bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAPPING AND ENHANCING DESIGN STUDIES WITH PSI META-THEORETIC DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Authors: Reich Yoram , Subrahmanian Eswaran
Published: August 2021

Design research as a field has been studied from diverse perspectives starting from product inception to their disposal. The product of these studies includes knowledge, tools, methods, processes, frameworks, approaches, and theories. The contexts of these studies are innumerable. The unit of these studies varies from individuals to organizations, using a variety of theoretical tools and methods that have fragmented the field, making it difficult to understand the map of this corpus of knowledge across this diversity.

In this paper, we propose a model-based approach that on the one hand, does not delve into the details of the design object itself, but on the other hand, unifies the description of design problem at another abstraction level. The use of this abstract framework allows for describing and comparing underlying models of published design studies using the same language to place them in the right context in which design takes place and to enable to inter-relate them, to understand the wholes and the parts of design studies.

Patterns of successful studies could be generated and used by researchers to improve the design of new studies, understand the outcome of existing studies, and plan follow-up studies.
METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING SUITABLE COMPONENTS FOR FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION – FOCUSING ON GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Voigt Michael P. , Klaiber Dominik , Hommel Patrick , Roth Daniel , Binz Hansgeorg , Vietor Thomas
Published: August 2021

The approach of functional integration has the potential to solve challenges regarding lightweight design and resource efficiency since the number of parts and therefore the weight and needed installation space can be reduced. One important step in developing integrative concepts is the pre-selection of suitable functions or components. Previous methods of pre-selection take various aspects into account. However, pre-selection based on these methods usually requires additional tables and forms, whose preparation and editing quickly becomes time-consuming. At the same time, most of the development engineers are working on CAD models. However, their use in the selection of suitable integration partners is not yet supported sufficiently. The development of more than 80 concepts on five different vehicles has shown that the consideration of geometric properties (position, orientation, size) is effective, as they can be identified with minimal analysis effort while working on CAD. In this paper a four-step procedure is presented how integration partners can be identified directly on the basis of CAD models. A following evaluation with development engineers in practice completes the research.
MIXED REALITY PROTOTYPING: SYNCHRONICITY AND ITS IMPACT ON A DESIGN WORKFLOW
Authors: Kent Lee , Snider Chris , Hicks Ben
Published: August 2021

Design is multi-modal, and depending on the current stage in the process, progress can be facilitated through working in either the physical or virtual domain with frequent iterations commonly required between. Traditionally, prototyping workflows are sequential, although current trends such as Digital Twinning and Mixed Reality (MR) enable decreased domain transition times, reducing the cycle time. This leads towards fully integrated digital-physical prototypes, enabling work in both domains simultaneously by increasing synchronicity of select variables. This paper considers those variables involved, the sensors that measure them and their rate of synchronisation, thereby investigating the feasibility of MR workflow interventions, and exploring the benefits that may be realised. The paper identifies four components of MR implementations in prototyping and myriad methods by which domain transition may occur and uses these in context of a case study to propose four levels of workflow synchronisation. It was found achieving some high rates of synchronicity is possible, but achieving the highest levels as prescribed by digital twinning is neither feasible nor pragmatic against current MR capabilities and design prototyping workflows.
MODEL-DRIVEN PRODUCT SERVICE SYSTEMS DESIGN: THE MODEL-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT AND DECISION SUPPORT (MD3S) APPROACH
Authors: Bertoni Alessandro , Larsson Tobias , Wall Johan , Johansson Askling Christian
Published: August 2021

The paper presents a Model-Driven approach for Product-Service System (PSS) Design promoting an increased digitalization of the PSS design process based on the combination of data-driven design (DDD) activities and value-driven design (VDD) methods. The approach is the results of an 8-year long research profile named (omitted for blind review) featuring the collaboration between (omitted for blind review) and nine industrial companies, in the field of PSS Design. It combines VDD models and the supporting data-driven activities in the frame of PSS design and aligns with the product value stream and the knowledge value stream in the product innovation process as described by Kennedy et al. (2008). The paper provides a high-level overview of the approach describing the different stages and activities, and provides references to external scientific contributions for more exhaustive descriptions of the research rationale and validity. The approach is meant to ultimately drive the development and implementation of a simulation environment for cross-functional and multi-disciplinary decision making in PSS, named Model-Driven Decision Arena, describe in the concluding part of the paper.
APPLICATION OF A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (HICE) BUSSES
Authors: Salehi Vahid Douzloo
Published: August 2021

