bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geologic overview of the Mars Science Laboratory rover mission at the Kimberley, Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Rice Melissa S. , Gupta Sanjeev , Treiman Allan H. , Stack Kathryn M. , Calef Fred , Edgar Lauren A. , Grotzinger John , Lanza Nina , Le Deit Laetitia , Lasue Jeremie , Siebach Kirsten L. , Vasavada Ashwin , Wiens Roger C. , Williams Joshua
Published: December 2016

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover completed a detailed investigation at the Kimberley waypoint within Gale crater from sols 571–634 using its full science instrument payload. From orbital images examined early in the Curiosity mission, the Kimberley region had been identified as a high‐priority science target based on its clear stratigraphic relationships in a layered sedimentary sequence that had been exposed by differential erosion. Observations of the stratigraphic sequence at the Kimberley made by Curiosity are consistent with deposition in a prograding, fluvio‐deltaic system during the late Noachian to early Hesperian, prior to the existence of most of Mount Sharp. Geochemical and mineralogic analyses suggest that sediment deposition likely took place under cold conditions with relatively low water‐to‐rock ratios. Based on elevated K2O abundances throughout the Kimberley formation, an alkali feldspar protolith is likely one of several igneous sources from which the sediments were derived. After deposition, the rocks underwent multiple episodes of diagenetic alteration with different aqueous chemistries and redox conditions, as evidenced by the presence of Ca‐sulfate veins, Mn‐oxide fracture fills, and erosion‐resistant nodules. More recently, the Kimberley has been subject to significant aeolian abrasion and removal of sediments to create modern topography that slopes away from Mount Sharp, a process that has continued to the present day.
Palladium−Hydride‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Isomerization of 1‐Alkenes
Authors: Ahn Hyojung , Son Inyoung , Lee Jinyong , Lim Hwan Jung
Published: December 2016

New stable palladium−hydride complexes catalyze the highly regio‐ and stereoselective isomerization of 1‐alkenes at multiple positions. Tuning the ligand and the reaction conditions allowed the position and geometry of the double bonds to be controlled with excellent conversions and selectivities. The catalytic species, a Pd−H complex, was prepared by reacting [LPdCl2] with a silver salt, followed by conversion into Pd−H by using a silyl hydride. The structures of the Pd complexes were determined by using X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
Transport properties in the photonic super‐honeycomb lattice — a hybrid fermionic and bosonic system
Authors: Zhong Hua , Zhang Yiqi , Zhu Yi , Zhang Da , Li Changbiao , Zhang Yanpeng , Li Fuli , Belić Milivoj R. , Xiao Min
Published: December 2016

We report on the transport properties of the super‐honeycomb lattice, the band structure of which possesses a flat band and Dirac cones, according to the tight‐binding approximation. The super‐honeycomb model combines the honeycomb lattice and the Lieb lattice and displays the properties of both. It also represents a hybrid fermionic and bosonic system, which is rarely seen in nature. By choosing the phases of input beams properly, the flat‐band mode of the super‐honeycomb lattice will be excited and the input beams will exhibit strong localization during propagation. On the other hand, if the modes of Dirac cones of the super‐honeycomb lattice are excited, one will observe conical diffraction. Furthermore, if the input beam is properly chosen to excite a sublattice of the super‐honeycomb lattice and the modes of Dirac cones with different pseudospins, e.g., by the three‐beam interference pattern, the pseudospin‐mediated vortices will be observed.

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Hydroxylation Induced Alignment of Metal Oxide Nanocubes
Authors: Thomele Daniel , Bourret Gilles R. , Bernardi Johannes , Bockstedte Michel , Diwald Oliver
Published: December 2016

Water vapor is ubiquitous under ambient conditions and may alter the shape of nanoparticles. How to utilize water adsorption for nanomaterial functionality and structure formation, however, is a yet unexplored field. Herein, we report the use of water vapor to induce the self‐organization of MgO nanocubes into regularly staggered one‐dimensional structures. This transformation evolves via an initial alignment of the MgO cubes, the formation of intermediate elongated Mg(OH)2 structures, and their reconversion into MgO cubes arranged in staggered structures. Ab initio DFT modelling identifies surface‐energy changes associated with the cube surface hydration and hydroxylation to promote the uncommon staggered stacked assembly of the cubes. This first observation of metal oxide nanoparticle self‐organization occurring outside a bulk solution may pave novel routes for inducing texture in ceramics and represents a great test‐bed for new surface‐science concepts.
Polymeric Selectin Ligands Mimicking Complex Carbohydrates: From Selectin Binders to Modifiers of Macrophage Migration
Authors: Moog Kai E. , Barz Matthias , Bartneck Matthias , Beceren‐Braun Figen , Mohr Nicole , Wu Zhuojun , Braun Lydia , Dernedde Jens , Liehn Elisa A. , Tacke Frank , Lammers Twan , Kunz Horst , Zentel Rudolf
Published: December 2016

