bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The P granule component PGL-1 promotes the localization and silencing activity of the PUF protein FBF-2 in germline stem cells
Authors: Voronina Ekaterina , Paix Alexandre , Seydoux Geraldine
Published: September 2012

In the C. elegans germline, maintenance of undifferentiated stem cells depends on the PUF family RNA-binding proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2. FBF-1 and FBF-2 are 89% identical and are required redundantly to silence the expression of mRNAs that promote meiosis. Here we show that, despite their extensive sequence similarity, FBF-1 and FBF-2 have different effects on target mRNAs. FBF-1 promotes the degradation and/or transport of meiotic mRNAs out of the stem cell region, whereas FBF-2 prevents translation. FBF-2 activity depends on the P granule component PGL-1. PGL-1 is required to localize FBF-2 to perinuclear P granules and for efficient binding of FBF-2 to its mRNA targets. We conclude that multiple regulatory mechanisms converge on meiotic RNAs to ensure silencing in germline stem cells. Our findings also support the view that P granules facilitate mRNA silencing by providing an environment in which translational repressors can encounter their mRNA targets immediately upon exit from the nucleus.
Macrophages require Skap2 and Sirpα for integrin-stimulated cytoskeletal rearrangement
Authors: Alenghat Francis J. , Baca Quentin J. , Rubin Nooreen T. , Pao Lily I. , Matozaki Takashi , Lowell Clifford A. , Golan David E. , Neel Benjamin G. , Swanson Kenneth D.
Published: September 2012

Macrophages migrate to sites of insult during normal inflammatory responses. Integrins guide such migration, but the transmission of signals from integrins into the requisite cytoskeletal changes is poorly understood. We have discovered that the hematopoietic adaptor protein Skap2 is necessary for macrophage migration, chemotaxis, global actin reorganization and local actin reorganization upon integrin engagement. PIP3 binding to the Skap2 PH domain, which relieves its conformational auto-inhibition, is critical for this integrin-driven cytoskeletal response. Skap2 enables integrin-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of Src-family kinases (SFKs), Adap, and Sirpα, establishing their roles as signaling partners in this process. Furthermore, macrophages lacking functional Sirpα unexpectedly have impaired local integrin-induced responses identical to those of Skap2−/− macrophages, and Skap2 requires Sirpα for its recruitment to engaged integrins and for coordinating downstream actin rearrangement. By revealing the positive-regulatory role of Sirpα in a Skap2-mediated mechanism connecting integrin engagement with cytoskeletal rearrangement, these data demonstrate that Sirpα is not exclusively immunoinhibitory, and illuminate previously unexplained observations implicating Skap2 and Sirpα in mouse models of inflammatory disease.
Cyclin G is involved in meiotic recombination repair inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Nagel Anja C. , Fischer Patrick , Szawinski Jutta , Rosa Martina K. La , Preiss Anette
Published: September 2012

Cyclin G (CycG) belongs to the atypical cyclins that have diverse cellular functions. The two mammalian CycG genes, CycG1 and CycG2, regulate the cell cycle in response to cell stress. Detailed analyses of the role of the single Drosophila cycG gene have been hampered by the lack of a mutant. We generated a null mutant in the Drosophila cycG gene that is female sterile and produces ventralized eggs. This phenotype is typical of downregulation of EGFR signalling during oogenesis. Ventralized eggs are also observed in mutants that are defective in meiotic DNA double-strand break repair, for example in mutants of the spindle class. Double-strand breaks (DSB) induce a meiotic checkpoint by activating the Mei-41 kinase (the Drosophila ATR homologue), indirectly causing dorso-ventral patterning defects. We provide evidence for a role of CycG in meiotic checkpoint control. The increased incidence of DSBs in cycG mutant germaria may reflect inefficient DSB repair. Accordingly, downregulation of either Mei-W68, the endonuclease that induces meiotic DSBs, or Mei-41 or the downstream kinase DmChk2, which initiate the meiotic checkpoint, rescues the cycG mutant eggshell phenotype. In vivo, CycG associates with Rad9 and BRCA2. These two proteins are components of the 9-1-1 complex which are known to be involved in sensing of DSBs and activating meiotic checkpoint control. Therefore, we propose a role for CycG in an early step of meiotic recombination repair, thereby affecting EGFR-mediated patterning processes during oogenesis.
Gestation increases the energetic cost of breathing in the lizard, Tiliqua rugosa
Authors: Munns Suzanne L.
Published: September 2012

