bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution pattern and diameter structure of Protium Burm. f. in Iratapuru river sustainable development reserve, Amapá, Brazil
Authors: Tostes Luciedi De Cassia Leoncio , Carim Marcelo De Jesus Veiga , Gonçalves José Francisco de Carvalho , Torres Admilson Moreira , Guimarães José Renan da Silva
Published: August 2018

The present work aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern of Protium Burm. f and the diametric structure of these species in a dense tropical submontane rainforest along the Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR) of the Iratapuru river. The area of study was divided into three plateau compartments called Mane Preto Sierra, Banco Grande Sierra and Alaska Sierra. In each plateau compartment it was settled a single area transect with 1,000 x 20 m, where DAP ≥ 10 cm of the entire Protium population within the transects was measured. The data was processed in the specific software Mata Nativa 2. There were inventoried Protium tenuifolium, Protium altsoni, Protium polybotryum subsp. blackii and Protium paniculatum var. riedelianum. Most individuals concentrated in smaller diametric classes, decreasing progressively to a lesser extent in larger classes. It can be concluded that the population has medium size and its vertical structure is characterized by the presence of three strata, however, its phytocenoses is defined by two clear constants: the first groups individuals of up to 15 m of height and forms the uniform and dominant stratum; the second is composed by emerging up to 35 m high and whose diameter structure shows a population in dynamic balance.
Mechanical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Oleic Acid Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte
Authors: Chai M.N. , Chai M.M. , Isa M.I.N.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the mechanical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose-oleic acid (CMC-OA) solid bio-polymer electrolyte (SBE) were examined. The host, CMC was doped with different weight percentage (wt. %) of OA in the CMC-OA solution. The SBEs were tested by using the Universal Material Testing Machine where the readings of tensile strength and Young’s modulus can be obtained from the stress-strain curve produced by the software during the tension test. The sample of CMC doped with 20% wt. of OA was found to obtain the highest value of tensile strength and Young’s modulus which is 0.2069 MPa and 4.615 MPa respectively.
Debinding Rate Enhancement of 17-4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Solvent Debinding on Metal Injection Molding Process as the Material for Orthodontic Bracket
Authors: Supriadi Sugeng , Ferdian Deni , Maulana Gerra , Hidayatullah Rizki , Suharno Bambang
Published: August 2018

Brackets fabrication should be done by a suitable process to produce great result. Processes commonly used are investment casting, machining, and metal injection molding. Investment Casting has a drawback in which the surface roughness is quite high for the standard of brackets and require further processing. Machining is done by removing unwanted part to get desire shape, whereas bracket shape requires a high accuracy and is quite complicated. In Metal Injection Molding, feedstock is injected into a mold where complicated shapes can be achieved with a better surface roughness. The weakness is the stages within the process are quite long. One of the problem is the efficiency of debinding stage. We conducted an experiment to enhance binder removal rate through solvent debinding with stirring and under vacuum condition. Sample use for this experiment is a cubic shape of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm3. Experiment is done on magnetic stirrer and in vacuum furnace. The temperature is hold at 50°C. Drying process afterward is done in the vacuum furnace for 1 hour with temperature around 50°C. Amount of binder left is confirmed by STA and the particle morphology is seen by SEM. Results showed that stirring treatment enhances binder removal rate due to stirring mechanism that causes possibility of collisions between particles increases. Binder removal rate on the vacuum treatment has a mechanism similar to stirring, but with the addition of the solvent to be done on a regular basis due to decrease of solvent boiling point under vacuum. There were no cracks found on the surface with an increased rate of debinding. Stirring is use for experiment with sample of actual bracketorthodontic form. Debinding rate of the bracket sample is faster than the cubic sample. This result is affected by the dissimilarity on the volume to surface area.
Virtual World and Real World Permeability: Transference of Positive Benefits for Marginalized Gay and Lesbian Populations
Authors: Cabiria Jonathan
Published: August 2018

This study looks at how marginalized gay and lesbian people experience social pressures to conform to hetero-normative culture, how those pressures may lead to negative states, and how positive experiences in online virtual worlds would provide benefits over time and, presumably, become transferable into real life. I will show that engagement with Second Life can be a positive experience and that this positive experience can extend beyond the virtual world to provide lasting benefits in real life. The implications for educators are impressive. In creating virtual world communities, educators, psychologists, and other researchers can provide a safe harbor in which marginalized people can more fully explore their identities and develop the positive coping skills needed to deal with real world stigmatizing influences, which originate within the social environment. For scientists and technology innovators, the creation of virtual world communities and gaming/training programs would be an exciting path to explore, especially for those interested in social justice concerns.
From a Video Game in a Virtual World to Collaborative Visual Analytic Tools
Authors: O’Connell Theresa A. , Choong Yee-Yin , Grantham John , Moriarty Michael , Wong Wyatt
Published: August 2018

