bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introgressive hybridization between two close speciesSiniperca chuatsiandSiniperca kneri(Percomorpharia: Sinipercidae) in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Zhu Shuqin , Li Chenhong , Zhao Jinliang
Published: March 2021

Siniperca chuatsiandSiniperca kneriare two economically important freshwater fishes endemic to East Asia. Recently, someSinipercaspecimens collected from Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River couldn't be clearly identified as they showed intermediate morphological characteristics betweenS. chuatsiandS. kneri,and some inter-species hybrids were detected by microsatellite loci. To further verify genetic composition of these intermediate individuals, and determine the prevalence and degree of introgression between the twoSinipercaspecies, a large set of high-quality, independent, diagnostic genetic markers were necessarily required. Based on enrichment and sequencing of target genes in sinipercid fishes, 463 loci (FST = 1) betweenS. chuatsiandS. kneriwere selected and verified for species diagnosis. A total of 349 loci with 458 diagnostic SNPs were identified for discriminatingS. chuatsiandS. kneri. From those markers, 224 diagnostic SNPs (only one SNP per locus) were selected to identify and categorize 48 specimens with intermediate morphological characters. The results showed that there were 8 specimens identified as hybrids, 8 specimens asS. chuatsiand 32 specimens asS. kneri.NEWHYBRIDS analysis showed that the hybrid offsprings were composed of the first-generation hybrid (2 individuals), first-generation backcross (1 individual), second-generation backcross (1 individual) and fourth-generation backcross (4 individuals), and the backcrossing could happen to bothS. chuatsiandS. kneri. These hybrids could occur naturally, or escaped from farmed fish, due to extensive artificial breeding practice in these regions. However, the origin of the introgressive hybridization can't be easily traced. Therefore, some measures for protecting genetic resource ofSinipercaspeies in the Yangtze River should be enforced, such as assessing genetic background of the cultured stocks, reducing the escapement from farmed fish, and monitoring the trend of introgressive hybridization betweenSinipercaspecies in the future.
Provenance studies using lead isotopy: contribution of the consideration of geological contexts in archaeological databases
Authors: Tomczyk Céline , Costa Kévin , Giosa Alain , Brun Patrice , Petit Christophe
Published: March 2021

The identification of mineral supply sources and trade routes are at the heart of the archaeological issues. The tracing of sources of metal production via lead isotopy has been used since the 1980s to identify the deposits from which the metal constituting the archaeological objects came. Such studies are based on mineral signature repositories and archaeologists have thus built up databases containing thousands of ore deposit analyses. The databases, however, only very rarely include geological information and are limited to geographic information. But considering only geographical data leads to many limitations of studies, including the overlapping of signatures between remote regions. This problem could nevertheless be circumvented by taking into account precise ore deposit data that enables to think in terms of restricted mineralized subsets. We illustrate this through the example of data collected in the Alps by Marcoux (1986) and Nimis et al. (2012). Taking into account geological data (and more specifically, gitological data) could thus considerably improve the accuracy of provenance interpretations and enable multivariate statistical processing to be carried out (these statistical treatments are inconclusive if they are carried out on purely geographical data). However, remains the problem of the thousands of ore analyses carried out without having defined their mineralization context. Although still imperfect (some contexts are not individualized), the use of a statistical treatment could nevertheless be used to identify the gitological contexts.
NewH(div)-conforming multiscale hybrid-mixed methods for the elasticity problem on polygonal meshes
Authors: Devloo Philippe R. B. , Farias Agnaldo M. , Gomes Sônia M. , Pereira Weslley , dos Santos Antonio J. B. , Valentin Frédéric
Published: March 2021

This work proposes a family of multiscale hybrid-mixed methods for the two-dimensional linear elasticity problem on general polygonal meshes. The new methods approximate displacement, stress, and rotation using two-scale discretizations. The first scale level setting consists of approximating the traction variable (Lagrange multiplier) in discontinuous polynomial spaces, and of computing elementwise rigid body modes. In the second level, the methods are made effective by solving completely independent local boundary Neumann elasticity problems written in a mixed form with weak symmetry enforcedviathe rotation multiplier. Since the finite-dimensional space for the traction variable constraints the local stress approximations, the discrete stress field lies in theH(div) space globally and stays in local equilibrium with external forces. We propose different choices to approximate local problems based on pairs of finite element spaces defined on affine second-level meshes. Those choices generate the family of multiscale finite element methods for which stability and convergence are proved in a unified framework. Notably, we prove that the methods are optimal and high-order convergent in the natural norms. Also, it emerges that the approximate displacement and stress divergence are super-convergent in theL2-norm. Numerical verifications assess theoretical results and highlight the high precision of the new methods on coarse meshes for multilayered heterogeneous material problems.
Energieräuber – Interaktion zwischen Therapeut und Patient
Authors: Schäfer Oliver , Schuster Tom
Published: March 2021

Es gibt Begegnungen mit Menschen, die geben einem Energie – andere wiederum rauben sie einem. So ist es auch mit Patienten. Die gute Nachricht: Mithilfe verschiedener Strategien können sich Therapeuten davor schützen, dass andere Menschen ihre Akkus aufbrauchen.
„Alles begann mit einem Urlaubsfoto“ – Kopfasymmetrien per Smartphone bestimmen
Authors: Becker Marion Anna
Published: March 2021

