bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Countertransference and self‐injury: a cognitive behavioural cycle
Authors: Rayner Gillian C. , Allen Shelly L. , Johnson Martin
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper discusses the emotional, cognitive and behavioural effects of self‐injury on nurses as helpers, and shows the usefulness of a cycle that can affect care provision for this group of people.

Background.  People self‐injure for many different reasons, such as feeling angry, sad, guilty or frightened and these emotions are often linked to feeling helpless, powerless or out of control. Self‐injury has often been reported as a coping strategy to gain control. Psychoanalytic and cognitive behavioural concepts have been used to understand why people self‐injure and also inform intervention strategies. Unfortunately, negative emotional responses in professionals may interfere with the effectiveness of any therapeutic relationship.

Discussion.  Negative emotional responses from nurses can affect the way they think about and behave towards clients who self‐injure. During clinical supervision or education, nurses’ thoughts can be challenged to become less negative, so that their resulting behaviour can also become less punitive. Non‐punitive or more positive behaviour can in turn challenge some of the negative self‐beliefs of clients.

Conclusions.  Knowledge about countertransference when working with people who self‐injure may reduce nurses’ negative thoughts and behaviours, which may result in improved client care.
Towards rehabilitative handling in caring for patients following stroke: a participatory action research project
Authors: Mitchell Elizabeth A. , Conlon Ann‐Marie , Armstrong Margaret , Ryan Assumpta A.
Published: March 2005

Aim of the study.  This study aimed to facilitate nurses to take ownership of their moving and handling practice.

Objectives.  To (i) facilitate nurses in sharing their insights in moving and handling patients following stroke, (ii) enable nurses to identify facilitators of safer moving and handling practice, and (iii) empower nurses in collaboration with physiotherapists to direct changes in their practice.

Background.  Traditional top down moving and handling training has had variable impact on nursing practice. A moving and handling incident in a stroke unit demonstrated that there were professional development needs for staff in the stroke unit in relation to their moving and handling practice in the care of patients following stroke.

Methods.  An insider participatory action research approach was utilized. Data were analysed from focus group meetings, brainstorming sessions, observational studies, and from written reflective accounts.

Findings.  Peer pressure, communication, rehabilitative handling awareness, teamwork between nurses and physiotherapists, equipment and environmental issues were affecting moving and handling practice. Nurses identified that equipment, environment, communication and teamwork strategies would facilitate them in using rehabilitative moving and handling practice. Nurses in collaboration with physiotherapists directed changes in their practice. Participant staff members felt involved and valued, and reported changes in understanding, in their handling practice, and enhanced teamwork.

Conclusion.  Participatory action research creates a supportive environment, where those directly involved in moving and handling patients can investigate and direct changes in their practice. Thus it is a significant vehicle for delivering professional development in moving and handling practice.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Professional development initiatives in moving and handling practice must incorporate processes that enhance inter‐disciplinary teamwork and value and utilize the views and experiences of the staff who move and handle patients.
Patient autonomy in physical restraint
Authors: Cheung Pracy P.Y. , Yam Bernard M.C.
Published: March 2005

Despite initiatives to raise the awareness of patient autonomy among healthcare providers, the use of physical restraints on frail or confused older patients continues to be a common practice in many healthcare settings. This paper examines the relationship between patient autonomy and the use of physical restraints by drawing on the literature contradicting its efficacy and the assumption that its use is necessary to protect the welfare of patients. It argues that the paternalistic use of physical restraints without patient's informed consent is morally unjustified and is an unequivocal violation of their autonomy. The duty to respect individual autonomy should be extended to a duty to respect the autonomy of older people who are being restrained. Only in this way can their human dignity and quality of life be enhanced.
The CAFE computer program for nutritional analysis of the EPIC‐Norfolk food frequency questionnaire and identification of extreme nutrient values
Authors: Welch A. A. , Luben R. , Khaw K. T. , Bingham S. A.
Published: March 2005

Background  Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are widely used in nutritional epidemiology but no papers detail the development of the supporting programs and nutritional databases. The principles involved in data collection, processing and treatment of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Study (EPIC)‐Norfolk Study FFQ and development of the structure and content of the Compositional Analyses from Frequency Estimates (CAFE) program for calculating nutrient intakes are described. Extreme nutrient values and derivation of cut‐points for data exclusion are also discussed.

Methods  The FFQ was sent to 25 637 participants. To exclude extreme (nonphysiological) outliers of nutrient intakes, the extreme top and bottom 0.5% of the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate was used.

Results  The CAFE computer program modifies nutrient intake according to specific fats used in food preparation and the amount of visible fat on meat. It incorporates different breakfast cereals and distinguishes between text for brands and types. After exclusion of outliers of nutrient intake some extreme values remained for energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol, because of high reported frequencies of certain foods.