Hydrogen is a promising fuel to fulfil climate goals and future legislation requirements due to its carbon-free property. Especially hydrogen fueled buses and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) strongly move into the foreground. In contrast to the hydrogen-based fuel cell technology, which is already in commercial use, vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) are also a currently pursued field of research, representing a potentially holistic carbon-free drive train. Real applications of H2-ICE vehicles are currently not known but can be expected, since their suitability is put to test in a few insolated projects at this time. This paper provides a literature survey to reflect the current state of H2-ICEs focused on city buses. An extended view to HDVs and fuel cell technology allows to recognize trends in hydrogen transport sector, to identify further research potential and to derive useful conclusion. In addition, within this paper we apply green MAGIC as a holistic approach and discuss Well-to-Tank green hydrogen supply in relation to a H2-ICE city bus. Building on that, we introduce the upcoming Hydrogen-bus project, where tests of H2-ICE buses in real driving mode are foreseen to investigate Tank-to-Wheel.
ON INCLUSION, DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND ACCESSIBILITY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN. A REVIEW OF ASSESSMENT TOOLS.
Authors: Zallio Matteo , Clarkson P. John
Published: August 2021

Since the mid-20th century, assessing the performance of the built environment was recognized as an instrument to improve the efficiency in the design and construction processes. However, it appears difficult to identify assessment tools that currently include a holistic assessment of inclusion, diversity, equity and accessibility criteria for the built environments.

A systematic literature review was performed to define the state of the art of assessment tools in the domain of civil engineering and architectural design, and to identify gaps in the criteria of inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility.

The review highlighted three fundamental aspects. First, how the binomial relationship between regulations and assessment tools is not mutually exclusive. Second, how the process of assessing buildings is shifting towards mixed evaluation methods. Third, how assessment tools have been developed with a perceivable evolutionary latency from when standards were released.

With this work, we produced a state-of-the-art overview about inclusion, diversity, equity and accessibility (IDEA) in the built environment, to inform the development of tools that will foster the design of future inclusive environments.
ON THE USE OF MODEL BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND CAD FOR THE DESIGN OF PHYSICAL PRODUCTS
Authors: Meussen Bernhard
Published: August 2021

Model based systems engineering is often used as an alternative to the document based design of software or other technical systems. Its focus lies on the modelling of procedural aspects of the products, rather than on physical aspects. In mechanical engineering, the geometry and the physical properties of the product like strength, stiffness, kinematic and kinetic behaviour are described by CAD-systems. This paper tries to link model based systems engineering tools with modern CAD tools to facilitate the digitization of the development processes of physical products as part of the digitization of new digital business models.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCES
Authors: Hammouch Hanane , Hein Andreas Makoto , Condat Helene
Published: August 2021

Organizational competences are one of the main assets of companies. Models of these competences would allow for systematic reasoning for exploring technological innovations, enabled by combining and transposing organizational competences. Today, the literature linking organizational competencies to engineering design and systems engineering remains limited. In particular, a generic modelling approach for organizational competencies for engineering design and systems engineering seems to be missing, although first frameworks have been proposed for specific purposes. This paper presents a generic conceptual model of organizational competences. The objective is to link technology, product, and systems development with the corresponding organizational competencies and their future evolution in order to allow for a joint design of competencies and technologies, products, or systems. The conceptual model provides the basis for a competence combination framework which allows for modeling competence combinations in an organization. Finally, we validate our conceptual model using a case study from the automotive industry.
PROPOSING A SPECIFICATION STRUCTURE FOR COMPLEX PRODUCTS IN MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (MBSE)
Authors: Fahl Joshua , Hirschter Tobias , Wöhrle Gabriel , Albers Albert
Published: August 2021

This research work presents a methodological support for the specification of complex products. This is achieved by developing a specification structure in a MBSE environment. The new method draws on success factors of complex product specification, principles of MBSE and the explanatory model of PGE – Product Generation Engineering. For evaluation, the method is applied within a student development project. A high applicability and the realization of novel synergies for coping with continuously increasing product complexity is demonstrated.
APPLICATION OF THE RE-CYCLING METHOD TO SUPPORT DESIGN FOR AND FROM END-OF-LIFE.
Authors: Martínez Leal Jorge , Pompidou Stéphane , Charbuillet Carole , Perry Nicolas
Published: August 2021

Nowadays, the world is shifting towards a more sustainable way of life, and product designers have an important part in this change. They have to eco(re)design their products to make them environmentally conscious throughout their lifecycle, and especially at their end-of-life (EoL). However, one can observe that synergy between product designers and recycling-chains stakeholders is lacking, mainly due to their weak communication. While many design-for-EoL approaches coexist in the literature, design from EoL must also be taken into account to fully develop a circular economy.

