bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival of Group A Erythrocytes Following Bone Marrow Transplantation for Reconstitution of Lymphopenic Hypogammaglobulinemia
Authors: AZAR M. M. , GATTI R. A. , YUNIS E. J. , SWANSON J. , GOOD R. A.
Published: October 2019

The survival of chromium-labeled group A erythrocytes was measured in a patient who had previously received two bone marrow transplants for reconstitution of lymphopenic hypogammaglobulinemia. The patient was of blood group A before transplantation; the donor of blood group O. The patient’s erythrocytes are now virtually 100% group O. Anti-B titers are present; anti-A antibodies are not demonstrable. The cells producing these isohemagglutinins are of donor origin; the donor has anti-A titers of 1:64 in saline and 1:256 by antihuman globulin test as well as anti-B titers. No evidence of immunological destruction of group A erythrocytes was found in this patient suggesting that the immune system of the donor may have become tolerant of the group A substance of the recipient.
Microscopy of Living Bone Marrow In Situ. II. Influence of the Microenvironment on Hemopoiesis
Authors: MCCLUGAGE SAMUEL G. , MCCUSKEY ROBERT S. , MEINEKE HOWARD A.
Published: October 2019

The present study examined in vivo the dynamic changes of hypocellular bone marrow during increased hemopoietic activity induced by phlebotomy or administration of erythropoietin. During increased hemopoietic activity, large venules and venous sinusoids located within the marrow spaces were replaced by dilated or polygonal networks of sinusoids supplied by small arterioles or capillaries that coursed from surrounding spicules of bone into the marrow spaces. An increased cellularity (hemopoietic and fat cells) was associated with this change in vascularity. The results suggest the presence of two functional parts of the microvascular system in bone marrow. The first is associated with hemopoietic areas of the marrow and is erythropoietin-sensitive; the second, with regeneration and resorption of bone. The presence of cancellous bone and the morphology of the microvascular system may determine the extent of hemopoietic activity of bone marrow. During increased hemopoietic activity, the intimate relationship between the microvascular system, bone spicules, and the developing cellular compartment suggests local factors resident in bone are transported to these proliferating cells to exert a hemopoietic effect.
Allogeneic Marrow Grafting for Hematologic Malignancy Using HL-A Matched Donor-Recipient Sibling Pairs
Authors: THOMAS E. D. , BUCKNER C. D. , RUDOLPH R. H. , FEFER A. , STORB R. , NEIMAN P. E. , BRYANT J. I. , CHARD R. L. , CLIFT R. A. , EPSTEIN R. B. , FIALKOW P. J. , FUNK D. D. , GIBLETT E. R. , LERNER K. G. , REYNOLDS F. A. , SLICHTER S.
Published: October 2019

Seven patients with hematologic malignancy refractory to conventional therapy were treated with 1000 rads midpoint tissue dose of whole-body irradiation followed by infusion of marrow from an HL-A matched sibling. Three patients with advanced leukemia showed histologic evidence suggestive of engraftment but the graft did not function and they died after 18, 26, and 30 days. Four patients, three with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one with Hodgkin’s disease, treated while in good clinical condition, showed evidence of a functioning marrow graft within 3 wk. Engraftment was proved by cytogenetic analysis in three cases with donors of the opposite sex. One patient died with graft-vs.-host disease (GVH) after 37 days. The other three had mild to moderate GVH. Two patients showed recurrent leukemia and died after 85 and 102 days. In one of these patients, a girl, the recurrent leukemia was in male donor cells. One patient, a boy, is alive and well after 200 days with only female donor cells in the marrow. He shows no evidence of GVH and, as yet, no leukemia.
Automated Optical Counting of Blood Platelets
Authors: BRITTIN GEOFFREY M. , DEW SHIRLEY A. , FEWELL ELVI K.
Published: October 2019

We have evaluated the use of an optical particle counter to perform automated platelet counts on whole blood. The erythrocytes were lysed by dilution of whole blood with 2 M urea and the remaining platelets and leukocytes were enumerated by a darkfield microscope optical system that detects light diffracted by them. A suspension of fixed human platelets available commercially was highly satisfactory for standardization. The method gave accurate and reproducible platelet counts, comparable with those of electronic particle counting on venous blood and substantially more reliable platelet counts on thrombocytopenic and finger-puncture blood samples. We believe that errors resulting from the electronic method were caused by technical difficulties of sample handling and not to an intrinsic error in electronic counting. By using the automated optical method we found no significant difference between the platelet counts of capillary and venous blood, although capillary platelet counts had twice the variability of venous counts. The optical technique has important advantages over electronic platelet counting, and its superiority appears to be due to the ability to count platelets in diluted whole blood rather than in plasma. It should prove especially useful in performing the large numbers of platelet counts on thrombocytopenic and finger-puncture blood samples that are increasingly important for management of patients receiving chemotherapy.
Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia Associated With Abnormal Membrane Lipids: Mechanism of Accumulation of Phosphatidyl Choline
Authors: SHOHET STEPHEN B. , LIVERMORE BARBARA M. , NATHAN DAVID G. , JAFFÉ ERNST R.
Published: October 2019

