bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflectance Spectra of the Boreal Forest Over Mineralized Sites
Authors: Singhroy V , Saint-Jean R , Lévesque J , Barnett P
Published: March 2017

Detecting areas of near surface mineralization from spectral reflectance of geochemically stressed vegetation is very challenging in Canada's boreal forest region. This paper provide an analysis of the field spectra of two boreal forest species growing on
mineralized areas. Our results show that there is little difference in reflectance between the mineralized and background sites. Less than 1.5 nm difference at the red edge inflection point was observed between the mineralized and background sites. This indicates that the differences in geochemical
values are not large enough to produce significantspectral variations between sites. Therefore, detection from airborne spectrometers will be difficult.
Landslide Risk Assessment with High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Satellite Data
Authors: Singhroy V , Loehr J E , Correa A C
Published: March 2017

Landslide identification and mapping are essential for landslide risk and hazard assessment. This paper reports on the uses of remote sensing techniques for mapping landslide areas ranging in size from large to small. High-resolution stereo SAR and optical images
are providing useful information for detailed mapping of large landslides, however mapping of smaller scale slides still requires extensive use of airphotos and fieldwork.
Satellite Based Engineering-Terrain Mapping of Canada's Boreal Forest Region
Authors: Singhroy V , Barnett P , Yatabe S M , Saint-Jean R
Published: March 2017

The Ontario Geological Survey and the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing are currently preparing a series of satellite based terrain maps for a 250,000 square kilometer area of the boreal forest region in Northwest Ontario. The purpose of this provincial and
federal mapping program is to produce a series of 1:100 000 standardized, satellite based engineering-terrain maps that will be published as a provincial map series. The terrain maps are being used to plan forestry roads and other civil engineering works in support of forest harvesting programs in
the region. They are also used to verify forest productivity models in the boreal forest. This paper presents the interpretation methodologies and examples of the satellite based standardized terrain maps. Our results show that image maps produced from a combination of DEM and TM can provide a base
on which to interpret and overlay engineering terrain units at a scale of 1:100,000 for large areas of the boreal forest regions in northern Canada. This method will result in considerable savings in time and cost when compared to traditional air photo methods.
Development of Remote Sensing Image Products for Use in Precision Farming
Authors: McNairn H , Deguise J -C , Secker J , Shang J
Published: March 2017

Crop and soil information products derived from data acquired by airborne and satellite sensors could provide valuable input for precision farming. The Canada Centre for Remote Sensing is actively pursuing the development of information products from both
hyperspectral and polarimetric radar sensors. Preliminary results suggest that crop physical parameters including Leaf Area Index, canopy water content, chlorophyll and percent crop cover can be derived from hyperspectral imagery. Patterns related to soil and crop conditions are visible on radar
imagery. Ground data collected coincident with hyperspectral and radar acquisitions are currently being used to validate these image products.
Advantages of satellite stereograms over monoscopic images from RADARSAT-1 for geological mapping and exploration
Authors: Budkewitsch P , D'Iorio M
Published: March 2017

Mapping rock units and associated geological structures can be difficult to elucidate from single SAR images. Through stereoscopic examination of suitable SAR stereopairs, however, it is often concluded that recognition and interpretation geological features is
greatly improved. To provide guidelines for selecting appropriate image pairs, several RADARSAT-1 images from tropical and arctic environments covering a wide range of incidence angles were examined. Best results for geological interpretation were obtained from same-side stereopairs. Where terrain
relief is high, sufficient vertical exaggeration is attained with relatively small intersection angles (5-10°), whereas low relief environments require larger angles of stereo intersection (>15°). The proportion of overlap between specific beam modes is latitude dependent, thus
a judicious selection of image pairs is required based on both terrain characteristics and specifications of RADARSAT-1 orbital tracks and imaging modes.
Keyword: stereo
Impact of terrain slope and aspect on radargrammetric DEM Accuracy
Authors: Toutin Th
Published: March 2017

This paper shows results of DEMs generated from various RADARSAT stereo pairs (fine, standard, extended) over three different topographic study sites (flat-to-rolling, rolling-to-mountainous, mountainous-to-steep) using 3-D parametric modelling developed at the
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and automated image matching method. The topographic DEMs were first used to compute terrain slopes and aspects and then to evaluate the stereo-derived DEMs as a function of the slopes and aspects. The DEM accuracy was almost linearly correlated with the terrain
slopes, with the larger errors in the strongest slopes. In addition, the stronger is the stereo radar geometry the more heterogeneous is the DEM. For the aspects the best and worse results generally occurred in the foreslopes and backslopes, respectively and there is no specific trend in the
azimuth. Finally, the more pronounced is the relief, the greater is the correlation between the elevation accuracy and the aspects and the larger are the variations of the elevation accuracy.
Multiplicative and Product Model Constraints Upon Speckle Filtering of SAR Images
Authors: Touzi R
Published: March 2017

