bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Development on Controlled Synthesis of Mn‐Based Nanostructures for Bioimaging and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ruan Juan , Qian Haisheng
Published: March 2021

Manganese‐based nanomaterials have emerged as potential and important nanomedicine for bioimaging and cancer treatment due to their excellent electronic structure and intrinsic physiochemical property and sensitivity to tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, the recent progress on the synthesis and applications of various manganese oxides, sulfides with well‐controlled size, morphologies, chemical composition, and nanostructures have been summarized. Numerous samples have been chosen as examples to demonstrate the as‐designed Mn‐based nanostructures for their specifically responded to the TME to produce highly toxic reactive oxygen species via Fenton‐like reactions. Some advanced nanotechnology has been widely used to enhance their therapeutic performance on the cancer treatment under external physical field for multimodal imaging and cancer therapy including chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, radiation therapy, starving therapy, and gas therapy. Perspectives have been presented to demonstrate in this cutting‐edge research area.
Chemically Engineered Immune Cell‐Derived Microrobots and Biomimetic Nanoparticles: Emerging Biodiagnostic and Therapeutic Tools
Authors: Jahromi Leila Pourtalebi , Shahbazi Mohammad‐Ali , Maleki Aziz , Azadi Amir , Santos Hélder A.
Published: March 2021

Over the past decades, considerable attention has been dedicated to the exploitation of diverse immune cells as therapeutic and/or diagnostic cell‐based microrobots for hard‐to‐treat disorders. To date, a plethora of therapeutics based on alive immune cells, surface‐engineered immune cells, immunocytes’ cell membranes, leukocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles or exosomes, and artificial immune cells have been investigated and a few have been introduced into the market. These systems take advantage of the unique characteristics and functions of immune cells, including their presence in circulating blood and various tissues, complex crosstalk properties, high affinity to different self and foreign markers, unique potential of their on‐demand navigation and activity, production of a variety of chemokines/cytokines, as well as being cytotoxic in particular conditions. Here, the latest progress in the development of engineered therapeutics and diagnostics inspired by immune cells to ameliorate cancer, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular complications, and infectious diseases is reviewed, and finally, the perspective for their clinical application is delineated.
Over 14% Efficiency Single‐Junction Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Reasonable Conformation Modulating in Naphtho[2,3‐b:6,7‐b′]difuran Based Polymer
Authors: Zheng Bing , Qi Feng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Ming , Gao Panfeng , Liu Feng , Li Tianchen , Wei Donghui , Wan Meixiu , Chen Guangming , Huo Lijun , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2021

As one kind of abundant product from renewable resources, furan and its fused‐ring derivatives, have provoked great interest in the context of developing efficient photovoltaic materials. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of furan‐based photovoltaic materials has lagged behind its thiophene counterparts. In this work, in consideration of the ordered π–π stacking via extending conjugation to further improve the charge mobility, a novel furan fused‐ring derivative of naphtho[2,3‐b:6,7‐b′]difuran (NDF) based copolymer of NDF‐3T is designed and synthesized. Because of its favorable linear molecular conformation, the NDF‐3T possesses a high crystallinity, as well as ordered and dense π–π stacking. Subsequently, the NDF‐3T‐based device exhibits an efficient PCE of 14.21%, which is higher than that of the analogue naphthodithiophene (NDT) counterpart (10.86%). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the PCE is also the best record in furan‐based photovoltaic materials. More importantly, the development of line NDF shows great potential in construing highly efficient photovoltaic materials and can be referenced to other furan fused‐ring structures.
Rethinking the Design of Ionic Conductors Using Meyer–Neldel–Conductivity Plot
Authors: Gao Yirong , Li Nana , Wu Yifan , Yang Wenge , Bo Shou‐Hang
Published: March 2021

From the discovery of the first fast ionic conductor silver iodide in the early 20th century to the recent discovery of lithium fast ionic conductors with ionic conductivities surpassing those of liquid electrolytes, high ionic conductivity σ has often been associated with low activation energy Ea following the Arrhenius equation. However, the Meyer–Neldel rule (MNR) indicates that the Ea and prefactor σ0 are correlated, suggesting the relation between the Ea and σ is, in fact, complex. In this perspective, the use of the Meyer–Neldel–conductivity plot and a critical descriptor, Meyer–Neldel energy Δ0, to guide the search for fast ionic conductors is proposed. Reported lithium, sodium, and magnesium ionic conductors are categorized into three types, depending on the relative magnitude between the Δ0 and thermal energy (kBT) at the application temperature. The process by which σ can be optimized by tuning Ea for these types of ionic conductors is elaborated. This principle can be widely applied to all ionic conductors that obey the MNR at any application temperature. Furthermore, a pressure‐tuning approach to measure the Δ0 rapidly is developed. These findings establish a previously missing step for designing new ionic conductors with improved ionic conductivity.
Adding a Visual Communication Tool to the Electronic Health Record to Prevent Pressure Injuries
Authors: Bouyer-Ferullo Sharon , O’Connor Charlene , Kinnealey Ellen , Wrigley Pamela , Osgood Patrice M.
Published: March 2021

