bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KERATOCYSTIC ODONTOGENIC TUMOR OF THE MAXILLARY ANTERIOR REGION MASQUERADING AS A RADICULAR CYST
Authors: Satappa Byakodi Sanjay , Vasant Datar Uma , Kanitkar Sampada , Kamat Mamata
Published: June 2017

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign odontogenic neoplasm which is characterized by aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate. KCOTs have a predilection for the angle and ascending ramus of the mandible. Maxillary KCOTs are usually associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Very few cases of non-syndromic KCOT crossing maxillary midline have been reported. In this article, we report a rare case of KCOT which presented as a multilocular radiolucency crossing midline and involving periapical area of maxillary incisors. The lesion thus simulated a periapical cyst. However, the lesion was proved to be a KCOT on histopathology. Thus this report highlights the need for histopathological evaluation of periapical lesions for accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF BROMOCRIPTINE ON HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED BODY WEIGHT GAIN, ADIPOSITY AND BIOCHEMICAL ANOMALIES IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: Goyal Amit , Kamboj Anjoo
Published: June 2017

Objectives: Dopamine plays a critical role in various vital functions, including hormonal regulation, reward, emotions, and food intake. It affects on the multiple aspects of food intake that include food selection, satiety, and energy expenditure. Dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) were found to be lower in several brain regions in both obese experimental animals and humans, and it has been observed that dopamine D2 agonist bromocriptine (BC) can exert favorable metabolic changes in seasonal obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of chronic administration of BC a central dopamine receptor agonist on body weight gain, adiposity, and biochemical anomalies in rats.Methods: In this study, chronic administration of BC (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day, i.p) a dopamine agonist for 8 weeks along with high-fat diet (HFD) to the obese rats which were pretreated with HFD feeding for 8 weeks on the various parameters of obesity were analyzed. The effects of these treatments on body weight, feed intake (kcal), weight and size of fat pads, levels of serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein were analyzed.Results: Treatment with BC (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day, i.p) produced significant dose-dependent decrease (p<0.05) in body weight gain, feed intake (kcal), weight and size of fat pads, levels of serum glucose, TG, TC, and low-density lipoproteins as compared to HFD group. Moreover, the level of serum HDL was increased as compared to HFD group. BC a dopamine receptor agonist positively modulate the parameters of obesity, and the effect was comparable to orlistat, a well-reported drug for obesity.Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrates that BC ameliorated established obesity and associated biochemical consequences.
A CORRELATIVE STUDY ON SPINDLE CELL SARCOMA WITH CYTO-HISTOLOGICAL GRADING BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS IN AN INDIAN TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Chauhan Sima , Sahu Niranjan , Sahu Mahesh Chandra , Hansa Jagadish , Das Kanaklata , Dash Ajit Kumar
Published: June 2017

Objective: Spindle cell sarcomas constitute an important component of soft tissue sarcomas, where accurate grading is more important than histologic subtypes to plan treatment strategies and determine prognosis. To assess whether histologic criteria for grading sarcomas could be applied to fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens of adult spindle cell sarcomas without knowledge of sarcoma subtypes. Furthermore, correlate this grading with histologic Federation Nationale Des Centres de lutte contre le cancer (FNCLCC) grading system and find out the percentage of accuracy of FNAB grading. Methods: Hundred cases were studied by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), among them 50 cases found to be spindle cell sarcoma; in only 42 cases surgical specimens were available. Each aspiration being spread into two or more slides. Subsequently, biopsy was done and studied. Technique used - grading of FNAB specimens and corresponding surgical specimens. Result: Grading of FNAB specimens done taking into account four parameters - nuclear atypia, nuclear variation (nuclear contour, chromatin, nucleoli, and nuclear overlap), mitotic figure, and necrosis. Grading of surgical specimens done by FNCLCC system. The overall results were correlated for both FNAC and biopsy concordance and statistically analyzed. From there the sensitivity and specificity were calculated as 95.23% and 80.76%, respectively. Conclusion: Histologic criteria for grading sarcomas in adults could be applied to FNAC specimens of spindle cell sarcomas with 88% accuracy. While comparing the diagnosis given by FNAC and biopsy, it revealed the true positive were 40 cases, true negative 42 cases, false positive 10 cases, and false negative (FN) 2 cases.
EFFECT OF PRE EXAMINATION STRESS ON OLFACTORY SENSITIVITY IN COLLEGE STUDENTS.
Authors: Joy Ayana , Kumar Sailesh Sai , R Archana , J K Mukkadan
Published: June 2017

Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of pre-examination stress on olfactory sensitivity in college students.Methods: A total of 80 apparently healthy males and females were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent. Blast injection method was used to measure the olfactory sensitivity.Result: In the present study, we have observed decrease in the olfactory sensitivity in both males and females during pre-examination stress. However, it is not statistically significant.Conclusion: We recommend further detailed studies for better understanding the links between stress and olfaction.
DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF BARLERIA COURTALLICA NEES (ACANTHACEAE) BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS
Authors: A Ponmathi Sujatha , R Michael Evanjaline , S Muthukumarasamy , Vr Mohan
Published: June 2017

