bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manifestation of Berry’s Phase in Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectra of Rotating Powder Samples
Authors: Sinyavsky Nikolay , Maćkowiak Mariusz , Schmidt Claudia
Published: February 2015

The effect of Berry’s phase on the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of rotating powder samples is studied experimentally, and its application for the determination of the electric field gradient asymmetry η is demonstrated. The NQR frequency splittings, which are observed for the spin 3/2 nucleus of 35Cl in powder samples of p-dichlorobenzene (C6H4Cl2) and cyanuric chloride (C3N3Cl3), are interpreted as a manifestation of Berry’s phase, associated with the adiabatically changing Hamiltonian due to sample rotation. The accumulation of Berry’s phase during the rotation process is responsible for the observed dependence of the NQR line shape on the rotation frequency and the asymmetry parameter. The proposed method for the determination of η involves the analysis of the NQR powder patterns of the rotating samples.
14N NQR Study of Diphenylamine
Authors: Seliger Janez , Žagar Veselko
Published: February 2015

The temperature dependence of the 14N NQR frequencies has been measured in a polycrystalline sample of diphenylamine by nuclear quadrupole double resonance. Two non-equivalent diphenylamine molecules have been observed. The NQR parameters in diphenylamine were related to the NQR parameters obtained in other amines and to the molecular and crystal structure.
Dielectric Relaxation Studies of Binary Mixtures of Ethanol and Chlorobenzene in Benzene Solution from Microwave Absorption Data
Authors: Sharma Vimal , Thakur Nagesh
Published: February 2015

Dielectric relaxation of different molar concentrations of ethanol (C2H5OH) in binary mixtures of ethanol and chlorobenzene in benzene solutions has been studied at 9.883 GHz by using standard standing microwave techniques and Gopala Krishna’s single frequency concentration variation method at different temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C). It was found that the dielectric relaxation time varies linearly with variation in the molar concentration of ethanol in the whole concentration range of the binary mixture. Based upon these results the absence of solute-solute and the presence of solute-solvent type of molecular associations could be assumed. The energy parameters for the dielectric relaxation process of binary mixtures containing 50 mol% of ethanol have been calculated at the given temperatures. Comparison has been made with the corresponding energy parameters for viscous flow processes. It was found that the dielectric relaxation process can be treated as the rate process like the viscous flow process.
Formation of Gd-Al Alloy Films by a Molten Salt Electrochemical Process
Authors: Caravaca Concha , De Córdoba Guadalupe
Published: February 2015

The electrochemistry of molten LiCl-KCl-GdCl3 at a reactive Al electrode has been studied at 723 to 823 K. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry have been used in order to identify the intermetallic compounds formed. Cyclic voltammetry showed that, while at an inert W electrode GdCl3 is reduced to Gd metal in a single step at a potential close to the reduction of the solvent, at an Al electrode a shift towards more positive values occurs. This shift of the cathodic potential indicated a reduction of the activity of Gd in Al with respect to that ofW, due to the formation of alloys. The surface characterization of samples formed by both galvanostatic and potentiostatic electrolysis has shown the presence of two intermetallic compounds: GdAl3 and GdAl2. Using open-circuit chronopotentiometry it has been possible to measure the potentials at which these compounds are transformed into each other. The values of these potential plateaus, once transformed into e. f. m. values, allowed to determine the thermodynamic properties of the GdAl3 intermetallic compound.
The Exp-function Method for the Riccati Equation and Exact Solutions of Dispersive Long Wave Equations
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Wang Wei , Tong Jing-Lin
Published: February 2015

In this paper, the Exp-function method is used to seek new generalized solitonary solutions of the Riccati equation. Based on the Riccati equation and one of its generalized solitonary solutions, new exact solutions with three arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long wave equations are obtained. Compared with the tanh-function method and its extensions, the proposed method is more powerful. It is shown that the Exp-function method provides a straightforward and important mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics.
The Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving the Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation
Authors: Yildirim Ahmet
Published: February 2015

The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is employed successfully for solving the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. In this method, the solution is calculated in the form of a convergent series with an easily computable component. This approach does not need linearization, weak nonlinearity assumptions or perturbation theory. The results show applicability, accuracy and efficiency of the HPM in solving nonlinear differential equations. It is predicted that the HPM can be widely applied in science and engineering problems.
Solitary Solutions of the Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli Equation Using He’S Variational Method
Authors: Tao Zhao-Ling
Published: February 2015

A variational formulation is established for the Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation using He’s semi-inverse method; three kinds of traveling wave solutions are obtained.
The Exp-Function Method and n-Soliton Solutions
Authors: Marinakis Vangelis
Published: February 2015

We generalize the exp-function method recently proposed by He and Wu [Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 30, 700 (2006)]. We apply this generalized method to the Korteweg-de Vries equation and derive the known 2-soliton and 3-soliton solutions. We also discuss the efficiency, as well as the drawbacks of the proposed method.
Periodic Structures Based on the Symmetrical Lucas Function of the (2+1)-Dimensional Dispersive Long-Wave System
Authors: Abdel-Salam Emad A.-B.
Published: February 2015