In order to study the mechanism of the accumulation of phosphatidyl choline (PC) in erythrocytes with abnormal erythrocyte phospholipids from patients with a hereditary hemolytic anemia, the phospholipids of the erythrocytes were labeled radioactively. Labeling of phosphatides was achieved by both passive equilibration with preformed phosphatides, and active "acylase"-mediated incorporation of fatty acid (FA) in the presence of glucose, ATP and coenzyme A. The labeled cells were then reincubated in fresh compatible sera and the catabolism of the labeled erythrocyte phospholipids was followed. In addition, total acylase capacity of erythrocyte stroma was determined under optimal conditions in a system with excess lysophosphatide, FA, ATP, CoA, and Mg++. No differences in passive uptake or release of phosphatides were found between the patients’ erythrocytes and comparable reticulocyte-rich controls. On the other hand, overall active incorporation of FA into PC was abnormally increased in the patients’ erythrocytes, whereas incorporation of FA into phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) was decreased. However, acylase capacity for both lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) was normal in the patients’ cells. This apparent paradox could be explained by the subsequent turnover of actively incorporated PC-FA which was found to be reduced. A brief labeling experiment designed to approximate pulse-chase conditions and to label primarily PC showed a considerable inhibition of the subsequent transfer of PC-FA to PE upon reincubation in fresh serum. This transfer has previously been shown to be responsible for a significant portion of PC-FA catabolism. Reincubation in hyperlipemic sera obtained from patients with liver disease or artificially enriched with PC did not influence the abnormal outflow of phosphatide-FA in actively labeled cells. The findings were consistent with the concept that PC accumulated in these cells because of a defect in the catabolism of actively incorporated PC-FA. This defect appeared to be in the transfer of PC-FA to PE prior to final release from the cell. Passive exchange pathways and the active anabolic acylase pathway were not abnormal in these patients’ erythrocytes.
A Longitudinal Comparison of Antibodies to Epstein-Barr Virus and Clinical Parameters in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: LEVINE PAUL H. , MERRILL DEBORAH A. , BETHLENFALVAY NICHOLAS C. , DABICH LYUBICA , STEVENS DAVID A. , WAGGONER DEWARD E.
Published: October 2019

Elevated titers to the Epstein-Barr virus have previously been reported in a number of lymphoproliferative diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, and Hodgkin’s disease. This study also demonstrates a significantly higher titer against EBV in a group of patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disease (CLL) than in a group of patients with chronic myeloproliferative disease (CML) or normal individuals. No significant antibody changes were detected in the 20 CML patients or 23 of the 24 CLL patients who were followed for a period of time up to 5 yr. It appears that the elevated EBV titers seen in patients with CLL reflect an event or process occurring prior to the onset of disease or in the very early stages rather than a nonspecific rise paralleling the increase in total-body lymphocytes.
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor I. Response to Acute Granulocytopenia
Authors: SHADDUCK RICHARD K. , NAGABHUSHANAM N. G.
Published: October 2019

The in vitro growth of hemopoietic colonies, in the presence of an active colony stimulating factor (CSF), provides a useful model for evaluation of potential humoral factors controlling granulopoiesis. The present investigations were undertaken to assess the relationship between rapidly induced granulocytopenia in rats and the presence of heightened CSF activity. Sera from control animals showed virtually no activity (0-3 colonies). Significant levels of CSF (40-60 colonies) were demonstrated within 2-6 hr after rabbit antirat neutrophil serum (ANS). The increased activity corresponded with the phase of rapid neutrophil destruction. However, in animals rendered neutropenic by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, ANS administration was also associated with a prompt rise in CSF levels; the magnitude of this response approximated that seen in animals treated with ANS alone. These results suggest that heightened CSF may accompany destruction of relatively small numbers of neutrophils. The temporal appearance of heightened CSF activity in relation to induced granulocytopenia is consistent with the concept that this factor may be a regulator of granulopoiesis.
Origin of Osteogenic Precursor Cells in Extramedullary Marrow Implants
Authors: MANIATIS ALICE , TAVASSOLI MEHDI , CROSBY WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2019

Autologous extramedullary marrow implantation leads to the formation of a nodule consisting of bone and hemopoietic tissue. Irradiation of the marrow immediately prior to implantation with up to 1000 rads does not interfere with the regenerative process. Since this amount of radiation is lethal for most of the hemopoietic cells the cell initiating the regeneration must be more radioresistant and is therefore probably associated with the relatively radioresistant marrow stroma. When the marrow was irradiated with 4000 rads 2 wk prior to implantation it did not regenerate even though at the time of implantation it contained numerous hemopoietic cells. This suggests that the hemopoietic cells do not play a significant role in the regeneration of marrow implants.
Excretion and Distribution of Iron During Chronic Deferoxamine Therapy
Authors: LUKENS JOHN N. , NEUMAN LESLIE A.
Published: October 2019

