bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variation of frequency domain T‐wave alternans on 24‐hour ambulatory electrocardiogram in subjects without heart disease: Significant effect of autonomic nervous activity of the heart
Authors: Hashimoto Kenichi , Kasamaki Yuji , Soma Masayoshi , Takase Bonpei
Published: November 2018

Background

T‐wave alternans (TWA) is a risk stratification predictor for sudden cardiac death. However, little is known about the diurnal variation of TWA. Whether TWA are affected by heart rate (HR) or cardiac autonomic nervous activity in the subjects without significant structural heart disease in daily life is not fully understood. Thus, this study was aimed to clarify these issues.

Methods

Frequency domain (FD)‐TWA analysis was conducted in 47 subjects without significant structural heart disease using 24‐hr ambulatory electrocardiogram (AECG). Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) was performed in order to evaluate the autonomic activity of the heart. The maximum FD‐TWA value in each period was measured four times per day (A, 00:00–6:00 hr; B, 06:00–12:00 hr; C, 12:00–18:00 hr; D, 18:00–24:00 hr). Correlations between FD‐TWA and either HR or HRV parameters (LF/HF, LFnu, HFnu, SDNN, CVNN, pNN50) were analyzed in each period (A‐D).

Results

There was diurnal variation of FD‐TWA (median, inter‐quartile range [IQR]: A, 8.2 [6.5, 10.6] μV; B, 10.1 [8.4, 15.0] μV; C, 17.6 [12.3, 25.0] μV: D, 11.9 [9.1, 19.9] μV; p < 0.0001). Maximum FD‐TWA had positive correlations with HR and LF/HF (HR, r = 0.496, p < 0.0001; LF/HF, r = 0.414, p = 0.004), while FD‐TWA had a negative correlation with HFnu (r = −0.291, p = 0.048). On multiple linear regression analysis, HR had an independent effect on log FD‐TWA amplitude (β = 0.461, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

FD‐TWA has marked diurnal variation in the daily life of the subjects without significant structural heart disease. This variation could be more strongly affected by HR than the HRV indices.
Fragmented Forests, Fractured Lives: Ethno‐territorial Struggles and Development in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia
Authors: Asher Kiran
Published: November 2018

The culturally and ecologically diverse Pacific lowlands of Colombia are both the locus and product of key political economic and cultural political conjunctures. Twenty‐five years after they emerged in their current form, Afro‐Colombian ethnic and territorial struggles have become important icons of resistance to development and struggles for social change. But in Colombia as in other parts of the world, the rapid and violent expansion of capitalist accumulation and state power have had devastating consequences for the region's forests and communities—literally and epistemically fragmenting both. Based on long‐term fieldwork, this paper examines the ongoing and contentious co‐production of the Colombian Pacific region amidst the increasingly violent forces of neoliberal governmentality in the 21st century. It shows that the Pacific lowlands are an example of “political forests” in the sense that they are a contested site and product of Afro‐Colombian cultural politics and state territorialisation.
The complex spaces of co‐production, volunteering, ageing and care
Authors: Leyshon Catherine , Leyshon Michael , Jeffries Jayne
Published: November 2018

The care of older people is being radically reformulated by placing the individual at the centre of care process through the introduction of individual care plans. This marks a significant transition for the care of older people away from acute responsive clinical care towards a greater emphasis on co‐produced preventative health and social care and relations of care “with” older people. Geographies of volunteerism are yet to consider the effect of co‐production as a dominant rhetoric in UK health and social care. In this paper we show that the Health and Social Care Act (2012) and the Care Act (2014) has the potential to fundamentally alter discourses of care by introducing new spatialities to older people's care. New spatialities of care will not only rely on the reciprocity and interdependence of care between individuals and organisations but also the mobilisation of a voluntary care‐force to be attentive to individuals. Spatialising co‐production reveals the institutional and professional boundaries that prevent the type of open partnership that sits at the heart of the rhetoric. Our ethnographic and qualitative methodology was developed to understand how our case study of Living Well (Cornwall, UK), as a philosophy of care, is realised in practice and to consider the main collaborators’ views of different methods of co‐production involving volunteers. We discuss two principal spaces of co‐production, highlighting the opportunities provided for, and barriers to, co‐production expressed by volunteers and other partners by attending to the relations of care that are recognised through: (1) formal meetings and coffee mornings, which provide spaces for volunteers to contribute, and (2) multi‐disciplinary team (MDT) meetings, in which volunteers are largely absent.
Mcdonald’s versus NLRB: The End of Franchising, or an Overdue Restoration of Countervailing Power?
Authors: Adams Ronald J.
Published: November 2018