Seit vielen Jahren setzt sich Physiotherapeut Kai Stoevesandt für die Therapie von Haltungsasymmetrien bei Säuglingen ein. Nun entwickelt er in einem geförderten Forschungsprojekt eine App, die Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle von Haltungsasymmetrien erleichtern soll. Zusammen mit Projektleiterin Prof. Astrid Laubenheimer gibt er einen Einblick in den Stand der Forschungsarbeit.
Conservative Neck Rejuvenation
Authors: Gasperoni Carlo , Gasperoni Paolo , Pino Valentina
Published: March 2021

In the field of facial rejuvenation, among the recurrent topics, one of the most discussed is the return to less invasive techniques. Lower face rejuvenation is best achieved acting on the platysma muscle. Many techniques are used and usually include platysma section, redundancy reduction, and redraping. Platysma plication is also used especially in secondary cases because of the increased risk of nerve injury due to possible anatomical damage caused by previous operations. A technique that preserves the deep planes based on a new plication method is proposed (conservative neck rejuvenation). In this technique, the dissection plane is only subcutaneous to reduce the risk of nerve injuries. An effective neck contouring is possible using a simpler technique with very good results and a lower rate of morbidity.
Factors Associated with a Recommendation for Operative Treatment for Fracture of the Distal Radius
Authors: Langerhuizen David W.G. , Janssen Stein J. , Kortlever Joost T.P. , Ring David , Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J. , Jaarsma Ruurd L. , Doornberg Job N.
Published: March 2021

Background Evidence suggests that there is substantial and unexplained surgeon-to-surgeon variation in recommendation of operative treatment for fractures of the distal radius. We studied (1) what factors are associated with recommendation for operative treatment of a fracture of the distal radius and (2) which factors are rated as the most influential on recommendation of operative treatment.

Methods One-hundred thirty-one upper extremity and fracture surgeons evaluated 20 fictitious patient scenarios with randomly assigned factors (e.g., personal, clinical, and radiologic factors) for patients with a fracture of the distal radius. They addressed the following questions: (1) Do you recommend operative treatment for this patient (yes/no)? We determined the influence of each factor on this recommendation using random forest algorithms. Also, participants rated the influence of each factor—excluding age and sex— on a scale from 0 (not at all important) to 10 (extremely important).

Results Random forest algorithms determined that age and angulation were having the most influence on recommendation for operative treatment of a fracture of the distal radius. Angulation on the lateral radiograph and presence or absence of lunate subluxation were rated as having the greatest influence and smoking status and stress levels the lowest influence on advice to patients.

Conclusions The observation that—other than age—personal factors have limited influence on surgeon recommendations for surgery may reflect how surgeon cognitive biases, personal preferences, different perspectives, and incentives may contribute to variations in care. Future research can determine whether decision aids—those that use patient-specific probabilities based on predictive analytics in particular—might help match patient treatment choices to what matters most to them, in part by helping to neutralize the influence of common misconceptions as well as surgeon bias and incentives.

Level of Evidence There is no level of evidence for the study.
Alcohol Sales during COVID-19 Social Restrictions: Initial Evidence from Alcoholic Beverage Control States
Authors: Morton Cory M.
Published: March 2021

Background

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted life around the globe and has the potential to seriously impact alcohol consumption for individuals experiencing social isolation and pandemic-related stress. Evidence from prior epidemics suggests increased alcohol consumption during quarantine and times of high stress are associated with a greater chance of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study examines alcohol sales data to ascertain how individuals are interacting with alcohol during the pandemic.

Materials and method

Monthly off premises alcohol sales data for select US alcoholic beverage control states were used to construct monthly sales patterns from 2015 to 2020. An independent samples t-test was used to determine if COVID-19 era alcohol sales were higher than those that occurred from 2015 to 2019.

Results

Alcohol sales from March to August 2020 were significantly higher than sales from the same span of months from 2015 to 2019 ( t=–2.47, p<.05). The associated monthly percentage increase in sales ranged from 14 to 44% with the overall trend indicating a move toward pre-pandemic sales totals.

Conclusions

As COVID-19 continues to disrupt typical ways of being across the globe, the implications of increased sales of alcohol should not be overlooked. Taken together, the evidence on increased use during isolation and later AUD diagnosis coupled with the ABC state sales figures here, point to a potential increase in the development of AUD and an increase in alcohol-related harms.
Article Commentary: “One Size does not Fit All” and other Lessons Learned from Grants for Implementation of the Ahrq Medication Assisted Treatment for Opioid use Disorder in Rural Primary Care
Authors: Nourjah Parivash , Kato Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This article summarizes lessons learned from five AHRQ grants to implement Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) in rural primary care practices.

Methods

Lessons learned were extracted from quarterly and annual grantee progress reports, minutes from quarterly virtual meetings, and minutes and notes from annual grantee in-person meetings. The lessons learned were drafted by the authors and reviewed by the grantees for accuracy.

