bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY OF COCONUT-BASED AGROFORESTRY MODELS DEVELOPED TO SMALLHOLDERS IN SRI LANKA
Authors: Peiris W. B. K. , Fernando M. T. N. , Hitinayake H. M. G. S. B. , Dassanayake K. B. , Gunathilake H. A. J. , Subasinghe S. D. J. N.
Published: March 2013

Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka (CRISL) has designed andestablished twenty-six coconut-based agroforestry models in differentagroecological regions of smallholder coconut farmers' fields commencing1987. This study evaluates the conformity of four selected models with theexisting resource base of smallholder coconut farmers and elicits theirperceptions on these models. The selected models include: mixed farmingfor Wet Zone (model 1), mixed cropping for Wet Zone (model 2), mixedfarming for Wet Intermediate Zone (model 3) and intercropping for WetIntermediate Zone (model 4), established respectively at Gaspe,Hanchapola, Katuneriya and Thulawala. Conformity of these models withthe existing resource base of the farmers was analyzed by comparing laborand cash requirement of the models with the availability of these tworesources at farmers' disposal while the farmers' perceptions were elicitedthrough a survey using a structured questionnaire supplemented withinformal discussions. Results revealed that all the selected agroforestrymodels conform with the existing cash resource base of the farmer atcurrent scale of operation, but not so with the family labor supply. However,both these resources may turn out to be limiting constraints once the currentscale of operation is expanded. The farmers' expressed mix perceptions onagroforestry models in terms of model layout, crop composition, suitability tosocioeconomic circumstances etc, with an overall positive assessmentimplying that the models developed by the CRISL are acceptable for them.
Approach to Screen Coconut Varieties for High Temperature Tolerance by in-vitro Pollen Germination
Authors: Ranasinghe C S , Waidyarathna K P , Pradeep A P C , Meneripitiya M S K
Published: March 2013

Successful fruit set in coconut depends on several reproductive processes including pollen quality, pollen germination percentage (%PG) and pollen tube growth processes. Three preliminary experiments were conducted at the Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka to quantify the response of in vitro pollen germination in coconut to time of incubation, the response of in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth to temperature and to determine the cardinal temperatures (Tmin, Topt, Tmax) of coconut varieties for in vitro pollen germination. Pollen was collected from palms of six cultivars / varieties expressing variable tolerance to abiotic stresses. Pollen germination and pollen tube length were recorded after incubation in artificial growth media at the respective treatments. For pollen collected during October / November periods, cultivars differed for in- vitro pollen germination percentage with a mean values of 23%. The mean cardinal temperatures (Tmin, Topt, Tmax) averaged over cultivars were 20.0 ºC, 28.0 ºC, and 38.8 ºC, respectively, for pollen germination. The information generated in this study will be tested in different seasons of the year for consistency and used to develop a heat tolerance index for coconut. This index will be used to identify coconut varieties suitable for high-temperature prone areas. In addition, the identified cardinal temperatures and response functions could be incorporated into process-based coconut models to increase prediction accuracy under current extreme and projected future climates. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v19i1.4748
Varietal Classification of New Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Forms Identified from Southern Sri Lanka
Authors: Ekanayake G K , Perera S A C N , Dassanayake P N , Everard J M D T
Published: March 2013

Coconut in Sri Lanka is currently classified into 15 different coconut forms grouped under three varieties, namely Typica, Nana and Aurantiaca. Several new coconut morphotypes that were not represented in the previous classifications were identified during a recent coconut germplasm exploration mission in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. The visual morphological features of several new coconut morphotypes (Ran pol, Bothal thembili, Juwan, Murusi, Dothalu and Thatin) were characterized with the objective of including them in the taxonomic classification of coconut in Sri Lanka. Stature and breeding behaviour were the main features observed while stem morphology, root bole formation, crown size, nut morphology and bearing patterns, and other specific morphological features were recorded. The data provided morphological evidence to classify Ran pol, Juwan and Rath gon thembili as new forms of variety Typica; Green dwarf ‘Murusi’, Yellow dwarf ‘Murusi’ and Brown dwarf ‘Murusi’ as forms of variety Nana; and Bothal thembili as a new form of variety Aurantiaca. The morphotypes, Thatin and Dothalu were identified as forms of variety Typica but the sample size was too small for confirmation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v19i1.4749
Impact of Glyphosate on Weed Biomass and Growth of Coconut Seedlings in Nurseries
Authors: Senarathne S H S , Perera K C P
Published: March 2013

