bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcome Prediction for Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Uchino Shigehiko
Published: September 2008

Background/Aims: To review the currently available severity scores to predict outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients, to discuss the problems with such scores, and to provide information for the development of more accurate AKI severity scores in the future. Methods: Literature review and multivariate analysis using a large international database for AKI. Results: Although general severity scores have good discrimination and calibration abilities to predict outcome of critically ill patients, the accuracy of these systems for AKI patients has been questioned. To improve prediction ability, multiple AKI severity scores have been published in the literature. However, most of these scores were developed and tested in a single center, or if multicentric, they were confined to a single country. Seven variables (mechanical ventilation, bilirubin, age, oliguria, hypotension, sepsis and platelet count) are often found as common risk factors in these severity scores and should be included in future AKI severity scores. Although several studies have consistently reported that both low creatinine and high urea at the start of RRT are related to worse outcome in AKI patients, they might not improve prediction ability. Conclusion: Using available information and a large database collected internationally, a more accurate score for AKI is likely to be developed.
Acute Kidney Injury: New Concepts, Renal Recovery
Authors: Bell Max
Published: September 2008

Background/Aims: Long-term outcome after critical illness is important. After acute kidney injury (AKI) one measurement of such long-term outcome is assessment of renal recovery. Methods: A literature search was performed using the Medline database from 1960 to the present. The attempt was to include major clinical trials and other systematic reviews published in the field of renal recovery after critical illness. Results: More than 15 studies have covered the topic of renal outcome after intensive care, but the results are ambiguous. Studies from the mid-1990s showed that AKI survivors were at great risk of becoming dialysis dependent for life, with non-recovery reported at around 30%. Later investigations found lower risks, with non-recovery between 5 and 8% depending on the choice of continuous or intermittent renal replacement therapies. Conclusion: Continuous renal replacement therapies may be associated with better chances of renal recovery. Determining when and how to measure long-term renal outcome remains a matter of controversy.
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders after Heart or Kidney Transplantation at a Single Centre: Presentation and Response to Treatment
Authors: Aversa S.M.L. , Stragliotto S. , Marino D. , Calabrese F. , Rigotti P. , Marchini F. , Gambino A. , Feltrin G. , Boso C. , Canova F. , Soldà C. , Mazzarotto R. , Burra P.
Published: September 2008

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is a serious complication after solid organ transplantation. Reduction of immunosuppression (RI) alone is not able to control the disease. We report a prospective analysis of 30 patients with PTLD after heart or kidney transplantation. Only 5 of 30 patients, treated solely with RI, obtained a complete response. Five patients were treated heterogeneously; in the remaining 20, the efficacy and safety of a weekly anthracycline-based chemotherapy were assessed. Sixteen patients obtained a complete remission. One death was related to treatment. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 3-year overall survival was 63.3% and 57% for the entire group and the chemotherapy-treated group, respectively. Moreover, 4 second neoplasms were observed in the chemotherapeutic group. In this study, we demonstrated that most PTLD need other treatment than RI and a weekly regimen is manageable and has a favourable impact on long-term survival.
Photodynamic Therapy for Granuloma Annulare: More than a Shot in the Dark
Authors: Weisenseel Peter , Kuznetsov Alexander Vasilevic , Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas , Berking Carola , Prinz Joerg Christoph
Published: September 2008

Background: Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign granulomatous and inflammatory skin disorder. The pathogenesis remains enigmatic and convincingly effective treatment options are not available. Inspired by a report showing photodynamic therapy (PDT) to be effective in a single patient with GA, we sought to evaluate this benefit in a series of patients with GA. Observations: PDT was performed in 7 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed GA located at the extremities. First, 20% ALA gel was applied under an occlusive dressing for 5 h, followed by illumination with 100 J/cm2 by a standard red-light source. In total, 2–3 PDT sessions were performed, with an interval of 2–4 weeks between each session. Treatment was stopped when complete remission was achieved or when GA lesions remained unchanged after 2 consecutive PDT sessions. The overall response rate was 57%. In 2 patients (29%), GA cleared completely, in 2 patients (29%) the skin lesions improved markedly and in 3 patients (43%) no clinical response could be observed. Conclusion: These promising results should be evaluated in larger controlled studies. In selected patients, PDT might be a valuable recruit for the sparse armory available to treat GA.
Significance of Dermoscopy in Acute Diffuse and Total Alopecia of the Female Scalp: Review of Twenty Cases
Authors: Inui Shigeki , Nakajima Takeshi , Itami Satoshi
Published: September 2008

