bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further evidence on the relationship between audit industry specialisation and public sector audit quality
Authors: Donatella Pierre
Published: January 2021

In general, prior research offers empirical support for the idea that audit industry specialisation is associated with higher audit quality in public sector organisations. A limitation in this literature, however, is that inferences are drawn from analyses confined to the audit firm level alone. In order to offer further insights into the relationship between audit industry specialisation and audit quality, and on whether such audit characteristics support the de facto harmonisation of accounting rules and regulations, this research includes both the audit firm and the auditor in charge of the financial audit as units of analysis. The results, based on an analysis of cross‐sectional data from Swedish municipalities, show interesting differences between the audit firm and individual auditor levels. It is only at the audit firm level that the results consistently support the idea that industry specialisation is associated with higher audit quality. Although there is no such evidence at the individual auditor level, it should be considered that the results, in part, indicate that audit quality is highest in a situation of joint specialisation. That is, in combination with specialisation at the audit firm level, specialisation at the individual auditor level seems to offer something over and above audit firm specialisation alone.
Vacant jurisdictions: The accountancy profession and the UK charity sector
Authors: McConville Danielle , Henderson Elisa , Cordery Carolyn
Published: January 2021

Professions enjoy privileged positions and expend efforts to sustain these in public and interprofessional domains. This research investigates a previously vacant and largely uncontested jurisdiction in the UK charity sector that was claimed, maintained and subsequently expanded by the accountancy profession. We find that the dominant involvement of the accountancy profession leads to a charity regulatory framework that centralises the giving of an account. Over time, the accountancy profession advances highly specialised charity accounting and novel disclosures in annual reports. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of professions expanding jurisdiction in the absence of competition. In our conclusions, we scrutinise implications for trust and legitimacy in the UK charity sector, balancing increased information demand on charities with accessibility to users.
"Care is not care if it isn't person‐centred": A content analysis of how Person‐Centred Care is expressed on Twitter
Authors: van Diepen Cornelia , Wolf Axel
Published: January 2021

Background

Person‐Centred Care (PCC) has been the subject of growing interest in recent decades. Even though there is no conceptual consensus regarding PCC, many health‐care institutions have implemented elements into their care.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the PCC topics presented by different stakeholder groups on Twitter and to explore the perceptions of PCC within the content of the tweets.

Method

Tweets with mentions of PCC in various translations were collected through a Twitter Application Programming Interface in October 2019. The tweets were analysed using quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

Results

Five stakeholder groups and ten topics were identified within 1540 tweets. The results showed that the PCC content focused on providing information and opinions rather than expressing experiences of PCC in practice. Qualitative content analysis of 428 selected tweets revealed content on a vision that all care should be person‐centred but that the realization of that vision was more complicated.

Conclusions

Twitter has shown to be a quick and non‐intrusive data collection tool for uncovering stakeholders' expressions concerning PCC. The PCC content revealed that stakeholders feel a need to 'educate' others about their perception of PCC when experiences and real‐life applications are missing. More action should be taken for the implementation of PCC rather than circulating PCC vision without operationalization in care.

Public Contribution

The public provided the data through their posts on Twitter, and it is their perception of PCC that is studied here.
Crosstalk between exosomes and autophagy: A review of molecular mechanisms and therapies
Authors: Xing Huifang , Tan Jin , Miao Yuyang , Lv Yingmei , Zhang Qiang
Published: January 2021

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that primarily exist in bodily fluids such as blood. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which, along with exosomes, can significantly influence human health and has therefore attracted considerable attention in recent years. Exosomes have been shown to regulate the intracellular autophagic process, which, in turn, affects the circulating exosomes. However, crosstalk between exosomal and autophagic pathways is highly complex, depends primarily on the environment, and varies greatly in different diseases. In addition, studies have demonstrated that exosomes, from specific cell, can mitigate several diseases by regulating autophagy, which can also affect the excessive release of some harmful exosomes. This phenomenon lays a theoretical foundation for the improvement of many diseases. Herein, we review the mechanisms and clinical significance of the association and regulation of exosomes and autophagy, in order to provide a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases.
Coercive parenting: modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors in parents of children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Day J. J. , Hodges J. , Mazzucchelli T. G. , Sofronoff K. , Sanders M. R. , Einfeld S. , Tonge B. , Gray K. M. ,   MHYPeDD Project Team
Published: January 2021

Background

Parents of children with developmental or intellectual disabilities tend to report greater use of coercive parenting practices relative to parents of typically developing children, increasing the risk of adverse child outcomes. However, to date, there is limited research exploring the role and relative contribution of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors in parents of children with a disability. The present study aimed to explore the role of various modifiable and nonmodifiable parenting, family and sociodemographic factors associated with the use of coercive parenting practices in parents of children with a disability.