In order to evaluate the consequences of chronic chelation therapy on iron overload, the cumulative excretion and tissue distribution of iron were analyzed in a child given deferoxamine (DFO) for transfusion hemosiderosis. During 5 yr of treatment, DFO induced a mean urinary loss of 13.0 mg iron per 24 hr per 500 mg injected. Of the 32 grams of iron administered as transfused red cells during the treatment period 30% was recovered in the urine. Mapping of the tissue distribution of iron was facilitated by splenectomy after 41 mo of chelation therapy. Despite an abundance of iron in Kupffer cells and bone marrow reticulum cells, the spleen was depleted of iron. The heterogeneous distribution of reticuloendothelial iron suggests that the spleen contains a reservoir of metabolically active, chelatable iron, whereas those parts of the reticuloendothelial system less active in heme catabolism store iron in a metabolically dormant, nonchelatable pool. The capacity of DFO to chelate spleen iron in the face of severe erythroid hypoplasia suggests that transferrin-prompted flow of iron across cell membranes is not necessary for chelate mobilization.
Case Report: Tetraploid Leukemia
Authors: TRUJILLO JOSÉ M. , CORK ANN , DREWINKO BENJAMIN , HART JACQUELINE S. , FREIREICH EMIL J.
Published: October 2019

A patient with acute leukemia and tetraploid blast cells in the bone marrow is reported. The patient was a 69-yr-old white male who was referred to our institution for chemotherapy. His bone marrow contained 89% blasts, 30% of which were peroxidase positive. The clinical history was characterized by a rapid, downhill course, and the patient expired 1 mo after admission in spite of chemotherapy. At autopsy, nests of viable leukemic cells were still present in the bone marrow. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated a true tetraploid karyotype with 92 chromosomes. The various mechanisms that may lead to the establishment of a tetraploid clone and the clinical implications of the presence of these cells in acute leukemia are discussed. So far as we know, this is the first case in which a true tetraploid clone associated with human neoplasia has been identified.
Remission Maintenance Therapy for Meningeal Leukemia: Intrathecal Methotrexate vs. Intravenous bis-Nitrosourea
Authors: SULLIVAN MARGARET P. , VIETTI TERESA J. , HAGGARD MARY ELLEN , DONALDSON MILTON H. , KRALL JOHN M. , GEHAN EDMUND A.
Published: October 2019

Central nervous system infiltrates have become a major cause of morbidity among leukemic children and may constitute a site from which a remission marrow is again infiltrated. Conventional intrathecal methotrexate (IT MTX) therapy produces excellent palliation and complete reversal of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid findings for periods ranging from 6 to 414 days (median 87 days). The CNS remission maintenance potential of (1) IT MTX, 12 mg/sq m, every 6-8 wk, and (2) bis-nitrosourea (BCNU), 100 mg/sq m intravenously, every 6-8 wk were compared with "no therapy" maintenance. Only those children in CNS remission 6-8 wk following induction therapy were eligible for randomization to the maintenance study. The duration of CNS remission for BCNU-maintained and "no therapy" patients was similar, with a median length of remission of 96 days and 112 days, respectively. The median duration of remission for the MTX maintenance group was 472 days. The differences in length of CNS remission between the MTX group and the other two groups were statistically highly significant (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). Headache, fever, and/or vomiting occurred in 38% of the children after one or more of the intrathecal maintenance treatments and, in general, symptoms tended to worsen as maintenance continued.
Effect of Cyclophosphamide on the Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cell Compartment as Measured by Different Assay Techniques
Authors: HELLMAN SAMUEL , GRATE HELEN E.
Published: October 2019

Three different methods have been used to measure the survival of the hematopoietic stem cell pool following treatment with cyclophosphamide. Two of these systems measure the stem cell pool by its ability to proliferate and differentiate into mature progeny. In both these methods irradiated recipient mice receive syngeneic bone marrow from either normal or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. A period of time is allowed for the transplanted progenitor cells to divide and differentiate, and then the progeny produced are assayed. Ability to form red blood cells is assessed by the amount of radioactive iron incorporated into newly formed erythrocytes. Capacity for granulocyte formation is measured by peripheral white blood cell counts following endotoxin stimulation. The pool as measured by its ability to produce erythrocytic progeny appears to be more sensitive than as measured by its ability to produce granulocytic progeny. The spleen colony assay gives results similar to the assay of granulocytic progeny. These results, taken with previous data indicating decrease in erythroid precursors in spleen colonies derived from cells surviving cyclophosphamide, are interpreted as indicating a decrease in ability for erythroid differentiation in cells surviving cyclophosphamide.
L2C Guinea Pig Lymphatic Leukemia: A "B" Cell Leukemia
Authors: Shevach E. M. , Ellman L. , Davie J. M. , Green I.
Published: October 2019

Lymphoid cells of the immune system can be divided into two functional compartments. The thymus derived population, "T" cells, is responsible for cell mediated immunity. The bone marrow derived population, "B" cells, is responsible for antibody production. Although these two populations are functionally different, it has not yet been possible to distinguish them morphologically. Recent experimental work in the mouse has shown that the B cells bear easily detectable immunoglobulin. The T cells can be distinguished by the isoantigen, theta. The B or T cell origin of the lymphocytes of human or animal leukemia has received little attention. In the present study, we have examined the functional and morphologic properties of a guinea pig lymphatic leukemia L2C. L2C cells secrete T2 immunoglobulin and also bear this immunoglobulin on their surface. L2C cells have the recently described lymphocyte receptor for antigen-antibody-complement complexes (found on normal B lymphocytes). Finally, the L2C cell fails to be stimulated in vitro by mitogens capable of stimulating thymus-derived lymphocytes. Thus, the L2C cell appears to be of B lymphocyte origin. The availability of a large number of pure B lymphoid cells will provide a useful tool for the study of the cellular receptors of lymphoid cells and for the preparation of antisera specific for the T cell and B cell populations. The application of the techniques described in this paper to classify other lymphoid neoplasms as to their T or B cell origin may lead to both theoretic and therapeutic advances.
Erythropoietin Production in the Anephric Rat. I. Relationship Between Nephrectomy, Time of Hypoxic Exposure, and Erythropoietin Production
Authors: Schooley J. C. , Mahlmann L. J.
Published: October 2019