Speckle filter performances depend strongly on the speckle and scene models used as the basis for filter development. These models that incorporate implicitly certain assumptions on speckle, scene and observed signals, were generally adopted and used without any
justification. In this study, the multiplicative and the product speckle models, which have been used as the basis for the development of the most well known filters, are analyzed. Their implicits assumptions are discussed with regards to the stationarity-nonstationarity of speckle, observed and
scene signals. Two categories of speckle filters are distinguished as a function of the stationarity-nonstationary assumption on speckle random variations. The various approximate models used for the multiplicative speckle noise model are then assessed as functions of speckle and scene
characteristics. The Madsen method [6] was extended to the various models to derive the requirements on scene signal variations for the validity of the multiplicative stationary speckle model, and the product model which forces speckle to be a nonstationary process.
Inter-Comparisons of Global Surface Albedo and SW Radiation Budgets from Multiple Satellite Missions and Modeling
Authors: Trishchenko A , Li Z
Published: March 2017

The concept of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) has been widely employed in studying the effects of clouds on the earth's radiation budget and climate. CRF denotes, in principle, the net influence of cloud alone on the radiation budget of a system. In practice,
however, observational determination of CRF is fraught with uncertainties due to factors other than cloud that induce changes in atmospheric background conditions. The most notable variables include aerosol, water vapor, and the data sampling scheme. The impact of these factors on the derivation of
CRF and cloud absorption is investigated here by means of modeling and analysis of multiple datasets. Improved estimation of CRF is attempted at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface from spatially and temporally collocated ground and satellite measurements for broadband shortwave
fluxes. Satellite data employed include pixel measurements from ERBE (1988-90), ScaRaB (1994-95), and CERES (1998), as well as surface data acquired across the Canadian radiation network, the ARM Central Facility site in Oklahoma, the US/NOAA SURFRAD networks, and the world BSRN (WMO) networks. It
is found that surface CRF is much more susceptible to the variability in background conditions than TOA CRF. Selection of overly clear sky conditions often leads to significant overestimation of surface CRF, but TOA CRF remains intact or only slightly affected. As a result, the ratio of CRF at the
surface and TOA is prone to overestimation. With careful treatments of these effects, the CRF ratio turns out to vary mostly between 0.9 and 1.1, implying approximately the same magnitude of atmospheric absorption under clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions.
Sensitivity of Landscape Indices to Classification Accuracy
Authors: Beauchemin M , Pan D , Fung K B
Published: March 2017

The effect of classification accuracy on landscape indices is evaluated using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Class membership information is used to generate a set of equally likely alternative thematic maps. Landscape indices are then computed from each of
these maps. The scatter in landscape indices is taken as an estimate of the variability of classification uncertainties. The method is applied on three classified Landsat TM image subscenes.
Uranium Mine Detection Using an Airborne Imaging Spectrometer
Authors: Neville R A , Staenz K , Lévesque J , Nadeau C , Truong Q S , Borstad G
A
Published: March 2017

As part of a project to explore methods for identifying uranium mining and related activities from a satellite platform, imagery of a uranium mine site in Northern Saskatchewan was acquired in August 2000 with an airborne Short Wave Infra Red imaging
spectrometer. Radiance data converted to reflectances using MODTRAN4 radiative transfer code, were analysed via a constrained linear unmixing technique, using end members extracted from the scene in an automated process. Selected end member spectra and their corresponding fraction images are
presented. A vicarious calibration procedure used to calibrate the airborne imaging spectrometer is described.
Preliminary results on the investigation of hyperspectral remote sensing for the identification of uranium mine tailings
Authors: Lévesque J , Neville R A , Staenz K , Truong Q
S
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing for the identification of uranium mine tailings. The objective is to distinguish uranium mining operations from other types of mining to help in the development of nuclear safeguards. Probe-1
airborne hyperspectral data were acquired over the Pronto mine tailings near Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada. Analysis of the data includes radiometric and atmospheric corrections, endmember extraction and identification, constrained linear spectral unmixing, and the production of an abundance map of
each endmember. Reflectance spectra of laboratory standards of uranium compounds were measured to help in the identification of the endmember spectra. This paper presents the abundance maps of some of the endmembers and the spectra of the laboratory standards.
Adjustement de bloc d'images : examples avec SPOT, Landsat-7 et IKONOS
Authors: Toutin Th , Carbonneau Y
Published: March 2017

Cette recherche démontre le potentiel de la compensation de bloc d'images de moyenne et haute résolution. La méthode utilise l'outil mathématique de correction géométrique pour les images de source multiple développé au
Centre canadien de télédétection. Les résultats avec 17 images de SPOT, 15 images ETM+ de Landsat-7 et 4 images d'IKONOS démontrent que la même précision peut être obtenue avec le même nombre de points d'appui (PA) sur des grands blocs d'images que sur
une seule image. Ce nombre de PA, répartis afin éviter les extrapolations planimétriques et altimétrique, dépend de la précision des données cartographiques de façon à réduire la propagation de l'erreur des PA dans la compensation par moindres
carrés. Des points de liaison altimétriques sont utilisés dans tous les recouvrements nord-sud et est-ouest quand les différences d'angle de visée d'images adjacentes sont inférieures à 25º. Par contre, si des images adjacentes de SPOT sont choisies avec des
angles de visée, dont les différences sont inférieures à 7º, la précision peut être réduite par un facteur de 4 à 6.
Ship Detection Using Airborne Polarimetric SAR
Authors: Hawkins R K , Murnaghan K , Tennant T , Yeremy M , Rey M
Published: March 2017

