bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group Influences on Children’s Delay of Gratification: Testing the Roles of Culture and Personal Connections
Authors: Munakata Yuko , Yanaoka Kaichi , Doebel Sabine , Guild Ryan M. , Michaelson Laura E. , Saito Satoru
Published: January 2020

Delaying gratification can be difficult, especially for children. Social factors such as group norms influence whether children delay gratification and may shape their life trajectories. However, such influences have been tested experimentally only in American contexts and may not generalize, given differences among cultures in personal connections and group dynamics. We tested the influences of groups and personal connections on delaying gratification in 106 Japanese preschoolers. Extending previous findings with American preschoolers, Japanese children also delayed gratification and valued delaying gratification more if they believed that their group delayed gratification (and an outgroup did not) than if they believed that their group did not delay gratification (and an outgroup did). Group identity shifted toward the outgroup when Japanese children had a personal connection to the outgroup, but they nonetheless followed the behavior of their ingroup in delaying gratification. These findings highlight similarities and potential differences in social influences across cultures, and underscore the importance of cross-cultural work for theories of development.
Das Klimapaket der Bundesregierung: Dirigismus statt Preise
Authors: Schnellenbach Jan
Published: January 2020

Der Bundestag hat das Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz der Bundesregierung beschlossen. Das Gesetz ist Teil eines größeren Klimapakets, das nun ebenfalls Schritt für Schritt umgesetzt wird. Dieses Gesamtpaket bleibt umstritten. Während Umweltschutzverbände beklagen, dass noch zu wenig getan wird, sind Ökonomen skeptisch angesichts der Dominanz von ordnungsrechtlichen Eingriffen in die Entscheidungen von Bürgern und Unternehmen. Was ist also unter dem Strich vom Klimapaket zu halten?
Black Friday und andere Anlässe mit Rauschpotenzial
Authors: Horstmann Felix
Published: January 2020

Wenn Händler mit reizvollen Preisangeboten auf ihren Webseiten werben, ist es wieder so weit: An den Tagen um den ersten Advent, am sog. Black Friday und Cyber Monday, locken stationäre Einkaufsstätten und Online-Shops mit günstigen Angeboten. Auch in Deutschland ist dieser Trend aus den USA zum Start des Weihnachtsgeschäfts längst angekommen.
"El viaje del elefante" como texto testamentario. José Saramago desde Byung-Chul Han
Authors: Koleff Miguel Alberto
Published: January 2020

El artículo parte de entender que El viaje del elefante es un texto testamentario y, por lo tanto, se aboca a encontrarle «rasgos» que permitan atribuirle ese carácter a partir de una reflexión apoyada en los textos del filósofo coreano contemporáneo Byung-Chul Han que funciona como contrapunto de un pensamiento situado sobre la condición contemporánea. El texto concluye pensando el legado filosófico que Saramago dejó para sus lectores a partir de un examen minucioso de las nociones de «gravedad», «duración» «ley de la tierra» y «muerte».
O ano da catábase de Ricardo Reis Um topos homérico no romance de José Saramago
Authors: Duarte Luís Ricardo
Published: January 2020

Na obra de José Saramago, são frequentes as referências e glosas a temas clássicos, por conhecimento aprofundado, mas também por recurso ao «tesouro popular» que o escritor tanto apreciava. Mas em O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis encontramos mais do que uma mera citação. Acreditamos estar perante uma reconfiguração, consciente ou inconsciente, de um dos topos gregos mais famosos, a catábase homérica, a descida aos infernos. Na Lisboa de 1936, Ricardo Reis, como Ulisses, vem saber da verdade.
Para uma interpretação do conceito de cidadania em José Saramago: uma aproximação à leitura de "Ensaio sobre a Cegueira" e "Ensaio sobre a Lucidez"
Authors: Pereira María de Lourdes Dos Anjos Marqués
Published: January 2020

A obra de José Saramago constitui um exemplo privilegiado para entender o modo como a literatura pode vir a constituir uma proposta de interpretação da realidade. Neste trabalho propomos uma leitura paralela de Ensaio sobre a cegueira e Ensaio sobre a lucidez para, à luz dos acontecimentos que nos afligem, verificar como urge repensar e reconfigurar o conceito de cidadania activa. Afastando-nos de uma perspectiva derrotista ou pessimista, a obra de José Saramago pode ser um excelente exemplo de como a literatura, a cultura e o pensamento podem concorrer para a edificação de uma sociedade democrática esclarecida e responsável que reclama do indivíduo uma postura ética cada vez mais consciente. A cidadania é, cada vez mais, um factor decisivo na orgânica das sociedades e devemos ser conscientes de que só o pensamento nos pode ajudar a evitar que a sociedade do futuro se instale definitivamente no domínio da utopia, tornando-a cada vez mais, mais próxima, mais real.
Disharmonization of Wakalah Agreement in Law Number 34 of 2014 and The DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 122/DSN-MUI/II/2018
Authors: Ali Hasan
Published: January 2020

