bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compliance in Interventional Pain Practices
Authors: Myckowiak Vicki
Published: March 2021

Background: Compliance is a fact of life for interventional pain physicians (IPPs). The
health care industry is highly regulated by federal and state governments. IPPs must understand and comply with a broad regulatory landscape that ranges from health care fraud to
the prescribing of oral narcotics. Complying with all of these laws requires a proactive approach by an IPP in both the practice and business of medicine.
Objectives: This article provides: 1) a brief discussion of the health care laws that IPPs must
navigate in their practices; and, 2) practical steps that IPPs can take to ensure that they comply with the relevant laws.
Discussion: IPPs should familiarize themselves with the major federal and state fraud and
abuse laws that apply to all interventional pain practices. IPPs should also implement effective compliance programs that include tools such as auditing, education, and employee reporting designed to uncover and correct fraud and abuse.
Conclusion: Once in place, a compliance program can easily become part of a practice’s
culture and pay for itself many times over in problems avoided. IPPs that implement appropriate compliance programs can focus on the most important part of their practice: taking
care of patients.
Key words: Interventional pain practices, compliance, health care laws, federal, state,
fraud, abuse, auditing, education, compliance program, health care industry, False Claims
Act, Anti-Kickback Statute, Physician Self-Referral Proscription, Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act
Comprehensive Pain
Medicine, Pompano Beach, FL.
Authors: Ho Dr. Kok-Yuen
Published: March 2021

Background: Chronic pain is a debilitating problem with significant impact on healthcare
utilization in the US. Many chronic pain patients use complementary or alternative
medicine (CAM) in addition to standard pharmacologic therapy.
Objective: The aim of our study was to identify differences in the characteristics of
usage of CAM for chronic pain control among several ethnic groups.
Design: We recruited 92 consecutive patients seeking treatment at the pain clinic and
interviewed them using a questionnaire.
Results: The most common pain complaint was back pain (55.4%) and the mean pain
duration for all chronic pain problems was 9.8 years. Approximately 81% of respondents
were using or have used CAM before. The commonest CAM used by patients in our study
included massage therapy, spiritual healing as well as the consumption of mineral and
vitamin supplements. Sixty-three percent of them were satisfied with CAM treatment
compared to 56% of patients who were satisfied with prescription therapy. However,
there was no difference in the use of CAM among the different ethnic groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that CAM is used very frequently in patients
with chronic pain. However, it did not show any ethnic or racial differences in CAM
utilization.
Key words: Complementary and alternative medicine, ethnicity, racial differences,
chronic pain
Successful Treatment of Meralgia Paresthetica
with Pulsed Radiofrequency of the Lateral
Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Authors: Candido Kenneth D.
Published: March 2021

Background: Meralgia paresthetica is a rarely encountered sensory mononeuropathy characterized by paresthesia, pain or sensory impairment along the distribution
of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve caused by entrapment or compression of the
nerve as it crosses the anterior superior iliac spine and runs beneath the inguinal
ligament.
Objective: We describe the first reported use of pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation to relieve the intractable pain associated with meralgia paresthetica.
Case Report: A 33-year-old morbidly obese female with a history of lower back pain
and previous spinal fusion presented with sensory dysesthesias and paresthesias in the
right anterolateral thigh, consistent with meralgia paresthetica. Temporary relief occurred with multiple lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and fascia lata blocks at 2 different institutions. The patient expressed dissatisfaction with her previous treatments
and requested “any” therapeutic intervention that might lead to long-lasting pain relief. At this time, we located the anterior superior iliac spine and reproduced concordant dysesthesia. Pulsed radiofrequency was then undertaken at 42°C for 120 seconds followed by dexamethasone and bupivicaine. The patient reported exceptional
and prolonged pain relief at 6-month follow-up.
Limitations: Since this case report is not a prospective, randomized,controlled or
blinded study, no conclusions may be drawn from the results attained on behalf of
this single individual. Additional, larger group analyses studying this technique while
eliminating bias from patient variables would be essential prior to assuming any validity to using pulsed radiofrequency techniques of neuromodulation for managing peripheral neuropathic pain processes.
Conclusion: The patient had experienced long-standing pain that was recalcitrant
to conservative/pharmacologic therapy and multiple nerve blocks with local steroid
instillations. A single treatment with pulsed radiofrequency resulted in complete and
sustained cessation of pain. No side effects were evident. Pulsed radiofrequency of
the LFCN may offer an effective, low risk treatment in patients with meralgia paresthetica who are refractory to conservative medical management or are unwilling or
unfit to undergo surgery.
Key words: Meralgia paresthetica, pulsed radiofrequency, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Low and Therapeutic Doses of Antidepressants
are Associated with Similar Response in the
Context of Multimodal Treatment of Pain
Authors: Bajwa Zahid H.
Published: March 2021

