bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensemble Sensitivity Analysis for Mesoscale Forecasts of Dryline Convection Initiation
Authors: Hill Aaron J. , Weiss Christopher C. , Ancell Brian C.
Published: July 2016

Two cases of dryline convection initiation (CI) over north Texas have been simulated (3 April 2012 and 15 May 2013) from a 50-member WRF-DART ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) ensemble. In this study, ensemble sensitivity analysis (ESA) is applied to a convective forecast metric, maximum composite reflectivity (referred to as the response function), as a simple proxy for CI to analyze dynamic mesoscale sensitivities at the surface and aloft. Analysis reveals positional and magnitude sensitivities related to the strength and placement of important dynamic features. Convection initiation is sensitive to the evolving temperature and dewpoint fields upstream of the forecast response region in the near-CI time frame (0–12 h), prior to initiation. The sensitivity to thermodynamics is also manifest in the magnitude of dewpoint gradients along the dryline that triggers the convection. ESA additionally highlights the importance of antecedent precipitation and cold pool generation that modifies the pre-CI environment. Aloft, sensitivity of CI to a weak short-wave trough and capping inversion-level temperature is coherent, consistent, and traceable through the entire forecast period. Notwithstanding the (often) non-Gaussian distribution of ensemble member forecasts of convection, which violate the underpinnings of ESA theory, ESA is demonstrated to sufficiently identify regions that influence dryline CI. These results indicate an application of ESA for severe storm forecasting at operational centers and forecast offices as well as other mesoscale forecasting applications.
In Situ Identification of Pigment Composition and Particle Size on Wall Paintings Using Visible Spectroscopy as a Noninvasive Measurement Method
Authors: Li Junfeng , Wan Xiaoxia , Bu Yajing , Li Chan , Liang Jinxing , Liu Qiang
Published: July 2016

Noninvasive examination methods of chemical composition and particle size are presented here based on visible spectroscopy to achieve the identification and recording of mineral pigments used on ancient wall paintings. The normalized spectral curve, slope and curvature extracted from visible spectral reflectance are combined with adjustable weighting coefficients to construct the identification feature space, and Euclid distances between spectral reflectance from wall paintings and a reference database are calculated in the feature space as the discriminant criterion to identify the chemical composition of mineral pigments. A parametric relationship between the integral quantity of spectral reflectance and logarithm of mean particle size is established using a quadratic polynomial to accomplish the noninvasive prediction of mineral pigment particle size used on ancient wall paintings. The feasibility of the proposed methods is validated by the in situ nondestructive identification of the wall paintings in the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang. Chinese painting styles and historical evolution are then analyzed according to the identification results of 16 different grottoes constructed from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Yuan Dynasty.
Outcomes to Partners in Multi-Stakeholder Cross-Sector Partnerships: A Resource-Based View
Authors: Clarke Amelia , MacDonald Adriane
Published: July 2016

The prevalence and complexity of local sustainable development challenges require coordinated action from multiple actors in the business, public, and civil society sectors. Large multi-stakeholder partnerships that build capacity by developing and leveraging the diverse perspectives and resources of partner organizations are becoming an increasingly popular approach to addressing such challenges. Multi-stakeholder partnerships are designed to address and prioritize a social problem, so it can be challenging to define the value proposition to each specific partner. Using a resource-based view, this study examines partner outcomes from the perspective of the strategic interest of the partner as distinct from the strategic goal of the partnership. Based on 47 interviews with representatives of partner organizations in four Canadian case studies of community sustainability plan implementation, this article details 10 resources partners can gain from engaging in a multi-stakeholder partnership.
Increasing Pediatricians’ Smoking Cessation Promotion and Knowledge of the Smoking Cessation Trust
Authors: Thomas Katharine E. H. , Kisely Steve , Urrego Fernando
Published: July 2016

The link between second hand smoke exposure (SHSe) and health issues in children has been well established. The objective of this study was to determine if a short intervention implemented among pediatricians promotes improvement in the promotion of smoking cessation to caregivers and increase pediatricians’ awareness of the Smoking Cessation Trust (SCT). Pediatricians from 6 clinics were randomly assigned to the control or intervention group. All pediatricians received a survey to assess baseline knowledge, confidence and behaviors in smoking cessation promotion and utilization of the SCT. Pediatricians in intervention group received an educational lecture delivered by a physician. Two months post intervention, pediatricians in the control and intervention group received a survey to assess changes from baseline. Out of 36 general pediatricians, 27 completed the surveys for use in the analysis of this study (75%). Intervention group made more referrals to the SCT, compared to controls (p=0.048) and to baseline (p=0.0065). Pediatricians in the intervention group were more confident in recommending the use of NRT (0.040) and schedule a follow up to discuss smoking cessation (p=0.029) after the intervention. The intervention group was more likely to refer caregivers to smoking cessation programs (p=0.027), discuss a child’s health risk from SHSe (0.031) and recommending the use of NRT to help quit (p=0.047) post intervention. The results from this study indicate that a short intervention can increase confidence and behavior in various parameters of smoking cessation promotion and significantly improve the rate in which pediatricians refer smoking caregivers to the SCT.
The Factor Structure, Internal Consistency, and Convergent Validity of Two Suicide Assessment Competency Measures in Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors
Authors: Lund Emily M. , Schultz Jared C. , Nadorff Michael R.
Published: July 2016