Results

The experience of these projects suggest that recruiting providers in rural areas and engaging them to initiate and sustain provision of MOUD is very difficult. Innovative approaches and providing supports are required for supporting providers to overcome barriers.

Implications

Implementation of MOUD in rural primary care is challenging but success is more likely if implementers are attentive to the needs of individual providers, are flexible and tailor implementation to the local situation, and provide on-going support.
Self-testing maximally-dimensional genuinely entangled subspaces within the stabilizer formalism
Authors: Makuta Owidiusz , Augusiak Remigiusz
Published: March 2021

Self-testing was originally introduced as a device-independent method of certification of entangled quantum states and local measurements performed on them. Recently, in (Baccari et al 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.
125 260507) the notion of state self-testing has been generalized to entangled subspaces and the first self-testing strategies for exemplary genuinely entangled subspaces have been given. The main aim of our work is to pursue this line of research and to address the question how ‘large’ (in terms of dimension) are genuinely entangled subspaces that can be self-tested, concentrating on the multiqubit stabilizer formalism. To this end, we first introduce a framework allowing to efficiently check whether a given stabilizer subspace is genuinely entangled. Building on it, we then determine the maximal dimension of genuinely entangled subspaces that can be constructed within the stabilizer subspaces and provide an exemplary construction of such maximally-dimensional subspaces for any number of qubits. Third, we construct Bell inequalities that are maximally violated by any entangled state from those subspaces and thus also any mixed states supported on them, and we show these inequalities to be useful for self-testing. Interestingly, our Bell inequalities allow for identification of higher-dimensional face structures in the boundaries of the sets of quantum correlations in the simplest multipartite Bell scenarios in which every observer performs two dichotomic measurements.
Analysis of the tetraquark and hexaquark molecular states with the QCD sum rules
Authors: Wang Zhi-Gang
Published: March 2021

In this article, we construct the color-singlet-color-singlet type currents and the color-singlet-color-singlet-color-singlet type currents to study the scalar

D

*

D

¯

*

,

D

*

D

*

tetraquark molecular states and the vector

D

*

D

*

D

¯

*

,

D

*

D

*

D

*

hexaquark molecular states with the QCD sum rules in details. In calculations, we choose the pertinent energy scales of the QCD spectral densities with the energy scale formula

μ
=

M

T

2

−

(
2

M

c

)

2

and

M

H

2

−

(
3

M

c

)

2

for the tetraquark and hexaquark molecular states respectively in a consistent way. We obtain stable QCD sum rules for the scalar

D

*

D

¯

*

,

D

*

D

*

tetraquark molecular states and the vector

D

*

D

*

D

¯

*

hexaquark molecular state, but cannot obtain stable QCD sum rules for the vector

D

*

D

*

D

*

hexaquark molecular state. The connected (nonfactorizable) Feynman diagrams at the tree level (or the lowest order) and their induced diagrams via substituting the quark lines make positive contributions for the scalar

D

*

D

*

tetraquark molecular state, but make negative or destructive contributions for the vector

D

*

D

*

D

*

hexaquark molecular state. It is of no use or meaningless to distinguish the factorizable and nonfactorizable properties of the Feynman diagrams in the color space in the operator product expansion so as to interpret them in terms of the hadronic observables, we can only obtain information about the short-distance and long-distance contributions.
Cortical network effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation in a thalamo-cortical microcircuit model
Authors: Farokhniaee AmirAli , Lowery Madeleine M
Published: March 2021

Objective. High frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) suppresses excessive beta band (∼13–30 Hz) activity of the motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease (PD). While the mechanisms of action of STN DBS are not well-understood, strong evidence supports a role for cortical network modulating effects elicited by antidromic activation of cortical axons via the hyperdirect pathway. Approach. A spiking model of the thalamo-cortical microcircuit was developed to examine modulation of cortical network activity by antidromic STN DBS, mediated by direct activation of deep pyramidal neurons (PNs) and subsequent indirect activation of other thalamo-cortical structures. Main results. Increasing synaptic coupling strength from cortical granular to superficial layers, from inhibitory neurons to deep PNs, and from thalamus reticular to relay cells, along with thalamocortical connection strength, accompanied by reduced coupling from cortical superficial to granular layers, from thalamus relay cells to reticular neurons, and corticothalamic connection strength, led to increased beta activity and neural synchrony, as observed in PD. High frequency DBS desynchronized correlated neural activity, resulting in clusters of both excited and inhibited deep cortical PNs. The emergence of additional frequency components in the local field potential (LFP), and increased power at subharmonics of the DBS frequency as observed in patients with dyskinesia during DBS, occurred under different stimulus amplitudes and frequencies. While high-frequency (>100 Hz) DBS suppressed the LFP beta power, low-frequency (<40 Hz) DBS increased beta power when more than 10% of PNs were activated, but reduced the total beta power at lower levels of neural activation. Significance. The results suggest a potential mechanism for experimentally observed alterations in cortical neural activity during DBS via the propagation of DBS stimuli throughout the cortical network, modulated by short-term synaptic plasticity, and the emergence of resonance due to interaction of DBS with existing M1 rhythms by engaging feedforward-feedback loops.
Analysis of free groundwater vulnerability level to pollution using “DRASTIC METHOD” development in surakarta city
Authors: Koesuma Sorja , Luthfi Asrib Muhammad , Wijayanti Pipit
Published: March 2021

