bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DopSCAT: A mission concept for simultaneous measurements of marine winds and surface currents
Authors: Fois Franco , Hoogeboom Peter , Le Chevalier François , Stoffelen Ad , Mouche Alexis
Published: November 2015

A radar scatterometer operates by transmitting a pulse of microwave energy toward the ocean's surface and measuring the normalized (per‐unit‐surface) radar backscatter coefficient (σ°). The primary application of scatterometry is the measurement of near‐surface ocean winds. By combining σ° measurements from different azimuth angles, the 10 m vector wind can be determined through a Geophysical Model Function (GMF), which relates wind and backscatter. This paper proposes a mission concept for the measurement of both oceanic winds and surface currents, which makes full use of earlier C‐band radar remote sensing experience. For the determination of ocean currents, in particular, the novel idea of using two chirps of opposite slope is introduced. The fundamental processing steps required to retrieve surface currents are given together with their associated accuracies. A detailed description of the mission proposal and comparisons between real and retrieved surface currents are presented. The proposed ocean Doppler scatterometer can be used to generate global surface ocean current maps with accuracies better than 0.2 m/s at a spatial resolution better than 25 km (i.e., 12.5 km spatial sampling) on a daily basis. These maps will allow gaining some insights on the upper ocean mesoscale dynamics. The work lies at a frontier, given that the present inability to measure ocean currents from space in a consistent and synoptic manner represents one of the greatest weaknesses in ocean remote sensing.
Enhanced sulfate formation by nitrogen dioxide: Implications from in situ observations at the SORPES station
Authors: Xie Yuning , Ding Aijun , Nie Wei , Mao Huiting , Qi Ximeng , Huang Xin , Xu Zheng , Kerminen Veli‐Matti , Petäjä Tuukka , Chi Xuguang , Virkkula Aki , Boy Michael , Xue Likun , Guo Jia , Sun Jianning , Yang Xiuqun , Kulmala Markku , Fu Congbin
Published: November 2015

Investigating sulfate formation processes is important not only for air pollution control but also for understanding the climate system. Although the mechanisms of secondary sulfate production have been widely studied, in situ observational evidence implicating an important role of NO2 in SO2 oxidation in the real atmosphere has been rare. In this study, we report two unique cases, from an intensive campaign conducted at the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System (SORPES) in East China, showing distinctly different mechanisms of sulfate formation by NO2 and related nitrogen chemistry. The first case occurred in an episode of mineral dust mixed with anthropogenic pollutants and especially high concentrations of NOx. It reveals that NO2 played an important role, not only in surface catalytic reactions of SO2 but also in dust‐induced photochemical heterogeneous reactions of NO2, which produced additional sources of OH radicals to promote new particle formation and growth. The second case was caused by aqueous oxidation of S(IV) by NO2 under foggy/cloudy conditions with high NH3 concentration. As a by‐product, the formed nitrite enhanced HONO formation and further promoted the gas‐phase formation of sulfate in the downwind area. This study highlights the effect of NOx in enhancing the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and indicates a potentially very important impact of increasing NOx on particulate pollution formation and regional climate change in East Asia.
On the evolution of a long‐lived mesoscale vortex over the Yangtze River Basin: Geometric features and interactions among systems of different scales
Authors: Fu Shen‐Ming , Li Wan‐Li , Ling Jian
Published: November 2015

A long‐lived mesoscale vortex that caused extremely heavy rainfall events over the Yangtze River Basin was reproduced reasonably by the advanced Weather Research and Forecasting model. Using simulations, the three‐dimensional geometric features of the vortex, as well as the interactions between the vortex and its background circulations (BCs), were investigated. Results indicated that the geometry features of the vortex were closely related to vortex evolution, vortex‐related convection processes and precipitation, and vortex‐BC interactions. Growth in the horizontal size of the vortex favored its sustainment. The vortex tended to produce stronger convection processes and precipitation as its orientation became closer to the west‐east direction. The circulation budget revealed that the convergence‐related shrinking, the BC transport, and the effects caused by vortex movement were the dominant factors for vortex development. Divergence‐related stretching dominated vortex dissipation, and the transport effects associated with the BC and the eddy flows also accelerated this attenuation. The energy budget indicated that the vortex intensely interacted with its BCs during its lifetime. The BCs affected the vortex through downscaled energy cascade and mean transport; the eddy flow reacted to its BCs via upscaled energy cascade and eddy transport. Generally, the vortex had more dynamic than thermodynamic interactions with its BCs. BC effects were vital to the vortex evolution, whereas the variation in the BCs was predominantly determined by their own effects, although the reaction of the vortex‐related eddy flow cannot be ignored in the variation of the BC dynamical fields.
Meter‐scale spark X‐ray spectrum statistics
Authors: Carlson B. E. , Østgaard N. , Kochkin P. , Grondahl Ø. , Nisi R. , Weber K. , Scherrer Z. , LeCaptain K.
Published: November 2015

