bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Client Evaluation of Three Welfare Programs
Authors: Goodsell Charles T.
Published: March 2007

Three welfare programs—Social Security, Public Welfare, and Unemployment Compensation—are compared with respect to client evaluations of services received. To structure this comparison, an independent variable of administrative program is derived from three components, namely, climate, technology, and clientele. Data on client evaluation are obtained from exit interviews of clients as they leave welfare offices. A hypothesized order of client satisfaction among the three programs is supported empirically in large measure. It is proposed that the field of comparative administration concern itself more with such comparisons instead of concentrating on cross-national comparisons.
Applying the Categorical Imperative to Policy Evaluation
Authors: Rohr John A.
Published: March 2007

The fundamental flaw in the Portis and Davis article is the failure to show (1) that policy evaluation clients share the authors' expectation of social science and (2) that the authors' imperative is truly categorical.
The Honorable Bureaucrat among the Philistines
Authors: Hart David K.
Published: March 2007

The argument that analytical philosophy should be the working philosophy of public administration is premature. Since the primary loyalty of public administrators must be to the "American regime values," rather than to elected officials, an ability to do moral philosophy is the necessary foundation upon which all public administration education must be based. Specifically, it is indispensable to the correct exercise of the discretionary powers of public administrators.
Executive Leadership and Administration
Authors: Sedgwick Jeffrey Leigh
Published: March 2007

The theories of administration advanced by the Founders and by Woodrow Wilson bear striking similarities. First, the Founders and Wilson alike thought it impossible to discuss administration proper without raising profound political questions such as the proper separation of powers, the nature and amount of executive energy, and the role of reason and passion in public life. Second, both agreed on the necessity of an energetic executive that was both unitary and responsible. But despite these areas of agreement, Wilson and the Founders disagreed on several issues, perhaps nowhere more fundamentally than on the source of executive energy and the character of public leadership.
Self-Interest Properly Understood
Authors: Nigro Lloyd G. , Richardson William D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationships among Founding thought, the American character, and public administration. It is argued that the Founders expected that individualism, acquisitiveness, and a concern for reputation would be major building blocks of the regime. Madison, Hamilton, and Tocqueville saw these traits as essential to the American democracy. Currently, aspects of public administration are under attack as endangering these citizen attributes. The authors contend that public administration is necessary as a corrective of certain negative features of individualism and acquisitiveness. However, it is also argued that, to be effective, administrative policies should foster the most salutary aspects of these character traits. Several early New Deal programs are used as examples of appropriate policies. Guidelines for formulating public policies in the 1980s are suggested.
The Honorable Spymaster
Authors: Dobel J. Patrick
Published: March 2007

This article uses the George Smiley novels of John Le Carré to explore the moral attribution that occurs when individuals are asked to live lives of moral contradiction in the public service. The novels exemplify the moral, psychological, and institutional tensions upon individuals whose lives require them to act in contradiction to the professed norms of liberal democracy. The paper focuses upon the three types of character that inhabit this world—absolutists, bureaucratic careerists, and George Smiley, Le Carré's protagonist. The play of the characters illuminates the different qualities of judgment and loyalty that can sustain or break under the moral corrosion of espionage in liberal democracy.
Understanding Social Partnerships
Authors: Waddock Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

A model of the evolutionary process of developing social partnerships is presented. The model focuses on the interorganizational context out of which partnerships originate and proposes that six types of forces in the environment foster interaction. Next, processes of issue crystallization, coalition building, and purpose formulation, which originate in an "initiation" stage and focus the content of the partnership, are described. The evolutionary stages of social partnership are identified as (1) a context of forces generating a recognition of the need/use of partnership, (2) initiation of the partnership (encompassing issue crystallization, coalition building, and purpose formulation), (3) establishment, and (4) maturity. Processes are seen to be repetitive and cyclical, and purpose in successful partnerships tends to broaden over time. A case example is used to illustrate the model.
An Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Employment Tenure of Federal Political Executives
Authors: Joyce Philip G.
Published: March 2007

The issue of tenure among political executives has been hypothesized to be important in understanding the ability of presidents to implement policy. While it has been demonstrated that these executives remain in their appointed position for a very short period of time and theories have been developed to explain this short tenure, previous work has not tested these hypotheses statistically. This article uses data from a 1985 National Academy of Public Administration survey of political appointees and, using multiple regression methods, addresses the specific factors that have been theorized to influence the tenure of these executives. Specifically, two key factors are found to negatively impact tenure: poor relations with the career bureaucracy and the lure of greater private sector salaries. Other hypotheses are tested as well. The results provide a clearer picture of the motivations of these officials and may be of assistance in promoting an increased length of service through better recruitment and retention methods.
The Paradox of Male Volent/Benevolent Bureaucracy
Authors: Hartwig Richard
Published: March 2007