Methods

Caregivers (N = 1392) enrolled in the Mental Health of Young People with Developmental Disabilities (MHYPeDD) programme in Australia completed a cross‐sectional survey about their parenting and their child aged 2–12 years with a disability. Measures covered a range of domains including relevant demographic and family background, use of coercive parenting practices, intensity of child behavioural difficulties and questions relating to parent and family functioning such as parental self‐efficacy, adjustment difficulties and quality of family relationships.

Results

Parents of older children, those who were younger at the birth of their child, and parents who were co‐parenting or working reported more use of coercive parenting practices. Greater intensity of child difficulties, poorer parental self‐efficacy and parent–child relationships, and more parental adjustment difficulties were also significantly associated with more use of coercive parenting. Examination of the relative contribution of variables revealed parent–child relationship was a key contributing factor, followed by intensity of child behaviour problems, parent adjustment and parent confidence.

Conclusions

These findings highlight a range of factors that should be targeted and modified through upstream prevention programmes and further inform our understanding of how coercive practices may be influenced through targeted parenting interventions.
Factors associated with work–family enrichment among Chinese nurses assisting Wuhan’s fight against the 2019 COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Zhang Yinying , Yang Min , Wang Rong
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives

To examine the relationship between work–family enrichment and two contextual factors (job support and family support), together with two personal factors (family boundary flexibility and prosocial motivation) among Chinese nurses assisting Wuhan in its fight against the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has now spread worldwide, which has brought attention to the pivotal role of nurses in public health emergencies. Work–family enrichment is a bidirectional structure, including work‐to‐family enrichment and family‐to‐work enrichment, that can yield many mutually beneficial results in both work and family domains among clinical nurses. However, few studies have investigated work–family enrichment and its influential factors among front‐line nurses during public health emergencies.

Methods

A cross‐sectional research design was adopted with a snowball sample of 258 Chinese nurses assisting Wuhan's anti‐pandemic efforts. Data were collected from 21 March 2020 until 10 April 2020 through a battery of online questionnaires. Descriptive, univariate and hierarchical linear regression analyses and a Pearson correlation test were performed. A STROBE checklist was used to report findings.

Results

The results showed that prosocial motivation, family support and job support predicted high work‐to‐family enrichment in those nurses, while prosocial motivation, family support and family boundary flexibility predicted high family‐to‐work enrichment.

Conclusions

The study confirmed the importance of paying attention to the work–family enrichment of front‐line medical workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic, so that they could concentrate on their anti‐pandemic work and maintain their enthusiasm for disaster nursing.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings can help health administrators in affected countries around the world identify the influential factors of work–family enrichment among front‐line nurses during infectious disease outbreaks, specifically in the areas of mobilising nurses’ prosocial motivation and giving sufficient job support.
Introducing the skills‐based model of personal resilience: Drawing on content and process factors to build resilience in the workplace
Authors: Baker Felicity R. L. , Baker Kevin L. , Burrell Jo
Published: January 2021

Employers are being encouraged to find ways to engage with the mental health of their employees. Providing training in resilience is one way to respond. However, there is a lack of consistency and poor use of psychological theory which prevents comparison and evaluation between resilience training programmes. We describe a skills‐based model of personal resilience which is drawn from psychological research in resilience, positive psychology, and general psychology which responds to these criticisms. Firstly, we describe the psychological theory that provides the background to the skills‐based resilience model and research that contributes to the content of the model. Secondly, we focus on the application of the model to training, exploring the psychological processes that are needed to maximize the potential for individuals to develop and maintain resilience skills over the longer term.

Practitioner points

Successful resilience training in the workplace requires the use of a comprehensive theoretically based model of both the skills needed for improved resilience and also the way the training is delivered.

Trainers who themselves use resilience skills, such as emotion regulation and pro‐social behaviours, to create trust and safety for participants are more likely to engage and motivate participants to make lasting changes.

Linking participants’ motivation to change, values and goals to resilience outcomes enhances engagement and the lasting impact of resilience training.

Offering opportunity to reflect on successes and challenges during the development of new resilience skills strengthens the skills and builds confidence to continue to use them in the future.
A Self‐Control Choice Paradigm Including Loss of Rewards: Effects of Amount of Experience of Larger‐Later Outcomes and Social Comparison Information1
Authors: Katayama Aya , Saeki Daisuke
Published: January 2021

This study investigated whether factors that have been shown to affect self‐control choice in prior studies can also influence human self‐control choice in the “smaller‐sooner loss/larger‐later gain–smaller‐sooner gain/larger‐later loss (Sl/Lg–Sg/Ll) paradigm”. Two experiments were conducted among Japanese undergraduate students to examine the effects of the length of delay and amount of experience of larger‐later gains and losses (Experiment 1) and social comparison information (Experiment 2) on self‐control choice. Self‐control choice became more frequent as the amount of experience of larger‐later gains and losses increased and became more frequent with social comparison information. These results suggest that the amount of experience of larger‐later outcomes and availability of social comparison information promote self‐control choice.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: Potential modulation of hepatic metabolism for the treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Sciarrillo Christina M. , Keirns Bryant H. , Koemel Nicholas A. , Anderson Kendall L. , Emerson Sam R.
Published: January 2021

