bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal control and early child dysregulation: Moderating roles of ethnicity and child delay status
Authors: Caplan B. , Baker B.L.
Published: April 2016

Background

Maternal controlling behaviour has been found to influence child development, particularly in behavioural and emotional regulation. Given the higher rates of interfering parent control found in mothers of children with developmental delays (DD) and Latina mothers, their children could be at increased risk for behavioural and emotional dysregulation. While studies generally support this increased risk for children with DD, findings for Latino children are mixed and often attributed to cultural models of child rearing. The present study sought to determine the moderating roles of child DD and mother ethnicity in determining the relationships between two types of parent control (supportive directiveness and interference) and child dysregulation over time.

Methods

The present study, involving 178 3‐year old children with DD (n = 80) or typical development (n = 98), examined observed parent control (directive versus interfering) of Latina and Anglo mothers as it relates to change in preschool child dysregulation over 2 years.

Results

Interfering parent control was greater for children with DD and also for Latino mothers. Supportive directive parenting generally related to relatively greater decline in child behaviour and emotion dysregulation over time, while interfering parenting generally related to less decline in child behaviour dysregulation over time. In Anglo but not Latino families, these relationships tended to vary as a function of child disability.

Conclusions

Parent directives that support, rather than deter, ongoing child activity may promote positive regulatory development. These results particularly hold for children with DD and Latino families, and have implications for parenting practices and intervention.
Carbon monoxide improves neuronal differentiation and yield by increasing the functioning and number of mitochondria
Authors: Almeida Ana S. , Sonnewald Ursula , Alves Paula M. , Vieira Helena L.A.
Published: April 2016

The process of cell differentiation goes hand‐in‐hand with metabolic adaptations, which are needed to provide energy and new metabolites. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous cytoprotective molecule able to inhibit cell death and improve mitochondrial metabolism. Neuronal differentiation processes were studied using the NT2 cell line, which is derived from human testicular embryonic teratocarcinoma and differentiates into post‐mitotic neurons upon retinoic acid treatment. CO‐releasing molecule A1 (CORM‐A1) was used do deliver CO into cell culture. CO treatment improved NT2 neuronal differentiation and yield, since there were more neurons and the total cell number increased following the differentiation process. CO supplementation enhanced the mitochondrial population in post‐mitotic neurons derived from NT2 cells, as indicated by an increase in mitochondrial DNA. CO treatment during neuronal differentiation increased the extent of the classical metabolic change that occurs during neuronal differentiation, from glycolytic to more oxidative metabolism, by decreasing the ratio of lactate production and glucose consumption. The expression of pyruvate and lactate dehydrogenases was higher, indicating an augmented oxidative metabolism. Moreover, these findings were corroborated by an increased percentage of 13C incorporation from [U‐13C]glucose into the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites malate and citrate, and also glutamate and aspartate in CO‐treated cells. Finally, under low levels of oxygen (5%), which enhances glycolytic metabolism, some of the enhancing effects of CO on mitochondria were not observed. In conclusion, our data show that CO improves neuronal and mitochondrial yield by stimulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, and thus oxidative metabolism of NT2 cells during the process of neuronal differentiation.

image

The process of cell differentiation is coupled with metabolic adaptations. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous cytoprotective gasotransmitter able to prevent cell death and improve mitochondrial metabolism. Herein CO supplementation improved neuronal differentiation yield, by enhancing mitochondrial population and promoting the classical metabolic change that occurs during neuronal differentiation, from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism.
Iatrogenic parasitic leiomyoma and leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata following uterine morcellation
Authors: Lu Bingjian , Xu Jing , Pan Zimin
Published: April 2016

Aim

To assess the impact of morcellation on the spread of uterine leiomyoma.

Methods

Cases of parasitic leiomyoma involving prior laparoscopy were collected between 2012 and 2015 in a tertiary women's hospital in China. Their clinicopathological features and the associated reports were reviewed.

Results

All six patients with parasitic leiomyoma had laparoscopic myomectomy or hysterectomy with power morcellation 39–132 months previously. Patient 1 had widely disseminated tumors in the peritoneum and pelvis, in keeping with leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD). She received debulking of peritoneal tumors and lived with disease for 22 months. The implanting sites of the other parasitic tumors (patients 2–6) included the mesentery (n = 2), intestine (n = 1), pelvic parietal (n = 1), bladder (n = 1), and musculus rectus abdominis (n = 1). The diameter varied from 1 cm to 6 cm. The patients underwent abdominal subtotal hysterectomy, cervicectomy or tumor debulking and the postoperative course was unremarkable for a period of 2–32 months. Pathologically, these disseminated or parasitic leiomyomas did not show any evidence of malignancy. There were no morphological or immunohistochemical differences between the original tumor and the following seeding tumors. On literature review, 11 iatrogenic LPD have been reported after laparoscopic surgery for uterine leiomyoma. These cases may provide an alternative pathogenic mechanism for a distinct variant of LPD.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic hysterectomy with tumor morcellation may increase the chance of tumor implantation and dissemination. Both clinicians and pathologists should be alert to this rare complication.
Two cases of Wolffian tumor with novel magnetic resonance imaging findings reflecting characteristic pathology
Authors: Sakai Mie , Abiko Kaoru , Matsumura Noriomi , Kondoh Eiji , Yamaguchi Ken , Minamiguchi Sachiko , Kurata Yasuhisa , Kido Aki , Konishi Ikuo
Published: April 2016

A Wolffian tumor is a rare tumor arising from the remnants of the mesonephric duct. Herein, we report two cases. A 61‐year‐old woman presented with swollen left adnexa. On T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a 4.4 cm solid pelvic mass showed slightly high signal intensity, with a low‐signal‐intensity rim. Microscopically, cuboidal cells with bland nuclei were arranged in a dense tubular form.

