bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shiga toxin and its use in targeted cancer therapy and imaging
Authors: Engedal Nikolai , Skotland Tore , Torgersen Maria L. , Sandvig Kirsten
Published: May 2010

Shiga and the Shiga‐like toxins are related protein toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae and certain strains of Escherichia coli. These toxins are composed of two non‐covalently attached, modular parts: the A moiety (StxA) containing the enzymatically active A1 fragment, and the non‐toxic, pentameric binding moiety (StxB). Stx binds specifically to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) at the surface of target cells and is then internalized by endocytosis. Subsequently, in toxin‐sensitive cells, the Stx/Gb3 complex is transported in a retrograde manner via the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the enzymatically active part of Stx is translocated to the cytosol, enabling it to irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis via modification of ribosomal 28S RNA. Whereas Gb3 shows a relatively restricted expression in normal human tissues, it has been reported to be highly expressed in many types of cancers. This review gives a brief introduction to Stx and its intracellular transport. Furthermore, after a description of Gb3 and the methods that are currently used to detect its cellular expression, we provide an updated overview of the published reports on Gb3 overexpression in human cancers. Finally, we discuss the possibility of utilizing Stx or StxB coupled to therapeutic compounds or contrast agents in targeted cancer therapy and imaging.
Adenovirus infection with serious pulmonary sequelae in Korean children
Authors: Callaway Zak , Kim Soung Hee , Kim Jung Yeon , Kim Dong Won , Kim Chang‐Keun
Published: May 2010

Introduction:  Varying clinical progress and long‐term pulmonary sequelae have been associated with different adenoviral serotypes.

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to determine the association between serotype and clinical profiles of pediatric adenoviral pneumonia cases that occurred in Korea from 1996–1998.

Methods:  Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from 44 adenovirus–positive patients presenting with acute severe respiratory disease were sent to reference laboratories for serotyping. Clinical course and chest X‐rays were analyzed during the acute phase, and HRCTs were performed during the convalescent phase to identify long‐term pulmonary complications.

Results:  Ad‐7 was associated with the most severe clinical course and resultant long‐term pulmonary sequelae, followed by milder clinical course and lower frequency of sequelae in Ad‐3 cases, and even milder outcomes in children infected with Ad‐5.

Conclusions:  In complicated adenoviral pneumonia, certain serotypes prevail with Ad‐7 being the most severe. Continued serotyping with the eventual goal of creating a database for the early diagnosis, treatment and prognostication of adenoviral pneumonia is needed.

Please cite this paper as: Callaway Z, Kim SH, Kim JY, Kim DW and Kim C‐K. Adenovirus infection with serious pulmonary sequelae in Korean children. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 92–98.
The leadership role of the municipal chief administrative officer
Authors: Siegel David
Published: May 2010

Abstract:A great deal has been written about leadership, but not much of it focuses on the unique role of the municipal chief administrative officer (CAO). This article argues that the complexity of the position of municipal CAO comes about because the incumbent must lead in three different directions simultaneously: down (dealing with subordinates), out (dealing with residents' groups, media, and other governments), and up (dealing with the mayor and council). Leading in each of those directions requires a different skill set such that the effective CAO must be able to wear a variety of hats and must be able to switch those hats very quickly. The suggestion is made that we need to re‐consider the ethics and values associated with the position to update our thinking about the expectations of the position.
The ombudsman and e‐government in Canada
Authors: Hyson Stewart
Published: May 2010

Abstract: In a 1966 issue of this journal, Sir Guy Powles drew on John Milton's 1644 book Areopagitica to remind us of the importance to democracy of the right to seek redress of grievances. Based on this premise, Powles introduced, described and justified the office of the ombudsman as a specialized institution for handling the public's administrative grievances that had become so commonplace in the modern administrative state of the mid‐twentieth century. By logical extension, this article examines how the ten provincial and territorial ombudsman offices have adopted electronic communication technology in the early years of the twenty‐first century to settle more effectively administrative grievances. Specific focus is on the contrast and analysis of the web sites of the ten provincial ombudsman offices to see if they fulfil the potential of this new technology.
Le défi de la rétention des jeunes travailleurs : le cas de la fonction publique québécoise
Authors: Arcand Guy , Tellier Geneviève , Chrétien Lise
Published: May 2010

Sommaire : La fonction publique québécoise sera aux prises avec un problème de rétention de main‐d'œuvre dans les prochaines années. De nombreux fonctionnaires prendront leur retraite et le nombre de jeunes personnes en âge d'intégrer le marché du travail ne sera sans doute pas suffisant pour combler tous ces départs. À la demande du Secrétariat du Conseil du Trésor, nous avons effectué un sondage auprès de jeunes fonctionnaires afin de savoir s'ils désiraient quitter la fonction publique au cours des prochaines années et pourquoi. Cette étude présente les résultats de ce sondage. Nous avons constaté que plusieurs éléments relatifs aux conditions de travail sont insatisfaisants. Par ailleurs, nous avons aussi constaté qu'un bon nombre de jeunes fonctionnaires s'identifient aux objectifs poursuivis par le secteur public. Le gouvernement peut certainement tirer avantage de cette situation, afin de se positionner comme employeur de choix.
Six More Refuted Doctrines: A Comment on Quiggin
Authors: King J. E.
Published: May 2010

