bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coaches and Teachers
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

What Goes Around, Comes Around The story most frequently told by the Greeks about the beginning of dancing upon the earth—a story which became a part of Greek mythology—went as follows: In the early days of the world, before the race of man peopled the land, the Titan Rhea, wife of Cronus, taught the art of the dance to the Curetes, sons of Earth, who dwelt in the island of Crete, and to the Corybantes, who lived in Phrygia, in Asia Minor. This act stood Rhea in good stead later. Cronus, so the legend goes, habitually devoured his children at birth. Rhea fled to Crete and there her youngest son, the god Zeus, was born. Rhea hid Zeus in a cave and gave Cronus, instead of the child, a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. Cronus swallowed the stone, and Rhea placed the baby in the care of the Curetes. They, to prevent Cronus from hearing the cries of Zeus, danced over him a wild, noisy, leaping dance, in which they shouted lustily and beat their swords against their shields. Legend says that they later became priests of Zeus and that they and their descendants continued their dances for centuries, as cult rituals.
Turning Points
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Bigger Suzanne Farrell, the ballerina whom George Balanchine called “my Stradivarius,” has recounted the precise moment when she understood what he wanted and when he saw that she was capable of both surrendering more to him as a dancer and projecting his choreography more fully than any artist with whom he had ever worked. It occurred in the studio, during a class, around 1962: Although I was convinced he was a genius, it also occurred to me that he might be just a little eccentric... until he challenged me to pirouette his way in class one day and changed my life. It was shortly after moving into the State Theater, and we were in eleven o’clock morning class in the huge, windowless main hall on the fifth floor. Like every other ballet dancer on earth, I had been taught to turn from a fourth position with one leg directly in front of the other, both knees bent in plié ready to push off into as many pirouettes as possible. I was what is called a “natural turner,” having no fear of spinning around on one leg as fast as I could, and the results more often than not were smooth multiple pirouettes. Turning was not one of my problem areas, but Mr. B made it a problem, or so I thought. He asked me to start my pirouette, and I settled into a nice, comfortable fourth position.
Fauna
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Catastrophes Ida Rubinstein (1885–1960), the charismatic and beautiful performer, impresario, and heiress to storied riches, was born in Russia to a family of Ashkenazi Jews. Although she studied music and dance as a child, and would go on to become a student of Michel Fokine’s, by most accounts she was less of a dancer than a kind of specialist in living sculpture. Her attenuated figure and her dramatic presence led Serge Diaghilev to cast her in some exotic roles with overtones, as her biographer Michael de Cossart writes, of “decadence and sadism.” Eventually she founded her own company and, thanks to her inherited wealth, hired away some of Diaghilev’s collaborators at fees that he could not hope to match—for which he never forgave her or them. Rubinstein was theatrical outside the theater in many ways, and one of them was her habit of keeping large wild animals as pets. She was well known for walking a leopard on the streets of Paris, and she also owned a black panther who liked to eat hats and gloves and to try to crawl up curtains, “chewing them until they fell down.” (Her pets would accompany her on shopping trips, and when couturiers heard she was coming, they tended to close up early.) Once, when the painter and scenic designer Léon Bakst was visiting, the panther got “stuck inside an immense waste-paper basket and became agitated.” Rubinstein pulled it out, but, as Bakst remembered, “when she let the animal go, I was horrified to see that Madame Rubinstein had her chest and arms literally starred with claw marks. She hadn’t said a word, and she declared that it was nothing.”
Costumes, Footgear, and Hair Do’s and Don’ts
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Nailing It Dancing courtesans provided popular entertainment at the after-dinner events of ancient Greece known as symposia. The dance historian Lillian B. Lawler notes that archaeologists have unearthed “a vase cleverly made in the shape of a courtesan’s shoe” and that “Nails on the sole seem to indicate that it was a dancing shoe—perhaps even a forerunner of the modern tap-dancer’s footgear! Even more interesting is the fact that the nails are arranged so as to form the word akolouth(e), ‘Follow (me)!’” —Lawler, p. 133 What Dancers Should Wear From The Art of Dancing: A Poem in Three Cantos, 1729 edition, by Soame Jenyns. In the first line, the word “suits” is being used as a verb:
The Erosion of Patriarchy
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

The eighteenth century saw a thoroughgoing transformation of colonial life, a transformation that has been described in book titles as “From Puritan to Yankee” and as “The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority.” Each of these titles gives us insight into the nature of the change, which encompassed the economic foundations of life, the social patterns, the religious tenets and practices, and ultimately the nature of the polity.
Northern Women And The Crisis Of The Union
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