High gestational loads result in fetuses that occupy a large proportion of the body cavity and may compress maternal organs. Compression of the lungs results in alterations in breathing patterns during gestation which may affect the oxidative cost of breathing. In this study, the oxidative cost of breathing during gestation was determined in the viviparous skink, Tiliqua rugosa. Radiographic imaging showed progressive lung compression during gestation and a 30% reduction in the lung compression index (rib number at which the caudal margin of the lung was imaged). Pneumotachography and open flow respirometry were used to measure breathing patterns and metabolic rates. Gestation induced a two fold increase in minute ventilation via increases in breathing frequency but no change in inspired tidal volume. The rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production did not change significantly during gestation. Together, these results suggest that a relative hyperventilation occurs during gestation in Tiliqua rugosa. This relative hyperventilation suggests that diffusion and/or perfusion limitations may exist at the lung during gestation. The oxidative cost of breathing was estimated as a percentage of resting metabolic rate using hypercapnia to stimulate ventilation at different stages of pregnancy. The oxidative cost of breathing in non pregnant lizards was 19.96±3.85% and increased 3 fold to 62.80±10.11% during late gestation. This significant increase in the oxidative cost of breathing may have significant consequences for energy budgets during gestation.
Limb force and non-sagittal plane joint moments during maximum-effort curve sprint running in humans
Authors: Luo Geng , Stefanyshyn Darren
Published: September 2012

Compared to running straight, when human runners sprint along a curve, the ability of the inside leg to generate force is compromised. This decreased force generation has been suggested to limit the overall performance of the runner. One theory for this force loss is that the large non-sagittal plane joint moments of the inside leg reach their operating limits, thus prohibiting further generation of the performance-related sagittal plane joint moments. We investigated the inside leg force generation and the ankle and knee joint moments when 13 subjects sprinted with and without an additional mass of 12.4 kg along a curve of 2.5 m radius. The increase in the subjects' mass evoked a significant increase in the resultant ground reaction force. The peak non-sagittal plane moments increased significantly for both the ankle and knee joints. This observation suggests that when sprinting normally with maximum effort, the non-sagittal plane joint moments are not operating at their limits. The large increases in ground reaction force were associated with greater extension moments generated at the knee joint. In contrast, the peak ankle plantarflexion moment remained unchanged across conditions. It is possible that for the specific joint configuration experienced, the overall ability to generate plantarflexion moment reaches the limit. Future studies with interventions increasing the muscle tendon units' ability to generate plantarflexion moment may provide an experimental opportunity to further examine this speculation.
Transition from leg to wing forces during take-off in birds
Authors: Provini Pauline , Tobalske Bret W. , Crandell Kristen E. , Abourachid Anick
Published: September 2012

Take-off mechanics are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of flying animals. Recent research reveals that initial take-off velocity in birds is driven mostly by hindlimbs forces. However, the contribution of the wings during the transition to air is unknown. To investigate this transition, we integrated measures of both leg and wing forces during take-off and the first three wingbeats in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata, 15g, N=7) and diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata, 50g, N=3). We measured ground-reaction forces produced by the hindlimbs using a perch mounted on a force-plate, whole body and wing kinematics using high-speed video, and aerodynamic forces using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Take-off performance was generally similar between species. When birds were perched, an acceleration peak produced by the legs contributed to 85±1% of the whole body resultant acceleration in finch and 77±6% in dove. At lift-off, coincident with the start of the first downstroke, the percentage of hindlimb contribution to initial flight velocity was 93.6±0.6% in finch and 95.2±0.4% in dove. In finch, the first wingbeat produced 57.9±3.4% of the lift created during subsequent wingbeats compared to 62.5±2.2% in dove. Advance ratios were < 0.5 in both species, even when taking self-convection of shed vortices into account, so it was likely that wing-wake interactions dominated aerodynamics during wingbeats 2 and 3. These results underscore the relatively low contribution of the wings to initial take-off, and reveal a novel transitional role for the first wingbeat in terms of force production.
What's hot: the enhancing effects of thermal stress on long-term memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Teskey Morgan L. , Lukowiak Kai S. , Riaz Hamza , Dalesman Sarah , Lukowiak Ken
Published: September 2012

The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, naturally inhabits slow flowing, shallow and stagnant environments in the northern temperate zone. Consequently, it will experience wide temperature fluctuations dependent on prevailing weather conditions. We hypothesize that periods of warming act as a thermal stressor to alter memory formation. Snails were exposed to an acute 1h period of 30°C pond water and we determined how memory formation following operant conditioning of aerial respiration was affected. In snails used here (the Dutch strain), a single 0.5h training session (TS) results in intermediate-term (3h) but not long-term memory (LTM). Applying the thermal stressor during training caused memory enhancement (i.e. LTM lasting 24 h). However, the breathing rate also increased in warm water, which might explain the enhanced memory. Therefore, we applied the thermal stressor (1h at 30°C) up to 4h before or 1h after training. This did not alter baseline breathing rate during the period when snails would experience training. However, the thermal stressor weather experienced prior to or following the single TS, resulted in an enhanced memory that persisted up to 48h (i.e. LTM). We conclude that memory enhancement is due to the stress associated with the thermal stimulus.
Lipid composition of the stratum corneum and cutaneous water loss in birds along an aridity gradient
Authors: Champagne Alex M. , Muñoz-Garcia Agustí , Shtayyeh Tamer , Tieleman B. Irene , Hegemann Arne , Clement Michelle E. , Williams Joseph B.
Published: September 2012

