bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Importance of Insight
Authors: David Anthony S
Published: November 2023

This volume attests to the revival in interest in the concept of insight in psychosis since Aubrey Lewis’s first foray into this area in 1934. A number of reviews have preceded it and have paved its way (see, for example, David, 1990; Amador, Strauss, Yale, & Gorman 1991; Ghaemi & Pope, 1994). Assessing insight has always been seen as an important part of phenomenology and psychopathology, and is defined in most textbooks of psychiatry and abnormal psychology, although usage and definitions of the term vary (Markova & Berrios, 1992; Berrios & Markova, chap. 2). The clinical importance of insight is now being studied. Certain themes have been addressed, such as the relationship between insight and treatment compliance (McEvoy, Apperson, et al., 1989a; Buchanan, 1992; McEvoy, chap. 14; McFarlane, chap. 16); acting upon hallucinations (Rogers, Gillis, Turner, & Frise-Smith, 1990) and delusions (Buchanan et al., 1993; Buchanan & Wessely chap. 12; Torrey, chap. 13), and the nature of delusions (Garety, chap. 4); the specificity of poor insight for the diagnosis of schizophrenia (Amador et al., 1994; Wing, Cooper, & Sartorius, 1974; Amador & Kronengold, chap. 4); the relationship of insight with depression (Kiersky, chap. 6) and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Cuesta & Peralta, 1994; Kemp & Lambert, 1995; Selten, chap.
Examples
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

A mathematical model of a physical system consists of a set which represents all “states” of the system together with a law which determines the time evolution of states. Part of a scientist’s job is to identify the relevant set of states and to propose the law which governs their evolution. For example, states for Newton’s model of the solar system consist of all positions and velocities of the sun and planets. The law of evolution is determined by a system of second-order differential equations. Newton’s model does not include effects due to the spins, oblateness, magnetic fields of the sun and planets, or the effect of the solar wind. With most models, not every effect is taken into account, just the essential effects. Success of a model is judged by comparing its predictions with observations. Study of a successful model often provides new insight into the physical system being studied and it may suggest new experiments. For Newton’s model of the solar system, the differential equations governing the motion cannot be solved in terms of elementary functions. Attempts to solve these equations approximately using computers are successful over time periods of thousands of years, but they are not accurate over millions or hundreds of millions of years. Round-off errors and truncation errors due to the numerical method tend to grow over time and these eventually limit accuracy. Furthermore, deterministic chaos or instability in the dynamics may cause errors to grow exponentially in time. Attempts to model the solar system illustrate that even when the physical laws governing the evolution of a system are exactly known, and the initial state of the system is exactly known, there may be no practical way of predicting the state far in the future. This presents a new challenge to the modern scientific method which is just beginning to be appreciated and addressed.
The Conley Index
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we investigate properties of the set of orbits trapped by an isolating block. One can restrict the dynamics to a block by collapsing its exit set. The quotient space derived from the block is called the index space. A derived dynamical system called the index map is defined on this space and has the collapsed exit set as a fixed point. The index space together with the index map is called the Conley index of the hlock. An induced map on the homology groups of the index space is the index homomorphism. If the index homomorphism is nontrivial, then so is the set of orbits trapped by the block. The Conley index for an isolated invariant set is defined by taking the direct limit of the indices of a sequence of isolating blocks which converge to the set.
Symplectic Maps
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

Symplectic maps are the discrete analog of Hamiltonian dynamical systems. They are used to model dynamics when there is no friction or dissipation of energy. The fixed-time map of a Hamiltonian flow is a symplectic map. Symplectic maps are volume preserving, and preserve a symplectic structure. Symplectic structures are defined in terms of differential forms. The reader will find a brief discussion of tensors, differential forms, and manifolds in Appendix C. Symplectic manifolds are discussed in Appendix D.
Pleistocene Herpetofaunas Of North America
Authors: Holman J Alan
Published: November 2023

One hundred and seventy Pleistocene sites from mainland North America (excluding Mexico) are reviewed in this chapter. To simplify the documentation of these sites, North America has been divided into eight regions (Fig. 29). These regions are based largely on the relative density of herpetofaunal sites in certain areas of North America, and thus they do not always coincide with what would be considered “natural” biotic regions today. Within each region, fossil herpetofaunal sites are numbered consecutively and designated either as “Sites of Special Interest” or as “Other Important Sites.” Several North American sites with less than three herpetological species were omitted from this book if these species were well-documented elsewhere in the region. Whenever possible, the order of arrangement of the sites in each region is based on the following criteria: (1) age, either absolute or estimated on the basis of fauna or stratigraphy; (2) east to west location of the sites, generally within tiers of states, and (3) north to south location in restricted geographic areas. Complete faunal lists are provided with each site of special interest, and at the end of each regional account, a summary list of the entire Pleistocene herpetofauna of the region is given with site numbers provided for each identified taxon.
Checklist Measurement of Stressful Life Events
Authors: Turner R Jay , Wheaton Blair
Published: November 2023

