bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse in tomato seedlings
Authors: Sueldo Daniela , Ahmed Ali , Misas‐Villamil Johana , Colby Tom , Tameling Wladimir , Joosten Matthieu H. A. J. , van der Hoorn Renier A. L.
Published: May 2014

Hydrolases such as subtilases, vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and the proteasome play important roles during plant programmed cell death (PCD). We investigated hydrolase activities during PCD using activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP), which displays the active proteome using probes that react covalently with the active site of proteins.

We employed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings undergoing synchronized hypersensitive cell death by co‐expressing the avirulence protein Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum and the tomato resistance protein Cf‐4. Cell death is blocked in seedlings grown at high temperature and humidity, and is synchronously induced by decreasing temperature and humidity.

ABPP revealed that VPEs and the proteasome are not differentially active, but that activities of papain‐like cysteine proteases and serine hydrolases, including Hsr203 and P69B, increase before hypersensitive tissue collapse, whereas the activity of a carboxypeptidase‐like enzyme is reduced. Similar dynamics were observed for these enzymes in the apoplast of tomato challenged with C. fulvum. Unexpectedly, these challenged plants also displayed novel isoforms of secreted putative VPEs.

In the absence of tissue collapse at high humidity, the hydrolase activity profile is already altered completely, demonstrating that changes in hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse.
Kinetics of tracheid development explain conifer tree‐ring structure
Authors: Cuny Henri E. , Rathgeber Cyrille B. K. , Frank David , Fonti Patrick , Fournier Meriem
Published: May 2014

Conifer tree rings are generally composed of large, thin‐walled cells of light earlywood followed by narrow, thick‐walled cells of dense latewood. Yet, how wood formation processes and the associated kinetics create this typical pattern remains poorly understood.

We monitored tree‐ring formation weekly over 3 yr in 45 trees of three conifer species in France. Data were used to model cell development kinetics, and to attribute the relative importance of the duration and rate of cell enlargement and cell wall deposition on tree‐ring structure.

Cell enlargement duration contributed to 75% of changes in cell diameter along the tree rings. Remarkably, the amount of wall material per cell was quite constant along the rings. Consequently, and in contrast with widespread belief, changes in cell wall thickness were not principally attributed to the duration and rate of wall deposition (33%), but rather to the changes in cell size (67%). Cell enlargement duration, as the main driver of cell size and wall thickness, contributed to 56% of wood density variation along the rings.

This mechanistic framework now forms the basis for unraveling how environmental stresses trigger deviations (e.g. false rings) from the normal tree‐ring structure.
Weight loss intervention trials in women with breast cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Reeves M. M. , Terranova C. O. , Eakin E. G. , Demark‐Wahnefried W.
Published: May 2014

Obesity has been associated with poor health outcomes in breast cancer survivors. Thus, weight loss is recommended for overweight and obese survivors. We systematically reviewed studies (published up to July 2013) that evaluated behaviourally based, weight loss interventions in women with breast cancer exclusively. Completed randomized trials, single‐arm trials and ongoing trials were reviewed. Within‐group and between‐group differences for weight loss were extracted, as was data on secondary outcomes, i.e. clinical biomarkers, patient‐reported outcomes, adverse events. Ten completed randomized trials, four single‐arm trials and five ongoing trials were identified. Statistically significant within‐group weight loss was observed over periods of 2 to 18 months in 13 of the 14 trials, with six randomized and two single‐arm trials observing mean weight loss ≥5%. Clinical biomarkers, psychosocial and patient‐reported outcomes were measured in a small number of studies. No serious adverse events were reported. Only two trials assessed maintenance of intervention effects after the end‐of‐intervention and none reported on cost‐effectiveness. The studies included in this review suggest that weight loss is feasible to achieve and is safe in women following treatment for breast cancer. Future studies should assess (and be powered for) a range of biomarker and patient‐reported outcomes, and be designed to inform translation into practice.
Objective classification of nose–lip–chin profiles and their relation to dentoskeletal traits
Authors: Tanikawa C. , Takada K.
Published: May 2014

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To objectively classify the nose–lip–chin profiles of adult women and identify any associations between the nose–lip–chin profile patterns and dentoskeletal patterns.

Setting and Sample Population

Lateral facial photographs and lateral cephalograms were obtained for 229 Japanese women who were being assessed for orthodontic treatment.

Methods

A feature vector that was effective in distinguishing differences in nose–lip–chin profiles was extracted for each photograph. To categorize the records into an optimum number of subclasses according to nose–lip–chin profile configurations, a vector quantization method was applied to the feature vectors of all samples. Dentoskeletal patterns that corresponded to the nose–lip–chin profile subclasses were compared.

