bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marriage in a British Evangelical Congregation: Practising Postfeminist Partnership?
Authors: Aune Kristin
Published: November 2006

This article explores understandings and practices of marriage in a congregation from the growing British evangelical Christian movement New Frontiers International (NFI). It investigates how those who subscribe to evangelical religion interact with the gendered ideas and behaviour of the more ‘secular’ society they inhabit. The data for this research are drawn from participant observation and interviews with members of the congregation. These are situated in the context of the official discourse of NFI and of contemporary debates about the move to individualized partnership. It is argued that though these evangelicals claim to shape their marriages according to ‘biblical’ patterns, they in fact reflect the partnership practices of their less religious peers. Building on work by Stacey and McRobbie, patterns of marriage and heterosexual partnership in contemporary Britain are conceptualized as ‘postfeminist’; the article locates within this framework NFI's declared – and undeclared – marriage practices. It finds that while they are somewhat more conservative than their ‘secular’ peers, NFI evangelicals are indeed practising postfeminist partnership. Observations are also offered on the impact of religion on people's ability to live out individualized partnerships.
Class and Family
Authors: Crompton Rosemary
Published: November 2006

This paper seeks to make a contribution to debates on ‘class analysis’, as well as exploring the role of the family in class reproduction. A broad distinction is drawn between primarily ‘economic’ and primarily ‘culturalist’ accounts of class reproduction. It is argued that despite their differences, these accounts also share many similarities. In particular, both approaches identify the role of the family as central to the reproduction of class. However, economic and cultural accounts cannot be integrated into a single ‘theory’, one reason being that the mechanisms whereby economic and cultural capital are transmitted are different. Nevertheless, economic and cultural approaches may be (and should be) used in combination with each other in order to develop a full account of the reproduction of class inequalities. In developing these arguments, a critique is offered of current theories of ‘individualisation’ in relation to class and the family. The argument is illustrated by two ‘worked examples’; teenage motherhood, and the patterning of mothers’ employment.
‘Estrogen-Filled Worlds’: Fathers as Primary Caregivers and Embodiment
Authors: Doucet Andrea
Published: November 2006

Within the wide body of scholarship on gender work and caring, sub-strands of research have grown tremendously in the past decade, including largely separate studies on fatherhood and embodiment. Drawing on a qualitative research project with Canadian fathers who self-identify as primary caregivers of their children, this article focuses on recovering largely invisible links between theoretical and empirical understandings of fatherhood, caring and embodiment. The article builds on the work of key sociologists of the body as well as the work of Goffman and Merleau-Ponty. Specifically, Merleau-Ponty's concept of ‘body subjects’ and Goffman's work on the ‘ moral’ quality of bodily movements through public spaces are utilized as lenses for understanding fathers’ narratives of caring, particularly how men speak about their movements with children through what several fathers refer to as “estrogen-filled” worlds. As caring for others involves forming social networks and relations, embodiment can matter in the spaces between men, between male and female caregivers, and between men and the children of others. This article argues that through the changing stages of caring for children, male embodiment constantly shifts in the weight of its salience in the identities and practices of fathers and caregiving.
Theorising Gun Control: The Development of Regulation and Shooting Sports in Britain
Authors: Smith Stuart
Published: November 2006

Utilising an account of the development of gun control legislation in Britain and the work of Norbert Elias, this paper argues that there are a number of processes that influence the development of such legislation, both in Britain and elsewhere. It argues that while processes such as the state's predisposition to consolidate its monopoly on the use of violence and advances in people's threshold of repugnance at violence influence the development of legislation, they can also lead to a blurring of the distinction between legally held sporting guns and illegal firearms in the hands of criminals. The paper concludes by considering other factors such as the efficacy of the prohibitionist lobby on the one hand and the gun lobby on the other, together with historical factors that may, in part, account for international variation in regimes of gun control.
Hormone replacement therapy and headache prevalence in postmenopausal women. The Head‐HUNT study
Authors: Aegidius K. L. , Zwart J‐A. , Hagen K. , Schei B. , Stovner L. J.
Published: November 2006

Conflicting evidence exists whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a risk factor for headache. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of headache and migraine amongst postmenopausal women using HRT. In the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study 1995–97 (HUNT 2), 18 323 (62%) out of 29 679 women aged 40 years or more responded to headache questions (Head‐HUNT). Amongst the 6007 postmenopausal women, 5507 (92%) responded to questions regarding use of HRT (2375 used or had used it) and questions related to headache (2407 had complaints). There was a significant association between headache and present use of HRT, both with local [odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.1–1.7] and systemic (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.4–1.9) application. This was found for non‐migrainous headache (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) and migraine (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.4–1.9). Both migraine and non‐migrainous headache were more probably amongst users of postmenopausal HRT than amongst those who had never used HRT. Whether HRT caused headache or was used partly because of headache cannot be determined in this cross‐sectional study.
The subordination of the gender equality objective: the National Reform Programmes and ‘making work pay’ oplicies
Authors: Fagan Colette , Grimshaw Damian , Rubery Jill
Published: November 2006

