bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highlights I. Rationale of a Clean Construction Protocol
II. Nuclear Power Plants in France III. Fighting Pests, Protecting Crops
and Saving the Environment
Authors: Llaurado J.G.
Published: May 2006

I. Investigates the need for “building clean” rather
than “first build and clean later”. This is to
eradicate/reduce microbes in areas therefore reducing also the risk of
contamination. II. Examines France′s role in the nuclear industry and
also its record of insignificant “incidents” regarding
safety. France also exports nuclear plants to other countries, so
clarifying its safety record. III. Looks at, particularly, DDT and other
pesticides and their effects on the environment.
Just‐in‐Time Manufacturing and Material Handling Trends
Authors: Giust Louis
Published: May 2006

Describes the evolution, concept and strategies of just‐in‐time
(JIT) manufacturing, focusing on the application of material handling
within a JIT environment. Argues that a dynamic and ever‐changing
environment requires an understanding of JIT principles: all companies
are not just a separate collection of internal functions; they are a
system in which the flows of information, material, manpower and money
determine the basic tendencies towards growth, fluctuation and even
decline. Explores the inter‐relationships between an organization′s
operations and the interactions of the production‐distribution system
through the re‐creation and testing of a production‐distribution model
diagram. Lastly, assesses the possible effects of JIT strategies on
manufacturing and distribution companies in the Single European Market
of 1993.
Information in the Management Process
Authors: Chapman Paul
Published: May 2006

In the 1980s and early 1990s managements function became a focal
point for debate in business circles. Discusses the computer revolution
and how it has only slowly entered the boardroom. The management of
information is now very important to organizations and can help to
greatly improve performance. The judgement of management in evaluating
ways of working can lend to improved managerial and organizational
performance.
Going Green: The Logistics Dilemma
Authors: Szymankiewicz Jan
Published: May 2006

Reports on a survey, the subject of which – the environment
– is one of the key issues facing the world today. The objectives
in carrying out this survey were both to increase understanding of
current attitudes and policies, and to stimulate a wider discussion
within the logistics industry. Aims to find out whether companies have
specific environmental policies and what actions they are taking to
protect the environment. Also looks into the views of logistics
professionals on the current and future importance of environmental
considerations within their own specialist area. Results show that there
is still much to be done, but in many areas environmental improvement
and cost savings can go hand‐in‐hand. Provides an essential baseline for
quantifying future environmental improvement and contributes to raising
the awareness of everybody in the industry.
Logistics Systems or Customer Focused Organization: Which
Comes First?
Authors: Braithwaite Alan
Published: May 2006

Examines an issue of fundamental importance to marketing and
manufacturing companies – how to implement more customer
focus and responsiveness through better management of their supply
chains. Aimed at senior management frustrated by their company′s
inability to make real breakthroughs in this arena, while at the same
time scared‐stiff of possible and catastrophic breakdown in supply
through imposed change that the company cannot accommodate. Offers some
ideas on how control and responsiveness can be achieved in logistics
through supportive systems improvements. By “logistics” we
are generically describing far more than just physical goods movement.
Customer Knowledge Acquisition in the Business Products Market
Authors: Gordon Geoffrey L. , Calantone Roger J. , di Benedetto C. Anthony , Kaminski Peter F.
Published: May 2006

Examines how the business products‐marketing firm acquires
knowledge about its customers. Objectives include identifying the most
effective means by which organizations can acquire customer knowledge,
and the specific kind of knowledge which firms should strive to possess
about their customers in order to create value. Puts forward two key
premisses regarding where customer knowledge acquisition efforts should
lie, and what the results of these activities should be. Presents the
results of an empirical study conducted in the telecommunications
industry on this topic. Concludes by drawing managerial implications.
Marketing Myopia: An Integrated View
Authors: Richard Michael D. , Womack James A. , Allaway Arthur W.
Published: May 2006

Outlines the foundations and dimensions of marketing myopia and
proposes a two‐dimensional classification of its several types. Presents
an integrated analysis which is intended to enrich, rather than replace,
the existing explanations and to clarify and reinforce a caveat proposed
30 years ago. Makes a recommendation for seeking innovative marketing
strategies which are designed to remove some of the myopia‐caused
restrictions on the range of strategic options.
The Process of Change
Authors: Vanfleet Rise , Smith John
Published: May 2006

Discusses how, after enduring difficult times in the early 1980s, Carlisle Tire & Rubber undertook a major change in its manufacturing operation with the use of employee involvement and teamwork. Examines the reluctance of some managers and supervisors to participate in the change process. Explores sources of resistance, as well as the role Training can play in helping overcome resistance. Contends that the Training and interventions used have enabled the manufacturing organization to continue the successful implementation of empowered teams and have permitted significant changes in the management organization. Concludes that the use of teams has dramatically improved quality and productivity; changing to a team culture requires total commitment on the part of senior management and organizational leaders.
Interlending and Document Supply — A Review of Recent Literature: XXIII
Authors: Seaton Desmond G.
Published: May 2006