Background: Antidepressants are prescribed in a wide range of doses to treat both
depression and chronic pain, with optimal psychopharmacology individualized for each
patient. In the past decade more antidepressants from different chemical classes have become
available and are being used for the treatment of both chronic pain and depression.
Objective: To review the utilization pattern changes and compare response rates of
different classes and doses of antidepressants for various pain conditions in the context of
multimodal therapies.
Design: Chart review.
Methods: We reviewed 5,916 records at an outpatient multidisciplinary pain center. Of
these, 379 records were for patients diagnosed with cancer pain. Because the mechanisms
and treatment approaches to cancer pain can differ greatly from non-cancer chronic pain,
these records were excluded from the analysis. We assessed 1,506 medical records for
patients with chronic non-caner pain who had used at least one antidepressant, with the
main outcome measure being the Numeric Rating Pain Scale, 0–10.
Results: Of the 5,916 charts reviewed, 1,506 (25.4%) chronic non-cancer pain charts
recorded the prescription of at least one antidepressant. Most patients received a combination
of medications and procedures. Of the 450 patients receiving secondary amines, favorable
responses were recorded for 340 (76%) patients, while 103 (23%) did not respond and 7 had
unknown responses. Of the 492 patients receiving tertiary amines, favorable responses were
recorded for 375 (76%) patients, while 113 (23%) did not respond, and 4 had unknown
responses. Of the 533 patients receiving SSRI/SNRIs, favorable responses were recorded for
382 (72%) patients, while 147 (28%) did not respond, and 4 had unknown responses. Of
the 369 patients receiving atypical antidepressants, favorable responses were recorded for
272 (74%) patients, while 94 (25%) did not respond, and 3 had unknown responses.
Limitations: A retrospective study design and the use of antidepressants as a part of
multimodal treatment of pain.
Conclusion: The data suggest that in the context of multimodal treatment for chronic pain,
antidepressant therapy at both low and therapeutic doses demonstrates similar response
rates. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which include secondary and tertiary amines, as well
as SSRI/SNRIs and atypicals, all appear to show similar favorable response rates.
Key words: Antidepressants, chronic pain, multidisciplinary pain center, multimodal
analgesia.
Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews,
and Guidelines in Interventional Pain
Management: Part 7: Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

Appropriate diagnosis is essential in providing proper and effective therapy. The field
of diagnostic accuracy tests is dynamic with new tests being developed at a fast pace
along with improvement in technology of existing tests on a continuous basis. Welldesigned diagnostic test accuracy studies can help in making appropriate health care
decisions, provided that they transparently and fully report their participants, tests,
methods, and results. Exaggerated and biased results from poorly designed and
reported diagnostic test studies can trigger their premature dissemination and lead
physicians into making incorrect treatment decisions. Consequently, a diagnostic test
is useful only to the extent that it distinguishes between conditions or disorders
that might otherwise be confused. Since it is unlikely that clinicians, patients, and
policy makers have the time, skills, and resources to find, appraise, and interpret the
evidence and incorporate it into their health care decisions, systematic reviews and
meta-analysis provide an accurate and reliable synthesis of vast quantities of data.
A systematic review can identify what is known and what is unknown, giving
guidance for future research. Systematic reviews have been considered as a vital link
in the great chain of evidence that stretches from the laboratory to the bedside by
helping to separate the insignificant, unsound, or redundant deadwood from the
salient and critical studies that are worthy of reflection. A dangerous discrepancy
exists between experts and evidence with all types of evidence.
Historically, it has been reported that in only 15% of all cases can a pathoanatomical
explanation be found for patients with chronic low back pain of more than 3
months resulting in the assumption that very little can be done in our present state
of ignorance to treat these patients and improve their natural histories. On the
other end of the spectrum, due to lack of sound diagnostic information, excessive
health care is utilized with exploding costs. The validity of all diagnostic techniques
has been described with variable accuracy and reliability. Lack of understanding of
reference standards and their unavailability with interventional diagnostic techniques
and misinterpretation secondary to interpretation bias may adversely influence the
applicability of diagnostic interventions.
This manuscript provides a review of the literature, a checklist, and a flow diagram
describing the preferred way to present the abstract, introduction, methods, results,
and discussion sections of the report of an analysis in a systematic review of diagnostic
accuracy studies.
Key words: Diagnostic accuracy studies, evidence-based medicine, systematic
reviews, meta-analysis, comparative effectiveness studies, interventional pain
management, Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD)
Sternoclavicular Steroid Injection for Treatment
of Pain in a Patient with Osteitis Condensans of
the Clavicle
Authors: Galla Rekha
Published: March 2021

Osteitis condensans of the sternoclavicular joint was first described by Brower et al in
1974. It is a rare benign disorder primarily affecting women of child-bearing age. Persistent
pain and swelling in the medial part of the clavicle are the most common presenting
symptoms and may represent an inflammatory process in the joint among other proposed
etiologies. Radiological findings include sclerosis of the medial part of the clavicle and a
normal sternoclavicular joint. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by biopsy.
Pain management can be challenging in these patients. Multiple treatments have been
described in the past including oral NSAIDS, physical therapy, radiation, surgical resection,
and oral corticosteroids but have met with limited success.
This case report describes the novel utility of sternoclavicular joint steroid injections in
treating a patient with Osteitis condensans of the clavicle after failed medical therapy.
Based on our clinical experience, and given the limited clinical success of other reported
conservative treatment measures, a sternoclavicular joint injection under fluoroscopic
guidance using a local anesthetic-corticosteroid injectate should be considered as a viable
treatment option for pain associated with Osteitis condensans of the clavicle.
Key words: Osteitis condensans, sternoclavicular joint disorders, sclerosis of clavicle,
shoulder pain, Osteitis condensans of clavicle, sclerosing osteitis
Description of Documentation in the
Management of Chronic Spinal Pain
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