The effects of five different weed management systems on growth of coconut seedlings were evaluated to determine an economical and effective method for controlling weeds in coconut nurseries in the low country of the wet zone in Sri Lanka. The treatments comprised of manual weeding (T1), application of glyphosate at 1.44 kg ai/ha (T2), 1.08 kg ai/ha (T3), 0.72 kg ai/ha (T4) and 0.36 kg ai/ha (T5) applied at three-month intervals. Treatments 1 and 2 significantly reduced the weed biomass when compared to other treatments. The growth of coconut seedlings (in terms of height and girth) increased significantly (P<0.05) with the application of glyphosate at 1.08 kg ai/ha (T3) at the end of the nursery growth period. At the higher concentration (1.44 kg ai/ha) the growth of seedlings was reduced at the latter part of the experiment. Therefore, the most costeffective treatment of controlling weeds in the study was to apply glyphosate at the rate of 1.08 kg ai/ha (3l of commercial mixture/ha). Manual weeding was neither effective no economical. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v19i1.4750
An Empirical Investigation on the Effect of Land Size on its Productivity of Coconut Plantations in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayalath K V N N , Pathiraja P M E K , Jayasinghe-Mudalige U K , Fernando M T N
Published: March 2013

The objective of this study was to examine empirically the relationship between productivity and size of coconut lands in Sri Lanka. The primary data collected by means of a field survey conducted by the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka from 69 coconut cultivations located in the Kurunegala, Puttalam and Gampaha districts in 2004/05 were used. These cultivations were categorized into three groups depend on their size, namely: (1) Home gardens [< 2 ac]; (2) Smallholdings [2 – 20 ac], and (3) Estate sector [> 20 ac]. The empirical model explaining the relationship between productivity and land size and several other variables that can have an impact on productivity (e.g. land suitability class, age of the plantation, number of bearing palms/ac, agro-ecological region, availability of labor and management practices adopted by growers such as fertilizer application, soil and moisture conservation and pest & disease control etc.) was tested. The results of analysis show that there exists a significant negative relationship between land size and productivity of coconut lands in Sri Lanka for home gardens and smallholders. The minimum productive land size was 21 ac, where the estimated productivity was 1 052nuts/ac/year. On the other hand, the productivity of estates increases as the land size increases from 21 ac onwards up to 40 ac. Only the availability of labor was significantly affected on productivity, while the impact of other factors was insignificant in this respect. The results imply that policymakers and regulatory agencies responsible for coconut industry in Sri Lanka must take efforts to secure large estates from unnecessary fragmentation, and fragmentation of smallholding may be allowed if the separated lands are remained predominantly with coconut. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v19i2.4754
Influence Of Socio-Psychological Characteristics In Adoption Of Organic Farming Practices In Coconut Based Homesteads In Humid Tropics
Authors: Jayawardana J K J P , Sherief A K
Published: March 2013

A study was conducted to find out the influence of socio-psychological characteristics in adoption of organic farming practices in coconut based homesteads. The study was conducted in Kalliyoor, Venganoor and Kuzhumilum panchayats of Nemom, Adiyanoor and Chirayin keezh blocks respectively in Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala state, India. Multistage random sampling technique was administered to select 105 coconut based homesteads farmers, 35 per each block. Data were collected through pretested structured interview schedule and the relationship between the dependent variables and adoption was studied using correlation analysis. Correlation coefficient indicated that education, innovativeness, risk orientation, market perception, self confidence, information seeking behavior, awareness, knowledge and attitude towards organic farming practices showed significant correlation with adoption. However age, experience in coconut cultivation, livestock possession, training attended and environmental orientation had negative and non significant correlation with adoption of organic farming practices among the coconut based homestead farmersDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v19i2.4756
Coconut Breeding in Sri Lanka : A Review
Authors: LIYANAGE D. V. , WICKRAMARATNE M. R. T. , JAYASEKARA C.
Published: March 2013

Work done by Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka, on the genetics and breedingof the coconut palm from 1930 to 1980 is described.It involves studies on: mass selection methods, selection differential, progeny trials,inbreeding depression, estimation of genetic parameters, construction of selection indicesand varietal hybridization.Two improved varieties CRIC 60 and CRIC 65 have been produced. An isolatedseed garden was established for the large scale production of seed of the improvedvarieties.doi: 10.4038/cocos.v6i1.2051COCOS 1988 Vol.6 No.1 1-26
On the Biology of Pediobius imbreus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), A Hyperparasite of Opisina arenosella. the Black-Headed Caterpillar of Coconut
Authors: GHOSH S. M. , ABDURAHIMAN U. C.
Published: March 2013

Pediobius imbreus (Walker), a hyperparasite of Opisina arenosella, is distributedthroughout Kerala. The biology of this hyperparasite was studied in the laboratory.The mating process took, on an average, 43 sec. The female started to lay eggs on thesame day of emergence and laid upto 30 eggs in her life time.The eggs hatch after 36 to 40 h. of incubation. There were three larval stages. Theduration of the immature stages from egg to adult emergence was completed in 412 to420 h, and was dependent on temperature.doi: 10.4038/cocos.v6i1.2052COCOS 1988 Vol.6 No.1 27-30
An Alternative Approach for Analysis of Data from a Long-Term Experiment
Authors: PEIRIS T. S. G. , SENEVIRATNE E. K.
Published: March 2013