Following a series of national protests in support of an increase in the federal minimum wage, many fast food workers faced retaliation by their employers when they returned to work; schedules were changed, wages and hours were reduced, and some employees were terminated. These retaliatory actions resulted in a number of complaints being filed with the National Labor Relations Board alleging violations of the National Labor Relations Act. Several of the complaints were found to have merit and, additionally, in several instances both the immediate employer, the franchisee, and the corporate organization of which it was a part, the franchisor, were named as co‐defendants. This ruling—that franchisors like McDonald’s USA—could be held jointly responsible for the labor violations of independent franchisees reversed a long‐standing precedent, whereby franchisees were regarded as independent contractors solely responsible for day‐to‐day labor practices, including compliance with federal and state labor statutes. Critics of the ruling argue that it will open the door to unionization and may well spell the end of the service‐sponsor franchising format. Supporters of the NLRB argue that the ruling is just and reflects new “industrial realities” in retail labor markets. Further, a case can be made that the NLRB’s position represents a step in the direction of the restoration of more equitable balance of power between labor and management.
Obesity in America: A Market Failure?
Authors: Hemphill Thomas A.
Published: November 2018

Since the late 1980s, obesity in America has been a looming public health concern. Recently, medical researchers found that, for the 2011‐12 period, 35.3 percent of U.S. adults (aged 20 or older), 20.5 percent of teenagers (ages 12‐19), 17.7 percent of children (ages 6‐11), and 8.4 percent of young children (ages 2‐5) have obesity, and 6.3 percent of U.S. adults having severe obesity. In a recent working paper by Karnani, McFerran, and Mukhopadhyay (2015), these management scholars argue that obesity represents a market failure. In their study, Karnani et al. evaluate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility, industry self‐regulation, social activism, and government regulation as to its effectiveness on consumer behavior and reducing obesity. Karnani et al. are advocates of “reasonable” government intervention, i.e., tax/subsidies, market regulation, and education, to address the public health issue of obesity. However, evidence shows that reasonable government intervention is also vulnerable to government failure and potential public health risk. Recommended is a mix of institutional activities found in corporate social responsibility, industry self‐regulation, social activism, and government intervention, all of which should provide the direction needed to continue this public health trend away from America’s epidemic levels of obesity.
Nitric oxide synthase enzymology in the 20 years after the Nobel Prize
Authors: Stuehr Dennis J , Haque Mohammad Mahfuzul
Published: November 2018

This review briefly summarizes what was known about NOS enzymology at the time of the Nobel Prize award in 1998 and then discusses from the author's perspective some of the advances in NOS enzymology over the subsequent 20 years, focused on five aspects: the maturation process of NOS enzymes and its regulation; the mechanism of NO synthesis; the redox roles played by the 6R‐tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor; the role of protein conformational behaviour in enabling NOS electron transfer and its regulation by NOS structural elements and calmodulin, and the catalytic cycling pathways of NOS enzymes and their influence on NOS activity.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc
Different mechanisms involved in liraglutide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 vasodilatation in rat mesenteric small arteries
Authors: Bangshaab Maj , Gutierrez Alejandro , Huynh Khiem Dinh , Knudsen Jakob Schöllhammer , Arcanjo Daniel Dias Rufino , Petersen Asbjørn G , Rungby Jørgen , Gejl Michael , Simonsen Ulf
Published: November 2018

Background and Purpose

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone that regulates insulin biosynthesis and secretion in a glucose‐dependent manner and has been reported to induce vasodilatation. Here, we examined the possible vasorelaxant effect of GLP‐1 and its underlying mechanisms.

Experimental Approach

Rat mesenteric arteries (diameter ≈ 200–400 μm) and human s.c. arteries were mounted in microvascular myographs for isometric tension recordings. The effect of GLP‐1 on vascular responses was examined under normoglycaemic conditions and at high glucose concentrations.

Key Results

In rat mesenteric arteries and human s.c. arteries without branches, physiological concentrations (1–100 nM) of GLP‐1(7‐36) and liraglutide failed to cause relaxation or affect contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation. In contrast to GLP‐1(7‐36), liraglutide induced relaxations antagonized by the GLP‐1 receptor antagonist, exendin‐(9‐39), in branched mesenteric arteries. In contrast to liraglutide, GLP‐1 leftward shifted the concentration relaxation curves for bradykinin in s.c. arteries from patients with peripheral arterial disease, an effect resistant to exendin‐(9‐39). Under normoglycaemic conditions, neither GLP‐1 nor liraglutide affected ACh relaxation in rat mesenteric arteries. In arteries exposed to 40 mM glucose, GLP‐1, in contrast to liraglutide, potentiated ACh‐induced relaxation by a mechanism that was not antagonized by exendin‐(9‐39). GLP‐1 decreased superoxide levels measured with dihydroethidium in rat mesenteric arteries exposed to 40 mM glucose.

Conclusions and Implications

GLP‐1 receptors are involved in the liraglutide‐induced relaxation of branched arteries, under normoglycaemic conditions, while GLP‐1 inhibition of vascular superoxide levels contributes to GLP‐1 receptor‐independent potentiation of endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation in hyperglycaemia.
Development of new 3D human ex vivo models to study sebaceous gland lipid metabolism and modulations
Authors: de Bengy Anne‐France , Forraz Nico , Danoux Louis , Berthelemy Nicolas , Cadau Sébastien , Degoul Olivier , Andre Valérie , Pain Sabine , McGuckin Colin
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Sebaceous glands maintain skin homeostasis by producing sebum. Low production can induce hair loss and fragile skin. Overproduction provokes seborrhoea and may lead to acne and inflammatory events. To better study sebaceous gland maintenance, sebocyte maturation, lipid production and ageing or inflammatory processes, we developed innovative 3D ex vivo models for human sebaceous glands.