A 40‐year‐old woman complained of lower abdominal pain. On T2 weighted MRI, a 6.0 cm solid mass with a low‐signal‐intensity rim was found. The pathology of the resected tumor was similar to that of case 1.

Both cases were diagnosed as Wolffian tumor. The rims of the tumors in both cases were composed of eosinophilic spindle‐shaped cells immunoreactive to alpha‐smooth muscle actin and desmin, identical to the smooth muscle cells surrounding the mesonephric duct remnants. MRI findings reflecting smooth muscle rims might contribute to an accurate preoperative diagnosis of this rare tumor.
Interiors and Homemaking in Displacement: A Study of Vietnamese Americans in Southern California
Authors: Mazumdar Sanjoy , Mazumdar Shampa
Published: April 2016

This paper examines how displaced immigrants create meaningful spaces for themselves in a setting with vastly different customs, values, buildings, and institutions. Through a naturalistic field study, this paper examines in detail the choices, preferences, and decisions made by Vietnamese Americans in Southern California to rebuild their homes and interiors. Salient in their conceptualizations of homemaking were multigenerational family and genealogical linkages with ancestors and extended kin, as well as ritual linkages through worship, food, décor, and spatial requirements. The lessons from this study on homemaking in displacement also reveal the following emergent concepts: home as cultural investment—interior spaces created to facilitate culture specific living, lifestyle, use, activities, and interactions; home as cultural accommodation—spaces modified and transformed to accommodate cultural values and preferences; and home as cultural repository—home as a container for artifacts, paintings, art, and more. All of the above were significant in Vietnamese American homemaking.
Dynamic Capabilities and Organizational Performance: A Meta‐Analytic Evaluation and Extension
Authors: Fainshmidt Stav , Pezeshkan Amir , Lance Frazier M. , Nair Anil , Markowski Edward
Published: April 2016

We move the dynamic capabilities view (DCV) forward in two important ways by meta‐analysing prior empirical studies. First, we evaluate the two core theoretical tenets of the DCV: (1) Dynamic capabilities are positively related to performance, and (2) this relationship is stronger in industries with higher levels of technological dynamism. We find support for the former (rc = 0.296) but not for the latter, though results suggest the existence of moderators. Second, we theorize and demonstrate empirically that higher‐order dynamic capabilities are more strongly related to performance than lower‐order dynamic capabilities, lower‐order dynamic capabilities partially mediate the relationship between higher‐order dynamic capabilities and performance, and dynamic capabilities contribute more to performance in developing economies than in developed economies. These findings illustrate how the nature of the dynamic capability and the economic context in which it is utilized shape its value, thus offering a more nuanced conceptualization of the dynamic capabilities‐performance relationship.
Oximetry for preterm infants at neonatal discharge: What is current practice in New Zealand and Australia?
Authors: Wellington Grace , Campbell Angela J , Elder Dawn E
Published: April 2016

Aim

The aim of the study was to survey level 2 and 3 neonatal units in Australasia to determine the prevalence of oximetry studies at discharge for preterm infants, how these oximetry studies are performed, and which measures are included in an oximetry report.

Methods

A 10‐question online survey was created using Survey Monkey regarding use of predischarge oximetry and e‐mailed to 46 neonatal units (all level 2 and three units in NZ and all level 3 units in Australia).

Results

The response rate was 59% (27/46) with a NZ response rate of 78% (18/23). There was variation in the groups of infants receiving predischarge oximetry studies, with one fifth of responding neonatal units never performing oximetry at discharge. Of the units using predischarge oximetry screening, infants being discharged home on supplemental oxygen were the only group for which all units perform predischarge oximetry. Masimo (Masimo,
Irvine, California, USA) is the most common oximeter brand and profox Associates, Inc. (PROFOX Associates, Inc., Escondido, CA 92025, USA) the most common analysis software used. Measures included in oximetry reports vary between units, with profox Associates, Inc.'s default event definition of ‘a drop in saturation by four or more’ being the most commonly reported desaturation definition.

Conclusions

These findings indicate a need for guidelines to standardise preterm infant oximetry monitoring at neonatal discharge. Further research is required to determine the utility of predischarge oximetry and to establish which infants should be screened.
CeasIng Cpap At standarD criteriA (CICADA): Implementation improves neonatal outcomes
Authors: Heath Jeffery Rachael C , Broom Margaret , Shadbolt Bruce , Todd David A
Published: April 2016

Background

A previous randomised controlled trial (RCT) in babies born < 30 weeks gestation found the so‐called CICADA method (ceasing continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) with a view to remain off rather than slow weaning) significantly reduced CPAP time. Post‐RCT we introduced the CICADA method and evaluated whether the improved outcomes of the CICADA method during the RCT were replicated in clinical practice.