Documentation assists health care professionals in providing appropriate services to
patients by documenting indications and medical necessity, and reflects the competency
and character of the physician. Documentation is considered a cornerstone of the quality
of patient care. This is nowhere more true than in interventional pain management.
Thus, documentation in physicians’ offices, hospital settings, ambulatory surgery centers,
rehabilitation centers, and other settings must be accurate, complete, and reflect all of
the services provided during each encounter.
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) defines medical necessity in these
terms: “no payment may be made under Part A or Part B for any expense incurred for
items or services which are not reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment
of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a participant.” The American Medical
Association (AMA) defines medical necessity as, “health care services or procedures that
a prudent physician would provide to a patient for the purpose of preventing, diagnosing,
or treating an illness, injury, disease, or its symptoms in a manner that is in accordance
with generally accepted standards of medical practice, clinically appropriate in terms of
type, frequency, extent, site, and duration, and not primarily for the convenience of the
patient, physician, or other health care provider.”
Documentation requirements include an appropriate medical record utilizing recognized
and acceptable standards of documentation and an established process. However, the
evolution of electronic medical records (EMRs) or electronic health records (EHRs) nullifies
many of the issues faced in handwritten documentation.
Multiple types of documentation include evaluation and management services and
documentations in ambulatory surgery centers, hospital outpatient departments, and in
office settings, specifically while performing interventional procedures. Evaluation and
management services incorporate 5 levels of service for consultations and visits, with
multiple key elements of service including history, physical examination, and medical
decision making.
Documentation of interventional procedures in general requires a history and physical,
indication and medical necessity, intra-operative procedural description, post-operative
monitoring and ambulation, discharge, and disposition. With minor variations, these
requirements are similar for an in-office setting, hospital out patient department, and
ambulatory surgery centers.
Key words: Documentation, billing, coding, compliance, fraud and abuse, interventional
techniques, evaluation and management services, office visit, consultation, new patient,
established patient
Management of Painful Vertebral
Hemangiomas with Kyphoplasty: A Report of
Two Cases and a Literature Review
Authors: Jones Jonathan O.
Published: March 2021

Background and Objectives: Although uncommon, symptomatic vertebral
hemangiomas can be a painful condition limiting daily activities. Balloon kyphoplasty
is a developing technique that has successfully been used in the treatment of vertebral
hemangiomas as reported in a few publications. The aim of this paper is to describe 2
cases of painful vertebral hemangiomas effectively treated with percutaneous balloon
kyphoplasty and review the current literature.
Design and Methods: A 38-year-old male with a painful L5 biopsy-proven
hemangioma and a 75-year-old female with a painful T12, hemangioma MRIproven both presented with thoraco-lumbar pain. Physical exams correlated with
imaging findings and no neurological symptoms were present. Both patients received
conservative management including physical therapy and a variety of spinal injections
without benefit. Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty was subsequently performed on
each patient to relieve pain.
Results: After kyphoplasty, both patients’ pain resolved immediately and they were
able to resume previous levels of activity.
Conclusions: This case series demonstrates a successful response to vertebral
augmentation using balloon kyphoplasty when other treatment modalities failed. When
compared to traditional first line treatments such as vertebroplasty or lytic therapies,
kyphoplasty may offer fewer procedural risks such as a decreased exposure to radiation,
a decreased risk of excessive hemorrhage, and a decreased risk of cement leakage which
may make it the preferred treatment of painful vertebral hemangiomas in the future.
Key words: Painful vertebral hemangioma, kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty
Radiofrequency Treatment of the Thoracic
Paravertebral Nerve Combined with
Glucocorticoid for Refractory Neuropathic Pain
Following Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Uchida Ken-ichiro
Published: March 2021

Background: Neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery can have a profoundly negative
impact on the physical and psychosocial functioning of patients. Radiofrequency treatment has been
used as therapy for chronic pain, which also has a problem under debate of its neurodestructive
nature. Although the efficacy and safety of using glucocorticoids in nerve block treatment are
controversial, they have been used to treat neuropathic pain for many years and have been used
to alleviate acute and continued postoperative pain. Neither radiofrequency combined with
glucocorticoids nor radiofrequency treatment of the thoracic paravertebral nerve for neuropathic
pain following breast cancer surgery has been reported.
Objective: To describe the efficacy of thoracic paravertebral nerve radiofrequency treatment
combined with glucocorticoids for refractory neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery.
Design: A series of 3 patients, who following breast cancer surgery with neuropathic pain that
did not respond to conservative treatment, were selected. They received radiofrequency treatment
of the thoracic paravertebral nerve combined with betamethasone. If pain remained after this
treatment at a dermatome of a different level or at the same level, the same treatment was
administered after at least 2 months had passed.
Results: A total of 21 treatments were administered to the 3 patients. After these treatments,
all 3 patients experienced pain relief and their quality of life improved as evaluated by the SF36. Hypoesthesia worsened slightly after treatment. However, anesthesia dolorosa and transient
burning pain in the corresponding dermatome, which seemed to be related to neuro-injury after
radiofrequency treatment, were not seen.
Conclusion: This case series suggests that it is possible that radiofrequency treatment of the
thoracic paravertebral nerve combined with glucocorticoid may help in pain relief and improve the
quality of life of patients with refractory neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery.
Key words: Radiofrequency, neuropathic pain, glucocorticoid, breast cancer surgery, thoracic
paravertebral nerve, postmastectomy pain
Intrathecal Ziconotide and Opioid Combination
Therapy for Noncancer Pain: An Observational
Study
Authors: Deer Timothy
Published: March 2021