RE-CYCLING is an innovative design approach that supports both design for and from EoL. This paper focuses on the recycling EoL-option and the validation of the associated indicators. To validate the design-for-recycling indicators, the recyclability of three smartphones is assessed. It is expected that indicators provide a similar score as none of them was designed to be recycled; results comply with expectations. In parallel, the convenience of using recycled materials in smartphones is analysed to validate our design-from-recycling indicators. It is found that the proposed indicators can indeed support designers integrating recycled materials in products.
PROTOTYPING IN SOCIAL VR: ANTICIPATE THE UNANTICIPATED OUTCOMES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AI-POWERED SOLUTIONS AND USERS
Authors: Mariani Elena , Kooijman Finn Søren Casper , Shah Priyanka , Stoimenova Niya
Published: August 2021

Interactions of users with AI powered solutions (AIPS) have the potential to affect collective behaviours and amplify unanticipated outcomes. Product developers, organisations, and companies are increasingly being expected to take responsibility for the unanticipated outcomes of their products. In this paper we explore a proactive approach to prototyping AIPS-user interactions using Social Virtual Reality (SVR) environments that allows for the anticipation of potential outcomes. We contend that doing so would limit the detrimental effect outcomes could have on product developers' resources and reputation
PSS-FMEA: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED FMEA METHOD TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS IN SMES
Authors: Mahl Tobias , Köhler Christian , Arnold Dominik , Lins Dominik , Kuhlenkötter Bernd
Published: August 2021

In industry, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis is an established quality tool for minimizing development risks in systems, products and processes. Nevertheless, the presented use case shows that the application of the FMEA method in the development of Product-Service Systems in a SME requires modifications to ensure that the special character of PSS is appropriately included and that risks can be adequately assessed and prioritized.
RE-DEFINING THE SYSTEM BOUNDARIES OF HUMAN-CENTRED DESIGN
Authors: Gall Tjark , Vallet Flore , Douzou Sylvie , Yannou Bernard
Published: August 2021

Most services and products are designed in response to the needs, desires or expectations of humans. A variety of methodologies grouped by the term Human-Centred Design (HCD) have been deployed to formalise and improve this process, ranging from user-centred to participatory practices. However, the approaches’ consideration is primarily limited to individuals in their respective space and time.

To examine these system boundaries in detail and address potentials for adaptation, this paper reviews dominant HCD methodologies, categorises them and highlights their respective characteristics. Further, concepts and methodologies from related fields are studied for potential contributions to HCD. This results in a proposed re-definition of the system boundaries of HCD by integrating spatio-temporal impacts on humans through an extended social, environmental and economic scope.

The different studied approaches and varying impact assessments are exemplarily applied to the case study of urban mobility, in particular human-centred, scenario-based design approaches. However, the described methods and concepts are kept generic to ensure the applicability across various domains of design practice.
RE-DESIGN OF A MOTORCYCLE HELMET FOR USE IN URBAN TRAFFIC: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND TESTING
Authors: Papadopoulou Joanna , Papakostopoulos Vassilis , Moulianitis Vassilis C.
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the re-design approach of an urban motorcycle helmet to prevent users bypassing the strap fastening system. Related studies show that although a full-face helmet provides the maximum protection to a rider, in practice, full-face helmeted riders in urban traffic tend to improperly fasten it. On that notion, the design goal was to conceive a helmet that combines the advantages of different helmet types while responding to urban driving needs. During design ideation possible solutions were examined focusing on different ways of accessing and fixating the helmet on a rider’s head, without using a strap fastening system. Preliminary concept development produced three design concepts, that were evaluated using two sets of prototypes: (a) the 3D printing method under a 1:2 scale was used to detect any design faults, while the 3D modeled concepts were evaluated in four different crash impacts regarding total deformation and von-Mises stress, and (b) 1:1 models of the three concepts were used by experienced riders to assess possible usability issues during helmet placement/removal. Results of the two-phase evaluation of the three concepts and design issues for further development of them are discussed.
REVISITING PROTOTYPING IN 2020: A SNAPSHOT OF PRACTICE IN UK DESIGN COMPANIES
Authors: Goudswaard Mark , Gopsill James , Harvey Mike , Snider Chris , Bell Andy , Hicks Ben
Published: August 2021

The importance of prototyping is unanimous with numerous studies into the media, types, roles and properties of prototypes. However, no recent papers have sought to examine and characterise industry practice and if and how this has changed since the early 2000s.

To address this, a snapshot of industrial prototyping practice with particular attention to the what, when, why, how, and by whom is reported. The study involved five small-medium sized design companies based in the South-West of the UK and validation of the findings by two independent practitioners.

The snapshot revealed that 3D printing and virtual prototyping tools have reached widespread adoption in SMEs,that their design processes are highly agile and iterative and are difficult to fit to any extant design process model.

