bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise das relações entre o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica Tietê-Jacaré e os Planos Diretores Municipais de Araraquara, Bauru e São Carlos, SP: avanços e desafios visando a integração de instrumentos de gestão
Authors: Peres Renata Bovo , Silva Ricardo Siloto da
Published: November 2013

A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos ressalta que os instrumentos de controle do uso e ocupação do solo devem ser utilizados de forma complementar aos instrumentos de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. No entanto, as articulações entre eles são pouco evidentes, sendo uma lacuna a ser enfrentada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a relação dos instrumentos Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica e Planos Diretores Municipais. Os objetos empíricos são o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica Tietê-Jacaré (UGRHI-13) e os Planos Diretores de Araraquara, Bauru e São Carlos, SP, municípios inseridos nessa Bacia. Foram realizados levantamentos e análises bibliográficas e documentais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados demonstram que o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica pode contribuir com diretrizes à gestão municipal, embora deva identificar os conflitos de uso da terra como uma vulnerabilidade que precisa ser reconhecida. Os Planos Diretores apresentam condições de indicar ações para a proteção dos recursos hídricos, entretanto ainda há falta de tratamento de questões regionais. Instrumentos que possuem grande potencial para a proteção de recursos hídricos são pouco explorados, como os Zoneamentos, as Áreas Especiais e os Coeficientes Urbanísticos. Há também obstáculos técnicos, político-institucionais e legais que dificultam a gestão territorial integrada. Propõe-se a criação de novos instrumentos e estratégias locais e regionais de planejamento e gestão, de mecanismos de negociação entre organismos de diferentes esferas e de políticas públicas integradas que incoporem a participação pública e ações inovadoras.
Mechanisms causing variation in sexual size dimorphism in three sympatric, congeneric lizards
Authors: Manicom Carryn , Alford Ross , Schoener Thomas W. , Schwarzkopf Lin
Published: November 2013

Sexual differences in adult body size (sexual size dimorphism, or SSD) ultimately can be favored by selection because larger males are more likely to be successful competitors for females, because larger females bear larger clutches, or because intersexual size differences reduce resource competition. Natural selection during juvenile development can influence sexual dimorphism of adults, and selection on adults and juveniles may differ. Studies that address the relative contributions of adult body shape dimorphism and sexually dimorphic patterns of growth and maturity are particularly useful in understanding the evolution of size dimorphism, yet they are rare. We investigated three sympatric, congeneric lizard species with different degrees and directions of adult sexual dimorphism and compared their growth patterns, survival probabilities, and intersexual trophic niche differences. Different mechanisms, even within these closely related, sympatric species, acted on juvenile lizards to produce species differences in adult SSD. Both degree and direction of dimorphism resulted from differences between the sexes in either the duration of growth or the rate of growth, but not from differences in rates of survival or selection on juvenile growth rate. Species‐ and sex‐specific trade‐offs in the allocation of energy to growth and reproduction, as well as differential timing of maturation, thus caused the growth patterns of the sexes to diverge, producing SSD. The differences that we observed in the direction of SSD among these species is consistent with their different social systems, suggesting that differential selection on adult body size has been responsible for the observed species‐specific differences in juvenile growth rates and maturational timing.
Gromov minimal fillings for finite metric spaces
Authors: Ivanov Alexander , Tuzhilin Alexey
Published: November 2013

The problem discussed in this paper was stated by Alexander O. Ivanov and
Alexey A. Tuzhilin in 2009. It stands at the intersection of the theories of
Gromov minimal fillings and Steiner minimal trees. Thus, it can be considered
as one-dimensional stratified version of the Gromov minimal fillings problem.
Here we state the problem; discuss various properties of one-dimensional
minimal fillings, including a formula calculating their weights in terms of
some special metrics characteristics of the metric spaces they join (it was
obtained by A.Yu. Eremin after many fruitful discussions with participants of
Ivanov-Tuzhilin seminar at Moscow State University); show various examples
illustrating how one can apply the developed theory to get nontrivial
results; discuss the connection with additive spaces appearing in
bioinformatics and classical Steiner minimal trees having many applications,
say, in transportation problem, chip design, evolution theory etc. In
particular, we generalize the concept of Steiner ratio and get a few of its
modifications defined by means of minimal fillings, which could give a new
approach to attack the long standing Gilbert-Pollack Conjecture on the
Steiner ratio of the Euclidean plane.
D-homothetic warping
Authors: Blair David
Published: November 2013

nema
On the converse of Weyl’s conformal and projective theorems
Authors: Hall Graham
Published: November 2013