We investigated collaboration during a riddle-solving video game in a virtual world that drew elements from massively multiplayer online role-playing games and serious games. This disclosed benefits of collaborative game play over non-collaborative play in a virtual world. Participants were in the digital natives age range. Collaboration conditions varied over five sessions. We derived implications for accommodating collaboration in visual analytic (VA) tools. We have determined future research directions with respect to borrowing from video games to design VA tools that accommodate the unique characteristics of digital natives who become information analysts as evidenced during collaboration in a virtual world.
Ugly Duckling by Day, Super Model by Night: The Influence of Body Image on the Use of Virtual Worlds
Authors: Becerra Enrique , Stutts Mary Ann
Published: August 2018

The use and importance of virtual worlds is growing worldwide but little is known about what influences participants to use them. The current study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), using sociometer theory, to explore influences on the use of virtual worlds. It is hypothesized that perceptions of body image are negatively related to the desire to become someone else, and that this and attitudes towards telepresence (i.e., sense of being there), social norms, and perceived behavioral control are positively related to the use of virtual worlds. Findings suggest that perceptions of body image through the desire to become someone else, attitudes toward telepresence, and subjective norms significantly affect the use of virtual worlds. Perceived behavioral control was found to have no significant impact on the use of virtual worlds. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Analyzing Social Identity (Re) Production: Identity Liminal Events in MMORPGs
Authors: Salazar Javier A
Published: August 2018

Within Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG) studies, there are many papers dedicated to player typologies. This is especially true when it comes to themes that directly or indirectly touch the social identity of opposing groups of players: “roleplayers” vs. “PvPers”, “helpers vs. griefers”, “power gamers” vs. “casual gamers”, etc. Every time researchers label a group of players as, for example, "roleplayers" they are indeed assuming the existence of a social identity of this group. However, in MMORPG literature there are very few pages dedicated to theorizing about social identity. In this paper, I provide practical examples of how social identity in MMORPGS can be analyzed through the application of Salazar's (2006) social identity (re)production theoretical model. The basic unit of analysis is what in this paper will be called an Identity Liminal Event (ILE), or specific MMORPG events on which the constitutive elements of social identity can be observed. The examples to be studied in this paper are ILEs taken from the World of Warcraft and Star Wars Galaxies MMORPGs. To conclude, the paper offers several suggestions for implementing this theoretical model for further studying MMORPG events.
Interconnecting virtual worlds
Authors: Morgado Leonel
Published: August 2018

The argument is put forward that current virtual worlds find themselves in a situation akin to that of BBS systems in the 1980s and 1990s vis-à-vis the Internet. A reflection from the technical viewpoint on the similarities between Web browsing and virtual world navigation is made, and to conclude a set of requirements for interconnection of virtual worlds and what that may achieve are made.
Introduction: Pedagogy, Education and Innovation in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Jarmon Leslie , Lim Kenneth Y. T. , Carpenter, II B. Stephen
Published: August 2018

IntroductionPedagogy, Education and Innovation in Virtual WorldsGuest Editors:Leslie Jarmon, University of Texas at Austin;Kenneth Y. T. Lim, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;B. Stephen Carpenter, II, Texas A&M University,
Order and Creativity in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Osborne Evan W , Schiller Shu Z
Published: August 2018

Economies are driven by dynamic creativity, but some sorts of creativity, especially if predatory, can destroy an economy. This tradeoff has been known for centuries to political philosophers who have analyzed physical space, but has not been addressed in virtual space. Like physical economies, virtual economies face the tradeoff of encouraging freedom to experiment, while discouraging experiments that damage society. Physical societies solve this problem both through encouraging competition and giving government the unique power to punish destructive activities. In virtual societies, this tradeoff has yet to be adequately assessed. Guided by the economic modeling of order and creativity, in this paper we discuss two types of behavior, constructive and destructive, to provide some guidelines, with references to experiences in physical economies, for establishing limitations on the freedom of action of virtual-economy participants.
Virtual World Interoperability: Let Use Cases Drive Design
Authors: Watte Jon
Published: August 2018

Virtual worlds are slowly creeping into our daily lives. While some early

adopters have been using them for entertainment, research and training

over the last 20 years, virtual trade shows and online conferencing with

user avatars are putting them front and center on the desktops of workers

around the world. However, while a "walled garden" virtual world may be

useful in and of itself (just like a cell phone being able to call other

cell phone customers using the same carrier), the real usability

explosion will come when the different virtual worlds start talking to

each other (just like cell phones being able to call any phone number in

the world, no matter who the destination carrier or operator is).

This article will examine the history of virtual world interoperability

as evidenced through early systems like DIS and HLA, current systems such

as Second Life / OpenSim teleport and OLIVE simulation interoperability,

and will examine some common use cases for the future, interconnected

metaverse. Based on this learning, a comprehensive approach to

standards-based virtual world interoperability is described, and the

article ends with a call for action.