We analyzed the psychometric properties of two published self-report suicide assessment competency rating scales—the Suicide Competency Inventory (SCI) and the Suicide Competency Assessment Form (SCAF)—in a multistate sample of 223 public-sector vocational rehabilitation counselors. Both measures demonstrated very good to excellent internal consistency in our sample. Exploratory factor analysis indicated the SCI loads on a three-factor model whereas the SCAF loads on a single factor; these are consistent with the theoretical scale structures proposed by the original authors of the scales. In addition, both scales were highly correlated with each other, providing strong initial evidence of construct validity. In sum, our results support the use of these measures as a reliable and valid means of assessing perceived suicide assessment competency in rehabilitation counselors.
System entity structure extension to integrate abstraction hierarchies and time granularity into DEVS modeling and simulation
Authors: Santucci Jean-François , Capocchi Laurent , Zeigler Bernard P
Published: July 2016

The modeling and simulation (M&S) of complex systems often requires models described at different levels of detail characterized by differences in abstraction hierarchies and/or time granularity. The discrete-event system specification (DEVS) is a framework based on mathematical systems theory that offers a computational basis for application of M&S to systems engineering and that has become widely adopted for its support of discrete-event, continuous, and hybrid applications. A fundamental representation of DEVS hierarchical modular model structures is the system entity structure (SES), which represents a design space via the elements of a system and their relationships in a hierarchical and axiomatic manner. As has been described in a number of publications, the SES supports development, pruning, and generation of DEVS simulation models. The goal of this paper is to propose an extension of SES in order to integrate both the concepts of abstraction hierarchies and time granularity into DEVS. This paper explains in detail: (i) the concepts of abstraction hierarchies and time granularity; (ii) the extension of SES in order to take into account these concepts; (iii) DEVS M&S of complex systems according to different levels of detail (abstraction hierarchies and time granularity); (iv) the use of a Python DEVS simulator (DEVSimPy) to implement the management of abstraction hierarchies and time granularity. A real case study is given to illustrate the proposed approach, and follow-on research needed to implement the concepts is discussed.
Experimental study of polyester fiber-reinforced polymer confined concrete cylinders
Authors: Huang Liang , Yang Xinrui , Yan Libo , He Kai , Li Hang , Du Yunxing
Published: July 2016

Conventional glass/carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (G/CFRP) composites have been widely used for infrastructure applications in the past decades. Nowadays, there is a trend to use cost-effective and ductile FRP composites such as polyester FRP (PFRP). This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the compressive behavior of concrete confined by PFRP jackets with low strength and high ductility. Twenty-seven PFRP confined plain concrete and nine unconfined plain concretes were tested. The considered experimental variables included concrete strength and PFRP thickness. Test results indicated that the PFRP jacket confinement increased the ductility of concrete to a great extent. However, the confinement on the enhancement in concrete ultimate compressive strength is limited. In addition, some existing stress–strain models were used to predict the ultimate stress and compared with the experimental results, and new confinement models were also proposed for PFRP-confined concrete.
Facile electrospinning preparation and superior luminescence properties of BODIPY composite nanofibers
Authors: Mu Ying-di , Guo De-chao , Hou Yan-jun , Wang Shu-hong
Published: July 2016

In this work, two kinds of 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) composite nanofibers with excellent emitting properties are reported. These contain 5,5-difluoro-1,3,7,9-tetramethyl-10-phenyl-5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2′,1′-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-4-ium-5-uide (DBDP) and 10-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-5,5-difluoro-1,3,7,9-tetramethyl-5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2′,1′-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-4-ium-5-uide (TBDP). DBDP and TBDP, which were obtained using a one-pot process, were respectively incorporated into the poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with different concentrations and thus formed two series of BODIPY luminescent nanofibers via electrospinning technology. The composite nanofibers were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and luminescence. The SEM images show that the composite nanofibers have a smooth and uniform surface with a diameter about 0.4 µm. FT-IR spectra analysis indicates that the BODIPY compounds were successfully doped into the PMMA matrices. The TGA results show that decomposition temperature of BODIPY nanofibers was increased to about 113℃ and 88℃ for TBDP and DBDP, respectively, compared with that of BODIPY compounds. Furthermore, the BODIPY nanofibers also exhibit excellent optical fluorescence properties compared with the BODIPY compounds in dichloromethane (BODIPY/DCM) or in a solid state.
Longitudinal Relationships Between Productive Activities and Functional Health in Later Years
Authors: Choi Eunhee , Tang Fengyan , Kim Sung-Geun , Turk Phillip
Published: July 2016

