bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of HSP70.1/3 gene knockout on acute respiratory distress syndrome and the inflammatory response following sepsis
Authors: Singleton Kristen D. , Wischmeyer Paul E.
Published: December 2005

Heat shock response has been implicated in attenuating NF-κB activation and inflammation following sepsis. Studies utilizing sublethal heat stress or chemical enhancers to induce in vivo HSP70 expression have demonstrated survival benefit after experimental sepsis. However, it is likely these methods of manipulating HSP70 expression have effects on other stress proteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of specific deletion of HSP70.1/3 gene expression on ARDS, NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and survival following sepsis. To address this question, we induced sepsis in HSP70.1/3 KO and HSP70.1/3 WT mice via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We evaluated lung tissue NF-κB activation and TNF-α protein expression at 1 and 2 h, IL-6 protein expression at 1, 2, and 6, and lung histopathology 24 h after sepsis initiation. Survival was assessed for 5 days post-CLP. NF-κB activation in lung tissue was increased in HSP70.1/3(−/−)mice at all time points after sepsis initiation. Deletion of HSP70.1/3 prolonged NF-κB binding/activation in lung tissue. Peak expression of lung TNF-α at 1 and 2 h was also significantly increased in HSP70.1/3(−/−)mice. Expression of IL-6 was significantly increased at 2 and 6 h, and histopathology revealed a significant increase in lung injury in HSP70.1/3(−/−)mice. Last, deletion of the HSP70 gene led to increased mortality 5 days after sepsis initiation. These data reveal that absence of HSP70 alone can significantly increase ARDS, activation of NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokine response. The specific absence of HSP70 gene expression also leads to increased mortality after septic insult.
Genetic and environmental influences of surfactant protein D serum levels
Authors: Sørensen Grith L. , Hjelmborg Jacob v. B. , Kyvik Kirsten O. , Fenger Mogens , Høj Anette , Bendixen Christian , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Holmskov Uffe
Published: December 2005

The collectin surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of the pulmonary innate immune system, but SP-D is also present on extrapulmonary epithelial surfaces and in serum, where it has been used as a biomarker for pulmonary disease states. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms defining the constitutional serum level of SP-D and determine the magnitude of the genetic contribution to serum SP-D in the adult population. Recent studies have demonstrated that serum SP-D concentrations in children are genetically determined and that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the NH2-terminal region (Met11Thr) of the mature protein is significantly associated with the serum SP-D levels. A classic twin study was performed on a twin population including 1,476 self-reported healthy adults. The serum SP-D levels increased with male sex, age, and smoking status. The intraclass correlation was significantly higher for monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs than for dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Serum SP-D variance was influenced by nonshared environmental effects and additive genetic effects. Multivariate analysis of MZ and DZ covariance matrixes showed significant genetic correlation among serum SP-D and metabolic variables. The Met11Thr variant explained a significant part of the heritability indicating that serum SP-D variance could be decomposed into non-shared environmental effects (e2 = 0.19), additive genetic effects (h2 = 0.42), and the effect of the Met11Thr variations (q2 = 0.39).
Salutary effects of estrogen receptor-β agonist on lung injury after trauma-hemorrhage
Authors: Yu Huang-Ping , Hsieh Ya-Ching , Suzuki Takao , Shimizu Tomoharu , Choudhry Mashkoor A. , Schwacha Martin G. , Chaudry Irshad H.
Published: December 2005

Although 17β-estradiol (E2) administration after trauma-hemorrhage attenuates lung injury in male rodents, it is not known whether the salutary effects are mediated via estrogen receptor (ER)-α or ER-β. We hypothesized that the salutary effects of E2 lung are mediated via ER-β. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure 40 mmHg for 90 min, then resuscitation). E2 (50 μg/kg), ER-α agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT; 5 μg/kg), ER-β agonist diarylpropiolnitrile (DPN; 5 μg/kg), or vehicle (10% DMSO) was injected subcutaneously during resuscitation. At 24 h after trauma-hemorrhage or sham operation, bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) was collected for protein concentration, LDH activity, and nitrate/nitrite and IL-6 levels. Moreover, lung tissue was used for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA/protein expression, nitrate/nitrite and IL-6 levels, and wet/dry weight ratio ( n = 6 rats/group). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis. The results indicated that E2 downregulated lung iNOS expression after trauma-hemorrhage. Protein concentration, LDH activity, and nitrate/nitrite and IL-6 levels in BALF and nitrate/nitrite and IL-6 levels in the lung increased significantly after trauma-hemorrhage; however, administration of DPN but not PPT significantly improved all parameters. Moreover, DPN treatment attenuated trauma-hemorrhage-mediated increase in iNOS mRNA/protein expression in the lung. In contrast, no significant change in the above parameters was observed with PPT. Thus the salutary effects of E2 on attenuation of lung injury are mediated via ER-β, and ER-β-induced downregulation of iNOS likely plays a significant role in the DPN-mediated lung protection after trauma-hemorrhage.
Commonality and differences in leukocyte gene expression patterns among three models of inflammation and injury
Authors: Brownstein Bernard H. , Logvinenko Tanya , Lederer James A. , Cobb J. Perren , Hubbard William J. , Chaudry Irshad H. , Remick Daniel G. , Baker Henry V. , Xiao Wenzhong , Mannick John A.
Published: December 2005

