bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hydroxyapatite-coated Insall-Burstein II total knee replacement
Authors: Oliver M. C. , Keast-Butler O. D. , Hinves B. L. , Shepperd J. A. N.
Published: March 2005

We report the clinical and radiographic outcome of a consecutive series of 138 hydroxyapatite-coated total knee replacements with a mean follow-up of 11 years (10 to 13). The patients were entered into a prospective study and all living patients (76 knees) were evaluated. The Hospital for Special Surgery knee score was obtained for comparison with the pre-operative situation. No patient was lost to follow-up. Radiographic assessment revealed no loosening. Seven prostheses have been revised, giving a cumulative survival rate of 93% at 13 years. We believe this to be the longest follow-up report available for an hydroxyapatite-coated knee replacement and the first for this design of Insall-Burstein II knee.
Reduction of high dislocation of the hip using a distraction nail before arthroplasty
Authors: Baumgart R. , Krammer M. , Winkler A. , Hinterwimmer S. , Muensterer O. , Mutschler W.
Published: March 2005

We report the case of a 22-year-old woman who underwent plate and screw fixation for a traumatic left acetabular fracture and fixation with cancellous screws for an associated femoral neck fracture. Two months later, the internal fixation became infected and was removed. This resulted in a painful high dislocation of the hip. We solved the problem with continuous soft-tissue distraction using a fully implantable motorised distraction nail in order to reduce the proximal femur prior to total hip arthroplasty. To our knowledge, this is the first time that reduction of a high dislocation of the hip has been performed using such a system.
Between colonial racism and global capitalism: Japanese repatriates from northeast China since 1946
Authors: Tamanoi Mariko Asano
Published: March 2005

A decline in imperial power is not necessarily accompanied by "an equal and concomitant decline in racial ideas and ideologies" (Rich 1990:1). In this article, I examine this thesis in the context of contemporary Japan, which lost its empire with its unconditional surrender to the Allied powers in 1945. The protagonists of this article are the Japanese farmers who colonized northeast China during Japan's imperial expansion. Although the former colonists have been repatriating to Japan since 1946, their "Japaneseness" in postcolonial Japan has been contested not only by the Japanese state but also by the repatriates themselves. In contemporary Japan, the returning colonists are joined by an increasing number of Chinese immigrants, whom Japanese mainstream society identifies as "economic refugees." On the basis of long‐term ethnographic research, I follow two generations of repatriates from China to Japan. I argue that to understand a resurgence of racism against Chinese immigrants in contemporary Japan, one should not only investigate the identity politics of the repatriates but also historicize such politics through repatriates' memories.
Biotechnology and Culture
Authors: Biehl João
Published: March 2005

Biotechnology and Culture. Paul E. Brodwin. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.287 pp., index.
Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World
Authors: Ries Nancy
Published: March 2005

Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World. Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery. eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. vii. 322 pp., figures, index.
Elites: Choice, Leadership and Succession
Authors: Tarnowski Christopher
Published: March 2005

Elites: Choice, Leadership and Succession. João de Pina‐Cabral and Antónia Pedroso de Lima. Oxford: Berg, 2000. vii. 253 pp., tables, bibliography, index.
Cultures@SiliconValley
Authors: Abélès Marc
Published: March 2005

Cultures@SiliconValley. J. A. English‐Lueck. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. 224 pp., illustrations, map.
Between the Folds: Stories of Cloth, Lives, and Travels from Sumba
Authors: Bloch Alexia
Published: March 2005

Between the Folds: Stories of Cloth, Lives, and Travels from Sumba. Jill Forshee. Honolulu: University of Hawai'iPress,2001.vii. 265 pp.,maps, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Gendered Modernities: Ethnographic Perspectives
Authors: Nencel Lorraine
Published: March 2005

Gendered Modernities: Ethnographic Perspectives. Dorothy L. Hodgson. ed. New York: Palgrave, 2001. vii. 271 pp., figures, photographs, index.
On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture
Authors: Ghannam Farha
Published: March 2005

On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. Setha M. Low. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. ix. 274 pp., tables, maps, photographs, bibliography, index.
Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular
Authors: Saul Mahir
Published: March 2005

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular. Wyatt MacGaffey. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. ix. 274 pp., maps, photographs, appendix, notes, references, glossary, index.
Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Trial
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth
Published: March 2005

Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Trial. Gregory Matoesian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. ix. 267pp., notes, references, index.
Shaping Society through Dance: Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Chin Elizabeth
Published: March 2005

Shaping Society through Dance: Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Peruvian Andes. Zoila S. Mendoza. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. ix. 285 pp., CD, illustrations, maps, photographs, notes, references, index.
Gender, Law, and Resistance in India
Authors: Raheja Gloria Goodwin
Published: March 2005

Gender, Law, and Resistance in India. Erin P. Moore. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. + 205 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory
Authors: Kuipers Joel C.
Published: March 2005

Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. Bambi B. Schieffelin. Kathryn A. Woolard. and Paul Kroskrit. eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. xiii. 338 pp., illustrations, references, index.
VEGF-Targeted Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rini Brian I.
Published: March 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the biology underlying clear cell RCC, including inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene and the pathway leading to VEGF overexpression.Describe the mechanisms by which agents currently undergoing clinical testing in metastatic RCC inhibit VEGF.Describe the preliminary clinical results seen with VEGF inhibition in metastatic RCC.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Purpose. To review the biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the clinical results of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockade in metastatic RCC.

