bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stepwise contribution of each subunit to the cooperative activation of BK channels by Ca
2+
Authors: Niu Xiaowei , Magleby Karl L.
Published: September 2002

BK channels (Slo1) are widely distributed K
+
channels that control Ca
2+
-dependent processes and cellular excitability. Their activation by intracellular Ca
2+
(Ca

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) is highly cooperative, with Hill coefficients of typically 2–5. To investigate the cooperativity contributed by each of the four α subunits that form the BK channel, we studied single channels comprised of mixtures of functional subunits and subunits with a mutation to disrupt a key site (Ca-bowl) required for activation by low concentrations of Ca

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. As the number of functional subunits increased, we found a stepwise increase in the Hill coefficient of 0.3–0.8 per functional subunit and a stepwise decrease in the Ca

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required for half activation (
K
d
). These results show directly that BK channels can open with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 functional Ca-bowls, and that each subunit with a functional Ca-bowl contributes a stepwise increase to both the cooperativity of activation and the apparent Ca
2+
affinity. A model with 0–4 high-affinity allosteric activators and four low-affinity allosteric activators was examined. In this model, Ca
2+
bindings were independent of one another and the cooperativity arose from the joint action of the allosteric activators on the open–closed equilibrium. Although this model described well the major features of the experimental data, some differences between the observed and predicted results indicated that additional factors not included in the model also contribute to the cooperativity.
High-resolution mapping of the 11q13 amplicon and identification of a gene,
TAOS1
, that is amplified and overexpressed in oral cancer cells
Authors: Huang Xin , Gollin Susanne M. , Raja Siva , Godfrey Tony E.
Published: September 2002

Amplification of chromosomal band 11q13 is a common event in human cancer. It has been reported in about 45% of head and neck carcinomas and in other cancers including esophageal, breast, liver, lung, and bladder cancer. To understand the mechanism of 11q13 amplification and to identify the potential oncogene(s) driving it, we have fine-mapped the structure of the amplicon in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and localized the proximal and distal breakpoints. A 5-Mb physical map of the region has been prepared from which sequence is available. We quantified copy number of sequence-tagged site markers at 42–550 kb intervals along the length of the amplicon and defined the amplicon core and breakpoints by using TaqMan-based quantitative microsatellite analysis. The core of the amplicon maps to a 1.5-Mb region. The proximal breakpoint localizes to two intervals between sequence-tagged site markers, 550 kb and 160 kb in size, and the distal breakpoint maps to a 250 kb interval. The cyclin D1 gene maps to the amplicon core, as do two new expressed sequence tag clusters. We have analyzed one of these expressed sequence tag clusters and now report that it contains a previously uncharacterized gene,
TAOS1
(tumor amplified and overexpressed sequence 1), which is both amplified and overexpressed in oral cancer cells. The data suggest that
TAOS1
may be an amplification-dependent candidate oncogene with a role in the development and/or progression of human tumors, including oral squamous cell carcinomas. The approach described here should be useful for characterizing amplified genomic regions in a wide variety of tumors.
Profiling protein function with small molecule microarrays
Authors: Winssinger Nicolas , Ficarro Scott , Schultz Peter G. , Harris Jennifer L.
Published: September 2002

The regulation of protein function through posttranslational modification, local environment, and protein–protein interaction is critical to cellular function. The ability to analyze on a genome-wide scale protein functional activity rather than changes in protein abundance or structure would provide important new insights into complex biological processes. Herein, we report the application of a spatially addressable small molecule microarray to an activity-based profile of proteases in crude cell lysates. The potential of this small molecule-based profiling technology is demonstrated by the detection of caspase activation upon induction of apoptosis, characterization of the activated caspase, and inhibition of the caspase-executed apoptotic phenotype using the small molecule inhibitor identified in the microarray-based profile.
FAST CARS: Engineering a laser spectroscopic technique for rapid identification of bacterial spores
Authors: Scully M. O. , Kattawar G. W. , Lucht R. P. , Opatrný T. , Pilloff H. , Rebane A. , Sokolov A. V. , Zubairy M. S.
Published: September 2002

Airborne contaminants, e.g., bacterial spores, are usually analyzed by time-consuming microscopic, chemical, and biological assays. Current research into real-time laser spectroscopic detectors of such contaminants is based on e.g., resonance fluorescence. The present approach derives from recent experiments in which atoms and molecules are prepared by one (or more) coherent laser(s) and probed by another set of lasers. However, generating and using maximally coherent oscillation in macromolecules having an enormous number of degrees of freedom is challenging. In particular, the short dephasing times and rapid internal conversion rates are major obstacles. However, adiabatic fast passage techniques and the ability to generate combs of phase-coherent femtosecond pulses provide tools for the generation and utilization of maximal quantum coherence in large molecules and biopolymers. We call this technique FAST CARS (femtosecond adaptive spectroscopic techniques for coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy), and the present article proposes and analyses ways in which it could be used to rapidly identify preselected molecules in real time.
Defects in
caveolin-1
cause dilated cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension in knockout mice
Authors: Zhao You-Yang , Liu Yang , Stan Radu-Virgil , Fan Lian , Gu Yusu , Dalton Nancy , Chu Po-Hsien , Peterson Kirk , Ross John , Chien Kenneth R.
Published: September 2002