This study examined the longitudinal relationships between functional health in later years and three types of productive activities: volunteering, full-time, and part-time work. Using the data from five waves (2000–2008) of the Health and Retirement Study, we applied multivariate latent growth curve modeling to examine the longitudinal relationships among individuals 50 or over. Functional health was measured by limitations in activities of daily living. Individuals who volunteered, worked either full time or part time exhibited a slower decline in functional health than nonparticipants. Significant associations were also found between initial functional health and longitudinal changes in productive activity participation. This study provides additional support for the benefits of productive activities later in life; engagement in volunteering and employment are indeed associated with better functional health in middle and old age.
New Cities of Color
Authors: Smith Russell M. , Waldner Leora , Richardson Craig J.
Published: July 2016

Scholars often portray newly incorporated municipalities as white, wealthy suburbs. Yet this study reveals that 10 percent of new cities (forty-four cities) formed between 1990 and 2010 are black, Hispanic, Asian, and/or Native American majority cities. A careful examination of the data reveals not just racial differences but significant socioeconomic differences between new cities of color (CoCs) and majority white cities. By employing a probit model of statistical analysis, this research reveals that CoCs differ socioeconomically from majority white incorporating communities on variables such as median family income, average household size, and more.
Spicing up the relationship? The effects of relational boredom on shared activities
Authors: Harasymchuk Cheryl , Cloutier Anika , Peetz Johanna , Lebreton Janelle
Published: July 2016

The goal of this study was to examine how people respond to relational boredom in the context of growth-enhancing (i.e., novel) and security-restorative (i.e., familiar) shared activities. In Study 1, people’s prescriptive and descriptive beliefs for responding to relational boredom were assessed. Next, we developed a prime of relational boredom (Study 2a) and examined its effects on behavioral intentions for shared activities (Studies 2b and 3) as well as qualities of a planned date (Study 3). In Study 1, people thought they should engage in more growth-enhancing novel activities when bored (but not more security-restorative ones). However, for likely ratings (Study 1) and behavioral intentions (Studies 2b and 3), there were inconsistent findings for the idea that boredom prompts novel shared activities. Instead, in the context of relational boredom, people consistently displayed a pattern of being less likely to engage in security-restorative familiar shared activities.
Unconventional Expressions: Productive syntax in the L2 acquisition of formulaic language
Authors: Bardovi-Harlig Kathleen , Stringer David
Published: July 2016

This article presents a generative analysis of the acquisition of formulaic language as an alternative to current usage-based proposals. One influential view of the role of formulaic expressions in second language (L2) development is that they are a bootstrapping mechanism into the L2 grammar; an initial repertoire of constructions allows for statistical induction of abstract grammatical categories, such that formulaic language is the data source from which syntactic rules are derived. This study brings evidence to bear on this debate from three studies of the acquisition of conventional expressions by L2 learners of English. A total of 271 learners and 58 native speakers completed either an oral conversation-simulation task or an aural-written elicited imitation task. The data show that while learners exhibit knowledge of both contextualized use and the lexical core of conventional expressions, production data reflect the morphosyntactic knowledge of learners at particular stages of development. Formulaic language does not drive the acquisition of syntax; rather, the acquisition of syntax as an independent process drives changes in the production of conventional expressions. Their gradual transformations allow for insights not only into the acquisition of syntax, but also into the nature of multi-word expressions in the mental lexicon.
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression: 20 years on
Authors: Goodwin Guy M
Published: July 2016

In 1997, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence supported the involvement of the frontal lobes and indeed the brain in depression. This was a challenge to conventional phenomenology and linked with the imperative to use neuroscience to understand major mental illness. Since that time, we are seeing ever more convincing evidence for the genetic basis of mental illness (including depression), relevant abnormality in grey and white matter and neuropsychological analysis of brain function. It has proved more difficult to pin down structural abnormality in major depression at the cellular level, but a focus on glial cells is increasingly justified by the evidence. Neuroscience continues to be a buttress against anti-scientific impulses in psychiatry and can help attract young people to enter it as a profession.
MRI of cerebral micro-vascular flow patterns: A multi-direction diffusion-weighted ASL approach
Authors: Wells JA , Thomas DL , Saga T , Kershaw J , Aoki I
Published: July 2016

