bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronization of cubic distortion spontaneous otoacoustic emissions
Authors: van Dijk Pim , Wit Hero P.
Published: July 2002

A spontaneous otoacoustic emission spectrum may contain equally spaced emission peaks. Then, two peaks, at frequencies, f1 and f2, respectively, apparently generate a distortion product at fd=2 f1−f2 [or 2 f2−f1]. For the three emission peaks of nine of such triplets (in six emission spectra), the phases φ1(t), φ2(t) and φd(t) were computed, respectively. The phase difference Δφ(t)=φd−(2φ1−φ2) [or Δφ=φd−(2φ2−φ1)] tends to lock at a plateau value φlock (modulo 2π), but occasional jumps up or down n×2π to a neighboring plateau. Apparently, the emission at position 2 f1−f2 [or 2 f2−f1] synchronizes to the cubic distortion product generated by the primaries f1 and f2, but occasionally slips out of the synchronized regime. This behavior is consistent with a model consisting of a self-sustained oscillator in the presence of weak noise, driven by a periodic force.
Aided and unaided performance on a clinical test of sound localization
Authors: Besing Joan , Koehnke Janet , Zurek Patrick M. , Kawakyu Kosuke , Lister Jennifer
Published: July 2002

A test of sound field localization using two small loudspeakers has been developed to evaluate performance on this task in typical clinical settings. The intensity-difference stereophony technique, incorporating interspeaker intensity differences, is used to create phantom sound images in the horizontal plane at locations between the actual loudspeakers. When the intensity of the stimulus from the speakers is the same, the source is perceived straight ahead; as the interspeaker intensity difference increases, the perceived source location moves toward the speaker with the more intense stimulus. Using speakers located at ±40 degrees, localization of short phrases has been measured for subjects with normal hearing and subjects with hearing loss. The subjects with hearing loss were tested with and without their hearing aids. Results indicate that subjects with normal hearing have good localization with errors averaging 8.0 degrees. Unaided, subjects with hearing loss generally have larger localization errors than subjects with normal hearing, although there is a wide range of performance. With their hearing aids, the majority of subjects with hearing loss have poorer localization than without their hearing aids. Repeated administration of this test over a period of days or weeks indicates good test–retest reliability. [Work supported by NIH, NIDCD/SBIR No. DC02435.]
Some aspects of the lateralization of echoed sound in man. II. The role of the stimulus spectrum
Authors: Tollin Daniel J. , Henning G. Bruce
Published: July 2002

The lateralization of clicks and their “echoes” was investigated with a view to determining the role of spectral characteristics in lateralization. Lateralization-discrimination performance was measured in a number of two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice experiments using three pairs of binaural clicks designed to elucidate how spectral cues are used in lateralization. The stimulus in one observation interval comprised a diotic click followed, after the interclick interval (ICI), by a dichotic click with either (1) an interaural time delay or (2) an interaural amplitude difference. The dichotic click was in turn followed, after an ICI of the same size, by another diotic click. In the second observation interval, the signals to the two ears were interchanged. The stimulus has the property that the signals delivered to the two ears had either (1) identical energy-density spectra but nonzero interaural-phase differences (IPDs) or (2) zero IPDs but nonidentical energy-density spectra. Under certain circumstances, observers perceived these stimuli as arising from the side of the head opposite that which would be predicted from the direction of the interaural cue in the temporal waveform. Joint consideration of the psychophysical data and the spectral characteristics of the stimuli strongly suggest a spectral “dominance region” for lateralization near 750 Hz, observers’ lateralization performance was determined predominantly by the IPD cues from this region. In general, the results demonstrate that echoes of transients that arrive within about 2–3 ms of an initial transient are not suppressed, but have a substantial effect on lateralization through their contribution to the resultant spectral characteristics. The results contradict models that represent the precedence effect as the temporary suppression or inhibition of directional information in echoes over 2–3 ms after an initial transient.
On-line cough recognizer system
Authors: Van Hirtum Annemie , Aerts Jean-Marie , Berckmans Daniel , Moreaux Benoit , Gustin Pascal
Published: July 2002

Until now the intelligent, controlled, and automated use of acoustic bio-responses in cattle houses as indicators of animal condition has been limited to human perception. Although the appearance of coughing, sneezing, etc., may point to an environmental deficiency in the animal habitat or the presence of diseases amoung the cattle, in order to use this kind of acoustic information as a bio-response signal in practice it is necessary to develop a simple on-line algorithm. In this paper an on-line registration technique for pig coughing is presented. The application of a distance function to a spectral sound analysis allows us to distinguish coughing from other animal and environmental sounds like metal clanging, grunting, noise, etc. The sound database was collected on a group of six healthy animals.
An analytic secondary source model of edge diffraction impulse responses
Authors: Svensson U. Peter , Fred Roger I. , Vanderkooy John
Published: July 2002

