bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy and characterisation of α‐gallium oxyhydroxide and β‐gallium oxide nanorods
Authors: Zhao Yanyan , Frost Ray L.
Published: July 2008

Raman spectroscopy complemented by infrared spectroscopy was used to characterise both gallium oxyhydroxide (α‐GaO(OH)) and gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) nanorods synthesised with and without the surfactants using a soft chemical methodology at low temperatures. Nano‐ to micro‐sized gallium oxyhydroxide and gallium oxide materials were characterised and analysed by both X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Rod‐like GaO(OH) crystals with average length of ∼2.5 µm and width of 1.5 µm were obtained. Upon thermally treating gallium oxyhydroxide GaO(OH) to 900 °C, β‐Ga2O3 was synthesised retaining the initial GaO(OH) morphology. Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of nanorods of GaO(OH) and Ga2O3 crystals.

Raman spectroscopy shows bands characteristic of GaO(OH) at 950 and ∼1000 cm−1 attributed to GaOH deformation modes. Bands at 261, 275, 433 and 522 cm−1 are assigned to vibrational modes involving GaOH units. Bands observed at 320, 346, 418 and 472 cm−1 are assigned to the deformation modes of Ga2O6 octahedra.

Two sharp infrared bands at 2948 and 2916 cm−1 are attributed to the GaO(OH) symmetric stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy of Ga2O3 provides bands at 630, 656 and 767 cm−1 which are assigned to the bending and stretching of GaO4 units. Raman bands at 417 and 475 cm−1 are attributed to the symmetric stretching modes of GaO2 units. The Raman bands at 319 and 347 cm−1 are assigned to the bending modes of GaO2 units. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of drug–DNA recognition distinguished by Raman spectroscopy, ,
Authors: Benevides James M. , Kawakami Jessica , Thomas George J.
Published: July 2008

The highly chromophoric drugs, ethidium bromide (EtBr), 9‐aminoacridine (9AA) and proflavine (PF) (3,6‐diaminoacridine) bind to DNA by insertion of a polycyclic aromatic ring between adjacent base pairs of the double helix. Despite similar intercalative mechanisms, these drugs exhibit distinct DNA affinities and produce characteristic mutagenic effects. Complexes of the intercalants with small nucleotide fragments have been investigated by various methods, including X‐ray crystallography. However, the structural impact of drug intercalation on a DNA molecule of genetic consequence has not yet been reported. Here, we employ near‐infrared laser excitation (752 nm) and a DNA target of genomic size to obtain and compare Raman spectra of complexes of EtBr, 9AA and PF with DNA. Raman signatures of solution complexes have been analyzed by difference methods to reveal the specific structural changes induced at the drug/DNA intercalation sites. Perturbation of the DNA backbone geometry, as reflected in the Raman marker diagnostic of the phosphodiester group (800–880 cm−1), ranges from disruption of the B‐form duplex in favor of either the A‐form duplex, or separated strands, or a combination of altered DNA backbone geometries. The acridine intercalants, PF and 9AA, also perturb hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the paired bases of duplex DNA, although in distinct ways. Conversely, base pairing is relatively unperturbed by ethidium intercalation. The results are discussed in relation to frameshift mutagenic activities of the intercalating drugs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical technique and systemic inflammation influences long‐term disease‐free survival following hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis
Authors: Gomez Dhanwant , Morris‐Stiff Gareth , Wyatt Judy , Toogood Giles J. , Lodge J. Peter A. , Prasad K. Rajendra
Published: July 2008

Background

To date, there is limited data available on prognostic factors that influence long‐term disease‐free survival following hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). The aim of the study was to identify prognostic factors that were associated with long‐term disease‐free survival (>5 years) following resection for CRLM.

Methods

Patients undergoing resection for CRLM from January 1993 to March 2007 were identified from the hepatobiliary database. Data analyzed included demographics, laboratory results, operative findings and histopathological data.

Results

Seven hundred five curative primary hepatic resections were performed, of which 434 patients developed disease recurrence within 5 years and 67 patients were disease‐free more than 5 years. There was a significant association between systemic inflammatory response (raised neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and/or C‐reactive protein), blood transfusion, >2 tumors, bilobar disease and resection margin involvement with developing recurrence during the follow‐up period. On multivariate analysis, three independent predictors for recurrent disease within the 5‐year follow‐up were identified: pre‐operative inflammatory response; blood transfusion requirement; and status of resection margin.

