bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic characterisation of staphylococci of food-producing animals in Senegal. PVL detection among MSSA
Authors: Mama Olouwafemi Mistourath , Dieng Modou , Hanne Bocar , Ruiz-Ripa Laura , Diop Codou Gueye Mar , Torres Carmen
Published: November 2019

Background

Food-producing animals can be a vehicle for staphylococcal species as well as their virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. This work aimed to analyse the diversity of staphylococcal species in food-producing animals in Dakar/Senegal, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and virulence factors of recovered isolates. Nasal samples of 149 cows and 199 chickens (348 animals) were collected from one slaughterhouse and a local market respectively, and were inoculated on selective media for staphylococci recovery. For S. aureus isolates, molecular typing (spa-type, MLST) was performed by PCR/sequencing, and the presence of 27 virulence genes (exfoliative and toxic shock toxins, PVL, haemolysins and enterotoxins) as well as the gene scn were analysed by PCR. Susceptibility to twelve antibiotics was studied by disc-diffusion method for all staphylococci; the resistance genes involved were screened by PCR.

Results

Staphylococcus spp. was present in 3 and 26.8% of chicken and cow nasal samples, respectively. Seven S. aureus isolates and forty isolates of other staphylococcal species were identified. S. aureus isolates were recovered from cow (n = 6) and chicken (n = 1) samples, belonging to four genetic lineages: t084/ST15 (n = 1); t10579/ST291 (n = 3); t355, t4690/ST152 (n = 2); and t6618/ST6 (n = 1). All S. aureus were methicillin-susceptible, penicillin-resistant (blaZ), and two of them were also tetracycline-resistant [tet(K)]. All the isolates carried at least one of the virulence genes tested. The PVL genes were detected in three ST15 and ST152 isolates. They all harboured haemolysins encoding genes and lacked the scn gene. The other staphylococci recovered were S. sciuri (n = 16), S. simulans (n = 11), S. hyicus (n = 5), S. haemolyticus (n = 4), S. chromogenes (n = 3), and S. hominis (n = 1); they were all methicillin-susceptible and 27.5% tetracycline-resistant [tet(K) and tet(L)].

Conclusions

A low prevalence of S. aureus was detected among food-producing animals, all susceptible to methicillin. However, the presence of virulence genes (lukF/lukS-PV, eta, tst, sea and see) is worrisome to the extent that they could be transferred to derived food and therefore, to humans.
Beyond defense: regulation of neuronal morphogenesis and brain functions via Toll-like receptors
Authors: Chen Chiung-Ya , Shih Yi-Chun , Hung Yun-Fen , Hsueh Yi-Ping
Published: November 2019

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well known as critical pattern recognition receptors that trigger innate immune responses. In addition, TLRs are expressed in neurons and may act as the gears in the neuronal detection/alarm system for making good connections. As neuronal differentiation and circuit formation take place along with programmed cell death, neurons face the challenge of connecting with appropriate targets while avoiding dying or dead neurons. Activation of neuronal TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8 with nucleic acids negatively modulates neurite outgrowth and alters synapse formation in a cell-autonomous manner. It consequently influences neural connectivity and brain function and leads to deficits related to neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, neuronal TLR activation does not simply duplicate the downstream signal pathways and effectors of classical innate immune responses. The differences in spatial and temporal expression of TLRs and their ligands likely account for the diverse signaling pathways of neuronal TLRs. In conclusion, the accumulated evidence strengthens the idea that the innate immune system of neurons serves as an alarm system that responds to exogenous pathogens as well as intrinsic danger signals and fine-tune developmental processes of neurons.
Using Google Earth™ and Geographical Information System data as method to delineate sample domains for an urban household surveys: the case of Maroua (Far North Region-Cameroon)
Authors: Ngom Vougat Ronald R. B. , Chouto Steven , Aoudou Doua Sylvain , Garabed Rebecca , Zoli Pagnah André , Gonne Bernard
Published: November 2019

Background

Getting a random household sample during a survey can be expensive and very difficult especially in urban area and non-specialist. This study aimed to test an alternative method using freely available aerial imagery.

Methods

A gridded map and random selection method was used to select households for interviews. A hundred numbered of points were put along the edges of an updated map of Maroua. Then two numbers were randomly draw at a time and a line was drawn between those two numbers. A lot of different kinds of shapes of different sizes obtained were numbered. Ten shapes were randomly draw and the one selected were considered as ‘neighbourhoods’. A grid of 30 m × 30 m was drawn over each and then numbered. 202 grids considered here as households were randomly selected from the ten neighbourhoods for interviews.

Results

Out of 202 households visited, only 4 were found to be something other than a house. In addition, 30 sampled households (14.85%) were abandoned or the occupants had relocated elsewhere. This method resulted in an accuracy level of 72%, its advantage is the ability to generate efficient random sample at relatively low cost as well the time required.

