bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human peripheral blood CD4 T cell-engrafted non-obese diabetic-scid IL2rγnull H2-Ab1 tm1GruTg (human leucocyte antigen D-related 4) mice: a mouse model of human allogeneic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Covassin L , Laning J , Abdi R , Langevin D L , Phillips N E , Shultz L D , Brehm M A
Published: August 2011

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication of human allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2rγnull (NSG) mice injected with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) engraft at high levels and develop a robust xenogeneic (xeno)-GVHD, which reproduces many aspects of the clinical disease. Here we show that enriched and purified human CD4 T cells engraft readily in NSG mice and mediate xeno-GVHD, although with slower kinetics compared to injection of whole PBMC. Moreover, purified human CD4 T cells engraft but do not induce a GVHD in NSG mice that lack murine MHC class II (NSG-H2-Ab1 tm1Gru, NSG-Ab°), demonstrating the importance of murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in the CD4-mediated xeno-response. Injection of purified human CD4 T cells from a DR4-negative donor into a newly developed NSG mouse strain that expresses human leucocyte antigen D-related 4 (HLA-DR4) but not murine class II (NSG-Ab° DR4) induces an allogeneic GVHD characterized by weight loss, fur loss, infiltration of human cells in skin, lung and liver and a high level of mortality. The ability of human CD4 T cells to mediate an allo-GVHD in NSG-Ab° DR4 mice suggests that this model will be useful to investigate acute allo-GVHD pathogenesis and to evaluate human specific therapies.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells drive the global CD4+ T cell repertoire towards a regulatory phenotype and leads to the accumulation of CD4+ forkhead box P3+ T cells
Authors: Piper K P , Karanth M , McLarnon A , Kalk E , Khan N , Murray J , Pratt G , Moss P A H
Published: August 2011

Advanced chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is associated with profound immunodeficiency, including changes in T regulatory cells (Tregs). We determined the pattern of expression of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), CD25, CD27 and CD127 and showed that the frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells was increased in CLL patients (12% versus 8% in controls). This increase was seen only in advanced disease, with selective expansion of FoxP3-expressing cells in the CD4+CD25low population, whereas the number of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells was unchanged. CD4+CD25low cells showed reduced expression of CD127 and increased CD27, and this regulatory phenotype was also seen on all CD4 T cells subsets in CLL patients, irrespective of CD25 or FoxP3 expression. Incubation of CD4+ T cells with primary CLL tumours led to a sixfold increase in the expression of FoxP3 in CD4+CD25- T cells. Patients undergoing treatment with fludarabine demonstrated a transient increase in the percentage of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells, but this reduced to normal levels post-treatment. This work demonstrates that patients with CLL exhibit a systemic T cell dysregulation leading to the accumulation of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells. This appears to be driven by interaction with malignant cells, and increased understanding of the mechanisms that are involved could provide novel avenues for treatment.
The rate of permafrost carbon release under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and its potential effects on climate
Authors: Lee Hanna , Schuur Edward A. G. , Inglett Kanika S. , Lavoie Martin , Chanton Jeffrey P.
Published: August 2011

Recent observations suggest that permafrost thaw may create two completely different soil environments: aerobic in relatively well‐drained uplands and anaerobic in poorly drained wetlands. The soil oxygen availability will dictate the rate of permafrost carbon release as carbon dioxide (CO2) and as methane (CH4), and the overall effects of these emitted greenhouse gases on climate. The objective of this study was to quantify CO2 and CH4 release over a 500‐day period from permafrost soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the laboratory and to compare the potential effects of these emissions on future climate by estimating their relative climate forcing. We used permafrost soils collected from Alaska and Siberia with varying organic matter characteristics and simultaneously incubated them under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to determine rates of CO2 and CH4 production. Over 500 days of soil incubation at 15 °C, we observed that carbon released under aerobic conditions was 3.9–10.0 times greater than anaerobic conditions. When scaled by greenhouse warming potential to account for differences between CO2 and CH4, relative climate forcing ranged between 1.5 and 7.1. Carbon release in organic soils was nearly 20 times greater than mineral soils on a per gram soil basis, but when compared on a per gram carbon basis, deep permafrost mineral soils showed carbon release rates similar to organic soils for some soil types. This suggests that permafrost carbon may be very labile, but that there are significant differences across soil types depending on the processes that controlled initial permafrost carbon accumulation within a particular landscape. Overall, our study showed that, independent of soil type, permafrost carbon in a relatively aerobic upland ecosystems may have a greater effect on climate when compared with a similar amount of permafrost carbon thawing in an anaerobic environment, despite the release of CH4 that occurs in anaerobic conditions.
Ischaemic colitis during interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C: report of two cases and literature review
Authors: Kawaguchi T. , Ide T. , Itou M. , Suetsugu M. , Yoshioka S. , Sakata M. , Taniguchi E. , Oriishi T. , Sumie S. , Tsuruta O. , Sata M.
Published: August 2011