X‐ray emission by sparks implies bremsstrahlung from a population of energetic electrons, but the details of this process remain a mystery. We present detailed statistical analysis of X‐ray spectra detected by multiple detectors during sparks produced by 1 MV negative high‐voltage pulses with 1 μs risetime. With over 900 shots, we statistically analyze the signals, assuming that the distribution of spark X‐ray fluence behaves as a power law and that the energy spectrum of X‐rays detectable after traversing ∼2 m of air and a thin aluminum shield is exponential. We then determine the parameters of those distributions by fitting cumulative distribution functions to the observations. The fit results match the observations very well if the mean of the exponential X‐ray energy distribution is 86 ± 7 keV and the spark X‐ray fluence power law distribution has index −1.29 ± 0.04 and spans at least 3 orders of magnitude in fluence.
Chemical apportionment of aerosol optical properties during the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Beijing, China
Authors: Han Tingting , Xu Weiqi , Chen Chen , Liu Xingang , Wang Qingqing , Li Jie , Zhao Xiujuan , Du Wei , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele
Published: November 2015

We have investigated the chemical and optical properties of aerosol particles during the 2014 Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Beijing, China, using the highly time‐resolved measurements by a high‐resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and a cavity attenuated phase shift extinction monitor. The average (±σ) extinction coefficient (bext) and absorption coefficient (bap) were 186.5 (±184.5) M m−1 and 23.3 (±21.9) M m−1 during APEC, which were decreased by 63% and 56%, respectively, compared to those before APEC primarily due to strict emission controls. The aerosol composition and size distributions showed substantial changes during APEC; as a response, the mass scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM1 was decreased from 4.7 m2 g−1 to 3.5 m2 g−1. Comparatively, the average single‐scattering albedo (SSA) remained relatively unchanged, illustrating the synchronous reductions of bext and bap during APEC. MSE and SSA were found to increase as function of the oxidation degree of organic aerosol (OA), indicating a change of aerosol optical properties during the aging processes. The empirical relationships between chemical composition and particle extinction were established using a multiple linear regression model. Our results showed the largest contribution of ammonium nitrate to particle extinction, accounting for 35.1% and 29.3% before and during APEC, respectively. This result highlights the important role of ammonium nitrate in the formation of severe haze pollution during this study period. We also observed very different optical properties of primary and secondary aerosol. Owing to emission controls in Beijing and surrounding regions and also partly the influences of meteorological changes, the average bext of secondary aerosol during APEC was decreased by 71% from 372.3 M m−1 to 108.5 M m−1, whereas that of primary aerosol mainly from cooking, traffic, and biomass burning emissions showed a smaller reduction from 136.7 M m−1 to 71.3 M m−1. As a result, the contribution of primary aerosol to particle extinction increased from 26.8% to 39.6%, elucidating an enhanced role of local primary sources in visibility deterioration during APEC. Further analysis of chemically resolved particle extinction showed that the extinction contributions of aerosol species varied greatly between different air masses but generally with ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and secondary OA being the three major contributors.
Numerical modeling of the ejecta distribution and formation of the Orientale basin on the Moon
Authors: Zhu Meng‐Hua , Wünnemann Kai , Potter Ross W. K.
Published: November 2015

The formation and structure of the Orientale basin on the Moon has been extensively studied in the past; however, estimates of its transient crater size, excavated volume and depth, and ejecta distribution remain uncertain. Here we present a new numerical model to reinvestigate the formation and structure of Orientale basin and better constrain impact parameters such as impactor size and velocity. Unlike previous models, the observed ejecta distribution and ejecta thickness were used as the primary constraints to estimate transient crater size—the best measure of impact energy. Models were also compared to basin morphology and morphometry, and subsurface structures derived from high‐resolution remote sensing observations and gravity data, respectively. The best fit model suggests a 100 km diameter impactor with a velocity of ~12 km s−1 formed the Orientale basin on a relatively “cold” Moon. In this impact scenario the transient crater diameter is ~400 km or 460 km depending on whether the crater is defined using the diameter of the excavation zone or the diameter of the growing cavity at the time of maximum crater volume, respectively. The volume of ejecta material is ~4.70 × 106 km3, in agreement with recent estimates of the Orientale ejecta blanket thickness from remote sensing studies. The model also confirms the remote sensing spectroscopic observations that no mantle material was excavated and deposited at Orientale's rim.
Geomorphic signal of active faulting at the northern edge of Lut Block: Insights on the kinematic scenario of Central Iran
Authors: Calzolari Gabriele , Della Seta Marta , Rossetti Federico , Nozaem Reza , Vignaroli Gianluca , Cosentino Domenico , Faccenna Claudio
Published: November 2015

