bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing bladder capacity in children: Is it feasible at all?
Authors: Chrzan Rafał , Czernik Jerzy , Apoznański Wojciech , Bagłaj Maciej , Patkowski Dariusz
Published: February 2006

Aim

The aim of the study was to assess correlations between body parameters and bladder capacity in healthy schoolboys and schoolgirls. On the basis of those anthropometric data functional bladder capacity (FBC) in children was estimated.

Materials and Methods

The questionnaires were sent to 1,055 parents of children aged from 6 to 14 years. Voided volumes were assessed during uroflowmetry, which was performed under typical conditions in separate rooms (Urodyn 1000, Dantec, Skovlunde, Denmark). Residual volume was measured thereafter. Precise anthropometric parameters were obtained in standing the position. Children with dysfunctional problems, those who voided less than 100 ml and those with residual volumes > 5% of voided volume were excluded. Statistical analysis was done on the basis of the results gathered from 288 children. Pearson's correlation coefficient between body measurements and voided volume was calculated (P < 0.05). Regression modeling was used to propose the best formula for calculating FBC in children.

Results

Mean FBC is higher in girls than in boys (P < 0.05). The correlation between FBC and flow parameters was found (0.3 < “r” < 0.5). The value of the coefficient indicates loose relationship. We revealed correlation between weight, height, and length of the trunk, pelvic dimension and FBC. The best mathematical equation to estimate FBC in children based on the body measurements fits to 54% of population (FBC = −268.4 + 7.38 × flow time + 3.15 × suprasteral height + 1.25 × thickness of fat fold. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:211–214, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a validated quality of life tool specific to children with Bladder dysfunction
Authors: Bower W.F. , Wong E.M.C. , Yeung C.K.
Published: February 2006

Aims

To date there have not been any generic or continence‐specific measurement tools that allow clinicians to investigate quality of life in children with bladder dysfunction. The aim of this research was to create a cross‐cultural tool to assess and measure the wider psychosocial impact of current and new interventions for bladder dysfunction in children.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted in three parts: expert consultation with continence clinicians; design and administration of a child‐completed international questionnaire; item analysis, validity and reliability testing, and design of a new tool.

Results

The need for a pediatric incontinence QoL measure evaluation was strongly endorsed by clinicians. Data from 156 child‐completed questionnaires collected in 10 countries was analyzed for item characteristics and found to be free of item correlation and ceiling and floor effects. Factor analysis revealed 2 factors, which were labeled intrinsic and extrinsic. Rasch analyses showed the internal validity of both subscales was reasonable good. Cronbach's alpha for each factor was 0.91 and 0.72. After analysis, items were selected for the new tool, PinQ, and evaluated for ambiguity, clarity, comprehension level required, choice of words and phrases, and age‐appropriate concepts. Twenty‐one items were finally selected and randomly positioned within the tool.

Conclusions

A cross‐cultural tool that quantifies the holistic effect of bladder dysfunction in children has been designed and tested for validity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:221–227, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered muscle activation patterns in symptomatic women during pelvic floor muscle contraction and Valsalva manouevre
Authors: Thompson Judith A. , O'Sullivan Peter B. , Briffa N. Kathryn , Neumann Patricia
Published: February 2006

Aims

To investigate the muscle activation patterns of the abdomino‐pelvic region used by incontinent women during a pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contraction and a Valsalva manouevre compared to healthy, asymptomatic subjects.

Methods

Thirteen incontinent (symptomatic) women, identified using ultrasound to be consistently depressing the bladder base during PFM contraction, and thirteen continent women (asymptomatic) able to perform an elevating PFM contraction were assessed using surface electromyography (EMG) of the PFM, abdominal and chest wall muscles and vaginal and intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements during PFM contraction and Valsalva under ultrasound surveillance.

Results

There were no differences between groups in age, parity or BMI. There was a difference in muscle activation patterns between groups (P = 0.001). During PFM contraction the PFM were less active and the abdominal and chest wall muscles were more active in the symptomatic group. During Valsalva, the PFM and EO were more active in the symptomatic group but there was no difference in the activation of the other muscles between groups. There was a significant interaction (group x pressure) for change in IAP (P = 0.047) but no significant interaction for change in vaginal pressure (VP) (P = 0.324).

Conclusions

The symptomatic women displayed altered muscle activation patterns when compared to the asymptomatic group. The symptomatic women were unable to perform a voluntary PFM contraction using a localized muscle strategy, instead activating all the muscles of the abdomino‐pelvic cavity. The potential for muscle substitution strategies reinforces the need for close attention to specificity when prescribing PFM exercise programs. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:268–276, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impaired micturition reflex caused by acute selective dorsal or ventral root(s) rhizotomy in anesthetized rats
Authors: Liao Jiuan‐Miaw , Cheng Chen‐Li , Lee Shin‐Da , Chen Gin‐Den , Chen Kuo‐Jung , Yang Chao‐Hsun , Pan Shwu‐Fen , Chen Mei‐Jung , Huang Pei‐Chen , Lin Tzer‐Bin
Published: February 2006

Purpose

To clarify the contributions of parasympathetic inputs and outputs to the micturition reflex.