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disease that is becoming more prevalent in concert with obesity and poor lifestyle habits. Although NAFLD is treatable via lifestyle modification in early stages, more advanced liver pathologies (eg non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) are harder to reverse. There is no Food and Drug Administration approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD, and little research has been done to identify compounds that target key NAFLD mechanisms. Bile acids and bile acid receptors have been implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis and modulating bile acids and bile acid receptors has recently been targeted as a therapeutic treatment option for NAFLD. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a nutritionally regulated post‐prandial hormone, is a chief regulator of bile acid metabolism and an important player in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including key mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to FGF19‐regulated processes involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We summarize known and conjectural frameworks and limitations for the clinical application of FGF19‐targeted therapies as they relate to NAFLD.
MNS1 promotes hepatocarcinogenesis and metastasis via activating PI3K/AKT by translocating β‐catenin and predicts poor prognosis
Authors: Yi Yong , Yu Min‐Cheng , Fu Pei‐Yao , Liu Gao , Zhou Pei‐Yun , Guan Ruo‐Yu , Zhou Cheng , Sun Bao‐Ye , Qiu Shuang‐Jian
Published: January 2021

Background & Aims

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal disease characterized by vast molecular heterogeneity. Although major advances in tumour genetics has led to the identification of new biomarkers, the prognosis of patients with HCC remains dismal.

Methods

Quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blot (WB) were used to evaluate meiosis‐specific nuclear structural 1 (MNS1) expression in HCC cells. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to evaluate MNS1 expression in HCC tissues. Clinical significance of MNS1 was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. Transwell assays were conducted to assess cells migration ability. Cell counting kit‐8 and colony formation assays were performed to detect cells proliferation ability. NOD/SCID/γc(null) (NOG) mice model was adopted to investigate functions of MNS1 in vivo.

Results

The expression of MNS1, which is elevated in most HCC tissues, correlated with poor survival in HCC patients. Functional experiments revealed the oncogenic role of MNS1, which promotes HCC growth and metastasis through AKT‐dependent modulation of β‐catenin. β‐Catenin expression was crucial for MNS1's oncogenic effects. MNS1 indirectly translocated β‐catenin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus via the MNS1‐GSK3β axis.

Conclusions

MNS1 promotes HCC growth and metastasis via activating PI3K/AKT signalling and may serve as an important prognostic biomarker as well as potential novel therapeutic target for HCC.
Knee Prosthesis in the Computer Era
Authors: Sezer Hasan B , Bohu Yoann , Hardy Alexandre , Lefevre Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Over the past two decades, computer assistance has revolutionalized surgery and has enabled enormous advancements in knee prosthesis surgery. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a hot topic of orthopaedic research. Reflecting population dynamics, its use continues to increase, especially in high demand populations. Therefore, efforts to achieve the best fit and precise alignment in TKA continue. Computer assistance is valuable for knee prosthesis surgeons in this regard. This manuscript investigated the use of computer assistance in knee prosthesis surgery. The effects of computer use on important facets of knee prosthesis surgery, such as precision, clinical aspects, and costs, were examined. Moreover, an overall review of the recent literature on the navigation and personalized cutting guides was conducted.
Anteroinferior Psoas Technique for Oblique Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Technical Note and Case Series
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Jun , Fang Xiang‐Qian , Zhao Feng‐Dong , Zhang Jian‐Feng , Zhao Xing , Fan Shun‐Wu
Published: January 2021

Objective

The aim of the present paper was to evaluate cases of lumbar degenerative diseases treated with oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) using a modified lateral approach (i.e. anteroinferior psoas exposure under direct vision) and to analyze the effect and safety of this approach.

Methods

From June 2016 to April 2019, a total of 226 patients with an average age of 65.5 ± 16.2 years (98 men and 128 women) with degenerative lumbar diseases who underwent the AIP approach of OLIF were followed up and analyzed retrospectively. Data concerning operative and clinical parameters were collected, including operative time, intraoperative estimated blood loss, duration of postoperative hospital stay, and time to ambulation after surgery. For the assessment of clinical outcomes, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score (for back pain) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) were calculated. Complications were also recorded as surgical exposure approach‐related complications. More than 6 months after surgery, 132 patients consented to having MRI examinations to evaluate the psoas muscle atrophy when they were followed up.

