bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple isocratic LC method for quantification of trace‐level inorganic degradation impurities (ferricyanide, ferrocyanide, nitrite, and nitrate) in sodium nitroprusside injection and robustness by quality using design approach
Authors: Yenda Parvateesam , Katari Naresh Kumar , Dongala Thirupathi , Vyas Govind , Katakam Lakshmi Narasimha Rao , Ettaboina Santhosh Kumar
Published: October 2021

This study developed and validated a trace‐level quantification inorganic impurities method using reversed‐phase HPLC and performed the robustness check using quality‐by‐design approach by varying the multiple factors simultaneously. This method is economical and simple and exhibits its stability‐indicating nature [for the determination of ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)₆]4–), ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3−), nitrate (NO3–), and nitrite (NO2–)] in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) drug substance and liquid dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a USP L43 column (ACE PFP, 150 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) with a simple isocratic elution. The buffer consists of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (50 mM), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (9 mM), and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (25 mM). The buffer pH was adjusted to 7.2 with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The mobile phase was mixed with the buffer and acetonitrile (68:32 v/v). The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min, column temperature was maintained at 30°C, and injection volume was 5.0 μL. The SNP impurities were monitored at 225 nm using a UV detector. Further, the method was validated per the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines, and forced degradation studies were carried out under different stress conditions. The detector responses were plotted against concentrations, and correlation was linear (r > 0.999) over the range of 0.8–7.5 μg/mL for ferricyanide; 1.0–37.5 μg/mL for SNP; and 0.2–7.5 μg/mL for ferrocyanide, nitrite, and nitrate. The method repeatability was established for all the impurities with relative standard deviation (%), and the results were found to be less than 2.0.
Endothelial cells are not productively infected by SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Schimmel Lilian , Chew Keng Yih , Stocks Claudia J , Yordanov Teodor E , Essebier Patricia , Kulasinghe Arutha , Monkman James , dos Santos Miggiolaro Anna Flavia Ribeiro , Cooper Caroline , de Noronha Lucia , Schroder Kate , Lagendijk Anne Karine , Labzin Larisa I , Short Kirsty R , Gordon Emma J
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Thrombotic and microvascular complications are frequently seen in deceased COVID‐19 patients. However, whether this is caused by direct viral infection of the endothelium or inflammation‐induced endothelial activation remains highly contentious.

Methods

Here, we use patient autopsy samples, primary human endothelial cells and an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial–endothelial cell barrier.

Results

We show that primary human endothelial cells express very low levels of the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2, which blocks their capacity for productive viral infection, and limits their capacity to produce infectious virus. Accordingly, endothelial cells can only be infected when they overexpress ACE2, or are exposed to very high concentrations of SARS‐CoV‐2. We also show that SARS‐CoV‐2 does not infect endothelial cells in 3D vessels under flow conditions. We further demonstrate that in a co‐culture model endothelial cells are not infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Endothelial cells do however sense and respond to infection in the adjacent epithelial cells, increasing ICAM‐1 expression and releasing pro‐inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

Taken together, these data suggest that in vivo, endothelial cells are unlikely to be infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and that infection may only occur if the adjacent pulmonary epithelium is denuded (basolateral infection) or a high viral load is present in the blood (apical infection). In such a scenario, whilst SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of the endothelium can occur, it does not contribute to viral amplification. However, endothelial cells may still play a key role in SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis by sensing adjacent infection and mounting a pro‐inflammatory response to SARS‐CoV‐2.
Identification of AD‐18, 5F‐MDA‐19, and pentyl MDA‐19 in seized materials after the class‐wide ban of synthetic cannabinoids in China
Authors: Liu Cui‐Mei , Hua Zhen‐Dong , Jia Wei , Li Tao
Published: October 2021

To curb the manufacturing, trafficking, and abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, China implemented a class‐wide regulation on synthetic cannabinoids in July 2021. Recently, three different types of synthetic cannabinoid analogs that were not covered by the generic definitions were detected in seized powdered and e‐liquid materials. These derivatives included 2‐(2‐(1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetamido)‐3,3‐dimethylbutanamide (AD‐18), N′‐(1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)benzohydrazide (5F‐MDA‐19), and N′‐(2‐oxo‐1‐pentylindolin‐3‐ylidene)benzohydrazide (pentyl MDA‐19). Identification was based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). AD‐18 is a methylene analog of ADB‐FUBICA. No chemical or pharmacological data about AD‐18 and 5F‐MDA‐19 have appeared until now, making this the first report on these two compounds. Pentyl MDA‐19 has previously been reported to have high affinity for cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, but this is the first report of its presence in the recreational drug market. Moreover, the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and electron ionization (EI) characteristic fragmentation routes of AD‐18 and the other two MDA‐19 derivatives were also discussed to facilitate forensic laboratories in their identification of other substances with a similar structure in their case work.
ISFET‐based ion sensors with photopolymerizable membranes
Authors: Abramova Natalia , Bratov Andrey
Published: October 2021