In this comment on Quiggin (2009), I identify an additional six doctrines that have been refuted by the global financial crisis. These are: rational expectations; Ricardian equivalence; only interest rates matter (for monetary policy); downward flexibility in wages and prices is always a good thing; unemployment is always voluntary (Say’s Law); and the New Neoclassical Synthesis in macroeconomics. I conclude by suggesting some foundations for an improved macroeconomics, drawing on Marx and Keynes.
The Changing Sociology of the Australian Academic Economics Profession*
Authors: Millmow Alex
Published: May 2010

This article undertakes a census of how the Australian economics profession changed over the span of eleven years. It shows that the academic economics community has become more professionalised. It also explores which departments are expanding or contracting and whether there is any truth in the claim that the profession is becoming more Americanised.
Keynes and ‘Psychology’
Authors: King J. E.
Published: May 2010

Keynes’ views on expectations, rationality and business decision making have often been misunderstood, most recently by George Akerlof and Robert Shiller in their book, Animal Spirits. In this paper I discuss the role of “psychology” in Keynes’ economic writings, with particular reference to the General Theory. I outline the nature and significance of their misinterpretation in Section 1. Then, in Section 2, I summarise the literature on Keynes, Bloomsbury and Freudian psychology. I argue that it makes far too much of a very tenuous connection between the Cambridge economist and the Viennese psychologist, and cite the (very limited) evidence concerning Freud’s influence on Keynes. In Section 3, I conduct a detailed textual analysis of the use of “psychological”, and related terms, in the General Theory. In Section 4, I extend the discussion to Keynes’ entire Collected Works, before and after 1936. I conclude, in Section 5, that Keynes’ use of “psychology” is unsystematic and confusing, and should have been avoided.
The Proposed Privatisation of Queensland Motorways
Authors: Guest Ross
Published: May 2010

This article evaluates the proposed sale of the tolling rights on Queensland Motorways from an economic welfare perspective. Weighing against the sale are arguments about optimal risk allocation and network externalities. In contrast, there is a productive efficiency case in favour of the sale. Privatisation also raises questions about private monopoly power and the delivery of community service obligations, although these could be handled through contract specifications. The sale price is essentially a distributional issue. The back‐of‐the‐envelope financial analysis here suggests that the mooted sale price of $3 billion would undervalue the asset and therefore transfer net worth from Queensland taxpayers to private investors.
Bad Politics Makes Bad Policy: The Case of Queensland’s Asset Sales Programme*
Authors: Quiggin John
Published: May 2010

On 2 June 2009, the Queensland Government announced a programme of asset sales projected to realise $15 billion. In this article, the public case for privatisation put forward by the Queensland Government is shown to be wrong and, in important respects, deliberately misleading. It is argued that the presentation of a spurious case for privatisation has contributed to poor policy decisions regarding the choice of assets to be sold, the failure to restructure the rail industry to promote competition, and the adoption of inferior methods for sale.
A case of tongue carcinoma associated with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Noguchi K , Nakase M , Inui M , Nakamura S , Okumura K , Tagawa T
Published: May 2010

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) can occur at various sites, including the oral mucosa, where it is associated with a high risk of head and neck cancer. We report the case of a 46‐year‐old woman with tongue cancer that developed following Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic GVHD, and we discuss the possible causes of cancer development.
Oral health‐related quality of life among rural‐dwelling Indigenous Australians
Authors: Williams SD , Parker EJ , Jamieson LM
Published: May 2010

Background:  There is limited information on the impact of poor oral health on Indigenous Australian quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, extent and severity of, and to calculate risk indicators for, poor oral health‐related quality of life among a convenience sample of rural‐dwelling Indigenous Australians.

Methods:  Participants (n = 468) completed a questionnaire that included socio‐demographic, lifestyle, dental service utilization, dental self‐care and oral health‐related quality of life (OHIP‐14) factors.

Results:  The prevalence of having experienced one or more of OHIP‐14 items ‘fairly often’ or ‘very often’ was 34.8%. The extent of OHIP‐14 scores was 1.88, while the severity was 15.0. Risk indicators for having experienced one or more of OHIP‐14 items ‘fairly often’ or ‘very often’ included problem‐based dental attendance, avoiding dental care because of cost, difficulty paying a $100 dental bill and non‐ownership of a toothbrush. An additional risk indicator for OHIP‐14 extent was healthcare card ownership, while additional indicators for OHIP‐14 severity were healthcare card ownership and having had 5+ teeth extracted.

