bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming Socialist Space, Caricaturing Socialism? Urban Interventions and the Cleansing of Political Content in State‐Socialist Public Housing After 2008
Authors: Krivy Maros
Published: November 2021

This article introduces the concept of retro‐utopian urbanism to analyse post‐2008 urban interventions in three state‐socialist public housing neighbourhoods in Eastern Europe. Through a comparative study of Petržalka (Bratislava, Slovakia), Lasnamäe (Tallinn, Estonia) and Bródno (Warsaw, Poland), I examine different approaches to combating the stigma associated with socialist housing. It is shown that these urban interventions are a double‐edged sword, in that they challenge the widespread notion that socialist urbanism is totalitarian by weakening the significance of socialist ideas. The article argues that urban interventions contribute to foreclosing socialist alternatives in the present when they normalise “postsocialism”, a term I use to refer to neoliberal capitalism’s ideological framework that sees socialism as obsolete. The concept of retro‐utopian urbanism provides a lens through which to reflect on the limitations and challenges of urban interventionism, and to rethink the debate on, and the persistence of, postsocialism in and beyond Eastern Europe.
Medication therapy of high‐dose methotrexate: An evidence‐based practice guideline of the Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Chinese Pharmacological Society
Authors: Song Zaiwei , Hu Yang , Liu Shuang , Wang Guanru , Zhai Suodi , Zhang Xianglin , Li Youping , Du Guanhua , Shi Yuankai , Chen Yaolong , Dong Mei , Guo Ruichen , Guo Wei , Huang Hongbing , Huang Xiaojun , Jing Hongmei , Ke Xiaoyan , Li Guohui , Miao Liyan , Niu Xiaohui , Qiu Feng , Shen Jingnan , Tang Jingyan , Wang Tianyou , Wang Xiaoling , Wang Zhuo , Wu Jiuhong , Zhan Siyan , Zhang Bikui , Zhang Lingli , Zhang Yanhua , Zhang Wei , Zhao Limei , Zhao Libo , Zhen Jiancun , Zheng Huyong , Zhu Zhu , Jiang Dan , Huang Zhencheng , Tan Zhiyuan , Lin Qiaonan , Zhao Rongsheng
Published: November 2021

Aims

A lot of medication risks related to high‐dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy still remain to be identified and standardized. This study aims to establish an evidence‐based practice guideline for individualized medication of HDMTX.

Methods

The practice guideline was launched by the Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Chinese Pharmacological Society. The guideline was developed following the WHO handbook for guideline development and the methodology of evidence‐based medicine (EBM). The guideline was initially registered in the International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform (IPGRP‐2017CN021). Systematic reviews were conducted to synthesize available evidence. A multicentre cross‐sectional study was conducted using questionnaires to evaluate patients' perception and willingness concerning individualized medication of HDMTX. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the quality of evidence and to grade the strength of recommendations.

Results

Multidisciplinary working groups were included in this guideline, including clinicians, pharmacists, methodologists, pharmacologists and pharmacoeconomic specialists. A total of 124 patients were involved to integrate patient values and preferences. Finally, the guideline presents 28 recommendations, regarding evaluation prior to administration (renal function, liver function, pleural effusion, comedications, genetic testing), pre‐treatment and routine dosing regimen, therapeutic drug monitoring (necessity, method, timing, target concentration), leucovorin rescue (initial timing, dosage regimen and optimization), and management of toxicities. Of these, 12 are strong recommendations.

Conclusions

We developed an evidence‐based practice guideline with respect to HDMTX medication using a rigorous and multidisciplinary approach. This guideline provides comprehensive and practical recommendations involving the whole process of HDMTX administration to health care providers.
Camera trapping reveals multispecies use of water‐filled tree holes by birds and mammals in a neotropical forest
Authors: Delgado‐Martínez Carlos M. , Cudney‐Valenzuela Sabine J. , Mendoza Eduardo
Published: November 2021

Using camera traps, we documented that 21 bird and 9 mammal species use water‐filled tree holes (dendrotelmata) in the seasonal tropical forest of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, in southern Mexico. These species visited dendrotelmata primarily for foraging and drinking. The overall use of dendrotelmata was equally frequent between dry and rainy seasons but drinking behavior increased among birds during the dry season.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Identifying management opportunities to combat climate, land, and marine threats across less climate exposed coral reefs
Authors: Kuempel Caitlin D. , Tulloch Vivitskaia J. D. , Giffin Alyssa L. , Simmons B. Alexander , Hagger Valerie , Phua Carol , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove
Published: November 2021

