bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Facial Gestures through Loss of Token Reinforcers
Authors: Weisberg Paul , Lieberman Christiane , Winter Katherine
Published: September 2011

A procedure involving presentation of tokens, exchangeable for the opportunity to play a piano, which strengthened many appropriate work behaviors of a retardate in an occupational setting, failed to affect an attention-getting, distractable, facial gesture. The frequency of gesturing was drastically reduced when a deliberate contingency, token removal for gesture display, was superimposed on the above procedure. The simultaneous use of token delivery and token removal enabled the assessment of the tokens as conditioned reinforcers without causing disruptive behavioral effects which are possible with procedures wherein the back-up reinforcers are removed.
Depression and Defensiveness in Self-Descriptive Moods of Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

MMPI Depression scales ( D and D30), Social Desirability scales from Edwards (SD) and from Marlowe-Crowne (MC-SD) were administered to 61 alcoholic patients together with a set of mood scales. An elevation for D and MC-SD was found. Somatic depression ( D) did not correlate significantly with depression of the phenomenological transparent mood scales, but with mood scales indicating inertia. SD correlates considerably with all mood factors, but MC-SD only with some of them. Alcoholics were characterized as being depressive and defensive in terms of giving a high approval-seeking self-image but not deviant by following socially desirable self-descriptions.
Academic Survival: Success Indicators in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Jacobs Paul D. , Munz David C. , Barrett Lois , Everett Frances
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to identify and assess the importance of attitudinal factors as determinants of academic success, 12 motivational concepts were rated on a 9-scale semantic differential by introductory psychology students in 2 studies. The first study identified 3 possible predictive concepts. The second study cross-validated and assessed the stability of these concepts during the course duration. Only the concept “test” was found to be a stable and persistent predictor of academic success. Implications for further research were discussed.
Personalistic Psychotherapy and the Role of Technical Eclecticism
Authors: Abramovitz Carole M.
Published: September 2011

It is felt that realization of the uniqueness of the individual has not been given sufficient emphasis in many systems of psychotherapy. The plea here is for the personalistic styled psychotherapy developed by Arnold A. Lazarus within which empirically efficacious techniques derived from all orientations are utilized where individually applicable.
Extensive and Intensive Properties of Concepts
Authors: De Zeeuw G.
Published: September 2011

Similarity between nouns (concepts) was described by a distance function. Distances were then related to measurements on the concrete-abstract scale and to associations. Results were interpreted in terms of two aspects of the semantic space of words, intensionality and extensionality, the latter seeming a dominant basis for behavioral comparison of concepts.
Personality and Cognitive Referents of Creativity: A Second Look
Authors: Ohnmacht Fred W.
Published: September 2011

90 Ss were given 5 measures of divergent production and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. As very few of the correlations were significant, it may be concluded that there is no correspondence across the cognitive and personality referents of creativity examined here.
Attitudes toward the Mentally ILL, Knowledge of Mental Illness, and Personal Adjustment
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

2 studies were performed to discover correlates of attitudes toward the mentally ill. In Study I, 121 college students in 3 states were given the Opinions about Mental Illness questionnaire (OMI) and a test of knowledge about mental illness devised by Nunnally. Results showed that the students as a group were better informed about mental illness than the general population. Also, those who were less authoritarian toward the mental patient (as assessed by the OMI) were better informed than the more authoritarian. In Study II, 67 male students were given the OMI and the MMPI. Results showed that those who were less authoritarian on the OMI were more deviant on the MMPI.
Position Effects and Target Material in ESP
Authors: Joesting Robert , Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

The first and third segments of a mail-in precognition test involving over 100,000 adolescent Ss used standard ESP targets while the second and fourth segments used words as targets. 50 male and 50 female protocols with high scores on the first segment and low scores on the second segment were used in the pilot study, there being twice as many of each sex for the replication. Both pilot and replicating studies showed significantly higher scoring on the fourth segment than on the third.
A Negative Reaction
Authors: Miller Howard L. , Koehler John
Published: September 2011

It is pointed out that the terminology commonly used in psychology to describe monotonic curves is ambiguous and somewhat inaccurate. An alternative set of terms which accurately describes both the direction of slope and the acceleration is suggested.
An Extension of Four Single-Cue Process Models to Conjunctive Concept Learning
Authors: Deffenbacher Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

A family of 4 different process models of single-cue concept learning was extended to 2-category conjunctive concept learning. The fit of these 4 extended models to data from 120 Ss solving conjunctive problems over a wide range of stimulus complexity was assessed. None of the models did a thoroughly satisfactory job of fitting the data over all levels of stimulus complexity. Possible reasons for this lack of fit were discussed.
Psychology in the Community: Project Self-Esteem
Authors: Golin Sanford , Davis Eugene , Zuckerman Edward , Harrison Nelson
Published: September 2011