This note investigates the possibility of converses of the Weyl theorems that
two conformally related metrics on a manifold have the same Weyl conformal
tensor and that two projectively related connections on a manifold have the
same Weyl projective tensor. It shows that, in all relevant cases,
counterexamples to each of Weyl?s theorems exist except for his conformal
theorem in the 4-dimensional, positive definite case, where the converse
actually holds. This (conformal) 4-dimensional problem is then solved
completely for the other possible signatures.
4-dimensional (para)-Kähler-Weyl structures
Authors: Gilkey Peter , Nikcevic Stana
Published: November 2013

We give an elementary proof of the fact that any 4-dimensional para-Hermitian
manifold admits a unique para-Kahler-Weyl structure. We then use analytic
continuation to pass from the para-complex to the complex setting and thereby
show that any 4-dimensional pseudo-Hermitian manifold also admits a unique
Kahler-Weyl structure.
Twisted product CR-submanifolds in a locally conformal Kaehler manifold
Authors: Matsumoto Koji , Şentürk Zerrin
Published: November 2013

Recently, we have researched certain twisted product CR-submanifolds in a
Kaehler manifold and some inequalities of the second fundamental form of
these submanifolds [11]. We consider here two kinds of twisted product
CR-submanifolds (the first and the second kind) in a locally conformal
Kaehler manifold. In these submanifolds, we give inequalities of the second
fundamental form (see Theorems 5.1 and 5.2) and consider the equality case of
these.
Education in Lower Silesia in the First Years after the End of the Second World War
Authors: Walasek Stefania
Published: November 2013

The end of the Second World War initiated a new stage in the Polish history, as number of social, economic and political problems determined the educational issues in the country. After 1945 the political map of Poland also changed, as the pervious eastern outskirts of Polish territory had been incorporated to USSR, whereas the new, northern and southern lands, became the territories where the Polish societies were forced to make the effort to build up the social and cultural life from the scratch. Establishing education in Lower Silesia concerned the social changes (the settlement), material resources of the schools and the qualifications of the teaching staff. These were, in turn, affected by the educational policy of the party, accomplished by the Ministry of Education, as well as by the local communities that, at the verge of 1947 and 1948, still had a significant influence on the works of “their school”.
Drug Use Prevention in Poland – Selected Aspects
Authors: Kwiatkowski Piotr
Published: November 2013

The research reflecting latest tendencies in recognizing the etiology of risk-taking behaviours and efficiency of prevention, significant number of academic and methodic papers in this regards, implementation of verified foreign projects, setting up a system of recommendations of interesting domestic prevention programs, as well as favourable changes in legal regulations tackling drug use - all these factors allow to perceive the perspective of addiction prevention in Poland positively. However, one of the challenges is to prepare the teaching staff to accomplish prevention tasks effectively, particularly in case of selective and indicative prevention.
Social Context of Accomplishing Welfare Tasks in Poland in 1980s and Nowadays
Authors: Urbanek Arkadiusz
Published: November 2013

The article tackles theoretical and empiric issues. On one hand, it makes an attempt to present the evolution of the social welfare services in Poland from 1945 to the 1990s. On the other, on the basis of such historic process, it tackles the issue of the social context in which were, and still are accomplished tasks of the social welfare. For this purpose, the results of interviews with social welfare workers have been presented, referring to those working in such institutions in the 1980s, and contemporarily. The aim of the research was to capture the changes perceived by the social workers as far as the beneficiary groups of social welfare services are concerned in these two, different time realities. The outcomes of the research point at issues crucial for social pedagogy, focusing on different attitudes towards social work and various exceptions of the beneficiaries.
Reception of Czechoslovakian Cartoons in the Polish Contemporary Educational Sphere
Authors: Jędrychowska Barbara , Olchówka Anna
Published: November 2013

Czechoslovakian animated movie after many years of having been broadcasted solely on TV, became interactive. Despite passage of time since its broadcasting, it is still easily found and watched in Poland not only online (where the old-time cartoons are easily available), but also published on CD’s or cassettes. It is also a subject of analysis in academic and popular publications. Moreover, they are the theme of art and literary competitions organized by kindergartens, schools, libraries and cultural institutions. They even have their own permanent exhibitions, where requisites related to them are presented. The images of their main characters become a fashionable gadgets presented on the key chains, cutlery, children bedclothes, school accessories, toys etc. They also function in the social and media sphere as advertisements or occasional memes. It was particularly visible during the Euro 2012 tournament, when the internet sphere made the Czechoslovakian cartoons one of the leading theme of the Poland-Czech match. The main feature of this occasional memes was to present the other side by the way of symbols, i.e. recognized and liked characters from Polish and Czechoslovakian cartoons.
The Role of the Spiritist Community Brotherhood in Radvanice, Silesia in the Organization of the Czechoslovak Spiritist Movement
Authors: Hudáková Andrea
Published: November 2013