Health care organizations no longer receive reimbursement for stage 3, stage 4, and unstageable hospital‐acquired pressure injuries, which are never events that require interdisciplinary collaboration to treat and prevent. Perioperative patients are at risk for developing pressure injuries that may not manifest until five or more days after surgery. This quality improvement project aimed to inform inpatient nursing and health care professionals of the potential areas of skin breakdown after surgery using an annotated image (AI) depicting intraoperative patient positioning. To gauge OR nurses’ use of the AI, we tracked image addition to the patient records weekly from May 2018 to May 2019 and found an overall average participation rate of 80% to 90%. Adding the AI of surgical positioning and pressure points raised awareness of the potential for skin breakdown and became a valuable communication tool for the inpatient nurses who were providing postoperative care to prevent pressure injuries.
Molecular Signatures of Kidney Antibody–Secreting Cells in Lupus Patients With Active Nephritis Upon Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Crickx Etienne , Tamirou Farah , Huscenot Tessa , Costedoat‐Chalumeau Nathalie , Rabant Marion , Karras Alexandre , Robbins Ailsa , Fadeev Tatiana , Le Guern Véronique , Remy Philippe , Hummel Aurélie , Aydin Selda , Lauwerys Bernard , Weill Jean‐Claude , Reynaud Claude‐Agnès , Houssiau Frédéric , Mahévas Matthieu
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study was undertaken to characterize kidney and urine antibody‐secreting cells (ASCs) from patients with active lupus nephritis, before and after induction therapy.

Methods

We included patients with biopsy‐proven active lupus nephritis and performed anti‐CD138 staining of kidney biopsy samples to visualize ASCs. We performed single‐cell gene expression profiling on sorted ASCs from fresh biopsy samples using multiplex reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. We used a gene set that allowed for the study of ASC maturation from plasmablasts to long‐lived plasma cells. We quantified urine ASCs from untreated patients with lupus nephritis at diagnosis and after 6 months of prospective follow‐up during induction therapy.

Results

The number of kidney CD138+ ASCs in 46 untreated patients with lupus nephritis was correlated with a low estimated glomerular filtration rate and with tubulointerstitial damage. Most kidney ASCs from 3 untreated patients had a plasmablast molecular signature; in contrast, in 4 patients with refractory lupus nephritis, the kidney ASCs were mainly long‐lived plasma cells, representing an ASC transcriptional profile similar to that in the bone marrow of 2 healthy donors. Some urine ASCs with a plasmablast signature were detected in patients with untreated active lupus nephritis. The presence of urine ASCs at 6 months was associated with treatment failure.

Conclusion

Our results suggest potential for ASC‐directed therapy in refractory lupus nephritis.
Nachrechnung und Instandsetzung bestehender Dreigurtschütze an der Weser
Authors: Huber Kai , Drenkard Hannah , Braun Norman , Schäfers Matthias
Published: March 2021

Das Landschaftsbild an vielen Gewässern wird durch teils beachtliche Bauwerke des Wasserbaus geprägt. Sie dienen u. a. der Ermöglichung und Aufrechterhaltung der Schifffahrt sowie dem Hochwasserschutz. Ein sicherer Betrieb derer ist daher unerlässlich. Viele Bauwerke sind jedoch bereits am Ende ihrer Nutzungsdauer angekommen und bedürfen besonderer Beachtung. Die Bewertung, Nachrechnung und evtl. Instandsetzung alter Stahlwasserbaukonstruktionen bietet hierbei spannende Aspekte und Besonderheiten, die zu berücksichtigen sind.
Critical regulatory levels in tumor differentiation: Signaling pathways, epigenetics and non‐coding transcripts
Authors: Zolghadr Fatemeh , Bakhshinejad Babak , Davuchbabny Sapir , Sarrafpour Babak , Seyedasli Naisana
Published: March 2021

Approaches to induce tumor differentiation often result in manageable and therapy‐naïve cellular states in cancer cells. This transformation is achieved by activating pathways that drive tumor cells away from plasticity, a state that commonly correlates with enhanced aggression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Here, we discuss signaling pathways, epigenetics and non‐coding RNAs as three main regulatory levels with the potential to drive tumor differentiation and hence as potential targets in differentiation therapy approaches. The success of an effective therapeutic regimen in one cancer, however, does not necessarily sustain across cancer types; a phenomenon largely resulting from heterogeneity in the genetic and physiological landscapes of tumor types necessitating an approach designed for each cancer's unique genetic and phenotypic build‐up.
The role of chronotype and reward processing in understanding social hierarchies in adolescence
Authors: Lunn Judith , Wilcockson Thomas , Donovan Tim , Dondelinger Frank , Perez Algorta Guillermo , Monaghan Padraic
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Circadian rhythms shift toward an evening preference during adolescence, a developmental period marked by greater focus on the social domain and salience of social hierarchies. The circadian system influences maturation of cognitive architecture responsible for motivation and reward, and observation of responses to reward cues has provided insights into neurocognitive processes that underpin adolescent social development. The objective was to investigate whether circadian phase of entrainment (chronotype) predicted both reward‐related response inhibition and social status, and to explore whether mediator and moderator relationships existed between chronotype, reward processing, and social status outcomes.

