bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Relationship between Criminological Research and Policy:
Authors: SEBBA LESLIE
Published: March 2007

The past two decades have seen a growing interest in the topic of crime victims. This has been reflected in intensive legislative activity and policy reforms, accompanied by a not inconsiderable body of research. The question arises, however, as to whether and to what extent there is any connection between the policy reforms and the research. This question arises, of course, in other areas of criminological policy—as, indeed, in other areas of social policy. Thus crime victims may be seen as a case study for the analysis of a more general issue.

The current article attempts to evaluate how far criminological policy in general, and victim policy in particular, is research driven. The same issue is then approached from another perspective: what are the factors that influence policy making, and what, if any, is the role of research in this? This analysis is followed by a review of the findings of victim research, in order to indicate their implications for victim policy, in the event of such policy becoming research oriented.1
Advocacy in Nursing
Authors: Blackmore Ros
Published: March 2007

There has been an interest in nurse advocacy since the 1970s and recently there has been an increase in the nursing literature regarding this controversial subject. There has, however, been very little research into the nurse advocate role, particularly in learning disability nursing. This qualitative study explored the perceptions of eight learning disability nurses about their advocacy role, using semi-structured interviews. Six key categories were identified: nurses' understandings of advocacy, conditions that initiated advocacy actions, factors that enhance and factors that limit nurse advocacy, conflicts for nurse advocates and the consequences of nurse advocacy. The key finding was that nurses used the term `advocacy' to describe a variety of activities that are underpinned by the opposing ethical principles of autonomy and paternalism. This confusion, also apparent in current nursing policy, indicates an urgent need for learning disability nurses to debate the issue of nurse advocacy and influence policy in this crucial area.
An Examination of the Severe Impairment Battery as a Measure of Cognitive Decline in Clients with Down's Syndrome
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Harte Cyan , Sinclair Elaine , Matheson Edith , Patrick Shona , Murray George C.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the validity of the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) as a tool for measuring cognitive decline in clients with Down's syndrome. Two groups participated: 10 clients who showed behavioural decline over at least a 2 year period as measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, and 14 clients who showed no decline on this measure over the same period. No differences were found between the two groups in relation to health or life factors which may have impacted on functional and cognitive decline. The deteriorating group were found to be significantly older than the non-deteriorating group. The comparison of the SIB scores indicated that the deteriorating group showed a significant decline between baseline and 12 months and baseline and 24 months on the orientation factor. By contrast, for the non-deteriorating group, significant increases were found for praxis, orientating to name and total scores.
Partial Employees and Consumers
Authors: Manolis Chris , Meamber Laurie A. , Winsor Robert D. , Brooks Charles M.
Published: March 2007

This analysis aims to highlight the impact of both ‘partial employees’ and ‘partial consumers’ on the service delivery process. Effective service delivery often requires the participation of the customer. Accordingly, the customer may be conceptualized as a partial employee. Further, service employees may ‘consume’ their roles and duties as providers of service. Although the services literature has developed the notion of the partial employee to some extent, the concept is not developed within a comprehensive, theoretical framework. And, the portrayal of service employees as consumers (i.e. partial consumers) is largely undeveloped. As an emergent cultural philosophy, postmodernism offers a basis for developing a framework incorporating the notion of the partial employee, as well as an understanding of the effects and contributions of other service participants (i.e. service providers) as partial consumers. The implications of treating the consumer as partial employee and the employee as partial consumer in the delivery of the service experience are many. For instance, this notion inspires an expanded view of service exchange as a productive (consumptive) moment, which, in turn, requires a shift in orientation from an emphasis that considers only managing the functional benefits that the service provides to managing both employees and consumer alike.
Equality and Diversity
Authors: Kukathas Chandran
Published: March 2007

The foundations of human inequality lie in the fact of human diversity, or in the human tendency to differentiate from some while associating with others to form groups. The diversity which results from association and differentiation makes equality unattainable. Diversity and equality are incompatible, and attempts to promote one can only be made at the expense of the other. In these circumstances, we should abandon the ideal of equality as incapable of offering us an adequate understanding of the nature of the good society.
Utilitarianism’s Bad Breath? A Re-Evaluation of the Public Interest Justification for Planning
Authors: Campbell Heather , Marshall Robert
Published: March 2007

