bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning by Writing Explanations: Is Explaining to a Fictitious Student More Effective Than Self-Explaining?
Authors: Lachner Andreas , Jacob Leonie , Hoogerheide Vincent
Published: March 2021

Research demonstrated that oral explaining to a fictitious student improves learning. Whether these findings replicate in written contexts, and whether instructional explaining is more effective than other explaining strategies such as self-explaining is unclear. In two experiments, we compared written instructional explaining to written self-explaining, and also included written retrieval and a baseline control condition. In Experiment 1 (N = 147, between-participants-design, laboratory experiment), we obtained no effect of explaining. In Experiment 2 (N = 51, within-participants-design, field-experiment), only self-explaining was more effective than our control conditions for attaining transfer. Self-explaining was more effective than instructional explaining. A cumulating meta-analysis on students’ learning revealed a small effect of instructional explaining (conceptual knowledge: g = 0.29, transfer: g = 0.22), which was moderated by the modality of explaining (oral explaining > written explaining). These findings indicate that when students writing explanations are better off self-explaining than explaining to a fictitious student.
Cognitive-Reminiscence Therapy for Young Adults with Depressive Symptoms: Clinical Observations, Challenges, and Recommendations
Authors: Hallford David John , Mellor David J.
Published: March 2021

Cognitive-reminiscence therapy is a novel intervention for depression in young adults, and currently no specific clinical guidance exists for its use in this age group. The aim of this article is to disseminate our experiences from a recent clinical trial in which we engaged in cognitive-reminiscence therapy (CRT) with young adults for the purpose of treating depressive symptoms. Discussion is presented in terms of clinical observations that were made during treatment, specific challenges that arose, and recommendations for implementing this therapy with young adults. Firstly, a conceptual overview and rationale for CRT is provided along with an outline of the treatment protocol that was used. Then,a framework for undertaking therapeutic reminiscence work at different levels of analysis is presented, and comment is made on the rationale for, and the process of, elicitingspecific memories. Common life events and issues that emerged as the foci of reminiscence with young adults in our trial are reviewed. Following this, the process of orienting to the mechanisms of change in CRT is discussed. Finally, several clinical issues and insights that emerged during the provision of this therapy are presented: contextualising emerging adulthood as a time of transition, creating continuity acrossindividuals’ lives, the process of reflection on reminiscence, and homework adherence.
Collectively jumping to conclusions: social information amplifies the tendency to gather insufficient data
Authors: Sulik Justin , Efferson Charles , McKay Ryan
Published: March 2021

False beliefs can spread within societies even when they are costly and when individuals share access to the same objective reality. Research on the cultural evolution of misbeliefs has demonstrated that a social context can explain what people think, but not whether it also explains how people think. We shift the focus from the diffusion of false beliefs to the diffusion of suboptimal belief-formation strategies, and identify a novel mechanism whereby misbeliefs arise and spread. We show that, when individual decision-makers have access to the data-gathering behaviour of others, the tendency to make decisions on the basis of insufficient evidence is amplified, increasing the rate of incorrect, costly decisions. We argue that this mechanism fills a gap in current explanations of problematic, widespread misbeliefs such as climate change denial.
Skill or Will? Effects of Teacher Knowledge and Motivation on the Quality of Technology-Enhanced Lesson Plans
Authors: Backfisch Iris , Lachner Andreas , Hische Christoff , Loose Frank , Scheiter Katharina
Published: March 2021

In an expertise study with 94 mathematics teachers varying in their teaching experience (i.e., pre-service, induction, in-service teachers), we examined effects of teachers’ professional knowledge and motivational beliefs on their ability to effectively integrate educational technology into their lesson plans. We assessed teachers’ professional knowledge (i.e., content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological knowledge), and their motivational beliefs (i.e., self-efficacy, utility-value). Additionally, teachers developed a worked-out lesson plan for introducing the Pythagorean theorem to secondary students. They were explicitly instructed to refer to the integration of technology in their lesson plans. Experienced teachers considered more cognitively activating tasks in their lesson plans and exploited the potential of technology more than inexperienced teachers. Mediation analyses revealed that this effect was explained by teachers’ perceived utility-value of educational technology but not by their professional knowledge. These findings suggest that teachers’ motivational beliefs play a decisive role for effectively integrating technology in mathematics instruction.
Beneficial Effects of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Cognitive Performance
Authors: Schroeder Philipp A. , Plewnia Christian
Published: March 2021

