bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired T helper cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus‐exposed uninfected newborns
Authors: Brito‐Pérez Yesenia , Camacho‐Pacheco Rodrigo T. , Plazola‐Camacho Noemi , Soriano‐Becerril Diana , Coronado‐Zarco Irma A. , Arreola‐Ramírez Gabriela , González‐Pérez Gabriela , Herrera‐Salazar Alma , Flores‐González Julio , Bermejo‐Haro Mextli Y. , Casorla‐Cervantes Brenda G. , Soto‐López Ismael A. , Hernández‐Pineda Jessica , Sandoval‐Montes Claudia , Rodríguez‐Martínez Sandra , Figueroa‐Damian Ricardo , Mancilla‐Herrera Ismael
Published: August 2021

Introduction

HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) newborns suffer from higher risks of opportunistic infections during the first months of life compared to HIV‐unexposed uninfected (HUU) newborns. Alterations in thymic mass, amounts of T helper (Th) cells, T‐cell receptor diversity, and activation markers have been found in HEU newborns, suggesting alterations in T cell ontogeny and differentiation. However, little is known about the ability of these cells to produce specialized Th responses from CD4+ T cells.

Method

To characterize the Th cell profile, we evaluated the frequency of Th1 (CD183+CD194−CD196−/CXCR3+CCR4−CCR6−), Th2 (CD183−CD194+CD196−/CXCR3−CCR4+CCR6−), Th17 (CD183−CD194+CD196+/CXCR3−CCR4+CCR6+), and CD4+CD25++ blood T‐cell phenotypes in 50 HEU and 25 HUU newborns. Early activation markers on CD4+ T cells and the Th cytokine profile produced from mononuclear cells under polyclonal T cell stimulation were also studied. Additionally, we probed the ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing Th1 CD4+ T cells in vitro.

Results

Lower percentages of differentiated Th1, Th2, Th17, and CD4+CD25++ T cells were found in blood from HEU newborns than in blood from HUU newborns. However, polyclonally stimulated Th cells showed a similar ability to express CD69 and CD279 but produced less secreted interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐4. Interestingly, under Th1 differentiation conditions, the percentages of CD4+IFN‐γ+ T cells and soluble IFN‐γ were higher in HEU newborns than in HUU newborns.

Conclusion

HEU neonates are born with reduced proportions of differentiated Th1/Th2/Th17 and CD4+CD25++ T cells, but the intrinsic abilities of CD4+ T cells to acquire a Th1 profile are not affected by the adverse maternal milieu during development.
SARS‐CoV‐2 RNAemia with a higher nasopharyngeal viral load is strongly associated with disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Kawasuji Hitoshi , Morinaga Yoshitomo , Tani Hideki , Yoshida Yoshihiro , Takegoshi Yusuke , Kaneda Makito , Murai Yushi , Kimoto Kou , Ueno Akitoshi , Miyajima Yuki , Fukui Yasutaka , Kimura Miyuki , Yamada Hiroshi , Sakamaki Ippei , Yamamoto Yoshihiro
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to determine the frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in serum and its association with the clinical severity of COVID‐19. This retrospective cohort study performed at Toyama University Hospital included consecutive patients with confirmed COVID‐19. The prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNAemia and the strength of its association with clinical severity variables were examined. Fifty‐six patients were included in this study. RNAemia was detected in 19.6% (11/56) patients on admission, and subsequently in 1.0% (1/25), 50.0% (6/12), and 100.0% (4/4) moderate, severe, and critically ill patients, respectively. Patients with RNAemia required more frequent oxygen supplementation (90.0% vs. 13.3%), ICU admission (81.8% vs. 6.7%), and invasive mechanical ventilation (27.3% vs. 0.0%). Among patients with RNAemia, the median viral loads of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs that were collected around the same time as the serum sample were significantly higher in critically ill (5.4 log10 copies/μl; interquartile range [IQR]: 4.2–6.3) than in moderate‐severe cases (2.6 log10 copies/μl; [IQR: 1.1–4.5]; p = 0.030) and were significantly higher in nonsurvivors (6.2 log10 copies/μl [IQR: 6.0–6.5]) than in survivors (3.9 log10 copies/μl [IQR: 1.6–4.6]; p = 0.045). This study demonstrated a relatively high proportion of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNAemia and an association between RNAemia and clinical severity. Moreover, among the patients with RNAemia, the viral loads of NP swabs were correlated with disease severity and mortality, suggesting the potential utility of combining serum testing with NP tests as a prognostic indicator for COVID‐19, with higher quality than each separate test.
The anti‐obesity and gut microbiota modulating effects of taxifolin in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high‐fat diet
Authors: Su Hang , Wang Wen‐Jun , Zheng Guo‐Dong , Yin Zhong‐Ping , Li Jing‐En , Chen Ling‐Li , Zhang Qing‐Feng
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Taxifolin is a natural dihydroflavonol found in many plants and health products. In the present study, its anti‐obesity and gut microbiota modulating effects were studied. C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high‐fat diet (HFD) supplemented with taxifolin (0, 0.5 and 1 mg mL−1, respectively) in drinking water for 15 weeks.

