bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Collegiate Model: Intra-Collegiate Athletics at BYU Idaho
Authors: Weight Erianne A. , Osborne Barbara , Turner Robert
Published: August 2016

Aaron Kelly, a highly respected college sport consultant, is charged with the task of presenting a new model of intercollegiate athletic administration to a panel of leaders in the field. Coincidence and research led him to a successful National Junior College Athletic Association athletic program that was discontinued in pursuit of a new model of competitive intra-collegiate athletics when the institution transitioned to a four-year university. Given the purpose of athletics within the academe to facilitate an educational experience difficult to replicate through any other opportunity, (Brand, 2006; NCAA 2010; Rader, 1999) this program sheds light on a new way to view this tradition we have come to know as college sport. The purpose of this case is to highlight the tremendous potential for innovation that exists within the intercollegiate athletic model. While financial challenges make it difficult for many institutions to sponsor broad-based intercollegiate athletics programs, this model presents a design that can reduce expenditures and provide additional participation opportunities for education through athletics. As Kelly prepares for his presentation, he questions whether this model is ideal and how the landscape of intercollegiate athletics might be affected if implemented on a national scale.
Break Point for the USTA: Developing a Strategic Vision for the United States Tennis Association
Authors: Popp Nels , Miller Jason , Hambrick Marion
Published: August 2016

The United States Tennis Association is the National Governing Body for tennis in the U.S. and is comprised of three major divisions: (a) professional tennis, (b) player development, and (c) community tennis. The USTA’s signature event and primary source of income is the U.S. Open tennis tournament. The organization currently faces several challenges, including two issues which have received significant media attention. The USTA currently lags behind several other nations in developing elite young players, despite the U.S. having large participant numbers. Also, financially-speaking, the U.S. Open is a highly successful event, but its largest show court lacks a roof, which has proven costly as several championship events have been postponed due to weather. The challenge of this case study is for students to develop a strategic plan for how the USTA can best use their resources to grow tennis in the United States.
Selling to Visiting Fans at the Expense of Home Field Advantage
Authors: Reese James T. , Dodds Mark A. , Burchette Brett , Lutz J.P.
Published: August 2016

After eight years on staff, Katie Harris was recently promoted from director of ticket operations to a new position as associate athletic director at Montgomery University (MU). Several months into her new position, Katie is faced with a difficult challenge. Several thousand fans from conference rival Bucks State College (BSC) attended a men’s basketball game at the 15,000-seat MU Convocation Center. The large presence of BSC fans did nothing worthy of ejection, but was able to negatively impact the experience for many MU fans. MU’s high profile men’s basketball coach contacted the director of athletics requesting if something could be done to reduce the impact of visiting fans. Though the coach understands that dealing with opposing fans is part of sport, even on a team’s home court, the environment has become a distraction for coaches, players, and many significant athletic department donors who pay premium prices for season tickets. The coach received complaints from numerous supporters indicating that unless something is done they are considering cancelling their season tickets. Though complicated by logistics, financial, and legal consequences, Katie has been asked to research the issue and share recommendations for policy development.
Season Ticket Holder No-shows: An Attendance Dilemma at Mississippi State Baseball Games
Authors: Morse Alan L.
Published: August 2016

The Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball team has enjoyed strong fan support over the years as the Bulldogs play in front of sold out crowds each time they take the field. The problem is not the ability to sell tickets, but the high frequency of “no-shows.” Ticketing Director, John King, must consider the big picture when formulating a plan to solve this problem. There are many areas within the athletic department that contribute to this problem, and can help “right the ship” as John described it. The goal is to solve the problem with frequency of attendance at home baseball games from multiple aspects. Many areas within the athletic department factor into this process: 1) fundraising and development, 2) ticket office, 3) marketing department, and 4) promotions department.
Protecting the Innocent: A Case Study of Child Protective Services in Sport and Recreation
Authors: Johnson James E. , Herniak T.J. , Kwiatkowski Kelly , Hill Amy
Published: August 2016

Child protective services is a broad category that impacts a variety of organizations who work directly with children. Youth sport and recreation organizations, as well as universities who have youth services, are uniquely positioned for increased risk from coaches, counselors, volunteers, or administrators who have regular access to youth via their roles as trusted leaders. Sport management graduates often find themselves in these positions, or supervising individuals who hold these positions. With this premise in mind, it is essential that sport management students are exposed to the concept of child protection, and understand the potential ramifications if child protective measures are not followed. This case describes an incident occurring at a university kid’s camp where student employees serve as counselors. The incident places one counselor in a precarious situation, and forces his supervisor into some difficult decisions. The case allows students to evaluate the situation from an assortment of sport management perspectives including governance/policy considerations, legal ramifications, organizational theory, or ethical decision-making. Discussion questions encourage students to confront these perspectives and consider the role of child protection from a variety of vantage points (e.g., counselor, parent, administrator).
Comparison of Isometric Portable Fixed Dynamometry to Isokinetic Dynamometry for Assessment of Hip Strength
Authors: Kollock Roger O. , Van Lunen Bonnie , Linza Jennifer L. , Onate James A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Assessment of hip strength can be performed with either isokinetic or isometric testing procedures, but the degree of association between values derived from the alternative testing methods has not been previously documented.