The author has a unique depth of perspective on virtual worlds

interoperability, having worked with a variety of technologies ranging

from military simulation all the way to massively multiplayer online

games, having worked for a leading virtual world platform provider

since 2001, and having shipped public virtual world interoperability

solutions since 2005.
Understanding "Gold Farming" and Real-Money Trading as the Intersection of Real and Virtual Economies
Authors: Heeks Richard
Published: August 2018

This paper has three purposes. First, it extends the range of economic ideas that have been applied to massively-multiplayer online games (MMOGs), drawing on scale economies, exchange rates, and information failure. It does this, as its second purpose, by deepening the analysis of one relatively-neglected aspect of virtual economies—gold farming (the production of MMOG virtual currencies, items, and services for financial gain) and trading—in order to understand in-game, out-game, and hybrid aspects of this activity. Third, the paper draws conclusions about two key real/virtual issues on which earlier literature has disagreed. One is the extent to which standard/real-world economic models are applicable to virtual economies. The paper argues a strong fit of standard models for analysis of gold farming and trading with little need for modification, but that MMOGs may be better understood through the lens of development economics rather than mainstream economics. The other issue discussed is the nature of the relation between the realand the virtual. On this, the paper concludes that gold farming is part of a dynamic that has eroded the real/virtual dichotomy. At the least, gold farming and trading represents the intersection and blurring of the real and the virtual. At most, it reflects their indistinguishability. Finally, the paper ends by identifying alternative systemic models for understanding gold farming specifically, and MMOGs more generally.
ExtSim: A Flexible Data Mapping and Synchronization Middleware for Scientific Visualization in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Berntsson Johan , Lin Norman , Dezso Zoltan
Published: August 2018

In this paper we present a general-purpose middleware, called ExtSim that allows OpenSim to communicate with external simulation software, and to synchronize the in-world representation of the simulator state. We briefly present two projects in ScienceSim where ExtSim has been used; Galaxsee which is an interactive real-time N-body simulation, and a protein folding demonstration, before discussing the merits and problems with the current approach. The main limitation is that we until now only have been limited to a third-party viewer, and a fixed server-client protocol, but we present our work on a new viewer, called 3Di Viewer “Rei”, which opens new possibilities in enhancing both performance and richness of the visualization suitable for scientific computing,. Finally we discuss some ideas we are currently studying for future work.
Conducting Empirical Research in 3D Virtual Worlds: Experiences from two projects in Second Life
Authors: Minocha Shailey , Tran Minh , Reeves Ahmad John
Published: August 2018

At The Open University in the UK, we have conducted empirical qualitative research in Second Life, a 3D virtual world. The first project is in the education domain in which we are investigating the designs of learning spaces in Second Life, while the second project is related to shopping and consumer behaviour of users in Second Life. In this paper, we discuss our experiences of conducting empirical research in 3D virtual worlds with a specific focus on the following aspects: ethical norms, real-world and virtual identities, privacy of the participants, communication modalities (voice, text and use of gestures), logistics of conducting user-based studies, and skills and training needs of researchers. Although our experiences are based on conducting empirical research in Second Life, we hope that our experiences and discussions in this paper will also be useful for researchers who aim to conduct research in avatar-based 3D virtual worlds other than Second Life.
Applying Constant Comparative and Discourse Analyses to Virtual Worlds Research
Authors: Leong Peter , Joseph Samuel R. H. , Boulay Rachel
Published: August 2018

This paper presents the basics of the constant comparative analysis and discourse analysis methods to research in virtual worlds.  Our data sources include video recordings of in-world class interactions; artifacts and documents such as students’ blog, and asynchronous discussion postings.  For data analysis, we use the constant comparative method as a tool for inductive analysis, and discourse analysis as a tool to discover patterns in discursive practices. The constant comparative method was originally developed for the use in grounded theory methodology, but is now more widely applied as a method of analysis in qualitative research. It requires the researcher to take one piece of data and compare it to all other pieces of data that are either similar or different, gradually identifying the salient differences. In contrast, discourse analysis examines the way in which sentences are combined in larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. The critical analysis of discourse helps us extend and specify themes generated during constant comparative analysis.
A Design Research Approach to Developing User Innovation Workshops in Second Life
Authors: Helms Remko , Giovacchini Elia , Teigland Robin , Kohler Thomas
Published: August 2018

The Design Science Research approach is increasingly being applied in the field of Information Systems (IS) research. The philosophy behind design science research is that new scientific knowledge can be generated by means of constructing an artifact, and the core of this approach is a problem solving process used to develop the artifact. As virtual worlds are a relatively new IS medium, limited attention has been paid to investigating the use of design research in virtual worlds. Nevertheless, it is considered a relevant approach as much research in the field of virtual worlds involves the design of virtual spaces to support some kind of business activity. As such, the research purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of the design research approach in virtual worlds. In this paper, we describe and take a practical perspective of a specific case study in which design research was developed and used for a specific project. The specific project in focus is the development of a user innovation workshop inside Second Life for a start-up company interested in gaining insights and ideas for the development of its product.
Virtual Epidemics as Learning Laboratories in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Kafai Yasmin B. , Fefferman Nina H.
Published: August 2018