Disharmonization of Wakalah Agreement in Law Number 34 of 2014 and The DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 122/DSN-MUI/II/2018. BPKH as a Hajj financial management institution in Indonesia has an essential role in evolving the Hajj Fund. With the biggest potential of Muslims in the world, Indonesia can administrate hajj finances in a larger scope by investing hajj finances on business lines which has accordance towards sharia principles. In contrast, the wakalah agreement as the basis used between the prospective pilgrims to the BPKH institution is interpreted differently between Law Number 34 of 2014 and the DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 122/DSN-MUI/II/2018 so it causes disharmony in the two laws. Differences in the role interpretation of representatives in both of these invasions have legal consequences in the form of differences in the recipient of responsibilities involving the government and BPKH as the hajj financial manager if they experience investment failure. This study uses qualitative methods with secondary data in the form of legislation, related books, and non-legal materials. The used technique is content analysis with normative juridical research themes that analyze principles and legal systematics.
Political Economy From the Perspective of Ibn Khaldun
Authors: Muslim Moch Bukhori , Saepullah Saepullah , Widayatsari Any
Published: January 2020

Te political economy encompasses the management of revenues and spending to achieve the social welfare of the community. Hence, development is not solely emphasized economic growth but also equity. Tis article discusses the political economy according to Ibn Khaldun, written in his book, Muqaddimah. Tis study concludes that that political budgets must be carried out in a balanced manner by establishing budget certainty and increasing the discipline in use of the budget. Legislators make laws, referring to the creation of income sources so that the community will be able to meet their needs independently, and thegovernment can gather capabilities to carry out their duties and functions. Ibn Khaldun saw budget management as a means to solve public matters while also factoring the interests of rulers and governments.
ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUNDS PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES: NORMAL APPROXIMATION OF BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION AND TYPE I ERROR
Authors: Mohd Isa Mohd Yaziz Bin
Published: January 2020

The paper applies normal approximation procedure to binomial probability distribution. A sample of 392 respondents are surveyed whether they agree or not agree that promotional activities determined the level of awareness of benefits of Islamic mutual funds. The paper hypothesizes the population mean µ of success effects of promotional activities at 68%, and attempts to reduce Type I error - the probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is true.
Growth and Value Effect on Jakarta Islamic Index: Analysis towards Performance of Sharia Equity Mutual Fund
Authors: Rusmita Sylva Alif , Che Mohd Salleh Marhanum
Published: January 2020

This study provides evidence that value and stocks’ growth able to explain Net Asset Value of Shariah Mutual Fund. It is important for investment managers and investors to estimate future profit or loss that may happen on their mutual funds prior they venture into the investment platform. This study therefore is conducted to prove that factors including value and growth may affect the future profit of Shariah Mutual Funds. Based on quantitative analysis with secondary data from companies indexed in the Jakarta Islamic Index and Sharia Mutual Fund from year 2013 to 2017, it is found that both growth and value of stock have equally affected the profit of Sharia Mutual Funds. In addition, growth of stock has a larger R-Square than its value which means that the investors or fund managers would need to observe the stock growth more often than its value in order to predict future profitability of Shariah funds.  It is expected that the results of this study can provide additional insight to investment managers when choosing a portfolio for investors. For investors, this information is useful to predict the risk and return that they will receive from the investment.
The Effect of Financial Ratios, Maqasid Sharia Index, and Index of Islamic Social Reporting to Profitability of Islamic Bank in Indonesia
Authors: Hosen Muhammad Nadratuzzaman , Jie Ferry , Muhari Syafaat , Khairman Muhammad
Published: January 2020

This study aims to analyze the performance of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Net Income Margin (NIM), Operating Expenses Ratio (OER), Maqasid Sharia Index (MSI), and Index of Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) to influence the level of profitability. The main purpose of this study is to complete the previous research with try to add the variables MSI and Index of ISR to estimating the change of profitability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The study conducted eight Islamic Banks to be analyzed in the period from 2010 to 2012. The tool of analysis is used multiple linear regression for predicting the level of profitability. The results of the study show that all of the independent variables are significantly affected simultaneously to the level of profitability. Partially, NIM and OER are significantly affected by the level of profitability. The low level of Maqasid Sharia Index and Islamic Social Reporting implementation of the Islamic banks in Indonesia in the period of the study proves that these two variables are not the main indicator or a major achievement of most Islamic banks, even though Islamic banks should refer to attain mashlalah (public interest).Keywords: CAR, FDR, NIM, OER, MSI, and Index of ISR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja yang ditunjukkan oleh rasio Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Net Income Marging (NIM), Biaya Operasional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), Indeks Maqashid Syariah (MSI), dan Indeks Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melengkapi penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya dengan menambahkan variabel MSI dan ISR untuk mengestimasi profitabilitas bank syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data tahunan pada delapan bank syariah diperiode antara 2010 hingga 2012 dimana penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan seluruh variabel independen mempengaruhi profitabilitas bank syariah secara signifikan. Secara parsial, hanya NIM dan BOPO yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas. Lemahnya pengaruh Indeks Maqashid Syariah dan Indeks Islamic Social Reporting mengindikasikan bahwa kedua variabel tersebut bukanlah faktor utama dalam pencapaian bank syariah, meskipun bank syariah juga harus memperhatikan faktor mashlahah. Kata kunci: CAR, FDR, NIM, OER, MSI, and Index of ISR.
SPIN OFF POLICY OF SHARIA BANK: IS IT PROFITABLE?
Authors: Rusydiana Aam Slamet , Devi Abrista , Hasib Fatin , Rani Lina
Published: January 2020