Results

The mean operative time was 82.5 ± 31.6 min. The mean operative time for each segment of OLIF was 43.3 ± 15.5 min. The mean blood loss was 48.0 ± 11.6 mL. The mean blood loss for each segment of OLIF was 25.3 ± 10.1 mL. No patients needed blood transfusion intraoperatively or postoperatively. The mean hospital stay was 4.1 ± 2.1 days. All patients were followed up for 12–31 months (mean 18.2 months). Clinical assessment showed that the VAS and ODI scores at 6 months after surgery were markedly lower than the preoperative scores (P < 0.001) but did not differ from the scores at the final follow‐up (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in percentage changes of the cross‐sectional area of the lean psoas muscle and the T2 signal intensity ratio of gross psoas to quadratus lumborum muscles between the left side (operative side) and the right side (nonoperative side) (P > 0.05). A total of 11 surgical exposure approach‐related complications were reported, with an incidence of 4.9%: transient thigh pain/numbness, psoas weakness (2.2%), sympathetic chain injury (1.3%), cage subsidence (0.9%), and segmental artery injury (0.4%). There was no permanent motor neurological deficit, and no injury of vascular, ureter or peritoneal membranes.

Conclusion

The anteroinferior psoas approach for OLIF is safe and can preserve the psoas and lumbar plexus.
Traumatic Obturator Dislocation of the Hip Joint Associated with Greater Trochanter Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Tao Qifeng , Zhong Fenglin , Wang Chuan , Wang Hongping , Chen Chunyu , Wu Feipeng , Lan Yuping
Published: January 2021

Background

Traumatic obturator dislocation of the hip joint associated with greater trochanter fracture is a rare injury. We used the lateral approach through the rectus abdominis to remove the femoral head dislocated into the obturator, and the posterolateral approach was used for reduction and internal fixation of the femoral greater trochanteric fracture and total hip replacement (THR). Good follow‐up results were achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on this particular type of injury and on this approach to treating this type of injury.

Case Report

The patient was hospitalized due to a traffic accident that resulted in the patient experiencing swelling and deformity accompanied by limited mobility of the left hip and left knee.

X‐ray examination and CT confirmed that the patient suffered from left hip obturator dislocation, greater trochanter fracture, pelvic fracture (Tile B), left acetabular fracture, right open tibiofibular comminuted fracture (Gustilo III), and posterior urethral injury.

The femoral head was removed from the pelvic cavity through a pararectus approach under general anesthesia. A posterolateral approach was used for open reduction, and cable internal fixation for the left intertrochanteric fracture and uncemented THR were performed.

Results

The ability to work was restored 6 months after the operation. The Harris hip score, reflecting joint function, was 86 points after 2 years of follow‐up observation.

Conclusion

A lateral approach of rectus abdominis to remove the dislocated femoral head in the pelvis from the obturator should be selected, along with the posterolateral approach for reduction and internal fixation of the intertrochanteric fracture and THR. This case also provides a new reference for the treatment of this type of hip fracture dislocation.
Genetic evaluation of the brown fibre phenotype for Gossypium arboreum accession PI 615733
Authors: Erpelding John E.
Published: January 2021

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major source of fibre for the textile industry and naturally coloured cotton fibre does not require the use of synthetic dyes making it an eco‐friendly option for textile production. Coloured cotton cultivars are however associated with lower fibre yields and reduced lint quality. A greater understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying fibre colouration will aid in the development of improved cultivars. The brown‐fibred Gossypium arboreum L. accession PI 615733 was identified from the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection and crossed with three white‐fibred accessions PI 529712, PI 529729 and PI 615740 to develop F2 populations for genetic evaluation. Population data indicated a single dominant gene conferred the brown fibre phenotype. Variation in the intensity of fibre colouration was observed within populations. These data failed to support an incomplete dominance model suggesting genetic modifiers may also play a role in fibre colouration. Additionally, chimeras were frequently observed in the PI 615733 × PI 615740 population. These data will be useful to further characterize the brown fibre trait.
Introducing the Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators: A New Global Dataset on Public Sector Employment and Compensation
Authors: Baig Faisal Ali , Han Xu , Hasnain Zahid , Rogger Daniel
Published: January 2021

The public sector employs roughly a third of the world's paid workforce. Their wages not only represent the income of a substantial portion of the population but also influence pay setting across the rest of the economy. However, global data on employment and compensation within the public sector, and how these compare to the private sector, has been limited to date. This paper describes a novel dataset produced by the World Bank's “Bureaucracy Lab” attempting to fill this gap. The “Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators” (WWBI) are compiled from over 53 million unique observations and consist of 63,282 individual observations across 92 variables of the characteristics of public‐sector employment, compensation, and the overall wage bill for 132 countries between 2000 and 2018. The indicators, constructed from nationally representative household surveys, present a micro‐founded picture of public sector labor markets across the world.
Management of Multiple Accountabilities Through Setting Priorities: Evidence from aCross‐NationalConjoint Experiment
Authors: Aleksovska Marija , Schillemans Thomas , Grimmelikhuijsen Stephan
Published: January 2021