By introducing the Lucas Riccati method and a linear variable separation method, new variable separation solutions with arbitrary functions are derived for a (2+1)-dimensional dispersive longwave system. The main idea of this method is to express the solutions of this system as polynomials in the solution of the Riccati equation that satisfies the symmetrical Lucas functions. From the variable separation solution and by selecting appropriate functions, some novel Jacobian elliptic wave structures and periodic wave evolutional behaviours are investigated.
Effect of Different Substituents on Uracil and its 2-Hydroxy-4-oxo Enol Tautomer – A Theoretical Study
Authors: Al-Omari Hamzeh S. M.
Published: February 2015

The uracil/2-hydroxy-4-oxo uracil tautomeric system was studied by employing the MNDO semiempirical method for the calculations. The uracil structure was found to be energetically favourable as indicated by the calculated heat of formation, the Gibbs free energy, the HOMO and LUMO energies, and charges. The substitution by F, OH, NH2, CH3, and BH2 at the carbon-6 position was found to affect the geometrical parameters of the substituted molecules. All of the substituents were found to shift the equilibrium in forward direction compared to the unsubstituted tautomeric pair as indicated by the calculated values for the equilibrium constants.
Density Functional Theory and ab initio Hartree-Fock Calculations of Molecular Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Anilinium Nitrate
Authors: Avcı Davut , Başoğlu Adil , Atalay Yusuf
Published: February 2015

The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman scattering activities and several thermodynamic parameters of anilinium nitrate in the ground state have been calculated by both Hartree-Fock (HF) and three density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, BLYP and B3PW91) using the 6-31G(d) basis set. The results of the optimized molecular structure are presented and compared with the experimental X-ray structure. The optimized geometric bond lengths are described very well by the HF method while bond angles are reproduced more accurately by the DFT methods. Comparison between the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of anilinium nitrate and the results of DFT and HF methods indicates that B3LYP is superior to the scaled HF, BLYP and B3PW91 approaches for molecular vibrational problems. The computed vibrational frequencies are used to determine the types of molecular motions associated with each of the experimental bands observed. In addition, calculated results are related to the linear correlation plot of computed data versus experimental geometric parameters and IR data.
The Electrical Resistivity of Ultra-Thin Copper Films
Authors: Schmiedl Ernst , Wissmann Peter , Finzel Hans-Ulrich
Published: February 2015

The resistivity of ultra-thin metal films is much higher than theoretically predicted by the scattering hypothesis. The effect is discussed with respect to the variation of film thickness for copper films deposited under ultra-high vacuum conditions on glass substrates. The interpretation on the basis of a statistical model leads to reasonable results even when the variation of temperature is included into consideration. Additional information is obtained from photoelectric and field effect measurements.
A Collocation Method for Solving Abel’S Integral Equations of First and Second Kinds
Authors: Saadatmandi Abbas , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: February 2015

A numerical technique is developed for solving Abel’s integral equations. The solutions of such equations may exhibit a singular behaviour in the neighbourhood of the initial point of the interval of integration. The proposed method is based on the shifted Legendre collocation technique. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the presented technique.
A Generalized Sub-Equation Expansion Method and Some Analytical Solutions to the Inhomogeneous Higher-Order Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Li Biao , Chen Yong , Li Yu-Qi
Published: February 2015

On the basis of symbolic computation a generalized sub-equation expansion method is presented for constructing some exact analytical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. To illustrate the validity of the method, we investigate the exact analytical solutions of the inhomogeneous high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (IHNLSE) including not only the group velocity dispersion, self-phase-modulation, but also various high-order effects, such as the third-order dispersion, self-steepening and self-frequency shift. As a result, a broad class of exact analytical solutions of the IHNLSE are obtained. From our results, many previous solutions of some nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations can be recovered by means of suitable selections of the arbitrary functions and arbitrary constants. With the aid of computer simulation, the abundant structure of bright and dark solitary wave solutions, combined-type solitary wave solutions, dispersion-managed solitary wave solutions, Jacobi elliptic function solutions and Weierstrass elliptic function solutions are shown by some figures.
The Variational-Iteration Method to Solve the Nonlinear Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Abulwafa Essam M. , Abdou Mohammed A. , Mahmoud Aber H.
Published: February 2015

The time-dependent nonlinear Boltzmann equation, which describes the time evolution of a single-particle distribution in a dilute gas of particles interacting only through binary collisions, is considered for spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous media without external force and energy source. The nonlinear Boltzmann equation is converted to a nonlinear partial differential equation for the generating function of the moments of the distribution function. The variational-iteration method derived by He is used to solve the nonlinear differential equation of the generating function. The moments for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous media are calculated and represented graphically as functions of space and time. The distribution function is calculated from its moments using the cosine Fourier transformation. The distribution functions for the homogeneous and inhomogeneous media are represented graphically as functions of position and time.
Application of the Homotopy Perturbation Method to Linear and Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Mousaa Mohamed M. , Ragab Shahwar F.
Published: February 2015