Materials and Methods

Culture conditions and analytical methods optimized on sebocyte monolayers were validated on extracted sebaceous glands and allowed the development of two 3D models: (a) “air‐liquid” interface and (b) human fibronectin‐coated “sandwich” method. Lipid production was assessed with microscopy, fluorometry or flow cytometry analysis after Nile Red staining. Specific lipids (particularly squalene and peroxidized squalene) were measured by Gas or liquid Chromatography and Mass spectrometry.

Results

This study allowed us to select appropriate conditions and design Seb4Gln culture medium inducing sebocyte proliferation and neutral lipid production. The “air‐liquid” model was appropriate to induce sebocyte isolation. The “sandwich” model enabled sebaceous gland maintenance up to 42 days. A treatment with Insulin Growth Factor‐1 allowed validation of the model as we succeeded in mimicking dynamic lipid overproduction.

Conclusion

Functional sebocyte maturation and physiological maintenance were preserved up to 6 weeks in our models. Associated with functional assays, they provide a powerful platform to mimic physiological skin lipid metabolism and to screen for active ingredients modulating sebum production.
Predicting shifts in the functional composition of tropical forests under increased drought and CO2 from trade‐offs among plant hydraulic traits
Authors: Bartlett Megan K. , Detto Matteo , Pacala Stephen W.
Published: November 2018

Tropical forest responses are an important feedback on global change, but changes in forest composition with projected increases in CO2 and drought are highly uncertain. Here we determine shifts in the most competitive plant hydraulic strategy (the evolutionary stable strategy or ESS) from changes in CO2 and drought frequency and intensity. Hydraulic strategies were defined along a spectrum from drought avoidance to tolerance by physiology traits. Drought impacted competition more than CO2, with elevated CO2 reducing but not reversing drought‐induced shifts in the ESS towards more tolerant strategies. Trait plasticity and/or adaptation intensified these shifts by increasing the competitive ability of the drought tolerant relative to the avoidant strategies. These findings predict losses of drought avoidant evergreens from tropical forests under global change, and point to the importance of changes in precipitation during the dry season and constraints on plasticity and adaptation in xylem traits to forest responses.
“Normal‐appearing” scalp areas are also affected in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia: An observational histopathologic study of 40 patients
Authors: Doche Isabella , Romiti Ricardo , Hordinsky Maria K. , Valente Neusa S.
Published: November 2018

Lichen planopilaris (LPP) and frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) are lymphocyte‐mediated scarring alopecias which clinically affect primarily the anterior and mid‐scalp. However, unaffected scalp areas have not yet been investigated in a systemic manner. In this study, we assessed histopathologic changes in affected and unaffected scalp in both diseases and healthy control subjects and compared these findings with clinical signs and scalp symptoms. We have demonstrated that “normal‐appearing” scalp that is devoid of clinical lesions of LPP and FFA showed lymphocytic perifollicular inflammation around the isthmus/infundibulum areas in 65% of biopsy specimens, perifollicular fibrosis in 15% and mucin deposits in 7.5% of the cases. None of these findings were found in control samples. No direct correlation was found between the degree of histopathological inflammation, scalp symptoms and clinical lesions in the corresponding affected scalp areas. This preliminary study suggests that both diseases may be more generalized processes which affect the scalp and therefore need systemic or total scalp therapy.
Ethnic internal migration: The importance of age and migrant status
Authors: Darlington‐Pollock Frances , Lomax Nik , Norman Paul
Published: November 2018

Internal migration is one of the main drivers of local population change and therefore an important factor to consider in the provision of services across key domains such as housing, health and education. In recent years, the population of England and Wales has become increasingly ethnically diverse, with groups varying in age structure and time spent in the UK (whether at the group or individual level). However, relatively little is known about the internal migration patterns of these diverse groups, with research into internal migration propensity not accounting for the possible interplay between ethnicity, country of birth and age. Using micro‐data from the 2011 Census for England and Wales, this paper addresses this gap in knowledge, exploring whether widely reported determinants of internal migration operate differently for different ethnic groups, stratified by age and country of birth. This paper also explores whether for ethnic minority groups born overseas, time spent in the UK matters for migration propensity. When stratifying ethnic groups by age and country of birth, differences in migration propensity do not appear to be explained by socio‐economic differences, as previous research in the field suggests. However, for those born overseas, some of the differences are explained by time spent in the UK. From a policy perspective, it is evident that a more nuanced understanding of the way in which propensity to migrate may vary between ethnic groups differing in age and country of birth is needed to ensure sustained provision and equitable access across key service domains. Further research must examine the extent to which differences in migration propensity shapes the nature of migration events, whether in terms of distance or frequency of move.
The Kellwasser events in the Upper Devonian Frasnian to Famennian transition in the Toc Tat Formation, northern Vietnam
Authors: Komatsu Toshifumi , Urakawa Ryota , Inada Toshitaka , Yamauchi Kazuki , Maekawa Takumi , Takashima Reishi , Williams Mark , Nguyen Phong D. , Doan Hung D. , Nguyen Minh T. , Niko Shuji , Tanaka Gengo , Yamaguchi Tatsuhiko
Published: November 2018