This article describes the development of Project Self-esteem, a unique psychoeducational program in progress in three elementary schools in Pittsburgh's black communities. The article illustrates some ways in which psychologists have participated in and contributed to programs in ghettoized communities.
Revised Scale for Ambiguity Tolerance: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Mac Donald A. P.
Published: September 2011

Increasing the 16-item Rydell-Rosen Ambiguity Tolerance Scale to 20 items raised the reliability from .64 to .86 (split-half, corrected by Spearman-Brown). The 20-item scale (AT-20) was cross-validated on a sample of 789 undergraduate students. Retest reliability was estimated at .63 ( p < .01) for a 6-mo. interval. As predicted, AT-20 related to (a) performance in a complex task, (b) the F Scale, (c) dogmatism, (d) rigidity, and (e) church attendance. The AT-20 was not affected by social desirability response bias as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne.
Some Determinants of Affiliation and Conformity
Authors: Mehrabian Albert
Published: September 2011

This study tested 5 sets of hypotheses relating to affiliative and conformity behaviors. In two investigations, all measures obtained from the college undergraduate Ss were based on verbal questionnaires, and multiple regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses. For moderately familiar targets, whose status or attitudes only were known, affiliative behavior correlated with a personality measure of affiliative tendency, and conformity behavior correlated with sensitivity to rejection. Attitude discrepancy, and to a lesser extent status discrepancy, implied less reinforcing quality of an unfamiliar target, and therefore less desire to affiliate with or conform to him. Further, increasing attitude discrepancy with a target was a greater deterrent of affiliation for those who were more sensitive to rejection. Due to the positive connotations of higher status, among targets of equally discrepant status, those who were of higher status elicited more affiliation and conformity than those who were lower in status. Dependency and affiliative tendency both correlated with the increase in desire to affiliate when fearful. There were no such correlations when anticipating more positive experiences. Among familiar targets of the second experiment, the positively reinforcing ones were liked more and the negatively reinforcing ones were liked less. Positively reinforcing persons elicited more affiliation and conformity, but conformity was also a function of status.
Effects of Nadir Experiences
Authors: Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

Experimental studies of positive growth have generally neglected the possibility that painful (nadir) experiences can have beneficial effects. Between 36% and 44% of 36 state college students reported basically positive effects resulting from their nadir experiences. Also, 39% of the Ss stated that nadir effects were more important than peak (most wonderful, happy experiences) effects. These data provide support for Maslow's contention that suffering can have beneficial effects and suggest that more attention should be given to nadir effects, both in investigations of positive growth and in diagnostic studies related to peaks and nadirs
Effects of Grading and Rewrite Procedures on an Academic Performance
Authors: Kositsky Nate , Franken R. E.
Published: September 2011

40 students were instructed to complete a critical analysis of a book for their course in psychology. These Ss were divided into four different groups. One group was told that the grade received on this assignment would count toward the final mark, while another group was told that all reports would receive an “A” grade. A rewrite-no rewrite procedure was introduced for each half of these groups. The results showed an effect of both the grading ( p < .05) and rewrite ( p < .05) variables in terms of improved academic performance.
Two Modes of Generalization: A Comparison
Authors: Krasnoff Alan , Boswell John J.
Published: September 2011

64 students were required to perform 2 independent generalization tasks to determine whether those who produced error responses on one task also produced error responses on the other task. The results show a significant inter-task correlation but the obtained relationship is too small to support individual case prediction.
MMPI Profiles in Exacerbation and Remission of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Cleeland Charles S. , Matthews Charles G. , Hopper Cornelius L.
Published: September 2011

Profile analysis of MMPI profiles generated by 30 patients displaying exacerbation (E) or remission (R) of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis is reported. Profiles classified as “abnormal” were significantly more frequent in the E group. Significantly more E patients had elevations on D greater than 70. The ordering of elevations of the clinical scales was similar in both groups.
Effect of Replacing Correct Items during Paired-Associate Recall
Authors: Blake Denise , Mitchell M. J.
Published: September 2011

The replacing of items correctly recalled during paired-associate learning gave no advantage to Ss over Ss who received completely new items on each trial. Superficially, this result appeared to support all-or-none theory, but item analyses show item difficulty to be a confounding factor. The failure of the drop-out paradigms to provide critical tests of all-or-none predictions is discussed.
Anxiety as a Function of Task Performance Feedback and Extra Version-Introversion
Authors: Fremont Theodore , Means Gladys H. , Means Robert S.
Published: September 2011

