bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces quartering as a social and political experience that proved instrumental to the coming of the American Revolution. It reviews the historical literature on quartering in the context of studies of the American Revolution, noting that many historians have mistakenly argued that the Quartering Act forced British soldiers into colonial Americans’ homes; it also situates the history of quartering within the Atlantic World. It asserts that quartering is best approached as a topic about place and place-making, touching on the literature of military geography, arguing that the spatial lessons of quartering in Revolutionary America have had long-lasting consequences. It concludes with an overview of the book.
Houses
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates quartering in houses, a common practice in colonial America, and details struggles to billet troops from ancient times to the eighteenth century. It asks why quartering in houses was challenged in seventeenth-century England, and how this introduced the ideal of the home as a distinct place of domestic privacy, absent of military geography. When the French and Indian War brought large numbers of British regular soldiers to North America, American colonists were forced to quarter troops, and this elicited a variety of reactions, with some colonies billeting soldiers in private homes, some in public houses, and others in alternative locales like barracks.
Borderland
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2020

This chapter unearths quartering on the North American borderland where colonists and Native Americans struggled to live alongside one another, especially in the backcountry between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. The Quartering Act included provisions to extend the law to places that were not organized British colonies, although this enforcement largely failed. Colonists and speculators advocated opening the backcountry to colonization as a means of paying for quartering troops, while Indian superintendents and British officers sought to leave the region to Native Americans. Ultimately, neither side prevailed; the borderland persisted and quartering in the backcountry remained an unsolved problem.
The Urban University as Community Service Institution
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 portrays Gaylord P. Harnwell’s effort to make the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) a “community service institution,” in part by stimulating Philadelphia’s economic development. Penn’s unfolding understanding of its identity as an “urban university” and its almost overnight creation of the intellectual center of American city planning suggest the impact that both the legacy of the New Deal state and the increasingly urban setting of higher education in the postwar years had on American universities’ instrumental turn. This chapter also illustrates how both Kerr’s ideas about universities and the nascent concept of a knowledge economy began to play out in places around the country, such as in Harnwell’s work with the University City Science Center and the Governor’s Council of Science and Technology.
Founding the University of California at Irvine
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 shows how the University of California at Irvine, planned under Kerr’s guidance, exemplified the instrumental university in its attempt to install perhaps the most pervasive high modern social science program ever attempted on an American campus. UC Irvine’s planners designed it to be a new kind of land-grant institution, in which social sciences replaced the agricultural sciences. Kerr and his colleagues placed tremendous expectations on interdisciplinary social science for leading humanity to a brighter future. This chapter tells how three related UC Irvine units—the Division of Social Sciences, the Graduate School of Administration, and the Public Policy Research Organization (PPRO)—attempted and failed to realize these expectations.
Epilogue
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

The epilogue treats critics of American modernity and the instrumental university, especially the sociologist Robert Nisbet, a University of California faculty member (and sometime administrator) at Berkeley and Riverside from 1939 to 1972 who knew Clark Kerr. Nisbet lashed out at organized research in his 1971 book The Degradation of the Academic Dogma, where he coined the term “academic capitalism.” The most unfortunate consequence of the ORU’s rise to prominence, Nisbet believed, was that it separated research from teaching, thus tearing asunder what he conceived as a coherent fabric of academic practice. Nisbet’s thought provides a helpful framework for assessing the instrumental university’s legacy for higher education and American society today.
The Carter Presidency and the United Nations
Authors: vanden Heuvel William
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins by detailing Ambassador vanden Heuvel's role as co-chair of Jimmy Carter's New York state presidential campaign. An early supporter of Carter, vanden Heuvel helped in Carter's transformation from a little-known Georgia governor to the Democratic nominee. After Carter's election, he was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva. He became Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN in New York in late 1979. His tenure in New York coincided with the Iranian hostage crisis, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and increasing tensions in the Middle East. He discusses the marginalisation of the UN in the approach to the 2003 Iraq War, as well as his work with Senator Ted Kennedy and President Bill Clinton on UN issues. The accompanying speech argues for the importance of the UN in the international order and America's responsibility to support it, despite hostility from Congress and neo-conservatives.
Reflections on Years to Come
Authors: vanden Heuvel William
Published: January 2020