Results

Eight profile patterns were identified, and the differences among patterns were notably maximized by the nasolabial angle, configuration and vertical length of the subnasal region, vertical thickness of the lip vermilion borders, sagittal position of the upper‐ and lower‐lip vermilion borders and their relation to each other, labiomental angle, depth of the labiomental sulcus, degree of prominence of the chin, and degree of protrusion of the mandible. The dentoskeletal patterns showed significant differences between the classified profile patterns (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

A method to objectively classify the nose–lip–chin profiles of adult women was established, and the nose–lip–chin profile patterns were found to be associated with the dentoskeletal patterns.
Sustainable harvest: managing plasticity for resilient crops
Authors: Bloomfield Justin A. , Rose Terry J. , King Graham J.
Published: May 2014

Maintaining crop production to feed a growing world population is a major challenge for this period of rapid global climate change. No consistent conceptual or experimental framework for crop plants integrates information at the levels of genome regulation, metabolism, physiology and response to growing environment. An important role for plasticity in plants is assisting in homeostasis in response to variable environmental conditions. Here, we outline how plant plasticity is facilitated by epigenetic processes that modulate chromatin through dynamic changes in DNA methylation, histone variants, small RNAs and transposable elements. We present examples of plant plasticity in the context of epigenetic regulation of developmental phases and transitions and map these onto the key stages of crop establishment, growth, floral initiation, pollination, seed set and maturation of harvestable product. In particular, we consider how feedback loops of environmental signals and plant nutrition affect plant ontogeny. Recent advances in understanding epigenetic processes enable us to take a fresh look at the crosstalk between regulatory systems that confer plasticity in the context of crop development. We propose that these insights into genotype × environment (G × E) interaction should underpin development of new crop management strategies, both in terms of information‐led agronomy and in recognizing the role of epigenetic variation in crop breeding.
Investigating patterns of symbiotic nitrogen fixation during vegetation change from grassland to woodland using fine scale δ15Nmeasurements
Authors: SOPER FIONA M. , BOUTTON THOMAS W. , SPARKS JED P.
Published: May 2014

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in woody plants is often investigated using foliar measurements of δ15Nand is of particular interest in ecosystems experiencing increases inBNFdue to woody plant encroachment. We sampled δ15Nalong the entireNuptake pathway including soil solution, xylem sap and foliage to (1) test assumptions inherent to the use of foliar δ15Nas a proxy forBNF; (2) determine whether seasonal divergences occur between δ15Nxylem sapand δ15Nsoil inorganicNthat could be used to infer variation inBNF; and (3) assess patterns of δ15Nwith tree age as indicators of shiftingBNForNcycling. Measurements of woodyN‐fixingProsopis glandulosaand paired reference non‐fixingZanthoxylum fagaraat three seasonal time points showed that δ15Nsoil inorganicNvaried temporally and spatially between species. Fractionation between xylem and foliar δ15Nwas consistently opposite in direction between species and varied on average by 2.4‰. Accounting for these sources of variation caused percent nitrogen derived from fixation values forProsopisto vary by up to ∼70%. Soil–xylem δ15Nseparation varied temporally and increased withProsopisage, suggesting seasonal variation inNcycling andBNFand potential long‐term increases inBNFnot apparent through foliar sampling alone.
Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Known Mutations
Authors: Kiely Clare , Devaney Deirdre , Fischer Judith , Lenane Patricia , Irvine Alan D.
Published: May 2014

Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome (IPS; Mendelian Inheritance in Man 608649) is classified as a syndromic autosomal recessive ichthyosis. Here we describe two siblings with IPS and report a recurrent homozygous mutation (c.1430T>A) that is predicted to lead to a p.Val477Asp substitution in fatty acid transport protein 4. This mutation has arisen for the second time in an entirely distinct population from the Scandinavian population where it was first described.
Extensive Nevus Comedonicus Involving the Palm: Questionable Role of the Pilosebaceous Unit in Pathogenesis
Authors: Ganjoo Shikhar , Mohanan Saritha , Kumari Rashmi , Thappa Devinder M. , Rajesh Nachiappa G.
Published: May 2014

A 10‐year‐old boy had multiple grouped pits with black plugs arranged along the lines of Blaschko on his left chest, arm, and palm. Involvement of the palms is rarely reported in the literature. Recent reports have described mosaic acneiform conditions that could share pathogenetic mechanisms with nevus comedonicus. We briefly review the literature on mosaic conditions with acneiform lesions including nevus comedonicus.
Ultraviolet radiation induces stress in etiolated Landoltia punctata, as evidenced by the presence of alanine, a universal stress signal: a 15N NMR study
Authors: Monselise E. B.‐I. , Levkovitz A. , Kost D.
Published: May 2014

Analysis with 15N NMR revealed that alanine, a universal cellular stress signal, accumulates in etiolated duckweed plants exposed to 15‐min pulsed UV light, but not in the absence of UV irradiation. The addition of 10 mm vitamin C, a radical scavenger, reduced alanine levels to zero, indicating the involvement of free radicals. Free D‐alanine was detected in 15N NMR analysis of the chiral amino acid content, using D‐tartaric acid as solvent. The accumulation of D‐alanine under stress conditions presents a new perspective on the biochemical processes taking place in prokaryote and eukaryote cells.
A time series analysis of brown eye spot progress in conventional and organic coffee production systems
Authors: Souza A. G. C. , Maffia L. A. , Silva F. F. , Mizubuti E. S. G. , Teixeira H.
Published: May 2014

