bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Evidence for Local Intestinal Production in Children with Active Colonic Disease
Authors: Levine Jeremiah J. , Pettei Michael J. , Valderrama Elsa , Gold David M. , Kessler Bradley H. , Trachtman Howard
Published: February 2024

Background:

Active colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with mucosal vasodilation, increased intestinal permeability and abnormal colonic motility. Nitric oxide is a messenger molecule with many functions, including regulation of local blood flow, vasomotor tone, and inflammation. Increased nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity have been demonstrated in experimental models of colitis. This study was designed to determine the relationship between nitric oxide production and colonic inflammation in children with active colitis and in control subjects and whether expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein is demonstrable in the intestinal epithelium of these patients.

Methods:

Nitrate + nitrite were measured in urine, stool, and plasma using the Griess assay. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in intestinal tissue was determined by immunohistochemical localization.

Results:

Urinary nitrate + nitrite levels were not significantly different in patients and control subjects. In contrast, stool and plasma nitrate + nitrite concentrations were significantly higher in children with inflammatory bowel disease compared with levels in control children (stool: 162.4 ± 31.0μmol/l versus 77.2 ± 22.1 μmol/l; plasma 65.2 ± 9.9μmol/l versus 38.1 ± 6.6 μmol/L; p < 0.05). Stool nitrate + nitrite levels significantly correlated with plasma values. Immunohistochemical staining of colonic tissue from children with inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated inducible nitric oxide synthase protein located exclusively in epithelial cells.

Conclusion:

Increased nitric oxide production and enhanced intestinal epithelial cell expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein are associated with active colonic inflammation.
Activated Protein C Resistance in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Levine Arie , Lahav Judith , Zahavi Ilan , Raz Arie , Dinari Gabriel
Published: February 2024

Background:

There is evidence for a hypercoagulable state in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), and small vessel thrombosis has been identified in the bowel of patients with Crohn's disease, suggesting thrombosis as a possible etiologic factor. Activated protein C (APC) resistance is the most common inherited disorder leading to thrombosis and accounts for 30% to 40% of episodes of idiopathic venous thrombosis.

Methods:

The prevalence of APC resistance was studied in 23 patients with IBD (17 with Crohn's disease, 6 with ulcerative colitis) and in 11 control subjects with recurrent abdominal pain or celiac disease, using an APC resistance screening method.

Results:

One patient with Crohn's disease had a positive screen result, two patients(one with Crohn's, one with ulcerative colitis) had borderline results, and results in all of the control subjects were normal. One patient with Crohn's disease had a history of a thromboembolic event but had a normal screen result.

Conclusions:

Activated protein C resistance does not seem to play a major role in the etiology of the hypercoagulable state in inflammatory bowel disease.
Celiac Disease and Turner Syndrome
Authors: Bonamico Margherita , Bottaro Gaetano , Pasquino Anna Maria , Caruso‐Nicoletti Manuela , Mariani Paolo , Gemme Gerolamo , Paradiso Emanuela , Ragusa Maria Carlotta , Spina Massimo
Published: February 2024

Background:

Short stature is one of the features of Turner syndrome and a form of presentation of monosymptomatic celiac disease.

Methods:

The recognition of celiac disease in two antiendomysium antibody‐positive Turner syndrome girls who did not respond to growth hormone treatment led us to perform as a screening for celiac disease IgA and IgG antigliadin antibodies and antiendomysium antibodies determination in other 35 Turner syndrome patients. Intestinal biopsy was proposed to the antiendomysium antibodies‐positive girls; in the former, subtotal villous atrophy was found; in the latter, one parent's consent for intestinal biopsy was not obtained.

Results:

The prevalence of celiac disease in Turner syndrome patients observed in the present study (8.1 if we consider 3 villous atrophy, 10.8 if we consider 4 antiendomysium antibody‐positive) is quite high and seems to indicate that the association of these two disorders could not be coincidental. As to the clinical picture, celiac disease appeared atypical in one case, typical in another one and as a silent form in the third case. Of the 3 cases with villous atrophy on gluten‐free diet growth hormone therapy was not effective in two girls, who were older than 16 years, while in the younger patient, detected by the screening, a significant increment of height velocity and height Standard Deviation Score for Chronological Age according to Turner references was observed.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that celiac disease can be associated with Turner syndrome and even responsible for a failure of growth hormone therapy. Therefore we propose to perform in Turner syndrome patients antiendomysium antibody determination as a screening followed by intestinal biopsy in positive cases. This would be advisable at least before starting growth hormone treatment.
Elevated Intakes of Zinc in Infant Formulas Do Not Interfere with Iron Absorption in Premature Infants
Authors: Friel James K. , Serfass Robert E. , Fennessey Paul V. , Miller Leland V. , Andrews Wayne L. , Simmons Brian S. , Downton Geoff F. , Kwa Poh G.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Zinc and iron may share common pathways for absorption and compete for uptake into mucosal cells. We determined whether elevated ratios of zinc to iron would interfere with erythrocyte incorporation of iron in premature infants both during and between feeds.

