bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial Feeding and Laboratory Rearing of Endangered Saproxylic Beetles as a Tool for Insect Conservation
Authors: Bonacci Teresa , Rovito Mattia , Horák Jakub , Brandmayr Pietro
Published: August 2020

Conservation of threatened animals is frequently limited by lack of knowledge about their ecological preferences, and often artificial feeding is one of the few chances to save endangered species. We investigated the possibility to artificially feed two endangered flat bark beetles dependent on dead wood for their diet—namely, Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) and Cucujus haematodes Erichson, 1845—by examining their dietary preferences, life cycle duration, and survival in laboratory conditions. Individuals of the two species were caught in the wild and larvae and adults were fed in laboratory conditions by live or dead prey. Three species of saproxylic beetles: two cerambycids (Acanthocinus griseus Fabricius, 1793 and Rhagium inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758), one scolytid (Ips sexdentatus Börner, 1776) one tenebrionid (Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758)) one dipteran (Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)) and one ant (Lasius sp. Fabricius, 1804) were used as prey, with minced meat as a control. Our results indicated high survival and no difference in prey choice between the two flat beetle species. Larvae and adults preferred dead prey, but no significant preference was detected among dead prey taxa, supporting the hypothesis that the two species are opportunistic scavengers. Comparing data with previous results, both species and their developmental stages should be classified as obligate saproxylic organisms with preference to the dead and decaying organic material. Successful artificial feeding and rearing of these endangered species, followed by the release in the wild through rescue or reintroduction programs, therefore appear relevant for their protection and future conservation.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Point Prevalence Among Asymptomatic Hospitalized Children and Subsequent Healthcare Worker Evaluation
Authors: Patel Ami B , Clifford Andrea , Creaden Julie , Kato Kimberly , Malakooti Marcelo R , Muller William J , O’Donnell Anna , Reynolds Sally , Richey Karen , Rippe Jason , Wheeler Derek S , Kociolek Larry K
Published: August 2020

Asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) carriage among hospitalized children and risk of transmission to healthcare workers (HCWs) was evaluated by point prevalence survey. We estimated 1-2% prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children without coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms. There was no secondary transmission among HCWs exposed to these patients.
Coccidioidomycosis in llamas and alpacas diagnosed at the University of California, Davis (1990–2016)
Authors: Grayzel S E , Thompson G R , Martínez-López B , Dechant J E , McHardy I , Sykes J E
Published: August 2020

Given the predisposition of South American camelids to coccidioidomycosis, we sought to describe the disease presentation in alpacas and llamas and identify potential risk factors for these species. The records of 224 llamas and alpacas that were tested for Coccidioides infection using immunodiffusion serology at the Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory of the University of California, Davis, between 1990 and 2016 were examined; of those, 46 alpacas and 42 llamas had positive test results. The remaining 99 alpacas and 37 llamas were used as control groups. We found that male llamas were at increased risk for Coccidioides infection when compared with female llamas and when compared with male alpacas. South American camelids living within California were at higher risk for infection than camelids living in other states. Alpacas were more likely than llamas to have subclinical infections. We documented five cases of abortion or neonatal mortality attributable to coccidioidomycosis in alpacas. Our study demonstrates that South American camelids are susceptible to Coccidioides infection in areas where the disease is endemic, lending support to the importance of vigilance for this disease in alpacas and llamas and suggesting a possible role for these animals as sentinel species.
Blob formation and ejection from the radiative inefficient accretion flow around massive black hole
Authors: Zhao Tian-Le , Yuan Ye-Fei , Kumar Rajiv
Published: August 2020

We study the small scale magnetic reconnection above the radiative inefficient accretion flow around massive black hole via 2D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical simulation, in order to model the blob formation and ejection from the accretion flow around Sgr A*. The connection of both the newly emerging magnetic field and the pre-existing magnetic field is investigated to check whether blobs could be driven in the environment of black hole accretion disc. After the magnetic connection, both the velocity and temperature of the plasma can be comparable to the inferred physical properties at the base of the observed blob ejection. For illustration, three small boxes which are located within 40 Schwarzschild radii from the central black hole are chosen as our simulation areas. At the beginning of the reconnections, the fluid is pulled toward the central black hole due to the gravitational attraction and the current sheet produced by the reconnection is also pulled toward the same direction, consequently, the resulting outflows move both upwards and towards the symmetry axis of the central black hole. Eventually, huge blobs appear, which supports the catastrophe model of episodic jets (Yuan et al. 2009a). It is also found that the closer to the black hole the magnetic connection happens, the higher the converting efficiency of the magnetic energy into the heat and kinetic energy. For these inner blobs, they have vortex structure due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, which happens along the current sheet separating the fluids with different speed.
Studies of extragalactic background light with TeV BL Lacertae objects
Authors: Longhua Qin , Jiancheng Wang , Quangui Gao , Weiwei Na , Huaizhen Li , Ju Ma , Jianping Yang
Published: August 2020