Caveolins are important components of caveolae, which have been implicated in vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. To investigate the
in vivo
significance of Caveolins in mammals, we generated mice deficient in the
caveolin-1
(
cav-1
) gene and have shown that, in the absence of Cav-1, no caveolae structures were observed in several nonmuscle cell types. Although
cav-1
−/−
mice are viable, histological examination and echocardiography identified a spectrum of characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy in the left ventricular chamber of the
cav-1
-deficient hearts, including an enlarged ventricular chamber diameter, thin posterior wall, and decreased contractility. These animals also have marked right ventricular hypertrophy, suggesting a chronic increase in pulmonary artery pressure. Direct measurement of pulmonary artery pressure and histological analysis revealed that the
cav-1
−/−
mice exhibit pulmonary hypertension, which may contribute to the right ventricle hypertrophy. In addition, the loss of Cav-1 leads to a dramatic increase in systemic NO levels. Our studies provided
in vivo
evidence that
cav-1
is essential for the control of systemic NO levels and normal cardiopulmonary function.
Imaging cells and extracellular matrix
in vivo
by using second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence
Authors: Zoumi Aikaterini , Yeh Alvin , Tromberg Bruce J.
Published: September 2002

Multiphoton microscopy relies on nonlinear light–matter interactions to provide contrast and optical sectioning capability for high-resolution imaging. Most multiphoton microscopy studies in biological systems have relied on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) to produce images. With increasing applications of multiphoton microscopy to thick-tissue “intravital” imaging, second-harmonic generation (SHG) from structural proteins has emerged as a potentially important new contrast mechanism. However, SHG is typically detected in transmission mode, thus limiting TPEF/SHG coregistration and its practical utility for
in vivo
thick-tissue applications. In this study, we use a broad range of excitation wavelengths (730–880 nm) to demonstrate that TPEF/SHG coregistration can easily be achieved in unstained tissues by using a simple backscattering geometry. The combined TPEF/SHG technique was applied to imaging a three-dimensional organotypic tissue model (RAFT). The structural and molecular origin of the image-forming signal from the various tissue constituents was determined by simultaneous spectroscopic measurements and confirming immunofluorescence staining. Our results show that at shorter excitation wavelengths (<800 nm), the signal emitted from the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a combination of SHG and TPEF from collagen, whereas at longer excitation wavelengths the ECM signal is exclusively due to SHG. Endogenous cellular signals are consistent with TPEF spectra of cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD at all excitation wavelengths. The reflected SHG intensity follows a quadratic dependence on the excitation power, decays exponentially with depth, and exhibits a spectral dependence in accordance with previous theoretical studies. The use of SHG and TPEF in combination provides complementary information that allows noninvasive, spatially localized
in vivo
characterization of cell–ECM interactions in unstained thick tissues.
The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum
Authors: Kenney J. F. , Kutcherov Vladimir A. , Bendeliani Nikolai A. , Alekseev Vladimir A.
Published: September 2002

The spontaneous genesis of hydrocarbons that comprise natural petroleum have been analyzed by chemical thermodynamic-stability theory. The constraints imposed on chemical evolution by the second law of thermodynamics are briefly reviewed, and the effective prohibition of transformation, in the regime of temperatures and pressures characteristic of the near-surface crust of the Earth, of biological molecules into hydrocarbon molecules heavier than methane is recognized. For the theoretical analysis of this phenomenon, a general, first-principles equation of state has been developed by extending scaled particle theory and by using the technique of the factored partition function of the simplified perturbed hard-chain theory. The chemical potentials and the respective thermodynamic Affinity have been calculated for typical components of the H–C system over a range of pressures between 1 and 100 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa) and at temperatures consistent with those of the depths of the Earth at such pressures. The theoretical analyses establish that the normal alkanes, the homologous hydrocarbon group of lowest chemical potential, evolve only at pressures greater than ≈30 kbar, excepting only the lightest, methane. The pressure of 30 kbar corresponds to depths of ≈100 km. For experimental verification of the predictions of the theoretical analysis, a special high-pressure apparatus has been designed that permits investigations at pressures to 50 kbar and temperatures to 1,500°C and also allows rapid cooling while maintaining high pressures. The high-pressure genesis of petroleum hydrocarbons has been demonstrated usingonlythe reagents solid iron oxide, FeO, and marble, CaCO3, 99.9% pure and wet with triple-distilled water.
Mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes during thermal decomposition of carbonates
Authors: Miller Martin F. , Franchi Ian A. , Thiemens Mark H. , Jackson Teresa L. , Brack André , Kurat Gero , Pillinger Colin T.
Published: September 2002