Conserving coral reefs is critical for maintaining marine biodiversity, protecting coastlines, and supporting livelihoods in many coastal communities. Climate change threatens coral reefs globally, but researchers have identified a portfolio of coral reefs (bioclimatic units [BCUs]) that are relatively less exposed to climate impacts and strongly connected to other coral reef systems. These reefs provide a proactive opportunity to secure a long‐term future for coral reefs under climate change. To help guide local management efforts, we quantified marine cumulative human impact (CHI) from climate, marine, and land pressures (2013 and from 2008 to 2013) in BCUs and across countries tasked with BCU management. Additionally, we created a management index based on common management measures and policies for each pressure source (climate, marine, and land) to identify a country's intent and commitment to effectively manage these pressures. Twenty‐two countries (79%) had increases in CHI from 2008 to 2013. Climate change pressures had the highest proportional contribution to CHI across all reefs and in all but one country (Singapore), but 18 BCUs (35%) and nine countries containing BCUs (32%) had relatively high land and marine impacts. There was a significant positive relationship between climate impact and the climate management index across countries (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.02), potentially signifying that countries with greater climate impacts are more committed to managing them. However, this trend was driven by climate management intent in Fiji and Bangladesh. Our results can be used to guide future fine‐scale analyses, national policies, and local management decisions, and our management indices reveal areas where management components can be improved. Cost‐effectively managing local pressures (e.g., fishing and nutrients) in BCUs is essential for building a climate‐ready future that benefits coral reefs and people.
What does it take to have a mutually beneficial research collaboration across countries?
Authors: Rayadin Yaya , Buřivalová Zuzana
Published: November 2021

We reflect on the challenges researchers face when working in multi‐national collaborations in conservation science, whereby the researchers' countries are unequal in terms of financial and institutional support or other factors that contribute to a power imbalance. Based on our personal experiences and challenges, we outline four key aspects of the research cycle that provide opportunities to build or strengthen more equitable research partnerships: defining the shared research agenda, obtaining funding, publication, and the connecting thread of effective communication. We give recommendations for both the visiting scientist and the local scientist hosting international collaborators, as well as for institutions involved in conservation science. We hope that our perspectives can help other conservation scientists achieve productive and mutually beneficial collaborations that can lead to positive conservation outcomes.
Cholangiocarcinoma: A diagnostic dilemma on cytology
Authors: Shamsuddin Fatima , Mallik Mrinmay Kumar , Hussein Sundus , Alali Ali A. , Kapila Kusum
Published: November 2021

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare form of adenocarcinoma which may resemble adenocarcinoma of pancreatobiliary origin or adenocarcinomas from many other sites in the body. As a result, its diagnosis relies mainly on clinical history and morphology.

Case

A 64‐year‐old male with cirrhosis and worsening liver failure underwent fine needle aspiration of a radiologically detected liver mass. Cytological material showed a monomorphic population of cells arranged singly and in clusters, reminiscent of a neuroendocrine tumour (NET). Cell block morphology added to the diagnostic dilemma by showing a delicate vasculature among the tumour cells. Immunohistochemistry on the cell block revealed that cells were positive for CK7 and CK19 and negative for synaptophysin and chromogranin, thereby pointing towards a pancreatobiliary origin for the tumour and excluding an NET.

Conclusion

In the case of liver aspirates, even when encountering confusing morphological entities, it is imperative to keep in mind the possibility of a rare neoplasm such as cholangiocarcinoma. In the absence of core needle biopsy, cell block sections prepared from aspirated material can provide appreciable immunohistochemistry results to resolve the diagnostic dilemma.
Comorbid diseases associated with pemphigus: a case‐control study
Authors: Bardazzi Federico , Rucci Paola , Rosa Simona , Loi Camilla , Iommi Marica , Altobrando Ambra Di
Published: November 2021

Background and objectives

Pemphigus has been associated with physical and psychiatric comorbid diseases. This study aims to further investigate these associations in patients with pemphigus, and to analyze the relationships of comorbid conditions with sex and age, pemphigus disease area index score, diagnostic delay and cutaneous/mucous involvement.

Patients and methods

Patients with pemphigus were matched by age, gender and area of residence with eight controls each. The odds of comorbid conditions in patients vs. matched controls was determined using univariate conditional logistic regression models. Comorbid diseases significantly associated with the diagnosis of pemphigus at P < 0.05 in univariate models were subsequently included in a multivariable conditional logistic regression model with a forward procedure.

Results

The study sample included 163 patients with pemphigus. Cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, autoimmune thyroid disorders, dermatological autoimmune/inflammatory conditions and cancer were the most prominent conditions at the time of diagnosis. In the multiple conditional regression analysis, the two diagnoses independently associated with patients with pemphigus were cancer and dermatological autoimmune/inflammatory conditions. In sensitivity analyses excluding four patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus, these associations were still significant.

Conclusions

Cancer and dermatological autoimmune/inflammatory conditions may represent possible triggering conditions for pemphigus and should be considered as early warning signs for the disease.
The African Small Island Developing States and normative coherence for sustainable development: The quality of civil rights and liberties
Authors: Graham Victoria , Graham Suzanne
Published: November 2021

Motivation

The literature on small states suggests that small island states are more likely than larger states to support regional and international democratic norms, but is this true of the six African Small Island Developing States (ASIDS), an underexplored regional grouping? This article explores the ASIDS' normative commitment to regional democratic norms of civil rights and liberties.