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between isometric peak torque and isokinetic peak torque at 60°·s-1 for various hip motions.

Participants:

Eighteen physically active males (N = 9) and females (N = 9) participated (22 ± 3 years, 173.0 ± 10.5 cm, 73.8 ± 16.7 kg).

Intervention(s):

Three isokinetic repetitions at 60°·s-1 and three isometric contractions of 5 s each for the hip fexors (HFs), hip extensors (HEs), hip abductors (ABs), hip adductors (ADs), hip external rotators (ERs), and hip internal rotators (IRs).

Outcome Measures:

Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination were calculated for both absolute and allometric-scaled peak torque values.

Results:

Meaningful associations between isometric and isokinetic peak torque values were found for each hip motion. Allometric-scaled strength values demonstrated stronger correlations than absolute strength values.

Conclusions:

The results suggest that portable fixed isometric testing of hip strength is an alternative to isokinetic testing at 60°·s-1.
Biomechanical Profiles of Olympic Weightlifters
Authors: Garhammer John
Published: August 2016

The heaviest successful snatch and clean and jerk for five Gold medalists in weight-lifting at the 1984 Olympic Games were analyzed from 16mm film. Bar trajectories all showed that as the barbell was lifted from the platform it moved toward the athlete during the first pull, then away from the athlete and finally toward him again as it began to descend during the catch phase. Bar velocity profiles showed that most lifters decelerated the barbell at the end of the first pull while reorienting their body position for the second pull. Calculated power outputs were large in magnitude and showed considerable similarities for selected phases of the lifts of a given athlete. Power output values for complete snatch and clean pulls typically ranged between 28 and 35 W/Kg of body mass. Higher values were found for subphases of the pulls and for the jerk thrusts. Previously published data on one of the Gold medalists permitted longitudinal comparisons of his lifting technique. High power output capacity was the most distinguishing characteristic of the athletes studied and is likely necessary for successful participation in weightlifting at the elite level.
Response of the Peroneal Muscles to Sudden Inversion of the Ankle during Standing
Authors: Isakov Eli , Mizrahi Joseph , Solzi Pablo , Susak Zev , Lotem Moshe
Published: August 2016

The response of the peroneal muscles to sudden inversion of the ankle during standing was investigated. The variation of the inversion angle with time was measured by means of a potentiometer attached to a specially designed test apparatus. During the tests, volunteers were subjected to sudden and unexpected inversion of their ankle, during which the surface EMG of the peroneal muscles was also recorded. Two groups were tested, one of normal subjects and one consisting of subjects with recurrent ankle sprains. There were 8 females and 3 males in each group. The subjects in the second group, who suffered from recurrent ankle sprains, had been asymptomatic during the last 2 months prior to the tests. For each subject in the two groups, both ankles were tested. The results indicated a latency time ranging from 60 to 80 ms for both groups. It was concluded that the reflex contraction of the peroneal muscles due to a sudden stretch inversion motion has no role in protecting the ankle joint during sprain and that this protection is mainly provided by the passive tissues.
Muscle Actions and Ground Reaction Forces in Tennis
Authors: Van Gheluwe Bart , Hebbelinck Marcel
Published: August 2016

This study investigates the action of nine muscles during the execution of tennis strokes such as the service, the forehand, and the volley. More precisely it was our aim, using electromyographic techniques, to determine which muscles are active and in what sequence, and to what extent they participate in the execution of the selected tennis strokes. Besides muscle action, it was informative to know the overall force action of the human body during these tennis strokes. This is realized by simultaneous recordings of the ground reaction forces of the player on a force plate. The electromyographic and force recordings were synchronized with film pictures. The EMG recordings of the tennis strokes we investigated revealed that most muscles around the shoulder and elbow joint exhibit their greatest activity during the active propulsion of the racket and during impact. Ground reaction forces, on the contrary, were generally low except for some vertical body thrust of about 300 N.
Factors Influencing Short-Term Pain and Injuries in Tennis
Authors: Nigg Benno M. , Frederick Edward C. , Hawes Michael R. , Luethi Simon M.
Published: August 2016