Members of the Czechoslovak spiritist movement were trying to form a unified national organization continuously from the beginning of the 20th century, however, they only managed to found several regional centres. In Silesia it was the Spiritist Community Brotherhood which coordinated the process of unification of spiritists in Silesia, Moravia and Slovakia. Spiritist movement in the area was also influenced by Life, another community in Moravská Ostrava.
The Motor Development and Motor Skill Levels of 6-Year-Old Children from the Lublin Voivodeship
Authors: Cieśla Elżbieta
Published: November 2013

Introduction. The objective of the research was to assess the level of physical development and motor skills of six-yearold children from the Lublin voivodeship against the Polish population. Material and methods. The study included 2144 children, 997 girls and 1134 boys. To assess the level of physical fitness, selected, exercises from the EUROFIT test were used. In addition, children's ability to demonstrate simple motor skills during physical play and games was also assessed. The assessment involved: throwing a bag with the right hand, throwing a ball with both hands, gripping a bag with the right hand, kicking a ball with the right foot, jumping on the right leg and jumping with both feet. In addition, coordination during the exercises was evaluated. For measurement purposes, a four-point scale was used. The reference point was children from a nationwide sample. The results were statistically analyzed using the Student T-test and the nonparametric chi-square test. Results. Children from the Lublin region differ significantly in their level of physical fitness from children of the same age throughout Poland (p≤0.001). They achieved significantly lower results in tests assessing the strength of their arms, abdominal muscles and, the explosive strength of their lower limbs and in two tests evaluating speed (running speed: p≤0.001, hand movement speed: p≤0.001). Only in the test of their sense of balance, did both sexes, obtain significantly better results (p≤0.001). In addition, in the opinion of physical education teachers, children in the Lublin region exhibited significantly lower levels of skill when performing motor tasks. Conclusions. The results suggest that the motor potential of preschool children is being neglected, which seems to be indirectly caused by different factors in the external environment.
An Assessment of the Consumption of Dietary Supplements by Players of Selected Sports
Authors: Kozirok Witold , Babicz-Zielińska Ewa , Krzebietke Bartłomiej
Published: November 2013

Introduction. Increasing interest in dietary supplements designed for athletes is accompanied by an increase in the number of commercial vendors offering a broad range of dietary supplements. It is also followed by phenomenon of wide availability and as a consequence universality of application of this group of preparations. The goal of this research project was to assess the use of dietary supplements by players of selected sports with consideration given to sex, age, education, level of physical activity and training experience. Material and methods. The study was conducted using the diagnostic survey method with the aid of a survey written by the authors themselves. The study population consisted of 216 athletes (100 powerlifters and 116 volleyball players) ages 16÷30. Statistical analysis of empirical material was conducted on the χ2 basis of an test (p≤0.05 or higher). Results. A clear majority of subjects claimed to be convinced that diet and dietary supplementation exerted an important influence on their athletic performance. Despite giving their own diet a favorable assessment, more than 95% of respondents reported having difficulty following the diet, while simultaneously reporting the causes of this difficulty. The subjects rated their knowledge of how diet and supplementation enhance athletic performance as either average or very good. Their primary sources of knowledge on this subject were: the Internet, periodicals and promotional materials. The role of trainers, dieticians and physiologists was relatively insignificant. Around 64% of subjects reported general use of dietary supplements, while 72.7% claimed dietary supplementation to have a positive influence on their fitness and efficiency. The popularity of supplement use depended on the character of the athletic discipline. The most frequently used supplements were, in order of popularity: vitamin and mineral preparations, creatine, carbohydrate and protein supplements, BCAA and caffeine. The subjects were convinced that supplements for athletes, despite the various contraindications concerning their use and the presence of substances banned in certain sports, are not harmful to their health. Conclusion. Use of dietary supplements by athletes is universal and depends on the type of sport played.
Chronic fatigue syndrome in 57-year-old woman
Authors: Bitner Anna , Zalewski Paweł , Klawe Jacek , Kozakiewicz Mariusz , Newton Julia
Published: November 2013

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by unexplained fatigue lasting for more than 6 months and accompanied by flulike symptoms. It most commonly affects women aged between 30 and 60 years. To date, clear diagnostic criteria allowing for unambiguous diagno-sis of CFS have not been established. We present a case of a 57-year-old woman with chronic fatigue syndrome in order to showcase the symptoms of this condition and propose a diagnos-tic protocol.
The goddess Kumari at the Supreme Court
Authors: Letizia Chiara
Published: November 2013