Upper Devonian carbonates of the Toc Tat Formation in the Si Phai Pass area of Dong Van District, northern Vietnam were deposited in carbonate platform, slope, and basin environments. These carbonates yield abundant conodonts indicative of the Palmatolepis nasuta, Pa. linguiformis and Pa. triangularis zones, the Frasnian–Famennian stage boundary being identified by the first occurrence of Pa. triangularis. Two positive carbon isotope excursions are recognized, the lower excursion peaking in the interval of the lower to middle Pa. nasuta Zone, whilst the upper excursion peaks just above the local Frasnian–Famennian boundary. Based on the biostratigraphy, these excursions equate to the Lower and Upper Kellwasser events. Locally, tentaculitoid taxa (Nowakia, Styliolina, Homoctenus, and Metastyliolina?) are abundant in the interval of the Pa. nasuta Zone, but show a drastic decline in abundance before the Lower Kellwasser Event, and only two taxa survived into the Famennian.
Office blood pressure measurement types: Different methodology—Different clinical conclusions
Authors: Stergiou George S. , Kyriakoulis Konstantinos G. , Kollias Anastasios
Published: November 2018

The measurement of blood pressure in the office (OBP) remains the basis for hypertension diagnosis and management for more than half a century. Despite the increasing use of out‐of‐office blood pressure measurement using home and less so ambulatory monitoring and their endorsement by hypertension societies, at present and for some time to come it is likely that in many people the diagnosis and management of hypertension will be based on OBP measurement alone. OBP measurement is a very variable method affected by multiple factors, which have major impact on the OBP level, reproducibility and prognostic ability. Thus, there are several types of OBP measurement, depending on the device type, conditions, observer’s presence and the number of readings. The 4 main OBP types are: Type I: Auscultatory OBP in clinical practice; Type II: Automated attended OBP in clinical practice; Type III: Research setting OBP; Type IV: Unattended automated OBP. These OBP types have different standardization level, different reproducibility, different clinical relevance and different thresholds for hypertension diagnosis. Unless the methodological details of OBP measurement are reported, any conclusions based on such measurements in clinical research and in practice are questionable.
Okuda lecture: Challenges of hepatitis B in the era of antiviral therapy
Authors: Chan Henry Lik Yuen
Published: November 2018

Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) are effective, safe, and convenient antiviral therapy to suppress replication of hepatitis B virus, which can be translated into improved long‐term outcome of chronic hepatitis B patients. The current recommended first‐line NAs, namely, entecavir and tenofovir, are largely free from problems of drug resistance. Nonetheless, there are still a few challenges in the era of NA. First, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can only be reduced but not eliminated, particularly among cirrhotic patients. For cirrhotic patients who have persistent low‐level viremia on NA, that is, partial responders, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is higher than those with complete viral suppression. The best strategy to manage partial responders to entecavir or tenofovir is uncertain. Second, immune‐tolerant patients are very difficult to treat with NA. A significant proportion of immune‐tolerant patients will have detectable viremia despite a few years of continuous NA treatment, and the rate of hepatitis B e‐antigen seroconversion is very low. Third, most patients need long‐term treatment as NA cannot eliminate covalently closed circular DNA in the hepatocytes. Some patients can consider stop NA according to treatment guidelines, but viral and clinical relapses often occur after treatment cessation. There is no concrete consensus on when one should stop NA in a hepatitis B e‐antigen‐negative patient among different treatment guidelines. New biomarkers such as hepatitis B surface antigen level can be used to select patients to stop NA, but the data are still preliminary.
A Carbon Footprint of High‐Speed Railways in China: A Case Study of the Beijing‐Shanghai Line
Authors: Lin Jianyi , Li Huimei , Huang Wei , Xu Wangtu(Ato) , Cheng Shihui
Published: November 2018

A carbon footprint (CF) assessment of Chinese high‐speed railways (HSRs) can help guide further development of the world's longest HSR network. In this research, a hybrid economic input‐output and life cycle assessment (EIO‐LCA) method was applied to estimate the CF of the Beijing‐Shanghai HSR line. Specific CFs were analyzed of different subsystems of the line, different stages of production, and three calculation scopes. Results showed that the annual CF of the Beijing‐Shanghai HSR is increasing, whereas the per‐passenger CF constantly declined between 2011 and 2014. Scope 1 emissions account for an average of 4% of the total annual CF, Scope 2 contribute 71%, and Scope 3 comprise 25%. Among the different stages, operation contributes the largest (71%), followed by construction (20%) and maintenance (9%). In the construction stage, the bridges have the largest CF, followed by trains, and then rails. A trade‐off exists between the increase in carbon emissions due to construction of bridges and the reduction in operation emissions affected by leveling changes in terrain. The Beijing‐Shanghai HSR line has a relatively higher per‐passenger CF than eight other HSR lines, which is largely due to China's coal‐based carbon‐intensive energy mix of electricity generation, high proportion of bridges, higher operating speed, and heavier train body. In the future, cleaner electricity supply options, more efficient raw material production, and improvement of trains are keys to reducing the CF of Chinese HSRs.
The Decline of Monarchy in Nepal, the Ascendancy of the Professional Middle Class and the Event that Transformed Them
Authors: Gallagher Kathleen M.
Published: November 2018