The legitimization of planning has, in the period since the Second World War, rested on the proposition that the state’s intervention in land and property development is necessary to safeguard the public interest against private and sectional interests. What constitutes the public interest has always been contentious but its value as a legitimizing concept has increasingly been called into question in the recent past for the reason that it cannot be given operational meaning either by those who make policy or by those who evaluate it. The purpose of this article is to explore the ‘public interest’ justification of planning and whether it has outlived its usefulness in an increasingly fragmented society. Following an introduction, the argument is presented in three stages. First, we explore the concept of ‘interests’ in the modern period. Second, we consider the way in which the ‘public interest’ has been regarded in the planning literature. Third, an evaluative framework is established which distinguishes deontological as well as consequentialist conceptualizations of the public interest through which we seek to demonstrate that it remains the pivot around which debates concerning the role and purpose of planning must revolve.
Constructing an Image: The Urban Village Concept in the UK
Authors: Franklin Bridget , Tait Malcolm
Published: March 2007

The concept of the urban village was first promoted by the Urban Villages Group in the late 1980s as a means to achieve more human scale, mixed-use and well-designed places. The term urban village has since entered the planning discourse, and a number of developments known as urban villages have appeared across the country. This article draws on ongoing research into the phenomenon of the urban village, and focuses on the origins, definitions, and meanings given to the term in the literature, in interviews with key players, in planning documentation and in the professional press. It appears that the urban village concept is variously interpreted and applied depending on the context in which it is used, and on the knowledge, role and interests of the individual reflecting on the term. The article will attempt to unravel the significance of this, while also drawing some conclusions about how concepts frame, and are framed by, prevailing discourses.
Political Education for a Polity of Dissensus
Authors: Kettler David
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to state a case for Karl Mannheim as an interlocutor no less important than Michael Oakeshott for an inquiry into the manner and purpose of teaching politics. Beginning with Max Weber, I develop an account of Karl Mannheim as a prime contender for Weber's legacy in political education, along with two contemporaries, Albert Salomon and Hans Freyer, whose contrasting appropriations of the legacy will highlight important elements that distinguish Mannheim's approach from the stereotype into which Oakeshott would be inclined to cast it. This treatment will offer an understanding of the issues in political education that will give ample reason to give preference to Mannheim's reading of the contrast between himself and Oakeshott and substantial support for the conclusions he derives for the design and point of political education. Mannheim's surprisingly modest conclusions are closer to the `scepticism' with which Oakeshott credited himself in his inaugural lecture, as he ironically apologized for the contrast with his predecessors, than to the rather shallow prophetic convictions of Graham Wallas and Harold Laski, which Oakeshott attacks. Unlike Oakeshott, however, he recognizes not only the urgencies of a conflict where tradition is only one of the parties but also the justice of impatient contenders against an order that persistently does them harm. The need is not to take up a conversation, but to cultivate a `platform' for negotiated settlements; and this political task is the educational work of intellectuals, who must nevertheless never presume to rule.
Back To the Historical Jesus Through Paul and His School (the Ransom Logion—Mark 10.45; Matthew 20.28)
Authors: Riesner Rainer
Published: March 2007

Luke knew the Ransom logion (Mk 10.45/Mt. 20.28) from his special tradition. In the ethical context of Jesus' farewell address, Luke (22.27) re placed it by another word of Jesus. But at three other prominent places Luke made use of parts of the Ransom logion. The introduction is cited in Lk. 19.10. According to Luke, Paul referred to the Ransom logion in his farewell address at Miletus in a sacrificial (Acts 20.28) and in an ethical (Acts 20.35) dimension, thus showing the apostle to be a true follower of Jesus. Reminiscences of the Ransom logion can be found in two other texts of the Pauline school with possible connections to Luke (Col. 1.13-14; 1 Tim. 2.5-6). Already Paul knew the Ransom logion. With some kind of introductory formula he gives its substance in 1 Cor. 9.19-23 and 10.33— 11.1 and there are other probable (1 Cor. 7.22-23; Phil. 2.7; Rom. 5.15) or possible (Gal. 1.4; 1.10; 2.17, 20; 3.13; 4.5; Rom. 15.8-9) allusions. The Ransom logion might have played a role in the dispute between Paul and Peter at Antioch (Gal. 2.17-21) around 48 and apparently has shaped the pre-Pauline credal formula in 1 Cor. 15.3-5 in the 30s. All this strengthens the trust in the authenticity of the Ransom logion. The tradition history of this particular logion might offer some general insights in the different streams of the Jesus tradition in the early Church.
Zerubbabel and Ezra: a Revived and Revised Solomon and Josiah? a Survey of Current 1 Esdras Research
Authors: De Troyer Kristin
Published: March 2007

