bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS AS INFLUENCED BY SALT CONCENTRATION
Authors: Kates M. , Sehgal S. N. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Cells of M. halodentitrificans grown in 1.0 M NaCl contained 11 ± 2% total lipids, of which about half was phosphatide. Seven lipid components were detected by chromatography, two of which were tentatively identified as phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol; lecithin was completely absent. No qualitative changes were found in the phospholipid or fatty acid constituents of cells grown in media containing different concentrations of sodium chloride, but cells grown in low salt concentration (0.6 M and 0.55 M) contained 7 to 10 times more unsaponifiable matter than cells grown at the optimal salt concentration (1.0 M). However, the addition of calcium, magnesium, or potassium to low-salt media restored the amount of unsaponifiable matter in cells to normal.
LYSOGENY IN RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII
Authors: Takahashi I. , Quadling C.
Published: February 2010

A phage-like particle (phage i) found in filtrates of Rhizobium trifolii (strain RT 9) did not produce plaques but induced development of two different phages in a presumed defective lysogenic strain (RT 10). These induced phages (phages 9 and 10) differed in their host ranges and produced plaques on strains RT 9 and RT 10, respectively. Phages 9 and 10 were closely related serologically and were distinct from phage i. Although ultraviolet irradiation resulted in the lysis of RT 10, no free phage was detectable in such lysates. Phage i particles had morphological, chemical, and physical properties similar to those of functional Rhizobium phages but did not produce plaques on any of 12 R. trifolii strains tested. Development of phage i could be induced with ultraviolet irradiation or by treatment with mitomycin C.
CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS S.19
Authors: Hauschild Andreas H. W. , Pivnick Hilliard
Published: February 2010

An apparatus is described for the continuous growth of bacteria. Brucella abortus S.19 has been grown in continuous culture for periods up to 3 weeks with populations up to 2 × 1011viable cells per ml and without the establishment of nonsmooth variants.Concentrations between 3 × 109and 2 × 1011cells per ml could be maintained as a function of the dilution rate without the requirement of a known limiting factor in the medium. In a series of steady-state conditions, the specific growth rate increased steadily up to 0.28 hour−1with decreasing population levels.Incidence of mutants was governed by the dilution rate and could also be reduced by various chelating substances.In continuous growth combined with continuous dialysis, population levels were approximately twice those obtained in continuous growth without dialysis. The effect of dialysis appears to be the continuous removal of growth-limiting metabolic products.
THE PYRUVIC DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEM OF CLOSTRIDIUM PASTEURIANUM
Authors: Westlake D. W. S. , Shug A. L. , Wilson P. W.
Published: February 2010

The pyruvic dehydrogenase system of Clostridium pasteurianum has been shown to catalyze a multistep reaction. Spectrophotometric experiments with aged and dialyzed preparations have implicated flavin, the hydrogenase system, and iron in this reaction. Molybdenum, which is not required for the normal action of the hydrogenase system, is needed in some form for the reduction of one-electron acceptors. The carbon monoxide combining component of this system is not of the hemochromogen type and must be in the reduced state before combining with carbon monoxide. A scheme is presented for the liberation of hydrogen from pyruvate by cell-free extracts in the presence of methyl viologen.
THE ROLE OF PHLORIDZIN IN THE HOST-PARASITE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE APPLE SCAB DISEASE
Authors: Barnes E. H. , Williams E. B.
Published: February 2010

A stimulating substance in apple leaves which enhances the growth of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. was identified as phloridzin. The metabolism of this compound to phloretin, phloroglucinol, p-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid, p-hydrox-y benzoic acid, and protocatechuic acid is hypothesized on the presence of phloretin and phloroglucinol in the culture filtrates of V. inaequalis when it is grown in the presence of phloridzin. The only breakdown product which stimulated the parasite was p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and it is concluded that its utilization by V. inaequalis may be the basis for the stimulatory action of phloridzin.The effect of these compounds and m-inositol on the growth and sporulation of V. inaequalis was studied. All of the compounds induced resistant reactions in the 384-1 selection but not in the Geneva variety. This may represent a specificity of the host to the action of these chemicals, indicating that they are correlated with the specificity of the host to races of V. inaequalis. Preliminary studies on the effects of these compounds on the metabolism of the host indicated that new phenolic compounds are produced.
EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION IN THE HIBERNATING SQUIRREL AND BAT
Authors: Dempster George , Grodums E. Irene , Spencer W. A.
Published: February 2010

It has been shown for the first time that Coxsackie B-3 virus will infect hibernating mammals such as the ground squirrel and the bat, in both the hibernating and nonhibernating states. Pathological changes in the heart and brown fat of squirrels in hibernation were comparable with those observed in mice. In squirrels the brain appeared to be relatively resistant, although the region of the olfactory bulb was often involved. Although no lesions were observed in bats killed in hibernation, a few died with meningoencephalitis. Viraemia was observed in both species and found to be more persistent in the bat.Biochemical studies were conducted upon the normal brown fat of the different species, and it was interesting to find that whereas the morphology and lipid content (total lipid and phospholipid) of the young mouse, adult squirrel, and adult bat were very similar, the corresponding characters of adult mouse brown fat showed marked differences. The significance of the resemblance of young mouse brown fat to that found in the hibernating mammal is being assessed further in the light of the function of the brown fat and its susceptibility to Coxsackie group B virus infection.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: IV. THE INACTIVATION AND REACTIVATION OF AIR-BORNE SERRATIA MARCESCENS BY ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE LIGHT
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: February 2010