Conclusions

The method proposed in this study was efficient and cost-effective when compared to the infield generation of a household inventory or Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of households. It can then be used by researchers in low-incomes countries where funding for research is a challenge. However, this method needs to train the investigators on how to use the GPS.
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications
Authors: Zhu Chenjing , Wei Yuquan , Wei Xiawei
Published: November 2019

Molecular targeted therapy for cancer has been a research hotspot for decades. AXL is a member of the TAM family with the high-affinity ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6). The Gas6/AXL signalling pathway is associated with tumour cell growth, metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, drug resistance, immune regulation and stem cell maintenance. Different therapeutic agents targeting AXL have been developed, typically including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nucleotide aptamers, soluble receptors, and several natural compounds. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive discussion of the structure, function, regulation, and signalling pathways of AXL. Then, we highlight recent strategies for targeting AXL in the treatment of cancer.AXL-targeted drugs, either as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other small molecule inhibitors, are likely to improve the survival of many patients. However, future investigations into AXL molecular signalling networks and robust predictive biomarkers are warranted to select patients who could receive clinical benefit and to avoid potential toxicities.
SOAT1 methylation is associated with coronary heart disease
Authors: Abuzhalihan Jialin , Wang Yong-Tao , Ma Yi-Tong , Fu Zhen-Yan , Yang Yi-Ning , Ma Xiang , Li Xiao-Mei , Liu Fen , Chen Bang-Dang
Published: November 2019

Background

This study was designed to investigate whether differential DNA methylationin of cholesterol absorption candidate genes can function as a biomarker for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

Methods

DNA methylation levels of the candidate genes FLOT1, FLOT2 and SOAT1 were measured in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 99 patients diagnosed with CHD and 89 control subjects without CHD. A total of 110 CPG sites around promoter regions of them were examined.

Results

Compared with groups without CHD, patients with CHD had lower methylation levels of SOAT1 (P<0.001). When each candidate genes were divided into different target segments, patients with CHD also had lower methylation levels of SOAT1 than patients without (P = 0.005). After adjustment of other confounders, methylation levels of SOAT1 were still associated with CHD (P = 0.001, OR = 0.290, 95% CI: 0.150–0.561).

Conclusions

SOAT1 methylation may be associated with development of CHD. Patients with lower methylation levels in SOAT1 may have increased risks for CHD. Further studies on the specific mechanisms of this relationship are necessary.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are positively associated with the risk of endobronchial biopsy-induced refractory hemorrhage in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Wang Saibin , Hu Xianqing , Pan Yibin
Published: November 2019

Background

Lipoprotein concentrations have been associated with the major risk of bleeding events. However, whether plasma levels of LDL-C are associated with the risk of biopsy-related endobronchial hemorrhage remain elusive. Therefore, the present study was initiated to investigate the explicit association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with endobronchial biopsy (EBB)-induced refractory hemorrhage in patients with lung cancer.

Methods

This retrospective study included a total of 659 consecutive patients with lung cancer who had undergone EBB at a tertiary hospital between January 2014 and April 2018. Using multiple regression analysis, the association between LDL-C and the risk of EBB-induced refractory hemorrhage was assessed after adjusting for potential confounding factors.

Results

A significant proportion (13.8%, 91/659) of the patients experienced refractory hemorrhage following EBB. In multivariate regression analysis, higher plasma LDL-C concentrations were associated with increased risk of EBB-induced refractory hemorrhage in patients with lung cancer after adjusting for potential confounders (P < 0.05). Using the lowest quartile of plasma LDL-C as the reference group, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 2.32 (1.07, 5.03), 2.37 (0.94, 5.95), and 3.65 (1.16, 11.51), respectively (P for trend < 0.05). Moreover, this association was noticeably more pronounced in male patients with lung cancer in the subgroup analysis (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Plasma LDL-C was positively correlated with the increased risk of EBB-induced refractory hemorrhage in patients with lung cancer; predominantly, the associated risk was more pronounced in male patients with lung cancer.
Systematic review of comparing single-incision versus conventional laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for right colon cancer
Authors: Liu Xin , Yang Wei-hong , Jiao Zhou-guang , Zhang Ji-fu , Zhang Rui
Published: November 2019

Background

Single-incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (SILS) has long used in surgery for a long time. However, there is barely a systemic review related to the comparison between the SILS and the conventional laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (CLS) for the right colon cancer in the long term follow-up. Herein, we used the most recent articles to compare these two techniques by meta-analysis.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Wanfang databases to compare SILS with CLS for right colon cancer up to May 2019. The operative, postoperative, pathological and mid-term follow-up outcomes of nine studies were extracted and compared.