According to Law no. 21 Year 2008, the Sharia Business Unit (SBU) owned by a Conventional Commercial Bank (CCB) is required to separate from its Parent Bank before year 2023. Some Sharia Business Units have initiated a separation step from Conventional Commercial Bank. On the other hand, they are required to keep the level of efficiency in running its business operations. This paper is intended to analyze the efficiency level of Sharia Business Units that have separated from its parent and then compare whether there is difference of efficiency level between before and after separation. The method used is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Paired Sample t-Test. The results show that based on the total average efficiency of all sharia banks spin off (in this case four sharia banks namely BNI Sharia, BRI Sharia, BJB Sharia and Bukopin Sharia Bank), there occur a decrease in efficiency technically and also pure the technical itself in sharia banks starting from before and after the spin off. This can be read because in the early periods of spin off there was a cost adjustment on the shariah bank spin off. Sharia banks require a 'weaning' from their parents. Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant difference in efficiency levels between before and after the spin off. This should be a booster for other Sharia Business Units to take the decision to spin off immediately, of course, accompanied by careful and prudent planning and implementation.
Hearing in Schoolchildren After Neonatal Exposure to a High-Dose Gentamicin Regimen
Authors: Hemmingsen Dagny , Mikalsen Camilla , Hansen Alexander Rydland , Fjalstad Jon Widding , Stenklev Niels Christian , Klingenberg Claus
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the association between gentamicin exposure in the neonatal period and hearing in school age.

METHODS:

This study included children exposed to a high-dose (6 mg/kg) gentamicin regimen as neonates (2004–2012), invited for follow-up at school age, and a healthy age-matched control group. We assessed hearing with pure tone audiometry including the extended high-frequency (EHF) range. Outcomes were average hearing thresholds in the midfrequencies (0.5–4 kHz) and the EHFs (9–16 kHz). The measures of gentamicin exposure were cumulative dose and highest trough plasma concentration. We used linear regression models to assess the impact of gentamicin exposure, and other peri- and postnatal morbidities, on hearing thresholds.

RESULTS:

A total of 219 gentamicin-exposed and 33 healthy-control children were included in the audiological analysis. In the gentamicin cohort, 39 (17%) had a birth weight <1500 g. Median cumulative doses and trough plasma concentrations were 30 (interquartile range 24–42) mg/kg and 1.0 (interquartile range 0.7–1.2) mg/L, respectively. Median hearing thresholds for the midfrequencies and the EHFs were 2.5 (0 to 6.3) dB hearing level and −1.7 (−5.0 to 5.0) dB hearing level, both of which were within the normal range. In an adjusted analysis, increasing hearing thresholds were associated with lower birth weight and postnatal middle-ear disease but not level of gentamicin exposure. After adjusting for birth weight, there was no difference in hearing threshold between the gentamicin-exposed cohort and healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONS:

Exposure to a high-dose gentamicin regimen in the neonatal period was not associated with an increase in hearing thresholds in schoolchildren being able to complete audiometry.
Temperature effect on the temporal dynamic of terrestrial invertebrates in technosols formed after reclamation at a post-mining site in Ukrainian steppe drylands
Authors: Pakhomov O. Y. , Kunakh O. M. , Babchenko A. V. , Fedushko M. P. , Demchuk N. I. , Bezuhla L. S. , Tkachenko O. S.
Published: January 2020

