bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precision Positioning Control by Modeling Frictional Behaviors of Linear Ball Guideway
Authors: Tanaka Toshiharu ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyota National College of Technology, Otsuka Jiro , Oiwa Takaaki ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University
Published: April 2016

Positioning devices which are composed with linear ball guideways and a linear motor are increased in recent precision positioning field. However, it is a difficult problem to achieve precision or ultra-precision positioning because rolling frictional force of the linear ball guideways is a disturbance force. Therefore, a frictional compensation is implemented by a controller. In this paper, one-axis positioning apparatus using a voice coil motor as an actuator is constructed. Moreover, several control methods are full-closed loop of measured displacement feed-back, feed-forward control of reference position and feed-forward control as like inverse transfer function using nonlinear frictional model proposed by authors. The equivalent spring constant of the nonlinear frictional model changes by the displacement. As implementing positioning tests, it is verified that the feed forward control using the nonlinear frictional model is effective for achieving the precision positioning.
High Performance Rotary Table for Machine Tool Applications
Authors: Dassanayake K. M. Muditha ,   Sankyo Seisakusho Co.,, Tsutsumi Masaomi ,   Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
Published: April 2016

The high performance rotary tables are immense necessary part for the multi-axis machines. These rotary tables are yet in the developing stage. In this report, a rotary table driven by roller drive is introduced and the characteristics of that are discussed by comparing them with the characteristics of rotary table driven by worm gear mechanism. As the characteristics, the positioning accuracy and repeatability, frequency response, rotational fluctuations and influence of unbalance mass on motion are measured. According to the measured results, it can be said that the rotary table driven by roller drive shows high performances and therefore it can be said that this type of rotary tables are well suited for machine tool applications.
Study on Visual Servosystems for Optical Microscopes to Observe a Moving Microorganism
Authors: Ibe Hirotoshi ,   Department of Information Science and Technology, Graduate school of  Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Otsuka Jiro , Onda Hajime ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology,  Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology,   Department of Electric Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology,  Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology
Published: April 2016

This paper describes a visual servosystem that observes a moving microorganism within the optical microscope view field. The visual servosystem consists of an optical microscope, a high-speed CCD camera, a controller, and XY stages. The camera takes an image every 4 milliseconds. The target’s center of gravity is calculated using inverse white-to-black processing and blocking processing. Its position is fed back to XY stages so that the target reaches the center of the view field. The control program is from LabVIEW. As a result, by means of this visual servosystem, the image of a very small object, for example, a kind of lobster of a size of 0.4 ∼ 0.6 mm which moves in the water at the maximum speed of 4 mm/s can be kept in view based on a method whereby, on the XY stages on which the moving object can continue to be observed.
Analysis Method of Motion Accuracy Using NC System with Synchronized Measurement of Tool-Tip Position
Authors: Nagaoka Kotaro ,   Advanced Technology R&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 8-1-1 Tsukaguchi-honmachi, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-8661, Japan, Matsubara Atsushi , Fujita Tomoya , Sato Tomonori ,   Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper describes a method of measuring and analyzing the motion accuracy of NC machine tools. A practical method of measuring the motion accuracy is required for the achievement of high precision machining. The motion accuracy of NC machine tools becomes an issue, as motion error emerges while a continuous path control is applied. Error is caused by several factors. In order to determine the effects of each cause, it is necessary to measure the differences among reference positions, feedback positions, and tool tip positions. Thus, a system of measurement that achieves synchronized acquisition of each of the aforementioned positions has been developed. The system is composed of the NC system, which can manage the reference position and the feedback position, and an additional sensor data acquisition system, which receives the tool tip position. A method of analyzing the acquired data to determine the motion accuracy is also proposed. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
On-Machine Measurement of Tool Cutting Edge Profiles
Authors: Asai Takemi ,   Nano-Metrology and Control Laboratory, Department of Nanomechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan, Ferdous Sayeda , Arai Yoshikazu , Yang Yi , Gao Wei
Published: April 2016

An on-machine profile measuring system for diamond cutting tools was constructed. It is based on the atomic force microscope (AFM). The characteristics evaluation experiment of the AFM unit was carried out. On-machine measurements of three tools, one having a straight cutting edge and the other two having round edges with nose radii of 0.2 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively, were conducted to demonstrate the applicability of this system.
Sensorless Cutting Force Monitoring Using Parallel Disturbance Observer
Authors: Kurihara Daisuke ,   School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, Kakinuma Yasuhiro , Katsura Seiichiro ,   Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
Published: April 2016

