the text, makes this set of data unique and one of the most suitable for use as controls in studying the dermatoglyphics of the individuals with diseases or congenital anomalies.
Population variation in asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger for digital ridge‐counts
Authors: Jantz Richard L.
Published: August 2005

Population variation in ridge‐count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger has received scant attention in dermatoglyphic studies. Asymmetry, in particular, has generally been attributed to environmental effects operating during the formation of dermal ridges. Examination of samples from several groups of diverse racial background revealed the existence of considerable population variation with respect to finger ridge‐count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger. Patterning along population lines suggests a genetic rather than environmental basis for such variation. The genetic mechanisms responsible for ridge‐counts may also mediate asymmetry and diversity, or the degree of developmental stability in different populations may itself be under genetic control.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Bagathas of Araku Valley (A.P.), India
Authors: Reddy G. G.
Published: August 2005

Finger prints of the Bagathas, a dominant endogamous tribal population of Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh (India) were analysed. They are distributed in Araku, Paderu and Chintapalli agency areas of Visakhapatnam district of A.P. Investigations on finger prints of 235 males and 235 females reveal that loops are higher in females (57.58%) than in males (49.19%). Sex differences in the distribution of the patterns are statistically significant (X2 = 27.8277; d.f. = 2; 0.001 > P). The index of pattern intensity shows a higher value in males (14.17) than the females (12.84). It is evident from the mean ridge counts that there is a clear sexual dimorphism, males showing higher mean ridge counts than females. Bagathas show greater affinity with the Valmikis in the frequency distribution of pattern types and in the pattern intensity index. However, a more detailed dermatoglyphic study of all the tribes of Andhra Pradesh yields information of great value in disclosing the pattern distributions among these Dravidian or proto‐Australoid tribal populations.
High pattern intensity indices and ridge counts from the Milne bay district of Papua‐New Guinea and their bearing on the origin of the Australian Aborigines
Authors: McKenzie Ruth L. , Parsons P. A.
Published: August 2005

A population sample from the Milne Bay district of Papua‐New Guinea was found to have extremely high pattern intensity indices and total ridge‐counts. These fell into the range of certain Australian Aboriginal tribes, and so argue for a possible connection between this region of Melanesia and the Australian Aborigines, although equally strong connections with other regions of Melanesia are known.
Epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Brehme Heinz
Published: August 2005

The characteristics of the epidermal ridge system were studied in a series of eighteen lesser or pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). The general ridge alignments are very similar to those of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes); Biegert ('61). On the average the pattern intensity (P.I.) of the palm configurations is considerably higher in the pygmy chimpanzee than in the chimpanzee, thus representing the highest total palm pattern intensity of all species of the Hominoidea. The sole configurations show parallel main results to those of the palm; however, the decreased sole pattern frequency of the pygmy chimpanzee is of a smaller predominance only as compared to the values of the other species of this superfamily. The preliminary data on the finger tip patterns, translated into P.I. values, are much higher than in chimpanzees and within the range of the mean values of gorillas (Brehme, '73), while those of the toes of pygmy chimpanzees seem to possess the lowest P.I. values of the African apes.
Ridge course of the whorls: Classification and methods
Authors: Vijaya Bhanu B.
Published: August 2005

In dermatoglyphic methodology the system of gross classification of digital pattern types needs modifications. More attention should be focussed on the study of minute morphological variations among pattern types in order to understand fully the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern variations. A systematic classification to record many of the morphological peculiarities is lacking.

This paper proposes a classification and methods of identification of the direction of the course of the ridges inside the pattern area of true whorls. In all, nine ridge course types are identified, named and described. Data analysed on the basis of the above methods and classification reveal significant bilateral differences for clockwise and counter‐clockwise types of ridge directions.

Mode of inheritance, bisexual differences, etc., of the polymorphic course of these ridges should be studied. Its usefulness in the field of personal identification, population genetics and medicine should also be evaluated.
Growth of the maxillary complex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: McNamara James A. , Riolo Michael L. , Enlow Donald H.
Published: August 2005

The growth of the maxillary complex of 36 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively during four defined stages of postnatal development (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each stage, growth was observed during a 24 week period. Since some animals were observed during two successive stages of development, 47 periods of growth were studied. The incremental growth data were collected by superimposing serial cephalograms on cranial base implants and on maxillary implants.