200 volunteer Ss enrolled in a midwestern university were administered the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). Those who scored in the top 15% and the bottom 15% of the population tested were identified as extraverts and introverts, respectively. These 2 groups, one composed of 30 extraverts and the other of 30 introverts, were administered the Digit Symbol test. Upon completion of the task, each S received one of three predetermined and randomly assigned types of feedback concerning his performance. Treatment I Ss were told that from the results of the Digit Symbol task, it appeared they had performed better than did most college students. Treatment II Ss were told that their task performance was lower than that of most college students. Treatment III Ss were given no information concerning their performances. A 2 ×3 multiple analysis of variance design was employed to analyze Ss' performances on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), a standardized measure of anxiety, which was administered immediately after the feedback session. Significant differences were found on treatment and extravert-introvert dimension as well as an interactive effect.
A Note on Subception
Authors: Overmier J. Bruce
Published: September 2011

It was noted that the usefulness of subception in the analysis of problems in perception and personality is dependent upon the hypothetical autonomic discriminatory process being more sensitive than the conscious discriminatory process. A recently proposed index (Chun & Sarbin, 1968) of subception was analyzed and found not to require greater autonomic sensitivity as a condition for subception; it was shown that random nondiscriminatory autonomic responding could result in subception of discriminatory verbal responding given this index. A simple graphic analytical procedure based upon modern psychophysical techniques unavailable to Lazarus and McCleary (1951) is recommended and demonstrated.
Level of Aspiration, Locus of Control and N-Achievement in Retardates and Normal Children
Authors: Riedel Wolfgang W. , Milgram Norman A.
Published: September 2011

An exploratory study compared 49 educable retardates with 20 third and 19 sixth grade normal children on measures of locus of control, level of aspiration, and n-Achievement. The results were consistent with a developmental progression, sixth graders scoring more internal in locus of control and more realistic in level of aspiration than third graders. The retardates who were chronologically older than the sixth graders tended to resemble third graders on these various measures.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict: I. Empirically Determined Speed-of-Locomotion Approach Gradients
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Kuehne Thomas E. , Clark Nathan , Larre Earl E.
Published: September 2011

16 male rats were trained to approach the distinctive end of a 20-ft. runway for a 25% sucrose solution, and their running speed was determined over successive 6-ft. segments of the maze. After 5 days of 5 training trials per day, quinine was substituted for sucrose in the case of half the animals and the remaining 8 rats were run under conditions of extinction. Analysis of the intersegmental speeds over the 5 days of training showed the approach speed-of-locomotion gradient was composed of a linear and a quadratic component. Comparison of the quinine and extinction treated groups over Days 6 and 7 suggested quinine was adequate to establish an approach-avoidance conflict in rats previously trained to approach for a positive incentive, and from which recovery was fairly rapid.
Comment on Dittes' Note
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: September 2011

Levonian (1970) criticized some previous studies in self-esteem and persuasibility for failing to use control data to test hypotheses alternative to the research hypothesis. The criticized studies included that of Gollob and Dittes (1965). Dittes (1970) objects to this inclusion, apparently on the grounds that the Gollob and Dittes study, being “relatively more sophisticated,” virtually precludes an alternative interpretation. An alternative interpretation is offered. Bases for additional alternative hypotheses which seem reasonable are suggested.
The Mini-Mult as a Personnel Screening Technique: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Lacks Patricia B. , Powell Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the standard MMPI and the 71-item Mini-Mult in male and female applicants for a psychiatric attendant position. Four significant differences were found. It appears that the Mini-Mult is reliably related to the MMPI and might be used to screen certain populations.
Expression of Hostility as a Function of an Encounter Group Experience
Authors: Uhes Michael J.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of previous research it was hypothesized that Ss undergoing an encounter group experience would show a decrease in covert expression of hostility and a corresponding increase in overt expression of hostility as measured by Bendig's scales of hostility. An experimental group ( N = 24) participated in 10 encounter group exercises while a control group ( N = 24) similar in terms of age, sex, and educational background, did not undergo the exercises. No significant difference was found between experimental and control groups' scores on the Bendig scales prior to, or upon completion of the series of encounter exercises for personal growth.
Relationships between Selected Ability and Achievement Tests in an Economically Disadvantaged Negro Sample
Authors: Hall Joseph C. , Chansky Norman M.
Published: September 2011

The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, the Revised Visual Retention Test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 46 randomly selected disadvantaged Negro first graders. After 7 1/2 mo., achievement tests were given: Stanford Achievement Tests, Informal Reading Inventory, and Daniels Word Recognition List. Correlations with achievement ranged from .05 to .57. Combining Peabody with Benton scores yielded multiple Rs ranging from .55 to .65, suggesting some predictive validity for this small sample of Negro boys and girls.
Social Desirability as a Variable in the Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Hjelle Larry A.
Published: September 2011