Novel polymeric cell adhesion inhibitors were developed in which the selectin tetrasaccharide sialyl‐LewisX (SLeX) is multivalently presented on a biocompatible poly(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (PHPMA) backbone either alone (P1) or in combination with O‐sulfated tyramine side chains (P2). For comparison, corresponding polymeric glycomimetics were prepared in which the crucial “single carbohydrate” substructures fucose, galactose, and sialic acid side chains were randomly linked to the PHPMA backbone (P3 or P4 (O‐sulfated tyramine)). All polymers have an identical degree of polymerization, as they are derived from the same precursor polymer. Binding assays to selectins, to activated endothelial cells, and to macrophages show that polyHPMA with SLeX is an excellent binder to E‐, L‐, and P‐selectins. However, mimetic P4 can also achieve close to comparable binding affinities in in vitro measurements and surprisingly, it also significantly inhibits the migration of macrophages; this provides new perspectives for the therapy of severe inflammatory diseases.
Global Asymptotical Bounded Synchronization for a Class of Coupled Complex Networks With Nonidentical Nodes
Authors: Li Qingbo , Guo Jin , Wu Yuanyuan , Sun Chang‐Yin
Published: December 2016

This paper investigates the bounded synchronization problem for a class of coupled complex networks with nonidentical nodes. Based on the average value trajectory, a new definition of the bounded synchronization is established for the concerned networks, which can be proved to be equivalent to the conventional one. By use of the Lyapunov function method and the linear matrix inequality technique, several sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the bounded synchronization. Moreover, the corresponding estimations of the bounded synchronization domain can also be obtained. An illustrative numerical example is included to show the effectiveness of the main theoretical results.
Highly Efficient Selective Benzylation of Carbohydrates Catalyzed by Iron(III) with Silver Oxide and Bromide Anion as Co‐catalysts
Authors: Ren Bo , Lv Jian , Zhang Yu , Tian Jun , Dong Hai
Published: December 2016

A highly efficient, green, and regioselective method for the benzylation of diols and polyols was developed. With the use of Ag2O (0.6 equiv.) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.1 equiv.) as co‐catalysts, the iron(III)‐catalyzed benzylation reaction proceeded to completion at 40 °C within 2–3 h and gave the products in high yields with high regioselectivities. A mechanism involving the principle of enhanced basicity of Ag2O by soft anions was proposed.
Studies on Cycloalkane‐Based Bisamide Organogelators: A New Example of Stochastic Chiral Symmetry‐Breaking Induced by Sonication
Authors: Pi‐Boleda Bernat , Sans Marta , Campos María , Nolis Pau , Illa Ona , Estévez Juan Carlos , Branchadell Vicenç , Ortuño Rosa M.
Published: December 2016

Enantiomerically pure C16‐alkyl amides derived from cis and trans cycloalkane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acids, respectively, have been synthesized and their behavior as organogelators has been investigated. These compounds include cis/trans diastereomeric cyclobutane and cyclohexane derivatives with the aim to explore the influence of the ring size as well as the relative configuration in their hierarchical self‐assembly to form gels. High resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy studies allowed the determination of the dynamics of the gelation process in [D8]toluene and the sol‐gel transition temperature. The morphology and size of the aggregates have been investigated and results have shown that, in the case of cyclobutane derivatives, the cis/trans stereochemistry is not relevant for the gelation behavior and the properties of the soft‐materials obtained, but it is remarkable for cyclohexane diamides, which are better organogelators. The four compounds produce chiral aggregates despite that two of them are meso achiral molecules. We show herein that this fact is an example of stochastic symmetry breaking induced by sonication. The self‐assembly of these molecules has been modelled providing information and support about the structure and the chirality of the aggregates.
The Origin of MoS2 Significantly Influences Its Performance for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction due to Differences in Phase Purity
Authors: Chua Xing Juan , Tan Shu Min , Chia Xinyi , Sofer Zdenek , Luxa Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: December 2016

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is at the forefront of materials research. It shows great promise for electrochemical applications, especially for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis. There is a significant discrepancy in the literature on the reported catalytic activity for HER catalysis on MoS2. Here we test the electrochemical performance of MoS2 obtained from seven sources and we show that these sources provide MoS2 of various phase purity (2H and 3R, and their mixtures) and composition, which is responsible for their different electrochemical properties. The overpotentials for HER at −10 mA cm−2 for MoS2 from seven different sources range from −0.59 V to −0.78 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). This is of very high importance as with much interest in 2D‐MoS2, the use of the top‐down approach would usually involve the application of commercially available MoS2. These commercially available MoS2 are rarely characterized for composition and phase purity. These key parameters are responsible for large variance of reported catalytic properties of MoS2.
Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols Using an Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Iron Racemization Catalyst
Authors: Gustafson Karl P. J. , Guðmundsson Arnar , Lewis Kayla , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: December 2016