Background: Acute diffuse and total alopecia of the female scalp (ADTAFS) is a new subtype of alopecia areata that is characterized by rapid progression of diffuse alopecia of the female scalp, marked female predominance and a favorable prognosis. Differential diagnosis of other types of diffuse alopecia such as female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is necessary in some cases. Objective: To describe dermoscopic findings of ADTAFS and to investigate the possibility of utilizing dermoscopy as a diagnostic tool for ADTAFS. Methods: Twenty cases of ADTAFS diagnosed by clinical and/or histological findings were examined by dermoscopy. Results: Cadaverized hairs (black dots), exclamation mark hairs (tapering hairs), broken hairs or yellow dots were seen in 18, 13, 19 and 17 out of 20 cases, respectively. One of these signs was seen in all cases (20/20). On the other hand, none of 12 cases with exclusively FPHL showed the dermoscopic features such as cadaverized hairs, exclamation mark hairs or broken hairs. Only 1 FPHL patient showed a yellow dot in the hair loss area. Conclusion: Dermoscopy is a helpful diagnostic tool for ADTAFS, especially to distinguish it from FPHL.
Orodigital Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Pathogenic Role of Anti-Desmoglein-3 Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Paronychia?
Authors: Laffitte Emmanuel , Panizzon Renato G. , Borradori Luca
Published: September 2008

Paronychia is a rare complication of pemphigus vulgaris (PV), and the immunological profile of patients with digital disease has not been assessed so far. We report 2 cases of PV with oral mucosa and periungual involvement, who had high titers of anti- desmoglein (Dsg)-3 circulating antibodies. These observations raise the possibility that expression of Dsg-1 and Dsg-3 in distinct areas of periungual skin is disease specific and that anti-Dsg-3 antibodies alone may have an as yet unrecognized importance for the development of paronychia in PV.
Cutaneous Aseptic Neutrophilic Abscesses and Yersiniaenterocolitica Infection in a Case Subsequently Diagnosed as Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Safa G. , Loppin M. , Tisseau L. , Lamoril J.
Published: September 2008

We report the case of a man who presented cutaneous aseptic abscesses, a rare form of neutrophilic disease, associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection and who was later diagnosed as having Crohn’s disease (CD). Genetic analysis showed that the patient had a mutation in the caspase activation recruitment domain 15/nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 gene (R702W heterozygote). This case is in keeping with recent evidence in the literature which suggests that CD is a disease linked to abnormal immune responses to enteric bacteria in genetically susceptible individuals. Further understanding of the innate immune system should provide new insights into the pathogenesis of these inflammatory diseases.
Photodynamic Therapy as an Alternative Treatment for Cutaneous Sarcoidosis
Authors: Wilsmann-Theis Dagmar , Bieber Thomas , Novak Natalija
Published: September 2008

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease. In more than 90% of the cases, sarcoidosis affects the lung with bilateral hilar adenopathy, while skin involvement occurs in about 25% of the cases. Whereas sarcoidosis of the lung is often successfully treated with oral corticosteroids, therapy of cutaneous sarcoidosis is frequently frustrating because some of the lesions may be refractory to treatment or recur quickly after resolution. We report two cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis successfully treated with photodynamic therapy, which represents an effective alternative therapy with fewer side effects.
Progressive Symmetric Erythrokeratodermia Associated with Oligodontia, Severe Caries, Disturbed Hair Growth and Ectopic Nail: A New Syndrome?
Authors: Bongiorno Maria Rita , Aricò Mario
Published: September 2008

A 7-year-old girl had well-demarcated erythematous plaques covered with white pityriasiform scales which were symmetrically distributed and involved the extensor surfaces of the extremities as well as the abdomen, buttocks and face. Histological examination showed marked hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis, and a thickened granular cell layer, mild acanthosis and slight lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the papillary blood vessels, compatible with a diagnosis of progressive symmetrical erythrokeratodermia. Remarkably, a keratotic excrescence similar to a normal nail plate involved the tip of the nose since the age of 6 months. Moreover, occipital hairlessness, oligodontia and severe caries were noted. Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia has so far been described as a non-syndromic skin disorder, which is why our patient’s multisystem birth defect may represent a new entity.
Adhesive Strength of Fibrinogen-Coated Collagen Patch or Liquid Fibrin Sealant in an Experimental Liver Resection Model in Pigs
Authors: Erdogan D. , de Graaf W. , van Gulik T.M.
Published: September 2008

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of sealing bile ducts by determining the adhesive strength of 2 different sealing agents, i.e. a fibrinogen-coated collagen patch (TachoSil®) and a liquid fibrin sealant (Tissucol®), in an experimental partial liver resection model in pigs. Methods: Pigs underwent laparotomy and partial resection of the left medial liver lobe. A 16-Ch silicon catheter was introduced into the common bile duct. Pigs were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 4 each). In group 1, TachoSil was applied on the resection surface, and in group 2 Tissucol was applied. After 2 h, pressure in the intrabiliary system was gradually increased. Results: No significant differences in the hemostasis times between TachoSil and Tissucol were observed (210.0 ± 12.9 vs. 208.8 ± 14.2 s; p = 0.9506). The pressure that could be resisted with Tissucol was significantly lower compared to TachoSil (77.0 ± 8.6 vs. 131.8 ± 16.3 mm Hg; p = 0.0405). Conclusions: The application of TachoSil on the resection surface is equally effective in obtaining hemostasis and in sealing of biliary ducts as Tissucol. The adhesive strength of TachoSil on the resection surface, however, is superior to Tissucol.
Intraoperative Assessment of Microperfusion with Visible Light Spectroscopy in Esophageal and Colorectal Anastomoses
Authors: Karliczek A. , Benaron D.A. , Baas P.C. , Zeebregts C.J. , van der Stoel A. , Wiggers T. , Plukker J.T.M. , van Dam G.M.
Published: September 2008