Conclusions:  Risk indicators for poor oral health‐related quality of life among this marginalized population included socio‐economic factors, dentate status factors, dental service utilization patterns, financial factors and dental self‐care factors.
The accuracy of medical history information in referral letters
Authors: DeAngelis AF , Chambers IG , Hall GM
Published: May 2010

Background: Accurate medical history information is essential for good patient care and should be notified in the letter of referral. The aim of this study was to investigate the subjective opinion that the medical information in a large number of referrals is either inaccurate or non‐existent.

Methods: Medical histories from 54 patients with positive medical history findings upon taking the medical history at the initial consultation appointment were compared to the medical information supplied in the referral letter.

Results:  Overall, medical information was only 58.8% complete with dental referrals being 55.2% complete and medical referrals 62.4%. The majority of referral letters (70.4%) missed at least one relevant finding and only 29.6% of referrals were 100% complete.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the standard of referral letters needs to be improved as the received referrals were generally incomplete and contained inaccurate information. This highlights the need for each and every practitioner to take their own detailed medical history and not rely on the information supplied in the referral.
Differential evaluation of hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis in acute liver injury
Authors: Onodera Mio , Takikawa Yasuhiro , Kakisaka Keisuke , Wang Ting , Horiuchi Saburo
Published: May 2010

Aim:  The significance of cytokelatin‐18 fragment cleaved by caspase‐3 (CK‐18‐fr) and high mobility group box‐1 (HMGB‐1) were evaluated experimentally and clinically for the differential evaluation of hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis in patients with acute hepatic injury (AHI).

Methods:  In this study, typical apoptosis and necrosis were induced in HepG2 cells by staurosporin (STS) and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Intracellular generation of CK‐18‐fr and extracellular leakage of CK‐18‐fr and HMGB‐1 were determined. In the clinical study, serum CK‐18‐fr and HMGB‐1 levels in 84 patients with AHI of varied severity and etiology were measured and compared with conventional liver tests.

Results:  In the experimental study, CK‐18‐fr was rapidly increased after STS stimulation, and peaked after 6 h inside the cells but increased in the medium 12 h after stimulation, while hydrogen peroxide stimulation caused no increase either in‐ or outside the cells. Extracellular HMGB‐1 levels markedly increased after hydrogen peroxide stimulation, but did not change after STS stimulation. In the clinical study, serum CK‐18‐fr increased in correlation with serum aminotransferase, but not other liver tests or markers of disease severity of AHI,. Serum HMGB‐1 levels mildly increased without any correlation to liver test or disease severity. Serum HMGB‐1 levels in patients with circulation disturbance was significantly higher than that in patients with other etiologies.

Conclusion:  The simultaneous determination of the serum CK‐18‐fr and HMGB‐1 may be useful in the differential diagnosis of hetocellular death in AHI, which is primarily due to apoptosis except in patients with circulation disturbance.
De novo hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma following eradication of hepatitis C virus by interferon therapy
Authors: Nasu Akihiro , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Ueda Yoshihide , Eso Yuji , Umeda Makoto , Chiba Tsutomu , Osaki Yukio
Published: May 2010

Epidemiological studies have revealed that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still observed in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive patients with a sustained response to interferon (IFN) treatment, although a substantial decrease in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been achieved in those patients. Why HCC develops in patients who have a complete clearance of HCV remains unclear. Here, we provided evidence of latent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in an initially HCV‐positive chronic hepatitis patient who developed HCC after the complete eradication of HCV by IFN therapy. Although he was initially negative for anti‐hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or circulating HBV DNA but positive for anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) in his sera, he developed HBsAg and HBV DNA during the course of the management of a series of cancers. HBV DNA was detectable in the liver tissues before HBV reactivation and the viral sequences derived from his anti‐HBc‐positive liver showed 100% homology to that from the serum after HBsAg appearance. These findings indicates that HCV‐positive individuals who are positive for anti‐HBc in the absence of HBsAg could have latent HBV infection in their liver tissues and intrahepatic HBV infection may play a pivotal role in the development of HCC after the IFN‐mediated eradication of HCV.
Effect of a late evening snack using branched‐chain amino acid‐enriched nutrients in patients undergoing hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Harima Yohei , Yamasaki Takahiro , Hamabe Satoe , Saeki Issei , Okita Kohsuke , Terai Shuji , Sakaida Isao
Published: May 2010

Aim:  A late evening snack (LES) is recommended for protein‐energy malnutrition in patients with liver cirrhosis. This study investigated energy metabolism in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the effects of LES using a branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA)‐enriched nutrient in cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC undergoing hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC).

Methods:  Energy metabolism was measured using indirect calorimetry for 10 cirrhotic patients without HCC and 36 patients with various stages of HCC. Next, in 23 cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC undergoing HAIC, 13 patients received LES (LES group), and 10 patients received ordinary food (control group). Changes in energy metabolism and glucose tolerance were examined using indirect calorimetry and 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after 1 cycle of treatment.

