bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Requirements for Research/Work Submersibles
Authors: Flemming N. C.
Published: June 2018

A submersible is defined as a neutrally buoyant submarine which relies largely on the buoyancy of the hull rather than gas or liquid filled floats at ambient water pressure. 29 different kinds of submersible have been built in USA and 15 in other countries. One has been built in England. Half of these do not go below 2000 ft and one third do not go below 1000 ft. The minimum safe weight for a vehicle is 5 tons at 1000 ft and 10 tons at 20 000 ft. A useful research or light work vehicle must be twice the minimum weight, and a heavy work vehicle in the 30-100 ton range.

High utilisation factor can only be obtained with special handling and support equipment, underwater navigation aids, high manoeuvrability, and a reserve of speed, life support, payload, and endurance. Principle applications of submersibles are in scientific research, geological mapping, prospecting, the oil industry, dredging, pipe-laying, and search and salvage.
Calculation of the Response of a Fighter Aircraft to Turbulent Air and a Comparison with Flight Measurements
Authors: Mitchell C. G. B.
Published: June 2018

Summary:—

The response of a P1a fighter aircraft to vertical and lateral harmonic gusts is calculated, and the predicted spectra for response accelerations at many points on the structure compared with previous flight measurements in continuous turbulence. The frequency range for the comparison is 0.45 c/s to 30 c/s and the response includes the short period pitching and the dutch roll rigid–body modes as well as oscillations in five symmetric and four anti–symmetric flexible modes. Structural flexibility is represented by measured vibration modes and aerodynamic forces are calculated by an oscillatory lifting surface theory.
Clamped Skew Plate under Uniform Normal Loading
Authors: Kennedy J. B.
Published: June 2018

In their paper in the February 1967 Journal, Iyengar and Srinivasan have presented a solution to the problem of uniformly loaded clamped skew plates by employing characteristic functions for the modes of vibration of clamped-clamped beams. They compared their theoretical results with those obtained by Morley and Kennedy.

The writer has recently extended the 3-parameter solution by assuming a deflection function in the form:
The Ratio of the Wall Shear Stresses in Concentric Annuli
Authors: Quarmby Alan
Published: June 2018

Experimental results are presented of the measurement of the ratio of the wall shear stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of concentric annuli. Five radius ratios were investigated with Reynolds numbers in the range 2000-89 000 with air. The Reynolds number is defined as where ū is the bulk velocity.

It is concluded that the ratio of the shear stresses is very different from the corresponding laminar flow value and is a function of both radius ratio and Reynolds number.
Guided Weapon Simulators
Authors: Cartmell I. N. , Williams R. W.
Published: June 2018

The authors were requested to present short papers giving opposing views on the subject of Guided Weapon Simulators. Much of this subject is now a matter of fact and the authors found themselves in agreement on far too many points regarding the present situation to follow the requested approach, and instead have adopted the method of writing a joint paper briefly reviewing the past history of simulation and setting out the present state of the art as they see it, leaving the discussion of probable future trends to encourage controversy. It has still been difficult to be controversial, but if some of the statements made stimulate discussion then a useful purpose will have been served. It may turn out that what the authors have found difficult to produce between themselves has been created only too readily between themselves and their audience.

It is not possible to discuss simulators without bringing in the concept of modelling, indeed an apt title for this paper could have been “From Simulation to Modelling”. The model technique has been defined as “a procedure in which a representation of a system is developed in some more convenient medium and checked to show that its behaviour agrees with that of the original system for a wide variety of conditions”.
The Atmospheric Environment and Aircraft—Now and the Future
Authors: O'Hara F. , Burnham J.
Published: June 2018

A survey is made of the effects on aircraft of the main atmospheric factors and of the way they are dealt with, in design and operation, at the present time. Possible developments in the pattern of the relationships of aircraft to the atmospheric environment are discussed, in the light of expected advances like operational VTOL, and orbital-type flight, reliable weather forecasting, and effective turbulence avoidance and gust alleviation systems. These developments should all be conducive to safer and more comfortable flight. Marked further benefits would accrue from weather control in the vicinity of airfields, of which there are some prospects, improvement in en-route operation through weather control appears less probable, and the prospects of smoothing turbulence ahead of the aircraft are speculated on.
Thoughts on Flight Instrument Presentations
Authors: Gill T. E.
Published: June 2018

One of the difficulties in giving a talk on flight instrument displays is that everyone in aviation seems to be an expert on this particular subject—or at least everyone has such fairly violently held prejudices that new ideas tend to be automatically opposed and are certainly viewed with suspicion. I am no exception although, of course, I consider my prejudices to be calmly reasoned opinions. Accordingly, being nominated by my Commanding Officer to address this test pilots’ group I swam into the literature on the subject— and there are fathoms of it—to find that most of my “new” ideas have been put forward before and, not only that, have often been rejected on pretty good grounds.