Long term experiments are commonly analysed at the end of the experimentusing all the data collected over the entire duration of the experiment. Variousmethods are adopted to analyse such data but, in general, little consideration is givento the effect of climatic factors during this period. Consequently, informationgathered from such an analysis is often incomplete.An alternative approach for data analysis is proposed where the successive yearsof the experiment are classified jnto two states, namely, "Good year" and "Bad year"depending on the weather conditions. As a result, four different possible situationsnamely, "good year followed by a bad year", "good year followed by a good year","bad year followed by a good year" and "bad year followed by a bad year" areconsidered. The method is illustrated using a data set from a trial carried out at theCoconut Research Institute and has demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining preciseinformation on the treatment effect.
Some Physiological Aspects and Production Trends of Certain Coconut Hybrids and Their Parents
Authors: RAVEENDRAN T. S. , VJJAYARAGHAVEN H. , RAMACHANDRAN T. K.
Published: March 2013

Attempts were made to study the physiological basis for the variation inproduction trends of certain coconut hybrids and their parents. The hybrids in generalrecorded more chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble protein and nitratereductase activity and low respiratory rates. East Coast Tall amongst the parents andMalaysian Dwarf Yellow (MDY) X East Coast Tall (ECT) and its reciprocal amongstthe hybrids were identified as better material for the production potential in terms ofhigh photosynthetic rates coupled with low respiratory rates. The studies indicate thepossibility of using these physiological parameters in selecting vigorous seedlings inthe nursery stage itself.
Studies On Potassium Magnesium Interaction In Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Authors: JEGANATHAN M.
Published: March 2013

The widespread deficiency of magnesium in coconut acts as a limiting factor to increasedproduction. Two ongoing experiments on potassium-magnesium (K-Mg) interaction incoconut conducted in lateritic gravels (ultisols), in the wet and intermediate agroclimatic zonesof Sri Lanka showed significant yield responses (P=0.01) to differential K treatments, in thewet zone, but not in the intermediate zone. Differential Mg treatments, however, did not giverise to yield responses. Leaf and nut water analysis showed significant changes in theconcentrations of Na, K and CI (P=0.001), with a distinct inverse relationship between Na andK when K was applied. Differential Mg applications showed a significant effect only for leafMg (P=0.001), in the fourth year of the experiment, in the wet zone. Results indicate theusefulness of nut water analysis as an additional diagnostic tool, for Na, K and CI
Goat Manure as a Soil Ameliorant and Yield 'Stimulant' In Coconut
Authors: TENNAKOON N. A.
Published: March 2013

Studies were carried out on a seven-year-old dwarf x tall (CRIC 65) hybrid coconut toevaluate the usefulness of goat manure as a source of nutrients and as a soil ameliorant.Goat manure caused significant increase in nut yield (35.2%), copra weight (40.3%),nuts/bunch (20.5%) and female flowers/tree (15.5%) during the third year of experimentation.The increases for copra weight, nut weight, female flowers/bunch and number of bunches/treeranged from 6.1% to 10.1% but were not significant.Goat manure also improved soil microbiological activity, organic matter content and waterholding capacity. The results showed that goat manure has much scope as an organic fertilizerand as a soil ameliorant in coconut cultivation.
VARIATION IN SEEDLING CHARACTERS OF THREE DIFFERENT COCONUT CULTIVARS AND THEIR USE IN IDENTIFICATION IN THE NURSERY
Authors: FERNANDO W. M.U. , PIERIS T.S.G. , WICKRAMARATNE M. R. T.
Published: March 2013

There is no standard guide for the identification of seedlings of different cultivars at thenursery. Diagnostic traits are necessary to detect illegitimates amongst hybrid coconut seedlingsand for sorting out the types, in the case of accidental mixing during transport. Requests fora guideto the identification of planting material have been made by overseas buyers. Several metric traitsof 3eedlings of three different Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) cultivars were studied in order toidentify those of value in distinguishing between these types in the nursery. Seedlings of Dwarf,Tall and the hybrid, Dwarf x Tall were used.Although serveral traits studied were found to be useful discriminators, some were of greatervalue, the most useful being the time taken for sprouting. Rate of leaf production, length and widthof leaves and time to first leaf splitting were important indicators when used in combination. Thebest stage of differentiation amongst the cultivar seedlings was at 6 months from laying.The hybrids resembled the Tails more closely than theDwarf so that chances of misclassify ingthe former two were greater than confusing them with the Dwarf types. A practical guide to aididentification was devised along with the recommendation that any seedling sprouting before the6th week could safely be discarded as an illegitimate among the hybrids under standard nurserymanagement practices.
Arctic entomology in the 21st century
Authors: Høye Toke T. , Sikes Derek S.
Published: March 2013