Pain, discomfort, and/or injuries in tennis can be influenced by the individual movement pattern and the external and/or internal boundary conditions. The influence of external boundary conditions on the occurrence of short-term pain was studied in a prospective study with 229 subjects. The boundary conditions investigated were shoe, temperature, type and length of game and subjective assessment of comfort, sole grip, and lateral stability Pain was reported by 40% of the 171 subjects included in the final analysis. It was frequently reported in the first two playing sessions but less frequently afterward. Discomfort was the dominant type of pain, accounting for 71.6% of all reported cases. The foot was the major site of pain (85%). The boundary conditions influencing pain were found to be the shoe (the more flexible shoe 1 had less pain than the suffer shoe 2), the type of game (competitive more than recreational), and the length of the game (longer playing sessions with more pain). Subjective assessment of comfort, sole grip, and lateral support also showed differences for the pain/no pain groups. Subjects who complained about these aspects were more frequently in the pain groups. The results show that the occurrence of pain in tennis can be influenced by various external boundary conditions.
An Inverse Dynamic Analysis of the Pole Vault
Authors: McGinnis Peter M. , Bergman Lawrence A.
Published: August 2016

An inverse analysis of the pole vault was completed using a nine-segment rigid-body model of the vaulter in two dimensions. Competitive vaults by five elite vaulters were recorded on film using a high-speed 16-mm motion picture camera. The films were digitized and the digitized data were smoothed. The resultant joint moment histories at the shoulder, left hip, left knee, right hip, and right knee were computed for each vaulter. The moments produced about the top hand by the lower hand on the pole were also computed. The resultant joint moments at each joint were compared between vaulters and related to observed vault techniques. The moment produced by the lower hand on the pole and the resultant shoulder moment showed the most variance between vaulters. The pole moment indicated that the lower arm pulled on the pole throughout much of the vault. The resultant shoulder joint moment indicated the need for strength in the shoulder joint extensor muscles. Variations in the resultant moments at the lower extremity joints were small despite large apparent differences in the observed kinematics between vaulters.
The Effects of String Type and Tension on Impact in Midsized and Oversized Tennis Racquets
Authors: Groppel Jack L. , Shin In-Sik , Thomas Jo Ann , Welk Gregory J.
Published: August 2016

This study explored the effects of string type and tension on various factors involved with tennis ball–racquet impact in midsized and oversized racquets. String and racquet material, racquet flexibility, and grip firmness were held constant for each test condition. The dependent variables included postimpact and preimpact ball velocity ratio, racquet head displacement, maximum ball compression, and ball contact duration. It was found that racquet size and string material have varying effects on impact. Although changes in string tension do affect the impact, it is not in a linear fashion. Various string tensions change a racquet's flexibility, thus affecting ball velocity and other factors associated with impact. The results of this study demonstrate the complexity of string and frame interaction.
Effect of Different Synthetic Sport Surfaces on Ground Reaction Forces at Landing in Netball
Authors: Steele Julie R. , Milburn Peter D.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the influence of 12 different synthetic sport surfaces (bitumen, concrete, 3 samples of synthetic grass, and 7 samples of rubber surfaces) on ground reaction forces at landing in netball. Ground reaction force data were obtained for 10 skilled netball players at landing after performing a typical attacking netball movement pattern. Force–time histories of the maximum peak vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF), the initial peak VGRF, and peak braking forces were determined for each trial. Results of the a priori planned comparison analysis indicated that subjects demonstrated significantly longer time to maximum peak VGRF and initial peak VGRF when landing on grass, higher peak braking forces when landing on bitumen and concrete combined, and a significantly shorter time to peak braking force when landing on grass in comparison to other samples tested. It was concluded that the rubber surfaces tested demonstrated the potential for being the most suitable playing surface for minimization of injuries in netball.
Electromyographic Evaluation of Arm and Torso Muscles for Different Postures in Windsurfing
Authors: Van Gheluwe Bart , Huybrechts Paul , Deporte Erik
Published: August 2016

This study evaluates the action of 20 selected arm and torso muscles. The subjects were 19 windsurfers of different skill levels. Muscular activity was recorded electromyographically, using surface electrodes. The subjects were standing on a specially devised windsurf simulator in order to keep the different surf postures as standardized as possible. Through two-way ANOVA techniques, the electromyographic activity relative to its maximal isometric value was compared for different muscles, surf postures, and skill levels. Also, differences between the left and right sides of the body were investigated. From the results, the following may be concluded: (a) As all muscles display rather low activity (an average of less than 20% of their maximal isometric values), windsurfing does not seem very demanding of muscular force. (b) The M. flexor carpi radialis, together with the M. erector spinae, tend to exhibit higher levels of activity for beginners, which suggests, respectively, a more rigid grip on the wishbone and stronger low back muscle activation in order to keep a correct posture, (c) Left–right asymmetries mainly occur for symmetrical body postures, especially for the M. flexor carpi radialis and the M. erector spinae. As for the M. trapezius (pars superior), experienced surfers tend to display a dominant right asymmetry, (d) Muscle activity does not exhibit significantly different values for various surf postures. However, typical deviating postures, as observed in beginners, may induce higher levels of muscle activation.
Work per Stroke and Stroke Frequency Regulation in Olympic Speed Skating
Authors: de Boer Ruud W. , Nilsen Kim L.
Published: August 2016