The aim of this study was to compare gene expression profiles of leukocytes from blood (white blood cells; WBCs) and spleen harvested at an early time point after injury or sham injury in mice subjected to trauma/hemorrhage, burn injury, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion at three experimental sites. Groups of injured or LPS-infused animals and sham controls were killed at 2 h after injury and resuscitation, blood and spleen were harvested, and leukocyte populations were recovered after erythrocyte lysis. RNA was extracted from postlysis leukocyte populations. Complementary RNA was synthesized from each RNA sample and hybridized to microarrays. A large number (500–1,400) of genes were differentially expressed at the 2-h time point in injured or LPS-infused vs. sham animals. Thirteen of the differentially expressed genes in blood, and 46 in the spleen, were upregulated or downregulated in common among all three animal models and may represent a common, early transcriptional response to systemic inflammation from a variety of causes. The majority of these genes could be assigned to pathways involved in the immune response and cell death. The up- or downregulation of a cohort of 23 of these genes was validated by RT-PCR. This large-scale microarray analysis shows that, at the 2-h time point, there is marked alteration in leukocyte gene expression in three animal models of injury and inflammation. Although there is some commonality among the models, the majority of the differentially expressed genes appear to be uniquely associated with the type of injury and/or the inflammatory stimulus.
Gene expression profiling of diaphragm muscle in α2-laminin (merosin)-deficient dy/dy dystrophic mice
Authors: van Lunteren Erik , Moyer Michelle , Leahy Patrick
Published: December 2005

Deficiency of α2-laminin (merosin) underlies classical congenital muscular dystrophy in humans and dy/dy muscular dystrophy in mice and causes severe muscle dysfunction in both species. To gain greater insight into the biochemical and molecular events that link α2-laminin deficiency with muscle fiber necrosis, and the associated compensatory responses, gene expression profiles were characterized in diaphragm muscle from 8-wk-old dy/dy mice using oligonucleotide microarrays. Compared with age-matched normal muscle, dystrophic diaphragm was characterized by predominantly augmented gene expression, irrespective of the fold-change threshold. Among the 69 genes with at least plus or minus twofold significantly altered expression, 30 belonged to statistically overrepresented Gene Ontology (GO) biological process groups. These covered four specific themes: development including muscle development, cell motility with an emphasis on muscle contraction, defense/immune response, and cell adhesion. An additional 11 gene transcripts were assigned to more general overrepresented GO biological process groups (e.g., cellular process, organismal physiological process); the remaining 28 did not belong to any overrepresented groups. GO cellular constituent assignment resulted in the highest degree of overrepresentation in extracellular and muscle fiber locations, whereas GO molecular function assignment was most notable for various types of binding. RT-PCR was performed on 38 of 41 genes with at least plus or minus twofold significantly altered expression that were assigned to overrepresented GO biological process groups, with expression changes verified for 36 of 38 genes. These results indicate that several specific groups of genes have altered expression in response to genetic α2-laminin deficiency, with both similarities and differences compared with data reported for dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophies.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation Causes Cerebral Vessel Remodeling and Exacerbates the Damage Caused by Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Dorrance Anne M. , Rupp Nikki C. , Nogueira Edson F.
Published: December 2005

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists protect against ischemic cerebrovascular disease; this appears to be caused by changes in cerebral vessel structure that would promote blood flow. Therefore, we hypothesized that mineralocorticoid receptor activation with deoxycorticosterone acetate would cause deleterious remodeling of the cerebral vasculature and exacerbate the damage caused by cerebral ischemia. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (200 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, the deoxycorticosterone acetate–treated rats had elevated systolic blood pressure compared with age-matched controls (157±5.9 versus 124±3.1 mm Hg deoxycorticosterone acetate versus control;
P
<0.05). The area of ischemic damage resulting from middle cerebral artery occlusion was greater in the deoxycorticosterone acetate–treated rats than control (63.5±3.72 versus 46.6±5.52% of the hemisphere infarcted, deoxycorticosterone acetate versus control;
P
<0.05). Middle cerebral artery structure was assessed using a pressurized arteriograph under calcium-free conditions. Over a range of intralumenal pressures, the lumen and ODs of the middle cerebral arteries were smaller in the deoxycorticosterone acetate–treated rats than the control rats (
P
<0.05). There was also an increase in the wall thickness and wall:lumen ratio in the vessels from deoxycorticosterone acetate–treated rats (
P
<0.05). The vessels from the deoxycorticosterone acetate–treated rats were stiffer than those from control rats as evidenced by a leftward shift in the stress/strain curve. These novel data suggest that mineralocorticoid receptor activation without salt loading and nephrectomy is sufficient to elicit deleterious effects on the cerebral vasculature that lead to inward hypertrophic remodeling and an increase in the ischemic damage in the event of a stroke.
Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Activity by Losartan Metabolites
Authors: Schupp Michael , Lee Lucas D. , Frost Nikolaj , Umbreen Sumaira , Schmidt Boris , Unger Thomas , Kintscher Ulrich
Published: December 2005