Conclusions  The features of CAFE include flexible, updateable, databases and a novel method for matching text. The effect of extreme nutrient values on the accuracy of the FFQ in estimating diet in nutritional epidemiology should be investigated further.
Food habits and appetite of elderly women at the time of a femoral neck fracture and after nutritional and anabolic support
Authors: Carlsson P. , Tidermark J. , Ponzer S. , Söderqvist A. , Cederholm T.
Published: March 2005

Objective  To study appetite and food choices in lean elderly women at the time of a femoral neck fracture and after 6 months of nutritional and anabolic intervention.

Subjects and methods  Forty‐five nondemented women >70 years of age (mean ± SD: 83 ± 5 years) with a recent hip fracture and body mass index <24 kg/m2 (mean: 20.5 ± 2.3) were interviewed about their appetite and dietary habits prior to fracture. The patients were randomized to treatment with a protein‐rich liquid supplement (PR; 200 kcal and 20 g protein day−1) alone or in combination with nandrolone decanoate injections (PR/N) 25 mg i.m. every third week or to a control group (C). A second interview was conducted 6 months later.

Results  Reduced appetite before the fracture was reported by 60%. Half of the patients did not have dessert with any of their daily meals, one‐third used low‐fat margarines and one‐third drank water with their meals. The estimated mean daily energy intake was 6.4 ± 1.2 MJ (1541 ± 304 kcal) indicating that three of four subjects did not meet their energy needs. At 6 months, 40% reported reduced appetite. There was no difference in the change of appetite between the three randomized groups. Still, half of the subjects appeared to not meet their energy needs. Protein intake increased in the PR and PR/N groups, in contrast to the controls (P = 0.002).

Conclusion  Reduced appetite and insufficient energy intake was recorded in lean elderly women with a femoral neck fracture. Nutritional supplementation alone or in combination with an anabolic steroid increased protein intake without adversely affecting appetite.
Dietary strategies and uptake of reduced fat foods
Authors: Stewart‐Knox B. , Hamilton J. , Parr H. , Bunting B.
Published: March 2005

Aim  This research has sought to identify factors determining consumer uptake and rejection of reduced fat foods. Initial qualitative research implied that use of reduced fat products could be dependent upon which dietary health strategies people adopt. This analysis therefore explores the degree to which various dietary strategies predict uptake of reduced fat products.

Method  Items were derived from prior qualitative findings and responses to relevant issues surveyed by interview (n = 1004) within selected retail outlets throughout Northern Ireland and England.

Results  Logistic regression analysis indicated that concern over health, drive to reduce calorie consumption, to increase intake of fish and poultry and fruit and vegetables consistently predicted consumption across a range of reduced fat products. These dietary strategies appeared to predict uptake of reduced fat foods to a greater degree than perceived taste or price.

Conclusion  The findings imply that for reduced fat foods to achieve universal acceptance promotional messages need to be translated into commonly adopted dietary health strategies.
Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran
Authors: Torbat Akbar E.
Published: March 2005

This article presents a case study of the effectiveness of the US unilateral trade and financial sanctions on Iran. To assess the trade sanctions’ effect, the US–Iran historical trade data are examined, and the economic cost of trade sanctions is measured by applying the concept of welfare loss. The financial sanctions’ impacts are evaluated by assessing the extra charges Iran has paid on its foreign debt obligations and for financing its oil development projects. At the end, the efficacy of the US sanctions policy towards Iran is evaluated. It is found that the financial sanctions have had a more powerful impact than the trade sanctions. The analysis also shows that the unilateral import sanctions on the fungible crude oil have been ineffective. It is concluded that, overall, the sanctions’ economic effect has been significant, while its political effect has been minimal. This article suggests that targeting the sanctions towards the ruling clergy can improve their effectiveness while lessening their side effects on the Iranian population. Precise smart sanctions to force the ruling clerics to step down will calm down Islamic fundamentalisms throughout the region and will contribute to peace and better relations with the West.
Testing the Regulatory Model: The Expansion of Stansted Airport
Authors: STARKIE DAVID
Published: March 2005

This paper examines the application of price‐cap regulation to the UK airport industry, with particular reference to the expansion of London‐Stansted. This expansion is relevant to the debate concerning investment incentives inherent in the RPI–X approach and whether the UK style of regulation encourages the ‘sweating of assets’ at the expense of new investment. Stansted's expansion also suggests a willingness of the authorities to accept the leveraging of market power in pursuit of perceived public‐interest goals; it provides an insight into the behaviour of economic agents when capital market disciplines are mute; and it illustrates some unintended consequences that can follow from market intervention.
Measuring the Impact of Lotteries on State per Pupil Expenditures for Education: Assessing the National Evidence
Authors: Moon Sangho , Stanley Rodney E. , Shin Jaeun
Published: March 2005