In his final chapter, Ambassador vanden Heuvel outlines four sources of danger for American democracy today: endless war, stemming from the fallout of the 9/11 attacks and the US war on Iraq, racism, corruption and the abuse of money, and the Trump administration's assault on our democratic institutions, especially the media and the judiciary. He calls for a return to common sense, respect for the United Nations and a commitment to peace and a truly civil society, despite mankind's failure to achieve it thus far. He concludes by encouraging us to live life with courage and optimism.
Framing the Balsero Crisis
Authors: Gosin Monika
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates El Nuevo Herald and Miami Times coverage of the 1994 Balsero crisis. In response to the crisis, the Clinton administration began closing the open-door welcome to Cuban refugees. The Herald conveyed Cuban-American anger and sense of betrayal, as they rallied to the Balseros’ cause. The chapter argues that the Herald capitalized on the white mainstream belief that immigrants can become “good immigrants” by demonstrating willingness to suffer for privileges rather than expect handouts. In the Times, African-Americans continued to critique the differential treatment of black Haitians and “white” Cubans, and voiced frustration that after more than a century as suffering “Americans,” blacks were still deemed unworthy citizens by white elites. Taken together, the chapter offer a critique to an unspoken rule of U.S. citizenship which requires suffering from racialized groups, and contends that interethnic conflict emerges as groups are coerced to compete over who has suffered most.
Afro-Cuban Encounters at the Intersections of Blackness and Latinidad
Authors: Gosin Monika
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 illuminates how Afro-Cubans present a challenge to the exclusionary racializing frames discussed in the previous chapters, and to African American-Latino divisions more broadly. Focusing on in-depth interviews with post-1980 Afro-Cuban immigrants, the chapter forefronts their voices in the Miami scenario, and extends the intellectual conversation beyond it. Analyzing Afro-Cuban stories about their experiences navigating identity and community belonging among white Cubans and African Americans in Miami, and African Americans and Mexican Americans in Los Angeles, the chapter demonstrates how they strategically undermine fixed notions of race and ethnicity and create spaces for coalition. The chapter argues that listening closely to these Afro-Cuban voices allows greater insight into how people situated “in-between” confront dominant racial frames. Furthermore, their negotiations of race help resist “color-blind” celebrations of multiplicity as they also make visible the cost of being raced by challenging the stigma attached to black identity.
Soweto
Authors: Mendenhall Emily
Published: January 2020

Chapter Four, Delhi, introduces Meena, a Hindu woman residing in a government housing settlement in north Delhi. She faces complexities of diabetes, distress, and social pressures linked with social mobility and financial insecurity. For instance, intergenerational stress associated with joint-family living arrangements cultivates both memories of suffering at the hands of her mother-in-law and survival strategies through the support of her daughter-in-law for Meena's diabetes and mental health. While articulating swift-changing cultural norms, this chapter also reveals the social impact on conditions like diabetes on low-income populations who are largely overlooked in epidemiological transitions in low-income countries. Meena's narrative critiques how scholars conceive of diabetes in India, and argues that the experience of diabetes as an illness is fundamentally different when people face economic scarcity. The narrative reveals how the confluence of poverty, culture change, social demands, psychological distress, and care-seeking delays create a unique syndemic within a context focused on social mobility and material success.
The Politics of Prohibition
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at Afghanistan’s involvement in the legal trade of opium and why Afghanistan eventually banned production and sale. During the 1930s and 1940s, Afghanistan actively traded opium with a host European and Asian countries, and by World War II, increased opium exports to the United States. This proved critical to the future of drug control. Although Afghanistan proved to have an abundance of high-quality opium, American officials feared the Afghan government lacked control. In an effort to solidify international drug controls, the US agreed to expand diplomatic relations and invest heavily in economic development, in exchange for Afghanistan prohibiting drugs in 1945. Although the prohibition failed, it was the first instance of Afghanistan using drug control as a means improving diplomatic channels to help build the Afghan state.
The Afghan Connection
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores how Richard Nixon’s War on Drugs transformed efforts by the Afghan government to stop the illicit drug trade. Greater pressure from the US government to enforce local drug laws in drug producing countries led to disruptions in the global supply of heroin, but not in Afghanistan. Opium and heroin continued to be smuggled into Iran, and Afghanistan seemed incapable of stopping the flow. With the assistance of anti-drug operatives from the DEA and the United Nations, the Afghan government established anti-smuggling units to combat the growing drug trade. This chapter demonstrates that the increased enforcement efforts did little to curb the flow of drugs, primarily because counter-narcotics operations were continually hampered by corrupt police, local political realities, and ethnic infighting.
Epilogue
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter details the connections between the contemporary drug trade and the historical antecedents analyzed in the previous chapters. It discusses how opium became an essential component of the war economy, and how many of the same problems that plagued counter-narcotics operations in previous decades continued to plague Afghanistan during the regimes of Hamid Karzai and Ashraf Ghani. Ultimately, the chapter examines how illicit drug production is intimately tied to issues of governance in Afghanistan, and how cornerstones of counter-narcotics operations, particularly interdiction and crop eradications, do little to improve governance, and instead, perpetuate the illicit drug trade, while reinforcing the legitimacy of anti-state groups, like the Taliban. To echo a recurring theme of the book, drug control was, and still is, deeply problematic and ineffective in Afghanistan.
Before the Beginning
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

