bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initial Combination Therapy With Irbesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide for Hypertension: An Analysis of the Relationship Between Baseline Blood Pressure and the Need for Combination Therapy
Authors: Franklin Stanley , Lapuerta Pablo , Cox David , Donovan Mark
Published: December 2007

Hypertension treatment guidelines recommend initiating 2‐drug therapy whenever blood pressure (BP) is ≥20 mm Hg systolic or ≥10 mm Hg diastolic above goal. This post hoc pooled analysis of 2 multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, active‐controlled forced‐titration studies in 1235 patients with moderate and severe hypertension examined how baseline BP levels relate to the need for combination therapy by comparing the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of once‐daily fixed‐dose irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 300/25 mg compared with irbesartan 300‐mg or HCTZ 25‐mg monotherapies. In study 1, patients with severe hypertension (seated diastolic BP [SeDBP] ≥110 mm Hg) were treated for 7 weeks with irbesartan or irbesartan/HCTZ combination therapy, with forced‐titration after week 1. In study 2, patients with moderate hypertension (seated systolic BP [SeSBP] 160–180 mm Hg or SeDBP 100–110 mm Hg) were treated for 12 weeks with irbesartan/HCTZ, irbesartan monotherapy, or HCTZ monotherapy, with forced‐titration after week 2. The relationship between baseline BP and the likelihood of achieving BP goals (SeSBP <140 mm Hg or SeDBP <90 mm Hg; SeSBP <130 mm Hg or SeDBP <80 mm Hg) as well as the antihypertensive response was evaluated at week 7/8. The need for combination therapy increased with increasing baseline BP and lower BP goals across the range of BP levels studied, with a comparable adverse effect profile to monotherapy. These results suggest that the likelihood of achieving an early BP goal for a given BP severity should be considered when choosing initial combination therapy vs monotherapy.
COOL SHALLOW ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM—MICROBIAL GENESIS AND SUBSEQUENT DEGRADATION
Authors: Yi‐gang Zhang
Published: December 2007

The thermodynamic equilibria of petroleum hydrocarbons and the geographic and depth distributions of oil occurrences suggest that petroleum is formed at shallow depths and low temperatures. The currently prevailing theory of origin from kerogen is inconsistent with known data, especially in relation to the non‐marine oils of China.

As an alternative, a hypothesis of origin by microbial diagenesis is proposed. Microbial activities are ubiquitous at depths of less than 2,800 m. Sedimentary organic matter is first transformed into microbial lipids which migrate, accumulate and are finally converted into petroleum at 50‐8Od̀C. The energy enrichment process is performed first by microbial activities and then by heat. This process is irreversible in strictly anaerobic conditions because anaerobes cannot utilize hydrocarbons.

The dependence of the efficiency of primary migration upon the pore geometry of source rocks and upon the dimensions of microbial remains deserves emphasis.

The diagenesis of carbonate sediments is characterised by the “openness” of the systems, and by the facility with which local dissolution and reprecipitation occur. If the deposition of a carbonate sediment is sufficiently rapid, and is followed by a quickly‐consolidated cover so as to prevent the supply of molecular oxygen for microbes, much pore space and hence pore water may be retained within the sediment, so that it becomes a possible source bed. The carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate minerals can be used as indicators to define both carbonate and clastic source beds.

Volcanic hydrogen gas ascending into a sedimentary basin may increase the petroleum potential of the basin by supporting the growth of anaerobes which produce source material.
A REASSESSMENT OF THE RANGE OF KEROGEN MATURITIES IN WHICH HYDROCARBONS ARE GENERATED
Authors: Saxby J. D.
Published: December 2007

The ranges of vitrinite reflectance values, defining zones in which oil and gas generation occur, are examined from several points of view. Geochemical consideration of coalification reactions, kerogen compositions, iso‐reflectance lines, spore colour and fluorescence, electron‐spin resonance, extract data and reservoir temperatures point to the following approximate ranges: oil generation 1.0–2.0% Ro, wet gas and condensate 1.5‐3.0% Ro, methane 2.0–5.0 % Ro. Biogenic methane can be formed at < 0.6% Ro. and hydrogen generation from kerogen appears to be possible above 5.0% Ro. These results point to hydrocarbon generation under hotter, deeper conditions than those proposed in most previous schemes. As a consequence, reflectance ranges are broadened for traces of vitrinite in possible reservoirs: oil < 0.4‐1.3% Ro, methane < 0.4‐3.0% Ro
CARBONIFEROUS OIL AND GAS GENERATION IN TEH EASTERN HEMISPHERE‐II
Authors: Meverhoff A. A.
Published: December 2007

In this, the second part of Dr. Meyerhoff's presentation, Carboniferous production from area outside the USSR is considered. The conclusions and references refer to both this paper and that published in the April issue.
MOZAMBIQUE: A NEW GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR HYDROCARBONS EXPLORATION
Authors: Coster P. W. , Lawrence S. R. , Fortes G.
Published: December 2007

Modern exploration for hydrocarbons began in Mozambique in 1981. The newly‐acquired data augment those gathered in the territory prior to plitical independence in 1975, and provide a basis for an updated appraisal of the country's hydrocarbon potential. This is concentrated in the marginal Mozambique and Rovuma Basins, whose development was initiated during the break‐up of Gondwana. a “fit” for Madagascar against coastal Tanzania and Somailia is accepted as representing the region's early plate‐tectonic configuration.