The effect of ultraviolet and visible light on air-borne Serralia marcescens has been studied. It was found that prolonged exposure to 3400–4500 Å and 5200–5800 Å radiations can be lethal to air-borne cells. Also, both wavebands were able to photoreactivate cells irradiated with U,V. light of 2800–3200 Å. The U.V. exponential death rate was not observed with visible light and a lag phase of from 15 to 20 minutes was encountered before any deaths occurred. Red dyes, of the alizarin type, were found to desensitize cells to U.V. irradiation damage, whereas blue and yellow dyes sensitized them. The effects of U,V. and visible light were additive when used simultaneously, but reactivation occurred when cells were exposed to the visible light immediately after U.V. irradiation. A mechanism, based on the long-distance transfer of excitation energy, is outlined and offered as a possible explanation for these experimental results, and for those of other workers on the inactivation and photoreactivation of microorganisms.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: V. THE EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON SOME METABOLIC SYSTEMS OF ESCHERICHIA COLP
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: February 2010

The effect of desiccation on the ability of Escherichia coli to carry out oxidations, decarboxylations, and adaptive enzyme synthesis has been studied. Changes in cell metabolism due to drying were studied; and also the influence on such changes of protecting the cells with inositol. Dehydration brought about the release of 260-mμ absorbing material from the cell, the amount released being increased in the presence of inositol. Dehydration reduced amino acid oxidation and increased decarboxylation and glucose oxidation. Protecting the cells against death with inositol not only failed to prevent these changes but, with the exception of glucose oxidation, made them more pronounced. The synthesis of adaptive β-galactosidase was found to be greatly inhibited by desiccation and this inhibition could be prevented by inositol. It is suggested that a structural change in the nucleoproteins concerned in protein synthesis is responsible for the death of dried cells rather than damage to their membrane.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF FILTRATES OF SEVERAL REPRESENTATIVE CONCOMITANT BACTERIA ON CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE A
Authors: Crisley F. D. , Helz G. E.
Published: February 2010

Filtrates of growing cultures of Bacillus sphacricus, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus faecalis inhibited germination of spores of Clostridium botulinum type A. Of the four filtrates only that of E. coli was inactive at low (1:8) concentrations, and all were inhibitory at high (1:2) levels. Only filtrates of B. sphaericus and C. sporogenes affected lysis (increased) of washed cells of C. botulinum, and only S. faecalis filtrate altered botulinal toxigenicity in a complete medium. S. faecalis filtrate enhanced the final toxicity when present in high concentrations in the presence of phosphate buffer.
COLIFORM BACTERIA IN SEA WATER AND SHELLFISH: II. THE E. C. CONFIRMATION TEST FOR ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Tennant A. D. , Reid J. E. , Rockwell L. J. , Bynoe E. T.
Published: February 2010

Recently there has been considerable interest in Canada and the United States in the development of an effective, simple test for the estimation of Escherichia coli densities in shellfish and shellfish-growing waters as a better indication of "faecal" pollution than that provided by the coliform group. The fidelity of the E.C. confirmation test for the determination of E. coli densities was evaluated in 15 shellfish-growing areas which were classified as "polluted" or "unpolluted" according to generally accepted criteria. Coliform strains were isolated from 2765 E.C. gas positive confirmation test cultures and identified by IMViC tests. The mean fidelity of the test, as an indication of the presence of E. coli, was circa 90 per cent; contrary to expectations, however, the per cent recovery of E. coli was higher in unpolluted areas than in polluted areas, and varied considerably from region to region. Aerobacter aerogenes types I and II were the most common other E.C. gas positive coliform biotypes found. The usefulness of the confirmation test and the sanitary significance of these data are discussed.
GROWTH INTERACTIONS OF ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS AND PSEUDOMONAS SP. IN RELATION TO THE RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT
Authors: Chan E. C. S. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

Studies on the influence of plant roots on the soil microflora have shown that the number of Gram-negative rods in the rhizosphere is relatively higher than the number of Gram-positive rods, coccoid rods, and sporeforming types. This ecological phenomenon was duplicated and studied in a model system using a Pseudomonas sp. as representative of the rhizosphere and Arthrobacter globiformis as representative of the soil flora. Growth of A. globiformis was strongly suppressed in the presence of the pseudomonad in root extracts of mature plants and in a medium containing casamino acids, yeast extract, glucose, and mineral salts (CAYG medium); suppression was less marked in soil extract. The pseudomonad was unaffected in the association. A. globiformis was inhibited in the first 48-hour incubation in CAYG medium by acid elaborated by the pseudomonad; the pH dropped to 5.3 in 16 hours but rose steadily to alkaline conditions after 48 hours, resulting in a delayed increase in the number of A. globiformis to approximately that of a pure culture, in 5 days. Under cultural conditions favoring pigment production by the pseudomonad, growth of A. globiformis was completely inhibited throughout this period. Another toxic principle was also produced by the pseudomonad. This substance was biologically active in mixed culture against the Arthrobacter but was present in low concentration.
DEGRADATION OF THE POLYSACCHARIDE OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI BY AN EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL ENZYME
Authors: Lesley S. M.
Published: February 2010

