bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thermodynamics of Latent Fingerprint Corrosion of Metal Elements and Alloys
Authors: Bond John W.
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  Redox reactions taking place between the surface of a metal and fingerprint residue have been expressed thermodynamically in terms of both the Nernst equation for reduction potential and the complexation constant for the formation of complex metal halide ions in aqueous solution. These expressions are used to explain experimental results for the corrosion of 10 different metal elements by fingerprint residue in air at room temperature. Corrosion of noble metals, such as silver and gold, supports the proposition that the degree of metal corrosion is enhanced by the presence of chloride ions in eccrine sweat. Extending the experiments to include 10 metal alloys enabled the construction of a fingerprint corrosion series for 20 different metals. Fingerprint corrosion on metals alloyed with > ∼40% copper was found to display third level fingerprint detail. A comparison of both conventional ink on paper and digital (Livescan) fingerprinting techniques with fingerprints deposited on 9 Karat gold alloy has shown that gold alloy depositions are least susceptible to third level detail obliteration by poor fingerprint capturing techniques.
The public’s stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental disorders: how important are biomedical conceptualizations?
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Griffiths K. M.
Published: August 2008

Objective:  This study examined hypotheses that stigmatizing attitudes are increased by use of psychiatric labels, by conceptualization of symptoms as a medical illness and by belief in genetic causes.

Method:  A survey of 3998 Australian adults asked questions about one of four vignettes: early schizophrenia, chronic schizophrenia, depression and depression with suicidal thoughts. Attitudes were measured by a social distance scale and a question about likely dangerousness.

Results:  Social distance was unrelated to the hypothesized factors. For schizophrenia (but not depression), belief in dangerousness was predicted by medical illness conceptualizations and genetic causal attribution. However, more important factors were the behaviours in the vignette and the belief that they are because of weakness of character.

Conclusion:  Biomedical conceptualizations are not the major cause of stigma, rather it is the behaviour associated with mental illness and the belief that this is because of personal weakness.
Future Pensions: Future Poverty?
Authors: Carroll Patrick
Published: August 2008

The British pensions system is in trouble. The Government is reforming it, but is neglecting multiple blows from demographic decline that will hamstring the new regime. Patrick Carroll finds that increasing numbers of today's workforce will face old age in poverty.
Is It Safe For Me To Fly?
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: August 2008

“Is it safe for me to fly” seems like a simple question. But who is “me” what is “safe” and why is there a reason for focusing on “fly”? Peter Brooker finds that the answers depend on exactly which question you ask.
DEWEYAN DARWINISM FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY: TOWARD AN EDUCATIONAL METHOD FOR CRITICAL DEMOCRATIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE ERA OF THE INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION SCIENCES
Authors: Seltzer‐Kelly Deborah
Published: August 2008

Abstract Our society’s preoccupation with making educational policy and practice “scientific” is attested to by the stated mission of the Institute of Education Sciences: “to provide rigorous evidence on which to ground education practice and policy.” Early in the twentieth century, John Dewey also advocated for a vision of education guided by science, and more recent scholarship has validated many of his ideas. However, as Deborah Seltzer‐Kelly argues in this essay, Dewey’s vision of a scientifically based system of education was very different from that envisioned by the IES, and also very different from that implied by the progenitor of contemporary evolutionary thought, Donald Campbell. Seltzer‐Kelly proposes a Deweyan Darwinist model of educational method as a genuinely scientific alternative to the scientism that pervades current official efforts to imbue education with science. The implications of this model are profound, highlighting the difference between education as preparation for consent to authoritarian structures and education as preparation for genuinely democratic participation.
Screening for Primary Aldosteronism in a Cohort of Brazilian Patients With Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Nogueira Armando R. , Bloch Katia V.
Published: August 2008

The objective was to estimate the prevalence of plasma aldosterone concentration:plasma renin activity ratio >30 ng/dL:ng/mL/h in patients with resistant hypertension and to describe the computed tomography findings of adrenal glands in those with elevated ratios. In a cross‐sectional design, 492 patients were enrolled. All patients with plasma aldosterone concentration:plasma renin activity ratio ≥30 ng/dL:ng/mL/h (n=77) underwent abdominal computed tomography. Patients with an adrenal image of possible aldosterone‐producing adenoma underwent a saline‐loading test. The prevalence of elevated plasma aldosterone concentration:plasma renin activity ratio was 15.7% (95% confidence interval, 12.6–19.2). Twelve patients showed adrenal abnormalities on computed tomography. The level of renin was low in 50% of the sample. Results indicate a low prevalence of aldosterone‐producing adenoma. Our evidence points out the importance of confirming the hypothesis that essential hypertension, low‐renin hypertension, and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism could be the same disease, but at different neurohormonal stages, and aldosterone‐producing adenoma may be yet another disease.
The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Terrorism
Authors: Beck Colin J.
Published: August 2008

