bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The identification of a novel antibody for CD133 using human antibody phage display
Authors: Glumac Paige M. , Forster Colleen L. , Zhou Hong , Murugan Paari , Gupta Shilpa , LeBeau Aaron M.
Published: May 2018

Background

The transmembrane glycoprotein CD133 is believed to be a marker of adult prostate stem cells and cancer stem/initiating cells. Investigating the role of CD133 in the normal biology of the prostate and in cancer is complicated by the lack of a sensitive and accurate antibody for its detection. Here, we describe the characterization of a unique antibody identified using human antibody phage display that can recognize CD133 in both formalin‐fixed tissues and cell lines.

Methods

A human single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody phage display library possessing a diversity of 8 × 109 was screened against fully glycosylated recombinant CD133. A counter screen was performed against deglycosylated CD133 to select for clones that preferentially recognized a glycosylation‐independent epitope. The lead scFv was analyzed by flow cytometry and cloned into a rabbit immunoglobulin scaffold for immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Results

The antibody designated HA10 was found to bind a glycosylation‐independent epitope on the peptide backbone of CD133 with high affinity. As a reagent for flow cytometry, HA10 detected CD133 more accurately than a commonly used commercially available antibody. IHC analysis with HA10 documented the staining of basal cells and luminal cells in healthy prostate sections. Weak staining of luminal cells was observed in adenocarcinoma sections at a very low frequency. Examination of a LuCaP patient‐derived xenograft tissue microarray found that only three of the LuCaP models were positive for CD133. The three CD133pos LuCaP models all originated from non‐AR driven metastatic prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Subsequent interrogation of liver biopsies from a patient who failed second‐generation anti‐androgen therapy found high levels of CD133 staining. The original transurethral resection of the prostate from that patient was, however, absent of CD133.

Conclusions

We have developed a novel antibody that was able to detect CD133 by both IHC and flow cytometry. Using HA10 as an IHC reagent, we found that CD133 is a marker for a very rare cell type in both healthy prostate and adenocarcinoma sections. Our preliminary investigation also suggests that there may be an association between CD133 and non‐AR driven prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation.
How accurately do force fields represent protein side chain ensembles?
Authors: Petrović Dušan , Wang Xue , Strodel Birgit
Published: May 2018

Although the protein backbone is the most fundamental part of the structure, the fine‐tuning of side‐chain conformations is important for protein function, for example, in protein‐protein and protein‐ligand interactions, and also in enzyme catalysis. While several benchmarks testing the performance of protein force fields for side chain properties have already been published, they often considered only a few force fields and were not tested against the same experimental observables; hence, they are not directly comparable. In this work, we explore the ability of twelve force fields, which are different flavors of AMBER, CHARMM, OPLS, or GROMOS, to reproduce average rotamer angles and rotamer populations obtained from extensive NMR studies of the 3J and residual dipolar coupling constants for two small proteins: ubiquitin and GB3. Based on a total of 196 μs sampling time, our results reveal that all force fields identify the correct side chain angles, while the AMBER and CHARMM force fields clearly outperform the OPLS and GROMOS force fields in estimating rotamer populations. The three best force fields for representing the protein side chain dynamics are AMBER 14SB, AMBER 99SB*‐ILDN, and CHARMM36. Furthermore, we observe that the side chain ensembles of buried amino acid residues are generally more accurately represented than those of the surface exposed residues.
A method for partitioning the information contained in a protein sequence between its structure and function
Authors: Possenti Andrea , Vendruscolo Michele , Camilloni Carlo , Tiana Guido
Published: May 2018

Proteins employ the information stored in the genetic code and translated into their sequences to carry out well‐defined functions in the cellular environment. The possibility to encode for such functions is controlled by the balance between the amount of information supplied by the sequence and that left after that the protein has folded into its structure. We study the amount of information necessary to specify the protein structure, providing an estimate that keeps into account the thermodynamic properties of protein folding. We thus show that the information remaining in the protein sequence after encoding for its structure (the ‘information gap’) is very close to what needed to encode for its function and interactions. Then, by predicting the information gap directly from the protein sequence, we show that it may be possible to use these insights from information theory to discriminate between ordered and disordered proteins, to identify unknown functions, and to optimize artificially‐designed protein sequences.
Herbicide hormesis can act as a driver of resistance evolution in weeds – PSII‐target site resistance in Chenopodium album L. as a case study
Authors: Belz Regina G
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Herbicide hormesis may play a role in the evolution of weed resistance by increasing resistance selection. A standard herbicide rate may be subtoxic to resistant plants and make them more fit than untreated plants. If this increase in fitness is ultimately expressed in reproductive traits, resistance genes can accumulate more rapidly and exacerbate resistance evolution by magnifying the selection differential between resistant and sensitive plants. The hypothesis of hormetically enhanced reproductive fitness was studied for a photosystem II (PSII) target‐site resistant (TSR) biotype of Chenopodium album exposed to the triazinone metamitron in comparison with its wild‐type.