Both basins display a polyphase history. Initial Karroo rifting was followed by tow distinct phases of continental separation, one beginning in the mid‐jurassic and the other in the mid‐Cretaceous. They were differentiated by orthogonal exes of regional stress. Margins which had developed in a passive margin extensional regime in the early phase were subjected to shearing stresses in the late phase, and vice versa. Renewed attempts at break‐up in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, which led to the development of the East African Rift System, have left a structural overprint.

This basic three‐phase model allows an understanding of basin development and a rationalisation of structural and stratigraphic evolution. The “break‐up” unconformity is dated at approximately 165 MM ybp † with subsidence thereafter related to distinct phases of plate divergence‐ “proto‐ocenic”, and “constrained” and “free” dreft. Marginal marine Middle and Upper Jurassic and marine lower Cretaceous sediments are overlain by a progradational Upper cretaceous and tertiary section.

An understanding of structural and stratigraphic development has been combined with the critical aspects of petroleum geology to predict hydrocarbon plays in the two coastal basins. Known hydrocarbon occurrences, such as the gas discovery at Pande, and the gas and condensate discovery at Temane, are fitted into this scheme, and fairways identified for future exploration. These include, inter alia, Cretaceous submarine fan and chenier sand developments in the Mozambique Basin, and structural and statigraphic Jurassic plays in the Rovuma.
RELATIVE MOTIONS IN GEOLOGY: SOME PHILOSOPHICAL DIFFERENCES
Authors: Pratsch J.‐C.
Published: December 2007

The motion of geological bodies is always relative. Regardless of the dimensions of a sample, our interpretation and understanding of the geological processes involved will, therefore, always depend on an external reference frame, and on the degree of subjectivity involved in our interpretation. Rarely, therefore, will geological interpretations be “correct”, and at least tow alternative answers will in most cases be available. Such alternative answers are, however, often avoided.

In practical petroleum geology, these limitations to geological science appear to occur only in large‐scale interpretations, such as basin formaiton, tectonic driving forces and orogenesis. In regional and global geology, the reference framework is of primary importance, and will influence the underlying and resultant geological philosophy
THE AKAM OILFIELD, NIGER DELTA: GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TERTIARY SHALES
Authors: Odigi M.I.
Published: December 2007

Major, trace and rare‐earth elements show significant variations in concentration with depth. Akam Shales are characterised by relatively high contents of alumina, volaties and iron, and low contents of magnesia, lime, soda and potash. The major‐element chemistry is significantly different from that of the Akiri‐1 onshore oilwell, Niger Delta.

Based on selected major‐and trace‐element concentrations, the Akam Shales have been discriminated into marine and non‐marine groups, and are found to be associated with calcareous sediments. This observation correlates with the Type II source rock, which is oil‐and gas‐proven in the Niger Delta.

Elemental abundances could be explained on the basis of the terrigenous and authigenic constituents of the samples. Changes in elemental abundances and ratios were observed at a depth of about, 1,733 m; this could be correlated with a change in the source area, a facies change, or a change in depositional setting.
AN ISOLATED CARBONATE BANK IN THE ZECHSTEIN MAIN DOLOMITE BASIN, WESTERN POLAND
Authors: Peryt T. M. , Dyjaczynski K.
Published: December 2007

Isolated carbonate banks in starved basins are very attractive targets for hydrocarbon prospecting. In the Zechstein (Late Permian) Main Dolomite (Ca2) Basin of Western Poland, six such banks or isolated platforms have been penetrated by wells, and gas and/or oil has been found in all of them. The largest is the Chartów Platform. which lies a few tens of kilometres from the edge of the carbonate shelf and shows well‐defined facies zonation, Three shallowing‐upward cycles may be distinguished in the bank‐edge sands, while the central (lagoonal) region and lower slope show a single deepening‐upward sequence. Local rapid subsidence, usually balanced by the rate of deposition, is inferred for the edge of the Chartów Platform: this subsidence was not balanced in other zones.

The driving force for increased local subsidence may have been related to subtle block movements, and the break‐up of the P21 (Werra) evaporite platform. The rate of increased subsidence fluctuated: pulses of relatively rapid subsidence disturb the sequence, which was controlled by sea‐level fluctuations.

Differential subsidence and sea‐level changes are common during the evolution of evaporite basins, and isolated platforms similar to the Chartów structure may be common in other evaporite basins, where isolated banks are located between the central and marginal areas.
THE NIGER DELTA COMPLEX BASIN: STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL
Authors: Chukwu G. A.
Published: December 2007

The Agbada Formation is the major oil‐producing formation in the Niger Delta Complex Basin, and overlies the Eocene Akata Formation, which is the principal hydrocarbon source rock. The Basin is deformed by large synsedimentaty faults, roll‐over anticlines and diapirs; hydrocarbon accumulations are largely controlled by growth faults. A review of the influence of the stratigraphic and structural features on the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons is given in this paper.
PRE‐CREATACEOUS COALIFICATION IN SOUTHERN ISRAEL: CONTRIBUTION TO TIME‐TEMPERATURE COALIFICATION MODELLING
Authors: Feinstein S. , Kisch H. J. , Shagam R.
Published: December 2007

The possibility that coal rank can remain “frozen” or static over a long period of time has important implications for time‐temperature coalification modelling. In the study area in southern Israel, the relationship between the 0.5‐0.8% Ro vitrinite iso‐reflectance contours and the strata (concordant in the Permian‐Jurassic sequence, discordant to the disconformably overlying Cretaceous) indicates that coalification within the Permo‐Trissic succession predated the development of the basal‐Cretaceous unconformity. The fact that coalification has remained static since at least Late Jurassic time, i.e. for more than 140 million yrs. suggests that the given coal rank was stable under the temperatures that subsequently prevailed. Examples of preserved pre‐deformation coalification are widespread elsewhere.

