bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Aparthotel
Authors: Downey James F.
Published: March 2007

Take the concepts behind hotels, time-shares, condominiums, and vacation resorts and roll them into one. The result is the "aparthotel," an idea taking root in Europe. The aparthotel is a facility that offers all the traditional amenities of a full-service hotel while allowing individuals to invest in the operation in a manner similar to condominium developments in the U.S. Returns for the investor may be derived from the developer or from transient guests who occupy the investor's unit during the year. Aparthotel units are spacious and offer conveniences far in excess of traditional hotel rooms. In addition, the facility-usually no larger than around 50 units-may provide such extras as swimming pools, restaurants, lounges, game rooms, spas, gardens, children's play areas, and additional storage space.
Student Life
Authors: Enz Cathy A.
Published: March 2007

Today's students are constantly on the go-studying, attending classes, working, or participating in extracurricular activities. Absent is the time for them to stop and think about what they want from life, and why. By using a simple four-step exercise in the classroom, it's possible to get students thinking about their ambitions and the future. First, by drawing a "lifeline," students can identify peaks and valleys in their lives and note any patterns. Second, the students jot down those things they hope to accomplish and experience and examine their basic motivations. Next, they develop a brief vision statement that describes their ideal image of the future. Finally, step four gives students the opportunity to practice mentally the skills and attitudes required to achieve their vision of themselves in their ideal future.
Developing a Hotel Business Plan
Authors: Brush Scott W.
Published: March 2007

This article details the information to include in a hotel project's business plan. Base the plan firmly in reality, emphasize the strengths of the venture, and deal with existing and potential problems. Substantiate major conclusions and highlight major assumptions. Begin with a synopsis of development status, project schedule, budget, and anticipated financial results. Include engineering information; development-cost estimates; ownership and management data; historical development; business format and structure; finances, including cash requirements, financial controls, record management, and financial results; and an operational perspective including description of the hotel, location analysis, operating environment, marketing issues, and operating performance.
Rates of Return on Hotel Investments
Authors: Lesser Daniel H. , Rubin Karen
Published: March 2007

A capitalization rate (CR) is a rate of return that an investor seeks when purchasing real estate, including the investment's risks and forgone returns from alternative investments. A CR, then, is the weighted cost of the capital used to acquire an investment. The quality, age, and class of a property; the strength of its operating and financial history; its historical and potential position in the market place; and any required renovation or repositioning influence the type of equity investor who will be attracted to an investment and the equity portion of the required return. CRs can be based on historical net income, forecasted first-year net income, or forecasted stabilized net income. Investors also can capitalize different levels of net income, including before or after a reserve for FF&E replacement and before or after an incentive-management fee.
Re Marketing
Authors: Pellissier Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of the internal operations of this country club allowed the company to (1) identify the areas of business on which it should focus, (2) develop solid knowledge of each market's condition and of the competition, (3) reach conclusions about the general conditions of those markets, (4) develop specific pricing policies and procedures to take advantage of those markets, and (5) effectively communicate its new plans to all the appropriate parties. Two key aspects involved pricing the product so that customers didn't shy away from it and identifying procedures, policies, actions, or services that were actually repelling business. In the end, the club gained more and happier players and additional net revenues from wise price increases.
Operations Engineering
Authors: Sill Brian
Published: March 2007

To compete effectively in today's saturated restaurant markets, all stages of food-service production and service must operate in concert so as to ultimately deliver quality products at the right price to the right guests at the right time. Operations engineering provides a measured and systematic approach toward achieving this goal by analyzing the interplay of layout, equipment, system, and worker performance. The application of those measurement methods will enable management to design results, and not simply to make decisions that may or may not lead to desired outcomes.
Breaking the Rules for Better Service
Authors: Shimko Barbara Whitaker
Published: March 2007

It is no secret that often there's room for improvement in the service sector. One reason may be that some company policies do not support employee decisions that allow for high levels of customer service. This article takes a look at people who succeeded in climbing the management ladder in the food-service industry. Some findings about personality factors that make for success in management raise questions about the possibility of improving service. The major obstacle to providing excellent service may be the strong tendency toward conformity in our organizations. Existing decision-making policies, coupled with the manner in which organizations reward conforming behavior, present an overwhelming challenge to companies hoping to attract and retain customers through exceptional service.
Adapting to a Changing Market:
Authors: Pellissier Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

