bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMPK and Beyond: The Signaling Network Controlling RabGAPs and Contraction-Mediated Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Peifer-Weiß Leon , Al-Hasani Hadi , Chadt Alexandra
Published: February 2024

Impaired skeletal muscle glucose uptake is a key feature in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake can be enhanced by a variety of different stimuli, including insulin and contraction as the most prominent. In contrast to the clearance of glucose from the bloodstream in response to insulin stimulation, exercise-induced glucose uptake into skeletal muscle is unaffected during the progression of insulin resistance, placing physical activity at the center of prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. The two Rab GTPase-activating proteins (RabGAPs), TBC1D1 and TBC1D4, represent critical nodes at the convergence of insulin- and exercise-stimulated signaling pathways, as phosphorylation of the two closely related signaling factors leads to enhanced translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane, resulting in increased cellular glucose uptake. However, the full network of intracellular signaling pathways that control exercise-induced glucose uptake and that overlap with the insulin-stimulated pathway upstream of the RabGAPs is not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge on exercise- and insulin-regulated kinases as well as hypoxia as stimulus that may be involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake.
New Insights into Pediatric Kidney Transplant Rejection Biomarkers: Tissue, Plasma and Urine MicroRNAs Compared to Protocol Biopsy Histology
Authors: Carraro Andrea , De Gaspari Piera , Antoniello Benedetta , Marzenta Diana , Vianello Emanuele , Bussolati Benedetta , Tritta Stefania , Collino Federica , Bertoldi Loris , Benvenuto Giuseppe , Vedovelli Luca , Benetti Elisa , Negrisolo Susanna
Published: February 2024

The early identification of a subclinical rejection (SCR) can improve the long-term outcome of the transplanted kidney through intensified immunosuppression. However, the only approved diagnostic method is the protocol biopsy, which remains an invasive method and not without minor and/or major complications. The protocol biopsy is defined as the sampling of allograft tissue at pre-established times even in the absence of an impaired renal function; however, it does not avoid histological damage. Therefore, the discovery of new possible biomarkers useful in the prevention of SCR has gained great interest. Among all the possible candidates, there are microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short, noncoding RNA sequences, that are involved in mediating numerous post-transcriptional pathways. They can be found not only in tissues, but also in different biological fluids, both as free particles and contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by different cell types. In this study, we firstly performed a retrospective miRNA screening analysis on biopsies and serum EV samples of 20 pediatric transplanted patients, followed by a second screening on another 10 pediatric transplanted patients’ urine samples at one year post-transplant. In both cohorts, we divided the patients into two groups: patients with histological SCR and patients without histological SCR at one year post-transplantation. The isolated miRNAs were analyzed in an NGS platform to identify different expressions in the two allograft states. Although no statistical data were found in sera, in the tissue and urinary EVs, we highlighted signatures of miRNAs associated with the histological SCR state.
Stratification of Colorectal Patients Based on Survival Analysis Shows the Value of Consensus Molecular Subtypes and Reveals the CBLL1 Gene as a Biomarker of CMS2 Tumours
Authors: Alfonsín Gloria , Berral-González Alberto , Rodríguez-Alonso Andrea , Quiroga Macarena , De Las Rivas Javier , Figueroa Angélica
Published: February 2024

The consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs) classification of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a system for patient stratification that can be potentially applied to therapeutic decisions. Hakai (CBLL1) is an E3 ubiquitin–ligase that induces the ubiquitination and degradation of E-cadherin, inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumour progression and metastasis. Using bioinformatic methods, we have analysed CBLL1 expression on a large integrated cohort of primary tumour samples from CRC patients. The cohort included survival data and was divided into consensus molecular subtypes. Colon cancer tumourspheres were used to analyse the expression of stem cancer cells markers via RT-PCR and Western blotting. We show that CBLL1 gene expression is specifically associated with canonical subtype CMS2. WNT target genes LGR5 and c-MYC show a similar association with CMS2 as CBLL1. These mRNA levels are highly upregulated in cancer tumourspheres, while CBLL1 silencing shows a clear reduction in tumoursphere size and in stem cell biomarkers. Importantly, CMS2 patients with high CBLL1 expression displayed worse overall survival (OS), which is similar to that associated with CMS4 tumours. Our findings reveal CBLL1 as a specific biomarker for CMS2 and the potential of using CMS2 with high CBLL1 expression to stratify patients with poor OS.
HSP70 Is a Critical Regulator of HSP90 Inhibitor’s Effectiveness in Preventing HCl-Induced Chronic Lung Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Colunga Biancatelli Ruben M. L. , Solopov Pavel A. , Day Tierney , Gregory Betsy , Osei-nkansah Michael , Dimitropoulou Christiana , Catravas John D.
Published: February 2024