In fact, insofar as instrument displays are concerned, history is anything but bunk and, quoting C. G. Grey of Aeroplane fame, “history is the greatest plagiarist and repeats itself to such an extent that if you knew all history one would never make a mistake in life because one would know all the mistakes that had been made”. And as you know, the difference between plagiarism and research is that if one steals ideas from more than one person, it is research.

I hope to show that many of the latest ideas on displays have been previously tried but not pursued until later technological developments made their use necessary and possible. I also hope to put forward some of my ideas on this subject.
The United States Supersonic Transport A Progress Report
Authors: Swihart John M.
Published: June 2018

On 31st December 1966, General McKee of the Federal Aviation Administration announced that The Boeing Company and the General Electric Company had been selected to develop the prototype airframe and engines for the United States supersonic transport. The announcement ended a long, intense competition and was the culmination of the nine years of effort on the part of Boeing, where since January 1958 there has been an identified, separate project devoted to the SST.
Synthesis of Aircraft Modal Control Systems
Authors: Crossley T. R. , Porter B.
Published: June 2018

The recently developed theory of modal control has so far been mainly applied to the design of process control systems. This theory is, however, capable of much wider application and it is the principal object of this paper to illustrate its use as a basis for the synthesis of aircraft control systems. The particular illustrative problem considered is that of synthesising a lateral autopilot for bank-angle and roll-rate mode control. Typical aerodynamic data for an aircraft flying at M=0·9 and at altitudes from sea level to 40 000 ft (12 km) are used in the calculations.
The TUBA Family of Plate Elements for the Matrix Displacement Method
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Fried I. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

The analytical construction of displacement functions for plate elements subject to bending was discussed at some length in ref. 1. Attention was thereby drawn to both triangular and quadrilateral elements available in the ASKA system, which satisfy either all kinematic compatibility conditions or are deficient in the continuity of the gradient normal to the edge. The most rudimentary elements of the triangular set consist of the so-called fully compatible TRIB 3C and the TRIB 3, which satisfies the slope condition only at the vertices. The TRIB 3C corresponds in principle, but not in detail, to the element evolved by Bazeley et al but allows, however, also for linear taper.
The Influence of Aerospace on Future Transport Systems
Authors: Legg Keith
Published: June 2018

“We are concerned, not with nature alone, but with the total relation between man and the world around him. Its object is not just man's welfare, but the dignity of man's spirit.”

Lyndon B. Johnson

I am most conscious of the honour of being invited to give the Sixth Handley Page Memorial Lecture, particularly in view of the renown of the previous speakers. Since these lectures are jointly sponsored by the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Cranfield Society, I am especially delighted at being the first ex-student of Cranfield who has been invited to present this paper.
Operational Research in the RAF
Authors: Nicholson L. F.
Published: June 2018

Since this is a Tizard Memorial Lecture, I think it is appropriate that I should tell you something about Operational Research in the Royal Air Force as it is carried on today. The RAF has a great tradition of actively using operational research to promote the efficiency of the Service and it was Sir Henry Tizard who initiated this tradition and sustained it until it was well established. Indeed, he was responsible for the much wider application of science to air warfare, but I am not attempting to cover the wider field in this lecture.
The SHEBA Family of Shell Elements for the Matrix Displacement Method
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

Considerable effort has been extended over the past years in adapting the matrix displacement method to the specific problems of thin shells under membrane and bending action and developing suitable elements of varying sophistication. Some of the difficulties arising in the process of idealisation were reviewed in ref. 1. For example, simple considerations show that a representation of a shell by polyhedron surfaces may lead to serious errors, especially in the presence of pronounced bending and so-called boundary-layer effects. For this and other reasons it appears imperative to allow for the curvature of the shell. Much ingenuity has been shown in evolving elements for shells of specific geometry.
The Buckling of Shallow Corrugated Webs in Shear
Authors: Rothwell A.
Published: June 2018

The results of a series of shear buckling tests on shallow, flat-sided, corrugated webs are presented, and a comparison made with a theoretical analysis in which the web is assumed to buckle either as an orthotropic plate or in a local mode. An expression is derived for the efficiency of a corrugated web in shear, and used to compare the four shapes of cross-section tested.
Helicopter Armament for Land Operations
Authors: Kennedy Brigadier C. D. S.
Published: June 2018

Now that the British Services are becoming drawn inexorably into the business of helicopter armament, the attitudes of individuals are widely diverse; some are appalled; some are eager; others mutter evasively “Can't we leave this sort of thing to the professionals?” Number me among the enthusiasts.

