bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vorticity amplification in wavy viscoelastic channel flow
Authors: Page Jacob , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: September 2022

Surface distortions to an otherwise planar channel flow introduce vorticity perturbations. In Newtonian fluids, the vorticity induced by small surface undulations on the lower wall is advected by the background flow and diffuses into the fluid. When the fluid is viscoelastic, we identify new mechanisms by which significant vorticity perturbations can be generated in both inertialess and elasto-inertial channel flows. We focus on the case where the lengthscale of the surface distortion is much longer than the channel depth, where we find significant departure from plane shear (Page & Zaki, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 901, 2016, pp. 392–429) due to the non-monotonic base-flow streamwise-normal elastic stress. In inertialess flows, a purely elastic response results in streamlines deforming to match the bottom topography in the lower half the channel. However, the vanishing stress at the centreline introduces a blocking effect, and the associated

$O(1)$

jump in normal velocity is balanced by a large-amplitude streamwise-oscillating ‘jet’ in a boundary layer, resulting in a localised, chevron-shaped vorticity perturbation field. In elasto-inertial flows, resonance between the frequency of elasto-inertial ‘Alfvén’ waves and the frequency apparent to an observer moving with the fluid results in vorticity amplification in a pair of critical layers on either side of the channel. The vorticity in both layers is equal in magnitude, to leading order in Weissenberg number, and as such the perturbation vorticity field penetrates the full channel depth even when inertia is dominant. The results demonstrate that long-wave distortions, which are relatively innocuous in Newtonian fluids, can drive a significant flow distortion in viscoelastic fluids for a wide range of parameter values.
Mothers’ feeding practices among infants (4–12 months) and associated factors: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Albar Salwa Ali
Published: September 2022

A global target of increasing exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) to at least 50 % by the year 2025 was set by the WHO for infants under 6 months. The lowest prevalence in the world was found in the Eastern Mediterranean region in 2010–18 and little is known about the status of mothers’ feeding practices in Saudi Arabia. The present study aimed to assess mothers’ actual feeding and weaning practices used with their infants by the mothers’ different age groups. The present study was conducted among 247 mothers of infants aged 4–12 months who were attending public well-baby clinics. Quantitative data were obtained by nutritionists using an electronic semi-structured questionnaire about mothers’ feeding practices. Only 5·3 % of mothers engaged in EBF, 44·9 % breast-fed their infants after an hour of birth, while 92·7 % of infants had ever been breast-fed. The average intent/plan to continue breast-feeding was 4·9(±3·1) months. Younger mothers introduced weaning food around 4 weeks earlier than older mothers (mean differences were −0·4, 95 % CI −0·71, −0·13; P = 0·031). A total of 64·3 % of infants received complementary feeding before completing 17 weeks. Maternal age group and delivery mode were the only factors associated with the early introduction of complementary feeding. A total of 69·2 % of the mothers believed that ‘it is a good time’ and 61·1 % felt that ‘infants are hungry and need other sources of food’. Online sources and family advice were the top sources of information on mothers’ feeding practices. Provision of professional advice about EBF and optimal weaning practices are significant areas for improvement in terms of compliance with recommended infant feeding practices.
Interacting urns on a finite directed graph
Authors: Kaur Gursharn , Sahasrabudhe Neeraja
Published: September 2022

We introduce a general two-colour interacting urn model on a finite directed graph, where each urn at a node reinforces all the urns in its out-neighbours according to a fixed, non-negative, and balanced reinforcement matrix. We show that the fraction of balls of either colour converges almost surely to a deterministic limit if either the reinforcement is not of Pólya type or the graph is such that every vertex with non-zero in-degree can be reached from some vertex with zero in-degree. We also obtain joint central limit theorems with appropriate scalings. Furthermore, in the remaining case when there are no vertices with zero in-degree and the reinforcement is of Pólya type, we restrict our analysis to a regular graph and show that the fraction of balls of either colour converges almost surely to a finite random limit, which is the same across all the urns.
Palatal is for happiness, plosive is for sadness: evidence for stochastic relationships between phoneme classes and sentiment polarity in Hungarian
Authors: Benczes Réka , Kovács Gábor
Published: September 2022

The past couple of decades have seen a substantial increase in linguistic research that highlights the non-arbitrariness of language, as manifested in motivated sound–meaning correspondences. Yet one of the challenges of such studies is that there is a relative paucity of data-driven analyses, especially in the case of languages other than English, such as Hungarian, even though the proportion of at least partially motivated words in Hungarian vocabulary is substantial. We address this gap by investigating the relationship between Hungarian phoneme classes and positive/negative sentiment based on 3,023 word forms retrieved from the Hungarian Sentiment Lexicon. Our results indicate that positive polarity word forms tend to contain more vowels, front vowels, continuants, fricatives, palatals, and sibilants. On the other hand, negative sentiment polarity words tend to have more rounded vowels, plosives, and dorsal consonants. While our analysis provides strong evidence for a set of non-arbitrary form–meaning relationships, effect sizes also reveal that such associations tend to be fairly weak tendencies, and therefore sentiment polarity cannot be derived from the relative frequencies of phoneme classes in a deterministic fashion.
Reaching an Optimally Distinctive CSR Strategy: Examining the Antecedents of CSR Scope Conformity and Emphasis Differentiation Among Chinese Publicly Listed Companies
Authors: Zhang Yanlong , Zhou Xiaoyu , Lyles Marjorie A.
Published: September 2022