In the late 1980s, the California Country Club noticed that, in addition to losing money, its full-service restaurant was no longer serving its target customers-golfers. Business people ("suits") had become the golf club's primary lunchtime customers while the golfers had abandoned the restaurant for less formal, less expensive, and quicker lunch places. After considerable market research, club management declined such options as continuing to operate the formal restaurant with a reduced staff, replacing the restaurant with a second snack bar, or closing the restaurant entirely. Instead, management developed a casual-service concept with a golfing theme, but made no structural changes. A reduced staff now offers table service to guests who choose from a limited menu and eat off high-quality plasticware. Although most of the suits deserted the restaurant, the golfers who replaced them are pleased with the new, informal service. The restaurant has cut its losses to an acceptable level and once again serves its main markets-golfers and members.
Financial Chanracteristics of Bed-and-Breakfast Inns
Authors: Poorani Ali A. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2007

A survey of 403 U.S. bed-and-breakfast inns in 46 states found that financial returns for large operations were generally better than those of small as B&Bs. Besides asking typical demographic-data questions, the questionnaire focused on topics such as market mix and sources of business; occupancy rate and room rates; the innkeeper's previous hospitalitybusiness experience; and the methods of entry to the business, project development, loan structure, and profit-and-loss statements. The data show that net operating income, return on total assets, and return on equity for larger operations (nine or more rooms) are favorable, compared with smaller operations, indicating significant economies of scale in the B&B industry. Large operations not only captured a greater market share than did small inns, but also achieved higher operating efficiencies. The survey data suggest that the superior performance of the larger B&Bs may be attributable to their lower investment per unit, the operators' higher levels of previous hospitality experience, their greater marketing resources, and access to more-attractive financing arrangements.
Employment Tests
Authors: Berger Florence , Ghei Ajay
Published: March 2007

Properly constructed and applied tests can be effective tools for hospitality managers who must make hiring decisions. Although they should not be used as the only hiring determinant, tests are a good supplement to interviews, reference checks, and professional certification by providing objective information to managers on which applicants might be best for a job. The expense of testing may well be recovered by reduced turnover that results from effective selection and hiring. Jobs that are best suited to testing are those that involve special knowledge or abilities. Testing for dishroom employees would be prohibitive, for example, but a test might be useful to assess candidates for, say, banquet supervisor. Selecting the proper test involves making sure the test is valid and reliable, cost effective, and properly developed by its creators. Tests can measure simple ability, ability under time pressure, position knowledge, performance, and personality traits. They can be fact oriented or use real or hypothetical situations, and they can be given to individuals or to groups. Regardless of the type of test, it must be properly administered or even the best of tests will give useless or unfair results.
Reengineering in the Food-Service Industry
Authors: Lombardi Dennis J. , Miner Tom
Published: March 2007

The reengineering of work processes has generally led to the reduction of the number of headquarters employees at many food-service chains. A study of 43 of the top-200 chains found that some of those downsized staffs were about the right size for the work load imposed on them, but a substantial number are experiencing the strain of trying to handle too many functions with too few people. Regardless of the load, most chains surveyed have no plans to restore the staff positions that were cut in corporate downsizing. Part of the reengineering strategy is to contract with outside agencies for work that was formerly handled in house, particularly for temporary or one-time projects or clerical work. In 1996, these 43 companies expect to outsource an average of nearly ten projects each. However, many other projects that would formerly have been handled by headquarters staff will be put off or dropped completely. In the near future, companies may have to consider adding more staff.
Expert-System Technology for Hotels: Concierge Application
Authors: Cho Wonae , Sumichrast Robert T. , Olsen Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Concierge service at hotels can be augmented by installing an expert system, which makes use of artificial intelligence. Such a system can be a valuable supplement to human-concierge services and an improvement over existing commercial electronic-concierge systems. A multiunit firm can efficiently develop a generic expert-system concierge which in turn can be customized for use by individual properties. By using a hierarchically based development process, the firm controls the development costs. The system itself engages hotel guests in an on-screen dialogue to help them find information about hotel services and area attractions. For example, a guest wishing to dine out may be walked through the steps of choosing a preferred cuisine, indicating the amount to be spent, requesting a look at the menu, specifying a distance from the hotel, and asking for exact driving directions or the amount of cab fare. To demonstrate the feasibility of using commonly available technology to create such a system, the authors built a prototype.
Land Regulation and Property Rights
Authors: Sherry John E. H.
Published: March 2007

Land-use regulation traditionally has been a necessary exercise of government power to protect the public welfare. Though the regulation may reduce or impede the economic use of the property, a government's regulatory body has not been required to reimburse the property owner except in instances of a physical taking or occupation of private property for a public purpose. Due to a U.S. Supreme Court decision, however, state and local governments may now be held financially responsible for environmental regulations that a court finds unduly restrict privateproperty rights.
Investment Retuns and Opportunities for Hotels in Asia
Authors: Mattila Anna
Published: March 2007