This minireview summarizes the information on the development and application of ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistors (ISFETs) with UV‐cured polyurethane ion‐selective membranes. Among the advantages of photopolymerizable polymer membranes in comparison with traditional poly(vinyl chloride) are excellent adhesion to a solid sensor surface and very fast curing time. Moreover, processes of membrane deposition and curing are compatible with ISFETs fabrication technology which is important for sensors mass production. The paper presents specific features of photopolymerizable membranes and discusses required precautions in their preparation and treatment. Examples of various analytical applications of this kind of sensors are provided. Finally, the outlook and perspectives of further development in the field of miniature solid‐state ion sensors are given.
A twice‐daily barometric pressure record from Durham Observatory in north‐east England, 1843–1960
Authors: Burt Stephen D.
Published: October 2021

A twice‐daily record of barometric pressure exists for Durham Observatory (54.768 °N, 1.584 °W, barometer cistern 107.3 m above mean sea level, MSL) from 23 July 1843 to 31 December 1960 and is published here for the first time. The Durham record, which is 98.7% complete, is by far the longest digital barometric pressure series in northern England and fills a very large temporal and spatial gap in the International Surface Pressure Database (ISPD: Cram et al, [2015] Geoscience Data Journal, 2, 31–46). In what is believed to be the first study of its kind, the record has been independently quality‐controlled against the NOAA–CIRES–DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 3 (20CRv3; Slivinski et al., [2019] Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145, 2876; Slivinski et al., [2021] Journal of Climate, 34, 1417–1438), which did not include the Durham records in its assimilation set. This paper describes the instruments used and their exposure, the sources of the record, digitization work undertaken to generate the digital time series (including quality control assessments using 20CRv3) and reduction to mean sea level pressure from station level observations, and examines consistency over the period of record against 20CRv3, concluding with a summary of monthly and annual means and extremes over the 117 year series and the details of the new dataset.
The impact of market share on efficiency of commercial banks: Resampling slacks‐based measure data envelopment analyses model
Authors: Li Ying , Chiu Yung‐ho , Chen Ying Yu , Wang Lihua , Lin Yi‐Nuo , Wang Su‐Wan
Published: October 2021

This study applies resampling data envelopment analyses (DEA) and includes two estimation models: Triangular and Past–Present Models, to explore the operating efficiency of 37 commercial banks in Taiwan from 2014 to 2016. The empirical results are as follows: 1. No matter which models were used, the most inefficient banks from 2014 to 2016 were Bank of PANHSIN. 2. Resample model can more accurately estimate the relative efficiency of the banks than the slacks‐based measure (SBM) model. 3. Based on the Resample model, the empirical results of the SBM model show that the overestimation of the efficiency ranking is more serious.
Recent Progress in the Stereoselective Synthesis of (−)‐α‐Kainic Acid
Authors: Ji Cong‐Bin , Xiao Jie , Zeng Xing‐Ping
Published: October 2021

(−)‐α‐Kainic acid, a unique group of nonproteinogenic amino acids, was first isolated from the Japanese marine alga Digenea simplex by Murakami et al. Due to its insecticidal activities and its neurophysiological activity in animals, it has attracted wide attention from pharmacists and chemists. Therefore, the synthetic strategies and methods have been developed rapidly. Combined with the strategies and methods of asymmetric synthesis, the research results reported in past decade were reviewed, including chiral pool synthesis, chiral auxiliary induced synthesis, and catalytic asymmetric synthesis.
Attention: The grounds of self‐regulated cognition
Authors: Rueda M. Rosario , Moyano Sebastián , Rico‐Picó Josué
Published: October 2021

Everyone knows what paying attention is, yet not everybody knows what this means in cognitive and brain function terms. The attentive state can be defined as a state of optimal activation that allows selecting the sources of information and courses of action in order to optimize our interaction with the environment in accordance with either the saliency of the stimulation or internal goals and intentions. In this article we argue that paying attention consists in tuning the mind with the environment in a conscious and controlled mode in order to enable the strategic and flexible adaptation of responses in accordance with internal motivations and goals. We discuss the anatomy and neural mechanisms involved in attention functions and present a brief overview of the neurocognitive development of this seminal cognitive function on the grounds of self‐regulated behavior.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention (BEAB)

Brain Function and Dysfunction (BEAC)

Cognitive Development (BAAD)
Medikationsmanagement in der häuslichen Pflege – der Medikationsprozess aus der Perspektive von Klient:innen und ihren Angehörigen
Authors: Diedrich Désirée , Zúñiga Franziska , Meyer-Massetti Carla
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Eine häufige Aufgabe der professionellen häuslichen Pflege ist die Unterstützung betagter, polypharmazierter Klient:innen beim Medikationsmanagment. Die medikamentöse Versorgung ist oft komplex and anfällig für Medikationsfehler. Aus der Perspektive von Fachpersonen sind insbesondere die zahlreichen interprofessionellen Schnittstellen im Medikationsprozess sowie die Integration von Klient:innen und Angehörigen große Herausforderungen.

