bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of High‐Voltage Flip Chip Deep Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting Diodes Using an Inclined Sidewalls Structure
Authors: Zhong Zhibai , Zheng Xuanli , Li Jinchai , Zheng Jinjian , Zang Yashu , Lin Wei , Kang Junyong
Published: June 2019

Two types of high‐voltage flip chip deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (HV‐FC DUV‐LEDs) are constructed with 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 cells, respectively, in which each single cell is fabricated with inclined sidewalls covered by SiO2/Al. The simulation results suggest that the structure with inclined sidewalls is much favorable to extract the transverse magnetic‐polarized lights. As a result, the light power as high as 145.7 mW is achieved in HV‐FC DUV‐LED constructed with 3 × 3 cells at 1000 mA.
Characteristics of Amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐O Thin Films with Various Compositions Under Microwave Annealing
Authors: Shin Joong‐Won , Cho Won‐Ju
Published: June 2019

In this study, the effects of microwave annealing (MWA) on the electrical properties of amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐O thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs) are evaluated. To measure the transfer and output characteristics of as‐deposited, conventional thermal annealed (CTA), or microwave annealed TFTs, the devices are fabricated by varying the compositional ratios of IGZO films (In2O3:Ga2O3:ZnO = 1:1:1, 1:1:2, and 2:1:2 at%). The reliability is evaluated by measuring the threshold voltage shift under the gate bias stress and by analyzing the charge trapping characteristics according to the operating temperature. In addition, the interface trap density of the a‐IGZO channel/gate insulator and the volume density of the shallow trap of the channel layer are extracted to evaluate the difference in trap density according to the channel composition and the variation in the trap density as a result of the annealing process. Lastly, the sub‐gap density of states (DOS) of the TFTs is investigated to verify the compositional ratio and the annealing effect on the electrical characteristics and reliability of the devices. Based on these results, it is demonstrated that high‐performance a‐IGZO TFTs can be fabricated by using the low thermal budget MWA technique and by controlling the composition of the IGZO channel.
Influence of Germanium Content on the Properties of Cu2Zn(SnGe)Se4 Thin Films Deposited by Sequential Thermal Evaporation Technique Studied by Photoacoustic Technique
Authors: Vigil-Galán Osvaldo , González-Castillo Jesús Roberto , Macias Marcos , Cruz-Orea Alfredo , Pulgarín-Agudelo Fabián Andrés , Rodríguez Eugenio
Published: June 2019

Herein, the influence of the germanium (Ge) content on the surface recombination velocity, nonradiative carrier recombination time, and thermal diffusivity of Cu2Zn(SnGe)Se4 compound from photoacoustic (PA) measurements is presented. The compounds are synthesized by a sequential thermal evaporation technique and thermal annealing. The order of the metallic stacks deposited on the coated molybdenum glass substrates is Cu/Sn/Cu/Zn/Ge. The thicknesses of Cu(3 nm)/Sn(248 nm)/Cu(112 nm)/Zn (174 nm) are kept constant, and only the thickness of the Ge layer is varied between 10 and 30 nm. The incorporation of germanium shows changes in the aforementioned parameters in dependence of the Ge content. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) as complementary measurements to the PA is carried out. The results are presented and discussed in terms of the influence of Ge content on the properties of the copper zinc tin germanium selenium (CZTGSe) compounds.
Novel Way to Assess the Validity of Czochralski Growth Simulations
Authors: Veirman Jordi , Letty Elénore , Favre Wilfried , Albaric Mickael , Pelletier David , Lemiti Mustapha
Published: June 2019

Growth engineers typically resort to simulations to improve Czochralski pulling processes. The temperature field across the ingot during processing governs many processes (e.g., pulling velocity and energy uptake) or material (e.g., silicon oxide precipitation and thermal defects content) parameters and therefore reproduces reality as faithfully as possible. Still, validation of temperature fields and their evolution (“thermal histories”) is complex as instrumentation of a rotating and growing ingot is technically challenging. Herein, a post‐growth experimental validation procedure is proposed, which is carried out on the finished ingot, based on the room temperature measurement of grown‐in oxygen‐related thermal donors, which can be seen as a relic of the ingot thermal history. The basis of the method is laid down and then illustrated through a practical case of an ingot pulled at Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives‐National Institute for Solar Energy, France (CEA‐INES). The advantages and the limits of the method are presented and discussed.
The effects of gravity on the climate and circulation of a terrestrial planet
Authors: Thomson Stephen I. , Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: June 2019