A new impulse-response model for the edge diffraction from finite rigid or soft wedges is presented which is based on the exact Biot–Tolstoy solution. The new model is an extension of the work by Medwin et al. [H. Medwin et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 1005–1013 (1982)], in that the concept of secondary edge sources is used. It is shown that analytical directivity functions for such edge sources can be derived and that they give the correct solution for the infinite wedge. These functions support the assumption for the first-order diffraction model suggested by Medwin et al. that the contributions to the impulse response from the two sides around the apex point are exactly identical. The analytical functions also indicate that Medwin’s second-order diffraction model contains approximations which, however, might be of minor importance for most geometries. Access to analytical directivity functions makes it possible to derive explicit expressions for the first- and even second-order diffraction for certain geometries. An example of this is axisymmetric scattering from a thin circular rigid or soft disc, for which the new model gives first-order diffraction results within 0.20 dB of published reference frequency-domain results, and the second-order diffraction results also agree well with the reference results. Scattering from a rectangular plate is studied as well, and comparisons with published numerical results show that the new model gives accurate results. It is shown that the directivity functions can lead to efficient and accurate numerical implementations for first- and second-order diffraction.
Continuous assessment of time-varying speech quality
Authors: Hansen Martin , Kollmeier Birger
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the question of whether subjects are able to assess the perceived time-varying quality of speech material continuously. A method is introduced which is characterized by a subjective continuous rating of the perceived speech quality by moving a slider along a graphical scale. The usability of this method is illustrated with an experiment in which different sequences of sentences were degraded in quality with a Modulated Noise Reference Unit. The modulation depth was varied with time and the subject’s task was to assess the perceived quality. The results indicate that subjects can monitor speech quality variations very accurately with a delay of approximately 1 s. An objective speech quality measure based on an auditory processing model was applied to predict the subjective speech quality results. The speech quality measure qC was modified to allow for time-dependent objective measurement of the speech quality. The averaged subjective response data could be modeled by the scale transformed and low-pass filtered measure qC(t) with a high degree of accuracy.
Intensity streamlines and vorticity streamlines in three-dimensional sound fields
Authors: Zhe Jiang
Published: July 2002

The properties of intensity streamlines and vorticity streamlines are discussed in this paper. It is found that the properties in three-dimensional sound fields are different from the properties in two-dimensional sound fields. The integral behavior of intensity streamlines is that the beginning and the end are attached to a sound source surface or that the beginning is on the sound source surface and the end extends into the infinite. For the vorticity streamlines, the integral behavior is that it is a closed curve or that the beginning and the end are attached to the sound source surface. Three examples are given for intensity and vorticity streamlines.
Reverberation at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the 1993 ARSRP experiment seen by R/V ALLIANCE from 200–1400 Hz and some modeling inferences
Authors: Preston John R.
Published: July 2002

In July 1993 SACLANTCEN participated in an experiment for the Acoustic Reverberation Special Research Program (ARSRP). The primary objective was to take high resolution measurements to shed light on the detailed physical processes dominating the low frequency scattering from rough topographic features and from deep sediment pond areas. A very detailed set of monostatic and bistatic scattering experiments were conducted just west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 26° N, 47° W. Results from SACLANTCEN’s R/V ALLIANCE are presented which show monostatic and bistatic scattering from selected bathymetric features using pulsed sources from 200–1400 Hz and SUS charges. Area water depths ranged from 3300 to greater than 5200 m. The receivers were a horizontal array of 128 elements spaced at 0.5, 1, and 2 m. Source depths varied from 120 to 1200 m and receiver depths ranged from 400 to 500 m. Received reverberation levels are presented as functions of the estimated scatterer position on area bathymetry maps. Results show the same high scattering areas from one seamount were observed in three distinct frequency bands centered at 227, 350, and 700 Hz. Even at 1350 Hz the correlation of scattering highlights with nearby bathymetric features is quite good. Comparisons of measured reverberation and modeled reverberation are presented which suggest that the dominant longer range scattering from the large features is driven by the steep slopes present above the critical depth but that small scale roughness is also essential for strong backscatter.
Time-harmonic torsional waves in a composite cylinder with an imperfect interface
Authors: Berger J. R. , Martin P. A. , McCaffery S. J.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the propagation of time-harmonic torsional waves in composite elastic cylinders is investigated. An imperfect interface is considered where tractions are continuous across the interface and the displacement jump is proportional to the stress acting on the interface. A frequency equations is derived for the rod and are presented dispersion curves of normalized frequency as a function of normalized wave number for elastic bimaterials with varying values for the interface constant F. The analysis is shown to recover the dispersion curves for a bimaterial rod with a perfect (welded) interface (F=0), and has the correct limiting behavior for large F. It is shown that the modes, at any given frequency, are orthogonal, and it is outlined how the problem of reflection of a torsional mode by a planar defect (such as a circumferential crack) can be treated.
Flow of Power Law Fluids in Rectangular Ducts
Authors: Middleman Stanley
Published: July 2002

The equations governing pressure flow and drag flow of the power law fluid in channels of rectangular cross-section have been solved. Application is made to the calculation of wall effects and die characteristics for screw extrudes. It is shown that the Newtonian wall corrections usually used in extruder calculations can lead to considerable error for markedly non-Newtonian melts in deep flighted screws.
Rheological Properties of Three Solutions. Part I. Non-Newtonian Viscosity, Normal Stresses, and Complex Viscosity
Authors: Huppler J. D. , Ashare E. , Holmes J. A.
Published: July 2002