A species of Bacillus isolated from soil was found to elaborate an inducible, extracellular enzyme capable of degrading the polysaccharide of Xanthomonas phaseoli to low-molecular-weight oligosaccharides. The enzyme was characterized with respect to pH optimum, ion requirement, and stability. Examination of the polysaccharide degradation products revealed that the glucuronic acid moiety of the polysaccharide was altered to a Δ4,5unsaturated form as a result of enzyme action.
EFFECT OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON RESPIRATION OF WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES
Authors: Reisener H. J. , McConnell W. B. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

Fatty acids added to a suspension of wheat stem rust uredospores (Puccinia graminis var. tritici, race 15B) stimulate respiration. When compared on the basis of equal molar concentration, the utilization of oxygen by spores from wheat grown in the field or in the greenhouse is stimulated by short-chain fatty acids as follows: acetate < propionate < butyrate < valerate. The order for butyrate and valerate is reversed with spores from plants grown under artificial light. Radiotracer experiments indicate that the amount of respired carbon dioxide derived from the carboxyl carbon of the fatty acid added increases markedly with increase in chain length. The addition of exogenous acetate stimulated conversion of spore carbon to carbon dioxide, whereas valerate replaces, in part, spore material as a source of respiratory carbon. Valerate-1-C14 is almost 4 times as effective as acetate-1-C14 for labelling spore material, but the ratio of carbon-14 respired to that incorporated is 2.6 for valerate-1-C14 as compared with 1.5 for acetate-1-C14.
SOME ASPECTS OF PHOSPHATE METABOLISM OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (FR.) TUL.: II. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEIC ACIDS SYNTHESIS AND ERGOT ALKALOID PRODUCTION
Authors: Waart C. de
Published: February 2010

A study was made of the distribution of the phosphorus-containing compounds in the phosphate pool of stationary cultures of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Exogenous KH2PO4was mainly converted to ribonucleic acid. Conditions favorable to increased nucleic acid synthesis increased the yield of ergot alkaloids. The proportion of nucleic acid and acid-insoluble phosphate fraction appeared to be an important factor influencing the ergot alkaloid production.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE BACTERIAL DECARBOXYLATION OF SUCCINIC ACID
Authors: Yousten A. A. , Delwiche E. A.
Published: February 2010

The succinic decarboxylase system of Veillonella alcalescens loses activity when aged at 2 °C for a few days. Evolution of CO2by aged extracts of this organism was greatly stimulated by boiled cell-free extracts of Propionibacterium pentosaceum. These boiled extracts could not be replaced by coenzyme A (CoA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), magnesium ions, biotin, or dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide coenzyme (DBC).
LYSOGENY IN ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI: II. CHARACTERIZATION OF E. COLI BACTERIOPHAGE D-1
Authors: Glynn John P. , Bailey W. Robert
Published: February 2010

One of 20 strains of Escherichia coli O111:B4 was found to be lysogenic for a phage which showed activity on several O26:B6 strains. High titers of this phage were obtainable only by UV induction. Normal propagation procedures failed to provide a desirable yield of phage. The calculated burst size of this phage was approximately 36 particles per cell. Other characteristics of the phage, designated D-1 by the authors, are given. Its potentiality as a possible transducing agent was also investigated. Some evidence is offered for the suspected site of attachment on the host cell.
A NEW VIRULENCE TEST FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ITS APPLICATION TO ENCAPSULATED STRAINS
Authors: Wiley Bill B.
Published: February 2010

An encapsulated variant of Staphylococcus aureus was obtained after laboratory passage in Casamino Acids glycerol broth. Hyperimmune rabbit or rooster serum, prepared by injection of washed, formalin-killed, whole cell vaccines, regularly produced specific capsular reactions* of 4-to 8-hour broth cultures of homologous organisms. Intravenous injection of the encapsulated variant into 12- to 13-day-old embryonated hens' eggs regularly produced death when 1000–2000 organisms were injected. The passive protective properties of hyperimmune serum or human gamma globulin were readily demonstrated if 5–20 LD50doses of a young broth culture of the encapsulated variant were mixed with the antiserum prior to injection into the eggs. The finding of anticapsular antibodies in samples of human plasma indicated that the capsular antigen or one closely related to it was produced in vivo.
PREPARATION OF TYPHOID SOMATIC-ANTIGEN VACCINE: I. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SALMONELLA TYPHI LYSATES
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

Biological studies of suspensions of S. typhi, lysed with the enzyme dornase, have shown that dornase alters their immunogenic capacity to some extent. However, when prior treatment of the bacterial suspension by sonic oscillation hastened the breakdown process, dornase did not impair the protective ability of the typhoid vaccine, although it eliminated most of its toxicity. In spite of the differences found in the protective ability and toxicity, all the fractions were active in eliciting pyrogen effect and Shwartzman phenomenon.
ELABORATION OF ANTIBIOTICS BY BOLETUS LUTEUS AND CERTAIN OTHER MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
Authors: Santoro Thomas , Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

