bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Afterlife of Emperor Claudius in Seneca's Apocolocyntosis
Authors: Paschalis Michael
Published: March 2009

Seneca's

Apocolocyntosis

, the earliest extant example of ancient Menippean satire, tells of Emperor Claudius' death and ascent to heaven, where his request for deification is rejected by the council of the gods, and his subsequent descent to the underworld, where he is condemned of mass murder of Roman noblemen. Claudius is not an observer of things in heaven and the underworld or a character involved in a quest for knowledge and truth, but a dead character who undergoes judgment. He is also a dead character who behaves as if he were still alive. Seneca suggests that Claudius' afterlife is a mere continuation of his earthly life and vice-versa that he had always been living in an isolated and “fantastic” world. The

Apocolocyntosi

s parodies epic descents and historiographical topoi as well as the mythological otherworld of punishment and reward, ideas of afterlife, and imperial deification.
The Buddhist Hell: An Early Instance of the Idea?
Authors: Braarvig Jens
Published: March 2009

In spite of the modern idea that Buddhism is too rational a religion to have a conception of hell, the case is just the opposite. The Buddhists promoted this idea very early. This is not really surprising, since the idea of hell is closely connected with the concept of

kamma

, action, and its fruit or result. Every living being is what it is by the force of its actions in this or earlier lives: good actions entail rebirth in heaven or as a human, while bad actions have as their result rebirth as an animal, a ghost, or worst of all, in hell. In the Buddhist hell one is thus punished by the evil actions themselves, not by some sort of divine justice. Although life in hell is not eternal in Buddhism, it can still last for an enormous time span until the bad actions have been atoned for and one is reborn to a happier state of existence. Thus hell plays a great part in the Buddhist system of teachings, and it is a favourite topic in the monastic rules as well as in the narrative literature of the

Jātakas

, the subject of which is the Buddha's earlier lives. Hell is discussed as a topic already in the

Kathāvatthu

, the first scholarly treatise of Buddhism with a named author, datable between 250 and 100 BC. The discussion in the

Kathāvatthu

represents what may be seen as a fully developed conception of hell, and thus the Buddhist hell as described by its earliest canonical literature predates the appearance of the idea in most, if not all other religious traditions.
The Origins of Christian Hell
Authors: Kyrtatas Dimitris
Published: March 2009

The paper re-examines the evidence concerning the early Christian conceptions of punishment of sinners in the afterlife. It commences with the New Testament and the ideas attributed to Jesus and moves on to the apocryphal

Apocalypse of Peter

, composed about a generation later, which enjoyed great popularity among several early Christian circles and was seriously considered for inclusion in the New Testament canon. It is claimed that as it now reads,

Apoc. Pet.

advances ideas about hell that sharply contrast those presented in the New Testament. To solve this riddle, it is proposed that the

Apoc. Pet.

, as it has been preserved, was reorganized at a much later stage to meet the needs of the developing Church. Its original meaning was consequently twisted almost beyond recognition. In its earliest layers, the apocryphal document appears to have been mostly concerned, just like the New Testament, with salvation rather than everlasting chastisement.
Voices and Bodies: The Afterlife of the Unborn
Authors: Shanzer Danuta
Published: March 2009

This article discuses the fate of a special class of child, the unborn, in the afterlife, as well as the gradual criminalization of abortion in Antiquity. Particular attention is paid to a possible prohibition of abortion in Orphism that may underpin the

nekyiai

in P. Bon. 4. and Vergil

Aen

. 6. Then it turns to depictions of the aborted in the

Apocalypse of Peter

and its late antique off spring to show how the aborted fetus gradually acquires a visible body and an articulate voice. At the same time, the theology of sentiment works out its solutions to mitigate the problem of the innocent in hell. The fate of the almost bodiless fetus in the Resurrection became a bone of contention by the early 5th C. The satirical questions posed Christians about the resurrection of the unborn may first have been raised by Porphyry. His interest in the embryo and its ensoulment in the

