bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strength Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete with 15 kg/m3 of Kenaf Fiber
Authors: Lim S K , Chong H Y R , Tham J H , Lim J H , Yew M K , Lee Y L
Published: February 2025

This comprehensive study investigates the reinforcement of Lightweight Foamed Concrete (LFC) with 15 kg/m3 of untreated and treated Kenaf Fiber (KF) to improve its strength properties. Three different mix designs including control mix (LFC-CTR), LFC with untreated kenaf fiber (LFC-15UKF), and LFC with treated kenaf fiber (LFC-15TKF) were inspected to determine their strength properties including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. The incorporation of KF with a length of 3 ± 1 cm did not significantly improve the compressive strength of LFC in both untreated and treated kenaf fiber condition. However, LFC-15TKF demonstrated the highest splitting tensile strength of 0.68 MPa. Identically, LFC-15TKF also exhibited the highest flexural strength at 2.52 MPa, attributed to the improved mechanical interlocking facilitated by the improved surface characteristics of treated KF. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealed enhanced interfacial bonding in LFC-15TKF, emphasizing the role of the treatment purification process in promoting fiber surface adhesion with cement paste at Interfacial Transition Zone within the LFC matrix. Overall, despite a decrease in compressive strength compared to LFC-CTR, LFC-15UKF and LFC-15TKF demonstrated notable improvements in splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, indicating the effectiveness of KF in distributing and withstanding tension within LFC matrix.
Influence of coal bottom ash on tensile and flexural strength of concrete
Authors: Nasser I M A , Ibrahim M H W , Zuki S S M , Alshalif A F , Nindyawati N
Published: February 2025

The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt sustainable practices while ensuring structural integrity. Coal bottom ash (CBA), a by-product of coal combustion, offers a potential sustainable alternative to traditional fine aggregates in concrete. This study examines the impact of CBA on the tensile and flexural strength of concrete, aiming to develop sustainable materials with enhanced mechanical properties. Fine aggregates were replaced with CBA at 0%, 10%, 25%, and 40%. Split tensile and flexural strength tests were conducted after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the significance of CBA content on strength. A 10% CBA replacement led to an 18.7% increase in split tensile strength at 28 days, while flexural strength was maximized with a 40% CBA replacement, resulting in a 33.7% improvement. The findings suggest that incorporating CBA enhances both tensile and flexural strength, with improvements depending on the replacement percentage and curing time. CBA, therefore, has the potential to serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional fine aggregates, offering improved mechanical properties and environmental benefits.
Tensile Resistance of Face-to-Face (F2F) Flange Connection of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) Channel
Authors: Muhammad Alif I R , Kamarudin A F , Seyed Hakim S J , Musa M K , Hamid S , Rathomy Romeli M A
Published: February 2025

Cold-formed steel (CFS) structures are becoming popular due to their lightweight, high strength, and less expensive. However, CFS structures are susceptible to connection failures, which is a major safety concern. Self-drilling screws are commonly used to connect CFS as a face-to-face (F2F) connection and there is lack of research investigation of their tensile performance with various connection types and testing variables previously. This study is conducted to investigate the tensile performance of CFS with F2F connection that screwed on both top and bottom flanges. The effects of CFS thickness and screw numbers on the tensile resistance and failure modes of the CFS connections were investigated. Mechanical properties of the CFS plate and M5.5 self-drilling screw were determined based on testing specified by ASTM E8 and ASTM F606 respectively, with the average yield tensile stress, fy, of CFS plate exceeded 500 N/mm2. A total of 12 samples of CFS connections were tested under tensile test, with two main parameters which were the thicknesses (0.75 mm and 1.0 mm), and the number of connected screws (2 and 4 units). From the laboratory finding, the tensile resistance of CFS connection increased with addition number of screws and/or thicker CFS plate up to two times due to its resistances against plate bearing and shearing forces of the fasteners. Besides, the bearing failures was occurred in most laboratory samples, and the screws snapped after passing the ultimate tensile load.
A preliminary study of WebGIS-based waste management visualization to support halal tourism areas in Bandung
Authors: Qoriah  , Vani T , Simarmata N , Julian M M , Kurniasih N , Hidayat E F
Published: February 2025