Materials and Methods

Intra‐vesical pressure (IVP), external urethral sphincter electromyogram (EMG), pelvic afferent nerve activities (PANA), and pelvic efferent nerve activities (PENA) as well as the time‐derived IVP (dIVP, an index of bladder contractility) were evaluated in intact and acute dorsal or ventral root(s) rhizotomized (DRX and VRX, respectively) rats.

Results

In DRX rats, when compared with that in intact stage, the voiding frequency was decreased (75 ± 15% of intact,P < 0.05, n = 8), while the threshold pressure to trigger voiding contractions was significantly increased (187 ± 75% of intact,P < 0.05, n = 8). In addition, several insufficient contractions (5.3 ± 3.5 contractions/voiding,P < 0.05, n = 8) occurred in ahead of each voiding contraction. On the other hand, in VRX rats, the peak and rebound IVP were significantly decreased (90 ± 3.5% and 75 ± 11.3% of intact,P < 0.01, n = 8), while the threshold pressure was not affected (102 ± 11% of intact,P = NS, n = 8). The time‐derived parameters were significantly decreased in VRX (peak dIVP, 78 ± 10.2%, rebound dIVP, 75 ± 15.6%, minimal dIVP, 68 ± 14% of intact,P < 0.01, n = 8) but only peak dIVP was decreased (85 ± 11% of intact,P < 0.01, n = 8) in DRX rats.

Conclusion

Acute selective DRX and VRX rat can be an animal model to investigate peripheral neural control in micturition functions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:283–289, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multigrid multidimensional scaling
Authors: Bronstein M. M. , Bronstein A. M. , Kimmel R. , Yavneh I.
Published: February 2006

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a generic name for a family of algorithms that construct a configuration of points in a target metric space from information about inter‐point distances measured in some other metric space. Large‐scale MDS problems often occur in data analysis, representation and visualization. Solving such problems efficiently is of key importance in many applications.

In this paper we present a multigrid framework for MDS problems. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on dimensionality reduction and isometric embedding problems, two classical problems requiring efficient large‐scale MDS. Simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms conventional MDS algorithms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in tow geometry of plain‐weave carbon/epoxy fabrics draped onto compliant hemisphere molds
Authors: Chung Jee Gyu , Chang Seung Hwan
Published: February 2006

In this study, draping of carbon/epoxy fabrics (Plain weave, 3k) onto hemisphere molds is studied to understand the deformation behavior of fabrics during thermoforming. In order to characterize the local deformation of fabrics draped onto hemisphere molds, specimens are selected and prepared for microscopic observation. Several tow parameters such as crimp angle and tow amplitude are investigated to determine the effect of forming conditions and material properties of molds on the microstructures of fabrics during draping and forming. The measured parameters were normalized with respect to an undeformed specimen to facilitate a comparison between specimens. Hemisphere molds made of aluminum and PVC foam are used to observe the effect of mold compliance on microstructural changes during forming. The stress–strain behavior of the foams are measured to correlate the behavior of micro‐tow structures with the foam properties. It is found that some of the tow deformation during shearing is significantly altered when using the compliant foam mold. Polym. Compos. 27:111–118, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Twin‐screw extrusion production and characterization of starch foam products for use in cushioning and insulation applications
Authors: Nabar Yogaraj , Ramani Narayan  , Schindler Melvin
Published: February 2006

Cylindrical starch foam shapes were produced on a small scale (∼11–12 kg/hr) Werner Pfleiderer ZSK‐30 twin‐screw extrusion (TSE) process using water, which functions as a plasticizer as well as a blowing agent. The properties of the starch foams depend on the type of starch used (hydroxypropylated high amylose corn starch, 70% amylose), the amount of water and additives (poly(hydroxyamino ether)) (PHAE) used, and extrusion conditions such as temperature and the screw configuration. PHAE offers the adhesion and durability of epoxy resins with the flexibility and processibility of thermoplastic resins. PHAE was successful in imparting mechanical strength and toughness, cell integrity, weather and water resistance to the foam structure. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of the extrusion (melt) temperature, amount of water added and the screw configuration on the density of starch foams. The water externally added was varied from 3% to 12%, while the PHAE content was varied from 3% to 15% of the starch used (on a wet basis). The foaming was carried out at melt temperatures in the range from 85 to 145°C. A match of material properties with process engineering conditions was achieved to facilitate the control of expansion to a structure with valuable commercial properties. The effects of processing conditions on the foaming process were studied using a Werner Pfleiderer ZSK‐30 twin screw extruder. The optimum temperature, blowing agent content, and PHAE content were determined. The density of the cylindrical foam extrudates obtained was 22–25 kg/m3. The screw configuration, temperature and pressure profiles, and additives affected the morphology, expansion ratio (ER), resilience, and compressibility of the product. These results were then employed on an industrial scale (410–420 kg/hr) twin‐screw food extruder, a Wenger‐80, to manufacture foam sheets. The density of the foam sheets was 27–30 kg/m3. The cushioning and insulation properties were studied and are reported. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:438–451, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Replications and analysis of microlens array fabricated by a modified LIGA process
Authors: Kim Dong Sung , Lee Hyun Sup , Lee Bong‐Kee , Yang Sang Sik , Kwon Tai Hun , Lee Seung S.
Published: February 2006