The serum erythropoietin levels of adult male and female rats exposed immediately after nephrectomy to a simulated altitude of 22,000 ft for 5 hr is measurable but decreased to about l5% of normal. Erythropoietin is not detected in the serum of adult female and male rats when the interval between nephrectomy and the beginning of the hypoxic exposure is increased to 8 and 16 rr, respectively. The ability of an anephric rat to respond to this hypoxic stimulus progressively decreases with increasing time after nephrectomy. The ability of young anephric rats to increase their serum erythropoietin levels is little altered if the rats are exposed to hypoxia immediately after nephrectomy, but exposure to the same hypoxic stimulus 24 hr later results in a significant reduction in erythropoietin production. The ability of both normal and anephric rats to produce erythropoietin is reduced or abolished by actinomycin D. The serum erythropoietin produced in hypoxic anephric rats is immunologically indistinguishable from normal erythropoietin.
An Electron Microscopic Study of the Bone Marrow of the Rat in an Experimental Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: CHEN LI-TSUN , HANDLER EVELYN E. , HANDLER EUGENE S. , WEISS LEON
Published: October 2019

Alterations in the vascular sinus and hematopoietic compartment of rat bone marrow were observed with electron microscopy during the pathogenesis of an acute myelogenous leukemia. As the disease progresses, the sinus wall becomes damaged and disintegrates; normal hemic elements disappear, and the marrow compartment becomes packed with leukemic myeloblasts. Viruslike particles are present in intercellular spaces and appear to bud from leukemic cells.
Bone Formation by Hemopoietic Tissue: Separation of Preosteoblast From Hemopoietic Stem Cell Function in the Rat
Authors: Amsel Sheldon , Dell Elisabeth S.
Published: October 2019

The bone marrow preosteoblast was studied using bone formation by subcutaneously placed syngeneic grafts of hemopoietic tissue as the test for the presence of the preosteoblast. The hind limbs of rats were irradiated with 0, 300, 600, or 900 rads, and the femoral and tibial marrow were removed and grafted 4 hr-90 days following irradiation. Grafts of the irradiated marrow, adjusted to match the unirradiated grafts in number of cells or weight of tissue, showed a marked decrease to absence of bone-forming ability over the 90-day period. The hemopoietic cells of this marrow 90 days following irradiation, except for a decrease in cellularity by one quarter, were thought to be normal as judged by differential counts and the presence of hemopoietic stem cells. The interpretations of this separation of the hemopoietic from the bone-forming function of marrow are that the preosteoblast is a nonmigrating cell and that it is not derived from the hemopoietic stem cell.
Granulopoiesis During Myleran-induced Suppression of Transplantable Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Udupa K. B. , Okamura H. , Reissmann K. R.
Published: October 2019

Granulopoiesis was studied in mice whose colony-forming units (CFU) had been suppressed to undetectable levels by Myleran. Measurements of the myelocyte-metamyelocyte transition rate and other parameters showed significant granulopoietic regeneration at a time when no CFU were demonstrable. This regeneration is attributed to the proliferation of intermediate granulopoietic stem cells, and the findings thus confirm the existence of such cells in an in vivo system. Acceleration of erythropoiesis in the Myleran-treated mice by large does of erythropoietin was without effect upon the concomitant granulopoietic regeneration, indicating that intermediate stem cells are not interchangeable and that the otherwise described competition for stem cells between the two systems must occur at the primitive CFU level.
Bone Marrow Response to Erythropoietin in Polycythemia Vera and Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: Zucker Stanley , Howe Diane M. , Weintraub Lewis R.
Published: October 2019

The regulation of erythropoiesis was studied in patients with polycythemia vera and chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL). An in vitro culture system was employed to determine the response of bone marrow cells to erythropoietin. In normal subjects, iron incorporation into heme (during the 18th to 22nd hr of culture) was increased by 35% (mean) in erythropoietin-treated cultures as compared to control cultures. Erythropoietin was ineffective in stimulating iron incorporation into heme in five patients with polycythemia vera. The marrow response to erythropoietin in vitro was within the normal range in three patients with CGL (37% stimulation). Thus, the role of erythropoietin in the control of erythropoiesis in myeloproliferative syndromes appears variable.
Hemoglobin Synthesis in Short-term Cultures of Human Fetal Hematopoietic Tissues
Authors: Basch Ross S.
Published: October 2019