Purpose

This article aims to answer the question: how normatively coherent are ASIDS with the normative development of regional civil rights and liberty norms promoted by the African Union (AU) through the Banjul Charter?

Methods and approach

The article adopts a normative conceptual lens in its outlook and uses quality of democracy methodology to compare the quality of selected regional civil rights and liberty norms across the ASIDS grouping.

Findings

The article finds that procedurally all ASIDS are coherent with the Banjul Charter norms on civil rights and liberties, but that local realities mean that substantive coherence to these norms is often slow or, in some cases, ineffectual. Cultural context, agency, and capacity are as important as size and “islandness” in determining small island state democratic quality.

Policy implications

It suggests that political will for normative coherence for sustainable development (NCSD) within a region is not enough, at least for these island states. A real lack of capacity warrants greater regional support from continental Africa in the form of, among other things, financing, capacity building, expertise, peer review, and monitoring. Only through reinforcement of NCSD can the AU fulfil its rights‐based mission.
Fertility control for managing macropods – Current approaches and future prospects
Authors: Wimpenny Claire , Hinds Lyn A. , Herbert Catherine A. , Wilson Michelle , Coulson Graeme
Published: November 2021

Macropods play an important ecological role in the Australian environment; however, at high population densities can adversely affect biodiversity and primary production and result in human–wildlife conflicts. While shooting is recognised as the most humane and species‐specific method for controlling macropod populations, in peri‐urban situations fertility control provides an attractive option to replace or reduce lethal interventions. An appropriate fertility control agent for managing overabundant macropods needs to provide long‐lasting infertility following a single treatment, be species‐specific in its action or administration method, and be safe, humane, and cost‐effective. Several contraceptive methods that induce infertility for multiple years have been tested on macropods. These include surgical techniques; hormonal implants containing deslorelin, a gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, or levonorgestrel, a progestin; and immunocontraceptive vaccines (zona pellucida vaccine and the GnRH‐based vaccine, GonaCon). These methods vary in the complexity of delivery and therefore their potential for adverse welfare impacts. Minimal side effects on behaviour and health have been observed. Despite some recent progress with remote dart delivery of deslorelin implants and GonaCon, efficient deployment of all existing methods is currently restricted to either captive or small, wild populations where individuals can be approached closely enough for safe capture and treatment. Of the currently available methods, levonorgestrel and GonaCon are the most suited to population‐scale management. To date, studies addressing the effect of fertility control on the growth rate of macropod populations have been limited but are essential to enable full evaluation of the efficacy and cost/benefit analysis of the different approaches. Mathematical modelling to identify the level of infertility required to meet population management goals, as well as comparing integrated management strategies, will support planning of large‐scale field trials. Improving dart delivery of existing contraceptive agents and developing new methods, such as an oral contraceptive, would increase the cost‐effectiveness of applying fertility control to free‐ranging macropods and may make treating larger populations feasible.
Kangaroo management and animal welfare
Authors: Stephens Tanya
Published: November 2021

This paper focuses on and summarizes the animal welfare impacts of kangaroo (Macropus and Osphranter spp.) management and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to a complex problem for the best animal welfare outcomes. A concern for the welfare of kangaroos was the main motivator for preparation of the National Statement which underpins this special edition. Importantly, given that the primary concern of veterinarians is the health and welfare of all animals, the Australian Veterinary Association welfare and ethics special interest group (AVAWE) and the conservation biology special interest group (AVCB) have endorsed the National Statement.
Fatigue life prediction method of face‐centered cubic single‐crystal metals under multiaxial nonproportional loading based on structural mechanical model
Authors: Wang Qizhi , Geng Pei
Published: November 2021

Based on the characteristics of the sliding surface, sliding direction, and fatigue damage mechanism of metal materials, the mechanical model of a body–bar–plate structure is proposed with consideration to the plastic damage mechanism. The elastoplastic constitutive equations and damage constitutive equations of the face‐centered cubic (FCC) structure subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading were derived, and the damage evolution law of the body–bar–plate mechanical model was investigated. Then, the meso‐damage evolution equation was established under multiaxial nonproportional loading. Subsequently, the relationship between the fatigue performance and microstructure under multiaxial nonproportional loading was investigated, and a damage mechanics–finite element method (FEM) with consideration to the damage evolution is proposed. The proposed model and method provide a new approach for predicting the fatigue life of metal materials.
Pressure injury prevention practices among medical surgical nurses in a tertiary hospital: An observational and chart audit study
Authors: Li Zhaoyu , Marshall Andrea P , Lin Frances , Ding Yanming , Chaboyer Wendy
Published: November 2021

