bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Синтагматические особенности функционирования русских экспрессивных языковых единиц на материале лексики с положительной эмоциональной оценкой
Authors: Zaynuldinov Andrey
Published: March 2020

Syntagmatic features of the functioning of Russian expressive linguistic units on the basis of a vocabulary with a positive emotional evaluationProceeding from the opposition of the function of identification and the function of predication, it is advisable to consider the syntagmatic features of the use of a vocabulary with a positive emotional evaluation in the most typical positions of vocative and predicate.As a result of the analysis of linguistic material, a conclusion has been made about the difference in the typology of lexical units expressing approval and admiration, which do not undergo semantic changes in the vocative position for the given words, the vocative position is not systemic, determining: орёл oriol eagle, соловей solovej nightingale, мастер master master, and the typologies of lexical units conveying an affectionate and friendly attitude that in the attitude ofthe expression communicates the properly-valued semantics in the eventual deactivation of the nominative components of the value the vocative position is systemic, basic: лапушка lapushka [little paw], ягодка jagodka [berry], сынок synok [little son], дружище druzhishe [friend, pal], etc..  Syntagmatyczne właściwości funkcjonowania rosyjskich ekspresyjnych jednostek językowych na materiale leksyki pozytywnie nacechowanej emocjonalniePrzy wychodzeniu od opozycji funkcji identyfikacji i funkcji predykacji celowe jest rozpatrzenie syntagmatycznych właściwości użycia leksyki z pozytywną oceną emocjonalną w najbardziej typowych dla nich pozycjach zwracania się i predykatu.W wyniku analizy materiału językowego został sformułowany wniosek o rozbieżności typologii jednostek językowych wyrażających akceptację i zachwyt, które w funkcji adresatywnej nie ulegają zmianom semantycznym dla danych wyrazów sytuacja zwrotu nie jest pozycją systemową, określającą: орел, соловей, мастер i typologii jednostek leksykalnych wyrażających serdeczny i przyjacielski stosunek, które w pozycji adresatywnej wyrażają znaczenie wartościujące przy jednoczesnej dezaktualizacji nominatywnych komponentów znaczeniowych pozycja zwracania się jest tu systemowa, fundamentalna: лапушка, ягодка, сынок, дружище itp..
Jak opowiedzieć śmierć? Oblężenie Sarajewa w relacjach dziewcząt
Authors: Ślawska Magdalena
Published: March 2020

How to talk about death? Siege of Sarajevo in girls’ war diariesThe article is devoted to the analysis of three girls’ war diaries: by Zlata Filipović, Nadia Halilbegović and Nirvana Zeljković, who kept them during the siege of Sarajevo. The author of this article pays particular attention to the issue of death and the ways of writing about it. All girls call death by its name, they talk about dying without resorting to metaphors, they do it in a simple way, without euphemisms. Talking openly about death, as well as the form of the diary, which the authors chose to express their wartime experience, became a form of self-therapy and a method of dealing with wartime trauma.Как рассказать о смерти? Осада Сараева в воспоминаниях девушекСтатья посвящена анализу военных дневников трех девушек Златы Филипович, Нади Халилбегович и Нирваны Зелькович, которые вели записи во время осады Сараева. В тексте особое внимание уделяется вопросу смерти и способов ее описания. Bce девочки на- зывают смерть прямо, максимально просто, они говорят о ней не прибегая к метафорам и эвфемизмам. Манера открыто говорить о смерти, а также форма дневника, выбранная авторами для выражения своего военного опыта, стали формой автотерапии и методом борьбы с травмой военного времени.
On joint sum/max stability and sum/max domains of attraction
Authors: Hees Katharina , Scheffler Hans-Peter
Published: March 2020

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Activism and Assimilation: The Political Memoirs of Olivia Chow and Adrienne Clarkson
Authors: Law Harmony Ki Tak
Published: March 2020

While the history of Chinese settlement in Canada is touted as an example of perseverance despite racist opposition and of socio-economic success under Canada’s immigration and multiculturalism policies, it is important to remember the very active role that Chinese Canadians played in their own trajectory. Throughout its history, the Chinese Canadian community has engaged in civic and political activism, on the one hand, and the promotion of positive stereotypes associated with assimilation into Euro-Canadian society on the other. Both of these approaches can be seen in the political memoirs of two prominent Chinese Canadian women: My Journey by Olivia Chow, a Member of Parliament who focused her career on a plethora of social justice initiatives; and Heart Matters by Adrienne Clarkson, a former Governor General who deemphasizes her Chinese heritage in order to mould herself into the ideal Canadian citizen. Despite these clear differences in political ideology and personal identity, both Chow and Clarkson’s memoirs reveal the ways in which Chinese Canadians can not only claim full belonging as Canadian citizens, but also interrogate systemic forms of racism and inequality.
Von Hexen und Zauberinnen in den frühneuzeitlichen Grünberger Hexenverhörprotokollen 1663–1665
Authors: Dąbrowska-Burkhardt Jarochna
Published: March 2020