Transcranial brain stimulation is increasingly used to improve compromised and physiological cognitive functioning. Various forms of transcranial electric stimulation build on the neurophysiological effects of weak currents that are directed to brain areas to induce modulations of cortical activity. The anode-excitatory cathode-inhibitory (AeCi) physiological model of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is often expected to produce mirrored cognitive effects for stimulations of relevant cortical areas, e.g., prefrontal cortices. However, recent research indicates that cognitive performance can also be improved via cathodal tDCS. Nevertheless, considering that different cortical structures may interact with current flow in varying ways, it is not adequate to reject AeCi entirely, to deduct a different physiological effect from cognitive outcomes, or to assume an inefficiency of cathodal tDCS in modulating higher order cortical functions. By highlighting beneficial outcomes, we present here an alternative view on cognitive enhancements that is consistent with the concept of a predominantly inhibitory effect of cathodal tDCS. Suppression of hyperactivity, dysfunctional network activity, noise filtering, state-dependent activity tuning (homeostatic plasticity), and distant disinhibition are discussed as possible mechanisms of action. Consideration of these aspects may allow for a better understanding of the complex results of tDCS studies on the malleability of cognition and behaviour.
Socioeconomic Roots of Academic Faculty
Authors: Morgan Allison , LaBerge Nicholas , Larremore Daniel , Galesic Mirta , Brand Jennie E. , Clauset Aaron
Published: March 2021

Despite the special role of tenure-track faculty in society, training future researchers, and producing scholarship that drives scientific and technological innovation, the sociodemographic characteristics of the professoriate have never been representative of the general population. Here we systematically investigate the indicators of faculty childhood socioeconomic status and consider how they may limits efforts to diversify the professoriate. Combining national-level data on education, income, and university rankings with a 2017-2020 survey of 7,204 U.S.-based tenure track faculty across eight disciplines in STEM, social science, and the humanities, we show that faculty are up to 25 times more likely to have a parent with a PhD. Moreover, this rate nearly doubles at prestigious universities and is stable across the past 50 years. Our results suggest that the professoriate is, and has remained, accessible disproportionately to the socioeconomically privileged, which is likely to deeply shape their scholarship and their reproduction.
Collecting Data from a Vulnerable Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Harcey Sela R. , Gauthier G. Robin , Markowski Kelly , Smith Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2021

Conducting field research with a vulnerable population is difficult under the most auspicious conditions, and these difficulties only increase during a pandemic. Here, we describe the practical challenges and ethical considerations surrounding a recent data collection effort with a high-risk population during the COVID-19 pandemic. We detail our strategies related to research design, site selection, and ethical review.
Collusion in the Provision of Foreign Aid: The Rise of Lead Donorship
Authors: Steinwand Martin C.
Published: March 2021

Donor proliferation and the fragmentation of aid delivery is an important problem besetting foreign aid policy. Yet, existing works have failed to explain under which circumstances donors allow an individual country to become a lead donor with an unrivaled sphere of influence. We fill this gap by analyzing lead donorship as a specific form of coordination wherein donors collude in the provision of aid in order to realize private gains. Employing an event history analysis on bilateral aid data covering the period 1970-2010, we find that lead donorship becomes more likely a) when donor countries expect economic benefits (such as oil exports and exports markets for goods) and b) when donor and recipient have a shared history of colonialism. Conversely, the presence of natural disasters and civil war discourages lead donorship, promoting donor fragmentation instead.
Setting National Minimum Wages for Nepal: A Need-Based Approach
Authors: Raut Nirmal Kumar
Published: March 2021

Method of setting minimum wages has been a debatable issue across the world. Various countries have adopted various methods of minimum wage determination process primarily formulas, government rate setting, union bargained rates, and rate recommended by an expert body. International Labour Organization (ILO) puts forth that the process of setting-up minimum wages should be scientific and accommodative of the needs of the workers and their families. Although minimum wages remains an utmost prority as a redistributive tool, studies shows that its fixation are mostly driven by political interest of the incumbent government and the interest of the private sector. Nepal is not an exception to this. This paper attempts to propose a need based method of setting minimum wages for Nepal. In addition to the food and non-food information, unlike previous need based approaches, this study uses housing information from the nationally representative household survey to derive the minimum wages for Nepal. The minimum monthly salary/wages at 2019/20 prices per household is estimated at NRs. 21799 and daily wages is estimated at NRs. 838.43.This study is expected to guide policy makers in setting evidence-based minimum wages for Nepal.
Nepal’s Economy in Disarray: Policies and Politics of Development
Authors: Rajkarnikar Rashmi Shilpakar
Published: March 2021

Not Available
Diversity of Ground-Dwelling Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Tulsi Raj , Shakya Shubha Ratna , Adhikari Shambhu , Subedi Indra Prasad
Published: March 2021