Building on recent developments in optimal distinctiveness (OD) research, we identify two dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices – CSR scope conformity and CSR emphasis differentiation – and examine the antecedents of both. We theorize that private ownership and enhanced media coverage may increase scope conformity and emphasis differentiation, while such effects may be contingent on industrial context. In socially contested industries, the impact of private ownership on scope conformity will be mitigated, and the impact of media coverage on scope conformity will be amplified. Meanwhile, in highly competitive industries, the impact of private ownership and media coverage on emphasis differentiation will be mitigated. We test our predictions using a database of 942 Chinese publicly listed firms between 2008 and 2016. Our findings imply that the choice of optimal CSR strategy has to be made in accordance with the embedding context. The multidimensionality view of OD enables firms to better orchestrate firms’ strategic positioning along different dimensions of complex practices, which leads to better customization of societal expectations and the industrial competitive landscape.
Variables influencing conditioning-evoked hallucinations: overview and future applications
Authors: Fry Benjamin R. , Roberts Dominic , Thakkar Katharine N. , Johnson Alexander W.
Published: September 2022

Hallucinations occur in the absence of sensory stimulation and result in vivid perceptual experiences of nonexistent events that manifest across a range of sensory modalities. Approaches from the field of experimental and cognitive psychology have leveraged the idea that associative learning experiences can evoke conditioning-induced hallucinations in both animals and humans. In this review, we describe classical and contemporary findings and highlight the variables eliciting these experiences. We also provide an overview of the neurobiological mechanisms, along with the associative and computational factors that may explain hallucinations that are generated by representation-mediated conditioning phenomena. Through the integration of animal and human research, significant advances into the psychobiology of hallucinations are possible, which may ultimately translate to more effective clinical applications.
Extreme Behaviors of the Tail Gini-Type Variability Measures
Authors: Sun Hongfang , Chen Yu
Published: September 2022

For a bivariate random vector $(X, Y)$, suppose $X$ is some interesting loss variable and $Y$ is a benchmark variable. This paper proposes a new variability measure called the joint tail-Gini functional, which considers not only the tail event of benchmark variable $Y$, but also the tail information of $X$ itself. It can be viewed as a class of tail Gini-type variability measures, which also include the recently proposed tail-Gini functional. It is a challenging and interesting task to measure the tail variability of $X$ under some extreme scenarios of the variables by extending the Gini's methodology, and the two tail variability measures can serve such a purpose. We study the asymptotic behaviors of these tail Gini-type variability measures, including tail-Gini and joint tail-Gini functionals. The paper conducts this study under both tail dependent and tail independent cases, which are modeled by copulas with so-called tail order property. Some examples are also shown to illuminate our results. In particular, a generalization of the joint tail-Gini functional is considered to provide a more flexible version.
Gene–environment interaction using polygenic scores: Do polygenic scores for psychopathology moderate predictions from environmental risk to behavior problems?
Authors: Plomin Robert , Gidziela Agnieszka , Malanchini Margherita , von Stumm Sophie
Published: September 2022