Aim

The aim of the study is to compare cardio‐respiratory outcomes in PBs < 30 weeks GA over three epochs: (i) pre RCT, (ii) during RCT and (iii) post RCT implementation.

Methods

The study used prospective data to compare baseline characteristics and cardio‐respiratory outcomes over the three epochs.

Results

There were 270/393(69%) PBs < 30 weeks GA who fulfilled the inclusion criteria over the three epochs. No significant differences were found in GA or birthweight between the three epochs (27.9 ± 1.3, 27.7 ± 1.4, 28.0 ± 1.3 (weeks ± 1 standard deviation); and 1100 ± 252, 1086 ± 251, 1094 ± 320 (grams ± 1 standard deviation)). There were significant decreases in CPAP days and corrected GA to cease CPAP post implementation (20.5 ± 2.1, 21.1 ± 2.1, 16.5 ± 1.8 (days ± SE); P = 0.006 and 33.3 ± 0.4, 33.5 ± 0.4, 32.6 ± 0.4 (weeks ± SE); P = 0.01). Compared with the pre RCT epoch, there were significant reductions in patent ductus arteriosus (36/78 (46%), 33/87 (37%), 18/103 (17%); P < 0.001) and chronic lung disease (40/78 (51%), 19/87 (21%), 30/103 (29%); P < 0.001).

Conclusions

CPAP time, corrected GA to cease CPAP, patent ductus arteriosus and chronic lung disease significantly reduced following the introduction of the CICADA method. Early cessation of CPAP expedites the transition from neonatal intensive care to special care.
Highly Efficient Immunodiagnosis of Episomal Banana streak MY virus Using Polyclonal Antibodies Raised Against Recombinant Viral‐Associated Protein
Authors: Selvarajan Ramasamy , Balasubramanian Velusamy , Gayathrie Thirugnanasambantham
Published: April 2016

Banana streak MY virus (BSMYV) is the causal agent of viral leaf streak disease of banana, which leads to considerable losses in banana production in most of the banana‐growing regions worldwide. Developing high‐throughput virus detection system is essential for managing viral diseases especially in vegetatively propagated crops like banana. In this study, viral‐associated protein (VAP) coded by ORF II of BSMYV was expressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibodies were raised against purified recombinant VAP (rVAP) fusion protein in rabbits. Specificity and sensitivity of resulting antibodies were tested in Western blot, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In direct antigen‐coated (DAC)‐ELISA, antibodies reacted specifically to BSMYV in crude sap, up to 1 : 8000 dilutions, but not to healthy leaf extracts. Using this antiserum, an immunocapture polymerase chain reaction (IC‐PCR) assay was developed and compared with DAC‐ELISA. VAP antibody‐based IC‐PCR is highly specific and could differentiate episomal virus infection from the integrated endogenous BSV (eBSV) sequences. The recombinant antibodies were validated by testing with a large number of banana germplasm conserved in the field gene bank. Field samples collected during surveys and mother cultures used in tissue culture propagation suggest that antibodies generated against rVAP are sensitive and useful for large‐scale detection of BSMYV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of polyclonal antiserum against recombinant VAP of BSMYV and its suitability for serology‐based testing by ELISA and IC‐PCR. This VAP‐based immunodiagnosis can be applied in quarantine, germplasm exchange and certification programmes.
Effects of Temperature on Disease Severity in Plants of Subterranean Clover Infected Singly or in Mixed Infection withBean yellow mosaic virusandKabatiella caulivora
Authors: Guerret Marine G. L. , Barbetti Martin J. , You Ming Pei , Jones Roger A. C.
Published: April 2016

Many epidemics involve plants infected with more than one pathogen, but few experiments address climate change scenarios that influence mixed infections. This study addresses the interactive effects of co‐infection and temperature on disease development in plants of the annual pasture species subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), which is widely sown in different world regions.Bean yellow mosaic virus(BYMV) and the fungusKabatiella caulivoraare two important pathogens causing considerable production losses in pastures containing this species. Both occur together in such pastures causing a severe necrotic disease when mixed infection occurs. Effects of temperature on symptom expression were investigated in subterranean clover plants infected singly or in mixed infection with these pathogens. Plants were maintained in controlled environment rooms at 18°C, 20°C or 22.5°C after sap inoculation withBYMV.K. caulivoraconidia suspensions were inoculated to plants once systemicBYMVsymptoms developed. Plants were assessed for three disease assessment parameters, dead petioles numbers, marginal leaflet necrosis and overall plant damage. In general, mixed infection caused most severe symptoms,K. caulivoraleast severe symptoms, andBYMVsymptoms of intermediate severity. In single infections, effects of temperature on disease severity differed between pathogens:BYMVsymptoms were most pronounced at 18°C, butK. caulivorainduced more severe symptoms at 20°C and 22.5°C. In mixed infections, disease severity generally followed the pattern developed withBYMValone as temperature increased. Also, synergistic increase in disease severity sometimes occurred at 18°C, but increases were only additive at 20°C and 22.5°C. These results reflected the greaterBYMVmultiplication detected in infected leaves at 18°C compared with 20°C or 22.5°C. Our findings indicate that in rainfed subterranean clover pastures, as global warming progresses disease severity from infection withBYMVandK. caulivoraalone may decline or increase, respectively, and mixed infection with them may become less damaging.
Survey of mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment, risk assessment tools and positive risk
Authors: Downes C. , Gill A. , Doyle L. , Morrissey J. , Higgins A.
Published: April 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Risk assessment and safety planning are a core aspect of the role of the mental health nurse.