Two active metabolites of the angiotensin type 1 (AT
1
) receptor blocker losartan have been described previously, EXP3174 and EXP3179. Whereas EXP3174 is the main antihypertensive AT
1
receptor–blocking metabolite, the role of EXP3179 is widely unknown. Recently, a subgroup of AT
1
receptor blockers has been identified as ligands for the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ). Here we characterize the PPAR-γ–activating properties of the 2 active losartan metabolites. PPAR-γ activity was measured with a chimeric Gal4-DNA–binding domain–hPPARγ-ligand–binding domain (LBD) fusion protein on a Gal4-dependent luciferase reporter system. EXP3179 prominently induced the activation of the PPAR-γ–LBD reaching a maximum at 100 μmol/L with a 7.1±1-fold induction (
P
<0.05 versus vehicle-treated cells). Maximum PPAR-γ–LBD activation by EXP3179 reached 51% of the maximum response induced by the full PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone, identifying EXP3179 as a partial PPAR-γ agonist. EXP3174 did not induce PPAR-γ–LBD activation. EC
50
values were calculated for PPAR-γ–LBD activity (pioglitazone EC
50
: 0.88 μmol/L; EXP3179 EC
50
: 17.1 μmol/L; losartan EC
50
: >50 μmol/L). Consistent with the activation of PPAR-γ, EXP3179 potently induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, a typical PPAR-γ–dependent cell function, and markedly stimulated PPAR-γ target gene expression. EXP3174 failed to regulate differentiation or PPAR-γ target gene expression. The present study characterizes the active losartan metabolite EXP3179 as a partial PPAR-γ agonist. PPAR-γ activation by EXP3179 may help us to understand the beneficial metabolic effects of losartan observed in clinical trials.
Standards for Statistical Models Used for Public Reporting of Health Outcomes
Authors: Krumholz Harlan M. , Brindis Ralph G. , Brush John E. , Cohen David J. , Epstein Andrew J. , Furie Karen , Howard George , Peterson Eric D. , Rathore Saif S. , Smith Sidney C. , Spertus John A. , Wang Yun , Normand Sharon-Lise T.
Published: December 2005

With the proliferation of efforts to report publicly the outcomes of healthcare providers and institutions, there is a growing need to define standards for the methods that are being employed. An interdisciplinary writing group identified 7 preferred attributes of statistical models used for publicly reported outcomes. These attributes include (1) clear and explicit definition of an appropriate patient sample, (2) clinical coherence of model variables, (3) sufficiently high-quality and timely data, (4) designation of an appropriate reference time before which covariates are derived and after which outcomes are measured, (5) use of an appropriate outcome and a standardized period of outcome assessment, (6) application of an analytical approach that takes into account the multilevel organization of data, and (7) disclosure of the methods used to compare outcomes, including disclosure of performance of risk-adjustment methodology in derivation and validation samples.
Pharmacological Activation of Liver X Receptors Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport In Vivo
Authors: Naik Snehal U. , Wang Xun , Da Silva Jaqueline S. , Jaye Michael , Macphee Colin H. , Reilly Muredach P. , Billheimer Jeffrey T. , Rothblat George H. , Rader Daniel J.
Published: December 2005

Background—

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in the control of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Synthetic LXR agonists have been shown to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in mice, but the mechanism is uncertain. LXR agonism upregulates the genes encoding ATP binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) in macrophages, thus promoting efflux of cholesterol; it also upregulates liver and intestinal ABCG5 and ABCG8, helping to promote biliary and fecal excretion of cholesterol. Thus, LXR agonism may inhibit atherosclerosis through promotion of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo, but this has not been proven. We previously described an in vivo method to trace the movement of cholesterol from
3
H-cholesterol–labeled J774 macrophages into plasma, into liver, and ultimately into the bile and feces as free cholesterol or bile acids. In the present study we used this approach to test the hypothesis that administration of the synthetic LXR agonist GW3965 would increase the rate of macrophage RCT in vivo.

Methods and Results—

Three different mouse models—wild-type C57BL/6 mice, LDLR/apobec-1 double knockout mice, and human apolipoprotein (apo)B/cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) double transgenic mice—were treated with either vehicle or GW3965. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with
3
H-cholesterol–labeled and cholesterol-loaded macrophages and monitored for the appearance of
3
H-tracer in plasma, liver, and feces. Administration of GW3965 significantly increased the levels of
3
H-tracer in plasma and feces in all 3 mouse models.