After an introduction into the history of the research, this article reviews commentaries and studies written in the 1980s on Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles, focusing on 1 Esdras. It reviews the contributions dealing with 1 Esdras that were written in the 1990s, then offers some remarks on Qumran research and Ezra Studies. This article presents the author's perspective: that the author of the Vorlage of 1 Esdras compiled the story using 2 Chronicles 35-37, Ezra-Nehemiah, and 2 Kings 22 and its paral lels. The author of 1 Esdras inserted the Three Youths Story, reorganized the letters, added Nehemiah 8, and presented the authorial perspective in 1 Esd. 1.21-22, offering an alternative to the biblical Ezra-Nehemiah story.
Social Construction Research and Theory Building
Authors: Turnbull Sharon
Published: March 2007

The problem and the solution. This chapter presents theory building from a social constructionist perspective. It asks what constitutes theory for a social constructionist and compares the assumptions made within this paradigm with those embedded in quantitative research. The chapter then offers an eightstep approach to theory building, at the same time as illustrating this approach with an example taken from the author’s own research. Finally, the chapter offers a discussion of the legitimacy and a critique of this approach.
How Managers Learn in the Knowledge Era
Authors: Dechant Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Self-directed learning ought to be natural, but questions have been raised about people's capacity to carry it out and about the support organizations can and should provide for it By comparing self- directed learning by managers in two studies conducted approximately a decade apart, the author shows that such learning is not easy and has been made even more complex by the changing nature of managerial work The author describes an effective way to look at planning, implementing, and evaluating self-directed learning, using an open-systems framework She also explores challenges to self- directed learning from technology, the increasing speed of decision making in organizations, and the need to manage a decentralized workforce
Limitations of Experimental Evaluation of Batterer Programs
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

Most previous evaluations of batterer programs have been quasi-experimental designs or evaluations with no comparison group. Two recent experimental evaluations attempted more rigorous science and produced little or no evidence of program effect for conventional batterer counseling compared to a control group. These experimental evaluations must be viewed with caution because of methodological limitations of their own. As with many experimental evaluations, there were difficulties in implementing the random assignment of subjects and reliance on an intention-to-treat approach amid substantial dropout rates. Also, the response rates to the follow-up are relatively low, leaving one study to use probation records rather than victim reports for the outcome. Other studies have shown the influence of a variety of contextual factors on program outcome. There are alternative analytical methods and research designs to address some of these problems. These alternatives, along with practitioner and clinical experience, need to be weighed in the balance.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Traumatized Children
Authors: COHEN JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

The use of psychopharmacologic interventions for children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related conditions is becoming increasingly widespread despite little empirical evidence that supports this trend. This article reviews the current research concerning the efficacy of psychotropic medications for childhood PTSD and discusses the clinical, research, and policy implications of this literature.
Eradicating Domestic Violence in the African American Community
Authors: BENT-GOODLEY TRICIA B.
Published: March 2007

Though all cultural, religious, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic groups experience domestic violence, people of color continue to be largely ignored in domestic violence literature. African Americans sustain serious and lethal injuries as a result of domestic violence. Domestic violence poses a grave threat to the preservation of African American families and communities. In an effort to create an agenda for further discussion, this article provides a critical analysis of the current literature on domestic violence in the African American community, identifies gaps in knowledge, and discusses an action agenda to help eradicate domestic violence.
Consumer Protection in Health Care
Authors: Smith Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This article traces the evolution of the consciousness that has occurred relative to consumer protection and quality in health care, discussing the 1997 Advisory Commission Report on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry. The end result of the commission deliberations was the Consumer Bill of Rights that addresses explicit consumer rights and cover information disclosure and privacy, choice of providers and plans, access to emergency care, participation in treatment decisions, respect and nondiscrimination, confidentiality of health information, and complaints and appeals. Once the bill was finalized, the Clinton administration began actively working to implement the new patient protections. Congressional activity also accelerated and took the form of managed care patient protections and ultimately managed care reform. The author presents and analyzes a number of the bills that have been introduced in the 106th Congress, and provides a summary of legislative activity relative to managed care reform.
Revisiting Midterm Loss
Authors: RUDALEVIGE ANDREW
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of midterm loss—the drop in the midterm congressional vote for the president's party from its level 2 years prior—is more than a century old and counting. Some see this as a predictable referendum on the president's performance to date. Others argue that the referendum model does not hold up over time; still others, using survey data, find scant evidence for “pocketbook” voting in congressional elections. The data in this article escape reliance on a tiny sample of postwar midterms by using state-level data to test variants of the referendum hypothesis. They indicate no significant connection between state-level income change and the state's midterm vote. However, consistent with the referendum hypothesis, national income change and presidential approval have a strong overall impact, though this impact has declined markedly since the mid-1970s. Short-term lagged vote variables and measures of congressional incumbency have grown stronger over time.
Politics, Corruption, and Political Culture
Authors: Peters John G. , Welch Susan
Published: March 2007

