bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Newspaper and Wire Service Coverage of Nanotechnology Risks
Authors: Friedman Sharon M. , Egolf Brenda P.
Published: November 2011

This study reviewed coverage of nanotechnology risks in 20 U.S. and 9 U.K. newspapers and 2 wire services from 2000 to 2009. It focused on information that citizens could come across in daily newspaper reading that could highlight the salience of these issues and alert readers to potential risks. Few articles about nanotechnology health, environmental, and societal risks were found in these publications during this period, averaging only 36.7 per year for both countries. The coverage emphasized three main narratives over time: runaway technology, science‐based studies, and regulation. Health risks were covered most frequently, followed by environmental and societal risk issues. Regulation coverage was not as frequent but increased over time. The majority of the coverage focused on news events and 10 events drew modest media attention. Scientific uncertainty discussions appeared in about half of the articles, and scientists and engineers were the dominant information sources in both countries. Some significant differences between U.S. and U.K. coverage were found: U.K. coverage emphasized more societal concerns, while U.S. coverage paid more attention to environmental risks. Because the volume of coverage was not extensive and was counterbalanced by many more articles extolling nanotechnology's benefits, it is questionable whether this coverage alerted readers about potential nanotechnology risks. Coupled with citizens’ minimal knowledge about nanotechnology, this type of coverage could create public distrust of nanotechnology applications should a dangerous risk event occur.
Labeling of Nanotechnology Consumer Products Can Influence Risk and Benefit Perceptions
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Keller Carmen
Published: November 2011

Currently, there is no mandatory labeling for products containing synthetic nanoparticles. The public as well as other stakeholders have positive views about mandatory labeling. However, little is known how such a label influences the risk and benefit perception of a product. Consumers may infer that a label is a signal that there are risks associated with this technology. Data were collected in a survey experiment (N= 1,382). Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions. The control group received a picture of a sunscreen container without a label. One experimental group received a picture of a sunscreen container with a label. The other groups received, in addition to the sunscreen container with a label, some risk or benefit information. Results suggest that labeling of products may reduce consumers’ benefit perception and increase risk perception. Labeling nanotechnology consumer products may change the public perception of the products. Respondents may have relied on the affect heuristic for assessing the risks and benefits of the sunscreen.
How to Save Europe
Authors: BROWN GORDON
Published: November 2011

The sovereign debt problem in Europe, ignited by Greece, has morphed into an economic crisis challenging the solvency of major banks and countries as well as a generalized crisis of governance. Lacking the legitimacy of public support, the leaders of the European Union's fledgling institutions have been indecisive and unable to contain the looming danger of financial contagion. Along with the economic slowdown in the United States, instability and volatility in Europe threaten to derail the fragile global recovery.

In this section, several former European leaders as well as political figures from the emerging economies offer their ideas on how to fix Europe and stem the global threat.
Only Full Integration Can Save Europe
Authors: ROUBINI NOURIEL , BERGGRUEN NICOLAS
Published: November 2011

The sovereign debt problem in Europe, ignited by Greece, has morphed into an economic crisis challenging the solvency of major banks and countries as well as a generalized crisis of governance. Lacking the legitimacy of public support, the leaders of the European Union's fledgling institutions have been indecisive and unable to contain the looming danger of financial contagion. Along with the economic slowdown in the United States, instability and volatility in Europe threaten to derail the fragile global recovery.

In this section, several former European leaders as well as political figures from the emerging economies offer their ideas on how to fix Europe and stem the global threat.
A Measure of Variations in Internal Social Capital among Family Firms
Authors: Carr Jon C. , Cole Michael S. , Ring J. Kirk , Blettner Daniela P.
Published: November 2011

Drawing on the social capital literature, this study develops a new measure to assess the internal social capital using a sample of family firms and its effect on economic and noneconomic performance. We collected data from two independent samples to explore the importance of family businesses’ internal social capital as assessed by a new instrument—the internal social capital among family business (ISC–FB). Results from confirmatory factor analyses, convergent and discriminant validity assessments, and predictive and incremental validity offered support for the ISC–FB's construct validity. Finally, we cross–validated the hypothesized factor structure with a second sample of family firms. Implications and future research using this measure are proposed.
Immediate and 18‐Month Outcome of Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty: Comparison of Inoue and Multi‐Track System
Authors: ORABY MOHAMED , YOUSSEF ALI
Published: November 2011

Aims: To compare the immediate and 18‐month clinical and echocardiographic outcome of Inoue and multi‐track system for balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV).

Methods: We included 78 consecutive patients with moderate to severe rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) [mitral valve area (MVA) < 1.5 cm2] and clinically indicated BMV. The first 42 consecutive patients were assigned to Inoue BMV (group I), and the following 36 consecutive patients were assigned to multi‐track system (group M). Clinical and echocardiographic assessment was performed before, immediately after, 3 months after, and 18 months after the procedure.