The climate and circulation of a terrestrial planet are governed by, among other things, the distance to its host star, its size, rotation rate, obliquity, atmospheric composition and gravity. Here we explore the effects of the last of these, the Newtonian gravitational acceleration, on its atmosphere and climate. We first demonstrate that, if the atmosphere obeys the hydrostatic primitive equations, which are a very good approximation for most terrestrial atmospheres, and if the radiative forcing is unaltered, changes in gravity have no effect at all on the circulation except for a vertical rescaling. That is to say, the effects of gravity may be completely scaled away and the circulation is unaltered. However, if the atmosphere contains a dilute condensible that is radiatively active, such as water or methane, then an increase in gravity will generally lead to a cooling of the planet because the total path length of the condensible will be reduced as gravity increases, leading to a reduction in the greenhouse effect. Furthermore, the specific humidity will decrease, leading to changes in the moist adiabatic lapse rate, in the Equator‐to‐Pole heat transport, and in the surface energy balance because of changes in the sensible and latent fluxes. These effects are all demonstrated both by theoretical arguments and by numerical simulations with moist and dry general circulation models.
Factor analysis for survival time prediction with informative censoring and diverse covariates
Authors: McCurdy Shannon , Molinaro Annette , Pachter Lior
Published: June 2019

Fulfilling the promise of precision medicine requires accurately and precisely classifying disease states. For cancer, this includes prediction of survival time from a surfeit of covariates. Such data presents an opportunity for improved prediction, but also a challenge due to high dimensionality. Furthermore, disease populations can be heterogeneous. Integrative modeling is sensible, as the underlying hypothesis is that joint analysis of multiple covariates provides greater explanatory power than separate analyses. We propose an integrative latent variable model that combines factor analysis for various data types and an exponential proportional hazards (EPH) model for continuous survival time with informative censoring. The factor and EPH models are connected through low‐dimensional latent variables that can be interpreted and visualized to identify subpopulations. We use this model to predict survival time. We demonstrate this model's utility in simulation and on four Cancer Genome Atlas datasets: diffuse lower‐grade glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, lung adenocarcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma. These datasets have small sample sizes, high‐dimensional diverse covariates, and high censorship rates. We compare the predictions from our model to three alternative models. Our model outperforms in simulation and is competitive on real datasets. Furthermore, the low‐dimensional visualization for diffuse lower‐grade glioma displays known subpopulations.
Optimal designs in three‐level cluster randomized trials with a binary outcome
Authors: Liu Jingxia , Liu Lei , Colditz Graham A.
Published: June 2019

Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) were originally proposed for use when randomization at the subject level is practically infeasible or may lead to a severe estimation bias of the treatment effect. However, recruiting an additional cluster costs more than enrolling an additional subject in an individually randomized trial. Under budget constraints, researchers have proposed the optimal sample sizes in two‐level CRTs. CRTs may have a three‐level structure, in which two levels of clustering should be considered. In this paper, we propose optimal designs in three‐level CRTs with a binary outcome, assuming a nested exchangeable correlation structure in generalized estimating equation models. We provide the variance of estimators of three commonly used measures: risk difference, risk ratio, and odds ratio. For a given sampling budget, we discuss how many clusters and how many subjects per cluster are necessary to minimize the variance of each measure estimator. For known association parameters, the locally optimal design is proposed. When association parameters are unknown but within predetermined ranges, the MaxiMin design is proposed to maximize the minimum of relative efficiency over the possible ranges, that is, to minimize the risk of the worst scenario.
Bootstrapping complex time‐to‐event data without individual patient data, with a view toward time‐dependent exposures
Authors: Bluhmki Tobias , Putter Hein , Allignol Arthur , Beyersmann Jan ,   on behalf of the COMBACTE‐MAGNET consortium
Published: June 2019

We consider nonparametric and semiparametric resampling of multistate event histories by simulating multistate trajectories from an empirical multivariate hazard measure. One advantage of our approach is that it does not necessarily require individual patient data, but may be based on published information. This is also attractive for both study planning and simulating realistic real‐world event history data in general. The concept extends to left‐truncation and right‐censoring mechanisms, nondegenerate initial distributions, and nonproportional as well as non‐Markov settings. A special focus is on its connection to simulating survival data with time‐dependent covariates. For the case of qualitative time‐dependent exposures, we demonstrate that our proposal gives a more natural interpretation of how such data evolve over the course of time than many of the competing approaches. The multistate perspective avoids any latent failure time structure and sampling spaces impossible in real life, whereas its parsimony follows the principle of Occam's razor. We also suggest empirical simulation as a novel bootstrap procedure to assess estimation uncertainty in the absence of individual patient data. This is not possible for established procedures such as Efron's bootstrap. A simulation study investigating the effect of liver functionality on survival in patients with liver cirrhosis serves as a proof of concept. Example code is provided.
Analysis of clustered failure time data with cure fraction using copula
Authors: Su Chien‐Lin , Lin Feng‐Chang
Published: June 2019

Clustered survival data in the presence of cure has received increasing attention. In this paper, we consider a semiparametric mixture cure model which incorporates a logistic regression model for the cure fraction and a semiparametric regression model for the failure time. We utilize Archimedean copula (AC) models to assess the strength of association for both susceptibility and failure times between susceptible individuals in the same cluster. Instead of using the full likelihood approach, we consider a composite likelihood function and a two‐stage estimation procedure for both marginal and association parameters. A Jackknife procedure that takes out one cluster at a time is proposed for the variance estimation of the estimators. Akaike information criterion is applied to select the best model among ACs. Simulation studies are performed to validate our estimating procedures, and two real data sets are analyzed to demonstrate the practical use of our proposed method.
Subgroup identification using covariate‐adjusted interaction trees
Authors: Steingrimsson Jon Arni , Yang Jiabei
Published: June 2019

