bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of 3D Porous Flower-like ZnO Micro/nanostructure Films and Their Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Yang Jin-ling , Fei Guang Tao , Li Hui , Ouyang Hao-miao
Published: July 2012

3D porous flower-like ZnO micro/nanostructure films grown on Ti substrates are synthesized via a very facile electrodeposition technique followed by heat treatment process. The ZnO architecture is assembled with ultra thin sheets, which consist of numbers of nanoparticles and pores, and the size of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting the electrodeposition time or calcination temperature. It is worth noting that this synthetic method can provide an effective route for other porous metal oxide nanostructure films. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance shows the porous ZnO is an ideal photocatalyst.
Cell cycle–regulated cortical dynein/dynactin promotes symmetric cell division by differential pole motion in anaphase
Authors: Collins Elizabeth S. , Balchand Sai Keshavan , Faraci Jessica L. , Wadsworth Patricia , Lee Wei-Lih
Published: July 2012

In cultured mammalian cells, how dynein/dynactin contributes to spindle positioning is poorly understood. To assess the role of cortical dynein/dynactin in this process, we generated mammalian cell lines expressing localization and affinity purification (LAP)–tagged dynein/dynactin subunits from bacterial artificial chromosomes and observed asymmetric cortical localization of dynein and dynactin during mitosis. In cells with asymmetrically positioned spindles, dynein and dynactin were both enriched at the cortex distal to the spindle. NuMA, an upstream targeting factor, localized asymmetrically along the cell cortex in a manner similar to dynein and dynactin. During spindle motion toward the distal cortex, dynein and dynactin were locally diminished and subsequently enriched at the new distal cortex. At anaphase onset, we observed a transient increase in cortical dynein, followed by a reduction in telophase. Spindle motion frequently resulted in cells entering anaphase with an asymmetrically positioned spindle. These cells gave rise to symmetric daughter cells by dynein-dependent differential spindle pole motion in anaphase. Our results demonstrate that cortical dynein and dynactin dynamically associate with the cell cortex in a cell cycle–regulated manner and are required to correct spindle mispositioning in LLC-Pk1 epithelial cells.
Priority setting in developed and developing countries
Authors: Crisp Nigel
Published: July 2012

Priority setting is a normal and important task in any health system. The starting point is current knowledge and evidence, but priority setting is also about judgement, which goes beyond what can be based on evidence. Wherever possible, judgement needs to be based on transparent and systematic methods that are open to question and debate by others....
Epidemiology of cancer
Authors: Swerdlow A.J. , Peto R. , Doll Richard S.
Published: July 2012

The epidemiology of cancer is the investigation of the incidence and causes of the disease in people under different conditions of life. Such investigations have generally been the way in which reliable evidence about causal agents for cancer, and the magnitude of the risks from these agents, have been found. They have shown that any type of cancer that is common in one population is rare in some other, and that the differences between populations are mostly not genetic, but rather the consequences of behaviours and circumstances of life. In principle, cancers are therefore largely preventable....
Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses
Authors: Warrell M.J. , Warrell David A.
Published: July 2012

Human pathogens are found in six genera of Reoviridae: Reovirus, Rotavirus, Orthoreovirus, and three arthropod-borne genera—Coltivirus (Colorado tick fever, Salmon River virus, and Eyach viruses), Orbivirus (Kemerovo, Changuinola, Orungo, and Lebombo) and Seadornavirus (Banna virus).

Colorado tick fever—common in parts of north-western North America; acquired from tick (ixodid) bites, most often by hikers and campers, presenting 3 to 6 days later with sudden fever, rigors, generalized aches, myalgia, headache and backache, rashes (12%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (20%). Diagnosis confirmed by detection of viral antigen in erythrocytes or serum, or by serodiagnosis. Management is symptomatic. Illness usually resolves in 10 to 14 days, but convalescence may be prolonged. Prevention is by avoiding, repelling, and rapidly removing ticks; no vaccines are available....
Flaviviruses excluding dengue
Authors: Ooi E.E. , Petersen L.R. , Gubler D.J.
Published: July 2012

Flaviviruses, family Flaviviridae, are enveloped viruses with a single-strand positive-sense RNA genome approximately 11 kb in length. They comprise 53 species (40 of which can cause human infection), divided into three major groups based on epidemiology and phylogenetics. They are maintained in nature in complex transmission cycles involving a variety of animals and hematophagous arthropods, which transmit infection to humans. IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is widely used for diagnosis, with confirmation requiring a four-fold or greater rise in specific antibodies between acute and convalescent serum samples, virus isolation, detection of specific antigen by immunohistochemistry or of viral RNA by nucleic acid amplification from blood or other tissue sample....
Streptococci and enterococci
Authors: Stevens Dennis L.
Published: July 2012

The streptococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive pathogenic cocci that cause clinical disease in humans and domestic animals. They are traditionally classified on the basis of serological reactions, particularly Lancefield grouping based on cell-wall carbohydrates, and haemolytic activity on blood agar. Six groups can be defined by genetic analysis: pyogenic streptococci, milleri or anginosus group, mitis group, salivarius group, mutans group, and bovis group....
Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma)
Authors: Richens J.
Published: July 2012

Two rare intracellular species of Klebsiella, a Gram-negative bacillus, cause granulomatous disease in humans that is found in small endemic foci in warm climates, linked to poverty and poor hygiene.