Pros Gauron

are adduced as evidence. Attention is drawn to Augustine's doubts about the status and fate of the human embryo, and some reasons are suggested about why he hesitated to adopt an unambiguous “human from conception” position. In the 5th C., after the Pelagian controversy, attention began to shift from the unborn to the unbaptized, who dominate the

nekyiai

of the Middle Ages. The rise of the Mizuko kuyō cult in Japan shows astonishing parallels to what happened in Late Antiquity.
The Fallacies of 'New Dialectics' and Value-Form Theory
Authors: Carchedi Guglielmo
Published: March 2009

Chris Arthur's approach aims at a systematic re-ordering of Marx's categories. This article argues that his approach is actually a different ordering of different categories that are positioned within a specific theoretical whole, a Hegelian re-interpretation of Marx and especially of abstract labour, which distances itself from Marx. While the debate has focused mainly on the philosophical aspects of Arthur's work, its economic features have not been the object of a systematic analysis. Yet, a full assessment of the 'New Dialectics' should include explicitly a systematic internal critique of its economic dimensions. The aim of this article is to assess the internal consistency of the economic ramifications of the 'New Dialectics'. The focus is on the notions of abstract labour, concrete labour, and exploitation. Arthur's faithfulness to Marx, or correspondence to Marx's quotations, is not the criterion used to assess the 'New Dialectics'. Rather, the criterion is whether it (a) discovers logical inconsistencies in Capital and (b) is itself free from inconsistencies. The answer is negative in both cases.
Clinical Judgment Accuracy
Authors: Ridley Charles R. , Shaw-Ridley Mary
Published: March 2009

Clinical judgment is foundational to psychological practice. Accurate judgment forms the basis for establishing reasonable goals and selecting appropriate treatments, which in turn are essential in achieving positive therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, Spengler and colleagues' meta-analytic finding—clinical judgment accuracy improves marginally with traditional education, training, and clinical experience—is disconcerting and should serve as a wake-up call. Now is the time to move with urgency. The authors urge the development of a comprehensive, standardized, and scientifically based metatheory to inform clinical judgment. A metatheory should describe the content of clinical judgment, the process of clinical judgment, and the self-reflection of clinicians. Without employment of such a metatheory and concomitant improvement in clinicians' judgment, professional psychologists are on soft footing in extolling their claim as scientist—practitioners and ethical professionals.
Factors Related to the Social Self-Efficacy of Chinese International Students
Authors: Lin Shu-Ping , Betz Nancy E.
Published: March 2009

This study indicates that the social self-efficacy of 203 Chinese and Taiwanese international students was significantly higher when they were asked to consider their interactions among fellow native language speakers than when they were asked to imagine themselves interacting in English-speaking settings. And in fact, the social self-efficacy of these students in native language settings was as high as the highest levels of social self-efficacy found in African American students in a previous sample of college students. Other findings show that social self-efficacy in the English setting was significantly and positively related to English proficiency, length of residence in the United States, and unconditional self-regard and was negatively related to acculturation stress. Regression analyses indicate that social self-efficacy in English settings and unconditional self-regard were related to acculturation stress, accounting for 38% of the variance in stress. Implications for the adjustment and counseling of international students studying in the United States are discussed.
Measurement Invariance of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire Across Gender
Authors: De Gieter S. , Hofmans J. , De Cooman R. , Pepermans R.
Published: March 2009

Although women tend to earn less for doing similar jobs, research indicates that they are at least as satisfied with their pay as their male colleagues. In examining explanations for this paradox of the contented female worker, the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) is often used to measure and compare the pay satisfaction of both gender groups. However, using the PSQ without testing its measurement invariance across gender can lead to rash conclusions. Therefore, this study submitted PSQ data of 699 female and 448 male employees from different organizational sectors to a series of measurement invariance tests (i.e., configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, and error variance invariance). All tests’ results support the measurement invariance of the PSQ across gender, indicating it as an appropriate instrument to examine the contented female worker paradox. The article concludes with some suggestions for future research.
Exploratory and Confirmatory Studies of the Structure of the Bem Sex Role Inventory Short Form With Two Divergent Samples
Authors: Choi Namok , Fuqua Dale R. , Newman Jody L.
Published: March 2009

