bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Prediction of Road Freight Transportation
Authors: Mrowczynska Bogna , Ciesla Maria , Krol Aleksander , Sladkowski Aleksander
Published: September 2017

Road freight transport often requires the prediction of volume. Such knowledge is necessary to capture trends in the industry and support decision making by large and small trucking companies. The aim of the presented work is to demonstrate that application of some artificial intelligence methods can improve the accuracy of the forecasts. The first method employed was double exponential smoothing. The modification of this method has been proposed. Not only the parameters but also the initial values were set in order to minimize the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) using the artificial immune system. This change resulted in a marked improvement in the effects of minimization, and suggests that the variability of the initial value of S2 has an impact on this result. Then, the forecasting Bayesian networks method was applied. The Bayesian network approach is able to take into account not only the historical data concerning the volume of freight, but also the data related to the overall state of the national economy. This significantly improves the quality of forecasting. The application of this approach can also help in predicting the trend changes caused by overall state of economy, which is rather impossible when analysing only the historical data.
An Experimental Analysis on Dispatching Rules for the Train Platforming Problem in Busy Complex Passenger Stations
Authors: Zeng Qiongfang , Zhang Yinggui , Lei Dingyou
Published: September 2017

This paper presents the scheduling models for trainplatforming problem (TPP) by using mixed integer linear programming and job shop scheduling theory. First, the operation procedures and scheduled time adjustment costs of different train types specific to busy complex passenger stations are explicitly represented. Second, a multi-criteria scheduling model (MCS) for TPP without earliness and tardiness time window (ETTW) and a time window scheduling model (TWS) with ETTW for TPP are proposed. Third, various dispatching rules were designed by incorporating the dispatcher experiences with modern scheduling theory and a rule-based metaheuristic to solve the above model is presented. With solution improvement strategies analogous to those used in practice by dispatchers, the realistic size problems in acceptable time can be solved.
Travelling Habits and Perceived Limitations of Older City Bus Users
Authors: Tomšič Marija , Sevšek France , Rugelj Darja
Published: September 2017

The purpose was to investigate the interrelation between the age of older city bus users, their travelling habits, their estimated physical (dis)abilities and perceived safety during the trip using the Ljubljana public transportation system. Methods: 101 older bus users agreed to participate in a street survey by answering a questionnaire. Results indicate that the habits of bus users are not age dependent. The frequency of public bus use, the walking distance to the nearest bus stop, the estimated physical abilities and perceived physical limitations of the bus users were not associated to the chronological age. Respondents reported on average 3±1.6 perceived physical limitations and 37% of them perceived their travelling habits to be affected by their physical limitations. While decreased perceived safety during the bus journey was significantly related to the chronological age: significantly more bus users of the oldest-old group reported not having enough time to occupy a seat before the bus drove off, although a significantly higher proportion of older-old adults were offered a seat by their fellow travellers. In conclusion, the perception of physical fitness and health problems are more important contributing factors for the use of public transportation than the chronological age.
Young Adult Drivers: Simulated Behaviour in a Car-following Situation
Authors: Jurecki Rafał , Poliak Miloš , Jaśkiewicz Marek
Published: September 2017

This paper provides a description of driver testing in a simulator. As young drivers are more susceptible to collisions, this was done to determine how young drivers behaved in simulated road situations on a motorway. One of the traffic safety concerns is the failure to keep a proper distance from the vehicle in front, which may result in a rearend collision. The tests simulated car-following situations in which the preceding vehicle performed emergency braking. The experiments were conducted for two scenario variants using different distances from the vehicle in front. The drivers could perform the following emergency manoeuvres: braking with steering away or only braking. The driver response times were compared and analysed statistically. The results were used to determine the emergency manoeuvres performed by the drivers in the simulated road situations. The study reveals that the vehicle surroundings may have a considerable influence on the type of emergency manoeuvres and the driver response time.
Joint Impact of Bus Stop Location and Configuration on Intersection Performance
Authors: Cvitanić Dražen
Published: September 2017

There are several possible bus stop locations and configurations. A bus stop can be located before or after the intersection as curb-side stop, bus bay or bus bulb. Determining the proper configuration and location of bus stop represents an important planning decision. While previous research efforts in literature have suggested some advantages and disadvantages regarding bus stop locations and configurations, little effort has been made towards understanding the joint impact of bus stop location and configuration on the transit and other vehicle traffic performance on the intersection. So, this paper analyses the joint impact of bus stop location and configuration on the operational characteristics of traffic flow in terms of average bus trip time and control delay. These operational performance measures for various intersection layouts, volume distributions, movement splits, average bus dwell times and bus departure frequencies have been obtained using calibrated microsimulation traffic software.
Unified Tanker Survey and Inspection Regime in Terms of Reducing Psychophysical Strain of the Crew
Authors: Bielić Toni , Hess Mirano , Grbić Luka
Published: September 2017