The research was carried out at the Research Centre of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University in Pokrov city. Sampling was carried out in 2013–2015 on a variant of artificial soil (technosols) formed on loess-like loam, red-brown clay, green-grey clay, technological mixture of rocks, and also formed on loess-like loam with a humus-rich 70 cm top soil layer. To investigate the spatiotemporal variation in the abundance, species richness and species composition of invertebrate assemblages within the experimental polygon, the animals were sampled using pitfall traps. In total, 60 pitfall traps were operated simultaneously during each sampling period. Each year the pitfalls were emptied 26 times every 7–9 days. Invertebrates (Arthropoda and Mollusca) of 6 classes, 13 orders, 50 families and 202 species or parataxonomic units were recorded. Diplopoda was most abundant taxonomic group, though it was represented by only one species Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927). Coleoptera and Araneae were the most numerous taxonomic groups. Readily available water for plants, precipitation, wind speed, atmospheric temperature (daily minimum, daily maximum, daily mean), atmospheric humidity and atmospheric pressure were used as environmental predictors. Two dimension geographic coordinates of the sampling locations were used to generate a set of orthogonal eigenvector-based spatial variables. Time series of sampling dates were used to generate a set of orthogonal eigenvector-based temporal variables. The moisture content in the technosols was revealed to be the most important factor determining the temporal dynamics of the terrestrial invertebrate community in conditions of semi-arid climate and the ecosystem which formed as a result of the reclamation process. Following soil moisture, the factor most strongly affecting invertebrates in the technosols was temperature. From the total set of the invertebrates, two relatively homogeneous species groups in terms of thermal preferences were extracted: the microtemperature and mesotemperature groups. The microtemperature species are more tolerant to the thermal factor, and the mesotemperature species are more sensitive. The Huisman-Olff-Fresco approach expanded by Jansen-Oksanen provides a wide set of ecologically relevant models which are able to explain species response. The species response to temperature is affected by a complex of other environmental, temporal and spatial factors. The effect of other factors on the species response must be previously extracted to find real estimations of the species temperature optima and tolerance. The approaches to solving this problem may be the object of future investigation.
Repellent and fumigant toxic potential of three essential oils against Ephestia kuehniella
Authors: Bouzeraa H. , Bessila-Bouzeraa M. , Labed N.
Published: January 2020

Essential oils, when used as bio-insecticides in the control of insect pests of stored grains have shown specificity and variation in the potentiality of their mode of action. In the present study, three essential oils extracted from three aromatic plants of different families, white wormwood (Artemisia herba alba, Asteraceae), oregano (Origanum vulgare, Lamiaceae) and rue (Ruta montana, Rutaceae), were evaluated for their repellent and fumigant toxic potential against the flour moth larvae, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), under laboratory conditions. The essential oils extraction was done by the hydrodistillation method. The repellent activity was carried out in Petri dishes using a filter paper treated with different oil dilutions (25, 75, 100, 120, 130, 150 µL/mL). The fumigant toxicity was determined on three concentrations (50, 130, 150 µL/L air). Two plants were shown to be repellent against the E. kuehniella larvae. Origanum oil was the most repellent with 67% of repellency rate followed by Artemisia oil (46%) at 120µL/mL after 2 hours of exposure. The oil of R. montana had an attractant activity against the larvae and was the most toxic with 56.7% of larval mortality in the first 24 hours. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) recorded were 11.6, 175.4 and 1100.0 µL/L air for the plant oils R. montana, O. vulgare and A. herba alba, respectively. R. montana and O. vulgare essential oil are shown to be efficient with high toxic and repellent properties against E. kuehniella larvae. Their specific potential could be integrated in the selection of the best bioinsecticides for the optimum protection of stored grain.
Dynamic phase portrait: New possibilities of detecting changes in populations
Authors: Tereshchenko V. G. , Boznak E. I. , Tereshchenko L. I.
Published: January 2020

This paper demonstrates the possibilities of detecting changes in populations of animals, based on the analysis of their dynamic phase portrait. This method allowed us to clarify the periodization of the process of naturalization of the Black Sea sprat (Clupeonella cultriventris) in the Rybinsk Reservoir and in detail describe the changes in the main dynamic characteristics of the population. On the example of zander (Sander lucioperca) in Lake Vozhe, the state was observed in which intra-population mechanisms activate which slow the increase in population (distribution of individuals from regions with high density). Use of this method allowed us to describe the new stable state of the population of grayling (Thymallus thymallus), which it entered as a result of increase in sport fishing. The data on time of presence of a population in equilibrium state allowed us to correctly unify the materials used for the analysis of changes in its age group.
Management system the sustainable development of enterprise of hotel and restaurant business based on cost monitoring
Authors: Judina Olena Ivanivna
Published: January 2020

Purpose – to formulate and justify the optimal system model for managing sustainable economic development of a hotel and restaurant business.

Design/Method/Approach. A theoretical generalization, logical-critical and economic-mathematical analysis patterns of functioning of a business as an economic system, based on systemic, process and target methodological approaches.

Findings. The regularities of the business operating as an economic system are investigated. The system, target and process approaches to managing a business entity by developing a methodology related to the target functions formation of the individual subsystems and processes that make up the business activity are studied to identify patterns of their interaction and achieve an integrated result with the greatest efficiency. A structural-logical model of the control system is formed under the influence of disturbing environmental factors based on the objective functions and established vectors of sustainable economic development of the hotel and restaurant business, taking into account monitoring of its performance.

Practical implications. The research results allow formulating the target management system for the sustainable economic development of the hotel and restaurant businesses based on monitoring costs as elements of the resources consumed, and effectively get adapted to environmental changes through integration of engineering, technology, economics, planning and management methods.