Brown eye spot (BES), caused by Cercospora coffeicola, is an important coffee disease in Brazil. Losses related to this disease have increased over the last few years. Because the factors associated with the disease dynamics are not fully understood, it is important to gather information about this in different cropping systems. BES epidemics were compared from three production systems: organic (OS), organic under shade (OSS) and conventional under full sun (CS). This study was conducted in Ervália‐MG, Brazil, from November 2004 to October 2008. Disease progress was modelled with all 4 years of data in a time series analysis. Disease intensity (severity (SEV) and incidence (INC)), leaf setting (LS) and leaf fall (LF) were assessed on a monthly basis. The highest values for SEV, INC, LF, LS, as well as a larger area under the disease progress curve and maximum disease occurred in CS and in the upper branches, whereas the lowest values for all variables occurred in OSS and in the lower branches. The highest values occurred for SEV and INC from May to July, for LF from July to September, and for LS from October to January. The disease progress was successfully modelled via a time series analysis. The seasonal behaviour of disease progress for all years and production systems was modelled with a nonlinear sinusoidal model with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) errors. Estimated parameters were generated which could be useful for comparative epidemiology, and it was shown that shade could be used in the field for BES management.
A comparison between visual estimates and image analysis measurements to determine septoria leaf blotch severity in winter wheat
Authors: El Jarroudi M. , Kouadio A. L. , Mackels C. , Tychon B. , Delfosse P. , Bock C. H.
Published: May 2014

Methods to estimate disease severity vary in accuracy, reliability, ease of use and cost. Severity of septoria leaf blotch (SLB, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici) was estimated by four raters and by image analysis (assumed actual values) on individual leaves of winter wheat in order to explore accuracy and reliability of estimates, and to ascertain whether there were any general characteristics of error. Specifically, the study determined: (i) the accuracy and reliability of visual assessments of SLB over the full range of severity from 0 to 100%; (ii) whether certain 10% ranges in actual disease severity between 0 and 100% were more prone to estimation error compared with others; and (iii) whether leaf position affected accuracy within those ranges. Lin's concordance correlation analysis of all severities (0–100%) demonstrated that all raters had estimates close to the actual values (agreement: ρc = 0·92–0·99). However, agreement between actual SLB severities and estimates by raters was less good when compared over short 10% subdivisions within the 0–100% range (ρc = −0·12 to 0·99). Despite common rater imprecision at estimating low and high SLB severities, individual raters differed considerably in their accuracy over the short 10% subdivisions. There was no effect of leaf position on accuracy or precision of severity estimate on separate leaves (L1–L3). Pursuing efforts in understanding error in disease estimation should aid in improving the accuracy of assessments, making visual estimates of disease severity more useful for research and applied purposes.
Prevalence of Macrosomia and Its Risk Factors in China: A Multicentre Survey Based on Birth Data Involving 101 723 Singleton Term Infants
Authors: Li Guanghui , Kong Lijun , Li Zhiwen , Zhang Li , Fan Ling , Zou Liying , Chen Yi , Ruan Yan , Wang Xiaorong , Zhang Weiyuan
Published: May 2014

Background

Macrosomia, defined as a birthweight at least 4000 g, is a public health problem because of its adverse influences on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Studies show that there is an increasing prevalence of macrosomia births in developing countries. However, information on the epidemiology of macrosomia is limited in China. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographic variability of macrosomia in China and risk factors that can be targeted for intervention.

Methods

A hospital‐based, cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 14 provinces in China, covering a wide range of geographic areas. The medical records of 101 723 singleton term infants born in 39 hospitals during 2011 were reviewed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between demographic characteristics and the risk of macrosomia.

Results

The total prevalence of macrosomia was 7.3%. The prevalence varied between provinces, ranging from 4.1% to 13.4%. The prevalence of macrosomia in northern China (8.5%) was significantly higher than that in southern China (5.6%). Logistic regression analyses showed that risk of macrosomia was positively associated with maternal age, pre‐pregnant body mass index (BMI), gravidity, parity, maternal height, gestational weight gain (GWG), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and male fetal sex. Maternal BMI, gestational week, and GWG were the three risk factors most strongly associated with macrosomia.

Conclusions

The prevalence of macrosomia varied dramatically between different areas of China. High pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG represent main modifiable risk factors for macrosomia and need more attention from health care providers.
Combined effects of CO2 enrichment, diurnal light levels and water stress on foliar metabolites of potato plants grown in naturally sunlit controlled environment chambers
Authors: Barnaby Jinyoung Y. , Fleisher David , Reddy Vangimalla , Sicher Richard
Published: May 2014

Experiments were conducted in outdoor, naturally sunlit, soil–plant–atmosphere research (SPAR) chambers using plants grown in pots. Drought treatments were imposed on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Kennebec) beginning 10 days after tuber initiation. A total of 23 out of 37 foliar metabolites were affected by drought when measured 11 days after initiating water stress treatments. Compounds that accumulated in response to drought were hexoses, polyols, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids, such as proline. Conversely, leaf starch, alanine, aspartate and several organic acids involved in respiratory metabolism decreased with drought. Depending upon harvest date, a maximum of 12 and 17 foliar metabolites also responded to either CO2 enrichment or diurnal treatments, respectively. In addition, about 20% of the measured metabolites in potato leaflets were simultaneously affected by drought, CO2 enrichment and diurnal factors combined. This group contained BCAAs, hexoses, leaf starch and malate. Polyols and proline accumulated in response to water stress but did not vary diurnally. Water stress also amplified diurnal variations of hexoses and starch in comparison to control samples. Consequently, specific drought responsive metabolites in potato leaflets were dramatically affected by daily changes of photosynthetic carbon metabolism.
Deterministic Evolution of Strength in Multiple Comparisons Models: Who is the Greatest Golfer?
Authors: Baker Rose D. , McHale Ian G.
Published: May 2014