Intercellular and covalently bound lipids within the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis, are the primary barrier to cutaneous water loss (CWL) in birds. We compared CWL and intercellular SC lipid composition in 20 species of birds from desert and mesic environments. Furthermore, we compared covalently bound lipids with CWL and intercellular lipids in the lark family (Alaudidae). We found that CWL increases in birds from more mesic environments, and this increase was related to changes in intercellular SC lipid composition. The most consistent pattern that emerged was a decrease in the relative amount of cerebrosides as CWL increased, a pattern that is counterintuitive based on studies of mammals with Gaucher disease. Although covalently bound lipids in larks did not correlate with CWL, we found that covalently bound cerebrosides correlated positively with intercellular cerebrosides and intercellular cholesterol ester, and intercellular cerebrosides correlated positively with covalently bound free fatty acids. Our results led us to propose a new model for the organization of lipids in the avian SC, in which the sugar moieties of cerebrosides lie outside of intercellular lipid layers, where they may interdigitate with adjacent intercellular cerebrosides or with covalently bound cerebrosides.
Globalization, Brain Drain, and Development
Authors: Docquier Frédéric , Rapoport Hillel
Published: September 2012

This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity, and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming a dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's information technology sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context. (JEL F02, F22, J24, J61, O15)
‘Innovation’ in health care coverage decisions: All talk and no substance?
Authors: Bryan Stirling , Lee1 Helen , Mitton Craig
Published: September 2012

There has been much discussion recently about ‘innovation’, or more precisely the lack of it, in pharmaceuticals and devices in health care. The concern has been expressed by national guideline bodies, such as the Common Drugs Review in Canada and the National Institute for Health& Clinical Excellence in the UK, applying strict cost-effectiveness criteria in their decision-making and, therefore, failing adequately to recognize the full benefits that come from innovation. In order to explore the legitimacy of such claims, we first define innovation, and second, explore the basis for assuming an independent and separable social value associated with innovation. We conclude that demands relating to innovation, such as relaxation of thresholds and premium prices for innovatory products, remain hollow until we have a compelling case on the demand side for a separable social value on ‘innovation’. We see no such case currently.
Stage 1 chronic kidney disease in pregnancy
Authors: Podymow Tiina , August Phyllis
Published: September 2012

Stage 1 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by normal renal function, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of >90 mL/minute and abnormalities on urinalysis or ultrasound. These patients when pregnant are commonly seen, and diagnoses include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, reflux nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease and lupus nephritis. Underlying renal disease may also first become apparent in pregnancy, posing a diagnostic challenge. Patients tend to do well, but all need to be closely monitored particularly for hypertension and pre-eclampsia, which are more common in patients with stage 1 CKD overall. Relevant pregnancy outcomes may be divided into maternal (e.g. renal deterioration, nephrolithiasis, lupus flare, urinary infection or pyelonephritis), fetal (e.g. growth restriction, fetal death or stillbirth) and obstetric (e.g. hypertension, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, thrombosis). Specific diagnoses, their clinical features, management strategies and prognosis are reviewed.
Anomalous High Bifurcation of the Common Femoral Artery at the Groin: Management of Gsv Incompetence with Endovenous Laser Ablation
Authors: Lekich C , Campbell W , Walton S , Hannah P
Published: September 2012

Objectives:

To discuss safety of EVLA in anomalies of the GSV anatomy. To review and discuss complications of surgery involving anomalous anatomy.

Method:

We report a case of high bifurcation of the common femoral artery wrapping around the saphenofemoral junction.

Results:

Successful ablation was achieved with no adverse consequences.

Conclusion:

EVLA is a safe treatment for SFJ/GSV incompetence in the presence of vascular anomalies that have historically resulted in serious vascular complications from surgery.
Investigating the Patterns of Value-Oriented Innovations in Blue Ocean Strategy
Authors: Borgianni Yuri , Cascini Gaetano , Rotini Federico
Published: September 2012

Several scholars dealing with business innovation individuate a great role played by customer value in achieving market success. With this perspective the investigation of prescriptive means for New Value Proposition represents a promising, although still poorly explored, domain. The paper presents an original approach to investigating past success stories focused around approaches derived from "Blue Ocean Strategy", for this new dimensions of performance and value have been introduced. The lesson learned from this survey is that certain strategies based on the fulfilment of established or overlooked customer needs provide greater market appraisal. This article introduces some preliminary directions to support the rethinking of products and services.
Climate Change Impacts on the Stability of Small Tidal Inlets: A Numerical Modelling Study Using the Realistic Analogue Approach
Authors: Duong Trang Minh , Ranasinghe Roshanka , Luijendijk Arjen , Ngo Hieu , Roelvink Dano
Published: September 2012

