bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraint Handling Rules
Authors: Frühwirth Thom
Published: March 2010

Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is both a theoretical formalism based on logic and a practical programming language based on rules. This book, written by the creator of CHR, describes the theory of CHR and how to use it in practice. It is supported by a website containing teaching materials, online demos, and free downloads of the language. After a basic tutorial, the author describes in detail the CHR language and discusses guaranteed properties of CHR programs. The author then compares CHR with other formalisms and languages and illustrates how it can capture their essential features. Finally, larger programs are introduced and analyzed in detail. The book is ideal for graduate students and lecturers, and for more experienced programmers and researchers, who can use it for self-study. Exercises with selected solutions, and bibliographic remarks are included at the ends of chapters. The book is the definitive reference on the subject.
Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America
Authors: Murillo Maria Victoria
Published: March 2010

Why do labor unions resist economic restructuring and adjustment policies in some countries and in some economic sectors while they submit in other cases? And why do some labor leaders fashion more creative and effective roles for labor unions? This book addresses these critical questions in an in-depth elegant comparative study of Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela in the 1990s. In each case, the book studies both the role of national confederations as well as individual unions in specific economic sectors in each country. It demonstrates the importance of the presence and nature of alliances between political parties and labor unions as well as the significance of competition between labor unions for the representation of the same set of workers. This work opens new horizons for appreciating the intellectual and practical importance of the variation in the interactions between workers, unions, political parties, and economic policies.
Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO
Authors: Lepš Jan , Šmilauer Petr
Published: March 2010

This book is primarily written for ecologists needing to analyse data resulting from field observations and experiments. It will be particularly useful for students and researchers dealing with complex ecological problems, such as the variation of biotic communities with environmental conditions or the response of biotic communities to experimental manipulation. Following a simple introduction to ordination methods, the text focuses on constrained ordination methods (RDA, CCA) and the use of permutation tests on statistical hypotheses of multivariate data. An overview of classification methods, or modern regression methods (GLM, GAM, loess), is provided and guidance on the correct interpretation of ordination diagrams is given. Seven case studies of varying difficulty help to illustrate the suggested analytical methods, using the Canoco for Windows software. The case studies utilise both the descriptive and manipulative approaches, and they are supported by data sets and project files available from the book website.
Principles of Chemical Separations with Environmental Applications
Authors: Noble Richard D. , Terry Patricia A.
Published: March 2010

Chemical separations are of central importance in many areas of environmental science, whether it is the clean up of polluted water or soil, the treatment of discharge streams from chemical processes, or modification of a specific process to decrease its environmental impact. This book is an introduction to chemical separations, focusing on their use in environmental applications. The authors first discuss the general aspects of separation technology as a unit operation. They also describe how property differences are used to generate separations, the use of separating agents, and the selection criteria for particular separation techniques. The general approach for each technology is to present the chemical and/or physical basis for the process and explain how to evaluate it for design and analysis. The book contains many worked examples and homework problems. It is an ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on environmental separations or environmental engineering.
Markov Processes, Gaussian Processes, and Local Times
Authors: Marcus Michael B. , Rosen Jay
Published: March 2010

This book was first published in 2006. Written by two of the foremost researchers in the field, this book studies the local times of Markov processes by employing isomorphism theorems that relate them to certain associated Gaussian processes. It builds to this material through self-contained but harmonized 'mini-courses' on the relevant ingredients, which assume only knowledge of measure-theoretic probability. The streamlined selection of topics creates an easy entrance for students and experts in related fields. The book starts by developing the fundamentals of Markov process theory and then of Gaussian process theory, including sample path properties. It then proceeds to more advanced results, bringing the reader to the heart of contemporary research. It presents the remarkable isomorphism theorems of Dynkin and Eisenbaum and then shows how they can be applied to obtain new properties of Markov processes by using well-established techniques in Gaussian process theory. This original, readable book will appeal to both researchers and advanced graduate students.
The Mathematical Foundations of Mixing
Authors: Sturman Rob , Ottino Julio M. , Wiggins Stephen
Published: March 2010

Mixing processes occur in many technological and natural applications, with length and time scales ranging from the very small to the very large. The diversity of problems can give rise to a diversity of approaches. Are there concepts that are central to all of them? Are there tools that allow for prediction and quantification? The authors show how a variety of flows in very different settings possess the characteristic of streamline crossing. This notion can be placed on firm mathematical footing via Linked Twist Maps (LTMs), which is the central organizing principle of this book. The authors discuss the definition and construction of LTMs, provide examples of specific mixers that can be analyzed in the LTM framework and introduce a number of mathematical techniques which are then brought to bear on the problem of fluid mixing. In a final chapter, they present a number of open problems and new directions.
Multiplicative Number Theory I
Authors: Montgomery Hugh L. , Vaughan Robert C.
Published: March 2010