Rather, the approaches appear to implicitly comprise of three levels of design convergence: macro, meso, and micro, which correspond to finer/more detailed changes.

The results also reveal the frequent transitions between digital and physical media and the need to manage these transitions to ensure the product representations in different media are appropriately up-to-date.
SIMULATION-BASED PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR FUTURE ROBUST MODULAR PRODUCT ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Dambietz Florian M. , Greve Erik , Krause Dieter
Published: August 2021

The increased demand for customer-adapted product solutions shows an increasing trend of product variety, leading to an increased internal variety and therefore -costs. The concept of modularization provides apossible solution to this challenge by developing modular kits. Nevertheless, modularization methods to not lead to one individual modular kit, but to several alternatives. The decision of which alternative to implement can be crucial to the applying companys succes. During this decision-making both customer- and company perspectives need to be taken into account. This contribution is to present a simulation-based approach to support the decision making by using a model-based configuration system. Furthermore, as classical decision-making processes are based upon historical data, future aspects are usually not taken into account. In order to counteract this situation, this contribution intends to simulate as well future aspects impacting the modular product architecture. In this case, the simulation is used in order to evaluate the individual performances of a Design-for-Variety product architecture as opposed to a Design-for-Future-Robustness by applying this method to the example of customer-individual laser machines.
STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE LOAD ON PERFORMANCE IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: Zimmerer Christoph , Matthiesen Sven
Published: August 2021

The objective evaluation of empirical studies is an important part when assessing demand and validating design methods. However, metrics that can also map cognitive processes during design are still lacking. In order to address this problem, an online study with 12 participants was conducted. The aim of this investigation was to find a relation between cognitive load and performance in engineering design tasks. To assess the cognitive load, the NASA-RTLX questionnaire was used as an established measurement tool and was related to the results achieved by the participants. The results show that there is a correlation between the two investigated parameters. Based on a statistical analysis a correlation between increasing cognitive load and a decrease in performance could be identified. The tasks used produce comparable results to other studies investigating cognitive load, but the task causing the highest cognitive load shows the widest scatter in performance. The u-curve as suggested by the state of the art was not visible in the study’s results, but the cognitive load should be nevertheless used for studies of design processes, because it may reveal a need for methodical support.
SUPPORT USERS TOWARDS MORE CONSCIOUS FOOD CONSUMPTION HABITS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Bordegoni Monica , Carulli Marina , Spadoni Elena
Published: August 2021

Design for Sustainability is a research area based on a multidisciplinary approach, which has become increasingly important in recent years. Great attention is paid to the design of products that can impact on users' behaviours, through embedded smart technologies, e.g. Internet of Things (IoT). In fact, IoT systems are able to “dialogue” with the users, supporting the identification of any misbehaviour, and suggesting more sustainable ones.

This paper presents a research aiming at supporting users towards more conscious food consumption in their daily life to reduce food waste. As a case study, it has been developed an interactive system in which chicken eggs are used as main communication element. Indeed, the environmental footprint of the egg industry is very heavy, and eggs are one of the main wasted food. The interactive system consists of a physical product, an eggs tray, integrating sensors and actuators for handling the interaction with users. It is accompanied by an interactive application for monitoring eggs consumption, displaying eggs waste statistics, and an Augmented Reality part for children, aimed to improve their awareness about food waste and the impact on their food habits through an “edutainment” approach.
SUSTAINABILITY IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION - DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON OF TWO UNIVERSITY COURSES
Authors: Kattwinkel Daniela , Heide Ludger , Syré Anne , Grahle Alexander , Bender Beate , Göhlich Dietmar
Published: August 2021

Sustainable products are becoming increasingly important for companies in order to succeed. However, the development of sustainable products poses a complex challenge, because alongside the classical product development requirements, additional social, economic and ecologic requirements arise. Despite the increasing relevance of this topic, sustainability is not yet fully integrated into the product development processes and mindsets within companies. Simultaneously, the integration of sustainability into engineering education is still insufficient and traditional teaching formats seem to be inadequate to teach such complex and multifaceted topics. Within this publication, the development, the contents and the implementation of two different university engineering courses for sustainability and environmentally compatible product development are described and compared. The different approaches to develop and incorporate sustainability into the engineering education and the usage of innovative teaching concepts are demonstrated to encourage and inspire other universities.
SUSTAINING BEHAVIOUR CHANGE THROUGH IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES: TRENDS, PERSPECTIVES, AND APPROACHES
Authors: Wittmann Maximilian , Cash Philip , Mariani Milton , Maier Anja , Hansen John Paulin
Published: August 2021