He’s homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is applied to linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equations for obtaining exact solutions. The HPM is used for an analytic treatment of these equations. The results reveal that the HPM is very effective, convenient and quite accurate to such types of partial differential equations.
Soliton Switching in Fiber Coupler with Periodically Modulated Dispersion, Coupling Constant Dispersion and Cubic Quintic Nonlinearity
Authors: Jana Soumendu , Konar Swapan , Mishra Manoj
Published: February 2015

In this paper we present the soliton dynamics in a two port fiber nonlinear directional coupler with periodically modulated dispersion and coupling constant dispersion that arose due to the intermodal dispersion between symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the coupler. The fiber material possessed cubic quintic nonlinearity. The influences of the coupling constant dispersion, periodically modulated dispersion and quintic nonlinearity on the soliton switching dynamics have been comprehensively studied. The expressions for the transmission coefficient, cross talk and extinction ratio have been derived in the context of both quintic nonlinearity and periodically modulated dispersion. It has been found that an increase in the value of the quintic nonlinearity has detrimental influence on the soliton switching. Our analytical results have been supported by numerical simulation.
On Differences between Fractional and Integer Order Differential Equations for Dynamical Games
Authors: Ahmed Elsayed M. E. , Elgazzar Ahmed S. , Shehata Mohamed I.
Published: February 2015

We argue that fractional order differential equations are more suitable to model complex adaptive systems. Hence they are applied in replicator equations for non-cooperative games. Rock-scissors-paper game is discussed. It is known that its integer order model does not have a stable equilibrium. Its fractional order model is shown to have a locally asymptotically stable internal solution. A fractional order asymmetric game is shown to have a locally asymptotically stable internal solution. This is not the case for its integer order counterpart.
The Structural Information Content of Chemical Networks
Authors: Dehmer Matthias , Emmert-Streib Frank
Published: February 2015

We present an information-theoretic method to measure the structural information content of networks and apply it to chemical graphs. As a result, we find that our entropy measure is more general than classical information indices known in mathematical and computational chemistry. Further, we demonstrate that our measure reflects the essence of molecular branching meaningfully by determining the structural information content of some chemical graphs numerically.
Reaction Rate Constants from Classical Trajectories of Atom-Diatomic Molecule Collisions
Authors: Abdel-Halim Hamzeh M. , Jaafreh Sawsan M.
Published: February 2015

Classical trajectory calculations for various atom-diatomic molecules were preformed using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo method. The reaction probabilities, cross-sections and rate constants of several systems were calculated. Equations of motion, which predict the positions and momenta of the colliding particles after each step, have been integrated numerically by the Runge-Kutta-Gill and Adams-Moulton methods. Morse potential energy surfaces were used to describe the interaction between the atom and each atom in the diatomic molecules. The results were compared with experimental ones and with other theoretical values. Good agreement was obtained between calculated rate constants and those obtained experimentally. Also, reasonable agreement was observed with theoretical rate constants obtained by other investigators using different calculation methods. The effects of the temperature, the nature of the colliding particles and the thermochemistry were studied. The results showed a strong dependence of the reaction rates on these factors.
Effect of Indentation on I-V Characteristics of Au/n-GaAs Schottky Barrier Diodes
Authors: Ozdemir Ahmet Faruk , Calik Adnan , Cankaya Guven , Sahin Osman , Ucar Nazim
Published: February 2015

Au/n-GaAs Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been fabricated. The effect of indentation on Schottky diode parameters such as Schottky barrier height (φb) and ideality factor (n) was studied by current-voltage (I-V) measurements. The method used for indentation was the Vickers microhardness test at room temperature. The experimental results showed that the I-V characteristics move to lower currents due to an increase of φb with increasing indentation weight, while contacts showed a nonideal diode behaviour.
Dielectric Relaxation Studies of Binary Mixtures of N-Methylformamide and Tetramethylurea in Benzene Using Microwave Absorption Data
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Thakur Nagesh
Published: February 2015

The dielectric relaxation time (τ ) and dipole moment (μ) of binary mixtures of different molar concentrations of N-methylformamide (NMF) in binary mixtures of NMF and tetramethylurea (TMU) in benzene have been calculated at 25, 30, 35 and 40 ◦C using standard standing wave microwave techniques and following the single frequency (9.885 GHz) concentration variational method of Gopala Krishna. The energy parameters (ΔH
ε , ΔF
ε , ΔS
ε ) for the dielectric relaxation process of binary mixtures containing 30 mol% of NMF have been calculated at different temperatures, and comparison has been made with the corresponding energy parameters (ΔH
η , ΔF
η , ΔS
η ) for the viscous flow process. Based on these studies, it was inferred that the dielectric relaxation process can be treated as a rate process just like the viscous flow process. Solute-solvent and solute-solute molecular associations have been proposed.
On Harmonic Curvatures of Null Curves of the AW(k)-Type in Lorentzian Space
Authors: Külahcı Mihriban , Bektaş Mehmet , Ergüt Mahmut
Published: February 2015

