bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Very Peculiar Revolution: Britain's Politics and Constitution, 1970–2011
Authors: LIPSEY DAVID
Published: October 2015

Britain's constitution has changed dramatically over the past forty years in which the author has been involved in national politics: devolution, the supremacy of EU law, the greater willingness of the judiciary to intervene in political issues and new human rights legislation. However these changes have been essentially random, argues David Lipsey, lacking any binding theme. These changes continue under the new coalition government. However the even greater changes to British politics have essentially a single source: the dramatic change in social class in Britain and its impact on electoral politics—for example the rise of the media and the decline of ideology
Research and development target‐setting difficulties addressed through the emergent method: technology forecasting using data envelopment analysis
Authors: Lamb Ann‐Marie , Anderson Timothy R , Daim Tugrul
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study is to provide a foundation for researchers and managers to discuss and resolve difficulties associated with research and development (R&D) target‐setting. While multiple studies mention the difficulty of R&D target‐setting, few have compiled reasons for these difficulties or addressed this issue in detail. This paper provides one of the first studies outlining reasons for R&D target‐setting difficulties through a literature review. It also provides an initial set of analyses and results after applying an emerging quantitative method, Technology Forecasting Using Data Envelopment Analysis (TFDEA), to illustrate these difficulties step‐by‐step to commercial airplanes. Results include determining the state of art in commercial airplane technology and technological rate‐of‐change variants in setting R&D targets.
A New Test of the Real Interest Rate Parity Hypothesis: Bounds Approach and Structural Breaks
Authors: Bagdatoglou George , Kontonikas Alexandros
Published: October 2015

The real interest rate parity hypothesis is tested using data for the group of seven industrialized countries (G7) over the period 1970–2008. The contribution is two‐fold. First, the paper utilizes the bounds approach in order to overcome uncertainty about the order of integration of real interest rates. Second, a test is made for structural breaks in the underlying relationship using a multiple structural breaks test. The results indicate significant parameter instability and suggest that, despite the advances in economic and financial integration, real interest rate parity has not fully recovered from a breakdown in the 1980s.
Multinational Firms and Labor Market Pooling
Authors: Larch Mario , Lechthaler Wolfgang
Published: October 2015

In the presence of increasing specialization of workers it becomes more and more difficult for firms to find the most suitable workers. In such an environment a multinational enterprise (MNE) has an advantage because it can exchange workers between plants in different countries. Recruiting from the home and foreign plant leads to a larger labor market pool for an MNE, reducing the mismatch of its workforce. This paper analyzes the consequences of this advantage for production, employment, prices and wages. In line with recent empirical results, we find that the additional ability to recruit workers from the home and foreign labor market leads to lower mismatch, higher average productivity of workers, lower prices, higher output, and higher employment of a plant of an MNE as compared with a national firm, while the wage‐effects depend on firm productivity.
The Common Component in Forward Premiums: Evidence from the Asia–Pacific Region
Authors: Nagayasu Jun
Published: October 2015

We empirically analyze the behavior of the forward premium. Unlike previous research, we use data from Asia–Pacific countries and adopt a panel data approach that allows us to decompose the forward premium into common and idiosyncratic components. Our data suggest the presence of one common factor and the stationarity of both components for short maturities, leading to the conclusion of a stationary forward premium. In contrast, the stationarity of the premium is less supported by the longer maturity data. Furthermore, a large portion of the premium fluctuation is shown to be due to a common factor, particularly over the short time horizon, which in turn can be explained by economic developments in the USA.
Do Immigrants Affect Firm‐Specific Wages?*
Authors: Malchow‐Møller Nikolaj , Munch Jakob R. , Skaksen Jan Rose
Published: October 2015

We propose and test a novel effect of immigration on wages. Existing studies have focused on the wage effects that result from changes in the aggregate labour supply in a competitive labour market. We argue that if labour markets are not fully competitive, immigrants might also affect wage formation at the most disaggregate level – the workplace. Using linked employer−employee data, we find that an increased use of low‐skilled immigrant workers has a significantly negative effect on the wages of native workers at the workplace – also when controlling for potential endogeneity of the immigrant share using both fixed effects and instrumental variables.
Let Us Pray: Classroom Worship in Theological Education
Authors: Laytham Brent
Published: October 2015

Theological education typically includes classroom worship, a practice of great pedagogical power and curricular import. As pedagogy, classroom worship does four things. It focuses teaching and learning on God, and fosters theological dispositions necessary for sustaining that attention. Second, it rightly positions the entire class in dialogical relation to the divine Thou, in communal relation to each other, the larger church and the wider world, and in personal relations that risk transformation. Third, it frames theological education as an integrative practice of faith and learning. Finally, it invites teachers to know their students as whole persons and students to trust their teachers as spiritual guides. As curriculum, classroom worship may have greater significance than chapel worship for many students and at particular schools. It should be moved from implicit curriculum to explicit, with careful attention to the null curriculum and to the matrices of relationship within which worship has meaning.
Teaching the Bible and Film: Pedagogical Promises, Pitfalls, and Proposals
Authors: Rindge Matthew S. , Runions Erin , Ascough Richard S.
Published: October 2015