Preservation of coal rank, static over long intervals due either to prolonged heating at constant temperature or too cooling, requires the existence of a state of coalification‐temperature pseudo‐equilibrium. Among the major implications is that the minimum temperature at which a certain coal rank cab be attined is the pseudo‐equilibrium temperature for this rank. Coalification would not proceed beyond this rank, regardless of the duration of heating, unless the temperature exceeded its pseudo‐equilibrium level. Hence, since coalification reactions are irreversible, a measured coal rank is actually a “minimum thermometer” for the maximum temperature experienced by the rock. This further implies that time‐temperature coalification modelling should be designed to allow for a discontinous process and for the slowing‐down of coalification rate with time.
THERMAL MATURITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOURCE‐ROCK OCCURRENCE IN THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN
Authors: Barnard P. C. , Thompson S. , Bastow M. A. , Ducreux C. , Mathurin G.
Published: December 2007

Detailed geochemical and geothermal studies have been carried out in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden in order to understand the regional distribution of source rocks through time, and the effects of changing heat flow through time.

These studies have shown the presence of generally thin developments of fair to very good quality source rocks. Most of the identified source rocks occur in syn‐rift sediments throughout the Red Sea area, but pre‐rift source‐rock occurrences have been identified in Yemen (Gulf of Aden). Somalia, and to a lesser extent in Egypt. Isolated occurrences of post‐rift source rocks have also been identified. The data can be interpreted in the regional context of the sedimentary facies of the region in order to predict possible geographic distribution of source rocks.

Maturity gradients determined using vitrinite reflectivity and spore coloration range from low (often in post‐rift sections) to high (often in syn‐ and pre‐rift sections). The maturity gradients in many of the sections analysed show intersecting bi‐linear trends, suggesting very high palaeogeothermal gradients in sediments close to the rifting centres. In such areas, the oil and gas “windows” are relatively shallow and thin. In areas where crustal thickening has reduced heat flux. hydrocarbon generation may have occurred in the past, but has since ceased.

The models derived during this project for source‐rock distribution and heat‐flow variations are consistent with the tectonic evolution of the basin, and show that there is good potential in parts of the study area for oil generation, accumulation and preservation in pre‐rift, syn‐rift as well as in post‐rift sediments.
PALAEOZOIC STRUCTURES AND OIL EXPLORATION PROSPECTS IN THE EASTERN TARIM BASIN, NW CHINA
Authors: Keming Yang , Guoyou Xu , Ping Jiang
Published: December 2007

The Tabei Uplift in the northern Tarim Basin, the Tadong Depression in the eastern Tarim Basin, and the Tarim Central Uplift were formed as a result of mantle diapirism. Four stages in the geological development of this area can be recognized: an initial “embryonic” stage in the late Proterozoic; a “formational” stage in the Sinian; a “developmental” stage in the Early to mid‐Palaeozoic; and a “completion” stage in the late Palaeozoic.

With long‐term Palaeozoic subsidence and well‐developed marine source rocks, the Tadong area is thought to be a promising source region for hydrocarbons. The Tabei and Central Uplifts, located respectively north and south of the Tadong Depression, are ancient, well‐preserved structures in which hydrocarbons may have accumulated, and could therefore constitute prospective areas for the location of “giant” oil‐ and gasfields in Palaeozoic sequences. Palaeozoic oil prospects have been confirmed in the Tabei area by the highly‐productive Sachan 2 well. It is expected that intensified exploration will result in the location of both oil‐ and gasfields in the Central Uplift.
A NEW SCHEME FOR THE FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BITUMENS
Authors: Klubov B. A.
Published: December 2007

This paper discusses models of bitumen formation. Most liquid bitumens are formed during the middle stages of catagenesis (between approx. Ro equivalents of 0.4 and 1.15, respectively).“Progressive”naphthide formation is a process whereby organic matter and its derivatives gradually pass through a number of stages of alteration — three stages are generally recognized. By contrast, “regressive”naphthide formation is a “superimposed” process, involving microbial alteration and biochemical oxidation.

In addition to the above two general processes, three other, less important schemes of naphthide formation are recognised:

“Pyrodestructive bitumogenesis”results in the formation of “naphthoids”; these are bitumens generated close to an intruded heat source, which causes thermal destruction of organic matter.

“Dynamic‐hydrothermal bitumogenesis”results in the generation of a complex group of bitumens, known as “naphthido‐naphthoids”, which are formed under conditions of dynamic metamorphism and hydrothermal activity accompanied by metasomatism.

