bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of the Mopra Radio Telescope at 16–50 GHz
Authors: Urquhart J. S. , Hoare M. G. , Purcell C. R. , Brooks K. J. , Voronkov M. A. , Indermuehle B. T. , Burton M. G. , Tothill N. F. H. , Edwards P. G.
Published: September 2010

We present the results of a programme of scanning and mapping observations of astronomical masers and Jupiter designed to characterise the performance of the Mopra Radio Telescope at frequencies between 16 and 50 GHz using the 12-mm and 7-mm receivers. We use these observations to determine the telescope beam size, beam shape, and overall telescope beam efficiency as a function of frequency. We find that the beam size is well fit by λ/D over the frequency range with a correlation coefficient of ∼90%. We determine the telescope main beam efficiencies are between ∼48 and 64% for the 12-mm receiver and reasonably flat at ∼50% for the 7-mm receiver. Beam maps of strong H2O (22 GHz) and SiO masers (43 GHz) provide a means to examine the radial beam pattern of the telescope. At both frequencies, the radial beam pattern reveals the presence of three components: a central ‘core’, which is well fit by a Gaussian and constitutes the telescopes main beam; and inner and outer error beams. At both frequencies, the inner and outer error beams extend out to ∼2 and ∼3.4 times the full-width half maximum of the main beam, respectively. Sources with angular sizes of a factor of two or more larger than the telescope main beam will couple to the main and error beams, and therefore the power contributed by the error beams needs to be considered. From measurements of the radial beam power pattern we estimate the amount of power contained in the inner and outer error beams is of order one-fifth at 22 GHz, rising slightly to one-third at 43 GHz.
Optical Turbulence Measurements and Models for Mount John University Observatory
Authors: Mohr J. L. , Johnston R. A. , Cottrell P. L.
Published: September 2010

Site measurements were collected at Mount John University Observatory in 2005 and 2007 using a purpose-built scintillation detection and ranging system. C2N(h) profiling indicates a weak layer located at 12–14 km above sea level and strong low altitude turbulence extending up to 5 km. During calm weather conditions, an additional layer was detected at 6–8 km above sea level. V(h) profiling suggests that tropopause layer velocities are nominally 12–30m s−1, and near-ground velocities range between 2 and 20m s−1, dependent on weather. Little seasonal variation was detected in either C2N(h) and V(h) profiles. The average coherence length, r0, was found to be 7±1 cm for the full profile at a wavelength of 589 nm. The average isoplanatic angle, θ0, was 1.0±0.1 arcsec. The mean turbulence altitude, , was found to be 2.0±0.7 km above sea level. No average in the Greenwood frequency, fG, could be established due to the gaps present in the V(h) profiles obtained. A modified Hufnagel-Valley model was developed to describe the C2N(h) profiles at Mount John, which estimates r0 at 6 cm and θ0 at 0.9 arcsec. A series of V(h) models were developed, based on the Greenwood wind model with an additional peak located at low altitudes. Using the C2N(h) model and the suggested V(h) model for moderate ground wind speeds, fG is estimated at 79 Hz.
Longitudinally mapping the influence of sex and androgen signaling on the dynamics of human cortical maturation in adolescence
Authors: Raznahan Armin , Lee Yohan , Stidd Reva , Long Robert , Greenstein Dede , Clasen Liv , Addington Anjene , Gogtay Nitin , Rapoport Judith L. , Giedd Jay N.
Published: September 2010

Humans have systematic sex differences in brain-related behavior, cognition, and pattern of mental illness risk. Many of these differences emerge during adolescence, a developmental period of intense neurostructural and endocrine change. Here, by creating “movies” of sexually dimorphic brain development using longitudinal in vivo structural neuroimaging, we show regionally specific sex differences in development of the cerebral cortex during adolescence. Within cortical subsystems known to underpin domains of cognitive behavioral sex difference, structural change is faster in the sex that tends to perform less well within the domain in question. By stratifying participants through molecular analysis of the androgen receptor gene, we show that possession of an allele conferring more efficient functioning of this sex steroid receptor is associated with “masculinization” of adolescent cortical maturation. Our findings extend models first established in rodents, and suggest that in humans too, sex and sex steroids shape brain development in a spatiotemporally specific manner, within neural systems known to underpin sexually dimorphic behaviors.
CD22 EXON 12 deletion as a pathogenic mechanism of human B-precursor leukemia
Authors: Uckun Fatih M. , Goodman Patricia , Ma Hong , Dibirdik Ilker , Qazi Sanjive
Published: September 2010