RESULTS

Taxifolin supplementation showed no influence on food and water intake. However, it decreased body weight gain, inhibited fat accumulation, and decreased total cholesterol and triacylglycerol level in mice liver. Taxifolin enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in mice liver, which in turn protected the liver from lipid peroxidation damage. It also improved insulin resistance in obese mice. Metagenomic analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA demonstrated that HFD decreased gut microbiota diversity and caused dysbiosis. However, taxifolin improved the gut microbiota diversity and decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. In particular, it inhibited Proteobacteria from blooming, this being a signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota.

CONCLUSION

Taxifolin ameliorated the symptoms of obesity, hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, insulin resistance, and gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD fed C57BL/6J mice. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The active ingredients analysis of Herba Lysimachiae treating osteoarthritis based on the LC–MS/MS technology and public bioinformatics platforms
Authors: Li Xu‐zhao , Zhang Shuai‐nan , Liu Qi , Yang Wu‐de , Zhou Ying
Published: August 2021

Herba Lysimachiae inhibits synovial damage in osteoarthritis via regulating two bio labels (integrin alpha 2b/beta 3). However, the relevant active ingredients are still unknown. Here, the active ingredients of herbal medicines were analyzed based on the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology and public bioinformatics platforms. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology was used for compound analysis, and public databases (PubChem BioAssay and STRING) were applied to establish the links between herbal compounds and both bio labels, and identify which herbal compounds may regulate these bio labels. Subsequently, the osteoarthritis model was used to confirm the results. Totally, ninety compounds in Herba Lysimachiae were identified based on the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology. Bioinformatics analysis showed that five compounds (myricetin, fisetin, esculetin, 7‐hydroxycoumarin‐4‐acetic acid, and caffeic acid) may synergistically regulate bio labels through 11 targets, which may be the active ingredients of Herba Lysimachiae for osteoarthritis treatment. In the verification experiments, five compounds markedly suppressed the overexpression of bio labels in the synovium of the osteoarthritis model. In conclusion, the present study effectively and rapidly analyzed the active ingredients of Herba Lysimachiae for osteoarthritis treatment.
Combined diffusion‐relaxometry microstructure imaging: Current status and future prospects
Authors: Slator Paddy J. , Palombo Marco , Miller Karla L. , Westin Carl‐Fredrik , Laun Frederik , Kim Daeun , Haldar Justin P. , Benjamini Dan , Lemberskiy Gregory , de Almeida Martins Joao P. , Hutter Jana
Published: August 2021

Microstructure imaging seeks to noninvasively measure and map microscopic tissue features by pairing mathematical modeling with tailored MRI protocols. This article reviews an emerging paradigm that has the potential to provide a more detailed assessment of tissue microstructure—combined diffusion‐relaxometry imaging. Combined diffusion‐relaxometry acquisitions vary multiple MR contrast encodings—such as b‐value, gradient direction, inversion time, and echo time—in a multidimensional acquisition space. When paired with suitable analysis techniques, this enables quantification of correlations and coupling between multiple MR parameters—such as diffusivity, , , and . This opens the possibility of disentangling multiple tissue compartments (within voxels) that are indistinguishable with single‐contrast scans, enabling a new generation of microstructural maps with improved biological sensitivity and specificity.
An algebraic multigrid method for elasticity based on an auxiliary topology with edge matrices
Authors: Kogler Lukas , Schöberl Joachim
Published: August 2021

This article introduces a novel approach to algebraic multigrid methods for large systems of linear equations coming from finite element discretizations of certain elliptic second‐order partial differential equations. Based on a discrete energy made up of edge and vertex contributions, we are able to develop coarsening criteria that guarantee two‐level convergence even for systems of equations such as linear elasticity . This energy also allows us to construct prolongations with prescribed sparsity pattern that still preserve kernel vectors exactly. These allow for a straightforward optimization that simplifies parallelization and reduces communication on coarse levels. Numerical experiments demonstrate efficiency and robustness of the method and scalability of the implementation.
Minimally Deviated Lymphohematopoietic Neoplasms: Nomenclature in the Context of Pathobiology
Authors: Lichtman Marshall A.
Published: August 2021

This commentary highlights the classification of disease, in particular the terminology for classifying lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms.
Quenching Behavior of the Electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA System by Phenols on a Smartphone‐Based Sensor
Authors: Rivera Elmer C. , Taylor Joseph W. , Summerscales Rodney L. , Kwon Hyun J.
Published: August 2021