Unmanaged and purely waste piles put pressure on the environment through pollution. Additionally, inadequate waste management can negatively impact the perception of the city’s beauty. Bandung is one of Indonesia’s cities that relies on exoticism to attract visitors, and the city’s tourism sector is the mainstay of its economy. Therefore, efforts must be made to reduce the production of unmanaged waste every day. Moreover, Bandung is currently branding itself as a Muslim-friendly city with its halal tourism concept. This research aims to demonstrate the visualization of waste storage area (TPS) points with halal tourist location points (Muslims friendly) accurately and efficiently through WebGIS visual architecture design. The study utilizes both spatial and non-spatial data, specifically from landfills in Bandung City. The research method involves designing the browser system, iBW (ITB Bandung Waste) WebGIS, to integrate the stored data into the online system. The findings demonstrate that the resulting WebGIS platform can provide empirical visualization of the distribution of halal tourism areas and TPS points in Bandung City, besides, to improve the local stakeholder management. This system also provides a real-time statistical analysis feature to find out the location of TPS that has the potential to interfere with tourism activities, thus supporting more responsive and efficient waste management.
Implementation of a Green Campus Concept at Manado State Polytechnic Based on the UI GreenMetric in the Setting and Infrastructure Category
Authors: Sari D P , Steve S , Alelo M , Peginusa S
Published: February 2025

This paper reports on the assessment and assessment of the setting and infrastructure category based on the UI GreenMetric 2023 for the implementation of a green campus concept at Manado State Polytechnic in North Sulawesi Indonesia, and the strategies to improve the criteria for being one of the vocational institutions in Indonesia that promotes sustainability and environmental awareness to the community. In this research, data collection, planning and assessment were conducted to calculate the scoring of the existing condition of the campus to build on the strategies of improvement afterwards. The final score after the strategy implementation was presented as a baseline for future programs. The results show that the green campus implementation, specifically in the setting and infrastructure category regarding the current condition of Manado State Polytechnic, was still only fulfilling 27% of the 1500 points required in this category. Short-term strategies for program development include establishing a campus garden area and infrastructures for disability, maternity, and special need citizens, as well as maintaining the open space area on campus through the utilisation of permeable paving blocks and biopore infiltration holes in the areas used for parking and driveways, as well as the sidewalks near the academic buildings.
Essential Role of Rubber Viscosity in Cuplump Modified Bitumen (CMB) for Pavement Application
Authors: Kamal Mazlina Mustafa , Hadithon Kamarul Arifin , Ahmad Nazirah , Rahim Ruhidah Abd
Published: February 2025

Polymer modification of asphalt binders has become a more widely accepted strategy for alleviating pavement deterioration. Heavy vehicles, traffic volumes, and increasing tyre pressures have induced to consideration of polymer modification for asphalt pavement applications. The modified binder based on natural rubber (NR) produced from cuplump (CMB) has proven comparable to commercial modified bitumen. Results showed that NR modification improved the base bitumen’s conventional properties such as penetration, softening point, and temperature susceptibility. Optimizing the rheological behavior of rubber by controlling mixing times and conditions is essential for achieving the desired processing characteristics and final product properties. A key property considered in this study is viscosity. Raw natural rubber with varying Mooney viscosity values was altered using mixing techniques to characterize changes in rheological properties, Superpave rutting parameters, and conventional properties of the CMB binder. The study findings revealed that a low rubber viscosity led to a reduction in the complex shear modulus value, the rutting parameter, and the storage modulus (|G*|, |G*|/sin δ, and |G*|sin delta respectively) of the asphalt binder. The results revealed that a reduction in properties correlated with the structural changes due to the rubber mixing. Viscosity changed as mixing progressed, which was attributed to rubber’s intrinsic low tensile strength and rheological qualities. Rubber with low viscosity which results in a shorter polymer chain, reduces chain crystallization during stretching and size of crosslinked networks. This later influenced the deformation-induced crystallization and structural homogeneity of the crosslinked NR, which in turn affected the CMB properties
Study of Soil Shear Strength using Dolomite Lime at Agriculture Road in Sungai Balang, Muar
Authors: Mansor Nur Shahelly Mansor Mohamad , Talib Zaihasra Abu , Nazri Rabiatul Adawiyyah
Published: February 2025

In civil engineering, soft soil is the most common soil that has a problem occurring. The objectives of this study are to determine the basic and engineering properties of the soil, soil shear strength before and after lime stabilization for Sg. Balang, Muar area and effect of curing time for lime stabilisation. Samples were collected in Sg. Balang, Muar, where an agricultural road was damaged. The purpose of this study was to improve the shear strength of the soil by using dolomite lime. Core cutter method was chosen to collect undisturbed sample from agriculture road. The lime samples containing 3%, 6%, and 9% were utilized to stabilize the soil. The laboratory tests involve in this study are dry and wet sieve, cone penetration test, plastic limit test and unconfined compression test. The result shows that the soil can be classified as silty soil based on USCS classification. The specific gravity of the soil was 2.69. The results also indicate that the initial shear strength was 69.52 kN/m2, and that it increased to 81.78 kN/m2, 128.98 kN/m2, and 166.79 kN/m2 with the addition of 3%, 6%, and 9% of lime, respectively. The shear strength of soil increased with the percentage of lime used, with higher shear strength after 9% lime addition. The shear strength of soil also increased with day of curing.
Volumetric Analysis of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Using Viatop Premium and Lycal Resin As Additive
Authors: Effendy R H F , Siswanto H , Rahardjo B
Published: February 2025