Increasing population density affects clean water reserves in Surakarta City. Free groundwater reserves in 2015 during the transition season in Solo is merely 1.34 billion L, whereas the amount of confined groundwater at the same time is up to 21 billion L. Solo population’s water requirement, however, is 51 million L/day or 18.62 billion L/year; therefore, it is predicted that well water crisis will occur in 2020. Population growth rate and the emergence of other supporting facilities in Surakarta result in a rapid change in agricultural lands into housing and industrial areas. The land utilization conversion becomes one of groundwater pollution sources and contributes to the entry of pollutants into the groundwater. This research aims to find out free groundwater vulnerability level to pollution and distribution of each DRASTIC parameter as well as land utilization for Surakarta City territories. The research is conducted using weighting method and parameter appraisal consists of DRASTIC parameters as main parameters and land utilization as development parameter. According to data obtained, the overall free groundwater in Surakarta territories indicates a high vulnerability level to pollution. Factors that are estimated to influencing the high level of the vulnerability include: soil texture that is dominated by loam, sand, and gravel, and land utilization.
Crustal and The Uppermost Mantle Structure in Eastern Indonesia From Telese`ismic Receiver Function
Authors: Harsoni Rozyan , Ngadmanto Drajat , Suryanto Wiwit
Published: March 2021

In this study, we used receiver function technique to determine the shear wave velocity profile of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the eastern part of Indonesia region. We use six BMKG’s permanent stations in the Eastern Indonesia region that recorded about 70 teleseismic events. The receiver function inversion shows a significant variation of sediment thickness layer from about 2 to 4 km in the West Papua region. The crustal thickness variation is estimated at 17 km to 19 beneath Ternate Island and northern Sulawesi, whereas the crustal thickness beneath of the West Papua Region is at 24 km and 37 km. The lithosphere thickness estimate at 40 km to 48 km in Ternate Island and northern Sulawesi while the West Papua Region is around 60 km to 76 km. We found the evidence for a strikingly low-velocity layer starting at about 28 to 30 km depth beneath Ternate islands and northern Sulawesi that may relate to the partial melting zone beneath the active volcano in those areas.
Georadar method for detecting underground septic tank
Authors: Dicky Pradnya Agung Pramudhita Benedictus , Alif Yusroni Syafira , Wafi Abdurrahman , Syarif Setiawan Nugroho , Budi Santoso Sigit , Mariyanto Mariyanto
Published: March 2021

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method commonly known as Georadar, a nondestructive geophysical method that uses electromagnetic waves. This method is widely used to determine conditions under the surface such as mapping structures and subsurface lithology or buried objects. In this study, the GPR measurement using Geoscanners AKULA A9000 + Antenna GCB3070 is conducted to detect the presence or capacity of a septic tank. The GPR data were initially processed using matGPR based on MATLAB. GPR data on each measuring line is processed first, a series of filters and gaining have been conducted such as Adjust Signal Position, Remove DC, Dewow, Inverse Amplitude Decay, Remove Global Background, Karhunen-Loeve Filter, then time to depth conversion with adjusted parameters. From the result of parameter analysis in processing data, found that the GPR data can be interpreted which show the underground septic tank in the study area with the presence of diffraction signatures.
Evaluation of hydrogen gas flow system in DECY - 13 cyclotron
Authors: Diah F I , Saminto  , Sari V A F , Wibowo K , Permana F S
Published: March 2021

The Center for Accelerator Science and Technology (CAST – BATAN) is developing a cyclotron that eventually will be used for radioisotope production. The cyclotron accelerates charged particles (?−) generated by ion source through circular trajectories up to the desired energy and form proton beams through an extraction system. In the early operational stage, the beam current strongly influenced by the flow speed of hydrogen gas in the head of an ion source, therefore the gas flow performance needs to be characterized. Evaluation have been undertaken which cover component identification, data collection and analysis of the obtained data. The operational data of the opening gas valve is represented by the voltage and flow rate. This evaluation results can be used as a basis or guidance for further construction of the ion source instrumentation control system.
Development of low-cost industrial x-ray computed tomography system based on digital fluoroscopy
Authors: Susanto A T , Prajitno P , Kurnianto K
Published: March 2021

Computed tomography (CT) offers an effective method of non-destructive testing for quality control in the manufacturing of complex parts. Using CT allows examination any internal anomaly of a sample like a defect, internal porosity, void detection, and cracks. However commercial X-ray CT equipment on markets is expensive. So it is required to develop low-cost X-ray CT equipment that provides good image quality and fast scanning. This paper describes the development of digital fluoroscopy-based X-ray CT system. It consists of an X-ray source, a rotary table system, a digital fluoroscopy detector, and a computer. This research uses a fluorescent screen to make the X-ray image visible which then digitized by a CMOS camera. The real-time radiographic image can be visualized and interpreted using a computer. These advantages make acquisition time for scanning images is reduced to only a few seconds. This equipment is relatively cheaper than the same system used in industry. It has been tested with an object of an aluminum step wedge cylinder by scanning 361 images, which were then reconstructed using the Octopus Reconstruction 8.9 software with a filtered back-projection method. The resulting image quality is quite good as it is easily interpreted by the user’s eyesight. The implication of this research is the possibility of producing a low-cost X-ray CT equipment made within the country.
A facile route of two-dimensional metal oxide nanosheets fabrication by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Riyanto E , Martides E , Junianto E , Rajani A , Kusnadi  , Prawara B , Gaoshan H , Yongfeng M
Published: March 2021