Hemoglobin synthesis in the erythropoietic tissues of 11 normal human fetuses ranging in age from 6 to 21 wk has been studied. The incorporation of 3H-labeled and 14C-labeled leucine, valine, and isoleucine into the separated hemoglobins has been measured, and rates of synthesis of hemoglobins F0, F1, and A determined. Hemoglobin A synthesis could be detected in all of the embryos studied and was produced in fetal liver and spleen, as well as bone marrow and peripheral reticulocytes. The effect of a partially purified preparation of human erythropoietin (ESF: NIH, NHI Erythropoietin Committee; pool Al Ta LSL) on short-term cultures of these tissues has also been studied. Three phases of hepatic erythropoietin sensitivity have been observed. Early in gestation (before 10-12 wk), when the liver is predominantly an erythropoietic organ, cultured cells respond poorly to ESF; later (14-18 wk) as the hepatic functions of the liver begin to become dominant, maximal ESF sensitivity is achieved. At this time treated cultures synthesize up to ten times more hemoglobin than do controls. ESF responsiveness subsequently begins to decline, and by 21 wk only modest (1.5- to twofold) increments in hemoglobin synthesis are produced by ESF. No changes in the pattern of hemoglobins synthesized were noted as a consequence of ESF stimulation.
Comparison of Chromatographic Patterns of Low Molecular Weight RNA From Burkitt Lymphoma, Infectious Mononucleosis, EB-Virus Transformed, and Normal Human Lymphoblasts
Authors: Fujioka Seitoku , O’Hopp Susan , Gerber Paul , Gallo Robert C.
Published: October 2019

The chromatographic characteristics of uridine- and methyl-labeled low molecular weight RNA (4S and 5S) of human lymphoblasts from Burkitt lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, and EB-virus transformed lymphocytes were compared with lymphoblasts from normal donors (cell line) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes. No significant differences in these RNA profiles were found between the lymphoblast cell line from a normal donor and the lymphoblast cell line derived from a patient with infectious mononucleosis. The profiles of uridine-labeled RNA but not methyl-labeled RNA of Burkitt lymphoma and EB-virus transformed cells differed from the normal control cells, i.e., the lymphoblast cell line derived from a normal donor and PHA-transformed lymphocytes, respectively. The findings suggest that the elution pattern of low molecular weight nonmethylated RNA of Burkitt lymphoma and EB-virus transformed cells are similar but differ from normal and infectious mononucleosis lymphoblasts. These differences apparently reflect variations in the relative amount of certain species of nonmethylated low molecular weight RNA that probably represents 5S RNA and/or messenger RNA fragments.
Detection of Glucose-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency by a Screening Procedure
Authors: Blume Karl-Georg , Beutler Ernest
Published: October 2019

A method for rapid detection of red cell glucose-phosphate isomerase deficiency is described. The procedure is based on the appearance of fluorescence, caused by TPNH, that is generated in the linked glucose-phosphate isomerase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
Hematopoiesis in the Embryonic Mouse Spleen: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Djaldetti Meir , Bessler Hanna , Rifkind Richard A.
Published: October 2019

The events of hematopoiesis in the C57/BI6J embryonic mouse spleen are described, beginning with the appearance of the splenic rudiment (12th gestational day). Immature erythroid precursors appear on day 12 of embryonic development, but foci of mature red cell precursors were not seen until day 15. Red cell precursors were observed in the spleen up to day 19 after birth. Mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present by day 12, whereas megakaryocytic precursors appear on day 12. Although young cells of the lymphocytic series were identified on the 16th gestational day, a marked proliferation of lymphatic cells was noted at the end of the gestational period and immediately after birth.
Graft-vs.-Host Activity of Thymocytes: Relationship to the Role of Thymocytes in Hemopoiesis
Authors: Goodman Joan Wright , Burch Kay T. , Basford Nancy L.
Published: October 2019

The importance of graft-vs.-host (GVH) activity to the ability of thymocytes to augment hemopoiesis in radiation chimeras was investigated. Parental (P) lymph node cells were found by the 59Fe-uptake method not to have an analogous augmentative effect. When thymus donor, marrow donor, and irradiated recipient were chosen immunogenetically so that GVH could occur in either the presence or absence of graft-vs.-graft (GVG) activity, it was seen that GVH reactivity per se resulted in no improvement of marrow growth. However, when P thymocytes specifically tolerant to an F1 hybrid host were administered with P marrow, augmentation was three times greater than when nontolerant P thymocytes were given. It was concluded that GVH activity not only is not essential but actually is detrimental to augmentation. Ninety-day survival of chimeras given specifically tolerant P thymocytes was better than that of mice given P marrow only and very much better than those given marrow and nontolerant thymocytes.
Multiple Myeloma Incidence in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia: Racial and Seasonal Variations
Authors: McPhedran Peter , Heath Clark W. , Garcia Joan
Published: October 2019

Between 1963 and 1967, 120 cases of multiple myeloma were diagnosed in residents of metropolitan Atlanta, Ga. These cases represent an incidence of 4.0/100,000 per yr for black people and 2.1 for white people. While the rate for black people is the highest yet identified for any population, it is probably an underestimate because of underreporting for older age groups. More cases were diagnosed in winter than in summer months. Retrospective data regarding symptoms at onset suggest that this seasonal variation may at least in part reflect the winter occurrence of acute respiratory infections, which may bring existing neoplasia to medical attention.
THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL SURFACES ON BLOOD COAGULABILITY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POLYETHYLENE
Authors: DONOVAN THOMAS J. , ZIMMERMANN BERNARD
Published: October 2019

1. The reaction to small pieces of polyethylene and lucite in the subcutaneous tissues of 30 rats was studied at intervals up to three months after insertion. Polyethylene was shown to compare favorably in respect to minimum tissue reaction, with the well-tolerated lucite.