Objective: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of stem, root, and leaf of Barleria courtallica Nees using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods: The phytocomponents of the ethanol extracts of stem, root, and leaf of B. courtallica were investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extracts were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology version II library. Results: 25, 23, and 28 compounds were identified in the ethanol extracts of stem, root, and leaf of B. courtallica, respectively. The prevailing compounds of stem were β-sitosterol (20.27%), stigmasterol (17.07%), eicosane, 7-hexyl- (6.64%), 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol (5.97%), and tetracosane, 11-decyl- (5.91%). The major constituents recorded from root extract of B. courtallica were β-sitosterol (22.94%), stigmasterol (20.17%), urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (3β)- (18.42%), and eiosane, 7-hexyl- (7.06%). The prevailing compounds of leaf were 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol (34.42%), phytol (14.18%), β-sitosterol (12.71%), squalene (11.25%), stigmasterol (8.15%), phytol acetate (6.53%). Conclusions: From the results, it is evident that B. courtallica contains various bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.
INHIBITION OF PYOCYANIN PRODUCTION IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA BY NATURAL ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM HERBAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Jain Preeti , Kumari Suman , Malik Ashish
Published: June 2017

Objective: P. aeruginosa produces a range of metabolites including pyocyanin that enhance its ability to resist antibiotics and becomes capable of surviving adverse conditions.Method: In this report, eight plants (extracted with five solvents) were screened for antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa by microbroth dilution method. Afterward tested for inhibition of pyocyanin in presence and absence of plant extracts.Result: Among these D. muricata and S. quitoenes exhibited good antibacterial potential. Inhibition of pyocyanin is identified as a potential anti-virulence strategy. Therefore, acetone extract of six plants exhibited MIC ≤3.125mg/ml and methanol extract of three plants exhibited MIC ≤6.25mg/ml were used to check pyocyanin inhibition in P. aeruginosa. In acetone extracts, significant pyocyanin inhibition was found in I. pestigirdis and C. colocynthis. In methanol extracts, C. colocynthis and D. muricata showed considerable pyocyanin inhibition.Conclusion: Overall result indicates that the best antimicrobial compound (growth inhibitor) may not be best inhibitor of pyocyanin biosynthesis or vice-versa. Moreover, I. pestigirdis, C. colocynthis and D. muricata seems to contain compounds which inhibit the growth of bacteria as well as the biosynthesis of pyocyanin.
A STUDY OF URINE FROM HIV-POSITIVE AND HIV-NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS AT ANDHRA PRADESH
Authors: Obulesu Gundala , Ar Hanumanthappa , E Prabakar Reddy
Published: June 2017

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the variations, if any, in urinary bacterial pathogens in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals.Methods: Urine sample, macroscopic and microscopic examination for identification of bacteria use by method of Standard loop method, using identification methods, Grams-staining, Biochemical tests.Results: Out of 75 HIV-positive males, 52 males were married, 23 males were unmarried; risk factors are sexually 28, occupationally majority were labor, 31, age group more in 19-25 age, only 9 HIV-positive patients presented with symptoms of urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate from positive urine culture followed by Klebsiella spp.Conclusion: The study period of 1 year and 8 months revealed that it is difficult to locate/identify an HIV-positive person in a place like Kadapa on account of confidentiality/lack of awareness among the population. Having identified the HIV-positive cases, collection of urine samples from the patients also needed counseling and intervention by the respective clinicians, especially when patients were not having any symptoms. Out of 50 HIV-negative individuals, only 1 (2%) urine sample is showing significant bacteriuria.
THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF A GRAIN MILL LOCATED IN BALD EAGLE VALLEY, PENNSYLVANIA 1868 TO 1872
Authors: Tucker James J.
Published: June 2017

In 1831, a grain mill was constructed along Bald Eagle Creek in Unionville, Pennsylvania. The author examines accounting records of this mill from 1868 to 1872 while under the proprietorship of William D. Smith. The economic activities and accounting procedures revealed in this study provide insight into the economic events as perceived and recorded by this proprietorship in immediate post-Civil War times.
A DESCRIPTION OF A BALTIMORE MERCHANT'S JOURNAL
Authors: Jones James W.
Published: June 2017

The paper briefly describes the entries recorded in the journal of a Baltimore merchant during the latter 18th and early 19th centuries—twenty-seven years. Topics covered include entries in dual currency, composition of journal entries, method of posting, handling of contra accounts, and unusual transactions. An analysis of these journal entries provides insight into the rules of book-keeping and the economic and domestic lives of the citizens during this period in time.
THE BUREAU FOR PLACEMENTS
Authors: Slocum Elliott L. , Roberts Alfred R.
Published: June 2017