Research interest in the Arctic is accelerating because of observed and anticipated dramatic climate change and its impacts on societies and ecosystems. Arthropods form a major part of the terrestrial species diversity in the Arctic, and are particularly sensitive to changes in the abiotic environment. Hence, increased research activity on Arctic arthropods would help towards conservation of Arctic biodiversity as well as in understanding the role of Arctic arthropods in ecosystem functioning. In this introduction to the special issue on Arctic entomology in the 21st century, we identify trophic interactions, biodiversity assessments, and taxonomic revisions as three important research fields in Arctic entomology. We also point to ways in which Arctic entomology could take advantage of recent developments in other research fields and we place the contributions to the special issue in a broader context. Arthropods form ideal model organisms in global change studies and there is a particular need for entomological studies from the dramatically changing Arctic. It is our hope that the papers within this special issue will be a valuable source of inspiration and may stimulate novel insights and achievements in Arctic entomology during the 21st century.
Young Lives Lost as B Cells Falter: What We Are Learning About Antibody Responses in Malaria
Authors: Portugal Silvia , Pierce Susan K. , Crompton Peter D.
Published: March 2013

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major public health threat for which there is no licensed vaccine. Abs play a key role in malaria immunity, but Ab-mediated protection is only acquired after years of repeated infections, leaving children in endemic areas vulnerable to severe malaria and death. Many P. falciparum Ags are extraordinarily diverse and clonally variant, which likely contribute to the inefficient acquisition of protective Abs. However, mounting evidence suggests that there is more to the story and that infection-induced dysregulation of B cell function also plays a role. We herein review progress toward understanding the B cell biology of P. falciparum infection, focusing on what has been learned from population-based studies in malaria-endemic areas. We suggest ways in which advances in immunology and genomics-based technology can further improve our understanding of the B cell response in malaria and perhaps illuminate new pathways to the development of effective vaccines.
Positive effects on life satisfaction following health-promoting interventions for frail older adults: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Wilhelmson Katarina , Eklund Kajsa
Published: March 2013

Life satisfaction among older adults is known to decrease over time and with deteriorated health. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the health-promoting intervention study Elderly Persons in the Risk Zone on life satisfaction. A randomized, three-armed, single-blind, and controlled trial with follow-ups at 3 months, 1 and 2 years. A total of 459 community-dwelling persons at risk of frailty, 80-years or older were included. The participants were independent of help from others in ADL and cognitively intact. The two interventions were i) four weekly multi-professional senior group meetings including a follow-up home visit or ii) one preventive home visit. Life satisfaction was measured with eight questions from LiSat-11. Analyses were made in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Life satisfaction decreased over time, with a lower decrease in the intervention groups than in the control group. The proportion of satisfied persons was significantly higher in the intervention group of senior group meetings compared to the control group for five of the eight life satisfaction variables at one year and for all variables at the two-year follow-up. For preventive home visits, there was a significant difference compared to the control group at the one-year follow-up for three of the life satisfaction variables, and at the two-year follow-up for seven variables. We can conclude that a health-promoting intervention can delay the decline in life satisfaction among older adults (aged 80 or older) who are at risk of becoming frail.
Investigating the reversed causality of engagement and burnout in job demands-resources theory
Authors: De Beer Leon T. , Pienaar Jaco , Rothmann Sebastiaan
Published: March 2013

Orientation: Reversed causality is an area that has not commanded major attention within the South African context, specifically pertaining to engagement, burnout and job demands resources. Therefore, this necessitated an investigation to elucidate the potential effects.Research purpose: To investigate the reversed causal hypotheses of burnout and engagement in job demands-resources theory over time.Motivation for the study: Organisations and researchers should be made aware of the effects that burnout and engagement could have over time on resources and demands.Research design, approach and method: A longitudinal design was employed. The availability sample (n = 593) included participants from different demographic backgrounds. A survey was used to measure all constructs at both points in time. Structural equation modelling techniques were implemented with a categorical estimator to investigate the proposed hypotheses.Main findings: Burnout was found to have a significant negative longitudinal relationship with colleague support and supervisor support, whilst the negative relationship with supervisor support over time was more prominent. Engagement showed only one significant but small, negative relationship with supervisor support over time. All other relationships were statistically non-significant.Practical/managerial implications: This study makes organisations aware of the relationship between burnout and relationships at work over time. Proactive measures to promote relationships at work, specifically supervisor support, should be considered in addition to combatting burnout itself and promoting engagement.Contribution/value-add: This study provides insights and information on reversed causality, namely, the effects that engagement and burnout can have over time.
Telaprevir
Authors: Rajani AK , Ravindra BK , Dkhar SA
Published: March 2013