Need I tell you that the women were always ready to press into these places of horror, going to them in torrents of rain, groping their way by dim lantern-light, at all hours of night, carrying spirits and ice-water; calling back to life those in despair from utter exhaustion, or again and again catching for mother or wife the last faint whispers of the dying? That women were deeply involved with the conduct of the American Civil War was not new. Women have always accompanied armies, perhaps as officers’ wives but more likely as laundresses and/or camp followers. In the latter capacity they have, of course, been “public women.” What was new about the Civil War was the fact that a few women were presuming to suggest to various generals how best to conduct the war. In addition, in both North and South, women nursed with devotion-without sacrificing their respectability-and saved lives. In the North they organized for relief on a completely unprecedented scale. A smaller group organized the Women’s National Loyal League to pressure Congress to pass the Thirteenth Amendment. Inspired by Stowe’s great novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, northern soldiers marched off to battle singing Julia Ward Howe’s “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” In other words, women’s writing was central to the culture during this period. And when the war ended, a plethora of books appeared, celebrating the heroic efforts of all these remarkable women.
Law and Order in the Neoconservative Era
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

By the close of the seventies, the mood of the country, spurred by dramatic increases in crime, deteriorating economic conditions, and shifting political ideologies, had turned against liberal values. During this period, the rehabilitative ideal came under fierce attack from both the political right and left. And though their objectives and arguments differed sharply, their conclusions were surprisingly congruent: crime and violence were out of control; the social experimentation of the 1960s and early 1970s had gone awry.
Involuntary Commitment in the Neoconservative Era
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

David Rothman has warned that the “reforms of one generation become the scandals of the next.” History shows that society applauds those who design reforms and then applauds later reformers who expose the emerging failures of the reformed system. This cycle then repeats itself. For example, critics who exposed the state hospital system in the 1950s were heroes. By the end of the 1970s, when the failures of deinstitutionalization had become all too apparent, then critics from all corners blamed those erstwhile reformers and their reforms for an astounding array of contemporary social problems.
College Girl
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

The show business of the early 1900s was both larger and more closely knit than it would be three quarters of a century later. The average actor, whether vaudeville, burlesque, or “legit,” knew literally hundreds-maybe thousands-of people in his chosen field, ranging from other actors to theatre managers, stagehands to advance agents, prop men to dressers. Cohan, as producer, director, author, and performer, knew so many people in show business that he started calling everybody “kid.” Fanny, as her show biz circles widened, soon got into the same habit.
The Short-Stemmed Rose
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

Fanny felt the need or an entiely new start. The West Side townhouse had remmders of Nick everywhere, and Fanny now decided to move out. First, she told May Weston and Valeska Suratt that she planned to sell the building. Next, she auctioned everything she owned-including some of Nick’s old suits-sparing only personal mementos. Every stick of furniture went under the auctioneer’s hammer in the next few weeks. She was like a refugee fleeing the holocaust with nothing but the clothes on her back. The difference was that Fanny was a Broadway “name” with talent, fame, and money.
Divorced Again: “That Rat”
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

The revived Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 racked up 112 continuous performances at the Winter Garden before taking to the road on Christmas day. Fanny and Billy had abandoned Sixtieth Street in favor of a fourteen-room apartment at 1212 Park Avenue. “Unless I’m broke,” Billy confided at this time, “I’ll never let Fanny go out on the road again. It’s terrible to come home to fifty-six bare walls.” Not that Rose was lonely very often.
Normal State of the Circulation
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

An understanding of the physiological principles that govern cardiovascular function would be of limited value if it were not accompanied by quantitative information about the structures and forces involved. Subsequent chapters will be concerned mainly with the regulatory processes that give the heart and blood vessels their extraordinary ability to adapt to changing circumstances, but first we will define the normal circulatory state.
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

The orderly spread of excitation through the heart generates an electrical field in the body, thus creating differences of electrical potential between points on the body surface. These voltages can be measured with a sensitive meter called an electrocardiograph, and the electrocardiograms produced by such instruments display waves that reflect the sequence of excitation as it moves through the atria and ventricles.
The Cardiovascular Control System
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

A highly organized control system ensures adequate circulation of blood to all parts of the body under a wide variety of external conditions. During physical exertion, for example, cardiac output increases and vascular adjustments direct most of the increment to the exercising muscles. This continuous adaptation of function to physiological needs depends on a communication and control net work that may be divided into four parts for purposes of discussion.
Methods of Measurement,
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

Students of physiology rightly concentrate on the results of research as reported in textbooks and scientific papers, rather than on methodology, but they must also know something of the way those results have been obtained. Understanding a measurement technique not only reveals the accuracy and potential artifacts of the method but also conveys fundamental physiological principles.
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Oldtown Folks: An Introduction.
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