As noted in the preceding chapter, epidemiological research on the significance of social stress for health and well-being can be traced to the 1930s. However, the onset of the continuing preoccupation among epidemiologists with the role and significance of life stress followed Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) publication of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). This instrument elaborated the Schedule of Recent Experiences (Hawkins, Davies, & Holmes, 1957) by employing a panel of judges to rate the amount of adjustment they thought each event would typically require. In retrospect, the most crucial effect of this innovation may have been its contribution to the face validity of the checklist approach.
Interview Measurement of Stressful Life Events
Authors: Wethington Elaine , Brown George W , Kessler Ronald C
Published: November 2023

A critical component of establishing the overall relationship between environmental stressors and individual health and well-being is the utilization of a comprehensive, reliable, and valid measure of stressful life events and difficulties. Two methods of life events measurement predominate: checklist measures (see Chapter 2, this volume) and intensive personal interview measures, which use qualitative probes in order to specify more precisely the characteristics of life events believed to produce stress. These two sorts of measures have evolved from different, although not mutually exclusive, theories of what constitutes stress. As a concomitant to their origins in different theories of stress, these measures have also been shaped in response to different research questions and paradigms.
Measurement of Affective Response
Authors: Stone Arthur A
Published: November 2023

Affect has a long history in the social and behavioral sciences. It has played a central role in a wide range of theoretical developments and has comprised a large and active field of investigation. One reason for this prominence is that affect and mood are ubiquitous phenomena that are of intrinsic importance to all of us. Even without the benefit of research, each of us knows the relevance of changing affective states and our efforts to achieve the best possible mood. From a clinical perspective, extremes of mood partially define major psychiatric conditions (mania, depression, panic). These observations attest to the significance of affect in our everyday lives and to the importance of understanding the determinants of affect.
Measurement of Stress Hormones
Authors: Baum Andrew , Grunberg Neil
Published: November 2023

The broad applicability or pervasiveness of stress has made it a useful construct in a variety of areas of study, ranging from human performance and mood to eating, drug use, and the aetiology and progression of disease. As a result, a wide range of stress outcomes have been studied, and changes related to this syndrome have been considered in models of diverse phenomena. One consequence of this breadth of study is diffusion of the hazy meaning of the construct: Does stress consist of sympathetic nervous system-driven physiological and biochemical changes, or is it simply emotional turmoil? Are measures of blood pressure or urinary catecholamines equivalent to measures of negative mood and performance deficits?These and other issues have punctuated the expansion of stress study to include measures of neuroendocrine activity and discussion of exactly what these measures are.
Bordering on the Body
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

Laura Anne Doyle argues that many of the major texts of twentieth century literature revolve around concepts embodied in mother figures. By studying key novels of the Harlem Renaissance and Modernism and drawing upon the history of eugenics and anthropology, Doyle shows how mother figures represent boundaries of race and ethnicity.
The African Enterprise
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

The Restoration of peace between the United States and Great Britain was welcome news to James Forten, and it was news he knew would be equally pleasing to his old friend, New England merchant and shipowner Captain Paul Cuffe. Forten and Cuffe both relied on international trade for their livelihood and they recognized that war was bad for business. Both were deeply religious men who preferred peace to war for moral and spiritual reasons. And both rejoiced at the ending of the war because it meant they could at long last revive a project that had come to mean a great deal to them. What neither James Forten nor Paul Cuffe could know was that in two short years they would be separated by a widening ideological gulf and that the scheme they both embraced with such enthusiasm in 1815 would, by 1817, cause great trepidation within the Northern free black community.
Legacy
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

