bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Cu, Zn and Ni in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus from Bachok and Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Sow Ai Yin , Maizatul @ Maizatu Nisrina Nadia , Mahhadi Farah Amalin , Nik Yusoff Nik Raihan , Hambali Kamarul
Published: September 2020

This work investigated the metal concentration in Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) tissues, from paddy cultivation areas in Kelantan. Five selected tissues, such as liver, gills, kidney, skin and muscle were examined for Zn, Cu and Ni concentrations. Zn concentration was found to be the highest in the liver of eels from Bachok and Pasir Mas, while Cu concentration was highest in the liver and kidney, respectively. In addition, non-essential metal like Ni was identified in high amount in the eel gills and kidney. However, low level of Zn, Cu and Ni concentrations were identified in the muscle tissues. Overall, Asian swamp eels from Bachok and Pasir Mas did not show much variation in Zn, Cu and Ni accumulation in the five selected tissues. Nevertheless, the deposition of agrochemical fertilisers and pesticides should be regularly controlled by responsible agencies to avoid any metal poisoning.
The Preliminary Study of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Calcareous Nannofossil in Klias Peninsula, Sabah
Authors: Rosmadi Nur Syahirah , Sulaiman Nursufiah , Sulaiman Noorzamzarina , Asis Junaidi
Published: September 2020

Klias Peninsula comprises of five different lithostratigraphic units which are, Temburong, West Crocker, Setap Shale, Belait, and Liang formations. The study area is one of the onshore outcrops of the western side of Sabah mainland which contributed to the high potential of hydrogen exploration within the Temburong Formation. There is still a lack of calcareous nannofossils study in terms of academic purposes, hence a systematic preliminary research study had been conducted to find the taxonomic diversity of the calcareous nannofossils within the age of late Oligocene to early Miocene. This study aims to identify the taxonomy classification of the calcareous nannofossil based on the morphology features. Coccosphere has been distinguished by two different taxonomic classifications of coccoliths and nannoliths. Coccoliths are the most discussed for their morphology and classified into two basic mode holococcoliths and heterococcoliths. Nannolith morphology feature is complex and classified as a heterogeneous group. Thirty-four samples from Kuala Penyu to Menumbok areas of Sabah were collected. A simple smear method used to prepare all the samples. Light microscope (LM) observations used to identify the taxonomy and calcareous nannofossil classification aided by plane-polarized (PPL) and cross-polarized (XPL) nicols with 800x magnification. Apart from that, there were diverse taxa that had been discovered such as,Braararudosphaera bigelowii, Discoaster deflandrei, Cyclicargolithus abisectus, Cyclicargolithus bukryi,Coccolithus pelagicus,Thoracosphaera saxea, Alisphaerasp. andReticulofenestra bisecta.
Diversification of Igneous Rocks and Geoheritage Values in Pergau, Jeli Kelantan
Authors: Sulaiman Nursufiah , Sulaiman Noorzamzarina , Hussin Hamzah , Achmad Bahar Arham Muchtar , Udin Wani Sofia
Published: September 2020

This study aims to map rocks variation and geological features and identifying the geodiversity values for geotourism potential in Pergau area. Generally Pergau area is dominated by granitoid body from Noring Granite and Kenerong Leucogranite. Based on the field observation, there are five (5) variation of granites; 1) the coarse grained dominant with quartz and feldspar, 2) fine grained, 3) pink megacryst biotite granite, 4) coarse grained dominant with hornblend, and 5) foliated granite. The assesment of geoheritage values show that Pergau is basically a little too low values to be as geotourism site and the level of significance is only local to state. However, the scientific and education values are higher, which ressemble that Pergau area is very important for the research and educational site.
The Sauropod Dinosaur Trackways from Tanah Merah, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Achmad Bahar Arham Muchtar , Sulaiman Mohd Syakir , Martosuwito Surono , Hartono Udi
Published: September 2020

A newly discovered giant Sauropod trackways from Bukit Panau Hill, Tanah Merah District in Kelantan reveals that northern Kelantan was inhabited by dinosaur 65 to 144 million years ago probably in the Cretaceous period. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the discovery of the first Sauropod fossil in Malaysia and is also a preliminary study of the existence of Sauropod in Malaysia in particular. At least 7 tracks averagely 66 cm in wide and 72 cm in length are within the size range of large cretaceous sauropods such suggests an animal reaching a length of 22 meter long and 9 meters high, with weight estimated 30 to 40 metric tons.
Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Crystalline Terrain Using Remote Sensing, GIS Techniques and Field Observations: A Case Study in Parts of Tanah Merah, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Ghofur Muhammad Nadzmi , Sofia Udin Wani , Mansor Hafzan Eva , Ali Khan Mohammad Muqtada
Published: September 2020