I was delighted when in 1964, I was asked by the John Harvard Library to edit a new edition of Oldtown Folks, and I enjoyed my work on it more than any piece of writing and research I have done. For one thing, I had long been interested in post-Edwardsian Calvinism and its theological, psychological, and cultural effects. These form the main subject of the novel. For another, I realized in the course of this work that I enjoy making general points through research on particular subjects more than I do writing general essays. And also I wrote the final version of this piece in oddly delightful circumstances, sitting by a peat fire in a cottage in Western Ireland, while the rain poured down outside. There are two other even more important reasons. One is that in my research on this book, I experienced the thrill of making a genuine if minor discovery. I had been reading the works of the late Edwardsian, ultra-Calvinist theological the ologian, Nathaniel Emmons. I learned that Emmons had played a particularly poignant role in the history of the Beecher family. It occurred to me that “Dr. Stern”, in the novel might well be Emmons.
The Constitution and the Enlightened Consensus
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

My Enlightenment in America has occasionally been criticized for concentrating on religion rather than on politics. This was a deliberate choice, made in part because the political di¬ visions, theories, and great accomplishments of late nineteenth¬ century Americans had been dealt with so much, their under¬ lying attitudes toward human nature so little. I did not by any means want to ignore politics, but rather to cast some fresh light on that subject by looking first at religion, broadly defined. After all, eighteenth-century theorists nearly always treated moral philosophy first, political philosophy second.
Writing Silence: ‘‘The Yellow Wallpaper’’
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

At best, woman was counted little more than man’s toy among the upper classes, and his bea8t of burden among the lower social elements. In some countries even denied a soul, in none was she supposed to have any particular mental power, nor any need for its development. Harper was thirty-five-years old when Charlotte Perkins was born. Their paths seem not to have crossed, and certainly their perspectives diverged. Harper, an avowed feminist, put race first. Gilman, an unreflecting racist, put gender first. She was exactly the type of white woman whom Harper, as far back as 1869 (when Gilman was nine years old), criticized because of her blindness to the paramount importance of the race issue.
Finding Form: Narrative Geography and The Country of the Pointed Firs
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Sarah Orne Jewett’s is so matrifocal that it is easy to forget that it takes its shape from a myth about a daughter living not in one but in two worlds, one mother-defined, the other male-defined; and in fact it is in the second of these worlds that Persephone, like Jewett’s woman writer, spends most of the year. Mysterious, dark, ruled by a sexually powerful male, it is a world that Persephone gladly escapes each June to join her mother, Demeter, in a region of light and renewal. Some versions of the myth stress masculine violence and brutality as the cause of the daughter’s separation from the mother.
Jumping Out the Window: Nella Larsen’s Passing and the End of an Era
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Certainly there were changes. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 conferred on all American women the right to vote for the first time in the nation’s history. The end of World War One brought to a close a period in which thousands of women had held well-paying, traditionally male jobs. Sexual mores relaxed. In terms of literature, a number of new authors emerged: among men, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Langston Hughes, William Faulkner; among women Anzia Yezierska, Edith Summers Kelley, Nella Larsen, Helen Hull, Zora Neale Hurston.
Final Struggles
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

Their mutual affection and respect notwithstanding, the Harlan-Black jurisprudential differences during their last years on the bench would extend well beyond incorporation and due process. They also parted company on a variety of First Amendment questions, among other issues. And while the absolutist philosophy which Black embraced and Harlan disdained prompted the Alabamian’s continued rejection of all obscenity controls, libel actions, and other “direct” infringements on freedoms the First Amendment guaranteed, Black’s refusal to extend their reach beyond “speech” to demonstrative conduct, or to agree that people were free to express themselves wherever they happened to be, meant, ironically enough, that Justice Harlan at times assumed a more “liberalactivist” stance than his colleague in First Amendment cases.
Introduction
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

This book is a study of image and reality, a reassessment of the role of one of Wilhelmine Germany’s most prominent popular nationalist associations, the Deutscher Wehrverein or German Army League. While this study of the Army League explores the rising tide of German militarism before the First World War, it also confronts the equally significant issue of popular political mobilization in the Wilhelmine age. As an extraparliamentary pressure group designed to strengthen the German army and along with it the patriotic fabric of the nation, the Army League competed with the spectrum of preexisting political parties, in particular the National Liberals, for the affection and support of the German public in safeguarding the state from internal subversion (by Socialists, pacifists, and Left Liberals), in sharpening its citizens’ political and national consciousness, and in expanding the nation’s ability to compete with and eventually surpass its European rivals in the realm of foreign politics.
The Founding of the Army League
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