Summary.  Ischaemic colitis is known to be a severe emergency complication of interferon (IFN) therapy. However, as ischaemic colitis is an infrequent complication of IFN therapy, limited information is available regarding the safety of resuming IFN therapy after resolution of ischaemic colitis and subsequent recurrence. Here, we report two cases of ischaemic colitis during IFN therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ischaemic colitis was fully healed within 1 week after its onset and IFN withdrawal, and IFN therapy was resumed following patients’ wishes to do so. Ischaemic colitis did not recur after the resumption of IFN therapy, and sustained virological response was achieved in both patients. In this report, we also summarize the findings of 11 cases of IFN‐associated ischaemic colitis (nine previously published cases plus our two cases) and review the clinical characteristics of ischaemic colitis during IFN therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
The role of cyanobacteria in Southern California salt marsh food webs
Authors: Currin Carolyn A. , Levin Lisa A. , Talley Theresa S. , Michener Robert , Talley Drew
Published: August 2011

Understanding wetland food webs is critical for effective habitat management, restoration and conservation. Microalgae are recognized as key food sources for marsh invertebrates but the importance of different groups under various conditions is rarely examined. We tested the hypothesis that faunal utilization of microalgae, and cyanobacteria in particular, is significant in Southern California created and natural salt marshes but varies with habitat type (creek bank versus marsh interior) and season (spring versus autumn). We used stable isotope analysis and mixing models (IsoSource) to compare food webs in adjacent young (created) and mature (natural) salt marshes. Isotopic values of some primary producers, macrofauna, epifauna, and fish demonstrated significant differences between the adjacent salt marshes. δ13C and δ34S values of the benthic microalgal community varied with taxonomic composition (diatoms versus cyanobacteria) and to a lesser extent with season. Depleted δ15N values of benthic diatoms and macroalgae indicated that N2 fixed within algal mats was recycled within the benthic algal community. Marsh fauna, including most major macrofauna taxal, Cerithidea, and Fundulus, also exhibited seasonal differences in isotopic composition, and Cerithidea and selected macrofauna (oligochaetes, polychaetes) from the marsh interior were more enriched in 13C and depleted in 15N than those from the creek bank. In the young marsh, the cyanobacteria contributed a minimum of 17–100% of the primary production in food webs supporting macrofauna, and cyanobacteria contributed at least 40% of the primary production included in Cerithidea and Fundulus food webs. A wider range of primary producers contributed to food webs in the mature marsh. Cyanobacteria were a greater source of trophic support for macrofauna from the marsh interior than the creek bank, whereas Spartina was a more important food source for creek bank macrofauna in both marshes. Insect larvae largely consumed cyanobacteria, whereas polychaetes exhibited greater utilization of Spartina. Phytoplankton was the primary food resource for mussels in both marshes. Although the spatial and temporal complexity of food webs has traditionally been collapsed into the study of relatively simplified food webs, isotope signatures reveal fine‐scale patterns in food web structure that may be used to make more accurate assessments of ecosystem state. Accurate interpretation of marsh trophic structure using natural abundance stable isotopes requires fine‐scale resolution in space and time, a large number of samples, and a high level of taxonomic resolution.
Functional webs for freeform architecture
Authors: Deng B. , Pottmann H. , Wallner J.
Published: August 2011

Rationalization and construction‐aware design dominate the issue of realizability of freeform architecture. The former means the decomposition of an intended shape into parts which are sufficiently simple and efficient to manufacture; the latter refers to a design procedure which already incorporates rationalization. Recent contributions to this topic have been concerned mostly with small‐scale parts, for instance with planar faces of meshes. The present paper deals with another important aspect, namely long‐range parts and supporting structures. It turns out that from the pure geometry viewpoint this means studying families of curves which cover surfaces in certain well‐defined ways. Depending on the application one has in mind, different combinatorial arrangements of curves are required. We here restrict ourselves to so‐called hexagonal webs which correspond to a triangular or tri‐hex decomposition of a surface. The individual curve may have certain special properties, like being planar, being a geodesic, or being part of a circle. Each of these properties is motivated by manufacturability considerations and imposes constraints on the shape of the surface. We investigate the available degrees of freedom, show numerical methods of optimization, and demonstrate the effectivity of our approach and the variability of construction solutions derived from webs by means of actual architectural designs.?
Surface Patches from Unorganized Space Curves
Authors: Abbasinejad Fatemeh , Joshi Pushkar , Amenta Nina
Published: August 2011

Recent 3D sketch tools produce networks of three‐space curves that suggest the contours of shapes. The shapes may be non‐manifold, closed three‐dimensional, open two‐dimensional, or mixed. We describe a system that automatically generates intuitively appealing piecewise‐smooth surfaces from such a curve network, and an intelligent user interface for modifying the automatically chosen surface patches. Both the automatic and the semi‐automatic parts of the system use a linear algebra representation of the set of surface patches to track the topology. On complicated inputs from ILoveSketch [BBS08], our system allows the user to build the desired surface with just a few mouse‐clicks.
An Optimal Transport Approach to Robust Reconstruction and Simplification of 2D Shapes
Authors: de Goes Fernando , Cohen‐Steiner David , Alliez Pierre , Desbrun Mathieu
Published: August 2011