Background: We evaluated the technical feasibility and stability of measurements using visible light spectroscopy to measure microvascular oxygen saturation (StO2) in gastrointestinal anastomoses. Methods: In consecutive esophageal (n = 14) or colorectal (n = 30) resections, during which an uncomplicated anastomosis was performed, measurements of serosal StO2 were performed during the procedure. Results: In esophageal resections, median (± standard error) StO2 was stable before and after anastomosis in the proximal esophagus (before: 66.0 ± 4.6, after: 68.3 ± 6.0%) and the gastric conduit (before: 70.6 ± 8.6, after: 69.8 ± 8.0%). Mean colorectal StO2 before and after anastomosis increased in the proximal part (71.3 ± 8.4 to 76.6 ± 8.2%; p < 0.005). Mean StO2 in the distal part remained stable (72.4 ± 6.6 to 74.8 ± 6.7%). Conclusions: Visible light spectroscopy is a feasible and fast method for intraoperative assessment of microperfusion of the serosa in esophageal and colorectal anastomosis. Future clinical studies will define its role in the prediction of anastomotic leakage.
Impact of Body Mass Index and Obesity on Clinical Response to Systemic Treatment for Psoriasis
Authors: Naldi Luigi , Addis Antonio , Chimenti Sergio , Giannetti Alberto , Picardo Mauro , Tomino Carlo , Maccarone Mara , Chatenoud Liliane , Bertuccio Paola , Caggese Eugenia , Cuscito Rosanna
Published: September 2008

Objective: Our aim was to assess the role of the body mass index (BMI) in the clinical response to systemic treatment for psoriasis. Methods: A nationwide cohort study of patients receiving a new systemic treatment for plaque psoriasis at reference centres in Italy was conducted. Information was gathered through a web-based electronic form. Patients being maintained on the same medication and with data available at 8 and 16 weeks by March 31, 2007, were eligible. The outcome was a reduction in the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) of at least 75% at follow-up compared to baseline (PASI-75). Results: Out of 8,072 patients enrolled, 2,368 were eligible and analysable at 8 weeks and 2,042 at 16 weeks. PASI-75 was achieved by 819 patients (34.5%) at 8 weeks and 1,034 (50.6%) at 16 weeks. The proportion steadily decreased with increased values of BMI. Compared to normal weight (BMI = 20–24) the adjusted odds ratio for achieving PASI-75 in obese patients was 0.73 (95% CI = 0.58–0.93) at 8 weeks and 0.62 (95% CI = 0.49–0.79) at 16 weeks. The impact of the BMI did not show remarkable variations according to the drug prescribed at entry. Conclusion: The BMI affects the early clinical response to systemic treatment for psoriasis.
Anti-Predation Benefits in a Mixed-Species Group of Amazonian Tamarins
Authors: Peres Carlos A.
Published: September 2008

Because of their small body size, tamarins are potentially vulnerable to a wide range of predator species. This paper examines the general patterns of predator avoidance of the Avila-Pires saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis avilapiresi) and the red-cap moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax pileatus) in the upper Urucu river, Amazonas, Brazil. One highly stable mixed-species group of these species suffered an average of 1 attack by carnivorous raptors every 8.8 days of activity. Although none of these attacks was successful, tamarins occasionally fall prey to raptors or terrestrial predators. The two tamarin species exhibited a high degree of coordination in their anti-predation tactics. Saddle-back tamarins accounted for most of the vigilance and detection of terrestrial and scansorial threats, whereas moustached tamarins scanned for and detected most aerial and arboreal threats. Of the two species, however, moustached tamarins contributed a significantly greater proportion of scanning time after predation attempts, during pre-retirement periods and at other times. Moreover, their substantially larger groups (1.6 times larger than those of saddle-back tamarins) accounted for a further increase in their effective vigilance effort. The anti-predation benefits gained by saddle-back tamarins from joining mixed-species groups with moustached tamarins thus appeared to be greater than the reverse, because the latter provide greater protection to the group, particularly against aerial sources of threat. However, the greater vigilance of saddle-back tamarins towards potential terrestrial predators cannot be discounted, because these may on rarer occasions pose a real threat to either species. Collective protection against predators may thus represent an important factor maintaining the widespread and bilaterally reinforced interspecific associations observed with Amazonian tamarins.
Habitat, Density and Group Size of Primates in a Brazilian Tropical Forest
Authors: Pinto Luiz Paulo S. , Costa Claudia M R. , Strier Karen B. , da Fonseca Gustavo A. B.
Published: September 2008