Ziel

Mit dieser Studie wurde exploriert, wie Klient:innen und deren Angehörige den Medikationsprozess mit Unterstützung der häuslichen Pflege im Hinblick auf die Medikationssicherheit erleben.

Methode

Es wurde ein qualitativer Forschungsansatz gewählt und leitfadengestützte Interviews mit 8 Klient:innen und 5 Angehörigen durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden anhand der thematischen Analyse nach Braun und Clarke ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Vor dem Einbezug der häuslichen Pflege stießen Klient:innen im Medikationsmanagement physisch, psychisch und sozial an ihre Grenzen. Sie erlebten mit der Übernahme des Medikationsprozesses durch die häusliche Pflege Entlastung und Sicherheit. Dabei bringen sie dem Fachpersonal großes Vertrauen entgegen und sehen wenig Bedarf, sich selber in Medikationssicherheitsbestrebungen einzubringen, obwohl Gefahrenquellen im Bereich Selbstmedikation, Adhärenz und Schnittstellen vorhanden sind.

Schlussfolgerungen

Mit der Entlastung durch die professionelle Unterstützung sehen sich Klient:innen der häuslichen Pflege und deren Angehörige kaum mehr als aktive Partner:innen im Wahren der Medikationssicherheit. Es braucht ein Augenmerk der Fachpersonen auf die Bereiche Selbstmedikation und Adhärenz sowie eine Unterstützung bei der Nutzung des Medikamentenplans.
Endoscopy biopsy is not efficiency enough for diagnosis of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Xiao Shuai , Huang Jia , Zhang Yiwei , Tang Rong , Xu Yunhua , He Rongfang , Huang Qiulin , Ouyang Jun , Zu Xuyu , Peng Xiuda , Fu Kai
Published: October 2021

Background

Endoscopy biopsy (EB) is the standard diagnostic method for colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas its accuracy and efficiency in mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) initial diagnosis is unclear.

Methods

The initial EB and postoperative specimen (PS) pathological diagnosis of MAC from two centers were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The accuracy and efficiency of initial EB compared with PS pathological diagnosis were analyzed. The potential factors which would affect the initial EB diagnosis of MAC were analyzed.

Results

280 and 78 eligible cases were enrolled in this study from two centers respectively. The initial EB diagnosis accuracy for MAC were 84.62% and 83.33%. However, among the cases of PS diagnosis with MAC, the diagnostic efficiency of initial EB was only 36.49% and 32.50% respectively. Lower tumor differentiation and more EB number were associated with an increased probability for the EB diagnosis of MAC, but only tumor differentiation was an independent diagnositic factor for EB in the two cohorts.

Conclusions

The accuracy of initial EB with MAC is high, but the diagnostic efficiency was extremely low. Tumor differentiation and EB number were associated with the diagnosis efficiency of MAC before surgery.
Single approach to pulmonary and liver hydatid cysts
Authors: Hussen Waleed M.
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Back ground:

Hydatid cyst means cyst full of water. It is a parasitic disease caused by larval stage of small tape worm (Taenia Ecchinococcus), causing cyst formation in the liver and in the lung. It is endemic in Iraq.

Aim:

To illustrate how to make use of single surgical approach for the removal of pulmonary and liver Hydatid cysts.

Patients and methods:

This is a retrospective study of 75 patients with pulmonary and liver hydatid cysts admitted and surgically managed at the Thoracic and Vascular Department of the Surgical specialties Hospital of the Medical City Teaching Hospital during twenty –year's period from January 2001 to the end of December 2020.

Results:

Fifty-one patients were female (68%), the remaining 24-patients were male (32%). The youngest patient was two –years old female child, presented with bilateral pulmonary and liver hydatid cysts, while the oldest patient was a 70-years old female. The most common symptoms were cough and dyspnea though some patients are completely asymptomatic. Plain chest X-ray is mandatory in addition to U/S abdomen for accurate localization of the liver Hydatid cyst. CT scan is also used for accurate diagnosis

Conclusion:

Surgery is the primary treatment for the concomitant right pulmonary hydatid cyst and liver, it should be approach by single right thoracotomy incision, and this will offers the best chance of cure.