James Forten Cast a long shadow. His legacy was a complex one that both burdened and blessed his heirs. There was the constant pressure to live up to his example. Abolitionists, black and white, expected a continued commitment from the family. Many in the African-American community looked to the Forten clan for leadership and guidance. And then there was the question of continued success in business.James Forten had been a self-made man. His sons, who had received far better educations and many more material advantages than he, could surely improve on their inheritance. Those who traded with the firm of James Forten and Sons expected it. In so many ways the Forten name weighed heavily on James Forten’s heirs, overwhelming some of them as it energized and inspired others to carry on his work.
Emotions Provoked by Unfavorable Life Conditions: Relief, Hope, Sadness, and Depression
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Emotions that are Connected With Unfavorable life conditions, such as major illnesses, pain, and the actual or potential loss of a loved one or of one’s personal status, are a mixed group that includes relief, hope, and sadness. We have arranged them in a logical order, with relief first, be cause it reflects a positive outcome that happily follows an unfavorable situation; then hope, which is the possibility of a positive outcome in an unfavorable situation; then sadness, which is the coming to terms with an irrevocable loss. In our discussion of sadness, we distinguish the feeling of sadness from th t of a related state, depression or despair, which conveys utter hopelessness about what remains of life.
Stress and Emotion
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

From Time To Time in previous chapters we have used the word stress. This is a word familiar to everyone-even more familiar than emotion. Our intent in this chapter is to provide an account of stress so that you can see how stress and emotion are related.
Brain and Mind, a Many-Layered Enigma
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

A number of disciplines contribute richness and variety to the development of cognitive science. I want now to structure and refine the ideas to show more clearly how their different methods and findings complement one another. The protagonists of any one discipline often give the impression that it alone has a handle on the trut—hnot just a handle, but the handle—with sole possession of the skills and intelligence needed to uncover all the mysteries and marvels of mind and brain. Such confidence is certainly present in the newer fields of AI and neuroscience, where the propensity to reinvent the wheel is common, but it is also found at times in much of cognitive psychology, linguistics, and cognitive philosophy.

Yet, this coat of ours is cut from cloth of many colors, and it would be unreasonable to see the enterprise of cognitive science as a race (to change the metaphor yet again) in which there are winners and losers. It is far more fruitful to look at the special and sometimes unique contributions of each discipline, and to see how they mutually support and reinforce one another.
Assessment of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Although the delineation of language competency demands a repeatable means to characterize and gauge the dysfunction, formal aphasia assessment techniques were late in development. All early reports of aphasia merely describe the communication disturbance (Benton and Joynt, 1960). The first attempts to measure language competency were made by individual clinicians (almost always physicians) who reported techniques used to test and/or treat a single individual. A number of pertinent techniques were described (e.g., the Three-Paper Test of Marie), some of which remain in use. Purely clinical evaluations of aphasia be came increasingly sophisticated and have remained a major assessment technique.

The first widely disseminated report of a standardized procedure for testing aphasia appears in the volume Aphasia and Kindred Disorders (Head, 1926). Head presented detailed descriptions of his language evaluations, including a number of novel tests. Following this work, Weisenburg and McBride (1935/1964) developed a relatively comprehensive battery of tests for aphasic language evaluation. Their group of tests represents the first attempt at a psychometric aphasia battery as they were the first to use completely standardized procedures and to compare the subject’s test results with those of normal subjects.
Classifications of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

At least since the time of Wernicke’s original publication, clinicians have indulged in the intellectual exercise of separating varieties of aphasia on the basis of their observations of clusters of language symptoms. The lists of different aphasic syndromes devised since Wernicke’s time represent one of the more confusing aspects of the investigation of language impairment. Much of the confusion stems from the use of different terms to represent a single cluster, terms that reflect the linguistic qualities under evaluation or the investigator’s academic bias or literary creativity. Although each term adds to the confusion, the most pernicious of all the misunderstandings stem from misuse of the term syndrome.

To the clinically naive, an aphasic syndrome may appear to be a fixed group of language findings invariably present when the syndrome is diagnosed. In practice, however, two individual aphasics almost never show identical or even closely similar aphasia symptoms. The variability in symptom pictures has been interpreted negatively by some investigators who think that the syndromes of aphasia lack validity. Despite this recurring element of doubt (Caplan, 1987; Caramazza, 1984; Schwartz, 1984), descriptions of language disorders clustered as syndromes have remained relatively stable since the days of Wernicke and Lichtheim (Ben son, 1988b).
Management and Rehabilitation of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

To one who has lived in a foreign-language environment, the feeling of solitude and isolation that the aphasic patient faces is easy to appreciate. Conversely, speaking to a foreign-language user in one’s own environment demands special consideration; grammar must be simple, pronunciation clear, and redundancy is required. Both practical experience and common sense are needed to communicate across languages. Errors made and difficulties endured when trying to learn a second language parallel, to some degree, the problems an aphasic patient encounters in rehabilitation of language use.