Ralph Hummel claims that bureaucracy is malevolent; Charles Goodsell says that it is benevolent (in the United States). Some scholars write that bureaucratization is the wave of the future while others insist that it is not. Both Hummel and Goodsell may be correct if the U.S. public sector has been substantially debureaucratized. A review and categorization of the literature provides partial support for this position. Much of the confusion arises from differing conceptions of "bureaucracy. " The paradox of bureaucracy could be substantially resolved if academics would substitute the term "organizational rationalization" for the concept of societal bureaucratization.
When Cross-Cultural Equals Double Cross
Authors: Rodrigues Carl A.
Published: March 2007

In the early 1960s, the Miccosukee Indian tribe, a traditional society and a sovereign American tribal government, established objectives to formally adopt certain Western ways while maintaining much of its traditional tribal culture. The Miccosukees incorporated numerous U.S. federal government planned and funded programs into their living arrangements. This article analyzes part of that experience, concluding that the programs were not very effective and served mainly as a means of transferring money from the federal government to the Miccosukees. Even though the modernization programs were formally installed and some cultural changes did occur, traditional tribal culture nevertheless remained dominant. The case has implications for those who would understand aid and undertake cross-cultural development efforts.
Is American Bureaucracy an Immobilized Gulliver or a Regenerative Phoenix?
Authors: Hill Larry B.
Published: March 2007

Over the past quarter century, federal bureaucracies have been affected by numerous changes-many of which were designed to restrictbureaucratic autonomy. Several scholars have concluded that bureaucracy's role in the process of governance has been substantially diminished. When the changes are closely inspected, however, most-including the proliferation of political appointees-prove not to be as effective at restraining bureaucracy as often supposed Also, because many restrictions interact with others, they are not really summative; sometimes they cancel each other out.
The Greening of Organizations
Authors: Mercier Jean , McGowan Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This article draws some parallels between administrative trends of the past 15 years and principles drawn from the ecology movement. This task is facilitated by the fact that ecologists have been interested in areas that go beyond questions of air, water, and soil. Both administrative practices and the ecology movement have been recommending a departure from primitive mechanics, because both advocate diversity flexibility, and human scale and recommend institutional arrangements that are based on dedifferentiation, fusion, and a less segmented view of reality A bewildring array of terms has been used to describe emerging trends in organizational life (post-Weberian, ecological postmodern, and others), but it may be reassuring to know that organization theory has always had 4 in its midst notions that help us understand these new realities.
Public Administration Productivity: An Assessment of Faculty in PA Programs
Authors: Forrester John P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relative frequency of contributions made by faculty members in public administration programs to the professional public administration journals. With the call for a leaner and more productive government sector (e.g., universities), the profession needs to know which programs are producing most of the cutting-edge knowledge, the research strengths of these programs, and where they publish. More specifically, the analysis draws on evidence from articles found in highly ranked journals to reflect on relative productivity using four categories of measures: which schools (a) publish the greatest number of articles in the journals, (b) publish the greatest number of single-authored equivalent articles in the journals, (c) publish the greatest number of articles in the "best" journals, and (d) publish the greatest number of single-authored equivalent articles in the best journals. Together, the findings offer a comprehensive view of public administration faculty productivity in central public administration journals.
An Alternative Source for Contemporary Public Administration
Authors: Schnall David J.
Published: March 2007

Jewish cultural sources include scriptural narrative, Talmudic discourse, legal and ethical code, case law, and municipal regulation, developed over some 4 millennia of recorded history under a broad variety of diverse social and political circumstances. Nevertheless, they are rarely invoked as sources for the study of contemporary public administration. A review of normative Jewish thought may uncover long-dormant insights and inferences at variance with those rooted elsewhere. It further may set the stage for analysis of other nationalcultural precedents and add to the diversity that informs the field. This article analyzes Jewish tradition relative to its consideration ofpublic service and human resource issues regarding tenure andjob security, collective bargaining, and accountabilityfor quality assurance.
Knowing, Believing, and Understanding: The Social Construction of Knowledge in the O. J. Simpson Criminal Trial
Authors: Washington Ernest D.
Published: March 2007