Conclusion

Absence of a systemic inflammatory response and surgical technique to minimize transfusion requirements and obtain a R0 resection margin, are associated with long‐term disease‐free survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:371–376. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of Ras mutations in rat DMBA‐induced mammary tumors
Authors: Samuelson Emma , Nilsson Johanna , Walentinsson Anna , Szpirer Claude , Behboudi Afrouz
Published: July 2008

Animal cancer models reduce genetic background heterogeneity and thus, may facilitate identification and analysis of specific genetic aberrations in tumor cells. Rat and human mammary glands have high similarity in physiology and show comparable hormone responsiveness. Thus, spontaneous and carcinogen (e.g., NMU and DMBA)‐induced rat mammary models are valuable tools for genetic studies of breast cancer. In NMU‐induced rat mammary tumors, activating mutations in Hras codon 12 have frequently been reported and are supposed to contribute to the mammary carcinogenic process. Involvement of Ras mutations in DMBA‐induced tumors is less clear. In the present study we investigated the mutation status of the three Ras genes, Hras, Kras, and Nras, in DMBA‐induced rat mammary tumors. We examined codons 12, 13, and 61 of all three genes for mutations in 71 tumors using direct sequencing method that in experimental conditions is sensitive enough to detect single nucleotide mutations even when present in only 25% of the test sample. No activating Ras gene mutation was found. Thus, in contrast to NMU‐induced rat mammary tumor, tumorigenesis in DMBA‐induced rat mammary tumors seems to be independent on activating mutations in the Ras genes. Our finding suggests that the genetic pathways selected in mammary tumor development are influenced by and perhaps dependent on the identity of the inducing agent, again emphasizing the importance of tumor etiology on the genetic changes in the tumor cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postprandial lipid responses of butter blend containing fish oil in a single‐meal study in humans
Authors: Overgaard Julie , Porsgaard Trine , Guo Zheng , Lauritzen Lotte , Mu Huiling
Published: July 2008

The postprandial effects of a butter product containing fish oil were investigated in a single‐meal, randomized crossover study with a commercial butter product as the control. Twelve healthy males consumed two test meals with13C‐labelled cholesterol (45 mg) and either an interesterified butter blend with fish oil (352 mg n‐3 long‐chain PUFA (LCPUFA)) or the commercial butter blend. Blood samples were collected after the meals and in the fasting condition on the test day and the following morning, and were analysed for cholesterol absorption, plasma lipid profile and fatty acid composition. No significant difference in the postprandial plasma fatty acid composition was observed between the groups, neither difference in cholesterol absorption, plasma cholesterol or the cholesterol contents of plasma lipoproteins. The incorporation of fish oil in the butter resulted in a significant lower concentration of triacylglycerols in the plasma 2 h after the meal in comparison with the commercial butter blend (p= 0.02); there was, however, no significant difference 24 h after the meal. In conclusion, fish oil‐enriched butter blend provides a source to increase the intake of n‐3 LCPUFA in the population, but has no acute effect on cholesterol absorption and plasma cholesterol concentration in human.
Mediterranean diet and cardioprotection: Wild artichoke inhibits metalloproteinase 9
Authors: Bellosta Stefano , Bogani Paola , Canavesi Monica , Galli Claudio , Visioli Francesco
Published: July 2008

Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc‐dependent endopeptidases responsible for the hydrolysis of various component of extracellular matrix such as gelatin and collagen. MMPs, namely MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 correlate with cardiovascular events in patients. We sought to determine whether supplementation with polyphenol‐richCynara cardunculus(wild artichoke, traditional component of the Mediterranean diet) modulates MMP‐9 expression and activity in cell cultures. A fully characterizedC. cardunculusextract was able to inhibit, in a dose‐dependent manner, the gelatinolytic activity of secreted MMP‐9 and both secretion and human MMP‐9 promoter‐driven transcription. Analysis by HPLC of theCynaraextract identified polyphenols such as luteolin, apigenin, and caffeic acid, among others. However, testing a mix of the individual components suggested that the inhibitory effects ofC. cardunculusare due to minor constituent fraction(s) as a whole. In promoting the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet, the role of wild plants as important meal components deserves further reappraisal.
Optimal resource allocation and redistribution strategy in military conflicts with Lanchester square law attrition
Authors: Sheeba P.S. , Ghose Debasish
Published: July 2008

We address the problem of optimal decision‐making in conflicts based on Lanchester square law attrition model where a defending force needs to be partitioned optimally, and allocated to two different attacking forces of differing strengths and capabilities. We consider a resource allocation scheme called the Time Zero Allocation with Redistribution (TZAR) strategy, where allocation is followed by redistribution of defending forces, on the occurrence of certain decisive events. Unlike previous work on Lanchester attrition model based tactical decision‐making, which propose time sequential tactics through an optimal control approach, the present article focuses on obtaining simpler resource allocation tactics based on a static optimization framework, and demonstrates that the results obtained are similar to those obtained by the more complex dynamic optimal control solution. Complete solution for this strategy is obtained for optimal partitioning of resources of the defending forces. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
Integration‐free Coons macroelements for the solution of 2D Poisson problems
Authors: Provatidis C. G.
Published: July 2008

Large isoparametric macroelements with closed‐form cardinal global shape functions under the label ‘Coons‐patch macroelements’ (CPM) have been previously proposed and used in conjunction with the finite element method and the boundary element method. This paper continues the research on the performance of CPM in conjunction with the collocation method. In contrast to the previous CPM that was based on a Galerkin/Ritz formulation, no domain integration is now required, a fact that justifies the name ‘integration‐free Coons macroelements’. Therefore, in addition to avoiding mesh generation, and saving human effort, the proposed technique has the additional advantage of further reducing the computer effort. The theory is supported by five test cases concerning Poisson and Laplace problems within 2D smooth quadrilateral domains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic methacrylic acid oligomer as a novel pH‐sensitive carrier material
Authors: Hara Tomoko , Saito Reiko
Published: July 2008