RESULTS

Both biotypes showed an initial hormetic growth increase at different doses leading to fitness enhancements of between 19% and 61% above untreated plants. However, hormetic effects only resulted in higher fitness at maturity in resistant plants with a maximum stimulation in seed yield of 45% above untreated plants. Applying realistic metamitron rates, reproductive fitness of resistant plants was increased by 15–32%.

CONCLUSIONS

Agronomically relevant doses of metamitron induced considerable hormesis in a PSII‐TSR C. album genotype leading to enhanced relative fitness through reproductive maturity. This increase in relative fitness suggests an impact on resistance selection and can compensate for the oft‐reported fitness costs of the mutation studied. Field rates of herbicides can, thus, not only select for resistant plants, but also enhance their reproductive fitness. The finding that herbicide hormesis can be eco‐evolutionary important may have important implications for understanding the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing vulnerability of remittance‐recipient and nonrecipient households in rural communities affected by extreme weather events: Case studies fromSouth‐WestChina andNorth‐EastIndia
Authors: Banerjee Soumyadeep , Black Richard , Mishra Arabinda , Kniveton Dominic
Published: May 2018

Migration is one way in which rural households can seek to reduce their vulnerability to climate change. However, migration also carries risks and costs, such that vulnerability may not be reduced. This article constructs an index of rural households' vulnerability to extreme weather events, in order to explore how key components of vulnerability relate to migration. Applied to case studies in China and India, the study finds that the effect of remittances is non‐linear. Although overall, in Assam, few differences were found in the vulnerability of households that did and did not receive remittances, in Yunnan, remittance‐recipient households were found to have less adaptive capacity in response to drought. However, those who had received remittances over longer periods were found to have improved adaptive capacity in both case studies, and in Yunnan, their exposure to such events was also lower. Meanwhile in Assam, longer distance migration was associated with reduced exposure to flooding and with specific forms of adaptation. The vulnerability index developed has capacity to be used in assessments of effects of migration on vulnerability elsewhere.
Economic disadvantages and migrants' subjective well‐being in China: The mediating effects of relative deprivation and neighbourhood deprivation
Authors: Liu Yuqi , Zhang Fangzhu , Liu Ye , Li Zhigang , Wu Fulong
Published: May 2018

China's new‐style urbanisation plan has aroused public concern about the well‐being of internal migrants in large cities. Although a large body of literature has documented and explained migrants' economic disadvantages in the host city, only a few studies have attempted to unravel the link between their actual economic conditions and their subjective well‐being (SWB). What is missing in the literature on migrants' well‐being in Chinese cities is a systematic investigation into how both individuals' feeling of relative deprivation and neighbourhood deprivation mediate the relationship between their economic disadvantages and their SWB. To bridge this knowledge gap, this paper examined to what extent and in what ways migrants' actual economic disadvantages affected their SWB in Guangzhou, China, using questionnaire survey data and multilevel linear regressions. More particularly, it explored the pathways through which deprivation (in both absolute and relative terms) at both individual and neighbourhood levels influenced migrants' SWB. Results from the multilevel analysis showed that migrants' absolute economic disadvantages were negatively associated with their SWB. Results from mediation analysis indicated that feeling socio‐economically deprived relative to other people in the host cities and living in deprived neighbourhoods were two important pathways through which migrants' absolute economic disadvantages negatively affected their SWB. Our findings suggest an urgent need to bridge the migrant–local social gap and curb the poverty of migrant neighbourhoods to enhance migrants' SWB.
Plant growth chamber design for subambient pCO2 and δ13C studies
Authors: Hagopian William M. , Schubert Brian A. , Graper Robert A. , Hope Jahren A.
Published: May 2018

Rationale

Subambient pCO2 has persisted across the major Phanerozoic ice ages, including the entire late Cenozoic (ca 30 Ma to present). Stable isotope analysis of plant‐derived organic matter is used to infer changes in pCO2 and climate in the geologic past, but a growth chamber that can precisely control environmental conditions, including pCO2 and δ13C value of CO2 (δ13CCO2) at subambient pCO2, is lacking.

Methods

We designed and built five identical chambers specifically for plant growth under stable subambient pCO2 (ca 100 to 400 ppm) and δ13CCO2 conditions. We tested the pCO2 and δ13CCO2 stability of the chambers both with and without plants, across two 12‐hour daytime experiments and two extended 9‐day experiments. We also compared the temperature and relative humidity conditions among the chambers.

Results

The average δ13CCO2 value within the five chambers ranged from −18.76 to −19.10‰; the standard deviation never exceeded 0.14‰ across any experiment. This represents better δ13CCO2 stability than that achieved by all previous chamber designs, including superambient pCO2 chambers. Every pCO2 measurement (n = 1225) was within 5% of mean chamber values. The temperature and relative humidity conditions differed by no more than 0.4°C and 1.6%, respectively, across all chambers within each growth experiment.