Non-Newtonian viscosity and the primary normal stress difference in steady simple shear flow and the dynamic viscosity and dynamic storage modulus in oscillatory simple shear flow were measured for three viscoelastic fluids. Most of the data were obtained with a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The data were used to evaluate a differential model and two integral models, with all three models predicting the same relations for the material functions. The models satisfactorily describe the non-Newtonian viscosity, dynamic viscosity, and storage modulus data for each solution, but fail to describe the primary normal stress difference data by predicting incorrect slopes in the “power-law” regions.
Small Displacements Superposed on Viscometric Flow
Authors: Pipkin A. C.
Published: July 2002

The constitutive equation for nearly viscometric flow is put into a form that allows easier comparison with experiments involving small oscillations superposed on steady shearing. Part of the stress perturbation is evaluated directly in terms of the stress for the undisturbed motion. Two different dynamic viscosities, referring to oscillations parallel and perpendicular to the main flow, are discussed. The low-frequency limits of these viscosities are evaluated in terms of the steady-shearing viscosity, and it is pointed out why these two limits must usually be unequal.
Time-Dependent Stress in Polymer Melts and Review of Viscoelastic Theory
Authors: Chen I-Jen , Bogue D. C.
Published: July 2002

New rheogoniometer data for stress development after initiation of a steady shear are presented for three polymer melts: a low-density polyethylene, a high-density polyethylene, and a polystyrene. Three temperatures (160°C, 180°C, 200°C) were studied. Both the shear and normal stresses were found to “over-shoot” at the higher shear rates. These data are compared in detail with three viscoelastic (constitutive) models: (1) the Bernstein, Kearsley, and Zapas model, using a particular functional form for the memory function; (2) the Bird-Carreau model; and (3) the Bogue model, as modified by Bogue and White. The general features of these and certain other constitutive models are discussed. The general conclusion is that nonlinearities must be introduced wherever a time constant appears, which can be interpreted graphically as a shift of the relaxation times to lower values. Some comments about the “analogy” between shear rate and molecular weight are also made.
The use of opposed nozzles configuration in the measurements of the extensional rheological properties of emulsions
Authors: Anklam Mark R. , Warr Gregory G. , Prud’homme Robert K.
Published: July 2002

The opposed nozzles configuration was used to measure the extensional viscosities of water-in-oil emulsions of varying drop volume fractions between 30% and 80%. For the more dilute emulsions, the extensional viscosities decrease with increasing elongational rate which mimics their shear viscosity behavior. The elongational viscosities are approximately three times the shear viscosity values in accord with Trouton’s rule. For the more concentrated emulsions, where close packing of the drops occurs and where yield stress behavior begins, the apparent extensional viscosity values display a dependence on the nozzle diameter and nozzle separation. This is in sharp contrast to experiments on a high viscosity, Newtonian oil at the same torque levels which showed no nozzle size dependence. The dependence on nozzle size appears to be caused by forces on the nozzle arm arising from the yield stress of the emulsions. To demonstrate this behavior, experiments on a microgel dispersion with a high yield stress produced torque signals that increased with time and never reached steady state. We conclude that measurements of elongational viscosities of fluids with significant yield stresses are not possible with the present opposed nozzle apparatus.
X-ray powder diffraction data for selected metal soaps
Authors: Corbeil Marie-Claude , Robinet Laurianne
Published: July 2002

In order to better characterize metal soaps found in paint films or on metal surfaces, several metal soaps were synthesized and their X-ray powder diffraction patterns measured. Metal soaps were obtained from four different fatty acids found in drying oils, two saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and two unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids), and from copper, zinc, and lead, three metals that are typically found in metal alloys and paint systems. X-ray powder diffraction data are reported for the following compounds: palmitic acid, stearic acid, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc oleate, zinc linoleate, copper palmitate, copper stearate, copper oleate, lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead oleate. Features that are characteristic of specific compounds were observed. Soaps obtained from different fatty acids with the same metal ion show differences, as do soaps obtained with the same fatty acid but with different metal ions. Differences were observed when X-ray powder diffraction data obtained for stearic acid and zinc stearate were compared to published data for these two compounds (PDF 38-1923 and 5-0079, respectively). In the case of stearic acid, differences could be explained by the fact that the specimen reported previously in PDF 38-1923 was likely contaminated with palmitic acid. In the case of zinc stearate, low angle data were missing from the original pattern PDF 5-0079 and peaks that were reported in other angular regions in fact consisted in more peaks that were not resolved due to broadening.
The sphingolipid anteome: implications for evolution of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway
Authors: Santos Tania C. B. , Dingjan Tamir , Futerman Anthony H.
Published: July 2022