The paper focuses on analysis of the effect of various surveys and inspections on the psychophysical behaviour of the crew. After analysing the scope and the extent of each regime, the authors identified more than 60% of surveys overlapping each other. Furthermore, the results of the survey conducted among seafarers indicate that the present method of carrying out ship surveys and inspections have a negative effect on the psychophysical condition of the crew. Therefore, a new method of tanker inspections has been proposed in order to reduce the psychophysical strain of the crew. The proposed method would minimise the annual duration of the inspections up to 30% and improve inspection time coordination without compromising quality and safety of the ships.
Canopy soil bacterial communities altered by severing host tree limbs
Authors: Dangerfield Cody R. , Nadkarni Nalini M. , Brazelton William J.
Published: September 2017

Trees of temperate rainforests host a large biomass of epiphytic plants, which are associated with soils formed in the forest canopy. Falling of epiphytic material results in the transfer of carbon and nutrients from the canopy to the forest floor. This study provides the first characterization of bacterial communities in canopy soils enabled by high-depth environmental sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Canopy soil included many of the same major taxonomic groups of Bacteria that are also found in ground soil, but canopy bacterial communities were lower in diversity and contained different operational taxonomic units. A field experiment was conducted with epiphytic material from six Acer macrophyllum trees in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA to document changes in the bacterial communities of soils associated with epiphytic material that falls to the forest floor. Bacterial diversity and composition of canopy soil was highly similar, but not identical, to adjacent ground soil two years after transfer to the forest floor, indicating that canopy bacteria are almost, but not completely, replaced by ground soil bacteria. Furthermore, soil associated with epiphytic material on branches that were severed from the host tree and suspended in the canopy contained altered bacterial communities that were distinct from those in canopy material moved to the forest floor. Therefore, the unique nature of canopy soil bacteria is determined in part by the host tree and not only by the physical environmental conditions associated with the canopy. Connection to the living tree appears to be a key feature of the canopy habitat. These results represent an initial survey of bacterial diversity of the canopy and provide a foundation upon which future studies can more fully investigate the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of these communities.
Effects of spatial configuration of imperviousness and green infrastructure networks on hydrologic response in a residential sewershed
Authors: Lim Theodore C , Welty Claire
Published: September 2017

Green infrastructure (GI) is an approach to stormwater management that promotes natural processes of infiltration and evapotranspiration, reducing surface runoff to conventional stormwater drainage infrastructure. As more urban areas incorporate GI into their stormwater management plans, greater understanding is needed on the effects of spatial configuration of GI networks on hydrological performance, especially in the context of potential subsurface and lateral interactions between distributed facilities. In this research, we apply a three‐dimensional, coupled surface‐subsurface, land‐atmosphere model, ParFlow.CLM, to a residential urban sewershed in Washington DC that was retrofitted with a network of GI installations between 2009 and 2015. The model was used to test nine additional GI and imperviousness spatial network configurations for the site and was compared with monitored pipe‐flow data. Results from the simulations show that GI located in higher flow‐accumulation areas of the site intercepted more surface runoff, even during wetter and multiday events. However, a comparison of the differences between scenarios and levels of variation and noise in monitored data suggests that the differences would only be detectable between the most and least optimal GI/imperviousness configurations.
Language and Social Interaction
Authors: Tracy Karen
Published: September 2017

Language and social interaction (
LSI
) refers to the area of communication research that studies how language, gesture, voice, and other features of talk and written texts shape meaning‐making. LSI includes a loosely bounded set of topics and intellectual commitments. In contrast to the domain‐of‐life approach (e.g., political, interpersonal, or organizational communication) that is the typical way of categorizing scholarly expertise areas in communication, LSI defines itself by
how
it investigates questions about communication. It is the commitment to qualitative study of social life in its culturally inflected, complex, and context‐sensitive particularity that makes LSI work so distinctive and recognizable. To be sure, LSI has a space for other research approaches (e.g., laboratory studies, quantitative coding; → Experimental Design; Content Analysis, Quantitative), but these approaches are minority voices in the LSI community.
Linguistic Pragmatics
Authors: Cooren François
Published: September 2017

The origin of linguistic pragmatics as a discipline can be traced back to an article titled “How to make our ideas clear,” written by Charles Sanders Peirce in 1878. In this essay, the founder of semiotics, the science of signs, presented a general principle of inquiry, which was later identified by William James as the first formulation of “pragmatism.” Although Peirce did not use the term per se in his original piece, it is in this essay that he presented the thesis according to which the meaning of a concept or statement is to be found in all its possible
practical
bearings. Although this thesis had a tremendous influence on key philosophers such as William James or John Dewey, creating as a result the American philosophical movement called “pragmatism,” the influence that is of interest to us regarding its linguistic dimension is the one it exerted on Charles W. Morris (1901–1979).
Logos and Rhetoric
Authors: Poster Carol
Published: September 2017