Conclusions

This growth chamber design extends the range of pCO2 conditions for which plants can be grown for δ13C analysis of their tissues at subambient levels. This new capability allows for careful isolation of environmental effects on plant 13C discrimination across the entire range of pCO2 experienced by terrestrial land plants.
Distributed integral‐type event‐triggered synchronization of multiagent systems
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Wang Long
Published: May 2018

This paper investigates the synchronization problem of generic linear multiagent systems via integral‐type event‐triggered control. Each agent can only utilize the intermittent information of its neighboring agents in the control scheme. Based on the integral‐type event conditions, an event‐triggered control protocol is designed to guarantee the synchronization of multiagent systems, and Zeno behavior is excluded by showing the existence of a positive lower bound on the inter‐event intervals. Then, we propose the integral‐type event‐triggered control algorithms to study the leader‐following synchronization. It is shown that under the control algorithms all the followers track the leader and no Zeno behavior occurs. The effectiveness of the proposed control schemes is demonstrated by simulation examples.
A Recent Perspective on Noncovalently Formed Polymeric Hydrogels
Authors: Xue Kun , Liow Sing Shy , Karim Anis Abdul , Li Zibiao , Loh Xian Jun
Published: May 2018

Chemically crosslinked covalent hydrogels form a permanent and often strong network, and have been extensively used so far in drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, it is more difficult to induce dynamic and highly tunable changes in these hydrogels. Noncovalently formed hydrogels show promise as inherently reversible systems with an ability to change in response to dynamic environments, and have garnered strong interest recently. In this Personal Account, we elucidate a few key attractive properties of noncovalent hydrogels and describe recent developments in hydrogels crosslinked using various different noncovalent interactions. These hydrogels offer huge control for modulating material properties and could be more relevant mimics for biological systems.
Microscopic techniques for analysis of ceramic fuel cells
Authors: Jouttijärvi Sami , Asghar Muhammad Imran , Lund Peter D.
Published: May 2018

Ceramic fuel cells, such as solid oxide fuel cells, convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly to electricity. To make these to a commercial success, several challenges need to be solved such as lowering the operating temperature and improving long‐term stability. Since ceramic fuel cells are complex nanolevel structures, it is crucial to understand how the actual nanostructure of the cell is linked to its macroscopic performance. This paper reviews how different microscopic techniques have been used to obtain information of the fuel cell structure in both two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional and how this information have been used to solve problems related to the cell performance. Finally, the paper proposes how recent development in the field of microscopy could be applied to fuel cell studies.

This article is categorized under:

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and Materials
A critical review of modern approaches for multidimensional energy poverty measurement
Authors: Pelz Setu , Pachauri Shonali , Groh Sebastian
Published: May 2018

Recent efforts to measure energy poverty more comprehensively attempt to redress the shortcomings of binary metrics that remain in common use. However, significant challenges remain both with the construction of the new measurement frameworks and their application. The paper presents an analysis of recent multidimensional measurement approaches and applications to draw inferences on the implications of applying these for the measurement of energy access and in informing policies aimed at improving it. The assessment suggests that despite progress having been made in capturing the multidimensional nature of energy poverty, the new measures are currently too complex to operationalize at the global level and too prescriptive to gain acceptance in diverse national contexts. Further efforts are thus required to consolidate and simplify the new frameworks for global tracking purposes, and to adapt and modify these to specific country contexts to inform national policy and planning. A subset of key energy poverty dimensions and uniform set of indicators need to be shortlisted for the purposes of global comparisons, while specific national tracking efforts can apply dimensions and thresholds most suited to accurately capture energy poverty and its drivers in a given context.

This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Economics and Policy

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Ruthenium(II) Complexes Having a Pincer‐Type Ligand with Two N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Moieties
Authors: Shimoyama Yoshihiro , Ishizuka Tomoya , Kotani Hiroaki , Kojima Takahiko
Published: May 2018