Methods

Participants were 75 adolescents aged 13–14 years old (41 females) who completed an eye tracking paradigm that involved an inhibitory control task (antisaccade task) within a nonsocial reward (Card Guessing Game) and a social reward (Cyberball Game) context. Chronotype was calculated from weekend midsleep and grouped into early, intermediate, and later terciles. Participants indicated subjective social status compared with peers in seven domains.

Results

An intermediate and later chronotype predicted improved inhibitory control in the social versus nonsocial reward context. Chronotype also predicted higher perceived social status in two domains (powerful, troublemaker). Intermediate chronotypes reported higher “Powerful” status whereas later chronotypes were higher on “Troublemaker.” Improved social reward‐related performance predicted only the higher powerful scores and chronotype moderated this relationship. Improved inhibitory control to social reward predicted higher subjective social status in the intermediate and later chronotype group, an effect that was absent in the early group.

Conclusion

This behavioral study found evidence that changes toward a later phase of entrainment predicts social facilitation effects on inhibitory control and higher perceived power among peers. It is proposed here that circadian delayed phase in adolescence is linked to approach‐related motivation, and the social facilitation effects could reflect a social cognitive capacity involved in the drive to achieve social rank.
New Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Illicium majus and Their Radical Scavenging Activities
Authors: Li Fang , Yan Ting‐Ting , Fu Ying‐Ying , Zhang Nen‐Ling , Wang Lei , Zhang Yan‐Bing , Du Juan , Liu Ji‐Feng
Published: March 2021

Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the branch and leaves of Illicium majus resulted in the isolation of four new phenylpropanoid glycosides (1–4) and one new phenolic glycoside (9), along with 13 known ones. Spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate the structures of the new isolates such as 3‐[(2R,3S)‐7‐hydroxy‐2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐benzofuran‐5‐yl]propyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1), [(2R,3S)‐7‐hydroxy‐2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐benzofuran‐3‐yl]methyl 2‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2), [(2R,3S)‐7‐hydroxy‐2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐benzofuran‐3‐yl]methyl 2‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐β‐D‐xylopyranoside (3), 3‐[(2R,3S)‐3‐({[2‐O‐(4‐O‐acetyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl]oxy}methyl)‐7‐hydroxy‐2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐benzofuran‐5‐yl]propyl acetate (4), and 4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)phenyl 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (9). Free radical scavenging activities of the isolates were elucidated through the DPPH assay method. The most active compounds, 1‐O‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose (17) and soulieana acid 1 (18), exhibited moderate radical scavenging activities (IC50=37.7±4.4 μM and IC50=97.2±3.4 μM, respectively). The antibacterial activities of the isolates against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were also assessed, and no activity was shown at the measured concentration (<32 μg/mL).
In Situ Raman Study of Potential‐Dependent Surface Adsorbed Carbonate, CO, OH, and C Species on Cu Electrodes During Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
Authors: Moradzaman Mozhgan , Mul Guido
Published: March 2021

Using in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and 13C/12C and D2O/H2O isotopic labeling for assignment, we show potential dependent transients in surface composition of Cu‐catalyzed electrochemical reduction of CO2 in carbonate solution. First, reduction of Cu(I)oxide is accompanied by adsorption of predominantly monodentate carbonate at ∼1067 cm−1 starting in the potential range from [+0.2 V→−0.2 V]. Contrary to recently advocated hypotheses, and based on the significant presence at anodic potential, a band in this potential range at ∼1540 cm−1 can be assigned to bidentate carbonate. As expected, appearance of surface CO was observed in the range of [−0.4 V→−1.0 V], clearly identified by the Cu−CO vibration at 360 cm−1. Most importantly, at the more negative end of this potential range, we identified the formation of surface OH, and for the first time a surface Cu−C species, showing Raman bands at ∼525 cm−1 (Cu−OH) and ∼500 cm−1 (Cu−C), respectively. In the potential range of [−1.0 V→−1.4 V], surface CO disappears, while the Cu−OH and Cu−C species are persistent. Interestingly positive polarization at >0.1 V removes these species and restores the surface to Cu(I)oxide, rendering the surface processes completely reversible. Implications of this study for mechanistic understanding of electrode deactivation and practical operation are discussed.
Filling The Gap in The Metallacrown Family: The 9‐MC‐3 Chromium Metallacrown
Authors: Lüpke Anne , Carrella Luca M. , Rentschler Eva
Published: March 2021

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Eva Rentschler at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. The image depicts a puzzle that represents the metallacrown family with the gap for the chromium metallacrown complex. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202004947.
Synthesis and Initial Characterization of a Selective, Pseudo‐irreversible Inhibitor of Human Butyrylcholinesterase as PET Tracer
Authors: Gentzsch Christian , Hoffmann Matthias , Ohshima Yasuhiro , Nose Naoko , Chen Xinyu , Higuchi Takahiro , Decker Michael
Published: March 2021