Logos(plurallogoi) is a polysemous Greek term, which generally has been used in rhetoric to refer to the component of persuasion grounded in logic or reason as opposed to that based on emotion or character, although these distinctions are not entirely unproblematic. The Greek nounlogosderives from the verblegô(to speak), and has many derivatives and cognates in several Indo‐European languages.Logosis found infrequently in Homer (eighth centurybce), coming into wide usage only in the prose writers of the sixth century, with the primary meaning of a “speech” or “tale.” It quickly became a common Greek term, with many meanings, including “word,” “story,” “speech,” “reputation,” “ratio,” “book‐keeping tally,” “rumor,” “rule,” “explanation,” “argument,” and “reason.”Logostends to signify uttered thought, rather than specific words; barbarians and Greeks are described as using different types of sound (phônê) or word (rhêma) to express the samelogos. In its senses as both reason and speech,logoswas used in ancient Greek to refer to that which distinguished humans from beasts. In much of Greek thought, rationality and speech were considered interdependent.
A
ngolan
N
ational
L
iberation, 1961–1974
Authors: Shantz Jeff
Published: September 2017

Despite its mineral wealth, the Portuguese colony of Angola was poor, and there were few attempts at modernization until the 1920s, when Portuguese control was finally consolidated and the fascistic
Estado Novo
(New State) regime came to power. The widespread used of forced labor and forced cash‐cropping, rapid urbanization and high unemployment, a surge in white immigration and heightened job competition, all generated growing tensions, and a variety of militant African nationalist currents emerged in the 1950s. The Angolan Communist Party was formed in 1953, followed by the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) in early 1956. These merged to form the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola) (MPLA).
A
nthony,
S
usan
B
. (1820–1906)
Authors: Linch Amy
Published: September 2017

Susan B. Anthony was a crucial force in the 72‐year struggle for women's suffrage in the United States. She spent nearly sixty years as an activist, organizer, and lecturer, initially in support of legal protection for women and the abolition of slavery, and later in single‐minded dedication to women's suffrage. As an abolitionist, she called for an end to white male dominance and practical realization of the ideals expressed in the United States founding documents. The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, she argued, were based on the universal principle of inalienable natural rights. It was not the prerogative of white men to retain these rights for themselves alone; all women and African American men were entitled to full political participation. In the wake of the Civil War, codification of an explicitly male citizenship through the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution led Anthony and her lifelong associate, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to focus solely on women's rights. Their organization, the National Women's Suffrage Association (1869), represented the radical wing of the suffrage movement, endorsing a broad platform of political and social reforms that addressed the condition of working‐class and poor women. Anthony's commitment to women's equal rights never wavered, but over time suffrage increasingly trumped comprehensive social reform as she became determined that once women could vote they would create a better society.
Anti‐Fascist People's Front
Authors: Karamanić Slobodan
Published: September 2017

The Anti‐fascist People's Front was an alliance of plural and heterogeneous political and social forces – parties, organizations, unions, and factions – united in opposition to 1930s fascism in response to the victory of the Nazis in Germany. The popular front unified former “class adversaries” among communist and bourgeois parties against a common fascist enemy.
Anti‐Japanese Boycotts, Early 20th Century
Authors: Greene J. Megan
Published: September 2017

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries China was subjected to a series of humiliations perpetrated by western and Japanese imperialist nations. China lost wars against British, French, international, and Japanese armies, and as a consequence was compelled to open its markets to foreign products, transform its approach to diplomacy, pay large indemnities, and cede control of numerous territories to foreign powers. Beginning in 1905, Chinese citizens increasingly responded to these humiliations with boycotts of foreign‐made goods. Although the first such boycott was in response to United States exclusion laws that severely limited the number of Chinese that could enter the United States, most of the boycotts that followed over the next four decades were aimed at the Japanese. These boycotts were acts of protest against imperialist encroachment, but at the same time they served to mobilize nationalism among Chinese consumers of all social backgrounds.
Anti‐Slavery Movement, Britain
Authors: Kelly Jason M.
Published: September 2017

The abolition of slavery in Britain and its Atlantic empire was a protracted process that took centuries to accomplish. While historians often focus on one element of the anti‐slavery movement – the abolition campaigns of the late eighteenth century – anti‐slavery resistance was, in fact, a much more complex phenomenon that ranged from slave resistance to evangelical pressure to mass boycotts and petitioning. The diversity of anti‐slavery resistance in the early modern period necessitates that scholars understand the end of slavery in Britain as the accomplishment of many grassroots movements rather than that of a single, monolithic organization of middling reformers.
Anti‐Slavery Movement, British, and the Black Response to Colonization
Authors: Tomek Beverly
Published: September 2017

The emphasis on the Atlantic World as a dynamic, interactive community has provided a fresh perspective on New World slavery. Social historians and African studies specialists have learned to greater appreciate the roles black members of this community played, not just as slaves, but also as merchants, sailors, and activists. Former slaves contributed to this complex transatlantic society by participating in an abolitionist crusade that spread to three continents during the last half of the eighteenth century. During this time, educated former slaves in England including Ignatius Sancho, Ottobah Cugoano, and Olaudah Equiano joined British philanthropists in an effort to educate the public about the evils of slavery. Their work helped to convince the British government to make slavery illegal in England in 1772, to halt the slave trade in 1807, and to emancipate colonial slaves in 1833.
Anti‐Vietnam War Movement, Britain
Authors: Ellis Sylvia
Published: September 2017