The level of road damage in Indonesia is high, with 31.91% of roads in a damaged condition. The highest-impacting factors of road pavement damage are traffic volume and climate. One type of pavement mixture that performs well is Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), despite its weakness, namely the draindown property. The draindown can be overcome by adding a stabilizer or a binder absorber. Viatop premium is a cellulose fiber that can act as a binder absorber, however, it is not locally available. Lycal resin as a viscosity booster is a polymer that is flexible, has a high elastic modulus, and can be used as an alternative binder stabilizer. This research aims to evaluate the performance of SMA with the use of premium viatop and the addition of lycal resin. The premium viatop content used is 0.3% while the lycal content in the SMA mixture used in this research is 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% of the asphalt weight. The results of this research indicate that lycal resin increases the Marshall stability (3.58%-17.35%), flow (16.20%-33.20%), VIM (4.23%-15.81%), VMA (0.85%-3.18%), while VFB decreases.of SMA (1.20%-3.80). The best lycal resin content is 1.55% of the asphalt weight. The addition of lycal resin in SMA increases the resistance of the asphalt mixture to asphalt draindown.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Vegetated Channel along Persiaran Gaafar Baba at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Campus
Authors: Ahmad N A , Liaw L , Ali Z M
Published: February 2025

An increased in pavement surface around the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) campus have affected the natural resiliency of the ecosystem, which has incurred the risk of flooding. This study examines the hydraulic characteristics of a vegetated channel situated along Persiaran Tun Gaafar Baba at the main campus of (UTHM). In order to accomplish this goal, flow measurements resulting from several rainfall events were taken along a 54 m for vegetated Channel A and 16 m for vegetated Channel B. To evaluate the impact of different bed surface conditions, data was collected from a vegetated channel, including measurements of cross-sectional profile, flow depth, velocity, and species of vegetation. According to the results of this investigation, Manning’s coefficient relationship and velocity distribution were established with correlation R2 values exceeding 90%. The vegetated channel’s velocity was found to vary between 0.163 m/s and 0.337 m/s. However, Manning’s coefficient along the vegetated channel was reported to range from 0.074 to 0.374. When the velocity and Manning’s coefficient values were compared to those of Urban Storm Water Management (MSMA) and standard charts, it was determined that all values are acceptable. Therefore, a vegetated channel may effectively attenuate flow to avoid water overflow at the main stormwater runoff catchment pond.
Distribution of Rainfall in Pahang, Malaysia: Trends and Characteristics
Authors: Ali Z M , Abd Rahman S N , Tan L W , Ahmad N A , Adib M R M
Published: February 2025

Pahang has experienced frequent flooding due to climate change, natural variability, and extreme weather, leading to loss of life and property damage. This study analyzes rainfall trends and distribution from 1992 to 2021 at four stations in Pahang using the Mann-Kendall statistical test. Kg Cherating records the highest and most variable rainfall, with frequent extreme events. Gg Brinchang shows the highest annual and monthly totals, consistently surpassing 3000 mm annually and 400 mm monthly, with peaks above 800 mm, indicating significant variability. Pos Iskandar and JPS Temerloh exhibit lower and more stable rainfall patterns, with annual totals between 1000 mm and 2000 mm. Pos Iskandar has slightly higher monthly variability than Temerloh, with occasional peaks above 400 mm. Despite slight positive or negative trends at some stations, no statistically significant long-term annual or seasonal rainfall trends were observed, except for Pos Iskandar, which shows a significant increase in monthly rainfall. These findings highlight stable rainfall patterns for JPS Temerloh, Kg Cherating, and Gg Brinchang. To enhance understanding of rainfall dynamics, further analysis of Pahang’s dry and wet seasons is recommended.
Numerical and Experimental Modelling on Floating Particle Submergence Trajectory
Authors: Wong L , Jamal M H , Kasiman E H , Ishak D S M
Published: February 2025

Floating marine debris causes environmental pollution, risk health and damage coastal structures. Recent research employed physical and numerical techniques to identify the drift of floating debris, but the effect of submergence has yet been explored. This study proposed a numerical approach utilizing the existing algae module in TELEMAC-2D to evaluate the trajectory of submerged, partial submerged and fully floating particle and verified with experimental observations. Blue Kenue was used as the pre-processor to set-up the model domain. Simulated water depth and current velocity agrees well with the measured values. Existing particle advection transport model which is a combination of drag momentum and Basset forces captured the trajectory for submerged objects. The axial displacement of floating particles less than fluid density was overestimated by 9% to 20% difference between simulated and measured values. This study proves that the existing particle transport model in TELEMAC-2D is applicable in submerged floating object trajectory prediction and the output from this study can be useful in mitigating debris flows in the environment.
The impact of saltwater intrusion on the crop areas at Pantai Punggur, Batu Pahat, Johor
Authors: Mohd-Zulkifli N F , Musa S , Nabihah-Azmi N A , Ahmad-Uma M H , Zainudin M S
Published: February 2025