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der lexikalischen Ebene der Hexenverhörprotokolle aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, die aus Grünberg in Niederschlesien, dem heutigen Zielona Góra Polen stammen. Der Untersuchungsschwerpunkt liegt auf den miteinander konkurrierenden Wortbildungen auf hex- und zauber-, die im analysierten Schriftstück parallel auftreten und deren Verwendung sich oft sogar überlappt. Es handelt sich dabei sowohl um Bezeichnungen des beschriebenen Schadenzaubers als auch um die Benennung von Personen, die eines solchen Delikts bezichtigt werden. Die Analyse zeigt an konkreten Beispielen auf, bei welchen Bildungen das Stammmorphem hex- und in welchen das Stammmorphem zauber- dominieren.About witches and sorceresses in the early modernwitchcraft trial records from Grünberg in Lower Silesia 1663–1665This paper is a systematic linguistic analysis at the lexical level of 17th century witch trial protocols from Grünberg in Lower Silesia, today Zielona Góra in Poland. The focus of this investigation is the analysis of word formations with the word stems hex- and zauber-. Both formations occur in parallel and their usage frequently even overlaps. The aim of this paper is both the analysis of the denominations of wizardry crime as well as the designations of people who were accused of such crimes. The analysis presents in which word formations and contexts the word stems hex- and zauber- dominate.
Hier ruhen die Ungeheuer der Göttin sicher. Anmerkungen zur Spannung zwischen Kaiserinnentreue und Aufklärungsbestrebungen in der Peripherie am Beispiel der „Societas incognitorum in terris Austriacis“ 1746–1751 und ihrer Zeitschrift Monathliche Auszüge Alt, und neuer Gelehrten Sachen 1747–1748
Authors: Voda-Eschgfäller Sabine
Published: March 2020

Der Beitrag setzt sich mit einem bislang kaum beachteten Phänomen der österreichischen Aufklärung auseinander. Die Geschichte und Aktivitäten der Olmützer „Societas incognitorum eruditorum in terris Austriacis“ werden im Rahmen ihres Entstehungskontextes erklärt und gezeigt, wie sie in der deutschen bzw. europäischen Aufklärung verankert ist. Näher eingegangen wird auf den Aspekt der Treue zum Kaiserhaus, den die Olmützer Intellektuellen bzw. die Mitglieder der Gelehrtengesellschaft an den Tag legten und am Beispiel der „Theresiade“ von Scheyb illustriert.The monsters of the goddess are resting here. Comments on the tension between loyalty to the Empress and attempts of Enlightenment in the periphery based on the history of the “Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis” 1746–1751 and its journal Monathliche Auszüge Alt, und neuer Gelehrten Sachen 1747–1748The article deals with a little known phenomenon of the Austrian Enlightenment. The history and activities of the Olomouc-based “Societas incognitorum in terris Austriacis” is explained regarding its genesis and it is shown how the society is positioned between the German and resp. European Enlightenment. The article also offers an analysis of the aspect of loyalty to the dynasty by the members of the “Societas incognitorum”, illustrated by a literary example, Scheyb’s Theresiada.
Samorządność gminna i jej gwarancje w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i w kraju związkowym Brandenburgia
Authors: Behr Jolanta
Published: March 2020

Communal self-governance and its guaranties in the Republic of Poland and in the Brandenburg LandThe subject of this article is the commune in the Republic of Poland and in the Brandenburg Land. A commune is a part of public administration which is based on decentralization. The legal construction of this basic entity of local government was created in view of its self-governance. The main methodology used in this work is based on the textual analysis of legal acts. The aim of the following work is to explain the conceptual meaning of communal self-governance in the aforementioned states and to analyze the comparability range of its concept. In the Brandenburg Land the concept of communal self-governance is built on the basis of self-governance guaranties. These guaranties are analyzed in detail. While in the Brandenburg Land the catalogue of these guaranties is well-known and acceptable, in the Republic of Poland it is still unclear. In order to arrange this issue, a comparable classification of self-governance guaranties in the Republic of Poland was proposed.
Wyłączenie stosowania przepisów ustawy o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej w sprawach o cofnięcie koncesji na prowadzenie kasyna gry a ochrona interesu publicznego
Authors: Kopystyński Konrad
Published: March 2020

Exclusion of the application provisions of freedom of economic activity act in the scope of concession for operating casino games and the protection of the public interestThis article presents the comparison between provisions of freedom of economic activity act and the law on gambling in scope of conditions related to revoking concession for operating casino games. To revoke that concession, only provisions of law on gambling can be applied because of provisions of freedom of economic activity act are excluded in that cases. That regulation allows the raising of freedom economic activity, but the other hand — also causes the limitation in the protec­tion of public interest.
Samodzielne przedsiębiorstwo komunalne prawa publicznego w systemie publicznoprawnych form organizacyjnych świadczenia usług materialnych przez gminy w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
Authors: Miemiec Marcin
Published: March 2020