The Bureau for Placements sought to encourage qualified college graduates to choose public accounting as a career, to place them with public accounting firms, and to remove the problem of seasonal employment. During its six years of operations, the Bureau published and distributed to college students thousands of copies of the first Institute pamphlet on careers in public accounting, and it placed 250 college graduates with public accounting firms. As a result, the Bureau started, or at least accelerated, the trend by public accounting firms toward the hiring of college graduates.
THE BEHAVIOURAL IMPACT OF BUDGETS: EARLY ACCOUNTING CONTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Parker Lee D.
Published: June 2017

Accounting writers have invariably referred to the accounting literature of the 1960s and 1970s as the earliest source of discussion about the impact of budgets upon manager behaviour. This short paper identifies a number of accounting writers of earlier decades, whose contribution to this subject has to date been overlooked.
TAYLOR'S CONTRIBUTION TO COST ACCOUNTING, A REPLY
Authors: Chen Rosita S. , Pan Sheng-Der
Published: June 2017

We respond to those issues that M. C. Wells raised in his comments on our article. We found that his comments on the association of scientific management and cost accounting, and on Taylor's historical role in cost accounting were debatable, and his discussion of the first modern book on cost accounting was inconclusive.
PLANNING AND CONTROL IN THE 19th CENTURY ICE TRADE
Authors: Kistler Linda H. , Carter Clairmont P. , Hinchey Brackston
Published: June 2017

This paper describes selected accounting records of the Tudor Ice Company which were devised to manage and control the far-flung business activities of Frederic Tudor, a 19th century entrepreneur who has been called America's first monopolist. Tudor's business genius lay in developing methods of harvesting, transporting, storing, and marketing commercial quantities of ice taken from New England ponds and shipped to tropical ports around the world. Frederic Tudor employed relatively sophisticated accounting techniques to analyze and control transportation costs and the costs of product shrinkage. He also routinely analyzed and translated foreign currency transactions for his geographically dispersed operations and evaluated the impact of competition on his operations.
THE “ROOTS” OF ACCOUNTING
Authors: Swanson G. A.
Published: June 2017

This paper presents some evidence that rudimentary accounting (economic record-keeping) may have predated both counting and writing.
THE ROLE OF STOCK DIVIDENDS IN DEFINING INCOME, DEVELOPING CAPITAL MARKET RESEARCH AND EXPLORING THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ACCOUNTING POLICY DECISIONS
Authors: Tucker James J.
Published: June 2017

Allegations that stock dividends serve as a vehicle for deceptive financing, evasion of taxes, misleading financial reporting, and stock market manipulation resulted in legislation that prohibited their use in the United States in the latter part of the 19th century. In the 20th century, efforts of the Supreme Court to determine the economic substance and taxability of stock dividends catalyzed a pioneering effort by the Court to define income within the 16th Amendment. As early as 1930 market reactions to stock dividends were investigated; this may have been one of the earliest forms of capital market research. This paper examines the effects of stock dividends on the development of accounting.
WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS ON THE TRANSFER OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION'S AUTHORITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RULES FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING
Authors: Chatov Robert
Published: June 2017

As an SEC Commissioner, William O. Douglas favored active SEC participation in the development of rules of accounting for financial reporting under the Securities Acts. A retrospective letter dated September 29, 1973 indicates that the pre-War SEC Commission did not contemplate the virtually complete transfer to the private sector of the authority for development of corporate financial reporting that characterizes the position of today's SEC.
WHERE'S THE “R” IN DEBIT?
Authors: Sherman W. Richard
Published: June 2017

The common abbreviation for the accounting term “debit” is a puzzling one—“Dr.” Today, particularly with our depersonalized treatment of the accounting or bookkeeping “debit,” there is no obvious clue as to why there is an “r” in “debit” at all. An investigation of the history and evolution of the “debit” in bookkeeping reveals the reason for the abbreviation—a reason almost totally lost without historical perspective. Whereas the accounting “debit” is now viewed as a “technical” term, devoid of any value considerations, referring simply to the left side of a journal entry or ledger account, this was not always the case. Originally, “debits” did have a “bad” side. They were used to record the debts of the merchant or businessman. Debits were debtors. And the abbreviation for “debtor” is “Dr.”
THE NORTHERN STEAMSHIP COMPANY: THE DEPRECIATION PROBLEM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Tabb J. B. , Frankham C. B.
Published: June 2017

In 1889 a New Zealand company had to write down its paid-up capital by 27 percent, because, the Chairman stated, previous management had failed to allow for depreciation as an expense. An investigation was conducted to see if this capital reduction could have been avoided had the company followed modern depreciation policy. This revealed that the failure to depreciate adequately was not the main cause of the capital reduction, other firms followed the same practice and contemporary English legislation did not permit depreciation as a tax deductible item, while United States courts were rejecting depreciation as a valid expense.
THE TWILIGHT OF INCOME MEASUREMENT: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS ON
Authors: Solomons David
Published: June 2017