Results

A total of 1356 patients participated in 9 studies, while 653 patients were assigned to the SILS group and 703 patients were assigned to the CLS group. The patients’ baselines in the SILS group were consistent with those in the CLS group. Compared to the CLS group, the SILS group had a shorter operation duration (SMD − 23.49, 95%CI − 36.71 to − 10.27, P < 0.001, chi-square = 24.11), shorter hospital stay (SMD − 0.76, 95% `CI − 1.07 to − 0.45, P < 0.001, chi-square = 9.85), less blood loss (SMD − 8.46, 95% CI − 14.59 to − 2.34; P < 0.05; chi-square = 2.26), smaller incision length (SMD − 1.60, 95% CI − 2.66 to − 0.55, P < 0.001; chi-square = 280.44), more lymph node harvested (SMD − 0.98, 95% CI − 1.79 to − 0.16, P < 0.05; chi-square = 4.61), and a longer proximal surgical edge (SMD − 0.51, 95% CI − 0.93 to − 0.09, P < 0.05; chi-square = 2.42). No significant difference was found in other indexes. After we removed a single large study, we performed another meta-analysis again. The operation duration in the SILS group was still better than that in the CLS group.

Conclusion

SILS could be a faster and more reliable approach than CLS for the right colon cancer and could accelerate patient recovery, especially for patients with a low BMI.
Evaluation of the impact of calorie labeling on McDonald’s restaurant menus: a natural experiment
Authors: Petimar Joshua , Ramirez Maricelle , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Linakis Stephanie , Mullen Jewel , Roberto Christina A. , Block Jason P.
Published: November 2019

Background

The long-term effect of calorie labeling on fast-food purchases is unclear. McDonald’s voluntarily labeled its menus with calories in 2012, providing an opportunity to evaluate this initiative on purchases.

Methods

From 2010 to 2014, we collected receipts from and administered questionnaires to 2971 adults, 2164 adolescents, and 447 parents/guardians of school-age children during repeated visits to 82 restaurants, including McDonald’s and five control chains that did not label menus over the study period in four New England cities. In 2018, we analyzed the data by using difference-in-differences analyses to estimate associations of calorie labeling with calories purchased (actual and estimated) and predicted probability of noticing calorie information on menus.

Results

Calorie labeling at McDonald’s was not associated with changes in calories purchased in adults (change = − 19 cal pre- vs. post-labeling at McDonald’s compared to control chains, 95% CI: − 112, 75), adolescents (change = − 49 cal, 95% CI: − 136, 38), or children (change = 13 cal, 95% CI: − 108, 135). Calorie labeling generally increased the predicted probability of noticing calorie information, but did not improve estimation of calories purchased.

Conclusions

Calorie labeling at McDonald’s was not associated with changes in calories purchased in adults, adolescents, or children. Although participants were more likely to notice calories on menus post-labeling, there was no improvement in ability to accurately estimate calories purchased.
Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as pancarditis
Authors: O’Leary D. , O’Connor C. , Nertney L. , MacDermott E. J. , Mullane D. , Franklin O. , Killeen O. G.
Published: November 2019

Background

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with marked variation in its clinical presentation. Juvenile SLE (jSLE) accounts for 15–20% of all cases and is diagnosed when SLE manifests before 18 years of age. Pancarditis is a rare complication of SLE, regardless of age of disease onset.

Case presentation

We report a case of jSLE in a 15 year old Caucasian female presenting with an acute episode of pancarditis and multiorgan dysfunction who was successfully treated with systemic corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide.

Conclusion

Pancarditis can be a presenting feature of jSLE which was previously unreported. A high index of suspicion for severe cardiac involvement is required at all stages of disease.
Model for prompt and effective classification of motion recovery after stroke considering muscle strength and coordination factors
Authors: Costa-García Álvaro , Ozaki Ken-ichi , Yamasaki Hiroshi , Itkonen Matti , S. Fady Alnajjar , Okajima Shotaro , Tanimoto Masanori , Kondo Izumi , Shimoda Shingo
Published: November 2019

Background

Muscle synergies are now widely discussed as a method for evaluating the existence of redundant neural networks that can be activated to enhance stroke rehabilitation. However, this approach was initially conceived to study muscle coordination during learned motions in healthy individuals. After brain damage, there are several neural adaptations that contribute to the recovery of motor strength, with muscle coordination being one of them. In this study, a model is proposed that assesses motion based on surface electromyography (sEMG) according to two main factors closely related to the neural adaptations underlying motor recovery: (1) the correct coordination of the muscles involved in a particular motion and (2) the ability to tune the effective strength of each muscle through muscle fiber contractions. These two factors are hypothesized to be affected differently by brain damage. Therefore, their independent evaluation will play an important role in understanding the origin of stroke-related motor impairments.

Results

The model proposed was validated by analyzing sEMG data from 18 stroke patients with different paralysis levels and 30 healthy subjects. While the factors necessary to describe motion were stable across heathy subjects, there was an increasing disassociation for stroke patients with severe motor impairment.

Conclusions

The clear dissociation between the coordination of muscles and the tuning of their strength demonstrates the importance of evaluating these factors in order to choose appropriate rehabilitation therapies. The model described in this research provides an efficient approach to promptly evaluate these factors through the use of two intuitive indexes.
A unique uterine cervical “teratocarcinosarcoma”: a case report
Authors: Ito Kozue , Yano Mitsutake , Ogasawara Aiko , Miwa Maiko , Kozawa Eito , Yasuda Masanori
Published: November 2019

Background

Teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS) is a rare aggressive tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and has both epithelial and two or more mesenchymal components. In other organs, 5 cases of ovarian tumors closely resembling TCS have been reported; however, there has been no published case of cervical TCS. Herein, we describe a unique case of cervical tumor that had carcinosarcomatous and teratomatous features, resembling a sinonasal TCS.

