bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auditor Evaluation and Reporting on Cybersecurity Risks
Authors: Zanzig Jeffrey S. , Francia III Guillermo A.
Published: September 2020

Tremendous improvements in information networking capabilities have brought with them increased security risks resulting from the deterioration of the ability of a physical layer of computer security to protect an organization's information system. As a result, audit committees have had to deal with new security issues as well as the need to understand the cyber perpetrator and ensure the proper training of employees to consider cybersecurity risks. Standard setters including the Institute of Internal Auditors and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants have issued guidance about lines of defense and reporting on an entity's cybersecurity risk management program and controls, respectively. Each of these topics is considered along with how cybersecurity guidance from COBIT, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Center for Internet Security can be mapped into five cyber infrastructure domains to provide an approach to evaluate a system of cybersecurity.
Threat and Risk Assessment Using Continuous Logic
Authors: Dasso Aristides , Funes Ana
Published: September 2020

Threat and Risk Assessment is an important area in cybersecurity. It covers multiple systems and organizations where cybersecurity is significant, such as banking, industry, SCADA, Energy Management System, among many others. The chapter presents a method to help assessing threats and risks associated with computer and networks systems. It integrates the Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity—developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology—with a quantitative method based on the use of a Continuous Logic, the Logic Scoring of Preference (LSP) method. LSP is a method suitable for decision making that provides the guidelines to produce a model to assist the expert in the process of assessing how much a product or system satisfy a number of requirements, in this case associated to the identification, protection, detection, response and recovery of threat and risks in an organization.
Internet Banking Encounter Quality of Arab Middle East Banks
Authors: Migdadi Yazan Khalid Abed-Allah , Al Omari Ola Maher
Published: September 2020

The aim of this chapter was to evaluate the impact of organizational determinants in term of ownership, age, size and global presence on the quality of internet banking service encounter in the Arab Middle East region. A sample of fifty banks from eleven countries was surveyed. Two questionnaires were used; one of them was directed to professionals to weight the dimensions of quality. Another one was used to report the quality dimensions and bank's characteristics. Detailed analysis methodology called quantitative evaluation was adopted to weight and rate quality dimensions, further, Mann-Whitney U test and Sperman correlation coefficient were used. This study revealed that; there is a statistical significant difference in accessibility, content and security dimensions between foreign and local banks. Global presence has a significant impact on customization and security, but age and size of the bank doesn't have significant relationship with quality of service encounter dimensions.
IT Resources as Risk Mitigators
Authors: Pineiro-Sanchez Carlos , de Llano-Monelos Pablo
Published: September 2020

The study of the effects of IT investments on firm's performance has been a critical issue for research since the late 1980s. Different financial models have been used to clarify the contribution of IT investments, e.g. options theory. Some researchers rely on market prices, while others measure the effect on financial ratios. This work aims to provide additional insights regarding the influence of IT resources on performance. To do that, a new measure of performance is proposed that goes beyond the well-accepted profit. Several new links between IT literature, organization theory and financial theory are elicited.
Impact of Employees' Empowerment on Perceived Quality of Service Delivery in the Tertiary Health Institutions
Authors: Fowowe Michael Abayomi , Arogundade Kayode K.
Published: September 2020

In this current 21st-century global competitive market, employee empowerment plays a significant role in building the internal resource-based capacity of business survival towards meeting and exceeding ever-increasing market needs. The tertiary health institutions saddled with the responsibility of providing acute healthcare services significantly require effective commitment of their healthcare workers in promoting quality of service delivery towards achieving result-oriented healthcare quality assurance outcome. However, the Nigerian health sector has been characterised with diverse challenges in sustaining quality assurance due to lack of leadership commitment in empowering caregivers in the sector effectively. To a large extent, this has weakened the adequate performance of employees, and also, contributed to the observed increase in morbidity and mortality rate in the Nigerian health centres. This aim of this paper is to critically analyse the impact of employees' empowerment on the perceived quality of service delivery in the context of the Nigerian healthcare institutions.
Internet of Packaging and the Bridge Between Digital Marketing and Physical Retailing
Authors: Lydekaityte Justina , Tambo Torben
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to discuss, define, and analyze a set of perspectives and potentials of smart interactive packaging applied to CPGs to fill up the space between marketing and physical retailing in terms of knowledge distribution. Smart interactive packaging goes beyond the traditional one-way informational flow and triggers dialogue between the package and consumer at several user touch points. The paper takes into consideration two engaged environments: the retail environment and the use environment, where packaging interacts with the consumer. Due to enabling technologies, smart interactive packaging becomes a channel for story-telling and knowledge distribution among the brand, retailer, and consumer. Authors propose that IoP-enabled packaging converts the story told by the digital marketing into a physical artifact presented on the physical retail shelf, as well as contributes to product improvement and innovation due to collected, assessed and distributed knowledge related to consumer data.
Impact of Advertisements on Demand for Fairness Products Among University Students in Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Tansif Ur , Parveen Sajida , Jawaid Kiran , Khan Muhammad Ajmal
Published: September 2020

