bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement Properties of Headache-Specific Outcomes Scales in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Piebes Sarah K. , Snyder Alison R. , Bay R. Curtis , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich
Published: August 2016

Context:

Recurrent headaches significantly affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults; the impact of headache on HRQOL among adolescents is unknown, and the psychometric properties of headache-specific outcomes instruments have not been adequately studied in this population.

Objective:

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS) in healthy adolescent athletes.

Design:

Descriptive survey.

Setting:

High school athletic training facilities during the fall sports season.

Participants:

177 high school athletes (89 males and 88 females).

Interventions:

A survey consisting of a demographic and concussion-history questionnaire, a graded symptom scale, the HIT-6, and the PedMIDAS. Internal consistency (α), test–retest reliability (rs), Bland-Altman analyses, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate psychometric properties and age and gender differences.

Main Outcome Measures:

The HIT-6 and PedMIDAS item and total scores.

Results:

Test–retest reliability for the HIT-6 total score was rs = .72, and reliability of individual items ranged from rs = .52 to .67. The test–retest reliability for the PedMIDAS total score was rs = .61, and reliability of individual items ranged from rs = .23 to .62. Both scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency: HIT-6 α = .89−.90 and PedMIDAS α = .71−.75.

Conclusions:

The authors found moderate test–retest reliability for the HIT-6 and the PedMIDAS in a healthy adolescent athlete population. Research on the applicability and utility of the HIT-6 and PedMIDAS in concussed adolescents is warranted.
Health-Related Quality of Life as a Primary Clinical Outcome in Sport Rehabilitation
Authors: Parsons John T. , Snyder Alison R.
Published: August 2016

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that refers to a synthesis of several health domains including the physical, psychological, and social domains, all of which are affected by individual experiences, expectations, beliefs, and perceptions. HRQOL also shares a well-established connection with contemporary disablement models, which enhances its utility for identifying individual experience, expectations, and values, which can also influence the way a person views his or her health status. However, the routine evaluation of HRQOL in clinical research and patient care in the field of sport rehabilitation remains limited. HRQOL has implications for both athletes who suffer sport-related injury (SRI) and those who care for them. The purpose of this article is to help clinicians and researchers understand HRQOL as a primary outcome in sport rehabilitation. First, the article provides a definition of HRQOL and explains its relationship to contemporary disablement models. Next, research demonstrating that HRQOL is sensitive to both athletic participation and to SRI in athletes at both secondary school and college levels is reviewed. Finally, several important clinical tools that can be used to measure HRQOL by both clinicians and clinical researchers are presented. Criteria to be used in selecting these tools are also presented.
Diagnosis and Treatment of 2 Adolescent Female Athletes With Transient Abdominal Pain During Running
Authors: Spitznagle Theresa M. , Sahrmann Shirley
Published: August 2016

Context:

Transient abdominal pain commonly occurs during running. There is limited information to guide the physical examination and treatment of individuals with this transient pain with running (TAPR). The purposes of this report are to describe the movement-system examination, diagnosis, and treatment of 2 female adolescent athletes with TAPR and highlight the differences in their treatment based on specific movement impairments.

Study Design:

Case series.

Diagnosis:

The movement diagnosis determined for both patients was thoracic flexion with rotation. The key signs and symptoms that supported this diagnosis included (1) alignment impairments of thoracic flexion and posterior sway and ribcage asymmetry; (2) movement impairments during testing and running of asymmetrical range of motion for trunk rotation, side bending, and flexion of the thoracic spine; and (3) reproduction of TAPR.

Discussion:

Musculoskeletal impairments related to the trunk muscles combined with the mechanical stresses of running could contribute to TAPR. Treatment in each of the patients was focused on patient education regarding correction of alignment, muscle, and movement impairments of the extremities, thoracic spine, and ribcage. A strategy was determined for correcting motion during running to reduce or abolish the TAPR. Outcomes were positive in both patients. Differences in specific impairments in each patient demonstrate the need for specificity of treatment. These 2 patients illustrate how developing a movement diagnosis and identifying the contributing factors based on a systematic examination can be used in individuals with TAPR.
Hip- and Thigh-Muscle Activation During the Star Excursion Balance Test
Authors: Norris Beth , Trudelle-Jackson Elaine
Published: August 2016

Context:

The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is often used to train and assess dynamic balance and neuromuscular control. Few studies have examined hip- and thigh-muscle activation during the SEBT.

Objective:

To quantify hip- and thigh-muscle activity during the SEBT.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

22 healthy individuals, 11 men and 11 women.

Methods:

EMG measurements were taken as participants completed 3 trials of the anterior (A), medial (M), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the SEBT.

Main Outcome Measures:

Mean EMG data (% maximal voluntary isometric contraction) from the gluteus medius (Gmed), gluteus maximus (Gmax), and vastus medialis (VM) were measured during the eccentric phase of each SEBT reach direction. Test–retest reliability of EMG data across the 3 trials in each direction was calculated. EMG data from each muscle were compared across the 3 reach directions.

