bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The response of SST to insolation and ice sheet variability from MIS 3 to MIS 11 in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions)
Authors: Cortina Aleix , Sierro Francisco Javier , Flores José Abel , Martrat Belen , Grimalt Joan O.
Published: November 2015

Here we present a sea surface temperature (SST) record based on the Uk′37 index from the PRGL1 borehole (Promess1) drilled on the upper slope of the Gulf of Lions (GL). This is the first continuous and high‐resolution record in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea from marine oxygen isotope stage 3 (MIS) 3 to MIS 11. Due the location of the GL, the SST proxy can be considered to be a reliable tool to study the climate link between high latitude and midlatitude. During glacial inceptions, the northern ice sheet signal via cold northwesterly winds was first recorded in our study area in comparison with southern locations, highlighting the strong sensitivity of this location to high‐latitude dynamics. Moreover, the amplitude of the millennial‐scale variability in the western Mediterranean basin seems to be the result of both ice sheet and insolation variability.
Modulation of outer bank erosion by slump blocks: Disentangling the protective and destructive role of failed material on the three‐dimensional flow structure
Authors: Hackney Christopher , Best Jim , Leyland Julian , Darby Stephen E. , Parsons Daniel , Aalto Rolf , Nicholas Andrew
Published: November 2015

The three‐dimensional flow field near the banks of alluvial channels is the primary factor controlling rates of bank erosion. Although submerged slump blocks and associated large‐scale bank roughness elements have both previously been proposed to divert flow away from the bank, direct observations of the interaction between eroded bank material and the 3‐D flow field are lacking. Here we use observations from multibeam echo sounding, terrestrial laser scanning, and acoustic Doppler current profiling to quantify, for the first time, the influence of submerged slump blocks on the near‐bank flow field. In contrast to previous research emphasizing their influence on flow diversion away from the bank, we show that slump blocks may also deflect flow onto the bank, thereby increasing local shear stresses and rates of erosion. We use our measurements to propose a conceptual model for how submerged slump blocks interact with the flow field to modulate bank erosion.
Stratocumulus to cumulus transition in the presence of elevated smoke layers
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham , Kazil Jan , McComiskey Allison
Published: November 2015

The transition from stratocumulus to cumulus clouds in the presence of elevated light‐absorbing smoke layers is investigated with idealized large‐eddy simulations. A smoke layer is placed 1 km above stratocumulus top and evolves with the cloud fields over the course of a 3 day simulation. The simulations presented vary the smoke‐generated heating and the moisture content of the smoke layer. A control case without smoke is simulated for comparison. On day 2 of the transition, when still above cloud, smoke generates a more broken cloud field than the control case, depending weakly on the strength of the aerosol heating but strongly on the water vapor content in the smoke layer. Following nighttime recovery and contact with the stratocumulus, smoke hinders the transition by strengthening the inversion, limiting boundary layer deepening and reducing precipitation‐related breakup. This modulation delays the transition, which may extend the stratocumulus deck westward, with concomitant implications for climate forcing.
Precipitation and floodiness
Authors: Stephens E. , Day J. J. , Pappenberger F. , Cloke H.
Published: November 2015

There are a number of factors that lead to nonlinearity between precipitation anomalies and flood hazard; this nonlinearity is a pertinent issue for applications that use a precipitation forecast as a proxy for imminent flood hazard. We assessed the degree of this nonlinearity for the first time using a recently developed global‐scale hydrological model driven by the ERA‐Interim/Land precipitation reanalysis (1980–2010). We introduced new indices to assess large‐scale flood hazard, or floodiness, and quantified the link between monthly precipitation, river discharge, and floodiness anomalies at the global and regional scales. The results show that monthly floodiness is not well correlated with precipitation, therefore demonstrating the value of hydrometeorological systems for providing floodiness forecasts for decision‐makers. A method is described for forecasting floodiness using the Global Flood Awareness System, building a climatology of regional floodiness from which to forecast floodiness anomalies out to 2 weeks.
Featureless spectra on the Moon as evidence of residual lunar primordial crust
Authors: Yamamoto S. , Nakamura R. , Matsunaga T. , Ogawa Y. , Ishihara Y. , Morota T. , Hirata N. , Ohtake M. , Hiroi T. , Yokota Y. , Haruyama J.
Published: November 2015

We report the global distribution of areas exhibiting no absorption features (featureless or FL) on the lunar surface, based on the reflectance spectral data set obtained by the Spectral Profiler onboard Kaguya/SELENE. We found that FL sites are located in impact basins and large impact craters in the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane, while there are no FL sites in the Procellarum regions nor the South Pole‐Aitken basin. FL sites in each impact basin/crater are mainly found at the peak rings or rims, where the purest anorthosite (PAN) sites are also found. At the local scale, most of the FL and PAN points are associated with impact craters and peaks. Most of the FL spectra show a steeper (redder) continuum than the PAN spectra, suggesting the occurrence of space weathering effects. We propose that most of the material exhibiting a FL spectrum originate from space weathered PAN. Taking into account all the occurrence trends of FL sites on the Moon, we propose that both the FL and PAN materials were excavated from the primordial lunar crust during ancient basin formations below the megaregolith in the highlands. Since the FL and PAN sites are widely distributed over the lunar surface, our new data may support the existence of a massive PAN layer below the lunar surface.
Use of Low‐Literacy Decision Aid to Enhance Knowledge and Reduce Decisional Conflict Among a Diverse Population of Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Pilot Study
Authors: Barton Jennifer L. , Trupin Laura , Schillinger Dean , Evans‐Young Gina , Imboden John , Montori Victor M. , Yelin Edward
Published: November 2015

Objective

Despite innovations in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), adherence is poor and disparities persist. Shared decision making (SDM) promotes patient engagement and enhances adherence; however, few tools support SDM in RA. Our objective was to pilot a low‐literacy medication guide and decision aid to facilitate patient‐clinician conversations about RA medications.