Wilhelmine Germans, one might argue, took their army for granted. To some extent, this was to be expected given the army’s historic role as the nation’s first and only line of defense. Periodic setbacks aside, the army somehow always managed to assume its responsibility to the nation and secure the necessary funding to maintain itself. Germans were accustomed to periodic increases in indirect taxes to provide for their army’s upkeep. In 1898, however, the army found its unique position threatened by the building of a German battlefleet. Under the vigilant guidance of Admiral Alfred v. Tirpitz, the navy emerged as a rival to the army.
Brokers and Professionals: The Roles of Lawyers in Ordinary Litigation
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

Lawyers are intermediaries between the American public and the judiciary, the third independent branch of government in the United States. In this role lawyers find themselves in a love-hate relationship with the citizenry; they are cursed as troublemakers while remaining the dominant choice of the public for key elective positions in the legislative and executive branches of state and national government. In recent years, we have come to know a great deal about the role of lawyers in the operation of the criminal justice system. However, while most people think first about the criminal courts-when they think about the courts at all - a much greater proportion of the resources of our justice system is devoted to processing the noncriminal, or civil, side of the courts’ dockets. We know remarkably little about what lawyers actually do in this larger judicial arena.
Lawyers and Their Clients
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

The study of the relationship between lawyers and clients has received important attention by social scientists in the last several years. Some studies (e.g., Sarat and Felstiner, 1986, 1988; Berends, 1981) have involved direct observation of lawyer-client interactions; I cannot replicate the detail and richness of those studies, and I will not try. Instead, I will outline those interactions based on the more limited information I have available. I will consider three topics. How the lawyer-client connection is made (i.e., how clients find lawyers, and why lawyers accept cases). The explicitness of the business arrangements that are made between lawyers and their clients, and the form those arrangements take.
Ebenezer Howard and Hard Times
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

For much of the 1880s, Howard remained dissatisfied and restless. Many of his concerns were particular to his own situation and personality, while others were of a more general nature in this decade of depression and social friction. And at least some of these reflected an unhappiness felt by many with the circumstances of daily life in a city becoming a modern sprawling commercial metropolis of great complexity with the resultant human strain. A frequent moving about from one residence to another reflected an inability to find a home within his means that met his expectations. Howard’s disappointments with life in London were doubtlessly shared by others who crowded into Farringdon Hall in February 1893, intent on a social experiment that promised to better their lot.
Determinacy
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

If the factor which determines the compliance pull of rule texts is a matter of degree, what determines the degree to which it is present in any given instance? Or, to ask the same question another way: What observable characteristics of a norm or rule of conduct increase or decrease its legitimacy? It is the pursuit of answers to this question which motivates the rest of this book. One could have approached the social phenomenon of non-coerced obedience directly, through such openings as are afforded by study of myths, game theory, or contractarian notions of social compact. Indeed, each of these lines of inquiry will be pursued, but indirectly, through a unifying concept of rule legitimacy: that is, by approaching dynamic social forces through examination of rules, and rule-making or rule applying processes.
Redefining Determinacy
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

Determinacy is a literary characteristic of rule texts and of rules; it is about transparency. It denotes a rule’s clarity of meaning: how effectively it communicates with the parties to a dispute. It also denotes the extent to which the rule’s communicative power exerts its own dynamic pull toward compliance, which may not always correlate with its textual clarity. We have noted, with regret-because it would have simplified matters were it otherwise-that the determinacy of a rule is not simply a textual property; nor is it solely a consequence of the literary form in which it is cast. Although very clear rules constructed around quantitative standards (“2500-meter isobath”) and binary categories (“red light to port, green light to starboard”) give the appearance of readly accessible determinacy, this can be misleading.
Validation and Coherence
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

We have examined in some depth the symbolic validation of new states and governments by their peers, the cueing familiarly known as recognition. When this is done as a collective act of the members of an international organization, it is called admission to membership or acceptance of credentials. All these confer symbolic validation and, thus, a degree of legitimacy. These validating rituals matter because the status of the new state or government is thereby enhanced: that is, it acquires status legitimacy which carries entitlements and obligations akin to those of its peers. But this legitimation only occurs, symbolically, if the symbol represents, and the cue communicates, what is perceived reality or, at least, not unreality.
An Introductory Essay: Viewing the Past
Authors: Cohen Richard I
Published: October 2023