Conflicting views exist on the value of risk assessment tools.

Few studies have examined mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk, including use of tools and the role of positive risk in recovery.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

Mental health nurses view risk assessment as a core dimension of their role and not merely an exercise to fulfil organizational clinical safety and governance obligations.

The majority of nurses hold positive attitudes towards therapeutic or positive risk, and consider creative risk taking as vital to people's recovery.

The majority of nurses believe that risk assessment tools facilitate professional decision making, however, some are concerned that tools may negatively impact upon therapeutic relationships.

What are the implications for practice?

Ongoing education on the use of risk assessment tools is required to minimize views that their use is incompatible with therapeutic engagement, and to enable nurses to develop confidence to engage with positive risk and to allow service users make decisions and take responsibility.

Introduction

Risk assessment and safety planning are considered core components of the role of the mental health nurse; however, little is known about nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment, use of tools to assess risk or therapeutic risk taking.

Aim

This study aimed to explore mental health nurses' attitudes towards completing risk assessments, use of tools as an aid, and therapeutic or positive risk.

Method

An anonymous survey which included 13 attitudinal statements, rated on a five‐point Likert scale, was completed by 381 mental health nurses working in adult services in Ireland.

Findings

Findings indicate strong support for the practice of risk assessment in mental health practice. The vast majority of nurses believe that risk assessment tools facilitate professional decision making; however, there is concern that the use of these tools may negatively impact upon therapeutic engagement with service users. The majority of participants have positive attitudes towards therapeutic risk, believing that service users have the right to take informed risks in the context of recovery‐orientated care.

Discussion

The provision of education on the use of risk assessment tools within the context of engagement may help minimize views that the use of assessment tools are incompatible with therapeutic engagement.
Genome‐wide association analysis of actigraphic sleep phenotypes in the LIFE Adult Study
Authors: Spada Janek , Scholz Markus , Kirsten Holger , Hensch Tilman , Horn Katrin , Jawinski Philippe , Ulke Christine , Burkhardt Ralph , Wirkner Kerstin , Loeffler Markus , Hegerl Ulrich , Sander Christian
Published: April 2016

The genetic basis of sleep is still poorly understood. Despite the moderate to high heritability of sleep‐related phenotypes, known genetic variants explain only a small proportion of the phenotypical variance. However, most previous studies were based solely upon self‐report measures. The present study aimed to conduct the first genome‐wide association (GWA) of actigraphic sleep phenotypes. The analyses included 956 middle‐ to older‐aged subjects (40–79 years) from the LIFE Adult Study. The SenseWear Pro 3 Armband was used to collect 11 actigraphic parameters of night‐ and daytime sleep and three parameters of rest (lying down). The parameters comprised measures of sleep timing, quantity and quality. A total of 7 141 204 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed after imputation and quality control. We identified several variants below the significance threshold of P ≤ 5× 10−8 (not corrected for analysis of multiple traits). The most significant was a hit near UFL1 associated with sleep efficiency on weekdays (P = 1.39 × 10−8). Further SNPs were close to significance, including an association between sleep latency and a variant in CSNK2A1 (P = 8.20 × 10−8), a gene known to be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm. In summary, our GWAS identified novel candidate genes with biological plausibility being promising candidates for replication and further follow‐up studies.
Enhanced immunity and antiviral effects of an HBV DNA vaccine delivered by a DC‐targeting protein
Authors: Wang Y. , Wu S. , Wang Z. C. , Zhu X. M. , Yin X. T. , Gao K. , Du Z. Y. , Chen G. Z. , Yu J. Y.
Published: April 2016

DNA vaccine targeting delivery to DC represents one effective strategy to improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine. In a previous study, we developed a novel DC‐targeting recombinant protein that can deliver plasmid DNA to DCs by an electrostatic coupling effect and can thus improve the uptake efficiency of DCs, improving the expression of plasmid DNA in DCs. In this study, we coupled the protein with the HBV DNA vaccine pSVK‐HBVA and investigated whether the immunogenicity and antiviral ability of the vaccine can be improved in HBV transgenic mice. The results show that a stronger specific immune response can be induced in mice after immunization with the coupling vaccine. The HBV DNA copy number and circulating antigen HBsAg in the serum of HBV transgenic mice were significantly decreased. Therefore, this study has demonstrated that the DC‐targeting protein has the ability to improve the immunogenicity and the antiviral activity of the HBV DNA vaccine pSVK‐HBVA. These findings indicate that this DC‐targeting protein can be a potential method for the delivery of DNA vaccines directly to DCs.
Immune responses to hepatitis B immunization 10–18 years after primary vaccination: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Katoonizadeh A. , Sharafkhah M. , Ostovaneh M. R. , Norouzi A. , Khoshbakht N. , Mohamadkhani A. , Eslami L. , Gharravi A. , Shayanrad A. , Khoshnia M. , Esmaili S. , George J. , Poustchi H. , Malekzadeh R.
Published: April 2016