In the years leading up to the dissolution of absolute monarchy in Nepal in 1990, resistance to political authority proceeded fitfully. Opposition to the crown gained momentum after the involvement of the professional middle class. Using Max Weber's theory on legitimate power and class, this paper analyzes the erosion of the legitimacy of absolute monarchy, the ascendancy of the professional middle class, and how one event, a peaceful forum that ended in mass arrest, created momentum for the People's Movement by transforming the political subjectivity of the professional middle class, who, in turn, helped catalyze opposition to absolute rule.
Dynamics of Inefficiency and Merger in English Higher Education From 1996/97 to 2008/9: A Comparison of Pre‐Merging, Post‐Merging and Non‐Merging Universities Using Bayesian Methods
Authors: Johnes Jill , Tsionas Mike G
Published: November 2018

This paper investigates inefficiency/merger dynamics in the English higher education sector from 1996–97 to 2008–9. Merging can lead to greater efficiency, and this is the motivation for encouraging merger in the English higher education sector in a period of austerity. But inefficiency can also contribute towards the decision to merge, meaning that the relationship is two‐way. Although there is literature on the effects of merging in higher education, the dynamics are typically not modelled. This paper examines the differences in efficiency between pre‐merging, post‐merging and non‐merging universities, and explores the evolution of the effects over time following the merger. We develop a dynamic model of inefficiency and merger the estimation of which relies on Bayesian techniques organized around the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo. We find that typically merger delivers efficiency gains in the first instance, but these plateau soon after merger. Moreover, there is a wide dispersion around mean efficiency and there is a substantial group of mergers where the probability of efficiency improvement is relatively low. The policy implication is that merging universities is not a universal solution to improving their efficiency.
Non‐random association patterns in a plant–mycorrhizal fungal network reveal host–symbiont specificity
Authors: Sepp Siim‐Kaarel , Davison John , Jairus Teele , Vasar Martti , Moora Mari , Zobel Martin , Öpik Maarja
Published: November 2018

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate plant symbionts that have important functions in most terrestrial ecosystems, but there remains an incomplete understanding of host–fungus specificity and the relationships between species and functional groups of plants and AM fungi. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive description of plant–AM fungal interactions in a biodiverse semi‐natural grassland. We sampled all plant species in a 1,000‐m2 homogeneous plot of dry calcareous grassland in two seasons (summer and autumn) and identified root‐colonizing AM fungi by SSU rDNA sequencing. In the network of 33 plant and 100 AM fungal species, we found a significant effect of both host plant species and host plant functional group on AM fungal richness and community composition. Comparison with network null models revealed a larger‐than‐random degree of partner selectivity among plants. Grasses harboured a larger number of AM fungal partners and were more generalist in partner selection, compared with forbs. More generalist partner association and lower specialization were apparent among obligately, compared with facultatively, mycorrhizal plant species and among locally more abundant plant species. This study provides the most complete data set of co‐occurring plant and AM fungal taxa to date, showing that at this particular site, the interaction network is assembled non‐randomly, with moderate selectivity in associations between plant species and functional groups and their fungal symbionts.
Genomewide SNP markers breathe new life into phylogeography and species delimitation for the problematic short‐necked turtles (Chelidae: Emydura) of eastern Australia
Authors: Georges Arthur , Gruber Bernd , Pauly Greg B. , White Duanne , Adams Mark , Young Matthew J. , Kilian Andrzej , Zhang Xiuwen , Shaffer H. Bradley , Unmack Peter J.
Published: November 2018

Understanding the evolutionary history of diversifying lineages and the delineation of evolutionarily significant units and species remains major challenges for evolutionary biology. Low‐cost representational sampling of the genome for single nucleotide polymorphisms shows great potential at the temporal scales that are typically the focus of species delimitation and phylogeography. We apply these markers to a case study of a freshwater turtle, Emydura macquarii, whose systematics has so far defied resolution, to bring to light a dynamic system of substantive allopatric lineages diverging on independent evolutionary trajectories, but held back in the process of speciation by low level and episodic exchange of alleles across drainage divides on various timescales. In the context of low‐level episodic gene flow, speciation is often reticulate, rather than a bifurcating process. We argue that species delimitation needs to take into account the pattern of ancestry and descent of diverging lineages in allopatry together with the recent and contemporary processes of dispersal and gene flow that retard and obscure that divergence. Underpinned by a strong focus on lineage diagnosability, this combined approach provides a means for addressing the challenges of incompletely isolated populations with uncommon, but recurrent gene flow in studies of species delimitation, a situation likely to be frequently encountered. Taxonomic decisions in cases of allopatry often require subjective judgements. Our strategy, which adds an additional level of objectivity before that subjectivity is applied, reduces the risk of taxonomic inflation that can accompany lineage approaches to species delimitation.
Diet and trophic interactions of a circumglobally significant gelatinous marine zooplankter,Dolioletta gegenbauri(Uljanin, 1884)
Authors: Walters Tina L. , Lamboley Lauren M. , López‐Figueroa Natalia B. , Rodríguez‐Santiago Áurea E. , Gibson Deidre M. , Frischer Marc E.
Published: November 2018