Recent works documented Neogene to Quaternary dextral strike‐slip tectonics along the Kuh‐e‐Sarhangi and Kuh‐e‐Faghan intraplate strike‐slip faults at the northern edge of the Lut Block of Central Iran, previously thought to be dominated by sinistral strike‐slip deformation. This work focuses on the evidence of Quaternary activity of one of these fault systems, in order to provide new spatiotemporal constraints on their role in the active regional kinematic scenario. Through geomorphological and structural investigation, integrated with optically stimulated luminescence dating of three generations of alluvial fans and fluvial terraces (at ~53, ~25, and ~6 ka), this study documents (i) the topographic inheritance of the long‐term (Myr) punctuated history of fault nucleation, propagation, and exhumation along the northern edge of Lut Block; (ii) the tectonic control on drainage network evolution, pediment formation, fluvial terraces, and alluvial fan architecture; (iii) the minimum Holocene age of Quaternary dextral strike‐slip faulting; and (iv) the evidence of Late Quaternary fault‐related uplift localized along the different fault strands. The documented spatial and temporal constraints on the active dextral strike‐slip tectonics at the northern edge of Lut Block provide new insights on the kinematic model for active faulting in Central Iran, which has been reinterpreted in an escape tectonic scenario.
Changes in paleostress and its magnitude related to seismic cycles in the Chelung‐pu Fault, Taiwan
Authors: Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Tobe Kota , Yeh En‐Chao , Lin Weiren , Song Sheng‐Rong
Published: November 2015

Paleostress analysis was conducted through a multiple stress inversion method using slip data recoded for the core samples from the Taiwan Chelung‐pu Fault Drilling Project (TCDP). Two stress fields were obtained; one of these had horizontally plunging σ1, and the other has horizontally plunging σ2 or σ3 in the compressional stress direction of the Chi‐Chi earthquake. Stress magnitude for both the stress fields was constrained by stress polygons, which indicated larger SHmax for horizontally plunging σ1 than that in the case of horizontally plunging σ2 or σ3. These differences in stress orientations and stress magnitude suggest that the change in stress filed can be caused by stress drop and stress buildup associated with seismic cycles. The seismic cycles recoded in the core samples from TCDP could include many events at geological timescale and not only the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake.
Macroweather precipitation variability up to global and centennial scales
Authors: de Lima M. I. P. , Lovejoy S.
Published: November 2015

We investigate precipitation variability in the “macroweather” regime—the intermediate regime between the familiar weather and climate regimes—which is associated to time scales from about 10 days to 30–100 years. Macroweather precipitation is characterized by negative fluctuation exponents. This implies—contrary to the weather regime—that fluctuations tend to cancel each other out, they diminish with time scale, this is important for seasonal, annual, and decadal forecasts. Aiming at a wide‐scale range space‐time statistical description of macroweather precipitation, we study the scaling of three centennial, global‐scale precipitation products (one gauge based, one reanalysis based, and one satellite based) and systematically compare them over wide ranges of time and space scales. Although these products have very similar temporal statistics, at 5° resolution, they only agree with each other after being averaged over scales of several years, at scales larger than 2–3 decades, they disagree again. In space, there is less agreement on the statistics but—since the data have low resolutions (mostly 5° × 5°)—the disagreement is only over a small overall range of scales: the monthly data agree fairly well at scales 20°–30° and larger. Moreover, we quantify the outer scale limit of the temporal scaling (20–40 years, depending on the product, on the spatial scale, pixel, or global). Overall, results show that precipitation can be modeled with space‐time scaling processes. The improved understanding of the space‐time macroweather precipitation variability and the limitations of precipitation products provided by this work opens new perspectives to the stochastic modeling and forecasting of macroweather precipitation as well as separating natural and anthropogenic precipitation.
Accelerating advances in continental domain hydrologic modeling
Authors: Archfield Stacey A. , Clark Martyn , Arheimer Berit , Hay Lauren E. , McMillan Hilary , Kiang Julie E. , Seibert Jan , Hakala Kirsti , Bock Andrew , Wagener Thorsten , Farmer William H. , Andréassian Vazken , Attinger Sabine , Viglione Alberto , Knight Rodney , Markstrom Steven , Over Thomas
Published: November 2015

In the past, hydrologic modeling of surface water resources has mainly focused on simulating the hydrologic cycle at local to regional catchment modeling domains. There now exists a level of maturity among the catchment, global water security, and land surface modeling communities such that these communities are converging toward continental domain hydrologic models. This commentary, written from a catchment hydrology community perspective, provides a review of progress in each community toward this achievement, identifies common challenges the communities face, and details immediate and specific areas in which these communities can mutually benefit one another from the convergence of their research perspectives. Those include: (1) creating new incentives and infrastructure to report and share model inputs, outputs, and parameters in data services and open access, machine‐independent formats for model replication or reanalysis; (2) ensuring that hydrologic models have: sufficient complexity to represent the dominant physical processes and adequate representation of anthropogenic impacts on the terrestrial water cycle, a process‐based approach to model parameter estimation, and appropriate parameterizations to represent large‐scale fluxes and scaling behavior; (3) maintaining a balance between model complexity and data availability as well as uncertainties; and (4) quantifying and communicating significant advancements toward these modeling goals.
Linking water age and solute dynamics in streamflow at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Bailey Scott W. , Campbell John L. , Green Mark B. , Rinaldo Andrea , Likens Gene E. , McGuire Kevin J. , Botter Gianluca
Published: November 2015