Donovanosis—caused by Klebsiella granulomatis (until recently named Calymmatobacterium granulomatis); presumed to be sexually transmitted; presents with genital ulcers or growths, often accompanied by an inguinal ‘pseudobubo’ (granuloma inguinale). Diagnosed by demonstrating Donovan bodies (vacuoles containing capsulated coccoid bacteria) lying within histiocytes in material taken from a typical lesion. Treatment is with azithromycin; surgery may be needed for complications....
Cholera
Authors: Lima Aldo A.M. , Guerrant Richard L.
Published: July 2012

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative organism that can be subdivided into over 200 serogroups based on the somatic O antigen, with only serogroups O1 and O139 causing epidemic and pandemic disease. Historically it has killed millions from dehydrating diarrhoea, encouraged the birth of modern epidemiology, the sanitary revolution, and oral rehydration therapy; it persists today as a glaring reminder of poverty and inadequate water/sanitation. Contaminated food (especially undercooked seafood) is the usual route of transmission in developed countries; contaminated water and street food vendors are more common vehicles in less developed countries....
Plague: Yersinia pestis
Authors: Prentice Michael B.
Published: July 2012

Bubonic plague is a flea-borne zoonosis caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, which mainly affects small burrowing mammals including domestic rats. Human disease occurs in endemic countries—currently mainly in Africa (including Madagascar)—following bites from fleas recently hosted by a bacteraemic animal. Historical use of ...
Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections
Authors: Stevens Dennis L. , Aldape Michael J. , Bryant Amy E.
Published: July 2012

Human botulism is caused by seven serological types of C. botulinum, which is ubiquitously distributed in the soil. Poisoning usually results from ingestion of preformed toxin in food, although this is rapidly inactivated at ordinary cooking temperatures, but it can also result from contaminated wounds. ...
Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis
Authors: Lainson R.
Published: July 2012

Most species of Cyclospora (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are parasites of various reptiles and mammals. C. cayetanensis, which probably infects only humans, is transmitted by way of resistant oocysts voided in the faeces and contaminating food or water. Distribution is worldwide, particularly in regions with a low level of hygiene. Clinical presentation is with explosive outbreaks of acute diarrhoea, with this infection now regarded as an important causative agent of traveller’s diarrhoea. Diagnosis is dependent on detection of oocysts in faeces by direct examination or in stained faecal smears. Aside from supportive care, treatment with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole has proved effective in eliminating the parasite in immunocompetent patients, but relapses are common in those with AIDS. Prevention is by ensuring good general hygiene, and in areas of high endemicity water should be boiled before drinking or use in preparation of fruits/vegetables that are to be eaten raw....
Human African trypanosomiasis
Authors: Stich August
Published: July 2012

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness) is caused by two subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei: T. b. rhodesiense is prevalent in East Africa among many wild and domestic mammals; T. b. gambiense causes an anthroponosis in Central and West Africa. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (...
Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes
Authors: Brown Michael
Published: July 2012

Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms are common soil-transmitted nematodes in tropical and subtropical regions. After the organisms penetrate exposed skin, most infections are asymptomatic, but heavy infections can result in significant morbidity.

The roundworm S. stercoralis infects an estimated 30 million to 100 million people. Clinical manifestations include: (1) skin—often the only clinical manifestation, commonly in the form of larva currens, a serpiginous, pruritic, erythematous eruption at the site of migrating larvae; (2) lungs—cough and tracheal irritation; less commonly wheeze; patchy infiltrates on chest radiography with eosinophilia; (3) intestinal—epigastric pain and diarrhoea; (4) ...
Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion
Authors: Grove David I.
Published: July 2012

Ascaris lumbricoides (the giant roundworm) is widespread in the tropics and subtropics where sanitation is poor and the soil is contaminated with its eggs. Ingested eggs hatch in the small bowel, cycle through the bloodstream and lungs, then return to the small bowel and develop into adult worms 15 to 30 cm long. Most infections are asymptomatic, but there may be pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, abdominal discomfort and—in children with heavy infections—intestinal obstruction. Infection is diagnosed by finding eggs in the faeces. Treatment is with pyrantel, mebedenazole, or albendazole....
Lung flukes (paragonimiasis)
Authors: Silachamroon Udomsak , Vanijanonta Sirivan
Published: July 2012