The paper reviews events and trends since 1961, when the author incautiously forecast a possible decline in the importance of income measurement. He finds that little has changed in the intervening 25 years, and the forecast has not been borne out by events. Historical cost accounting has survived a period of serious inflation with hardly a dent. Earnings seem to be as important to financial analysts and to academic researchers as they ever were, and recent tax changes bring taxable income somewhat closer to accounting income than previously, thereby increasing the importance of the income concept rather than diminishing it.
THE DIAGRAM OF THE COST SYSTEM OF HANS RENOLD LTD. — A BLUEPRINT FOR ACCOUNTING FOR ROBOTS
Authors: Vangermeersch Richard
Published: June 2017

Knowledge of accounting history can be a great aid in solving accounting problems of today and tomorrow. One example of this is the use of a cost diagram of Church and Renold and the writings of Church to solve the problem of accounting for robots.
ANTE-BELLUM BANK ACCOUNTING — A CASE STUDY: The New Orleans Savings Bank In The 1830s
Authors: Razek Joseph R.
Published: June 2017

This is a case study of the history, operating practices and financial reporting system of an antebellum-era financial institution. The New Orleans Savings Bank, which served the people of Louisiana from 1827 to 1842, was founded as a philanthropic endeavor and is an example of altruistic capitalism — as it was practiced in the nineteenth century. This institution is of particular interest to accounting historians because it maintained a relatively sophisticated accounting system which was, in many respects, similar to financial reporting systems in use today.
A NOTE: GRAVES, SWEENEY AND GOLDMARKBILANZ — WHITHER SWEENEY AND SCHMIDT'S TAGESWERTBILANZ?
Authors: Dean Graeme , Clarke Frank L.
Published: June 2017

Graves' [1987] very competent and well-documented descriptions of Mahlberg's and Schmalenbach's Goldmarkbilanz techniques should raise no objections on technical grounds. He ably captures and amplifies the mechanical aspects of these major Betriebswirtschaftslehre proposals. However, the linking of Sweeney with these Goldmarkbilanz proposals in the title and in the first few and then in the final pages of the article, is cause for concern. By only considering links with the Goldmarkbilanz techniques, Graves does less than reasonable justice to Sweeney's development of the case for Stabilized Accounting. By not considering the other major stabilization proponent, Fritz Schmidt, albeit a proponent of replacement cost based stabilization, Graves provides only a partial explanation of the myriad of factors influencing the development of Sweeney's inflation accounting proposals.
MEDIEVAL TRADERS AS INTERNATIONAL CHANGE AGENTS: A COMPARISON WITH TWENTIETH CENTURY INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING FIRMS
Authors: Parker Larry M.
Published: June 2017

The International Accounting Standards Committee's (IASC) exposure draft on “Comparability of Financial Statements” has increased the awareness of the need for international changes in accounting standards. Since the IASC cannot mandate these changes, the accounting community needs to learn how to communicate, adopt and implement changes. This paper discusses an important aspect of the change process, the change agent. The first part of the paper presents an historical example of an important group of international change agents, the Jewish traders of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Parallels are then drawn between the Medieval Jewish traders and modern international accounting firms. Finally, the potential for accounting firms to act as change agents is discussed in the context of concepts from theories of social change.
AN EARLY ATTEMPT AT BALANCE SHEET CLASSIFICATION AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
Authors: Baladouni Vahé
Published: June 2017

A recent investigation into the archives of the English East India Company has produced the earliest known classified balance of accounts. Dated May 1, 1782, this statement predates the model balance sheet prescribed by the Companies Act of 1856 by some seventy-five years. This classified balance of accounts, together with extensive supplementary notes accompanying it, may be said to represent the earliest manifestation of financial reporting.
CHARLES LAMB: A MAN OF LETTERS AND A CLERK IN THE ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
Authors: Baladouni Vahé
Published: June 2017

Charles Lamb (1775–1834), English author, who became famous for his informal, personal essays and literary criticism, is presented here in his vocational role as accounting clerk. Lamb's long years of experience in and out of London's counting-houses permitted him to capture the early nineteenth-century business and accounting life in some of his renowned essays and letters to friends. His unique wit, humor, and warm humanity bring to life one of the most interesting periods in accounting history.
INSIDER TRADING AND ACCOUNTING REFORM: THE COMSTOCK CASE
Authors: Vent Glenn A. , Birk Cynthia
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the hypothesis that major episodes of insider trading and business fraud promote accounting reforms. During the 1860s and 1870s, the markets for Comstock mining shares reeled from one scandal after another. Eventually these scandals emerged as a leading political issue in California. The frauds contributed significantly to the passage of accounting and financial reporting reforms in 1880. The Comstock episode has implications for modern day instances of insider trading.
DR SCOTT'S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: Lawrence Carol , Stewart Jenice P.
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study is to trace the influence of DR1 Scott's writings on the development of accounting theory and standard setting. Scott's deductive approach to the development of a conceptual framework for financial accounting and reporting was adopted by accountants on a piecemeal basis from the 1930s to the 1970s. This study traces authoritative pronouncements from the 1930s to provide evidence on Scott's forward looking ability and the influence of his ideas on the subsequent development of accounting theory. The social, economic, and political environment of the 1930s is described to show why a change in accounting standard setting was needed. The authors show that Scott envisioned the function of accounting as extending beyond mere recordkeeping, to include control of organizations relative to their cultural environment. Further, Scott's broad educational background is presented to show the breadth of Scott's ability to see accounting issues beyond bookkeeping issues. The findings show that Scott [1941] was among the first to develop a theoretical, deductive, normative framework to serve as the basis for accounting principles.
ACCOUNTING INNOVATIONS: THE IMPLICATIONS OF A FIRM'S RESPONSE TO POST CIVIL WAR MARKET DISRUPTIONS
Authors: Michael Rodney R. , Lankton Larry D.
Published: June 2017

