bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient helix formation in charged semiflexible polymers without confinement effects
Authors: Mitra Debarshi , Chatterji Apratim
Published: September 2020

Switching on generic interactions e.g. the Coulomb potential or other long ranged spherically symmetric repulsive interactions between monomers of bead-spring model of a semi-flexible polymer induce instabilities in a semiflexible polymer chain to form transient helical structures. Our proposed mechanism could explain the spontaneous emergence of helical order in stiff (bio-) polymers as a chain gets charged from a neutral state. But since the obtained helical structures dissolve away with time, hydrogen bonding (or other additional mechanisms), would be required to form stabilized helical structures as observed in nature (such as in biological macro-molecules). The emergence of the helix is independent of the molecular details of the monomer constituent. The key factors which control the emergence of the helical structure is the persistence length and the charge density. We have avoided using torsional potentials to obtain the transient helical structures. Moreover, we can drive the semiflexible polymer to form helices in a recurring manner by periodically increasing and decreasing the effective charge of the monomers. If the two polymer ends are tethered to two surfaces separated by a distance equal to the contour length of the polymeric chain, which could be in the range 10 nm–μ, the life time of the helical structures formed is increased.
Optical and hidden transport properties of BaFe1.91Ni0.09As2 film
Authors: Aleshchenko Yu A , Muratov A V , Ummarino G A , Richter S , Anna Thomas A , Hühne R
Published: September 2020

Optical spectroscopy was used to study the electrodynamics and hidden transport properties of a BaFe1.91Ni0.09As2 thin superconducting (SC) film. We analyzed the normal state data using a Drude–Lorentz model with two Drude components: one narrow (D1) and another broad one (D2). In the SC state, two gaps with

2

Δ

0

(

2

)

/

k

B

T

c

=
1.9

–2.0 and

2

Δ

0

(

1

)

/

k

B

T

c

=
4.0

–4.3 are formed from the narrow component D1 while the broad component D2 remains ungapped. The calculated total DC resistivity of the film and the low-temperature scattering rate for the narrow Drude component show a hidden Fermi-liquid behavior. The change of total electron–boson coupling (λ
tot) and representative energy (Ω0) in the normal state with respect to the SC state is typical of other iron-based materials as well as high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) cuprates.
Crystalline assembly of perylene in metal–organic framework thin film: J-aggregate or excimer? Insight into the electronic structure
Authors: Kozlowska Mariana , Pramudya Yohanes , Jakoby Marius , Heidrich Shahriar , Pan Liuyang , Richards Bryce S , A Howard Ian , Wöll Christof , Haldar Ritesh , Wenzel Wolfgang
Published: September 2020

The spatial orientation of chromophores defines the photophysical and optoelectronic properties of a material and serves as the main tunable parameter for tailoring functionality. Controlled assembly for achieving a predefined spatial orientation of chromophores is rather challenging. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an attractive platform for exploring the virtually unlimited chemical space of organic components and their self-assembly for device optimization. Here, we demonstrate the impact of interchromophore interactions on the photophysical properties of a surface-anchored MOF (SURMOF) based on 3,9-perylenedicarboxylicacid linkers. We predict the structural assembly of the perylene molecules in the MOF via robust periodic density functional theory calculations and discuss the impact of unit topology and π–π interaction patterns on spectroscopic and semiconducting properties of the MOF films. We explain the dual nature of excited states in the perylene MOF, where strong temperature-modulated excimer emission, enhanced by the formation of perylene J-aggregates, and low stable monomer emission are observed. We use band-like and hopping transport mechanisms to predict semiconducting properties of perylene SURMOF-2 films as a function of inter-linker interactions, demonstrating both p-type and n-type conduction mechanisms. Hole carrier mobility up to 7.34 cm2 Vs−1 is predicted for the perylene SURMOF-2. The results show a promising pathway towards controlling excimer photophysics in a MOF while controlling charge carrier mobility on the basis of a predictive model.
DNA-induced assembly of gold nanoprisms and polystyrene beads into 3D plasmonic SERS substrates
Authors: Chowdhury Emtias , Rahaman Mohammad Shahinur , Sathitsuksanoh Noppadon , Grapperhaus Craig A , O’Toole Martin G
Published: September 2020

The utilization of nanoparticle-polymer bead hybrid nanostructures as a SERS substrate depends on the control of the deposition, density, and distribution of nanoparticles on the bead surface. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of a large area SERS substate via a two- step DNA mediated assembly of gold nanoprisms and polystyrene (PS) beads into a large ensemble of beads that are densely coated with nanoprisms. First, nanoprisms are loaded on PS beads through DNA hybridization. The close packed arrangement of anisotropic nanoprisms in different orientations on a bead surface results in a plasmonic substrate with a variable nanogap size ranging 1–20 nm. Nanoprisms-coated beads are then assembled into a large stack or aggregate of beads using a DNA-induced crystallization approach. Each aggregate consists of 20–50 nanoprisms-coated beads, leading to the formation a large area of three-dimensional SERS substrate with a high-density of hot spots for SERS enhancement. An excellent enhancement factor (EF) of