Phenolic compounds such as vanillic and p‐coumaric acids are pollutants of major concern in the agro‐industrial processing, thereby their effective detection in the industrial environment is essential to reduce exposure. Herein, we present the quenching effect of these compounds on the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA (TPrA=tri‐n‐propylamine) system at a disposable screen‐printed carbon electrode. Transient ECL profiles are obtained from multiple video frames following 1.2 V application by a smartphone‐based ECL sensor. A wide range of detection was achieved using the sensor with limit of detection of 0.26 μM and 0.68 μM for vanillic and p‐coumaric acids, respectively. The estimated quenching constants determined that the quenching efficiency of vanillic acid is at least two‐fold that of p‐coumaric acid under the current detection conditions. The present ECL quenching approach provided an effective method to detect phenolic compounds using a low‐cost, portable smartphone‐based ECL sensor.
Residual meta‐iodobenzyl guanidine (MIBG) positivity following therapy for metastatic neuroblastoma: Patient characteristics, imaging, and outcome
Authors: Usmani Nida , Deyell Rebecca J. , Portwine Carol , Rafael Margarida Simao , Moorehead Paul C. , Shammas Amer , Vali Reza , Farfan Mateo , Vanniyasingam Thuvaraha , Morgenstern Daniel A. , Irwin Meredith S.
Published: August 2021

Background

Meta‐iodobenzylguanidine(MIBG) scans are used to detect neuroblastoma metastatic lesions at diagnosis and during posttreatment surveillance. MIBG positivity following induction chemotherapy correlates with poor outcome; however, there are reports of patients with progression‐free survival despite MIBG positivity at the end of therapy. The factors distinguishing these survivors from patients who progress or relapse are unclear. FDG‐positron‐emission tomography (PET) scans can also detect metastatic lesions at diagnosis; however, their role in posttherapy surveillance is less well studied.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 4 patients to identify those with residual MIBG‐avid metastatic lesions on end‐of‐therapy scans without prior progression. Data collected included age, disease sites, histopathology, biomarkers, treatment, imaging studies, and response.

Results

Eleven of 265 patients met inclusion criteria. At diagnosis three of 11 patients were classified as intermediate and eight of 11 high risk; nine of 11 had documented marrow involvement. Histologic classification was favorable for four of 10 and MYCN amplification was detected in zero of 11 cases. The median time with persistent MIBG positivity following treatment was 1.5 years. Seven patients had at least one PET scan with low or background activity. Biopsies of three of three MIBG‐avid residual lesions showed differentiation. All patients remain alive with no disease progression at a median of 4.0 years since end of therapy.

Conclusion

Persistently MIBG‐avid metastatic lesions in subsets of patients following completion of therapy may not represent active disease that will progress. Further studies are needed to determine whether MYCN status or other biomarkers, and/or PET scans, may help identify patients with residual inactive MIBG lesions who require no further therapy.
Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization
Authors: Kong Peipei , Chen Xianhua , Xu Gang , Wei Wei
Published: August 2021

The objective of the article was to enhance the recycling value of solid waste rubber by surface functionalization of desulfurized rubber powder using a one‐pot method based on free‐radical polymerization theory. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis were used to characterize the maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurized rubber powder, and the grafting mechanism was also investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that maleic anhydride was grafted onto the desulfurized rubber powder. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurized rubber powder and desulfurized rubber powder possessed different thermal properties and structure. The results of scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis illustrated that the surface of the desulfurized rubber powder was covered with a layer of fold‐like maleic anhydride polymer. The mechanism of grafting desulfurized rubber powder with maleic anhydride may be achieved by replacing the active α‐H on the methylene group of the desulfurized rubber macromolecule chain.
Proteomic analysis of koala (phascolarctos cinereus) spermatozoa and prostatic bodies
Authors: Skerrett‐Byrne David A. , Anderson Amanda L. , Hulse Lyndal , Wass Caillin , Dun Matthew D. , Bromfield Elizabeth G. , De Iuliis Geoffry N. , Pyne Michael , Nicolson Vere , Johnston Stephen D. , Nixon Brett
Published: August 2021

The aims of this study were to investigate the proteome of koala spermatozoa and that of the prostatic bodies with which they interact during ejaculation. For this purpose, spermatozoa and prostatic bodies were fractionated from the semen of four male koalas and analysed by HPLC MS/MS. This strategy identified 744 sperm and 1297 prostatic body proteins, which were subsequently attributed to 482 and 776 unique gene products, respectively. Gene ontology curation of the sperm proteome revealed an abundance of proteins mapping to the canonical sirtuin and 14‐3‐3 signalling pathways. By contrast, protein ubiquitination and unfolded protein response pathways dominated the equivalent analysis of proteins uniquely identified in prostatic bodies. Koala sperm proteins featured an enrichment of those mapping to the functional categories of cellular compromise/inflammatory response, whilst those of the prostatic body revealed an over‐representation of molecular chaperone and stress‐related proteins. Cross‐species comparisons demonstrated that the koala sperm proteome displays greater conservation with that of eutherians (human; 93%) as opposed to reptile (crocodile; 39%) and avian (rooster; 27%) spermatozoa. Together, this work contributes to our overall understanding of the core sperm proteome and has identified biomarkers that may contribute to the exceptional longevity of koala spermatozoa during ex vivo storage.
Factors influencing perceived function in the upper limb prosthesis user population
Authors: Zhang Xuyuan , Baun Kerstin S. , Trent Lauren , Miguelez John M. , Kontson Kimberly L.
Published: August 2021

Background

Patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) can be used to evaluate perceived capacity of an individual in executing tasks in a natural environment with their prosthetic device. According to the World Health Organization International Classification of Health, Functioning, and Disability (ICF) models, there may be specific factors of a person, factors of assistive prosthetic technology, or factors related to the health condition or body function that affect their functioning and disability. However, an understanding of factors affecting an upper limb prosthesis user's perception of their ability to execute tasks in a natural environment is not well established.