In 2005 a human rights petition at the Supreme Court challenged the tradition of living goddesses called Kumaris and, in particular, that of the former royal Kumari, who lives a sequestered ritual life until puberty, and who used to bless and legitimate the king once a year. The case went on while Nepal overthrew its king and was declared a secular state in 2007. When the judgment was pronounced in 2008, the goddess was still at her post and now blessed the president. This court case is taken to illustrate the directions and form that Nepali secularism is taking. It reveals a distinctive form of secularism where the state is involved in supporting and reforming religion. The religious tradition here is seen as an asset for the state, worthy of preserving, provided it makes way for social reforms in tune with the times. Despite being reduced in court to a child capable of being deprived of her rights, the political power of the goddess remains intact and her role for the nation is recognized in the verdict; both human and divine, the Kumari has been acknowledged under the now secular legal regime.
Ritual and commemoration in contemporary Russia
Authors: Köllner Tobias
Published: November 2013

Since state atheism was abandoned in the 1990s, the Russian Federation entered what can be called a postsecular phase. Religion, formerly limited to the private sphere, reappeared in the public and underwent an astonishing religious revival. During the time of my fieldwork in 2006/2007, a tendency to favor the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and to facilitate its return to the public reached its climax. In this article I draw attention to how the political, the secular, and the religious are interconnected and allow for new vernacular forms of legitimating power and authority. One example is the introduction of new public holidays and public rituals. They connect local and national narratives and relate to ideas about the communality of the Russian people. They create new forms of a divine kinship, which draw heavily on religious and national symbols and merge the sacred and the profane.
Making a Living
Authors: Tao Xu
Published: November 2013

The bicycle so thoroughly transformed transportation in China that the country was known as “the land of cyclists” by the late twentieth century. Concerning the global popularization of industrial products, past research mainly focused on the interaction between the introduced commodities and their nonWestern consumers. In order to take the analysis of the modern transformation beyond Western objects and passive receivers, this article explores how Chinese people came to make a living from bicycles. This investigation traces the manifold transitions of the Chinese bicycle business in Shanghai during the tumultuous half-century from 1897 to 1949.
Mobility in the Margins
Authors: Samanta Gopa , Roy Sumita
Published: November 2013

This article examines the marginal mobilities of hand-pulled rickshaws and rickshaw-pullers in Kolkata, India. It traces the politics of rickshaw mobilities, showing how debates about modernity and the informal economy frequently overshadow the experience of the marginalized community of hand-rickshaw pullers. It shows how the hand-pulled rickshaw rarely becomes the focus of research or debate because of its marginal status—technologically (being more primitive than the cycle rickshaw); geographically (operating only in Kolkata city); and in terms of the social status of the operators (the majority being Bihari migrants in Kolkata). Drawing upon both quantitative and qualitative research, this study focuses on the backgrounds of the rickshaw-pullers, their strategies for earning livelihoods, the role of social networks in their life and work, and their perceptions of the profession—including their views of the state government's policy of seeking to abolish hand-pulled rickshaws. The article concludes by addressing the question of subalternity.
The Future of Rickshaws
Authors: Cox Peter
Published: November 2013

The contributions to this special section, together with the Introduction, serve
a valuable role in bringing to attention a frequently overlooked mobility practice.
Particularly welcome is the presence of scholarship from local perspectives
within the Western academic context. Between them, these papers begin
to put fl esh on what is all too easily framed from European perspectives as an
exotic practice of the “other.” Yet it is this very possibility of “strangeness” that
should alert us to a number of important issues for further consideration. My
own perspective here is as an interdisciplinary scholar, working day to day as
a sociologist and a researcher into cycling practices, both historical and contemporary.
Th e considerations range between the conceptual and practical,
the historical past and the imagined future.
Book Reviews
Authors: Massaccesi Daniele , Treré Emiliano , Buschauer Regine , Millward Liz , Bhimull Chandra D. , Das Debojyoti , Nichols Busch Tracy , Roy Anindyo , Busceme Carmelo
Published: November 2013

Rodney Wai-chi Chu, Leopoldina Fortunati, Pul-Lam Law, and Shanhua Yang, eds., Mobile Communication and Greater China
Review by Daniele Massaccesi

Pui-Lam Law, ed., New Connectivities in China: Virtual, Actual and Local Interactions
Review by Emiliano Treré

Cara Wallis, Technomobility in China: Young Migrant Women and Mobile Phones
Review by Regine Buschauer

James Fallows, China Airborne: The Test of China’s Future
Review by Liz Millward

Katherine Boo, Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity
Review by Chandra D. Bhimull

Rila Mukherjee, ed., Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism
Review by Debojyoti Das

Jamal J. Elias, On Wings of Diesel: Trucks, Identity and Culture in Pakistan
Review by Tracy Nichols Busch

Arundhati Roy, Walking with the Comrades
Review by Anindyo Roy

Ruchira Ganguly-Scrase and Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt, eds., Rethinking Displacement: Asia Pacific Perspectives
Review by Carmelo Buscema
NDM1 producing new superbug bacteria: a threat to control infection
Authors: Shamsuzzaman S M
Published: November 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i1.15812 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (01): 1-2
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of Azithromycin, Ofloxacin and Ceftriaxone in Ciprofloxacin resistant Salmonella causing enteric fever
Authors: Kawser Shamima , Miah Md. Ruhul Amin , Saleh Ahmed Abu , Sabah Khandker Md. Nurus , Begum Tanzima
Published: November 2013