Exposure to hydrochloric acid (HCl) can provoke acute and chronic lung injury. Because of its extensive production for industrial use, frequent accidental exposures occur, making HCl one of the top five chemicals causing inhalation injuries. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for HCl exposure. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors modulate transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and the development of chemical-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, little is known on the role of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) during injury and treatment with HSP90 inhibitors. We hypothesized that administration of geranylgeranyl-acetone (GGA), an HSP70 inducer, or gefitinib (GFT), an HSP70 suppressant, alone or in combination with the HSP90 inhibitor, TAS-116, would improve or worsen, respectively, HCl-induced chronic lung injury in vivo and endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro. GGA, alone, improved HCl-induced human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) barrier dysfunction and, in combination with TAS-116, improved the protective effect of TAS-116. In mice, GGA reduced HCl toxicity and while TAS-116 alone blocked HCl-induced chronic lung injury, co-administration with GGA, resulted in further improvement. Conversely, GFT potentiated HCl-induced barrier dysfunction and impaired the antidotal effects of TAS-116. We conclude that combined treatments with HSP90 inhibitors and HSP70 inducers may represent a novel therapeutic approach to manage HCl-induced chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.
Evolutionary Analysis of Six Gene Families Part of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Gene Network in Three Brassicaceae Species
Authors: Berthelier Thomas Horst , Cabanac Sébastien Christophe , Callot Caroline , Bellec Arnaud , Mathé Catherine , Jamet Elisabeth , Dunand Christophe
Published: February 2024

Climate change is expected to intensify the occurrence of abiotic stress in plants, such as hypoxia and salt stresses, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which need to be effectively managed by various oxido-reductases encoded by the so-called ROS gene network. Here, we studied six oxido-reductases families in three Brassicaceae species, Arabidopsis thaliana as well as Nasturtium officinale and Eutrema salsugineum, which are adapted to hypoxia and salt stress, respectively. Using available and new genomic data, we performed a phylogenomic analysis and compared RNA-seq data to study genomic and transcriptomic adaptations. This comprehensive approach allowed for the gaining of insights into the impact of the adaptation to saline or hypoxia conditions on genome organization (gene gains and losses) and transcriptional regulation. Notably, the comparison of the N. officinale and E. salsugineum genomes to that of A. thaliana highlighted changes in the distribution of ohnologs and homologs, particularly affecting class III peroxidase genes (CIII Prxs). These changes were specific to each gene, to gene families subjected to duplication events and to each species, suggesting distinct evolutionary responses. The analysis of transcriptomic data has allowed for the identification of genes related to stress responses in A. thaliana, and, conversely, to adaptation in N. officinale and E. salsugineum.
System Mapping of the Production and Value Chain to Explore Beekeeping Potential in Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Bayissa Mulubrihan , Lauwers Ludwig , Mitiku Fikadu , de Graaf Dirk C. , Verbeke Wim
Published: February 2024

Ethiopia has a high potential for the production of honey and other apiary products due to its ideal agroecology. This potential is, however, not yet well utilized due to weak production and valorization systems. The study analyzed beekeeping systems and their honey value chain to detect the barriers and to explore ways to better exploit the existing potential. Descriptive statistics, a SWOT and PESTEL matrix, and system mapping were utilized for analysis. Ethiopian beekeeping is still dominated by traditional production systems, followed by modern and transitional systems, differing in types of beehives and the average amount of honey yield. The combined SWOT-PESTEL analysis revealed challenges like a limited supply and high cost of modern beehives, shortage of credit, absence of a honey marketing legal framework, pest and predator attacks, absconding, and uncontrolled application of agrochemicals. Opportunities include the globally increasing demand for honey, availability of good investment policy, conducive agroecology, and support from NGOs. The less productive techniques of smallholder beekeepers’ crude honey production for local beverage making affected the good use of the potential and minimized its contribution to the local and national economy. On the contrary, strengthening private investors and cooperatives towards the production of fully and semi-processed honey impacted the utilization of the potential positively.
Automated Deployment of an Underwater Tether Equipped with a Compliant Buoy–Ballast System for Remotely Operated Vehicle Intervention
Authors: Tortorici Ornella , Péraud Charly , Anthierens Cédric , Hugel Vincent
Published: February 2024

Underwater remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are linked to the surface through a tether that is usually controlled by a human operator. The length of the tether being deployed in the water in real time is a critical determinant of the success of the mission, and the problems of entanglement and cable stretching must be anticipated to the greatest possible extent. This paper describes a low-cost and setup-friendly solution for managing the length of a neutrally buoyant tether using a balanced buoy–ballast system implemented on the part of the tether proximal to the ROV. Embedded in the system is a curvature sensor that helps to control the cable feeder on the surface. This represents a useful solution for smoothing tether movements and to damp external disturbances. The results of experiments carried out in water tanks demonstrate the benefits of this solution in allowing the cable to maintain a semi-stretched shape while ensuring that the ROV avoids being pulled by the cable. Possible applications for a surface vehicle linked to an ROV through a tether equipped with this compliant buoy–ballast system include exploration or cartography missions in shallow waters.
Enhanced Mild-Slope Wave Model with Parallel Implementation and Artificial Neural Network Support for Simulation of Wave Disturbance and Resonance in Ports
Authors: Chondros Michalis K. , Metallinos Anastasios S. , Papadimitriou Andreas G.
Published: February 2024