Several species of mycorrhizal fungi were examined for antibiotic formation when grown in laboratory media in the absence of the conifer seedling symbionts. Antibiotic activity was noted in filtered growth media and in acetone and chloroform extracts of mycelium. Acetone extracts of the mycelium of Boletus luteus were particularly active; the antibiotic was relatively stable and poorly water soluble. Its ultraviolet absorption spectrum exhibited absorption maxima at 223, 275, and 325 mμ. It was active against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but not against the yeasts, streptomycetes, or fungi which were tested.The chemical characteristics of this antibiotic and its presence in mycelium are features normally associated with polyene antibiotics. However, the known polyene antibiotics usually exhibit only antifungal activity.The elaboration of antibiotics by mycorrhizal fungi is discussed in terms of their possible significance in nature in the mycorrhizal association.
PHAGES FOR AGROBACTERIUM RADIOBACTER WITH REFERENCE TO HOST RANGE
Authors: Roslycky E. B. , Allen O. N. , McCoy Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

Nineteen phages active against Agrobacterium radiobacter were isolated. Thirteen phages were obtained from raw sewage and six from silt loam soil seeded to alfalfa and peas. Temperate phages were not detected among the host strains. In specificity tests, Campbell and Hofer's medium was used for the phage: rhizobia systems and nutrient broth for the phage:agrobacteria systems. The phages showed a high degree of specificity for species of the genus Agrobacterium; however, all strains of A. radiobacter and A. tumefaciens were not lysed by any one phage. One phage lysed two strains of alfalfa rhizobia and three strains of clover rhizobia. Bacterial species outside the family Rhizobiaceae were not lysed. The 19 phages constituted one cross-resistance group. Phage-resistant isolates of A. radiobacter did not produce galls on tomato plants or nodules on four leguminous species.
ON THE ISOLATION AND GROWTH OF INDIVIDUAL MICROBIAL CELLS FROM SOIL
Authors: Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

A technique is described for the direct isolation and growth of individual vitally stained microorganisms which have been observed in soil preparations. Soil is stained with acridine orange and mounted on agar so that individual cells can be picked from the soil with a micromanipulation tool while the organism is being viewed with an ultraviolet fluorescence microscope. These cells are then grown in nutritive media to provide cultures for identification of the organisms and for studies of their nutritional, physiological, and morphological characteristics.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL STRAINS OF RHODOTORULA
Authors: Ahearn Donald G. , Roth Jr. Frank J. , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: February 2010

Yeasts of the genus Rhodotorula obtained from subtropical marine environments were classified by comparing them critically with type and authentic cultures. No distinctive metabolic differences ascribable to environmental influence were observed in comparing marine and terrestrial isolates. Identifications of species were based on requirements for vitamins, ability to assimilate selected carbohydrates, and capacity to utilize nitrate nitrogen. The difficulties encountered in delimiting species by relying entirely on established metabolic characteristics are presented. Recharacterization of available type cultures indicates the existence of synonymy and the occurrence of divergent metabolic strains within recognized species.
LOCATION OF ERGOT ALKALOID AND FUNGI IN THE SEED OF RIVEA CORYMBOSA (L.) HALL, f., "OLOLIUQUI"
Authors: Taber W. A. , Heacock R. A.
Published: February 2010

Ergot-type alkaloids were found to be present in the embryo but not in the seed coat, seed membranes, or resinous layer under the seed coat of the hallucinogenic seed "ololiuqui" (Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall. f.). The alkaloids were typically present in the seeds. Fungi were found to be present in the seed coat but not embryo of surface-sterilized seeds. They also were typically present in the seed and were concentrated about the hilum. The only fungi present in the seed were Chaetomium globosum, C. reflexum, C. spinosum, C. funicolum, and Fusarium moniliforme. The absence of fungi in the region of the seed which contained the alkaloid suggests that fungi are not the source of alkaloid.
STUDIES OF MARINE PLANKTONIC DIATOMS: I. CYCLOTELLA NANA HUSTEDT, AND DETONULA CONFERVACEA (CLEVE) GRAN.
Authors: Guillard Robert R. L. , Ryther John H.
Published: February 2010

Bacteria-free clones of the small centric diatom Cyclotella nana Hustedt were isolated, three from estuarine localities, one from Continental Shelf waters, and one from the Sargasso Sea. Detonula confervacea was isolated from Narragansett Bay. Morphology of all clones was studied with the light and electron microscopes. Morphological differences between clones of C. nana do not at present warrant separating any as distinct species.Clones of C. nana require only vitamin B12; D. confervacea has no vitamin requirement.Growth of the estuarine clones of C. nana was unaffected by salinity down to 0.5‰ and increased with temperature to 25 °C. The Shelf clone grew more rapidly at salinities above 8‰ and at temperatures between 10° and 20 °C. The Sargasso Sea clone did not survive below 15 °C or 17.5‰, while D. confervacea did not survive at temperatures above 15° or at salinities below 8‰. The physiological differences between clones correspond roughly to the conditions obtaining in nature where each was collected.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPORULATION TEMPERATURE ON THE HEAT RESISTANCE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BACTERIAL SPORES
Authors: Lechowich R. V. , Ordal Z. John
Published: February 2010