We consider the problem of identifying subgroups of participants in a clinical trial that have enhanced treatment effect. Recursive partitioning methods that recursively partition the covariate space based on some measure of between groups treatment effect difference are popular for such subgroup identification. The most commonly used recursive partitioning method, the classification and regression tree algorithm, first creates a large tree by recursively partitioning the covariate space using some splitting criteria and then selects the final tree from all the subtrees of the large tree. In the context of subgroup identification, calculation of the splitting criteria and the evaluation measure used for final tree selection rely on comparing differences in means between the treatment and control arm. When covariates are prognostic for the outcome, covariate adjusted estimators have the ability to improve efficiency compared to using differences in averages between the treatment and control group. This manuscript develops two covariate adjusted estimators that can be used to both make splitting decisions and for final tree selection. The performance of the resulting covariate adjusted recursive partitioning algorithm is evaluated using simulations and by analyzing a clinical trial that evaluates if motivational interviews improve treatment engagement for substance abusers.
Near UV/Deep‐Blue Phenanthroimidazole‐Based Luminophores for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Tagare Jairam , Dubey Deepak Kumar , Jou Jwo‐Huei , Vaidyanathan Sivakumar
Published: June 2019

Two new deep blue phenanthroimidazole base luminophores 2‐(4‐(4‐(4‐(1‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazol‐2‐yl)phenoxy)butoxy)phenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imid –azole (DPIPOBn) and 2‐(4‐(4‐(4‐(1‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazol‐2‐yl) phenoxy)butoxy)phenyl)‐1‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole (DPITBOBn) were designed and synthesized by linkage two phenanthroimidazole functional units via the highly flexible alkyl (butane) spacer with different N1 functional groups (benzene and tert‐butylbenzene). The synthesized luminophores were structurally characterized by spectroscopic method (1H, 13C, and mass). The photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties of the luminophores were systematically studied. These luminophores emit intense blue PL emission in both solution and solid phase. The HOMO‐LUMO energy level of the luminophores was calculated from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis and which agreed with the results from the density‐functional‐theory (DFT) calculation. The time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) calculation was performed to know the excited states (singlet and triplet) of the luminophores. The solution‐processed OLED was fabricated to test these materials as emissive materials and as emitters. All the doped devices exhibited near‐UV emission with EL peaks centered around 380–395 nm with Commission International deL'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.16, 0.09 or 0.10). Among all the doped devices, DPITBOBn (3 wt%) based device displayed a power efficiency (PE) of 0.5 lm/W, a current efficiency (CE) of 1.2 cd/A and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.9% at the brightness 100 cd/m2.
Lost in Translation: Challenges with Heterologous Expression of Lichen Polyketide Synthases
Authors: Bertrand Robert L. , Sorensen John L.
Published: June 2019

The ability to functionally express proteins in hosts is a precondition to an advanced understanding of the biosynthetic pathways that are responsible for producing life's complex molecules. The study of secondary metabolites in lichen‐forming fungi has long been hampered by slow growth. This study, reports on heterologous expression trials of four polyketide synthase (PKS) genes from C. uncialis in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1. Isolation of mRNA and RT‐PCR demonstrated that A. oryzae can transcribe all lichen genes and remove introns to produce translationally‐coherent mRNA. Transformation of A. oryzae with a codon‐optimized PKS did not result in metabolite production, nor did co‐expression of a number of accessory genes restore function to any lichen PKS. Genes encoding an orsellinic acid synthase (OAS) from Fusarium sp. and a 6‐methylsalicylic acid synthase (6MSAS) from Penicillum sp. were transformed into A. oryzae. Readily detectable amounts of de novo orsellinic acid and 6‐methylsalicylic acid biosynthesis were observed in A. oryzae when transformed with these non‐lichen PKS genes. However, transformation with functionally homologous PKS genes from C. uncialis produced no detectable product. This work demonstrates that lichen PKS genes are correctly transcribed by A. oryzae but that polyketide biosynthesis failed for a reason that is presently unknown but may be attributable to a fault of translation
Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization and High‐Resolution Modeling of Second‐Phase Particles of V‐ and Ti‐Containing Twinning‐Induced Plasticity Steel under Uniaxial Hot‐Tensile Condition
Authors: Salas-Reyes Antonio Enrique , Mejía Ignacio , Ruíz-Baltazar Álvaro , Cabrera José María
Published: June 2019

