bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Foundationalism, Theory Hope, and the Teaching of Composition
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

In the past twenty years the literary landscape has been transformed by the emergence of theory. Although it remains true that theory is not seriously taught in the majority of our departments of literature and is a regular part of the curriculum in only a few avant-garde outposts, it is nevertheless the case that much of the energy-and especially the polemical energy-in the literary academy is centered on theory; so much so that even those whose acquaintance with theory is second hand regularly debate its value and its consequences. Not surprisingly, the question of theory has found its way into discussions of the teaching and practice of writing, and, also not surprisingly, the appearance of theory in the world of composition has provoked the same expressions of hope and fear that attend its appearance in every other discipline.
Withholding the Missing Portion: Psychoanalysis and Rhetoric
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I was led to this paper by two moments in the proceedings of the 1958 Style in Language Conference; they are moments in which the topic of persuasion is allowed to surface and then is immediately suppressed. the first such moment coincides with the only substantive mention of Freud at the conference. Roger Brown is discussing the resistance of cognitive psychologists to psychoanalytic procedure in which, it is feared, “anything can mean anything.” Brown replies, in apparent defense of psychoanalysis, that one must take into account the fact that its results are often persuasive, and if they are persuasive there must be a good reason. The reason, he suspects, is that psychoanalytic evidence, while not falling obviously into the linear and logical forms with which we are familiar, must nevertheless be speaking to the criteria by which we determine validity, so that at a certain point it must be the case that the accumulation of evidence reaches a level which satisfies those criteria and at that point persuasion occurs.
Introduction
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

The idea for this study sprang in the first instance from a fascination with Flaubert’s works of travel writing. They are wonderful texts, as great in their way as the Correspondance. Unfinished though they are, they are a mine of information and inspiration for the traveller, the general reader, and the scholar. The artcommentaries, which are our main preoccupation here, bring an extra imaginative dimension to visits to museums and art-galleries. Flaubert’s quirky and highly personal approach to art makes his commentaries rank among the most provocative and stimulating I have read. More theoretical considerations inevitably followed on these earlier encounters of a purely pleasurable kind, concerning the relationship between the works of art which Flaubert saw, his descriptions of them, and the development of his own descriptive techniques. Thus, the broader question of the relationship between painting and writing, image and text, came into focus, and of what it means to say that Flaubert is a pictorialist writer.
Images, Memory, and the Imagination
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

In the first Education sentimentale (1845), Flaubert set out the blueprint of a system of aesthetics which, though subsequently refined, was never substantially modified, as he later told Louise Colet.1 One of the passages from this early text which relates closely to that system and on which Louise commented was the ‘voyage en Italie’ undertaken by the two main protagonists, Jules and Henry.
Art Commentaries (ii): The ‘Voyage en Orient’, 1849-1851
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

The Voyage en Orient introduced Flaubert to a wide range of new forms of pictorial art —new worlds of colour and strange iconography in Egypt, Rhodes, and Asia Minor, new forms of bad art in the churches of the Holy Land, new forms of realism in Persian illuminated manuscripts, new forms of stylization in early Christian mosaics in the churches of Rome.

Had Flaubert pursued his original intention of finishing and publishing his Voyage, it would have been a masterpiece, adding something entirely new to the genre.
The Power of the Image
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

All Flaubert’s practising artists are painters. None of them re­presents the ‘Artist’, in the usual sense, about whom there is noth­ing to be said. The ‘Artist’ is a non-subject, the only true monster, genuinely outside the system: ‘L’artiste, selon moi, est une mon­struosit é, —quelque chose de hors nature’ (CI 720).2 The average practising artist, whether professional or amateur, is less ‘artistic’ (‘quels imb éciles sont les peintres’) than those who confine them­selves to imaginary art works —visions, fantasies, and dreams. The archetypal practising artist is of course Pellerin.
Love stories: Annie Ernaux’s Passion simple (1991)
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Stendhal’s endeavour to theorize, and so at once to promote and to contain, love is not in itself unprecedented. On the contrary, from the codifications of medieval courtly love to the seventeenth-century carte de Tendre and beyond, writers have played with—or preached—the possibility of systematizing lovers’ behaviour within explicit rules and repeatable models. More specifically, Stendhal is a pupil of the eighteenth-century Ideologues, proponents of a science of man according to which all mental operations might be apprehended following a rational methodology. What is at stake here, in part, is the power of observation and reason: humankind, in even its most intimate and private emotions, is seen to be essentially unified, reacting (even when appearances suggest otherwise) according to shared patterns which can be dispassionately chronicled and rationally explained.
Heritage, History and ‘New Realism’: French Cinema in the I 990s
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