The study and clinical assessment of brain disease is currently hindered by a lack of non-invasive methods for the detailed and accurate evaluation of cerebral vascular pathology. Angiography can detect aberrant flow in larger feeding arteries/arterioles but cannot resolve the micro-vascular network. Small vessels are a key site of vascular pathology that can lead to haemorrhage and infarction, which may in turn trigger or exacerbate neurodegenerative processes. In this study, we describe a method to investigate microvascular flow anisotropy using a hybrid arterial spin labelling and multi-direction diffusion-weighted MRI sequence. We present evidence that the technique is sensitive to the mean/predominant direction of microvascular flow in localised regions of the rat cortex. The data provide proof of principle for a novel and non-invasive imaging tool to investigate cerebral micro-vascular flow patterns in healthy and disease states.
The Contingency of Constructivism: On Norms, the Social, and the Third
Authors: Kessler Oliver
Published: July 2016

This article argues that constructivism has not engaged with the concept of contingency sufficiently. While such noted constructivists as Onuf, Kratochwil, and Wendt often refer to ‘double contingency’, it is the concept of ‘norms’ rather than ‘contingency’ that is used to characterise constructivist theorising in International Relations (IR). In this article, I outline how moderate and radical constructivists differ in their take on norms and thereby establish how the problem of contingency is actually at the core of constructivist theorising. The discussion then shows how Kratochwil, Onuf, and Wendt have made use of double contingency while moderate constructivists have re-introduced the single actor to show how norms ‘cause’ action. The third part moves beyond the double contingency framework. By differentiating ‘the social’ from ‘society’, this section shows that a ‘third’ position can be identified. The concept of ‘triple contingency’ then could be a way ahead for the theoretical discussion on constructivism itself.
Repetitive Stresses Generate Osteochondral Lesions in Skeletally Immature Rabbits
Authors: Stone Austin V. , Little Kevin J. , Glos David L. , Stringer Keith F. , Wall Eric J.
Published: July 2016

Background:

The origin of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is unknown. Existing experimental animal models of OCD most frequently involve surgically created lesions but do not examine repetitive stress as a possible cause of OCD.

Hypothesis:

Repetitive stresses can cause OCD-like lesions in immature animals.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Six juvenile rabbits were subjected to repetitive loading forces of approximately 160% body weight to the right hindlimb during five 45-minute sessions per week for 5 weeks. The contralateral limb was the unloaded control. After 5 weeks, rabbits were euthanized and examined with radiographs, micro–computed tomography, and gross and histopathologic analysis.

Results:

All 6 rabbits developed osteochondral lesions in loaded limbs on the medial and lateral femoral condyles, while contralateral unloaded limbs did not demonstrate lesions. Loaded limbs developed relative osteopenia in the femoral epiphysis and tibial metaphysis with associated decreased trabecular density. Loaded limbs also demonstrated increased femoral subchondral bone thickness near the lesions. Lesions did not have grossly apparent extensive articular cartilage damage; however, cartilage thickness increased on histology with reduced ossification. Loaded knees demonstrated abundant chondrocyte cloning, limited cartilage fissuring, and a focal loss of cellularity at the articular surface.

Conclusion:

Low-grade lesions in human OCD have little gross articular cartilage involvement despite substantial changes to the subchondral bone as shown on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographs. Histopathology findings in this study included cartilage thickening and chondrocyte cloning resembling those of recently published human OCD biopsy studies. Our animal model supports the hypothesis that repetitive stress to immature knees may contribute to the development of human OCD. This model may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology and healing of human OCD.

Clinical Relevance:

Repetitive physiologic stress generated changes to the subchondral bone in immature animals without causing extensive articular damage. The similarities of these lesions in gross and histologic appearance with human OCD support repetitive stress as the likely the cause for human OCD.
Meta-analysis of the Interval between the Onset and Management of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Dagani Jessica , Signorini Giulia , Nielssen Olav , Bani Moira , Pastore Adriana , Girolamo Giovanni de , Large Matthew
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To evaluate the length of the interval between the onset and the initial management of bipolar disorder (BD).

Method:

We conducted a meta-analysis using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Systematic searches located studies reporting estimates of the age of onset (AOO) and indicators of the age at initial management of BD. We calculated a pooled estimate of the interval between AOO and age at management. Factors influencing between-study heterogeneity were investigated using sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, and multiple meta-regression.

Results:

Twenty-seven studies, reporting 51 samples and a total of 9415 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimate for the interval between the onset of BD and its management was 5.8 years (standardized difference, .53; 95% confidence interval, .45 to .62). There was very high between-sample heterogeneity ( I2 = 92.6; Q = 672). A longer interval was found in studies that defined the onset according to the first episode (compared to onset of symptoms or illness) and defined management as age at diagnosis (rather than first treatment or first hospitalization). A longer interval was reported among more recently published studies, among studies that used a systematic method to establish the chronology of illness, among studies with a smaller proportion of bipolar I patients, and among studies with an earlier mean AOO.