The present series of studies based on Ss in Catholic institutions attempted to explore several related questions concerning the social-desirability variable in the Internal-External Locus of Control scale (I-E). Results of Study I indicated that a majority of the I-E items have probability of endorsement values which depart significantly from a hypothetical value of P = .50, both for standard instruction and social-desirability instruction conditions. Study II demonstrated a small relationship between S's I-E score and S's tendency to agree with I-E items of high response-preference value ( r = .20). This relationship was especially obvious for those Ss designated as internally controlled. In Study III a significant relationship was shown between the social-desirability scale values for I-E items and the probability of I-E item endorsements ( r = .43). Moreover, a sizeable number of internal items were rated as significantly more socially desirable than the corresponding external items. It was suggested that the I-E scale may be contaminated by social desirability and that consequently the validity of the scale as a measure of locus of control is questionable.
Beliefs about Self and Others: A Test of the Dogmatism Theory
Authors: Lee Dorothy E. , Ehrlich Howard J.
Published: September 2011

The 7 propositions of Rokeach's theory of open- and closed-mind relating to beliefs about self and others were tested. It was hypothesized that closed-minded persons, in contrast to open-minded persons, would hold negative beliefs about self and about others, hold contradictory self-beliefs, engage in self-proselytization, seek status and power, report a sense of martyrdom, and display moral self-righteousness. In keeping with theoretical expectations, all hypotheses were confirmed although the magnitudes of correlations between dogmatism scale scores and the dependent variable measures were low.
Effects of Conflict upon Schedule-Induced Consumption of Water and Alcohol
Authors: Freed Earl X.
Published: September 2011

Schedule-induced polydipsic consumption of water and ethanol was conditioned in two groups of 6 Charles River rats which were then exposed to approach-avoidance (food-shock) conflict. Water intake was attenuated by conflict but ethanol consumption remained essentially unaltered. Alcohol's pharmacodynamic effect was implicated as responsible for differences in fluid consumption by the two groups.
Controlling Classical Conditioning with Sentence Structure
Authors: Walton Dan R.
Published: September 2011

64 Ss were randomly assigned to one of two learning strategies for associating visually presented male names with orally presented evaluative words. The contiguity treatment produced attitude changes in the direction of the associated evaluative words. The negative statement treatment stopped the conditioning effect and in two cases significantly reversed the direction of attitude change. It was concluded that sentence structure can dramatically alter the role that contiguity plays in verbal attitudinal learning.
Personality Characteristics of Innovative and Non-Innovative Teachers
Authors: Zimmerman Robert E. , Williams John D.
Published: September 2011

88 teachers were selected from 24 North Dakota secondary schools and were classified as either innovators or non-innovators on the basis of a 3-item questionnaire filled out by their colleagues at the respective schools. The 16 PF (Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire) was administered to both groups. Innovators were significantly more imaginative, more assertive, more venturesome, and less tense than the non-innovators.
Recidivism among Juvenile Parolees
Authors: Sakata Robert , Litwack Lawrence
Published: September 2011

The examination of 16 descriptive characteristics as a means of separating the recidivists from nonrecidivists suggested: (1) age at commitment and age at parole appear significant in potential prediction of recidivism and (2) poor adjustment to general institutional rules appears to have value in predicting recidivism.
Organizational Level and Job Attitudes
Authors: Gannon Martin J. , Demler John W.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that organizational level is significantly related to need satisfactions, self-perceptions, and contrasting definitions of career success. In the present study it is demonstrated that organizational level is also correlated significantly with three job attitudes, namely, interest in work innovation, job motivation, and willingness to disagree with supervisors. It is not associated significantly with acceptance of job changes and identification with the organization. Ss were 237 government employees.
Individual Differences in Recall
Authors: Miller Stuart , Fleishmann David , Simpson Robert
Published: September 2011

22 high- and 22 low-memory span Ss (H-MS, L-MS) sorted 52 words into anywhere from 2 to 7 categories. The H-MS group later recalled more of these words than the L-MS group. The effect of memory span upon recall was attributed to the selection of a significantly larger number of categories by the H-MS Ss. The unaccounted for variance in recall was discussed in terms of past experience and innate differences.
Comparison of the Comrey Personality Scales and the California Life Goals Evaluation Schedules
Authors: Backer Thomas E. , Comrey Andrew L. , Hahn Milton E.
Published: September 2011

In an initial investigation of the content relationships between the Comrey Personality Scales and the California Life Goals Evaluation Schedules, these two objective tests were administered to 212 volunteer students at the University of California, Los Angeles. Raw scores on the two tests were intercorrelated, and two sets of multiple regression analyses were performed relating the scales of one instrument to each scale of the other. The results indicate a number of substantial content relationships between the two instruments; in particular, the Comrey measure of Social Conformity is significantly related to most of the Life Goals. It is suggested that these relationships may be usefully employed in various vocational guidance, educational counseling, and industrial assessment settings.
Comment on “A Multifactor Admissions Predictive System”
Authors: Reed Cheryl L. , Asher William
Published: September 2011