The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) represents a promising target for imaging probes to potentially enable early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to monitor disease progression in some forms of cancer. In this study, we present the design, facile synthesis, in vitro and preliminary ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of a morpholine‐based, selective inhibitor of human BChE as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer with a pseudo‐irreversible binding mode. We demonstrate a novel protecting group strategy for 18F radiolabeling of carbamate precursors and show that the inhibitory potency as well as kinetic properties of our unlabeled reference compound were retained in comparison to the parent compound. In particular, the prolonged duration of enzyme inhibition of such a morpholinocarbamate motivated us to design a PET tracer, possibly enabling a precise mapping of BChE distribution.
Benzimidazoles in Drug Discovery: A Patent Review
Authors: Law Christine S. W. , Yeong Keng Y.
Published: March 2021

Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic ring system that has been widely studied in the pharmaceutical field. For the past decade, numerous benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their wide range of pharmacological activities, which are beneficial for drug development. This article presents the biological effects of benzimidazole derivatives in each invention from 2015 to 2020. Two patent databases, Google Patents and Lens, were used to locate relevant granted patent applications. Specifically, this review delineates the role of patented benzimidazoles from a disease‐centric perspective and examines the mechanisms of action of these compounds in related diseases. Most of the benzimidazoles have shown good activities against various target proteins. Whilst several of them have progressed into clinical trials, most patents presented novel therapeutic approaches for respective target diseases. Hence, their potential in being developed into clinical drugs are also discussed.
In situ X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Platinum Electrocatalysts
Authors: Morris David J. , Zhang Peng
Published: March 2021

Platinum nanocatalysts have shown high performance in a wide variety of electrocatalytic reactions, making them the focus of many studies. High quality characterization results are vital for the proper understanding of a catalyst's structure and properties, allowing for further discoveries to be made. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy is a powerful characterization tool, permitting both the local structure and electronic properties to be determined for a sample of interest. This can be taken further by collecting in situ measurements, which offer the unique advantage of characterization results collected in real‐time while the catalytic reaction is taking place. This review summarizes recent studies which utilized in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize platinum nanocatalysts, highlighting the important structural parameters and electronic properties determined under the real catalytic reaction conditions. Specific examples of catalysts for use in the oxygen reduction reaction, chlorine evolution reaction, and carbon monoxide oxidation are discussed in detail. Future prospects for work in this field are also highlighted and discussed.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Among Ezetimibe, Rosuvastatin, and Telmisartan
Authors: Huh Ki Young , Lee Sang Won , Lee Si Beum , Kim Kyung Tae , Jang In‐Jin , Lee SeungHwan
Published: March 2021

To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions among rosuvastatin, ezetimibe, and telmisartan, a randomized, open‐label, 3‐period, 6‐sequence crossover study was conducted in healthy subjects. Subjects received one of the following treatments once daily for 7 days in each period with a 1‐week washout: a fixed‐dose combination of ezetimibe/rosuvastatin 10/20 mg, telmisartan 80 mg, combination therapy of ezetimibe/rosuvastatin 10/20 mg, or telmisartan 80 mg. Blood samples were collected up to 24 hours postdose at steady state. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and their 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the combination therapy to monotherapy for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax,ss), and the area under the time‐concentration curve within a dosing interval at steady state (AUCtau,ss) were estimated. Among the 36 randomized subjects, 31 subjects completed the study. The GMRs and 90%CIs of Cmax,ss and AUCtau,ss of total ezetimibe were not significantly altered. The Cmax,ss of free ezetimibe was increased (GMR, 1.85; 90%CI, 1.56–2.19) but not for the AUCtau,ss (GMR, 1.16; 90%CI, 1.06–1.26). Similarly, the Cmax,ss of rosuvastatin was increased (GMR, 2.13; 90%CI, 1.88–2.43) without a change in the AUCtau,ss (GMR, 1.09; 90%CI, 1.03–1.15). The Cmax,ss (GMR, 1.16; 90%CI, 1.01–1.32) and AUCtau,ss (GMR, 1.26; 90%CI, 1.17–1.37) of telmisartan were slightly increased. Considering the therapeutic range of the components, the interaction would have limited clinical impact.
Relating prostate‐specific antigen leakage with vascular tumor growth in a mathematical model of prostate cancer response to androgen deprivation
Authors: Barnaby Johnna P. , Sorribes Inmaculada C. , Jain Harsh Vardhan
Published: March 2021