Pressure injuries are frequently occurring adverse events in hospitals, negatively impacting patient safety and quality of care. Most pressure injuries are avoidable if effective prevention strategies are used. However, the extent to which various settings influence their use of prevention strategies is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe and compare pressure injury prevention strategies used by medical and surgical nurses in the Chinese context. In this observational study, we used semi‐structured observations with chart audits to collect data in two medical and two surgical wards in a tertiary hospital from June to December 2020. Observations were patient‐focused; any prevention practices the patient received were recorded, and a chart audit was used to identify documented prevention strategies. The frequency of each prevention strategy was reported, and differences between medical and surgical wards were analysed using independent t‐test or χ2 test. A total of 577 patients (n = 294, 50.9% medical; n = 283, 49.1% surgical) were observed and their charts audited. Risk assessment was completed on admission for all patients. Repositioning was the most frequently used strategy, with about 84% (n = 486) patients being repositioned regularly. However, skin care, nutritional risk screening and the use of support surfaces were suboptimal. Patient education was not commonly observed but was documented in 75% (n = 433) of audited charts. More medical patients' skin was kept clean and hydrated, but more surgical patients received barrier creams, had a support surface and received more nutrition support and if a prone position was used, they were more likely to be turned after 2 hr and to be repositioned after sitting in a chair for an hour. Prevention strategies were more likely to be documented in surgical patients' charts. Despite pressure injury prevention guideline recommendations provided various prevention strategies for nurses to apply, the observed use of some strategies such as nutrition, skin care and support surfaces was not ideal. Nurses relied heavily on repositioning for pressure injury prevention. Most pressure injury prevention practices need improvement although surgical patients generally received better preventative care. These findings can facilitate clinicians and nurse managers when tailoring future pressure injury prevention work.
Straight from the horse's mouth: Increasing self‐report in mental health assessment in individuals with intellectual disability
Authors: Havercamp Susan M. , Barnhill L. Jarrett , Bonardi Alexandra , Chapman Richard A. , Cobranchi Chelsea , Fletcher Robert J. , Rabidoux Paula , Seeley John R. , Tassé Marc J. ,   The Nisonger Center RRTC on Health and Function
Published: November 2021

Background

Mental health conditions are common among individuals with intellectual disability. Under recognition of mental health disorders leading to unmet treatment needs is common in this population. This article addresses one major contributing factor, the lack of cognitively accessible self‐report measures for individuals with intellectual disability.

Method

In this literature‐informed overview of the state of the field, we discuss the need for, and complexities of, including individuals with intellectual disability in mental health assessments.

Results

With appropriate supports, many individuals with intellectual disability can respond to mental health questions. We discuss evidence‐based strategies to make mental health assessments more accessible.

Conclusion

We highlight the need to engage individuals with intellectual disability to provide first‐hand information about their health and well‐being. New instruments and research procedures should be developed in partnership with individuals with intellectual disability. Self‐report may be essential to advancing the science of mental health research.
Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth , den Houting Jacquiline
Published: November 2021

Since its initial description, the concept of autism has been firmly rooted within the conventional medical paradigm of child psychiatry. Increasingly, there have been calls from the autistic community and, more recently, nonautistic researchers, to rethink the way in which autism science is framed and conducted. Neurodiversity, where autism is seen as one form of variation within a diversity of minds, has been proposed as a potential alternative paradigm. In this review, we concentrate on three major challenges to the conventional medical paradigm – an overfocus on deficits, an emphasis on the individual as opposed to their broader context and a narrowness of perspective – each of which necessarily constrains what we can know about autism and how we are able to know it. We then outline the ways in which fundamental elements of the neurodiversity paradigm can potentially help researchers respond to the medical model’s limitations. We conclude by considering the implications of a shift towards the neurodiversity paradigm for autism science.
Unhealthy food preferences: A psychological consequence of poverty?
Authors: Thomas Dominic
Published: November 2021

Drawing on the literature on the psychological consequences of poverty, this paper examines whether stress explains poor people's stronger preferences for unhealthy food and whether self‐affirmation mitigates stress and reduces unhealthy food preferences. Through a quasiexperimental field study of patrons of a community kitchen, we show that poor people (vs. controls) prefer more unhealthy food and, more importantly, that chronic stress mediates the relationship between poverty and unhealthy food preferences. A second quasiexperimental study of poor residents of a home for homeless people replicates this effect for actual unhealthy food choices. A final online study reveals that a social‐psychological self‐affirmation intervention mitigates poor people's experienced stress, which in turn helps reduce unhealthy food preferences. The discussion focuses on how managing stress through timely interventions such as self‐affirmation can improve poor people's unhealthy food preferences. Finally, policy implications are discussed.
Estimation of CD3, CD4, and CD8 in Iraqi patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis
Authors: Aldaffaie Sahar Taha Hatif , Hussein Talib Abdullah , Muhieldden Ali Abd Razzak
Published: November 2021

Background

Alopecia areata is considered to be an autoimmune disease characterized by T‐cell response and production of cytokines around the anagen stage.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to assess T cells in blood using immune biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in patients with AA and AU compared with healthy individuals.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out at private clinic and in the Department of Dermatology in Al Karama Teaching Hospital. The study groups included 58 patients from different geographic areas in Iraq, with ages ranging from 5 to 48 years from the end of August 2019 to the January 2020; AA patient group included 19, AU patient group included, 11 and control group included 30 with no scalp or body lesions in their disease history. All patients were clinically diagnosed to detect clinical types of disease in the scalp, in the body, and any hair‐bearing area. Venous blood samples were collected from all participants where CD3 T cell, CD4 T cell, and CD8 T cell in whole blood were estimated by flow cytometry technique.

