bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Gated Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry in Electric Double Layer
Authors: Guo Hong‐Yang , Wan Qiang , Jiang Yunjia , Wang Bo , Wang Lingyao , Zheng Ju‐Fang , Wang Ya‐Hao , Zhang Yuanbin , Li Jian‐Feng , Zhou Xiao‐Shun
Published: October 2024

The recent discovery of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) during the activation of small molecules has inspired extensive research across the full span of chemical science. Owing to the nature of weak interactions, it is experimentally challenging to directly observe and modulate FLP at the molecular scale. Here we design a boron cluster anion building block (B10H82−) and organic amine cations ([NR4]+, R=−CH3, −C2H5) as the FLP to prove the feasibility of controlling their interaction in the electric double layer (EDL) via an electrochemical strategy. In situ single‐molecule electrical measurements and Raman monitoring of B10H82−−[NR4]+ FLP formed at the positively charged Au(111) electrode surface, in contrast to the free‐standing B10H82− near or below the potential of zero charge (PZC). Furthermore, this FLP chemistry leads to a shift in the local density of states of boron clusters towards the EF for enhancing electron transport, providing a new prototype of a reversible single‐cluster switch that digitally switches upon controlling FLP chemistry in the electric double layer.
Rapid yet Controlled Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Nanocapsules as High‐Performance Photocatalytic Carriers
Authors: Ma Yuting , Yu Shenhui , Li Wei , Chen Di , Zheng Zhenqian , Mao Linjie , Yang Xuan , Wang Wen‐Jun , Liu Pingwei
Published: October 2024

Synthesis and assembly of two‐dimensional (2D) polymeric materials present a tricky trade‐off between the high reaction rate and precise morphology control. Here we report a nanoconfined synthesis of imine‐based 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) at the interface of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion droplets stabilized by cationic surfactants. Highly uniform nanocapsules (NCs) could be prepared without adding extra catalysts at room temperature in just 4.5 h at a yield of 86 %. The NCs have tunable average diameters of 114–565 nm and shell thicknesses of 12–63 nm, depending on the monomer and surfactant types/concentrations. Their BET‐specific surface areas are up to 139.0 m2/g, mainly contributed by narrowly‐distributed mesopores at ~5.0 nm and micropores at 1.4 nm at a volume ratio (V1.4/V5.0) of 1.68. The surfactant plays the role of a catalyst during the reaction and interestingly, it also regulates the formation of mesopores and their sizes. Both theoretical and experimental studies confirm that the reaction has been accelerated by two orders of magnitude at the microdroplet interface, compared to that without emulsification. The resulting NCs could be well dispersed in water for at least six weeks with little size‐distribution change, and they have been demonstrated to be highly efficient nanocatalysts in application of water‐based hydrogen evolution, reaching a stable hydrogen production rate at 10.2 mmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1 for 6 hours. Such microdroplet interface‐confined synthesis may facilitate the future development of 2D polymeric materials for more advanced applications.
An Angstrom‐Scale Protective Skin Grown In Situ on Perovskite Oxide to Enhance Stability in Water
Authors: Zhou Wanglin , Xu Fang , Tan Jinkun , Liu Zhengkun , Zhang Guangru , Xu Zhi , Lyu Yinong , Jin Wanqin
Published: October 2024

The utilization of perovskite oxide as a catalyst for aqueous reactions is promising but challenging in stability. Here, we propose an in situ growth strategy that constructs an ultrathin protective skin on the Sr0.9Fe0.81Ta0.09Ni0.1O3‐δ perovskite surface and thus effectively solves the stability issue. Using a spherical aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscope, we observe the coexistence of an angstrom‐scale (~7 Å) Fe2O3 protective skin and FeNi alloy nanoparticles. A number of alloy nanoparticles grow along with the skin and uniformly take root on the skin surface. Such a hierarchical structure can reconstruct the surface electronic structure and suppress the ion leaching of perovskite oxide in water. Benefiting from this unique structure, the catalyst has experienced a substantial increase (800 h, more than three orders of magnitude) in its stable operation time in water (for example, in a hydrogen evolution reaction). These results provide valuable insight into solid‐solid phase transitions and have substantial implications for using structural defects at surfaces to modulate mass transport and transformation kinetics. Our strategy is sufficiently simple and can be used to subtly manipulate the catalyst structures to improve the performance of perovskite‐based catalysts and potentially other oxide catalysts for a wide range of reactions.
Green Chemical Synthesis of Cube‐Shaped CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Use as Magnetically Retrievable Catalysts in A3 Coupling Reactions
Authors: Kalita Babul , Iraqui Saddam , Sarmah Mrinmoy J. , Chatterjee Souvik , Rashid Md. Harunar
Published: October 2024