One of the most important functions of TV advertisements is to create demand for products. TV advertisements influence youth towards buying behavior. The demand of beauty care products is rising in Pakistan and is experiencing high industrial market growth rate. In contemporary era, majority of fairness TV ads exaggerate the product benefits, which often results in rousing an inappropriate demand within the respective market. The repeated exposure (frequency) of advertisement helps to boost demand of products. This research, intended to study the impact of two respective factors, namely, the product claim and the extent of frequency of fairness TV ads. It also finds out which factor has a much stronger influence on demand for fairness products. The major findings of the study revealed that there is a strong impact of fairness TV ads on their demand among university students in Karachi (Pakistan). The TV ads for fairness products holds a lasting impact on the minds of consumers and consequently leads to stimulate their demand.
Modelling Quality and Pricing in Next Generation Telecom Networks
Authors: Djogatovic Vesna Radonjic , Djogatovic Marko
Published: September 2020

This chapter aims to provide new possibilities for service providers to enhance their revenues using the appropriate pricing scheme. Features and applicability of responsive pricing scheme and hybrid pricing for charging end users in next generation network are discussed. Game theory is used as an underlying concept for the implementation of pricing. In addition, transparent mapping of quality of service parameters to quality of business are considered, encompassing service price dependence on quality of service violation, which is consequently reflected on service provider's revenue.
RFID Technologies and Warehouse Applications
Authors: Smith Alan D.
Published: September 2020

RFID is a technology that continues to evolve, improve, and grow. The number of ways the technology can be used to help companies stay efficient increases in a highly competitive environment. For companies that are still looking for ways to improve their supply chain and their warehouse operations, RFID technology is something worth exploring. It can save companies time and money and can be an especially great technology to adopt for companies that are growing at a rapid pace. Case studies comparing large health care systems provider in Pittsburgh, PA with a large manufacturing company, Boeing, located Everett, WA were cited to highlight best business practices of RFID applications to the warehousing function.
Types and Challenges of Expatriation
Authors: Morence Carla Freitas , Esteves Marta Ferreira , Silva Núria Rodrigues , Moreira António Carrizo
Published: September 2020

Although corporate expatriation, especially involving multinational firms, has been receiving the main focus of attention in the academy, this chapter seeks to complement this narrow perspective embracing the analysis of complementary approaches involving migration, assigned expatriates, self-initiated expatriates, lifestyle expatriates, and expat-preneurs. For that a literature review was carried out taking into account those different approaches to expatriation. Clearly, this chapter embraces the explanation of those five main approaches that complement the classical view of migration and expatriation through multinational companies.
CATTLE FARMERS’ DECISION-MAKING PROCESS REGARDING HERBICIDE FOR GRAZING IN BRAZIL
Authors: De Andréa Picolli Carolline , Spers Eduardo Eugênio , Almeida Luciana
Published: September 2020

This article aims to characterize cattle farmers’ decision-making towards herbicide for grazing in Brazil. The study is based on three fundaments: attributes through the utility function that have an economic approach with emphasis on the country-of-origin attribute; heuristics and biases that have a psychological approach; and values that are predominant in cattle farmers, also with a psychological approach (HOMER; KAHLE, 1988; GUTMAN, 1982). The methodology consists of two stages. The first one has a qualitative approach using three methods: Products Image Configuration (PICT), Laddering and Conjoint Analysis, and the second stage is through an online survey with 75 cattle farmers. Finally, based on the results, cattle farmers’ decision-making model regarding herbicide for grazing in Brazil is proposed including: values; heuristics and biases prevalent; attributes that make up the image of the herbicide; set of preferred attributes and their corresponding levels; resulting factors of decision-making; and segments of cattle farmers.
In-field hyperspectral imaging: An overview on the ground-based applications in agriculture
Authors: Benelli Alessandro , Cevoli Chiara , Fabbri Angelo
Published: September 2020

The measurement of vegetation indexes that characterise the plants growth, assessing the fruit ripeness or detecting the presence of defects and diseases, is a key factor to gain high quality of fruit or vegetables. Such evaluation can be carried out using both destructive and non destructive techniques. Among non-destructive techniques, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), combining image analysis and visible/near-infrared spectroscopy, looks particularly useful. Many studies have been published concerning the use of hyperspectral cameras in the agronomic and food field, especially in controlled laboratory conditions. Conversely, few studies described the application of HSI technology directly in field, especially involving ground-based systems. Results suggest that this technique could be particularly useful, even if the role of environmental variables has to be considered (e.g., intensity and incidence of solar radiation, wind or the soil in the background). In this paper, recent in-field HSI applications based on ground systems are reviewed.
QUATTRO CHIACCHIERE A PROPOSITO DELLA COMUNICAZIONE DELLE SCIENZE. LA CHIMICA
Authors: Albini Angelo
Published: September 2020