During the past few decades formal language rehabilitation programs have be come widely available. Most individuals with speech and language difficulties, including those with aphasia, receive formal diagnostic evaluations and many at tend remedial therapy programs. The widespread availability of aphasia therapy is a consequence of several factors: (1) language therapy has attained a respectable professional status with a growing scientific basis and the potential for much creativity; (2) the neurophysiological mechanisms of recovery after nervous-system injury are better understood; (3) enhanced understanding of the brain organization for language has facilitated the development of new remedial procedures; (4) home computers and other technical devices that are now widely available have been programmed for language rehabilitation.
The Modernization Process
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

“Barbarians are, after all, barbarians. It is only natural that they adhere to a barbarian Way, and normally we could let things go at that. But today they have their hearts set on transforming our Middle Kingdom Civilization to barbarism.
Through a Rashomon Mirror Darkly
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

Every nation-state should play a strong self-aware role in setting the terms under which the country’s insertion in the world system takes place. It should contribute as well to the working out of an international regulatory regime in which social costs are minimized and benefits are spread widely and inclusively. The latter task moves us into relatively unchartered waters. It is clear that government roles in the latter process will be related to the cultural economies, domestic regulatory regimes, and historical specificities of the individual nation-state formations, especially of the economically, politically, and militarily most powerful governments. For this reason it would be well if Americans understood more about changing politics, class recomposition, and strategic corporate planning in Japan. Japan’s more self-referential national developmentalist model has undergone modification and in important ways has been eclipsed by bold new departures as Japan assumes global leadership responsibilities. The Japanese have made clear their view that they (and Germany) should be given permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council and that the United Nations should be strengthened in the direction of building an effective global governance organization. This means that the UN Security Council will take on a more activist role in anticipating conflicts.
Migration, Winds, and Currents
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

Our planet is a diverse place, and much of this diversity is a direct result of weather and climate. Because migrants move widely over the surface of the earth, they experience a range of climatic vagaries, and indeed it is the variation in climates and seasons that provides most of the ultimate basis for migratory journeys. To fully understand migration, it is therefore necessary to understand how migratory behavior may be influenced by conditions in the atmosphere and in the oceans. For migrants traveling through air or water, as most do, winds and currents can play major roles in determining pathways, timing, and distances traversed. This is true for large active swimmers and flyers as well as minute insects, spores, or plankton. The influences of weather and current patterns on migration extend from events occurring on a global scale down to minute changes in the microclimate.
Orientation and Navigation
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

The ability to orient to the surroundings is a fundamental property of life, and probably all organisms orient at some point in their life cycles. At even the simplest of organizational levels, there exists the ability to process information, and that information is frequently used to orient in space. When it comes to migration, the ability to control one’s position in space can become very important indeed. The degree of importance that orientation assumes, however, and the level of sophistication necessary in orienting are very much functions of the necessities imposed by the migration system. It is quite possible to imagine a migratory episode in which no orientation is necessary, for example if all surrounding habitats to which migration may occur are ecologically equivalent. This sort of situation is no doubt an extreme case, but it is still worth considering as a sort of “null model” for orientation behavior. Minimum orientation may also be the case if wind or currents provide the vehicle to a suitable habitat (Chapter 5). There are also situations where orientation may occur not during migration but after migration is complete, say in foraging or ranging activities to find suitable food or breeding sites. Such orientation may not be very complex, or, on the other hand, it may involve sophisticated use of landmarks or other cues if a home range or territory is involved.
Adaptive Optics in Astronomy
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overall perspective on the application of adaptive optics to ground-based astronomy. It addresses questions such as: What is the function of adaptive optics? How does it improve astronomical observations? What effect does it have on the design of telescopes and instrumentation? How is adaptive optics implemented and what are its limitations? By providing concise answers to these questions, I hope to establish a framework for the detailed discussion of techniques and system design that is contained in the following chapters.
The Analytical Approach To Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Mckenna Pat , Warrincton Elizabeth K
Published: November 2023

The major advances in neurology at the tum of the century were followed by a developmental period that lasted until the late 1950s, when clinicians no longer felt forced to concede that the brain was characterized by homogeneity of function. Remnants of equipotentialist thinking can still be found, but they are confined to minor aspects of organization such as the controversy over whether or not rudimentary language can be coaxed from the nondominant hemisphere in patients who have sustained near-total damage to the dominant hemisphere. Other areas of investigation, which still give a certain degree of credence to this idea, are those of functional organization in left-handed subjects and patients who have sustained early brain damage. For the most part, however, clinicians and neuroscientists agree about the broad functional specialization and localization along the dimensions of language, perception, memory, and movement.
Cognitive Impairment and Major Depression: Beyond the Pseudodementia Syndrome
Authors: King Deborah A , Caine Eric D
Published: November 2023