The DNA revolution has energized research on interactions between genes and environments (GxE) by creating indices of G (polygenic scores) that are powerful predictors of behavioral traits. Here, we test the extent to which polygenic scores for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and neuroticism moderate associations between parent reports of their children’s environmental risk (E) at ages 3 and 4 and teacher ratings of behavior problems (hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems, emotional symptoms, and peer relationship problems) at ages 7, 9 and 12. The sampling frame included up to 6687 twins from the Twins Early Development Study. Our analyses focused on relative effect sizes of G, E and GxE in predicting behavior problems. G, E and GxE predicted up to 2%, 2% and 0.4%, respectively, of the variance in externalizing behavior problems (hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems) across ages 7, 9 and 12, with no clear developmental trends. G and E predictions of emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems were weaker. A quarter (12 of 48) of our tests of GxE were nominally significant (p = .05). Increasing the predictive power of G and E would enhance the search for GxE.
Assessment of mitochondrial DNA viability ratio in day-4 biopsied embryos as an add-in to select euploid embryos for single embryo transfer
Authors: Metwalley Ahmad , Hellani Ali , Abdelrazek Azza A. , El-Damen Ahmed , Al Dawood Ahmed , Brasha Nabeel , Esteves Sandro C. , El Hamshary Manal , Khamiss Omaima
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to assess mitochondrial DNA analysis as a predictor of the pregnancy potential of biopsied preimplantation embryos. The study included 78 blastomeres biopsied from day 4 cleavage stage euploid embryos. The embryo karyotype was confirmed by 24-chromosome preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies using the Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) system. Mitochondria viability ratios (mtV) were determined from BAM files subjected to the web-based genome-analysis tool Galaxy. From this cohort of patients, 30.4% of patients (n = 34) failed to establish pregnancy. The mean mtV ratio [mean = 1.51 ± 1.25–1.77 (95% CI)] for this group was significantly (P < 0.01) lower compared with the embryo population that resulted in established pregnancies [mean = 2.5 ± 1.82–2.68 (95% CI)]. mtV multiple of mean (MoM) values were similarly significantly (P < 0.01) lower in blastocysts failing to establish pregnancy. At a 0.5 MoM cut-off, the sensitivity of mtV quantitation was 35.3% and specificity was 78.2%. The positive predictive value for an mtV value > 0.5 MoM was 41.4%. This study demonstrates the clinical utility of preimplantation quantification of viable mitochondrial DNA in biopsied blastomeres as a prognosticator of pregnancy potential.
β-Mercaptoethanol in culture medium improves cryotolerance of in vitro-produced bovine embryos
Authors: de Mattos Karine , Pena-Bello Camilo Andrés , Campagnolo Karine , Borba de Oliveira Gabriella , Ticiani Elvis , Pinzón-Osorio César Augusto , da Silva Feijó Ana Laura , da Silva Ferreira Higor , Rodrigues José Luiz , Bertolini Marcelo , Mezzallira Alceu , de Souza Ribeiro Eduardo
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding β-mercaptoethanol (βME) to culture medium of bovine in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos prior to or after vitrification on embryo development and cryotolerance. In Experiment I, Day-7 IVP blastocysts were vitrified and, after warming, cultured in medium containing 0, 50 or 100 μM βME for 72 h. Embryos cultured in 100 μM βME attained higher hatching rates (66.7%) than those culture in 0 (47.7%) and 50 (52.4%) μM βME. In Experiment II, IVP embryos were in vitro-cultured (IVC) to the blastocyst stage in 0 (control) or 100 μM βME, followed by vitrification. After warming, embryos were cultured for 72 h (post-warming culture, PWC) in 0 (control) or 100 μM βME, in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (i) CTRL–CTRL, control IVC and control PWC; (ii) CTRL–βME, control IVC and βME-supplemented PWC; (iii) βME–CTRL, βME-supplemented IVC and control PWC; or (iv) βME–βME, βME-supplemented IVC and βME-supplemented PWC. βME during IVC reduced embryo development (28.0% vs. 43.8%) but, following vitrification, higher re-expansion rates were seen in βME–CTRL (84.0%) and βME–βME (87.5%) than in CTRL–CTRL (71.0%) and CTRL–βME (73.1%). Hatching rates were higher in CTRL–βME (58.1%) and βME–βME (63.8%) than in CTRL–CTRL (36.6%) and βME–CTRL (42.0%). Total cell number in hatched blastocysts was higher in βME–βME (181.2 ± 7.4 cells) than CTRL–CTRL (139.0 ± 9.9 cells). Adding βME to the IVC medium reduced development but increased cryotolerance, whereas adding βME to the PWC medium improved embryo survival, hatching rates, and total cell numbers.
Microtubule-severing protein Fidgetin-like 1 promotes spindle organization during meiosis of mouse oocytes
Authors: Shou Hua-Feng , Jin Zhen , Yu Yan , Lai Yu-Cheng , Wu Qing , Gao Lei-Lei
Published: September 2022

Microtubule-severing proteins (MTSPs) play important roles in mitosis and interphase. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the role of MTSPs in female meiosis in mammals. It was found that FIGNL1, a member of MTSPs, was predominantly expressed in mouse oocytes and distributed at the spindle poles during meiosis in the present study. FIGNL1 was co-localized and interacted with γ-tubulin, an important component of the microtubule tissue centre (MTOC). Fignl1 knockdown by specific small interfering RNA caused spindle defects characterized by an abnormal length:width ratio and decreased microtubule density, which consequently led to aberrant chromosome arrangement, oocyte maturation and fertilization obstacles. In conclusion, the present results suggested that FIGNL1 may be an essential factor in oocyte maturation by influencing the meiosis process via the formation of spindles.
Paediatrician’s guide to post-operative care for functionally univentricular CHD: a review
Authors: Ronai Christina , Batlivala Sarosh P. , Nguyen Quang-Tuyen , Renno Markus S. , Arthur Lindsay , Glickstein Julie , Johnson Jonathan N. , Miller Jacob R. , Altman Carolyn A. , Selamet Tierney Elif Seda
Published: September 2022

Importance

Single ventricle CHD affects about 5 out of 100,000 newborns, resulting in complex anatomy often requiring multiple, staged palliative surgeries. Paediatricians are an essential part of the team that cares for children with single ventricle CHD. These patients often encounter their paediatrician first when a complication arises, so it is critical to ensure the paediatrician is knowledgeable of these issues to provide optimal care.