Gelatinous zooplankton play a crucial role in marine planktonic food webs. However, primarily due to methodological challenges, the in situ diet of zooplankton remains poorly investigated and little is known about their trophic interactions including feeding behaviour, prey selection and in situ feeding rates. This is particularly true for gelatinous zooplankton including the marine pelagic tunicate,Dolioletta gegenbauri. In this study, we applied an 18S rRNA amplicon metabarcoding approach to identify the diet of captive‐fed and wild‐caughtD. gegenbaurion the midcontinental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight, USA. Sequencing‐based approaches were complimented with targeted quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Captive‐fedD. gegenbaurigut content was dominated by pico‐, nano‐ and micro‐plankton including pico‐dinoflagellates (picozoa) and diatoms. These results suggested that diatoms were concentrated byD. gegenbaurirelative to their concentration in the water column. Analysis of wild‐caught doliolids by quantitative real‐time PCR utilizing a group‐specific diatom primer set confirmed that diatoms were concentrated byD. gegenbauri, particularly by the gonozooid life stage associated with actively developing blooms. Sequences derived from larger metazoans were frequently observed in wild‐caught animals but not in captive‐fed animals suggesting experimental bias associated with captive feeding. These studies revealed that the diet ofD. gegenbauriis considerably more diverse than previously described, that parasites are common in wild populations, and that prey quality, quantity and parasites are likely all important factors in regulating doliolid population dynamics in continental shelf environments.
Is tuba masculine or feminine? The timing of grammatical gender
Authors: Incera Sara , McLennan Conor T. , Stronsick Lisa M. , Zetzer Emily E.
Published: November 2018

We used computer mouse tracking to investigate gender ratings of musical instruments in monolingual Spanish and English speakers. Musical instruments are tied to conceptual representations of gender. Consistent with previous research, English speakers rated the instruments male and female following these relatively stable conceptual representations, while Spanish speakers used grammar—in addition to their conceptual representations of gender—to perform their ratings. Interestingly, the responses of the Spanish speakers were influenced first by the grammatical information and 60 ms later by the conceptual representations. Measuring how participants' responses unfold over time provides novel information regarding the timing of grammatical gender.
Clinical Pharmacy Services in a Multidisciplinary Specialty Pain Clinic
Authors: Semerjian Maral , Durham Melissa J. , Mirzaian Edith , Lou Mimi , Richeimer Steven H.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To describe a model of clinical pharmacy services as part of a multidisciplinary specialty pain clinic by discussing (1) the role of a clinical pharmacist in a specialty setting, including clinical interventions implemented, and (2) how integration of a clinical pharmacist may translate into an improved patient care model for the management of chronic pain.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of pharmacist visits from October 1, 2013, to September 30, 2015, in a specialty pain clinic at an academic medical center in Los Angeles, California. Data were collected regarding medication‐related problems (MRPs) identified by the pharmacist, interventions implemented to resolve the MRPs, and types of medication care coordination activities (MCCAs) performed by the pharmacist, such as responding to medication refill requests and insurance issues. Descriptive statistics were used. Institutional review board approval was obtained prior to initiating the study.

Results

At least 1 MRP was identified in 98.7% of the 380 visits. Problems identified by the clinical pharmacist were divided into 5 categories: medication refills needed (43%), medication appropriateness/effectiveness (18%), miscellaneous (17%), safety (16%), and nonadherence/patient variables (6%). Interventions focused on referral to appropriate providers, medication counseling, medication initiation, dose adjustment, and medication discontinuation. The most common MCCA was responding to refill requests.

Conclusion

A clinical pharmacist can identify many MRPs and implement interventions in chronic pain management. Integration of clinical pharmacy services may improve practice management by facilitating the completion of MCCAs and increase access to patients’ needs outside the clinic.
New Atheism and its critics
Authors: Kaufman Whitley
Published: November 2018

What is the significance of the New Atheist movement? This essay argues that it has hindered rather than advanced the philosophical debate, presenting a one‐sided caricature of religion rather than serious intellectual engagement with the topic.
Quenching of the Singlet and Triplet Excited States of Pterin by Amino Acids
Authors: Castaño Carolina , Serrano Mariana P. , Lorente Carolina , Borsarelli Claudio D. , Thomas Andrés H.
Published: November 2018