We combine experimental and modeling results from a headwater catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA, to explore the link between stream solute dynamics and water age. A theoretical framework based on water age dynamics, which represents a general basis for characterizing solute transport at the catchment scale, is here applied to conservative and weathering‐derived solutes. Based on the available information about the hydrology of the site, an integrated transport model was developed and used to compute hydrochemical fluxes. The model was designed to reproduce the deuterium content of streamflow and allowed for the estimate of catchment water storage and dynamic travel time distributions (TTDs). The innovative contribution of this paper is the simulation of dissolved silicon and sodium concentration in streamflow, achieved by implementing first‐order chemical kinetics based explicitly on dynamic TTD, thus upscaling local geochemical processes to catchment scale. Our results highlight the key role of water stored within the subsoil glacial material in both the short‐term and long‐term solute circulation. The travel time analysis provided an estimate of streamflow age distributions and their evolution in time related to catchment wetness conditions. The use of age information to reproduce a 14 year data set of silicon and sodium stream concentration shows that, at catchment scales, the dynamics of such geogenic solutes are mostly controlled by hydrologic drivers, which determine the contact times between the water and mineral interfaces. Justifications and limitations toward a general theory of reactive solute circulation at catchment scales are discussed.
Link Between Positive Clinician‐Conveyed Expectations of Treatment Effect and Pain Reduction in Knee Osteoarthritis, Mediated by Patient Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Hsiao‐Wei Lo Grace , Balasubramanyam Ajay S. , Barbo Andrea , Street Richard L. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E.
Published: November 2015

Objective

A prior knee osteoarthritis (OA) trial found that provider‐conveyed expectations for treatment success were associated with pain improvement. We hypothesized this relationship was mediated by patient self‐efficacy, since expectations of improvement may enhance one's ability to control health behaviors, and therefore health. Our aim was to examine whether self‐efficacy was a mediator of the relationship observed in this trial.

Methods

A secondary analysis of a 3‐arm (traditional acupuncture, sham acupuncture, and wait list) trial for knee OA was conducted. Those in the acupuncture groups were equally randomized to acupuncturists trained to communicate a high or neutral expectation of treatment success (e.g., using language conveying high or unclear likelihood that acupuncture would reduce knee pain). A modified Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale were administered. Linear regression analyses were used to examine whether patient self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between provider communication style and knee pain at 3 months.

Results

High‐expectation provider communication was associated with patient self‐efficacy, β coefficient of 0.14 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.01, 0.28). Self‐efficacy was associated with WOMAC pain, β coefficient of −9.29 (95% CI −11.11, −7.47), while controlling for the provider communication style. The indirect effect a × b of −1.36 for high versus neutral expectation (bootstrap 95% CI −2.80, −0.15; does not include 0), supports the conclusion that patient self‐efficacy mediates the relationship between provider‐communicated expectations of treatment effects and knee pain.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that clinician‐conveyed expectations can enhance the benefit of treatments targeting knee OA symptoms, mediated by improved patient self‐efficacy.
Correlation Between Changes in Global Knee Structures Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Radiographic Osteoarthritis Changes Over Ten Years in a Midlife Cohort
Authors: Ijaz Khan Hussain , Chou Louisa , Aitken Dawn , McBride Andrew , Ding Changhai , Blizzard Leigh , Pelletier Jean‐Pierre , Martel‐Pelletier Johanne , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme
Published: November 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the correlation between changes in structural abnormalities assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and change in radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) over 10 years in a midlife cohort.

Methods

A total of 211 participants (mean age 45 years [range 26–61 years], 57% female) were studied at baseline, 2 years, and 10 years. Approximately one‐half were adult offspring of subjects who had undergone knee replacement for OA and the remainders were randomly selected controls. Joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes were assessed from radiographs, while cartilage volume, cartilage defects, and meniscal tears/extrusion were assessed from MRI. Spearman ranked correlation analysis was used to describe the correlation between structural changes assessed on MRI and radiographs. Only medial tibiofemoral compartment results are presented, as the lateral compartment had limited change.