Habitats, population densities and group sizes of 5 primate species (Callithrix flaviceps, Callicebus personatus personatus, Cebus apella nigritus, Alouatta fusca clamitans, and Brachyteles arachnoides) were estimated, using the method of repeated transect sampling, in an area of montane pluvial forest in eastern Brazil (Atlantic forest). A. fusca and C. apella had the highest densities in terms of groups and individuals per square kilometer, respectively, while B. arachnoides was least abundant. The highest primate densities were observed in areas of secondary vegetation. Both group sizes and population densities for the 5 species were generally lower at the Reserva Biologica Augusto Ruschi than those reported in other areas of Atlantic forest. Hunting pressure and the different carrying capacity of the habitat are suggested as possible causes for the low number of sightings registered for these species.
Field Observations of Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) in Madagascar
Authors: Ancrenaz Marc , Lackman-Ancrenaz Isabelle , Mundy Nick
Published: September 2008

Data are presented from a field study of aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) in an area of degraded secondary forest in northeast Madagascar. Animals were followed by radiotelemetry for 3 months during the cool dry season, when productivity of the forest is at a minimum. Population density was variable. Male home ranges were larger and overlapped the range of at least 1 female. Male ranges also overlapped, and areas of overlap could be occupied by 2 animals simultaneously. Most of the parties were solitary, but aggregations were observed at feeding sites. All activity was observed during darkness, and aye-ayes were always found to nest singly during the daytime. These patterns conform to those described for other nocturnal solitary prosimians. The aye-ayes showed versatility in their locomotor patterns, enabling them to use all types of supports and forest levels. Dietary diversity was high, although a preference for flower nectar was noted. These results suggest that, despite their anatomical specializations, aye-ayes are able to exploit a wide range of resources within recently degraded forest. This ability seems to allow aye-ayes to remain active throughout the year, unlike certain other nocturnal lemurs which become torpid during the dry season.
Ecoethological Study of Free-Ranging Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) in Madagascar
Authors: Andriamasimanana Mina
Published: September 2008

An ecoethological study was undertaken on the activity rhythms, diet, ranging and social behavior of 3 aye-ayes. Preliminary information on reproduction and mother-infant relations are given. The study included research into the different habitat types in which the aye-aye was found within the Biosphere Reserve at Mananara-Nord. In addition, the impact of habitat degradation on aye-aye ecology was investigated. The aye-ayes spent the majority of time in locomotion; resting accounted for a surprisingly small amount of their activity cycles. Animals spent almost half of their time between 0 and 10 m above ground. Signs of aye-aye activity were never found in highly disturbed areas but were common in plantations, secondary littoral and primary forests.
Dietary Intake, Food Composition and Nutrient Intake in Wild and Captive Populations of Daubentonia madagascariensis
Authors: Sterling Eleanor J. , Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Ashbourne Caroline J. , Feistner Anna T.C.
Published: September 2008

Data are presented on dietary and nutrient intake in a wild population of aye-ayes. Study animals ate 4 main food types: seeds, nectar, fungus and insect larvae. Calculated calorie intake was slighty lower during the cold season than during the hot, wet and the hot, dry seasons. Total intakes almost doubled to compensate for the lower energy content of the diet during the cold season. Comparison of natural and captive diets suggests that maintenance and even growth requirements of aye-ayes can be met by relatively low-fat, low-protein diets. Daily energy requirements were estimated to average about 280 kcal metabolizable energy/day. Animals in the wild were estimated to eat between 260 and 342 kcal, while captive animals consumed 260 kcal/day.
Responses of Captive Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) to the Scent of Conspecifics: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Price Eluned C. , Feistner Anna T.C.
Published: September 2008

The ability of 6 captive aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) to discriminate scents from conspecifics of different age-sex classes was tested. The animals were presented with either unscented logs or logs that had been placed in: (1) their own cage, (2) the cages of adult males or (3) the cages of adult females with female offspring. Responses to the logs, measured by approaching, proximity, tapping, gnawing, sniffing, scent marking and vocalizations, were recorded for 30 min following presentation. Logs from females with offspring provoked the highest responses, and immature aye-ayes investigated logs more than adults of either sex. These results suggest that, as in many other prosimians, olfaction plays an important role in the communication systems of aye-ayes.
Protein Polymorphism in Three Cercopithecid Species and Its Application to Conservation
Authors: Schmitt J. , Tomiuk J.
Published: September 2008

Genetic variation at up to 82 protein loci was studied in 3 cercopithecid primate species, Cercopithecus aethiops, Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta. In both macaque species, genetic variability was higher than that commonly observed in other mammals. The observed protein variability is closely correlated with that expected under the neutral mutation hypothesis. The results are discussed with respect to the application of protein studies to the conservation of primate species.
Energy Metabolism and Thermoregulation in the Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: Thompson S.D. , Power M.L. , Rutledge C.E. , Kleiman D.G.
Published: September 2008