Highlights
Early Election Calling and Satisfaction with Democracy
Authors: Morgan-Jones Edward , Loveless Mathew
Published: October 2021

Many countries have constitutional rules, granted to prime ministers, presidents or cabinets, that govern early parliamentary dissolution. Although there are sharply divergent theoretical expectations about the consequences of such powers for both democratic representation and accountability, there have been no empirical examinations of these arguments. Using data from the European Social Survey (2002–16) in 26 European countries, we test whether such provisions for early election calling affect citizens' satisfaction with democracy, and if so, which rules and how. While it appears that no form of constitutional rules for early election is directly related to citizen satisfaction with democracy, when early elections are called by prime ministers or presidents, democratic satisfaction drops significantly, and this effect is more pronounced the later in the term the early election is called. These findings have important implications for academic and policy debates about the desirability of constitutional change designed to limit early election calling for opportunistic purposes.
On boundary-layer receptivity to entropy waves
Authors: Ruban A.I. , Keshari S.K. , Kravtsova M.A.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we consider the generation of the Tollmien–Schlichting waves in the boundary layer on the surface of a wing exposed to entropy waves. It is well known that the free-stream turbulence is composed of two perturbation modes: the vorticity waves and the entropy waves. The receptivity of the boundary layer to the vorticity waves has been studied extensively by various authors. The entropy waves have not attracted such attention. We show that, in high speed subsonic flows, the entropy waves are as important for the receptivity as the vorticity waves. Methodologically, our work relies on the asymptotic analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations at large values of the Reynolds number, which results in the formulation of a suitably modified triple-deck theory. The entropy waves produce oscillations of the gas temperature and density, but the velocity and the pressure remain unperturbed to the leading order. This precludes the entropy waves from penetrating the boundary layer, as happens, for example, with the acoustic waves. Our analysis reveals that the entropy waves decay rapidly in the transition layer that forms near the outer edge of the boundary layer. We find that an entropy wave alone cannot generate the Tollmien–Schlichting waves. However, when the boundary layer encounters a wall roughness, the flow near the roughness appears to be perturbed not only inside the boundary layer but also in the inviscid region outside the boundary layer. The latter comes into the interaction with the density perturbations in the entropy wave. As a result, a localised ‘forcing’ is created that produces the Tollmien–Schlichting waves. In this paper we present the results of a linear and nonlinear receptivity analysis. We find that the nonlinearity enhances the receptivity significantly, especially when a local separation region forms on the roughness.
Associated factors of legal child marriage in Turkey: pregnancy and below-average intelligence
Authors: Yilmaz Semra , Akyuz Fatma , Arslan Naheeda Mohamed
Published: October 2021

Turkish civil code permits child marriages at 16–17 years of age, but if a child is 16 years old judicial consent is needed. Before making a final decision on marriage consent, the judges refer these children to the doctor, and ask whether they are psychologically and physically ready for marriage. While the literature on child marriage in Turkey is rich, little is known about the underlying factors leading 16-year-old girls to request legal child marriage. This study examined the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of girls applying to the courts for judicial marriage consent. Hospital records of girls admitted to a hospital in the Istanbul province of Turkey between January 2015 and December 2018 for the assessment of their physical and mental readiness for marriage were scanned. Of the 122 girls admitted to hospital for this purpose, eight were excluded as they had incomplete data, leaving 114 participating girls. All girls were Turkish citizens and had been referred from the law courts. Being pregnant/having a child (54.4%), having had a religious (non-legal) marriage (49.1%) and having an intelligence score of less than 90 (91.2%) were common among the participants. Among those who had a religious marriage, 78.6% were pregnant/had a child at the time of evaluation and 32.1% reported that they were pregnant before their religious marriage took place. None of the participants reported being forced to marry, but many had run away from home to marry (33.3%). Among those running away to marry, the major reason for deciding to do this was being pregnant (63.2%). Running away from home to marry was found to be related to lower parental educational levels (p<0.05). Contrary to the literature, the findings indicate that girls who request judicial consent for legal child marriage in Turkey are not being forced to marry. However, lower educational level seems to be an important factor. Below-average intelligence of the girl and her parents, running away from home to marry and early unsafe sexual intercourse, leading to child pregnancy, were found to be closely associated with legal child marriage in Turkey.
Mental health comorbidities following peer victimization across childhood and adolescence: a 20-year longitudinal study
Authors: Oncioiu Sînziana I. , Boivin Michel , Geoffroy Marie-Claude , Arseneault Louise , Galéra Cédric , Navarro Marie C. , Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. , Côté Sylvana M. , Orri Massimiliano
Published: October 2021

Background

Peer victimization is associated with a wide range of mental health problems in youth, yet few studies described its association with mental health comorbidities.

Methods

To test the association between peer victimization timing and intensity and mental health comorbidities, we used data from 1216 participants drawn from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, a population-based birth cohort. Peer victimization was self-reported at ages 6–17 years, and modeled as four trajectory groups: low, childhood-limited, moderate adolescence-emerging, and high-chronic. The outcomes were the number and the type of co-occurring self-reported mental health problems at age 20 years. Associations were estimated using negative binomial and multinomial logistic regression models and adjusted for parent, family, and child characteristics using propensity score inverse probability weights.