Results: The successful immediate result [MVA > 1.5 cm2 and mitral regurgitation (MR) < II/IV] was achieved in 40 (95.23%) patients of group I and 34 (94.44%) patients of group M (P = 0.12). Immediately after BMV, MVA increased from 0.9 ± 0.4 to 1.7 ± 0.5 cm2 in group I and from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 1.9 ± 0.3 cm2 in group M (P < 0.01). Bilateral commissural splitting was significantly higher in group M (P < 0.01). This was associated with higher incidence of mild commissural mitral regurgitation. There were no significant differences of moderate to severe MR. Both procedure and fluoroscopy time were significantly shorter in group I (P < 0.001). Eighteen‐month clinical and echocardiographic evaluation was available for 66 (84.64%) patients with sustained immediate clinical and echocardiographic improvements.

Conclusions: Both Inoue and the multi‐track balloon systems achieved successful immediate and 18‐month results. The multi‐track double balloon system produced significantly larger MVA, with better bilateral commissurotomy, yet with longer procedure and fluoroscopy times. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:47–52)
Oxidation Behavior of ZrB2–SiC–TaC Ceramics
Authors: Wang Yiguang , Ma Baisheng , Li Lulu , An Linan
Published: November 2011

ZrB2–SiC–TaC ceramics with different content of TaC were prepared by hot‐pressing at 1800°C in vacuum environment. The oxidation behavior of these ceramics was studied in the temperature range of 1200°C–1500°C in air. It was found that low concentration of TaC (10 vol%) deteriorated the oxidation resistance of ZrB2–SiC, while high concentration of TaC (30 vol%) significantly improved the oxidation resistance of the ceramics. Reoxidation experiments indicated that the metallic species (tantalum and/or silicon) diffusing out of the materials into the oxides was initially involved in the controlling process.
A Fatal Elephant Attack
Authors: Hejna Petr , Zátopková Lenka , Šafr Miroslav
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  A rare case of an elephant attack is presented. A 44‐year‐old man working as an elephant keeper was attacked by a cow elephant when he tripped over a foot chain while the animal was being medically treated. The man fell down and was consequently repeatedly attacked with elephant tusks. The man sustained multiple stab injuries to both groin regions, a penetrating injury to the abdominal wall with traumatic prolapse of the loops of the small bowel, multiple defects of the mesentery, and incomplete laceration of the abdominal aorta with massive bleeding into the abdominal cavity. In addition to the penetrating injuries, the man sustained multiple rib fractures with contusion of both lungs and laceration of the right lobe of the liver, and comminuted fractures of the pelvic arch and left femoral body. The man died shortly after he had been received at the hospital. The cause of death was attributed to traumatic shock.
Intracervical procedures and the risk of subsequent very preterm birth: a case–control study
Authors: WATSON LYNDSEY F. , RAYNER JO‐ANNE , KING JAMES , JOLLEY DAMIEN , FORSTER DELLA
Published: November 2011

Abstract  Objective. To investigate the relation of prior intracervical procedures with very preterm birth. Design. A population‐based case–control study. Setting. The study was conducted in Australia between 2002 and 2004. Sample. Three hundred and forty‐five women having a medically indicated and 236 having a spontaneous singleton birth between 20 and 31 weeks of gestation and 796 women selected randomly from all those giving birth at ≥37 weeks of gestation. Methods. Interview data were analysed using logistic regression. Main outcome measure. Very preterm birth. Results. Very preterm birth was significantly associated with having any intracervical procedure [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–2.7], in particular curettage associated with abortion (AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.2–2.6). Assisted reproductive technology procedures were significantly associated with medically indicated very preterm birth (AOR 3.07; 95% CI 1.8–5.3) and treatments for precancerous cervical changes were significantly associated with spontaneous very preterm birth, as follows: conization/cone biopsy (AOR 3.33; 95% CI 1.8–6.2) and cauterization/ablation (AOR 2.27; 95% CI 1.4–3.8). Suction aspiration for abortion, abnormal Pap smear without treatment and abortion without instrumentation were not associated with very preterm birth. Conclusions. Intracervical procedures are associated with very preterm birth. Notably, curettage rather than any other procedure associated with abortion appears to be implicated in the risk. The introduction of infection during cervical procedures may be the common link with risks found. Changing clinical practice in the management of abortion and human papillomavirus vaccination may lead to lowering the risks of very preterm birth.
DREEM on, dentists! Students’ perceptions of the educational environment in a German dental school as measured by the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure
Authors: Ostapczuk M. S. , Hugger A. , de Bruin J. , Ritz‐Timme S. , Rotthoff T.
Published: November 2011

Objectives:  The educational climate in which future doctors are trained is an important aspect of medical education. In contrast to human medicine, it has been rather neglected in dental educational research. The aim of the study was to supplement this lack by applying and validating the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) for the first time in a German‐speaking sample of dental students.

Methods:  All dental students at the Medical Faculty of Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf were asked to complete a German adaptation of the DREEM and the Düsseldorf Mission Statement Questionnaire (DMSQ) in a paper‐pencil survey. Data from 205 participants were analysed. Psychometric validation included analysis of item homogeneity and discrimination, test reliability, criterion and construct validity (convergent, factorial).