Modern cell membranes contain a bewildering complexity of lipids, among them sphingolipids (SLs). Advances in mass spectrometry have led to the realization that the number and combinatorial complexity of lipids, including SLs, is much greater than previously appreciated. SLs are generated de novo by four enzymes, namely serine palmitoyltransferase, 3‐ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, ceramide synthase and dihydroceramide Δ4‐desaturase 1. Some of these enzymes depend on the availability of specific substrates and cofactors, which are themselves supplied by other complex metabolic pathways. The evolution of these four enzymes is poorly understood and likely depends on the co‐evolution of the metabolic pathways that supply the other essential reaction components. Here, we introduce the concept of the ‘anteome’, from the Latin ante (‘before’) to describe the network of metabolic (‘omic’) pathways that must have converged in order for these pathways to co‐evolve and permit SL synthesis. We also suggest that the current origin of life and evolutionary models lack appropriate experimental support to explain the appearance of this complex metabolic pathway and its anteome.
European badger (Meles meles) responses to low‐intensity, selective culling: Using mark–recapture and relatedness data to assess social perturbation
Authors: Allen Adrian , Milne Georgina , McCormick Carl , Collins Shane , O'Hagan Maria , Skuce Robin , Trimble Nigel , Harwood Roland , Menzies Fraser , Byrne Andrew W.
Published: July 2022

Culling the main wildlife host of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain (GB) and Ireland, the European badger (Meles meles), has been employed in both territories to reduce infections in cattle. In GB, this has been controversial, with results suggesting that culling induces disturbance to badger social structure, facilitating wider disease dissemination. Previous analyses hypothesized that even very low‐level, selective culling may cause similar deleterious effects by increasing ranging of individuals and greater mixing between social groups.

To assess this hypothesis, a novel, prospective, landscape‐scale ‘before‐and‐after’ Test and Vaccinate or Remove (TVR) study was implemented. Test‐positive badgers were culled and test‐negative badgers were Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccinated and released.

Mark–recapture metrics of badger ranging and genetic metrics of social group relatedness did not change significantly over the study period. However, selective culling was associated with a localized reduction in social group relatedness in culled groups.

Ecological context is important; extrapolation across territories and other disease epidemiological systems (epi‐systems) is likely to be challenging. However, we demonstrate that small‐scale, selective removal of test‐positive badgers was not associated with metrics of increased ranging but was associated with localized changes in social group relatedness. This adds to the evidence base on badger control options for policy makers.
Heptazine‐Based TADF Materials for Nanoparticle‐Based Nonlinear Optical Bioimaging
Authors: Mayder Don M. , Hojo Ryoga , Primrose William L. , Tonge Christopher M. , Hudson Zachary M.
Published: July 2022

s‐Heptazines are emerging as strong electron acceptors for efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials, yet the difficulties in synthesizing them have limited their practical use. Here, three novel s‐heptazine TADF materials with green to deep‐red emission (λmax = 525–664 nm) and high photoluminescence quantum yields, synthesized by either pseudoelectrophilic substitution or Negishi coupling routes, are described. These materials also demonstrate strong nonlinear optical absorption, with two‐photon cross sections up to 1260 GM. With deep‐red fluorescence, strong two‐photon absorption, high quantum yield, and delayed fluorescence, the emitter HAP‐3MeOTPA is ideally suited for use in nanoparticle‐based bioimaging experiments. The two kinds of luminescent nanoparticle are prepared, namely hostless, aggregate‐based organic dots (a‐Odots) and rigid, glassy Odots (g‐Odots) as biocompatible and water‐dispersible TADF probes. The g‐Odots are shown to retain the nonlinear optical properties, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and TADF observed in the constituent heptazine dye. These g‐Odots are then used as biological imaging probes with immortalized human kidney cancer (HEK293) cells, and single and multi‐photon‐excited microscopy coupled with time‐gated luminescence measurements are demonstrated. This work not only describes new routes to efficient heptazine‐based TADF materials, but also demonstrates their potential as nanoparticle‐based bioimaging probes combining several advanced optical functions.
Extracellular Vesicle Mimetics: Preparation from Top‐Down Approaches and Biological Functions
Authors: Du Yuan , Wang Hongyi , Yang Yang , Zhang Jianfeng , Huang Yue , Fan Shunwu , Gu Chenhui , Shangguan Liqing , Lin Xianfeng
Published: July 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted attention as delivery vehicles due to their structure, composition, and unique properties in regeneration and immunomodulation. However, difficulties during production and isolation processes of EVs limit their large‐scale clinical applications. EV mimetics (EVMs), prepared via top‐down strategies that improve the yield of nanoparticles while retaining biological properties similar to those of EVs have been used to address these limitations. Herein, the preparation of EVMs is reviewed and their characteristics in terms of structure, composition, targeting ability, cellular uptake mechanism, and immunogenicity, as well as their strengths, limitations, and future clinical application prospects as EV alternatives are summarized.
Interfacing Perforated Eardrums with Graphene‐Based Membranes for Broadband Hearing Recovery
Authors: Li Chunyan , Xiong Zhiyuan , Zhou Lei , Huang Weiluo , He Yushi , Li Linpeng , Shi Haibo , Lu Jiayu , Wang Jian , Li Dan , Yin Shankai
Published: July 2022