Energy metabolism and body temperature were examined in Leontopithecus rosαliα, the golden lion tamarin. Total standard metabolic rate (SMR), defined as the metabolic rate of resting, fasted animals within thermoneutrality and during the inactive (nighttime) phase, averaged 381.5 ± 65.2 ml O2·h–1 (mass-specific metabolic rate 0.520 ± 0.089 ml O2·g–1 h–1). This value ranges from 73 to 89% of the expected SMR for animals of this body size depending on the predictive equation used. Active-phase resting metabolic rate within thermoneutrality was significantly greater than SMR, averaging 509.0 ± 44.6 ml O2·h–1 (0.709 ± 0.062 ml O2·g–1·h–1). Thermal conductance during the inactive phase was 20.3 ± 2.7 ml O2·h–1 °C–1 (0.029 ± 0.003 ml O2·g-1·h–1·oC–1) or 70%of that during the active phase (28.5 ± 3.2 ml O2·g–1 g–1 C–1, 0.042 ± 0.004 ml 2·g–1·h–1·oC–1). These values are about 85% of the mammalian predicted value. Body temperature fluctuated substantially between day (39.6°C) and night (37.4°C). However, none of these differences between circadian phases are unusual for primates (or, indeed, mammals) of similar body size. Although the metabolic rate of Leontopithecus is lower than the predicted one, it is higher than those rates reported for small nocturnal primates with similar food habits. Leontopithecus’ modest rates of energy turnover may reflect a combination of phylogenetic constraints, feeding ecology and/ or an energy-saving tactic that comprises part of a strategy to maximize reproductive effort. Although callitrichids are often cited as having rapid growth and high reproductive effort, the moderately low SMR of Leontopithecus is consistent with its intrinsic rate of natural increase, which is 90-94% of that expected for a mammal of its body size.
Postcranial Skeleton of a Macaque Trained for Bipedal Standing and Walking and Implications for Functional Adaptation
Authors: Nakatsukasa Masato , Hayama Sugio , Preuschoft Holger
Published: September 2008

The postcranial skeleton of a Japanese macaque that had been trained for bipedalism over an 11-year period was studied. Considerable modifications in the hindlimb bones caused by bipedal postural and locomotor behaviour were observed. Changes occurred in joint morphology, articular dimensions and shape-dependent strength of long bones, reflecting the causal relationship between function and morphology. However, the conditions under which the modifications are developed are somewhat different from those in humans, as the monkey’s bipedalism is distinct from that of humans. The modifications seem to result from a compromise between functional requirements and the genetically determined anatomy of the essentially quadrupedal monkey.
Cardiopulmonary Data in Response to 6 Months of Training in Physically Active Adult Patients with Classic Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Sahlberg Margareta , Eriksson Bengt O. , Sixt Rune , Strandvik Birgitta
Published: September 2008

Background: The optimal training mode for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has not been defined. Objective: This study aimed to investigate cardiopulmonary function before and after endurance (ET) or resistance training (RT) for 6 months. Methods: Twenty physically active adult patients (8 females) with classic CF were enrolled for ET or RT for 3 months followed by 3 months of mixed training. Training was recorded by telemetry and in diaries and lasted 30–45 min, three times a week. Lung function and peak oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. Mean ± SD predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 %) was 91 ± 21%; maximal workload (W) was 170 ± 31 in females and 273 ± 54 in males. Results: Nineteen patients completed the program, 3 at a lower and 1 at a higher training frequency than required. Maximal heart rate remained unchanged during the 6 months. Maximal VO2 (liters · min–1) was significantly correlated to FEV1 in males at baseline and 6 months (p = 0.006 and p = 0.04, respectively). Changes in maximal workload and maximal VO2 improved significantly with ET compared with RT. Conclusions: Physically active CF patients preserve good cardiopulmonary function into adulthood. The controlled training program did not lead to further improvement although ET induced larger changes than RT.
Interpositions in Conflicts between Males in Bimale Groups of Mountain Gorillas
Authors: Sicotte Pascale
Published: September 2008

In bimale groups of mountain gorillas, conflicts between the silverbacks sometimes induce infants and females to interpose between the opponents. This paper describes a set of 40 such interpositions, using data from 380 h of focal observation of the silverbacks in 2 groups at the Karisoke Research Center. Aggressive interactions between males can be disruptive for females and infants: they might prevent them from feeding and resting normally. Interpositions occurred in 10–25% of the conflicts between silverbacks. None of the males seemed to receive a greater proportion of interpositions. Interpositions increased the interval between conflicts in one of the research groups. As a mechanism for resolving conflicts, interpositions could be advantageous when control interventions are not possible, i.e. when the individuals in conflict are the most dominant of the group. Because they might reduce the rate of aggression between males, these interpositions could also be one of the mechanisms allowing male coexistence in gorillas.
Homologizing Primate Facial Displays: A Critical Review of Methods
Authors: Preuschoft Signe , van Hooff Jan A.R.A.M.
Published: September 2008

The applicability of previously established criteria for identifying homologous behavioural traits to the ritualized facial displays of primates is discussed and illustrated with several examples. (1) Homologizing of facial displays is based on (a) their stereotypy, (b) their nature as compounds of individual facial actions, and – to a lesser extent – (c) the homology of the muscle substrate by which the displays are accomplished. (2) Sequences of gradually changing displays (‘Merkmalsreihen’) can be constructed by considering related extant species, different ontogenetic stages, and variation and blends of the underlying motivations. (3) The pattern of distribution of the display in the primate phylogenetic tree reflects the direction of changes (‘Lesrich-tung’), and thus yields insights into the phylogeny of the displays. (4) The behavioural context of a display reflects its motivational embedding and is inseparable from its function. Therefore the behavioural context does not differentiate between similarities due to common descent and similarities due to identical function.
Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults after Ventriculoatrial Shunt Implantation
Authors: Kluge Stefan , Baumann Hans Jörg , Regelsberger Jan , Kehler Uwe , Koziej Barbara , Klose Hans , Greinert Ulf , Kreymann Georg , Meyer Andreas
Published: September 2008