Results:

Test–retest reliability ranged from ICC3,1 values of .91 to .99. A 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between muscle activation and reach direction. One-way ANOVAs showed no difference in GMed activity between the A and M directions. GMed activity in the A and M directions was greater than in the PM direction. There was no difference in GMax and VM activity across the 3 directions.

Conclusion:

GMed was recruited most effectively when reaching was performed in the A and M directions. The A, M, and PM directions elicited similar patterns of muscle recruitment for the GMax and VM. During all 3 SEBT directions, VM activation exceeded the 40–60% threshold suggested for strengthening effects. GMed activity also exceeded the threshold in the M direction. GMax activation, however, was below the 40% threshold for all 3 reach directions, suggesting that performing dynamic lower extremity reaching in the A, M, and PM directions may not elicit strengthening effects for the GMax.
A Neuromuscular Intervention for Exercise-Related Medial Leg Pain
Authors: Newsham Katherine R. , Beekley Matthew D. , Lauber Christine A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Exercise-related medial leg pain (ERMLP) is a common complaint among athletes, and efforts toward rehabilitation are often unsuccessful.

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of a therapeutic intervention in ERMLP localized to soft tissue.

Design:

A quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control-group study.

Setting:

Athletic training facility.

Patients:

20 volunteer male and female athletes (18–22 y old) with ERMLP. Complete data were available for 13 participants.

Intervention:

Treatment group (TRE, n = 7) received therapeutic intervention focused on relieving muscle hypertonicity in the deep compartment of the lower leg and restoring balance of the toe flexors and extensors. Control group (CON, n = 6) received no intervention.

Main Outcome Measures:

Self-reported pain intensity, pain threshold, and extensor hallucis longus to extensor digitorum brevis (EHL:EDB) electromyography ratio.

Results:

There were no significant differences in age, duration of symptoms, or pain measures between the 2 groups at baseline. CON demonstrated no significant changes in any of the outcome measures in posttreatment testing, but significant between-groups differences were identified for pain during activity (CON mean = 6.5, 95% CI 5.05, 7.95; TRE mean = 3.5, 95% CI 1.67, 5.33; P = .01), change scores for pain during activity (CON mean = 0.33, 95% CI −1.25, 1.91; TRE mean = −3.43, 95% CI:−4.6, −2.25; P < .001), change scores in pressure threshold (CON mean = −0.25, 95% CI −0.74, 0.23; TRE mean = 0.72, 95% CI 0.22, 1.37; P = .006), and change in EHL:EDB ratios (CON mean = 0.05, 95% CI −0.22, 0.33; TRE mean = 1.07, 95% CI 0.75, 2.07; P < .046).

Conclusion:

Therapeutic interventions focused on restoring muscle balance appear to be effective in resolving ERMLP.
Intersession Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Isometric Endurance Tests for the Lateral Trunk Muscles
Authors: Greene Paul F. , Durall Christopher J. , Kernozek Thomas W.
Published: August 2016

Context:

A torso-elevated side support (TESS) has previously been described for measuring endurance of the lateral trunk muscles. In some individuals, however, TESS performance may be hindered by upper extremity pain or fatigue. For this reason a novel test, the feet-elevated side-support test (FESS), was examined.

Objective:

To determine intersession reliability of a FESS and a TESS on the left and right sides using a single examiner, to evaluate the relationship between tests, and to compare reasons for test termination.

Design:

Nonexperimental prospective repeated measures.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

A convenience sample of 60 healthy participants from a university community (17 men, 43 women; age 21.1 ± 2.2 y; height 169.9 ± 9.5 cm; weight 67.1 ± 11.9 kg).

Results:

Intraclass correlation coefficient between 3 testing sessions = .87 with right FESS, .86 with left FESS, .78 with right TESS, and .91 with left TESS. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from .59 (between left FESS and left TESS in women) to .75 (between left FESS and left TESS in men). Upper extremity pain or fatigue was the reason given for test termination in 42.5% of participants during the TESS and 5.0% during the FESS (P = .000, Fisher exact test).

Conclusions:

FESS and TESS had comparable intersession reliability by the same evaluator. Moderate to high correlations were found between FESS and TESS scores, suggesting that the tests assess similar qualities. Far fewer participants terminated the FESS because of upper extremity pain or fatigue. Thus, the FESS may be a suitable alternative to the previously validated TESS, particularly for individuals with upper extremity pain or weakness.
A Gender Comparison of Central and Peripheral Neuromuscular Function After Exercise
Authors: Stern Ashley , Kuenze Chris , Herman Daniel , Sauer Lindsay D. , Hart Joseph M.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Central and peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise may exacerbate neuromuscular factors that increase risk for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Objective:

To compare lower extremity motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), muscle strength, and electromyography (EMG) activation after an exercise protocol.

