bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Special and general philosophy of science. Encyclopedic dictionary
Authors: Канке  , Kankye Viktor
Published: June 2017

The dictionary outlines the philosophy of logic, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, computer science, medicine, psychology, pedagogy, economics, political science, sociology, jurisprudence, history, linguistics, art criticism. The main concepts of the general and specialized knowledge of the philosophy of science are considered, great attention is paid to ethical issues and the latest concepts of the analytical, phenomenological, hermeneutic, poststructuralist philosophy of science. The contribution to the philosophy of science of leading domestic and foreign scientists is highlighted.
Managing acute respiratory tract infections in children
Authors: Bruce Catherine Schuster , Hoare Clare , Mukherjee Atanu , Paul Siba Prosad
Published: June 2017

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs), including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bronchiolitis, viral-induced wheeze and croup, account for more primary care consultations than any other illness group and are the most likely reason for a parent or carer to contact a health professional. The majority of RTIs in fully immunised children are usually self-limiting. However, in a small percentage of children RTIs may become life threatening and it is crucial that all front-line health professionals are able to recognise and identify these children who are at risk of deterioration. To ensure this, fast recognition of symptoms is important, with care taken to exclude any ‘red flag’ features that may prompt a referral to secondary care. Nurses are well placed to reassure and support families, and to provide education regarding the facts about fever, the appropriate use of a single antipyretic medication, how to avoid dehydration in children with RTIs, and the beneficial role of immunisation in preventing infection. It is also important to explain in cases of CAP where antibiotics are necessary about how soon to expect a response, any side effects from antibiotics, and to provide ‘safety net advice’ on when to consider reassessment for the child. An illustrative case study is included to highlight some of the challenges that are likely to be encountered in clinical practice.
Research roundup: June 2017
Authors: Som Rita
Published: June 2017

In brief

Tranexamic acid reduces chance of death in women with postpartum haemorrhaging by a third Side-effect of statins (muscle pain) reported more by people who knew they were taking statins, than in those who did not know Inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with increased risk of pneumonia in asthma patients, increasing with the dosage Nurses trained to run a discharge programme affect patients' adherence to medication treatment plans and reduce rehospitalisation within 90 days
Domperidone as a galactagogue: A case for approval?
Authors: Nel Steffne , Geraghty Sadie
Published: June 2017

A common concern expressed by women to health professionals providing care during pregnancy and in the postnatal period is whether they will be able to produce enough breast milk to meet the nutritional requirements of their baby. This article will review the use of domperidone as a galactagogue to increase laction. Galactagogues are defined as substances, including drugs and foods, which promote lactation. This term encompasses therapies that have been clinically proven, alongside remedies which have limited current evidence to support the claims associated with them. Domperidone is an antiemetic drug that is gaining in popularity and use as a galactagogue.
A review of nanoimprint lithography for high-volume semiconductor device manufacturing
Authors: Resnick Douglas J. , Choi Jin
Published: June 2017

Imprint lithography has been shown to be a promising technique for the replication of nanoscale features. Jet and flash imprint lithography (J-FIL) [jet and flash imprint lithography and J-FIL are trademarks of Molecular Imprints, Inc.] involves the field-by-field deposition and exposure of a low-viscosity resist deposited by jetting technology onto the substrate. The patterned mask is lowered into the fluid, which then quickly flows into the relief patterns in the mask by capillary action. After this filling step, the resist is cross-linked under UV radiation, and then the mask is removed, leaving a patterned resist on the substrate. There are many criteria that determine whether a particular technology is ready for wafer manufacturing. Included on the list are overlay, throughput, and defectivity. The most demanding devices now require an overlay of better than 4 nm, 3σ. Throughput for an imprint tool is generally targeted at 80 wafers/h. Defectivity and mask life play a significant role relative to meeting the cost of ownership (CoO) requirements in the production of semiconductor devices. The purpose of this paper is to report the status of throughput and defectivity work and to describe the progress made in addressing overlay for advanced devices. To address high-order corrections, a high-order distortion correction (HODC) system is introduced. The combination of applying magnification actuation to the mask and temperature correction to the wafer is described in detail. Examples are presented for the correction of K7, K11, and K17 distortions as well as distortions on actual device wafers.
On Finite Element Formulations for the Obstacle Problem – Mixed and Stabilised Methods
Authors: Gustafsson Tom , Stenberg Rolf , Videman Juha
Published: June 2017

We discuss the differences between the penalty, mixed and stabilised methods for the finite element approximation of the obstacle problem. The theoretical properties of the methods are discussed and illustrated through numerical examples.
Study on the Growth Mechanism of K2Ti4O9 Crystal
Authors: Zhou Xuesong , Fan Jing , Wei Xiaoli , Shen Yi , Meng Yanzhi
Published: June 2017

Potassium hexatitanate (K2Ti4O9) whiskers were prepared by the kneading–drying–calcination method. After the preparation of products under different calcination temperatures and holding times, their morphology and structure were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The XRD analysis showed that the reaction mixture was completely converted to K2Ti4O9 crystals at 800 °C when the T/K ratio was 3. Based on the analysis of LS (liquid–solid) growth mechanism, the corresponding transformation reaction mechanism during the roasting was elucidated. K2Ti4O9 whiskers grow mainly through the parallel action at a low temperature. With the increase in temperature, the series effect is obvious.
Kinetic Study on Phosphate Enrichment Behavior in CaO–SiO2–FeO–Fe2O3–P2O5 Steelmaking Slags
Authors: Li Jin-yan , Zhang Mei , Guo Min , Yang Xue-min
Published: June 2017