The pH effect of inclusion of methylene blue (MB) in cyclic methacrylic acid oligomer (CMAA) with degree of polymerization 14, which was a novel cationic host material with pKa 4.83, was investigated in methanol. The self‐diffusion coefficients of MB in methanol at pH 7.0 and 4.0 with and without CMAA were measured by 1H‐NMR spectrometry with pulsed‐field‐gradient stimulated‐echo pulse (PGSE) analysis. At both pH values, the addition of CMAA to MB solution resulted in the complex formation between CMAA and MB. MB was included in CMAA in methanol at a wide range of pH. The molar fraction of the slow diffusion component corresponding to the complex increased by varying the pH from 7.0 to 4.0. Then, SiO–CMAA was synthesized by immobilization of CMAA on silica gel beads. The time dependence of adsorption of MB to SiO–CMAA was investigated by UV–Vis spectrometry. At pH 7.0, the absorbance of MB–methanol solution gradually decreased by the addition of SiO–CMAA. The absorbance drastically decreased on varying the pH from 7.0 to 4.0, and the absorbance quickly increased on varying the pH from 4.0 to 7.0. The inclusion of MB in CMAA was fast and reversible on changing the pH of the solution. CMAA was the novel pH sensitive host material. Inclusion of MB in CMAA enhanced at pH 4.0 rather than at pH 7.0. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of chemical structure of the repeating unit on physical properties of aromatic polymers containing phenylquinoxaline rings
Authors: Ronova Inga A. , Sokolova Ekaterina A. , Bruma Maria
Published: July 2008

Conformational parameters and free, occupied, accessible, and Van der Waals volume values for a group of polymers containing phenylquinoxaline rings have been calculated using an original method and have been correlated with the data regarding glass transition temperature and transport parameters given in the literature. Thus, it was shown that conformational rigidity determines the packing of macromolecules in solid state, and therefore the free volume and glass transition temperature. The introduction of phenylquinoxaline rings in polyimides leads to a decrease of selectivity to all gases due to the increase of free volume in comparison with initial polyimides. But it leads to the increase of selectivity of the gas pair H2/G, where G is any simple gas because of an increase of the number of small microcavities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1868–1877, 2008
HCV inhibits antigen processing and presentation and induces oxidative stress response in gastric mucosa
Authors: De Re Valli , Simula Maria Paola , Cannizzaro Renato , Sansonno Domenico , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Gloghini Annunziata , Carbone Antonino , Colombatti Alfonso , Marin Maria Dolores , De Zorzi Mariangela , Toffoli Giuseppe
Published: July 2008

Productive hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appears to be primarily confined to the liver. However, a wide variety of extrahepatic disease manifestations are associated with the infection and HCV RNA has been frequently detected in gastric mucosa. The present study aims to determine molecular alterations present in vivo in the stomach where HCV expression does not induce a carcinoma but a lymphoma, thus extending the knowledge of alterations in intracellular pathways consequent to HCV infection. We compared, by 2‐D DIGE, the gastric protein expression profile from six HCV positive and six HCV negative samples lacking neoplastic or dysplastic conditions. In HCV positive tissue we observed a down regulation of proteins involved in MHC maturation and assembly, antigen processing and presentation and ER stress, in addition to an up regulation of proteins involved in cellular oxidative stress responses. Ubiquinol‐cytochrome‐C‐reductase (UQCRFS1), part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex‐III, was identified as the most up regulated protein. Data were confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate a HCV negative influence on the different pathways that determine antigen processing and presentation via MHC‐I and the cellular attempts to counteract HCV induced oxidative stress. Both these processes facilitate immune escape and cell survival and probably contribute to HCV chronicization.
New routes to sustainable photovoltaics: evaluation of Cu2ZnSnS4 as an alternative absorber material
Authors: Scragg Jonathan J. , Dale Philip J. , Peter Laurence M. , Zoppi Guillaume , Forbes Ian
Published: July 2008

Thin film heterojunction solar cells based on chalcopyrites such as Cu(In,Ga)Se2 have achieved impressive efficiencies. However concern about the long term sustainability of photovoltaics based on scarce or expensive raw materials has prompted the search for alternative absorber materials. In this work, films of the p‐type absorber Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) were prepared by electroplating metallic precursors sequentially onto a molybdenum‐coated glass substrate followed by an nealing in a sulfur atmosphere. The polycrystalline CZTS films were characterized by photoelectrochemical methods, which showed films were p‐type with doping densities of the order of 1016 cm–3 and a band gap of 1.49 eV, close to the optimum value for terrestrial solar energy conversion. Preliminary results obtained for solar cells fabricated with this material are promising. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of a sequential global test of improved recovery following stroke as applied to the ICTUS trial of citicoline
Authors: Bolland Kim , Whitehead John , Cobo Erik , Secades Julio J.
Published: July 2008

The International Citicoline Trial in acUte Stroke is a sequential phase III study of the use of the drug citicoline in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke, which was initiated in 2006 in 56 treatment centres. The primary objective of the trial is to demonstrate improved recovery of patients randomized to citicoline relative to those randomized to placebo after 12 weeks of follow‐up. The primary analysis will take the form of a global test combining the dichotomized results of assessments on three well‐established scales: the Barthel Index, the modified Rankin scale and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. This approach was previously used in the analysis of the influential National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in stroke.