Conclusions—

These results demonstrate that administration of the LXR agonist GW3965 increases the rate of RCT from macrophages to feces in vivo.
Gender and discipline in the workplace: Wait until your father gets home
Authors: Atwater Leanne E. , Carey James A. , Waldman David A.
Published: December 2005

This study examined recipients’ perceptions of workplace discipline. Females delivering discipline were perceived to be less effective and less fair than males. Both recipients’ biases and behavior differences by male and female supervisors appear to contribute to reduced effectiveness. These results suggest the need to raise the awareness of managers and subordinates regarding potential negative reactions to females administering discipline. Special training in discipline delivery for female managers may also be warranted.
Development and field test of a feedback seeking, self-efficacy, and goal setting model of work performance
Authors: Renn Robert W. , Fedor Donald B.
Published: December 2005

This field study examined the relationships among a set of feedback seeking, social cognitive, and goal setting constructs and the work performance of one hundred thirty-six sales and customer-service representatives. As hypothesized, feedback seeking and self-efficacy related to two dimensions of work performance (i.e., work quantity and work quality) through feedback-based goals. In addition, self-efficacy and feedback seeking mediated the relationship between two individual differences (viz., personal control perceptions and external feedback propensity) and both dimensions of work performance. The findings extend research on work performance by underscoring the importance of incorporating feedback into work-related improvement goals when investigating the relationship between feedback seeking and work performance. The findings also provide insight into the motivational processes underlying the relationship among personal control perceptions, external feedback propensity, and work performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Using stories to create change: The object lesson of Frederick Taylor’s “pig-tale”
Authors: Hough Jill R. , White Margaret A.
Published: December 2005

Just over 100 years ago, Frederick Taylor conducted the pig-iron handling experiments. After reviewing discrepancies in Taylor’s accounts of these experiments, some have concluded that the episode was no more than a “pig-tale.” Through the use of historiographic approaches, including evaluation of Frank Gilbreth’s 1912 filmed recreation, this research supports Taylor’s use of the “pig-tale.” Taylor told the story to persuade listeners that even the most basic processes could be improved for the joint prosperity of employer and employee. When evaluating historical records, we must not allow relatively minor discrepancies to overshadow the object lesson of the story.
Executive retention and acquisition outcomes: A test of opposing views on the influence of organizational tenure
Authors: Bergh Donald D.
Published: December 2005

This study considers the influence of retained acquired company top executives on the eventual outcome of corporate acquisitions. We test opposing views on how the organizational tenure of those executives could lead to the retention and divestiture of acquired companies. The Resource-based View (RBV) suggests that keeping acquired company top executives with longer organizational tenure will lead to more successful acquisition outcomes, as those executives have organization-specific knowledge that would facilitate effective implementation of the acquisition. By contrast, the Upper Echelons Perspective (UEP) suggests that retained top executives having short organizational tenure will lead to more successful outcomes, as they would have the adaptability to manage most effectively during the uncertainty and difficulty of the acquisition. Results of logistic regression analyses of 104 acquisitions followed over 5 years supported the RBV. Apparently, the benefits of long organizational tenure, such as more intimate understanding of the acquired company, lead to more successful outcomes than the benefits of short organizational tenure. The findings do not support the argument that drawbacks of long organizational tenure, such as commitment to the strategic status quo and rigidity, are detrimental after uncertainty and disruption. The results further suggest that one reason for the high frequency of acquisition failure might be because of the retention—and departures—of the wrong acquired company top executives.
An Investigation of the Determinants of Investment Risk Behavior in Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plans
Authors: Dulebohn James H.
Published: December 2005

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the determinants of investment risk behavior in employer-sponsored retirement plans. Using a field survey of 795 college and university employees, I examined the significance of demographic and attitudinal/dispositional variables on employees’ risk behavior in selecting among investment allocation options provided by defined contribution pension plans. The results identified primary causes of risky investment behavior including income, age, other retirement plan participation, self-efficacy, knowledge of investment principles and general risk propensity.
Applicant Impression Management: Dispositional Influences and Consequences for Recruiter Perceptions of Fit and Similarity
Authors: Kristof-Brown Amy , Barrick Murray R. , Franke Melinda
Published: December 2005

This study investigates how applicant characteristics influence the use of impression management (IM) tactics in interviews, and how these behaviors affect interviewer perceptions of person-job fit (P-J fit) and applicant-interviewer similarity. Results from 72 applicants demonstrated that extraverted applicants made greater use of self-promotion during their interviews, while agreeableness was associated with non-verbal cues. Self-promotion was the IM tactic most strongly related to interviewers’ perceptions of P-J fit, whereas non-verbal IM influenced perceived similarity. The practical implications of these findings for applicant preparation are discussed, as well as concerns regarding the long-term effects of IM use on selection decision making.
Contractual Renegotiations in Strategic Alliances
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J. , Ariño Africa
Published: December 2005