Two novel RuII complexes, having 2,2′‐bipyridyl and a pincer‐type methylene‐bridged N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, were synthesized and characterized to evaluate the effects of structural features of the complexes on their redox and photochemical properties. The methylene‐bridged NHC ligand coordinated in a meridional manner and the isopropyl groups on the NHC rings exhibited intramolecular CH/π interaction with the 2,2′‐bipyridyl ligand, which played a role to strongly maintain the distorted ligand structure. In addition, the two Ru complexes exhibited reversible redox waves in the cyclic voltammograms and they were oxidized by an electron‐transfer oxidant to afford RuIII complexes, which were characterized by EPR spectroscopy and theoretical analyses.
Entangled scent of a charge
Authors: Asorey M. , Balachandran A. P. , Lizzi F. , Marmo G.
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We argue that the ground state of a field theory, in the presence of charged particles, becomes an entangled state involving an infinity of soft photons. The quantum fieldvacuumis altered by the passage of a uniformly moving charge, leaving in its wake a different dressed ground state. In this sense a charged particle leaves its electromagneticscenteven after passing by. Unlike in classical electrodynamics the effect of the charge remains even at infinite time. The calculation is done in detail for the ground state of a spacetime wedge, although the results are more general. This agrees in spirit with recent results over the infrared aspects of field theory, although the technical details are different. These considerations open the possibility that the information carried by quantum fields, being nonlocal, does not disappear beyond the horizon of black holes.
From CFT to Ramond super-quantum curves
Authors: Ciosmak Pawel , Hadasz Leszek , Jaskólski Zbigniew , Manabe Masahide , Sulkowski Piotr
Published: May 2018

Abstract

As we have shown in the previous work, using the formalism of matrix and eigenvalue models, to a given classical algebraic curve one can associate an infinite family of quantum curves, which are in one-to-one correspondence with singular vectors of a certain (e.g. Virasoro or super-Virasoro) underlying algebra. In this paper we reformulate this problem in the language of conformal field theory. Such a reformulation has several advantages: it leads to the identification of quantum curves more efficiently, it proves in full generality that they indeed have the structure of singular vectors, it enables identification of corresponding eigenvalue models. Moreover, this approach can be easily generalized to other underlying algebras. To illustrate these statements we apply the conformal field theory formalism to the case of the Ramond version of the super-Virasoro algebra. We derive two classes of corresponding Ramond super-eigenvalue models, construct Ramond super-quantum curves that have the structure of relevant singular vectors, and identify underlying Ramond super-spectral curves. We also analyze Ramond multi-Penner models and show that they lead to supersymmetric generalizations of BPZ equations.
Analysis of Potential Alterations Affecting SETBP1 as a Novel Contributing Mechanism to Inhibit PP2A in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Torrejón Blanca , Cristóbal Ion , Caramés Cristina , Prieto‐Potín Iván , Chamizo Cristina , Santos Andrea , Sanz‐Alvarez Marta , Serna‐Blasco Roberto , Luque Melania , Madoz‐Gúrpide Juan , Rojo Federico , García‐Foncillas Jesús
Published: May 2018

Background

The functional loss of the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) occurs in a wide variety of human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC), and SET overexpression has been reported as a key contributing mechanism to inhibit PP2A. Although SET binding protein 1 (SETBP1) overexpression and gain of function mutations have been described in several hematological malignancies as common events that increase the expression levels of the PP2A inhibitor SET, thereby leading to PP2A inactivation, the potential existence of SETBP1 alterations in CRC still remains unexplored.

Methods

We studied the expression profile of SETBP1 by Western blot in a set of CRC cell lines and patient samples. Moreover, we performed co‐immunoprecipitation assays to analyze the formation of the previously reported SETBP1–SET–PP2A inhibitory complex. Furthermore, we evaluated the mutational status of SETBP1 by pyrosequencing assays in a cohort of 55 CRC patients with metastatic disease after the immunohistochemical characterization of SET and p‐PP2A expression in this cohort.

Results

We found high SETBP1 expression in several CRC lines but only in two of the patients analyzed. In addition, we demonstrated the formation of the SETBP1–SET–PP2A heterotrimeric complex in CRC cells. However, we failed to detect SETBP1 mutations in any of the CRC patient samples included in the study.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that SETBP1 expression is mainly similar o lower in colorectal cancer tissue compared to normal colonic mucosa. However, its overexpression is a low prevalent alteration which could contribute to inhibit PP2A in CRC through the formation of a SETBP1–SET–PP2A complex in some CRC patients. Moreover, SETBP1 mutations are, if exist, rare events in CRC patients.
Increased nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation in migraineurs without aura in the interictal period
Authors: Fujioka Kazumi , Oishi Minoru , Fujioka Akira , Nakayama Tomohiro
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Migraine is associated with vascular disorders, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Nitric oxide (NO) sensitivity is believed to play a major role in migraine pathophysiology. We investigated flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (NMD) of the brachial artery by means of a key molecular mediator, NO, in patients with migraine without aura in the interictal period whether the abnormality is found.

Methods

A total of 12 patients with migraine without aura and 12 matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. FMD and NMD were measured in all patients and controls using brachial artery ultrasonography.

Results

There was no significant difference in brachial artery diameter between migraineurs and nonmigraineurs (3.39 ± 0.68 vs 3.89 ± 0.67 mm, respectively;p = 0.083). A significant difference in FMD was not found between migraineurs and nonmigraineurs (6.94 ± 5.72 vs 6.08 ± 2.98%, respectively;p = 0.651). However, NMD in migraineurs was significant higher than that in nonmigraineurs (21.56 ± 7.36 vs 14.23 ± 7.41%, respectively;p = 0.024).