The iso-thermal crystallization behavior of phosphate-enriched phase has been experimentally investigated in the rapidly quenched CaO–SiO2–FeO–Fe2O3–P2O5 steelmaking slags under different cooling schedules. The experimental results indicate that increasing endpoint temperature from 1453 to 1533 K and prolonging holding time from 2 to 60 min can result in an increasing tendency of the size of phosphate-enriched phase in the shape of one-dimensional rod. The crystallization kinetics of phosphate-enriched phase in steelmaking slags has been described by Avrami equation. The Avrami constant $$n$$ was obtained to be 0.472, while the crystallization rate constant $$k$$ was recommended as $$\ln k{\rm{= 57}}{\rm{. 40 + 12,273}}{\rm{. 96}}/T - {\rm{8}}{\rm{. 25}}\,\ln T - {\rm{5}}{\rm{. 5}\times{\rm 10}^{- 3}}T$$. Thus, the apparent activation energy $$E$$ of crystallization is recommended as $$E{\rm{= 537}}{\rm{. 60}} - {\rm{206}}{\rm{. 015}}T$$ kJ/mol.
Viability of Cassava peels spawn production and mushroom cultivation
Authors: Akinrinola-Akinyemi A.O. , Asagbra A.E. , Asiru W.B. , Lalemi M.O. , Okere V.O. , Oluwawole O.F. , Ajao O.M. , Isa I.O. , Sanni L.O. , Dike E.N. , Elemo G.N.
Published: June 2017

This work was carried out to ascertain the viability of spawn produced on cassava peels and used for spawning cassava peels and sawdust substrates and compare the yield with mushroom fruits from the conventional Sorghum bicolor known to be the best material for spawn production. Three different species of mushroom cultures were inoculated on cassava peels, two Pleurotus pulmonarius strains (FIIRO and Thailand) and Lentinus squarroslus. The study of mycelia colonization rate study was done in triplicate. L. squarroslus completed colonization within 18days of inoculation in test tube with a growth mean value of 11.16cm, the two strains of P. pulmonarius (FIIRO and Thailand) completed colonization in 21 days with FIIRO strain having growth mean value of 11.46cm and Thailand strain 11.20cm. Cassava peels spawn production was done in two ways, singly and supplemented with rice bran, yield from different species of mushroom (L. squarroslus and P. pulmonarius (FIIRO Strain) cultivated with cassava peels spawn in the study were compared with sorghum grains spawn. Different weight of 100, 200, 300g were used for cultivation, sorghum grains spawn produced the highest yield (202.13g) from the two species used followed by cassava peels supplemented with rice bran (179.86g) and single cassava peels spawn (124.13g). L. squarroslus did not fruit on cassava peels even with the sorghum grains spawn. The differences from the yield of the three spawn was negligible as the differences was not noticeable (cassava peels 124.133±5.21a, supplemented cassava peels spawn 179.867±0.64a, and sorghum grains spawn 202.133±8.86a). This result verified the use of cassava peels in the production of viable mushroom spawn.
Acute Neuromuscular Adaptations in Response to Low-Intensity Blood-Flow Restricted Exercise and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise: Are There Any Differences?
Authors: Fatela Pedro , Reis Joana F. , Mendonca Goncalo V. , Freitas Tomás , Valamatos Maria J. , Avela Janne , Mil-Homens Pedro
Published: June 2017

Fatela, P, Reis, JF, Mendonca, GV, Freitas, T, Valamatos, MJ, Avela, J, and Mil-Homens, P. Acute neuromuscular adaptations in response to low-intensity blood flow restricted exercise and high-intensity resistance exercise: are there any differences? J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 902–910, 2018—Numerous studies have reported similar neuromuscular adaptations between low-intensity (LI) blood-flow restricted exercise (BFRE) and high-intensity (HI) resistance training. Unfortunately, none of these experimental designs individualized blood flow restriction (BFR) levels to each participant. Thus, their findings are difficult to interpret. We aimed at comparing the acute effects of LI BFR (80% of absolute vascular occlusion pressure) with LI non-BFR and HI training on muscle torque, activation, and neuromuscular fatigue. Ten men (23.8 ± 5.4 years) exercised at 20 and 75% of 1 repetition maximum with and without BFR (for LI). Blood flow restriction pressure was determined individually using resting blood-flow measurements. Torque was determined during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) at pre-exercise and postexercise time points. Surface electromyographic activity (root mean square [RMS] and median frequency [MF]) was recorded for the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles, before and after each session of training, during isometric contractions at 20% MVC. Torque decreased post-HI and LI BFR (−9.5 and −7.8%, respectively; p < 0.01), but not after LI non-BFR. The MF was reduced following HI training in the VM and the RF muscles (−5.3 and −12.5%, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, the impact of LI BFR on reducing MF was limited to the RF muscle (−10.7%, p ≤ 0.05). Finally, when compared to all other conditions, RMS values were consistently higher during submaximal contractions performed after HI training (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, we conclude that, despite enhancing the acute magnitude of muscular activation and fatigue, LI BFR exercise exerts a less profound impact on neuromuscular function than HI resistance training.
Partial Range of Motion Exercise Is Effective for Facilitating Muscle Hypertrophy and Function Through Sustained Intramuscular Hypoxia in Young Trained Men
Authors: Goto Masahiro , Maeda Chikako , Hirayama Tomoko , Terada Shigeru , Nirengi Shinsuke , Kurosawa Yuko , Nagano Akinori , Hamaoka Takafumi
Published: June 2017