We investigate null curves of the AW(k)-type (1 ≤ k ≤ 3) in the 3-dimensional Lorentzian space, L3, and give curvature conditions of these curves by using the Cartan frame. Moreover, we study harmonic curvatures of curves of AW(k)-type and show that if the α Frenet curve is of type AW(1), then α is a null helix.
Painlevé Integrability and N-Soliton Solution for the Whitham- Broer-Kaup Shallow Water Model Using Symbolic Computation
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Tian Bo , Meng Xiang-Hua , Lü Xing , Cai Ke-Jie , Geng Tao
Published: February 2015

With the help of symbolic computation, the Whitham-Broer-Kaup shallow water model is analyzed for its integrability through the Painlev´e analysis. Then, by truncating the Painlevé expansion at the constant level term with two singular manifolds, the Hirota bilinear form is obtained and the corresponding N-soliton solution with graphic analysis is also given. Furthermore, a bilinear auto-Bäcklund transformation is constructed for the Whitham-Broer-Kaup model, from which a one-soliton solution is presented.
The Effect of Higher-Order Corrections on the Propagation of Nonlinear Dust-Acoustic Solitary Waves in a Dusty Plasma with Nonthermal Ions Distribution
Authors: Abdelwahed Hesham G. , El-Shewy Emad K. , Zahran Mohsen A. , Attia Mohamed T.
Published: February 2015

Propagation of nonlinear dust-acoustic (DA) waves in a unmagnetized collisionless mesospheric dusty plasma containing positively and negatively charged dust grains and nonthermal ion distributions are investigated. For nonlinear DA waves, a reductive perturbation method is employed to obtain a Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for the first-order potential. As it is well-known, KdV equations contain the lowest-order nonlinearity and dispersion, and consequently can be adopted for only small amplitudes. As the wave amplitude increases, the width and velocity of a soliton can not be described within the framework of KdV equations. So, we extend our analysis and take higher-order nonlinear and dispersion terms into account to clarify the essential effects of higher-order corrections. Moreover, in order to study the effects of higher-order nonlinearity and dispersion on the output solution, we address an appropriate technique, namely the renormalization method.
Analytic Equation of State and Thermodynamic Properties of Solid FCC C61D2 Based on an Analytic Mean Field Approach
Authors: Yang Wei , Sun Jiu-Xun , Wang Li-Guo
Published: February 2015

Analytic expressions for the equation of state and internal energy of poly-exponential solids are derived based on the analytic mean field potential (AMFP) method. The formalism is applied to fcc C61D2. Two sets of potential parameters are determined by fitting the experimental compression data of C61D2 up to 1 GPa at 343 and 307 K, respectively. The difference between the two sets of parameters is small. Whereas the difference between the potential of the C61D2 molecules and that of the C60 molecules is fairly prominent, the conclusion is different from that in the literature, and the reason is unclear at present. The thermo-physical properties including the isothermals, thermal expansion, isochoric heat capacity, Helmholtz free energy and internal energy are calculated and analyzed. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental data available for solid C61D2.
A Theoretical Investigation of 2D MAXY-JRES NMR Spectroscopy of CDnCDm Groups
Authors: Şaka Irfan , Gençten Azmi
Published: February 2015

There exists a variety of multiple-pulse NMR experiments for spectral editing of complex molecules in solution. Maximum quantum correlation NMR (MAXY NMR) spectroscopy is one of the techniques for distinguishing CHn groups by editing 1H NMR spectra. Spectral assignments of 2D homonuclear J-resolved NMR spectroscopy become too difficult, due to complex overlapping spectra. In order to overcome this problem a new technique called 2D MAXY-JRES NMR spectroscopy, which is the combination of MAXY NMR and homonuclear J-resolved NMR spectroscopy, is used. In this study, product operator description of 2D MAXY-JRES NMR spectroscopy is performed for ISnI’S’ m (I = I’ = ½ ; S = S’ = 1; n = 1,2, 3; m = 1, 2) multi-spin systems. Experimental suggestions are made and simulated spectra are presented for the 2D MAXY-JRES NMR experiment. Therefore, it is shown that 2D MAXY-JRES NMR spectroscopy can be used to distinguish CD, CD2 and CD3 groups from each other in CDnCDm groups.
Large Amplitude Solitary Waves in a Four-Component Dusty Plasma with Nonthermal Ions
Authors: Chatterjee Prasanta , Roy Kaushik
Published: February 2015

Dust acoustic solitary waves are studied in a four-component dusty plasma. Positively and negatively charged mobile dust and Boltzmann-distributed electrons are considered. The ion distribution is taken as nonthermal. The existence of a soliton solution is determined by the pseudo-potential approach. It is shown that in small amplitude approximation our result obtained from the Sagdeev potential technique reproduce the result obtained by Sayed and Mamun [Phys. Plasmas 14, 014501 (2007)] provided one cosiders the nonthermal distribution for ions.
Specimen Geometry Effect on the Mechanical Properties of AISI 1040 Steel
Authors: Calik Adnan , Sahin Osman , Ucar Nazim
Published: February 2015