My aim this afternoon is simply to air the current problems relevant to helicopter armament in support of British Army operations—in the hope that members of this Society will later come up with clever ideas to solve them.
Digital Control of Aircraft Powerplants
Authors: Lewis W. G. E. , Munns G. E.
Published: June 2018

Every control system employs some computing elements and it is customary to designate systems after the type of computing predominantly used in them. Thus, we have hydromechanical systems, pneumatic systems, fluidic systems, analogue electric systems, and so on. Traditionally, as described by Watson, the aircraft gas turbine has used hydromechanical control (see Fig. 1). The diagram does not depict any particular engine component but illustrates some of the principles used in a variety of present-day systems. A mixture of bellows, springs, cams, orifices, etc, compute according to their particular arrangement; frequently the fuel itself is used as the computing medium. Essentially such systems compute continuously using physical representations of the measured parameters. They are, therefore, of analogue form.
Stresses in Skin Panels Subjected to Random Acoustic Loading
Authors: Clarkson B. L.
Published: June 2018

As a result of the failure of parts of the airframe on several types of aircraft having high intensity acoustic environments, the military and civil certification authorities are requiring assurances that new designs have adequate strength to resist the acoustic loads. In most cases failures have been detected early enough to prevent serious impairment of the aircraft's structural strength. In some cases this has led to unsatisfactory maintenance and inspection requirements and there is also the possibility of more serious failures arising from the extension of undetected damage. The purpose of this paper is to review the test data available and to present a design procedure for structures in the region of high noise levels. As it is impractical to apply the full theoretical treatment in design because of computational complexity, an approximation is presented and the predicted results are compared with the experimental values.
Possibilities of Compound Rotorcraft—Status 1968
Authors: Carlson Richard M.
Published: June 2018

The paper considers the possibilities of a single type of VTOL vehicle—the compound rotorcraft—in the context of 1968 technology. Past and current compound programmes are reviewed in establishing technical status and include the XV-1, Fairey Rotodyne, Kamov KA-22, US Army Aviation Material Laboratories experimental compounds and the AH-56A (AAFSS).

Qualitative characteristics of compound rotorcraft such as airframe vibration, gust response, landing and take-off characteristics, and safety are discussed and compared with both fixed- and pure rotary-wing aircraft.

Characteristics such as cruise speed, vehicle lift/drag ratio, empty weight fraction, and maintenance are examined quantitatively for a 30-passenger compound rotorcraft, and appropriate limitations of these characteristics are discussed. Sensitivity of direct operating costs to changes in these characteristics is considered.

The compound method of VTOL flight appears to offer great promise in both military and commercial fields, particularly as it can be applied to the inter-urban mass transport problem and to Army logistics and ground attack functions.
Early Days of British Aeronautical Research
Authors: Nayler J. L.
Published: June 2018

I Feel honoured to be asked to lecture here at my old university about the early days of British aeronautical research. I intend to mention only people and investigations relating to times that are more than fifty years ago, apart from incidental references which appear to be relevant. My first emphasis will be on persons, then conditions of work and later on some of the historic results relating to this early period, some of which have been neglected or forgotten in the intermediate period.
Discrete-Element Methods for Stability Analysis of Complex Structures
Authors: Przemieniecki J. S.
Published: June 2018

The matrix methods of structural analysis developed specifically for use on modern digital computers have now become universally accepted in structural design. These methods provide a means for rapid and accurate stress and deflection analysis of complex structures under static and dynamic loading conditions and they can also be used very effectively for the stability analysis. In the conventional stability analysis two possible approaches are normally used; either the differential equations describing the structural deflections are formulated and the lowest eigenvalue representing the buckling load condition is found for a given set of boundary conditions, or alternatively, if the differential equations are too difficult to prescribe, approximate deflection shapes are used in the strain energy expression for large deflections which is subsequently minimised, leading to the stability determinant whose lowest root represents the instability condition. When designing complex structures the conventional methods of finding buckling load conditions are extremely difficult to apply, and therefore in such cases we have to rely on the matrix methods of stability analysis.
Management of Design
Authors: Stamper J. T.
Published: June 2018

If Oscar Wilde had been concerned with this paper I think he might well have said: “To be asked to attempt an essay on the development of an engineering specialisation over the next hundred years may be regarded as a misfortune. To attempt to predict the form that control of a complex creative process will take looks like carelessness”. Having undertaken the task, perhaps somewhat carelessly, my first attempts to assemble some thoughts led to the conclusion that I was not only careless but also foolish and as such unqualified to present any views I might have. This paper is the result of a determination to break out of this unproductive frame of mind and to set down my personal views for what they are worth. I can only hope the paper has not turned out to be “A Trivial Comedy for Serious People”.
The Role of Competition in Aeronautics
Authors: Schairer George S.
Published: June 2018