Herein, we report on a metalloenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of sec‐alcohols employing an iron‐based racemization catalyst together with a lipase. The iron catalyst was evaluated in racemization and then used in dynamic kinetic resolution of a number of sec‐alcohols to give enantiomerically pure products in good to high yields. The iron catalyst is air and moisture stable and is readily accessible.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Two‐Fold Unsymmetrical C(sp3)−H Functionalization and Double C−F Substitution
Authors: Li Linyong , Xiao Tiebo , Chen Haoguo , Zhou Lei
Published: December 2016

A visible‐light‐mediated [3+3] annulation of tertiary amines with α‐trifluoromethyl alkenes was developed. The reaction offers a direct route to fluorinated tetrahydropyridines and azabicyclo[3.m.1] frameworks under very mild conditions. This protocol presents a rare example of dual sp3 C−H functionalization of tertiary amines with the formation of two different C−C bonds (one sp3–sp3 bond, one sp2–sp3 bond). Moreover, two consecutive C−F substitutions in a trifluoromethyl group were achieved in one pot using visible light photoredox catalysis, which enables an unprecedented ring construction.
Biohydrometallurgie und Membrantechnik zur Wertstoffgewinnung aus Armerzlagerstätten und bergbaulichen Altablagerungen
Authors: Werner Arite , Meschke Katja , Bohlke Kevin , Daus Birgit , Haseneder Roland , Repke Jens‐Uwe
Published: December 2016

Die Gewinnung sekundärer Rohstoffe ist nicht allein aus Gründen der Weltmarktsituation relevant, auch die Ressourceneffizienz gebietet die Nutzung von Deponien, Altablagerungen und Armerzlagerstätten als Rohstoffquellen im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt die Einsatzpotenziale der Biohydrometallurgie als effizientes Verfahren der Wertstoffmobilisierung im Rahmen der Nutzung derartiger Rohstoffpotenziale auf und widmet sich weiterhin der Membrantrenntechnik zur Separation gelöster Wertstoffe aus Laugungslösungen an ausgesuchten Fallbeispielen aktueller Forschungsprojekte.
Machine learning‐based auto‐tuning for enhanced performance portability of OpenCL applications
Authors: Falch Thomas L. , Elster Anne C.
Published: December 2016

Heterogeneous computing, combining devices with different architectures such as CPUs and GPUs, is rising in popularity and promises increased performance combined with reduced energy consumption. OpenCL has been proposed as a standard for programming such systems and offers functional portability. However, it suffers from poor performance portability, because applications must be retuned for every new device. In this paper, we use machine learning‐based auto‐tuning to address this problem. Benchmarks are run on a random subset of the tuning parameter spaces, and the results are used to build a machine learning‐based performance model. The model can then be used to find interesting subspaces for further search. We evaluate our method using five image processing benchmarks, with tuning parameter space sizes up to 2.3 M, using different input sizes, on several devices, including an Intel i7 4771 (Haswell) CPU, an Nvidia Tesla K40 GPU, and an AMD Radeon HD 7970 GPU. We compare different machine learning algorithms for the performance model. Our model achieves a mean relative error as low as 3.8% and is able to find solutions on average only 0.29% slower than the best configuration in some cases, evaluating less than 1.1% of the search space. The source code of our framework is available at https://github.com/acelster/ML‐autotuning.
Distributed computing of distance‐based graph invariants for analysis and visualization of complex networks
Authors: Czech Wojciech , Mielczarek Wojciech , Dzwinel Witold
Published: December 2016

We present a new framework for analysis and visualization of complex networks based on structural information retrieved from their distance k‐graphs and B‐matrices. The construction of B‐matrices for graphs with more than 1 million edges requires massive Breadth‐First Search (BFS) computations and is facilitated using new software prepared for distributed environments. Our framework benefits from data parallelism inherent to all‐pair shortest‐path problem and extends Cassovary, an open‐source in‐memory graph processing engine, to enable multinode computation of distance k‐graphs and related graph descriptors. We also introduce a new type of B‐matrix, constructed using clustering coefficient vertex invariant, which can be generated with a computational effort comparable with the one required for a previously known degree B‐matrix, while delivering an additional set of information about graph structure. Our approach enables efficient generation of expressive, multidimensional descriptors useful in graph embedding and graph mining tasks. The experiments showed that the new framework is scalable and for specific all‐pair shortest‐path task provides better performance than existing generic graph processing frameworks. We further present how the developed tools helped in the analysis and visualization of real‐world graphs from Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of techniques for architecting TLBs
Authors: Mittal Sparsh
Published: December 2016