Thirdly, the process of “phase‐migrational” bitumogenesis results in the formation of two groups of bitumens: “asphaltenites” and “beta‐asphaltenites”.

This paper summarizes the Author's views on bitumen formation, based on new geological and geochemical data.
ORIGIN OF THE MID‐YPRESIAN JIRANI DOLOMITE — A MAJOR RESERVOIR ROCK IN THE NW LIBYA OFFSHORE
Authors: Mriheel I.Y. , Anketell J.M.
Published: December 2007

The Jirani Dolomite was formed during a major relative fall in sea‐level in middle Ypresian (early Eocene) times, in shallow, hypersaline lagoons on a restricted shallow platform, where supretidal and intertidal and semi‐arid to arid conditions prdominated. Localisation of the shallow logoonal facies to the region of the Jifarah Trough suggests that restriction was caused by downwarp relative to mild uplift of the Jifarah Platform to the north.

Two main facies are recognised: and anhydritic dolomite facies, composed of dolomite and dolomitic limestone with anhydrite nodules; and a non‐anhydritic dolomite faices, composed of dolomite and dolomitic limestone only. Lithologic and petrographic evidence leads to the conclusion that anhydrite was also present in the non‐anhydritic dolomite facies initially, but was removed by dissolution processes. Petrographic studies show that dolomitisation proceeded in three stages. Stage I involved penecontemporaneous/early8 diagenetic dolomitisation of the precurosr limestones with gypsum/anhydrite under hypersaline seepage reflux conditions. Stage II dolomitisation, mainly confined to the non‐anhydritic dolomite facies, was probably formed in the mixing zone between meteoric and sea water, probably at shallow depths of burial. Stage III dolomitisation occured at depth in the late stage of basin evolution, causing some infilling of mouldic and vuggy porosity by coarsely crystalline, saddle dolomite. Evidence of mixing zone dolomitisation indicates that the Jirani Dolomite was exosed subaerially. Studies of the Metlaoui Group show that this event can be related to a major relative fall in sea level in early Lutetian times following deposition of the Jdeir Formation. Exposure of the deposits to flushing by meteoric waters explains the dissolution of the anhydrite from the non‐anhydritic dolomite faices, and the accentuation of the well‐development porosity in this facies, which make it one of the most important reservoir rocks in the offshore region.
QUATERNARY ARABIA: IS IT A PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC ANALOGUE OF NW EUROPE'S PERMIAN UPPER ROTLIEGEND 2?
Authors: Glennie K.W.
Published: December 2007

BECAUSE THE LATE PERMIAN Upper Rotliegend 2 (Gebhardt, 1994; Plein, 1996) of the North Sea area forms an important reservoir for gas, modern analogues are vital for understanding its depositional environment. Does Arabia provide such an analogue? There are many similarities in geography, climate and types of sediment found in modern Arabia and those inferred for the Permian Upper Rotliegend 2 sequences of NW Europe. The patterns of sedimentation found in these two areas, and the effect that basin development and global climatic controls had on sediment distribution, are described briefly to determine how far Quaternary Arabia and its sedimentary cover can be taken as an analogue of the Permian Upper Rotliegend. One of the important controlling factors in both cases was the existence of repeated high‐latitude glaciations, which strongly affected their climate, and thus sediment type and distribution. Some comparisons of the dune systems and bedding attitudes of the two areas have already been made by Glennie (1994).
NATURAL GAS IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: van der Lingen G. J.
Published: December 2007

ALTHOUGH THE FIRST (small) commercial hydrocarbon discovery in New Zealand was made in 1866, it was not until 1959 that modern exploration resulted in the onshore discovery of the gas‐condensate Kapuni field in the Taranaki Basin, followed in 1969 by the discovery of the giant offshore Maui gas‐condensate field. The last two decades have seen the development of these two fields, augmented by several smaller gas‐ and oilfields. An extensive gas pipeline system has been put into place in the North Island. The South Island gas needs are served by tankers and bottles.

Of the many New Zealand sedimentary basins, the Taranaki Basin is the only productive one so far. As gas reserves are expected to run out by about 2006, New Zealand is faced with the challenge to find sufficient new deposits to replace the dwindling reserves. As newly‐discovered fields can take six to ten years to bring on‐stream, time is of the essence. Exploration is continuing at present, both on‐ and offshore, but statistically, based on past successes, may be of insufficient magnitude to meet the deadline. To prevent the disruption of supplies, and the closure of gas‐based industries, New Zealand needs a lot of luck in the next few years.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF OIL‐AND GASFIELDS IN RELATION TO SATELLITE IMAGE INTERPRETATION: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE POLISH EAST CARPATHIANS AND THE ADJACENT FOREDEEP
Authors: Karnkowski P. H. , Ozimkowski W.
Published: December 2007

The Polish East Carpathians consist of a series of nappes which have been thrust northwards onto the Miocene sedimentary fill of the Carpathian Foredeep, a foreland basin located between the Meta‐Carpathian Swell to the north and the Carpathian orogen to the south. A total of 151 oil‐ and gasfields are present in the Polish Carpathians and the adjacent foredeep.