In this article, we put forward the proposal to use virtual epidemics as learning laboratories for players to develop a better understanding of infectious disease, its social implications, and inquiry process. In the case of virtual epidemics, players can use their own experiences and observations of the community to learn about processes of infection and immunity, the interactions of social behavior, and reactions to perceived health risk – investigations difficult to replicate in real life due to ethical considerations. Different learning laboratories can engage students in testing different parameters in epidemic simulations, identifying and developing vaccines, analyzing archival records of past epidemics, and discussing ethical issues. Such laboratories would allow students to become epidemiologists using the very same tools that professional scientists now use to model and study the outbreak of an infectious disease. These are not unreasonable expectations given prior experiences with the virtual epidemic Whypox in Whyville.net, a large-scale virtual world with over 2 million youth ages 10-12 years. This article reviews past research findings and outlines new approaches for students in K-12 education to learn about and with virtual epidemics.
Third Places Take First Place in Second Life: Developing a Scale to Measure the ‘Stickiness’ of Virtual World Sites.
Authors: Halvorson Wade
Published: August 2018

The objective of this study is to examine what drives visitor retention in successful businesses operating in online virtual world environments. The study draws motivation from increasing anecdotal evidence reporting on high profile corporate brands withdrawing from operations in Second Life - citing low visitor traffic as their motivation. Early adopter corporations that established business operations in Second Life did so anticipating benefits from the new technology akin to the quantum leap made when they embraced the World Wide Web. While disappointingly low visitor numbers left many virtual world operations looking like desolate ghost towns, there are businesses enjoying active repeat customers. Drawing on Oldenburg’s Theory of Third Place, this study seeks to quantify the reasons for high customer retention in successful virtual communities. To this effect, a questionnaire is developed and administered by a team of avatar researchers who interviewed over 250 avatars in Second Life. Website stickiness measures are reviewed and applied to virtual world sites. Conclusions are drawn and future research directions proposed.
Synthesizing Presence: A Multidisciplinary Review of the Literature
Authors: Beck Dennis , Fishwick Paul , Kamhawi Rasha , Coffey Amy Jo , Henderson Julie
Published: August 2018

This multidisciplinary literature review analyzed one hundred and eight peer-reviewed journal articles focusing on presence from four academic disciplines:  Mass Communication, Human-Computer Interaction, Education, and Psychology.  It was conducted because there was a need for a comprehensive, integrated understanding of presence.  Results strongly indicate that presence includes both objective and subjective criteria, and thus should be measured in both ways.  Results also showed that the different academic disciplines approach the concept in similar, yet distinct ways.  These similarities and differences also gave the researchers the necessary content to create a presence ontology.  Future researchers are encouraged to use these results and ontology as a starting point for formulating research questions that advance an understanding of presence.
Massively Multi-Player Online Role Playing Games: What’s the Risk?
Authors: Sanders Benjamin , Furnell Steven , Dowland Paul , Atkinson Shirley
Published: August 2018

Some may argue that the proliferation of personal computers together with the widespread use of the Internet has brought many benefits to society.  The popularity of the internet and its associated online services continues to grow at an exponential rate and consequently, so does the number of avenues for potential exploitation.  Prior research has already established that sexual predators and social engineers use the Internet as a means to target and exploit individuals.  Indeed, previous studies highlight the significant threats faced by users of instant messaging and social networking facilities.  Online role-playing games and virtual environments provide yet another platform for users to interact with one another.   Evidence suggests that subscribers of such services often become so immersed in a fantasy world that their ability to differentiate between the virtual and real world is reduced.  This monograph investigates the level of threat faced by users of  virtual environments and online role-playing games.  The study made use of an online survey to assess the current level of awareness and understanding amongst individuals who spend excessive amounts of time engaging in such environments.
Virtual Worlds Come Of Age
Authors: Barnes Stuart
Published: August 2018