Here, we report that primary leukemic cells from infants with newly diagnosed B-precursor leukemia express a truncated and functionally defective CD22 coreceptor protein that is unable to transmit apoptotic signals because it lacks most of the intracellular domain, including the key regulatory signal transduction elements and all of the cytoplasmic tyrosine residues. Expression of this structurally and functionally abnormal CD22 protein is associated with a very aggressive in vivo growth of patients’ primary leukemia cells causing disseminated overt leukemia in SCID mice. The abnormal CD22 coreceptor is encoded by a profoundly aberrant mRNA arising from a splicing defect that causes the deletion of exon 12 (c.2208-c.2327) (CD22ΔE12) and results in a truncating frameshift mutation. The splicing defect is associated with multiple homozygous mutations within a 132-bp segment of the intronic sequence between exons 12 and 13. These mutations cause marked changes in the predicted secondary structures of the mutant CD22 pre-mRNA sequences that affect the target motifs for the splicing factors hnRNP-L, PTB, and PCBP that are up-regulated in infant leukemia cells. Forced expression of the mutant CD22ΔE12 protein in transgenic mice perturbs B-cell development, as evidenced by B-precursor/B-cell hyperplasia, and corrupts the regulation of gene expression, causing reduced expression levels of several genes with a tumor suppressor function. We further show that CD22ΔE12-associated unique gene expression signature is a discriminating feature of newly diagnosed infant leukemia patients. These striking findings implicate CD22ΔE12 as a previously undescribed pathogenic mechanism in human B-precursor leukemia.
Analysis on the new mechanisms of low resistance stacked Ti/Al Ohmic contact structure on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Gong Rumin , Wang Jinyan , Dong Zhihua , Liu Shenghou , Yu Min , Wen Cheng P , Hao Yilong , Shen Bo , Cai Yong , Zhang Baoshun , Zhang Jincheng
Published: September 2010

A novel stacked Ti/Al based Ti/Al/Ti/Al/Ti/Al/Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contact structure is optimized. Compared with the conventional alloyed Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contact structure, the novel Ohmic contact structure can obtain much lower contact resistance and specific contact resistivity. Through analysis of x-ray diffraction spectra, cross-section transmission electron microscopy images and corresponding electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy spectra in the novel stacked Ti/Al based Ohmic structure, the reactions between metals and the AlGaN layer were proven to be stable, uniform and continuous, which produced smooth contact interface. In addition, the top Au layer was prevented from diffusing downwards to the metal/AlGaN interface, which degraded the Ohmic performance.
Simulation of the discharge propagation in a capillary tube in air at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Jánský Jaroslav , Tholin Fabien , Bonaventura Zdeněk , Bourdon Anne
Published: September 2010

This paper presents simulations of an air plasma discharge at atmospheric pressure initiated by a needle anode set inside a dielectric capillary tube. We have studied the influence of the tube inner radius and its relative permittivity εr on the discharge structure and dynamics. As a reference, we have used a relative permittivity εr = 1 to study only the influence of the cylindrical constraint of the tube on the discharge. For a tube radius of 100 µm and εr = 1, we have shown that the discharge fills the tube during its propagation and is rather homogeneous behind the discharge front. When the radius of the tube is in the range 300–600 µm, the discharge structure is tubular with peak values of electric field and electron density close to the dielectric surface. When the radius of the tube is larger than 700 µm, the tube has no influence on the discharge which propagates axially. For a tube radius of 100 µm, when εr increases from 1 to 10, the discharge structure becomes tubular. We have noted that the velocity of propagation of the discharge in the tube increases when the front is more homogeneous and then, the discharge velocity increases with the decrease in the tube radius and εr. Then, we have compared the relative influence of the value of the tube radius and εr on the discharge characteristics. Our simulations indicate that the geometrical constraint of the cylindrical tube has more influence than the value of εr on the discharge structure and dynamics. Finally, we have studied the influence of photoemission processes on the discharge structure by varying the photoemission coefficient. As expected, we have shown that photoemission, as it increases the number of secondary electrons close to the dielectric surface, promotes the tubular structure of the discharge.
Atmospheric microwave-induced plasmas in Ar/H2 mixtures studied with a combination of passive and active spectroscopic methods
Authors: Palomares J M , Iordanova E I , Gamero A , Sola A , Mullen J J A M v d
Published: September 2010

Several active and passive diagnostic methods have been used to study atmospheric microwave-induced plasmas created by a surfatron operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and with power values between 57 and 88 W. By comparing the results with each other, insight is obtained into essential plasma quantities, their radial distributions and the reliability of the diagnostic methods. Two laser techniques have been used, namely Thomson scattering for the determination of the electron density, n
e, and temperature, T
e, and Rayleigh scattering for the determination of the heavy particle temperature, T
g. In combination, three passive spectroscopic techniques are applied, the line broadening of the Hβ line to determine n
e, and two methods of absolute intensity measurements to obtain n
e and T
e. The active techniques provide spatial resolution in small plasmas with sizes in the order of 0.5 mm. The results of n
e measured with three different methods show good agreement, independent of the plasma settings. The T
e values obtained with two techniques are in good agreement for the condition of a pure argon plasma, but they show deviations when H2 is introduced. The introduction of a small amount (0.3%) of H2 into an argon plasma induces contraction, reduces n
e, increases T
e, enhances the departure from equilibrium and leads to conditions that are close to those found in cool atmospheric plasmas.
Electric and spectroscopic properties of argon-hydrogen RF microplasma jets at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Souza-Corrêa J A , Oliveira C , Gomes M P , Amorim J
Published: September 2010