Background: Intrathecal ziconotide is used to manage severe chronic pain. Although ziconotide
is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for monotherapy, it is sometimes used in
combination with other intrathecal drugs for the management of intractable pain conditions in
clinical practice.
Objectives: Evaluate the safety and tolerability of ziconotide combination therapy.
Study Design: A retrospective, observational study.
Setting: A single center.
Methods: Patients with severe chronic pain of noncancer origin who were receiving inadequate
analgesia with intrathecal opioid therapy (with or without intrathecal adjuvants) and who had
ziconotide added to their intrathecal regimens were included. Patient characteristics, intrathecal
ziconotide doses, concomitant intrathecal and systemic drug use, visual analog scale pain scores,
Oswestry Disability Index scores, mini-mental status examination scores, neurological examination
results, clinical observations (including adverse event reports), and equipment complications were
reviewed for 12 weeks after ziconotide initiation.
Results: Sixteen patients were identified. Ziconotide was initiated at a dose of 0.5 mcg/d and
titrated to a mean dose of 2.64 mcg/d at week 12. Intrathecal opioids were hydromorphone (n=7),
morphine (n=5), fentanyl (n=3), and sufentanil (n=1). Adverse events were noted in one patient,
who reported increased depression and pain during combination therapy; ziconotide treatment
was discontinued, and all adverse events resolved over a 4-week period. Substantial pain relief
(≥4-point decrease in visual analog scale score) was reported in 3 of 15 patients (20.0%) and
increased functional capacity was evident in 3 of 15 patients (20.0%).
Limitations: A retrospective study with a limited number of patients from a single center.
Conclusion: Results from this observational study suggest that combination intrathecal ziconotide
and opioid therapy may be a safe and potentially effective treatment option for patients with
refractory chronic pain. Controlled, prospective clinical trials to evaluate ziconotide combination
therapy are needed.
Key words: Ziconotide, intrathecal, chronic pain, opioids, combination therapy, nonopioid
analgesic
Oral Versus Topical Ibuprofen for Chronic Knee
Pain: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Tong-Ngork Sarani
Published: March 2021

Background: Topical ibuprofen provides an alternative treatment to oral ibuprofen for the
treatment of chronic knee pain.
Objective: To compare the efficacy of topical versus oral ibuprofen in chronic knee pain
treatment.
Study Design: Prospective, randomized, unblinded pilot study.
Setting: A private pain management practice.
Methods: Twenty patients received either ibuprofen tablets 3 times daily (2400 mg total)
or 4% topical gel 4 times daily (320 mg total) for 2 weeks. Subjects completed the Western
Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, the Medical Outcomes
Study 12-Item Short Form (SF-12v2) Health Survey, and a satisfaction questionnaire.
Results: Comparison of WOMAC and SF-12v2 mean changes from baseline showed no
differences between groups. Patient satisfaction and study treatment convenience were
rated equivalently between groups. Within the topical group, significant improvements (P <
0.05) were experienced in the mean differences of WOMAC Pain scores from baseline to 2
weeks (-82.6, -158.3 to -6.8), WOMAC Stiffness scores from baseline to one week (-25.3,
-50.0 to -0.6) and baseline to 2 weeks (-47.8, -95.7 to 0.1), WOMAC Physical Function
scores from baseline to one week (-175.9, -348.6 to -3.2) and baseline to 2 weeks (-312.1,
-580.5 to -43.7), and patient satisfaction scores from baseline to one week and baseline to
2 weeks. Within the oral group, significant improvements (P < 0.05) were experienced in
mean differences of WOMAC Physical Function from baseline to one week (-342.6, -638.1
to -47.1) and baseline to 2 weeks (-323.2, -637.1 to -9.2).
Limitations: As this was a preliminary investigation, the sample size of 20 subjects is a
limitation in this study.
Conclusion: Treatment of chronic knee pain with topical ibuprofen provided comparable
clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction as oral ibuprofen in this pilot study.
Key words: Topical ibuprofen, knee osteoarthritis, chronic pain
Differential Treatment of Nerve Root
Compression Pain Caused by Lumbar Disc
Herniation Applying Nucleoplasty
Authors: Bokov Andrey
Published: March 2021