The study of terrorism and political violence has been characterized by a lack of generalizable theory and methodology. This essay proposes that social movement theory can contribute a necessary conceptual framework for understanding terrorism and thus reviews the relevant literature and discusses possible applications. Terrorism is a form of contentious politics, analyzable with the basic social movement approach of mobilizing resources, political opportunity structure, and framing. Cultural perspectives call attention to issues of collective identity that allow for sustained militancy, and movement research recommends alternative conceptions of terrorist networks. Previous research on movement radicalization, repression, and cycles of contention has direct bearing on militancy. Emerging perspectives on transnational collective action and the diffusion of tactics and issues informs an understanding of contemporary international terrorism. Research on movement outcomes suggests broader ways of considering the efficacy of political violence. Finally, methodological debates within the study of social movements are relevant for research on terrorism. In sum, a social movement approach to terrorism has much to contribute, and research on terrorism could have important extensions and implications for social movement theory.
Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards: Impact on the Value Relevance of Intangible Assets
Authors: Chalmers Keryn , Clinch Greg , Godfrey Jayne M.
Published: August 2008

We examine whether the value relevance of reported intangibles differs between financial reporting regimes pre‐ and post‐adoption of Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (AIFRS) and Australian Accounting Standards (AGAAP) respectively. Using AIFRS and AGAAP measures of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets for the same financial year and testing their association with share prices, we find evidence that AIFRS generally convey incremental useful information for investors about goodwill. For aggregated identifiable intangible assets there is no evidence that AIFRS conveys information beyond that in AGAAP. In contrast, we find evidence that AGAAP provides incremental information for investors in relation to identifiable intangibles, but not goodwill.
Mechanical Simulation of a Half-Life
Authors: Grove T. T. , Masters M. F.
Published: August 2008

The exponential function model of radioactive decay and the concept of a half-life are used in nuclear experiments1–4 that appear in introductory and intermediate laboratories. In our interactions with students, we have found that students at all levels have significant confusion about both the term exponential and what is meant by a half-life as well as fundamental misconceptions regarding curve fitting.
Time-dependent tube flow of compressible suspensions subject to pressure dependent wall slip: Ramifications on development of flow instabilities
Authors: Tang H. S. , Kalyon Dilhan M.
Published: August 2008

A mathematical model developed earlier for the time-dependent circular tube flow of compressible polymer melts subject to pressure-dependent wall slip [Tang and Kalyon, J. Rheol 52, 507–525 (2008)] was applied to the tube flow of polymeric suspensions with rigid particles. The model relies on the apparent slip mechanism for suspension flow with the additional caveat that the polymeric binder slips at the wall according to a pressure-dependent wall slip condition. The numerical simulations of the tube flow of concentrated suspensions suggest that steady flow is generated when the flow boundary condition at the wall is a contiguous strong slip condition along the entire length of the tube wall. The findings of the simulations are consistent with the experimental flow curves and flow instability data collected on suspensions of a poly (dimethyl siloxane), which itself exhibits wall slip, compounded with rigid and hollow spherical particles in the 10–40% by volume range. Increasing the concentration of rigid particles gives rise to the expansion of the range of flow rates over which the flow remains stable, as consistent with the experimental observations.
Verification of branch point withdrawal in elongational flow of pom-pom polystyrene melt
Authors: Wagner Manfred H. , Rolón-Garrido Víctor H.
Published: August 2008

According to tube model ideas, chain stretch at deformation rates below the inverse Rouse time of the chain, is only possible for polymer topologies with two or more branch points. The basic topologies, which embody this idea, are the H molecule with two side chains, and the pom-pom molecule with q>2 side chains at each end of the backbone. According to the pom-pom hypothesis, maximum chain stretch of the backbone is limited by branch point withdrawal, i.e., the side chains are drawn into the tube of the backbone as soon as the relative tension in the backbone reaches a value of q. This hypothesis, which has never been verified before, can now be tested by considering recent elongational experiments by Nielsen et al. [Macromolecules 39, 8844–8853 (2006)] on a nearly monodisperse polystyrene pom-pom melt with q=2.5. The analysis presented is based on the original integral version of the pom-pom model, and on the molecular stress function (MSF) model with strain-dependent tube diameter. The material strain measure determined from the experiments is found to be consistent with a constant maximum stretch, independent of the elongation rate, which is, however, significantly larger than q. To achieve quantitative agreement between experiment and modeling, (1) dynamic dilution of the backbone, which increases the tube diameter of the backbone and reduces equilibrium tension in the backbone, (2) finite extensibility effects, (3) stretch relaxation causing a transition from chain stretch to tube squeeze at lower strain rates, and (4) the dynamics of branch point withdrawal need to be considered. Integrating all of these features in a MSF stretch evolution equation with multiple time scales, the fundamental pom-pom hypothesis is confirmed.
Distribution of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Families 1 and 2 among
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates from Children in Finland Who Had Acute Otitis Media or Were Nasopharyngeal Carriers
Authors: Melin Merit M. , Hollingshead Susan K. , Briles David E. , Hanage William P. , Lahdenkari Mika , Kaijalainen Tarja , Kilpi Terhi M. , Käyhty Helena M.
Published: August 2008