1.09
×

10
5

 

and a very high detection sensitivity (up to 10–10 M) are observed for the analysis of a probe molecule (Methylene blue) using the SERS substrate.
Low frequency conductivity reconstruction based on a single current injection via MREIT
Authors: Song Yizhuang , Sajib Saurav Z K , Wang Haiyang , Kwon Hyeuknam , Chauhan Munish , Keun Seo Jin , Sadleir Rosalind
Published: September 2020

Conventional magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) reconstruction methods require administration of two linearly independent currents via at least two electrode pairs. This requires long scanning times and inhibits coordination of MREIT measurements with electrical neuromodulation strategies. We sought to develop an isotropic conductivity reconstruction algorithm in MREIT based on a single current injection, both to decrease scanning time by a factor of two and enable MREIT measurements to be conveniently adapted to general transcranial- or implanted-electrode neurostimulation protocols. In this work, we propose and demonstrate an iterative algorithm that extends previously published MREIT work using two-current administration approaches. The proposed algorithm is a single-current adaptation of the harmonic B

z
algorithm. Forward modeling of electric potentials is used to capture changes of conductivity along current directions that would normally be invisible using data from a single-current administration. Computational and experimental results show that the reconstruction algorithm is capable of reconstructing isotropic conductivity images that agree well in terms of L
2 error and structural similarity with exact conductivity distributions or two-current-based MREIT reconstructions. We conclude that it is possible to reconstruct high quality electrical conductivity images using MREIT techniques and one current injection only.
Effect of the Si doping on the properties of AZO/SiC/Si heterojunctions grown by low temperature pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Boughelout Abderrahmane , Macaluso Roberto , Crupi Isodiana , Megna Bartolomeo , Brighet Amer , Trari Mohamed , Kechouane Mohamed
Published: September 2020

The structural and photoelectrical properties of Al-doped ZnO (AZO)/SiC/p-Si and AZO/SiC/n-Si heterojunctions, fabricated at low temperature by pulsed laser deposition, were investigated by means of a number of techniques. Raman analysis indicates that SiC layers have the cubic 3C-SiC phase, whilst X-ray diffraction measurements show that AZO films exhibit a hexagonal wurtzite structure, highly textured along the c-axis, with average crystallites size of 35.1 nm and lattice parameter c of 0.518 nm. The homogeneous and dense surface morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy was confirmed by atomic force microscopy images. Moreover, UV–Vis-NIR spectra indicated a high transmittance of SiC films in the region 550–2500 nm, about 80% transmittance of AZO films in the 450–1000 nm region, and optical band gaps in good agreement with literature. These results prove that pulsed laser deposition is a low-cost technique suitable to grow SiC and AZO films with excellent material properties. The effect of the Si doping on the current transport mechanisms in the heterojunctions was investigated by current-voltage measurements under dark and white light illumination. Both heterojunctions exhibit a diode behaviour and relatively low leakage current, with a noticeable superiority for the AZO/SiC/n-Si device also under illumination, with an illumination/dark ratio of about 400. Our results indicate that the AZO/SiC/p-Si heterojunctions, with higher values of ideality factor, series resistance and lower rectifying ratio, have a complex current transport compared to the diodes grown on n-type Si. Additionally, capacitance-voltage measurements and Mott-Schottky plot allowed to determine a built-in potential of 0.51 V for the Al/AZO/SiC/p-Si/Al device.
Adaptive damping tuning and circuit implementation for broad bandwidth energy harvesting
Authors: Sharma Yamini , Liu Mingyi , Jung Hyunjun , Zuo Lei
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a circuit to tune the electrical damping for optimal power harvesting at time varying excitation frequencies. Optimization of parameters, such as electrical damping to match the mechanical damping and the resonant frequency to match the excitation frequency have long been known. However, the electrical damping optimized at the resonant frequency is not necessarily the optimum point when the excitation frequency changes. This result is especially important in vibration energy harvesting systems since the vibration source is generally not at a single fixed frequency. The proposed circuit detects the excitation frequency and tunes the electrical damping based on a function, obtained from mechanical system modeling and simulation. A frequency detection circuit and a boost converter operating in critical conduction mode are used. Both modeling and experiment results show that the impedance tuning circuit provides the required optimal damping at different excitation frequencies and achieves a much broader bandwidth compared with the conventional system. When the excitation frequency increases to 1.1–1.4 times the natural frequency, the proposed adaptive damping tuning increases the power output by 30%–100% compared to the traditional one.
Electromagnetic and mechanical properties of conductive polyethylene composite antennas for utility location
Authors: Waldman Laura J , Brown Maximilian W , Mauzey Parker A , Singh Raman P , Roche Steven L , Hawrylak Peter J , Keller Michael W
Published: September 2020