State‐operated lotteries have recently been asserted by public administrators and academicians as panaceas for eradicating revenue disparities existing across public school districts in the American states. The purpose of this research project is to empirically test the hypothesis that lottery revenues raise the state expenditures for public education. A state‐level national dataset, which includes fifty American states over the period 1977–1997, was used for the analysis. Pooled time‐series cross‐sectional and ARIMA modeling was employed to test the hypothesis. This study finds that lottery revenues had a positive influence on state per pupil expenditures for education. The evidence for the impact of lotteries on state per pupil expenditures for education was robust and statistically significant.
SiC‐Matrix Composites: Nonbrittle Ceramics for Thermo‐Structural Application
Authors: Naslain Roger R.
Published: March 2005

C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites are tough ceramics when the fiber–matrix bonding is properly optimized, usually through a thin layer of an interfacial material referred to as the interphase. These composites can be fabricated by a variety of techniques that are briefly described and compared. The design of the interphase, matrix, and coating at the nanometer scale, in order to promote microcrack deflection and to enhance the oxidation resistance is discussed. Selected properties of the composites are presented and discussed. Examples of application in engines, heat shields, braking systems, and high‐temperature nuclear reactors are shown to illustrate the potential of these materials and the key points that still require research and development.
A Global Approach to Fiber nD Architectures and Self‐Sealing Matrices: From Research to Production
Authors: Christin F. A.
Published: March 2005

Thermostructural composites (TSC) improvement is one of the key factors to ensure future competitiveness of aeronautical and space engines. The TSC technology developed in Snecma Propulsion Solide is based on continuous fiber‐reinforced composites and carbon or ceramics matrices deposited by chemical vapor infiltration. This article presents a status of the latest improvements for cost savings of composite reinforcements (so‐called texture) and specific matrices developed to increase both durability and temperature capability of previous ceramic composites, operating in oxidative environments.
High‐Performance Boron Nitride‐Containing Composites by Reaction Synthesis for the Applications in the Steel Industry
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Jun , Ando Motohide , Ohji Tatsuki , Kanzaki Shuzo
Published: March 2005

In this study boron nitride‐containing composites (BNCC) with high strength, low Young's modulus and highly improved strain tolerance have been developed by reaction synthesis technology. The in situ formed BN particles with fine (nanosized) particle size were distributed homogeneously and isotropically in the matrixes, which decreased the negative effect of the BN phase on the composite properties. In order to be relevant to the wide applications in the steel industry such as break rings for horizontal casting of steel, the BNCC (i.e., AlON–BN composites) were evaluated in terms of the corrosion resistance to molten steel, wear and thermal shock resistance. The results demonstrate that the AlON–BN composites outperform those of the currently employed materials especially with respect to corrosion resistance.
A Distributed Mechanical System Simulation Platform Based on a “Gluing Algorithm”
Authors: Wang Jinzhong , Ma Zheng-Dong , Hulbert Gregory M.
Published: March 2005

Three key concepts are presented in this paper, which comprise the foundation of a distributed simulation platform for design and virtual prototyping of general mechanical systems that have their subsystems distributed amongst dispersed development units in multilayered supply chains. First, a general and efficient model description for simulation is defined using XML. Each model is described with an XML file and stored in model database. A complete model can then be assembled based on these model descriptions. Simulation of a model is started simply by sending the model description to a simulation server and running it through a web-based graphics user interface. Second, a new gluing algorithm, denoted as the T-T method, is developed, which enables distributed simulations (both the component models and simulation of the components) to be coupled while maintaining the independence of the separate component simulations. Third, a logical distributed simulation architecture is laid out that can be implemented with one of the existing technologies for distributed computing. Interfaces between different network components have been standardized to enable extensibility of the architecture. These concepts have been incorporated into a prototype web-based distributed simulation system that demonstrates the potential of the new techniques for solving real engineering design problems.
EFFICIENT SIMULATION OF AN ACYCLIC DIRECTED RECONFIGURABLE MODEL ON AN UNDIRECTED RECONFIGURABLE MODEL
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-ZEPEDA JOSÉ ALBERTO , FAJARDO-DELGADO DANIEL , CÁRDENAS-HARO JOSÉ ANTONIO , BOURGEOIS ANU G.
Published: March 2005

In this paper we present a simulation of an acyclic n×n DR-Mesh on an n×n LR-Mesh. The simulation is efficient in regards to size since both models use the same number of processors. The worst execution time for this simulation is O(n2) time, but we demonstrate that its average execution time is O( log n). The fastest existing simulation takes O( log n) time, but it uses an extremely large number of processors. On the other hand, the most efficient simulation in terms of size takes O( log 2n) time with O(n4/ log 2n) processors. Both of the existing simulations are for the unrestricted DR-Mesh. This paper provides an important step towards efficiently simulating the unrestricted DR-Mesh on weaker models such as the R-Mesh and the LR-Mesh.
OCCAM'S HIGGS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO THE ELECTROWEAK HIERARCHY PROBLEM
Authors: GOLDMAN T. , NIETO MICHAEL MARTIN
Published: March 2005