Independent municipal company under the public law in the public-law system of organizational forms of material services provided by communes in the Federal Republic of GermanyGerman municipalities provide intangible and tangible economic services to the members of their self-governmental municipalities. Intangible and tangible services are provided by entities that are part of the system — under private-law capital companies or public-law administrative companies or other forms of public-law companies that are independent of their municipalities and separated from the municipality executive apparatus. The subject matter of this study is the administrative company, generally referred to as amunicipal company under the public law. In the German terri­torial self-government, it is arelatively new legal entity that was established in the mid-nineties of the twentieth century. Although it has apersonality under the public law, its regime is largely based on capital companies. Compared to other entities — proprietary company or managed company —  it has relatively wide independence of its municipalities. Thus, it is often referred to as aform of inner-municipal decentralization. However, the municipality may have alarger influence on such a company’s organization and functioning compared to capital companies in which it holds shares.
Zjazdy książąt i stanów Śląska w latach 1332–1335
Authors: Ptak Marian J.
Published: March 2020

Congresses of Silesian dukes and estates in 1332–1335 In the study the author presents the results of his search for traces of collective political activity of Silesian dukes and estates in 1332–1335, which have been largely omitted from the existing literature on the subject. The author has managed to confirm or at least demonstrate the likelihood that congresses did take place every year in the period in question, with the exception of 1335. There were three types of congresses: of dukes, landed gentry from a given district weichbild and towns from a given principality. Worthy of note is the fact that the congresses were held mainly in Silesia proper, that is in Lower Silesia, as the region would later come to be called.Zusammenkünfte der Fürsten und Stände in den Jahren 1332–1335Diese Bearbeitung präsentiert die Resultate der Suche nach Spuren gemeinschaftlicher politischer Aktivität der Fürsten und Stände Schlesiens in den Jahren 1332–1335, die in der bisherigen Fachliteratur am häufigsten übersehen werden. Es gelang festzustellen oder wenigstens ihre Abhaltung in jedem dieser Jahre, mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1335, wahrscheinlich zu machen. Es gab drei Arten der Zusammenkünfte: der Fürsten, der Gutsbesitzer eines bestimmten Distriktes Weichbildes sowie der Städte eines konkreten Fürstentums. Die Aufmerksamkeit weckt ihre Abhaltung hauptsächlich im eigentlichen Schlesien, also nach der späteren Nomenklatur in Niederschlesien.
Działania Samorządu Województwa Dolnośląskiego na rzecz ochotniczych straży pożarnych
Authors: Szczygieł Zbigniew
Published: March 2020

Activities of the Local Government of the Lower Silesian Voivodship for the volunteer fire brigadesActivities of the Local Government of the Lower Silesian Voivodship for the volunteer fire brigades performing rescue, training and assistance tasks. The author describes the actions based on his own experience and observations in this area.
Program nauczania prawa na Wydziale Prawa Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu w latach 1945–1962
Authors: Budkiewicz-Szczupak Lucyna
Published: March 2020

The law curriculum at the Faculty of Law, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in 1945–1962The aim of the article is to present the core law curriculum at the Faculty of Law, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in 1945–1962, that is at the beginning of the functioning of the Faculty. The author discusses the origins and changes in the teaching of law in the analysed period.Ausbildungsprogramme für Recht an der Juristischen Fakultät der Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Universität Toruń in den Jahren 1945–1962 Der Artikel wurde der Frage der Grundausbildungsprogramme für Recht an der Juristischen Fakultät der Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Universität Toruń in den Jahren 1945–1962, also in der Anfangsphase der Arbeit der Fakultät gewidmet. Die Verfasserin schildert darin die Genese und die Änderungen des Rechtsunterrichts in der besprochenen Zeit.
De Gide à Denis ou de Cézanne à Athman : la relation peintre–écrivain face à la question du classicisme
Authors: Canovas Frédéric
Published: March 2020

FROM GIDE TO DENIS OR FROM CÉZANNE TO ATHMAN : THE PAINTER–WRITER RELATIONSHIP AND THE ISSUE OF CLASSICISMIn 1900, French writer André Gide purchased Maurice Denis’s Homage to Cézanne, nowadays in the collection of Musée d’Orsay. Considered a turning point in Denis’s career, the painting cele­brates the new values of classicism that Denis discovered in the company of Gide while in Rome two years earlier. This essay discusses the similarities between the painter’s and the writer’s own definitions of classicism, while focusing also on the way in which each one of them applied this definition to their own work.
La révolution française dans les dictionnaires ou les dictionnaires en révolution
Authors: Wysłobocki Tomasz
Published: March 2020

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN DICTIONARIES: DICTIONARIES IN REVOLUTION When the French Revolution begins, nobody seems to be prepared for such a political and social rupture. Language first tries to adapt to the changing conditions — new words appear, which is a necessity of the moment, to reflect new realities as well as to build a national community based on the same new values and symbols. At the beginning these words remain largely unknown or do not understand exactly what all the politicians debate about. Some old terms also change their conventional signification. A number of dictionaries are edited then to explain those new words to the people, as the revolutionary authorities soon realize that this must become a priority. These reerence books show nevertheless a subjective vision of the Revolution. The aim of this article is to recount the narration of those dictionaries in, of course, a very limited perspective.
Les listes de noms propres dans les dictionnaires généraux polonais-français et français-polonais
Authors: Ucherek Witold
Published: March 2020