The thermal resistance of spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans was varied by the production of spore suspensions at selected incubation temperatures. The spores were analyzed for heat resistance and their DPA and cation (Ca++, Mg++, and Mn++) contents. The thermal resistance of the B. subtilis spore suspensions, as well as their DPA and cation content, increased as the sporulation temperature was increased. Spores of B. coagulans showed a similar increase in heat resistance as the sporulation temperature was increased, while the cation content remained essentially constant. The DPA content of the B. coagulans spore suspensions, however, decreased as the sporulation temperature was increased. The ratio of millimoles of cations to the millimoles of DPA per 1 × 1010spores was calculated for the spore suspensions of each organism. For both organisms, this ratio increased as the thermal resistance of the spore suspension increased.
THE SENSITIVITY OF FLUID CULTURE MEDIA TO SMALL INOCULA
Authors: Fredette V. , Forget A.
Published: February 2010

A detailed study of 7 freshly prepared culture media with the help of decimal dilutions of 21 pure cultures of bacteria, 10 anaerobic, shows that Trypticase Soy Broth (BBL) appears to be the best overall medium. Longtime favorites, such as VF and Robertson's, do not seem to fare as well under our experimental conditions. Between these, extremes can be found by decreasing order of sensitivity to small inocula: Fluid Thioglycollate Medium, Thiol Medium, Robertson's cooked meat medium, finally Dextrose Infusion Broth and Tryptic Soy Broth.
β-d-1,6-GLUCANASES IN FUNGI
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Parrish Frederick W. , Mandels Mary
Published: February 2010

β-D-1,6-Glucans apparently occur rarely in nature, yet many fungi are able to produce an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing them. The β-1,6-glucanases tend to be constitutive enzymes, similar in this respect to the β-1,3-glucanases. They act on β-1,6-glucans in a random fashion, producing a series of β-1,6-linked oligosaccharides, including gentiobiose. The β-1,6-glucanases can be separated from other β-glucanases by zone electrophoresis.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: III. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE TO AUTOSTIMULATION IN MICE
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

A number of carbohydrates, proteins, bacteria, and other substances with biophysically active surfaces were injected into mice to find which type of substances or surfaces stimulated the production of immuno-conglutinin by auto-stimulation. Mice injected with a variety of compounds which have different antigenic properties, as well as certain substances with absorptive surfaces, produced immuno-conglutinin. The data reported are in agreement with the hypothesis that immuno-conglutinin (autostimulation) is an autoantibody and that adsorbed complement is its specific-stimulating antigen.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCOBACTERIOPHAGES D28 AND D29
Authors: Sellers Margret I. , Baxter Wm. L. , Runnals H. R.
Published: February 2010

Mycobacteriophage D28 propagated on M. smegmalis ATCC 9626 in the presence of 0.06% Tween had a latent period of 70 minutes, a rise period of 30 minutes, and a burst size of 88. The adsorption rate in nutrient broth was increased by adding any one of several divalent cations to the medium, whereas the addition of sodium or potassium decreased adsorption. Approximately 50% of the adsorbed phage produced abortive infection in the absence of Ca++; of all the cations tested, only calcium increased plaque-forming ability. Mycobacteriophage D29 propagated on M. smegmatis ATCC 607 had a latent period of 65 minutes, a rise period of 30 minutes, and burst size of 104. Calcium and magnesium, and, to a lesser degree, sodium and potassium, increased its adsorption rate in nutrient broth. However, only calcium increased both adsorption and productive infection.Incremental additions of Tween reduced phage adsorption, diminished burst size, and finally caused abortive infection.
A COMPARISON IN GUINEA PIGS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS S.19 GROWN BY CONVENTIONAL AND CONTINUOUS METHODS
Authors: Pivnick Hilliard , Crawley John F.
Published: February 2010

Vaccine produced from cells of Brucella abortus S.19 grown by methods of continuous culture in liquid medium is as safe and immunogenic in guinea pigs as vaccine produced by conventional methods on agar medium.
STUDIES OF MARINE PLANKTONIC DIATOMS: III. SOME EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF FIVE SPECIES
Authors: Ryther J. H. , Guillard R. R. L.
Published: February 2010

The respiratory coefficient, expressed here as respiration per unit of chlorophyll, of six clones (five species) of diatoms was measured at temperatures of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25 °C. The acclimatized cultures used were grown at each of these temperatures that supported sufficient growth. Considering any one of the five temperatures of measurement, the respiratory coefficient varied with temperature of acclimatization, but not consistently in the different clones. Moreover, for any of the given temperatures of acclimatization, there was no trend common to all clones in the relationship between respiratory coefficient and temperature at which respiration was measured. In any respiration experiment, greater differences were observed between two clones of the same species than between species differing in size by as much as two orders of magnitude. The highest respiratory coefficients were observed in the two eurythermal clones, and the increase in respiration with temperature was more regular, with Q10 = ca. 2.0. Respiration of the four stenothermal clones was more variable in relation to temperature, and both respiratory coefficients and Q10 were lower.
STUDIES ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA OF CITRUS TREES: I. QUANTITATIVE INCIDENCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN RELATION TO ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH
Authors: Rangaswami G. , Vasantharajan V. N.
Published: February 2010