Nearly all chemical processes fractionate
17
O and
18
O in a mass-dependent way relative to
16
O, a major exception being the formation of ozone from diatomic oxygen in the presence of UV radiation or electrical discharge. Investigation of oxygen three-isotope behavior during thermal decomposition of naturally occurring carbonates of calcium and magnesium
in vacuo
has revealed that, surprisingly, anomalous isotopic compositions are also generated during this process. High-precision measurements of the attendant three-isotope fractionation line, and consequently the magnitude of the isotopic anomaly (Δ
17
O), demonstrate that the slope of the line is independent of the nature of the carbonate but is controlled by empirical factors relating to the decomposition procedure. For a slope identical to that describing terrestrial silicates and waters (0.5247 ± 0.0007 at the 95% confidence level), solid oxides formed during carbonate pyrolysis fit a parallel line offset by −0.241 ± 0.042‰. The corresponding CO
2
is characterized by a positive offset of half this magnitude, confirming the mass-independent nature of the fractionation. Slow, protracted thermolysis produces a fractionation line of shallower slope (0.5198 ± 0.0007). These findings of a
17
O anomaly being generated from a solid, and solely by thermal means, provide a further challenge to current understanding of the nature of mass-independent isotopic fractionation.
A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function
Authors: Van der Ploeg Lex H. T. , Martin William J. , Howard Andrew D. , Nargund Ravi P. , Austin Christopher P. , Guan Xiaoming , Drisko Jennifer , Cashen Doreen , Sebhat Iyassu , Patchett Arthur A. , Figueroa David J. , DiLella Anthony G. , Connolly Brett M. , Weinberg David H. , Tan Carina P. , Palyha Oksana C. , Pong Sheng-Shung , MacNeil Tanya , Rosenblum Charles , Vongs Aurawan , Tang Rui , Yu Hong , Sailer Andreas W. , Fong Tung Ming , Huang Cathy , Tota Michael R. , Chang Ray S. , Stearns Ralph , Tamvakopoulos Constantin , Christ George , Drazen Deborah L. , Spar Brian D. , Nelson Randy J. , MacIntyre D. Euan
Published: September 2002

By using a combination of genetic, pharmacological, and anatomical approaches, we show that the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), implicated in the control of food intake and energy expenditure, also modulates erectile function and sexual behavior. Evidence supporting this notion is based on several findings: (
i
) a highly selective non-peptide MC4R agonist augments erectile activity initiated by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in wild-type but not
Mc4r
-null mice; (
ii
) copulatory behavior is enhanced by administration of a selective MC4R agonist and is diminished in mice lacking
Mc4r;
(
iii
) reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and non-PCR based methods demonstrate MC4R expression in rat and human penis, and rat spinal cord, hypothalamus, brainstem, pelvic ganglion (major autonomic relay center to the penis), but not in rat primary corpus smooth muscle cavernosum cells; and (
iv
)
in situ
hybridization of glans tissue from the human and rat penis reveal MC4R expression in nerve fibers and mechanoreceptors in the glans of the penis. Collectively, these data implicate the MC4R in the modulation of penile erectile function and provide evidence that MC4R-mediated proerectile responses may be activated through neuronal circuitry in spinal cord erectile centers and somatosensory afferent nerve terminals of the penis. Our results provide a basis for the existence of MC4R-controlled neuronal pathways that control sexual function.
Tyrosine sulfation of CCR5 N-terminal peptide by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases 1 and 2 follows a discrete pattern and temporal sequence
Authors: Seibert Christoph , Cadene Martine , Sanfiz Anthony , Chait Brian T. , Sakmar Thomas P.
Published: September 2002

The CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is the major coreceptor for the entry of macrophage-tropic (R5) HIV-1 strains into target cells. Posttranslational sulfation of tyrosine residues in the N-terminal tail of CCR5 is critical for high affinity interaction of the receptor with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 in complex with CD4. Here, we focused on defining precisely the sulfation pattern of the N terminus of CCR5 by using recombinant human tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases TPST-1 and TPST-2 to modify a synthetic peptide that corresponds to amino acids 2–18 of the receptor (CCR5 2–18). Analysis of the reaction products was made with a combination of reversed-phase HPLC, proteolytic cleavage, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We found that CCR5 2–18 is sulfated by both TPST isoenzymes leading to a final product with four sulfotyrosine residues. Sulfates were added stepwise to the peptide producing specific intermediates with one, two, or three sulfotyrosines. The pattern of sulfation in these intermediates suggests that Tyr-14 and Tyr-15 are sulfated first, followed by Tyr-10, and finally Tyr-3. These results represent a detailed analysis of the multiple sulfation reaction of a peptide substrate by TPSTs and provide a structural basis for understanding the role of tyrosine sulfation of CCR5 in HIV-1 coreceptor and chemokine receptor function.
Potent VEGF blockade causes regression of coopted vessels in a model of neuroblastoma
Authors: Kim Eugene S. , Serur Anna , Huang Jianzhong , Manley Christina A. , McCrudden Kimberly W. , Frischer Jason S. , Soffer Samuel Z. , Ring Laurence , New Tamara , Zabski Stephanie , Rudge John S. , Holash Jocelyn , Yancopoulos George D. , Kandel Jessica J. , Yamashiro Darrell J.
Published: September 2002