Microplasma jets of argon–hydrogen (Ar–H2) gas mixture were generated by 144.0 MHz radio-frequency (RF) waves at powers of 5 W, 10 W, 20 W and 50 W. The experimental setup employed creates stable microplasmas at atmospheric pressure from 5.0 mm up to 20.0 mm visual glow lengths. We have determined the rms voltages, the rms electric currents and the power absorptions of these microplasma jets. By making use of optical spectroscopy, the emission spectra of Ar–H2 microplasma jets were recorded in the range 3060–8200 Å, in order to estimate the axial distribution profiles of electron density, rotational temperature, excitation temperature and hydrogen atomic temperature.
Inhomogeneous domain nucleation and growth in disordered ferroelectric capacitors observed by modified piezoresponse force microscopy
Authors: Kim D J , Jo J Y , Kim Y S , Song T K
Published: September 2010

Inhomogeneous domain evolution in the polarization switching process of epitaxial ferroelectric SrRuO3/PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3/SrRuO3 capacitors was observed using piezoresponse force microscopy with a separate probe needle as a stable electric contact. The nucleation, the forward growth and the sideways growth of reversed domains were observed visually using a step-by-step switching approach. The nucleation occurred at particular sites which have their own activation energy, both at the early stage of switching and in the middle of switching. The domain wall velocity was 0.1–0.5 m s−1 under an electric field of 90 kV cm−1. The inhomogeneous nucleation and growth of domains and the Lorentzian distribution of the characteristic switching time in the switching behaviour demonstrate that the local field deviation due to dipole defects in our SrRuO3/PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3/SrRuO3 capacitors strongly affects the domain nucleation and wall motion.
The Musical Scene in Solo
Authors: Benamou Marc
Published: September 2010

Chapter 1 sets the scene, providing a brief musical portrait of the city of Solo with some attention to history. Institutional (the royal court, the academies, the radio station) and noninstitutional contexts for gamelan music are contrasted, and some of the many kinds of music excluded from the study are outlined. Performance contexts, such as dance and wayang (shadow theater) accompaniment, are described, as well as the dramatis personae—the musicians whose words form the corpus of the book.
The Communication of Rasa, Part 1
Authors: Benamou Marc
Published: September 2010

Chapter 6 consists mostly of lengthy excerpts from conversations with two noted musical experts: Rahayu Supanggah and Sudarsono Wignyosaputro. Following their lead, the chapter takes a philosophical turn about music and emotion. The two main questions they tackle are “What is the relationship between what people say they feel when listening to music and what they actually feel?” and “How much of musical rasa is in the piece, how much in the performance, and how much in the perception of the performance?”
Why Rasa Talk Matters
Authors: Benamou Marc
Published: September 2010