Contemplating the uses and implications of visual sources for the study of the past, one is reminded of the classic work of Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, and especially of his remarkable concluding chapters. Convinced that the various modes of artistic creation reflected the prevailing tendency of the age toward magnificence, Huizinga went so far as to characterize even the contemporary festivals and spectacles as applied literature. It was clear to him that “art was subservient to life. Its social function was to enhance the importance of a chapel, a donor, a patron, or a festival, but never that of the artist.”1 As such, its social reception was inevitably associated with the religious sentiment it intended to arouse, limiting the possibilities of appreciating beauty in its own right. But Huizinga was also intrigued by the creative force of the artistic material in relation to the literary genre of the period, remarking both on its strength in the expression of depth and detail and on its weaknesses in communicating sardonic and comical intention.
The Uses of Primitivism: Reuven Rubin in Palestine
Authors: Heyd Milly
Published: October 2023

Modem art is characterized by a series of artistic revolutions occurring over a short period of time and at a pace previously unknown in art history. Since the establishment of the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design in 1906, Jewish art in Eretz Israel has gone through a parallel process. Yet, rather than formulating various styles of their own, artists in Eretz Israel borrowed from the already established European artistic languages and adapted them to local purposes. Since artists did not use the whole spectrum of the styles available, the questions of choice emerge: Why were certain modes of expression chosen? What does the choice signify? Certain European styles and iconography were more suitable to the needs of the newly emerging art in the Jewish state-in-the-making since they expressed the artist’s struggle to adapt to the new environment.
The Visual Dreyfus Affair—A New Text? On the Dreyfus Affair Exhibition at the Jewish Museum, New York
Authors: Cohen Richard I
Published: October 2023

Virtually no event in France’s contemporary history has rivaled the Dreyfus affair in its attraction to the mind and imagination of writers and scholars. And now, just as the appearance of a recent comprehensive book1 had seemingly put the affair to rest, at least for the time being, one encounters the exhaustive exhibition on the Dreyfus affair at The Jewish Museum in New York (September 1987-January 1988), which stuns even the most voracious reader of Dreyfusiana. A whole new world, a visual one, which has only barely been assimilated into historical analysis, is revealed. Neglected or simply overlooked, the extensive graphic work assembled in the recent exhibition and its catalogue jars, provokes and humors our sensitivities while raising new questions on the nature of the affair and the interrelationship between the visual and the literary texts.2
Max Liebermann and the Painting of the Public Sphere
Authors: Rogoff Irit
Published: October 2023

Traditionally, Max Liebermann has been discussed either within the framework of such stylistic characterizations as naturalism or German impressionism or within the historical institutional context of secessionist politics and later, those of the Prussian Academy of Arts, which he headed during the Weimar years.

These approaches do not, however, yield a great variety of insights beyond those relating to culture as reflective of its social conditions, as of the general social order. Instead, I propose that another notion of culture and its social and political grounding (as suggested by the work of several historians) be applied here. According to this new perspective, culture is constitutive, a signifying system through which, necessarily, a social order is communicated, reproduced, experienced and explored.1
“Home Is Where the Heart Is”: Jewish Themes in the Art of R. B. Kitaj
Authors: Barsky Vivianne
Published: October 2023

R. B. Kitaj is an expatriate American artist who has lived and worked mainly in London for the past thirty years. An absorbing painter and outstandingly sensitive draftsman, Kitaj enjoys considerable prestige both in his adopted country and internationally. From the outset of his artistic career, Kitaj’s highly sophisticated pictures—executed in a consciously and deliberately eclectic style, often forming a kind of latter-day allegory—have conveyed an uncommonly wide range of subjects nourished by the artist’s keen and shrewd scrutiny of the most disparate aspects of modem life, copious reading and personal experience. One of the strands of that experience is Kitaj’s Jewishness, a fact that, ever since the early 1970s, has come to preoccupy him more and more and that has had a significant thematic impact on his art.
Forging Judaica: The Caseof the Italian Majolica Seder Plates
Authors: Mann Vivian B
Published: October 2023

The attempt of the art historian to understand a given work reverses, to an extent, the creative process of the artist and seeks the sources of forms, iconography and compositions. Only by discerning what was common currency in the period when the work was created can the scholar perceive its uniqueness and only by reversing the creative process can the modem observer fully understand the import of a work for the artist’s contemporaries. In the case of an undated or unsigned work, the search for sources becomes even more important. Iconographic, compositional and formal models establish a historical context that indicates the approximate date of a work’s creation. Occasionally, an investigation of sources may lead the art historian to conclude that a work, even a dated or signed one, is not what it appears to be since one or more of its constituent elements is out of context, inappropriate to its alleged age and provenance.
Heroine or Traitor? The Controversy over Manya Vilbushevich-Shohat and Her Links with Zubatov
Authors: Goldstein Yaacov
Published: October 2023