A3 coupling reaction is a multicomponent reaction (MCR) involving aryl aldehydes, phenyl acetylenes and amines to synthesize a variety of biologically active propargylamine derivatives. Herein, we report the preparation of cube‐shaped CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) via the hydrothermal method in the presence of Lantana camara flower (LCF) extract to use them as catalysts to synthesize propargylamine derivatives. X‐ray diffraction study confirms the formation of CuFe2O4 NPs with cubic spinel structures. In the presence of LCF extract, cube‐shaped CuFe2O4 NPs are formed predominantly irrespective of the type of alkali used as the hydrolyzing agent. However, a mixture of nearly spherical and cube‐shaped particles has been formed in the absence of additives. The synthesized CuFe2O4 NPs exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour and are magnetically ordered. The synthesized cube‐shaped CuFe2O4 NPs exhibit excellent catalytic activity in the A3 coupling reaction between benzaldehyde, piperidine and phenylacetylene to give propargylamine with a yield of 90% under the optimum conditions. The catalyst is highly stable and magnetically retrievable facilitating reusability for up to five cycles without considerable loss of catalytic activity. The protocol is suitable for the synthesis of a diverse range of propargylamine derivatives with moderate to excellent yield.
NaOH‐Assisted Multicomponent Reaction and Polymerizations of Elemental Sulfur, Diisocyanides, and Diols to Access Functional Poly(O‐thiocarbamate)s
Authors: Wu Xiuying , He Junxia , Hu Rongrong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2024

Sulfur‐containing polymers with unique structures and fascinating properties have attracted much attention recently, the efficient and economic synthetic approaches for various sulfur‐containing polymers have rapidly developed. Herein, the multicomponent reaction of elemental sulfur, isocyanide, and alcohol was designed at mild condition in the presence of NaOH, and the corresponding NaOH‐assisted multicomponent polymerization of elemental sulfur, diisocyanides, and diols were developed at room temperature or 40 °C in air, to produce poly(O‐thiocarbamate)s with well‐defined structures, high molecular weights (Mws up to 32 500 g/mol) and high yields (up to 99 %). The facilely available monomers, mild condition, and high efficiency of this MCP enabled scale‐up synthesis of poly(O‐thiocarbamate)s, and 7.33 g polymer was obtained in 98 % yield. These functional poly(O‐thiocarbamate)s could enrich Au3+ from aqueous solution with high enrichment capacity (983 mg⋅Au3+/g) and high efficiency (>99.77 %) in 1 min, demonstrating superior gold enrichment performance and their potential industrial and economic values.
Upstream influence of midlatitude jet stream biases in boreal summer
Authors: Boljka Lina , Bethke Ingo , Tao Dandan , Li Camille
Published: October 2024

Climate models exhibit biases in the mean state and in variability across different regions of the Earth. For example, atmosphere‐only models have a poleward bias in summertime jet streams across the Northern Hemisphere (NH). This can result from many processes, including misrepresentation of Rossby waves that can propagate in different directions and thereby interact with jet streams. However, Rossby‐wave biases can result from biased background state of the climate system as well. The propagation speed of Rossby waves depends on jet stream strength, thus a poleward displacement of the jet stream can hinder westward propagation of Rossby waves at higher latitudes and displace eastward propagating Rossby waves (downstream development). These biases then impact other regions resulting in biased atmospheric circulation across the NH. Indeed, in this study we confirm this via regional nudging experiments within the Norwegian Earth System Model. Namely, nudged horizontal winds over the North Pacific can improve Rossby wave statistics and thereby atmospheric circulation over Eurasia (i.e., upstream). However, nudging over the North Atlantic has little effect on boreal summer atmospheric circulation. This implies that improving biases over the North Pacific is crucial for a better representation of modelled boreal summer circulation over Eurasia.
Comparative effectiveness trial: Modular behavior approach for young autistic children compared to comprehensive behavioral intervention
Authors: Anderson Cynthia , Hochheimer Samantha , Warren Zachary , Butter Eric , Hyman Susan L. , Wang Hongyue , Wallace Lisa , Levato Lynne , Martin Ryan , Stephenson Kevin G. , Norris Megan , Jacqueline Wynn , Smith Tristram , Johnson Cynthia R.
Published: October 2024

This 24‐week single‐blind trial tested a modular approach for young autistic children (MAYAC) that was delivered for fewer hours per week and modified based on child progress and parental input compared to comprehensive behavioral intervention treatment as usual (CBI, TAU). Participants were autistic children, ages 18–60 months of age. MAYAC was initially 5 h of intervention per week, one of which was parent training and the other four direct therapy focusing on social communication and engagement, but additional modules could be added for up to 10 h per week. Comprehensive behavior intervention was delivered for ≥15 h per week. Outcome measures included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales; VABS, the Ohio Autism Clinical Improvement Scale – Autism Severity; OACIS – AS and the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory – Parent; PDDBI‐P. Implementation and parent satisfaction measures were also collected. Fifty‐six children, mean age of 34 months, were randomized. Within‐group analysis revealed significant improvements from baseline to week 24 for both MAYAC (p < 0.0001) and CBI, TAU (p < 0.0001) on the VABS. The noninferiority test was performed to test between group differences and MAYAC was not inferior to CBI, TAU on the VABS (p = 0.0144). On the OACIS – AS, 48.0% of MAYAC and 45.5% of CBI were treatment responders there were no significant changes on the PDDBI‐P, for either group. Treatment fidelity was high for both groups (>95%) as was parent satisfaction. Findings from this small trial are promising and suggest MAYAC may be an alternative for some young autistic children and their families to CBI, TAU.
Artemisia argyi mitigates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction through the IGF‐IIR/Drp1/GATA4 signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Jhong‐Kuei , Ramesh Samiraj , Islam Md. Nazmul , Shibu Marthandam Asokan , Kuo Chia‐Hua , Hsieh Dennis Jine‐Yuan , Lin Shinn‐Zong , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Huang Chih‐Yang , Ho Tsung‐Jung
Published: October 2024