Very high energy (VHE; E ≥ 100 GeV) gamma-rays from cosmological distances are attenuated by the extragalactic background light (EBL) in the infrared to ultraviolet bands. By contrasting measured versus intrinsic emission,we can derive the EBL photon density. However, we do not know the intrinsic spectra and the EBL separately, only their combined effect. Here we first present a flexible model-dependent optical depth method to study the EBL by fitting the emission spectra of TeV BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) via a one-zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton model (SSC). We have little information about electron energy distributions (EEDs) in the jet, which is critically important to build spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in the SSC scenario. Based on current particle acceleration models, we use two types of EEDs to fit the observed spectra: a power-law log-parabola (PLLP) EED and a broken power-law (BPL) EED. We find that the upper limit of the EBL density is about 30 n W m−2 sr−1, which is similar to the published measurement. Furthermore, we propose an unprecedented method to test the radiation mechanisms involved in TeV objects, by simply comparing the reduced EBL density with the limit obtained by galaxy counts. We demonstrate that for some BL Lacs, at least, the one-zone SSC model should be reconsidered.
Detection of preQ0 deazaguanine modifications in bacteriophage CAjan DNA using Nanopore sequencing reveals same hypermodification at two distinct DNA motifs
Authors: Kot Witold , Olsen Nikoline S , Nielsen Tue K , Hutinet Geoffrey , de Crécy-Lagard Valérie , Cui Liang , Dedon Peter C , Carstens Alexander B , Moineau Sylvain , Swairjo Manal A , Hansen Lars H
Published: August 2020

In the constant evolutionary battle against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), bacteria have developed several defense mechanisms, some of which target the incoming, foreign nucleic acids e.g. restriction-modification (R-M) or CRISPR-Cas systems. Some of these MGEs, including bacteriophages, have in turn evolved different strategies to evade these hurdles. It was recently shown that the siphophage CAjan and 180 other viruses use 7-deazaguanine modifications in their DNA to evade bacterial R-M systems. Among others, phage CAjan genome contains a gene coding for a DNA-modifying homolog of a tRNA-deazapurine modification enzyme, together with four 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine synthesis genes. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool combined with the Nanopore Sequencing (ONT) we showed that the 7-deazaguanine modification in the CAjan genome is dependent on phage-encoded genes. The modification is also site-specific and is found mainly in two separate DNA sequence contexts: GA and GGC. Homology modeling of the modifying enzyme DpdA provides insight into its probable DNA binding surface and general mode of DNA recognition.
The uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG protects the fitness of normal and cancer B cells expressing AID
Authors: Safavi Shiva , Larouche Ariane , Zahn Astrid , Patenaude Anne-Marie , Domanska Diana , Dionne Kiersten , Rognes Torbjørn , Dingler Felix , Kang Seong-Kwi , Liu Yan , Johnson Nathalie , Hébert Josée , Verdun Ramiro E , Rada Cristina A , Vega Francisco , Nilsen Hilde , Di Noia Javier M
Published: August 2020

In B lymphocytes, the uracil N-glycosylase (UNG) excises genomic uracils made by activation-induced deaminase (AID), thus underpinning antibody gene diversification and oncogenic chromosomal translocations, but also initiating faithful DNA repair. Ung−/− mice develop B-cell lymphoma (BCL). However, since UNG has anti- and pro-oncogenic activities, its tumor suppressor relevance is unclear. Moreover, how the constant DNA damage and repair caused by the AID and UNG interplay affects B-cell fitness and thereby the dynamics of cell populations in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that UNG specifically protects the fitness of germinal center B cells, which express AID, and not of any other B-cell subset, coincident with AID-induced telomere damage activating p53-dependent checkpoints. Consistent with AID expression being detrimental in UNG-deficient B cells, Ung−/− mice develop BCL originating from activated B cells but lose AID expression in the established tumor. Accordingly, we find that UNG is rarely lost in human BCL. The fitness preservation activity of UNG contingent to AID expression was confirmed in a B-cell leukemia model. Hence, UNG, typically considered a tumor suppressor, acquires tumor-enabling activity in cancer cell populations that express AID by protecting cell fitness.
Alterations of cerebral microcirculation in peritumoral edema: feasibility of in vivo sidestream dark-field imaging in intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Berhouma Moncef , Picart Thiebaud , Dumot Chloe , Pelissou-Guyotat Isabelle , Meyronet David , Ducray François , Honnorat Jerome , Eker Omer , Guyotat Jacques , Lukaszewicz Anne-Claire , Cotton François
Published: August 2020

Background

Intracranial meningiomas display a variable amount of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), which can significantly impact perioperative morbidity. The role of microcirculatory disturbances in the pathogenesis of PTBE is still debated. The aim of this study was to microscopically demonstrate and intraoperatively quantify, for the first time, the alterations to microcirculation in PTBE using sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging.