For the purpose of examining the correlations, if any, between the root and shoot growths of three Citrus species and their rhizosphere microflora, studies were made with 6-year-old plants in the Annamalai University Experimental Orchard. The rhizosphere population was analyzed quantitatively. Bacteria were about 40 to 90 times, actinomycetes 2 to 6 times, and fungi 3 to 6 times more abundant in the rhizosphere than in the soil, in rhizosphere populations there was no significant difference between the three Citrus species. Comparisons of populations on the growing and non-growing roots of the three Citrus species revealed that the growing roots harbored 2 to 3 times more bacteria and actinomycetes than the non-growing roots. There was only slight increase in the fungal population in the rhizosphere of the citrus variety Pummelo but not in the other two varieties.
THE INFLUENCE OF BENTONITE AND ATTAPULGITE ON THE RESPIRATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Lahav N. , Keynan A.
Published: February 2010

The influence of bentonite and attapulgite particles smaller than bacterial cells on the respiration of Bacillus subtilis was measured in a Warburg apparatus under conditions permitting adsorption of clay particles on the bacterial cells. At low concentration, there was a reduction in the respiration rate accompanied by the formation of large aggregates of bacteria in the suspension. Both the respiration and aggregation were intensified by higher shaking rate of the Warburg apparatus. At high concentrations of bentonite, there was a rise in the respiration rate. This was accompanied by a complete dispersion of the bacteria in suspension. Sodium attapulgite had no influence on the aggregation and respiration of the bacteria as long as the respiration vessels were shaken. At rest, large aggregates of bacteria were formed by the addition of attapulgite and the oxygen uptake of the bacteria was reduced. These results are discussed with respect to the influence of the clays on the state of aggregation of the bacteria.
THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: IV. CYTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SPORULATING CELLS
Authors: Pontefract R. D. , Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

Parallel observations were made of respiratory activity, content of glycogen and fat, and appearance of the nucleus, during transition of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the vegetative to the sporulated state. With acetate as the carbon source in sporulation medium, the endogenous respiratory ability of the cells first increased (after about 10 hours) and finally declined. Ability to respire glucose remained high during sporogenesis but diminished somewhat by 42–43 hours, at which time most of the cells contained spores. Glycogen and fat increased in amount during the early stages of sporogenesis but appeared to diminish during formation of spore walls. In vegetative and reductional nuclear division the nuclear material appeared organized into rod-like structures, some regions of which stained more densely. Classical cytological configurations were not observed. With dihydroxyacetone as the carbon source in sporulation medium the sequence of events was similar, but required about twice as much time, possibly owing to the slower respiration of this substance.
INFLUENCE OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION ON MELANIZATION OF THE BLOOD OF WAX MOTH LARVAE
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

Larval blood of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not melanize on exposure to air as does normal blood. Larval blood samples taken 20 to 24 hours after vaccination against either of the pathogens P. aeruginosa or Proteus mirabilis did not melanize; blood of insects vaccinated against the nonpathogenic Shigella dysenteriae strain K 629 or a nonpathogenic strain of Pseudomonas did melanize. Injection of nonspecific agents, such as sodium chloride or egg albumen, did not inhibit melanization. The oxidation–reduction potential of immune blood was markedly lower than that of normal blood. Enzymes from both normal and immune blood were precipitated with cold acetone. The enzyme preparations were nontoxic to normal larvae. Both normal and immune blood enzyme preparations produced melanin from tyrosine, though the immune blood enzyme acted more slowly. Sodium thioglycollate, ascorbic acid, benzoin oxime, and phenylthiourea each inhibited the melanization of normal blood in vitro but did not confer bactericidal activity. These inhibitors did not produce any change in the rate of melanization, bactericidal activity, or immune properties of the blood when injected into larvae.
STUDIES ON THE ALGINASE OF AGARBACTERIUM ALGINICUM
Authors: Williams A. K. , Eagon R. G.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts prepared from alginate-grown Agarbacterium alginicum were observed to hydrolyze sodium alginate to its constituent monosaccharide residues. The enzyme was found to be relatively heat stable at pH 7 and only 40% of its activity was lost when it was heated for 5 minutes at 100 °C. The enzyme was active over a pH range of 5–10 with the optimum at pH 7. The optimum temperature was 37–40 °C and little activity was observed below 20 °C or above 55 °C. Among the compounds tested, only sodium alginate could serve as substrate for the enzyme.Enzymatic activity of the extract was enhanced by several monovalent cations but not by divalent cations. Those monovalent cations found to be effective were ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. The trivalent anions, arsenate and phosphate, also produced increased activity when added to the extract. Since low concentrations of p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethyl maleimide were inhibitory while cysteine, glutathione, or 2-mercaptoethanol reversed the inhibition and increased the activity, sulphydryl dependency was indicated.A 10-fold purification of alginase was attained by removal of nucleic acid and inactive protein by precipitation with protamine sulphate and acetic acid. Further purification was not achieved.
ENZYMATIC PREPARATION OFD-XYLULOSE 5-PHOSPHATE
Authors: Simpson F. J. , Bhuyan B. K.
Published: February 2010