The streamlining of the Lisbon strategy has introduced new integrated guidelines for economic policy and employment strategy and a new report format––the National Reform Programme. In the first year of this new reporting mechanism, Member States have paid less attention to gender mainstreaming and gender equality objectives, not least because the gender equality guideline has been removed. Streamlining has further exposed the narrow and instrumental focus on gender equality measures in the Lisbon process as a means of raising the employment rate rather than a broader concern for equal opportunity. This narrow gender equality approach also dilutes the efficacy of the economic and employment policies that are advanced. Some positive steps to advance gender equality continue to be taken, but the reforms are partial, uneven and coexist with negative developments. We illustrate this with an evaluation of the policy trajectory in relation to the ‘making work pay’ agenda for low‐waged workers (tax/benefit reform, minimum wages, childcare and parental leave). We conclude that this latest reform to the Lisbon process has exposed the enormous amount of political work and capacity building that is needed to mainstream gender issues across the whole field of economic, employment and social policies.
Another third way? VW and the trials of stakeholder capitalism
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: November 2006

The continuing crisis at Volkswagen has attracted widespread attention and concern in its seeming epitomisation of the ‘sclerosis’ of the German business system and Germany’s system of industrial relations in large firms. These wider, systemic questions are reviewed here as well as the key, related issue as to how far, under globalisation, German corporate success can be achieved while retaining its long‐established approach towards social cohesion.
The Role of Risk Management and Governance in Determining Audit Demand
Authors: Knechel W. Robert , Willekens Marleen
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Most prior research into audit fees has been based on a theoretical model which treats audit fees as the by‐product of a production function ignoring potential demand forces that may drive the level of the audit fee. Inspired by prior ‘anomalous’ results, we take a different perspective by focusing on demand factors that may affect the level of the audit fee. Using data collected from a sample of listed companies in Belgium, we consider both disclosures about risk and risk management and actual decisions about corporate governance to examine whether audit fees are higher when these demand forces exist. In general, we expect that external auditing will increase in situations where there are multiple stakeholders with individual risk profiles who can shift some of the cost of monitoring to other stakeholders. Consistent with our theory and expectations, our results indicate that audit fees are higher when a company has an audit committee, discloses a relatively high level of financial risk management, and has a larger proportion of independent Board Members. Audit fees are lower when a company discloses a relatively high level of compliance risk management. The latter result indicates that controls are only complementary as long as they are voluntary, as mandated controls act as substitutes for non‐mandated controls.
Does ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure vary along a Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) to black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) gradient?
Authors: Taniguchi Takeshi , Kanzaki Natsumi , Tamai Shigenobu , Yamanaka Norikazu , Futai Kazuyoshi
Published: November 2006

In this study we examined the role of the nitrogen‐fixing tree, Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) formation and ECM community of Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine) seedlings.

Two 200 m2 experimental plots were established at the border between a Japanese black pine‐ and a black locust‐dominated area in a coastal forest. The ECM fungal community of pine seedlings was examined by PCR‐RFLP and sequence analysis. We analyzed the relationship between ECM formation, ECM community, growth, and nutrient status of pine seedlings and environmental conditions using the Mantel test and structural equation model.

Percentages of ECM root tips, the number of ECM fungal species and ECM diversity on pine seedlings decreased in the black locust‐dominated area. Cenococcum geophilum and Russula spp. were dominant in the Japanese black pine‐dominated area, whereas Tomentella spp. were dominant in the black locust‐dominated area. Nitrogen (N) concentration in soils or pine seedlings strongly influenced the percentage of ECM root tips, the number of ECM fungal species and ECM fungal similarity.

These results imply the long‐term eutrophication caused by N‐fixing trees can change ECM formation and ECM community structure.
Lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans by complete removal of food
Authors: Kaeberlein Tammi L. , Smith Erica D. , Tsuchiya Mitsuhiro , Welton K. Linnea , Thomas James H. , Fields Stanley , Kennedy Brian K. , Kaeberlein Matt
Published: November 2006

A partial reduction in food intake has been found to increase lifespan in many different organisms. We report here a new dietary restriction regimen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, based on the standard agar plate lifespan assay, in which adult worms are maintained in the absence of a bacterial food source. These findings represent the first report in any organism of lifespan extension in response to prolonged starvation. Removal of bacterial food increases lifespan to a greater extent than partial reduction of food through a mechanism that is distinct from insulin/IGF‐like signaling and the Sir2‐family deacetylase, SIR‐2.1. Removal of bacterial food also increases lifespan when initiated in postreproductive adults, suggesting that dietary restriction started during middle age can result in a substantial longevity benefit that is independent of reproduction.
Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes are Sensitive In Vitro to Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin
Authors: Brest Patrick , Hofman Véronique , Lassalle Sandra , Césaro Annabelle , Ricci Vittorio , Selva Eric , Auberger Patrick , Hofman Paul
Published: November 2006

Background:  Interactions between bacterial components and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) play a major pathogenic role in Helicobacter pylori‐associated diseases. Activation of PMNL can be induced by contact with whole bacteria or by different H. pylori products released in the extracellular space either by active secretion or by bacterial autolysis. Among these products, H. pylori VacA is a secreted toxin inducing vacuolation and apoptosis of epithelial cells.