We propose a robust 2D shape reconstruction and simplification algorithm which takes as input a defect‐laden point set with noise and outliers. We introduce an optimal‐transport driven approach where the input point set, considered as a sum of Dirac measures, is approximated by a simplicial complex considered as a sum of uniform measures on 0‐ and 1‐simplices. A fine‐to‐coarse scheme is devised to construct the resulting simplicial complex through greedy decimation of a Delaunay triangulation of the input point set. Our method performs well on a variety of examples ranging from line drawings to grayscale images, with or without noise, features, and boundaries.
Emotional Labour: Skill and Work in the Social Regulation of Feelings
Authors: Abstract Nicky James
Published: August 2011

I define emotional labour as the labour involved in dealing with other peoples' feelings, a core component of which is the regulation of emotions. The aims of the paper are firstly to suggest that the expression of feelings is a central problem of capital and paid work and secondly to highlight the contradictions of emotions at work.

To begin with I argue that ‘emotion’ is a subject area fitting for inclusion in academic discussion, and that the expression of emotions is regulated by a form of labour. In the section ‘Emotion at home’ I suggest that emotional labour is used to lay the foundations of a social expression of emotion in the privacy of the domestic domain. However the forms emotional labour takes and the skills it involves leave women subordinated as unskilled and stigmatised as emotional. In the section ‘Emotion at work’ I argue that emotional labour is also a commodity. Though it may remain invisible or poorly paid, emotional labour facilitates and regulates the expression of emotion in the public domain. Studies of home and the workplace are used to begin the process of recording the work carried out in managing emotions and drawing attention to its significance in the social reproduction of labour power and social relations of production.
On Social Aspects of the Usage of Guide-Dogs and Long-Canes
Authors: Deshen Shlomo , Deshen Hilda
Published: August 2011

The paper argues that discredit pertains not only to individuals, but also to the implements of aid that discredited persons use to overcome their situation. Focusing on the mobility aids of blind people, the paper demonstrates that as a consequence of the diffusion of discredit, the users of guide-dogs and long-canes mould their usage practices in particular ways. Namely, according to norms which the users conceive to be unobjectionable to sighted people. Thus cane-users considered the sound that their canes emitted to be embarassing, and tried to avoid causing it. Also guide-dog usage was inhibited as a result of traditional Middle-Eastern attitudes towards dogs. In concluding, the ambiguity of blind people toward their mobility aids is juxtaposed with their accepting attitude toward television sets in their homes. The latter are conceived by blind people as a natural element of the material culture of the sighted environment. Consequently, even blind people for whom television sets are manifestly unsuited introduce them into their lives. This leads to the conclusion that material artifacts are conceptualized in society generally, according to practices that are attuned to the dominant social stratum. The data are drawn from observations made in the course of ethnographic field-work in a population of blind people in Israel.
Joint Modelling of Longitudinal Outcome and Interval-Censored Competing Risk Dropout in a Schizophrenia Clinical Trial
Authors: Gueorguieva Ralitza , Rosenheck Robert , Lin Haiqun
Published: August 2011

The ‘Clinical antipsychotic trials in intervention effectiveness’ study was designed to evaluate whether there were significant differences between several antipsychotic medications in effectiveness, tolerability, cost and quality of life of subjects with schizophrenia. Overall, 74% of patients discontinued the study medication for various reasons before the end of 18 months in phase I of the study. When such a large percentage of study participants fail to complete the study schedule, it is not clear whether the apparent profile in effectiveness reflects genuine changes over time or is influenced by selection bias, with participants with worse (or better) outcome values being more likely to drop out or to discontinue. To assess the effect of dropouts for different reasons on inferences, we construct a joint model for the longitudinal outcome and cause-specific dropouts that allows for interval-censored dropout times. Incorporating the information regarding the cause of dropout improves inferences and provides better understanding of the association between cause-specific dropout and the outcome process. We use simulations to demonstrate the advantages of the joint modelling approach in terms of bias and efficiency.
SUBSET REALIZATION, PARTHOOD, AND CAUSAL OVERDETERMINATION
Authors: MORRIS KEVIN
Published: August 2011

Defenders of the subset view of realization have claimed that we can resolve well‐known worries about mental‐physical causal overdetermination by holding that mental properties are subset realized by physical properties, that instances of subset realized properties are parts of physical realizers, and that part‐whole overdetermination is unproblematic. I challenge the claim that the overdetermination generated by the subset view can be legitimated by appealing to more mundane part‐whole overdetermination. I conclude that the subset view does not provide a unique solution to overdetermination worries.
He is a Firm, Strong‐Minded and Empowering Leader, but is She? Gendered Positioning of Female and Male CEOs
Authors: Katila Saija , Eriksson Päivi
Published: August 2011