It is a great privilege to be here before you today at this lecture which honours the memory of Wilbur and Orville Wright and all that they brought to that very favourite subject of all of us—Aeronautics. I have chosen as my topic for tonight “The Role of Competition in Aeronautics”. My thesis is that competition has been extremely important in the advancement of aeronautics through the years. Much progress has come in the heat of competition. The monetary costs of competition are small and completely overshadowed by the economic benefits accruing from competition. Competition has been the life blood of aeronautics. We must keep competition alive. My objective in this paper is to stimulate in each member of this audience a strong personal belief that competition has been a major contributor to making aeronautics what it is today and a most necessary ingredient in the future of aeronautics.
Some General Considerations on the Natural Mode Technique
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

The application of the matrix displacement method to large displacements and strains, as formulated in refs. 1, 2, 3, is based on the idea of natural modes. This method was significantly generalised to triangular and tetrahedronal curvilinear elements in TNs 17 and 18 (ref. 4), where the important new concept of the local sub-element was first presented. A further obvious extension of the approach should cover curved beams in space, and, what is much more important, shells. However, the realisation of a theory which includes such elements is not straightforward and requires some subtle considerations on the natural modes of a local sub-beam. In order to give a clear presentation of the underlying physical assumptions, we first discuss in this note the natural mode technique on a generalised basis and apply it then to a curved beam in space. The idea of the local sub-element emerges thereby in all its significance. The examples investigated here cover an arbitrary curved beam in space with initial curvature and twist and the special case of a circular arch. To limit the length of the note we have to exclude the effects of shear deformability in bending, and warping in torsion. Moreover, to simplify the formulae we assume that bend ing is defined about the principal axes. The beams in question may be classified as slender and are part of the ASKA library (CUBA for curved beam in space and CIRCA for circular aroh). Part II of the note will include the effect of large displacements and show how the ideas of ref. 4 may be adapted to curved beams and similar structural elements.
Charles Grey and His Pungent
Pen
Authors: James Thurstan
Published: June 2018

In their time few writings on the .subject of aviation
can have been as avidly read, as furiously debated
and as lovingly quoted, as have those signed
“C.G.G.” The initials stand for Charles Grey Grey.
Spelt with an “E”. Both times. My recollections are
of a man with no special gifts in the way of
scientific ability or technical achievement 'who, in
the most advanced industry of his day, grew to a
stature when he became a figure of much concern to
industrialists and civil servants alike. He walked
and flew with dictators but, though very much a man
of the right, never lost the common touch. Somebody,
I think it was the late Roland Dangerfield, called
him a “democratic old aristocrat”.
Health Facilitation
Authors: Bergin K.
Published: June 2018

The organisations involved in health facilitation are 3
international ones, 1 national one and 1 local
one.

The three international ones are:

(a) The World Health Organisation, an offshoot of the
United Nations and before that the League of
Nations. This body has headquarters at Geneva and
disseminates on a daily basis, world-wide
information on epidemic diseases, thus keeping
countries fully informed of the current disease
position in other countries.

(b) The International Civil Aviation Organisation,
which is a consortium of Government Agencies which
draws up statutory regulations for the international
control of air travel including, among others,
personnel and medical problems. Its objective is to
implement the Chicago Convention which, in turn, was
the successor to the Paris Convention. It is
obviously desirable that recommended practices of
medical standards for pilots should be uniform
throughout the world. Sir Frederick Tymms was at one
time the UK representative.

(c) The International Air Transport Association, a
voluntary organisation of air operators which
endeavours to regulate conditions among commercially
competing airlines. The medical committee, like
other committees, makes an annual report to the
Executive. Sir Wjlliam Hildred was its distinguished
chairman for many years.
Oscillating Flow in Ducts of Arbitrary
Cross Section
Authors: Abu-Sitta A. M. , Drake D. G.
Published: June 2018

The rectilinear flow of an incompressible viscous fluid
along a duct of uniform cross section due to an
oscillating pressure gradient has been considered by
a number of investigators. The duct of circular
cross .section has been treated by Richardson and
Tyler and Sexl, the elliptic case by Khamrui, and
the rectangular case by Drake and Fan and Chao.
Recently Jeng has discussed the importance of this
type of flow and has given a procedure for
calculating a numerical solution for a duct of
arbitrary cross-section. An interesting feature of
these flows is that, at large frequencies when the
flow is of boundary-layer type, the velocity at any
instant has its maximum near the walls, the velocity
overshooting its almost uniform distribution at the
centre of the duct.
The Design and Construction of Two-Seater
Hovercraft
Authors: English Anthony J.
Published: June 2018

It is not generally realised that the ground effect
principle on which the air cushion vehicle is based
was first expounded by a Scandinavian scientist some
hundred years before Sir George Cayley grasped the
basic principles of flight and two hundred and fifty
years before the hovercraft went into commercial
service. The basic principle of the air cushion
vehicle is extremely simple, but, as in many
branches of engineering, simplicity of principle and
ease of achievement do not go hand in hand!