Translation lookaside buffer (TLB) caches virtual to physical address translation information and is used in systems ranging from embedded devices to high‐end servers. Because TLB is accessed very frequently and a TLB miss is extremely costly, prudent management of TLB is important for improving performance and energy efficiency of processors. In this paper, we present a survey of techniques for architecting and managing TLBs. We characterize the techniques across several dimensions to highlight their similarities and distinctions. We believe that this paper will be useful for chip designers, computer architects, and system engineers.
Orientation relationships of Mn0.75Ga0.25As crystallites on and within GaAs determined by scanning nano beam electron diffraction
Authors: Häusler Ines , Moeck Peter , Volz Kerstin , Neumann Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

Mn0.75Ga0.25As crystallites, partially embedded on and fully embedded within a single crystalline matrix of GaAs formed during metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of Mn‐rich (Mn,Ga)As on (001) oriented GaAs wafers. Phase and orientation analysis of these crystallites were performed with scanning nano beam electron diffraction (SNBED). The investigation of plan‐view specimens using a liquid nitrogen cooling stage enabled the phase and orientation analysis of partially embedded ferromagnetic α‐phase particles. In all specimens the following two orientation relationships (O) between the α‐phase particles and the GaAs matrix were determined:
urn:x-wiley:02321300:media:crat201600261:crat201600261-math-0001urn:x-wiley:02321300:media:crat201600261:crat201600261-math-0002

The study of cross‐sectional specimens enabled the analysis of fully embedded crystallites. It could be unambiguously detected that a fully embedded crystallite has the structure of the atomically ordered monoclinic β´ phase. The β´ phase crystallite consists of two domains which are related in twin positions to each other. The orientation relations of the different particles are illustrated by color coded stereographic projections.
Genetic by environmental variation but no local adaptation in oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
Authors: Hughes A. Randall , Hanley Torrance C. , Byers James E. , Grabowski Jonathan H. , Malek Jennafer C. , Piehler Michael F. , Kimbro David L.
Published: December 2016

Functional trait variation within and across populations can strongly influence population, community, and ecosystem processes, but the relative contributions of genetic vs. environmental factors to this variation are often not clear, potentially complicating conservation and restoration efforts. For example, local adaptation, a particular type of genetic by environmental (G*E) interaction in which the fitness of a population in its own habitat is greater than in other habitats, is often invoked in management practices, even in the absence of supporting evidence. Despite increasing attention to the potential for G*E interactions, few studies have tested multiple populations and environments simultaneously, limiting our understanding of the spatial consistency in patterns of adaptive genetic variation. In addition, few studies explicitly differentiate adaptation in response to predation from other biological and environmental factors. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment of first‐generation eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) juveniles from six populations across three field sites spanning 1000 km in the southeastern Atlantic Bight in both the presence and absence of predation to test for G*E variation in this economically valuable and ecologically important species. We documented significant G*E variation in survival and growth, yet there was no evidence for local adaptation. Condition varied across oyster cohorts: Offspring of northern populations had better condition than offspring from the center of our region. Oyster populations in the southeastern Atlantic Bight differ in juvenile survival, growth, and condition, yet offspring from local broodstock do not have higher survival or growth than those from farther away. In the absence of population‐specific performance information, oyster restoration and aquaculture may benefit from incorporating multiple populations into their practices.
A new approach to decrease the computational complexity of e‐voting protocols
Authors: Mousavi Hamed , Ahmadi Babak , Rahimi Saeed
Published: December 2016

One of the most important methods of remote e‐voting is based on the ElGamal homomorphic cryptosystems. These systems are secure enough provided that the discrete logarithm problem is secure. However, one of their main challenges is the limitation on the number of voters. In this paper, a new scheme is suggested so as to increase the number of voters by designing parallel voting subprotocols. The required time for the tally computing process for 10 subprotocols decreases to less than 20% of the time in a similar scheme. The necessary memory space and the number of random integers do not show a significant change in comparison with those of similar voting protocols. Also, the communication complexity is of order O(Nt), which seems reasonable. The security comparisons show an acceptable rate of security in a reasonable length of keys for the proposed protocol. Simulations show that the number of covering voters in this protocol is 10 times more than that of a similar protocol.
Global methylation of blood leukocyte DNA and risk of melanoma
Authors: Shen Jie , Song Renduo , Wan Jie , Huff Chad , Fang Shenying , Lee Jeffrey E. , Zhao Hua
Published: December 2016