Methods

Adult patients with WHO grade I meningiomas were recruited over a 9-month period and divided into 2 groups depending on the absence (NE group) or the presence (E group) of PTBE. In vivo intraoperative microcirculation imaging was performed in the peritumoral area before and after microsurgical resection.

Results

Six patients were included in the NE group and 6 in the E group. At the baseline in the NE group, there was a minor decrease in microcirculatory parameters compared to normal reference values, which was probably due to the mass effect. In contrast, microcirculatory parameters in the E group were significantly altered, affecting both vessel density and blood flow values, with a drop of approximately 50% of normal values. Surgical resection resulted in a quasi-normalization of microcirculation parameters in the NE group, whereas in the E group, even if all parameters statistically significantly improved, post-resection values remained considerably inferior to those of the normal reference pattern.

Conclusion

Our study confirmed significant alterations of microcirculatory parameters in PTBE in meningiomas. Further in vivo SDF imaging studies may explore the possible correlation between the severity of these microcirculatory alterations and the postoperative neurological outcome.
Central American Migration to the United States
Authors: Roth Benjamin , Doering-White John , Flynn Karen Andrea
Published: August 2020

Central America is the seven-country region between Colombia and Mexico that includes Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Of the 44 million total immigrants in the United States (US), approximately 8 percent (3.5 million) are from this region. However, among them Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras are overrepresented. Nearly half (1.4 million) of all Central America migrants in the United States are from El Salvador alone. Therefore, these three countries are the primary focus of this bibliography. Each has a complex history that has contributed to recent migration trends, yet Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras also share much in common and are often referred to as the “Northern Triangle” by policymakers and scholars. Out-migration from the region is attributable to many factors, including a long history of violence and political instability, international gang activity, and the drug trade—all problems that have been exacerbated by US policy. While some are traditional labor migrants, many others are asylees who are fleeing persecution. Regardless of why they leave their countries, Central American migrants have begun settling across the United States, including places that have not traditionally been receiving contexts for newcomers. In response, local and federal policies have been largely exclusionary, making their process of social, cultural, and economic adaptation more difficult. Central American migrants have also been criminalized by contemporary immigration enforcement rhetoric and practices in the United States. This has contributed to growing rates of deportation which, in turn, have contributed to the disruption of immigrant families. Transnational Central American families have been reorganized by migration in other ways as well. Parents have migrated in search of better economic opportunities, leaving their children in the care of extended family members, for example. At other times, migrant parents and their children have been forcibly separated by the immigration system, whether upon apprehension at the border or as a result of interior enforcement practices. As conditions in many Central America communities remain precarious, children, youth and families continue to seek asylum at the US-Mexico border. However, the laws and practices governing the asylum process are not static. As these laws change, it is incumbent upon social workers to stay informed about the needs of Central American migrants so they can more effectively advocate for their rights.
Gender, Violence, and Trauma in Immigration Detention in the United States
Authors: Heffron Laurie Cook
Published: August 2020