Methods:

In the first experiment, five premature infants (<2500 g birth weight) were enrolled, once receiving full oral feeds by nasogastric tube. They received either high (1200 ug/kg, ratio 4:1) or low (300 ug/kg, ratio 1:1) doses of oral zinc sulfate, together with 300 ug/kg oral 58Fe as chloride in saline with 10 mg/kg vitamin C, between designated feeding periods. Each infant served as its own control and randomly received either high or low doses of zinc or iron and then the alternate dose after 2 weeks. In the second experiment, nine additional premature infants were assigned to the same zinc:iron intake protocol except zinc and iron were given with usual oral feeds (premature formula or human milk) equilibrated before feeding. Iron absorption was measured by the erythrocyte incorporation of58 Fe.

Results:

High doses of zinc given between feeds significantly inhibited erythrocyte incorporation of iron. 58Fe incorporation (%) with the 1:1 ratio of zinc:iron intake was 7.5 (5.7, 10; geometric mean, ‐I SD, +1 SD). The percentage of 58Fe incorporation on the 4:1 ratio of zinc:iron intake was 3.6 (2.6, 5.1). Given with feeds, the percentage of 58Fe incorporation on low zinc:iron intake was 7.0 (2.6, 19). Finally, the percentage of 58Fe incorporation on high zinc:iron intake was 6.7(2.5, 19).

Conclusion:

Elevated intakes of zinc do not interfere with erythrocyte incorporation of iron in premature formulas.
Studying the electrical, mechanical, and biological properties of BCZT–HA composites
Authors: Dehnov Fatemeh Zare , Hayati Raziye , Tayebi Lobat
Published: February 2024

The piezoelectric properties of natural bone and their influence on bone growth have inspired researchers to study a range of bio‐piezoelectric composite materials. By exploring these materials, researchers aim to understand better, how piezoelectricity can be controlled to promote bone growth and tissue regeneration. In this work, the prominent piezoelectric material, (Ba, Zr) TiO3‐x(Ba,Ca)TiO3, abbreviated as BCZT, was selected as a possible bone growth enhancer in hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. Initially, BCZT and hydroxyapatite (HA) powders were synthesized using the sol–gel method. Subsequently, various composite samples of BCZT–xHA were prepared using the conventional solid‐state method. After sintering the samples at 1300°C, the phase structure, microstructure, density, and electrical properties were characterized. The samples' compressive strength was determined by analyzing the outcomes of basic compression tests. The biological behavior of the samples in terms of in vitro simulated body fluid immersion and MTT tests were evaluated. Our results revealed that among the BCZT–xHA samples, the BCZT‐20HA sample had the best composition, considering its electrical, mechanical, and biological properties. A d33 value of 10 pC/N, dielectric permittivity of 110, and the g33 equal to 10.27 mV m/N resulted in the output voltage of 1.03 V. The results of the MTT assay test confirmed the noncytotoxic nature of the samples with the highest optical density in the BCZT‐20HA sample.
Strontium‐loaded 3D intramedullary nail titanium implant for critical‐sized femoral defect in rabbits
Authors: Honda Shintaro , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Shimizu Takayoshi , Yamaguchi Seiji , Okuzu Yaichiro , Takaoka Yusuke , Masuda Soichiro , Takemoto Mitsuru , Kawai Toshiyuki , Otsuki Bungo , Goto Koji , Matsuda Shuichi
Published: February 2024

The treatment of critical‐sized bone defects has long been a major problem for surgeons. In this study, an intramedullary nail shaped three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed porous titanium implant that is capable of releasing strontium ions was developed through a simple and cost‐effective surface modification technique. The feasibility of this implant as a stand‐alone solution was evaluated using a rabbit's segmental diaphyseal as a defect model. The strontium‐loaded implant exhibited a favorable environment for cell adhesion, and mechanical properties that were commensurate with those of a rabbit's cortical bone. Radiographic, biomechanical, and histological analyses revealed a significantly higher amount of bone ingrowth and superior bone‐bonding strength in the strontium‐loaded implant when compared to an untreated porous titanium implant. Furthermore, one‐year histological observations revealed that the strontium‐loaded implant preserved the native‐like diaphyseal bone structure without failure. These findings suggest that strontium‐releasing 3D‐printed titanium implants have the clinical potential to induce the early and efficient repair of critical‐sized, load‐bearing bone defects.
Taxonomic significance of megaspores in some species of Selaginella from Arunachal Pradesh in India
Authors: Aran Khencha , Giri Priti , Roy Himu , Uniyal Prem Lal
Published: February 2024

The present study was carried out to record the color, size, and ornamentation of megaspores in 18 species of the family Selaginellaceae from Arunachal Pradesh using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM). Electron microscopic study of the spore features revealed the type of ornamentation and microsculptural detail. SEM study on megaspore of Selaginella pentagona (S. pentagona), Selaginella tenuifolia, Selaginella semicordata, and Selaginella chrysorrhizos is presented for the first time. Variation in the megaspore ornamentation is noted at the interspecific level and intraspecific level in some cases. Examination of the megaspores under study found all the megaspores as trilete, with a size ranging from 116 to 560 μm in diameter. Taxonomic key is prepared to differentiate the species. Short descriptions of megaspores are provided and supported by photo plates. New features are recorded for seven species. The study contributes to the separation of species within the genus Selaginella based on the spore feature and brings forward the use of spore as a diagnostic tool in the taxonomy of the genus. These works contribute to the systematic of the family Selaginellaceae and provide useful information in the field of palynology.