Methods. A review of relevant published literature regarding VEGF, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene inactivation, and VEGF overexpression in RCC was performed. Further, a review of the mechanism, toxicity, and clinical development of VEGF-targeted therapy in metastatic RCC was undertaken.

Results. VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is observed in the majority of clear cell RCC cases, leading to VEGF overexpression. Therapy with agents directed against the VEGF protein or the VEGF receptor have demonstrated initial clinical activity in metastatic RCC.

Conclusions. Therapeutic targeting of VEGF in RCC has strong biologic rationale. Substantial clinical activity has been reported in initial clinical trials with VEGF-targeting agents. Further investigation is needed to optimally use these agents for maximal clinical benefit.
Never Too Old? Age Should Not Be a Barrier to Enrollment in Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Aapro Matti S. , Köhne Claus-Henning , Cohen Harvey Jay , Extermann Martine
Published: March 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the implications of age bias in clinical trials.Describe the effects of applying clinical trial advances to the elderly as predicted by the available information.Explain the need for designing and implementing clinical trials that include the elderly.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Throughout Europe and the U.S., over 60% of the total incidence of cancer occurs in the elderly (≥65 years) population, a patient group that requires particular consideration when making treatment decisions due to a number of factors. Despite this, elderly patients are generally under-represented in clinical trials such that study data should be interpreted with caution because results in younger cancer patients may not always extrapolate to the typical elderly cancer patient.

Reports suggest that elderly cancer patients represent around 22% of patients enrolled in phase II clinical studies. Barriers to the accrual of elderly patients to clinical trials include lack of appropriate trials, high burden of comorbidity, study-imposed restrictions, and attitudes of physicians. There is a belief that elderly patients may be unable to tolerate various cancer therapies, which may result in this patient population being excluded from prospective trials. However, clinical data demonstrate that age alone is not a sufficient reason to withhold treatment.

Lack of clinical trial data and the associated lack of evidence-based guidelines for elderly patients mean physicians have little to guide them, with the result that patients may not receive the optimal therapy. As clinical trials are the primary method of evaluating the efficacy and safety of adjuvant and palliative cancer therapies, trials that specifically target the elderly cancer patient are required to adequately assess the risks and benefits of treatment in this vulnerable population. This review aims to assess the clinical reality and clinical trial age mismatch to evaluate implications for elderly cancer patients and to identify how this situation may be addressed. Possible reasons for the disparity, and the resulting clinical consequences, are also considered.
Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin: Optimizing the Dosing Schedule in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Rose Peter G.
Published: March 2005

The need for effective, well-tolerated, and convenient therapies for patients with advanced ovarian cancer has led researchers to continually refine chemotherapeutic regimens to balance efficacy with safety and tolerability in order to maintain or improve patient quality of life. In this article, we review current strategies for the optimal dosing of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL®; Tibotec Therapeutics, a division of Ortho Biotech Products, L.P., Bridgewater, NJ, http://www.tibotec.com; Caelyx®, Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ, http://www.sch-plough.com) in relapsed ovarian cancer. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of recurrent/resistant ovarian cancer in several clinical trials utilizing a dose of 50 mg/m2 every 4 weeks. The most common adverse events associated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin treatment in these studies—hand-foot syndrome (HFS, also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia) and stomatitis—are schedule and dose dependent, respectively, and do not typically lead to discontinuation of therapy. Several phase II and retrospective studies support the use of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 every 4 weeks (dose intensity of 10 mg/m2 weekly) to optimize clinical efficacy and minimize the occurrence of schedule- and dose-related adverse events in patients with recurrent/relapsed ovarian cancer. Further reductions in dose intensity are necessary for use in combined chemotherapy regimens. Antitumor activity was maintained, with reduced incidences of HFS and stomatitis. Given the chronic course of ovarian cancer, the improved tolerability profile of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 combined with a convenient once-monthly dosing schedule may translate into an improved quality of life for patients with ovarian cancer.
Increased Hemoglobin Levels and Improved Quality-of-Life Assessments During Epoetin Alfa Treatment in Anemic Cancer Patients: Results of a Prospective, Multicenter German Trial
Authors: Reinhardt Uwe , Tulusan Augustinos , Angermund Ralf , Lutz Harald
Published: March 2005