The study assesses the diversity of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal focusing their species richness altitudinally and seasonally. Ants were sampled from June 2018 to February 2019using pitfall traps, bait traps and hand collection methods covering an altitudinal range from 1500 m to 2700 m in five selected sites (1500 m, 1800 m, 2100 m,2400 m, and 2700 m). A total of 1443 specimens representing four subfamilies, 12genera and 18 morph species were collected. Formicinae (57.58%) was recorded as the most abundant subfamily followed by Myrmicinae (38.53%), Ponerinae (2.21%) and Pseudomyrmicinae (1.66%). Camponotus was the most speciose (4morphospecies) genus and was most abundant in all seasons. The highest Similarity index (0.667) was recorded between the first and second sites among five sites. Species richness (16), Shannon diversity index (1.504) and abundance (631) were the highest in autumn. Similarly, species richness (12), Shannon diversity index (1.399) and species evenness (0.563) were recorded highest at 2100 m altitude, while species abundance (519) was maximum at 1500 m.
Indigenous Peoples in Nepal's Forestry Sector Public Discourses
Authors: Rai Jailab Kumar
Published: March 2021

This paper attempts to unfold Nepal's forestry sector discourses from the perspectives of the presence and contribution of indigenous peoples in forestry sector public discourses. The paper deals with five dimensions of indigenous peoples as part of public discourses. They include: (a) policies and legislations;(b) physical presence in the forestry sector government institutions; (c) number of publications; (d) number of authors; and (e) presence in the public events. The qualitative information, derived from the participation and observation of the public events, is complemented by quantitative information compiled from the relevant reports and publications. I found that participation and contribution of indigenous peoples in Nepal's forestry sectors pubic discourses is relatively less. I argue that inadequacy of Nepal's forestry sector policies and practices is a replication of the overall situation of Nepali society that has fostered the exclusion of indigenous peoples.
Changing Role of the University Teachers: An Agenda for Transformative Education
Authors: Pasa Rajan Binayek , Kharel Suman
Published: March 2021

This library based paper appraises importance of transformative education in Nepalese context. In doing so, educational outcomes have been theorized based on Vedic educational philosophy, power and pedagogy as well as fourth goal of sustainable development (quality education for all). This paper comes up with conclusion that transformative education has been becoming international agenda for sustainable development. Nepalese policy also has focused on developing and utilizing human capital potentials. However, modern education system has been re/producing passive teachers and students even in Universities. Teachers are failed to produce critical students having fullest sense of civic virtues and justice that are enviable for maintaining just society. Thus, better to apply intrinsic, extrinsic and functional power and linking teaching with personal and social development while transmitting of knowledge in the process of socializing students and others. Government mechanisms also need to create conducive environment for letting university teachers to participate during policy formulation and implementation processes. Finally, it is better to apply contextual model for transformative education by the University teachers highlighted in this paper.
भूपि शेरचनको ‘हामी’ कवितामा सङ्कथन निर्मिति Bhupi Sherchanko "hami" kabitama Sankathan Nirmiti
Authors: एटम Atom नेत्र Netra
Published: March 2021

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा कवि भूपि शेरचनको ‘हामी’ कवितालाई पाठकारूपमा लिई त्यसमा सङ्कथन निर्मितिका विभिन्न पक्षहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरेरउक्त कविताको अर्थ निक्र्यौल गरिएको छ । ‘हामी’ कवितामा सङ्कथन निर्मितिहरू कसरीवितरित भएका छन् र तिनको अन्तर्सम्बन्धबाट उक्त कविताको आशय निर्धारण गर्नु यसलेखका उद्देश्य हुन् । यसमा सङ्कथन विश्लेषणका अध्येता जेम्स पल गीले स्थापना गरेका सातप्रकारका सङ्कथन निर्मितिका आधारभूत मान्यतालाई सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाका रूपमा अवलम्बनगरी पाठगत विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसमा प्राकृतिक वस्तु र मानवीय सहभागीहरूका निरर्थक क्रियाकलापहरूको दृष्टान्तहरूबाट तार्किक शृङ्खलाको सुसंयोजन गरी ‘हामी’ कवितामामानवीय अभिमान र यथार्थबिचको भिन्नताप्रति तीक्ष्ण व्यङ्ग्य एवम् अनस्तित्वमा पनिअस्तित्वको सम्भावना खोजी गरिएको छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
Embracing the Data Revolution for Development
Authors: Dagne Tesh
Published: March 2021

This article examines the challenges that the digitalisation of agriculture in Africa brings with respect to ownership and control of data from the perspective of African indigenous farmers as data originators. It discusses the phenomena of the data revolution and digital agriculture in Africa, mapping out the ecosystem of digital agriculture by identifying general trends, key players, types and features of digitalisation driven by the capabilities of mobile and network infrastructure as well as by higher-level digitisation supported by data infrastructures capability. By situating farm data as a constitutive element of traditional knowledge of agricultural production that is subjected to ‘datafication’, the article outlines the challenges of access to data and of unequal utilisation of data as having an impact on development imperatives that necessitate better control of data flows. It proposes data justice as aconceptual framework for an Africa-wide governance of farm data in which the challenges on access to data and unfairness in its utilisation are addressed in a manner consistent with the continent’s aspirations for intra-regional relations.
Pengujian Implementasi Sistem Pengelolaan Keuangan Masjid Berbasis Web Dan Android
Authors: Fachruddin Fachruddin , Pahlevi Muhammad Riza , Ismail Muhammad , Rasywir Errissya
Published: March 2021

