bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skenosis - The Tabernacling of the Word
Authors: Pobee John S.
Published: June 2008

The need for translating the good news of Jesus Christ into a real up-to-date world is recognized by all and sundry. A whole range of terms have been used to designate the need: Africanisation, Localisation, Accomodation, Adaptation, Incarnation, Inculturation, Indigenisation, Aggiornamento. The author, for diverse reasons, offers yet another term Skēnōsis which comes out John 1:14. The term has the merit of being very biblical and emphasizing the dynamic relation and creative tension between the eternal non-negotiable word and the contingent realities of life. Further it underlines the temporary nature of the construct which means skēnōsis must be an on-going process of renewal. The article outlines five major elements of the landscape of the temporal reality of Africa which skēnōsis must engage. Alongside those is set the Word of God which is always received as an interpreted entity, and which is a part of the tradition of the living church. And precisely for that reason there is need for each skēnōsis to engage and be engaged by other attempts in the church universal for mutal correction and affirmation. Some attention is paid to the structures of skēnōsis. The author, however, refuses to do blue-prints particularly because of the diversity in Africa and of Church polity. His interest is only to indicate paths to be explored by each time and place and that in an on-going process.
Healing as a Missiological Challenge
Authors: Grundmann Christoffer
Published: June 2008

The formal approbation of the study project "The Church as a Healing Community" by I.A.M.S. Executive Committee (see: Mission Studies No. 5, Vol. III-1, 1986, p. 77) sets the scene for missiologists to embark upon the whole issue of healing on a large scale. It is hoped that by tapping the resources of the international, ecumenical and cross-cultural membership of the association the long felt need can be met to adequately respond to the challenge healing puts before us not only by the new religious movements all over the world and by the traditional societies, but also by the African Independent Churches and the charismatic movement within the established churches. There do exist monographs on several aspects of healing from nearly all over the world of course. But mostly they are concerned with a particular technique or with the health system and healing methods of a certain ethnic group. When it comes to missiology the phenomenon of healing outside the Christian fold often is looked at as something demoniac which as such has to be refused for the sake of the gospel. The only more recent missiological thesis I came across so far addressing the issue in a broader sense is Harold E. Dollar's "A Cross-Cultural Theology of Healing" (1980, Fuller) which actually tries to develop a cross-cultural liturgy or model of healing instead of a theology. This article tries to identify some of the most relevant issues any qualified study of the matter in question has to pay attention to.
Believers' Struggle and Triumph in Christ
Authors: Karotemprel Sebastian
Published: June 2008

What, then, shall we say in response to this? If God is for us, who can be against us? He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all - how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things? Who will bring any charge against those whom God has chosen? It is God who justifies. Who is he that condemns? Christ Jesus, who died - more than that, who was raised to life - is at the right hand of God and is also interceding for us. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall trouble or hardship or persecution or famine or nakedness or danger or sword? As it is written: 'For your sake we face death all day long we are considered as sheep to be slaughtered.' No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. For I am convinced that neither death nor life, neither angels nor demons, neither the present nor the future, nor any powers, neither height nor debth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Rom. 8: 31-39)
The Marxist Trend in Recent South African Black Theology: Is Dialogue Possible?
Authors: Parratt John
Published: June 2008

In this paper I wish to examine the shift in direction which is beginning to characterise the writings of younger South African black theologians during the last three or four years. I shall pay particular attention to the influence of Marxism on their theology, and its wider implications for Christian theology on the African continent.
A Novel Intermediate-Sacrificed Route to Polycrystalline Nanorods Consisting of Highly Oriented Quantum Dots of Cubic CdS
Authors: Yao Qi-Zhi , Jin Gu , Zhou Gen-Tao , Wang Xinchen , Yu Jimmy C.
Published: June 2008

Polycrystalline nanorods of CdS were successfully prepared by a novel solvothermal method using simple initial materials of sulfur and Cd(Ac)2 ˙ 2H2O in pyridine at 160 °C. TEM, HRTEM and SAED analyses reveal that the polycrystalline nanorods with the lengths
from 400 to 1000 nm and a mean diameter of ca 40 nm are assembled with highly oriented quantum dots of face-centered cubic CdS. The chemical reactions under the current solvothermal conditions involve the first reduction of sulfur by acetate anions to S2–, and subsequently
the formation of intermediate complex CdS(Py)0.5 with nanorod-like morphology, as well as finally prolonged solvothermal process to the formation of the polycrystalline nanorods. Therefore, a new intermediate-sacrificed mechanism to direct the formation of cubic CdS polycrystalline
nanorods was proposed.
Nanogranular Fe-Cu-Ag Thin Films: Structure, Microstructure and Giant Magnetoresistance
Authors: Rout S. , Kumar Senthil M. , Bhattacharya S. , Aswal D. K. , Gupta S. K.
Published: June 2008