In the 1960s, opposition to the Vietnam War provided a focus for political protest and cultural rebellion in Britain, uniting students, dissident MPs, activists, and cultural rebels into a single‐issue campaign. The movement began as early as 1953 when a communist sympathizer, Commander Edgar Young, formed the British–Vietnam Committee (BVC) and began publishing the
Vietnam Bulletin
. In 1962 the BVC held a rally with 70 protesters outside the US embassy in London.
Aptheker, Herbert (1915–2003)
Authors: Nuruddin Yusuf
Published: September 2017

Herbert Aptheker was a US Marxist historian and political activist who achieved recognition for his pioneering and prolific contributions to the field of African American history, and as a longstanding spokesperson for the CPUSA who took uncompromising stances against McCarthyism and US military involvement in Vietnam.
Argentina, Armed Struggle and Guerilla Organizations, 1960s–1970s
Authors: Bonavena Pablo Augusto
Published: September 2017

There is a long history of armed struggle in defense of popular interests in Argentina. One of its first antecedents can be found among
colonos
, agricultural immigrant workers in the Santa Fe province in 1893. As the poor saw themselves hurt by the tax burden,
colonos
rose in arms against the authorities, an event that paralleled the creation of the Radical Civic Union (Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) – a political party that still survives. Another early case of armed action was carried out by anarchist groups at the beginning of the twentieth century, with the street executions of police chief Ramón Falcón (1909) and of Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela (1923) – both condemned for leading bloody repression against workers' protests. These attacks were carried out respectively by Simón Radowitzky (1891–1956) and Kurt Gustav Wilkens (1886–1925). Another important anarchist figure was Severino di Giovanni (1901–31), who promoted direct actions such as bank robberies and bombing state buildings. After being arrested, Di Giovanni was executed. These libertarian experiences with armed struggle accompanied the formation of the working class and the trade union movement in Argentina.
Argentina, General Strike (
Semana Trágica
), 1919
Authors: Sartelli Eduardo
Published: September 2017

Semana Trágica
, or “tragic week,” refers to the workers' insurrection that took place in Buenos Aires in January 1919. The term alludes to the bloody outcome of the event, which shook Argentine society and briefly transported it to the climate of the Russian Revolution. The events of the
Semana Trágica
need to be framed in the international and local dynamics of class struggle. At the local level, they begin with the 1916–17 successful strike of the Maritime Worker Federation (FOM), the union of coasting trade ships workers, and ends with the 1921 failed general strike. At the international level,
Semana Trágica
inscribes itself in the revolutionary wave by cutting across a significant part of the world, in particular under the influence of the Russian and German revolutions. Looking at the phenomenon from the standpoint of economic and social trends, the period framing the event includes the economic and social crisis following World War I. In that juncture, between 1916 and 1921, wages fell, unemployment was more than 20 percent of the economically active population, and immigration came to an end.
Argentina,
Semana Roja
, 1909
Authors: Sartelli Eduardo
Published: September 2017

Semana Roja
(Red Week) is the name given to the general strike of May 1909 that had insurrectional characteristics. The strike is framed within the historic struggle of the Argentinian working class for democratic liberties, especially resistance against repressive laws and regulations, the defense of freedom of expression, and the right of assembly.
Semana Roja
marked the beginning of escalating repression against union organizing, culminating with the Centenario celebrations in 1910 marking 100 years since Argentina gained independence from Spain.
Argentina, Social and Political Protest, 2001–2007
Authors: DerGhougassian Khatchik
Published: September 2017

After the “lost decade” of the 1980s, Argentina rose as the “poster child” of the neoliberal reforms of the 1990s. Following the guideline of the Washington Consensus, the government of Carlos Saúl Menem (1989–95 and 1995–99) implemented a plan known as
convertibilidad
(convertibility), which fixed the peso value to the US dollar on a one‐to‐one basis and liberalized the economy through a vast plan of price stabilization and tied fiscal adjustments to the privatization of state‐owned enterprises. Tired of hyperinflation and the burden of foreign debt, Argentinian society, including the popular sectors, gave broad support to the first phase (1990–6) of these reforms. After the initial shock therapy, popularized in the words of then president Menem as
“cirujía sin anestesia”
(“surgery without an anesthetic”), the economy grew despite the Mexican (1994) and Asian (1997) crises, until 1998 when it entered a recessive phase. Despite increasing difficulties in keeping the one‐to‐one exchange rate, convertibility was maintained during the Fernando de la Rúa government (1999–2001), mostly for fear of a return of hyperinflation.
Arundel, Lady Blanche (1583–1649)
Authors: Morgan‐Curtis Samantha A.
Published: September 2017