This study addresses the nature of accounting innovations within the context of the Quincy Mining Company's response to the disruption of the domestic copper market following the Civil War. Primary documentation is used to first define the firm's cost management activities, then to define the characteristics of the firm's internal accounting practices that contributed to these activities. It is argued that, although accounting was a participant in the cost control process, it was a paternalistic social structure that provided the impetus for the firm's struggle to remain profitable.
LABOR AND COSTING: THE EMPLOYEES' DILEMMA
Authors: Walker Stephen P. , Mitchell Falconer
Published: June 2017

The paper analyzes the discordant reactions of labor to the introduction of uniform costing in the British printing industry during the early 20th century. The paper reveals that trade unions assisted employers in the quest for a costing-based solution to the inveterate problem of excessive price competition in the printing sector. At the same time, rank-and-file unionists were fearful of the exploitative potential of one element of the prescribed costing solution — time recording. It is shown that labor hostility was sited at the point where costing converged with scientific management in the organization. Evidence is presented which confirms the pertinence of economic-rationalist, labor-process, and Foucauldian approaches to the study of cost accounting history. It is suggested that different paradigms have particular relevance to the analysis of accounting discourses conducted both at the strategic macro-level and at the micro-level of the shop floor.
LABOR'S CHANGING RESPONSES TO MANAGEMENT RHETORICS: A STUDY OF ACCOUNTING-BASED INCENTIVE PLANS DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Oakes Leslie S. , Covaleski Mark A. , Dirsmith Mark W.
Published: June 2017

This study compares organized labor's reactions to changing management rhetorics as these rhetorics surrounded accounting- based incentive plans, including profit sharing. Results suggest that labor's perceptions of profit sharing changed dramatically from the 1900–1930 period to post-World War II. The shift, in turn, prompts an exploration of two research questions: (1) how and why did the national labor discourse around the management rhetoric and its emphasis on accounting information change, and (2) how did this change render unions more governable in their support for accounting-based incentive plans?
INTERNAL AUDIT AT THE HISTORICAL HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY: A CHALLENGE TO ACCEPTED HISTORY
Authors: Spraakman Gary
Published: June 2017

The accepted history of managerial internal audit is that its origins are in financial and compliance auditing. Managerial was added after firms started to expand geographically or into other businesses. That expansion increased complexity and created problems for managers which the internal auditor assisted in solving with managerial audits. Contrary to that two stage development, something comparable to managerial internal audit was being practiced by the Hudson's Bay Company in the form of inspections as early as 1871. Rather than in financial and compliance auditing, these inspections had their geneses in the desire of the senior manager and the committee (board of directors) for additional information on the fur trade and retail operations. This paper will describe the inspection function at the historical Hudson's Bay Company, the circumstances leading to the development of this function, and how it complemented other controls.
THE OLDEST WRITINGS, AND INVENTORY TAGS OF EGYPT
Authors: Mattessich Richard
Published: June 2017

Günter Dreyer's Umm El-Quaab I—Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse presents comprehensively the results of archaeological diggings in the tomb U-j. It also outlines Dreyer's claim to have discovered the origin of writing. The primary aspect of this review essay is to draw the attention of accounting historians to Dreyer's book and to the claim therein to have discovered the earliest known writing. Since this discovery is closely connected to an accounting function (though in a somewhat different way from that of the Sumerian proto-cuneiform writing), a review of Dreyer's book is well justified. Dreyer's claim is based on a series of small inventory tags (identifying in proto-hieroglyphics the provenance of various commodities) found in the tomb of King Scorpion I (c.3400 b.c. to 3200 b.c.).1 Another aspect of this review is a discussion of the controversy surrounding Dreyer's claim and the counter-hypothesis of accounting archaeology, which sees in the token-envelop accounting of Mesopotamia the origin of writing.
THE PERSONAL ACCOUNT BOOKS OF SIR WALTER SCOTT
Authors: McKinstry Sam , Fletcher Marie
Published: June 2017