Research Highlights

Study on megaspore features of Selaginella species collected from Arunachal Pradesh, using SEM and LM.

Taxonomic key is provided for each species based on megaspores features.

New megaspore features are recorded for the seven species.

The study brings forward the use of spore as a diagnostic tool in the taxonomy of the genus.

These works provide useful information in the field of systematic and palynology.
Changes in the expression of genes encoding xanthophyl acyltransferases during the postharvest ripening of avocado (Persea americana) fruit
Authors: Yahia Elhadi‐M , Hernández‐Oñate Miguel‐Angel , Ojeda‐Contreras Angel‐Javier , Mercado‐Ruiz Jorge , Cordero‐Chávez Larissa , Trillo‐Hernández Eduardo‐Antonio , Tiznado‐Hernández Martín‐Ernesto
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Avocado fruit is rich in xanthophylls, which have been related to positive effects on human health. Xanthophyl acetyltransferases (XATs) are enzymes catalyzing the esterification of carboxylic acids to the hydroxyl group of the xanthophyll molecule. This esterification is thought to increase the lipophilic nature of the xanthophyll and its stability in a lipophilic environment. Studies on XATs in fruits are very scarce, and no studies had been carried out in avocado fruit during postharvest. The objective of this work was to investigate the changes in the expression of genes encoding XAT, during avocado fruit ripening.

RESULTS

Avocado fruits were obtained from a local market and stored at 15 °C for 8 days. The fruit respiration rate, ethylene production, and fruit peel's color space parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured during storage. Fruit mesocarp samples were taken after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage and frozen with liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from fruit mesocarp, and the quantification of the two genes designated as COGE_ID: 936743791 and COGE_ID: 936800185 encoding XATs was performed with real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using actin as a reference gene. The presence of a climacteric peak and large changes in color were recorded during postharvest. The two genes studied showed a large expression after 3 days of fruit storage.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that during the last stages of ripening in avocado fruit there was an active esterification of xanthophylls with carboxylic acids, which suggests the presence of esterified xanthophylls in the fruit mesocarp. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cumulative lifetime enhancement effect of deuteration in blue organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Yao Jingwen , Zhang Ye‐Xin , Tang Ching W. , Dong Shou‐Cheng
Published: February 2024

This research investigates the impact of deuteration on the operational lifetime of blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Our study focuses on the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) and how it enhances device lifetime. Specifically, we examine the effects of deuteration on OLEDs with emitters based on common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by deuterating anthracene‐based host materials. Our findings show that the deuterated analogues with incremental deuterium substitutions exhibit similar electroluminescence (EL) performances but progressively prolonged device lifetimes as a function of deuteration, indicating a cumulative enhancement effect. We observed a twofold increase in device lifetime with partial deuterium substitutions, while highly deuterated hosts realized up to a fourfold improvement. Furthermore, we found that device degradation is initiated from the interface of the hole transport layer (HTL) and emitting layer (ETL), and deuteration can mitigate the degraded reactions in the devices, thereby improving operational stability. These results provide insight into how deuteration can increase the operational lifetime of OLEDs, which has important implications for developing more efficient and durable OLED materials.
Degradation of indigo carmine dye with peroxydisulphate ion in aqueous sulphuric acid phase: Kinetic study
Authors: Umoru Patricia Ese , Nkole Ikechukwu Ugbaga , Ezeh Titus Tobechukwu
Published: February 2024

The quest for cleaner environments is a global concern. Hence, the investigation of degradation of the indigo carmine dye (IC) with peroxydisulphate ion in an aqueous sulphuric acid system with a view to understanding its kinetic degradation and mechanism. The degradation depicts first‐order kinetics in [S2O82−] and [IC], and the degradation mole ratio of IC: S2O82− is 1:1. The degradation rate is dependent on the change in ionic strength and medium permittivity of the system. Also, added ions (NH4+ and NO3−) influence the degradation rate of the dye which further supported the outcome of the change in ionic strength. Free radical participation is ruled out. The experimental rate law is given as (Kk3[H+])[IC][S2O82−]. Owing to the absence of detectable intermediates in the degradation process, an outer‐sphere mechanism is proposed. The study is significant in textile industries and medical settings for making environments less toxic with a well‐understood degradation rate pathway.
Organic Admixtures as Additive: An Initiative to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission due to Concrete
Authors: Bengal Shriram N. , Ghodmare Sujesh , Nayak Chittaranjan B. , Tomar Anjul
Published: February 2024