Results

Youth in all peer victimization groups had higher rates of co-occurring mental health problems and higher likelihood of comorbid internalizing-externalizing problems [odds ratios ranged from 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–2.79 for childhood-limited to 4.34, 95% CI 3.15–5.98 for high-chronic victimization] compared to those in the low victimization group. The strength of these associations was highest for the high-chronic group, followed by moderate adolescence-emerging and childhood-limited groups. All groups also presented higher likelihood of internalizing-only problems relative to the low peer victimization group.

Conclusions

Irrespective of timing and intensity, self-reported peer victimization was associated with mental health comorbidities in young adulthood, with the strongest associations observed for high-chronic peer victimization. Tackling peer victimization, especially when persistent over time, could play a role in reducing severe and complex mental health problems in youth.
IDEAL PLANAR FLUID FLOW OVER A SUBMERGED OBSTACLE: REVIEW AND EXTENSION
Authors: FORBES LAWRENCE K. , WALTERS STEPHEN J. , HOCKING GRAEME C.
Published: October 2021

A classical problem in free-surface hydrodynamics concerns flow in a channel, when an obstacle is placed on the bottom. Steady-state flows exist and may adopt one of three possible configurations, depending on the fluid speed and the obstacle height; perhaps the best known has an apparently uniform flow upstream of the obstacle, followed by a semiinfinite train of downstream gravity waves. When time-dependent behaviour is taken into account, it is found that conditions upstream of the obstacle are more complicated, however, and can include a train of upstream-advancing solitons. This paper gives a critical overview of these concepts, and also presents a new semianalytical spectral method for the numerical description of unsteady behaviour.
Circumpolar Deep Water and Shelf Sediments Support Late Summer Microbial Iron Remineralization
Authors: Smith Abigail J. R. , Ratnarajah Lavenia , Holmes Thomas M. , Wuttig Kathrin , Townsend Ashley T. , Westwood Karen , Cox Martin , Bell Elanor , Nicol Stephen , Lannuzel Delphine
Published: October 2021

Despite widespread iron (Fe) limitation in the Southern Ocean, intense phytoplankton blooms are observed around productive coastal regions such as the Mertz Polynya (off George V Land and Adelie Land, East Antarctica; 140–155°E). Sources of Fe across coastal East Antarctica vary, with limited data available for late summer months. We investigated the sources of dissolved Fe (dFe; <0.2 μm) at 19 oceanographic stations in the Mertz Glacier Region (64–67°S; 138–154°E), between January and March of 2019. Concentrations of dFe ranged from below detection limit (0.03 nM) at the surface, to 0.34 nM above the base of the mixed layer (35 m), reaching 0.59 nM at depth (520 m). Using oceanographic features and trace element ratios (manganese and titanium), we identified Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and shelf sediment resuspension in modified CDW as contributors of dFe to the region over this period. Microbial Fe remineralization was evident where nutrient‐rich water met highly oxygenated waters over the continental shelf. Reduced Fe concentrations in the mixed layer and euphotic zones suggested rapid biological uptake prior to sampling. Despite proposals for pelagic Fe recycling by marine animals, preliminary investigations reveal no significant spatial relationship between animal presence and surface ocean Fe concentrations over the study area. Further research is required to identify seasonal changes to Fe supply in coastal areas which will strengthen our understanding of the Fe cycle and its influence on microbial and primary productivity in this globally significant region.
Designing the bioproduction of Martian rocket propellant via a biotechnology-enabled in situ resource utilization strategy
Authors: Kruyer Nicholas S. , Realff Matthew J. , Sun Wenting , Genzale Caroline L. , Peralta-Yahya Pamela
Published: October 2021

Mars colonization demands technological advances to enable the return of humans to Earth. Shipping the propellant and oxygen for a return journey is not viable. Considering the gravitational and atmospheric differences between Mars and Earth, we propose bioproduction of a Mars-specific rocket propellant, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO), from CO2, sunlight and water on Mars via a biotechnology-enabled in situ resource utilization (bio-ISRU) strategy. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria convert Martian CO2into sugars that are upgraded by engineeredEscherichia coliinto 2,3-BDO. A state-of-the-art bio-ISRU for 2,3-BDO production uses 32% less power and requires a 2.8-fold higher payload mass than proposed chemical ISRU strategies, and generates 44 tons of excess oxygen to support colonization. Attainable, model-guided biological and materials optimizations result in an optimized bio-ISRU that uses 59% less power and has a 13% lower payload mass, while still generating 20 tons excess oxygen. Addressing the identified challenges will advance prospects for interplanetary space travel.
Functionality of the putative surface glycoproteins of the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus
Authors: Arunkumar Guha Asthagiri , Bhavsar Disha , Li Tiehai , Strohmeier Shirin , Chromikova Veronika , Amanat Fatima , Bunyatov Mehman , Wilson Patrick C. , Ellebedy Ali H. , Boons Geert-Jan , Simon Viviana , de Vries Robert P. , Krammer Florian
Published: October 2021