Blanche, Lady Arundel, a Royalist supporter of Charles I, is counted among the heroes of the English Civil War and stands as a heroine in English folklore and Catholic annals. In May 1643 during the early days of the English Civil War, Lady Blanche, then about 60 years old, held Wardour Castle in Wiltshire, England, during a six‐day siege against 1,300 Parliamentary troops led by Sir Edward Hungerford. Parliamentary forces, also derisively known as Roundheads, had been dispatched to the largely Royalist West Country supposedly to maintain order. Hunger‐ford demanded the surrender of Wardour Castle, claiming it sheltered “cavaliers and malignants” so that its money and resources were forfeited to Parliamentary use (Plowden 1998: 34).
Asian American Protest Movements
Authors: Wei William
Published: September 2017

The Asian American movement was a 1960s social movement for racial equality, social justice, and political empowerment. It sought to attain these goals through an inter‐Asian coalition based on a pan‐Asian identity and collective action. As such, it was a watershed event for the Asian American community, bringing together activists who had previously engaged in separate struggles in their individual Asian ethnic communities into a social movement that was national in scope. Since then Asian Americans have worked together to advocate for their rights in a multicultural society.
Ayim, May (1960–1996)
Authors: Atkins Joshua Kwesi
Published: September 2017

May Ayim was a Ghanaian German artist, academic, and activist; both her poetry and her scholarly writings have been crucial in the inception of the Afro‐German movement, and continue to challenge and inspire scholars and activists in Germany and beyond. Her pioneering academic work on Afro‐German history, innovative analysis in the field of critical whiteness studies in the German context, and her empowering poetry, continue to attract readers interested in the insights she gained from developing and deploying a conscious Afro‐German woman's perspective in her interaction with Germany and the global African diaspora.
Bacha‐i Sakkao's Movement
Authors: Bosin Yury V.
Published: September 2017

On the death of Khabilulla Khan in 1919, Emir Amanulla Khan assumed the Afghan throne. Inspired by European nationalist ideas, Khan embarked on a course of reforms designed to unify Afghanistan into a modern nation‐state. He adopted a constitution that advanced individual freedoms, the rights of women, and religious tolerance. However, the creation of liberal democratic modernization met with great popular opposition. Many Afghanis resisted the radical changes, owing to a long tradition of Islamic religious conservatism and the inability to unify the country, which was divided by ethnic, regional, and clan loyalties. Amanulla Khan's effort to reform centuries‐old family and marital traditions provoked wide opposition at the grassroots level. While conflict escalated into a series of ethnic and clan revolts, Amanulla Khan's determination to continue his program of Afghan transformation was not diminished. On returning from a long trip to Europe in 1928, Khan sought to accelerate and expand social and economic reforms. As the plans were implemented, an organized, broadly based social protest movement was gaining momentum in Afghanistan's northern provinces, led by Tajik Habibulla Kalakani, better known under the nickname Bacha‐i Sakkao (Son of a Water Carrier).
Baltic Protests in the 20th Century
Authors: Orr Scott D.
Published: September 2017

Until the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania received little global attention. However, in the twentieth century, Baltic nationalist movements for independence in the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917, World War II, and the anti‐Soviet revolutions of 1989 to 1991 mirror analogous struggles in Eastern Europe. The Baltic revolutions in the twentieth century provide most complex examples of how movements for self‐determination in “the lands between” correlate to the waxing and waning of the German, Russian, and Soviet empires.
Banana Plantation Worker Rebellion, 1928
Authors: Andrés Otálvaro H.
Published: September 2017

In November 1928 a strike broke out in the banana plantation region of Magdalena, Colombia, as almost 30,000 workers and peasants called for better labor and living conditions. The United Fruit Company (UFC) exercised a powerful monopoly over the department of Magdalena, controlling production and commercialization. In support of the UFC the Colombian armed forces perpetrated a massacre in the town of Ciénaga on December 6 in order to repress the rebellion. Around 1,000 workers were killed.
Barayi, Elijah (1930–1994)
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

Born in Lingelihle in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, Barayi joined the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1948. The ANC, the country's main African nationalist organization, was adopting an increasingly confrontational position, and developing into a mass‐based party. The ANC Youth League, then influenced by Pan‐Africanism, and the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), played an important role in the organization's revival and growing militancy. Barayi worked as a government clerk, and joined the Youth League following a racial clash with white youths. He was active in the 1950s civil disobedience campaigns of the Congress Alliance, comprising the ANC, the Colored Peoples Congress, the (White) Congress of Democrats, the Indian National Congress, and, from 1955, the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU). Arrested during the 1952 Defiance Campaign, he was jailed for a month in Cradock, and he was among those arrested in the state of emergency declared in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre of March 21, 1960, and held for four months.
Barcelona General Strike, 1919
Authors: Leibensperger Summer D.
Published: September 2017

The Barcelona General Strike of 1919 was sparked when workers at an electric plant were fired for political reasons. The National Confederation of Workers (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, CNT), led by Salvador Seguí, called for a general strike after initial negotiations failed. The workers were at first successful (winning an eight‐hour workday), and the general strike ended in less than a month, but the situation deteriorated dramatically as the military (philosophically in line with the bourgeoisie) defied civilian authorities, setting off additional strikes and a wave of violence.
Hightower, Jim (b. 1943)
Authors: Tomek Beverly
Published: September 2017