Using as a data base 441 American state legislators, the authors explore the relationship of state political cultures to legislative attitudes toward corruption. Three measures of corruption are exammed: perception of acts as being corrupt, support for other officials engaged in corrupt acts, and perceived frequency of corruption m one's own state legislature. After controlling for other factors thought to be important in explaining political corruption, the authors find that compared to other legislators, legislators from states identified as "moralistic" are less tolerant of corruption and perceive that it is lower in frequency.
Patterns of Party Competition
Authors: Broh C. Anthony , Levine Mark S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents several patterns of partisan competition suggested by an interplay of long-term and short-term forces in the political system. By applying constraints to the forces, one can note the effects on the temporal properties of party competition. Each pattern has an analogue in the political parties literature and a statistical procedure for its identification. Four patterns of party competition are considered: (1) a noncompetitive pattern, (2) a trend pattern, (3) a cyclic pattern, and (4) a Poisson pattern. Using time series data on the occurrence of partisan change events for the U.S. presidency and state governorships, the authors note several expectations of the patterns.
The Selection of Committee Leaders in the House of Representatives
Authors: Parker Glenn R.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the procedure for selecting committee leaders in the House of Representatives. Since this procedure provides for the election of committee leaders each Congress, membership evaluations of committee chairpersons have become critical in determining committee leadership. Leadership evaluation involves performance and personal appraisal. Performance appraisal reflects membership concern with the func tioning of the committees, whereas personal appraisal entails the application of a more personal set of criteria to the evaluation of committee leaders. The analysis uses two independent data sources: interviews with a random sample of 40 congressional Demo crats during the second session of the Ninety-Fourth Congress, and aggregate data relating to the characteristics of the incumbent committee leaders and the performance of their committees. These data sources complement one another and provide the opportunity for multiple confirmation of the conclusions reached in the analysis. Both the interview and aggregate data establish the centrality of performance concerns, especially leadership fairness, to the evaluation and selection of committee leaders.
The Impact of Unemployment on Congressional Elections 1958-1974
Authors: Kenski Henry C.
Published: March 2007

Bivariate tabulations uncover relationships between the high rates of change in and high rates of unemployment and the percentage of states experiencing gains in the U.S. House Democratic percentage vote during the period 1958-1974. Efforts to establish linear relationships between these unemployment measures and either the percentage of the Democratic vote or the interelection change in the Democratic vote produced null results. The failure to discover consistent and meaningful relationships through these modes of analysis suggests that the political impact of unemployment may not be linear. Reasons are advanced as to why unemployment, while not unimportant, appears to have been less potent in more recent elections than previously assumed.
White Enrollment Loss
Authors: Morgan David R. , England Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The effect of school desegregation on white enrollment losses is assessed for 43 large school districts that desegregated between 1968 and 1976. The impact of desegregation is considered within a theoretical framework in which predictor variables are grouped into three basic categories-exit, voice, and loyalty. Several exit-related variables proved to be important contributors to white enrollment decline measured both at the year of desegregation implementation and for an average three-year period thereafter. Desegregation-yearwhite losses were primarily the result of percentage minority in the district, desegregation change, size of district, and predesegregation enrollment decline. The only nonexit variable to reach statistical significance was desegregation resistance. Postdesegregation white student outmigration was affected by substantially similar forces except that predesegregation enrollment change was not important.
The Effect of Political Structures On the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Urban City Council Members
Authors: Bledsoe Timothy , Welch Susan
Published: March 2007

The merits and drawbacks of different kinds of political structures are frequently debated and much less frequently subjected to empirical tests. In this article we explore some hypotheses concerning the effects of nonpartisanship and at-large elections on the income and education levels of those elected to city councils. Using a nationwide data base of nearly 1000 council members, we find that our hypotheses concerning the impacts of the "reform" institutions are confirmed to a modest extent.
Change in Party Identification
Authors: Lockerbie Brad
Published: March 2007