The language used within different disciplines has become fully separated. The language of chemistry is based on chemical names, where it is shown how atoms are disposed through chemical or covalent bonds to yield molecules, On the other hand, assigning a name contains as an added bonus the indication of which heuristic way/ways are suitable to prepare them that to transform an initial situation (reagents) to a final one (Products). In big molecules (homo and hetero polymers) chemical bonds are not sufficient per se to describe molecules, but the spatial conformations such molecules take are dictated by the bonds structure. The way molecules change answering a change in the environment are appropriate for a universe changing though smooth steps, not via shots.
SELF-ASSEMBLY DI DNA SU SUPERFICIE: UNO STUDIO COMBINATO NANOLITOGRAFIA/SPETTROSCOPIA OTTICA
Authors: Cavalleri, et al. (#) Ornella
Published: September 2020

The self-assembly of organic molecules and biomolecules on inorganic surfaces is a complex process which results from the interplay between different interactions: molecule/molecule, molecule/surface, and molecule/solvent interactions. The interest in the study of molecular self-assembly derives from the possibility to obtain functionalized surfaces that exhibit the functional properties of the deposited (bio) molecules. Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are indeed widely used in biosensing. SAMs of organosulphur compounds on gold are among the most widely studied SAMs. In the following, a combined approach that couples scanning probe microscopy and spectroellipsometry is discussed and applied to the study of the morphological, mechanical and optical properties of SAMs of DNA single strands. DNA SAMs are a widely investigated system since they can be exploited for the design of DNA microarrays based on the hybridization between complementary DNA strands.
Mental Health Challenges Raised by Rapid Socioeconomic Transformations in China
Authors: Sun Yankun , Bao Yanping , Ravindran Arun , Sun Yan , Shi Jie , Lu Lin
Published: September 2020

China's rapid economic development has contributed to health improvement, such as increasing life expectancy, reducing communicable diseases, and mortality rate. However, the sustainable social and economic transformations, including industrialization, urbanization, globalization, and informatization, have triggered huge challenges to population health in China, particularly to mental health. This review discussed the mental health problems due to socioeconomic changes such as population, life-style, and environment changes, as well both the economic and disease burden of mental disorders. With awareness of these challenges, the following three possible responses are proposed: identify social and economic impact on mental health based on high-quality qualitative and quantitative analysis; improve mental health awareness and literacy; and enhance mental health-care system and promote implementation research. Lessons from China can be a great reference for other low- and middle-income countries. With efforts overcoming the current and potential challenges on mental health, the Sustainable Development Goals on mental health can be possibly achieved by 2030.
Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19
Authors: Brito Joana , Silva Beatriz Valente , da Silva Pedro Alves , Cortez-Dias Nuno , Silva Doroteia , Agostinho João R. , Guimar Tatiana , Brito Dulce , Pinto Fausto J.
Published: September 2020

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has rapidly expanded to a global pandemic, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Even though predictors of infection remain unclear, age and preexisting cardiovascular conditions have been clearly identified as predictors of adverse outcomes and higher fatality rates. Since the virus infects host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, a key player in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the interaction between the cardiovascular system and the progression of COVID-19 is nowadays a focus of huge interest. In this review, the authors analyze the available and very recent evidence on the risk factors and mechanisms of the most relevant cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19, including acute cardiac injury, myocarditis, stress-cardiomyopathy, ischemic myocardial injury, cytokine release syndrome, thrombotic disease, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. Finally, we discuss the cardiovascular impact of the therapies under investigation for COVID-19 treatment.
Congenital Mirror Movements: Behavioral, Neural, Genetic, and Clinical Issues
Authors: Gardner Jordan R. , Franz Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2020

Non-syndromic congenital mirror movements (CMM) is a rare neurological condition, either inherited or sporadic, in which affected individuals lack independent dexterity of hand and finger movements. With all volitional movements of the hands and fingers, unintentional mirroring occurs in the opposite-side homologous effectors. A hallmark neural mechanism of CMM is abnormal, active, extra ipsilateral corticospinal tracts. Mutations in four different causal genes have been identified so far. The present review considers the physiology underlying CMM, including its implicated neural mechanisms and clinical relevance. The heterogeneous nature of the condition is highlighted, particularly in terms of the clinical importance of factors associated with the mirroring phenotype or phenotypes. Speculation about the possible effects of CMM on the somatosensory system is also included as a prospective direction for further study. Despite some inconvenience and occasional discomfort associated with CMM, the potential for highly positive life outcomes is illuminated. Lastly, CMM management is discussed as a key goal toward which future research should stride.
Trichoderma harzianum mediated suppression of red rot (Colletotrichum falcatum Went) in Sugarcane
Authors: Lal Ram Ji , Joshi Deeksha , Nigam Rashmi
Published: September 2020