Eardrum perforation and associated hearing loss is a global health problem. Grafting perforated eardrum with autologous tissues in clinic can restore low‐frequency hearing but often leaves poor recovery of high‐frequency hearing. In this study, the potential of incorporating a thin multilayered graphene membrane (MGM) into the eardrum for broadband hearing recovery in rats is examined. The MGM shows good biocompatibility and biostability to promote the growth of eardrum cells in a regulated manner with little sign of tissue rejection and inflammatory response. After three weeks of implantation, the MGM is found to be encapsulated by a thin layer of newly grown tissue on both sides without a significant folded overgrowth that is often seen in natural healing. The perforation is well sealed, and broadband hearing recovery (1–32 kHz) is enabled and maintained for at least 2 months. Mechanical simulations show that the high elastic modulus of MGM and thin thickness of the reconstructed eardrum play a critical role in the recovery of high‐frequency hearing. This work demonstrates the promise of the use of MGM as a functional graft for perforated eardrum to recover hearing in the broadband frequency region and suggests a new acoustics‐related medical application for graphene‐related 2D materials.
Dramatic Enhancement of Thermoelectric Performance in PbTe by Unconventional Grain Shrinking in the Sintering Process
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Zhao Wei , Liu Xixi , Jia Baohai , He Jiaqing , Fu Liangwei , Xu Biao
Published: July 2022

Nanostructure engineering is a key strategy for tailoring properties in the fields of batteries, solar cells, thermoelectrics, and so on. Limited by grain coarsening, however, the nanostructure effect gradually degrades during the materials’ manufacturing and in‐service period. Herein, a strategy of cleavage‐fracture for grain shrinking is developed in a Pb0.98Sb0.02Te sample during sintering, and the grain size remains stable after repeated tests. Moreover, the initial grain boundary is filled by fractured slender grains and enriched by dislocations, evolving into a hierarchical grain‐boundary structure. The lattice thermal conductivity (klat) is greatly reduced to approach the amorphous limit. As a result, a record‐high ZT value of ≈1.9 is obtained at 815 K in the n‐type Pb0.98Sb0.02Te sample and a decent efficiency of 6.7% in thermoelectric device. This strategy for grain shrinking will shed light on the application of nanostructure engineering under high temperature and extreme conditions in other material systems.
Stacking and Twisting of Freestanding Complex Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Li Ying , Xiang Cheng , Chiabrera Francesco M. , Yun Shinhee , Zhang Haiwu , Kelly Daniel J. , Dahm Rasmus T. , Kirchert Charline K. R. , Cozannet Thomas E. Le , Trier Felix , Christensen Dennis V. , Booth Timothy J. , Simonsen Søren B. , Kadkhodazadeh Shima , Jespersen Thomas S. , Pryds Nini
Published: July 2022

The integration of dissimilar materials in heterostructures has long been a cornerstone of modern materials science—seminal examples are 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Recently, new methods have been developed that enable the realization of ultrathin freestanding oxide films approaching the 2D limit. Oxides offer new degrees of freedom, due to the strong electronic interactions, especially the 3d orbital electrons, which give rise to rich exotic phases. Inspired by this progress, a new platform for assembling freestanding oxide thin films with different materials and orientations into artificial stacks with heterointerfaces is developed. It is shown that the oxide stacks can be tailored by controlling the stacking sequences, as well as the twist angle between the constituent layers with atomically sharp interfaces, leading to distinct moiré patterns in the transmission electron microscopy images of the full stacks. Stacking and twisting is recognized as a key degree of structural freedom in 2D materials but, until now, has never been realized for oxide materials. This approach opens unexplored avenues for fabricating artificial 3D oxide stacking heterostructures with freestanding membranes across a broad range of complex oxide crystal structures with functionalities not available in conventional 2D materials.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Assisted Synthesis of FeSe–MnSe Heterointerfaces with Abundant Se Vacancies Embedded in N,B Co‐Doped Hollow Carbon Microspheres for Accelerating the Sulfur Reduction Reaction
Authors: Hu Shunyou , Wang Tiansheng , Lu Beibei , Wu Dong , Wang Hao , Liu Xiangli , Zhang Jiaheng
Published: July 2022

Currently, extensive research efforts are being devoted to suppressing the shuttle effect of polysulfides. The uncontrollable deposition of insulating Li2S onto the surface of sulfur host materials dramatically inhibits the continuous reduction of polysulfides in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, N,B co‐doped hollow carbon microspheres embedded with dense FeSe–MnSe heterostructures and abundant Se vacancies (FeSe–MnSe/NBC) are rationally designed and synthesized via a facile hydrothermal reaction using ionic liquids as dopants. The introduction of abundant heterostructures subtly guides Li2S nucleation and deposition in 3D frameworks, thus avoiding the formation of the Li2S passivation layer and allowing for continuous Li+ diffusion and subsequent nucleation of Li2S. Owing to these beneficial features, Li–S batteries comprising an FeSe–MnSe/NBC electrode exhibit significantly improved performance, including a high initial capacity of 1334 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and ultralong cycle stability with a low capacity fading rate of 0.029% cycle−1 over 1000 cycles at 1.0 C. Remarkably, the FeSe–MnSe/NBC pouch cell delivers a considerable areal capacity of 3.6 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C. This study provides valuable insight into heterostructures and Se vacancies for developing practical Li–S batteries.
An Ion‐Sieving Janus Separator toward Planar Electrodeposition for Deeply Rechargeable Zn‐Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhang Xiaotan , Li Jiangxu , Qi Kaiwen , Yang Yongqiang , Liu Dongyan , Wang Tianqi , Liang Shuquan , Lu Bingan , Zhu Yongchun , Zhou Jiang
Published: July 2022