Results

The present study has found the males are more susceptible to infection than the females in both types of disease. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) detected for immune biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in blood between patient groups in comparison with healthy individuals, but there was a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in immune biomarkers (CD8, CD3) according to stress status in AU and in CD8 T cell between patient groups. CD4/CD8 ratio increased in alopecia patients.

Conclusion

In current study, There was no significant difference detected for biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in blood between patient groups and healthy control, but significantly decrease in CD8 T cell and CD3T cell according to stress in AU, and in CD8T cell between patient groups according to stress This research may have proven one of the theories. Study of CD markers receptors and B cell receptors these will help for future studies.
Efficacy and safety of automated epidermal micrograft in patients with stable segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo
Authors: Wang Chi‐Hui , Lin Yu‐Jr , Hu Sindy , Huang Yao‐Li , Chung Wen‐Hung , Ng Chau Yee
Published: November 2021

Vitiligo is a common, psychologically devastating pigmentary disorder. Surgical graftings are used to treat stable vitiligo when medical treatment fails. An automated epidermal micrograft harvesting (AEMH) system was first designated to treat wounds, and very few studies investigated the application of AEMH in vitiligo. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of the AEMH system in patients with stable segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo. The rate of repigmentation and adverse events was recorded bimonthly for at least 12 months. We analyzed the efficacy based on patient characteristics, vitiligo subtypes, and different anatomical locations. A total of 56 depigmented lesions from 34 patients were included. 95.50% of the automated epidermal micrografts were successfully grafted at the recipient sites. There was a significant improvement in Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) and Dermatologic Life Quality Index (DLQI) in patients treated with AEMH (p < 0.001). The rate of repigmentation by VASI score improves from 96.25 ± 8.59 to 48.30 ± 28.16 after the treatment (p < 0.001). Treatment outcomes were comparable between the patients of segmental and stable nonsegmental vitiligo. The face and neck region achieved a better outcome, followed by the trunk (chest, abdomen, back, and axilla), limbs, and the worse outcome was found in the acral region (p < 0.014). Conclusively, AEMH is an effective treatment procedure with limited adverse events in patients with stable vitiligo. This harvesting method may be a feasible option for vitiligo surgical treatment.
The Use of Restrictive Measures in Community Services for People With Intellectual Disabilities in Sweden
Authors: Björne Petra , Deveau Roy , McGill Peter , Nylander Lena
Published: November 2021

Background

Community services for Swedish people with intellectual disability (ID) are intended to support self‐determination and integrity. Legislation does not allow the use of restrictive or coercive measures.

Aim

The aim of this study is to identify the extent of, rationale for, and strategies staff believe would reduce the use of restrictive measures in group homes and daily activities services for people with ID.

Method

A survey was sent to all staff in group homes and daily activities in one large Swedish municipality. The survey comprised four Likert style questions and one free text question, addressing the type of and reasons for restrictive measures, and how much staff value their replacement. A total of 250 surveys were completed.

Results

A third of staff reported that some restrictive measures were used daily or weekly, primarily to protect and support service users. Adequate numbers of staff, better service design, and training were considered necessary for change.

Conclusion

Staff report structural reasons, such as staffing, resources time, lack of training, and supervision for using restrictive measures. Staff see reducing the use of restrictive measures as requiring structural changes with engagement from the whole organization.
Ignoring nationalism? Religious, corporate, material, regional and dynastic options on Mt Athos, 1839–1912
Authors: Vovchenko Denis
Published: November 2021

The article challenges the existing view of Mt Athos, a centre of Orthodox Christian monasticism, as a hotbed of Russian and Balkan nationalism at the turn of the 20th century. It proposes to analyse that complex situation using the concept of “national indifference,” that is, prioritisation of concerns and loyalties different from the agendas pursued by nationalist activists. The article suggests that the motivations of most Russian and Greek monks in that autonomous monastic republic were dominated by traditional piety, corporate interests, mundane economic concerns, regional and dynastic loyalties. I will rely on Greek and Russian archival sources to discuss chronologically how those alternatives appeared to take the upper hand around several flashpoints from the return of significant groups of Russian friars in 1839 after a late medieval hiatus to the end of over four centuries of Ottoman control of the area in 1912.
Distinguishing solidarity from identity in studies of nationhood: An alternative to the civic–ethnic dichotomy?
Authors: Kaplan Danny
Published: November 2021