Red rot of sugarcane caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum falcatum Went is a major constraint in the profitable cultivation of sugarcane in India. A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of soil application of Trichoderma multiplied culture (TMC) @220 kg/ ha alone or in combination with MHAT on red rot induced bud mortality in sugarcane. Setts of genotype CoS 96268 (moderately resistant) and CoLk 7701 (susceptible), pre inoculated with C. falcatum, were subjected to MHAT, TMC application or combination of both and planted. The findings of the study indicated that sett treatment with MHAT alone or in combination with TMC soil application was highly effective in suppressing C. falcatum induced bud mortality.
Genetic evaluation of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) strains for different growth yield, quality and seed parameters
Authors: Singh V. , Shah K. N. , Rana D. K.
Published: September 2020

Thirteen strains of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were evaluated at Horticultural Research Centre, Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand (India) to study the variability, heritability and genetic advance for growth, yield, quality and seed parameters. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for almost all the characters. The perusal of present investigation indicated that the values of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than the genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all characters studied. The genotypic coefficients of variation and phenotypic coefficients of variation were moderate to low for all the characters except number of nodes bearing first male flower (33.02%, 33.66%). The high magnitude of heritability high estimated genetic advance over mean were found highest for length of fruit (100%, 58.40%), weight of fruit (99%, 39.92%), length of vine (98%, 36.12%), number of seeds per fruit (98%,50.16%), number of nodes per vine (97%, 53.57%), number of fruits per vine (97%, 44.33%), number of nodes bearing first male flower (96%, 66.74%), TSS (96%, 44.25%), calcium content (95%, 21.75%), number of nodes bearing first female flower (94%, 58.36%), duration of harvesting (93%, 36.04%), total fruit yield per vine (92%,35.93%) and diameter of fruit (92%, 35.80%) thus indicating that these characters had additive gene effect and therefore, they are more reliable for effective selection
Noise level monitoring of different zone of Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India
Authors: Kaushik Himanshu , Kaushik Sudhanshu , Saini Pankaj
Published: September 2020

In the present study, noise levels were measured in different zones within Haridwar city viz., industrial, residential, commercial and silence zone, on working day and non working day (Holiday of Sunday) in August 2016. The results show that the noise level of study sites is higher during the working day as compared to non working day, except residential zone.
Study on heterosis and combining ability through diallel mating analysis in F1 generation of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Singh Vivek Kumar , Kumar Bijendra , Singh Lokendra , Panwar Sourabh , Kaur Sandeep , Tamatam Dattesh
Published: September 2020

Estimation of combining ability by half diallel analysis and magnitude of heterosis was conducted at Section of Rabi Cereals, C. S. A. University of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kanpur, UP, in a set of 10 parents received from Economic Botanist Region, Section of Rabi Cereals, Kanpur by making 45 cross combinations evaluated during winter and Rabi 2012-13 in RBD with three replications. The data on nine characters viz. days to 50 % flowering, Plant height, No. of tillers/plant, Spike length/plant, No. of grains/main spike, Days to maturity, 1000-grain weight and Grain yield/plant were utilized for present study. On the basis of GCA effects across eight charactersK9423 and K9533 (-0.76) are good and desirable for days to 75% flowering for crop improvement, grain yield per plant observed for PBW502 and PBW343. The most promising crosses showing significantly positive SCA effects for yield per plant K9423xHD2285and PBW502xPBW343, days to maturity is showing significantly negative SCA effect for NW2036xHD2285 (-9.68). Heterosis is estimated highest over better parent for yield per plant was HD2285xK9533 (16.15). These crosses should be exploited for further advancement in breeding programme for HYVs and early maturity, simultaneously.
Utilization Pattern of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) in Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Singh Pukhraj , Kumar Dushyant , Verma Lalit Kr. , Nag Nitin Kr.
Published: September 2020