Methods

RA patients were consecutively enrolled into 1 of 3 arms: 1) control; patients received existing medication guide prior to clinic visit, 2) adapted guide prior to visit, and 3) adapted guide prior to plus decision aid during visit. Outcomes were collected immediately postvisit, at 1‐week, and at 3‐ and 6‐month interviews. Eligible adults had to have failed at least 1 disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug and fulfill 1 of the following: age >65 years, immigrant, non–English speaker, less than high school education, limited health literacy, and racial/ethnic minority. Primary outcomes were knowledge of RA medications, decisional conflict, and acceptability of interventions.

Results

The majority of 166 patients were immigrants (66%), non–English speakers (54%), and had limited health literacy (71%). Adequate RA knowledge postvisit in arm 3 was higher (78%) than arm 1 (53%; adjusted odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.2, 6.1). Among patients with a medication change, there was lower (better) mean decisional conflict in arms 2 and 3 (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in acceptability.

Conclusion

A low‐literacy medication guide and decision aid was acceptable, improved knowledge, and reduced decisional conflict among vulnerable RA patients. Enhancing knowledge and patient engagement with decision support tools may lead to medication choices better aligned with RA patients’ values and preferences.
Nanostructured Photodetectors: From Ultraviolet to Terahertz
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Liu Hui , Zhang Zhiming , Hu Kai , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: November 2015

Inspired by nanoscience and nanoengineering, numerous nanostructured materials developed by multidisciplinary approaches exhibit excellent photoelectronic properties ranging from ultraviolet to terahertz frequencies. As a new class of building block, nanoscale elements in terms of quantum dots, nanowires, and nanolayers can be used for fabricating photodetectors with high performance. Moreover, in conjunction with traditional photodetectors, they exhibit appealing performance for practical applications including high density of integration, high sensitivity, fast response, and multifunction. Therefore, with the perspective of photodetectors constructed by diverse low‐dimensional nanostructured materials, recent advances in nanoscale photodetectors are discussed here; meanwhile, challenges and promising future directions in this research field are proposed.
Regioselective Access to Sultam Motifs through Cobalt‐Catalyzed Annulation of Aryl Sulfonamides and Alkynes using an 8‐Aminoquinoline Directing Group
Authors: Planas Oriol , Whiteoak Christopher J. , Company Anna , Ribas Xavi
Published: November 2015

The use of cobalt as catalyst in direct CH activation protocols as a replacement for more expensive second row transition metals is currently attracting significant attention. Herein we disclose a facile cobalt‐catalyzed CH functionalization route towards sultam motifs through annulation of easily prepared aryl sulfonamides and alkynes using 8‐aminoquinoline as a directing group. The reaction shows broad substrate scope with products obtained in a highly regioselective manner in good to excellent isolated yields. Mechanistic insights suggest the formation of a Co(III)‐aryl key species via a rate‐determining arene CH activation during the annulation reaction.

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Catalytic, Enantioselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of Furan‐Based Dienoxy Silanes: A Chemodivergent Approach to γ‐Valerolactone Flavan‐3‐ol Metabolites and δ‐Lactone Analogues
Authors: Curti Claudio , Brindani Nicoletta , Battistini Lucia , Sartori Andrea , Pelosi Giorgio , Mena Pedro , Brighenti Furio , Zanardi Franca , Del Rio Daniele
Published: November 2015

The asymmetric synthesis of a set of hydroxyphenyl γ‐valerolactones was achieved starting from 2‐silyloxyfuran and alkoxy‐substituted benzaldehydes as common precursors. Key synthesis steps included an enantioselective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction and a Barton–McCombie deoxygenation. Five enantioenriched γ‐valerolactone targets were obtained in 5–6 steps, 18–63% overall yields and 82–98 % ee, paving the way for the straightforward entry to this class of biologically effective and poorly available flavan‐3‐ol metabolites. In parallel, an unprecedented one‐pot reductive ring expansion process was fortuitously discovered, yielding racemic δ‐lactone analogues from phenolic butanolide precursors.

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Impaired Porphyromonas gingivalis–Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Production by Dendritic Cells Typifies Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Santegoets Kim C. M. , Wenink Mark H. , Braga Felipe A. Vieira , Cossu Marta , Lamers‐Karnebeek Femke B. G. , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , Sturm Patrick D. J. , van den Berg Wim B. , Radstake Timothy R. D. J.
Published: November 2015

Objective

The prevalence of periodontitis is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the severity of periodontitis can affect the level of arthritis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the main bacteria involved in periodontitis. Our aim was to determine if there are differences in the innate immune response against P gingivalis between healthy controls and RA patients.