Measuring cutting force is effective in monitoring machining processes, but requires that a force sensor be installed on the tool table. The parallel disturbance observer we propose in table control using velocity response and current reference realizes both robust control and cutting force estimation without additional sensors. Performance of this method was evaluated through simulation and experiments.
In-Process Measurement of Elastic Deformation of a Large Deep-Drawing-Die with Fusion of Experiment and Numerical Analysis
Authors: Ohashi Takahiro ,   Kokushikan University, 3-4-1 Setagaya, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8515, Japan, Ando Tomoaki , Nakaoka Noriyuki ,   Advanced Simulation Technology of Mechanics (ASTOM) R&D, Co. Ltd., 2-3-13 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0104, Japan
Published: April 2016

We measured elastic deformation of a large deep drawing die in-process and visualized it with a fusion technique of numerical analysis and experiments with multipoint die support. We found that displacement by elastically deforming a press machine bolster is up to 0.15 mm when measured directly by displacement sensors. Lower die profile displacement for a half size fender is estimated at 0.25 mm. We numerically analyzed elastic die deformation using multipoint die support to measure and visualize deformation indirectly. We calculated reactive force distribution on the cavity surface and to know it differs with according to distribution pattern of support points, and visualized elastic deformation die patterns.
High-Accuracy and Low-Cost Chamfering System by a Material-Handling Robot –Individual Error Compensation Using Image Processing–
Authors: Asakawa Naoki ,   Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, Tanaka Hidetake , Kiyoshige Tomoya , Hirao Masatoshi ,   Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
Published: April 2016

The study deals with an automation of chamfering by a material-handling robot with considering of accuracy and costs. The study focused on automation of chamfering without influence of individual dimensional error of workpiece. A casted impeller usually chamfered with handwork is treated in the study as an example of a workpiece having individual dimensional error. In the system, a file driven by air reciprocating actuator is used as a chamfering tool and image processing technology is used to compensate the dimensional error of the workpiece. The robot hand carries a workpiece instead of a chamfering tool both for chamfering and for material handling. From the experimental result, the system is found effective to chamfer a workpiece having dimensional error automatically.
Development of Micro Probe System for Micro Measurement Center
Authors: Ogura Ichiro ,   Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute (AMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan, Okazaki Yuichi
Published: April 2016

We developed two types of contact probe for micromeasurement. The first type -a dynamic motion probe with a probe ball 200μm in diameter- is driven in a circle by piezoelectric (PZT) actuators at a radius of 3μm and frequency of 10 Hz. The signal noise ratio indicates that the probe’s angle resolution is 1° and contact detection resolution of 50 nm. The second type of contact probe is static and developed for compact design. In addition to having a structure similar to earlier probes developed with a crossbeam plate, this one has a measurement ball glued to the front and back of the center plate. Optical sensors measure ball movement, which is synchronized with the contact probe. Basic experiments confirmed that the new probe has a measurement resolution of 50 nm.
Manufacturing of Artificial Bones Using 3D Inkjet Printing Technology
Authors: Tei Ung-il Chung/Yuichi ,   Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate Schools of Engineering and Medicine & Division of Tissue Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Published: April 2016

The performance of the scaffolds holds the key to the realization of tissue engineering in clinical settings. By precisely controlling the 3D shape of the scaffolds using the inkjet printing technology, we have significantly improved the performance of the artificial bones, which have good shape compatibility, resultant reduction in the operation time and invasiveness, and resultant speedy union with the host bone tissues. We conclude that 3D shape control is vital to the performance of the scaffolds. We propose that it is advisable to consider at least once controlling the 3D shape of the scaffold by optimizing the design and manufacturing method, before resorting to the complex, expensive and high-risk use of growth factors and cells.
Interference Free Tool Path Generation in Multi-Axis Milling Machine for Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Nakano Taiga ,   The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Sugita Naohiko , Kato Takeharu , Fujiwara Kazuo , Abe Nobuhiro , Ozaki Toshifumi , Suzuki Masahiko , Mitsuishi Mamoru ,   HalleyValey Co., Ltd.,   Okayama University,   Chiba University
Published: April 2016