These sections introduce the structure and approach of the book. The ethnographic orientation is described as a commitment to explore the everyday practice of architecture, as architects experience and understand this. The descriptive orientation and aspiration is explained. The conceptual inspirations are outlined as a novel conjunction: of practice-based approaches to architecture, design and creativity; and those involving a more humanist imperative to 'humanise the expert'.
Understanding Architecture
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In an effort to understand, I spent an extended period living and working with the ten MHW architects. Guided in part by the things they found interesting themselves and in part by what seemed interesting to me, I did what I could to explore the contours of this world....
Designing and Making
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

The office bears the trace of other times and places. As I experienced it in 2014, the room contained ten architects, then involved in the construction of four buildings, with numerous other design projects at various stages of completion. When I visited two years previously, there were still only six architects, working in an office in the house of Tomas’s codirector, Tom, in an extension he had himself designed. The practice had moved there a couple of years before, having outgrown an adapted garden shed at the end of Tomas’s rented cottage. Freezing in winter and too hot in summer, the shed was where they first set up office and where they subsequently took on their first employee. These details are themselves part of a story I hear recounted on a number of occasions. They are factually correct but convey a narrative truth beyond this: of sacrifice, and of rapid change from humble beginnings that is a source collective pride. Alongside this are ambivalences, anxieties that the progress won through hard work has nonetheless been accompanied by changes about which they are more ambivalent....
Between Intuition and Exploration
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Within the practice there are as many approaches to design as there are designers—in fact, more than that, because the quest for novelty means that the method is never entirely resolved. As architects make a professional virtue of questioning themselves, they likewise make a virtue of questioning their methods. Tom reflects on the development of his own approach:...
Between One and One Another
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Design emerges through interactions with clients. It is also centrally shaped through interactions with others in the office.

The “Friday review” is the weekly slot where designs are discussed by the whole practice. During one of these sessions, Ronan is presenting ideas he has been working on. He starts by explaining the brief, which is simple: there is a house at the head of a wooded valley; the house doesn’t make the most of its site and isn’t well adapted to the needs of the clients who live in it, a middle-aged couple with older children. He notes, in passing, that they own the local builders merchants, a detail that is not elaborated but, in the absence of a fixed budget, seems intended to convey the likelihood the budget will be generous. He illustrates the site with plans and maps, gesturing and pointing as he talks. As he describes what he shows, he shuffles and rearranges papers, moving between a map of the site, plans of the building, and images of the site. What Ronan shows through this description is a building on a steep slope, “marooned” at the edge of a large plot. The views are “fantastic,” but windows and rooms are configured so that the views are rarely seen. The existing building is “uninspiring.” Ronan shows us some of his ideas. My untrained eyes focus on the elegant tidiness of his pencil sketches, but Ronan doesn’t see this: looking at his plans and sketches, he is looking at an idea that doesn’t quite work, a solution he can’t yet see....
Reflection: Creativity and its Limits
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Where do ideas come from?

In architecture as in design and art more generally, ideas of creative individuality have had a powerful explanatory hold, at least from the Enlightenment onward. One striking twentieth-century depiction is Ayn Rand’s character Howard Roark in the novel The Fountainhead...
Petrified Drawing
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

We arrive on-site in sunshine. Carpenters are busy, singing loudly along to the radio: an uninhibited celebration of tunelessness. They are erecting the wooden frame that, as Rob puts it, “is beginning to make the house seem real.” “That’s exciting!” Tomas remarks, eyes lighting up with obvious satisfaction. “The experience of seeing a design built is always strange and always exciting,” he later remarks. “As an architect, you spend time coming up with ideas, playing around with sketches. Everything seems very abstract and conceptual. Then you arrive on-site and suddenly it’s all very real. Walls are being erected, concrete set. You think, ‘Someone’s actually built it’—you’re like, ‘it was only an idea!’ ” He describes returning to a completed building, and the uncanny sense of literally inhabiting your own imagination: “I’m now inside my drawing!”...
Disentanglement
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Construction entangles various people and things that must be disentangled for the building to exist as “property.”28 As contract administrators, architects oversee these transactions, acting as independent adjudicators to regulate the flow: the contractor must build to the specifications that are contractually outlined in the schedule of works according to the outlined timeline; the client must in turn disburse a given amount of funds at a time agreed in advance....
Professionalism
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Tom, the codirector of the practice, describes the personal attributes required to oversee a contract: “Running a project on-site, as a contracted administrator, requires very little of what I would call the deeply creative stuff but lots of being very process driven, logical, practical, and interpersonal.” These are elements of “professionalism.” What does this mean in practice?...
Listen: Control and Creativity
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Tomas, Milo, and Rob are in discussion.