The therapeutic alternatives available for use against ciprofloxacin resistant enteric fever isolates in an endemic area are limited. The antibiotics currently available are the quinolones, third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin. In this study, the MICs of various drugs were determined for 100 enteric fever isolates (72 Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and 28 Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A ). Ciprofloxacin resistant (1oo%) Salmonella strains were sensitive to ofloxacin and ceftriaxone showing MICs of 0.0078-2 g /ml and 0.0156-2g /ml respectively. Salmonella strains (98%) had MIC values 1-32 g /ml for azithromycin. These results indicate that ofloxacin and ceftriaxone may be convenient alternative antimicrobial agents for Salmonella isolates.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i1.15818 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (01): 26-30
Bangladesh Society of Medical Microbiologists Executive Committee 2011  2013
Authors: Saleh Ahmed Abu
Published: November 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i1.15819 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (01)
Near Patient testing: A step towards Laboratory on a chip
Authors: Saleh Ahmed Abu
Published: November 2013

No AbstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.15826 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 1
Transfer Of antibiotic resistance gene CTX-M- An alarm for the clinician
Authors: Wahidur Rahman Nawshad Muhammad , Lutfor Afzalunnessa Binte , Tahmina Sanya , Khairuzzaman Md. , Yusuf Md. Abdullah , Islam Md. Zakirul , Begum Ismat Ara
Published: November 2013

No AbstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16416 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 2-5
Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) Infection among Children Aged 2-17 Years in Urban and Rural Areas of Dhaka District in Bangladesh
Authors: Banu Sultana Shahana , Ahmed Be-Nazir , Jubayer Shamim , Banu Sultana Gulshana , Ara Khorsed , Jamal Kazi Farhana , Afroz Syma , Ameen KM Hassan
Published: November 2013

A multi-staged cross sectional study was conducted among children aged 2 -17 years to assess the level of soil transmitted helminthes (ST H) infections and its relation to socio-demographic characteristics among them. Two thousand children were randomly selected from two rural and four different communities of urban areas of Dhaka district since November 2009 to June 2010. Four different communities classified as higher, medium, poorer and slum/ low socio-economic groups from urban areas were selected on the basis of their place of residence with different socio-economic status. Urban study subjects were again sub grouped into upper (higher and medium socio-economic) and lower (poorer and slum/low socio-economic) classes. Stool specimens of the respondents were collected and tested at the Parasitology department of I E DCR , using the Kato-katz faecal technique for identification of helminthes eggs following their morphology (A. lumbricoides, Ttrichiura, and A. duodenale), and larval stage (S. stercoralis). About 32.15% study population harbored at least one of the four helminthes species. Baseline prevalence of infections and mean parasite loads for Ascaris lumbricoides were 40.61% and 600.80 e/g, for Trichuris trichiura 30.42% and 206.11e/g, and for A. duodenale 6.80% and 78.75 e/g. Three children (0.49%) were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. Single infection of 78.32 % and double infection of 21.68 % were recorded. Single infection of A. lumbricoides (40.61%) and T trichiura (30.42%) and double infection of A. lumbricoides - T trichiura (18.61%) were more prevalent. T he prevalence of ST H infection was 25.47 % and 38.68 % for rural and urban areas respectively (P<.001). Among urban study subjects, the distribution of ST H infection was 0.0 % in the higher (living in higher socioeconomic areas) (only 3 samples could be collected), 26.75 % in medium (living in medium socio-economic areas), 45.95 % in poorer and 50.54 % in slum/low socio-economic groups. Significantly higher number of ST H infection was observed among lower than that in upper socio-economic classes (P <.001). These results suggest that ST H infections remain a serious health problem among children in Bangladesh and need appropriate prevention and control measures.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16933 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 16-22
Role of Molecular Biology as Diagnostic tools of Infectious disease- an update
Authors: Begum Afroza , Begum Shahanara
Published: November 2013

No AbstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16935 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 27-29
Formulation and Evaluation of Atenolol and Indapamide SR Matrix Tablet for Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Pundir Sarika , Badola Ashutosh
Published: November 2013