Objective

To use the ICF model to identify which health condition‐related, body function, environmental, and personal factors influence activity as measured by perceived function in the upper limb prosthesis user population.

Design

Quantitative clinical descriptive study.

Setting

Clinical offices within outpatient private practice (removed for blinding).

Participants

A sample of 101 participants with upper limb amputation who use a prosthetic device and were undergoing a prosthesis fitting process.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

PROs on pain with/without a prosthesis, satisfaction, and perceived function derived from the Comprehensive Arm Prosthesis and Rehabilitation Outcomes Questionnaire.

Results

Model coefficients indicate that with a unit increase in satisfaction (p < .001) and pain (p = .031) scores (with higher pain scores signifying less pain), the mean of perceived function increases by 0.66 and 0.47 units, respectively. Conversely, for individuals with elbow disarticulation, transhumeral, shoulder disarticulation, and interscapulothoracic amputations, the mean of perceived function decreases by 22.02 units (p = .006).

Conclusions

Based on our sample, perceived function is significantly associated with satisfaction, pain, and amputation level. These findings could potentially help to inform initial clinical approach and targeted outcomes for patients based on these factors.
Signatures of Topological Phase Transitions in the S‐Wave Superconductor at Finite Temperature
Authors: Gorol Stefan R. , Loder Florian , Braak Daniel , Kampf Arno P. , Kopp Thilo
Published: August 2021

In two dimensions, an s‐wave superconductor in the presence of Rashba spin−orbit coupling possesses distinct topologically nontrivial ground‐state phases controlled by Zeeman splitting and band filling. These phases can be characterized in terms of spin textures in momentum space. Although the spin texture becomes topologically trivial at finite temperatures, thermodynamic signatures that are directly related to the topological phase transitions of the ground state are identified. In particular, relative maxima in the entropy as a function of the magnetic field in the vicinity of topological phase transitions emerge and are attributed to a sign change in the derivative of the magnetization with respect to temperature.
How to Identify Lone Pairs, Van der Waals Gaps, and Metavalent Bonding Using Charge and Pair Density Methods: From Elemental Chalcogens to Lead Chalcogenides and Phase‐Change Materials
Authors: Raty Jean-Yves , Gatti Carlo , Schön Carl-Friedrich , Wuttig Matthias
Published: August 2021

Lone pairs explain the structure of many molecular solids, as well as the chain‐like or layered structures encountered in many chalcogenide crystals. Such chalcogenides have enabled a plethora of applications, including phase‐change memories, thermoelectrics, topological insulators or photoconductors. In many of these, lone pairs also are invoked to explain the unconventional material properties. The presence of so‐called van der Waals gaps in layered chalcogenides and their low thermal conductivity have also been linked to lone pairs. However, for some of these systems, a second view of bonding has been proposed, where atoms are held together across the interlayer spacing by shared electrons. To clarify this situation, herein, several systems for which lone pairs have been frequently emphasized are reinvestigated theoretically. By comparing the charge and electron localization analysis in terms of a Hartree–Fock‐like pair density obtained from Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KS‐DFT), it is verified that the structure of several chalcogenides is governed by the presence of lone pairs, whereas others are not. As an example, crystalline Se is demonstrated to form a structure with two covalent bonds and a lone pair, whereas metavalenty bonds are the essential characteristics of crystalline Sb, crystalline Te being an intermediate case.
Lab‐on‐a‐Contact Lens Platforms Fabricated by Multi‐Axis Femtosecond Laser Ablation
Authors: Moreddu Rosalia , Nasrollahi Vahid , Kassanos Panagiotis , Dimov Stefan , Vigolo Daniele , Yetisen Ali K.
Published: August 2021

Contact lens sensing platforms have drawn interest in the last decade for the possibility of providing a sterile, fully integrated ocular screening technology. However, designing scalable and rapid contact lens processing methods while keeping a high resolution is still an unsolved challenge. In this article, femtosecond laser writing is employed as a rapid and precise procedure to engrave microfluidic networks into commercial contact lenses. Functional microfluidic components such as flow valves, resistors, multi‐inlet geometries, and splitters are produced using a bespoke seven‐axis femtosecond laser system, yielding a resolution of 80 µm. The ablation process and the tear flow within microfluidic structures is evaluated both experimentally and computationally using finite element modeling. Flow velocity drops of the 8.3%, 20.8%, and 29% were observed in valves with enlargements of the 100%, 200%, and 300%, respectively. Resistors yielded flow rate drops of 20.8%, 33%, and 50% in the small, medium, and large configurations, respectively. Two applications were introduced, namely a tear volume sensor and a tear uric acid sensor (sensitivity 16 mg L−1), which are both painless alternatives to current methods and provide reduced contamination risks of tear samples.
The Hydrogen‐Storage Challenge: Nanoparticles for Metal‐Catalyzed Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Mboyi Clève D. , Poinsot Didier , Roger Julien , Fajerwerg Katia , Kahn Myrtil L. , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille
Published: August 2021