Observations

We reviewed the subtypes of single ventricle heart disease and the various palliative surgeries these patients undergo. We then searched the literature to detail the general paediatrician’s approach to single ventricle patients at different stages of surgical palliation.

Conclusions and relevance

Single ventricle patients undergo staged palliation that drastically changes physiology after each intervention. Coordinated care between their paediatrician and cardiologist is requisite to provide excellent care. This review highlights what to expect when these patients are seen by their paediatrician for either well child visits or additional visits for parental or patient concern.
Video Emergency Calls in Medical Dispatching: A Scoping Review
Authors: Sýkora Roman , Peřan David , Renza Metoděj , Bradna Jan , Smetana Jiří , Duška František
Published: September 2022

Background:

Video emergency calls (VCs) represent a feasible future trend in medical dispatching. Acceptance among callers and dispatchers seems to be good. Indications, potential problems, limitations, and directions of research of adding a live video from smartphones to an emergency call have not been reviewed outside the context of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Objective:

The main objective of this study is to examine the scope and nature of research publications on the topic of VC. The secondary goal is to identify research gaps and discuss the potential directions of research efforts of VC.

Design:

Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, online bibliographic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, and gray literature were searched from the period of January 1, 2012 through March 1, 2022 in English. Only studies focusing on video transfer via mobile phone to emergency medical dispatch centers (EMDCs) were included.

Results:

Twelve articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and six main themes were identified: (1) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guided by VC; (2) indications of VCs; (3) dispatchers’ feedback and perception; (4) technical aspects of VCs; (5) callers’ acceptance; and (6) confidentiality and legal issues.

Conclusion:

Video emergency calls are feasible and seem to be a well-accepted auxiliary method among dispatchers and callers. Some promising clinical results exist, especially for video-assisted CPR. On the other hand, there are still enormous knowledge gaps in the vast majority of implementation aspects of VC into practice.
Instructor Name Preference and Student Evaluations of Instruction
Authors: Foster Melissa M.
Published: September 2022

Student evaluations of instruction (SEIs) have an important role in hiring, firing, and promotion decisions. However, evidence suggests that SEIs might be influenced by factors other than teaching skills. The author examined several nonteaching factors that may impact SEIs in two independent studies. Study 1 examined whether an instructor’s name preference (i.e., first name versus “Dr.” last name) influenced SEIs in actual courses. Study 2 implemented a two (i.e., instructor name preference: first name or “Dr.” last name) by two (i.e., instructor gender: male or female) by two (i.e., instructor race: white or Black) between-subjects design for SEIs in a hypothetical course. Study 1 found that SEIs were higher when the female instructor expressed a preference for being called by her first name. Study 2 found the highest SEIs for Black male instructors when instructors asked students to call them by their first name, but there was a decrease in SEI scores if they went by their professional title. Administrators should be aware of the various factors that can influence how students evaluate instructors.
Cannabis use and related clinical variables in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Benatti Beatrice , Vismara Matteo , Casati Lorenzo , Vanzetto Simone , Conti Dario , Cirnigliaro Giovanna , Varinelli Alberto , Di Bartolomeo Martina , D’addario Claudio , Van Ameringen Micheal , Dell’Osso Bernardo
Published: September 2022

Objective

Limited studies have investigated cannabis use in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), despite its widespread use by patients with psychiatric illnesses. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, correlates, and clinical impact of cannabis use in an Italian sample of patients with OCD.

Methods

Seventy consecutive outpatients with OCD were recruited from a tertiary specialized clinic. To assess cannabis-related variables, patients completed a questionnaire developed for the purpose of this study, investigating cannabis use-related habits and the influence of cannabis use on OCD symptoms and treatments. A set of clinician and self-reported questionnaires was administered to measure disease severity. The sample was then divided into three subgroups according to the pattern of cannabis use: “current users” (CUs), “past-users” (PUs), and “non-users” (NUs).

Results

Approximately 42.8% of patients reported lifetime cannabis use and 14.3% reported current use. Approximately 10% of cannabis users reported an improvement in OCD symptoms secondary to cannabis use, while 23.3% reported an exacerbation of anxiety symptoms. CUs showed specific unfavorable clinical variables compared to PUs and NUs: a significant higher rate of lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances, and a higher rate of pre-OCD onset comorbidities. Conversely, the three subgroups showed a similar severity of illness.