The article focuses on how management and gender are done in written stories about female and male chief executive officers (CEOs). The stories were written by young Finnish business school students. The logic for studying stories written by students lies in the argument that the new generation will not reproduce common stereotypes about soft, democratic and caring female managers and hard, authoritarian and strong male managers. In the analysis, we rely on positioning theory, which focuses on how the CEOs are discursively positioned, that is, what kinds of roles and duties they are assigned and how their positions shift as the story unfolds. The analysis shows that while there is little difference in the rights and duties assigned to the CEOs, the positioning of female and male CEOs construct a very different picture of their abilities as business managers and leaders of people. The female CEOs are depicted as successful business managers but lacking in interpersonal skills. The male CEOs are also successful business managers but they are constructed as naturally competent leaders of people. This finding is linked to the Finnish management context as well as to the institutionalized leadership and management discourses.
Minimal cooperation between mutant Hras and c‐myc or TGFα in the regulation of mouse hepatocyte growth or transformation in vivo
Authors: Stein Timothy J. , Bowden Margaret , Sandgren Eric P.
Published: August 2011

Background: Liver carcinogenesis is associated with multiple genetic changes in affected cells, including alterations in the Hras signalling pathway. Aim: To define the biological contributions of Hras to mouse hepatocarcinogenesis, we quantified in vivo interactions between mutant Hras and other genetic alterations frequently associated with liver cancer, including overexpression of the transcription factor c‐myc and the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα). Methods: To accomplish this aim, we initiated expression of an activated Hras in hepatocytes of adult mice with or without simultaneous overexpression of either c‐myc or TGFα. Potential interactions also were assessed through the use of the comparative hepatocyte growth assay, a hepatocyte transplantation assay that measures effects of altered gene expression on hepatocyte growth in vivo. Results: Hras expression caused diffuse liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), and this phenotype was not changed by coexpression of c‐myc or TGFα. Using the transplant system, we found that expression of mutant Hras alone was sufficient to induce hepatocyte focus growth in a quiescent liver. Paradoxically, adding expression of TGFα or c‐myc reversed this Hras effect. Finally, the frequencies of transplant foci with the preneoplastic feature of extreme growth potential and of liver neoplasms were increased for Hras and both combinations when compared with control hepatocytes, but did not differ among oncogene‐expressing groups. Conclusions: Hras‐associated hepatocyte growth deregulation is not complemented by activation of c‐myc or TGFα growth signalling pathways in mouse liver. This finding emphasizes the tissue‐specific character of molecular growth regulation.
Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of serum and tissueDickkopf‐1levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tung Edmund Kwok‐Kwan , Mak Carmen Ka‐Man , Fatima Sarwat , Lo Regina Cheuk‐Lam , Zhao Heng , Zhang Chunsheng , Dai Hongyue , Poon Ronnie Tung‐Ping , Yuen Man‐Fung , Lai Ching‐Lung , Li Jin‐jun , Luk John Moon‐Ching , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin
Published: August 2011

Background:

Although Dickkopf‐1 (DKK1) is known to be a negative regulator of theWnt/β‐catenin pathway, it has been recently found to be upregulated in cancers.

Aims:

We investigated the clinical and prognostic significance of both serum and transcriptDKK1and its functional roles in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods:

We evaluated the expression level ofDKK1 in both tissue and serum samples from patients withHCCusing GeneChip microarray and real‐time‐quantitativePCRand sandwichELISAsystem respectively. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of serum and tissueDKK1 levels was examined. Functional characterization ofDKK1 with regard to cell migration, invasion and tumour growth was performed.

Results:

BothDKK1 transcript and serum protein were upregulated in a stepwise manner in humanHCCs. Its transcript levels were associated with more aggressive tumour behaviour, in terms of venous invasion (P = 0.003), advanced tumour stage (P = 0.003).DKK1 transcript correlated with shorter overall (P = 0.006) and disease‐free survival (P = 0.012), and higher serumDKK1 levels correlated with shorter disease‐free survival (P = 0.046). Knockdown ofDKK1 significantly reduced both migratory and invasive abilities ofHCCcells, whereas overexpression ofDKK1 enhanced the tumour formation efficiency and tumour growthin vivo.

Conclusions:

Serum and tissueDKK1 levels increased in a stepwise manner in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis and had prognostic significance.DKK1 plays a functional role in cell migration, invasion and tumour growth.
Different sites of xenoantigen delivery lead to a virally induced late‐onset hepatitis in mice through molecular mimicry
Authors: Piché Chantal , Béland Kathie , Lapierre Pascal , Massie Bernard , Alvarez Fernando
Published: August 2011

Background:

Epidemiological and laboratory evidences led to the hypothesis that molecular mimicry between viruses and self‐proteins could be linked to the onset of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Hepatotropic viruses could be good candidates, as a pro‐inflammatory environment may facilitate the development of AIH.

Aims:

The aims of this study were to test a virus ability to induce an AIH through molecular mimicry and the influence of hepatic inflammation in this process.

Methods:

C57BL/6 mice were injected IV or IM with recombinant adenoviral vectors (RecAdV) encoding for human type 2 AIH antigens to target xenoantigens expression in the liver and to create a transient hepatitis (IV) or for ‘peripheral’ xenoantigens expression (IM). Liver injury and B‐cell response were evaluated.

Results:

Late‐onset hepatitis was observed 8 months after IV or IM RecAdV injections, despite presence or absence of an initial transient hepatitis. Intensity of B‐cell response was similar for both type of injections, but the Ig isotypes produced were different. B‐cell autoimmune response spread to several liver proteins.

