bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Helical Coordination Polymers [Co(phen)(oba)(H2O)2] and [Cd3(phen)3(oba)2(Hoba)2(H2O)2] (phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline; oba = 4, 4′‐oxybis(benzoate)
Authors: Zheng Yan‐Zhen , Liu Gao‐Feng , Ye Bao‐Hui , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: January 2004

Two coordination polymers, [Co(phen)(oba)(H2O)2] (1) and [Cd3(phen)3(oba)2(Hoba)2(H2O)2] (2) (oba = 4, 4′‐oxybis(benzoate), phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Complex 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, P21/n, a = 7.543(6), b = 33.05(2), c = 9.902(5)Å, β = 103.69(2)°, V = 2398(3)Å3, Z = 4; 2 in monoclinic, P2/n, a = 15.11(1), b = 10.069(8), c = 28.02(2)Å, β = 101.83(1)°, V = 4174(5)Å3, Z = 2. X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction investigations shows that the complexes 1 and 2 consist of helical chains, which are further assembled into layers and networks via supramolecular interactions such as π—π stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds, respectively. The results indicate that the coordination environment is one of the most important factors for assembly of single‐stranded helical chains into double‐stranded helical chains via supramolecular interactions.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Borazine Derivatives [B{CH2(SiCl3)}NH]3 and [B{CH2(SiCl2CH3)}NH]3
Authors: Jäschke Thomas , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2004

The borazine derivatives B, B′, B″‐tris[(trichlorosilyl)methyl]borazine [B{CH2(SiCl3)}NH]3 (1), and B, B′, B″‐tris[{dichloro(methyl)silyl}methyl]borazine [B{CH2(SiCl2CH3)}NH]3 (2) were prepared by reacting (Cl3Si)CH2(BCl2) (3) and [Cl2(CH3)Si]CH2(BCl2) (4) with hexamethyldisilazane (hmds), respectively. Both compounds, 1 and 2 crystallize in space group R3c with a = 1712.53(4), c = 1230.33(4) pm, Z = 6, R1 = 0.030, and a = 1713.8(2), c = 1258.7(2) pm, Z = 6, R1 = 0.034, respectively. According to the single crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, the title compounds show a planar B3N3 six‐membered ring with B—N distances of 142.3(3) pm (point symmetry C3) and synfacial oriented substituents. The borazine derivatives have also been characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by MS spectrometry.
On the Reaction of Dithioarsonites, L‐As(SPh)2 (L = Ar, R), with Octasulfur in the Presence of Triethylamine as an Activator. The Crystal Structure of the Sesquisulfide (2‐O2N‐C6H4‐As)2S3
Authors: Terzis Aris , Ioannou Panayiotis V.
Published: January 2004

Octasulfur (elemental sulfur) does not react at room temperature with a variety of AsIII compounds of the type Ar‐As(SPh)2 and R‐As(SPh)2. However, in the presence of catalytic amounts of triethylamine, which probably acts as an activator of octasulfur, reactions do take place. The products isolated from the aromatic dithioarsonites are not the expected Ar‐As(S)(SPh)2 but the sulfide, cyclo‐(PhAsS)4, and the sesquisulfides, (ArAs)2S3, which are the same with those obtained by reduction of arylarsonic acids with hydrogen sulfide. The action of S8/Et3N on aliphatic dithioarsonites did not give any AsV products but gave mixtures of non‐separable oligomeric (RAsS)x. Probable mechanistic routes for these reactions are proposed. The known cyclo‐(PhAsS)4 and (PhAs)2S3 and the new (2‐O2N‐C6H4‐As)2S3 have been structurally characterized: (2‐O2N‐C6H4‐As)2S3, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 13.564(9)Å, b = 7.982(6)Å, c = 16.67(1)Å, β = 117.63(2)°, V = 1599(2)Å3, Z = 4, wR2 0.0640. The 1, 4‐diarsa‐2, 3, 5‐trithiacyclopentane ring is puckered and the two AsIII atoms are pseudo tetrahedral.
N, N, N′, N′‐Tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1, 3‐diaminobenzene as a Bis‐chelate Ligand in [1, 3‐{cis‐Mo(CO)4(PPh2)2N}2C6H4]
Authors: Majoumo Felicite , Lönnecke Peter , Kühl Olaf , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: January 2004

1, 3‐Diaminobenzene reacts readily with PPh2Cl to give N, N, N′, N′‐tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1, 3‐diaminobenzene (1) in excellent yield. The dinuclear complex [1, 3‐{cis‐Mo(CO)4(PPh2)2N}2C6H4] (2) is obtained in high yield from 1 and cis‐[Mo(CO)4(NCEt)2]. Compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 31P) and by crystal structure determination. The latter shows the formation of a bis‐chelate complex with Mo‐P‐N‐P four‐membered rings.
Three Modifications of [Pr2(ClO4)2(H2I2O10)]·8 H2O — A Theme with Variations
Authors: Fischer Andreas
Published: January 2004