This study provides an empirical investigation of the incidence and antecedents of contractual renegotiations in strategic alliances. We bring together initial conditions based on transaction cost theory and ex post contingencies highlighted by recent conceptual and qualitative research on the evolution of collaborative agreements. The results indicate that firms tend to change the governance of alliances when a misalignment exists between the chosen governance structure and features of the transaction. Further, we find that asset specificity affects alliance design as well as post-formation governance decisions. Contractual alterations are also more likely when firms employ less extensive contractual safeguards in their alliances and when a parent firm’s strategy changes. We find no evidence that cross-border alliances are any more or less likely to experience contractual renegotiations than domestic alliances.
Human Capital, Shared Expertise, and the Likelihood of Impasse in Corporate Acquisitions
Authors: Coff Russell W.
Published: December 2005

Human capital often cannot be acquired in efficient labor markets due to poor information or firm-specific skills that develop over time. Since such knowledge may be critical to firms building a strategic capability, it is not surprising that many acquisitions occur in human capital-intensive industries. Yet, the uncertainty associated with human capital increases the risk of overbidding. If the buyer bids conservatively, the target may reject the offer or rival bidders may emerge. In contrast, aggressive bidders may need to back out of the transaction if due diligence reveals unanticipated risks. Either way, impasse is more likely for targets in human capital-intensive industries. This study explores whether a shared expertise mitigates these hazards. Findings suggest that similar expertise is particularly important when acquiring human capital-intensive targets. Transactions involving unrelated buyers of such targets are less likely to close. This has implications for diversification theory and the resource-based view.
The Influence of Intraoperative Pretensioning on the Chondroprotective Effect of Meniscal Transplants
Authors: von Lewinski Gabriela , Pressel Thomas , Hurschler Christof , Witte Frank
Published: December 2005

Background

Meniscal replacement has become more common in recent years. The meniscal transplant's ability to transfer load effectively depends on its ability to bear circumferential loading.

Hypothesis

Intraoperative pretensioning on the meniscal transplant sutures has a positive influence on meniscal transplants’ chondroprotective effect.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Thirty-six sheep were divided into 6 groups (n = 6), subjected to a sham operation (group A), a meniscectomy (group B), or a meniscal autograft using tag sutures with different levels of pretensioning (group C, 0 N; group D, 20 N; group E, 40 N; group F, 60 N). Macroscopic (International Cartilage Repair Society score) and histologic evaluations (Mankin score) of the articular cartilage were performed after 6 months.

Results

Higher suture pretension (40 N, 60 N) resulted in less cartilage degeneration than in meniscectomized (P= .047; P= .036) and nonpretensioned (P= .028; P= .015) knees, with International Cartilage Repair Society scores of 1.63 ± 0.57 and 1.66 ± 0.51 in groups E and F, respectively, and scores of 2.40 ± 0.27 and 2.68 ± 0.46 observed after meniscectomy and meniscal transplantation with no pretensioning, respectively. Group F had a significantly better Mankin score of 6.66 ± 2.15 (P= .05) compared with group D. Regarding criterion cells, trends toward less degeneration compared with meniscectomized and nonpretensioned knees (P= .054 and P= .055) were found. The coefficient of variation of the Mankin scores was greater than that of the International Cartilage Repair Society score. Group A had significantly better cartilage than all other groups.

Conclusion

Adequate intraoperative pretensioning has a significant influence on the chondroprotective effect of meniscal transplants but did not prevent the development of articular cartilage degeneration.

Clinical Relevance

The results suggest that intraoperative pretensioning could improve the chondroprotective effect of meniscal transplantation.
The Role of Hip Muscle Function in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Tyler Timothy F. , Nicholas Stephen J. , Mullaney Michael J. , McHugh Malachy P.
Published: December 2005

Background

Previous literature has associated hip weakness with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Hypothesis

Improvements in hip strength and flexibility are associated with a decrease in patellofemoral pain.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

Thirty-five patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, aged 33 ± 16 years (29 women, 6 men; 43 knees), were evaluated and placed on a 6-week treatment program. Hip flexion, abduction, and adduction strengths, Thomas and Ober test results, and visual analog scale scores for pain with activities of daily living as well as with exercise were documented on initial evaluation and again 6 weeks later. Treatment consisted of strength and flexibility exercises primarily focusing on the hip.

Results

Hip flexion strength improved by 35% ± 8.4% in 26 lower extremities treated successfully, compared with –1.8% ± 3.5% in 17 lower extremities with an unsuccessful outcome (P< .001). Before treatment, there were positive Ober test results in 39 of 43 lower extremities; positive Thomas test results were seen in 31 of 43 lower extremities. A successful outcome with a concurrent normalized Ober test result was seen in 83% (20/24) of lower extremities, and successful outcomes with normalized Thomas test results were seen in 80% (16/20) of lower extremities. A combination of improved hip flexion strength (> 20%) as well as normal Ober and Thomas test results was seen in 93% of successfully treated cases (14/15 lower extremities), compared with 0% success (0/5 lower extremities) if there was no change in hip flexion strength (< 20%) and if Ober and Thomas test results remained positive.