When the first edition of this text was published 10 years ago, “pseudodementia” was a major concern. Clinicians, and a few researchers, sought to define specific features that would separate progressive neurodegenerative diseases (so-called “organic” conditions) from psychiatric (“functional”) syndromes that would respond to treatment. We do not use the term “pseudodementia” anymore. During the early and mid-1980s, there had been few controlled studies of the cognitive deficits associated with major mood disturbances. Since then, there has been what seems like a yearly exponential increase. Investigators have focused primarily on qualitative and quantitative characterization of neuropsychological abnormalities, especially among subjects with major depression, using both standardized procedures and experimental methods, comparing psychiatric subjects to healthy controls and to groups of patients with defined neurodegenerative diseases. For some researchers, there is no question that major depression, especially in older persons, is often associated with significant, reproducible intellectual deficits that are indicative of disordered brain function. We are in that camp. For others, however, that confident assertion rings hollow. We will consider their views as well.
Introduction: Phylogenetics in Behavior: Some Cautions and Expectations
Authors: Ryan Michael J
Published: November 2023

Phylogenetics has had an interesting history in studies of animal behavior (Burghardt & Gittleman 1990; Brooks & McLennan 1991). For some of the early ethologists with backgrounds in comparative anatomy, species comparisons were the essence of their science. Coincident with the formulation of kin selection theory (Hamilton 1964), however, emphases in animal behavior shifted toward issues in population genetics and population biology, and sociobiology seemed quickly to forget its ethological (both its historical and mechanistic) roots.
The Statistical Analysis of Interspecific Data: A Review and Evaluation of Phylogenetic Comparative Methods
Authors: Martins Em ília P , Hansen Thomas F
Published: November 2023

In the last few decades, the comparative method has undergone a virtual renaissance in evolutionary biology as researchers develop new ways to incorporate taxonomic and phylogenetic information into the design and analysis of interspecific data (see Brooks & McLennan 1991; Harvey & Pagel 1991; McKitrick 1993; Miles & Dunham 1993; and Maddison 1994 for recent reviews). Although phylogenies were an integral part of many classical ethological studies, their use has been largely neglected by other fields in the study of animal behavior.
Using Comparative Approaches to Integrate Behavior and Population Biology
Authors: Promislow Daniel E L
Published: November 2023

In his introduction to a symposium on behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary biology, Les Real argued that “...ecological phenomena and community organization can be viewed, to a large degree, as the immediate consequence of individual actions and behaviors”, (Real 1992, p. S1). He suggested that since behavior is influenced by internal molecular and physiological processes, and influences external population- and community-level traits, behavior may provide a framework that unifies all of the biological sciences (Fig. 1).
Using Cladistic Analysis of Comparative Data to Reconstruct the Evolution of Cognitive Development in Hominids
Authors: Parker Sue Taylor
Published: November 2023

In his book Mental Development in the Child and the Race in 1894 (revised in 1906), James Mark Baldwin discusses the ontogeny and phylogeny of human mental development. Noting the analogies between development and evolution, qualified by recognition of departures from strict recapitulation, he lays out a grand design for future studies at the same time noting how far psychology is from fulfilling it: At the turn of this century, American psychologists like James Mark Baldwin were fascinated by the notion that stages of human mental development recapitulated stages of human and primate evolution.
Robust Multivariable Nyquist Criterion
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we briefly review multivariable closed-loop stability and the related robustness issue. The material is fairly standard, except possibly for the tedious issue of a varying number of open-loop right half-plane poles. We already provide a bit of the topological flavor to come by emphasizing the fundamental problem of mapping the topological space of uncertainty to the complex plane, resulting in a template, that could exhibit strange singularity phenomena, and that should stay away from O + j0.
Homology Of Uncertainty And Other Spaces
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Central in the/previous chapters was the decomposition of the space of uncertainties into simplexes. Here, we show how the combinatorics of the assembly of simplexes leads to the formalization of such pathologies as “loops,” “holes,” “twists,” and so on, of which we can acquire an intuitive, visual picture in low-dimension. Such pathologies are algebraically characterized in terms of homology groups. The homology groups can be loosely referred to as the “global topology,” to contrast it with the local, point set topological properties.
Brouwer Degree Of Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