Saltwater intrusion has been a growing issue affecting coastal communities throughout the ages. Most agricultural land globally is located in low-lying coastal regions that have been reclaimed. The stability and resilience of a microbial community play a crucial role in determining how soil reacts to and recovers from environmental challenges. However, land response to periodic coastal flooding and salt stress was studied in this study. The study has been conducted around Pantai Punggur, Batu Pahat. The soil sample was collected from different salinity levels, based on 0% serving as the control group and other salinity levels of 1.6%, 2.0%, and 2.4%. Soil samples were tested in the laboratory based on the soil salinity level and microbial activities. This laboratory test found that the electrical conductivity (EC) value range is 0.0035 dS/m to 1.297 dS/m, while for the pH value range is pH 7.27 to pH 7.52, there are also 20% microbial activities in the soil. Using gypsum as a soil amendment can reduce saline water in the soil by 15% to 25%. In conclusion, this experimental study helps minimize soil salinity and improve soil structure based on the existing literature on saltwater intrusion’s impact on alkaline soil’s agricultural fertility.
Estimation of flood frequency using statistical method: riverbasin for Sungai Jijan Malaysia
Authors: Aziz Abdul Qayyum Asyraf Bin Abd , Ridzuan Mohd Baharudin Bin , Daud Zawawi bin , Zakariah Zulfairul bin , Bachok Mohd Fairuz bin , Mat Rahimi
Published: February 2025

Flood frequency analysis is a crucial mathematical approach for predicting the probability of a specific discharge in a river, particularly at peaks. Floods are recurring phenomena in river basins that cause tremendous flow. Flood frequency analysis involves fitting a river yearly peak flow to various probability distributions. Flood frequency analysis often involves three statistical methods, Double Mass Curve, Development Of IDF Curve, and Time of Concentration, Tc. Floods cause heavy loss of life and property in the flood seasons. The selection of best probability distribution method in the studied river basin with the recent available records will definitely help the planners and administrators to estimate the major flood events and save life and property according the chosen method which is the three methods used are Double Mass Curve, Development Of IDF Curve, and Time of Concentration, Typically, double mass curve it’s used to analyse the relationship between two sets of data points by plotting the cumulative values of one variable against the cumulative values of another variable. By examining the resulting curve, analysts can identify patterns, trends, or discrepancies between the datasets. IDF curve are developed based on historical rainfall data for a specific location and are used in engineering and urban planning to design drainage systems, flood control measures, and other infrastructure to manage stormwater runoff. The time of concentration depends on various factors, including watershed size, slope, land use, soil type, and rainfall intensity. Several empirical equations and methods exist to estimate the time of concentration for different watershed conditions. The findings of the study are confirmed by direct computation and analysis of rainfall records. The authors point out that real precipitation throughout time and spacetime deviates from multifractality at both the small and big scales.
Analysis of Microplastic Content in Surface Water of the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir in Indonesia
Authors: Santoso R B , Yulistyorini A , Rahayuningsih T
Published: February 2025

Dispose of plastic waste into surface water causes microplastic (MPs) pollution, which can pollute water areas such as in Gajah Mungkur Reservoir (GMR) Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the abundance, shape, and polymer type of the MPs found in the GMR area. The samples were collected at three locations (intake SPAM Wosusokas, the hydroelectric power plant (outlet), and the inlet (Check DAM Gedong in Keduang River). The water samples were taken 10 times using a 20 L container and then filtered using a 1.68 mm diameter plankton net (No. 14). Afterward, the sample was analysed using microscopical identification and FTIR-ATR analysis. The abundance and shape of the MPs sample were analyzed using microscopic identification. The polymer type of the sample was analyzed using FTIR analysis. Microplastic distribution in GMR areas was also mapped using a QGIS application. The average abundance of the MPs in the sampling location was 340-820 n/m3. The MPs shape found in the sample were fibre (39%), fragment (11%), and filament (50%). The highest microplastic abundance was found in Check DAM Gedong of Keduang River (inlet). Polymer types of the microplastic sample were polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). These findings revealed that the MPs are already present at the surface water in Indonesia and threaten the water quality.
Marine Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of Mainland Kedah and Langkawi Island Shorelines: A Case Study
Authors: Al-Qadami E H H , Razi M A M , Shah S M H , Mokhtar A , Mahamud M , Jamal M H , Ismail Z A
Published: February 2025