Composition and crystallographic nature of precipitates in microalloyed advanced high‐strength steels (AHSS) greatly influence their microstructure and mechanical behavior. Second‐phase precipitation in a high‐Mn twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) steel single microalloyed with V and Ti under uniaxial hot‐tensile condition is experimentally and theoretically studied using high‐resolution this purpose, carbon extraction replica technique, image treatment, and computer simulation are used to determine the crystallographic features of particles and compared with experimental measurements. Results show particle morphologies depending on crystallographic orientation, namely, hexagonal‐type for TWIP‐V steel and rectangular‐type for TWIP‐Ti steel. Measurements on particle size range from 10 to 190 nm in both steels. HRTEM digital image processing allows correcting the obtained Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) diffraction patterns, where interplanar distance measurements indicate the presence of VC and TiC compounds. In the case of the modeled particles, it is possible to identify the NaCl‐type crystal structure, which are correctly relate with experimental morphologies. Finally, theoretical simulations based on the multislice approach of the dynamical theory of electron diffraction allow modeling HRTEM images. Thus, results indicate that current characterization and simulation procedure are helpful in recognizing crystallographic nature of precipitates formed in the studied TWIP steels.
Introduction: Overview and Application of Career Development Theories
Authors: Walker‐Donnelly Kristin , Scott David A. , Cawthon Tony W.
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the knowledge of career development theory and research as it relates to the managing career and adult transitions across the lifespan as a student affairs professional.
Patterns of Iteroparity in Wild Snake River Steelhead
Authors: Copeland Timothy , Bowersox Brett J. , Ackerman Michael W. , Camacho Carlos
Published: June 2019

Some anadromous salmonids are iteroparous (repeat spawners); however, postspawn individuals are often not considered in management plans because of the lack of long‐term studies of this life history. The balance of factors affecting survival between spawns and fecundity of repeat spawners should determine the percentage of iteroparous individuals in a population. Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss are capable of iteroparity, but Snake River populations in the interior Columbia River basin in the Pacific Northwest have the lowest iteroparity rates. Managers are interested in augmenting the incidence of iteroparity as a conservation measure. However, there is little information about repeat‐spawning steelhead to guide and evaluate management. In this study, we elucidated patterns and characteristics of repeat‐spawning steelhead in the Snake River basin. Repeat spawners were overwhelmingly female and were found in all 10 stocks. Most iteroparous fish first spawned after 1 year in the ocean (51.4%) and skipped a year between spawns (55.4%). Growth between spawns declined for longer, older steelhead. Survival from the first spawning migration to postspawn emigration increased during the study. However, survival in the Columbia River estuary and Pacific Ocean declined such that overall survival to second spawn varied little. Small females were most likely to survive to a second spawning migration. We hypothesized that iteroparity in Snake River steelhead was constrained by the energetic costs of the spawning migration (distance, elevation, timing, dam passage) combined with a lack of timely postspawn recovery. Hence, survival to second spawning migration is low for Snake River steelhead and most postspawn steelhead needed a full year to recover. Management programs intended to augment the incidence of iteroparity should account for (1) factors that increase stress and metabolic demand on spawning and postspawn fish and (2) factors that increase the time it takes for emigrating kelts to effectively refuel and recover.
A multi‐time‐delay compensation controller using a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy neural network method for high‐rise buildings with an active mass damper/driver system
Authors: Li Zuo‐Hua , Chen Chao‐Jun , Teng Jun
Published: June 2019

An active mass damper/driver (AMD) control system with a single mass has such problems as the excessive weight of the auxiliary mass and the insufficient capacity of its driving equipment. It is necessary to work through multiple subsystems to achieve effective control of high‐rise buildings. However, the time‐delay effect in each subsystem impedes its application in engineering practices. In the paper, an augmented system based on a zero‐order hold is proposed for discrete‐time systems with multiple time delays, and then the system is designed according to the compensation strategy using a classical linear quadratic regulator algorithm. After that, the sample data obtained from the zero‐order hold compensation controller is trained through a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy neural network method. Finally, a new simplified compensation controller is designed to further shorten the time consuming calculation on the premise of guaranteeing its control effects and parameters. To verify its effectiveness, an AMD system in a high‐rise building is regarded as an example, and the proposed methodology is also applied to an experiment of a four‐story frame. Both results demonstrate that the method can enhance the performance of an AMD system with multiple time delays.
Performance of power scaling‐based quadrature spatial modulation systems with limited feedback
Authors: Kim Sangchoon
Published: June 2019

A power scaling (PS) scheme is examined in quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) systems with limited feedback. Here, a scaling factor is introduced for weighing the modulated symbols in the transmitter. The minimum Euclidean distance metric is exploited to select scaling factors for QSM systems. It is shown via simulation results that the proposed power scaling‐based quadrature spatial modulation systems provide better error performance than the conventional QSM with the limited feedback amount. Additionally, their error performance is compared with that of the PS‐assisted spatial modulation systems. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Schule Breitenrain in der Stadt Bern – Von der Disziplinierung zur intrinsischen Selbstdisziplin
Authors: Egger Jan
Published: June 2019