Originality/Value. There was proposed a method for the system formation for managing sustainable economic development of a hotel and restaurant business based on cost monitoring, which, unlike existing ones, based on a set of system, process and target approaches and enables by differentiation processes occurring within the business and establishing patterns of their functional links with indicators of resource costs, provide forecasting and planning of performance.

Research limitations/Future research. These researches are the basis for the subsequent evaluation and prediction of the of the operation efficiency, optimize resource costs of production and commercial activities of business entities, to create a mechanism for sustainable development of businesses.

 

Paper type – theoretical.
The building from which the colonists were guided
Authors: Eisfeld O.
Published: January 2020

The author presents the results of her research about real location of the “Guardian Committee of Foreign settlers in the South of Russia” building. The house was supposed to be located in Odessa. Having been established 200 years ago, the Committee was responsible for the development of the agricultural colonies on the South of Ukraine. It had to monitor the processes of the foreign settlements setting up and take care of them for more than fifty years. Nevertheless, the complete history of the Committee has not been written yet and the exact location of the building had not been found out before. The author proves that the building of the Guardian Committee is still available. It is considered as a monument of a local architecture; however nobody knows the real historical importance of the house. The building was erected in 1847 – 1848 as a shop that belonged to Valentina Shvendner. Then the house was sold to local authorities and became a main quarter of the Guardian Committee. After the Committee had been canceled the building was mentioned only as a Department of State Domains in the souses. It was forgotten that the Guardian Committee had been in the house before. The author has managed to identify the house using the plan and the architecture draft of it`s front wall made by an architect F. Morandy.
To the problem of the "German question" in the Russian Empire prehistory: an emotional analysis of the colonization situation of the first half of the XIXth century
Authors: Venger N. V.
Published: January 2020

The author presents an emotional analysis of the colonization situation of the first half of the XIXth century and shows the connection between interethnic contacts of the colonization period with the development of so-called “German question” in the Russian Empire. Special attention is paid to the processes of interaction between Slavic (the Ukrainean, Russian) and German-speaking (the Mennonites, the colonist) colonization groups. Under conditions of colonization, inter-ethnic autostereotypes were formed. These ideas about the “others” were kept and saved in the field of collective unconscious and social memory, but under conditions of a conformist (strictly regulated) society, the autostereotypes were neutral and and did not show aggression. . The mobilization of the Russian nation was carried out according to the antagonistic scenario, which caused the formation of the “German question” as one of the theoretical nationalist concepts in the Empire. The ideologists of nationalism used autostereotypes to form anti-German sentiments. The resentment of masses was formed on the basis of negative experience of contacts. The resentment is a a sense of hostility, when the logic recedes, and the chaos of emotions prevails. It was used by supporters of nationalism to rally society around the titular ethnic group, to form emotional communities and to solve problems of eliminating competition with the most stable and successful ethnic groups, including Russian Germans. In the subsequent period, resentment was a psychological motivator of the lower classes group aggressive behavior in the inter-ethnic conflicts.
The moral and psychological state of the German population of the South of Ukraine during the famine of the 20s in the XXth century
Authors: Bobyleva S. I.
Published: January 2020

The article offers a psychological approach to the analysis of the situation of ethnic Germans in the South of Ukraine in 1920s. It was a period when the policy of the new power intended to change the self-consciousness of the Germans. The legislative actions of the Russian state and then of the Soviet power had a negative consequences for both local economic and political-moral position of this category of population. The famine had objective reasons: history, policy, natural disaster. The author uses sources from the state region archives of Nikolaev, Kherson, Dnipro and Kiev to show her personal perceptions of the events. She tells about the policy of the Soviet government, its often criminal actions, biased attitude, manifested against German speaking population. The new approach is to identify the perception of hunger and all that was associated with it by the German population themselves. The author shows that the mobilization of the German communities was their way to overcome the tragedy and survivе. The time period of the famine has been clarified.
“The illiterate people are out of politics„: Elimination of illiteracy and the national minorities of the USSR
Authors: Denninghaus V.
Published: January 2020

Immediately after the October Revolution, in addition to the military front (against the enemies of the Bolshevik power) and the economic front (against famine and economic collapse), a third front was opened: the struggle for general literacy. Even though the attempt of the Soviet power to overcome illiteracy in the country within a short period of time was not successful, the network of literacy centers was being steadily expanded and more and more “instructors„ were being trained. The situation among German and other national minorities was far from ideal, even though the minorities had been traditionally among the most culturally advanced and most literate part of the populations in the former Russian empire. The facts show that while the Authorities focused on culture and education levels of «backward» nationalities rising, the number of illiterates among the “culturally-developed„ nationalities was steadily increasing. Even at the beginning of the 1930s the sovetization of the national minorities` educational institutions was still far from being implemented into practice. That was due to the fact that the Commissariats for Education from the autonomous Republics did no t coordinate their efforts and ignored cultural differentiations. Number of highly qualified and loyal teachers from different national minorities backgrounds was not enough, it was almost impossible to combine native language schools system and the spirit of “Soviet pedagogy„.
Troops of the Central States in Ukraine (1918): cases of violations and material damage
Authors: Malynovska T. V. , Malynovsky B. V.
Published: January 2020

The purpose of the study is to find out the amount of losses inflicted in 1918 to the Ukrainian treasury and private individuals by Austro-Hungarian and German troops. The research is based on the data that had been collected by Hetman P. Skoropadsky`s Ukrainian Government.