Prime numbers are the multiplicative building blocks of natural numbers. Understanding their overall influence and especially their distribution gives rise to central questions in mathematics and physics. In particular their finer distribution is closely connected with the Riemann hypothesis, the most important unsolved problem in the mathematical world. Assuming only subjects covered in a standard degree in mathematics, the authors comprehensively cover all the topics met in first courses on multiplicative number theory and the distribution of prime numbers. They bring their extensive and distinguished research expertise to bear in preparing the student for intelligent reading of the more advanced research literature. This 2006 text, which is based on courses taught successfully over many years at Michigan, Imperial College and Pennsylvania State, is enriched by comprehensive historical notes and references as well as over 500 exercises.
Rethinking The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
Authors: Hamilton-Bleakley Holly
Published: March 2010

Quentin Skinner's classic study The Foundations of Modern Political Thought was first published by Cambridge in 1978. This was the first of a series of outstanding publications that have changed forever the way the history of political thought is taught and practised. Rethinking the Foundations of Modern Political Thought looks afresh at the impact of the original work, asks why it still matters, and considers a number of significant agendas that it still inspires. A very distinguished international team of contributors has been assembled, including John Pocock, Richard Tuck and David Armitage, and the result is an unusually powerful and cohesive contribution to the history of ideas, of interest to large numbers of students of early modern history and political thought. In conclusion, Skinner replies to each chapter and presents his own thoughts on the latest trends and the future direction of the history of political thought.
Random Dynamical Systems
Authors: Bhattacharya Rabi , Majumdar Mukul
Published: March 2010

This treatment provides an exposition of discrete time dynamic processes evolving over an infinite horizon. Chapter 1 reviews some mathematical results from the theory of deterministic dynamical systems, with particular emphasis on applications to economics. The theory of irreducible Markov processes, especially Markov chains, is surveyed in Chapter 2. Equilibrium and long run stability of a dynamical system in which the law of motion is subject to random perturbations is the central theme of Chapters 3-5. A unified account of relatively recent results, exploiting splitting and contractions, that have found applications in many contexts is presented in detail. Chapter 6 explains how a random dynamical system may emerge from a class of dynamic programming problems. With examples and exercises, readers are guided from basic theory to the frontier of applied mathematical research.
The European Civil Code
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: March 2010

Hugh Collins argues that the European Union should develop a civil code to provide uniform rules for contracts, property rights and protection against civil wrongs, thus drawing together the differing national traditions with respect to the detailed regulation of civil society. The benefits of such a code would lie not so much in facilitating cross border trade, but in establishing foundations for a denser network of transnational relations of civil society, which in turn would help to overcome the present popular resistance to effective and functional political institutions at a European level. These principled foundations for a more inclusive and less balkanised civil society in Europe also provide elements of a required European social model that offers necessary safeguards for consumers, workers and disadvantaged groups against the pressures of market forces in an increasingly global economic system.
Monteverdi: Vespers (1610)
Authors: Whenham John
Published: March 2010

Monteverdi's Vespers is an exceptional collection of sacred music, both in the inventiveness of the compositions that it contains and in the debate that it has provoked over its use in the seventeenth century and over Monteverdi's intentions in publishing it. This Handbook provides a guide to the music in all its aspects – from an introduction to the service of Vespers itself, through the practice of chanting psalms in plainsong to analysis of Monteverdi's settings, ranging from the rhetoric of the motet 'Nigra sum' to the sub-text of the psalm 'Laetatus sum'. It also examines the issues involved in performing the Vespers and evaluates various scholarly debates on the music, challenging the long-held ideas that the sacred concertos are antiphon substitutes and that the music could not have been performed at Santa Barbara, Mantua. The book includes the texts and plainsongs used by Monteverdi, and a discography.
The History of Political Theory and Other Essays
Authors: Dunn John
Published: March 2010

In this collection of essays, John Dunn brings his characteristically acute and penetrative insight to a wide range of political issues. In the first essay, 'The history of political theory', Professor Dunn argues for the importance of a historical perspective in the study of political thought. Other pieces engage with central concepts of political philosophy such as obligation, trust, freedom of conscience and property. A group of studies tackle specific contemporary problems and future dangers, for example racism and the dilemma of humanitarian intervention. The volume as a whole articulates the many dangers, but also the huge importance of, contemporary politics, and provides a representative collection of work by one of the most astute political commentators writing today.
Introduction to Theoretical Neurobiology
Authors: Tuckwell Henry C.
Published: March 2010

The human brain contains billions of nerve cells whose activity plays a critical role in the way we behave, feel, perceive, and think. This two-volume set explains the basic properties of a neuron - an electrically active nerve cell - and develops mathematical theories for the way neurons respond to the various stimuli they receive. Volume 1 contains descriptions and analyses of the principal mathematical models that have been developed for neurons in the past thirty years. It provides a brief review of the basic neuroanatomical and neurophysiological facts that will form the focus of the mathematical treatment. Tuckwell discusses the mathematical theories, beginning with the theory of membrane potentials. He then goes on to treat the Lapicque model, linear cable theory, and time-dependent solutions of the cable equations. He concludes with a description of Rall's model nerve cell. Because the level of mathematics increases steadily upward from Chapter Two, some familiarity with differential equations and linear algebra is desirable.
Boundary Integral and Singularity Methods for Linearized Viscous Flow
Authors: Pozrikidis C.
Published: March 2010