The short form of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) contains half as many items as the long form and yet has often demonstrated better reliability and validity. This study uses exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic methods to examine the structure of the short form of the BSRI. A structure noted elsewhere also emerged here, consisting of two masculine factors and a single feminine factor. The three-factor model was found to be invariant across gender groups and also across two divergent samples, the first sample of college students and the second sample of accountants. As expected, women were found to score higher on the feminine factor. On a masculine factor that seemed to represent social control, men scored significantly higher than women did. However, no differences were found between men and women on a second masculine factor that seemed to represent a more internal, self-control dimension.
Accuracy of the Parallel Analysis Procedure With Polychoric Correlations
Authors: Cho Sun-Joo , Li Feiming , Bandalos Deborah
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of the parallel analysis (PA) method for choosing the number of factors in component analysis for situations in which data are dichotomous or ordinal. Although polychoric correlations are sometimes used as input for component analyses, the random data matrices generated for use in PA typically consist of Pearson correlations. In this study, the authors matched the type of random data matrix to the type of input matrix. Analyses were conducted on both polychoric and Pearson correlation matrices, and random matrices of the same type (polychoric or Pearson) were generated for the PA procedure. PA based on random Pearson correlations was found to perform at least as well as PA based on random polychoric correlations, for nearly all of the conditions studied.
Effects of Culture Priming on the Social Connectedness of the Bicultural Self
Authors: Sik Hung Ng  , Lai Julian C. L.
Published: March 2009

This research tests the theoretical prediction that the self-concept of bicultural Chinese would become more socially connected when Chinese primed than when Western primed. Measures of social connectedness are derived from the Self-Reference Effect, according to which information will be memorized better when it references the Self than when it references the non-Self. Under Western priming ( n = 91), memory of information referencing Self is better than that referencing font (a nonperson condition referring to the style in which the information is printed), a Nonidentified Person (NIP), or Mother, which suggests a relatively distinct Self (Hypothesis 1). Under Chinese priming ( n = 96), the Self-font distinction remains, but the Self—NIP and Self—Mother distinctions disappear as predicted, suggesting a more socially connected Self (Hypothesis 2). The predicted Priming × Referencing interaction effects are (marginally) significant, which confirm that the Self—NIP and Self—Mother connectedness is higher under Chinese priming than under Western priming (Hypothesis 3).
Perceptions of Culture in Multicultural Space
Authors: Chiu Chi-yue , Mallorie LeeAnn , Hean Tat Keh  , Law Wilbert
Published: March 2009

The present research tests the hypothesis that the copresence of images from two seemingly distinctive cultures (Chinese and American) in the same space increases individuals' sensitivity to the psychological characteristics of the in-group culture and the tendency to use culture as a schema to organize perceptions. The authors contend that viewing images from Chinese and U.S. cultures simultaneously evokes a culture mind-set. As a consequence, individuals (from both China and the United States) tend to enlarge the perceived incompatibility between Chinese and U.S. cultures and expect members of the in-group culture to possess culture-typical psychological attributes. In two experiments, one conducted in Beijing, China, and one in the United States, supportive evidence is found for this contention.
Does an Acquiescent Response Style Explain Why Koreans are Less Consistent than Americans?
Authors: Locke Kenneth D. , Baik Kyoung-Deok
Published: March 2009

Cultural differences in consistency of responding to questions could be artifacts of cultural differences in acquiescence (an agreeing response style). To highlight this issue, the authors attempt to replicate previous research showing that Koreans are less consistent than Americans are when responding to questions about values. In accord with prior research, the authors find that Koreans are both more acquiescent and less consistent than Americans are. However, the differences between countries in acquiescence partially mediate the differences between countries in consistency. In sum, when using mathematical measures of consistency, researchers must take into account the influence of response styles, and the authors demonstrate two methods for accomplishing that.
Confirming the Three-Factor Structure of the Disgust Scale—Revised in Eight Countries
Authors: Olatunji Bunmi O. , Moretz Melanie W. , McKay Dean , Bjorklund Fredrik , de Jong Peter J. , Haidt Jonathan , Hursti Timo J. , Imada Sumio , Koller Silvia , Mancini Francesco , Page Andrew C. , Schienle Anne
Published: March 2009