In the Carpathians, all the oilfields are related to structural traps such as anticlinal folds which are frequently cut by faults, thrusts and décollement planes. In the Carpathian Foredeep, oil and gas accumulations are located both within the Neogene interval and in the pre‐Neogene basement. The most productive fields occur on the northern and southern margins of the Carpathian Foredeep; these locations received sandy detritus from the developing orogen to the south, and from the Meta‐Carpathian ridge to the north.

In this paper, we compare the distribution of oil‐ and gasfields in the Polish Carpathians and the foreland basin to that of structural lineaments identified on Landsat imagery. Within the Carpathians, the lineaments are connected with fold axes, nappes, thrust slices and faults. In the Carpathian foredeep, by contrast, the lineaments must also be associated with faults, but no faults are indicated on surface geological maps. The simplest way to distinguish the faults is to interpret their presence in the pre‐Tertiary basement, and to project them into the Miocene cover.

A satellite image of the study area was analysed independently by 40 different researchers, and the resulting interpretations were collated. With reference to this summary interpretation, we have attempted to analyse the spatial relationship between major lineaments and the distribution of oil‐ and gasfields in the study area.
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND DIAGENESIS OF THE EOCENE JDEIR FORMATION, GABES‐TRIPOLI BASIN, WESTERN OFFSHORE, LIBYA
Authors: Anketell J. M. , Mriheel I. Y.
Published: December 2007

The late Ypresian (early Eocene) Jdeir Formation was deposited in the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Gabes‐Tripoli Basin, offshore Libya. The basin developed on the northern passive margin of the African Plate and was relatively unstable being affected by syn‐sedimentary tectonic movements. Deposition was coeval with a relative rise of sea‐level and the subsequent highstand. A lower, thinly‐developed nummulitic bank facies with restricted distribution records the transgressive event and is succeeded by more micritic sediments that record the time of maximum flooding. The succeeding sea‐level highstand is represented by a thick, and widely developed, progradational‐aggradational nummulitic sequence that displays lateral changes across WE‐ESE trending facies belts.

Three major lithofacies are recognized in the Jdeir Formation: Nummulites packstone‐grainstone, Alveolina‐Orbitoliteswackestone‐packtone, andFragmental‐Discocyclina‐Assilina wackestone‐packstone, depositedin bank, back‐bank, and fore‐bank environments, respectively. The formation passes to the NNE into the pelagic lithofacies of the Hallab Formation; landward, to the south, it passes into shoreline evaporitic facies of the Taljah Formation. The lithofacies were structurally controlled by contemporaneous and/or syndepositional tectonic movements, with nummulitic facies tending to develop on uplifted areas.

Petrographic and petrophysical studies indicate that porosity in the Jdeir Formation is controlled by depositional environment, tectonic setting and diagenesis. The combined effects of salt tectonics, a major unconformity at the top of the formation and meteoric diagenesis have produced excellent‐quality reservoir facies at the Bouri oilfield and in other areas.

Porosity is highest in the nummulitic bank facies and lowest in the Alveolina‐Orbitolites micrite facies. Good to excellent reservoir quality occurs in the upper part of the nummulitic packstone‐grainstone facies, especially where these sediments overlie structurally high areas. High rates of dissolution found at the crests of domes and anticlines suggest that early diagenetic processes and features are, in part, structurally controlled. Future exploration success will depend on investigation of similar structures within the Gabes‐Tripoli Basin.

Both porosity initiation and preservation are related to early depositional and diagenetic processes. The wide time‐gap between hydrocarbon generation and reservoir formation points to the role of the seal in porosity preservation and rules out the assumption that early emplacement of oil had preserved the porosity.
Longevity of captive mammals in Philadelphia Zoo
Authors: SNYDER ROBERT L. , MOORE SUSAN C.
Published: December 2007

Data on longevity of captive mammals were compiled from post‐mortem records filed in the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia. Maximum exhibition periods were reported for 42 families of mammals exhibited between 1901 and 1964. The longest exhibition period was 593 months for an echidna of the family Tachyglossidae. Mean exhibition periods and mortality patterns for 20 families were presented for two periods, 1901‐34 and 1935‐64. Average duration of life on exhibition increased considerably following changes in diets in 1935, with 12 families showing significant increases in longevity. The effects of larger cages, improved facilities, and the use of antibiotics and vaccines representing further changes in the environment during the period from 1935‐64, were also analysed in relation to increased longevity.
Aquariums: a look to the future
Authors: WETZEL JOSEPH A. , O'BRIEN MOLLY
Published: December 2007

Public aquariums are enjoying increasing popularity. This paper enumerates several reasons for the current appeal of aquariums and considers possible future developments, including improvements in design and an increased commitment to education and conservation. The authors discuss why aquariums can add value to the urban landscape, and what they can do to remain responsive and viable institutions.
Husbandry, breeding and population development of the Sri Lankan Rusty‐spotted cat Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi
Authors: DMOCH RÜDIGER
Published: December 2007