The Kisan Credit Card scheme introduced in the year 1998 with the objective of fulfillment of credit requirement of the farmers in hassle-free manner for raising agricultural production. There has been tremendous increase in number of Kisan Credit Cards in the rural areas during the last five years. Keeping the importance of KCC, the present study was an attempt to assess utility of KCC as perceived by the farmers. The present investigation was carried out in Baghpat district of Utter Pradesh state with a sample of 120 farmers. The study revealed that the utilization of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) by the respondents was observed as maximum in the aspect i.e. increase in agricultural produce followed by increase in income, crop production activities, utilization of credit for vegetable production and allied activities and duration of utilizing credit. it was also found that Utilization of KCC was considerable low in the respect of the components as utilization for crop insurance, change in cropping pattern and diversified farming. The study suggests that Contingent planning for adverse climatic condition should be communicated to farmers well in advance. With a view to enhance the adoption of improved crop production technologies among the farmer’s awareness and training programmes should be conducted in the regard.
Effect of different nutrient media on radial growth of Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. infecting different Brassica host crops
Authors: Singh Vaibhav Pratap , Khan R. U.
Published: September 2020

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. is the most common and destructive pathogen of a number of Brassica crops belong to family Brassicaceae. It has been reported from all the continent of the world and causes considerable losses in terms of quality and quantity of crop produce. The present investigation was undertaken in vitro, to know the effect of different nutrient media viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), V-8 Juice Agar (V8JA), Richard’s Agar (RA), Czapeck’s Dox Agar (CDA) and Corn Meal Agar (CMA) on the growth of A. brassicae isolates collected from the different Brassica host crops i.e. Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage and Radish. These isolates were designated on the basis of their hosts as Acae M, Acae Cf, Acae Ca and Acae R, respectively. Radial growth of all isolates was observed after seven days of incubation. The result showed a marked variation in radial growth of A. brassicae isolates. However, maximum growths of all isolates were recorded in V-8 Juice Agar (V8JA) followed by Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while the minimum growth of pathogen was observed in Corn Meal Agar (CMA).
Bud structure of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in relation to incidence of bud fly (Dasyneura lini Barnes) in Central Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Pal Rishi , Malik Y. P.
Published: September 2020

A field experiment conducted for screened 288 elite gen pool of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, India during rabi 2012-13 to study the bud structure of resistance of linseed against bud fly. The results indicated that the bud length and width showed significant positive correlation coefficient relationship (r=0.1559 and 0.0761) bud infestation. The resistant germplasm line minimum (GS-234) minimum bud length and width (7.93 ×3.26 mm) had relative minimum bud infestation (6.88%) and was statically at par other resistant germplasm lines viz. A-95B, CI-1385, EC-1392, EC-1424, GS-234, IC-15888 and JRF-5. While susceptible germplasm line (Arny) exhibited maximum bud length and width (8.25 ×3. 23 mm) maximum bud infestation(65.11%) which was statically at par with other susceptible lines viz. Ajgan-3-1, Ajgan-20M, Alipur (Hamirpur), Anand, GS-148, GS-440, Gunawal Local, NP(RR)193, RAULD-7810, RLC-28(PM), MS-14, SJKO-2, SJKO-45.
Organic farming system in India: A review
Authors: Rani Anju , Singh Maneesha , Singh Chhaya , Singh Raj
Published: September 2020

In the present scenario environmental conditions are adverse each and every one get affects by global warming, pollution (air, water, soil). Soil becomes infertile due to use of chemicals in the form of insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers and we get food with harsh chemicals those produce many health problems and show harmful effects on the environment. Organic production is a system that sustains soil, ecosystem and people health. Along with health benefits, organic farming has lots of benefits in our environment; ecosystem, ecological cycles and biodiversity adapted to community surroundings. Organic agricultural system joins science, innovation and tradition, to give benefit to the environment. In organic farming nano-fertilizers fulfils all requirements present as well as future generation under eco-friendly conditions.
Histological basis of resistance in Linseed against bud fly (Dasyneura lini Barnes) in Central Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Pal Rishi , Malik Y. P.
Published: September 2020

A field experiment conducted for screened 288 germplasm of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh during rabi season to study the historical basis of resistance of linseed against bud fly. The results indicated that the sepal thickness negative highly significant relationship (r=--0.7224) with bud infestation. The resistant germplasm line maximum sepal thickness (0.49 mm) had relative minimum bud infestation (6.88%) and was statically at par other resistant germplasm lines viz. A-95B, CI-1385, EC-1392, EC-1424, GS-234, IC-15888 and JRF-5. While minimum sepal thickness (0.24 mm) with maximum bud infestation (65.11%) which was statically at par with other susceptible lines viz. Ajgan-3-1, Ajgan-20M, Alipur (Hamirpur), Anand, GS-148, GS-440, Gunawal Local, NP (RR) 193, RAULD-7810, RLC-28 (PM), MS-14, SJKO-2, SJKO-45. The genotypes with minimum thickness of sepal suffered maximum bud infestation as compared to those with maximum sepal thickness.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on nitrogen content of grain and straw of Rice crop variety Pant Dhan 4
Authors: Pankaj Neelam , Bains Gurdeep , Chakrapani Kota
Published: September 2020