How does a hovercraft hover? Let us take a vehicle with
a weight of 1000 lb (454 kg) and a flat undersurface
of 100 sq ft (9m2) in area. If we
increase the air pressure under the machine by 10
lb/sq ft (478 N/m2), the total reaction
pushing upward from the undersurface of the machine
will be 10 x 100 = 1 000 lb (454 kg). This, being
equal to the weight of the machine, will cause it to
leave the ground.
Some Thoughts about the Future of European Aeronautics
Authors: Davies Handel
Published: June 2018

The twenty-first Louis Blériot Lecture was given in Paris on 5th April 1968 under the auspices of L’Association Françaises des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de L'Aéronautique et L'Espace. The lecture “Some Thoughts about the Future of European Aeronautics” by Handel Davies, CB, MSc, CEng, FRAeS, FAIAA, was read on his behalf in French by General Lecamus, FRAeS. The Lecture was attended by the President, Mr. M. B. Morgan, CB, MA, FRAeS, the Secretary of the Society, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne, OBE, TD, PhD, by several members of Council and a large and distinguished French audience.

The Chair was taken by Monsieur Robert Blum, President of AFITAE. Following the lecture a dinner was given by AFITAE.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Simply-Supported Thin Plates Subjected to Lateral Load and Uniaxial Compression
Authors: Sharman P. W. , Humpherson J.
Published: June 2018

In the design of compression structures, the effect of lateral loading is usually ignored. This assumption has been justified where the structure has represented the wing skin of a conventional aircraft, in which the compressive end load due to bending is high, but the lateral load due to aerodynamic pressure is comparatively low.

However, in some cases the approximation is too crude, such as where the effect of the aerodynamic pressure is added to by pressurised fuel tanks together with the possibility of the accelerated weight of fuel. Such situations arise in supersonic transport aircraft where a considerable weight of fuel is carried in the wing and aerodynamic heating causes high compressive stresses in the skin.
A Proof of the Biot-Savart Law
Authors: Newman B. G.
Published: June 2018

The Biot-Savart law gives the velocity associated with an elemental portion of line vortex, or the magnetic field associated with an elemental portion of line current. The following proof may appeal to students who approach fluid mechanics or electromagnetic-field theory from the engineering viewpoint. It will be stated in terms of fluid mechanics.

Consider a very small length δs of line vortex of circulation strength Γ. At P(x) the velocity δV associated with this portion depends on
Γ δs and x.
REGENERATIVE MUTATION PROCESSES RELATED TO THE SELFDECOMPOSABILITY OF SIBUYA DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Huillet Thierry , Martínez Servet
Published: June 2018

The Sibuya distribution is a discrete probability distribution on the positive integers which, while Poisson-compounding it, gives rise to the discrete-stable distribution of Steutel and van Harn. We first address the question of the discrete self-decomposability of Sibuya and Sibuya-related distributions. Discrete self-decomposable distributions arise as limit laws of pure-death branching processes with immigration, translating a balance between immigration events and systematic ageing and ultimate death of the immigrants at constant rate. Exploiting this fact, we design a new Luria–Delbrück-like model as an intertwining of a coexisting two-types (sensitive and mutant) population. In this model, a population of sensitive gently grows linearly with time. Mutants appear randomly at a rate proportional to the sensitive population size, very many at a time and with Sibuya-related distribution; each mutant is then immediately subject to random ageing and death upon appearance. The zero-set of the times free of mutants, when the sensitive population lacks immunity, is investigated using renewal theory. Finally, assuming each immigrant to die according to a critical binary branching processes, now with heavy-tailed extinction times, we observe that the local extinction events can become sparse, leading to a congestion of the mutants in the system.
Space-like hypersurfaces with functionally bounded mean curvature in Lorentzian warped products and generalized Calabi–Bernstein-type problems
Authors: Aledo Juan A. , Rubio Rafael M. , Salamanca Juan J.
Published: June 2018

We study space-like hypersurfaces with functionally bounded mean curvature in Lorentzian warped products , where F is a (non-compact) complete Riemannian manifold whose universal covering is parabolic. In particular, we provide several rigidity results under appropriate mathematical and physical assumptions. As an application, several Calabi–Bernstein-type results are obtained which widely extend the previous ones in this setting.
Egocentric Leisure Boat Navigation in a Smartphone-based Augmented Reality Application
Authors: Porathe Thomas , Ekskog Jonas
Published: June 2018