Paragonimiasis is an infection by flukes of the genus Paragonimus, with foci of disease in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Humans acquire infection by eating metacercariae in improperly cooked freshwater crabs or crayfish. Acute inflammatory and allergic symptoms are rarely serious and usually resolve spontaneously. Chronic manifestations may be (1) pulmonary—most remarkably with a chronic, productive cough with jam-like, brownish-red sputum; and (2) extrapulmonary—most importantly in the central nervous system, often presenting with seizures. Diagnosis is by demonstrating ova in sputum, stool, or pleural fluid. Serology can be used to support the diagnosis, especially in extrapulmonary paragonimiasis. Treatment with praziquantel is almost always effective. Prevention is by health education and the mass treatment of infected people in an endemic area....
Noise
Authors: Ahmed Syed M. , Aw Tar-Ching
Published: July 2012

For clinical purposes, noise is measured in decibels weighted according to the sensitivity of the human ear (dB(A)). Regardless of source, the effects of overexposure to noise are similar. Initially there is a temporary threshold shift, where reversibility of hearing loss is possible with removal away from further noise. Permanent threshold shift occurs following prolonged and/or intense exposure, with poor prospects for improvement of hearing. The classical audiogram for noise-induced hearing loss shows a 4 kHz dip. Prevention is by reducing exposure to noise at source, and in the United Kingdom a limit for exposure has been set at 87 dB(A) averaged over an 8-h day or 140 dB(A) for any instantaneous impulse noise....
Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree
Authors: Summerfield J.A.
Published: July 2012

Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts are common, with gallstones and their complications being most frequent. Less common are biliary strictures, usually malignant, which are caused by adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, bile ducts, ampulla of Vater, and gallbladder. Rarely encountered are sclerosing cholangitis and a variety of congenital disorders....
Airways and alveoli
Authors: Wagner Peter D.
Published: July 2012

The lung is the organ of gas exchange, providing the means of transferring oxygen (O2) from the air to the blood by passive diffusion for subsequent distribution to the tissues, and of similarly removing metabolically produced carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood, which is then exhaled to the atmosphere....
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Authors: Warwicker Paul , Goodship Timothy H J
Published: July 2012

The haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by the triad of: (1) microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, (2) thrombocytopenia, and (3) acute renal failure. Endothelial cell activation leads to a change in phenotype from an anticoagulant to a procoagulant state.

Diarrhoeal associated (D+) HUS—this accounts for over 90% of cases and is the commonest cause of acute renal failure in children. The usual pathogen is enterohaemorrhagic ...
Metabotyping: A New Approach to Investigate Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Genetic Diversity in the Metabolic Response to Clubroot Infection
Authors: Wagner Geoffrey , Charton Sophie , Lariagon Christine , Laperche Anne , Lugan Raphaël , Hopkins Julie , Frendo Pierre , Bouchereau Alain , Delourme Régine , Gravot Antoine , Manzanares-Dauleux Maria J.
Published: July 2012

Clubroot disease affects all Brassicaceae spp. and is caused by the obligate biotroph pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. The development of galls on the root system is associated with the establishment of a new carbon metabolic sink. Here, we aimed to deepen our knowledge of the involvement of primary metabolism in the Brassica napus response to clubroot infection. We studied the dynamics and the diversity of the metabolic responses to the infection. Root system metabotyping was carried out for 18 rapeseed genotypes displaying different degrees of symptom severity, under inoculated and noninoculated conditions at 42 days postinoculation (dpi). Clubroot susceptibility was positively correlated with clubroot-induced accumulation of several amino acids. Although glucose and fructose accumulated in some genotypes with minor symptoms, their levels were negatively correlated to the disease index across the whole set of genotypes. The dynamics of the metabolic response were studied for the susceptible genotype ‘Yudal,’ which allowed an “early” metabolic response (established from 14 to 28 dpi) to be differentiated from a “late” response (from 35 dpi). We discuss the early accumulation of amino acids in the context of the establishment of a nitrogen metabolic sink and the hypothetical biological role of the accumulation of glutathione and S-methylcysteine.
Comparative Transcriptional and Anatomical Analyses of Tolerant Rough Lemon and Susceptible Sweet Orange in Response to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Infection
Authors: Fan Jing , Chen Chunxian , Yu Qibin , Khalaf Abeer , Achor Diann S. , Brlansky Ron H. , Moore Gloria A. , Li Zheng-Guo , Gmitter Frederick G.
Published: July 2012

Although there are no known sources of genetic resistance, some Citrus spp. are reportedly tolerant to huanglongbing (HLB), presumably caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. Time-course transcriptional analysis of tolerant rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) and susceptible sweet orange (C. sinensis) in response to ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection showed more genes differentially expressed in HLB-affected rough lemon than sweet orange at early stages but substantially fewer at late time points, possibly a critical factor underlying differences in sensitivity to ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. Pathway analysis revealed that stress responses were distinctively modulated in rough lemon and sweet orange. Although microscopic changes (e.g., callose deposition in sieve elements and phloem cell collapse) were found in both infected species, remarkably, phloem transport activity in midribs of source leaves in rough lemon was much less affected by HLB than in sweet orange. The difference in phloem cell transport activities is also implicated in the differential sensitivity to HLB between the two species. The results potentially lead to identification of key genes and the genetic mechanism in rough lemon to restrain disease development and maintain (or recover) phloem transport activity. These potential candidate genes may be used for improving citrus tolerance (or even resistance) to HLB by genetic engineering.
Quantification of Venturia inaequalis Growth in Malus × domestica with Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gusberti Michele , Patocchi Andrea , Gessler Cesare , Broggini Giovanni A. L.
Published: July 2012