This article begins by recognizing the increasing use of film in Religion, Theology, and Bible courses. It contends that in many Biblical Studies (and Religious Studies and Theology) courses, students are neither taught how to view films properly, nor how to place films into constructive dialogue with biblical texts. The article argues for a specific pedagogical approach to the use of film in which students learn how to view a film closely, in its entirety, on its own terms, and in its own voice. Viewing a film in this manner by attending to its aesthetic integrity is a prerequisite for constructing a fruitful dialogue between films and biblical texts. The essay concludes with three specific examples of what this approach might look like. Two responses follow the essay; Erin Runions of Pomona College considers two additional learning goals we might consider, and Richard Ascough of Queens University at Kingston helpfully distinguishes a range of possible pedagogical goals for introducing film into the Biblical Studies classroom.
Entry into Export Markets and Product Quality
Authors: Álvarez Roberto , Fuentes J. Rodrigo
Published: October 2015

Using a rich data set of Chilean exporters, we analyse several issues regarding the relationship between entry into export markets and product quality. We find that every year, a large number of new exporting relationships are initiated, but the survival rate of these entries is very low and declines over time. Using unit values as a proxy for product quality, our estimations show that entry is generally associated with higher product quality. This higher quality, however, tends to reduce over time and eventually disappears three years after entry. In addition, our evidence suggests that the positive relationship between entry and quality is more prevalent in new exporters. To better identify this effect, we explore whether there are systematic differences across sectors. As expected, for sectors in which quality differentiation may be important, our findings reveal that reference‐price and differentiated products show a higher price in the year of entry and a longer convergence to incumbent prices. These results hold after controlling for potential sample selection bias.
A BIOSEMIOTIC APPROACH TO THE QUESTION OF MEANING
Authors: Hoffmeyer Jesper
Published: October 2015

A sign is something that refers to something else. Signs, whether of natural or cultural origin, act by provoking a receptive system, human or nonhuman, to form an interpretant (a movement or a brain activity) that somehow relates the system to this “something else.” Semiotics sees meaning as connected to the formation of interpretants. In a biosemiotic understanding living systems are basically engaged in semiotic interactions, that is, interpretative processes, and organic evolution exhibits an inherent tendency toward an increase in semiotic freedom. Mammals generally are equipped with more semiotic freedom than are their reptilian ancestor species, and fishes are more semiotically sophisticated than are invertebrates. The evolutionary trend toward the production of life forms with an increasing interpretative capacity or semiotic freedom implies that the production of meaning has become an essential survival parameter in later stages of evolution.
WHY ZYGON? THE JOURNAL'S ORIGINAL VISIONS AND THE FUTURE OF RELIGION‐AND‐SCIENCE
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: October 2015

This essay briefly examines the original visions of Zygon, how they helped explain the publication of a new journal, and what they imply for where we might be going today.
TRANSCENDING IRONY
Authors: Katz Solomon H.
Published: October 2015

A more complete understanding of the biocultural evolutionary origins of the concept of ought as developed by David Hume and G. E. Moore may lower the philosophical barrier between is and ought and provide new insights about the separations between the domains of religion and science. If this conjecture is correct, the resulting wisdom will help transcend a major source of irony that Philip Hefner has so aptly identified in his essay.
NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW COLLABORATIONS
Authors: Pederson Ann
Published: October 2015

In a world where all of life is on the edge of extinction and destruction by humankind, those who practice religion‐and‐science within a mutual dialogue bear the responsibility of doing so with this edge of life in mind. To speak of religion‐and‐science as a field of inquiry is to acknowledge the ethical responsibilities it entails. If one task of Zygon is to reformulate religion in light of the future dialogue of religion‐and‐science, we need to think about what kind of hope for the future is needed. Clearly, we are not simply called to repeat the past or comment on what has already been done by other academics. To help accomplish these goals and to reflect on the mission and future of Zygon, I appeal to the metaphor of improvisation, particularly as it is embodied in the visual and performing arts.
STAGE‐TWO SECULARITY AND THE FUTURE OF THEOLOGY‐AND‐SCIENCE
Authors: Peterson Gregory R.
Published: October 2015

Charles Taylor has recently provided an in‐depth exploration of secularity, with a central characteristic being the understanding that religious commitment is optional. This essay extends this analysis, considering the possibility that American society may be entering a second stage of secularity, one in which the possibility of religious commitment ceases to be an option at all for many. The possible implications of such a development are considered for the theology‐and‐science dialogue.
LOOKING TO CHARLES TAYLOR AND JOSEPH ROUSE FOR BEST PRACTICES IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Authors: Walhout Matthew
Published: October 2015