LISTS OF PROPER NOUNS IN POLISH-FRENCH AND FRENCH-POLISH GENERAL DICTIONARIES The paper deals with the lists of proper names found in 22 Polish-French and/or French-Polish dictionaries out of the 45 dictionaries investigated, including dictionaries of different sizes published over the last 150 years. The lists most often include geographical names, gentilics and first names. A popular practice is to include certain items in the main body of the dictionary and to list other items in appendices; sometimes, these two sets of proper names overlap, which is incoherent. In addition to the quite evident information on spelling, the analysed lists may provide phonetic, grammatical, stylistic or encyclopedic data. However, the accumulation of such information, very valuable for users, transforms the lists into a succession of entries. That is why, instead of striving for originality by putting together lists of such exotic terms as Zodiac signs or celestial bodies, it would be better to incorporate proper names into the macrostructure.
The Power of Culture: A Map, a Manifesto and a Message in a Bottle
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: March 2020

Potęga kultury: mapa, manifest i wiadomość w butelceKultura oraz refleksje o niej to zjawiska wszechobecne. Po zwrocie lingwistycznym nastąpił zwrot kulturowy; jednak fenomen ten zdaje się dużo bardziej powszechny, jeśli spojrzymy na jego popularne i intelektualne konsekwencje. Sytuacja ta jest jednocześnie wymowna lub wręcz symptomatyczna oraz zagmatwana, żeby nie powiedzieć niepokojąca — albowiem coś, co jest wszędzie w pewnym sensie i niejako z definicji, nie istnieje nigdzie. W dzisiejszych czasach z niezwykłą łatwością mówimy o kulturze wysokiej lub niskiej bądź o popkulturze, ze szczególnym naciskiem na jej główny nurt oraz subkultury czy wielokulturowość. Kultura wzbudza zainteresowanie nie tylko z punktu widzenia krytyki, lecz także jej praktycznego lub zarządczego zastosowania, w którym pojęcie „kultura” traktowane jest jak magiczne słowo klucz. Niniejsze opracowanie to podróż do wnętrza tego skomplikowanego labiryntu, gdzie za kompas posłużą nam trzy inne prace. Pierwszą będzie klasyczne już opracowanie autorstwa Raymonda Williamsa pt. Culture and Society, w którym kultura postrzegana jest jako klucz do zrozumienia całości stylu życia oraz, może w jeszcze większym stopniu, jako obszar, z którego wyłoniła się nowoczesność. Drugim dziełem będzie praca czy manifest ogłoszony w ramach Mocnego programu socjologii kultury, realizowanego przez szkołę Jeffreya Alexandra w Yale, gdzie kultura postrzegana jest przez pryzmat neodurkheimowski jako główny punkt, na którym skupiają się nauki społeczne. Ostatnie dzieło to długoterminowy projekt oraz efekty pracy Zygmunta Baumana, który kulturę traktuje zarówno jako zjawisko stwarzające możliwości, jak i ograniczające niczym więzienie. Owe trzy kroki — lub lepiej ujęcia kultury — nie są w zamyśle teleologiczne inie mają prezentować postępu w czasie. Stwarzają one raczej okazję do uwypuklenia przedmiotu lub podmiotu dyskusji, a zatem użyto ich tutaj jako metod ujęcia podobnych bądź takich samych problemów związanych z określeniem sensu kultury. W pierwszym przypadku jest to sens historyczny i lokalny oraz, naturalnie, imperialny, z racji swego brytyjskiego rodowodu. Drugi przykład to również ujęcie lokalne lub narodowe, choć o globalnych aspiracjach. Trzeci zaś, wywodząc się z regionu Europy Wschodniej, zawiera aspiracje kontynentalne i kosmopolityczne. Poza ramami reprezentowanymi przez wymienione ujęcia punktem odniesienia będą też dwa kolejne, stosowane w różnym stopniu: filozofia Gramsciego oraz teoria krytyczna, a dokładniej koncepcja szkoły frankfurckiej. W tych ujęciach kultura jest powszechnie postrzegana jako kwestia czynienia/robienia/bycia. Odnosi się to zarówno do plastyczności, jak i wspólnych sposobów urządzania życia codziennego, do trwałości i spójności współdzielonego repertuaru zachowywania, naśladowania, tworzenia oraz odtwarzania naszych światów społecznych. W tym ujęciu kultura jest w rzeczy samej wszechobecna.
Historia, naród i nacjonalizm. Ewolucja misji chińskich muzeów w kontekście współczesnej „gorączki” muzealnej w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej
Authors: Witek Michał
Published: March 2020

History, nation and nationalism: The evolution of the mission of Chinese museums in the context of the contemporary museum “fever” in the People’s Republic of ChinaThe peculiar “museum boom” in the People’s Republic of China PRC attracts much attention from Western researchers. This phenomenon is undoubtedly linked to the cultural shift towards national and cultural heritage promoted by the authorities, which in turn is an important element of the nationalist political ideology. This policy is becoming more and more important in the last three decades of the reform and opening-up period. Museums, like the concept of a “nation” and the nationalist ideology, came to China from the West at about the same time and in a similar political and intellectual context, which meant that the museums quickly became entangled in politics and propaganda. This situation, strengthened even further in the communist period, led to the creation of a very specific form of state-controlled museology. Nowadays, museums and associated thematic parks play a key role in the strategy of developing the culture of the Chinese government, the project of “management and social order.” In this context, these institutions form part of an important mission entrusted to them by the party — the mission of building a new cultural and historical narrative serving the needs of the “new China.” The mission of various types of museums in contemporary China is shaped by overlapping political, economic, ideological and even moral dimensions. It is an important element of the soft power of modern China, which is also an important global symbol of China, attracting millions of foreign tourists a year. In this dimension, the museum’s mission is significantly expanded, it becomes a tool for building an international position and prestige. The aim of the article was to look at the history of Chinese museums in the 20th century in the context of continuity and changeability of the missionary dimension of their functioning, and to conduct a critical analysis of this missionary dimension in the unique conditions of “capitalism with Chinese characteristics” in the contemporary PRC.
Художественно-экспрессивное мышление и современное художественное пространство Yкраины
Authors: Polishchuk Olena
Published: March 2020