Global DNA methylation, possibly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors, has been suggested to play an active role in carcinogenesis. However, its role in melanoma has rarely been explored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between melanoma risk and levels of 5‐methylcytosine (5‐mC), a marker for global DNA methylation, in blood leukocyte DNA, and to determine whether this 5‐mC level is influenced by pigmentation and sun exposure. This case‐control study included 540 melanoma cases and 540 healthy controls. Overall, melanoma cases had significantly lower levels of 5‐mC% than healthy controls (median: 3.24 vs. 3.91, p < 0.001). The significant difference between two groups did not differ by pigmentation or sun exposure. Among healthy controls, however, those who had fair skin color (p = 0.041) or light or no tanning after prolonged sun exposure (p = 0.031) or used a sunlamp (p = 0.028) had lower levels of 5‐mC% than their counterparts. In addition, those with an intermediate or high phenotypic index, an indicator of cutaneous cancer susceptibility, had 2.58‐fold greater likelihood of having a low level of 5‐mC% [odds ratio (OR): 2.58; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72, 3.96] than those with a low phenotypic index. Lower levels of 5‐mC% were associated with a 1.25‐fold greater risk of melanoma (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.37). A significant dose‐response relationship was observed in quartile analysis (p = 0.001). Our results suggest that global hypomethylation in blood leukocyte DNA is associated with increased risk of melanoma and that the level of methylation is influenced by pigmentation and sun exposure.
Menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer
Authors: Brusselaers Nele , Maret‐Ouda John , Konings Peter , El‐Serag Hashem B , Lagergren Jesper
Published: December 2016

A protective effect of female sex hormones has been suggested to explain the male predominance in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma, but evidence is lacking. We aimed to test whether menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) decreases the risk of these tumors. For comparison, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was also assessed. This population‐based matched cohort study included all women who had ever used systemic MHT in Sweden in 2005–2012. A comparison cohort of non‐users of MHT was matched to the MHT‐users regarding age, parity, thrombotic events, hysterectomy, diabetes, obesity, smoking‐related diseases and alcohol‐related diseases. Individuals with any previous cancer were excluded. Data on MHT use, cancer, comorbidity and mortality were collected from well‐established Swedish nationwide registers. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Different MHT regimens and age groups were compared in sub‐group analyses. We identified 290,186 ever‐users and 870,165 non‐users of MHT. Ever‐users had decreased ORs of esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.45–0.85, n = 46), gastric adenocarcinoma (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.50–0.74, n = 123) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.39–0.83, n = 33). The ORs were decreased for both estrogen‐only MHT and estrogen and progestin combined MHT, and in all age groups. The lowest OR was found for esophageal adenocarcinoma in MHT‐users younger than 60 years (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.06–0.65). Our study suggests that MHT‐users are at a decreased risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma and also of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The mechanisms behind these associations remain to be elucidated.
Alcoholism and Drug Dependence: Planning a New Service
Authors: Hennessy B. L.
Published: December 2016

An outline is given of some of the background ideas and experiences that a new mental health administrator brings to his task of planning innovative services for alcoholic and drug‐dependent persons. Familial and interpersonal factors are overviewed, and an account is given of the concepts and principles being adopted in the planning of a treatment service in the Australian Capital Territory.
Students as Agents of Social Change in Higher Education
Authors: Blizard Peter J.
Published: December 2016

Substantially increasing numbers of students are questioning society, its institutions, and their role of half‐children, half‐adults. Faced with a society which rejects student attempts at change, they sit‐in or demonstrate and they look closely at the institution in which they are involved. The tertiary institution is closer and is seen to be more malleable than the wider society.1
Health and Politics
Authors: Graycar A.
Published: December 2016

Politics, described as ‘the authoritative allocation of values for a community’, arises out of conflict. Each party to any conflict attempts to have its interest prevail. The more organized a group and the more resources at its disposal, the more likely that its interest will prevail. Politics is significant in the determination of eventual policies in health matters. The consumer in health matters tends to accept what is presented to him. The interaction of differing attitudes, values and actions of interest groups in the health field is surveyed, and it is maintained that the politics of health warrant a greatly increased focus of attention from political scientists.
The Powers of Australian Teachers in the Political System of School Government
Authors: Simpkins W. S.
Published: December 2016

The views of a sample of Australian teachers were obtained regarding the powers exercised by teachers and administrators in decisions relevant to internal school government. The teachers perceived themselves as playing a delegated‐leadership role within the classroom and a subordinate role in decision areas external to classroom management. On the other hand, they expressed a desire to extend their delegated‐leadership role to important matters concerning the instructional organization and administration of the school. The evidence suggested that teachers wished to change the perceived balance of power in schools in the direction of a more ‘democratic’ style of school government.
Family Allowances in Australia for Children Under 16 Years of Age
Authors: Harris C. P.
Published: December 2016

Family allowances for children take two forms: uniform child endowment scheme cash benefits and uniform income tax concessional deductions. The benefit per child by child endowment is the same for all income groups, but that received by tax remission increases with income because taxation is progressive. Child endowment benefits have long remained fairly static, while tax remission benefits have increased substantially as incomes have risen. Hence the scheme best suited to meet the criterion of need— child endowment—having declined from 62 per cent of family allowances in 1959 to 55 per cent in 1966, has become a much smaller component of the dual scheme of family allowances. An outline is given of two schemes which, while costing the government no more than the present dual scheme, would achieve a significant redistribution of benefits better designed to meet the criterion of need.
Family Planning and Social Work Practice
Authors: Schlesinger Cheryl Argue Benjamin
Published: December 2016