Conclusions:

There is currently little consistency in the way researchers report the AOO and initial management of BD. However, the large interval between onset and management of BD presents an opportunity for earlier intervention.
Neither fish nor fowl: Mercantile seamen on armed merchant cruisers in the Great War
Authors: Fisher John
Published: July 2016

Recent scholarship has re-focused attention on British economic strategy in the Great War, and the role of armed merchant cruisers in blockading Germany’s maritime trade, mainly through the ‘Northern Patrol’. Armed merchant cruisers were crewed by regular Royal Navy sailors and by volunteers from the Royal Navy Reserve or Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, but also by ordinary merchant seamen who were not necessarily volunteers and who were transferred over with their ships as Royal Navy auxiliaries through T124 agreements. Their particular status as neither regular Royal Navy ratings nor civilian merchant seamen gave rise to problems which occasionally spilled over into industrial action, interpreted as mutiny. This article identifies the main causes of these problems and analyses the relationship between Royal Navy officers and these merchant seamen, who served together in these hybrid warships.
Communist made at sea and in port: Maritime class relations during the Second World War
Authors: Locke Cybèle
Published: July 2016

This article analyses New Zealand seafarer Gordon Harold (Bill) Andersen’s growing class consciousness as he experienced class relations at sea and in port during the Second World War. Oral histories of New Zealanders who served in the Merchant Navy demonstrate that, despite the pressures of patriotism to supply the war effort against fascism, there were efforts to form solidarities and enact everyday resistances to the brutal conditions experienced on ship and in port.
Sailors and their pets: Men and their companion animals aboard early twentieth-century Finnish sailing ships
Authors: Mäenpää Sari
Published: July 2016

Pets were commonly carried aboard Finnish windjammers by crewmembers. This article argues that the explanation for this practice lies in gender hierarchy and power relations in male–male relationships. These relations are perceived through different categories of masculinities according to the theory of hegemonic masculinity. Almost all ocean-going sailing ships had pets. Dogs and cats were especially important to sailors on an emotional level. In homosocial environments, homophobia prevented the physical closeness between men. Therefore, animals provided a safe channel for sailors to exhibit, as well as receive, affection. The presence of animals was part of the sailors’ self-image of being close to nature. Sailors in these last sailing ships were living the masculine ideal of the deep-sea seafarer in the golden age of sail. However, sailors were longing for domesticity and therefore created domestic conditions aboard ship, with their pets contributing to that particular home environment.
The emergence of the engineer in the British merchant shipping industry, 1812–1863
Authors: Milburn R G
Published: July 2016

This research note traces the emergence of the marine steam engineer in Britain from 1812 to 1860. It examines the development of the British merchant steam fleet and its need for engineers. Crew lists, muster rolls, certificate of service application forms and Parliamentary Papers are examined to reveal the numbers of men seeking to become qualified engineers, and their birthplace, age and training. Consideration is given to the career patterns of marine steam engineers, their relationship to other seafaring ranks, notably firemen and trimmers, the creation of personal wealth and new businesses by some engineers, and the place of their emerging profession in the social context of the era. Administrative and legislative change – essentially, from freedom to control and certification – is identified as a key element in the professionalization of engineers, leading to the establishment of the Institutes of Civil Engineers, Mechanical Engineers and, finally in 1888, Marine Engineers.
Relations Among Victimization, Witnessing, and Perpetration of Aggression: Impact of Gender Among Youth Offenders
Authors: Tisak Marie S. , Tisak John , Baker Erin R. , Graupensperger Scott A.
Published: July 2016

The participants included 251 (158 males; 93 females) youth offenders who were arrested and incarcerated in a juvenile facility in the Midwest United States. The aims were to assess (a) how often they were a victim, a witness, and/or a perpetrator of social aggression, simple assault, and aggravated assault during the past year; (b) to examine whether exposure (either witness or victim or both) predicted committing three types of aggressive behaviors; and (c) to assess the impact of gender among the youth offenders. Differential predictability models were utilized to assess gender differences. The findings revealed that gender was an important predictor. For example, females reported higher rates of being a witness, a victim, and a perpetrator of social aggression than did males. Moreover, female offenders committed simple assault more often than males and males committed aggravated assault more often than females. The general results suggest that it is important to examine the various forms of aggression, and exposure, as well as how gender affects these relationships.
Isothermal kinetics and thermodynamics studies of curing reaction of epoxy-aromatic diamine reinforced with epoxy functional MWCNT
Authors: Barghamadi Mohammad
Published: July 2016