We propose a phenomenological solution to the electroweak hierarchy problem. It predicts no new particles beyond those in the Standard Model. The Higgs is arbitrarily massive and slow-roll inflation can be implemented naturally. Loop corrections will be negligible even for large cutoffs.
MEDIATION OF SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING IN EXTRA DIMENSIONS
Authors: SCRUCCA CLAUDIO A.
Published: March 2005

We review the mechanisms of supersymmetry breaking mediation that occur in sequestered models, where the visible and the hidden sectors are separated by an extra dimension and communicate only via gravitational interactions. By locality, soft breaking terms are forbidden at the classical level and reliably computable within an effective field theory approach at the quantum level. We present a self-contained discussion of these radiative gravitational effects and the resulting pattern of soft masses, and give an overview of realistic model building based on this setup. We consider both flat and warped extra dimensions, as well as the possibility that there be localized kinetic terms for the gravitational fields.
Exploring the Relationship Between a Multidimensional and Multifaceted Burnout Concept and Self-Rated Performance
Authors: Demerouti Evangelia , Verbeke Willem J. M. I. , Bakker Arnold B.
Published: March 2005

This study examines the relationship between burnout and performance among three samples of account managers. Using a multidimensional and multifaceted burnout instrument, the authors tried to uncover meaningful configurations based on the basic symptoms of burnout and the role members to whom these symptoms refer. Subsequently, the authors explored how the revealed burnout configurations are related to in-role and extra-role performance. Cluster analysis resulted in five burnout configurations, including the burned-out group, the non-burned-out group, and three moderately burned-out groups. As predicted, the burnout configurations performed differently.
What We Learned From the Oil Crisis of 1973: A 30-Year Retrospective
Authors: Roeder John L.
Published: March 2005

Thirty years ago, the Arab Oil Embargo caused us to stop taking gasoline for granted and caused the author to start teaching students about the importance of energy in our lives. This retrospective shows the same general patterns discerned from a 20-year retrospective a decade ago: a sharp decrease in energy use following each of the two energy crises of the 1970s and a decline in the rate at which energy use increased in the years following. Yet the United States has made little progress to wean itself from its fossil fuels energy diet, and there is little expectation that this will change in the next 50 years.
The Challenge of Infectious Diseases to the Biomedical Paradigm
Authors: Foladori Guillermo
Published: March 2005

The resurgence of infectious diseases and the emergence of infectious diseases raise questions on how to cope with the situation. The germ or clinical approach is the hegemonic biomedical paradigm. In this article, the author argues that the spread of infectious diseases has posted a challenge to the biomedical paradigm and shows how lock-in procedures maintain alternative and complementary medicine paradigms in the backyard.
Cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia in tambaquiColossoma macropomum: chemoreceptor orientation and specificity
Authors: Gilmour K. M. , Milsom W. K. , Rantin F. T. , Reid S. G. , Perry S. F.
Published: March 2005

Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercarbia (elevated water PCO2) in the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum are stimulated by externally oriented receptors that are sensitive to water CO2 tension as opposed to water pH. Cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypercarbia were evaluated in both the absence and presence of internal hypercarbia (elevated blood PCO2), achieved by treating fish with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide. Exposure to acute hypercarbia (15 min at each level, final water CO2 tensions of 7.2,15.5 and 26.3 mmHg) elicited significant increases in ventilation frequency(at 26.3 mmHg, a 42% increase over the normocarbic value) and amplitude(128%), together with a fall in heart rate (35%) and an increase in cardiac stroke volume (62%). Rapid washout of CO2 from the water reversed these effects, and the timing of the changes in cardiorespiratory variables corresponded more closely to the fall in water PCO2(PwCO2) than to that in blood PCO2(PaCO2). Similar responses to acute hypercarbia (15 min,final PwCO2 of 13.6 mmHg) were observed in acetazolamide-treated (30 mg kg-1) tambaqui. Acetazolamide treatment itself, however, increased PaCO2 (from 4.81±0.58 to 13.83±0.91 mmHg, mean ± s.e.m.; N=8) in the absence of significant change in ventilation, heart rate or cardiac stroke volume. The lack of response to changes in blood PCO2 and/or pH were confirmed by comparing responses to the bolus injection of hypercarbic saline(5% or 10% CO2; 2 ml kg-1) into the caudal vein with those to the injection of CO2-enriched water (1%, 3%, 5% or 10%CO2; 50 ml kg-1) into the buccal cavity. Whereas injections of hypercarbic saline were ineffective in eliciting cardiorespiratory responses, changes in ventilation and cardiovascular parameters accompanied injection of CO2-laden water into the mouth. Similar injections of CO2-free water acidified to the corresponding pH of the hypercarbic water (pH 6.3, 5.6, 5.3 or 4.9, respectively) generally did not stimulate cardiorespiratory responses. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that in tambaqui, externally oriented chemoreceptors that are predominantly activated by increases in water PCO2,rather than by accompanying decreases in water pH, are linked to the initiation of cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia.
Constrained optimization in human walking: cost minimization and gait plasticity
Authors: Bertram John E. A.
Published: March 2005