This prospective, open-label, multicenter study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of epoetin alfa in increasing hemoglobin levels and improving quality of life (QOL), specifically fatigue, in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy (n = 702). Epoetin alfa, 10,000 IU three times a week s.c. for 8–18 weeks, increased the mean hemoglobin level relative to baseline (1.0 ± 1.5 g/dl by week 4 and ≥1.7 g/dl from week 10 through the end of the trial), with 63.4% of patients experiencing ≥2 g/dl increases in hemoglobin above baseline at some time during the study. Fatigue is an important component of QOL. Physicians, nurses, and patients independently assessed patient fatigue level on a linear-analogue scale. Although all three groups reported improvements in patient fatigue over the course of the study (p < .0001), the magnitude of fatigue ratings and their relationship to tumor response and to hemoglobin level varied by group. Overall, epoetin alfa was well tolerated and effective in improving hemoglobin levels and decreasing fatigue in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
A girl with inverted triplication of chromosome 3q25.3 → q29 and multiple congenital anomalies consistent with 3q duplication syndrome
Authors: Õunap Katrin , Ilus Tiiu , Bartsch Oliver
Published: March 2005

We report a newborn girl with intrachromosomal triplication of 3q25.3 → q29 (mosaicism) who died at the age of 3.5 weeks due to her malformations. She demonstrated disproportionate short stature with short limbs, a prominent and hairy forehead, thick eyebrows, synophrys, small upturned nose, full cheeks, micrognathia, and low set malformed and posteriorly rotated ears, short and webbed neck, hydrocephalus, Dandy–Walker malformation, spina bifida, complex heart defect (ventricular and atrial septal defect, malrotation, and interrupted aortic arch), omphalocele, polycystic kidneys, postaxial polydactyly of left hand, and generalized hirsutism; all signs have been associated with the dup(3q) syndrome previously. The facial appearance (hairy forehead, thick eyebrows, synophrys, small upturned nose, full cheeks, micrognathia, low set malformed and posteriorly rotated ears) showed resemblance to the Brachmann–de Lange syndrome (BDLS), but the patient did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for BDLS. There has been only one report of a direct triplication of chromosome 3 until now, but in our case the triplicated area is larger, located more proximally, and includes the hypothetical BDLS critical gene region‐CDL1. Our findings lend support to distal chromosome 3q, or chromosome 3q26.3, comprises the critical area for the dup(3q) phenotype resembling the BDLS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malpuech syndrome: Three patients and a review
Authors: Kerstjens‐Frederikse W.S. , Brunner H.G. , van Dael C.M.L. , van Essen A.J.
Published: March 2005

We describe three patients with Malpuech syndrome from two families. Previously, 10 patients from 6 families have been reported. Consanguinity in two families suggests autosomal recessive inheritance. Growth retardation, mental retardation, cleft lip, and/or palate, hypertelorism, urogenital abnormalities, and caudal appendage are the key features. Although the spectrum of the features in the reported patients is variable, we do think this syndrome represents a distinct entity. Chromosomal anomalies should be carefully searched for. We discuss differential diagnosis and possible candidate genes and propose diagnostic criteria for Malpuech syndrome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic and gonadal mosaicism in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria
Authors: Wuyts Wim , Biervliet Martine , Reyniers Edwin , D'Apice Maria Rosaria , Novelli Giuseppe , Storm Katrien
Published: March 2005

We have studied a patient with Hutchinson–Gilford progeria (HGP). Sequence analysis of the LMNA gene demonstrated the presence of a c.1824 C > T (p.G608G) mutation, activating a cryptic splice donor site and leading to the formation of a truncated Lamin A protein. All molecularly characterized autosomal dominant HGP cases described so far result from de novo LMNA mutations, mostly originating on the paternal allele and are often linked with advanced paternal age. However, in our patient, the mutation was transmitted by the mother who showed somatic and germline mosaicism without HGP manifestations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acrofacial dysostosis type Rodríguez
Authors: Dimitrov Boyan , Balikova Irina , Jekova Nely , Vakrilova Lilija , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , Simeonov Emil
Published: March 2005

The acrofacial dysostoses (AFD) are a clinically and causally heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by mandibulofacial dysostosis and a variety of limb anomalies. Several abnormalities affecting different internal organs and the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. Depending on the type of limb defects, two major groups have been delineated: (1) with predominantly pre‐axial anomalies, Nager type AFD, and (2) with predominantly post‐axial involvement, Genée–Wiedemann form of AFD, also known as POADS, respectively. Other forms of “true AFD” have been described as Kelly, Reynolds, Arens (also Tel Aviv form), Rodríguez (or Madrid form), Richieri–Costa, and Patterson–Stevenson–Fontaine types. However, whether they are distinct entities or represent variants of the same condition remains unclear. Rodírguez AFD was described as a new lethal form of AFD in three affected sibs with severe mandibular hypoplasia, severe predominantly pre‐axial limb deficiencies, absent fibulae and ribs, and internal organ anomalies, the most remarkable of which are arrhinencephaly and abnormal lung lobulation. We present a newborn girl with Rodríguez type of AFD, who died a few days after the birth due to respiratory failure. The phenotype and the cause of this condition are discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) pituitary pars tuberalis
Authors: Perez Romera Edith , Mohamed Fabian , Filippa Verónica , Fogal Teresa , Dominguez Susana , Scardapane Luis , Piezzi Ramón
Published: March 2005

The hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT) has been the focus of numerous studies attempting to understand its physiological role in the reproductive regulation and modulation by the neuroendocrine system. Ultrastructural studies of the PT in a number of species have shown that it consists of a well‐developed hypophyseal area with important secretory activity, demonstrated by the abundance of secretory granules in the cytoplasm and the marked blood irrigation. This article describes ultrastructural and immunocytochemical aspects of the PT in viscachas captured in their habitat. The cell types identified were PT‐specific cells, agranulated cells, and Folliculostellate cells. PT‐specific cells are divided into type I and II. Type I cells have cytoplasms with secretory granules of 150–500 nm diameter. The secretory granules of type II PT‐specific cells are 65–200 nm in diameter. Both cellular types exhibit numerous nerve endings on the plasmatic membranes. Agranulated cells exhibit nuclei with lax chromatin, mitochondria, phagosomes, scarce Golgi complex, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Folliculostellate cells exhibit an irregularly shaped and moderately condensed nucleus. All the described cellular types exhibit deposits of cytoplasmic glycogen. The immunocytochemical study revealed the presence of cells immunostained for LH‐β and FSH‐β in the PT caudal zone. ACTH was only detected in the zona tuberalis. No staining was observed with antiprolactin, anti‐TSH‐β, and anti‐GH sera. Folliculostellate cells exhibited staining with anti‐S‐100. The results demonstrate that the viscacha PT is a hypophyseal zone with specific cellular types, which exhibits evident secretory activity. The presence of nerve endings suggests neural control of the function of PT cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Senescence‐associated HSP60 expression in normal human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Di Felice Valentina , Ardizzone Nella , Marcianò Vito , Bartolotta Tommaso , Cappello Francesco , Farina Felicia , Zummo Giovanni
Published: March 2005

Normal mammalian fibroblasts cultured in vitro undergo a limited number of divisions before entering a senescent phase in which they can be maintained for long periods but cannot be induced to divide. Senescent cells become unresponsive to growth‐promoting signals and exhibit senescent cell morphology with flattened and enlarged cell shape. Several chaperones have a direct effect on cellular senescence. HSP60 has been largely studied in our laboratories and it has been associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation in tumor cells. Since senescence is firmly regulated during cell cycle progression, we wanted to investigate HSP60 protein level during cellular senescence. Our data show that HSP60 increases during the initial stage of senescence and that it is localized in cellular compartments, resembling mitochondria. An increase in HSP60 protein amount is associated with a cell cycle slow‐down and it may have a role in cell cycle progression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and biomechanical properties of the trachea of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba: Evidence for evolutionary adaptations to diving
Authors: Cozzi Bruno , Bagnoli Paola , Acocella Fabio , Costantino Maria Laura
Published: March 2005

This study analyzes the structure and mechanical properties of the trachea of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, one of the most common cetacean species. The cetacean trachea is made up of closed or semiclosed cartilaginous rings without a paries membranaceus. Our results indicate that the inner lining of the trachea contains erectile tissue in which several venous lacunae permeate the mucosa. We also observed and described the presence of peripheral neurons containing nitric oxide along the rim of the venous lacunae. Data obtained from compression and tensile tests and comparison with the pig and goat tracheas indicate a higher stiffness and a different, higher breaking point for the dolphin trachea. On the whole, our data suggest that the trachea of the striped dolphin possesses structural properties that allow rapid filling with blood, possibly in relation to dive activities, and also allow modifications due to increased pressure and immediate return to the original shape without risks of permanent bending or rupture, as would happen in a terrestrial mammal. As the organ undergoes intense pressure difference during descent to optimal foraging depth and subsequent rapid ascent to surface, especially in deep dives of hundreds of meters, the specific structural and biomechanical peculiarities of the trachea of the striped dolphin may represent an evolutionary adaptation to life in the water and to diving. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New P‐ligands: The aromaticity and reactivity of 2,4,6‐trialkylphenylphospholes
Authors: Keglevich György , Farkas Renáta , Ludányi Krisztina , Kudar Veronika , Hanusz Miklós , Simon Kálmán
Published: March 2005

A further member of 2,4,6‐trialkyl‐phenyl‐phos‐pholes, the ditertbutylmethylphenyl derivative (1c) was characterized by Bird index and by the sum of angles at the phosphorus atom to describe the flattening of the P‐pyramid. Both numbers suggested a slight aromaticity. The reaction of arylphospholes with phosphorus tribromide was extended to phosphole 1c leading this occasion, after further steps, to the mixture of 3‐ and 2‐substituted products (3c‐1 and 3c‐2, respectively). A triisopropylphenyl‐2H‐phosphole (4) formed by sigmatropic rearrangement was utilized in the preparation of new 1‐phosphanorbornene derivatives, such as sulfide 6 and hemi‐oxides 8‐1 and 8‐2. Further oxidation of the latter species (8‐1 and 8‐2) led to the decomposition of the dimeric structure (11). 4 could also be trapped by benzaldehyde to afford the oxaphosphanorbornene (10) as one diastereomer. Finally, the reversible formation of 2H‐phosphole 4 from 1H‐phosphole 1a at 150°C was proved. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:104–222, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20077
Regioselective synthesis, structure and behavior in solutions of novel phosphorylated thiazolidin‐4‐ones
Authors: Kozlov Vladimir A. , Odinets Irina L. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Churusova Svetlana G. , Yarovenko Sergey V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Mastryukova Tatyana A.
Published: March 2005