While international law protects the rights of individuals to seek asylum and to be treated humanely and with dignity, immigration detention, the practice of confining individuals accused of violating immigration law, has surfaced as a growing response to the large numbers of individuals and families on the move throughout the world in search of freedom, safety, and economic security. Detention has long been used as a strategy for enforcement of immigration laws across the globe, and has also been used as a tactic to dissuade and control future migration. The detention of immigrants consistently presents concerns about and allegations of civil and human rights violations and negative bio-psycho-social impacts on those detained. Given the contemporary expansion of the immigration detention system in the United States, this bibliography will focus primarily on the context of immigration detention within the United States. This bibliography includes selected scholarly resources from the social sciences, health, and legal fields to present an overview of immigration detention, the impact on survivors of violence and trauma, and detention alternatives. While the Global Detention Project and other nonprofit organizations aim to track the scope of immigration detention worldwide, numbers of individuals detained, as well as the number and location of detention facilities, immigration detention remain difficult to track. In the United States, the average daily population of immigration detention facilities in the United States had increased from 6,785 in 1994 to more than 38,000 in 2017. That number has risen to closer to 50,000 in recent years and manifests across a wide variety of facilities, including temporary and long-term holding facilities operated by a host of federal, state, local, and private for-profit entities. The US government has broad, though not absolute, power over immigration and immigration detention. Authorization of the detention of immigrants dates back to 1798 with the Alien Enemies Act, which allowed for the detention of immigrants from “hostile” countries during times of war. As of 1875, another series of laws expanded the framework of detention, in particular pertaining to the incarceration of individuals with criminal convictions. Further changes were made in 1952 with the Immigration and Nationality Act, then more drastically in the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, which served to begin a decades-long expansion of the US immigration detention system. This expansion has also led to numerous allegations of civil and human rights violations related to due process, exploitative labor practices, sexual and physical abuse, and inadequate medical care, as well as growing concern about the impact of immigration detention on survivors of violence and trauma, particularly children, women, and LGBTQ communities. The author would like to acknowledge the significant contributions of Jessenia Herzberg in researching and reviewing literature on immigration detention.
Sexual and Gender Minority Immigrants, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers
Authors: Alessi Edward , Kahn Sarilee , Lee Woo Jin Edward
Published: August 2020

Over the years, research on immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers has been rooted in hetero- and cisnormative discourse that has not only rendered these individuals invisible but also led to a lack of understanding of what they need to successfully integrate into host societies. However, as significant numbers of sexual and gender minority (SGM) people continue to migrate from their countries of origin to various countries around the world, SGM migration can no longer be viewed as a niche area, but one that is placed front and center in migration studies and current discourse on immigration. To provide context for the articles, books, and chapters in this article, it is important to discuss the differences among the terms: immigrant, refugee, and asylum seeker. An immigrant is a broad term used to describe someone who permanently moves to a foreign country. A refugee refers to an individual who flees their country of origin due to persecution; however, refugees are vetted prior to entering the host country while waiting in a country of transit. For example, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees might vet SGM individuals in Turkey before sending them to Canada. An asylum seeker also flees their country of origin due to persecution but is vetted after entering the host country. For instance, an SGM individual may enter the United States on a student or tourist visa, but then decide to seek asylum because they fear returning to their country of origin. The other term that is commonly used is migrant, which refers to an individual who moves from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently, in search of better work opportunities or social conditions. While domestic migration does occur often, this review focuses specifically on international migrants (i.e., those who move to a foreign country). The term migrant is used interchangeably with immigrant, refugee, or asylum seeker. Although these categories are technically different, it can be hard to distinguish among these socially constructed categories, as the experiences of immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers share many commonalities during the pre-migration, travel, and resettlement phases, as will be evidenced in the works discussed in this article.
Prison Administration
Authors: Stojkovic Stan
Published: August 2020

Leadership concerns and management functions define the essential elements of prison administration. While for most prisons, there is not a formal title of “prison leader” or “prison manager,” there are persons in administrative positions who take on leadership roles and perform management duties. Leadership involves the articulation of both mission and vision, while management involves the accomplishment of specific tasks. Both leadership and management are needed for effective prison administration to exist. This piece will examine the following topics: drawing a distinction between leadership and management, the role of politics in prison administration, and the importance of correctional staff supervision and development. Finally, the article provides a model of leadership development found in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation as an example of promoting effective prison administration.
Prison Classification
Authors: Frisch-Scott Nicole
Published: August 2020

Classification processes determine the entire nature of the prison experience, including but not limited to where an inmate is housed, whom he or she is housed with, the programs and work assignments available to or required of an inmate, visitation rights, and the amount or type of movement an inmate has within a facility. In making these important decisions, prisons have long relied on procedures to determine where and how to supervise inmates under their control. These classification processes are designed to maintain prison order, allocate necessary treatment services, and provide a transparent basis for decisions that affect inmate life. Classification decisions can be divided into several types: initial security/facility classification and custody classification (determined by external classification systems), housing program and work assignments (determined by internal classification systems), and re-classifications. Inmates undergo a rigorous classification process upon reception into a corrections department’s custody and are often subject to re-evaluations throughout their time incarcerated. The predominant goal of classification systems is to identify and manage inmate risk, and many studies have focused on classification systems and inmate misconduct, recidivism, and violence. As classification systems are also intended to diagnose inmate needs and provide treatment, and ensure the efficient allocation of correctional resources, scholars have focused classification systems’ impact on adjustment to prison, provision of treatment, and prison crowding. Research has questioned the ability of a single classification system to assess the risk and need of all inmates. Many studies have considered gender equity in classification decisions as well as the additional treatment needs and management considerations for incarcerated individuals with mental illness. Additional research has focused on administrative segregation, or classification decisions that result in the isolation of those who cannot be housed in the general inmate population. Complicating this literature is the changing nature of classification systems over time and the fact that all states and the federal government have adopted unique classification systems. It is therefore difficult to draw conclusions about the state of knowledge on classification practices as a whole. Nevertheless, the past several decades have seen an emphasis on objective classification, or empirically based strategies to make classification decisions. The use of risk assessment tools has become commonplace in this realm. Though past research focused on classification systems as a means to control and monitor inmates, a promising future direction lies in needs assessments and the ability to deliver individualized treatment to incarcerated individuals.
Salvador da Bahia
Authors: Marques Guida
Published: August 2020