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in human tumor angiogenesis. We compared the effects of inhibitors of VEGF with different specificities in a xenograft model of neuroblastoma. Cultured human neuroblastoma NGP-GFP cells were implanted intrarenally in nude mice. Three anti-VEGF agents were tested: an anti-human VEGF
165
RNA-based fluoropyrimidine aptamer; a monoclonal anti-human VEGF antibody; and VEGF-Trap, a composite decoy receptor based on VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 fused to an Fc segment of IgG1. A wide range of efficacy was observed, with high-dose VEGF-Trap causing the greatest inhibition of tumor growth (81% compared with controls). We examined tumor angiogenesis and found that early in tumor formation, cooption of host vasculature occurs. We postulate that this coopted vasculature serves as a source of blood supply during the initial phase of tumor growth. Subsequently, control tumors undergo vigorous growth and remodeling of vascular networks, which results in disappearance of the coopted vessels. However, if VEGF function is blocked, cooption of host vessels may persist. Persistent cooption, therefore, may represent a novel mechanism by which neuroblastoma can partly evade antiangiogenic therapy and may explain why experimental neuroblastoma is less susceptible to VEGF blockade than a parallel model of Wilms tumor. However, more effective VEGF blockade, as achieved by high doses of VEGF-Trap, can lead to regression of coopted vascular structures. These results demonstrate that cooption of host vasculature is an early event in tumor formation, and that persistence of this effect is related to the degree of blockade of VEGF activity.
Enzymology below 200 K: The kinetics and thermodynamics of the photochemistry catalyzed by protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase
Authors: Heyes Derren J. , Ruban Alexander V. , Wilks Helen M. , Hunter C. Neil
Published: September 2002

The chlorophyll biosynthesis enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase (POR) catalyzes the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) into chlorophyllide in the presence of NADPH. As POR is light-dependent, catalysis can be initiated by illumination of the enzyme-substrate complex at low temperatures, making it an attractive model for studying aspects of biological proton and hydride transfers. The early stages in the photoreduction, involving Pchlide binding and an initial photochemical reaction, have been studied
in vitro
by using low-temperature fluorescence and absorbance measurements. Formation of the ternary POR-NADPH-Pchlide complex produces red shifts in the fluorescence and absorbance maxima of Pchlide, allowing the dissociation constant for Pchlide binding to be measured. We demonstrate that the product of an initial photochemical reaction, which can occur below 200 K, is a nonfluorescent intermediate with a broad absorbance band at 696 nm (A696) that is suggested to represent an ion radical complex. The temperature dependence of the rate of A696 formation has allowed the activation energy for the photochemical step to be calculated and has shown that POR catalysis can proceed at much lower temperatures than previously thought. Calculations of differences in free energy between various reaction intermediates have been calculated; these, together with the quantum efficiency for Pchlide conversion, suggest a quantitative model for the thermodynamics of the light-driven step of Pchlide reduction.
Audio recording of infant crying: Comparison with maternal cry logs
Authors: Salisbury Amy , Minard Kathleen , Hunsley Melissa , Thoman Evelyn B.
Published: September 2002

This study investigated the accuracy of mothers’ reports of their babies’ crying. The crying of babies, 5-16 weeks old, was recorded by means of a wire-less, miniature microphone contained within a terry cloth belt worn by the baby. Crying was transmitted to a voice-activated recorder with a range of 500 feet. Thirteen 24-hour recordings were obtained from seven infants while, at the same time, the mothers kept a Cry Log of their baby’s crying. The number of minutes of crying and the number of bouts of crying obtained from the two procedures were highly correlated, although the amount of crying reported by the mothers was less than that obtained from the recorder. The mothers reported fewer bouts of crying. The results suggest that maternal cry reports are valuable for obtaining relative amounts of crying of infants within a group, as well as information on mothers’ perceptions of their infants’ crying, whereas audio recordings offer a more precise method for obtaining the amount and temporal patterning of infant crying.
Quality of child care in the preschool years: A comparison of the influence of home care and day care characteristics on child outcome
Authors: Pierrehumbert Blaise , Ramstein Tatjana , Karmaniola Athanassia , Miljkovitch Raphaële , Halfon Olivier
Published: September 2002