From solutions containing praseodymium perchlorate and periodic acid, three different modifications of [Pr2(ClO4)2(H2I2O10)] · 8 H2O could be obtained. All of them crystallize in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c (α: a = 1091.47(6), b = 728.24(4), c = 1388.84(8) pm, β = 101.420(3)°; β: a = 1169.93(3), b = 728.72(2), c = 1384.50(4) pm, β = 112.303(2)°; γ: a = 1209.56(4), b = 712.53(2), c = 1361.64(5) pm, β = 115.691(1)°). The structures contain Pr3+ cations which are coordinated by [H2I2O10]4— anions yielding two‐dimensional networks. These networks are separated by ClO4— anions yielding a layered structure.
Solvothermal Syntheses and Characterization of Thiostannates [M(en)3]2Sn2S6 (M = Mn, Co, Zn), the Influence of Metal Ions on the Crystal Structure
Authors: Jia Ding‐Xian , Zhang Yong , Dai Jie , Zhu Qin‐Yu , Gu Xiao‐Mei
Published: January 2004

Three new thiostannates [M(en)3]2Sn2S6 (en = ethylenediamine, M = Mn(1), Co(2) and Zn(3)) were synthesized by solvothermal method. The crystals were grown up in a Teflon‐lined steel autoclave at temperature about 180 °C. All the three compounds consist of discrete [Sn2S6]4— anions, which are dimer of two tetrahedral SnS4 sharing a common edge. The transition metal cations are six‐coordinated by three ethylenediamine molecules forming octahedral complex ions. Although the synthetic procedures, the mole ratio of the reactants and the solvent are essentially the same, the compound of MnII is quite different in structure from that of compounds of CoII and ZnII. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system, C2/c, whereas compounds 2 and 3 crystallize in the orthorhombic crystal system, Pbca. Unlike compound 1, the [M(en)3]2+ cations in 2 and 3 are disordered. The difference of molecular packing between 1 and 2‐3 is considered due to the influence of the entities of the metal ions, such as radii and the coordination properties. The thermal chemical behaviors of the compounds 1‐3 were discussed and the results are also related to the property of the metal ions.
[Pt(Hmimt)4](NO3)2: Hydrogen Bonding Determines the Difference between the Structures of the Tetrakis[1‐methyl‐2(3H)‐imidazolinethione]platinum(II) Cation in its Chloride and Nitrate Salts
Authors: Calvo Josefa , Casas José S. , García‐Martínez Emilia , Parajó Yolanda , Sánchez‐González Angeles , Sordo José
Published: January 2004

The yellow‐orange crystals of [Pt(Hmimt)4](NO3)2 [Hmimt = 1‐methyl‐2(3H)‐imidazolinethione] are monoclinic [P21, a = 8.136(3), b = 13.978(4), c = 12.150(9)Å, β = 96.89(5)°]. They consist of [Pt(Hmimt)4]2+ cations and nitrate anions. In the cation the Pt atom is coordinated by four S atoms [Pt‐S: 2.291(5)‐2.357(5)Å] in a slightly distorted square planar arrangement.
Die ungewöhnliche Umwandlung von P(SnMe3)3 in P4(SnMe2)6
Authors: Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter
Published: January 2004

Das stannylierte Phosphan P(SnMe3)3 reagiert in Anwesenheit geringer Mengen von [(ZnCl)2Fe(CO)4(THF)2] in THF (Tetrahydrofuran) bei Raumtemperatur zu der äußerst schwerlöslichen Verbindung P4(SnMe2)6 (1). Diese kristallisiert direkt aus der Reaktionslösung in Form farbloser Nadeln (Raumgruppe Cmcm, a = 1593, 6(3) pm, b = 1118, 2(2), c = 1602, 5(3), Z = 4). Die Reaktion von ZnCl2 mit P(SnMe3)3 führt unter gleichen Reaktionsbedingungen nur zur Bildung des Komplexes [ZnCl2{P(SnMe3)3}THF] (2) (Raumgruppe Pccn, a = 1593, 6(3) pm, b = 1118, 2(2), c = 1602, 5(3), Z = 8).
Synthesen und Molekülstrukturen von [Cu20Ga10Cl4Se23(PEt2Ph)12] und [Cu14In6Se7(iPrSe)18]
Authors: Eichhöfer Andreas , Fenske Dieter , Olkowska‐Oetzel Jolanta
Published: January 2004

CuCl und GaCl3 reagieren in THF mit Se(SiMe3)2 in Anwesenheit von PEt2Ph zu [Cu20Ga10Cl4Se23(PEt2Ph)12] (1). Die Reaktion von CuCl, InCl3 und TMEDA mit iPrSeSiMe3 führt in DME zur Bildung von [Cu14In6Se7(iPrSe)18] (2). Die Strukturen der Verbindungen 1 und 2 konnten durch Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt werden. Sie stellen zwei neue Strukturtypen von molekularen Clustern dar, die aus Elementen der Gruppen 11, 13 und 16 gebildet werden. Beide Molekülstrukturen zeigen allerdings keine Analogie zu den Festkörperstrukturen der entsprechenden ternären Verbindungen.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a Binuclear Copper(II) Complex Containing an Oxalate Bridge
Authors: Bian He‐Dong , Tian Jin‐Lei , Liu Zhan‐Quan , Gu Wen , Xu Jing‐Yuan , Yan Shi‐Ping , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Cheng Peng
Published: January 2004

The complex [Cu2(L)2(μ2‐C2O4)]·CH3OH (1) has been synthesized and characterized by IR, UV, ESR and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurement, where L = 1‐(ethylamino)‐2‐(salicylideneamino)ethane. The crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that complex 1 has a μ2‐C2O42— bridge. The complex exhibits ferromagnetic couplings between the copper atoms bridged by oxalate dianion, which is rare in oxalato‐bridged copper complexes.
Über Münzmetall‐Quecksilber‐Chalkogenidhalogenide. IV1) Hydrothermalsynthese und Kristallstruktur von CuHgSI und CuHg2S2I
Authors: Keller Hans‐Lothar , Wimbert Lars
Published: January 2004