In the present study we have formulated (f1 to f6) matrix tablets of Atenolol and Indapamide for the management of hypertension. As in simultaneous estimation of these drugs it was found that a confined release can be formulated. In the formulation of SR matrix tablet by using different concentration of delayed release agent DCP and pregelatinised starch as disintegrant we prepared tablets by wet granulation method. For sustained release action HPMC polymers were used for film coating. Preformulation studies were performed prior to compression. The compressed SR matrix tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time and invitro drug release using USP dissolution apparatus type 2 (paddle). It was found that the optimized formulation showed 49.33%, 48.90%, 48.52%, 47.65%, 46.84% and 46.51% release for Atenolol in 12 hours respectively. However, Indapamide released 49.62%, 49.39%, 48.72%, 48.27%, 47.59% and 47.36% at the end of 12hrs. The IR spectrum study revealed that there is no disturbance in the principal peaks of pure drugs Atenolol and Indapamide. This confirms the integrity of pure drugs and no incompatibility of them with excipients. The stability studies were carried out for the optimized batch for one months and it showed satisfactory results. The kinetic studies of the formulations revealed that diffusion is the predominant mechanism of drug and release follows Zero order, Super case II transport. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v2i4.17114 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Volume 2, Issue 4: October 2013; 141-157
Nanosuspension: A Novel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Ganesh Bhatt , Ankita Raturi , Preeti Kothiyal
Published: November 2013

Low bioavailability is the major problem associated with poorly soluble drugs. The problem is more complex for drugs which are poorly soluble in both aqueous and nonaqueous media, as solubility is an essential factor for drug absorption, independent of the route of administration. Nanosuspensions have emerged as an attractive and promising approach to improve stability and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. These are very finely colloid, biphasic, dispersed, solid drug particles in an aqueous vehicle, size below 1?m, without any matrix material, stabilized by surfactants and polymers. Techniques such as wet milling, high-pressure homogenization, emulsification-solvent evaporation and supercritical fluid have been used in the preparation of nanosuspension. Nanosuspension can be delivered by oral, parenteral, pulmonary and ocular routes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v2i4.17117 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Volume 2, Issue 4: October 2013; 179-196
Good Copt, Bad Copt: Competing Narratives on Coptic Identity in Egypt and the United States
Authors: Haddad Yvonne
Published: November 2013

This study analyses the relationship between the Coptic community in the United States and Egyptian Copts regarding the status of Coptic citizenship in the Egyptian state. The conception of citizenship for the Coptic Christian minority has been debated since the formation of the modern nation-state and has acquired greater relevance after the revolution that brought the Muslim Brotherhood to power. One primary narrative of citizenship is promoted by the Egyptian Church. It recognises that, while Copts may not feel like equal citizens, they are devoted to their homeland. They try to promote greater equality through civil discourse, opposing foreign intervention and seeking to foster positive relations with Egypt's Muslims. While many Diaspora Copts echo the message of the Egyptian Church, a minority of activist Copts have challenged that narrative. Inculcated with ideas of Islamophobia and neoconservatism, they tend to dismiss hopes of national unity and focus rather on incidents of persecution. These diaspora activist groups continue to challenge the Coptic Church. Their policies have influenced American foreign policy and have broader implications for Muslim–Christian relations in Egypt.
The κ-Generalizations of Stirling Approximation and Multinominal Coefficients
Authors: Wada Tatsuaki , Suyari Hiroki
Published: November 2013

Stirling approximation of the factorials and multinominal coefficients are generalized based on the κ-generalized functions introduced by Kaniadakis. We have related the κ-generalized multinominal coefficients to the κ-entropy by introducing a new κ-product operation, which exists only when κ ≠ 0.
Spatiotemporal Changes in Crop Residues with Potential for Bioenergy Use in China from 1990 to 2010
Authors: Xu Xinliang , Fu Ying , Li Shuang
Published: November 2013

China has abundant crop residues (CRE) that could be used for bioenergy. The spatiotemporal characteristics of bioenergy production are crucial for high-efficiency use and appropriate management of bioenergy enterprises. In this study, statistical and remote-sensing data on crop yield in China were used to estimate CRE and to analyze its spatiotemporal changes between 1990 and 2010. In 2010, China’s CRE was estimated to be approximately 133.24 Mt, and it was abundant in North and Northeast China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and South China; CRE was scarce on the Loess and Qinghai–Tibet Plateaus. The quantity of CRE increased clearly over the 20-year analysis period, mainly from an increase in residues produced on dry land. Changes in cultivated land use clearly influenced the changes in CRE. The expansion of cultivated land, which mainly occurred in Northeast and Northwest China, increased CRE by 5.18 Mt. The loss of cultivated land, which occurred primarily in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, reduced CRE by 3.55 Mt. Additionally, the interconversion of paddy fields and dry land, which occurred mostly in Northeast China, increased CRE by 0.78 Mt. The findings of this article provide important information for policy makers in formulating plans and policies for crop-residue-based bioenergy development in China, and also for commercial ventures in deciding on locations and production schedules for generation of bioenergy.
Two-Year Variations of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Contents in Acacia Honey
Authors: Moniruzzaman Mohammed , Sulaiman Siti , Azlan Siti , Gan Siew
Published: November 2013