Tool interference causes serious damage to surrounding soft tissue in minimally invasive orthopedic surgery with a milling robot. The objective of this study is to avoid the collision of cutting tool with complicated shapes, and a novel approach of interference-free toolpath generation in a short intraoperative time is proposed. In order to resolve this issue, we propose the following two methods: intraoperative modeling of soft tissues as an interference area and interference-free toolpath generation based on the model. A model is constructed to represent the opening area and the internal tissues by using a 3-dimensional optical position sensor to measure them. Based on the constructed model, interference-free toolpath is immediately determined by the preliminary definition of evacuating direction. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated with artificial models on the system that the authors have developed so far. A tool contact force against the model was measured by a force sensor mounted on the cutting tool. The result revealed that the tool interference was greatly reduced by implementing the proposed method.
Processing Micro Reactor by Non-Rotational Cutting Tool with Ultrasonic Vibration
Authors: Yoshimaru Masafumi ,   Kyusyu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan, Koresawa Hiroshi , Narahara Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hiroshi
Published: April 2016

In recent years, a micro reactor used in the chemical field is capable of compounding reagents by the fine passage that intersects with in a complicated manner. The micro reactor is requested to have a high-quality finish because it uses not only a general acryl material, but also a hard vulnerable material such as a glass with excellent corrosion resistance. Etching technology is used as a method to provide a fine groove, but it requires tremendous amounts of money. This study attempts to manufacture the micro reactor using micro cutting by a non-rotational tool to process hard vulnerable materials. Processing in the ductile mode is indispensable for processing of a hard vulnerable material such as a glass. If this is realized, a good finish can be obtained. In this report, processing using ultrasonic vibration is performed as a means to implement processing in the ductile mode. We made a comparison with a finish by end mill tool and confirmed an increase in the infeed and the effect of cutting in water on the finish. We performed experiments on cutting the micro reactor under the optimum condition and confirmed that a non-rotational tool could process a hard vulnerable material. The following is a report of this matter.
Factory Tour to ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd.
Authors: Yamafuji Kazuo ,   University of Electro-Communications
Published: April 2016

The ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd., predecessor, Kawanishi Aircraft Ltd., was famed for its high-performance World War II planes, including the Type II Flying Boat, codenamed “Emily” by the Allied Forces, and the Interceptor Siden-Kai, codenamed “George.” Following defeat, Kawanishi Aircraft Ltd. was renamed ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd., founded officially in 1949. The new company, which started out producing dump trucks, but resumed aircraft manufacture in 1960.

ShinMaywa now holds a high market share among Special Purpose Trucks such as dump trucks and in aircraft business exemplified by the STOL (Short Take Off Landing) Amphibian. It also manufactures Automatic Wire Terminating Machines, Thin Film Coating System, Aircraft Passenger Boarding Bridges, Car Parking System, and Water Treatment Equipment.

In fiscal 2008 business, industrial machinery accounted for 37%, special purpose truck 35%, aircraft 19%, and others 9% in the company’s ¥127.7 billion sales (US$1.277 billion). Current employees based on consolidated accounts number 3,883.

The enterprise philosophy is “contributing to society through outstanding technology and service.” Concretely, harmonization with society should be achieved in daily activities of an enterprise, and enterprise value should be raised by management taking stake holders into account.
Skill-Assist Safety and Intelligence Technology
Authors: Lee Suwoong ,   Department of Bio-System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 419 Building No.8, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan, Yamada Yoji ,   Mechano-Informatics and Systems, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, 303 Building No.2 North, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
Published: April 2016

Skill-Assist for automobile manufacturing enables operators to move heavy component modules to target sites, playing a valuable role on production lines. Skill-Assist has high-powered actuators and operates in physical contact with users, so safety is a top priority. This paper describes safety technology developed for and implemented in Skill-Assist at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan (Skill-Assist@AIST). Risk was assessed for main causes of potentially hazardous events, which were projected to result from abnormal command signals generated by the controller, human error, and unauthorized access. In this paper, we focus on safety measures against abnormal command signals and human error, and introduce current safety technology for Skill-Assist@AIST. Highly reliable control includes a dual-channel controller and fail-safe fault-detection hardware (FSFDH) for ensuring functional safety through command signal monitoring. A reaching-gesture recognition (RGR) algorithm based on laser range sensor data and a hidden Markov model (HMM) predictively detect operator error that outlies predefined safe reaching.
Weight-Perception-Based Model of Power Assist System for Lifting Objects
Authors: Rahman S. M. Mizanoor ,   Division of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Ikeura Ryojun , Nobe Masaya , Hayakawa Soichiro , Sawai Hideki ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper deals with the design and control of a power assist system for lifting objects based on weight perception. We considered vertical lifting force (load force) as the desired dynamics for lifting objects with the power assist system. Load force consists of inertial force and gravitational force. We hypothesized that weight perception due to inertial force may differ from perceived weight due to gravitational force for lifting objects with a power assist system. Based on this hypothesis, we designed a 1-degree-of-freedom (DOF) (vertical up-down) power assist system and determined a psychophysical relationship between actual weights and power-assisted weights for lifted objects. We also determined the excess in the load forces that subjects applied when lifting objects with the system. The excessive load force causes problems such as sudden high acceleration of the lifted object, user safety and other concerns while lifting the object, loss of system maneuverability and stability, and possibly fatal accidents. We modified the power-assist control based on the psychophysical relationship and the load force characteristics. Modifying control reduced the excess in load forces and significantly enhanced maneuverability, naturalness, ease of use, stability, and safety. We proposed using the findings to design industrial power assist systems for transporting heavy objects in various industries such as assembly and manufacturing, mining, logistics and transport, construction, disaster management and rescue, and military operations.
Development of Industry Oriented Power-Assisted System and Comparison with Conventional Machine
Authors: Miyoshi Takanori ,   Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi city 441-8580, Japan, Niinuma Ayumu , Terashima Kazuhiko , Miyashita Yuuki ,   Hitachi Medical Corporation, Kashiwa city 277-0804, Japan
Published: April 2016