A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was developed and validated for quantification of Venturia inaequalis in infected leaf tissue of Malus × domestica. The method is based on dual-labeled hybridization probes, allowing simultaneous detection of host and pathogen DNA within one single reaction. Limit of quantification for the pathogen was 0.5 pg per reaction and, for the host, reached 5 pg per reaction. The fungal growth measured in four apple cultivars 2 weeks after inoculation significantly correlated with their different level of scab resistance and allowed the observation of ontogenic resistance. After sporulation on the youngest leaf, fungal biomass in susceptible ‘Gala’ was 118 times higher than in resistant ‘Florina’ and ‘Discovery’ while intermediate values were found with the intermediate susceptible ‘Milwa’. Correlation was also observed between severity classes obtained by visual scoring of symptoms and qPCR results. Moreover, qPCR demonstrated validity of the developed method as a disease severity forecast tool 10 days after the pathogen's inoculation and prior to the appearance of the symptoms. Applications of the methodology can include the quantification of scab resistance during breeding programs, evaluation of fungicide and biocontrol efficacy, and quantification of the fitness of different pathogenic strains.
Intralipid, a Clinically Safe Compound, Protects the Heart Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury More Efficiently Than Cyclosporine-A
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Iorga Andrea , Sharma Salil , Youn Ji-Youn , Partow-Navid Rod , Umar Soban , Cai Hua , Rahman Siamak , Eghbali Mansoureh
Published: July 2012

Background

We have recently shown that postischemic administration of intralipid protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here we compared the cardioprotective effects of intralipid with cyclosporine-A, a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.

Methods

In vivo rat hearts or isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts were subjected to ischemia followed by reperfusion with intralipid (0.5%, 1% and 2% ex-vivo, and 20% in vivo), cyclosporine-A (0.2 μM, 0.8 μM, and 1.5 μM ex- vivo and 10 mg/kg in vivo), or vehicle. The hemodynamic function, infarct size, calcium retention capacity, mitochondrial superoxide production, and phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were measured. The values are mean ± SEM.

Results

Administration of intralipid at reperfusion significantly reduced myocardial infarct size compared with cyclosporine-A in vivo (infarct size/area at risk)%: 22.9 ± 2.5% vs. 35.2 ± 3.5%; P = 0.030, n = 7/group). Postischemic administration of intralipid at its optimal dose (1%) was more effective than cyclosporine-A (0.8 μM) in protecting the ex vivo heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury, as the rate pressure product at the end of reperfusion was significantly higher (mmHg · beats/min: 12,740 ± 675 [n = 7] vs. 9,203 ± 10,781 [n = 5], P = 0.024), and the infarct size was markedly smaller (17.3 ± 2.9 [n = 7] vs. 29.2 ± 2.7 [n = 5], P = 0.014). Intralipid was as efficient as cyclosporine-A in inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening (calcium retention capacity = 280 ± 8.2 vs. 260.3 ± 2.9 nmol/mg mitochondria protein in cyclosporine-A, P = 0.454, n = 6) and in reducing cardiac mitochondrial superoxide production. Unlike intralipid, which increased phosphorylation of Akt (6-fold) and GSK-3β (5-fold), cyclosporine-A had no effect on the activation of these prosurvival kinases.

Conclusions

Although intralipid inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as efficiently as cyclosporine-A, intralipid is more effective in reducing the infarct size and improving the cardiac functional recovery.
Seymour Benzer. 15 October 1921 — 30 November 2007
Authors: Greenspan Ralph J.
Published: July 2012

Seymour Benzer was born in New York City in 1921. His parents were immigrants who had come to the United States some 10 years earlier from the Jewish
shtetl
of Sochaczew near Warsaw. A true scientific romantic, Benzer was a pioneer in two different fields of biology: the initial studies of the nature of the gene in the early days of molecular biology, and later the launching of a new field that applied mutant induction and other genetic approaches to the study of behaviour. In the century that began with the rediscovery of Mendelian units of heredity and ended with the sequencing of the human genome, Benzer's work set two milestones. His early work in bacteriophages on the fine structure of the gene defined a pivotal moment in the transition from classical to molecular genetics. His later work in the fruitfly,
Drosophila melanogaster
, launched an entirely new genetic strategy with which to tackle the complexity of behaviour.
Permissive and restricted virus infection of murine embryonic stem cells
Authors: Wash Rachael , Calabressi Sabrina , Franz Stephanie , Griffiths Samantha J. , Goulding David , Tan E-Pien , Wise Helen , Digard Paul , Haas Jürgen , Efstathiou Stacey , Kellam Paul
Published: July 2012