Results:  DREEM item parameters were satisfactory, reliability (α = 0.87) and convergent validity (r = 0.66 with DMSQ) were also high. Factor analyses, however, yielded dimensions which did not fully correspond to the original DREEM subscales. Overall perception of the educational environment was positive (DREEM total score = 122.95 ± 15.52). Students in the clinical part of course rated the atmosphere more negatively, but their academic self‐perception more positively than preclinical students.

Conclusions:  Showing satisfactory psychometric properties, DREEM proved suitable for assessing educational environments among dental students. Given the right circumstances, e.g., small and early clinically oriented classes, traditional curricula can generate positive environments.
Histopathological features that predict the recurrence of odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Cottom Hannah E. , Bshena Faten I. , Speight Paul M. , Craig Geoffrey T. , Jones Adam V.
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 408–414

Background:  Odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) constitute between 1.8% and 21.5% of odontogenic cysts and are associated with higher propensity to recur than other odontogenic cysts following surgical removal. Previous studies have been performed to identify clinico‐pathological predictive factors in relation to such behaviour. The relationship between the presence of hyalinisation and recurrence of the OKC has not been explored.

Methods:  A total of 110 OKCs were selected, comprising 53 non‐recurrent cases, 50 cases known to subsequently recur and seven syndromic cases. Cases were examined blind, and histological assessment of the epithelial lining, connective tissue capsule and cyst lumen was made. Statistical analysis was completed using Pearson Chi‐square, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression analysis.

Results:  Subepithelial hyalinisation of the underlying connective tissue capsule (P = 0.006) was significantly more common in OKC that recurred. Recurring cysts demonstrating hyalinisation were seen in a younger age group (mean = 40.8 years) than the non‐recurrent cysts (mean = 56.4 years). In addition, subepithelial splitting (P = 0.015) and the position of mitotic figures (P = 0.033) were more common in recurring cysts.

Conclusion:  In this case series, several differences were found in relation to histological features of recurring and non‐recurring OKCs. There are many factors responsible for the high recurrence rate of OKCs, and the presence of subepithelial hyalinisation may be used as an additional histopathological feature to predict a greater tendency for recurrence.
Interindividual Differences in Hair Uptake of Air Nicotine and Significance of Cigarette Counting for Estimation of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Authors: Zahlsen Kolbjørn , Nilsen Turid , Nilsen Odd G.
Published: November 2011

Abstract: Hair from 80 male subjects, smokers and non‐smokers, was exposed continously in a dynamic exposure chamber to constant nicotine vapour concentrations of 20, 200 or 2000 μg/m3 for 72 hr. Subgroups of high and low nicotine adsorbing hair were also exposed intermittantly to environmental tobacco smoke for 8 months. Air and hair concentrations of nicotine were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The chamber experiments demonstrated a hair nicotine uptake which followed a second order relation to the applied concentrations of nicotine, y=–0.00018x2+0.715x+1.13, r2=0.99999. The function and the experimental points showed linearity up to an air nicotine vapour concentration of about 200 μg/m3 covering the most relevant range of environmental exposure. An approximately 7‐ and 2‐fold interindividual variation was observed in the hair uptake rate constant of nicotine vapour for the investigated material within the 10 to 90 and 25 to 75% percentiles, respectively. The factors causing this variation were not identified. It was shown that subject age, hair diameter and hair content of eumelanin were without correlation to the rate constants of hair nicotine uptake. The exposure of subgroups of hair to environmental tobacco smoke showed similar uptake profiles of nicotine as that experienced with exposure to pure nicotine vapour, supporting the relevance of controlled chamber nicotine vapour exposures as a relevant tool for the evaluation of hair nicotine uptake from a more complex environmental situation. Standardized measurements of air nicotine vapour and particulate concentrations in a modern office during 8 hr periodical smoking periods, showed that the number of cigarettes smoked was a poor indicator for the estimation of individual exposure to environmental tobacco smoke constituents. Hair nicotine measurements so far seem to be superior to other suggested methodologies for estimation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure, but further studies should be initiated to identify factors determining the rate constant of hair nicotine uptake.
Differential Effects of Cisplatin on the Production of NADH‐Dependent Superoxide and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Rat Renal Cortical Slices in vitro
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Gang , Lindup W. Edward
Published: November 2011