The city of Salvador da Bahia was founded in 1549 under the name of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos (Holy Savior of the Bay of All Saints). But it was known as the city of Bahia between the 16th and 19th centuries. This major Atlantic port city developed by exporting sugar and tobacco to Europe and beyond and importing slaves from Africa. It was also the capital of Portuguese America until 1763. We cannot really separate the history of the city and that of its hinterland, one of the most prosperous plantation economies in the Atlantic world. It was the plantations of the Recôncavo that made Bahia one of the major slaveholding regions in the Americas and the interaction between the city of Bahia and its hinterland was constant. Nonetheless, this article focuses on the urban setting. Salvador da Bahia was a Portuguese colonial city, built on land of the Tupinambá people, which brought together a multiethnic community made up of European, indigenous, and African populations. It was a cosmopolitan city despite itself, whose development was closely linked to slavery and slave trade. It was a place of mutual influence and deep reconfiguration, where mixing was both obvious and problematic. The society of Bahia was based on exclusion and negotiated forms of integration, influenced by the Portuguese imperial framework. It was a complex slave society, whose transformation between the 16th and the 19th centuries cannot be understood without taking into account the several Atlantic dynamics. Slavery reached its peak during the Brazilian imperial regime, being kept untouched after independence, and the dynamics of the city remained deeply tied to the slave trade, whether illegal or interprovincial. This persistence of slavery through the 19th century raises the question of the traditional chronology of the history of Brazil, whose colonial period would end with independence. This article encompasses both colonial and imperial periods and offers a wide historiographical overview on Salvador da Bahia. The historiography of Bahia has been extensively devoted to slavery history and slave populations. Historians have long been interested in black urban slavery and its specificities, highlighting the complexity of the society of Salvador da Bahia and the strength of the interactions that took place there. In recent years, scholars have explored new perspectives, by taking the path of micro history and collective biographies. They have examined in depth the multiple connections between Bahia and different African regions, which involved different agents and social groups. By focusing on the South Atlantic, they have experimented with approaches beyond the imperial framework and have made a major contribution to Atlantic studies. The political perspectives were also renewed, emphasizing the strength of local powers and the interactions between local and imperial strategies. The indigenous history of the region of Bahia is also experiencing a significant revival. We thus intend to emphasize recent works and ongoing research on Salvador da Bahia.
Honorifics
Authors: Brown Lucien
Published: August 2020

Honorifics are linguistic forms that are used prototypically to express regard or esteem toward an entity worthy of respect, most typically a person of superior social standing. The concept is most frequently used in discussions of Japanese and Korean (typically the Standardized versions of these languages spoken in Tokyo and Seoul), which have highly developed systems of honorifics that include grammaticized verbal suffixes. In these languages, speakers need to make an obligatory choice between honorific and nonhonorific verb endings in every single sentence, depending primarily on social status and intimacy. For instance, when addressing a status superior, Japanese speakers will add masu to the end of every verb and Korean speakers will add -yo or -supnita, whereas these forms are omitted when addressing intimates. In languages without this system of verb endings, lexical substitutions can be recruited for marking honorification. In Standard Javanese, there are numerous lexical distinctions between ngoko (“low speech”) and krama (“high speech”). Thai features a number of speech levels including racha sap (“royal language”), which is used for addressing or referring to the royal family. In the Australian Aboriginal language Dyirbal, speakers switch to specific variations of the language known as “mother-in-law language” and “brother-in-law language” whenever so-called “taboo” kin—namely, the mother-in-law or brother-in-law—is in earshot. In English and European languages, honorifics tend to be limited mostly to respectful titles such as “Sir” or “Ma’am” and special second-person pronouns (e.g., in French, vous is the honorific form of tu [“you”]). Linguists recognize several different types of honorifics. “Referent honorifics” index the relationship between the speaker and referents within the sentence (or otherwise the relationship between different referents). Hearer honorifics (also known as “speech levels” or “speech styles”) directly index the relationship between the speaker and the hearer and do not require the hearer to appear as a sentence referent in order to appear. Bystander honorifics index the presence of specific onlookers at the scene of a speech event. These forms are appropriate for speaking in the presence of the bystander in question but are not necessarily appropriate when speaking about or to him/her. In addition to honorifics, languages may also contain humilifics: linguistic forms that humble or abase the speaker (e.g., “your humble servant”).
Luisa Roldán
Authors: Hall-van den Elsen Cathy
Published: August 2020