In 1918 the population of Ukraine was subjected to penalties by the troops of the Central States in Ukraine. The military units seized the property of the former tsarist army as military loot, requisitioned and confiscated property of the local population. In some cases, in this way the troops carried out orders of their military command about using of coercive measures in food procurement and protective actions conducting. In other cases, soldiers and officers acted according to their own initiative using their official position for enrichment and their benefit. Both cases contradicted Ukrainian laws and agreements about procedure of Central States troops staying in Ukraine.

According to the hetman authorities, the most common violation of law was committed by withdrawal of food. Among the incidents related to foreign troops, the greatest damage was caused by explosions at ammunition depots in Kiev (6 of June, 1918) and Odessa (31st of August – 1st of September, 1918). Since the troops of the Central States were responsible for protection of ammunition in both Kiev and Odessa, they were responsible for the incident and for damage recovery.

The Ukrainian authorities calculated that the total amount of losses that the Austro-Hungarian and German troops had inflicted to Ukraine in 1918 was 6 921 520 241 rubles (DM 7 690 578 046).
Образи німців та народів Австро-Угорщини у роки Першої світової війни за матеріалами газети «Русское слово»
Authors: Лавренко Валерія Сергіївна
Published: January 2020

The article attempts to reconstruct the generalized image of the enemy (on the example of the Germans and Austro-Hungarians). The author relying on verbal materials presented on the pages of the all-Russian weekly newspaper «Russian Word». Civilizational, military, social, everyday and evaluation aspects are highlighted in the perception of those peoples by the Russian society.

The periodical emphasized the fact that the practice of waging war by the German and Austro-Hungarian troops was inherently anachronistic and barbaric. It completely crossed out the mentioned ethnicities from the “family” of the civilized European peoples. Emphasis was made on the contrast between high achievements of German philosophy and culture and the real actions of the German army at the beginning of the war, that the Russian propaganda used to desacralize the pre-war piety before the Germans. The «Russian Word» emphasized that the enemy was not ready for bayonet attacks and they  showed  dishonest methods of warfare that affected  interests of non-combatants. The purpose of such allegations was to loosen the fighting spirit of the Russian army in the fight against the more technically powerful enemy. In terms of everyday life, the Germans and the troops of Austria-Hungary were characterized as peoples with an «amalgam of culture». It was also said that the war changed the limits of things that “were allowed” as a normal way and the Germans immediately began to resort to the most vile practices of looting and robbery. Considering about the moral values of the enemy, the newspaper focuses on their unjustified cruelty, anti-clericalism and efforts above all to “fill their stomach”.
«Для вас и эти условия хороши, вы не забывайте кто вы такой и откуда вы приехали сюда!»: трудовая повинность немецких переселенцев из СССР в оборонном производстве на территории «старого рейха» в конце Второй мировой войны
Authors: Мартыненко Владимир Леонидович
Published: January 2020

Between autumn 1943 and spring 1944 the German authorities were carrying out a phased evacuation of the ethnic Germans from the occupied territories of the USSR. The total number of this contingent in mid – 1944 was about 350 000 people. A significant number of the former Soviet German refugees was taken to Warthegau, West Prussia, Silesia, Oberdonau, Niederdonau and some other regions of Germany. According to worked out procedure, all evacuees were the subjects to temporary maintenance in the camps of the Ethnic German Liaison Office for registration procedures and naturalization.

Under the conditions of total mobilization, many ethnic Germans became the part of Germany’s labor force. At the beginning of 1944 some of the higher officials of the NSDAP began to appeal to the leadership of the SS with a request to allow the mass recruitment of this contingent for employment in various regions of the Reich. However, such initiatives were rejected by H. Himmler because they were in conflict with the key principles of the resettlement policy. Recruiting of the German resettlers for the German military complex located in the so-called «Old Reich» (country in borders until March 1938) was of particular interest. As a result, most Soviet Germans were employed in factories producing for the Luftwaffe after finishing the registration in those camps. Labor recruitment of German resettlers continued until the end of 1944. Despite the growing demand for workers, some regions were no longer able to receive additional working contingents due to the influx of refugees from the western and then eastern territories of the Reich.