Recent RNA interference (RNAi) studies have identified many host proteins that modulate virus infection, but small interfering RNA ‘off-target’ effects and the use of transformed cell lines limit their conclusiveness. As murine embryonic stem (mES) cells can be genetically modified and resources exist where many and eventually all known mouse genes are insertionally inactivated, it was reasoned that mES cells would provide a useful alternative to RNAi screens. Beyond allowing investigation of host–pathogen interactions in vitro, mES cells have the potential to differentiate into other primary cell types, as well as being used to generate knockout mice for in vivo studies. However, mES cells are poorly characterized for virus infection. To investigate whether ES cells can be used to explore host–virus interactions, this study characterized the responses of mES cells following infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and influenza A virus. HSV-1 replicated lytically in mES cells, although mES cells were less permissive than most other cell types tested. Influenza virus was able to enter mES cells and express some viral proteins, but the replication cycle was incomplete and no infectious virus was produced. Knockdown of the host protein AHCYL1 in mES cells reduced HSV-1 replication, showing the potential for using mES cells to study host–virus interactions. Transcriptional profiling, however, indicated the lack of an efficient innate immune response in these cells. mES cells may thus be useful to identify host proteins that play a role in virus replication, but they are not suitable to determine factors that are involved in innate host defence.
Characterization of epitope-tagged foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Seago Julian , Jackson Terry , Doel Claudia , Fry Elizabeth , Stuart David , Harmsen Michiel M. , Charleston Bryan , Juleff Nicholas
Published: July 2012

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals with an almost-worldwide distribution. Conventional FMD vaccines consisting of chemically inactivated viruses have aided in the eradication of FMD from Europe and remain the main tool for control in endemic countries. Although significant steps have been made to improve the quality of vaccines, such as improved methods of antigen concentration and purification, manufacturing processes are technically demanding and expensive. Consequently, there is large variation in the quality of vaccines distributed in FMD-endemic countries compared with those manufactured for emergency use in FMD-free countries. Here, we have used reverse genetics to introduce haemagglutinin (HA) and FLAG tags into the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid. HA- and FLAG-tagged FMDVs were infectious, with a plaque morphology similar to the non-tagged parental infectious copy virus and the field virus. The tagged viruses utilized integrin-mediated cell entry and retained the tag epitopes over serial passages. In addition, infectious HA- and FLAG-tagged FMDVs were readily purified from small-scale cultures using commercial antibodies. Tagged FMDV offers a feasible alternative to the current methods of vaccine concentration and purification, a potential to develop FMD vaccine conjugates and a unique tool for FMDV research.
Cytokinin Activity of cis-Zeatin and Phenotypic Alterations Induced by Overexpression of Putative cis-Zeatin-O-glucosyltransferase in Rice
Authors: Kudo Toru , Makita Nobue , Kojima Mikiko , Tokunaga Hiroki , Sakakibara Hitoshi
Published: July 2012

cis-Zeatin (cZ) is generally regarded as a cytokinin with little or no activity, compared with the highly active trans-zeatin (tZ). Although recent studies suggested possible roles for cZ, its physiological significance remains unclear. In our studies with rice (Oryza sativa), cZ inhibited seminal root elongation and up-regulated cytokinin-inducible genes, and its activities were comparable to those of tZ. Tracer experiments showed that exogenously supplied cZ-riboside was mainly converted into cZ derivatives but scarcely into tZ derivatives, indicating that isomerizations of cZ derivatives into tZ derivatives are a minor pathway in rice cytokinin metabolism. We identified three putative cZ-O-glucosyltransferases (cZOGT1, cZOGT2, and cZOGT3) in rice. The cZOGTs preferentially catalyzed O-glucosylation of cZ and cZ-riboside rather than tZ and tZ-riboside in vitro. Transgenic rice lines ectopically overexpressing the cZOGT1 and cZOGT2 genes exhibited short-shoot phenotypes, delay of leaf senescence, and decrease in crown root number, while cZOGT3 overexpressor lines did not show shortened shoots. These results propose that cZ activity has a physiological impact on the growth and development of rice.
Can otolith elemental chemistry retrospectively track migrations in fully marine fishes?
Authors: Sturrock A. M. , Trueman C. N. , Darnaude A. M. , Hunter E.
Published: July 2012