Methods

Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) from healthy controls, RA patients, and patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were stimulated with P gingivalis, a range of other bacteria, and Toll‐like receptor agonists. Cytokine production was determined, and blocking studies were performed to determine which receptors were involved in differential recognition of P gingivalis. Effects on T cell cytokines were also determined in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Results

Upon stimulation with P gingivalis, RA patient DCs produced less tumor necrosis factor as compared to healthy control DCs, which was not observed in PsA patients or upon stimulation with other bacteria. In addition, P gingivalis–mediated activation of RA patient PBMCs showed a clear reduction of interferon‐γ production. Among the various possible underlying mechanisms investigated, only blockade of CR3 abolished the difference between RA patients and healthy controls, suggesting the involvement of CR3 in this process.

Conclusion

Immune cells from RA patients display a reduced response to P gingivalis, which has functional consequences for the immune response. This may result in prolonged survival of P gingivalis, possibly driving autoantibody formation and a self‐perpetuating loop of chronic inflammation. The possible role of CR3 in this process warrants further investigation.
Brief Report: Patterns and Secular Trends in Use of Immunomodulatory Agents During Pregnancy in Women With Rheumatic Conditions
Authors: Desai Rishi J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Bateman Brian T. , Hernandez‐Diaz Sonia , Mogun Helen , Gopalakrishnan Chandrasekar , Patorno Elisabetta , Kim Seoyoung C.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To describe patterns and secular trends in the use of immunomodulatory agents in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), or ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

We identified a cohort of women with SLE, RA, PsA, or AS enrolled in public (Medicaid, 2001–2010) or private (Optum Clinformatics, 2004–2012) health insurance, and we included women filling prescriptions for immunomodulatory agents (including steroids, nonbiologic disease‐modifying agents, and biologic agents) in the 3‐month period immediately prior to their pregnancies. The proportion of women continuing or discontinuing individual agents during pregnancy was reported. Annual prescription fill rates, estimated after accounting for patient characteristics and random variability from year to year in mixed‐effects regression models, were used to conduct time trends analysis.

Results

We included 2,645 women being treated with immunomodulatory agents prior to pregnancy. More women with PsA or AS stopped filling prescriptions for immunomodulatory agents during pregnancy (61%) than women with SLE (26%) or women with RA (34.5%). From the first to the third trimester, the proportions of women filling prescriptions for immunomodulatory agents decreased across all indications. Overall, steroids and hydroxychloroquine were the most frequently used agents in pregnancy (48.4% and 27.1%, respectively). The rates (reported per 100 deliveries in our cohort) for steroid prescription fills during pregnancy decreased significantly from 54.4 in 2001 to 42.4 in 2012, while rates for biologic agents increased from 5.1 in 2001 to 16.6 in 2012 (P < 0.001 for both trends).

Conclusion

Steroids and hydroxychloroquine remain the most widely prescribed treatment options in pregnancy, but the use of biologic agents is becoming increasingly common.
Inference in dynamic systems using B‐splines and quasilinearized ODE penalties
Authors: Frasso Gianluca , Jaeger Jonathan , Lambert Philippe
Published: November 2015

Nonlinear (systems of) ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are common tools in the analysis of complex one‐dimensional dynamic systems. We propose a smoothing approach regularized by a quasilinearized ODE‐based penalty. Within the quasilinearized spline‐based framework, the estimation reduces to a conditionally linear problem for the optimization of the spline coefficients. Furthermore, standard ODE compliance parameter(s) selection criteria are applicable. We evaluate the performances of the proposed strategy through simulated and real data examples. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed procedure ensures more accurate estimates than standard nonlinear least squares approaches when the state (initial and/or boundary) conditions are not known.
Modular Synthesis of Spirocyclic Germafluorene–Germoles: A New Family of Tunable Luminogens
Authors: Shynkaruk Olena , He Gang , McDonald Robert , Ferguson Michael J. , Rivard Eric
Published: November 2015

The zirconium‐mediated synthesis of a new class of air‐stable spirocyclic germafluorene–germole (SGG) luminogens is reported. These species contain ring‐fused germafluorene and germole units that display color‐tunable fluorescence when peripheral aryl substituents are appended. Three distinct pathways are introduced for SGG modification (Stille, Suzuki–Miyaura, and zirconocene‐mediated couplings), which enable the preparation of new libraries of molecular and polymeric SGG light‐emitters with tunable luminescence and desirable thermal‐ and photo‐stability.
Click Chemistry Mediated Functionalization of Vertical Nanowires for Biological Applications
Authors: Vutti Surendra , Schoffelen Sanne , Bolinsson Jessica , Buch‐Månson Nina , Bovet Nicolas , Nygård Jesper , Martinez Karen L. , Meldal Morten
Published: November 2015