Artistic-expression Thinking in Ukrainian Modern Popular CultureThe article is devoted to the question of the necessarity of differentia in the art thinking such as the artistic-expression thinking, and also analyses its nature and its original features made in artistic space of Ukraine.Connection between artistic-expression thinking, as phenomenon, and artistic products in Ukrainian modern popular culture is analyzed. The article is devoted to the problem of the main feature of the Ukrainian national character, and also the domination of ideal of beauty in Ukrainian national tradition is considered.The development of aesthetical sensitizm, but not sentimentalism, is a key trait as the feature of the Ukrainian national temper.
Układy przestrzenne i zagadki osobowości. Niezwykły przypadek doktora Jekylla i pana Hyde’a Roberta Louisa Stevensona
Authors: Kokot Joanna
Published: March 2020

Spatial patterns and mysteries of personality: Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr HydeThe paper is devoted mainly to textual signals foreshadowing the final and dubious solution of the Jekyll-and-Hyde puzzle. The motif of duality will be discussed, as underlying mainly the way the characters of the novella are juxtaposed, thus suggesting a  similar relation between the two eponymous protagonists. On the other hand, the space organization foregrounds inclusion rather than simple opposition which is in concord with the explanations provided by Jekyll in his confession.These seemingly incompatible relations inclusion and/or opposition find their equivalent in Jekyll’s narration — especially in the use of personal pronouns by the narrator, illustrating the process of Hyde’s gaining independence together with the gradual disintegration of Jekyll’s self.
The potential of Nordic noir: The Pustina miniseries as an example of the transnational usage of the formula
Authors: Durys Elżbieta
Published: March 2020

The potential of Nordic noir: The Pustina miniseries as an example of the transnational usage of the formulaThe article discusses Wasteland Pustina, dir. Alice Nellis, Ivan Zachariáš, 2016, a Czech TV miniseries created by Štěpán Hulík and produced by HBO Europe, as an example of the transnational usage of Nordic noir formula. In the article, Nordic noir is recognized and presented as medium-concept cinema Andrew Nestingen. The outline of its characteristics and the analysis of its rhizomatic roots constitute the first part of the article. The second is devoted to Wasteland. Three plotlines are identified and highlighted as crucial for Hulík’s miniseries: the crime and investigation plot, the violence against women one, and the disintegration of the community one. Their analysis is complemented with characteristics of the visual style employed in Wasteland.
Agent 007 za żelazną kurtyną. Fenomen Jamesa Bonda w piśmiennictwie kulturalnym Polski Ludowej
Authors: Dudziński Robert
Published: March 2020

Agent 007 behind the Iron Curtain: The phenomenon of James Bond in the cultural writings of the Polish People’s RepublicThe topic of the article is the reception of the phenomenon of James Bond in cultural writings from the times of the Polish People’s Republic. Though an average member of the Polish audience could not be directly familiar with the character neither in literature nor in film, the scale of the popularity of the brand in the West meant that the echoes of the so-called Bondomania started to reach countries behind the Iron Curtain. Polish critics and journalists tried to acquaint their readers with the issue and explain it using various interpretative categories.The article attempts to reconstruct these categories and their hierarchy of values. Based on theses formulated by Janet Staiger Interpreting Films: Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema, the author analyses the changes to Polish interpretations and opinions on the Bond phenomenon in subsequent decades and indicates the historical conditions that influenced those changes. The text focuses primarily on two periods: 1964–1971 and the latter half of the 1980s, because it was in those times that the interest of Polish critics in James Bond was particularly strong.
Odmiana polskich nazw miejscowych w edukacji szkolnej — jak i po co?
Authors: Kaszewski Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

Declination of the names of Polish local places in school education — how and why?Inflection of Polish place names is a new topic in the Polish language curriculum. In the article I discuss the basic problems with the teaching of the subject in school practice e.g. Considerable grammatical diversity and irregularity of the names, relatively low number of teaching aids and propose basic objectives as well as examples of methods used when working with the names of Polish towns and villages. The main objective is not just to develop grammatical competence; it is also about, perhaps above all, developing logical thinking as well as the ability to deal with difficulties using reliable sources of information. Exercises with Polish place names can teach analysis, reasoning, spotting differences and similarities, and using analogies. They should also encourage the use of place names in various texts.
Sygnalizacja problematyki związanej z optymalizacją podatkową pojmowaną jako pomoc publiczna na przykładzie decyzji Komisji Europejskiej w sprawie Apple
Authors: Dobosz Damian , Niziołek Anna
Published: March 2020