In the past few years, a new direction has been taken in the study of economics and politics. Researchers have begun to focus on the role of prospective economic evaluations. The research presented here applies the prospective model to changes in partisanship. Regardless of the time period examined, these prospective economic evaluations exert an important influence on party identification. Individuals change their partisanship in response to their expectations concerning the ability of the parties to provide financial prosperity. These findings indicate that previous examinations of the electorate have understated the rationality of the populace, and, accordingly, previous theories of political behavior are in need of revision.
Rules as "Unseen Participants"
Authors: Southwell Priscilla L.
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the likely consequences of recent rule changes within the Democratic Party, specifically, the decision to require proportional representation in the 1992 primaries and caucuses and to reduce the number of superdelegates. Analysis of statewide data from the 1984 primaries and caucuses shows that the front-runner, Walter Mondale, was the prime beneficiary of the rules due to his overwhelming support among unpledged superdelegates and his more than proportional share of delegates won with a plurality of votes in caucuses and primaries. The combined impact of the allocation system and the use of superdelegates is such that the application of the 1992 rules to the 1984 race could have changed the outcome of the Democratic nomination.
Toward an Integrated Model of Judicial Voting Behavior
Authors: Hall Melinda Gann , Brace Paul
Published: March 2007

This article is an initial step toward the development of an integrated model of judicial decision making. The study synthesizes elements derived from contextual and attitudinal perspectives by application of a neo-institutional perspective. The neo-institutional approach emphasizes the interaction of environmental forces and individual preferences with institutional rules and structures. Judicial voting on death penalty cases from 1980 to 1988 in four states are examined employing pooled probit analysis. The results indicate that institutional rules are important influences on judicial choice.
Prosecutorial Discretion and Press Coverage
Authors: Haynie Stacia L. , Dover Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

The vast majority of criminal court cases are settled through the plea-bargaining process; only a few actually reach the trial stage. Previous research suggests a significant relationship between greater press coverage and plea-bargaining behavior. The authors seek to understand the effect of press coverage on the prosecutor's decision to try the case. They study the dispositions of homicides for an 11-year period (1980-1990) for a southwestern city of average population (120,000) that spans the tenure of three district attorneys. The relationship between the political agenda of the prosecutor and the disposition of murders is not as clear as previous research suggests. No significant relationships are found between press coverage and the disposition of the case.
State Legislative Elections
Authors: Jewell Malcolm E.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes research that has been done on state legislative elections since the ICPSR released computer files of these elections for the 1968-1986 period. The major topics include incumbent success, the effect of national trends, electoral causes of divided government, effects of districting systems on outcomes, and campaign finance. Suggestions are made for further research, and some of the methodological problems of such research are discussed. Particular attention is given to the need for merging these data with other electoral and contextual data. This is difficult because these data are seldom broken down by legislative district. There is a need to more clearly distinguish between incumbent advantages and the partisan control of districts in explaining incumbent success—an issue that raises methodological problems.
Reading the Political Tea Leaves
Authors: Holbrook Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Building on the work of previous forecasters, I develop a model of presidential elections that deviates from earlier work by including a measure of aggregate personal finances. The results of the analysis indicate a highly accurate model and predict a Democratic victory in 1996. The discussion of findings emphasizes that, although the model predicts a Democratic victory, caution should be exercised before concluding that the outcome is cast in stone or that the campaign cannot make a difference.
The Boundary Approach of Competence: A Constructivist Aid for Understanding and Using the Concept of Competence
Authors: Stoof Angela , Martens Rob L. , van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. , Bastiaens Theo J.
Published: March 2007

Although competence is an important concept in human resource development and education, there is no theoretical framework for competence. This article focuses on the development of such a theoretical framework. It proposes the boundary approach ofcompetence, an aid to support human resource managers and educationalists in thinking about the concept of competence and in defining it properly. Here, the concept of competence is being explored by focusing on its dimensions and by identifying differences with related terms. The boundary approach of competence heavily depends on a constructivist point ofview. This holds that the quest for one absolute meaning of competence is being abandoned and that instead competence definitions are being valued against their degree of viability. This article proposes three variables for enhancing viability: people, goal and context.
A Walking Stick for a Pure Akinesia Patient
Authors: Asahi Takashi , Hirashima Yutaka , Hamada Hideo , Shibata Takashi , Ikeda Hiroaki , Endo Shunro
Published: March 2007

We describe a 63-year-old female patient with pure akinesia whose gait was fa cilitated by a handmade converted walking stick. A posterior ventral pallidotomy had been performed, but it did not alleviate symptoms. Her husband made a walking stick with a wire loop at the bottom, perpendicular to the walking direction. When the patient stepped over the loop, the frozen gait was improved. This converted walking stick is easily made and inexpensive. Although the walking stick did not improve the patient's gait radically, use of the converted walking stick effectively improved the patient's daily life because successful treatment of pure akinesia cannot be established.
The Anglican Church of Australia and Indigenous Australians: The Case of the Mitchell River Mission
Authors: Freier Philip L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the early development of the Mitchell River Mission and explores how the missionary agenda developed in response to external circumstances. Even though the missionaries espoused a strong commitment to the land and cultural rights of Aborigines they quickly developed institutional practices in the Mission that seemed more designed for control than freedom. The Mitchell River Mission raises questions about Anglican identity especially in its form of expression in cross-cultural situations of frontier mission.
Polycarbonate/Pvdc Coextrusion Development
Authors: Macy Richard J.
Published: March 2007