PspA is a structurally variable surface protein important to the virulence of pneumococci. PspAs are serologically cross-reactive and exist as two major families. In this study, we determined the distribution of PspA families 1 and 2 among pneumococcal strains isolated from the middle ear fluid (MEF) of children with acute otitis media and from nasopharyngeal specimens of children with pneumococcal carriage. We characterized the association between the two PspA families, capsular serotypes, and multilocus sequence types (STs) of the pneumococcal isolates. MEF isolates (
n
= 201) of 109 patients and nasopharyngeal isolates (
n
= 173) of 49 children were PspA family typed by whole-cell enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Genetic typing (PCR) of PspA family was done for 60 isolates to confirm EIA typing results. The prevalences of PspA families 1 and 2 were similar among pneumococci isolated from MEF (51% and 45%, respectively) and nasopharyngeal specimens (48% each). Isolates of certain capsule types as well as isolates of certain STs showed statistical associations with either family 1 or family 2 PspA. Pneumococci from seven children with multiple pneumococcal isolates appeared to express serologically different PspA families in different isolates of the same serotype; in three of the children the STs of the isolates were the same, suggesting that antigenic changes in the PspA expressed may have taken place. The majority of the isolates (97%) belonged to either PspA family 1 or family 2, suggesting that a combination including the two main PspA families would make a good vaccine candidate.
Development of Antibodies to PspA Families 1 and 2 in Children after Exposure to
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Melin Merit M. , Hollingshead Susan K. , Briles David E. , Lahdenkari Mika I. , Kilpi Terhi M. , Käyhty Helena M.
Published: August 2008

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important virulence factor of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. PspA exists as two major families, which include variable but serologically cross-reactive proteins. Previous studies with a family 1 PspA antigen suggested that children develop low concentrations of anti-PspA after pneumococcal carriage or infection. In this study, antibody to PspA families 1 and 2 was measured by an enzyme immunoassay of the serum and saliva of children with a history of culture-proven pneumococcal colonization and/or acute otitis media and in the serum and saliva of adults. The PspA families of the pneumococcal strains isolated from children were determined. The majority of the children had high serum and salivary anti-PspA concentrations to the PspA family they had encountered and low concentrations to the other, whereas adults had high antibody concentrations to both PspA families, both in serum and in saliva. The results suggest that children have a relatively family-specific antibody response to the PspA family they have been exposed to and that any PspA vaccine for children should contain members of both major PspA families.
CAPERα Is a Novel Rel-TAD-Interacting Factor That Inhibits Lymphocyte Transformation by the Potent Rel/NF-κB Oncoprotein v-Rel
Authors: Dutta Jui , Fan Gaofeng , Gélinas Céline
Published: August 2008

The Rel/NF-κB transcription factors are constitutively activated in many human cancers. The Rel proteins in this family are implicated in leukemia/lymphomagenesis, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Previous studies showed that the transcription activation domains (TADs) of the viral oncoprotein v-Rel and its cellular Rel/NF-κB homologues c-Rel and RelA are key determinants of their different transforming activities in primary lymphocytes. Substitution of a Rel TAD for that of RelA conferred a strong transforming phenotype upon RelA, which otherwise failed to transform cells. To gain insights into protein interactions that influence cell transformation by the Rel TADs, we identified factors that interact with the TAD of v-Rel, the most oncogenic member of the Rel/NF-κB family. We report that thecoactivator for transcription factorsAP-1 andestrogenreceptors, CAPERα, interacts with the v-Rel TAD and potently synergizes v-Rel-mediated transactivation. Importantly, coexpression of CAPERα markedly reduced and delayed v-Rel's transforming activity in primary lymphocytes, whereas a dominant-negative mutant enhanced the kinetics of v-Rel-mediated transformation. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CAPERα in v-Rel-transformed lymphocytes significantly enhanced colony formation in soft agar. Since the potency of Rel-mediated transactivation is an important determinant of lymphocyte transformation, as is Rel's ability to induce transcriptional repression, these data suggest that CAPERα's interaction with the Rel TAD could modulate Rel/NF-κB's transforming activity by facilitating expression or dampening repression of specific gene subsets important for oncogenesis. Overall, this study identifies CAPERα as a new transcriptional coregulator for v-Rel and reveals an important role in modulating Rel's oncogenic activity.
Approach to critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy
Authors: Pati S , Goodfellow J A , Iyadurai S , Hilton-Jones D
Published: August 2008