Das Schulhaus Breitenrain in der Stadt Bern verkörpert prototypisch den damaligen Gebäudetypus Schulhaus, der im Volksmund Schulkaserne genannt wurde. Das Gebäude ist nach Strukturprinzipien errichtet worden, die für die damalige Schule typisch sind und die bis heute Bestand haben. In diesem Sinne steht die exemplarische Analyse des Schulhauses Breitenrain für die Genese, Konsolidierung und auch die Brüche des staatlichen Schulsystems, wie sie sich in den Schulgebäuden objektivieren.
Schule Hinter Gärten in Riehen – Kunstwerk und postfordistisches Produktionsgebäude
Authors: Egger Jan
Published: June 2019

Das Schulhaus Hinter Gärten in der Gemeinde Riehen im Kanton Basel-Stadt stellt eine Schulanlage dar, die den aktuellen Diskurs einer zeitgemäßen, die pädagogischen Trends entsprechenden Schulhausarchitektur abbildet und manifestiert. Das Schulhaus wurde nicht als Erweiterungs- oder Umbau geplant wurde, sondern von Grund auf für eine wachsende bzw. neu entstehende Siedlung konzipiert.
Häuser machen Schule – ein Resümee
Authors: Egger Jan
Published: June 2019

Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, aus Schulbauten die manifesten und latenten Sinnstrukturen zu rekonstruieren, die ,in Stein gehauen‘ vorliegen. Die rekonstruierten Bedeutungs- und Sinnstrukturen geben der Schule ein Gesicht und – so die These – prägen die Schule als soziales Unbewusstes langfristig mit. Der Fokus des Forschungsprojektes war explizit nicht die subjektiven Intentionen der Architekt_innen oder der Bauherrschaft.
Associations between autistic-like traits and polymorphisms in NFKBIL1
Authors: Strenn Nina , Hovey Daniel , Jonsson Lina , Anckarsäter Henrik , Lundström Sebastian , Lichtenstein Paul , Ekman Agneta
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The immune system has been suggested to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders; for example, elevated levels of cytokines and the inflammation-related transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) have been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between autistic-like traits (ALTs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inNFKB1(encoding a subunit of the NF-κB protein complex) and NF-κB inhibitor-like protein 1 (NFKBIL1).

Methods:

The study was conducted in a cohort from the general population: The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS,n= 12 319, 9–12 years old). The subjects were assessed by the Autism-Tics, ADHD, and Other Comorbidities Inventory. Five SNPs within the two genes were genotyped (NFKBIL1: rs2857605, rs2239707, rs2230365 and rs2071592;NFKB1: rs4648022).

Results:

We found significant associations for two SNPs inNFKBIL1: rs2239707 showed a significant distribution of genotype frequencies in the case-control analysis both for all individuals combined and in boys only, and rs2230365 was significantly associated with the ALTs-module language impairment in boys only. Furthermore, we found nominal association in the case-control study for rs2230365, replicating earlier association between this SNP and ASD in an independent genome-wide association study.

Conclusion:

The shown associations between polymorphisms inNFKBIL1and ALTs are supporting an influence of the immune system on neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Bipolar disorder and the endocannabinoid system
Authors: Arjmand Shokouh , Behzadi Mina , Kohlmeier Kristi A. , Mazhari Shahrzad , Sabahi Abdolreza , Shabani Mohammad
Published: June 2019

Objective

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating, lifelong neuropsychiatric illness characterised by unsteady mood states which vacillate from (hypo)mania to depression. Despite the availability of pharmaceutical agents which can be effective in ameliorating the acute affective symptoms and prevent episodic relapse, BD is inadequately treated in a subset of patients. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known to exert neuromodulatory effects on other neurotransmitter systems critical in governing emotions. Several studies ranging from clinical to molecular, as well as anecdotal evidence, have placed a spotlight on the potential role of the ECS in the pathophysiology of BD. In this perspective, we present advantages and disadvantages of cannabis use in the management of illness course of BD and provide mechanistic insights into how this system might contribute to the pathophysiology of BD.

Results

We highlight the putative role of selective cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists in BD and briefly discuss findings which provide a rationale for targeting the ECS to assuage the symptoms of BD. Further, data encourage basic and clinical studies to determine how cannabis and cannabinoids (CBs) can affect mood and to investigate emerging CB-based options as probable treatment approaches.

Conclusion

The probable role of the ECS has been almost neglected in BD; however, from data available which suggest a role of ECS in mood control, it is justified to support conducting comprehensive studies to determine whether ECS manipulation could positively affect BD. Based on the limited available data, we suggest that activation of CB2 may stabilise mood in this disorder.
Unimodality of independence polynomials of rooted products of graphs
Authors: Zhu Bao-Xuan , Wang Qingxiu
Published: June 2019

In 1987, Alavi, Malde, Schwenk and Erdős conjectured that the independence polynomial of any tree is unimodal. Although it attracts many researchers' attention, it is still open. Motivated by this conjecture, in this paper, we prove that rooted products of some graphs preserve real rootedness of independence polynomials. As application, we not only give a unified proof for some known results, but also we can apply them to generate infinite kinds of trees whose independence polynomials have only real zeros. Thus their independence polynomials are unimodal.
Levels’ Analysis: J. R. Firth’s Theories of Linguistic Analysis (Part II)
Authors: Bursill-Hall G. L.
Published: June 2019