The mechanics of speed skating the curves is described in a mathematical model, using the sideward push-off characteristics of the propulsion and the cyclic nature of the movement. Theoretical and experimental relations between mechanical work per stroke, stroke frequency, and speed were studied with Olympic speed skaters. High-speed film and video measurements collected at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary provided the basic experimental data. Because of the ideal external conditions (indoor Olympic Oval) and the large numbers of optimally prepared specialists participating, unique scientific results on technical aspects of speed skating could be obtained. Statistical analysis and theoretical considerations showed that stroke frequency can be judged as the major regulator of speed. Unexpectedly, it was not possible to detect changes in speed within one lap.
Factors Influencing Performance in Bobsledding: I: Influences of the Bobsled Crew and the Environment
Authors: Morlock Michael M. , Zatsiorsky Vladimir M.
Published: August 2016

The performance in bobsledding is influenced by several factors. This study concentrated on influences of the environment and the bobsled crew on the final time of a bobsled run. The analysis was performed with data collected during the four-man competition at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary. It was shown that the start order, the ice temperature, and the push time together explain about 50% of the variance in the performance (α=0.05). It is suggested that the existing rule concerning the start order in a heat be modified to guarantee a fair competition. Selected speed and turn time variables were shown to give an indication of the characteristics and the important sections of the bobsled track at Canada Olympic Park. It is speculated that the optimization of turn times is more important than the increase in speed in a turn.
Vibration Damping of Tennis Rackets
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: August 2016

The inherent damping of vibrations in most tennis racket frames will only change their playing characteristics slightly. This is because the hand holding the racket damps out the oscillations in about 20 to 30 ms, which is much faster than the frame material itself, which damps the amplitude of the oscillation to half value in 180 to 750 ms, depending upon the racket.
Comparison of Film and Video Techniques for Three-Dimensional DLT Repredictions
Authors: Kennedy Patrick W. , Wright David L. , Smith Gerald A.
Published: August 2016

The precision of the kinematic values depends upon the methods of recording a subject’s motion. With the introduction of video recording techniques, questions have arisen concerning the accuracy of video compared with that of 16-mm film. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the two techniques for point reprediction using the Direct Linear Transformation method. Range poles, serving as boundaries of a cube with 20 known spatial coordinates, were filmed and videotaped. The 20 control points on the film and video recordings were digitized by three individuals. Nine sets of digitized points (three digitizers × three trials) for both film and video were compared with the actual three-dimensional coordinate values. Resultant mean errors were statistically significantly different (p<.05), 4.8 mm and 5.8 mm for film and video, respectively. However, from a practical standpoint the video error was only .29% of the calibrated field compared to .24% for film. Thus it is concluded that video techniques are comparable in accuracy to 16-mm filming methods.
Techniques Used in Performing the Handspring and Salto Forward Tucked Vault at the 1988 Olympic Games
Authors: Takei Yoshiaki , Kim Eay Jin
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to (a) determine the mechanical factors associated with successful performance of the handspring and salto forward vault at the 1988 Olympic Games, and (b) contrast the findings in this study to those from the 1986 USA Championships to gain additional insight for the improvement of performance. The subjects were 51 male gymnasts in the 1988 Olympic Games. Significant correlations indicated that the following were important determinants for successful results: (a) large horizontal velocity (VH) at takeoff (TO) from floor and board resulting from a fast sprint in the approach run; (b) a large change of vertical velocity (Vv) during the horse contact by means of blocking with arms and shoulders; and (c) large VH and Vv at TO from horse, which ensures great distance and height and a long time of postflight, which the judges are seeking. Comparison of the techniques between the two groups revealed that the Olympic gymnasts achieved significantly greater horizontal velocity in preflight, change of vertical velocity while on horse, and vertical velocity at takeoff from horse, which resulted in a significantly longer time of postflight than for the USA gymnasts. An analysis of the aspect of form in postflight, possibly by means of mechanical variables, should be conducted because it may provide additional insight for improvement for performance of this vault.
The Effects of Running Speed on Lower Extremity Joint Moments Generated during the Support Phase
Authors: Simpson Kathy Jean , Bates Barry T.
Published: August 2016