The outlook for the Asian lodging industry appears positive for the long term, although some management companies perceive the short-term outlook as somewhat negative due to overbuilding in gateway cities, the changing terms of management contracts, and increased competition for those contracts. Nevertheless, in this study of investors, developers, and management companies, hotels were perceived as favorable investments over other types of real estate. Hotel-management companies tend to use lower discount rates than other equity investors in most Asian markets. The findings suggest that mature markets like Singapore, Hong Kong, and parts of Indonesia benefit from a low perception of risk as indicated by debt-to-equity ratios that are higher than soft markets such as the Philippines and the People's Republic of China, where hotels' frequent inability to generate sufficient cash to meet debt payments lowers lenders' support for high leverage. Third-party financing appears to be the most popular method of financing hotel projects in Asia, with typical interest rates defined as cost of funds plus .75 percent to 2.5 percent. A notable exception is Indochina, where the interest rates are high to reflect the greater risk associated with those countries. The lenders surveyed were equally likely to provide project or construction financing and long-term debt. A majority of the respondents indicated that they are planning new hotel developments and reported that mid-market properties will provide the highest investment returns in the short term relative to other types of hotel development. Management companies and lenders showed more involvement in properties located in cities than did investors. Some stakeholders seek high returns in the emerging markets of Indonesia, PRC, and Vietnam, where the growth potential is tremendous. Other investors prefer the mature markets of Singapore and Hong Kong where large, stable markets reduce risk. Both lenders and investors indicate strong aversion to countries like Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos, which tend to be characterized by political risk and lack of investment security.
Yield Mangement in Las Vegas Casino Hotels
Authors: Norman Ellis D. , Mayer Karl J.
Published: March 2007

The rooms division in many Las Vegas casino properties has functioned almost as a loss leader to encourage guests to stay and play in the casinos. Applying yield management to boost rooms revenues does not seem to apply to such a scenario, but at least five Las Vegas properties now have basic YM systems that have boosted revenues. One property of 1,000-plus rooms has installed a proprietary computer-based YM application that gives it sophisticated control over room rates based on expected occupancy. The other four properties do not use computer applications, but still apply YM based on occupancy projections. In some cases, reservations and front-desk employees are involved in yield-management rate decisions, while other properties exclude front-line employees from the YM loop. Although the revenue from gaming operations has long overshadowed rooms revenue, it is clear that casino hotels could benefit from some form of yield management in their rooms division, as that area's importance as a profit center increases.
Peru's Tourism Industry
Authors: Casado Matt A.
Published: March 2007

Despite its natural beauty and Incan archaeological treasures, Peru has had trouble attracting tourists. Peru's apparent unattractiveness may stem from political unrest and economic instability. Seventy percent of Peruvians were living in poverty in 1992. Feeding on the government's ineffectiveness and the distress and hunger of the populace are several militant revolutionary groups. These rebels have tried several times to topple Peru's government, including late in 1996 when hundreds of prominent individuals were taken hostage by insurgents. Nevertheless, Peru enjoyed a banner year for tourism in 1997. Credit for Peru's apparently turning the corner goes in part to President Alberto Fujimori and his plan for “national reconstruction” to improve the nation's infrastructure, which included construction of several deluxe hotels and started the privatization of the government-owned lodging chain. Despite Peru's improving public facilities and growing tourist arrivals, there continues to be political instability that presents a real threat to residents and international visitors alike.
The Innocents Abroad
Authors: Roberts Elizabeth Huettman
Published: March 2007

The experiences of a group of interns from the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration demonstrate the importance of advance preparation for international work experience. While the students avoided serious incidents, they did find themselves in awkward situations borne of ignorance. All six students worked for a multi-national corporation that sent them from country to country to assist with internal audits. The students were placed in a sink-or-swim situation, with no advance discussion of the differences between American cultural mores and those found in other countries. While the students gave a high rating to the overall value of the internships, they also experienced misunderstandings about dress expectations, hand gestures and other body language, and the timing of appointments (particularly the level of precision expected regarding a given time).
Total Quality Management
Authors: Soriano Domingo Ribeiro
Published: March 2007