Location of polyethylene utility pipes is improved by installing electromagnetic targets with the pipe. A new electromagnetic target could be created by impregnating polyethylene with conductive materials to impart it with electromagnetic properties necessary for use in utility location. Antennas created from this conductive polyethylene composite could be molded directly to the pipe during fabrication. The addition of high concentrations of conductive fillers into the material alters the mechanical performance of the material in addition to the electromagnetic properties, resulting in a material which displays brittle behavior, unlike neat polyethylene. Both electromagnetic and mechanical properties of the material are characterized to predict the behavior of the conductive polyethylene in service. In a layered composite with unmodified polyethylene and conductive polyethylene layers, the brittle behavior of the conductive polyethylene limits the strain to failure of the overall composite.
On space charge effects in laboratory-based photoemission electron microscopy using compact gas discharge extreme ultraviolet sources
Authors: Wilson Daniel , Schmitz Christoph , Rudolf Denis , Wiemann Carsten , Schneider Claus M , Juschkin Larissa
Published: September 2020

The analysis of electronic and structural properties of surfaces has been greatly advanced by photoemission electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. To further improve lateral and energy resolution of the instruments, it is necessary to optimize parameters of the radiation sources employed for photoemission studies (e.g. photon flux, pulse duration, spot size etc). We studied space charge effects observed in an energy-filtering photoemission electron microscope operated with a compact laboratory-scale gas-discharge extreme ultraviolet light source. In this system, we found limits of spatial- and energy-resolution controlled by the source radiation parameters. The pulse repetition rate can be varied in the kHz range and the duration of the EUV emission was measured to be several tens of nanoseconds long, and thereby very different from the standard synchrotron sources typically used for similar experiments. The spatial resolution could be improved by a factor of 5, but only on the expense of the photon density per pulse, which had to be decreased by a factor of 17 in order to reduce the image blur due to space charge effects. Furthermore, we found broadening of the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy peaks for high photon fluxes. We have also performed a n-body Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the difference between core-level photoelectrons and secondary electrons with respect to space charge.
Gratings with longitudinal variations in coupling coefficients: super-efficiency and unidirectionality in distributed feedback Raman fiber lasers
Authors: Tehranchi Amirhossein , Kashyap Raman
Published: September 2020

We propose a technique to design highly-efficient and -unidirectional DFB Raman fiber lasers based on the engineering of the grating’s coupling coefficient including a π-phase shift position in the fiber. For this purpose, first the ideal intra-cavity signal powers for different pump power levels are determined for given fiber lengths. Then, the sum and difference between the counter-propagating wave intensities at each small segment within fiber lengths are calculated resulting in determining the ideal grating’s coupling functions for co- and contra-directional-pumping. The steady-state behavior of the laser using realistic parameters is finally simulated for modified coupling functions considering the Kerr nonlinearity. For a 10 W co-directional-pumped, ∼1 m long single-mode super-efficient DFB, a ∼50% increase in the laser efficiency, more than 44 dB reduction in contra-directional lasing power, ∼15 times drop in the peak power of intra-cavity signal and ∼38% decrease in the unused-pump power are found, compared to those in a standard DFB with the same coupling-length product. Although an enhanced nonlinear refractive index due to thermal gradient reduces the output power of such lasers, it is shown that the super-efficient laser presents a better performance than the standard one, under such conditions.
Retrieval of multiple scattering contrast from x-ray analyzer-based imaging*
Authors: Chen Heng , Liu Bo , Zhao Li-Ming , Ren Kun , Wang Zhi-Li
Published: September 2020

We present a moment-based alternative approach to retrieve multiple scattering contrasts from x-ray analyzer-based imaging. By use of the properties of moments of convolutions, the multiple-image radiography approach is theoretically validated. Furthermore, higher order moments of the object scattering distribution, inaccessible in multiple-image radiography, are simultaneously provided by this alternative approach. It is experimentally demonstrated that the skew and kurtosis information related to the distribution of sub-pixel features within the object can be obtained from those complementary contrasts. Finally, the sensitivity of the retrieved multiple scattering contrasts is investigated experimentally. The finding that the sensitivity is inversely proportional to the square root of the detected photon number essentially indicates that the retrieval of moments with an order higher than two can be achieved without increasing exposure time or dose. The presented alternative approach provides an access to the exploitation of multiple scattering contrasts, which is expected to be useful in biomedical research, materials science, security screening, etc.
Cold atom clocks and their applications in precision measurements*
Authors: Dai Shao-Yang , Zheng Fa-Song , Liu Kun , Chen Wei-Liang , Lin Yi-Ge , Li Tian-Chu , Fang Fang
Published: September 2020