Manual financial management is one of the causes of data loss and report files. Meanwhile, financial reports are data that must be accounted for. As with our observations, the Darusalam Mosque (Pakuan Baru Village in Jambi City) quite often experiences these classic problems. With the use of Android-based application technology, it is hoped that the mosque's financial data will be more organized, neatly archived and transparent. The digital financial management or accounting system allows flexibility in accessing mosque financial reports. Therefore it is necessary to build a Mosque Financial Management System Based on the Android Platform. The Android-based financial management application will later be launched on Google Playstore, so that all parties who need this system can download this application for free. The application of applications with a whole series of good software engineering must be carried out in accordance with applicable business processes and do not change the flow of data and reports that have been running for years. The application of the Website-based application and the Android Platform that we did, was able to produce automatic and computerized mosque financial management and was considered very good in user testing
Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi Warna Menggunakan Arduino Uno Berbasis IoT (Internet Of Things)
Authors: Wulandari Sri , Satria Budy
Published: March 2021

The rapid development of technology causes a series of electronic applications to replace the role of humans as accuracy and accuracy in a job. Based on observations in the industrial sector, there are still few who use the services of human hands to sort an object. Sorting by color is one of them. This IoT-based color detector is a simulation of a tool designed to help ease human work in sorting an object. Generally, color detection techniques are still manual, requiring the user to adjust from where the tool is located. Therefore, we need a tool that can detect colors that can be adjusted through IoT-based applications (Internet of Things) using the TCS3200 color sensor as a color detector, Arduino Uno as Data Processing and Microsoft Visual Basic .NET applications as the media interface. Supported by the HMI (Human Machine Interface) system as a system that regulates the process of running a job, and a Servo Motor as a rotary actuator (motor) in directing a running object, color detection will be more accurate and efficient. So that users can get or make it easier to detect the color according to the desired amount.
Close Encounters Under the Muslim Ban: Mobile Media, Intimacy, and Augmented Whiteness
Authors: Wong Danielle
Published: March 2021

This article examines how everyday mobile media produce discursive and affective modes of closeness that circulate as part of the Canada-US border-making process under the Muslim ban. I contend that although the #WelcomeToCanada hashtag, which was made popular by Justin Trudeau’s tweets in response to the US travel ban, presents an inclusive, multicultural Canada that appears to contrast the white supremacist, xenophobic narrative of Donald Trump’s executive order, its performance of flexible Canadian borders actually renders ubiquitous, and therefore augments, the default whiteness of the heteropatriarchal national body imagined by liberal narratives of inclusion. I compare #WelcomeToCanada to Sikh Canadian comedian Jus Reign’s Snapchat story about the Quebec City mosque attack and suggest that his overly faced selfies reveal the violence of a colourblind state gaze that functions like so-called neutral algorithmic vision. Jus Reign’s excessive closeness to his smartphone performs an ambivalent rupture of the universalizing vision on which neoliberal multiculturalism is based, emphasizing the racist logics of facial detection technology even as he characterizes Islamophobia as a particularly US discourse.
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE FILLING MATERIALS IN RESTORATION OF PERMANENT TEETH IN CHILDREN
Authors: Kaskova L.F. , Yanko N.V. , Kulai O.O.
Published: March 2021

A paradigm shift in dental caries treatment in paediatric dentistry is viewed towards a wide using of composite resins. This prospective clinical trial are evaluated and compared during 18 months of clinical performance of a microhybrid composite with a nanoceramic resin composite placed in сlass I and II cavities in permanent teeth in children. 

Thirty one children aged between 7 and 15 years were investigated during this study. About 40 restorations were performed, 50% for each material: a nanoceramic resin composite “Ceram. X Sphere TEC one” and a microhybrid resin composite “Charisma”. The restorations have been estimated by investigators immediately after complete polishing a filling. Clinical evaluation was performed 18 months after replacement by two other investigators using modified USPHS criteria. In addition to hand instruments, a magnifier was used for investigation of the restoration margins. Eighteen fillings with “Ceram. X Sphere TEC one” and 17 fillings with “Charisma” were available. The USPHS parameters were analyzed with the Chi-square test in18 months. The level of significance was p<0.05. Also Green-Vermillion index was used for oral hygiene estimation. 

There are no failed restorations and secondary caries during the studied period. There were no statistically significant differences among the materials used (p>0.5) regarding the clinical performance. Green-Vermillion hygienic index was 1.48. Thirteen children (43.42%) showed satisfactory level of oral hygiene, 10 children (35.71%) demonstrated good level and 7 children (20.87%) – unsatisfactory level. 