Continuity and difference, the subtitle of this volume, are terms used by Susan Hayward in her introduction to French National Cinema. As Hayward points out, however, the issue of a national cinema is a complex one, and not always useful in defining the panorama of French film production at any given time. At best one might be able to distinguish a mainstream cinema, or cinema of the ‘centre’, as Hayward calls it, following Gauthier, and a vaguely oppositional cinema of the ‘periphery’ (Hayward 1993: 13). And yet the terms continuity and difference can be profitably used, less in relation to defining any national specificity than in isolating certain key moves in the complex network formed by French film production in the 1990s, which is the focus of this volume. In what follows, I shall outline these key moves, linking them to social and political factors, before returning to the issue of ‘national’ cinema.
‘Dusting off’ Dehousse: Un h éros tr ès discret (Audiard, I996)
Authors: Lauten Kathryn M
Published: October 2023

The director of Un h éros t èes discret (1996), Jacques Audiard, is quoted in the press releases for this film as saying, ‘I remember very clearly the first time I read the book by Jean-Fran\’.ois Deniau, as it reminded me of why the 1944-45 period had always fascinated me. It was then that the biggest lie of our generation was create theidea of France resisting, the idea of France at the victor’s table. The lie of France as a war resister ... a country that after five years of zealous collaboration tries to reconstruct its identity and its virtue around a great lie.’ Certainly when the novel was published in 1989 the idea that France had woven a post-war tale of non collaboration was not new, and certainly the examination of this phenomenon in the 1996 film is not ground-breaking.
Right-Wing Anarchism and Le Bonheur est dans le pr é (Chatiliez, I995)
Authors: Reader Keith
Published: October 2023

LE Bo NH Eu R est dans le pr é was Étienne Chatiliez’s third, and at the time of writing last, feature film, following on La Vie est un long fleuve tranquille (1988) and Tatie Danielle (1990). La Vie est un long fleuve tranquille, made on a shoestring budget using largely unknown actors, was the surprise box-office hit of its year in France, where its acerbic family romance in which two children from families at opposite ends of the social scale are exchanged at birth clearly struck a number of chords.
Besson’s ‘Mission Elastoplast’: Le Cinqui ème él ément (I997)
Authors: Hayward Susan
Published: October 2023

LE Cinqui ème él ément continues the tradition begun with Le Grand Bleu of ‘serious’ critics trashing Besson’s work, but popular audiences acclaiming it in their millions. The film is Besson’s most audacious coup to date: a French-financed blockbuster, a special effects film that beats Hollywood at its own game. Completely financed by the French producers Gaumont for 500 million francs ($90 million), it had already made its money back in pre-production sales before Besson had shot his first image, a phenomenon unheard of in the French film industry. Criticized for not being ‘French’, because the dialogue is in English and the setting a futuristic New York of the twenty-third century,
‘Il N’y A Plus Nobles Logiz Que Sont Cons’: The Body As A Building (I)
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

‘This humorous celebration of the female anatomy, attributed to the Burgundian indiciaire Jean Molinet, hinges around a metaphor whose wide diffusion at the end of the Middle Ages made it a vehicle for bawdy wit and fi:)r serious moral teaching, for secular narratives of the sexual act and for devotional instruction on the threats to female chastity. Sometimes, as in the case of Molinet, the work of a single writer il1ustrates both extremes, bridging the ideological gap that separates secular allegories from their devotional counterparts (which will be discussed in the next chapter).
Negotiating Agency: Ana Mariscal
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

How has Rosario Pi’s career been ‘read’ in more recent years? Other than the exceptional analyses of El gato mantés undertaken by Caparrós Lera and Gubern, Pi generally garners only the briefest of mentions in Spanish film criticism, and the information which theorists do choose to emphasize is sometimes surprising.
Enacting the Feminine: Gender Identity and Performance
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

PERFORMING women have enjoyed a position of relative prominence on the Spanish screen. A number of highly successful musical genres, in particular, have featured female protagonists, and enabled a handful of entertainers to maintain lucrative careers within the film industry, as well as on the concert circuit.
Melodramatic Feminism: The Popular Fiction of Carmen de Burgos
Authors: Louis Anja
Published: October 2023

At first sight the phrase ‘melodramatic feminism’ might appear to be a contradiction in terms. While melodrama is associated with the feminine because of its concern with the display of emotion, its politics are often regarded as escapist and reactionary and thus likely to work against a feminist agenda. I hope in this essay to justify my use of the phrase ‘melodramatic feminism’ and its relevance to the popular novellas of the early twentieth century feminist campaigner Carmen de Burgos. My discussion is divided into two parts. First, I discuss Peter Brooks’s key concept of melodramatic excess. I shall take two features of melodrama that are usually seen as negative—its manichaean world view and its rhetorical excess—and show how they are used positively both in Brooks’s theories and in de Burgos’s 1921 novella El artículo 438. Since Brooks does not deal with gender issues, the second part of my discussion draws on Tania Modleski’s feminist analysis of romance and the Gothic novel, and on the work of other feminist critics as appropriate.
Good Girls go to Heaven: The Venerable Mari Carmen González Valerio y Sáenz de Heredia (1930–1939)
Authors: Harvey Jessamy
Published: October 2023