Luisa Roldán (b. 1652–d. 1706) lived and worked in three Spanish cities, was sculptor to the royal chambers of Kings Carlos II and Felipe V of Spain, but left no followers and died in relative poverty. Her work relates to two different artistic traditions: intimate groups in terracotta representing the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child with saints, which met the desires of the Spanish nobility whose social status was reinforced by displaying this type of possession in their homes, and powerful, over-life-sized wooden sculptures of Christ and the saints that proclaimed a robust religious faith in niches and chapels in Andalucían churches and when carried through Seville’s streets during Holy Week. Roldán’s life and her work have begun to receive significant scholarly attention in the past half-century, placing her firmly in the canon of Spanish art history. Most of the scholarship about Roldán is written in Spanish, with increasing numbers of publications appearing in English. As a female sculptor in Golden Age Spain Roldán‘s identity invites examination through the lenses of her gender, the two very different artistic media that she used, the sociopolitical contexts of the cities in which she worked, and the reception of her work. Her social position is a complex one to understand. She was not a member of a noble family, had limited participation in her family workshop, and enjoyed only sporadic access to external patronage. A significant factor in the establishment of her public identity is the manner in which Roldán’s life and work has been approached by writers. In the first two centuries after her death fewer than ten references to her life or her work were published. The pace of scholarship increased in the 20th century after Proske’s publication in 1964 of three seminal articles attracted the interest of scholars beyond Spain. Journal articles began to appear, and in 2007 an exhibition was held dedicated to her work and her role as a sculptor at the courts of two Spanish kings. Since then details have been brought to light in journal articles, book chapters, conference papers, and exhibition catalogue entries, contributing to the development of a maturing and nuanced appreciation of Roldán’s life and work. Luisa Roldán was a resourceful and productive woman whose personal drive and creativity were stronger than any potentially restrictive societal boundaries. Her enduring and indeed growing public recognition owes much to the ability she had to adapt to changing circumstances by marrying without her father’s consent, moving cities, seeking new patrons, and changing the medium in which she worked. The bibliography that follows presents our current understanding, through the lenses of documentary evidence and scholarly analysis, which acknowledges her place in the artistic, social, and economic environments in which she lived.
Contemporary Evolution
Authors: Hendry Andrew P. , Kinnison Michael T.
Published: August 2020

The term “contemporary evolution” is typically used in reference to ongoing or recent genetically based (heritable) phenotypic changes taking place in wild populations. In some cases, the genetic and genomic basis for these phenotypic changes can be identified and documented. Contemporary evolution is most apparent when organisms experience dramatic environmental changes, especially due to human causes such as commercial fisheries, climate change, pollution, or urbanization. Contemporary evolution then influences a number of evolutionary and ecological processes, such as ecological speciation, population dynamics (including evolutionary rescue), community structure, and ecosystem function. As a result, contemporary evolution has important applications in conservation biology, environmental sciences, and sustainability science.
Eusocial Insects as a Model for Understanding Altruism, Cooperation, and Levels of Selection
Authors: Helanterä Heikki
Published: August 2020