A panel of influenza virus-like sequences were recently documented in fish and amphibians. Of these, the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus (WSEIV) was found to phylogenetically cluster with influenza B viruses as a sister clade. Influenza B viruses have been documented to circulate only in humans, with certain virus isolates found in harbor seals. It is therefore interesting that a similar virus was potentially found in fish. Here we characterize the putative hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoproteins of the WSEIV. Functionally, we show that the WSEIV NA-like protein has sialidase activity comparable to B/Malaysia/2506/2004 influenza B virus NA, making it a bona fide neuraminidase that is sensitive to NA inhibitors. We tested the functionality of the HA by addressing the receptor specificity, stability, preferential airway protease cleavage, and fusogenicity. We show highly specific binding to monosialic ganglioside 2 (GM2) and fusogenicity at a range of different pH conditions. In addition, we found limited antigenic conservation of the WSEIV HA and NA relative to the B/Malaysia/2506/2004 virus HA and NA. In summary, we perform a functional and antigenic characterization of the glycoproteins of WSEIV to assess if it is indeed a bona fide influenza virus potentially circulating in ray-finned fish.
Inverting sediment bedforms for evaluating the hazard of dilute pyroclastic density currents in the field
Authors: Dellino Pierfrancesco , Dioguardi Fabio , Rinaldi Anna , Sulpizio Roberto , Mele Daniela
Published: October 2021

Pyroclastic density currents are ground hugging gas-particle flows associated to explosive volcanic eruptions and moving down a volcano's slope, causing devastation and deaths. Because of the hostile nature they cannot be analyzed directly and most of their fluid dynamic behavior is reconstructed by the deposits left in the geological record, which frequently show peculiar structures such as ripples and dune bedforms. Here, a set of equations is simplified to link flow behavior to particle motion and deposition. This allows to construct a phase diagram by which impact parameters of dilute pyroclastic density currents, representing important factors of hazard, can be calculated by inverting bedforms wavelength and grain size, without the need of more complex models that require extensive work in the laboratory.
Passively driven microfluidic device with simple operation in the development of nanolitre droplet assay in nucleic acid detection
Authors: Lin Pei-Heng , Li Bor-Ran
Published: October 2021

Since nucleic acid amplification technology has become a vital tool for disease diagnosis, the development of precise applied nucleic acid detection technologies in point-of care testing (POCT) has become more significant. The microfluidic-based nucleic acid detection platform offers a great opportunity for on-site diagnosis efficiency, and the system is aimed at user-friendly access. Herein, we demonstrate a microfluidic system with simple operation that provides reliable nucleic acid results from 18 uniform droplets via LAMP detection. By using only micropipette regulation, users are able to control the nanoliter scale of the droplets in this valve-free and pump-free microfluidic (MF) chip. Based on the oil enclosure method and impermeable fabrication, we successfully preserved the reagent inside the microfluidic system, which significantly reduced the fluid loss and condensation. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the fluorescence intensity between the droplets and during the heating process was < 5% and 2.0%, respectively. Additionally, for different nucleic acid detection methods, the MF-LAMP chip in this study showed good applicability to both genome detection and gene expression analysis.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Practice Patterns When Designing Home Practice Programs for Persons With Aphasia: A Survey
Authors: Donoso Brown Elena V. , Wallace Sarah E. , Liu Qianwen
Published: October 2021

Purpose

We aimed to describe the current practices of speech-language pathologists regarding the creation and implementation of home practice programs for persons with poststroke aphasia.

Method

Survey participants were American Speech-Language-Hearing Association–certified speech-language pathologists, had 30% of their caseload include persons with aphasia, and had recently created at least two home programs for persons with aphasia. Respondents completed a web-based survey on home program creation, training, technology, and methods for tracking adherence with closed and open-ended questions.

Results

We analyzed 80 complete surveys. Most of the participants (
n
= 56) created home programs for greater than 75% of their caseload. Common interventions in home programs addressed functional practice and spoken expression. Participants describe instructional techniques including building skill practice in daily routines and guided practice. Applications of technology and formal mechanisms to monitor adherence were less frequently reported. Various factors were identified as facilitators and barriers to home program creation with environmental support from others and client factors (i.e., motivation, impairments) most evident.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into speech-language pathologists' home program creation and implementation. Results can be used to consider mechanisms to improve use of and adherence to home programs to further support recovery.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16840204
Evaluation of the Effect of Various Antioxidants on the Shear Bond Strength of the Composite Resin to the Bleached Enamel: An In Vitro study
Authors: Jain Somya , Jindal Neetu , Agarwal Renu , Raju Ajisha , Bansal Shallu
Published: October 2021

Objective Various intrinsic and extrinsic stains cause discolored teeth, which is of great concern to patients, which can be treated by bleaching, enamel microabrasion, veneers, and crowns. However, bleaching leads to reduced bond strength if adhesive restorations are performed immediately.