This study reports the cure kinetics and thermodynamics of an epoxy functional multiwall carbon nanotube-containing epoxy nanocomposite obtained by the polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with diaminodiphenyl sulfone as a curing agent through isothermal technique of differential scanning calorimetry. Isothermal kinetic parameters including reaction orders ( m, n), rate constants ( k1, k2), activation energy ( Ea), and pre-exponential factor ( A) were estimated using Kamal autocatalytic model. The model gives a good description of curing kinetics at various temperatures prior to the onset of vitrification. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (Δ H#), entropy (Δ S#), and Gibbs free energy (Δ G#) changes were also determined using the rate constants from the isothermal kinetic analysis and transition state theory. The thermodynamic functions were shown to be very sensitive parameters for the evaluation of the cure reaction.
Influences of the fuel injection parameters on the first-cycle firing and the combustion characteristics during the direct-start process for a gasoline direct-injection engine
Authors: Xie Fangxi , Su Yan , Hong Wei , Li Xiangyu , Li Xiaoping , Jiang Beiping
Published: July 2016

The direct-start method without requiring a starter is a viable and cost-effective solution for generating a frequent and efficient restarting process when start–stop technology is used on a gasoline direct-injection engine. During the direct-start process, the first-cycle combustion characteristics play a key role in determining whether the start mode is successful or not, because the start energy is wholly derived from the in-cylinder combustion without the support of a starter motor on the gasoline direct-injection engine. However, the first-cycle fuel–air mixing and combustion characteristics during the direct-start process of a gasoline direct-injection engine are not fully understood. In this work, the influences of the injection parameters, including the delay between the injection and ignition, the excess air ratio for the single-injection strategy, the delay between the first injection and the second injection for the dual-injection strategy and the ratio of the fuel mass in the first injection to the fuel mass in the second injection for the dual-injection strategy, on the combustion pressure, the heat release rate, the accumulated heat release and the indicated work were investigated experimentally by cycle-by-cycle analysis. The results show that the optimal delay between the injection and ignition of the single-injection strategy was 200 ms as a longer delay or a shorter delay can result in a reduction in the heat released rate, the indicated work and the firing boundary. A shorter delay with the optimal injected fuel mass tended to be more beneficial to the accumulated heat released, the indicated work and the crankshaft speed. Furthermore, with increasing delay and increasing fuel ratio of the fuel mass in the first injection to the fuel mass in the second injection for the dual-injection strategy, the heat release rate, the accumulated heat release and the indicated work first increased and then decreased. The optimum delay was 10 ms and the ratios of the fuel mass in the first injection to the fuel mass in the second injection were 4/1 and 5/1 respectively under the test conditions. Additionally, the dual-injection strategy with an optimized control parameter produced a higher heat release and higher indicated work than the single-injection strategy did.
Enhancing the yaw stability and the manoeuvrability of a heavy vehicle in difficult scenarios by an emergency threat avoidance manoeuvre
Authors: Yakub Fitri , Abu Aminudin , Mori Yasuchika
Published: July 2016

This study aims to investigate the switching model predictive control strategy for a heavy-vehicle system in order to coordinate the actuator between active rear steering and differential braking control manoeuvres for emergency threat avoidance in difficult environments. We present the controller performances for the lateral dynamic behaviour, the yaw stability and the manoeuvrability of a vehicle when subjected to a sudden threat or disturbance such as a gust of wind, a road bank angle or a split- μ road surface in order to enable a fast safe lane-change trajectory to be followed. The vehicle was driven at a medium forward speed and a high forward speed in order to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in avoiding the threat, maintaining the stability and enablinge a fast safe lane-change trajectory to be followed. We compared two different controllers (a model predictive controller and a switching model predictive controller) for two different control manoeuvres (active rear steering with differential braking control and active rear steering with direct yaw moment control). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed switching model predictive control method provides an improved fast safe lane-change manoeuvre in a threat avoidance scenario for both control manoeuvres. It also demonstrated that the proposed active rear steering with differential braking control is more useful for maintaining the stability of the vehicle in a threat avoidance scenario with disturbance effects than is active rear steering with direct yaw moment control.
Muscle–tendon unit scaling methods of Hill-type musculoskeletal models: An overview
Authors: Heinen Frederik , Lund Morten E , Rasmussen John , de Zee Mark
Published: July 2016

This article gives an overview of the state of the art in scaling methods of generic Hill-type muscle model parameters in view of different applications and implementation of experimental data. This article establishes the requirements used to alter a generic model toward subject-specific musculoskeletal models. This article aims to improve model transparency by a structured description of scaling methods and the associated limitations in musculoskeletal models and highlight the importance of selecting a scaling method supporting the purpose of the model.
The curious case of the self-refuting straw man: Trafimow and Earp’s response to Klein
Authors: Klein Stanley B.
Published: July 2016