This paper outlines the results of a project to develop and test an augmented reality smart phone application (‘app’) to aid the safety of navigation of leisure sailors with limited navigational skills. The app works in two modes: in the ‘turned off mode’ the app gives an alarm 30 seconds before the boat is predicted to ground. The navigator then immediately stops the boat, picks up the phone and, uses the app to view the surrounding water where NoGo areas less than 3 metres in depth are outlined in red. By panning the smart phone around, safe escape routes with deep water are visible. The prototype app was tested on a group of boat owners in western Norway with very good results, both from technical and usability perspectives. This report outlines the concept of operation of the app, details some of the difficulties encountered in its development and testing, specifies the issues that remain to be resolved to turn the concept into an effective system, and outlines future development plans.
SOVEREIGNTY AS A MOTOR OF GLOBAL CONCEPTUAL TRAVEL: SANSKRITIC EQUIVALENTS OF “LAW” IN BENGALI DISCURSIVE PRODUCTION
Authors: BANERJEE MILINDA
Published: June 2018

How may one imagine the global travel of legal concepts, thinking through models of diffusion and translation, as well as through obstruction, negation, and dialectical transfiguration? This article offers some reflections by interrogating discourses (intertextually woven with Sanskritic invocations) produced by three celebrated Bengalis: the nationalist littérateur Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay (1838–94), the Rajavamshi “lower-caste” peasant leader Panchanan Barma (1866–1935), and the international jurist Radhabinod Pal (1886–1967). These actors evidently took part in projects of vernacularizing (and thereby globalizing through linguistic–conceptual translation) legal–political frameworks of state sovereignty. They produced ideas of nexus between sovereignty, law, and “divine” lawgiving activity, which resemble as well as diverge from notions of political theology associated with the German jurist Carl Schmitt. Simultaneously, these actors critiqued coercive impositions of state-backed positive law and sovereign violence, often in the name of globally oriented concepts of “ethical”/natural law, theology, and capacious forms of solidarity, including categories like “all beings,” “self/soul,” “humanity,” and “world.” I argue that “sovereignty,” as a metonym for concrete practices of power as well as a polyvalent conceptual signifier, thus dialectically provoked the globalization of modern legal intellection, including in the extra-European world.
Critical Perspectives on Men and Masculinities in Politics: Introduction
Authors: Bjarnegård Elin , Murray Rainbow
Published: June 2018

The purpose of these Critical Perspectives is to consider gender gaps in politics with a specific focus on men, as opposed to the traditional focus on women. The study of gender and politics implies the gendered study of both sexes, yet very little scholarship within this large body of research has men as its primary object of study. We argue that a critical focus on men is necessary to understand the nature of male dominance, the way that male power is wielded and perpetuated, and the negative effects this has for politicians and citizens of both sexes. Reframing the question of gender and representation permits the identification of new research agendas focusing explicitly on men's dominance in politics rather than women's marginalization or underrepresentation. New questions and research areas within the field of gender and politics are invoked, and these essays will demonstrate that the study of men, masculinities, and politics is fertile ground for research, requiring much greater exploration.
Revisiting Forms of Representation by Critically Examining Men
Authors: Bjarnegård Elin , Murray Rainbow
Published: June 2018

Research on gender and politics has made use of Pitkin's (1967) distinction between descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation to conceptualize and understand the different facets of women's underrepresentation and misrepresentation. The corresponding overrepresentation of men has seldom been explicitly recognized in this literature. We explore what the critical study of men and masculinities could contribute to the study of different forms of representation. Researching the descriptive overrepresentation of men implies recognizing male dominance and turning our attention from the factors that constrain women from entering politics to the factors that enable and reproduce men's presence. Researching the substantive representation of men also implies investigating how men represent men and identifying whether hegemonic masculinities privilege the representation of some men while neglecting others. Finally, a study of the symbolic representation of men implies identifying and describing the masculine signals and symbols that permeate political life but remain largely invisible because they constitute the political norm. Naming them as “masculine” will facilitate a gendered analysis of political institutions, practices, and discourses that are seldom questioned. We also consider the symbolic representation of men who do not conform to hegemonic masculine ideals and are not represented descriptively.
Married Women’s Economic Independence and Divorce in the Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century United States
Authors: MacDonald Daniel , Dildar Yasemin
Published: June 2018