This book presents a coherent introduction to boundary integral, boundary element and singularity methods for steady and unsteady flow at zero Reynolds number. The focus of the discussion is not only on the theoretical foundation, but also on the practical application and computer implementation. The text is supplemented with a number of examples and unsolved problems, many drawn from the field of particulate creeping flows. The material is selected so that the book may serve both as a reference monograph and as a textbook in a graduate course on fluid mechanics or computational fluid mechanics.
The Noose of Words
Authors: Goff Barbara
Published: March 2010

This 1990 book is a reading of Euripides' Hippolytos, a central play for the study of Euripides and of Greek tragedy. Dr Goff approaches the play through the techniques of modern literary criticism, including deconstruction and feminism, and is able to shed light on this influential text through her close examination of the language of the play. She divides her discussion into five important critical issues: gender, desire, violence, language and the status of poetry and drama. Throughout she is concerned to site the play in the historical and cultural context of fifth-century Athens, and her analysis of the position of women is particularly illuminating for the role of Phaedra, and for female characters throughout Greek tragedy. This is a provocative book which brings critical insights to one of the most extensively discussed of all Greek tragedies. It will be accessible both to classicists and students of drama and literary theory.
The Letters of Thomas Babington MacAulay
Authors: MacAulay Thomas , Pinney Thomas
Published: March 2010

The third volume of Thomas Pinney's acclaimed edition of Macaulay's letters brings the work to its halfway point. This volume begins with Macaulay preparing to sail for India as a member of the supreme Council, covers his Indian career, his return to England, renewed election to Parliament and appointment to the Whig Cabinet; it ends with the defeat of Melbourne's ministry. Many of the letters are previously unpublished, and are notable for their brisk and vivid style, clear and readable as was all Macaulay's prose. They throw particular light on his Indian years, in which Macaulay played a significant part in liberalising movement begun by Bentinck. The period also took Macaulay through several personal crises, brought about by the death of one favourite sister and the marriage of another. In these letters too Macaulay often concerns himself with his continuing literary career.
An Introduction to Post-Colonial Theatre
Authors: Crow Brian , Banfield Chris
Published: March 2010

In this book Brian Crow and Chris Banfield provide an introduction to post-colonial theatre by concentrating on the work of major dramatists from the Third World and subordinated cultures in the first world. Crow and Banfield consider the plays of such writers as Wole Soyinka and Athol Fugard and his collaborators from Africa; Derek Walcott from the West Indies; August Wilson and Jack Davis, who write from and about the experience of Black communities in the USA and Australia respectively; and Badal Sircar and Girish Karnad from India. Although these dramatists reflect diverse cultures and histories, they share the common condition of cultural subjection or oppression, which has shaped their theatres. Each chapter contains an informative list of primary source material and further reading about the dramatists. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of theatre and cultural history.
Reduplication
Authors: Inkelas Sharon , Zoll Cheryl
Published: March 2010

This groundbreaking new study takes a novel approach to reduplication, a phenomenon whereby languages use repetition to create new words. Sharon Inkelas and Cheryl Zoll argue that the driving force in reduplication is identity at the morphosyntactic, not the phonological level, and present a new model of reduplication - Morphological Doubling Theory - that derives the full range of reduplication patterns. This approach shifts the focus away from the relatively small number of cases of phonological overapplication and underapplication, which have played a major role in earlier studies, to the larger class of cases where base and reduplicant diverge phonologically. The authors conclude by arguing for a theoretical shift in phonology, which entails more attention to word structure. As well as presenting the authors' pioneering work, this book also provides a much-needed overview of reduplication, the study of which has become one of the most contentious in modern phonological theory.
A History of Afro-Hispanic Language
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: March 2010

The African slave trade, beginning in the fifteenth century, brought African languages into contact with Spanish and Portuguese, resulting in the Africans' gradual acquisition of these languages. In this 2004 book, John Lipski describes the major forms of Afro-Hispanic language found in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America over the last 500 years. As well as discussing pronunciation, morphology and syntax, he separates legitimate forms of Afro-Hispanic expression from those that result from racist stereotyping, to assess how contact with the African diaspora has had a permanent impact on contemporary Spanish. A principal issue is the possibility that Spanish, in contact with speakers of African languages, may have creolized and restructured - in the Caribbean and perhaps elsewhere - permanently affecting regional and social varieties of Spanish today. The book is accompanied by the largest known anthology of primary Afro-Hispanic texts from Iberia, Latin America, and former Afro-Hispanic contacts in Africa and Asia.
Kant and the Ethics of Humility
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine
Published: March 2010

