bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eco-InfoVis at Work
Authors: Castelli Nico , Taugerbeck Sebastian , Stein Martin , Jakobi Timo , Stevens Gunnar , Wulf Volker
Published: January 2020

Currently, there is a broad range of studies dealing with the design and visualization of energy consumption data for the domestic and increasingly for the office context. However, studies addressing the industrial context are quite rare, and due to the diversity of machines, processes, tasks, personal motivations, teams and the specific organizational culture of companies, it is not sufficient to provide only consumption data. For an adequate consideration of these factors, detailed design guidelines and system concepts are currently missing. However, this study shows the potential that a common understanding of consumption data can emerge through suitable visualization to support everyday work and possibilities of data sharing. Therefore, we show exemplarily how a design can be derived from empirically collected requirements and how a system concept can look like that enrich current eco-feedback design research for the industrial context.
An Internet-less World?
Authors: Grandhi Sukeshini A , Plotnick Linda , Hiltz Starr Roxanne
Published: January 2020

In HCI research, non-use of systems, especially involuntary loss of use, is a relatively neglected topic. How do people perceive the impacts on their lives should the Internet go out for an extended period of time? Would it be a minor inconvenience or Armageddon? We took a Futures Studies approach to conduct a conceptualized future, scenario-based study with 754 responses to a survey of mostly students at three universities and used framing theory to help explicate the findings from qualitative data analysis. Our data show that most respondents do believe a long-term complete Internet outage is possible; however, perceptions in terms of what the impacts would be range widely. Most participants employ an egocentric frame to understand the impacts in terms of changes in their personal relationships and activities, with both gains and losses envisioned. A minority frame their visions in terms of the societal level, with severe infrastructure problems resulting. This paper is the first to explore perceptions of the potential impacts of an Internet outage and provide implications for preparedness and design.
"Pro-Amateur"-Driven Technological Innovation
Authors: Freeman Guo , McNeese Nathan , Bardzell Jeffrey , Bardzell Shaowen
Published: January 2020

The phenomenon of end-user driven technological practices such as DIY making, hacking, crafting, and open design/manufacturing is shaping debates in HCI and CSCW about participatory innovation dynamics. However, prior research also reveals two limitations, namely, unequal participation in decision-making and the neglect of middle-tier "pro-amateur" end users. In this paper, we use independent [indie] game development as a case to explore the above-mentioned two key issues. Specifically, we highlight the importance of small teams, "crafting," and "democracy" in supporting and facilitating middle-tier end-users' engagement with technology. Our focus on indie game developers, an understudied group of middle-tier end users in HCI and CSCW, offers new empirical evidence of the dynamic process through which pro-amateurs can participate in technological innovation. Understanding their practices and the socio-technological challenges that they face, therefore, informs the design of more participatory technologies that both allow hobbyists' and experts' innovation and support the technological practices performed by users who are at the middle-tier. This not only promotes the democratization of technology and bottom-up innovation but also adds nuance to existing literature on end-user driven technological practices.
Personal Data and Power Asymmetries in U.S. Collegiate Sports Teams
Authors: Kolovson Samantha , Liang Calvin , Munson Sean A. , Starbird Kate
Published: January 2020

Collaborations increasingly draw on personal data. We examine personal-data-supported collaborations in a high stakes, high-performance environment: collegiate sports. We conducted 22 interviews with people from four common roles within collegiate sports teams: athletes, sport coaches, athletic trainers, and strength and conditioning coaches. Using boundary negotiating artifacts as a lens for analysis, we describe an ecology of personal data in collaborations among these four roles. We use this ecology to highlight tensions and foreground issues of power asymmetry in these collaborations. To characterize these power asymmetries in the collaborative use of personal data, we propose an extension of boundary negotiating artifacts: extraction artifacts.
In Their Shoes
Authors: Wang Yihong , Papangelis Konstantinos , Lykourentzou Ioanna , Liang Hai-Ning , Sadien Irwyn , Demerouti Evangelia , Khan Vassilis-Javed
Published: January 2020