A model of knowledge is advanced that includes knowing as well as believing and understanding. The model includes two forms of knowing, knowing that (theoretical knowledge) and knowing how (practical knowledge), as well as two forms of belief, believing that and believing in. Knowing that links to believing that because whether one claims to know or to believe something is a matter of circumstance and evidence. Knowing how connects to believing in because knowing how to do something requires a teacher or someone to believe in. The O. J. Simpson criminal trial provides concrete examples of the uses of practical and theoretical knowledge and their pervasiveness in everyday life. The jury combined these different forms of knowledge into a verdict or understanding of not guilty. The reactions to the verdict polarized along racial lines and revealed the relations between knowledge and belief in the constructions of knowledge.
African Americans, Depression, and Suicide Risk
Authors: Palmer Charles James
Published: March 2007

The aim of the current study was to determine which variable would be a better predictor of suicide risk: perceived social support or serum cholesterol level. There was a significant negative correlation between suicide risk and perceived social support but no significant correlation between suicide risk and serum cholesterol. Perceived social support was a better predictor of suicide risk than was serum cholesterol level and accounted for 17% of the variance. Depressed patients with a history of suicide attempt had a significantly lower serum cholesterol level, scored significantly higher on the Suicide Risk Scale, and scored significantly lower on the Perceived Social Support Scale than did depressed patients with no history of suicide attempt. Findings suggest that perceived social support is a better predictor of suicide risk for depressed African Americans.
The Black Family and Black Community Development
Authors: Johnson Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Black family life is discussed in the context of Black community development. The author contends that mutual, interactive actions by Black families and Black community institutions could benefit both. The familial functions of socialization (including racial conscious ness) and economic functioning are reviewed, and the ways that Black families can assist in the development of the Black community through efficient use of family resources are explored. The author argues that more judicious resource utilization and allocation by Black organizations could contribute to increased family well- being.

Discussion also focuses upon the theoretical relation ship between the Black family and the Black community. emphasizing the centrality of Black family life in the Black community. Other topics explored in this article include the relationship between Black self-concept and consumer behavior; the interrelation among racial awareness, consumerism, and community development: and the contemporary bond between Black families and Black institutions.
The Evaluation of Setting and a Culturally Specific HIV/AIDS Curriculum: HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Behavioral Intent of African American Adolescents
Authors: Damond Marietta E. , Breuer Nancy L. , Pharr Ann E.
Published: March 2007

Effectively educating African American adolescents about the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has recently become a crucial issue for many health educators. As a result, the American National Red Cross developed a culturally specific HIV/AIDS education course designed to reach African American urban adolescents. An evaluation of this course was conducted with 339 youths who participated in course presentations in their schools in Los Angeles, California. The purpose of the evaluation was to measure the effectiveness of the culturally specific curriculum and the environment in which it was presented. The course was presented in schools, and both African American and non-African American students participated. Classroom groups were generally of two types: ethnically homogeneous (predominantly one ethnic group, only) and ethnically heterogeneous (ethnically mixed groups). Results showed that although all students increased their knowledge and behavioral intent after the course, students performed significantly better in ethnically homogeneous classrooms as compared to ethnically heterogeneous classrooms. The study pointed out some difficulties in the evaluation of culturally specific courses, such as confounding variables, unreliable instruments, and the lack of long-term follow-up testing.
Relationship of Adolescent Perceptions of Racial Socialization to Racial Identity
Authors: Stevenson Howard C.
Published: March 2007

The reklaonship between racial sociadization attitudes and racial identity stages is the subject of this article, with racial socialization hypothesized as one key variable to link the literatures in childhood racial awareness ad young adult racial identity. A teenage sample was selected to compare measures of racial socialization and racial identity processes. The Scale of Racial Socilizationfor Adolescents and the 50-item Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS) based on Nigrescence theory were administered to 287 African American adolescents between the ages of 14 and 15 years. A principal components analysis was conducted on the RIAS to assess its appropriateness with a younger adolescent population. The factor analytic procedure yielded a three-factor solution with moderately reliablefactors. Thefactors corresponded to the Nigrescence stages of preencounter, immersion, and internalization. Results indicate that specific factors of racial socialization differentially predict all of the racial identiy stages for females and the preencounter and internalization identity stages for males. Findings also suggest that racial socialization is multidimensional, and implications for integrating it with revised multidimensional conceptualizations of racial identity are raised.
Subjective Religiosity among African Americans: A Synthesis of Findings from Five National Samples
Authors: Taylor Robert Joseph , Mattis Jacqueline , Chatters Linda M.
Published: March 2007