The use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) as a prognostic indicator for prostate cancer (PCa) patients is controversial, especially since it has been shown to correlate poorly with tumor burden. The poor quality of PSA as a biomarker could be explained by current guidelines not accounting for the mechanism by which it enters circulation. Given that mature blood vessels are relatively impermeable to it, we hypothesize that immature and leaky blood vessels, formed under angiogenic cues in a hypoxic tumor, facilitate PSA extravasation into circulation. To explore our hypothesis, we develop a nonlinear dynamical systems model describing the vascular growth of PCa, that explicitly links PSA leakage into circulation with changes in intra‐tumoral oxygen tension and vessel permeability. The model is calibrated versus serum PSA and tumor burden time‐courses from a mouse xenograft model of castration resistant PCa response to androgen deprivation. The model recapitulates the experimentally observed and – counterintuitive – phenomenon of increasing tumor burden despite decreasing serum PSA levels. The validated model is then extended to the human scale by incorporating patient‐specific parameters and fitting individual PSA time‐courses from patients with biochemically failing PCa. Our results highlight the limitations of using time to PSA failure as a clinical indicator of androgen deprivation efficacy. We propose an alternative indicator, namely a treatment efficacy index, for patients with castration resistant disease, to identify who would benefit most from enhanced androgen deprivation. A critical challenge in PCa therapeutics is quantifying the relationship between serum PSA and tumor burden. Our results underscore the potential of mathematical modeling in understanding the limitations of serum PSA as a prognostic indicator. Finally, we provide a means of augmenting PSA time‐courses in the diagnostic process, with changes in intra‐tumoral vascularity and vascular architecture.
‘Never mind children’s cognition, what about mine?’ Teachers’ perspectives of the enactment of policy: The case of metacognition
Authors: Branigan Heather E.
Published: March 2021

Educational policy in the UK and beyond increasingly focuses on promoting skills that encourage learners to be independent thinkers and to self‐manage their own learning. While the educational benefits of metacognition (i.e., thinking about and managing one’s own thinking) are widely acknowledged, little attention has been paid to teachers’ perspectives about the enactment of such approaches within the educational setting. Thus, this interview study seeks to investigate Scottish primary schools teachers’ perspectives about the enactment of policy, using metacognition as an exemplar case. Analysis produced two broad themes that distinguished between ‘bottom‐up’ implementation of metacognitive approaches, and more commonly described ‘top‐down’ approaches promoted by local or national policy. The perceived ‘changing tide’ of externally set top‐down initiatives was described as particularly challenging for teachers to negotiate, resulting in a perceived crowding of the curriculum and associated ‘tick‐boxing’ practices. Results are discussed in relation to the process of enactment—arguing that the predominance of top‐down policy initiatives acts to restrict teachers’ agency by diminishing professionalism and promoting performativity.
One size does not fit all. Genomics differentiates among anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Hübel Christopher , Abdulkadir Mohamed , Herle Moritz , Loos Ruth J. F. , Breen Gerome , Bulik Cynthia M. , Micali Nadia
Published: March 2021

Objective

Genome‐wide association studies have identified multiple genomic regions associated with anorexia nervosa. No genome‐wide studies of other eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder, have been performed, despite their substantial heritability. Exploratively, we aimed to identify traits that are genetically associated with binge‐type eating disorders.

Method

We calculated genome‐wide polygenic scores for 269 trait and disease outcomes using PRSice v2.2 and their association with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge‐eating disorder in up to 640 cases and 17,050 controls from the UK Biobank. Significant associations were tested for replication in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (up to 217 cases and 3,018 controls).

Results

Individuals with binge‐type eating disorders had higher polygenic scores than controls for other psychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and higher polygenic scores for body mass index.

Discussion

Our findings replicate some of the known comorbidities of eating disorders on a genomic level and motivate a deeper investigation of shared and unique genomic factors across the three primary eating disorders.
The longitudinal relationship between family and peer teasing in young adulthood and later unhealthy weight control behaviors: The mediating role of body image
Authors: Rodgers Rachel F. , Simone Melissa , Franko Debra L. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Loth Katie , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne
Published: March 2021

Objective

Sociocultural theories hold that family and peer weight‐related teasing increases the risk for unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) by negatively impacting body image. Although much cross‐sectional support exists for these pathways, longitudinal data are lacking. This study tested the longitudinal relationships among peer and family teasing (occurrence and perceived impact) in early adolescence, body satisfaction in late adolescence, and UWCBs in young adulthood among a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population.

Method

Data were drawn from three waves of Project EAT over a 15‐year period (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults), and included responses from 1,902 young adults (57% female).

Results

Among female participants, a mediated indirect pathway emerged with family weight‐related teasing predicting increased engagement in UWCBs in early adulthood via poorer body image in late adolescence. In contrast, peer teasing did not predict body image or UWCBs. Among boys, the mediated indirect pathways were not significant. However, poor body image in late adolescent males predicted higher likelihood of engaging in UCWBs in early adulthood.