Background: Nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive intervention use to perform disc
decompression in cases of nerve root compression caused by disc herniation. It is important
to find rational guidelines for choosing between nucleoplasty and microsurgery.
Objective: To analyze factors that may impact the results of nucleoplasty, and to validate
the rational guidelines between minimally invasive treatment and open surgery.
Study Design: Prospective, non-randomized, cohort study with a minimal follow-up
period of 18 months.
Methods: Patients were given a neurological examination, visual analogue scale and
Oswestry disability questionnaire, obligatory MRI, optional RCT, and discography, only
before nucleoplasty. Patients have been divided into the following groups: Group 1 –
patients with a disc protrusion treated with nucleoplasty (n = 46), which has been divided
into Subgroup 1A, those with a disc protrusion size ≤ 5 mm (n = 24), and Subgroup 1B,
those with a disc protrusion size 6 – 9 mm (n = 22); Group 2 – patients with a disc extrusion
treated with nucleoplasty (n = 27); Group 3 – patients with a disc extrusion or sequester
treated with microdiscectomy (n = 65).
Outcome Measures: Clinically significant outcomes were a 50% relief of pain intensity
and a 40% decrease of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).
Results: A decrease of pain intensity and disability was found in all groups of patients, P
< 0.0001; SP (statistical power) = 99 – 100%. Subgroups 1A and 1B showed no clinically
significant differences in outcome, P = 0.99; SP = 5.3. Clinically significant results: Group 1
– 78%; 95% CI (confidence interval) [66; 90%], Group 2 – 44%; 95% CI [25; 65%], Group
3 – 93%; 95% CI [85; 98%]. Total annulus disruption increases the rate of unsatisfactory
results of nucleoplasty, OR (odds ratio) = 4.5; 95% CI [1.57; 12.87] (logistic regression
model, P = 0.0034). Nucleoplasty performed in cases of uncontained disc herniation (disc
extrusion) have a significantly higher rate of unsatisfactory results versus microdiscectomy,
OR = 19.06; 95% CI [2.29; 68.73] (logistic regression model, P < 0.0001).
Limitations: This study was limited by the small number of patients in each group.
Conclusion: The size of the disc protrusion does not significantly affect the outcome
of nucleoplasty. The rational guideline for choosing between the 2 types of surgery is the
integrity of the annulus.
Key words: disc herniation, nucleoplasty, microdiscectomy, annulus integrity
Gadolinium Encephalopathy After Intrathecal
Gadolinium Injection
Authors: Gordin Vitaly
Published: March 2021

Background: Gadolinium-induced encephalopathy is a well documented
complication due to the inadvertent entrance of a high dose of gadolinium into the
intrathecal compartment. In lab animals, injecting gadolinium into the intrathecal
compartment resulted in neurotoxicity and seizures. It is also well recognized that the
presence of autologous blood in the intrathecal compartment can cause a broad range
of neurological changes that can include seizures and mental status changes. At the
time of writing this report, there were no references in the literature of simultaneous
injection of gadolinium and blood into the subarachnoid space.
Case: We present a case of a patient who received a high dose of gadolinium in
the epidural space for needle placement confirmation during a fluoroscopically-guided
epidural steroid injection for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy. The injection was
complicated by a wet tap necessitating an epidural blood patch for post-dural puncture
headache. Shortly after the injection of the autologous blood, the patient developed
grand-mal seizures and mental status changes requiring endotracheal intubation and
admission to an intensive care unit. We describe the clinical course and management,
as well as brain MRI findings and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes. The patient made a
complete recovery and was discharged.
Conclusion: This case reinforces the need for using a low dose of gadolinium for
the confirmation of needle placement in the epidural space, especially in procedures
that carry the risk of inadvertent intrathecal injection. We attribute these findings to
inadvertent simultaneous intrathecal injection of high dose gadolinium and autologous
blood. A literature review of the cases of gadolinium-induced encephalopathy is
provided followed by discussion.
Key words: Postdural puncture headache, epidural blood patch, intrathecal
gadolinium, seizures, mental status changes, encephalopathy
Transit networks, social contacts and open data meet public transportation plans for post-COVID-19: A Canadian case study
Authors: Benning Oliver , Calles Jonathan , Kantarci Burak , Khan Shahzad
Published: March 2021

This article presents a practical method for the assessment of the risk profiles of communities by tracking / acquiring, fusing and analyzing data from public transportation, district population distribution, passenger interactions and cross-locality travel data. The proposed framework fuses these data sources into a realistic simulation of a transit network for a given time span. By shedding credible insights into the impact of public transit on pandemic spread, the research findings will help to set the groundwork for tools that could provide pandemic response teams and municipalities with a robust framework for the evaluations of city districts most at risk, and how to adjust municipal services accordingly.
Recensione di Pierangelo Cavanna/Francesca Mambelli (a cura di), Un patrimonio da ordinare. I cataloghi a stampa dei fotografi, Bologna, Fondazione Federico Zeri. Università di Bologna, 2019, ISBN 9788894047196
Authors: Maffioli Monica
Published: March 2021