The purpose of this paper is to describe how this trial was designed, and in particular how the simultaneous objectives of taking into account three assessment scales, performing a series of interim analyses and conducting treatment allocation and adjusting the analyses to account for prognostic factors, including more than 50 treatment centres, were addressed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of visual peak detection in X‐ray photoelectron spectra
Authors: Suzuki Mineharu , Fukushima Sei , Tanuma Shigeo
Published: July 2008

We report initial results of a VAMAS/TWA2 project to evaluate procedures for automated peak detection in X‐ray photoelectron spectra. As a reference for investigations of the efficiency of automated peak‐detection software, we report the efficiency of visual peak detection in three test spectra. It was found that (i) characteristics of analysts are grouped into four categories using principal component analysis (PCA); the first participant group to detect large numbers of peaks for the three test spectra, the second one to detect small numbers of peaks for them, the third one to detect similar numbers of peaks, and the fourth one to detect a relatively large number of peaks for one of them and small numbers for two of them, (ii) scattering of detected peak numbers seems to depend on detection of medium‐intensity peaks because of participants' subjectivity or ambivalence for judgment of intensity, and (iii) the peaks that are detected by the analysts with a detectability more than 75% almost correspond to the peak signal‐to‐noise(S/N) ratio of more than 10 in logarithmic expression. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of HfSiON thin films
Authors: Zhang Lulu , Terauchi Shin‐ya , Azuma Yasushi , Fujimoto Toshiyuki
Published: July 2008

HfSiON thin films with different thicknesses were prepared by the oxidation of sputter‐deposited hafnium nitride (HfN) thin films. Thereafter, the chemical structures were investigated using XPS before and after a rapid thermal anneal (RTA) at a high temperature of 1000 °C. The thinner film of HfN was fully oxidized and HfSiON was formed after oxidation; Si atoms of HfSiON were obtained as a result of out‐diffusion from the substrate. However, a majority of HfN bonds in the thicker sample remained unoxidized after oxidation, and subsequent annealing at 1000 °C revealed bond breaking of HfN, N loss, and bond formation of HfO. This suggested that the incorporation of O into the film was the main channel for N loss during high‐temperature annealing. The high‐resolution cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (CS‐TEM) results indicated that the thinner film was amorphous and the thicker one, crystalline. The existence of HfSiON at the interface in the thinner sample before RTA was considered to suppress the crystallization. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic vehicle mobility model with environmental condition adaptation capability
Authors: Momen Amir Reza , Azmi Paeiz
Published: July 2008

In mobile communication systems, mobility modeling is involved in several aspects such as signaling and traffic load analysis. In particular, accurate mobility models are essential for the evaluation of the system design alternatives and network implementation cost issues. In this paper, we propose a mobility model that is appropriate for practical analysis of the mobile systems' design issues. Our model provides different levels of details for the user mobility behavior and can be adapted to any environmental topology. This model considers direction and velocity of the user mobility. The motion direction is modeled based on real street patterns and is described by discrete state Gauss–Markov technique whose parameters are calculated by combining the information derived by the topological map and wireless network performance report (WNPR) of the simulation area. In the proposed method, the user velocity is assumed to be the average velocity that is found based on traffic condition and type of the street. The computational complexity of our model is to the extent that can be used not only in mobility management test procedures but also in order to calculate some useful parameters of these procedures. In this paper, we apply real data to validate the proposed model by simulation which is used to confirm the accuracy of the proposed model and its analytical analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addressing spiritual development in youth development programs and practices: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Pittman Karen , Garza Pamela , Yohalem Nicole , Artman Stephanie
Published: July 2008

If strengthening children's moral and spiritual selves is the most important challenge facing youth‐serving organizations in the United States today, three things are required to respond: a clear road map of where to go and how to get there, a critical mass of champions prepared to lead the way, and candid readiness assessments and strategies for individuals and organizations ready to take on this work. More clarity is needed on defining the concepts of spiritual development and spirituality, the boundaries and bridges needed between religious and secular organizations, and the activities and practices that are both effective and allowable under separation of church and state. Immediate steps to take include engaging frontline workers across sectors and identifying strategies for integrating spiritual development into youth practice.
The effectiveness of distal soft tissue procedures in hallux valgus
Authors: Kayali Cemil , Ozturk Hasan , Agus Haluk , Altay Taskin , Hancerli Ozgur
Published: July 2008

Background

Hallux valgus is a common disorder affecting mostly women population. Distal soft tissue procedure in the treatment of hallux valgus is one of the main operative techniques described. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of McBride’s distal soft tissue procedure in hallux valgus cases.

Materials and methods

This study includes 30 patients (27 women) having 31 hallux valgus, who were treated between 1999 and 2004. Modified McBride’s distal soft tissue procedure was carried out in all cases. Pain status of the cases was recorded by using VAS, clinical assessment described by Bonney and Macnab, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society’s (AOFAS) score at the last follow up.