Ensuring sea surface tranquility within port basins is of paramount importance for safe and efficient port operations and vessels’ accommodation. The present study aims to introduce a robust numerical model based on mild-slope equations, capable of accurately simulating wave disturbance and resonance in ports. The model is further enhanced by the integration of an artificial neural network (ANN) to address partial reflection, and its efficiency is optimized by developing a parallel algorithm based on OpenMP, allowing for a reduction in the required simulation times for real port areas spanning several kilometers horizontally. Numerous numerical experiments focusing on wave reflection against a vertical wall were conducted to develop the ANN. This neural network was designed to determine the appropriate value of the eddy viscosity coefficient, a crucial parameter in the momentum equation of the mild-slope model, tailored to incident wave characteristics. The model’s validity was confirmed through rigorous validation against experimental measurements, covering wave disturbance, rectangular harbor resonance, and Bragg resonance. The model consistently demonstrated a more than satisfactory performance across all considered scenarios. In a practical application, the model was deployed in the Port of Rethymno, Crete Island, Greece, effectively capturing and describing dominant phenomena within the port area. The implementation of a parallel algorithm significantly reduced the simulation times by ~92%, compared to the serial algorithm, thereby enhancing the model’s efficiency and applicability in real-world port environments.
Numerical Simulation and Design of a Shaftless Hollow Pump for Plankton Sampling
Authors: Gao Shizhen , Fan Zhihua , Mao Jie , Zheng Minhui , Yang Junyi
Published: February 2024

It is important to marine ecology research that plankton samples are collected without damage, especially for time series samples. Usually, most fixed-point plankton samplers are made using a pump with paddle blades in order to increase the flow rate. But it can easily injure soft plankton. In this paper, a shaftless hollow sampling pump is designed, which can provide a highly efficient driving component for the plankton sampler. The numerical model of the sampling pump is established, and the flow rate of the sampling pump at different rotational speeds is simulated by the computational fluid dynamics method. In order to obtain a higher flow rate, the influence of internal and external cavity size, blade angle, and blade number on the flow rate of the sampling pump with a constant rotational speed of the blade was simulated and discussed. The results show that the flow rate at the internal cavity is positively correlated with the inlet and outlet pressure differences of the internal cavity, and the greater the negative pressure at the outlet of the internal cavity, the greater the flow rate. When the internal and external cavity sizes are h = 14 mm, d = 52 mm, blade angle θ = 45°, and number of blades s = 5, the flow rate of the sampling pump internal cavity reaches the maximum. Finally, the feasibility of the shaftless hollow sampling pump is verified by experiments. The shaftless hollow sampling pump can realize non-destructive sampling of plankton. This paper presents a theoretical design foundation for a new non-destructive siphon sampling method for marine plankton, which is of great significance for marine plankton sampling and subsequent research.
Experimental Analysis of the Changes in Coral Sand Beach Profiles under Regular Wave Conditions
Authors: Yao Zhen , Chen Jie , Jiang Changbo , Liang Hai , Wu Zhiyuan , Deng Bin , Long Yuannan , Bian Chen
Published: February 2024

This study utilized 50 laboratory experiments to document the evolution of coral beaches under varying regular wave conditions, including five distinct wave periods and ten wave heights. Both the type of equilibrium beach and the shape of sand bars were used to represent beach evolution. The evolution of coral sand beaches was then compared to quartz sand beaches. The experimental results show that the predicted (modeled) equilibrium profile of a quartz sand beach was not applicable to coral sand beaches. Compared to sand bars on quartz sand beaches, the distance from bar crests to the beach berm in coral sand beaches was greater, whereas the erosional depth of sand troughs was deeper. However, the grain size distribution of sand associated with the coral sand beach under wave action was consistent with Celikoglu’s law. Both an equilibrium beach profile classification model and a sand bar shape prediction model for coral sand beaches were developed based on the experimental data.
A Secure Blockchain-Enabled Remote Healthcare Monitoring System for Home Isolation
Authors: Kongsen Jongsuk , Chantaradsuwan Doungsuda , Koad Peeravit , Thu May , Jandaeng Chanankorn
Published: February 2024

This article presents a secure framework for remote healthcare monitoring in the context of home isolation, thereby addressing the concerns related to untrustworthy client connections to a hospital information system (HIS) within a secure network. Our proposed solution leverages a public blockchain network as a secure distributed database to buffer and transmit patient vital signs. The framework integrates an algorithm for the secure gathering and transmission of vital signs to the Ethereum network. Additionally, we introduce a publish/subscribe paradigm, thus enhancing security using the TLS channel to connect to the blockchain network. An analysis of the maintenance cost of the distributed database underscores the cost-effectiveness of our approach. In conclusion, our framework provides a highly secure and economical solution for remote healthcare monitoring in home isolation scenarios.
Social Media Image and Computer Vision Method Application in Landscape Studies: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Ma Ruochen , Furuya Katsunori
Published: February 2024