Doxorubicin (DOX) is mostly utilized as a wide range of antitumor anthracycline to treat different cancers. The severe antagonistic impacts of DOX on cardiotoxicity constrain its clinical application. Many mechanisms are involved in cardiac toxicity induced by DOX in the human body. Mitochondria is a central part of fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Thus, impaired mitochondrial metabolism can increase heart failure risk, which can play a vital role in cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the possible cardioprotective effect of water‐extracted Artemisia argyi (AA) against the side effect of DOX in H9c2 cells and whether these protective effects are mediated through IGF‐IIR/Drp1/GATA4 signaling pathways. Although several studies proved that AA extract has benefits for various diseases, its cardiac effects have not yet been identified. The H9c2 cells were exposed to 1 μM to establish a model of cardiac toxicity. The results revealed that water‐extracted AA could block the expression of IGF‐IIR/calcineurin signaling pathways induced by DOX. Notably, our results also showed that AA treatment markedly attenuated Akt phosphorylation and cleaved caspase 3, and the nuclear translocation markers NFATC3 and p‐GATA4. Using actin staining for hypertrophy, we determined that AA can reduce the effect of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cell size. These findings suggest that water‐extracted AA could be a suitable candidate for preventing DOX‐induced cardiac damage.
A Novel Method for Nonparametric Statistical Inference for Niche Overlap in Multiple Species
Authors: Langthaler Patrick B. , Gladow Kai‐Philipp , Krüger Oliver , Beck Jonas
Published: October 2024

The understanding of species interactions and ecosystem dynamics hinges upon the study of ecological niches. Quantifying the overlap of Hutchinsonian‐niches has garnered significant attention, with many recent publications addressing the issue. Prior work on estimating niche overlap often did not provide confidence intervals or assumed multivariate normality, seriously limiting applications in ecology, and biodiversity research. This paper extends a nonparametric approach, previously applied to the two‐species case, to multiple species. For estimation, a consistent plug‐in estimator based on rank sums is proposed and its asymptotic distribution is derived under weak conditions. The novel methodology is then applied to a study comparing the ecological niches of the Eurasian eagle owl, common buzzard, and red kite. These species share a habitat in Central Europe but exhibit distinct population trends. The analysis explores their breeding habitat preferences, considering the intricate competition dynamics and utilizing the nonparametric approach to niche overlap estimation. Our proposed method provides a valuable inferential tool for the quantitative evaluation of differences and overlap between niches.
Testing for Sufficient Follow‐Up in Censored Survival Data by Using Extremes
Authors: Xie Ping , Escobar‐Bach Mikael , Van Keilegom Ingrid
Published: October 2024

In survival analysis, it often happens that some individuals, referred to as cured individuals, never experience the event of interest. When analyzing time‐to‐event data with a cure fraction, it is crucial to check the assumption of “sufficient follow‐up,” which means that the right extreme of the censoring time distribution is larger than that of the survival time distribution for the noncured individuals. However, the available methods to test this assumption are limited in the literature. In this article, we study the problem of testing whether follow‐up is sufficient for light‐tailed distributions and develop a simple novel test. The proposed test statistic compares an estimator of the noncure proportion under sufficient follow‐up to one without the assumption of sufficient follow‐up. A bootstrap procedure is employed to approximate the critical values of the test. We also carry out extensive simulations to evaluate the finite sample performance of the test and illustrate the practical use with applications to leukemia and breast cancer data sets.
Neurobiological Insights Into Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Salomon Izere
Published: October 2024

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired mobility and posture caused by brain injury or abnormal development. CP relates to a variety of neurological mechanisms and pathways that impact the type and severity of motor disability, as well as comorbidities. The heterogeneity in clinical phenotype, pathogenesis, and etiology poses significant challenges for effective therapeutic intervention.

Objectives

The review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying CP and evaluate current and prospective therapeutic strategies, highlighting the necessity for targeted interventions to address the disorder's multifaceted nature.

Methods

A thorough literature review was conducted, focusing on studies published in peer‐reviewed journals that explore the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical interventions, and therapeutic strategies for CP.

Results

The pathogenesis of CP involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and perinatal factors leading to brain injury. Inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity are critical in CP development. Current therapeutic approaches primarily focus on symptom management through physical and occupational therapy, as well as pharmacological interventions. Emerging therapies, including anti‐inflammatory agents, antioxidants, and neuroprotective and neurotrophic agents, show potential but require further validation. Notably, although steroids provide anti‐inflammatory benefits, their use in pediatric patients raises concerns regarding long‐term adverse effects such as osteoporosis.

Conclusion

Despite advances in understanding CP's neurobiological underpinnings, effective therapeutic targets remain elusive. A comprehensive approach addressing CP's heterogeneity is essential. Future research should emphasize in‐depth evaluations of the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents, particularly in pediatric populations, to develop targeted and effective treatments for CP.
Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Psychological Responses and Performance in Virtual and Real Archery
Authors: Dal Nihal , Tok Serdar , Balıkçı İlker , Yılmaz Said Enes , Binboğa Erdal
Published: October 2024

Background

This study examines the psychophysiological differences between virtual reality (VR) and real archery. It explores whether VR archery induces heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and breathing rates similar to those experienced in real archery. Additionally, the study assesses differences in perceived anxiety, difficulty, confidence, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and shooting performance between the two modalities, providing insights into the efficacy of VR as a training tool for archery.