In previous years, philosophers have either ignored the virtue of humility or found it to be in need of radical redefinition. But humility is a central human virtue, and it is the purpose of this book to defend that claim from a Kantian point of view. Jeanine Grenberg argues that we can indeed speak of Aristotelian-style, but still deeply Kantian, virtuous character traits. She proposes moving from focus on action to focus on person, not leaving the former behind, but instead taking it up within a larger, more satisfying Kantian moral theory. Using examples from literature as well as philosophy, she shows that there is a Kantian virtue theory to be explored in which humility plays a central role. Her book will have a wide appeal to readers not only in Kant studies but also in theological ethics and moral psychology.
Geography and the Ascension Narrative in Acts
Authors: Sleeman Matthew
Published: March 2010

The book of Acts contains a strong geographical component. Yet readings of Acts typically ignore or marginalise geography's contribution to the construction of the narrative's theology. In this book Matthew Sleeman argues that Jesus' ascension into heaven is foundational for establishing the 'spatiality' of Acts, showing that the narrative's understanding of place and space is shaped decisively by Christ's heavenly location. Drawing on recent advances in geographical theory, Sleeman offers a 'spatial' interpretation that expands our vision of how space and place inform the theological impulses of Acts. Presenting a complement to conventional 'temporal' readings of Acts, he sheds new light on the theology of the book, and suggests new ways of reading not only Acts but also other New Testament texts. Sleeman's work combines innovative biblical scholarship with accessible and informative geographical analysis, and is suitable for those with research and teaching interests in human geography or biblical studies.
Intellect and Character in Victorian England
Authors: Jones H. S.
Published: March 2010

In the Victorian period English universities were transformed beyond recognition, and the modern academic profession began to take shape. Mark Pattison was one of the foremost Oxford dons in this crucial period, and articulated a distinctive vision of the academic's vocation frequently at odds with those of his contemporaries. In the first serious study of Pattison as a thinker, Stuart Jones shows his importance in the cultural and intellectual life of the time: as a proponent of the German idea of the university, as a follower of Newman who became an agnostic and a thoroughly secular intellectual, and as a pioneer in the study of the history of ideas. Pattison is now remembered (misleadingly) as the supposed prototype for Mr Casaubon in George Eliot's Middlemarch, but this book retrieves his status as one of the most original and self-conscious of Victorian intellectuals.
Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization
Authors: Voon Tania
Published: March 2010

Debate about trade and culture has a long history, but the application of WTO rules to cultural products such as films, radio, and books remains one of the most divisive issues in the organization. After assessing the economic and social arguments for treating cultural products differently from things like steel or wheat, this 2007 book explains how the vastly different views of WTO members in earlier negotiations led to an outcome that is disappointing for all. It goes on to provide a comprehensive evaluation of possible solutions, including evolution of the law through WTO dispute settlement, an agreement outside the WTO, and reforms to improve the balance between trade liberalization and cultural policy objectives.
A Philosophy of Cinematic Art
Authors: Gaut Berys
Published: March 2010

A Philosophy of Cinematic Art is a systematic study of cinema as an art form, showing how the medium conditions fundamental features of cinematic artworks. It discusses the status of cinema as an art form, whether there is a language of film, realism in cinema, cinematic authorship, intentionalist and constructivist theories of interpretation, cinematic narration, the role of emotions in responses to films, the possibility of identification with characters, and the nature of the cinematic medium. Groundbreaking in its coverage of a wide range of contemporary cinematic media, it analyses not only traditional photographic films, but also digital cinema, and a variety of interactive cinematic works, including videogames. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book examines the work of leading film theorists and philosophers of film, and develops a powerful framework with which to think about cinema as an art.
A Designer's Guide to Asynchronous VLSI
Authors: Beerel Peter A. , Ozdag Recep O. , Ferretti Marcos
Published: March 2010

Create low power, higher performance circuits with shorter design times using this practical guide to asynchronous design. This practical alternative to conventional synchronous design enables performance close to full-custom designs with design times that approach commercially available ASIC standard cell flows. It includes design trade-offs, specific design examples, and end-of-chapter exercises. Emphasis throughout is placed on practical techniques and real-world applications, making this ideal for circuit design students interested in alternative design styles and system-on-chip circuits, as well as circuit designers in industry who need new solutions to old problems.
Disorders of Voluntary Muscle
Authors: Karpati George
Published: March 2010

This major new edition fulfils the need for a single-volume, up-to-date information resource on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of skeletal muscles, including the muscular dystrophies, mitochondrial myopathies, metabolic myopathies, ion channel disorders, and dysimmune myopathies. As background to the clinical coverage, relevant information on advances in molecular and developmental biology, immunopathology, mitochondrial biology, ion-channel dynamics, cell membrane and signal transduction science, and imaging technology is summarized. Combining essential new knowledge with the fundamentals of history-taking and clinical examination, this extensively illustrated book will continue to be the mainstay for practising physicians and biomedical scientists concerned with muscle disease. Regular updates on the clinical and basic science aspects of muscle disease - written mainly by rising stars of myology - will be published on an accompanying website.
A longitudinal study of maternal anthropometric changes in normal weight, overweight and obese women during pregnancy and postpartum
Authors: Soltani Hora , Fraser Robert B.
Published: March 2010