One hundred and six families of 2-year-old children, having experienced either family day care or centre-based day care, took part in this study. Parents’ and day care providers’ representations and values concerning their ideal definition of child care were assessed, and direct observations of child care settings conducted, using a time-sampling procedure. The instruments concerning both representations and observations have a seven dimension structure: caregiver availability, stimulation, firmness, warmth, autonomy, achievement, and organisation. When children were 3 years of age, the families were contacted again (16% drop out) for an evaluation of various outcomes: parental reports of child behaviour problems (CBCL) and egoresiliency (CCQ), assessments of child developmental quotient (McCarthy), and of attachment representations (ASCT). The day care variables (care providers’ representations and observed variables of the setting), unexpectedly explained the variance of the dependent variables (especially behaviour problems) more than the corresponding parental variables. These results contrast with other studies in the field. Apparently, they can be attributed to the relatively wide span of dimensions, as well as to the variety of child care settings considered. Non-parental and parental care had some selective effects on the different dependent variables. The effects of representations were globally stronger than those of observed characteristics. These data point to the importance of child care quality, emphasise the idea that quality is multidimensional, and stress the significance of caregivers’ representations and values.
Development of lying to conceal a transgression: Children’s control of expressive behaviour during verbal deception
Authors: Talwar Victoria , Lee Kang
Published: September 2002

The present study examined lying behaviour in children between 3 and 7 years of age with two experiments. A temptation resistance paradigm was used in which children were left alone in a room with a music-playing toy placed behind their back. The children were told not to peek at the toy. Most children could not resist the temptation and peeked at the toy. When the experimenter asked them whether they had peeked, about half of the 3-year-olds confessed to their transgression, whereas most older children lied. Näve adult evaluators (undergraduate students and parents) who watched video clips of the children’s responses could not discriminate lie-tellers from nonliars on the basis of their nonverbal expressive behaviours. However, the children were poor at semantic leakage control and adults could correctly identify most of the lie-tellers based on their verbal statements made in the same context as the lie. The combined results regarding children’s verbal and nonverbal leakage control suggest that children under 8 years of age are not fully skilled lie-tellers.
Understanding minds and evidence for belief: A study of Mofu children in Cameroon
Authors: Vinden Penelope G.
Published: September 2002

This study explores young children’s understanding of mind and their ability to give evidence for belief. Mofu children of Cameroon were chosen as participants as they provide a unique opportunity to compare the development of an understanding of minds and evidence in schooled and nonschooled populations. A series of standard theory-of-mind tasks were given to 154 children, as well as a novel evidence task. Results suggest that children who have attended school develop an understanding of minds earlier than nonattenders. School attenders did not show superior understanding of evidence for false belief. They did perform better than the nonschooled sample, however, on a question concerning evidence for a subsequent true belief, although performance on this question for both groups was poor.
Exploring the gender question in critical information systems
Authors: Adam Alison
Published: September 2002

This paper addresses ways in which theorizing gender may be important in forming an understanding of the topic of emancipation, which is central to the new critical information systems (IS) based on the thinking of Habermas. After briefly discussing some problems with current research on gender and IS the paper argues that appropriate feminist theory may be useful in augmenting our understanding of foundational issues such as emancipation. The development of feminist philosophy and epistemology is briefly introduced. Habermas’ ‘ideal speech situation’ is problematized in relation to feminist writing on male and female communication juxtaposed with recent research in computer-mediated communications. The paper continues by exploring the concept of emancipation through feminist epistemology and it closes with a preliminary consideration of how these concerns may be applied to critical IS.
Philosophical Foundations for a Critical Evaluation of the Social Impact of ICT
Authors: O'Donnell David , Henriksen Lars Bo
Published: September 2002

How do we critically evaluate the social impact of the information and communications technology (ICT) that, in the developed world at least, is central to both economy and society. Market-oriented, functionalist and instrumental views tend to dominate discourse on ICT and the purpose of this paper is to challenge such views by suggesting a critical neo-humanist alternative. Harvey's critical analysis of recent industrial society, Aristotle's concept of phronesis and Heidegger's tool analysis set the scene for the main argument of the paper based on Habermas’ theory of communicative action. Using an illustrative case vignette from the Irish community sector, the paper argues that this theory provides potentially valid philosophical and social theoretical guidelines for a critical interpretive evaluation of the social impact of ICT that focuses attention on normative (‘lifeworld’) as distinct from instrumental (‘system’) forms of rationality.
To Reveal is to Critique: Actor–Network Theory and Critical Information Systems Research
Authors: Doolin Bill , Lowe Alan
Published: September 2002