Design:

Pretest, posttest group comparison.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

34 healthy volunteers (17 female, age = 21.9 ± 2.3 years, weight = 77.8 ± 3.0 kg, height = 171.1 ± 6.6 cm, and 17 male, age = 23.4 ± 6.5 years, weight = 81.6 ± 3.3 kg, height = 179.6 ± 7.3 cm).

Intervention:

A standardized 30-min exercise protocol that involved 5 repeated cycles of uphill walking, body-weight squatting, and step-ups.

Main Outcome Measures:

Quadriceps and hamstring MEP amplitude (mV) and transmission velocity normalized to subject height (m/s) were elicited via transcranial magnetic stimulation and measured via surface EMG. Quadriceps and hamstring peak EMG activation (% MVIC) and peak torque (Nm/kg) were measured during MVICs. Separate ANCOVAs were used to compare groups after exercise while controlling for baseline measurement.

Results:

At baseline, males exhibited significantly greater knee-extension torques (males = 2.47 ± 0.68 Nm/kg, females = 1.95 ± 0.53 Nm/kg; P = .036) and significantly higher hamstring MEP amplitudes (males = 223.5 ± 134.0 mV, females = 89.3 ± 77.6 mV; P = .007). Males exhibited greater quadriceps MEP amplitude after exercise than females (males = 127.2 ± 112.7 mV, females = 32.3 ± 34.9 mV; P = .016).

Conclusions:

Males experienced greater peripheral neuromuscular changes manifested as more pronounced reductions in quadriceps torque after exercise. Females experienced greater central neuromuscular changes manifested as more pronounced reduction in quadriceps MEP amplitude. Reduced central neural drive of the quadriceps coupled with knee-extension torque preservation after exercise may increase risk of knee injury in females.
Incidence of Morphologic Changes in Asymptomatic Achilles Tendons in an Active Young Adult Population
Authors: Joseph Michael F. , Anderson Jeffrey M. , Trojian Thomas H. , Crowley John
Published: August 2016

Context:

Achilles tendon rupture is often the result of a long-term degenerative process, frequently occurring asymptomatically.

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Achilles tendinopathy in an active, asymptomatic, young-adult population and to compare these findings across gender.

Design:

Convenience sample, cohort study.

Setting:

Research laboratory

Participants:

A sample of 52 (28 male, 24 female) healthy, active subjects were recruited from the student body at the University of Connecticut. Images of 104 Achilles tendons were made.

Intervention:

Ultrasound images made with a Phillips HD11 with a 15-MHz real-time linear-array transducer were collected on both the longitudinal and transverse axes of the Achilles tendon. Activity level was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF).

Main Outcome Measure:

Presence of ultrasound evidence of Achilles tendinopathy as agreed on by 2 blinded assessors highly skilled in ultrasonography.

Results:

More subjects were categorized as highly active (57.4%) on the IPAQ-SF than moderately active (42.6%). One female and one male subject were found to have ultrasound evidence of asymptomatic Achilles tendinopathy, equaling 3.8% prevalence in this study.

Conclusion:

We found a low prevalence of asymptomatic Achilles tendinopathy in an active, young-adult population. Further work is necessary to identify an optimal group warranting ultrasound screening for asymptomatic tendinopathy.
Deep Friction Massage to Treat Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review of a Classic Treatment in the Face of a New Paradigm of Understanding
Authors: Joseph Michael F. , Taft Kathryn , Moskwa Maria , Denegar Craig R.
Published: August 2016

Study Design:

Systematic literature review.

Objective:

To assess the efficacy of deep friction massage (DFM) in the treatment of tendinopathy.

Context:

Anecdotal evidence supports the efficacy of DFM for the treatment of tendinopathy. An advanced understanding of the etiopathogenesis of tendinopathy and the resultant paradigm shift away from an active inflammatory model has taken place since the popularization of the DFM technique by Cyriax for the treatment of “tendinitis.” However, increasing mechanical load to the tendinopathic tissue, as well as reducing molecular cross-linking during the healing process via transverse massage, offers a plausible explanation for observed responses in light of the contemporary understanding of tendinopathy.

Evidence Acquisition:

The authors surveyed research articles in all languages by searching PubMed, Scopus, Pedro, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library using the terms deep friction massage, deep tissue massage, deep transverse massage, Cyriax, soft tissue mobilization, soft tissue mobilisation, cross friction massage, and transverse friction massage. They included 4 randomized comparison trials, 3 at the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and 1 supraspinatus outlet tendinopathy; 2 nonrandomized comparison trials, both receiving DFM at the ECRB; and 3 prospective noncomparison trials—supraspinatus, ECRB, and Achilles tendons. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were assessed based on PEDro and Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine rating scales.

Results:

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria.

Evidence Synthesis:

The heterogeneity of dependent measures did not allow for meta-analysis.