The final chapter deals with the nature of musical meaning and with the relation between music and language about music. A defense is offered of the logocentric, aesthetico‐centric, and musician‐centric approach taken here, and some cautious conclusions are put forth. One such conclusion is that musical meaning is learned, just as linguistic meaning is, and is hence learnable. And, like linguistic meaning, it accrues through use. Partly as a result of this, at least some aspects of affective meaning can cross cultural boundaries, although this is very likely also the result of universal human psychological traits. Some similarities between “Western” and “Javanese” aesthetics (the two words are in quotes because they stand for something more limited) are pointed out, and, like musical meaning in general, these seem to be overdetermined (they can be explained by human nature and by cultural interaction).
Organ Parts To Mendelssohn's Oratorios and Choral Works
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter shows that Mendelssohn's organ part for St. Paul was the first of five separate organ parts that he composed for his own larger choral works. The other four are Lobgesang (Op. 52, 1840), Psalm 2 (Op. 78.1, 1843), Psalm 98 (Op. 91, 1843), and Elijah (Op. 70, 1846). The scores for his other choral works, such as Psalm 42 (1839) or Psalm 95 (1839), contain only minimal directions for organ (e.g., “col organo” or “senza organo”).
Organ Works, 1820–1835
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1820-35. Within a span of less than six weeks — from 28 November 1820, through 6 January 1821 — Mendelssohn composed his first works for the organ. A cluster of five pieces — a Praeludium, three fugues, and a fragmentary toccata — all attest to his early fascination and involvement with classic organ forms. The first of Mendelssohn's organ works written in 1823 — the untitled Andante in D Major — represents a sharp break with the classical forms and style that had earlier dominated his thinking. More importantly, however, it represents his first tentative — and remarkably successful — venture into the realm of musical romanticism.
Organ Works, 1838–1843
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1838-43. Mendelssohn believed that the fugue was the form preeminently suited for the organ. Quite possibly he associated the discipline of fugue with the discipline of organ-playing itself, or he may have feared the pitfalls of the Characterstück, or perhaps believed that fugues, as deliberate products of cerebration, demanded codification, whereas preludes, which could often be equated with improvisation, did not. Whatever the reason, Mendelssohn always harbored a proclivity toward fugue despite the fact that no other musical form caused him more anxiety and frustration. As the manuscripts of the three fugues written in July 1839 make abundantly clear, fugal writing had not become any easier for him over the years; indeed, each of these new fugues was created only with the greatest travail, and attempts to arrive at a definitive text for any of them is a frustrating and elusive undertaking.
Six Sonatas For The Organ (op. 65), 1844–1845
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1844-5. The 19 movements that make up Opus 65 were drawn from a total of 29 works that Mendelssohn composed or assembled as he developed his final plans for the makeup of his Organ Sonatas. His original drafts of movements that he considered potential components for Opus 65 are almost all contained in MN volumes 39 and 40, which were part of the composer's estate donated by the Mendelssohn family in 1878 to the Royal (i.e., State) Library in Berlin. Also in the Staatsbibliothek is MS. C, the Birthday Album Mendelssohn compiled for Fanny, which contains movements later incorporated into Opus 65.
Six Sonatas For The Organ (op. 65), 1844–1845
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter discusses the manuscript sources, original printed editions, registration, slurs, and tempo for Mendelssohn's Organ Sonatas.
Crystal Structure Refinement
Authors: Müller Peter , Herbst-Irmer Regine , Spek Anthony L. , Schneider Thomas R. , Sawaya Michael R.
Published: September 2010

This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, the second chapter provides a brief survey of crystal structure refinement. The next few chapters address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two shorter chapters deal with structure validation. In most chapters, the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail.
Protein refinement
Authors: Schneider Thomas R.
Published: September 2010

Conceptually, the refinement of a protein structure at atomic resolution with SHELXL can be considered as the refinement of a huge organic molecule using small molecule techniques as explained in other chapters of this book. Thus, apart from technical issues, such a refinement of a macromolecule with SHELXL should not present a problem for an experienced small molecule crystallographer. For the macromolecular crystallographer, using the full repertoire of parameters, restraints, and constraints may be more of a challenge. This chapter approaches the refinement of protein structures with SHELXL more from a protein crystallographer's point of view. It describes typical steps of the refinement of a protein structure at atomic resolution using SHELXL. It discusses anisotropic displacement parameters, multiple discrete sites (disorder), hydrogens, solvent, standard uncertainties, and typical problems for each step.
Hydrogen atoms
Authors: Müller Peter
Published: September 2010

Hydrogen atoms are important in chemistry, yet they are difficult to localize in X-ray structures. Electron density is measured by X-ray diffraction, and hydrogen has only one electron, which is not located at the nucleus. Therefore, hydrogen atoms are notoriously difficult to detect with X-ray diffraction methods. Especially for hydrogen atoms bound to carbon it is usually possible to calculate the hydrogen positions, while acidic hydrogen atoms, such as in N-H or O-H, should be detected in the experimental electron density. Particularly difficult to detect can be hydrogen atoms in heavy metal hydrides. This chapter explains the theory and gives three detailed examples of hydrogen atom refinements and describes how to calculate hydrogen bonds.
Disorder
Authors: Müller Peter
Published: September 2010

Because of the periodicity of crystals, every object is regularly repeated in three-dimensional space, however in the case of disorder, the orientations of some atoms differ in different unit cells. The structure determined from the diffraction pattern is the spatial average over the whole crystal. In by far most cases, disorder only affects small parts of molecules like organic side chains or SiMe3-groups and the order predominates, especially when only two different conformations are present in the crystal. By means of five examples, this chapter introduces the various forms of disorder such as static and dynamic positional disorder as well substitutional disorder and bulk solvent. It describes in detail how to parameterize disorder in SHELXL, including the use of constraints, restraints, and free variables.
General remarks
Authors: Müller Peter
Published: September 2010