TOMAS:

A lot of the issues we deal with are about control. While I feel we ultimately are in control of the projects we are working on, sometimes in the thick of a situation there can be a feeling of a loss of control. The more we can do to counter this, the better. You will never be in control of everything, but there can be an ambition toward that. I can imagine processes that we become really in control of, and I feel really confident that we know how to do them. Actually, I think we’re very, very close to it, where it’s things that we’re doing again and again, like a new-build house. These things are difficult, but learning from the previous projects, we can really learn to control them—control clients’ expectations, control contractors on-site. I’d really like to get to the position that we just feel in control on all of those things, which I think we’re close to. But there are some things we don’t, and that’s including our own time on a project. I think some of my recent frustrations have been when I feel we’re slightly out of control, and that’s where I just get frustrated, because I feel like we should be there. There’s another question, though, on top of that. So, say we achieve this position where we’re now totally in control of the project. I then want to question it, like “Is that where we want to be?” I want to get there first....
“A Draft-Dodging Business”
Authors: Rutenberg Amy J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the creation of anti-poverty programs that functioned through the military manpower procurement system. Military resources were tapped to fight the War on Poverty and the War on Poverty was used to staff the military. Civilian rehabilitation programs identified clients through the system used to conscript soldiers. The Pentagon’s Project 100,000 drafted men otherwise unqualified for military service into the armed forces, ostensibly to offer them skills they could use to become successful breadwinners in their civilian lives. Civilian rehabilitation programs and Project 100,000 both were based on the assumption that useful men financially supported their families. Both explicitly tied breadwinner masculinity to citizenship in the name of national defense. And both specifically targeted poor and minority men, overtly tying this constituency to the military to the exclusion of wealthier (white) men.
Conclusion
Authors: Rutenberg Amy J.
Published: January 2020

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
“Native,” “Jewish,” and “European”
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the changes that took place in Constantine following the French conquest, and the emergence of new laws that determined the civil status of French Algeria’s colonial subjects living under French sovereignty. These laws on civil status in turn shaped the development of the colonial economy, the transfer of land, and the level of political representation afforded the different groups who made up the polity in French Algeria.
French Algeria’s Dual Fracture
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the way that political polarization in the 1920s and 1930s played out in both metropolitan France and in French Algeria. Extremisms of both the right and the left challenged the legitimacy of the Third Republic. This confrontation between left and right was complicated in French Algeria by the appearance of an active cohort of Muslim politicians running for office under the terms of the 1919 law. By the early 1930s this cohort was led by a dynamic politician from Constantine named Mohamed Bendjelloul, whose activities created tension within the local political establishment.
Provocation, Difference, and Public Space
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter assembles a broad array of archival sources on street-level interactions involving soldiers, café patrons, brothel owners, market-sellers, landlords, tenants, as well as children and adolescents that were retroactively seen as contributing to a rise in tension between Muslims and Jews in the city, beginning as early as 1914, but accelerating considerably in the late 1920s. This accumulation of incidents leading to interpersonal violence converged with and reinforced an atmosphere of political uncertainty related to the activities of the Federation of Muslim Elected Officials led by Mohamed Bendjelloul.
Sunday, August 5, 1934
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter reconstructs the events that led to the deaths of 28 people in Constantine and its near environs on Sunday, August 5, highlighting the links to the political context created by Bendjelloul’s campaign in the preceding months. Bendjelloul himself tried to prevent the violence from spreading, but rumors of his assassination fueled the disorder in the streets.
The Agitator
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the evidence that Mohamed El Maadi, who was later a member of a right-wing terrorist group known as the Cagoule in 1937-1939, and an enthusiastic supporter of the Vichy Regime’s anti-Jewish policy during World War 2, was one of the primary agitators of the violence in Constantine in August 1934. The chapter cites evidence from the police archives from both Paris and Algeria, suggesting that the police themselves were convinced that El Maadi was involved, though they never spoke of this publicly. These documents reinforce the original conclusion of the Police Mobile that a small group of agitators could have incited and participated in at least 16 and perhaps as many as 20 of the 25 Jews who were killed on August 5, 1934.
The Trials
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

The trials of those charged with murder during the August 1934 riots in Constantine took place in July 1935 and February 1936, in the midst of a rapidly deteriorating political atmosphere in Algeria. I argue that the evidence points to a degree of collusion among the prosecutors and defense lawyers to control the narrative of the riots that emerged in the public accounts of the trials. Mohamed El Maadi appeared briefly in one of the trials as a witness for the prosecution, and the lawyers on all sides reinforced the assumption that the story of the riots was best understood as contrasting “Jewish” and “Muslim” narratives that had little to do with the broader political context of French colonial reforms.
Conclusion
Authors: Houghton Vince
Published: January 2020