This study systematically reviews 55 landscape studies that use computer vision methods to interpret social media images and summarizes their spatiotemporal distribution, research themes, method trends, platform and data selection, and limitations. The results reveal that in the past six years, social media–based landscape studies, which were in an exploratory period, entered a refined and diversified phase of automatic visual analysis of images due to the rapid development of machine learning. The efficient processing of large samples of crowdsourced images while accurately interpreting image content with the help of text content and metadata will be the main topic in the next stage of research. Finally, this study proposes a development framework based on existing gaps in four aspects, namely image data, social media platforms, computer vision methods, and ethics, to provide a reference for future research.
Rituximab in the Management of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: A Treatment-Resistant Case Series from a Single Central European Referral Center
Authors: Spałek Maciej Marek , Jałowska Magdalena , Bowszyc-Dmochowska Monika , Dmochowski Marian
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: Rituximab (RTX) has been the predominant treatment for autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs). The objective of this research was to assess the advantages and safety characteristics of RTX treatment in individuals with AIBD. This assessment focused on clinical remission and a reduction in glucocorticosteroid usage, its effect on the titers of autoantibodies targeting desmoglein-1 (DSG-1) and desmoglein-3 (DSG-3), and adverse occurrences during a 12-month follow-up period in a dermatology department within a Central European university context. Materials and Methods: Our case series involved eleven patients, including eight patients with pemphigus vulgaris, two with pemphigus foliaceus, and one with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. They received a 1 g dose of rituximab, repeated over a two-week interval. Results: The reduction in a prednisone-equivalent dosage after 2, 6, and 12 months following the second RTX infusion was 65.05%, 73.99%, and 76.93%, in that order. The titers of antibodies against DSG-1 exhibited reductions of 43.29%, 75.86%, and 54.02% at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. By contrast, the antibody concentrations targeting DSG-3 displayed a decrease of 27.88%, 14.48%, and 5.09% at the corresponding time points. Over the course of the 12-month monitoring period, 18.18% of patients experienced disease relapse, while the remaining individuals achieved either complete or partial remission with minimal or no therapy. Adverse effects were noted in 36.36% of the patient population; they were mild, and no serious adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: RTX represents an efficacious and well-tolerated therapeutic option for the management of AIBD and merits consideration in cases of refractory AIBD. However, further research is imperative to delineate the most optimal dosage, dosing frequency, and total quantity of maintenance infusions required. Additionally, there is a compelling need for studies that explore the impact of RTX on individuals with AIBD who do not exhibit a significant reduction in anti-desmoglein autoantibody levels.
Unraveling the Complex Web of Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Al Sharie Sarah , Varga Scott J. , Al-Husinat Lou’i , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo , Araydah Mohammad , Bal’awi Batool Riyad , Varrassi Giustino
Published: February 2024

Fibromyalgia is a complex and often misunderstood chronic pain disorder. It is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and heightened sensitivity, and has evolved in diagnostic criteria and understanding over the years. Initially met with skepticism, fibromyalgia is now recognized as a global health concern affecting millions of people, with a prevalence transcending demographic boundaries. The clinical features and diagnosis of fibromyalgia encompass a range of symptoms beyond pain, including sleep disturbances and cognitive difficulties. This study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive evaluation for accurate diagnosis, considering the shift from tender point reliance to a more holistic approach. Etiology and pathophysiology involve genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter dysregulation, central sensitization, and immune system involvement. Risk factors such as gender, age, family history, and comorbid conditions contribute to susceptibility. The impact on quality of life is profound, affecting physical and social aspects, often accompanied by mood disorders. Management approaches include pharmacological interventions, non-pharmacological therapies, lifestyle modifications, and alternative treatments. This study also delves into emerging research, exploring advances in neurobiological understanding, brain imaging, genetic markers, glutamate modulation, cannabinoids, gut microbiome, and digital health tools for fibromyalgia management. Overall, this study provides a nuanced and up-to-date overview of the complexities surrounding fibromyalgia, aiming to enhance understanding and support for individuals grappling with this challenging condition.
Refractory IgA Nephropathy: A Challenge for Future Nephrologists
Authors: Di Leo Vincenzo , Annese Francesca , Papadia Federica , Russo Maria Serena , Giliberti Marica , Sallustio Fabio , Gesualdo Loreto
Published: February 2024