FexCuyAgz granular thin films with several compositions were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. These films consist of small Fe magnetic particles embedded in a nonmagnetic CuAg matrix. Structure, microstructure, morphology and
magnetotransport properties were studied. The compositions of these samples were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. X-ray diffraction results showed strong Ag(111) peaks and broad Cu(111) peaks in all the samples. The variation of the (111) lattice spacings indicates a partial
intermixing of Fe, Cu and Ag atoms. Microstructural studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a selected sample showed only Ag reflections and no reflection from Cu and Fe. Both XRD and TEM studies did not reveal any diffraction peak due to Fe and Cu for this sample. The fitting
of the experimental grain size data obtained from TEM micrograph to the lognormal distribution function has allowed an estimation of the average grain diameter of 3.7 nm. The surface image of the Fe22Ag78 film observed using a scanning electron microscope showed the presence
of droplet like Ag particles on the film surface. The Cu substitution results in smooth films without any Ag particles on the surface. Surface morphology by atomic force microscopy shows that the Fe39Cu13Ag48 film has a surface roughness of 0.75 nm. Finally,
we have obtained a maximum giant magnetoresistance ratio of 3.2% in these films measured at 300 K for an in-plane magnetic field of 20 kOe.
Effect of Amino-Modified Silica Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Protection Properties of Epoxy Resin-Silica Hybrid Materials
Authors: Chang Kung-Chin , Lin Hui-Fen , Lin Chang-Yu , Kuo Tai-Hung , Huang Hsin-Hua , Hsu Sheng-Chieh , Yeh Jui-Ming , Yang Jen-Chang , Yu Yuan-Hsiang
Published: June 2008

In this paper, a series of organic–inorganic hybrid materials consisting of epoxy resin frameworks and dispersed nanoparticles of amino-modified silica (AMS) were successfully prepared. First of all, the AMS nanoparticles were synthesized by carrying out the conventional acid-catalyzed
sol–gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTES) molecules. The as-prepared AMS nanoparticles were then characterized by FTIR, 13C-NMR and 29Si-NMR spectroscopy. Subsequently, a series of hybrid materials
were prepared by performing in-situ thermal ring-opening polymerization reactions of epoxy resin in the presence of as-prepared AMS nanoparticles and raw silica (RS) particles. The as-prepared epoxy-silica hybrid materials with AMS nanoparticles were found to show better dispersion
capability than that of RS particles existed in hybrid materials based on the morphological observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hybrid materials containing AMS nanoparticles in the form of coating on cold-rolled steel (CRS) were found to be much superior in corrosion
protection over those of hybrid materials with RS particles when tested by a series of electrochemical measurements of potentiodynamic and impedance spectroscopy in 5 wt% aqueous NaCl electrolyte. The increase of corrosion protection effect of hybrid coatings may have probably resulted from
the enhancement of the adhesion strength of the hybrid coatings on CRS coupons, which may be attributed to the formation of Fe—O—Si covalent bond at the interface of coating/CRS system based on the FTIR-RAS (reflection absorption spectroscopy) studies. The better dispersion capability
of AMS nanoparticles in hybrid materials were found to lead more effectively enhanced molecular barrier property, mechanical strength, surface hydrophobicity and optical clarity as compared to that of RS particles, in the form of coating and membrane, based on the measurements of molecular
permeability analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, contact angle measurements and ultraviolet-visible transmission spectra, respectively.
Synthesis and Solid-State Structure of a Pt-Ru-P Ternary Metal Phosphide (PtRuP2) as a Carbon Nanocomposite
Authors: King William D. , Kwiatkowski Krzysztof C. , Lukehart Charles M.
Published: June 2008

Reactive thermal degradation of Pt(PPh3)(Cl)(μ2-Cl)2 Ru(Cl)(η3:η3-C10H16)/Vulcan carbon powder composites gives a nanocomposite powder containing nanocrystals of the expected
PtRu alloy phase along with nanocrystals of an unknown substance. Yields of the unknown phase increase when PPh3 is added to the composite prior to thermal treatment. The new substance has been identified as a ternary metal phosphide, PtRuP2. Full-profile Rietveld analysis
of the XRD pattern of this phase is consistent with a primitive Pm3m cubic unit cell (CsCl-type) having a cell constant of 2.78 Å. Fully disordered Pt and Ru atoms occupy the (0 0 0) atomic positions with P atoms occupying interstitial sites at the (1/2 1/2 1/2) atomic positions.
Large Scale Preparation of β-AgVO3 Nanowires Using a Novel Sonochemical Route
Authors: Mao Changjie , Wu Xingcai , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: June 2008

A large number of β-AgVO3 nanowires with diameter of 30–60 nm, and length of 1.5–3 μm have been successfully synthesized by a simple and facile low-temperature sonochemical route. The morphologies and structures of the nanowires were characterized
by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge experiments were applied to characterize
the electrochemical properties of the nanowires as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In the initial discharge and charge process, the as-prepared β-AgVO3 nanowires showed the initial charge and discharge capacities of 69 and 102 (mAh)/g, respectively. It is
anticipated that the β-AgVO3 nanostructures are promising cathode candidates in the application of primary lithium-ion batteries.
Synthesis of Nano Grade Hollow Silica Sphere via a Soft Template Method
Authors: Tsai Ming-Shyong , Ju Li Miao , Yen Fu-Hsu
Published: June 2008