According to the marginal discoloration and surface roughness criteria, there were no significant differences among the restorative materials (p>0.5). Marginal discoloration was seen in children with unsatisfactory oral hygiene that corresponds to the data of recent study. Marginal adaptation rate was 94.95% for nanoceramic, and 82.35% for the microhybrid restorations. The marginal defects recorded had small detectable defects at the enamel margin of the restorations. According to the anatomic form criterion, there were no significant differences among the restorative materials (p>0.5).

Postoperative sensitivity of one nanoceramic and two microhybrid restorations was scored as Bravo at baseline examination, but it disappeared by the 18-months evaluation. For color match criterion, the slight differences were observed in microhybrid restoration in 18 months. This shade mismatch was clinically acceptable (Bravo), with no significant differences noted between the materials studied (p>0.5).

The nanoceramic and microhybrid composites have provided acceptable clinical performance over 18-months period. The research pertaining to bigger size of a studied sample and longer observation period is considered advisable to ensure the higher clinical success rate of nanoceramic than microhybrid composite in restoration of permanent teeth in children.
The crime article – misuse of budget funds, for budget expenditures or provision of credits from the budget without determined budget purposes or with their excess
Authors: Leonenko Tetyana , Shyyan Dmytro , Shyyan Olha
Published: March 2021

An attempt has been made to determine the crime article – misuse of budget funds, for budget expenditures or provision of credits from the budget without determined budget purposes or with their excess, on the basis of the analysis of scientific views, theoretical provisions and legislation on this problem. The crime article is an important place in the system of features of the composition of the article of crime, in particular, provided for in Article 210 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, since it is a mandatory feature of it. In the legal literature, the issue of criminal counteraction to the crime provided for in Article 210 Criminal Code of Ukraine has received some attention in the writings of scholars. At the same time, in their writings, this problem is debatable. The purpose of the article is to solve the problematic issues of determining the crime article – misuse of budget funds, for budget expenditures or provision of credits from the budget without determined budget purposes or with their excess, on the basis of the analysis of scientific views, theoretical provisions and legislation on this problem. The proposal to extend the crime under Article 210 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is supported by means of state and local extrabudgetary funds, since they are not included in the State Budget of Ukraine and local budgets, but are similar in budgetary nature and use to the state finances. Given this, and the somewhat different concept of budgetary funds (budgetary funds) is contained in Paragraph 1 of Part 1 of Article 2 of the Budget Code of Ukraine, it is proposed to delete Note 1 to Article 210 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is proposed to consider the concept of the budget as a certain fund of relevant financial resources and to make corresponding changes in its definition, enshrined in Paragraph 1 of Part 1 of Article 2 of the Budget Code of Ukraine: after the word “…budget – …” replace the word “plan of formation and use” with the word “fund”, and thus formulate this budget norm in the following wording: “…1) budget – fund of financial resources for providing tasks and functions, carried out respectively by public authorities, authorities of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, bodies of local self-government during the budget period…”. The legislator has fixed inflated indicators of large and especially large sizes, in the presence of which the actions qualify under Article 210 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which practically makes it impossible to apply this rule, which necessitates a reduction of the lower level of these sizes to 500 and 1000 times, respectively, exceeding the tax-free minimum income of citizens.
About exposers of corruption and criminal law
Authors: Shablystyy Volovymyr
Published: March 2021

Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and other laws on corruption exposers, especially their right to remuneration for reporting corruption, have been considered. The problem of existence of other violations of the Law of Ukraine "On Corruption Prevention" for which no criminal, administrative, disciplinary and / or civil liability has been established and for which the exposer can report has been identified. The author has emphasized that if it is not proved that the exposer made a knowingly false report, then the person suspected of something does not even have the opportunity to defend his/her honor and dignity in court. He has assumed that for the first time at the level of law the form of guilt of the exposer is indicated, which does not exist - unintentional communication of inaccurate information by the exposer. It has been proved that the legislator's disregard for the principles of criminal law and the rules of legislative technique lead to a constant scholastic update of anti-corruption legislation. Failure to take into account the grounds and principles of criminalization of dangerous acts makes amendmets to the Criminal Code of Ukraine "stillborn", no matter how many exposers report them in case of their internal strong belief in the presence of signs of corruption or corruption-related offenses. It has been alleged that the exposer may not expect a remuneration for reporting false information in any case. Illegal enrichment cannot and will never be a corruption crime, it is the result of committing truly corrupt crimes, and therefore the exposer may not expect a reward again. To eliminate these contradictions, the author has proposed in Note 2 to Art. 45 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to determine the list of crimes related to corruption, and to make the person of the exposer responsible at least in part of the apology for the disclosure of information that has not been confirmed by the court. To implement such proposals, not only forensic scholars should be invited to the discussion, but also experts in the field of administrative responsibility, labor and civil law and procedure.
Pouvoirs d'urgence : Guide introductif à l’élaboration d’une constitution nº 8
Authors: Bulmer Elliot
Published: March 2021