This chapter contains general advice and illustrates several points that are important enough to be mentioned but did not quite fit into the context of the previous chapters, such as how many refinement cycles are necessary or what to do with ‘non-positive definite’ atoms, or how many restraints may be used in a structure. In addition, the chapter contains tables giving typical coordination geometries for common metal ions and standard single-, double- and triple-bond lengths for common elements as well as 2Θ versus resolution tables for molybdenum and copper radiation.
1 The Queen and the Hermit: the Tale of Hemetes (1575)
Authors: Heaton Gabriel
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the Tale of Hemetes, performed before Queen Elizabeth as part of the Woodstock entertainment of September 1575. It examines how the entertainment echoes in complex ways the circumstances and desires of Sir Henry Lee, Lieutenant of Woodstock, and his relationship with the Queen. The chapter then turns to the manuscript of the entertainment given to the Queen by the poet George Gascoigne at New Year 1576. This was one of the most elaborate presentation manuscripts presented to Elizabeth and in it Gascoigne appropriated the text for his own purposes, using it to develop his own relationship with the Queen.
2 Armed Address: The Elizabethan Tournament
Authors: Heaton Gabriel
Published: September 2010

This chapter is concerned with entertainments in the Elizabethan tiltyard and the opportunities such occasions provided for performers to take on chivalric personae that sent nuanced messages to the watching Queen. It begins with Sir Henry Lee's tiltyard speeches and the beginnings of the Accession Day tournaments, and continues by examining other tournaments and their surviving texts including the 1581 Callophisus entertainment involving the Earls of Arundel and Oxford, and the 1595 Love and Self‐Love entertainment of the Earl of Essex.
3 Publishing Praise: The Circulation of Elizabethan Entertainment Texts
Authors: Heaton Gabriel
Published: September 2010

This chapter explores how the texts of Elizabethan country house entertainments were produced and circulated through the media of printed pamphlet and manuscript separate, the distinctive features of these media, and the roles of authors, patrons, scribes, publishers, and readers, in the production of texts. It provides an overview of Elizabethan entertainment texts and also looks in detail at the 1602 Harefield entertainment by John Davies. The multiple surviving manuscripts of this entertainment reveal much unique detail about the mechanics of how these texts were produced and circulated.
6 The Jacobean Masque: Jonson, Authorship, and Royal Address
Authors: Heaton Gabriel
Published: September 2010

This chapter takes as its subject the development of Jacobean masques, Jonson's construction of himself as an author, and his relationship with royalty. There are two important royal presentation manuscripts by Jonson, of the Masque of Blacknesse and the Masque of Queenes, and they are considered alongside other relavant texts including printed prefaces and scenes from his early plays Cynthia's Revels and Poetaster. During the first half of James's reign there developed conventions for masque pamphlets, by Jonson, Samuel Daniel, and others, with Jonson in particular emphasising their literary nature, but this was followed by a significant shift in the way masque texts appeared in the second half of the reign, with pamphlets printed for limited circulation (known as pre‐performance quartos) and some masques circulating in manuscript.
Virtue Egoism
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

One response to the challenge of Egoism is to deny that there is a distinction between reasons of self-interest and moral reasons. Aristotle, for instance, claimed that the good life, the life of eudaimonia, was also a life of virtue. A tradition of virtue ethics following Aristotle, recently exemplified by Foot and Hursthouse, agrees. This chapter sets out the distinctive claims of virtue ethics, which depends on a conception of the good life that is ‘moralized’, and of a parallel theory – virtue Egoism – which is based on an ‘unmoralized’ account of self-interest.
Disagreement
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

This chapter sets out in detail another serious problem for modest vindications of morality: the problem of disagreement. When there is disagreement of a certain type over whether a proposition is true, it is epistemically rational to suspend judgement about its truth. There is disagreement of this type over the first premises of modest vindications of morality, so it is not rational for anyone to accept that premise, and no one can use the argument against Egoism. It is not possible to vindicate morality, even modestly. This problem of disagreement proves to be much more intractable than issues of cogency discussed in Chapter 6, and ultimately the defence of morality against this problem takes up the remainder of the book.
Epistemic Rationality
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

There are some striking differences between the way in which we form beliefs about moral matters and the way we form beliefs about non-moral matters of fact. We do not suspend judgements about moral disagreements as we do in response to disagreements about non-moral matters. We do not trust moral testimony as we do testimony about non-moral matters. And there are no moral experts, as there are experts on non-moral matters. Is this treatment of moral questions epistemically rational? This chapter argues that there is a connection between the standards of epistemic rationality for beliefs and the function of those beliefs in action. The standards of epistemic rationality for non-moral beliefs are related to knowledge, because actions based on knowledge typically are successful.
Moral Understanding and Morally Worthy Action
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

What is it to understand why a moral proposition is true? Moral understanding, in this sense, differs from moral knowledge (both knowledge that p is true and knowledge why it is true). Moral understanding involves a number of related abilities and is more similar to ‘knowledge how’. Moral understanding is important, moreover, because it is a vital component of morally worthy action: doing the right thing on the basis of moral knowledge (even on the basis of knowledge why an action is right) is not sufficient for the action to have moral worth.
Against Egoism
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