The specimen geometry effect on some mechanical properties, such as tensile behaviour and hardness, of borided and unborided AISI 1040 steels was investigated. Boronizing of steels was performed by the powder pack method at 1210 K for 4 h. The specimen geometry and the boride layer thickness and hardness is similar for all tested boronized steels and independent of varying the shape of cross-sections. On the other hand, the ultimate tensile stress and elongation depend on the specimen geometry due to stress concentration at the corners of the specimen.
A Physical Model of Molten Salt Data
Authors: Redkin Alexander , Zaikov Yurii , Tkatcheva Olga , Shuryghin Anatoly
Published: February 2015

Molten alkali halides can be regarded as model ionic systems. Physical properties of molten alkali halides and their mixtures depending on molar volume and temperature are considered. The properties under examination are divided into two groups: cation-dependent and anion-dependent ones. The character of property changes with temperature and molar volume is different for these groups.
Solvatochromic Study on Binary Solvent Mixtures with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Koel Mihkel
Published: February 2015

Solvent effects on 2,6-dichloro-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-pyridinium-1-yl)phenolate [ET (33) dye] and 7- diethylamino-3,4-benzophenoxazine-2-one (Nile Red) in binary mixtures of organic solvents (acetone, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, methanol and ethane-1,2-diol) with 1,3-dialkyl imidazoliumbased ionic liquids were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. Highly nonlinear behaviour of mixtures of alcohols and ionic liquids was found. A preferential solvation model was applied to the data obtained on solvatochromic shifts over the entire mixing range. It is fitting the data well for alcohol mixtures and for other solvent mixtures with different ionic liquids.
Relation between the Mass-Centric Coordinates in Multicomponent Salt Systems
Authors: Lutsyk Vasily , Vorob’eva Vera
Published: February 2015

An algorithm which allows to define relations between concentration coordinates of subsystems formed in the initial system consisting of simple elements is proposed. The same algorithm gives a possibility to determine the conditions under which the point belongs to the given concentration simplex or complex.
Application of New Triangular Functions to Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Abdel-Salam Emad A.-B. , Kaya Dogan
Published: February 2015

The results of some new research on a new class of triangular functions that unite the characteristics of the classical triangular functions are presented. Taking into consideration the great role played by triangular functions in geometry and physics, it is possible to expect that the new theory of the triangular functions will bring new results and interpretations in mathematics, biology, physics and cosmology. New traveling wave solutions of some nonlinear partial differential equations are obtained in a unified way. The main idea of this method is to express the solutions of these equations as a polynomial in the solution of the Riccati equation that satisfy the symmetrical triangular Fibonacci functions. We apply this method to the combined Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and modified KdV (mKdV) equations, the generalized Kawahara equation, Ito’s 5th-order mKdV equation and Ito’s 7th-order mKdV equation.
Lie Symmetry Group of the Nonisospectral Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation
Authors: Chen Yong , Hu Xiaorui
Published: February 2015

The classical symmetry method and the modified Clarkson and Kruskal (C-K) method are used to obtain the Lie symmetry group of a nonisospectral Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation. It is shown that the Lie symmetry group obtained via the traditional Lie approach is only a special case of the symmetry groups obtained by the modified C-K method. The discrete group analysis is given to show the relations between the discrete group and parameters in the ansatz. Furthermore, the expressions of the exact finite transformation of the Lie groups via the modified C-K method are much simpler than those obtained via the standard approach.
Symbolic Computation and Construction of New Exact Traveling Wave Solutions to Fitzhugh-Nagumo and Klein-Gordon Equations
Authors: Öziş Turgut , Aslan İsmail
Published: February 2015

With the aid of the symbolic computation system Mathematica, many exact solutions for the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equation and the Klein-Gordon equation with a quadratic nonlinearity are constructed by an auxiliary equation method, the so-called (G'/G)-expansion method, where the new and more general forms of solutions are also obtained. Periodic and solitary traveling wave solutions capable of moving in both directions are observed.
Novel Excitations of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation by Separation of Variables
Authors: Lai Xian-Jing , Zhang Jie-Fang
Published: February 2015

By means of an extended tanh method, a new type of variable separation solutions with two arbitrary lower-dimensional functions of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is derived. Based on the derived variable separation excitation, some special types of localized solutions such as a curved soliton, a straight-line soliton and a periodic soliton are constructed by choosing appropriate functions. In addition, one dromion changes its shape during the collision with a folded solitary wave.
New Exact Solutions and Localized Excitations in a (2+1)-Dimensional Soliton System
Authors: Ma Song-Hua , Fang Jian-Ping
Published: February 2015

Starting from a special conditional similarity reduction method, we obtain the reduction equation of the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long-water wave system. Based on the reduction equation, some new exact solutions and abundant localized excitations are obtained.
Nonthermal and Plasmon Effects on Elastic Electron-Ion Collisions in Hot Quantum Lorentzian Plasmas
Authors: Kima Hwa-Min , Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2015