Despite the growing interest in crowdsourcing, this new labor model has recently received severe criticism. The most important point of this criticism is that crowdworkers are often underpaid and overworked. This severely affects job satisfaction and productivity. Although there is a growing body of evidence exploring the work experiences of crowdworkers in various countries, there have been a very limited number of studies to the best of our knowledge exploring the work experiences of Chinese crowdworkers. In this paper we aim to address this gap. Based on a framework of well-established approaches, namely the Job Demands-Resources model, the Work Design Questionnaire, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, we systematically study the work experiences of 289 crowdworkers who work for ZBJ.com - the most popular Chinese crowdsourcing platform. Our study examines these crowdworker experiences along four dimensions: (1) crowdsourcing job demands, (2) job resources available to the workers, (3) crowdwork experiences, and (4) platform commitment. Our results indicate significant differences across the four dimensions based on crowdworkers' gender, education, income, job nature, and health condition. Further, they illustrate that different crowdworkers have different needs and threshold of demands and resources and that this plays a significant role in terms of moderating the crowdwork experience and platform commitment. Overall, our study sheds light to the work experiences of the Chinese crowdworkers and at the same time contributes to furthering understandings related to the work experiences of crowdworkers.
“I just shared your responses”
Authors: Sannon Shruti , Stoll Brett , DiFranzo Dominic , Jung Malte F. , Bazarova Natalya N.
Published: January 2020

Conversational agents are increasingly becoming integrated into everyday technologies and can collect large amounts of data about users. As these agents mimic interpersonal interactions, we draw on communication privacy management theory to explore people's privacy expectations with conversational agents. We conducted a 3x3 factorial experiment in which we manipulated agents' social interactivity and data sharing practices to understand how these factors influence people's judgments about potential privacy violations and their evaluations of agents. Participants perceived agents that shared response data with advertisers more negatively compared to agents that shared such data with only their companies; perceptions of privacy violations did not differ between agents that shared data with their companies and agents that did not share information at all. Participants also perceived the socially interactive agent's sharing practices less negatively than those of the other agents, highlighting a potential privacy vulnerability that users are exposed to in interactions with socially interactive conversational agents.
More Than a Click
Authors: Wang Luping , Fussell Susan R.
Published: January 2020

Fake news can be disseminated on social media platforms due to users' inability to distinguish it from true news as well as the nature of heuristic-driven online sharing. We use in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 college student social media users to help build a picture of their sharing processes that can help platform designers and operators better combat fake news dissemination. Participants reflected on specific recently shared news pieces, including how the stories attracted attention, why they shared them, and their behavior after sharing. Interview results revealed different cognitive processes people engaged: before, during and after sharing. Before sharing, participants assessed the news content and evaluated the social value of sharing the particular news piece. During sharing, the audience of the post was selected. After sharing, users examined the feedback from others and revisited previous sharing decisions. The study highlights that decisions about news sharing involve a myriad of different considerations throughout different cognitive stages. Based on these findings, we discuss design implications for combating the sharing of fake news.
Remote Communication in Wilderness Search and Rescue
Authors: Jones Brennan , Tang Anthony , Neustaedter Carman
Published: January 2020

Wilderness search and rescue (WSAR) requires careful communication between workers in different locations. To understand the contexts from which WSAR workers communicate and the challenges they face, we interviewed WSAR workers and observed a mock-WSAR scenario. Our findings illustrate that WSAR workers face challenges in maintaining a shared mental model. This is primarily done through distributed communication using two-way radios and cell phones for text and photo messaging; yet both implicit and explicit communication suffer. WSAR workers send messages for various reasons and share different types of information with varying levels of urgency. This warrants the use of multiple communication modalities and information streams. However, bringing in more modalities introduces the risk of information overload, and thus WSAR workers today still primarily communicate remotely via the radio. Our work demonstrates opportunities for technology to provide implicit communication and awareness remotely, and to help teams maintain a shared mental model even when synchronous realtime communication is sparse. Furthermore, technology should be designed to bring together multiple streams of information and communication while making sure that they are presented in ways that aid WSAR workers rather than overwhelming them.
'Who Knows What'
Authors: Oeldorf-Hirsch Anne , Gergle Darren
Published: January 2020

Social networking sites are becoming increasingly popular venues for seeking information. To the extent that users can understand who knows what in their networks and target those friends appropriately, they can make effective use of the site as a knowledge base of information. This paper explores how targeting one's Facebook network when asking questions influences the breadth and quality of answers they receive. An experiment (N = 64) was conducted in which participants posted questions to their Facebook networks in four broadcast level conditions: status update to their full networks, status update to a custom subset of their networks, posting on a friend's Timeline, and sending a direct message. Results indicate that posting a question more broadly results in more information, which is moderated by perceptions of Facebook as a transactive memory system and as a source of social capital. However, informational and social value of responses is greatest when posting to a custom subset of their network. These results suggest that while targeting specific individuals may be the most effective means of gathering information in offline networks, the broadcast affordance of Facebook may be a more useful way to gather information on the site.?
Measuring the Diversity of Facebook Reactions to Research
Authors: Freeman Cole , Alhoori Hamed , Shahzad Murtuza
Published: January 2020