Results

Over 10 years, change in meniscal tears showed a moderate independent correlation with change in both JSN (ρ = +0.37, P < 0.01) and osteophytes (ρ = +0.31, P < 0.01) in the adjusted analysis. Meniscal extrusion (ρ = +0.22, P < 0.01) and cartilage defects (ρ = +0.16, P < 0.04) showed a slightly weaker independent correlation with JSN in the adjusted analysis, whereas cartilage volume loss showed no significant correlation with either of the 2 radiographic outcomes.

Conclusion

Change in JSN is correlated with change in meniscal tears and, to a lesser extent, with meniscal extrusion and cartilage defects. In this sample, change in JSN is a composite measure that does not reflect cartilage volume loss, prompting the review of the use of JSN as an outcome measure in chondro‐protective drug trials.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Crystalline, Isomerically Pure Anthradithiophene Derivatives
Authors: Hallani Rawad K. , Thorley Karl J. , Mei Yaochuan , Parkin Sean R. , Jurchescu Oana D. , Anthony John E.
Published: November 2015

Anthradithiophene chromophores are found in many current high‐performance organic semiconductors, even though these materials are typically synthesized as an inseparable mixture of syn and anti isomers. Recent syntheses of pure syn anthradithiophenes have shown no improvement in performance for the more homogeneous system, but similar studies on the pure anti isomer have not been reported. In this work, a simple protocol is described to prepare the pure anti isomer of fluorinated, functionalized anthradithiophenes, and perform detailed analysis of the intermolecular interactions in the crystal that yield increased density and closer chromophore contacts. Studies of the charge‐transport properties of these pure isomers, compared to the isomeric mixtures, suggest that the benefit of isomer purity is not consistent; in the syn case, there was minimal difference between the pure isomer and the mixture, while for the anti isomer mobility improved nearly twofold. Analysis of disorder in the crystals suggests a reason for this difference in performance.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation Reaction to Access 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles using Chloroform as the Carbon Monoxide Source
Authors: Li Zhengyi , Wang Liang
Published: November 2015

A palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl halides with chloroform and tetrazoles has been developed, where chloroform was employed as the carbon monoxide (CO) source in the presence of cesium hydroxide. The in situ generated N‐acylated tetrazoles were unstable and easily decomposed to afford 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. A wide range of tetrazoles and aryl halides reacted smoothly under the optimized reaction conditions to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields.

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Is ITP a thrombophilic disorder?
Authors: Rodeghiero Francesco
Published: November 2015

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) represents the epitome of acquired bleeding diseases for the hematologist. Stemming from the interest for the safety of thrombopoietin‐receptor agonists (TPO‐ra) romiplostim and eltrombopag, recent data have investigated if thrombotic risk is also increased in this disorder. In patients not treated with TPO‐ra, a slightly higher risk of venous thrombosis (VTE) is consistently found in ITP, but not to a rate demanding special attention in the generality of cases. No significant increase of arterial thrombosis (AT) is apparent. However, age, splenectomy, and personal risk factors may put some ITP patient to a particularly higher risk of venous and arterial thrombosis (three to four times higher than the average subject). Patients exposed to TPO‐ra present indirect evidence of a much higher risk of both AT and VTE. Unfortunately, no matched control population is available and the prospective and registrative nature of these studies may have emphasized the incidence of thrombosis, which was recorded as adverse event. The clinician should be able to individualize the best treatment for the patient, taking also into account the thrombotic risk, limiting active treatment of ITP to those patients really at risk of bleeding. Am. J. Hematol. 91:39–45, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of sickle cell disease from a life‐threatening disease of children to a chronic disease of adults: The last 40 years
Authors: Chaturvedi Shruti , DeBaun Michael R.
Published: November 2015

Over the past 40 years, public health measures such as universal newborn screening, penicillin prophylaxis, vaccinations, and hydroxyurea therapy have led to an impressive decline in sickle cell disease (SCD)‐related childhood mortality and SCD‐related morbidity in high‐income countries. We remain cautiously optimistic that the next 40 years will be focused on meeting current challenges in SCD by addressing chronic complications of SCD to reduce mortality and improve quality of life in a growing population of adults with SCD in high‐income countries, while simultaneously decreasing the disparity of medical care between high and low‐income countries. Am. J. Hematol. 91:5–14, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Targeting or supporting, what drives patterns of aggressive intervention in fights?”
Authors: Puga‐Gonzalez Ivan , Cooper Matthew A. , Hemelrijk Charlotte K.
Published: November 2015