Virtual worlds have been purported to provide a fertile bed for marketing and brand-building for real-life companies. In Second Life, for example, there was a flurry of media hype and activity by companies in the period from 2007-2008. Several years on, however, the reality is that most of the big name brands have pulled out of Second Life. One of the reasons for this is the poor level of value generated for customers by the virtual brand experience, poor interactivity, a lack of brand and channel fit, and inadequate understanding of virtual communities. Recently, a new form of more targeted brand offerings has emerged. Branded virtual worlds, many of which are targeted at the youth segment, are growing rapidly. Many of these worlds attempt to bridge the gap between the real and virtual worlds, including advertising and real-world tie-ins, as well as subscriptions and digital micro-transactions. This paper examines one such virtual world, buildabearville.com, and its real-world counterpart, Build-a-Bear Workshop. This successful case study has become increasingly important in driving revenues and cross-channel activity for the company. The paper rounds off with conclusions and implications for practice in this very new area of investigation.
Actual Self vs. Avatar Self: The Effect of Online Social Situation on Self-Expression
Authors: Sung Yongjun , Moon Jang Ho , Kang Mihyun , Lin Jhih-Syuan
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates whether online social contexts can prime individuals to create avatars that emphasize particular characteristics and personality traits that are different from their actual selves. The results show that while the participants’ avatar personality ratings are correlated with their own personality ratings across the Big-Five personality dimensions, they still try to express personality characteristics that are somewhat different from their actual selves in virtual environment. Further, with respect to the relationship between avatar personality ratings (given by creators) and those by zero-acquaintances, no significant relationships were observed (with the exception of the Agreeableness dimension).
The P.R.O.S.E. (Psychological Research on Synthetic Environments) Project: Conducting In-World Psychological Research on 3D Virtual Worlds
Authors: Gilbert Richard L
Published: August 2018

The P.R.O.S.E. (Psychological Research on Synthetic Environments) Project was established to investigate the psychology of 3D virtual worlds. Under the auspices of the project, a systematic program of in-world behavioral research is being conducted that addresses three core questions related to the psychology of 3D immersive environments: What are the characteristics of active participants in virtual worlds? Do the principles of psychology that operate in the real world also apply to the virtual world? Do experiences in the virtual world have the capacity to influence behavior and subjective experience in the real world? The current paper describes a series of studies that examine each of these questions and outlines future directions for the project. If projections for a highly populated, ubiquitously accessible (web-based), and seamlessly integrated (interoperable) network of virtual worlds are borne out, a new realm of psychological reality and interaction will have been created that will be increasingly important for behavioral scientists to investigate and understand.
Редуцированные критические ветвящиеся процессы Беллмана-Харриса для малых популяций
Authors: Vatutin Vladimir Alekseevich , Hong W , Ji Yao
Published: August 2018

Рассматривается критический ветвящийся процесс Беллмана-Харриса $\{ Z(t), t\geq 0\} $ с конечной дисперсией числа потомков частиц. Предполагая, что $00$, мы исследуем структуру процесса $ \{ Z(s,t),0\leq s\leq t\} ,$ где $Z(s,t)$ - число частиц в исходном процессе в момент $s$, которые либо дожили до момента $t,$ либо имеют положительное число потомков в этот момент.
Предельные распределения максимального расстояния до ближайшего соседа
Authors: Orlov Oleg Pavlovich
Published: August 2018