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) represents the most prevalent form of primary glomerulonephritis, and, on a global scale, it ranks among the leading culprits behind end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Presently, the primary strategy for managing IgAN revolves around optimizing blood pressure and mitigating proteinuria. This is achieved through the utilization of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, namely, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). As outlined by the KDIGO guidelines, individuals who continue to show a persistent high risk of progressive ESKD, even with comprehensive supportive care, are candidates for glucocorticoid therapy. Despite these therapies, some patients have a disease refractory to treatment, defined as individuals that present a 24 h urinary protein persistently >1 g after at least two rounds of regular steroids (methylprednisolone or prednisone) and/or immunosuppressant therapy (e.g., mycophenolate mofetil), or who do not tolerate regular steroids and/or immunosuppressant therapy. The aim of this Systematic Review is to revise the current literature, using the biomedical database PubMed, to investigate possible therapeutic strategies, including SGLT2 inhibitors, endothelin receptor blockers, targeted-release budesonide, B cell proliferation and differentiation inhibitors, fecal microbiota transplantation, as well as blockade of complement components.
Implementation of Microcirculation Examination in Clinical Practice—Insights from the Nationwide POL-MKW Registry
Authors: Januszek Rafał , Kołtowski Łukasz , Tomaniak Mariusz , Wańha Wojciech , Wojakowski Wojciech , Grygier Marek , Siłka Wojciech , Jan Horszczaruk Grzegorz , Czarniak Bartosz , Kręcki Radosław , Guzik Bartłomiej , Legutko Jacek , Pawłowski Tomasz , Wnęk Paweł , Roik Marek , Sławek-Szmyt Sylwia , Jaguszewski Miłosz , Roleder Tomasz , Dziarmaga Miłosz , Bartuś Stanisław
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: The assessment of coronary microcirculation may facilitate risk stratification and treatment adjustment. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients’ clinical presentation and treatment following coronary microcirculation assessment, as well as factors associated with an abnormal coronary flow reserve (CFR) and index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) values. Materials and Results: This retrospective analysis included 223 patients gathered from the national registry of invasive coronary microvascular testing collected between 2018 and 2023. Results: The frequency of coronary microcirculatory assessments in Poland has steadily increased since 2018. Patients with impaired IMR (≥25) were less burdened with comorbidities. Patients with normal IMR underwent revascularisation attempts more frequently (11.9% vs. 29.8%, p = 0.003). After microcirculation testing, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were added more often for patients with IMR and CFR abnormalities, respectively, as compared to control groups. Moreover, patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD, defined as CFR and/or IMR abnormality), regardless of treatment choice following microcirculation assessment, were provided with trimetazidine (23.2%) and dihydropyridine CCBs (26.4%) more frequently than those without CMD who were treated conservatively (6.8%) and by revascularisation (4.2% with p = 0.002 and 0% with p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariable analysis revealed no association between angina symptoms and IMR or CFR impairment. Conclusions: The frequency of coronary microcirculatory assessments in Poland has steadily increased. Angina symptoms were not associated with either IMR or CFR impairment. After microcirculation assessment, patients with impaired microcirculation, expressed as either low CFR, high IMR or both, received additional pharmacotherapy treatment more often.
Heterogeneous Microstructure Provides a Good Combination of Strength and Ductility in Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Yang Jingran , Li Xingfu , Li Cong , Zhou Zhuangdi , Quan Shuwei , Kang Zhuang , Qin Shen , Sun Lele , Gao Bo , Zhu Xinkun
Published: February 2024

SAF2507 duplex stainless steel (DSS) is often used as a structural component in ocean-going vessels and marine petroleum exploitation equipment, which require superior mechanical properties. In this study, we used cold rolling (CR) at room temperature with 55% or 80% deformation amounts and subsequent annealing at 1273 K in 1 min to prepare SAF2507 samples with a heterogeneous structure (HS) that was composed of ferrite and austenite phases with different grain sizes. Compared with the homogeneous structure samples, the yield strength of the HS samples increased, while the ductility did not decrease. The 55%-1273 and 80%-1273 samples exhibited the hetero-zone boundary-affected regions on both sides of the grain boundary, phase boundary, and twin boundary. This resulted in hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening and strain hardening of samples during tensile deformation, which improved the ultimate tensile strength of the HS samples while maintaining a good uniform elongation. In addition, the heterogeneous structure of DSS had better corrosion resistance than the initial sample of coarse grain (CG) structure; mainly because the HS samples had finer grains and more grain boundaries on the DSS surface than the CG structure, which is conducive to the formation of high-density passivation film on the surface of stainless steel. The current study provides a new method of material selection of some structural components with the demands of high strength and good ductility.
Investigation on the Corrosion Resistance of 3003 Aluminum Alloy in Acidic Salt Spray under Different Processing States
Authors: Lu Qiang , Zhao Yuchao , Wang Qudong , Li Dezhi
Published: February 2024