D-Xylulose 5-phosphate was prepared by phosphorylation of D-xylulose with the D-xylulokinase of Aerobacter aerogenes. The product was recovered as the barium salt of D-xylulose 5-phosphate hydrazone. This derivative was found to be quite stable. The D-xylulokinase of A. aerogenes was extracted with glycine from cells grown on D-xylose, then partially purified by a sequence of operations that included heating, adsorption and elution from DEAE-cellulose, alumina Cγ, and calcium phosphate gel, then precipitation with ammonium sulphate. The final preparation was free of D-ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase.
FORMATION AND RELEASE OF LECITHINASE ACTIVITY BY GROWING CULTURES OF BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Kushner Donn J.
Published: February 2010

Bacillus cereus growing in complex media (nutrient broth, "S" broth, and enzymically hydrolyzed casein) formed lecithinase only after the logarithmic growth phase. About one-third of this activity was cell-bound. In a synthetic amino acid mixture, lecithinase was formed during the logarithmic growth phase. The later appearance of activity in complex media does not appear due to enzyme instability, to the absence of amino acids, nor to the presence of an inhibitor; it may be related to the higher growth rate. The addition of egg yolk (but not purified lecithin) to growth media increased lecithinase formation fourfold.Although cells in a bacterial culture had lecithinase activity, cells removed from the culture were inactive. Following growth, the culture medium contained dialyzable material essential for the activity of the cell-bound, though probably not of the cell-free, lecithinase. A delay in activator production may have caused the delay in lecithinase appearance in complex media. The inhibitory effect of alcohols on the formation of lecithinase activity seems primarily due to their effect on activator production. It is suggested that activating material may be involved in the transition of the enzyme from the cell-bound to the cell-free state.
THE PHASE ANTIGENS OF COXIELLA BURNETII
Authors: Bobb Dolores , Downs Cora M.
Published: February 2010

The phenomenon of Coxiella burnetii phase variation has been further studied. The phase 2 Nine Mile strain employed would not stimulate late-appearing, phase 1 reacting complement-fixing antibody in guinea pigs when employed either as a killed or an infecting suspension. However, this failure was not the result of a loss of component I since the antibody could be readily induced if adjuvants were employed or booster shots were given. Yolk sacs of chick embryos infected with the phase 1 strain yielded about 4 or 5 times as much rickettsial complement-fixing material as eggs infected with the phase 2 strain. The phase 1 rickettsiae appeared more hydrophilic and were more efficiently extracted from the yolk material. Immunized guinea pigs did not give a positive skin test until the time of appearance of phase 1 reacting antibody in the serum. The nomenclature of phase antigens, antibodies, and rickettsial strains is discussed briefly.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: VII. THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE TREATMENT ON THE STIMULATION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ PRODUCTION
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

Daily injections of cortisone into rabbits does not suppress immuno-conglutinin production in response to heterostimulation. Cortisone treatment of normal rabbits causes a decrease in the serum level of conglutinating activity. In autostimulation experiments, no significant increase in the level of the conglutinating activity of the serum could be detected in cortisone-treated rabbits but these animals maintained the level of conglutinating activity better than the cortisone-treated rabbits which were not stimulated antigenically. Some of the possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
ÉTUDE D'UNE LIGNÉE DE CELLULES KB INFECTÉES CHRONIQUEMENT PAR LE VIRUS PARA-INFLUENZAE TYPE 3 : I. ASPECTS DE LA PRODUCTION VIRALE
Authors: Daniel Philippe , Chany Charles
Published: February 2010

A strain of cells chronically infected with type 3 para-influenzae virus was obtained. The proportion of virus-producing ceils in this carrier system, called KB.EA, was measured by two different technics. Only a fraction of KB.EA cells, varying from one experiment to the other, was found to produce the virus. Virus production did not seem to take place simultaneously in all the cells, which apparently yielded the virus at varying times, and occasionally only after 10 days of incubation.The titer of total virus yielded by cultures of KB.EA cells incubated at 37 °C and 41 °C was determined at fixed intervals over a period of 4 days.The titer showed marked variations during the course of both types of cultures. The amount of total virus harvested at 41 °C was about a tenth of that obtained from the culture incubated at 37 °C. No "hot-mutant" could be detected after 4 days of incubation at 41 °C.The addition of a potent antiserum in the culture medium did not sterilize the KB.EA strain although the same serum inhibited the plaque formation induced by type 3 para-influenzae virus on normal KB cells.From the results obtained, several hypotheses meant to explain the cell resistance and the persistence of virus in cultures of KB.EA cells are discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE MYCETOMES AND MYCETOMAL MICROORGANISMS IN SITOPHILUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , Grinyer I. , Homan R.
Published: February 2010

Certain elongate elements that occur in special structures (mycetomes, made up of constituent mycetocytes) in the larvae of the granary and rice weevils (Sitophitrus granarius (L.) and Sitophilus oryza (L.)) have long been regarded as microorganisms; and there is some evidence that they are of benefit but not essential to the insect host. These elongate elements are also found in the guts and female gonads of adult insects. The elements have resisted all efforts to culture them and thus, while they have been generally regarded as microorganisms, their exact biological status has been open to doubt. Electron micrographs, it is claimed, have now established them as undoubtedly microorganisms.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SIX CULTURES OF MICROCOCCUS LYSODEIKTICUS
Authors: Grula E. A.
Published: February 2010

Reactions of six cultures of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in various test situations are documented. Variations exist in colonial characteristics, response to antibiotics, and growth in defined media.
THE NUTRITION OF VIBRIO COSTICOLUS: I. A SIMPLIFIED SYNTHETIC MEDIUM
Authors: Flannery W. L. , Kennedy Dianne M.
Published: February 2010