Conclusions:

Liver autoimmune response can be initiated using molecular mimicry over a long period of time, validating the hit‐and‐run hypothesis. Initial liver inflammatory injury is neither necessary, nor detrimental to the development of AIH. These results highlight the significance of initial events on the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver injury.
Complex Fractionated Electrograms in the Right Atrial Free Wall and the Superior/Posterior Wall of the Left Atrium Are Affected by Activity of the Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: CHALDOUPI SEVASTI‐MARIA , LINNENBANK ANDRE C. , WITTKAMPF FRED H. , BOLDT LEIF H. , WESSEL HARRY VAN , VAN DRIEL VINCENT J. , DOEVENDANS PIETER A. , HAUER RICHARD N. , DE BAKKER JACQUES M. , LOH PETER
Published: August 2011

CFAEs and Autonomic Nervous System. Background: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) are supposed to be related to structural and electrical remodeling. Animal studies suggest a role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, this has never been studied in humans.

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of ANS on CFAEs in patients with idiopathic atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods: Thirty‐six patients (28 men, 55  ±  9 years) were included before undergoing catheter ablation. In the 24 hours preceding the procedure, 20 patients were in AF (group 1) and 16 were in sinus rhythm (SR, group 2). With 2 decapolar catheters, 1 in the right atrium (RA) and 1 in the left atrium (LA), 20 unipolar electrograms were simultaneously recorded during a 100‐second AF‐period (in group 2 after induction of AF). After atropine and metoprolol administration, a second 100‐second AF‐period was recorded 30 minutes later. Five patients of group 2 served as controls and did not receive atropine and metoprolol prior to the second recording. CFAEs were assessed and the prevalence of CFAEs was expressed as percentage of the recording time.

Results: The prevalence of CFAEs was greater in group 1 than in group 2 in both RA and LA (P = 0.026, P  <  0.001, respectively). Atropine and metoprolol significantly reduced CFAEs in group 1 (P  <  0.001) and prevented the time‐dependent increase of CFAEs in group 2.

Conclusion: The prevalence of CFAEs is greater in long‐lasting AF episodes. Atropine and metoprolol administration reduces CFAEs in both atria. Thus, CFAEs are at least partly influenced by the ANS. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 26‐33, January 2012)
Effects of resistance training with whole‐body vibration on muscle fitness in untrained adults
Authors: Osawa Y. , Oguma Y.
Published: August 2011

The effects of resistance training (RT) combined with whole‐body vibration (WBV) on muscle fitness, particularly muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular performance, are not well understood. We investigated the effects of WBV in healthy, untrained participants after a 13‐week RT course by performing magnetic resonance imaging and by measuring maximal isometric (with electromyography) and isokinetic knee extension strengths, isometric lumbar extension torque, countermovement‐jump, knee extension endurance, and sit‐ups. Thirty‐two individuals (22–49 years old) were randomly assigned to RT groups with (RT‐WBV, n=16) or without WBV (RT, n=16). Following the RT course, significantly higher increases in the cross‐sectional areas of m. psoas major (vs baseline values) and erector spinae muscle (vs the RT group) were observed in the RT‐WBV group (+10.7%, P<0.05; +8.7%, P<0.05) compared with the RT group (+3.8%, P=0.045; 0.0%). Higher increases from baseline were also observed in maximal isometric force, concentric knee extension torque, countermovement‐jump, and maximal isometric lumbar extension torque in RT‐WBV (+63.5%; +76.7%, +15.0%, and +51.5%, respectively; P<0.05) than in those of RT (+25.6%, P=0.001; +17.8%, P=0.18; +11.3%, P=0.001; and +26.4%, P<0.001, respectively). The WBV‐induced increases in muscle hypertrophy and isometric lumbar extension torque suggest a potential benefit of incorporating WBV into slow‐velocity RT programs involving exercises of long duration.
Effects of different half‐time strategies on second half soccer‐specific speed, power and dynamic strength
Authors: Lovell R. , Midgley A. , Barrett S. , Carter D. , Small K.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) and a field‐based re‐warm‐up during half‐time (HT) on subsequent physical performance measures during a simulated soccer game. Ten semi‐professional male soccer players performed 90‐min fixed‐intensity soccer simulations (SAFT90), using a multi‐directional course. During the HT period players either remained seated (CON), or performed intermittent agility exercise (IAE), or WBV. At regular intervals during SAFT90, vastus lateralis temperature (Tm) was recorded, and players also performed maximal counter‐movement jumps (CMJ), 10‐m sprints, and knee flexion and extension contractions. At the start of the second half, sprint and CMJ performance and eccentric hamstring peak torque were significantly reduced compared with the end of the first half in CON (P≤0.05). There was no significant change in these parameters over the HT period in the WBV and IAE interventions (P>0.05). The decrease in Tm over the HT period was significantly greater for CON and WBV compared with IAE (P≤0.01). A passive HT interval reduced sprint, jump and dynamic strength performance. Alternatively, IAE and WBV at HT attenuated these performance decrements, with limited performance differences between interventions.
Effects at early stage of life of elevated milk replacer feeding on growth rate, plasma IGF‐I concentration and intestinal nutrient transporter expression in Holstein bull calves
Authors: ORIHASHI Takenori , MASHIKO Takanori , SERA Kenji , ROH Sang‐Gun , KATOH Kazuo , OBARA Yoshiaki
Published: August 2011