So far, we have developed a power-assisted wire suspension system to reduce operators' burden. It has three advantages. First, the structure is simple, and the cost is lower than that of other rigid systems, because the mechanism is based on an overhead crane. Second, it is easy to effect sequence control using this system because the sequence control is based on the velocity control. Finally, this system is expected to supply efficient conveyance by any operator, because operators can move heavy objects directly with two hands. In this paper, we summarize the design and the feature of the power-assisted system, and compare the effectiveness of the proposed power-assisted system with the conventional operation using buttons through experiments involving the measurement of the precision of the positioning and the work time needed to assemble objects.
Fujitsu IT Products Ltd. Factory Tour
Authors: Asakawa Naoki ,   Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, Maeda Tomohiko ,   Fujitsu Limited, 1-1 kamikodanaka 4-chome, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8588, Japan
Published: April 2016

We recently had the honor of visiting Fujitsu IT Products Ltd. (FJIT) in Ishikawa Prefecture on August 1, 2009. President Masanori Takada kindly gave us a tour of the factory. FJIT, a core Fujitsu Ltd. and PFU factory producing computer systems, manufactures and ships computer servers, storage devices, and other equipment for domestic and overseas customers. Under FJIT’s founding business policy for “pursuing improvements in customer satisfaction through ongoing QCD,” FJIT has consistently worked to achieve the most flexible production possible. Main objectives of our visit focused on how FJIT has improved its basis of production and what technical developments it has achieved in streamlining production systems.
Latest Trends in Deburring Technology
Authors: Kitajima Koichi ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kansai University 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan, Yamamoto Akihiro ,   Hyogo Prefecutual Institute of Technology 3-1-12 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper details the standardization of edge quality in Japan, its meaning to design, burr formation mechanisms and their control, and deburring methods to provide burring technology basics and trends. Deburring is essential to designing functional edges, and the principles of machining, such as edge shape, require that burr formation be minimized. Selecting the appropriate deburring method is vital and requires that many factors be considered. Microdeburring is increasingly in demand, as exemplified by the dissemination of Aero Lap shot blasting.
Development of Inline Micro-Deburring Applying Magnetic-Field-Assisted Polishing
Authors: Anzai Masahiro ,   Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Nakagawa Takeo , Yoshioka Nobuhiro , Banno Shigeki ,   FineTech Co., Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan,   Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd., Kadoma, Osaka, Japan
Published: April 2016

The ongoing miniaturization and increasing precision of machine parts have made minute burrs generated in shearing, cutting, and grinding, a serious problem and their elimination a vital necessity. With no currently efficient way of deburring metal parts made by press-forming thin sheet metal. We applied a polishing using magnetic abrasives to micro-deburring, and used this in actual production. Results showed that three-dimensionally formed thin sheet hoops can be deburred, and clarified that nonstop operator-free deburring lines can be put into actual operation at production sites. We also attempted deburring the outer blade of an electric shaver as a practical application, attaining excellent results.
Machined Workpiece Edge Shape Control by Laser Hardening —Optimizing Laser Scan Conditions and Cutter Paths—
Authors: Tanaka Ryutaro ,   Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, Kito Takashi , Hosokawa Akira , Ueda Takashi , Furumoto Tatsuaki ,   Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
Published: April 2016