Ausgehend von CuI und α‐HgS fällt CuHgSI in verdünnter wässriger HI‐Lösung durch hydrothermale Umsetzung bei 180 °C in Form von dunkelroten Kristallen an. Die Verbindung kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pna21 mit a = 718, 3(1) pm, b = 834, 3(2) pm und c = 698, 9(1) pm und vier Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. CuHg2S2I kann durch hydrothermale Umsetzung von CuI und α‐HgS in verdünnter wässriger HI‐Lösung bei 300 °C in Form von schwarzen Kristallen dargestellt werden. Die Verbindung kristallisiert ebenfalls orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Cmc21 mit a = 1261, 8(3) pm, b = 722, 4(1) pm und c = 693, 7(1) pm sowie vier Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. Beide Kristallstrukturen stellen Verzerrungsvarianten des Wurtzitstrukturtyps dar, wobei in beiden Fällen unterschiedliche Anionenteilgitter vorliegen.
Alkalimetalltetraethinylozincate und ‐cadmate AI2M(C2H)4 (AI = Na — Cs, M = Zn, Cd): Synthese, Kristallstruktur und spektroskopische Eigenschaften
Authors: Cremer Ulrich , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: January 2004

Durch Reaktion von AIC2H (AI = Na — Cs) mit zweiwertigen Zink‐ und Cadmium‐Salzen in flüssigem Ammoniak konnten die Alkalimetalltetraethinylozincate und ‐cadmate AI2M(C2H)4 (M = Zn, Cd) als polykristalline Pulver dargestellt werden. Während Na2M(C2H)4 röntgenamorph ist und die Kristallstruktur von Cs2Zn(C2H)4 bislang noch nicht aufgeklärt werden konnte, sind die restlichen Verbindungen nach Beugungsuntersuchungen am Pulver mit Röntgen‐ und Synchrotronstrahlung isotyp zu den strukturell bereits bekannten Kaliumverbindungen. Sie kristallisieren in der tetragonalen Raumgruppe I41/a, enthalten [M(C2H)4]2—‐Tetraeder und zeigen strukturelle Verwandtschaften zum Scheelit und Anatas. Raman‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen belegen das Vorliegen eines Tetraederfragmentes mit C‐C‐Dreifachbindungen in den Alkalimetall‐ wie auch in den röntgenamorphen Erdalkalimetallverbindungen AIIM(C2H)4 (AII = Mg — Ba, M = Zn, Cd).
Odontoblast primary cilia: facts and hypotheses
Authors: Magloire Henry , Couble Marie‐Lise , Romeas Annick , Bleicher Françoise
Published: January 2004

Odontoblasts, the cells responsible for the dentine formation, are organized as a single layer of highly polarized and differentiated post‐mitotic cells along the interface between the dental pulp and the mineralized tubules. They lay down the physiological secondary dentine throughout the life of the teeth. Odontoblasts play a central role in the transportation of calcium to the dentine and they possibly mediate early stages of sensory processing in teeth. A primary cilium, 9+0 configuration, have been regularly identified in a supra nuclear location. Calbindin D28k has been detected at the base of the cilium membrane. The cilium structure was positive with detyrosinated α tubulin antibodies in vivo and in cultured human odontoblasts. Transcripts of tektin, a protein involved in ciliogenesis, were expressed in vitro. The putative role of the primary cilium constituting a critical link between external teeth stimuli and odontoblast responses is extensively discussed.
A perspective on inversin
Authors: Eley Lorraine , Turnpenny Lee , Yates Laura M , Craighead A. Scott , Morgan David , Whistler Catherine , Goodship Judith A , Strachan Tom
Published: January 2004

Over the past 5 years, there has been increasing evidence for the role of primary (9+0) cilia in renal physiology and in establishing the left—right axis. The cilia in the renal tract are immotile and thought to have a sensory function. Cilia at the murine embryonic node have a vortical movement that sets up a leftward flow. Inversin, the protein defective in the inv mouse and in patients with type‐2 nephronophthisis, localizes to both renal and node primary cilia. However, we present evidence that it is also expressed before the node forms and that its subcellular localization in renal tubular cells is not confined to the cilia. Its role in both the pathway determining left—right axis and renal function remains to be elucidated.
Co‐treatment with dexamethasone and octanoate induces adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Takenouchi Takato , Takayama Yoshiharu , Takezawa Toshiaki
Published: January 2004

We report here that octanoate, a medium chain fatty acid, induces adipocyte differentiation in 3T3‐L1 cells by co‐treatment with dexamethasone, although octanoate has been known not to stimulate 3T3‐L1 adipogenesis. A low concentration of exogenous glucose prevented 3T3‐L1 adipogenesis induced by 1‐methyl 3‐isobutylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI) treatment (a common protocol for adipocyte differentiation). In contrast, co‐treatment with dexamethasone and octanoate (D‐OCT) induced adipogenesis under the same conditions. These findings imply that octanoate, rather than glucose, is the source of accumulated lipids in D‐OCT‐induced adipogenesis. D‐OCT increased expression of the differentiation markers peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ2 and caveolin‐1. A specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibited D‐OCT‐induced adipogenesis. These results suggest that the p38 MAP kinase pathway followed by up‐regulation of PPARγ2 may be involved in 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation induced by D‐OCT, as well as by MDI.
Analysis of age dependent changes of Topoisomerase II α and β in rat brain
Authors: Kondapi Anand K. , Mulpuri Neelima , Mandraju R.K. , Sasikaran B. , Subba Rao K.
Published: January 2004

Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II (Topo II) is present in two isoforms α and β. The α isoform is predominantly localized in proliferative tissue, while β isoform is present in all tissues. In the present study we report the activity and protein levels of Topoisomerase II α and β in rat brains of different age groups viz.: E11 (Embryo day 11), E18 (Embryo day 18), post‐natal day 1, young (<10 days), adult (<6 months) and old (>2 years). Topoisomerase II β isoform is found to be the predominant form in brain tissue but Topoisomerase II α is found in embryos up to post‐natal day 1. The studies to examine the regional distribution of Topoisomerase II β in brain showed highest activity in cerebellar region and that too only neuronal cell fraction. There was a significant age‐dependent decline in this activity. Hence, Topoisomerase II β may have some unknown function in cerebellum and the low levels of Topoisomerase II β activity in ageing cerebellum may contribute to the genomic instability in cerebellar region of ageing brain.
Targeted delivery of progenitor cells for cartilage repair
Authors: Dennis James E. , Cohen Nir , Goldberg Victor M. , Caplan Arnold I.
Published: January 2004

An approach for promoting the adherence of chondrogenic progenitor cells to specific matrix molecules has been tested in a cartilage defect model. Culture‐expanded pre‐chondrocytes fluorescently labeled with a vital dye were coated by a two‐step method wherein lipidated protein G was first allowed to intercalate into cell membranes, and a second incubation in a solution of antibodies to cartilage matrix antigens allowed the binding of the antibodies to the protein G, on the external surface of the cell. The coating technique (termed „cell painting”︁) does not effect cell viability or inhibit growth and chondrogenic potential. Painted cells were then added to rabbit cartilage explants that had a partial‐thickness defect, washed, and prepared for histological examination and for confocal microscopy. The histological observations and the confocal observations and fluorescent intensity quantification consistently demonstrated that progenitor cells painted with multiple antibodies were capable of preferential binding to the exposed cartilage matrix within the defect. These results demonstrate that painting cell membranes with antibodies to matrix molecules is an effective method for promoting the adherence of stem or progenitor cells to a cartilage injury site. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ERK‐1/2 activity is required for efficient RSV infection
Authors: Kong Xiaoyuan , San Juan Homero , Behera Aruna , Peeples Mark E , Wu Jerry , Lockey Richard F , Mohapatra Shyam S
Published: January 2004

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection up‐regulates the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory mediators in bronchial epithelial cells. However, the specific signaling events immediately following RSV exposure are poorly understood. Herein, we report that RSV attachment to A549 cells activates both ERK‐1 and ERK‐2 pathways within 5 min. Inhibition of ERK pathways significantly decreases RSV infection of these cells compared to controls. These results demonstrate that the activation of the ERK‐1/2 is required in RSV‐induced early gene expression.
Cell‐free production of active E. coli thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase
Authors: Knapp Kurtis G , Swartz James R
Published: January 2004

Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase (TR) and glutathione reductase (GR) are dimeric proteins that require a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor for activity. A cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) reaction supplemented with FAD was used to produce TR at 760 μg/ml with 89% of the protein being soluble. GR accumulated to 521 μg/ml in a cell‐free reaction with 71% solubility. The TR produced was fully active with a specific activity of 1390 min−1. The GR had a specific activity of 139 U/mg, which is significantly more active than reported for GR purified from cells. The specific activity for both TR and GR decreased without FAD supplementation. This research demonstrates that CFPS can be used to produce enzymes that are multimeric and require a cofactor.
Interleukin‐12 secreted by mature dendritic cells mediates activation of NK cell function
Authors: Alli Rajshekhar S , Khar Ashok
Published: January 2004

Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to modulate immune response by activating effector cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. In the present study, we demonstrate that co‐culture of DCs with paraformaldehyde‐fixed tumor cells augments the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐12 by DCs and these activated DCs upon co‐culture with naive NK cells enhance the cytolytic activity of NK cells against NK‐sensitive target YAC‐1. Similarly, DCs isolated from tumor‐bearing animals also activated NK cells in vitro. For efficient activation of NK cells, the ratio of activated DCs to NK cells is crucial. Addition of anti‐IL‐12 antibody to the culture system completely abolished activation of NK cells by DCs, suggesting that IL‐12 secreted by DCs is an essential factor in NK cell activation. Adoptive transfer of DCs isolated from tumor‐bearing animals into normal rats also induced activation of NK cells in normal animals.
p53 mediates density‐dependent growth arrest
Authors: Meerson A. , Milyavsky M. , Rotter V.
Published: January 2004

While the stress‐response‐associated importance of the p53 tumor suppressor is well established, recent studies have also linked p53 with several basic parameters in the normal behavior of cells. Here, we present evidence that basal p53 expression in WI38 human embryonic lung fibroblasts restricts growth rate and mediates density‐dependent inhibition of growth and the associated G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle by affecting the density‐dependent regulation of p16/INK4a. Additionally, we show that prolonged culturing of hTert‐immortalized WI38 cells leads to a loss of density‐dependent growth inhibition that correlates with p27/KIP deregulation as well as the previously shown INK4a locus silencing, and to an onset of contact‐induced, p53‐dependent cell death.
The giant protein HERC1 is recruited to aluminum fluoride‐induced actin‐rich surface protrusions in HeLa cells
Authors: Garcia-Gonzalo Francesc R , Muñoz Purificación , González Elena , Casaroli-Marano Ricardo P , Vilaró Senén , Bartrons Ramon , Ventura Francesc , Rosa Jose Luis
Published: January 2004