A small devotional card distributed by a convent of the Discalced Carmelite Order in Aravaca, Madrid, features the portrait of a solemn little girl, around 4 years old, under the phrase: ‘El mejor adorno en una niña es la virtud’ [The greatest embellishment in a little girl is virtue]. Printed on the reverse of this card is a prayer of intercession for divine graces or favours to be channelled through the Venerable Mari Carmen González Valerio y Sáenz de Heredia (1930–9), a Spanish child whose heroic virtues were approved in Rome in 1995, and who was declared Venerableby Pope John Paul II the following year. The devotional card attempts to resemble in appearance an illuminated manuscript; the initial letter of the prescriptive phrase is an ornate calligraphic design of multicoloured leaves on a vellum tinted background. This collaboration between words and image serves an eternalizing function bridging religion, history, and femininity, and because the card is an example of what David Morgan (1998) calls ‘visual piety’—the process of social con struction that is encoded in the visual culture of religion—it is a primary document in understanding the construction of a particular identity: the good Catholic girl.
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao: High Art and Popular Culture
Authors: Deros Xon
Published: October 2023

Cultural icons are central to the definition of national heritage. They are instrumental in projecting the nation’s image into a discursive space and are therefore the object of governmental attention and the subject of cultural policy. The emergence of a cultural icon is a complex phenomenon related to both public perception and the politics of nationalism. The issue becomes more problematic when the icon a society collectively comes to adopt as part of its cultural patrimony is an import, as exemplified in the controversies surrounding the public funding of foreign art. Cultural technologies such as the museum, the art gallery, and the exposition play an important role in the process of naturalization through public display.
End of the Line
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

There are individuals in all human societies who become legendary: thoughts and deeds are attributed to them by popular invention, embroidered, and passed on through various channels. Soviet society was particularly active in creating legends. The reasons are not far to seek. The public media were efficiently censored, and very little of normal human interest could be written about or permanently recorded in other publicly accessible ways. For reasons as much to do with long-standing notions of propriety as with official censorship, information about such matters as the private lives of eminent individuals was never committed to print. But people naturally speculated about these things, and the smallest scraps of information were transformed into fullblown narratives.
The Architecture of Norman England
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

This important addition to the literature is the first overall study of the architecture of Norman England since Sir Alfred Clapham's English Romanesque Architecture after the Conquest (1934). Eric Fernie, a recognized authority on the subject, begins with an overview of the architecture of the period, paying special attention to the importance of the architectural evidence for an understanding of the Norman Conquest. The second part, the core of the book, is an examination of the buildings defined by their function, as castles, halls, and chamber blocks, cathedrals, abbeys, and collegiate churches, monastic buildings, parish churches, and palace chapels. The third part is a reference guide to the elements which make up the buildings, such as apses, passages, vaults, galleries, and decorative features, and the fourth offers an account of the processes by which they were planned and constructed. This book contains powerful new ideas that will affect the way in which we look at and analyse these buildings.
Castles, Halls, and Chamber Blocks
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

There were few purely military buildings in Norman England. This may sound a surprising claim to make of a people renowned for their castles and attachment to warfare, but it is none the less justified, as few castles have defence as their primary function. The breakdown of the authority of the Carolingian Empire from the mid-ninth century onward produced a new type of building in which the functions of a residence, a centre of government, and a fortification were brought together. These differed from the fortifications of the Roman world which were either communal, as in the case of city walls, or largely military, as with the forts of the army. This new type has come to be called the castle, although the terms castrum and castellum had wider meanings in the Middle Ages, including fortified towns and monasteries. One of the key considerations in understanding this type of the fortified residence is whether the military elements, such as thick walls, narrow windows, fore buildings, and machicolations, were primarily for military purposes or primarily for display.
The Radical Solution: The Anabaptists
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

In their treatment of the authority of the Church, Catholic admirers of 2 Esdras acted with circumspection and respect. But the matter of authority, which had been raised by Luther and his followers and culminated in Luther’s official break with the Church of Rome in 1521, was to come to the fore repeatedly in the course of the long history of the Reformation and would also be approached far more radically. One of the first conflicts within the Protestant camp, which would lead to a lasting schism and a fundamental rejection of the authority most Protestants accepted, was the work of the movement known as Anabaptism. In it 2 Esdras was to occupy a prominent position.
General Bibliographies Of And Guides To British Literature
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

6 Thompson, James. English studies; a guide for librarians to the sources and their organisation. [2d ed. rev. and enl.). London, C. Bingley, 1971; [Hamden, Conn.], Linnet books, [1971). (First pub. with var. title, 1968). 155p. 21cm. 7 Kennedy, Arthur G. and D.B. Sands. A concise bibliography for students of English. 5th ed. rev. by William E. Colburn. Stanford, Calif., Stanford U.P., 1972. (First pub. 1940; 4th ed. 1960). ix,3oop. 21cm. 8 Howard, Patsy C. Theses in English literature, 1894-1970. Ann Arbor, Mich., Pierian pr., 1973. xix,387p. 23cm.
General And Period Bibliography
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