This study examines the personal account books of Sir Walter Scott, the world-renowned Scottish author, a topic not explored before by Scott scholars or accounting historians. It sets the account books in the context of Scott's accounting education and experience, which took place at the time of the Scottish Enlightenment, an 18th century movement which saw a great flowering of writings on accountancy in Scotland as well as considerable progress in the arts and sciences. The style, layout and content of the account books is also studied from the point of view of elucidating Scott's domestic financial arrangements and expenditure patterns. These are seen as confirming the insights of Vickery [1998], who posits a liberated role for women such as Mrs Scott in ‘genteel’ households, which Scott's undoubtedly was. The study also establishes that Scott's personal expenditures, and indeed his accounting practices, otherwise conformed to the general patriarchal pattern identified by Davidoff and Hall [1987]. The final part of the article uses what has been discovered about Scott's personal accounting to revisit the question of his financial imprudence (or otherwise) in business. It concludes that Scott's risk-taking in business was not unreasonable, and was informed by his bookkeeping knowledge and practices.
“THE ROARING NINETIES”: A COMMENT ON THE STATE OF ACCOUNTING HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Carnegie Garry D.
Published: June 2017

This comment on a recent contribution by Fleischman and Radcliffe [2005], entitled “The Roaring Nineties: Accounting History Comes of Age,” specifically deals with their cautionary comments on the general condition of accounting history research in the U.S. around the close of that decade. The author contends that public interest in accounting's past is currently strong, especially following the recent corporate scandals and audit failures in the U.S., and points out that accounting history research projects which are of relevance to policy makers and regulators are likely to be both funded and, accordingly, recognized.
THE SEC PREEMPTS THE ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES BOARD IN 1965: THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEFERRED TAX CREDIT RELATING TO INSTALLMENT SALES
Authors: Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2017

In 1959, the Accounting Principles Board (APB) replaced the Committee on Accounting Procedure because the latter was unable to deal forthrightly with a series of important issues. But during the APB's first half-dozen years, its record of achievement was no more impressive than its predecessor's. The chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Manuel F. Cohen, criticized the APB's slow pace and unwillingness to tackle difficult issues. This article discusses the circumstances attending the SEC's issuance of an Accounting Series Release in late 1965 to demonstrate forcefully to the APB that, when it is unable to carry out its responsibility to “narrow the areas of difference” in accounting practice, the SEC is prepared to step in and do so itself. In this sense, the article deals with the tensions between the private and public sectors in the establishment of accounting principles in the U.S. during the mid-1960s. The article makes extensive use of primary resource materials in the author's personal archive, which have not been used previously in published work.
AUDITORS' INDEPENDENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF MONTGOMERY'S AUDITING TEXTBOOKS IN THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Nouri Hossein , Lombardi Danielle
Published: June 2017

This paper presents the progress of auditor independence from a textbook perspective during the 20th century and into the present. It analyzes the multiple editions of Auditing Theory and Practice by Robert Montgomery. The lengthy time span of these editions is divided into several shorter periods based on major changes and developments in auditor independence. Finally, the paper uses several criteria related to auditor independence to review how the Montgomery text covered these changes and developments.
RAY CHAMBERS AND ERNEST WEINWURM – SCHOLARS IN UNISON ON MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
Authors: Dean Graeme W. , Clarke Frank L.
Published: June 2017

Drawing on new evidence (Napier, 2002), we examine how ideas on measurement in accounting developed in the 1950s and 1960s. We show that for the question of measurement to be addressed properly, there is a need to consider the function of accounting. The analysis of private correspondence between Professors Ray Chambers (Sydney University, Australia) and the U.S.'s Ernest Weinwurm (DePaul University, Chicago) reveals that those ideas were nurtured in a way not previously disclosed. We provide unequivocal insights into how the latter, a scholar relatively unknown in accounting, mentored the former through the maturation of Chambers' accounting measurement ideas following his 1955 a “Blueprint for a Theory of Accounting” and 1957 “Detail for a Blueprint” articles, his theory matters in general, and other matters in particular being considered by the profession's standard-setters especially in the U.S. The analysis reinforces the differing notions of what accounting researchers perceived as “scientific,” from the so-called “Golden Age” theorists' [Nelson, 1973] reasoned thinking based on observations of the commercial foundations within which accounting sits, to the narrower notions emerging from theorists within the economic capital-markets paradigm.
CHANGING LEGITIMACY NARRATIVES ABOUT PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND INDEPENDENCE IN THE 1930'S JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTANCY
Authors: Roberts Diane H.
Published: June 2017

The 1930s in the U.S. were marked by an economic crisis, governmental regulatory response, and a significant audit failure. This paper examines the profession's struggle for legitimacy during these times through its choice of narratives regarding professional ethics and independence as revealed in the national professional organization's monthly, the Journal of Accountancy. Initially “ethics is a state-of-mind” or narrative of character was used but transitioned to a more objectively determinable narrative of technique as the decade progressed. To counter governmental regulation, the profession attempted to shift the independence discourse away from regulation of accountants to regulation of client companies.
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN INVESTING IN 1870s AMERICA
Authors: Thompson Joel E.
Published: June 2017