Honey is a good source of several important chemical compounds and antioxidants and is harvested throughout the year. However, no study has determined how their contents change over the years. The aim of the present research was to investigate the changes in the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties, as well as other physicochemical properties, of Malaysian acacia honey collected during different months during a two year period. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods were used to determine the total antioxidant activity of the honey samples. Generally, honey samples collected in the beginning and the middle of the year tended to have higher sugar content, which may be attributed to its high acidic nature and low moisture content. There was a gradual increase in the phenolic content of the acacia honey samples collected between September 2010 and December 2010. The honey sample collected at the beginning of the year (January) showed the highest color intensity and was dark amber in color. It also contained the highest concentration of phenolic compounds (341.67 ± 2.94 mggallic acid/kg), the highest flavonoid content (113.06 ± 6.18 mgcatechin/kg) andthe highest percentage of DPPH inhibition and the highest FRAP value, confirming its high antioxidant potential. There was a positive correlation between DPPH and total phenolic content, suggesting that phenolic compounds are the strongest contributing factor to the radical scavenging activity of Malaysian acacia honeys. Overall, our results indicated that there were significant seasonal variations in the antioxidant potentials of honey over the two year period and the time of honey collection affects its physicochemical properties. Therefore, acacia honey from Malaysia should ideally be collected during the dry season, particularly in the months of January, May and June.
Seamless Mapping of River Channels at High Resolution Using Mobile LiDAR and UAV-Photography
Authors: Flener Claude , Vaaja Matti , Jaakkola Anttoni , Krooks Anssi , Kaartinen Harri , Kukko Antero , Kasvi Elina , Hyyppä Hannu , Hyyppä Juha , Alho Petteri
Published: November 2013

Accurate terrain models are a crucial component of studies of river channel evolution. In this paper we describe a new methodology for creating high-resolution seamless digital terrain models (DTM) of river channels and their floodplains. We combine mobile laser scanning and low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography-based methods for creating both a digital bathymetric model of the inundated river channel and a DTM of a point bar of a meandering sub-arctic river. We evaluate mobile laser scanning and UAV-based photogrammetry point clouds against terrestrial laser scanning and combine these data with an optical bathymetric model to create a seamless DTM of two different measurement periods. Using this multi-temporal seamless data, we calculate a DTM of difference that allows a change detection of the meander bend over a one-year period.
Defect Inspection of Flip Chip Solder Bumps Using an Ultrasonic Transducer
Authors: Su Lei , Shi Tielin , Xu Zhensong , Lu Xiangning , Liao Guanglan
Published: November 2013

Surface mount technology has spurred a rapid decrease in the size of electronic packages, where solder bump inspection of surface mount packages is crucial in the electronics manufacturing industry. In this study we demonstrate the feasibility of using a 230 MHz ultrasonic transducer for nondestructive flip chip testing. The reflected time domain signal was captured when the transducer scanning the flip chip, and the image of the flip chip was generated by scanning acoustic microscopy. Normalized cross-correlation was used to locate the center of solder bumps for segmenting the flip chip image. Then five features were extracted from the signals and images. The support vector machine was adopted to process the five features for classification and recognition. The results show the feasibility of this approach with high recognition rate, proving that defect inspection of flip chip solder bumps using the ultrasonic transducer has high potential in microelectronics packaging.
A Framework for Implementing and Valuing Biodiversity Offsets in Colombia: A Landscape Scale Perspective
Authors: Saenz Shirley , Walschburger Tomas , González Juan , León Jorge , McKenney Bruce , Kiesecker Joseph
Published: November 2013

Biodiversity offsets provide a mechanism for maintaining or enhancing environmental values in situations where development is sought, despite negative environmental impacts. They seek to ensure that unavoidable deleterious environmental impacts of development are balanced by environmental gains. When onsite impacts warrant the use of offsets there is often little attention paid to make sure that the location of offset sites provides the greatest conservation benefit, ensuring they are consistent with landscape level conservation goals. In most offset frameworks it is difficult for developers to proactively know the offset requirements they will need to implement. Here we propose a framework to address these needs. We propose a series of rules for selecting offset sites that meet the conservation needs of potentially impacted biological targets. We then discuss an accounting approach that seeks to support offset ratio determinations based on a structured and transparent approach. To demonstrate the approach, we present a framework developed in partnership with the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development to reform existing mitigation regulatory processes.
New syntheses of 5,6- and 7,8-diaminoquinolines
Authors: Bella Maroš , Milata Viktor
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of 5,6- and 7,8-diaminoquinoline derivatives starting from angularly annelated selenadiazoloquinolones is presented. Simple chlorination of the pyridone ring followed by reductive deselenation of the 1,2,5-selenadiazole ring afforded novel 4-chloro-o-diaminoquinolines. Dechlorination of 4-chloro-7,8-diaminoquinoline gave 7,8-diaminoquinoline hydrochloride which was successfully employed as starting material in the synthesis of condensed nitrogen heterocycles.
’n Handleiding uitsluitlik op die skryfkuns gerig
Authors: De Kock Helene
Published: November 2013