Goto, M, Chikako, M, Hirayama, T, Terada, S, Nirengi, S, Kurosawa, Y, Nagano, A, and Hamaoka, T. Partial range of motion exercise is effective for facilitating muscle hypertrophy and function through sustained intramuscular hypoxia in young trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1286–1294, 2019—The acute response to and long-term effects of partial range of motion exercise (PRE) and full range of motion exercise (FRE) of elbow extensors were compared in young trained men. The PRE was expected to increase the intramuscular hypoxic environment, which was theorized to enhance muscular hypertrophy. Forty-four resistance-trained men were divided into 2 training groups, PRE (n = 22) or FRE (n = 22) group, and performed the PRE or FRE acute exercise protocol. The PRE (elbow range from 45° to 90°) and FRE (from 0° to 120°) acute protocols consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions, with an 8RM, and an equivalent workload. After the initial testing, the training program for each group, comprised 3 training sessions per week for 8 weeks, was started. The acute responses of area under the oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) curve, blood lactate concentration, and root mean square of electromyography were significantly higher both before and after PRE than FRE training. Long-term effects were produced by both PRE and FRE, with significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in cross-sectional area (CSA) of triceps brachii and isometric strength. The CSA increased significantly greater after PRE (48.7 ± 14.5%) than after FRE (28.2 ± 10.9%). Furthermore, during the PRE program, a positive correlation was detected between the percent increase in CSA and area under the Oxy-Hb curves before and after 8-week exercise training (before 8-week exercise training: r = 0.59, after 8-week exercise training: r = 0.70, p < 0.01). These results suggest that intramuscular hypoxia might facilitate muscular hypertrophy with PRE being more effective than FRE.
Posdhumanismo, técnica y filosofía: dimensiones de la tecno-topia para Un Mundo Feliz
Authors: Ballen Juan Sebastian
Published: June 2017

Hablar de antropotécnicas, biopoder y dispositivos de control es un lenguaje  filosófico que hace parte de los nuevos análisis propuestos desde la biología, la fenomenología, la antropología y la teoría social a propósito de la relación que establece el hombre con la técnica y sus implicaciones en un tipo de sociedad que construye subjetividades y modos de vida atados a la artificialidad tecnológica (tecno-topía). Este trabajo propone hacer una descripción de estos nuevos escenarios de la filosofía de la cultura, para luego mostrar su incidencia en las nociones de ecofilosofía y desarrollo, conceptos recreados en la tecno-topia narrada por el escritor inglés Aldous Huxley en la novela memorable Un mundo Feliz.   
El Alma bella: angustia e inactividad.
Authors: Calderon Jacinto
Published: June 2017

El alma bella representa en la obra de Hegel un momento en el que la acción y la moralidad pueden entrar en un conflicto con la realidad y con el otro, provocando en el sujeto moral (tomado como individuo coherente, como alma bella) la inactividad y la evasión de su selbst en su pura abstracción, enajenándose de toda actividad y toda crítica. Se pretende mostrar, pues, el desarrollo de esta figura hegeliana para poder asumir que toda actividad dirigida al mundo deja de pertenecer al sujeto que la ejecuta y se vuelve algo para el mundo e interpretado por éste. 
La educación en la época de la esclavitud neo-liberal: imagen para pensar la institucionalidad pedagógica latinoamericana
Authors: Díaz Fernández José Alfredo
Published: June 2017

En el presente artículo se ensaya un diagnóstico crítico de la situación vigente en educación, desde la conjunción de la filosofía neoliberal con la tradición filosófica política de la educación latinoamericana, con el propósito de establecer e instanciar la pregunta por el rol del profesor (concebido metafóricamente como curador del market) y el quehacer de la pedagogía de la liberación en la actualidad latinoamericana.

La investigación en su contexto más amplio -en cuya base se encuentra la filosofía política de la educación nuestroamericana- se propone propiciar un diálogo participativo y reflexivo que sumerja la discusión actual en educación y política en una categoría como la esclavitud social y escolar, siempre con el imperativo de pensar desde y para Latinoamérica.  
La decolonización del saber epistémico en la universidad
Authors: Chica Cañas Francisco Alonso , Marín Gallego José Duván
Published: June 2017

Hace ya varias décadas que Latinoamérica salió del colonialismo “centroeuropeo”, como lo llama Dussell; sin embargo, se mantiene una actitud de “colonialidad”, entendida como un proceso amplio de control hegemónico de imposición de conocimientos, prácticas y formas culturales en todos los campos de la vida social,  al tiempo que se desprecian y desdeñan los valores autóctonos, los conocimientos ancestrales y populares que Boaventura de Sousa Santos denomina con la metáfora de “Las epistemologías del sur”; es decir, aquellas epistemologías de quienes no han tenido voz ni voto en las decisiones trascendentales de la vida social, económica, política y cultural, como los desposeídos, los marginados de la sociedad, campesinos, indígenas, afrodescendientes, homosexuales, entre otros.