Dihydrogen is one of the sustainable energy vectors envisioned for the future. However, the rapidly reversible and secure storage of large quantities of hydrogen is still a technological and scientific challenge. In this context, this review proposes a recent state‐of‐the‐art on H2 production capacities from the dehydrogenation reaction of ammonia borane (and selected related amine‐boranes) as a safer solid source of H2 by hydrolysis (or solvolysis), catalyzed by nanoparticle‐based systems. The review groups the results according to the transition metals constituting the catalyst with a mention to their current cost and availability. This includes the noble metals Rh, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag, as well as cheaper Co, Ni, Cu, and Fe. For each element, the monometallic and polymetallic structures are presented and the performances are described in terms of turnover frequency and recyclability. The structure–property links are highlighted whenever possible. It appears from all these works that the mastery of the preparation of catalysts remains a crucial point both in terms of process, and control and understanding of the electronic structures of the elaborated nanomaterials. A particular effort of the scientific community remains to be made in this multidisciplinary field with major societal stakes.
Smart design of high‐performance surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrates
Authors: Meng Xiangyu , Qiu Lin , Xi Guangcheng , Wang Xiaotian , Guo Lin
Published: August 2021

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has renowned its fame for the ultra‐high sensitivity and single‐molecule detection ability, and listed as a fingerprint spectrum representative in various trace detection fields. Considerable efforts have been made by researchers to design high‐sensitive SERS‐active substrates ranging from noble metals to semiconductors. This review summarizes the fundamental theories for SERS technique, that is, the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism and chemical enhancement mechanism and the state‐of‐the‐art design strategies for noble metal and semiconductor substrates. It also sheds light on the effective approaches to improve the SERS activity for noble metal substrates, that is, tuning the localized surface plasmon resonance position, the assembling of hot spots, and precise controlling of nanogaps. Although charge transfer is considered as the main reason for the enhancement mechanism for semiconductors at the present stage, the underlying theoretical basis remains mysterious. This review summarized the critical points for SERS‐active substrates design and prospected the future development direction of SERS technology.
Multilayer Blade‐Coating Fabrication of Methylammonium‐Free Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules with 66 cm2 Active Area
Authors: Ernst Maximilian , Herterich Jan-Philipp , Margenfeld Christoph , Kohlstädt Markus , Würfel Uli
Published: August 2021

Solar cells based on hybrid organic/inorganic perovskites have shown an astonishing efficiency development in the past years, having peaked in power conversion efficiencies of >25% for small‐area single‐junction devices. To pave the way for future commercialization, however, high power conversion efficiencies also have to be demonstrated on areas multiple orders of magnitude larger. Herein, methylammonium‐free perovskite photovoltaic modules with an active area of 66 cm2 are presented. All functional layers processable from solution are deposited by blade coating without the use of an antisolvent, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach for large‐area module fabrication. The coating process is analyzed in detail and a model based on the Landau–Levich problem is developed for the blade‐coating setup. The perovskite crystallinity can be improved by the addition of lead(II) thiocyanate, which results in increased crystallite size as judged by Williamson–Hall's analysis of X‐ray diffraction data and corresponding scanning electron microscopy images. The homogeneity of the final modules is investigated with dark lock‐in thermography and electroluminescence imaging, indicating only few shunts in the module area. Modules are made up of 15 serially interconnected solar cells and reveal a stabilized efficiency of 12.6% under maximum power point tracking.
Regulation of the Tpo, Tg, Duox2, Pds, and Mct8 genes involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones after subchronic exposure to sodium nitrate in female Wistar rats
Authors: Ríos‐Sánchez Efraín , González‐Zamora Alberto , Gonsebatt Bonaparte María Eugenia , Meza Mata Elizabeth , González‐Delgado María Fernanda , Zámago Amaro Alejandra , Pérez‐Morales Rebeca
Published: August 2021

Nitrates are natural compounds present in soil and water; however, the intense use of fertilizers has increased their presence in groundwater with deleterious effects on human health. There is evidence of nitrates acting as endocrine disruptors; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully described. Here, we investigated the effect of subchronic exposure to different concentrations of sodium nitrate in female Wistar rats, evaluating thyroid hormonal parameters, such as Nis transporter (Na+/I− symporter, Slc5a5) and Tsh‐R receptor protein expression, as well as transcription of the Tpo (thyroperoxidase), Tg (tiroglobulin), Duox2 (dual oxidase 2), Pds (pendrin), and Mct8 (Mct8 transporter, Slc16a2) genes. Hematological and histochemical changes in the liver and thyroid were also explored. Significant differences were found in platelet and leukocyte counts; although a significant increase in the weight of the thyroid gland was observed, no differences were found in the levels of the hormones Tsh, T3, and T4, but a modulation of the mRNA expression of the Tg, Tpo, Duox2, Mct8, and Pds genes was observed. Morphological changes were also found in liver and thyroid tissue according to the exposure doses. In conclusion, subchronic exposure to sodium nitrate induces leukocytosis consistent with an inflammatory response and upregulation of Sod2 in the liver and increases the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, keeping thyroid hormone levels stable. Histological changes in the thyroid gland suggest a goitrogenic effect.
Verortung der Analyse in der Serienhistorie: Binging Conservatism
Authors: Kelsch Jakob
Published: August 2021