Conclusion

We think that patients with migraine without aura in the interictal period have selective sensitivity in dilator response to nitroglycerin and may have systemic NO sensitivity.
A Topological Approach to Full Belief
Authors: Baltag Alexandru , Bezhanishvili Nick , Özgün Aybüke , Smets Sonja
Published: May 2018

Stalnaker (Philosophical Studies, 128(1), 169–199 2006) introduced a combined epistemic-doxastic logic that can formally express a strong concept of belief, a concept of belief as ‘subjective certainty’. In this paper, we provide a topological semantics for belief, in particular, for Stalnaker’s notion of belief defined as ‘epistemic possibility of knowledge’, in terms of theclosure of the interior operatoron extremally disconnected spaces. This semantics extends the standard topological interpretation of knowledge (as the interior operator) with a new topological semantics for belief. We prove that the belief logicKD45is sound and complete with respect to the class of extremally disconnected spaces and we compare our approach to a different topological setting in which belief is interpreted in terms of the derived set operator. We also study (static) belief revision as well as belief dynamics by providing a topological semantics for conditional belief and belief update modalities, respectively. Our setting based on extremally disconnected spaces, however, encounters problems when extended with dynamic updates. We then propose a solution consisting in interpreting belief in a similar way based onhereditarily extremally disconnected spaces, and axiomatize the belief logic of hereditarily extremally disconnected spaces. Finally, we provide a complete axiomatization of the logic of conditional belief and knowledge, as well as a complete axiomatization of the corresponding dynamic logic.
Averaging of motion capture recordings for movements’ templates generation
Authors: Hachaj Tomasz , Koptyra Katarzyna , Ogiela Marek R.
Published: May 2018

In this paper we propose, describe and evaluate the novel motion capture (MoCap) data averaging framework. It incorporates hierarchical kinematic model, angle coordinates’ preprocessing methods, that recalculate the original MoCap recording making it applicable for further averaging algorithms, and finally signals averaging processing. We have tested two signal averaging methods namely Kalman Filter (KF) and Dynamic Time Warping barycenter averaging (DBA). The propose methods have been tested on MoCap recordings of elite Karate athlete, multiple champion of Oyama karate knockdown kumite who performed 28 different karate techniques repeated 10 times each. The proposed methods proved to have not only high effectiveness measured with root-mean-square deviation (4.04 ± 5.03 degrees for KF and 5.57 ± 6.27 for DBA) and normalized Dynamic Time Warping distance (0.90 ± 1.58 degrees for KF and 0.93 ± 1.23 for DBA), but also the reconstruction and visualization of those recordings persists all crucial aspects of those complicated actions. The proposed methodology has many important applications in classification, clustering, kinematic analysis and coaching. Our approach generates an averaged full body motion template that can be practically used for example for human actions recognition. In order to prove it we have evaluated templates generated by our method in human action classification tasks using DTW classifier. We have made two experiments. In first leave - one - out cross - validation we have obtained 100% correct recognitions. In second experiment when we classified recordings of one person using templates of another recognition rate 94.2% was obtained.
Correction: Assessment and Management of Sleep Disturbance in Cirrhosis
Authors: Formentin Chiara , Garrido Maria , Montagnese Sara
Published: May 2018

The article Assessment and Management of Sleep Disturbance in Cirrhosis, written by Chiara Formentin, Maria Garrido, and Sara Montagnese, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 13 February 2018 without open access.
Personal and perceived public mental‐health stigma as predictors of help‐seeking intentions in adolescents
Authors: Nearchou Finiki A. , Bird Niamh , Costello Audrey , Duggan Sophie , Gilroy Jessica , Long Roisin , McHugh Laura , Hennessy Eilis
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to determine predictors of help‐seeking intentions for symptoms of depression/anxiety and self‐harm in adolescents. It focused on personal and perceived public stigma to gather data of value for the design of anti‐stigma interventions. Participants (n = 722; 368 girls) were recruited from three cohorts of secondary school students in Ireland (mean ages: 1st = 12.9 years; 3rd = 14.9 years; 5th = 16.6 years). Hierarchical regression models indicated that perceived public stigma is a significant unique predictor of help‐seeking intentions for depression [F(4, 717) = 13.4, p < .001] and self‐harm [F(4, 717) = 13.5, p < .001]. This indicates that young people's beliefs about other people's stigma towards mental health problems was a stronger predictor of help‐seeking intentions than their own stigma beliefs. These findings highlight the importance of looking separately at different types of stigma when investigating the role of stigma in predicting help‐seeking intentions.
Pain management practices surrounding lumbar punctures in children: A survey of Canadian emergency physicians
Authors: Poonai Naveen , Brzozowski Victoria , Stang Antonia S. , Drendel Amy L. , Boisclair Philippe , Miller Michael , Harman Stuart , Ali Samina ,   Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC)
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Lumbar punctures (LPs) are painful for children, and analgesia is recommended by academic societies. However, less than one-third of pediatric emergency physicians (EPs) adhere to recommendations. We assessed the willingness to provide analgesia among pediatric and general EPs and explored patient and provider-specific barriers.