257 Birley, sir Robert. One hundred books, selected [from Eton college library] and annotated .... Eton, Ptd. for the provost & fellows, 1970. (Preliminary ed. 1969). 44p. facsim. 23cm. (Eton college collections. Occas pubs. 2). Covertitle. 258 Kendall, Lyle H. A descriptive catalogue of the W.L. Lewis collection: part one, manuscripts, inscriptions, art. [Many association copies]. [Fort Worth, Texas Christian U.P., 1970]. xiv,196p. facsims. 24cm. Rev: J.T. Bratcher Pa Bib Soc Am 64:379–82 ‘70.
Book Production And Distribution
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

962 Parks, Stephen. The English book trade, 1660–1853; 156 titles relating to the early history of English publishing, bookselling, the struggle for copyright and the freedom of the press. Repr.... in 38 vols. Ed. with bibliographical notes, by Skphen Parks. [New York], Garland, [1973?]. [20]p. illus. 22cm. 963 National book league, LONDON. One hundred and one books on the book trade; a selective annotated list of British books published in the last twenty years comp. by the staff of the Mark Longman library and Book information service. [2d ed.] London, Mark Longman library, National book league, 1978. (First pub. 1977). 26p. 20cm.
Anglo-Latin in the Ricardian Age
Authors: Rigg A G
Published: October 2023

The details of the threnody are unclear: does the pristine eloquence of the ancients perish in the darkness because no one reads them or because no one writes like them anymore? Cicero is absent (since there are no orators like him), but Virgil laments and Ovid banishes his own songs (since no one appreciates them).
From ‘Ricardian Poetry’ to Ricardian Studies
Authors: Morse Charlotte C
Published: October 2023

In publishing Ricardian Poetry, John Burrow offered the term ‘Ricardian’ as a replacement for the familiar ‘Age of Chaucer’. As much as any recent theorist of literature, Burrow had a political agenda within English studies. By elevating Chaucer’s three major contemporaries to something like parity with him and perceiving these four major Middle English poets as constituting a period, Burrow hoped to enhance the status of medieval English literature in the larger field of English literature.
Case Study I: Howards End
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: October 2023

Howards End, one of the best known and most commercially successful heritage films, was released in 1992, at the tail-end of the Thatcherite period, a year after Margaret Thatcher’s downfall. Directed by James Ivory, produced by Ismail Merchant, and scripted by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala for Merchant Ivory Productions, it’s a very tasteful adaptation of Forster’s novel about Englishness, class, tradition, and modernity. There had of course been three other Forster adaptations in the previous few years. David Lean’s A Passage to India had appeared in 1984. The other two were both Merchant Ivory productions, A Room with a View (1986) and Maurice (1987); as we’ve already noted, the former proved an immense critical and box-office success for a low-budget literary adaptation. A fourth Forster adaptation, Charles Sturridge’s Where Angels Fear to Tread (1991), was released in Britain while Howards End was in production (it was released in the USA at the same time as the Merchant Ivory film), prompting cries of ‘Forstermania’. In each case, while Forster had set the novel in what for him was the present day, the film became a period piece, set in the past.
The Wit and Weight of Clarendon
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

And as for books, if you had to choose between the serious study and the amusing gossip, say, between Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion and John Aubrey’s Scandal and Credulities, wouldn’t you choose the latter? Of course you would! Who would rather learn the facts of Augustus’ imperial policy rather than discover that he had spots on his stomach? No one. Fortunately, in the real world, as against the world of bluff broadcasting, we do not have to choose between Clarendon and Aubrey. Yet we must admit that in one respect their very different styles invite the same question: are we delighting in an inadvertence, a fluke, rather than in any intended effect? Those who still hold to the belief that it is possible for a reader to take an unwarrantable pleasure in a writer’s words are not obliged to equate intention with fully conscious decision; felicities are a coinciding of the happily unplanned with the deliberated. But Aubrey thrusts upon us the choice between apprehending his prose as genius or as ingenuousness.
Victorian Lives
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

Condescension has long been visited upon biography, especially Victorian. Virginia Woolf began her essay on ‘The Art of Biography’ (1939): ‘The art of biography, we say-but at once go on to ask, Is biography an art? The question is foolish perhaps.’ No, not perhaps. Humphry House, in ‘The Present Art of Biography’ (1948), added a word to Virginia Woolf’s title, but not a word of dissent: ‘biography should not properly be spoken of as an art. An artist creates his own limits without the violation of anything except his own larger designs.” The show of reason always proffered is that biography, unlikethey say-art (or unlike literature), is fettered to facts. But the glum power of ‘fetters’ would be changed if we thought rather of bonds, that is of relations and restraints which certainly may thwart but which may be ties that rightly bind, the conditions of responsibility, love, respect for things other than one’s ‘own larger designs’, and such service as is perfect freedom.
Criticism at the Present Time: Two Notes
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