Identification of potential groundwater exploration sites is a difficult activity in hard rock terrain. Groundwater occus in hard rocks at secondary porosity dvoped due to weathering, fracturing, faulting, etc., and this is highly unpredictable and varies dramatically within very short distances, leading to the near-surface aquifer. Topographic, hydrogeological, and geomorphological features in these cases offer valuable clues for the identification of the appropriate location. The present investigation is confined to latitude 5° 45’ 10.508” N and 5° 47’ 53.309” N and longitude 101° 56’ 29.001” E and 101° 59’ 12.249” E. All across Telaga Bijih Area, Tanah Merah, Kelantan, this research focuses on the terrain investigation of groundwater potential zone by applying the geological mapping method and Geographical Information System (GIS) analyses. Briefly, derived from satellite imagery, topographic, geomorphological and hydrogeological observations, promising locations were delineated in hard rock areas of Telaga Bijih village and its surroundings. Several thematic layers including lineament density, lithology, drainage density, and slope density were created for this purpose using the Geographic Information System ( GIS) application to generate groundwater potential zonation map. The final map of groundwater potential plays a key role while narrowing down the selection of potential zones in the study area. The present investigation is very significant in pinpointing the sites for the establishment of new groundwater wells. The areas in north-western and south-eastern parts around Kelisar, Gual and Air Chanal villages are very promising for groundwater exploration. The establishment of new wells will not only make sure the continuous supply of water to the local people but can also be exported to the other places in the vicinity, thus can prove pivotal in revenue generation.
Ethnobotanical Indices for Traditional Vegetable and Herbal Medicine Species Consumed in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Awang-Kanak Fadzilah , Abu Bakar Mohd Fadzelly , Matawali Azlinah
Published: September 2020

The difference of traditional vegetable species used in two predominantly Sama Bajau villages: Kampung Taun Gusi and Kampung Menunggui, in Kota Belud, Sabah were determined with different strategies. Similarity of listed species between different villages was determined by using Jaccard’s index of similarity and the most useful plants were evaluated using Frequency of Citation (FC). Use Value (UV) was used to determine the citation of plants during semi-structured interviews. A total of 46 species of traditional vegetables from 41 genera and 25 botanical families were listed from two villages. Jaccard’s index of similarity for ulam species between two localities; Kampung Taun Gusi and Kampung Menunggui is revealed at J = 0.348. Meanwhile Jaccard’s index of similarity for species that have been also served as traditional herbal medicine for both villages is revealed at J = 0.111. In average, informants cited 7.67 ± 3.89 vegetable taxa, the highest frequency citation (FC) calculated for Cosmos caudatus, Centella asiatica, Musa paradasiaca, FC = 0.83 for all three species. Meanwhile the FC calculated for Ipomea batatas, Cucumis sativus, Vigna unguiculata, Artocarpus heterophyllus value at 0.67. Use value for C. caudatus and C. asiatica are both recorded at UV = 1.67. Two species from family Fabaceae recorded UV ≥ 1.00; V. unguiculata (1.33) and Abelmoschus esculentus (1.00). Other species that recorded UV ≥ 1.00; C. sativus (1.33) and Capsicum annum (1.00). There was no significance difference (p > 0.05) between genders and knowledge on traditional vegetables. These data could provide the baseline for preservation of traditional knowledge and for bio-prospecting since some selected vegetables that are also used as traditional medicine. These three species, C. caudatus, C. asiatica, and M. paradasiaca, should be given priority in sustainable management of food plant species in Kota Belud.
Contact Angles of Viscoelastic-Thermal Compression (VTC) Modified Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Laminas
Authors: Albert Charles Michael , Chiang Liew Kang
Published: September 2020

Wood is recognized as hygroscopic material, which tends to absorb moisture from surrounding, thus affecting both physical and mechanical properties of the material itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of viscoelastic-thermal compression (VTC) on the contact angles of modified laminas ofParaserianthes falcataria(L.), in correlation with density and wettability of the wood. This low-density wood species was subjected to densification treatment in order to improve its density as well as mechanical properties. VTC is a densification treatment which involved pre-steaming for softening purpose and compression via hot pressing. There were four different pre-steaming durations alongside one control (NS/D: no pre-steaming (control); S1/D: 10 minutes; S2/D: 20 minutes; S3/D: 30 minutes). The laminas underwent contact angle test (sessile drop method) by referring to ASTM D7334-08: Surface Wettability of Coatings, Substrates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Measurement. In addition, basic morphological feature of the laminas was determined by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The contact angle of S1/D (10 minutes) laminas indicated the lowest degree of contact angle, which means it had better wettability; while S3/D (30 minutes) laminas recorded the highest degree of contact angle, therefore having poor wettability.
Plants Diversity in Small Rubber Plantations at Segamat, Johor
Authors: Adnan Nur Safiqah , Abdul Karim Muhammad Firdaus , Mazri Nor Hidayu , Fikri Nadiah Ahmad , Saharizan Nursyakirah , Mohd Ali Nur Basyirah , Amaludin Nazahatul Anis , Zakaria Radhiah
Published: September 2020