The largest increments of growth were observed in the infant animals and were successively less during the other periods studied. The horizontal growth component was more prominent than the vertical component in all age groups. The contribution of sutural growth to the vertical displacement of the maxilla was greater posteriorly, leading to a rotation of the maxillary complex during growth. The occlusal relationship was maintained by selective bone remodeling in conjunction with dentitional migration.
Factor analysis of body hair distributions
Authors: Barker Donald G.
Published: August 2005

Using observations on the presence or absence of terminal hair in 13 locations on 700 white adult males, descriptive statistics were tabulated, phi coefficients of intercorrelation were computed, principal axis factor loadings were extracted, and varimax rotation of factors to simple structure was performed. The resulting rotated factors were interpreted as five independent components of body hair distribution: dorsal (less sacral), pubic extension, thoracic, sacral, and abdominal.
Genetic basis of hair medulla by twin study
Authors: Das‐Chaudhuri A. B.
Published: August 2005

Data on the incidence of medulla of human head hair based on 9,600 strands examined from 48 pairs of zygosity — determined German twins were quantified as medullary ratio and subjected to variance analysis to give information about genetic significance of the character concerned. The results of F test and heritability estimate yielded significant values indicating the presence of a strong genetic component of variability in the incidence of medulla of human head hair. Sex influence upon the character is found to be absent.
Troop fission in free‐ranging baboons in the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Nash Leanne T.
Published: August 2005

During a 13 month field study of baboons in the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, the troop under observation divided into two groups. One group left the main troop to become ultimately an independent troop with a separate range. The troop fission followed a period of instability in the male status hierarchy. The events prior to and during the troop fission are described in detail and the membership of the group which left is analyzed. Social bonds prior to the fission, including kinship, determined membership in the group which left. Aggression from members of the main troop played a major role in causing the group which left to establish a new range. This fission is compared with troop fissions observed in rhesus and Japanese macaques.
The cephalometric analysis of Cercopithecus aethiops
Authors: Preston C. B. , Evans W. G.
Published: August 2005

A Steiner‐based cephalometric study of 46 adult Vervet monkeys was undertaken using craniometric points as closely correlated to those in the human as possible. On tracings of each cephalogram 13 measurements were recorded. The results were statistically analysed. Whilst the monkey face does vary individually this variation is apparently much less than is that of the human face. It is possible that the positions of the monkey incisor crowns bear a relatively constant relationship to the soft tissue profile. The establishment of some cephalometric norms for the Vervet monkey may be useful for future growth studies.
The dentition of the Indian Knoll skeletal population: Odontometrics and cusp number
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J.
Published: August 2005

Data on the permanent dentition of 153 individuals from the well known Indian Knoll skeletal population are presented. Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were taken with a Helios dial caliper. Cusp number of maxillary and mandibular molars was recorded.

The Indian Knoll dentition is larger than many modern groups but smaller than Australoid or Mesolithic groups. With the exception of maxillary 12, males have larger teeth than females in both dimensions. The lower canine is the most dimorphic tooth. Through rank order correlation, an association was shown between the sexual dimorphism of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions. Compared to modern groups, the Indian Knoll population displays a moderate degree of sexual dimorphism in tooth size.

In general, the coefficients of variation were greater for the more distal teeth within morphological classes. Amounts of size variability did not differ significantly between the sexes; moreover, rank order correlations indicated that patterns of variability in both dimensions were similar for males and females.

The predominant cusp number pattern for upper molars is 4‐3‐3 and for lowers, 5‐5(4)‐5. No sex differences were shown for cusp occurrence or bilateral asymmetry in cusp number.
The effect of sample attrition on the frequency distribution of blood pressure and genetic marker phenotypes representing a natural unselected community: Tecumseh, Michigan
Authors: Smith David G. , Sing Charles F.
Published: August 2005

Highly significant differences in mean age, blood pressure and phenotype frequency distributions between the non‐migrants and “emigrants” of a total unselected community sample were discovered. Use of the mean of BP scores collected from epidemiologic surveys over a period of time as an individual score allows sample attrition to produce both a genetically and demographically biased sample of a population intended to represent an unselected community of people.