3003 aluminum alloy exhibits commendable corrosion resistance, ease of processing, and good formability, rendering it extensively utilized across many industrial sectors. In this study, the corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in a homogenized state and after hot extrusion deformation in an acidic salt spray environment for different times was studied. The microstructure of the 3003 aluminum alloy in the homogenized state and after hot extrusion was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscope (OM), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) etc., while electrochemical methods were employed to study the difference in corrosion resistance between these two states. The results show that corrosion pits on the surface of the homogenized 3003 aluminum alloy increase with time, and corrosion extends along the second phase arrangement, while the hot extruded 3003 aluminum alloy mainly exhibits corrosion pit extension. The grain size of the homogenized 3003 aluminum alloy is larger than that of the hot extruded state, and the second phase is distributed in a reticular pattern. Hot extrusion deformation ensures not only a uniform distribution of the second phase in the 3003 aluminum alloy but also a reduced grain size, an increased grain boundary density, a heightened electrochemical activity in acidic environments, and an augmented pitting density. Compared with the homogenized 3003 aluminum alloy, the pitting density, maximum pitting depth, and weight loss of the hot extruded state are increased.
Study on the Microscopic Mechanism of the Grain Refinement of Al-Ti-B Master Alloy
Authors: Yang Lianfeng , Zhang Huan , Zhao Xiran , Liu Bo , Chen Xiumin , Zhou Lei
Published: February 2024

In the present work, the structure and properties of TinBn (n = 2–12) clusters were studied, and the microstructure of a Al-Ti-B system was simulated by molecular dynamics to determine the grain refinement mechanism of an Al-Ti-B master alloy in Al alloy. Based on the density functional theory method, the structural optimization and property calculations of TinBn (n = 2–12) clusters were carried out. The clusters at the lowest energy levels indicated that the Ti and B atoms were prone to form TiB2 structures, and the TiB2 structures tended to be on the surface of the clusters. The Ti10B10 cluster was determined to be the most stable structure in the range of n from 2 to 12 by average binding energy and second-order difference energy. The analysis of HOMOs and LUMOs suggested that TiB2 was the active center in the cluster; the activity of Ti was high, but the activity of B atoms decreased as the cluster size n increased. Meanwhile, the prediction of reaction sites by Fukui function, condensed Fukui function, and condensed dual descriptor identify that Ti atoms were more active than B atoms. Furthermore, TiB2 structures were found in the Al-Ti-B system simulated by the ab initio molecular dynamics method, and there were Al atoms growing on the Ti atoms in the TiB2. Based on the above analysis, this study suggests that TiB2 may be a heterogeneous nucleation center of α-Al. This work helps to further understand the mechanism of Al-Ti-B induced heterogeneous nucleation in Al alloys, which can provide theoretical guidance for related experiments.
Seamless Micro-Electro-Mechanical System-Inertial Navigation System/Polarization Compass Navigation Method with Data and Model Dual-Driven Approach
Authors: Zhao Huijun , Shen Chong , Cao Huiliang , Chen Xuemei , Wang Chenguang , Huang Haoqian , Li Jie
Published: February 2024

The integration of micro-electro-mechanical system–inertial navigation systems (MEMS-INSs) with other autonomous navigation sensors, such as polarization compasses (PCs) and geomagnetic compasses, has been widely used to improve the navigation accuracy and reliability of vehicles in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, a MEMS-INS/PC integrated navigation system suffers from cumulative errors and time-varying measurement noise covariance in unknown, complex occlusion, and dynamic environments. To overcome these problems and improve the integrated navigation system’s performance, a dual data- and model-driven MEMS-INS/PC seamless navigation method is proposed. This system uses a nonlinear autoregressive neural network (NARX) based on the Gauss–Newton Bayesian regularization training algorithm to model the relationship between the MEMS-INS outputs composed of the specific force and angular velocity data and the PC heading’s angular increment, and to fit the integrated navigation system’s dynamic characteristics, thus realizing data-driven operation. In the model-driven part, a nonlinear MEMS-INS/PC loosely coupled navigation model is established, the variational Bayesian method is used to estimate the time-varying measurement noise covariance, and the cubature Kalman filter method is then used to solve the nonlinear problem in the model. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified experimentally. The experimental results show that the proposed method can provide high-precision heading information stably in complex, occluded, and dynamic environments.
A Simple Non-Embedded Single Capillary Device for On-Demand Complex Emulsion Formation
Authors: Karim Khani Mohammad Mahdi , Oveysi Mehrnaz , Bazargan Vahid , Marengo Marco
Published: February 2024