During the past five years increased concern about family planning has appeared in many English‐speaking countries. National policies in certain countries lately have included family planning. Social workers have not been in the forefront of active, programmes in this field. The role of social work in the area of family planning is discussed, and the major indications for family planning in our society are briefly reviewed.
A Rationale for Teaching Communication Skills to the Culturally Deprived
Authors: Poole Millicent E. , Edgar Patricia M. , Edgar Donald E.
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a theoretical rationale for explaining the learning and achievement weaknesses noted in ‘culturally deprived’ children. Based on a theory of social competence which reveals schools as denying the validity of such children's experiences and ignoring the different competences they bring with them to the learning situation, the model suggests new teaching strategies which develop ‘first‐order’ communication outputs as a prerequisite to ‘higher‐order’ cognitive outputs. Research evidence of the applicability of the model is examined and an attempt to apply the teaching strategies in Australia is described.
Patterns of Migration and Marriage Among the Chinese in Australia
Authors: Choi C. Y.
Published: December 2016

Following a continuing decline in representation in the Australian population, the Chinese community began again to show signs of life after the Second World War with numbers of wives and dependents beginning to arrive to join their husbands and fathers. This movement was made possible by the granting of naturalization rights to the Chinese in 1956. The pre‐war and post‐war trends of Chinese migration are surveyed, and are related to current marriage patterns among the Chinese in Melbourne.
High School Retention Rates and Social Class
Authors: Fisher C. H. , Hagan J. S. , de Lacey P. R.
Published: December 2016

Sixth form retention rates were calculated for each State high school in the Wollongong urban area and correlated with two measures of social class (education and occupation) in each high school feeder area. The study found that retention rates in the Wollongong Urban Area ranged from 12.94% to 31.04%. The rates vary directly with the proportions of the feeder area populations in professional and managerial occupations (r = 0.94, p < 0.01) and with Leaving Certificate or higher education (r = 0.93, p < 0.01). The rates varied inversely with the proportions of feeder area populations employed in trade, unskilled and production process occupations (r = −0.70, p < 0.05).
Young People's Images of Self and Others
Authors: Hickman D. C. , Wyman K. T.
Published: December 2016

In an analysis of the validity of popular stereotypes of youthful conflict with adult society, based upon surveys carried out in Melbourne, the attitudes of young people are compared with the attitudes which they impute to their friends, parents and teachers. The results indicate that young people are influenced in their estimate of the friends' attitudes by the popular stereotype of young people which may in turn, influence their own attitudes. This interpretation explains the distribution of responses along the conservative‐innovative continuum, except in regard to opposition to de‐humanization where the respondents are more likely to attribute innovative responses to themselves than to their friends. Most young people perceive their interpersonal environment to be supportive of their own attitudes.
Competitiveness in Schools and Delinquency
Authors: Braithwaite J. B.
Published: December 2016

Some theories to explain the relationship between school failure and delinquency are examined. It is argued that it is the condition of status deprivation through being given a low rank on the status hierarchy of the school that leads to delinquency. Policies of equality of opportunity achieve a reordering of children on the hierarchy, but leave the hierarchy itself intact. Delinquency may be part of a more general pathology which arises from competitiveness in schools.
Projecting Australia's Fertility—Postscript
Authors: Spencer Geraldine
Published: December 2016

An accelerated decline in family size has led to a downward revision of projected fertility. Replacement fertility could be reached in the 1980s with births numbering about 250,000 a year. The population is approaching stability at the younger ages. The potential for poverty arising from large families may be halved in ten years.
Central Court Project: A Review of the First Seven Months
Authors: Short Joan S.
Published: December 2016

A review is presented of the first seven months of a project which was devised as a new point of intervention in the problem of chronic drunkenness offenders appearing at the Central Court of Petty Sessions, Sydney. It was sponsored by statutory and voluntary bodies and has been in progress since February 1974. A team of four was selected to carry out this project. Its aims and methods are described. Some statistical information is supplied and the conclusion is drawn that the project has attained a limited degree of success and should continue.
Alienation and the Assimilation of Immigrants
Authors: Kovacs M. L. , Cropley A. J.
Published: December 2016

The successful adjustment of immigrants is usually considered in terms only of their cultural, sociological and psychological fitting into the receiving society. However, this attachment process is invariably accompanied by estrangement from the old society—a process of alienation. The effects of this alienation may include severe behavioural breakdown. Even some socially approved behaviours may reflect alienation. Focusing on alienation rather than assimilation permits a re‐examination of the adjustment of immigrants. It suggests that preservation of elements of the donor society's culture would facilitate this adjustment. This view is, therefore, consistent with a multicultural model of ethnic group interrelationships.
The Nursing Profession as a Pressure Group
Authors: Dickenson Mary
Published: December 2016

Within democratic political systems the activities of organized groups, striving to influence government decisions on matters affecting their particular interests, are widely recognized as a significant element in the political process. Members of the nursing profession in Queensland have sought to obtain concessions from governments. The tactics used and the degree of success achieved by nurses, when acting as a pressure group, are described.