A new polycarbonate (PC) resin with a lower processing temperature (215°C) has been developed to make possible the coextrusion of PC with polyvinylidene chloride copolymers (PVDC) with minimal degradation. Data confirm that the resulting sheet can be used for high barrier thermoformed packages which must undergo steam or retort sterilization.
Heatsealability of Flexible Web Materials in Hot-Bar Sealing Applications
Authors: Theller H.W.
Published: March 2007

Heatsealability of flexible web materials is critical to the economics of their use on commercial form-fill-seal machines. Our objective was to determine which factors in the heatsealing process affect seal strength significantly and should be included when testing for heatsealability A recently-available precision laboratory heat sealer was used to study the response of low density polyethylene (LDPE) coextruded film and high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate-polybutylene (HDPE/EVA-PB) coextruded film to sealing die configuration, plus the usual variables of temperature, time and pressure. Interface temperature and dwell time were confirmed as primary factors in controlling heatseal strength. Pressure normal to the seal surface had little effect above the level required to flatten the web for good contact. Serrated dies moderately improved seal strength of HDPE/EVA-PB at high die force, but had no advantage with LDPE. Variables in measuring seal strength were critical in interpreting results, particularly with serrated dies Results were gen erally compatible with the theory of chain-end diffusion.
Water Borne Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives With Improved Humidity Resistance
Authors: Coolbaugh Thomas S. , Lombardi Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

A binary latex system is described which meets several target criteria as a pressure sensitive adhesive on untreated polyester: improved humidity resistance (approx. 50% peel retention after seven days in a high humidity environment), good film clarity before and after humidity aging, no transfer failure mode and good cohe sive strength. A comparison is made to commercial acrylic latex material either fully formulated or as a binary system employing a new latex component as well. Superior performance is found with the new binary system in most performance areas.
Scale-Up and Processing-Structure-Property Analysis of the Blown Film Process
Authors: Sukhadia Ashish M.
Published: March 2007

Blown film processing is an important but very complex process. A blown film scale-up strategy proposed earlier by T. Kanai et al. was revisited in this work. The blown film process was scaled up very successfully using that strategy. Furthermore, the strategy is shown by this work to be independent of resin or polymer type, die size, die gap and extrusion differences such as die and extruder shear rates provided that all of the other criteria set by the strategy are fulfilled. Using bubble kinematics it was found that the principal strain rate profiles in the machine and transverse directions and the cooling rate pro files were largely similar under the scale-up conditions. High resolution scan ning electron micrographs showed that the stacked lamellar morphology that is developed under scale-up conditions is also largely similar-resulting in equivalent film properties. Lastly, some trends between the strain rates, mor phology and film properties are suggested.
Extensional Behavior of Common Geomembrane Materials
Authors: Hoffman William A. , Rhee Seung J. , Nicholas Anthony
Published: March 2007

Extensional behavior, broadly interpreted, is of major impor tance in the selection of geomembrane materials for certain applications. Ex tensional behavior is also not a single attribute, but a collection, requiring a suite of tests to assess the performance of each material. Results of such assess ments are presented for four types of geomembrane materials, and are used to develop a few fundamental and practical conclusions.
Nationalism and Citizenship
Authors: McCrone David , Kiely Richard
Published: March 2007

Nationality and citizenship are frequently confused but analytically distinct concepts. In the context of the United Kingdom they are especially problematic, for state identity (British) and national identities (English, Scottish, Welsh, etc.) have evolved in a highly implicit manner since the state was formed in the eighteenth century. The development of multiculturalism in the second half of the twentieth century adds to this complexity and diversity. At the end of the twentieth century, nation, state and society are increasingly differentiated, presenting particular problems for sociology whose orthodoxies usually treat them as synonymous. Today, fewer societies can be described as `nation-states'. On the other hand, the United Kingdom is a multi-national and multi-cultural state in which ethnic and national identities sit uneasily alongside citizenship or state identity. Compared with modern republican states such as the United States or France, as well as Germany, the United Kingdom faces particular challenges to its historically implicit and complex set of political, territorial and ethnic identities.
Debating Labour Process Theory: The Issue of Subjectivity and the Relevance of Poststructuralism
Authors: O'Doherty Damian , Willmott Hugh
Published: March 2007