Since it is typically not epistemically rational to suspend judgement in response to moral disagreements, someone who accepts common sense morality and therefore the premises of a modest vindication of morality is entitled to use that argument against Egoism, despite the disagreement of Egoists (and disputes about the form that premise should take). But whilst Egoists can devise modest vindications of Egoism, it is not open to most of them to accept their premises, because it is typically epistemically rational, given the function of those beliefs according to Egoism, to suspend judgement in response to disagreements with moral agents. In other words, it is not epistemically rational to believe the most plausible forms of Egoism.
Conclusion
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

Common sense morality is in a better epistemic position than Egoism, for those who accept common sense morality can modestly vindicate it – they can defend it to their own satisfaction – whereas most Egoists cannot defend Egoism, even modestly. The key to this defence of morality is the importance of moral understanding. What are the implications of recognizing that the focus of moral epistemology should be moral understanding rather than moral knowledge? Moral philosophers already act as if they are aiming for moral understanding, but there are many unanswered questions about moral understanding that need to be addressed in the future.
Practical Reason and its Virtues
Authors: Garcia J. L. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that the instrumentalist's conception of practical reasoning favoured by consequentialists is inadequate. Despite Amartya Sen's formidable defence of consequentialism, it is argued that consequentialism is incapable of protecting one from the moral horrors of the twentieth century, which almost always arise from its affinity to a kind of sympathy for humanity as a whole. The chapter offers an alternative to the moral life. It is constituted by four planks: (i) moral features derive from one's role-relationships to other people; (ii) it is virtue based, that is, it makes judgments of attitudinal responses deemed either virtuous or vicious; (iii) it is patient focused, that is, the fundamental attitudes of virtues are those directed towards the persons with whom the agent is related in the relevant role; and (iv) it is input-driven, that is, the moral status of an act is determined by its motivational input, not its consequential output.
Knowledge as Credit for True Belief
Authors: Greco John
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that by attending to the illocutionary force of knowledge attributions — specifically, that they serve to give credit to the believer for getting things right — fallibilists can assuage two problems plaguing their concept of knowledge: namely, the lottery problem and the Gettier problem. Borrowing work from Joel Fienberg on blaming, an account of credit attribution is developed that stresses the relationship between causal salience and causal responsibility. Because causal salience is context sensitive, resolutions to the lottery problem and the Gettier problem contain a significant contextual element. Just as an agent must be causally responsible in order to receive credit for athletic feats, so too must an agent's cognitive character or intellectual virtue be a necessary element to explain why an agent is deserving of credit for obtaining a true belief. This account is tested against cases relative to the above problems and ends with how this account can explain the value of knowledge.
Intellectual Motivation and the Good of Truth
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: September 2010

This chapter explores the problem of what makes knowledge more valuable than mere true belief. Otherwise known as the value problem, it distinguishes four ways a belief can possess value by evaluating its relation to truth: (i) a belief can have value because truth is its consequence; (ii) a belief can have teleological value in the Aristotelian sense — that is, the kind of value attributable to that which is a necessary component of a good natural end; (iii) assuming true beliefs are good, a belief can be valuable in that truth is its end in the sense of an aim; and (iv) a belief can be good in virtue of arising from a good motive — namely, valuing truth or disvaluing falsehood. Ultimately, the fourth way is superior to the first three because a belief that is motivated by valuing truth has the kind of value which makes knowledge better than mere true believing.
Knowing Cognitive Selves
Authors: McKinnon Christine
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that the standard epistemological requirements of impartiality on the part of the knower, and passivity on the part of the thing under investigation, exclude from the purview of epistemology a very important kind of knowledge, namely: knowledge of persons. Feminist philosophers have focused on problems in explaining knowledge of other persons, but the same considerations require a reorientation in the way we think of knowledge of oneself. Because of the subjectivity of the knower and reflexive nature of the investigation involving self-knowledge, one's inquiry is affected in a way that challenges the accuracy of what is learned. The chapter's response is to treat the procedural methods used to obtain knowledge of oneself as continuous with the methods of acquiring knowledge of other persons via knowing their moral and cognitive characters. It highlights the intersection between virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.
The Science of Political Right: II
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the second of Rousseau's accounts of the political pact — that described in his Discourse on Inequality. This is a historical, rather than philosophical, account in which the basic pact is treated as a deceptive and fraudulent device drafted by the wealthy to exploit the poor and to consolidate and legitimate the rule of the few over the many. It is shown how Rousseau's more sociologically informed account influences the work of Fichte and Hegel. Hegel breaks with the fiction of the political pact and founds the science of political right on the inherent rationality of the state and the struggle for recognition.
State Formation
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: September 2010