Long-term behaviour changes are critical to answering societal and individual challenges surrounding areas such as sustainability and health. Current understanding of how to bring about sustained behaviour is focused on the identification of Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) without explicit guidance on how these should be matched with technological solutions. Based on this gap we set out to answer the research question: What is the relationship between BCTs and interactive immersive technologies with respect to long-term, sustainable behaviour? To this end, we report a literature review on technology trends in the fields of human computer interaction, human robot interaction, and game design. Based on this review we develop three main contributions with implications for design theory and practice. First, we propose a number of characteristics and mechanisms in emerging immersive technologies. Second, we highlight technological pathways connected to specific BCT clusters likely to be disrupted: technology as a conveyor of information, an augmenter of feedback, and as an embodiment of empathy. Third, we explore these connections between BCT clusters and the actual technological interventions.
BIOINSPIRED COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN: A CASE STUDY ON A 3D-PRINTED LAMP BASED ON THE PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI
Authors: Graziosi Serena , Scurati Giulia Wally , Parmose Roberta , Lecchi Alberto , Bordegoni Monica , Ferrise Francesco
Published: August 2021

Nature has always been a source of inspiration for designers and engineers, through the imitation of biological patterns and structures. This emulating and creative process is nowadays supported by technologies and tools as additive manufacturing and computational design. This paper describes the design and prototyping of a lamp inspired by a plant called Physalis Alkekengi, known as Chinese Lantern. We present the development of an algorithm, based on a computational model from literature, to realize the 2D pattern and leaves. They were then 3D printed to create the structure of the lamp and obtain an aesthetical and symbolic shading effect.
THE IMMERSION CYCLE: UNDERSTANDING IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCES THROUGH A CYCLICAL MODEL
Authors: Lucho Lingan Cesar , Li Meng , Vermeeren Arnold P.O.S.
Published: August 2021

The present work introduces a cyclical model which showcases the process of immersion during Immersive Technological Experiences (ITEs) such as Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality. This model is based on the identified concepts around immersion and immersive environments across 30 years. The concepts' similarities were used to organize them on a cyclical model by acknowledging the user's presence at the beginning and end of immersive experiences. The proposed model's value relies on its cyclical approach based on a user-centred perspective and having a general overview of the immersion process. The Immersive cycle can serve as a mapping tool for developers and researchers, thanks to the inclusion of guidelines that complements the model. Both of these were used in three different examples of ITEs. Furthermore, the cyclical model could be used as a tool for ideation and conceptualization during the early stages of developing immersive experiences. Nevertheless, it is recognized that this is the first step in developing this model; therefore, it still needs to be validated and improved based on tests with developers, designers and researchers in the field.
THE LOGICS OF DOUBLE PROOF IN PROOF OF CONCEPT: A DESIGN THEORY-BASED MODEL OF EXPERIMENTATION IN THE UNKNOWN
Authors: Jobin Caroline , Hooge Sophie , Le Masson Pascal
Published: August 2021

The literature on design distinguishes between exploration-based experimentation and validation-based experimentation. This typology relies on an assumption that exploration and validation cannot and should not be performed simultaneously in the same experimentation. By contrast, some practitioners, such as les Sismo, propose that proof of concept might combine these two logics. This raises the question of what design logic might enable this type of combination of exploration and validation. We first use design theory to build an experimentation design framework. This framework highlights a typology of proof logics in experimentation related to proof of the known and proof of the unknown. Second, we show that these proof models are supported by les Sismo's cases and describe a diversity of arrangements of exploration and validation mechanisms: sequential, parallel, and combinational. Through the formalisation of proof of concept as a double proof (proof of the known and proof of the unknown), we show that proof of concept can be more than a tool for the go/no-go decision by gradually validating propositions, questioning the relevance of propositions, and discovering new propositions to be investigated and tested.
THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF AGILE RETROSPECTIVES ON THE COLLABORATION OF DISTRIBUTED DEVELOPMENT TEAMS – A PRACTICAL APPROACH ON THE EXAMPLE OF BOSCH ENGINEERING GMBH
Authors: Duehr Katharina , Efremov Pauline , Heimicke Jonas , Teitz Emilie Maria , Ort Ferdinand , Weissenberger-Eibl Marion , Albers Albert
Published: August 2021