In their critique of Klein (2014b), Trafimow and Earp present two theses. First, they argue that, contra Klein, a well-specified theory is not a necessary condition for successful replication. Second, they contend that even when there is a well-specified theory, replication depends more on auxiliary assumptions than on theory proper. I take issue with both claims, arguing that (a) their first thesis confuses a material conditional (what I said) with a modal claim (Trafimow and Earp’s misreading of what I said) and (b) their second thesis has the unfortunate consequence of refuting their first thesis.
Adverse effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs on HepG2 cell bioenergetics
Authors: Elmorsy E , Attalla SM , Fikry E , Kocon A , Turner R , Christie D , Warren A , Nwidu LL , Carter WG
Published: July 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) is an intractable chronic infection. Disease treatment with anti-TB drugs remains challenging due to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The toxicity of the anti-TB drugs rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) either alone or in combination was investigated in HepG2 cells. Assays of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels at 4-, 24- and 48-h post-exposure to gradient concentrations of RIF, INH and PZA were conducted. Drug-induced effects on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial complex I and complex III activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels and cellular lactate production were assessed. Decreased ATP levels were dose-dependent and correlated with drug exposure duration. Approximate 24-h IC50s were 0.5 mM, 70 mM and 84 mM for RIF, INH and PZA, respectively. Twenty-four hours post-drug treatment, reductions of MMP ( p = 0.0005), mitochondrial complex I and III activities ( p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0003, respectively), NAD+ levels ( p = 0.0057) and increased lactate production ( p < 0.0001) were observed. Drug combinations used to mimic cumulative drug treatments induced a synergistic inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity. An assessment of cellular ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy indicated drug-induced mitophagy. Collectively, our study suggests that hepatotoxicity of commonly employed anti-TB drugs is mediated by their curtailment of mitochondrial function.
Serum paraoxonase activity and oxidative stress levels in patients with cutaneous anthrax
Authors: Karadas S , Aslan M , Ceylan MR , Sunnetcioglu M , Bozan N , Kara H , Demir H
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by the aerobic sporeforming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It has been suggested that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of B. anthracis. The aim of this study was to investigate serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, catalase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in patients with cutaneous anthrax.

Materials and methods:

Fifteen patients with cutaneous anthrax and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The serum MDA levels, SOD levels, paraoxonase, arylesterase, and catalase activities were measured using a spectrophotometer.

Results:

The serum SOD levels, paraoxonase, arylesterase, and catalase activities were significantly lower in patients with cutaneous anthrax than in controls (for all, p < 0.001), whereas MDA levels were significantly higher ( p < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between serum paraoxonase activity, arylesterase activity, SOD levels, and MDA levels (all, p > 0.05) in patients with cutaneous anthrax.

Conclusions:

The current study was the first to show decreased antioxidant levels and increased oxidant levels in patients with cutaneous anthrax. Therefore, decreased PON1 activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous anthrax.
Ameliorative effect of vitamin C against hepatotoxicity induced by emamectin benzoate in rats
Authors: Khaldoun Oularbi H , Richeval C , Lebaili N , Zerrouki-Daoudi N , Baha M , Djennas N , Allorge D
Published: July 2016

In the present study, we aimed to assess the potential protective effect of ascorbic acid (AA) against emamectin benzoate (EMB)-induced hepatotoxicity. For this purpose, biochemical, histopathological and analytical investigations were performed. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups, that is, a control group, an EMB group given 10 mg EMB/kg body weight (BW) by gavage and an EMB + AA group given 10 mg EMB/kg BW and vitamin C intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg). The duration of the treatment was 28 days and the duration of the study was 42 days. There was a statistically significant increase of all hepatic biomarkers, that is, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities, and glycemia, in EMB-treated group when compared with the control group. Light microscopic observations revealed variable signs of hepatotoxicity in the EMB group, which were represented by alteration of normal hepatic architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, hepatocellular steatosis and foci of necrosis at 28 and 42 days post-treatment. However, co-treatment with vitamin C reduced EMB-related liver toxicity and diminished the abnormal biochemical and architectural damage. Emamectin B1a and B1b residues were detectable in all plasma samples of treated rats at 14, 21 and 28 days of treatment. The drug liver tissue concentration was significantly lower in EMB + AA group compared with EMB group at 28 and 42 days. In conclusion, the findings of the present study clearly indicate a significant protective action of vitamin C against EMB hepatotoxicity.
Joint modeling of longitudinal zero-inflated count and time-to-event data: A Bayesian perspective
Authors: Zhu Huirong , DeSantis Stacia M , Luo Sheng
Published: July 2016