HERC1 is a very large protein involved in membrane traffic through both its ability to bind clathrin and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity over ARF and Rab family GTPases. Herein, we show that HERC1 is recruited onto actin‐rich surface protrusions in ARF6‐transfected HeLa cells upon aluminum fluoride (AlF4
−) treatment. Moreover, the fact that HERC1 overexpression does not stimulate protrusion formation in the absence of AlF4
−, in conditions where ARNO does, indicates that HERC1 is not acting as an ARF6‐GEF in this system, but that instead its recruitment takes place downstream of ARF6 activation. Finally, we suggest a phosphoinositide‐binding mechanism whereby HERC1 may translocate to these protrusions.
Characterization of altered regulation variants of dinitrogenase reductase‐activating glycohydrolase from Rhodospirillum rubrum
Authors: Kim Kitai , Zhang Yaoping , Roberts Gary P
Published: January 2004

In Rhodospirillum rubrum, nitrogenase activity is subject to posttranslational regulation through the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP‐ribosyltransferase (DRAT) and dinitrogenase reductase‐activating glycohydrolase (DRAG). To study the posttranslational regulation of DRAG, its gene was mutagenized and colonies screened for altered DRAG regulation. Three different mutants were found and the DRAG variants displayed different biochemical properties including an altered affinity for divalent metal ions. Taken together, the results suggest that the site involved in regulation is physically near the metal binding site of DRAG.
The functional interaction between HMGA1 and the estrogen receptor requires either the N‐ or the C‐terminal domain of the receptor
Authors: Massaad-Massade Liliane , Tacine Rachida , Dulauroy Sophie , Reeves Raymond , Barouki Robert
Published: January 2004

We have previously shown that HMGA1 enhances the transcriptional activity of promoters containing the estrogen response element (ERE) and increases binding of the estrogen receptor (ER) to ERE. Herein, we have assessed the transcriptional activity and ERE‐binding ability of deleted ER fragments in absence or in presence of HMGA1. The HMGA1 protein stimulated binding and transcriptional activity by a factor of about 2‐fold compared to the wild‐type ER and both the N‐ and C‐terminal ER deleted domains, but had no effect when both domains were deleted. These data show that HMGA1 cooperates with either the N‐ or the C‐terminal transcriptional activation domain of the ER.
Interactions of acid sphingomyelinase and lipid bilayers in the presence of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine
Authors: Kölzer Melanie , Werth Norbert , Sandhoff Konrad
Published: January 2004

The tricyclic antidepressant desipramine causes a decrease in cellular acid sphingomyelinase (A‐SMase, EC 3.1.4.12) activity when added to culture medium of human fibroblasts. This effect can be prevented by incubation of the cells with the protease inhibitor leupeptin, which suggests that desipramine induces proteolytic degradation of the lysosomal enzyme. By using surface plasmon resonance (SPR, Biacore) we were able to monitor the interactions of A‐SMase and substrate‐containing lipid bilayers immobilized on the surface of a Pioneer™ L1 sensor chip. SPR binding curves show that the enzyme hardly dissociates from the lipid surface at acidic pH values. On the other hand, a drop in binding signals (resonance units, RU) of approximately 50% occurred after injection of 20 mM desipramine. Our findings indicate that desipramine interferes with the binding of A‐SMase to the lipid bilayers and thereby displaces the enzyme from its membrane‐bound substrate. The application of control substances suggests a key role for the cationic moiety of desipramine. We hypothesize that the displacement of the glycoprotein A‐SMase from the inner membranes of late endosomes and lysosomes by desipramine renders it susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by lysosomal proteases.
Exploring the Ethiopic Book of the Cock, An Apocryphal Passion
Gospel from Late Antiquity
Authors: Piovanelli Pierluigi
Published: January 2004

The Mashafa dorho, or Book of
the Cock, is an apocryphal passion narrative that survives
in an Ethiopic ()
version, which in turn has clearly been translated from an Arabic
Vorlage. The anonymous author describes it as
an oral teaching (the
terms are dersān, “homily, discourse,” and
temhert, “doctrine, instruction”) that he or
she received from the apostles themselves. One of the author's main concerns
is to relate “in detail” (4:18) “all that has happened” to Jesus (4:8). At
the end of the narrative, the author acknowledges his or her debt to John
the Evangelist, who was—“in tension with, yet finally in harmony with
Peter”—one of the foremost eyewitnesses to the events of the passion.
Although a fragment of the Book of the Cock has
long been known to Western scholars, and the entire work enjoys to this day
a privileged place in the liturgy of the Ethiopian church, the antiquity of
the traditions that it preserves has not been recognized; hence the claim to
have “newly discovered” an apocryphal text, the origins of which lie in the
fifth or sixth century C.E.
Fasting as a Penitential Rite: A Biblical Phenomenon?
Authors: Lambert David
Published: January 2004

In the opening decades of the twentieth century, several ethnologists
became interested in the phenomenon of fasting. They found, in the words of
one study, that “the custom of fasting is wide-spread among peoples at very
different stages of civilization, and is practiced for a variety of
purposes.” The impulse to order such multifarious data led later scholars to
construct systems of classification. One such attempt describes the
motivations for fasting as follows: “it may be an act of penitence or of
propitiation; a preparatory rite before some act of sacramental eating or an
initiation; a mourning ceremony; one of a series of purification rites; a
means of inducing dreams and visions; a method of adding force to magical
rites.”
Toward an automated approach to the design of sheet metal components
Authors: SOMAN ADITYA , PADHYE SWAPNIL , CAMPBELL MATTHEW I.
Published: January 2004