Results:  Non‐protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) was significantly lower in patients with advanced HCC than in cirrhotic patients without HCC, or in patients with early‐stage HCC. In cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC undergoing HAIC, npRQ, BCAA/tyrosine ratio (BTR), and prealbumin and ALT levels were significantly improved in the LES group, but not in controls. In addition, area under the concentration curve for glucose (AUC glucose) tended to be improved in the LES group.

Conclusions:  LES using BCAA‐enriched nutrients appears to improve energy metabolism and glucose tolerance in cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC undergoing HAIC.
Peginterferon‐alpha‐2b plus ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C as assessed by a multi‐institutional questionnaire in Japan
Authors: Ide Tatsuya , Sata Michio , Sakisaka Shotaro , Nakamuta Makoto , Fujiyama Shigetoshi , Mizuta Toshihiko , Tahara Kenji , Fujisaki Kunio , Komorizono Yasuji , Watanabe Hiroshi , Morita Yasuyo , Tsubouchi Hirohito
Published: May 2010

Background and aim:  There has so far been no questionnaire report on patients who were treated with peginterferon plus ribavirin (PEG IFN+RBV) therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems of this therapy by a questionnaire survey.

Patients and methods:  A survey of 681 patients with chronic hepatitis C who received treatment with PEG IFN+RBV was conducted in the Kyushu region of Japan. Using an original questionnaire, the survey was conducted prior to the treatment, during the third month of treatment, at the completion of treatment or the discontinuation of treatment, and at 6 months after the completion of treatment.

Results:  It was indicated that the patients had a high level of comprehension and understanding of chronic hepatitis C and PEG IFN+RBV treatment. However, the results also indicated that patients had a high level of anxiety. Side effects were adequately dealt with by physicians. However, dermatological symptoms were not adequately explained to the patients, although they were the second most severe side‐effect. It was also revealed that side‐effects were most distressing during the first and second months after the start of treatment.

Conclusion:  The questionnaire survey provided new information that has never been reported. It is believed that understanding this information is important for future treatment.
Digital data collection in forest dynamics plots
Authors: Inman‐Narahari Faith , Giardina Christian , Ostertag Rebecca , Cordell Susan , Sack Lawren
Published: May 2010

1. Computers are widely used in all aspects of research but their application to in‐field data collection for forest plots has rarely been evaluated.

2. We developed digital data collection methods using ESRI mapping software and ruggedized field computers to map and measure ∼30 000 trees in two 4‐ha forest dynamics plots in wet and dry tropical forest in Hawaii. We then compared our data collection and entry effort with published values for other forest dynamics plots with the same tree measurement protocols to estimate the efficiency of our methods relative to the more typical use of paper data collection sheets.

3. In‐field data collection effort was comparable for all plots. However, use of digital methods resulted in an average 11·8% reduction in total effort due to reduced secondary data entry time.

4. The digital data collection methods described in this article can be applied to a wide range of ecological projects, especially long‐term research or monitoring projects where mapping can be integrated into data collection.
Hedging Performance and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence from the Taiwan Futures Market
Authors: Lee Hsiu‐Chuan , Chien Cheng‐Yi
Published: May 2010

This paper examines the impact of stock market liquidity on the hedging performance of stock index futures, and extends the conditional OLS model described by Miffre [Journal of Futures Markets 24 (2004) 945] by including stock market liquidity in the regression model. The empirical results indicate that information regarding stock market liquidity is useful in predicting the optimal hedge ratio under different market conditions. In a bear market, the conditional OLS model with stock market liquidity provides the best hedging performance for the out‐of‐sample period. Although the OLS model outperforms the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and conditional OLS models for the out‐of‐sample period in a bull market, the conditional OLS model with stock market liquidity outperforms the conditional OLS model without stock market liquidity in terms of downside risks (lower partial moment).
Recent Publications in Natural History
Authors: Ash Lee
Published: May 2010

Principal Review: Schultes, Richard Evans and Albert Hofmann. Plants of the gods: origins of hallucinogenic use.
Challenging the Context: Perception, Polity, and Power
Authors: Hartfield Ronne
Published: May 2010

The Art Institute of Chicago opened its new Kraft General Foods Education Center in 1992. Its inaugural gallery exhibition, ART INSIDE OUT: Exploring Art and Culture Through Time, was designed to help visitors explore the historical and cultural context of twelve works of art. “Contextual areas” are provided for six of them. They employ models, replicas, artwork, art materials and tools as well as interpretive panels and interactive computer installations to enable visitors to fully comprehend and appreciate the immediate world from which each work emerged. the six other works are contextualized by interactive computer installations.
A Blurring of the Boundaries
Authors: Gurian Elaine Heumann
Published: May 2010