Public sector actors are continuously being held accountable by a multitude of accountability forums. Responding to the forums’ demands often requires prioritizing between them. This study investigates how those prioritization choices are made. Drawing on two competing perspectives: the classical view of accountability as “answerability” which emphasizes hierarchy and control, and the modern interpretation of accountability as “management of expectations” which highlights the strategic management of relations, we identify four factors whose influence on prioritization choices we investigate. Using a conjoint experiment, we investigate the prioritization decisions of civil servants in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. We find that the threat of sanction, which is central in the answerability perspective, is consistently the most important driver of prioritization decisions. The management of expectations, focusing on forum expertise and relationships with the accountability forums, appears to be largely context dependent and helps to explain additional, more fine‐grained variations.
Marine diagenesis of ikaite: Implications from the isotopic and geochemical composition of glendonites and host concretions (Palaeogene–Neogene sediments, Sakhalin Island)
Authors: Vasileva Kseniia , Vereshchagin Oleg , Ershova Victoria , Rogov Mikhail , Chernyshova Irina , Vishnevskaya Irina , Okuneva Tatiana , Pokrovsky Boris , Tuchkova Marianna , Saphronova Natalia , Kostrov Yuri , Khmarin Eduard
Published: January 2021

Glendonites represent pseudomorphs after calcium carbonate hexahydrate (ikaite) and can be used as indicators of past cold climates, because ikaite only naturally occurs in cold environments (<7°C) in the modern. The results of a multi‐proxy study of 11 glendonite and host concretion samples from Palaeogene (Gennoishi Formation) and Neogene (Bora and Vengeri formations) sediments from Sakhalin Island, Russian Far East are reported here. Petrographic, cathodoluminescence, powder X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses reveal that glendonites are composed of several successive mineralogical phases: low‐magnesium ikaite‐derived calcite, high‐magnesium acicular cement (calcite and dolomite) and blocky calcite or authigenic quartz filling the remaining pore space. Host concretions comprise sandy limestones cemented by high‐magnesium calcite. The δ13C and δ18O values for host concretions and enclosed glendonites are very similar, with δ13C ranging from –20.3 to +1.9‰ Vienna Pee‐Dee Belemnite and δ18O ranging from –3.4 to +3.4‰ Vienna Pee‐Dee Belemnite. Such isotopic values suggest that seawater was the main source of oxygen, while dissolved inorganic carbon and decaying organic matter were the main carbon sources for ikaite growth, concretion and glendonite cementation. The 87Sr/86Sr values within the glendonites and host concretions are significantly lower compared with coeval Palaeogene–Neogene marine carbonates, suggesting an influence of continental runoff on their isotopic composition. Post Archean Australian Shale normalized rare earth element patterns display negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies, with a depletion in light rare earth elements or bulge in middle rare earth elements. Such spectra of rare earth elements indicate that ikaite growth and replacement occurred very close to the aerobic–anaerobic boundary, with pore waters derived from trapped seawater and/or ikaite dehydration. Since Mg/Ca ratios and alkalinity increase with depth below the sediment–water interface, subsequent mineral phases show enrichment in Mg, while the lack of diagenetic alteration by basinal fluids enabled preservation of the primary isotopic and geochemical characteristics of ikaite within the recrystallized pseudomorph.
Who Might Buy a Gun? Results from the Guns in American Life Survey
Authors: Kelley Margaret S. , Ellison Christopher G.
Published: January 2021

We explore patterns and correlates of gun ownership in the United States, with a particular focus on differentiating those who will never own a gun (“nevers”) and those who are open to ownership in the future (“maybes”) from current‐owners. We use the Guns in American Life Survey (GALS), collected in September of 2018 (n = 3,103), to explore the role of several classes of factors in shaping experiences and attitudes, including socialization, fear and victimization, ideology (confidence in the police, punitiveness, justifiable violence, and gun “science” research), and preparedness. Descriptive findings suggest that maybe‐owners are similar to never‐owners in some ways in background factors (e.g., tending to be women, lower‐income, and not living in a rural area) and more like owners in other ways (e.g., conservative, Republican, and with children in the home). Regression results reveal some anticipated patterns and other unexpected ones. For example, past victimization differentiates the maybes from the nevers but not from the owners. Worry about mass and school shootings leads one away from gun ownership, while worry about terrorist attacks leads toward it. Curiously, greater confidence in the police is highest for the maybes. They are solidly in the middle on other ideological issues, including beliefs in justifiable violence and gun “science” research. We find different ideological issues come together as a continuum of gun ownership status. Finally, those most likely to buy a gun have owned one previously and cycle in and out of gun ownership. They have also used agency by taking other steps to protect themselves. Our findings identify a new subset of occasional owners and illuminate the process of moving toward gun acquisition.
Arabidopsis lysin motif/F‐box‐containing protein InLYP1 fine‐tunes glycine metabolism by degrading glycine decarboxylase GLDP2
Authors: Guo Jianhang , Gong Ben‐Qiang , Li Jian‐Feng
Published: January 2021