We evaluated the immune response to neonatal HBV immunization in children of infected parents 10–18 years after primary vaccination. Healthy individuals immunized with an infantile course of three doses of HBV vaccine were tested for persistence of anti‐HB surface antibody (HBsAb). Those with an HBsAb level of <10 IU/mL received a booster dose of the vaccine with subsequent doses to those without protective titres. HBsAb concentrations were determined 4 weeks after each dose of the booster vaccine. The data were analysed separately for three age groups: 10–11, 12–14 and 15–18 years old. A total of 541 healthy individuals were studied. The highest seroprotection rate of 48% was observed in the youngest vaccinees (10–11 years old). This declined to 26.5% in the oldest (15–18 years old) group (P = 0.008). The youngest vaccinees showed the highest rate of anamnestic immune responses (96%). However, 25% of oldest individuals failed to mount an anamnestic immune response in challenge with a booster dose of the vaccine (P = 0.005), suggesting waning immunity with increasing age. Age (OR: 0.80; P = 0.01) and prebooster HBsAb levels (OR: 0.37; P = 0.01) identified responders to first booster doses of the vaccine by logistic regression analysis. The majority of high‐risk vaccinees showed anamnestic immune response 10–11 years after primary immunization. However, we found a significant proportion (25%) of older individuals with no anamnetic response, which suggests a waning of immune memory. Detailed long‐term follow‐up studies are necessary to determine the risk of natural infection among these individuals before a booster schedule can be recommended.
Lexical‐Semantic Organization in Bilingually Developing Deaf Children With ASL‐Dominant Language Exposure: Evidence From a Repeated Meaning Association Task
Authors: Mann Wolfgang , Sheng Li , Morgan Gary
Published: April 2016

This study compared the lexical‐semantic organization skills of bilingually developing deaf children in American Sign Language (ASL) and English with those of a monolingual hearing group. A repeated meaning‐association paradigm was used to assess retrieval of semantic relations in deaf 6–10‐year‐olds exposed to ASL from birth by their deaf parents, with responses coded as syntagmatic or paradigmatic. Deaf children's responses in ASL and English were compared at the within‐group level, and their ASL was compared to the English responses of age‐matched monolingual hearing children. Finally, the two groups were compared on their semantic performance in English. Results showed similar patterns for deaf children's responses in ASL and English to those of hearing monolinguals, but subtle language differences were also revealed. These findings suggest that sign bilinguals’ language development in ASL and English is driven by similar underlying learning mechanisms rooted in the development of semantic frameworks.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible in the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris‐database.org. The ASL/English Vocabulary Test is available at http://alsevt.com; access information can be obtained from the first author. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki
Changing structure of benthic foraminiferal communities: implications from experimentally grown assemblages from coastal Georgia and Florida, USA
Authors: Weinmann Anna E. , Goldstein Susan T.
Published: April 2016

Environmental changes such as ocean warming or sea‐level rise have a profound impact on shallow‐water coastal environments. Benthic foraminifera have long been successfully used as indicators for ecologic responses. The propagule method is a useful tool to evaluate the reactions of entire assemblages of foraminifera when exposed to different environmental conditions. Here we present results from growth experiments of foraminiferal assemblages from three sites in coastal Georgia and Florida (USA) under different temperatures (18, 24 and 30 °C) and salinities (15 and 35). Results show that assemblages grown at the higher temperatures had greater abundances of foraminifera, whereas salinity was the primary factor in shaping the composition of the experimentally grown assemblages from the three sites. We also show that experimentally grown assemblages contain high numbers of ‘exotic’ species that result from successful propagule recruitment from outside of the original environments (e.g. the open shelf). Overall, opportunistic and previously termed ‘pioneer species’ proved to be the most successful constituents of the experimental assemblages, showing that reactions of foraminiferal assemblages to environmental changes can appear remarkably quickly (e.g. in the course of several weeks). Our observations on the faunal reactions to different temperatures and salinities indicate that ongoing environmental alterations of coastal areas will likely result in significant changes in the shallow‐water foraminiferal assemblages of the coasts of Georgia and Florida. As such, our study provides general insights into the ecologic effects of current climate change.
Highly siderophile and chalcogen element constraints on the origin of components of the Allende and Murchison meteorites
Authors: Kadlag Yogita , Becker Harry
Published: April 2016