A field experiment was carried out on Pant Dhan 4, to study the effect of different nutrients treatments on the productivity of rice. This experiment reveals the fact that increased dose of Nitrogen also increase the amount of Nitrogen content in rice grain and straw. Although fertilizers are important for enhancing rice production but excess use of fertilizer cause deterioration of soil quality which ultimately affect crop productivity so it is required to investigate the physiological aspects of rice plant under integrated nutrients. When imbalanced fertilizers doses are given to the rice-wheat cropping system, they showed a considerable decline in crop productivity and soil fertility.
A study on water seepage losses for ponds and reservoirs
Authors: Gayar Attia El
Published: September 2020

Irrigation is main factor for agricultural production. Our aim is to increase agricultural yield by increasing area under irrigation. It is very important to see that more water available for irrigation is completely used as far as possible to avoid water loss during conveyance through canal. Seepage loss is major water loss during transit. Rainwater harvesting is the artificial collection, storage and use of runoff or rain water. The water harvesting with tanks and ponds is one option to increase water availability and agricultural production at the household level. Rain fed agriculture can be protected by adopting farm ponds. The harvested runoff water in a farm pond creates salinization / water logging problems so; it has to be lined to control the seepage losses. The article presents a review on the type of lining materials viable and to explore for a cost effective sealant which can be adapted. In comparison to clay lining, Bentonite, polymers like HDPE, LDPE, Silpoulin, LLDPE in combination with concrete increases the durability along with the 100% seepage control with benefit cost ratio for HDPE lining in combination with concrete showed highest value of 10.4:1. Bentonite, though costly has shown significant results by reducing the seepage losses by 72% to 96% respectively, depending on the thickness of application. In vertisols, lining did not show any significant variation. Whereas alfisols, luvisols of arid and semi-arid regions require lining materials with diversified crops and conservative irrigation practices.
A study on factors responsible for rural urban migration
Authors: Singh N. K. , Parmar Kshitij
Published: September 2020

Rural India is yet a larder of problems like malnourishment, illiteracy, unemployment,
poverty, sottishness and lack of basic infrastructure like schools/colleges, hospitals,
sanitation, etc. This has pushed to rural youth moving out of villages to work in cities.
Present study entitled “A study on factors responsible for rural urban migration” was
conducted to explore the causes behind migration. The study was conducted in two
industrially backward districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Fatehpur and Banda. From each district
one block, from each block four villages and from each village 10 respondents were
selected through purposive random sampling from the list of families of rural migrants.
Thus the total sample size was of 80 respondents. The data were collected by personal
interview through structured schedule and simply analyzed through mean score and rank
order. After making an exhaustive list of factors with the consultation of local people,
causes were categorized in to five categories viz. economic factors, social factors, natural
factors, good facilities of cities and other factors. Results of the study revealed that the
major economic factors of migration are employment opportunities, poverty, low
agriculture productivity, fragmentation of holding and Indebtedness. Prominent social
factors encouraging migration were large size of family, desire to overcome of poverty,
better educational opportunities, attraction towards better ways of living and loss of social
prestige. Among natural factors exhaustion of natural resources was reported of highest
importance. Important good facilities attracting to people are more avenue for earning
better livelihood, educational facilities, medical facilities, communication facilities and
good electric supply etc. Some other factors reported important by the respondents were
lack of basic amenities in rural areas, better working conditions in the urban areas and hope
of bright future. At the end, investigators felt that there is much more scope to conduct
micro studies on migration process and its consequences to the urban as well as rural areas.
An Improved Model Predictive Control Method to Drive an Induction Motor Fed by Three-Level Diode-Clamped Indirect Matrix Converter
Authors: Farhadi Arman , Akbari Amir , Zakerian Ali , Tavakoli Bina Mohammad
Published: September 2020

In this paper, an improved model predictive control method is proposed to drive an induction motor fed by a three-level matrix converter. The main objective of this paper is to present a novel method to increase the switching frequency at a constant sampling time. Also, it is analytically discussed that increasing the switching frequency not only can decrease the motor current ripples, but it can also significantly reduce its torque ripples. Finally, this study demonstrates that reducing the motor current ripple will improve the quality of the supply current. To be the accurate model and validate the motor drive system, a co-simulation method, which is a combination of FLUX and MATLAB software packages, is employed to find the simulation results. The findings indicate that the proposed method diminishes the THD of the supply current up to 26% approximately. Furthermore, increasing the switching frequency results in the torque ripple reduction by up to 10% almost.
A NOVEL ENHANCED MPPT METHOD COMBINING FRACTIONAL-ORDER AND FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
Authors: S VIJAYA KUMAR , M MADHU SUDHAN REDDY
Published: September 2020