A newly acquired neuromuscular cause of weakness has been found in 25–85% of critically ill patients. Three distinct entities have been identified: (1) critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP); (2) acute myopathy of intensive care (itself with three subtypes); and (3) a syndrome with features of both 1 and 2 (called critical illness myopathy and/or neuropathy or CRIMYNE). CIP is primarily a distal axonopathy involving both sensory and motor nerves. Electroneurography and electromyography (ENG–EMG) is the gold standard for diagnosis. CIM is a proximal as well as distal muscle weakness affecting both types of muscle fibres. It is associated with high use of non-depolarising muscle blockers and corticosteroids. Avoidance of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is the most effective way to reduce the likelihood of developing CIP or CIM. Outcome is variable and depends largely on the underlying illness. Detailed history, careful physical examination, review of medication chart and analysis of initial investigations provides invaluable clues towards the diagnosis.
Late reactivation of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy causing optic neuropathy
Authors: Bunting H , Creten O , Muhtaseb M , Shuttleworth G
Published: August 2008

We describe a case of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy complicated by optic neuropathy presenting 18 years after the diagnosis of dysthyroidism, due to late reactivation of a previously stable ophthalmopathy.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CO2 DARK-FIXATION, SUCCULENCE, FLOWERING, AND ORGANIC ACID FORMATION IN KALANCHOE BLOSSFELDIANA VARIETY TOM THUMB
Authors: Zabka George G. , McMahon Edward
Published: August 2008

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana variety Tom Thumb was treated photoperiodically in regular and CO2-free air and examined at two widely separated time intervals for interrelationships among flowering, succulence, capacity for CO2 dark-fixation, and organic acid formation. These processes and leaf thickening are all under photoperiodic control and increase with increasing numbers of short-day treatments. They also occur in a CO2-free atmosphere on 9-hour photoperiods although CO2 dark-fixation and organic acid formation are limited to the low level of the long-day treated plants at 5 weeks' time. Only CO2 dark-fixation and organic acid formation appear to be interrelated and apparently utilize respiratory CO2 if treated in a CO2-free atmosphere. This capacity to use respiratory CO2 increases with maturity of the plants. Flowering does not control the development of succulence, organic acid formation, or the capacity for CO2 dark-fixation. Likewise, capacity for dark-fixation and organic acid formation do not control flowering and can occur in vegetative Tom Thumb plants that do not exhibit appreciable succulence.
RAY CONTACTS AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF SOME PINACEAE
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: August 2008

The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication was found to be slightly higher in fusiform initials bordering on fusiform rays than in other cambial cells. The extent of difference was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. Because of the larger size of fusiform rays as compared to uniseriate rays, cambial cells adjoining the former were in contact with more ray cells per millimeter of cell length than cambial cells touching only uniseriate rays. As with the frequency of pseudotransverse division, the margin of difference in extent of ray contact was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. The evidence therefore indicates that the higher rate of pseudotransverse division in cambial cells adjoining fusiform rays was correlated with the greater area of ray contact, or more specifically, the increased contact with ray parenchyma cells. The higher rate of anticlinal division was apparently the consequence of an increase in ratio of survival of daughter initials arising in pseudotransverse division, some of the smaller newly formed initials persisting in contrast to the usual failure of similar initials situated elsewhere in the cambium. Mean height of uniseriate rays tended to increase with widening of the annual rings, but the size of fusiform rays was influenced to a much smaller degree. The frequency of fusiform rays, and horizontal resin canals, showed no consistent relationship with growth rate, but appeared to be determined by intrinsic factors.
THE GROWTH IN CULTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF AN UNIDENTIFIED PHYTOPHTHORA SPECIES INCITING CROWN AND FOOT ROT OF RHUBARB IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Noviello C. , Ledingham R. J.
Published: August 2008

Crown and foot rot of rhubarb, Rheum rhaponticum L., caused by a species of Phytophthora, is reported in Canada for the first time.The fungus grew well on various media, but sporangia were produced profusely only on hemp seed extract agar and occasionally on cornmeal and malt extract agar. The length, the width, and the length/width ratio of 100 sporangia on three substrates are given. Intercalary and terminal hyphal swellings were common in water, hemp seed extract, malt extract, a complete medium, and sometimes oatmeal agar cultures. Knob-like hyphal swellings were formed on cornmeal. Sex organs were not observed in infected host tissues nor were they produced on any of the media even when the rhubarb isolate was paired with four species of Phytophthora. The fungus did not grow on Leonian's media to which had been added various concentrations of malachite green. Cardinal temperatures for mycelial growth were minimum, slightly above 0 °C; optimum, between 22 and 25 °C; and maximum, between 30 and 32 °C. At 32.5 °C no growth took place, but the mycelium was killed only after 144 hours.Pathogenicity to 2-month-old rhubarb seedlings, using two methods of inoculation, was proved. The fungus was pathogenic to mature rhubarb plants, wounded apple fruits, variety Delicious, and carrots. It was not pathogenic to wounded potato tubers, tomatoes, oranges, and McIntosh apples.The identification of the rhubarb isolate is discussed, and in spite of some similarities to described species the fungus is left unnamed until further work is done and the formation of oospores can be induced.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF UREDOSPORES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI
Authors: Stefanye David , Bromfield Kenneth R.
Published: August 2008

Uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici (race 56) were analyzed quantitatively for total free amino acids and ninhydrin-positive substances by ion-exchange chromatography. Extracts of these substances were obtained by leaching the spores and by re-extracting leached spores with boiling water. Thirty-five ninhydrin-positive compounds were found and identified. The leach extract differed quantitatively from the extract obtained by boiling although both contained the same 35 substances. It is proposed that there are easily extractable ninhydrin-positive substances coating the spore wall and ninhydrin-positive substances in the protoplasm that can be extracted only with difficulty.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING ASCI OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Mitchell Mary B.
Published: August 2008

Morphology of the ascus and of the ascus cluster, as observed in carmine-stained, squash preparations of the contents of immature fruit bodies, is described with the aid of photomicrographs. Complications which raise questions regarding the applicability of the currently accepted scheme of ascus development are discussed. The function of the crozier, the mechanism of spore formation, and the correlation of nuclear behavior with ascus growth appear to have been misunderstood. It is concluded that the initial stages of ascus development involve complexities, the resolution of which may reveal unknown aspects of the nuclear cycle.
PHENOLIC EXTRACTIVES IN LATERAL BRANCHES AND INJURED LEADERS OF PINUS STROBUS L.
Authors: Groot R. C. De
Published: August 2008

Phenolic extractives were shown to occupy the greatest cross-sectional area in bases of lateral branches of Pinus strobus at or within 1–4 years after needle loss. The cross-sectional area of the extractive-containing wood in lateral branches decreased as the branch weathered. Phenolic extractives were absent from most weevil-killed leaders, but present in nearly one-half of the leaders killed by causes other than weeviling and in bases of all dead suppressed coterminals examined.
PSEUDOMASSARIA SEPINCOLAEFORMIS AND NEOTTIOSPORA CARICINA IN CANADA
Authors: Shoemaker R. A.
Published: August 2008

Two fungi not previously reported from North America, Pseudomassaria sepincolaeformis (De Not.) v. Arx on Rosa spp. stems, and Neottiospora caricina (Desm.) v. Höhnel on Carex sp. leaves, were collected in Ontario. Both parasites are redescribed and illustrated from European and Canadian collections. The appendage on conidia of N. caricina surrounds the young spore, splits at the apex, evaginates, and remains attached to the spore base.
DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROOT OF SELAGINELLA MARTENSII SPRING
Authors: Webster T. R. , Steeves T. A.
Published: August 2008

The origin and development of the root of Selaginella martensii have been investigated. The roots arise from angle-meristems situated at each branching of the stem. A ventral angle-meristem is present at each forking, and at some forkings a corresponding dorsal angle-meristem is also present. As the root grows through its aerial length (several centimeters), the tip undergoes bifurcation and a root cap is lacking. When the tip nears the soil, a cap is formed by distal segmentation of cells in the apical meristem. Externally visible branching and root hair formation usually occur soon after a cap is formed. The observations of root development in S. martensii agree in general with observations previously made on S. densa, S. wallacei, and S. kraussiana. No evidence for a “rhizophore” or endogenous root initiation as described previously by others has been found. The results are discussed in the light of the concept of a “rhizophore” in Selaginella.
THE RELATION OF GROWTH REGULATORS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPTOMS AND THE EXPRESSION OF STEM RESISTANCE IN WHITE PINE INFECTED WITH BLISTER RUST
Authors: Boyer Michael G.
Published: August 2008

The application of the growth regulators indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid to stems of white pine seedlings produced many symptoms characteristic of the disease caused by the blister rust fungus, thus suggesting their possible involvement in gall formation. When a kinin-like compound, benzimidazole, was applied, a wound periderm was initiated in seedlings infected with the blister rust fungus but not in healthy seedlings. This effect was augmented by indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid. It seems to be a phenomenon very similar to that observed in stem-resistant white pine, and a possible relationship is proposed based on anatomical studies.
HETEROTHALLISM AND OXIDASE REACTION IN 12 SPECIES OF INDIAN POLYPORES
Authors: Sen Manjusri , Sehgal H. S.
Published: August 2008

Heterothallism is demonstrated in 12 species of Indian Polyporaceae for which the presence or absence of extracellular oxidase has also been determined. Oxidase reaction is negative for the bipolar species, all of which cause brown rots except Polyporus dichrous, which causes a white rot, and is positive for the tetrapolar species, all of which cause white rot in wood. The results, in general, support a claim that these cultural characters indicate phylogenetic trends in the Polyporaceae.
PHOMIC ACID: A TOXIC METABOLITE FROM PHOMA MEDICAGINIS MALBR. AND ROUM.
Authors: Lakshmanan M. , Vanterpool T. C.
Published: August 2008