The investigation of the effects of speed related changes on joint moments may be an optimal method to study injury mechanisms indirectly and to identify accommodation strategies to the varied impact and loading forces incurred during running. Four skilled long-distance runners performed eight trials at each of four target speeds (3.06, 3.57, 4.09, and 4.60 m/s). Peak joint moments about the ankle, knee, and hip and the relative and absolute times for various temporal events were evaluated. The hip moment parameters exhibited the greatest number (59.0%) of significant speed related differences (p<.05) compared to the knee (27.1%) and ankle (25.0%). Increased hip extensor moments were used to decrease the braking forces, and increased knee and hip extensor moments were used to increase the propulsive forces. Absolute times decreased significantly, although relative times were fairly consistent, suggesting that the relative timing of events was invariant within this range of running speeds.
Measurement of the Modeling Parameters for a Maxiflex “B” Springboard
Authors: Sprigings Eric J. , Stilling Denise S. , Watson L. Gien , Dorotich Paul D.
Published: August 2016

The characteristic modeling parameters (spring stiffness and effective mass ratio) were determined experimentally for a Maxiflex “B” board. The results indicated that the Maxiflex “B” board was substantially less stiff than a Duraflex board. Most of this decrease in stiffness is a result of the added second taper in the Maxiflex “B” board. Calculations, based on theory, revealed that the perforations in the Maxiflex “B” board reduced the local stiffness over the end region of the board by an additional 10%. As a result of its greater compliancy, the Maxiflex board also had an effective mass ratio that was greater than that of the Duraflex. It was clear from these experiments that the acknowledged superiority of the Maxiflex “B” board over the Duraflex could be attributed directly to the increased compliancy found in the Maxiflex “B” board.
Influence of Body Mass on Energy Cost of Roller Skiing
Authors: Hoffman Martin D. , Clifford Philip S. , Bota Božo , Mandli Michael , Jones Gregory M.
Published: August 2016

A theoretical analysis was used to evaluate the effect of body mass on the mechanical power cost of cross-country skiing and roller skiing on flat terrain. The relationships between body mass and the power cost of overcoming friction were found to be different between cross-country skiing on snow and roller skiing. Nevertheless, it was predicted that the heavier skier should have a lower oxygen cost per unit of body mass for roller skiing, as is the case for snow skiing. To determine whether the theoretical analysis was supported by experimental data, oxygen consumption measurements were performed during roller skiing by six male cross-country ski racers who spanned a 17.3-kg range in body mass. The theoretical analysis was supported by the experimental findings of decreases in oxygen consumption for each kg increase in body mass of approximately 1.0% for the double pole technique, 1.8% for the kick double pole technique, and 0.6% for the VI skate technique.
Kinematic Analysis of Top American Female 100-meter Hurdlers
Authors: Rash Gregory S. , Garrett Joey , Voisin Michelle
Published: August 2016

Six of the top 10 American female 100-meter hurdlers were analyzed for biomechanical factors. This was accomplished by using three 16mm Locam high-speed cameras operating at 100/fps. The first five strides out of the blocks and the strides prior to, over, and after the fourth hurdle were analyzed for kinematic parameters. Stride lengths, support times, and nonsupport times were measured out of the blocks and about the fourth hurdle. Additional information concerning the knee angle of the lead leg at ground contact and the distance between the whole body center of gravity (WBCG) and the center of gravity (CG) of the lead leg’s foot at ground contact were also analyzed about the fourth hurdle. Generally, the women who were in the air the shortest amount of time for the first two strides out of the blocks obtained the greatest velocity in the first five strides. Also, the results of this study indicate that it may not be a question of needing to flex the knee of the lead leg coming off the hurdle to decrease horizontal braking, but the ability to get the WBCG over or in front of the CG of the lead leg foot.
Forces on the Hand in the Tennis One-Handed Backhand
Authors: Knudson Duane V.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the pattern of forces and peak loads on the hands of six advanced and six intermediate level male tennis players as they performed one-handed backhand drives. Two miniature load cells were mounted on a midsized graphite racket. The force on the thenar and hypothenar eminences of the hand were sampled at 1000 Hz. Forces on the thenar eminence in preparation for impact were significantly larger and less variable for the advanced subjects. Postimpact peak forces did not differ across skill level and were smaller than the loads reported for forehand drives. The significantly lower thenar forces the intermediate subjects used in preparation for impact may provide less resistance to the acceleration of the racket created by ball impact. A large impact acceleration may be related to a rapid stretch of the wrist extensors, which has been hypothesized to be the cause of tennis elbow.
Comparison of Blocking and Postflight Techniques of Male Gymnasts Performing the 1988 Olympic Compulsory Vault
Authors: Takei Yoshiaki
Published: August 2016

This study compared the techniques used by elite male gymnasts in performing blocking or pushoff against the horse and postflight in the handspring and salto forward tucked vault. Forty-one American gymnasts were compared with 51 Olympic gymnasts on the mechanical factors governing the blocking and body control for salto forward and kickout in postflight. A 16-mm high-speed camera recorded the performance of the gymnasts during the 1986 USA Gymnastics Championships and the 1988 Olympic Games. The results indicated that Olympic gymnasts assumed the tightest tuck position significantly nearer the peak of the parabolic path of CG and thus achieved significantly greater height of CG at the tightest tuck position during the somersault than did the U.S. gymnasts. The superiority of body control by the former after the tightest tuck to landing was evidenced by significantly longer time, larger horizontal and angular distances, greater average moment of inertia, and smaller angular velocity.
Improving Communication Effects and Value in Professional Soccer: An Analysis of the Chinese Super League
Authors: Huang Qiwei , Brewer Ryan M.
Published: August 2016