Results

The mean hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles decreased from 31.4° and 13.8° to 13.5° and 10.5°, respectively, with an average follow-up period of 54.4 months. AOFAS’s score displayed significant improvement from 57 to 87. The mean VAS showed a significant decrease from 8.75 preoperatively to 2.1 at the last follow-up. According to Bonney and Macnab criteria, only one case was accepted as poor result due to 5° hallux varus.

Conclusions

McBride’s distal soft tissue procedure yields high rate of satisfaction for mild to moderate hallux valgus with no bony complications related to osteotomy.
d‐Ribose therapy in four Polish patients with adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: Absence of positive effect
Authors: Jurecka A. , Tylki‐Szymanska A. , Zikanova M. , Krijt J. , Kmoch S.
Published: July 2008

Deficiency of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) (OMIM 103050) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the purine de novo synthesis pathway and purine nucleotide cycle, diagnosed so far in approximately 50 patients. The clinical presentation is characterized by severe neurological involvement including hypotonia, seizures, developmental delay and autistic features. Epilepsy in ADSL deficiency is frequent and occurs in approximately two‐thirds of patients, beginning either early in the neonatal period or after the first year of life. At present there is no treatment of proven clinical efficacy. Despite of the increasing number of ADSL‐deficient patients reported, there are only a few communications of therapeutic considerations or efforts. Among them only two showed some beneficial effects in ADSL‐deficient patients. d‐Ribose, a simple and relatively cheap therapy, has been associated with improvement of behaviour and progressive reduction of the seizure frequency in one 13‐year‐old patient with ADSL deficiency. In this study we have re‐examined d‐ribose treatment in four ADSL‐deficient patients. Assessments consisted of biochemical markers and neurological outcome. The 12‐month trial of d‐ribose failed to show any clinical benefit in ADSL patients with both milder and severe phenotype. d‐Ribose administration was accompanied by neither reduction in seizure frequency nor growth enhancement. Additionally, patients with milder type II presented the first seizure after 4 and 8 months of the d‐ribose treatment. Therefore, we could not confirm a positive effect of d‐ribose as previously reported.
The fear‐avoidance model in whiplash injuries
Authors: Nieto Rubén , Miró Jordi , Huguet Anna
Published: July 2008

The aim of this work was to study whether fear of movement, and pain catastrophizing predict pain related‐disability and depression in sub‐acute whiplash patients. Moreover, we wanted to test if fear of movement is a mediator in the relation between catastrophizing and pain‐related disability/depression as has been suggested by the fear‐avoidance model [Vlaeyen JWS, Kole‐Snijders AMJ, Boeren RGB, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995;62:363–72]. The convenience sample used was of 147 sub‐acute whiplash patients (pain duration less than 3 months). Two stepwise regression analyses were performed using fear of movement and catastrophizing as the independent variables, and disability and depression as the dependent variables. After controlling for descriptive variables and pain characteristics, catastrophizing and fear of movement were found to be predictors of disability and depression. Pain intensity was a predictor of disability but not of depression. The mediation effect of fear of movement in the relationships between catastrophizing and disability, and between catastrophizing and depression was also supported. The results of this study are in accordance with the fear‐avoidance model, and support a biopsychosocial perspective for whiplash disorders.
Ion holes in dusty pair plasmas
Authors: SCHAMEL HANS
Published: July 2008

The existence of Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal (BGK)-like trapped ion modes in dusty plasmas is investigated by means of the pseudo-potential method applied to the Vlasov–Poisson system. The nonlinear dispersion relation, determining the phase velocity, and the pseudo-potential, representing the wave form and hence its spectral decomposition, are derived and analysed with respect to the effect of dust. Dust is found to diminish the region in ω,k-space, where periodic wave solutions of fast and slow mode character exist. Localized wave solutions in the form of solitary ion holes, owing their existence to the presence of dust, coexist as well, but turn into slow ion acoustic double layers in the limit of vanishing dust.
Protohydra leuckarti near Plymouth
Authors: Kilvington C.C. , Collins A.G. , Kosevich I.A. , Pyataeva S.V. , Robson E.A.
Published: July 2008

A new location for Protohydra leuckarti is reported near Plymouth at Millbrook Lake (Tamar Estuary). To place this finding in context, notes follow on a familiar habitat of this species in the White Sea, and on the general ecology and distribution of Protohydra and its enigmatic phylogeny.
Treating Socially Phobic Youth with CBT: Differential Outcomes and Treatment Considerations
Authors: Crawley Sarah A. , Beidas Rinad S. , Benjamin Courtney L. , Martin Erin , Kendall Philip C.
Published: July 2008

Social phobia (SP) is characterized by a fear of one or more social or performance situations. Studies of comorbidity in SP youth find anxiety and affective disorders co-occurring. The present study examined children with primary SP and compared them to children with primary Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) prior to treatment and in response to treatment. The groups differed significantly on self-, parent- and teacher-rated pretreatment measures. Additionally, the two groups showed differential treatment outcomes. When the SP youth with comorbid Affective Disorder were excluded in treatment outcome analyses, there were non significant differences, indicating that comorbid affective disorders likely contributed to differential treatment outcome. Results are discussed in terms of treatment recommendations for socially phobic youth.
The need for an archaeology of Europe. Reasons and perspectives
Authors: Paludan-Müller Carsten
Published: July 2008