Microlens arrays were fabricated using a modified LIGA process based on the exposure of a PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) sheet to deep X‐rays from the synchrotron of PAL (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory) and a subsequent thermal treatment. A successful physical modeling and analyses for microlens formation were reviewed according to the experimental procedure of the modified LIGA process based on our previous study. A metallic nickel mold insert for the replication of microlens arrays was successfully fabricated by the nickel electroforming process on the PMMA microlens arrays fabricated by the modified LIGA process. For the replication of microlens arrays having various diameters with different foci on the same surface, the hot embossing and the microinjection molding processes have been successfully utilized with the nickel mold insert. The scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope measurements showed that replicated microlenses have good surface quality with the surface roughness of the order of 1 nm. The injection‐molded microlens arrays were also found to have very small birefringence. Finally, the focal lengths of the injection‐molded microlenses were successfully measured experimentally and also estimated theoretically. The replicated microlens arrays with the good surface quality could be applied to various optical applications that require microlens arrays having the different foci on the same surface. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:416–425, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fullerene‐functionalized polycarbonate: Synthesis under microwave irradiation and nonlinear optical property
Authors: Wu Huixia , Li Feng , Lin Yanghui , Cai Ruifang , Tong Rui , Qian Shixiong
Published: February 2006

Fullerenation of polycarbonate (PC), a commercially important optical polymer, was achieved by direct reaction of C60 and PC in the presence of azo‐bis‐isobutyronitrile (AIBN), using 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane as the solvent under microwave irradiation (MI). Compared with conventional heating process, MI could significantly enhance the rate of the fullerenation under identical reaction conditions. The C60 content of the fullerene‐functionalized polycarbonate (C60‐PC) could be controlled via varying the C60/PC feed ratio and the reaction time. The C60‐PCs are soluble in common organic solvents such as THF and chloroform. The products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, UV–vis, FTIR, TGA, DSC, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The reaction of C60 with PC under MI was monitored by electron spin resonance spectra, the fullerene radicals were detected in reaction solutions and also in the solid product polymers, indicating the radical mechanism of the reaction. The nonlinear optical property of C60‐PCs in THF was investigated by the open‐aperture z‐scan technique at 527 nm, and its nonlinear absorption coefficient was found to be in the same order as that of C60. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:399–405, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Assessing local residence time distributions in screw extruders through a new in‐line measurement instrument
Authors: Zhang Xian‐Ming , Xu Zhong‐Bin , Feng Lian‐Fang , Song Xiao‐Bo , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: February 2006

This work aimed at developing a new instrument to measure in real time the residence time distribution (RTD) in screw extruders. The instrument followed the same principle as the one reported in the literature but possessed several important advantages. For example, the detection system had two probes that allowed to simultaneously measure RTDs at any two different locations of an extruder, thus providing the possibility of calculating the local RTD between them by a deconvolution method based on a statistical theory for the RTD. Its performance was evaluated on a corotating twin‐screw extruder using anthracene as tracer and polystyrene as flowing material. The effects of various process parameters such as feed rate and screw speed on the RTDs were investigated. The emphasis was placed, however, on the effect of the staggering angle of kneading discs on local RTDs both in the kneading zone itself and its neighboring upstream and downstream screw zones. This work is in support of an ongoing project on the simulation of flow in corotating twin‐screw extruders. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:510–519, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Rupture of nanoparticle agglomerates and formulation of Al2O3‐epoxy nanocomposites using ultrasonic cavitation approach: Effects on the structural and mechanical properties
Authors: West Richard D. , Malhotra Vivak M.
Published: February 2006

Currently, intense research is underway to develop polymer nanocomposites because of their numerous potential applications. However, the uniform dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites without an additional chemical phase has proved to be a difficult challenge. In this paper, we present our results that ultrasonic cavitation could be an effective tool to disrupt agglomerates, thus forming well‐dispersed inorganic phase polymer nanocomposites. This is especially true if polymer degradation could be minimized during ultrasonic processing. Our results suggest that better dispersion of nanoparticles achieved via ultrasonic cavitation not only improved the elastic modulus of the polymer nanocomposites but also enhanced the stress at 5% strain values. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:426–430, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Analysis of the dynamic Bacillus subtilis Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteome implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes
Authors: Lévine Alain , Vannier Françoise , Absalon Cédric , Kuhn Lauriane , Jackson Peter , Scrivener Elaine , Labas Valérie , Vinh Joëlle , Courtney Patrick , Garin Jérôme , Séror Simone J.
Published: February 2006