The design of sheet metal components is perhaps one of the more challenging concurrent activities for design and manufacturing engineers. To aid this design process, a method is developed to encapsulate the constraints of sheet metal that make designing such components a tedious and iterative procedure. This project involves the implementation and testing of a geometric representation scheme for building feasible sheet metal components through the use of 17 grammar rules that capture manufacturing operations like cutting and bending. The implemented system has benefits both as a user interaction tool and as the basis for a computational design synthesis approach for designing sheet metal components. An example of a constructed sheet metal component is shown along with the method for invoking the sheet metal grammar to create this component.
Using genetic programming and decision trees for generating
structural descriptions of four bar mechanisms
Authors: EKÁRT ANIKÓ , MÁRKUS ANDRÁS
Published: January 2004

Four bar mechanisms are basic components of many important mechanical
devices. The kinematic synthesis of four bar mechanisms is a difficult
design problem. A novel method that combines the genetic programming
and decision tree learning methods is presented. We give a structural
description for the class of mechanisms that produce desired coupler
curves. Constructive induction is used to find and characterize
feasible regions of the design space. Decision trees constitute the
learning engine, and the new features are created by genetic
programming.
A study in applying case-based reasoning to engineering design: Mechanical bearing design
Authors: QIN XIAOLI , REGLI WILLIAM C.
Published: January 2004

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a promising methodology for solving many complex engineering design problems. CBR employs past problem-solving experiences when solving new problems. This paper presents a case study of how to apply CBR to a specific engineering problem: mechanical bearing design. A system is developed that retrieves previous design cases from a case repository and uses adaptation techniques to modify them to satisfy the current problem requirements. The approach combines both parametric and constraint satisfaction adaptations. Parametric adaptation considers not only parameter substitution but also the interrelationships between the problem definition and its solution. Constraint satisfaction provides a method to globally check the design requirements to assess case adaptability. Currently, our system has been implemented and tested in the domain of rolling bearings. This work serves as a template for application of CBR techniques to realistic engineering problems.
Growth and erosion of fold‐and‐thrust belts with an application to the Aconcagua fold‐and‐thrust belt, Argentina
Authors: Hilley G. E. , Strecker M. R. , Ramos V. A.
Published: January 2004

The development of topography within and erosional removal of material from an orogen exerts a primary control on its structure. We develop a model that describes the temporal development of a frontally accreting, critically growing Coulomb wedge whose topography is largely limited by bedrock fluvial incision. We present general results for arbitrary initial critical wedge geometries and investigate the temporal development of a critical wedge with no initial topography. Increasing rock erodibility and/or precipitation, decreasing mass flux accreting to the wedge front, increasing wedge sole‐out depth, decreasing wedge and basal decollement overpressure, and increasing basal decollement friction lead to narrow wedges. Large power law exponent values cause the wedge geometry to quickly reach a condition in which all material accreted to the front of the wedge is removed by erosion. We apply our model to the Aconcagua fold‐and‐thrust belt in the central Andes of Argentina where wedge development over time is well constrained. We solve for the erosional coefficient K that is required to recreate the field‐constrained wedge growth history, and these values are within the range of independently determined values in analogous rock types. Using qualitative observations of rock erodibilities within the wedge, we speculate that power law exponents of 1/3 ≤ m ≤ 0.4 and 2/3 ≤ n ≤ 1 characterize the erosional growth of the Aconcagua fold‐and‐thrust belt. This general model may be used to understand the development of mountain belts where orogenic wedges grow as they deform at their Coulomb failure limit.
Steady state erosion of critical Coulomb wedges with applications to Taiwan and the Himalaya
Authors: Hilley G. E. , Strecker M. R.
Published: January 2004

Orogenic structure appears to be partially controlled by the addition to and removal of material from the mountain belt by tectonic accretion and geomorphic erosion, respectively. We developed a coupled erosion‐deformation model for orogenic wedges that are in erosional steady state and deform at their Coulomb failure limit. Erosional steady state is reached when all material introduced into the wedge is removed by erosion that is limited by the rate at which rivers erode through bedrock. We found that the ultimate form of a wedge is controlled by the wedge mechanical properties, sole‐out depth of the basal decollement, erosional exponents, basin geometry, and the ratio of the added material flux to the erosional constant. As this latter ratio is increased, wedge width and surface slopes increase. We applied these models to the Taiwan and Himalayan orogenic wedges and found that despite a higher flux of material entering the former, the inferred ratio was larger for the latter. Calculated values for the erodibility of each wedge showed at least an order of magnitude lower value for the Himalaya relative to Taiwan. These values are consistent with the lower precipitation regime in the Himalaya relative to Taiwan and the exposure of crystalline rocks within the Himalayan orogenic wedge. Independently determined rock erodibility estimates are consistent with the accretionary wedge sediments and metasediments and the crystalline and high‐grade metamorphic rocks exposed within Taiwan and the Himalaya, respectively. Therefore differences in rock type and climate apparently lead to key differences in the erosion and hence orogenic structure of these two mountain belts.
Global water vapor analyses over the oceans using Along Track Scanning Radiometer infrared data
Authors: Barton Ian J.
Published: January 2004