As walking speed increases, consistent relationships emerge between the three determinant parameters of walking, speed, step frequency and step length. However, when step length or step frequency are predetermined rather than speed, different relationships are spontaneously selected. This result is expected if walking parameters are selected to optimize to an underlying objective function, known as the constrained optimization hypothesis. The most likely candidate for the objective function is metabolic cost per distance traveled, where the hypothesis predicts that the subject will minimize the cost of travel under a given gait constraint even if this requires an unusual step length and frequency combination. In the current study this is tested directly by measuring the walking behavior of subjects constrained systematically to determined speeds, step frequencies or step lengths and comparing behavior to predictions derived directly from minimization of measured metabolic cost. A metabolic cost surface in speed-frequency space is derived from metabolic rate for 10 subjects walking at 49 speed-frequency conditions. Optimization is predicted from the iso-energetic cost contours derived from this surface. Substantial congruence is found between the predicted and observed behavior using the cost of walking per unit distance. Although minimization of cost per distance appears to dominate walking control, certain notable differences from predicted behavior suggest that other factors must also be considered. The results of these studies provide a new perspective on the integration of walking cost with neuromuscular control,and provide a novel approach to the investigation of the control features involved in gait parameter selection.
Endothelin-1, superoxide and adeninediphosphate ribose cyclase in shark vascular smooth muscle
Authors: Fellner Susan K. , Parker Laurel
Published: March 2005

In vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of Squalus acanthias, endothelin-1(ET-1) signals via the ETB receptor. In both shark and mammalian VSM, ET-1 induces a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration([Ca2+]i) via activation of the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) and subsequent release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). IP3R-mediated release of SR Ca2+ causes calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) via the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which can be sensitized by cyclic adeninediphosphate ribose (cADPR). cADPR is synthesized from NAD+ by a membrane-bound bifunctional enzyme, ADPR cyclase. We have previously shown that the antagonists of the RyR, Ruthenium Red, high concentrations of ryanodine and 8-Br cADPR, diminish the[Ca2+]i response to ET-1 in shark VSM. To investigate how ET-1 might influence the activity of the ADPR cyclase, we employed inhibitors of the cyclase. To explore the possibility that ET-1-induced production of superoxide (O2.-) might activate the cyclase, we used an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX), DPI and a scavenger of O2.-, TEMPOL. Anterior mesenteric artery VSM was loaded with fura-2AM to measure [Ca2+]i. In Ca2+-free shark Ringers, ET-1 increased[Ca2+]i by 104±8 nmol l-1. The VSM ADPR cyclase inhibitors, nicotinamide and Zn2+, diminished the response by 62% and 72%, respectively. Both DPI and TEMPOL reduced the response by 63%. The combination of the IP3R antagonists, 2-APB or TMB-8, with DPI or TEMPOL further reduced the response by 83%. We show for the first time that in shark VSM, inhibition of the ADPR cyclase reduces the[Ca2+]i response to ET-1 and that superoxide may be involved in the activation of the cyclase.
Monodisperse SiO2/TiO2 Core-shell Colloidal Spheres: Synthesis and Ordered Self-assembling
Authors: Liu Renxiao , Dong Peng , Chen Sheng-Li
Published: March 2005

Monodisperse SiO2/TiO2 core-shell spheres have been prepared with conventional sol–gel method. The thickness of titania coatings on SiO2 spheres was 30 nm, corresponding to 56.48 wt % titania loading and 1.66 effective refractive index of the composite particles. The relative standard deviation of composite spheres diameters distribution is 3.79%. The composite spheres were assembled, by gravity sedimentation, into three-dimensionally ordered colloidal crystals, which showed photonic band gap determined by UV–vis transmission spectrum.
Effect of Corona Poling during Film Casting Process of Photorefractive Polymers
Authors: Tanaka Shin-ya , Nagayama Norio , Yokoyama Masaaki
Published: March 2005

In order to reduce high external voltage application and intense light incidence necessary for driving the photorefractive (PR) polymers, corona poling was newly examined during the film casting process through achieving a well-developed uniaxial orientation of non-linear optic molecules dispersed molecularly in the polymer film. When this technique was combined with our previously reported high temperature casting method, almost the twice large diffractivity of more than 14% with a high response speed of 55 ms was obtained under a relatively moderate applied field of 60 V/μm and low light incidence of 200 mW/cm2.
Cooperative Reorientation of Dichroic Dyes Dispersed in Photo-cross-linkable Polymer Liquid Crystal and Application to Linear Polarizer
Authors: Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Fujio Keita
Published: March 2005