Online and in the real world, communities are bonded together by emotional consensus around core issues. Emotional responses to scientific findings often play a pivotal role in these core issues. When there is too much diversity of opinion on topics of science, emotions flare up and give rise to conflict. This conflict threatens positive outcomes for research. Emotions have the power to shape how people process new information. They can color the public's understanding of science, motivate policy positions, even change lives. And yet little work has been done to evaluate the public's emotional response to science using quantitative methods. In this paper, we use a dataset of responses to scholarly articles on Facebook to analyze the dynamics of emotional valence, intensity, and diversity. We present a novel way of weighting click-based reactions that increases their comprehensibility, and use these weighted reactions to develop new metrics of aggregate emotional responses. We use our metrics along with LDA topic models and statistical testing to investigate how users' emotional responses differ from one scientific topic to another. We find that research articles related to gender, genetics, or agricultural/environmental sciences elicit significantly different emotional responses from users than other research topics. We also find that there is generally a positive response to scientific research on Facebook, and that articles generating a positive emotional response are more likely to be widely shared---a conclusion that contradicts previous studies of other social media platforms.
Investigating Paradigms of Group Territory in Multiple Display Environments
Authors: Niu Shuo , McCrickard D. Scott , Nguyen Julia , Haqq Derek , Kotut Lindah , Stelter Timothy L. , Fox Edward A.
Published: January 2020

Multiple-display environments (MDEs) have promise in helping co-located sensemaking tasks by supporting searching, organizing, and discussion tasks. Co-located sensemaking occurs when two or more sensemakers forage for useful information within a dataset, creating and leveraging knowledge structures individually and together. Group territories in MDEs support communicating and assembling findings, but questions remain regarding how to best represent individual sensemaking efforts in the group territory to support the sensemaking collaboration. This paper empirically examines exploration of a large Twitter dataset using three group territory paradigms: parallel, connected, and merged. Results reveal that merging group work increases task complexity while separating individuals' sections in the group territory supports monitoring, and more interactions are performed when individual work is not connected in the group territory.
On Moderating Software Crowdsourcing Challenges
Authors: de Souza Cleidson R. B. , Machado Leticia S. , Melo Ricardo Rodrigo M.
Published: January 2020

Crowdsourcing divides a task into small pieces that are carried out by the crowd. In Software Engineering, crowdsourcing divides the software development tasks of to be carried out online by the crow and is simply called Software Crowdsourcing (SW CS). Most SW CS platforms support this emerging software development strategy and operate within a framework of competition among the crowd. Competitive SW CS platforms intentionally minimize communication and collaboration among the parties involved (customer, platform, and crowd) while they compete in the software development tasks. The goal of this paper is to investigate platform moderators in SW CS challenges. Platform moderators are individuals who work for the SW CS platforms to mediate customer and crowd. A qualitative analysis of the content of the communication forums hosted on the TopCoder platform was performed to analyze the messages exchanged by the platform moderators and the crowd. Our empirical results indicate that co-pilots enforce and, at the same time, extend the limitations of the documentation associated with the tasks to support crowd members, provide technical help to crowd members during the competitions, and engage the crowd in the challenges. Co-pilots are organized, work diligently, worrying about being fair, and, at the same time, seeking to find a balance between autonomy and dependency on the customer. We conclude by providing insights to improve the design of software crowdsourcing platforms.
Understanding the Challenges for Bangladeshi Women to Participate in #MeToo Movement
Authors: Moitra Aparna , Hassan Naeemul , Mandal Manash Kumar , Bhuiyan Mansurul , Ahmed Syed Ishtiaque
Published: January 2020

A series of events in October 2017 led to the initiation of an unprecedented global feminist movement over various social media platforms, where using the hashtag #MeToo (or some variants of it), women across the world publicly shared their untold stories of being sexually harassed. We conducted an anonymous online survey (n=180) and an interview study (n=30) to understand the participation of Bangladeshi women in this movement. Our study concurs that while Bangladeshi women, who are regular users of social media, supported the spirit of this movement; did not participate in it, even though they had many bitter experiences. Our analysis shows that their non-participation was largely influenced by a cultural difference, patriarchy, perceived futility and lack of hope, and a reliance on alternatives. We discuss how our findings of women's use of technology platforms, which is conditioned and limited by male-dominated and conservative Bangladeshi society, relates to the broader issues in feminism that the GROUP community is interested in.
"We want to push the industry via communication"... Designing Communication Measures to Foster Gender Diversity in a Video Game Company
Authors: Ahmadi Michael , Eilert Rebecca , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker , Marsden Nicola
Published: January 2020