The objectives of this study are to understand better the development of investment practices and the information that was available for those practices during the turbulent decade of the 1870s. This was a time of panic, depression, and manipulations by insiders. Nevertheless, outsiders chose to speculate and invest in corporate securities in Wall Street. Consequently, authors began to provide more specific investment advice, some of which required the use of earnings and other financial-accounting information. This study describes the availability of that information in the books and periodicals in an age dominated by railroad kings.
THE EARLIEST KNOWN TREATISE ON DOUBLE ENTRY BOOKKEEPING BY MARINO DE RAPHAELI
Authors: Sangster Alan
Published: June 2017

Historians of the origins of modern accounting have generally accepted that the earliest known instructional treatise on double entry bookkeeping was the one published by Luca Pacioli in 1494. This paper dispels that view, presenting detailed evidence of an earlier bookkeeping manual from 1475 that has hitherto remained virtually unknown. Using evidence gathered from the text, the paper on which it is written, and the handwriting, this paper speculates on its origins. It also presents an overview of the material taught in that book and compares it with other texts on double entry published up to the mid-16th century. In the course of doing so, a generic bookkeeping curriculum for the period is identified and specialist topics included in the manual from 1475 are noted and discussed. Finally, this paper considers the place of this text in the history of accounting, accounting practice, and accounting education. It concludes that this manual is of major significance in providing insights into how accounting was taught in 15th century Venice, and of which aspects of business it was felt that instruction in double entry was of fundamental importance at that time.
ACCOUNTING TEXTBOOKS AS CHANGE AGENTS: FINNEY'S INTERMEDIATE AND FINNEY AND MILLER'S INTERMEDIATE FROM 1934 TO 1958
Authors: Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2017

This paper undertakes to illustrate how the two leading intermediate accounting textbooks published between the 1930s and 1950s, by Finney and Finney/Miller, regularly critiqued recommended and accepted practice, and proposed innovations, while the tendency in today's textbooks is solely to describe and codify standards and practice and therefore not to stimulate students' and instructors' critical thinking. The author recommends that today's textbook authors should emulate Finney and Finney/Miller.
EVIDENCE OF WEALTH MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL PLANNING BY WOMEN IN 2nd CENTURY CE: CONTRACTS FROM DEAD SEA CAVES
Authors: Bowlin William F. , Reed Stephen
Published: June 2017

This research offers a glimpse into how a few women in the 2nd century CE managed and protected their financial resources to aid in securing their financial future. Our focus is on contractual actions taken by women or their families of this period. We explore contracts from the Babatha and Salome Komaise Archives found in the Dead Sea region to provide insight into how women were able to plan and secure their financial future while at the same time supporting their husbands. These texts provide us with an awareness of the nature of Jewish life around the Dead Sea in ancient times and how the financial future for women might have been safeguarded.
THE INFLUENCE OF PRICE WATERHOUSE & CO. ON THE CAP, THE APB, AND IN THE EARLY YEARS ON THE FASB
Authors: Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2017

Price Waterhouse & Co., for decades the premier public accounting firm in the United States, which audits a large number of “blue chip” companies, has, directly and indirectly, been a large and frequent presence in the U.S. standard-setting arena. It is the purpose of this paper to document this presence and to determine whether it had a discernible effect on the outcomes of the standard setters' deliberations. The conclusion is that, appearances notwithstanding, there has been no evidence of a noticeable effect.
THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) AS INTERMEDIARIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION DECISION TO ADOPT INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: 1973–2002
Authors: Kaya Devrimi , Kirsch Robert J. , Henselmann Klaus
Published: June 2017

This paper analyzes the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as intermediaries in encouraging the European Union (EU) to adopt International Accounting Standards (IAS). Our analysis begins with the 1973 founding of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), and ends with 2002 when the binding EU regulation was approved. We document the many pathways of interaction between European supranational, governmental bodies and the IASC/IASB, as well as important regional NGOs, such as the Union Européenne des Experts Comptables, Économiques et Financiers (UEC), the Groupe d'Etudes des Experts Comptables de la Communauté Économique Européenne (Groupe d'Etudes), and their successor, the Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE). This study investigates, through personal interviews of key individuals involved in making the history of the organizations studied, and an extensive set of primary sources, how NGOs filled key roles in the process of harmonization of international accounting standards.
WANDERING INTO ACCOUNTING—NOTES ON WRITING CAREER
Authors: Paton William A.
Published: June 2017

After urgent invitations by,the editors, W. A. Paton has sent us some recollecions of the circumstances leading to his interest in accounting, and of his experience as a writer in this field. The editors have added a bibliography of his major accounting works, but the list doesn't include data regarding some of the translations mentioned in these reminiscences. Additional information is invited from readers who may be familiar with Paton's writing.
AN 18TH CENTURY ACCOUNTING PROJECTION FROM PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Holmes William
Published: June 2017

A cost study for the 1768 Plymouth Town Meeting.
ACCOUNTING FOR LES FORGES DE SAINT-MAURICE 1730–1736
Authors: Mann Harvey
Published: June 2017

From a capital budget, an operating budget and a partnership agreement prepared almost 250 years ago in New France, a cash Budget and balance sheets are prepared to help in an analysis of the viability of the company. This investigation into the feasibility of the project discloses a quite sophisticated use of managerial accounting. The original partnership failed, but eventually the company became a successful venture.
AN 1870 CORPORATE AUDIT COMMITTEE
Authors: McKee Thomas E.
Published: June 2017

Board of directors' audit committees are becoming an increasingly popular vehicle for enhancing the objectivity and independence of auditors and overseeing the financial information generating process. This is occurring at a time when directors and auditors are facing criticism and increased litigation due to corporate failures and disclosures of illegal or questionable payments.