In Kapitel 10.1007/978-3-658-34766-6_4. werden die Ergebnisse in den historischen Darstellungsverlauf der Familie (vgl. Kapitel 10.1007/978-3-658-34766-6_2) eingeordnet: Allgemein treibt die Video-on-Demand-Serie bestimmte Entwicklungen voran, insbesondere auf der Ebene der Strukturierung der Handlung und der Diversifizierung des Angebots. Diese Entwicklungen haben dabei ihren Ursprung bereits vor der Zeit der Streaming-Anbieter und werden von diesen fortgeführt und verstärkt. Inhaltlich, in Bezug auf die Familiendarstellung der analysierten Serien, handelt es sich aber um weitgehend konservative Darstellungsformen oder zumindest um solche, die sich nicht dadurch auszeichnen, progressive Modelle voranzutreiben: Als Ideal der Familie wird weiterhin der Mythos der patriarchalen, heteronormativen Kernfamilie perpetuiert. Die auf den ersten Blick andersartigen und potenziell Veränderung bringenden Elemente, beispielsweise nicht heteronormative Lebensformen, werden in dem Sinne in den Kern der Semiosphäre „Familiendarstellung in Serie“ integriert, dass sie den dort geltenden Strukturen, Normen und Werten angepasst werden und diese – trotz der eigentlichen Widersprüchlichkeit – noch bekräftigen.
General Introduction
Authors: Müller Birgit Charlotte
Published: August 2021

Within the field of capital market research, two diametrically opposed conceptions continue to be prevailing: The efficient market hypothesis by Fama (1970) on the one hand and the behavioral finance approach by Shiller (2003) on the other hand. According to Fama (1970), capital markets are efficient in a sense that current prices of securities incorporate all information available up to that point in time. Consequently, following Fama’s reasoning, there exist no possibilities to gain riskless profits by exploiting mispricings (so-called arbitrage) (Fama, 1970). Shiller (2003), in contrast, puts forward the claim that markets tend to behave irrationally, implying that there indeed exist possibilities to exploit mispricings.
Cross-Country Composite Momentum
Authors: Müller Birgit Charlotte
Published: August 2021

Medium-term price continuation, commonly defined as momentum, is a widespread phenomenon in financial markets. It exists for individual stocks (Jegadeesh and Titman, 1993), for industry sectors (Moskowitz and Grinblatt, 1999), for style portfolios (Lewellen, 2002), in international equity markets (Rouwenhorst, 1998; Chui et al., 2010), and across asset classes (Bhojraj and Swaminathan, 2006; Menkhoff et al., 2012; Asness et al., 2013). Momentum also appears to be persistent over time, at least outside the U.S. stock market (Jegadeesh and Titman, 2001; McLean and Pontif, 2016; Green et al., 2017; Jacobs and Müller, 2020).
Robotic Assistance System for Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Needle Placement
Authors: Kostrzewa Michael , Rothfuss Andreas , Pätz Torben , Kühne Markus , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Diehl Steffen J. , Stallkamp Jan , Rathmann Nils
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The study aimed to evaluate a new robotic assistance system (RAS) for needle placement in combination with a multi-axis C-arm angiography system for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a phantom setting.

Materials and Methods

The RAS consisted of a tool holder, dedicated planning software, and a mobile platform with a lightweight robotic arm to enable image-guided needle placement in conjunction with CBCT imaging. A CBCT scan of the phantom was performed to calibrate the robotic arm in the scan volume and to plan the different needle trajectories. The trajectory data were sent to the robot, which then positioned the tool holder along the trajectory. A 19G needle was then manually inserted into the phantom. During the control CBCT scan, the exact needle position was evaluated and any possible deviation from the target lesion measured.

Results

In total, 16 needle insertions targeting eight in- and out-of-plane sites were performed. Mean angular deviation from planned trajectory to actual needle trajectory was 1.12°. Mean deviation from target point and actual needle tip position was 2.74 mm, and mean deviation depth from the target lesion to the actual needle tip position was 2.14 mm. Mean time for needle placement was 361 s. Only differences in time required for needle placement between in- and out-of-plane trajectories (337 s vs. 380 s) were statistically significant (p = 0.0214).