If the logic of natural selection is applied strictly at the level of individual production of offspring, sterile workers in insect societies are enigmatic. How can natural selection ever produce individuals that refrain from reproduction, and how are traits of such individuals that never produce offspring scrutinized and changed through natural selection? The solution to both questions is found in the family structures of insect societies. That is, the sterile helper individuals are evolutionary altruists that give up their own reproduction and instead are helping their kin reproduce and proliferate shared genes in the offspring of the fertile queen. Selection in such cases is not just a matter of individual’s direct reproduction, and instead of own offspring, the currency of the evolutionary success of sterile individuals is inclusive fitness. The concept of inclusive fitness and the process of kin selection are key to understanding the magnificent cooperation we see in insect societies, and reciprocally, insect societies are key case studies of inclusive fitness logic. In extreme cases, such as the highly advanced and sophisticated societies of ants, honeybees, and termites, the division of labor and interdependence of colony members is so complete, that it is justified to talk about a new level of evolutionary individuality. Such increases in the hierarchical complexity of life are called major transitions in evolution. We see adaptations of the colony, rather than individuals, in, e.g., their communication and group behaviors. The division of labor between morphologically differentiated queens and workers is analogous to germline-soma separation of a multicellular organism, justifying the term superorganism for the extreme cases of social lifestyle. Alongside these extreme cases, there is enormous diversity in the social lifestyles across social insect taxa, which provides a window into the balance of cooperation and conflict, and individual reproduction and helping others, in social evolution. Over the last decades, social insect research has been an area where the theoretical and empirical understanding have been developed hand in hand, together with examples of wonderful natural history, and has tremendously improved our understanding of evolution.
Clinical macroeconomics and differential diagnosis
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey D
Published: August 2020

The 2008 financial crisis laid bare several deficiencies of mainstream macroeconomic analysis, most importantly the failure to engage in systematic differential diagnosis. Mainstream macroeconomics, following Keynes, has unduly privileged aggregate demand shocks in both analysis and policy prescription, whereas actual macroeconomic crises emerge from a much more diverse set of causes: demand, supply, panic, coordination failures, and, of course, even pandemic disease. The systematic application of differential diagnosis of underlying sources of shocks would improve system resilience and policy responses.
Pancreatic manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: a national population-based study
Authors: Alkhayyat Motasem , Abou Saleh Mohannad , Grewal Mehnaj Kaur , Abureesh Mohammad , Mansoor Emad , Simons-Linares C Roberto , Abelson Abby , Chahal Prabhleen
Published: August 2020

Objectives

RA is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent joint inflammation. Extra-articular manifestations of RA can involve different organs including the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Using a large database, we sought to describe the epidemiology of pancreas involvement in RA.

Methods

We queried a multicentre database (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, OH, USA), an aggregate of electronic health record data from 26 major integrated US healthcare systems in the US from 1999 to 2019. After excluding patients younger than 18, a cohort of individuals with Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED–CT) diagnosis of RA was identified. Within this cohort, patients who developed a SNOMED-CT diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP), chronic pancreatitis (CP) and primary pancreatic cancer (PaCa) after at least 30 days of RA diagnosis were identified. Statistical analysis for multivariate model was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25, IBM Corp) to adjust for several factors.

Results

Of the 56 183 720 individuals in the database, 518 280 patients had a diagnosis of RA (0.92%). Using a multivariate regression model, patients with RA were more likely to develop AP [odds ratio (OR): 2.51; 95% CI: 2.41, 2.60], CP (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 2.70, 3.26) and PaC (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.10).

Conclusion

In this large database, we found a modest increased risk of AP and CP among patients with RA after adjusting for the common causes of pancreatitis. Further studies are required to better understand this association and the effect of medications used for RA.
Pathogenic Specialization in Uromyces viciae-fabae in Australia and Rust Resistance in Faba Bean
Authors: Ijaz Usman , Adhikari Kedar , Kimber Rohan , Trethowan Richard , Bariana Harbans , Bansal Urmil
Published: August 2020

The pathogen Uromyces viciae-fabae causes rust (a fungal disease) on faba bean (Vicia faba). This disease limits faba bean production in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia. The development of resistant cultivars to U. viciae-fabae is the optimal solution for sustainable disease management. However, unknown virulence in Australian U. viciae-fabae populations has confounded resistance breeding. This study examined differences in virulence among Australian U. viciae-fabae isolates collected from various locations and established a differential set of faba bean genotypes. Ten rust isolates were collected from the major faba bean growing regions in Australia and single spore cultures produced. These cultures were subsequently used for assessing virulence on 40 diverse faba bean genotypes. Based on the host-pathogen interactions, 12 putative host genotypes were identified as a differential set. A nomenclature system was subsequently developed using the binary pathotype naming system. Based upon host-pathogen interactions, nine virulence patterns were detected, and the isolates were named using the new nomenclature. We report characterization and naming of U. viciae-fabae pathotypes using differential genotypes in Australia. This differential set will help identify and track the evolution of new virulence in pathogen population and will assist pyramiding of rust resistance genes.
The Moral Distress of Nurses When Patients Forgo Treatment Because of Cost
Authors: Olsen Douglas P. , Keilman Linda J.
Published: August 2020