The physiological role of proteins phosphorylated on serine/threonine/tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) residues or the identity of the corresponding kinases and phosphatases is generally poorly understood in bacteria. As a first step in analysing the importance of such phosphorylation, we sought to establish the nature of the Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteome in Bacillus subtilis, using in vivo labelling with [32P]‐orthophosphate, one‐unit pH 2‐DE, combined with MS. Highly reproducible 2‐D profiles of phosphoproteins were obtained with early stationary‐phase cells. The 2‐D profiles contained at least 80 clearly labelled spots in the pH range 4–7. Forty‐six spots were analysed by MS (confirmed in most cases by LC‐MS/MS), identifying a total of 29 different proteins, with 19 identified for the first time as bacterial phosphoproteins. These phosphoproteins are implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including carbon and energy metabolism, transport, stress and development. Significant changes to the profiles were obtained as a result of cold, heat or osmotic shock, demonstrating that, in stationary‐phase cells, the phosphoproteome is dynamic. An initial comparative study indicated that at least 25 [32P]‐labelled spots were also stained by Pro‐Q Diamond, with apparently six additional phosphoproteins uniquely detected by Pro‐Q.
Proteomic analysis reveals the spatial heterogeneity of immobilized Taxus cuspidata cells in support matrices
Authors: Cheng Jing‐Sheng , Yuan Ying‐Jin
Published: February 2006

A proteomic approach was used to study the responses of Taxus cuspidata cells to local microenvironments in different zones of immobilized support matrices. Analysis of protein spots by 2‐DE revealed significant differences in the abundance of 31 spots, 28 spots, and 23 spots in outer, middle, and central zone cells between the immobilized and suspended cells. Six of these proteins, identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS, were involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolisms. Immobilization triggered an increase in taxol production of the immobilized cells in the middle and central zones compared to that of the suspended cells. A negative relation between taxol production and the mitotic index was observed in the cells in the immobilization support matrix. Cells in the outer zone had high mitotic index and low taxol production, while cells in the middle and central zones showed low mitotic index and high taxol production. The abundance of S‐adenosylmethionine synthetase, which was identified as one of the differentially expressed proteins, was positively correlated to the cell division activity in the immobilized cell cultures.
Identification of plasma protein biomarkers associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Abdul‐Salam Vahitha B. , Paul Gideon A. , Ali J. Omar , Gibbs Simon R. , Rahman Dinah , Taylor Graham W. , Wilkins Martin R. , Edwards Robert J.
Published: February 2006

We have employed SELDI‐TOF MS to screen for differentially expressed proteins in plasma samples from 27 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and 26 healthy controls. One ion (m/z ∼8600) that was found to be elevated in IPAH was validated by SELDI‐TOF MS analysis of a second and separate set of plasma samples comprising 30 IPAH patients and 19 controls. The m/z 8600 was purified from plasma by sequential ion exchange and reverse‐phase chromatographies and SDS‐PAGE. It was identified, following trypsin digestion, by MS peptide analysis as the complement component, complement 4a (C4a) des Arg. Plasma levels of C4a des Arg measured by ELISA confirmed that the levels were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in IPAH patients (2.12 ± 0.27 μg/mL) compared with normal controls (0.53 ± 0.05 μg/mL). A cut‐off level of 0.6 μg/mL correctly classified 92% of IPAH patients and 80% of controls. Further studies will be needed to determine its performance as a diagnostic biomarker, whether used alone or in combination with other biomarkers. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that putative biomarkers characteristic of IPAH can be identified using a conjoint SELDI‐TOF MS – proteomics approach.
Surface plasmon resonance imaging protein arrays for analysis of triple protein interactions of HPV, E6, E6AP, and p53
Authors: Ro Hyeon‐Su , Koh Byung Hoon , Jung Sun Ok , Park Hyun Kyu , Shin Yong‐Beom , Kim Min‐Gon , Chung Bong Hyun
Published: February 2006

We have developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐based protein microarray to study protein–protein interactions in a high‐throughput mode. As a model system, triple protein interactions have been explored with human papillomaviral E6 protein, tumor suppressor p53, and ubiquitin ligase E6AP. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be a causative agent of cervical cancer. Upon infection, the viral E6 protein forms a heterotrimeric protein complex with p53 and E6AP. The formation of the complex eventually results in the degradation of p53. In the present study, a GST‐fused E6AP protein was layered onto a glutathione (GSH)‐modified gold chip surface. The specific binding of GST‐E6AP protein onto the gold chip surface was facilitated through the affinity of GST to its specific ligand GSH. The interacting proteins (E6 and/or p53) were then spotted. Detection of the interaction was performed using a SPR imaging (SPRI) technique. The resulting SPRI intensity data showed that the protein–protein interactions of E6AP, E6, and p53 were detected in a concentration‐dependent manner, suggesting that the SPRI‐based microarray system can be an effective tool to study protein–protein interactions where multiple proteins are involved.
Oxo‐crown‐ethers as comonomers for tuning polyester properties
Authors: Van Der Mee Lars , Antens Jany , Van De Kruijs Bas , Palmans Anja R. A. , Meijer E. W.
Published: February 2006