Abstract: Cisplatin‐induced cytotoxicity has been investigated with rat renal cortical slices in vitro. Incubation of renal slices with cisplatin caused an unexpected decrease in NADH‐dependent, lucigenin‐enhanced chemiluminescence in the homogenate of the slices in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent fashion. Cisplatin caused a concentration‐related (0.2–1 mM) decrease in the formation of NADH‐dependent superoxide anion. Cisplatin (2 mM) significantly suppressed the chemiluminescence to 70% of control as early as 15 min. and to 15% after 90 min. of incubation. A decrease was also observed 90 min. after incubation of slices with 0.25 mM cisplatin. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the slices were significantly increased after 60 min. of exposure to cisplatin (2 mM) while decreases in the activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and GSSG reductase became significant at 90 and 120 min. of incubation respectively. SOD and catalase activities were increased by 1.6 and 1.5 fold respectively after 90 min. of incubation and the activities of GSH peroxidase and GSSG reductase were decreased to 82% and 72% of control, respectively at 120 min. Both dithiothreitol (2 mM), a sulphydryl agent and diphenylphenylenediamine (5 μM), an antioxidant, protected against cisplatin‐induced leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, lipid peroxidation and decreases of GSH peroxidase and GSSG reductase but had no effect on the decrease of chemiluminescence caused by cisplatin. The results suggest that neither an increase in the production of NADH‐dependent superoxide anion nor a decrease in activity of several antioxidant enzymes were directly responsible for cisplatin‐induced lipid peroxidation.
Effects of S20749, a Close Analogue of Sumatriptan, on Porcine Carotid Haemodynamics and Human Isolated Coronary Artery
Authors: Saxena Pramod R. , Van Den Brink Maassen Antoinette , Heiligers Jan P. C. , Scalbert Elizabeth , Lemaǐtre B. Guardiola
Published: November 2011

Abstract: Several acutely acting antimigraine drugs, including sumatriptan and other second generation 5‐HT1D receptor agonists, have the ability to constrict porcine arteriovenous anastomoses. Sumatriptan also constricts the human isolated coronary artery. These two experimental models seem to serve as indicators, respectively, for the therapeutic and coronary side‐effect potential of the compounds. Using these two models, we have now investigated the effects of S20749 (1‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]‐naphthalene‐7‐methylsulfonamide), a close analogue of sumatriptan. S20749 (30, 100, 300 and 1000 μg · kg−1) decreased the total carotid blood flow by exclusively decreasing arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow; capillary blood flow was moderately increased. These changes were statistically significant with the highest two doses. S20749 moderately constricted the human isolated coronary artery (pD2: ≤4.5; Emax: >11% of the contraction to 100 mM K+). The above results suggest that S20749 should be able to abort migraine headaches in patients.
Chrysotile Inhibits Glutathione‐Dependent Protection against the Onset of Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Lung Microsomes
Authors: Arif Jamal Mohammad , Ahmad Iqbal , Rahman Qamar
Published: November 2011

Abstract: The glutathione and vitamin E‐dependent protection of lipid peroxidation in an NADPH (0.4 mM) and chrysotile (500 μg/ml) containing system were investigated in vitro in rat lung microsomes. Addition of 1 mM glutathione to the above reaction system containing microsomes supplemented with vitamin E (1 nmol/mg protein) reduced lipid peroxidation. Similar protection by glutathione could be observed in normal unsupplemented microsomes though the degree of protection was less pronounced. Addition of free radical scavengers such as, superoxide dismutase (100 units/ml), catalase (150 units/ml), mannitol (1 mM) and β‐carotene (0.5 mM) to the reaction system showed an insignificant effect on lipid peroxidation. When the reaction was carried out in absence of glutathione, vitamin E content of peroxidizing microsomes decreased rapidly. In this system a concomitant increase in the activity of microsomal glutathione‐S‐transferase was observed which may serve as an alternative pathway to detoxify lipid peroxides. Addition of glutathione alone to the reaction system prevented both against the loss in vitamin E content and increase in the activity of glutathione‐S‐transferase. Supplementation of both vitamin E and glutathione was found to be effective in lowering glutathione‐S‐transferase activity to that of normal basal level. Our results suggest that chrysotile‐mediated stimulation of NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation may be due to hampering of glutathione‐dependent protection which may ultimately exhaust membrane bound vitamin E. Our data further suggest that the lung tissue may have an inbuilt mechanism whereby glutathione‐S‐transferase may be triggered to cope with the excessive production of lipid peroxides.
Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for alopecia areata
Authors: Bayramgürler Dilek , Demirsoy Evren Odyakmaz , Aktürk Aysun Şikar , Kıran Rebiay
Published: November 2011

Although narrowband ultraviolet B (NB UVB) phototherapy is a well‐established treatment in many dermatosis, there is little evidence of efficacy of this method for alopecia areata (AA) treatment in the literature. We undertook a retrospective review of the 25 AA patients treated with NB UVB. Intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide injections per month were used as concomitant treatment in some patients who did not have any contraindication. Eight patients (32%) received monthly intramuscular corticosteroid injections. Four (22.2%) and two (20%) patients achieved excellent response in extensive patchy hair loss patients and entire scalp hair loss patients, respectively. Four of six patients who achieved excellent response also received monthly intramuscular corticosteroid injections. When patients receiving systemic corticosteroid injections were compared with patients given only NB UVB with respect to the treatment responses, a statistically significant difference was seen in patients who achieved excellent response. NB UVB is not an effective treatment with only 20% excellent treatment responses in patients with severe AA, most of whom were also treated with systemic corticosteroids.
Failure of omalizumab (Xolair®) in the treatment of a case of solar urticaria caused by ultraviolet A and visible light
Authors: Duchini Giacomo , Bäumler Wolfgang , Bircher Andreas J. , Scherer Kathrin
Published: November 2011