The current study evaluates the factor structure of the Disgust Scale—Revised (DS-R) in eight countries: Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States ( N = 2,606). Confirmatory factor analysis is used to compare two different models of the DS-R and to investigate the invariance of the factor structure of the DS-R across countries and gender. A three-factor solution consisting of three different but interrelated disgust factors (a 12-item core disgust factor, an 8-item animal-reminder disgust factor, and a 5-item contamination disgust factor) best accounted for the data in all countries except the Netherlands. Relative to the United States, the three-factor solution is invariant in Australia, Brazil, and Japan but not in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The three-factor solution is also invariant across gender in most countries. The implications of these cross-cultural findings for promoting a more valid and reliable assessment of disgust dimensions, as assessed by the DS-R, are discussed.
Reliability of Bidimensional Acculturation Scores
Authors: Huynh Que-Lam , Howell Ryan T. , Benet-Martínez Verónica
Published: March 2009

Understanding score reliability is a necessary step in examining the validity of acculturation instruments. Thus, the authors evaluate the aggregate reliability of three multigroup, bidimensional acculturation instruments: General Ethnicity Questionnaire— Abridged, Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale, and Vancouver Index of Acculturation. Reliability generalization techniques are used to analyze 51 internal consistency estimates and 6 sample characteristics for these instruments. Overall, reliability estimates for all three instruments appear to be robust. However, the ranges of reliability estimates across diverse samples vary greatly, which has implications for the interpretation of substantive outcomes and acculturation instrument selection. In addition, variability in reliability estimates is associated with scale length, gender, and ethnic composition of sample. Implications for acculturation research and measurement are discussed.
Individualism-collectivism as Descriptive Norms
Authors: Fischer Ronald , Ferreira Maria Cristina , Assmar Eveline , Redford Paul , Harb Charles , Glazer Sharon , Cheng Bor-Shiuan , Jiang Ding-Yu , Wong Corbin C. , Kumar Neelam , Kärtner Joscha , Hofer Jan , Achoui Mustapha
Published: March 2009

The development and validation of a new instrument for measuring the descriptive norms related to individualism-collectivism (IC) is presented. IC is conceptualized as a group- specific unidimensional cultural construct with four defining attributes (Triandis, 1995). Three studies are reported showing the dimensionality and validities at individual and cultural levels across samples from 11 cultures. The new instrument has good statistical properties with iden- tical structures at the individual and cultural level, good reliabilities at the individual level, adequate agreement within cultures, and demonstrates first signs of convergent and discriminant validity. Correlations at the cultural level also indicate that the measure has the potential to add to research by integrating previously untapped attributes of IC. Finally, normative IC explains variance in self-reported behavior over and above self-referenced IC. Implications and opportunities for norm-oriented research and scale refinement are discussed.
Urban Tourism Competitiveness: Networks and the Regional Asset Base
Authors: Daskalopoulou Irene , Petrou Anastasia
Published: March 2009

Firms are acknowledged to be important actors involved in the deployment of resources available to a tourism destination. In turn, successful tourism firms can contribute to building the competitive advantage of tourism destinations through affecting a destination's tourism product or service. The present study analyses business performance in urban tourism using networks and entrepreneurial perceptions over a city's asset base as a framework of competitive performance. Business performance is measured in terms of productive efficiency—that is, technical and scale efficiency. Results indicate that networks and entrepreneurial perceptions of a city's asset base constitute important determinants of the successful operation of tourism businesses.
The Spatial Distribution of Producer Services in Shanghai
Authors: Sun Sheng Han  , Bo Qin
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the location characteristics of the newly emerged producer services in Shanghai. The research questions are: how does the location of producer services fit into Shanghai's spatial context? What are the factors shaping the spatial distribution pattern? Are the spatial distribution and its determinants similar to those observed in other cities? Analyses of data collected from field reconnaissance, interviews and secondary sources reveal that the spatial distribution of producer services in Shanghai is characterised by concentration and dispersion. The concentration of producer services in an extensive central-city core is similar to that observed in other cities. However, the wide spread of producer services over a fairly big region is unexpected. The paper adds insight to the study of producer services by contending that contextual factors such as an indigenous path of development, state intervention and market institution, determine the location of producer services in Shanghai.
Opium in the City
Authors: Paulès Xavier
Published: March 2009