Concrete is a material which is being used extensively for construction worldwide. Concrete provides high strength, durability, impermeability, fire resistance, and hence provides a safe place for living. It is the composite of cement, aggregates, and water. In modern construction, chemical admixtures are also used to elaborate the properties of concrete like strength, workability, etc. but the chemical admixtures have adverse effects on environment at the time of production and post‐production also. Whereas organic admixtures are extracted organically from plants and animals without addition of any external chemicals. Many organic admixtures are used in lime concrete/mortar traditionally. The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the effect on quality of concrete by addition of organic additives jaggery and sticky rice pulp, which will in turn reduce the cement requirement and overall CO2 emission in the environment.
Current Scenario and Future Prospective of Ionic‐Liquid Doped Polymer Electrolyte for Energy Application
Authors: Nazir Sehrish , Pandey Shri Prakash , Latif Famiza Abdul , Singh Pramod K.
Published: February 2024

Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films based on poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF–HFP) with salt and ionic‐liquid (IL) are synthesized using the solution‐cast technique and summarized in this review. Doping ILs or salts increases ionic conductivity up to the device level. This is further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) affirms that enhancement in ionic conductivity is due to increase in amorphous nature of film. The complex nature of polymer electrolyte films is confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Overall results show that doping IL into polyether matrix is advantageous material playing a dominant role in electrochemical devices.
Self‐healing mineralized hydrogel scaffolds for stretch‐triggered dye release
Authors: Palit Nachiketa , Suryavanshi Purushottam , Banerjee Subham
Published: February 2024

Hydrogels, with self‐healing properties that can self‐repair spontaneously when subjected to mechanical stress, are gaining popularity in the biomedical field. Numerous attempts have been made to create distinctive hydrogels with self‐healing properties, along with stimuli‐responsiveness and biocompatibility. Several techniques exist for fabricating hydrogels, including physical and chemical crosslinking via the creation of covalent bonds, and so on. Here, we prepared self‐healing, stimuli‐responsive, mineralized hydrogel by simply dissolving Kollidon 90‐F, sodium chloride (NaCl), and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in an aqueous solution. The dissociated CO32− replaces the water molecules from the Kollidon 90‐F polymer backbone and facilitates the cross‐linking of the polymer chain, resulting in hydrogel formation. In addition, the in‐situ produced sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) strengthens the hydrogel network. We optimized the mineralized hydrogels by taking various metal salts and different concentrations of K2CO3. The optimized hydrogel showed good stability over a period of time, was able to maintain viscoelastic properties, possessed good self‐healing ability, and showed a shape retention ability. The shear‐thinning property demonstrated by the optimized hydrogel could open a ray of hope in the bioprinting or 3D printing industry. Further, the stretch‐responsive release of dye from the Self‐healing mineralized hydrogel (SHMH) matrix confirms the mechanoresponsive behavior of the hydrogel. Overall, the findings could be utilized in the future to fabricate a stable drug delivery system that can autonomously release the drug molecules when stretched by daily processes such as joint movements.
Study on the enhancement mechanism of ballistic properties of shear thickening fluid impregnated aramid fabric composite plates
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chang Lijun , Xu Jiawen , Chen Taiwei , Mao Zhengyu , Cai Zhihua
Published: February 2024

This study proposes a process for the preparation of composite laminates using the shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated aramid fabric and presents some fabric panel configuration strategies. Firstly, this study prepared two kinds of STF using 20 nm and 500 nm silica particles. Then, the STF‐impregnated Kevlar fabrics were laminated and hot‐pressed to form the fabric panels. After that, the ballistic performance of the fabric panels was evaluated by firing the 9 mm steel core projectile using a gas gun. The ballistic tests showed that the ballistic performance of the hybridized configuration panels using STF‐20 treated fabrics as the front panels and STF‐500 treated fabrics as the backing panels was superior, with a reduction of 36.1%–37.6% in the number of perforated layers (4.7–5 layers) compared to a single STF‐treated panel. This study provides a new idea and method for applying STF in protective equipment.

Highlights

Shear thickening fluid (STF) and aramid fabric are better combined by hot pressing lamination process;

The ballistic properties of fabric panels are significantly improved by hybrid configuration;

The ballistic performance enhancement mechanism of composite bulletproof plate was revealed.
The role of extracted Patchouli residue microparticle on the mechanical and microbial properties macroalgae biopolymer
Authors: Muhammad Syaifullah , Abdullah C. K. , Ahmad Azfaralariff , H.P.S. Abdul Khalil , Yahya Esam Bashir , Ernawati Ernawati , Lufika Raihan Dara , Alomar Suliman Yousef , Irshad Sana
Published: February 2024