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are gaining significant importance in various biological applications, such as biosensing and drug delivery. Efficient and controlled immobilization of biomolecules on the NW surface is crucial for many of these applications. Here, we present for the first time the use of the CuI‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition and its strain‐promoted variant for the covalent functionalization of vertical NWs with peptides and proteins. The potential of the approach was demonstrated in two complementary applications of measuring enzyme activity and protein binding, which is of general interest for biological studies. The attachment of a peptide substrate provided NW arrays for the detection of protease activity. In addition, green fluorescent protein was immobilized in a site‐specific manner and recognized by antibody binding to demonstrate the proof‐of‐concept for the use of covalently modified NWs for diagnostic purposes using minute amounts of material.
Interaction of an Iridium(III)–Bibenzimidazole Complex with Anions – Implications for Luminescent Sensing
Authors: Rommel Sebastian A. , Sorsche Dieter , Dixit Apoorva , Rau Sven
Published: November 2015

Iridium(III) complex [Ir(ppy)2(tmBBI‐H2)](PF6) (IrBBI‐H2) has been exploited as an anion receptor. In this complex, the cis‐diamine function of the bibenzimidazole is coupled in such a way to the photophysics of the iridium metal core that the photophysics is influenced by hydrogen bonds in the ligand periphery. Systematic studies on the complex reveal that IrBBI‐H2 is a convenient sensor for various anions under aerobic conditions and interacts with Cl–, Br–, I–, and HSO4– by forming hydrogen bonds. Whereas H2PO4– is only capable of mono‐deprotonating IrBBI‐H2, a stepwise process is operative when F– and OAc– are added: formation of the mono‐deprotonated complex IrBBI‐H with a low anion concentration, followed by the appearance of double‐deprotonated complex IrBBI– in the presence of higher anion concentration. The interaction of various anions with IrBBI‐H2 has been investigated by emission spectroscopy or NMR titration. According to the conditions chosen, strong binding interactions in the form of a 2:1 complex/anion ratio between the less basic anions and the complex, and a virtually stoichiometric reaction to their respective ion pairs, were observed.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of 28a‐Homothiolupanes and 28a‐Homothiolupane Saponins
Authors: Sidoryk Katarzyna , Korda Anna , Rárová Lucie , Oklešťková Jana , Pakulski Zbigniew , Strnad Miroslav , Cmoch Piotr , Gwardiak Katarzyna , Karczewski Romuald
Published: November 2015

A concise synthesis of 28a‐homo‐28a‐thiolupane triterpenes and the corresponding saponins containing D‐mannose, D‐idose, L‐arabinose and L‐rhamnose moieties was elaborated. New triterpenes were obtained from readily available 3‐O‐allylbetulinal by elongation of the carbon chain by Wittig reaction, followed by hydrolysis of the enol ether, reduction of the elongated aldehyde and nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding mesylate with thiocyanate ion. Saponins were obtained by glycosylation of triterpenes with classical Schmidt donors. The cytotoxic activities of the new homothiolupane compounds were evaluated in vitro, revealing that some triterpenes and the corresponding saponins exhibited interesting cytotoxic activity profiles against human cancer cell lines. An unexpected influence of the allyl protecting group on the cytotoxicity of homothiobetulin derivatives was revealed. These results open the way to the synthesis of various lupane‐type derivatives containing sulfur in the lupane side chain as potential anticancer compounds.
Sulfonium Salts of Iodine(I) Species as Efficient Reagents for the Regioselective Bisfunctionalisation of ­Glycals and Enol Ethers
Authors: Reddy Thurpu Raghavender , Rao Dodla Sivanageswara , Babachary Kalvacherla , Kashyap Sudhir
Published: November 2015

A new sulfonium‐salt‐based iodine(I) reagent system for the vicinal functionalisation of glycals and enol ethers has been developed. The unprecedented iodine(I) complex, Me3SI(OAc)2, generated in situ from Me3SI and PhI(OAc)2, effectively promoted the one‐pot iodocarboxylation using carboxylic acids, and iodoazidation using NaN3 or TMSN3 (trimethylsilyl azide). The scope and generality of the new reagent was probed for a wide range of substrates, including various substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, heterocyclic, alicyclic, and aliphatic carboxylic acids, and amino acids to obtain various functionalised glycoconjugates in high yields (99 %) and with diastereoselectivities up to 100 %.
Acetylenic Scaffolding with Subphthalocyanines
Authors: Gotfredsen Henrik , Jevric Martyn , Kadziola Anders , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: November 2015

A new boron subphthalocyanine (SubPc) derivative with a terminal alkyne substituent on the central boron atom was prepared by substitution of a triflate at the boron atom with but‐3‐yn‐1‐ol. This compound was shown to be a versatile building block for metal‐catalyzed coupling reactions, such as modified Glaser–Hay, Cadiot–Chodkiewicz, and Sonogashira reactions as well as the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). For example, metal‐catalyzed reactions provided access to a SubPc dimer containing a butadiyne bridging unit, two different SubPc‐fullerene dyads as well as two cross‐conjugated SubPc‐tetraethynylethene (TEE) scaffolds. These TEEs containing two silyl‐protected alkyne units are potential building blocks for further acetylenic scaffolding. The work shows how the axial position is post‐functionalized in steps not involving a substitution reaction at the central boron atom, which is otherwise often used as the terminal step in axial functionalization of SubPcs.
Importance of lymphovascular invasion and invasive front on survival in floor of mouth cancer
Authors: Fives Cassie , Feeley Linda , O'Leary Gerard , Sheahan Patrick
Published: November 2015

Background

The floor of mouth (FOM) is a common site of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The purpose of this study was to investigate pathological predictors of survival in FOM SCC.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of 54 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for FOM SCC. Pathological parameters were extracted from histological reports with original pathology slides re‐reviewed by 2 pathologists for missing data.