Conclusion

A considerable subgroup of patients with OCD showed a predisposition towards cannabis use and was associated with some specific clinical characteristics, suggesting the need for targeted consideration and interventions in this population.
CHARACTER STACKS ARE PORC COUNT
Authors: BRIDGER NICK , KAMGARPOUR MASOUD
Published: September 2022

We compute the number of points over finite fields of the character stack associated to a compact surface group and a reductive group with connected centre. We find that the answer is a polynomial on residue classes (PORC). The key ingredients in the proof are Lusztig’s Jordan decomposition of complex characters of finite reductive groups and Deriziotis’s results on their genus numbers. As a consequence of our main theorem, we obtain an expression for the E-polynomial of the character stack.
The Missing Fingerprints: U.S. Women Legislators and International Development Aid
Authors: Stauffer Katelyn E. , Kobayashi Yoshiharu , Martin-Morales Kelsey M. , Lankes Riley , Heinrich Tobias , Goodwin Catherine R.
Published: September 2022

There is optimism that the growing number of women in political office will reorient the focus of international politics toward more social and humanitarian issues. One basis for this optimism is the argument that women legislators hold distinct foreign policy preferences and act on them to affect changes in policy. However, we know little about gender differences in the behavior of individual legislators on these issues. This study investigates the behavior of individual legislators of the United States, one of the most important actors in international politics, in the context of development aid. Analyzing a diverse set of legislative behaviors in the U.S. Congress, we find no evidence that women legislators behave any differently than men with regard to these issues. Beyond its contribution to our understanding of the making and future of American foreign policy, this study contributes to broader debates about women’s representation and foreign policy.
Estimating the Migrating Diurnal Tide Component of Mesospheric Water Vapor
Authors: Salinas Cornelius Csar Jude H. , Chang Loren C. , Yue Jia , Qian Liying , Gan Quan , Russell James , Mlynczak Martin
Published: September 2022

This work presents a method for estimating the migrating diurnal tide (DW1) component of mesospheric H2O from observations of the temperature tide and zonal‐mean H2O made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument. This work first shows that a 2D least‐squares fit on SABER H2O yields an erroneous DW1 due to retrieval algorithm problems. Consequently, the adiabatic displacement method is used. Applying the method to SABER observations and comparing it with Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) H2O observations reveals that the method reproduces the MLS‐observed H2O DW1 component best in March and June over low‐latitudes in the altitude range between 65 and 75 km where errors range between +5% and +20%. Applying the method for simulations using the Specified Dynamics—Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Ionosphere/Thermosphere eXtension (SD‐WACCM‐X) indicates that in the model, it is best only in March and not in June. Model simulations further showed that in March, theoretical errors due to the vertical advection assumption and aliasing are best at less than +13% for the low‐latitudes and altitudes between 65 and 75 km. These results, therefore, lead to the conclusion that despite the errors in the vertical advection assumption and aliasing, the adiabatic displacement method performs best in estimating mesospheric H2O DW1 with SABER observations during both March equinox and June solstice over the low latitudes between 65 and 75 km. Results also show that SD‐WACCM‐X satisfactorily simulates the H2O DW1 magnitude and mechanisms only in the March equinox period
Carbon Footprint Differentiation in the Japanese Residential Sector Due To Income‐Driven Divergences in Consumption and Time Allocation
Authors: Long Yin , Yoshida Yoshikuni , Huang Liqiao , Gasparatos Alexandros
Published: September 2022

Households are responsible for a large fraction of the direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) at the national level. However, emission patterns are not homogeneous within the residential sector, with several factors affecting them. This study explores how income‐related divergences in consumption and time allocation affect the carbon footprint of the Japanese residential sector. To achieve this, we combine data on emission intensities from national input‐output tables with household‐level consumption and time allocation data from two large‐scale nationally representative surveys. Overall, we find that indirect emissions account for approximately 78% of the overall carbon footprint of the residential sector across the studied income groups. The overall carbon footprint and the emissions of several individual consumption categories follow an N‐shaped curve, with some of the lower‐income groups having disproportionately higher emissions compared to middle‐ and higher‐income groups. Conversely, emissions for other individual consumption categories increase almost linearly with income. This points to the fact that different factors can affect emissions across income groups. Specifically, the N‐shaped curves are driven by the propensity of lower‐income households to spend more time at home and rely on inefficient technologies, while the linear trend is driven by the propensity of higher‐income households to consume more. A detailed understanding of how these factors affect emissions patterns can provide useful insights for designing and implementing effective policies to achieve decarbonization  the residential sector.
Evolution of Pulverized Fault Zone Rocks by Dynamic Tensile Loading During Successive Earthquakes
Authors: Smith Zachary D. , Griffith W. Ashley
Published: September 2022