The irradiation with linearly polarized ultraviolet light and subsequent annealing generated a large cooperative reorientation of a photo-cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal (PLC) film doped with a dichroic dye. The resultant film exhibited polarization efficiency of 98.1% and can be applicable to a linear polarizer. The fabrication of a patterned polarizer is also demonstrated using a photomask.
Controlled Synthesis of Novel Flower-shaped BaCrO4 Crystals
Authors: Liu Shengwei , Yu Jiaguo , Cheng Bei , Zhang Qingjie
Published: March 2005

Flower-shaped BaCrO4 crystals have been synthesized via a facile polymer-mediated crystallization process at ambient temperature. A possible formation process has been proposed accounting for the formation of BaCrO4 flower.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 5‐[2‐(Morpholin‐4‐yl)acetamido] and/or 5‐[2‐(4‐Substituted piperazin‐1‐yl)acetamido]‐2‐(p‐substituted phenyl)benzoxazoles
Authors: Temiz‐Arpacı Özlem , Özdemir Aliye , Yalçın İsmail , Yıldız İlkay , Akı‐Şener Esin , Altanlar Nurten
Published: March 2005

In this study, a series of twelve novel 5‐[2‐(morpholin‐4‐yl)acetamido] and/or 5‐[2‐(4‐substituted pip‐erazine‐1‐yl)acetamido]‐2‐(p‐substituted phenyl]benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral data. These compounds were prepared by reacting 5‐(2‐chloroacetamido)‐2‐(4‐p‐substituted‐phenyl)benzoxazoles, which were obtained by using 5‐amino‐2‐[p‐substituted‐phenyl]benzoxazoles with chloroacetyl chloride, in the presence of morpholine or 1‐substituted piperazines. All synthesized compounds 3–14 were tested by using the method of twofold serial dilution technique for in vitro activities against certain strains of Gram‐positive, Gram‐negative bacteria as well as the yeasts Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida glabrata in comparison with standard drugs. Microbiological results showed that the newly synthesized compounds possessed a broad spectrum of activity, showing MIC values of 3.12–50 μg/mL against the Candida species.
Surgical anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk
Authors: Kiray A. , Arman C. , Naderi S. , Güvencer M. , Korman E.
Published: March 2005

Lack of knowledge of the anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) may complicate surgical procedures on the cervical spine. This study aims to define linear and angular relations of the CST with respect to consistent structures around it, including the number and size of the cervical ganglia, the distances between the CST and the longus colli muscle and the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. Morphometric parameters of the 24 CSTs of 12 adults were measured on both sides. The CST had superior, middle, and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 20.8% of specimens; superior and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 45.8%; superior, middle, vertebral, inferior, or cervicothoracic ganglia in 12.5%, and superior, vertebral, inferior or cervicothoracic ganglia in 20.8% of specimens. The superior ganglion was observed in all specimens, the middle ganglion and vertebral ganglion were each observed in 33.3%. There was no difference between the number of superior and vertebral ganglia between the right and left sides. The average distance between the CST and the medial border of the ipsilateral longus colli muscle (LCM) was 17.2 mm at C3 and 12.4 mm at C7. As the CSTs converged caudally, the LCMs diverged. The average distance between the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and the lateral borders of the ipsilateral CST was 3.4 mm at C4, 3.2 mm at C5, and 3.9 mm at C6. The presence of a vertebral ganglion and variations, such as the localization of the CST within the carotid sheath, are important. The anatomical landmarks described should assist the spinal surgeon to avoid injury of the CST. Clin. Anat. 18:179–185, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of biceps brachii and brachialis: Anatomical and surgical approach
Authors: Vicente D. Pacha , Calvet P. Forcada , Burgaya A. Carrera , Pérez M. Llusá
Published: March 2005

This study describes the anatomy of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) in the middle and lower thirds of the arm, with special reference to the motor branches to the biceps and brachialis muscles, given their importance in certain clinical, particularly surgical, procedures. In each dissection (46 upper limbs) we recorded the course of the MCN and its variations, and the number, type of distribution pattern and length of the motor branches to the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. We also recorded the position at which those branches arose from the MCN trunk. We found three branching patterns for biceps brachii: 1) one branch (60.5%); 2) two branches, one for each biceps head (27.9%); and 3) two branches, one for the two biceps heads and one for the common belly (11.6%). The mean distance between the acromion and the motor branches to biceps brachii was 133.8 mm, 45.3% of the acromion‐lateral epicondyle distance. The mean length of those branches was 31.2 mm. We found two branching patterns for brachialis: 1) one branch (72.1%); and 2) two branches (27.9%). These motor nerves to brachialis arose from the MCN at a mean distance of 185.3 mm, 61.5% of the acromion‐lateral epicondyle distance, and their average length was 33.0 mm. The data were expressed as the percentage of the distance between the acromion and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, to make their clinical use easy and to avoid errors caused by anthropometric differences. Clin. Anat. 18:186–194, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epoxy‐resin injection of the cerebral arterial microvasculature: An evaluation of the limits of spatial resolution in 8 Tesla MRI
Authors: Dashner Roger A. , Clark David L. , Kangarlu Allahyar , Baudendistel Klaus T. , Chakeres Donald W.
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial resolution of microscopic arteries on magnetic resonance images acquired at 8 Tesla (T). Techniques similar to those used for standard MRI of the human brain in vivo at 8 T were utilized to generate high‐resolution gradient echo (GE) images of a whole postmortem human brain whose common carotid arterial system had been injected with an epoxy‐resin. Single slice images, along with summed images of up to 5 contiguous slices, were then compared to color digital photographs detailing the distribution of the arterial system on the surface of the same injected brain. There was excellent MR visualization of the microscopic cerebral arteries down to a spatial resolution of 200 μm. Through the use of an 8 T whole‐body MRI scanner and standard GE imaging sequences, microscopic arterial structures can be clearly resolved down to a dimension of 200 μm. Clin. Anat. 18:164–170, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical study of the pudendal nerve adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament
Authors: Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Surin Patcharin , Vaidhayakarn Pidhyasak
Published: March 2005