Conclusions

Improvements in hip flexion strength combined with increased iliotibial band and iliopsoas flexibility were associated with excellent results in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Changing Coverage of Domestic Violence Murders
Authors: Ryan Charlotte , Anastario Mike , DaCunha Alfredo
Published: December 2005

Stressing relation-building and participatory communication approaches, the Rhode Island Coalition against Domestic Violence worked with journalists to develop a best practices handbook on news coverage of domestic violence murders. This study compares print coverage of domestic violence murders prehandbook (1996-1999) and posthandbook (2000-2002). Significant changes include increased labeling of the murder of intimates as domestic violence and doubled usage of advocates as sources. As a result, domestic violence murders, previously framed as unpredictable private tragedies, are more commonly framed posthandbook as social problems warranting public intervention. The authors conclude that relation-building approaches can affect news cultures and public discourse when conducted in conjunction with comprehensive participatory communications strategies.
Impression Management and Self-Report Among Violent Offenders
Authors: Mills Jeremy F. , Kroner Daryl G.
Published: December 2005

Offenders are assumed by many to employ socially desirable responding (SDR) response styles when completing self-report measures. Contrary to expectations, prior research has shown that accounting for SDR in self-report measures of antisocial constructs does not improve the relationship with outcome. Despite this, many self-report measures reliably predict future criminal outcome criteria. The present research examines the relationship of SDR (self-deception and impression management) with self-reported antisocial attitudes and the outcome of criminal recidivism in a sample of violent offenders. Offenders high on impression management reported lower antisocial attitudes. However, when impression management was statistically partialed from antisocial attitudes, the relationship with recidivism tended to diminish, though not to a statistically significant degree. This finding, though hypothesized based on previous empirical findings, is contrary to the theoretical assumption that controlling for SDR should improve the relationship of self-report with outcome. The discussion centers on the implications of routinely removing impression management from self-report.
Resume Preferences
Authors: Ross Craig M. , Young Sarah J.
Published: December 2005

This study examines the resume preferences of 523 recreation and leisure service professionals who interview and hire entry-level recreation professionals. Findings from this study support the fact that different occupations and disciplines require different approaches on how resume content information is presented. In the recreation and leisure services field, the job objective, grades, length, inclusion of references, and general resume design and format are different than other fields. A model resume for a business position, for example, may be of little value for individuals seeking employment in recreation and leisure service agencies. These applicants should not attempt to follow the resume requirements of other occupations. Resume content should be tailored to the preferences of the administrators reviewing the resumes and making the hiring decisions, regardless of the setting.
The Application of Social Cognitive Career Theory to Sport and Leisure Career Choices
Authors: Cunningham George B. , Bruening Jennifer , Sartore Melanie L. , Sagas Michael , Fink Janet S.
Published: December 2005

Social cognitive career theory is used to investigate student intentions to enter the sport and leisure industry. Data are gathered from 197 undergraduate students from four universities located across the United States. Path analysis supports the general model, as self-efficacy and outcomes expectations hold positive associations with vocational interests, which in turn are positively related to choice goals. Self-efficacy is also positively associated with outcomes expectations. Additionally, through comparison of competing models, support is garnered for the effects of supports (i.e., human and social capital) and barriers (i.e., discrimination and lack of advancement opportunities) to be manifested on self-efficacy. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Relationally Oriented Masculinity, Gender Nontraditional Interests, and Occupational Traditionality of Employed Men
Authors: Jome LaRae M. , Surething Nicole A. , Taylor Kari K.
Published: December 2005

This study explores the degree to which emotional and relationally oriented aspects of masculinity and gender nontraditional vocational interests predict the gender traditionality of employed men’s occupations. Participants include 166 men employed in a range of occupations from gender nontraditional (i.e., female dominated) to gender neutral to gender traditional (i.e., male dominated). Results reveal that employment in more traditionally male-dominated occupations is related to the expression of more homophobic attitudes and less social interests. The results imply that men’s interest in and comfort with interpersonal activities and interactions, especially interactions with homosexual individuals, may influence their occupational choices.
Assessing the Support for the Switch to Automated Collection of Solid Waste With Single Stream Recycling in Madison, Wisconsin
Authors: Jamelske Eric M. , Wessling Steven
Published: December 2005