Our certainty about the definition of museums is disappearing and with it goes our assurance about where we are and what we are becoming. Observing visitors' use of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum could cause us to change our understanding about how people use and act in museums. Further boundaries are blurring as the native communities worldwide ask museum personnel to change their methods of collections care and alter rules of accessioned objects' use. Without acknowledging it, museum personnel are becoming more comfortable with reproductions and purposebuilt material. Technology is making us a “paperless” society. Our need for and understanding of “authenticity” is changing, and we no longer rely purely on our objects to define our work. Are we destroying museums, changing with the times, or creating some new and potentially more vibrant and useful institutions? Can a new realignment and new definition of our institutions help us to create a more civil society? Do we wish to continue on this road?
Bridging a Cultural Gap: A Museum Creates Access
Authors: Lang Georgia C.
Published: May 2010

The article describes an exhibition—Jean Despujols: Indochina Odyssey—organized by the Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum and featuring a collection of paintings of Southeast Asia. This exhibition, along with an ancillary exhibition and extensive interpretive programs, was developed as a proactive outreach to the newly arrived Hmong immigrant population in Wausau, Wisconsin, the location of the museum. Descriptions of Hmong participation, newly formed partnerships, and positive civic outcomes are included.
School Field Trips: Assessing Their Long‐Term Impact
Authors: Falk John H. , Dierking Lynn D.
Published: May 2010

Museums invest considerable resources in promoting and supporting elementary‐school field trips, but remain skeptical about their educational value. Recent cognitive psychology and neuroscience research require a reappraisal of how and what to assess relative to school‐field‐trip learning. One hundred and twenty‐eight subjects were interviewed about their recollections of school field trips taken during the early years of their school education: 34 fourth‐grade students, 48 eighth‐grade students, and 46 adults composed the group. Overall, 96% of all subjects could recall a school field trip. The vast majority recalled when they went, with whom they went, where they went, and three or more specific aspects of what they did. Most said that they had thought about their field‐trip experience subsequently, nearly three‐quarters said they thought about it frequently. Reinforced by this study were the strong interrelationships between cognition, affect, the physical context and social context. Even after many years, nearly 100% of the individuals interviewed could recall one or more things learned on the trip, the majority of which related to content/subject matter.
Tales of Two “Chinese” History Museums: Taipei and Hong Kong
Authors: WATSON RUBIE S.
Published: May 2010

The article describes and compares two museums: the National Palace Museum in Taiwan and the Museum of History in Hong Kong. The two present widely divergent versions of Chinese “history.”
Removing the Legacy of the Korean Past
Authors: KIM HONGNAM
Published: May 2010

The article chronicles the tortured history of the National Museum of Korea, a history that, unfortunately, seems to exemplify the triumph of politics over scholarship as the primary factor guiding this museum's policy decisions.
Science in American Life, National Identity, and the Science Wars: A Curators View
Authors: MOLELLA ARTHUR P.
Published: May 2010

The simmering controversy over the Smithsonian's Science in American Life exhibition that led to the ensuing visitor study by the Institutional Studies Office is reexamined in terms of issues of American identity. A brief historical overview reveals that, for most of the twentieth century, the American scientific community received enthusiastic public support for its perceived service to national goals and ideals. In the past decade, however, after experiencing unexpected budget cuts to research, scientists have questioned the depth of that public support in what has become known as the Science Wars. Science in American Life was soon engulfed by that broader, often acrimonious debate about science and society which involved notions of pure and applied science. The role of American identity in the dispute over the exhibit is analyzed in terms of scientists' criticisms of three of the exhibition's case studies.
Visitors' Role in an Exhibition Debate: Science in American Life
Authors: PEKARIK ANDREW J. , DOERING ZAHAVA D. , BICKFORD ADAM
Published: May 2010

In the year after the exhibition Science in American Life opened at the National Museum of American History objections were raised by the exhibition's chief sponsor, the American Chemical Society, and by the American Physical Society. These critics argued that the exhibition gave the public a negative view of science. The Institutional Studies Office was asked to conduct a study to determine whether or not the exhibition was affecting visitors' views of science, and, if so, in what direction. Using an entrance/exit survey design, the study determined conclusively that the visiting public entered the exhibition with a very positive view of science and technology and that their views were reinforced and confirmed by the experience of Science in American Life, rather than changed in either a positive or negative direction.
Learning from Museums with Indigenous Collections: Beyond Repatriation
Authors: HARTH MARJORIE L.
Published: May 2010

As indigenous voices become stronger through legislation or other means, museums with indigenous collections must reexamine their approaches to collection, exhibition, and preservation. Traditional approaches to collection management are undergoing change as participation from indigenous and tribal groups increases. This article summarizes these trends and describes the post‐modern charters of two museums: the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC, and Te Papa Tongarewa/The Museum of New Zealand, in Wellington.
NAGPRA: Effective Repatriation Programs and Cultural Change in Museums
Authors: Sullivan T. J. , Abraham M. , Griffin D. J. G.
Published: May 2010

A survey of museums in the United States sought to identify evidence of broad impact on the organisational culture and practices of museums in their relatioships with indiginous peoples as a result of the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990 (NAGPRA).