Методом Чена-Стейна доказаны новые предельные теоремы для максимального расстояния до ближайшего соседа в совокупности случайных независимых точек, имеющих в определенном смысле равномерное распределение на произвольном метрическом пространстве. Для случайных равновероятных выборок из множества вершин двоичного куба аналогичные результаты получены методом моментов.
The propagation of aerosol perturbations in convective cloud
microphysics
Authors: Heikenfeld Max , White Bethan , Labbouz Laurent , Stier Philip
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The impact of aerosols on ice- and mixed-phase processes in deep convective clouds remains highly uncertain and the wide range of interacting microphysical processes are still poorly understood. To understand these processes, we analyse diagnostic output of all individual microphysical process rates for two cloud microphysics schemes in the Weather and Research Forecasting model (WRF). We investigate the response of individual processes to changes in aerosol conditions and the propagation of perturbations through the microphysics all the way to the macrophysical development of the convective clouds. We perform simulations for two different cases of idealised supercells using two double-moment bulk microphysics schemes and a bin microphysics scheme. We use simulations with a comprehensive range of values for cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration as a proxy for aerosol effects on convective clouds. We have developed a new cloud tracking algorithm to analyse the morphology and time evolution of individually tracked convective cells in the simulations and their response to the aerosol perturbations. This analysis confirms an expected decrease in warm rain formation processes due to autoconversion and accretion for polluted conditions. The height at which the freezing occurs increases with increasing CDNC. However, there is no evidence of a significant increase in the total amount of latent heat release from freezing and riming. The cloud mass and the altitude of the cloud centre of gravity show contrasting responses to changes in proxies for aerosol number concentration between the different microphysics schemes.
Large-scale transport into the Arctic: the roles of the midlatitude jet
and the Hadley Cell
Authors: Yang Huang , Waugh Darryn W. , Orbe Clara , Zeng Guang , Morgenstern Olaf , Kinnison Douglas E. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tilmes Simone , Plummer David  A. , Jöckel Patrick , Strahan Susan E. , Stone Kane A. , Schofield Robyn
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Transport from the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes to the Arctic plays a crucial role in determining the abundance of trace gases and aerosols that are important to Arctic climate via impacts on radiation and chemistry. Here we examine this transport using an idealized tracer with fixed lifetime and predominantly midlatitude land-based sources in models participating in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). We show that there is a 20 %–40 % difference in the Arctic concentrations of this tracer among the models. This spread is found to be generally related to the spread in location of the Pacific jet, with lower Arctic tracer concentrations occurring in models with a more northern jet, during both winter and summer. However, the underlying mechanism for this relationship does not involve the jet directly, but instead involves differences in the surface meridional flow over the tracer source region, that vary with jet latitude. Specifically, in models with a more northern jet, the Hadley Cell (HC) generally extends further north and the tracer source region is mostly covered by surface southward flow associated with the lower branch of the HC, resulting in less efficient transport poleward to the Arctic. During boreal summer, there are poleward biases in jet location in free-running models, and these models likely underestimate the rate of transport into the Arctic. Models using specified dynamics do not have biases in the jet location, but do have biases in the surface meridional flow, which results in differences in the transport into the Arctic. In addition to the land-based tracer, the midlatitude-to-Arctic transport is further examined by another idealized tracer with zonally uniform sources. With equal sources from lands and oceans, the intermodel spread of this zonally uniform tracer is more related to variations of parameterized convection over oceans than variations of HC extent particularly during boreal summer. This suggests that transport of land-based and oceanic tracers or aerosols towards the Arctic differ in pathways and therefore their corresponding intermodel variabilities result from different physical processes.
Diazotrophic Trichodesmium impact on UV–Vis radiance and pigment composition in the western tropical South Pacific
Authors: Dupouy Cécile , Frouin Robert , Tedetti Marc , Maillard Morgane , Rodier Martine , Lombard Fabien , Guidi Lionel , Picheral Marc , Neveux Jacques , Duhamel Solange , Charrière Bruno , Sempéré Richard
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We assessed the influence of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacterium
Trichodesmium on the bio-optical properties of western tropical South
Pacific (WTSP)
waters (18–22∘ S, 160∘ E–160∘ W) during
the February–March 2015 OUTPACE cruise. We performed measurements of
backscattering and absorption coefficients, irradiance, and radiance in the
euphotic zone with a Satlantic MicroPro free-fall profiler and took
Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UPV5) pictures for counting the largest
Trichodesmium spp. colonies. Pigment concentrations were determined
by fluorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography and picoplankton
abundance by flow cytometry. Trichome concentration was estimated from
pigment algorithms and validated by surface visual counts. The abundance of
large colonies counted by the UVP5 (maximum 7093 colonies m−3) was
well correlated to the trichome concentrations (maximum
2093 trichomes L−1) with an aggregation factor of 600. In the
Melanesian archipelago, a maximum of 4715 trichomes L−1 was enumerated
in pump samples (3.2 m) at 20∘ S, 167 30∘ E. High
Trichodesmium abundance was always associated with
absorption peaks of
mycosporine-like amino acids (330, 360 nm) and high particulate
backscattering, but not with high Chl a fluorescence or blue particulate
absorption (440 nm). Along the west-to-east transect, Trichodesmium
together with Prochlorococcus represented the major part of total
chlorophyll concentration; the contribution of other groups were relatively
small or negligible. The Trichodesmium contribution to total
chlorophyll concentration was the highest in the Melanesian archipelago
around New Caledonia and Vanuatu (60 %), progressively decreased to the
vicinity of the islands of Fiji (30 %), and reached a minimum in the
South Pacific Gyre where Prochlorococcus dominated chlorophyll
concentration. The contribution of Trichodesmium to zeaxanthin was
respectively 50, 40 and 20 % for these regions. During the OUTPACE
cruise, the relationship between normalized water-leaving radiance
(nLw) in the ultraviolet and visible and chlorophyll
concentration was similar to that found during the BIOSOPE cruise in the
eastern tropical Pacific. Principal component analysis (PCA) of OUTPACE data
showed that nLw at 305, 325, 340, 380, 412 and 440 nm was
strongly correlated to chlorophyll and zeaxanthin, while nLw at
490 and 565 nm exhibited lower correlations. These results, as well as
differences in the PCA of BIOSOPE data, indicated that nLw
variability in the greenish blue and yellowish green during OUTPACE was
influenced by other variables associated with Trichodesmium
presence, such as backscattering coefficient, phycoerythrin fluorescence
and/or zeaxanthin absorption, suggesting that Trichodesmium
detection should involve examination of nLw in this spectral
domain.
Seleção de marcadores para a busca ativa de endoftalmite após cirurgia de catarata
Authors: Luz Reginaldo Adalberto , Cvintal Tadeu , Silva Edney Cabral , Padoveze Maria Clara
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Identificar marcadores potenciais para auxiliar na busca ativa de endoftalmite após cirurgia de catarata. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivoe longitudinal, realizado por meio da revisão de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de catarata. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 20 pacientes(grupo de estudo — GE) que desenvolveram endoftalmite pós-operatória e 309 pacientes (grupo controle — GC) que não apresentaram endoftalmite. Os dadosforam analisados para identificar os marcadores clínicos e epidemiológicos com uma diferença percentual ≥30% entre os grupos. Em comparação com o GC,o GE teve frequência ≥30% em: sinais e sintomas pós-operatórios definidos (dor, reação da câmara anterior, hipópio, edema da córnea, hiperemia conjuntivale opacidade vítrea); mais de 4 retornos pós-operatórios; e realização de injeção de antibiótico intravítreo. Conclusão: Os indicadores selecionados são sugeridospara incorporação na busca ativa das infecções pós-operatórias de endoftalmite, visando à facilidade operacional do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica.
O que usar no preparo cirúrgico da pele: povidona-iodo ou clorexidina?
Authors: De Oliveira Adriana Cristina , Sarmento Gama Camila
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Discorrer sobre a eficácia do gluconato de clorexidina e do povidona-iodo em soluções aquosas ou alcoólicas na redução de infecçõesdo sítio cirúrgico e na contagem bacteriana da pele, no preparo pré-operatório do paciente. Método: Estudo de reflexão acerca do melhor antisséptico aser usado no preparo cirúrgico da pele. Resultados: Verificou-se que tanto a clorexidina quanto o povidona-iodo são igualmente seguros e efetivos e queos manuais de boas práticas internacionais têm recomendado a sua utilização em soluções alcoólicas. Observou-se uma tendência na indicação da clorexidinaalcoólica e a emergência de estudos que têm avaliado o uso sequencial ou concomitante da clorexidina e do povidona-iodo com resultados favoráveisa essa prática. Conclusão: Há uma tendência mundial mais favorável ao uso da clorexidina alcoólica em detrimento ao povidona-iodo. Contudo,a decisão pelo melhor agente antisséptico deve considerar cada caso clínico, (contra) indicações e situação.
Determinants of Customer Satisfaction in the Telecommunication Industry in Ghana: A Study of MTN Ghana Limited
Authors: Oduro Eric , Boachie-Mensah Francis O. , Agyapong Gloria K. Q.
Published: August 2018