Cold atom clocks have made remarkable progresses in the last two decades and played critical roles in precision measurements. Primary Cs fountain frequency standards have achieved a total uncertainty of a few parts in 1016, and the best optical clock has reached a type B uncertainty below 10−18. Besides applications in the metrology, navigation, etc., ultra-stable and ultra-accurate atomic clocks have also become powerful tools in the basic scientific investigations. In this paper, we focus on the recent developments in the high-performance cold atomic clocks which can be used as frequency standards to calibrate atomic time scales. The basic principles, performances, and limitations of fountain clocks and optical clocks based on signal trapped ion or neutral atoms are summarized. Their applications in metrology and other areas are briefly introduced.
Dynamic phase transition of ferroelectric nanotube described by a spin-1/2 transverse Ising model*
Authors: Wang Chundong , Wu Ying , Cao Yulin , Xue Xinying
Published: September 2020

The dynamic phase transition properties for ferroelectric nanotube under a spin-1/2 transverse Ising model are studied under the effective field theory (EFT) with correlations. The temperature effects on the pseudo-spin systems are unveiled in three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) phase diagrams. Moreover, the dynamic behaviors of exchange interactions on the 3-D and 2-D phase transitions under high temperature are exhibited. The results present that it is hard to obtain pure ferroelectric phase under high temperature; that is, the vibration of orderly pseudo-spins cannot be eliminated completely.
Memristor-based hyper-chaotic circuit for image encryption*
Authors: Chen Jiao-Jiao , Yan Deng-Wei , Duan Shu-Kai , Wang Li-Dan
Published: September 2020

The memristor is a kind of non-linear element with memory function, which can be applied to chaotic systems to increase signal randomness and complexity. In this paper, a new four-dimensional hyper-chaotic system is designed based on a flux controlled memristor model, which can generate complex chaotic attractors. The basic dynamic theory analysis and numerical simulations of the system, such as the stability of equilibrium points, the Lyapunov exponents and dimension, Poincare maps, the power spectrum, and the waveform graph prove that it has rich dynamic behaviors. Then, the circuit implementation of this system is established. The consistency of simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulation and numerical analysis proves the ability to generate chaos. Finally, a new image encryption scheme is designed by using the memristor-based hyper-chaotic system proposed in this paper. The scheme involves a total of two encryptions. By using different security analysis factors, the proposed algorithm is compared with other image encryption schemes, including correlation analysis, information entropy, etc. The results show that the proposed image encryption scheme has a large key space and presents a better encryption effect.
Effects of inclined transversal magnetic fields on magnetohydrodynamic coupling duct flow states in liquid metal blankets: Under uniform magnetic fields
Authors: Zhang Xiujie , Wang Lei , Pan Chuanjie
Published: September 2020

Investigations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) coupling duct flows are important for liquid metal blankets of fusion reactors. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to systematically clarify the influence of the inclined transversal magnetic fields on the MHD flow states such as pressure gradients and velocity distributions through two coupling ducts with conducting walls. It is found that the MHD coupling effect in the co-flow case is much weaker than that in the counter-flow case. The inclined transversal magnetic fields have an obvious influence on the velocity distributions in the MHD coupling duct flows especially for the counter-flow case, which will induce large reversal flow regions. The inclined transversal magnetic fields will also have a significant impact on the pressure gradients in the two coupling ducts in the counter-flow case, for instance, the MHD coupling effect is so strong that the pressure gradients in the coupling ducts are several even dozens of times bigger than that in a single duct. The aspect ratio of the coupling ducts affects the MHD coupling effect significantly in the counter-flow case, and the coupling effect will be strengthen as the aspect ratio decreases. A special MHD coupling effect is firstly found, because of this effect the pressure gradients in the coupling ducts of the counter-flow case decrease with the increase of the coupling Hartmann wall thickness.
Machine-learning dessins d’enfants: explorations via modular and Seiberg–Witten curves
Authors: He Yang-Hui , Hirst Edward , Peterken Toby
Published: September 2020

We apply machine-learning to the study of dessins d’enfants. Specifically, we investigate a class of dessins which reside at the intersection of the investigations of modular subgroups, Seiberg–Witten (SW) curves and extremal elliptic K3 surfaces. A deep feed-forward neural network with simple structure and standard activation functions without prior knowledge of the underlying mathematics is established and imposed onto the classification of extension degree over the rationals, known to be a difficult problem. The classifications reached 0.92 accuracy with 0.03 standard error relatively quickly. The SW curves for those with rational coefficients are also tabulated.
High-resolution computer-generated hologram for creating 2D images with kinematic effects of motion
Authors: Goncharsky Anton , Durlevich Svyatoslav
Published: September 2020