People discussing science and religion usually frame their conversations in terms of essentialist assumptions about science, assumptions requiring the existence (but not the specification) of criteria according to which science can be distinguished from other forms of inquiry. However, criteria functioning at a level of generality appropriate to such discussions may not exist at all. Essentialist assumptions may be avoided if science is understood within a broader context of human practices. In a philosophy of practices, to label a practice as “scientific” is to make a practically motivated provision for a way of speaking. Charles Taylor and Joseph Rouse have produced complementary philosophies of practice that promote this kind of understanding. In this essay I review the work of Taylor and Rouse, identify apparent residues of essentialism that each seems to harbor, and offer a resolution to some of their disagreements. I also criticize a form of essentialism commonly employed in Christian circles and outline an anti‐essentialist view of science that may be helpful in science‐and‐religion discussions.
BROKEN SYMBOLS? RESPONSE TO F. LERON SHULTS
Authors: Robinson Andrew , Southgate Christopher
Published: October 2015

In the preceding article in this section, F. LeRon Shults responds to our article preceding his, “Semiotics as a Metaphysical Framework for Christian Theology.” We respond here to his criticisms of our proposal. We discuss his concerns about the concept of “vestiges of the Trinity in creation” and argue that this does not undermine the absolute ontological difference between God and creation. We offer a clarification of our idea that the Incarnation may be understood, in terms of Peirce's taxonomy of signs, as a qualisign of God's being. Finally, we discuss the idea that all symbols “break on the infinite.”
Deference on Questions of Law
Authors: Daly Paul
Published: October 2015

Contrary to the modern English position, it may be appropriate for reviewing courts to accord deference to interpretations of law rendered by administrators. There is no basis for the current strong presumption against according such deference. It is possible that the legislature intended to delegate the resolution of many questions of law to administrators, rather than to courts. Moreover, relative to administrators, courts may lack institutional competence to resolve questions of law. Courts must always police the boundaries of interpretation, in order to keep administrators in check and safeguard the rule of law, but the general presumption that the resolution of questions of law is a matter for courts should be jettisoned.
Complicating Complicity: Aiding and Abetting Causing Death by Dangerous Driving in R v Martin
Authors: Cunningham Sally
Published: October 2015

The law of complicity, particularly relating to joint enterprise liability, appears to becoming more and more complicated. Cases on secondary liability for murder in the Court of Appeal demonstrate that this area of law is difficult to interpret and to apply. Even more complex is the question of how to apply these cases to offences other than murder. This case note attempts to address the Court of Appeal's questions in the case of R v Martin as to how the jury ought to be directed in a case of aiding and abetting causing death by dangerous driving.
Sienkiewicz v Greif (UK) Ltd and Willmore v Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council: A Material Contribution to Uncertainty?
Authors: Laleng Per
Published: October 2015

In the conjoined cases of Sienkiewicz and Willmore, the Supreme Court decided that the exceptional Fairchild approach to the proof of causation in negligence applied where a mesothelioma victim had been negligently exposed to asbestos by one defendant at a level well below unavoidable environmental asbestos exposure. The negligent exposures in both cases materially increased the risk of mesothelioma thereby satisfying the Fairchild test. Whilst reasserting the primacy of the common law as governing the rules of causation in mesothelioma cases, the Supreme Court failed to clarify the scope of the Fairchild exception. Moreover, in an extensive obiter discussion of epidemiological evidence, the Supreme Court has raised more questions than it has answered relating to the role, if any, of scientific evidence in the law of toxic torts.
Politics matter: changes in unionisation rates in rich countries, 1960–2010
Authors: Schmitt John , Mitukiewicz Alexandra
Published: October 2015

We use the Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts database to examine the changes in collective bargaining coverage and union density among 21 OECD countries over the past 50 years. The observed patterns suggest that national politics are a more important determinant of recent trends in unionisation than globalisation or technological change.
Executive Compensation Restrictions: Do They Restrict Firms’ Willingness to Participate in TARP?
Authors: Cadman Brian , Carter Mary Ellen , Lynch Luann J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract:  We examine the implications of regulatory intervention in pay‐setting, by studying whether executive compensation restrictions associated with the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) influence banks’ participation in the program. We find that banks more likely to be impacted by the restrictions are less likely to participate in TARP. Among banks accepting funds, we find that the likelihood of repaying before the end of 2009 is positively related to CEO incentive compensation. We find greater subsequent executive turnover and lower pay increases in banks accepting funds, consistent with concerns about talent drain. We also find that proxies for self‐serving behavior are related to declining funds, suggesting pay preservation as a potential motive. Despite the motives behind declining funding, we find no evidence that the restrictions limited the objectives of TARP based on banks’ financial health or lending and may have allowed the government to allocate funds more effectively.
Predictive validity of weekly monitoring of wound status using DESIGN‐R score change for pressure ulcer healing: A multicenter prospective cohort study
Authors: Iizaka Shinji , Sanada Hiromi , Matsui Yuko , Furue Masutaka , Tachibana Takao , Nakayama Takeo , Sugama Junko , Furuta Katsunori , Tachi Masahiro , Tokunaga Keiko , Miyachi Yoshiki ,   Scientific Education Committee of the Japanese Society of Pressure Ulcers
Published: October 2015