Multiple regression analyses estimated the contribution of an individual's age, genotype and mobility out of the sample to predicting blood pressure variation. Variation in blood pressure means among certain marker phenotype classes was greater in those who leave than in those who stay, but only the upper portion of the pressure distribution contributed to this relationship. A genetic‐environment interaction is suggested.
The incidence of red‐green colourblindness in the populations of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in Libya, and of the Kikuyu, Kamba, Taita, Taveta and Luo tribes of Kenya
Authors: Sunderland E. , Rosa P. J.
Published: August 2005

The results of surveys of colourblindness carried out using the Ishihara test cards in Libya and Kenya, involving 384 and 504 individuals respectively, are reported. The Libyan samples, drawn from three geographically distinct regions of the country, are relatively homogeneous. The Kenyan samples, on the other hand, are, heterogeneous, but in toto they display a markedly lower colourblindness percentage than do the Libyans. The Kenyan data are in broad accord with the other data available for sub‐Saharan African populations. There are very few sets of comparative data available for North African populations, but the Libyan material displays a lower incidence of colourblindness than the values reported in European populations.
The frequency of middle phalangeal hair in Saudi Arabia
Authors: El‐Hazmi M. A. F. , Picken J. M.
Published: August 2005

Middle phalangeal hair was found to be present in 71% of Saudi Arabian males. For those exhibiting this trait, the frequency of combinations of digits with hair was similar to the frequency in other populations.
Bipedal behavior of olive baboons (Papio anubis) and its relevance to an understanding of the evolution of human bipedalism
Authors: Rose M. D.
Published: August 2005

The bipedal behavior of a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis) is described. Bipedalism is relatively rare but nevertheless occurs in a wide variety of situations, although bipedalism during feeding occurs much more frequently than in other situations. The incidence of bipedalism varies between different age‐sex classes and between individuals within age‐sex classes. This pattern of bipedalism occurred within an overall adaptive response, particularly in feeding behavior, which was similar to that of the gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada). The data on bipedalism is used together with an existing model of early hominid differentiation based on T. gelada to indicate the types of bipedal behavior which might have occurred in early hominid small object feeders and to suggest how a bipedal pattern of this type might have served as a basis for the action of selection for a more committedly bipedal pattern at later stages of hominid evolution.
Histological analysis of undecalcified thin sections of archeological bone
Authors: Stout Samuel D. , Teitelbaum Steven L.
Published: August 2005

Archeological bone often lends itself to histological analysis. Sections from bone samples approximately one thousand years old may show as much structural preservation as those only a few hundred years old; hence, it appears that the degree of preservation is not necessarily affected by time. Enough structure may be preserved to permit the diagnosis of metabolic disorders of bone which might go undetected by other methods. This type of analysis can be utilized to accept or reject individual remains suspected of being pathological on the basis of other, less precise diagnostic techniques.
Newborn brain: Body weight ratios
Authors: Jordaan Harold V. F.
Published: August 2005

Newborn brain:body weight ratios are generally considered to be constant in man. In autopsy studies many factors influence the measured weight of the brain, and therefore the conclusions based on such observations, including the gestational age of the material, the presence or absence of intrauterine growth retardation, and the cause of death. In this study these influences have been eliminated by careful selection of normally grown fullterm newborns not subject to the factors influencing brain weight. Using double logarithmic plots, brain size in fullterm newborns is found to be related to the 0.64 power of birth weight. There is a negative correlation between relative brain size and increasing fullterm birth size in man.
The interaction between nonmetric and metric cranial variation
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