.
Pengaturan Tenggat Waktu Pelaksanaan Pidana Mati dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia
Authors: Wulan Puji Anjarsari
Published: March 2021

Dalam praktik penerapan eksekusi pidana mati seringkali para terpidana hukuman mati harus menunggu hingga bertahun tahun sampai pada hari pelaksanaan eksekusi mati. Ketidak jelasan mengenai waktu pelaksanaan pidana mati tersebut menimbulkan ketidak pastian hukum bagi para terpidana. Penelitian ini hendak membahas penerapan pidana mati dan masa tunggu bagi terpidana dalam menjalankan hukuman mati dalam sistem hukum pidana di Indonesia. Penelitian disusun dengan metode yuridis normative dengan menganalisis peraturan perundang undangan terkait hukuman mati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Hukum Pidana Indonesia dalam UU Nomor 2/PNPS/1964  tidak mengatur secara pasti tentang tenggat waktu pelaksanaan  eksekusi bagi terpidana hukuman mati Hak untuk mendapat kepastian hukum telah dijamin oleh konstitusi sebagai hak konstitusional sebagaimana yang diatur di dalam ketentuan Pasal 28D Ayat 1 UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Dalam kaitannya dengan tenggat waktu pelaksanaan eksekusi mati sebagaimana yang diatur oleh UU Nomor 2/PNPS/1964 saat ini yang tidak mengatur pelaksanaan pidana mati secara pasti, hal tersebut membawa ketidakpastian hukum oleh terpidana sehingga itu melanggar hak konstitusional yang dijamin di dalam konstitusi.sehingga penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlu adanya pengaturan yang tegas batas tenggat waktu untuk pelaksanaan eksekusi mati.
Al- Farisi Syntactic Views on Ibn Akeels Interpretation of Ibn Maliks Alfia
Authors: N. Ghazi Assist. Inst. Yousra
Published: March 2021

The effort of Arabic languistics emerged in Arabic grammar Which is regarded as one of the most important field of langual sciences that became clear as Al Farisi the linguistic Who is recognized in apprihension and berliance as he enriched the language when he became the Imam of his time in the grammatical field He showed his point of views in this research as a person served Arabic and enriched it irrespectively through important book (expauation of Ibn Akeel interpretation of Ibn Maliks Alfia). He wasn't bias to certain doctrine, he regards that grammatical decision is confined on allowing or measuring and searching for outlets in order to reach this decision through his view, not this only, he authored useful books in Arabic grammar served Arabic speakers. I concluded some conclusions in this respect.
The right to life in Islam Study of rights and jurisprudential rulings comparison
Authors: Aljanabi Ph.D . Adel AbdulSattar AbdulHassan
Published: March 2021

The right to life was the first fundamental rightsand the most important doctrinal rights approved by Islamic law for human dignity, and comes after other rights, it does not make sense to all the rights with the lack of this right. It is the right and most sacred and respected in the eyes of Islamic law, which necessitated the save and sponsorship and not abuse it, which it Makdt religious texts in the Qur'an and Sunnah frequent and categorical Sindh and significance.

On the other hand these texts proved that the right to life in Islam Aigv when the human right to life, but in the right to life of animals and plants and all other living creatures.

This research has dealt with the subject of the right to life and provisions that protect and preserve this right in Islamic law by detail because it is the most important kinds of rights in Islam, and the aim of the research is to demonstrate the keenness of Islam in its provisions and the provisions and purposes of the first priorities to save the soul and the bloodshed and respect the right to life, unlike what is happening today the waste of this right in the name of Islam with what we notice from a strong concern in the text and legal provisions of the emphasis on the sanctity of this right and worth the big

In Islamic jurisprudence, we find all doctrinal matters related to this fundamental right, and associated legitimacy of the provisions, so ensure that this research to track some Matalq the right to life of the subjects, and the most important provisions in Islamic jurisprudence research and study in two sections: Section I with four demands: the first dealt with the concept of the right life, and in the second: rights jurisprudence in Islam, and in the third and fourth dealt with the right to life in the texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah. The second topic in which three demands: the first dealt with the right to life in the jurisprudence of rights, and the second dealing with some of the rulings affirming the sanctity of the right to life in a brief and whole, and in the third the right to life of the fetus in comparative jurisprudence will stand him Abeche detail in the Islamic Comparative Jurisprudence as permitted by Search volume first and because it represents the beginning of a fetus from the trip Second life.
Effect of systemic thinking in the collection of material for the preparatory phase
Authors: Mohi Dr. Zaina Salem
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to know the effect of using the Systematic Thinking Skills in the collection of the fifth grade students in the eloquence subject. This study was performed in Al-Ma’amoon School for girls to be the field to apply the experience of the study. The sample consisted of (59) female students (29) students in the experimental group, (30) students in the standard group the Systematic Thinking Skills for the experimental group and the traditional way (standard) for the standard groupA statically comparison has been made by using T-Test in the following variables (age and the marks of Arabic language marks of the mid-year exam) and Kai Square in the parents education achievement. The researcher prepared and tested a collective dimensional test which is a multiple choices (30) itemsAnd the researcher treated her data statistically by using: T- Test. Test (Ka 2) Kai-square, and the equation of coefficient difficulty and the equation of the power of distinction and the effectiveness of wrong alternatives and kuder-richardson k.r-20. And the most important findings of the study is the presence of significant statistical difference a between the two groups, the experimental and the standard in variable collection for the benefit of the experimental group. Theresearcher recommended several proposals and recommendations.
Duality of life and death in Hashmyat Kumait display and analysis
Authors: Neama Dr. Hamida Hassan
Published: March 2021