Many women associate one or more of their pregnancies with the development of adult obesity. Such an association has not been fully explored. This longitudinal study examines the changes in maternal anthropometric indices during pregnancy and postpartum. Seventy-seven pregnant subjects were investigated longitudinally at about 13, 25 and 36 weeks gestation, of whom forty-seven continued taking part into the postpartum period. Maternal weight, height and skinfold thickness (triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac and mid thigh) were measured at each visit. Maternal fat mass was estimated from the conversion of the first four skinfold thicknesses. Maternal waist and hip circumferences were also measured at the first visit and 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Weight and fat gain during pregnancy (13–36 weeks gestation) was 10·9 (SD 4·7) KG AND 4·6 (sd 3·3) kg (P< 0·001) respectively. A significant increase in fat mass from 13 weeks gestation to 6-months postpartum was observed (2·6 (sd 4·5),P< 0·001). The increased weight at 6-months postpartum, however, was not statistically significant (1·1 (sd 6·0) kg,P= 0·20). Based on BMI in early pregnancy, the subjects were divided into groups of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. The last three groups were compared using ANOVA. The obese group showed a significant difference in the pattern of changes in the skinfold thickness, waist: hip ratio and fat mass at the postpartum period, in comparison with the other two groups. In conclusion, there is a tendency in the obese group to develop central obesity at the postpartum period.
Rhetoric and Representation: Reassessing Territorial Diets in Early Modern Germany
Authors: Neu Tim
Published: March 2010

The representative form of government is in a somewhat difficult situation today. Ever since Jean-Jacques Rousseau judged in 1762 that “à l'instant qu'un Peuple se donne des Réprésentans, il n'est plus libre, il n'est plus,” representative government has been exposed to a steady stream of harsh criticism. The number of critics eventually increased to include Marxists, communitarians, and radical democrats. On the other hand, it is a matter of fact that over the last decades, representative systems were developed in, or at least formally adopted by, the vast majority of nations. For example, more than 140 out of the nearly 200 world's states formally have parliaments associated in the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Institutions such as parliaments and parties, and procedures such as elections and legislation form a ubiquitous and at the same time heavily disputed part of the present political landscape.
Making Natural History: Doing the Enlightenment
Authors: Dietz Bettina
Published: March 2010

The image of the Enlightenment as an era has proved to be remarkably constant, repeatedly resisting protracted and subtle attempts to de-ideologize, pluralize, and reperiodize it. Historians have turned away from a pure history of ideas in favor of a cultural history of publishing and reading, a social history of intellectual sociability, and the situating of ideas within historical-political constellations. The concept of a homogeneous, quasi-monolithic Enlightenment has been pluralized and parceled into a large number of geographically and thematically distinct Enlightenments. At the same time, the chronological scope of research interests has been extended and refined. Whereas the decades of the high Enlightenment in Britain and France were the initial focus of interest, the phase of the radical early Enlightenment has since achieved a firm place in a total panorama that also takes account of chronologically different developments in various national contexts. Nonetheless it is true, although necessarily a generalization, to say that the interpretation of the Enlightenment as a whole concentrates on an “Enlightenment thinking” characterized as rational, critical of dogma, and systematic, and whose main emphases are seen as political ideas, philosophy, criticism of superstition, and the experimental sciences. The intention here is to focus on the aspect of active mass participation in the intellectual project of the Enlightenment and to supplement the image of an intellectual history centered on the triad of ideas, authors, and texts (more rarely books) with a perspective that focuses on learned practice.
Policing the Boundaries of “Germandom” in the East: SS Ethnic German Policy and Odessa's “Volksdeutsche,” 1941–1944
Authors: Steinhart Eric C.
Published: March 2010

On the morning of October 21, 1941, the custodian of Odessa's Museum of Western Civilization summoned twenty-three-year-old Eugenie Anissimoff and her middle-aged mother to lead an unusual and most demanding tour group. Having fled the besieged metropolis weeks earlier to their former residence in suburban Odessa, the two women had returned to their bombed-out apartment in the recently occupied city. Homeless, the pair had sought refuge with the museum's caretaker, an old family friend. Unable to communicate with the delegation of SS andWehrmachtofficers who queued for admission, the Russian-speaking janitor hoped that the twoVolksdeutschewomen would help to disarm the menacing visitors by granting them a German-language tour. Although ostensibly to inspect the building for booby traps, the visit's true purpose became clear as the Germans began loading paintings, rugs, and even a golden saddle into their vehicles. At the conclusion of the tour-cum-robbery, the group's leader, SS-ObersturmführerDr. Klaus Siebert, thanked the two women and complimented their excellent German. Hearing of their dire situation, Siebert advised Anissimoff and her mother to register for support at the local SS-runVolksdeutsche Mittelstelle, or Ethnic German Liaison Office (hereafter VoMi), bureau in a former music conservatory on Novovlaskaia Street.
Daring More Democracy? Internal Security and the Social Democratic Fight against West German Terrorism
Authors: Hanshew Karrin
Published: March 2010

