bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Ex-)breast cancer patients with (pre-existing) symptoms of anxiety and/or depression experience higher barriers to contact health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   UMBRELLA study group, Mink van der Molen Dieuwke R. , Bargon Claudia A. , Batenburg Marilot C. T. , Gal Roxanne , Young-Afat Danny A. , van Stam Lilianne E. , van Dam Iris E. , van der Leij Femke , Baas Inge O. , Ernst Miranda F. , Maarse Wiesje , Vermulst Nieke , Schoenmaeckers Ernst J. P. , van Dalen Thijs , Bijlsma Rhodé M. , Doeksen Annemiek , Verkooijen Helena M.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To identify factors associated with (perceived) access to health care among (ex-)breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

Cross-sectional study within a large prospective, multicenter cohort of (ex-)breast cancer patients, i.e., UMBRELLA. All participants enrolled in the UMBRELLA cohort between October 2013 and April 2020 were sent a COVID-19-specific survey, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire.

Results

In total, 1051 (66.0%) participants completed the survey. During COVID-19, 284 (27.0%) participants reported clinically relevant increased levels of anxiety and/or depression, i.e., total HADS score ≥ 12. Participants with anxiety and/or depression reported statistically significant higher barriers to contact their general practitioner (47.5% vs. 25.0%, resp.) and breast cancer physicians (26.8% vs. 11.2%, resp.) compared to participants without these symptoms. In addition, a higher proportion of participants with anxiety and/or depression reported that their current treatment or (after)care was affected by COVID-19 compared to those without these symptoms (32.7% vs. 20.5%, resp.). Factors independently associated with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression during COVID-19 were pre-existent anxiety (OR 6.1, 95% CI 4.1–9.2) or depression (OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.5–10.2).

Conclusion

During the COVID-19 pandemic, (ex-)breast cancer patients with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression experience higher barriers to contact health care providers. Also, they more often report that their health care was affected by COVID-19. Risk factors for anxiety and/or depression during COVID-19 are pre-existent symptoms of anxiety or depression. Extra attention—including mental health support—is needed for this group.
Differential gene expression analysis of palbociclib-resistant TNBC via RNA-seq
Authors: Lanceta Lilibeth , Lypova Nadiia , O’Neill Conor , Li Xiaohong , Rouchka Eric , Chesney Jason , Imbert-Fernandez Yoannis
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a significant clinical challenge due to the lack of effective targeted therapies. Inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are emerging as promising therapeutic agents against TNBC; however, cells can rapidly acquire resistance through multiple mechanisms that are yet to be identified. Therefore, determining the mechanisms underlying resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition is crucial to develop combination therapies that can extend the efficacy of the CDK4/6 inhibitors or delay resistance. This study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) associated with acquired resistance to palbociclib in ER− breast cancer cells.

Methods

We performed next-generation transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) and pathway analysis in ER− MDA-MB-231 palbociclib-sensitive (231/pS) and palbociclib-resistant (231/pR) cells.

Results

We identified 2247 up-regulated and 1427 down-regulated transcripts in 231/pR compared to 231/pS cells. DEGs were subjected to functional analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and the KEGG database which identified many transduction pathways associated with breast cancer, including the PI3K/AKT, PTEN and mTOR pathways. Additionally, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that resistance to palbociclib is closely associated with altered cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis suggesting that resistance to palbociclib may be dependent on lipid metabolic reprograming.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that lipid metabolism is altered in TNBC with acquired resistance to palbociclib. Further studies are needed to determine if the observed lipid metabolic rewiring can be exploited to overcome therapy resistance in TNBC.
Post-traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents After the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Silwal Sanju , Chudal Roshan , Dybdahl Ragnhild , Sillanmäki Lauri , Lien Lars , Sourander Andre
Published: February 2021

Few longitudinal studies have focused on mental health problems among adolescents after earthquakes. We investigated changes in post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms from 18 to 31 months after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and explored potential risk factors associated with the change in psychiatric symptoms. This study comprised of 515 adolescents, aged 11–17 years from two earthquake-affected areas, one severely affected than the other. The psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the standardized Child Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale and the Depression Self-Rating Scale. No significant change was observed in the prevalence of PTSS and depressive symptoms from 18 to 31 months after the earthquake. Living in severely affected area and exposure to trauma after the earthquake were associated with adolescents who developed chronic or delayed PTSS and depressive symptoms. The study findings highlight the need for disaster preparedness and early interventions that strengthen support at various levels.
Non-hyperoctahedral categories of two-colored partitions part I: new categories
Authors: Mang Alexander , Weber Moritz
Published: February 2021