Cranial discrete or “epigenetic” traits have been analyzed for interrelationships with measurements of the skull in a sample of American Negro males. Univariate t and multivariate T2 tests are used. It has been the previous consensus view that nonmetric and metric characters are unrelated. Statistically significant associations between the total of 50 discrete and 23 metrical characters, however, are much more frequent than would be expected through random distribution. Multivariate analysis supplements simpler statistics by synthesizing patterns of variation within regions of the skull, identifying many interrelations of skull size and shape with discrete traits. A low but observable general influence is exerted upon nonmetric morphology by metrical variation of the human skull (or vice versa).
Findings from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America on secular change in mean height of children, youths, and young adults
Authors: Meredith Howard V.
Published: August 2005

Studies conducted during the past century in Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway, and the United States indicate that the magnitude of secular increase in mean height rose with advancing age from childhood to mid‐adolescence. Comparisons for a period approximating two‐thirds of a century yield average increases in mean height of 12.2 cm for female youths age 12 years, and 12.5 cm for male youths age 14 years; for the same calendar span, the amount of secular increase in mean height declines from mid‐adolescence to early adulthood. Comparisons of Belgian females, spanning a period approximating 130 years, yield increases in mean height of 18.1 cm at age 12 years, 11.9 cm at age 16 years, and 3.7 cm in early adulthood. For a period of 90 years, increases obtained on United States White males are 14.8 cm at age 14 years, 8.8 cm at age 17 years, and 5.3 cm in early adulthood. These and other displayed findings show clearly that the search for causes of secular change should take particular account of a phenomenon widespread among human populations, i.e., the phenomenon of childhood and early adolescent growth in body height proceeding at a faster pace in recent decades than about a century ago.
A twin study of dental dimension. II. Independent genetic determinants
Authors: Potter Rosario H. , Nance Walter E. , Yu Pao‐Lo , Davis W. Bailey
Published: August 2005

To demonstrate the presence of independent genetic determinants of multiple correlated tooth dimensions from twin data, a multivariate analysis was performed on the covariance matrices of monozygotic and dizygotic within‐pair differences for mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of 28 teeth of the secondary dentition. The results provided strong evidences that the correlation among tooth dimensions is primarily genetic in origin, probably attributable to the pleiotropic action of either independent genes or groups of genes. Among the genetic factors that were identified, one appeared to affect the maxillary teeth in general while a second influenced primarily the anterior mandibular teeth. There was a striking tendency for homologous measurements on the right and left sides to be associated with the same genetic factor. In contrast, genetic determination of the maxillary and mandibular dentition seemed to be independent of each other, and a wider range of genetic factors were found to influence the mandibular than the maxillary teeth, suggesting that a differential degree of evolutionary stability may have been achieved in the teeth of the two jaws.
A comparative study of the temporal bone in three populations of man
Authors: Schulter Frances P.
Published: August 2005

A comparative study was made to determine race and sex differences in the temporal bone, to investigate growth relationships, and to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal bone and the temporal lobe of the brain.

Data on Eskimo, Indian, and white crania were collected from radiographs and directly from the skulls. Of the 25 variables studied, only the minimum diameter of porus failed to demonstrate some difference among the races.

Variation between sexes was found for all measurements except the cranial base angle (of deflection) and three angles related to the petrous pyramids. Correlation coefficients indicated that none of the angles are related in any consistent manner to the other variables studied. This is interpreted as further evidence of cranial base stability.

The Indians have the lowest, longest squamae, differing most from the whites. The position of squama is more anterior in the Eskimos. Females of each race possess more anteriorly positioned squamae than males. When the squama is more anteriorly located, the porus is in a more posterior position within the squama itself. Strong race variation exists in the shape of porus.

In order to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal lobe of the brain better reference points for reflecting its size and shape must be found.
Hereditary and environmental determinants of growth in height in a longitudinal sample of children and youth of Guatemalan and European ancestry
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Wainer Howard , Thissen David , MacVean Robert
Published: August 2005

The effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon the growth in stature of children living in Guatemala City has been studied. Heights at yearly examinations were fitted, by individual, to a double logistic curve in samples of Guatemalan and European children attending a private school in Guatemala City. These two samples differed genetically yet shared the same environment. Their growth was compared, by a multivariate analysis of the parameterized curves, to that of children from the Berkeley Growth Study, genetically similar to the European sample, yet living in different environments. The European children in Guatemala grew, before adolescence, more similar to Guatemalan and differed significantly from the Berkeley sample children. However, the amount of growth during the adolescent years experienced by the European children was similar to that of the Berkeley sample and differed from their Guatemalan counterparts.
A factor analysis of body build in the rat
Authors: Watson R. H. J. , Broadhurst P. L.
Published: August 2005

Following a survey of the problems associated with the comparative study of measures of physique in domesticated and laboratory animals, techniques were developed for the measurement of body build in the adult albino laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). They involved anesthetisation of the animals and the use of calipers and a simple apparatus devised for the purpose. The 17 measures taken on 100 rats, 50 of each sex, are detailed and the reasons for excluding others given. Intercorrelations of all the measures and their reliability co‐efficients, which were judged satisfactory, are presented. The tables of intercorrelations, one for each sex, were factor analysed separately, and rotations to simple structure performed. Two factors were identified, one having factor saturations on measures of body length and the other similarly defining body width. This pattern was similar for the two sexes and a single index of body build was therefore proposed in which the length of the rear foot is divided by the width of the shoulder girdle and multiplied by 100 to avoid decimals. The use of the index in other investigations is mentioned.
Additional features of Ainu dentition. V. Peopling of the pacific
Authors: Turner Christy G. , Hanihara Kazuro
Published: August 2005

Crown morphology of 85 plaster dental casts from skeletal and living Ainus of less than 1/8 non‐Ainu admixture is described and compared for microevolutionary and origins considerations. There is no significant sex dimorphism and few inter‐sample differences through time. Inter‐observer differences occur where observation standards are poorly established.

Ainu teeth exhibit a simplified pattern and have trait frequencies more like those of Polynesians and Micronesians than like Chinese, Japanese or Europeans. There is no dental evidence in support of a Caucasoid origin or close relationship. Similarities outnumber differences between Ainu teeth and those of Micronesians and Polynesians suggestive of a past biological relationship.
The Alto Salaverry child: A case of anemia from the Peruvian Preceramic
Authors: Trinkaus Erik
Published: August 2005

Excavations during 1974 at the Peruvian Preceramic site of Alto Salaverry led to the discovery of a child's skeleton. The fragmentary skeleton exhibits cribra orbitalia, a pitting of the orbital roof associated with anemia. This specimen provides the first evidence of anemia in a population of the predominantly non‐agricultural Peruvian Preceramic and extends the antiquity of the pathology among Precolumbian Peruvians.
Effects of group composition on agonistic behavior of captive pigtail macaques, Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Dazey J. , Kuyk K. , Oswald M. , Martenson J. , Erwin J.
Published: August 2005

We surveyed agonistic behaviors of 20 captive groups of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) housed under identical spatial conditions. Fifteen groups contained one male each; the other five groups contained no adult males. Groups included six to twelve adult females, some of which had infants with them. We found no relationship between social density of groups and incidence of agonistic behavior, but significantly more contact aggression (grab, hit, push, bite) and noncontact aggression (chase, open‐mouth “threat,” bark vocalization) occurred among females in groups containing no males than in those containing one male each. Apparently, males played an important role in the inhibition of intragroup conflict. We also found that females in groups containing males exhibited less noncontact aggression if infants were present than if no infants resided in their groups. Thus, competition of females over infants must not have been an important constituent of intragroup conflict under the conditions of this survey.
Task activity and anterior tooth grooving in prehistoric California Indians
Authors: Schulz Peter D.
Published: August 2005

Abraded grooves have been observed on the anterior teeth of all the adults in a small population of prehistoric California Indians. These dental effects show considerable variety, appearing on maxillary and mandibular teeth, on approximal and occulusal surfaces, and either isolated or bilaterally aligned. Although many of the grooves are indistinguishable from those reported for other prehistoric populations, their variety illustrates the limited applicability of etiological hypotheses previously proposed to account for such effects. It is suggested that the grooves represent traces of a task activity involving the pulling of fibrous materials across the teeth.
Heat stress, fluctuating asymmetry and prenatal selection in the laboratory rat
Authors: Siegel Michael I. , Doyle William J. , Kelley Catherine
Published: August 2005