The notification of the issues connected with tax optimization perceived as state aid on the example of the decision of the European Commission in the case of the Apple groupThis article will attempt to indagate the decision of the European Commision EU 2017/1283 of the 30th of August 2016 on state aid implemented by Ireland to Apple. According to the statement of the European Commission, whilst issuing tax ruling practice which allowed the companies Apple Operations Europe hereinafter referred to as „AOE” and Apple Sales International hereinafter referred to as „ASI” to determine their corporate tax liability in the years when they were in force, Ireland has unlawfully granted state aid to AOE, ASI and the Apple group. Consequently, Ireland was required to recover the receivables. This study will be concerned with the basic concepts related to tax optimization. The discussion also delves into the most significant thesis of the aforementioned decision of the European Commission as well as to the other investigations referring to the issue of the unlawful state aid. In this essay an examination will be made to outline that the tax practices of the global concerns might have a strong impact on the stabilization of the internal market, especially whilst the competition and consumer protection law is concerned. Further analysis devotes to the negative outcomes for the EU member states and the European Union itself.
Problematyka uchwał negatywnych i uchwał nieistniejących organów spółek kapitałowych
Authors: Piotrowski Tomasz
Published: March 2020

Issues connected with negative resolutions and non-existent resolutions of bodies of capital companiesThis article is devoted to the issue of the admissibility of distinguishing negative resolutions and non-existent resolutions adopted by bodies in capital companies. The current legal provisions do not contain explicit regulations that allow or prohibit the existence of these legal structures. However, the fact whether it is possible to separate them is not only doctrinal, but also above all practical. This work considers the legal nature of the resolution as a legal act and also presents the most important problems regarding the admissibility of negative and non-existent resolutions. The aim of the article is to assess the admissibility of these structures on the basis of regulations and general principles of company law. The arguments adopted both by the representatives of the commercial law doctrine, as well as the analysis of the thesis from the case-law, which have the most significant impact on the solution to the problem, were presented. Critical analysis of the concept of non-applicable regulations and non-compliant with the rules of economic turnover were also made.
Otwarte Fundusze Emerytalne — przegląd istotnych zmian ustawodawstwa w latach 1999–2019
Authors: Koronkiewicz Adam Andrzej
Published: March 2020

Tematyka niniejszego artykułu skupia się na wyodrębnieniu i opisaniu istotnych zmian ustawodawstwa dotyczącego funkcjonowania Otwartych Funduszy Emerytalnych OFE jako instytucji realizujących zadania kapitałowego filaru polskiego systemu emerytalnego. Celem opracowania jest ocena, czy poszczególne nowelizacje były zmianami paradygmatycznymi czy parametrycznymi, czy miały ograniczający wpływ na funkcjonowanie OFE oraz czy można je zakwalifikować do długofalowego procesu wygaszania rynku tych instytucji. W artykule zastosowano dogmatycznoprawną analizę tekstu prawnego, zarówno obowiązujących aktów prawnych, jak i ich historycznych wersji, przy wykorzystaniu metody porównawczej. Phasing-out of the Open Pension Fund market — revision of the legislative changes over the years 1999–2019This article focuses on the subject of the separation and description of significant changes in legal acts that are the basis for the activity of Open Pension Funds OFEs as institutions that perform the tasks of the capital pillar in the Polish pension system. The aim of the study is to assess whether individual amendments were structural or parametric changes, whether they had a limiting effect on the activity of open pension funds and whether they could be qualified for the long-term phasing-out process of the market of these institutions. The article uses dogmatic legal analysis of the legal text, both legal acts in force and their historical versions using the comparative method.
Wierzytelność zabezpieczona hipoteką — linia orzecznicza
Authors: Kowalska Paulina
Published: March 2020

W orzecznictwie można odnotować rozbieżności odnośnie do oceny, czy dłużnik hipoteczny może znaleźć się w stanie własnego opóźnienia w związku z niespełnieniem w terminie wierzytelności zabezpieczonej hipoteką czy też dotyczących kwestii oceny przedawnienia wierzytelności zabezpieczonej hipoteką. Te zagadnienie ściśle łączy się z charakterystyką sytuacji prawnej dłużnika hipotecznego i koniecznością ustalenia, czy jest on zmuszony jedynie do „znoszenia” zaspokojenia wierzyciela hipotecznego z jego nieruchomości, czy też powstaje po jego stronie zobowiązanie do spełnienia świadczenia pieniężnego. Ponadto z przedawnieniem ściśle łączy się konieczność ustalenia wzajemnego stosunku art. 77 k.w.h. i art. 104 k.w.h. Debt secured by a mortgage — case lawIn the case law, discrepancies can be noted as to whether the mortgage debtor may be in a state of own delay due to failure to meet the mortgage-backed receivables or to assess the limitation period for claims secured by a mortgage. This issue is closely related to the characteristics of the legal status of the mortgage debtor and the need to determine whether he is only forced to “abolish” the mortgage creditor from his property, or whether he is obliged to meet the cash payment. Moreover, from the point of view of limitation, there is a need to establish a mutual relationship between Article 77 and Article 104 of the Land and Mortgage Registers Act.
Czy ryba może być z selera tak jak kaban z kury? O nazwach potraw na wegańskich blogach i stołach
Authors: Nowak Tomasz Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Can fish be made of celery like pork made of chicken? On the names of dishes on vegan blogs and tablesRecurring discussions, not only on the internet, about the names of vegetarian and vegan dishes drawing on the names of meat dishes or dairy dishes have become an inspiration for research which, I hope, will help answer the following question: “Can fish be made of celery like pork made of chicken?”. Drawing on, among others, a lexicographic analysis of selected names, their neosemanticisation, functions of culinary onyms as well as the basic premises of general semantics, I will endeavour to present the motivation of the authors of the analysed blogs, which prompts them to assign to plant dishes names with connotations suggesting their animal origin.
Wartości czołowych kandydatów na prezydenta w wyborach 2015 r. na przykładzie wpisów Andrzeja Dudy, Bronisława Komorowskiego i Pawła Kukiza w serwisie Facebook
Authors: Olender Kamil
Published: March 2020