The nonthermal and plasmon effects on elastic electron-ion collisions are investigated in hot quantum Lorentzian plasmas. The modified interaction model taking into account the nonthermal screening and plasmon effects is employed to represent the electron-ion interaction potential in hot quantum Lorentzian plasmas. The eikonal phase and differential collision cross-section are obtained as functions of the impact parameter, collision energy, spectral index, and plasma parameters by using the second-order eikonal analysis. It is shown that the plasmon effect suppresses the eikonal phase and collision cross-section for 0 < β (ћω0
/kBT < 0.6) and, however, enhances it for 0.6 < β < 1, where ω0 is the plasma frequency and T is the plasma temperature. It is also shown that the nonthermal character of the quantum Lorentzian plasma suppresses the elastic electron-ion collision cross-section.
Numerical Results of a Flow in a Third Grade Fluid between Two Porous Walls
Authors: Abbasbandy Saeid , Hayat Tasawar , Ellahi Rahmat , Asghar Saleem
Published: February 2015

Series solution for a steady flow of a third grade fluid between two porous walls is given by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Comparison with the existing numerical solution is shown. It is found that, unlike the numerical solution, the present series solution holds for all values of the material parameter of a third grade fluid.
Flow Properties Inferred from Generalized Maxwell Models
Authors: Hess Siegfried , Arlt Bastian , eidenreich Sebastian , Ilg Patrick , Goddard Chris , Hess Ortwin
Published: February 2015

The generalized Maxwell model is formulated as a nonlinear relaxation equation for the symmetric traceless stress tensor. The relaxation term of the equation involves the derivative of a potential function with respect to the stress tensor. Two special cases for this potential referred to as “isotropic” and “anisotropic” are considered. In the first case, the potential solely depends on the second scalar invariant, viz. the norm of the tensor. In the second case, also a dependence on the third scalar invariant, essentially the determinant, is taken into account in analogy to the Landau-de Gennes potential of nematic liquid crystals. Rheological consequences of the model are presented for a plane Couette flow with an imposed shear rate. The non-Newtonian viscosity and the normal stress differences are analyzed for stationary solutions. The dependence on the model parameters is discussed in detail. In particular, the occurrence of a shear-thickening behaviour is studied. The possibility to describe substances with yield stress and the existence of non-stationary, stick-slip-like solutions are pointed out. The extension of the model to magneto-rheological fluids is indicated.
Vibrational Analysis of Trimethylphenyl Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Gökce Halil , Bahçeli Semiha
Published: February 2015

An FT-IR spectrum of trimethylphenyl ammonium chloride (TMPAC) has been recorded in the region 4000 - 400 cm−1. The optimized geometry and vibrational spectrum TMPAC in the ground state have been calculated by using ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations and the density functional method B3LYP with the 6-31G (d) basis set. The obtained vibrational frequencies and optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles) were in very good agreement with the experimental data. The comparison of the observed and calculated results for the vibrational frequencies of TMPAC exhibited that the scaled B3LYP method is superior compared to the scaled HF method. Furthermore the calculated infrared and Raman intensities are also reported.
The Homotopy-Perturbation Method for Solving Klein-Gordon-Type Equations with Unbounded Right- Hand Side
Authors: Aslanov Afgan
Published: February 2015

The approximate and/or exact solutions of the generalized Klein-Gordon- and sine-Gordon-type equations are obtained. We introduce a new type of initial conditions to extend the class of solvable problems
Application of the Homotopy Analysis Method for Solving Equal-Width Wave and Modified Equal-Width Wave Equations
Authors: Babolian Esmail , Saeidian Jamshid , Paripour Mahmood
Published: February 2015

Although the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is, by now, a well-known analytic method for handling functional equations, there is no general proof of its applicability to all kinds of equations. In this paper, by using this method to solve equal-width wave (EW) and modified equal-width wave (MEW) equations, we have made a new contribution to this field of research. Our goal is to emphasize on two points: one is the efficiency of HAM in handling these important family of equations and its superiority over other analytic methods like homotopy perturbation method (HPM), variational iteration method (VIM), and Adomian decomposition method (ADM). The other point is that although the considered two equations have different nonlinear terms, we have used the same auxiliary elements to solve them.
The Curie Temperature of the Ferroelectric Superlattice Films with Surface Modification
Authors: Zheng Bao-Bing , Kuang Xiao-Yu , Chang Shao-Mei , Zhao Ya-Ru , Li Wen-Qiang
Published: February 2015

We examine the critical behaviour of a finite alternating ferroelectric superlattice based on the transverse Ising model within the framework of the mean-field approximation. The results indicate that the features of the phase diagrams can be greatly modified by changing the transverse Ising model parameters. The transition temperature of alternating superlattice is described as function of the inter- and intra-layer exchange interactions, the strength of the transverse field, the superlattice thickness and the polarizations. In addition, the effects of surface modification on finite superlattices are also studied.
Ferromagnetic and Optical Properties of Partially Cu-Doped ZnO Films
Authors: Ran Fan-Yong , Tanemura Masaki , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Ide Norihiro , Imaoka Masao , Herng Tun-Seng , Lau Shu-Ping
Published: February 2015