In September 1975 Frankfurt Zoo received 1.1 7 week‐old Rusty‐spotted cats Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi from Sri Lanka. As at 31 December 1995 16.19 animals, all descended from this pair, were listed in the international studbook at eight collections (Dmoch, 1996). Between 1976 and 1994 77 Rusty‐spotted cats were born in captivity and breeding data reveal that: sexual maturity is reached within the first year; mean litter size is 1–3 (n= 58); mean time of first mating is 7–8 days after introduction (n= 78); mean mating activity period is 5–7 days (n= 49); gestation period is between 67 and 71 days (mean 69 days, n= 22). Breeding ceased in 1989 at Frankfurt Zoo and in 1991 at Cincinnati, which could indicate an inbreeding depression. This paper describes the diet, growth and development, veterinary care, husbandry and behaviour of the species.
Enrichment techniques for small felids at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle
Authors: WOOSTER DANA S.
Published: December 2007

Enrichment is integral to the husbandry and management of small felids at Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle. Effective environmental and behavioural enrichment can reduce stereotypic behaviours and promote behavioural patterns which resemble those of wild felids. This paper describes the diverse range of simple, inexpensive and easily obtainable enrichment items that have been used at Seattle WP to create a complex and stimulating environment for small felids.
Breeding and hand‐rearing the Southern Sulawesi hornbill Penelopides exarhatus sanfordi for the Zoological Society of San Diego
Authors: MACE MICHAEL , AZUA JOHN
Published: December 2007

In August 1989 San Diego Wild Animal Park acquired a pair of wild‐caught Southern Sulawesi hornbills Penelopides exarhatus sanfordi. At first the ♂ was nervous when incubating and eventually modifications were made to the nestbox to prevent her from damaging her eggs. The addition of an observation door in the side of the nestbox allowed access for the inspection of eggs or chicks or, when necessary, the removal of eggs for artificial incubation. In 1993 and 1994 clutches were transferred to the San Diego Zoo Avian Propagation Center for hand‐rearing. In 1993 only one chick survived and post‐mortem examinations identified bacterial infection as the cause of death for three other chicks. In 1994 four chicks survived. This paper describes the breeding behaviour, incubation, hand‐rearing, diet and development of Southern Sulawesi horn‐bills. Information on veterinary treatment is also provided.
A review of the Salmon‐crested cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis European Endangered Species Programme (EEP)
Authors: FIELD D. A.
Published: December 2007

The UK regional studbook for the Salmon‐crested cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis began in 1990 and was upgraded to a European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) in 1993. The EEP population is in decline but captive‐breeding is improving with increasing numbers of birds in the F2 generation. The major aim of the EEP is to increase the number of effective founders by improving husbandry standards. Proposed strategies to achieve this aim include the establishment of groups of young cockatoos and allowing compatible cockatoo pairs vocal and visual contact with pairs of other white cockatoos of the genus Cacatua.
Management of the Double‐eyed or Red‐browed fig parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma macleayana at Currumbin Sanctuary, Queensland
Authors: ROMER L.
Published: December 2007

The Double‐eyed fig parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma has three subspecies in Australia which occur in isolated populations. Since 1987 Currumbin Sanctuary has been involved in a breeding programme for the Red‐browed fig parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma macleayana, to develop techniques which might be applied for the management of the highly threatened Coxen's fig parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni should the subspecies come into captivity in the future. The aim of the programme is primarily to produce parent‐reared offspring, which would be most suited to reintroduction, but the work also involves egg‐fostering trials and cross‐fostering of chicks. The results of the breeding programme, the problems encountered and additional conservation work carried out by Currumbin Sanctuary are described.
Breeding Pesquet's parrotPsittrichas fulgidusat Jurong BirdPark
Authors: BUAY J. , THIRUNAVUKKARASU R.
Published: December 2007

Pesquet's parrot Psittrichas, futgidus, which is indigenous to New Guinea, is a threatened species that needs particular attention from aviculturists. The captive population in zoos and private collections is not well established and breeding of P. fulgidus in
Contribution of captive management of Orange‐bellied parrots to the recovery programme for the species in Australia
Authors: Chrysogaster Neophema , SMALES I. , BROWN P. , MENKHORST P. , HOLDSWORTH M. , HOLZ P.
Published: December 2007

The Orange‐bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster overwinters on the Australian mainland and breeds on Tasmania, more than 200 km away. The Orange‐bellied Parrot Recovery Team, established in 1983, guides and initiates conservation measures to protect this threatened species and its natural habitat. The first captive‐breeding programme for the species was established near Hobart and the second was at Healesville Sanctuary. The aim is to breed Orange‐bellied parrots, retaining as much genetic heterozygosity as possible, for release into the wild and to study the species to obtain biological data. At Hobart between three and 37 young have been reared to independence annually and at Healesville between two and 36 annually. Health issues which affect this species, such as parrot beak and feather disease and zinc toxicity, are addressed. Details about techniques for successful reintroduction of captive‐bred parrots and the subsequent monitoring of the released birds are also described. Between 1991 and 1996 68 birds have been reintroduced.
Neonatal handling, behaviour and reproduction in Orange‐winged amazons and Cockatiels
Authors: MILLAM J. R.
Published: December 2007

Studies of reproductive management of captive Orange‐winged amazons Amazona amazonica and Cockatiels Nymphicus hollandicus show that early behavioural experiences, specifically being handled by humans during the nestling stage, can influence not only tameness but also immune status and, in Cockatiels, adult reproductive performance. Behavioural studies also show that inactivity characterizes much of the time budget (c. 75–90%) of ♂ and ♀ members of breeding pairs of wild‐caught Orange‐winged amazons under typical captive conditions, even though serum sex‐steroid levels change dramatically during the course of a reproductive cycle. Other studies show that operant behaviour techniques can be used in monogamous parrots to study the reinforcing efficacy of visual access to conspecifics.
Reactions of nomadic and resident parrot species
Authors: METTKE‐HOFMANN C.
Published: December 2007