Compact quantum groups can be studied by investigating their representation categories in analogy to the Schur–Weyl/Tannaka–Krein approach. For the special class of (unitary) “easy” quantum groups, these categories arise from a combinatorial structure: rows of two-colored points form the objects, partitions of two such rows the morphisms. Vertical/horizontal concatenation and reflection give composition, monoidal product and involution. Of the four possible classes $${\mathcal {O}}$$
O
, $${\mathcal {B}}$$
B
, $${\mathcal {S}}$$
S
and $${\mathcal {H}}$$
H
of such categories (inspired, respectively, by the classical orthogonal, bistochastic, symmetric and hyperoctahedral groups), we treat the first three—the non-hyperoctahedral ones. We introduce many new examples of such categories. They are defined in terms of subtle combinations of block size, coloring and non-crossing conditions. This article is part of an effort to classify all non-hyperoctahedral categories of two-colored partitions. It is purely combinatorial in nature. The quantum group aspects are left out.
The Effect of Raw Material on the Identification of Knapping Skill: a Case Study from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Proffitt T. , Bargalló A. , de la Torre I.
Published: February 2021

The identification of Oldowan hominin knapping skill levels has been a focus of numerous studies, with apparent variation in technical abilities identified between a number of Early Stone Age archaeological sites. Raw material variability, however, can play a significant role in the outcomes of knapping events as well as in the accuracy of analysis. Implications of such variability are yet to be fully understood. Here we present an experimental study to assess the effects that varying raw materials have on the identification of technological attributes typically associated with varying skill levels and whether it is possible to identify knapper skill levels across multiple raw materials. Variation was tested between raw materials from Olduvai Gorge across and between skill levels. The results suggest that knapping skill levels manifest differently in the material record across raw materials. In addition, we suggest that raw material has a significant effect on identifying knapper skill variation. This has implications for future research concerned with identifying knapper skill within and between early assemblages of differing raw materials.
The changes we need: Education post COVID-19
Authors: Zhao Yong , Watterston Jim
Published: February 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused both unprecendented disruptions and massive changes to education. However, as schools return, these changes may disappear. Moreover, not all of the changes are necessarily the changes we want in education. In this paper, we argue that the pandemic has created a unique opportunity for educational changes that have been proposed before COVID-19 but were never fully realized. We identify three big changes that education should make post COVID: curriculum that is developmental, personalized, and evolving; pedagogy that is student-centered, inquiry-based, authentic, and purposeful; and delivery of instruction that capitalizes on the strengths of both synchronous and asynchronous learning.
Conservation of a strongly declining butterfly species depends on traditionally managed grasslands
Authors: Schwarz Cinja , Fartmann Thomas
Published: February 2021

Introduction:

Due to land-use intensification at productive soils and abandonment of marginal farmland, biodiversity has dramatically declined throughout Europe. The dryad (Minois dryas) is a grassland butterfly that has strongly suffered from land-use change across Central Europe.

Aims/Methods:

Here, we analysed the habitat preferences of adult M. dryas and the oviposition-site preferences in common pastures located in mire ecosystems of the German pre-Alps.

Results:

Our study revealed that plot occupancy was equal at common pastures and control plots. However, the abundance of M. dryas was higher at common pastures, although the composition of vegetation types did not differ between the two plot types.

Discussion:

Open fens and transition mires traditionally managed as common pastures or litter meadows (= meadows mown in autumn to obtain bedding for livestock) were the main habitats of M. dryas in our study area. They offered (i) sufficient host plants (Carex spp.), (ii) had a high availability of nectar resources and (iii) a vegetation that was neither too sparse nor too short. In contrast, both abandonment and intensive land use had negative impacts on the occurrence of the endangered butterfly species.

Implications for Insect Conservation

Based on our study and other recent research from the common pastures, we recommend to maintain the current grazing regime to foster biodiversity in general and M. dryas in particular. Additionally, where possible, abandoned fens and transition mires adjacent to common pastures should be integrated into the low-intensity pasture systems. The preservation of traditionally managed litter meadows is the second important possibility to conserve M. dryas populations.
Nanometer-thin pure boron CVD layers as material barrier to Au or Cu metallization of Si
Authors: Shivakumar D. Thammaiah , Knežević Tihomir , Nanver Lis K.
Published: February 2021

Metallization layers of aluminum, gold, or copper are shown to be protected from interactions with silicon substrates by thin boron layers grown by chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) at 450 °C. A 3-nm-thick B-layer was studied in detail. It formed the p+-anode region of PureB diodes that have a metallurgic junction depth of zero on n-type Si. The metals were deposited by electron-beam-assisted physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) at room temperature and annealed at temperatures up to 500 °C. In all cases, the B-layer was an effective material barrier between the metal and Si, as verified by practically unchanged PureB diode I–V characteristics and microscopy inspections of the deposited layers. For this result, it was required that the Si surface be clean before B-deposition. Any Si surface contamination was otherwise seen to impede a complete B-coverage giving, sometimes Schottky-like, current increases. For Au, room-temperature interactions with the Si through such pinholes in the B-layer were excessive after the 500 °C anneal.
Active fault characterization and seismotectonic zoning of the Hispaniola island
Authors: Terrier-Sedan Monique , Bertil Didier
Published: February 2021