Weaknesses in Weiss' (1970) arguments and techniques for the nonlinear predictor of academic achievement are discussed. Multiple regression analyses as a method to eliminate these weaknesses are suggested. Studies applying these techniques are cited.
The Portly Psychologist, or, on the Perils of Using a Control Group
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was sent to people who had requested reprints of an article on weight control as well as to a control group of people who requested reprints of articles on other topics. Although a majority of people who requested the weight-control paper reported that they had a weight problem, were overweight, had an overweight friend or relative, etc., the control group reported an equal preoccupation with obesity; in fact, the two groups did not differ on any measure except frequency of openended comments. The results imply that adequate control groups should be used whenever possible in generalizing about characteristics of groups.
Desirability Responses in the Personality Research Form by a Sample of Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Nelson Janet I.
Published: September 2011

The Personality Research Form (PRF) was administered to 40 male alcoholics under standard instructions (SI) and instructions to respond desirably (DI). When instructional sets were compared, 13 of the 22 PRF scales were significantly different. It was concluded that faking attempts in the desirable direction though producing statistically significant differences in group means, may not produce differences that actually make a difference in a practical sense.
Delayed CR in Classical GSR Conditioning
Authors: Morrow M. C.
Published: September 2011

2 conditioning groups received 3 trials with either a .5-sec. or a 20-sec. ISI, and then 40 trials with a 20-sec. ISI. 2 pseudoconditioning groups received the same number of CSs and UCSs in an unpaired order but differed according to whether CS duration on the first 3 trials was .6 sec. or 20.1 sec. GSR latency and magnitude were the dependent variables. Latency was greater and magnitude smaller in the pseudoconditioning than in the conditioning groups. There was little difference between the conditioning groups in either latency or magnitude. Furthermore, terminal CR latency in the conditioning groups was 4 to 5 sec., a value considerably shorter than what was expected on the basis of previous research. The data were discussed in terms of the kinds of inhibitory processes usually employed to explain such findings and also in terms of how inhibition explanations differ from “instrumental reinforcement” interpretations.
Comparison of Two Sociometric Devices for Measuring Personality Integration
Authors: Wright Logan
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of two sociometric measures of personality integration. Contrary to prediction, the more brief, 6-item PIRT scale was significantly more reliable ( r11 = .84) than the lengthier 30-item ESD scale ( r11 = .74). Also contrary to prediction, neither test was more highly correlated than the other (and therefore more valid) with any of 8 construct-validity measures. It was concluded that the PIRT was the more functional measure and therefore recommended for use in future personality integration research. Earlier results concerning the relationship of personality integration to self-concept and environmental contact, as well as locus of control and locus of evaluation in college-age females, were replicated.
Are Administrative Level, Age and Educational Preparation Reflected in California Psychological Inventory Scores?
Authors: Dyer Elaine D. , Monson Mary A. , Van Drimmelen Jennie B.
Published: September 2011

Relationships of administrative position, age, educational preparation to scores on the CPI scales were studied in 1018 randomly selected registered nurses from 31 VA Hospitals. Significant correlations ( p < .05) were found between administrative position and Dominance, Responsibility, Self-control, Achievement via Independence, Psychological-mindedness, and Flexibility; between age and —Sociability, —Social Presence, —Self-acceptance, —Socialization, Self-control, Good Impression, — Communality, —Achievement via Independence, — Intellectual Efficiency, and —Flexibility; between educational preparation and Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability, Social Presence, Self-acceptance, Tolerance, Achievement via Independence, Intellectual Efficiency, Psychological-mindedness, and Flexibility. Eta coefficients indicated that relationships with CPI scales were linear. Administrative position, age, educational preparation were not highly intercorrelated. Highest CPI profiles were obtained by older better educated nurses in supervisory positions. Lowest profiles occurred in older supervisory nurses who had not pursued their education.
Free Recall among the Aged
Authors: Raymond Beth J.
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken in order to examine output from short-term storage (STS) and long-term storage (LTS) in elderly Ss using a free-recall paradigm. Contrary to the widespread belief that aged Ss have difficulty recalling recent information, the data indicated no deterioration in recall from STS although recall from LTS was considerably less than is usually demonstrated in free-recall studies.
Experimenter Effect on Sex-Role Preference among Black and White Lower-Class Male Children
Authors: Doll Paddy A. , Fagot Hacker J. , Himbert Joanna D.
Published: September 2011

The It Scale for Children (ITSC) was administered to 240 white and black lower-class children at 6-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old age levels. Neither the sex of E nor the age and race of S had any main effects on sex-role preference scores, but there were significant interactions between sex of E, race of S and administration method.
Effects of Group Laughter on Responses to Humorous Material
Authors: Smyth Mary M. , Fuller Raymond G. C.
Published: September 2011