Results

On univariate analysis, depth of invasion >10 mm (p = .009), lymphovascular invasion (LVI; p < .001), noncohesive invasive front (p = .006), perineural invasion (PNI; p = .003), and nodal metastases (p = .02) were significant predictors of overall survival. On multivariate analysis, LVI (p = .009) and invasive front (p < .001) remained significant. Postoperative radiotherapy improved survival in patients with LVI, PNI, and nodal metastases, and was just outside significance for noncohesive invasive front (p = .06).

Conclusion

LVI is an adverse prognosticator in FOM SCC and indicates postoperative radiotherapy. Further study is required to investigate the importance of invasive front. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1528–E1534, 2016
Differentiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Multifaceted effects of miR‐148a on tumor growth and phenotype and liver fibrosis
Authors: Jung Kwang Hwa , Zhang Jing , Zhou Chong , Shen Hong , Gagea Mihai , Rodriguez‐Aguayo Cristian , Lopez‐Berestein Gabriel , Sood Anil K. , Beretta Laura
Published: November 2015

The death rate from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing, and liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Most patients with HCC have underlying liver cirrhosis and compromised liver function, limiting treatment options. Cirrhosis is associated with cell dedifferentiation and expansion of hepatocholangiolar progenitor cells. We identified a microRNA signature associated with HCC and hepatocytic differentiation of progenitor cells. We further identified miR‐148a as an inducer of hepatocytic differentiation that is down‐regulated in HCC. MiR‐148a‐mimetic treatment in vivo suppressed tumor growth, reduced tumor malignancy and liver fibrosis, and prevented tumor development. These effects were associated with an increased differentiated phenotype and mediated by IκB kinase alpha/NUMB/NOTCH signaling. Conclusion: miR‐148a is an inhibitor of the IκB kinase alpha/NUMB/NOTCH pathway and an inducer of hepatocytic differentiation that when deregulated promotes HCC initiation and progression. Differentiation‐targeted therapy may be a promising strategy to treat and prevent HCC. (Hepatology 2016;63:864–879)
Effect and mechanism of waterborne prolonged Zn exposure influencing hepatic lipid metabolism in javelin goby Synechogobius hasta
Authors: Huang Chao , Luo Zhi , Hogstrand Christer , Chen Feng , Shi Xi , Chen Qi‐Liang , Song Yu‐Feng , Pan Ya‐Xiong
Published: November 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the effect and mechanism of waterborne Zn exposure influencing hepatic lipid deposition and metabolism in javelin goby Synechogobius hasta. S. hasta were exposed to four waterborne Zn concentrations (Zn 0.005 [control], 0.18, 0.36 and 0.55 mg l−1, respectively) for 60 days. Sampling occurred at days 20, 40 and 60, respectively. Zn exposure increased Zn content, declined hepatic lipid content and reduced viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices and lipogenic enzyme activities, including 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). At days 20 and 60, Zn exposure decreased hepatic mRNA levels of 6PGD, G6PD, ME, FAS, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC)α, ACCβ, hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL)a, HSLb, sterol‐regulator element‐binding protein (SREBP)‐1, peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARγ. However, the mRNA levels of CPT 1 and adipose triglyceride lipase increased following Zn exposure. On day 40, Zn exposure reduced hepatic mRNA expression of 6PGD, G6PD, ME, FAS, ACCα, ACCβ, HSLa, HSLb, SREBP‐1 and PPARγ but increased mRNA expression of CPT 1, adipose triglyceride lipase and PPARα. General speaking, Zn exposure reduced hepatic lipid content by inhibiting lipogenesis and stimulating lipolysis. For the first time, the present study provided evidence that chronic Zn exposure differentially influenced mRNA expression and activities of genes and enzymes involved in lipogenic and lipolytic metabolism in a duration‐dependent manner, and provided new insight into the relationship between metal elements and lipid metabolism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viscoelastic shear properties of in vivo thigh muscles measured by MR elastography
Authors: Chakouch Mashhour K. , Pouletaut Philippe , Charleux Fabrice , Bensamoun Sabine F.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To measure the viscoelastic properties of passive thigh muscles using multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (MMRE) and rheological models.

Materials and Methods

Four muscles in five volunteers underwent MMRE tests set up inside a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Compression excitation was generated with a driver attached around the thigh, and waves were generated at 70, 90, and 110 Hz. In vivo experimental viscoelastic parameters (G(ω) = G′ + i G″) were extracted from the wavelength and attenuation measurements along a local profile in the direction of the wave's displacement. The data‐processing method was validated on a phantom using MMRE and RheoSpectris tests. The complex modulus (G(ω)) related to elasticity (μ) and viscosity (η) was then determined using four rheological models.

Results

Zener was the best‐fit model (χ ∼0.35 kPa) for the rheological parameters of all muscles. Similar behaviors for the elastic components for each muscle were found for the Zener and springpot models. The gracilis muscle showed higher elastic values (about 2 kPa) in both models compared to other muscles. The α‐values for each muscle was equivalent to the ratio G″/G′ at 90 Hz.