Background: The insertion of ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus is thought to be associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension in adults. Objectives: It was the aim of this study to describe the frequency and the clinical spectrum of pulmonary hypertension in adults with VA shunts. Methods: Patients with pulmonary hypertension were retrospectively evaluated from January 1999 to December 2006. Results: Among the 575 patients with pulmonary hypertension, 6 (mean age 42.5 ± 8.3 years) were identified as having received a VA shunt. Mean pulmonary artery pressure for these patients was 53.3 ± 14.9 mm Hg. The interval between shunt placement and the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension was 9–27 years (median 16.5). While ventilation perfusion scans showed multiple bilateral perfusion defects in all patients, chest CT or pulmonary angiography demonstrated pulmonary thromboembolism in only 2 of the 6 patients. These 2 patients subsequently underwent pulmonary endarterectomy. Another patient required heart-lung transplantation because of severe pulmonary hypertension; lung histology showed prominent eccentric medial hypertrophy and intimal proliferation without evidence of thromboembolism. Contrary to earlier reports, outcomes were generally good, with a 100% survival rate for the first 8 years following diagnosis. Conclusions: Severe pulmonary hypertension can develop in adult patients with VA shunts. Therefore, clinicians should consider pulmonary hypertension as a potential cause for respiratory symptoms in patients who have received VA shunts.
Modulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Function and Expression in Adolescent Moderate Asthma
Authors: Perišić Tatjana , Srećković Miodrag , Matić Gordana
Published: September 2008

Background: Previous studies on adult asthmatics have shown that the disease is associated with alterations in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine GR functional properties in adolescent asthma of different severity. Therefore, we determined GR hormone binding parameters, e.g. the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and the number of binding sites (Bmax), as well as the level of receptor expression in mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with mild/moderate persistent asthma. Methods: The GR hormone binding activity was assessed by whole-cell binding assay, while receptor expression was evaluated by quantitative Western blotting. Results: In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients suffering from moderate asthma, the GR displayed higher Kd and Bmax values (78.0 ± 19.5 nM and 11,715 ± 1,952 sites/cell, respectively; n = 17) in comparison to healthy subjects (23.8 ± 7.7 nM and 6,124 ± 1,369 sites/cell; n = 12) and mild asthmatics (22.4 ± 8.0 nM and 4,840 ± 776 sites/cell; n = 11). However, the GR protein level in PBMCs was found to be similar in the three study groups. Conclusion: The results provide data on GR expression and its functional status in inflammatory cells of pediatric asthmatic patients. In moderate asthma, functional characteristics of GR are altered, though the significance of these findings remains to be clarified.
Effective Treatment of Refractory Pulmonary Hemorrhage with Monoclonal Anti-CD20 Antibody (Rituximab)
Authors: Pinto Luis Fernando , Candia Liliana , Garcia Patricia , Marín Juan Ignacio , Pachón Ines , Espinoza Luis R. , Marquez Javier
Published: September 2008

We report a 19-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis who developed pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) refractory to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. She was initially treated with intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide pulses. She required mechanical ventilation due to a lack of responsiveness and her disease was considered refractory to conventional treatment. Rituximab was administered and this was followed by clinical improvement in both PH and nephritis. Rituximab may be a useful therapeutic option for the treatment of refractory PH.
Size Influences on Primate Locomotion and Body Shape, with Special Emphasis on the Locomotion of ‘Small Mammals’
Authors: Preuschoft H. , Witte H. , Christian A. , Fischer M.
Published: September 2008

The mechanical laws which make possible several characteristic and well-known modes of primate locomotion are reviewed. Biological requirements are fulfilled in small and in large primates by utilizing different mechanical principles. On the basis of the mechanics, special morphological traits can be identified which are advantageous for performing these locomotor modes, and which determine different lifestyles. These morphological ‘adaptations’ consequently are different in larger and smaller primates. The divergence between large and small forms is clarified by the inclusion of non-primate mammals into the comparisons.
Mobility of Hindlimb Joints in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) as Influenced by Biarticular Musculature
Authors: Okada Morihiko , Morimoto Mitsuhiko , Kiimira Titsuku
Published: September 2008

Joint mobility is a critical issue in the analysis of locomotor adaptation. Here we have attempted precise measurements of the range of extension/flexion of the hip, knee, and ankle joints of Japanese macaques by using fresh cadavers and devising an effective method to fixate the proximal segment. Severance of biarticular muscles revealed restrictions in mobility of as much as 10–25% caused by these muscles. However, incidences of an incomplete removal of the restriction through severance suggest a contribution of cutaneous tissues to the restriction. The mobility ranges determined by this method were compared with the joint motion of Japanese macaques during actual locomotion.
Basic Neurophysiology of Primate Locomotion
Authors: Mori Shigenti , Matsuyama Kiyoji , Miyaxliita Eiza , Nakajima Katsumi , Asanome Mitsuru
Published: September 2008