James Allen “Jim” Hightower is one of the most famous American populists, speaking out in behalf of consumers, small businesses, working‐class families, and the environment. Born January 11, 1943 in Denison, Texas to a working‐class family, he has spent his adult life involved in state and national politics and political commentary. He is best known for his progressive commentary, his outspokenness against former president George W. Bush, and his concept of the “Doug Jones Average.”
L'Ordine Nuovo
Authors: Manicastri Steven
Published: September 2017

L'Ordine Nuovo
was a very influential communist journal founded in 1919 by Antonio Gramsci, Palmiro Togliatti, Angelo Tasca, and Umberto Terracini (Fiori 2003: 142). All four members would become figures associated with the Italian Communist Party (PCI), with Gramsci being one of its founders. The journal began as a cultural enterprise concerned with depicting proletarian culture in Italy, as well as pushing forward a somewhat messianic message for the creation of a different society, a common message after the end of World War I. For Gramsci, however, the first few issues of the journal were a failure. He saw them as nothing more than an “anthology,” void of any real political substance.
The Fetish of Flexibility: Farrell/Grimshaw Partnership, 125 Park Road, London
Authors: Heathcote Edwin
Published: September 2017

Completed in 1970, this residential building on a prime London site is recognised as a pioneering example of the British High Tech style. More importantly for this issue of AD, it was designed so that leaseholders could devise their apartments' layouts themselves, with maximum allowance for future adaptation – in contrast with the high‐spec, investor‐driven typology that is prevalent for such sites today. Writer and architect Edwin Heathcote describes the building's structure, the co‐ownership housing society model that made it possible, and how it has fared over time.
Flexible Architecture for Evolving Work Practices
Authors: Katsikakis Despina
Published: September 2017

How can architecture for workspaces be future‐proofed? From shifts between favouring open planning or subdivided spaces, to practical demands brought by new technologies and working patterns, firms face a real challenge in adapting to change. Despina Katsikakis advises and lectures internationally on workspace thinking and design. Here she looks at trends in the field over the last few decades, and suggests how businesses might best prepare for future developments – through a loose‐fit approach.
Educational Innovation through Building Adaptation
Authors: Marmot Alexi
Published: September 2017

How can school and university buildings adapt to accommodate growth and significant change in educational technologies? How can new buildings be designed that will stand the test of future change? Architect and planner Alexi Marmot, Professor of Facility and Environment Management at the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, looks at innovative upgrades of old educational buildings and conversions of other facilities into contemporary schools, colleges and universities. She identifies general principles and useful tools that can help educators, architects and designers working in the field.
Nanoparticle Superlattices: The Roles of Soft Ligands
Authors: Si Kae Jye , Chen Yi , Shi Qianqian , Cheng Wenlong
Published: September 2017

Nanoparticle superlattices are periodic arrays of nanoscale inorganic building blocks including metal nanoparticles, quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles. Such assemblies can exhibit exciting new collective properties different from those of individual nanoparticle or corresponding bulk materials. However, fabrication of nanoparticle superlattices is nontrivial because nanoparticles are notoriously difficult to manipulate due to complex nanoscale forces among them. An effective way to manipulate these nanoscale forces is to use soft ligands, which can prevent nanoparticles from disordered aggregation, fine‐tune the interparticle potential as well as program lattice structures and interparticle distances – the two key parameters governing superlattice properties. This article aims to review the up‐to‐date advances of superlattices from the viewpoint of soft ligands. We first describe the theories and design principles of soft‐ligand‐based approach and then thoroughly cover experimental techniques developed from soft ligands such as molecules, polymer and DNA. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and future perspectives in nanoparticle superlattices.
The solubility of gases in ionic liquids
Authors: Shiflett Mark B. , Maginn Edward J.
Published: September 2017

In this Perspective, we provide a detailed discussion of the techniques and methods used for determining the solubility of gases in ionic liquids (ILs). This includes various experimental measurement techniques, equation of state (EOS) modeling, and predictive molecular‐based modeling. Many of the key papers from the past 15 years are discussed and put into the context of the latest advances in the field. Limitations of these methods plus future developments and new research opportunities are discussed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Elementdecken mit Gitterträgern unter zyklischer Belastung
Authors: Wieneke Katrin , Claßen Martin , Hegger Josef
Published: September 2017

Zur Untersuchung der Ermüdungstragfähigkeit von Elementdecken mit Gitterträgern wurden in einem Forschungsvorhaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen (AiF) am Institut für Massivbau der RWTH Aachen (IMB) theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt [1]. Neben Kleinkörperversuchen an einbetonierten Gitterträgerdiagonalen zur Herleitung von Wöhlerlinien wurden vierzehn Elementdeckenausschnitte mit Gitterträgern unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung getestet. Die untersuchten Parameter waren die Rauigkeit der Verbundfuge, Bauteildicke, Schubbewehrungsgrad und Betonfestigkeit. Zur Überprüfung der Bemessung der Elementdecken mit Gitterträgern unter nicht ruhender Beanspruchung wurden die im Versuch gemessenen Schwingbreiten in den Gitterträgerdiagonalen mit den rechnerischen Werten nach den Bemessungsansätzen ausgewertet und mit den Bemessungsansätzen aus AbZ und EC2+NA(D) verglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen vorgestellt und mit Bemessungsansätzen nationaler Regelwerke verglichen.
Instandsetzung der historischen Betonbogenbrücke in Naila
Authors: Al‐Jamous Ammar
Published: September 2017