2‐Oxo‐12‐crown‐4‐ether (OC) was procured in a novel, two‐step procedure in a 37% overall yield. This interesting hydrophilic lactone was effectively polymerized with Novozym 435 as the catalyst: within 10 min, the monomer conversion was greater than 95%. Poly(2‐oxo‐12‐crown‐4‐ether) [poly(OC)] was obtained as a viscous oil with a glass‐transition temperature of approximately −40 °C, and it was soluble in water. Subsequently, OC was copolymerized with ω‐pentadecanolactone (PDL). A kinetic evaluation of both monomers showed that for OC, the Michaelis–Menten constant (KM) and the maximal rate of polymerization (Vmax) were 2.7 mol/L and 0.24 mol/L min, respectively, whereas for PDL, KM and Vmax were 0.5 mol/L and 0.09 mol/L min, respectively. Although OC polymerized five times faster than PDL, 1H NMR analysis of the copolymers revealed a random copolymer structure. Differential scanning calorimetry traces of the copolymers showed that they were semicrystalline and that the melting temperature and melting enthalpy of the copolymers linearly decreased with an increasing amount of OC. The melting temperature of the copolymers could be adequately predicted by the Baur equation, and this suggested that poly (OC) was rejected from the poly(ω‐pentadecanolactone) [poly(PDL)] crystals. Solid‐state NMR studies confirmed that the crystalline phase exclusively consisted of poly (PDL), whereas the amorphous phase was a mixture of OC and PDL units. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2166–2176, 2006
Synthesis and properties of polythiophenes with conjugated side‐chains containing carbon–carbon double and triple bonds
Authors: Zhou Erjun , Hou Jianhui , Yang Chunhe , Li Yongfang
Published: February 2006

Two soluble side‐chain conjugated polythiophenes, poly{3‐[2‐(4‐octyloxy‐phenyl)‐vinyl]‐thiophene} (P3OPVT) and poly{3‐(4‐octyloxy‐phenylethynyl)‐thiophene} (P3OPET) have been synthesized successfully. In P3OPVT and P3OPET, substituted benzene rings are connected with the polythiophene backbone through trans carbon–carbon double bond and carbon–carbon triple bond, respectively. Absorption spectra of the P3OPVT and P3OPET both show two absorption peaks located in UV and visible region, respectively. The results of optical and electrochemical measurements indicate that the conjugated side‐chains can reduce the bandgap effectively. This type of side‐chain conjugated polythiophenes may be promising for the applications in polymer photovoltaic cells and field effect transistors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2206–2214, 2006
Characterisation of new strains of atrazine‐degrading Nocardioides sp. isolated from Japanese riverbed sediment using naturally derived river ecosystem
Authors: Satsuma Koji
Published: February 2006

A Gram‐positive bacterial strain able to degrade the herbicide atrazine was isolated using a simple model ecosystem constituted with Japanese riverbed sediment and its associated water (microcosm). Treatment of the water phase of the microcosm with 1 mg litre−1 [ring‐14C]atrazine resulted in the rapid degradation of atrazine after a 10 day lag phase period. The [ring‐14C]cyanuric acid formed was transiently accumulated as an intermediary metabolite in the water phase and was subsequently mineralised through triazine ring cleavage. Possible atrazine‐degrading microbes suspended in the water phase of the microcosm were isolated by the plating method while rapid degradation of atrazine was in progress. Among the 48 strains that were isolated, 47 exhibited atrazine‐degrading activity. From these 47 isolates, 12 strains that were randomly selected were found to identically convert atrazine to cyanuric acid via hydroxyatrazine. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the genes corresponding to atrazine degradation revealed that these strains at least carried the genes trzN (atrazine chlorohydrolase from Nocardioides C190) and atzC (N‐isopropylammelide isopropyl amidohydrolase from Pseudomonas ADP). Physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA partial sequences of six strains that were further selected strongly suggested that all these isolates originated from the same Nocardioides sp. strain. Additionally, only one isolate could mineralise the triazine ring of cyanuric acid. Based on microscopic observations, this strain appears to be a two‐membered microbial consortium consisting of Nocardioides sp. and a Gram‐negative bacterium. In conclusion, atrazine biodegradation in the microcosm appeared to occur predominantly by Nocardioides sp. to yield cyanuric acid, which could be mineralised by the other relatively ubiquitous microbes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Metribuzin mobility in soil columns as affected by urea fertiliser
Authors: Singh Neera
Published: February 2006