This case examines dilemmas evolving in China’s premier soccer league, the Chinese Super League. A plan is suggested for confronting the league’s challenges, with recommendations that focus on creating a harmonious and competitive league. Challenges arise from the political and economic transformation currently taking place in China, affecting league operations. While the league stands at a precipice of change on the eve of the Beijing Olympic Games, its viability as a going concern is uncertain. Part of the uncertainty derives from an unregulated system of league policies that have been poorly communicated and unenforced, resulting in discord. Development of league regulations and communication protocols remains largely government driven and would be best if consistent with the local culture, but commercial issues of league operations are also important. Enhancing the effectiveness and consistency of culture-sensitive communication protocols—especially between the government, media, and league officials—will increase participation from league stakeholders.
Making Room in the Lineup: Newspaper Web Sites Face Growing Competition for Sports Fans’ Attention
Authors: Butler Bryan , Sagas Michael
Published: August 2016

Each day, fans, journalists, and others look online for information about sports, leagues, and teams. Newspapers have developed Web sites that, in part, help them expand the audience for their sports coverage. Other sites also have developed that aim to attract sports fans. One type of Web site, the “fan site,” is a specialized site that focuses on one team or league. As newspaper Web sites and fan sites look to attract Internet sport consumers and advertisers, their sites have grown increasingly similar. This article looks at some of the ways that the two types of sites have grown to be more alike and looks at potential areas of research that have developed.
The Effective Communication of Attributes in Sport-Sponsorship Branding
Authors: Mueller Tom , Roberts Marilyn S.
Published: August 2016

This article examines the state of sponsorship marketing and its correlation with branding-measurement models deemed most salient by corporations. Academic literature including sponsorship-value analysis, stockholder response to sport and brand activities, measurements of brand value, and the application of brand theory are explored. The readings suggest that a sports entity must deliver a positive and complementary brand association to attract corporate partners. Sport entities that remain competitive in the marketplace will build individual, strong brands that add to, and do not deplete or detract from, the equity built in the corporate sponsor’s brand.
Contemporary Media Sport: De- or Re-Westernization?
Authors: Rowe David , Gilmour Callum
Published: August 2016

Contemporary media sports culture is dominated by the West, and media sport studies has tended to focus on Western contexts. The Asia Pacific region is now a more significant feature of the global media sports cultural complex, however, through the increasingly lucrative export of Western sport television rights and merchandising, the staging of megamedia sports events in the region, the conspicuous role of sport stars from the Asia Pacific in Western sport competitions, and, in some cases, even a shift in the balance of institutional and economic power from West to East. Drawing mainly on the cases of association football (soccer), cricket, and basketball, this article identifies the complex and multidirectional flows of labor, capital, images, identities, and audiences into, from, and within the Asian media sports environment. It considers whether such developments might constitute de-, re-, or even post-Westernization and proposes the necessity of closer attention to these issues in critical media sport studies.
Sports in the Media: Perceptions of Athletic Activities and Their Influence on Leisure
Authors: Atkin David , Jeffres Leo W. , Lee Jae-Won , Neuendorf Kimberly A.
Published: August 2016

The current study examined relationships between sports consumption, values, and media use. In particular, the authors considered relationships between athletic or physical values, perceptions of their portrayal in the entertainment media, sports media use, athletic behaviors (attending events, playing sports), and general media use. A probability survey in a major metropolitan area revealed that sports fandom is related to the importance of being healthy, athletic, and physically fit. These findings suggest that the “passive” leisure allocations commonly ascribed to sports viewing do not displace “active” leisure in the form of actual attendance at sporting events and programs. With regard to sports competition generally, then, the authors see little support for Putnam’s (1995, 2001) metaphor of “bowling alone” (or media-induced malaise) among our sports fans.
Interview With John Humenik, Executive Director of the College Sports Information Directors of America
Authors: Stoldt G. Clayton
Published: August 2016

John Humenik is the executive director of the College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA). Humenik has more than 30 years of experience in athletic communications, including stints as the sports information director at Princeton, Michigan, and Florida. Before assuming the new position with CoSIDA, Humenik was a senior manager for Sports Publishing LLC, a publisher of sports-related books. Humenik is already a member of the CoSIDA Hall of Fame, and he received the organization’s highest honor for professional accomplishment, the Arch Ward Award, in 1994. Established in 1957, CoSIDA has more than 2,300 members, most of whom work in college athletics public relations positions.
For the Cinderella of the New South, the Shoe Just Didn’t Fit: The “Most Exceptional” Games of 1996
Authors: Rivenburgh Nancy
Published: August 2016