A crystalline toxic metabolite was isolated from culture filtrates of Phoma medicaginis, the fungus causing the black stem and leaf spot disease of alfalfa. Ion exchange methods employed for its isolation are presented. It inhibits the germination of flax and rape seed, melts at 259–260 °C, and has absorption peaks at 208 and 260 mμ. in water. It differs markedly from ascochytine isolated earlier from cultures of Ascochyta pisi and A. fabae. The name 'phomic acid' is suggested for the toxin.
CHLOROPHYLL SYNTHESIS IN SQUASH SEEDLINGS: ACTION AND INTERACTION OF RED AND FAR-RED IRRADIATION
Authors: Surrey Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Two different rates of chlorophyll synthesis were observed in the cotyledons when squash (Cucurbita moscata) seedlings were exposed to continuous red radiation: a slow rate which lasted for about three hours and an accelerated rate that proceeded thereafter. Determination of red, far-red reversible reaction indicated that pigment formation in seedlings exposed initially to far-red was promoted by red radiation, and this promotion was repeatedly reversed by subsequent far-red treatments. On the other hand, seedlings exposed first to red radiation followed by far-red, red light cycles failed to respond according to the typical red-accelerated and far-red-inhibited photomorphogenic responses. Variations in these photoresponses were observed when the exposure time at each alternating waveband was changed, or the energy balance between red and far-red bands was changed or even when the seedlings were exposed to white light either before or after the red, far-red light treatments. The results of these experiments are reported.
ROOT EXUDATES FROM RED PINE SEEDLINGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PYTHIUM ULTIMUM
Authors: Agnihotri V. P. , Vaartaja O.
Published: August 2008

The role of root exudates in interaction between pine roots (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Pythium ultimum Trow was studied. By paper chromatographic methods three sugars and 13 amino acids were definitely identified in the root exudate. Gamma amino butyric acid was most abundant, although asparagine, glycine, serine, and alanine were also present in large amounts. Valine, leucine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and proline were detected in smaller quantities. Among the sugars, both glucose and fructose were abundant while traces of arabinose were detected. When supplied singly, all amino acids and sugars except serine, leucine and arabinose, stimulated growth of the pathogen and germination of sporangia. Mixtures of sugars or mixtures of three or four amino acids were very effective in stimulating mycelial growth and development of germ tubes. The kind of nutrient influenced the number of germ tubes per sporangium. Favorable nutrient combinations, viz. mixtures of sugars, mixtures of three or four amino acids or root exudate solution, produced two to nine germ tubes, while unfavorable ones, viz., glycine, arabinose and serine, etc., produced one or two germ tubes.
STUDIES ON THE PARASITISM OF CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM
Authors: Curren Thomas
Published: August 2008

A study was made of the carbon and nitrogen nutrition of races 7, 8, and 10 of Cladosporium fulvum, and an attempt was made to relate the findings to the differential pathogenicity of the races.Cysteine was found to exert a differential effect on the growth of two races of the pathogen. Race 1 was stimulated by concentrations inhibitory to race 6. C. fulvum was found to have a partial deficiency for thiamine. The sporulation of race 10 on susceptible tomato plants was heavier with alanine-grown cultures than with any other nutritional treatment. Altering the nitrogen nutrition of varieties Potentate (S) and V-121 (R) did not affect their differential reactions to race 1. A reduction in nitrogen feeding to Stirling Castle (R) increased its resistance to race 1.A chromatographic study was made of the changes in amino compounds and sugars in Potentate and V-121 after infection by races 1 and 6. The relation of the findings to the resistance of V-121 to race 1 is discussed.The resistance of Stirling Castle was investigated by comparing the amino compounds and sugars in leaves of healthy plants and plants infected by race 1 under optimal conditions and under reduced light, where the resistance breaks down. Chromatographic analyses showed a noticeable depletion of certain metabolites in plants infected under reduced light as compared with the amount of depletion, if any, in the controls.
The effect of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and spring wheat
Authors: Paton David , Zalik Saul
Published: August 2008

The effects of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and wheat were compared 2 days after the seedlings were sprayed. Spring wheat showed little change in the overall concentration of either the soluble or protein amino acids. Tartary buck wheat, on the other hand, showed marked changes in the balance between soluble and protein amino acids.
The biosystematics of the genus Lotus (Leguminosae) in Canada. I. Cytotaxonomy
Authors: Zandstra Ilse I. , Grant William F.
Published: August 2008

A morphological and cytological study of native and introduced Lotus species found in Canada has been conducted on both living material and on over 600 herbarium specimens from 20 Canadian and American herbaria. Illustrations of flowers, seed, ovaries and styles, habit, and geographical distribution for each species are given. Five native species, L. denticulatus (E. Drew) Greene (annual (A), self-fertilized (S), 2n = 12), L. formosissimus Greene (perennial (P), outcrossing (O), 2n = 14), L. micranthus Benth. (A, S, 2n = 14), L. pinnatus Hook. (P, O, 2n = 14), and L. purshianus (Benth.) Clem. and Clem. (A, S, 2n = 14), and four introduced species, L. corniculatus L. (P, O, 2n = 24), L. krylovii Schischk. and Serg. (A, S, 2n = 12), L. pedunculatus Cav. (P, O, 2n = 12), and L. tenuis Waldst. et Kit. (P, O, 2n = 12) were found in Canada. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for L. formosissimus, L. micranthus, and L. pinnatus. Drawings of karyotypes and idiograms based on chromosome analyses are presented. Morphological observations made include style shape, pollen size and shape, seed size, number of flowers, length of standard, calyx index (length of calyx/length of calyx tube), length of peduncle, length of legume, length of petiole, and central leaflet index (leaflet length/leaflet width). Results of hydrocyanide tests on leaves of the native species were negative. The relationships of the different taxa are discussed and it is considered that both the North American and Old World species should be included in a single genus Lotus.
Assessment of virulence patterns in crown rust populations
Authors: Fleischmann George
Published: August 2008