Unconjugated oxidized pterins accumulate in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo and, under UVA irradiation, photosensitize the oxidation of amino acids. In this work, we study the interaction of the singlet and triplet excited states of pterin (Ptr), the parent compound of oxidized pterins, with four oxidizable amino acids: tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), histidine (His) and methionine (Met). Steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence measurements and laser flash photolysis experiments were performed to investigate the quenching of the Ptr excited states by the amino acids in aqueous solution. The singlet excited states of Ptr are quenched by Met mainly via a dynamic process and by Trp via a combination of dynamic and static processes. His does not quench singlet excited states of Ptr, and quenching by Tyr could not be investigated due to the low solubility of this amino acid. The triplet excited states of Ptr are quenched by the four studied amino acids, and the corresponding bimolecular quenching rate constants are in the range of diffusion controlled limit. The assessment of the results in the context of the Ptr‐photosensitization of amino acids suggests that triplet excited state of Ptr is the species that initiates the photochemical processes.
The empire strikes back: French‐African trade after independence
Authors: Lavallée Emmanuelle , Lochard Julie
Published: November 2018

This paper studies the effects of foreign influence on trade, focusing on the close relations between France and its former colonies in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). It shows that between 1960 and 1989—the golden age of French‐African relations—France exported more to its former SSA colonies than to any comparable countries, while they did not export more to France. This excess of French exports concerned a large variety of products, and particularly luxury goods and products in which France was least competitive. An investigation of the underlying mechanisms shows that migration explains most of this additional trade.
Raman characterization of human skin aging
Authors: Villaret Aurélie , Ipinazar Célia , Satar Tuvana , Gravier Eléonore , Mias Céline , Questel Emmanuel , Schmitt Anne‐Marie , Samouillan Valérie , Nadal Florence , Josse Gwendal
Published: November 2018

Background

Skin aging is a complex biological process mixing intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sun exposure. At the molecular level, skin aging affects in particular the extracellular matrix proteins.

Materials and Methods

Using Raman imaging, which is a nondestructive approach appropriate for studying biological samples, we analyzed how aging modifies the matrix proteins of the papillary and reticular dermis. Biopsies from the buttock and dorsal forearm of volunteers younger than 30 and older than 60 were analyzed in order to identify chronological and photoaging processes. Analyses were performed on skin section, and Raman spectra were acquired separately on the different dermal layers.

Results

We observed differences in dermal matrix structure and hydration state with skin aging. Chronological aging alters in particular the collagen of the papillary dermis, while photoaging causes a decrease in collagen stability by altering proline and hydroxyproline residues in the reticular dermis. Moreover, chronological aging alters glycosaminoglycan content in both dermal compartments.

Conclusion

Alterations of the papillary and reticular dermal matrix structures during photo‐ and chronological aging were clearly depicted by Raman spectroscopy.
Market knowledge: Evidence from importers
Authors: Erbahar Aksel
Published: November 2018

Previous firm‐level literature established that there are substantial costs of entry into new export markets. Chaney (The American Economic Review, 104, 2014, 3600) opens the black‐box of entry costs by building a dynamic network model of international trade where firms acquire customers in new destinations through their existing customers in other destinations. Following his conjecture, this paper examines whether firms use their existing suppliers in a destination to find their first clients in those markets. I use a disaggregated data set on Turkish firms' exports and imports for the 2003–08 period, and investigate the effect of import experience on export entry. By identifying import experience using instrumental variables, and shutting down productivity channels with firm‐year fixed effects, I find that having a supplier in the destination country raises the probability of starting to export to that country by 5.5 percentage points on average, revealing a “market knowledge” phenomenon. The paper's main contribution to the literature is finding that firms' country‐specific import experience increases the likelihood of export‐market entry. Digging further to explore heterogeneous effects, I find that this effect does not exist when trading with low‐income countries, but it increases with the destination country's size, proximity, language similarity and the size of its Turkish immigrant community. Moreover, the strength of the firm's relationship with its supplier as proxied by several variables such as the share of imported products that are differentiated increases the probability of export‐market entry.
One‐step synthesis of NiO nano‐photocatalyst by wire explosion process and its application in photocatalytic degradation of Methyl tert‐butyl ether
Authors: Yazdani Davoud , Zinatizadeh Ali Akbar , Joshaghani Mohammad
Published: November 2018

The use of the gasoline additive methyltert‐butyl ether (MTBE) has caused serious concern about groundwater and surface water contamination. In this study, UV light/ NiO nano‐photocatalyst (NiONP) system was firstly used to degradation of MTBE in contaminated water. A low‐cost and environmentally clean exploded‐wire plasma technique based on cheap solid nickel source is developed for preparation of NiONP. Optical, magnetic and physicochemical properties were successfully characterized using DRS, VSM, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM and BET techniques. The NiONP exhibits excellent photocatalytic degradation ability of MTBE. The degradation process was monitored during the photocatalytic reaction by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). It has been found that MTBE undergoes a series of intermediate step, which leads to form a number of intermediate products, mainly acetone, formic acid and t‐butyl formate (TBF). According to the results of the intermediates determination, a possible pathway degradation of MTBE was also proposed.
West Nile virus infection in horses in Saudi Arabia (in 2013–2015)
Authors: Hemida Maged G. , Perera Ranawaka A. P. M. , Chu Daniel K. W. , Ko Ronald L. W. , Alnaeem Abdelmohsen A. , Peiris Malik
Published: November 2018