Methods and Results:  We found that non‐opsonic human PMNL were sensitive to the vacuolating effect of VacA+ broth culture filtrate (BCF) and of purified VacA toxin. PMNL incubated with VacA+ BCF showed Rab7‐positive large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. PMNL preincubation with H. pylori BCF of different phenotypes dramatically potentialized the oxidative burst induced by zymosan, increased phagocytosis of opsonized fluorescent beads, and up‐regulated CD11b cell surface expression, but independently of the BCF VacA phenotype. Moreover, by using purified VacA toxin we showed that vacuolation induced in PMNL did not modify the rate of spontaneous PMNL apoptosis measured by caspase 3 activity.

Conclusions:  Taken together, these data showed that human PMNL is a sensitive cell population to H. pylori VacA toxin. However, activation of PMNL (i.e., oxidative burst, phagocytosis, CD11b up‐regulation) and PMNL apoptosis are not affected by VacA, raising question about the role of VacA toxin on PMNL in vivo.
Effect of the Folk Remedy, Bainiku‐ekisu, a Concentrate of Prunus mume Juice, on Helicobacter pylori Infection in Humans
Authors: Nakajima Shigemi , Fujita Kimie , Inoue Yumiko , Nishio Muneaki , Seto Yukio
Published: November 2006

Background:  Bainiku‐ekisu, a concentrate of Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) juice, is a traditional Japanese folk remedy for treatment of dyspepsia since more than a thousand years ago. Fujita et al. previously reported in vitro antibacterial effect of Bainiku‐ekisu to Helicobacter pylori. We conducted an in vivo pilot study to evaluate the possibility that Bainiku‐ekisu may have an antibacterial effect on H. pylori in the human stomach.

Materials and Methods:  Consecutive 18 H. pylori‐positive subjects were included. Approximately 130 mL 1% Bainiku‐ekisu solution was ingested by the subjects twice a day for 12 weeks. Urea breath test (UBT) was performed before ingestion, and 2 and 12 weeks after starting ingestion of Bainiku‐ekisu, and UBT values were compared.

Results:  Bainiku‐ekisu therapy resulted in a slight fall in UBT values after 2 weeks (from 30.1 ± 6 to 23.5 ± 6 in ITT analysis, p = .094; from 31.2 ± 6 to 24.7 ± 6 in PP analysis, p = .124) (data are shown with mean ± SE). In two instances (11%), the UBT values became negative. Fourteen subjects completed the trial for 12 weeks and there was no significant change in UBT values (from 30.1 ± 6 to 25.9 ± 6 in ITT analysis, p = .450; from 35.6 ± 6 to 31.4 ± 7 in PP analysis, p = .555).

Conclusion:  Our results are consistent with the antibacterial effect of Bainiku‐ekisu on H. pylori in the human stomach. However, the bacteria were not successfully eradicated with 2‐ or 12‐week ingestion of a Bainiku‐ekisu solution. Subsequent studies will need to identify a clinically useful regimen.
On the distributional effects of income in an aggregate consumption relation
Authors: Chakrabarty Manisha , Schmalenbach Anke , Racine Jeffrey
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we analyse the influence of characteristics of the income distribution in modelling aggregate consumption expenditure. We model the aggregate consumption relation of a heterogeneous population, using a statistical distributional approach of aggregation, and apply it to UK‐Family Expenditure Survey data. A bootstrap test based on a non‐parametric estimation methodology, which accounts for the presence of continuous and discrete variables, suggests that the mean and the dispersion of the income distribution significantly influence aggregate consumption expenditure. Also, the parameters of the aggregate relation are time varying. These findings have implications for constructing empirically sound models of aggregate consumption expenditure.
COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND MYELOGRAPHY IN 18 DOBERMAN PINSCHER DOGS WITH CERVICAL SPONDYLOMYELOPATHY
Authors: DA COSTA RONALDO C. , PARENT JOANE , DOBSON HOWARD , HOLMBERG DAVID , PARTLOW GARY
Published: November 2006

Eighteen Doberman pinscher dogs with clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome) underwent cervical myelography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Cervical myelography was performed using iohexol, followed by lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs. Traction myelography was performed using a cervical harness exerting 9 kg of linear traction. MR imaging was performed in sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T magnet with the spine in neutral and traction positions. Three reviewers independently evaluated the myelographic and MR images to determine the most extensive lesion and whether the lesion was static or dynamic. All reviewers agreed with the location of the most extensive lesion on MR images (100%), while the agreement using myelography was 83%. The myelogram and MR imaging findings agreed in the identification of the affected site in 13–16 dogs depending on the reviewer. MR imaging provided additional information on lesion location because it allowed direct examination of the spinal cord diameter and parenchyma. Spinal cord signal changes were seen in 10 dogs. Depending on the reviewer, two to four dogs had their lesions classified as dynamic on myelography but static on MR images. Myelography markedly underscored the severity of the spinal cord compression in two dogs, and failed to identify the cause of the signs in another. The results of this study indicated that, although myelography can identify the location of the lesion in most patients, MR imaging appears to be more accurate in predicting the site, severity, and nature of the spinal cord compression.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF FEMORAL VARUS AND TORSION IN THE DOG
Authors: DUDLEY ROBERT M. , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , DROST WM TOD , DYCE JONATHAN
Published: November 2006