The nano grade hollow silica sphere (HSS) was synthesized by a novel soft template method. We found that the precipitate of aluminate had a porous structure that could be the soft template for HSS. After mixing the colloidal silica with the aluminate precipitate, the bubble trapped
in this porous structure could form the nano grade HSS. The aluminate precipitate was removed by adjusting the pH of the slurry to ∼1. The outside diameter, the specific surface, and the mean pore size diameter of the forming HSS were 60∼90 nm, 571 m2/g, and 3 nm, respectively.
The formed HSS was collected by modifying the surface with Si(OCH3)3CHCH2 (VTMO) and then filtrating the precipitated gel in the n-butanol and ethanol solvent system.
Investigation of Nanoscratch Processes in Semiconductor Materials for Application to Maskless Patterning
Authors: Richter Asta , Kuswik Piotr , Oszwaldowski Maciej , Smith Roger
Published: June 2008

Features of nanoscratching processes with a diamond 90° cube corner tip in semiconductor materials have been studied with different tip orientations and scratch procedures: constant and linearly increasing normal load during scratching, multi-scratching and the direct analysis of
the generated scratch by re-scanning the scratch with a strongly reduced normal load. These scratch functions allowed a detailed investigation of the materials response due to the mechanical deformation process. Elastic material recovery, plastic deformation and material removal contribute
to the generation of scratch groove profiles. For low applied normal loads mainly elastic deformation occurs whereas for larger normal loads stick-slip processes with periodic hillocks at the groove bottom and irregular pile-up along the scratch rim dominate the process. From the analysis
of the scratch groove profile in Si(100), GaAs(100) and thin InSb films, quantitative values for the elastic deformation, the friction coefficient, stick-slip pattern, material removal and scratch depth as a function of the applied normal load are obtained. With multi-scratching a definite
removal pattern with a reproducible scratch depth is obtained. These results can be used to optimise the scratch technique for application to maskless patterning.
Solution-Processed High-Efficiency Organic Phosphorescent Devices Utilizing a Blue Ir(III) Complex
Authors: Han Eunsil , Lyu Yi-Yeol , Lee Tae-Woo , Byun Younghun , Kwon Ohyun , Tikhonovsky Alexander , Kwon Youngnam , Park Gyeong-Su , Ragini Das Rupasree
Published: June 2008

We report high-efficiency blue phosphorescence organic light-emitting devices by solution process utilizing a blue Ir(III) complex [(F2ppy)2Ir(ph-imz)CN] (F2ppy = 2′,6′ -difluoro-2-phenyl pyridine and ph-imz = N-phenyl imidazole) blended
with the host mCP (N, N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene), and the inert polymers polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The effects of the dopant confinement in the PS and PMMA matrix on the device performance are studied by field emission transmission electron microscopy
(FE-TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The complex shows photoluminescence peaked at 458 nm with CIE color coordinates (0.14, 0.21) in solution and (0.14, 0.18) in doped PMMA film. The PS based device showed better device performance than the PMMA based device with a maximum luminous
efficiency of (ηL) 5.11 cd/A with CIE color coordinates (0.17, 0.29) (at 10 mA/cm2) and a maximum luminance of 9765 cd/m2.
Hydrogen-Bonding Layer Protecting Polyelectrolyte Capsules and Its Mechanical Property Study with Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Ge Liqin , Wang Xing , Ba Long , Gu Zhongze
Published: June 2008

The hydrogen-bonding multilayered polyelectrolyte capsules with sizes around 6 μm were fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The morphology of the obtained capsules was observed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), respectively. The elastic properties of the capsules were studied with AFM. The capsule was pressed by cantilever with different lengths, a glass bead glued at the end of the cantilever. The force curves were measured on the capsule in air. The Young's modulus
of the capsule was obtained (E = 170 MPa for the loading). Results show that this model can predict the elastic deformation of the microcapsule. The accuracy of the elastic deformation of polymer capsule can be ensured using a cantilever of mediate stiffness. Our results show that the
existence of the hydrogen-bonding layer makes the multilayered polyelectrolyte harder in comparison with the pure multilayered polyelectrolyte capsules.
Nonlinear Generalization of Singular Vectors: Behavior in a Baroclinic Unstable Flow
Authors: Rivière Olivier , Lapeyre Guillaume , Talagrand Olivier
Published: June 2008