Methods

Twenty‐two (women: 8) individuals aged 20–24 participated in the study. We first recorded individuals’ resting HR, HRV, and breathing rates during baseline. Afterward, participants shot 10 real and virtual arrows from 18 m, whereas their HR, HRV, and breathing rate were measured, each lasting 4 min. Performance in VR and real archery was determined separately as the sum of the shots. We performed paired sample t‐tests to compare individuals’ performance, psychological, and psychophysiological responses recorded during VR and real arrow shooting. Afterward, we compared percentage changes between VR and real archery.

Results

Results showed that HR and root mean square of successive differences (RMMSD) were significantly higher during real archery compared to virtual archery. In addition, VR archery led to a greater percentage change in RMSSD compared to real archery. Participants reported greater RPE and perceived difficulty after real archery. Performance was also higher during VR archery than real archery.

Conclusions

Consequently, the results of the present study illustrated that VR, and real archery might lead to different autonomic response patterns in terms of vagal activity.
A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study of the Causal Association Between Ischemic Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and Hydrocephalus
Authors: Wang Wencai , Liu Menghao , Wang Zun , Ma Luyao , Zhao Yongqiang , Ye Wei , Li Xianfeng
Published: October 2024

Background

The association among coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hydrocephalus remains ambiguous.

Objectives

There is a need for a Mendelian randomization study to evaluate the underlying causality between coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hydrocephalus.

Methods

The data source utilized genome‐wide association studies, employing a threshold of p < 5 × 10−8 to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms strongly linked to ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease as instrumental variables (IVs). Five methods—inverse variance weighted (IVW), Mendelian randomization (MR) Egger, Weighted Median, Weighted mode, and Simple mode—utilized the selected IVs to estimate the causality between ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, and hydrocephalus.

Results

The IVW demonstrated that ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease serve as risk factors for hydrocephalus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.650, 95% CI: 1.066–2.554, p = 0.025; OR = 1.307, 95% CI: 1.023–1.668, p = 0.032). Both the MR‐Egger intercept test and Cochran's Q test affirmed the relative reliability of the IVW analysis results. However, no evidence of a reverse causation was observed between hydrocephalus and coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke.

Conclusions

Coronary heart disease and Ischemic stroke may increase the risk of hydrocephalus.
Sociocultural and masculinity influences on colorectal cancer screening participation among Hispanic/Latino men in Florida, New York, and Texas
Authors: Sedani Ami Elizabeth , Islam Jessica Yasmine , Griffith Derek M. , Rifelj Kelly Krupa , McCall Cordero , García‐Rodríguez Omar , Camacho‐Rivera Marlene , Rogers Charles Ray
Published: October 2024

Background

This cross‐sectional study explored how masculinity beliefs may influence colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation among ethnic subgroups of screening‐age–eligible (45–75 years) Hispanic/Latino men.

Methods

Using a consumer panel, we recruited self‐identified Hispanic/Latino men fluent in English or Spanish, and residing in Florida, New York, or Texas. The Masculinity Barriers to Medical Care (MBMC) scale and its six subscales were used to assess masculinity beliefs. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between MBMC and CRC screening participation, adjusting for Hispanic/Latino subgroup, marital status, survey language, age group, and health insurance status. Results were then stratified by Hispanic/Latino subgroup.

Results

Of the participants (n=611), approximately 31% identified as Puerto Rican, 30% as other Hispanic/Latino, 26% as Mexican, and 14% as Cuban; 63% had ever been screened for CRC. We found no differences in the prevalence of screening participation by Hispanic/Latino subgroup. The majority of participants had completed both a stool‐based test and an exam‐based screening test (29.3%). After adjusting for confounding, MBMC reduced the odds of screening participation. Slight MBMC‐subscale differences were observed by Hispanic/Latino subgroup. For example, higher scores on the Restrictive Emotionality subscale were associated with a lower likelihood of screening participation among Puerto Rican men, but higher odds of screening for Cuban men.

Conclusions

Masculinity barriers to CRC screening may exist. Tailored interventions to address masculinity barriers among specific Latino subgroups may improve CRC screening uptake in this population.
Trends and efficacy of omitting axillary lymph node dissection in early‐stage male breast cancer with limited nodal involvement: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Yang Hanzhao , Ruan Yuxia , Wang Jiabin , Qiao Jianghua , Liu Zhenzhen
Published: October 2024

Background

The effectiveness of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) versus axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in managing early‐stage male breast cancer (MBC) patients with T1‐2 tumors and limited lymph node metastasis, all receiving radiotherapy, remains uncertain. This study examines trends and survival outcomes for SLNB and ALND in the United States.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 2010 to 2020 for MBC patients with T1‐2 tumors and 1–2 positive lymph nodes undergoing radiotherapy. Patients were classified by nodes removed (SLNB ≤5, ALND ≥10), comparing overall survival (OS) and breast cancer‐specific survival (BCSS) between the groups before and after propensity score matching.