Stahlbeton ist mit Abstand der meist verbaute Baustoff der Welt. Er ermöglicht eine schnelle, robuste und preiswerte Bauweise. Allerdings leiden die meisten Stahlbetonkonstruktionen unter dem Problem des großen Eigengewichts und der Korrosionsgefahr der Stahlbewehrung. Tragfähig, filigran, dauerhaft und wirtschaftlich sind die Eigenschaften des neuen Baustoffs Carbonbeton. Die sehr leistungsfähigen, nicht korrodierenden Carbonfasern ermöglichen eine neue und vielfältige Bauweise, die sich langsam aber sicher auf dem Markt etabliert. Carbonbeton kann nicht nur für die Herstellung neuer Bauteile eingesetzt werden, sondern wird bereits für die Verstärkung und Instandsetzung von bestehenden Stahlbetonkonstruktionen verschiedener Arten angewendet.
Influences of Reaction Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow‐Rate on n‐Heptane Cracking over ZSM‐5 Catalyst Without and With Activation of V2O5/Al2O3
Authors: Hu Xiaoyan , Yan Xinlong , Feng Rui , Xue Jianliang
Published: September 2017

The activation role of V2O5/Al2O3 during the cracking of heptane over ZSM‐5 catalysts has already been confirmed in our previous study. In order to get more details about the alternative reaction pathway contributed by the activation of V2O5/Al2O3, a comparative study of n‐heptane cracking over ZSM‐5 equilibrium catalyst without and with V2O5/Al2O3 introduction was performed at different temperatures and contact time. The results indicated that elevated reaction temperature weakened the role of V2O5/Al2O3 during the reaction process. While the impacts of contact time were not as strong as that of temperature, and the change of relative contribution of different reaction pathways, including thermal reaction, carbonium/carbenium ion cracking, and reaction of the intermediate species because of V2O5/Al2O3 activation, was concluded to be small at varied N2 flow rates.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Sm2O2SO4 Nanoplates
Authors: Lee Sung Woo , Jeong Jong‐Ryul , Ra Choon Sup , Sohn Youngku
Published: September 2017

Developing a material with a new morphology is very important for improving the functional performance and finding new applications. Monoclinic samarium oxysulfate (Sm2O2SO4) nanoplates were first prepared using a hydrothermal process followed by a post‐annealing treatment of an as‐synthesized Sm2(OH)4SO4·2H2O plate at 450 °C. The fundamental physicochemical properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, Rietveld X‐ray diffraction crystallographic data analysis, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible‐NIR absorption, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Insights into the Catalytic Activity of [Pd(NHC)(cin)Cl] (NHC=IPr, IPrCl, IPrBr) Complexes in the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction
Authors: Izquierdo Frédéric , Zinser Caroline , Minenkov Yury , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Cavallo Luigi , Nahra Fady , Cazin Catherine S. J. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: September 2017

The influence of C4,5‐halogenation on palladium N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes and their activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction were investigated. Two [Pd(NHC)(cin)Cl] complexes bearing IPrCl and IPrBr ligands (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropyl‐phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene; cin=cinnamyl) were synthesized. After determining the electronic and steric properties of these ligands, their properties were compared to those of [Pd(IPr) (cin)Cl]. The three palladium complexes were studied by using DFT calculations to delineate their behavior in the activation step leading to the putative 12‐electron active catalyst. Experimentally, their catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction involving a wide range of coupling partners (30 entries) at low catalyst loading was studied.
Fluorescent Organic Nanoaggregates for Selective Recognition of d‐(−)‐Ribose in Biological Fluids and Oral Supplements
Authors: Dey Nilanjan , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: September 2017

Easily synthesizable, fluorescent, organic nanoaggregates have been utilized, for the first time, in the selective recognition of d‐(−)‐ribose at pH 5.5 in water. In the self‐assembled form, the reactive sites of the monomer units can be properly organized to form an effective “recognition cleft” for ribose (limit of detection ≈23 μm), in which binding mainly occurs through a combination of hydrogen‐bonding and CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The degree of agglomeration shows a profound influence on the extent of ribose sensing. A reduction in the optical response (≈1.8‐fold) is observed when ribose is allowed to interact with nanoaggregates of smaller dimensions (a decrease in the hydrodynamic diameter from (≈212.7±10.2) to (≈44.6±3.5) nm). The protocol is also utilized for the estimation of ribose in human urine samples and oral supplements. Low‐cost paper strips have also been developed for rapid, on‐site detection of ribose without involving any sophisticated instruments or skilled personnel.
Comparative Study of Effects of Vonoprazan and Esomeprazole on Antiplatelet Function of Clopidogrel or Prasugrel in Relation to CYP2C19 Genotype
Authors: Kagami Takuma , Yamade Mihoko , Suzuki Takahiro , Uotani Takahiro , Hamaya Yasushi , Iwaizumi Moriya , Osawa Satoshi , Sugimoto Ken , Umemura Kazuo , Miyajima Hiroaki , Furuta Takahisa
Published: September 2017