Otolith microchemistry can provide valuable information about stock structure and mixing patterns when the magnitude of environmental differences among areas is greater than the cumulative influence of any vital effects. Here, the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing element incorporation into the otolith is reviewed. Hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) theory is employed to explore the differences in chemical behaviours, distributions and affinities between elements. Hard acid cations (e.g. Mg2+, Li+ and Ba2+) tend to be less physiologically influenced and accepted more readily into the otolith crystal lattice but are relatively homogeneous in seawater. Soft acid cations (e.g. Zn2+ and Cu2+) on the other hand, exhibit more varied distributions in seawater, but are more likely to be bound to blood proteins and less available for uptake into the otolith. The factors influencing the geographical distribution of elements in the sea, and their incorporation into the otoliths of marine fishes are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on examining physiological processes, including gonad development, on the uptake of elements commonly used in population studies, notably Sr. Finally, case studies are presented that either directly or indirectly compare population structuring or movements inferred by otolith elemental fingerprints with the patterns indicated by additional, alternative proxies. The main obstacle currently limiting the application of otolith elemental microchemistry to infer movements of marine fishes appears to lie in the largely homogeneous distribution of those elements most reliably measured in the otolith. Evolving technologies will improve the discriminatory power of otolith chemistry by allowing measurement of spatially explicit, low level elements; however, for the time being, the combination of otolith minor and trace element fingerprints with alternative proxies and stable isotopic ratios can greatly extend the scope of migration studies. Among the otolith elements that routinely occur above instrument detection limits, Ba, Mn and Li were deemed the most likely to prove reliable geographic markers in marine species.
Platelet mapping as part of modified thromboelastography (TEG®) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Weitzel N. S. , Weitzel L. B. , Epperson L. E. , Karimpour‐Ford A. , Tran Z. V. , Seres T.
Published: July 2012

The platelet‐mapping assay of the thromboelastograph was used to measure platelet aggregation and to examine the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on multiple platelet receptors and the role of altered receptor activity in postoperative bleeding. The percentage platelet aggregation for collagen, adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid was measured in 40 patients divided post‐hoc into high‐ or low‐bleeding groups depending on postoperative 24‐h chest tube output. Platelet aggregation was lower after cardiopulmonary bypass compared to before it using collagen (mean (SD) 45 (25) vs 19 (12) %, p < 0.001), adenosine diphosphate (76 (23) vs 35 (24) %, p < 0.001), and arachidonic acid (61 (33) vs 31 (35) %, p < 0.001). Only platelet aggregation as measured using collagen pre‐ and post‐cardiopulmonary bypass was significantly less in the high‐ compared to the low‐bleeding group. This finding was significantly correlated with the 24‐h chest tube drainage, and it predicted postoperative bleeding with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 68%. Therefore, platelet aggregation is reduced following cardiopulmonary bypass, and this may play a role in predicting postoperative blood loss.
Recent advances in incretin‐based therapies
Authors: Russell‐Jones David , Gough Stephen
Published: July 2012

The global burden of type 2 diabetes is growing. Traditional therapies are suboptimal and there is a clear unmet need for treatments that offer effective glucose control while addressing the comorbid factors associated with diabetes, such as obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease, without the fear of hypoglycaemia. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors offer a novel way of reducing hyperglycaemia by targeting the incretin system. This review provides an overview of the development of incretin‐based therapies and explains their differing modes of action compared with traditional interventions. A comparison of the clinical profiles of current glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists [liraglutide and exenatide (twice‐daily and once‐weekly)] and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin and linagliptin) is performed alongside a discussion of the placement of incretin‐based therapies in treatment guidelines. Further improvements in this class are expected, and we will examine some of the novel glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors currently under development.
Biophysical effects on plant competition and coexistence
Authors: Niklas Karl J. , Hammond Sean T.
Published: July 2012

Physical laws influence the ability of plants to exchange energy and mass with their external environments, which is influenced by the size and spatiotemporal display of surface area. In turn, energy–mass exchange rates affect plant growth and thus the consumption of resources and plant competitiveness.

Representative physical laws and processes are reviewed, and empirical data and computer models are used to elaborate on how energy–mass exchange rates, growth and competitiveness are interconnected.

Our review shows that biophysical constraints on energy–mass exchange rates significantly influence plant growth and plant–plant competition. We also show that biophysical constraints also provide opportunities for adaptation and species coexistence.
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein controls antigen‐presenting cell‐driven CD4+ T‐cell motility by regulating adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule‐1
Authors: Lafouresse Fanny , Cotta‐de‐Almeida Vinicius , Malet‐Engra Gema , Galy Anne , Valitutti Salvatore , Dupré Loïc
Published: July 2012

T‐cell scanning for antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is a finely tuned process. Whereas non‐cognate APC trigger T‐cell motility via chemokines and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), cognate APC deliver a stop signal resulting from antigen recognition. We tested in vitro the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton regulator Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) to the scanning activity of primary human CD4+ T cells. WASP knock‐down resulted in increased T‐cell motility upon encounter with non‐cognate dendritic cells or B cells and reduced capacity to stop following antigen recognition. The high motility of WASP‐deficient T cells was accompanied by a diminished ability to round up and to stabilize pauses. WASP‐deficient T cells migrated in a normal proportion towards CXCL12, CCL19 and CCL21, but displayed an increased adhesion and elongation on ICAM‐1. The elongated morphology of WASP‐deficient T cells was related to a reduced confinement of high‐affinity lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 to the mid‐cell zone. Our data therefore indicate that WASP controls CD4+ T‐cell motility upon APC encounter by regulating lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 spatial distribution.
Mesenchymal stromal cells: a key player in ‘innate tolerance’?
Authors: Dazzi Francesco , Lopes Luciene , Weng Ling
Published: July 2012