To initiate and terminate bipedal and quadrupedal locomotor movements, a smooth transition to and from standing is necessary. For this, integration of postural and locomotor control systems is required. Recent studies in nonhuman primates and other quadrupedal animals such as cats have clearly shown that there exist significant analogies between the primate species investigated (Macaco, mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, and marmosets) and the cats regarding the spinal stepping generator or central pattern generator (CPG), supraspinal descending pathways which activate CPG, and the midbrain and brain stem postural and locomotor control structures. Further studies aimed at elucidating the differences and similarities in the manner of locomotor control among different animal species will help us in understanding the control mechanisms involved in both bipedal and quadrupedal locomotor movements in nonhuman primates.
Cardiac, Respiratory, and Locomotor Coordination during Walking in Humans
Authors: Niizeki Kyuichi , Kawahara Koichi , Miyamoto Yoshimi
Published: September 2008

Interactions between locomotor, respiratory, and cardiac rhythms were investigated in human subjects (n = 11) walking on a treadmill. Investigation of the phase relationship between heart rate and gait signals revealed that cardiac rhythms were entrained to locomotor rhythms when both frequencies were close to an integer ratio. Coherence spectra were estimated between heartbeat fluctuation, respiratory, and gait signals, and their magnitudes were evaluated. The results suggest that the respiratory-induced fluctuation in heartbeat would vary depending on the strength of the cardiolocomotor coupling. The synchronization tends to occur for one or two specific phases in an individual subject, but there was some variation among subjects. When the subjects voluntarily synchronized their cadence with the cardiac rhythm, the heart rate and blood pressure varied depending on the phase lag within a cardiac cycle. The coordination of locomotor and cardiac rhythms is discussed.
What a Maleless Group Can Tell Us about the Constraints on Female Transfer in Thomas’s Langurs (Presbytis thomasi)
Authors: Steenbeek Romy
Published: September 2008

During a long-term study of wild Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi), the adult male of one of the bisexual study groups, group M, suddenly disappeared. Just after the adult male’s disappearance, the females of group M actively avoided other groups and sometimes formed subgroups. Infants were attacked by extra-group males and 1 infant disappeared. After about 2 months, the females initiated affiliative interactions with males of neighbouring groups. Aggressive interactions between females of group M and females of other groups were also observed. Females of group M did not leave their home range in spite of efforts by adult males to lead them away. After about 4.5 months, a former all-male band member joined group M. The coincidences of this case suggest that increased infanticide risk, increased food competition, loss of knowledge of the home range and loss of established social relationships could be important constraints on female transfer. A comparison with 5 other studies of 1 -male groups in which the adult male disappeared showed that proximate factors, such as the presence of infants, the size of neighbouring groups and the presence of extra-group males, influence female decisions.
The Length of the Vertebral Column of Primates: An Allometric Study
Authors: Majoral Muntsa , Berge Christine , Casinos Adrià , Jouffroy Françoise-Kyou
Published: September 2008

The length of the vertebral column of 425 primates (151 prosimians, 76 platyrrhines and 198 catarrhines) was related to body mass from bibliographic sources. Regressions were calculated for the whole sample and separately for the three taxonomic groups quoted above. In parallel, the lengths of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions were calculated in a sample of 105 primates (30 prosimians, 19 platyrrhines and 56 catarrhines) and partial correlations established. In all cases except one, the correlation coefficients were significant. Of these, 12 correlations (out of 16) scaled with negative allometry (<0.33), 4 with positive allometry (> 0.33), and in 6 cases the exponents were not significantly different from the criterion for isometry (0.33). The lumbar region showed the highest variability, mainly in platyrrhines and catarrhines. Results from catarrhines are globally the closest to the expectations of elastic similarity. No obvious direct relationship was found between the length of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae.
Conservation of Neotropical Primates: Threatened Species and An Analysis of Primate Diversity by Country and Region
Authors: Ryland Anthony B. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Rodríguez-Luna Ernesto
Published: September 2008

Primates are important indicators for tropical forests as a fundamental component in the establishment of strategies for biodiversity conservation in biomes, regions and countries. Priority setting at the species’ level is dependent on taxonomic studies and the evaluation of population status. The most recent listing of the Neotropical primates recognised the existence of 16 genera, 98 species and 202 species and subspecies. Sixteen of these primates are critically endangered, 19 are endangered, and a further 35 are vulnerable according to the Mace-Lande system recently adopted by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Thirty-five percent of the Neotropical primate taxa are threatened. In this paper we review the conservation status of these threatened primates, and analyse their distributions in 21 countries and seven phytogeographic regions, evaluating richness, endemism and number of threatened taxa.
Geographic Distribution of the Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Implications for Its Management and Conservation
Authors: Paulo Luiz , Piulo S. , Rylands B.
Published: September 2008