In this study, two-dimensional nanosheets are fabricated by atomic layer deposition with sacrificial polymers. This method enables to fabricate free thin nanosheets with thickness of nanoscale. In the preparation, TiO2 and ZrO2 metal oxides are deposited onto substrates of Polyacrylic acid and Polyvinyl alcohol acted as sacrificial substrates. By dissolving the substrate, free-thin sheets layer with a high aspect ratio can be achieved due to the exfoliation mechanism. It was shown that the 2D nanosheets can be successfully formed on the deposited ALD material layer which can withstand the emergence of interfacial stress in the region of ALD layer – sacrificial substrate. The achieved nanosheets are characterized by using AFM, which shows that the thickness of both TiO2 and ZrO2 nanosheets are ∼ 80 nm which formed with 1000 and 600 ALD cycles, respectively. The 2D nanosheets obtained in this study have potential applications for photocatalysis, water splitting, and lithium ion battery.
Comparison of crystalline structure and magnetic properties in PbAlxFe12−xO19 synthesized by coprecipitation and sonochemistry
Authors: Suwandi A.D. , Amalia R. , Setiadi E.A. , Tetuko A.P. , Sebayang P. , Purnama B.
Published: March 2021

A comparison of crystalline structure and magnetic properties in aluminum substituted lead M-hexaferrite with different preparation methods i.e. coprecipitation and sonochemistry is presented. Natural magnetite from magnetic-mineral fine sediments is used as a Fe3+ cations source for the whole experiments. After calcinated of 900°C for 14 hours, the XRD characterization show that the crystalline structure of the samples, for both coprecipitation and sonochemistry, indicate closely relate to the hexagonal structure. However, un-expected peak of alumina impurity also appears. Whereas, VSM results show that saturated magnetization M
S for co-precipitated samples present much larger than sonochemistry procedure. In case aluminum content of x = 0.2, the saturated magnetization M
S of 11.05 emu/g and 7.04 emu/g are obtained for co-precipitation and sonochemistry, respectively. This is indicated that the co-precipitation methods better support redistribution cation Al3+ on the original crystalline structure of the samples.
Dye sensitized solar cell based on TiO2 sensitized with DN-F01/Ag
Authors: Ramadhani F , Saputri D G , Supriyanto A , Ramelan A H , Nurosyid F , Wahyuningsih S
Published: March 2021

This research reports the performance of DSSC solar cells that have been fabricated by modification of Ag metal doping with varying concentrations. The sample was deposited by spin coating method and characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer to obtain gap energy, FESEM characterization to see sample’s morphology, IPCE, and solar simulator to show performance of DSSC solar cell. The TiO2 / DN-F01 / Ag working electrode layer has a gap energy of 1.95 eV which value is smaller than the pure TiO2 layer and TiO2 / DN-F01 which value is 3.15 eV and 2.3 eV respectively. The results show the greatest efficiency found in Ag doped dye solar cell samples with Ag mass of 0.0172 gr. This result was influenced by Ag metal which has good light absorption ability, extends TiO2 response to visible light, and charge recombination.
The formation of porous silicon (PSi) on p-type Si (100) substrate via the electrochemical anodization method with varying current density
Authors: Wijayanti S , Sehati  , Suryana R
Published: March 2021

The porous silicon (PSi) has been successfully formed on the surface of p-type Si (100) using the electrochemical anodization method in which Si was as an anode and Pt was as a cathode etched in the HF ethanoic solution for 12 min. The current densities applied during the anodization process varied from 60 mA/cm2, 70 mA/cm2, 80 mA/cm2, and 90 mA/cm2 to observe its effects on the morphological and optical properties of PSi. The morphology of PSi was tested via AFM instrument while its reflectance was measured using UV-Vis Spectrometry. The AFM images of the surface PSi reveals the pores’ depth, the pores’ size, and the surface roughness of the PSi. The results demonstrate that the increase in the current densities results in the deeper pores’ depth and the bigger pores’ size so that lifts the surface roughness values as well. On the other hand, the increase in the current densities tends to decrease the reflectance intensities of the PSi.
Synthesis of Silica Xerogel from Geothermal Sludge by Ultrasonic Assisted Alkali Extraction-Acid Precipitation
Authors: Widiyandari Hendri , Hayu Adhani Shabrina , Subagio Agus , Purwanto Agus
Published: March 2021