The existence of a mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) population with the main property of physically supporting parenchymal tissues has long been recognized in virtually all organs. However, it was only recently that MSC have been identified as playing a novel role in modulating inflammation. It has been extensively documented that, under particular circumstances, MSC potently impair virtually all cells of the immune system, including antigen‐presenting‐cells.
Microbial–immune cross‐talk and regulation of the immune system
Authors: Cahenzli Julia , Balmer Maria L. , McCoy Kathy D.
Published: July 2012

We are all born germ‐free. Following birth we enter into a lifelong relationship with microbes residing on our body's surfaces. The lower intestine is home to the highest microbial density in our body, which is also the highest microbial density known on Earth (up to 1012/g of luminal contents). With our indigenous microbial cells outnumbering our human cells by an order of magnitude our body is more microbial than human. Numerous immune adaptations confine these microbes within the mucosa, enabling most of us to live in peaceful homeostasis with our intestinal symbionts. Intestinal epithelial cells not only form a physical barrier between the bacteria‐laden lumen and the rest of the body but also function as multi‐tasking immune cells that sense the prevailing microbial (apical) and immune (basolateral) milieus, instruct the underlying immune cells, and adapt functionally. In the constant effort to ensure intestinal homeostasis, the immune system becomes educated to respond appropriately and in turn immune status can shape the microbial consortia. Here we review how the dynamic immune–microbial dialogue underlies maturation and regulation of the immune system and discuss recent findings on the impact of diet on both microbial ecology and immune function.
Primary assessment of a self‐adhesive gutta‐percha material
Authors: Marending M. , Bubenhofer S. B. , Sener B. , De‐Deus G.
Published: July 2012

Aim

To evaluate a prototype gutta‐percha material (Bio‐Gutta), which is claimed to work without sealer because of its incorporated ultrafine bioactive glass particles, in terms of its induction of pH and calcium phosphate (CaP) precipitates, and its self‐adhesiveness in root canals.

Methodology

Bio‐Gutta was compared with conventional gutta‐percha (GP, composition: 70 wt% ZnO, 30 wt% polyisoprene). Test and control materials (N = 3) were immersed in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C for 30 days. The pH in the solution was monitored. Apparent CaP formation was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The root canals of 33 single‐rooted teeth were filled by vertical compaction of heated Bio‐Gutta, 33 control canals were filled with vertically compacted GP without sealer. Push‐out bond strengths associated with the filling materials in root cross‐sections from middle root thirds was determined 1, 8, and 30 days after root filling (N = 11 per group). These values were compared between groups using one‐way anova (α < 0.05).

Results

Bio‐Gutta induced a high pH in the PBS solution, which plateaued at values between 11.4 and 11.8. Apparent CaP crystals covered the Bio‐Gutta material after 30 days of immersion in PBS, whilst no such structures were observed on GP. Both materials under investigation had similar initial push‐out bond strength values (P > 0.05). The adherence of Bio‐Gutta increased from day 1 to 8 and was significantly higher than that of conventional GP at 8 and 30 days (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The experimental gutta‐percha material under investigation was alkaline and caused CaP precipitates on its surface. It improved its adherence to the root canal wall within 1 week.
The effect of type II and type IV resistant starch on the hydrolysis of maize and wheat gelatinised starch catalysed by pancreatic α‐amylase
Authors: Bustos Mariela Cecilia , Barrera Gabriela N. , Perez Gabriela T. , León Alberto Edel
Published: July 2012

The effects of resistant starch on human metabolism are considered to be beneficial because they decrease postprandial glycaemia following ingestion of starch‐rich foods. Using type II and IV resistant starches, we found a direct competitive inhibitory effect on porcine pancreatic α‐amylase action above 0.25 g/100 g affecting catalytic efficiency when wheat and maize starches were used as substrates. Because resistant starches do not gelatinise and no modifications of gelatinisation parameters were observed, we concluded that the inhibitory action of these types of polymer seem to be a consequence of impaired diffusion of enzyme, substrate or products because of an increase in branches in the two types of resistant starches used. Thus, the effects of type II and type IV resistant starches in lowering postprandial glycaemia not only involve modification of gut physiology, but also include direct inhibition of the first stage in the biochemical degradation of starch.
Use of thiamine for controlling Alternaria alternata postharvest rot in Asian pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Zaosu)
Authors: Yin Yan , Bi Yang , Li Yongcai , Wang Yi , Wang Di
Published: July 2012

The effects of thiamine (vitamin B1) against Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata and its possible mechanism in harvested Asian pear fruit were investigated. Thiamine strongly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro. Thiamine at a concentration of 100 mm effectively inhibited the development of Alternaria rot, enhanced the activities of defence‐related enzymes, such as phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), and increased the content of flavonoids, phenolics and lignin. Thiamine also affected reactive oxygen metabolism of the pear fruit by increasing its production and H2O2 content, and enhancing the activities of major detoxifying enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). These findings suggest that the effects of thiamine on Alternaria rot in pear fruit may be associated with its direct fungitoxic property against the pathogens, and the elicitation of biochemical defence responses in the fruit.
Effects of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk liquid co‐products on the quality of pork burgers
Authors: Sánchez‐Zapata Elena , Pérez‐Alvarez José Angel , Fernández‐López Juana
Published: July 2012