Early in 1921 the newly formed General Federation of Workers in Eretz Israel—the Histadrut—decided to send a delegation to the United States. This decision, which was implemented later that year, represented the first step in the development of a long-standing relationship between the Histadrut and the Jewish trade unions in America, which eventually expanded to embrace American labor generally.
The Meaning of Exile
Authors: Shimoni Gideon
Published: October 2023

Arnold M. Eisen’s work is a fine example of the excellent scholarship in Jewish studies currently flourishing in America, scholarship that has been enriched by exposure to Israeli learning. Characteristic of the American ambience—but in this respect contrasting somewhat with the tendency of Israeli scholarship—is the daring sweep shown by the author who, although essentially a scholar of modem Jewish religious thought, also ventures to mine the classical sources in this evocative study of the meanings for Jews, past and contemporary, of the concept Galut (exile).
Poe Detects Marie: Poe, Mary Rogers, And The Birth Of Detective Fiction
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

In the opening pages of “The Mystery of Marie Roget,” Edgar Allan Poe’s imaginative work based on the Mary Rogers case, Poe writes: “I can call to mind no similar occurrence producing so general and so intense an effect.” Referring, of course, to all the intense public reaction to the event that he termed the “New York tragedy,” he concluded that it was “the atrocity of this murder … the youth and beauty of the victim,” and, above all, “her previous notoriety” that conspired to bring about this “intense excitement.” Far from being a detached observer, Poe was engaged by this “intense excitement” as well as by the opportunity it offered to write an extended meditation on the death of a beautiful woman, his acknowledged favorite subject of composition. Like the press reports on which it is based, the tale is a narrative of a violent and sexually motivated death set ostensibly in 1840s Paris (a Paris that closely resembles New York)—a narrative figured around a beautiful female body that has already begun the process of decomposition. For Poe, this body, the body of Marie/Mary, becomes both the subject and object of an elaborate puzzle, a puzzle decoded by the “diseased mind” of Poe’s celebrated detective hero, C. Auguste Dupin. Here sex, violent death, and the city once again converge, initiating the actual, if unacknowledged, unities of the modem detective genre around the actual death of Mary Rogers. Through this literary transformation, what Lydia Child understood as the “Tragedy of Mary Rogers” was reinvented by Poe as the “New York tragedy.”
Tales Of New York In The Ink Of Truth: Reinventing Mary Rogers
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

Toward the conclusion of Joseph Holt Ingraham’s Herman de .l. Ruyter: Or, The Mystery Unveiled, the Sequel to La Bonita Cigarera: Or the Beautiful Cigar Vender [sic]. A Tale of New York Life, a handsome young English Lord, traveling in New York, struggles to “fix and individualize” a familiar face. “Suddenly,” the narrator informs the reader, “the truth flashed upon his mind,” as the young nobleman recognizes in a young woman of seventeen the face he has seen in a “portrait of a young girl at ten.” They were, of course, one and the same: “the face answered to the face as in a mirror, and their identity was clear and decided.” The face is that of Maria, the beautiful cigar vendor of the title and the novel’s central character.
Who Rules? Economic power
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

Americans normally believe that their politics are unique. Soviet analysts have found very little unique about them. In the Marxist view politics derive ultimately from the economic system and directly from the struggle of social classes to keep or obtain power. So, for the Soviets, the politics of Great Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States are similar less because these countries call themselves democracies than because each has a highly developed capitalist economic and social system. The Soviets consider today’s capitalist economic system to be two stages removed from the capitalism Karl Marx described in the mid-nineteenth century. In his day free competition among a large number of small manufacturers was a basic feature of the capitalist system. But Marx predicted that this very competition would eliminate most competitors and that production would be concentrated in the hands of fewer and more powerful owners.
Who are the Rulers and the ruled? The class Structure
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

If the Soviets see differing interests as the motive for politics, then the conflict of class interests is the most significant political activity. In Soviet analyses the class struggle that goes on under the conditions of liberal democracy is the underlying dynamic fact of American political life. Like Marx himself, Soviet writers have devoted considerable attention to the class struggle in capitalist countries but little to systematically studying the class structure.1 In the Soviet case the neglect was caused mainly by the politics of Stalin’s rule, which brought the study of class effectively to a halt. Major Soviet studies on class in general and specifically on American class structure began to appear only in the 1960s.
Soviet Intellectual Contexts and the Interpretation of American Politics
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