Geothermal sludge (GS) is a by-product of geothermal exploration. The geothermal power plant in Dieng, Central Java Indonesia, produces 165 ton/month GS with high silica content. This study reported the synthesis of silica xerogel from GS by ultrasonic-assisted alkali extraction-acid precipitation. The silica was extracted as sodium silicate solution using NaOH solution, which was then reacted with HCl to produce silica xerogel. The ultrasonication treatment was carried out after the aging process. The structure of silica xerogel was amorphous silica. The ultrasonication affected the increasing specific surface area. N2 adsorption-desorption BET characterization shows that the specific surface area was 162.334 m2/g before ultrasonication and increased to 302,873 m2/g after 30 minutes of ultrasonication in controlled temperature at 26°C. The initial specific surface area of GS was 100.449 m2/g. The produced silica xerogel is a mesoporous material and have a pore size in the range of 2-12 nm.
Detection of lard contents using fiber optic sensors
Authors: Yunianto Mohtar , Qaulan Tsaqiila Fathu , Anwar Fuad , Endah Saraswati Teguh
Published: March 2021

Preliminary studies of testing samples using optical fiber sensors were carried out to obtain the appropriate data results and compared with UV-Vis spectrometers as well as to obtain optical characteristics of lard compared with other fat samples. The test method used instruments such as ocean optics HR4000CG-UV-NIR and DH-2000-BAL UV-Vis light source (halogen) NIR with wavelength range (200-1200) nm. The results of testing pure pork samples (chicken and beef mixture) with optical fiber sensors obtained peaks at λ = 715 nm and λ = 937 nm. The characteristics possessed by pure pork samples are high intensity (reflecting) values and low absorbance (absorption). Tests carried out with optical fiber indicate the detection of pure lard content or with a mixture of other ingredients. The graph of absorbance relation to concentration shows an upward linear trend with a value of R2 0.092193, 0.9474 and 0.95901.
The Comparison of Optical Properties Between Ba0.25Sr0.75TiO3 and Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 Thin Films As The Light Sensors Application
Authors: Faridawati F , Rohedi AY , Minarto Eko , Yudoyono G , Widihartanti T , Pramono YH , Yuningtyas Nely
Published: March 2021

An investigation has been carried out to determine the optical properties of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thin films, with different chemical composition, namely Ba0.25Sr0.75TiO3 and Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3. BST thin films that were prepared by the Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method and was coated on an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrate using the Spin Coating method at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. BST thin films have been characterized using optical microscopy, UV-vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results obtained that the thickness of BST thin films with the composition of Ba0.25Sr0.75TiO3 and Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 were 42.7 μm and 28.152 μm respectively, the refractive index value of 2.31 and 2.30 respectively, and they had the gap energy of 3.4 eV and 3.3 eV respectively. From the data obtained data with notes using the same method and treatment, thin film with the chemical structure composition of Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 was declared superior for the usageas photodiode sensors.
Verification of DECY-13 cyclotron magnet design using cyclotron particle tracking codes
Authors: Taufik  , Darmawan R S , Mulyani E , Kudus I A , Diah F I
Published: March 2021

In order to increase a capacity building of an accelerator development, Center for Accelerator Science and Technology (CAST) - BATAN Yogyakarta, is developing DECY-13 Cyclotron for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioisotope production. One of the main components of the cyclotron, a magnet has been designed based on equilibrium orbits analysis of each increase in energy. To assure the designed magnet can guide a particle up to 13 MeV, a particle tracking is important to be carried out using simulation codes that have been benchmarked. Here, the designed magnetic field data and electric field data of the Dee were used in particle tracking simulation. The particle tracking results show that particles in the pass acceptance range can pass the central region and be accelerated up to 13 MeV. These results are consistent with the previous result of our particle tracking code. The range of phase acceptance of accelerated particle is around 110 degrees and the maximum initial axial excursion of the accelerated particles is + 1.5 mm. These results verify that the designed magnet can guide particles up to 13 MeV.
Analysis of target doses on various tissues in treatment of lung cancer: a simulation study
Authors: Hariyanto A P , Aisyah St , Jannah F , Amaliya R , Rubiyanto A , Nasori  , Haekal M , Endarko
Published: March 2021

The success indicator of radiotherapy planning is that it can deliver a precise and maximum dose to the tumor, and at the same time, health tissues receive a minimum dose. The success can be achieved by understanding the density of the organs that go into the treatment beams because the dose distribution was directly affected by tissue inhomogeneity. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the tissue density of DICOM images and the homogeneity of the distribution of dose from treatment planning in lung cancer using 3D Slicer-SlicerRT. The method used in the study was used 3 data of CT and RT – Structures data from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA), NSCLC-Radiomics with a diagnosis of stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma, the location of right cancer, and only one nodule. The calculation of tissue density values using segment statistics in 3D Slicer was based on CT-DICOM information. While the treatment planning was built using 3D Slicer-SlicerRT with a prescription of 60 Gy/30 fractions. Treatment design used six fields, and optimization was done by combining a gantry angle and beam weight. The results represented that the calculation of tissue density was following the reference standard and relative electron density for each organ. Besides, the study had successfully designed a treatment planning system using 3D Slicer-SlicerRT that fulfilled the total dose standard, was excellent for OAR sparing, and had a homogeneity index for patient data ID 1 until 4 with values of 0.252, 0.009, 0.007, and 0.007, respectively.
Analysis of bio-oil effectiveness from coconut shells py roly sis as biopesticide by potentiometric biosensor
Authors: Mashuni  , Ritonga H , Hamid F H , Widiyani M , Jahiding M
Published: March 2021