A fractional-order fuzzy logic control (FOFLC) method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a photovoltaic (PV) system is presented. By combining the robustness of fuzzy logic with the accuracy of fractional order, the proposed method can improve the tracking accuracy in weather variations compared with the conventional fuzzy MPPT. First, the fractionalorder factor is carefully selected according to the dynamic range of the fuzzy controller. It takes a bigger alpha factor in the first place to expand the fuzzy domain and shortens the time of searching for the MPP. When the maximum power point is approached, it uses a smaller the alpha factor to contract the fuzzy domain and eliminates the oscillations at the MPP. Therefore, the FOFLC in a PV system has rapid dynamic responses under environment variations and high tracking accuracy of the maximum power point. Second, MATLAB/Simulink software is employed to simulate a PV power system and verify the proposed algorithm by various simulations. The enhanced MPPT algorithm has been implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) board. Finally, a boost dc–dc converter experiment has been carried out to evaluate the system performance. The simulation and experiment results show that this method can improve the transient and steady-state performance simultaneously.
SIMULATION BASED DESIGNING OF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR WIND POWER GENERATION
Authors: Revana Guruswamy , D.E Amrutha , D Spandana , D Anusha
Published: September 2020

Wind power is a domestic source of energy, harnessing a limitless local resource and is a potential source of clean electricity generation. Wind is utilized to create electrical energy by means of the kinetic energy formed by air into movement. This energy is changed to electrical energy by wind speed turbines or also called as wind energy exchange systems. Wind speed power generation creates a progressively more significant position in the method the humans power the world. During the process of wind power generation, a variety of characteristics are to be controlled for efficient working of the system and to avoid failure of continuous power supply. In this project we are aiming to control a few such characteristic such as pitch angle, voltage sag and faults that influence wind power generation. The DC link voltage of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is also monitored. In this wind turbine system consists of wind turbine, AC generator and controllers are considered.
The major purpose of the paper is to find out the mathematical model of the wind turbine, authenticate it by simulation, and devise a suitable controller to present a common aim of outlook regarding the use of this type of clean energy production. Various rudiments are connected collectively and the complete arrangement is modelled and also simulated. The simulation results verify the accuracy of the mathematical models developed and can be utilized for a improved design of systems. Wind turbines make use DFIG which consists of wound rotor type induction generator and a PWM converter of IGBT bases of AC/DC/AC. The stator winding is connected directly to the 60 Hz grid while the rotor is fed at variable frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG machinery permits pulling out highest energy from the wind from lowest wind speeds and optimizing the speed of the turbine there by decreasing mechanical stresses on the turbine during gusts of wind. The most favourable turbine speed producing increased mechanical energy for a given speed of the wind which is directly proportional to the wind speed. The other merit of the DFIG expertise is the capability for the converters of power electronics to produce or take in reactive power, thereby reducing the need for putting in capacitor banks as done for the generators of squirrel-cage induction motor type.
La fallida en el sistema públic de pensions: no en nom de la demografia!
Authors: Miret Pau , Zueras Pilar
Published: September 2020

En una Espanya amb plena ocupació i menor incapacitat, la dependència en el sistema de pensions es reduiria a menys de la meitat de la que actualment patim. Per cada 1 dependent hi hauria 3 contribuents. Segons la majoria d’experts, la principal amenaça a la sostenibilitat del sistema de pensions prové de la demografia. S’argumenta que l’envelliment de la població augmentarà la ràtio entre pensionistes i cotitzants, el que farà inviable el pagament de les pensions, en no haver-hi suficients persones en edat activa per fer front a la creixent nòmina de les pensions. No obstant això, es té menys present la idea que Espanya gaudeix en l’actualitat de bona salut demogràfica, perquè concentra un gran nombre de cotitzants en les edats adultes i més productives de la vida laboral, fet que podria aprofitarse per omplir la ‘guardiola’ de les pensions. Malgrat aquesta demografia favorable, el fons de reserva s’està buidant a causa de la recessió econòmica. En aquest número de Perspectives Demogràfiques es mostra, precisament, l’extensió d’aquest malbaratament demogràfic i se situa el debat de les pensions més enllà de la simple culpabilització de la demografia. Primer analitzem l’estructura del sistema de la seguretat social diferenciant entre cotitzants, prestacions d’atur i pensionistes per, més endavant, realitzar un exercici de simulació per calcular quina seria la ràtio amb una economia més sanejada
Mirades alternatives sobre la pobresa a Espanya: una qüestió de definició i mesura
Authors: Permanyer Iñaki , Köksel Pinar
Published: September 2020