Macroalgae is extensively being used to develop eco‐friendly biopolymer or biodegradable films, but have inferior mechanical strength. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of seaweed films by incorporating Patchouli microparticles (PMP) derived from dried Patchouli plants (DP‐PMP) and extracted residue (ER‐PMP) from Patchouli extraction process widely use in the perfume and cosmetic industry. The PMPs, were incorporated into films forming solution at varying concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% wt/wt) respectively. Despite similar thermal properties, the inclusion of ER‐PMP resulted in an increasing ash residue content with an increase in concentration. The optimal tensile strength was achieved with a 3% PMP loading, while higher concentrations resulted in a decline in strength. Notably, the sample containing 1% PMP demonstrated superior elasticity. Moreover, with increasing concentrations of PMPs, all samples displayed elevated surface roughness and enhanced hydrophobicity. All samples display significant antimicrobial activity against E‐coli and Salmonella sp.; however, the sample incorporating ER‐PMP showed less effect. In summary, the study suggests that DP‐PMP and ER‐PMP can serve as effective fillers to enhance the mechanical properties of seaweed biofilms, with an optimal loading of 3%. Their antimicrobial activity renders them suitable biopolymers for active packaging in food applications and other purposes.

Highlights

Patchouli microparticle (PMP) enhance the properties of seaweed film.

Film's surface morphology and hydrophobicity changed with increase in PMP.

Introduction of either PMPs increase antimicrobial properties of the film.

PMP from extracted residue (ER) provide lower antimicrobial activity.

3% DP‐PMP gave the optimum properties of the film for overall attributes.
Biopolymer‐based coatings for anti‐corrosion of Ti‐alloys used in biomedical applications: A review
Authors: Al‐Mosawi Ali I. , Abdulsada Shaymaa Abbas
Published: February 2024

There are several enviable attributes of titanium and its alloys that contribute to their popularity in biomedical devices and equipment, including their rather low modulus, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, good machinability, formability, and strength comprehensive impact and fatigue. Nevertheless, titanium and its alloys do not meet all medical requirements due to its unique properties and alloys, so surface modifications must be made to enhance mechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics. As a review of biomedical engineering, this article discusses specific polymers for coating applications as well as various polymer coatings for functionalization improvements. The versatility of biopolymer coatings makes them extremely appropriate for a broad range of biological uses. To enhance the engineering of tissue and drug delivery, this study summarized and analyzed the most recent advances in biopolymer coatings. Surface qualities of polymer coatings can be adjusted to meet specific criteria for various biomedical applications or integrated with new capabilities. Moreover, polymer coatings containing different inorganic ions can enhance the growth of tissue, proliferation of cells, healing, as well as the transfer of biomolecules, like active molecules, agents of antimicrobial, factors of growth, and medications.

Highlights

Surface modification avenues of Ti materials as orthopedic replacements are critically reviewed.

Basic descriptions of titanium and titanium alloys are presented.

Advances in the corrosion behavior of biomedical titanium alloys are thoroughly scrutinized.

Fundamental methods based on mechanical, physical, and chemical principles for biopolymer coatings are particularly presented.

Main biopolymer coatings types that are used on titanium surfaces are reviewed.
Investigating the Role of Embedded ZnO Seed Layer Thickness in Electrodeposited Cu2O/Zn(x)Mg(1−x)O/ZnO/FTO Heterojunctions for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Kara Rania , Nazir Roshan , Pandit Manzoor Ahmad
Published: February 2024

This article represents the construction of Cu2O/Zn(x)Mg(1−x)O/ZnO/FTO heterojunctions by employing a simple electrodeposition approach. The impact of inserting ZnO seed layers with different thicknesses on the various physicochemical properties of the electrodeposited films is explored by applying various techniques. The electrochemical characterization specifies high photoresponses achieving 335.42 μA cm−2 for seeded Cu2O/Zn(x)Mg(1−x)O heterojunctions by increasing the thickness of seeded ZnO layer from 25 to 100 nm. The scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques indicate that the surface texture and smoothness of Cu2O/ZnO heterojunctions have significantly enhanced after increasing the thickness of the ZnO layers. The synthesized ZnO nanostructures are found to be highly crystalline in nature having ZnO with hexagonal phase oriented along (002) direction and Cu2O with cubic structure oriented along (111) direction. This study shows the introduction of ZnO seed layers, enhances the I–V characteristics of Au/Cu2O/Zn(x)Mg(1−x)O/ZnO/FTO solar cells. The ideality factor shows a decreasing tendency from 5.35 to 3.93 while the photoelectric response is increased from 427% to 643% with the increase of the ZnO thickness from 25 to 100 nm, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the seed layers approach.
Spatio‐Temporal Electrowetting and Reaction Monitoring in Microfluidic Gas Diffusion Electrode Elucidates Mass Transport Limitations
Authors: Brosch Sebastian , Wiesner Florian , Decker Alexandra , Linkhorst John , Wessling Matthias
Published: February 2024