Diagnosis and quantification of femoral varus and femoral torsion using radiographs is technically challenging due to the difficulty in determining proper positioning. The purpose of this study is to describe a computed tomographic technique for determination of femoral varus and femoral torsion and to compare this technique, and standard radiography, to anatomic preparation, for the measurement of femoral varus and femoral torsion in normal dogs. Nine canine cadavers, visually and radiographically free of orthopedic disease of the hip and stifle joints, were utilized for analysis. Femoral varus was determined using a craniocaudal radiograph, a craniocaudal radiograph obtained after confirming accurate positioning using horizontal beam fluoroscopy, and computed tomography (CT). Femoral torsion (expressed as angle of version) was determined using an axial radiographic projection obtained from distal to proximal and CT. Each femur was dissected free of soft tissues, and direct determination of femoral varus and femoral torsion was performed using digital photographic images. All radiologic and photographic images were digitally measured to quantify the magnitude of femoral varus and femoral torsion. For femoral varus, no difference (P=0.149) between the three different imaging techniques and the anatomic preparation was identified. For femoral torsion, no difference (P=0.059) between the two imaging techniques and the anatomic preparation was identified. Well positioned radiographs and the described computed tomographic method are both as accurate as anatomic preparation for the measurement of both femoral varus and femoral torsion in normal dogs.
SUBFASCIAL SEROMA CAUSING COMPRESSIVE MYELOPATHY AFTER CERVICAL DORSAL LAMINECTOMY
Authors: MATIASEK LARA A. , PLATT SIMON R. , DENNIS RUTH , PETITE AUDREY
Published: November 2006

Dorsal surgical approach to the cervical vertebral canal is indicated for a variety of spinal cord diseases. Compressive myelopathy due to subfascial seroma following dorsal laminectomy has not previously been documented in dogs. We describe neurologic findings, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics and clinical outcome in a young Rottweiler experiencing this complication after a successful dorsal decompression for treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy. MR imaging allowed detection of pockets of high signal intensity material on T2‐weighted images and low signal intensity in T1‐weighted images. Prompt surgical revision and drainage allowed complete recovery.
DIURETIC RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: HECHT SILKE , DANIEL GREGORY B. , MITCHELL SALLY K.
Published: November 2006

Diuretic renal scintigraphy is commonly used in human medicine to differentiate obstructive from nonobstructive pyelectasia. In order to determine normal parameters,99mTc‐DTPA renal scintigraphy was performed twice in 20 healthy adult Mongrel dogs. Each dog was injected with either 3.0 mg/kg furosemide or an equivalent volume of saline 4.5 min following injection of the radiopharmaceutical. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) global and individual glomerular filtration rate (GFR); (2) time of peak (TOP) of the time–activity curve (TAC); (3) shape of the TAC; (4) individual kidney excretion half‐time (T1/2); (5) proportion of maximum activity measured at end of study (8 min); (6) time of onset; and (7) duration of the effect of the diuretic. Most TAC in the diuretic renography group showed a steep drop in the curve following administration of the diuretic compared with a gradual slope in the saline control group. There was a statistically significant difference inT1/2between the control renograms (median 10.25 min, range 4.41–18.07 min) and the diuretic renograms (median 4.16 min, range 3.62–5.90 min). There was a statistically significant difference in percentage maximum activity between the control renograms (median 65.25%, range 48.27–93.68%) and the diuretic renograms (median 48.54%, range 35.64–58.76%). Median time of onset of the diuretic effect was 1.10 min (0.20–2.40 min), and median duration was 0.83 min (0.30–2.35 min).
Preservation of Existing Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Pump Mechanism During Scrotal Surgery
Authors: Tillett John , Issa Muta , Ritenour Chad
Published: November 2006

Introduction

There is little reported regarding the feasibility of scrotal surgery in patients with an existing penile prosthesis. We report a series of two patients with existing inflatable penile prostheses who underwent scrotal surgery for unrelated indications in which the prosthesis pump mechanism and tubing were preserved. In both instances, damage to the prosthetic pump and tubing were avoided.

Aim

To demonstrate two instances where scrotal surgery was performed successfully in the setting of a pre-existing penile prosthesis.

Methods

Two cases of patients with existing penile implant who underwent scrotal surgery for pathology unrelated to the implant are reported.