Demographic correlates of subjective religiosity are examined using data from five large national probability samples (i.e., Americans Changing Lives, n = 3,617; General Social Survey, n = 26,265; Monitoring the Future, n = 16,843; National Black Election Survey, n = 1,151; and National Survey of Black Americans, n = 2,107). In analyses of data involving both Black and White respondents, race emerges as a strong and consistent predictor of various indicators of subjective religiosity with Black Americans, indicating that they had significantly higher levels of subjective religiosity than Whites. Analyses using African American respondents only indicate that subjective religious involvement varies systematically by gender, age, region, and marital status. The findings are discussed in relation to research on religious participation among African Americans and future research and theory concerning the meaning of religion within discrete subgroups of this population.
Interrelationships between Expressive Individualism and Other Achievement Goal Orientations among African and European American Athletes
Authors: Gano-Overway Lori A. , Duda Joan L.
Published: March 2007

Much research has focused on how the African American culture differs from those values and motivational perspectives exhibited in the European American culture. In such work, however, it is important to examine potential variations in motivation using goals that may be more pertinent to African Americans. The purpose of this study was to examine the construct of expressive individualism and its relationship to other goal perspectives established in the sport literature. High school athletes (116 European Americans, 55 African Americans) completed a multisection inventory that revealed that the expressive individualism scale had two dimensions, personal expression and appearance. Correlational and second-order factor analyses indicated that the personal expression dimension was associated with task orientation for African Americans, whereas for European Americans it was related to ego orientation. The appearance dimension was associated with an ego orientation for both groups. Thus, the goal of expressive individualism in sport appears to have both a self-referenced and normative component that is culturally dependent.
The Teacher and Classmate Support Scale
Authors: Torsheim Torbjoen , Wold Bente , Samdal Oddrun
Published: March 2007

This article presents results on the factor structure, testretest reliability and external validity of the Teacher and Classmate Support scale, a brief self-report measure on perceived support from teachers and classmates. The main study included 315 13-year-olds and 366 15-year-olds. At 7-10 days after the main study, a subsample of 57 13-year-olds and 51 15-year-olds took part in a retest study. A confirmatory factor analysis of the scale showed that a correlated 2-factor model fitted the data well in both age groups, indicating that the division into a teacher and a classmate subscale is a valid measurement model. Both subscales correlated moderately with school motivation, but weakly with a measure on subjective health complaints. Convergent validity was indicated by moderate to strong relationships between the teacher subscale and an independent measure on teacher support, and by moderate relationships between the classmate subscale and an independent measure on friend support. Test-retest correlations were 0.69 for the teacher subscale and 0.74 for the classmate subscale. The scale offers promise as a parsimonious self-report measure on classmate and teacher support, but more evidence is needed before the scale can be recommended for wider research purposes.
Children’s Peer Status in School Settings
Authors: Chan Shih-Yi , Mpofu Elias
Published: March 2007

Peer nomination and peer rating procedures are reviewed with regard to their relevance to assessing children’s social acceptance and social status in school settings. Social acceptance is the child’s actual liking by other children, whereas social status is the child’s comparative social standing or friendship with classmates. Peer nomination sociometric techniques are more appropriate for measuring social acceptance in children, whereas peer nomination techniques are more suited to assessing children’s social status. The strengths, limitations and potential applications of peer nomination and peer rating sociometric methods are discussed. A new method of capitalizing on the relative strengths of both peer rating and peer nomination procedures is presented.
The ISPA Cross-National Children's Rights Research Project
Authors: Hart Stuart N. , Pavlovicb Zoran , Zeidnerc Moshe
Published: March 2007