Thus, the application of antioxidant agents after bleaching has been recommended, which are proved to act as free radical scavengers, improving the bond strength.

Materials and Methods A total of 120 extracted human maxillary incisor teeth were taken. Using a slow-speed diamond saw and a water coolant spray, the roots of all the teeth were removed approximately 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. With the labial surface facing upward, each sectioned sample was embedded in the acrylic resin. Then, the central portion of the embedded tooth was ground flattened with 600-grit silicon carbide paper such that the labial enamel surface becomes smooth and evenly flat.

All 120 samples were divided into two control groups (n = 20), i.e., positive control group (n = 10) and negative control group (n = 10) and five experimental groups (n = 100), such that each experimental group had 20 samples.

The enamel surface in both the control groups and groups treated with antioxidants was thoroughly rinsed off with distilled water for 30 seconds and subjected to bonding procedure.

Result Significant differences were observed among the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The samples that were treated with 10% sodium ascorbate (group III) demonstrated significantly higher mean shear bond strength than the other experimental groups (p < 0.05).
Comprehensive diastolic exercise stress echocardiography in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Varga A , Peteiro J , Ciampi Q , Rodriguez-Zanella H , Simova I , Zagatina A , Arbucci R , Celutkiene J , Camarozano A.C , Agoston G , D Andrea A , Merli E , Dekleva M , Picano E ,   Stress Echo 2020–2030 study group of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging (SIECVI)
Published: October 2021

Background

In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), diastolic exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is currently recommended with E/e' and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) from tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV).

Purpose

To evaluate conventional and advanced ESE parameters in patients with HFpEF.

Methods

We prospectively screened 124 patients with suspected HFpEF (dyspnea, resting EF >50%, increased natriuretic peptide levels) and HFA-PEFF score ≥1. Of these 124, 10 patients were excluded for history of coronary artery disease, 3 for severe mitral regurgitation (MR), 12 for inducible ischemia. The final study population consisted of 99 patients (mean age 63±7 yrs, 57 females). All underwent ESE, with semi-supine bike (n=35), upright bike (n=20) or treadmill (n=44 patients) in 11 accredited labs from 9 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Mexico, Russia and Spain). In addition to E/e' average (abnormal stress response ≥15 units) and TRV (abnormal stress response >3.4 m/s), we measured 8 additional criteria: B-lines (4-site simplified scan, abnormal stress value ≥2); cardiac index (CI) reserve (increase from rest to stress, abnormal <1.63 l/min/m2), ejection fraction (EF, abnormal increase <5%), global longitudinal strain (GLS, abnormal increase <2%), end-diastolic volume (EDV, abnormal stress < rest); heart rate reserve (HRR, abnormal <1.80); left atrial volume index, (LAVI, abnormal increase >6.8 ml/m2); MR (abnormal, stress value more than mild).

Results

Technical success rate during stress ranged from 100% for B-lines to 75% for GLS: see Table. At individual criteria analysis, positivity rate in interpretable studies ranged from 67% of HRR to 10% of peak MR: see table. At individual patient analysis, an abnormal response in 1 ESE criterion occurred in 4 pts (4%), of 2 to 4 criteria in 71 pts (72%) and of ≥5 criteria in 24 (24%).

Conclusion

In suspected HFpEF, ESE is helpful in the screening phase to identify extra-diastolic causes of dyspnea such as myocardial ischemia or severe MR. In the diagnostic phase, a comprehensive ESE captures the functional heterogeneity of HFpEF, with variable association of multiple phenotypes, the most frequent represented by reduced chronotropic, cardiac or contractile reserve and pulmonary congestion.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.
Managing diabetes and hypertension in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Mead Daniel , Dinh Nhan , Wentworth Danielle , Thomas Sofia , Suthar Meera
Published: October 2021

Since 2020, several guidelines have been published to help health practitioners better manage hypertension and diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Scrutiny on the inclusion of race in determining the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as well as breakthrough research regarding the drug dapagliflozin for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease are discussed.
Methods Used to Generate Consensus Statements for Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Thompson Jeremy C. , Pinter Zachariah W. , Honig Rachel , Tomov Marko N. , Currier Bradford L. , Elder Benjamin D. , Freedman Brett A. , Bydon Mohamad , Sebastian Arjun S.
Published: October 2021

Study Design:

This was a research methodology study.

Objective:

This review discusses the most commonly utilized consensus group methodologies for formulating clinical practice guidelines and current methods for accessing rigorous up-to-date clinical practice guidelines.

Summary of Background Data:

In recent years, clinical practice guidelines for the management of several conditions of the spine have emerged to provide clinicians with evidence-based best-practices. Many of these guidelines are used routinely by administrators, payers, and providers to determine the high-quality and cost-effective surgical practices. Most of these guidelines are formulated by consensus groups, which employ methodologies that are unfamiliar to most clinicians.