A quarter of an hour, on matters of such moment and such complexity, is not long enough to substantiate an argument but it should permit of relating some convictions. The most that such a relating can hope for is that it manifest a readiness for argument unpursued. But the polemics of travesty may be avoided by proposing not the but an answer to the question ‘What is at stake in the battle of the books?’ My wish is to identify a prime consideration insufficiently admitted.
Julea palmer (fl. 1671-3)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Julea Palmer is The oTherwise obscure author of an extensive collection of devotional poems now in The William andrews Clark Memorial Library. The first of Them is preceded with ‘Julea Pallmer September 28/1671’. There are two hundred poems, numbered and grouped into two centuries. The dates included in many poems’ titles indicate that They were composed or compiled consecutively between 1671 and 1673.
Jane Barker (1652-1732)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Jane Barker was a Jacobite gentlewoman. She was baptized on 17 May 1652 in BlaTherwycke, Northamptonshire. Her faTher, Thomas Barker, bore a coat of arms. He attended The court of Charles I, possibly as a servant to The Lord Chancellor, Keeper of The Great Seal.
Mary adams (fl. 1676)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Mary Adams was a working-class prophetess, who published a two-page pamphlet in 1676, which attracted enough interest to be reprinted in 1678. She may have been connected with a Baptist minister called Richard Adams, from Leicester, who was at Shad Thames, in Bermondsey, South London, in 1689, but The impersonal nature of her text does not allow us to place her in any way.
Margaret, Lady Godolphin, née Blagge (1652-1678)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Margaret Blagge was The daughter of Colonel Thomas Blagge (b. 1613), Groom of The Bedchamber, and his wife Mary, daughter of Sir Roger North, of Mildenhall, Suffolk.
Amy Hammond (née Browne) (?-1693)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Amy Browne came from Gloucestershire. Her faTher may have been James Browne (1615-^.1685), of Mangotsfield in that county, who matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford in 1634 and took his BA in 1638.
Síleas Na Ceaphaich (Sileas Macdonald) (c. 1660-C.1729)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Síleas Nighean Mhic Raghnaill, or na Ceapaich f of Keppoch’), was born f.1660, allegedly at Bohuntin, two miles or so up Glen Roy from Keppoch in Inverness-shire. Her faTher, Mac Mhic Raghnaill, was The fifteenth chief of The MacDonalds of Keppoch, and himself a poet. Her descent was thus a markedly aristocratic one, with a family tradition of verse.
Anne Killigrew (1660-1685)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Anne Killigrew was born shortly before The Restoration, The daughter of Dr Henry (1613-1700) and Judith Killigrew. The connection between The poet Anne Killigrew and The Elizabethan scholar-poet Katherine Killigrew is a very remote one: she is The great-granddaughter of Sir Henry Killigrew’s broTher William. More immediately, her faTher and two of his broThers, Thomas and William, were dramatists, as was her cousin Thomas, and she was thus The child of a notably literary family.
Elizabeth Bradford (née Sowle) (1663.M731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Mrs Bradford was a Quaker who became one of The first women poets of America. She was born in London, where her faTher, andrew Sowle, her moTher, Jane, and her sister, Tace, were all printers. She married her faTher’s apprentice William Bradford in 1685 and The couple emigrated to America, where They lived at first in Philadelphia, Then moved to New York.
Anonymous Sampler Verse (Late 17th Cent.)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Verse on a sampler, Victoria & Albert Museum, embroidery study collection, no. 480-1894: late seventeenth-century, in coloured silk on linen, using crossstitch, two-sided Italian cross-stitch, satin stitch, double running stitch, herringbone, Algerian eye, and decorated buttonhole stitches.
Anne Fychan (fl. 1688)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

This poem is particularly interesting since it demonstrates a Welsh woman’s engagement with events of national significance. In The manuscript, it follows a series of twelve englynion on The Seven Bishops by Edward Morris, The drover poet of Perthi Llwydion. Both Morris and Fychan are reacting to The imprisonment of seven bishops in The Tower of London, charged with treason, after They refused to comply with James H’s demand that a second Declaration of Indulgence be read aloud in every parish church. One of The seven was Welsh, William Lloyd, Bishop of St Asaph in North Wales. The reaction of Morris and Fychan is characteristic of Welsh responses to this event.
Sarah Field (née Fyge, Later Egerton) (1670-1723)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Born in London, Sarah Fyge Egerton (as she styled herself after her second marriage) was one of The six daughters of Thomas Fyge, a physician and city councillor from an old Buckinghamshire family, and Mary, nee Beacham, of Seaton, Rudand. In about 1690 Sarah married Edward Field, an attorney (unwillingly, by her own account). She seems to imply that her publication of The Female Advocate (1686, 1687), one of several responses to Robert Gould’s anti-feminist satire, Love Given O’re (1682), led her faTher to hustle her into matrimony.
Margaret Maule, Countess of Panmure, née Douglas, (F.1667-1731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