2. A series of clotting times was performed in polyethylene, paraffin, collodion and glass tubes. The clotting time in polyethylene tubes was about twice as long as in glass, and nearly as long as in paraffin and collodion-lined tubes. These data are similar to Hirschboeck’s findings for lucite tubes.

3. Clot retraction was found to be moderate and essentially similar in polyethylene, paraffin, and glass tubes. It was slight or absent in collodion tubes.

4. Capillary tubes of polyethylene were shown to repel water initially and then gradually to attract water over a period of days to a maximum height about one-half of that in glass tubes. Thus polyethylene follows Lampert’s rule, which states that the effect of a surface in delaying the coagulation of blood is proportional to the capacity of that surface for repelling water.
THE RESPONSE OF EOSINOPHILS IN THE GUINEA PIG TO SENSITIZATION, ANAPHYLAXIS AND VARIOUS DRUGS
Authors: SAMTER MAX
Published: October 2019

1. The eosinophilic response of the guinea pig sensitized and reinjected with the specific antigen varies with the nature of the antigen used, but also with the individual guinea pig in any groupsensitized and reinjected with the same antigen.

2. Certain antihistamine drugs which abolish anaphylactic symptoms, do not abolish the eosinophilic response.

3. The severity of anaphylactic "shock" symptoms has no influence on the eosinophilic response.

4. Histamine phosphate has no effect on the eosinophil count of nonsensitized guinea pigs protected by benadryl; it causes a distinct eosinophilic response in sensitized animals.

5. Heparin—in the dose injected—produced only an insignificant rise in the peripheral eosinophil count of sensitized guinea pigs; adenosine had no effect.

6. Attempts were made to correlate the eosinophilic response in bone marrow, blood and shock tissue of guinea pigs sensitized and reinjected with a specific antigen. The variation within a wide range of the number of eosinophils in the bone marrow of nonsensitized and of sensitized, reinjected guinea pigs is emphasized. A definite correlation seems to exist between the presence of a large number of eosinophils in blood and lungs; it is shown, however, that this observation permits only limited conclusions.

7. The factors which account for discrepancies in the interpretation of the eosinophilic response, e.g., nature of antigen, route of administration and characteristics of species, are analyzed.

8. The significance of the findings is reviewed in the light of previous work.
"REFINED" LIVER EXTRACT IN TROPICAL MACROCYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: PATEL J. C. , BHENDE Y. M.
Published: October 2019

1. A series of 45 cases of T.M.A. treated with "refined" liver extract is reported.

2. "Refined" liver extract was found to be effective in 39 cases.

3. It was found that 2 or 3 ml. of refined liver extract (Examen N.P.) was sufficient to produce an optimum response.

4. As judged from therapeutic observations, it is suggested that in the majority of cases of T.M.A. the deficiency is similar to that in Addisonian pernicious anemia, though the mode of production of the deficiency may not be the same.
RESULTS OF THERAPY OF ERYTHROBLASTOSIS WITH EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Authors: WIENER ALEXANDER S. , WEXLER IRVING B.
Published: October 2019

In Wiener, Alexander S., and Wexler, Irving B.: Results of therapy of erythroblastosis with exchange transfusions. Blood 4: 1-35 (January), 1949:

Page 8, second line from bottom, "the Rh0 factor" (instead of "the Rh1 factor").

Page 12, third line from bottom, "A1MRh1rh" (instead of "A1MRhrh").

Page 35, first word of second line of reference 24, "potent" (instead of "patent")
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF A NUTRITIONAL MACROCYTIC ANEMIA IN SWINE
Authors: CARTWRIGHT G. E. , TATTING BETTY , ASHENBRUCKER HELEN , WINTROBE M. M.
Published: October 2019

1. A deficiency of pteroylglutamic acid has been produced in 32 swine fed a purified diet containing casein and supplemented with seven B vitamins, sulfasuxidine and a folic acid antagonist. The casein was fed at two levels, 10 and 26 per cent. Two types of casein were used: a crude preparation possessing significant "extrinsic factor" activity and a purified casein with little activity.

2. The hematologic manifestations observed were (a) severe macrocytic anemia, (b) leukopenia, due to a proportionately greater reduction in polymorphonuclear than in mononuclear cells, (3) slight thrombocytopenia, and (4) hyperplastic bone marrow with an increase in immature nucleated red cells which resemble the megaloblasts seen in the bone marrow of patients with pernicious anemia.

3. The feeding of a 26 per cent rather than a 10 per cent crude casein diet did not prevent but did delay the onset of the blood changes. Anemia developed most rapidly in the animals receiving 10 per cent purified casein.

4. The group receiving 26 per cent casein developed a greater degree of macrocytosis in the same period of time than did the group receiving 10 per cent casein. In all groups the degree of macrocytosis increased as the duration of the anemia increased.

5. The hematologic manifestations were not delayed nor was their development prevented by the intramuscular administration of 15 U.S.P. units of liver extract every 15 days.

6. The blood and bone marrow returned rapidly to normal following the administration of pteroylglutamic acid, pteroyldiglutamic acid, pteroyltriglutamic and pteroylheptaglutamic acid. Thymine and xanthopterin had little or no activity. Tyrosine, adenine and uracil were inactive.

7. Purified liver extracts and crystalline vitamin B12 were found to possess some hemopoietic activity in several animals but the activity was considerably less than that of the pteroylglutamic acid compounds.