Chronic hepatitis C is a major public health problem and its burden is expected to increase in the near future. Out of six genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) identified, genotype 1 is the most prevalent genotype in America and Europe. With peg-interferon alpha and ribavirin dual therapy, sustained virological response (SVR) is achieved in less than half of the patients infected with HCV genotype 1. Moreover, this dual therapy also causes many intolerable adverse effects. Telaprevir is an HCV protease inhibitor approved for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 mono-infection. It is a type of direct acting antiviral drug acting through inhibition of viral non-structural 3/4A protease. It can be safely administered in mild hepatic dysfunction. Due to inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, significant drug-drug interactions are possible with telaprevir. Trials have shown significantly higher SVR rates when telaprevir is added to peg-interferon alpha and ribavirin, particularly in patients with unfavorable prognostic factors. It is approved for use in treatment-naïve and previously treated patients. Rash and anemia are the major troublesome side-effects. Next-generation protease inhibitors may overcome the drawbacks of telaprevir and another approved HCV protease inhibitor - boceprevir. Evidence from small scale studies suggests that telaprevir may be used in conditions like HIV co-infection, post-transplantation and some HCV non-1 genotype infections also. Preliminary data show higher SVR rates with triple therapy even in patients with unfavorable interleukin-28B (IL28B) genotype. With development of other direct acting antivirals, it might be possible to treat chronic hepatitis C with interferon-free regimens in future. This article briefly reviews the properties of telaprevir and its status in the context of rapidly evolving aspects of management of chronic hepatitis C.
Erythema ab igne of shins
Authors: Milgrom Y , Sabag T , Zlotogorski A , Heyman SN
Published: March 2013

A patient with erythema ab igne of shins is presented, caused by repeated thermal injury induced by a heating stove placed between the knees. This injury pattern has been repeatedly identified in diabetic patients involved in similar heating practice, underscoring a possible predisposition related to diabetic neuropathy.
Genetics and global healthcare
Authors: Bittles AH
Published: March 2013

During the course of the last decade there has been extensive discussion on the role of genetics and genomics in global healthcare, with major diagnostic advances regularly announced, such as exome sequencing to identify and classify de novo, autosomal and X-linked mutations in people with severe intellectual disability,1 and whole-genome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomalies,2 in the differential diagnosis of acute neonatal disorders,3 and in devising improved treatment protocols.4 There are, however, a number of basic issues that need to be addressed if advances of this nature are to be more widely translated in terms of healthcare.
Panda sign due to severe coughing
Authors: Reid JM , Williams D
Published: March 2013

We present the case of a patient who developed periorbital ecchymosis (panda sign) following an exacerbation of asthma with severe coughing. There was no history of cranial trauma. Investigations for a structural or haematological cause were negative. The panda sign is typically seen following a base of skull fracture, but rarely reported due to severe coughing.
The banning of sportsmen and women who fail drug tests is unjustifiable
Authors: Shuster S , Devine JW
Published: March 2013

The use of performance enhancing drugs among elite athletes has been in the headlines recently, particularly with Lance Armstrong’s fall from grace and his admission about widespread doping. Many argue that the use of drugs confers an unfair advantage and is ultimately dangerous to the health of the athletes. Others, like Professor Shuster, argue that the use of drugs is no different from other techniques employed by athletes to boost their performance: swimmers shaving their body hair; skiers wearing sleek body armour; archers and shooters having laser eye surgery to improve their accuracy. Professor Shuster puts forward the provocative argument that since ‘there is no acceptable proof (that) drugs improve competitive performance and their use is no different from accepted sports practice, banning them is wrong and immoral.’ JW Devine argues the other side, that the use of performance enhancing drugs poses a ‘significant risk to the health of athletes’ and perhaps more importantly, ‘threatens to undermine the very purpose of sport’ by disrupting the ‘balance of excellences’.
Drosophila melanogaster: a fly through its history and current use
Authors: Stephenson R , Metcalfe NH
Published: March 2013

Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, has been used as a model organism in both medical and scientific research for over a century. Work by Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) and his students at Columbia University at the beginning of the twentieth century led to great discoveries such as sex-linked inheritance and that ionising radiation causes mutations in genes. However, the use of Drosophila was not limited to genetic research. Experimentation with this model organism has also led to discoveries in neuroscience and neurodevelopment, including the basis of circadian rhythms. Its complex nervous system, conserved neurological function, and human disease-related loci allow Drosophila to be an ideal model organism for the study of neurodegenerative disease, for which it is used today, aiding research into diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, which are becoming more prevalent in today’s ageing population.
Doctor Jean-Paul Marat (1743–93) and his time as a physician in Great Britain
Authors: Silver JR , Weiner M-F
Published: March 2013