It has been suggested that, in order to maintain its relevance, critical research must develop a strong emphasis on empirical work rather than the conceptual emphasis that has typically characterized critical scholarship in management. A critical project of this nature is applicable in the information systems (IS) arena, which has a growing tradition of qualitative inquiry. Despite its relativist ontology, actor-network theory places a strong emphasis on empirical inquiry and this paper argues that actor-network theory, with its careful tracing and recording of heterogeneous networks, is well suited to the generation of detailed and contextual empirical knowledge about IS. The intention in this paper is to explore the relevance of IS research informed by actor-network theory in the pursuit of a broader critical research project as defined in earlier work.
A Failure of Intelligence
Authors: Sandow-Quirk Mary
Published: September 2002

Recent events have made the inadequacies of intelligence services in even the most powerful countries glaringly obvious and various causes for these failures have been canvassed. Many of these problems have arisen from a limited understanding of the complexities of each phase of the intelligence cycle as illustrated by cases drawn from a variety of intelligence contexts.
The Venetian Moment: New Technologies, Legal Innovation and the Institutional Origins of Intellectual Property
Authors: May Christopher
Published: September 2002

The role of the Venetian republic in the history of intellectual property is not well known although the innovations which were later codified into law by the British Crown, and which are usually regarded as heralding the age of intellectual property, were first developed a century before in Venice. This article explores these precursors to the more commonplace understanding of the origins of intellectual property law, and draws some parallels between the current debates about property in knowledge and the time of its first formal emergence some 500 years ago.
Civic Actions after September 11: Exploring the Role of Multi-level Storytelling
Authors: Cohen Elisia L. , Ball-Rokeach Sandra J. , Jung Joo-Young , Kim Yong-Chan
Published: September 2002

Interpersonal and media storytelling were crucial to information dissemination about the September 11 tragedies. The storytelling processes through which urban residents are transformed into members of a broader community are illustrated by their connections to media and their participation in neighborhood discussions and community organizations after September 11. This study demonstrates how a communication infrastructure approach contributes to understanding participation in civil society after September 11.
Say Goodbye…Let's Roll: The Social Dynamics of Wireless Networks on September 11
Authors: Dutton William H. , Nainoa Frank
Published: September 2002

This article describes the use of wireless telecommunication media within the different locations directly affected by the hijackings on September 11. Comparisons across these different contexts provides an empirical anchor to more general themes concerning the social dynamics of wireless in the unfolding events of this day. An indication is given of how the important social role of wireless phones in this crisis could redefine public views on wireless media and thereby shape policy and regulation in the years ahead.
The September 11 Attacks on the US in the New Interactive Media Space in Estonia
Authors: Vengerfeldt Pille
Published: September 2002

This paper examines how Estonians dealt with the news concerning the September 11 attacks in the new electronic communication space of the Internet. This work will summarize people's discussions on the Internet relating to the September 11 attacks by outlining the different narratives that carried people's attitudes and knowledge. The paper aims to show that the Internet was used, not only as a medium for obtaining more information about the attacks, but also as a medium for discussion and crisis support. This research is based on: (1) a survey amongst Tartu University students and follow-up semi-structured interviews; (2) an analysis of the comment pages on Estonian electronic newspapers; and (3) an analysis of three chat logs from Estonian talkers.
Representing Islam in the Wake of September 11: A Comparison of US Television and CNN Online Messageboard Discourses
Authors: Martin Patrick , Phelan Sean
Published: September 2002

This paper contrasts the immediate representations of Islam on US television and CNN's online messageboard by focusing on the noun phrases for 'Islamic' used in both media fora from September 11 to 16. The study found some notable congruities and differences in the associations made with Islam in each context. It considers these findings in terms of previous research on the representation of Islam and terrorism in 'Western' media; the official insistence that 'we' are not at war with Islam; and media theories of 'framing' and 'reception'.
The Internet and the Demand for News
Authors: Rappoport Paul N.
Published: September 2002

This paper looks at the demand for Internet news sites before and after September 11. Analyzing information obtained from actual click-stream activity, support is found for the view that the events of September 11 changed the way households used the Internet to obtain information and news. These changes are observed long after September 11.
Diffusion of News of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
Authors: Rogers Everett M. , Seidel Nancy
Published: September 2002

We report findings here from an audience survey in New Mexico of the diffusion of a spectacular news event, the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001. This news event was perceived as very salient, and it diffused rapidly. The first terrorist attack occurred at 6:45 am (New Mexico time); within three hours almost all respondents had heard about the news event. Individuals reacted to this news in an emotional way, with many respondents praying, participating in a memorial event for the victims, contributing money and donating blood. The terrorist attacks also evoked a strong sense of patriotism. Compared to the news events studied in 52 previous investigations, the September 11 terrorist attacks caused stronger, and more emotional, audience reactions.
The Macroeconomics of Margaret Thatcher
Authors: Backhouse Roger E.
Published: September 2002