We analyze the effects of the Married Women’s Property Acts and Earnings Acts (EAs) on divorce rates in the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century United States. We find that the property acts increased divorce rates, which is consistent with the predicted outcome, in household extensive bargaining models, of an increase in the married woman’s relative bargaining power. We also find some evidence that the EAs had a positive effect on divorce rates, though it is not statistically significant after accounting for the possibility that divorce rates changed prior to the enactment of an EA. To support our causal argument, we control for regional trends in the divorce rate and account for the timing of the laws’ effects. We also assess alternative explanations for the rise in divorce rates during the late nineteenth century, including age structure, divorce law, urbanization, economic development, and foreign immigration, and we find that only age structure and urbanization positively affected divorce rates along with the property acts. Finally, we provide support for our argument from court cases in which the acts were used to defend a woman’s property rights against claims from her ex-husband.
Scope and Characteristics of Suicide Attempts Among Manic Patients With Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Swartz-Vanetik Marnina , Zeevin Mark , Barak Yoram
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Background: Suicide is often associated with depression in patients suffering from bipolar disorder (BD) and less is known about its relation to mania. Available data suggest that patients in the manic phase of BD may be at risk of suicide. Aim: We characterized suicide attempts in a cohort of patients with BD in manic and mixed phases. Method: We focused on the scope, rate, and characteristics of suicide attempts among BD patients during manic or mixed states. Associations between suicide as well as clinical and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using computerized medical chart data from 209 adult inpatients diagnosed (DSM-IV) as experiencing manic and mixed BD episodes. Results: The rate of recent suicide attempts among BD inpatients with manic and mixed episodes was 10.5%. Married patients had a decreased rate of suicide attempts. Comorbid alcohol or substance abuse were correlated with an increased risk of suicide attempts. Presence of suicidal ideation increased suicide risk while older age was linked to a decrease in the rate of suicide attempts. Limitations: The retrospective design of the study and overrepresentation of the clinical severity of BD were limitations. Conclusion: The rate of suicide attempts in the manic and mixed phases of BD is substantial and calls for raising awareness among psychiatrists.
The Consequences of Varying Measurement Occasions in Discrete-Time Survival Analysis
Authors: Moerbeek Mirjam , Hesen Lieke
Published: June 2018

Abstract. In a discrete-time survival model the occurrence of some event is measured by the end of each time interval. In practice it is not always possible to measure all subjects at the same point in time. In this study the consequences of varying measurement occasions are investigated by means of a simulation study and the analysis of data from an empirical study. The results of the simulation study suggest that the effects of varying measurement occasions are negligible, at least for the scenarios that were covered in the simulation. The empirical example shows varying measurement occasions have minor effects on parameter estimates, standard errors, and significance levels.
Bayesian Latent Class Models for the Multiple Imputation of Categorical Data
Authors: Vidotto Davide , Vermunt Jeroen K. , Van Deun Katrijn
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Latent class analysis has been recently proposed for the multiple imputation (MI) of missing categorical data, using either a standard frequentist approach or a nonparametric Bayesian model called Dirichlet process mixture of multinomial distributions (DPMM). The main advantage of using a latent class model for multiple imputation is that it is very flexible in the sense that it can capture complex relationships in the data given that the number of latent classes is large enough. However, the two existing approaches also have certain disadvantages. The frequentist approach is computationally demanding because it requires estimating many LC models: first models with different number of classes should be estimated to determine the required number of classes and subsequently the selected model is reestimated for multiple bootstrap samples to take into account parameter uncertainty during the imputation stage. Whereas the Bayesian Dirichlet process models perform the model selection and the handling of the parameter uncertainty automatically, the disadvantage of this method is that it tends to use a too small number of clusters during the Gibbs sampling, leading to an underfitting model yielding invalid imputations. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach which combined the strengths of the two existing approaches; that is, we use the Bayesian standard latent class model as an imputation model. We show how model selection can be performed prior to the imputation step using a single run of the Gibbs sampler and, moreover, show how underfitting is prevented by using large values for the hyperparameters of the mixture weights. The results of two simulation studies and one real-data study indicate that with a proper setting of the prior distributions, the Bayesian latent class model yields valid imputations and outperforms competing methods.
High‐Frequency (>2 Hz) Ambient Seismic Noise on High‐Melt Glaciers: Green's Function Estimation and Source Characterization
Authors: Preiswerk Lukas E. , Walter Fabian
Published: June 2018

Using ambient noise to characterize subsurface structures has revolutionized solid earth seismology. In glacial applications, this technique could provide valuable information about ice thickness and bed properties, which to date are deduced from laborious and/or expensive active source geophysics or deep drilling. Despite challenging conditions such as minimal scattering and changing sources, we show that stacks of cross‐correlation functions of several hours of ambient seismic noise can converge towards Green's functions under favorable conditions. These contain the sought‐after information about subsurface seismic velocities and ice thickness. Applying this technique to two Alpine glaciers in Switzerland, we calculate signal‐to‐noise ratios of noise correlation functions. Faster Green's functions convergence during elevated ambient noise levels suggests that increased surface melt promotes spatially homogeneous excitation of noise sources. With the help of Green's functions amplitude asymmetry as well as standard beamforming, we locate dominant noise sources. In combination with spectrograms, glacier surface velocities from GPS and proglacial water discharge measurements, we find glacier noise in the range from 2 to 8 Hz to be a combination of tremor induced by flowing water, icequakes, and anthropogenic sources. We finally calculate dispersion curves from the cross‐correlation functions to arrive at an estimate of the ice thickness. In combination with H/V spectral ratios, the method shown here allows sampling the depth and the properties of the glacier bed by deploying only two seismometers for several hours. Ambient noise correlations could therefore be a valuable ingredient for studies of glacier and ice sheet beds.
Engineering polymer MEMS using combined microfluidic pervaporation and micro-molding
Authors: Thuau Damien , Laval Cédric , Dufour Isabelle , Poulin Philippe , Ayela Cédric , Salmon Jean-Baptiste
Published: June 2018