Eight hotel managers in Valencia, Spain, identified what criteria they considered important for a hotel's TQM program. Those findings were then compared to the results of standard EFQM studies (European Foundation for Quality Management), and the differences noted and analyzed. Given the categories of leadership, policy and strategy, personnel management, resources, and processes, hoteliers rated "resources" as far and away the most important factor relative to the others, and, surprisingly, rated "personnel management" and "leadership" as relatively unimportant. By comparison, EFQM studies ranked those same factors in this order, from most to least important: processes, leadership, policy and strategy and personnel management (tied), and resources. The hoteliers' emphasis on "resources" may be because that factor comprises such elements as the hotel's actual premises, services, and location. The hotel sector in particular tends to depend on the quality of services delivered (resources) rather than on motivating its managers to lead the search for quality and continuous improvement (leadership and human-resources management).
Inventory-Turnover Analysis
Authors: Reynolds Dennis
Published: March 2007

A key element of inventory management is a periodic inventory-turnover analysis, particularly among food-service operators with numerous and diverse menus that change frequently. Use of an "inventory turnover" statistic helps operators maximize the inventory investment, measures the efficiency of the inventory-management process, and uncovers problems such as slacking sales and employee theft. The measure proposed here is: food cost for the period divided by the period's average inventory value equals inventory turnover. Other ratios can be used, but all have some limitations. The inventory-turnover statistic is especially useful for comparing same-store activity, and can serve to compare similar operations within a given segment. If the inventory-turnover ratio is unstable or does not fall within a reasonable predetermined range, further investigation is warranted (to discover why sales may be slumping or to uncover theft, for example). Periodic inventory-turnover analysis provides operators with a tool for improving their inventory-management practices, especially when coupled with common precautions such as monitoring deliveries, dealing with preferred vendors, rotating stock, and keeping prices up to date.
Ethical Issues with Managed Care
Authors: Cooper Caren C. , Gottlieb Michael C.
Published: March 2007

With the advent of managed care, counseling psychologists are encountering vexing ethical issues. These issues arise not only for practitioners but for researchers, educators, and trainers as well. In this article, the authors briefly describe the evolution of managed care and review basic biomedical ethics and ethical decision-making models. The authors then examine specific ethical issues and offer suggestions for practice, research, and education and training. This article concludes with a research agenda, a review of projected general trends in health care delivery, and a discussion of counseling psychology’s role in addressing current concerns as well as influencing the future evolution of health care delivery.
Revitalizing the Division
Authors: Carter Jean A. , Davis Kathleen L.
Published: March 2007

Between 1992 and 1996, Division 17 of the American Psychological Association (APA) was reorganized to respond to Executive Board- and member-perceived need for more active and effective participation in APA and the field of psychology, enhanced member involvement, and greater responsiveness on matters of concern to counseling psychologists. This article describes the process of the reorganization, including both documented historical events and interviews with key participants. It is intended to capture the historical record and provide insight into the process of the restructuring as well as the division’s governance and activities.
Intimacy and Crises in Adulthood
Authors: Lowenthal Marjorie Fiske , Weiss Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Even though interpersonal intimacy has been proposed as a vital developmental task in the achievement of adulthood (Erikson, 1963) there has been little systematic study of intimate relationships as a psychological resource in transactions and crises of the adult life course, including those resulting from sociohistorical change. Both the high degree of complexity and relativity of the concept of intimacy, as well as the American male's traditional flight from intimacy, contribute to its lack of exploration. It is the thesis of this article that in the absence of overwhelming external challenge, most individuals find the motivation to live autonomous and satisfying lives only through one or more mutually intimate dyadic relationships. Some preliminary evidence in support of this thesis is presented showing marked life stage and sex differences. In addition a theoretical framework for the study of psychosocial change in adulthood focusing on areas of commitment, juxtaposed with some evidence, suggests a more flexible life stage theory than that proposed by Erikson (1963). The implications of intimacy as a resource are discussed for two adult risk groups: middle-aged women in the post-paternal stage of life and middle-aged men who are "overwhelmed" by life stresses.
Methods of Studying Persons
Authors: Heinemann Allen W. , Shontz Franklin C.
Published: March 2007

A method is described that permits answering research questions of general importance by examining individuals in a comprehensive, whole-person manner. The method requires that research questions be formulated in advance and that the person studied be carefully selected for suitability. It also requires the acquisition and analysis of data on symbolic structures, which are systems of meaning and action that define personal identity. Q-technique and the role repertory test are valuable techniques for use in research with individuals. Their use in two studies of persons with spinal cord injuries is described.
Consultation Interventions
Authors: Kurpius DeWayne J.
Published: March 2007