This study includes an examination of the design, fabrication, and experimentation of a rudimentary droplet generator. The device has potential applications in on-demand double and higher-order emulsions as well as tailored emulsions with numerous cores. The phenomenon of a pendant double droplet creation is observed when an inner phase is transported through a capillary, while a middle phase envelops the external surface of the capillary. This leads to the occurrence of a pinching-off process at the tip of the pulled capillary. Following this, the double droplet is introduced into a container that is filled with the outer phase. The present study examines the force equilibrium throughout the droplet break-up process and aims to forecast the final morphology of the droplets within the container by considering the impact of interfacial tension ratios. The shell thickness in a core–shell formation can be calculated based on the inner and middle phase flow rates as well as the middle droplet formation period. The present platform, which enables the simple production of double and higher emulsions, exhibits promising prospects for the controlled manufacturing of complex emulsions. This technology holds potential for various applications, including the experimental exploration of collision behavior or electro-hydrodynamics in emulsions as well as millimeter-size engineered microparticle fabrication.
The Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area: Characterization of Soil Bacterial Communities from Four Oases
Authors: Esposito Antonia , Del Duca Sara , Vitali Francesco , Bigiotti Gaia , Mocali Stefano , Semenzato Giulia , Papini Alessio , Santini Giacomo , Mucci Nadia , Padula Anna , Greco Claudia , Nasanbat Battogtokh , Davaakhuu Gantulga , Bazarragchaa Munkhtsetseg , Riga Francesco , Augugliaro Claudio , Cecchi Lorenzo , Fani Renato , Zaccaroni Marco
Published: February 2024

Understanding how microbial communities survive in extreme environmental pressure is critical for interpreting ecological patterns and microbial diversity. Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area represents an intriguing model for studying the bacterial community since it is a protected and intact wild area of the Mongolian desert. In this work, the composition of a bacterial community of the soil from four oases was characterized by extracting total DNA and sequencing through the Illumina NovaSeq platform. In addition, the soil’s chemical and physical properties were determined, and their influence on shaping the microbial communities was evaluated. The results showed a high variability of bacterial composition among oases. Moreover, combining specific chemical and physical parameters significantly shapes the bacterial community among oases. Data obtained suggested that the oases were highly variable in physiochemical parameters and bacterial communities despite the similar extreme climate conditions. Moreover, core functional microbiome were constituted by aerobic chemoheterotrophy and chemoheterotrophy, mainly contributed by the most abundant bacteria, such as Actinobacteriota, Pseudomonadota, and Firmicutes. This result supposes a metabolic flexibility for sustaining life in deserts. Furthermore, as the inhabitants of the extreme regions are likely to produce new chemical compounds, isolation of key taxa is thus encouraged.
Genomic Analysis Points to Multiple Genetic Mechanisms for Non-Transformable Campylobacter jejuni ST-50
Authors: Parker Craig T. , Villafuerte David A. , Miller William G. , Huynh Steven , Chapman Mary H. , Hanafy Zahra , Jackson James H. , Miller Morgan A. , Kathariou Sophia
Published: February 2024

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are well known for their natural competence, i.e., their capacity for the uptake of naked DNA with subsequent transformation. This study identifies non-transformable C. jejuni and C. coli strains from domestic animals and employs genomic analysis to investigate the strain genotypes and their associated genetic mechanisms. The results reveal genetic associations leading to a non-transformable state, including functional DNase genes from bacteriophages and mutations within the cts-encoded DNA-uptake system, which impact the initial steps of the DNA uptake during natural transformation. Interestingly, all 38 tested C. jejuni ST-50 strains from the United States exhibit a high prevalence of non-transformability, and the strains harbor a variety of these genetic markers. This research emphasizes the role of these genetic markers in hindering the transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, providing valuable insights into the genetic diversity of Campylobacter. As ST-50 is a major clone of C. jejuni globally, we additionally determined the prevalence of the genetic markers for non-transformability among C. jejuni ST-50 from different regions of the world, revealing distinct patterns of evolution and a strong selective pressure on the loss of competence in ST-50 strains, particularly in the agricultural environment in the United States. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of genetic exchange mechanisms within Campylobacter strains, and their implications for antimicrobial resistance dissemination and evolutionary pathways within specific lineages.
Effect of an Environment-Friendly Depressant on the Flotation of Bastnaesite and Fluorite
Authors: Guo Chunlei , Hou Shaochun , Wang Weiwei , Li Qiang
Published: February 2024

To overcome the difficulty of separating bastnaesite from fluorite through the flotation technique, the present study examined the suitability of sodium alginate (SA) as a depressant in the flotation process. The effect of SA on the flotation separation of bastnaesite and fluorite was evaluated using micro-flotation tests, zeta potential measurements, adsorption density measurements, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The micro-flotation results showed that SA exerted a strongly detrimental effect on fluorite flotation, while slightly affecting bastnaesite flotation. The surface chemistry results revealed that the -COO- and HO- functional groups in SA coordinated with Ca2+ on the fluorite surface, which induced hydrophilicity and hindered adsorption in the subsequent octylhydroxamic acid as a collector. However, the interaction of SA with the bastnaesite surface was marginal and did not affect the anchoring of the collector on the surface of bastnaesite. Based on these results, the present study proposes a possible model for the interaction of SA on the surfaces of the two minerals, laying a foundation for the flotation separation of bastnaesite from fluorite with SA as an environmentally benign depressant.
Spatiotemporal Visualization of Photogenerated Carriers on an Avalanche Photodiode Surface Using Ultrafast Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Tian Yuan , Yang Dong , Ma Yu , Li Zhongwen , Li Jun , Deng Zhen , Tian Huanfang , Yang Huaixin , Sun Shuaishuai , Li Jianqi
Published: February 2024