The retraction of the archaeological research perspective away from big questions and its fragmentation into national, local or even site-specific perspectives, as documented by Kristian Kristiansen, is by no means inexplicable. However, this closing of the archaeological mind can only be adequately understood and countered by viewing it in its wider historical context.
Value and significance in archaeology
Authors: Samuels Kathryn Lafrenz
Published: July 2008

The concept of value increasingly fills archaeological debates. An examination of how value works within the diverse practices of archaeology (reconstructions of the past, heritage management and self-reflexive critique) provides an integrating factor to these debates. Through a genealogy of value in the management of material heritage, I highlight how ‘significance’ has been institutionalized from contingent forms, and the ‘the past’ rendered an object. Moreover, I follow the translation of these management procedures from the national to the global stage to highlight the emergence of economic significance in international heritage management. Providing an alternative approach to significance, the anthropological work of Weiner and Graeber locates value within practices that manage material heritage. These theories provocatively suggest that archaeological practice and heritage management are one and the same, both capable of producing value. This requires archaeologists to reconsider their discipline, and the contemporary contexts and situated ethical conditions of their work.
STRONGLY IRREDUCIBLE IDEALS
Authors: AZIZI A.
Published: July 2008

A proper ideal I of a ring R is said to be strongly irreducible if for each pair of ideals A and B of R, $A\cap B \subseteq I$ implies that either $A \subseteq I$ or $B \subseteq I$. In this paper we study strongly irreducible ideals in different rings. The relations between strongly irreducible ideals of a ring and strongly irreducible ideals of localizations of the ring are also studied. Furthermore, a topology similar to the Zariski topology related to strongly irreducible ideals is introduced. This topology has the Zariski topology defined by prime ideals as one of its subspace topologies.
Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) simulation using a coupled multiple‐grid Mediterranean Sea/North Atlantic Ocean model
Authors: Dietrich David E. , Tseng Yu‐Heng , Medina Raul , Piacsek Steve A. , Liste Maria , Olabarrieta Maitane , Bowman Malcolm J. , Mehra Avichal
Published: July 2008

A z‐level, 4th‐order‐accurate ocean model is applied in six two‐way‐coupled grids spanning the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean (MEDiNA). Resolutions vary from 1/4° in central North Atlantic to 1/24° in Strait of Gibraltar region. This allows the MEDiNA model to efficiently resolve small features (e.g., Strait of Gibraltar) in a multibasin, multiscale model. Such small features affect all scales because of nonlinearity and low dissipation. The grid coupling using one coarse grid overlap is nearly seamless without intergrid sponge layers. No instant convective adjustment or other highly diffusive process is used. The deep water in the 1/8° Mediterranean Sea grid is formed by the resolved flows that emulate subgrid‐scale processes directly. Downslope migration of Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) water involves dense water flowing away from the bottom laterally over bottom stairsteps in the z‐level model, thus flowing over less dense underlying water. Without excessively water mass‐diluting process, the advection dominates the downslope migration of thin, dense MOW in the simulation. The model results show realistic MOW migration to the observed equilibrium depth, followed by lateral spreading near that depth. The results are also consistent with the climatology along 43°N, where the MOW hugs a steep shelfslope centered at ∼1 km depth and then spreads westward, with the salinity core (S > 35.7) reaching 18°W. This study clearly restores z‐level models to a competitive status doing density current simulations.
Impact of oceanic circulation on biological carbon storage in the ocean and atmospheric pCO2
Authors: Marinov I. , Gnanadesikan A. , Sarmiento J. L. , Toggweiler J. R. , Follows M. , Mignone B. K.
Published: July 2008

We use both theory and ocean biogeochemistry models to examine the role of the soft‐tissue biological pump in controlling atmospheric CO2. We demonstrate that atmospheric CO2 can be simply related to the amount of inorganic carbon stored in the ocean by the soft‐tissue pump, which we term (OCSsoft). OCSsoft is linearly related to the inventory of remineralized nutrient, which in turn is just the total nutrient inventory minus the preformed nutrient inventory. In a system where total nutrient is conserved, atmospheric CO2 can thus be simply related to the global inventory of preformed nutrient. Previous model simulations have explored how changes in the surface concentration of nutrients in deepwater formation regions change the global preformed nutrient inventory. We show that changes in physical forcing such as winds, vertical mixing, and lateral mixing can shift the balance of deepwater formation between the North Atlantic (where preformed nutrients are low) and the Southern Ocean (where they are high). Such changes in physical forcing can thus drive large changes in atmospheric CO2, even with minimal changes in surface nutrient concentration. If Southern Ocean deepwater formation strengthens, the preformed nutrient inventory and thus atmospheric CO2 increase. An important consequence of these new insights is that the relationship between surface nutrient concentrations, biological export production, and atmospheric CO2 is more complex than previously predicted. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we show that OCSsoft can increase and atmospheric CO2 decrease, while surface nutrients show minimal change and export production decreases.
Stochastic modeling of multidimensional diffusion in the radiation belts
Authors: Tao Xin , Chan Anthony A. , Albert Jay M. , Miller James A.
Published: July 2008