In order to evaluate the effects of an elevated amount of modified milk replacer on body weight, daily gain, starter intake, plasma endocrine parameters and expression of nutrient transporters in small intestinal epithelia, Holstein bull calves (n = 24) were fed for 60 days either with the usual amount of 24% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat milk (CF) replacer (C group), or with a double amount of a modified milk replacer of 28% CP and 16% CF (E group). Body weight from D20 to D60 and daily gain before D40 was greater or tended to be greater for the E group than the C group. Plasma concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐I) and insulin were greater for the E group than the C group on D28 but not on D56, without changing plasma growth hormone levels. Gene expression for sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 and fatty acid translocase (CD36) was altered in day‐ and intestine‐dependent manners. From these findings, we conclude that an elevated intake of milk replacer given up to 40 days old is sufficient to enhance body weight, which may be associated with increased plasma IGF‐I concentrations, in Holstein bulls.
Polish Vision of the CAP after 2013: Against a Background of Economic Transformation and EU Membership  La PAC après 2013 : la vision de la Pologne dans un contexte marqué par la transformation économique et l’adhésion à l’Union européenne  Die polnische Vision der GAP nach 2013 vor dem Hintergrund von wirtschaftlicher Transformation und EU‐Mitgliedschaft
Authors: Sawicki Marek
Published: August 2011

summary

Polish Vision of the CAP after 2013: Against a Background of Economic Transformation and EU Membership

Polish and wider EU experiences show that the CAP is too complex; in reality there exist 27 different versions of the CAP. Different direct support schemes now mean there is neither equal competition conditions between Member States nor between individual farms. If there is to be continued building of a single market, EU agricultural policy must be subjected to more uniform rules and must be simplified. Poland’s vision for the CAP consists of a clear division of activities within the two pillars. Pillar I should be intended for ‘compliant’ farmers, those who meet the cross compliance requirements, with payments set on the basis of measurable and objective criteria, departing from historical references; and Pillar II addressed to ‘active’, entrepreneurial farmers who develop their farms and pursue new Community objectives, thus increasing their competitiveness on the single market and on the global agri‐food market. Assessments of the costs and benefits of the CAP at Community and Member State levels should, therefore, take into account not only budgetary flows but also provision of European Public Goods. The Polish Presidency will make every effort to ensure that negotiations over the future of CAP after 2013 continue in an atmosphere of responsible and deepened reflection, conducive to reaching a compromise in 2012.
European Food Marketing: Opportunities in Connecting with Consumers on Health and Well‐being  La commercialisation des produits alimentaires en Europe : de l’intérêt de discuter des questions de santé et de bien‐être avec les consommateurs  Lebensmittelhandel in Europa: Möglichkeiten, mit Verbrauchern in punkto Gesundheit und Wohlergehen in Kontakt zu treten
Authors: Hughes David
Published: August 2011

summary

European Food Marketing: Opportunities in Connecting with Consumers on Health and Well‐being

In mature, slow growth food markets that are characteristic of European countries, businesses scramble to build sales and margins. Consumer interest in health and well‐being presents the single most attractive avenue for food industry business growth. Health and well‐being market opportunities emanate from consumers desire: to manage i.e. reduce their weight; improve digestive health; eat healthily with fresh and minimally processed foods; use food intake to manage their overall health and even improve appearance; seek food products that are consonant with their busy lifestyles, for example, food they can eat ‘on the move’ without feeling guilty; to offer their children ‘fun to eat’ food that is, concomitantly, nutritious and safe; and to buy and prepare food that has been produced in a manner that is kind to the well‐being of the planet and the farm animals on it. Increasingly, in Europe, as elsewhere, families, government health agencies, special interest groups, food producers, manufacturers and retailers, acknowledge that the health of the citizen is inextricably tied to the economic and social health of the nation. Clearly, there is a benign convergence of interests linking market opportunities for healthy food producers with the greater good of society.
Agri‐environmental Programmes and Trade Negotiations in the United States and the European Union  Programmes agroenvironnementaux et négociations commerciales aux États‐Unis et dans l’Union européenne  Agrarumweltprogramme und Verhandlungen im Außenhandel in den USA und der europäischen Union
Authors: Baylis Kathy , Peplow Stephen , Rausser Gordon , Simon Leo
Published: August 2011

summary

Agri‐environmental Programmes and Trade Negotiations in the United States and the European Union