Wurtzite structure ZnO films (3×3 mm2) with a partial-area Cu doping were successfully prepared using a micro-area Ar+-ion beam (~ 380 μm in diameter) and a simultaneous Cu supply at room temperature. A Cu2O phase was formed in the ZnO films by Cu doping. The partially Cu-doped ZnO films exhibited room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) with a saturation magnetization of 1.6×10−5 emu and a coercive field of 40 Oe. Since Zn, Cu, and their compounds are not ferromagnetic, the observed RTFMis attributed to the intrinsic property of Cu-doped ZnO films. As confirmed by the low temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra, no serious optical damage was recognized in the region without Ar+-ion irradiation. Thus, it was believed that the micro-area Ar+-ion irradiation with a simultaneous Cu supply was promising to integrate the magnetic and optical properties of ZnO-based materials.
He’s Variational Iteration Method for Solving a Partial Differential Equation Arising in Modelling of theWater Waves
Authors: Saadatmandi Abbas , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: February 2015

The variational iteration method is applied to solve the Kawahara equation. This method produces the solutions in terms of convergent series and does not require linearization or small perturbation. Some examples are given. The comparison with the theoretical solution shows that the variational iteration method is an efficient method
Series Solution of the System of Integro-Differential Equations
Authors: Abbasbandy Saeid , Shivanian Elyas
Published: February 2015

This investigation presents a mathematical model describing the homotopy analysis method (HAM) for systems of linear and nonlinear integro-differential equations. Some examples are analyzed to illustrate the ability of the method for such systems. The results reveal that this method is very effective and highly promising
Rational-Harmonic Balancing Approach to Nonlinear Phenomena Governed by Pendulum-Like Differential Equations
Authors: Gimeno Encarnación , Beléndez Augusto
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a new approach for solving accurate approximate analytical solutions for nonlinear phenomena governed by pendulum-like differential equations. The new approach couples Taylor series expansion with rational harmonic balancing. An approximate rational solution depending on a small parameter is considered. After substituting the approximate solution into the governing differential equation, this equation is expanded in Taylor series of the parameter prior to harmonic balancing. The approach gives a cubic equation, which must be solved in order to obtain the value of the small parameter. A method for transforming this cubic equation into a linear equation is presented and discussed. Using this approach, accurate approximate analytical expressions for period and periodic solutions are obtained. We also compared the Fourier series expansions of the analytical approximate solution and the exact one. This allowed us to compare the coefficients for the different harmonic terms in these solutions. These analytical approximations may be of interest for those researchers working in nonlinear physical phenomena governed by pendulum-like differential equations in fields such as classical mechanics, vibrations, acoustics, electromagnetism, electronics, superconductivity, optics, gravitation, and others
Influence of Thermal Radiation on Blasius Flow of a Second Grade Fluid
Authors: Hayat Tasawar , Mustafa Meraj , Sajid Muhammad
Published: February 2015

This work describes the series solution of two-dimensional flow and heat transfer of a second grade fluid in the presence of radiation. The governing partial differential equations are reduced into ordinary differential equations by appropriate similarity tranformation. The series solutions of the resulting ordinary differential equations are obtained by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the solution is discussed explicitly. The influence of pertinent parameters on the velocity and temperature is graphically displayed and discussed. Numerical values of the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are also tabulated
The Finite-Size Scaling Study of the Specific Heat and the Binder Parameter of the Two-Dimensional Ising Model for the Fractals Obtained by Using the Model of Diffusion-Limited Aggregation
Authors: Merdan Ziya , Bayirli Mehmet , Ozturk Mustafa Kemal
Published: February 2015

The two-dimensional Ising model with nearest-neighbour pair interactions is simulated on the Creutz cellular automaton by using the finite-size lattices with the linear dimensions L = 80, 120, 160, and 200. The temperature variations and the finite-size scaling plots of the specific heat and the Binder parameter verify the theoretically predicted expression near the infinite lattice critical temperature. The approximate values for the critical temperature of the infinite lattice Tc = 2.287(6), Tc = 2.269(3), and Tc =2.271(1) are obtained from the intersection points of specific heat curves, Binder parameter curves, and the straight line fit of specific heat maxima, respectively. These results are in agreement with the theoretical value (Tc =2.269) within the error limits. The values obtained for the critical exponent of the specific heat, α = 0.04(25) and α = 0.03(1), are in agreement with α = 0 predicted by the theory. The values for the Binder parameter by using the finite-size lattices with the linear dimension L = 80, 120, 160, and 200 at Tc = 2.269(3) are calculated as gL(Tc) = −1.833(5), gL(Tc) = −1.834(3), gL(Tc) = −1.832(2), and gL(Tc) = −1.833(2), respectively. The value of the infinite lattice for the Binder parameter, gL(Tc) = −1.834(11), is obtained from the straight line fit of gL(Tc) = −1.833(5), gL(Tc) = −1.834(3), gL(Tc) = −1.832(2), and gL(Tc) = −1.833(2) versus L = 80, 120, 160, and 200, respectively
Irregular Pressure Induced Shift of the First UV-Absorption Band of 4-Nitroanisole in CO2 and CHF3
Authors: Alvarez Guillermo A. , Baumann Wolfram , Neitzel Frank , Rodrigues V.
Published: February 2015