GrooFiWorld is an individual‐based, computational model of social interactions that can be used to examine factors underlying reciprocation and interchange of social behavior in primate societies. Individuals within GrooFiWorld are programed to maintain spatial proximity and thereby form a group. When an individual encounters another individual in its proximity, the individual attacks the other if the risk of losing is low. Otherwise, the individual considers grooming the other. Patterns of social behavior that emerge in the model resemble empirical data from primates. Triadic aggression emerges when an individual attacks one of the former combatants by chance immediately after an aggressive interaction, and reciprocation and interchange of grooming and support emerge even though individuals have no intention to help others or pay back services. The model generates predictions for patterns of contra‐intervention that are counterintuitive within a framework of interchange of social services, such as that individuals receive more contra‐intervention from those whom they groom more frequently. Here we tested these predictions in data collected on social interactions in a group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). We confirmed the predictions of the model in the sense that contra‐intervention was strongly correlated with dyadic aggression which suggests that contra‐intervention is a subset of dyadic aggression. Adult females directed more contra‐intervention to those individuals from whom they received more grooming. Further, contra‐intervention was directed down the dominance hierarchy such that adult females received more contra‐intervention from higher ranking females. Because these findings are consistent with the predictions from the GrooFiWorld model, they suggest that the distribution of interventions in fights is regulated by factors such as dominance rank and spatial structure rather than a motivation to help others and interchange social services. Am. J. Primatol. 78:247–255, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atom‐Economical Dimerization Strategy by the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Allenes: Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of Clavosolide A and Late‐Stage Modification
Authors: Haydl Alexander M. , Breit Bernhard
Published: November 2015

Natural products of polyketide origin with a high level of symmetry, in particular C2‐symmetric diolides as a special macrolactone‐based product class, often possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. An efficient route to this important structural motif was developed as part of a concise and highly convergent synthesis of clavosolide A. This strategy features an atom‐economic “head‐to‐tail” dimerization by the stereoselective rhodium‐catalyzed addition of carboxylic acids to terminal allenes with the simultaneous construction of two new stereocenters. The excellent efficiency and selectivity with which the C2‐symmetric core structures were obtained are remarkable considering the outcome under classical dimerization conditions. Furthermore, this approach facilitates late‐stage modification and provides ready access to potential new lead structures.
Annual variation in recruitment of freshwater mussels and its relationship with river discharge
Authors: Ries Patricia R. , Newton Teresa J. , Haro Roger J. , Zigler Steven J. , Davis Mike
Published: November 2015

Vital rates such as mortality, growth, and recruitment are important tools to evaluate the status of threatened populations and identify their vulnerabilities, leading to enhanced conservation strategies.

Native freshwater mussels are a guild of largely sedentary, filter‐feeding bivalves currently facing worldwide declines. Lack of recruitment has been identified as a major threat to mussel populations.

A mussel bed in the Upper Mississippi River was sampled for 5 years (2008–2012). A trend analysis showed a significant decline in the percentage of species with juvenile representatives.

Species were grouped into equilibrium and periodic life history strategies to assess past recruitment. Residuals from catch‐curve regressions quantified past year‐class strength of both strategists and Amblema plicata over a 13‐year period (1994–2006), and identified strong and weak year‐classes.

Generalized linear regression models containing July maximum discharge and April minimum discharge explained 64% of the variation in recruitment strength of A. plicata. The best model for the equilibrium strategists explained 86% of the variation in recruitment and contained the same variables as A. plicata, but also incorporated the 7‐day minimum discharge. For the periodic strategists, the model containing the number of low‐flow pulses and the mean duration of high‐flow pulses explained 56% of the variation in recruitment strength.

Understanding variation in recruitment dynamics of native mussels and its relationship to river discharge will be useful in designing effective management strategies to enhance conservation of this imperilled fauna.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanochemical Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin‐Templated Azoles
Authors: Sherin Daisy R. , Rajasekharan Kallikat N.
Published: November 2015

A solvent‐free, mechanochemical method for the synthesis of curcumin (1) derived 3,5‐bis(styryl)pyrazoles and 3,5‐bis(styryl)isoxazole (2a–g) at room temperature, with very short reaction time, is reported. Such earlier structural modifications of curcumin, at its β‐diketone unit by transforming it into an isosteric pyrazole or isoxazole unit, required prolonged heating. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of these compounds, based on DPPH, FRAP, and β‐carotene bleaching assays, showed that several of these azoles are better antioxidants than curcumin, with the isoxazole derivative 2g being overall the best. Typically, the inhibition of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (10−2 mmol), expressed as EC50 values, by curcumin (1), 3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)pyrazole (2a), and 3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)isoxazole (2g) are 40 ± 0.06, 14 ± 0.18, and 8 ± 0.11 μmol, respectively. Moreover, the reported method is useful in accessing 3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)‐1‐phenylpyrazole (2b), which is important in studies related to neuroprotection and Alzheimer's disease, and 2a and 2g, which are inhibitors of protein kinases involved in neuronal excitotoxicity.
Coordinated Active Steering and Four‐Wheel Independently Driving/Braking Control with Control Allocation
Authors: Wang Jinxiang , Wang Rongrong , Jing Hui , Chen Nan
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a hierarchical coordinated control algorithm for integrating active front steering and four‐wheel independently driving control. In the higher‐level controller, an adaptive siding mode control law and a coordination law for adjusting the yaw rate and slip angle control priorities are applied to determine the desired front wheel steering angle and external yaw moment. In the lower‐level controller, a control allocation algorithm with actuators and tyre forces constraint considerations is designed to assign the desired yaw moment to the front wheel steering system and four wheels. The weighting factors of tracking errors and control inputs in the cost function are online updated according to the vehicle stability index. Simulation results with a high‐fidelity, CarSim, full‐vehicle model show that handling and stability of the vehicle can be improved with the proposed controller. What is more, control of sideslip angle can be more focused when the vehicle is hitting the manoeuvring limitation.
Legitimating and contesting the commodification of schooling: the case of teachers’ learning in Queensland
Authors: Hardy Ian
Published: November 2015