Results

Of 299 MBC patients analyzed, SLNB usage increased from 18.8% in 2010 to 61.0% in 2020. Multivariable logistic regression highlighted significant associations of SLNB use with diagnosis year, race, surgery type, positive lymph node count, and metastasis size. No significant differences in 5‐year OS (77.98% SLNB vs. 85.85% ALND, p = 0.337) or BCSS (91.54% SLNB vs. 94.97% ALND, p = 0.214) were observed. Propensity score matching (96 patients per group) confirmed similar 5‐year OS (83.9% for SLNB vs. 82.0% for ALND, p = 0.925) and BCSS (90.1% for SLNB vs. 96.9% for ALND, p = 0.167).

Conclusion

SLNB and ALND provide comparable survival outcomes in early‐stage MBC patients with limited lymph node metastasis undergoing radiotherapy. The increased utilization of SLNB supports its consideration to reduce surgical morbidity in selected MBC patients despite limited direct evidence.
Unlocking Apoptotic Pathways: Overcoming Tumor Resistance in CAR‐T‐Cell Therapy
Authors: Zhang Zhanna , Su Manqi , Jiang Panruo , Wang Xiaoxia , Tong Xiangmin , Wu Gongqiang
Published: October 2024

Background

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T‐cell therapy has transformed cancer treatment, leading to remarkable clinical outcomes. However, resistance continues to be a major obstacle, significantly limiting its efficacy in numerous patients.

Objectives

This review critically examines the challenges associated with CAR‐T‐cell therapy, with a particular focus on the role of apoptotic pathways in overcoming resistance.

Methods

We explore various strategies to sensitize tumor cells to CAR‐T‐cell‐mediated apoptosis, including the use of combination therapies with BH3 mimetics, Mcl‐1 inhibitors, IAP inhibitors, and HDAC inhibitors. These agents inhibit anti‐apoptotic proteins and activate intrinsic mitochondrial pathways, enhancing the susceptibility of tumor cells to apoptosis. Moreover, targeting the extrinsic pathway can increase the expression of death receptors on tumor cells, further promoting their apoptosis. The review also discusses the development of novel CAR constructs that enhance anti‐apoptotic protein expression, such as Bcl‐2, which may counteract CAR‐T cell exhaustion and improve antitumor efficacy. We assess the impact of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on CAR‐T cell function and propose dual‐targeting CAR‐T cells to simultaneously address both myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor cells. Furthermore, we explore the potential of combining agents like PPAR inhibitors to activate the cGAS‐STING pathway, thereby improving CAR‐T cell infiltration into the tumor.

Conclusions

This review highlights that enhancing tumor cell sensitivity to apoptosis and increasing CAR‐T cell cytotoxicity through apoptotic pathways could significantly improve therapeutic outcomes. Targeting apoptotic proteins, particularly those involved in the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, constitutes a novel approach to overcoming resistance. The insights presented herein lay a robust foundation for future research and clinical applications aimed at optimizing CAR‐T cell therapies.
Racial/ethnic disparities in curative‐intent treatment for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer patients among heterogeneous Black populations: US‐born Black, Afro‐Haitian, West Indian Black, and Hispanic Black
Authors: Jacobs Kamaria T. , Liu Qinran , Brown Clyde P. , Lopes Gilberto , Pinheiro Paulo S.
Published: October 2024

Background

Heterogeneous Black populations encounter significant obstacles in accessing cancer care, yet research on lung cancer treatment disparities remains limited. This study investigates whether the disparity in receiving curative‐intent treatment (curative‐intent surgery and/or stereotactic body radiation therapy [SBRT]) for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between non‐Hispanic Whites (NHWs) and total Blacks extends to diverse Black populations, including US‐born, Afro‐Haitian, West Indian Black, and Hispanic Black individuals.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included all Florida cancer registry early‐stage NSCLC cases 2005–2017, linked to individual‐level discharge data containing comorbidity and specific treatment details (surgery and/or SBRT). Multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between race/ethnicity and the receipt of curative‐intent treatment, while accounting for sociodemographic factors (poverty, age, insurance, and smoking status) and clinical variables.

Results

Among 55,655 early‐stage NSCLC patients, 71.1% received curative‐intent treatment: 72.1% NHW and 59.7% Black (non‐Hispanic and Hispanic) individuals. Black patients had 35% lower odds (ORadj, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.59–0.70) of receiving curative‐intent treatment compared to NHW patients. ORs varied from 0.57 (95% CI, 0.59–0.70) for Hispanic Black to 0.76 (95% CI, 0.56–1.02) for West Indian Black. Remarkably, Black‐White disparities persisted despite the availability of curative treatment options (SBRT) for both high Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) observed among US‐born Blacks and surgery for low CCI patients among all other Black subgroups.