Species richness in rubber plantations varies considerably with regards to production and management activities. This research was conducted to identify the diversity and richness of common plants in rubber plantations at Segamat, Johor. To answer the question of how rubber plantations owned by local smallholders affects the plant diversity, quadrat random method with 5 x 5 m plotting site was established in three different aged of rubber plantations at Segamat area which are Kg. Sedeng, Kg. Logah and Kg. Jawa. Each of the locations consisted of 10 sampling quadrats making a total of 30 quadrats. The results showed there are a total of 41 species belonging to 36 genera and 24 families in the 30 plots of the three plantations. The most dominant families were Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. The plants diversity were documented in rubber plantations at different location to record the number of species, the species evenness, similarity index, species richness, abundance parameter and important value index (IV
i
). As for all three locations, the plants species were moderately diverse as the value of Shannon Diversity Index (H’) moving closer to Hmax but all the plotted area within three location showed higher evenness in species distribution. Based the result from density and frequency of abundance parameter, Asystasia gangetica species was the common species in all plantations. For the IV
i
, there was only one species with absolute dominance (higher than 10%) which was Asystasia gangetica with value 13.62% for overall location at Segamat, Johor. In conclusion, the most common species in the smallholder rubber plantations at Segamat, Johor was Asystasia gangetica, Bridelia tomentosa, Ageratum conozoides, Caryota mitis and Melastoma malabathricum. The rubber plantations adopting a minimal or natural management approach were dominated by common weed species and invasive plants. Despite the benefits of maintaining high species diversity for sustaining the gene pool, improving management practices is beneficial to improve yield and productivity.
Mosses of Lowland Forest in Vicinity of Pergau Dam, Jeli, Kelantan
Authors: Norhazrina Nik , Aisyah Munirah , Syazwana Nur , Maideen Haja , Nor Shukor Md
Published: September 2020

Mosses of lowland forest between 350 to 640 m above sea level around the Pergau Dam within Gunung Basor Forest Reserve were opportunistically collected, curated and identified. The collection has been carried out along the existing forest trails and all of them were deposited to Herbarium of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKMB). A total of 66 species, four subspecies and 12 varieties in 46 genera and 25 families have been recorded. They represent 27.4% of the 299 taxa, 43.8% of 105 genera and 67.6% of 37 families of mosses recorded in Kelantan, also cover 14.6% of 562 taxa, 28.9% of 159 genera and 53.2% of 47 families of mosses reported in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 15 taxa are new additions for Kelantan viz. Chaetomitrium leptopoma (Schwägr.) Bosch & Sande Lac., Ectropothecium falcifolium (Dixon) N. Nishim., Fissidens geminiflorus Dozy & Molk. var. geminiflorus, Floribundaria walkeri (Renauld & Cardot) Broth., Garovaglia angustifolia Mitt. var. bogorensis (M. Fleisch.) During, Groutiella tomentosa (Hornsch.) Wijk & Margad., Macromitrium angustifolium Dozy & Molk., Mitthyridium fasciculatum (Hook. & Grev.) H. Rob. subsp. obtusifolium (Lindb.) M. Menzel, Neckeropsis gracilenta (Bosch & Sande Lac.) M. Fleisch., Philonotis bartramioides (Griff.) Griffin & W.R. Buck, P. mollis (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt., P. roylei (Hook. f.) Mitt., Racopilum cuspidigerum (Schwägr.) Åongström, Syrrhopodon albo-vaginatus Schwägr. and Trematodon longicollis Michx. Meanwhile, Sematophyllum subhumile (Müll. Hal.) M. Fleisch. is a new record for Peninsular Malaysia. Based on the findings, the most speciose family documented is Calymperaceae with 12 species, while the largest genus is Fissidens (five species). The majority of the mosses are found as corticolous which grow on the tree trunks.
Gingers Species Diversity and Distribution along a Natural Trail of Lojing Highlands, Kelantan
Authors: Appalasamy Suganthi , Rathamanalan Sarmila , Arsogah Shalini , Harni Sutati , Sam Koh Kay , Amaludin Nazahatul Anis , Geng Boon Jia , Kumaran Jayaraj Vijaya , Arumugam Nivaarani , Subramaniam Sreeramanan
Published: September 2020

The ginger flora at Lojing Highlands, Kelantan is understudied and poorly recorded. A study was done in this tourist frequented area to determine the diversity of Zingiberaceae. Ginger samples were collected along the natural trail of Lojing Highlands. A total of 18 species from 7 genera of gingers were recorded in Lojing Highlands, Kelantan, namely Alpinia (3 species), Wurfbainia (1 species), Etlingera (6 species), Hornstedtia (1 species), Geostachys (1 species), Globba (4 species), Zingiber (2 species). Raising plantation crops and anthropogenic pressures around this highland could affect the diversity and abundance of the wild gingers population.
Feasibility of Natural Salt-licks for Wildlife-Watching in Segaliud-Lokan Forest Reserve, Sandakan, Sabah
Authors: Wing-Shen Lim , Pui-Mun Yip , Mojiol Andy Russel , Goh Collin , Liau Paul , Yi-Chuang Liaw , John Sanchez Vincent
Published: September 2020