Designing a seismic source model based on the most complete description of potentially active faults and on the kinematics of their latest movements is an essential requirement in seismic hazard studies, at regional and local scales. A study to characterize active faults in the Hispaniola island (today’s Haiti and Dominican Republic) has been conducted in the framework of the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Santo Domingo (capital of the Dominican Republic). In this work, we present a seismotectonic map of Hispaniola and its surroundings, based on a compilation and synthesis of geological, geophysical, geodetic and seismological data. Based on these data, distinct seismic zone sources are proposed and classified as either intercrustal domains, major active faults or subduction zones. Each seismic source is described according to several parameters, including its mechanism and current rate of deformation, the associated seismicity and its estimated maximal magnitude. These results constitute an essential database for a homogeneous evaluation of the seismic hazards of Hispaniola.
Parametric study of the $${\beta }$$-$${\sigma }$$ two-fluid model for simulating fully suspended slurry flow: effect of flow conditions
Authors: Messa G. V. , Malin M. , Matoušek V.
Published: February 2021

As proven in a recently published paper [Messa GV, Matoušek V (2020) Analysis and discussion of two fluid modelling of pipe flow of fully suspended slurry. Powder Technol 30:747$$-$$
-
768.], the $$\beta$$
β
-$$\sigma$$
σ
two-fluid model is capable of accurately reproducing the main features of turbulent, fully-suspended slurry flows in horizontal pipes provided that suitable values of the two parameters $$\beta$$
β
and $$\sigma$$
σ
are chosen. At present, the case-specific nature of $$\beta$$
β
and $$\sigma$$
σ
and their lack of a clear physical meaning are the main obstacles that must be overcome to give the $$\beta$$
β
-$$\sigma$$
σ
two-fluid model value not only as interpretative tool, but also as a predictive one. An important preliminary step to achieve this goal is to disclose the mathematical essence of the $$\beta$$
β
-$$\sigma$$
σ
two-fluid model, namely, to interpret the fluid-dynamic solution on the grounds of the structure of the differential and discretized equations. Such a methodological approach is applied here to the benchmark case of turbulent slurry flow between two infinite, horizontal, parallel plates, focusing, in particular, on the influence of the bulk-mean velocity of the slurry and the volumetric concentration of the solids in the flow. The study provides not only deeper insight into the $$\beta$$
β
-$$\sigma$$
σ
model, but also indicates important implications for alternative two-fluid models.
Astragaloside IV inhibits palmitic acid-induced apoptosis through regulation of calcium homeostasis in mice podocytes
Authors: Zang Yingjun , Liu Shuang , Cao Aili , Shan Xiangyu , Deng Wenjuan , Li Zhijun , Wang Hao , Wang Yunman , Wang Li , Peng Wen
Published: February 2021

Loss of podocytes is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy, and a growing body of evidence indicates that podocytes are susceptible to palmitic acid (PA). We have previously shown that AS-IV inhibited PA-induced podocyte apoptosis by activating sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), which indicate calcium regulation may involve in the process. Immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and flow cytometry were used to measure the protective efficacy of AS-IV to ameliorate PA-induced ER stress and podocyte apoptosis. Meanwhile, AS-IV inhibited cytochrome c release, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, accompany with the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ and elevation of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+. Sequestration of cytosolic calcium with BAPTA-AM limited the response of podocyte apoptosis, while during the process the effect of AS-IV was also restrained. In contrast, elevation of cytosolic calcium with calcium ionophore ionomycin was depressed by AS-IV addition. Furthermore, inhibiting TRPC6 expression with SKF96365 or TRPC6 siRNA counteracted the beneficial effect of AS-IV. Our study provides further evidence to conclude the inhibitory effect of AS-IV to podocyte apoptosis is Ca2+-dependent. And the efficacy correlates with inhibiting TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ influx, and then cellular Ca2+ disturbance was coordinated.
On sums of coefficients of polynomials related to the Borwein conjectures
Authors: Goswami Ankush , Pantangi Venkata Raghu Tej
Published: February 2021

Recently, Li (Int J Number Theory, 2020) obtained an asymptotic formula for a certain partial sum involving coefficients for the polynomial in the First Borwein conjecture. As a consequence, he showed the positivity of this sum. His result was based on a sieving principle discovered by himself and Wan (Sci China Math, 2010). In fact, Li points out in his paper that his method can be generalized to prove an asymptotic formula for a general partial sum involving coefficients for any prime $$p>3$$

p
>
3

. In this work, we extend Li’s method to obtain asymptotic formula for several partial sums of coefficients of a very general polynomial. We find that in the special cases $$p=3, 5$$

p
=
3
,
5

, the signs of these sums are consistent with the three famous Borwein conjectures. Similar sums have been studied earlier by Zaharescu (Ramanujan J, 2006) using a completely different method. We also improve on the error terms in the asymptotic formula for Li and Zaharescu. Using a recent result of Borwein (JNT 1993), we also obtain an asymptotic estimate for the maximum of the absolute value of these coefficients for primes $$p=2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13$$

p
=
2
,
3
,
5
,
7
,
11
,
13

and for $$p>15$$

p
>
15

, we obtain a lower bound on the maximum absolute value of these coefficients for sufficiently large n.
Continuous-flow hydrogenation over resin supported palladium catalyst for the synthesis of industrially relevant chemicals
Authors: Kowalewski Emil , Zawadzki Bartosz , Matus Krzysztof , Nikiforow Kostiantyn , Śrębowata Anna
Published: February 2021