The irregular and random electrodeposition of zinc has emerged as a non‐negligible barrier for deeply rechargeable aqueous zinc (Zn)‐ion batteries (AZIBs), yet traditional texture regulation of the Zn substrate cannot continuously induce uniform Zn deposition. Here, a Janus separator is constructed via parallelly grown graphene sheets modified with sulfonic cellulose on one side of the commercial glass fiber separator through the spin‐coating technique. The Janus separator can consistently regulate Zn growth toward a locked crystallographic orientation of Zn(002) texture to intercept dendrites. Furthermore, the separator can spontaneously repel SO42− and anchor H+ while allowing effective transport of Zn2+ to alleviate side reactions. Accordingly, the Zn symmetric cell harvests a long‐term lifespan over 1400 h at 10 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2 and endures stable cycling over 220 h even at a high depth of discharge (DOD) of 56%. The Zn/carbon nanotube (CNT)–MnO2 cell achieves an outstanding capacity retention of 95% at 1 A g−1 after 1900 cycles. Furthermore, the Zn/NH4V4O10 pouch cell with a Janus separator delivers an initial capacity of 178 mAh g−1 and a high capacity retention of 87.4% after 260 cycles. This work provides a continuous regulation approach to achieve crystallographic homogeneity of the Zn anode, which can be suitable for other metal batteries.
Atomic‐Scale Homogeneous RuCu Alloy Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Kim Chansol , Song Ji‐Yoon , Choi Changhyeok , Ha Jin Pil , Lee Wonmoo , Nam Yoon Tae , Lee Dong‐myeong , Kim Gunjoo , Gereige Issam , Jung Woo‐Bin , Lee Hyunjoo , Jung Yousung , Jeong Hyeonsu , Jung Hee‐Tae
Published: July 2022

Ruthenium (Ru) is the most widely used metal as an electrocatalyst for nitrogen (N2) reduction reaction (NRR) because of the relatively high N2 adsorption strength for successive reaction. Recently, it has been well reported that the homogeneous Ru‐based metal alloys such as RuRh, RuPt, and RuCo significantly enhance the selectivity and formation rate of ammonia (NH3). However, the metal combinations for NRR have been limited to several miscible combinations of metals with Ru, although various immiscible combinations have immense potential to show high NRR performance. In this study, an immiscible combination of Ru and copper (Cu) is first utilized, and homogeneous alloy nanoparticles (RuCu NPs) are fabricated by the carbothermal shock method. The RuCu homogeneous NP alloys on cellulose/carbon nanotube sponge exhibit the highest selectivity and NH3 formation rate of ≈31% and −73 μmol h−1 cm−2, respectively. These are the highest values of the selectivity and NH3 formation rates among existing Ru‐based alloy metal combinations.
Tailoring the Desorption Behavior of Hygroscopic Gels for Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid Climates
Authors: Lu Hengyi , Shi Wen , Zhang James H. , Chen Amylynn C. , Guan Weixin , Lei Chuxin , Greer Julia R. , Boriskina Svetlana V. , Yu Guihua
Published: July 2022

The ubiquitous nature of atmospheric moisture makes it a significant water resource available at any geographical location. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology, which extracts moisture from the ambient air to generate clean water, is a promising strategy to realize decentralized water production. The high water uptake by salt‐based sorbents makes them attractive for AWH, especially in arid environments. However, they often have relatively high desorption heat, rendering water release an energy‐intensive process. A  LiCl‐incorporating polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAM–LiCl) capable of effective moisture harvesting from arid environments is proposed. The interactions between the hydrophilic hydrogel network and the captured water generate more free and weakly bonded water, significantly lowering the desorption heat compared with conventional neat salt sorbents. Benefiting from the affinity for swelling of the polymer backbones, the developed PAM–LiCl achieves a high water uptake of ≈1.1 g g−1 at 20% RH with fast sorption kinetics of ≈0.008 g g−1 min−1 and further demonstrates a daily water yield up to ≈7 g g−1 at this condition. These findings provide a new pathway for the synthesis of materials with efficient water absorption/desorption properties, to reach energy‐efficient water release for AWH in arid climates.
Erbium‐Doped WS2 with Down‐ and Up‐Conversion Photoluminescence Integrated on Silicon for Heterojunction Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Li Qiuguo , Rao Hao , Mei Haijuan , Zhao Zhengting , Gong Weiping , Camposeo Andrea , Pisignano Dario , Yang Xianguang
Published: July 2022