Methods:

An extensive literature review was performed. The literature was then summarized in accordance with the authors’ clinical experience.

Results:

The Nominal Group Technique, Delphi method, and RAND-UCLA Appropriateness Model are 3 commonly utilized consensus group methodologies employed in the creation of clinical practice guidelines. Each of these methodologies has inherent advantages and disadvantages, is dependent on rigorously performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses to inform the panel of experts, and can be used to answer challenging clinical questions that remain unanswered due to a paucity of class I evidence.

Conclusions:

This review highlights the most commonly utilized consensus group methodologies and informs spine surgeons regarding options to access current clinical practice guidelines.

Level of Evidence:

Level V.
Recent advances in primary resistance mechanisms against immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Li Yi-Ze , Zhang Hong-Mei
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review

The resistance of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become an obstacle to further improve the survival of patients with advanced cancer. This review provides an overview of recent advances in primary resistance mechanisms of ICIs.

Recent findings

With the improvement of study approach, new characteristics and trends have emerged in the classification of tumor immune subtypes. The effects of germline genetic on tumor microenvironment and the efficacy of immunotherapy have been further studied. Exosomal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an increasing focus of research in primary resistance mechanisms of ICIs. In addition to antibiotics and steroids, the influence of other concomitant medications on the efficacy of ICIs has recently gained more attention.

Exploring the resistance mechanisms of ICIs is one of the great challenges in the field of tumor immunotherapy. Continued work to understand the resistance mechanism of ICIs is ongoing.
Patellar instability: will my patella dislocate again?
Authors: Pascual-Leone Nicolas , Ellis Henry B. , Green Daniel W.
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review

The incidence of patellar instability in pediatric patients ranges is 50–100 in 100,000 patients per year. Risk of recurrent dislocations however has been cited from 8.6% to 88% depending on individual patient factors. This manuscript highlights the demographical, historical, and anatomic factors associated with recurrent patellar instability following a first-time patella dislocation in the pediatric population.

Recent findings

In recent years, various studies have focused on identifying risk factors for recurrent patellar instability following a primary patellar dislocation. A mix of patient factors, including age of first dislocation, patella alta, elevated tibial tubercle to trochlear groove and trochlear dysplasia have all been noted in the literature, which have helped to develop various scoring tools to predict recurrent dislocation following nonoperative treatment.

Risk of recurrent patellar instability in patients who have previously suffered a patellar dislocation can be due to many factors. These risk factors should be used and applied to a variety of risk scores in order to provide physicians and healthcare providers with a tool to counsel patients and families on their patellar redislocation risk and help guide further management.
Surge Planning and Implementation
Authors: Phillips Janice , LaFond Cynthia , Stifter Janet , Abraham Aney , Morrow Shonda W. , Richard Angelique L. , Brown Frederick
Published: October 2021

The ability to respond effectively and efficiently during times of crisis, including a pandemic, has emerged as a competency for nurse leaders. This article describes one institution's experience using the American Organization of Nurse Leaders Competencies for Nurse Executives in operationalizing the concept of surge capacity.
Pediatric Transport Safety Collaborative
Authors: Ali Aaisham , Miller Michael R. , Cameron Saoirse , Gunz Anna C.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

In Canada, critically ill pediatric patients require transfer to a tertiary care center for definitive medical and surgical management. Some studies suggest that family accompaniment could compromise care; currently, limited research has examined patient safety and outcomes during pediatric critical care transport with family presence, and no Canada-specific data currently exists. The primary objective of this study was to compare the rate of adverse events during the transport of pediatric patients by a specialized pediatric critical care transport team with parental accompaniment to those without parental accompaniment. Secondary objectives included whether geographic or patient-specific factors affected rates of parental accompaniment and if parental presence during transport was related to patient outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study in a pediatric critical care unit convenience sample at an academic children's hospital. Inclusion criteria constituted all patients younger than 18 years who were admitted to the pediatric critical care unit after interfacility transport by the London Health Sciences Center Neonatal Pediatric Transport Team between April 1, 2018, and April 30, 2020, inclusive. Adverse event rates, patient characteristics, and clinical outcomes were compared.

Results

There were 357 transports eligible for analysis. Of these, there were 180 transports with, and 177 without, parental accompaniment. The primary outcome was adverse event occurrence using the composite definition of adverse events, previously defined by a Canadian consensus process, which included patient-, transport provider-, laboratory-, and system/vehicle-related safety factors. The occurrence of adverse events was not significantly different between transports with and without parental accompaniment, 49.4% and 54.8%, respectively (odds ratio, 0.80; P = 0.311).

Conclusions

This is the first study to compare the effect on adverse event rate and clinically relevant outcomes between transports with and without parental presence during interfacility pediatric critical care transport. Our study found no significant difference in the adverse event rate between transports with and without parental presence.