Case presentation

A 45-year-old woman presented to our hospital for evaluation of a cervical lesion. The gynecologist found a large polypoid mass, whose biopsy showed glandular components of probable germ cell origin based on the immunohistochemical features. The patient underwent total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The cervical polypoid mass was found to consist of both epithelial and mesenchymal tissues, including immature glandular structure resembling fetal enteric tubules, neuroepithelial cells, hyaline cartilage, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells. This tumor was diagnosed as TCS of the uterine cervix. Following the surgery, the patient received radiotherapy and has been free of disease for 13 months.

Conclusion

This is the first case report of cervical TCS. The tumor is thought to be histogenetically less associated with HPV infection, and its teratomatous components with an absence of cytogenetic abnormalities (including isochromosome 12p (i(12p)) suggest a analogous histogenesis compared to pure mature or immature teratoma.
Effect of mandibular position achieved using an oral appliance on genioglossus activity in healthy adults during sleep
Authors: Matsuda Michikazu , Ogawa Toru , Sitalaksmi Ratri M. , Miyashita Makiko , Ito Toshimi , Sasaki Keiichi
Published: November 2019

Background

Oral appliances (OAs) are generally designed to displace the mandible anteriorly and downward, to increase the airway patency. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between genioglossus (GG) muscle activity and mandibular position, considering both anterior and vertical displacements during sleep.

Methods

Seven healthy male adults aged 29.4 ± 1.99 years were evaluated. Maxillary and mandibular OAs were fabricated from 2-mm-thick resin plates with pressure-welding. The activity of the left GG was recorded using two silver ball electrodes attached to the lingual edge of the mandibular OA. Respiratory status and right masseter muscle activity were measured by an airflow sensor and surface electrodes, respectively. Electroencephalography was used to determine the sleep status. Stage 2 (the second stage of sleep) was defined as the state of sleeping. Four test conditions with different mandibular positions (0 and 50% anterior protrusion) and bite openings (4 mm and 12 mm) were examined.

Results

GG activity in SL4A (4 mm bite opening, 50% protrusion during sleep) and SL12 (12 mm bite opening, 0% protrusion during sleep) were significantly higher than that in SL4 (4 mm bite opening, 0% protrusion during sleep). Respiratory volume did not significantly differ between all test conditions.

Conclusion

GG activity is influenced not only by anterior protrusion of the mandible but also by vertical displacement during sleep. Thus, when determining the effectiveness of intraoral appliances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, both protrusion and the size of the mandibular opening should be evaluated and taken into account.
The effect of breastfeeding on postpartum glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Shub Alexis , Miranda Manisha , Georgiou Harry M. , McCarthy Elizabeth A. , Lappas Martha
Published: November 2019

Background

We aimed to investigate the association of breastfeeding on postpartum glucose levels and lipid profiles in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and women without GDM.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of a cohort study of 243 women, 159 women with GDM and 84 normally glucose tolerant women between 2012 and 2017. At approximately 6–10 weeks postpartum, we measured fasting blood glucose and plasma lipid levels. Breastfeeding behaviour was self-defined as exclusive breastfeeding or not exclusive breastfeeding.

Results

The mean (SD) glucose in the group of women who breastfed exclusively was 4.6 (0.49) mmol/L, compared to 4.9 (0.58) mmol/L (95% CI 0.45, 0.15, p <  0.001) among women who did not exclusively breastfeed. Among women with GDM, the reduction in fasting glucose in women who were breastfeeding was 0.22 mmol/L (95% CI 0.39, 0.05, p = 0.004), and in women who were not GDM, the reduction was 0.14 mmol/L (95% CI 0.37, 0.09, p = 0.24,). After adjustment for GDM status in pregnancy, maternal body mass index (BMI), maternal age and ethnicity, and exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a decreased fasting glucose of 0.19 (95% CI 0.318, 0.061, p = 0.004). After similar adjustment, there was no significant difference in triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between women who were breastfeeding and women who were not breastfeeding.