A new method is proposed for computing the microrelief of phase diffractive optical elements (DOEs) forming 2D images with kinematic effects of motion. The DOE is subdivided into elementary areas with a size of approximately 50 microns. The synthesis of optical security elements includes the computation of the beam pattern in each elementary area. The beam pattern in each elementary area uniquely defines the phase function of the optical element. The computation of the phase function involves solving a nonlinear operator equation. Efficient methods are developed for computing the microrelief of DOEs forming 2D images with kinematic effects of motion. Sample optical elements are made using electron-beam technology. The microrelief is shaped with a precision of ∼10 nm, and the resolution is equal to ∼0.1 micron. The synthesis method developed is universal in nature. Given different sets of frames, one can achieve different behaviours of the motion of image fragments. The new optical elements can be used to protect banknotes, passports, IDs, and brands against counterfeiting.
Optical multimodal biometric encryption that uses digital holography
Authors: Rajput Sudheesh K , Matoba Osamu
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we propose an optical multimodal biometric encryption technique which uses digital holography (DH) for multiple biometric recording and successive optical encryption methods, by means of keys generated from biometric data. Physiological biometrics, such as fingerprints or iris scans, along with behavioral biometrics such as voice, are recorded simultaneously as multimodal biometrics, using multi-parameter off-axis DH. Moreover, multiple biometrics embedded in the same holograms are encrypted using the Fresnel domain double random phase encoding method, in which keys are generated from biometric data via a phase retrieval algorithm. By employing the decryption procedure for this encoding method, along with the correct keys and reconstruction parameters of DH, the original multimodal biometrics can be successfully retrieved . The proposed method provides multimodal biometrics with a higher level of security by availing itself of the advantages of optical techniques. Our proposed multimodal biometric security scheme is demonstrated and validated by the results of the optical recording and encryption of biometric data presented below.
Employing vanadium dioxide nanoparticles for flexible metasurfaces with switchable absorption properties at near-infrared frequencies
Authors: Ko Byoungsu , Badloe Trevon , Kim Soo-Jung , Hong Sung-Hoon , Rho Junsuk
Published: September 2020

Using the simple interference interactions in a three-layer thin film structure, absorbers in the near infrared with aesthetically pleasing reflective colouration were designed, fabricated, and characterised. By implementing the phase change material, vanadium dioxide (VO2), with its remarkable phase change properties, the absorbers are able to be switched between lower and higher absorption states depending on the external temperature. Conventional fabrication methods involving VO2 require an annealing process after deposition, but here, VO2 nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer mixture were employed to allow the simple and scalable spin coating process to be used, without the need for annealing. This simultaneously opens up the possibility of using flexible substrates for bendable devices. At a temperature of around 68 °C, a change in absorption of around 30% is observed between 800–1600 nm, while the vivid subtractive colours are maintained with almost no observable difference, on both silicon and flexible polymer-based substrates. The fabricated sample is robust to 2500 bending cycles, proving the possibility for scalable VO2 fabrication methods for practical applications.
Gloss
Authors: Stenner Rachel
Published: September 2020

A gloss is an interpretive aid, and glossing represents the act of interpretation itself. A gloss can be as brief as a single word, can be a coherent set of marginal notes, or can extend to whole volumes. It is an ancient form with its roots in the Roman imperial legal system. Developing alongside changes in reading practice and scholarship, the gloss evolved extensively during the Middle Ages, reaching great significance in the early modern period during the controversies of the Reformation. The gloss can be seen as subsidiary to the main text, as a crucial adjunct to it, or as a sign of the plenitude of interpretive possibility. A gloss’ presence foregrounds literary authority, hierarchies of knowledge, and processes of meaning-making. The reader of a glossed text is placed within the creative community surrounding the work and offered a heightened sense of the temporality of reading. Recent scholarship on this form has emerged from the fields of book and reading history, but owing to the marginal status of the gloss, this scholarship also has particular affinities with structuralist and poststructuralist thought.
Song
Authors: Burt Stephanie , Lewin Jenn
Published: September 2020

Ideas about song, and actual songs, inform literary works in ways that go back to classical and to biblical antiquity. Set apart from non-musical language, song can indicate proximity to the divine, intense emotion, or distance from the everyday. At least from the early modern period, actual songs compete with idealized songs in a body of lyric poetry where song is sometimes scheme and sometimes trope. Songs and singers in novels can do the work of plot and of character, sometimes isolating songwriter or singer, and sometimes linking them to a milieu beyond what readers are shown. Accounts of song as poetry’s inferior, as its other, or as its unreachable ideal—while historically prominent—do not consider the variety of literary uses in English that songs—historically attested and fictional; popular, vernacular, and “classical”— continue to find.
16th- and 17th-Century English Sermons
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin
Published: September 2020

The continental and English Reformations had a profound impact on the development of the sermon, precipitating a decisive shift from sacramental forms of worship to a Scripture-centered piety. The Henrician Reformation of the 1530s tied preaching to the politics of religion, as the monarch sought to consolidate the Royal Supremacy. The sermon continued to play a crucial role in the promulgation and defense of royal policy for one hundred fifty years, until the Toleration Act of 1689 granted freedom of worship to dissenters and nonconformists. But the pulpit was equally important as a forum in which foreign and domestic affairs could be subjected to scrutiny and criticism, in often fraught and complex attempts to fulfill the Christian mandate to speak truth to power. Preaching did not simply reflect or articulate public opinion, but actively contributed to its formation.