This poem comes from a packet of ‘Verses of my own making’ by Margaret Countess of Panmure, all of Them dating from The eighteenth century apart from The quatrain given here.
Amey Hayward (fl-1699)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

‘Mrs Amey Hayward, of Limmingtoon’ is known only from her book of verses, a collection of religious meditations. There is no indication in Them of why she took to print, or which of England’s Limingtons or Leamingtons was her home. Her work is addressed to oTher women, warning Them to behave in a godly and upright manner, and devote Their thoughts to religious meditation.
Jane among the Godwins( 1798-1814)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Jane Clairmont, known to history as Claire Clairmont, makes her first appearance at the age of 3, apparently from nowhere. She believed that she was born on 27 April 1798. This, at any rate, is the birthday and age she set down several times in her voluminous journals. There is, however, no record of any church or Nonconformist baptism; and as to her place of birth, there is no evidence. She seems to have thought she had some connection with Switzerland, wrote to Byron of ‘Switzerland: the land of my ancestors’, though what she meant is not clear; equally vaguely, she thought she might have ‘Relations at Geneva’.Jane’s childhood was, in general, happy.
No Permanent Township(1819—1820)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

The Shelley party returned to Rome on 5 March 1819 and instantly felt a lift in their spirits. Claire, taking up her journal again, recorded the delightful weather and sights. ‘Walk in the public gardens-Go to the Fontana di Trevis and to the Pantheon now called La Rotunda–Walk with Shelley to the Capitol, to the Forum & the Coliseum–A beautiful & mild Spring Evening.’ Later that evening she revisited the Pantheon, and saw it by moonlight in the mild, milky weather.
To the North (1822—1823)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

The deaths of Allegra and Shelley left Claire a lone remnant of the Romantic Age. Her letters and journals, volatile textures of light and shade, record her battles as revolutionary in a world of reaction, servant in households of strangers, an Englishwoman abroad, a foreigner in England. She survived by a vivid response to life, learning in spite of early grief to be ‘happy without happiness’. In the respectable middle-class world of the mid-century, she survived as a figure from a freer past, with lingering hopes of Shelley’s vision: The world’s great age begins anew, The golden years return. The deaths of Shelley and Williams left Mary and Jane as alone as Claire.
Hard Winters in Moscow ( 1825—1827)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Three days after Dunia’s funeral, Marie Ivanovna began to recover from her paroxysms of grief and the household prepared to move back to Moscow. ‘Pack up,’ wrote Claire on 28 September. ‘Walk all round the gardens. All is solitude, silence and ruin.’ Next day, when they reached Moscow, Johnny was ill with a fever. Misery, confusion, and ‘nights of breathless anxiety’ followed until he began to recover. Claire sat with him at night, reading his favourite Maria Edgeworth stories aloud. After ten days, Claire tells us that ‘even now that Johnny is nearly recovered the whole house is topsy-turvy. I sleep upon chairs every night there being no bed to be had … The days pass so miserably away they leave nothing but a blank trace of misery behind them.’
Reunion in London( 1828—1829)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

The previous year, on a morning call, Claire had met the wife of General Kaisaroff, who had one child—an ailing, fretful, and nervous daughter, Natalie, the source of continuous anxiety to her parents. Claire was not then free to teach Natalie, but continued to visit her mother as a guest. After dinner at the Kaisaroffs on 6 January 1827, she enjoyed a lively argument, defending liberty against a man who thought it ‘a chimera’. No sooner had she left than the men around the table engaged in frank sexual speculation about her. Mme Kaisaroff saw how exposed a young foreign woman was, alone in Russian society. Next morning she invited Claire to breakfast and apologized for the scene. Claire responded with irony, ‘Amiable delightful creatures! I must really take great care of my poor heart.’
Governess in Tuscany( 1832—1836)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