Even the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb in August, 1949 did not convince most Americans to reconsider their perception of Soviet science. American scientific, military, and policymaking elite spread blame widely for the intelligence failure, but refused to acknowledge the possibility of Soviet scientific strength as the primary culprit. Instead, they latched onto ideas that mitigated the impact of Soviet scientific ability.
While the rest of the American national security system was improving, the refusal to give Soviet science the credit where credit was due meant that the American scientific intelligence apparatus continued to falter well into the 1950s. The CIA’s Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) – which was explicitly created to collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence concerning enemy scientific development – did not become an effective intelligence agency until the 1960s, despite the emerging Soviet atomic threat.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the following puzzle: why does the most powerful nation in the world achieve triumphant military victories, but botch nearly everything that comes next? In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, our military achieved smashing success on the battlefield, but not long after we popped the champagne, things went horribly wrong. This chapter begins to put these wars into a broader context by weaving them into a larger story. It outlines the tension between fostering democracy and seeking to withdraw as quickly as possible. It also highlights the pathologies that contribute to the problem, along with the three postwar planning tasks that can help us surmount the obstacles.
Iraq
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores postwar planning for Iraq using a similar approach to that used in Chapters 1 and 2. Specifically, it addresses how postwar planning for Iraq unfolded from the 1990s through May 2003, how we handled the planning tasks, and finally, why we conducted the planning so poorly. In particular it explores how the unresolved tension between promoting democracy and a rapid withdrawal helped derail the postwar approach. The U.S. did not develop a cohesive strategy to address the underlying trade-offs, so the Iraq planning was at odds with itself. This helped give rise to incompatible goals, a flourishing of governmental infighting, and a general sense of confusion that squandered our key window of opportunity. This chapter illustrates how we might have made smarter choices in Iraq, and probably attained a better outcome.
Conclusion
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines the deeply damaging consequences of our recent debacles overseas, and how America seems to have lost its way. It outlines key lessons we should take away from this book, as well as a few myths we should seek to expose. It concludes by highlighting current threats and challenges, and how the U.S. role in the world has been transforming in deeply unsettling ways. Overall, this chapter underscores how we can lessen the risk of future disasters, and ideally, help attain better outcomes.
Introduction
Authors: King Emily L.
Published: January 2020

The introduction establishes the primary attributes of civil vengeance and distinguishes it from traditional revenge. Relying on an examination of literary texts that include Shakespeare’s Hamlet and John Marston’s Antonio’s Revenge as well as early modern medical tracts, the introduction argues that civil vengeance transforms characters and subjects to withstand the superlative demands of civil vengeance.
Occurrence, ecological function and medical importance of dermestid beetle hastisetae
Authors: Ruzzier Enrico , Kadej Marcin , Battisti Andrea
Published: January 2020

Hastisetae are a specific group of detachable setae characterizing the larvae of Megatominae (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), commonly known as carpet and khapra beetles. These setae are located on both thoracic and abdominal tergites and they are the primary defense of the larva against invertebrate predators. According to previous studies, the main purpose of hastisetae is to work as a mechanical obstacle, but they are also capable to block and kill a predator. Hastisetae, single or aggregate, function as an extremely efficient mechanical trap, based on an entangling mechanism of cuticular structures (spines and hairs) and body appendages (antennae, legs and mouthparts). It is believed that this defensive system evolved primarily to contrast predation by invertebrates, however it has been observed that hastisetae may affect vertebrates as well. Although information on the impacts of vertebrate predators of the beetles is lacking, hastisetae have been shown to be a possible threat for human health as an important contaminant of stored products (food and fabric), work and living environment. Review of past and recent literature on dermestid larvae has revealed that despite these structures indicated as one of the distinctive characters in species identification, very little is known about their ultrastructure, evolution and mechanism of action. In the present work, we will provide the state of knowledge on hastisetae in Dermestidae and we will present and discuss future research perspectives intended to bridge the existing knowledge gaps.
Growth rate and locomotor performance tradeoff is not universal in birds
Authors: Zhao Tao , Li Zhiheng
Published: January 2020

Though a tradeoff between growth rate and locomotor performance has been proposed, empirical data on this relationship are still limited. Here we statistically analyze the associations of growth rate and flight ability in birds by assessing how growth rate is correlated with three wing parameters of birds: flight muscle ratio, wing aspect ratio, and wing loading. We find that fast-growing birds tended to have higher flight muscle ratios and higher wing loadings than slow-growing birds, which suggests that fast-growing birds may have better takeoff performance, but lower efficiency in maneuvering flight. Accordingly, our findings suggest that the relationship between growth rate and flight ability is more complex than a simple tradeoff. Since the hindlimbs also contribute greatly to the locomotion of birds, future investigations on the relationship between growth rate and hindlimb performance will provide more insights into the evolution of birds.
As decisões dos atores sociais e a recuperação da economia de Ipatinga-MG
Authors: Souza Simone De
Published: January 2020