Forty Ss listened to two humorous recordings one with and one without the dubbed laughter of a group of people. In the condition of group laughter Ss laughed more frequently and for longer. They also rated the humorous material as more amusing.
Social Desirability and Conformity in a Group Test Situation
Authors: Loomis Ross J. , Spilka Bernard
Published: September 2011

A variation of a method for assessing social desirability and relating it to conformity was tested and partial confirmation of the method obtained. However, the data raised several questions regarding assessing social desirability by this method and predicting group conformity.
Length of History of Schizophrenic Disorder and Anxiety as Defined by Skin Resistance Level
Authors: Marra Herbert A. , Fitzgerald B. J.
Published: September 2011

Level of anxiety as represented in skin resistance levels (SRLs) was measured 5 times throughout the day in 60 hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Ss were classified into 3 groups of varying lengths of history of schizophrenic disorder and further subdivided into groups remaining on tranquilizing medication and groups receiving no medication for 84 hr. prior to testing. The comparison group (medicated) mean SRL differed significantly from that of the experimental group (non-medicated) mean SRL thus demonstrating the relevant effect of removal of the experimental Ss from medication. The experimental Ss tended to show significantly less anxiety (increased SRLs) and more variable levels of anxiety (increased variation in SRL) as a function of increasing chronicity. These findings were interpreted as supporting Mednick's learning theory hypothesis regarding anxiety in schizophrenic disorder.
Curiosity and Willingness to Become Involved
Authors: Day Hy I. , Maynes Florence
Published: September 2011

Teachers' College students were asked to select from a list of problem-solving situations the content areas, and within areas the level of complexity or ambiguity, in which they would be willing to participate as experimental Ss. When each S's interest area subscale scores on the Ontario Test of Intrinsic Motivation (OTIM) were ranked, volunteering at the medium, and particularly the high, complex levels was more frequent in higher ranked interest areas. Correlations showed that the mechanical, computational, and musical subscales were positively related to the complexity level chosen in their respective experimental areas, and the mechanical and scientific subscales predicted the average level chosen. OTIM total scores were more related to the amount of volunteering than to the complexity level favored.
Short-Term Memory in Normals and Retardates as a Function of Stimulus Intensity and Recall Interval: A Test of Ellis's st Theory
Authors: Hayes Charles S. , Routh Donald K.
Published: September 2011

Two predictions derived from Ellis's (1963) stimulus trace (st) deficit theory were tested with equal CA (approximately 9 years) normal and retarded children in a digit recall task. Length of recall interval (0 vs 8 sec.) and intensity level of the aurally presented items (55 vs 90 db) were varied factorially. All of the material was taped and received by subjects through earphones. Contrary to Ellis's theoretical predictions, the two IQ groups demonstrated parallel retention functions, and the performance of neither group was affected by the intensity manipulation.
Repression-Sensitization and Stress Effects on Maudsley Personality Inventory Scores
Authors: Cohen Roy H. , Oziel L. Jerome
Published: September 2011

Contrary to expectations, 20 sensitizers did not increase their neuroticism scores as a function of induced situational stress. Situational stress did, however, significantly increase extraversion scores of the sensitizers. It was hypothesized that neuroticism scores measure “baseline anxiety” which is relatively unaffected by situational stress. Extraversion scores, however, were hypothesized to be more responsive to situationally induced anxiety. It was hypothesized that the sensitizers responded in a more extraverted fashion as a means of controlling the arousal of situational anxiety.
E's Presence: Effect on S's Performance
Authors: Musante Gerard , Anker James M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to see if the presence of E was sufficient to produce “demand characteristics” in a psychological experiment. Two physiological indices, electromyogram and heart rate, measured performance of a task, i.e., not to respond to a tone. E's presence facilitated S's ability not to respond as indicated by EMG. E's presence had a facilitating effect and “demand characteristics” of psychological experimentation appear to exist.
Sex Differences in the Relationship between Test Anxiety and School Performance
Authors: Gjesme Torgrim
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between test anxiety and school performance in light of the achievement motivation theory. The reasoning was based on the following assumptions: (a) subjective probability of failure (Pt) in school work is determined by the individual's knowledge of his own relative ability; (b) Pt is inversely related to the pupil's level of ability; (c) girls overestimate their Pt; (d) girls have a smaller spread in Pt than have boys. Taking these assumptions into account implied that in a traditional classroom in which ability is heterogeneous, only boys of moderate ability should have their test anxiety (Mt) strongly aroused and the resulting interference should deteriorate their performance. Neither the very bright nor the very dull boys should have their test anxiety (Mt) much aroused, and it should have no negative effects on their performance regardless of its strength. Further, girls of high ability should have their test anxiety (Mt) strongly aroused, while moderate and especially low ability girls should not have their Mt much aroused. The pattern of the results was mostly in accordance with the reasoning underlying these predictions.
Reduction of Anxiety and Personal Space as a Function of Assertion Training with Severely Disturbed Neuropsychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Booraem Curtis D. , Flowers John V.
Published: September 2011