In both the European Union and the United States, the public has raised concerns over the damaging effects of modern agriculture. Both regions have developed agri‐environmental programmes (AEPs), but the conceptual background is quite different. We argue that the EU programmes treat agriculture and the natural world as complementary, while the US programmes primarily treat them as substitutes. As a result, the EU pays farmers for the production of environmental amenities from farming, while many of the US programmes generate environmental externalities by limiting agriculture. The US approach is much more site‐specific, which may imply larger environmental gains per dollar, but less flexibility to offset reductions in production subsidies. The EU AEPs, by contrast, are very broad, but are adopted by many farmers who do not receive production subsidies, creating a new group of subsidy recipients who may have their own objectives for the trade talks. In part because of these broad‐based AEP and rural development programmes, the EU appears to have a freer hand in removing trade‐distorting price supports. However, by encouraging smaller, remote farmers to produce high‐value market goods e.g. organic, the EU may have created a domestic lobby for protecting these markets from increased international competition.
Spatial Cognition Through the Keyhole: How Studying a Real‐World Domain Can Inform Basic Science—and Vice Versa
Authors: Keehner Madeleine
Published: August 2011

This paper discusses spatial cognition in the domain of minimally invasive surgery. It draws on studies from this domain to shed light on a range of spatial cognitive processes and to consider individual differences in performance. In relation to modeling, the aim is to identify potential opportunities for characterizing the complex interplay between perception, action, and cognition, and to consider how theoretical models of the relevant processes might prove valuable for addressing applied questions about surgical performance and training.
Could Exposure to Everyday Green Spaces Help Treat ADHD? Evidence from Children's Play Settings
Authors: Faber Taylor Andrea , Kuo Frances E. (Ming)
Published: August 2011

Background: An estimated 4.4 million children in the United States suffer from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and most would benefit from a low‐cost, side‐effect‐free way of managing their symptoms. Previous research suggests that after isolated exposures to greenspace, children's ADHD symptoms are reduced. This study examined whether routine exposures to greenspace, experienced through children's everyday play settings, might yield ongoing reductions in ADHD symptoms. Methods: Data on 421 children's ADHD symptoms and usual play settings were collected using a national Internet‐based survey of parents. Results: Findings suggest that everyday play settings make a difference in overall symptom severity in children with ADHD. Specifically, children with ADHD who play regularly in green play settings have milder symptoms than children who play in built outdoor and indoor settings. This is true for all income groups and for both boys and girls. Interestingly, for hyperactive children, the apparent advantage of green spaces is true only for relatively open green settings. Conclusions: These and previous findings collectively suggest that it is time for randomised clinical trials testing the impacts of regular exposure to greenspace as a treatment for ADHD.
Predictors of Suicide‐Related Hospitalization among U.S. Veterans Receiving Treatment for Comorbid Depression and Substance Dependence
Authors: Mrnak‐Meyer Jennifer , Tate Susan R. , Tripp Jessica C. , Worley Matthew J. , Jajodia Archana , Mcquaid John R.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether widely accepted suicide risk factors are useful in predicting suicide‐related hospitalization, beyond history of a suicide attempt, in high‐risk treatment‐seeking veterans with depression and substance dependence. Negative mood regulation expectancies were the only significant predictor of hospitalization during 6‐months of outpatient treatment. History of a suicide attempt was the only significant predictor of hospitalization during the one‐year follow‐up period. Results suggest that within high‐risk populations, standard suicide risk factors may not identify individuals who will engage in suicidal behaviors resulting in hospitalization. Assessing negative mood regulation expectations may assist in identifying those most at risk.
Right subclavian artery anomaly in an adult Friesian horse
Authors: Viljoen A. , Saulez M. N. , Steyl J.
Published: August 2011

This report describes an unusual vascular ring anomaly (VRA) that resulted in repeated oesophageal obstruction in an adult horse. Oesophagoscopy identified a luminal obstruction with secondary mucosal sloughing. Post mortem findings revealed oesophageal and tracheal stenosis secondary to an aberrant right subclavian artery. The presence of the VRA may have resulted in repeated oesophageal impactions in an adult horse and the hereditary potential for this defect should be considered.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIATE‐VALUES AND RANKS IN SAMPLES FROM A CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION
Authors: STUART ALAN
Published: August 2011

Methods involving rankings have been used by psychologists for half a century; and, although in their early development they were subjected to severe criticism, recent years have brought their rehabilitation and extension in new directions. Current interest in ranking methods has been displayed in several papers published in this Journal and very recently in the correspondence by Burt and Morris (1953). The present paper investigates theoretically the magnitude of the correlation between observations and the rank values by which they are sometimes replaced. It is found that in samples from the two most commonly considered types of statistical distribution, the normal and the uniform, this correlation is very high. With a sample as small as 25, it is .94 for the normal distribution and .96 for the uniform distribution; and these values increase, with sample size, towards limits of .98 and 1 respectively. In these circumstances there is justification for replacing the original observations by their ranks, since the consequent saving in computation entails very little loss of efficiency. The results of the investigation also turn out to have bearing on other matters of theoretical interest.
THE RELATION BETWEEN COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION AND DIFFICULTY FACTORS
Authors: Dingman Harvey F.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the following inquiry was to test the view, put forward by Ferguson and others, that unequal dichotomization of items tends to produce spurious difficulty factors. Subtests of three levels of difficulty were compiled for each of the three factors, and applied to nearly 500 students. The correlations were calculated by the phi, cosine‐pi, and full tetrachoric formulae, and four factors extracted. The results obtained do not support Ferguson's hypothesis.
DEFINITION AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Burt Cyril
Published: August 2011