Longitudinal zero-inflated count data are encountered frequently in substance-use research when assessing the effects of covariates and risk factors on outcomes. Often, both the time to a terminal event such as death or dropout and repeated measure count responses are collected for each subject. In this setting, the longitudinal counts are censored by the terminal event, and the time to the terminal event may depend on the longitudinal outcomes. In the study described herein, we expand the class of joint models for longitudinal and survival data to accommodate zero-inflated counts and time-to-event data by using a Cox proportional hazards model with piecewise constant baseline hazard. We use a Bayesian framework via Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations implemented in the BUGS programming language. Via an extensive simulation study, we apply the joint model and obtain estimates that are more accurate than those of the corresponding independence model. We apply the proposed method to an alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study.
Financial Barriers to Health Care Among Mexican Americans With Chronic Disease and Depression or Anxiety in El Paso, Texas
Authors: Salinas Jennifer J. , Heyman Josiah M. , Brown Louis D.
Published: July 2016

Purpose: To determine the barriers to health care access by chronic disease and depression/anxiety diagnosis in Mexican Americans living in El Paso, TX. Design: A secondary analysis was conducted using data for 1,002 Hispanics from El Paso, TX (2009-2010). Logistic regression was conducted for financial barriers by number of chronic conditions and depression/anxiety diagnosis. Interaction models were conducted between number of chronic conditions and depression or anxiety. Results: Depressed/anxious individuals reported more financial barriers than those with chronic conditions alone. There were significant interactions between number of chronic conditions and depression/anxiety for cost, denied treatment because of an inability to pay, and an inability to pay $25 for health care. Conclusion: Financial barriers should be considered to maintain optimal care for both mental and physical health in this population. Implications for Practice: There should be more focus on the impact of depression or anxiety as financial barriers to compliance.
Accurate Measurement of First Metatarsophalangeal Range of Motion in Patients With Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Vulcano Ettore , Tracey Joseph A. , Myerson Mark S.
Published: July 2016

Background:

The reliability of range of motion (ROM) measurements has not been established for the hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint in patients with hallux rigidus. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess the clinical versus radiographic difference in ROM of the arthritic hallux MTP joint.

Method:

One hundred consecutive patients who presented with any grade of hallux rigidus were included in this prospective study to determine the hallux MTP range of motion. Clinical range of motion using a goniometer and radiographic range of motion on dynamic x-rays was recorded.

Results:

The mean difference between clinical and radiographic dorsiflexion was 13 degrees ( P < .001). For all measurements, clinical dorsiflexion was equal to or less than radiographically measured dorsiflexion. The difference was significantly greater in patients with a clinical dorsiflexion of less than 30 degrees than in patients with 30 degrees or more. Radiographic measurement of hallux dorsiflexion had an excellent intra- and interobserver reliability.

Conclusion:

We describe a reliable, reproducible, and straightforward method of measuring hallux MTP ROM that improved upon measuring clinical ROM.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, prospective comparative study.
Muscle and Joint Factors Associated With Forefoot Deformity in the Diabetic Neuropathic Foot
Authors: Cheuy Victor A. , Hastings Mary K. , Commean Paul K. , Mueller Michael J.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Diabetic forefoot joint deformities are a known risk factor for skin breakdown and amputation, but the causes of deformity are not well understood. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle deterioration and limited ankle joint mobility on the severity of metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) deformity, and determine the relationships between these potential contributing factors and indicators of diabetic complications (peripheral neuropathy and advanced glycation end products).

Methods:

A total of 34 participants with diabetic neuropathy (average age, 59 years; range 41-73) were studied. MTPJ angle and intrinsic foot muscle deterioration were measured with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion was measured using kinematics. Skin intrinsic fluorescence served as a proxy measure for advanced glycation end product accumulation.

Results:

Total forefoot lean muscle volume ( r = −0.52, P < .01) and maximum ankle dorsiflexion ( r = −0.42, P < .05) were correlated with severity of MTPJ deformity. Together they explained 35% of the variance of MTPJ angle. Neuropathy was correlated with forefoot muscle deterioration ( ρ = 0.53, P < .01). Skin intrinsic fluorescence was correlated to severity of neuropathy ( r = 0.50, P < .01) but not maximum ankle dorsiflexion, or forefoot deterioration when controlling for neuropathy.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that the interplay of intrinsic foot muscle deterioration and limited ankle mobility may be the primary contributor to the development of MTPJ deformity. Identifying these muscle and ankle motion impairments as risk factors for MTPJ deformity supports the need for targeted interventions early in the disease process to slow, or possibly stop the progression of deformity over time and reduce the risk of amputation.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.