The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) conducted a joint mission involving ship detection in the Grand Banks area of Canada in March, 2000. Among the objectives of the mission were the characterization of ocean clutter and ships using fully
polarimetric airborne SAR. In this paper, we summarise the data acquisition both in terms of the airborne SAR acquisitions and in terms of the ship and surface truth information from the trial. Some preliminary observations are made on the properties of the SAR data and general conclusions are drawn
about the polarimetric properties of the ship and ocean signatures.
Chromo-Stereoscopy : 3D Stereo with Orthoimages and DEM Data
Authors: Petrie G , Toutin Th , Rammali H , Lanchon C
Published: March 2017

A very modern trend in photogrammetry is the automated production of DEM data from overlapping stereo-pairs of remotely sensed image data, followed by the generation of an orthoimage or an orthoimage mosaic. These operations may be carried out as a single
integrated process using suitable imagery acquired from a spaceborne platform.
Application of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for LAI Estimation in Precision Farming
Authors: Pacheco A , Bannari A , Deguise J -C , McNairn H , Staenz K
Published: March 2017

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a key parameter controlling biophysical processes of the vegetation canopy. LAI helps to estimate productivity of agriculture and forest canopies, which can then serve as input to crop modelling. LAI can be measured using different
approaches such as destructive sampling, optical ground-based instruments and optical imagery. Hyperspectral data has the advantage of distinguishing different target types within a pixel using spectral unmixing analysis as a tool to separate such spectral signatures. This paper investigates the
relationship between ground-based effective LAI (eLAI) measurements estimated with the LI-COR LAI-2000 and eLAI values derived from Probe-1 hyperspectral surface reflectance data. This data were collected together with ground-based eLAI data during the summer of 1999 in Clinton, an agricultural area
in South Western Ontario, Canada. The crops investigated for this study are corn and white beans. Correlations between ground eLAI and eLAI values derived from hyperspectral data produced encouraging results. Correlations were not strong when analysis was done on a single crop type. However,
correlation results are good (r = 0.91) when data from all canopies are considered.
Geospatial Data Integration for Applications in Flood Prediction and Management in the Red River Basin
Authors: Deschamps A , Greenlee D , Pultz T J , Saper R
Published: March 2017

Following the 1997 flood, the Red River Basin Task Force recommended the development of an international geospatial database. This database will consist of remotely sensed and GIS data that will eventually be implemented in the Decision Support System, to improve
forecasting and modelling of the Red River basin. This project demonstrates the cross border issues and challenges encountered in the process of merging roads and hydrography vectors from Canadian and US federal governments. The major differences in the datasets between countries are: classification
systems, details of attributes, validation dates, and mapping scales. Discrepancies include: horizontal offsets, feature density variations, feature discontinuities, and attribute discontinuities at the border. Flood extent vectors were extracted from RADARSAT images to provide an overview of flood
extent at specific time within the Red River basin.
 The development of an international geospatial database for the Red River basin requirement require resolving cross border mapping issues, and Canadian copyright issues.
QUAD-LACC: A Proto-type System to Generate and Interpret Satellite-Derived Land Cover Products
Authors: Guindon B
Published: March 2017

A proto-type land cover mapping system, QUAD-LACC, has been developed to process archival Landsat Multi-spectral Scanner (MSS) imagery of the Great Lakes watershed. Its architecture has been designed to meet two key objectives, namely, spatially-detailed accuracy
characterization and enhanced linkage between product generation and subsequent interpretation.
Impact of On-Board Hyperspectral Data Compression on Mineral Mapping Products
Authors: Staenz K , Hitchcock R , Qian S , Neville R A
Published: March 2017

As on-board data compression is an option for future operational hyperspectral satellite systems, its impact on the data products need to be investigated. Accordingly, the study presented in this paper investigated the impact of lossy Hierarchical Self-organizing
Cluster Vector Quantification (HSOCVQ) data compression on the identification and mapping of minerals in environments with sparse vegetation cover. For this purpose, an Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) radiance cube acquired over the Cuprite mining district area in Nevada on
June 12, 1996 was compressed by factors of 10, 20, and 40. The original data and the de-compressed data were processed separately, applying atmospheric correction using MODTRAN4.2 and spectra post-processing prior to automatic Iterative Error Analysis (IEA) endmember selection, and subsequent
constrained spectral linear unmixing to produce mineral (endmember) abundance maps. The results indicate that the errors between original radiance data and de-compressed data increase with increasing compression ratio. This trend is also true for the derived mineral abundance maps. In general, for
most of the endmembers, the 10:1 and 20:1 compression ratios produced abundance maps which are spatially similar to those extracted from the original data, when only fractions larger than 0.5 are mapped. Only these higher fractions are of interest for exploration purposes. One endmember out of 15
was lost using the 40:1 compression ratio and, consequently, this particular endmember could not be mapped.
Determining the Contribution of Shaded Elements of a Canopy to Remotely Sensed Hyperspectral Signatures
Authors: White H P , Sun L , Staenz K , Fernandes R
A , Champagne C
Published: March 2017