Intervening with an intervention is to enter into a human or organizational system of relationships for the purpose of making a helpful difference. If done properly, interventions can transform deficits into assets, initiate influence in the proper places, and create a climate for creative problem solving. Selecting the proper intervention is preceded by understanding the problem context, completing an accurate diagnosis, including the assessment of system variables that will support or hinder a given intervention, taking ownership of the problem, and determining consultee client readiness. Intervention failures are caused by too much or too little diagnosis, by setting goals impossible to reach, or by implementing the wrong intervention. In addition, because of the intricacies of selecting and implementing the proper intervention, it is essential that the consultant's definition of consultation be articulated to the consultee.
The Environment and the Student in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Royalty Georgia M. , Gelso Charles J. , Mallinckrodt Brent , Garrett Kimberly D.
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to answer several questions about the research attitudes (interest in doing research and the personal value of research) of graduate students in counseling psychology, the research training environments in graduate programs, and the impact of programs and environments on students' attitudes. Participants were 358 students from 10 APA-accredited programs who responded to a survey on research attitudes and research training environments (86.1% return rate). Results for the major research questions were (1) recalled research attitudes upon entrance to training did not differ among the 10 programs; (2) on the whole, self-reported research attitudes became slightly more favorable during training; (3) training programs varied widely in both impact on research attitudes and research training environment; and (4) the most impactful programs differed from the remaining ones on several research training environment ingredients, but not on others. The results permit a beginning sketch of the impactful research training environment. Additionally, the role of environment on attitude change seems to depend on students' training levels, suggesting a training environment by developmental level interaction regarding influence on research attitudes.
Research Training Environments and Student Productivity
Authors: Galassi John P. , Brooks Linda , Stoltz Richard F. , Trexler Kari A.
Published: March 2007

During the summer of 1984, APA-approved counseling psychology programs were surveyed about their research training practices. Although the programs view themselves as placing greater emphasis on the practitioner as opposed to the scientist aspects of training, many current students do publish research and/or present research findings at professional meetings. When the programs were categorized into high and low productive based on students publishing and presenting research during 1983-1984, several variables differentiated the categories. High productive programs tended to involve students in research early in training, required them to participate in research teams or to complete research apprenticeships, more strongly encouraged student research presentation and publication, and were more likely to provide typing for student manuscripts. They also placed greater emphasis on philosophy of science, gave more exposure to qualitative research, and were less likely to approve correlational/ex post facto research designs in doctoral dissertations. The training practices and their implications are discussed.
Accomplishments and Disappointments of the Division 17 Committee on Women, 1970-1987
Authors: Meara Naomi M. , Harmon Lenore W.
Published: March 2007

We reviewed events establishing the Women's Committee of the Division of Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of the American Psychological Association. We organized a historical record of our founding, the context surrounding it, and the reasons we believe the Women's Committee was successful. We discuss our disappointment at some unintended consequences of the women's movement of the early 1970s, and indicate issues which concern us and which constitute unfinished work for those who are committed to equality for women.
Fellowship Behavior in Division 17 and the MOMM Cartel
Authors: Horan John J. , Erickson Chris D.
Published: March 2007

Graduates and employees of four institutions-the MOMM Cartel-dominate every science and practice organ of Division 17's governing body. Counseling psychologists from the other 60 academic programs (the OUTSIDERs) face numerous barriers to professional ascendancy. Six of 13 fellow nominees during the 1988-1989 year were MOMM members; none were rejected. Three OUTSIDERs were elected; four were rejected. Mean scholarly productivity for each group was 13, 21.3, and 19.7 Psyc LIT citations, respectively. The accepted OUTSIDERs were significantly more productive than the MOMMs; two of the four rejected OUTSIDERs ranked numbers one and two in scholarly productivity among all nominees. No relationship appeared between scholarship and fellow decisions; MOMM membership strongly predicted election to fellow status. Personal familiarity with the evaluators, rather than professional service, apparently accounts for these filings -a variant of the "Matthew Effect" discussed in the sociology-of-science literature Recommendations for reform are offered
Clinical Inquiry as Scientific Training
Authors: Hoshmand Lisa L. Tsoi
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the prospect of approaching clinical inquiry as a scientific activity and considering counseling practice as a context for the scientific training of the counseling psychologist. Problems in attempting to find a common ground between clinical teaching and research training are first discussed. A nonadversarial relationship between research and practice is sought by acknowledging common issues of epistemology and proposing a continuum of knowledge processes used by the scientist-practitioner in research and practice. It is proposed that scientific training needs to be defined not only by the ability to conduct formal research but also in terms of the development of those attitudes, skills, and qualities of mind that are essential to all investigative activities and acts of knowing in human inquiry. Recommendations for areas of training emphasis are made on the basis of cognitive research and the experience of teaching research, clinical inquiry, and practice as philosophically linked graduate courses.
Counseling Psychologists in Hospital/Medical Settings
Authors: Good Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the professional and personal issues that are likely to be encountered by new counseling psychologists entering employment in hospital/medical settings. In general, the good news about working in hospital/medical settings is that it (a) provides a sense of satisfaction from assisting people who benefit greatly, but who would not ordinarily have sought psychological interventions; (b) allows a wide diversity of professional activities; (c) offers a relatively lucrative salary; and (d) represents an exciting new frontier for psychological exploration. The bad news is that it is easy to feel isolated, alienated, and unappreciated.
The State of Ethical Training for Counseling Psychology Doctoral Students
Authors: Wilson Linda S. , Ranft Victor A.
Published: March 2007