Recent studies have demonstrated that stress may increase the fluctuating asymmetry of teeth and limbs in laboratory animals. The present study investigates the effects of heat on such parameters. Pregnant laboratory rats are exposed to temperatures of 33°C during gestation. Increases in fluctuating asymmetry of dental dimensions as well as bone density are found for the pups of such females when compared to unstressed controls. A general increase in limb lengths is also reported for young of heat stressed animals. Prenatal selection with differential survival is suggested as a possible explanation for differences found between the experimental and control animals.
Developmental changes of the cranial bone thickness in the human fetal period
Authors: Ohtsuki Fumio
Published: August 2005

The description of the developmental changes of cranial bone thickness in the fetal period is the primary aim of this paper.

The materials utilized in this study consisted of the two series. One is those of dry bones of 62 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fifth month to term and the other is those of 56 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fourth month to term.

The first series is mainly used for the tests of bilateral difference in the thickness of cranial bones. No statistical significance could be found. Allometry technique was then applied for the analysis in the growth of the thickness of cranial bones and an extremely positive allometric coefficient was obtained. This required us to study another material, i.e., the second series. The materials of the second series were first measured for crown‐rump length, head length, head breadth and head circumference. The heads were then carefully dissected and the left side of individual bones of the cranium were removed to take further measurements for the arc length. The thicknesses at the ossification centers and midpoints were successively measured by a micrometer readable to 0.01 mm. The results of the second series were investigated from the viewpoint of absolute and relative growth. By allometric analysis, vertical and transverse arc lengths were found to be isometric with two exceptions, while every measurement of thickness shows an extremely positive allometry. This coincides with the results of the first series.
The effect of artificial cranial deformation on the incidence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Dawson George L.
Published: August 2005

One hundred and twenty adult and 80 human fetal skulls were examined to find the relationship (if any) between the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture and artificial deformation of the skull. Wormian bones occur in deformed and undeformed skulls with no significant differences. Wormian bones detected in fetal skulls preclude cultural deformation as an important factor in the formation of these bones. It is hypothesized that a genetic predisposition (genes allowing formation of secondary ossification centers) is present and that wormian bones are under direct genetic control regardless of the presence or absence of detectable cultural deformation.
On techniques for stabilising and photographing skulls
Authors: Smith Patricia , Walker Geoffrey
Published: August 2005

The design and use of a small light portable craniostat is described. Made of clear polystyrene, with adjustable pegs of the same material, the device is small, light, unbreakable and easily portable. It facilitates rapid and stable positioning of skulls in any position for study of photography.
The mylohyoid bridge of Pre‐Columbian Peruvians
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Allison Marvin J. , Elzay Richard P. , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: August 2005

The frequency of expression of the mylohyoid bridge was studied in the skeletal remains of 122 Pre‐Columbian Peruvians. The incidence in this population was found to be 17.6% as compared to an incidence of 15.4% found in a similar size sample population of American Negroes and a 16.1% incidence in a population of American Whites from the Terry Collection. No significant differences as to the incidence of the mylohyoid bridge were found as to the side of occurrence or between deformed and undeformed crania. A mylohyoid bridge was found in a younger individual (6 years) than had previously been reported. Females showed a significantly higher incidence of this trait in all three populations studied. A similar incidence of the mylohyoid bridge in Pre‐Columbian and Mongoloid peoples adds support to the theory of a Mongoloid origin of these people. The mylohyoid bridge is considered to be a significant genetic marker which along with other such markers could be of value in population studies.
Diaphragmatic hernia associated with strangulation of the small bowel in an Atacamena mummy
Authors: Munizaga Juan , Allison Marvin J. , Aspillaga Eugenio
Published: August 2005

This is the second case of a diaphragmatic herniafrom 200 autopsies of mummies of Atacamena Indians found in northern Chile. This case is noted in an individual who died in the third century A.D. as a result of strangulation of two loops of the jejunum that entered the thoracic cavity. The herniation was probably congenital in nature.