Tidal inlets are of great societal importance as they are often associated with ports and harbours, industry, tourism, recreation and prime waterfront real estate. Their behaviour is governed by the delicate balance of oceanic processes (tides, waves and mean sea level), and fluvial/estuarine processes (riverflow and heat fluxes), all of which can be significantly affected by climate change (CC) processes. This study investigates the potential range of CC impacts on the stability (closed/open state and locational stability) via the application of a sophisticated process based morphodynamic model (Delft3D) to strategically selected schematized inlet morphologies and forcing conditions. Results show that, under worst case scenario conditions, the integrated effect of climate change driven increase in mean sea level, wave height and wave angle may significantly change inlet stability condition.
Efficacy of an Intra‐Operative Imaging Software System for Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Moloney Gele , Araujo Paulo , Langdale Evan , Churilla Andrew , Rincon Gustavo , Mathis Julie , Harner Christopher
Published: September 2012

An imaging software system was studied for improving the performance of anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction which requires identifying ACL insertion sites for bone tunnel placement. This software predicts and displays the insertion sites based on the literature data and patient‐specific bony landmarks. Twenty orthopaedic surgeons performed simulated arthroscopic ACL surgeries on 20 knee specimens, first without and then with the visual guidance by fluoroscopic imaging, and their tunnel entry positions were recorded. The native ACL insertion morphologies of individual specimens were quantified in relation to CT‐based bone models and then used to evaluate the software‐generated insertion locations. Results suggested that the system was effective in leading surgeons to predetermined locations while the application of averaged insertion morphological information in individual surgeries can be susceptible to inaccuracy and uncertainty. Implications on challenges associated with developing engineering solutions to aid in re‐creating or recognizing anatomy in surgical care delivery are discussed.
Development of a Laminar Flow Bioreactor by Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Israelowitz Meir , Weyand Birgit , Rizvi Syed , Vogt Peter M. , von Schroeder Herbert P.
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study is to improve the design of a bioreactor for growing bone and other three‐dimensional tissues using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to simulate flow through a porous scaffold, and to recommend design changes based on the results. Basic requirements for CFD modeling were that the flow in the reactor should be laminar and any flow stagnation should be avoided in order to support cellular growth within the scaffold. We simulated three different designs with different permeability values of the scaffold and tissue. Model simulation addressed flow patterns in combination with pressure distribution within the bioreactor. Pressure build‐up and turbulent flow within the reactor was solved by introduction of an integrated bypass system for pressure release. The use of CFD afforded direct feedback to optimize the bioreactor design.
On Blast Pressure Analysis Due to a Partially Confined Explosion: III. Afterburning Effect
Authors: Edri I. , Feldgun V.R. , Karinski Y.S. , Yankelevsky D.Z.
Published: September 2012

This paper aims at extending our understanding with regard to some characteristics of an interior explosion within a room with limited venting. An interior explosion may be the result of an ammunition storage explosion, or an explosive charge as part of a terrorist action or a warhead explosion that follows its penetration into a closed space in a military action. Full scale experiments have been performed with a TNT charge detonated at the center of a single room sized space with rigid boundaries. The room has a limited size opening for venting at the ceiling. Numerical simulations of the problem have been performed using AUTODYN Ver. 12.1 and compared with the experimental measurements. Some deviations between the measured pressure and the predicted pressure motivated the present study in an attempt to study the effect of the additional energy released due to the burning of the detonation products reacting with the surrounding oxygen. The study that is described in this paper enhanced our understanding. Incorporation of this effect considerably improved the predictions. The present study clarified when, how and to what extent the afterburning should be introduced in the analysis.
Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 in the Spinal Cord of Lewis Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Park Jang-Mi , Shin Yoo-Jin , Cho Jeong Min , Choi Jae-Youn , Jeun Sin-Soo , Cha Jung-Ho , Lee Mun-Yong
Published: September 2012

We investigated the spatiotemporal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–3 (VEGFR-3) in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. VEGFR-3 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in gray matter neurons and in a few white matter astrocytes. Induction of VEGFR-3 occurred predominantly in perivascular infiltrated macrophages in the spinal cord white matter during the inductive phase of EAE. VEGFR-3 expression was also induced in activated microglial cells in the gray and white matter, mainly in the peak phase. In addition, reactive astrocytes in the white matter, but not in the gray matter, expressed VEGFR-3 as disease severity increased. These data suggest that VEGFR-3 is involved in the recruitment of monocytic macrophages and in glial reactions during EAE.
Benefits experienced by older people in group music-making activities
Authors: Varvarigou Maria , Creech Andrea , Hallam Susan , McQueen Hilary
Published: September 2012