Conclusion

MMRE tests associated with data processing demonstrated that the complex shear modulus G(ω) of passive muscles could be analyzed using two rheological models. The viscoelastic data can be used as a reference for future assessment of muscular dysfunction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1423–1433.
Experimental Study of Water‐Based Al2O3 Nanofluid Flow in Direct Absorption Solar Collector
Authors: Gupta Hemant Kumar , Agrawal Ghanshyam Das , Mathur Jyotirmay
Published: November 2015

To overcome the limitations of conventional tube in plate type solar collector such as low collection and conversion efficiency, direct absorption solar collectors using nanofluid as heat transfer media has been proposed. Direct absorption of solar radiation and mixing of nanoparticles in the base liquid improves the optical and thermo physical properties of the base liquids, resulting to an increase in the efficiency of solar collectors. In the present experimental work, the effect of Al2O3–H2O nanofluid, as heat transfer fluid on the efficiency of a direct absorption solar collector was investigated. The ASHRAE standard was used to calculate the instantaneous efficiency. The results show that, in comparison with water as direct solar absorption medium, nanofluid increases the efficiency. For 0.001 vol% the increased efficiency was 12.8%. There is a continuous increase in the efficiency by increasing the volume fraction from 0.001% to 0.01% and beyond that increase in volume fraction values, the solar collector efficiency gets a reverse trend and becomes constant.
GO/SGO Based SPES Composite Membranes for the Removal of Water by Pervaporation Separation
Authors: Gahlot Swati , Sharma Prem P. , Bhil Batuk M. , Gupta Hariom , Kulshrestha Vaibhav
Published: November 2015

Membranes of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Sulfonated Graphene Oxide (SGO) within sulfonated poly ether sulfone (SPES) matrix have been prepared for pervaporation (PV) application. GO was prepared through modified Hummer's method further GO was sulfonated using sulfuric acid to synthesize SGO. Various concentration of GO and SGO has been incorporated in SPES to prepare GO/SGO based SPES membranes. Pervaporation was done to separate alcohol‐water mixture taking different volume % of alcohol and water to get concentrated alcohol. Membranes were characterized for thermal, mechanical and physicochemical properties. GO/SGO membranes shows good performance towards pervaporation experiments.
Clinical outcomes of a simultaneous replantation technique for amputations of four or five digits
Authors: Kwon Gi‐Doo , Ahn Byung‐Moon , Lee Jae‐Sung , Park Yong‐Gum , Ha Yong‐Chan
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Replantation of amputations separated by more than four digits is challenging microsurgery because of the technical demands and long operation time. The purpose of this report was to present the clinical and functional outcomes in patients with amputations of four or five digits using a simultaneous replantation technique.

Patients and Methods

Among the 43 patients who visited our institution due to amputation of four or five digits from 2004 to 2013, 35 patients (28 males and seven females) underwent simultaneous replantation of four or five digits. The age range of the patients was 25–64 years (mean, 40.6 years). Simultaneous replantation technique included that bone was fixed and flexor tendons were repaired first and then digital vessels and nerves were simultaneously anastomosed for all amputated digits. The clinical and functional outcomes were evaluated at a minimum 1‐year follow‐up.

Results

Ischemic time was 150–510 min. Mean operation time was 313.2 min. In total, 127 of the 145 (87.5%) digits remained viable survived 2‐weeks postoperatively, and four patients (16 digits) were lost to follow up. Of the 31 patients (129 digits), 19 (61.3%) had excellent and good outcomes using the criteria of Chen, and 21 patients (71%) were satisfied completely. Mean grip strength of the injured hand was 67% at the last follow‐up.

Conclusion

The results from this series of cases showed that the simultaneous replantation technique for four or five digit amputations may provide an alternative method to shorten surgical time, reduce complication rates, and enhance high survival rate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:225–229, 2016.
Impact of expiratory strength training in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Plowman Emily K. , Watts Stephanie A. , Tabor Lauren , Robison Raele , Gaziano Joy , Domer Amanda S. , Richter Joel , Vu Tuan , Gooch Clifton
Published: November 2015

Introduction: We evaluated the feasibility and impact of expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) on respiratory and bulbar function in persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: Twenty‐five ALS patients participated in this delayed intervention open‐label clinical trial. Following a lead‐in period, patients completed a 5‐week EMST protocol. Outcome measures included: maximum expiratory pressure (MEP); physiologic measures of swallow and cough; and penetration–aspiration scale (PAS) scores. Results: Of participants who entered the active phase of the study (n = 15), EMST was well tolerated and led to significant increases in MEPs and maximum hyoid displacement during swallowing post‐EMST (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for PAS scores or cough spirometry measures. Conclusions: EMST was feasible and well tolerated in this small cohort of ALS patients and led to improvements in expiratory force‐generating pressures and swallow kinematics. Further investigation is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings. Muscle Nerve 54: 48–53, 2016
Investigation of the high velocity impact behavior of grid cylindrical composite structures
Authors: Hedayatian M. , Liaghat G.H. , Rahimi Gh , Pol M.H. , Hadavinia H. , Zamani R.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the experimental behavior of grid cylindrical composite structures, which are used widely in engineering structures, under ballistic impact is investigated. For this purpose, some grid cylindrical composite specimens were manufactured by the filament winding process and perforated by projectile using the ballistic gas gun. Incident impact velocity and exit velocities of projectile were recorded in each test. The results show that the presence of the ribs prevents pervading of damaged area of one cell to its adjacent cells. The structure behaves differently against projectile with velocity near ballistic limit and higher velocities. The results demonstrated that, by getting close to the ribs location, ballistic limit velocity was increased. However, due to reduction in energy absorption mechanisms in grid composite structures which are impacted in higher velocity than ballistic limit, projectile was exited of grid samples at higher velocity than unstiffened composite shells. Also, investigation of delamination in composite shell and ribs, debonding between ribs and shell (or separation of ribs and shell), residual velocity of projectile, damaged area of the grid specimens and the effects of curvature in two different velocities are presented and the results are discussed. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2603–2608, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteomics in food: Quality, safety, microbes, and allergens
Authors: Piras Cristian , Roncada Paola , Rodrigues Pedro M. , Bonizzi Luigi , Soggiu Alessio
Published: November 2015