The exploratory behaviour of six species of lorikeet (Loriini) and four species of broad‐tailed parrot (Platycercini), which differ in their migratory behaviour, was tested to investigate whether residents and nomads show different reactions to environmental enrichment. For each species, seven pairs of birds were tested in a familiar aviary. The test was performed on 2 days, separated by a resting period of 2 days. Three unknown objects were brought into the aviary for 24 hours on day 1 and 6 hours on day 2. The results showed that more resident birds contacted the objects than nomadic birds and that residents showed shorter latencies until first contact than nomads. No differences between groups occurred in the duration of exploration but there was a positive correlation between duration of exploration and the tendency of the species to exhibit plucking behaviour. The results suggest that object presentation is a useful tool in supporting activity in resident as well as nomadic Psittacidae.
Overview of conservation priorities for parrots in the Andean region with special consideration for Yellow‐eared parrot
Authors: KRABBE N.
Published: December 2007

Thirty‐two species of parrot are restricted to the Andes and the temperate zone of Patagonia, South America. Fifteen species are considered threatened, mainly as a result of habitat destruction through deforestation but also by capture for trade. Priorities for conservation need to be determined and this requires a knowledge of species distributions and population status. Information concerning five of the 12 most threatened species is provided and the Yellow‐eared parrot Ognorhynchus icterotis, which is considered the top priority for conservation, is discussed more fully. For parrots of the Andean region, conservation through in situ programmes is the best approach.
Growth and mortality of Black stilt or kaki
Authors: REED C. E. M. , SANCHA S. E. , FRASER I.
Published: December 2007

Between 1989 and 1998, 294 Black stilt or kaki Himantopus novaezelandiae chicks hatched at Twizel, South Canterbury, New Zealand. Of these, 251 (85%) were successfully reared to fledging. Eighty‐four (29%) chicks were parent‐hatched and 75% of these fledged. A total of 188 hand‐reared chicks survived to fledging. Forty‐three chicks died from a number of causes, including starvation or nutritional deficiency (21%), as a result of slow acceptance of supplementary diet, bacterial infection (14%), accidents while with parents (14%), poor parenting (9%), weak hatchlings after artificial incubation (11%), stress from sibling aggression (2%), enteritis and pneumonia. There were five deaths from unknown causes.
Breeding the Writhe‐billed hornbill
Authors: MYERS M. S.
Published: December 2007

In January 1993 1.1 wild‐caught Writhe‐billed horn‐bill Aceros leucocephalus were loaned to Audubon Park and Zoological Garden, New Orleans, and between 1994 and 1997 the courtship, mating and nesting behaviours of this pair were observed. These observations are presented here, and diet and chick/ juvenile development are also described. To date nine chicks have hatched, eight have successfully fledged, including one hand‐reared bird, and at time of writing five offspring were alive. With a European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) proposed for A. leucocephalus, the offspring from the 1993 (1.0), 1995 (0.3) and 1997 (1.1) breeding seasons have been donated to that future programme.
Life-history variation in Rhodophysema elegans (Palmariales, Rhodophyta) from the North Atlantic and crustose Rhodophysema spp. from the North Pacific
Authors: Saunders G. W. , Maggs C. A. , McLachlan J. L.
Published: December 2007

Two life histories have been established for Rhodophysema elegans from the North Atlantic Ocean by field and culture studies. These are entirely distinct and occur, respectively, in (i) sexual, tetrasporangial and (ii) asexual, bisporangial populations. In tetrasporangial isolates, a sexual life history was unequivocally indicated by chromosome numbers of n = 18 in vegetative cells and 18 pairs during meiotic tetrasporocyte division. Bisporangial plants, interpreted as polyploid gametophytes (2x = 36), undergo a direct, mitotic bispore to bisporophyte life history and also produce diploid spermatia. The sexual life history in North Atlantic R. elegans differed in several respects from that reported in a Californian isolate. A taxonomic study of crustose Rhodophysema species from the Pacific Ocean in comparison with type material of R. elegans from France indicated that two entities have been reported from Pacific North America under this name, but neither corresponds with the type. (i) Crusts epiphytic on the seagrass Phyllospadix and algal fronds are identified as Rhodophysema odonthaliae, described from Japan. Evidence of both sexual and direct, mitotic tetrasporangial life histories has been observed in field collections of this species, (ii) Larger plants, with much larger spermatangia, collected on pebbles and brown algal stipes are considered as being growth forms of the monostromatic Californian species Rhodophysema minus.
Biomass and nutrient allocation patterns in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
Authors: Swanton C. J. , Cavers P. B.
Published: December 2007