Conclusion:

The varied locations, study designs, etiopathogenesis, and outcome tools used to examine the efficacy of DFM make a unified conclusion tenuous. There is some evidence of benefit at the elbow in combination with a Mills manipulation, as well as for supraspinatus tendinopathy in the presence of outlet impingement and along with joint mobilization. The examination of DFM as a single modality of treatment in comparison with other methods and control has not been undertaken, so its isolated efficacy has not been established. Excellent anecdotal evidence remains along with a rationale for its use that fits the current understanding of tendinopathy.
Effect of a SERF Strap on Pain and Knee-Valgus Angle During Unilateral Squat and Step Landing in Patellofemoral Patients
Authors: Herrington Lee
Published: August 2016

Context:

A valgus position of the knee on functional loading tasks has been reported to be associated with patellofemoral-joint pain. Training programs to reduce knee valgus have been shown to be effective but take time. It would appear logical to use a brace or strap to help control this knee motion to reduce symptoms.

Objective:

To assess the impact of the SERF strap on knee valgus and patellofemoral-joint pain.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

University human performance laboratory.

Participants:

12 women with patellofemoral pain (mean age 24 ± 3.2 y).

Intervention:

Application of SERF strap.

Main Outcome Measures:

Knee-valgus angle on single-leg squat and step landing and visual analog scale pain score.

Results:

The application of the SERF brace significantly reduced the pain (P < .04) and knee valgus (P < .034) during both tasks.

Conclusion:

The SERF brace brings about a significant reduction in pain during functional tasks. Although the brace brought about a significant reduction in knee valgus, this failed to exceed the smallest-detectable-difference value, so the difference is likely to be related to measurement error. The mechanism as to why this the reduction in pain occurs therefore remains unclear, as this study in line with many others failed to demonstrate meaningful changes in kinematics that could provide an obvious explanation.
Activity Characteristics and Movement Patterns in People With and People Without Low Back Pain Who Participate in Rotation-Related Sports
Authors: Chimenti Ruth L. , Scholtes Sara A. , Van Dillen Linda R.
Published: August 2016

Many risk factors have been identified as contributing to the development or persistence of low back pain (LBP). However, the juxtaposition of both high and low levels of physical activity being associated with LBP reflects the complexity of the relationship between a risk factor and LBP. Moreover, not everyone with an identified risk factor, such as a movement pattern of increased lumbopelvic rotation, has LBP.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in activity level and movement patterns between people with and people without chronic or recurrent LBP who participate in rotation-related sports.

Design Case:

Case-control study.

Setting:

University laboratory environment.

Participants:

52 people with chronic or recurrent LBP and 25 people without LBP who all play a rotation-related sport.

Main Outcome Measures:

Participants completed self-report measures including the Baecke Habitual Activity Questionnaire and a questionnaire on rotation-related sports. A 3-dimensional motion-capture system was used to collect movement-pattern variables during 2 lower-limb-movement tests.

Results:

Compared with people without LBP, people with LBP reported a greater difference between the sport subscore and an average work and leisure composite subscore on the Baecke Habitual Activity Questionnaire (F = 6.55, P = .01). There were no differences between groups in either rotation-related-sport participation or movement-pattern variables demonstrated during 2 lower-limb-movement tests (P > .05 for all comparisons).

Conclusions:

People with and people without LBP who regularly play a rotation-related sport differed in the amount and nature of activity participation but not in movement-pattern variables. An imbalance between level of activity during sport and daily functions may contribute to the development or persistence of LBP in people who play a rotation-related sport.
Single-Limb-Balance Difficulty on 4 Commonly Used Rehabilitation Devices
Authors: Stanek Justin M. , Meyer John , Lynall Rob
Published: August 2016

Context:

Balance training is widely used by rehabilitation professionals and has been shown to be effective at reducing risk of injury, as well as improving function after injury. However, objective evidence for the difficulty of commonly available equipment is lacking.

Objective:

To assess center-of-pressure (COP) area and average sway velocity in healthy subjects while performing a single-limb stance on 4 commonly available rehabilitation devices to determine their level of difficulty.

Design:

Single-session, randomized, repeated-measures design to assess COP area and average sway velocity while performing a single-limb stance on 4 devices positioned on a force platform.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Subjects:

A convenience sample of 57 healthy college-age subjects.

Intervention:

Each participant balanced on the dominant limb in a nonshod single-limb stance with eyes open for 20 s during 4 conditions. The 4 conditions were randomized and included the Both Sides Up (BOSU) trainer, Airex balance pad, half-foam roller, and DynaDisc.

Main Outcome Measure:

Means and standard deviations were calculated for maximum displacement in each direction. In addition, the means and standard deviations for COP area and average sway velocity were calculated for the 4 conditions and compared using a 1-way repeated-measure ANOVA.

Results:

Significant differences were found for both COP area and average sway velocity between the BOSU trainer and the other 3 devices. A significant difference was also found between the DynaDisc and the half-foam roller.