The government of Margaret Thatcher forms a revealing case study of how economic ideas become entwined with the political and economic history of any country where attempts are made to apply them. As each of the papers in this symposium points out, Thatcher and her government became inextricably associated with “monetarism.” They were influenced by a range of economists, including Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek, but the policies that went under the label of monetarism ended up being very different from what one would expect from reading the academic literature on monetarism. Though it shared important features, Monetarism came to mean something very diferent from, for example, Friedman's quantity theory. More significantly, the meaning of monetarism and the way it was applied changed signi cantly during the government's period in office. Many of these changes were in response to specific economic problems that the government was forced to confront. To understand the way economic ideas developed, and why monetarism was interpreted in the way it was, therefore, it is important to understand the macroeconomic history of the period. That is the purpose of this paper.
Testing Social Democracy's Inner Limits: From Collectivism to the Politics of Dissonance in Britain
Authors: Krieger Joel
Published: September 2002

In a world where transitions to democracy are often turbulent, interrupted, and uncertain, it is easy to think of Britain, where an embryonic form of parliamentary democracy emerged in the seventeenth century as an exception because the basic shape of politics has appeared settled for so long. On the contrary, I will argue, since the 1970s Britain has been fundamentally transformed from a consensus-driven, institutionally cohesive, model West European democracy, into a fractious, institutionally rigid, and quite unresponsive political system. I will suggest that these developments in Britain have broader comparative significance for they help identify a critical shift fromsocial democracy or collectivismto what I call a post-collectivistpolitics of dissonance.
Increased Frequency of Pre–Pro B Cells in the Bone Marrow of New Zealand Black (NZB) Mice: Implications for aDevelopmental Block in B Cell Differentiation
Authors: Lian Zhe-Xiong , Kita Hiroto , Okada Tomoyuki , Hsu Tom , Shultz Leonard D. , Dorshkind Kenneth , Ansari Aftab A. , Ikehara Susumu , Naiki Mitsuru , Gershwin M. Eric
Published: September 2002

Reductions in populations of both Pre‐B cell (Hardy fractions D) and Pro‐B cells (Hardy fractions B–C) have been described in association with murine lupus. Recent studies of B cell populations, based on evaluation of B cell differentiation markers, now allow the enumeration and enrichment of other stage specific precursor cells. In this study we report detailed analysis of the ontogeny of B cell lineage subsets in New Zealand black (NZB) and control strains of mice. Our data suggest that B cell development in NZB mice is partially arrested at the fraction A Pre–Pro B cell stage. This arrest at the Pre‐Pro B cell stage is secondary to prolonged lifespan and greater resistance to spontaneous apoptosis. In addition, expression of the gene encoding the critical B cell development transcription factor BSAP is reduced in the Pre–Pro B cell stage in NZB mice. This impairment may influence subsequent B cell development to later stages, and thereby accounts for the down‐regulation of the B cell receptor component Igα (mb‐1). Furthermore, levels of expression of the Rug2, λ5 and Igβ (B29) genes are also reduced in Pre–Pro B cells of NZB mice. The decreased frequency of precursor B cells in the Pre–Pro B cell population occurs at the most primitive stage of B cell differentiation.
Gender Differences in the Allergic Response of Mice Neonatally Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Seymour Brian W. P. , Friebertshauser Kathleen E. , Peake Janice L. , Pinkerton Kent E. , Coffman Robert L. , Gershwin Laurel J.
Published: September 2002

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been shown to increase allergic sensitization and reactivity and there has been some suggestion that the influence of ETS on the allergic response is dissimilar in males and females. It is to be determined whether gender differences exist in the IgE response to ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization following ETS exposure from the neonatal period through adulthood. To address this thesis, we examined gender differences in OVA sensitization of BALB/c mice housed from birth through adulthood under smoking and nonsmoking conditions. At 6 weeks of age (day 0) all mice were injected i.p. with OVA in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant followed by three 20 min exposures to 1% aerosolized OVA between day 14 and 80. There were significantly (p<0.05) more total and OVA specific IgE and IgG1 in the serum of females compared to males. Moreover, these sex responses, along with eosinophilia, were further enhanced in mice exposed to ETS. There were also significantly more IgE positive cells in the lungs of female, but not male, mice exposed to ETS compared with ambient air (p<0.05). There was also an elevation of Th2 cytokines (IL4, IL5, IL10, and IL13) after re‐stimulation of lung homogenates following ETS exposure. These data demonstrate that female animals are significantly more susceptible than males to the influence of ETS on the allergic response.
An Algorithm Visualization Tool on the Reconfigurable Mesh
Authors: Bordim Jacir L. , Hayashi Tatsuya , Nakano Koji
Published: September 2002

Many parallel algorithms on the reconfigurable mesh have been developed so far. However, it is hard to understand the behavior of these parallel algorithms, mainly because the bus topology dynamically changes during the execution of an algorithm. In this work, we present the visual mesh system (VMesh ), a tool for visualizing algorithms on the reconfigurable mesh. The main objective of the VMesh is to provide a comprehensive environment for algorithm visualization and development. The VMesh has shown to be a valuable tool for studying and understanding the behavior of parallel algorithms on the reconfigurable mesh.
Boolean Matching Filters Based on Row and Column Weights of Reed–Muller Polarity Coefficient Matrix
Authors: Chang Chip-Hong , Falkowski Bogdan J.
Published: September 2002