Jean-Paul Marat was a French revolutionary, famously murdered in his bath by Charlotte Corday in 1793. A lesser known fact is that for over ten years he lived in Britain where he practised as a doctor. During this time he visited London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Holland. Although he had no formal medical training, he published two medical papers on gleets (gonorrhoea) and diseases of the eyes and, on the recommendation of two eminent Scottish physicians, William Buchan and Hugh James, he was granted a medical degree from the University of St Andrews. Marat left no medical legacy and his related writings were forgotten for 100 years until the rediscovery of the two medical papers, which were eventually re-published in 1892 at the instigation of James Bailey, the librarian of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Biographies by F Chevremont (1880), Ashbee Spencer (1890) and A Cabanès (1891) had rekindled interest in this intriguing revolutionary. A study of his time in Britain and his medical works and training provide an interesting insight into the mind of a revolutionary and how his sojourn may have shaped his future political career upon his return to France in 1777.
Stratospheric BrO abundance measured by a balloon-borne submillimeterwave radiometer
Authors: Stachnik R. A. , Millán L. , Jarnot R. , Monroe R. , McLinden C. , Kühl S. , Puķīte J. , Shiotani M. , Suzuki M. , Kasai Y. , Goutail F. , Pommereau J. P. , Dorf M. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Measurements of mixing ratio profiles of stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) were made using observations of BrO rotational line emission at 650.179 GHz by a balloon-borne SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) submillimeterwave heterodyne limb sounder (SLS). The balloon was launched from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico (34° N) on 22 September 2011. Peak mid-day BrO abundance varied from 16 ± 2 ppt at 34 km to 6 ± 4 ppt at 16 km. Corresponding estimates of total inorganic bromine (Bry), derived from BrO vmr (volume mixing ratio) using a photochemical box model, were 21 ± 3 ppt and 11 ± 5 ppt, respectively. Inferred Bry abundance exceeds that attributable solely to decomposition of long-lived methyl bromide and other halons, and is consistent with a contribution from bromine-containing very short lived substances, BryVSLS, of 4 ppt to 8 ppt. These results for BrO and Bry were compared with, and found to be in good agreement with, those of other recent balloon-borne and satellite instruments.
Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds – Part 1: Nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT)
Authors: Hoyle C. R. , Engel I. , Luo B. P. , Pitts M. C. , Poole L. R. , Grooß J.-U. , Peter T.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Satellite based observations during the Arctic winter of 2009/2010 provide firm evidence that, in contrast to the current understanding, the nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in the polar stratosphere does not only occur on preexisting ice particles. In order to explain the NAT clouds observed over the Arctic in mid December 2009, a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism is required, occurring via immersion freezing on the surface of solid particles, likely of meteoritic origin. For the first time, a detailed microphysical modelling of this NAT formation pathway has been carried out. Heterogeneous NAT formation was calculated along more than sixty thousand trajectories, ending at Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP) observation points. Comparing the optical properties of the modelled NAT with these observations enabled the thorough validation of a newly developed NAT nucleation parameterisation, which has been built into the Zurich Optical and Microphysical box Model (ZOMM). The parameterisation is based on active site theory, is simple to implement in models and provides substantial advantages over previous approaches which involved a constant rate of NAT nucleation in a given volume of air. It is shown that the new method is capable of reproducing observed PSCs very well, despite the varied conditions experienced by air parcels travelling along the different trajectories. In a companion paper, ZOMM is applied to a later period of the winter, when ice PSCs are also present, and it is shown that the observed PSCs are also represented extremely well under these conditions.
A new approach to global gravity wave momentum flux determination from GPS radio occultation data
Authors: Faber A. , Llamedo P. , Schmidt T. , de la Torre A. , Wickert J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. GPS Radio Occultation (RO) is a well-established technique for obtaining global gravity wave (GW) information. RO uses GPS signals received aboard low Earth orbiting satellites for atmospheric limb sounding. Temperature profiles are derived with high vertical resolution and provide a global coverage under any weather conditions offering the possibility for global monitoring of the vertical temperature structure and atmospheric wave parameters. The six satellites constellation COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 delivers approximately 2000 temperature profiles daily. In this study, we use a method to obtain global distributions of horizontal gravity wave wavelengths, to be applied in the determination of the vertical flux of horizontal momentum transported by gravity waves. The horizontal wavenumber is derived by the ratio of the phase shift and the spatial distance between adjacent temperature fluctuation profiles at a given altitude, following the method by Ern et al. (2004). A new method for the determination of the real horizontal wavelength from triads of vertical profiles is presented and applied to the COSMIC data. The horizontal and vertical wavelength, the specific potential energy (Ep) and the vertical flux of horizontal momentum (MF) are calculated and their global distribution is discussed.
Global ocean carbon uptake: magnitude, variability and trends
Authors: Wanninkhof R. , Park G. -H. , Takahashi T. , Sweeney C. , Feely R. , Nojiri Y. , Gruber N. , Doney S. C. , McKinley G. A. , Lenton A. , Le Quéré C. , Heinze C. , Schwinger J. , Graven H. , Khatiwala S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The globally integrated sea–air anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from 1990 to 2009 is determined from models and data-based approaches as part of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project. Numerical methods include ocean inverse models, atmospheric inverse models, and ocean general circulation models with parameterized biogeochemistry (OBGCMs). The median value of different approaches shows good agreement in average uptake. The best estimate of anthropogenic CO2 uptake for the time period based on a compilation of approaches is −2.0 Pg C yr−1. The interannual variability in the sea–air flux is largely driven by large-scale climate re-organizations and is estimated at 0.2 Pg C yr−1 for the two decades with some systematic differences between approaches. The largest differences between approaches are seen in the decadal trends. The trends range from −0.13 (Pg C yr−1) decade−1 to −0.50 (Pg C yr−1) decade−1 for the two decades under investigation. The OBGCMs and the data-based sea–air CO2 flux estimates show appreciably smaller decadal trends than estimates based on changes in carbon inventory suggesting that methods capable of resolving shorter timescales are showing a slowing of the rate of ocean CO2 uptake. RECCAP model outputs for five decades show similar differences in trends between approaches.
Stable isotope and modelling evidence for CO2 as a driver of glacial–interglacial vegetation shifts in southern Africa