Natural salt-licks are well-recognized as wildlife-watching hotspots that can provide visitors with high opportunities for sighting many different outstanding mammals at close-range. Various natural salt-licks were discovered throughout Segaliud-Lokan Forest Reserve (SLFR), but then the physical availability of local mammals at given licks were yet to be examined scientifically by past researchers. Henceforth, this study intended to investigate mammal species that were available for wildlife-viewing at the licks in SLFR. Four natural wet licks that were accessible from the main road and situated close to Sungai Rawog were selected as sampling areas to identify mammal species that visited given licks across different times through camera trapping survey. A total of 676 independent sightings of 12 different mammal species were recorded in 197 trap nights, especially at SL59 and during night-time. Sighted mammal individuals were mainly comprised of large-sized, threatened and non-carnivorous species, where Sambar Deer, Bearded Pig, Orang-utan, and Banteng were identified as the top 4 mammal species that were detected frequently at the licks in SLFR. In sum, it is feasible to conduct wildlife-viewing activity at the licks in SLFR, although further research is required to investigate the actual sighting probability and viewing duration of different mammal species by visitors at given licks and across different times or seasons.
Corbicula fluminae Population and Distribution in Pergau Lakes
Authors: Syed Omar Sharifah Aisyah , Rak Aweng Eh , Hassan Hasimah , Yusoff Akrimah , Hajisamae Sukree , Shukor Aisah Md
Published: September 2020

Pergau Lake was one of the spot for harvesting C. fluminae. However, C. fluminae harvesting was prohibited for several years before. Yet, the information on this clam compositions and distribution at this area is still unknown. Therefore, a survey has been done to determine the composition of C. fluminae at five points in Pergau Lakes. The method used for C. fluminae collection of 100m lines per station by boat. The weight per bucket and the size of C. fluminae (length, width and height) were measured using digital venier caliper. Five points were selected but only four points obtaining alive C. fluminae, while in others, only dead C. fluminae were found. There were also differences in the length, height and width of C. fluminae at each point. This shows that the growth rate and lifespan of C. fluminae at each point are different. Therefore, the periodically rotation harvesting method can reduce the mortality of C. fluminae and increase the socio-ecomonic activity in the area.
Termite Species and Structural Pest Identification in Selected Rural Areas of Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Hassim Alia Diyana , Appalasamy Suganthi , Arumugam Nivaarani
Published: September 2020

Termites (order: Blattodea) are insects that playing huge role in organic decomposition, consuming dying wood materials and plants remains. They are commonly found in forest and rural area, where the rural area species are less documented in Malaysia, especially in Kelantan state. This preliminary survey had been done to identify the termite species and also determine the termite that act as a structural pest in the rural area of Kelantan. The aim of this study also to reveal the damages caused by the structrural pest termites in rural area of Kelantan. Termite samplings were conducted at Jeli, Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, and Bachok areas. The methods used were a casual collection of termites using forceps and a survey regarding the pest conflict related to termites at selected houses. A total of seven species of temites were recorded at the rural area of Kelantan. The highest presence of termite species at the study area was Macrotermes gilvus (four locations), followed by Globitermes sulphureus (three locations). Among the species, M. gilvus, G. sulphureus and Odontotermes javanicus were identified as the species that attack the houses in rural areas of Kelantan. The attacks took place in both wooden and concrete houses. This study provides the details of termite species and termite pest that attack houses in the rural area of Kelantan. The information obtained from this study will be a reference for future research in rural area of Kelantan.
Rehabilitation of Sandy Coastal Areas in Kuala Rompin, Pahang
Authors: Mohamad Azmi Nurcahaya Khairany , Mohamed Mohidin Farah Shahanim
Published: September 2020

After the tsunami incident that hit the coasts of several countries including Southeast Asia in December 2004, effort to protect the coastal areas has been immense. In Malaysia, a committee focusing in rehabilitation of coastal areas were established since 2007 to conduct planting and rehabilitation of coastal areas nationwide. In this study, mixed mangrove associate species namely Callophyllum inophyllum (Bintangor laut), Casuarina equisetifolia (Rhu), Syzygium grandis (Kelat jambu laut), Terminalia catappa (Ketapang) and Fagraea fragrans (Tembusu padang) were planted in Kuala Rompin, Pahang. The main objective of this study is to rehabilitate coastal areas with mixed species. Combinations of organic soil and slow-release fertilizer were applied as part of the improved fertilising technique. The initial growth and survival of saplings planted were measured and data obtained were analyzed using SPSS program. After 17 months of planting, the survival was 66% and Casuarina equisetifolia recorded the highest mean annual increment for height and diameter.
Effect of Temperature on Moisture, Ash and Crude Fat Content in Etak (Corbicula fluminea)Tissue via Modified Oven Smoking Method
Authors: Zaki Bibi Zafirah , Appalasamy Suganthi , Nor Maryana Mohamad , Eh Rak Aweng
Published: September 2020

Etak salai is a popular traditional snack consumed by the people of Kelantan. Raw etak or scientifically known as Corbicula fluminea, a bivalve which is marinated using special ingredients and undergoes a smoking process before being sold as a local snack. However, some people are sceptical when it comes to the hygiene aspect in the preparation of etak salai. Previous studies have also proven the nutritional values of the smoked etak may be reduced during the smoking method process because carried out openly thus becoming suscepticle to microbial contaminations. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of temperature on moisture, ash and crude fat content of C. fluminea by using a modified oven. The present study focused on the moisture, ash and crude fat content in C. fluminea soft tissue that has undergone the smoking process using a modified oven method, with optimum temperature, air flow and time. Samples were collected from Pasir Mas and Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia. Then, the C. fluminea were subjected to proximate composition analysis according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists standard method (AOAC 2000). The results of smoked C. fluminea in Pasir Mas station shown the moisture (79.71%) and ash (3.70%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) at 75 ° C and 100 ° C, respectively. On the other hand, crude fat content (9.85%) was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 95 ° C in Tumpat station. In conclusion, the smoking method should be improved to ensure the quality and safety of smoked C. fluminea.
Removal of Pyrene from Aqueous Solution Using Fe-based Metal-organic Frameworks
Authors: Zango Zakariyya Uba , Sambudi Nonni Soraya , Jumbri Khairulazhar , Abu Bakar Noor Hana Hanif , Saad Bahruddin
Published: September 2020