Application of urea fertilisers to soils influences the soil solution characteristics and thus may affect the sorption of soil‐applied herbicides. The present investigation reports the influence of urea co‐application on sorption and leaching of metribuzin, a triazine herbicide. Urea application at 60 and 120 kg N ha−1 increased metribuzin sorption in soils over that in untreated natural soil. The Kf (Freundlich adsorption coefficient) values of metribuzin for natural, 60 and 120 kg N ha−1 treatments were 0.43, 0.46 and 0.84 µg1 − 1/n g−1 ml1/n respectively. Downward mobility of metribuzin was studied in packed soil columns (300 mm length × 59 mm i.d.) at two irrigation intensities, 720 m3 ha−1 (72 mm) and 3600 m3 ha−1 (360 mm). After 720 m3 ha−1 irrigation, metribuzin did not leach out of any column and was not detected in the leachate. Urea amendment slowed the leaching of metribuzin by 20 and 40% in 60 and 120 kg N ha−1 urea‐treated columns respectively. Also, following urea application, greater amounts of metribuzin were retained in the application zone. Upon increasing the irrigation intensity fivefold, urea application did not have any effect on metribuzin mobility, and its breakthrough from both natural and urea‐amended columns occurred after 126 mm irrigation. However, there was a marked difference in the maximum concentration of metribuzin in the breakthrough curves obtained from natural and urea‐amended columns. The study indicated that co‐application of metribuzin and urea fertiliser is a safe practice as far as leaching of herbicide is concerned. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Spatially resolved deformation studies on carbon steel employing X‐rays and positron annihilation
Authors: Haaks Matz , Müller Ingo , Schoeps Andreas , Franz Hermann
Published: February 2006

Spatially resolved studies on plasticity in a polycrystalline sample of the ferritic carbon steel C45E (AISI 1045) were performed after deformation in a three‐point bending test. The local effects of deformation were investigated by scanning the sample with two different methods: Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (S‐parameter) and Debye–Scherrer diffraction (reflex broadening). A simple relation between the results of both experiments and the true strain over the cross‐section of the bent sample is presented in this letter. Comparing the methods a linear correlation between the lattice distortion of α‐iron and the defect sensitive positron annihilation parameter is found. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty: Is it for Everybody?
Authors: Aglietti Paolo , Baldini Andrea , Giron Francesco , Sensi Lorenzo
Published: February 2006

The development of new instrumentation and techniques has led to the rapid advancement of less invasive surgical approaches in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Compared to the standard approach, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in TKA was shown to reduce postoperative pain, blood loss, and hospitalization time, and to improve functional recovery. Growing experience with MIS-TKA has defined the proper indications for this technique. With a limited exposure, the skin, capsular tissues, and bone surfaces receive higher stresses because of the retraction required. Several complications relating to the MIS learning curve are now being reported. The reliability of a TKA procedure performed through a mini-incision, and its success, seems to depend on patient selection, surgeon experience, and surgical environment.
Regulation of protein synthesis by inducible wild‐type p53 in human lung carcinoma cells
Authors: Tilleray Vivienne , Constantinou Constantina , Clemens Michael J.
Published: February 2006

Activation of an over‐expressed mutant form of the tumour suppressor protein p53 has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis. To determine whether this effect is due only to high level expression or the mutant nature of the protein, we have used a doxycycline‐inducible lung carcinoma cell line capable of expressing wild‐type p53. We now show that levels of wild‐type p53 similar to those expressed endogenously also inhibit protein synthesis. The mechanism involves dephosphorylation and accumulation of the translational inhibitor 4E‐BP1, and increased association of 4E‐BP1 with initiation factor eIF4E. The inhibition of translation is not a consequence of p53‐mediated apoptosis.
Pulley Reconstruction using Palmaris Longus Autograft after Repeat Trigger Release
Authors: KAUFMANN R. A. , PACEK C. A.
Published: February 2006

We present a patient with a history of revision trigger release who experienced post-surgery limitation of active flexion as a result of bowstringing of the flexor tendons and required a double loop pulley reconstruction using a palmaris longus autograft.
Relevance of Skip Metastases for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue and the Floor of the Mouth
Authors: Dias Fernando L. , Lima Roberto A. , Kligerman Jacob , Farias Terence P. , Soares Jose Roberto N. , Manfro Gabriel , Sa Geraldo M.
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the therapeutic implications of the distribution of neck metastases (NM) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and the floor of the mouth (FOM).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From January 1987 through December 1997, 339 previously untreated patients with T1‐2 N0 M0 SCC of the tongue and the FOM underwent primary surgical treatment in our institution. A retrospective review of the pathology reports and outcome of these patients was made to ascertain the prevalence and distribution of NM. Patients were grouped by clinical neck status at the time of neck dissection: elective neck dissection (END) in the NO neck and subsequent therapeutic dissection (STD) in the neck observed which converted clinically to N+ or regional recurrences after END. All patients were classified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/UICC 2002 TNM classification.