No abstract available.
Association between sugar consumption, sociodemographic, anthropometric and biochemical profiles
Authors: Hattingh Zorada , Bester Catharina J. , Walsh Corinna M.
Published: November 2013

Background: The increase in prevalence of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and abnormal blood lipid levels has raised the question of a possible relationship between these conditions and the consumption of sugar.Objectives: This study investigated the sugar consumption of financially-restricted Black women in Mangaung, South Africa.Method: Five hundred women were selected randomly and divided into younger (25–34 years) and older (35–44 years) groups. Dietary intake, sociodemographic status, anthropometry and biochemical data were obtained. Total sugar (TS) and added sugar (AS) consumption were compared between older and younger women as well as sociodemographic, anthropometric and biochemical categories.Results: AS intake contributed 12% and 13% of total energy intake in younger and older women, respectively. AS consumption was higher in younger women living in brick houses and those who possessed a microwave oven. In older women, it was higher in husband-headed households. Underweight women with the lowest body mass index had higher sugar consumption than overweight and/or obese women. Women with a lower body fat percentage had a higher AS consumption than women with a high body fat percentage. Sugar consumption was significantly lower in younger women with elevated serum lymphocytecounts. TS and AS consumption was higher in younger women with elevated serum glucose levels. Older women with elevated serum insulin had a significantly higher TS consumption compared to those with normal insulin concentrations.Conclusion: The amounts of TS and AS consumed by women in this observational study were unlikely to contribute to overweight and/or obesity.
Managing the National School Nutrition Programme in under-resourced schools in Limpopo – practice, successes and challenges
Authors: Eberlein Eric
Published: November 2013

This study investigates the manner in which the implementation of the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) is managed by the principals in under-resourced primary schools in the Waterberg district of Limpopo province, and as such forms part of a larger joint UP and NENU study of the state of the principalship in both urban and rural settings in the two countries. Data for this qualitative study was collected within the framework of the four management functions described by Van Deventer and Kruger: planning, organising, leading and directing, as well as controlling and evaluating, by interviewing and observation. The study’s primary finding is that, although principals are aware of the guidelines and practices for the implementation of the NSNP, prescribed by the Department of Basic Education, they rely almost entirely on other role player at school level to manage the programme, without any day-to-day involvement in the process or any recognition of their own roles and responsibilities in this regard.
EASER: Ensembl Easy Sequence Retriever
Authors: Maldonado Emanuel , Khan Imran , Philip Siby , Vasconcelos Vítor , Antunes Agostinho
Published: November 2013

The rapid advances in genome sequencing technologies have increased the pace at which biological sequence databases are becoming available to the broad scientific community. Thus, obtaining and preparing an appropriate sequence dataset is a crucial first step for all types of genomic analyses. Here, we present a script that can widely facilitate the easy, fast, and effortless downloading and preparation of a proper biological sequence dataset for various genomics studies. This script retrieves Ensembl defined genomic features, associated with a given Ensembl identifier. Coding (CDS) and genomic sequences can be easily retrieved based on a selected relationship from a set of relationship types, either considering all available organisms or a user specified subset of organisms. The script is very user-friendly and by default starts with an interactive mode if no command-line options are specified.
Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations
Authors: Torres O. , Ahn C. , Chen Z.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The height of desert dust and carbonaceous aerosols layers and, to a lesser extent, the difficulty in determining the predominant size mode of these absorbing aerosol types, are sources of uncertainty in the retrieval of aerosol properties from near-UV satellite observations. The availability of independent, near-simultaneous measurements of aerosol layer height, and aerosol-type related parameters derived from observations by other A-train sensors, makes possible the use of this information as input to the OMI (ozone monitoring instrument) near-UV aerosol retrieval algorithm (OMAERUV). A monthly climatology of aerosol layer height derived from observations by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) sensor, and real-time AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) carbon monoxide (CO) observations are used in an upgraded version of the OMAERUV algorithm. AIRS CO measurements are used as an adequate tracer of carbonaceous aerosols, which allows the identification of smoke layers in regions and seasons when the dust-smoke differentiation is difficult in the near-UV. The use of CO measurements also enables the identification of high levels of boundary layer pollution undetectable by near-UV observations alone. In this paper we discuss the combined use of OMI, CALIOP and AIRS observations for the characterization of aerosol properties, and show an improvement in OMI aerosol retrieval capabilities.