Participation of women in IT is still low and companies wonder which external communication measures are necessary to attract more female personnel. To gain a richer understanding of adequate gender sensitive ways of communicating towards girls and women, one needs to take into account contextual challenges. Following a Participatory Action Research approach, we conducted a qualitative field study in a video game company in a large city in Germany, identified areas of concern, and sketched out implications for gender-sensitive communication measures together with our participants. Findings show that addressing gender stereotypes, making role models visible, and using adequate channels is relevant. Some problems might be solved via short-term solutions, but the majority require a long-term perspective. Our lessons learned leave implications for companies in the IT sector who want to foster gender sensitive external communication measures and can contribute to the realization of more gender balanced working environments.
Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Juneja Prerna , Rama Subramanian Deepika , Mitra Tanushree
Published: January 2020

Transparency in moderation practices is crucial to the success of an online community. To meet the growing demands of transparency and accountability, several academics came together and proposed the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (SCP). In 2018, Reddit, home to uniquely moderated communities called subreddits, announced in its transparency report that the company is aligning its content moderation practices with the SCP. But do the moderators of subreddit communities follow these guidelines too? In this paper, we answer this question by employing a mixed-methods approach on public moderation logs collected from 204 subreddits over a period of five months, containing more than 0.5M instances of removals by both human moderators and AutoModerator. Our results reveal a lack of transparency in moderation practices. We find that while subreddits often rely on AutoModerator to sanction newcomer posts based on karma requirements and moderate uncivil content based on automated keyword lists, users are neither notified of these sanctions, nor are these practices formally stated in any of the subreddits' rules. We interviewed 13 Reddit moderators to hear their views on different facets of transparency and to determine why a lack of transparency is a widespread phenomenon. The interviews reveal that moderators' stance on transparency is divided, there is a lack of standardized process to appeal against content removal and Reddit's app and platform design often impede moderators' ability to be transparent in their moderation practices.
Amphibious and Sprawling Locomotion: From Biology to Robotics and Back
Authors: Ijspeert Auke J.
Published: January 2020

A milestone in vertebrate evolution, the transition from water to land, owes its success to the development of a sprawling body plan that enabled an amphibious lifestyle. The body, originally adapted for swimming, evolved to benefit from limbs that enhanced its locomotion capabilities on submerged and dry ground. The first terrestrial animals used sprawling locomotion, a type of legged locomotion in which limbs extend laterally from the body (as opposed to erect locomotion, in which limbs extend vertically below the body). This type of locomotion—exhibited, for instance, by salamanders, lizards, and crocodiles—has been studied in a variety of fields, including neuroscience, biomechanics, evolution, and paleontology. Robotics can benefit from these studies to design amphibious robots capable of swimming and walking, with interesting applications in field robotics, in particular for search and rescue, inspection, and environmental monitoring. In return, robotics can provide useful scientific tools to test hypotheses in neuroscience, biomechanics, and paleontology. For instance, robots have been used to test hypotheses about the organization of neural circuits that can switch between swimming and walking under the control of simple modulation signals, as well as to identify the most likely gaits of extinct sprawling animals. Here, I review different aspects of amphibious and sprawling locomotion, namely gait characteristics, neurobiology, numerical models, and sprawling robots, and discuss fruitful interactions between robotics and other scientific fields.
Addressing Health Equity in Public Health Practice: Frameworks, Promising Strategies, and Measurement Considerations
Authors: Liburd Leandris C. , Hall Jeffrey E. , Mpofu Jonetta J. , Williams Sheree Marshall , Bouye Karen , Penman-Aguilar Ana
Published: January 2020

This review describes the context of health equity and options for integrating equity into public health practice. We first discuss how the conceptualization of health equity and how equity considerations in US public health practice have been shaped by multidisciplinary engagements. We then discuss specific ways to address equity in core public health functions, provide examples of relevant frameworks and promising strategies, and discuss conceptual and measurement issues relevant to assessing progress in moving toward health equity. Challenges and opportunities and their implications for future directions are identified.
Psychosocial Stressors and Telomere Length: A Current Review of the Science
Authors: Rentscher Kelly E. , Carroll Judith E. , Mitchell Colter
Published: January 2020

A growing literature suggests that exposure to adverse social conditions may accelerate biological aging, offering one mechanism through which adversity may increase risk for age-related disease. As one of the most extensively studied biological markers of aging, telomere length (TL) provides a valuable tool to understand potential influences of social adversity on the aging process. Indeed, a sizeable literature now links a wide range of stressors to TL across the life span. The aim of this article is to review and evaluate this extant literature with a focus on studies that investigate psychosocial stress exposures and experiences in early life and adulthood. We conclude by outlining potential biological and behavioral mechanisms through which psychosocial stress may influence TL, and we discuss directions for future research in this area.
Disparities in Access to Oral Health Care
Authors: Northridge Mary E. , Kumar Anjali , Kaur Raghbir
Published: January 2020