Los responsables de esta actitud colonialista, no solamente han sido los gobiernos que, mediante convenios y tratados bilaterales y multilaterales con las potencias hegemónicas, financian proyectos de diversa índole e imponen sus criterios e intereses en los distintos campos de la economía, la política y la educación. Pero también la misma educación ha tenido su responsabilidad en este proceso. El conocimiento impartido en las universidades es hegemónico y colonizador, que llega de Europa y Norte América. Por esta razón, la ciencia y el conocimiento que se producen en estas regiones, debe construirse para su validez, con las epistemologías y las metodologías de estas potencias; mientras que los conocimientos culturales, populares y ancestrales, se consideran obstáculos epistemológicos que no pueden convivir e interactuar con la epistemología de la ciencia clásica.

Es por esto que la Universidad también tiene que “decolonizar” sus saberes, para alcanzar un espacio transcultural que incluya todos aquellos conocimientos y cosmovisiones populares y tradicionales para que puedan ser tenidos como pares, en un diálogo de saberes dentro de los procesos de formación y aprendizaje.

 
Genetic Dissection of Morphometric Traits Reveals That Phytochrome B Affects Nucleus Size and Heterochromatin Organization inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Snoek Basten L , Pavlova Penka , Tessadori Federico , Peeters Anton J M , Bourbousse Clara , Barneche Fredy , de Jong Hans , Fransz Paul F , van Zanten Martijn
Published: June 2017

Microscopically visible chromatin is partitioned into two major components in Arabidopsis thaliana nuclei. On one hand, chromocenters are conspicuous foci of highly condensed “heterochromatic” domains that contain mostly repeated sequences. On the other hand, less condensed and gene-rich “euchromatin” emanates from these chromocenters. This differentiation, together with the dynamic nature of chromatin compaction in response to developmental and environmental stimuli, makes Arabidopsis a powerful system for studying chromatin organization and dynamics. Heterochromatin dynamics can be monitored by measuring the Heterochromatin Index, i.e., the proportion of nuclei displaying well-defined chromocenters, or the DNA fraction of chromocenters (relative heterochromatin fraction). Both measures are composite traits, thus their values represent the sum of effects of various underlying morphometric properties. We exploited genetic variation between natural occurring accessions to determine the genetic basis of individual nucleus and chromocenter morphometric parameters (area, perimeter, density, roundness, and heterogeneity) that together determine chromatin compaction. Our novel reductionist genetic approach revealed quantitative trait loci (QTL) for all measured traits. Genomic colocalization among QTL was limited, which suggests a complex genetic regulation of chromatin compaction. Yet genomic intervals of QTL for nucleus size (area and perimeter) both overlap with a known QTL for heterochromatin compaction that is explained by natural polymorphism in the red/far-red light and temperature receptor Phytochrome B. Mutant analyses and genetic complementation assays show that Phytochrome B is a negative regulator of nucleus size, revealing that perception of climatic conditions by a Phytochrome-mediated hub is a major determinant for coordinating nucleus size and heterochromatin compaction.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) productivity under the effect of akm plant growth regulator in the conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine
Authors: Ieremenko O. , Kalensky S. , Kalytka V.
Published: June 2017

Aim. The goal of this research was to determine the infl uence of AKM plant growth regulator on the perfor- mance of large-seed Lakomka sunfl ower variety, sowing and yielding properties of seeds. Methods. Agro- chemical and biometric methods. Mathematical analysis of the results was carried out by Student’s test and licensed Agrostat computer program. Results. The results of the study on the impact of AKM plant growth regulator (PGR) on growth, development and yield formation of sunfl ower in low moisture conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine are presented. Pre-sowing seed treatment of Lakomka sunfl ower variety with AKM plant growth regulator causes an increase in leaf surface area by 22 %; pollen fertility – by 27 %; reduces the phenological phases by 2−4 days on average, increases the resistance of sunfl ower plants to abiotic stress and increases yield by 26 %. It is proven that the proportion of the impact of water stress of the studied year (58.4 %) is signifi cantly higher than that of the impact
of PGR (32.7 %). Conclusions. AKM plant growth regulator is recommended for the use on sunfl ower in 0.015 g/l concentration.
Microagrogenesis of chernozem in agrocenosis
Authors: Demydenko O. , Velichko V.
Published: June 2017