(Al-Kumait) has been considered unique poet who contemporized agonies and panics of (Hashimyeen) and sustained huge sufferings. Thus, it could be said that he is the poet of matter, as that imposed on him his soul and his thoughts characterized with Shiite impression of A'ly Al-Bayt (the messenger's family). He wanted, under strict conditions, to convey sufferings and agonies of the Messenger's family, that awakened his emotions, sensibility and thoughts; besides that ,the reality of Islamic society since then , was  defeated and broken by the killing of Imam "Ali" (peace upon him) and his son (Al-Hussein). The vocabularies in the poetry of (Kumait) indicated to human indulgence into temporary pleasures, in return, the poet describe the Messenger 's family ,that they deserted  the worldly life and its decorations ,since they found it as a temporary life . Thus, they  wanted to pass it as  to get the internal life ,where they did not find anything but to die in the line of Allah.
The Functionality of Color Terms in Antarah IBN SHADAD's Poetry
Authors: Jawad M . Raad Abdul Jabbar
Published: March 2021

To start with, a definition of the term 'color' in Arabic language is presented.  Then, a study of colors implications in Al-Jahili poetry is proceeded; the poet's creativity in using color terms and incorporating these terms in Jahili poems explicitly or implicitly in forming up the topics of their poetry, then outlined. Color figures and images are dominant in Al-Jahili poetry to its extreme so as to propagate an oasis of environmental emulations, on one hand, and an outlet for personal experience on the other. In his poetry, Antara followed his ancestors' poetic traditions and closely textualized their inspirations and fantasies in his versification.  Partly, his poetic diction was personalized; whereas, the semantic contents tackled by ancestors were mediated and de toured astray in some instanses.  Reviewing his poetry collection one can infer his typical attitudes of using colors: the black, the white, the red, the green, the blue, and the yellow. Excessive use of these colors can be cited along with multiplicity of presentation in creating a quantum of color implications especially those of the white and the black, he used a decorated mosaic of colors in forming his poetic image; whereas he incorporated a corona of colors in restoring his poeticity.  Color contrasts are foregrounded in building up perceptible imagesof his poems. Colorful images, he used, asa loverand as a knight are merged with his passion and bravery; though gloomy in his macabre. The paper concludes that Antara used an excessive influx of colors terminology and semantic sheds in entailing his topics, focusing on the red, black and white.  The black was his favorite; whereas the red and the black are used excessively in his expressions.  Explicit reference to the red and black was the highest in number in the selected poems.  Essentially, some node that the notability of the black was a symptom of suffering and degrading he suffered as a black.
Provisions relating to Balasthalh in Islamic law
Authors: Rustum M. D.Leqaa Abdul Hussein
Published: March 2021

After my studies for this research showed me the importance of clarifying the meaning of impossibility and its effects on materials that we rely on in our daily lives, whether these substances food or drink, as well as the statement of the jurisdiction of the decomposition of the wine and vinegar whether the analysis to enter the other element or analyze their own, and I thank ALLAH who has facilitated me complete this search and guided me in writing and ask acceptance and payment, and Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and blessings and peace be upon the Prophet Muhammad and his family and him.
The term evil when Imam Tirmidhi in Aljama Kaber
Authors: Alwaan Dr. Safaa Jaafar
Published: March 2021

This research seeks to show what came in the Sunnah of the conversations in the recruitment of medical herbs and health purposes. I called was: (herbal treatment plants and in the Sunnah), which was keen on rooting this type of treatment with a statement of benefits and uses . The survey is not intended to search all the talk, it is not limited nine pages; but I wanted a statement of some aspects of the subject as well as noted for its importance with a view to expanding it. This research has been divided on the brief introduction, which in the hands of the reader and three sections: First topic: the importance of herbal remedies. The second topic: Therapeutics plants and herbs. It showed what came in the Sunnah of the commandments and tips for treatment and herbal plants.  The third topic: Nutrition Care.  Find a conclusion and then sealed it showed the most important findings.
Leadership and human Abbas bin Ali role (peace be upon him) In the eternal battle tuff year 61 AH An analytical study
Authors: Pharaoh Dr. Ali Alwan
Published: March 2021