The early modern sermon, especially when it was delivered at large and popular venues such as Paul’s Cross or Saint Paul’s Cathedral, was not merely an occasion for the formal exposition of Scripture but a major social event that attracted significant numbers of spectators and listeners. Preachers were keenly attuned to the demands of homiletic decorum: if a sermon was to reach the hearts and souls of the audience, it needed to adapt to the time, place, and circumstances of performance. Places of preaching reflected the primacy of decorum in their architectural layout: the chapels royal embodied the idea of royal supremacy by seating the monarch in an elevated royal closet, for instance. Sermons were preached in a wide range of settings: parish churches and cathedrals; chapels at the Inns of Court and the universities; outdoor pulpits and private meeting houses; and before Parliament and on the judicial circuit. And they existed in a variety of forms and media: in their original performance context, animated by voice and gesture; as manuscript notes, summaries, or illicit copies for further circulation; and in printed formats ranging from expensive folios to penny chapbooks. These different modes of transmission were in turn associated with different architectures of cognition: print culture helped preserve a sermon’s message, but at the cost of sacrificing the spiritual bond with the congregation. In a culture that saw the sermon as the primary means of communication with God, and therefore as the main path to salvation, retaining a connection with the living tradition of apostolic preaching was vital, and preachers sought to augment their printed sermons with features of orality and dialogue in order to compensate for the absence of an immediate rapport with the audience.
Sustainability Innovation: Drivers, Capabilities, Strategies, and Performance
Authors: Pujari Devashish , Sadovnikova Anna
Published: September 2020

Though concern for environmental issues dates back to the 1960s, research and practice in the field of sustainability innovation gained significant attention from academia, practitioners, and NGOs in the early 1990s, and has evolved rapidly to become mainstream. Organizations are changing their business practices so as to become more sustainable, in response to pressure from internal and external stakeholders. Sustainability innovation broadly relates to the creation of products, processes, technologies, capabilities, or even whole business models that require fewer resources to produce and consume, and also support the environment and communities, while simultaneously providing value to consumers and being financially rewarding for businesses. Sustainability innovation is a way of thinking about how to sustain a firm’s growth while sustainably managing depleting natural resources like raw materials, water, and energy, as well as preventing pollution and unethical business practices wherever the firm operates.

Sustainability innovation represents a very diverse and dynamic area of scholarship contributing to a wide range of disciplines, including but not limited to general management, strategy, marketing, supply chain and operations management, accounting, and financial disciplines. As addressing sustainability is a complex undertaking, sustainability innovation strategies can be varied in nature and scope depending upon the firm’s capabilities. They may range from incremental green product introductions to radical innovations leading to changes in the way business is conducted while balancing all three pillars of sustainability—economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Sustainability innovation strategies often require deep structural transformations in organizations, supply chains, industry networks, and communities. Such transformations can be hard to implement and are sometimes resisted by those affected. Importantly, as sustainability concerns continue to increase globally, innovation provides a significant approach to managing the human, social, and economic dimensions of this profound society-wide transformation. Therefore, a thorough assessment of the current state of thinking in sustainability innovation research is a necessary starting point from which to improve society’s ability to achieve triple bottom line for current and future generations.
Electoral Clientelism and Vote Buying
Authors: Murugesan Anand
Published: September 2020

Political competition between parties to win electoral support is a distinguishing feature of democratic forms of government. Parties seek to attract electoral support with programmatic promises (public goods, services) for the benefit of all citizens as well as targeted redistribution in several countries, broadly termed as “clientelistic linkages.” Cash, gifts and nonmaterial goods such as jobs, exclusive access to public services are forms of clientelistic goods discussed in the literature. Studies on clientelism have spiked since the last quarter of the 20th century in several disciplines including political science and economics. The studies have clarified the definitions and distinguished between the various forms of clientelism while shedding light on how parties decide to adopt the clientelistic approach, the form of benefits offered, whether groups or individuals are targeted for clientelistic benefits, the mechanisms that solve the political commitment problem inherent in clientelistic relationships, and the correlates and consequences of clientelism. The section on theory outlines a spatial model that predicts when political parties will target swing or core supporters for redistributive benefits. The advances in empirical methods for studying clientelism and vote buying, including experimental methods have provided evidence that politicians target swing or core supporters and at times adopt mixed strategies favoring both groups. The burgeoning empirical literature has clarified the effectiveness of vote-buying as well as anti-vote buying campaigns. A direct relationship between poverty and vote buying is now contested and it is evident that further research, particularly those tying up theory with empirical findings is required to understand clientelism and vote buying.
Toleration and Political Philosophy
Authors: Lægaard Sune
Published: September 2020