The 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games was a sporting and financial success, yet an international image disaster. Atlanta’s goal to shine on a global stage was met with harsh criticism and stereotypical portrayals by media nationally and around the world. What happened? Using a multimethod approach, including content analyses of print and broadcast media in 27 countries, review of institutional reports, and observation of media operations during the Games, this study identifies four key factors largely responsible for Atlanta’s image disaster as Olympic host. In doing so, it provides an exemplar case study of the complex challenges faced by hosts of global media events in their efforts to garner favorable international media coverage. A secondary purpose of this case study is to summarize the preparations, process, and innovations related to media use in the Atlanta Games. Such an account of Atlanta 1996 is missing in the current Olympics literature.
Enhancing Advertising Communications: Developing a Model of Beliefs About Advertising through Sport
Authors: Pyun Do Young , James Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2016

A challenge with advertising communications is to better understand beliefs driving people’s attitude toward advertising. Successful use of sport communication requires a better understanding of the beliefs composing attitudes toward advertising through sport. A 4-phase study was conducted to develop a scale measuring 7 belief dimensions as indicants of attitude toward advertising through sport. Phase 1 (N = 125) provided an initial test of the proposed instrument. Phase 2 (N = 215) included an assessment of the revised scale based on internal-consistency tests and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase 3 (N = 424) the scale’s reliability and validity were verified using confirmatory factor analysis. In Phase 4 (N = 263) the internal consistency and factor structure of the scale were reexamined. The combined results provide support for the conceptualization and measurement of the belief dimensions for future investigation of the relationships between beliefs about and attitude toward advertising through sport.
Canadian National Sport Organizations’ Use of the Web for Relationship Marketing in Promoting Sport Participation
Authors: Girginov Vassil , Taks Marijke , Boucher Bob , Martyn Scott , Holman Marge , Dixon Jess
Published: August 2016

Sport-participation development requires a systematic process involving knowledge creation and dissemination and interactions between national sport organizations (NSOs), participants, clubs, and associations, as well as other agencies. Using a relationship-marketing approach (Grönroos, 1997, Gummesson, 2002, Olkkonen, 1999), this article addresses the question, How do Canadian NSOs use the Web, in terms of functionality and services offered, to create and maintain relationships with sport participants and their sport-delivery partners? Ten Canadian NSOs’ Web sites were examined. Functionality was analyzed using Burgess and Cooper’s (2000) eMICA model, and NSOs’ use of the Internet to establish and maintain relationships with sport participants was analyzed using Wang, Head, and Archer’s (2000) relationshipbuilding process model for the Web. It was found that Canadian NSOs were receptive to the use of the Web, but their information-gathering and -dissemination activities, which make up the relationship-building process, appear sparse and in some cases are lagging behind the voluntary sector in the country.
Down, Set, Frame: Second-Level Agenda Building and the NFL Network Carriage Dispute
Authors: Seltzer Trent , Dittmore Stephen W.
Published: August 2016

This study used second-level agenda-setting and agenda-building theory as a framework for investigating media coverage of the NFL Network carriage dispute and how NFL and cable operators attempted to frame this issue via their respective public relations efforts. National, regional, and trade media stories over a 2-year period were content analyzed along with corporate press releases. Results indicated that the NFL and cable operators in particular were framed negatively in media coverage. However, the percentage of positive media stories was much higher for the NFL than for the cable operators. The findings suggest that initially the NFL was more effective in having its messages resonate with the media than were the cable operators. As the issue evolved over time and fans were faced with the prospect of missing key games, the media framing of the debate shifted the blame from the cable companies to both cable operators and the NFL.
Commercial Programming at a Single-Sport Cable Channel: Strategies and Practices at Golf Channel
Authors: Carroll Douglas M.
Published: August 2016

The emergence of single-sport cable channels represents a refinement of the allsports cable-channel concept and a new trend in the televised-sport marketplace. This study analyzed the contents of 24 continuous hours of programming on Golf Channel and tabulated the number and types of advertisements to better understand commercial programming strategies and practices. Commercial programming elements such as spot commercials, spot promotions, sponsored graphics, pop-up promotions, mentions, infomercials, and public service announcements were identified. In addition, commercial programming during live tournament coverage was compared with golf telecasts at 2 broadcast networks and an all-sports cable channel. The study measured 3 indicators of the amount of advertising presented in the telecasts: the number of commercial minutes per hour, the number of advertisements per hour, and the average duration of spot commercials. Results of the study were interpreted in terms of advertising clutter.
The Pursuit of Sustainability: Examining the Motivational Consumption Preferences of Online Consumers of Nonrevenue Sport Teams
Authors: Cooper Coyte G. , Southall Richard M.
Published: August 2016