Methods

We surveyed physicians in the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) or Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) databases from May 1 to August 1, 2016, regarding hypothetical scenarios for a 3-week-old infant, a 3-year-old child, and a 16-year-old child requiring an LP. The primary outcome was the willingness to provide analgesia. Secondary outcomes included the type of analgesia, reasons for withholding analgesia, and their perceived competence performing LPs.

Results

For a 3-week old infant, 123/144 (85.4%) pediatric EPs and 231/262 (88.2%) general EPs reported a willingness to provide analgesia. In contrast, the willingness to provide analgesia was almost universal for a 16-year-old (144/144 [100%] of pediatric EPs and 261/262 [99.6%] of general EPs) and a 3-year-old (142/144 [98.6%] of pediatric EPs and 256/262 [97.7%] of general EPs). For an infant, the most common barrier cited by pediatric EPs was the perception that it produced additional discomfort (13/21, 61.9%). The same reason was cited by general EPs (12/31, 38.7%), along with unfamiliarity surrounding analgesic options (13/31, 41.9%).

Conclusion

Compared to a preschool child and adolescent, the willingness to provide analgesia for an LP in a young infant is suboptimal among pediatric and general EPs. Misconceptions and the lack of awareness of analgesic options should be targets for practice-changing strategies.
The Concept of Woman. Volume 3, The Search for Communion of Persons, 1500–2015.
Authors: Ross Susan A.
Published: May 2018

Sr. Prudence Allen's extensive work on the concept of woman finds its culmination in this massive book, the third in a trilogy that began with a first volume on the Aristotelian revolution (up to 1250) and a second that traced developments from 1250 to 1500. In this exhaustively and meticulously researched book, Allen argues for an “integral complementarity” between man and woman that she argues is “proven” through its ability to cohere with John Henry Newman's criteria for doctrinal development, set out in his Essay on the Development of Doctrine (10–11). Through a detailed survey of both men and women thinkers since 1500, including some of the most prominent—Leonardo da Vinci, René Descartes, Immanuel Kant—as well as some lesser known—Elena Tarabotti and Moderata Fonte—Allen argues that only a conception of complementarity based in a revised Aristotelian hylomorphism can adequately account for what it means to be a woman as well as be in accord with Roman Catholic teaching.
Dissenting Church: New Models for Conflict and Diversity in the Roman Catholic Tradition
Authors: Hinze Bradford E.
Published: May 2018

The concept of “dissent” is of recent coinage and narrow use in Catholic theology. However, since rereadings of Catholic tradition through the lens of cultural studies have revealed its constitutive plurality, we are faced with a profound tension between a critical description of ecclesial polyphony and the normative ideals of unity and consensus. This interdisciplinary reappraisal of tradition raises far-reaching theological questions: Do we necessarily have to refer to inner-ecclesial polyphony as “dissent”? Does “dissent” silently rely on (and thus reinforce) established hierarchies of authority in the church? What could be counterhegemonic frameworks that resist entrenched power/knowledge regimes in the church? In which ways could “dissent” be reconceived to allow for a constructive approach to inner-ecclesial plurality? Once we raise questions such as these, we begin to see that Catholic theology lacks adequate models for a reflection of ecclesial polyphony in its full complexity. This roundtable addresses this lacuna: it offers critical case studies of historical and contemporary forms of “dissent” within the church, and it engages the theological and ecclesiological issues at stake.
V. Models of Dissent: The Chicano Movement in the Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Steidl Jason
Published: May 2018

This contribution to the roundtable will compare two forms of protest in the church—one that is radical and challenges the church from the outside, and the other that is institutional and challenges the church from the inside. For case studies, I will compare Católicos Por La Raza (CPLR), a group of Chicano students that employed dramatic demonstrations in its protest of the Catholic Church, and PADRES, an organization of Catholic priests that utilized the tools at its disposal to challenge racism from within the hierarchy. I will outline the ecclesiologies of CPLR and PADRES, the ways in which these visions led to differing means of dissent, and the successes and failures of each group.
VI. Examining Theological Appropriations of Problematic Historical Dissent
Authors: Slattery John P.
Published: May 2018

This contribution will examine several theological methods used to understand morally egregious examples of historical dissent in the Catholic Church. From the 1600s to the late 1800s, large numbers of Catholics in the young United States dissented from the Holy See in one particularly egregious manner: their support for and defense of chattel slavery and the Atlantic slave trade. While chattel slavery is universally declared horrific and immoral, its vestiges have not been erased from church history, nor has its influence been eradicated in the modern experience of Christians in the United States today. After naming the contemporary problem caused by this historical example of dissent and analyzing theological approaches to ameliorate this problem, I will propose a theological-historical approach that may offer better solutions in the future.
Swimming performance, resonance and shape evolution in heaving flexible panels
Authors: Hoover Alexander P. , Cortez Ricardo , Tytell Eric D. , Fauci Lisa J.
Published: May 2018