The article reveals the mechanisms and characteristics of the involving of this category of German resettlers into forced labor service in the field of military production of Germany at the final stage of World War II.
The Great War 1914–1918 and Manipulation of Humans’ Consciousness in the Circumstances of the New World-System Birth: the Experience for XXI century. Consciousness in the Circumstances of the New World-System Birth: the Experience for XXI century
Authors: Troyan Serhiy , Alexiyevets Lesya , Nechaieva-Yuriichuk Nataliia
Published: January 2020

The Great War of 1914-1918 went down in history as the first armed clash of two warring coalitions of States on a global scale. The centenary of the end of the First World War of 1914-1918 became a significant information occasion for a new unbiased view in the context of a retrospective analysis of the problems of war and peace, war and politics, war and diplomacy, war and society, war and culture and the like. During the Great War at the beginning of the XX century the governments of countries – participants of the war used different ways for manipulation of human consciousness like fiction, poetry, postcards etc. The main aim of that was the achievement of people mobilization for war. The reaction of people of European states for the war was ambiguous, but a high percentage of population was in favor of the war. Even a famous French writer A. France (who was 70 years old) tried to become a volunteer to the war. So, what is possible to tell about younger men? But the reality of the First World War changed the vision of people toward it. They saw that the war is not a festival. It needs patience, first of all. New strategies, new armament demonstrated that the individual person had a small influence on result. The enemy was often invisible. All that affected the identification of soldiers and contributed the development of front-line brotherhood. Disappointment became the special feature of those who went through the war. They returned to the unstable world where it was difficult to find appropriate place for former soldiers. And again it was used by radical elements like A. Hitler in Germany. The author’s points out that it is necessary to understand the processes that took place at the beginning of the XX century to not repeat them at the beginning of the XXI century. Understanding the events of the world war 1914-1918, their impact on the human mind and psyche are a necessary component for understanding the processes that are currently taking place in our country. The state and government circles should take into account the experience of the past and develop an adequate strategy to overcome the destructive effects of war on the human consciousness, the integration of front-line soldiers into peaceful life and the protection of democratic ideals and freedoms.
Штрихи до портрета дніпропетровських «всесвітників»: медієвіст В. Т. Сиротенко у спогадах професора Ю. Є. Івоніна
Authors: Венгер Альберт Григорович
Published: January 2020

The notes by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Samara State University Yuriy Yevheniyovytch Yvonin about the historian-medievalist Vasyl Trokhymovytch Syrotenko are published. V. T. Syrotenko is a prominent researcher of late Antiquity and early Medieval times. In his numerous publications, he argued against the scholars interpretation of early medieval history, the essence of which was that the Roman Empire was ruined both barbarians and slaves. Syrotenko proved that the slaves fought with their owners against the barbarians. The result of the scholar’s scientific work was the publication of a number of scientific articles, textbooks and monographs. Vasil’ Syrotenko is known not only as a historian of the early Middle Ages. A popular rumor has it that in the years of Kracow's liberation from the Nazi occupation, Syrotenko, together with a Soviet soldier, saved Karol Wojtyla, a seminary student, who went on to become Pope John Paul II. In his researches and public speeches, the historian criticized Soviet researchers of the transition period from antiquity to the Middle Ages. He accused them of plagiarizing the ideas and texts of Western historians. Such arrogance of a provincial scientist caused indignation of metropolitan scientists. The result was a four -year delay of his doctorate from the Higher Attestation Commission.

In his memoirs Yu. Ye. Yvonin pays attention to the Perm and Dnipropetrovsk periods of Vasyl Trokhymovych's life. The author tells about his personal relationship with Syrotenko, about the advice he gave him when he was just starting out his research activity. The historian’s relations with the Leningrad mediaevalists are noted. The causes of the "conflict" that flared up between the capital mediaevalists and antiquity from the capital city universities researchers and Syrotenko are outlined. Vasyl Trokhymovych's place in the Permian historical environment, his manner of delivering lectures and conducting scientific discussions are outlined. It is noted that the Dnipropetrovsk period of his life became the time of low scientific activity.
First record of Pouteria franciscana Baehni (Chrysophylloideae, Sapotaceae) in Amapá state, eastern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: da Cruz Vasconcelos Caroline , Terra-Araujo Mário Henrique , Lira-Guedes Ana Cláudia , Carneiro Guedes Marcelino , Barbosa Pedrosa Costa Janaina
Published: January 2020

This is the first record of Pouteria franciscana Baehni (Chrysophylloideae, Sapotaceae) in Amapá state, Brazil. We provide a brief description as well as a distribution map, illustrations, and a table with useful features to distinguish P. franciscana from its morphologically related Amazonian species. Using geographic data and applying IUCN criteria, we assign the status as Least Concern for P. franciscana.
First records of marine tardigrades of the genus Coronarctus (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada, Arthrotardigrada) from Mexico
Authors: Pérez-Pech Wilbert Andrés , Hansen Jesper Guldberg , DeMilio Erica , de Jesús-Navarrete Alberto , Martínez Mendoza Ivonne , Rocha Olivares Axayacatl , Vargas Espositos Abel
Published: January 2020