Discusses various technical aspects of, and the prospects for,
electronic document delivery. Describes the impact of high speed
networks on library organization and operation and some applications of
new technology. Gives details of some specific activities in a number of
countries and several surveys relating to interlibrary lending (ILL) are
summarized. Covers training related to ILL both generally and with
reference to two specific projects. Reviews access to, and provision of,
newspaper material and, finally, examines the relationship between
copyright and document supply.
Providing Access to Archival Information: INTERLENDING AND
DOCUMENT SUPPLY AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF CANADA
Authors: Enns David
Published: May 2006

Providing access to holdings is central to the work of archives,
particularly those institutions which are publicly funded. Recently,
questions relating to access have assumed additional importance for
archives and other information institutions. To address these concerns,
institutions such as the National Archives of Canada have become more
aggressive in promoting the use of their holdings. A significant
component of this strategy involves the provision, through various
means, of copied holdings and information about those holdings. While
similar, there are important differences between interlending in
libraries and similar activities in archival institutions. These
differences stem from the unique nature of archival documents. The
National Archives of Canada disseminates information about itself and
its holdings, as well as copies of actual holdings, through several
programmes. These programmes include inter‐institutional loan of copies,
photocopying services, a programme diffusing copies to provincial
archives, and a new initiative to provide access to such information at
“decentralized access sites” across the country.
The great PRISM ILL cutover
Authors: Carter Judith A.
Published: May 2006

Reviews some of the day‐to‐day benefits of introducing the PRISM
interlibrary loan system to a college reference library. Discusses the
editing of workforms, main and copy displays, creating a
“new” request from a recently produced “pending”
one, searching the transaction and message files, system changes,
database choices, as well as the helpful advice offered in the Interlibrary Loan User Guide.
Is your SAN in your NAD?
Authors: Liebtag Dan
Published: May 2006

Briefly discusses the first steps taken by a medium size public
library into the use of electronic ordering. Examines the relative
merits of Flashback software for bulk orders and BT Comm software with
user friendly interface. Stresses the frustrations encountered with new
technology, in particular technical jargon.
The GOLD connection
Authors: Ostendorf JoEllen
Published: May 2006

Discusses, from the point of view of a new delegate of the OCLC
Users Council, some of the issues facing the OCLC users community and
their connection with the Georgia Online Database. Considers the
problems of resource sharing and increasing the role of interlibrary
lending (ILL) in the state of Georgia. Discusses training workshops for
ILL. Finally looks at the issue of costs, in particular the price of
telecommunications.
ILL‐conceived ideas
Authors: Raschke Susan
Published: May 2006

Discusses some of the implications of the Internet for interlibrary
lending operations. Examines the benefits for ILL managers of comparing
operations and ideas with those found in other lending institutions.
Learning about keyword searching in PRISM
Authors: Liebtag Dan
Published: May 2006

Reviews the experience of a County Library with the EPIC and PRISM
interlibrary lending systems in improving efficiency and productivity of
subject and keyword searches. Emphasises the need for keyword searching
and its facilitation with the searching of OLUC on PRISM. Looks at
recent developments in training, and finally possible methods of access.
Local systems implementation: working smarter with OCLC
Authors: Wurangian Nelia
Published: May 2006

Addresses some issues that enhance efficiency in database
preparation and ways to reduce cost and complexity in procedures. Looks
at database creation, in particular building current data and
retrospective data. Considers methods of dealing with remaining data
following retrospective conversion. Finally reviews ways of bridging the
gap between to cover the in‐between period in system changeover.
Programming function keys to speed up Union listing
Authors: Gunnarson Martha
Published: May 2006

Shows how customizing function keys can make adding, deleting and
editing LDRs more efficient and effective. Reviews the steps for
programming function keys, filling in the SCHD field for a new title,
deleting an LDR, possible candidates for function keys, and safe
computing practices.
The PZI interlibrary loan function key template
Authors: Kaufman David
Published: May 2006

Looks at some of the enhancements in interlibrary lending
facilitated by the latest interlibrary lending (ILL) function key editor
that is included with PASSPORT software. Shows how this editor registers
keystroke directly from the keyboard. Offers an explanation of the
keyboard template, and illustrates the creation of the PZI ILL template.
PASSPORT/PRISM, author and title and MARC – oh my!
Authors: Carter Judith A.
Published: May 2006

Provides an overview of cataloguing, in particular Machine Readable
Cataloguing (MARC). Considers some of the reasons why users should
understand the way information is used in what way in which indexes.
Briefly discusses Anglo‐American Cataoguing Rules, 2nd ed. (AACR2),
decoding MARC, tips for using PRISM. Finally offers some recommended
reading.
Firstsearch: collection management and academic libraries
Authors: Davis Denise
Published: May 2006