Solar urticaria is a rare photodermatosis probably caused by a chromophore, that – if activated by light of a specific spectrum – binds to mast cell‐bound IgE and elicits degranulation. In our patient an action spectrum in ultraviolet A and visible light range was found, in the autologous serum test the presence of a serum chromophore for the same action spectra could be demonstrated, which may underline this pathogenetic hypothesis. Symptoms did not improve using antihistamines and sun protection. Photo hardening was denied from the patient, immunosuppression and plasmapheresis were discussed but not considered. So a treatment with Omalizumab was started that recently was successfully used in 4 case reports. After 3 doses of Xolair® there was no changing in the phototesting results and after 4 doses no subjective improvement.
Systemic responses of preterm newborns with presumed or documented bacteraemia
Authors: Leviton Alan , O’Shea T Michael , Bednarek Francis J , Allred Elizabeth N , Fichorova Raina N , Dammann Olaf ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: November 2011

Aim:  To compare the frequency of elevated concentrations of inflammation‐related proteins in the blood of infants born before the 28th week of gestation who had documented bacteraemia and those who had presumed (antibiotic‐treated but culture‐negative) bacteraemia to those who had neither.

Methods:  The subjects of this study are the 868 infants born at 14 institutions for whom information about protein measurements on at least two of the three protocol days (days 1, 7, and 14) was available and who did not have Bell stage 3 necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated bowel perforation, which were strongly associated with bacteraemia in this sample.

Results:  Newborns with presumed early (week 1) bacteraemia had elevated concentrations of only a few inflammation‐related proteins, while those who had presumed late (weeks 2–4) bacteraemia did not have any elevations. In contrast, newborns who had documented early bacteraemia had a moderately strong signal, while those who had documented late bacteraemia had a stronger signal with more protein concentrations elevated on two separate occasions a week apart.

Conclusions:  Culture‐confirmed early and late bacteraemia are accompanied/followed by systemic inflammatory responses not seen with presumed early and late bacteraemia.
High Turnover Rates in Remnant Populations of the Harlequin FrogAtelopus cruciger(Bufonidae): Low Risk of Extinction?
Authors: Lampo Margarita , Celsa Señaris J. , Rodríguez‐Contreras Argelia , Rojas‐Runjaic Fernando , García Carmen Z.
Published: November 2011

Atelopusis among the most threatened of all amphibian genera. Most species of harlequin frogs disappeared more than two decades ago and only a few still exist. From ten critically endangeredAtelopusspecies endemic to Venezuela,Atelopus crucigeris the only one that can be located at present. To assess the status of remnant populations ofA. crucigerand to provide the demographic data for designingin situmanagement programs, we estimated: (1) the population size; (2) the apparent survival; and (3) the recruitment rates of one remnant population using mark‐recapture data. The adult population size varied (69–117), and this variation was not related to that of abundance indices based on visual counts at the river margins. Thus, caution is recommended when using visual counts as an index of abundance inAtelopus, because capture rates differ significantly among months and between seasons. Despite the observed variations, this population appears to be stable. Previous reports suggest that species ofAtelopusare long‐lived. For populations of long‐lived species to remain approximately constant, recruitment must be low. Our mark‐recapture study, however, showed that adults tend to remain in the population for approximately 15 mo, but an average of 165 new frogs are recruited every year. Although immigration and emigration are possibilities, the site fidelity and the absence of nearby streams suggests that movement in and out of the study area is less important than births and deaths. Under the proposed hypothesis of a short life expectancy/high recruitment, the risk of extinction must be lower than previously thought.
Analytic and numerical models for the expansion of a compact Hii region
Authors: Raga A. C. , Cantó J. , Rodríguez L. F.
Published: November 2011

‘Compact’ Hii regions (embedded in dense molecular clouds) relax to a pressure equilibrium configuration in shorter time-scales than the main-sequence lifetime of the exciting O stars. This result motivates a rederivation of the analytic model for the expansion of an Hii region into a uniform environment. We have modified the classical model so as to include the breaking of the expansion necessary to reach the correct, final pressure equilibrium configuration. We find that this extended model also has a full analytic solution. A comparison of the analytic solution with a (spherically symmetric) numerical simulation is also presented.
Conflicts over Control and Use of Medical Records at the New York Hospital before the Standardization Movement
Authors: Siegler Eugenia L. , Cohen Andrew B.
Published: November 2011

Medical records contain important clues about the history of medicine. These documents, which ostensibly describe the course of a patient's illness, are “unique constructions that allow us to observe the social and technical structure of contemporary healing.” As such, the 21st-century hospital medical record reflects the many components of inpatient care: medical interventions, billing, legal documentation, research, and education. It is comprised of a wide array of elements: professionals' notes; vital signs and other descriptive information; laboratory data and test results; demographic information; orders, charges, diagnostic and treatment codes; and other utilization data. It is well understood that many people share and need this information. Current controversies over records involve not control, but computerization, security, and accessibility. Although health professionals offer input, decisions about hospital medical records have been considered largely an administrative responsibility.
MiRNA‐9 and MiRNA‐200a Distinguish Hemangioblastomas from Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinomas in the CNS
Authors: Venneti Sriram , Boateng LaTasha A. , Friedman Joshua R. , Baldwin Donald A. , Tobias John W. , Judkins Alexander R. , Mourelatos Zissimos , Lal Priti
Published: November 2011