Over the course of the 1970s, West Germans fought one another in an attempt to defend democracy. Frustrated with the seemingly ineffectual speeches and demonstrations of the 1960s protest movements, militant groups such as the Red Army Faction (RAF), June 2ndMovement, and the Red Cells took up arms. They declared war on the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) for its failure to rid itself of the vestiges of fascism, for its hierarchical-authoritarian structure, and for the abuses of western consumer society. Inspired by national liberation movements in the formerly colonized world, the groups aimed both to raise revolutionary consciousness among the West German population and to demonstrate the state's vulnerability through illegal action. The RAF, in particular, stressed the importance of violence as a simultaneous act of emancipation and defense—the latter understood as counterviolence necessitated by state-initiated violence. The repeated violation of norms would, its members argued, undermine Germans' traditional “habit of obedience” and, at the same time, force the state to reveal openly its fascism. These tough-love tactics, in short, aimed to save West Germans from themselves and thereby save German democracy.
Not So Scary After All? Reform in Imperial and Weimar Germany
Authors: Dickinson Edward Ross
Published: March 2010

An interesting interpretive standpoint has come in recent years to characterize synthetic treatments of Imperial and Weimar Germany, and oddly, it is most often laid out in connection with discussions of reform and reformers. The history of reform in early twentieth-century Germany, we now consistently hear, is more complex than we once thought, and this fact is a central piece of evidence that early twentieth-century Germany, too, was more complex than we thought. In fact, the invocation of the sheer variety and creativity of Wilhelmine reform as a challenge to the available interpretive frameworks in the historiography on modern Germany is in danger of becoming formulaic. The available models, it appears, are unable to contain the massive proliferation of studies of the varieties of reform in Imperial Germany; they are beginning to burst at the seams. This is uniformly perceived as an exciting development, a chance to rethink modernity in Germany.
Specific IgG activity against diarrheagenic bacteria in bovine immune milk and effect of pH on its antigen-binding activity upon heating
Authors: Gao Wei , Chen Long , Xu Long Bing , Huang Xin Hua
Published: March 2010

Bovine colostrum and milk antibodies of calving and lactating cows immunized with a multivalent vaccine consisting of whole cells of three different species of pathogenic bacteria including four strains of enterotoxigenic Escherischia coli, five strains of enteropathogenic Esch. coli, three strains of enteroinvasive Esch. coli, two strains of Samonella typhi, and one strain each of Shigellia dysenteriae, Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri were generated, respectively. A significantly elevated activity and titre of specific IgG from bovine immune colostrum were seen for only 5 days after calving of immunized cows, however, the levels of specific IgG could be obtained continuously from the milk of immunized lactating cows until the 11th week of the entire experiment period. Subsequently, we observed that the high specific IgG activity in immune milk was relatively stable under pH 5·0–7·0 at 37°C. Of importance, we identified that the specific IgG preserved its biological function for high antigen-binding activity at pH 5·5–6·5 for 30 min of heat treatment at 70°C and for 350 s at 72°C. Our findings suggest that the specific IgG from milk antibodies of immunized lactating cows may be used as an abundant source of hyper-immune products for prevention of multibacteria-induced diarrhea, however, the effect of pH on its antigen-binding activity upon heating should be carefully considered and designed.
The influence of milk composition on pH and calcium activity measured in situ during heat treatment of reconstituted skim milk
Authors: Chandrapala Jayani , McKinnon Ian , Augustin Mary Ann , Udabage Punsandani
Published: March 2010

The pH and calcium activity of reconstituted skim milk solutions (9–21% w/w milk solids non-fat) on heating and after cooling were studied as a function of milk pH prior to heating (pH 6·2–7·2 at 25°C) and added calcium complexing agents (phosphate or EDTA). The pH decreased as the temperature was raised from 25 to 90°C and the magnitude of the pH decrease was greater with increase in initial pH at 25°C before heating or milk concentration. The pH decrease on heating from 25 to 90°C in skim milk solutions with added calcium complexing agents was lower than that of milk without the addition of these salts. The calcium activity decreased on heating from 25 to 60°C. The magnitude of the change decreased with increase in initial pH at 25°C before heating and milk concentration. The decrease in calcium activity on heating from 25 to 60°C for skim milk solutions with added calcium complexing agents was lower than that of milk solutions without the addition of calcium complexing agents. The changes in pH and calcium activity on heating milk were largely reversible after cooling the milk. The results suggested that the pH and calcium activity at high temperatures are a function of the milk composition. Knowledge of the initial pH prior to heating alone is not sufficient for predicting the changes that occur during heating.
Cheese liking and consumer willingness to pay as affected by information about organic production
Authors: Napolitano Fabio , Braghieri Ada , Piasentier Edi , Favotto Saida , Naspetti Simona , Zanoli Raffaele
Published: March 2010