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL-88(Fe) and NH2-MIL-88(Fe) were synthesized using microwave-assisted solvothermal technique. BET analysis has shown the porous nature of the MOFs, possessing surface areas with corresponding pore volumes of 1240 m2g−1 and 0.7 m3 g−1, 941 m2 g−1 and 0.6 m3 g−1 for MIL-88(Fe) and NH2-MIL-88(Fe), respectively. Other characterizations were also conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The MOFs were evaluated for application as adsorbents for the removal of pyrene (PYR) in aqueous solution. The removal efficiency achieved by MIL-88(Fe) was 99.7% while for NH2-MIL-88(Fe) was 96.0% within 40 minutes. Both MOFs has shown good removal of the PYR even after 5 consecutive uses. The adsorption isotherm was studied and favoured more by the Langmuir model, while the kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order model. The process was thermodynamically exothermic and spontaneous. Thus, the MOFs studied exhibited favourable features as potential adsorbents for the removal of PYR in wastewater.
Heavy Metal Concentration Assessment Using Transplanted Lichen Usnea Misaminensis at Pasir Gudang, Johor
Authors: Abas Azlan , Din Laily
Published: September 2020

Heavy metals were produced by motor vehicles and industry as part of rapid urbanization effects. The objective of this study is to assess the concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr) in Pasir Gudang, Johor using lichen transplanted method. Samples of Usnea misaminensis have been transplanted into the metropolitan climate. The lichens were collected from the National Park of Endau Rompin, Johor. It’s a remote area. Fifteen sampling sites were chosen and heavy metals were exposed to lichen transplants at these stations for approximately 4-6 weeks. Exposed lichens have been studied using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess the concentration of heavy metals in each sample. One-way ANOVA has also been used to check that there is major difference in the concentration of heavy metals in Pasir Gudang, Johor. The test revealed that the maximum concentration of iron (Fe) was 84.43 μg / g and the highest concentration of chromium (Cr) is 0.66 µg/g. A mathematical One-way ANOVA study found that there is a substantial difference between the heavy metal concentration with a P-value of 0.0000 < 0.05. The Tukey study has showed that Fe has slightly higher amounts relative to the others. This result suggest that the growing number of passenger cars would often raise the accumulation of heavy metals in the environment. Transplanted lichens may be an effective method to measuring air quality in the metropolitan region of Malaysia.
Removal of Oil and Grease in Wastewater using Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon
Authors: Ramli Aleeya Natasha , Ghazi Rozidaini Mohd
Published: September 2020

Oil and grease wastewater is produced from many sources such as industry and municipal. The discharge of oil and grease in wastewater system causes bad effect towards the environment and wastewater system itself. Palm Kernel Shells (PKS), an agricultural waste was chosen to see its ability in removing oil and grease in wastewater. The PKS was carbonized at 400 °C, activated with KOH and carbonized again at 800 °C. The parameter affecting oil and grease removal such as different oil and grease concentration, contact time and flow rate were studied. The oil and grease removal study was conducted by the column adsorption method and followed by the gravimetric method to identify the remaining oil and grease. PKS activated carbon shows maximum removal of 99.89% at flow rate 1mL/min after 6 hours contact time with 5%w/v initial concentration of wastewater. SEM micrograph of PKS activated carbon after adsorption of oil and grease shows that oil and grease has covered the pores of the surface of the PKS activated carbon. Overall, the PKS activated carbon has the ability in removing oil and grease which indicates that PKS can be used as a alternative treatment in removing oil and grease.
Removal of Emulsified Oil in Wastewater by Corn Cob Carbon
Authors: Moi Fong Yuk , Ghazi Rozidaini Mohd , Mohd Alias Mohd Zazmiezi
Published: September 2020

Oil pollution is a serious environmental concern which is caused by rapid industrial development around the world. In this study, corn cob carbon was used as a natural adsorbent for emulsified oil wastewater remediation. Three parameters that were studied include contact time, dosage of corn cob carbon and concentration of emulsified oil wastewater. The physical and chemical structures of raw and corn cob carbon were characterized. The corn cob carbon showed good efficiency in emulsified oil removal with a percentage of 96% at 2 hours contact time, 1 g of corn cob carbon and 5% of emulsified oil wastewater concentration. The apparent porosity of corn cob carbon was the reason for the sinking of emulsified oil particles absorbed on the surface of corn cob carbon. TGA shown 3.60% and 58.17% of mass loss within the first and second thermal decomposition, respectively. The functional groups of corn cob samples are C-H, -C≡C-, C=C, -C-H and C-O. SEM analysis showed that pores were found in the corn cob carbon and a layer of oil was present on its surface after the adsorption process. Therefore, corn cob carbon could be considered as an alternative to remove emulsified oil in wastewater due to its good adsorption capacity and low secondary pollution.
COD Reduction in Industrial Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Derived from Wodyetia Bifurcata Fruit
Authors: Subki Noor Syuhadah , Akhir Najiehah Mohd , Abdul Halim Nurul Syazana , Nik Yusoff Nik Raihan
Published: September 2020