Herein, the catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles grafted on the polymeric TSNH2 (Tentagel-S-NH2) resin was investigated for continuous-flow liquid-phase hydrogenation of two industrially relevant chemicals: 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and nitrocyclohexane. We investigated the effect of process parameters such as temperature and pressure on PdTSNH2 activity and selectivity. Depending on the reaction conditions, well-dispersed PdNPs with average size of about 2 nm have shown very high flexibility in terms selectivity toward the desired products: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol or 2-methyl-2-butanol in the case of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol hydrogenation and cyclohexanone oxime or cyclohexylamine as the main product in the case of nitrocyclohexane conversion. The optimal reaction conditions for 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol formation were estimated at 25 °C and 5 bar, and in the case of cyclohexanone oxime formation at 40 °C and 10 bar. We demonstrated the general trend in the catalytic performance of 2.2 wt% Pd grafted on Tentagel-S-NH2. Independently of the hydrogenated substrate, the increase in conversion leads to decreased selectivity to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cyclohexanone oxime at the expense of increasing the selectivity to 2-methyl-2-butanol or cyclohexylamine.

Graphic abstract
Public research and the quality of inventions: the role and impact of entrepreneurial universities and regional network embeddedness
Authors: Graf Holger , Menter Matthias
Published: February 2021

The positive effect of public research on industrial innovations is beyond controversy: public research institutions produce knowledge that is subsequently transferred into product and process innovations by private businesses. Besides this rather passive role in commercializing inventions, public research institutions may also proactively exploit new knowledge through public sector entrepreneurship activities. Especially entrepreneurial universities are perceived as a conduit of knowledge spillovers; they serve as central actors of innovation networks and stimulate network activities. Whereas the linkages between network embeddedness and innovation activities have been largely explored, the determinants of patent quality in terms of radicalness, originality, and generality remain rather unclear. Considering Germany’s diverse public research infrastructure (universities, polytechnics, and non-university research institutes), our findings reveal that the type of institution and the corresponding scientific orientation (basic vs applied research) matter for the quality of inventions. The centrality of respective institutions within innovation networks reinforces the radicalness of inventions. However, we do not find support for the general assumption that an entrepreneurial orientation of public sector entities augments the quality of inventions. We conclude the paper with policy recommendations and with future avenues of research.

Plain English Summary This study explores the relation between network embeddedness, scientific orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and the quality of inventions of public research. Our results imply that a basic research focus induces inventions that are more radical, and a more central network position reinforces the production of more radical, original, and general patents. In contrast, an entrepreneurial orientation does not seem to stimulate a higher quality of inventions. Our results give impetus to nuanced public sector entrepreneurship policies that take the type of institution and the optimal level of regional embeddedness into account. A sole focus on the entrepreneurial transformation of public research institutes may not be sufficient to leverage the full potential of knowledge created therein. Instead, more support and guidance for creating links with other network entities is needed along with incentives to commercialize new knowledge.
Mechanistic reasoning and the problem of masking
Authors: Wilde Michael
Published: February 2021

At least historically, it was common for medical practitioners to believe causal hypotheses on the basis of standalone mechanistic reasoning. However, it is now widely acknowledged that standalone mechanistic reasoning is insufficient for appropriately believing a causal hypothesis in medicine, thanks in part to the so-called problem of masking. But standalone mechanistic reasoning is not the only type of mechanistic reasoning. When exactly then is it appropriate to believe a causal hypothesis on the basis of mechanistic reasoning? In this paper, I argue that it has proved difficult to provide a satisfying answer to this question. I also argue that this difficulty is predicted by recent work in knowledge-first epistemology. I think this shows that recent work in epistemology has important implications for practice in the philosophy of science. It is therefore worth paying closer attention in the philosophy of science to this recent work in knowledge-first epistemology.
Probing theoretical statements with thought experiments
Authors: El Skaf Rawad
Published: February 2021

Many thought experiments (TEs) are used to probe theoretical statements. One crucial strategy for doing this, or so I will argue, is the following. A TE reveals an inconsistency in part of our previously held, sometimes empirically well-established, theoretical statements. A TEer or her critic then proposes a resolution in the form of a conjecture, a hypothesis that merits further investigation. To explore this characterisation of the epistemic function of such TEs, I clarify the nature of the inconsistencies revealed by TEs, and how TEs reveal and resolve them. I argue that this can be done without settling the question of which cognitive processes are involved in performing a TE; be they propositional or non-propositional. The upshot is that TEs’ reliability, like real experiments, is to be found, in part, in their replicability by the epistemic community, not in their cognitive underpinnings.
A Simple Contact Mechanics Model for Highly Strained Aqueous Surface Gels
Authors: Chau A. L. , Cavanaugh M. K. , Chen Y.-T. , Pitenis A. A.
Published: February 2021

Background

Soft, biological, and bio-inspired materials are often compositionally heterogeneous and structurally anisotropic, and they frequently feature graded or layered organizations. This design complexity enables exceptional ranges in properties and performance yet complicates a fundamental understanding of the contact mechanics. Recent studies of soft gel layers have relied on Hertzian or Winkler foundation (“bed-of-springs”) models to characterize the mechanics but have found neither satisfactory.