Regioselective syntheses of novel 2‐(phosphoryl)methylidenethiazolidine‐4‐ones 3a–c, 5 by the condensation of phosphoryl acetic acid thioamides 2a–c or substituted thioanilide 4 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate are described. N3‐unsubstituted thiazolidine‐4‐ones 3a–c were obtained as E,Z‐isomers, while N3‐phenyl substituted heterocycle 5 was formed as Z,Z‐isomer. The structures of thiazolidin‐4‐ones 3a‐E,Z and 5‐Z,Z are characterized by crystal structure determination. According to B3Pw91/6‐31G* calculations, the isomers observed in crystals are thermodynamically preferable. In solutions, phosphorylated thiazolidines undergo isomerization (relative to C2 carbon atom of the heterocycle) proceeded by either imine–enamine (N3‐unsubstituted compounds 3a–c) or push–pull mechanisms (N3‐substituted compound 5). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:159–222, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20084
Synthesis, charge distribution, and dimerization behavior of lithium alkynylselenolates
Authors: Pietschnig Rudolf , Merz Klaus , Schäfer Sven
Published: March 2005

The reactivity of alkynyl lithium compounds toward elemental gray selenium yields alkynylselenolates, which show significant interaction with the lithium counter ions, depending on solvent polarity and the electronic nature of the adjacent organic substituent. Likewise the dimerization behavior is different for alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted alkynylselenolates. From the latter, unsymmetrical 1,3‐selenol is formed, the molecular structure of which was confirmed by X‐ray structure analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:169–222, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20088
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and in vitro biological activity of organotin(IV) complexes of (E)‐3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐2‐propenoic acid
Authors: Sadiq‐ur‐Rehman  , Shahid Khadija , Ali Saqib , Mazhar Mohammad , Badshah Amin , Eng George , Song Xueqing , Ryczkowski Janusz
Published: March 2005

Organotin(IV) complexes with general formula R4 − nSnLn have been synthesized by the reaction of tri‐ and diorganotin chlorides with sodium salt of (E)‐3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐2‐propenoic acid in dry toluene, where RCH3, C2H5, n‐C4H9, C6H5, n = 1 or 2, and L = [ŌOCC(C6H5) CH(C6H4OCH3)]. Dimeric distannoxanes, [(R2SnOOCC(C6H5)CH‐(C6H4OCH3)2O]2, were synthesized by the reaction of acid with diorganotin oxides in 1:1 molar ratio. Multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn), infrared, mass, and Mössbauer spectral techniques have been used to ascertain their structures in solution and as solid. The spectroscopic results showed that triorganotin(IV) derivatives are 4‐coordinated monomers in noncoordinating solvents and 5‐coordinated polymers with bridging carboxylate groups in the solid state. However, diorganotin and dimeric compounds are 5‐coordinated in noncoordinating solvents while in the solid phase may have higher coordination. Biological screening tests showed that most of the compounds have significant activity against different bacteria and fungi. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:175–222, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20089
Spinal and cranial hypertrophic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Quan Dianna , Pelak Victoria , Tanabe Jody , Durairaj Vikram , Kleinschmidt‐Demasters B.K.
Published: March 2005

Two patients with multiple sclerosis developed symptomatic chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with massive spinal or cranial nerve hypertrophy revealed by neuroimaging. Sural nerve biopsy in one showed only moderate demyelination, axonal loss, and onion‐bulb formation, illustrating dichotomy between severe proximal and milder distal nerve involvement. Patients with coexistent central and peripheral demyelination usually are symptomatic from dysfunction at one site or the other, but not from both. Our patients showed minimal response to steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or azathioprine. These cases suggest that the mechanism of disease in symptomatic central and peripheral demyelination may differ from that of disease in only one region, and that optimal therapy in this situation must be explored further. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Segmental orientations and deformation mechanism of a poly(ether‐block‐amide) film
Authors: Song Yihu , Nemoto Norio
Published: March 2005