This article argues for an analytic distinction between questions of collective identity and questions of solidarity in studies of nationhood. Whereas the former inquiry centres on group classifications and commonalities, the latter examines cooperation and patterns of interaction among group members. Although theoretical discussion of national solidarity is sparse, three central approaches in the field can be highlighted: understanding solidarity as a byproduct of identity, as a relationship between strangers and as an extension of sociability. The distinction between solidarity and identity bears on the much‐disputed dichotomy between ethnic and civic nationalism. Civic nationalism has been widely criticized for failing to account for group boundaries and shared culture. Yet its emphasis on patterns of interaction and cooperation should not be neglected either. Instead of addressing the civic–ethnic dichotomy as two types of national identity, one could benefit from differentiating between epistemological questions about (ethnic‐national) identity and those about (civic‐national) solidarity.
Hedyotis pubirachis (Rubiaceae), a new species from Guangdong, China
Authors: Xu Yi‐Da , Wang Rui‐Jiang
Published: November 2021

A new species of Hedyotis pubirachis is described from Guangdong province, China. It resembles H. caudatifolia in subshrub habit, lanceolate leaf blade and terminal inflorescence, but differs from the latter by its thyrsoid inflorescence with monochasial sub‐axes, broadly triangular calyx lobes and pubescent inflorescence rachises and capsules. Phylogenetically, Hedyotis pubirachis is close to H. effusa but they can be distinguished in the indument of the inflorescence and capsules and the length of pedicels. Pollen size dimorphism was also observed in the heterostylous flowers of the new species. The new species is provisionally assessed as Least Concern (LC), according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
Chloroplast development in green plant tissues: the interplay between light, hormone, and transcriptional regulation
Authors: Cackett Lee , Luginbuehl Leonie H. , Schreier Tina B. , Lopez‐Juez Enrique , Hibberd Julian M.
Published: November 2021

Chloroplasts are best known for their role in photosynthesis, but they also allow nitrogen and sulphur assimilation, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide and hormone synthesis. How chloroplasts develop is therefore relevant to these diverse and fundamental biological processes, but also to attempts at their rational redesign. Light is strictly required for chloroplast formation in all angiosperms and directly regulates the expression of hundreds of chloroplast‐related genes. Light also modulates the levels of several hormones including brassinosteriods, cytokinins, auxins and gibberellins, which themselves control chloroplast development particularly during early stages of plant development. Transcription factors such as GOLDENLIKE1&2 (GLK1&2), GATA NITRATE‐INDUCIBLE CARBON METABOLISM‐INVOLVED (GNC) and CYTOKININ‐RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 (CGA1) act downstream of both light and phytohormone signalling to regulate chloroplast development. Thus, in green tissues transcription factors, light signalling and hormone signalling form a complex network regulating the transcription of chloroplast‐ and photosynthesis‐related genes to control the development and number of chloroplasts per cell. We use this conceptual framework to identify points of regulation that could be harnessed to modulate chloroplast abundance and increase photosynthetic efficiency of crops, and to highlight future avenues to overcome gaps in current knowledge.
On the character of the new entrepreneurial National Health Service in England: Reforming health care from within?
Authors: Hodgson Damian E. , Bailey Simon , Exworthy Mark , Bresnen Mike , Hassard John , Hyde Paula
Published: November 2021

Recent health care reforms in England, combined with financial austerity, have accelerated both corporatization and commercialization in the English National Health Service (NHS) and this has encouraged greater public sector entrepreneurialism (PSE). We advance this argument by examining the meaning and experience of corporatization in this sector, illustrating our argument with qualitative data from a specialist hospital at the forefront of this trend. We demonstrate how the policy and practice of corporatization is entangled with increased commercialism and how this shapes more entrepreneurial conduct from staff. Framed in terms of the recursive relationship between organizational dynamics and individual behaviors, we focus empirically upon the shifting epistemic boundaries associated with increased corporatization, describing the dissonant effects of these shifts upon individuals, their attempts to compartmentalize, and the ethical dilemmas that result. Through this case we draw conclusions about the emerging impact of corporatization, commercialization, and public sector entrepreneurialism across public services.
Prevalence of mild behavioural impairment domains: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Pan Yining , Shea Yat‐Fung , Ismail Zahinoor , Mak Henry Ka‐Fung , Chiu Patrick Ka‐Chun , Chu Leung‐Wing , Song You‐qiang
Published: November 2021

Background

Mild behavioural impairment (MBI) is a neurobehavioural syndrome characterised by later life emergence of persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms. Our previous meta‐analysis showed that MBI is prevalent among cognitively normal (CN), subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. This study is to calculate the pooled prevalence of MBI domains among CN, SCI, and MCI subjects.

Methods

A search of relevant literature published between 1 January 2003 and 6 August 2021 was conducted. Meta‐analysis using a random effects model and meta‐regression was performed.