Coastal areas are ecologically, economically, socially, and culturally significant but face environmental challenges that demand sustainable management. This study assessed water and sediment quality along 440 km of shorelines in mainland Kedah and Langkawi Island. Water quality was analyzed through 22 samples collected across the study area, evaluating 24 parameters compared to Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards (MWQS). Sediment quality was assessed at two sites (S1 and S2) based on heavy metal concentrations, including Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Zinc (Zn). Results showed that the marine water quality ranged from moderate to good along mainland Kedah and good to excellent along Langkawi Island. Faecal coliform levels exceeded 70 cfu/100ml at all stations along mainland Kedah shoreline, indicating pollution concerns. Sediment quality met standards set by Washington Ecology Department, suggesting no major issues. Average Nickel, Lead, and Cadmium concentrations were 41.2, 53.2, and 4.34 mg/kg, respectively, at both sites, while Copper, Arsenic, and Zinc were higher at S1, with maximum values of 72.4, 27.4, and 274.9 mg/kg, respectively. By identifying pollution hotspots and areas of high environmental quality, this study promotes sustainable practices to protect the long-term health of these vital coastal zones.
The Drivers and Challenges Faced by Quantity Surveyors in Smart Sustainable City Development
Authors: Wong P F , Nam W J , Kiu M S , Li Z Q
Published: February 2025

Rapid urbanization and population growth have sparked an urgent need for sustainable urban development solutions. In response to it, smart sustainable city (SSC) has emerged to address the issues from urbanization. Despite numerous studies dedicated to SSC development, there is a dearth of research exploring the integration of quantity surveying practices in SSC development. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the drivers and challenges encountered by quantity surveyors (QS) in SSC development. A questionnaire was formulated and distributed to QS in the Klang Valley, resulting in 110 responses. The collected data underwent statistical analysis, including Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Test, Arithmetic Mean calculations, and the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The findings revealed that the most significant challenge was the higher initial cost, whole life cycle costing emerged as the primary driver for quantity surveying practices in SSC development. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between the working experience and position of QS in terms of the drivers of incorporating quantity surveying practices in SSC development. These findings provide valuable insights for professional bodies, construction firms, educational institutions, and researchers, enabling them to devise suitable strategies to enhance the integration of quantity surveying service in SSC development.
Comparing the effect of various land use types on moisture dynamics in loamy soils with Hydrus-1D
Authors: Maleknia P , Ugwonoh N , Czigány S
Published: February 2025

The increasingly severe hydrological extremes observed over time are consequences of climate change in the Pannonian Basin. This study focuses on soil moisture (SM) patterns across three distinct land uses: pasture, Ploughland, and orchard situated in the Transdanubian Hills of southwestern Hungary. The study area is characterized by a subhumid continental climate. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the Hydrus-1D model in simulating SM in silt and silty loam soils. Gaining a deeper understanding of SM dynamics is crucial for improving soil management practices and mitigating the effects of drought across various land use types. From January 1, 2019, to February 28, 2023, matric potential, SM, and rainfall were measured across the three land sites. Monitoring stations were installed at shoulder and toe slope position, with sensors placed at 10 cm and 30 cm depths, respectively. Aridity indices over four years were calculated using the Thornthwaite equation. Our results revealed that SM dynamics were strongly influenced by land use. The studied sites displayed distinct water balances: the pasture site had the most positive water balance, while the orchard site exhibited the most negative balance, especially following the removal of cherry trees in 2022. The highest aridity index, 1.42, was observed at the orchard site in 2022. The pasture showed the least variability in SM, whereas the ploughland exhibited the lowest SM dynamics. Hydrus-1D sensitivity tests highlighted differences in error indices across the sites. These findings demonstrate the utility of Hydrus-1D in accurately simulating moisture distribution in the topsoil under various land use types.
Seismic Post-Stack Attribute and AVO Seismic-Based Analysis in Delineating New Prospect with Filling-Ratio Approach in Estimating Fluid-Contact for Proposed Well
Authors: Prasetyo Ragil , Ramadhan Farhan Rizqi , Meidiana Tania , Hartono Yedi
Published: February 2025

Delineating new prospects in a mature field requires a more advanced technique of seismic data interpretation in order to reduce the uncertainty level of success. The most conventional practice was to identify the reservoir using post-stack seismic data. In contrast, pre-stack seismic data are sometimes absent in the analysis due to the lack of data itself or the assumption that post-stack seismic data is deemed to be sufficient. Nowadays, it has been proved that the amplitude characteristics of seismic reflections vary with increasing offset. This finding led to Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) analysis, which assessed the dependencies of reflectivity with increasing offset. This technique is useful in delineating the Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator or the fluid trend. Fluid-contact values are also essential to determine the vertical boundaries of hydrocarbon-saturated reservoirs. The filling-ratio method can answer the challenge of determining these vertical boundary values in a proposed well, which requires at least one proven and/or producing well to provide a sound basis comparison of fluid contacts from their top structure depth to their deepest fluid contact depth. This filling-ratio approach can then be applied with simple mathematical calculations between the proven and/or producing well and the proposed well in reservoir targets.