O artigo busca apresentar o paradigma nacional-desenvolvimentista – que teve como um de seus traços mais importantes a construção de grandes plantas industriais na reestruturação das economias nacionais – e seu gradativo desmantelamento. Em consequência, as cidades-empresas vinculadas ao projeto nacional-desenvolvimentista entraram em declínio econômico. Diferentes atores locais-regionais passaram a buscar caminhos para que a cidade-região pudesse enfrentar os níveis elevados de desemprego e desigualdade social. A proposta do artigo é discutir estratégias e mobilizações dos atores sociais da cidade de Ipatinga, no estado de Minas Gerais, visando reinventar a economia local através de arranjos institucionais. A metodologia adotada na pesquisa que originou o artigo foi a da abordagem qualitativa, com a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada e a análise do discurso. Os resultados apontam que aspectos como o passado histórico-institucional, a inexistência de uma cultura política e a debilidade organizativa e institucional dos atores sociais interferem, negativamente, nas estratégias de desenvolvimento local.
Extrativismo marinho e desenvolvimento sustentável na Comunidade Tradicional de Carnaubeiras-MA
Authors: Garcia Maria Rodrigues , Bernat Isaac Giribet
Published: January 2020

Neste artigo se examina a relação da sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais com os modos de produção extrativistas marinhos desenvolvidos pela comunidade tradicional do povoado de Carnaubeiras, localizado no município de Araioses, no estado do Maranhão. Tais atividades são desenvolvidas em uma Unidade de Conservação, a Reserva Extrativista Marinha do Delta do Parnaíba. As atividades extrativistas marinhas foram analisadas à luz dos princípios da sustentabilidade, utilizando-se o método dialético e a análise qualitativa, realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações diretas a partir de visitas a campo, tendo em vista a compreensão da totalidade dos fenômenos e uma interpretação dos acontecimentos por meio da obtenção dos dados coletados no local estudado. Os resultados evidenciaram a insustentabilidade do desenvolvimento promovido com base na sobre-exploração dos recursos naturais e da força de trabalho humano dos grupos de extrativistas marinhos. A conclusão é que a exploração desmedida, tanto da força de trabalho humano quanto da natureza, contradiz as intenções conservacionistas e coloca em xeque o modelo de conservação pré-estabelecido para a área.
The Beta Type I Generalized Half Logistic Distribution: Properties and Application
Authors: O. Awodutire P. , C. Nduka E. , A. Ijomah M.
Published: January 2020

In a view to obtain a new distribution that is more exible than the type I generalized half logistic distribution, we used the beta-G generator and the type I generalized half logistic distribution. Some properties of the new distribution including the cummulative distribution function,survival function, hazard function were studied. Estimation of parameters were done using the maximum likelihood estimation method. Application of the derived distribution to lifetime data was illustrated by applying to remission times of bladder cancer patient data and survival times of guinea pigs.
Origin of the Exclusive Ternary Electroluminescent Behavior of BN‐Doped Nanographenes in Efficient Single‐Component White Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Fresta Elisa , Dosso Jacopo , Cabanillas‐González Juan , Bonifazi Davide , Costa Rubén D.
Published: January 2020

White‐light‐emitting electrochemical cells (WLECs) still represent a significant milestone, since only a few examples with moderate performances have been reported. Particularly, multiemissive white emitters are highly desired, as a paradigm to circumvent phase separation and voltage‐dependent emission color issues that are encountered following host:guest and multilayered approaches. Herein, the origin of the exclusive white ternary electroluminescent behavior of BN‐doped nanographenes with a B3N3 doping pattern (hexa‐perihexabenzoborazinocoronene) is rationalized, leading to one of the most efficient (≈3 cd A−1) and stable‐over‐days single‐component and single‐layered WLECs. To date, BN‐doped nanographenes have featured blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). This doping pattern provides, however, white electroluminescence spanning the whole visible range (x/y CIE coordinates of 0.29–31/0.31–38 and average color rendering index (CRI) of 87) through a ternary emission involving fluorescence and thermally activated dual phosphorescence. This temperature‐dependent multiemissive mechanism is operative for both photo‐ and electroluminescence processes and holds over the device lifespan, regardless of the device architecture, active layer composition, and operating conditions. As such, this work represents a new stepping‐stone toward designing a new family of multiemissive white emitters based on BN‐doped nanographenes that realizes one of the best‐performing single‐component white‐emitting devices compared to the prior‐art.
Optoelectronic Perovskite Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Ma Fumin , Zhu Yangbin , Xu Zhongwei , Liu Yang , Zheng Xiaojing , Ju Songman , Li Qianqian , Ni Ziquan , Hu Hailong , Chai Yang , Wu Chaoxing , Kim Tae Whan , Li Fushan
Published: January 2020