Conclusion

Using this RAS for image-guided percutaneous needle placement with CBCT was precise and efficient in the phantom setting.
Modelling the effects of forest management intensification on base cation concentrations in soil water and on tree growth in spruce forests in Sweden
Authors: Zanchi Giuliana , Lucander Klas , Kronnäs Veronika , Lampa Martin Erlandsson , Akselsson Cecilia
Published: August 2021

The study investigated the effects of forest residue extraction on tree growth and base cations concentrations in soil water under different climatic conditions in Sweden. For this purpose, the dynamic model ForSAFE was used to compare the effects of whole-tree harvesting and stem harvesting on tree biomass and the soil solution over time at 6 different forest sites. The study confirmed the results from experimental sites showing a temporary reduction of base cation concentration in the soil solution for a period of 20–30 years after whole-tree harvesting. The model showed that this was mainly caused by the reduced inputs of organic material after residue extraction and thereby reduced nutrient mineralisation in the soil. The model results also showed that whole-tree harvesting can affect tree growth at nitrogen-poor forest sites, such as the ones in northern Sweden, due to the decrease of nitrogen availability after residue removal. Possible ways of reducing this impact could be to compensate the losses with fertilisation or extract residue without foliage in areas of Sweden with low nitrogen deposition. The study highlighted the need to better understand the medium- and long-term effects of whole-tree harvesting on tree growth, since the results suggested that reduced tree growth after whole-tree harvesting could be only temporary. However, these results do not account for prolonged extraction of forest residues that could progressively deplete nutrient pools and lead to permanent effects on tree growth.
Understanding international non-state and subnational actors for biodiversity and their possible contributions to the post-2020 CBD global biodiversity framework: insights from six international cooperative initiatives
Authors: Kok Marcel T. J. , Ludwig Kathrin
Published: August 2021

While multilateral approaches and national policies have been unable to halt the unprecedented loss of biodiversity, responses from non-state and subnational initiatives are increasing. The successful implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework (GBF), to be agreed upon under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ultimately depends on commitments and action by state and non-state actors, including subnational actors. However, non-state and subnational actors have so far received little attention in academic analysis of global biodiversity governance. In order to better understand and harness the potential of non-state and subnational involvement, this paper addresses the ways in which non-state initiatives contribute to global biodiversity governance and how productive linkages can be built between state and non-state actors in the post-2020 GBF. This paper applies an explorative case study approach and analyses six international cooperative initiatives (ICIs) that highlight novel approaches in international biodiversity governance. We analyse the qualities of ICIs for biodiversity governance in terms of strengths and potential, the governance functions that they fulfil, and how they are engaging with the CBD and the post-2020 GBF. Based on this analysis, we discuss challenges and opportunities related to non-state and subnational actors involvement in global biodiversity governance and identify possible steps forward. We emphasise the importance of a collaborative framework for non-state action within the CBD that builds on existing and emerging activities of non-state actors, organises monitoring and review as part of an accountability framework of state and non-state actors, and provides for learning, capacity building and follow-up action.
Making design decisions under uncertainties: probabilistic reasoning and robust product design
Authors: Gembarski Paul Christoph , Plappert Stefan , Lachmayer Roland
Published: August 2021

Making design decisions is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, especially in the early phase of the product development process, when little information is known, while the decisions made have an impact on the entire product life cycle. Therefore, the goal of complexity management is to reduce uncertainty in order to minimize or avoid the need for design changes in a late phase of product development or in the use phase. With our approach we model the uncertainties with probabilistic reasoning in a Bayesian decision network explicitly, as the uncertainties are directly attached to parts of the design artifact′s model. By modeling the incomplete information expressed by unobserved variables in the Bayesian network in terms of probabilities, as well as the variation of product properties or parameters, a conclusion about the robustness of the product can be made. The application example of a rotary valve from engineering design shows that the decision network can support the engineer in decision-making under uncertainty. Furthermore, a contribution to knowledge formalization in the development project is made.
Performance of microvascular anastomosis with a new robotic visualization system: proof of concept
Authors: Boehm F. , Schuler P. J. , Riepl R. , Schild L. , Hoffmann T. K. , Greve J.
Published: August 2021

Microvascular procedures require visual magnification of the surgical field, e.g. by a microscope. This can be accompanied by an unergonomic posture with musculoskeletal pain or long-term degenerative changes as the eye is bound to the ocular throughout the whole procedure. The presented study describes the advantages and drawbacks of a 3D exoscope camera system. The RoboticScope®-system (BHS Technologies®, Innsbruck, Austria) features a high-resolution 3D-camera that is placed over the surgical field and a head-mounted-display (HMD) that the camera pictures are transferred to. A motion sensor in the HMD allows for hands-free change of the exoscope position via head movements. For general evaluation of the system functions coronary artery anastomoses of ex-vivo pig hearts were performed. Second, the system was evaluated for anastomosis of a radial-forearm-free-flap in a clinical setting/in vivo. The system positioning was possible entirely hands-free using head movements. Camera control was intuitive; visualization of the operation site was adequate and independent from head or body position. Besides technical instructions of the providing company, there was no special surgical training of the surgeons or involved staff upfront performing the procedures necessary. An ergonomic assessment questionnaire showed a favorable ergonomic position in comparison to surgery with a microscope. The outcome of the operated patient was good. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. The exoscope facilitates a change of head and body position without losing focus of the operation site and an ergonomic working position. Repeated applications have to clarify if the system benefits in clinical routine.
Preventive service utilization among low-income cancer survivors
Authors: Blackburn Brenna E. , Marino Miguel , Schmidt Teresa , Heintzman John , Hatch Brigit , DeVoe Jennifer , Moreno Laura , Huguet Nathalie
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Adequate access to and utilization of preventive services are vital among cancer survivors. This study examined preventive service utilization of cancer survivors compared to matched patients with no history of cancer among patients seeking care at community health centers (CHCs).