Simultaneous measurements of microscopic infrared dichroism, mesoscale deformation, and macroscopic stress have been made for a microphase‐separated film of poly(ether‐block‐amide) 4033 during uniaxial stretching at temperatures between 30 and 91 °C, well below the melting point of the hard polyamide‐12 (PA) domains. Before the onset of dramatic microstructural alterations, the true stress–strain relationship on the mesoscale can be described with an interpenetrating network model, and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft segments undergo affine deformation. Beyond a threshold strain at which stress from the soft network becomes larger than that from the hard network, plastic deformation occurs in the hard PA domains, and this is accompanied by the downward derivations of the true stress and molecular orientation of PTMO blocks from the model predictions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1161–1167, 2005
Integrating data sources to improve hydraulic head predictions: A hierarchical machine learning approach
Authors: Michael William J. , Minsker Barbara S. , Tcheng David , Valocchi Albert J. , Quinn John J.
Published: March 2005

This study investigates how machine learning methods can be used to improve hydraulic head predictions by integrating different types of data, including data from numerical models, in a hierarchical approach. A suite of four machine learning methods (decision trees, instance‐based weighting, inverse distance weighting, and neural networks) are tested in several hierarchical configurations with different types of data from the 317/319 area at Argonne National Laboratory–East. The best machine learning model had a mean predicted head error 50% smaller than an existing MODFLOW numerical flow model, and a standard deviation of predicted head error 67% lower than the MODFLOW model, computed across all sampled locations used for calibrating the MODFLOW model. These predictions were obtained using decision trees trained with all historical quarterly data; the hourly head measurements were not as useful for prediction, most likely because of their poor spatial coverage. The results show promise for using hierarchical machine learning approaches to improve predictions and to identify the most essential types of data to guide future sampling efforts. Decision trees were also combined with an existing MODFLOW model to test their capabilities for updating numerical models to improve predictions as new data are collected. The combined model had a mean error 50% lower than the MODFLOW model alone. These results demonstrate that hierarchical machine learning approaches can be used to improve predictive performance of existing numerical models in areas with good data coverage. Further research is needed to compare this approach with methods such as Kalman filtering.
The role of Fram Strait winter cyclones on sea ice flux and on Spitsbergen air temperatures
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey C. , Yang Lei , Li Lin
Published: March 2005

The link between high latitude Atlantic winter cyclone activity and both the climate of Spitsbergen and Fram Strait ice export is examined. Cyclones are more frequent over Fram Strait in relatively mild, low ice export, winters and are associated with south‐southwesterly flow around anomalous high pressure over Scandinavia. There is an increased tendency for cyclogenesis to occur off the northeast Greenland coast and East Greenland Current in those winters. Fram Strait cyclones then typically continue into the western Arctic basin north of Greenland and Canada. Anomalously cold/high ice export winters have higher cyclone activity in the Barents Sea and Eurasia side of the Arctic basin. Cyclones in mild winters have close proximity to Spitsbergen and may simultaneously advect Arctic sea ice across Fram Strait, possibly accounting for the low (under 30%) shared variance in winter time series of temperatures and sea ice export.
Determination of total H2O and CO2 budgets in evolving magmas from melt inclusion data
Authors: Papale Paolo
Published: March 2005

Numerical simulations of volcanic processes show that the preeruptive and eruptive dynamics depend substantially on the amount and composition of volatiles present in magma, either dissolved in the liquid or separated in a gas phase. Although the investigation of melt inclusions within crystals is providing increasingly abundant data on the amount of volatiles dissolved in magmatic liquids, classic approaches involving phase relationships and experimental petrology cannot provide the relative mass of gas and liquid phases in magma. This represents a serious limit to the simulation of the dynamics of magmatic and volcanic processes. Here, a theoretical framework based on mass balance equations for the volatile species water and carbon dioxide in crystallizing, degassing magmas is developed. The theory presented offers a systematic description of the mass relationships between dissolved and total volatiles in magma, and leads to the definition of the total volatile (TV) line concept. The TV line represents the locus of total volatile contents consistent with the amounts dissolved in the liquid and measured in melt inclusions. Appropriate expressions for TV lines for closed and open system conditions with respect to the gas phase, and for crystallizing and noncrystallizing magmas, are developed. The TV line approach allows discrimination between melt inclusions formed in closed versus open system conditions and determination of total volatile budgets for magmas evolving under closed system conditions, and it can constrain the degassing history of magmas evolving in open system conditions. Several examples of the use of the TV line approach to determine total H2O and CO2 budgets in evolving magmas starting from melt inclusion data are provided. Applications to real cases suggest that total (dissolved plus exsolved) carbon dioxide contents in magmas can be in some cases from 1 to more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than the dissolved amounts.
Upward shifts in the southern Hydrate Ridge gas hydrate stability zone following postglacial warming, offshore Oregon
Authors: Bangs Nathan L. B. , Musgrave Robert J. , Tréhu Anne M.
Published: March 2005