Deep-water sampling in the Perdido Fold Belt, Gulf of Mexico, Mexican Economic Exclusive Zone yielded five specimens of tardigrades belonging to the genus Coronarctus Renaud-Mornant, 1974. The specimens represent the first records of the genus for Mexico. Two two-clawed larvae and two four-clawed larvae of Coronarctus mexicus Romano, Gallo, D’Addabbo, Accogli, Baguley & Montagna, 2011 and a single four-clawed larval specimen of an undescribed Coronarctus species were identified. Taxonomic analysis of the specimens contributed to the knowledge of deep-sea and Mexican marine tardigrades, two data-poor areas of study.
A Nativity Sermon in the 13th Century Tolstovskiy Sbornik: Textology and Language Features
Authors: Novak Maria
Published: January 2020

The paper focuses on the composition, lexical, and grammatical features of a Nativity sermon in the 13 th century Old Russian Tolstovskiy Sbornik (National Library of Russia, F.p.I.39). The author considers its Byzantine sources, principles of editorial work, and the differences from original rhetorical structures. Attributed to John Chrysostom, the sermon turns out to be a complicated compilation from various early Byzantine sermons. The compilation is based both on rearranging fragments of the same source and on combining excerpts from different sermons in a small context. Such transformations indicate the lack of cohesion in sermon texts, due to their independence from the causation and time factor. Non-attributed parts of the Old Russian text may be original since they demonstrate a certain similarity with Kirill Turovskiy orations in the same anthology. The lexical level of the sermon contains non-standard solutions that reinterpret the Greek source text, which may indicate either the missionary nature of the translation or a tendency to the poetic decoration. In some cases, the semantic mismatch of lexical units within Greek-Slavonic correlations is due to errors. At the grammatical level, there are also grammatical inconsistencies of Slavonic and Greek units; they affect the categories of time, number, gender, as well as parts-of-speech status.
Lost in Machine Translation: Contextual Linguistic Uncertainty
Authors: Sukhoverkhov Anton , DeWitt Dorothy , Manasidi Ioannis , Nitta Keiko , Krstić Vladimir
Published: January 2020

The article considers the issues related to the semantic, grammatical, stylistic and technical difficulties currently present in machine translation and compares its four main approaches: Rule-based (RBMT), Corpora-based (CBMT), Neural (NMT), and Hybrid (HMT). It also examines some "open systems", which allow the correction or augmentation of content by the users themselves ("crowdsourced translation"). The authors of the article, native speakers presenting different countries (Russia, Greece, Malaysia, Japan and Serbia), tested the translation quality of the most representative phrases from the English, Russian, Greek, Malay and Japanese languages by using different machine translation systems: PROMT (RBMT), Yandex. Translate (HMT) and Google Translate (NMT). The test results presented by the authors show low "comprehension level" of semantic, linguistic and pragmatic contexts of translated texts, mistranslations of rare and culture-specific words,unnecessary translation of proper names, as well as a low rate of idiomatic phrase and metaphor recognition. It is argued that the development of machine translation requires incorporation of literal, conceptual, and content-and-contextual forms of meaning processing into text translation expansion of metaphor corpora and contextological dictionaries, and implementation of different types and styles of translation, which take into account gender peculiarities, specific dialects and idiolects of users. The problem of untranslatability ('linguistic relativity') of the concepts, unique to a particular culture, has been reviewed from the perspective of machine translation. It has also been shown, that the translation of booming Internet slang, where national languages merge with English, is almost impossible without human correction.
Types of Compound Word-Formation in Medical Terminology (On the Material of the German Language)
Authors: Nosacheva Marina , Danilina Nataliya
Published: January 2020

The aim of the study is to optimize the classification of the types of the compound word-building with components of Greek and Latin origin; the research is based on the sample of 2882 substantive compound terms of the German clinical terminology. The researches apply the descriptive analytical and quantitative methods to the study. It is stated, that the words with complex morphemic structures can be formed by composite and non-composite types of word-building. The paper presents the complex classification of different ways of the compound word-formation considering following criteria: the type and the base of the word-formation process (morphological and morphological-and-syntactic ways of the compound word-formation), the number of the word-building processes, taking place within the compound word-formation (pure and mixed types of the compound word-formation). The analysis of the material reveals the dominance of the morphological compound word-building. In the medical terminology the following subtypes of the compound word-formation are distinguished: stem + terminological element, term + term, stem + term, with the latter two to be the most productive.The use of terminological units as structural elements of compounds and their employment in classification allows to avoid excessive extension of stock of morphemes used in the so-called intermediate zone. Further arrangement of word-building patterns is carried out according to the genetic criterion. In German clinical terminology the dominance of hybrid terms with German components has been established; among homogeneous compounds the terms consisting of Greek rather than Latin or German components are more widely represented. The proposed classifications are applicable to the material of medical terminologies in other languages and enable their accurate comparison.