Discussion

These findings support the long‐term impact of family weight‐related teasing on greater risk for UWCBs among girls and young women, and poor body image as a mechanism accounting for this relationship. Moreover, the results highlight the poor body image among adolescent boys as a factor for increased risk of engaging in UWCBs in early adulthood. Pending replication in current cohorts, health promotion and prevention involving family members of early adolescents that address family weight teasing and body image are needed.
Synthesis of Imidazoles from Fatty 1,2‐Diketones
Authors: Bouchakour Mansouria , Daaou Mortada , Duguet Nicolas
Published: March 2021

Unsaturated vegetable oils and their corresponding fatty acid derivatives constitute interesting renewable platforms for the preparation of heterocycles, notably through the formation of oxygenated intermediates. In this work, fatty imidazoles were prepared from the corresponding 1,2‐diketones through Debus‐Radziszewski reaction. The reaction was optimized under microwave irradiation using a 1,2‐diketone derived from methyl oleate and ammonium acetate as a nitrogen source. Using benzaldehyde as a model substrate, the reaction occurs at 180 °C for 5 min and the desired imidazole was formed in 96 % GC yield. A range of aldehydes was tested under the optimized conditions and the corresponding imidazoles were obtained in 33–99 % isolated yields (20 examples).
Assessing non‐steady‐state erosion processes using paired 10Be–26Al in southeastern Tibet
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Long , Cui Li‐Feng , Xu Sheng , Liu Cong‐Qiang , Zhao Zhi‐Qi , Zhang Mao‐Liang , Liu‐Zeng Jing
Published: March 2021

Quantifying erosion rates over various spatial and temporal scales across the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountains is crucial to understanding the topographic evolution of the orogen. In this work, we report a new dataset of 10Be‐derived basin‐wide erosion rates from the main tributaries and streams draining the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The 22 basin‐wide erosion rates ranged from 78 ± 7 m Myear−1 to 3,490 ± 612 m Myear−1 across the study area. 26Al was contemporarily measured to evaluate the impact of sediment storage and non‐steady‐state erosion processes in the syntaxis region. The paired study of 10Be and 26Al reveals that several samples violated the steady‐state erosion assumption and were compatible with the scenario of perturbation of reworked sediments or deeply sourced materials introduced by landslides. For most samples, deep‐sourced materials with higher 26Al/10Be ratios were no longer perturbing the 10Be signals in river sediments. It is possible that the deep‐sourced materials had been wiped out of the basins before the collection of samples in this work. However, the perturbation of reworked sediments was observed over a range of basin scales, limiting the use of a single sediment sample as a representative erosion product for upstream basins. Compared with tectonically stable regions, the incorporation of reworked fluvial sediments, deeply sourced materials or sub‐glacial eroded materials into sampled sediments led to the decoupling between basin‐wide erosion rates and topographic or climatic indices. Caution should be taken when deriving erosion rates from rapidly eroding regions with old, deeply buried sediments such as the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, where calculated erosion rates may be highly overestimated.
Antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, and hemostatic activities of Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) merr
Authors: Chen Zefeng , Cheng Shupeng , Lin Huiqiong , Wu Wenjing , Liang Liyi , Chen Xicai , Zheng Xi , He Yan , Zhang Kun
Published: March 2021

Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr (AT) is a medicinal and edible plant with high nutritional value. The biological activity of A. trifoliatus (L.) Merr and its basis for injury treatment are explored in this paper. AT was ethanol‐extracted then refined separately with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n‐butanol. Active ingredients were analyzed, and anti‐bacterial, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, and hemostatic effects were explored. Petroleum ether layer (PEL) extract produced the strongest antibacterial effect. Ethyl acetate layer (EAL) extract had the highest active substance content, with strong hemostatic and analgesic activities. Chloroform layer (CL) extract had the strongest anti‐inflammatory effect and significantly reduced IL‐1β protein expression. Active ingredients were analyzed using HPLC and UPLC‐MS to determine saponin, polyphenol, flavonoid, and characteristic ingredient contents. EAL extract had the highest polyphenol and flavonoid levels, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C, which may contribute to its nutritional activities. The study provides a reliable theoretical and practical basis for the applications of AT nutraceutical products.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with additional chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A pooled analysis of propensity score‐matching studies
Authors: Li Minmin , Zhang Bin , Chen Qiuying , Zhang Lu , Mo Xiaokai , Chen Zhuozhi , Jin Zhe , Chen Luyan , You Jingjing , Zhang Shuixing
Published: March 2021

Objective

To determine the benefits of adding induction chemotherapy (IC) and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) based on propensity score‐matching (PSM) studies.

Methods

Eligible PSM studies were searched in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to September 1, 2020. The primary endpoints included overall survival (OS), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), and locoregional recurrence‐free survival (LRFS).

Results

A total of 14 trials consisting of 4086 participants were included. Significant benefits were observed between IC + CCRT and CCRT for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–0.91) and DMFS (HR, 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.94) with the exception of LRFS (HR, 1.14; 95% CI: 0.90–1.43). However, CCRT + AC did not achieve significant improvements.