NAGPRA establishes a process for the repatriation of human remains and other specified items held in museum collections to Native Americans who can prove they are lineal descendants or members of tribes which are culturally affiliated with identified items covered by the legislation.

Effective repatriation programs are characterised by:

* a genuine belief in the primary rights of indigenous people in the management of their cultural material presently held in museum collections;

* a commitment to greater collaboration between the museum and indigenous people in the management of scientific research and public programs pertaining to items of indigenous cultural heritage;

* practices which are indicative of an organisational culture which acts in ways which go beyond the minimum requirements of the legislation.

Our research shows that museums are engaging in consultation with indigenous people in the management of collections of indigenous cultural heritage, and that this engagement is influencing conservation strategies. Museums espouse goals which promote external consultation, the involvement of indigenous people in their activities, respect for the cultural goals of indigenous people and a commitment to increasing public awareness of indigenous cultural heritage and social issues. However, only in the areas where NAGPRA has mandated it should happen—collections of human remains and secret/sacred material—is there evidence of communication and consultation, commitment of resources and sharing of authority with indigenous people consistent with the outcomes intended under NAGPRA.
Learning in Children's Museums: Is It Really Happening?
Authors: PUCHNER LAUREL , RAPOPORT ROBYN , GASKINS SUZANNE
Published: May 2010

This study examined what children learn while they are interacting with exhibits at a children's museum as well as the conditions that facilitate learning. Using naturalistic observations to get information on the kinds of observable learning that occurred in a variety of settings within the museum, the study found that much observable learning did occur and that different contexts supported different kinds and amounts of learning. Learning was more likely to occur with adult interaction than without, and certain types of exhibits invited more adult involvement than others. Examples of learning of relatively higher levels of cognitive complexity and higher degrees of generalizability were observed more rarely than examples of learning of lower complexity and less generalizability. Implications for children's museums and other settings of informal learning are discussed.
A note on scenarios of metastable water
Authors: Jirsák Jan , Nezbeda Ivo
Published: May 2010

A recently developed molecular-based equations of state for water are analyzed with respect to the behavior of the liquid spinodal curve. It is shown that all of them yield the spinodal exhibiting a minimum in accordance with Speedy’s stability-limit conjecture and with the behavior predicted by the accurate (but purely empirical) IAPWS-95 equation. It means that the considered equations of state give consistent results but qualitatively different from those resulting from available computer simulations, which yield a monotonic spinodal line.
Firearm restriction as suicide prevention: variation in belief and practice among providers in an urban emergency department
Authors: Betz Marian E , Barber Catherine W , Miller Mathew
Published: May 2010

Providers in an urban emergency department (ED) responded to a confidential, online survey assessing their beliefs and practices with respect to reducing a suicidal person's access to lethal means of suicide. 26% of respondents (37% of ED nurses, 23% of ED physicians, and 9% of psychiatrists) believed that all of the jumpers from the Golden Gate Bridge would have found a lethal suicide alternative had a barrier been present, and an additional 38% thought that most would have. Two-thirds of respondents believed that providers in the ED should always ask suicidal patients about access to firearms, yet 52% (67% of nurses, 54% of ED physicians, and 13% of psychiatrists) reported rarely or never doing so. Psychiatrists were more likely than ED staff to report always asking. Further understanding these attitudes and behaviours could enhance suicide prevention activities in the ED.
Neonatal screening for sickle cell disease in France: evaluation of the selective process: Table 1
Authors: Thuret Isabelle , Sarles Jacques , Merono Françoise , Suzineau Eliane , Collomb Jacques , Lena-Russo Danielle , Levy Nicolas , Bardakdjian Josiane , Badens Catherine
Published: May 2010

Aims

The French national programme for neonatal screening of sickle cell disease is applied to newborns ‘at risk’, defined as those born to parents originating from sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean area, the Arabic peninsula, the French overseas islands and the Indian subcontinent. The selection is performed by the nurse in charge of blood sampling by interviewing the mother about the family's geographical origins. The mean rate of testing in France is 25%, ranging from 2% to 50% depending on the region. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of selection during this screening programme.

Methods

False-negative cases were identified using two different approaches: first, a regional prospective study aimed at screening all newborns, selected and non-selected, in a restricted area, representing 3% of national births; second, a retrospective national survey to identify false-negative cases.

Results

The regional study indicated that selective screening leads to a carrier frequency that is twice as high in the selected population as compared with the non-selected population (1.23% versus 0.62%). The local and national surveys revealed that, during a 6-year period, 28 affected children failed to be selected, leading to a false-negative rate of 2.1%. In contrast to what was expected, most of the cases were due to the failing of the data collection process and not to the misdiagnosis of the risk.