Looks at issues of database or file duplication between CD‐ROM and
online services like Firstsearch, establishing card sales policies and
procedures plus increased file usage. Demonstrates how librarians
conducted a Firstsearch field test, advertised the Firstsearch Catalog,
and balanced what was expressed as a choice between access to more than
20 databases and accepting a novice interface.
An OCLC/GTO LAN set up: a case study report
Authors: Zheng Ting , Huang Joyce L.
Published: May 2006

Reports on the implementation and early stage use of OCLC
workstations at the Library and Learning Resource Centre at the
University of Wisconsin. Details many of the difficulties of setting up
the system. Outlines some local innovations introduced to facilitate
use. Considers the advantages of the network and its costs.
OCLC on the Mac? You bet!
Authors: Boehm Robert S.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the use of Apple Macintosh computers with OCLC online
library systems. Illustrates in detail a method of bypassing the IBX
phone system that links each workstation to the modem pool and
installing Apple Engineering Library Software that is compatible with
OCLC.
Growing while catching up: some benefits of an authority backlog
Authors: CannCasciato Dan
Published: May 2006

Reviews a project undertakn at the University of Oregon involving
exporting uniform title authority records to disk. Shows that a backlog,
be it of books, maps, or authority records, need not always be a
negative and can in fact provide further opportunities for learning.
Suggests a means of retrieving authority records, stockpiled as a result
of backlogging, into a local system in a timely fashion.
Sailing into the future
Authors: Smith Jane
Published: May 2006

Details how one interlibrary loan department is utilizing OCLC to
cope with an increasing workload. Demonstrates how OCLC has consistently
upgraded hardware and software to meet changing user needs and how
changes in interlibrary lending (ILL) procedure using OCLC benefit staff
and patrons. Looks in particular at the electronic transmission of
patron requests via local systems and on a new, national (US) level in
using Firstsearch software.
LAN access to OCLC using PASSPORT′s INTI4 session
Authors: Manino Glenn
Published: May 2006

Discusses how one library uses PASSPORT′s INTI4 session with Cross
Connect modem sharing software on a Novell 3.11 local area network
(LAN), allowing four shared OCLC dedicated lines to do the work of six,
and thus making it possible to achieve cost savings. Outlines the
installation of this system for other libraries.
Must Invisible Colleges Be Invisible? An Approach to
Examining Large Communities of Network Users
Authors: Ruth Stephen R. , Gouet Raul
Published: May 2006

Takes a detailed view of the scientific community in Chile
regarding network implementation and use. Argues that since Chile has
many characteristics in common with other nations in this regard, the
methodology is replicable elsewhere. Makes generalizations based on a
statistically significant sample of scientific network users, under such
headings as research discipline, education level, computer access and
other variables. Develops hypotheses using the literature of Computer
Mediated Communication Systems (CMCS). Discusses the potential of using
the current methodology as well as the insights of previous CMCS to give
better information in the planning process for research networks of all
kinds.
Developing the National Communications and Information
Infrastructure
Authors: Kapor Mitchell , Weitzner Daniel J.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the importance of developing a national (USA)
communication and information infrastructure that meets near‐term needs
and capabilities. Describes the current status of Electronic Frontier
Foundation′s Open Platform Proposal (OPP). Discusses the OPP pros and
cons. Makes recommendations for public policy criteria for evaluating
different infrastructure proposals.
The Blacksburg Electronic Village
Authors: Wiencko Joseph A.
Published: May 2006

Describes a project to link an entire town in the USA with a
comprehensive “twenty‐first century” telecommunications
infrastructure. Argues that this is a prototype for future
“electronic villages”, which will encourage and nurture the
development of applications. Emphasizes that the prototype will
exemplify: first, inclusion of the whole community, to achieve a
“critical mass”; second, focus on interactions between
people, rather than technologies; third, provision of applications
tailored to each type of user; and fourth, implementation on a timely
basis. Provides examples of possible applications, with benefits to the
community.
Development of a Community Information Service: The
National Capital Area Public Access Network (CapAccess)‐A Work in
Progress
Authors: Taylor Walsh R.
Published: May 2006

Outlines the development of Capital Area Public Access (CapAccess)
in the Washington DC metropolitan area. Focuses on the coalition of
organizations and individuals, whose voluntary efforts have enabled the
establishment of a community resource. Explains how CapAccess is used by
organizations otherwise unable to fund their own on‐line platforms.
Explores how CapAccess might be extended nationally (USA). Discusses
potential of community networks in a socio‐technical context.
Spreading the ILLINET: A Distributed Network for Library
Resource Sharing in Illinois
Authors: Zeeman Johan , MacKinnon Dennis
Published: May 2006