RESULTS

All patients underwent surgical treatment of the primary cancer and had negative margins at frozen section. Overall incidence of NM was 41.3%. Twenty‐seven point eight percent of T1 N0 M0 and 48.2% of T2 N0 M0 patients developed NM (P =. 0004). Occult neck metastases occurred in 24.1% of patients. Clinically, N+ metastases occurred in 23.6% of patients. The overall incidence of NM in levels IV and V was 8.5%. Neck level IV nodes were involved in only 1.5% of patients in the END group versus 23.7% in the STD group (P < 0.001). Level V was always associated to nodal metastases in other neck levels. Only 2% of patients in our study presented “skip metastases” in the neck.

CONCLUSIONS

Neck levels I and II were at great risk for the development of NM (46.9% and 75.3% respectively). Levels IV (6.5%) and V (2%) were rarely involved in our group of patients. The results found in this study support the indication of supraomohyoid neck dissection for N0 and a more comprehensive neck dissection (levels I‐V) for N+ patients in Stage I‐II SCC of the tongue and FOM.

EBM rating: C‐4

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Salivary Gland Tumors in Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Whatley W. Stites , Thompson Jerome W. , Rao Baskar
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

There is an increased incidence of second malignant neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancers. The most common second malignancies are acute leukemia, bone and soft tissue tumors, and carcinoma of the skin, breast, and thyroid. Although, ionizing radiation has been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing a salivary gland neoplasm, there are few reports of salivary gland neoplasms occurring in patients treated for cancer in childhood.

METHODS

A retrospective review of the patient registry of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1963‐2003.

RESULTS

Twelve survivors of childhood cancer developed a salivary gland neoplasm after completion of treatment. These patients were initially treated for a variety of childhood cancers with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. The pathology of the salivary gland tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (10), adenoid cystic carcinoma (1), and pleomorphic adenoma (1). All patients were treated with surgical excision of the primary tumor, and postoperative radiation was added in select patients. Eleven patients were alive with no evidence of disease at last follow‐up, and 1 patient was alive with clinical evidence of pulmonary metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat patients with childhood malignancies increases the risk of developing a second neoplasm of salivary gland origin. The majority of these neoplasms are malignant; mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurs most frequently. The treatment of these tumors includes surgical excision of the primary, with neck dissection in patients with clinical evidence of nodal metastasis, and postoperative radiation added for pathologies with adverse features.

EBM rating: C‐4

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
In Vitro Analysis of Differential Expression of Collagens, Integrins, and Growth Factors in Cultured Human Chondrocytes
Authors: Goessler Ulrich Reinhart , Bugert Peter , Bieback Karen , Sadick Haneen , Baisch Alexander , Hormann Karl , Riedel Frank
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVES

Tissue engineering represents a promising method for the construction of autologous chondrogenic grafts for reconstructive surgery. In cultured chondrocytes, the dedifferentiation and proliferation of the cells are critical factors that influence the generation of transplants. The aim of our study was to find and characterize markers for cell proliferation and dedifferentiation in cultured chondrocytes.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Human chondrocytes were isolated from septal cartilage and held in primary cell culture. Cells were harvested after 1, 6, and 21 days. The differentiation of the cells was investigated with bright‐field microscopy, the expression patterns of various proteins using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of distinct genes with the microarray technique.

RESULTS

The chondrocytes showed a strong proliferation. After 6 and 21 days, collagen 9 and 10 were downregulated; collagen 11 was activated. Collagen 1 and 2 were downregulated after 6 days but were reactivated after 21 days. Tumor growth factor β (TGF‐β)1 was strongly expressed on days 1, 6, and 21, TGF‐β2 was never expressed, and TGF‐β3 and ‐β4 were upregulated from day 1 to day 21. The TGF‐β receptor III was expressed on days 1, 6, and 21. Integrin β1, β5, and α5 were upregulated from day 1 to day 21; integrin β3 was downregulated.

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE

Collagens 3, 4, 8, 9, and 11 might be new markers for the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. Collagen 2 might be a marker for the synthetic activity of the cells rather than the dedifferentiation. TGF‐β3 and ‐β4 might influence the dedifferentiation, which is fortified by the expression of TGF‐β receptor III. Integrin β1, β5, and α5 might be involved in signal transmission for the dedifferentiation.

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reversible Peripheral Vestibulopathy: The Treatment of Superior Canal Dehiscence
Authors: Hillman Todd A. , Kertesz Thomas R. , Hadley Kevin , Shelton Clough
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVE

Superior canal dehiscence (SCD) is a recently described disorder that results from absence of bone over the superior semicircular canal. We have reviewed 30 cases of SCD found at our institution and report their presentation, workup, and response to therapy.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed with SCD from 1999 to 2004 at the University of Utah.