The integration of 2D nanomaterials with silicon is expected to enrich the applications of 2D functional nanomaterials and pave the way for next‐generation, nanoscale optoelectronics with enhanced performances. Herein, a strategy for rare earth element doping is utilized for the synthesis of 2D WS2:Er nanosheets to achieve up‐conversion and down‐conversion emissions ranging from visible to near‐infrared regions. Moreover, the potential integration of the synthesized 2D nanosheets in silicon platforms is demonstrated by the realization of an infrared photodetector based on a WS2:Er/Si heterojunction. These devices operate at room temperature and show a high photoresponsivity of ≈39.8 mA W−1 (at 980 nm) and a detectivity of 2.79 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1. Moreover, the dark current and noise power density are suppressed effectively by van der Waals‐assisted p–n heterojunction. This work fundamentally contributes to establishing infrared detection by rare element doping of 2D materials in heterojunctions with Si, at the forefront of infrared 2DMs‐based photonics.
Synergistic Effects in N,O‐Comodified Carbon Nanotubes Boost Highly Selective Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction to H2O2
Authors: Xu Shuhui , Lu Ruihu , Sun Kai , Tang Jialun , Cen Yaping , Luo Liang , Wang Ziyun , Tian Shubo , Sun Xiaoming
Published: July 2022

Electrochemical 2‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a promising route for renewable and on‐site H2O2 production. Oxygen‐rich carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated their high selectivity (≈80%), yet tailoring the composition and structure of carbon nanotubes to further enhance the selectivity and widen working voltage range remains a challenge. Herein, combining formamide condensation coating and mild temperature calcination, a nitrogen and oxygen comodified carbon nanotubes (N,O‐CNTs) electrocatalyst is synthesized, which shows excellent selective (>95%) H2O2 selectivity in a wide voltage range (from 0 to 0.65 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode). It is significantly superior to the corresponding selectivity values of CNTs (≈50% in 0–0.65 V vs RHE) and O‐CNTs (≈80% in 0.3–0.65 V vs RHE). Density functional theory calculations revealed that the C neighbouring to N is the active site. Introducing O‐related species can strengthen the adsorption of intermediates *OOH, while N‐doping can weaken the adsorption of in situ generated *O and optimize the *OOH adsorption energy, thus improving the 2‐electron pathway. With optimized N,O‐CNTs catalysts, a Janus electrode is designed by adjusting the asymmetric wettability to achieve H2O2 productivity of 264.8 mol kgcat–1 h–1.
A Stable Hexaazaoctacene Cruciform σ‐Dimer
Authors: Maier Steffen , Jester Fabian , Hoffmann Marvin T. , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Dreuw Andreas , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: July 2022

Buchwald‐Hartwig coupling of a triisopropylsilyl (TIPS)‐ethynylated dibromo‐N,N'‐dihydrotetraazapentacene with 1,4‐bis(TIPS‐ethynyl)‐2,3‐diaminonaphthalene furnishes a dihydrohexaazaoctacene. Its oxidation with MnO2 results in a 7,7'‐bi(hexaazaoctacenyl). In addition to eight TIPS‐ethynyl groups, the bioctacene motif protects the azaoctacene subunits. The biazaoctacenyl displays a τ1/2 of > 5 d in dilute solution under ambient conditions. In the crystalline state it is persistent for > 10 months.
A Scalable Haze‐Free Antireflective Hierarchical Surface with Self‐Cleaning Capability
Authors: Oh Seungtae , Cho Jin‐Woo , Lee Jihun , Han Jeonghoon , Kim Sun‐Kyung , Nam Youngsuk
Published: July 2022

The lotus effect indicates that a superhydrophobic, self‐cleaning surface can be obtained by roughening the topography of a hydrophobic surface. However, attaining high transmittance and clarity through a roughened surface remains challenging because of its strong scattering characteristics. Here, a haze‐free, antireflective superhydrophobic surface that consists of hierarchically designed nanoparticles is demonstrated. Close‐packed, deep‐subwavelength‐scale colloidal silica nanoparticles and their upper, chain‐like fumed silica nanoparticles individually fulfill haze‐free broadband antireflection and self‐cleaning functions. These double‐layered hierarchical surfaces are obtained via a scalable spraying process that permits precise control over the coating morphology to attain the desired optical and wetting properties. They provide a “specular” visible transmittance of >97% when double‐side coated and a record‐high self‐cleaning capability with a near‐zero sliding angle. Self‐cleaning experiments on photovoltaic devices verify that the developed surfaces can significantly enhance power conversion efficiencies and aid in retaining pristine device performance in a dusty environment.
Tunable Electrical Conductivity and Simultaneously Enhanced Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties in n‐type Bi2Te3
Authors: Lou Lu‐Yao , Yang Jianmin , Zhu Yu‐Ke , Liang Hao , Zhang Yi‐Xin , Feng Jing , He Jiaqing , Ge Zhen‐Hua , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: July 2022