This paper draws upon research into the nature of teachers’ learning practices in the context of current policy conditions in the state of Queensland, Australia. The research explores how teachers in one school in the north of the state responded to policy pressure to adopt a specific standardised approach to ‘explicit teaching’, associated with an elite private school in Victoria, Australia. The research utilises literature on the privatisation and commodification of education, in conjunction with Pierre Bourdieu's sociology of practice, to elaborate the nature and complexity of the teacher learning/take‐up of this approach. The research reveals how the ‘explicit teaching’ approach in question had become legitimised through its take‐up in this elite private school setting, and how this influenced teachers’ work and learning in a very different context. This was not a straightforward process, however, with evidence of contestation occurring alongside these legitimation processes. The result was a complex and contradictory process in which teachers resisted a standardised, commodified form of teaching and its associations with a particular elite private schooling context, even as they were dominated by these practices.
Rare earth activated yttrium aluminate phosphors with modulated luminescence
Authors: Muresan L. E. , Popovici E. J. , Perhaita I. , Indrea E. , Oro J. , Casan Pastor N.
Published: November 2015

Yttrium aluminate (Y3A5O12) was doped with different rare earth ions (i.e. Gd3+, Ce3+, Eu3+ and/or Tb3+) in order to obtain phosphors (YAG:RE) with general formula,Y3‐x‐aGdxREaAl5O12 (x = 0; 1.485; 2.97 and a = 0.03). The synthesis of the phosphor samples was done using the simultaneous addition of reagents technique. This study reveals new aspects regarding the influence of different activator ions on the morpho‐structural and luminescent characteristics of garnet type phosphor. All YAG:RE phosphors are well crystallized powders containing a cubic‐Y3Al5O12 phase as major component along with monoclinic‐Y4Al2O9 and orthorhombic‐YAlO3 phases as the impurity. The crystallites dimensions of YAG:RE phosphors vary between 38 nm and 88 nm, while the unit cell slowly increase as the ionic radius of the activator increases. Under UV excitation, YAG:Ce exhibits yellow emission due to electron transition in Ce3+ from the 5d level to the ground state levels (2F5/2, 2F7/2). The emission intensity of Ce3+ is enhanced in the presence of the Tb3+ ions and is decreased in the presence of Eu3+ ions due to some radiative or non‐radiative processes that take place between activator ions. By varying the rare earth ions, the emission colour can be modulated from green to white and red. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lab for undergraduate control engineering education equipped with industrial distributed control systems
Authors: Dittmar Rainer , Kahlcke Thomas
Published: November 2015

The paper demonstrates how a set of pilot plant air blower/heater systems connected to modern industrial distributed control systems (DCS) are used in different control engineering laboratories for the undergraduate level. Student's tasks include the identification of static and dynamic process models and the tuning and commissioning of Proportional‐Integral‐Derivative (PID) control loops, as well as the utilization of commercial tools for DCS engineering. Using the same pilot plants, DCS and scientific computing environment in different courses lowers the costs, allows the reutilization of results and enables an efficient lab organization. It also supports the process of learning the inner context of different control engineering related subjects. The use of industrial‐scale equipment and commercial software helps students to easily integrate in their later teams and to avoid the “reality shock” when making the transition from academia to industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:288–296, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21708
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction Ability of Iron‐Derived Hematite Photoanode with Titanium Modification
Authors: Qiu Weitao , Huang Yongchao , Long Bei , Li Haibo , Tong Yexiang , Ji Hongbing
Published: November 2015

A facile fabrication route towards a titanium‐modified hematite photoanode has been developed, and the photoelectrochemical properties of this anode have been evaluated. Compared to pristine hematite, the activity of the modified photoanode in this work delivered almost twofold higher photocurrent under Air Mass 1.5G illumination. Further research revealed that the enhanced performance of the hematite photoanode with a titanium‐modified surface resulted from the dominant impact of heterojunction formation and suppressed surface recombination, supplemented by a slightly improved light‐harnessing ability.
An RF breast coil for 0.2TMRI
Authors: Blasiak Barbara , Volotovskyy Vyacheslav , Tyson Randy , Sharp Jonathan , Tomanek Boguslaw
Published: November 2015