There are few studies on predictive validity of methods to monitor the healing process of pressure ulcers. We evaluated whether the change of DESIGN‐R (rating) score could predict subsequent healing, and determined the optimal cutoff points. In a multicenter prospective cohort study, patients were followed until wound healing or censoring. Wound severity was evaluated by the DESIGN‐R tool every week, and the score change was calculated over 1–4 weeks (n = 411, 286, 224, and 170, respectively). In the multivariate analyses stratified by depth, a one‐point improvement in DESIGN‐R score over any period was positively associated with healing within the next 30 days independent of initial wound severity (hazard ratios over each 1–4 weeks ranging from 1.16 to 1.33 for superficial ulcers and from 1.21 to 1.27 for deep ulcers; all p < 0.05). The optimal cutoff points over 1–4 weeks were set as negative change for superficial ulcers and as positive change of ≥two points for deep ulcers. Nonhealing rate was higher for ulcers with DESIGN‐R score change below the cutoff points than that aforementioned for both depths. Weekly monitoring by the DESIGN‐R tool will be advantageous for evaluating prognosis of pressure ulcers independent of initial wound severity and depth.
Evolution of the vertebrate jaw from developmental perspectives
Authors: Kuratani Shigeru
Published: October 2015

Attainment of the biting jaw is regarded as one of the major novelties in the early history of vertebrates. Based on a comparison between lamprey and gnathostome embryos, evolutionary developmental studies have tried to explain this novelty as changes in the developmental patterning of the mandibular arch, the rostralmost pharyngeal arch, at the molecular and cellular levels. On the other hand, classical theories in the field of comparative morphology assumed the involvement of hypothetical premandibular arch(es) that ancestral animals would have possessed rostral to the mandibular arch, in the transition from agnathan to gnathostome states. These theories are highly biased toward the segmental scheme of the vertebrate head, and the concept of premandibular “arches” is no longer accepted by the current understanding. Instead, the premandibular domain has now become of interest in the understanding of cranial development, especially in its rostral part. As newer theories that consider involvement of the premandibular domain, the neoclassical and heterotopy theories are here compared from evolutionary developmental perspectives, in conjunction with the development of nasal and hypophyseal placodes, in the context of the evolutionary acquisition of the jaw. Given recent advances in understanding of the lamprey development, evolution of the Dlx code is also discussed together with the evolutionary scenario of jaw acquisition.
Vestiges, rudiments and fusion events: the zebrafish caudal fin endoskeleton in an evo‐devo perspective
Authors: Bensimon‐Brito Anabela , Cancela Maria Leonor , Huysseune Ann , Witten Paul Eckhard
Published: October 2015

The vertebral column results from a controlled segmentation process associated with two main structures, the notochord and the somites. Pathological fusion of vertebral bodies can result from impaired segmentation during embryonic development or occur postnatally. Here, we explore the process of formation and subsequent fusion of the caudalmost vertebral bodies in zebrafish, where fusion is a normal process, mechanically required to support the caudal fin. To reveal whether the product of fusion is on an evolutionary or a developmental scale, we analyze the mode of formation of vertebral bodies, identify transitory rudiments, and characterize vestiges that indicate previous fusion events. Based on a series of closely spaced ontogenetic stages of cleared and stained zebrafish, parasagittal sections, and detection methods for elastin and mineral, we conclude that the formation of the urostyle involves four fusion events. Although fusion of preural 1 (PU1+) with ural 1 (U1) and fusion within ural 2 (U2+) are no longer traceable during centrum formation (phylogenetic fusion), fusion between the compound centrum [PU1++U1] and U2+ (ontogenetic fusion) occurs after individualization of the centra. This slow process is the last fusion and perhaps the latest fusion during the evolution of the zebrafish caudal fin endoskeleton. Newly described characters, such as a mineralized subdivision within U2+, together with the reinterpretation of known features in an evolutionary–developmental context, strongly suggest that the zebrafish caudal fin endoskeleton is made from more fused vertebral bodies than previously assumed. In addition, these fusion events occur at different developmental levels depending on their evolutionary status, allowing the dissection of fusion processes that have taken place over different evolutionary times.
The animal body plan, the prototypic body segment, and eye evolution
Authors: Gehring Walter J.
Published: October 2015