As the politics of a capitalist country, American politics are supposed (in both senses of the word) to fit the mindset’s mold. At the same time many Soviet writers find much to criticize about the way American politics are studied using the concepts of SMC, bourgeois democracy, and the class struggle. How and why did this conventional Soviet analytical framework come into being? How and why did it change in some ways but remain constant in others? How do these continuities and changes affect the study of American politics? In cultural terms and most broadly conceived, the mindset is produced by the reciprocal interactions of the ideology with reality, of belief with experience, of commitment with flexibility, of prescription with adjustment, and of the Marxist-Leninist value system with “life.” Ideas and ideals often take on a life of their own. But on a less abstract level, and because they do not exist in a vacuum, these interactions are mediated by psychological factors. They live, as the saying goes, in hearts and minds, as a mixture of feelings and intellect in individuals.
Explaining American Politics: Theories of Class, Pluralism, and Elitism
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

Soviet approaches to American politics highlight two of the most fundamental questions in political analysis: Who rules and how do they rule? The Soviets have answered these questions in their own way. We in turn can evaluate the quality or tenability of their replies by considering where they fall within the range of possible answers. Among the options some are more relevant to the American political experience than are others. The most relevant at first sight seem to be mutually exclusive, but further examination shows that the vitality of any alternative, the Soviet one included, depends upon its capacity for absorbing modifications, some of which may actually originate in another option.
Cell Biology of Testicular Development in the Fetus and Neonate
Authors: Orth Joanne M
Published: October 2023

The mammalian testis originates in the young fetus and continues to develop throughout the remainder of fetal life and some portion of the postnatal period. After puberty, when its development is completed, the testis will play a dual role in insuring fertility by producing sperm, its exocrine product, and androgen, its endocrine product. Although both functions are vital in the adult, the bases for these processes are established long before puberty, during perinatal development. Interestingly, in young fetuses of both sexes, the gonads evolve along identical lines through the indifferent stage, and it is only after this point that development diverges in males and females. Thus, although genetic sex is determined in an individual at fertilization, “maleness” of the gonad is a characteristic that is acquired through a series of specific developmental changes which give rise to a recognizable testis.
Genetic Control of Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis
Authors: Chubb Curtis
Published: October 2023

The germinal epithelium within seminiferous tubules produces millions of spermatozoa on a daily basis throughout the adult life of mammals. This proliferative process, named spermatogenesis, is even more extraordinary when one considers that the product is a motile cell with a condensed nucleus, a haploid genome, and minimal cytoplasm. It is logical to assume that the genetic control of spermatogenesis must be tightly regulated because failure to produce functional spermatozoa would doom a species to extinction.
The Seminiferous Tubular Microenvironment
Authors: Hinton Barry T , Turner Terry T
Published: October 2023

Although we often speak of the seminiferous tubular microenvironment as if it were a singular thing, in reality the tubules are surrounded by and contain a series of microenvironments, each playing a necessary role in the development of spermatozoa. The developing germ cell is faced with several different microenvironments within the seminiferous epithelium and another that bathes the luminal spermatozoa and apical membranes of Sertoli cells. Even this latter microenvironment may change from one area of the tubular lumen to another and may exert different influences on germ cells or Sertoli cells along the way. Knowledge of seminiferous tubule physiology is now much more extensive than it was 20 years ago when specific studies of the intratubular microenvironment began (Tuck et al., 1970; Levine and Marsh, 1971); nevertheless, much of what is presently known about the seminiferous microenvironment is still limited to the microenvironment in the seminiferous tubule lumen. For example, we know much less about the microenvironment surrounding the developing germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium. The knowledge that is developing within this latter area comes primarily from cell biological studies, and this discussion attempts to integrate these developments with what is known about the physiology of the testicular parenchyma.
The Austro-Hungarian Banking System
Authors: Köver György
Published: October 2023

In the eighteenth century the Habsburg Monarchy lost its international character and the Danubian monarchy became a multinational conglomeration. The dynasty did its best to make a genuine union of the empire. With this aim in view in 1754 a protection is tariff system was adopted to establish close links on the basis of the differences of regional potentialities and a large-scale regional division of labor. In 1850 the last internal customs frontier, separating Hungary from the hereditary provinces, was abolished and the customs union created. The autonomist and separationist national struggles having been defeated in 1848/49, an unrestricted absolutism dominated the 1850s.
The Invisible Weapon
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