Ethics training in graduate psychology programs has blossomed in the last decade but the debate continues regarding how graduate ethics training should be taught. Although an effective model of ethics training is being discussed among professors, student input has been negligible and information from students in counseling psychology programs nonexistent. The present study surveyed student representatives from APA-accredited doctoral programs in professional psychology for 1990 on their exposure and type of ethics education as well as their perception of preparedness to deal with ethical dilemmas. Results indicate that 94% of the programs require training in ethics and that most students feel prepared for both legal and ethical issues that may arise in their professional roles. Students feel more prepared in the decision-making process than in factual information of ethics; this finding was surprising given that the reported emphasis of their training was much stronger on content than on process.
The Moral Dimension
Authors: Sugarman Jeff , Martin Jack
Published: March 2007

The authors argue that counseling psychologists will benefit from the development of conceptual frameworks that focus attention and consideration on the moral dimensions of psychotherapeutic practice. The authors present such a conceptualization with respect to actual psychotherapeutic conversations, and they provide an empirical illustration of how this conceptual framework illuminates the moral dimension of such conversations. The authors also briefly explore possibilities for further conceptual and empirical study of moral aspects of counseling and psychotherapy.
Attachment Theory and Career Development
Authors: Blustein David L. , Prezioso Michael S. , Schultheiss Donna Palladino
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the growing literature on attachment theory and career development. The empirical and theoretical literature that has examined the contribution of attachment theory to ego identity formation, preimplementation career behavior, and postimplementation career adjustment is reviewed. Drawing from this literature, four propositions are advanced to guide subsequent empirical and theoretical efforts in this area. Implications for counseling practice that are derived from this review are also presented.
Persuasion and Development in Counselor Supervision
Authors: Stoltenberg Cal D. , McNeill Brian W. , Crethar Hugh C.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to integrate three models dealing with aspects of human behavior for the domain of counselor supervision. One model, the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, reflects current thinking and research evidence regarding a traditional and important area of social psychology dealing with attitude change. Another is a classic model from the counseling literature, the Interpersonal Influence Model with roots in social psychology dealing with social influence that has been adapted for the supervision context. The final model is developmental in nature and derived specifically for the supervision process: the Integrated Developmental Model. The article discusses how each model adds to our understanding of counselor supervision with recommendations for practitioners and suggestions for future research
From Social Psychology: What?
Authors: Strong Stanley R.
Published: March 2007

Decades ago, Kurt Lewin and his students conceived of dynamic interpersonal (between people) processes to account for behavior. This work initiated the field of group dynamics and indeed much of social psychology, and inspired the initial extrapolations to counseling, conceived of as a process that occurred between counselors and clients. Mainstream social psychology has shifted to a focus on intrapersonal (within people) processes. Thus, as is apparent in the papers in this special issue, translations of currently popular social psychological concepts do not address interpersonal counseling processes. Developments akin to Lewin 's work that address the interpersonal processes of counseling are occurring at the fringe, not in the mainstream, of social psychology.
Interprofessional Collaboration for Children and Families:
Authors: Brabeck Mary , Walsh Mary E. , Kenny Maureen , Comilang Kelurah
Published: March 2007