7 severely disturbed neuropsychiatric inpatients participated in a 12-session assertion training program as well as the normal hospital milieu therapy program. A matched group participated in only the normal hospital milieu therapy routine. All Ss were compared on the dependent measures of personal space and the Spielberger Self-evaluation Questionnaire 1 wk. before and 1 wk. after the assertion training program. The experimental group showed a significant reduction in both personal space and self-reported anxiety while the matched control group shewed no significant reduction. Small rhos indicate the need for further research examining the relationship between personal space and anxiety.
Blinking and Mental Load
Authors: Holland Morris K. , Tarlow Gerald
Published: September 2011

The rate of blinking is related to certain mental activities. One common feature of states associated with low blink rates is the presence of concentrated cognitive activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine how blinking is affected by variations in mental load; it was hypothesized that, for a given nonvisual task, blinking would decrease as mental load increased. The first study reported here manipulated memory load by requiring Ss to retain a sequence of 4, 6, or 8 digits. The second study involved mental arithmetic under time pressure; half the trials contained zeros in the sequence of numbers to be summed. In both studies the rate of blinking was low when mental load was high and the rate was high when mental load was low. It is speculated that blinking may disrupt certain cognitive processes and may therefore be inhibited when these processes are active. When mental load is increased, the inhibition of blinking may be an adaptive mechanism which protects vulnerable cognitive processes from interference.
Critical Analysis of the Concept of Causality in Behavioristic Psychology
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: September 2011

A number of problems in contemporary psychology can be attributed to the influence of Hume's perceptual-level view of causality. This influence is most clearly manifested in Skinner's descriptive behaviorism which advocates the search for functional relationships between observable sequences of events. In general, Hume's views have: (1) led psychologists to attempt to redefine terms pertaining to consciousness in behavioral language, thereby producing conceptual chaos; (2) systematically encouraged the study of trivial types of learning in preference to the study of man's conceptual abilities; and (3) resulted in the appearance of blatant contradictions between theory and practice.
Effects of Punishing Different Bands of IRTS on DRL Responding
Authors: Topping Jeff S. , Pickering John W.
Published: September 2011

The present study compared the effects of punishing different bands of noncriterion IRTs during a DRL 20-sec. schedule on bursts of responding. Results indicated that punishing relatively short or long noncriterion IRTs was equally effective, as contrasted with a control group, in producing a significant decrease in the percentage of bursts. Findings were discussed in terms of a stimulus feedback interpretation of bursts.
Friendship, Similarity and the Reptest
Authors: Duck Steven W.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that Personal Construct Theory provides a link between studies of attitude-similarity and personality-similarity as factors in attraction proposes that similarities between friends in the structuring of constructs are measured by the Reptest. A comparison of a naturally occurring group of 10 friends with a comparable ‘nominal’ group, i.e., a group constructed of individuals who are not friends with each other but within the same population, was made by giving each S a Reptest where all the members of his own group, and 10 others, common to both sets of Reptests, were elements. The confirmation of the hypothesis was taken to show the normative influences of group membership on construing processes. However, for further investigation of the similarity-attraction hypothesis from a personal construct theory standpoint, it is argued that study of construct content is more promising, since the hypothesis rests largely on a consensual-validation argument, which in turn seems to rest on implicit recognition that individuals can perceive any similarity existing between them.
Attitudes of High School Students and Their Parents toward Contemporary Issues
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Schroeder Christine , Rewitzer Marilyn , Weinstock Anne
Published: September 2011

46 high school students ( Mage = 17.6 yr.) and a sample of 23 of their parents ( Mage = 45.1 yr.) completed a 36-item questionnaire containing items pertaining to such contemporary topics as drug use, sexual behavior, religion, and civil rights. Ss lived in a non-college, working class, semi-rural community. Whereas other studies of attitude differences toward contemporary issues between adolescents and adults assessed populations living in “college towns” and showed that the generations differed about 85% of the time, the present study found the adolescent and adult groups differed on only 50% of the questionnaire items. Moreover, the differences in attitude appeared to reflect more a difference in intensity of attitudes than one of direction. These results appear to support the position of Adelson (1970).
On Perceiving Probability of Marital Success
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that a third-party's evaluation of a dating couple's chances for marital success is a function of the degree to which the dating partners are attitudinally similar to each other. Students evaluated dating partners who were either 25%, 58%, or 92% similar to each other on a 12-item attitude survey and indicated on a nine-step scale their estimates of the probability that a marriage between the two persons would be successful. The obtained results strongly supported the hypothesis ( p < .001).
Effect of Sensory Cueing in Learning and Retention
Authors: Hughes Glenn H. , McIntyre Sherwood , Dragoin William B. , Nolan Robert
Published: September 2011