Co‐products from the tiger nut milk industry can be given added value if they are used in the manufacturing process of other food products. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of using tiger nut milk liquid co‐product as a substitute for the water added to pork burger formulations. The results showed that its use in pork burger delayed lipid oxidation and improved cooking properties (less shrinkage), while no significant changes in nutritional value were observed. Pork burgers containing tiger nut liquid co‐product were perceived to be juicier and less fatty than the control, contributing to higher scores for overall liking.
Phytochemical and microbiological changes of honey pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) slices stored under super atmospheric oxygen, low‐oxygen and passive modified atmospheres
Authors: Li Li , Ban Zhaojun , Li Xihong , Wang Xiuli , Guan Junfeng
Published: July 2012

The effect of different modified atmosphere packaging conditions, 75 kPa O2 (high‐oxygen atmosphere, HOA), 3.0 kPa O2 + 5.0 kPa CO2 (low‐oxygen atmosphere, LOA) and passive atmosphere (PA) on the antioxidant properties of ready‐to‐eat honey pomelo slices stored at 4 °C was investigated. Both ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity underwent a significant depletion under HOA in comparison with LOA and PA. Total phenolic content among the samples stored under HOA and PA decreased significantly, but not for LOA. Moreover, HOA was more effective in maintaining the firmness of the slices. The hue angle values among different packaging atmosphere conditions were significantly affected, but chroma values were not. Both high oxygen and low oxygen concentrations inhibited the growth of spoilage microorganism of honey pomelo slices.
Vitamin A stability in triple fortified extruded, artificial rice grains containing iron, zinc and vitamin A
Authors: Pinkaew Siwaporn , Wegmuller Rita , Hurrell Richard
Published: July 2012

Multi‐micronutrient‐fortified rice could be an effective and sustainable approach to combat micronutrient deficiencies. We produced hot‐extruded artificial rice grains fortified with 10 mg iron (as micronised ground ferric pyrophosphate), 5 mg zinc (as oxide, sulphate or carbonate) and 750 μg vitamin A/g [as retinyl palmitate (RP)] and measured RP stability. The rice was designed to be mixed 1:200 with natural rice. Mean RP losses were 5.3% during extrusion, 28.5% during storage and 9.8% during cooking. Storage losses after 18 weeks at 30 °C in plastic packages exposed to light were ca 40% with iron and zinc causing no further losses. In aluminium packages (no light), mean RP losses were ca 20%. Iron, but not zinc, increased RP degradation. Zinc sulphate increased the negative effect of iron. The relatively good stability of RP during hot extrusion can be explained by the closed surface and dense nature of the artificial grain protecting RP from oxidation.
Study on the protein fractions extracted from the muscle tissue of Pinctada martensii and their hydrolysis by pancreatin
Authors: Zheng Huina , Zhang Chaohua , Qin Xiaoming , Gao Jialong , Li Tianyong
Published: July 2012

Pinctada martensii muscle proteins were separated into water‐soluble, salt‐soluble and insoluble protein fractions. The salt‐soluble protein fraction was the most abundant, comprising approximately 66.3% of the protein, followed by the water‐soluble and insoluble protein fractions in decreasing order. sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles showed that 35‐ and 97‐kDa peptides represented the highest proportions of the water‐soluble and salt‐soluble protein fractions, respectively. The three protein fractions contained high levels of flavourful amino acids (Glu, Asp, Ala and Lys), with the water‐soluble protein fraction having the highest level (47.1%). The size exclusion chromatography profiles of the water‐soluble and salt‐soluble protein pancreatin hydrolysate demonstrated no significant differences in the molecular weight distributions in the >20 000, 5000–10 000 and 2000–5000 Da fractions, while those of the insoluble protein pancreatin hydrolysate were different. In conclusion, the results provided some basic information that would contribute to the utilisation of these protein fractions.
Ceratomyxa shasta genotypes cause differential mortality in their salmonid hosts
Authors: Hurst C N , Bartholomew J L
Published: July 2012

Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite of salmonid fish. In natural communities, distinct genotypes of the parasite are associated with different salmonid hosts. To test the hypothesis that genotypes of C. shasta cause differential mortality, the polychaete host was experimentally infected with different parasite genotypes. Genotype I was obtained from Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and genotype II from either coho salmon, O. kisutch, or rainbow trout, O. mykiss, We then challenged four salmonid strains: Chinook and coho salmon that occur in sympatry with the parasite and allopatric Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. Parasite genotype I caused mortality only in Chinook strains, although mortality in the allopatric strain also occurred from exposure to genotype II. A second experiment demonstrated that genotype II could be separated into two biotypes based on differential mortality in rainbow trout and coho salmon. These differential patterns of mortality as a result of infection by certain genotypes of C. shasta support field observations and suggest a co‐evolutionary relationship between these parasites and their hosts.