Values in on-line presence of presidential candidatesin the election in 2015. Cases of Andrzej Duda, Bronisław Komorowski and Paweł KukizThe research on axiological dimension of chosen communities most commonly concerns only the values declared in surveys, which frequently do not reflect the actual situation. In recent years, interpersonal communication undergoes a shift towards the Internet. Netspeak, however, is not limited to lingual content — multimedia bits photographs, movies, emoticons, etc. start playing a bigger role and replace or even supersede textual messages. Transported via this channel are collective symbols — functional signs which have positive or negative associations and a specified cultural meaning. We can distinguish the representatives of different cultures using them. This report aims to present the findings of a research conducted on the profiles of three most prominent 2015 election candidates on the Facebook portal. The author endeavors to determine how collective symbols appear in communication mediated via new technologies, and which of them can be used to distinguish between candidates. Analysed is both textual and visual content. The paper and the results contained could assist in the study of modern language and contribute to identification and/or verification of collective symbols used in politics.
Design a fitness — nowe trendy
Authors: Dejnaka Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Design and fitness: New trends  Nowadays, just attending fitness classes is not enough to feel like a person living in accordance with a healthy and active lifestyle. Fitness is also a design whose role is growing dynamically — mainly due to the fact that consumer needs are changing, and sports companies are outdoing them­selves in promoting new gadgets or sports clothes. In order to keep up with the changes in the society, sports must not only follow current chang­es, but also anticipate future trends in consumer behavior. The aim of the presented article is to an­alyze new trends in design in fitness and answer the following questions: 1. What is the role of design in fitness? 2. What are the design trends related to fitness, what areas are involved and in what direction will the design develop? The article is based on the analysis of design trends related to the arrangement of the space of fitness clubs and the design of fitness clothing.
Budowanie właściwych wzorców żywieniowych u otyłego dziecka. Studium przypadku
Authors: Słoma Małgorzata , Adamek Brygida , Krenezel Izabella , Szeja Nicola
Published: March 2020

Building proper nutritional patterns in an obese child: A case studyOne of the most common health and economic problems in developed countries is the issue of overweight. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of individual dietary intervention on weight reduction and build proper nutritional patterns in obese children. A boy at age 11 was referred by a pediatrician to a Metabolic Disorders and Obesity Disorders Clinic. At the time of the first visit, the body weight of the patient was 68.7 kg with a height of 1.54 m value above 97 centile of the OLAF program, obesity. Analysis of the food diary from the seven days before the visit, developed jointly by the patient and his mother, revealed excessive energy supply relative to daily requirements and an incorrect composition of the daily ration. For a half-year period, a balanced diet with a daily caloric deficit of 300 kcal was introduced. During regular follow-up visits, the nutritional education of the child and parents was further enhanced, and the importance of daily physical activity in the treatment and prevention of obesity. After six months of dieting, weight reduction was achieved. Proper dietary patterns have been implemented to the patient and his immediate family. Comprehensive education has resulted in the implementation of daily physical activity. This cannot only be an emergency intervention but also a basis for the prevention of obesity and its complications.
Suplementy diety a prawa konsumentów
Authors: Dąbrowska Anna , Janoś-Kresło Mirosława
Published: March 2020

Dietary supplements and consumer rightsThere are more and more food products on the market that are dietary supplements. It is a huge, growing and lucrative market. The primary purpose of diet supplements is to supplement a normal diet, possible shortages in diet, but this should be done under the supervision of a physician. Unfortunately, Poles rarely consult a doctor, preferring self-treatment. As it results from the inspections carried out, not all products are safe, have the correct composition and quality. In the article, considerations about dietary supplements were related to consumer rights. One of them is consumer education, which is the basis for making rational decisions and not being exposed to the undesirable effects of using, often excessively, dietary supplements. Subject literature and desk research were used for this purpose.
Wage versus efficient bargaining in a Cournot duopoly: A Preliminary Note on Welfare
Authors: Buccella Domenico
Published: March 2020