A new code for solving radiation belt diffusion equations has been developed and applied to the 2‐D bounce‐averaged energy pitch angle quasi‐linear diffusion equation. The code uses Monte Carlo methods to solve Itô stochastic differential equations (SDEs) which are mathematically equivalent to radiation belt diffusion equations. We show that our SDE code solves the diffusion equation with off‐diagonal diffusion coefficients in contrast to standard finite difference codes which are generally unstable when off‐diagonal diffusion coefficients are included. Our results are in excellent agreement with previous results. We have also investigated effects of assuming purely parallel propagating electromagnetic waves when calculating the diffusion coefficients and find that this assumption leads to errors of more than an order of magnitude in flux at some equatorial pitch angles for the specific chorus wave model we use. Further work is needed to investigate the sensitivity of our results to the wave model parameters. Generalization of the method to 3‐D is straightforward, thus making this method a very promising new way to investigate the relative roles of pitch angle, energy, and radial diffusion in radiation belt dynamics.
Seasonal dynamics of bacterial biomass and production in a coastal arctic ecosystem: Franklin Bay, western Canadian Arctic
Authors: Garneau Marie‐Ève , Roy Sébastien , Lovejoy Connie , Gratton Yves , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: July 2008

The Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) included the overwintering deployment of a research platform in Franklin Bay (70°N, 126°W) and provided a unique seasonal record of bacterial dynamics in a coastal region of the Arctic Ocean. Our objectives were (1) to relate seasonal bacterial abundance (BA) and production (BP) to physico‐chemical characteristics and (2) to quantify the annual bacterial carbon flux. BA was estimated by epifluorescence microscopy and BP was estimated from 3H‐leucine and 3H‐thymidine assays. Mean BA values for the water column ranged from 1.0 (December) to 6.8 × 105 cells mL−1 (July). Integral BP varied from 1 (February) to 80 mg C m−2 d−1 (July). During winter‐spring, BP was uncorrelated with chlorophyll a (Chl a), but these variables were significantly correlated during summer‐autumn (rs = 0.68, p < 0.001, N = 38), suggesting that BP was subject to bottom‐up control by carbon supply. Integrated BP data showed three distinct periods: fall‐winter, late winter–late spring, and summer. A baseline level of BB and BP was maintained throughout late winter–late spring despite the persistent cold and darkness, with irregular fluctuations that may be related to hydrodynamic events. During this period, BP rates were correlated with colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) but not Chl a (rs BP.CDOM∣Chl a = 0.20, p < 0.05, N = 176). Annual BP was estimated as 6 g C m−2 a−1, implying a total BP of 4.8 × 1010 g C a−1 for the Franklin Bay region. These results show that bacterial processes continue throughout all seasons and make a large contribution to the total biological carbon flux in this coastal arctic ecosystem.
How does ocean biology affect atmospheric pCO2? Theory and models
Authors: Marinov I. , Follows M. , Gnanadesikan A. , Sarmiento J. L. , Slater R. D.
Published: July 2008

This paper examines the sensitivity of atmospheric pCO2 to changes in ocean biology that result in drawdown of nutrients at the ocean surface. We show that the global inventory of preformed nutrients is the key determinant of atmospheric pCO2 and the oceanic carbon storage due to the soft‐tissue pump (OCSsoft). We develop a new theory showing that under conditions of perfect equilibrium between atmosphere and ocean, atmospheric pCO2 can be written as a sum of exponential functions of OCSsoft. The theory also demonstrates how the sensitivity of atmospheric pCO2 to changes in the soft‐tissue pump depends on the preformed nutrient inventory and on surface buffer chemistry. We validate our theory against simulations of nutrient depletion in a suite of realistic general circulation models (GCMs). The decrease in atmospheric pCO2 following surface nutrient depletion depends on the oceanic circulation in the models. Increasing deep ocean ventilation by increasing vertical mixing or Southern Ocean winds increases the atmospheric pCO2 sensitivity to surface nutrient forcing. Conversely, stratifying the Southern Ocean decreases the atmospheric CO2 sensitivity to surface nutrient depletion. Surface CO2 disequilibrium due to the slow gas exchange with the atmosphere acts to make atmospheric pCO2 more sensitive to nutrient depletion in high‐ventilation models and less sensitive to nutrient depletion in low‐ventilation models. Our findings have potentially important implications for both past and future climates.
Evaluating two experimental approaches for measuring ecosystem carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio
Authors: Masiello C. A. , Gallagher M. E. , Randerson J. T. , Deco R. M. , Chadwick O. A.
Published: July 2008