In the United States, people are more likely to have poor oral health if they are low-income, uninsured, and/or members of racial/ethnic minority, immigrant, or rural populations who have suboptimal access to quality oral health care. As a result, poor oral health serves as the national symbol of social inequality. There is increasing recognition among those in public health that oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease and general health conditions such as obesity and diabetes are closely linked by sharing common risk factors, including excess sugar consumption and tobacco use, as well as underlying infection and inflammatory pathways. Hence, efforts to integrate oral health and primary health care, incorporate interventions at multiple levels to improve access to and quality of services, and create health care teams that provide patient-centered care in both safety net clinics and community settings may narrow the gaps in access to oral health care across the life course.
Sleep Health: An Opportunity for Public Health to Address Health Equity
Authors: Hale Lauren , Troxel Wendy , Buysse Daniel J.
Published: January 2020

The concept of sleep health provides a positive holistic framing of multiple sleep characteristics, including sleep duration, continuity, timing, alertness, and satisfaction. Sleep health promotion is an underrecognized public health opportunity with implications for a wide range of critical health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, mental health, and neurodegenerative disease. Using a socioecological framework, we describe interacting domains of individual, social, and contextual influences on sleep health. To the extent that these determinants of sleep health are modifiable, sleep and public health researchers may benefit from taking a multilevel approach for addressing disparities in sleep health. For example, in addition to providing individual-level sleep behavioral recommendations, health promotion interventions need to occur at multiple contextual levels (e.g., family, schools, workplaces, media, and policy). Because sleep health, a key indicator of overall health, is unevenly distributed across the population, we consider improving sleep health a necessary step toward achieving health equity.
Testing Statistical Charts: What Makes a Good Graph?
Authors: Vanderplas Susan , Cook Dianne , Hofmann Heike
Published: January 2020

It has been approximately 100 years since the very first formal experimental evaluations of statistical charts were conducted. In that time, technological changes have impacted both our charts and our testing methods, resulting in a dizzying array of charts, many different taxonomies to classify graphics, and several different philosophical approaches to testing the efficacy of charts and graphs experimentally. Once rare, charts and graphical displays are now everywhere—but do they help us understand? In this article we review the history of graphical testing across disciplines, discuss different direct approaches to testing graphics, and contrast direct tests with visual inference, which requires that the viewer determine both the question and the answer. Examining the past 100 years of graphical testing, we summarize best practices for creating effective graphics and discuss what the future holds for graphics and empirical testing of interactive statistical visualizations.
Statistical Methods for Extreme Event Attribution in Climate Science
Authors: Naveau Philippe , Hannart Alexis , Ribes Aurélien
Published: January 2020

Changes in the Earth's climate have been increasingly observed. Assessing the likelihood that each of these changes has been caused by human influence is important for decision making on mitigation and adaptation policy. Because of their large societal and economic impacts, extreme events have garnered much media attention—have they become more frequent and more intense, and if so, why? To answer such questions, extreme event attribution (EEA) tries to estimate extreme event likelihoods under different scenarios. Over the past decade, statistical methods and experimental designs based on numerical models have been developed, tested, and applied. In this article, we review the basic probability schemes, inference techniques, and statistical hypotheses used in EEA. To implement EEA analysis, the climate community relies on the use of large ensembles of climate model runs. We discuss, from a statistical perspective, how extreme value theory could help to deal with the different modeling uncertainties. In terms of interpretation, we stress that causal counterfactual theory offers an elegant framework that clarifies the design of event attributions. Finally, we pinpoint some remaining statistical challenges, including the choice of the appropriate spatio-temporal scales to enhance attribution power, the modeling of concomitant extreme events in a multivariate context, and the coupling of multi-ensemble and observational uncertainties.
A Rare Presentation of Orbital Castleman’s Disease
Authors: Goel Ruchi , Raut Akash , Agarwal Ayushi , Raghav Shweta , Kumar Sumit , Chaudhary Simmy , Golhait Priyanka , Kumar Sushil , Saran Ravindra
Published: January 2020

Castleman’s disease (CD) is an uncommon group of atypical lymphoproliferative disorders. Extranodal involvement such as the orbit is extremely rare. We aim to report a case of a 62-year-old male who presented with left painless proptosis for the past three years. Examination revealed a firm, lobulated mass in the left superotemporal orbit, displacing the globe inferomedially. A well-defined extraconal orbital lesion encasing the left lateral rectus muscle with intraconal extension was seen on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that led to the provisional diagnosis of left solitary encapsulated venous malformation. Excision of the mass via lateral orbitotomy was performed. However, on histopathology, the features were consistent with a mixed-cell variant of Castleman’s disease. A detailed systemic workup was unremarkable. Proptosis resolved after surgery and no recurrence was noted in the three-year follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a mixed-cell variant of unicentric orbital CD without any systemic features. This case highlights the importance of including CD in the differential diagnosis of well-defined orbital lesions so as to enable its early detection and timely management.
Optimizing Resource Discovery Technique in the P2P Grid Systems
Authors: Tun Wang , Pourqasem J. , Edalatpanah S. A.
Published: January 2020