Authors: Bragg F. J. , Prentice I. C. , Harrison S. P. , Eglinton G. , Foster P. N. , Rommerskirchen F. , Rullkötter J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is hypothesized to influence vegetation distribution via tree–grass competition, with higher CO2 concentrations favouring trees. The stable carbon isotope (δ13C) signature of vegetation is influenced by the relative importance of C4 plants (including most tropical grasses) and C3 plants (including nearly all trees), and the degree of stomatal closure – a response to aridity – in C3 plants. Compound-specific δ13C analyses of leaf-wax biomarkers in sediment cores of an offshore South Atlantic transect are used here as a record of vegetation changes in subequatorial Africa. These data suggest a large increase in C3 relative to C4 plant dominance after the Last Glacial Maximum. Using a process-based biogeography model that explicitly simulates 13C discrimination, it is shown that precipitation and temperature changes cannot explain the observed shift in δ13C values. The physiological effect of increasing CO2 concentration is decisive, altering the C3/C4 balance and bringing the simulated and observed δ13C values into line. It is concluded that CO2 concentration itself was a key agent of vegetation change in tropical southern Africa during the last glacial–interglacial transition. Two additional inferences follow. First, long-term variations in terrestrial δ13Cvalues are not simply a proxy for regional rainfall, as has sometimes been assumed. Although precipitation and temperature changes have had major effects on vegetation in many regions of the world during the period between the Last Glacial Maximum and recent times, CO2 effects must also be taken into account, especially when reconstructing changes in climate between glacial and interglacial states. Second, rising CO2 concentration today is likely to be influencing tree–grass competition in a similar way, and thus contributing to the "woody thickening" observed in savannas worldwide. This second inference points to the importance of experiments to determine how vegetation composition in savannas is likely to be influenced by the continuing rise of CO2 concentration.
Mismatch between the depth habitat of planktonic foraminifera and the calibration depth of SST transfer functions may bias reconstructions
Authors: Telford R. J. , Li C. , Kucera M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We demonstrate that the temperature signal in the planktonic foraminifera assemblage data from the North Atlantic typically does not originate from near-surface waters and argue that this has the potential to bias sea surface temperature reconstructions using transfer functions calibrated against near-surface temperatures if the thermal structure of the upper few hundred metres of ocean changes over time. CMIP5 climate models indicate that ocean thermal structure in the North Atlantic changed between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the pre-industrial (PI), with some regions, mainly in the tropics, of the LGM ocean lacking good thermal analogues in the PI. Transfer functions calibrated against different depths reconstruct a marked subsurface cooling in parts of the tropical North Atlantic during the last glacial, in contrast to previous studies that reconstruct only a modest cooling. These possible biases in temperature reconstructions may affect estimates of climate sensitivity based on the difference between LGM and pre-industrial climate. Quantifying these biases has the potential to alter our understanding of LGM climate and improve estimates of climate sensitivity.
Relation between the rapid evaluation method scores and the damage states of buildings
Authors: Ozmen H. B.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A major portion of the existing Turkish building stock consists of seismically deficient buildings, like in many other earthquake-prone developing countries. For the mitigation of the damage before an earthquake, the seismic evaluation of the existing building stock is the first step. However, the great number of buildings to be evaluated is an obstacle for the detailed assessment. Rapid evaluation methods are developed to minimize the need of resources for the evaluation of the buildings in great numbers. In this study, performances of the rapid evaluation methods to estimate seismic damage are investigated by examining the correlation between the rapid evaluation method scores and the quantified damage states after the 19 May 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake. A total of 144 reinforced concrete buildings are carefully examined in terms of the properties of structural system, architectural layout, concrete strength, soil conditions and damage state. The correlation of rapid evaluation methods with the observed damage happened to be low. It is concluded that, if the building damage state is determined by the local brittle damages in members, the estimations with the rapid evaluation methods may diverge from the actual scene after an earthquake.
A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland
Authors: Bamber J. L. , Griggs J. A. , Hurkmans R. T. W. L. , Dowdeswell J. A. , Gogineni S. P. , Howat I. , Mouginot J. , Paden J. , Palmer S. , Rignot E. , Steinhage D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We present a new bed elevation dataset for Greenland derived from a combination of multiple airborne ice thickness surveys undertaken between the 1970s and 2012. Around 420 000 line kilometres of airborne data were used, with roughly 70% of this having been collected since the year 2000, when the last comprehensive compilation was undertaken. The airborne data were combined with satellite-derived elevations for non-glaciated terrain to produce a consistent bed digital elevation model (DEM) over the entire island including across the glaciated–ice free boundary. The DEM was extended to the continental margin with the aid of bathymetric data, primarily from a compilation for the Arctic. Ice thickness was determined where an ice shelf exists from a combination of surface elevation and radar soundings. The across-track spacing between flight lines warranted interpolation at 1 km postings for significant sectors of the ice sheet. Grids of ice surface elevation, error estimates for the DEM, ice thickness and data sampling density were also produced alongside a mask of land/ocean/grounded ice/floating ice. Errors in bed elevation range from a minimum of ±10 m to about ±300 m, as a function of distance from an observation and local topographic variability. A comparison with the compilation published in 2001 highlights the improvement in resolution afforded by the new datasets, particularly along the ice sheet margin, where ice velocity is highest and changes in ice dynamics most marked. We estimate that the volume of ice included in our land-ice mask would raise mean sea level by 7.36 m, excluding any solid earth effects that would take place during ice sheet decay.
Waveform analysis of airborne synthetic aperture radar altimeter over Arctic sea ice
Authors: Zygmuntowska M. , Khvorostovsky K. , Helm V. , Sandven S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Sea ice thickness is one of the most sensitive variables in the Arctic climate system. In order to quantify changes in sea ice thickness, CryoSat was launched in 2010 carrying a Ku-band Radar Altimeter (SIRAL) designed to measure sea ice freeboard with a few centimeters accuracy. The instrument uses the synthetic aperture radar technique providing signals with a resolution of about 300 m along track. In this study, airborne Ku-band radar altimeter data over different sea ice types has been analyzed. A set of parameters has been defined to characterize the difference in strength and width of the returned power waveforms. With a Bayesian based method it is possible to classify about 80% of the waveforms by three parameters: maximum of the returned power echo, the trailing edge width and pulse peakiness. Furthermore, the radar power echo maximum can be used to minimize the rate of false detection of leads compared to the widely used Pulse Peakiness parameter. The possibility to distinguish between different ice types and open water allows to improve the freeboard retrieval and the conversion into sea ice thickness where surface type dependent values for the sea ice density and snow load can be used.
International Criminal Law by Other Means: The Quasi-criminal Jurisdiction of the Human Rights Courts
Authors: Huneeus Alexandra
Published: March 2013