As societal forces affect the well-being of children, youth, and families, professionals are changing the ways they practice and the settings in which they work In this article, the authors point toward interprofessional collaborations and integrated service systems as promising reform efforts that present opportunities and challenges for counseling psychologists. The authors describe the history and commitments of counseling psychology that position the profession to meet these challenges and the changes in focus and roles necessary to do so. Finally, efforts underway at Boston College are described as one exanlple of counseling psychologists engaged in interprofessional collaboration within schools.
Can Electronic Monitoring Make a Difference? An Evaluation of Three Canadian Programs
Authors: Bonta James , Wallace-Capretta Suzanne , Rooney Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Electronic monitoring (EM) is a correctional program promising an alternative to imprisonment. The present study compared EM programs that differed in setting (corrections-based vs. court-based) and the type of supervision (custodial staff vs. probation officers). EM offenders were also compared with inmates and probationers matched for offender risk. The results showed that type of program was unrelated to program completion or recidivism and that EM had a net-widening effect. Type of supervision showed some relationship with offender and staff views of the program but, in general, EM added little value to more traditional forms of community control.
Learning Through Controlled Experiments: Community Service and Heroin Prescription in Switzerland
Authors: Killias Martin , Aebi Marcelo F. , Ribeaud Denis
Published: March 2007

Europe, over the past two decades, has seen many innovations in the field of corrections, particularly new sanctions that are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to imprisonment, such as community service. Innovative approaches have also been tested in the field of drug treatment, including large-scale drug-substitution programs. Usually, such programs have been evaluated, if at all, under the form of before-after studies. Thus, little is known about treatment effects, particularly in the longer run and/or compared to alternative approaches. Two controlled experiments conducted recently in Switzerland involving community service and heroin prescription to addicts may indicate a shift to more rigorous evaluations. They both illustrate the potentials of controlled experiments for progress in knowledge as well as some problems in methodological, legal, ethical, and practical respects. Whereas controlled experiments are necessary to learn in some areas, more conventional before-after studies may be valid under particular circumstances.
Evaluating Criminal Justice Interventions for Domestic Violence
Authors: Dobash R. Emerson , Dobash Russell P.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors consider various approaches to the evaluation of criminal justice interventions in the area of domestic violence. Evaluations have been conducted on a range of interventions, but this article focuses particularly on evaluations of arrest and programs for violent abusers. The authors contrast randomized designs used in the primarily North American studies of arrest with the extant evaluations of abuser programs and argue for the use of more theoretically informed contextual evaluations of criminal justice interventions. Using their own 3-year evaluation study of two Scottish abuser programs, the authors demonstrate how the contextual approach is attuned to both outcome and process and results in more empirically informed assessments of how change is achieved in the behavior and orientations of violent men. The authors argue that evaluations of criminal justice-based interventions should be designed to fit the phenomena under consideration as well as the intervention itself.
Sanction Threats in Court-Ordered Programs: Examining Their Effects on Offenders Mandated into Drug Treatment
Authors: Maxwell Sheila Royo
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, court-ordered diversion and treatment procedures have proliferated in response to the problems of court congestion and prison overcrowding. Underlying these court orders are stiff sanctions that are often used to threaten offenders to comply with the court's mandate. Given the widespread use of court orders and their stiff penalties for violations, the effectiveness of sanction threats in enforcing compliance among offenders has rarely been examined. Using a sample of offenders mandated by the courts into drug treatment, this article examines the effects of sanction threat on the offenders' perceptions of threat and their lengths of stay in drug treatment.
Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence: Assessing the Predictive Validity of a Risk Classification System
Authors: Harer Miles D. , Langan Neal P.
Published: March 2007

Can the same risk classification instrument be used for both female and male prisoners? The authors answer this question using data for federal prisoners by comparing female and male prison violence rates and by comparing the predictive validity of a risk classification instrument used to predict female and male violence. The authors find women commit less violence and less serious violence than men. However, despite these gender differences, they find the same classification instrument predicts violent behavior equally well for women and men. Taken together, these results lead the authors to argue for correctional policies requiring separate classification systems for women and men.
Race and Gender Relations among Prison Workers
Authors: Owen Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes changes in the traditional guard cultures, which have resulted through Affirmative Action requirements of the State. These changes have given new meanings to traditional competition and divisions among the workers. Racial conflicts often parallel those within the prisoner culture. Gender conflicts reflect a conservative bias found in other blue collar occupations. These conflicts shape a new culture of the correctional worker and further contribute to the uneasy social order of the prison community.
An Exploration of Self-Reported Sexually Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Alder Christine
Published: March 2007