In this case of work, Cisubuh formation is chosen as the layer of interest. It is known to have a bell-shaped sand reservoir from the log response of a nearby well. Both seismic post-stack and pre-stack are utilized in delineating new prospects in the target layer. The post-stack seismic is analysed to predict the sand distribution, while the pre-stack seismic is analysed to predict the fluid indicator across the area of interest. The delineation prospect from these seismic data sets also shows coherency with the interpreted anticlinal structural trap. Fluid contacts from the proven well, in this case, show convincing test results of hydrocarbon with one other prospected well in the same field that contains such hydrocarbon. The method can be justified with the mentioned proven well test and conservatively bounded the hydrocarbon reserves calculations. Hence, the result of the calculated comparison of fluid-contact depth between the proven well and the proposed wells does not over excessively contain such hydrocarbons.
Application of Noise Tomography Method on Geothermal Area, Part I: Case Study on “TFQ1”
Authors: Taufiq  , Suryanto Wiwit , Martha Agustya Adi , Atmojo Jatmiko Prio , Mujihardi Bambang
Published: February 2025

Noise Tomography is one of geophysical passive seismic method to utilize a coherent ambient noise who created naturally due to presence of the rotation of the earth (sea wave, gust wind, water movement that produces vibration) to detect discontinuity of wave (based on velocity measurement that correlated at multiple station) on inhomogeneity medium to determine the physical properties of rock from subsurface. In this research, we used 20 unit of Lennartz 3D-lite short period seismometer with Taurus Digitizer and record 24-72 hours on 22 days at TFQ1 Geothermal Field. Then, we process the data with several techniques to correlate recorded data on the station such as pairing technique, clustering technique and ring creation techniques on PertaGAMANT (Pertamina’s software). Result of 1D velocity model in this research can be used to determine a subsurface permeability of rock on geothermal field.
Geoelectrical Resistivity Method (ERT) For Identifying and Mapping Saline Water Intrusion Zone In A Coastal Plain Region of Ambon City
Authors: Papilaja Ferdinanda Casandra , Warsa  , Souisa Matheus , Sapulete Sisca M , Laesanpura A , Parnadi W W
Published: February 2025

The spatial variability of the degree of salinity of soils and groundwater is a major issue concerning the sustainable management of water resources. The problem is stressed in coastal plain areas where saline bodies of different origin coexist. We present an extensive geoelectrical resistivity dataset collected in the coastal region of Ambon city. The application of ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) method is to identify lithology below the earth’s surface and determine the dispersion pattern of seawater intrusion in the research area. The area of ERT survey is located approximately 12 m from the coastline using three measurement lines of Wenner Schlumberger electrode configuration. The length of line 1 is 300 m in the south north direction, and the length of line 2 and 3 is 100 m each in the east-west direction. The electrode on line 1 is 10 m and the electrode spacing on line 2 and 3 is 5 m. The 2D resistivity modeling results show a low value resistivity anomaly zone which is interpreted as a water saturated region. The measurement results of electric surveys cannot be interpreted uniquely. Misinterpretation of the analysis results should be minimized by studying the restriction and limitation of the analysis method among other factors. It is recommended that results of other investigations be used to support this evaluation. The resistivity interpretation results are synchronized with the TDS (total dissolved solid) distribution value, allowing for the potential for seawater intrusion into Passo coastal groundwater. The dispersion pattern of subsurface seawater intrusion zones in the study area is sparse. This has resulted in the aquifer layer being interpreted as having been polluted by seawater intrusion with a resistivity ranging from 1.0 - 4.5 Ωm at depths up to 5.0 m with the direction of flow movement from East to West whose distribution is concentrated in the West.
Comparison of Methods for Path Averaged Attenuated Travel Time Estimation using The Grid Search, Metropolis Algorithm, and Combined Method
Authors: Ryanto Theo Alvin , Nugraha Andri Dian , Putra Ade Surya
Published: February 2025

Attenuated travel time (t*) is one of the key parameters to estimate the seismic attenuation structure. The t* parameter quantifies the amplitude decay of seismic waves and is used as an input for the seismic attenuation tomography method. The Attenuation parameters could be estimated using a spectral fitting procedure from the amplitude spectra equation to obtain the corner frequency (fc), long-period spectral level (Ω0), and t* values for each pair of stations and events. We compared the grid search, metropolis, and combined algorithm for estimating the attenuation parameters with 15 predefined parameters synthetic data. The result showed that the combined method approach could estimate parameters better than the conventional hyperparameter inversion method (i.e., grid search, random search).
Development of Peak Ground Motion Acceleration Map of Surabaya City based on Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
Authors: Rahmatullah F.S. , Puspito N.T. , Yudistira T. , Wallansha R. , Habibah N.F. , Silvia U.N. , Nagari A.
Published: February 2025