The present study aimed to assess the effect of information about organic production on Pecorino cheese liking and consumer willingness to pay. Mean scores of perceived liking were similar for organic cheese (OC) and conventional cheese (CC). Expected liking scores were higher for OC than for CC (P<0·001). For OC the expected liking was significantly higher (P<0·001) than the perceived liking expressed in blind conditions (negative disconfirmation), whereas for CC the expected liking was significantly lower (P<0·001) than the perceived liking expressed in blind conditions (positive disconfirmation). Consumers assimilated their liking for OC in the direction of expectations, as the difference actual vs. perceived liking was significant (P<0·001). However the assimilation was not complete, as also the difference actual liking vs. expected liking was significant (P<0·001). Consumers showed a willingness to pay OC (mean±se=4·20±0·13 €/100 g) higher than the local retail price for conventional (1·90 €/100 g) and even organic cheese (3·00 €/100 g). We conclude that the information about organic farming can be a major determinant of cheese liking and consumer willingness to pay, thus providing a potential tool for product differentiation, particularly for small scale and traditional farms.
Colloquium – Toward a Reconceptualization of ‘Language’ and ‘Acquisition’ in SLA Research
Authors: Hellermann John , Olsher David
Published: March 2010

Held at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Annual Conference, Denver, CO, USA; 21 March 2009.

This all-day colloquium was part of an ongoing discussion of ways that methods and frameworks from micro-ethnography, Conversation Analysis (CA), and Vygotskian Sociocultural Theory are re-specifying ‘language’ and ‘acquisition’ from a socio-interactional view of SLA.
Children do not overcome lexical biases where adults do: the role of the referential scene in garden-path recovery
Authors: KIDD EVAN , STEWART ANDREW J. , SERRATRICE LUDOVICA
Published: March 2010

In this paper we report on a visual world eye-tracking experiment that investigated the differing abilities of adults and children to use referential scene information during reanalysis to overcome lexical biases during sentence processing. The results showed that adults incorporated aspects of the referential scene into their parse as soon as it became apparent that a test sentence was syntactically ambiguous, suggesting they considered the two alternative analyses in parallel. In contrast, the children appeared not to reanalyze their initial analysis, even over shorter distances than have been investigated in prior research. We argue that this reflects the children's over-reliance on bottom-up, lexical cues to interpretation. The implications for the development of parsing routines are discussed.
Exact confidence limits for prevalence of a disease with an imperfect diagnostic test
Authors: REICZIGEL J. , FÖLDI J. , ÓZSVÁRI L.
Published: March 2010

Estimation of prevalence of disease, including construction of confidence intervals, is essential in surveys for screening as well as in monitoring disease status. In most analyses of survey data it is implicitly assumed that the diagnostic test has a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. However, this assumption is invalid in most cases. Furthermore, asymptotic methods using the normal distribution as an approximation of the true sampling distribution may not preserve the desired nominal confidence level. Here we proposed exact two-sided confidence intervals for the prevalence of disease, taking into account sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test. We illustrated the advantage of the methods with results of an extensive simulation study and real-life examples.
Height and weight gains in a nutrition rehabilitation day-care service
Authors: Alves Vieira Maria de Fátima , Ferraro Alexandre Arcanjo , Nascimento Souza Maria Helena do , Fernandes Maria Tereza B , Sawaya Ana Lydia
Published: March 2010

Objective

To evaluate nutritional recovery patterns in 106 undernourished children assisted by the Center of Nutritional Recovery and Education (CREN, in Portuguese) between January 1995 and December 1999.

Design

CREN assists undernourished children aged 0 to 72 months living in the southern regions of Sao Paulo, in an outpatient setting. Nutritional status was assessed by Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. Nutritional recovery evaluation considered Z-score gains in weight-for-age and height-for-age, grouping into four categories (Z-score increment of 0·50 between groups). Children with birth weight less than 2500 g were classified as low birth weight (LBW), while those born at term and with LBW were classified as small for gestational age.

Setting

CREN (Center of Nutritional Recovery and Education in Portuguese), Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Subjects

One hundred and six children from CREN.

Results

Among the 106 evaluated children, ninety-eight (92·5 %) recovered their weight or height and seventy-two (67·9 %) recovered both. Nearly half of studied children presented a nutritional recovery (increase in Z-score) of more than 0·50 in height-for-age (46·2 %) and about 40 % in weight-for-age (38·7 %). Multivariate analysis showed that treatment duration and initial weight-for-age contributed to weight-for-age Z-score increment, explaining 25 % of the variation; and treatment duration, initial height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-score increment contributed to height-for-age Z-score increment, explaining 62 % of the variation.