Toleration is a classic category of Western political theory. Liberalism can be said to have evolved as a generalization of debates on religious toleration from the 17th century onward. Many debates in political theory about matters of current concern, ranging from debates about free speech and hate-speech legislation, over attitudes to practices of minority groups, to the legitimate extent of state interference in particular areas of social life, are framed as debates on toleration. Finally, some of the most prominent theories within political philosophy view toleration as a central concept, for example, Rawls’s political liberalism. This continuous presence of the notion of toleration within political philosophy has resulted in a standard definition of toleration and a set of standard debates about toleration. Toleration is standardly understood as requiring disapproval or dislike, the power to interfere, and to consist in the abstention from this interference. This has given rise to debates about which kinds of disapproval or dislike are required, whether the condition of power is in itself problematic, and whether noninterference only counts as toleration if motivated by certain kinds of reasons. Nevertheless, this standard concept of toleration curiously fails to capture some of the prominent debates that are often framed in terms of toleration. It is for instance not at all clear whether and how the standard concept applies to states and to individuals regulated by state laws. It is also often unclear whether toleration as defined is a normative ideal or merely a descriptive concept and what the point of using the concept is in either case. Finally, there is surprising little reflection on what the significance is of the space of toleration between interference and lack of disapproval or dislike, and how changes in this space of toleration can be understood.
Understanding Urban Riots
Authors: Waddington David , Moran Matthew
Published: September 2020

Urban riots are intense and highly destructive outbursts of collective violence. Intrinsically “explosive” and “volatile,” they often seem, at least at first sight, to lack any discernible and comprehensible political agenda. For this reason, riots are often miscast as “wantonly criminal,” “senseless,” or “irrational”—this was the view of early scholars working in this space and it persists in some corners today. Yet this perspective is simplistic and belies the fact that there is invariably an underlying logic to these violent events, even if this is difficult to decode and understand. The majority of contemporary research on urban riots—much of it empirical—recognizes the complexity of these events and seeks to unravel the web of causal factors, from crowd dynamics to broader social and political context, that frames the outbreak of riots. This work builds on the rational approaches to understanding crowd behavior that emerged in the latter part of the 20th century and provides for a more holistic understanding of their nature and causes. Riots are unique in the sense that every outbreak is the product of a distinct combination of drivers and contextual factors. At the same time, these events often share common features—political marginalization, economic deprivation, problematic police-public interactions—that make their broader life cycle a familiar one. This means that despite the seemingly chaotic nature of riots, researchers have been able to develop empirically informed analytical frameworks that provide for deep understanding of how these violent social events come about.
Hurricane Maria: Disaster Response in Puerto Rico
Authors: Rodriguez Havidán , Mora Marie T.
Published: September 2020

On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico with great ferocity. The impact and outcomes of this event were devastating for the population of over three million American citizens. The electrical grid was decimated, the transportation infrastructure was significantly impacted, and an already deteriorating healthcare system was further eroded. Furthermore, the local, islandwide, and especially the federal response to Hurricane Maria failed to meet the emerging and critical needs of those impacted by the catastrophic event and left island residents and isolated communities on their own. Official estimates placed the death toll close to 3,000. Hurricane Maria also accelerated the largest migratory movement in Puerto Rico’s history from the island to the continental United States and decimated an already weak and deteriorating economy after more than a decade of a severe economic crisis. Recovery efforts remained slow in many parts of the island, and the social, economic, and healthcare impacts of the hurricane will be felt for decades to come.

The disaster research literature shows the disasters are not “natural,” but socially constructed or produced events. Indeed, a number of preexisting factors contributed to the disaster situation in Puerto Rico, including the severe economic crisis, which was also reflected in high levels of unemployment and poverty; the island’s complicated relationship with the U.S. mainland; massive net outmigration; and a frail and deteriorating healthcare system. Furthermore, the political relationship between Puerto Rico and the mainland affected federal-level disaster response and recovery efforts after Hurricane Maria.
The Role of Analogies in Crisis Decision Making
Authors: Houghton David Patrick
Published: September 2020