Many animals that swim or fly use their body to accelerate the fluid around them, transferring momentum from their flexible bodies and appendages to the surrounding fluid. The kinematics that emerge from this transfer result from the coupling between the fluid and the active and passive material properties of the flexible body or appendages. To elucidate the fundamental features of the elastohydrodynamics of flexible appendages, recent physical experiments have quantified the propulsive performance of flexible panels that are actuated on their leading edge. Here we present a complementary computational study of a three-dimensional flexible panel that is heaved sinusoidally at its leading edge in an incompressible, viscous fluid. These high-fidelity numerical simulations enable us to examine how propulsive performance depends on mechanical resonance, fluid forces, and the emergent panel deformations. Moreover, the computational model does not require the tethering of the panel. We therefore compare the thrust production of tethered panels to the forward swimming speed of the same panels that can move forward freely. Varying both the passive material properties and the heaving frequency of the panel, we find that local peaks in trailing edge amplitude and forward swimming speed coincide and that they are determined by a non-dimensional quantity, the effective flexibility, that arises naturally in the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. Modal decompositions of panel deflections reveal that the amplitude of each mode is related to the effective flexibility. Panels of different material properties that are actuated so that their effective flexibilities are closely matched have modal contributions that evolve similarly over the phase of the heaving cycle, leading to similar vortex structures in their wakes and comparable thrust forces and swimming speeds. Moreover, local peaks in the swimming speed and trailing edge amplitude correspond to peaks in the contributions of the different modes. This computational study of freely swimming flexible panels gives further insight into the role of resonance in swimming performance that is important in the engineering and design of robotic propulsors. Moreover, we view this reduced model and its comparison to laboratory experiments as a building block and validation for a more comprehensive three-dimensional computational model of an undulatory swimmer that will couple neural activation, muscle mechanics and body elasticity with the surrounding viscous, incompressible fluid.
Stimulated generation: extraction of energy from balanced flow by near-inertial waves
Authors: Rocha Cesar B. , Wagner Gregory L. , Young William R.
Published: May 2018

We study stimulated generation – the transfer of energy from balanced flows to existing internal waves – using an asymptotic model that couples barotropic quasi-geostrophic flow and near-inertial waves with $\text{e}^{\text{i}mz}$ vertical structure, where $m$ is the vertical wavenumber and $z$ is the vertical coordinate. A detailed description of the conservation laws of this vertical-plane-wave model illuminates the mechanism of stimulated generation associated with vertical vorticity and lateral strain. There are two sources of wave potential energy, and corresponding sinks of balanced kinetic energy: the refractive convergence of wave action density into anti-cyclones (and divergence from cyclones); and the enhancement of wave-field gradients by geostrophic straining. We quantify these energy transfers and describe the phenomenology of stimulated generation using numerical solutions of an initially uniform inertial oscillation interacting with mature freely evolving two-dimensional turbulence. In all solutions, stimulated generation co-exists with a transfer of balanced kinetic energy to large scales via vortex merging. Also, geostrophic straining accounts for most of the generation of wave potential energy, representing a sink of 10 %–20 % of the initial balanced kinetic energy. However, refraction is fundamental because it creates the initial eddy-scale lateral gradients in the near-inertial field that are then enhanced by advection. In these quasi-inviscid solutions, wave dispersion is the only mechanism that upsets stimulated generation: with a barotropic balanced flow, lateral straining enhances the wave group velocity, so that waves accelerate and rapidly escape from straining regions. This wave escape prevents wave energy from cascading to dissipative scales.
Direct numerical simulation of heat transfer from a cylinder immersed in the production and decay regions of grid-element turbulence
Authors: Paul I. , Papadakis G. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: May 2018