Describes the development of a plan to facilitate library resource
sharing in Illinois by means of a decentralized network architecture
based on TCP/IP communications and the Z39.50 and Interlibrary Loan
(ILL) protocol standards.
A Pathfinder to Core Resources for Network Users
Authors: Ryan Joe
Published: May 2006

Identifies key activities that network users can perform in order
to use the network effectively. Offers recommended reading, from
beginner to expert user status. Explains some commonly used terms (e.g.
Turbo Gopher with Veronica!). Lists useful Internet resources.
NREN and the National Infrastructure: A Personal Vision
Authors: Weingarten Fred W.
Published: May 2006

Examines the political/economic background behind the National
Research and Educational Network (NREN) and the proposed National
Information Infrastructure (NII). Points out that several important
questions about N.I. have not been addressed. Explains the structure of
NREN. Concludes that the US Government is not sufficiently caring of
public interest in the development of public networks.
The Changing Global Internet Service Infrastructure
Authors: Schwartz Michael F. , Quarterman John S.
Published: May 2006

Explains the necessity for measurement of Internet growth so that
capacity, commercial potential, etc. may be planned and assessed. Argues
that this cannot be measured merely by packet counts and user
registrations. Presents detailed analysis of over 13,000 sites,
worldwide. Develops a mathematical model which can be used to predict
growth, by individual countries and globally. Offers further topics for
future research.
Networked Information Retrieval Tools in the Academic
Environment: Towards a Cybernetic Library
Authors: Brett George H.
Published: May 2006

Presents the Internet paradox of an information surfeit causing
intelligence impoverishment, “information pollution”.
Reviews some methods and literature associated with information
retrieval in an academic environment. Elucidates a “Virtual
Reality” solution, based on expert software and fuzzy logic. Poses
related questions, concerned with socio‐technical aspects.
Support of Research and Development Activities Via the
Internet: NASA’s Access Mechanism
Authors: Duncan Denise , Generous Curtis , Hunter Judy F.
Published: May 2006

Describes an information retrieval system prototype currently used
to support NASA R&D. Suggests lessons learnt may be applied to other
audiences. Discusses the implications of the prototype with reference to
potential general applications.
Speculations on the Impact of Global Electronic Networks on
Human Cognition and Human Organization
Authors: Nilan Michael S.
Published: May 2006

For “Global”, read “USA”. Examines the
relationship between dominant communication technologies, human
cognition and human organization. Concludes that electronic networks
have a great potential for improving the richness of human cognition and
facilitating democracy. Cautions that public money needs to be spent to
ensure universal access to, development of and open exchange within
networks. Avers that European critical scholarship is incapable of
empirical verification.
Dear Mr. President: A Story of Misinformation Distribution
in Cyberspace
Authors: Viehland Dennis W.
Published: May 2006

Relates how the Electronic Mailing List for the US Executive
Information Systems Special Interest Group (EISSIG) was confused for the
Clinton administration′s Office of Electronic Publishing and E‐Mail.
Tells how EISSIG list holders were swamped with irrelevant messages.
Draws some conclusions about the use of E‐Mail and the prevention of
such confusion. Remarks on the social implications of being able to
“speak” to the President.
A National Strategy for Civic Networking: A Vision of
Change
Authors: Civille Richard
Published: May 2006

Establishes a vision and a national (USA) strategy for civic
networking. Encompasses citizen groups, voluntary organizations and
local government, using an information infrastructure for public
benefit. Outlines four “Grand Challenges”, a set of policy
goals and a detailed agenda for action.
Appropriate and Distributed Networks: A Model for K‐12
Educational Telecommunications
Authors: Hughes David R.
Published: May 2006

Against Internet, argues the case for a cheaper, lower cost, easier
to use network (K‐12) for educational use. Stresses the need for
teachers to be technically literate. Underlines the cost/benefits on
networks. Relates the profound effect connecting to a network had on
Bill Gates. Tabulates approximate connection costs for schools.
Linking the Economic Bulletin Board to the Internet: A Case
Study
Authors: Rogers Ken W.
Published: May 2006

Describes the effort to link the US Commerce Department′s Bulletin
Board to the Internet. Suggests other government departments can learn
from the lessons learnt. Addresses technical, monetary and operational
matters.
The Identification of Management Potential
Authors: Coaley Keith V. , Knightley R.K. , Beard David
Published: May 2006

Describes programmes of development centres for both sales staff
and sales managers within a large organization, which enabled the
identification of high potential, based on objective criteria.
Doctors in Management – Part II: Getting into Action
Authors: Harrison Rosemary , Miller Susan , Gibson Anthony
Published: May 2006