Distributed discovery service is a main concept in the scalable and dynamic grid environments. In this paper, based on the super-peer technique, we propose a new topology for the grid discovery service. The model is designed in such a way that each super-peer within the cluster has the routing indices (RIs) based on cobweb and uses the hop-count routing index (HRI) to select the best neighbor. Besides, each super-peer includes a cache table, which stores the query and the query results. Furthermore, from the point of view of the response time and the number of submitted messages, we compare the new model with an existing method. An illustrative simulation is also presented to show the efficiency and validation of the new technique.
Novel Edible Coating of Starch-Based Stenospermocarpic Mango Prolongs the Shelf Life of Mango “Ataulfo” Fruit
Authors: Hernández-Guerrero Sara Elena , Balois-Morales Rosendo , Palomino-Hermosillo Yolotzin Apatzingán , López-Guzmán Graciela Guadalupe , Berumen-Varela Guillermo , Bautista-Rosales Pedro Ulises , Alejo-Santiago Gelacio
Published: January 2020

Edible coatings based on 2% starch (w/v) extracted from tropical fruits were applied on stenospermocarpic mango fruits with the objective to prolong its shelf life during storage and give them an added value since they have no commercial value. In this regard, stenospermocarpic mangoes were coated with starch from banana “Pear” (T1 and T2), starch from soursop (T3 and T4), and starch from stenospermocarpic mango (T5 and T6), and two uncoated control treatments (T7 and T8). The fruit of T1, T3, T5, and T7 treatments were stored for 15 days (10 days at 10 ± 2°C and then at 22 ± 2°C for 5 days). The fruit of T2, T4, T6, and T8 treatments were stored for 10 days at 22 ± 2°C. Data were analyzed with a 4×2 factorial experimental design. Weight loss (g), firmness (N), total soluble solids content (%), titratable acidity (%), and color (L∗h∗C∗) were evaluated. The fruit coated with mango starch (T5) showed less weight loss (2.57%), greater firmness (18.6 N), as well as a high content of TSS (28.76%) compared with the control. The T5 extended the shelf life of the fruit up to 15 days (10 days at 10 ± 2°C and 5 days at 22 ± 2°C).
Birth Intervals and Associated Factors among Women Attending Young Child Clinic in Yumbe Hospital, Uganda
Authors: Aleni M. , Mbalinda S. N. , Muhindo R.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. Evidence suggests that both short and long birth intervals are associated with poor maternal and child health outcomes. However, current studies suggest that a number of births still occur at short intervals. The aim of this study was to document birth intervals and associated factors among women of reproductive age in rural Uganda.Materials and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 296 women aged 15-49 years attending young child clinic at Yumbe Hospital who had at least two successive live births. Data was collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Birth interval was categorized according to the WHO-recommended birth interval of ≥24 months and <24 months.Results. Of the 296 participants, 86.6% desired a birthinterval≥24months with a desired median birth interval of 36 months. The actual median birth interval was 22 months. Slightly more than half of the women (52.4%) had short birth intervals. Factors which were likely to be associated with short birth intervals included being younger (15-24 years) (AOR=4.39,95%CI=1.49‐12.93,P=0.007), not planning to have another pregnancy (AOR=0.33,95%CI=0.18‐0.58,P=0.001), not deciding together with husband when to have the next child (AOR=3.10,95%CI=1.53‐6.28,P=0.002), not always using contraceptives before the next pregnancy (AOR=0.28,95%CI=0.12‐0.64,P=0.003), and lack of influence of husband on when to have the next child (AOR=2.59,95%CI=1.44–4.64,P=0.001).Conclusion. Prevalence of short birth intervals is still high in rural Uganda (52.4%), although majority (86.6%) of the women desire optimal birth intervals. Factors which were likely to be associated with short birth intervals included young maternal age, not using contraceptives, and lack of male involvement in child spacing activities. Therefore, to optimize birth intervals, focused child spacing strategies targeting young women and men are needed.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Peritalar Injuries in the Acute Trauma Setting: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Arain Abdul R. , Adams Curtis T. , Haddad Stefanos F. , Moral Muhammad , Young Joseph , Desai Khusboo , Rosenbaum Andrew J.
Published: January 2020