We present a statistical methodology for fitting time‐varying rankings, by estimating the strength parameters of the Plackett–Luce multiple comparisons model at regularly spaced times for each ranked item. We use the little‐known method of barycentric rational interpolation to interpolate between the strength parameters so that a competitor's strength can be evaluated at any time. We chose the time‐varying strengths to evolve deterministically rather than stochastically, a preference that we reason often has merit. There are many statistical and computational problems to overcome on fitting anything beyond ‘toy’ data sets. The methodological innovations here include a method for maximizing a likelihood function for many parameters, approximations for modelling tied data and an approach to the elimination of secular drift of the estimated ‘strengths’. The methodology has obvious applications to fields such as marketing, although we demonstrate our approach by analysing a large data set of golf tournament results, in search of an answer to the question ‘who is the greatest golfer of all time?’
The Tone of Spanish‐Language Presidential News Coverage
Authors: Eshbaugh‐Soha Matthew
Published: May 2014

Objectives

I explore whether the tendency of English‐language news broadcasts to favor negative coverage of the president contrasts with Spanish‐language news coverage of the president, especially because a Latino news audience should prefer more positive stories of a Democratic president. I also examine whether presidential speeches and the political environment influence the tone of presidential news coverage.

Methods

I describe the tone of presidential news coverage and use ordinary least squares regression to explain influences on the tone of Spanish‐ and English‐language presidential news coverage for 85 broadcast days and over 50 stories each in early 2011.

Results

NBC Nightly News is more negative than Noticiero Telemundo is in its coverage of the U.S. president. Although higher presidential approval ratings offer the president more positive news coverage on both networks, Latino support for President Obama does not encourage mostly positive coverage of immigration coverage on Spanish‐language news.

Conclusion

Presidents can expect less negative coverage on Spanish‐language news, but not necessarily on immigration policy, an issue of central importance to the Latino community.
Effects of seasonal grazing on soil respiration in alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Cui S. , Zhu X. , Wang S. , Zhang Z. , Xu B. , Luo C. , Zhao L. , Zhao X.
Published: May 2014

Little research has been conducted on how to balance plant production and soil respiration (Rs) under seasonal grazing patterns in alpine meadows. Our results from 2009 to 2012 showed that warm season grazing (WG) from June to September significantly increased aboveground net primary production compared with no‐grazing (NG), except in 2010, and compared with cold season grazing (CG) except in 2012, while there were no significant differences between NG and CG except in 2009. In both WG and CG treatments, grazing increased root biomass at 0–40 cm depth compared with NG, except in 2011. WG and CG only significantly increased seasonal Rs in 2009. Daily Rs was mainly affected by soil temperature, which explained 40–49% of the variation in daily Rs for all grazing treatments. Seasonal Rs from July to September was significantly influenced by soil temperature and root biomass, which explained 55% of the variation in seasonal Rs for all grazing treatments. Therefore, relative to NG, regardless of WG and CG, moderate grazing significantly increased plant production and had little influence on soil respiration in this alpine region.
State of the art: massive transfusion
Authors: McDaniel L. M. , Etchill E. W. , Raval J. S. , Neal M. D.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the resuscitation of both trauma and non‐trauma patients in haemorrhagic shock. Strategies for the resuscitation of massively haemorrhaging patients and the use of massive transfusion protocols (MTPs) have been a major focus of the trauma literature over the past several years. The application of haemostatic resuscitation practices and MTPs to non‐trauma populations has long been in practice, but has only recently been the subject of active research. Medline and PubMed were reviewed for ‘massive transfusion’ (MT) from 2012 to present. Non‐English and paediatric articles were excluded. Articles were systematically reviewed for their relevance to MT. There were eight major areas of development identified. In recent MT literature, there was an increased focus on massively haemorrhaging non‐trauma patients, the role of acute traumatic coagulopathy, the use of thromboelastography (TEG), and the impact of MTPs on blood product waste and efficiency of product delivery. Other developments included additional MT prediction tools and The PRospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) study. There was also interest in re‐evaluating the clinical relevance of the current MT definition and identifying new foci for MT. These recent developments reflect efforts to better understand and manage non‐traumatic haemorrhage and to address prior limitations in the trauma literature. Inevitably, new questions have been raised, which will likely direct ongoing and future research in MT.
Systematic review: Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects
Authors: Freeman Matthew C. , Stocks Meredith E. , Cumming Oliver , Jeandron Aurelie , Higgins Julian P. T. , Wolf Jennyfer , Prüss‐Ustün Annette , Bonjour Sophie , Hunter Paul R. , Fewtrell Lorna , Curtis Valerie
Published: May 2014

Objective

To estimate the global prevalence of handwashing with soap and derive a pooled estimate of the effect of hygiene on diarrhoeal diseases, based on a systematic search of the literature.