Conclusions:

Level of difficulty, as measured by COP area and average sway velocity, is different for commonly available rehabilitation equipment. Clinicians may find these results a useful guide when progressing patients through balance training.
Clinicians' Expectations and Their Impact on an Athlete's Compliance in Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilder Kathryn C.
Published: August 2016

Researchers have explored instructors' expectations and found them to be matched by students' achievements, as the teachers' expectations became self-fulfilling prophecies. In this paper, the intuitive parallel is drawn between the student-teacher relationship and the athlete-clinician relationship. The purpose of the article is to examine the conceivable implications of a clinician's expectations and an athlete's compliance with a rehabilitation regimen. The Pygmalion effect may have critical implications for clinicians in the rehabilitation setting. The expectation and compliance relationship is further explored through Martinek's attributional model of teacher expectancy effects, which has been adapted to fit the athlete-clinician relationship. A self-assessment checklist has been constructed to augment the clinician's awareness about the self-fulfilling prophecy and its likely ramifications. Information for clinicians about possible Pygmalion effects in the athletic training room and a framework for future research are presented.
Current Concepts on Accelerated ACL Rehabilitation
Authors: De Carlo Mark S. , Sell Kecia E. , Shelbourne K. Donald , Klootwyk Thomas E.
Published: August 2016

It is well established that intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft provides satisfactory long-term stability. However, the rehabilitation programs employed following this surgical procedure have been a topic of considerable debate. This paper describes an accelerated rehabilitation protocol that is divided into four phases. The first phase encompasses the preoperative period, during which the patient will work to decrease swelling and restore range of motion and strength. The second phase involves Weeks 1 and 2 following surgery, with the patient emphasizing immediate terminal knee extension and weight bearing. The final two phases involve improving lower extremity strength and full return to daily and athletic activities. This accelerated rehabilitation protocol has resulted in an earlier return of range of motion and strength without compromising ligamentous stability.
Factors Associated with Adherence to Sport Injury Rehabilitation in College-Age Recreational Athletes
Authors: Fields Jeff , Murphey Milledge , Horodyski MaryBeth , Stopka Christine
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to identify factors that contribute to adherent or nonadherent behavior during sport injury rehabilitation programs. Thirty-nine male and female college-age recreational athletes participated. The variables under examination were self-motivation/apathy, perceived exertion, social support, scheduling concerns, the clinical environment, and pain tolerance. Independent t tests (p < .05) were used to determine the difference between the adherer and nonadherer groups on each of the six variables. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) was employed to determine which of the six variables contributed most to the overall difference. Results of the t tests indicated that significant differences were seen for self-motivation, scheduling concerns, and pain tolerance. The DFA indicated that scheduling concerns contributed most to the overall group difference.
Clinical Application of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Authors: Voight Michael L. , Cook Gray
Published: August 2016

Enhancing the ability to function within one's environment and to perform activities of daily living is a common goal in rehabilitation. The entire rehabilitation process should be focused on improving the patient's functional status. A functional progression for return to activity can be developed by breaking specific activities down into a hierarchy and then performing them in a sequence that allows for acquisition or reacquisition of skill. Rehabilitation following injury has focused upon restoring muscular strength, endurance, and joint flexibility without any consideration of the role of the neuromuscular mechanism. A common error in rehabilitation is assuming that clinical programs alone using traditional methods will safely return the athlete to function. Limiting athletic rehabilitation to these traditional programs often results in an incomplete restoration of athletic ability and quite possibly an increased risk of reinjury. Reactive neuromuscular training fills the gap left by traditional rehabilitation in order to return the athlete to activity.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: What Is It and How Do We Treat It?
Authors: Gulick Dawn T. , Kimura Iris F.
Published: August 2016

Muscle soreness, a familiar phenomenon to most athletes, has been differentiated into “acute” and “delayed onset.” The etiology of acute muscle soreness has been attributed to ischemia and the accumulation of metabolic by-products. However, the etiology of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is not so clear. Six theories have been proposed: lactic acid, muscle spasm, torn tissue, connective tissue, enzyme efflux, and tissue fluid theories. The treatment of DOMS has also been investigated. Studies in which anti-inflammatory medications have been administered have yielded varying results based on the dosage and the time of administration. Submaximal concentric exercise may alleviate soreness but does not restore muscle function. Neither cryotherapy nor stretching abates the symptoms of DOMS. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation has been shown to decrease soreness and increase range of motion, but the effect on the recovery of muscle function is unknown. Therefore, the treatment of DOMS remains an enigma.
Kinetic Chain Exercise: Implications for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Patient
Authors: Wilk Kevin E. , Zheng Naiquan , Fleisig Glenn S. , Andrews James R. , Clancy William G.
Published: August 2016