187Re‐187Os systematics, abundances of highly siderophile elements (HSE: Re, PGE, and Au), chalcogen elements (Te, Se, and S), and some major and minor elements were determined in physically separated components of the Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2) carbonaceous chondrites. Substantial differences exist in the absolute and relative abundances of elements in the components, but the similarity of calculated and literature bulk rock abundances of HSE and chalcogens indicate that chemical complementarity exists among the components, with CI chondrite‐like ratios for many elements. Despite subsequent alteration and oxidation, the overall cosmochemical behavior of most moderately to highly siderophile elements during high‐temperature processing has been preserved in components of Allende at the sampling scale of the present study. The 187Re‐187Os systematics and element variations of Allende are less disturbed compared with Murchison, which reflects different degrees of oxidation and alteration of these meteorites. The HSE systematics (with the exception of Au) is controlled by two types of materials: Pd‐depleted condensates and CI chondrite‐like material. Enrichment and heterogeneous distribution of Au among the components is likely the result of hydrothermal alteration. Chalcogen elements are depleted compared with HSE in all components, presumably due to their higher volatility. Small systematic variations of S, Se, and Te in components bear the signature of fractional condensation/partial evaporation and metal–sulfide–silicate partitioning.
Development of Thinking for Speaking: What Role Does Language Socialization Play?
Authors: WU SHU‐LING
Published: April 2016

It has been noted that Chinese shows both satellite‐ and verb‐framed properties (Beavers, Levin, & Tham,; Slobin,), a fact that offers the opportunity to explore the typological influence of learners’ dominant language because they can choose either option to describe the same motion events and be grammatically correct. This study comprehensively examined the impact of factors including the dominant language's thinking for speaking (TFS) (Slobin,,,), as well as proficiency and degree of socialization with the target language. It examined oral narratives produced by 80 learners of Chinese representing two proficiency levels (low vs. high) and two linguistic backgrounds (heritage language vs. foreign language), as compared to two baseline groups of 40 Chinese native speakers (NSs) and 40 English NSs. Analysis of the motion verbs and motion constructions showed a limited role of the dominant TFS. While the more proficient learners were more capable of producing task‐relevant motion expressions regardless of their language background, only advanced heritage learners demonstrated target‐like TFS. Comparison of heritage and foreign language learners at the same proficiency level suggests that degree of language socialization plays a crucial role in facilitating development of TFS in the target language.
Actinidia chlorotic ringspot‐associated virus: a novel emaravirus infecting kiwifruit plants
Authors: Zheng Yazhou , Navarro Beatriz , Wang Guoping , Wang Yanxiang , Yang Zuokun , Xu Wenxing , Zhu Chenxi , Wang Liping , Serio Francesco Di , Hong Ni
Published: April 2016

By integrating next‐generation sequencing (NGS), bioinformatics, electron microscopy and conventional molecular biology tools, a new virus infecting kiwifruit vines has been identified and characterized. Being associated with double‐membrane‐bound bodies in infected tissues and having a genome composed of RNA segments, each one containing a single open reading frame in negative polarity, this virus shows the typical features of members of the genus Emaravirus. Five genomic RNA segments were identified. Additional molecular signatures in the viral RNAs and in the proteins they encode, together with data from phylogenetic analyses, support the proposal of creating a new species in the genus Emaravirus to classify the novel virus, which is tentatively named Actinidia chlorotic ringspot‐associated virus (AcCRaV). Bioassays showed that AcCRaV is mechanically transmissible to Nicotiana benthamiana plants which, in turn, may develop chlorotic spots and ringspots. Field surveys disclosed the presence of AcCRaV in four different species of kiwifruit vines in five different provinces of central and western China, and support the association of the novel virus with symptoms of leaf chlorotic ringspots in Actinidia. Data on the molecular features of small RNAs of 21–24 nucleotides, derived from AcCRaV RNAs targeted by host RNA silencing mechanisms, are also reported, and possible molecular pathways involved in their biogenesis are discussed.
Spatially resolved analysis of variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain micronutrient accumulation
Authors: Detterbeck Amelie , Pongrac Paula , Rensch Stefan , Reuscher Stefan , Pečovnik Matic , Vavpetič Primož , Pelicon Primož , Holzheu Stefan , Krämer Ute , Clemens Stephan
Published: April 2016

Genetic biofortification requires knowledge on natural variation and the underlying mechanisms of micronutrient accumulation. We therefore studied diversity in grain micronutrient concentrations and spatial distribution in barley (Hordeum vulgare), a genetically tractable model cereal and an important crop with widespread cultivation.

We assembled a diverse collection of barley cultivars and landraces and analysed grain micronutrient profiles in genebank material and after three independent cultivations. Lines with contrasting grain zinc (Zn) accumulation were selected for in‐depth analysis of micronutrient distribution within the grain by micro‐proton‐induced X‐ray emission (μ‐PIXE). Also, we addressed association with grain cadmium (Cd) accumulation.

The analysis of > 120 lines revealed substantial variation, especially in grain Zn concentrations. A large fraction of this variation is due to genetic differences. Grain dissection and μ‐PIXE analysis of contrasting lines showed that differences in grain Zn accumulation apply to all parts of the grain including the endosperm. Cd concentrations exceeded the Codex Alimentarius threshold in most of the representative barley lines after cultivation in a Cd‐contaminated agricultural soil.