Hyperspectral imagery has the potential to become a useful tool for monitoring and extracting biophysical properties of vegetated areas. Exploitation of this potential relies on the ability to relate at-canopy spectral reflectance to biophysical characteristics
of vegetation and derive both sunlit and shaded component proportions and spectral profiles. Increased application of hyperspectral imagery to these areas is expected with the advent of space borne hyperspectral sensors (such as EO-1 Hyperion and CHRIS-PROBA). Such imagery of vegetated scenes is
influenced however by the well known bidirectional reflectance distribution (BRDF) effect.
One method of determining the contribution of shaded overstorey vegetation and background to observed spectral reflectance is to determine, by model inversion, the proportion of shaded
surfaces viewed by the sensor, and the relative intensity of the radiative flux incident on these surfaces. This can be achieved by modelling the overall reflectance as composed of mean sunlit and shaded reflectance components, combined with an analytical description of the shaded radiant flux.
Assuming a land cover type with consistent mean foliage and background reflectance, inversion of a semi-empirical model can be used to determine BRDF coefficients, which can then be applied to normalize the imagery to a specific view/sun geometry. If the modelled spectral coefficients directly
relate to canopy properties, then BRDF normalization can also provide information to help directly relate the canopy architectural and biophysical properties to the remotely sensed signal. One such model, FLAIR, has been successfully used to investigate canopy characteristics from airborne and
satellite spectral imagery.
Geological Applications of RADARSAT-1: A review
Authors: Singhroy V
Published: March 2017

Recent results have shown that RADARSAT- 1 images have provided geologists with useful information for mapping structure, geomorphology and rock units. This paper discusses the role of multi-incidence RADARSAT and data fusion techniques for geological mapping.
The results of several case studies, the guidelines for the selection of the various RADARSAT-1 incidence angles for geological applications, and the use of stereo RADARSAT and visualization techniques for geohazard characterization, are presented.
Detection of Spectral Line Curvature in Imaging Spectrometer Data
Authors: Neville R A , Sun L , Staenz K
Published: March 2017

A procedure has been developed to measure the band-centres and bandwidths for imaging spectrometers using data acquired by the sensor in flight. This is done for each across-track pixel, thus allowing the measurement of the instrument's slit curvature or spectral
'smile', The procedure uses spectral features present in the at-sensor radiance which are common to all pixels in the scene. These are principally atmospheric absorption lines. The band-centre and bandwidth determinations are made by correlating the sensor measured radiance with a modelled radiance,
the latter calculated using MODTRAN 4.2. Measurements have been made for a number of instruments including Airborne Visible and Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), SWIR Full Spectrum Imager (SFSI), and Hyperion. The measurements on AVIRIS data were performed as a test of the procedure; since
AVIRIS is a whisk-broom scanner it is expected to be free of spectral smile. SFSI is an airborne pushbroom instrument with considerable spectral smile. Hyperion is a satellite pushbroom sensor with a relatively small degree of smile. Measurements of Hyperion were made using three different data sets
to check for temporal variations.
Multi Sensor Block Adjustment
Authors: Toutin Th , Chénier R , Carbonneau Y
Published: March 2017

Spatio-triangulation process, based on a multi-sensor block adjustment, is applied to 40 different VIR and SAR images: Landsat-7 ETM+, panchromatic SPOT-4 HRV, multi-band ASTER, RADARSAT (fine, standard, wide modes) and ERS-1. The images were acquired over Rocky
Mountains, Canada from different view/look angles (nadir, across- and in-track) creating various intersection geometries in the overlap areas. Only 1:50,000 paper maps were available for this area. A physical multi-sensor geometric correction model and algorithms developed at the Canada Centre for
Remote Sensing were used for the processing. Preliminary results of block formed with all images gave positional errors of around 20-26 m. These errors result from medium-resolution sensors (ERS-1, RADARSAT standard/wide modes, Landsat-7 ETM+), from weak intersection geometry between some images,
but these errors also include the 1:50,000 map errors (25-30 m).
A General Method for the Calibration of the C-band Convair-580 SAR
Authors: Touzi R , Livingstone C E
Published: March 2017