Degree of oxidation of organic carbon (Cox) is a fundamental property of the carbon cycle, reflecting the synthesis and decomposition of natural organic matter. Cox is also related to ecosystem oxidative ratio (OR), the molar ratio of O2 to CO2 fluxes associated with net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Here we compare two methods for measuring Cox and OR: (1) %C, %H, %N, and %O elemental analysis, and (2) heat of combustion (ΔHc) measured by means of bomb calorimetry coupled with %C elemental analysis (hereafter referred to as calorimetry). Compared with %C, %N, %H, and %O elemental analysis, calorimetry generates Cox and OR data more rapidly and cheaply. However, calorimetric measurements yield less accurate Cox and OR data. We additionally report Cox and OR data for a pair of biomass standards and a suite of biomass samples. The OR values we measured in these samples were less variable than OR data reported in the literature (generated by simultaneous measurement of ecosystem O2 and CO2 gas mixing ratios). Our biomass OR values had a mean of 1.03 and range of 0.99–1.06. These estimates are lower than the OR value of 1.10 that is often used to partition uptake of fossil fuel CO2 between the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere.
Earthquake ground motion prediction using the ambient seismic field
Authors: Prieto Germán A. , Beroza Gregory C.
Published: July 2008

The waves generated by faulting represent the primary threat posed by most large earthquakes. The effect of complex geological structures, such as sedimentary basins, on earthquake ground motion is a source of particular concern. We show that it is possible to extract reliable phase and amplitude response that includes the effects of complex structure for the elastodynamic Green's function from the ambient seismic field using deconvolution. We demonstrate the accuracy of the approach by predicting complex ground motion for a moderate (Mw = 4.6) earthquake in southern California as recorded in the Los Angeles Basin. This suggests a novel approach to seismic hazard analysis in which ground motion from hypothetical future earthquakes is simulated directly, without the need for modeling the detailed heterogeneity of the Earth's crust as an intermediate step.
Asymmetric off‐fault damage generated by bilateral ruptures along a bimaterial interface
Authors: Duan Benchun
Published: July 2008

We perform numerical simulations of spontaneous dynamic rupture governed by a slip‐weakening law along a bimaterial interface (fault) with off‐fault damage in the form of Coulomb plastic yielding. Off‐fault plastic yielding stabilizes the wrinkle‐like slip pulse in terms of a decreasing rate of slip velocity growth. With a variety of model parameters, ruptures on the fault are bilateral, while off‐fault plastic strain distribution between the two rupture directions is highly asymmetric.
Mapping of the ATP-binding domain of human fructosamine 3-kinase-related protein by affinity labelling with 5′-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine
Authors: Payne Leo S. , Brown Peter M. , Middleditch Martin , Baker Edward , Cooper Garth J. S. , Loomes Kerry M.
Published: July 2008

The modification of proteins by reducing sugars through the process of non-enzymatic glycation is one of the principal mechanisms by which hyperglycaemia may precipitate the development of diabetic complications. Fn3K (fructosamine 3-kinase) and Fn3KRP (Fn3K-related protein) are two recently discovered enzymes that may play roles in metabolizing early glycation products. However, although the activity of these enzymes towards various glycated substrates has been established, very little is known about their structure–function relationships or their respective mechanisms of action. Furthermore, their only structural similarities noted to date with members of other kinase families has been with the bacterial aminoglycoside kinases. In the present study, we employed affinity labelling with the ATP analogue FSBA {5′-p-[(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine} to probe the active-site topology of Fn3KRP as an example of this enigmatic family of kinases. FSBA was found to modify Fn3KRP at five distinct sites; four of these were predicted to be localized in close proximity to its ATP-binding site, based on alignments with the aminoglycoside kinase APH(3′)-IIIa, and examination of its published tertiary structure. The results of the present studies provide evidence that Fn3KRP possesses an ATP-binding domain that is structurally related to that of both the aminoglycoside kinases and eukaryotic protein kinases.
A calmodulin antagonist reveals a calmodulin-independent interdomain interaction essential for activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors
Authors: Sun Yi , Taylor Colin W.
Published: July 2008

CaM (calmodulin) has been implicated in the regulation of IP3R [IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) receptors] and a recent report suggested that CaM tightly tethered to IP3R was essential for IP3R activation [Nadif Kasri, Torok, Galione, Garnham, Callewaert, Missiaen, Parys and De Smedt (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 8332–8338]. In the present study, we confirm that a CaM-binding peptide derived from MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) inhibits IP3-evoked Ca2+ release via all three IP3R subtypes. However, inhibition by MLCK peptide is not mimicked by other CaM antagonists that effectively block regulation of IP3R by CaM. Inhibition by MLCK peptide is rapid, fully reversible and occurs under conditions where there is no CaM associated with IP3R. MLCK peptide stimulates IP3 binding to IP3R1 and to its bacterially expressed N-terminal, but not after removal of the suppressor domain (residues 1–224). We suggest that MLCK peptide mimics a sequence within the suppressor domain that is similar to a 1-8-14 CaM-binding motif. The peptide may thereby unzip an interdomain interaction that is essential for IP3R activation. We conclude that CaM is not essential for IP3R activation, and that MLCK peptide is a selective antagonist of the IP3R that binds directly to the N-terminal to uncouple IP3 binding from channel gating. The results of the present study highlight the importance of the suppressor domain in IP3R activation and suggest that MLCK peptide may provide a route to novel non-competitive antagonists of IP3R.