Alawite family Immaculate has suffered early seventh decade AH serious repercussions came as a result of its commitment to the principles of the Islamic religion, as those family felt led grandson of the Prophet Mustafa (peace be upon him and his family and him) Imam Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) that Islam as a religion and principles and the values ​​of its large importance in the details of the lives of Muslims began Anharomam negative hiring him by the leaders of Tbaa graduate Centers did not give it right, so Hussein's determination to combat these trends, including made available to him and his family from potential despite its simplicity, but it took way until the end, Hussein was a leader of that family, and his brother Imam Abbas ibn Ali (peace be upon him) associate him and holding a banner and committed to its principles and sacrificing Braanh and what has the strength, courage and Osama was the way one results and one murder in the end share everyone's courage details filled with noble principles, witnessed the land of Karbala in ten days reflected the the meanings of the tournament in clearer images, but Abbas, who was a leader and a wonderful human being was his receipts and tours in the fields of the right and the courage and selflessness and fulfillment we left off in the following lines recalling the tournament with great reverence and pride.
Narratives Mohammed bin Jubair in the correct Study and analysi
Authors: Mahmoud Assist. T. Mahmoud Ali
Published: March 2021

Addressed in this research Narratives Mohammed bin Jubair in the correct study and analysis. The research was divided into two sections, the first section dealt with the life of Muhammad bin Jubair and divided into three demands, addressed the requirement in the first name and lineage and Ge and his nickname and his death in his family and in the second requirement Demand third elders and his students. The second topic his Narratives in the correct and divided into three demands dealt with in the first requirement his Narratives in prayer and pilgrimage in the second requirement his Narratives in jihad and walk in demand in the third Narratives virtues
“Delusion of Modern Man” A Study of Grotesque Elements in Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher
Authors: Alwan Instructor Huda Kadhim
Published: March 2021

The age of Enlightenment and the industrial revolution both affected people to doubt many old beliefs and form a new mentality. Man disregarded the spiritual side, imagination, and fantasy; the dominant concepts in society became logic, fact and science. This led to the death of the spiritual side in people. It turned to be a worrying subject to Intellectuals during the nineteenth century. In The Fall of the House of Usher, Poe attacks modern man’s misconception believing that he can find an explanation to every phenomenon in the universe according to science and logic. He manages, through using grotesque elements, such as mystery, distortion, and the supernatural, to make the protagonist disregard his old belief and realize that cosmic, immeasurable, and, infinite powers do exist. This article aim is to analyse the story showing how the writer invested the elements of grotesque to create a broken fearful world which provokes horror inside the reader; to make him feel the possibility of having a similar experience to the one his protagonist has gone through.
The Sound System of Baghdadi Arabic in the Light of Distinctive Feature Theory
Authors: Hassan Inst. Dr. Abdul Rahman Abbood
Published: March 2021

This paper is an attempt to look at the sound system of Baghdadi Arabic in view of the Distinctive  Feature Theory, in order to see how far such a theory would be applicable to the language variety being dealt with in this paper. The main purpose ,here, is to see how far is it  possible to group the sounds of Baghdadi Arabic into classes according to their phonetic (distinctive) properties. Thus, on one hand, the paper is meant to deal with the sounds of Baghdadi Arabic in terms of Trubetzkoy's distinctive oppositions, using the method of contrasting the classes of sounds according to such oppositions.
El Teatro absurdo es un espejo de la realidad
Authors: Bashir Lika mohamed
Published: March 2021

The Theatre of the Absurd is a trend in which many were written plays of certain US and European playwrights during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, in general, which arose from the work of those. It is characterized by frames that seem meaningless, repetitive dialogue and lack of dramatic sequence that often create a dreamlike atmosphere. The theater of the absurd has strong existentialist traits and questions the society and the man. Through humor and mythologizing hiding a fussy attitude toward his art. The inconsistency and illogical nonsense are also very representative features of these works.
of Tyranny and Martyrdom in Two plays Murder in Cathedral and Walls of Fear
Authors: Talib Assist. Teacher: Kawakib
Published: March 2021

This research paper deals with two plays: Iraqi play (Walls of Fear) by Iraqi dramatist Kadhim Imarn Mousa) and the second one is Murder in Cathedral by American Dramatist T.S.Eliot.Both dramatists present the martyr character from ordinary people but the tyrant is represented by kings or rulers. Theme of the play Murder in Cathedral is the conflict between what a man knows is right in the sight of God and brute force but the theme of the play Walls of Fear is the conflict between the people and the tyrant king .Many of Iraqi young people are martyrs like Thomas Becket.
Historia d la Lengua Española Denominaciones Científicas y Populares de los Vientos
Authors: Ahmed M.M. Ibtihaj Abbas
Published: March 2021

(de los vientos) en ingles: The aim of this research is to show the diversity of word (winds) around Spain and explain its differences in semantic, pragmatic, and geolinguistic. We want to show how the words change according to their geographical location. In this research we go deeply to discover the origin of word (winds) and its change from Greek language to Latin till the Spanish language; for example the word (solano) is used to denote to the east winds and in the south; and from where did it com the word (cierzo) this question and else lead as to analyze distances and scientific and popular name form then. We made atmospherically survey throughout Spain to know the change and its effect in great contrast in words changing and its variety; their history and their popular names.The reason of this great variety is the importance of wind in human beings life, and the second Couse is to show the develop of words through the time from Greek to Latin till the present time, the third motive that we can recognize between scientific word, semantic, and popular; through the use of (Linguistic Atlas) we will notice a clear difference for name according to the purpose of speakers and its importance for them.