It seems certain that all modern theories of linguistic analysis accept the existence of levels of analysis, at least the two levels of phonology and grammar. Firth’s theory shows nothing new in this, but it is radically different in its dismissal of the ascending hierarchy of phonology-morphology-syntax. In theories of ‘levels analysis’ the question of hierarchy usually arises, and London theory is not free from controversy on this, although Firth himself speaks of a hierachy of techniques which is a very different matter from a hierarchy of levels.
La linguistique au congrès de l’A.C.F.A.S.
Authors: Vachon-Spilka Irène
Published: June 2019

Le vingt-huitième congrès de l’Acfas se tenait cette année à l’Université Laval. Les membres de la section de Linguistique se sont réunis dans l’édifice de la Faculté de Commerce sous la présidence de MM. Gilles-R. Lefebvre et Jean Spekkens.

Voici les titres des communications qui ont été prononcées ainsi que le bref résumé qui paraissait sous chacune d’elles au programme officiel du congrès.
Some Considerations Affecting the Investment Overseas of Life Funds
Authors: Polke L. C. , Titford G. J.
Published: June 2019

The last paper presented to the Institute on the general subject of investments was that by J. G. Day (J.I.A. 85, 123) in October 1958. He summarized and commented upon the actuarial approach as disclosed in the major post-war papers and the subsequent discussions on this subject and set forth succinctly the position that had been reached, so that there is no necessity for doing so again. However, a major development in the investment policies of life offices since then has been the increased interest in overseas investment, and it is the purpose of this paper to set forth some of the considerations affecting investment in this field.
Patterns in Repeated Trials
Authors: Bizley M. T. L.
Published: June 2019

In a series of trials with constant probability p of ‘success’ (S) and q ( = I–p) of ‘failure’ (F), the problems arise of determining the expected number of trials required to obtain a specified pattern of results (e.g. SSFSFFSSSFF), and of calculating the probability that such a pattern will appear in a given number of trials. We are here concerned essentially with ‘general’ patterns which may exhibit no clear regularity; many methods are available, and well known, for dealing with regular patterns (e.g. SSSSSS or SFSFSF), which do not apply to irregular ones. Feller, has shown how to solve the problems for general patterns, using an ingenious definition of the event corresponding to the appearance of the pattern whereby it becomes a recurrent event; his powerful general theory of recurrent events then applies and yields the required information by means of generating functions. A different method is given on page 171 of Bizley for finding the expected number of trials required to obtain a general pattern; this uses only the simplest mathematical tools but involves rather a lot of work for long patterns. Under each of these methods, however, every given pattern has to be treated individually and a separate calculation performed.
The kinetics of the rennin-casein reaction in abnormal cow's milk and milks of some other species and of the action of rennet substitutes on normal cow's milk
Authors: Oosthuizen J. C.
Published: June 2019

In earlier papers it was shown that the fall in viscosity of milk and caseinate solutions acted on by rennet, follows a first-order reaction equation. The reaction rate constant has been found to be independent of the source of the caseinate substrate used. This seems to be true not only for caseinate from normal cow's milk but also from colostrum, slow-clotting cow's milk and even the milk of buffaloes, sheep and probably goats.

With solutions of caseinate from sow's milk the reaction kinetics and the proportional viscosity loss were similar to those of cow's caseinate but the rate constants were much lower. Rennet showed no measurable reaction with human, whale, mare or rhinoceros caseinates but produced a constant rate of fall in the viscosity of a camel caseinate for more than an hour from rennetting.

Vegetable and microbiological rennet substitutes also produce a fall in the viscosity of sodium caseinate and the reactions follow first-order kinetics. They differ from cheese rennet in that the proteolysis involved is stronger and is not as limited as that of rennin since they attack at least twice as much of the casein ensemble. This might suggest a mixture of enzymes but since the proportionality between enzyme concentration and k1 was very close this seems unlikely.
Electoral Consequences of Colonial Invention: Brokers, Chiefs, and Distribution in Northern Ghana
Authors: Nathan Noah L.
Published: June 2019

This article studies the effects of traditional chiefs—a common type of broker—on voters’ ability to extract state resources from politicians. Using original data from Northern Ghana, the author shows that chieftaincy positions invented by colonial authorities are especially prone to capture, leaving voters worse off compared both to more accountable chiefs whose authority dates to the precolonial period and to voters who lack formal chiefs who can serve as brokers. The latter comparison exploits exogenous assignment of ethnic groups to the colonial invention of chieftaincy in the late nineteenth century. The findings suggest that whether voters benefit from brokers amidst clientelistic electoral competition depends on the accountability relationship between brokers and their clients.
INTERPRETING ROPE CHANNELS: LIFTING, SETTING AND THE BIRTH OF GREEK MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Pierattini Alessandro
Published: June 2019