This paper locates labour process theory in broader sociological debates concerned with the action-structure dualism before examining three broad programmes for research that have emerged in response to the question of subjectivity and agency. Whereas the `orthodox' school tends to re-assert the structuralist and economistic features of Marx, the `anti-realist' or deconstructionist position invites the abandonment of analysis that has traditionally been orientated by the polarities of `structure' and `agency'. We identify and develop a third, `hybrid position', one that is informed by poststructuralist insights but does not neglect or reject established traditions of `modern' sociology and labour process research. Critical examinations of two recent studies of `subjectivity and the labour process' - Mike Sosteric's (1996) case study of a night club and Douglas Ezzy's (1997) paper on `good work' - are undertaken to show how poststructuralist insights may offer an instructive way of understanding how subjectivity is co-implicated in the accomplishment and reproduction of capitalist employment relations.
Dollars are a Girl's Best Friend? Female Tourists' Sexual Behaviour in the Caribbean
Authors: Taylor Jacqueline Sánchez
Published: March 2007

Though increasingly a focus of both political concern and academic research, `sex tourism' is a difficult term to define. This article presents both quantitative and qualitative data on the sexual behaviour and attitudes of single and/or unaccompanied heterosexual female tourists in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica. In so doing it aims to contribute to the body of research evidence on the phenomenon, as well as to highlight some of the conceptual problems associated with existing analyses of both `sex tourism' and `romance tourism'. It calls for the development of a theoretical model of sex tourism which can accommodate both the diversity of tourist-related sexual-economic exchanges which take place in economically underdeveloped countries and the complexity of the power relations that underpin them.
Nation-Building, Social Closure and Anti-Traveller Racism in Ireland
Authors: Mac Laughlin Jim
Published: March 2007

This paper examines relations between `tinkers', or `Travellers', and settled society in Ireland since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the racialisation and defamation of Travellers then reached new heights with the development of a rural fundamentalist nationalism which fused with Social Darwinism and caused Travellers to be treated as social anachronisms in an increasingly settled and sanitised society. This in turn meant that Travellers were located outside the moral and political structures of the Irish state and placed at the `hostile' end of a continuum running from tradition to modernity. As a result of renewed modernisation through industrialisation in the 1970s through to the 1990s, new strategies of social closure have emerged which are causing Travellers to be located at the outer edges of Irish society. The paper finally suggests that the constant structuring and restructuring of economy and space in Ireland have fostered `fortress' mentalities here. This is aggravating divisions, both at national and local level, between subaltern Travellers and hegemonic sectors in Irish society.
Porous Texture of CuO Prepared from Copper Oxalate Precursor
Authors: Nickolov Radostin N. , Donkova Boryana V. , Milenova Katya I. , Mehandjiev Dimitar R.
Published: March 2007

The porous texture of CuO obtained from CuC2O4 • 0.5H2O as a precursor, as well as the interconnection between the texture of the initial oxalate and that of the copper oxide obtained, has been studied by physisorption, XRD, XPS and SEM methods.

The dimensions of the particle aggregates and the crystalline particles were altered as a consequence of the thermal decomposition of CuC2O4 • 0.5H2O to CuO, and this led to an increase of ca. 1.5-times in the specific surface of the CuO obtained relative to that of the initial substance. The comparatively non-uniform sizes of the intra-aggregate mesopores in CuC2O4 • 0.5H2O were transformed into considerably smaller intra-aggregate mesopores in CuO. A finite increase in the volume of the intra-crystallite pores in CuO was also observed, although this did not change the average size of the intra-crystallite pores in the oxide obtained nor the character of the pore-size distribution with respect to the starting material.

In addition, as a result of the thermal decomposition of CuC2O4 • 0.5H2O, the mesoporosity of the prepared oxide also developed. However, the CuO component retained the textural type characteristic of the initial CuC2O4 • 0.5H2O.
Sorption Behaviour of Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Haro River Sand
Authors: Ahmed Riaz , Yamin Tayyaba , Ansari M. Shahid , Hasany Syed Moosa
Published: March 2007