The organization which represents the interests of Queensland nurses is the state branch of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation (RANF). Until the 1960s the organization did not utilize pressure group activities to any great extent, being satisfied to accept the status quo in matters of nurse training and registration. In the 1960s the RANF decided to take the initiative in seeking changes in the relevant legislation. Initially, the campaign mounted by the organization to achieve its objectives revealed a lack of acceptance by the association of the full implications of pressure group tactics. In the later 1960s when there was more awareness of the fact that the organization was acting as a pressure group, greater success was achieved.
Sheltered Workshops, Economic Policies and the Employment of the Handicapped
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: December 2016

Economic aspects of schemes for employing the handicapped such as employment subsidies, quotas and designated employment are discussed in the first section. Given the existence of minimum wages and fixed conditions of employment, sheltered workshops and designated employment are seen as feasible and relatively efficient means for employing the handicapped. But, as illustrated from a survey of sheltered workshops in Newcastle, the costs of sheltered workshops could be lowered by increasing the number of handicapped persons working in existing workshops, by more cooperation and planning between workshops and by the sharing of some projects and the joint use of administrative personnel. Other economic problems of sheltered workshops and their implications for public policy are also considered.
Community Mental Health Services in a Remote Rural Area
Authors: Rosenfelt Rosalie H. , Mitchell Lachlan J.
Published: December 2016

A programme was developed by the authors to provide community mental health services to an isolated rural region situated within the large catchment area of a state psychiatric hospital. The programme functioned without psychiatrist or medical officer in the team. The authors believe their programme to be effective and economical both of monetary cost and of the scarce services of psychiatrically trained professional workers. They hope it will serve as a model for other community mental health workers.
Problems in Maori Land Legislation and the Woodward Report
Authors: Dossor Peter
Published: December 2016

Legislation in New Zealand dealing with Maori land, though well intentioned, has given rise to the twin problems of alienation and fragmentation. Legislation proposed by the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission for the Northern Territory of Australia basically avoids these pitfalls, but there are some clauses that could give rise to some forms of alienation and fragmentation.
Darwin Cyclone: An Exploration of Disaster Behaviour
Authors: Webber D. L.
Published: December 2016

Events associated with the Cyclone Tracy strike at Darwin on 25 December 1974 are described. With the loss of 49 lives, a further 16 persons missing and presumed dead, and hundreds injured, this became Australia's greatest national disaster to date. A total breakdown in facilities occurred. The responses of people before, during and after the cyclone are examined. Problems associated with social breakdown, spontaneous community efforts to deal with this and individual emotional problems are highlighted. A distinction between the trauma of the cyclone and that of the evacuation is made. The apparent inability of Australians to concede that disasters have emotional as well as social and physical consequences is looked at.
Toward a Social Deficit Model of Ageing
Authors: Bennett Keith C. , Ahammer Inge M.
Published: December 2016

The popular conception of ageing as a time of increasing deficiency, supported by a biological decline model, is criticized on both methodological and theoretical grounds. Recent research pertaining to misconceptions about ageing is examined. Regressive changes in the latter part of the life‐span appear to reflect environmental or experiential deficits rather than intrinsic ageing phenomena. Manipulative rather than descriptive research is suggested to uncover variables responsible for the often reported deficits in the aged.
Coordination in Urban Settings
Authors: Graycar Adam , Davis Joanne
Published: December 2016

In recent years a number of programmes have been developed which focus on the urban community rather than the individual as the beneficiary of welfare allocations. Working on the assumption that different views of social malaise will generate different programme types, this paper takes an analytical framework developed by Roland Warren and applies it to an Australian situation. The problem at stake is one of creating conditions in which a newly formed organization can enter an urban situation and begin to coordinate local activity. This paper discusses the difficulty a new organization has in breaking into the inter‐organizational field, the difficulty of achieving legitimacy, and means by which its activities may be prevented, blunted and repelled. These are illustrated with examples in metropolitan Adelaide.
Women and the Politics of ‘Psychotherapy’
Authors: Homer Anthony R.
Published: December 2016

The effects upon women of the most common form of psychotherapy are neither in the best interests of those treated nor in the best interests of women in general. Instead, psychotherapy is aimed toward producing social stability through destructively enforcing sex‐role conformity.
Aboriginal Health Courses
Authors: Webber D. L.
Published: December 2016

The relevance of social and economic factors other than physical circumstances in determining aboriginal health is discussed. How these factors determine the goals of aboriginal health and influence what the participants can do about them is examined. A critical need is seen for health courses to train indigenous health workers. Problems of running such courses and selecting candidates are raised, and a greater role for social scientists in such courses is noted.
Self Help and Self Medication in Health Care—A Supplement to Professional Domination
Authors: Darby David N.
Published: December 2016