From a conceptual point of view, the obstruction test for robust stability is a test on the homotopy class of the map f : (D × Ω)→ S. More specifically, f should be nullhomotopic for the extension to exist and the robust stability test to pass. An important homotopy invariant of a map is its Brouwer degree. Roughly speaking, the Brouwer degree of a map can be defined as an integer that is associated with the map, that is a homotopy invariant, and that vanishes iff the map is nullhomotopic. In this chapter, we reformulate the obstruction problem, and more broadly the robust stability problem, in terms of the Brouwer degree of the Nyquist map. A key result is that f is nullhomotopic iff its Brouwer degree vanishes.
Epilogue
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Having reached the end of our journey through the topology of robust stability, we would like to devote the last chapter of this book to a few remarks pertaining to those topics that the lack of space and the lack of time have prevented us from developing in this book.
Emotions and Psychopathology from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Authors: Epstein Seymour
Published: November 2023

It is no accident that mental illnesses are also referred to as emotional disorders. Laypeople and professionals alike recognize that emotions lie at the heart of many disorders in living. It is noteworthy, in this respect, that the three primary negative emotions (in the sense that they are observable in nonhuman animals), fear, sadness, and anger, have their counterparts in major classes of psychological disorders, namely, anxiety disorders, depression, and anger-hostility-related disorders, including paranoia and antisocial personality.
Models of “Normal” Emotions Applied to Facial and Vocal Expression in Clinical Disorders
Authors: Kaiser Susanne , Scherer Klaus R
Published: November 2023

Most clinicians, reflecting on their experience, readily admit to the fact that nonverbal cues, and especially vocal and facial patterns, have a strong effect on their overall evaluation of a client. They regularly use the facial and vocal behavior of their patients as diagnostic indicators of type of disorder, of transient shifts in mood state, and of improvement during therapy. However, the use of these nonverbal diagnostic indicators is almost always of a very intuitive nature, which is quite different from a trained skill in differentially utilizing specific vocal and facial cues.
Boring from Within: Endogenous Versus Reactive Boredom
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Was Berryman’s mother right? Is all boredom from within? The question is in fact ambiguous. Whether or not there should always be an internal cure for boredom, there is a separate question of whether the source of boredom is itself always internal (and yet a further question of whether self-generated emotions should be regarded as pathological by virtue of their source). Mrs. Berryman may have been more concerned with cure than source. Causal treatments, treatments that get at the root of a problem, must depend on the nature of the problem, in particular its source, but symptomatic treatments come from wherever they come from and work whenever they work. The two questions are, however, surely related, for the effectiveness of inner resources in overcoming a problem may depend on just what it is that needs to be overcome. Does the world or the person, life or attitude, need to change in order to overcome boredom? Is all boredom from within?
Emotion and the Etiology of Depressive Disorders
Authors: Brown George W , Moran Patricia
Published: November 2023

We outline in this chapter an approach to the study of psychosocial factors in the development of depressive disorders that has informed a research program started in the early 1970s. We must confess at the outset that our approach has been characterized for the most part by highly indirect attempts to study emotion. This strategy has been driven largely by methodological concerns rather than any desire to downplay the crucial role of emotion in depression. Therefore, rather than discussing the nature of emotion per se, what follows is an account of a particular set of concepts and measures we have found important in understanding the development of depression.
Thinking and Depression: Structure in Content
Authors: Banis Monique de
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the nature of certain aspects of emotional disorders in depression from a structural perspective, thus complementing the content-oriented cognitive theories of depression. The main objective of a structural perspective is to describe precisely how different basic domains of knowledge or belief are organized. Although both content and structure are important concepts that sometimes interact, special emphasis is given in this chapter to the latter rather than to the former. The methods used to study structure were derived from Personal Construct Theory (PCT; Kelly, 1955).
Hedonic Capacity: Implications for Understanding Emotional and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
Authors: Blanchard Jack J
Published: November 2023

Disturbances of emotion have been considered an essential aspect of the clinical presentation of schizophrenia. Eugen Bleuler (1911/1950) described a range of emotional characteristics observed in schizophrenia, including a paucity of emotional expression and emotional indifference, as well as affective !ability and inappropriate affect. Bleuler, however, considered these disturbances in affect as secondary symptoms (in his model the disturbance of association was primary). Kraepelin (1919/ 1971) described changes in the emotion of patients with schizophrenia, which he termed “emotional dullness” (p. 32), involving indifference and the lack of joy and affection. Kraepelin did not consider all affect to be lacking as he observed instances of inappropriate affect and intense emotional outbursts. An alternative conceptualization of affective symptoms in schizophrenia is represented by Rado (1962) and Meehl (1962), both of whom placed greater theoretical emphasis on emotion with a focus on the decreased capacity to experience pleasure, or anhedonia. Rado (1962) viewed anhedonia not merely as a symptom of schizophrenia but rather as a central, genetically based, deficit.
“To Bedlam and Part Way Back”: Discrete Emotions Theory and Borderline Symptoms
Authors: Magai Carol , Hunziker Jill
Published: November 2023