La série des Guides introductifs à l’élaboration d’une constitution d’IDEA International vise à assister l’élaboration ou la révision des constitutions, en aidant les citoyens, les partis politiques, les organisations de la société civile, les représentants et les membres des assemblées constituantes à prendre des décisions avisées dans ce domaine. Ces Guides introductifs donnent également des conseils au personnel des organisations internationales ainsi qu’aux autres acteurs extérieurs qui cherchent à fournir aux décideurs locaux un soutien technique adapté au contexte et étayé par des informations fiables. Chacun d’entre eux est conçu comme une introduction à l’intention de lecteurs non spécialistes, et constitue un aide-mémoire pratique pour les personnes disposant de connaissances ou d’une expérience préalable en matière d’élaboration d’une constitution. Les Guides introductifs, organisés par thématique en fonction des choix concrets que doivent faire les personnes responsables de l’élaboration ou de la révision d’une constitution, visent à expliquer des enjeux constitutionnels complexes de manière simple et brève.
ANALISIS DAYA HIDUP DAN PERTUMBUHAN BENIH BIJI MARGA Shorea ROXB. EX C.F.GAERTN. DI PERSEMAIAN
Authors: Ihsan Fawzi Nurul
Published: March 2021

Deforestation in Kalimantan island made 17 million hectares of primary forest loss in the last 40 years. The forest restoration project needs native species seedlings from the previous tree on the damaged forest. The aim of this study to determine the germination and growth of the types of Shorea obtained from TNGP. This study used 38,728 seeds from four species of the Shorea genus: red meranti (Shorea leprosula), Tengkawang (Shorea macrophylla), white meranti (Shorea agami), and belabak (Shorea quadrinervis) obtained from forests near reforestation sites. The result show the average germination rate is 80%. The highest germination rate from the Shorea quadrinervis was 98.7%. We found that the growth of the Shorea genus from seeds was ready for planting in a period of 4 - 5 months.
KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI KAWASAN PENYANGGA TAMAN HUTAN RAYA SULTAN SYARIF HASYIM PROVINSI RIAU
Authors: Hutapea Andriano , Suwarno Eno , Hadinoto Hadinoto
Published: March 2021

The existence and spread of birds are closely related to the availability of food and habitat for birds while showing the existence of an individual or group of individuals. Species of birds and how the spread of bird species is based on habitat in the buffer zone of Tahura Sultan Syarif Hasyim. The method used is to use the Point Count method while calculating existing vegetation using anveg (vegetation analysis). The composition of birds in various vegetation cover is divided into 2 namely secondary forest and agroforestry land, in secondary forests there are 292 individuals, 41 species, 25 families from 9 orders while on agroforestry land there are 213 individuals, 25 species, 16 families of 6 orders. Thus, in the buffer zone of Tahura Sultan Syarif Hasyim, there were 505 individuals, 48 ​​species, 28 families of 10 orders with diversity included in the category of "High Diversity" with a value of 3.54, in the distribution of 14 species of land species, 27 types of lower canopy, 37 types of middle canopy and 26 types of top canopy.
KRITERIA PEMILIHAN JENIS KAYU DALAM PEMBUATAN KAPAL WISATA BERDASARKAN PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT KELURAHAN TUKTUK SIADONG KABUPATEN SAMOSIR PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA
Authors: Gultom Dina Taruli , Evi Sribudiani  , Sonia Somadona
Published: March 2021

Forest has an important part in producing a thing which wood or non-timber and environmental services as a buffer zone for living things. Wood is widely used as carpentry wood, wood tools (furniture), building wood (construction), one of which is in shipbuilding. One of them is a tour ship in Tuktuk Siadong area which is a means of transportation provided by private companies as a special means of transportation for tourists. The purpose of this study was to identify the types and criteria of wood used in the manufacture of tour ship based on public knowledge in Tuktuk Siadong Village, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province. This research used a survey and sampling method that was determined purposively. Based on the results of interviews conducted priority wood types used by the community as raw material for making tour ship are johar wood (Cassia seamea) and surian wood (Toona sureni). While alternative wood types used are balau wood (Hopea celebica), kempas wood (Koompassia malaccensis) and nangka wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus). The criteria for raw materials for making a tourist ships are having a tree height 20 m, tree diameter 50 cm, wood length 18 m with a level of straightness 80%.
PEMETAAN ANCAMAN DAN KARAKTERISTIK KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN (KARHUTLA) PROVINSI LAMPUNG
Authors: Tohir RIzki Kurnia , Pramatana Fadlan
Published: March 2021