8. The urinary excretion of "tyrosyl" (hydroxphenyl compounds) was not abnormal in the pteroylglutamic acid deficient pigs and was not altered by either pteroylglutamic acid or liver extract therapy.

9. The urinary excretion of allantoin and uric acid did not differ significantly from the normal. Immediately following therapy with pteroylglutamic acid, however, in association with the reticulocytosis and lasting for the same period, there was a marked increase in the excretion of allantoin.

10. The results suggest that both pteroylglutamic acid and a factor in liver extract similar to or identical with vitamin B12 are required for normal hemopoiesis in the pig.
BLOOD CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN ANEMIA, WITH A NOTE ON POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Authors: LEWIS H. D. , ALTSCHULE M. D. , TAYLOR M.
Published: October 2019

Measurements of blood carbonic anhydrase activity were made in patients with a variety of blood dyscrasias, using a new method. In patients with anemia due to loss of blood, infection and uremia, and in most of those with anemia associated with liver disease and leukemia, a constant relation was found between blood carbonic anhydrase activity and the hematocrit; the same holds in polycythemia vera. In patients with pernicious anemia, and in some with "refractory" anemia, and anemias associated with hepatic disease and with myelogenous leukemia, blood carbonic anhydrase activity was in or near the normal range in spite of lowered hematocrit values. The possible relation between these differences among anemias and the tolerance of patients with various anemias to exercise is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY AND ZINC CONTENT OF ERYTHROCYTES IN NORMAL, IN ANEMIC AND OTHER PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS
Authors: VALLEE BERT L. , LEWIS HERBERT D. , ALTSCHULE MARK D. , GIBSON JOHN G.
Published: October 2019

A good correlation exists between zinc content and carbonic anhydrase activity of the red blood cells under all conditions studied, including anemia and polycythemia. In almost all patients with anemias other than pernicious anemia, both zinc and carbonic anhydrase levels were lowered in parallel fashion. These changes were proportional to decreases in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte counts so that both zinc and carbonic anhydrase values per unit of RBC were in the normal range. In a few instances of anemia associated with leukemia and in one of sickle cell anemia, neither zinc content nor carbonic anhydrase activity was decreased in proportion to the anemia; in these cases the zinc and carbonic anhydrase levels per unit of blood were both elevated to the same degree.

Patients with pernicious anemia showed no decrease in absolute values for zinc and carbonic anhydrase activity in spite of marked lowering of hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and of erythrocyte count. Accordingly, both zinc concentration and carbonic anhydrase activity per unit of blood were elevated, often to a marked degree. These increases were parallel, varying inversely with the degree of anemia; when they regressed under treatment, both did so at the same rate.

There are no methods available for estimating carbonic anhydrase concentration; all methods now in use measure only the activity of the enzyme. It is suggested that zinc concentration could be used as an indicator of carbonic anhydrase content of the red blood cells.
OVALOCYTOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SICKLE CELL TRAIT
Authors: FADEM ROBERT S.
Published: October 2019

1. A patient has been presented whose circulating red blood cells were composed of 65-84 per cent ovalocytes, 3-11 per cent sickled cells, and some normal appearing discoid cells.

2. The red blood cell counts and the blood indices were within normal limitations.

3. The red blood cells showed an increased resistance to hypotonic saline solutions.

See PDF for Table

See PDF for Table

See PDF for Table

4. The peripheral blood showed a daily variation in the percentage of circulating ovalocytes, from 65 per cent to 84 per cent, and in the percentage of circulating sickle cells, from 3 per cent to 11 per cent.

5. After 72 hours in fresh wet preparations the per cent of ovalocytes remained essentially unchanged from that of fresh fixed blood.

6. The percentage of sickled cells was found to be increased after 18, 24, and 72 hours in fresh wet preparations as compared to the percentage of sickled cells found in fresh fixed preparations.

7. Some of the normal appearing discoid red blood cells were observed to sickle in fresh wet preparations within 18 hours.
ASPIRATION OF BONE MARROW IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: SUNDBERG R. DOROTHY , HODGSON RUTH E.
Published: October 2019

1. Methods of aspirating tibial bone marrow from living laboratory animals (rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, and chicken) have been described. No method of aspirating marrow from living mice has been encountered in the literature.

2. The method would probably prove useful in obtaining marrow from the tibia of any small laboratory animal which has a flattened triangular area on the superior medial surface of the tibia.

3. In larger animals (rabbit and chicken), large amounts of marrow can be aspirated. Both smears and sections can be made.

4. The present method, if used in combination with the similar method of aspirating marrow from the ilium, will afford four different sites of aspiration. This should make possible the study of progressive changes in the marrow.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF AN ANIMAL PROTEIN FACTOR CONCENTRATE ON PERSONS WITH THE MACROCYTIC ANEMIA OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, OF NUTRITIONAL MACROCYTIC ANEMIA AND OF SPRUE, AND ON PERSONS WITH NUTRITIONAL GLOSSITIS
Authors: SPIES TOM D. , LOPEZ GUILLERMO GARCIA , MILANES FERNANDO , STONE ROBERT E. , TOCA RUBEN LOPEZ , ARAMBURU TOMAS , KARTUS SAM
Published: October 2019

The intramuscular injection of animal protein factor concentrate to 5 cases of pernicious anemia in relapse, 4 cases of nutritional macrocytic anemia in relapse, and 3 cases of tropical sprue in relapse was followed by a positive hematologic response in each case as is illustrated in figures 1, 2, and 4, respectively. The parenteral administration of this material to 3 patients with nutritional glossitis unassociated with anemia was followed by the disappearance of the redness and soreness of the tongue.
THE ROLE OF STAPHYLOCOAGULASE IN BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: MIALE JOHN B.
Published: October 2019

1. Sterile cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of some strains of staphylococci contain a substance (staphylocoagulase) which does not clot purified fibrinogen, but does clot oxalated plasma.