The city of Surabaya is a densely populated city with a diverse array of structural and infrastructural developments. In addition to these, the city is equipped with vital systems that support daily life; however, it faces a significant risk of earthquake disasters. Rapid urban development and population growth further exacerbate this risk. This study aims to implement preventive and mitigation strategies through the application of earthquake-resistant building regulations, guided by Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). The PSHA approach incorporates various data sources, including seismicity background data, fault geometry, and subduction zone information within a 500-kilometer radius of the study area. The analysis computes Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values at bedrock, considering a 2% probability of exceedance over a 50-year duration. Preliminary results indicate that the PGA values on bedrock for Surabaya range from 0.314 to 0.538 g. For a period of 0.2 seconds, the values range from 0.759 to 1.308 g, while for a period of 1 second, they range from 0.192 to 0.321 g. Future studies will expand this analysis to include other major cities across Indonesia.
Prediction of Land Subsidence in the Bandung Basin Through Integrated CPTu Data Analysis for Geohazard Mitigation
Authors: Maryudhaningrum Santika Tristi , Sadisun Imam Achmad , Sarah Dwi , Soebowo Eko , Satriyo Nugroho Aji
Published: February 2025

Land subsidence is a geological phenomenon characterized by the gradual lowering of the land surface due to the movement or compaction of subsurface materials. With the increasing population and industrial growth driven by its designation as a National Strategic Area, the Bandung Basin has become more susceptible to natural disasters, including land subsidence. Measurements using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) indicate that the Bandung Basin is experiencing ground subsidence at 8 cm to 23 cm per year. To reveal subsurface conditions, we conducted site investigations using Cone Penetration Tests with pore pressure measurement (CPTu) at representative locations. This study involved 12 CPTu points with depths ranging from 6 to 47 meters. Interpretation of Soil Behavior Type (SBT) was conducted from the CPTu data to determine the subsurface lithology of the Bandung Basin. The correlation of CPTu data indicates that the subsurface layers of the Bandung Basin, up to a depth of 40 meters, consist of thick, compressive clay lithology, which poses a significant risk of land subsidence. This research aims to predict land subsidence due to natural consolidation factors using subsurface profiles based on CPTu data. The land subsidence analysis method employed is the one-dimensional consolidation method. The analysis results indicate that the potential for land subsidence ranges from 0.05 to 0.46 meters over a maximum period of 1.35 to 224.9 years. These predictions are expected to provide accurate and effective guidelines for mitigation efforts.
Shallow Hazard Assessment for Pre-Drilling Evaluations Using Seismic Attributes in Sepinggan Field
Authors: Rakhmawati L.A. , Sihole B.M. , Zulharman A.
Published: February 2025

Shallow hazard analysis is crucial in pre-drilling evaluations, especially in prospective offshore fields. Overlooking hazards in shallow sections may result in drilling complications such as borehole rupture due to gas pockets and borehole losses caused by the presence of coal seams and carbonates. These hazards could not only disrupt operations but also lead to catastrophic disasters, including instant rig blowouts, underground fracturing, loss of materials, environmental issues, and even loss of life. Despite the installation of a diverter and a Blow-Out Preventer (BOP), a shallow hazards assessment is still necessary to avoid such events. Our study explores the potential of shallow hazards by employing 2D high-resolution seismic data from the Sepinggan Field. The Sepinggan Field is located offshore of East Kalimantan and is identified as an inner shelf with deltaic influence. Coal seams and sand gas layers in this field contributed to gas peaks. We applied the RMS amplitude and the sweetness seismic attributes to reveal amplitude anomalies related to shallow hazards. RMS amplitude is a reliable attribute that highlights high amplitude values, supporting the identification of bright spots and amplitude anomalies. Additionally, sweetness attributes effectively identify the area of interest in the seismic section by characterizing the combination of high amplitude and low frequency. The findings were illustrated by an average energy map and a maximum amplitude map. Those amplitude-based attributes help us emphasize gas zones and lateral continuity of gas-charged sediments. The analysis results were validated using total gas data and drilling events. These insights and evaluations provide valuable insight for well-drilling planning to anticipate hazards.
Analysis on activity aspect of sense of place in the context of low cost vertical housing
Authors: Ramadhani A N , Setijanti P , Hayati Arina
Published: February 2025