Conclusions

Pronounced disparities in accessing curative‐intent treatments for early‐stage NSCLC were evident across all Black subgroups, regardless of treatment availability and comorbidity profile. These findings underscore the need to address Black heterogeneity and prompt further research to rectify treatment disparities in early‐stage NSCLC.
Potential In Vitro Antimelanoma Effect of the Essential Oil from Croton grewioides Baill
Authors: de Andrade Camyla Caroliny Neves , de Oliveira Lopes Ana Luiza , Sousa Duarte Sâmia , Assunção Araújo de Azevedo Fátima de Lourdes , Araújo Loureiro Paulo Bruno , Wanderley Amorim Geraldo Moisés , de Abreu Junior Adegildo Rolim , Sobral da Silva Marcelo , Fechine Tavares Josean , Santos Golzio Sócrates dos , Ramos Gonçalves Juan Carlos , Vieira Sobral Marianna
Published: October 2024

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, invasive capacity, and metastatic potential. Despite the continual progress in cancer treatment, high toxicity and resistance to therapy remain recurring challenges. Croton grewioides Baill. is a plant from the brazilian semi‐arid region with significant pharmacological potential due to its reported antidiarrheal, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. This study evaluated the antitumor activity of the essential oil from C. grewioides leaves (CgEO) by in vitro assays. CgEO showed higher cytotoxicity in human melanoma cells (SK‐MEL‐28), with a 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 70.0 μg/mL after 72 h, but with low toxicity in healthy keratinocytes (HaCaT). Additionally, it was suggested that the antitumor effect of CgEO is associated with the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle alterations, and combined antioxidant action mechanisms. In conclusion, CgEO exhibits antitumor activity with lower toxicity in non‐tumor cells.
Conchocarpus J. C. Mikan (Rutaceae): Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities
Authors: Santos Anderson R. , de Paula Vanderlúcia F. , Barbosa Luiz C. A.
Published: October 2024

Rutaceae Juss. stands out as a botanical family recognized for its remarkable diversity in taxonomy, worldwide distribution, chemical composition, and biological activity exhibited by its compounds. Conchocarpus J. C. Mikan is one of the main genera of this family, comprising 50 species distributed throughout the Neotropical America. Brazil is the main center of diversity for this genus, hosting 66 % of the species as endemic. This is the first review concerning the genus Conchocarpus, emphasizing its chemical composition and biological activities. The selected papers for this review cover studies on 11 species, of which were identified 88 compounds. Among these, quinoline and acridone alkaloids predominate (57 %), followed by flavonoids, amides, coumarins and terpenoids. The biological activities of extracts and compounds indicate trypanocidal and leishmanicidal actions, as well as cytotoxic, fungicidal, molluscicidal, insecticidal, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities.
Coagulation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Still a black box?
Authors: Mayr N. Patrick , Taniguchi Yousuke
Published: October 2024

Key points

Post‐TAVR, there is a significant increase in pro‐coagulatory parameters in conjunction with a decrease in platelet counts.

Finding the right balance between thrombosis and bleeding after the procedure is essential, and the results presented here will add knowledge to this topic

The effect of protamine in different dosages on the postoperative course of thrombin generation and coagulation needs more data
ProGlide‐AngioSeal versus ProGlide‐FemoSeal for vascular access hemostasis posttranscatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Samy Mohamed , Landt Martin , Mankerious Nader , Kurniadi Arief , Alotaibi Sultan , Toelg Ralph , Abdel‐Wahab Mohamed , Nef Holger , Allali Abdelhakim , Richardt Gert , Elbasha Karim
Published: October 2024

Background

The hybrid strategy combining plug‐based and suture‐based vascular closure devices (VCD) was introduced as a promising technique for vascular access hemostasis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with satisfactory outcomes. However, data comparing two plug‐based VCDs each in the combination with a suture‐based VCD, namely ProGlide/AngioSeal (P/AS) with ProGlide/FemoSeal (P/FS) VCDs, is still lacking.

Aims

To compare the 30‐day outcome of the hybrid strategy using P/AS versus P/FS for vascular access site closure after TAVI.

Methods

A retrospective single‐center observational study included 608 patients recruited from a prospective TAVI registry between 2016 and 2022. The composite endpoint was defined as any VCD‐related major vascular complications and/or bleeding more than type 1 according to Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria.

Results

The current study reported a significantly higher rate of composite endpoint in P/AS group, which was driven by a higher rate of major bleeding (5.4% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.036). We also found a higher rate of VCD‐related minor bleeding in P/AS group (16.3% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.013). Successful access site hemostasis was achieved in 71.7% of P/AS group versus 83.1% in P/FS group (p = 0.006). The presence of anterior wall calcification at the access site was significantly associated with the composite endpoint (adj odds ratio 2.49; 95% confidence interval (1.08–5.75), p = 0.032).

Conclusion

The hybrid strategy for large bore vascular access closure using P/FS showed a potentially better 30‐day outcomes compared with P/AS. The presence of anterior calcification at the access site carries a significant risk of VCD‐related complications.
A Water‐Soluble Cycloparaphenylene: Supramolecular Receptor with Visible Fluorescence
Authors: Morito Ryo , Kataoka Takayuki , Saito Kunio , Osakada Kohtaro , Ide Tomohito , Tsuchido Yoshitaka , Kawai Hidetoshi
Published: October 2024

We report the first synthesis of a water‐soluble [9]cycloparaphenylene derivative containing three hydrindacene (1,2,3,5,6,7‐hexahydro‐s‐indacene) units with four carboxylates at the 2,6‐positions via a macrocyclic gold complex. This crown‐shaped macrocyclic compound exhibits remarkable water solubility, of up to 16 mmol L−1 (2.6 g/100 mL), as well as strong visible fluorescence in water (λem=447 nm, ϕF=0.64, brightness (ϵ×ϕF)=5.1×104). This molecule effectively encapsulates cationic guest compounds, such as methyl viologen dichloride, as indicated by a change in visible fluorescence.
Engineering Phi29‐DNAP Variants for Customized DNA Hydrogel Materials
Authors: Gaspers Philipp , Lemke Phillip , Delavault André , Domínguez Carmen M. , Rabe Kersten S. , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: October 2024