Anne Sexton, the popular poet of the mid-twentieth century, one of America’s most talented, accessible, and short-lived poets, suffered from symptoms consistent with what today would be called borderline personality disorder. Emblematic of this dis order, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), is a “pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts” (p. 650). Further features of this disorder, which were observable within Sexton’s personality structure, include (a) a profound fear of real or imagined abandonment; (b) a disturbed and unstable self-concept; (c) recurrent suicidal behavior and ideation; (d) chronic feelings of emptiness; (e) intense, inappropriate, and often uncontrollable anger; and (f) transient dissociative states. This clinical description, however, does not provide any clues to the developmental origins of the disorder, or any formulations about the role of particular kinds of emotional experience in forging borderline predispositions.
Evidence for Theories of Emotion from Dissociative Identity Disorders
Authors: Altrocchi John
Published: November 2023

This chapter derives empirical evidence about emotion processes from the observations of many thoughtful professionals and patients who have worked with a specific kind of serious psychopathological disorder-dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder or multiple personality response. In this disorder extreme negative emotional states play a central role. Emotional states, which are inferred constructs, are defined as particular constellations of changes in somatic and/or neurophysiological activity, and in facial, bodily, and vocal behavior (Lewis, 1993). Emotional states may include, but are not the same as, conscious emotional experiences. Because of the probable origins of DID at times of unbearable repetitive traumas in early childhood, the resulting emotional states are also intense and unbearable. Understanding the importance of intense and unbearable emotional states in a severe disorder of human functioning may help us understand the roles of emotion in memory, cognition, psychopathology, healing, and human functioning in general.
Cavitation Bubble Collapse
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter some of the equations of bubble dynamics were developed and applied to problems of bubble growth. In this chapter we continue the discussion of bubble dynamics but switch attention to the dynamics of collapse and, in particular, consider the consequences of the violent collapse of vapor-filled cavitation bubbles.
Task and Expressive Roles in Groups
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Groups of individuals that interact over time tend to develop different roles or expectations about how participants will behave and the qualities they will exhibit. Forty years ago, Talcott Parsons argued that all small groups develop two fundamental types of roles-an instrumental role that is directed to helping the group achieve its task and an expressive role that is directed toward providing emotional support to group members. The traditional nuclear family, according to Parsons, provided an example of role differentiation along instrumental and expressive lines: the father is concerned with adaptive-instrumental activity (holding a job and providing financial support), whereas the mother is concerned with integrative-expressive activity (being involved with the emotional support and care of children). ), Parsons argued that even where women hold jobs, the traditional jobs they hold as teachers, social workers, nurses, and secretaries have primary expressive components and are thus analogous to the role of wife and mother in the family.
Dominance and Leadership in Groups
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Dominance and leadership are characteristics associated with men and masculinity.1 Consistent with this notion, research on mixedsex discussion groups shows men to take the lead and dominate by talking more than women2 and to emerge more often as leaders in groups that are initially leaderless.3 We could conclude from this evidence that the widely held stereotype of male dominance and leadership is actually an accurate depiction of reality, but before doing so we need to consider alternative perspectives on these data. This chapter is divided into two sections. In the first section I consider the features of the participants and the situational context that make men more likely than women to emerge as leaders and to display dominance in initially leaderless groups, and those contexts that mitigate this effect. In the second half of the chapter I look at the behavior of women and men in actual leadership positions.
Emergent Forms
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C
Published: November 2023

While it is often assumed that behavioural development must be based upon both physical law and the biological principles of morphogenesis and selection, forging a link between these disciplines has remained an elusive goal. This book addresses the question of how familiar human functional acts - eating, walking, manipulating objects, smiling, etc. - emerge during infancy due to both intrinsic dynamics and selective processes. The central thesis of the book is that during perceptually guided spontaneous activity, a variety of biodynamic devices for doing different kinds of work are assembled and adapted to specific tasks. Following the introductory chapters, which explore principles from the fields of dynamics and ecological psychology, the author introduces a theory of the development of action systems based upon both self-organisation in complex systems and perceptually guided selective processes. The theory is then examined in the context of development of each of several action systems. The book addresses many long-standing issues in behavioural development, including the apparent disappearance of so-called primitive behaviours, the emergence of new skills, and the role of the caregiver on skill acquisition. The prospects for extending the theory to atypical development and to other domains such as cognition and language are also considered.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Principles and Practical Aspects
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