Wage versus efficient bargaining in a Cournot duopoly: A preliminary note on welfare In a unionized Cournot duopoly with decentralized, firm-level bargaining, this note re-examines the endogenous equilibrium agendas wage vs. efficient bargaining that can arise under three different specifications of the timing of negotiations and the impact of the outcome of the bargaining process on social welfare. Given that explicit conflict of interest among the bargaining parties can arise in every timing specification, this note proposes, analyzes, and discusses some guiding principles for governments and public authorities interested in pursuing social welfare improvements.
O granicach i przepaściach: dyskurs o górach i separacji na terenach objętych konfliktem etnicznym
Authors: Wedekind Michael
Published: March 2020

ON BOUNDARIES AND GAPS: DISCOURSES ON MOUNTAINS AND SEPARATION IN AREAS AFFECTED BY ETHNIC CONFLICTThe author examines the reasons behind the political instrumentalisation and ethnicisation of tourism as a private social practice, allegedly far removed from politics. Using the example of the Austrian Alpine Region specifically, the Duchy of Tyrol during the late Habsburg Monarchy, he demonstrates that this political sphere of action was a promising starting point for the nationalisation of the masses of the masses, especially wherever national circles of various communities had no access to the state apparatus and to classic socialisation organs and, therefore, had to resort to auxiliary measures to socialise nationality. In addition to issuing calls to visit areas close to linguistic and national borders and projecting ethnic partly racial models of segmentation and exclusion, tourism was used as ground for the building of national identity, for strategies of social integration and mobilisation, for establishing new mental maps and links of loyalty.
O ujęciu przepadku składników i praw majątkowych przedsiębiorstwa w projektowanym art. 44a § 1 kodeksu karnego
Authors: Pohl Łukasz
Published: March 2020

On the approach to the forfeiture of company assets and property rights in the draft Article 44a 1 of the Criminal CodeThe article presents my analysis of Polish planned law concerning the confiscation of enterprise’s property. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the regulations are unconstitutional, because they do not respect the constitutional principle that criminal liability is bound to commiting offence.
“The feature, or — perhaps — the features” of handwriting development level in handwriting identification analysis
Authors: Skubisz-Ślusarczyk Sylwia
Published: March 2020

As the handwriting process is a multistage action, we start learning it in pre-school and complete it during the graphic maturity period. We begin with expressing our thoughts and emotions by means of images, to proceed with imitating parts of the writing signs, and in the next stage — their complete patterns. While learning how to write, we try to precisely reproduce a presented model. At this stage, the graphism demonstrates no individual features. Individualised handwriting occurs only after the writing activity has become automated. It is only then that the writer does not produce the letters or letter groups in the same manner.The factors which affect letter shaping, expressed in handwriting features, have a respective impact on the value and quality of the written record. The handwriting features can be numbered among so-called communication features. Since they are defined by means of description, the vast majority of handwriting features belong to low-specificity features. This also refers to handwriting development — a feature presented without a comprehensive and unambiguous classification.
Pozyskanie tajnego współpracownika przez służby kontrwywiadowcze na podstawie materiałów obciążających — rozważania o sensie instytucji
Authors: Herbowski Piotr
Published: March 2020

Recruiting a secret collaborator by counterintelligence services based on incriminating materials — considerations on the sense of the institutionThe basic task of state authority is to ensure the security of state structures and its citizens. This can be achieved by legal solutions allowing the counterintelligence services to recruit secret collaborators based on possessed incriminating materials. This instrument meets the expectations of Polish counterintelligence services, however, the lack of resolution of many issues puts into question the possibility of its application in practice.
Cabaret Theatre in Communist Czechoslovakia 1960s–1980s as Political Resistance: The Case of Milan Lasica and Július Satinský
Authors: Pucherová Dobrota
Published: March 2020

The article analyses the cabaret theatre of Milan Lasica 1940– and Július Satinský 1941–2002, also known as L+S, in socialist Czechoslovakia in the 1960s–1980s as a form of resistance against com­munist totalitarianism. Rather than conventional political satire, which would have been impossible at the time, their texts subverted the political discourse by focusing on the word, the prime instrument of state propaganda, to expose its falseness through linguistic games and free play with associations. The essence of their satire, which can be most closely described as a mixture of theatre of the absurd and Dadaism, was in pointing to the meaninglessness of the language of communist ideology that bore no correspondence to reality, since the regime heavily invested in constructing and maintaining artificial realities and simulacra. However, their target was not high-ranking communists, but the common people, who internalized the discourses, values, and practices of the system and held it in place.
De receptie van Madelon Székely-Lulofs in de Hongaarse pers in het interbellum
Authors: Tóth Zsuzsa
Published: March 2020

De receptie van Madelon Székely-Lulofsin de Hongaarse pers in het interbellum Madelon Székely-Lulofs occupies a distinguished place in the history of the Dutch-Hungarian li­terary relations. Through her marriage with Hungarian planter and writer László Székely she was able to develop closer contact with the Hungarian literary world of the 1930s than any other Dutch author in this period. The Székely-Lulofs couple considerably contributed to the strengthening of the literary relations between these two countries: thanks to their translations in the 1930s and 1940s, the Dutch readership became acquainted with some of the most outstanding Hungarian writers of the time. Furthermore, they stimulated the popularity of the Dutch literature in Hungary by translating the works of Dutch writers to Hungarian. In this paper, I focus on how her works were received in Hungary in the 1930s and compare her Dutch and Hungarian reception. My research is based on a corpus of articles published in the Hungarian literary press of the time.