The first stone ashlar blocks of Greek architecture, those of the mid-seventh-century temples at Isthmia and Corinth, pose a problem for understanding the beginnings of Greek stone construction.1Their peculiar feature is the presence of grooves plausibly explained as a way to move the blocks with ropes. Yet scholars disagree about how these ropes would have been used, and during what stage of construction. The first excavators of the two temples suggested that the ropes would have served to lift each block into place, and were subsequently extracted from the grooves once the block had been set against its neighbour. Later scholars dismissed this theory as both inconsistent with the evidence and technically impracticable, questioning whether lifting machines were used in Greek construction as early as the mid-seventh century. Currently, the widely accepted view holds that the crane appeared in the Greek world only in the late sixth century. An alternative hypothesis is that the grooves were cut early in the construction process so that ropes could be used to manoeuvre the blocks within the quarry. However, the ‘lifting’ theory continues to have its adherents. Clarifying the significance of these parallel grooves is thus a matter of some importance to the history of Greek construction. This article reassesses the alternative theses on the basis of a new examination of the evidence, and demonstrates that the idea that the grooves served for lifting is the most plausible. Furthermore, it argues that forerunners of the crane appeared in Greece well before the late sixth century. Finally, by examining how the blocks would have been manoeuvred into place after lifting, it contends that the grooves also served the purpose of placement, with a method anticipating the Classical period's sophisticated lever technique.
Pour étudier les problèmes politiques de l'Afrique tropicale d'expression française à Paris
Authors: Hymans J.
Published: June 2019

Parmi les principales bibliothèques Parisiennes conservant des collections de documents africains se trouvent:

(1) Bibliothèque de l'Institut d'Etudes politiques 27, rue St. Guillaume, Paris Vlème (métro: St. Germain des Près).

Les services de cette bibliothèque constituent un bon point de départ pour l'Africaniste étranger qui visite Paris. D'intérêt particulier sont les “dossiers” du “Centre de Documentation” (troisième étage de la bibliothèque) où l'on peut trouver sous des rubriques diverses (par exemple: “Relations entre la France et l'Afrique”) des coupures de presse d'à peu près 100 journaux et périodiques français. Les dossiers de coupures sont tenus à jour et couvrent plusieurs années passées. Dans la même bibliothèque du troisième étage il existe un fichier spécial où l'on classe et analyse brièvement les milliers d'articles parus dans les périodiques français depuis dix ans; il y a plusieurs centaines de fiches ayant trait à l'Afrique d'expression francaise. Ce fichier est tenu à jour et comporte des tiroirs consacrés à chacun des nouvelles nations africaines.
Les Archives des Missions américaines: Collections de Manuscrits au sujet de l'Afrique
Authors: Collins R. , Duignan P.
Published: June 2019

Quand on considère l'étendu des rapports commerciaux, gouvernementaux, individuels, ainsi que des Missionnaires américains et l'Afrique depuis 1619, il est naturel de trouver un fonds important de documents, archives, et manuscrits ayant trait à l'Afrique aux Etats-Unis. Mais on sait peu de chose au sujet de l'étendu ou la nature de ces sources potientielles pour chercheurs. L'Africana Newsletter espère remédier à cette situation par la publication régulière de brefs relevés cle collections américaines d'archives et de manuscrits. Des contributions de relevés comme ceux ci-dessous seraient les bienvenues.
Mitochondrial absorption of short wavelength light drives primate blue retinal cones into glycolysis which may increase their pace of aging
Authors: Kam Jaimie Hoh , Weinrich Tobias W. , Sangha Harpreet , Powner Michael B. , Fosbury Robert , Jeffery Glen
Published: June 2019

Photoreceptors have high energy demands and densely packed mitochondria through which light passes before phototransduction. Old world primates including humans have three cone photoreceptor types mediating color vision with short (S blue), medium (M green), and long (L red) wavelength sensitivities. However, S-cones are enigmatic. They comprise <10% of the total cone population, their responses saturate early, and they are susceptible in aging and disease. Here, we show that primate S-cones actually have few mitochondria and are fueled by glycolysis, not by mitochondrial respiration. Glycolysis has a limited ability to sustain activity, potentially explaining early S-cone saturation. Mitochondria act as optical filters showing reduced light transmission at 400–450 nm where S-cones are most sensitive (420 nm). This absorbance is likely to arise in a mitochondrial porphyrin that absorbs strongly in the Soret band. Hence, reducing mitochondria will improve S-cone sensitivity but result in increased glycolysis as an alternative energy source, potentially increasing diabetic vulnerability due to restricted glucose access. Further, glycolysis carries a price resulting in premature functional decline as seen in aged S-cones. Soret band absorption may also impact on mitochondrial rich M and L cones by reducing sensitivity at the lower end of their spectral sensitivity range resulting in increased differentiation from S-cone responses. These data add to the list of unique characteristic of S-cones and may also explain aspects of their vulnerability.
The Nishnaabemwin restructuring controversy: new empirical evidence
Authors: Bowers Dustin
Published: June 2019