Industrial wastewater that being discharge without any prior treatment has become one of the major sources that contributes to pollution in water bodies. Textile industry specifically have great amount of chemicals input which eventually affect the value of acceptable conditions for discharge of industrial effluent especially the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value. Thus, this research was carried out to determine the efficiency of activated carbon prepared from Wodyetia bifurcata fruit or commonly known as foxtail palm fruit to reduce COD value in industrial wastewater. The morphology and funtional group of the prepared activated carbon was done using SEM and FT-IR. The effect of contact time in COD reduction experiments was done at 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. The results showed that the optimum reduction of COD value in textile industry wastewater is 65.31% at 90 minutes. There for it is proved that activated carbon prepared from Wodyetia bifurcata fruit have a potential to reduce COD value in industrial wastewater.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Phytoremediation Plant of Heliconia psittacorum
Authors: Baharuddin Mior Izzuddin , Kamarul Baharin Syahirah Naailah , Rak Aweng Eh , Hanaphi Roziana
Published: September 2020

Phytoremediation is a technology that uses plants to degrade, assimilate, metabolize, or decompose organic matter and pollutants. Critical criteria for plants used for phytoremediation include economic benefits, harvest management, and side-use. This cost-effective plant-based recovery utilizes exceptional plant and microorganism capabilities to focus on environmental elements and compounds and metabolize various molecules in their tissues to decompose elements such as heavy metals, toxic substances, and organic pollutants are the main targets. This study aims to analyze the concentration of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and identify the bacteria using biochemical assays and commercialized API Kit (Biomerieux, France). Three plant samples of Heliconia psittacorum were analyzed for their root and soil sample which showed the concentration of Gram-positive bacteria is higher compared to Gram-negative bacteria which ranged from 1.9 x 108 to 3.95 x 109, while gram-negative bacteria ranged from 2.25 x 107 to 2.95 x 109. Based on the identification test, seven bacteria were identified. Four gram-negative bacteria are Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chryseobacterium indologenes which are generally bacteria that are common to the environment. Meanwhile, three gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus lentus have a high impact on metal degradation in the effluent. In conclusion, the concentration of bacteria is relatively higher in the root area of the plant which dominated by gram-positive bacteria and the bacteria that were identified have a prominent effect on the phytoremediation process.
Sensory Evaluation of Appearance and Texture of Carrot Lip Balms Containing Virgin Coconut Oil
Authors: Mohammad Azmin Siti Nuurul Huda , Yosri Nurul Aqilah , Sulaiman Nur Solehin , Mat Nor Mohd Shukri , Abdullah Palsan Sannasi
Published: September 2020

Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties towards the skin. Meanwhile, a carrot is rich with vitamin A, C and E that help in nourishing and healing the skin. Studies on the combination of these two ingredients in lip balm formulation are minimal even though the beneficial effects of the VCO and carrot are well known. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the sensory analysis as a tool to evaluate the attributes in term of appearance and texture of the developed lip balm product. The lip balm was formulated using natural ingredients such as beeswax, VCO, natural preservative and essential oils. One hundred volunteers evaluated the samples for smoothness, colour, odour, spreadability and overall acceptance. The stick formulation showed organoleptic properties with light orange colour, rose odour and uniform appearance. This sensory evaluation test used a hedonic scale from rank 1 to 5 (1-extremely dislike, 2-moderately dislike, 3-neither like or dislike, 4-moderately like, 5-extremely like). In this study, panellists tended to vote more on formulation with a high concentration of carrot. The formulated lip balm has acceptable characteristics in term of texture, especially in smoothness, colour, odour and spreadability. Overall, the panellists were satisfied with the product and agreed that the product has the potential to be marketed.
Identification of Stress-related Proteins during the Growth and Development of Piper nigrumL.
Authors: Hamdin Nur Ezzati , Hussain Hasnain , Chong Nikson Fatt-Ming
Published: September 2020