Objective

The contact mechanics of soft gel layers are not yet fully understood. The aim of this work is to develop a simple contact mechanics model tailored for compositionally-graded materials with soft surface layers under high strains and deformations.

Methods

Concepts from polymer physics, fluid draining, and Winkler foundation mechanics are combined to develop a simple contact mechanics model which relates the applied normal force to the probe radius of curvature, elastic modulus, and thickness of soft surface layers subjected to high strains.

Results

This simple model was evaluated with two examples of graded surface gel layers spanning multiple length-scales, including commercially available contact lenses and stratified hydrogels. The model captures the nonlinear contact mechanics of highly strained soft aqueous gel layers more closely than either Hertz or Winkler foundation theory while simultaneously enabling a prediction for the thickness of the surface gel layer.

Conclusion

These results indicate that this simple model can adequately characterize the contact mechanics of highly strained soft aqueous gel layers.
Threshold Dynamics in a Model for Zika Virus Disease with Seasonality
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmoud A. , Dénes Attila
Published: February 2021

We present a compartmental population model for the spread of Zika virus disease including sexual and vectorial transmission as well as asymptomatic carriers. We apply a non-autonomous model with time-dependent mosquito birth, death and biting rates to integrate the impact of the periodicity of weather on the spread of Zika. We define the basic reproduction number$${\mathscr {R}}_{0}$$R0as the spectral radius of a linear integral operator and show that the global dynamics is determined by this threshold parameter: If$${\mathscr {R}}_0 < 1,$$R0<1,then the disease-free periodic solution is globally asymptotically stable, while if$${\mathscr {R}}_0 > 1,$$R0>1,then the disease persists. We show numerical examples to study what kind of parameter changes might lead to a periodic recurrence of Zika.
A quantitative interpretation of the saturation exponent in Archie’s equations
Authors: Han Tong-Cheng , Yan Han , Fu Li-Yun
Published: February 2021

Saturation exponent is an important parameter in Archie’s equations; however, there has been no well-accepted physical interpretation for the saturation exponent. We have theoretically derived Archie’s equations from the Maxwell–Wagner theory on the assumption of homogeneous fluid distribution in the pore space of clay-free porous rocks. Further theoretical derivations showed that the saturation exponent is in essence the cementation exponent for the water–air mixture and is quantitatively and explicitly related to the aspect ratio of the air bubbles in the pores. The results have provided a theoretical backup for the empirically obtained Archie’s equations and have offered a more physical and quantitative understanding of the saturation exponent.
Launch lock system for reaction wheels
Authors: Berlin M. , Goossens N. , Oelze H. W. , Braxmaier C.
Published: February 2021

Launch loads are critical forces to the payload. Many structures are not designed to survive these loads, thus, additional systems which absorb them are required. These launch lock mechanisms are available in different varieties. For a future magnetic bearing reaction wheel, two different principles of launch lock mechanism concepts were developed and tested. The first one is based on a spring mechanism, while the second uses electromagnetism to move the locking pins. A first testing with prototypes of both was conducted to evaluate the functionality. Subsequently improvements regarding reducing the mass and construction volume were incorporated in the design. In the course of this, additive manufacturing with PLA filament has been used to study possible applications for these mechanisms. The spring concept resulted to be more reliable than the electromagnetic one, but requires a damping mechanism. A usage of additive manufactured PLA components is a promising possibility for the production.
Development of vaccine formulations: past, present, and future
Authors: D’Amico Carmine , Fontana Flavia , Cheng Ruoyu , Santos Hélder A.
Published: February 2021

The current situation, heavily influenced by the ongoing pandemic, puts vaccines back into the spotlight. However, the conventional and traditional vaccines present disadvantages, particularly related to immunogenicity, stability, and storage of the final product. Often, such products require the maintenance of a “cold chain,” impacting the costs, the availability, and the distribution of vaccines. Here, after a recall of the mode of action of vaccines and the types of vaccines currently available, we analyze the past, present, and future of vaccine formulation. The past focuses on conventional formulations, the present discusses the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery and as adjuvants, while the future presents microneedle patches as alternative formulation and administration route. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of injectable solutions, nanovaccines, and microneedles in terms of efficacy, stability, and patient-friendly design.