The aim of the study was to provide scientifi c and theoretical substantiation for the process of microaggrega- tion of typical chernozem via the simulation of natural processes of soil formation under the effect of systemat- ic application of soil-protecting technologies of crop cultivation with surface packing of root and after-harvest remains, humus, and mineral fertilizers in agrocenoses of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Laboratory-analytical, experimental fi eld, statistical. Results. During tillage (for over 75 years) the number of free and friable-linked aggregates in the 0–40-cm chernozem layer decreased down to 17–20 %, and on the background of organic-mineral system of fertilization (15 t/ha of humus + N 80 P 75 K 60 ) there was an increase in the content of the mentioned groups of microaggregates up to 20–25 %. The systematic implementation of soil protective technologies promoted the increase in the content of free and friable-linked microaggregates up to 29–32 %. During
tillage, the coeffi cient of saturation with humus for physical clay (PC) decreased 1.3–1.4 times compared to the grassland. The value of PC saturation during the soil protective tillage was optimal, as humus was neither accumulated in the form of free humates, nor stored like “fat” in animal organisms.aAnd there was no blocking of nutrients with free humates. Humus acts as a connective tissue, promoting the improved water-resistance of chernozem structure on the micro- and macroaggregate levels. The ability of chernozems to have aggregation was determined by the dispersion factor (DF), which was 12–14 % during tillage without introducing any fertilizers, and 10 % – with the introduction of fertilizers, which testifi ed to a weak degree of microaggregation. With minimal tillage on the background of the organo-mineral system of fertilization, DF = = 6–7 %, and by the end of rotation it decreased down to 3-5 %. Conclusions. Enhanced microaggregation in soil protective technologies is explained by the fact that
detritus and newly formed humic substances enhance their role in the formation of organo-mineral complexes in case of optimization of hydrothermal conditions in the seasonal cycle and decreased tempo of humus mineralization. The correlation coeffi cient between the num- ber of microaggregates, sized 0.01–0.25 mm and the content of peptized humic substances during tillage was as follows: R = +0.480.01, and for soil protective technologies it was: R = (+0.70–0.75) 0.01. The increase in microaggregation in conditions of soil protective tillage occurred in the direction of wild land analogs and fallow, which testifi ed to the simulation of the natural process of typical chernozem microaggregation in the agrocenoses of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
Unique experiment of global agriculture in the Poltava region – long-term winter rye cultivation
Authors: Kohan A. , Hlushchenko L. , Hanhur V. , Samoylenko O. , Len O. , Olepir R. , Kalinichenko S. , Kavalir L.
Published: June 2017

Aim. To determine the impact of long-term effect of the complex of factors (anthropogenic and climatic) on the soil fertility, the change in the phytocenosis of weeds and the productivity of winter rye at permanent cultivation. Methods. The content of nitrogen in soil was defi ned by Kornfi eld’s method, phosphorus and potassium – according to Chirikov; the content of non-organic chemical elements in the soil – by ICP-MS method using the emission mass-spectrometer Agilent-7700 × (USA). Results. It was determined that the average productivity of winter rye in 1884–2016 was 1.19 t/ha, but the level of crop productivity fl uctuated depending on the favorable weather conditions of the year, the quality of soil preparation and the content of productive moisture in the cultivated soil layer during sowing, and the weediness of the experimental sowing. Conclusions. The results of the studies may be used to solve the fundamental issues of agriculture, for comprehensive complex investigations, the demonstration of the
role of the main factors and conditions of vegetative life.
Cellular and humoral immunity of carp at the action of biologically active additives
Authors: Ohorodnyk N. , Smolianinov K. , Ratsky M.
Published: June 2017

The work of a tractor-towed machine for cleaning beet top residues from root crop heads, when used with supporting pneumatic wheels, is accompanied with its oscillations in the vertical plane, which has consider- able impact on the quality of implementing the technological process. Therefore, the determination of opti- mal parameters for the cleaning machine, ensuring more stable movement of its cleaning working tool, in the longitudinal-vertical plane fi rst and foremost, is an important task of the mechanization of sugar beet grow- ing industry. Aim. To enhance the effi ciency of cleaning sugar beet top residues from root crop heads via the elaboration of the mathematical model of the oscillating movement of the towed machine for cleaning beet top residues from root crop heads in the longitudinal-vertical plane. Methods. The methods of building computational mathematical models for the functioning of agricultural machines and equipment, based on theoretical mechanics and advanced mathematics, were used.
Results. The elaborated equivalent scheme of the movement of the towed cleaning machine was used to obtain the system of two non-linear differential equations for detailed study of the oscillations of the root crop head cleaner in the longitudinal-vertical plane while its supporting pneumatic wheels are moving along uneven soil surface. The mathematical model for the movement of the cleaner with horizontal cleaning roller, elaborated on the basis of initial dynamics equa- tions in the Lagrangian form of the second kind, allowed determining the connection between constructive and kinematic parameters of the vehicle and its oscillating characteristics. The established dependencies formed the prerequisites for further mathematical digital modelling of the parameters of the towed machine for cleaning of root crop heads with a horizontal cleaning roller. Conclusions. The established computation- al model allows optimizing the values of several parameters, characterizing the oscillations of the machine in the
longitudinal-vertical plane.
A oposição à atuação brasileira no Paraguai pós-Guerra da Tríplice Aliança: o caso do jornal La Voz del Pueblo (1870)
Authors: Segatto Bruno Félix
Published: June 2017