Drug–drug interaction between antiacid and antiplatelet agents has not been fully elucidated. Vonoprazan, a new potassium competitive acid blocker, has been available in Japan. CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 are involved in the metabolism of clopidogrel, prasugrel, esomeprazole, and vonoprazan. Using a P2Y12 assay, we compared the effects of vonoprazan and esomeprazole on the antiplatelet functions of clopidogrel or prasugrel in 31 healthy Japanese volunteers (14 CYP2C19 homo‐extensive (homo‐EMs), nine hetero‐extensive (hetero‐EMs), and eight poor metabolizers (PMs)). Vonoprazan decreased the median inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) values of clopidogrel and prasugrel more potently than esomeprazole (P < 0.001 for clopidogrel and P = 0.011 for prasugrel). The same tendencies were observed when stratified by CYP2C19 genotype groups (P = 0.004 in homo‐EMs, 0.033 in hetero‐EMs, and 0.043 in PMs). Vonoprazan attenuated the antiplatelet function of clopidogrel more potently than esomeprazole. Esomeprazole did not affect that of prasugrel irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype.
Abundance of small mammals in the Atlantic Forest (ASMAF): a data set for analyzing tropical community patterns
Authors: Figueiredo Marcos S. L. , Barros Camila S. , Delciellos Ana C. , Guerra Edú B. , Cordeiro‐Estrela Pedro , Kajin Maja , Alvarez Martin R. , Asfora Paulo H. , Astúa Diego , Bergallo Helena G. , Cerqueira Rui , Geise Lena , Gentile Rosana , Grelle Carlos Eduardo V. , Iack‐Ximenes Gilson E. , Oliveira Leonardo C. , Weksler Marcelo , Vieira Marcus V.
Published: September 2017

Local abundance results from the interaction between populational and environmental processes. The abundance of the species in a community is also one of the most basic descriptors of its structure. Despite its importance, information about species abundances is fragmentary, creating a knowledge gap about species abundances known as the Prestonian Shortfall. Here we present a comprehensive data set of small mammal abundance in the Atlantic Forest. Data were extracted from 114 published sources and from unpublished data collected by our research groups spanning from 1943 to 2017. The data set includes 1,902 records of at least 111 species in 155 localities, totaling 42,617 individuals represented. We selected studies that (1) were conducted in forested habitats of the Atlantic Forest, (2) had a minimum sampling effort of at least 500 trap‐nights, and (3) contained species abundance data in detail. For each study, we recorded (1) latitude and longitude, (2) name of the locality, (3) employed sampling effort, (4) type of traps used, (5) study year, (6) country, and (7) species name with (8) its respective abundances. For every locality, we also obtained information regarding its (9) ecoregion, (10) predominant vegetation type, and (11) biogeographic subdivision. Whenever necessary, we also (12) updated the species names as new species were described and some genera suffered taxonomic revision since the publication. The localities are spread across the Atlantic Forest and most of the small mammal species known to occur in Atlantic Forest are present in the data set, making it representative of communities of the entire biome. This data set can be used to address various patterns in community ecology and geographical ecology, as the relation between local abundance and environmental suitability, hypothesis regarding local and regional factors on community structuring, species abundance distributions (SAD), functional and phylogenetic mechanisms on community assembling.
Pleistocene (Calabrian) deep‐water corals and associated biodiversity in the eastern Mediterranean (Karpathos Island, Greece)
Authors: Moissette Pierre , Cornée Jean‐Jacques , Quillévéré Frédéric , Zibrowius Helmut , Koskeridou Efterpi , López‐otálvaro Gatsby‐emperatriz
Published: September 2017

Diversified deep‐water corals and associated communities occur in early Pleistocene (early Calabrian; ∼1.7–1.6 Ma) calcareous crusts discovered on the south‐western coast of Karpathos Island (eastern Greece). Apart from abundant and conspicuous solitary and colonial corals (12 species), the accompanying fauna comprises mostly bivalves (10 species), serpulid worms (4 species), and bryozoans (40 species). The growth and deposition of the studied organisms occurred in an upper bathyal environment at water depths around 400–600 m. The calculated mean uplift rate after deposition of the crusts indicates that Karpathos was drowned during the earliest Calabrian and experienced severe uplifts by the late Calabrian. A comparison between these communities and those of the Pleistocene to Recent Mediterranean and north‐east Atlantic shows that a common stock of taxa exist(ed); among them two azooxanthellate colonial scleractinians (Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata) are predominant.