A liquid synthetic medium is described in which Vibrio costicolus grows well in 24 hours. The medium contains glucose, L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine, DL-valine, DL-isoleucine, potassium phosphate buffer, magnesium sulphate, sodium nitrate, and sodium chloride. The addition of 10 vitamins, 3 bases, 14 amino acids, and 5 salts did not improve the medium. No growth was obtained if cystine, glucose, or sodium chloride was omitted from the medium. The remaining constituents of the simplified medium were not essential but were found necessary for maximum growth. An amino acid antagonism was observed between valine and isoleucine. When added alone, either amino acid depressed the growth response, but when added together they were stimulatory.
NITRATE PREFERENCE IN HAEMATOCOCCUS AS CONTROLLED BY STRAIN, AGE OF INOCULUM, AND pH OF THE MEDIUM
Authors: Stross Raymond G.
Published: February 2010

The green alga haematococcus was tested for nitrate uptake in the presence of ammonium. Preference for the nitrate ion was controlled by initial pH of the medium and by age of the culture inoculum.Critical age and initiai pH for H. pluvialis Flotow, Cambridge U. strain 34/1a and for H. lacustris (Girod.) Rostaf., Indiana U. strain 294, were different. When inocula consisted of cells in log phase of growth, cultures of H. pluvialis preferred ammonium in medium that was pH 7.0. Only a small percentage of H. lacustris cultures preferred ammonium and only when the medium was as acid as pH 4.8. Increased age of the inoculum decreased sensitivity to pH of the culture medium.Nitrate uptake in H. lacustris was less sensitive to external pH and seemed to be more exclusive than in H. pluvialis.
SOME MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TWO SPECIES OF APHIDS, APHIS FABAE SCOP. AND MACROSIPHUM PISI (HARRIS) (HEMIPTERA, HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: LeBlanc N. N. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: February 2010

Since 1850, aphids have been regarded as harboring, in mycetomes, supposedly beneficial microorganisms which have, however, been the subject of some controversy. In the present study of the aphids Aphis jabae and Macrosiphum pisi, mycetomes were identified in histological sections; but it proved impossible to isolate or culture any mycetomal microorganisms. Moreover, in a series of experiments in which great attention was paid to refined aseptic techniques no microorganisms could be isolated from the general body cavities or alimentary tracts of the aphids, though simultaneous attempts to isolate microorganisms from weevils were successful.
SEROLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH STAPHYLOCOCCI USING THE SOFT AGAR TECHNIQUE
Authors: Shimizu Takamasa , Griffiths B. W. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

Coagulase-positive staphylococci produce discrete compact colonies when grown in a semisolid medium containing rabbit serum or plasma. In contrast, the same organisms produce elongated diffuse colonies when grown in the basal medium. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, on the other hand, produce diffuse colonies in both media, but were found to produce compact colonies when the basal medium was enriched with homologous antibody-containing serum.Sixty-three strains were studied, 56 of which were coagulase positive. The strains were from different sources—human, canine, bovine, and equine. A number of strains did not conform to the normal pattern. Attempts were made to establish the relationship between agglutinin titers and colony-compacting antibodies.
NATURAL CYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN BLOOD SERA WHICH REACT WITH MAMMALIAN CELLS AND BACTERIA: II. EFFECT OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM ON MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Webb S. J. , Fedoroff S.
Published: February 2010

It was found that certain bacterial and mammalian cells have similar receptor sites which react with natural antibodies present in human blood sera. Heated human sera which contain these antibodies are bacteriostatic to Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium phlei and bactericidal to Bacillus subtilis. This antibacterial effect is eliminated from heated human serum when the serum is treated with mouse cells.
VIABLE ORGANISMS FROM FECES AND FOODSTUFFS FROM EARLY ANTARCTIC EXPEDITIONS
Authors: Meyer George H. , Morrow Marie B. , Wyss Orville
Published: February 2010

Microbiological studies of continuously frozen human feces and foodstuffs from sites of early Antarctic expeditions revealed viable organisms after 50 years. Aerobic and anaerobic sporeforming and non-sporeforming bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, and molds were recovered. No coliforms were encountered, and other enteric bacteria were of low incidence. The survival of microbiota expected to be present only as a minor component indicates that these have retained sufficient viability so as to comprise the major component of the populations.
LYSIS OF SOIL FUNGI BY BACTERIA
Authors: Mitchell R. , Alexander M.
Published: February 2010

A number of bacteria capable of lysing Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from soil. One of these, a strain of Bacillus cereus, was studied in detail. Living and dead fusarium mycelium as well as cell-wall preparations were digested by the bacterium. Chitin and the hyphae of a number of other fungi also served as carbon sources for the active organisms, but there was no lysis of species of Pythium, Streptomyces, Agrobacterium, or Pseudomonas. Lysis appeared to be associated with chitinase and laminarinase activity of B. cereus, but incubation of fungus mycelium with chitinase alone, or with chitinase in combination with laminarinase, proteases and cellulase, did not result in lysis. N-Acetylhexosamine appeared during the digestion. Evidence was obtained to suggest that lytic microorganisms could destroy fungal mycelium in sterile soil.