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. High field studies have shown the diagnostic value of breast MRI, but the examination costs greatly exceed those of competing conventional mammography. Low field MRI offers typical MRI contrast at substantially lower cost, but has suffered from lower spatial resolution. Specificity of breast MRI can potentially be increased by acquiring MR imaging with higher spatial or temporal resolution, but the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) achievable in a given imaging time becomes limiting. SNR for the particular pulse sequence and magnet field strength is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the radio‐frequency coil. An optimal breast coil should yield excellent SNR but also generate a homogeneous B1 field, while allowing imaging of the both breasts simultaneously and maintaining patient comfort. RF receiver coil design is a key determinant of image quality, thus to address this we have designed and constructed a low field breast imaging coil. The coil was tested with a 4‐post 0.2T MRI providing high quality breast images. Designed and constructed saddle rf coil allows to obtain good quality image of the breast using low 0.2 T MRI system within 2 minutes. The coil provides patient comfort as breast compression is not required and minimizes artefacts caused by respiration or motion. A high contrast, low‐cost and pain‐free breast examination using optimized low field MRI system has the potential to serve a large patient population for whom current technologies have deficiencies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 3–7, 2016
DALP: A demand‐aware location privacy protection scheme in continuous location‐based services
Authors: Li Xinghua , Wang Ermeng , Yang Weidong , Ma Jianfeng
Published: November 2015

Location‐based services (LBSs) via mobile handheld devices have been subject to major privacy concerns for users. Currently, most of the existing works concerning the continuous LBS queries mainly focus on users' privacy demands with little consideration of the service of quality (QoS). In this paper, we propose a demand‐aware location protection scheme for continuous LBS requests, allowing a user to customize not only location privacy but also QoS requirement, while this results that in considerably many queries points, the privacy and QoS requirement cannot be met together, and the location privacy protection cannot be provided for the continuous LBS queries. We point out that its underlying reason is that in few LBS query regions, the footprints are sparse or the privacy requirements are set unreasonably high. Therefore, a maximum demands‐aware query sequence algorithm is proposed in the scheme. Through identifying and restraining the queries in those regions, most of LBS queries are satisfied; thus, the longest LBS query sequence is obtained, which can satisfy a user's specific privacy and QoS requirements simultaneously. Furthermore, on the premise that the user's privacy requirement is met, in demand‐aware location protection scheme, we propose two algorithms to minimize the constructed cloaking regions, reducing the query latency and the server's workload and providing better QoS for users. Extensive simulations on a large dataset prove the effectiveness of our approach under various location privacy and QoS demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An energy‐aware scheduling algorithm for divisible loads in a bus network
Authors: Liu Duanyang , Yang Xi , Cheng Zhen
Published: November 2015

The schedule of divisible loads is one of the most typical problems in the research and application of parallel and distributed systems. For these large‐scale systems, the energy consumption problem has drawn great attention in recent years because of falling hardware costs and the growing concern of energy costs. In computing‐intensive systems, energy is primarily consumed by CPUs, and dynamic voltage‐frequency scaling technology is capable of adjusting CPUs' speed as well as saving energy. In this paper, we focus on computing‐intensive applications and study the energy‐aware scheduling problem for divisible loads in a bus network. The energy‐speed model is introduced to characterize the problem based on dynamic voltage scaling, and the energy‐aware scheduling problem is analyzed in the application layer above the operating system. The problem can be formulated mathematically as a nonlinear programming problem, and the solution is achieved using the Lagrange multiplier method under Kuhn–Tucker conditions. Based on the analytical results, an energy‐aware scheduling scheme called ENERG for divisible loads is presented. Finally, the energy‐aware scheme is compared with two other schemes to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the energy savings of our algorithm. Additionally, the experimental results illustrate the influence of network transmission delay on energy consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failure analysis and prediction for the CIPRES science gateway
Authors: Singh Kritika , Smallen Shava , Tilak Sameer , Saul Lawrence
Published: November 2015

Science gateways promote collaboration among researchers by providing them with access to community‐developed tools and data collections. The Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research (CIPRES) science gateway is one of the most popular gateways, with approximately 3000 active users since 2012, and the user base is growing each year. While increasing the number of compute resources available to CIPRES would address their growth needs, it also introduces additional complexity as the likelihood of failure increases. In this paper, we analyze historical job data from CIPRES and combine it with historical software and services monitoring data to create a machine learning model to predict where a user's job will complete successfully on resources. At one operating point of our classifier, we are able to detect 50% of jobs that will fail with a false detection rate less than 5%. In 2014, accurately predicting 50% of CIPRES job failures and redirecting them to other resources would have resulted in 900K compute core hours saved, furthering phylogenetic research. These statistical models will also be used as a base to build a more generic automated monitoring analysis service for science gateways. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.