The Mason family had left Casa Silva, where Claire had known them since 1819, and moved to the Via della Faggiola, Pisa. Time had brought changes. The two little girls, Laura and Nerina, whom Claire had taken to dancing class and for walks in the Cascine, were now attractive creatures of marriageable age, and a set of young men called every evening, filling the drawing room with noisy conversation. The Masons, infatuated ltalophiles both, could find no fault with their visitors’ racket. Mr Mason, whom his wife’s friends had called condescendingly ‘Tatty’ because of his interest in potatoes, had completed and published his researches on the new strain of potato best suited to Tuscan soil, a solid and useful proposal for cheap food. He now appeared older, slightly bent, and fatigued. Mrs Mason in contrast was apparently untouched by the ten years, and seeing the fine figure in the odd, untidy clothes, Claire recognized the best friend, apart from Shelley, she had ever known; as she wrote to Mary, ‘with her I am as her child’.
Conflict at Field Place( 1847—1850)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Whatever Claire’s financial misjudgements, she was safe in London, where she took up her new life during 1847, before the year of revolutions on the Continent. The riots, which began in Sicily during January 1848, spread to the streets of Paris during February. In March the poet Lamartine issued a revolutionary declaration to the nations of Europe which threw Mary Shelley into trembling alarm. France, she wrote to Claire, was spreading ‘wicked and desolating principles among the nations’. The Days of June in Paris, 23-25June 1848, brought the bloodiest fighting its streets had ever seen, as the army fought its way from the west through barricades to the headquarters of the revolutionary forces in the Place de la Bastille. Had Claire remained in Clichy, she might have been trapped between the two. Revolution kindled in Central Europe. The emperor of Austria abdicated, Metternich’s government fell and with it his repressive system. Charles was at risk, since he went three times a week to the Schonbrunn Palace to give English lessons to the two younger brothers of the emperor.
The Shelleys and the Clairmonts ( 1850—1868)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Mary continued to suffer from weakness and lassitude, while Jane Shelley complained of an obstinate infection in chest and throat. In the new year of 1850 Percy patiently escorted his ladies to the French Riviera, where the company of two invalids was hardly cheerful.
New Generations (1868-1872)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Florence, in the forty-eight years since Claire had boarded with the Bojti family opposite the Court of Grand Duke Ferdinand III, had played its part in the creation of Italy. Leopold II succeeded as ruler and was driven out in 1848 by Liberal revolutionaries, only to be restored a year later by an armed Austrian escort. In 1859, when the kingdom of Savoy led a campaign to break the Austrian occupation of north Italy, Tuscans again rose against their prince and voted to joir Savoy's constitutional kingdom, with civil and religious freedom on the model of Britain. Florence served as capital of Italy from 1865 to the liberation of Rome in 1870. The enthusiasm of British Liberals for unified Italy was overwhelming.
‘Suicide’ and Other Words in Religio Medici and its Imitations
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Fortunately, Thomas Blount’s acknowledgement of Browne is not limited to this reference in his ‘To the Reader’. Among the seventeenth-century ‘dictionaries’2 his Glossographia is unique in that it often provides its readers with Blount’s source (the name of an author, the title of a work, or both) after the entry of a particular word.
Taming Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce
Published: October 2023

Our enquiry into the design of the Life of Johnson enters its final phase as we attend to a portrait and a letter—the portrait by Reynolds that serves as a frontispiece and the ‘celebrated letter’ to Lord Chesterfield. In ‘Representing Johnson’ we took note of the fact that, as he neared the end of the biography, Boswell commissioned James Heath to engrave the portrait and then asked Reynolds to criticize Heath’s efforts. According to Boswell, Reynolds ‘suggested that the countenance was too young and not thoughtful enough. Mr. Heath therefore altered it … much to its advantage.’1 Reynolds then finished the portrait so as to conform it to the engraving, and gave the portrait to Boswell, who in turn altered his original description in the manuscript of the Life. The passage in question glosses Johnson’s first appearance to Boswell in Tom Davies’s back parlour.
City and University
Authors: Prest John
Published: October 2023

Oxford is a county town and a borough. It grew up at the southern tip of a promontory lying between the River Thames and the River Cherwell, at a place where it was easy for men to drive cattle through the water. It was, and to this day still is, almost encircled by meadows which are liable to flood. Archaeological excavation suggests that continuous settlement began in the eighth century, and the first written reference occurs early in the tenth, when the Saxons erected a fortified burg with earthen ramparts. From Carfax one can see how the streets were (by English standards) laid out according to a remarkably rectilinear pattern. By 1066 there were more than a thousand houses, and Oxford was the sixth largest town in the kingdom after London, York, Norwich, Lincoln, and Winchester.
The Architecture of the University and the Colleges
Authors: Tyack Geoffrey
Published: October 2023

The most tangible of Oxford University’s contributions to civilization is Oxford itself. Over a period of seven hundred years this moderately sized provincial town has acquired, through innumerable acts of individual and corporate munificence, a collection of magnificent buildings whose visual effect is hard to match in any place of comparable size in Europe. Yet, viewed in a European or even in an English context, the architecture of Oxford is highly idiosyncratic.
The University’s Contribution to Classical Studies
Authors: Jocelyn H D
Published: October 2023

No secular libraries or schools survived the departure of the Roman army from Britain in AD 409. Latin went out of use very quickly as a language of ordinary discourse. It is doubtful whether Greek had ever been much studied on the island. The architectural and artistic monuments of classical civilization disappeared or became unrecognizable. The Christian clergy eventually established a new educational system, but one designed to suit their own needs. Continuing loyalty to the Bishop of Rome ensured the preservation of a species of Latin in the English Church’s ritual and in its Government. This was a sclerotic medium of communication, only occasionally loosened up by study of the pagan literary classics. It tended more to conceal than to make plain the user’s meaning.
Oxford’s Contribution to Modern Studies in the Arts
Authors: Bell Alan
Published: October 2023