Closed kinetic chain exercise has become popular in rehabilitation of the ACL patient. While many clinicians agree on the benefits of closed kinetic chain exercise, there is great discrepancy as to which exercises fit this category. This discrepancy stems from the fact that the kinetic chain concept was originally developed using mechanical engineering concepts and not human kinesiology. In this paper, the kinetic chain concept is redefined in a continuum of lower extremity exercises from closed kinetic chain to open kinetic chain. The placement of an exercise in this continuum is based upon joint kinematics, quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity, cruciate ligament stress, and joint weight-bearing load. An understanding of these factors can help the clinician design a comprehensive and effective rehabilitation program for the ACL patient.
Reestablishing Proprioception and Neuromuscular Control in the ACL-Injured Athlete
Authors: Swanik C. Buz , Lephart Scott M. , Giannantonio Frank P. , Fu Freddie H.
Published: August 2016

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury disrupts static and dynamic knee restraints, compromising functional stability. Deafferentation of ACL mechan-oreceptors alters the spinal reflex pathways to motor nerves and muscle spindles in addition to the cortical pathways for conscious and unconscious appreciation of proprioception and kinesthesia. These pathways are required by the feed-forward and feedback neuromuscular control systems to dynamically stabilize joints. Feed-forward motor control is responsible for preparatory muscle activity, while feedback motor control regulates reactive muscle activity. The level of muscle activation, preparatory or reactive, influences muscular stiffness, thereby providing dynamic restraint for the ACL-deficient athlete. Rehabilitation protocols should incorporate activities that enhance muscle stiffness while encouraging adaptations to peripheral afferents, spinal reflexes, and cortical motor patterns. Four elements crucial for reestablishing neuromuscular control and functional stability are proprioceptive and kinesthetic awareness, dynamic stability, preparatory and reactive muscle characteristics, and conscious and unconscious functional motor patterns.
Medial and Lateral Quadriceps Muscle Activity during Weight-Bearing Knee Extension Exercise
Authors: Willett Gilbert M. , Paladino Jason B. , Barr Kory M. , Korta Jill N. , Karst Gregory M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of weight-bearing terminal knee extension (WBKE) on normalized mean electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) and the VMO/VL ratio. Sixteen subjects with no history of knee dysfunction participated. Surface EMG data were recorded from the VMO and VL of subjects' test legs as they performed the WBKE exercise under four conditions, three involving elastic resistance and one involving no elastic resistance. EMG data were normalized relative to a maximal isometric quadriceps contraction, and overall mean VMO and VL activity and the VMO/VL ratio were determined for all conditions. The three conditions utilizing elastic resistance showed higher mean VMO and VL activity than the no-resistance condition. The VMO/ VL ratio was not significantly altered during any exercise condition as compared to maximal, quadriceps setting exercise. WBKE against elastic resistance was superior to the same exercise without resistance for generating mean VMO and VL activity. Performance of the WBKE, regardless of the position of lower extremity rotation, does not selectively activate the VMO apart from, or to a greater degree than, the VL.
The Efficacy of Modern Technology to Improve Healthy and Injured Shoulder Joint Position Sense
Authors: Slobounov Semyon M. , Poole Shannon T. , Simon Robert F. , Slobounov Elena S. , Bush Jill A. , Sebastianelli Wayne , Kraemer William
Published: August 2016

Assessment and enhancement of joint position sense is an inexact science at best. Anew method of evaluating and improving this sense using motion-tracking technology that incorporates computer visualization graphics was examined. Injured and healthy subjects were evaluated for their abilities to determine shoulder joint position, after abduction, in two tasks. The first was active reproduction of a passively placed angle. The second was visual reproduction of such an angle. A training protocol was added to determine the effectiveness of proprioceptive training in conjunction with 3-D visualization techniques. The primary findings were (a) a significant difference (p = .05) in the level of joint position sense in injured vs. healthy subjects; (b) significantly less accurate reproduction of larger shoulder abduction vs. the smaller movement in the active reproduction task; (c) significantly greater ability to accurately reproduce angles actively vs. visually; and (d) that proprioception training using 3-D visualization techniques significantly increased active and visual reproductions of passively placed angles.
Measurement of Knee-Joint-Position Sense in Women with Genu Recurvatum
Authors: Loudon Janice K.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Proprioception of the knee joint.

Objective:

To determine the difference in knee-joint-angle reproduction in women with and without genu recurvatum (GR).

Design:

Between-subjects.

Setting:

Clinic.

Subjects:

Twenty-four women divided into 2 groups according to their standing knee-extension angle.

Main Outcome Measures:

Each subject's ability to actively reproduce active positioning of 3 knee angles (10, 30, and 60°) was measured. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine correlation values for standing GR angle and absolute angular error (AAE). A1 -way repeated-measures MANOVA was computed to evaluate differences in group, angle, limb, and trial.

Results:

Standing GR angle correlated significantly to the AAE angle at 10° (r= .48). The high-recurvatum group consistently scored worse, with the highest error rate occurring at 10°.