Graphical abstract

Different approaches to vaccine formulation development, the conventional vaccine formulations from the past, the current development of lipid nanoparticles as vaccines, and the near future microneedles formulations are discussed in this review.
A robotic pill for oral delivery of biotherapeutics: safety, tolerability, and performance in healthy subjects
Authors: Dhalla Arvinder K. , Al-Shamsie Ziad , Beraki Simret , Dasari Anvesh , Fung Leonard C. , Fusaro Laura , Garapaty Anusha , Gutierrez Betsy , Gratta Delia , Hashim Mir , Horlen Kyle , Karamchedu Padma , Korupolu Radhika , Liang Eric , Ong Chang , Owyang Zachary , Salgotra Vasudha , Sharma Shilpy , Syed Baber , Syed Mansoor , Vo April T. , Abdul-Wahab Radia , Wasi Asad , Yamaguchi Alyson , Yen Shane , Imran Mir
Published: February 2021

Biotherapeutics are highly efficacious, but the pain and inconvenience of chronic injections lead to poor patient compliance and compromise effective disease management. Despite innumerable attempts, oral delivery of biotherapeutics remains unsuccessful due to their degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment and poor intestinal absorption. We have developed an orally ingestible robotic pill (RP) for drug delivery, which protects the biotherapeutic drug payload from digestion in the GI tract and auto-injects it into the wall of the small intestine as a safe, pain-free injection since the intestines are insensate to sharp stimuli. The payload is delivered upon inflation of a balloon folded within the RP, which deflates immediately after drug delivery. Here we present results from two clinical studies demonstrating the safety, tolerability and performance of the RP in healthy humans. In the first study, three versions of the RP (A, B and C) were evaluated, which were identical in all respects except for the diameter of the balloon. The RP successfully delivered a biotherapeutic (octreotide) in 3 out of 12 subjects in group A, 10 out of 20 subjects in group B and 16 out of 20 subjects in group C, with a mean bioavailability of 65 ± 9% (based on successful drug deliveries in groups A and B). Thus,  reliability of drug delivery with the RP ranged from 25 to 80%, with success rate directly related to balloon size. In a separate study, the deployment of the RP was unaffected by fed or fasting conditions suggesting that the RP may be taken with or without food. These promising clinical data suggest that biotherapeutics currently administered parenterally may be safely and reliably delivered via this versatile, orally ingestible drug delivery platform.

Graphical abstract
Maritime sector at verge of change: learning and competence needs in Finnish maritime cluster
Authors: Kilpi Vesa , Solakivi Tomi , Kiiski Tuomas
Published: February 2021

Shipping plays an important role in the world, transporting over 80% of international trade and employing over 1.5 million seafarers. The maritime industry, including shipbuilding and equipment manufacturing, is extensive. Both of these interconnected businesses are facing rapid change caused by increasingly speedy technological development and the tightening of environmental regulation. This survey-based research analyzes the current and future competence needs of firms operating in maritime logistics and the maritime industry. The findings indicate that in both contexts, the increasing importance of various general competences is understood and the need is recognized in particular to improve those related to environmental regulation as well as technology and automation. Overall, the gap between current and desired levels of competence is expected to widen. In terms of education, this is likely to affect vocational training and university-level learning differently in that functional competences are emphasized more in the former and social and meta-competences in the latter.
Fatigue damage analysis of GFRP composites using digital image correlation
Authors: Gonabadi Hassan , Oila Adrian , Yadav Arti , Bull Steve
Published: February 2021

Glass fibre reinforced polymer composites are frequently used in marine applications where the combined effects of cyclic loads and the seawater environment limit their fatigue life. This paper aims to demonstrate the degradation that seawater causes to the stiffness of the composites. Three-point bending fatigue properties of cross-ply woven glass fibre composites commonly used to manufacture tidal turbine blades are reported for both wet and dry conditions. Failure analysis based on the Digital Image Correlation method was performed to identify damaged zones on the test coupon surface and to follow failure progression during the fatigue tests. To characterize the damage in the composite, stiffness degradation has been monitored during the entire fatigue history. Scanning electron microscopy was used to identify multiple failure mechanisms on the specimen fracture surface. In addition, for further verification of microscopy results, X-Ray Micro-computed tomography, was used to characterize the internal damage such as delamination. From the full-field strain measurement technique and microscopic examination of failed samples, it was found that distributed localized strains are evidence of the number of resin cracks and de-bonded areas. SEM examination shows a degraded fibre/matrix interface region due to the action of seawater.
Modified artificial bee colony algorithm for solving mixed interval-valued fuzzy shortest path problem
Authors: Ebrahimnejad Ali , Enayattabr Mohammad , Motameni Homayun , Garg Harish
Published: February 2021