Conclusions

Breastfeeding is associated with a reduction in fasting glucose levels postpartum, but not maternal lipid profile. Breastfeeding may play a role in reducing glucose intolerance in women who have had GDM.
Correction to: The application of “upper-body yoga” in elderly patients with acute hip fracture: a prospective, randomized, and single-blind study
Authors: Guo Jinli , Gao Chaona , Xin Haifeng , Li Jiahui , Li Bing , Wei Zhuan , Yue Yiting
Published: November 2019

In the original publication of this article [1], there are several errors that need to be corrected as below.
An observational study of pediatric healthcare burden in Angelman syndrome: results from a real-world study
Authors: Khan Nasreen , Cabo Raquel , Tan Wen-Hann , Tayag Regina , Bird Lynne M.
Published: November 2019

Background

The objective of this study is to describe variations in the healthcare resource utilization (HRU) among individuals with Angelman syndrome (AS) over the first 12 years of life. Data for this study were drawn from the AS Natural History study (ASNHS), which is an observational study on the developmental progress, behavior, and medical morbidity of individuals with AS conducted over eight years. Caregiver-reported information on hospitalization, surgery, and medication utilization was used to assess HRU. Repeated measures mixed effect models were used to assess the relationship between age and probability of hospitalization, surgery, and prescription medication utilization.

Results

Mean age at study enrollment was 6 years of age and both sexes were equally represented. The mean number of visits per participant was three. Results from this study suggest that individuals with AS have a high HRU burden. Hospitalization and surgery burden were highest in the first year of life. Use of medications for seizures and sleep disturbance increased over time.

Conclusions

The study highlights the significant healthcare burden among individuals with AS. Future studies that estimate cost and caregiver burden associated with AS are needed to assess the lifelong economic impact of AS on families and healthcare system.
Causes of death in Prader-Willi syndrome: lessons from 11 years’ experience of a national reference center
Authors: Pacoricona Alfaro Dibia Liz , Lemoine Perrine , Ehlinger Virginie , Molinas Catherine , Diene Gwénaëlle , Valette Marion , Pinto Graziella , Coupaye Muriel , Poitou-Bernert Christine , Thuilleaux Denise , Arnaud Catherine , Tauber Maithé
Published: November 2019

Background

In the last 20 years, substantial improvements have been made in the diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Few data on causes of death are available since those improvements were made. Our study assessed the causes of death among French patients with PWS over the first 11 years of experience of the nationwide French Reference Center for PWS (FRC-PWS).

Methods

Our study relied on two sources of mortality information at national level between 2004 and 2014: The French Epidemiological Centre for the Medical Causes of Death (CépiDc) Registry and the FRC-PWS database. Causes of death were classified into seven categories: respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, severe infection, sudden death, other causes, and unknown. Descriptive statistics were calculated separately for children (< 18 years-old) and adults (≥18 years-old).

Results

One hundred and four deaths were identified in France from 2004 to 2014. The median age at death was 30 years, ranging from less than 1 month to 58 years. Seventeen deaths occurred in patients under 18 years, with 70% of them in children under 2 years. Respiratory causes accounted for more than 50% of the deaths in patients with PWS in both children and adults. Both cause and age of death did not significantly differ according to gender or genetic subtype.

Conclusions

Patients with PWS die prematurely due to a respiratory cause in most cases at all ages. In those adult patients with data on obesity, 98% were reported to be obese.
A pilot study to assess the feasibility of endoscopic placement of a transurethral urinary balloon catheter in male sheep cadavers
Authors: Sickinger Marlene , Neiger Reto , Wehrend Axel
Published: November 2019

Surgery of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants is often unsatisfactory due to postoperative development of strictures. The present study aimed to establish an endoscopic technique for the placement of a transurethral urinary catheter into the bladder of rams. This catheter was used as a removable stent-like drainage. The procedure was performed in three sheep rams that were euthanized and placed for surgery in 45° Trendelenburg position. In one ram, cystotomy was performed via right paramedian laparotomy. A 3 mm flexible fiberscope was introduced into the urinary bladder and advanced via urethra to the tip of the penis. Placing a guide wire through the endoscopic working channel into the urethra enabled the retrograde insertion of a transurethral urinary catheter into the bladder. In two rams, retrograde insertion of a fiberscope was performed. Again, a guidewire was used to insert a balloon catheter into the bladder. Paramedian right laparotomy was performed to ascertain the correct position of the balloon. Both techniques, antero- and retrograde endoscopy, were possible and could be successfully performed. Mucous membranes and urinary microliths were easily observed. Repeated advancing of the endoscope or the catheter resulted in marked damage of the mucous membranes. The patency of the urethra may be restored by means of endoscopic placement of a transurethral catheter in male small ruminants. The applicability and clinical outcome of this procedure as well as the effects on stricture formation should be further examined with controlled clinical studies.
Genetic regulation of gene expression and splicing during a 10-year period of human aging
Authors: Balliu Brunilda , Durrant Matthew , Goede Olivia de , Abell Nathan , Li Xin , Liu Boxiang , Gloudemans Michael J. , Cook Naomi L. , Smith Kevin S. , Knowles David A. , Pala Mauro , Cucca Francesco , Schlessinger David , Jaiswal Siddhartha , Sabatti Chiara , Lind Lars , Ingelsson Erik , Montgomery Stephen B.
Published: November 2019

Background

Molecular and cellular changes are intrinsic to aging and age-related diseases. Prior cross-sectional studies have investigated the combined effects of age and genetics on gene expression and alternative splicing; however, there has been no long-term, longitudinal characterization of these molecular changes, especially in older age.