Coconut shell (CS) is one waste that can be processed to produce bio-oil by pyrolysis method to be used as an active ingredient of biopesticides. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of bio-oil from coconut shells as biopesticides by optimizing the performance of potentiometric biosensors based on acetylcholinesterase enzymes including: % inhibition test, range of work concentration, Limit of detection (LoD) and accuracy. The results of the measurement of percent inhibition of the concentration of natural pesticides from the lowest concentration of 10-6 to 10-2 % (v/v) obtained the percent inhibition value respectively were 62.16; 58.08; 54.75; 49.15; 38.99; 26.98 and 17.27 %. The results of the analysis of the concentration range of work showed a linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.951 in the measurement range of 10−8% 10−2 % (v/v). LoD in the range of 107 % (v/v) and accuracy obtained an average value of percent recovery of 98.17 %, therefore testing the effectiveness of biopesticides can be done using potentiometric biosensors based on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
The analysis of X-Rays dose distribution in the 350 keV/10 mA electron beam machine (EBM) acility using PHITS computer code
Authors: Isdandy R F , Darsono  , Saefurrochman  , Sutadi
Published: March 2021

The EBM 350 keV/10mA is an electron irradiation facility located at the Centre for Accelerator Science and Technology (PSTA). The EBM generates the electrons with energy of 350 keV and the beam current of 10 mA. This generated electron beam can induce x-rays radiation when passing through materials. It is dangerous for workers if the radiation dose exceeds the dose threshold. The previous study has investigated the x-rays radiation in the EBM facility. However, it implemented an analytical approach and applied the high-Z material tabulation data for the x-rays source definition. In this work, we present a different approach using particle transport simulation. The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) was utilised to obtain the x-rays source data as well as its dose distribution in the EBM facility. Based on the PHITS simulation, the x-rays are induced by the interaction between electron beams and the EBM’ window through atomic fluorescence and bremsstrahlung mechanism, with the total reaction rate density of 2.6437 × 1013 reactions/cm3s. The x-rays’ maximum dose rate of 1.4659 × 104 µSv/s is located around the window, and it decreases along with the position from the window. The x-rays dose rate in the preparation room (12 m away from the x-rays source, behind 45 cm concrete wall) was 7.4975 × 10−2 µSv/s. It exceeded the permissible dose threshold. Therefore, a radiation shield or the working-duration limits is required for the workers’ safety.
Polymer particles for the intra-articular delivery of drugs to treat osteoarthritis
Authors: Mei Xueli , Villamagna Ian J , Nguyen Tony , Beier Frank , Appleton C Thomas , Gillies Elizabeth R
Published: March 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic disability. It is a progressive disease, involving pathological changes to the entire joint, resulting in joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of mobility. There is currently no disease-modifying pharmaceutical treatment for OA, and the treatments that do exist suffer from significant side effects. An increasing understanding of the molecular pathways involved in OA is leading to many potential drug targets. However, both current and new therapies can benefit from a targeted approach that delivers drugs selectively to joints at therapeutic concentrations, while limiting systemic exposure to the drugs. Delivery systems including hydrogels, liposomes, and various types of particles have been explored for intra-articular drug delivery. This review will describe progress over the past several years in the development of polymer-based particles for OA treatment, as well as their in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evaluation. Systems based on biopolymers such as polysaccharides and polypeptides, as well as synthetic polyesters, poly(ester amide)s, thermoresponsive polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol), amphiphilic polymers, and dendrimers will be described. We will discuss the role of particle size, biodegradability, and mechanical properties in the behavior of the particles in the joint, and the challenges to be addressed in future research.
Preferential export of permafrost-derived organic matter as retrogressive thaw slumping intensifies
Authors: Bröder Lisa , Keskitalo Kirsi , Zolkos Scott , Shakil Sarah , Tank Suzanne E , Kokelj Steve V , Tesi Tommaso , Van Dongen Bart E , Haghipour Negar , Eglinton Timothy I , Vonk Jorien E
Published: March 2021