High‐resolution three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic reflection data acquired on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in 2000 reveal a pair of bottom simulating reflections (BSRs) across a broad region of southern Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. The primary BSR (BSRp) is a regionally extensive reflection that lies 120–150 m below seafloor and exhibits typical characteristics of a gas hydrate BSR. We also imaged a second weaker BSR (BSRs), 20–40 m below BSRp, with similar characteristics. BSRs is interpreted as a remnant of a BSR that probably formed during the Last Glacial Maximum 18,000 years ago, when the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) was deeper. An increase in bottom water temperatures of 1.75°–2.25° and a corresponding sea level rise of 120 m could have produced the BSR shift. The preservation of BSRs for at least 5000 years, which is the time since subseafloor temperatures stabilized following ocean warming after the Last Glacial Maximum, implies very slow upward advective and diffusive flow of methane (<1 m/1000 years in the vicinity of BSRs). BSRs appears where there are no resolvable steeply dipping faults and fractures, consistent with very low advective flow rates, and has dispersed where vertical fractures are visible. Free gas released by the shift in the BSR either migrates so slowly that it remains stable beneath the GHSZ or is directed upward along fractures to reform as hydrate in the GHSZ. There is no evidence for release of this free gas into the ocean or atmosphere.
Predicting secondary organic aerosol formation rates in southeast Texas
Authors: Russell Matthew , Allen David T.
Published: March 2005

Rates of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, due to the reactions of aromatics and monoterpenes, were estimated for southeast Texas by incorporating a modified version of the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center's chemical mechanism (SAPRC99) into the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx version 3.10). The model included explicit representation of the reactions of five SOA precursors (α‐pinene, β‐pinene, sabinene, d‐limonene, and Δ3‐carene). Reactions of each SOA precursor with O3, OH radical, and NO3 radical were included. The model also included separate reactions for low‐ and high‐SOA‐yield aromatic groups with the OH radical. SOA yields in the mechanisms were estimated using compound‐specific yield information (ΔSOA/ΔHC) derived from smog chamber experiments conducted by J. R. Odum and colleagues and R. J. Griffin and colleagues. The form of the SOA yield model was based on the work of J. R. Odum and colleagues and is a function of existing organic aerosol concentrations. Existing organic aerosol concentrations were estimated on the basis of ambient measurements of total organic carbon in southeast Texas. The reactions of monoterpenes (predominantly α‐pinene and β‐pinene) with ozone led to the most regional SOA formation, followed by monoterpenes with the nitrate radical. Aromatic‐OH reactions led to less regional SOA formation compared to monoterpenes; however, this formation occurs close to the urban and industrial areas of Houston. In contrast, SOA formation due to the reactions of monoterpenes occurred in the forested areas north of the urban area. The results of this study are in qualitative agreement with estimates of SOA formation based on ambient data from the same time period.
Korteweg–de Vries equation and energy sharing in Fermi–Pasta–Ulam
Authors: Ponno A. , Bambusi D.
Published: March 2005

We address the problem of equipartition in a long Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) chain. After giving a precise relation between FPU and Korteweg–de Vries we use the latter equation to show that, corresponding to initial data à la Fermi, the time average of the energy on the kth mode decreases exponentially with k∕N. The result persists in the thermodynamic limit.
Localized waves in nonlinear oscillator chains
Authors: Iooss Gérard , James Guillaume
Published: March 2005

This paper reviews results about the existence of spatially localized waves in nonlinear chains of coupled oscillators, and provides new results for the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) lattice. Localized solutions include solitary waves of permanent form and traveling breathers which appear time periodic in a system of reference moving at constant velocity. For FPU lattices we analyze the case when the breather period and the inverse velocity are commensurate. We employ a center manifold reduction method introduced by Iooss and Kirchgässner in the case of traveling waves, which reduces the problem locally to a finite dimensional reversible differential equation. The principal part of the reduced system is integrable and admits solutions homoclinic to quasi-periodic orbits if a hardening condition on the interaction potential is satisfied. These orbits correspond to approximate travelling breather solutions superposed on a quasi-periodic oscillatory tail. The problem of their persistence for the full system is still open in the general case. We solve this problem for an even potential if the breather period equals twice the inverse velocity, and prove in that case the existence of exact traveling breather solutions superposed on an exponentially small periodic tail.
Discrete breathers in Fermi–Pasta–Ulam lattices
Authors: Flach S. , Gorbach A.
Published: March 2005

We study the properties of spatially localized and time-periodic excitations—discrete breathers—in Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) chains. We provide a detailed analysis of their spatial profiles and stability properties. We especially demonstrate that the Page mode is linearly stable for symmetric FPU potentials. A resonant interaction between a localized and delocalized perturbations causes weak but finite strength instabilities for asymmetric FPU potentials. This interaction induces Fano resonances for plane waves scattered by the breather. Finally we analyze the interplay between energy thresholds for breathers in the presence of strongly asymmetric FPU potentials and the corresponding profiles of the low-frequency limit of breather families.
Chemically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of Al on p-type Al0.1Ga0.9As(001)-c(2×8)∕(2×4)
Authors: Hale M. J. , Winn D. L. , Grassman T. J. , Kummel A. C. , Droopad R.
Published: March 2005