Telecommunication is, and always has been, a political technology, as the timely flow of information is a vital instrument of power. This book examines the political history of telecommunications between 1851, the year the first telegraph cable linked France and Britain, and the end of World War II. Headrick argues that telecommunication gives people options, not orders. During periods of peace, cables and radio were, as many had predicted, instruments of peace; in times of tension, they became instruments of politics, tools for rival interests, and weapons of war. the book illuminates the political aspects of information technology: the speed of telegraphy, which could diffuse conflicts in far-flung empires, but which also hastened the deterioration of diplomacy on the brink of the First World War; the broad coverage of radio, which increased public knowledge and public pressure on governments, and consequently the political interest in controlling news; and the security of telecommunications, which made communications strategy, communications intelligence, and cryptography decisive tools during the two World Wars.
Introduction
Authors: Mattey Joe P
Published: October 2023

The federal government has a large impact on the economy of the Pacific Northwest through macroeconomic policies and timber sale policies. In recent years, many members of the forest products industry have questioned the federal government’s ability to perform effectively either of its economic policy roles-beneficent timber baron or macroeconomic policymaker. Criticism of the federal government reached a high point in 1982, when timber buyers found themselves holding contracts for national forest timber that obligated them to pay roughly five times more than the current value of the timber. They had acquired the contracts at public auctions conducted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the United States Forest Service (USFS).
Risk-Taking by Zombie Firms?
Authors: Mattey Joe P
Published: October 2023

The “zombie effect” is the additional incentive to borrow funds and make risky investments created by insolvency of a firm. The zombie effect can be neutralized by risk sensitivity in the cost of credit to the insolvent firm. It can be quite strong if the insolvent firm can obtain credit at risk-insensitive costs and receives temporary forebearance from a closure rule that depends on the firm’s net worth position. This chapter explores whether the timber contract overbidding can be explained as rational risk-taking by zombie firms.
Reform in the Aftermath of the Bailout
Authors: Mattey Joe P
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews how timber planning and sale procedures have changed since the late 1970s and presents proposals for further reform. Many of the conditions that fostered the 1979-81 overbid¬ ding still exist, and the proposed reforms aim to eliminate some of these conditions.
The Biological Roots of Human Nature
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

In this stimulating book, Goldsmith argues that biology has a great deal to say that should be of interest to social scientists, historians, philosophers, and humanists in general. He believes that anyone studying the social behaviour of humans must take into consideration both proximate cause – the physiology, biochemistry, and social mechanisms of behavior – and ultimate cause – how the behavior came to exist in evolutionary time. Goldsmith, a neurobiologist, draws examples from neurobiology, psychology, and ethology (behavioral evolution). The result is a work that overcomes mant of the misconceptions that have hindered the rich contributions the biological sciences have to offer concerning the evolution of human society, behavior, and sense of identity. Among the key topics addressed are the nature of biological explanation, the relationship between genes and behavior, those aspects of behavior most likely to respond to natural selection, the relationship between evolution and learning, and some probable modes of interaction between cultural and biological evolution. By re-examining the role of biological explanation in the domain of social development, the author has significantly advanced a more well-rounded view of human evolution and shed new light on the perennial question of what it means to be human. His book will appea to biologists, social scientists, traditional humanists, and interested general readers.
Trade and Finance
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

The long-term trend in international exchanges over the past forty years has been in the consolidation and expansion of product and financial markets to an unprecedented degree. That these markets are not separate but intimately connected is shown by events occurring during the past fifteen years or so. The comparatively rapid and unproblematic growth of many economies came to an abrupt end in the early 1970s, and the period since then has been one of great turbulence. The resilience of national economies and indeed of the international economic system itself has been sorely tested in some respects. There have been two world recessions (not so far rivaling the 1930s’ Great Depression in their scale, however). One of their most notable effects has been the polarization of the economic performance and prospects of different regional groupings of developing countries.
Agriculture
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

Differences in agriculture and farming systems are ultimately the basis for the differentiation of the economies of whole continents within the developing world. Though oversimplification is an obvious hazard, strong similarities in agricultural practices exist in Latin American countries including Central America and the Caribbean, in African countries with the exception of the North African littoral and Egypt, and Asian countries (though in this case distinctions between South Asia—the Indian South Continent—and the rest and, as a microcosm of the whole, within the Indian subcontinent, are fairly pronounced). The “gender dimension” is not a supplementary consequence of variation in agricultural practices but a fundamental organizing principle of labor use, stemming directly from differences in resource endowment and the carrying capacity of the land.
Industry
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

Since 1950, the proportion of adult women joining the labor force has risen in both developed and developing countries, though much more markedly in the former. It is difficult to ascribe to international factors any specific contributory role in this. But the international economy has led to an increase in the female labor force in one area: it has caused a relative increase in the employment of women in the manufacturing sector in developing countries.

In all developing countries, employment has been growing faster in industry and services than in agriculture.