Conclusions

IC with CCRT yields significant survival benefits in terms of OS and DMFS, whereas CCRT with AC fails to achieve any additional benefit in all endpoints.
Characteristics and biologic effects of thermosensitive quercetin‐chitosan/collagen hydrogel on human periodontal ligament stem cells
Authors: Arpornmaeklong Premjit , Sareethammanuwat Maytha , Apinyauppatham Komsan , Boonyuen Supakorn
Published: March 2021

Thermosensitive hydrogels could function as scaffolds and delivery vehicle of natural flavonoids. The current study aimed to investigate effects of chitosan/collagen ratios on properties of thermosensitive beta‐glycerophosphate (bGP) chitosan/collagen hydrogels as delivery vehicle of quercetin and then examined effects of quercetin‐hydrogels on growth and cell viability of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Microstructure and physical, mechanical and antioxidant properties and quercetin release profiles of the hydrogels were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction analyses were performed to examine gelation process of the hydrogels. Antioxidant assays were conducted to measure antioxidant capacity of quercetin‐hydrogels. It was found that bGP‐chitosan/collagen hydrogels exhibited porous structures with interconnected pore architecture and could sustain quercetin release. Chitosan content improved well defined porous structure, increased porosity of the hydrogels and decreased releasing rate of quercetin from the hydrogels. The quercetin‐bGP‐2:1 (wt/wt) chitosan/collagen hydrogels exhibited antioxidant capacity and were able to promote growth of hPDLSCs in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the thermosensitive quercetin‐bGP‐2:1 (wt/wt) chitosan/collagen hydrogel demonstrated optimal properties of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and sustained release of natural flavonoids. Incorporating quercetin in the chitosan/collagen hydrogel enhanced bioactive microenvironment that supported stem cell encapsulation.
An attempt to classify the botanical origin of honey using visible spectroscopy
Authors: Lorenc Zofia , Paśko Sławomir , Pakuła Anna , Teper Dariusz , Sałbut Leszek
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

The production of honey, and especially the unifloral varieties, is limited by factors such as weather conditions or the availability of nectar flow and honeydew. This results in a deficit in supply leading to the adulteration of honey. If they are not properly labeled, customers cannot distinguish artificial / synthetic products from real honey. Currently, the basic, commonly used method for determining the varieties of honey (botanical origin) is palynological analysis. However, this procedure is quite difficult owing to the dearth of experienced staff in the field of melissopalynology.

RESULTS

A method for identifying and classifying natural honey accurately based on its botanical origin has therefore been proposed. This analysis would rely on the visible light spectra transmitted through a relatively thin layer of the substance of interest, regardless of deviations in thickness. We present algorithms for analyzing the transmittance spectra‐parametrization based on polynomial approximation (PMA) and applying a method for spectra selection and reduction (SSR) and a classical classification model (decision tree). A comparison is presented of the classification of four varieties of honey, confirmed by pollen analysis, obtained from the analysis of optically measured transmittance spectra of the samples. The algorithms that are compared contain a decision tree that uses raw data, data reduced by principal component analysis (PCA), and data after calculations based on the proposed algorithms alone (PMA and SSR) and together with the PCA method.

CONCLUSION

This novel method produced outstanding results in comparison with the standard PCA method and is helpful in identifying the botanical origin of honey effectively. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Paranasal Sinuses: The Mayo Clinic Experience and Review of the Literature
Authors: Smith Alyssa J. , Choby Garret , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Link Michael J. , Van Abel Kathryn M.
Published: March 2021

Objective/Hypothesis

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, lytic bone lesions, which rarely present in the paranasal sinuses. There is no published consensus on the appropriate diagnostic or treatment approach. Our objective was to elucidate the clinical behavior, treatment, and outcomes for patients with ABCs of the paranasal sinuses (psABCs).

Study Design

Retrospective case series and system review of the literature.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients evaluated at the authors' institution with psABC and consolidated with literature reports of psABC.

Results

Eighty‐nine patients met inclusion criteria. The most common presenting symptom was painless facial swelling (n = 35, 39%). The ethmoid sinuses were the most common site involved (n = 55, 62%). Surgical approach was reported in 74 cases including 20 endoscopic and 54 with an open or combined approach. Fifty‐nine patients (71%) underwent gross total resection. Follow up data was reported for 67 patients. Fifteen patients (22%) were found to have recurrence or progression at follow up; 10/15 (66%) patients within the first 12 months, 14/15 (93%) within the first 24 months, and 1/15 (7%) greater than 24 months after treatment. Patients were more likely to have recurrence/progression if they presented with nasal discharge (P = .05), proptosis (P = .01), or orbital involvement (P = .03).

Conclusions

psABCs typically present with painless swelling or nasal obstruction. Orbital involvement is a negative prognostic indicator with these patients more likely to have recurrence after treatment. Recurrence or progression of disease is most likely to occur within 2 years after treatment. Therefore, patients should be monitored closely during this time.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2525–E2533, 2021
Frailty as a Predictor of Postoperative Complications Following Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Henry Roger K. , Reeves Russell A. , Wackym P. Ashley , Ahmed Omar H. , Hanft Simon J. , Kwong Kelvin M.
Published: March 2021

Objective/Hypothesis

Frailty has emerged as a powerful risk stratification tool across surgical specialties; however, an analysis of the impact of frailty on outcomes following skull base surgery has not been published. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the 5‐factor modified frailty index (mFI‐5) as a predictor of perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing skull base surgery.

Methods

A mFI‐5 score was calculated for patients undergoing skull base surgeries using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database from 2005 to 2018. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of increasing frailty with complications in the 30‐day postoperative period, with a subanalysis by operative location.