Results

We perform RNA sequencing in whole blood from the same individuals at ages 70 and 80 to quantify how gene expression, alternative splicing, and their genetic regulation are altered during this 10-year period of advanced aging at a population and individual level. We observe that individuals are more similar to their own expression profiles later in life than profiles of other individuals their own age. We identify 1291 and 294 genes differentially expressed and alternatively spliced with age, as well as 529 genes with outlying individual trajectories. Further, we observe a strong correlation of genetic effects on expression and splicing between the two ages, with a small subset of tested genes showing a reduction in genetic associations with expression and splicing in older age.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that, although the transcriptome and its genetic regulation is mostly stable late in life, a small subset of genes is dynamic and is characterized by a reduction in genetic regulation, most likely due to increasing environmental variance with age.
High frequency of horizontal transfer in Jockey families (LINE order) of drosophilids
Authors: Tambones Izabella L. , Haudry Annabelle , Simão Maryanna C. , Carareto Claudia M. A.
Published: November 2019

Background

The use of large-scale genomic analyses has resulted in an improvement of transposable element sampling and a significant increase in the number of reported HTT (horizontal transfer of transposable elements) events by expanding the sampling of transposable element sequences in general and of specific families of these elements in particular, which were previously poorly sampled. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of HTT events in a group of elements that, until recently, were uncommon among the HTT records inDrosophila– the Jockey elements, members of the LINE (long interspersed nuclear element) order of non-LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposons. The sequences of 111 Jockey families deposited in Repbase that met the criteria of the analysis were used to identify Jockey sequences in 48 genomes of Drosophilidae (genusDrosophila, subgenusSophophora: melanogaster, obscura and willistoni groups; subgenusDrosophila: immigrans, melanica, repleta, robusta, virilis and grimshawi groups; subgenusDorsilopha: busckii group; genus/subgenusZaprionusand genusScaptodrosophila).

Results

Phylogenetic analyses revealed 72 Jockey families in 41 genomes. Combined analyses revealed 15 potential HTT events between species belonging to different genera and species groups of Drosophilidae, providing evidence for the flow of genetic material favoured by the spatio-temporal sharing of these species present in the Palaeartic or Afrotropical region.

Conclusions

Our results provide phylogenetic, biogeographic and temporal evidence of horizontal transfers of the Jockey elements, increase the number of rare records of HTT in specific families of LINE elements, increase the number of known occurrences of these events, and enable a broad understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of these elements and the host species.
Low-complexity beam-domain channel estimation and power allocation in hybrid architecture massive MIMO systems
Authors: Chen Xiao , Zhang Zaichen , Wu Liang , Dang Jian
Published: November 2019

In this journal, we investigate the beam-domain channel estimation and power allocation in hybrid architecture massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. First, we propose a low-complexity channel estimation method, which utilizes the beam steering vectors achieved from the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and beam gains estimated by low-overhead pilots. Based on the estimated beam information, a purely analog precoding strategy is also designed. Then, the optimal power allocation among multiple beams is derived to maximize spectral efficiency. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed schemes can achieve high channel estimation accuracy and spectral efficiency.
Influence of external contextual factors on the implementation of health and social care interventions into practice within or across countries—a protocol for a ‘best fit’ framework synthesis
Authors: Ziemann Alexandra , Brown Louise , Sadler Euan , Ocloo Josephine , Boaz Annette , Sandall Jane
Published: November 2019

Background

The widespread implementation of interventions is often hindered by a decline and variability in effectiveness across implementation sites. It is anticipated that variations in the characteristics of the external context in different sites, such as the political and funding environment, socio-cultural context, physical environment or population demographics can influence implementation outcome. However, there is only a limited understanding about which and how external contextual factors influence implementation. We aim to develop a comprehensive framework conceptualising the influence of external contextual factors on implementation, particularly when spreading health and social care interventions within or across countries.

Methods

The review will use the ‘best fit’ framework synthesis approach. In the first stage of the review, we will examine existing frameworks, models, concepts and theories on external contextual factors and their influence on implementation from a variety of sectors and disciplines including health and social care, education, environmental studies and international development fields. The resulting a priori meta-framework will be tested and refined in the second review stage by analysing evidence from empirical studies focusing on the implementation of health and social care interventions within or across countries. Searches will be conducted in bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, ERIC, HMIC and IBSS, grey literature sources and on relevant websites. We will also search reference lists, relevant journals, perform citation searches and ask experts in the field. There is no restriction to study type, setting, intervention type or implementation strategy to enable obtaining a broad and in-depth knowledge from various sources of evidence.