In an experiment assessing the effects on learning and retention of training material presented in association with various sensory modalities data indicated that sensory information interacted with retention intervals and measures. Auditory stimulation in general produced maximum retention and tactile stimulation produced the least. Results were discussed in terms of sensory cueing and established habit patterns.
Internal-External Scores and Success on an ESP Task
Authors: Bronzaft Arline L.
Published: September 2011

In an investigation of the relationship between Internal-External locus of control and success on an ESP task, 96 college students were given a shortened version of Rotter's I-E Control Scale and a task designed to measure ESP ability. As hypothesized, externals did better than internals on the ESP task.
Relationships of Anhedonia to Physiological Reactivity and Threshold
Authors: Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

Anhedonia—the inability to experience pleasure—is a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia, but its role is poorly understood because it has been subjected to very little systematic research. In the present study, the relationships of anhedonia to a variety of physiological reactivity and threshold measures were studied in a group of 76 psychiatric hospital patients. The results were negative. The results suggest that clinical anhedonia is not a function of hypo-reactivity.
Effects of Instructional Set on Production of Creative Responses
Authors: Oziel L. Jerome , Oziel Laurel D. , Cohen Roy H.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 40 highly creative Ss and 2 groups ( ns = 40) who scored low in creativity on the Revised Art Scale of the Welsh Figure Preference Test were given the test again under standard instructions or a set to be creative. Highly creative Ss remained high but did not improve, low initial scorers increased creativity scores under the set to be creative. Analysis showed level of creativity and instructions as well as their interaction contributed to total variance.
Effects of Schedule, Percent Body Weight, and Magnitude of Reinforcer on Acquisition of Schedule-Induced Polydipsia
Authors: Freed Earl X. , Hymowitz Norman
Published: September 2011

Two experiments with 43 Charles River (cd) male rats investigated the effects of schedule, percent body weight, and magnitude of reinforcer on the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia. A leaner reinforcement schedule induced greater polydipsia as did two non-schedule variables, reduced body weight and small magnitude of reinforcer. These findings, related to contemporary theories of schedule-induced polydipsia, emphasize the role of non-schedule variables in this behavior.
Personality Characteristics of Women Scientists
Authors: Bachtold Louise M. , Werner Emmy E.
Published: September 2011

Women biologists and chemists listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who of American Women ( N:146) were studied with the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF). As a group, women scientists were found to be more serious, radical, confident, dominant, intelligent, and adventurous than women in the general population, and less sociable, group-dependent, and sensitive. Personality profiles on the 16 PF of men and women scientists showed strong similarity ( p < .01).
Attitudes about Sex Roles, Sex, and Marital Status of Anti-War Demonstrators
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

A sex-role questionnaire was completed by 154 of about 1,500 demonstrators in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Women had more liberal views regarding sex roles. People who had demonstrated many times tended to see women mote as individuals than those who had demonstrated less.
Questionnaire Responses regarding Risk-Taking Behavior with Death at Stake
Authors: Ermalinski Richard
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated risk-taking behavior with death at stake. 103 Ss answered a general questionnaire with a wide variety of items assumed relevant to attitudes toward death, the death questionnaire which depicted situations in which Ss indicated the level of risk they were willing to take to benefit others when their own lives were at stake, and the time-money-effort questionnaire which depicted situations in which Ss indicated the level of risk they were willing to take to benefit others when their own time, money, or effort was at stake. It was hypothesized that Ss would be willing to take greater risks on the time-money-effort questionnaire than on the death questionnaire, and that Ss who answered the time-money-effort questionnaire after the death questionnaire would take significantly higher risks on it than Ss who had the reversed order. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Comparisons were made for Ss who scored high, medium, and low on death risk and demographic and other relevant variables from the general questionnaire.
Lobeline and Reduction of Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Davison Gerald C. , Rosen Raymond C.
Published: September 2011

An empirical and logical analysis of research employing lobeline sulfate in reducing cigarette smoking raises serious doubts as to the utility of this chemical “nicotine substitute.” An experiment is also described in which predominantly college-aged volunteers desiring to stop smoking were given either specially prepared troches containing 0.5 mg. lobeline or placebos in a double-blind design. Neither during treatment nor during an immediately following post-treatment period did the drug achieve greater gains than the placebo. Correlational and other analyses of psychological data suggest that the local throat irritation commonly regarded as a side-effect of lobeline lozenges actually plays a central role in discouraging smoking in those persons motivated to continue sucking the lozenges. Suggestions are also offered as to procedures that might prove useful in maintaining treatment gains, whether drug-produced or part of the familiar placebo effect.