Two methods of determining the virulence pattern of oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, populations collected in 1965, 1966, and 1967, in Eastern and Western Canada were compared. The results with a single-pustule isolate from each of 50 field collections were as accurate as those obtained with two single-pustule isolates from 100 or more field collections. The continued use of Bond and Ukraine as differential host varieties is of little value except for purposes of race identification, because they are attacked by most of the isolates.
Gametophytic development and fertilization in Macrocystis integrifolia
Authors: Cole Kathleen
Published: August 2008

A cytological investigation of gametophytic development and fertilization was conducted on cultured gametophytes of Macrocystis integrifolia. Most developmental characteristics are similar to those previously reported for other members of the order Laminariales, although some modifications were noted in the production of antheridia and spermatozoids. One of the most significant contributions of this study concerned the nuclear cytology of the egg during fertilization. There appear to be two fertilization phases: sperm penetration and nuclear activity within the egg. After penetration of the egg by one spermatozoid, the male nucleus remains in the peripheral cytoplasm while the egg nucleus undergoes mitosis, producing two daughter nuclei, one of which degenerates. The male nucleus then enters prophase and migrates to the remaining female nucleus, which is also in prophase. Karyogamy occurs while both nuclei are in prophase.
The Venturiaceae in North America
Authors: Barr Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

Thirteen genera are recognized in the family Venturiaceae (order Pleosporales, Loculoascomycetidae) in temperate North America. Eighty entities are included. Ten of these are new to science: Venturia fagi, V. pruni, V. canadensis, V. alaskensis, Xenomeris abietis, Antennularia oxydendri, A. alpina var. major, A. variisetosa, A, latispora, and A. ledi. Sixteen are new combinations: Venturia syringae (H. Syd.), V. rhamni (Bonar), V. weiriana (Petrak), V. juncaginearum (Lasch), Stigmatea pulchella (Cke. & Peck), Coleroa sporoboli (Greene), C. plantaginis (Ell.), Gibbera vaccinicola (Dearn. & House), G. cercocarpi (Ell. & Ev.), G. distegiae (Tracy & Earle), G. gaultheriae (Ell. & Ev.), Antennularia maculosa (Ell.), A. curviseta (Peck), A. fimiseda (Mout.), A. grossulariae (Auersw. & Fleischh.), A. vancouverensis (Dearn.). The new name Venturia minuta is proposed to replace the invalid V. microspora Nüesch and Venturia acerina Plakidas ex Barr is validated with a Latin diagnosis. The genus Venturia is subdivided into two subgenera: Venturia, comprising sections Venturia,Phaeosphaerella (Karst.) stat. nov., Endostigme (H. Syd.) stat. nov., and subgenus Spilosticta (H. Syd.) stat. nov., comprising sections Spilosticta,Macula sect, nov., Coleroidea sect. nov. Coleroa contains the subgenera Coleroa and Hormotheca (Bon.) stat. nov. Gibbera is divided into Gibbera and Venturioides subg. nov., and Antennularia into subgenera Antennularia,Capnoda subg. nov., Gibberoidea subg. nov., and Protoventuria (Berl. & Sacc.) stat. nov. A number of species which have been described in Venturia or other genera of the Venturiaceae are excluded from the family. Disposition of these taxa is made, including the new combinations Wentiomyces fimbriatus (Dearn. & House) comb. nov. and Nematostoma occidentalis (Ell. & Ev.) comb. nov.
Isolation and culture of monokaryotic haplonts of Ustilago nuda, the role of proline in their metabolism, and the inoculation of barley with resynthesized dikaryons
Authors: Nielsen J.
Published: August 2008

Spores of Ustilago nuda were germinated on nutrient medium containing benzoic acid or derivatives. These compounds inhibited mitotic divisions of the nuclei in the two dikaryons formed by one spore. After removal of the chemical from the medium, mitosis occurred and the four monokaryotic haplonts were isolated by microsurgery. The haplonts were cultured on media supplemented with L-proline, because all haplonts of (+) mating type, originating from spores collected in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America, were found to be proline deficient. The gene controlling proline synthesis behaved as though it was identical with or part of the mating locus. Barley flowers at mid-anthesis were inoculated successfully with dikaryotic mycelium resynthesized from isolated haplonts.
Peroxidase in healthy and diseased elm trees investigated by the benzidine histochemical technique
Authors: Gagnon Camilien
Published: August 2008