Simulating the human brain for neuromorphic computing has attractive prospects in the field of artificial intelligence. Optoelectronic synapses have been considered to be important cornerstones of neuromorphic computing due to their ability to process optoelectronic input signals intelligently. In this work, optoelectronic synapses based on all‐inorganic perovskite nanoplates are fabricated, and the electronic and photonic synaptic plasticity is investigated. Versatile synaptic functions of the nervous system, including paired‐pulse facilitation, short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, transition from short‐ to long‐term memory, and learning‐experience behavior, are successfully emulated. Furthermore, the synapses exhibit a unique memory backtracking function that can extract historical optoelectronic information. This work could be conducive to the development of artificial intelligence and inspire more research on optoelectronic synapses.
Mixed Electronic and Ionic Conduction Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate
Authors: Wang Michael J. , Wolfenstine Jeffrey B. , Sakamoto Jeff
Published: January 2020

With the continued increase in Li‐metal anode rate capability, there is an equally important need to develop high‐rate cathode architectures for solid‐state batteries. A proposed method of improving charge transport in the cathode is introducing a mixed electronic and ionic conductor (MEIC) which can eliminate the need for conductive additives that occlude electrolyte–electrode interfaces and lower the net additive required in the cathode. This study takes advantage of a reduced perovskite electrolyte, Li0.33La0.57TiO3 (LLTO), to act as a model MEIC. It is found that the ionic conductivity of reduced LLTO is comparable to oxidized LLTO (σbulk = 10−3–10−4 S cm−1, σGB = 10−5–10−6 S cm−1) and the electronic conductivity is 1 mS cm−1. The ionic transference numbers are 0.9995 and 0.0095 in the oxidized and reduced state, respectively. Furthermore, two methods for controlling the transference numbers are evaluated. It is found that the electronic conductivity cannot easily be controlled by changing O2 overpressures, but increasing the ionic conductivity can be achieved by increasing grain size. This work identifies a possible class of MEIC materials that may improve rate capabilities of cathodes in solid‐state architectures and motivate a deeper understanding of MEICs in the context of solid‐state batteries.
Energy Level Modification with Carbon Dot Interlayers Enables Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Quantum Dot Based Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Zeng Qingsen , Xiong Yuan , Ji Tianjiao , Wang Chen , Shen Xinyu , Lu Min , Wang Haoran , Wen Shanpeng , Zhang Yu , Yang Xuyong , Ge Xin , Zhang Wei , Litvin Aleksandr P. , Baranov Alexander V. , Yao Dong , Zhang Hao , Yang Bai , Rogach Andrey L. , Zheng Weitao
Published: January 2020

Controlling the transport and minimizing charge carrier trapping at interfaces is crucial for the performance of various optoelectronic devices. Here, how electronic properties of stable, abundant, and easy‐to‐synthesized carbon dots (CDs) are controlled via the surface chemistry through a chosen ratio of their precursors citric acid and ethylenediamine are demonstrated. This allows to adjust the work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) films over the broad range of 1.57 eV, through deposition of thin CD layers. CD modifiers with abundant amine groups reduce the ITO work function from 4.64 to 3.42 eV, while those with abundant carboxyl groups increase it to 4.99 eV. Using CDs to modify interfaces between metal oxide (SnO2 and ZnO) films and active layers of solar cells and light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) allows to significantly improve their performance. Power conversion efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells increases from 17.3% to 19.5%; the external quantum efficiency of CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dot LEDs increases from 4.8% to 10.3%; and that of CdSe/ZnS quantum dot LEDs increases from 8.1% to 21.9%. As CD films are easily fabricated in air by solution processing, the approach paves the way to a simplified manufacturing of large‐area and low‐cost optoelectronic devices.
Orientation Dependent Interaction and Self‐Assembly of Cubic Magnetic Colloids in a Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: Sudhakaran Devika Venkuzhy , Pujala Ravi Kumar , Dhara Surajit
Published: January 2020

Spherical microparticles dispersed in nematic liquid crystals have been extensively investigated in the past years. Here, experimental studies are reported on the elastic deformation, colloidal interaction, and self‐assembly of hematite microcubes with homeotropic surface anchoring in a nematic liquid crystal. It is demonstrated that the colloidal interaction and self‐assembly of cubic colloids are orientation dependent. In a notable departure from the conventional microspheres, the microcubes stabilize diverse structures, such as bent chains, branches, kinks, and closed‐loops. The microcubes reorient under external rotating magnetic field, thereby experiencing an elastic torque in the medium, which allows us to measure the magnetic moment through competition between elastic and magnetic torques. The findings envisage that the faceted magnetic colloids in liquid crystals are potential for developing new functional magnetic materials with specific morphologies.
Controllable Doping of Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides by Organic Solvents
Authors: Li Xiao‐Kuan , Sun Ruo‐Xuan , Guo Hao‐Wei , Su Bao‐Wang , Li De‐Kang , Yan Xiao‐Qing , Liu Zhi‐Bo , Tian Jian‐Guo
Published: January 2020