We succeeded to show, that for these frequencies there is a maximum of absorption in the region of weak fields H; this maximum being shifted towards the region of strong fields H; when the frequency of the oscillating field increases.
Spin Trapping Free Radicals in Biological Systems
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

With the advent of in vivo in situ spin trapping of free radicals in real time (Komarov, et al., 1993; Lai and Komarov, 1994; Halpern, et al., 1995; Jiang, et al., 1995, 1996; Komarov and Lai, 1995; Yoshimura, et al., 1996; Liu, et al., 1999), a new chapter in the exploration of biologically generated free radicals has begun. Such achievements could not have been possible without the pioneering efforts of many scientists, whose visions have allowed stepwise advances to be made.
Nuclear Genetic Analysis of Population Structure and Genetic Variation Using lntron Primers
Authors: Palumbi Stephen R , Baker C Scott
Published: November 2023

A number of different approaches have been taken to develop sensitive assays of nuclear genetic variation. The first, protein allozyme analysis, revolutionized the field of population genetics, and provided what is still the largest database on genetic variation within and between species. Allozyme studies are based on the comparison of different alleles at protein-coding loci. In general, these alleles are distinguished by charge differences, and in some cases are known to show remarkably different biochemical properties (Koehn et al., 1980; Powers 1987). Directional and balancing selection are known (Koehn et al., 1980) or inferred (Karl and Avise, 1992) to be operating at some of these loci.
The Use of Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Sequencing in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Taberlet Pierre
Published: November 2023

One of the main challenges in conservation biology is to identify potential conservation units (or evolutionarily significant units) (Ryder, 1986; Woodruff, 1989) using a molecular approach. Such units correspond to sets of populations that have a recent common history, and should be managed separately in order to preserve their biological diversity. Usually, management programs are founded on current taxonomic assignments. At the subspecific or specific levels many of these assignments were proposed a long time ago, and were based on only a small number of specimens. Such a taxonomy, based solely on morphological traits, can provide two kinds of errors in the recognition of potential conservation units (Avise, 1989): recognition of groups showing little evolutionary differentiation (Laerm et al., 1982), or lack of recognition of distant forms (Avise and Nelson, 1989). Therefore, where current morphologically based taxonomy remains uncertain, molecular tools should be advocated. At the intraspecific level, as different populations may be geographically structured, potential conservation units can be identified using a phylogeographic approach that combines biogeographic and phylogenetic data (Avise et al., 1987; Avise, 1992; Dizon et al., 1992).
DNA Multilocus Fingerprinting Using Simple Repeat Motif Oligonucleotides
Authors: Rassmann Kornelia , Zischler Hans , Tautz Diethard
Published: November 2023

The “invention” of multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting in 1985 has provided conservation geneticists with a powerful new tool (Jeffreys, 1985b). Owing to the high average mutation rate of the genomic regions analysed in DNA fingerprinting, the multilocus band patterns or fingerprints normally reveal ample genetic variation (Jeffreys et al., 1988). Thus, multilocus fingerprinting can provide information on the genetic structure of individuals (heterozygosity) or populations (allelic diversity) where less sensitive methods such as enzyme electrophoresis might fail. Like minisatellite fingerprinting, simple sequence oligonucleotide fingerprinting detects multiple loci simultaneously in the eukaryotic genome. The technique is named after the specific hybridization probe employed: a synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotide, about 20 nucleotides in length. The sequence of this probe consists of a single, very short motif, for instance “CA” or “GTC,” which is repeated several times. Such a probe can hybridize with simple repetitive DNA loci in the eukaryotic genome. Since many repetitive DNA loci in the genome consist of the same repeat motif, simple sequence oligonucleotide fingerprinting produces a multilocus fingerprint pattern (for reviews on oligonucleotide fingerprinting see: Epplen, 1988; Epplen et al., 1991, 1993). The degree of genetic variation revealed in oligonucleotide fingerprints seems to be similar to that in minisatellite fingerprints. A study analysing several loci in the human genome that hybridize with the (CAC)5 oligonucleotide probe confirmed a very high average rate of germline mutations. The mutation rate of the resolvable DNA fragments containing such loci was estimated to be approximately 0.001 per locus per gamete (Niirnberg et al., 1989). The same study showed that the fingerprint patterns were somatically stable, thus providing support for the reliability of the method.