The recognized importance of acquiring and applying the perspectives of children and youth about conditions affecting their lives has significantly increased through growing support for children's rights during the last period of the 20th century. This article presents an overview of an evolving program of surveying the judgements of children and significant adults in their lives regarding the importance and existence of children's rights in homes and schools. During the last 12 years this project has been conducted in 23 nations representing quite diverse conditions. The history, purposes, design, process and general all-country composite findings for the project are provided. Cross-country patterns are identified for some topics judged to be particularly important for school psychologists. Evidence that the school environment, in general, appears to be a place of harsher and less supportive treatment than the home is considered. The article concludes with rationale and plans for refining and expanding this project so that the voices of children will be heard through a systematic and credible program of research.
School Psychologists in the Political Maelstrom
Authors: Peterson Steven A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores, first, the roles that school psychologists theoretically might adopt as change agent: non-change, technician, the social broker and the social interventionist. Then, we analyse data from a sample of practising school psychologists to see the extent to which these roles are actually manifest in their orientations toward serving as change agent. To serve as successful change agents, though, school psychologists must understand the political context, since their stance toward change almost automatically injects them into the political arena. We use examples drawn from the politics of planning literature to note how the role adopted by a change agent interacts with political structures to shape the odds of successful change efforts. Techniques for the school psychologist to learn to better adapt to political circumstances are outlined.
Editorial: The Psychologist in International Education
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

Some years ago, as the chief psychologist of a large county in Britain, I carried out research to assess what teachers and schools required most from psychologists. The work was entitled 'A study of the needs of the School Psychological Service in one county, assumed by Head Teachers', and was later published in the Bulletin of the British Psychological Society (1970). The survey considered four basic questions in the form of a letter sent to over 400 headteachers. A similar study has been carried out among teachers in international education to obtain their views and a paper concerning this study appears in this issue. The editorial below considers my earlier study among teachers in one local authority and what they felt they required from psychologists. The psychologist's role in fostering international relations and developing international thinking is also considered, and finally, there are examples and a discussion on the psychologist's role in dealing with the universal problems that bridge national boundaries.
Conflict and Counselling: Psychological Counselling with University Students in the Emerging Nations-Turkey
Authors: Vassaf Gunduz Y.H.
Published: March 2007

In this paper I would like to discuss briefly psychological counselling in a developing country. My discussion will be based on two sources, the first of which is my experience as a psychologist at the Medico-Social Centre of Ankara University, where I worked for six years, from 1971 to 1977. Together with a psychiatrist and a social worker at the centre, I was responsible for the psychological counselling of university students, appealing to a student population of approximately 20 000. To this end we engaged in both individual and group counselling. The second source is the results of my PhD dissertation. Its purpose was to analyse the religious, sexual and political behaviour of Turkish university students in the light of socio-economic and demographical criteria. The data for the study was obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to 1100 university students.
Editorial: Could Do Better If He Tried, or Could He?
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

As the title suggests, this Editorial concerns itself with the recurring problem about which parents, teachers and others frequently ask: 'Can a child or student do better than he is currently doing?' The question of under-achievement or under-functioning academically seems perpetual, or at least one that is likely to be with us for some considerable time.
Bias in Teaching and Education
Authors: Zaborowski Zbigniew
Published: March 2007

Upon beginning his school career the child enters a new social environment in which he is obliged to conform to special laws of cooperation and coexistence. These rules are necessary both for the social functioning of the school and to enable the teachers to perform their task of educating pupils. For the child, contacts and relationships with teachers become a general model for future relationships with those in positions of authority and with others socially.
Impressions from the Fifth International School Psychology Colloquium
Authors: Honn Margareta
Published: March 2007

'Children-the Mirror of Society' was the theme of the Fifth International School Psychology Colloquium which was held in Stockholm, Sweden, at the beginning of August 1982. That theme sometimes made the participants feel frustrated and bewildered; for many, it was a new way of looking at their work as school psychologists. But in the end hopes and optimism won. As the president of the organizing committee, Mrs Anna-Lisa Mellden, said at the closing: 'Maybe some day we can have a colloquium with the theme Society-the Mirror of Children'.
School Counsellor As Agent for Change
Authors: Shaikh M. S.
Published: March 2007

The history of counselling for children can be traced back to the first century BC, when Cicero said: 'We must decide what manner of men we wish to be and what calling in life we would follow'. In Europe, Locke pointed out in 1695: 'He therefore who is about Children should well study their nature and Aptitudes and see, by often trial what turn they easily take'. The 1895 experiments in systematic vocational guidance programmes at the California School of Mechanical Arts, and further developments at Massachusetts and Wisconsin, brought the guidance movement to the year 1902. Perhaps the words 'vocational guidance' were used for the first time only a little later.
Integrate Or Segregate?
Authors: de Noronha Zelia Elisabeth Feliciano , de Noronha Mario
Published: March 2007