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors in von Hippel–Lindau syndrome (VHL) include hemangioblastomas and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas (Met CCRCC). While these tumors often show similar histologic features, differentiating them is of significant importance as Met CCRCC are higher‐grade tumors with worse prognosis. No single current immunohistochemical marker unequivocally differentiates between these two entities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding cellular small RNA molecules that play an important role in cancer. We hypothesized that hemangioblastomas and Met CCRCC display distinct miRNA signatures enabling their histologic differentiation. MiRNAs were profiled in 10 cases each of hemangioblastomas, Met CCRCC and primary CCRCC. Ten miRNAs had greater abundance (including miR‐9 (∼10‐fold) and miR‐135a (∼7‐fold)) and 39 miRNAs were lower [including miR‐200a (∼22‐fold) and miR‐200b (∼12‐fold)] in hemangioblastomas compared with Met CCRCC. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR in 20 hemangioblastomas and 13 Met CCRCC showed a 12‐fold increase in miR‐9 and a 15‐fold decrease of miR‐200a in hemangioblastomas compared with Met CCRCC. Finally, in situ hybridization for miR‐9 in 15 hemangioblastomas and 10 Met CCRCC confirmed these results. Our data suggest that miR‐9 and miR‐200a can distinguish between hemangioblastomas and Met CCRCC. Further, these results may also provide insight in understanding the biology of hemangioblastomas.
Treating co‐occurring first‐episode psychosis and borderline personality: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gleeson John F. M. , Chanen Andrew , Cotton Sue M. , Pearce Tracey , Newman Belinda , McCutcheon Louise
Published: November 2011

Aim: First‐episode psychosis and borderline personality disorder are severe mental disorders that have their onset in youth. Their co‐occurrence is clinically well recognized, is associated with significant risks and is complex to treat. Yet, there is no published specific intervention for this problem. This study reports a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing combined specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality, entitled Helping Young People Early, with specialist first‐episode treatment alone. We aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of adding early intervention for borderline personality.

Methods: The study investigated the safety of specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality in relation to deterioration in psychosis, aggression, self‐harm and suicidality, and feasibility in relation to the completion of therapy phases. Sixteen patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition‐Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) criteria for first‐episode psychosis and borderline personality (four or more DSM‐IV criteria) were randomized either to specialist first‐episode treatment alone or specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality and were followed up at the end of treatment and 6 months later.

Results: The results showed that it was feasible to recruit and assess a high risk and complex group of patients who were agreeable to study participation. Specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality was an acceptable and safe treatment.

Conclusion: A larger‐scale randomized controlled trial of early intervention for borderline personality for young first‐episode psychosis patients with co‐occurring full or subsyndromal borderline personality is warranted.
The Influence of Science Summer Camp on African‐American High School Students' Career Choices
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sumita , Mead Timothy P. , Nathaniel Rajkumar
Published: November 2011

This study explored if a weeklong science camp changed Louisiana African‐American high school students' perception of science. A semi‐structured survey was used before and after the camp to determine the changes in science attitudes and career choices. Among the perceived benefits were parental involvement, increased science academic ability, and deepened scientific knowledge. These perceived benefits influenced the identities that students constructed for themselves in relation to science in their lives. Students who reported doing well in school science courses believed that science was more relevant to their lives. Female students who cited doing well in science reported less parental involvement in their schoolwork than males. This study draws attention to gender differences in science and to designing informal science learning experiences for African‐American high school students that can change attitudes toward career choices in science‐related fields.
Adaptation and validation of a bacteria‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm‐specificLawsonia intracellularisseroprevalence in central Kentucky Thoroughbreds
Authors: PAGE A. E. , STILLS H. F. , CHANDER Y. , GEBHART C. J. , HOROHOV D. W.
Published: November 2011

Reasons for performing study:Lawsonia intracellularisis the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), a disease for which no large‐scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted.

Objectives:To validate and use an equine‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) forL. intracellularisto determine the seroprevalence ofL. intracellularison numerous farms.

Methods:An ELISA, in which purified antigen was used, was adapted from previous work in swine. A total of 337 Thoroughbreds from 25 central Kentucky farms were enrolled and monthly serum samples collected from August 2010 to January/February 2011. Samples were screened forL. intracellularis‐specific antibodies using a modified ELISA. Farms were classified into one of 3 groups based on 3 year prior history with EPE.

Results:The ELISA intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.73 and inter‐assay CV was 9.60. An overall seroprevalence of 68% was obtained, with farm‐specific seroprevalances ranging from 14 to 100%. A significant difference was found in the average seroprevalence (P<0.05) on farms with a confirmed recent history of EPE cases. Additionally, both lower average ELISA unit (EU) values (P = 0.079) and maximum EU values (P = 0.056) were detected on farms with no recent EPE history when compared to the other groups. A bimodal exposure distribution toL. intracellulariswas detected in the fall and winter months.