Developmental genetics of Drosophila continue to have a great impact on our understanding of evolution. The specification of the body plan involves four conceptual steps: 1) Localization of maternal mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm. 2) Translation of these RNAs and formation of morphogen gradients. 3) Subdivision of the antero‐posterior gradient into a repetitive pattern of body segments. 4) Assignment of a specific identity to each segment by the Hox genes. The discovery of the Hox genes has uncovered a universal principle shared by all bilaterians; they serve as master control genes specifying organization along the antero‐posterior axis. The ancestral arthropods presumably consisted of a series of more or less identical segments, which may be represented by recently discovered precambrian Lobopodia which have a pair of legs and a pair of eyes in each segment. The progressive divergence of Hox genes has led to progressive cephalization and caudalization. From the amino acid sequences of the clustered homeodomains we can deduce that the mesothoracic segment represents the prototype from the more anterior and the more posterior segments evolved. Pax6 has been identified as a master control gene for eye development in all bilaterians. Since Pax6 is involved in eye development in all bilaterian phyla, this argues strongly for a monophyletic origin of the metazoan eye. With the same tool box of transcription factors all the different eye‐types can be constructed.
Location Decisions of Competing Networks
Authors: Serfes Konstantinos , Zacharias Eleftherios
Published: October 2015

Early entrants in markets with network effects usually occupy a “central location” and serve agents with “intermediate tastes,” whereas later entrants are niche players. Why would the first entrant choose to become a “general” network, given that later entrants will not have enough room for differentiation, resulting in a more intense competition for market share? In a Hotelling model with two rival networks, we show that for intermediate values of the network externality parameter the location equilibrium is indeed asymmetric: the first entrant locates at the center whereas the second entrant chooses an extreme (niche) location.
Internet Adoption and Advertising Expenditures on Traditional Media: An Empirical Analysis Using a Panel of Countries
Authors: Zentner Alejandro
Published: October 2015

The Internet can affect advertising expenditures through various channels. This paper quantifies the relationships between Internet adoption and changes in advertising expenditures on traditional offline media types. I use a panel of 11 years of data at the country level that contains information on advertising expenditures by medium and Internet penetration for more than 80 countries. I find that increases in Internet penetration are negatively correlated with changes in advertising expenditures on newspapers, magazines, and television, but I do not find conclusive results for the correlation between Internet adoption and changes in advertising expenditures on radio.
The Effect of Tax and Expenditure Limitations on Revenue Volatility: Evidence from Colorado
Authors: CLAIR TRAVIS ST.
Published: October 2015

Much of the research on tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) focuses on the impact that limits have on the size of the public sector or the distribution of expenditures at the state and local levels. While these results shed light on the extent to which TELs succeed in reducing government spending, they do not have much to say about the impact of TELs on government budgeting or financial planning, despite the fact that voters support TELs in the hope of reducing government inefficiency (Courant, Gramlich, and Rubinfeld 1980; Ladd and Wilson 1982). This paper examines the effect of TELs on the stability of government revenues; sound tax policy entails controlling the volatility of revenues in order to plan more effectively for the future. Using panel data from Colorado's Division of Local Government as well as the Census Bureau's Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances, this paper examines the impact of Colorado's 1992 Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR) on local government finances. Results from difference‐in‐difference estimation suggest that TELs increase revenue and expenditure volatility.
Determinants of the Credit Rating Fee in the Municipal Bond Market
Authors: ELY TODD L. , MARTELL CHRISTINE R. , KIOKO SHARON N.
Published: October 2015

Improving transparency of prices paid by government can improve market and government efficiency. Governments regularly pay to access capital markets, yet municipal bond issuance costs remain largely hidden from public view. This study examines factors associated with credit rating fees using a decade of Texas municipal bond issuance data. We find that rating fees are lower in a competitive environment, when issuers have experience and a relationship with the rating agency, and higher when the issue is large and more complex. The findings provide evidence that credit rating agencies (CRAs) retained pricing power following the credit crisis despite reduced reputational quality.
Intergovernmental Transfers and Tax Collection in India: Does the Composition of Transfers Matter?
Authors: DASH BHARATEE BHUSANA , RAJA ANGARA V.
Published: October 2015

This study examines whether the impact of intergovernmental transfers on tax effort of Indian states depends on the composition of transfers (conditional vis‐à‐vis unconditional). It also tests the asymmetry hypothesis, which states that subnational governments respond to increases in transfers differently from losses. The evidence suggests that tax collections, including both indirect and direct taxes, are inversely related to unconditional transfers irrespective of whether they are increasing or decreasing. Imposition of conditions on transfers has prevented the Indian states from substituting such transfers for tax collection (direct tax collection is an exception). Direct tax collection responds most sensitively to transfers.
Interdependence in multinational production networks
Authors: Chen Maggie Xiaoyang
Published: October 2015