The bony and ligamentous structure of the foot is a complex kinematic interaction, designed to transmit force and motion in an energy-efficient and stable manner. Visible deformity of the foot or atypical patterns of swelling should raise significant concern for foot trauma. In some instances, disruption of either bony structure or supporting ligaments is identified years after injury due to chronic pain in the hindfoot or midfoot. This article will focus on injuries relating to the peritalar complex, the bony articulation between the tibia, talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones, supplemented with multiple ligamentous structures. Attention will be given to the five most common peritalar injuries to illustrate the nature of each and briefly describe methods for achieving the correct diagnosis in the context of acute trauma. This includes subtalar dislocations, chopart joint injuries, talar fractures, navicular fractures, and occult calcaneal fractures.
Toll-Like Receptors in Natural Killer Cells and Their Application for Immunotherapy
Authors: Noh Ji-Yoon , Yoon Suk Ran , Kim Tae-Don , Choi Inpyo , Jung Haiyoung
Published: January 2020

Innate immunity represents the first barrier for host defense against microbial infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most well-defined PRRs with respect to PAMP recognition and induction of innate immune responses. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger innate immune responses by inducing inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, antigen-presenting molecules, and costimulatory molecules. TLRs are expressed either on the cell surface or within endosomes of innate immune cells. NK cells are one of the innate immune cells and also express TLRs to recognize or respond to PAMPs. TLRs in NK cells induce the innate immune responses against bacterial and viral infections via inducing NK cytotoxicity and cytokine production. In this review, we will discuss the expression and cellular function of TLRs in NK cells and also introduce some therapeutic applications of TLR agonists for NK cell-mediated immunotherapy.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis on a SEM/EDS Phase Map of Rare Earth Minerals
Authors: Teng Chaoyi , Gauvin Raynald
Published: January 2020

The scanning electron microscope/X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) system is widely applied to rare earth minerals (REMs) to qualitatively describe their mineralogy and quantitatively determine their composition. The performance of multivariate statistical analysis on the EDS raw dataset can enhance the efficiency and the accuracy of phase identification. In this work, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the blind source separation (BSS) algorithms were performed on an EDS map of a REM sample, assisting to achieve an efficient phase map analysis. The PCA significantly denoised the phase map and was used as a preprocessing step for the following BSS. The BSS separated the mixed EDS signals into a set of physically interpretable components, bringing convenience to the phase separation and identification. Through the comparison between the independent component analysis (ICA) and the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms, the NMF was confirmed to be more suitable for the EDS mapping analysis.
Interferometer-in-Spectrometer for High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Liu Lishuang , Xie Jun , Liu Linbo , Chen Si
Published: January 2020

Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography provides an axial resolution of 1-2 μm for resolving cellular structures of biological tissues critical for the diagnosis of diseases. However, it requires a relatively large spectral bandwidth which is not supported by the key components of the imaging system. We propose a novel spectral-domain OCT design, termed interferometer-in-spectrometer, which is able to compensate the bandwidth limitations of the grating and the line scan sensor by spectral shaping without compromising the signal intensity and adding the system cost. The advantage of axial resolution and ranging depth over the standard design is experimentally validated using the standard testing method and fresh swine cornea ex vivo. Moreover, opportunities that opened up by this new scheme for improving the performances of spectral-domain OCT are also discussed.
Zone V Extensor Tendon Repair with a Palmaris Longus Tendon Autograft and Human Umbilical Membrane
Authors: Esquivel Esteban , Cox Cameron , Purcell Amanda , MacKay Brendan
Published: January 2020

Extensor tendon repairs, although common, can be difficult injuries to treat. Their treatment is tailored to the zone of the hand that is affected since varying biomechanical forces are applied to the tendon at each zone. Prompt treatment is necessary to prevent potential complications associated with these injuries. This is particularly true of Zone V extensor tendon injuries, as their mechanism is commonly a highly infectious human bite. We present the case of a human fight bite resulting in a Zone V extensor tendon injury. The delayed presentation of this case resulted in an untreated infection that caused an abscess with associated extensor tendon necrosis and rupture. Given the large gap length between the ends of the tendons, tendon repair was performed using a palmaris longus autograft. Even when these are done in a controlled setting, adhesions are common. The compromised wound bed caused irritation, erosion, and subsequent rupture of the extensor tendon of the hand. In an effort to avoid common complications such as adhesion, the repair was then wrapped with human umbilical membrane (AVIVE® Soft Tissue Membrane, AxoGen Inc., Alachua, FL) to separate adjacent tissue and reduce inflammation. Even without access to formal physical therapy, our patient had excellent functional outcomes at his final follow-up visit. The patient was able to make a loose composite fist, had no extensor lag at the MCP joints, and had extensor lag of 15 degrees at the PIP joints of digits 4-5.
Is Deterioration of Surface Properties of Resin Composites Affected by Filler Size?
Authors: Elbishari H. , Silikas N. , Satterthwaite J. D.
Published: January 2020