Conclusions

Our findings show that nutritional recovery among children who attended CREN was influenced primarily by the degree of nutritional deficit at admission. It has also been shown that biological variables are more important than socio-economic status in determining the rate of nutritional recovery.
The prevalence and correlates of taking folic acid and vitamin supplements among adults aged ≥45 years with CVD
Authors: Zhao Guixiang , Ford Earl S , Li Chaoyang , Mokdad Ali H
Published: March 2010

Objective

To examine the prevalence and likelihood of taking folic acid or vitamin supplements among adults with CHD or stroke v. adults without these conditions.

Design

A cross-sectional Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System survey was conducted in twelve states of the United States and Puerto Rico in 2006. Self-reported data from participants were collected.

Setting

The United States.

Subjects

US non-institutionalised adults (n 41 792), aged ≥45 years.

Results

Of all participants, 5445 had CHD and 2076 had stroke. Significantly higher percentages of women than men reported taking folic acid or vitamin supplements. After adjustment for potential confounders, women with CHD had a significantly lower adjusted prevalence (AP) and adjusted OR (AOR) than women without CHD for taking folic acid less than one time per d (AP = 3·9 % v. 5·5 %; AOR = 0·56; 95 % CI 0·39, 0·81), for taking folic acid one to four times per d (AP = 50·0 % v. 57·5 %; AOR = 0·68; 95 % CI 0·60, 0·79), and for taking vitamin supplements (AP = 60·9 % v. 69·9 %; AOR = 0·66; 95 % CI 0·57, 0·76). Men with CHD had a significantly higher AP (50·4 % v. 46·2 %) and AOR (1·17; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·33) of taking folic acid one to four times per d than men without CHD. In both sexes, adults with stroke were as likely as those without to take these supplements.

Conclusions

Substantial variations in the prevalence and likelihood of taking folic acid or vitamin supplements exist by gender and by CHD status, but not by stroke status.
Selbstverletzendes Verhalten im Jugendalter
Authors: Plener Paul Lukas , Brunner Romuald , Resch Franz , Fegert Jörg Michael , Libal Gerhard
Published: March 2010

Selbstverletzendes Verhalten (SVV) hat seinen Beginn zumeist im Jugendalter. Internationale Studien berichten von Prävalenzraten zwischen 3 und 37 % (in Deutschland: 15–26 %) bei Jugendlichen. Es gibt Hinweise, dass aus neurobiologischer Sicht vor allem das serotonerge System bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung dieses Verhaltens beteiligt ist. SVV wird von den Jugendlichen häufig zur Beeinflussung aversiver affektiver Zustände verwendet, kann aber auch andere Funktionen wie etwa Selbstbestrafung oder einen anti-dissoziativen Effekt haben. Bislang existieren viele Diagnostikverfahren, von denen teilweise auch deutsche Übersetzungen vorliegen. Bezüglich psychotherapeutischer Interventionen gibt es Hinweise auf eine gute Effektivität der Dialektisch-Behavioralen Therapie für Adoleszente (DBT-A). Der Evidenzgrad für psychopharmakologische Interventionen ist im Kindes-und Jugendalter sehr gering, sodass vor allem psychotherapeutische Interventionen im Vordergrund der Behandlung stehen sollten.
Erfasst der FBT lokale visuelle Informationsverarbeitung bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen?
Authors: Scheurich Armin , Fellgiebel Andreas , Müller Mattias J. , Poustka Fritz , Bölte Sven
Published: March 2010

Fragestellung: Der kognitive Phänotyp von Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) ist unter anderem durch eine Neigung zu lokaler Informationsverarbeitung (schwacher zentraler Kohärenz) gekennzeichnet. Es wurde untersucht, ob der Fragmentierte Bilder Test (FBT) diese Präferenz zu erfassen vermag. Methodik: Die FBT-Leistungen 15 autistischer, 16 depressiver und 16 schizophrener Patienten sowie von 16 typisch entwickelten Kontrollpersonen wurden verglichen. Mit dem Embedded Figures Test (EFT) und dem Mosaiktest (MT) wurden ebenfalls validierte Tests lokaler Informationsverarbeitung erhoben. Ergebnisse: Patienten mit ASS zeigten eine Präferenz für lokale Informationsverarbeitung, d. h. Beeinträchtigungen des Gestaltschließens im FBT, bei gleichzeitig wie erwartet guter Performanz im EFT und MT. Die Ergebnisse waren durch Alter und Intelligenzniveau beeinflusst und nach ANCOVA verblieb lediglich ein Trend zu lokaler Verarbeitung des FBT und EFT. Die Leistungsdifferenz in FBT und EFT (Subtraktion der Testergebnisse) erbrachte jedoch auch mit Korrektur von Alter und Intelligenz signifikante Unterschiede zwischen ASS-Patienten und den Kontrollgruppen. Diskussion: Der FBT eignet sich als explorativer Test der lokalen visuellen Informationsverarbeitung bei ASS. Insbesondere kann in Kombination mit dem EFT ein Differenzmaß gebildet werden, das zwischen ASS und klinischen sowie gesunden Kontrollgruppen diskriminiert.