Conclusions:Recent history of EPE was associated with higher average seroprevalence indicating increased exposure on farms with prior cases of EPE. Seasonally bimodal exposure was also observed.

Potential relevance:The adapted ELISA appears to be useful for determination ofL. intracellularis‐specific antibody levels. The high farm‐specific seroprevalences and bimodal distribution of exposure toL. intracellulariswere unexpected and suggest that farms with a previous history of EPE remain at risk due to heightened exposure levels beyond early winter.
Sperm selection using single layer centrifugation prior to cryopreservation can increase thawed sperm quality in stallions
Authors: HOOGEWIJS M. , MORRELL J. , VAN SOOM A. , GOVAERE J. , JOHANNISSON A. , PIEPERS S. , DE SCHAUWER C. , DE KRUIF A. , DE VLIEGHER S.
Published: November 2011

Reasons for performing study: The increasing use of modern reproductive techniques in human medicine has led to a higher demand for isolation of motile sperm. Several of these isolation techniques have been adapted for veterinary use and can be applied for the selection of a superior sperm sample from stallion semen. Until recently a major disadvantage of such isolation techniques was the limitation in sperm volume that could be handled. Androcoll‐E had been shown to be successful for processing large volumes of equine semen but there are few data to substantiate the potential beneficial effect of freezing an Androcoll‐E selected equine sperm sample to obtain higher quality following thawing.

Objectives and methods: In this study, the effect of Androcoll‐E treatment of sperm prior to cryopreservation was compared with cushioned centrifugation using ejaculates from 8 different stallions selected because they were known to have semen of differing quality following freezing.

Results: Androcoll‐E treatment increased measures of semen quality prior to freezing. However, Androcoll‐E treatment reduced the yield of sperm following centrifugation when compared with the cushion centrifuged control group (50.9 ± 14.2% vs. 97.1 ± 9.0%, respectively). Quality analysis following thawing showed an overall improved sperm quality for Androcoll‐E treated samples and average post thaw progressive motility (PM) was 41.6% compared with 30.5% for the cushion centrifuged group.

Conclusions and potential relevance: Androcoll‐E can be used with good results to select a superior sperm population prior to cryopreservation, in order to produce good‐quality frozen thawed semen.
A Roadmap for the Design of Bioreactors in Mechanobiological Research and Engineering of Load-Bearing Tissues
Authors: Viens Mathieu , Chauvette Guillaume , Langelier Ève
Published: November 2011

In the field of tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a valuable instrument that mimics a physiological environment to maintain live tissues in vitro. Although bioreactors are conceptually relatively simple, the vast majority of current bioreactors (commercial and custom-built) are not fully adapted to current research needs. Designing the optimal bioreactor requires a very thorough approach to a series of steps in the product development process. These four basic steps are: (1) identifying the needs and technical requirements, (2) defining and evaluating the related concepts, (3) designing the apparatus and drawing up the blueprints, and (4) building and validating the apparatus. Furthermore, the design has to be adapted to the specific purpose of the research and how the tissues will be used. In the emerging field of bioreactor research, roadmaps are needed to assist tissue engineering researchers as they embark on this process. The necessary multidisciplinary expertise covering micromechanical design, mechatronics, viscoelasticity, tissue culture, and human ergonomics is not necessarily available to all research teams. Therefore, the challenge of adapting and conducting each step in the product development process is significant. This paper details our proposal for a roadmap to accompany researchers in identifying their needs and technical requirements: step one in the product development process. Our roadmap proposal is set up in two phases. Phase 1 is based on the analysis of the bioreactor use cycle and phase 2 is based on the analysis of one specific and critical step in the use cycle: conducting stimulation and characterization protocols with the bioreactor. A meticulous approach to these two phases minimizes the risk of forgetting important requirements and strengthens the probability of acquiring or designing a high performance bioreactor.
The Long-Term Survival Potential of Mature T Lymphocytes Is Programmed During Development in the Thymus
Authors: Sinclair Charles , Saini Manoj , Schim van der Loeff Ina , Sakaguchi Shimon , Seddon Benedict
Published: November 2011

T cell receptor signaling in thymocytes determines their responsiveness to a survival cytokine later in life.
Maintaining Membranes
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: November 2011

Depletion of cells of phosphatidylcholine activates the transcriptional regulator SREBP-1.
Inositol Pyrophosphates in Metabolism Control
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: November 2011

Inositol pyrophosphates are implicated in coordination of cell proliferation and metabolism.
A MOBILE GROUP DECISION MAKING MODEL FOR HETEROGENEOUS INFORMATION AND CHANGEABLE DECISION CONTEXTS
Authors: PEREZ I. J. , CABRERIZO F. J. , HERRERA-VIEDMA E.
Published: November 2011