Conclusions

It is possible to perform scrotal surgery in a patient who has an existing penile prosthesis without injuring or infecting the prosthesis.
Phosphorylation of Phenol by Phenylphosphate Synthase: Role of Histidine Phosphate in Catalysis
Authors: Narmandakh Ariun , Gad'on Nasser , Drepper Friedel , Knapp Bettina , Haehnel Wolfgang , Fuchs Georg
Published: November 2006

The anaerobic metabolism of phenol proceeds via carboxylation to 4-hydroxybenzoate by a two-step process involving seven proteins and two enzymes (“biological Kolbe-Schmitt carboxylation”). MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of phenol catalyzed by phenylphosphate synthase is followed by phenylphosphate carboxylation. Phenylphosphate synthase shows similarities to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) synthase and was studied for the bacterium
Thauera aromatica
. It consists of three proteins and transfers the β-phosphoryl from ATP to phenol; the products are phenylphosphate, AMP, and phosphate. We showed that protein 1 becomes phosphorylated in the course of the reaction cycle by [β-
32
P]ATP. This reaction requires protein 2 and is severalfold stimulated by protein 3. Stimulation of the reaction by 1 M sucrose is probably due to stabilization of the protein(s). Phosphorylated protein 1 transfers the phosphoryl group to phenolic substrates. The primary structure of protein 1 was analyzed by nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry after CNBr cleavage, trypsin digestion, and online high-pressure liquid chromatography at alkaline pH. His-569 was identified as the phosphorylated amino acid. We propose a catalytic ping-pong mechanism similar to that of PEP synthase. First, a diphosphoryl group is transferred to His-569 in protein 1, from which phosphate is cleaved to render the reaction unidirectional. Histidine phosphate subsequently serves as the actual phosphorylation agent.
Uncovering a Large Set of Genes That Affect Surface Motility inSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium
Authors: Wang Qingfeng , Mariconda Susana , Suzuki Asaka , McClelland Michael , Harshey Rasika M.
Published: November 2006

We describe a large set of genes affecting motility inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. Identified in microarray experiments as displaying flagellar gene expression patterns or controlled by known flagellar regulators, we show that null mutations in these genes primarily affect swarming motility. Three genes function in chemotaxis.
A Novel Gene Involved in Regulating the Flagellar Gene Cascade inProteus mirabilis
Authors: Stevenson Lindsay G. , Rather Philip N.
Published: November 2006

In this study, we identified a transposon insertion in a novel gene, designateddisA, that restored swarming motility to a putrescine-deficientspeAmutant ofProteus mirabilis.A null allele indisAalso increased swarming in a wild-type background. The DisA gene product was homologous to amino acid decarboxylases, and its role in regulating swarming was investigated by examining the expression of genes in the flagellar cascade. In adisAmutant background, we observed a 1.4-fold increase in the expression offlhDC, which encodes FlhD2C2, the master regulator of the flagellar gene cascade. However, the expressions of class 2 (fliA,flgM) and class 3 (flaA) genes were at least 16-fold higher in thedisAbackground during swarmer cell differentiation. Overexpression of DisA on a high-copy-number plasmid did not significantly decreaseflhDCmRNA accumulation but resulted in a complete block in mRNA accumulation for bothfliAandflaA. DisA overexpression also blocked swarmer cell differentiation. ThedisAgene was regulated during the swarming cycle, and a single-copydisA::lacZfusion exhibited a threefold increase in expression in swarmer cells. Given that DisA was similar to amino acid decarboxylases, a panel of decarboxylated amino acids was tested for effects similar to DisA overexpression, and phenethylamine, the product of phenylalanine decarboxylation, was capable of inhibiting both swarming and the expression of class 2 and class 3 genes in the flagellar regulon. A DisA-dependent decarboxylated amino acid may inhibit the formation of active FlhD2C2heterotetramers or inhibit FlhD2C2binding to DNA.
Role of DNA Polymerase IV in
Escherichia coli
SOS Mutator Activity
Authors: Kuban Wojciech , Banach-Orlowska Magdalena , Schaaper Roel M. , Jonczyk Piotr , Fijalkowska Iwona J.
Published: November 2006

Constitutive expression of the SOS regulon in
Escherichia coli recA730
strains leads to a mutator phenotype (SOS mutator) that is dependent on DNA polymerase V (
umuDC
gene product). Here we show that a significant fraction of this effect also requires DNA polymerase IV (
dinB
gene product).
TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC BANDGAP STRUCTURES WITH SOME DEFECTS
Authors: SURYANTO A.
Published: November 2006

We discuss the transmission properties of one-dimensional quarter-wavelength stack containing an inserted array of defect layers. Using a direct integration method, we show that defect layers may cause resonances inside the bandgap, called defect modes. It is shown that defect modes are strongly dependent on the number, the sizes and the positions of defect layers as well as on the period number of the separated layers between the defects. We also show that the increasing number of defects can reduce the optical bistability threshold significantly. Based on the direct integration method, it is shown that nonlinear transfer matrix method either without or with improvement in the interface conditions can only show the bistable behavior qualitatively and not quantitatively.
Developmental Modulation of the Temporal Relationship Between Brain and Behavior
Authors: Crandall Shane R. , Aoki Naoya , Nick Teresa A.
Published: November 2006