Singular vector (SV) analysis has proved to be helpful in understanding the linear instability properties of various types of flows. SVs are the perturbations with the largest amplification rate over a given time interval when linearizing the equations of a model along a particular solution. However, the linear approximation necessary to derive SVs has strong limitations and does not take into account several mechanisms present during the nonlinear development (such as wave–mean flow interactions). A new technique has been recently proposed that allows the generalization of SVs in terms of optimal perturbations with the largest amplification rate in the fully nonlinear regime. In the context of a two-layer quasigeostrophic model of baroclinic instability, the effect of nonlinearities on these nonlinear optimal perturbations [herein, nonlinear singular vectors (NLSVs)] is examined in terms of structure and dynamics. NLSVs essentially differ from SVs in the presence of a positive zonal-mean shear at initial time and in a broader meridional extension. As a result, NLSVs sustain a significant amplification in the nonlinear model while SVs exhibit a reduction of amplification in the nonlinear model. The presence of an initial zonal-mean shear in the NLSV increases the initial extraction of energy from the total shear (basic plus zonal-mean flows) and opposes wave–mean flow interactions that decrease the shear through the nonlinear evolution. The spatial shape of the NLSVs (and especially their meridional elongation) allows them to limit wave–wave interactions. These wave–wave interactions are responsible for the formation of vortices and for a smaller extraction of energy from the basic flow. Therefore, NLSVs are able to modify their shape in order to evolve quasi linearly to preserve a large nonlinear growth. Results are generalized for different norms and optimization times. When the streamfunction variance norm is used, the NLSV technique fails to converge because this norm selects very small scales at initial time. This indicates that this technique may be inadequate for problems for which the length scale of instability is not properly defined. For other norms (such as the potential enstrophy norm) and for different optimization times, the mechanisms of the NLSV amplification can still be viewed through wave–wave and wave–mean flow interactions.
Dynamical Relationship between the Phase of North Atlantic Oscillations and the Meridional Excursion of a Preexisting Jet: An Analytical Study
Authors: Luo Dehai , Gong Tingting , Zhong Linhao
Published: June 2008

In this paper, it is shown from an analytical solution that in the presence of a preexisting jet the interaction between the zonal jet and the topography of the land–sea contrast (LSC) in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) tends to induce a dipole component that depends crucially upon whether this zonal jet exhibits a north–south excursion. This phenomenon cannot be observed if the zonal jet has no north–south shift. When the preexisting jet is located more northward (southward), the induced dipole can have a low-over-high (high-over-low) structure and thus can make the center of the stationary wave anomaly shift southward (northward), which can be regarded as an initial state or embryo of a positive (negative) phase North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This dipole component can be amplified into a typical NAO event under the forcing of synoptic-scale eddies. To some extent, this result provides an explanation for why the positive (negative) phase of the NAO can be controlled by the northward (southward) shift of the zonal jet prior to the NAO.

In addition, the impact of the jet shift on the occurrence of NAO is examined in a weakly nonlinear NAO model if the initial state of an NAO is prespecified. It is found that the northward (southward) shift of a zonal jet favors the occurrence of the subsequent positive (negative) phase NAO event and then results in a northward (southward)-intensified jet relative to the preexisting jet. In addition, during the decaying of the positive phase NAO, a strong blocking activity is easily observed over Europe as the jet is moved to the north.
A Greenland Sea Perspective on the Dynamics of Postconvective Eddies*
Authors: Oliver K. I. C. , Eldevik T. , Stevens D. P. , Watson A. J.
Published: June 2008

Open ocean deep postconvection contributes to the formation of the dense waters that fill the global deep ocean. The dynamics of postconvective vortices are key to understanding the role of convection in ocean circulation. Submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs) observed in convective regions are likely to be the anticyclonic components of hetons. Hetons are dipoles, consisting of a surface cyclone and a weakly stratified subsurface anticyclone, that can be formed by convection. Here, key postconvective processes are investigated using numerical experiments of increasing sophistication with two primary goals: 1) to understand how the ambient hydrography and topography influence the propagation of hetons and 2) to provide a theoretical context for recent observations of SCVs in the Greenland Sea.

It is found that the alignment of hetons is controlled by ambient horizontal density gradients and that hetons self-propagate into lighter waters as a result. This provides a mechanism for transporting convected water out of a cyclonic gyre, but the propagation is arrested if the heton meets large-amplitude topography. Upon interaction with topography, hetons usually separate, and the surface cyclone returns toward denser water. The anticyclone usually remains close to topography and may become trapped for several hundred days. These findings may explain the observed accumulation and longevity of SCVs at the Greenland Fracture Zone, on the rim of the Greenland Sea gyre. The separation and sorting of cyclones from anticyclones have likely implications for the density and vorticity budgets of convective regions.
The Regime Dependence of Optimally Weighted Ensemble Model Consensus Forecasts of Surface Temperature
Authors: Greybush Steven J. , Haupt Sue Ellen , Young George S.
Published: June 2008