The ability to chemically differentiate individual subsurface Al and Ga atoms, when imaging the Al0.1Ga0.9As(001)-c(2×8)∕(2×4) surface with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), has been observed for the first time. In filled-state STM images first layer As atoms bonded to second layer Al atoms appear brighter than those bonded to second layer Ga atoms. This effect is only observed experimentally with p-type Al0.1Ga0.9As grown on p-type GaAs substrates and has been computationally modeled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is hypothesized that chemical specificity is not observed on n-type material because the extra surface charge given to first layer As atoms by second layer Al atoms adds negligibly to the filled-state density of the surface, thus preventing the visualization of chemical specificity with filled-state STM imaging. The ability to distinguish whether first layer As atoms are bonded to second layer Ga and∕or Al atoms in STM images shows that small differences in bond ionicity affect the local electronic structure of the material.
Time scale for energy equipartition in a two-dimensional FPU model
Authors: Benettin Giancarlo
Published: March 2005

The FPU problem, i.e., the problem of energy equipartition among normal modes in a weakly nonlinear lattice, is here studied in dimension two, more precisely in a model with triangular cell and nearest-neighbors Lennard-Jones interaction. The number n of degrees of freedom ranges from 182 to 6338. Energy is initially equidistributed among a small number n0 of low frequency modes, with n0 proportional to n. We study numerically the time evolution of the so-called spectral entropy and the related “effective number” neff of degrees of freedom involved in the dynamics; in this (rather typical) way we can estimate, for each n and each specific energy (energy per degree of freedom) ε, the time scale Tn(ε) for energy equipartition. Numerical results indicate that in the thermodynamic limit the equipartition times are short: more precisely, for large n at fixed ε we find a limit curve T∞(ε), and T∞ grows only as ε−1 for small ε. Larger equipartition times are obtained by lowering ε, at fixed n, below a crossover value εc(n). However, εc appears to vanish by increasing n (faster than 1∕n), and the total energy E=nε, rather than ε, appears to be the relevant variable when n is large and ε<εc. In conclusion, it seems that in the thermodynamic limit, for this model and this kind of initial conditions, the FPU phenomenon, namely the lack of energy equipartition in physically reasonable times, practically disappears.
Studies of thermal conductivity in Fermi–Pasta–Ulam-like lattices
Authors: Lepri Stefano , Livi Roberto , Politi Antonio
Published: March 2005

The pioneering computer simulations of the energy relaxation mechanisms performed by Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam (FPU) can be considered as the first attempt of understanding energy relaxation and thus heat conduction in lattices of nonlinear oscillators. In this paper we describe the most recent achievements about the divergence of heat conductivity with the system size in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional FPU-like lattices. The anomalous behavior is particularly evident at low energies, where it is enhanced by the quasiharmonic character of the lattice dynamics. Remarkably, anomalies persist also in the strongly chaotic region where long-time tails develop in the current autocorrelation function. A modal analysis of the 1D case is also presented in order to gain further insight about the role played by boundary conditions.
The Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem: Fifty years of progress
Authors: Berman G. P. , Izrailev F. M.
Published: March 2005

A brief review of the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) paradox is given, together with its suggested resolutions and its relation to other physical problems. We focus on the ideas and concepts that have become the core of modern nonlinear mechanics, in their historical perspective. Starting from the first numerical results of FPU, both theoretical and numerical findings are discussed in close connection with the problems of ergodicity, integrability, chaos and stability of motion. New directions related to the Bose–Einstein condensation and quantum systems of interacting Bose-particles are also considered.
Nonlinear lattice dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Porter Mason A. , Carretero-González R. , Kevrekidis P. G. , Malomed Boris A.
Published: March 2005

The Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) model, which was proposed 50years ago to examine thermalization in nonmetallic solids and develop “experimental” techniques for studying nonlinear problems, continues to yield a wealth of results in the theory and applications of nonlinear Hamiltonian systems with many degrees of freedom. Inspired by the studies of this seminal model, solitary-wave dynamics in lattice dynamical systems have proven vitally important in a diverse range of physical problems—including energy relaxation in solids, denaturation of the DNA double strand, self-trapping of light in arrays of optical waveguides, and Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) in optical lattices. BECs, in particular, due to their widely ranging and easily manipulated dynamical apparatuses—with one to three spatial dimensions, positive-to-negative tuning of the nonlinearity, one to multiple components, and numerous experimentally accessible external trapping potentials—provide one of the most fertile grounds for the analysis of solitary waves and their interactions. In this paper, we review recent research on BECs in the presence of deep periodic potentials, which can be reduced to nonlinear chains in appropriate circumstances. These reductions, in turn, exhibit many of the remarkable nonlinear structures (including solitons, intrinsic localized modes, and vortices) that lie at the heart of the nonlinear science research seeded by the FPU paradigm.
Long way from the FPU-problem to chaos
Authors: Zaslavsky G. M.
Published: March 2005

This paper provides some historical comments on the study of the Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam (FPU) paper and its influence on the development of the theory of chaos. We also discuss some problems raised in the FPU paper and the links of these problems to such contemporary notions in chaos theory as ergodicity, mixing, recurrences, pseudochaos, kinetics, intermittency, etc.