The recent growing energy crisis draws considerable attention to high‐performance thermoelectric materials. n‐type bismuth telluride is still irreplaceable at near room temperature for commercial application, and therefore, is worthy of further investigation. In this work, nanostructured Bi2Te3 polycrystalline materials with highly enhanced thermoelectric properties are obtained by alkali metal Na solid solution. Na is chosen as the cation site dopant for n‐type polycrystalline Bi2Te3. Na enters the Bi site, introducing holes in the Bi2Te3 matrix and rendering the electrical conductivity tunable from 300 to 1800 Scm–1. The solid solution limit of Na in Bi2Te3 exceeds 0.3 wt%. Owing to the effective solid solution, the Fermi level of Bi2Te3 is properly regulated, leading to an improved Seebeck coefficient. In addition, the scattering of both charge carriers and phonons is modulated, which ensured a high‐power factor and low lattice thermal conductivity. Benefitting from the synergistic optimization of both electrical and thermal transport properties, a maximum figure of merit (ZT) of 1.03 is achieved at 303 K when the doping content is 0.25 wt%, which is 70% higher than that of the pristine sample. This work disclosed an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of n‐type bismuth telluride‐based alloy materials.
Designing Cathodes and Cathode Active Materials for Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Minnmann Philip , Strauss Florian , Bielefeld Anja , Ruess Raffael , Adelhelm Philipp , Burkhardt Simon , Dreyer Sören L. , Trevisanello Enrico , Ehrenberg Helmut , Brezesinski Torsten , Richter Felix H. , Janek Jürgen
Published: July 2022

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) currently attract great attention as a potentially safe electrochemical high‐energy storage concept. However, several issues still prevent SSBs from outperforming today's lithium‐ion batteries based on liquid electrolytes. One major challenge is related to the design of cathode active materials (CAMs) that are compatible with the superionic solid electrolytes (SEs) of interest. This perspective, gives a brief overview of the required properties and possible challenges for inorganic CAMs employed in SSBs, and describes state‐of‐the art solutions. In particular, the issue of tailoring CAMs is structured into challenges arising on the cathode‐, particle‐, and interface‐level, related to microstructural, (chemo‐)mechanical, and (electro‐)chemical interplay of CAMs with SEs, and finally guidelines for future CAM development for SSBs are proposed.
Real‐Time Mimicking the Electronic Structure of N‐Coordinated Ni Single Atoms: NiS‐Enabled Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO
Authors: Han Man Ho , Kim Dongjin , Kim Sangkuk , Yu Seung‐Ho , Won Da Hye , Min Byoung Koun , Chae Keun Hwa , Lee Woong Hee , Oh Hyung‐Suk
Published: July 2022

N‐coordinated Ni single atom (Ni–NC) is one of the best catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to produce CO. However, no bulk Ni materials have exhibited high catalytic activity for CO2RR. Herein, it is shown that NiS nanoparticles mimicking the electronic structure of Ni–NC in real‐time enhance the CO2RR activity in a zero‐gap electrolyzer. In situ/Operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy suggests that under a cathodic potential, the electronic structure of NiS changes similarly to that of Ni–NC and modulated Ox–zSy ligands with similar properties to Ni ligands, resulting in a mimicked electronic structure. However, NiS exhibits low stability owing to the loss of S species, key to mimicking N ligands. The future challenges in finding a stable mimicked electronic structure are discussed. Moreover, this work provides new insights into the development of catalysts from materials that have not generally been considered previously.
Clinical significance of sarcopenic dysphagia for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy: A review
Authors: Oguma Junya , Ozawa Soji , Ishiyama Koshiro , Daiko Hiroyuki
Published: July 2022

The relationships among esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, dysphagia, and sarcopenia are still unclear. We considered appropriate interventions for patients with resectable esophageal cancer for the purpose of reducing postoperative dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia in patients with esophageal cancer is caused by patient characteristics, such as pathophysiology and age, or complications after esophagectomy. Recently, sarcopenic dysphagia, defined as dysphagia associated with whole‐body sarcopenia, has attracted attention in various fields, and a large proportion of patients with esophageal cancer are expected to have sarcopenic dysphagia. Our systematic review and meta‐analysis suggested that preoperative sarcopenia in patients with esophageal cancer is related to pulmonary complications after esophagectomy, and some reports also suggested that sarcopenia in swallowing‐related muscles, such as the geniohyoid muscle and tongue, might be associated with postoperative pneumonia or dysphagia after esophagectomy. However, clinical studies on sarcopenic dysphagia in patients with esophageal cancer have been limited. To prevent sarcopenic dysphagia after esophagectomy, perioperative interventions involving not only swallowing rehabilitation, but also physical exercise and nutritional support are important. Moreover, several reports have suggested that the chin‐down maneuver might be effective for preventing aspiration after an esophagectomy. To inhibit the progression of sarcopenic dysphagia after esophagectomy, evaluations and interventions by multidisciplinary staff are likely to be necessary.
Pride in our community: Reflecting on LGBTQ publications in the American Journal of Community Psychology
Authors: Blackburn Allyson M. , Todd Nathan R.
Published: July 2022

In this Virtual Special Issue (VSI), we curate and discuss a set of 28 articles previously published in the American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP) focused on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities. The purpose of this VSI is to bring visibility to this body of scholarship in AJCP and to reflect on how the strengths of our field have been used throughout this work in pursuit of supporting LGBTQ wellbeing. In this VSI, we first discuss articles that help to set the historical background for publications in AJCP. We then discuss papers under the broad themes of HIV/AIDS, identities within ecological context, and social activism among LGBTQ communities. We then reflect on opportunities for our field to further leverage our strengths in contributing to LGBTQ scholarship. Overall, this VSI celebrates the contributions to LGBTQ research already present in AJCP, and we hope inspires future contributions to the pages of AJCP and beyond.