The use of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) enables efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction and may be a viable technology in CO2 utilization after carbon capture. Understanding the spatio‐temporal phenomena at the triple‐phase boundary formed inside GDEs remains a challenge; yet it is critical to design and optimize industrial electrodes for gas‐fed electrolyzers. Thus far, transport and reaction phenomena are not yet fully understood at the microscale, among other factors, due to a lack of experimental analysis methods for porous electrodes under operating conditions. In this work, a realistic microfluidic GDE surrogate is presented. Combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), the methodology allows monitoring of wetting and local pH, representing the dynamic (in)stability of the triple phase boundary in operando. Upon charging the electrode, immediate wetting leads to an initial flooding of the catalyst layer, followed by spatially oscillating pH changes. The micromodel presented gives an experimental insight into transport phenomena within porous electrodes, which is so far difficult to achieve. The methodology and proof of the spatio‐temporal pH and wetting oscillations open new opportunities to further comprehend the relationship between gas diffusion electrode properties and electrical currents originating at a given surface potential.
Poly(ethylene Glycol) (PEG)–OligoRNA Hybridization to mRNA Enables Fine‐Tuned Polyplex PEGylation for Spleen‐Targeted mRNA Delivery
Authors: Suzuki Miki , Mochida Yuki , Hori Mao , Hayashi Akimasa , Toh Kazuko , Tockary Theofilus A. , Liu Xueying , Marx Victor , Yokoo Hidetomo , Miyata Kanjiro , Oba Makoto , Uchida Satoshi
Published: February 2024

Organ‐selective targeting of mRNA polyplexes has been rarely explored despite the substantial potential of polymer‐based systems in mRNA delivery. In this study, spleen‐selective delivery of polyplexes is achieved by employing mRNA engineering to coat them with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In this approach, mRNA is hybridized with PEGylated complementary RNA oligonucleotides (PEG–OligoRNAs), followed by the addition of linear poly(ethyleneimine). In this method, it is ensured that nearly all added PEG strands bind to the polyplexes, thereby enabling precise control of PEG amounts on the surface. Following systemic injection into mice, non‐PEGylated polyplexes yield robust protein expression in the lung and spleen. Intriguingly, adding a small number of PEG–OligoRNAs drastically reduces protein expression efficiency in the lung while preserving it in the spleen, realizing spleen targeting of mRNA polyplexes. Furthermore, PEGylated polyplexes demonstrate their potential utility in mRNA vaccination. In mechanistic analyses, non‐PEGylated polyplexes immediately agglomerate in the blood and deposit in the lung. Coating polyplexes with a small amount of short PEG effectively prevents these processes. Notably, even slight changes in PEG amounts and lengths dramatically impact the physicochemical properties and biological functionalities of the polyplexes, emphasizing the benefits of an mRNA engineering‐based approach for fine‐tuning polyplex PEG coating.
Including the Marginalised: Engaging People with Dementia and the Elderly in Technology-Based Participatory Citizen Storytelling
Authors: Sumner Tony
Published: February 2024

In a prescriptive, top-down approach to healthcare development and configuration the narrative of the system can dominate the stories of the marginalised that could inform and enable improvement. Digital storytelling is a methodology used in health and social care, education and quality improvement in which the creation and ownership of stories moves from the system to the marginalised (by age, dementia, etc.) service users. The digital storytelling process has inherent benefits to the storyteller beyond the creation of the storied product, as the verbs of engagement change from harvesting or capturing the stories of the excluded to facilitating and empowering them.
The Critique of Learning Inclusion in a Digital World: A Conversation
Authors: Dobson Stephen , Svoen Brit , Agrusti Gabriella , Hardy Pip
Published: February 2024

In this chapter the editors respond to questions raised by Arjen Wals (SDG4 subseries advisor of the Springer SDG series) and his reading of this book as a whole: Is it possible to envisage a counter-movement to the digital age? Are we the editors too distracted by the promise of the digital and risk neglecting how it might colonise our minds, creating new forms of exclusion—despite the importance of digital story telling? What of those who prioritise the digital before other basic human needs, such as food, water and housing? How does this book’s focus upon SDG 3, 4 and 11 relate to other SDG’s?
Voice, Belonging, Storytelling and Transformation in Digital Storytelling Workshop Settings—Some Philosophical Considerations
Authors: Hardy Pip , Dobson Stephen
Published: February 2024

Stories are crucial to our understanding of ourselves and our world. Digital storytelling amplifies ordinary voices and draws on a combination of learned and unlearned skills such as ethical, self and aesthetic knowledge, to express, represent and, through a process of distillation that is not unlike the phenomenological reduction, create a connection between storyteller and viewer that can cross boundaries of time and space. This chapter considers digital storytelling, through a philosophical lens, with a particular focus on the existential and phenomenological aspects of the process and consideration of the types of knowledge that both inform and emerge from the process.
Bridging the Gaps: Promoting Competences for Democratic Culture and the Wellbeing of Girls Through Digital Storytelling
Authors: Guedes Teixeira Elsa , Monteiro Angélica
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents a thematic analysis of videos created by girls during digital storytelling workshops and discusses how this process can contribute to promoting competences for democratic culture and wellbeing. Empathy, especially for victims of bullying, was a highly relevant competence throughout the narratives. The analysis focused on wellbeing and the need to recognize differences and to be accepted and respected. The workshops enabled a space for girls to express their concerns and views on wellbeing, a fundamental condition for promoting and sustaining conditions for democratic participation.
Infinite order results for charged sectors of the Standard Model
Authors: Antipin Oleg , Bersini Jahmall , Panopoulos Pantelis , Sannino Francesco , Wang Zhi-Wei
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We determine anomalous dimensions of a family of fixed hypercharge operators in the Standard Model featuring the general Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa structure. The results are obtained at infinite orders in the couplings and to leading and subleading orders in the charge. The computed anomalous dimensions are shown to agree with the maximum known order in perturbation theory. We further show that the large hypercharge sector of the Standard Model is characterised by a non-Abelian vector condensation phase.
Compactness Criteria for Stieltjes Function Spaces and Applications
Authors: Fernández Francisco J. , Tojo F. Adrián F. , Villanueva Carlos
Published: February 2024