Food safety and quality and their associated risks pose a major concern worldwide regarding not only the relative economical losses but also the potential danger to consumer's health. Customer's confidence in the integrity of the food supply could be hampered by inappropriate food safety measures. A lack of measures and reliable assays to evaluate and maintain a good control of food characteristics may affect the food industry economy and shatter consumer confidence. It is imperative to create and to establish fast and reliable analytical methods that allow a good and rapid analysis of food products during the whole food chain. Proteomics can represent a powerful tool to address this issue, due to its proven excellent quantitative and qualitative drawbacks in protein analysis. This review illustrates the applications of proteomics in the past few years in food science focusing on food of animal origin with some brief hints on other types. Aim of this review is to highlight the importance of this science as a valuable tool to assess food quality and safety. Emphasis is also posed in food processing, allergies, and possible contaminants like bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens.
Practical guide to sample size calculations: non‐inferiority and equivalence trials
Authors: Flight Laura , Julious Steven A.
Published: November 2015

A sample size justification is a vital part of any trial design. However, estimating the number of participants required to give a meaningful result is not always straightforward. A number of components are required to facilitate a suitable sample size calculation. In this paper, the steps for conducting sample size calculations for non‐inferiority and equivalence trials are summarised. Practical advice and examples are provided that illustrate how to carry out the calculations by hand and using the app SampSize. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust Estimation for Weibull Distribution in Partially Accelerated Life Tests with Early Failures
Authors: Cheng Yung‐Fu , Sheu Shey‐Huei
Published: November 2015

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a frequently used method for estimating distribution parameters in constant stress partially accelerated life tests (CS‐PALTs). However, using the MLE to estimate the parameters for a Weibull distribution may be problematic in CS‐PALTs. First, the equation for the shape parameter estimator derived from the log‐likelihood function is difficult to solve for the occurrence of nonlinear equations. Second, the sample size is typically not large in life tests. The MLE, a typical large‐sample inference method, may be unsuitable. Test items unsuitable for stress conditions may become early failures, which have extremely short lifetimes. The early failures may cause parameter estimate bias. For addressing early failures in the Weibull distribution in CS‐PALTs, we propose an M‐estimation method based on a Weibull Probability Plot (WPP) framework, which leads a closed‐form expression for the shape parameter estimator. We conducted a simulation study to compare the M‐estimation method with the MLE method. The results show that, with early‐failure samples, the M‐estimation method performs better than the MLE does. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative Outcomes of Enucleation and Standard Resections in Patients with a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Authors: Jilesen Anneke P. J. , van Eijck Casper H. J. , Busch Olivier R. C. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Gouma Dirk J. , van Dijkum Els J. M. Nieveen
Published: November 2015

Background

Either enucleation or more extended resection is performed to treat patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET). Aim was to analyze the postoperative complications for each operation separately. Furthermore, independent risk factors for complications and incidence of pancreatic insufficiency were analyzed.

Methods

Retrospective all resected patients from two academic hospitals in The Netherlands between 1992 and 2013 were included. Postoperative complications were scored by both ISGPS and Clavien–Dindo criteria. Based on tumor location, operations were compared. Independent risk factors for overall complications were identified. During long‐term follow‐up, pancreatic insufficiency and recurrent disease were analyzed.

Results

Tumor enucleation was performed in 60/205 patients (29 %), pancreatoduodenectomy in 65/205 (31 %), distal pancreatectomy in 72/205 (35 %) and central pancreatectomy in 8/205 (4 %) patients. Overall complications after tumor enucleation of the pancreatic head and pancreatoduodenectomy were comparable, 24/35 (69 %) versus 52/65 (80 %). The same was found after tumor enucleation and resection of the pancreatic tail (36 vs.58 %). Number of re‐interventions and readmissions were comparable between all operations. After pancreatoduodenectomy, 33/65 patients had lymph node metastasis and in patients with tumor size ≤2 cm, 55 % had lymph node metastasis. Tumor in the head and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were independent risk factors for complications after enucleation. During follow‐up, incidence of exocrine and endocrine insufficiency was significant higher after pancreatoduodenectomy (resp. 55 and 19 %) compared to the tumor enucleation and distal pancreatectomy(resp. 5 and 7 % vs.8 and 13 %). After tumor enucleation 19 % developed recurrent disease.