To counteract competitive pressure, increasing customer requirements and growing product complexity successful distributed collaboration in product development is vital. Companies have to face new challenges, such as efficiency losses in communication. To overcome these challenges agile working practices, such as agile retrospectives, could be beneficial. The objective of this scientific work is to evaluate the benefit of agile working practices on the example of agile retrospectives, for the improvement of collaboration in distributed development teams. Based on literature analysis, qualitative and quantitative expert interviews following the DRM by Blessing and Chakrabarti, this scientific work shows that agile working practices have a high potential to improve distributed collaboration. To address this potential, several virtual agile retrospectives are developed and conducted within a distributed team at Bosch Engineering GmbH. The evaluation of this approach results in a high potential of agile retrospectives indicating an improvement tendency. Especially iteratively implemented virtual agile retrospectives have a positive impact on successful distributed collaboration.
BRAIN ACTIVITY OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS IN CONSTRAINED AND OPEN DESIGN: THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON FREQUENCY BANDS
Authors: Vieira Sonia Liliana da Silva , Benedek Mathias , Gero John S. , Cascini Gaetano , Li Shumin
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we present results from an experiment using EEG to measure brain activity and explore EEG frequency power associated with gender differences of professional industrial designers while performing two prototypical stages of constrained and open design tasks, problem-solving and design sketching. Results indicate no main effect of gender. However, among other main effects, a consistent main effect of hemisphere for the six frequency bands under analysis was found. In the problem-solving stage, male designers show higher alpha and beta bands in channels of the prefrontal cortices and female designers in the right occipitotemporal cortex and secondary visual cortices. In the design sketching stage, male designers show higher alpha and beta bands in the right prefrontal cortex, and female designers in the right temporal cortex and left prefrontal cortex, where higher theta is also found. Prioritising different cognitive functions seem to play a role in each gender's approach to constrained and open design tasks. Results can be useful to design professionals, students and design educators, and for the development of methodological approaches in design research and education.
THE RESEARCH DOMAIN OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS AND VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER: A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING
Authors: Toller Carl Nils Konrad , Bertoni Marco
Published: August 2021

Product-Service Systems (PSS) have emerged as a key concept to meet the societal and market trends of increasing customer needs through the entire life-cycle. Unfortunately, several companies are struggling with getting revenues from service investments and translating 'real needs' to design improvements. The demand of the designer to go beyond the Voice of the Customer (VoC) is evident. This paper aims to map the interventions proposed by research in the area of PSS and VoC. Using a systematic mapping approach, the research domain was analyzed with regards to context and interventions. The results show a progressive development in the research area with a focus on the specification and realization of needs. A gap exists in connecting the engineers with 'real needs' and integrating the customer as a natural part of the entire development cycle of a PSS. By performing a systematic mapping, future research can be more focused and hopefully increasing its impact.
THE ROLE OF CONSUMER INFLUENCES IN THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF PACKAGED FOOD AND BEVERAGE VENTURES
Authors: Perttunen Erika Maria , Jung Summer D. , Kirjavainen Senni , Bjürklund Tua A. , Kim Sohyeong
Published: August 2021

Understanding and applying consumers' needs in product development is key to success across various industries. The failure rate of new products, however, remains high because consumer demands are not adequately addressed. To investigate the role of consumers in the product development processes of small ventures, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews of 40 packaged food and beverage small ventures in California and Finland. Our findings showed that consumers rarely drove the design of new products, but rather functioned as a source of validation or feedback for small improvements of existing products. Consumer feedback was often unstructured and concentrated in the latter stages of the product development process. However, even though customer involvement in the small ventures' product development was more restricted than recommended in cocreation literature their influence still brought meaningful changes to the products. Given the small ventures' lack of resources, future research on creative, low-cost ways to co-create is called for.
TOWARDS AGILE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON AN E-BIKE DRIVE
Authors: Zorko Damijan , Černe Borut , Tavčar Jože , Demšar Ivan
Published: August 2021

Today's rapidly evolving and changing market dictates constant changes in design requirements during the development process of a product. If development teams are unable or unwilling to adapt to these changes, this will ultimately lead to an uncompetitive product. How the change in requirements will affect the development process depends on the complexity of the product and the development phase in which the change in requirements occurs. The principles of Agility and the methods that follow these principles help in the successful introduction of changes in the product development process. The paper provides guidelines for the development of complex physical products taking into account the principles of Agility. The guidelines were set based on a critical review of the e-bike drive development process.
UNDERSTANDING USAGE DATA-DRIVEN PRODUCT PLANNING: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Meyer Maurice , Wiederkehr Ingrid , Koldewey Christian , Dumitrescu Roman
Published: August 2021