In view of the extensive increase of flexible devices and wearable electronics, the development of polymer micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is becoming more and more important since their potential to meet the multiple needs for sensing applications in flexible electronics is now clearly established. Nevertheless, polymer micromachining for MEMS applications is not yet as mature as its silicon counterpart, and innovative microfabrication techniques are still expected. We show in the present work an emerging and versatile microfabrication method to produce arbitrary organic, spatially resolved multilayer micro-structures, starting from dilute inks, and with possibly a large choice of materials. This approach consists in extending classical microfluidic pervaporation combined with MIcro-Molding In Capillaries. To illustrate the potential of this technique, bilayer polymer double-clamped resonators with integrated piezoresistive readout have been fabricated, characterized, and applied to humidity sensing. The present work opens new opportunities for the conception and integration of polymers in MEMS.
Footprints of parasitism in the genome of the parasitic flowering plant Cuscuta campestris
Authors: Vogel Alexander , Schwacke Rainer , Denton Alisandra K. , Usadel Björn , Hollmann Julien , Fischer Karsten , Bolger Anthony , Schmidt Maximilian H.-W. , Bolger Marie E. , Gundlach Heidrun , Mayer Klaus F. X. , Weiss-Schneeweiss Hanna , Temsch Eva M. , Krause Kirsten
Published: June 2018

A parasitic lifestyle, where plants procure some or all of their nutrients from other living plants, has evolved independently in many dicotyledonous plant families and is a major threat for agriculture globally. Nevertheless, no genome sequence of a parasitic plant has been reported to date. Here we describe the genome sequence of the parasitic field dodder, Cuscuta campestris. The genome contains signatures of a fairly recent whole-genome duplication and lacks genes for pathways superfluous to a parasitic lifestyle. Specifically, genes needed for high photosynthetic activity are lost, explaining the low photosynthesis rates displayed by the parasite. Moreover, several genes involved in nutrient uptake processes from the soil are lost. On the other hand, evidence for horizontal gene transfer by way of genomic DNA integration from the parasite’s hosts is found. We conclude that the parasitic lifestyle has left characteristic footprints in the C. campestris genome.
FRET-enhanced photostability allows improved single-molecule tracking of proteins and protein complexes in live mammalian cells
Authors: Basu Srinjan , Needham Lisa-Maria , Lando David , Taylor Edward J. R. , Wohlfahrt Kai J. , Shah Devina , Boucher Wayne , Tan Yi Lei , Bates Lawrence E. , Tkachenko Olga , Cramard Julie , Lagerholm B. Christoffer , Eggeling Christian , Hendrich Brian , Klenerman Dave , Lee Steven F. , Laue Ernest D.
Published: June 2018

A major challenge in single-molecule imaging is tracking the dynamics of proteins or complexes for long periods of time in the dense environments found in living cells. Here, we introduce the concept of using FRET to enhance the photophysical properties of photo-modulatable (PM) fluorophores commonly used in such studies. By developing novel single-molecule FRET pairs, consisting of a PM donor fluorophore (either mEos3.2 or PA-JF549) next to a photostable acceptor dye JF646, we demonstrate that FRET competes with normal photobleaching kinetic pathways to increase the photostability of both donor fluorophores. This effect was further enhanced using a triplet-state quencher. Our approach allows us to significantly improve single-molecule tracking of chromatin-binding proteins in live mammalian cells. In addition, it provides a novel way to track the localization and dynamics of protein complexes by labeling one protein with the PM donor and its interaction partner with the acceptor dye.
A model for super El Niños
Authors: Hameed Saji N. , Jin Dachao , Thilakan Vishnu
Published: June 2018

Super El Niños, the strongest and most powerful of El Niños, impact economies, societies, and ecosystems disproportionately. Despite their importance, we do not fully understand how super El Niños develop their intensity and unique characteristics. Here, combining observational analyses with simple numerical simulations, we suggest that eastern Pacific intensified super El Niños result from the interaction of an El Niño and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Further, we identify a self-limiting behavior inherent to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. This behavior—a consequence of the atmospheric Kelvin wave response that develops to the east of ENSO's convective anomalies—dampens sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the eastern Pacific, thereby preventing super El Niños from developing through tropical Pacific dynamics alone. Our model explains the features of the large 1972, 1982, and 1997 El Niños; the large SST anomalies during the 2015 El Niño, however, were likely enhanced by strong decadal variability.