A general polarimetric model which includes systems whose receiving configuration is independent of the transmitted polarization (one configuration), as well as systems with two distinct receiving configurations, was introduced in [9]. This model was used to
develop a calibration method for early X-band polarimetric SAR developed at Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) [9]. A simplified method was adapted for the C-band SAR system that is equipped with polarization switches with high isolation (better than 50 dB) [4], [2]. This method leads to an
accuracy of 1 to 2 dB in radiometry and 5°in phase, for incidence angles within ±20°from the antenna boresight angle. Tests run on various data sets lead to the conclusion that the Convair-580 SAR system is quite stable in short-term, but is not over the long-term. This requires the
deployment of reference point targets during each flight. On the other hand, several data sets demonstrated the existence from time to time of a significant cross-talk term. It is shown that the general calibration method of [9] can still be applied to retrieve pure polarizations from the distorted
measurements, and provide an assessment of the system distortion matrix during data acquisition.
Survey of geothermal energy in the Maritime Provinces
Authors:   Acres Consulting Services Limited
Published: March 2017

Geothermal gradients in the Maritimes are commonly below the world average, indicating the need for either expensive wells to reach deep producing formations or, given the availability of shallower low temperature resources in the 30°C to S0°C range,
the need for heat pump assistance to improve utilization. A number of direct applications using these low supply temperatures but without heat pump assistance are tested. Geothermal unit energy costs are seen to be comparable with oil heating, though not necessarily attractive in terms of savings.
The application of large scale heat pumps to improve geothermal heating utilization and thereby to lower unit costs is examined in an evaluation that briefly reviews heat pump experience in France. Space heating applications (residential, commercial and institutional) involving the use of geothermal
heating, typically with heat pump assistance, are examined in detail. Evaluation of before-tax unit costs and comparison with those from oil or gas heating show favourable savings for geothermal based space heating systems. It is concluded that space heating in combination with heat pumps has a
significant economic potential in the Maritimes. Much more exploratory field work is required to identify resource conditions. One of the primary constraints is finding or developing a suitable large scale, central space heating operation (such as downtown city core) to utilize the large energy
capability of a geothermal supply system in order to justify economically the high geothermal/heat pump system capital investment.
Schemes with Well-Controlled Dissipation. Hyperbolic Systems in Nonconservative Form
Authors: Beljadid Abdelaziz , LeFloch Philippe G. , Mishra Siddhartha , Parés Carlos
Published: March 2017

We propose here a class of numerical schemes for the approximation of weak solutions to nonlinear hyperbolic systems in nonconservative form—the notion of solution being understood in the sense of Dal Maso, LeFloch, and Murat (DLM). The proposed numerical method falls within LeFloch-Mishra's framework of schemes with well-controlled dissipation (WCD), recently introduced for dealing with small-scale dependent shocks. We design WCD schemes which are consistent with a given nonconservative system at arbitrarily high-order and then analyze their linear stability. We then investigate several nonconservative hyperbolic models arising in complex fluid dynamics, and we numerically demonstrate the convergence of our schemes toward physically meaningful weak solutions.
Simulation of Maxwell's Equations on GPU Using a High-Order Error-Minimized Scheme
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Wang S. Z. , Li J. H. , Smith Matthew R.
Published: March 2017

In this study an explicit Finite Difference Method (FDM) based scheme is developed to solve the Maxwell's equations in time domain for a lossless medium. This manuscript focuses on two unique aspects – the three dimensional time-accurate discretization of the hyperbolic system of Maxwell equations in three-point non-staggered grid stencil and it's application to parallel computing through the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPU). The proposed temporal scheme is symplectic, thus permitting conservation of all Hamiltonians in the Maxwell equation. Moreover, to enable accurate predictions over large time frames, a phase velocity preserving scheme is developed for treatment of the spatial derivative terms. As a result, the chosen time increment and grid spacing can be optimally coupled. An additional theoretical investigation into this pairing is also shown. Finally, the application of the proposed scheme to parallel computing using one Nvidia K20 Tesla GPU card is demonstrated. For the benchmarks performed, the parallel speedup when compared to a single core of an Intel i7-4820K CPU is approximately 190x.
Recovering the Damping Rates of Cyclotron Damped Plasma Waves from Simulation Data
Authors: Schreiner Cedric , Kilian Patrick , Spanier Felix
Published: March 2017

Plasma waves with frequencies close to the particular gyrofrequencies of the charged particles in the plasma lose energy due to cyclotron damping. We briefly discuss the gyro-resonance of low frequency plasma waves and ions particularly with regard to particle-in-cell (PiC) simulations. A setup is outlined which uses artificially excited waves in the damped regime of the wave mode's dispersion relation to track the damping of the wave's electromagnetic fields. Extracting the damping rate directly fromthe field data in real or Fourier space is an intricate and non-trivial task. We therefore present a simple method of obtaining the damping rate Γ from the simulation data. This method is described in detail, focusing on a step-by-step explanation of the course of actions. In a first application to a test simulation we find that the damping rates obtained from this simulation generally are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. We then compare the results of one-, two- and three-dimensional simulation setups and simulations with different physical parameter sets.
Connections for Fluid Power and General Use-Ports and Stud Ends With Iso 261 Threads and O-Ring Sealing Part 1: Port With O-Ring Seal in Truncated Housing
Authors:   Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Published: March 2017

This part of SAE J2244 specifies dimensions for fluid power
metric ports for use with adjustable and nonadjustable stud ends
shown in SAE J2244/2.