The authors conduct a survey to estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the switch to automated collection of solid waste with single stream recycling in Madison, Wisconsin. Because many respondents were unwilling to vote in favor of the new program at no additional cost, the authors examine the factors leading to this result. Study results indicate the probability of supporting the new program was lower for those older than age 50 years and for those who stated that sorting recyclables in the current system was convenient; individuals who identified with either the Democratic or Green Party were more likely to support the proposal. We believe the majority of “no” responses to this voting question are not protesting bids and, therefore, represent a true zero WTP. In addition, the authors believe city officials could have done more to influence the public’s perception of the new program in their effort to facilitate this change.
Implementing a Mileage-Based Road User Charge
Authors: Forkenbrock David J.
Published: December 2005

This article explores a series of issues related to implementing a mileage-based road user charge. This user charge is intended to eventually replace the motor fuel tax, which is certain to become increasingly less productive as gains in fuel mileage occur and as electric hybrid and eventually hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles enter the market. Before so great a change can occur as to how roads in the United States are financed, a series of policy and operational considerations must be addressed. The article first presents an overview of a mileage-based road user charge approach, then examines a variety of issues related to its implementation, and concludes that substantial benefits from implementing this new form of user charge are possible.
Using Scenarios to Assess the Impact of Air Pollution in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Authors: Peretz Jean H. , Tonn Bruce E. , Reed Gregory D. , Robles Luis Alonso Diaz
Published: December 2005

This article addresses tropospheric ozone, created by privately owned vehicles, that may be observed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the year 2025, if current trends continue. The uniqueness of our research is twofold: (a) it considers the potential of human settlement patterns in a study region based on existing activities (including sprawl) and (b) it develops a personal trip-making framework to estimate vehicle miles traveled (VMTs). The authors calculate approximately what effect the VMTs would have on air quality. Our analysis indicates that the Park, with limited intervention, can see a reduction in ozone levels.
Expansion of CD1d-restricted NKT cells in patients with primary HIV-1 infection treated with interleukin-2
Authors: Moll Markus , Snyder-Cappione Jennifer , Spotts Gerald , Hecht Frederick M. , Sandberg Johan K. , Nixon Douglas F.
Published: December 2005

Innate CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are infected and lost in HIV-1–infected patients, and this could contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis because NKT cells play an important role in directing both adaptive and innate immunity. Administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to HIV-1–infected patients leads to substantial and sustained CD4+ T-cell expansion, involving both naive and memory cells. We investigated whether IL-2 treatment could restore the NKT cell compartment in patients with primary HIV-1 infection. We show that IL-2 combined with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) resulted in significant expansion of CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Expansion occurred in both the CD4– and CD4+ subsets of NKT cells, and expanded cells expressed the CD161 maturation marker while expression of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 was reduced. These data indicate that IL-2 treatment in combination with effective ART is beneficial for the restoration of innate NKT cell immunity in patients with primary HIV-1 infection.
A novel mass spectrometry-based assay for GSK-3β activity
Authors: Bowley Erin , Mulvihill Erin , Howard Jeffrey C , Pak Brian J , Gan Bing Siang , O'Gorman David B
Published: December 2005

Background

As a component of the progression from genomic to proteomic analysis, there is a need for accurate assessment of protein post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Traditional kinase assays rely heavily on the incorporation of γ-P32 radiolabeled isotopes, monoclonal anti-phospho-protein antibodies, or gel shift analysis of substrate proteins. In addition to the expensive and time consuming nature of these methods, the use of radio-ligands imposes restrictions based on the half-life of the radionucleotides and pose potential health risks to researchers. With the shortcomings of traditional assays in mind, the aim of this study was to develop a high throughput, non-radioactive kinase assay for screening Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) activity.

Results

Synthetic peptide substrates designed with a GSK-3β phosphorylation site were assayed with both recombinant enzyme and GSK-3β immunoprecipitated from NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. A molecular weight shift equal to that of a single phosphate group (80 Da.) was detected by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) in a GSK-3β target peptide (2B-Sp). Not only was there a dose-dependent response in molecular weight shift to the amount of recombinant GSK-3β used in this assay, this shift was also inhibited by lithium chloride (LiCl), in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion

We present here a novel method to sensitively measure peptide phosphorylation by GSK-3β that, due to the incorporation of substrate controls, is applicable to either purified enzyme or cell extracts. Future studies using this method have the potential to elucidate the activity of GSK-3β in vivo, and to screen enzyme activity in relation to a variety of GSK-3β related disorders.
Computer simulation of partitioning of ten pentapeptides Ace-WLXLL at the cyclohexane/water and phospholipid/water interfaces
Authors: Aliste Marcela P , Tieleman D Peter
Published: December 2005

Background

Peptide-membrane interactions play a key role in the binding, partitioning and folding of membrane proteins, the activity of antimicrobial and fusion peptides, and a number of other processes. To gain a better understanding of the thermodynamics of such interactions, White and Wimley created an interfacial hydrophobicity scale based of the transfer free energy from water to octanol or lipid bilayers of a series of synthetic peptapeptides (Ace-WLXLL, with X being any of the twenty natural amino acids) (White and Wimley (1996) Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 842–848). In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of a representative set of ten of these peptides (X = D, K, R, N, A, T, S, I, F and W) in two membrane mimetic interfaces: water-cyclohexane (10 ns) and a fully solvated dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayer (50 ns) using both constant pressure and constant area ensembles. We focus on partitioning of the ten peptides at the cyclohexane/water and lipid/water interfaces.