This article focuses on the reported benefits of participation in musical activi¬ties identified by people over the age of 50, who participated in the Music for Life Project (MFLP). The participants engaged in weekly musical activities offered in three locations; two centres in
London and one in northern England. Their responses were collected through individual interviews and through written answers to open questions on two questionnaires that were filled in at the beginning of the project (October 2009) and again approximately nine months later. Thematical analysis
of participant feedback showed that improvements in quality of life were attributed to active engagement with music and a wide range of cognitive, social, emotional and physical benefits were reported. This article offers an insight into what participants said about improved health, social
interactions, emotional support and learning that occurred as a result of active involvement in music and proposes ways through which these reported benefits may be maximized.
Nuit Blanche and transformational publics
Authors: O’Flynn Siobhan
Published: September 2012

This article considers the impact of Nuit Blanche and participatory art on public behaviour and interaction, the quality of participant engagement in Nuit Blanche shared via social media (Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, blogs), and how this phenomena might inform contemporary discussions
of utopia and ‘ourtopia’. Within this context, Nuit Blanche offers an extraordinary demonstration of the mobilization of a large and diverse public actively seeking the experience of the transformation of a familiar urban fabric into a cityscape that is mutable, surreal, disruptive
and, on occasion, enchanting.
NIGHTSENSE
Authors: Fisher Jennifer , Drobnick Jim
Published: September 2012

This text examines ‘NIGHTSENSE’, an exhibition of fifteen projects curated by DisplayCult for Toronto’s 2009 Nuit Blanche. Given the location in the financial district, the curators explored how artworks could intervene into the symbolic and affective value of the
locale’s charged sites, shift the bullish business atmosphere, and initiate a critical discussion about economics, citizenship and public space. ‘NIGHTSENSE’ articulated two curatorial concerns: broadening aesthetics to encompass a wider sensory engagement, while configuring
context-sensitive installations to respond to the recent economic crisis. Synaesthetic and immersive artworks encouraged critical and ludic participation by diverse audiences in Canada’s financial epicenter, where the conventional sensory economy gave way to an interrogation of the subtle
but powerful links between bodies, aesthetics and capital.
Pirfenidone structural isosteres: design, synthesis and spectral study
Authors: Abd El Kader Kamelia F. , El Bialy Serry A.A. , El-Ashmawy Mahmoud B. , Boykin David W.
Published: September 2012

Series of 5-substituted arylpyridin-2(1H)-ones and arylpyrimidin-4(3H)-ones were designed and synthesized based on pirfenidone, a compound which shows promising therapeutic effects for treatment of fibrosis. The compounds 1a–c, 2a–c and 3a–c were obtained under mild conditions by arylation of the appropriate heterocyclic amines with arylboronic acids under Chan-Lam-Evans conditions. The synthesis of the useful synthon N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-(1H)-pyridin-2-one (4) is also reported. All compounds were characterized by spectral and elemental analysis and structural elucidation by 1H and 13C NMR is discussed herein.
On the Defect Structure and Transport Properties of Co3O4 Spinel Oxide
Authors: Kaczmarska A. , Grzesik Z. , Mrowec S.
Published: September 2012

Defect structure and transport properties of Co3O4 cobalt oxide have been studied as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure, using marker and thermogravimetric techniques. It has been found that the oxidation of CoO to form Co3O4 follows parabolic kinetic, being thus diffusion controlled. Marker experiments have demonstrated that cation sublattice of Co3O4 oxide is predominantly disordered, but the defect structure is rather complex. At very low oxygen pressures, close to the dissociation pressure of the oxide, interstitial cations are the predominant point defects, while at high pressures cation vacancies predominate. This behavior is reflected in complex dependence of the parabolic rate constant of CoO oxidation on oxygen pressure. At low pressures, namely, parabolic rate constant of the reaction increases with oxygen pressure, reaching then virtually constant value in intermediate pressure range and increases again in highest pressure range. Theoretical analysis of kinetic results in terms of point defect thermodynamics confirmed the above conclusion, concerning complex defect structure of Co3±yO4 oxide. Finally, self-diffusion coefficient of cations in the discussed oxide has been calculated as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure from kinetic rate measurements, using Wagner's theory of metals oxidation.
Desperately Seeking Mary: Materializing Mary Richardson Walker, Missionary
Authors: Thigpen Jennifer
Published: September 2012

Documenting a historian's first foray into public history, this essay argues for the importance of material culture in the practice of history. As an assistant professor of history at Washington State University, Jennifer Thigpen embarked on a search for a number of mislaid archival materials belonging to the university's Elkanah and Mary Richardson Walker collection. She quickly found herself not only caught up in the search, but convinced of the interpretive value of the artifacts she ultimately located.
Gene Functional Trade-Offs and the Evolution of Pleiotropy
Authors: Guillaume Frédéric , Otto Sarah P
Published: September 2012