The second part of a two‐part article, the first part of which
described the clinical directors′ management devel‐opment programme
designed and run during 1991‐93 by the Northern Health Authority and
Durham University Business School. Focuses on the second, action
learning, period of the course. Describes the action learning model used
in the programme, includes a member′s description of his set′s
experiences, and draws conclusions about the programme′s reception and
achievements.
Talking to the Media
Authors: Spencer David
Published: May 2006

Offers advice to managers to help them get the most out of meetings
with journalists.
Effects of fire on bird diversity and abundance in an East African savanna
Authors: O'Reilly Lindsay , Ogada Darcy , Palmer Todd M. , Keesing Felicia
Published: May 2006

Fire is an important determinant of many aspects of savanna ecosystem structure and function. However, relatively little is known about the effects of fire on faunal biodiversity in savannas. We conducted a short‐term study to examine the effects of a replicated experimental burn on bird diversity and abundance in savanna habitat of central Kenya. Twenty‐two months after the burn, Shannon diversity of birds was 32% higher on plots that had been burned compared with paired control plots. We observed no significant effects of burning on total bird abundance or species richness. Several families of birds were found only on plots that had been burned; one species, the rattling cisticola (Cisticola chiniana), was found only on unburned plots. Shrub canopy area was negatively correlated with bird diversity on each plot, and highly correlated with grass height and the abundance of orthopterans. Our results suggest that the highest landscape‐level bird diversity might be obtained through a mosaic of burned and unburned patches. This is also most likely to approximate the historical state of bird diversity in this habitat, because patchy fires have been an important natural disturbance in tropical ecosystems for millennia.
Monitoring the health of selected eastern arc forests in Tanzania
Authors: Madoffe Seif , Hertel Gerard D. , Rodgers Paul , O'Connell Barbra , Killenga Raymond
Published: May 2006

The eastern arc mountains (EAMs) are a chain of isolated mountains (534,000 ha) in Kenya and Tanzania surrounded by arid woodlands and influenced by the Indian Ocean. In 1900 there was three times the amount of forest cover there is today. Much of the original forests have been converted into agricultural crops. These mountains are recognized as a globally important ‘hot spot’ by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and World Conservation of Union (IUCN) for forest biodiversity and are major national, regional and local sources of hydropower, water and wide array of forest‐based benefits and agricultural production. In February 2000 we began a 3‐year evaluation of forest health, land‐use change and information sharing in the EAMs. Permanent sample plots were used to evaluate forest health. This paper summarizes the baseline data from eighteen permanent sample plots in the east Usambara's and nine in Ulugurus. The eastern arc web site (http://www.easternarc.org) was established, continues to expand and contains some detailed information on the project. Information gathered will assist land managers, planners, policy makers, interested communities (villages) and individuals in decision‐making. These data can also provide an early warning system of stresses on forest catchments.
Seedling establishment ofAcacia tortilisandHyphaene compressain the Turkwel riverine forest, Kenya
Authors: Stave Jørn , Oba Gufu , Nordal Inger , Stenseth Nils Chr.
Published: May 2006

This study reports on the spatial and temporal patterns of seedling establishment in the Turkwel riverine forest, Kenya. Seedlings of the dominant tree speciesAcacia tortilisandHyphaene compressawere mapped and monitored to assess the underlying causes of seedling recruitment and mortality. The broad‐scale distribution ofA. tortiliswas not correlated with any environmental variables, whileH. compressaseedlings were confined to flood‐exposed sites in the arid downstream section of the floodplain. One year of monitoring showed that seedling recruitment ofA. tortiliswas evoked by prolonged rainfall, while seedling mortality was caused by desiccation, browsing and trampling. In contrast, seedling recruitment and mortality ofH. compressawas largely unaffected by rainfall and livestock, probably due to the high moisture requirements of seeds and the tolerance of seedlings to disturbance. There were no effects of soils, light, or seedling density on the establishment ofA. tortilisandH. compressaseedlings. This study demonstrates the importance of parallel mapping and monitoring of riverine seedlings in order to understand patterns and processes of forest regeneration in arid and semi‐arid floodplains.
Co‐existence and niche segregation of three small bovid species in southern Mozambique
Authors: Prins Herbert H.T. , De Boer Willem F. , Van Oeveren Herman , Correia Augusto , Mafuca Jorge , Olff Han
Published: May 2006

Niche segregation among three small antelopes – red duiker, common duiker and suni – was investigated in a coastal savanna woodland/forest mosaic. It was expected that these similar‐sized concentrate selectors would show differentiation in diet choice to decrease competition. Diet composition did not vary significantly among the different vegetation types. For all three antelope species, the number of dietary items was large, with a minimum of 70 different food items per species. Dietary specialization was low, with only 10% of the food items being exclusively used by each of the species. The ranks of food items were positively correlated among species in the wet season, but not in the dry season. Diet breadth significantly decreased in the dry season. The use of exclusive species was significantly larger in the dry season with lowest values recorded for the common duiker. Diet overlap in the wet season was considerable, but significantly decreased in the dry season, the time of food scarcity. The dry season data showed evidence for niche segregation, although this was not based on displacement. As niche segregation in the dry season was coupled to a random apportionment of diet items among antelope species, it cannot be interpreted as the result of competitive displacement.
Observations on limnological conditions associated with a fish kill of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Chivero following collapse of an algal bloom
Authors: Mhlanga Lindah , Day Jenny , Chimbari Moses , Siziba Nqobizitha , Cronberg Gertrud
Published: May 2006