Previous methods for creating consensus forecasts weight individual ensemble members based upon their relative performance over the previous N days, implicitly making a short-term persistence assumption about the underlying flow regime. A postprocessing scheme in which model performance is linked to underlying weather regimes could improve the skill of deterministic ensemble model consensus forecasts. Here, principal component analysis of several synoptic- and mesoscale fields from the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset provides an objective means for characterizing atmospheric regimes. Clustering techniques, including K-means and a genetic algorithm, are developed that use the resulting principal components to distinguish among the weather regimes. This pilot study creates a weighted consensus from 48-h surface temperature predictions produced by the University of Washington Mesoscale Ensemble, a varied-model (differing physics and parameterization schemes) multianalysis ensemble with eight members. Different optimal weights are generated for each weather regime. A second regime-dependent consensus technique uses linear regression to predict the relative performance of the ensemble members based upon the principal components. Consensus forecasts obtained by the regime-dependent schemes are compared using cross validation with traditional N-day ensemble consensus forecasts for four locations in the Pacific Northwest, and show improvement over methods that rely on the short-term persistence assumption.
Diverse Effects of Oxygen Inhalation on the Regional Myocardial Functions Related to the Degree of Coronary Artery Stenosis
Authors: Arat Nurcan , Altay Hakan , Ilkay Erdogan , Sabah Irfan
Published: June 2008

In patients with stable coronary artery disease, the effect of oxygen (O2) inhalation to regional myocardial functions and its relation to the degree of the coronary artery stenosis is still unclear. This article investigates the effect of O2 therapy on regional myocardial functions in patients with coronary atherosclerosis according to the severity of stenosis. Myocardial segments were evaluated via tissue velocities, strain, strain rate, and tissue tracking. While O2 inhalation improves late diastolic myocardial velocity and tissue tracking in normally perfused myocardial regions, a negative effect was observed on systolic and diastolic parameters of myocardial segments, which are perfused by insignificantly stenotic coronary arteries. Although nasal O2 treatment has unfavorable effects on regional myocardial functions in patients with coronary artery disease, this effect remains subclinic with short-term inhalation. However, it is reasonable to pursue the effects of longer-term O2 inhalation on myocardial function especially in patients with insignificant coronary stenosis.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: For Whom and How?
Authors: Katritsis Demosthenes G.
Published: June 2008

Catheter ablation is the treatment of choice for certain patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal or even persistent atrial fibrillation. Several techniques are used with a similar success rate of approximately 70% over 6 to 12 months of follow-up. Pulmonary vein isolation by conventional antral or electroanatomic circumferential ablation is mainly used in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Electrogram-guided and combined approaches are also used, particularly in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, whereas new methods such as autonomic denervation are under investigation.
Modeling Damage Propagation in Composite Plates with Embedded Delamination under Compressive Load
Authors: Riccio Aniello , Pietropaoli Elisa
Published: June 2008

A numerical procedure aimed at simulating the structural behavior of delaminated composite plates under compressive load, is developed and presented in this article. Although delamination buckling and growth have been widely studied in the literature, in this article the effect of fiber—matrix failure on the buckling behavior of a delaminated structure up to final failure is investigated in detail. A geometrically non linear finite element (FE) approach is adopted for elastic instability simulation, the modified virtual crack closure technique (MVCCT) is used for the energy release rate (ERR) evaluation at the delamination front and fracture mechanics based progressive damage approach is introduced for the simulation of fiber—matrix damage onset and evolution. Comparisons of numerical results with existing experimental data on composite panels with an embedded circular delamination under compressive load, are presented for preliminary validation purposes. Furthermore, the influence of the different failure mechanisms on the compressive behavior of delaminated composite plates is assessed, by comparing numerical results obtained with models characterized by different degrees of complexity. Finally, results of a limited sensitivity analysis are shown, pointing out the influence of some key parameters characteristics of the adopted numerical approach on the accuracy of numerical simulations.
Correctional Orientations of Prison Staff
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Mustaine Elizabeth Ehrhardt
Published: June 2008

Beliefs about the purpose and goals of incarceration are important determinants of how policy makers and practitioners perceive correctional operations. Drawing on survey data from 554 corrections staff persons in Kentucky, this research explores perceptions of important and primary goals for incarceration and factors influencing the endorsement of 5 correctional ideologies (rehabilitation, retribution, incapacitation, specific deterrence, and general deterrence). Results show that all five ideologies are perceived as somewhat important, with rehabilitation receiving the strongest support. Demographic influences include female staff being more supportive of rehabilitation, administrators and program staff being most supportive of rehabilitation, and security staff providing the strongest support for retribution.
Does Parole Work?—Revisited
Authors: Schlager Melinda D. , Robbins Kelly
Published: June 2008

Recent research evaluating differences in the method of release and outcome suggests that offenders who leave prison at the expiration of sentence reoffend at rates similar to offenders who are released from prison via discretionary or mandatory release. This research assesses offenders released from prison at the completion of sentence compared with those released from prison to discretionary parole in New Jersey. In addition, this study evaluates whether demographic differences exist between parolees and max outs as well as time to event. Findings suggest that discretionary parole releases in New Jersey are rearrested, reconvicted, and reincarcerated less often than offenders who max out.
Racial Desegregation in Prisons
Authors: Trulson Chad R. , Marquart James W. , Hemmens Craig , Carroll Leo
Published: June 2008