Results

The peptides rapidly equilibrate (< 2 ns) and partition at the cyclohexane/water interface. The X3 guest residue assumes average orientations that depend on the nature of the side chain. At the DOPC/water interface, dynamics is much slower and convergence is difficult to achieve on a 50 ns timescale. Nonetheless, all peptides partition to the lipid/water interface with distributions with widths of 1–2 nm. The peptides assume a broad range of side chain and backbone orientations and have only a small effect on the area of the unit cell. On average, hydrophobic guest residues partition deeper into the hydrophobic core than hydrophilic residues. In some cases the peptides penetrate sufficiently deep to somewhat affect the distribution of the C=C double bond in DOPC. The relative distribution of the X3 guest residue compared to W1 and L5 is similar in the water/cyclohexane and water/lipid simulations. Snapshots show mostly extended backbone conformations in both environments. There is little difference between simulations at a constant area of 0.66 nm2 and simulations at constant pressure that approximately yield the same average area of 0.66 nm2.

Conclusion

These peptides were designed to assume extended conformations, which is confirmed by the simulations. The distribution of the X3 side chain depends on its nature, and can be determined from molecular dynamics simulations. The time scale of peptide motion at a phospholipids-water interface is too long to directly calculate the experimentally measured hydrophobicity scale to test and improve the simulation parameters. This should be possible at the water/cyclohexane interface and likely will become feasible in the future for the phospholipids/water case.
Internet-based profiler system as integrative framework to support translational research
Authors: Kim Robert , Demichelis Francesca , Tang Jeffery , Riva Alberto , Shen Ronglai , Gibbs Doug F , Mahavishno Vasudeva , Chinnaiyan Arul M , Rubin Mark A
Published: December 2005

Background

Translational research requires taking basic science observations and developing them into clinically useful tests and therapeutics. We have developed a process to develop molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis by integrating tissue microarray (TMA) technology and an internet-database tool, Profiler. TMA technology allows investigators to study hundreds of patient samples on a single glass slide resulting in the conservation of tissue and the reduction in inter-experimental variability. The Profiler system allows investigator to reliably track, store, and evaluate TMA experiments. Here within we describe the process that has evolved through an empirical basis over the past 5 years at two academic institutions.

Results

The generic design of this system makes it compatible with multiple organ system (e.g., prostate, breast, lung, renal, and hematopoietic system,). Studies and folders are restricted to authorized users as required. Over the past 5 years, investigators at 2 academic institutions have scanned 656 TMA experiments and collected 63,311 digital images of these tissue samples. 68 pathologists from 12 major user groups have accessed the system. Two groups directly link clinical data from over 500 patients for immediate access and the remaining groups choose to maintain clinical and pathology data on separate systems. Profiler currently has 170 K data points such as staining intensity, tumor grade, and nuclear size. Due to the relational database structure, analysis can be easily performed on single or multiple TMA experimental results. The TMA module of Profiler can maintain images acquired from multiple systems.

Conclusion

We have developed a robust process to develop molecular biomarkers using TMA technology and an internet-based database system to track all steps of this process. This system is extendable to other types of molecular data as separate modules and is freely available to academic institutions for licensing.
Sal-Site: Integrating new and existing ambystomatid salamander research and informational resources
Authors: Smith Jeramiah J , Putta Srikrishna , Walker John A , Kump D Kevin , Samuels Amy K , Monaghan James R , Weisrock David W , Staben Chuck , Voss S Randal
Published: December 2005

Salamanders of the genus Ambystoma are a unique model organism system because they enable natural history and biomedical research in the laboratory or field. We developed Sal-Site to integrate new and existing ambystomatid salamander research resources in support of this model system. Sal-Site hosts six important resources: 1) Salamander Genome Project: an information-based web-site describing progress in genome resource development, 2) Ambystoma EST Database: a database of manually edited and analyzed contigs assembled from ESTs that were collected from A. tigrinum tigrinum and A. mexicanum, 3) Ambystoma Gene Collection: a database containing full-length protein-coding sequences, 4) Ambystoma Map and Marker Collection: an image and database resource that shows the location of mapped markers on linkage groups, provides information about markers, and provides integrating links to Ambystoma EST Database and Ambystoma Gene Collection databases, 5) Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center: a website and collection of databases that describe an NSF funded salamander rearing facility that generates and distributes biological materials to researchers and educators throughout the world, and 6) Ambystoma Research Coordination Network: a web-site detailing current research projects and activities involving an international group of researchers. Sal-Site is accessible at http://www.ambystoma.org.