The pudendal nerve (S3–S5) is a major branch of the sacral plexus. After branching from the sacral plexus, the pudendal nerve travels through three main regions: the gluteal region, the pudendal canal, and the perineum. In the gluteal region, the pudendal nerve lies posterior to the sacrospinous ligament. The relationship of the pudendal nerve to the sacrospinous ligament has important clinical ramifications, but there is a lack of literature examining the variations in pudendal nerve anatomy in the gluteal region. This study investigates the pudendal nerve trunking in relation to the sacrospinous ligament in 37 cadavers (73 sides of pelves) of 21 males and 16 females, ranging from 18–83 years of age. Pudendal nerve trunking could be grouped into five types: Type I is defined as one‐trunked (41/73; 56.2%), Type II is two‐trunked (8/73; 11%), Type III is two‐trunked with one trunk as an inferior rectal nerve piercing through the sacrospinous ligament (8/73; 11%), Type IV is two‐trunked with one as an inferior rectal nerve not piercing through the sacrospinous ligament (7/73; 9.5%), and Type V is three‐trunked (9/73; 12.3%). In summary, 56.2% of pudendal nerves adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament were one‐trunked, 31.5% were two‐trunked and 12.3% were three‐trunked. Fifteen inferior rectal nerves originated independently from the S4 root and never joined the main pudendal nerve. Eight of fifteen inferior rectal nerves pierced through the sacrospinous ligament, perhaps making it prone for entrapment. We measured the average diameter of the main trunk of the pudendal nerve to be 4.67 ± 1.17 mm. We also measured the average length of the pudendal nerve trunks before terminal branching to be 25.14 ± 10.29 mm. There was no significant statistical difference in the average length, average diameter, number of trunks, and pudendal nerve variations between male and female or right or left sides of the pelves. A detailed study of pudendal nerve trunking in relationship to the sacrospinous ligament would be useful for instruction in basic anatomy courses and in relevant clinical settings as well. Clin. Anat. 18:200–205, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the cutaneous innervation patterns of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot
Authors: Madhavi C. , Isaac B. , Antoniswamy B. , Holla Sunil J.
Published: March 2005

The present study attempts to determine the cutaneous pattern of distribution of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot to note the predominant pattern present and whether there was any association between the innervation pattern and sex or side. A total of 260 Indian feet (78 adult feet: 60 male, 18 female; 52 fetal feet: 20 male, 32 female) were dissected. The results showed six patterns of innervation of the toes by the sural nerve. In Type I, the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes by the superficial peroneal nerve alone (35.38%). In Type II the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 4th and 5th toes by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (10%). In Type III the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (21.15%). In Type IV the lateral 1½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd and 4th toes by the superficial peroneal nerve alone (3.85%). In Type V the lateral 1½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd and 4th toes were supplied by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (5%). In Type VI the lateral 2½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone (24.61%). The predominant patterns were Type I (35.38%), Type VI (24.61%), and Type III (21.15%). There was no association between the innervation pattern of the sural nerve and sex or side. The pattern, which is usually described, was found in only 35.38% of feet. Considering the variation in the pattern of cutaneous distribution of the sural nerve in Indian feet, the function of the sural nerve may be to supply a wider area of skin than is usually described. Clin. Anat. 18:206–209, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agenesis of sphenoid sinuses
Authors: Anik Ihsan , Anik Yonca , Koc Kenan , Ceylan Savas
Published: March 2005

A 22‐year‐old female patient presented to our hospital complaining of a headache. Evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the absence of sphenoid sinus. Agenesis of sphenoid sinus is a rare entity; it usually occurs with syndromes. A case of sphenoid sinus agenesis without any anomaly or syndrome is reported. Clin. Anat. 18:217–219, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mandibular landmarks as an aid in minimizing injury to the marginal mandibular branch: A metric and geometric anatomical study
Authors: Potgieter W. , Meiring J.H. , Boon J.M. , Pretorius E. , Pretorius J.P. , Becker P.J.
Published: March 2005