Pleiotropy is the property of genes affecting multiple functions or characters of an organism. Genes vary widely in their degree of pleiotropy, but this variation is often considered a by-product of their evolutionary history. We present a functional theory of how pleiotropy may itself evolve. We consider genes that contribute to two functions, where contributing more to one function detracts from allocation to the second function. We show that whether genes become pleiotropic or specialize on a single function depends on the nature of trade-offs as gene activities contribute to different traits and on how the functionality of these traits affects fitness. In general, when a gene product can perform well at two functions, it evolves to do so, but not when pleiotropy would greatly disrupt each function. Consequently, reduced pleiotropy should often evolve, with genes specializing on the trait that is currently more important to fitness. Even when pleiotropy does evolve, not all genes are expected to become equally pleiotropic; genes with higher levels of expression are more likely to evolve greater pleiotropy. For the case of gene duplicates, we find that perfect subfunctionalization evolves only under stringent conditions. More often, duplicates are expected to maintain a certain degree of functional redundancy, with the gene contributing more to trait functionality evolving the highest degree of pleiotropy. Gene product interactions can facilitate subfunctionalization, but whether they do so depends on the curvature of the fitness surface. Finally, we find that stochastic gene expression favors pleiotropy by selecting for robustness in fitness components.
Variability of Growth in Children Starting Antiretroviral Treatment in Southern Africa
Authors: Gsponer Thomas , Weigel Ralf , Davies Mary-Ann , Bolton Carolyn , Moultrie Harry , Vaz Paula , Rabie Helena , Technau Karl , Ndirangu James , Eley Brian , Garone Daniela , Wellington Maureen , Giddy Janet , Ehmer Jochen , Egger Matthias , Keiser Olivia
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

Poor growth is an indication for antiretroviral therapy (ART) and a criterion for treatment failure. We examined variability in growth response to ART in 12 programs in Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa.

METHODS:

Treatment naïve children aged <10 years were included. We calculated weight for age z scores (WAZs), height for age z scores (HAZs), and weight for height z scores (WHZs) up to 3 years after starting ART, by using the World Health Organization standards. Multilevel regression models were used.

RESULTS:

A total of 17 990 children (range, 238–8975) were followed for 36 181 person-years. At ART initiation, most children were underweight (50%) and stunted (66%). Lower baseline WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ were the most important determinants of faster catch-up growth on ART. WAZ and WHZ increased rapidly in the first year and stagnated or reversed thereafter, whereas HAZ increased continuously over time. Three years after starting ART, WAZ ranged from −2.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.66 to −2.02) to −1.98 (95% CI: −2.41 to −1.48) in children with a baseline z score < −3 and from −0.79 (95% CI: −1.62 to 0.02) to 0.05 (95% CI: −0.42 to 0.51) in children with a baseline WAZ ≥ −1. For HAZ, the corresponding range was −2.33 (95% CI: −2.62 to −2.02) to −1.27 (95% CI: −1.58 to −1.00) for baseline HAZ < −3 and −0.24 (95% CI: −0.56 to 0.15) to 0.84 (95% CI: 0.53 to 1.16) for HAZ ≥ −1.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite a sustained growth response and catch-up growth in children with advanced HIV disease treated with ART, normal weights and heights are not achieved over 3 years of ART.
A New Liquid Human Milk Fortifier and Linear Growth in Preterm Infants
Authors: Moya Fernando , Sisk Paula M. , Walsh Kelly R. , Berseth Carol Lynn
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the growth, tolerance, and safety of a new ultraconcentrated liquid human milk fortifier (LHMF) designed to provide optimal nutrients for preterm infants receiving human breast milk in a safe, nonpowder formulation.

METHODS:

Preterm infants with a body weight ≤1250 g fed expressed and/or donor breast milk were randomized to receive a control powder human milk fortifier (HMF) or a new LHMF for 28 days. When added to breast milk, the LHMF provided ∼20% more protein than the control HMF. Weight, length, head circumference, and serum prealbumin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, electrolytes, and blood gases were measured. The occurrence of sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and serious adverse events were monitored.

RESULTS:

This multicenter, third party–blinded, randomized controlled, prospective study enrolled 150 infants. Achieved weight and linear growth rate were significantly higher in the LHMF versus control groups (P = .04 and 0.03, respectively). Among infants who adhered closely to the protocol, the LHMF had a significantly higher achieved weight, length, head circumference, and linear growth rate than the control HMF (P = .004, P = .003, P = .04, and P = .01, respectively). There were no differences in measures of feeding tolerance or days to achieve full feeding volumes. Prealbumin, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen were higher in the LHMF group versus the control group (all P < .05). There was no difference in the incidence of confirmed sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Use of a new LHMF in preterm infants instead of powder HMF is safe. Benefits of LHMF include improvements in growth and avoidance of the use of powder products in the NICU.
Trends in Venous Thromboembolism-Related Hospitalizations, 1994–2009
Authors: Boulet Sheree L. , Grosse Scott D. , Thornburg Courtney D. , Yusuf Hussain , Tsai James , Hooper W. Craig
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Information on trends in venous thromboembolism (VTE) in US children is scant and inconsistent. We assessed national trends in VTE-associated pediatric hospitalizations.