Large strike‐slip faults experience numerous earthquakes during which transient tensile and compressive mean normal stress perturbations travel along opposing sides of the fault. Research exploring dynamic rock fracture through multiple earthquake cycles has focused predominantly on transient compressive loading, but little is known about off‐fault damage development due to successive tensile loading. We investigate damage accumulation by transient tensile loading over multiple earthquake cycles using a modified sample configuration for uniaxial compressive loading apparatuses consisting of a Westerly granite rock disk bonded to two lead disks. We show that fracture density increases during each successive loading cycle, and pulverized rock can be produced under tension at strain rates as low as 10−3 s−1. Therefore, pulverized rock can form at low strain rates, and its texture and extent may be controlled by the size of the coseismic tensile stress perturbation and the number of slip events on the fault.
Evaluation of IMERG Over CONUS Complex Terrain Using Environmental Variables
Authors: Derin Y. , Kirstetter P.‐E.
Published: September 2022

Satellite‐based precipitation products (SPPs) provide extensive spatial and temporal coverage globally but are challenged in complex terrain. This study aims at understanding uncertainties of SPP estimation due to topographically induced rainfall. Environmental and physical parameters, that is, orographically forced upward motion and horizontal moisture flux convergence, are considered to condition precipitation mechanisms for a detailed uncertainty analysis. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation product Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is compared at its native resolution against a high quality and accurate radar and rain gauge precipitation reference Ground Validation Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor (GV‐MRMS). Conditional analysis of IMERG using environmental parameters is conducted over mountainous terrain. The highest GV‐MRMS mean rainfall rate is found to be associated with positive high Q and moderate w values, confirming that vigorous moisture flux convergence is a strong condition for heavy rainfall. IMERG shows over‐ and underestimation for positive w and Q when GV‐MRMS rainfall magnitudes between 0.8 and 13 mm h−1.
An Energetic Perspective on the Holocene North American Monsoon
Authors: Bhattacharya Tripti
Published: September 2022

The North American Monsoon (NAM) is a critical component of the hydrologic cycle in southwestern North America. However, our understanding of the long‐term evolution of this monsoon system is incomplete due to a paucity of long‐term paleoclimatic records from the core and periphery of the NAM domain. C. Routson et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099772) leverage a new compilation of Holocene proxy records to generate a new composite index of NAM evolution over the Holocene. They identify a relationship between NAM strength and the latitudinal temperature gradient over the Holocene. The authors suggest that shifts in the strength of the westerlies altered NAM convection via ventilation, a process whereby the large‐scale circulation imports low moist entropy air into the monsoon domain. These results highlight the importance of paleoclimatic records, especially from past “warm” intervals, for generating new insights about the evolution of regional monsoons.
A New Perspective on Magnetotail Electron and Ion Divergent Flows: MMS Observations
Authors: Motoba T. , Sitnov M. I. , Stephens G. K. , Gershman D. J.
Published: September 2022

Fast divergent flows of electrons and ions in the magnetotail plasma sheet are conventionally interpreted as a key reconnection signature caused by the magnetic topology change at the X‐line. Therefore, reversals of the x‐component (Vx⊥) of the plasma flow perpendicular to the magnetic field must correlate with the sign changes in the north‐south component of the magnetic field (Bz). Here we present observations of the flow reversals that take place with no correlated Bz reversals. We report six such events, which were measured with the high‐resolution plasma and fields instruments of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. We found that electron flow reversals in the absence of Bz reversals (a) have amplitudes of ∼1,000–2,000 km s−1 and durations of a few seconds; (b) are embedded into larger‐scale ion flow reversals with enhanced ion agyrotropy; and (c) compared with conventional reconnection outflows around the electron diffusion regions (EDRs), have less (if ever) pronounced electron agyrotropy, dawnward electron flow amplitude, and electric field strength toward the neutral sheet, although their energy conversion parameters, including the Joule heating rate, are quite substantial. These results suggest that such flow reversals develop in the ion‐demagnetization regions away from electron‐scale current sheets, in particular the EDRs, and yet they play an important role in the energy conversion. These divergent flows are interpreted as precursors of the flow‐driven reconnection onsets provided by the ion tearing or the ballooning/interchange instability.
Comment on “The Use of Invalid Polar Cap South (PCS) Indices in Publications” by Stauning
Authors: Troshichev O. A. , Dolgacheva S. A. , Sormakov D. A.
Published: September 2022

Declaration (Stauning, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030355) on “invalid polar cap south (PCS) index” is based on the following arguments: PCS index is calculated with use of incorrect “unified” PC derivation method; PCS index used in analyses is a preliminary index, which was not approved by IAGA and, therefore, it cannot be regarded as a correct index; PCN and PCS indices demonstrate, intermittently, large difference in value, which should be treated as evidence of the PCS index invalidity. The paper presents comments to these arguments. Conclusion is made that criticism of the PCS index, presented in Stauning (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030355), is based on groundless arguments.
Sprite Distribution of Different Polarities From ISUAL Observations With Machine Learning Method
Authors: Zhang Mao , Lu Gaopeng , Wang Ziyi , Peng Kang‐Ming , Huang Hailiang , Ren Huan , Liu Feifan , Lei Jiuhou
Published: September 2022