DNA hydrogels, which hold potential for use in medicine, biosensors, and tissue engineering, can be produced through enzymatic rolling circle amplification (RCA) using phi29 DNA polymerase (DNAP). This paper introduces new DNAP variants designed for RCA‐based DNA hydrogel production, featuring enzymes with modified DNA binding, enhanced thermostability, reduced exonuclease activity, and protein tags for fluorescence detection or specific immobilization. We evaluated these enzymes by quantifying DNA output via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and assessing hydrogel mechanical properties through micromechanical indentation. The results showed that most variants generated similar DNA amounts and hydrogels with comparable mechanical properties. Additionally, all variants successfully incorporated non‐natural nucleotides, such as base‐modified dGTP derivatives and 2′fluoro‐dGTP, during RCA. This study's robust analytical approach offers a strong foundation for selecting new enzymes and producing DNA hydrogels with tailored material properties.
Programmable Intelligent DNA Nanoreactors (iDNRs) for in vivo Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Shen Ying , Cai Rongkai , Wu Liang , Han Kun , Yang Yu , Mao Dongsheng
Published: October 2024

With the rapid advancement of DNA technology, intelligent DNA nanoreactors (iDNRs) have emerged as sophisticated tools that harness the structural versatility and programmability of DNA. Due to their structural and functional programmability, iDNRs play an important and unique role in in vivo tumor diagnosis and therapy. This review provides an overview of the structural design methods for iDNRs based on advanced DNA technology, including enzymatic reaction‐mediated and enzyme‐free strategies. This review also focuses on how iDNRs achieve intelligence through functional design, as well as the applications of iDNRs for in vivo tumor diagnosis and therapy. In summary, this review summarizes current advances in iDNRs technology, discusses existing challenges, and proposes future directions for expanding their applications, which are expected to provide insights into the development of the field of in vivo tumor diagnostics and targeted therapies.
Green Conversion of Epoxides to Cyclic Carbonates by Copper Nanocrystals Fabricated on Jute Tartaric Acid Composite Surface
Authors: Barman Sankar , Ghosh Sushobhan
Published: October 2024

The synthesis of copper nanocrystals on tartaric acid jute composite surface is reported. The formation of nanocrystals is detected by FT IR, Powder X‐ray diffraction, SEM, and TEM analysis. The average size of the nanocrystals is found to be 500 nm. The reaction of the copper nanocrystals with CO2 resulted in a decrease in the size of the nanoparticles. Cycloaddition reaction of epoxides to cyclic carbonate is efficiently carried out by the copper nanocrystals on tartaric acid jute composite surface (CUNPJT) without using any cocatalyst and solvent. To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first example of copper nanocrystals catalyzing the cycloaddition of CO2 and epoxide.
Polyoxometalates@Metal–Organic Frameworks: Synthesis Strategies, Nanostructure Modulation and Application in Biomass Conversion
Authors: Yan Kai , Yu Zhihao , Wang Yuanyu , Guo Mengyan , Xiong Jian , Zhang Rui , Li Xiaoyun , Lu Xuebin
Published: October 2024

Biomass is a rich and renewable source of carbon, and its rational and effective utilization is important for achieving green and sustainable carbon neutrality. POMs@MOFs composites have outstanding catalytic advantages in biomass catalysis due to their abundant and adjustable catalytic active sites as well as excellent acid catalytic activity. This review covers the current development of POMs@MOFs composites in biomass catalysis. Firstly, the current mainstream synthesis strategies of POMs@MOFs, including one‐step in situ synthesis methods as well as post‐loading methods, are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are analyzed. In addition, the nanostructure modulation strategies of POMs@MOFs composites, including the design of geometrical structures, the selection of active sites and the modulation of surface properties, are highlighted. For the biomass valorization over POMs@MOFs composites, the application in the catalytic conversion of biomass‐derived polysaccharides, monosaccharides, furan compounds, organic acids, ketones, and esters acids is highlighted. Finally, the future prospects and challenges for the development of POMs@MOFs composites in biomass catalysis are presented.
Phase Effects in Zirconia Catalysed Glucose Conversion to 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural
Authors: Liu Yang , Forster Luke , Mavridis Aristarchos , Merenda Andrea , Ahmed Mohamed , D'Agostino Carmine , Konarova Muxina , Seeber Aaron , Della Gaspera Enrico , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen
Published: October 2024

5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is a key biomass derived platform chemical used to produce fuel precursors or additives and value‐added chemicals, synthesised by the cascade isomerisation of glucose and subsequent dehydration of reactively formed fructose to HMF over Lewis and Bronsted acid catalysts, respectively. Zirconia is a promising catalyst for such reactions; however, the impact of acid properties of different zirconia phases is poorly understood. In this work, we unravel the role of the zirconia crystalline phase in glucose isomerisation and fructose dehydration to HMF. The Lewis acidic monoclinic phase of zirconia is revealed to preferentially facilitate glucose isomerisation, while the nanoparticulate tetragonal phase possesses Brønsted acid sites which favour fructose dehydration. Synergy between both zirconia phases facilitates cascade HMF production, with both catalysts investigated as physical mixtures in batch and flow reactor configurations. Using a physical mixture of only 15 wt % m‐ZrO2 with 85 wt % t‐ZrO2 in either batch or packed bed reactor configuration is sufficient to reach equilibrium conversion of glucose for subsequent dehydration by the t‐ZrO2 component. Under continuous flow, a six‐fold increase in HMF production was obtained when operating with a physical mixture of m‐ and t‐ZrO2 compared to that from a single bed of t‐ZrO2.
Bi‐Functional Interfacial Modification Enables Highly‐Exposed Zn(002) Crystal Facet Towards Durable Zn Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Jingyi , Zeng Li , Luo Dan , Du Dayue , Yu Huaibo , He Hanna , Zhang Chuhong
Published: October 2024

Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have garnered growing interest in large‐scale energy storage devices for the high safety, high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. Nevertheless, their widespread applications are significantly impeded by dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions of Zn anodes. Herein, a bi‐functional polyacrylic acid (PAA) modified‐Zn anode (Zn‐PAA) is designed to concurrently inhibit Zn dendrite formation and alleviate side reactions for durable ZIBs. The bi‐functional PAA coating not only selectively acid‐etches the active Zn crystal facets to guide the planar deposition along the highly‐exposed Zn(002) crystal facet, but also facilitate uniform Zn deposition through coordination between the polymer functional groups and Zn2+. Meanwhile, the electrically‐insulated PAA protective layer effectively separates Zn anodes from the electrolyte and modulates the solvation structure of Zn2+.6H2O, significantly suppressing side reactions. Consequently, the assembled Zn‐PAA//Zn‐PAA symmetrical cell delivers an outstanding cycling stability of 1600 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. The assembled KVO//Zn‐PAA full cell shows exceptional cycling stability over 1500 cycles at 2.0 A g−1 with a high Coulombic efficiency approaching 100 %. The facile bi‐functional surface modification strategy, which enables to finely tune the crystal facet texture and ion distribution manner, opens up a groundbreaking path towards safe and durable ZIBs.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of β‐Sulfenylated Ketones and Esters
Authors: Hanek Kamil , Duch Agata , Frąckowiak Dawid , Żak Patrycja
Published: October 2024

For the first time, ball milling has been employed in the solvent‐free synthesis of sulfur‐functionalized materials from thiols and α,β‐unsaturated ketones and esters, using potassium carbonate as a transition metal‐free catalyst. This environmentally friendly protocol makes use of easily accessible reagents to prepare thirty β‐sulfenylated carbonyl compounds with yields exceeding 91 % under ambient air and solvent‐free conditions. Additionally, this innovative synthetic strategy enables the modification of chalcones, compounds with significant medicinal and synthetic potential. The reactions are efficient and easily scalable to gram quantities, offering substantial benefits for practical applications.
A Survey of Phase Shifters for Microwave Phased Array Systems
Authors: Kebe M. , Yagoub M. C. E. , Amaya R. E.
Published: October 2024

Phased Array Systems (PASs) are extensively used in radar and telecommunication systems for diverse applications, including military surveillance and wireless broadband communication. Besides, they are becoming increasingly indispensable in modern applications such as multi‐function phased array radars for weather monitoring and aircraft tracking or high‐throughput satellite systems, which aim to provide fast broadband connectivity in remote areas. Despite the numerous advantages of phased array systems with RF phase shift, including high signal‐to‐noise and signal‐to‐interference ratios, as well as low complexity, they present a few limitations, including high cost and large chip areas. The cost and size of PASs are mainly dependent on the RF phase shifters, which are essential to their operation. This article describes the different types of phase shifters (mechanical, ferromagnetic/magnetic, electromechanical, and electronic). It compares their performance metrics, highlighting that electronic phase shifters are the most common type used in modern PASs. In this regard, a comparative study of different subcategories of electronic phase shifters, such as the switched‐type, reflective‐type, loaded‐transmission line, and vector‐sum phase shifters, are explored along with their advantages, drawbacks and state‐of‐art techniques used to address their limitations. Therefore, this article may serve as a reference for research milestones on RF phase shifters.
VCII‐Based Immittance Simulators: Generalized Parallel Configurations
Authors: Shrivastava Meghana , Bhaskar Data Ram , Kumar Pragati
Published: October 2024

In this paper, four new generalized configurations of grounded parallel‐type immittance simulators are proposed. These circuits implement parallel resistor–inductor (RL), parallel resistor–capacitor (RC), parallel capacitor–frequency‐dependent negative resistance (CD), and capacitance multiplier configurations utilizing only two second‐generation voltage conveyors (VCII±) as active elements along with three impedances, without the need for specific matching conditions. The applicability of the proposed parallel RL and capacitance multiplier configurations as a second‐order high‐pass filter (HPF) and a first‐order low‐pass filter (LPF), respectively, is also demonstrated. These applications illustrate the versatility and utility of the proposed structures. Frequency, transient, and Monte Carlo analysis utilizing the CMOS VCII± in the SPICE simulation tool have also been performed to validate the feasibility of the presented circuits. Further validation is carried out through layout design in Cadence Virtuoso, employing 0.18‐μm CMOS technology. Both presimulation and postsimulation results are presented for a thorough assessment of the proposed circuits. Also, the claimed theory is verified by experimental results based on the VCII implementation with commercially available IC AD844.