Abstract Most multinational firms today operate multilateral production networks. Most existing empirical analyses, however, have focused on firms’ choice between producing at home and investing overseas. This paper uses detailed French multinational subsidiary data to examine the effect of existing production networks on multinationals’ entry decisions. The paper finds strong horizontal and vertical interdependence across multinationals’ foreign production locations, but little interdependence between home and foreign production when third‐country effects are taken into account. This result constitutes a sharp contrast to the conventional emphasis and highlights the importance of investigating foreign direct investment in the context of multinational production networks.
Enacting Ethos, Enacting Health: Realizing Health in the Everyday Life of a California Family of Mexican Descent
Authors: Garro Linda C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Drawing on a study of dual‐earner, middle‐class families in Los Angeles, in this article I explore what it means to enact health as part of everyday life for a family of Mexican descent and how enacting health relates to parental talk about health. Based on a conjoint analysis of video recordings and parental interviews, I maintain that a recurring interactional dynamic toward maintaining an emotional atmosphere of individual contentment and harmonious relationships is central to how the family enacts health. Inspired by Bateson's discussion of ethos as part of his efforts to study the “feel” of culture, the analytic framework of enacting ethos is proposed as a way to approach the “feel” of everyday life—an interactive view of emotional atmosphere in situated contexts. For this family, studying health as ensconced in family life reveals the centrality of a socially embedded and relational view of health as “family well‐being” that coexists, at times ambivalently, with health construed as an individual level concern. Examples from the video recordings illustrate some of the varied ways that the approach adopted allows for a more nuanced understanding of the microcultural realm of family life.
Disrupting the Master Narrative: Global Politics, Historical Memory, and the Implications for Naturalization Education
Authors: Gordon Daryl M.
Published: October 2015

Dramatic increases in immigration pose challenges for democratic citizenship education to involve national members with different historical memories and current experiences of national belonging. The article draws on ethnographic research with Laotian refugees, who were the target of U.S. violence during the Vietnam War and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. The author contrasts the narrative of citizenship that informs naturalization education with complex ideologies of citizenship articulated by refugees. She argues that a nuanced understanding of citizenship can lead to more meaningful naturalization education, which is necessary to produce citizens with a full sense of national membership and agency in the democratic process. [naturalization, national belonging, citizenship education, refugees]
Women and part‐time work in Europe
Authors: SALLADARRÉ Frédéric , HLAIMI Stéphane
Published: October 2015