Burring is a vital factor in metal cutting processes, since it may cause production-line problems that add unwanted time and cost required for deburring. We found that laser hardening of workpieces before face milling efficiently prevents burr formation. Our purpose here is to study optimum laser hardening conditions and cutter paths. Where no burring occurs, minimal chipping such as in chamfering is seen at the martensite layer on the workpiece exit face. The martensite layer thickens with laser power density, increasing chamfer height. The larger the exit angle, the more difficult it is to form a chamfer-like edge. Even for relatively small exit angles, the lower the feed rate, the more difficult it becomes to form a chamfer-like edge.
Automation of Deburring by a Material-Handling Robot —Generation of a Deburring Path Based on a Characteristic Model—
Authors: Asakawa Naoki ,   Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, Saegusa Fumitake , Hirao Masatoshi
Published: April 2016

This study deals with the automation of deburring in press working using a material-handling robot. The robot simultaneously manipulates and deburrs a workpiece using robot control commands automatically generated. Robot control commands are generated based on environmental information — positioning of carry-in/carry-out table, tool and end effector dimensions — and CAD data using a “characteristic model” to realize robot operation suiting the working environment. The results of experiments confirm the proposal’s effectiveness in automatic deburring and material handling.
Adaptive Control for Feed Drives Considering Coupling Effects Among Multiple Axes
Authors: Uchiyama Naoki ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan, Mori Kazunori
Published: April 2016

Most feed drive controller design ignores coupling effects among multiple axes. Inertia force caused by movement at one axis affects contact force between mechanical components at other axes, so friction magnitude changes at contact points, and considering this coupling effect in controller design could improve control performance. Because coupling effects are generally unknown, we propose adaptive controller design expanding on our previous design and demonstrate its effectiveness by comparative experiments with an adaptive controller that neglects coupling effects.
RARX Estimator and Gain Scheduling Controller for On-Line Fault Detection Controller
Authors: Minh Vu Trieu ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia, Ibrahim Idris Bin
Published: April 2016

This paper introduces a fault detection and adaptive controller reconfiguration that can determine online stable and free offset errors performance, detect faults quickly, and reconfigure the controller accordingly using recursive autoregressive exogenous estimator (RARX). A fault detection and controller system consists of two main parts: the first is the fault detection and the second is the controller reconfiguration. For the first issue, we propose a simple scheme for detecting faults with RARX estimator. For the second issue, we consider and install a digital adaptive controller with pole replacement. Simulations for the suggested system are illustrated and analyzed.
Development of a Desktop Machine Tool for Mirror Surface Grinding
Authors: Ohmori Hitoshi ,   Materials Fabrication Laboratory, the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Uehara Yoshihiro
Published: April 2016

This paper is a report on the process of developing a desktop machine tool to be used in “Micro Workshops.” It incorporates emerging technologies for the production of “micro parts and components” as a newMonotsukuriThe resultant desktop machine tool was developed after designing structures which simultaneously meet both requirements of lighter weight and sufficient rigidity and which prove to be capable of producing mirror quality finish using the electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding .system.

In order to verify the successful achievement of mirror surface grinding, a fine grain (#8000) abrasive grinding wheel used in the ELID grinding system was employed to generate an aspherical surface by cross grinding technique after completion of development on the aforementioned simultaneous achievement of lightness and rigidity for mainframe structure of the machine.

The grinding wheels used in this experiment were a grinding wheel of #1200 diamond abrasive grain bonded with cast iron and another type of grinding wheel of #8000 cerium oxide abrasive grain bonded with metal resin.

As the basic experiment, a silica-glass workpiece was ground and finished using the cross-grinding technique. The result showed that stable grinding and finishing operations can be achieved without burning during grinding even by using a very fine abrasive grain of #8000 or higher.
Fabrication of Ultrafine Tools Using a Desktop Microgrinder
Authors: Ohmori Hitoshi ,   Materials Fabrication Laboratory, the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Uehara Yoshihiro , Katahira Kazutoshi
Published: April 2016

Microtools require exceptionally high-quality surface features controlled to the nanometer level. The specialized cylindrical desktop grinder we designed with electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) features two opposed grinding-wheel heads arranged to pinch the workpiece. Grinding performance was demonstrated in fabricating staged pins with an end diameter of 50 microns and an aspect ratio of 30, together with other polygonal shapes, including quadrangular, hexagonal, and octagonal cross-sections. Satisfactory results were also achieved using microtools produced with this grinder for fine milling experiments involving the fabrication of microgrooves and micromolds.
Development of Ultra Slim Utility Type CNC Lathe Adapted to Automation - An Approach to Energy Conservation from Machine Shops -
Authors: Kaneko Yoshiyuki ,   Takamatsu Machinery Co., Ltd., 1-8 Asahigaoka, Hakusan-City, Ishikawa 924-8558, Japan, Suzuki Naohiko , Kanahira Katsufumi , Wada Hiromitsu , Yamano Makoto
Published: April 2016