Conclusion

Since the complication rate, need for re‐interventions and readmissions were comparable for all resections, tumor enucleation may be regarded as high risk. Appropriate operation should be based on tumor size, location, and functional status of the pNET.
Auditor evaluation of others’ credibility: A review of experimental studies on determinants and consequences✩
Authors: Maksymov Eldar
Published: November 2015

I synthesize the extant experimental literature examining auditor evaluation of others’ credibility published in six top accounting journals over the last three-and-a-half decades. I adapt the original definition of credibility by Hovland, Janis, and Kelley (1953): the extent of perceiving someone as competent and trustworthy. Audit guidance requires auditors to consider credibility of management, internal auditors, and staff, yet the research literature on auditor evaluation of others’ credibility is fragmented and scarce, limiting our understanding of determinants and consequences of auditor evaluations. I develop a framework for analysis of research on auditor evaluation of others’ credibility and review extant literature by types of examined effects (determinants of credibility vs. consequences of credibility) and by examined credibility components (competence, trustworthiness, or both). Throughout the literature review I suggest areas for future research.
Pc2‐mediated SUMOylation of WWOX is essential for its suppression of DU145 prostate tumorigenesis
Authors: Choi Hye-Jin , Park Jung-Hwan , Park Jong-Hwan , Lee Kyung Bok , Oh Sang-Muk
Published: November 2015

Tumor suppressor WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is depleted in various cancer types. Here we report that WWOX is modified by small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) proteins and represses DU145 prostate cancer tumorigenesis in a SUMOylation‐dependent manner. Ectopic WWOX was shown to associate with SUMO2/3 or E2 Ubc9. Furthermore, we revealed that WWOX SUMOylation was promoted by E3 ligase polycomb2 (Pc2), and that WWOX associated with Pc2. Meanwhile, anisomycin‐induced activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) activity was markedly diminished by co‐expression of SUMO and WWOX. Also, WWOX wild type (WT), but not WWOX SUMO mutant (K176A) markedly reduced both DU145 prostate cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumorigenesis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SUMO modification of WWOX is essential for its suppressive activity for DU145 prostate cancer tumorigenesis.
Oaths (ὅρκοι), Covenants (συνθῆκαι) and Laws (νόμοι) in the Athenian Reconciliation Agreement of 403 BC
Authors: Joyce Christopher
Published: November 2015

There has been much discussion in recent years as to whether the Athenian amnesty of 403 BC can be understood in terms of political forgiveness. A number of scholars have denied that it can. Nevertheless, if the oaths, covenants, and laws are properly analysed, it will become clear that, though ancillary to the earliest clauses of the agreement, the promise μὴ μνησικακεῖν was a blanket measure forbidding prosecutions for crimes under the Thirty and before in the courts after 403. The covenants (συνθῆκαι) chiefly laid down conditions for future relations between Athens and Eleusis. The promise not to dredge up the past was just one concern, and should not be confused with the agreement in its entirety. This article re-examines the agreement as a whole in light of recent discussion of the meaning of amnesty in the ancient world, and argues that the oath μὴ μνησικακεῖν, sworn subsequently, affirmed just one of the covenants, not, as is sometimes held, every covenant. Other clauses may have been re-affirmed by separate oaths. The legislation (νόμοι) which followed was designed to give clearer legal definition to μὴ μνησικακεῖν, but was distinct and separate from the covenants of amnesty.
Cato, Caesar, and the Germani
Authors: Morrell Kit
Published: November 2015

In 55 BC, Caesar massacred reportedly 400,000 Usipetes and Tencteri. When asupplicatiowas proposed in the senate, M. Cato moved instead that Caesar should be surrendered to the enemy. This paper offers a technical analysis of an episode which, while well known, has not always been well understood. What Cato proposed wasdeditio(surrender) on the grounds that Caesar had committed a breach offides(breach of truce and/or mistreatment of ambassadors) and thus an offence against the gods.Deditiowas a means of expiation, so that Caesar alone should suffer for his crime, as in the famous case of C. Hostilius Mancinus in 136. Cato’s motivations were obviously political, but the technical and religious nature of his allegations meant they could not be ignored. Caesar, I argue, felt obliged to respond, and does so inBG4 within particular constraints imposed by the nature offidesanddeditio.
Molecular characterization of Urocleidoides cuiabai and U. malabaricusi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from the trahira fish Hoplias aff. malabaricus in the Paraná River, Brazil
Authors: Gasques L.S. , Graça R.J. , Prioli S.M.A.P. , Takemoto R.M. , Prioli A.J.
Published: November 2015

Urocleidoides ectoparasites are mainly found on fish of the neotropical regions. Although molecular research on monogeneans is available, no genetic data exist characterizing species in the Urocleidoides genus. Some DNA sequences have been efficacious in systematic studies and in the reconstruction of phylogenies of fish parasites. Relevant roles have been given to the sequence of the mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). This study characterized COI sequences of the parasites Urocleidoides malabaricusi and U. cuiabai in trahira fish Hoplias aff. malabaricus of the flood plain of the Upper River Paraná, Brazil. The two species under analysis were distinguished by sequencing and analysing a 420-bp fragment of the COI gene, which suggested the existence of the cryptic species U. malabaricusi.