This article examines female part‐time employment in 23 European countries, distinguishing between “short” and “long” part‐time employment. The short form, defined as less than 20 hours per week, is associated with the youngest and oldest age groups, slight disability, a higher number of children, lower skill levels, and employment in community, social and personal services. Although the incidence of part‐time employment varies considerably across countries, long part‐time employment is generally more widespread than short part‐time employment, albeit with matching cross‐country variations in the incidence of the two types. This suggests that they are complementary, rather than substitutes for one another.
Understanding the mechanisms and limitations of immune control of HIV
Authors: Davenport Miles P. , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Zhang Lei , Wilson David P. , Perelson Alan S.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  A large number of experimental studies have been performed over the past decade in an attempt to develop a vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These studies have used a variety of approaches aimed at stimulating both antibody‐mediated and cell‐mediated immunity. Many of these experiments have been performed in macaque models of HIV. Analysis and modeling of the results of these studies provide the opportunity to investigate the mechanisms and limitations of viral control by humoral and cell‐mediated immunity. These studies suggest that CD8+ T cells do ‘too little too late’ to prevent the establishment of viral infection and latency. By contrast, passively administered antibody acts extremely early to reduce the initial inoculum and slow viral growth. In both cases, reduction in peak viral load appears crucial to the maintenance of CD4+ T cells in acute infection and for effective long‐term viral control. The insights gained from studies of simian human immunodeficiency virus infection have important implications for HIV vaccination. However, important questions remain as to whether differences in pathogenesis in HIV will lead to different ‘rules of engagement’ for immune control of virus.
Stochasticity and spatial heterogeneity in T‐cell activation
Authors: Burroughs Nigel J. , Van Der Merwe P. Anton
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Stochastic and spatial aspects are becoming increasingly recognized as an important factor in T‐cell activation. Activation occurs in an intrinsically noisy environment, requiring only a handful of agonist peptide‐major histocompatibility complex molecules, thus making consideration of signal to noise of prime importance in understanding sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, it is widely established that surface‐bound ligands are more effective at activation than soluble forms, while surface patternation has highlighted the role of spatial relocation in activation. Here we consider the results of a number of models of T‐cell activation, from a realistic model of kinetic segregation‐induced T‐cell receptor (TCR) triggering through to simple queuing theory models. These studies highlight the constraints on cell activation by a surface receptor that recruits kinases. Our analysis shows that TCR triggering based on trapping of bound TCRs in regions of close proximity that exclude large ectodomain‐containing molecules, such as the phosphatases CD45 and CD148, can effectively reproduce known signaling characteristics and is a viable ‘signal transduction’ mechanism distinct from oligomerization and conformation‐based mechanisms. A queuing theory analysis shows the interrelation between sensitivity and specificity, emphasizing that these are properties of individual cell functions and need not be, nor are likely to be, uniform across different functions. In fact, threshold‐based mechanisms of detection are shown to be poor at ligand discrimination because, although they can be highly specific, that specificity is limited to a small range of peptide densities. Time integration mechanisms however are able to control noise effectively, while kinetic proofreading mechanisms endow them with good specificity properties. Thus, threshold mechanisms are likely to be important for rapidly detecting minimal signaling requirements, thus achieving efficient scanning of antigen‐presenting cells. However, for good specificity, time integration on a scale of hours is required.
Quantitative theories of T‐cell responsiveness
Authors: Van Den Berg Hugo A. , Rand David A.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  We review recent advances toward a comprehensive mathematical theory of T‐cell immunity. A key insight is that the efficacy of the T‐cell response is best analyzed in terms of T‐cell receptor (TCR) avidity and the distribution of this avidity across the TCR repertoire (the ‘avidity spectrum’). Modification of this avidity spectrum by a wide range of tuning and tolerance mechanisms allows the system to adapt cross‐reactivity and specificity to the challenge at hand while avoiding inappropriate responses against non‐pathogenic cells and tissues. Theoretical models relate molecular kinetic parameters and cellular properties to systemic level statistics such as avidity spectra. Such bridge equations are crucial for rational clinical manipulation of T cells at the molecular level.
Modeling immune behavior for experimentalists
Authors: Cohen Irun R.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  This article outlines the requirements for useful models of biologic systems. Such models should fulfill three conditions: (i) suit the bottom‐up data of the living system, not merely adhere to top‐down logic; (ii) abet experimentation by stimulating new ideas for novel experiments; and (iii) engage the mind of the experimentalist with understandable, visual representations. Seven characteristics of a useful model are discussed.
Identification of multipotent stem cells from adult dog periodontal ligament
Authors: Wang Wen‐Jun , Zhao Yu‐Ming , Lin Bi‐Chen , Yang Jie , Ge Li‐Hong
Published: October 2015

Periodontal diseases, which are characterized by destruction of the connective tissues responsible for restraining the teeth within the jaw, are the main cause of tooth loss. Periodontal regeneration mediated by human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) may offer an alternative strategy for the treatment of periodontal disease. Dogs are a widely used large‐animal model for the study of periodontal‐disease progression, tissue regeneration, and dental implants, but little attention has been paid to the identification of the cells involved in this species. This study aimed to characterize stem cells isolated from canine periodontal ligament (cPDLSCs). The cPDLSCs, like hPDLSCs, showed clonogenic capability and expressed the mesenchymal stem cell markers STRO‐1, CD146, and CD105, but not CD34. After induction of osteogenesis, cPDLSCs showed calcium accumulation in vitro. Moreover, cPDLSCs also showed both adipogenic and chondrogenic potential. Compared with cell‐free controls, more cementum/periodontal ligament‐like structures were observed in CB‐17/SCID mice into which cPDLSCs had been transplanted. These results suggest that cPDLSCs are clonogenic, highly proliferative, and have multidifferentiation potential, and that they could be used as a new cellular therapeutic approach to facilitate successful and more predictable regeneration of periodontal tissue using a canine model of periodontal disease.
Phototherapy for hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in Asians
Authors: Wongpraparut Chanisada , Setabutra Piyaroj
Published: October 2015

Background

Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (MF) is an uncommon variant of MF. It is rare in Caucasians but more common in young skin‐of‐color individuals. To date, there are only a few reports on UV‐based treatment for this condition.

Objectives

To analyze the efficacy of PUVA photochemotherapy and narrowband UVB (NBUVB) phototherapy for hypopigmented MF.

Methods

A retrospective study of nine patients who received PUVA or NBUVB was performed. The clinical response, total number of treatments, cumulative UV doses, disease‐free interval and adverse effects were recorded.

Result

Eight patients had stage IA and one patient had stage IB. Six patients received NBUVB and three patients received PUVA. Three patients (50%) in the NBUVB group and three patients (100%) in the PUVA group had complete response (CR). Total UV dose to get maximal clinical response ranged from 27.1–59.6 J/cm2 in the NBUVB group and 244–669.1 J/cm2 in the PUVA group. In six patients who had CR, recurrence was found in four (66.7%), and the disease‐free interval ranged from 2 months to 6 years.