This chapter first outlines the main features of recent scholarly work on European state-building with a view to determining whether there are any general explanatory laws of the European state-building process. Drawing on this general approach, it then offers an explanation of the development of the particular form of the English/British state. It argues that notwithstanding the contemporary peculiarities of the British constitution, the English system of parliamentary government has generally functioned within the European mainstream. Divergence is a relatively recent phenomenon, a consequence of the modern practice of constitution-making.
Constitutional Rights
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the influence of the idea that the modern system of government exists to protect the interests of the rights-bearing individual. It considers in particular the various claims made of these rights — as natural rights, civil rights, constitutional rights — and then examines how these basic rights given institutional status and protection through the constitutional arrangements of the modern state. It argues that as a consequence of modern constitutional development, rights are no longer conceived as defining a zone of individual autonomy but are treated as objective organizational principles of constitutional ordering.
The Prerogatives of Government
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the origins of modern government's power of potentia. It argues that this governmental power of potentia initially operated by exploiting the residue of lordship and feudal rights contained within the modern idea of rulership. These feudal and regal rights collectively made up the prerogative powers of the ruler and although in the course of modernization the exercise of these prerogative powers of the king were restricted by constitutional arrangements, these limitations were never entirely comprehensive. With the growth in the responsibilities of modern governments, then, these prerogative powers were exploited. By examining the nature and continuing influence of prerogative powers in modern government, the chapter reveals the ambiguous character of power relations within modern constitutional settlements.
Disordered Appetites: Addiction, Compulsion, and Dependence
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: September 2010

This chapter develops a conception of addiction as an acquired appetite. On this account, addictions are continuous with our general vulnerabilities as appetitive creatures; vulnerabilities to various sorts of practical irrationalities of judgment and intention in the face of the ‘temptations’ of food, sex, and drink. Like other appetites, addictions can diminish our autonomy to various degrees. In extreme cases, we speak of compulsion, but this is not usefully understood as the operation of literally irresistible desires. Compulsion is best construed not as a literally irresistible force, but as a phenomenon in which our agency is both compromised and complicit. This susceptibility is not necessarily to be regretted, for much of what we value is deeply shaped by it. Addictions are to be deplored, when they are, not just because of their effects on our autonomy but because of the unworthiness of addictive attachments.
Responsibility and the Limits of Evil: Variations on a Strawsonian Theme
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: September 2010

Strawson attempts to defuse the debate about determinism, understanding our moral practices, in which we demand good will and respect from one another, as constitutive of the conditions for moral responsibility. Scepticism about responsibility would call into question this fundamental form of human concern. Holding one another responsible does not derive from metaphysical commitments but simply expresses our natural concerns as moral beings. Strawson shows that our blaming or reactive attitudes, which express these demands, can be explained in these terms. However, his appealing view fails to explain clearly why we exempt certain individuals who are capable of hostile and disrespectful attitudes towards others. This leaves Strawson's expressivism vulnerable to the libertarian challenge that what exempts these individuals is their incapacity to do otherwise. This chapter suggests strategies for a Strawsonian theory of exemption.
Two Faces of Responsibility
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: September 2010

This chapter distinguishes two perspectives implicated in our ordinary conception of responsibility, each of which reflects distinct but overlapping ethical interests. The most basic perspective is attributability, in which actions are imputable to individuals as exercises of their agency. The attitudes expressed in such behaviour are subject to assessment in ethical terms. The significance of attributable behaviour is not its causal relation to the ‘deep self’ but that it expresses what the agent stands for in this activity. This ‘face’ of responsibility is of central importance in human life but by itself fails to explain the normative relation of interpersonal accountability. This leaves an opening for a kind of scepticism that is independent of the validity of attributability. This distinction helps to make sense of our ambivalence towards vicious individuals with horrendous upbringings and to clarify apparent asymmetries between praise and blame.
Reasons and Responsibility
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: September 2010

It is an ancient idea that our capacity as responsible agents has chiefly to do with our capacities as rational creatures. This chapter is a critical study of the development of this idea in John Fischer and Mark Ravizza's Responsibility and Control. Fischer and Ravizza understand the relevant rational capacity as the possession of ‘mechanisms’ that are responsive in specified ways to moral and other practical reasons. Agents are morally responsible for what they do when their actions issue from such mechanisms for which the agents have taken responsibility (and thus ‘own’). Among other things, the chapter raises concerns about the capacity of this theory to distinguish addictions/compulsions and manipulations from actions under the agent's control; about whether the historical features of the theory are in tension with compatibilism; and about the connection between accountability to others and responsibility as the authors conceive of it.
2 The Pragmatic Fallacy
Authors: Kalderon Mark Eli
Published: September 2010