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are able the collect huge amounts of data about themselves, their users, and their environment during their usage phase. By feeding these usage data back into product planning, manufacturers can optimize their engineering and decision-making processes. Despite promising potentials, most manufacturers still do not analyze usage data within product planning. Also, research on usage data-driven product planning is scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the main concepts, advantages, success factors and challenges of usage data-driven product planning. To answer the corresponding research questions, a comprehensive systematic literature review is conducted. From its results, a detailed description of usage data-driven product planning consisting of six main concepts is derived. Furthermore, taxonomies for the advantages, success factors and challenges of usage data-driven product planning are presented. The six main concepts and the three taxonomies allow for a deeper understanding of the topic while highlighting necessary future actions and research needs.
UPCYCLING OBSOLETE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT INTO INNOVATIVE LABORATORY TEST RIGS: A LOW-COST SOLUTION OR A SUSTAINABLE DESIGN APPROACH?
Authors: Rogkas Nikolaos , Tsolakis Eustratios , Kalligeros Christos , Vasileiou Georgios , Vakouftsis Christos , Kaisarlis Georgios , Markopoulos Angelos P. , Spitas Vasilios
Published: August 2021

Circular Economy (CE) and the potential of reusing and recycling the products after the end of their life, becomes imperative for environmental, economic and social reasons. Especially during the 4th Industrial Revolution that is taking place nowadays, an increasing number of out-of-date equipment has to be replaced, which constitutes a chance and necessity to be reused, through recycling, redesigning and remanufacturing. The paper presents proof-of-concept studies regarding upcycling of obsolete and outdated equipment into novel test rigs mainly addressing research activities. Three such case studies are presented, namely the upcycling of an injection moulding machine into a modular test bench for power hydraulic components, the upcycling of scrap components into a hybrid hydraulic/ ICE powertrain rig and the functional augmentation of a gear roll tester to accommodate single and double flank tests. Significant savings in cost, raw materials and time are demonstrated in all cases and adherence to the CE objectives are observed.
USE INTERACTIVE MEDIA TO ENHANCE CREATIVITY OF DESIGNERS BY STIMULATING THE SENSES IN THE CONTEXT OF ART DESIGN EDUCATION
Authors: Liu Xiaoxiao , Nagai Yukari , Yabuuchi Kumi , Cui Xiuxia
Published: August 2021

Creativity is very important for designers, and methods to stimulate designers' creativity are the long-term focus of art design education. The senses are an important channel for designers to receive information and define core issues. Stimulating the designer's senses can help enhance their perception and creativity, and is of great benefit for the quality and efficiency of the design outcome. Today's interactive media technology provides more possibilities and advantages for designers' perception and sensation. The purpose of this research is to explore a way to stimulate the designer's senses through the use of interactive media, thereby improving the designer's design thinking and creativity, and providing designers with innovative design support. By means of interactive ground projection and experiments, and discussion of the advantages of interactive media to stimulate designers' senses, this research proposes innovations in art design educational media, which is valuable for the training and learning of designers and the development of virtual education environment in the future.
USING PAGERANK AND SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS TO SPECIFY MENTAL HEALTH FACTORS
Authors: Boodaghian Asl Arsineh , Raghothama Jayanth , Darwich Adam , Meijer Sebastiaan
Published: August 2021

Various factors influence mental well-being, and span individual, social and familial levels. These factors are connected in many ways, forming a complex web of factors and providing pathways for developing programs to improve well-being and for further research. These factors can be studied individually using traditional methods and mapped together to be analyzed holistically from a complex system perspective. This study provides a novel approach using PageRank and social network analysis to understand such maps. The motives are: (1) to realize the most influential factors in such complex networks, (2) to understand factors that influence variations from different network aspects. A previously developed map for children's mental well-being was adopted to evaluate the approach. To achieve our motives, we have developed an approach using PageRank and Social Network Analysis. The results indicate that regardless of the network scale, two key factors called "Quantity and Quality of Relationships" and "Advocacy" can influence children's mental well-being significantly. Moreover, the divergence analysis reveals that one factor, "Recognition/Value Placed on well-being at School" causes a wide range of diffusion throughout the system.
WHEN WORLDS COLLIDE – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISSUES IMPEDING ADOPTION OF AGILE FOR HARDWARE
Authors: Peterson Matthew , Summers Joshua
Published: August 2021

The objective of this paper is to explore challenges identified for implementation of scrum for hardware development intersect with agile principles found in the literature. A series of comparative analyses are done at the textual level, through logical intersections, and through thematic analysis. It is shown that there are five underlying themes found across two sets of scrum challenges (constraints of physicality and the 13 principles). These five themes include: flexiblity, chunkability, scalability, endurability, and teamability. These five themes further are found related to the defining principles of the agile manifesto. Using this understanding, future efforts will include empirical case study work to determine the impact that these have on application of scrum methods and tools. Additionally, guidelines should be developed to help hardware product engineers in applying scrum.
CONCEPT FOR A PERSONA DRIVEN RECOMMENDATION TOOL FOR PROCESS MODELLING APPROACHES
Authors: Helten Katharina , Eckert Claudia , Gericke Kilian , Vermaas Pieter
Published: August 2021

In order to ensure successful product development processes, manifold modelling approaches have been developed, which cover a wide range of aspects such as responsibilities, duration of activities and dependencies. Still, an industry standard does not exist. Users of process modelling approaches are driven by different targets depending on the respective role. Currently, practitioners need to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of each approach by themselves and find little guidance for the selection.