Is integration better than segregation? Do special schools segregate children? With these simple questions we begin an article about what we think has been and is being done in Portugal and what we think would be better for us. We also make a financial comparison between integration and separate special education but there are many difficulties in collecting appropriate data. In other aspects of the education of handicapped children, we are almost sure that the sooner inte gration takes place, the better. Ideally handicapped children should never be sep arated from their natural environment which should be carefully prepared to help adequately and to accept all people, each one with his or her difficulty.
The Relationship between Teachers' Self-concept and Their Tendency to Refer Students for Psychological Help
Authors: Itskowitz Rivka , Abend Tali , Dimitrovsky Lilly
Published: March 2007

The present research attempted to investigate the relationship between teachers' self-concept and the number of referrals for help initiated by them. Sixty teachers were divided into three groups, according to the number of student referrals for psychological help they had made during the previous school year. They were administered the Fitts' Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and a Student Problem Questionnaire relating to their declared tendency to refer problematic children. The relationship between the number of actual referrals and self-concept measures was examined by way of discriminant function analysis. Differences in the patterns of self-concept of the three referral groups were found in two functions: (1) activity pattern and decisiveness; (2) feelings towards the self. The relationship between the theoretically estimated rate of referrals and self-concept measures was also examined by discriminant function analysis. The results revealed a difference in pattern of self-concept in the function of feeling of inner wholeness.
The Intelligence of Chinese Children in Hong Kong
Authors: Lynn Richard , Hampson Susan , Lee Margaret
Published: March 2007

In this study the Culture Fair Test was administered to a sample of 9-year-old Clhinese children in Hong Kong. The sample was matched for socioeconomic status (SES) to the Hong Kong population. The mean IQ of the sample was 113. This figure needs adjustment for the time interval between the two test standardizations and for comparison with American white children. The effect of these adjustments is to reduce the mean IQ of the Hong Kong children to 104.5.
Psychological, Linguistic and Sociocultural Correlates of Reading Among Mexican American Elementary Students
Authors: Oakland Thomas , De Mesquita Paul , Buckley Kevin
Published: March 2007

The present study helps clarify the nature of relationships between cognitive style and reading achievement by estimating the amount of variance field dependence-independence, mental age, linguistic and socio-cultural variables contribute to reading recognition and comprehension among Mexican American students. All variables correlate significantly with reading achievement and, with the exception of the use of Spanish in the home, all correlate positively. The results of multiple linear regressions indicate mental age and the four language variables (i.e. grammatic closure, expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary and auditory blending) each accounts for more variance associated with reading recognition and comprehension than does field dependence-independence. Field dependence-independence is of little importance when considered along side of the other variables. Psychodiagnostic activities are strongly encouraged to examine the extent to which mental age, grammatic closure, receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary and auditory blending may be attenuating the development of Mexican American children manifesting reading recognition and comprehension problems. An implication of this study for school psychologists in other countries that have sizable numbers of linguistic minority children is that proper attention be directed toward students' intelligence and linguistic competencies in the instructional language while promoting their reading development.
Change and the Management of Educational Psychology Services in Engand and Wales
Authors: Acklaw John
Published: March 2007

Educational psychology services in England and Wales are faced with the problem of adaptation to a changing environment. Some of the key changes are the consequence of legislation, in particular the Education Reform Act 1988, but this act may be no more than one manifestation of a deeper change in attitudes towards professionals and other service providers. There is a growing awareness of the power of the consumer of services coupled with a feeling that hitherto the relationship between the expert and the client has been an unequal one, particularly in public education, health and welfare services, and that the balance needs to be redressed. The introduction of market influences into public service areas, including education, has been an act of party politicians but professionals should not dismiss it on that account. There is also a genuine shift in social attitudes that transcend the politics of left and right which educational psychologists must accommodate if they wish to provide a service which is credible to the public in the future.
Preventive Strategies for Promoting the Education of Low-income Brazilian Children
Authors: Wechsler Solange , Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

Various problems that contribute to the cycle of low achievement, grade repetition and high drop-out rates among Brazilian students, particularly those from low-income families, are reviewed. Information from Brazilian studies is considered together with studies from other Third World nations. Ways in which educational and school psychologists can contribute to the promotion of achievement and the decrease in school repetition and drop-out rates through research and other professional activities are discussed.
The Self-Concepts of Teachers as Related to the Types of Problems for which They Refer Students for Psychological Help
Authors: Itskowitz R. , Abend T. , Dimitrovsky L.
Published: March 2007