Piper nigrumL., also known as the pepper plant, produces pepper berries, which is a spice used worldwide. Changes in the natural environment have forced the plant to undergo acclimatization for plant growth. Consequently, un-adapted plants developed unhealthy, stunted growth, affecting the production of pepper berries, and thus, causing loss to agriculture. Proteomic analysis using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) coupled with mass spectrometry was used to compare the differentially expressed proteins between healthy and unhealthy pepper plants. The proteins were successfully extracted from the stems and roots ofP. nigrumand the two-dimensional protein profiles were compared. Two-dimensional analysis has indicated significant differences between the healthy and unhealthy parts with 41 and 25 differentially expressed proteins in the stems and roots respectively. A total of 10 differentially expressed proteins, characterized as unique (2) and over-expressed (8) proteins, from both plant parts were selected and sent for identification through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The unique and over-expressed proteins in the unhealthy stems were identified as stress-related small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). These proteins act as a chaperone to protect other proteins against a stressful environment for plant defence and adaptation. Meanwhile, over-expressed proteins from the roots were found to be peroxidase 5, malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase which are involved in oxidative stress, photosynthetic activity, and plant development, respectively. The findings of the differentially expressed proteins in this study, therefore, may create opportunities for further investigations of stress management control and help to improve plantation practices in the future.
Effect of Chengal Wood (Neobalanocarpus heimii) on Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Coconut Sap (Cocos nucifera)
Authors: Saidan Noor Hafizoh , Afiq Kartayasa Mohd Amir , Mohd Lokman Nur Ilham Atiqah , Ab Llah Nurul Fadzlin , Nor Maryana Mohamad , Mokhtar Seri Intan , Pahirul Zaman Khomaizon Abdul Kadir , Sidek Nik Marzuki , Ridzuan Hamil Mohd Shahrul
Published: September 2020

Coconut sap from Cocos nucifera could be obtained from the coconut flower, and it is quite a popular fresh drink in Malaysia. Due to microbial activity, coconut sap may change to alcoholic and acidic by spontaneous fermentation. Traditionally, chengal wood chips (Neobalanocarpus heimii) have been added in coconut sap to slow down the fermentation process. This research aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties (pH, total acidity, total soluble solids, colour), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and antimicrobial properties of coconut sap with and without the presence of chengal wood chips for ten weeks at 4 °C and 25 °C storage temperatures. The pH value of both samples was between 3.60 ± 0.01 to 6.66 ± 0.04. Total acidity ranged from 0.29 ± 0.11% to 4.26 ± 0.25%. Total soluble solids in both samples were around 8.3 ± 0.05 to 17.3 ± 0.05 °Brix. Colour analysis was also carried out based on the lightness value. Eighteen of VOCs were found in coconut sap with chengal wood chips versus 20 compounds without the chengal wood chips. Coconut sap with chengal wood chips kept at 4 °C had the lowest total plate count (1.19 x 104 - 1.78x106 CFU/mL) at week one until week seven, while total plate count of coconut sap without chengal wood chips was recorded as too numerous to count (TNTC) throughout the weeks. Chengal wood chip extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis, as shown by a clear zone of inhibition. In conclusion, the presence of chengal wood in coconut sap has helped to slow down the fermentation process and inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Hence it can help to prolong the shelf life of coconut sap.
Paddy Farmers Perceived the Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change: A Case Study in Pasir Mas, Kelantan
Authors: Abas Muhamad Azahar , Mohd Fuad Asya Sabreena , Md Nor Amal Najihah , Mohd Amin Mohamad Faiz , Hassin Nor Hizami , Yusoff Abdul Hafidz , Awang Norrimi Rosaida , Wee Seow Ta
Published: September 2020

Agricultural activity is very crucial in the rural area because it provides households with food and revenue besides contributing approximately 7.3% to the national gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia. Agriculture is the third driver of Malaysia’s economic growth. However, the phenomena of uncertain climate nowadays have caused agricultural activity such as paddy farming to be severely affected as the climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity. This study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge and awareness of the paddy farmers about climate change and its impact on the socio-economy in Pasir Mas, Kelantan. Besides that, the critical factors that influenced the awareness of the paddy farmers on the climate change impact also examined. A questionnaire was utilised as the primary research instrument, and the total number of respondents was 119. Descriptive and inferential analysis was adopted to analyse the primary data that was collected. The result shows that approximately 90% of the respondents have the knowledge and are aware of climate change and its impact on paddy plantation and production. This study also revealed that farming experience is the factor that influences the awareness of the paddy farmers about climate change. Besides that, the findings indicate that adaptation and mitigation measures are needed to avoid the future impact of climate change. Accordingly, the government as the policymaker and the local authority has the most crucial role in ensuring climate adaptation and mitigation at all levels of community.
Statistical Analysis of Home Greening Efforts in Young Generation
Authors: Toh Tien-Choon , Abdullah Arham , Goh Kai-Chen , Lew Yoke-Lian , Lee Chia-Kuang , Yong Felicia Yan-Yan
Published: September 2020

The young generation today inherited an environment that is badly polluted by many human activities. Environmental protection on the other hand is by far not sufficient in view of the fact that it simply could not cope with the pace of damage being done. Apparently leading a green lifestyle is no longer an option but a necessity primarily for the sake of the environment. Sustainability begins at home. The young generation was concerned for the reason that it was burdened with the responsibility to clean up the wastes left by previous generations, and also to restore the environment back to its original or near-original state. Hence, this research aimed to identify the levels of likelihood in home greening efforts in young generation. A questionnaire survey was implemented in Klang Valley, Malaysia to collect quantitative data through closed-ended questions from 88 young generation males and females residing in that region. Statistical analysis on the usable 85 responses showed that in general, participants were moderately likely to green their homes as the various measures to save the environment achieved reasonable high index values. Underlying structure of home greening efforts revealed 4 underlying dimensions: reduce usage, tap natural sources, adopt energy-efficient technologies, and use green products. This research provided an overview of current home greening efforts in young generation as a tool to promote more specific ways to save the environment while adding further insights to the literature on young generation in this era as consumers and citizens.
The benefits of Industry 4.0 on Sustainable Development and Malaysia’s Vision
Authors: Raj Patrick Ethe , Wahab Sazali Abdul , Mohd Zawawi Nur Fadiah , Awang Khairil Wahidin , Adeeba Wan Ibrahim Wan Suzana Aafanii
Published: September 2020