Iatrogenic injury to the marginal mandibular branch is an important reason for medicolegal actions. The aim of this study was to determine the distance of the marginal mandibular branch to the inferior border of the mandible as well as variation of nerve position in relation to this border. The marginal mandibular branch was dissected carefully in a number of 36 facial halves. Three points were identified on the inferior border of the mandibular ramus: Point A at the angle of the mandible, Point B just anterior to the facial artery, and Point C, 2 cm anterior to Point B. A metric and geometric morphometric analysis, including thin‐plate spline and relative warp analysis was done to determine the variation of nerve position in relation to these three bony landmarks. The metric study indicated a median distance from Point A to the nerve 2.3 mm inferior to Point A, 2.4 mm superior to Point B, and 10.7 mm superior to Point C. The shape analysis indicated that variation in the position of the nerve occurs most commonly at Points A and B. We conclude that these mandibular landmarks may assist surgeons in minimizing marginal mandibular branch injury and patient discomfort. Clin. Anat. 18:171–178, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positional and geometrical anionic isomer separations by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Nogami Chika , Sawada Hirokazu
Published: March 2005

Capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) was applied to the analysis of polar positional and geometrical anionic isomers. Since the investigated positional and geometrical anionic isomers have different pKa values, they could be separated by CE‐ESI‐MS under simple analytical conditions using a bare fused‐silica capillary and volatile ammonium acetate buffer after optimizing buffer pH. Ortho‐, meta‐, para‐hydroxybenzoate positional isomers were completely separated on a fused‐silica capillary with 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 10.0, and cis‐, trans‐cyclohexane dicarboxylate geometrical isomers could be also separated with 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Several analytical parameters affecting ESI‐MS sensitivity were also investigated. It was found that both running buffer pH and sheath liquid pH had significant effects on the selectivity and the sensitivity on CE‐ESI‐MS analysis while sheath flow rate and other parameters had little influence. Under optimized conditions, linearity, detection limit, and repeatability of the analysis of hydroxybenzoate isomers were examined, and good results were obtained. It was found that the method presented in this paper is a simple, robust, and cost‐effective method for simultaneous analysis of positional and geometrical anionic isomers as well as of other small anionic compounds.
Discovery of biomarkers in human urine and cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry: Towards new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches
Authors: Wittke Stefan , Mischak Harald , Walden Michael , Kolch Walter , Rädler Thomas , Wiedemann Klaus
Published: March 2005

We report on our results using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) to examine human bodyfluids. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, data on two different bodyfluids, urine and cerebrospinal fluid, are shown. CE‐MS analysis of human urine enables the identification of a series of polypeptides which serve as biomarkers for a variety of different renal diseases. The polypeptides are utilized to generate disease‐specific polypeptide patterns. Diagnosis of these diseases is possible based on these polypeptide patters. Further, due to the high mass accuracy, polypeptides of interest can subsequently be identified using tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. The patterns, which are based on distinct polypeptides, allow differentiation of even similar diseases like focal‐segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD). We present preliminary data suggesting that the indicative polypeptides also enable to evaluate therapy success. Initial data obtained on human cerebrospinal fluid strongly suggest that CE‐MS analysis of low‐molecular‐weight proteins and peptides reveals several potential biomarkers for schizophrenia as well as Alzheimer's disease. In conclusion, the data presented here indicate that CE‐MS analysis, applied towards different human bodyfluids, holds the promise to allow diagnosis, staging, and evaluation of therapy success of a large number of diseases, due to its ability to display ca. 1000 individual native polypeptides within ca. 60 min.
Capillary electrophoresis‐laser induced fluorescence‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry: A case study
Authors: Huhn Carolin , Neusüß Christian , Pelzing Matthias , Pyell Ute , Mannhardt Joachim , Pütz Michael
Published: March 2005

The simultaneous hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) as a novel combined detection system for CE is presented. β‐Carbolines were chosen as model analytes with a forensic background. Nonaqueous CE as well as conventional CE with an aqueous buffer system are compared concerning efficiency and obtainable detection limits. The distance between the optical detection window and the sprayer tip was minimized by placing the optical cell directly in front of the electrospray interface. Similar separation efficiencies for both detection modes could thus be obtained. No significant peak‐broadening induced by the MS interface was observed. The high fluorescence quantum yield and the high proton affinity of the model analytes investigated resulted in limits of detection in the fg (nmol/L) range for both detection methods. The analysis of confiscated ayahuasca samples and ethanolic plant extracts revealed complementary selectivities for LIF and MS detection. Thus, it is possible to improve peak identification of the solutes investigated by the use of these two detection principles.