Methods

Studies with data on observed rates of handwashing with soap published between 1990 and August 2013 were identified from a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Knowledge. A separate search was conducted for studies on the effect of hygiene on diarrhoeal disease that included randomised controlled trials, quasi‐randomised trials with control group, observational studies using matching techniques and observational studies with a control group where the intervention was well defined. The search used Cochrane Library, Global Health, BIOSIS, PubMed, and Embase databases supplemented with reference lists from previously published systematic reviews to identify studies published between 1970 and August 2013. Results were combined using multilevel modelling for handwashing prevalence and meta‐regression for risk estimates.

Results

From the 42 studies reporting handwashing prevalence we estimate that approximately 19% of the world population washes hands with soap after contact with excreta (i.e. use of a sanitation facility or contact with children's excreta). Meta‐regression of risk estimates suggests that handwashing reduces the risk of diarrhoeal disease by 40% (risk ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.53–0.68); however, when we included an adjustment for unblinded studies, the effect estimate was reduced to 23% (risk ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.32–1.86).

Conclusions

Our results show that handwashing after contact with excreta is poorly practiced globally, despite the likely positive health benefits.
Acetylated 1,3‐diaminopropane antagonizes abscisic acid‐mediated stomatal closing in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jammes Fabien , Leonhardt Nathalie , Tran Daniel , Bousserouel Hadjira , Véry Anne‐Aliénor , Renou Jean‐Pierre , Vavasseur Alain , Kwak June M. , Sentenac Hervé , Bouteau François , Leung Jeffrey
Published: May 2014

Faced with declining soil‐water potential, plants synthesize abscisic acid (ABA), which then triggers stomatal closure to conserve tissue moisture. Closed stomates, however, also create several physiological dilemmas. Among these, the large CO2 influx required for net photosynthesis will be disrupted. Depleting CO2 in the plant will in turn bias stomatal opening by suppressing ABA sensitivity, which then aggravates transpiration further. We have investigated the molecular basis of how C3 plants resolve this H2O–CO2 conflicting priority created by stomatal closure. Here, we have identified in Arabidopsis thaliana an early drought‐induced spermidine spermine‐N1‐acetyltransferase homolog, which can slow ABA‐mediated stomatal closure. Evidence from genetic, biochemical and physiological analyses has revealed that this protein does so by acetylating the metabolite 1,3‐diaminopropane (DAP), thereby turning on the latter's intrinsic activity. Acetylated DAP triggers plasma membrane electrical and ion transport properties in an opposite way to those by ABA. Thus in adapting to low soil‐water availability, acetyl‐DAP could refrain stomates from complete closure to sustain CO2 diffusion to photosynthetic tissues.
Geometric Mistuning Identification of Integrally Bladed Rotors Using Modified Modal Domain Analysis
Authors: Bhartiya Yasharth , Sinha Alok
Published: May 2014

Modified modal domain analysis (MMDA) is a novel method for the development of a reduced order model of a bladed rotor with geometric mistuning. This method utilizes proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of coordinate measurement machine (CMM) data on blades' geometries, and sector analyses using ansys and solid modeling. In a recent paper, MMDA has been extended to use second order Taylor series approximations of perturbations in mass and stiffness matrices (δM and δK) instead of exact δM and δK. Taylor series expansions of deviations in mass and stiffness matrices due to geometric mistuning give a direct approach for generating the reduced order model from the components of POD features of spatial variations in blades' geometries. Reversing the process, algorithms for mistuning identification based on MMDA are presented in this paper to calculate the geometric mistuning parameters. Two types of algorithm, one based on modal analyses and the other on the forced responses, are presented. The validity of these methods are then verified through a mistuned academic rotor.
Significance of Transient Exergy Terms in a New Tray Design Solar Desalination Device
Authors: Kowalski Gregory J. , Modaresifar Masoud , Zenouzi Mansour
Published: May 2014

An investigation of the transient exergy property term, exergy storage, for a new desalination tray design was performed. It was illustrated that exergy destruction rates provide a means of comparing alternative energy solutions and a measure of their sustainability. To satisfy these objectives one needs accurate calculation of exergy destruction rates. It was confirmed that neglecting the exergy storage term is not a valid approximation for the hourly and daily averaged values of the second law analysis. For a solar desalination system neglecting the exergy storage terms introduced a maximum difference in the exergy destruction rate of 7.4% and a difference of 7.3% in the daily average. In the solar desalination process with energy recovery the second law performance is greater than that for the reverse osmosis (RO) process, the chief competitor, when the exergy storage terms are correctly included in the analysis. The results demonstrate that for variable energy sources such as renewable energy systems, the second law analysis provides a measure of the sustainability of competing system and that the exergy storage terms should be included in the analysis.
Analysis of a New Compound Parabolic Concentrator-Based Solar Collector Designed for Methanol Reforming
Authors: Gu Xiaoguang , Taylor Robert A. , Rosengarten Gary
Published: May 2014