Results

Ten studies conducted among 12 067 subjects (9758 CN, 1057 SCI and 1252 MCI) with retrievable MBI domains data underwent meta‐analysis, revealing pooled prevalence of affective dysregulation (AFD), impulse dyscontrol (IDS), decreased motivation (DMT), social inappropriateness (SIP) and abnormal perception/thought (APT) of 32.84% (95% CI 24.44–42.5%), 26.67% (95% CI 18.24–37.23%), 12.58% (95% CI 6.93–21.75%), 6.05% (95% CI 3.44–10.42%), and 2.81% (95% CI 1.67–4.69%) respectively. AFD and APT domains demonstrated ordinal increase in pooled prevalence from CN, SCI and MCI subgroups, but meta‐regression demonstrated no significant difference in MBI domains prevalence among cognitive subgroups (in contrast to the significant increase in MBI prevalence from CN to SCI to MCI). The pooled prevalence of AFD and IDS are greater than that of DMT, SIP and APT among all cognitive subgroups. Several variables were found to explain the high heterogeneity.

Conclusions

AFD and IDS are the two most prevalent MBI domains and remain the same with cognitive deterioration. This finding is potentially relevant to clinical practice.
Effect of high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy on exercise tolerance in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A randomized crossover trial
Authors: Harada Jumpei , Nagata Kazuma , Morimoto Takeshi , Iwata Kentaro , Matsunashi Atsushi , Sato Yuki , Tachikawa Ryo , Ishikawa Akira , Tomii Keisuke
Published: November 2021

Background and objective

Exercise capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is limited by exercise‐induced hypoxaemia. This study aimed to examine the effect of high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) on exercise tolerance in patients with IPF.

Methods

We conducted a single‐centre, open‐label, randomized crossover trial to compare HFNC and Venturi mask (VM) therapy in terms of exercise tolerance. Patients underwent constant‐load symptom‐limited exercise testing at 80% peak work rate with HFNC or a VM in a randomized order. The settings were 60 L/min and a 50% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) for HFNC and 12 L/min and 50% FiO2 for VM. The primary outcome was endurance time, and the secondary outcomes were heart rate (HR), percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2), dyspnoea and leg fatigue, as determined by the modified Borg Scale at the isotime and endpoint, and the level of comfort while using the devices.

Results

Twenty‐four participants (75.0% men; age, median [interquartile range]: 77.5 [68.8–83.0] years) were enrolled. Compared with VM, HFNC significantly improved the endurance time (647.5 s [454.0–1014.8] vs. 577.5 s [338.0–861.5]), minimum SpO2 (96.0% [95.0–98.0] vs. 94.0% [92.8–96.0]) and leg fatigue at the isotime (3.0 [1.6–4.0] vs. 5.0 [3.0–6.3]) and endpoint (4.0 [2.8–5.0] vs. 5.0 [3.8–6.3]). Differences in maximum HR, dyspnoea at the isotime and endpoint and comfort were non‐significant between HFNC and VM therapy.

Conclusion

HFNC increased exercise tolerance in patients with stable IPF experiencing exercise‐induced hypoxaemia.
Improving data quality of smartphone‐based activity–travel survey: A framework for data post‐processing
Authors: Zhang Yaxuan , Song Ying , Fan Yingling
Published: November 2021

The smartphone‐based activity–travel survey has emerged as an approach to collect detailed data on individuals’ activities and trips throughout the day. The collected data are usually structured as a series of consecutive activity and trip episodes. Recent studies have used these data to advance our understanding of individuals’ activity–travel patterns. However, few studies have explicitly described how to handle new quality issues of such data. This article develops a framework and methods to systematically detect and handle quality issues in the smartphone‐based activity–travel survey data to ensure attribute completeness and logical consistency. For attribute completeness, we check if each episode contains all the required thematic, temporal, and spatial attributes. For logical consistency, we check if two consecutive episodes are logically inconsistent regarding spatial and temporal continuity. We classify invalid episodes into distinct groups using mixture models, clustering, and a transition matrix. For each group, we propose specific improvement methods. To demonstrate our methods, we use data collected in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA, as a study case. The results show that our framework can systematically deal with various data quality issues. We also show how data before and after quality control may lead to different observations about individuals' behavior patterns.
The Experiences and Perceptions of Nurses Interacting With Research Literature: A Qualitative Systematic Review to Guide Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Hines Sonia , Ramsbotham Joanne , Coyer Fiona
Published: November 2021

Background

There is an evidence that some nurses struggle with reading and using research. This struggle becomes a barrier to engaging in evidence‐based practice (EBP). Personal beliefs, attitudes about research, and difficulties with research language and statistics have been reported as important variables in quantitative studies.

Aims

The aim of this review was to explore nurses' experiences and perceptions of interacting with research literature for work or educational purposes.

Methods

Studies eligible for inclusion were qualitative, published in English from years 2009–2020, and included registered nurses engaged in interaction with research literature for any work or educational purpose. The Joanna Briggs Institute’s qualitative systematic review methods were used.