Em março de 1870, o presidente paraguaio Francisco Solano Lopez foi assassinado por tropas brasileiras em Cerro Corá, norte do Paraguai. Este episódio marcou o término da guerra entre a Tríplice Aliança (Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai) e o Paraguai. A partir de então, o país derrotado ficou ocupado política e militarmente por tropas aliadas até 1876, sendo este período marcado pela desorganização política e social daquela nação. Durante os anos 1869 e 1870, enquanto estava em questão o caráter da Constituição que iria reger o país no futuro, surgiram, em Assunção, os primeiros jornais independentes, os quais deram início à imprensa privada paraguaia. Um destes jornais foi La Voz del Pueblo, órgão representante do Club del Pueblo, pró-Argentina e que assumiu uma postura crítica em relação à atuação das autoridades civis e militares brasileiras em solo guarani. Este artigo objetiva analisar a atuação do referido jornal no conturbado momento político em que circulou, durante os meses de março a setembro de 1870. Embora tenha circulado durante um curto período, este jornal constitui importante fonte histórica para o estudo do Paraguai nos meses que se sucederam à morte de Solano Lopez e antecederam a aprovação da Constituição Nacional, em novembro de 1870.
Religiosidade e imaginário no Brasil do século XIX
Authors: Melin Eduardo
Published: June 2017

A presente resenha tem como intuito apresentar características da formação da religiosidade no Império do Brasil e no Início da República. O cerne da obra se projeta no sincretismo religioso brasileiro que envolve crenças da cultura africana, indígena e europeia. Discute a formação e a recepção da sociedade imperial brasileira acerca do espiritismo, fomenta os motivos das críticas estatuidas pela Igreja Católica, Imprensa e Comunidade Médica, abarca diversas situações onde o sobrenatural é influente e está presente na vida dos individuos e a percepção e uso por estes de variadas formas de rituais que compõe o imaginário religioso e cultural do homem do século XIX nos trópicos.
BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG WILD POPULATIONS OF MILKFISH (Chanos chanos) IN INDONESIA
Authors: Sugama Ketut , Prijono Agus
Published: June 2017

Four populations of milkfish (Chanos chanos ) were collected (N=100) from coastal water of  Aceh. Bali, East Java and South Sulawesi and were examined electrophoretically at 29 loci to deterurine the genetic vuriability and the population structure.
In Vitro Screening of Natural Drug Potentials for Mass Production
Authors: YALDIZ Gülsüm , KOCA ÇALIŞKAN Ufuk , AKA Ceylan
Published: June 2017

Methanolic extracts of 16 plant species, used in herbal and traditional medicinal preparations, collected from the same geographic region (Golcuk-Seben/Bolu, Turkey) were evaluated for their relative total phenolic contents, total antioxidant activities and their mineral contents in both dried plant samples and methanolic extracts. These species included Hypericum perforatum L., Thymus sipyleus Boiss., Equisetum arvense L., Achillea millefolium L., Tanacetum parthenium L., Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. & Velen., Usnea longissima, Herniaria incana Boiss., Teucrium polium L., Stachys bithynica Boiss., Anthemis nobilis L., Sambucus ebulus L., Berberis vulgaris L., Malus communis Desf., Matricaria chamomilla L. and Scorzonera laciniata L. Spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical scavenging activity methods were performed to detect the total phenolic contents and total antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts, respectively. The results show that the fruits of Berberis vulgaris L., have the highest antioxidant activity and aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium L. have the highest total phenolics (92.62%). Mineral contents were determined by inductively coupled – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All dried plant samples and methanolic extracts contained high amounts of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in Equisetum arvense L., Anthemis nobilis L., and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. dried plant samples, whereas Se was only detected in Usnea longissima. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in the methanolic extracts of Usnea longissima, Anthemis nobilis L. and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. respectively.
A New Insight into Pruning Strategy in the Biennial Cycle of Fruiting: Vegetative Growth at Shoot and Whole-tree Level, Yield and Fruit Quality of Apple
Authors: ATAY Ersin
Published: June 2017

Knowledge of the growth dynamics of young and mature trees contribute to development of efficient orchard management practices. In this experiment, the aim was to provide apple growers with practical information on how vegetative growth (at both shoot and whole-tree level), yield and fruit quality change during the transition period, from young to mature trees. The experiment orchard was planted at 3.5 m × 1 m inter-row and intra-row spacings, respectively, with ‘Golden Delicious’/M.9 trees. Trees were trained since planting as modified vertical axis. Vegetative growth at shoot level reacted differently to yield load than that at the whole-tree level. The yield, yield efficiency and annual canopy volume increase and decrease (a vegetative growth indicator at the whole-tree level) showed a positive correlation with shoot length. TCSA (annual increase and actual TCSA), as another vegetative growth indicator at whole-tree level in the experiment, correlated negatively with shoot length. The yield varied biennially and, was greatest in the seventh year after planting (21.76±8.46 kg tree-1, corresponding to an orchard yield of ~62 t ha-1) that is an acceptable tonnage in the region of the experiment. To maintain the balance between vegetative growth and fruiting, orchard management practices should be conducted considering yield. No pruning or light pruning is recommended in the ‘off-year’ of biennial cycle of fruiting as a result of this study.
Effect of Biostimulants on Several Physiological Characteristics and Chlorophyll Content in Broccoli under Drought Stress and Re-watering
Authors: KAŁUŻEWICZ Alina , KRZESIŃSKI Włodzimierz , SPIŻEWSKI Tomasz , ZAWORSKA Anna
Published: June 2017