Methanol reforming is a well-known method of producing hydrogen for hydrogen-based fuel cells. Since methanol reforming is an endothermic process, requiring an energy input, it is possible to use this reaction as a way to store primary energy. In this paper, we propose that this reaction can be driven with a vacuum packaged, nonimaging solar collector which has high overall efficiency. The linear compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collector was designed with a half angle of 27.4 deg and a concentration ratio between 1.5 and 1.75 over this entire cone angle. Furthermore, due to its small size (90 mm × 72.6 mm × 80 mm), the design is portable. Selective surfaces, black chrome and TiNOX, are analyzed for the receiver to absorb solar (short wavelength) radiation while minimizing emission of thermal (long wavelength) radiation. Importantly, this design uses a vacuum layer between the receiver and the frame to minimize the convective heat loss. A ray-tracing optical analysis shows an optical efficiency of 75–80% over the entire half incident angle range. Stagnation tests show that under vacuum conditions, temperature up to 338 °C is achievable. Overall, the proposed design can achieve high temperatures (up to 250 °C) without tracking—which reduces overall cost, operational limitations, and enables a portable design.
A Modified Conjugate Gradient Method for Transient Nonlinear Inverse Heat Conduction Problems: A Case Study for Identifying Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivities
Authors: Cui Miao , Zhu Qianghua , Gao Xiaowei
Published: May 2014

Despite numerous studies of conjugate gradient methods (CGMs), the “sensitivity problem” and the “adjoint problem” are inevitable for nonlinear inverse heat conduction problems (IHCPs), which are accompanied by some assumptions and complicated differentiating processes. In this paper, a modified CGM (MCGM) is presented for the solution of a specified transient nonlinear IHCP, to recover temperature-dependent thermal conductivities for a case study. By introducing the complex-variable-differentiation method (CVDM) for sensitivity analysis, the sensitivity problem and the adjoint problem are circumvented. Five test examples are given to validate and assess the performance of the MCGM.
Effective Computation of Solutions for Nonlinear Heat Transfer Problems in Fins
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu Mustafa
Published: May 2014

Fins are essentially used in diverse engineering applications to increase the heat transfer between the hot and cold media. In this paper, a technique for computing the analytic approximate solution of the nonlinear differential equations resulting from heat transfer problems, in particular through fins, is developed. The simplicity of the approach presented here is due to its base functions, which makes this method straightforward to apply and formulate without any need for discretization. Analysis of the error and comparisons with the other methods are presented. A few physically interesting fin problems of heat transfer are treated to illustrate that the proposed algorithm generates highly accurate solutions.
Laminar Heat Transfer Enhancement Utilizing Nanofluids in a Chaotic Flow
Authors: Tohidi A. , Hosseinalipour S. M. , Ghasemi Monfared Z. , Mujumdar A. S.
Published: May 2014

This work numerically examined effects of nanofluids flow on heat transfer in a C-shaped geometry with the aim to evaluate potential advantages of using nanofluids in a chaotic flow. Numerical computations revealed that the combination of nanofluids and chaotic advection can be an effective way to improve thermal performance of laminar flows. The results indicated that addition of only 1–3% CuO or Al2O3 nanoparticles (volumetric concentration) to the chaotic flow improved heat transfer by 4–14% and 4–18%, respectively, with a marginal increase in the pressure drop.
Study of the Reynolds Number Effect on the Process of Instability Transition Into the Turbulent Stage
Authors: Nevmerzhitskiy N. V. , Sotskov E. A. , Sen'kovskiy E. D. , Krivonos O. L. , Polovnikov A. A. , Levkina E. V. , Frolov S. V. , Abakumov S. A. , Marmyshev V. V.
Published: May 2014

The results of the experimental study of the Reynolds number effect on the process of the Rayleigh–Taylor (R-T) instability transition into the turbulent stage are presented. The experimental liquid layer was accelerated by compressed gas. Solid particles were scattered on the layer free surface to specify the initial perturbations in some experiments. The process was recorded with the use of a high-speed motion picture camera. The following results were obtained in experiments: (1) Long-wave perturbation is developed at the interface at the Reynolds numbers Re < 104. If such perturbation growth is limited by a hard wall, the jet directed in gas is developed. If there is no such limitation, this perturbation is resolved into the short-wave ones with time, and their growth results in gas-liquid mixing. (2) Short-wave perturbations specified at the interface significantly reduce the Reynolds number Re for instability to pass into the turbulent mixing stage.
Statistics for Assessing Mixing in a Finite Element Hydrocode
Authors: Brown M. A. , Batha C. A. , Williams R. J. R.
Published: May 2014