The morphological features of sprites are closely related to the polarity of their causative lightning strokes. Using the machine learning method, we develop a model with an accuracy of 93.8% to identify the polarity of sprite‐producing cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning strokes for events recorded during the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) mission. Approximately 17% of the sprites are identified to be produced by negative CG lightning strokes. The global distribution of the polarity of sprite‐producing CG lightning strokes suggests that the ratio of sprites produced by negative CG lightning strokes relative to sprites produced by positive ones varies with latitude and sea‐land distribution. Sprites produced by negative CG lightning strokes appear to be generated in the tropical regions below 20° latitude and the oceanic area. Moreover, the proportion of sprites produced by negative CG lightning strokes over Africa and North America are much smaller than that over the rest of the continents and the sea.
Potential Volcano‐Tectonic Origins and Faulting Mechanisms of Three Low‐Frequency Marsquakes Detected by a Single InSight Seismometer
Authors: Sita Madelyn , van der Lee Suzan
Published: September 2022

Utilizing low‐frequency events reported by the Marsquake Service (MQS), we selected waveform data collected from the InSight mission to characterize the origins of three potential marsquakes. S0173a and S0235b were determined to originate near the Cerberus Fossae region. Our calculated backazimuths and epicentral distances were in agreement with those provided by the InSight team. The third event, S0325ab, likely originated southeast of the lander with an epicentral distance of 38.4°, uniquely placing it near the boundary between the Martian highlands and lowlands. We then estimated potential double‐couple faulting mechanisms associated with each of the marsquakes using the relative amplitudes and polarities of the P, SH, and SV waves, in a novel method. S0173a and S0173ab can be explained with a composite mechanism that begins as a thrust faulting, followed by an oblique normal‐faulting mechanism. Given the low level of seismicity on Mars, it is likely that these events did not occur independently but instead form a doublet resulting from a single origin. Though its weaker, S0325a and S0325ab could also represent a doublet that begins with E‐W extension and ends with N‐S extension. Our preferred explanation for S0235b is a single faulting mechanism representing vertical dip‐slip with a small normal‐faulting component. The strike of one fault plane aligns roughly with the exposed faults that represent the Cerberus Fossae. We propose that these diverse faulting mechanisms from different locations represent intra‐crustal deformation in the form of volcano‐tectonic quakes related to magmatic activity, including possible dike propagation in the lower crust.
Tree Diversity, Structure and Functional Trait Identity Promote Stand Biomass Along Elevational Gradients in Subtropical Forests of Southern China
Authors: Wu Anchi , Tang Xuli , Li Andi , Xiong Xin , Liu Juxiu , He Xinhua , Zhang Qianmei , Dong Anqiang , Chen Hongfeng
Published: September 2022

Subtropical forests play an important role in regulating global carbon storage, a substantial portion of these forest carbon pools are stored in biomass stocks. Yet, we do not fully understand how tree diversity, stand structure and functional trait identity influence biomass stocks along elevational gradients. Here we used forest inventory data from nine 1‐ha plots across different elevational gradients in subtropical forests of southern China. We analyzed the effects of tree diversity, structure and functional trait identity on biomass along elevational gradients, and tested the complementarity effect, selection effect, mass‐ratio hypothesis and specie‐energy hypothesis. We found that multiple metrics of diversity and structural attributes significantly promoted biomass. Forest biomass was improved by traits with greater maximum height, larger seed mass (SM) and lower wood density (WD). Specifically, large‐diameter trees were the strongest independent predictor of biomass relative to other single variables. A significant increase in tree diversity, density and biomass was observed with increasing elevational gradients; additionally, trees dominated by traits related to greater maximum tree height, larger SM and lower WD also increased. Elevation indirectly increased biomass by increasing diversity and community‐weighted mean traits, but indirectly decreased it by reducing structural attributes. Our results support the complementarity effect, selection effect and mass‐ratio hypothesis simultaneously, but not the species‐energy hypothesis. The selection effect had greater effects on stand biomass than the complementarity effect and mass‐ratio hypothesis. Our findings suggest that developing natural tree diversity and structural complexity as well as dominant resource‐acquisitive species is beneficial to maintain and enhance carbon storage capacity in species‐rich subtropical forests along elevational gradients.
Development and Validation of a Three‐Dimensional Variably Saturated Flow Model for Future Water Resource Assessment at a Global Scale—Targeting Saturated Groundwater Flow in Plains
Authors: Miura Yosuke , Yoshimura Kei
Published: September 2022