Modernity of study has never been foreign to Oxford: even in the Middle Ages the University’s logicians were prominent exponents of philosophical systems which were modern at the time. But for the purposes of this chapter ‘modern studies’ is used to embrace those schools of secular, non-classical, non-scientific study that were established following the university reforms of the mid-nineteenth century. The Royal Commissioners of 1850 had noted severely that ‘the fact that so few books of profound research emanate from the University of Oxford materially impairs its character as a seat of learning’. This was to change dramatically during the second half of the century, with the professoriate leading in research. The contribution of the teaching staff of the colleges followed later. The balance of higher study and undergraduate teaching varied from faculty to faculty, but scholarly standards were gradually raised in parallel with tutorial needs.
Disease and society
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

Plague, the epidemic disease whose ravages in the past are the subject of this book, was both a personal affliction and a social calamity. Decimating communities, destroying families, bringing grief and pain to individuals, it deserves study in its own right as a fundamental part of man’s experience in history. If we are to attempt a rounded understanding of our predecessors, their sufferings and misfortunes ought to command as much attention as their joys and achievements. Yet the history of plague is more than a sad tale of the diverse ways in which men were the playthings of fortune or providence, at the mercy of a harsh environment. For they had to react to their environment. They struggled to explain epidemic disease and to control it, and the ways in which they did so have much to tell us about the society in which they lived: its intellectual assumptions, its coherence and solidity, its political and administrative flexibility, and its capacity for change. The impact of plague is to be found in the social response to it no less than in the problems which it brought. This book has been designed to explore these two themes in sixteenth- and seventeenth century England.
The chronology of epidemics 1485-1665
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

Although the population of the country was at last increasing after the long stagnation of the later Middle Ages, the demographic landscape of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England was in many respects bleak. In the background there were still high death rates and unremitting sickness; and in the foreground, dominating and obscuring all else, were the frequent crisis years in which epidemic disease swept through large proportions of the population and mortality rates rose rapidly, often doubling or trebling. There are few historical records to tell us about the incidence of sickness and pain themselves in these years; the immediate effects of disease remain essentially immeasurable. We shall never know how many people in all felt the direct and personal impact of plague and other infections. But parish registers and other sources allow us to count the number of those - generally a minority - for whom disease had fatal consequences. It is the expectation of death which will largely concern us in the following pages.
Public authority and a policy for control
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

Social reactions to bubonic plague in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries produced a variety of defence mechanisms promising safety, comfort and help against infectious disease. They were set in motion at four different levels. Most prominent was the administrative code of plague regulations developed by the central government, which was designed to prevent contagion and deal with its consequences. Secondly, there was the response of intellectuals, of doctors and divines, who discussed the causes of plague and its meaning, and thus brought new policies for public health into harmony with traditional modes of thought. Thirdly, there was the activity of local governors, particularly in towns, who had to enforce centrally designed policies in the intractable realities of crisis circumstances. And finally there were the reactions of ordinary men and women, who bore the brunt of plague and who were the victims of the methods invented to control it. Each of these four aspects of the subject will be considered in this and succeeding chapters.
Police and people
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

The reactions of the common people to plague are the most difficult of all to reconstruct. When their words were recorded, it was usually in the context of court proceedings arising from their crimes and misdemeanours. Observers who described their behaviour similarly concentrated on manifestations of riot and disturbance. Only rarely do we hear of popular humanity, patience, courage or charity. William Lilly, the astrologer, noted that the poor who came to consult him in the plague of 1665 ‘were so civil ... they would stand purposely at a distance’; and Thomas Vincent visited one boy in the same epidemic who ‘boldly enquired whether the tokens did yet appear, saying that he was ready for them’.But Richard Baxter’s blanket dismissal of the ignorant rabble was much more common. As so often, the weight of the historical evidence can easily give the impression that the lives of the poor were brutish as well as short. There was unquestionably a good deal of disorder, as we shall see. Popular disorder posed the greatest threat to the government’s policy for public health; and popular disorder helped to determine the nature of that policy. If we wish to understand the reasons for disturbance and resistance by the vulgar, however, we must first try to illustrate the wide range of actions and attitudes which was open to ordinary people in the face of plague.
The Vulture from the Sky
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

The outside forces that were so decisively to alter the course of Turkana history in the twentieth century were preceded by forerunners who already had begun to appear in Eturkan by the closing decades of the previous century. By the 1870s enterprising ivory-hunters had methodically annihilated much of the elephant population of East Africa. Hunting and trading expeditions from the Swahili towns of the coast, spurred by soaring ivory prices, pushed into the remotest corners of the interior seeking out any remaining pockets. One such place where many elephants still survived was Eturkan, and it quickly became a Mecca for the Swahili and other long-distance traders as the nineteenth century drew to a close.