This study contributes further to the existing literature on Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Development (SD). This study reviews and summarizes the achievable goals of sustainable development in Malaysia using Industry 4.0. These achievements in utilizing Industry 4.0 relates directly to (1) maintenance, time and cost, (2) machinery stoppages and downtime, (3) inventory involving space and cost and (4) waste that has a relationship to (a) productivity, (b) quality, (c) resource use, (d) new technology and lead time market acceptance. Industry 4.0 does not relate individual by itself nor is a business discipline. Industry 4.0 can be clustered in the new in operational method, way, approach, or medium to represent in creation of a new platform to improved performance. The idea realization and formation of Industrial 4.0 emerged from the advancements and achievements of technology, communications, internet and controls. Industry 4.0 can contribute towards sustainability encouraging sustainable growth in social, environment, and economy contributing effectively towards Agenda 2030’s target of people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership. This paper contributes towards an extensive review on Industry 4.0 in the context of sustainable development globally and in a developing country, Malaysia. Additionally, this study concludes that the new measurement of performance can benefit and should be viewed from the perspective of sustainable development’s pillar of environment, social, and economy by including Industry 4.0 benefits.
Analysis of the Causes of Destruction of Two British Pillboxes in Bachok, Kelantan
Authors: Hashim Nur Athmar , Tengku Anuar Tengku Fauzan , Muhammad Siti Aisyah , Narayanen Suresh , Saidinr Mohktar , Kadir Nawwal Abdul , Shuhaimi Nur Farhana , Zain Adam Mad
Published: September 2020

The pillbox is a robust defence mechanism designed to protect a region or country from enemy attacks during a war. The British built several obvious pillboxes along the coast of Bachok, Kelantan in Malaya prior to the outbreak of the Second World War on December 7, 1941. In total, 9 pillboxes were built with a range of 0.99 km to 1.44 km. The purpose of this research is to determine the types of destruction of such pillboxes and their causes. This will provide archaeological documentation evidence for the historical event of World War II in Malaysia. The research methodologies applied were field surveys, participant observation, and area mapping. The results of field surveys showed that the pillboxes were destroyed by coastal erosion and human activities such as vandalism. The erosion has caused some of the structures to collapse. Local people also use the pillboxes as cages for farm animals such as goats and for dumping garbage. Moreover, there are cracks on parts of the pillbox walls. This paper focuses on two pillboxes at Kampung Ger and Kampung Kubang Kawah in Bachok. Documenting the preservation of these pillboxes serves as a source of reference for education and research, especially for future generations, as well as being a potential source of heritage tourism.
A Preliminary Study of Local Behaviour, Perceptions and Willingness to Pay Towards Better Water Quality in Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, and Jeli, Malaysia
Authors: Awang Huda , Abdullah Palsan Sannasi , Abdul Latiff Zul Ariff
Published: September 2020

Issues of water quality in Kelantan are often debated by various parties and have gained widespread media coverage. A study is carried out to assess behaviour of users in consuming water, their perceptions and willingness to pay for obtaining better water quality unit at home. Three districts in Kelantan namely; Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, and Jeli were selected for the study. Questionnaire for 43 respondents in selected districts, interviewing local people, taking water samples, and sending for laboratory analysis were conducted. Shapiro-Wilk test and Spearman test were applied to analyse the results. It was shown that 46.5 % of the users for all drink have more than one source of water at home. Treated water supplied by Air Kelantan Sendirian Berhad was chosen by users as their main source for drinking. A closer look on users’ perception regarding water quality reveals that users were neutral about water quality from tap water (treated water supplied by local management) but they express optimistic on water’s quality from tube well. However, laboratory analysis of water from alternative sources proved otherwise. 83.7 % of 43 respondents willing to have water filter at home, and the willingness is proportional to the income of the user. These findings are essentials for household water management when multiple sources of water were used. This highlight the need study for water treatment industrial players to provide an efficient yet affordable water solution for the consumers.
The Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on the Meat Prices in Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Abdullah , Hamzah Hanny Zurina , Ismail Normaz Wana , Jesse Abdullah Faez Firdaus , Nagata Hirokazu
Published: September 2020

This paper examines the impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks on meat prices in Malaysia (i.e., at wholesale and retail of beef, imported mutton and mutton) from January 2000 to December 2015. The data were analyzed using time series methods (i.e. unit root test and error correction model). The results demonstrate that frequent FMD outbreaks have significant impacts on meat prices in Malaysia. Most of the drops in prices occurred within a short period of time. Due to FMD outbreaks, several meat price margins took a long time to recover, while some price margins improved quickly. This may occur due to the FMD reduces the amount of meat that an animal can produce, and animals affected by this disease require some time to recover. High demand with low supply will consequently cause an increase in the price of meat.