This article examines the history, law, and research on racial desegregation in American prisons. It focuses on the 2005 U.S. Supreme Court case of Johnson v. California, in which the Court held that prison administrators cannot racially segregate inmates unless under extraordinary circumstances to maintain the security of inmates, staff, and institutions. This article also examines evidence on attitudes and outcomes of racial desegregation in prisons. It ends with a discussion of racial desegregation mandates and policy change in prison organizations.
Evaluation of a Visitation Program at a Canadian Penitentiary
Authors: Duncan Heather E. , Balbar Shelly
Published: June 2008

This study explored the outcomes of a voluntary visitation program at a Canadian penitentiary, focusing on benefits to male inmates, volunteers, and the institution. Inmates valued having a safe place to talk and observed that the visits helped them cope with life in the penitentiary and build relationships. Visitors felt they had become more empathic and tolerant and more appreciative of their own quality of life. Staff members indicated that the institute benefited from having a group of offenders with a more optimistic outlook and who were more in touch with the outside world. Last, opening doors to regular members of society provided a form of accountability in which the institute gained credibility in the community.
Life Without Parole, America's Other Death Penalty
Authors: Johnson Robert , McGunigall-Smith Sandra
Published: June 2008

Life without parole is examined as a form of death penalty, namely, death by incarceration as distinct from death by execution. Original interviews with a sample of prisoners (condemned prisoners and life-without-parole prisoners) and prison officers are used to develop a picture of the experience of life under sentence of death by incarceration. It is argued that offenders sentenced to death by incarceration do not pose a special danger to others in the prison world or in the free world and that the suffering they experience is comparable to the suffering endured by condemned prisoners. Life without parole thus emerges as a viable alternative to the capital punishment.
Housing Supply, Housing Demand, and Affordability
Authors: Fingleton Bernard
Published: June 2008

The affordability of housing is a major policy issue that has increasingly become a concern for UK government as house prices have risen dramatically in recent years. This is partly because of the importance of affordability for the recruitment and retention of key workers, many of whom are on national pay scales and earning salaries that do not fully reflect the differences in prices that exist, in particular between London and the South East and the rest of Great Britain. Government policy is to increase the supply of housing in order to improve affordability in the greater South East. However, assuming that this expansion in housing supply is also to be accompanied by an expansion in employment, the outcome is that there will be both an increase in supply and in demand for housing, with the counter-intuitive result that, under one of the scenarios set out in this paper, in some areas affordability will worsen rather than improve.
Efficacy of Parenteral Nutrition Supplemented With Glutamine Dipeptide to Decrease Hospital Infections in Critically Ill Surgical Patients
Authors: Estívariz Concepción F. , Griffith Daniel P. , Luo Menghua , Szeszycki Elaina E. , Bazargan Niloofar , Dave Nisha , Daignault Nicole M. , Bergman Glen F. , McNally Therese , Battey Cindy H. , Furr Celeste E. , Hao Li , Ramsay James G. , Accardi Carolyn R. , Cotsonis George A. , Jones Dean P. , Galloway John R. , Ziegler Thomas R.
Published: June 2008

Background: Nosocomial infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Clinical benefits of glutamine‐supplemented parenteral nutrition may occur in hospitalized surgical patients, but efficacy data in different surgical subgroups are lacking. The objective was to determine whether glutamine‐supplemented parenteral nutrition differentially affects nosocomial infection rates in selected subgroups of SICU patients. Methods: This was a double‐blind, randomized, controlled study of alanyl‐glutamine dipeptide‐supplemented parenteral nutrition in SICU patients requiring parenteral nutrition and SICU care after surgery for pancreatic necrosis, cardiac, vascular, or colonic surgery. Subjects (n = 59) received isocaloric/isonitrogenous parenteral nutrition, providing 1.5 g/kg/d standard glutamine‐free amino acids (STD‐PN) or 1.0 g/kg/d standard amino acids + 0.5 g/kg/d glutamine dipeptide (GLN‐PN). Enteral feedings were advanced as tolerated. Nosocomial infections were determined until hospital discharge. Results: Baseline clinical/metabolic data were similar between groups. Plasma glutamine concentrations were low in all groups and were increased by GLN‐PN. GLN‐PN did not alter infection rates after pancreatic necrosis surgery (17 STD‐PN and 15 GLN‐PN patients). In nonpancreatic surgery patients (12 STD‐PN and 15 GLN‐PN), GLN‐PN was associated with significantly decreased total nosocomial infections (STD‐PN 36 vs GLN‐PN 13, P < .030), bloodstream infections (7 vs 0, P < .01), pneumonias (16 vs 6, P < .05), and infections attributed to Staphylococcus aureus (P < .01), fungi, and enteric Gram‐negative bacteria (each P < .05). Conclusions: Glutamine dipeptide‐supplemented parenteral nutrition did not alter infection rates following pancreatic necrosis surgery but significantly decreased infections in SICU patients after cardiac, vascular, and colonic surgery.
Interrater reliability of the Antipsychotic Non-Neurological Side-Effects Rating Scale measured in patients treated with clozapine
Authors: Ohlsen RI , Williamson R. , Yusufi B. , Mullan J. , Irving D. , Mukherjee S. , Page E. , Aitchison KJ , Barnes TRE
Published: June 2008