The article examines the insertion of opium houses at different levels of the urban space of Guangzhou—from the largest to the smallest: the areas of Honam and Hopei, the districts, the streets—during the years 1923 to 1936. The distribution of dens changed mainly due to shifts in the strategy of the authorities, who paid special attention to the visibility of opium houses in the city and to the reactions of den operators concerned with the viability of their establishments. However, the distribution of dens remained the same throughout the period: an exceptional concentration of opium houses in Henan (Honam), the part of the city located south of the Pearl River. There were three different types of opium houses: sordid dens selling cheap adulterated opium, middle-range “local opium houses,” and high-class opium houses. Each type had a specific distribution throughout the city’s space corresponding to the nature of its consumers’ demands.
Adapted Behavior Therapy for Persistently Depressed Primary Care Patients
Authors: Uebelacker Lisa A. , Weisberg Risa B. , Haggarty Ryan , Miller Ivan W.
Published: March 2009

Major depressive disorder is commonly treated in primary care settings. Psychotherapy occurring in primary care should take advantage of the unique aspects of the setting and must adapt to the problems and limitations of the setting. In this open trial, the authors used a treatment development model to adapt behavior therapy for primary care patients ( n = 12) with persistent symptoms of depression, despite antidepressant medication treatment. Ten of 12 participants completed 10 sessions of therapy over the course of 4 months, and all endorsed high levels of treatment satisfaction. Participants' depression scores declined significantly over time, and 75% of participants experienced at least 50% change on a self-report measure of depression symptoms. There were trends for social functioning, pain, and general health perceptions to improve over time. These results highlight the acceptability and feasibility of adapting behavior therapy for primary care, and support the continuation of this research.
The Effectiveness of Intervention on the Behavior of Individuals With Autism
Authors: Ma Hsen-Hsing
Published: March 2009

The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the percentage of data points exceeding the median of baseline phase (PEM) approach using data on autism treatment for illustrative purposes to compare the effectiveness of different interventions on the problem behaviors of individuals with autism. Electronic databases such as The ProQuest and Google were searched. A total of 163 articles were located, producing 1,502 effect sizes. The results demonstrate that five highly effective intervention strategies were priming, self-control, training, positive reinforcement and punishment, and presenting preferential activities. The least effective strategy was to teach perspective-taking skills. The PEM approach is recommended for use in meta-analysis for single-case experimental designs.
Biomechanical Comparison of Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstructions Using Computer-Assisted Navigation
Authors: Feeley Brian T. , Muller Mark S. , Allen Answorth A. , Granchi Carrine C. , Pearle Andrew D.
Published: March 2009

Background

The medial collateral ligament is a broad ligament that functions as the primary stabilizer against valgus knee stress, particularly at 30° of flexion.

Hypothesis

A double-bundle reconstruction technique that better restores the native medial collateral ligament anatomy will restore valgus and external rotation stability to a medial collateral ligament–deficient knee.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were studied. A surgical navigation system was used to determine valgus opening and external rotation at 0° and 30° with a 9.8-N·m valgus stress applied to the tibia graft isometry at multiple points on the tibia and femur. Intact and disrupted medial collateral ligament knees were used as controls. Four repair techniques were tested: Bosworth, modified Bosworth, anatomical single bundle, and anatomical double bundle.

Results

Complete sectioning of the medial collateral ligament resulted in an increase in valgus opening of 5° at 0° and 7.7° at 30°. External rotation increased 4.6° at 0° and 9.7° at 30°. Single-bundle techniques (Bosworth, anatomical single bundle) did not restore valgus laxity at 0° or 30°; the anatomical single bundle did not restore external rotation at 0°. Double-bundle techniques (modified Bosworth, anatomical double bundle) restored valgus laxity and external rotation to the native knee conditions at 0° and 30°. At 30°, the modified Bosworth was 0.3° tighter and the anatomical double bundle 0.2° tighter than was the intact knee. The center of the medial collateral ligament origin on the femur to the proximal insertion of the superficial medial collateral ligament resulted in the most isometric graft position.