West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging zoonotic arbovirus giving rise to clinical syndromes of varying severity in humans and horses. Culex mosquitoes are the main vector. Although WNV has been reported in many countries in the Middle East and Asia, little is known about its prevalence in equine populations in the Arabian Peninsula. We have carried out a serological study on 200 horses to assess WNV infection in the Eastern and Central regions of Saudi Arabia in 2013–2015. Sera were tested for the presence of WNV antibodies in parallel using a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and microneutralization (MN) tests. In comparison with the MN assay used as “gold standard,” we find the ELISA had a sensitivity of 94.7% and specificity of 80.1%. The prevalence of WNV neutralizing antibody ranged from 5 (17.3%) of 29 sera collected in Riyadh up to 15 (55.6%) of 27 sera collected from Al‐Qateef. These findings highlight the need to be aware of the possibility of WNV disease in humans and horses presenting with central nervous system disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
KONSEP HIBAH BERSYARAT DAN APLIKASINYA DALAM PERANCANGAN HARTA (THE CONCEPT OF CONDITIONAL “HIBAH” AND ITS APPLICATION IN PROPERTY PLANNING)
Authors: Nor Muhamad Nasrul Hisyam
Published: November 2018

The ‘gift with conditions’ has become one of the increasingly popular products in property planning industry in Malaysia. The article aims to analyze the position of the ‘gift with conditions’ based on the perspective of Islamic law and also its applications as well as the potential of using that concept in property planning. In addition, this article also discusses the issues arising from its application. This study is qualitative and uses a content analysis approach. From the whole discussion in this study, it is concluded that the ‘gift with conditions’ has its own position in Islamic law in Malaysia. This concept are seen to have the potential to be an effective instrument in property planning, as the ‘gift with conditions’ are more flexible and unlimited as in faraid and will.
RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS (‘ULAMĀ’) AND POLITICAL LEADERS (UMARĀ’) IN THE CLASSICAL MALAY TEXTS: A COMPARATIVE RELIGION APPROACH
Authors: Abdul Jalil Mohd. Noh Bin
Published: November 2018

This paper aims in analyzing the roles of religious scholars (‘ulamā’) and political leaders (umarā’) during the Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic periods in the Malay Archipelago. Different roles have been entrusted to the religious authorities by the Malay rulers. During the period of Indian cultural and religious dominance, religious scholars had a special position at the court and played a significant role in maintaining the legitimacy of the king. Close relationship between religious scholars and the Malay rulers is also evident after the coming of Islam to the archipelago. Once again, religious authorities had been entrusted with a special role by the ruling elite. However, the new Muslim scholars took on a significantly different role with regard to functions from that of their Hindu-Buddhist predecessors. Analysis on the roles of both authorities will be made based on evidence found in two classical Malay texts namely the Sejarah Melayu and Bustān al-Salātīn. This paper concludes how, after the spread of Islam to the Malay Archipelago relationship between religious scholars and secular leaders changed drastically. Religious scholars (‘ulamā’) maintained a less direct relationship with political leaders compared to the role of the Brahmin of the devaraja cult. They merely acted as moral advisors to the rulers who would decide whether to accept or to reject religious advice presented to them based on the needs at that time.
THE WAQF OF HAJIYA ZAINAB ASSIBI, KANTI KAZAURE, JIGAWA STATE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ENDOWING PROPERTIES BY CHILDLESS HAUSA WOMEN INNORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Muhammad Ibrahim Nuruddeen , Sadiq Batulu A. , Hussaini Hassan , Umar Yahya Rabiu
Published: November 2018

Secular feminism seeks to liberate women by taking them away from religious values so that women with religious beliefs are often stereotyped. Hausa Muslim women in northern Nigeria are often described as marginalized, oppressed and resistant to change. This may suggest that embracing feminist thinking could get them emancipation and permit them to assert their right to own and dispose property as they think fit. This paper argues, on the basis of Hajiya Zainab Assibi’s life story that Hausa Muslim women need not succumb to feminist persuasions to be able to affirm their proprietary rights despite domineering attempts by male extended family members. On the contrary, exposure to religious experiences, such as gained through the pilgrimage (hajj), could give women a moral endowment from which they get the courage to assert their rights without let or hindrance.
PENGALAMAN TOLERANSI BERAGAMA BELIA PELBAGAI ETNIK (RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE EXPERIENCE AMONG MULTIETHNIC YOUTH)
Authors: Muda Khadijah , Mastor Khairul Anwar , Idris Fazilah
Published: November 2018

This article presents youth experience towards religious tolerance in Malaysia. The sample consists of 500 respondents aged between 15 and 24 years old. The selection is done by a stratified-random sampling of three main races selected from five different states. The questionnaire of socio-religious tolerance by Ahmad Tarmizi (2010) is used as research instrument. The data are analysed descriptively using SPSS 22.0. The findings show that the experience of respondents' religious tolerance is at a medium level, which is they often well-served by different religious people and sometimes receiving invitations for weddings, open houses and being told if there is death by different religious contacts. This indicates that the respondents' experience of religious tolerance is at a good level and most of them live in a tolerant society.