Since the close of the Cold War, the international community has created a variety of legal institutions designed to step in when state justice systems fail to prosecute genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The ad hoc criminal tribunals, the hybrid tribunals (such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone), the International Criminal Court (ICC), and the use of universal jurisdiction by national courts are among a new generation of courtly mechanisms designed to hold wrongdoers criminally accountable, state justice systems notwithstanding. These mechanisms represent an era of international judicial involvement in what used to be a more exclusively sovereign matter—the response to mass crimes against civilian populations. Accordingly, they have engendered a slew of scholarship devoted to analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, individually and as a group.
United States—Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products
Authors: Shaffer Gregory
Published: March 2013

In a Mexican challenge against U.S. criteria for labeling tuna products as “dolphin-safe,” the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO), on May 16, 2012, held against the United States while reversing various findings of the panel. The case was one of three WTO Appellate Body decisions issued in 2012 that interpreted and applied the key substantive provisions of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement or TBT) for the first time. Systemically, the decision is important for its interpretation of the TBT Agreement’s substantive obligations, the types of labeling that fall within the scope of the Agreement, the legitimacy of labeling based on foreign process and production methods (PPMs), and the relation of other international law to WTO law.
Análise eletromiográfica durante sessões de equoterapia em praticantes com paralisia cerebral
Authors: Espindula Ana Paula , Simões Mayara , Assis Iramaia Salomão Alexandre de , Fernandes Mariane , Ferreira Alex Abadio , Ferraz Patrícia Fonseca , Cunha Isabella Cardoso , Ferraz Mara Lúcia Da Fonseca , Souza Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de , Teixeira Vicente de Paula Antunes
Published: March 2013

A equoterapia destaca-se como forma de tratamento para indivíduos com Paralisia Cerebral (PC). Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do tipo de montaria na atividade muscular em portadores de PC. Métodos: Avaliaram-se três praticantes com PC por eletromiografia, durante quatro sessões de equoterapia, utilizando-se, em cada sessão, uma condição de montaria. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva com valores de média e desvio-padrão dos RMS normalizado. Resultados: O músculo trapézio esteve sempre ativo, nas posições sentado inicial e final, em todas as condições de montaria, exceto na sela sem apoio dos pés. Nos três momentos avaliados durante as sessões, observa-se que, nas montarias com manta, a atividade do trapézio também foi alta, comparada com a dos demais músculos. O apoio dos pés permitiu ativação mais homogênea dos músculos de tronco avaliados, quando comparado à ausência do apoio. Conclusão: Usar sela com pé no estribo foi a melhor opção para tratamento equoterapêutico dos hemiparéticos avaliados.