Conclusion:

Individuals with GR might have diminished proprioceptive sense at end-range extension that could potentially lead to knee injury.
Intratester and Intertester Reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests
Authors: Hertel Jay , Miller S. John , Denegar Craig R.
Published: August 2016

0bjective:

To estimate intratester and intertester reliability and learning effects during the Star Excursion Balance Tests (SEBTs).

Setting:

A university athletic training research laboratory.

Subjects:

Sixteen healthy volunteers with no history of balance disorders or significant lower extremity joint pathology.

Measurements:

Length of excursion was measured manually for each trial.

Results:

ICCs for intratester reliability were .78–.96 on day 1 and 32–.96 on day 2. ICCs for intertester reliability were .35–.84 on day 1 and .81–.93 on day 2. Significant learning effects were identified for 4 of the 8 tests.

Conclusions:

Estimates of intratester and intertester reliability were high, but adequate practice trials should be performed before taking baseline measures.
Quadriceps Concentric EMG Activity Is Greater than Eccentric EMG Activity during the Lateral Step-Up Exercise
Authors: Selseth Angie , Dayton Marilyn , Cordova Mitchell L. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Merrick Mark A.
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

To analyze vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity during the concentric and eccentric phases of a lateral step-up exercise.

Design:

Repeated-measures. Dependent variable: the integrated electromyogram measured as a percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the VMO and VL muscles. Independent variable: muscle contraction with 2 levels (concentric and eccentric).

Subjects:

Twenty-three volunteers with no previous history of knee surgery or anterior knee pain.

Methods:

Surface electrodes were positioned over the VMO and VL, and electromyographic data were collected during the exercise.

Results:

The 2 muscle phases of contraction were different when both dependent variables were considered simultaneously (F2,7 = 33.2, P < .001). Concentric contractions produced greater muscle activity for VL (P < .05) and VMO (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Because concentric contractions produce greater activity than eccentric contractions do during the lateral step-up exercise, they provide a stronger stimulus for muscle activation, which might result in greater muscle strength gains.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Decreases Muscle Activity during the Stretch Reflex in Selected Posterior Thigh Muscles
Authors: Carter Allyson M. , Kinzey Stephen J. , Chitwood Linda F. , Cole Judith L
Published: August 2016

Context:

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is commonly used before competition to increase range of motion. It is not known how it changes muscle response to rapid length changes.

Objective:

To determine whether PNF alters hamstring muscle activity during response to rapid elongation.

Design:

2 X 2 factorial.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

Twenty-four women; means: 167.27 cm, 58.92 kg, 21.42 y, 18.41% body fat, 21.06 kg/m2 BMI.

intervention:

Measurements before and after either rest or PNF were compared.

Main Outcome Measures:

Average muscle activity immediately after a rapid and unexpected stretch, 3 times pretreatment and posttreatment, averaged into 2 pre-and post- measures.

Results:

PNF caused decreased activity in the biceps femoris during response to a sudden stretch (P = .04). No differences were found in semitendinosus activity (P = .35).

Conclusions:

Decreased muscle activity likely results from acute desensitization of the muscle spindle, which might increase risk of muscle and tendon injury.
Coping, Social Support, and injury: Changes Over Time and the Effects of Level of Sports involvement
Authors: Johnston Lynne H. , Carroll Douglas
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To examine the coping strategies used after injury and the provision of and satisfaction with social support as functions of sport involvement and stage of rehabilitation.

Design/Patiesits:

Complete data were available at 3 points (beginning, middle, and end of formal rehabilitation) for 93 patients, all of whom had sustained injury restricting normal functioning for at least 21 days.

Results/Conclusions:

Coping varied as a function of stage in rehabilitation, with patients deploying all strategies more at the beginning of rehabilitation. There was little variation in coping and social support, although those more involved in sport adopted a support-seeking coping strategy to a greater extent. Irrespective of sports-involvement status, women were more satisfied with practical and emotional support. Those who were more involved in sport were judged by their physiotherapists to be better adherents. Adoption of an emotional discharge coping strategy was negatively associated with adherence throughout rehabilitation.
Sport Pedagogy Research: From Information-Gathering to Useful Knowledge
Authors: Lawson Hal A.
Published: August 2016

Sport pedagogy research is yielding an increasing amount of information. However, there is a difference between mere information and research based knowledge, which may guide and improve practice. If more useful knowledge is to result from research, then several related adjustments in sport pedagogy’s knowledge system are required. Such adjustments begin with researchers’ reasons for doing research and include adjustments in today’s approaches to organizing, communicating, and applying research findings. Additionally, increases in the production and use of knowledge may be facilitated by political activity that is aimed at gaining more consensus among physical education professionals and, in turn, more uniformity among programs and teaching practices.
Verbal Descriptions of Skill by Specialists and Nonspecialists
Authors: Block Karen K. , Beckett Keith D.
Published: August 2016