Ports in accordance with this part of SAE J2244 may be used at
working pressures up to 63 MPa for nonadjustable stud ends and 40
MPa for adjustable stud ends. The permissible working pressure
depends upon materials, design, working conditions, application,
etc.

For threaded ports and stud ends specified in new designs in
hydraulic fluid power applications, only SAE J2244 shall be used.
Threaded ports and stud ends in accordance with ISO 1179, ISO 9974,
and SAE J1926 (ISO 11926) shall not be used for new designs in
hydraulic fluid power applications.
Spark Plug Installation Sockets
Authors:   Ignition Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard applies to spark plug installation sockets of the long length type which are to be used for installing spark plugs of the most commonly used sizes for the North American market.
Engineering Design Serviceability Guidelines-Construction and Industrial Machinery-Maintainability Index-Off-Road Work Machines
Authors:   Machine Technical Steering Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Information Report establishes a point system that encourages ease of maintenance actions on off-road work machines. The point system minimizes subjectivity in evaluating maintainability as defined in SAE J817/1.
Competenties van leerkrachten in het samenwerken met ouders
Authors: Kassenberg Annelies , Petri Dorien , Doornenbal Jeannette
Published: March 2017

Competences of teachers in cooperating with parents: A literature review

It is not always easy for teachers to cooperate with parents. The competencies considered necessary for such cooperation are mostly described in general terms and the range of training programs, courses and handbooks on offer to support teachers in this field is broad and not very specific. In order to be able to substantiate these competencies and identify gaps in the present knowledge concerning parent-teacher cooperation a review study has been conducted. This study provides an overview of the international literature on teacher competencies needed for cooperation with parents. Results show that both the number and the quality of the sources found are inadequate to substantiate the competencies necessary for teacher-parent cooperation. Analysis of seven articles considered relevant to the subject provides insight into which knowledge, attitude and skills (competencies) contribute to a fruitful teacher-parent cooperation.
Contact met ouders in het grootstedelijke vmbo
Authors: Lusse Mariëtte
Published: March 2017