In this work we study some topological aspects of function spaces arising in Stieltjes differential calculus. Chief among them are compactness results related to the Ascoli–Arzelà and Kolmogorov–Riesz theorems, as well as their applications to Stieltjes-Sobolev spaces and decomposable functions.
Low birthweight and overweight during childhood and young adulthood and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Célind Jimmy , Bygdell Maria , Bramsved Rebecka , Martikainen Jari , Ohlsson Claes , Kindblom Jenny M.
Published: February 2024

Aims/hypothesis

This study aimed to determine the relative contributions of low birthweight and overweight during childhood and young adulthood to the risk of type 2 diabetes in men.

Methods

We included 34,231 men born between1945 and 1961 from the population-based BMI Epidemiology Study (BEST) Gothenburg with data on birthweight and overweight status in childhood (8 years, BMI >17.9 kg/m2) and young adulthood (20 years, BMI >25 kg/m2). Participants were followed from age 30 years until 31 December 2019. Information on type 2 diabetes diagnoses was retrieved from Swedish national registers. HRs and 95% CIs for the risk of early (≤59.4 years) and late (>59.4 years) type 2 diabetes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

During follow-up, a total of 2733 cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed. Birthweight below the median (<3.6 kg) and overweight at age 20 (BMI >25 kg/m2), but not overweight at age 8 (BMI >17.9 kg/m2), were associated with an increased risk of early and late type 2 diabetes. Of note, a birthweight below the median followed by overweight at age 20 years was associated with a substantially increased risk of early type 2 diabetes (HR 6.07, 95% CI 5.08, 7.27), and a low birthweight (≤2.5 kg) combined with overweight at age 20 years was associated with a massive risk of early type 2 diabetes (HR 9.94, 95% CI 6.57, 15.05).

Conclusions/interpretation

Low birthweight and overweight in young adulthood are the major developmental determinants of adult type 2 diabetes risk in men. They contribute in an additive manner to the risk of type 2 diabetes. To reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, young adult overweight should be avoided, especially in boys with a low birthweight.

Data availability

The SPSS analysis code, the R analysis code and a data dictionary have been made available in an online repository (https://osf.io/bx2as/).

Graphical Abstract
Transfusion of blood components in pediatric age groups: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline adapted for the use in Egypt using ‘Adapted ADAPTE’
Authors: Mokhtar Galila , Adly Amira , Baky Ashraf Abdel , Ezzat Dina , Hakeem Gehan Abdel , Hassab Hoda , Youssry Ilham , Ragab Iman , Florez Ivan , Sherief Laila M. , El-Ekiaby Magdy , Zakaria Marwa , Hesham Mervat , Shaheen Naglaa , Salama Niveen , Salah Nouran , Afifi Rasha A. A. , El-Ashry Rasha , Youssef Salwa , Ragab Seham , Habib Sonia A. , Omar Tarek , Amer Yasser , Wali Yasser , Makkeyah Sara ,   Egyptian Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee (EPG)
Published: February 2024

Pediatric transfusion is a complex area of medicine covering a wide age range, from neonates to young adults. Compared to adult practice, there is a relative lack of high-quality research to inform evidence-based guidelines. We aimed to adapt the pre-existing high-quality practice guidelines for the transfusion of blood components in different pediatric age groups to be available for national use by general practitioners, pediatricians, and other health care professionals. The guideline panel included 17 key leaders from different Egyptian institutions. The panel used the Adapted ADAPTE methodology. The panel prioritized the health questions and recommendations according to their importance for clinicians and patients. The procedure included searching for existing guidelines, quality appraisal, and adaptation of the recommendations to the target context of use. The guideline covered all important aspects of the indications, dosing, and administration of packed red cells, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma. It also included transfusion in special situations, e.g., chronic hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia, management of massive blood loss, malignancies, surgery, recommendations for safe transfusion practices, and recommendations for modifications of cellular blood components. The final version of the adapted clinical practice guideline (CPG) has been made after a thorough review by an external review panel and was guided by their official recommendations and modifications. A set of implementation tools included algorithms, tables, and flow charts to aid decision-making in practice. This adapted guideline serves as a tool for safe transfusion practices in different pediatric age groups.
Contribution of silane modification of halloysite nanotube to its poly (butylene terephthalate)-based nanocomposites: structural, mechanical and thermal properties
Authors: Senyel Mustafa , Dike Ali Sinan
Published: February 2024