Discussion

The review will lead to a comprehensive framework for understanding the influence of external contextual factors on implementation, particularly when spreading health and social care interventions within or across countries. The framework is anticipated to help identify factors explaining the decline and variability in effectiveness of interventions and assessing the prospects of implementation effectiveness, when spreading interventions. We do not intend to only develop another stand-alone implementation framework but one that can be used in conjunction with existing frameworks. The framework can be honed and validated in future empirical research.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42018084485
Experimental Studies on Bond Performance of BFRP Bars Reinforced Coral Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Wang Lei , Song Zhaoping , Yi Jin , Li Jiayi , Fu Feng , Qian Kai
Published: November 2019

Basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebars reinforced coral aggregate concrete is a new type of concrete used in ocean engineering. In order to investigate the bond performance between BFRP rebars and coral concrete, 30 pull-out tests were carried out in 10 groups with different diameters of BFRP rebars, bonding lengths and strength of the coral concrete. The results show that good bonding between BFRP rebars and coral concrete were achieved. The main failure modes can be categorized as BFRP rebars pull out destruction, splitting failure of coral concrete and BFRP rebars fracture. The bond slip ($$\tau{\text{-}}s$$

τ
-
s

) curves of the BFRP rebars and coral concrete were obtained during the tests. It was found to be similar to the common concrete using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. The bond-slip relation can be roughly divided into micro-slip phase, slip phase, decline phase, and the residual stress stage. The bond between BFRP rebars and coral concrete increases with the increase of the bond length and diameter of BFRP rebars, but the average bond stress will decrease. Moreover, increasing the strength of coral concrete is effective to improve the bond performance of BFRP rebars. In this paper, the continuous bond slip model (Gao et al. in J Zhengzhou Univ 23:1–5, 2002) was used to represent the $$\tau{\text{-}}s$$

τ
-
s

constitutive relationship of BFRP rebars and coral concrete. The analysis show that the proposed model has a high degree of accuracy in representing $$\tau{\text{-}}s$$

τ
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s

curve of BFRP rebars and coral concrete.
Pharmacotherapy of infertility in Ghana: retrospective study at the cape coast teaching hospital
Authors: Arhin Stephen Mensah , Mensah Kwesi Boadu , Agbeno Evans , Badii Vitus Sambo , Ansah Charles
Published: November 2019

Background

Infertility is a major challenge for couples globally. Due to low income levels and the high cost of other assisted reproductive techniques, pharmacotherapy remain the major first line treatment option for infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of infertility as well as the effectiveness and success achieved following infertility pharmacotherapy at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital in Ghana.

Methods

This study was a retrospective observational study of 825 couples attending infertility clinic at the hospital.

Results

Prevalence of infertility at the study center was estimated to be 12.3%. Treatment mainly involved the use of clomiphene citrate, antioxidants, herbo-mineral drugs (Ayurveda), multivitamin and antibiotics. Pharmacotherapy resulted in successful conception in one out of every five couples (19.4%; n = 160). Secondary infertility, although more prevalent in the study population (44.8%; n = 370), had lower conception rates during pharmacotherapy than primary infertility (15% vs 26.2%). Age, kind of infertility, employment status but not educational level were significantly associated with pharmacotherapy success. In ovulation induction, clomiphene citrate plus folic acid and vitamin E adjuncts improved ovulation rates during cycle treatments compared to clomiphene citrate alone. Pharmacotherapy of idiopathic infertility (39%, n = 323) was a major challenge with very limited success rates. Interestingly, it was noted that treating couples or female partners only for idiopathic infertility resulted in higher success rates than treating the male partner only. Again, 90-day treatment regimen doubled conception rates when compared with corresponding 30-day treatment regimen. However, zinc sulfate even in short term treatment regimens (30 days) enhanced conception rates in idiopathic infertility.

Conclusions

Prevalence of infertility was estimated to be about 12.3%. One out of every five infertile couples achieved success with pharmacotherapy. Factors such as age, type of infertility, employment status, but not education were significantly associated with treatment success.
Non-invasive MR assessment of the microstructure and microcirculation in regional lymph nodes for rectal cancer: a study of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging
Authors: Yang Xinyue , Chen Yan , Wen Ziqiang , Liu Yiyan , Xiao Xiaojuan , Liang Wen , Yu Shenping
Published: November 2019

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate the microstructure and microcirculation of regional lymph nodes (LNs) in rectal cancer by using non-invasive intravoxel incoherent motion MRI (IVIM-MRI), and to distinguish metastatic from non-metastatic LNs by quantitative parameters.

Methods

All recruited patients underwent IVIM-MRI (b = 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 400, 600, 1000, 1500 and 2000 s/mm2) on a 3.0 T MRI system. One hundred sixty-eight regional LNs with a short-axis diameter equal to or greater than 5 mm from 116 patients were evaluated by two radiologists independently, including 78 malignant LNs and 90 benign LNs. The following parameters were assessed: the short-axis diameter (S), long-axis diameter (L), short- to long-axis diameter ratio (S/L), pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion factor (f). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess the interobserver agreement between two readers. Receiver operating characteristic curves were applied for analyzing statistically significant parameters.