As a consequence, users might select unsuitable approaches and do not get the expected result. Thus, the intended applications of the model such as analyses or an optimization of the process are hampered. This could heavily affect companies´ success by product or project failures.

The paper shows the concept of a recommendation tool that enables a suitable and effective selection of process modelling approaches. Key element is the description of relevant use cases and personas that represent the various needs of both different company types as well as different roles within such as process modellers and users. By identifying the most relevant case, each practitioner will be successfully guided to the most suitable modelling approach.
DATA ANALYSIS AS THE BASIS FOR IMPROVED DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (DFAM)
Authors: Hamulczuk Dominika , Isaksson Ola
Published: August 2021

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has a large potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry, yet the printing parameters and part design have a profound impact on the robustness of the printing process as well as the resulting quality of the manufactured components. To control the printing process, a substantial number of parameters is measured while printing and used primarily to control and adjust the printing process in-situ. The question raised in this paper is how to benefit from these data being gathered to gain insight into the print process stability. The case study performed included the analysis of data gathered during printing 22 components. The analysis was performed with a widely used Random Forest Classifier. The study revealed that the data did contain some detectable patterns that can be used further in assessing the quality of the printed component, however, they were distinct enough so that in case the test and train sets were comprised of separate components the predictions’ result was very poor. The study gives a good understanding of what is necessary to do a meaningful analytics study of manufacturing data from a design perspective.
DATA FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN: MAPS AND GAPS
Authors: Chiarello Filippo , Coli Elena , Giordano Vito , Fantoni Gualtiero , Bonaccorsi Andrea
Published: August 2021

Data, information and knowledge are strongly involved in Engineering Design (ED) process. Despite the crucial role played by data in the design process, there is a lack of studies about how different data are used and generated by the various phases of the ED process. This study is a first attempt to fill this gap by mapping which data types are involved in the different ED phases from a research perspective.

In order to achieve this objective, we used a methodology based on Text Mining. Firstly, we retrieve a corpus of scientific papers related to ED; then, we build two lexicons to recognize ED phases and data types; finally, we collect these entities within ED papers and map the relations between them.

The methodology application allows the building of a network graph for visualizing the relations among data lexicon and ED lexicon. Then, we investigate the specific relations among data types and ED phases by building a heatmap to investigate data types from 3 different perspective.

The insight coming from our analysis shows that ED studies have a great potential in the usage of many data sources, but also that there exist some gaps to be solved in order to reach a more effective data usage in the context of ED.
DATA-DRIVEN DESIGN AUTOMATION FOR PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS DESIGN: FRAMEWORK AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM EMPIRICAL STUDIES
Authors: Machchhar Raj Jiten , Bertoni Alessandro
Published: August 2021

The digitalization era has brought about unprecedented challenges for the manufacturing industries, pushing them to deliver solutions that encompass both product and service-related dimensions, known as Product-service Systems. This paper presents a number of lessons learned in the process of integrating the analysis of operational data as decision support in engineering design based on the empirical studies from two Swedish manufacturing companies operating in the construction machinery sector. The paper highlights the need to consider a five-dimensional perspective when collecting and analyzing data, encompassing data from the product, the service, the environment, the infrastructure, and the humans involved. Finally, a conceptual framework for data-driven design automation of Product-service Systems is proposed by leveraging the use of these data, introducing the concept of a Product-Service System Configurator as an enabler of design automation. The implementation of the proposed framework on multiple case studies in different industrial contexts shall be considered as the next step of the research.
DATA-DRIVEN DESIGN CHALLENGES IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Authors: Briard Tristan , Jean Camille , Aoussat Améziane , Véron Philippe , Le Cardinal Julie , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2021

With the rapid development of digital technologies, products connectivity is increasing as well as the data produced and collected. Forecasts on product development predict that this trend will keep on growing. In this context, new design solutions based on data are emerging. Those data-driven design approaches are common for identifying the customers' need when developing a new product. However, few studies cover data-driven design in the other early stages of product design. Thus, the research question addressed in this paper is: what are the challenges of data-driven design research in the early phases of the product development process? Through a literature review and a workshop proposed at the conference DESIGN 2020, this paper offers a first glimpse of future research leads. A list of 5 challenges for data-driven design in the early stages of product design is proposed and ranked from short term to long term.