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) nanocomposites were melt-blended with two types of Turkish halloysite nanotubes (HN). Naturally occurring HN samples were used to produce PBT-based composites at the HN compositions of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%. Findings of neat and silane-coated HN-containing composite samples were compared to investigate the interfacial adhesion between polymer matrix and reinforcement material. According to test results, a 1% amount of HN was found to be the most suitable option in the case of mechanical and thermal properties of composites. Additionally, silane-modified grade displayed highly indicative improvements compared to pristine HN clay due to better interfacial adhesion of halloysite nanotubes to the PBT matrix was accomplished. Property enhancements achieved for composite samples containing low contents of HN were confirmed by morphological examinations. As a result, the PBT/ 1% HN-S composite sample was bookmarked as the most suitable option to fabricate HN-reinforced PBT-based nanocomposites in terms of mechanical, thermo-mechanical, morphological, thermal, and physical performances based on the findings in this study. Silane-modified halloysite grades exhibited better results, and they were found to be more suitable in the case of applications of PBT.

Graphical abstract
Ultra-low dose chest CT with silver filter and deep learning reconstruction significantly reduces radiation dose and retains quantitative information in the investigation and monitoring of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
Authors: Golbus Alexa E. , Steveson Chloe , Schuzer John L. , Rollison Shirley F. , Worthy Tat’Yana , Jones Amanda M. , Julien-Williams Patricia , Moss Joel , Chen Marcus Y.
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Frequent CT scans to quantify lung involvement in cystic lung disease increases radiation exposure. Beam shaping energy filters can optimize imaging properties at lower radiation dosages. The aim of this study is to investigate whether use of SilverBeam filter and deep learning reconstruction algorithm allows for reduced radiation dose chest CT scanning in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

Material and methods

In a single-center prospective study, 60 consecutive patients with LAM underwent chest CT at standard and ultra-low radiation doses. Standard dose scan was performed with standard copper filter and ultra-low dose scan was performed with SilverBeam filter. Scans were reconstructed using a soft tissue kernel with deep learning reconstruction (AiCE) technique and using a soft tissue kernel with hybrid iterative reconstruction (AIDR3D). Cyst scores were quantified by semi-automated software. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated for each reconstruction. Data were analyzed by linear correlation, paired t-test, and Bland–Altman plots.

Results

Patients averaged 49.4 years and 100% were female with mean BMI 26.6 ± 6.1 kg/m2. Cyst score measured by AiCE reconstruction with SilverBeam filter correlated well with that of AIDR3D reconstruction with standard filter, with a 1.5% difference, and allowed for an 85.5% median radiation dosage reduction (0.33 mSv vs. 2.27 mSv, respectively, p < 0.001). Compared to standard filter with AIDR3D, SNR for SilverBeam AiCE images was slightly lower (3.2 vs. 3.1, respectively, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

SilverBeam filter with deep learning reconstruction reduces radiation dosage of chest CT, while maintaining accuracy of cyst quantification as well as image quality in cystic lung disease.

Clinical relevance statement

Radiation dosage from chest CT can be significantly reduced without sacrificing image quality by using silver filter in combination with a deep learning reconstructive algorithm.

Key Points

• Deep learning reconstruction in chest CT had no significant effect on cyst quantification when compared to conventional hybrid iterative reconstruction.

• SilverBeam filter reduced radiation dosage by 85.5% compared to standard dose chest CT.

• SilverBeam filter in coordination with deep learning reconstruction maintained image quality and diagnostic accuracy for cyst quantification when compared to standard dose CT with hybrid iterative reconstruction.

Graphical abstract
Prioritising quality: investigating the influence of image quality on forensic facial comparison
Authors: Bacci Nicholas , Briers Nanette , Steyn Maryna
Published: February 2024

Morphological analysis in forensic facial comparison was recently validated for judicial use. However, no image quality assurance systems exist for this purpose, despite image triage being considered the best practice approach. Hence, this study aimed at testing a semi-quantitative scoring method to assess image quality and investigated facial image resolution and lighting quality quantitatively in a context of forensic facial comparison. For this purpose, 400 facial comparison photographic and CCTV image pools developed from the Wits Face Database were used. These facial images were analysed in prior studies that investigated the validity of morphological analysis. A semi-quantitative image quality scoring system was adapted and tested on the above sample and compared across correct and incorrect matches obtained as part of previous studies using a logistic regression model. In addition, facial images were cropped to the closest pixel comprising the face, head and neck areas; then, a face-to-image pixel proportion was calculated as an estimator of resolution quality; and pixel exposure qualities were obtained to be compared to facial comparison outcomes. Ideal and high image quality scores were related to correctness of matches, while low-quality scores were related to incorrect matches. High pixel proportions were related to true matches and low exposure was related to false positives, while high exposure was related to false negatives. These results suggest that an easy method for image triage could be employed by scoring image quality. Quantitative measures should be investigated further for thresholding quality suitability for confidence of facial comparisons.