Possible causes of deaths of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Chivero were examined in relation to changes in limnological conditions monitored over a 25‐month period. The fish deaths coincided with the collapse of an algal bloom that had developed and builtup in the lake for 8 months. Chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen increased to average concentrations of 42.4 μg l−1 and 10.9 mg l−1 respectively prior to the collapse of the bloom. Dissolved oxygen decreased when the bloom started to die off and coincided with the fish deaths when the average surface dissolved oxygen concentration in the lake was 3.9 mg l−1 and was at a depth of 5 m <2 mg l−1. Mortality probably resulted from depressed oxygen levels caused by the high oxygen demand from the massive algal die‐off and released algal toxins. This is the first time that die‐off of algae has been linked to fish‐kills in Lake Chivero as occurs in other hypereutrophic systems.
The influence of forest variation and possible effects of poaching on duiker abundance at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Lwanga Jeremiah S.
Published: May 2006

Duikers were censused at the Ngogo study area, Kibale National Park, Uganda, between July 2002 and August 2004. Censuses were conducted along three transects, of which, two (colonizing forests 1 and 2) were located in colonizing forests naturally replacing anthropogenic grasslands and one in old growth forest. Colonizing forest 1 was more prone to poaching than both colonizing forest 2 and the old growth forest that were closest to the research camp. Duikers that were actually sighted were identified to species, red or blue. However, on some occasions, duikers were detected by alarm calls and/or movements as they fled; these were simply recorded as duikers. Duiker abundance, regardless of species or mode of detection, was higher in colonizing forest 2 than colonizing forest 1 and the old growth forest. However, when the analysis was restricted only to duikers that were sighted, and hence identified to species, red duiker abundance was highest in colonizing forest 2 followed by the old growth forest and was lowest in colonizing forest 1; all these differences were significant. Blue duiker abundance was lowest in the old growth forest despite its proximity to the research camp; however, this was only significantly lower than in colonizing forest 2. Apart from colonizing forest 1, red duikers were significantly more abundant than blue duikers in the other two forest sections. This study suggests that forests colonizing anthropogenic grasslands may support more duikers than old growth forests; poaching in colonizing forest 1 has a severe impact on the duiker population and, red duikers are affected more severely by poaching than blue duikers.
Reproductive ecology of three endangered African violet (Saintpaulia H. Wendl.) species in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: Kolehmainen Johanna K. , Mutikainen Pia
Published: May 2006

Knowledge of the reproductive biology of endangered plants is essential for their effective conservation. It also provides important information for understanding the evolutionary processes that affect speciation, thus helping the definition of proper units for conservation in endangered plants with problematic taxonomy. We studied the reproductive potential and possibility for hybridization in the endangered genus Saintpaulia (Gesneriaceae) by examining flowering phenology, flower and seed production and pollination of three sympatric cross‐compatible Saintpaulia species in the East Usambara Mts., Tanzania. The synchrony observed in flowering in S. confusa and S. difficilis may enable hybridization between these two species, whereas partial phenological separation may contribute to the integrity of S. grotei. Although the level of flower abortion is high in S. confusa, each pollinated flower yields about 1000 seeds. Saintpaulia confusa produces fruits following both self‐ and cross‐pollination but spontaneous self‐pollination seems not to occur. Thus, seed production depends on sufficient pollinator service. Floral heteromorphy (i.e. enantiostyly) and bee pollination are likely to further enhance cross‐pollination, suggesting that the genus predominantly outcrosses. Thus, Saintpaulia populations are likely to suffer from negative effects of inbreeding if they become small and isolated.
Foraging ecology of roan antelope: key resources during critical periods
Authors: Knoop Marie‐Claire , Owen‐Smith Norman
Published: May 2006