The aim of this paper is to present a new mobile group decision making model to deal with heterogeneous information and changeable decision contexts. This model takes into account that experts have different backgrounds and knowledge levels, allowing to use different preference representations as fuzzy preference relations or linguistic preference relations with multigranular linguistic information. Furthermore, we allow to introduce some changes on the alternatives of the problem at every stage of the decision process. To do that: i) a mobile implementation is proposed to reduce the number of changes and ii) a mechanism to insert/remove alternatives is included in the model. Finally, our new decision model incorporates a feedback mechanism that sends recommendations to the experts in order to quickly obtain a high consensus level.
Effects of moderate exercise on VLDL1and Intralipid kinetics in overweight/obese middle-aged men
Authors: Al-Shayji Iqbal A. R. , Caslake Muriel J. , Gill Jason M. R.
Published: November 2011

Prior moderate exercise reduces plasma triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein concentrations, mainly in the large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL1) fraction, but the mechanism responsible is unclear. We investigated the effects of brisk walking on TG-rich lipoprotein kinetics using a novel method. Twelve overweight/obese middle-aged men underwent two kinetic studies, involving infusion of Intralipid to block VLDL1catabolism, in random order. On the afternoon prior to infusion, subjects either walked on a treadmill for 2 h at ∼50% maximal oxygen uptake or performed no exercise. Multiple blood samples were taken during and after infusion for separation of Intralipid (Sf400) and VLDL1(Sf60–400). VLDL1-TG and -apoB production rates were calculated from their linear rises during infusion; fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were calculated by dividing linear rises by fasting concentrations. Intralipid-TG FCR was determined from the postinfusion exponential decay. Exercise reduced fasting VLDL1-TG concentration by 30% ( P = 0.007) and increased TG enrichment of VLDL1particles [30% decrease in cholesteryl ester (CE)/TG ratio ( P = 0.007); 26% increase in TG/apoB ratio ( P = 0.059)]. Exercise also increased VLDL1-TG, VLDL1-apoB, and Intralipid-TG FCRs by 82, 146, and 43%, respectively (all P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on VLDL1-TG or -apoB production rates. The exercise-induced increase in VLDL1-apoB FCR correlated strongly with the exercise-induced changes in VLDL1CE/TG ( r = −0.659, r = 0.020) and TG/apoB ( r = 0.785, P = 0.002) ratios. Thus, exercise-induced reductions in VLDL1concentrations are mediated by increased catabolism, rather than reduced production, which may be facilitated by compositional changes to VLDL1particles that increase their affinity for clearance from the circulation.
Temporal changes in endometrial gene expression and protein localization of members of the IGF family in cattle: effects of progesterone and pregnancy
Authors: McCarthy S. D. , Roche J. F. , Forde N.
Published: November 2011

In the study presented, the hypothesis that ligands of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family, as well as their binding proteins (BPs), are temporally regulated and are altered by elevated progesterone (P4) and/or pregnancy was tested. Heifers detected in standing estrus following synchronization ( n = 210, day 0), were artificially inseminated ( n = 140) or left as noninseminated cyclic controls ( n = 70). On day 3, half of each group were randomly assigned to receive a P4-releasing intravaginal device resulting in four treatment groups, pregnant and cyclic heifers with high and normal P4 concentrations on either day 5, 7, 13, or 16 of the estrous cycle/early pregnancy. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed on endometrial homogenate and uterine cross sections to measure transcript abundance and protein localization respectively ( n = 5 per treatment per time point). No effect of day, treatment, or their interactions was observed for IGF2, IGFBP4, and - 5 ( P > 0.05). IGF1 and IGFBP6 expression decreased, while IGF1R and IGFBP2 expression increased ( P < 0.05) as the days of the cycle or pregnancy progressed. The expression of IGFBP2 was increased by elevated P4; in addition, localization of both IGF2 and IGFBP2 protein in the luminal and superficial glandular epithelium displayed a P4 × day interaction. In conclusion it is proposed that decreased IGF1 and IGFBP6 expression with a coordinate increase in IGF1R and IGFBP2 as the estrous cycle/early pregnancy progresses, along with other factors, are required to establish a uterine environment that promotes the growth and development of the conceptus prior to implantation. In addition, the increased protein abundance of both IGF2 and IGFBP2 observed in heifers supplemented with P4 contributes to the enhanced conceptus elongation observed in this model.
Indium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films as Effective Anodes of Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Hu Ziyang , Jiao Baochen , Zhang Jianjun , Zhang Xiaodan , Zhao Ying
Published: November 2011

Indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO) thin films were prepared by low-cost ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). Both a low resistivity (3.13×10−3 Ω cm) and an average direct transmittance (400∼1500 nm) about 80% of the IZO films were achieved. The IZO films were investigated as anodes in bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The device fabricated on IZO film-coated glass substrate showed an open circuit voltage of 0.56 V, a short circuit current of 8.49 mA cm-2, a fill factor of 0.40, and a power conversion efficiency of 1.91%, demonstrating that the IZO films prepared by USP technique are promising low In content and transparent electrode candidates of low-cost OPV devices.