Enhanced warming of the Northern high latitudes has intensified thermokarst processes throughout the permafrost zone. Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS), where thaw-driven erosion caused by ground ice melt creates terrain disturbances extending over tens of hectares, represent particularly dynamic thermokarst features. Biogeochemical transformation of the mobilized substrate may release CO2 to the atmosphere and impact downstream ecosystems, yet its fate remains unclear. The Peel Plateau in northwestern Canada hosts some of the largest RTS features in the Arctic. Here, thick deposits of Pleistocene-aged glacial tills are overlain by a thinner layer of relatively organic-rich Holocene-aged permafrost that aggraded upward following deeper thaw and soil development during the early Holocene warm period. In this study, we characterize exposed soil layers and the mobilized material by analysing sediment properties and organic matter composition in active layer, Holocene and Pleistocene permafrost, recently thawed debris deposits and fresh deposits of slump outflow from four separate RTS features. We found that organic matter content, radiocarbon age and biomarker concentrations in debris and outflow deposits from all four sites were most similar to permafrost soils, with a lesser influence of the organic-rich active layer. Lipid biomarkers suggested a significant contribution of petrogenic carbon especially in Pleistocene permafrost. Active layer samples contained abundant intrinsically labile macromolecular components (polysaccharides, lignin markers, phenolic and N-containing compounds). All other samples were dominated by degraded organic constituents. Active layer soils, although heterogeneous, also had the highest median grain sizes, whereas debris and runoff deposits consisted of finer mineral grains and were generally more homogeneous, similar to permafrost. We thus infer that both organic matter degradation and hydrodynamic sorting during transport affect the mobilized material. Determining the relative magnitude of these two processes will be crucial to better assess the role of intensifying RTS activity in CO2 release and ecosystem carbon fluxes.
Saving the world from your couch: the heterogeneous medium-run benefits of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution
Authors: Bonardi Jean-Philippe , Gallea Quentin , Kalanoski Dimitrija , Lalive Rafael , Madhok Raahil , Noack Frederik , Rohner Dominic , Sonno Tommaso
Published: March 2021

In Spring 2020, COVID-19 led to an unprecedented halt in public and economic life across the globe. In an otherwise tragic time, this provides a unique natural experiment to investigate the environmental impact of such a (temporary) ‘de-globalization’. Here, we estimate the medium-run impact of a battery of COVID-19 related lockdown measures on air quality across 162 countries, going beyond the existing short-run estimates from a limited number of countries. In doing so, we leverage a new dataset categorizing lockdown measures and tracking their implementation and release, extending to 31 August 2020. We find that domestic and international lockdown measures overall led to a decline in PM2.5 pollution by 45% and 35%, respectively. This substantial impact persists in the medium-run, even as lockdowns are lifted, there is, however, substantial heterogeneity across different types of lockdown measures, different countries, and different sources of pollution. We show that some country trajectories are much more appealing (with fewer COVID-19 casualties, less economic downturn and bigger pollution reductions) than others. Our results have important policy implications and highlight the potential to ‘build back better’ a sustainable economy where pollution can be curbed in a less economically costly way than during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018
Authors: Lamb William F , Wiedmann Thomas , Pongratz Julia , Andrew Robbie , Crippa Monica , Olivier Jos G J , Wiedenhofer Dominik , Mattioli Giulio , Khourdajie Alaa Al , House Jo , Pachauri Shonali , Figueroa Maria , Saheb Yamina , Slade Raphael , Hubacek Klaus , Sun Laixiang , Ribeiro Suzana Kahn , Khennas Smail , de la Rue du Can Stephane , Chapungu Lazarus , Davis Steven J , Bashmakov Igor , Dai Hancheng , Dhakal Shobhakar , Tan Xianchun , Geng Yong , Gu Baihe , Minx Jan
Published: March 2021

Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be traced to five economic sectors: energy, industry, buildings, transport and AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land uses). In this topical review, we synthesise the literature to explain recent trends in global and regional emissions in each of these sectors. To contextualise our review, we present estimates of GHG emissions trends by sector from 1990 to 2018, describing the major sources of emissions growth, stability and decline across ten global regions. Overall, the literature and data emphasise that progress towards reducing GHG emissions has been limited. The prominent global pattern is a continuation of underlying drivers with few signs of emerging limits to demand, nor of a deep shift towards the delivery of low and zero carbon services across sectors. We observe a moderate decarbonisation of energy systems in Europe and North America, driven by fuel switching and the increasing penetration of renewables. By contrast, in rapidly industrialising regions, fossil-based energy systems have continuously expanded, only very recently slowing down in their growth. Strong demand for materials, floor area, energy services and travel have driven emissions growth in the industry, buildings and transport sectors, particularly in Eastern Asia, Southern Asia and South-East Asia. An expansion of agriculture into carbon-dense tropical forest areas has driven recent increases in AFOLU emissions in Latin America, South-East Asia and Africa. Identifying, understanding, and tackling the most persistent and climate-damaging trends across sectors is a fundamental concern for research and policy as humanity treads deeper into the Anthropocene.
Network attack risk assessment of power grid CPS System based on attacker’s perspective
Authors: Wang Tao , Yang Tianmeng , Pan Xiao , Meng Yuan , Li Hua , Chang Peng
Published: March 2021

Network attack is one of the hidden dangers affecting the safe and stable operation of power system. In this paper, a potential attack path is established through association algorithm, and the selection probability of the attack path is analysed comprehensively considering the attacker’s ability, the characteristics of the attack behavior and the characteristics of the target network, and then an improved directed acyclic network attack probability attack graph is established. At the same time, the impact factors of attack action layer and attack target layer are established from the information side and the physical side, and then the incidence of the attack on the whole CPS system is analysed quantitatively, which improves the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the impact consequence analysis of network attacks. Through the above steps, the potential attack path and the risk value of the system are obtained, and the risk level of the CPS system under the current attack is determined by the fuzzy evaluation method.