Conclusions

These results show that selective neonatal screening for sickle cell disease is feasible if very careful attention is paid to the selective step.
Comparison of histopathology and RT-qPCR amplification of guanylyl cyclase C for detection of colon cancer metastases in lymph nodes
Authors: Haince Jean-François , Houde Michel , Beaudry Guillaume , L'Espérance Sylvain , Garon Geneviève , Desaulniers Marie , Hafer Laurie J , Heald James I , Lyle Stephen , Grossman Steven R , Têtu Bernard , Sargent Daniel J , Fradet Yves
Published: May 2010

Aims

In colorectal cancer (CRC), the presence of lymph node (LN) metastases is an important prognostic factor. Approximately 20% of patients diagnosed as having node-negative (pN0) CRC will relapse. Pathological nodal stage misclassification due to sampling error resulting from the small volume of tissue tested has been proposed to explain this recurrence rate in pN0 patients. The authors compared the assessment of node positivity by histopathology (HP) with a molecular method which can accommodate larger tissue volumes.

Methods

Detection rate of guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) mRNA was determined in 1495 LNs from 99 CRC patients. Using a subset of 647 LNs, multiple levels of HP analysis were compared with GCC mRNA molecular detection. Finally, clinicopathological factors were correlated with the molecular detection of GCC and clinical outcome in 123 patients with pN0 colon cancer.

Results

GCC mRNA was detected in 8.0% of the 560 nodes initially identified as HP-negative, whereas two repeat HP examinations detected 3.0% of these cases. In HP-positive LNs, the GCC mRNA detection rate was 90% (78/87) when half-LN were tested. Testing the entire LN remaining after HP by GCC increased the detection rate of HP-positive LNs to 95% (p=0.027). In comparison, 75% (65/87) and 92% (80/87) of the LN positive by clinical HP remained positive when one or two subsequent sections were examined by HP. Finally, patients with pN0 disease who were GCC-positive exhibited an earlier time of recurrence (hazard ratio, 3.54; 95% CI 1.40 to 8.98; p=0.0077).

Conclusions

Molecular detection of tumour cells in LNs may have prognostic value in identifying patients diagnosed as having pN0 colon cancer who will relapse following surgery.
Percutaneous medical liver core biopsies: correlation between tissue length and the number of portal tracts
Authors: Chan James , Alwahab Yasir , Tilley Charles , Carr Norman
Published: May 2010

Objective

Liver biopsy is an important tool for the diagnosis and assessment of liver disease. The authors aimed to establish the relationship between biopsy length and the number of total portal tracts.

Methods

The authors reviewed 163 16G percutaneous medical liver biopsies taken at a tertiary referral centre over a 14-month period. Haematoxylin and eosin sections were analysed using imaging software and portal tracts were counted.

Results

Liver biopsy length correlates with total portal tracts. The median biopsy length was 13.3 mm with a median of six portal tracts. Ninety-five per cent of biopsies measuring at least 15 mm contained six portal tracts or more with a significant difference between total portal tracts when compared with biopsies <15 mm (p<0.0001).

Conclusion

To facilitate adequate histological assessment by examining at least six portal tracts, the authors suggest that 16G biopsies should be at least 15 mm long.
Two in the hand, an essential lesson in tremor management
Authors: Gallagher Paul , Archibald Neil , Goldsmith Paul , Burn David
Published: May 2010

Dopa responsive dystonia results from abnormalities in the dopamine synthesis pathway which produces an array of phenotypic presentations with equally numerous genotypes. First documented in children in 1971, the ‘classic’ phenotype is childhood onset, predominantly lower limb dystonia which gradually progresses to generalised dystonia. Other hallmarks of ‘classical’ dopa responsive dystonia include marked diurnal variation in symptom severity (worse in the evening), subsequent development of parkinsonism and an excellent, sustained response to levodopa. More recently, adult onset variants have been reported. Here we discuss two siblings with dopa responsive dystonia caused by a mutation in the GTP cyclohydrolase 1 gene. Both presented in adulthood with tremor rather than the ‘classic’ phenotype. A video is presented (available online) followed by a brief discussion of the literature.
Taking stock: defining populations of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in Canada using neutral genetic markers
Authors: Hasselman Daniel J. , Bradford Rod G. , Bentzen Paul
Published: May 2010