Lysin motif (LysM) is a carbohydrate‐binding module often found in secreted or transmembrane proteins in living organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Thus far, all characterized LysM‐containing proteins in plants are plasma membrane‐resident receptors or co‐receptors playing roles in plant–microbe interactions. Here, we interrogate the Arabidopsis LysM/F‐box‐containing protein InLYP1 and reveal its function in glycine metabolism. InLYP1 was mainly expressed by vigorously growing tissues, encoding a nuclear‐cytoplasmic protein. We validated InLYP1 as part of the SKP1‐CULLIN1‐F‐box E3 complex for mediating protein degradation. The glycine decarboxylase P‐protein 1 (GLDP1) was identified as an InLYP1‐interacting protein by both immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry and yeast two‐hybrid library screening. InLYP1 could also interact with GLDP2, a paralog of GLDP1 with weaker catalytic activity, and could mediate the degradation of GLDP2 but not GLDP1. Interestingly, both GLDPs could be O‐glycosylated and form homodimers or heterodimers. Overexpression of InLYP1L9A encoding a dominant‐negative variant could cause seedling germination retardation on the medium containing glycine. Collectively, these results shed light on the function of plant intracellular LysM‐containing proteins, and suggest that InLYP1 may deplete GLDP2 to facilitate glycine decarboxylation in Arabidopsis.
The European Union's reform in rules of origin and international trade: Evidence from Cambodia
Authors: Tanaka Kiyoyasu
Published: January 2021

The European Union (EU) has unilaterally granted developing countries preferential access to EU markets under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). To obtain preferential access, exporters in beneficiary countries must follow the rules of origin (ROO) in the EU’s GSP. Previous ROO were criticised as restrictive, because exporters’ production costs increase with a restriction on imported inputs from the lowest‐cost third countries and the administrative process of proving origin. The EU simplified the restrictive ROO on January 1, 2011. However, the impact of the EU’s reform on beneficiary economies remains largely unexplored. This paper estimates the causal impact of simplifying ROO on garment exports in a beneficiary country, Cambodia, during the period 2007–2015. In the new ROO, garment exporters in least developing beneficiaries such as Cambodia can use imported fabric from any third country and still maintain preferential access. I adopt a difference‐in‐differences method and provide evidence to support the parallel trends assumption. The results show that garment exports to the EU increased by 112% after 2011, which coincided with a sharp increase in textile imports from China to Cambodia. Foreign direct investment inflows increased sharply after 2011 in the garment sector but decreased in the textile sector.
The Effects of Modified-Implement Warm-Ups on Cricket Pace-Bowling Skill
Authors: Feros Simon A. , Hinck Kris , Dwyer Jake
Published: January 2021

Purpose: This study investigated the acute warm-up effects of modified-implement bowling on bowling speed, accuracy, perceived rhythm and perceived sensation with a regular ball. Methods: A total of 13 male amateur pace bowlers completed 3 sessions in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Each session comprised a warm-up of 21 progressive-effort deliveries with either a regular (156 g), 10% heavier (171.6 g), or 10% lighter (140.4 g) cricket ball followed by a 4-over pace-bowling assessment with a regular ball. Bowling speed was assessed with a radar gun, while accuracy was calculated via the radial error. Subjects rated their perceived exertion (0%–100%), rhythm (1–5 Likert scale), and sensation (1–5 Likert scale) after each delivery. Results: The linear mixed models revealed a significant effect for warm-up condition on perceived delivery sensation (F2,916.404 = 24.137, P < .001), with a significant pairwise difference between the regular- and heavier-ball warm-up conditions of 0.20 ± 0.07 points (estimated marginal mean ± 95% confidence interval, P < .001). There were no statistically significant effects for warm-up condition on bowling speed, accuracy, and perceived delivery rhythm. Conclusions: These findings indicate that although the regular ball felt lighter to bowl with after using the heavier ball, there were no overall potentiating or detrimental effects of using this particular modified-implement warm-up on bowling speed, accuracy, and perceived rhythm in amateur pace bowlers. Future research is encouraged to trial other protocols for eliciting potentiation to ultimately enhance bowling speed in training or in shorter match formats (eg, Twenty20).
Sequence Structure Has a Differential Effect on Underlying Motor Learning Processes
Authors: Prashad Shikha , Du Yue , Clark Jane E.
Published: January 2021

Current methods to understand implicit motor sequence learning inadequately assess motor skill acquisition in daily life. Using fixed sequences in the serial reaction time task is not ideal as participants may become aware of the sequence, thereby changing the learning from implicit to explicit. Probabilistic sequences, in which stimuli are linked by statistical, rather than deterministic, associations can ensure that learning remains implicit. Additionally, the processes underlying the learning of motor sequences may differ based on sequence structure. Here, the authors compared the learning of fixed and probabilistic sequences to randomly ordered stimuli using a modified serial reaction time task. Both the fixed and probabilistic sequence groups exhibited learning as indicated by decreased response time and variability. In the initial stage of learning, fixed sequences exhibited both online and offline gains in response time; however, only the offline gain was observed during the learning of probabilistic sequences. These results indicated that probabilistic structures may be learned differently from fixed structures and have important implications for our current understanding of motor learning. Probabilistic sequences more accurately reflect motor skill acquisition in daily life, offer ecological validity to the serial reaction time framework, and advance our understanding of motor learning.
Biden breaks new ground with science team picks
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: January 2021