Analogical reasoning is a mode of thinking in which a current situation, person, or event is compared with something encountered in the past that appears “similar” to the analogizer. The 2020 Coronavirus crisis was often compared with the 1918 flu epidemic, for instance. In addition to reasoning across time, we can also reason across space, comparing a current case with something that has been encountered within a different geographical space. Sticking with the Coronavirus example, the management of the disease in one country was often compared with that in another, with favorable or unfavorable lessons being drawn. Analogical reasoning plays a major role in crisis decision-making, in large part because decisions made under such circumstances have to be taken in rapid (and, indeed, almost immediate) fashion. When this is the case, it is often tempting to conclude that “this time will resemble last time” or “this problem will resemble a situation confronted elsewhere.” But these analogies are drawn, and decisions are made, by individuals who must confront their own very human cognitive psychological limitations. Since analogies are essentially heuristic devices that cut short the process of informational search, they are usually seen as good enough but do not ensure optimal decision-making. Analogies are at a premium during crisis-like events, but their “bounded” nature means that their use will sometimes lead to errors in processing information. In particular, the drawing of an analogy often leads to an underestimation of ways in which the current crisis is “different” from the baseline event.
Left Governments and Social Movements in Latin America
Authors: Larrabure Manuel
Published: September 2020

The relationship between social movements and left governments in Latin America since the postwar period has evolved from top-down relationships of populism and vanguardism to more contemporary attempts to blend new social movement practices of horizontalism and direct democracy with the hierarchical structures of the capitalist state and the party system. This evolution represents a long and unfinished transformation in the character of popular struggles, which today stands at the crossroads between referring back to more traditional structures of resistance, and pushing forward to the creation of a new left that can feature radical democratic participation from below as its centerpiece.
Demobilization Challenges After Armed Conflict
Authors: Bussmann Margit
Published: September 2020

Demobilization of ex-combatants is a major obstacle in the transition to a stable postconflict society. The combatants must be convinced to abandon the armed confrontation and hand over their weapons in light of security concerns and a lack of alternative means of income. The challenges to overcoming the commitment problem differ in terms of numbers of combatants who must be demobilized for conflicts that end in a decisive victory and conflicts that reach a military stalemate. Peace agreements can offer several solutions for overcoming the parties’ commitment problems, but often the implementation of the provisions is incomplete. Third parties can offer to monitor an agreement and provide security guarantees. International actors increasingly assist with demobilization and reintegration programs for former combatants and help to overcome security-related concerns and economic challenges. Another solution offered is military power-sharing arrangements and the integration of rebel fighters into the national military. These measures are intended to reduce the pool for potential recruitment for existing or new rebel groups. If ex-combatants are left without means of income to support themselves and their families, the risk is higher that they will remobilize and conflict will recur. Reintegration in the civilian labor market, however, is often difficult in the weak economies of war-affected countries.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence in International and Comparative Perspective
Authors: Stobbs Nigel
Published: September 2020

Therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) is a multidisciplinary approach to assessing the impact of the law itself on the emotional and psychological experiences of all those who have contact with the legal system. Variously described as a theory, a method, a lens, or a process of analysis, its distinguishing feature is to conceive of the law as a “therapeutic agent.” That agency can cause both therapeutic and antitherapeutic consequences. By investigating and assessing the social, professional, and political contexts in which laws are made and applied, TJ seeks to identify how unintentional harms are caused and suggests ways to remedy them. It also identifies opportunities to enhance psychological strengths and positive emotional experiences to improve legal outcomes. It has commonalities with positive criminology, restorative justice, procedural justice, and other less adversarial approaches within the criminal justice system. Since being founded by David Wexler and Bruce Winick in the 1980s as a project to improve the experiences of those subjected to mental disability law in the United States, the theory and methodology of TJ has evolved, and its influence has expanded to virtually every major legal system and jurisdiction. TJ was at the core of the operating philosophy of the problem-solving court movement, which now operates across nine countries. It is increasingly influential in new approaches to probation and offender treatment models in the United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, and in influencing access to justice policies in India and Pakistan. It offers some common conceptual principles for the development of First Nations courts, tribunals, and dispute resolution programs seeking to eradicate systemic, monocultural bias in postcolonial criminal justice systems which tend to lead to intractable, carceral overrepresentation.

TJ is currently undergoing a process of “mainstreaming” across disciplines and internationally. This involves encouraging lawyers and other criminal justice workers outside specialist court and diversion jurisdictions to adopt therapeutic outlooks and practices. So far there have been projects to mainstream TJ principles in police interviewing, risk assessment, diversion, criminal settlement conferences, bail, sentencing, conditional release from custody, and appeals. The sorts of reforms, innovations, and changes in mindsets suggested by TJ work has also sparked resistance and criticism. The latter ranges from constructive concerns about conceptual vagueness, risks of paternalism, and coercion to absolute ideological opposition on the grounds that TJ allegedly advocates for the complete abandonment of the adversarial system and strongarms defendants into surrendering their constitutional and due process rights.