Two important conclusions for biofortification are: first, high‐Zn grains contain more Zn also in the consumed parts of the grain; and second, higher micronutrient concentrations are strongly associated with higher Cd accumulation.
Diverse hematological phenotypes of β‐thalassemia carriers
Authors: Luo Hong‐Yuan , Chui David H.K.
Published: April 2016

Most β‐thalassemia carriers have mild anemia, low mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and elevated hemoglobin α2 (HbA2). However, there is considerable variability resulting from coinheritance with α‐ and/or δ‐globin gene mutations, dominant inheritance of β‐thalassemia mutations, highly unstable variant globin chains, large deletions removing part or all of the β‐globin gene cluster, loss of heterozygosity of the β‐globin gene cluster during development, or concomitant erythroid enzyme or membrane protein abnormalities. Recognition of the specific abnormality and correct diagnosis can allay anxiety and unnecessary investigation, help formulate treatment programs, and deliver appropriate genetic and family counseling.
Do Neighbours Influence Value‐Added‐Tax Introduction? A Spatial Duration Analysis
Authors: Čížek Pavel , Lei Jinghua , Ligthart Jenny E.
Published: April 2016

The spatial survival models typically impose frailties, which characterize unobserved heterogeneity, to be spatially correlated. However, the spatial effect may not only exist in the unobserved errors, but it can also be present in the baseline hazards and the dependent variables. A new spatial survival model with these three possible spatial correlation structures is explored and used to investigate the implementation of value‐added tax (VAT) in 99 countries over the period 1970–2009. Estimation is performed by a Bayesian approach through the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The estimation results suggest the presence of a significant spatial correlation among the VAT introductions of neighbouring countries.
A Method for Working with Sign Restrictions in Structural Equation Modelling
Authors: Ouliaris Sam , Pagan Adrian
Published: April 2016

The paper sets out a method for handling sign restrictions in systems of simultaneous equations which are only partially identified. These sign restrictions might apply to either structural equation parameters or functions of them such as impulse responses. Initially a range of values for the unidentified parameters are generated and then the role of sign restrictions is to narrow the range. It is simple to apply and can be handled in packages such as EViews and Stata. Examples are given of how to implement it in a number of cases where there are both parametric and sign restrictions.
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL POLICY TRANSFER WITHIN THE MULTIPLE STREAMS APPROACH: THE CASE OF SMART ELECTRICITY METERING IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: LOVELL HEATHER
Published: April 2016

This article draws on Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach (MSA) to consider international, not just domestic, flows of policy. It is argued that using the MSA in conjunction with international policy transfer and mobility theories allows for a fuller explanation of the development of smart electricity metering policy in Australia. The MSA is based originally on empirical research within a single country – the USA – in the late 1970s, and all three of the ‘streams’ identified as important to policy change – problems, politics and policy – are conceptualized as domestic. While recent scholarship has broadened the application of the MSA beyond nation state boundaries, it is argued that there is scope to further develop such ideas. In particular, the notion of policy mobility is introduced to capture issues about the globalization of policy, the role of non‐state actors and the material substance of policy.
How relevant is panallergen sensitization in the development of allergies?
Authors: McKenna Olivia E. , Asam Claudia , Araujo Galber R. , Roulias Anargyros , Goulart Luiz R. , Ferreira Fatima
Published: April 2016

Panallergens comprise various protein families of plant as well as animal origin and are responsible for wide IgE cross‐reactivity between related and unrelated allergenic sources. Such cross‐reactivities include reactions between various pollen sources, pollen and plant‐derived foods as well as invertebrate‐derived inhalants and foodstuff. Here, we provide an overview on the most clinically relevant panallergens from plants (profilins, polcalcins, non‐specific lipid transfer proteins, pathogenesis‐related protein family 10 members) and on the prominent animal‐derived panallergen family, tropomyosins. In addition, we explore the role of panallergens in the sensitization process and progress of the allergic disease. Emphasis is given on epidemiological aspects of panallergen sensitization and clinical manifestations. Finally, the issues related to diagnosis and therapy of patients sensitized to panallergens are outlined, and the use of panallergens as predictors for cross‐reactive allergy and as biomarkers for disease severity is discussed.
Systematic description of putative animal fossils from the early Ediacaran Lantian Formation of South China
Authors: Wan Bin , Yuan Xunlai , Chen Zhe , Guan Chengguo , Pang Ke , Tang Qing , Xiao Shuhai
Published: April 2016

The early Ediacaran Lantian Formation in South China contains some of the oldest known representatives of morphologically complex macroorganisms, including various macroalgae and putative animals. The macroalgal fossils have been described previously in several publications, but no taxonomic treatment has been published for the putative animal fossils. This hampers our ability to fully evaluate and communicate the significance of these potentially important Ediacaran macrofossils. To address this deficiency, here we provide a systematic description of these putative animal fossils from the Lantian Formation, including four new genera and five new species: Lantianella laevis gen. et sp. nov., L. annularis gen. et sp. nov., Piyuania cyathiformis gen. et sp. nov., Qianchuania fusiformis gen. et sp. nov. and Xiuningella rara gen. et sp. nov. Morphological comparisons of these fossils and potential modern analogues are provided and critically assessed.
Polarized Opinions on Racial Progress and Inequality: Measurement and Application to Affirmative Action Preferences
Authors: DeBell Matthew
Published: April 2016