La filosofia è scritto in questo grandissimo libro che continuamente ci sta aperto innanzi a gli occhi—io dico, l'universo; ma non si può intendere se prima non s' impara a intender la lingua, e conoscer i caratteri, ne' quali è scritto: egli è scritto in lingua matematica.—Galileo galilei, Il Saggiatore (1623), Quaest. 6.
STATISTICAL METHODS IN PSYCHICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Soal S. G.
Published: August 2011

In a brief discussion of card‐guessing distributions it is argued that the use of the Pierce‐Chauvenet rule, as proposed by Mr. Gregory, would not necessarily apply to experiments in which the target series was not even approximately random. Certain objections are also urged against Mr. Gregory's views on the play at Monte Carlo and on the nature of the information received by successful card‐guessers whose achievements apparently defy the laws of chance.
THE SALIENT VARIABLE SIMILARITY INDEX FOR FACTOR MATCHING
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. , Baggaley Andrew R.
Published: August 2011

The various techniques available for comparing factor‐patterns may be conveniently classified according to the type of measurement scale for which each is most appropriate. If the factor loadings be regarded as based simply on a ‘nominal’ scale (i.e. on a dichotomous distinction between salient and non‐salient loadings), then a quick working procedure can be derived which, being non‐parametric, avoids the questionable assumption that the loadings are normally distributed. The test so obtained proves less powerful than a parametric test, but has special advantages both theoretical and practical.
THE MATRICES OF LINEAR LEAST‐SQUARES IMAGE ANALYSIS
Authors: Guttman Louis
Published: August 2011

By the ‘image’ of a variable is meant the multiple regression of that variable on all the other variables in the data to be analysed, and its ‘anti‐image’ the error of estimate. It is then shown that an expression for R, the ordinary matrix of covariances or correlations, can be obtained in terms of the covariance matrices of the images and anti‐images respectively. Various theorems and identities are deduced which lead to new structural theories for R and for data in the social sciences generally. In particular fresh light is thrown on the problems of parsimony and rank.
THE ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL PREFERENCES
Authors: Slater Patrick
Published: August 2011

A procedure is explained for the construction of preference tables which set out in a systematic scheme the results obtained by using the method of ranks, paired comparison, or some other type of multiple comparison; and the detailed properties of such tables are described. Such a table may be used to exhibit the dispersion of objects in a multi‐dimensional space of individuals' preferences or the dispersion of individuals in a space of preferences for objects; and the two devices are shown to be complementary. Methods of analysing and studying tables of this kind are discussed and illustrated.
AN ASYMMETRIC APPROACH TO MULTIPLE‐FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Gibson W. A.
Published: August 2011

After a brief history of asymmetric approaches in factor analysis and related fields, there is derived a new asymmetric procedure that avoids communality estimation and other difficulties. This new solution splits a test battery 1 into sub‐batteries x and y, each of which spans the same factor space as does a test battery 2. This permits finding the unknown transformation that converts any factorization of the between‐battery correlations R12 into an orthogonal factor matrix reproducing both R12 and Rxy, the between‐sub‐battery correlations.
THE FACTORIAL STRUCTURE OF APTITUDE TESTS AT SUCCESSIVE GRADE LEVELS1
Authors: Mukherjee B. N.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the following research was to verify the alleged differentiation in mental abilities reported by earlier factorists. Correlations for eight tests applied to boys and girls in grades 8 to 12 have been factorized by the method of principal axes and then rotated by the varimax method. Coefficients of similarity have also been calculated for the several groups. In general, the hypothesis of differentiation is confirmed; but in certain minor respects the results obtained seem to diverge appreciably from the conclusions reached by previous investigators.
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Coan Richard W.
Published: August 2011

A more comprehensive scheme for classifying theoretical concepts is needed to clarify the issues involved in choosing concepts for psychology. The scheme here proposed concentrates on distinctions of observational and ontological status which seem basic to such issues. Psychology can best advance as a science through a more liberal acceptance of various types of concepts whose use is at present too often rejected, notably concepts embodying existential hypotheses, or designating so‐called ‘private’ phenomena of consciousness.
DIFFICULTY FACTORS AND NON‐LINEAR FACTOR ANALYSIS1
Authors: McDonald Roderick P.
Published: August 2011

The performances of a group of children (Group C) and a group of adults (Group A) on 12 sub‐tests formed from Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (1947) have been separately factor analyzed. In the Group C results, the second factor can be recognized as a difficulty factor, but the corresponding factor in Group A is not significantly related to the difficulty of the sub‐tests.

When the analysis is carried further by methods described previously, both sets of data can readily be accounted for by non‐linear regression functions relating the sub‐tests to a single factor. The difficulty factor in Group C is shown to correspond to differences in curvature of the regression functions. These differences in curvature correspond in turn to the expectation that an easy test will discriminate best at the lower end of an ability continuum and a difficult test at the higher end. In terms of the non‐linear treatment, the curves for Group A form a plausible continuation of the curves for Group G.