In firsts, science adviser elevated to Cabinet and life and social scientists will hold top White House jobs.
Reversible disorder-order transitions in atomic crystal nucleation
Authors: Jeon Sungho , Heo Taeyeong , Hwang Sang-Yeon , Ciston Jim , Bustillo Karen C. , Reed Bryan W. , Ham Jimin , Kang Sungsu , Kim Sungin , Lim Joowon , Lim Kitaek , Kim Ji Soo , Kang Min-Ho , Bloom Ruth S. , Hong Sukjoon , Kim Kwanpyo , Zettl Alex , Kim Woo Youn , Ercius Peter , Park Jungwon , Lee Won Chul
Published: January 2021

Watching early stage nucleation

In classic nucleation theory, a metastable disordered dense liquid or amorphous solid cluster spontaneously and irreversibly transforms into a crystalline nucleus. Jeon
et al.
observed the formation of gold crystals on a graphene substrate through the reduction of a precursor using an electron beam. Rather than the classic view, they instead observed a nucleation pathway that involves dynamic and reversible fluctuations of developing nuclei between disordered and crystalline states. The lifetime in the disordered state decreases with increasing cluster size, and at sufficiently small sizes, the binding energy per atom is large enough relative to the energy required to induce melting that the heat imparted upon binding is enough to drive partial collapse of an ordered cluster into the disordered state.

Science
, this issue p.
498
Recent migration of tropical cyclones toward coasts
Authors: Wang Shuai , Toumi Ralf
Published: January 2021

Too close for comfort

Tropical cyclones are becoming stronger and occurring at higher latitudes than in the past. Wang and Toumi report that cyclones' points of maximum intensity also have been coming closer to land since 1982, the distance decreasing by about 30 kilometers per decade as their paths drift poleward and westward (see the Perspective by Camargo and Wing). This shift could increase the danger that tropical cyclones pose to coastal populations.

Science
, this issue p.
514
; see also p.
458
Aerosol-cloud-climate cooling overestimated by ship-track data
Authors: Glassmeier Franziska , Hoffmann Fabian , Johnson Jill S. , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Carslaw Ken S. , Feingold Graham
Published: January 2021

Making tracks

The magnitude of the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on the formation of clouds is an important unknown about how humans are affecting climate. Studies of stratocumulus cloud tracks that are formed by ship exhaust have been used to estimate the radiative impact of this process, but Glassmeier
et al.
now show that this approach overestimates the cooling effect of aerosol addition by up to 200%. These findings underscore the need to quantify stratocumulus cloud responses to anthropogenic aerosols to understand the climate system.

Science
, this issue p.
485
Miniaturization of optical spectrometers
Authors: Yang Zongyin , Albrow-Owen Tom , Cai Weiwei , Hasan Tawfique
Published: January 2021

Miniaturizing spectrometers

Optical spectroscopy is a widely used characterization tool in industrial and research laboratory settings for chemical fingerprinting and analysis. High-end spectrometers are typically benchtop based with bulky optical components, moving parts, and long path lengths, and they can deliver a wealth of information with ultrahigh precision and bandwidth. There is, however, a drive toward miniaturization of spectrometers, in which concepts in nanophotonics are used to control light on much smaller scales. Yang
et al.
reviewed recent developments in spectrometry systems, including various fabrication approaches of nanophotonics systems and the software that computationally determines the spectra, that strive to shrink their footprint and open up applications in portable spectroscopy.

Science
, this issue p.
eabe0722
Translating viral vaccines into immunity
Authors: Juno Jennifer A. , O'Connor Shelby L.
Published: January 2021

How adenoviral vaccines orchestrate adaptive immunity from innate responses is uncovered
Structure of the activated human minor spliceosome
Authors: Bai Rui , Wan Ruixue , Wang Lin , Xu Kui , Zhang Qiangfeng , Lei Jianlin , Shi Yigong
Published: January 2021

Atomic structure of the minor spliceosome

About 1% of the human genome contains the so-called U12-type introns, which are spliced by the minor spliceosome. Compared with the major spliceosome, the composition, assembly, functional states, activation, regulation, and structure of the minor spliceosome have been enigmatic. Bai
et al.
assembled the activated human minor spliceosome in an in vitro U12-type intron-splicing assay and determined the structure by cryo–electron microscopy at 2.9-angstrom resolution. They found a number of exciting and unanticipated features, including five new proteins that play an important role in the activated minor spliceosome.