Conclusion

PUVA and NBUVB are effective for hypopigmented MF. Comparing between these two methods, PUVA provided a better response than NBUVB. Although the disease responded well to phototherapy, relapse was common.
Recalcitrant eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of Ofuji with palmoplantar pustulosis: dramatic response to narrowband UVB phototherapy
Authors: Lim Hua Liang , Chong Wei‐Sheng
Published: October 2015

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of Ofuji is a recalcitrant disease typified by non‐infective eosinophilic spongiosis involving the infundibular region of the hair follicle. We present a case of a 49‐year‐old Chinese man with known palmoplantar pustulosis and acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau which was promptly resolved with methotrexate therapy. He returned with an erythematous papulopustular eruption with coalescence to annular plaques, occurring over the face, chest and back with active palmoplantar pustulation. Histology from skin biopsy of the palmar lesion was in keeping with palmoplantar psoriasis, while biopsy of the facial and truncal lesions revealed florid perifollicular eosinophilic congregation diagnostic of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of Ofuji. Indomethacin was initiated with partial improvement of lesions with cyclical flares. A trial of narrowband ultraviolet‐B phototherapy at a frequency of thrice weekly achieved sustained clearance of both eosinophilic pustular folliculitis and palmoplantar lesions. Indomethacin was tailed down and eventually discontinued with maintenance of narrowband ultraviolet‐B therapy; this achieved successful control of the disease.
Determination of a comfortable volume of mouthwash for rinsing
Authors: Keukenmeester RS , Slot DE , Rosema NAM , Van der Weijden GA
Published: October 2015

Aim

The purpose of this study was to assess patient comfort when rinsing for 30 s with 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 ml volumes of mouthwash, with the goal of establishing the most agreeable volume.

Material and methods

The study was designed as a single‐blind, clinical trial with duplicate assessments. Participants were asked to rinse with five different volumes of mouthwash in randomized order. All participants received a questionnaire to evaluate their attitudes towards the volumes used based on aVisualAnalogueScale (VAS). The extremes of theVASwere 0 (far too little) to 10 (far too much), with a score of five representing the optimal score. After 1 week, the participants returned, and the assessment was repeated to evaluate the validity of the estimate. Volumes were tested for differences regarding participants' perceptions of comfort usinganovaand pairedt‐tests, and the duplicate answers of the participants were analysed for validity by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results

In total, 62 participants completed both assessments, which provided valuable data. The 15‐ml volume resulted in a mean score of 5.40, whereas the 5, 10, 20 and 30 ml volumes resulted in mean scores of 1.89, 3.71, 6.54 and 8.65, respectively. The differences between the mean scores for all five tested volumes were statistically significant. A correlation between the first and secondVASscores was 0.4–0.6.

Conclusion

On the basis of the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that 15 ml is perceived as the most comfortable volume.
Dental hygienists in The Netherlands: the past, present and future
Authors: Jongbloed‐Zoet C , Bol‐van den Hil EM , La Rivière‐Ilsen J , van der Sanden‐Stoelinga MSE
Published: October 2015

Dental hygiene education in the Netherlands started in 1968 after a long political debate about roles, functions and the working domain. From a slow start with five students in a school based on the American model with a 2‐year curriculum, dental hygiene education is now a 4‐year, higher professional education with an admission of 300 students annually who pursue the degree of Bachelor of Health at a University of Applied Sciences. In the 45 years of its existence, the dental hygiene profession has undergone a tremendous change. In the beginning, dental hygienists worked under the supervision of a dentist, which changed in 1992 to their working ‘under referral’ from a dentist, and again in 2006, when dental hygienists became directly accessible. One‐third of the working force of approximately 2700 dental hygienists (2010) is now working in their own independent practice. The focus of professional practice has changed from the prevention of caries via periodontology to the relationship between dental health and general health and well‐being. The profession, the education and the Dutch Dental Hygienists' Association (Nederlandse Vereniging van Mondhygiënisten) have matured, and its members are now serious partners in oral health care.
Warren Buffett: Oracle or Orang-Utan?
Authors: Skeffington James
Published: October 2015

Is the Sage of Omaha an investment genius, or just incredibly lucky? In this winning article from the 2015 Young Statisticians Writing Competition, James Skeffington considers whether chance has played a hand in Warren Buffett's success
Grand Slams are Short-Changing Women's Tennis
Authors: Kovalchik Stephanie
Published: October 2015

Sports reporters are often quick to dismiss women's tennis as “unpredictable” when compared to the men's game. But Stephanie Kovalchik finds match format is to blame for “inconsistencies” between genders
Jumping to the Wrong Conclusions
Authors: Goldstein Harvey
Published: October 2015

Harvey Goldstein shows how failure to account for measurement errors in statistical analysis can have profound impacts on social policy. He calls on policy-makers to take a more cautious approach to seemingly “important” findings