Humans and songbirds shape learned vocalizations during a sensorimotor sensitive period or “babbling” phase. The brain mechanisms that underlie the shaping of vocalizations by sensory feedback are not known. We examined song behavior and brain activity in zebra finches during singing as they actively shaped their song toward a tutor model. We now show that the temporal relationship of behavior and activity in the premotor area HVC changes with the development of song behavior. During sensorimotor learning, HVC bursting activity both preceded and followed learned vocalizations by hundreds of milliseconds. Correspondingly, the duration of bursts that occurred during ongoing song motif behavior was prolonged in juveniles, as compared with adults, and was inversely correlated with song maturation. Multielectrode single-unit recording in juveniles revealed that single fast-spiking neurons were active both before and after vocalization. These same neurons responded to auditory stimuli. Collectively, these data indicate that a key aspect of sensory critical periods—prolonged bursting—also applies to sensorimotor development. In addition, prolonged motor discharge and sensory input coincide in single neurons of the developing song system, providing the necessary cellular elements for sensorimotor shaping through activity-dependent mechanisms.
Nongenotoxic p53 Activation Protects Cells against S-Phase–Specific Chemotherapy
Authors: Kranz Dominique , Dobbelstein Matthias
Published: November 2006

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 represent the most frequent genetic difference between tumor cells and normal cells. Here, we have attempted to turn this difference into an advantage for normal cells during therapy. Using the Mdm2 antagonist nutlin-3, we first activated p53 in U2OS and HCT116 cells to induce cell cycle arrest. These arrested cells were found to be resistant to subsequent transient treatment with the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine, as revealed by clonogenic assays following drug removal. In contrast, isogenic cells lacking functional p53 continued to enter S phase regardless of nutlin-3 pretreatment and remained highly susceptible to gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity. The sequential treatment with nutlin-3 alone, followed by transient exposure to nutlin-3 plus gemcitabine, efficiently compromised the clonogenicity of tumor cells with deletions or mutations of p53 but largely spared the proliferation of nontransformed human keratinocytes. Nutlin-3 pretreatment also conferred protection of p53-proficient cells against cytosine arabinoside but not against doxorubicin or cisplatin. We propose that the cell cycle arrest function of p53 can be used to convert p53 from a killer to a protector of cells, with the potential to reduce unwanted side effects of chemotherapy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10274-80)
The Urinary Metabolite Profile of the Dietary Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine Is Predictive of Colon DNA Adducts after a Low-Dose Exposure in Humans
Authors: Malfatti Michael A. , Dingley Karen H. , Nowell-Kadlubar Susan , Ubick Esther A. , Mulakken Nisha , Nelson David , Lang Nicholas P. , Felton James S. , Turteltaub Kenneth W.
Published: November 2006

Epidemiologic evidence indicates that exposure to heterocyclic amines in the diet is an important risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Well-done cooked meats contain significant levels of heterocyclic amines, which have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. To better understand the mechanisms of heterocyclic amine bioactivation in humans, the most mass abundant heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), was used to assess the relationship between PhIP metabolism and DNA adduct formation. Ten human volunteers where administered a dietary relevant dose of [14C]PhIP 48 to 72 hours before surgery to remove colon tumors. Urine was collected for 24 hours after dosing for metabolite analysis, and DNA was extracted from colon tissue and analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry for DNA adducts. All 10 subjects were phenotyped for cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2), N-acetyltransferase 2, and sulfotransferase 1A1 enzyme activity. Twelve PhIP metabolites were detected in the urine samples. The most abundant metabolite in all volunteers was N-hydroxy-PhIP-N2-glucuronide. Metabolite levels varied significantly between the volunteers. Interindividual differences in colon DNA adducts levels were observed between each individual. The data showed that individuals with a rapid CYP1A2 phenotype and high levels of urinary N-hydroxy-PhIP-N2-glucuronide had the lowest level of colon PhIP-DNA adducts. This suggests that glucuronidation plays a significant role in detoxifying N-hydroxy-PhIP. The levels of urinary N-hydroxy-PhIP-N2-glucuronide were negatively correlated to colon DNA adduct levels. Although it is difficult to make definite conclusions from a small data set, the results from this pilot study have encouraged further investigations using a much larger study group. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10541-7)
Tumorigenic Conversion of Primary Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells Using Oncogene Combinations in the Absence of Exogenous Ras
Authors: Kim Seok-Hyun , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Navaraj Arunasalam , Naomoto Yoshio , Klein-Szanto Andres J.P. , Rustgi Anil K. , El-Deiry Wafik S.
Published: November 2006