The use of landscape zones and grass species by roan antelope, a species threatened with local extirpation within South Africa's Kruger National Park, were investigated. Plant‐based observations of grazing were made within a 300 ha enclosure in the roan range, where 40 roan antelope were confined at high density in the absence of other grazers. The study spanned the dry seasons of two years, one with average rainfall and one with low rainfall. We recorded changes in the extent of grazing of different grass species, height differences between grazed and ungrazed tillers and intensity of cropping per tuft. In the average year, the grazing pressure in the bottomland grassland was twice that in the upland savanna, with two tall grass species bearing the brunt of the grazing through the dry season. Two highly palatable upland grasses were also extensively grazed by the mid dry season. In the dry year, the extent of grazing in the upland exceeded that in the bottomland, and several upland grass species little used the previous year became heavily grazed. Roan antelope appeared to be separated ecologically from more common grazers by their selective use of tall grasses growing in the drainage line grassland during the critical dry season months. However, their grazing expansion into the upland savanna during the dry year potentially brought them into competition with these grazers. Nevertheless, their population performance did not suffer despite the high‐density conditions. Heightened predation pressure following an influx of these grazers, rather than resource limitation, appeared to be primarily responsible for the drastic decline of this species in the park.
Encroachment of woody plants and its impact on pastoral livestock production in the Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Dalle Gemedo , Maass Brigitte L. , Isselstein Johannes
Published: May 2006

Encroachment of woody plants has been among the major threats to the livelihoods of Borana pastoralists and their ecosystem. An approach that integrated vegetation survey and pastoralists’ perception was followed to study the impacts of encroachment of woody plants in the Borana lowlands, Ethiopia. Density of woody species was determined in 192 plots of 500 m2. Canopy cover of woody plants was estimated in 123 quadrates of 400 m2. Pastoralists’ perception was assessed through group discussions and a semi‐structured questionnaire. Results showed that plant density was 3014 woody plants ha−1. Cover of woody plants was 52%, indicating an increasing trend from ≤40% cover reported in the early 1990s. It was concluded that the increase of woody plants density and cover has crossed the critical threshold and has entered into the encroached condition. Principal components analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) also showed that woody plants were negatively correlated with herbaceous biomass. Commiphora africana, Acacia melliphera, A. drepanolobium, A. brevispica and Lannea rivae were among the dominant encroachers. RDA revealed that soil nutrients were positively correlated with woody plants density and cover. The pastoralists perceived that encroachment of woody plants had decreased the production of their grazingland. A ban on fire was perceived as the major factor that caused encroachment of woody plants. Re‐utilization of fire and strengthening of traditional rangeland management strategies are recommended.
Bud banks of perennial savanna grasses in Botswana
Authors: Hartnett David C. , Setshogo Moffat P. , Dalgleish Harmony J.
Published: May 2006

Three semi‐arid savanna grasses in Botswana (Stipagrostis uniplumis,Eragrostis lehmanniana, andAristida stipitata) were sampled to quantify their belowground bud banks during the dormant season and to estimate their relative allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction. Bud banks of these African perennial caespitose grasses were also compared with four perennial caespitose grasses of semi‐arid North American grasslands. The three African grasses each maintained approximately two buds per tiller and showed a high percentage (88–99%) of tillers producing seed. OnlyE. lehmannianaproduced new aerial tillers from axillary buds at elevated nodes on the stem as well as from the belowground bud bank. Compared with species of North American grasslands, these African grasses produced fewer belowground buds but showed a much higher percentage of tillers producing seed. These patterns indicate relatively greater belowground meristem limitation, lower allocation to vegetative reproduction (tillering) and higher allocation to seed reproduction in these African grasses, although studies of more species are needed to assess the generality of this pattern. The management of savannas in ways that favour the maintenance of a reserve population of belowground buds may increase the ability of grasses to respond to pulses of resource availability, increase their compensatory growth capacity following grazing or drought, and decrease the invasibility of these plant communities by exotic species, whereas maintaining allocation to sexual reproduction may be important for conserving genetic variation and enhancing their capacity to adapt to environmental change.
Afromontane old‐field vegetation: secondary succession and the return of indigenous species
Authors: Karlowski Ursula
Published: May 2006

South‐west Uganda primarily holds afromontane forests within three protected areas: Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Echuya Forest Reserve and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. All forests contain portions of old‐field vegetation. The central question of this study, then, is whether and how natural regeneration of afromontane vegetation would take place. A successional pathway consisting of nine plant communities was found for the first 2 years after cessation of agricultural use. A return of afromontane species despite of an initial dominance of neophytes, a diversification of life form spectra and a growing importance of endozoochory with time belonged to the conspicuous characteristics of this secondary succession. To obtain an insight into the role of birds and buffaloes as possible vectors for seed input, I examined their faeces with regard to germinable seeds. Both, bird faeces, as well as buffalo faeces contained germinable seeds originating from the forest flora. Thus, animal dispersal from the forest into the regenerating zones could be documented. The regeneration potential of the soil‐seed bank seems to be limited in its time scale, and only an initial regeneration capacity could be found. A further progressive succession into a secondary afromontane forest depends on an input of diaspores from undisturbed forest sites. Zoochory appears to be one of the most important dispersal mechanisms.
Modelling interactions between fold–thrust belt deformation, foreland flexure and surface mass transport
Authors: Simpson Guy D. H.
Published: May 2006

Interactions between fold and thrust belt deformation, foreland flexure and surface mass transport are investigated using a newly developed mathematical model incorporating fully dynamic coupling between mechanics and surface processes. The mechanical model is two dimensional (plane strain) and includes an elasto‐visco‐plastic rheology. The evolving model is flexurally compensated using an elastic beam formulation. Erosion and deposition at the surface are treated in a simple manner using a linear diffusion equation. The model is solved with the finite element method using a Lagrangian scheme with marker particles. Because the model is particle based, it enables straightforward tracking of stratigraphy and exhumation paths and it can sustain very large strain. It is thus ideally suited to study deformation, erosion and sedimentation in fold–thrust belts and foreland basins.