The geographic distribution and conservation status of the golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, were studied during a survey carried out through an area of about 37,000 km2 in southern Bahia from March 1991 to March 1993. The survey involved interviews of local people and direct censusing in 33 forest patches using playback recordings of a male and female lion tamarin long-call. Populations were found to occur in 94 localities. An Appendix provides a full gazetteer of these localities and a further 28 localities recorded in previous studies. The distributional limits were found to agree closely with the ranges described by previous authors, except for its absence in the extreme north-east of its range, from the south of the Rio de Contas to the Rio Almada, where it might have become extinct. The total geographic range was estimated to cover approximately 19,462 km2, including two distinct regions in terms of land use and forest cover. The forests in both regions are severely reduced and fragmented. Unlike the other three species of lion tamarins, L. chrysomelas evidently still occurs throughout a large part of its historic range, but the fragmentation and rapid rate of forest destruction clearly indicate that the species is endangered. The Una Biological Reserve is the only protected area within its range, and is believed to be too small (7,059 ha) to maintain a genetically viable population. The conservation status of L. chrysomelas is discussed, particularly in terms of the socioeconomy of the region where it occurs, as well as the need for further ecological research.
Social Memory in Saddle-Back Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Epple Gisela , Niblick Hope
Published: September 2008

Discrimination between male former group members and unrelated males was tested in 13 males. During tests, each subject lived in a cage connected by tunnels to 2 cages, each housing a stimulus male. Subjects used the tunnels to approach and interact with both stimulus animals. Proximity to the stimulus males, aggressive and non-aggressive contacts and exchange of tongue flicks were recorded. Aggressive contacts were rare. The subjects had significantly more non-aggressive contacts with former group members than with unrelated males but exchanged significantly more tongue flicks with unrelated animals. There was no difference in proximity to either class of stimulus male.
The Relationship between Body Size and Mixed-Species Troops of Tamarins (Saguinusspp.)
Authors: Heyniann Eckhard W.
Published: September 2008

While Saguinus fuscicollis forms mixed-species troops with sympatric tamarin species in parts of its geographic range, in other parts it does not. The question is addressed whether body size divergence is a critical factor for this difference. Analysis of body size (head-body length) data shows that body size divergence ranges between 8 and 17% for associated species, and between 1 and 4% for non-associated species. In associated species, the degree of body size divergence seems to correlate with the stability of mixed-species troops (i.e. time spent in interspecific association). It is concluded that body size plays an important role for niche differentiation, sympatric coexistence and the formation of mixed-species troops in tamarins.
Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in the Diets of Sympatric Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and Lar Gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Palombit Ryne A.
Published: September 2008

Studies of the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus continentis) and the lar gibbon (Hylobates lar lar) where they co-occur in mainland Asia have demonstrated interspecific dietary segregation based on body size and have suggested that observed levels of frugivory represent metabolically based maxima for these species. I studied sympatric groups of siamang (H. s. syndactylus) and lar gibbons (H. I. vestitus) at Ketambe in northern Sumatra (Indonesia) in order to assess the magnitude of within- and between-species variation in diets. The insular subspecies are considerably more frugivorous (60–70% of feeding time) than mainland conspecifics (35–50%). This is primarily because Sumatran hylobatids spend about twice as much time (approx. 45% of feeding) eating fig fruits (Ficus spp., Moraceae). A higher density of figs at Ketambe (compared to Kuala Lompat) may account for this behavioral difference. Enhanced frugivory has been achieved at the expense of folivory, which is much reduced in Sumatra – especially in H. lar (4% of diet) – and is limited almost entirely to immature foliage. The expected decline in protein intake resulting from diminished folivory in Sumatra may be counterbalanced by observed increases in insectivory, which is especially pronounced in lar gibbons. Interspecific dietary segregation emerges most clearly in how individuals of each species supplement their similarly fig-dominated diets. Siamang rely more on immature foliage – primarily from lianas, which generate young leaves more reliably and abundantly than trees do. Conversely, lar gibbons exploit the pulpy fruit of trees and lianas more heavily than siamang do. This general pattern occurs where the two species coexist in Malaysia, thereby suggesting a substantive interspecific difference that is somewhat greater in the insular populations.
Evidence for Internal Filtration in the Genius® System, Performing Slow Low Efficient Daily Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Eloot Sunny , Van Biesen Wim , Dhondt Annemieke , Billiet Erik , Verdonck Pascal , Vanholder Raymond
Published: September 2008

Background: Since most intensive care units (ICUs) have no access to high-quality water, the Genius® system, using ultrapure water and high-flux dialyzers, might be used during slow low efficient daily dialysis (SLEDD). To get an idea about convective removal, internal filtration (IF) was calculated and compared to other modalities. Methods: Validated with in vivo measurements, IF was calculated for 8 h Genius® SLEDD and 4 h Genius® standard dialysis with high-flux dialyzers, and for 8 h SLEDD and 4 h both with standard dialysis machines and low-flux as well as high-flux dialyzers. Results: In Genius® SLEDD (FX80), IF was 2.36 l (hematocrit [Hct] 30%) and 3.37 l (Hct 40%). About the same amount of IF was found for the different dialysis modalities, except when using low-flux dialyzers, where no IF occurred. Conclusion: The Genius® system allows the implementation of high-flux dialysis with ultrapure dialysate, and can be run in a SLEDD mode in the ICU.