Knowledge of the scale of population structure is a prerequisite for designating conservation units. American shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) are of increasing conservation concern, but the scale of population structure within the Canadian portion of the species range is unknown. Using 13 microsatellite loci, we examined the partitioning of genetic variation within four and among 12 Canadian drainages. We detected significant (p < 0.05) and temporally stable genetic differentiation among all drainages, supporting the hypothesis that rivers support genetically distinct populations. However, Bayesian methods identified seven clusters and provided evidence for shad metapopulation structure. We observed a significant (p < 0.01) pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) among all drainages. A strong linear IBD (r = 0.98) was observed among rivers that were outside the Bay of Fundy (BoF). A hypothesized counterclockwise migration route explained a greater proportion of genetic variation (r = 0.87) among BoF rivers than direct route based distances (r = 0.14). Although IBD patterns did not differ regionally (analysis of covariance; p > 0.05), the degree of differentiation among BoF rivers was greater than that among non-BoF rivers, regardless of the geographic scale of comparison. Our results suggest that fisheries managers need to be concerned with the loss of shad genetic diversity on both river and regional scales.
Multispecies estimation of Bayesian priors for catchability trends and density dependence in the US Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Thorson James T. , Berkson Jim
Published: May 2010

Fishery-dependent catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) derived indices of stock abundance are commonly used in fishery stock assessment models and may be significantly biased due to changes in catchability over time. Factors causing time-varying catchability include density-dependent habitat selection and technology improvements such as global positioning systems. In this study, we develop a novel multispecies method to estimate Bayesian priors for catchability functional parameters. This method uses the deviance information criterion to select a parsimonious functional model for catchability among 10 hierarchical and measurement error models. The parsimonious model is then applied to multispecies data, while excluding one species at a time, to develop Bayesian priors that can be used for each excluded species. We use this method to estimate catchability trends and density dependence for seven stocks and four gears in the Gulf of Mexico by comparing CPUE-derived index data with abundance estimates from virtual population analysis calibrated with fishery-independent indices. Catchability density dependence estimates mean that CPUE indices are hyperstable, implying that stock rebuilding in the Gulf may be progressing faster than previously estimated. This method for estimating Bayesian priors can provide a parsimonious method to compensate for time-varying catchability and uses multispecies fishery data in a novel manner.
Engineering properties and zoning of loess and loess-like soils in China
Authors: Lin Zaiguan , Liang Weiming
Published: May 2010

The widely distributed loessic soils of China are described, concentrating on the collapsible soils of the upper strata of the loessic series. A general trend of gradual, steady reduction in the tendency to collapse on wetting is found going in the direction from northwest to southeast. Cases of damage and flooding tests of pits are cited for illustration. Results of electron microscope studies of structural features of loess specimens from different locations are compared with the engineering behavior, especially the susceptibility to self-subsidence and degree of collapsibility.In view of this trend and the differences between loessic soils of different regions, a preliminary zoning of the loessic soils was made, resulting in seven zones as shown on a schematic map.
Evaluation of distribution coefficients for the prediction of strontium and cesium migration in a uniform sand
Authors: Reynolds W. D. , Gillham R. W. , Cherry J. A.
Published: May 2010

The validity of using a distribution coefficient (Kd) in the mathematical prediction of strontium and cesium transport through uniform saturated sand was investigated by comparing measured breakthrough curves with curves of simulations using the advection-dispersion and the advection equations. Values for Kd were determined by batch equilibration tests and, indirectly, by fitting the mathematical model to breakthrough data from column experiments. Although the advection-dispersion equation accurately represented the breakthrough curves for two nonreactive solutes (chloride and tritium), neither it nor the advection equation provided close representations of the strontium and cesium curves. The simulated breakthrough curves for strontium and cesium were nearly symmetrical, whereas the data curves were very asymmetrical, with long tails. Column experiments with different pore-water velocities indicated that the shape of the normalized breakthrough curves was not sensitive to velocity. This suggests that the asymmetry of the measured curves was the result of nonlinear partitioning of the cations between the solid and liquid phases, rather than nonequilibrium effects. The results indicate that the distribution coefficient, when used in advection-dispersion models for prediction of the migration of strontium and cesium in field situations, can result in significant error.
Evaluation of heave prevention methods for floors founded on shale in the Ottawa Region
Authors: Grattan-Bellew P. E. , McRostie G. C.
Published: May 2010

Heaving of floors founded on black shale in the Ottawa region is due to the oxidation of pyrite in it and the subsequent formation of jarosite and gypsum which crystallize between the layers of the thinly laminated fissile shale causing it to expand. Air must gain access to the shale for the oxidation reaction to occur. Work done in Ottawa indicates that air may be prevented from entering the shale by coating the freshly excavated surface with a layer of concrete before construction commences. This has been successful in preventing heave for at least seven years. Additional precautions which are needed to prevent entry of air to the shale after construction of the building are also discussed.
Use of the Cryoscan apparatus for observation of freeze-fractured planes of a sensitive Quebec clay in scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Delage Pierre , Tessier Daniel , Marcel-Audiguier Martine
Published: May 2010

The cryoscan is an apparatus equipping the JEOL scanning electron microscopes, and allowing the observation of freeze-fracture planes of samples whose temperature is maintained below −100 °C. The application of this method to a sensitive clay from Quebec shows an aggregated structure, the aggregates being separated by 1 μm size voids.