The Antipsychotic Non-Neurological Side-Effects Rating Scale (ANNSERS) was developed to provide a comprehensive measure for rating non-neurological adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antipsychotics. Although there were already available measures that adequately rated specific non-neurological ADRs, such as sexual side effects, a need was identified for a scale that comprehensively rated the full range of non-neurological ADRs commonly seen across the spectrum of first and second generation antipsychotic drugs, including metabolic and autonomic ADRs. This article reports on work to establish the interrater reliability of an early version and a later, more comprehensive version of the ANNSERS (versions 1 and 2, v1 and v2, respectively). The measures were administered in London centres to patients treated with clozapine. Trained clinicians rated the patients simultaneously and independently. Interrater reliability on the scores was calculated using the kappa coefficient method. The results (mean kappa coefficients of 0.77 and 0.72, respectively) indicate that substantial interrater reliability was achieved for both versions. Items for which the main basis for rating was laboratory investigations rather than patient interview were largely excluded from this study, and kappas were also not calculated for items with a low frequency (less than 10%) of endorsement. Samples of patients on other antipsychotics would be required to reliably calculate kappa coefficients for these items. In conclusion, the ANNSERS represents a clinically applicable research innovation, with good interrater reliability on clinician judged items, which is now available for the comprehensive assessment of non-neurological ADRs to antipsychotics, to aid the processes of clinical audit, research and drug discovery.
In Search of Subtlety
Authors: Whittle Andrea , Mueller Frank , Mangan Anita
Published: June 2008

What is the role of contradiction in organizational rhetoric? This article argues that existing research tends to focus on contradiction at an institutional level and then develop a distinct but complementary perspective that views contradictory rhetoric at an interactional level and as a practical concern, especially when routine is disrupted and repair tactics are required. Drawing on data from a study of a quality improvement initiative in the United Kingdom, the authors examine the contradictions that were constructed when a “change champion” attempted to deal with resistance to change. They conclude by depicting how contradiction can emerge when actors reflexively shift their identifications to portray themselves and their actions in a contextually appropriate manner.
The Lived Experience of Suffering: A Parse Research Method Study
Authors: Pilkington F. Beryl , Kilpatrick Diane
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to enhance understanding about the lived experience of suffering. Parse's phenomenological-hermeneutic method was used to answer the research question: What is the structure of the lived experience of suffering? Participants were 12 elderly persons residing in two longterm care facilities. Data were collected through dialogical engagement. Through the extraction-synthesis process, three core concepts were identified. When joined, they formed the structure: Suffering is unbounded desolation emerging with resolute acquiescence with benevolent affiliations. The finding was linked with the human becoming theory through heuristic interpretation, and is discussed in light of participants' descriptions and relevant literature.
Keys to Successful Self-Management of Medications
Authors: Swanlund Susan L. , Scherck Kathryn A. , Metcalfe Sharie A. , Jesek-Hale Sheila R.
Published: June 2008

Medication use by community-dwelling elderly accounts for a significant portion of all U.S. drug use. Many elderly manage over three prescriptions a day. Recent evidence indicates that non-adherence to prescribed drug regimens can lead to symptoms that result in hospitalizations. The study's purpose was to explore self-management of medications as perceived by community-dwelling elderly. Guided by Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, 19 older adults were interviewed about their medication self-management practices. Inductive data analysis revealed three major themes: successful self-management of medications, living orderly, and aging well. Success in establishing individual management systems may be the result of developing and maintaining orderly lifestyles.
Improving Our Stories
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: June 2008

The use of stories in nursing education and in life is briefly considered in this introduction to an article evaluating a nursing course on caring theory as it is talked about by nurses who have recently graduated from their undergraduate nursing program in Hong Kong.
A Humanbecoming Mentoring Model
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this column is to set forth the humanbecoming mentoring model, which offers an alternative to the traditional perspective of mentoring. The model is built on the ontology of humanbecoming and contains assumptions, essences, and processes.
Working With Older Adults: A Nurse Practitioner's Experience From a Humanbecoming Perspective
Authors: Wang Ching-Eng H.
Published: June 2008

Although nurse practitioners use medical knowledge and skills for diagnosing and treating various diseases, the approach to care for their patients should be firmly grounded in nursing science from a nursing theoretical perspective. This column explicates a nurse practitioner's experiences working with community-dwelling older persons in a house-call program and using the theory of humanbecoming as a guide for practice. Three practice situations are described to illustrate the humanbecoming approach to nurse practitioner practice.
Attachment Theory's Focus in EFT: An Interview With Susan Johnson
Authors: Young Mark A.
Published: June 2008

Dr. Sue Johnson is one of the originators and the main proponent of emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT). She is a professor of clinical psychology at the University of Ottawa and Director of the Ottawa Couple and Family Institute and the Center for Emotionally Focused Therapy. In this interview, she describes the importance of a theory and how attachment theory influences EFT and those who practice it. She describes enactments, a key intervention in EFT. This interview took place in February 2007.
Introduction: Who Are We? The Role of Ethics in Shaping Counselor Identity
Authors: Hendricks C. Bret
Published: June 2008