Over the past few decades, college sport in the United States has increasingly adopted a commercial institutional logic when engaging in an athletics “arms race.” With decisions by some athletic directors to eliminate certain nonrevenue Olympic sport programs for spending reallocation, it stands to reason that programs such as men’s wrestling will need to enhance their revenue streams to remain viable in future years. The purpose of the study was to investigate the motivational preferences of online wrestling consumers (N = 451) to provide a core foundation for the development of strategies to enhance interest in the college-wrestling product. In addition to illustrating that online consumers responded most favorably to the sport-related wrestling motives, the data also supported the notion that the motivational preferences of consumers varied when focusing on the demographic information of participants.
Running a Social-Media Newsroom: A Case Study of the Cincinnati Flying Pig Marathon
Authors: Schoenstedt Linda J. , Reau Jackie
Published: August 2016

The objective of this case study was to create and execute a proactive new-media public relations plan for the 2009 Cincinnati Flying Pig Marathon. Although the economic activity surrounding this marathon has been studied by Cobb and Olberding (2008), the 11th running of the popular marathon offered a chance to launch a social-media newsroom inside the traditional media center. Social-media tools like Twitter, YouTube, blogs, Facebook, Twitpics, and other multimedia postings have revamped news forums through their immediate transmission of news while traditional media must wait until press time. Few sporting events have actively planned to use social-media platforms to create ad campaigns, generate buzz, or track digital participation for selling, marketing, and measuring various responses to the event.
Intellectual Property and the Media: An Examination of Copyright, Trademark, and Right of Publicity in Sport
Authors: Clement Annie
Published: August 2016

This treatise addresses the elements of the law of intellectual property (IP)—namely, copyright, trademark, and right of publicity—most important to members of the sport media. Statutes and court decisions under copyright include definition, rights of owners, fair use, licenses, secondary transmission, file sharing, and work for hire. Under trademark name confusion, dilution, trade dress, abandonment, and cancellation are described, and the current use of the right of publicity, a new member of the IP group, among athletes and entertainers is outlined. Infringement and criminal violation of IP rights are mentioned. The results of court cases focus on IP decisions in sport.
The Influence of Multimedia Exposure on Purchase Intention of Sponsored Products: The Case of the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Kang Seok , Lee Soonhwan , Goo Kang-Bon
Published: August 2016

The current study examined how U.S. soccer fans’ multimedia exposure to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa and psychological factors affected purchase intention of sponsored products in an integrated model. The model tested the influence of multimedia exposure on attitude toward the sponsored products, important others’ voices, and self-control toward the brands, which could affect purchase intention. In addition, the influence of past experience with the sponsored brands on purchase intention was tested in the model. A self-reported online survey was distributed to two university communities in the U.S. after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The analysis of 650 responses reported that multimedia exposure did not directly influence purchase intention of sponsored products, but indirectly affected intention through psychological factors (attitude and subjective norm). U.S. audiences of the 2010 FIFA World Cup tended to be affected by value, excitement, emotional feeling, and others’ voice rather than self-controlled determination for purchase intention of sponsored products. The results tested in the integrated model indicate that multimedia exposure to the FIFA World Cup is likely to foster a social facilitation atmosphere which positively influences purchase intention.
The Lack of Risk Communication at an Elite Sports Event: A Case Study of the FINA 10 K Marathon Swimming World Cup
Authors: Miller John J. , Wendt John T.
Published: August 2016

On October 23, 2010 in the city of Fujairah, east of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), United States medal winning swimmer Fran Crippen failed to finish the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) 10 Kilometer Marathon Swimming World Cup open water race. The conditions of the water and exterior temperature were relevant factors contributing to the death of Fran Crippen. A discussion of risk communication, as an integral part of the risk management process, describes how this tragedy could have been avoided. This case study will address how the proper authorities could have employed the risk communications to prevent this tragedy.
Fan Identification Gone Extreme: Sports Communication Variables Between Fans and Sport in the Ultimate Fighting Championship
Authors: Brown Natalie A. , Devlin Michael B. , Billings Andrew C.
Published: August 2016

This study explores the implications of the sports communication theory of fan identification and the divisions often developed between identifying with a single athlete and the bonds developed for a sport as a whole. Using the fastest growing North American sport, mixed martial arts (MMA)—more specifically, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)—differences in levels of fan identification were examined in relationship to attitudes toward individual athletes and attitudes toward the UFC organization. An online survey of 911 respondents produced a highly representative sample of the UFC’s current audience demographics. Results showed significant differences in fan identify between gender, age, and sensationseeking behaviors, suggesting that distinct demographic variables may influence the role that fan identity has not only in sports media consumption but also in future event consumption. Implications and ramifications for future theoretical sports communication research and sports marketing are postulated.