The study examined the determinants of customer satisfaction in MTN Ghana Limited. The variables of concern were customer expectation, relationship quality, perceived value, perceived quality, and customer loyalty. The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) model was adapted as the main framework for analyzing customer satisfaction. Data for the study came from a systematic random sample of 377 MTN mobile subscribers, employing questionnaires. Two managers of the mobile network were interviewed on issues related to their CRM systems. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between customer expectation, relationship quality, perceived value, perceived (product/service) quality, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction. The results of the multiple regression indicated that significant positive relationship existed between customer satisfaction and perceived (product/service) quality, relationship quality, and customer loyalty, but not for other variables such as customer expectation, customer complaint, and perceived value. The implications are that MTN Ghana should consider the perceptions of customers on product/service quality, the level of relationship quality and loyalty when managing relationships with customers. The company should put measures in place to build and maintain quality relationships with customers, and also improve the quality of products and services offered to customers. Again, there is the need for management to bridge the gap in their perception of relationship quality and that of customers.
Character and the Moral Self in Barack Obama’s Memoir, Dreams from My Father
Authors: Washington Ernest , Zandvakili Elham , Gordon Edmund
Published: August 2018

Barack Obama is the subject and his memoir is the content for this essay on character and the moral self. These last two themes are applied to the development of Barack Obama’s character traits of love and caring, temperance, courage, love of learning, justice, and spirituality. Each character trait is valued, practiced worldwide and praised in children and adults. This analysis answers a question that has eluded scholars and political pundits. How was it possible for Barack Obama to understand that whites would vote for him to become president of the United States? The answer is hidden in plain view in the development of his character and moral self. This essay provides insights into how his character prepared him to become President of the United States.A practical model of character development is an important aim of this essay. Character is habits of mind and body that persist over time.  The development of the moral self is a frame for understanding the role of emotions and cognition in the cultivation of habits of mind. Understanding the character of Barack Obama is only partial vindication of a model of the development of character. A supremely talented Barack Obama makes any model look good. The test of the usefulness and validity of the model is that it provokes the reader to think about children, especially African-American children in all of their uniqueness and universality. A conversation that begins with the habits of love and caring, temperance, courage, love of learning, justice, and spirituality is a good beginning toward that end.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 8, No. 3
Authors: Xiao Evelyn
Published: August 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2018.
The Absence of Individual Freedom in the Arab States affecting Human Development
Authors: Oweimer Waleed Abdel Hadi
Published: August 2018

The study aimed at pinpointing the effects of the absence of individual freedom in the Arab States on human development, especially in the countries where people could work ondethroning the ruling regimes, in the absence of projects and plans of development. Also, the study discussed the Turkish modelof releasing individual freedoms and their positive effect on the different aspects of human development. The study’s hypothesis is:whererules and laws protect individual freedom, there would be a positive impact on the human development in the community. The study recommendsenhancing the level of human development and individual freedoms in the Arab states, to benefit all people of those states.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 11, No. 3
Authors: Tai William
Published: August 2018