Lampung Province has the threat of Forest and Land Fires (FLF) based on incident reports. There is a lack of data on how the threat level of the forest and land fires, so this research is important to do. This study aims to analyze the track record and potential for FLF incidents, to analyze the characteristics and level of the FLF threat. Threat mapping is done by weighting and scoring 11 variables. These variables are divided into natural factors and human factors. The results showed that the equation that gives a weighting of 90% to natural factors. The characteristics of FLF show that natural factors are sensitive factor for the occurrence of FLF in Lampung Province. Mapping of threats shows that the area of ​​low threat class is 244,811.96 ha (8%), medium threat class is 1207,716.15 ha (40%) and high threat class is 1,591,767.42 ha (52%). Three districts had the highest level of threat class, namely Way Kanan, Central Lampung, and East Lampung Districts. The results of the validation of field conditions are indicated by the results of this threat mapping, so that the results of this study can be used as material for consideration by policy makers.
PEMANFAATAN CITRA LANDSAT 8 OPERATIONAL LAND IMAGER (OLI) UNTUK KLASIFIKASI TUTUPAN LAHAN DI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG MERBABU
Authors: Siregar Diyanti Isnani , Musadri Asbi Adnin
Published: March 2021

Gunung Merbabu National Park (TNGMb) is a conservation area with a high level of biodiversity. Information on land cover is very important in making ecological management policies in conservation areas. Proven Remote Sensing technology produces precise information on land cover in a time and cost-effective manner. This study uses Landsat 8 imagery in TNGMb land cover classification process. Maximum Likelihood approach is used because it uses a probability calculation basis. A configuration matrix table between training data and reference data is made to test the accuracy of land cover classification. Reference data refers to Google Earth Pro high-resolution imagery. Results showed that the most extensive land cover type was secondary dryland forest with total of 23393 pixels classified as equivalent to 2113.54 hectares (34.5% of the total classification area. The open area, built-up area, and rice field/vegetable garden each have an area of ​​12.08 Ha; 11.02 Ha; and 170.96 Ha, of which part of the area is in enclaved areas within the TNGMb area. The accuracy test shows the Kappa Coefficient of 86.25%, User's Accuracy Average, Ground Truth Average, and Overall Accuracy respectively 89.62%; 85.42%; and 88.33%. Overall Accuracy shows that 88.33% of the total pixels represent each classification correctly.
KERENTANAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN BERDASARKAN KARAKTER UMUR TANAMAN JATI
Authors: Ardiansyah Fiqri , Triyogo Ananto
Published: March 2021

Forest management in Java dominated with Teak plantation that organize with community. One threats of forest damages is forest fires. Forest fires caused by susceptible fuel, oxygen rate, and fires resource. Teak plantation closed with community activities that using fires within purpose or not. This research aim to identify the effect of plant age towards forest fires susceptibility by combustion rate. This research conducted in Wanagama I EduForest. The effects of plant age towards forest fires susceptibility analysed by bark thickness and water content of bark. Teak bark samples taken on various age of 5th, 15th, and 40th. Foresf fires suceptibility observed by combustion test. The effects of teak age towards on bark thickness and water content, combustion rate analysed using anova with 10% of confident level. The results showed that 1) plant age affecting thickness and water content of teak bark; 2) bark thickness affect fire susceptibility rate of teak on various age, bark thickness has growth along age increase which more tolerant towards of combustion; and 3) Surface forest fires in Wanagama I caused by multiple sources of fire ignition that closed to road accesibility, and the damage mostly occurred until 100 cm of height from forest ground.
Skills Acquisition and Labour Market Opportunities for Graduates of Higher Education in Cameroon
Authors: Ekume Etomes Sophie
Published: March 2021

This study examines skills acquisition and labour market opportunities for graduates of public universities in Cameroon. Four research objectives and one hypothesis guided the study which examined the extent to which social, technical, conceptual and entrepreneurial skills acquired by graduates enhance their employability. The population of the study consisted of 79 graduates with bachelor’s degree, including 29 employers. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 2.3) was used to analyse the quantitative data. The quantitative data were analysed using frequency count and percentages while the qualitative data were analysed using a thematic approach with the aid of key concepts/themes, groundings and sampled quotation. The Spearman’s rho test was adopted for the study in testing the hypothesis. Results reveal a significant relationship between skills acquisition and labour market opportunities for graduates (P<0.05). The positive sign of the coefficient value for each of the skills to labour market opportunities (social skills .132*, technical skills .241*, conceptual skills .241*, entrepreneurial skills .393**) shows a positive correlation with labour market opportunities; that is, graduates stand a better chance to be employed when they possess the above-mentioned skills with entrepreneurial skills contributing more, followed by conceptual and technical skills with higher correlation values and lastly social skills. It was recommended that HE institutions should design competency-based curriculum for all programmes to enable graduates acquire the relevant skills. A closer engagement of universities and employers is recommended for better skills productivity.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Hardening Paste- and Liquid-Like Elements of Museum Exhibits under the Influence of Microclimatic Conditions in a Room
Authors: Dovhaliuk Volodymyr , Chоvniuk Y. , Kravchuk V. , Moskvitina A. , Shyshyna M.
Published: March 2021