Results

Interobserver agreement of IVIM-MRI parameters between two readers was excellent (ICCs> 0.75). The metastatic group exhibited higher S, L and D (P < 0.001), but lower f (P < 0.001) than the non-metastatic group. The area under the curve (95% CI, sensitivity, specificity) of the multi-parameter combined equation for D, f and S was 0.811 (0.744~0.868, 62.82%, 87.78%). The diagnostic performance of the multi-parameter model was better than that of an individual parameter (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

IVIM-MRI parameters provided information about the microstructure and microcirculation of regional LNs in rectal cancer, also improved diagnostic performance in identifying metastatic LNs.
Laparoscopic fundoplication for a case of esophageal hiatal hernia after gastroschisis repair
Authors: Hirose Ryuichiro , Obata Satoshi , Tojigamori Manabu , Nakamura Masatoshi , Taguchi Shohei , Arima Toru
Published: November 2019

Background

Esophageal hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux have been recognized as inevitable complications after the definitive gastroschisis operation. Patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux require anti-reflux surgery; however, the surgical adhesions may complicate subsequent surgical therapy, especially in the cases treated by staged repair.

Case presentation

A male infant who showed a severe gastroesophageal reflux due to hiatal hernia after staged abdominal fascial closure of gastroschisis. In spite of continuous conservative management, frequent vomiting and hematemesis had become progressively worse at the age of 8 months. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was attempted and completed with no adverse events.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic fundoplication may be applied, as a first-line approach, for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in this difficult group of patients, after the repair of congenital abdominal wall defect.
Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous extract of blended leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava
Authors: Alabi Akinyinka O. , Ajayi Abayomi M. , Omorogbe Osarume , Umukoro Solomon
Published: November 2019

Background

To investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of a blended mixture of dried leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava, a traditional analgesic drug polyherbal (TADP) used as a remedy for pain-related conditions.

Methods

Antinociceptive activity of TADP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated in the hot plate test and acetic acid-induced nociception in mice while the anti-inflammatory was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Levels of nitrite, myeloperoxidase, glutathione and malondialdehyde were assayed in carrageenan-induced paw tissue.

Results

TADP (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly prolong the latency time in the hot-plate test. TADP (100–400 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent significant inhibition of the acetic-acid induced abdominal constriction. The antinociceptive activity of TADP in the presence of naloxone and atropine was not reversed whereas yohimbine and glibenclamide significantly reversed it. TADP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the swelling in the carrageenan-induced oedema model and also produced a reduction in the nitrite and myeloperoxidase level. TADP (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced malondialdehyde concentration and increase glutathione level in the carrageenan-induced rat paw. TADP significantly decrease the number of cellular infiltrates in the histopathological assessment.

Conclusion

These results indicate that polyherbal product containing blended leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, hence represents a promising alternative remedy in inflammation-induced pain.
Chromosome band 11q23 deletion predicts poor prognosis in bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma patients without MYCN amplification
Authors: Yue Zhi‐Xia , Xing Tian‐Yu , Gao Chao , Liu Shu‐Guang , Zhao Wen , Zhao Qian , Wang Xi‐Si , Jin Mei , Ma Xiao‐Li
Published: November 2019

Background

Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of bone marrow cells has been confirmed to be a direct and valid method to assess the v‐myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog (MYCN) amplification in patients with bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma. MYCN amplification alone, however, is insufficient for pretreatment risk stratification. Chromosome band 11q23 deletion has recently been included in the risk stratification of neuroblastoma. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the biological characteristics and prognostic impact of 11q23 deletion and MYCN amplification in patients with bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma.

Methods

We analyzed the MYCN and 11q23 statuses of 101 patients with bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma using interphase FISH of bone marrow cells. We specifically compared the biological characteristics and prognostic impact of both aberrations.

Results

MYCN amplification and 11q23 deletion were seen in 12 (11.9%) and 40 (39.6%) patients. The two markers were mutually exclusive. MYCN amplification occurred mainly in patients with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and high neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) levels (both P< 0.001), and MYCN‐amplified patients had more events (tumor relapse, progression, or death) than MYCN‐normal patients (P= 0.004). 11q23 deletion was associated only with age (P= 0.001). Patients with MYCN amplification had poorer outcomes than those with normal MYCN (3‐year event‐free survival [EFS] rate: 8.3 ± 8.0% vs. 43.8 ± 8.5%, P < 0.001; 3‐year overall survival [OS] rate: 10.4 ± 9.7% vs. 63.5% ± 5.7%, P < 0.001). 11q23 deletion reflected a poor prognosis only for patients with normal MYCN (3‐year EFS rate: 34.3 ± 9.5% vs. 53.4 ± 10.3%, P= 0.037; 3‐year OS rate: 42.9 ± 10.4% vs. 75.9 ± 6.1%, P= 0.048). Those with both MYCN amplification and 11q23 deletion had the worst outcome (P< 0.001).

Conclusions

Chromosome band 11q23 deletion predicts poor prognosis only in bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma patients without MYCN amplification. Combined assessment of the two markers was much superior to single‐marker assessment in recognizing the patients at a high risk of disease progression.