Statement of the problem. Resin composite restorations can lose their aesthetic properties in clinical service.Purpose. To investigate the effect of filler size on surface gloss and roughness of resin composites using a glossmeter and 3D noncontact surface topography, respectively, before and after tooth-brushing abrasion.Materials and Methods. Seven model resin composites and one commercial were tested in the study. All materials were first polished, and then the surface gloss and 2D and 3D roughness parameters were recorded. Materials are then subjected to abrasion in a tooth-brushing simulator. Roughness parameters were recorded after 10,000 cycles, and after 20,000 cycles, both roughness and gloss were recorded. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p<0.05) were used to analyze data.Conclusion. Filler size is strongly correlated to gloss and surface roughness retention.
A Novel Risk Score for Type 2 Diabetes Containing Sleep Duration: A 7-Year Prospective Cohort Study among Chinese Participants
Authors: Liu Xiangtong , Li Zhiwei , Zhang Jingbo , Chen Shuo , Tao Lixin , Luo Yanxia , Xu Xiaolin , Fine Jason Peter , Li Xia , Guo Xiuhua
Published: January 2020

Background. Sleep duration is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, few T2D risk scores include sleep duration. We aimed to develop T2D scores containing sleep duration and to estimate the additive value of sleep duration. Methods. We used data from 43,404 adults without T2D in the Beijing Health Management Cohort study. The participants were surveyed approximately every 2 years from 2007/2008 to 2014/2015. Sleep duration was calculated from the self-reported usual time of going to bed and waking up at baseline. Logistic regression was employed to construct the risk scores. Integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were used to estimate the additional value of sleep duration. Results. After a median follow-up of 6.8 years, we recorded 2623 (6.04%) new cases of T2D. Shorter (both 6-8 h/night and <6 h/night) sleep durations were associated with an increased risk of T2D (odds ratio OR=1.43, 95% confidence interval CI=1.30-1.59; OR=1.98, 95%CI=1.63-2.41, respectively) compared with a sleep duration of >8 h/night in the adjusted model. Seven variables, including age, education, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, parental history of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, and sleep duration, were selected to form the comprehensive score; the C-index was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.71-0.76) for the test set. The IDI and NRI values for sleep duration were 0.017 (95% CI: 0.012-0.022) and 0.619 (95% CI: 0.518-0.695), respectively, suggesting good improvement in the predictive ability of the comprehensive nomogram. The decision curves showed that women and individuals older than 50 had more net benefit. Conclusions. The performance of T2D risk scores developed in the study could be improved by containing the shorter estimated sleep duration, particularly in women and individuals older than 50.
The Multifarious Link between Cytochrome P450s and Cancer
Authors: Alzahrani Abdullah M. , Rajendran Peramaiyan
Published: January 2020

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cytochrome P450s (P450s) play an important role in the metabolism of endogenous as well as exogenous substances, especially drugs. Moreover, many P450s can serve as targets for disease therapy. Increasing reports of epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical research indicate that P450s are enzymes that play a major part in the formation of cancer, prevention, and metastasis. The purposes of this review are to shed light on the current state of knowledge about the cancer molecular mechanism involving P450s and to summarize the link between the cancer effects and the participation of P450s.
Design, Optimization, and Experiment on a Bioinspired Jumping Robot with a Six-Bar Leg Mechanism Based on Jumping Stability
Authors: Zhang Ziqiang , Chang Bin , Zhao Jing , Yang Qi , Liu Xingkun
Published: January 2020

A jumping leg with one degree of freedom (DOF) is characterized by high rigidity and simple control. However, robots are prone to motion failure because they might tip over during the jumping process due to reduced mechanism flexibility. Mechanism design, configuration optimization, and experimentation were conducted in this study to achieve jumping stability for a bioinspired robot. With locusts as the imitated object, a one-DOF jumping leg mechanism was designed taking Stephenson-type six-bar mechanism as reference, and kinematic and dynamic models were established. The rotation angle of the trunk and the total inertia moment were used as stability criteria, and the sensitivity of different links to the target was analyzed in detail. With high-sensitivity link lengths as the optimization parameters, a configuration optimization method based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed in consideration of the different constraint conditions of the jumping leg mechanism. Optimization results show that this method can considerably improve optimization efficiency. A prototype of the robot was developed, and the experiment showed that the optimized trunk rotation angle and total inertia moment were within a small range and can thus meet the requirements of jumping stability. This work provides a reference for the design of jumping and legged robots.