2. When a plasma factor (coagulase globulin, CG) is added to staphylocoagulase a thrombin-like substance (coagulase-thrombin, CT) is progressively formed which is able to clot purified fibrinogen.

3. When the clotting times of plasma with increasing amounts of either staphylocoagulase or CT are plotted against concentrations of the clotting agents, hyperbolic curves are obtained which are similar to those obtained with classic prothrombin or thrombin.

4. CG appears to be distinct from AcG (Seegers), the "V" factor of Owren, and "anti-hemophilic globulin" of Taylor and co-workers. The presence of CG in platelets could not be demonstrated.
An Improved Radioisotope Dilution Assay for Serum Vitamin B12 Using Hemoglobin-coated Charcoal
Authors: Liu Yong K. , Sullivan Louis W.
Published: October 2019

In An Improved Radioisotope Dilution Assay for Serum Vitamin B12 Using Hemoglobin-coated Charcoal, by Liu and Sullivan (Blood: No. 3, March, 426-432, 1972) on page 427 the formula should read as follows:

See PDF for Equation
Localization of Free Fatty Acids Taken Up by Human Platelets
Authors: Hoak John C. , Spector Arthur A. , Fry Glenna L. , Barnes Brian C.
Published: October 2019

Human platelets take up and metabolize long-chain free fatty acids (FFA). Experiments in which platelets were loaded with 14C-palmitate, homogenized, and then fractionated indicated large amounts of membrane-bound FFA. In other studies, platelet membrane fractions took up FFA from incubation media containing albumin-bound FFA. These findings suggested that a large portion of the platelet FFA uptake might be associated with the platelet surface. Radioautography with electron microscopy using 3H-palmitate-labeled platelets provided additional evidence that much of the newly incorporated FFA was associated with the platelet surface.
Immunologic Rebound After Cessation of Long-term Chemotherapy in Acute Leukemia
Authors: Borella Luis , Green Alexander A. , Webster Robert G.
Published: October 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of repopulation of blood and bone marrow lymphocytes, immunoglobulin synthesis, and antibody production after stopping long-term combination chemotherapy in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in continuous remission for 2½-3 yr. The phase of recovery after immunosuppressive drugs were discontinued was characterized by a rise of lymphocytes and increased immunoglobulin and antibody production, and it was dependent on the age of the patients at the beginning of treatment. Thus, after the drugs were stopped, blood and bone marrow lymphocytes and serum IgG and IgM increased significantly in the group of patients younger than 5 yr but not in the older group. Lymphocytosis was more pronounced and earlier in bone marrow, suggesting an initial expansion of this cell compartment. After the drugs were discontinued one-fourth of these patients had a rise in antibody to the Hong Kong influenza virus without evidence of reexposure to the same antigen. Although the mechanisms of this age-dependent immunologic rebound are uncertain, we postulate that the number of long-lived, drug-resistant, memory lymphocytes increases in peripheral blood as a function of age and antigenic stimulation. Practical implications derived from this study are: an increase of bone marrow lymphocytes above 40% in children with ALL in whom chemotherapy has been stopped does not indicate relapse but may be a manifestation of immunologic recovery; and a rise in antibody titers after cessation of immunosuppressive drugs may reflect immunologic rebound to an "old" antigen and not necessarily be secondary to an active infectious process.
The Mortality of Acquired Aplastic Anemia in Children
Authors: Li Frederick P. , Alter Blanche P. , Nathan David G.
Published: October 2019

The course of 58 children under age 16 yr with verified acquired aplastic anemia, treated at the Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Boston, 1958-70, has been reviewed. All but one child received androgen, corticosteroid, and supportive therapy. Forty-one of the children (71%) have died, 15 (26%) are alive, and 2 (3%) have been lost to follow-up. Deceased patients had a higher proportion of lymphocytes (p <0.01) and a relative deficiency of hematopoietic precursor cells on initial bone marrow examination. They did not differ significantly from survivors with regard to age, sex, or fetal hemoglobin concentration, and nearly all patients had intense depression of the initial peripheral blood counts. The median survival for the group was less than 6 mo; all 11 new patients hospitalized over the last 5 yr died within 6 mo of starting treatment with oxymetholone and other androgen preparations. Evaluation of treatment for acquired aplastic anemia in children is difficult because of the variable natural history of the disorder. Our findings suggest that androgen therapy often fails to alter the short lethal course of the disease in children requiring hospitalization for complications of severe pancytopenia.
"Nonsecretory" Multiple Myeloma
Authors: River G. L. , Tewksbury D. A. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: October 2019

A case of "nonsecretory" multiple myeloma with careful study of urine and serum immunoglobulins is presented. Marrow immunofluorescent studies failed to show production of identifiable immunoglobulins. Bone marrow examination may be the only method of diagnosis in such cases.