Using data from the final wave of a longitudinal study of males, this article examines propositions derived from feminist literature regarding male attributes that may distinguish sexually aggressive males from others. The findings suggest that the most important factor is the presence of sexually aggressive friends. In its effect this factor interacts with (1) attitudes legitimizing sexual aggression against women and (2) service in Vietnam. More general attitudes toward women, alienation, and education appear to have indirect effects. Overall, the findings are consistent with arguments in the feminist literature concerning influences on rape or sexually aggressive behavior.
Criminal Victimization: Lifetime Prevalence, Reporting to Police, and Psychological Impact
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Saunders Benjamin E. , Veronen Lois J. , Best Connie L. , Von Judith M.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 391 adult females were interviewed about lifetime criminal victimization experiences, crime reporting, and psychological impact. In total, 75% of the sample (n = 295) had been victimized by crime, and 41.4% of all crimes were reported to the police. Reporting rates differed by crime type. Burglary had the highest reporting rate (82.4%); and sexual assault the lowest (7.1%). Of all crime victims, 27.8% subsequently developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Major implications are the following: Prevalence rates are extremely high and reporting rates are low. The prevalence of PTSD indicates that crime has both an immediate and long-term psychological impact. Suggestions for improved victim services are discussed.
Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Drunk Drivers: Beyond Incarceration
Authors: Wheeler Gerald R. , Hissong Rodney V.
Published: March 2007

Proponents of mandatory jail laws contend that alternative sanctions such as probation and fines have failed to modify behavior of those convicted of drunk driving (DWI). In order to test this proposition, we evaluated the effects of probation, fines, and jail sentences on DWI recidivism of a randomly selected DWI population at risk for 36 months. Utilizing survival time statistical analysis, the findings showed no significant differences in outcome among sanctions. As predicted, persons with a DWI history recidivated significantly sooner than first offenders. We conclude by advocating a policy of alternative sanctions to incarceration for drunk drivers.
Federal Juvenile Justice Policy and the Incarceration of Girls
Authors: Schwartz Ira M. , Steketee Martha W. , Schneider Victoria W.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of federal juvenile justice policy on the incarceration of girls in U.S. public training schools and detention centers. Far fewer girls and boys were confined for status offenses in public training schools and detention centers in 1987 than in 1977. Girls were more likely than boys to be confined for status offenses and less serious delinquency offenses in 1987. The study also reveals striking state by state differences in incarceration practices by gender. The authors present suggestions for juvenile justice policy and research development.
A Hedgehog Proposal
Authors: Phillips Margaret B.
Published: March 2007

Some scientists have described physiologically harmful effects of stress among populations living a marginal existence, effects which are linked to a perception of powerlessness and a present-oriented failure to plan actively for the future. These general tendencies resemble characteristics of criminal offenders, leading to an hypothesis that overwhelming stress from poverty and powerlessness can create irresponsibility-a failure to take into account the consequences of one's acts-conducive to criminal acts. Mechanisms to encourage responsibility entail enabling empowerment (example: jobs at livable wages). Finally, criminology professionals must publicly dramatize the linkage between joblessness, poor health care, and so on, with crime by publicly supporting initiatives such as full employment efforts.
Economic Conditions and Ideologies of Crime in the Media: A Content Analysis of Crime News
Authors: Barlow Melissa Hickman , Barlow David E. , Chiricos Theodore G.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the relationship between media portrayal of crime and conditions in the political economy. Based on a content analysis of articles about crime appearing in Time magazine during the post-World War II period, it is argued that news about crime is ideological, that is, it gives an inadequate and distorted picture of the contradictory reality of crime in the context of the capitalist political economy in the United States.
Criminological Research on Public Housing: Toward a Better Understanding of People, Places, and Spaces
Authors: Holzman Harold R.
Published: March 2007

Although public housing in the United States is often portrayed as crime ridden, little information from official statistics is available to support this impression. Furthermore, only a handful of criminologists have done empirical research on crime in public housing, and this research has tended to focus on large public housing authorities (PHAs) in big cities. Furnishing the reader with an array of facts about public housing (e.g., roughly 90% of PHAs have fewer than 500 units), this article makes the case that criminologists are woefully uninformed about the nature of the public housing universe and its crime problems.
Competing Value Premises for the Provision of Drug Treatment to Probationers
Authors: Duffee David E. , Carlson Bonnie E.
Published: March 2007

Anti-drug-abuse policy debates center on the relative emphasis to be given to prevention, enforcement, and treatment efforts. Even though there are insufficient treatment services to meet the demand, there has been little debate about the question of who should benefit first from the available services. The consequences of lack of such policy for urban probation departments are examined. Lack of an allocation policy appears to be related to unresolved conflicts among competing premises for allocating services. Four premises are identified, and how drug-abusing probationers might fare under each premise is discussed.