This study presents new measures of opinion about progress toward racial equality and provides a multifaceted rationale for preferring the new measures to the old ones. To reduce several sources of measurement error and improve analytic bite by breaking progress into its constituent elements, surveys should ask about past, present, and ideal conditions, not “progress.” These questions reveal racially polarized opinions: Black and White Americans agree on the goal of equality and agree that conditions were worse in the past, but Blacks think conditions were much worse than Whites do. They especially differ in opinions on current conditions and thus in how much change is required to achieve the goal of equality. Blacks see much more current inequality than Whites do. These opinions help explain preferences for affirmative action (AA). Contrary to previously published findings, reactions to AA do not depend on opinions on progress but depend strongly on something related but distinct: how much current racial conditions differ from the ideal. Implications for theories of policy preferences, racial attitudes, progress, and equality are discussed.
Mapping of Aegilops umbellulata‐derived leaf rust and stripe rust resistance loci in wheat
Authors: Bansal M. , Kaur S. , Dhaliwal H. S. , Bains N. S. , Bariana H. S. , Chhuneja P. , Bansal U. K.
Published: April 2016

Aegilops umbellulata, a non‐progenitor diploid species, is an excellent source of resistance to various wheat diseases. Leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes from A. umbellulata were transferred to the susceptible wheat cultivar WL711 through induced homoeologous pairing. A doubly resistant introgression line IL 393‐4 was crossed with wheat cultivar PBW343 to develop a mapping population. Tests on BC2F7 RILs indicated monogenic inheritance of seedling leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in IL 393‐4 and the respective co‐segregating genes were tentatively named LrUmb and YrUmb. Bulked segregant analysis placed LrUmb and YrUmb in chromosome 5DS, 7.6 cM distal to gwm190. Aegilops geniculata‐derived and completely linked leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr57 and Yr40 were previously located in chromosome 5DS. STS marker Lr57/Yr40MAS‐CAPS16 (Lr57/Yr40‐CAPS16), linked with Lr57/Yr40 (T756) also co‐segregated with LrUmb/YrUmb. Seedling infection types differentiated LrUmb from Lr57. Absence of leaf rust‐susceptible segregants among F3 families of the intercross (IL 393‐4/T756) indicated repulsion linkage between LrUmb and Lr57. YrUmb expressed a consistently low seedling response under greenhouse conditions, whereas Yr40 expressed a higher seedling response. Based on the origin of LrUmb/YrUmb from the U genome and Lr57/Yr40 from the M genome, as well as phenotypic differences, LrUmb and YrUmb were formally named Lr76 and Yr70, respectively. These genes have been transferred to Indian wheat cultivars PBW343 and PBW550, and advanced breeding lines are being tested in state and national trials.
Environmental filtering mediates grassland community assembly following restoration with soil carbon additions
Authors: Sollenberger David , Kadlec Cynthia , O'Shaughnessy Joan , Egerton‐Warburton Louise
Published: April 2016

The application of carbon (C) substrates has been viewed as a promising tool for lowering soil nitrogen (N) availability in grassland restoration. However, experimental evidence shows that C additions can enhance, suppress, or have no effect on native species productivity, making it difficult to predict the effects of C‐additions on plant communities. We used a community assembly approach to test the roles of environmental filtering and competition on community structure after C‐additions. We applied 3 recalcitrant C‐additions (wood chips, shavings, mixed chips + shavings), monitored temporal changes in soil N and P availability and species' abundances, and used phylogenetic tools to examine changes in community structure. All 3 soil C‐additions produced significant reductions in soil N and P fertility that, in turn, were correlated with increases in taxonomic species richness, diversity, and evenness, as well as shifts in community structure. In control and C‐amended plots, however, communities were composed of taxa that were more closely related than expected by chance (phylogenetically clustered); this pattern occurred across all C‐additions and years, and in both plot level and species pair‐wise metrics. In nonamended plots, phylogenetic clustering was correlated with soil N availability, consistent with environmental filtering. In C‐addition plots, biotic (clade specialization in different C additions) and abiotic factors (soil P variability) were important in structuring the community. These findings suggest that C‐additions create a different set of environmental filters and that variations in ecological traits among phylogenetically close species may be important in understanding and predicting the effects of C‐additions.
We use Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Overdoses and Intoxications
Authors: Cabrera Valerie Jorge , Shirali Anushree C.
Published: April 2016

Extracorporeal modalities for the removal of drugs and toxins are indicated for the treatment of overdoses and intoxications. Well‐established modalities include hemodialysis (HD), high‐flux HD (HfD), and charcoal hemoperfusion (HP). Recently, there have been increasing reports on the use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), such as continuous veno‐venous hemodialysis (CVVHD), continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration (CVVH) or CVVH combined with dialysis (CVVHDF). In the present article, we will discuss the various factors that determine the clearance of drugs and toxins and accordingly, we will propose that with few exceptions, CRRT does not have a role in the routine management of intoxications.