The first UV-absorption band of the polar molecules trans-4-dimethylamino-4'-nitrostilbene (DMANS), 5-dimethylamino-5'-nitro-2,2'-bithiophene (DMANBT), and 4-nitroanisole (NA), and of the slightly polar pesticide diclofop-methyl in the nonpolar supercritical solvent carbon dioxide (CO2) and in the slightly polar supercritical solvent trifluoromethane (CHF3) was measured in the pressure range from 1.5 to 30 MPa and the temperature range from 298 to 353 K with the purpose of studying the solvent-solute interactions in these molecules. The theory of Liptay for the effect of the solvent on the wave number of the electronic absorption of the solute molecule was applied. In this theory the solvent is represented by an isotropic and homogeneous dielectric continuum characterized by a pressure and temperature dependent dielectric constant ε (P,T), and an optical refraction index n. For the isotherms which approach the critical point in both solvents there is a change in the slope of the plot of the wave number maximum against the solvent parameter g=(ε−1)/(2ε+1) which is reminiscent of complex formation. A possible mechanism for this phenomenon is the arrangement of the solvent molecules around the dilute solute in the intermediate region at the (continuous) transition of the solvent from the dense vapour to the supercritical fluid
Superallowed Fermi Beta Decay and the Unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix
Authors: Çalık Abdullah Engin , Gerçeklioğlu Murat , Salamov Djevad Irfan
Published: February 2015

In this work, the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mixing matrix has been investigated by studying the eleven well-known superallowed Fermi Beta decays; their parent nuclei are 10C, 14O, 26Al, 34Cl, 38K, 42Sc, 46V, 50Mn, 54Co, 62Ga, and 74Rb. The numerical value of the Vud element of the CKM mixing matrix has been calculated following the standart procedure. Using a different method from those of the previous studies, the effect of the isospin breaking due to the Coulomb forces has been evaluated more accurately. Here, the shell model has been modified by Pyatov’s restoration because of the isospin breaking and the transition matrix elements have been found by means of the random phase approximation (RPA)
Comment on the Paper “Nonlinear Models for Relativity Effects in Electromagnetism” by S. Devasia, Z. Naturforsch. 64a, 327 (2009)
Authors: Georges Andrew
Published: February 2015

The results by S. Devasia seem to miss the invariance properties of special relativity and of relativistic electromagnetism. Incorrect conclusions are pointed out and the correct ones as well as the physical consequences are presented. These include the covariant formulation of the laws of physics, the correct formulation of the Doppler effect, and of the invariance of light propagation
Oscillations in an x(2n+2)/(2n+1) Potential via He’s Frequency-Amplitude Formulation
Authors: Ebaid Abd Elhalim
Published: February 2015

A recent technique, known as He’s frequency-amplitude formulation approach, is proposed in this letter to obtain an analytical approximate periodic solution to a nonlinear oscillator equation with potential of arbitrary fractional order. The solution procedure of the present approach is very simple and more convenient in comparison with the harmonic balance method
Dynamic Dipole and Quadrupole Phase Transitions in the Kinetic Metamagnetic Spin –3 / 2 Blume-Emery-Griffiths Model
Authors: Kırak Muharrem , Canko Osman , Keskin Mustafa
Published: February 2015

We study, within a mean-field approach, the stationary states of the kinetic metamagnetic spin −3/2 Blume-Emery-Griffiths model under the presence of a time-varying (sinusoidal) magnetic field.We use the Glauber-type stochastic dynamics to describe the time evolution of the system. The behaviour of the time dependence of the average order parameters in a period, which are also called the dynamic order parameters, as functions of the reduced temperature are investigated. The natures (continuous or discontinuous) of the transitions are characterized by investigating the behaviours of the thermal variations of the dynamic order parameters. The dynamic phase transition points are obtained and the phase diagrams are constructed in the plane of the reduced temperature (T) and the amplitude of the magnetic field (h), and sixteen fundamental types of phase diagrams are found. The phase diagrams exhibit one, two, three or four dynamic tricritical points and a dynamic double-critical end point, and, besides a disordered and three ordered phases, seven coexistence regions or mixed phases depending on the interaction parameters. We also investigate the influence of the reduced biquadratic exchange parameter (k) and obtain nine different phase diagram topologies in the (k,T) plane
Symbolic Computation Study of a Generalized Variable-Coefficient Two-Dimensional Korteweg-de Vries Model with Various External-Force Terms from Shallow Water Waves, Plasma Physics, and Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Lü Xing , Li Li-Li , Yao Zhen-Zhi , Geng Tao , Cai Ke-Jie , Zhang Cheng , Tian Bo
Published: February 2015

The variable-coefficient two-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) model is of considerable significance in describing many physical situations such as in canonical and cylindrical cases, and in the propagation of surface waves in large channels of varying width and depth with nonvanishing vorticity. Under investigation hereby is a generalized variable-coefficient two-dimensional KdV model with various external-force terms. With the extended bilinear method, this model is transformed into a variable-coefficient bilinear form, and then a Bäcklund transformation is constructed in bilinear form. Via symbolic computation, the associated inverse scattering scheme is simultaneously derived on the basis of the aforementioned bilinear Bäcklund transformation. Certain constraints on coefficient functions are also analyzed and finally some possible cases of the external-force terms are discussed