The process of restoration of museum exhibits is associated with the forming of various structural media, for example, drying of paints layers, varnishes and hardening of gypsum and concrete solutions during the restoration of statues, elements of room decor. The mechanics of such media is characterized by spectra of viscous, plastic and elastic properties in their various combinations. The forming of these substances is influenced by the microclimatic conditions of the premises, in which these processes take place. In technological operations, as a rule, large shear deformations take place, which greatly exceed the elastic limit. Thus, the most significant for technological calculations are viscoplastic properties, which reflect the relationship between the existing shear stresses and the rate of irreversible shear deformation. For a qualitative description of this relationship, it is customary to use consistency curves that relate shear stresses to the rate of irreversible shear deformation or the dependence of the effective viscosity on the rate of irreversible shear deformation. Structure formation is one of the main processes in the technology of processing solidifying paste-like and liquid-like media when their characteristics approach those inherent in the corresponding capillary-porous bodies. The properties of such media depend on the type and nature of the structure. The study and control of the process of structure formation to obtain a medium with desired properties is an important technological task, which can be solved, in particular, by microclimate systems. The change in the structural state of the solidifying medium can be estimated from the corresponding changes in plastic and conventional mechanical strength, degree of hydration, heat release, elastic modulus, etc. In this work, structure formation is understood as a process, as a result of which the characteristics of the material approach the characteristics of the corresponding capillary-porous body (CPB). The main parameter that determines this approximation is the degree of completeness of structure formation. Analysis of the hardening process of the considered pasty and liquid-like media on the basis of the moisture state diagram makes it possible to fix the structural state of the capillary-porous structure of these media and to evaluate the interaction of chemical reactions and the process of structure formation. And the resulting changes in the rate of structure formation allows to identify and evaluate the destructive processes that occur during solidification of the substance.
Tall von-Mises trusses' skew-symmetric deformation
Authors: Bilyk Serhii , Tonkacheiev Hennadii , Bilyk Artem , Tonkacheiev Vitalii
Published: March 2021

The work’s aim is to investigate the tall two-rods three-hinged von-Mises trusses' deformation regularities at the sloped load that applied to the ridge joint.The horizontal elastic support influence in the ridge joint when changing the force's inclination angle in a wide range is also investigated Particular attention is paid to the tall two-rod trusses' skew-symmetric stability loss possibility. The possibility of the skew-symmetric shape of а loss of stability of high trusses with at a very small angle of inclination of the force from the vertical axis was confirmed. The horizontal elastic support's influence on increasing the stability against skew-symmetric deformation was shown.It was found that skew-symmetry deformation is essentially non-linear, but under certain conditions it is not catastrophic.It is also noticed that asymmetric deformation depends on vertical deformation.Scientific novelty lies in a detailed study of the tall two-rod three-hinged trusses' deformation, and the establishment of the tendency of such structures to skew-symmetric buckling.The tall von-Mises trusses' new detailed deformation regularities character at skew-symmetric deformation at small inclination angles of force that applied in the ridge joint has been established. Also, the two-rod structures' new deformation regularities has been revealed with a wide inclination angles range of the concentrated force applied in the ridge joint. It is shown that on increasing the loading's inclination angles, which coincide with the rod's inclination angles, the stability loss of the individual rods is possible, since there is a significant increase in the truss' carrying capacity. The research results can be used in the structure design of large general dimensions, modeling of which gives the real structure work under various loads.
Investigation of а stress-strained state of a screw-shape tubes of heat exchangers
Authors: Pyskunov Serhii , Trubachev Serhii , Baranyuk Oleksandr
Published: March 2021

Based on the results of the study of the parameters of the air flow inside of the brass screw-shape tube of the heat exchanger, the determination of their optimal geometric characteristics and further modeling of the stress-strain state was performed. Verification of simulation results is carried out on the basis of comparison with the test task.
Parametric optimization of steel structures based on gradient projection method
Authors: Yurchenko Vitalina , Peleshko Ivan
Published: March 2021

The main research goal is the development of a numerical methodology for solving parametric optimization problems of steel structures with orientation on software implementation in a computer-aided design system. The paper has proposed a new mathematical model for parametric optimization problems of steel structures. The design variable vector includes geometrical parameters of the structure (node coordinates), cross-sectional dimensions of the structural members, as well as initial pre-stressing forces introduced into the specified redundant members of the structure. The system of constraints covers load-carrying capacities constraints formulated for all design sections of structural members of the steel structure subjected to all ultimate load case combinations. The displacements constraints formulated for the specified nodes of the steel structure subjected to all serviceability load case combinations have been also included into the system of constraints. The method of the objective function gradient projection onto the active constraints surface with simultaneous correction of the constraints violations has been used for solving the parametric optimization problem. A numerical algorithm for solving the formulated parametric optimization problems of steel structures has been developed in the paper. The comparison of the optimization results of truss structures presented by the paper confirms the validity of the optimum solutions obtained using the proposed numerical methodology.