This research deals with the relationship between the self-concepts of teachers and the types of students perceived by them as needing referral for psychological help. Sixty teachers were divided into three groups, according to the number of student referrals for psychological help they had made during the previous school year. They were administered the Fitts Tennessee Self-concept Scale and a Student Problem Questionnaire relating to the kinds of problematic children they would tend to refer, if they could refer for help. The results indicated that teachers tended both actually and 'theoretically' to refer more students with problems interfering with classroom work (e.g. conduct and study problems) than those with personality problems (e.g. social and emotional problems). When teachers were divided on the basis of their response to a question regarding the referral of a single student, it was found that those who chose a child with problems manifested in the classroom were higher on general measures of general mental health as compared with teachers who chose a child with personality problems. No differences were found for type of actual referrals.
School Psychologists as Teacher Trainers
Authors: Coxon Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper describes one aspect of school psychologists' training carried out at Exeter University, England. The emphasis here is upon preventive and consultative work, particularly geared towards empowering primary care givers and demystifying the 'expert' label carried by psychologists. Reference is made to various projects carried out by Exeter trainees within the context of the Devon Psychological Service, which has both welcomed and fostered close liaison between trainees and experienced practitioners. A structure for maintaining and developing change as a result of such training projects with teachers and parents is also made explicit.
A School-based Group Programme to Uncover and Change the Problematic Beliefs of Children from Divorced Families
Authors: Jupp J. J. , Purcell I. P.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a semi-structured group intervention designed to have primary school children from divorced families ventilate and change their problematic beliefs about divorce. The effects of the programme on anxiety and depression were considered. The evaluation used a test, intervention, post-test and follow-up design. Participants in the investigation were 31 children representing 72 percent of a population of children from divorced families in two schools from a disadvantaged area. The intervention significantly reduced problematic beliefs about divorce and changes were maintained at follow-up after eight weeks. There were nonsignificant decreases in anxiety and depression and changes in beliefs were significantly correlated with changes in depression. These results, with qualitative data about beliefs expressed by children, are discussed. It is suggested that the results from the study are sufficiently strong to warrant further use and investigation of the intervention.
Qualities Related to Intelligence among Chinese Children Between Ages 4 to 6
Authors: Wang Fang-Fang , Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

Associations between selected family and child rearing factors and intelligence among children aged 4 to 6 years living in urban areas of Taiyuan, China, are described. Intelligence was tested by means of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Family information was acquired through the use of a parent questionnaire. Intelligence was significantly related to parent education, parent occupation, child caretakers and location of education.
International School Psychology Association Guidelines for the Preparation of School Psychologists
Authors: Cunningham Jacqueline , Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

Guidelines for the preparation of school psychologists are described. The guidelines have been approved by the International School Psychology Association. The guidelines emphasize six goals commonly found in the preparation of school psychologists internationally: acquisition of core psychological knowledge, development of professional decision-making abilities, acquisition of research and statistical skills, enhancement of interpersonal skills, knowledge of ethics and establishment of professional values. The basis for these goals is described. An example of a professional preparation program based on these goals is provided.
By Whose Standards? Reregulating the Canadian Labour Market
Authors: Fudge Judy , Vosko Leah F.
Published: March 2007

Taking the breakdown of the standard employment relationship (SER), which has been the lynchpin of labour market regulation in Canada since the Second World War, and the feminization of employment as its starting points, this article examines policy options for reregulating the Canadian labour market. It is divided into three parts. The first identifies the core challenge as developing a new norm of employment (based on a new gender contract) and new forms of labour regulation that reduce, rather than heighten, polarization and contribute to, instead of undermining, social solidarity and productivity. The second part proposes principles for reregulating the employment relationship that are attentive to this objective and addresses three key policy issues: the legal norm of employment, the basis for distributing entitlements and collective representation. The third part emphasizes the significance of the gender contract for understanding the role and limitations of labour law, legislation and policy and argues that gender equity must be a fundamental principle in policy design. The article concludes by acknowledging the political challenges that must be confronted before Canadian labour markets can be effectively regulated.
Avenues into Leadership for Women: the Case of Union Officers in Israel
Authors: Izraeli Dafna N.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the differential effects of organizational experience on men and women union officers in Israeli industry. The general hypothesis is that among women, prior supervisory experience is instrumental for overcoming the constraints which keep women from leadership positions. A significantly greater proportion of women supervisors than men supervisors is elected to union office. A significantly greater proportion of women without rather than with prior supervisory experience, stated that they had had apprehensions about future performance as union officers, a difference not found among men.
The Challenge of Economic Democracy: The Case of Sweden
Authors: Albrecht Sandra L. , Deutsch Steven
Published: March 2007