To investigate pathways of human esophageal squamous cell transformation, we generated esophageal tumor cells using human telomerase– and SV40-immortalized primary esophageal epithelial cells (EPC2) by overexpression of selected combinations of oncogenes. H-Ras, c-Myc, or Akt, but not epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), induced transformed colonies in soft agar. By contrast, bioluminescence imaging of genetically altered immortalized esophageal cells revealed that Akt, EGFR, or H-Ras, but not c-Myc, resulted in tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. H-Ras-driven tumors showed highly tumorigenic phenotypes with 2.6 ± 0.6 days for doubling, whereas Akt and EGFR tumors doubled every 9.5 ± 1.6 and 6.1 ± 1.2 days, respectively. H-Ras-driven tumors expressed the hypoxia-inducible factor target Glut1, whereas Akt- or EGFR-driven tumors had evidence of angiogenesis and no detectable Glut1 expression. Proliferation rates among these tumors were similar, but there was reduced apoptosis in the more aggressive H-Ras-driven tumors that also developed aneuploidy and multiple centrosomes. c-Myc overexpression did not result in tumorigenic conversion but introduction of Bcl-XL into c-Myc-expressing cells generated tumors. Although cytokeratin expression was typical of squamous carcinoma, gene expression profiling was done to compare the four different types of engineered tumors with human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Interestingly, c-Myc plus Bcl-XL transformants mimicked squamous carcinomas, whereas H-Ras-, EGFR-, and Akt-driven tumors were similar to adenocarcinomas in their molecular profiles. These genetically engineered models may provide new platforms for understanding human esophagus cancer and may assist in the evaluation of new therapies. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10415-24)
Modulation of Oncogenic Transcription and Alternative Splicing by β-Catenin and an RNA Aptamer in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Lee Hee Kyu , Choi Yong Seok , Park Young Ae , Jeong Sunjoo
Published: November 2006

Activated β-catenin regulates the transcription of oncogenic target genes and is critical for tumorigenesis. Because nuclear functions are frequently coupled, we investigated whether it also has a role in alternative splicing of oncogenic genes. We showed that stabilized β-catenin caused alternative splicing of estrogen receptor-β pre-mRNA in colon cancer cells. To establish a direct role of β-catenin in regulated splicing, we selected a high-affinity RNA aptamer that associated with β-catenin in vivo. Nuclear localized aptamer inhibited β-catenin-dependent transcription of cyclin D1 and c-myc in colon cancer cells; thus, cells stably expressing the aptamer exhibited cell cycle arrest and reduced tumor forming potential. Most significantly, the aptamer prevented the alternative splicing induced by stabilized β-catenin. Taken together, our results establish that β-catenin has an important role in both transcription and splicing, and that its action can be modulated by a high-affinity RNA aptamer. The RNA aptamer could be further developed as a specific inhibitor for cancer therapeutics. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10560-6)
Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Confers Aneuploidy and Tumorigenicity on Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Golubkov Vladislav S. , Chekanov Alexey V. , Savinov Alexey Y. , Rozanov Dmitri V. , Golubkova Natalya V. , Strongin Alex Y.
Published: November 2006

An elevated expression of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is closely associated with multiple malignancies. Recently, we discovered that recycled MT1-MMP was trafficked along the tubulin cytoskeleton into the centrosomal compartment and cleaved the integral centrosomal protein pericentrin-2. These events correlated with the induction of chromosome instability and aneuploidy in nonmalignant Madine-Darby canine kidney cells. Accordingly, we hypothesized that MT1-MMP is an oncogene that promotes malignant transformation of normal cells rather than just an enzyme that supports growth of preexisting tumors. To prove our hypothesis, we transfected normal 184B5 human mammary epithelial cells with MT1-MMP (184B5-MT1 cells). MT1-MMP was colocalized with pericentrin in the centrosomal compartment and especially in the midbody of dividing cells. 184B5-MT1 cells acquired the ability to activate MMP-2, to cleave pericentrin, and to invade the Matrigel matrix. 184B5-MT1 cells exhibited aneuploidy, and they were efficient in generating tumors in the orthotopic xenograft model in immunodeficient mice. Because of the absence of tumor angiogenesis and the resulting insufficient blood supply, the tumors then regressed with significant accompanying necrosis. Gene array studies confirmed a significant up-regulation of oncogenes and tumorigenic genes but not the angiogenesis-promoting genes in 184B5-MT1 cells. We believe that our data point to a novel function of MT1-MMP in the initial stages of malignant transformation and to new and hitherto unknown transition mechanism from normalcy to malignancy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10460-5)
Progesterone and Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Effects on Central and Peripheral Allopregnanolone and Beta-Endorphin Levels
Authors: Bernardi Francesca , Pluchino Nicola , Pieri Matteo , Begliuomini Silvia , Lenzi Elena , Puccetti Simone , Casarosa Elena , Luisi Michele , Genazzani Andrea Riccardo
Published: November 2006