In the manufacturing field, high-precision and miniaturization have aggressively been pursued as pressing requirements for many components of automobiles and electric appliances, but machine tools used to machine such components remain large in size. There is a growing demand for “miniaturization of machine tools to fit the sizes of workpieces with a view to maximize energy and space efficiency used in machine shop. In response to the market requirements of major manufacturers of automobile components for “machine tools of width ten times machining diameters of object workpieces,” we have developed ultra slim CNC lathes which can machine object workpieces to an equivalent degree to conventional types of machine tools, and can also be adapted to automatically carry-in-and-out of workpieces. The intent of this paper is to describe the developmental background, overview the characteristics, space-saving and energy saving effects, and future plans of the newly developed lathe.
Building of Efficient, Energy-Saving Lines with an Extremely-Compact Machining Center and CNC Lathe
Authors: Ogawa Tsuyoshi ,   Toyo Seiki Kogyo Co., Ltd, 2715 Miyagawa, Chino-City, Nagano 391-8585, Japan
Published: April 2016

Industrial products today are expected to be smaller, lighter, and more multi-functioned, and such products consist of numbers of extremely small and precise components. Yet, turnovers of such products are short, and their production volumes fluctuate at extreme. The production engineering for such components, however, which should correspond to, and optimized for this situation is still in progress, even though such components are growing in numbers and kinds: becoming even smaller in size and the demand fluctuates more. We have developed extremely compact machining center and CNC lathe, which covers these points: most optimum means of production for small or microscopic components. We have also built a concept of a production system, today commonly called “desktop factory” by using multiple numbers of these “desktop” machines.
Small Processing Machinery Effectiveness in Micropart Processing and Factory Construction with Desktop Production Equipment
Authors: Endo Chiaki ,   Takashimasangyo Co., Ltd., 5695-6 Kanazawa, Chino, Nagano 391-0012, Japan
Published: April 2016

The effects of inertia on production facilities due to working-tool mass and gravity must be minimized for microprocessing. Compact production facilities are expected to effectively solve this problem. Examples of effective facilities include in-house desktop production platforms and high-performance factories consisting of compact production equipment.
Quasi-Minimum Time Trajectory Planning and Experiments for Prototype Direct-Drive Robot Arm Driven by Stepping Motors Using GA
Authors: Kojima Hiroyuki ,   Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, Motomura Kengo , Kuwano Yoshifumi , Abe Keiichi , Hosoya Hajime ,   Nidec Servo Co. Ltd., 3-93 Aioicho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-0011, Japan,   Gunma Industrial Technology Center, 884-1 Kamesatomachi, Maebashi, Gunma 379-2147, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a quasi-minimum time trajectory planning of three-link direct-drive robot arm driven with stepping motors using a genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed. The prototype direct-drive robot arm was newly manufactured in this study. The trajectory for a semiconductor wafer transfer work consists of three trajectory portions: a straight line, a curved line, and a straight line. In the trajectory planning, three trajectory portions are expressed by polynomials of time. Using the boundary and continuous conditions concerning joint angle, joint angular velocity and joint angular acceleration, the whole trajectory is described by a chromosome consisting of five genes. Then, the fitness function of the genetic algorithm for the quasi-minimum time control was defined, under the constraint condition that the stepping motor torques should not exceed pull-out torques. Furthermore, the numerical calculations and experiments have been carried out, and it is confirmed that the quasi-minimum time trajectory planning can be executed successfully, and the trajectory tracking control can be well performed.
Special Issue on Modeling and Simulation of Cutting Process
Authors: Shirase Keiichi
Published: April 2016