The present direct numerical simulation (DNS) study, the first of its kind, explores the effect that the location of a cylinder, immersed in the turbulent wake of a grid-element, has on heat transfer. An insulated single square grid-element is used to generate the turbulent wake upstream of the heated circular cylinder. Due to fine-scale resolution requirements, the simulations are carried out for a low Reynolds number. Three locations downstream of the grid-element, inside the production, peak and decay regions, respectively, are considered. The turbulent flow in the production and peak regions is highly intermittent, non-Gaussian and inhomogeneous, while it is Gaussian, homogeneous and fully turbulent in the decay region. The turbulence intensities at the location of the cylinder in the production and decay regions are almost equal at 11 %, while the peak location has the highest turbulence intensity of 15 %. A baseline simulation of heat transfer from the cylinder without oncoming turbulence was also performed. Although the oncoming turbulent intensities are similar, the production region increases the stagnation point heat transfer by 63 %, while in the decay region it is enhanced by only 28 %. This difference cannot be explained only by the increased approaching velocity in the production region. The existing correlations for the stagnation point heat transfer coefficient are found invalid for the production and peak locations, while they are satisfied in the decay region. It is established that the flow in the production and peak regions is dominated by shedding events, in which the predominant vorticity component is in the azimuthal direction. This leads to increased heat transfer from the cylinder, even before vorticity is stretched by the accelerating boundary layer. The frequency of oncoming turbulence in production and peak cases also lies close to the range of frequencies that can penetrate the boundary layer developing on the cylinder, and therefore the latter is very responsive to the impinging disturbances. The highest Nusselt number along the circumference of the cylinder is shifted 45 degrees from the front stagnation point. This shift is due to the turbulence-generating grid-element bars that result in the prevalence of intense events at the point of maximum Nusselt number compared to the stagnation point.
Similarity and structure of wall turbulence with lateral wall shear stress variations
Authors: Chung D. , Monty J. P. , Hutchins N.
Published: May 2018

Wall-bounded turbulence, where it occurs in engineering or nature, is commonly subjected to spatial variations in wall shear stress. A prime example is spatially varying roughness. Here, we investigate the configuration where the wall shear stress varies only in the lateral direction. The investigation is idealised in order to focus on one aspect, namely, the similarity and structure of turbulent inertial motion over an imposed scale of stress variation. To this end, we analyse data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of pressure-driven turbulent flow through a channel bounded by walls of laterally alternating patches of high and low wall shear stress. The wall shear stress is imposed as a Neumann boundary condition such that the wall shear stress ratio is fixed at 3 while the lateral spacing$s$of the uniform-stress patches is varied from 0.39 to 6.28 of the half-channel height$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$. We find that global outer-layer similarity is maintained when$s$is less than approximately$0.39\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$while local outer-layer similarity is recovered when$s$is greater than approximately$6.28\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$. However, the transition between the two regimes through$s\approx \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$is not monotonic owing to the presence of secondary roll motions that extend across the whole cross-section of the flow. Importantly, these secondary roll motions are associated with an amplified skin-friction coefficient relative to both the small- and large-$s/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$limits. It is found that the relationship between the secondary roll motions and the mean isovels is reversed through this transition from low longitudinal velocity over low stress at small$s/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$to high longitudinal velocity over low stress at large$s/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$.
Spontaneous imbalance in the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations
Authors: Kafiabad Hossein A. , Bartello Peter
Published: May 2018

Whereas high-frequency waves are valid solutions to the Boussinesq equations in certain limits, their amplitudes are generally observed to be small in large-scale atmospheric and oceanic data. Traditionally, this has led to the development of balance models, reducing the dynamics to only the slow subset. Their solutions, however, can spontaneously generate imbalance in the context of the full equations. To quantify this, we calculate how much energy is transferred from the balanced to the unbalanced part of a turbulent rotating stratified flow that has been initialised to remove high frequencies. We lay out an approach to derive the time evolution of the balanced modes in which their interactions with unbalanced modes are taken into account. This enables us to calculate the budget of balanced (and unbalanced) energy. Our results show that imbalance generation occurs at scales where the Froude and Rossby numbers are still small and the energy spectrum is steep. We find that the scale at which maximum imbalance is generated depends on the peak of the energy spectrum and is invariant to the strength of rotation over the range examined. The unbalanced energy, after being transferred from the balanced component of the flow at larger scales, is cascaded forward and forms a shallow energy spectrum. The steep balanced subrange of the energy spectrum and the shallow subrange cross and form a kink in the total energy spectrum consistent with observed atmospheric and oceanic data. A frequency analysis at different wavenumbers shows that the separation of time scales breaks down at wavenumbers larger than those of maximum imbalance generation, but smaller than the kink of the energy spectrum. Below these scales, there is a single turbulent distribution of frequencies.
Agency Loss and the Strategic Redesign of the Presidential Office in Colombia
Authors: Mejía-Guinand Luis Bernardo , Botero Felipe , Solano Angélica
Published: May 2018

Presidents rely on their trusted advisers to collect, analyze, coordinate, and present information in a timely fashion. However, Latin American presidents often fail to form majority governments and must use cabinet appointments to secure legislative coalitions to pursue their policies. This article suggests that presidents strategically redesign their executive offices to address the ministry drift. Presidents who can transform the organizations attached to their executive office have additional tools to monitor their ministers’ flexibility. The article argues that the greater the number of ministers in the cabinet from parties different from the president’s, the greater the transformations to the presidential office. Using time-series analysis, hypotheses are tested with an original dataset of organizational changes to the presidential center in Colombia, 1967–2015. The findings indicate that the percentage of ministers from other parties is a good predictor of the transformations undertaken in the executive office of the president.