Results

A total of 17,912 patients who underwent skull base procedures were identified, with 45.5% of patients having a frailty score of one or greater; 44.9% were male and the mean age was 52.0 (±16.1 SD) years. Multivariable regression analysis revealed frailty to be an independent predictor of overall complications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.325, P < .001), life‐threatening complications (OR: 1.428, P < .001), and mortality (OR: 1.453, P < .001). Higher frailty also correlated with increased length of stay. When procedures were stratified by operative location, frailty correlated significantly with overall complications for middle, posterior, and multiple‐fossae operations but not the anterior fossa.

Conclusions

Frailty demonstrates a significant and stepwise association with life‐threatening postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay following skull base surgeries. mFI‐5 is an objective and easily calculable measure of preoperative risk, which may facilitate perioperative planning and counseling regarding outcomes prior to surgery.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:1977–1984, 2021
Spatial variability of prokaryotic and viral abundances in the Kermadec and Atacama Trench regions
Authors: Schauberger Clemens , Middelboe Mathias , Larsen Morten , Peoples Logan M. , Bartlett Douglas H. , Kirpekar Finn , Rowden Ashley A. , Wenzhöfer Frank , Thamdrup Bo , Glud Ronnie N.
Published: March 2021

Hadal trenches represent the deepest part of the ocean and are dynamic depocenters with intensified prokaryotic activity. Here, we explored the distribution and drivers of prokaryotic and viral abundance from the ocean surface and 40 cm into sediments in two hadal trench regions with contrasting surface productivity. In the water column, prokaryotic and viral abundance decreased with water depth before reaching a rather stable level at ~ 4000 m depth at both trench systems, while virus to prokaryote ratios were increasing with depth, presumably reflecting the declining availability of organic material. Prokaryotic and viral abundances in sediments were lower at the adjacent abyssal sites than at the hadal sites and declined exponentially with sediment depth, closely tracking the attenuation of total organic carbon (TOC) content. In contrast, hadal sediment exhibited erratic depth profiles of prokaryotes and viruses with many subsurface peaks. The prokaryotic abundance correlated well to extensive fluctuations in TOC content at centimeter scale, which were likely caused by recurring mass wasting events. Yet while prokaryotic and viral abundances cross correlated well in the abyssal sediments, there was no clear correlation in the hadal sites. The results suggested that dynamic depositional conditions and higher substrate availability result in a high spatial heterogeneity in viral and prokaryotic abundances in hadal sediments in comparison to more stable abyssal settings. We argue that these conditions enhance the relatively importance of viruses for prokaryotic mortality and carbon recycling in hadal settings.
Facile Grafting Modification of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride‐co‐Trifluoroethylene) Directly from Inner CHCH Bonds
Authors: Wang Miao , Liao Jiani , Peng Biyun , Zhang Ying , Tan Shaobo , Zhang Zhicheng
Published: March 2021

To endow new functions to poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based fluoropolymers and expand their application fields, chemical modification is a useful tool to achieve this goal. In this work, the grafting of varied vinyl monomers onto PVDF backbone is achieved via the radical polymerization process using poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) bearing CHCH double bonds (P(VDF‐TrFE‐DB)) as initiator, which is obtained by a controlled dehydrofluorination reaction of P(VDF‐TrFE). The graft copolymerization is achieved under mild conditions, and the composition of the graft copolymers can be regulated by changing the reaction conditions. Moreover, the introduction of low‐polar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) side chains can effectively adjust the crystallization and dielectric properties of P(VDF‐TrFE). This work may offer a facile method for preparing PVDF‐based graft copolymers.
Translation, cross‐cultural adaptation, and reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the SF‐Qualiveen in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zenginler Yazgan Yonca , Tarakci Ela , Ovacik Ugur , Kurtuncu Murat
Published: March 2021

Aims

The short form Qualiveen (SF‐Qualiveen) is a simple, easy to understand, and valid scale used to evaluate the effect of urologic problems on quality of life in neurological patients. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Turkish version of the SF‐Qualiveen in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).

Methods

Translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was carried out after obtaining the necessary permissions. To decide on the final Turkish version of SF‐Qualiveen, ten pwMS with urologic problems were pre‐tested. Patients included in the study were asked to complete the Turkish SF‐Qualiveen and urinary distress inventory‐short form (UDI‐6) questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the scale were determined after the retest 2 weeks later.

Results

Sixty‐three pwMS with urologic problems were enrolled. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.87) and reproducibility intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.97) were good for the total SF‐Qualiveen. The Cronbach's α and ICC values ranged from 0.43 to 0.77 and 0.88–0.98 for SF‐Qualiveen subscales, respectively. Content validity of the questionnaire was appropriate. A moderate correlation was founded between the SF‐Qualiveen and the UDI‐6 (r = 0.62; p < 0.001). There were no floor or ceiling effects in our study.

Conclusion

The Turkish version of the SF‐Qualiveen is a valid and reliable questionnaire for pwMS.