Drought stress is one of the many factors that lead to decreased yield in both quality and quantity. One method to improve plant resistance to this stress is application of biostimulants. The most widely used biostimulants are protein hydrolysates, containing sea algae extract and humus compounds. In the present study, the influence of the amino acids as well as combination of amino acids with Ascophyllum nodosum filtrate on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) plants cvs. ‘Agassi’ and ‘Tiburon’ was investigated. The plants were watered with Ascophyllum nodosum filtrate three days before planting and sprayed three times with amino acids two, four and six weeks after planting. The present results show that biostimulants have a significant effect on both gas exchange and transpiration rate both prior to the application of stress, under drought stress and after re-watering. Biostimulant treatment led to an increase of drought tolerance in both studied cultivars but the final effect depended on cultivar. ‘Tiburon’ cultivar turned out to be more tolerant to drought stress than ‘Agassi’. The application of biostimulants resulted in an increase of photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and transpiration rate in ‘Agassi’ cultivar under drought stress. This effect was not observed in ‘Tiburon’. The chlorophyll content was higher under drought stress as compared to the value prior to stress in both cultivars.
Characterization of Old Apple Cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina by Means of Pomological and Biochemical Analysis
Authors: STANIVUKOVIĆ Sanda , ŽUJIĆ Milan , ŽABIĆ Mirjana , MIĆIĆ Nikola , BOSANČIĆ Borut , ĐURIĆ Gordana
Published: June 2017

The assessment of quality of old apple varieties was made in order to preserve and use these germplasm in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The characterization was done for ten old varieties of apples selected on the basis of good characteristics of sensory analysis. The following parameters were considered: fruit weight, fruit length and width, stalk length and width, fruit flesh firmness; soluble solids content and total dry matter content of the fruit juice; pH, titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant potential evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Statistical analysis was performed separately for sensory, pomological and biochemical characterization (in two consecutive years) by analysis of variance. Only traits such as weight, width and height of the fruit were the biggest in ‘Vinjugara’ which had a low content of titratable acidity whereby it could be singled out as an acceptable variety for consumers. ‘Đedovača’ had the highest content of phenols (1711.8 mg GAE/100 g of fruit weight), which is in complete relationship with good free radical scavenging activity (11.1 mg of fresh fruit/ml). ‘Kolačara’ and ‘Gospoinjača’ were distinguished as particularly interesting for good nutritional characteristics, primarily the content of phenols, flavonoids and free radical scavenging ability, but also for suitable storage characteristics, °Brix content and firmness. Due to favourable pomological and biochemical characteristics these varieties were recommended to be included in the breeding program that will result in the enrichment of germplasm of the apples from these areas.
Polyphenolic Profile, Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of an Extract from Arctium lappa L. Roots
Authors: CONEA Simona , MOGOSAN Cristina , VOSTINARU Oliviu , TOMA Claudia Crina , CUC HEPCAL Ioana , CAZACU Irina , POP Cristina , VLASE Laurian
Published: June 2017

The aim of the study was to assess the polyphenolic profile, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Arctium lappa, a medicinal plant traditionally used in the treatment of gout, hepatitis and other inflammatory disorders. Polyphenolic profile of a hydro-glycero-ethanolic extract from Arctium lappa roots (ALE) was evaluated by HPLC-MS method. Anti-inflammatory effect of the Arctium lappa extract (ALE) was determined by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test, while antinociceptive effect was determined by acetic acid induced writhing test in mice and Randall Selitto test in rats. HPLC-MS analysis of the extract showed the presence of chlorogenic acid (158.9 μg/mL) and quercitrin (14.4 μg/mL). The administration of ALE reduced the oedema formation in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test, especially at dose of 500 mg/kg, the results being statistically significant and dose-dependent. Also, ALE showed statistically significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in the acetic acid induced writhing test in mice and Randall Selitto test in rats. The results of the pharmacological experiments suggest that the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the Arctium lappa extract (ALE) may be related to the ability of polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid to inhibit the synthesis and release of some pro-inflammatory mediators. Our experimental data justify the traditional use of this plant in the management of some inflammatory disease.
Induced Mutations through EMS Treatment and In Vitro Screening for Salt Tolerance Plant of Petunia × atkinsiana D. Don
Authors: KRUPA-MAŁKIEWICZ Marcelina , KOSATKA Alicja , SMOLIK Beata , SĘDZIK Maja
Published: June 2017