The sense of place theory is concerned with the subjective perception of humans towards their environment, shaped by their experiences and emotions. Several factors influence the emergence of a sense of place, including form, activity, and meaning. This study focuses on the analysis of the activity aspect of a sense of place in the context of low-cost vertical housing, a dynamic and diverse setting. The activity aspect of the sense of place refers to the functional capacity of a setting to accommodate user activity. Vitality and diversity are two critical aspects that determine the ability of a place to accommodate variations in user activity and different activities at different times, respectively. This study aims to identify activity aspects through the tracing of activity patterns that analyze user behavior towards a place. This research applied a mixed methods strategy, which combines qualitative and quantitative research with quantitative as the dominant method. The survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 114 occupants using simple random sampling. There are 7 indicators of questionnaire questions related to activities including diversity and vitality indicators. The analysis technique used is a descriptive statistical analysis of respondents’ assessments using a Likert scale. Besides that, this research also traces residents’ activity patterns with timelapse videos, which are then validated through interviews to synthesize the results and draw conclusions. The findings of this research are expected to contribute to the development of a sense of place theory in the field of environmental behavior studies, specifically within the context of low-cost vertical housing which is distinguished by a distinctive and singular character.
Evacuation Behaviour Prediction Through Space Syntax-Based Agent Simulation at Sentra Tahu Cibuntu Bandung
Authors: Kustianingrum Dwi , Haerdy Ratu Sonya Mentari
Published: February 2025

The development of the theory of spatial syntax is currently being employed in a number of different contexts, including the creation of evacuation plans. In order to predict the movement and utilisation of individuals within buildings and urban environments, space syntax derives a set of analytical measures pertaining to the configuration of streets. In this research, space syntax theory is employed as the foundation for simulating agents in the context of fire evacuation and wayfinding in segregated spaces in informal settlements that evolve spontaneously and incrementally. The research sample was the Sentra Tahu Cibuntu (Cibuntu Tofu Center). This is an informal settlement with an unplanned spatial configuration. The method employed is a space syntax-based agent simulation utilising DepthMapX 0.8 software in the most segregated area. The objective is to predict evacuation pathways in areas susceptible to natural disasters, crime, and health-related hazards. The findings demonstrate that residents consistently gravitate towards open areas. In this context, open spaces emerge as generators of human movement based on their visual perspective.
Classification of Edible Salts Using Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Ganash Entesar , Alsufyani Daniah , Altuwirqi Reem Mohammad
Published: February 2025

Raman Spectroscopy is an effective optical technique for molecular vibration modes analysis. It has numerous advantages, such as being easy and rapid with no loss of accuracy, and can be applied to diverse samples. A Raman spectrum can be regarded as a fingerprint of the structure of molecules, which assists in characterizing materials. In this work, Raman Spectroscopy coupled with an exploratory tool such as principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to identify and categorize 24 edible salts available in the local market of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The results show the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy and PCA analysis in discriminating the kinds of edible salts based on their origin (rock or sea). This was accomplished by analyzing a narrow region between 2800-3800 cm-1 (OH band), which was a sufficient region to obtain excellent discrimination between the salt samples based on their origin with a separation accuracy of 95%. However, the technique was not successful in detecting the differences between natural and refined salts. This suggests the difficulty in distinguishing the chemically treated refined salts through Raman spectroscopy. This study could be used to classify edible salts based on their origin.
Investigating the Efficacy of Metakaolin based Alkali Activated Materials for Efficient Removal of Nickel and Lead Ions
Authors: Ibrahim Masdiyana , Ahmad Zaidi Fakhryna Hannanee , Wan Ibrahim Wan Mastura , AHMAD ROMISUHANI , Abdullah Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri , Noorlin Farezad Faidhi , Azahar Raqibahtul Husna
Published: February 2025

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the efficacy of metakaolin based alkali activated materials for the efficient removal of nickel and lead ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesis process involved the preparation of porous structures with high porosity, leading to an expanded surface area and an increased number of sorption sites. By applying alkali activation to the metakaolin, the reactivity is enhanced, forming hydrated phases that exhibited exceptional adsorption properties. This study examined the ideal sodium hydroxide molarity and metakaolin/activator ratios for producing metakaolin-based alkali activated materials based on the physical properties and capacity to adsorb nickel and lead ions. The solution with 10M sodium hydroxide and a 0.8 solid-to-liquid ratio had the best nickel and lead ion removal efficiency. This ratio formed metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials with suitable physical properties and porosity for efficient adsorption. The results demonstrated an outstanding removal efficiency of nickel and lead ions of 95.78% and 93.7%, respectively within 60 minutes contact duration. Moreover, the optimal ratio revealed to a evolution of muscovite phases that enhances adsorption capacity and removal efficiency.The adsorption process was found to be rapid coupled with promising structural properties, highlighting the potential of the metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials as an adsorbent for efficient heavy metal removal.
Africa aims for 2035 synchrotron construction start
Authors: Wild Sarah
Published: February 2025

Officials at the African Light Source Foundation are targeting 2035 as the start of construction for the continent’s first synchrotron light source.
Scientists braced for Trump presidency
Authors: Gwynne Peter
Published: February 2025

Early indications of the direction of Donald Trump’s second term as US president are already spooking some scientists, as Peter Gwynne reports.
Quantized vortices seen in a supersolid for the first time
Authors: Wogan Tim
Published: February 2025

Quantized vortices – one of the defining features of superfluidity – have been seen in a supersolid for the first time by researchers in Austria.