The partitioning of dry matter and nutrients into component plant parts was determined for a weedy population of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). The annual allocation pattern, studied over two growing seasons, was characterized by a relatively large distribution of energy to structural increases in height, leaf number, and lateral spread. Biomass and nutrient allocation to clonal growth (rhizomes and tubers) was much greater than to reproductive organs (flowers and seeds). Reproductive and clonal allocation of nutrients showed a different pattern than allocation of biomass. Plants severely defoliated by hail in 1984 redistributed available nutrients and generated new leaves. Although rhizome and tuber size and number were reduced after the hail storm, the overall strategy of Jerusalem artichoke appears to involve a constancy of nutrient allocation to clonal structures. In contrast with previous reports for cultivated populations of Jerusalem artichoke, we found that the leaves, not the stem, constituted the primary temporary sink for assimilates that were later distributed to developing rhizomes and tubers.
Carbohydrate metabolism and gluconic acid synthesis by Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Donèche Bernard
Published: December 2007

The pathways of glucose catabolism were examined in a B. cinerea strain isolated from grape. Respirometric and enzymatic studies indicated that this plant parasite catabolized glucose through the Embden–Meyerhof and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways. Data also suggested functioning of an active tricarboxylic acid cycle and presence of the glyoxylate cycle. Direct oxidation of glucose by means of glucose oxidase led to gluconic acid accumulation in the medium during the stationary phase of growth. Part of the glucose oxidase was extracellular and could have technological consequences in wine making.
Isozyme analysis of the grape (Vitis). I. A practical solution
Authors: Walters T. W. , Posluszny U. , Kevan P. G.
Published: December 2007

Isozyme electrophoresis has potential for assisting in cultivar identification of the grape (Vitis). However, past studies have suffered from problems with extraction and resolution of enzymes because of high tannin concentrations in the tissues. In addition, many extraction procedures require expensive, elaborate, and time-consuming protocols. A practical and inexpensive procedure that allows for rapid extraction and the resolution of a large suite of enzymes is presented. Using our procedure, 40 enzymes were tested for their resolvability on numerous gel buffer systems and their usefulness for discriminating cultivars. Fourteen of the enzymes we tested were consistently resolvable and showed variation among cultivars on three gel–electrode buffer systems.
A new Isoetes hybrid (Isoetes echinospora × riparia) for Canada
Authors: Britton D. M. , Brunton D. F.
Published: December 2007

A new interspecific hybrid in Isoetes, Isoetes echinospora Dur. × Isoetes riparia Engelm., is delineated by means of cytology and scanning electron microscopy of spores from the Ottawa–Hull district of Canada. The hybrid should be known as I. × dodgei A. A. Eaton pro sp. This triploid hybrid (2n = 33) exhibits polymorphic megaspores and hybrid vigour. The megaspores of some of the hybrids are extremely spiny, with many fused and irregular spines resulting in convoluted and distorted surfaces. Distribution maps for three species, I. echinospora, I. riparia, and I. macrospora Dur., as well as one hybrid, I. × dodgei, are presented for the Ottawa district.
Effect of freezer storage on bud dormancy release in Douglas-fir seedlings
Authors: Ritchie Gary A.
Published: December 2007

Two-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings from four western Washington and Oregon provenances were lifted from the nursery on December 11, 1979, January 21, February 13, and March 11, 1980, following the accumulation of about 600, 1170, 1550, and 1800 chilling hours (temperature ≤5 °C), respectively. They were tested for bud dormancy (rest) intensity and vigor immediately after lifting and following 2 and 6 months in freezer (−1 °C) storage. Dormancy weakened exponentially with accumulated nursery chilling, with seedlings from all four provenances responding in a like manner. The rate of dormancy release was substantially retarded by freezer storage, so that by late March stored seedlings were more dormant than those remaining in the nursery beds. Dormancy weakened in storage more rapidly in high-elevation provenances than in provenances from lower elevations. Early-lifted seedlings lost dormancy more rapidly in storage than did late-lifted seedlings. Vigor following a 6-week greenhouse trial was good or excellent in all but the December-lifted unstored seedlings and the March-lifted unstored and 6-month stored seedlings.
Development of tanoak understories in conifer stands
Authors: Tappeiner II John C. , McDonald Philip M.
Published: December 2007

The stocking, age, and growth rates of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflorus [Hook and Arn.] Rehd.) were studied in the understory of 13 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii [Mirb] Franco) and mixed conifer stands, 53–240 years old, on a range of sites in Oregon and California. The understory was uneven in both age and size in all stands. Tanoak <2.0 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) ranged from 1 to 62 years old and from 5 to 216 cm tall. The stems of tanoak >2.0 cm dbh ranged from 18 to 98 years old and from 2 to 25 m tall. A negative exponential function describing diameter distributions generally explained more than 80% of the within-stand variation in numbers of tree stems (by 5-cm diameter classes). Seedlings have a single stem for about 5–12 years, then form a burl with dormant buds below ground, lose the original stem, and produce new stems. Because of frequent stem mortality and sprouting, tanoak age cannot be determined from stems above ground but can be estimated from xylem rings in the stem below the burl. Tanoak grows slowly in the conifer understory and at 50 years of age is only 80 to 160 cm tall. Sprouting potential also develops slowly. Three years after burning, 41- to 50-year-old tanoak averaged five sprouts only 30 to 68 cm tall. The establishment of a dense, new understory with the capacity for vigorous sprouting after disturbance may take well over 100 years. Tanoak control may be less costly and less frequently needed if accomplished in 30- to 75-year-old conifer stands.