Contact with parents in urban pre-vocational education

The guidance from parents of their children at home and the cooperation between school and parents can contribute to the success of students in school. This is especially important for pupils in urban contexts. Unfortunately, in urban contexts barriers exist that can hinder the relationship between school and parents. Furthermore, little is known on how school can facilitate parents in guiding their children at home, especially in the urban context. In this qualitative field-study the effect of different types of contact moments on a positive relationship with parents and the facilitation of parents to support their child at home is examined at four urban schools for pre-vocational education. The results of this study suggest that in the type of contact moments that schools currently use several issues hinder the establishment of a positive relationship with parents; organisational issues seem to interfere with the welcoming of the parents, there are few moments in which teachers and parents can get acquainted with each other, there is not much reciprocity and the role of the pupil in the contact between school and parents is often unclear. To facilitate parents in the guidance of the students at home, more attention is needed for the talents of the student in order to provide parents with more tools to encourage their children. Furthermore, schools offer parents with few concrete tools to support their children in their study process and in making choices regarding their (school)career. Several types of contact moments have been observed that offer more possibilities to realize a relationship with parents and/or facilitate the support of their children at home and overcome some of the previously mentioned issues. However, these types of contact are less prevailing in schools.
Contribution of understorey vegetation and soil processes to boreal forest isoprenoid exchange
Authors: Mäki Mari , Heinonsalo Jussi , Hellén Heidi , Bäck Jaana
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Boreal forest floor emits biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the understorey vegetation and the heterogeneous soil matrix, where the interactions of soil organisms and soil chemistry are complex. Earlier studies have focused on determining the net exchange of VOCs from the forest floor. This study goes one step further, with the aim of separately determining whether the photosynthesized carbon allocation to soil affects the isoprenoid production by different soil organisms, i.e., decomposers, mycorrhizal fungi, and roots. In each treatment, photosynthesized carbon allocation through roots for decomposers and mycorrhizal fungi was controlled by either preventing root ingrowth (50 µm mesh size) or the ingrowth of roots and fungi (1 µm mesh) into the soil volume, which is called the trenching approach. Isoprenoid fluxes were measured using dynamic (steady-state flow-through) chambers from the different treatments. This study aimed to analyze how important the understorey vegetation is as a VOC sink. Finally, a statistical model was constructed based on prevailing temperature, seasonality, trenching treatments, understory vegetation cover, above canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil water content, and soil temperature to estimate isoprenoid fluxes. The final model included parameters with a statistically significant effect on the isoprenoid fluxes. The results show that the boreal forest floor emits monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and isoprene. Monoterpenes were the most common group of emitted isoprenoids, and the average flux from the non-trenched forest floor was 23 µg m−2 h−1. The results also show that different biological factors, including litterfall, carbon availability, biological activity in the soil, and physico-chemical processes, such as volatilization and absorption to the surfaces, are important at various times of the year. This study also discovered that understorey vegetation is a strong sink of monoterpenes. The statistical model, based on prevailing temperature, seasonality, vegetation effect, and the interaction of these parameters, explained 43 % of the monoterpene fluxes, and 34–46 % of individual α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, and Δ3-carene fluxes.
The SUPECA kinetics for scaling redox reactions in networks of mixed substrates and consumers and an example application to aerobic soil respiration
Authors: Tang Jinyun , Riley William J.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Several land biogeochemical models used for studying carbon-climate feedbacks have begun explicitly representing microbial processes. However, to our knowledge, there has been no theoretical work on how to achieve a consistent scaling of the complex biogeochemical reactions from microbial individuals to populations, communities, and interactions with plants and mineral soils. We here study this scaling problem by focusing on the substrate-consumer relationships for consumer mediated redox reactions of the form A + B     E → products, where products could be microbial biomass and different bio-products. Under the quasi-steady-state approximation, these substrate-consumer relationships can be formulated as the computationally difficult full Equilibrium Chemistry problem, which is then usually approximated analytically with the popular Dual Monod (DM) kinetics and Synthesizing Unit (SU) kinetics. However, we found that the DM kinetics is scaling inconsistent for reaction networks because it (1) does not incorporate substrate limitation in its derivation, (2) invokes contradictory assumptions regarding the substrate processing rate when transitioning from single substrate reactions to two-substrate redox reactions, and (3) cannot scale the product generation rate from one to multiple substrates. In contrast, the SU kinetics can consistently scale the product generation rate from one to multiple substrates, but suffers from the deficit that as the consumer abundance approaches infinity, it predicts singular infinite reaction rates even for limited substrates. We attribute this deficit to SU’s failure to incorporate the substrate limitation in its derivation and remedy SU with the proposed SUPECA (SU Plus Equilibrium Chemistry Approximation) kinetics, which consistently imposes the mass balance constraints from both substrates and consumers on consumer-substrate interactions in calculating redox reaction rates. Moreover, we show the SUPECA kinetics satisfies the partition principle as in theories like Newton's Law of motion and Dalton’s law of partial pressures, such that its mathematical manifestation is scaling invariant when transitioning from an individual reaction to a network of many reactions. We benchmarked the SUPECA kinetics with the equilibrium chemistry solution for some simple problem configurations and found SUPECA outperformed the SU kinetics. In applying the SUPECA kinetics to aerobic soil respiration, we found SUPECA predicted consistent but variable moisture response functions that agreed well to those derived from incubation data. We finally discuss how the SUPECA kinetics could help Earth System Models consistently incorporate more biogeochemical reactions to improve their biogeochemical modules.
Efficient bootstrap estimates for tail statistics
Authors: Breivik Øyvind , Aarnes Ole Johan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Bootstrap resamples can be used to investigate the tail of empirical distributions as well as return value estimates from the extremal behaviour of the sample. Specifically, the confidence intervals on return value estimates or bounds on in-sample tail statistics can be obtained using bootstrap techniques. However, non-parametric bootstrapping from the entire sample is expensive. It is shown here that it suffices to bootstrap from a small subset consisting of the highest entries in the sequence to make estimates that are essentially identical to bootstraps from the entire sample. Similarly, bootstrap estimates of confidence intervals of threshold return estimates are found to be well approximated by using a subset consisting of the highest entries. This has practical consequences in fields such as meteorology, oceanography and hydrology where return values are calculated from very large gridded model integrations spanning decades at high temporal resolution or from large ensembles of independent and identically distributed model fields. In such cases the computational savings are substantial.
Investigation of the Relationship between Public Green Space and Urban Life Quality
Authors: Teymouri Razieh , Ghorbani Rasul , Hojjati Hamid
Published: March 2017

Today, the green space development is on the considerable rise due to the population growth and increase of urban construction as well as the human needs for green space to achieve the social, physical and spiritual balance. The green space improves the environmental conditions of cities on one hand, and provides the citizens with leisure time on the other. The present study aims at investigating the socio-psychological effects of urban parks on the improvement of citizens’ life quality via examining the factors encouraging the citizens of the Iranian city of Tabriz towards the urban parks. The findings of this research revealed that the citizens of Tabriz attend the aforesaid urban parks in order to access the clean air, family fun, pleasure, hiking and refreshment, and avoid any urban pollution and excessive small residential environment, as well as the recurring routine life.
Hablando de diseño...
Authors: Costa Joan
Published: March 2017

Uno de los viejos temas recurrentes que de vez en cuando se ponen de actualidad para desvanecerse y reaparecer, y así sucesivamente, es la cuestión -siempre mal formulada- de si el diseño es arte, debatimos esta cuestión en un diálogo.
Un discurso para la cohesión social. El proceso semiótico - discursivo en la (re) construcción de marca chile en el bicentenario
Authors: Pinto Manuel , Silvestre Carminda
Published: March 2017