During a period of economic expansion, under the rule of the Social Democratic Party, Sweden initiated a major series of legislative reforms affecting the workplace. Started in the 1960s and continued throughout the 1970s, these industrial democracy reforms led to greater job security, sought for codetermination, and a greater union and worker participation in work environment issues. In the mid-1970s the Swedish labor movement began to push as well for greater democratization of the'economy, linking shop floor participation to broader participation in the enterprise and the economy. This challenge of economic democracy, specifically in the form of wage-earner funds, has become increasingly important in the proposals which have been influenced both by the economic crisis affecting all Western industrial nations as well as the internal political situation in Sweden. This paper traces the development of economic democracy in the shifting political economic climate and suggests lessons from the Swedish case.
Trade Union Technology Policy between the Protection of Status and Work Structuring
Authors: Hildebrandt Eckart , Seltz Rudiger
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the consequences of rationalization in the field of labour policy brought about by information technologies as well as their impact on the trade unions' planning policies. The West German machine-building industry has been chosen as the empirical field for studying this new type of rationalization and control strategies, 'computer-aided production planning and production control'. This study shows that the overall labour process in companies is less characterized by a consistent 'novel' production concept as detailed in Kern and Schumann's recent analysis of the 'end of division of labour'; labour relations and utilization of labour rather seem to be regulated by a multitude of variants in the field of labour policy. Centralized control and freedom to decide and act on the part of decentralized units in companies may complement one another. Above all the process of implementing information technologies (project manager/project planning) and the dependence of the technological and social resourcefulness of these systems on human knowledge and abilities must be considered as factors of wide-ranging importance for fields of policy and negotiation, modes of regulation and industrial relations which have been established in a company. This novel state of affairs especially demands a better understanding on the part of the trade unions of fields of policy and new bodies responsible for these policies in the companies.
The Labour Movement and the Emergence of Taylorism
Authors: Johansson Alf
Published: March 2007

'Systematic management' was the logical result of the emergence of mass production factories in the late 19th century. Mass production technology was however at that time limited to some of the indoor mechanical operations of the labour process. With mass production also came concentration of large masses of common labourers which dramatically increased the need for both coordination and more efficient management technically and economically. The most serious challenge to management was the political implications of the massing of non-skilled workers. The habits of work of these categories became rapidly the result of their growing egalitarian class consciousness. Taylorism must first and foremost be seen as the political and ideological reaction of capital to these tendencies. In this article different interpretations of Taylorism are discussed. It is stressed that in order to understand the problems he was trying to solve, one has to envisage the invisible patterns of power in work in the whole labour process and not limit the analysis to minor groups of formally organized workers.
Socially Useful Design: A Form of Anticipatory Democracy
Authors: Cooley Mike
Published: March 2007

Present products and their means of production are wasteful of energy and materials and are produced by means which frequently reduce human beings to mere machine appendages. Examples are given of socially useful products which, in design, manufacture and use, enhance human skill and ingenuity, conserve energy materials and help human beings rather than control, deskill and maim them. Examples are given of advanced human-centred production systems. It is suggested that the pursuit of such alternatives constitutes a vital new role for the Trade Union Movement.
Trade Unions and Working Environment Research in Sweden
Authors: Westerholm Peter
Published: March 2007

On 8-10 April, 1987, a joint Dutch-Swedish symposium on work research was held in Amsterdam. The conference was sponsored jointly by Stichting CCOZ (The Netherlands) and the Swedish Work Environment Fund. It was chaired by Jacques Allegro (CCOZ) and Bengt Abrahamson (the Swedish Center for Working Life). In the proceedings of the symposium was the following speech by Dr Peter Westerholm, chief Medical Advisor to the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO). His contribution provides a succinct and up-to-date presentation of the Swedish labour movement's position on questions related to work health and safety, and to research on these issues.
Solidarty as a Networking Skill and a Trust Relation: Its Implications for Cooperative Development
Authors: Gherardi SiMa , Masiero Altilio
Published: March 2007

Solidarity is not only an attribute of the cooperative value system, it is also a principle of regulation which works together with the principles of the market and the hierarchy to structure activities and relationships among actors. It exists within the day-to-day activities of an organization, in its interorganizational set, as an expression of members' networking skill and in the internal trust relations that link the organizational actors together. An empirical study conducted in two areas of Italy is outlined in order to illustrate how different kinds of solidarity, within different environments, shape different forms of cooperative development.