The model is used to investigate how fold–thrust deformation and foreland basin development is influenced by the non‐dimensional parameter , which can be interpreted as the ratio of the deformation time scale to the time scale for surface processes. Large values of imply that the rate of surface mass transport is significantly greater than the rate of deformation. When , the rates of surface processes are so slow that one observes a classic propagating fold–thrust belt with well‐developed wedge top basins and a largely underfilled foreland flexural depression. Increasing causes (1) deposition to shift progressively from the wedge top into the foredeep, which deepens and may eventually become filled, (2) widespread exhumation of the fold–thrust belt, (3) reduced rates of frontal thrust propagation and possible attainment of a steady‐state orogen width and (4) change in the style and dynamics of deformation. Together, these effects indicate that erosion and sedimentation, rather than passively responding to tectonics, play an active and dynamic role in the development of fold–thrust belts and foreland basins. Results demonstrate that regional differences in the relative rates of surface processes (e.g. because of different climatic settings) may lead to fold–thrust belts and foreland basins with markedly different characteristics. Results also imply that variations in the efficiency of surface processes through time (e.g., because of climate change or the emergence of orogens above sea level) may cause major temporal changes in orogen and basin dynamics.
Use of40Ar/39Ar K‐feldspar thermochronology in basin thermal history reconstruction: an example from the Big Lake Suite granites, Warburton Basin, South Australia
Authors: McLaren Sandra , James Dunlap W.
Published: May 2006

The potential use of40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic data from K‐feldspars in reconstructing basin thermal history has been evaluated using the example of the Warburton/Cooper/Eromanga Basin, Australia's largest onshore oil‐ and gas‐producing basin. Results from40Ar/39Ar step‐heating experiments reveal details of the evolution of the basin system, including the following: (1) the operation of high geothermal gradient regimes during the earliest basin evolution, suggesting that basin formation was active rather than passive; (2) slow cooling from a Permo‐Triassic temperature peak of at least 250–300°C; (3) a rise in thermal gradients to contemporary bottom hole temperatures in the last 5–10 Myr; and (4) spatially variable recrystallization events between 100 and 50 Ma and at around 20 Ma. Initial microstructural observations serve as a useful predictor of the quality and nature of the obtainable age information. Data from ‘pristine’ K‐feldspars may constrain the peak temperature conditions experienced in the basin, the basin's early thermal history and also any recent changes in thermal gradient. Contrasting data from texturally modified K‐feldspars may constrain times of thermal transients and/or fluid flow, with the preferred interpretation that K‐feldspars recrystallize in response to such events. The Warburton/Cooper/Eromanga Basin example suggests that the40Ar/39Ar technique may serve as a useful adjunct to apatite and zircon fission track analysis and conventional organic maturation indices in basin thermal history analysis.
Sub‐surface precipitation of salts in supercritical seawater
Authors: Hovland Martin , Kuznetsova Tatyana , Rueslåtten Håkon , Kvamme Bjørn , Johnsen Hans Konrad , Fladmark Gunnar E. , Hebach Andreas
Published: May 2006

Extremely low solubility of typical seawater salts within certain supercritical sections of their pressure–temperature composition space is a proven experimental fact. Its consequences are often referred to as either ‘shock crystallization’ or ‘out‐salting’. Our alternative model for the formation of salt deposits hypothesizes that high temperatures and pressures characteristic for the high heat‐flow zones of tectonically active basins may bring submarine brines into the out‐salting regions and result in the accumulation of geological‐scale salt depositions.

To confirm the laboratory observations, molecular‐scale simulations (molecular dynamics) have been employed to study structural changes in a model seawater system where temperature increased from ambient to near‐critical and supercritical. Fluid properties and phase transition regions extracted from the simulations were then used as input parameters for a reservoir simulator program to model out‐salting in a simple hydrothermal geological system. Both numerical simulations and laboratory experiments confirm that supercritical out‐salting is a viable process of geological significance for the formation and accumulation of evaporites. We suggest two regions where hydrothermally associated salts may be depositing today: Atlantis II Deep, in the Red Sea, and Lake Asale, Ethiopia.