Direct numerical simulation of mixing processes (Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities) is computationally expensive due to the need to resolve turbulent structures on small scales. Hence, it is common practice in both academia and industry to use phenomenological models that explicitly model the mixing processes within a host hydrodynamic code. For such schemes to be self-consistent, the mixing should be dominated by the mass introduced by the dedicated mixing model, with minimal contribution from the numerical methods of the host code. In this report, several diagnostic statistics are described that allow for the assessment of the production of mix and a determination of the quality of a mixing model. These diagnostics are implemented within an existing two-dimensional finite element hydrocode, containing an implementation of Youngs' turbulent mix model, and used to assess the mixing scheme against a number of two-fluid test problems.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring During a 100-km Race: A Case Study in an Elite Ultramarathon Runner
Authors: Sengoku Yasuo , Nakamura Kazuteru , Ogata Hitomi , Nabekura Yoshiharu , Nagasaka Shoichiro , Tokuyama Kumpei
Published: May 2014

The current case study intended to measure blood glucose fluctuation in 2 marathon runners during a 100-km race using a continuous glucose-monitoring system (CGMS) and investigate the relationship between glucose profile and change in running speed. Two experienced ultramarathon runners participated in this study. A CGMS glucose sensor was inserted into the subcutaneous abdominal tissue at 35 h before the 100-km race, and the glucose profile was monitored continuously until the end of the race. Race pace and energy intake during the race were recorded. Participants finished the race in 6h:51min:17s (runner A) and 8h:56min:04s (runner B), and the race-pace decrement ratios were 17.6% for runner A and 27.2% for runner B. The average relative intensity throughout the 100-km race was 89.9% ± 5.8% lactate threshold (LT) in runner A and 78.4% ± 8.6% LT in runner B. The total amount of carbohydrate intake during the race was 249 g and 366 g in runners A and B, respectively. Despite lower carbohydrate intake, runner A maintained a normal glucose level throughout the race, while runner B rapidly decreased blood glucose and became hypoglycemic after the 80-km point. These results suggest that elite ultramarathon runners may have the ability to prevent a large decrement in blood glucose level regardless of the amount of energy intake during the race to maintain higher relative running intensity.
The Annual Training Periodization of 8 World Champions in Orienteering
Authors: Tønnessen Espen , Svendsen Ida S. , Rønnestad Bent R. , Hisdal Jonny , Haugen Thomas A. , Seiler Stephen
Published: May 2014

One year of training data from 8 elite orienteers were divided into a transition phase (TP), general preparatory phase (GPP), specific preparatory phase (SPP), and competition phase (CP). Average weekly training volume and frequency, hours at different intensities (zones 1–3), cross-training, running, orienteering, interval training, continuous training, and competition were calculated. Training volume was higher in GPP than TP, SPP, and CP (14.9 vs 9.7, 11.5, and 10.6 h/wk, P < .05). Training frequency was higher in GPP than TP (10 vs 7.5 sessions/wk, P < .05). Zone 1 training was higher in GPP than TP, SPP, and CP (11.3 vs 7.1, 8.3, and 7.7 h/wk, P < .05). Zone 3 training was higher in SPP and CP than in TP and GPP (0.9 and 1.1 vs 1.6 and 1.5 h/wk, P < .05). Cross-training was higher in GPP than SPP and CP (4.3 vs 0.8 h/wk, P < .05). Interval training was higher in GPP than TP, SPP, and CP (0.7 vs 0.3 h/wk, P < .05). High-intensity continuous training was higher in GPP than CP (0.9 vs 0.4 h/wk, P < .05), while competition was higher in SPP and CP than in TP and GPP (1.3 and 1.5 vs 0.6 and 0.3 h/wk, P < .01). In conclusion, these champion endurance athletes achieved a progressive reduction in total training volume from GPP to CP via a shortening of each individual session while the number of training sessions remained unchanged. This decrease in training volume was primarily due to a reduction in the number of hours of low-intensity, non-sport-specific cross-training.
The Socialization of Teachers in Physical Education: Review and Recommendations for Future Works
Authors: Richards K. Andrew R. , Templin Thomas J. , Graber Kim
Published: May 2014

Occupational socialization theory describes the acculturation, professional preparation, and organizational socialization of physical education teachers and addresses factors that contribute to their decisions and behaviors. Utilizing occupational socialization theory as a grounding framework, this paper summarizes research conducted on teacher socialization in physical education and provides recommendations for future research. Each of the three phases of socialization is reviewed as are related constructs. The paper concludes with a discussion of socialization into physical education more generally and addresses the limitations of the current body of literature. Future researchers are encouraged to continue using occupational socialization theory as a framework though which to understand the careers and pedagogical decisions of physical education teachers.
Overcoming Barriers to Physical Activity During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: The Potential Impact of Social Support
Authors: Connolly Christopher P. , Feltz Deborah L. , Pivarnik James M.
Published: May 2014

Pregnant and postpartum women have reported a number of barriers that prevent them from being sufficiently physically active. Overcoming these barriers is critical to ensure the health benefits of physical activity to both mother and fetus. The primary focus of this review centers on the potential impact social support may have in overcoming each of the primary barriers to physical activity experienced during pregnancy and the postpartum period. A reasonable body of research exists regarding the relationships between social support and these barriers; however, few investigations have specifically attempted to mitigate the effects of these barriers via social support interventions. Within this review, the enabling influence of social support as it pertains to pregnant and postpartum women's physical activity is discussed. Recommendations are suggested for the application of social support in future research investigations involving physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum.
Comment on “High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change”
Authors: Tropek Robert , Sedláček Ondřej , Beck Jan , Keil Petr , Musilová Zuzana , Šímová Irena , Storch David
Published: May 2014