In the 5 decades-plus since the first numerical control (NC) machine tool was demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, MA, USA, advances such as high-speed, multi-axis and multi-tasking machine tools have been introduced widely to achieve high quality and productivity in machining operations. In order to handle these sophisticated machine tools freely and effectively, sophisticated NC programs are conventionally required in advance for problem-free machining. Computer simulation and optimization of cutting processes by considering process physics, machine tool dynamics and kinematics and process constraints are helpful in the strategic process planning operation and useful in preparing sophisticated NC programs. However, challenges and models quantitatively predicting cutting process performance remain to be developed. Topics of interests in this special issue include but are not limited to - machining process modeling - machine tool dynamics modeling - cutting force, cutting temperature, surface roughness, etc., prediction - machining stability prediction - simulation-based machining-process diagnostics - optimization using machining simulation The review paper and ten research works accepted are related to state-of-the-art modeling and simulation applicable to the machining and manufacturing domains. Besides traditional machining, nontraditional machining such as laser machining for micromachining have been explored. Also the machining of calcium polyphosphate (CPP) for tissue engineering applications has been investigated. The articles in this special issue are sure to prove interesting, informative, and inspiring to our readers on advances in cutting process modeling and simulation. Finally, we thank the authors, reviewers, and editors for their invaluable contributions and generous efforts in enabling this issue to be published.
Adaptive Cutting Force Prediction in Milling Processes
Authors: Matsumura Takashi ,   Tokyo Denki University, 2-2 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8457, Japan, Shirakashi Takahiro , Usui Eiji
Published: April 2016

An adaptive force model is presented to predict the cutting force and the chip flow direction in milling. The chip flow model in the milling process is made by piling up the orthogonal cuttings in the planes containing the cutting velocities and the chip flow velocities. The chip flow direction is determined to minimize the cutting energy. The cutting force is predicted using the determined chip flow model. The force model requires the orthogonal cutting data, which associate the orthogonal cutting models with the cutting parameters. Basically, the required data for simulation can be measured in the orthogonal cutting tests. However, it is difficult to perform the cutting tests with specialized setups in the machine shops. The paper presents the adaptive model to accumulate and update the orthogonal cutting data with referring the measured cutting forces in milling. The orthogonal cutting data are identified to minimize the error between the predicted and the measured cutting forces. Then, the cutting forces can be predicted well in many cutting operations using the identified orthogonal cutting data. The adaptive is effective not only in extending the database but also in improving the quality of the database for the accurate predictions.
Trial Surface-Property Prediction in End-Mill Operation
Authors: Narita Hirohisa ,   School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan, Shirase Keiichi , Arai Eiji , Fujimoto Hideo ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,   Department of Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,   Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
Published: April 2016

Because surface precision is an important factor in machined surfaces, we propose a model for predicting surface properties in end-mill operation. Prediction considers cutting edges including a cutting tool movement and rotation and cutter runout and vibration. Experiments confirmed the model’s feasibility.
FE Analysis of One-Directional and Elliptical Vibration Cutting Processes
Authors: Amini Saeid ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Esfahan, Iran, Shamoto Eiji , Suzuki Norikazu , Nategh Mohammad Javad ,   Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal-e Al-e Ahmad Boulevard, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
Published: April 2016

Processes of one-directional vibration cutting, elliptical vibration cutting and conventional cutting are modelled by using MSC-Marc FEM software in the present study. The vibration is assumed to be applied to a rigid cutting tool in the cutting direction for the one-directional vibration cutting and in the cutting and thrust directions for the elliptical vibration cutting. Then, the cutting forces and the stresses generated within the workpiece during the abovementioned processes are estimated by applying the developed FE model, and their cutting mechanics are discussed. Influence of various process parameters such as speed ratio, amplitudes and phase difference is subsequently investigated. The simulated results are also compared with some experimental data published in the literature.
Effect of Workpiece Location on Manipulability Measure in 5-Axis-Controlled Machine Tools
Authors: Mizugaki Yoshio ,   Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Tobata, Kitakyushu, 804-8550 Fukuoka, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper clarifies the effects of workpiece location in a 5-axis-controlled machine tool from the viewpoint of Inverse kinematics including Manipulability measure: an index representing the variance of movement of end-effector in a serial linkage. Firstly the importance of Inverse kinematics in Computer Aided Manufacturing is emphasized and then Singularity and Manipulability measure are expanded for multiaxis-controlled machine tools. Secondly the computational results of Manipulability measure for different workpiece locations and tool orientations show that setting the workpiece in the centre of the rotary work-table is most preferable. Regardless of large differences in Manipulability measure at different locations, there were few differences of the resultant cutting force in machining experiments. Finally the brief conclusion is mentioned.
Simulation of Laser Micromachining in Silica Glass with Absorbent Slurry
Authors: Kono Ippei ,   The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan, Sugita Naohiko , Mitsuishi Mamoru
Published: April 2016