Six specialists and seven nonspecialist practicing physical educators were asked to describe the skill of throwing. Verbal protocols were analyzed in terms of length, organization (number and quality of connections), and elaborateness (grain size and vocabulary used) of the descriptions, and in terms of ideas about movement control. Results showed that specialists demonstrated more knowledge about the skill in that their protocols were longer. However, specialists’ knowledge was not necessarily more organized or elaborate (number and quality of connectors, nor vocabulary, was different). Research that defines effective strategies for describing skill can make important contributions to teacher education.
The Effect of Student Teaching on Teacher Efficacy and Teacher Stress
Authors: Paese Paul C. , Zinkgraf Steve
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to assess the level of stress and efficacy at the entry and exit of a traditional student-teaching experience in physical education. Significant positive changes during student teaching were illustrated on these stress variables: role ambiguity, role overload, role preparedness, and illness symptoms. No significant changes were made in personal teacher efficacy (PTE) and general teacher efficacy (GTE) during the course of the study. No significant relationships were found between the other dependent variables (gender, teaching level, prior field experiences) and stress/efficacy scores. Correlations were also reported between the majority of stress variables with personal teacher efficacy. Implications of the findings for student teachers and induction teachers are discussed.
Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward School Physical Education
Authors: Luke Moira D. , Sinclair Gary D.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the potential determinants of male and female adolescents’ attitudes toward school physical education. Students (N=488), randomly selected from four large metropolitan schools, were asked to comment on their school physical education experience from kindergarten through Grade 10. A systematic content analysis was used to categorize these responses. Three main questions were addressed: What factors in the K-10 physical education experience of male/female students contribute to the development of positive/negative attitudes toward physical education? Are these factors different for males and females? Are they different for students electing to take school physical education? Five main determinants of attitude were identified in ranked order: curriculum content, teacher behavior, class atmosphere, student self-perceptions, and facilities. Overall, male and female students identified the same determinants in the same order of priority.
Content Development Patterns Over a 2-Year Period as Indicated from Written Lesson Plans
Authors: Barrett Kate R. , Sebren Ann , Sheehan Anne M.
Published: August 2016

Teaching preservice teachers to plan, specifically the written lesson plan, is one vehicle to help transform their content knowledge into forms that are pedagogically powerful (Shulman, 1987). This article describes what changes occurred in how one teacher, BJ, transformed her knowledge of content for student learning in lesson plans written during her methods course, student teaching, and 1st-year teaching. Data sources beyond the 17 lesson plans selected for analysis were unit plans, dialogue journals, semistructured interviews, and a graduate research project. Data were analyzed using inductive analysis techniques, and emerging results were discussed continuously with BJ for participant validation of the researchers’ interpretation. Four patterns related to content development are discussed: a shift in how content was identified, shorter lesson plans, a shift from consistent use of extending tasks with minimum use of application tasks to the reverse, and the absence of preplanned refinement and simplifying tasks. Findings from both studies, BJ’s and the original inquiry, suggest that teacher educators need to reexamine the amount and type of information they ask students to include, as well as the format. The challenge will be to develop new approaches that will continually support this process but that will be better suited to the realities of teaching (Floden & Klinzing, 1990).
A Training Program for Improving Undergraduates’ Analytic Skill in Volleyball
Authors: Wilkinson Susan
Published: August 2016

Qualitative skill analysis is an essential analytic tool for physical educators (Hay, 1973) and refers to a process in which a teacher identifies discrepancies between the actual response observed and the desired response (Hoffman, 1977b). Providing instruction for preservice teachers regarding how to recognize errors has been largely neglected in teacher preparation (Barrett, 1979; Hoffman, 1977a; Locke, 1972). The purpose of this study was to evaluate an alternative approach for teaching qualitative skill analysis to undergraduates. The study evaluated the effectiveness of a visual-discrimination training program. The subjects were 18 undergraduate students. The visual-discrimination training program was introduced using a multiple-baseline design across three volleyball skills: the forearm pass, the overhead pass, and the overhead serve. After the introduction of each instructional component, subjects made abrupt improvements in correctly analyzing the volleyball skill. This approach for teaching qualitative skill analysis is one alternative to the conventional techniques currently being used in professional preparation.
The Effects of Three Styles of Teaching on University Students’ Motor Performance
Authors: Boyce B. Ann
Published: August 2016

The effects of three teaching styles (command, practice, and reciprocal) from Mosston’s Spectrum of Teaching Styles were investigated in terms of motor skill acquisition and retention of a selected shooting task. University students (N=135) enrolled in nine riflery classes were randomly assigned by class to one of three treatment groups. A 3×6 (Teaching styles × Sets of trials) ANCOVA, with repeated measures on the last factor and pretest performance as the covariate, revealed a significant group-by-trials interaction. Command and practice styles were significantly superior to the reciprocal style in terms of skill acquisition and retention. Discussion addresses not only previous research on Mosston’s styles but also the research in teacher effectiveness and selected motor-learning constructs.