The categorical deletion of unstressed vowels from iterative feet differentiates serial theories of phonology from parallel theories. Of at least equal importance is whether language learners acquire rhythmic syncope. A potentially illustrative case comes from the recent development of Nishnaabemwin (Algonquian), which extended unstressed vowel reduction until it approximated categorical rhythmic syncope. In response, an entire generational cohort reportedly carried out a dramatic restructuring by innovating a novel set of person prefixes and losing the surface alternations. However, the original reports are subject to some dispute. To shed further light on the status of rhythmic syncope in Modern Nishnaabemwin, this paper details three surveys of the first cohort of speakers born during the near-syncope period. The surveys indicate that, despite familiarity with the original system, the entire generational cohort uniformly adopted the innovative system.
Opacity in Šmartno Slovenian
Authors: Jurgec Peter
Published: June 2019

Šmartno is a critically endangered dialect of Slovenian that exhibits three interacting processes: final devoicing, unstressed high vowel deletion and vowel–glide coalescence. Their interaction is opaque: final obstruents devoice, unless they become final due to vowel deletion; high vowels delete, but not when created by coalescence. These patterns constitute a synchronic chain shift that leads to two emergent contrasts: final obstruent voicing and vowel length (due to compensatory lengthening). The paper examines all nominal paradigms, and complements them with an acoustic analysis of vowel duration and obstruent voicing. This work presents one of the most thoroughly documented instances of counterfeeding opacity on environment.
Contrast enhancement as motivation for closed syllable laxing and open syllable tensing
Authors: Storme Benjamin
Published: June 2019

This paper proposes that closed syllable laxing and open syllable tensing of non-low vowels are motivated by conflicting strategies of contrast enhancement in vowel–consonant sequences. Laxing enhances the distinctiveness of consonant contrasts by allowing for more distinct VC formant transitions, in particular in sequences involving a non-low vowel followed by an oral labial/coronal/velar consonant (e.g. [p t k]). Tensing enhances the distinctiveness of vowel contrasts by providing more distinct formant realisations for vowels. Linguistic variation results from different ways of resolving the tension between maximising vowel dispersion and maximising consonant dispersion. Laxing typically applies before coda consonants as a way to compensate for the absence of good perceptual cues to place of articulation. The hypothesis that laxing enhances the distinctiveness of postvocalic place contrasts is supported by a study of mid-vowel laxing in French, which corroborates the general claim that perceptual contrast plays a role in shaping phonotactic restrictions.
THE ELUSIVE OBJECT OF PUNISHMENT
Authors: Mendlow Gabriel S.
Published: June 2019

All observers of our legal system recognize that criminal statutes can be complex and obscure. But statutory obscurity often takes a particular form that most observers have overlooked: uncertainty about the identity of the wrong a statute aims to punish. It is not uncommon for parties to disagree about the identity of the underlying wrong even as they agree on the statute's elements. Hidden in plain sight, these unexamined disagreements underlie or exacerbate an assortment of familiar disputes—about venue, vagueness, and mens rea; about DUI and statutory rape; about hate crimes, child pornography, and counterterrorism laws; about proportionality in punishment; and about the proper ambit of the criminal law. Each of these disputes may hinge on deeper disagreements about the identity of the wrong a statute aims to punish, and these deeper disagreements can be surprisingly hard to resolve, fueled as they are by the complex inner structure of our penal laws and the discretionary mechanisms of their administration.
Body size and weight, and the nutrition and activity behaviours of sexual and gender minority youth: findings and implications from New Zealand
Authors: Lucassen Mathijs FG , Guntupalli Aravinda Meera , Clark Terryann , Fenaughty John , Denny Simon , Fleming Theresa , Smith Melody , Utter Jennifer
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To describe the body size and weight, and the nutrition and activity behaviours of sexual and gender minority (SGM) students and compare them with those of exclusively opposite-sex-attracted cisgender students. Male and female SGM students were also compared.

Design:

Data were from a nationally representative health survey.

Setting:

Secondary schools in New Zealand, 2012.

Participants:

A total of 7769 students, 9 % were SGM individuals.

Results:

Overall, weight-control behaviours, poor nutrition and inactivity were common and, in many cases, more so for SGM students. Specifically, male SGM students (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) were significantly more likely to have tried to lose weight (1·95; 1·47, 2·59), engage in unhealthy weight control (2·17; 1·48, 3·19), consume fast food/takeaways (2·89; 2·01, 4·15) and be physically inactive (2·54; 1·65, 3·92), and were less likely to participate in a school sports team (0·57; 0·44, 0·75), compared with other males. Female SGM students (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) were significantly more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control (1·58; 1·20, 2·08), be overweight or obese (1·24; 1·01, 1·53) and consume fast food/takeaways (2·19; 1·59, 3·03), and were less likely to participate in a school sports team (0·62; 0·50, 0·76), compared with other females. Generally, female SGM students were more negatively affected than comparable males, except they were less likely to consume fast food/takeaways frequently (adjusted OR; 95 % CI: 0·62; 0·40, 0·96).

Conclusions:

SGM students reported increased weight-control behaviours, poor nutrition and inactivity. Professionals, including public health nutritionists, must recognize and help to address the challenges facing sexual and gender minorities.