Collocated measurements by the microwave radiometer (MWR) and the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) on the ERS‐2 satellite are used to develop algorithms for estimating global total water vapor content (TWV) over the global oceans from ATSR data. The three ATSR infrared bands that view the Earth's surface through two different view angles are treated as “sounding” channels. Agreement between the MWR and ATSR estimates of nadir TWV are within 0.3 cm of precipitable water. The TWV algorithms are applied to global ATSR data sets and to two small samples of collocated ATSR and radiosonde data over the open ocean. A comparison is made between the August 1997 monthly average TWV distributions obtained from ATSR and the global NASA Water Vapor Project data set.
Airglow emissions and oxygen mixing ratios from the photometer experiment on the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX)
Authors: Hecht J. H. , Liu A. Z. , Walterscheid R. L. , Roble R. G. , Larsen M. F. , Clemmons J. H.
Published: January 2004

The Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) combined Na lidar measurements from Starfire Optical Range in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with a launch of a payload from White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), located a little over 100 km from Starfire. The payload included a trmethyl aluminum release to measure winds and diffusion, a 5‐channel ionization gauge to measure neutral densities, and a 3‐channel photometer experiment to measure atomic oxygen related airglow. The payload was launched at 0957 UT on 26 October 2000 and successfully obtained data from all the experiments. The photometer experiment consisted of three liquid nitrogen cooled filter photometers which measured emission from the O2 atmospheric band (0, 0) emission, the OH Meinel (9, 4) band, and the OI(557.7 nm) greenline. Measurements were made as the rocket went from 80 to 110 km on the upleg. The pointing of the photometers was within a few degrees of zenith. Differentiating these data allowed volume emission rates to be derived which can be inverted to form atomic oxygen density profiles. The interpretation of the data made use of simultaneous atmospheric temperature data from the Na lidar. The airglow data showed lower brightness values and lower peak altitudes for the O2 atmospheric (0, 0) band and OI(557.7 nm) emissions than predicted by the thermosphere/ionosphere/mesopshere/electrodynamics general circulation (TIME‐GCM) model. The peak altitude of the OH Meinel emission seemed nominal. Inverting the O2 atmospheric (0, 0) and OI(557.7 nm) data following McDade et al. [1986] produced O density profiles whose peak densities and peak altitudes are lower than the model values. The shape of the O density profile is also more constant with altitude than model predictions. The O mixing ratio shows a more altitude‐independent profile than given by the model, especially between 85 and 95 km. Significant deviations in the measured shape of the mixing ratio also occur at 90, 97, and 102 km. The interpretation of these data is that the O mixing ratio was significantly perturbed by the passage of an atmospheric gravity wave or tide and the subsequent convective or dynamical instabilities produced by that wave. Dynamically or convectively unstable layers at 90, 97, and 102 km at the time of the launch also appear to be reflected in the mixing ratio data.
Sedimentary structure of the Nansen and Amundsen basins, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Jokat Wilfried , Micksch Uli
Published: January 2004

The first continuous multichannel seismic profile to investigate the deeper structure of the western Nansen Basin was acquired in 2001 with the German and US icebreakers RV Polarstern and USCGC Healy. The 550‐km long profile provides detailed insight into the deeper structure of this part of the Arctic Ocean. The sediments are up to 4.5 km thick close to the North Svalbard margin. The sediments thin continuously towards the north. The topography of the oceanic basement in the Nansen Basin is very rough, and it crops out north of 84°43'N 22°05'E. Here, it prevents the deposition of thicker sediment units. The rift valley of the Gakkel Ridge, with water depths around 4830 m, was crossed at 85°36'N 16°41'E. The top of the basement along the profile can be fit by a theoretical subsidence curve. In the Amundsen Basin, sediments are only 1.7–2.0 km thick and oceanic basement younger than chron 13 shallows abruptly some 100 km north of the median valley. The contrasting basement structures are related in our interpretation to the differing depositional histories of the two basins, and to asymmetric spreading in Cenozoic times.
Sensitivity of Northern Hemispheric continental ice sheets to tropical SST during deglaciation
Authors: Rodgers Keith B. , Charbit Sylvie , Kageyama Masa , Philippon Gwenaëlle , Ramstein Gilles , Ritz Catherine , Yin Jeffrey H. , Lohmann Gerrit , Lorenz Stephan J. , Khodri Myriam
Published: January 2004

A thermomechanical ice sheet model (ISM) is used to investigate the sensitivity of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets to tropical sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations during deglaciation. The ISM is driven by surface temperature and precipitation fields from three different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). For each AGCM, the responses in temperature and precipitation over the ice sheets nearly compensate, such that ice sheet mass balance is not strongly sensitive to tropical SST boundary conditions. It was also found that there is significant variation in the response of the ISM to the different AGCM output fields.
Effect of precipitation sampling error on simulated hydrological fluxes and states: Anticipating the Global Precipitation Measurement satellites
Authors: Nijssen Bart , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: January 2004