The spatiotemporal evolution of photogenerated charge carriers on surfaces and at interfaces of photoactive materials is an important issue for understanding fundamental physical processes in optoelectronic devices and advanced materials. Conventional optical probe-based microscopes that provide indirect information about the dynamic behavior of photogenerated carriers are inherently limited by their poor spatial resolution and large penetration depth. Herein, we develop an ultrafast scanning electron microscope (USEM) with a planar emitter. The photoelectrons per pulse in this USEM can be two orders of magnitude higher than that of a tip emitter, allowing the capture of high-resolution spatiotemporal images. We used the contrast change of the USEM to examine the dynamic nature of surface carriers in an InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD) after femtosecond laser excitation. It was observed that the photogenerated carriers showed notable longitudinal drift, lateral diffusion, and carrier recombination associated with the presence of photovoltaic potential at the surface. This work demonstrates an in situ multiphysics USEM platform with the capability to stroboscopically record carrier dynamics in space and time.
Aligning Santal Tribe Menu Templates with EAT-Lancet Commission’s Dietary Guidelines for Sustainable and Healthy Diets: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Armes Sarah , Bhanjdeo Arundhita , Chakraborty Debashis , Kaur Harmanpreet , Ray Sumantra , Rao Nitya
Published: February 2024

Background: In the context of global shifts in food systems, this paper explores the unique dietary practices of the Santal tribe, an indigenous group in eastern India, to understand the health, nutrition, and sustainability aspects of their traditional food systems. This study evaluates the nutritional content of the Santal diet in comparison to the EAT-Lancet Commission’s 2019 dietary guidelines for healthy and sustainable diets. Methods: The University of East Anglia, in collaboration with the NNEdPro Global Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health in Cambridge, PRADAN; colleagues in India and local Santal youth, conducted nutritional analyses of traditional Santal recipes. Two menu templates, Kanhu Thali and Jhano Thali, were selected for comparative analysis based on their representation of diverse dietary practices within the Santal community. Nutritional data, including energy as well as the distribution of macronutrients and micronutrients, were compiled and compared with the EAT-Lancet guidelines. Results: The Santal menu templates (nutritionally complete meals) demonstrated alignment with EAT-Lancet recommendations in aspects such as whole grains, starchy vegetables, vegetables, plant-based protein sources, unsaturated fats, and limited added sugars. However, notable deviations included the absence of animal-based protein sources and dairy. The Santal diet showed high protein intake, largely from plant-based sources, and emphasised the importance of whole grains. Seasonal variations in nutritional content were observed between the two templates. Conclusions: While the Santal diet aligns with some aspects of global dietary guidelines, there are notable deviations that underscore the complexity of aligning traditional diets with universal recommendations. The findings emphasise the need for culturally sensitive dietary recommendations that respect traditional diets while promoting sustainability. Research needs to support tailored global guidelines enshrining core principles of nutritional adequacy which are inter-culturally operable in order to accommodate cultural diversity, local practices, and seasonal variations, crucial for fostering sustainable and healthy eating habits in diverse sociodemographic contexts.
Bone Remodelling, Vitamin D Status, and Lifestyle Factors in Spanish Vegans, Lacto-Ovo Vegetarians, and Omnivores
Authors: García-Maldonado Elena , Gallego-Narbón Angélica , Zapatera Belén , Alcorta Alexandra , Martínez-Suárez Miriam , Vaquero M. Pilar
Published: February 2024

Sustainable healthy diets are promoted, and consequently vegetarian diets are currently increasing. However, scientific information on their effects on bone health is scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed in adults (66% women) classified into three groups: omnivores (n = 93), lacto-ovo vegetarians (n = 96), and vegans (n = 112). Nutrient intake, body composition, physical activity, vitamin D status (25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-OHD), parathormone (PTH), and bone formation (bone alkaline phosphatase, BAP) and resorption (N-telopeptides of type I collagen, NTx) markers were determined. Lacto-ovo vegetarians and especially vegans showed lower protein, fat, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, retinol, iodine, and zinc intakes, and higher carbohydrate, fibre, carotenes, magnesium, and vitamin K intakes compared to omnivores. Body composition was similar in the three groups that performed vigorous physical activity regularly. Body bone mass and muscle mass were positively correlated with BAP, and time performing physical activity with 25-OHD. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (25-OHD < 75 nmol/L) was 93.7% in the studied population, and vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 25 nmol/L) was significantly higher in vegans. Vegetarians of both groups had increased PTH and NTx with vegans showing significantly higher PTH and NTx than omnivores. Conclusion: Adult vegetarians, especially vegans, should reduce the risk of bone loss by appropriate diet planning and vitamin D supplementation.