Peroxidase activity was localized in the xylem of healthy and diseased American elm trees by the benzidine test. The activity in the cell walls resulted in a violet-brown color, while the activity in the protoplasm produced a blue reaction. The localization of the enzyme in healthy trees was much improved by impregnation of tissues with celloidin before sectioning; this procedure reduced the diffusion of peroxidase from the tissues into the incubation solution. The cambium region of both healthy and diseased trees showed a very strong peroxidase activity; such activity was also detected in ray and axial parenchyma cells. Only in infected trees was the activity found in fibers and vessels. The role of peroxidase in the pathological alteration of xylem tissues is discussed.
Phytosociological description of the forest vegetation of southeastern Labrador
Authors: Foster David R.
Published: August 2008

A floristic analysis of the forest vegetation of southeastern Labrador was conducted using the phytosociological methods of Braun-Blanquet and a phytosociological table was constructed with the FORTRAN program TWINSPAN, which produces hierarchical classifications by two-way indicator species analysis. A total of 88 relevés incorporating 77 species are grouped into five major assemblages: birch, fir – spruce – feather moss, spruce–fir, spruce–Pleurozium, and spruce – Sphagnum fuscum communities. The five communities, as arranged from birch to spruce – Sphagnum fuscum, display decreasing trends in productivity, site quality, and richness of vascular flora, and increasing prominence of oligotrophic species, primarily cryptogams and ericaceous shrubs. Black spruce and balsam fir comprise more than 95% of the forest canopy in this region, whereas paper birch is restricted to moist and well-drained slopes, and white spruce, aspen, and balsam poplar are rare. Factors suggested as responsible for the limited productivity and depauperate vascular flora of the forests in this region include: semipermanently frozen soil, short growing season, nutrient-deficient mineral substratum, and intensive root competition in the poorly aerated soil. The low incidence of fire in this maritime climate is responsible for the old and uneven age structure of the conifer forests and the development of a thick bryophyte cover and deep organic humus that limit stand productivity.
Plant community development in the Byron-Bergen Swamp: marl-bed vegetation
Authors: Seischab Franz K.
Published: August 2008

Comparative and Gaussian ordination were used to elucidate vegetational pattern on marl beds in the Byron-Bergen Swamp, Genesee County, NY. The ordinations reflected the physiognomic gradient seen in the field. The gradient consisted of algae in marl pools, short sedges on a low moss mat, tall sedges and short shrubs on low hummocks, and tall shrubs and shrubby trees on larger hummocks. Early invasional patterns are related to the formation of a moss–sedge mat which is further modified through the formation of mounds of various dimensions. Marl sites are invaded by species with differing invasional strategies. Included are mat-forming mosses and sedges which reproduce by rhizomes, seed, and (or) layering. These mats are modified through mound formation by cespitose sedges and by mosses such as Drepanocladus revolvens and Campylium stellatum and through organic matter deposition by all of the higher plants. This results in a general increase in peat depth overlying the marl. Differences exist along the physiognomic gradient from short sedges to tall sedges and short shrubs to tall shrubs and shrubby trees. Carbonate carbon decreases, whereas soil organic matter and cation-exchange capacity increase. There are also increases in the depth to and annual fluctuation in the water table. Stratigraphic cores suggest that this physiognomic gradient is a successional gradient as well. Analyses of these cores indicated significant increases of pH and bulk density with depth as well as decreases in organic matter and cation-exchange capacity, indicating an accumulation of organic matter over the surface of the marl. Tree cores indicate that the surrounding Thuja occidentalis forest is encroaching on the marl beds.
A taxonomic study of the Lotus corniculatus complex in Turkey
Authors: Small Ernest , Grant W. F. , Crompton C. W.
Published: August 2008

A combination of morphology, chromosome number, and elevation is presently employed to circumscribe and identify the "species" Lotus corniculatus s. str., L. tenuis, and L. alpinus. Ordination analysis of morphological characters indicated continuity of variation. Moreover, moderate correlations were found between most of the characters examined and altitude, suggesting that variation was clinal rather than discontinuous. To examine the relationship between altitude and the taxa, the plants were initially grouped using only altitude as a criterion variable, lowland, moderate altitude, and upper altitude groups, respectively, representing L. tenuis, L. corniculatus, and L. alpinus. Iterative canonical analysis of the morphological data was used to refine the composition of these, and the resulting groups indeed proved to correspond to traditional conceptions of the three taxa. Because more than 40% of the morphological variation useful for discriminating these was explainable simply by the altitudinal gradient, it appears that their taxonomic delimitation amounts partly to an arbitrary trichotomization of a morphological–altitudinal continuum. Chromosome analysis of 29 populations indicated that most plants identifiable as L. corniculatus are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 24), but plants referable to L. tenuis and L. alpinus are either diploid or tetraploid. The taxa of the L. corniculatus complex in Turkey exhibit differences in morphology, chromosome number, and ecology but overlap so notably in these respects that current knowledge is doubtfully adequate for their recognition as species.