METHODS:

All nonroutine newborn hospitalizations for children 0 to 17 years of age in the 1994–2009 Nationwide Inpatient Samples were included; routine newborn discharges were excluded. VTE diagnoses were identified by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Variance weighted least square regression was used to assess trends in patient characteristics and rates of hospitalization per 100 000 population <18 years of age. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the probability of VTE diagnosis over the study period.

RESULTS:

The rate of VTE-associated hospitalization increased for all age subgroups (<1, 1–5, 6–11, and 12–17 years), with the largest increase noted among children <1 year of age (from 18.1 per 100 000 during 1994 to 49.6 per 100 000 during 2009). Compared with 1994–1997, the adjusted odds of hospitalization with a VTE diagnosis were 88% higher during 2006–2009 (adjusted odds ratio: 1.88 [95% confidence interval: 1.64–2.17]). Venous catheter use, mechanical ventilation, malignancy, hospitalization ≥5 days, and VTE-related medical conditions were associated with increased likelihood of VTE diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS:

The rate of VTE-associated hospitalization among US children increased from 1994 through 2009. Increases in venous catheter procedures were associated with and may have contributed to the observed trends. The degree to which increased awareness of VTE influenced the temporal differences could not be determined.
Incidence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from young children with diarrhoea in the west of Iran
Authors: Alikhani Mohammad , Sedighi Iraj , Zamani Alireza , Aslani Mohammad , Sadrosadat Taravat
Published: September 2012

DiarrhoeagenicEscherichia coli(DEC) represents a main group of enteric pathogens that cause human diarrhoea. Because it is not simply distinguished from normal flora by simple laboratory methods, modern molecular diagnostic assays are necessary. Although it is neither necessary nor applicable to perform PCR for all patients, it is of many advantages to verify the prevalence of DEC in different areas by this method. Knowing the prevalence of DEC in an area, we can focus on few pathogens and narrow our antimicrobial treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the different DEC categories in children diarrhoea in the west of Iran.The stool specimens of 251 children with diarrhoea were collected from June to September 2007. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the presence of enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), entero-invasive (EIEC), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and entero-aggregative (EAEC) strains. ETEC strains were isolated from 13 and EAEC strains from 16 children. STEC was detected in 7 children, and no EIEC was isolated. Finally, EPEC strains were isolated in 41 cases. EAEC and EPEC are the most frequent DECs in children less than 10 years of age in West of Iran.
Specific quality of life factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Nagy Beáta , Laczkóné Majer Réka
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease with a fluctuating course and unknown origin. Its two major forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Objective: The authors attempted to analyse the quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease as compared to healthy persons and patients with asthma in order to identify specific factors which most significantly affect the quality of life of these patients. Method: 269 subjects participated in the study (control group, 115 subjects; Crohn’s disease, 67 patients; ulcerative colitis, 25 patients; asthma, 62 patients). The following methods were used: WHO-5, IIRS, SIBDQ and AQLQ(S) questionnaires and content analysis. Results: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease had the worst quality of life with respect to both subjective well-being and burden of disease. The results obtained from questionnaires developed for the analysis of quality of life indicated that extraintestinal symptoms and emotional problems are the major factors which interfere with the quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. These findings were confirmed by content analysis of interviews with patients. Conclusions: The authors recommend that more attention should be paid to improving the quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and helping them to live with the illness, especially at the level of interpersonal relations. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1511–1519.
Alterações de parâmetros relacionados ao metabolismo ósseo em mulheres submetidas à derivação gástrica em Y de Roux
Authors: Santos Maria Tereza Amaral dos , Souza Fabíola Isabel Suano de , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso , Lazaretti-Castro Marise , Sarni Roseli Oselka Saccardo
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o metabolismo ósseo e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em mulheres adultas pós-derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 48 mulheres submetidas a DGYR há três anos e 41 saudáveis. Dados obtidos: índice de massa corporal (IMC), atividade física, consumo alimentar e DMO da coluna lombar, colo e fêmur total. Dosagem de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, albumina, fosfatase alcalina, telopeptídeo-C (CTX), paratormônio (PTH), 25-hidroxivitamina D (25OHD), osteocalcina e cálcio urinário. RESULTADOS: Maiores alterações no grupo DGYR observadas nos níveis de osteocalcina (p < 0,001), CTX (p < 0,001) e PTH (p < 0,001). Deficiência de 25OHD foi a mais frequente no grupo DGYR (p = 0,010). Deficiência/insuficiência de 25OHD associou-se com hiperparatiroidismo secundário (p = 0,025). Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à DMO. A ingestão de energia (p = 0,036) e proteína (p = 0,004) foi maior no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Em mulheres pós-DGYR, encontraram-se alta frequência de deficiência de vitamina D, hiperparatireoidismo secundário e elevação nos marcadores de remodelação óssea, sem alteração na DMO quando comparado com o grupo controle não obeso.
Teoria Crítica e pesquisa social: da dialética à reconstrução
Authors: Voirol Olivier
Published: September 2012