In recent years, numerous researchers examined and analyzed several different types of uncertainty in shortest path (SP) problems. However, those SP problems in which the costs of arcs are expressed in terms of mixed interval-valued fuzzy numbers are less addressed. Here, for solving such uncertain SP problems, first a new procedure is extended to approximate the summation of mixed interval-valued fuzzy numbers using alpha cuts. Then, an extended distance function is introduced for comparing the path weights. Finally, we intend to use a modified artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm to find the interval-valued membership function of SP in such mixed interval-valued fuzzy network. The proposed algorithm is illustrated via two applications of SP problems in wireless sensor networks and then the results are compared with those derived from genetic and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, based on three indexes convergence iteration, convergence time and run time. The obtained results confirm that the MABC algorithm has less convergence iteration, convergence time and implementation time compared to GA and PSO algorithm.
Non-Magnetic Bimetallic MOF-Derived Porous Carbon-Wrapped TiO2/ZrTiO4 Composites for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Qiao Jing , Zhang Xue , Liu Chang , Lyu Longfei , Yang Yunfei , Wang Zhou , Wu Lili , Liu Wei , Wang Fenglong , Liu Jiurong
Published: February 2021

Highlights

Non-magnetic bimetallic MOF-derived porous carbon-wrapped TiO2/ZrTiO4 composites are firstly used for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption.

The electromagnetic wave absorption mechanisms including enhanced interfacial polarization and essential conductivity are intensively discussed.

Modern communication technologies put forward higher requirements for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials. Metal–organic framework (MOF) derivatives have been widely concerned with its diverse advantages. To break the mindset of magnetic-derivative design, and make up the shortage of monometallic non-magnetic derivatives, we first try non-magnetic bimetallic MOFs derivatives to achieve efficient EMW absorption. The porous carbon-wrapped TiO2/ZrTiO4 composites derived from PCN-415 (TiZr-MOFs) are qualified with a minimum reflection loss of − 67.8 dB (2.16 mm, 13.0 GHz), and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.9 GHz (2.70 mm). Through in-depth discussions, the synergy of enhanced interfacial polarization and other attenuation mechanisms in the composites is revealed. Therefore, this work confirms the huge potentials of non-magnetic bimetallic MOFs derivatives in EMW absorption applications.
Effect of Strain Rate on the Tensile Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam Welded OFE Copper and High-Purity Niobium for SRF Applications
Authors: Croteau J.-F. , Peroni M. , Atieh S. , Jacques N. , Cantergiani E.
Published: February 2021

An investigation of the tensile mechanical properties of electron beam welded OFE copper and high-purity niobium sheets is presented. Specimens were deformed in tension at strain rates ranging from 10−3 to ~ 1600 s−1. The 0.2% yield stress and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the welded niobium specimens are similar to those of unwelded specimens at strain rates lower or equal to 20 s−1. At higher strain rates, these mechanical properties are lower for welded niobium specimens. The 0.2% yield stress of welded OFE copper specimens is consistently lower than unwelded specimens over the range of strain rates studied, while the UTS is comparable at all strain rates. The elongation to failure of welded OFE copper specimens remains unchanged at all strain rates while the ductility of niobium specimens reduces at strain rates greater or equal to 20 s−1 and reaches a minimum at ~ 400 s−1. The effects of the weld on a non-standardized short specimen geometry, developed for this study to obtain strain rates in the order of 103 s−1, are more pronounced for niobium due to large grain sizes (up to 1200 μm) in the fusion region. However, comparable strength and ductility trends, with respect to a standard specimen, were measured at low strain rates. The conservation of strength and the relatively high ductility of the welded sheets, especially for OFE copper, suggest that bent and electron beam welded tubes could be used for the fabrication of seamless superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities. These results are promising for the use of high-speed forming techniques, like electro-hydraulic forming, for the manufacturing of parts using welded tubes and sheets.
Management der „female athlete triad“/RED-S
Authors: Baumgartner Sabrina
Published: February 2021

Die „female athlete triad“ (FAT) beinhaltet die Kombination aus einer verminderten Knochendichte und einer Amenorrhö, welche durch eine verminderte Energieverfügbarkeit bei Athletinnen getriggert werden. Die Begrifflichkeit der FAT wurde in den vergangenen Jahren durch das „relative energy deficiency in sports“ (RED-S) erweitert und schliesst auch männliche Athleten ein. Ein erhöhtes Energiedefizit verursacht durch inadäquate Energiezufuhr oder übermässige Energieausgaben löst eine Kaskade an pathophysiologischen Anpassungsreaktionen aus. Neben der Suppression der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Gonaden-Achse (HHG-Achse) mit konsekutiver Amenorrhö und verminderter Knochendichte setzt ein persistierendes Energiedefizit den Körper in den „Sparflammen-“ oder besser gesagt „Kampfmodus“. Dies beinhaltet eine herabgesetzte Funktion des Immunsystems und der Regeneration, metabolische Anpassungen, kognitive, psychologische, gastrointestinale und kardiovaskuläre Störungen wie auch eine eingeschränkte Leistungsfähigkeit des Sportlers. Das Beschwerdebild eines RED‑S bei Athletinnen ist initial subtil und kommt meist erstmals durch das Ausbleiben der Menstruation merklich zum Vorschein. Damit sind Gynäkologen/-innen oft die erste Anlaufstelle bei Athletinnen mit RED‑S und übernehmen eine wichtige Funktion im Management des RED‑S. Das Management des RED‑S bei Athletinnen ist komplex: Es besteht aus einer gynäkologisch-endokrinologischen Amenorrhöabklärung und dem Aufstellen eines interdisziplinären, längerfristigen Behandlungsplans zusammen mit der Athletin.
Amount and location of tectonic uplift in the Urmia region of northwest Iran from the Permian to the Neogene
Authors: Alizadeh Akram
Published: February 2021