L’any 2010 la Unió Europea (UE) va presentar el programa Europa 2020: un conjunt de mesures que havia de servir per fer front als efectes adversos de la recent crisi financera i enfortir les economies de la zona Euro. Entre altres qüestions, es va plantejar com a objectiu prioritari la necessitat de reduir en 20 milions el nombre de persones amenaçades pel risc de viure en condicions de pobresa o exclusió social a la totalitat de la UE. Pel cas Espanyol, aquest objectiu es traduïa en reduir el nombre de persones pobres en 1.4 milions entre els anys 2010 i 2020. En quina mesura s’estan assolint els objectius de reducció de la pobresa que es van fixar per a España de cara a l’any 2020? Aquesta és la pregunta que volem respondre en aquest número de Perspectives Demogràfiques. Havent passat recentment la meitat del període establert es tracta d’un bon moment per a fer un balanç provisional dels progressos realitzats fins ara per tal d’analitzar quines són les perspectives d’èxit pels propers anys. A tal efecte, començarem repassant breument les virtuts i els defectes de les mesures oficials actualment emprades per tal de quantificar la pobresa i en proposarem una d’alternativa. Tot i que la nova mesura es tant arbitrària com les actualment existents, té la virtut de donar una visió complementària i, tal vegada, més realista dels preocupants processos d’exclusió social que s’estan desenvolupant recentment al nostre país. Les maneres com definim i mesurem els fenòmens socials tenen una importància cabdal no només a l’hora d’intentar retratar i comprendre el món que ens envolta sinó també quan intentem modificar-lo i corregir-lo. En aquest sentit, la pobresa és un exemple paradigmàtic amb un gran ressò mediàtic i social arran del cicle econòmic recessiu iniciat l’any 2008. Quina ha estat la seva evolució els darrers anys? A quins sectors ha afectat més fortament? Què n’esperem de cara al futur? Si ens apartem d’unes mesures oficials excessivament acomodatícies que no semblen fer-se ressò dels importants canvis estructurals que estan esdevenint a l’economia espanyola, hi ha raons pel pessimisme: infants, estrangers i persones sense estudis universitaris són alguns dels sectors més afectats per les anades i tornades de la conjuntura econòmica actual.
The Demographic Sustainability of Empty Spain
Authors: Recaño Joaquín
Published: September 2020

On 1 January 2016, 60 per cent of Spanish municipalities had fewer than 1,001 inhabitants, occupied 40% of the country’s surface and concentrated barely 3.1% of the population. Eurostat data situate 19 Spanish provinces among the least dense of the European Union in 2015. This notable imbalance between population and territory, the basic problem of a vast area in the north and centre of the Iberian peninsula, is characterized by ageing, a relative scarcity of women because of large-scale differential emigration based on gender, and transitory immigration that has been unable to compensate for the demographic outflow which has affected these places since the middle of the twentieth century. The demographic sustainability of this heterogeneous set of municipalities is hanging in the balance. This situation constitutes a major challenge and, moreover, the great diversity of these towns should be borne in mind when it comes to applying public policies.
Joint Custody: One More Step towards Gender Equality?
Authors: Solsona Montse , Ajenjo Marc
Published: September 2020

Data published by the National Statistics Institute (INE in the Spanish acronym) show that, since 2011, the figures for divorces are remarkably stable at around 100,000 every year with half of them involving offspring who are still minors. However, there has been a notable spike in shared custody to the detriment of the earlier paradigm of the mother having exclusive custody and the father visitation rights. Between 2011 and 2016 the figure for joint custody rose from 12% to 28% of divorces where minors are involved. This increase, led by the autonomous regions of Spain with favourable legislation, reflects social changes of a broader scope embracing gender equality within and outside the home. Analysis of the INE series, in addition to work on all 5,894 never-previously-explored divorce and separation (for de facto couples) settlements from the family courts of the city of Barcelona, shows that shared custody means, at least on paper, equity between father and mother, both with regard to alternating residence of the children and also sharing child-related costs. Given this situation, one might ask whether it might be a good idea to grant joint custody by default after the parents have separated. The answer is a resounding no. Joint custody should be the result of an agreement that reflects prior co-parenting practice in equality, and this is far from being a majority situation nowadays
The Demographic Factor in the Sustainability of Spain’s Pension System
Authors: Esteve Albert , Devolder Daniel , Blanes Amand
Published: September 2020

The falling number of births, increased life expectancy and future retirement of the baby-boomers represent a challenge for the sustainability of the pension system in Spain because the relationship between contributors and pensioners is now smaller. In this issue of Perspectivas Demográficas we shall examine the impact of these factors on the demographic sustainability of the pension system and the effects that several scenarios of death rate, fertility and immigration might have in times to come. The demographic conditions of the past, which were very favourable to the system, will not be repeated in future. However, the coming demographic situation need not be an obstacle for maintaining a sustainable, solidary and adequate pensions system based on the idea of distribution (pay-as-you-go pension system).