A three‐dimensional variably saturated flow model was developed for assessing future global water resources and parameterized for groundwater pumping. We applied this model to an actual watershed to verify its validity as an Earth System Model. For global applicability, the parameterization method for multi‐layered groundwater pumping was developed and verified through comparison with observations and MODFLOW results. The parameterization proposed in this study is applicable even when multiple groundwater pumping wells are present within one horizontal computational grid and when the well spans multiple vertical grids. This method can be applied at the global scale without parameters such as the well radius, for which data may be difficult to obtain. The parameterization recreated seasonal and annual variations in the observed values. Furthermore, the results were comparable to those of MODFLOW. However, the calculation results were overestimated relative to the observed values. This overestimation was likely to be due to active groundwater pumping in the Central Valley before the start of the unsteady‐state calculation. Therefore, the groundwater level at the beginning of the unsteady‐state calculation was calculated using observed values, improving reproducibility. Furthermore, as observed groundwater levels are unlikely to be available at the global scale, steady‐state calculations were conducted over 15 and 60 years considering groundwater pumping. However, the results were not as reproducible as those obtained using observed groundwater levels. These results suggest that the groundwater level set at the beginning of the calculation is important for global‐scale groundwater flow calculation.
The Impact of an Open Water Balance Assumption on Understanding the Factors Controlling the Long‐Term Streamflow Components
Authors: Ballarin André S. , Oliveira Paulo Tarso S. , Marchezepe Bruno K. , Godoi Raquel F. , Campos Aline M. , Campos Fabrizio S. , Almagro André , Meira Neto Antônio A.
Published: September 2022

Understanding how streamflow and its components, baseflow and quickflow, vary spatially according to climate and landscape characteristics is fundamental for dealing with different water‐related issues. Analytical formulations have been proposed to investigate their long‐term behavior and additional influencing factors, suggesting that they are mainly controlled by the aridity index (). Nevertheless, these studies assume the catchment as a closed water balance system, neglecting inter‐catchment groundwater flow (IGF). This simplification makes the analysis of the long‐term streamflow components and their main control mechanisms challenging, given that many catchments cannot be considered as closed hydrologic entities. Here, we assessed the controls of the mean‐annual streamflow components and their behavior under an open water balance assumption, using observed data of 734 Brazilian catchments with diverse hydroclimatic conditions. Our results indicate that indeed streamflow components are primarily controlled by at the mean annual timescale. The consideration of an open water‐balance significantly improved the performance of aridity‐based functional forms to describe streamflow components while also elucidating how catchments' attributes may influence streamflow behavior. Land cover, groundwater, climate seasonality, and topographic attributes appeared as the main control mechanisms besides aridity. Overall, our study provides new insights into the main control mechanism of the streamflow behavior at the long‐term scale, while shedding light on the importance of the open water‐balance assumption for model development and water resources management.
“Metrology is a key component of the industrial value-added chain”: an interview with Prof. Wolfgang Osten
Authors: Ding Shuai
Published: September 2022

Editorial

Mendeleev said: “Science begins where one begins to measure,” and “exact science is unthinkable without measure.” During his more than 4-decades-long career, Prof. Wolfgang Osten has been devoted to optical metrology and inspection technologies. Osten and his research team developed the first automated system for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of interferograms in the ‘80s, as well as the principle of tilted-wave interferometry for high-precision aspherical and free-form surface measurement. Both techniques have since been commercialized. His achievements have “lit the way” for research in optical metrology. The bond between Osten and Light Publishing Group can be traced back to 2012, when he first submitted a paper to Light: Science & Applications (LSA) as an author and published a paper1. Right after that, he was invited to join the Editorial Board for his enthusiasm. In 2019, he started the challenge of founding the new journal Light: Advanced Manufacturing (LAM) as the co-Editor-in-Chief. In this interview, Osten shared his insights on Optical Metrology, Holography, and the Founding of LAM with us. Follow the Q&As below and let us get closer to the “Holoknight”.
A microexplosive shockwave-based drug delivery microsystem for treating hard-to-reach areas in the human body
Authors: Sun Yi , Lou Wenzhong , Feng Hengzhen , Su Wenting , Lv Sining
Published: September 2022

Implantable drug-delivery microsystems have the capacity to locally meet therapeutic requirements by maximizing local drug efficacy and minimizing potential side effects. The internal organs of the human body including the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract, with anfractuos contours, all manifest with endoluminal lesions often located in a curved or zigzag area. The ability of localized drug delivery for these organs using existing therapeutic modalities is limited. Spraying a drug onto these areas and using the adhesion and water absorption properties of the drug powder to attach to lesion areas can provide effective treatment. This study aimed to report the development and application of microsystems based on microshockwave delivery of drugs. The devices comprised a warhead-like shell with a powder placed at the head of the device and a flexible rod that could be inserted at the tail. These devices had the capacity to deposit drugs on mucous membranes in curved or zigzag areas of organs in the body. The explosive impact characteristics of the device during drug delivery were analyzed by numerical simulation. In the experiment of drug delivery in pig intestines, we described the biosafety and drug delivery capacity of the system. We anticipate that such microsystems could be applied to a range of endoluminal diseases in curved or zigzag regions of the human body while maximizing the on-target effects of drugs.