The Urmia Lake Basin is located between the West and East Azerbaijan provinces in the northwest of Iran. Lake Urmia is the twentieth largest lake and second largest hypersaline lake in the world. Stratigraphic columns have been constructed, using published information, to compare the sedimentary units deposited from the Permian to the Neogene on the east and west sides of the lake, and to use these to quantity subsidence and uplift. East of the lake, the sedimentary section is more complete and has been the subject of detailed stratigraphic studies, including the compilation of measured sections for some units. West of the lake, the section is incomplete and less work has been done; three columns illustrate variations in the preserved stratigraphy for the time interval. In all cases, the columns are capped by the Oligocene–Miocene Qom Formation, which was deposited during a post-orogenic marine transgression and unconformably overlies units ranging from Precambrian to Cretaceous. Permian to Cretaceous stratigraphy is used to measure subsidence in the Lake Urmia basin up to the end of the Cretaceous, and then, the subsequent orogenic uplift, which was followed by further subsidence recorded by the deposition of the Qom Formation in the Oligocene–Miocene.
Biological activity and safety evaluation of monoterpenes against the peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Zhou Lijun , Li Chao , Zhang Zhilin , Li Xiuxia , Dong Yongcheng , Cao Haiqun
Published: February 2021

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an economically important cosmopolitan crop pest. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of secondary metabolites that exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Monoterpenes, as the major constituents of EOs, are well known for having a range of biological activities. In this study, 9 monoterpenes were screened for fumigant toxicity against M. persicae, and the safety of monoterpenes to natural enemies was evaluated. The results of the bioassays indicated that 9 monoterpenes showed promising fumigant toxicity against M. persicae. Carvacrol was the most toxic compound based on the LC50 value, which was 1.566 mg/L, followed by bornyl acetate, terpinolene, and terpinyl acetate, which had higher toxicities towards aphids, with LC50 values of 2.648 mg/L, 2.759 mg/L, and 2.832 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the safety evaluation assays of carvacrol against Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae (LC50 = 43.851 mg/L) did not affect nontarget invertebrates at concentrations that effectively controlled aphids. Carvacrol was safer than chlorpyrifos to natural enemy H. axyridis larvae (toxicity ratio = 28.00 > 2.93). These results identified several high-activity monoterpenes that can be used against this pest in greenhouses as botanical insecticides.
Glacier changes over the past 144 years at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Curley Allison N. , Kochtitzky William H. , Edwards Benjamin R. , Copland Luke
Published: February 2021

In this study, we use aerial photographs, satellite imagery and field observations to quantify changes in the area, terminus length, snowline elevation and surface elevation of eight glaciers in the Alexandra Fiord region, eastern Ellesmere Island, between 1959 and 2019. Comparisons to written and pictorial descriptions from the British Arctic Expedition extend the record of change in terminus position and surface elevation to 1875 for Twin Glacier. Glacier area at Alexandra Fiord decreased by a total of 15.77 ± 0.65 km2(11.77 ± 0.49%) between 1959 and 2019, the mean end of summer snowline increased in elevation by 360 ± 84 m (8 ± 2 m a−1) between 1974 and 2019, and the glaciers thinned at an average rate of 0.60 ± 0.06 m a−1between 2001 and 2018. Annual rates of terminus retreat were ~3–5 times higher over the period 1974–2019 compared to 1875–1974, and rates of thinning were ~2–3 times higher over 2001–18 compared to 1875–2001. Our results are consistent with rates of change determined for other glaciers of similar size on Ellesmere Island, and with accelerated rates of ice loss coincident with regional increases in air temperature of ~1.5°C since the early 1980s.
Population differentiation in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: insights from the ghost shrimp's associated copepods, Clausidium iranensis and Clausidium persiaensis
Authors: Sepahvand Vahid , Keikhosravi Alireza , Kihara Terue Cristina
Published: February 2021

Evolution and population genetic structure of marine species across the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman are shaped by two complex factors: the geological history and the present pattern of marine currents. Characterizing and comparing the genetic structures of co-existing species, such as host–parasite associations, allow the discrimination of the relative importance of environmental factors and life history traits that influenced gene flow and demographic events. In this study, we compare two associated Clausidium copepod species (C. persiaensis Sepahvand & Kihara 2017 and C. iranensis Sepahvand, Kihara & Boxshall 2019) along the south coast of Iran in two geological settings. We analysed partial nucleotide sequences of the mtCOI gene using divergence estimates (FST) and haplotype networks to infer intraspecific population connectivity in the two Gulfs. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of two genetically and geographically distinct clades, corresponding to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman populations. Our results also indicate high diversity, population expansion and high connectivity among populations of C. persiaensis and C. iranensis in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.