The increased use of hormonal therapies has led to the study of the properties of different progestin molecules and their effects on the central nervous system. The central and peripheral levels of neurosteroid allopregnanolone and the opioid peptide β-endorphin (β-END) are regulated by estrogens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 2-week oral treatment with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) alone or in addition to estradiol valerate (E2V) on central and peripheral allopregnanolone and β-END levels in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Thirteen groups of Wistar OVX rats received one of the following treatments: oral progesterone (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg/day); oral MPA (0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg/day); E2V (0.05 mg/kg/day); E2V + progesterone (0.05 mg/kg/day + 2, 4 or 8 mg/kg/day), or E2V + MPA (0.05 mg/kg/day + 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. One group of fertile and one group of OVX rats were used as controls. The concentration of allopregnanolone was assessed in the frontal and parietal lobes, hypothalamus, hippocampus, anterior pituitary, adrenals and serum, while the β-END content was assessed in the frontal and parietal lobes, hypothalamus, hippocampus, anterior and neurointermediate pituitary, and plasma. E2V administration reverted the ovariectomy-induced reduction in allopregnanolone and β-END. Progesterone and MPA increased allopregnanolone levels in all tissues except in the adrenal gland. The combined administration of progesterone or MPA and E2V determined a further increase in allopregnanolone levels with respect to E2V alone except in the adrenal gland and hippocampus only after MPA treatment. Progesterone did not affect β-END levels in the frontal and parietal lobes, hippocampus and anterior pituitary, while it caused an increase plasma, hypothalamic and neurointermediate pituitary β-END levels. MPA only affected β-END levels in the hippocampus and in the neurointermediate lobe. The combined administration of progesterone or MPA and E2V did not alter the effect of estradiol or it determined a further dose-dependent increase in β-END levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that progesterone and MPA have a similar but not identical effect on central and peripheral allopregnanolone and β-END levels. Their association with an estrogenic compound does not interfere with the positive effects produced by estrogen on allopregnanolone and β-END brain content.
Inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 Does Not Enhance the Efficacy of Allergen Immunotherapy in Murine Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Gogishvili Tea , Hahn Christian , Meinhard Julia , Hohaus Andreas , Erb Klaus , Sebald Walter , Bröcker Eva B. , Grunewald Susanne M.
Published: November 2006

Background: Successful allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is associated with reduced Th2 cytokine production and the induction of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. To improve treatment efficacy, we investigated the impact of an IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor during SIT. Methods: BALB/c mice were sensitized intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, they were subjected to intranasal SIT, with OVA being administered at doses increasing from 1 µg to 1 mg over 3 weeks with or without an IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor. Serum OVA-specific antibodies were measured and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were checked for airway eosinophilia. Subsequently, lung tissue was examined histologically for inflammatory infiltrates. Cytokines were detected in BAL fluids and spleen cell cultures. Furthermore, CD4 CD25 double-positive spleen T cells were checked for intracellular IL-10 production by flow cytometry. Results: OVA sensitization resulted in persistent IgE synthesis and an eosinophil-rich allergic airway inflammation combined with increased IL-4 and IL-5 levels. Therefore, intranasal SIT could efficiently reverse the allergic phenotype. This was associated with decreased IL-4 and IL-5 levels, and increased IL-10 levels in BAL fluids as well as increased amounts of IL-10-producing CD25+ regulatory T cells. However, mice treated with the IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor during SIT did not produce significantly different results . Conclusion: The use of an IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor as an adjuvant for SIT did not enhance anti-allergic effects. Thus, the observed reversal of Th2 responses during SIT may not be the keystone for successful therapy, but rather other factors, e.g. IL-10-producing regulatory T cells, may be crucial.
Historical Consciousness Among Two American Indian Tribes
Authors: Jervis Lori L. , Beals Janette , Croy Calvin D. , Klein Suzell A. , Manson Spero M. , Team AI-SUPERPFP
Published: November 2006

American Indians have endured numerous significant historical events, including epidemics, warfare, genocide, relocation, and for many, confinement to reservations. These events often are thought to be the root cause of contemporary physical and mental health problems within this population. Yet despite the presumed force of history in shaping their contemporary lives, there has been surprisingly little empirical examination of the extent to which Native people contemplate their history or understand it in relation to their present lives. This article explores attitudes toward and knowledge of significant historical events using a representative, community-based sample drawn from two tribes, one in the Northern Plains culture area and the other in the Southwest. Taken as a whole, findings suggest that the past continues to have meaning for contemporary American Indians and is related in important ways to identity and formal education.
Responding to children’s street work with alternative income-generation strategies
Authors: Ferguson Kristin M.
Published: November 2006

English

Empirical precedents indicate the positive impact of income-generating initiatives on the lives of vulnerable populations around the world. However, there is limited research on such interventions with street-working children. A social development model is proposed for street-working children and their parents as a means to curb child street migration.

French

L'expérience confirme l'impact positif des initiatives de production de revenus sur la vie des populations vulnérables dans le monde. Toutefois, il existe peu de recherche concernant de telles initiatives auprès des enfants qui travaillent dans la rue. Cette recherche propose un modèle de développement social à l'intention des enfants qui font du travail de rue et de leurs parents afin de faire fléchir la migration des enfants vers la rue.

Spanish

Precedentes empíricos indican que las iniciativas que generan ingresos tienen un impacto positivo en las vidas de poblaciones vulnerables de todo el mundo. Sin embargo se ha hecho poca investigación sobre tales intervenciones con niños que trabajan en la calle. Se propone un modelo de desarrollo social para estos niños y sus padres, al objeto de disminuir la migración de niños a la calle.