Self help and self medication are very common and seems an effective and inexpensive way of treating the majority of unwell symptoms. Yet current trends, including the influence of the expanding professional medical system and also legislation, seek to minimise this practice. In fact, detailed information on self care is limited particularly concerning perception of ill health, information sources and decision processes differentiating between self care and seeking health professional assistance. This paper reviews aspects of the practice of self care and concludes that research is needed to find out whether, and under what conditions, self care including self medication should be encouraged and how it can complement, supplement or indeed reduce the need for some types of professional health care.
Evaluating Alternative Modes of Consumer Participation in Community Health Services
Authors: Tydeman J.
Published: December 2016

There has been considerable effort expended over the last ten years in the field of technological forecasting in which attempts have been made to qualify, quantify and aggregate subjective judgments. However, the methods have not achieved widespread application in the social fields in Australia. This paper offers a procedure which utilizes subjective judgments for evaluating a set of alternative proposals for consumer participation in community health services; these proposals were suggested by Gross in an earlier issue of the Australian Journal of Social Issues. In his article, a number of options for consumer participation were examined and some conceptual mechanisms were outlined for improving both the visibility and impact of community organizations, but no evaluation of the proposals was included.

The subjective modelling procedure is applied to the findings and recommendations from Gross' paper, using subjective evaluations of a carefully selected non‐random sample of health care personnel from the Australian Capital Territory.
An Evaluation of a Child Guidance Clinic
Authors: Taylor Neville
Published: December 2016

An attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of a child guidance clinic. The outcome of the clinic's intervention was found to vary according to the nature of the presenting problem and the social class of the client. The categories of problems where treatment was ineffective are discussed in detail.
Interpersonal Behaviour in Relation to Aboriginal Programs
Authors: Webber D. L.
Published: December 2016

Over recent years there has been increased concern for the health, education and welfare of aboriginal people. Many of the newer programs in these areas are worthwhile. As health, education and welfare services are directed at people, greater understanding of interpersonal behaviour is needed by administrators and fieldworkers if outcomes are to be improved. The importance of interpersonal behaviours such as looking, listening, talking and touching is noted. The distinctiveness of these behaviour patterns in aboriginal society is examined and their impact on programs discussed.
The Ecology of Suicide in an Australian Metropolis: The Case of Sydney
Authors: Burnley I. H.
Published: December 2016

The ecological patterns of suicide in metropolitan Sydney are described and policy recommendations made. Some inferences about the association of urbanization with suicide are suggested.
Acculturative Stress Among Asian Students in Australia
Authors: Hodgkin Mary C.
Published: December 2016

When foreign students from Southeast Asia come to Australia, they encounter many problems of norm conflict and cultural misunderstanding. In some cases these stresses, together with academic failure, social isolation and the strains of living in lodgings away from the supportive family, lead to emotional disturbances.

Students fall into a different category from migrants. They must make a selection from the host cultural norms and exercise restraint in identification with Australian ways because they face eventual return to their home sociocultural environment.

Examples from a number of case histories have been chosen. They appear to follow a regular pattern of academic failure, inability to cope with relationships with the opposite sex, and eventual mental breakdown which required hospitalization.
Statutory Child Welfare as a Social Indicator: NSW Trends 1959–1976
Authors: Kraus J.
Published: December 2016

A formal analysis of secular trends in statutory child welfare (defined by rates of complaints laid under the Child Welfare Act) showed no changes in overall rates of welfare problems, excepting an increase for boys aged 16–17. There were significant changes in the pattern of problems, and in the pattern of Children's Court dispositions. The trends were used as social indicators of changes in community values and mores, and in welfare practice.
Demographic Characteristics and Contraceptive Practices of Abortion Patients at a New Zealand Medical Centre
Authors: Shirley Elizabeth , Brown R.A. , Hunton R. B.
Published: December 2016

A highly controversial Centre performing early pregnancy terminations opened in Auckland in May 1974, and remained the only facility specialising in abortion in New Zealand. It closed following the enactment of the Crimes Amendment Act in December 1977. Analysis of social characteristics of attenders shows that this Centre served a younger population than those having abortions in public hospitals. Fewer than 47% of those obtaining abortions had previously used a contraceptive technique, and of those who did the majority used methods with relatively high failure rates. There was a relationship between educational attainment, age, and contraceptive usage.
Counsellors, Lawyers and Custody Disputes in the Family Courts
Authors: Buddin Terry
Published: December 2016

The Family Law Act makes provision for the direct involvement of behavioural scientists in family breakdown situations, particularly in the area of custody disputes. This article describes the legislative scheme which is designed to facilitate that objective and, in addition, to evaluate the approach taken by the courts to the problems of interpretation which it has created. The article concludes with an analysis of that section of the act which enables a child, in appropriate circumstances, to be separately represented in custody matters.