Science
, this issue p.
eabg0879
Science, civics, and democracy
Authors: Feuer Michael J.
Published: January 2021

Will the inauguration of President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris—a transition made “orderly” with barbed wire, National Guard soldiers, and the closure of downtown Washington, D.C.—be remembered as an inflection point? After 4 years of boorish incivility, incendiary nativist extremism, a crippling pandemic, resurgent racism, and riotous mobs incited to attack the Capitol, can the United States rebuild its civic and moral infrastructure? To repair the damage and prepare the next generation of citizens and leaders requires a new spirit of cooperation between the science and civics education communities.
Rid Enhances the 6-Hydroxypseudooxynicotine Dehydrogenase Reaction in Nicotine Degradation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33
Authors: Shang Jinmeng , Wang Xia , Zhang Meng , Wang Rongshui , Zhang Chengjia , Huang Haiyan , Wang Shuning
Published: January 2021

Rid is a family of proteins that participate in metabolite damage repair and is widely distributed in different organisms. In this study, we found that Rid-NC, which belongs to the Rid6 subfamily, promoted the 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase (Pno) reaction in the hybrid of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways for nicotine degradation by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
S33.
Delineation of the pH-Responsive Regulon Controlled by the Helicobacter pylori ArsRS Two-Component System
Authors: Loh John T. , Shum Miranda V. , Jossart Scott D. R. , Campbell Anne M. , Sawhney Neha , McDonald W. Hayes , Scholz Matthew B. , McClain Mark S. , Forsyth Mark H. , Cover Timothy L.
Published: January 2021

Helicobacter pylori
encounters a wide range of pH within the human stomach. In a comparison of
H. pylori
cultured
in vitro
under neutral or acidic conditions, about 15% of genes are differentially expressed, and corresponding changes are detectable for many of the encoded proteins.
The Tetraspanin Protein CD9 Modulates Infection with Human Herpesvirus 6A and 6B in a CD46-Dependent Manner
Authors: Schack Vivien R. , Rossen Litten Sørensen , Ekebjærg Clara Christina , Thuesen Katrine Kyd Holstein , Bundgaard Bettina , Höllsberg Per
Published: January 2021

The mechanisms of entry of HHV-6A and HHV-6B into host cells are of significance in order to develop novel drugs that may inhibit infection. To elucidate the contributions of the membrane proteins CD9 and CD46, we employed a genetic approach that eliminated these molecules from the host cell.
The Influenza A Virus Host Shutoff Factor PA-X Is Rapidly Turned Over in a Strain-Specific Manner
Authors: Levene Rachel Emily , Shrestha Shailab D. , Gaglia Marta Maria
Published: January 2021

The PA-X protein from influenza A virus reduces host immune responses to infection through suppressing host gene expression, including genes encoding the antiviral response. Thus, it plays a central role in influenza A virus biology.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) caused by over-the-counter calcium supplement ingestion
Authors: Schertz Adam Ross , Sarma Anand Karthik , Datar Sudhir , Miller Peter John
Published: January 2021

A 59-year-old woman was found unresponsive at home. Initial neurologic examination revealed aphasia and right-sided weakness. Laboratory results demonstrated a serum calcium level of 17.3 mg/dL (corrected serum calcium for albumin concentration was 16.8 mg/dL). Extensive workup for intrinsic aetiology of hypercalcemia was unrevealing. Further discussion with family members and investigation of the patient’s home for over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements revealed chronic ingestion of calcium carbonate tablets. CT angiogram of the brain revealed multifocal intracranial vascular segmental narrowing, which resolved on a follow-up cerebral angiogram done 2 days later. These findings were consistent with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.

Appropriate blood pressure control with parenteral agents, calcium channel blockade with nimodipine and supportive care therapies resulted in significant improvement in neurologic status. By discharge, patient had near-complete resolution of neurologic symptoms.
Successful management of anastomotic leakage with endoscopic fibrin glue injection after primary repair of pure oesophageal atresia
Authors: Roy Chloe , Tamura Ryo , McDonald Leigh , Gabra Hany
Published: January 2021

Anastomotic leakage (AL) occurs in 15% of cases of primary repair of oesophageal atresia. Urgent surgery is indicated in cases of complete anastomotic separation or severe mediastinitis. Otherwise, conservative management including keeping the patient nil per os (NPO), feeding via transanastomotic tube and prolonged parenteral nutrition, has been widely accepted as it can avoid multiple surgeries in neonates and allow oesophageal continuity to be preserved. However, complications relating to prolonged feeding tube use are common downsides to this approach and the negative impact of prolonged NPO on mastication and swallowing function cannot be ignored.

In this case report, a novel approach for the treatment of AL with fibrin glue is reported, following primary repair of oesophageal atresia. It was endoscopically injected into the leakage site to enhance healing and early closure. This procedure was safely performed and achieved early establishment of oral feeding.