The sorption of lead(II) ions onto Haro river sand has been studied using voltammetric methods as well as the effect of different acid concentrations on the sorption process. The maximum sorption of Pb(II) ions onto the adsorbent surface was achieved from de-ionized water. It was found that the sorption data could be fitted by the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. Values of 1/n = 0.71 ± 0.003 and of A = 15.4 ± 6.86 mmol/g were estimated from the Freundlich isotherm while the D–R isotherm gave β = −0.00478 ± 0.00022 mol2/kJ2, Xm = 23.26 ± 0.10 × 05−2 mmol/g and E = 10.23 ± 0.23 kJ/mol. The influence of temperature on the sorption process over the temperature range 283–323 K under optimized conditions yielded ΔH0 = 24.87 ± 0.44 kJ/mol, ΔS0 = 95.8 ± 1.5 J/(mol K) and ΔG0 = −3.6 ± 0.02 kJ/mol at 298 K. These values demonstrate the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the sorption process. The addition of chloride, calcium or zinc ions to the system enhanced the sorption of Pb(II) ions whereas the corresponding addition of sulphate, cadmium, copper(II) or chromium(III) ions tended to reduce the extent of sorption.
James Harvey Robinson: Historlan As Adult Educator
Authors: Rohfeld Rae Wahl
Published: March 2007

James Harvey Robinson became a leader in adult education by virtue of his role as a founder and teacher of the New School for Social Research, as a writer of popular history, and as a contributor to the Journal of Adult Education. Robinson believed that history taught how the present evolved from the past and how people could consciously improve the future. This view of history contained within it a rationale and a content for adult education. Robinson's thought illustrates the social change tradition in adult education and is an example of the intellectual links between adult education and pre-existing disciplines.
Religion and Education
Authors: Hunt Rolfe Lanier
Published: March 2007

Sunday schools, vacation church schools, summer camps and conferences, released time, and church-related elementary and secondary day schools are the principal programs for religious instruction in the United States today. A trend toward more nonpublic schools on the elementary and secondary levels can be observed. An opposite trend can be observed in higher education. Organized attempts are being made to co-ordinate efforts in religious education made in the home and by mass communications media with the efforts of the churches and the major faiths. In a broad sense, no institution which permits or encourages the discussion of ultimate values is without a religious aspect. The public schools, therefore, are brought within the pale of the discussion of religion and education. An intelligent appraisal of the needs of the United States for religious education, narrowly or broadly understood, requires answers to questions which have not yet been researched.
Values and Society in Revolutionary America
Authors: Greene Jack P.
Published: March 2007

The original principles and values of the American Republic and how they were rooted in and were re flections of the particular social conditions in early America are the subjects of this paper. The foundation of the "Ameri can science of politics" was a hardheaded and realistic view of human nature. The founding fathers saw America as having in its power the ability to begin the world over by discover ing the "constant and universal principles" of government. What emerged from America's adaptation of the body of theory and tradition available was a system that was dis tinctively American. The American system incorporated the concept of the natural rights of man, existing independently of government. The government was limited by constitutions and by its representative nature; it was to be responsive and responsible to the people. The sovereignty resided within the people themselves. America would be safe from the tyranny of a majority faction by its multiplicity of interests. The primary purpose of government, according to the Declaration, was to secure man's inalienable rights—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—and other values sought were unity and public virtue. These values expressed and reflected the social conditions of early America.
Judicial Review: Its Influence Abroad
Authors: Kommers Donald P.
Published: March 2007

The doctrine of judicial review, having been nourished in a legal culture and socio-political environment favorable to its growth, is America's most distinctive contri bution to constitutional government. Judicial review as historically practiced in the United States was duly recorded abroad, with varying degrees of influence and acceptability. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the influence of judicial review was most conspicuous in Latin America, where it was adopted as an articulate principle of numerous national constitutions, while most European na tions consciously rejected it as incompatible with the prevail ing theory of separation of powers. Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, although marginally influenced by the American experience, developed, as did several commonwealth nations, their own variants of judicial review. Since World War II, judicial review has emerged as a governing principle, partly in response to the excesses of prewar popular democracies, in the constitutions of many countries, including those of emergent nations of Asia and Africa. But in nearly all of these new nations, including Latin American nations, judi cial review has not developed into an effective instrument of limited government. On the other hand, it has worked well in Japan, West Germany, and Italy, whose postwar constitu tions were strongly influenced by the United States. Recent experience shows that judicial review works best in advanced, middle-class societies firmly committed to the idea of limited government.
Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Boston 1830-1970
Authors: Kantrowitz Nathan
Published: March 2007

Residential segregation in Boston between European ethnic populations has declined little during the 20th century. Racial segregation rose during the 19th and early 20th century, but has remained stable since about 1940, prior to the expansion of the city's Negro population. These conclusions indicate that racial segregation is but an extension of the pattern of ethnic separation, especially since Asian and Latin ethnics show similar patterns in the contemporary city. Moreover, segregation levels are only slightly lower in the 1970 SMSA suburban ring than they are in the central city. We suggest that this demographic record is relevant to issues of Boston's public school desegregation controversy.