The authors are studying a method of machining a 3D microchannel in silica glass using a UV nanosecond pulsed laser and an absorbent slurry. 3D microstructures in glass materials are required for optical waveguides, microfluidic chips, etc. The depths of the grooves and holes produced in the silica glass have been proportional to the number of laser pulses. The paper reports the results of a simulation of laser micro machining in silica class with absorbent slurry. The results are that the material removal process in the proposed method is the melting of the glass by heat transfer from the absorbent particles, which are attached to the surface of the glass, providing for strong laser absorption.
Interactive Design-Assistance System of Machine Tool Structure in Conceptual and Fundamental Design Stage
Authors: Yu Zhangyong ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Nakamoto Keiichi , Ishida Tohru , Takeuchi Yoshimi
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the development of an interactive design-assistance system for quickly determining a machine tool structure in conceptual and fundamental design stage. The distinguishing point in this system is that all components of one machine tool structure are approximated into conceptual beams. Therefore, by using the interactive design-assistance system, designers can decide a beam structure in a short time because classical beam theory makes it easy to analyze the static, dynamic and thermal stiffness. Converting the beam structure to an actual structure, designers can complete the conceptual and fundamental design of a machine tool structure. Consequently, the interactive design-assistance system enables designers to complete structural design of a machine tool in a shorter time with higher efficiency.
Redundant Parallel Mechanism for Haptic Applications
Authors: Arata Jumpei ,   Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan, Fujimoto Hideo
Published: April 2016

With haptic devices becoming increasingly common in both industrial field and consumer use, parallel mechanisms have been widely introduced for their high rigidity, output, accuracy and high backdrivability due to their multi-legged structure and fixed base actuators. In general parallel mechanism, redundancy enlarges the working area and avoids singularity. The redundant parallel mechanism we present introduces these advantages into haptic applications. Introducing this mechanism into a multiple degrees-of-freedom (DOF) structure realizes a wide range of working areas in rotation. The redundant parallel mechanism implemented in translational force display device, and multi-DOF force display device demonstrate the advantages of the redundant parallel mechanism in haptic applications. Following an overview, we introduce the prototype implementation and evaluation of these devices and discuss the effectiveness of the redundant parallel mechanism in haptic applications.
Development of Pneumatic Parallel Force Feedback
Authors: Hitaka Yasunobu ,   Department of Control and Information System Engineering, Kitakyushu National College of Technology, 5-20-1 Shii Kokuraminamiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 802-0985, Japan, Tanaka Yoshito , Tanaka Yutaka , Ishii Junko , Yaobao Yin ,   Hosei University, 3-7-2 Fujimi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8160, Japan,   Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
Published: April 2016

The increasing number of paralyzed persons and a shortage of the physical therapist is becoming an increasing problem, focusing attention on rehabilitation support. Noting the increase in wrist paralysis, we are developing corresponding rehabilitation support. Our basic approach centers on force feedback system based on the parallel 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) Stewart platform. This parallel mechanism consists of six pneumatic cylinders whose thrust is controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM). Each cylinder has two solenoid valves for pushing and pulling controlled by PWM signals from a programmable interface controller (PIC). The influence of pneumatic cylinder control on air compression must be considered, so we guaranteed accumulator effects on control characteristics. We confirmed that cylinder thrust is applicable to the pneumatic parallel mechanism, and experimental force control results are presented.
Determination of Friction Coefficient in Floating Bush Bearings by Strain Gauge Method
Authors: Patel Dilip C. ,   Gujarat Technological University, 8/d, Sai Ashish Society, Bhatar University Road, Surat, Gujarat, India, Vakharia Deepak P. ,   SVNIT, Deemed University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Published: April 2016

A floating bush bearing is a kind of journal bearing in which the bushing will float between the journal and bearing. Knowing the frictional coefficient is important for the determination of wear loss and power loss conditions; an appropriate test rig is used to determine friction of floating bush bearings. The frictional coefficient of bearings in dry and lubricated conditions has been examined in experiments.
Fabrication of Elbow Pipe by Direct Metal Lamination Using Arc Discharge While Maintaining the Molten Pool in a Horizontal Position
Authors: Kamioka Toshihito ,   Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan, Ishikawa Syuhei , Sasahara Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

Direct fabrication machines have recently been put to practical use for metal products. However, there have been some problems. The devices and usable materials are very expensive, there are limits to the materials, and the strength of the materials is inferior to that of bulk materials, among other problems. The present study aims at the development of a near net shape fabrication machine using an arc discharge that always keeps the molten pool horizontal during the accumulation of layers. This is in order to enable the fabrication of an overhanging shape with good accuracy. During the fabrication of the elbow shape, it is necessary to gradually change the torch velocity and the attitude of the molten pool. In this study, we tried to clarify the relationship between torch speed and layer thickness. Finally, the fabricated elbow tube is shown.