Seeking controllable and efficient surface dopant molecules for transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is highly valuable for fully understanding TMDCs properties and their applications to relevant devices. The general doping effect of solvents on TMDCs are explored. By selecting suitable solvents with optimized relevant factors, controllable n‐doping of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is obtained on the same device with the sheet density of electrons increased from 2.3 × 1011 to 6.4 × 1012, 9.7 × 1012, and 1.6 × 1013 by use of dimethylsulfoxide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and N‐methyl‐pyrrolidone (NMP), respectively. The doping principle is explained by charge‐donating characteristics of molecule and dipole interaction. After doping by NMP, the contact resistance is reduced by four times, and the on/off current ratio of fabricated top‐gated MoS2 transistors is increased by 3 orders of magnitude. This work can guide the selection of suitable solvents for effective doping of two‐dimensional materials and advance the development of precise controllable electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Predicted annual biomass input to maintain soil organic carbon under contrasting management
Authors: Gollany Hero T. , Nash Pat R. , Johnson Jane M.‐F. , Barbour Nancy W.
Published: January 2020

Corn (Zea mays L.) residue is an important source of lignocellulosic feedstocks for meeting the US renewable energy goals. However, there is uncertainty in how much biomass can be sustainably harvested. The objectives of this study were to (i) simulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the 0–20, 20–30, and 0–30 cm soil depths for the 2005–2015 study period using CQESTR, a process‐based C model; (ii) establish trends in SOC with residue removal and tillage management over the predictive period of 2016–2035; and (iii) recommend practices to maintain SOC stocks in a corn–soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) rotation with corn residue removal in western Minnesota. The residue removal treatments in the conventional tillage since 1995 (CT95) and no tillage since 1995 (NT95) were initiated in 2005, and in 2006 for the no tillage since 2005 (NT05). Corn residue removal treatments were none, cob removal, ∼50% removal, and ∼75% removal (R0, RCob, R50, and R75, respectively). Only R0 in NT05 increased SOC (0.32 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) stocks in the top 30 cm soil depth by 2035 with annual aboveground biomass input of 6.30 Mg ha−1 yr−1. It was concluded that only the NT05 field has the potential to maintain SOC at the current rate of biomass addition, and a minimal annual aboveground C (MSC) input of 3.75 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 is required to maintain SOC until 2035. These simulation results indicate that caution should be used in removing residue especially under conventional tillage.
Winter cover crop production and water use in Southern Great Plains cotton
Authors: DeLaune P.B. , Mubvumba P.
Published: January 2020

Cover crops can provide several ecosystem services in agricultural cropping systems. Benefits may be enhanced with increasing cover crop biomass production. In water‐limited environments, feasibility of cover crop germination and production is not always certain. This study was conducted to determine differences in biomass production, water use, and water use efficiency (WUE) between monoculture cover crops and a mixture at Chillicothe, TX, in the Southern Great Plains under rainfed conditions in a continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cropping system over a 6‐yr period. Evaluated cover crops included Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and a grass/broadleaf mixture. Although cover crops were planted after optimum planting dates and under varying climatic conditions, biomass production was 2863, 2480, and 2301 kg ha−1 for the mixture, pea, and vetch, respectively. Peas and the mixture were the most consistent, producing significantly greater biomass than wheat and clover but not more than vetch. The mixture resulted in greater WUE than wheat. Clover resulted in reduced biomass production and WUE than vetch, pea, and the mixture over the study period. A cover crop mixture did not produce significantly greater biomass or significantly increase water use efficiency compared with vetch and pea. Under dryland conditions, peas, vetch, and a mixture were shown to be viable cover crop options in Southern Great Plains cotton systems, performing as well as a wheat cover crop.
Testing local bias in food consumption: The case of fluid milk
Authors: Khanal Binod , Lopez Rigoberto A. , Azzam Azzeddine
Published: January 2020

This article provides the first set of estimates of the degree of local bias in food consumption, by adapting the international trade notion of home bias, or consumers' tendency to favor domestic over imported goods, to local bias, which describes the tendency of consumers to favor local over nonlocal food. Using state boundaries to define local and household data on cow milk purchases from 2007 until 2016 in the New England region, estimates from the Armington model confirm a bias for fluid milk brands identified as local. [EconLit classifications: D12, L6, Q18].