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2018.
Childhood Ideology in the Early Turkish Republican Era
Authors: Yildiz Filiz , Ordem Ozlem Aydogmus
Published: August 2018

Studies on ideology in the social sciences have been incremental in recent decades. Childhood ideology remains a pivotal issue in the humanities from pedagogy to philosophy. Since children are easily accessible ideological subjects, the exercise of ideology can be more clearly noticed in children. This study aims to focus on childhood ideology adopted by the authorities in the early Turkish Republican Era. The emergence and rise of nationalism from 1923 directed by the authorities to focus on what kind of generation they would raise for the future of the Turkish Republic. The study involved four regularly published newspapers -Cumhuriyet, Akşam, Vakit/Kurun, Hakimiyet-i Milliye/Ulus- dating back to 1930s. The main goals of the modernization project of the Republic were raising honest, industrious, patriotic and healthy children, which were the main individuals that had to be reared for the new Republic. Thus, a strong relationship between Turkish nationalism and the new types of children was established.
PRINCÍPIO DA IMPARCIALIDADE DO JUIZ: CONFLITOS COM OS PROCESSOS MENTAIS HUMANOS
Authors: Alonso Ricardo Pinha , Silva Nelson Finotti , Castilho Ana Flavia De Andrade Nogueira
Published: August 2018

A pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as decisões judiciais sob a perspectiva da psicologia cognitiva. O problema se assenta sobre o questionamento da (in) existência da imparcialidade e da neutralidade do juiz quando das análises das provas e tomadas de decisões. Utilizou-se do método de pesquisa hipotético-dedutivo com abordagem qualitativa e objetivos exploratórios. O trabalho abordou os processos cognitivos mentais humanos e sua importância nas atividades no cotidiano, além de explicar teorias que contribuem para desvendar o desenvolvimento do conhecimento humano e a formação de suas ações. A ênfase do trabalho está no conflito existente entre as funções mentais (sensação, percepção, pensamento, linguagem, emoções e memórias) e a essencialidade da imparcialidade do juiz na fase de instrução e de julgamento processual. Nas considerações finais, aponta-se que a neutralidade humana em uma decisão judicial não é possível e que a imparcialidade existe em diferentes proporcionalidades, aprimorando a ideia de sentença justa por meio de um juiz instrutor e um juiz julgador.
DEVER DE FUNDAMENTAÇÃO E PRECEDENTES NO NOVO CPC: UMA ANÁLISE À LUZ DO MODELO CONSTITUCIONAL DE PROCESSO
Authors: Soares Marcelo Negri , Couto Monica Bonetti , Costa Jessica Chaves
Published: August 2018

Este trabalho objetiva conjugar as regras de fundamentação impostas pelo Novo CPC com a sistemática de precedentes judiciais, a partir dos paradigmas do novo modelo constitucional de processo. Para tanto, são analisados os fundamentos principiológicos utilizados pelo legislador ordinário para a construção da dinâmica de precedentes disposta no novel diploma. Ademais, destacam-se as diferenças existentes entre o conceito de precedente e seus termos jurídicos assemelhados. No mesmo passo, estudam-se os elementos essenciais que compõe o precedente, mediante a separação da ratio decidendi e da obter dicta. Por fim, realiza-se um breve estudo do dever de fundamentação, concluindo-se que tal dever, que é um postulado constitucional, apresenta-se como imperativo ético e legitimador da atuação jurisdicional, observando a sua extrema relevância para o processo de formação do precedente judicial. A pesquisa adota o método dedutivo de abordagem. O tipo de pesquisa é documental e bibliográfica, a partir do conteúdo de livros e artigos científicos.
A PROVA TÉCNICA NO INQUÉRITO ADMINISTRATIVO SOBRE ACIDENTES E FATOS DA NAVEGAÇÃO
Authors: Santoro Antonio Eduardo Ramires , Lima Neto Pedro , Garrido Rodrigo Grazinoli
Published: August 2018

Buscou-se através de pesquisa doutrinária, jurisprudencial e empírica, determinar a natureza jurídica do exame técnico realizado durante o Inquérito de Acidentes e Fatos da Navegação. Além disso, identificou-se quem realiza tais exames e se haveria influência da formação profissional para o uso efetivo desses exames nas decisões do Tribunal Marítimo. Conclui-se que os exames técnicos são realmente meio de prova pericial e não mero elemento informativo, devendo ser necessária a atuação de profissionais especializados. No entanto, essa demanda não foi observada nos processos analisados. Tal deficiência pode refletir-se em carência técnico-científico da prova, impedindo que se alcance efetiva solução do litígio, como observado em alguns acórdãos analisados.