Hansen
et al
. (Reports, 15 November 2013, p. 850) published a high-resolution global forest map with detailed information on local forest loss and gain. We show that their product does not distinguish tropical forests from plantations and even herbaceous crops, which leads to a substantial underestimate of forest loss and compromises its value for local policy decisions.
Quaternary coral reef refugia preserved fish diversity
Authors: Pellissier Loïc , Leprieur Fabien , Parravicini Valeriano , Cowman Peter F. , Kulbicki Michel , Litsios Glenn , Olsen Steffen M. , Wisz Mary S. , Bellwood David R. , Mouillot David
Published: May 2014

Ancient reefs provided fishy refuges

Climate fluctuations have occurred repeatedly in Earth's history, and so there is much to be learned from examining the responses of past systems. Pellessier
et al.
reconstructed paleoenvironments over the past 3 million years from sediment cores collected across coral reef systems to explore the impacts of past conditions on reef fish diversity. Coral reefs survived in the Indo-Australian regions during times of otherwise extensive habitat loss. These robust reefs can explain much of the diversity found in present-day reef fish species.

Science
, this issue p.
1016
Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica
Authors: Gertler Paul , Heckman James , Pinto Rodrigo , Zanolini Arianna , Vermeersch Christel , Walker Susan , Chang Susan M. , Grantham-McGregor Sally
Published: May 2014

Help as hungry children helps young adults

Supporters of early childhood interventions follow the rule “better early than late,” but so far there's been limited evidence that the rule applies to disadvantaged children in developing countries. Gertler
et al.
looked at the earnings of young adults in Jamaica, 20 years after, as toddlers, they were given 2 years of help from community health workers. The earnings of the treatment group caught up to those of a comparison group of well-fed children, but the control group of undernourished children that did not receive the health worker visits has lagged behind.

Science
, this issue p.
998
Crystal structure of a heterotetrameric NMDA receptor ion channel
Authors: Karakas Erkan , Furukawa Hiro
Published: May 2014

Intact NMDA receptor structure revealed

For brains to develop and form memories, a signal must be transmitted from one neuron to the next. Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter that excites the receiving nerve cell by binding to an ion channel called an
N
-Methyl-
d
-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor. This activates the NMDA receptors, causing calcium ions to flood in, triggering signal transduction. Either under- or overactivation can result in a variety of neurological disorders and diseases. Karakas and Furukawa describe the crystal structure of an intact NMDA receptor composed of four separate subunits.

Science
, this issue p.
992
Structures of PI4KIIIβ complexes show simultaneous recruitment of Rab11 and its effectors
Authors: Burke John E. , Inglis Alison J. , Perisic Olga , Masson Glenn R. , McLaughlin Stephen H. , Rutaganira Florentine , Shokat Kevan M. , Williams Roger L.
Published: May 2014

How to recruit membrane trafficking machinery

PI4KIIIβ is a lipid kinase that underlies Golgi function and is enlisted in biological responses that require rapid delivery of membrane vesicles, such as during the extensive membrane remodeling that occurs at the end of cell division. Burke
et al.
determined the structure of PI4KIIIβ in a complex with the membrane trafficking GTPase Rab11a. The way in which the proteins interact gives PI4KIIIβ the ability to simultaneously recruit Rab11a and its effectors on specific membranes.

Science
, this issue p.
1035
Clues from the resilient
Authors: Friend Stephen H. , Schadt Eric E.
Published: May 2014

Genetic information from individuals who do not succumb to disease may point to new therapies and ideas about wellness
The hunt for MH370
Authors: McNutt Marcia
Published: May 2014

In a world that is increasingly connected, that grows smaller every day, and where so many human actions are exposed to prying eyes, it seems almost incomprehensible that the world's largest twinjet aircraft, with 239 passengers and crew, could vanish for more than 2 months. Determining the crash site of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) has become a scientific detective story, emerging through a combination of scientific technologies used to address problems for which they were never designed. The search for MH370 illustrates a humanitarian dividend from past investments in science as searchers attempt to bring closure to the families and friends of the victims of the tragedy.
The Many Roads to Cell Death: Gaining a Practical Understanding of Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Autophagy
Authors: Abrams John , Telford William G.
Published: May 2014

Cell death is, ironically, an essential part of life. In recent years, the study and understanding of cell death pathways has been dramatically transformed by the insights gained into non-apoptotic pathways, including necro-apoptosis and autophagy, together with a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the apoptotic cascade. New discoveries have been enabled by cutting-edge technologies, particularly in the realm of cytometry and cell-death–specific markers. In this webinar, the latest insights into cell death pathways will be discussed, including the molecular markers and cellular changes that characterize each pathway. Viewers will also learn practical cytometry-based strategies for dissecting cell death pathways, and how to use the data to better understand the pathophysiology of diseases such as cancer as well as to uncover new targets for drug discovery and development.
Tiananmen's bitter legacy
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: May 2014

The bloody crackdown 25 years ago left an indelible mark on China's research culture.