In this article, we have shown, by means of the EXOR Ternary Decision Diagram that the number of literals and product terms of the Fixed Polarity Reed–Muller (FPRM) expansions can be used to fully classify all Boolean functions in NP equivalent class and NPN equivalent class, respectively. Efficient graph based algorithms to compute the complete weight vectors have been presented. The proof and computation method has led to the derivation of a set of characteristic signatures that has low probability of aliasing when used as the Boolean matching filters in library mapping.
The Professions Between State And Market: A Cross-national Study Of Convergence And Divergence
Authors: Lane Christel , Potton Margaret , Littek Wolfgang
Published: September 2002

This paper analyses the impact on the professions of changes in their institutional environment during the past two decades. A comparison is made between two professions - solicitors/advocates and pharmacists - in the contrasting institutional contexts of British and German society. It is suggested that, despite common pressures from the state and the market, there remains a significant degree of diversity in the way professions organize themselves in the two societies. A contrast is drawn between British modernizers and German traditionalists, but some convergence is also noted. In both Britain and Germany, professional authority and privilege can no longer be taken for granted but have to be earned by proven performance and enhanced accountability.
Selective internalization of sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons infected with herpes simplex virus-1
Authors: Storey Nina , Latchman David , Bevan Stuart
Published: September 2002

The neurotropic virus, herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1), inhibits the excitability of peripheral mammalian neurons, but the molecular mechanism of this effect has not been identified. Here, we use voltage-clamp measurement of ionic currents and an antibody against sodium channels to show that loss of excitability results from the selective, precipitous, and complete internalization of voltage-activated sodium channel proteins from the plasma membrane of neurons dissociated from rat dorsal root ganglion. The internalization process requires viral protein synthesis but not viral encapsulation, and does not alter the density of voltage-activated calcium or potassium channels. However, internalization is blocked completely when viruses lack the neurovirulence factor, infected cell protein 34.5, or when endocytosis is inhibited with bafilomycin A1 or chloroquine. Although it has been recognized for many years that viruses cause cell pathology by interfering with signal transduction pathways, this is the first example of viral pathology resulting from selective internalization of an integral membrane protein. In studying the HSV-induced redistribution of sodium channels, we have uncovered a previously unknown pathway for the rapid and dynamic control of excitability in sensory neurons by internalization of sodium channels.
Actin turnover is required to prevent axon retraction driven by endogenous actomyosin contractility
Authors: Gallo Gianluca , Yee Hal F. , Letourneau Paul C.
Published: September 2002

Growth cone motility and guidance depend on the dynamic reorganization of filamentous actin (F-actin). In the growth cone, F-actin undergoes turnover, which is the exchange of actin subunits from existing filaments. However, the function of F-actin turnover is not clear. We used jasplakinolide (jasp), a cell-permeable macrocyclic peptide that inhibits F-actin turnover, to study the role of F-actin turnover in axon extension. Treatment with jasp caused axon retraction, demonstrating that axon extension requires F-actin turnover. The retraction of axons in response to the inhibition of F-actin turnover was dependent on myosin activity and regulated by RhoA and myosin light chain kinase. Significantly, the endogenous myosin-based contractility was sufficient to cause axon retraction, because jasp did not alter myosin activity. Based on these observations, we asked whether guidance cues that cause axon retraction (ephrin-A2) inhibit F-actin turnover. Axon retraction in response to ephrin-A2 correlated with decreased F-actin turnover and required RhoA activity. These observations demonstrate that axon extension depends on an interaction between endogenous myosin-driven contractility and F-actin turnover, and that guidance cues that cause axon retraction inhibit F-actin turnover.
Functional role of ε-tubulin in the assembly of the centriolar microtubule scaffold
Authors: Dupuis-Williams Pascale , Fleury-Aubusson Anne , de Loubresse Nicole Garreau , Geoffroy Hélène , Vayssié Laurence , Galvani Angélique , Espigat Aude , Rossier Jean
Published: September 2002

Centrioles and basal bodies fascinate by their spectacular architecture, featuring an arrangement of nine microtubule triplets into an axial symmetry, whose biogenesis relies on yet elusive mechanisms. However, the recent discovery of new tubulins, such as δ-, ε-, or η-tubulin, could constitute a breakthrough for deciphering the assembly steps of this unconventional microtubule scaffold. Here, we report the functional analysis in vivo of ε-tubulin, based on gene silencing in Paramecium, which demonstrates that this protein, which localizes at the basal bodies, is essential for the assembly and anchorage of the centriolar microtubules.