Precipitation is the single most important determinant of the fluxes and states of the land surface hydrological system and the most important atmospheric input to hydrological models. Satellite‐based precipitation estimates, such as those anticipated from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites, hold great promise for application in hydrologic simulation and prediction, especially in parts of the world where surface observation networks are sparse. However, the usefulness of these precipitation products for hydrological applications will depend on their error characteristics. Of particular interest in satellite‐derived precipitation estimates is the sampling error, that is, the error in accumulated precipitation due to periodic sampling of the precipitation rate. To assess the effect of this error on simulated hydrological fluxes and states, synthetic error fields were imposed on an observation‐based 1/2° latitude/longitude gridded precipitation data set. In turn, the generated precipitation fields were used as input to a macroscale hydrology model (MHM). Our results show that (1) streamflow errors were large for small drainage areas but decreased rapidly for drainage areas larger than about 50,000 km2. Much of the streamflow error is associated with fast (near‐surface) runoff response. (2) Streamflow estimates were biased upward due to sampling errors, with the bias increasing with sampling interval and with drainage area. Evapotranspiration was biased downward in a compensating amount. (3) Spatial correlation of precipitation errors reduced the rate at which errors decreased with drainage area for all variables investigated, but the differences between the correlated and uncorrelated error cases were smaller for streamflow and evapotranspiration than for precipitation.
Interannual variation in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate: Role of atmospheric transport in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Murayama Shohei , Taguchi Shoichi , Higuchi Kaz
Published: January 2004

In this study, we examine the role of the atmospheric circulation variability in reproducing the interannual variability of the observed atmospheric CO2 growth rate in the Northern Hemisphere. Results from a series of numerical experiments performed with a three‐dimensional atmospheric transport model driven by European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts winds from 1979 to 1999 and forced at the bottom with an annually balanced, seasonally distributed (i.e., no interannual variations) terrestrial CO2 flux calculated by the Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach (CASA) ecosystem model show changes in atmospheric CO2 growth rates that are significantly correlated with those observed at many stations located in midlatitude to high‐latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Particularly, we find that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific‐North America (PNA) indices are correlated with the observed growth rates at Alert and Point Barrow. This suggests that where there is large variability in atmospheric circulation, it needs to be taken into account when changes in observed atmospheric CO2 at various stations are to be understood in terms of changes in CO2 sources. In numerical experiments in which biospheric CO2 fluxes from the CASA model are perturbed in a known arbitrary way, we find that the Northern Hemisphere observational sites do not appear to be sensitive to changes in the CO2 seasonal flux cycle except at close proximity and thus would not be useful for inferring a Northern Hemisphere biospheric sink. Results suggest sensitivity of the locations of some monitoring stations, with respect to atmospheric circulation patterns, in detecting major changes in the biospheric CO2 flux from certain regions in the Northern Hemisphere.
Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in humans: regulation by α-tocopherol and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor
Authors: SMEDMAN Annika , VESSBY Bengt , BASU Samar
Published: January 2004

We have found previously that supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induces lipid peroxidation and inflammation in humans as indicated by an increase of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2α respectively. The present study was undertaken firstly to study the regulatory mechanisms behind these effects, and secondly to see if these effects are specific to different isomers of CLA. Sixty healthy men and women, divided into six groups, were given a cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor (rofecoxib; 12 mg/day), α-tocopherol (200 mg/day) or neither treatment (control group) over a period of 6 weeks. During the last 4 weeks, three groups were given a CLA preparation (3.5 g/day) mainly containing the isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 (CLA mix), and the three other groups a CLA preparation mainly containing the isomer trans-10, cis-12 (CLA 1012; 4.0 g/day). Treatment with α-tocopherol or COX-2 inhibitor did not alter the basal urinary levels of either 8-iso-PGF2α or 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2α. Both CLA preparations induced an increase in 8-iso-PGF2α and 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2α in the urine, with a larger increase being found in the CLA 1012 group. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor suppressed the increase in urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2α in the CLA 1012 group, but not in the CLA mix group. Neither the COX-2 inhibitor nor α-tocopherol had any effect on 8-iso-PGF2α levels after supplementation with CLA. The CLA-induced production of PGF2α metabolites is probably partially mediated by COX-2. Levels of the induced lipid peroxidation may be dependent on the isomeric property of CLA.
Relationship between longitudinal and radial contractility in subclinical diabetic heart disease
Authors: FANG Zhi You , LEANO Rodel , MARWICK Thomas H.
Published: January 2004

Subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction may be identified by reduced longitudinal contraction. We sought to define the effects of subclinical LV dysfunction on radial contractility in 53 patients with diabetes mellitus with no LV hypertrophy, normal ejection fraction and no ischaemia as assessed by dobutamine echocardiography, in comparison with age-matched controls. Radial peak myocardial systolic velocity (Sm) and early diastolic velocity (Em), strain and strain rate were measured in the mid-posterior and mid-anteroseptal walls in parasternal views and each variable was averaged for individual patients (radial contractility). These variables were also measured in the mid-posterior and mid-anteroseptal walls in the apical long-axis view and each variable was averaged for individual patients (longitudinal contractility). Mean radial Sm, strain and strain rate were significantly increased in diabetic patients (2.9±0.6 cm/s, 28±5% and 1.8±0.4 s-1 respectively) compared with controls (2.4±0.7 cm/s, 23±4% and 1.6±0.3 s-1 respectively; all P<0.001), but there was no difference in Em (3.3±1.2 compared with 3.1±1.1 cm/s, P=not significant). In contrast, longitudinal Sm, Em, strain and strain rate were significantly lower in diabetic patients (3.6±1.1 cm/s, 4.3±1.6 cm/s, 21±4% and 1.6±0.3 s-1 respectively) than in controls (4.3±1.0 cm/s, 5.7±2.3 cm/s, 26±4% and 1.9±0.3 s-1 respectively; all P ⩽ 0.001). Thus radial contractility appears to compensate for reduced longitudinal contractility in subclinical LV dysfunction occurring in the absence of ischaemia or LV hypertrophy.