Nursing must recognize an ethical obligation to respond on behalf of these patients.
Meeting the Patient Care, Education, and Research Missions: Academic Medical Centers Must Comprehensively Address Sexual and Gender Minority Health
Authors: Streed Carl G. , Lunn Mitchell R. , Siegel Jennifer , Obedin-Maliver Juno
Published: August 2020

While sociopolitical advances have improved the rights of sexual and gender minorities (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer [LGBTQ+] persons), they continue to face a health system that discriminates against them and does not provide competent, comprehensive care. Despite calls for advancing research, there remains limited sexual and gender minority health research funding, mentorship, and institutional support. Academic medical centers are best suited to systematically tackle disparities and improve care for all sexual and gender minority people through their tripartite missions of patient care, education, and research. In this article, the authors outline discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ persons and highlight the unique disparities they experience across access and outcomes. The authors posit that by systematically improving clinical care of, incorporating education and training about, and research with LGBTQ+ people into their core missions, academic medical centers can dramatically change the health care landscape. Academic medical centers can eliminate health disparities, expand necessary research endeavors about sexual and gender minorities, and prepare the health care workforce to address the unique needs of these overlooked populations.
Stability and Change in the Journeys of Medical Trainees: A 9-Year, Longitudinal Qualitative Study
Authors: Balmer Dorene F. , Teunissen Pim W. , Devlin Michael J. , Richards Boyd F.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

It takes many years for trainees to become physicians—so long that their individual journeys through medical school and residency are seldom systematically studied and thus not well understood. Lack of understanding hinders effective support of future physicians’ development across traditional time-bound phases of medical education. The authors initiated a longitudinal qualitative study, tracing a cohort of 6 trainees through the same medical school and 6 different residencies. They asked, how do stability and change characterize the lived experience of trainees through time?

Method

From 2010 to 2019, the authors conducted in-depth interviews every 6 to 12 months with 6 trainees, using reflective prompts about formative events and prior interviews. Data were inductively coded and analyzed in an iterative fashion. By scrutinizing data via time-ordered displays of codes, the authors identified 3 patterns of stability and change, particularly related to constructing careers in medicine. The study originated at a private medical school in New York, New York.

Results

Patterns in the balance between stability and change were shaped by trainees’ career interests. Trainees motivated by stable clinical interests perceived their journey as a “series of stepping-stones.” Trainees motivated by evolving clinical interests described disruptive change or “upsets”; however, they were still accommodated by medical education. In contrast, trainees motivated by stable nonclinical (i.e., social science) interests perceived their journey as a “struggle” in residency because of the clinically heavy nature of that phase of training.

Conclusions

Based on this descriptive, 9-year study of a small number of trainees, medical education seems to accommodate trainees whose journeys are motivated by clinical interests, even if those clinical interests change through time. Medical education could consider alternatives to time-bound frames of reference and focus on the right time for trainees to integrate clinical and social sciences in medical training.
Treatment of Kratom Withdrawal and Dependence With Buprenorphine/Naloxone: A Case Series and Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Weiss Stephanie T. , Douglas Heather E.
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

Some opioid use disorder (OUD) patients attempt to self-treat using herbal remedies such as kratom. However, kratom use itself can paradoxically cause physical dependence and OUD. Currently, there are no guidelines for treating patients with OUD stemming from kratom use. Our empirically-based hypothesis was that there would be a correlation between the amount of kratom used and the amount of buprenorphine-naloxone required for opioid agonist therapy.

Methods:

This study includes a systematic review assessing treatment of kratom-dependent patients with buprenorphine-naloxone; a case series of our kratom-dependent patients; calculation of the correlation between the kratom dose and the buprenorphine-naloxone dose required to treat kratom-associated OUD; and our proposed starting doses for using buprenorphine-naloxone to treat kratom OUD.

Results:

The OVID MEDLINE (1946–2020) database was searched using the terms “kratom,” “buprenorphine,” and “case report.” This search yielded 3 relevant cases of patients having kratom OUD who were treated with buprenorphine-naloxone with the amounts of all substances reported. Review of the bibliographies, citing articles, and Google Scholar turned up three additional cases, yielding 6 literature cases that were analyzed. We also analyzed 2 patients from our clinic, giving a total of 8 patients included in the Pearson correlation coefficient calculation. We found a strong correlation of 0.84 between these variables, consistent with our hypothesis.

Conclusions:

Based on our analysis, patients using <20 g of kratom/d could be initiated on opioid agonist therapy with 4/1 mg-8/2 mg buprenorphine-naloxone/d, while patients using kratom doses >40 g/d could be initiated with 12/3 mg-16/4 mg of buprenorphine-naloxone/day.