The new ethics section editor discusses ethical dilemmas facing professional counselors in today's society and invites readers to contact him about their ideas, perspectives, and ethical situations. Ethics is discussed as a means of professional unification, whereas counselor identity and counselor wellness are identified as being integral to ethical behavior.
Expanding the View of Scholarship
Authors: Nelson Kaye W. , Southern Stephen
Published: June 2008

The mission of The Family Journal encourages scientists and practitioners to explore and express their ways of knowing to advance theory, research, and practice with couples and families from a systemic perspective. Boyer's scholarship of integration, as well as some contemporary commentators on scholarship in higher education, argue that teaching and professional practice are as valid in knowledge building as traditional quantitative research. Therefore, the journal should include additional contributions from qualitative and evaluation researchers, practitioners in the field, and marriage and family counselor educators.
Male Nonemployment in White, Black, Hispanic, and Multiethnic Urban Neighborhoods, 1970−2000
Authors: Wagmiller Robert L.
Published: June 2008

Many social problems in urban neighborhoods are rooted in high rates of male nonemployment. Past research suggests that male joblessness is a problem largely in low−income, Black neighborhoods. In contrast, this study reports that increases in male nonemployment over the past 30 years have been more widely distributed across urban neighborhoods. Although rates of male joblessness rose most sharply in low−income Black neighborhoods, more advantaged Black neighborhoods and low−income to moderate−income Hispanic and multiethnic neighborhoods also experienced substantial increases. Multivariate models highlight the important role that changes in the economy played in the growth of male nonemployment in low−income and moderate− income neighborhoods.
The Contribution of Communities of Practice to Human Resource Development: Learning as Negotiating Identity
Authors: Jørgensen Kenneth Mølbjerg , Keller Hanne Dauer
Published: June 2008

The problem and the solution . The article explores the contribution of communities of practice (COP) to human resource development (HRD), specifically exploring a main point of COP, that learning is about negotiating identities.This implies that individuals attach temporal significance to the activities in which they are engaged by means of a symbolic framework. Identity construction implies construction of a trajectory that connects past, present, and future. There are several implications for HRD research and practice. First, the authors argue that identity dissolves the artificial separation of individual-level HRD and organizational-level HRD because identity is viewed as a pivotal point between the personal and the societal. Second, working with learning and development is to work with individuals' construction of trajectories. The authors distinguish between two ways of exploring trajectories: reflective practice—exploring trajectories to create best practice but where prevalent discourses are fixed—and reflexive practice—exploring trajectories to question discourses from within.
Whose Votes Count?
Authors: Neely Francis , Cook Corey
Published: June 2008

We examine the first 3 years of San Francisco's instant-runoff voting (IRV) elections to determine whether some voters adapt more easily than others to the more complex ballot and decision task. We draw on studies of uncounted votes to develop hypotheses about tendencies to undervote, overvote, and rank candidates in IRV elections. Individual ballot records and precinct-level census data are used to estimate the relative influences of demographic and election-specific factors. A natural experiment tests whether or not prior experience with IRV makes a difference. The change to IRV appears to have increased the rate of overvotes and decreased tendencies to undervote. Both behaviors are explained by demographics and aspects of the electoral environment. Meanwhile, tendencies to rank candidates were shaped less by demographics and more by contextual factors and prior exposure to IRV. The findings extend the literature on uncounted votes, inform issues of equality in elections, and provide practical insights on this type of electoral reform.
“At Your Service”
Authors: Claassen Ryan L. , Magleby David B. , Monson J. Quin , Patterson Kelly D.
Published: June 2008

The experiences in Florida in 2000 and Ohio in 2004 demonstrate that the election process can fall short of voters' expectations. In the wake of reforms, such as the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002, scholars have attempted to identify ways in which the objective conditions in polling places shape citizens' experiences and overall confidence in the electoral system. Early studies reveal that poll workers play a major role in the way voters feel about their voting experience. Using exit poll data on the delivery of service at the polling locations, we study the determinants of reactions to poll workers. We find poll worker evaluations are responsive to wait times, feelings of privacy while voting, poll worker training, and special poll worker recruiting efforts, to name a few. When voters feel good about their interactions with poll workers, they feel better about their voting experience and more confident about the electoral system.
Lessons from congenital neutropenia: 50 years of progress in understanding myelopoiesis
Authors: Berliner Nancy
Published: June 2008

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) was first described just over 50 years ago. The progress in elucidating the clinical features and molecular pathophysiology of SCN closely parallels the progressive growth in our understanding of myelopoiesis. In this historical review, I have delineated this parallel progression in our understanding of the processes of granulocyte differentiation and the pathogenesis of congenital neutropenia. SCN is a heterogeneous disease that can serve as a model for the failure of myelopoiesis, and dissection of its pathogenesis has yielded important insights into the normal process of myeloid development.