Results

We included 11 qualitative studies with 186 participants. Most studies used focus groups or semi‐structured interviews to collect data. Overall, study quality was moderate. We extracted 29 findings, which were synthesized into five categories, and meta‐aggregated into one synthesis. Research is a complex field of engagement for nurses, who simultaneously value its contribution to their profession and feel the burden of unsupported expectations. Nurses perceive a double standard in their workplaces where expectations of using evidence in practice are often discussed, but EBP education and access to literature can be hard to access.

Linking Evidence to Action

Educators conducting research education should consider the complex emotional reactions this activity may engender in participants who may feel unprepared by their previous experience or education. Clinicians and workplace leaders trying to encourage the use of evidence in practice should consider the source of any reluctance to engage. An observed lack of engagement in their staff may be related to issues with understanding the materials.
Oh G: The x, y and z of human physiological responses to acceleration
Authors: Pollock Ross D. , Hodkinson Peter D. , Smith Thomas G.
Published: November 2021

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This review focuses on the main physiological challenges associated with exposure to acceleration in the Gx, Gy and Gz directions and to microgravity.

What advances does it highlight?

Our current understanding of the physiology of these environments and latest strategies to protect against them are discussed in light of the limited knowledge we have in some of these areas.

The desire to go higher, faster and further has taken us to environments where the accelerations placed on our bodies far exceed or are much lower than that attributable to Earth's gravity. While on the ground, racing drivers of the fastest cars are exposed to high degrees of lateral acceleration (Gy) during cornering. In the air, while within the confines of the lower reaches of Earth's atmosphere, fast jet pilots are routinely exposed to high levels of acceleration in the head–foot direction (Gz). During launch and re‐entry of suborbital and orbital spacecraft, astronauts and spaceflight participants are exposed to high levels of chest–back acceleration (Gx), whereas once in space the effects of gravity are all but removed (termed microgravity, μG). Each of these environments has profound effects on the homeostatic mechanisms within the body and can have a serious impact, not only for those with underlying pathology but also for healthy individuals. This review provides an overview of the main challenges associated with these environments and our current understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological adaptations to them. Where relevant, protection strategies are discussed, with the implications of our future exposure to these environments also being considered.
Sensitivity of an infinite-strip-shaped polyvinylidene fluoride film in an underwater plane sound field
Authors: Pan Jie , Wang Ning , Matthews David
Published: November 2021

The sensitivity of an infinite-strip-shaped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film in an underwater plane sound field is analyzed in this paper. The high-frequency sensitivity is characterized by the resonances of the symmetrical in-plane stress modes with traction-free boundary conditions at the ends of the film and by the anti-resonances due to the superposition of the stress components. The low-frequency sensitivity exhibits a simple hydrostatic response. The directional property of the in-plane stress component, generated by the incident sound across the thickness, has two contributions. The first is from the aperture and dipolar functions of the incident sound pressure over the PVDF surfaces and at the two ends of the film. The second is from an amplitude modulation by an angle-dependent gain. The directional property of the in-plane stress component by the sound pressure at the two ends of the film is only controlled by the dipolar function, and that of the stress component in the thickness direction is only determined by the aperture function. The illustration of the frequency and directional features of the PVDF film may advance understanding of the mechanisms involved in generating the voltage output of PVDF by an incident sound field.
Deficiency of replication-independent DNA mismatch repair drives a 5-methylcytosine deamination mutational signature in cancer
Authors: Fang Hu , Zhu Xiaoqiang , Yang Haocheng , Oh Jieun , Barbour Jayne A. , Wong Jason W. H.
Published: November 2021

DNA mismatch repair is essential for protecting the human genome from damage induced by 5-methylcytosine deamination.
Macrophages orchestrate the expansion of a proangiogenic perivascular niche during cancer progression
Authors: Opzoomer James W. , Anstee Joanne E. , Dean Isaac , Hill Emily J. , Bouybayoune Ihssane , Caron Jonathan , Muliaditan Tamara , Gordon Peter , Sosnowska Dominika , Nuamah Rosamond , Pinder Sarah E. , Ng Tony , Dazzi Francesco , Kordasti Shahram , Withers David R. , Lawrence Toby , Arnold James N.
Published: November 2021

Perivascular macrophages orchestrate the expansion of pericyte-like mesenchymal cells to create a proangiogenic niche in cancer.
Construction of solid-liquid fluorine transport channel to enable highly reversible conversion cathodes
Authors: Chen Keyi , Lei Meng , Yao Zhenguo , Zheng Yongjian , Hu Jiulin , Lai Chuanzhong , Li Chilin
Published: November 2021

The solid-liquid fluorine transport channel enables the highly reversible conversion cathodes.
Characterization of the Interaction Domains between the Phosphoprotein and the Nucleoprotein of Human Metapneumovirus
Authors: Decool Hortense , Bardiaux Benjamin , Checa Ruano Luis , Sperandio Olivier , Fix Jenna , Gutsche Irina , Richard Charles-Adrien , Bajorek Monika , Eléouët Jean-François , Galloux Marie
Published: November 2021

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in children but also affects human populations of all ages worldwide. Currently, no vaccine or efficient antiviral treatments are available for this pneumovirus.