This article examines the workings of a corporate audit committee that operated in the mid-nineteenth century. The committee functioned as “auditor” for the company since there was no established public accounting profession in the U.S. at that time. They disentangled the financial affairs of the company and probably directly contributed to the replacement of the President of the company. Although the activities of corporate audit committees have changed or evolved considerably through the years, both the 1870 corporate audit committee and modern corporate audit committees have pursued a common goal of achieving accuracy and completeness in corporate financial reports.
PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNTING IN A NINETEENTH CENTURY MERCHANT BANKING HOUSE
Authors: Perkins Edwin J. , Levinson Sherry
Published: June 2017

This article focuses on the contents of two nineteenth-century letters which discuss the allocation of income among the partners of a leading Anglo-American merchant banking firm, the House of Brown. The writers debate alternative methods of valuing assets and determining yearly income. In addition, the handling of doubtful accounts and their subsequent collection is examined. In both letters the writers argue for the development of clearly defined accounting principles and consistency in applying them. These letters reveal that an unusually high degree of financial sophistication had emerged in the merchant banking field by the 1850s.
ASSET VALUATION: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ratcliffe Thomas A. , Munter Paul
Published: June 2017

Asset valuation has been discussed in the accounting and economic literature for most of the twentieth century. In the literature, discussions ranged from advocating only historical costing to the use of current value accounting exclusively. This paper traces the development of theoretical and pragmatic discussions on the topic of asset valuation.
PUBLIC ACCOUNTING IN 1929
Authors: Mayer-Sommer Alan P.
Published: June 2017

Shortly before the beginning of the Great Depression, certified public accountants were struggling for both an acceptable definition of their role as well as professional recognition. This paper describes the environment in which CPAs worked as well as their concerns. Areas reviewed include training and entry into the field, ethical and legal standards, conduct of practice, financial rewards, professional concerns, and perceptions of the future. The purpose of the paper is to increase our appreciation of the challenges and opportunities facing CPAs in 1929.
THE NEW YORK SCHOOL ACCOUNTING — A BEGINNING
Authors: Slocum Elliott L. , Roberts Alfred R.
Published: June 2017

Current developments in accounting education are the result of the vision and efforts of the early-pioneers in public accounting practice. Clearly these accountants wanted to elevate public accounting to a professional level. Their belief that collegiate accounting training was the foundation on which to build the profession of public accountancy led to the establishment of the New York School of Accounts. The New York School of Accounts was a success though it operated for only one year. It illustrated a commitment to education and undoubtedly influenced the later development of university and college accounting programs.
FOUR SCHOOLS OF EUROPEAN ACCOUNTING THOUGHT
Authors: Filios Vassilios P.
Published: June 2017

A feature of the history of accounting thought is the existence of contending theories of accounts in continental Europe. Four schools of accounting thought developed and are here briefly examined.
MAY AND PATON: TWO GIANTS REVISITED
Authors: Stabler Henry Francis , Dressel Norman X.
Published: June 2017

The paper presents a synopsis of the principles and theoretical dispositions of May and Paton on selected areas of accounting; in particular, income determination and valuation.
VANISHING ACCOUNTING JOURNALS DUE TO PAPER DETERIORATION: A LABORATORY STUDY
Authors: Stiner Frederic M. , Williams John C. , Sclawy Adrian
Published: June 2017

Many accounting documents and journals disintegrate every year due to the acidic quality of paper used in them. Using the laboratory of the Office of Preservation of the Library of Congress, certain accounting journals were analyzed for their acidic or alkaline paper. Journals printed on acidic paper, such as the Accounting Historians Journal and the Accounting Review can be expected to disintegrate quickly. Journals printed on alkaline paper, such as the Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance and Taxation for Accountants should last for centuries. Historians wishing to preserve material appearing in acidic journals should photocopy on alkaline paper or use microfilm.
HISTORY OF LIFO
Authors: Davis Harry Zvi
Published: June 2017

The history of LIFO illustrates the interplay of taxes and the general acceptance of accounting principles. In this paper, the gradual acceptance of LIFO in the United States is traced. The study focuses on both the theoretical evolution of LIFO and its acceptance by taxing authorities and accountants.
CARMAN G. BLOUGH: HIS PERSONALITY AND FORMATIVE YEARS
Authors: Scott Richard A. , Ward Elizabeth G.
Published: June 2017

The article briefly explores the personality and psychological makeup of Carman G. Blough and discusses some experiences during his formative years that made Blough the person he was.