Noncognitivism, in its primary sense, is a claim about moral acceptance. However, as standardly developed, it is a part of a syndrome of ideas that include negative and positive claims about moral semantics. Standard noncognitivists are nonfactualists in that they deny that the content of a moral sentence is a moral proposition. Standard noncognitivists are expressivists in that they claim that the content of a moral sentence is its use to express a noncognitive attitude. Standard noncognitivism faces serious difficulties. In its most transparently noncognitivist form, an atomistic reduction of moral content to the expression of noncognitive attitudes, it faces an unanswerable dilemma. In a form that avoids this, the position is deprived of the means of demonstrating its nonfactualist and hence noncognitivist standing. This chapter examines these difficulties.
Narrative and the Knowledge of Persons
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

On the basis of recent research in developmental psychology and neurobiology, this chapter explains the nature of the knowledge of persons and the second-person experience that enables the knowledge of persons. It examines some contemporary work on autism, joint attention, imitation, including neonatal abilities for imitation, social cognition, and other topics related to the knowledge of persons and second-personal experience. It argues for a role of narratives in communicating the knowledge of persons, and it shows the way in which this discussion can be extended into theology. It suggests that some of the central insights of Levinas and Buber had to do with the knowledge of persons and second-personal experience between God and human persons, as they understood it.
The Nature of Love
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

This chapter explores the nature of love. It begins by considering contemporary theories of love, including the responsiveness theory, the volitional theory associated with the work of Harry Frankfurt, and Niko Kolodny's relational account. It then gives a detailed discussion of Aquinas's account of love. It argues that Aquinas is right to think of love as requiring two mutually governing desires, one for the good of the beloved and one for union with the beloved. The chapter develops this account in connection with the offices of love, the character of friendship, and the special cases of self-love and the love of God. It concludes with the application of Aquinas's account of love to the nature of forgiveness.
Willed Loneliness
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that closeness, union, and love come in two modes: ordinary and strenuous. To make this case, it examines the analogy of two notions of freedom of the will, the ordinary and the strenuous (of the sort associated with the work of Harry Frankfurt). In order to make sense of this distinction among kinds of freedom, it is helpful first to make a distinction between two notions of the true self, a metaphysical and a psychological sense. The psychological sense depends on the metaphysical sense; in its turn, it undergirds and explains the strenuous notion of freedom. It also helps to explain the strenuous senses of closeness, union, and love; it also elucidates the way in which moral wrongdoing fragments the self. On this basis, the chapter then considers the nature of shame and the distinction between guilt and shame. It shows that both guilt and shame can produce a kind of willed loneliness.
Other‐Worldly Redemption
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

This chapter considers the way in which human moral wrongdoing fragments the psyche of the wrongdoer. It examines the theological doctrine of original sin and argues against attempts to show that a human tendency to moral wrongdoing, of the sort postulated by the doctrine of original sin, is incompatible with the existence of a perfectly good, omniscient, omnipotent God. It then presents the remedies for the human proclivity to moral wrongdoing as Aquinas sees them. These consist in the processes of justification and sanctification. The chapter argues that each of these processes requires a certain kind of passivity and surrender on the part of the person engaged in the process. Contrary to Harry Frankfurt's position that passivity is inimical to the true self and to human flourishing, it is argued that some significant goods for human beings, including the love of friendship, are impossible without some reciprocal passivity.
The Story of Job: Suffering and the Second‐Personal
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

Job is an exemplar of an innocent person who suffers involuntarily. This chapter focuses on the biblical story of Job and gives a detailed philosophical examination of many parts of the story. Its aim is to illuminate the picture the story gives us of God's reasons for allowing Job's suffering, when we are attuned to the second-person character of the narrative, in all its complexity. The nested stories the book contains regarding relations between creatures and God present God's providence operating in a fractal way, to deal with each of God's creatures as an end in himself, even while interweaving all the individual stories into one larger narrative.
The Story of Mary of Bethany: Heartbrokenness and Shame
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

Mary of Bethany is an exemplar of a person who suffers shame and heartbreak, if the story of the raising of Lazarus, in which she and her sister Martha figure largely, is understood in a certain way. This chapter examines the problem of suffering in connection with shame, desires of the heart, and heartbreak. It concentrates on the narrative of the anointing of Jesus by Mary of Bethany in the Gospel of John, and on the narrative of the anointing of Jesus by an anonymous sinful woman in the Gospel of Luke. It also discusses methodological issues in connection with philosophical examination of Gospel narratives. It shows the way in which, in the narratives, suffering is redeemed in second-personal relationship.
Knowability and Possible Epistemic Oddities
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: September 2010

This chapter explores alternatives, some of which avoid the epistemic oddities of the framework presented in Chapter 7. It presents a semantic framework that is paracomplete, but not paraconsistent, and avoids a commitment even to the mere possibility of truth-value gluts.