In vitro culture is a practical plant breeding tool in developing plant resistant to different abiotic stresses such as salinity. In this study, the focus is on inducing mutations for salt tolerance using ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) in calli of petunia (Petunia × atkinsiana D. Don ‘Prism Red’), followed by cell line selection and subsequent plant regeneration. Callus cultures were initiated from leaf fragments soaked in mutagen solution in two concentrations 0.5 and 5.0 mM for 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. Then, the callus was rinsed three times in deionized, sterile water and was transferred onto embryo formation medium Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with 2.0 mg l-1 1-napthaleneaceticacid (NAA) and 5.0 mg l-1 (6-benzyloaminopurine) BAP. After 28 days, somatic embryos were transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l-1 BAP for regeneration. Results of our studies showed that the callus immersion in the 5.0 mM EMS solution caused damage to the cells, and indicated by the change in callus colour into brown. The plants regenerated from the somatic embryos induced from callus treated with 0.5 mM solution of mutagen for 60 and 120 min were determined as M1 and M2 mutant variants, respectively. After the multiplication of the obtained plants, their tolerance to salinity stress was determined. The obtained results have showed that the M1 and M2 mutant lines were characterized by elevated tolerance to the stress factor in comparison to non-mutated plants.
Nitrogen Balance in a Poorly Draining Intensively Cultivated Soil
Authors: MOUSTAKAS Nicholas K. , KOSMAS Constantinos S.
Published: June 2017

The increasing use of nitrogen in fertilizers has not only increased the productivity of agricultural crops but also the concern for the effects of high N inputs on the natural environment. Economic, agronomic and environmental concerns have led to greater efforts towards more effective utilization of nitrogenous fertilizers, which can be achieved through a better quantitative understanding of the fate of nitrogen when applied to the soil. So Nitrogen balance was investigated in a poorly draining intensively cultivated soil. Nitrogen inputs and outputs, such as additions by precipitation (Natm), irrigation water (Nirr), commercial fertilizers (Nfert), mineralization (Nmin), denitrification (Ndenitr), volatilization (Ngas), capillary rise (Ncap), uptake (Nupt), residual (Nres) and leaching (Nleac) were studied and quantified during a period of 72 weeks for two growing crops (maize and wheat). Nitrogen excess or deficit at time ‘t’ (Nt) was calculated from the following balance equation: Nt = Nres + Natm + Nirr + Nmin + Nfert + Ncap − Nupt − Ndenitr – Ngas − Nleac. Existing models were used after proper adjustments to calculate these fluxes. Only a single model, based on soil temperature at 60 cm and NO3--N concentration in ground water was developed for the estimation of denitrification at the ground water boundary. The calculated values satisfactorily matched the respective experimental data. The results shown that the greater part of the applied nitrogen fertilizer was lost to ground water during the winter causing considerable environmental concern. For sustainable land use, inputs and outputs of nutrients must be balanced in order to avoid negative impacts on the environment, especially in intensively exploited agricultural ecosystems.
Incorporating Tumor Characteristics to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Breast Cancer Staging System
Authors: Chavez-MacGregor Mariana , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Clarke Christina A. , Lichtensztajn Daphne Y. , Hunt Kelly K. , Giordano Sharon H.
Published: June 2017

Background

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) breast cancer staging system provides important prognostic information. The recently published eighth edition incorporates biological markers and recommends the use of a complex “prognostic stage.” In this study, we assessed the relationship between stage, breast cancer subtype, grade, and outcome in a large population-based cohort and evaluated a risk score system incorporating tumor characteristic to the AJCC anatomic staging system.

Materials and Methods

Patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer stage I–IV between 2005–2008 were identified in the California Cancer Registry. For patients with stage I–III disease, pathologic stage was recorded. For patients with stage IV disease, clinical stage was utilized. Five-year breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) rates were determined for each potential tumor size-node involvement-metastases (TNM) combination according to breast cancer subtype. A risk score point-based system using grade, estrogen receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status was designed to complement the anatomic AJCC staging system. Survival probabilities between groups were compared using log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used.

Results

Among 43,938 patients, we observed differences in 5-year BCSS and OS for each TNM combination according to breast cancer subtype. The most favorable outcomes were seen for hormone receptor-positive tumors followed closely by HER2-positive tumors, with the worst outcomes observed for triple negative breast cancer. Our risk score system separated patients into four risk groups within each stage category (all p < .05).

Conclusion

Our simple risk score system incorporates biological factors into the AJCC anatomic staging system, providing accurate prognostic information.
Cracking, salinity and evaporation in mesoscale experiments on three types of tailings
Authors: Simms Paul , Soleimani Sahar , Mizani Shabnam , Daliri Farzad , Dunmola Adedeji , Rozina Elizaveta , Innocent-Bernard Tessa
Published: June 2017

Evaporation is a phenomenon useful in assisting in the dewatering and stabilisation of various mineral wastes. This paper summarises findings on the influence of cracking and salinity on evaporation in mesoscale (1·0 m by 0·7 m in plan) deposition experiments on three different mineral slurries: thickened gold tailings, thickened oil sands tailings and oil sands tailings modified by in-line polymer flocculation. Each tailings exhibited substantially different evaporation related phenomena. In the two finer-grained oil sands tailings, crack development correlated with apparent actual evaporation rates larger than the potential rate, which ceased once crack volume stopped increasing. Total suction at the surface was dominated by osmotic suction in the thickened oil sands tailings, whereas total suction was largely matric in the other two tailings. In the gold tailings, no strong signal from cracks on evaporation could be detected. The gold tailings exhibited ‘declining stage I’ evaporation, which has been recently described from idealised drying experiments on sands. The relatively unique behaviour of each tailings type with respect to evaporation highlights the importance of considering larger scale effects when assessing tailing dewatering by evaporation.