Methods

We utilized electronic health record data from the OCHIN network between 2014 and 2017. Cancer survivors (N = 20,538) ages ≥ 18 years were propensity score matched to three individuals with no history of cancer (N = 61,617) by age, sex, region, urban/rural, ethnicity, race, BMI, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Preventive screenings included cancer, mental health and substance abuse, cardiovascular, and infectious disease screenings, and vaccinations. Patient-level preventive service indices were calculated for each screening as the total person-time covered divided by the total person-time eligible. Preventive service rate ratios comparing cancer survivors to patients with no history of cancer were estimated using negative binomial regression.

Results

Cancer survivors had higher overall preventive service utilization (incidence rate ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–1.13) and higher rates of cancer screenings (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.12–1.20). There was no difference between the two groups in mental health screenings.

Conclusions

Cancer survivors were more likely to be up-to-date with preventive care than their matched counterparts. However, mental health and substance abuse screenings were low in both groups, despite reports of increased mental health conditions among cancer survivors.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

With the growing number of cancer survivors in the USA, efforts are needed to ensure their access to and utilization of preventive services, especially related to behavioral and mental healthcare.
INTERASPIRE: an International Survey of Coronary Patients; Their Cardiometabolic, Renal and Biomarker Status; and the Quality of Preventive Care Delivered in All WHO Regions
Authors: McEvoy John William , Jennings Catriona , Kotseva Kornelia , De Backer Guy , De Bacquer Dirk , Erlund Iris , Lip Gregory Y H , Ray Kausik K , Rydén Lars , Adamska Agnieszka , Wood David A
Published: August 2021

Purpose of Review

To describe the INTERASPIRE scientific protocol—an international survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD).

Recent Findings

This international survey is being conducted through National Societies of Cardiology in selected countries from each of the six WHO regions and has the following overall aims: (i) describe prevalence of cardiometabolic and renal risk factors together with biomarkers in CHD patients; (ii) describe current risk factor management through lifestyle changes and cardioprotective drug therapies; (iii) provide an objective assessment of clinical implementation of preventive care by comparison with the lifestyle and risk factor targets defined in international and national guidelines; (iv) investigate the reasons for variation in preventive cardiology practice between regions and countries; and (v) promote the principles of best preventive cardiology practice.

This international survey will provide a unique picture of CHD patients; their cardiometabolic, renal and biomarker status; lifestyle and therapeutic management; and the quality of preventive care provided in all WHO regions.
Tricuspid Annuloplasty: Transcatheter Approaches
Authors: Arnold Martin , Haug Julia , Landendinger Melanie
Published: August 2021

Purpose of Review

New transcatheter techniques to perform tricuspid annuloplasty are evolving and are introduced into the clinical routine. Yet, clinical experience is limited.

Recent Findings

Currently, 3 different techniques for tricuspid annuloplasty have been used in larger clinical cohorts. They can be divided into direct annuloplasty techniques and suture plication techniques. The largest clinical evidence is related to direct annuloplasty techniques. It has been shown that annular dimensions can be effectively reduced. This translates into an improvement of the degree of tricuspid regurgitation and improvement of clinical symptoms. Due to the newness of this type of therapy, long-term data is limited, but for one of the described techniques, published data show that the positive effects persist over a 2-year period.

Transcatheter approaches are safe and are able to treat tricuspid regurgitation effectively. There are still differences in the efficacy of the different techniques. Clinical experience varies among the different approaches.
Digitalisierung – (k)ein Thema der Erzieher_innenausbildung?!
Authors: Veenker Jaqueline , Kubandt Melanie
Published: August 2021

Der digitale Wandel wird u. a. durch verschiedenste mediale Erfahrungen von Kindern und eine Omnipräsenz digitaler Medien und Geräte auch in Kindertageseinrichtungen integriert und stellt die Erzieher_innenausbildung vor neue Anforderungen und Herausforderungen. Daraus resultierend stehen im Beitrag spezifische Perspektiven von Fachschullehrer_innen auf Digitalisierung im Kontext Kindertageseinrichtungen im Fokus.
Strategic clustering in right-wing-populism? ‘Green policies’ in Germany and France
Authors: Oswald Michael T. , Fromm Meike , Broda Elena
Published: August 2021

Past research pointed to the idea that right-wing ideology and climate-change skepticism are inherently linked. Empirical reality proves differently however, since right-wing populist parties are starting to adapt pro environmentalist stances. In this paper, we look into two prominent cases of diametrical diverging environmental strategies by right-wing-populist-parties: France’s Rassemblement National and Germany’s Alternative für Deutschland. In order convey this point, we use comparative qualitative content analysis and examine several decisive determinants regarding environmental strategies of right-wing populist parties. We argue that right-wing-populism is remarkably adaptable considering political opportunity structures, even clustering in ideologically diametrical versions of the same issue while each party coherently extends its policy-orientation to its respective alignment of the issue. That means, populism might be far less ideological than assumed in the past.