Los periódicos, la televisión o internet son medios privilegiados al momento de la construcción, manutención o reconfiguración de identidades. No es casual entonces que muchos organismos o entidades se valgan de este tipo de medios como elementos centrales a la hora de construir sus textos multimodales en el desarrollo de su identidad o en la configuración de su imagen. Así, por ejemplo, estamentos gubernamentales levantan campañas multimediales con propósitos de afiliación, reconocimiento y hasta cohesión social dentro del contexto globalizado y mediatizado de este nuevo milenio. El Bicentenario es nuestro objetivo de análisis como núcleo de una campaña cuya finalidad comunicativa es la cohesión social, el reconocimiento de los chilenos y la posibilidad de, desde un discurso patriótico con cimientos históricos y una frescura universalizable, hacer encontrarse a los chilenos entre sí y de transmitirse como marca hacia el exterior a través de distintos recursos semióticos existentes, aprovechando soportes y medios de consumo masivo actuales para fortalecer una visión de partir con historia, presente y futuro. Por consiguiente, analizaremos los textos multimodales de la campaña, desde una perspectiva del estudio de la marca país, a partir del cuadro teórico de la semiótica social.
Semiótica y Estética del Diseño
Authors: Cortés Claudio
Published: March 2017

Ante el relativismo y los aparentes desórdenes del "movedizo mapa del diseño" en la cultura postmoderna, proceder desde la academia universitaria a los estudios críticos de los objetos que el diseño pone en el escenario contemporáneo corresponde a una tarea que demanda ciertas formalidades que permitan esclarecer dos componentes esenciales: los estratos de sentidos y las estructuras portantes de dichos estratos. El presente artículo expone las generalidades de un modelo para realizar esta labor bajo la óptica de la semiótica y la estética visual.
El sistema de innovación design_driven como modelo estratégico y la propuesta de política nacional de diseño para Chile 2007
Authors: Mollenhauer Katherine
Published: March 2017

Durante el primer semestre de 2007 la autora en su calidad de Coordinadora Ejecutiva de la Comisión participó en la creación de una Propuesta de Política Nacional de Diseño para Chile. La propuesta fue presentada al Ministro de Economía de la época Sr. Alejandro Ferreiro, el 27 de julio del mismo año, en el evento MIPYME DISEÑA bajo el lema “Innovar, Crecer, Competir”. Esta propuesta de política pública se articuló teniendo como base conceptual y metodológica el Sistema de Innovación Design_driven (SID_d), modelo estratégico e instrumental que permite mapear y articular los habilitantes de una política de Innovación Design_driven. El SID_d está constituido por los actores, las actuaciones, los proyectos, la dimensión espacio-temporal, el modelamiento de procesos de Innovación Design_driven genera un sistema clasificatorio que permite caracterizar –al menos– tres tipologías: 1) SID_d nivel avanzado, 2) SID_d nivel intermedio y 3) SID_d nivel emergente. Por otra parte, este modelo como instrumento estratégico permite visualizar un modelo ideal para países en vías de desarrollo y es útil como referente para la propuesta de estrategias que fortalezcan el desarrollo, proyección y consolidación del Diseño en SID_d del tipo emergente. Este modelo fue desarrollado por la autora como resultado de su trabajo de tesis doctoral entre los años 2004 y 2006 y considera los resultados de la investigación realizada sobre cuatro casos europeos, España, Portugal, Italia y Finlandia, en los cuales el Diseño es parte del Sistema Nacional de Innovación. Este artículo explica la configuración del Sistema de Innovación Design_Driven (SID_d) como modelo estratégico base para el desarrollo del Diseño en países emergentes y revisa los principales componentes de la citada propuesta de Política Nacional de Diseño.
El Estilo Tipográfico Internacional, su llegada a Chile. Desde las revistas a la letra transferible
Authors: Vico Mauricio
Published: March 2017

El movimiento que surgió durante la década de 1950 en Suiza se le ha conocido con diferentes acepciones: Escuela Suiza, de Basilea o Estilo Tipográfico Internacional. La llegada de este estilo a Chile comienza a hacerse efectiva a través de dos de sus principales publicaciones, las cuales circularán entre 1960 y la década siguiente. Por una parte, llegan aquellas publicaciones que provienen desde Suiza y Alemania, como la revista Graphis y la Gebrauchsgraphik respectivamente, y por otra, de origen estadounidense. No solo fueron estas revistas las que contribuyeron a instalar las nuevas concepciones del diseño en el campo profesional chileno, sino también hubo dos referentes que vinieron a determinar con claridad los preceptos del Estilo Tipográfico Internacional: las fuentes de palo seco, también llamadas sans serif o sin remates y la difusión de la letra transferible, producto que se ofrecía a través del catálogo de Letraset.