Os desenvolvimentos teóricos recentes da Teoria Crítica têm passado ao largo da preocupação com a pesquisa social - seja pela pouca importância dada ao "teste" empírico das ideias teóricas, seja pela ausência de estímulo a novos projetos de pesquisa empírica no campo da Teoria Crítica. Essa tendência implica uma importante "mudança" teórica em relação ao antigo programa dialético da Teoria Crítica proposto por Max Horkheimer na década de 1930. O artigo ressalta algumas dificuldades atinentes à articulação produtiva entre teoria e pesquisa - com prejuízo, creio, para ambas, filosofia e ciências sociais.
Genotype x environment interaction of agronomic and processing quality traits in potato
Authors: Augustin Lizete , Milach Sandra , Bisognin Dilson Antônio , Suzin Marilei
Published: September 2012

At the main crop production region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, potato is cultivated in two different growing seasons: autumn and spring. The objectives of this research paper were: i) identify potato clones with high yield potential and industrial quality for Autumn and Spring growing seasons in the northern/northeastern region of the state; ii) estimate the effects of environment and of the genotype x environment interaction on the expression of agronomic and processing quality traits of potato clones in order to determine the appropriate strategy for breeding potato for the target region. One hundred and seventy clones of nine families were developed and compared to the cultivars Atlantic, Baronesa, Catucha, Ciclamen, Hertha, Lady Roseta, Macaca, Monalisa and Vivaldi and to the clone SMIJ 461-1, in the autumn and spring of 2006, in Passo Fundo, northern Rio Grande do Sul state. The evaluated traits included number of tubers per plant, tuber weight, plant yield, presence of deep eyes, dry matter content and chip color. Genotype x environment interaction (G x E) was significant for the expression of all traits but processing quality traits like chip color were most influenced by the growing season conditions. Genetic potential expression for yield traits was maximized in the spring season. Superior clones combining agronomic and quality traits were identified at the two growing seasons. High correlation between the two growing seasons was observed for the presence of deep eyes and dry matter, indicating they can be selected at either season.
A emergência da responsabilidade criminal individual no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos
Authors: Lima Raquel da Cruz
Published: September 2012

Este artigo analisa a emergência e difusão da regra da responsabilidade criminal individual por violações de direitos humanos a partir da jurisprudência contenciosa da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Tendo como referência as pesquisas de Kathryn Sikkink sobre justiça de transição, procura-se identificar a maneira como o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos vem expandindo o sentido da responsabilidade criminal individual e também sugerir a incompatibilidade com a proteção dos direitos humanos que esse novo modelo pode ter.
Massage application for occupational low back pain in nursing staff
Authors: Borges Talita Pavarini , Greve Julia Maria D'Andrea , Monteiro Ana Paula , Silva Rodrigo Emmanuel Sabbag da , Giovani Arlete Mazzini Miranda , Silva Maria Júlia Paes da
Published: September 2012

This is a clinical trial which aims to evaluate the efficiency of massage in the reduction of occupational low back pain, and its influence on the performance of work and life activities for the nursing team. The sample consisted of 18 employees who received seven to eight sessions after their work period. From the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, significant improvements were found between the 3rd and 1st evaluations (p=0.000) and between the 3rd and 2nd (p=0.004), using the Wilcoxon test. Regarding the Oswestry Disability Index, the paired t test showed a statistical difference (p=0.02) between the baseline, with a mean of 21.33% and the second evaluation (18.78%), which was also seen between the second and third evaluation (16.67%). The score for the Handling and Transfer Risk Evaluation Scale was 18 points (medium risk). It is concluded that massage was effective in reducing occupational low back pain, and provided improvement in activities of work and life. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT01315197.
Reliability and validity of spirituality questionnaire by Parsian and Dunning in the Spanish version
Authors: Díaz Heredia Luz Patricia , Muñoz Sánchez Alba Idaly , Vargas Divane de
Published: September 2012

The aim of this methodological study was to translate, culturally adapt and assess the internal consistency and validity of the Spanish version of the "Spirituality Questionnaire". The sample comprised 204 young people between 18 and 25 years of age from two universities in Bogotá. Cronbach's Alpha was used for reliability, while groups of experts and young people were used for construct validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. The reliability score of the total instrument was 0.88. The overall index of content validity corresponded to 0.90. Exploratory factor analysis showed that four factors explain 52.60% of the variance. The originally proposed theoretical model was confirmed and, in two dimensions, a different structure was proposed. In conclusion, the instrument "Spirituality Questionnaire" by Parsian and Dunning is reliable and valid in the Spanish version.