RESULTS

Thirty patients were identified with SCD. Patients presented with chronic disequilibrium (63%), Tullio's phenomenon (41%), pressure evoked vertigo (44%), hearing loss (30%), and pulsatile tinnitus (7%). ENG performed early in our series revealed abnormal nystagmus with sound presentation, Valsalva, or tympanogram; however, history and CT examination alone was used to identify this condition in most of our patients. Twenty‐seven of the 30 patients had some symptoms related to SCD; the other 3 were found to have incidental SCD on CT examination. Of these patients, 14 had severe enough symptoms to warrant operative intervention. All, but one had resolution of their symptoms after completion of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Superior canal dehiscence is a highly treatable form of vestibulopathy once recognized. When patients present with typical symptoms, workup with CT is reliable and accurate. Surgical intervention results in reversal of symptoms in most cases with low morbidity.

EBM rating: C‐4

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Success of Posterior Semicircular Canal Occlusion and Application of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory
Authors: Shaia Wayne T. , Zappia John J. , Bojrab Dennis I. , LaRouere Michael L. , Sargent Eric W. , Diaz Rodney C.
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVES

To determine the long‐term efficacy and patient satisfaction of posterior semicircular canal occlusion (PSCO) as a treatment for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective analysis of patients with BPPV who underwent PSCO was conducted in a tertiary referral center. Demographic data, clinical records, and audiometric data were reviewed. Dix‐Hallpike maneuver, dizziness handicap inventory (DHI), and a specific PSCO questionnaire (PCOQ) were used to measure outcome.

RESULTS

Twenty‐eight patients underwent PSCO. The mean follow‐up time was 40 months. All patients had normalization of the Hallpike test. DHI scores of 20 patients were recorded. The mean preoperative score was 70 compared with postoperative mean of 13 (P < 0.001). Mild hearing loss was found in 1 patient.

CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

PSCO is highly successful. The DHI scores postoperatively show significant improvement. The PCOQ revealed an overall 85% patient satisfaction rate. PSCO is a safe and effective intervention for intractable BPPV with a high patient satisfaction rate.

EBM rating: C‐4

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Short‐Term Tumor Control and Acute Toxicity after Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Glomus Jugulare Tumors
Authors: Poznanovic Sheri A. , Cass Stephen P. , Kavanagh Brian D.
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVE

Glomus jugulare tumors (GJT) have traditionally been treated by surgery or fractionated external beam radiation therapy (XRT). This study evaluates acute toxicity and short‐term efficacy of single‐fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of GJT.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Eight patients (age range 28‐74) with GJT underwent SRS (Brainlab linear accelerator) as primary treatment. A nominal dose of 15‐16 Gy was prescribed. RESULTS: After undergoing SRS, 7 of 8 patients (87.5%) reported complete resolution of presenting symptoms. Follow‐up MRIs showed tumor stabilization in 100% of patients. Transient vertigo occurred in one patient. One patient suffered acute GI upset and transient lower cranial neuropathy.

CONCLUSION

Stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective alternative for patients with GJT in achieving tumor control and resolution of symptoms.

EBM rating: C‐4

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Subjective Perception with Objective Measurement of Olfaction
Authors: Philpott Carl M. , Wolstenholme Charlotte R. , Goodenough Paul C. , Clark Allan , Murty George E.
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVE

To see if nasal peak inspiratory flow rate and subjective sense of smell had any correlation with olfactory thresholds.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A cohort study of 186 normal volunteers was recruited from among staff and visitors at a university hospital. Olfactory thresholds were detected for each subject (103 with eucalyptol and 83 with phenethyl alcohol), along with nasal peak inspiratory flow (PIFR). Subjective sense of smell, along with nasal symptoms, mood, and alertness, were recorded on visual analogue scores.

RESULTS

Subjective perception of smell had no correlation with olfactory thresholds detected (P = 0.4057) and the other subjective measures also had no correlation. There was a significant relationship of PIFR to thresholds in the group tested with phenethyl alcohol (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

As with the sensation of nasal patency, the self‐assessment of a subject's sense of smell has poor correlation with their actual olfactory ability.

SIGNIFICANCE

A patient's history cannot be relied upon when determining their olfactory ability and formal testing should be performed.

EBM rating: A‐1b

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heterogeneity in the Clinical Presentation of Eagle's Syndrome
Authors: Mendelsohn Abie H. , Berke Gerald S. , Chhetri Dinesh K.
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVE

Eagle's syndrome (ES) or symptomatic elongated styloid process is an uncommon but important cause of chronic head and neck pain. This study reports our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of a series of patients with ES.

STUDY DESIGN

Patient histories, radiographic tests, and operative reports of 3 patients over a 3‐month period were prospectively collected.

SETTING

Tertiary referral otolaryngology service.

RESULTS

All patients had resolution of symptoms relating to their elongated styloid processes after surgical resection.

CONCLUSION

Although sometimes clouded by coexisting symptoms, ES can be easily diagnosed based on good history taking and physical examination. If diagnosed appropriately, surgical treatment can be administered promptly.

SIGNIFICANCE

Patients with ES commonly have a long history of chronic pain treated by multiple physicians. Appropriate diagnosis can lead to prompt treatment of this condition.

EBM rating: C‐4

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.