Conclusion

Medial collateral ligament reconstruction configurations that use a double-bundle reconstruction better resist valgus and external rotations in response to valgus stress than do single-bundle techniques.

Clinical Relevance

Although the medial collateral ligament often heals without surgical intervention, surgical reconstruction is occasionally necessary in grade III medial collateral ligament and combined ligamentous injuries to the knee. Double-bundle reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament better resists valgus forces across the knee and may allow for better surgical outcome after medial collateral ligament reconstruction.
In Vitro Model to Study Chondrogenic Differentiation in Tendinopathy
Authors: de Mos Marieke , Koevoet Wendy , van Schie Hans T. M. , Kops Nicole , Jahr Holger , Verhaar Jan A. N. , van Osch Gerjo J. V. M.
Published: March 2009

Background

Treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy is hampered by limited knowledge of the pathophysiology.

Hypothesis

Chondrogenic differentiation of tendon cells might take place in midportion Achilles tendinopathy and could be used as a target for drug treatment. An in vitro model for chondrogenic differentiation would be useful to evaluate existing and future treatment opportunities.

Study Design

Descriptive and controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Perioperatively harvested tissue from human midportion Achilles tendinotic lesions and healthy Achilles tendons was analyzed by microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vitro chondrogenic differentiation of tendon explants was induced using transforming-growth-factor beta. This model was modulated by removing the chondrogenic stimulus or adding triamcinolone or platelet-rich plasma.

Results

Midportion Achilles tendinotic lesions had increased glycosaminoglycan staining and more rounded cell nuclei. Chondrogenic markers (sex-determining region Y)–box9, aggrecan, collagen 2, and RUNT-related transcription factor 2 were upregulated, but collagen 10 was not. Nondegenerative tendon explants cultured on chondrogenic medium had higher expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, and collagen 10 but not (sex-determining region Y)–box9 and RUNT-related transcription factor 2. Removing the chondrogenic stimulus decreased expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, and collagen 10. Both triamcinolone and platelet-rich plasma influenced the chondrogenic gene expression pattern in the in vitro model.

Conclusion

Chondrogenic differentiation is present in midportion Achilles tendinopathy. An in vitro model to study this chondrogenic differentiation was developed.

Clinical Relevance

This model can be used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation as a possible target for drug treatment, contributing to the development of more successful mechanism-based treatment opportunities.
Tensile and Thermal Parameters of Natural Fabrics and Polymer Coating Effect on Hildegardia Fabric
Authors: Jayaramudu J. , Jagadeesh Dani , Varada Rajulu A. , Guduri B.R.
Published: March 2009

Studies on some properties such as mechanical, degradation temperatures, and features of the ligno-cellulose fabrics were carried out in both untreated and alkali-treated form. The alkali-treated fabrics are found to have higher initial and final degradation temperatures and tensile modulii. The removal of the amorphous hemi-cellulose on alkali treatment may be the reason for the improved properties. The fabric of Hildegardia was coated with polystyrene and its effect on tensile properties was also studied. The tensile properties were found to improve on alkali treatment, polymer coating and the coupling agent.
Differences in Accessibility, Affordability, and Availability (AAA) of Medical Specialists Among Three Age-Groups of Elderly People in Israel
Authors: Iecovich Esther , Carmel Sara
Published: March 2009

Objectives: Older people use more health services due to health problems, but various reasons impede their ability to use health services. The purpose of this study is to examine difficulties in accessing and affording specialist services and to explore the factors that explain these difficulties among elderly people. Methods: The sample included 1,255 respondents in three age-groups: 65-75, 76-89, and 90+ years who were interviewed face-to-face in their homes. Results: The findings showed that between 21% and 41% of the respondents encountered difficulties in visiting specialists. Those aged 90+ encountered more accessibility problems and fewer affordability problems compared to their younger counterparts, and those aged 76-89 encountered more availability problems compared to the other two age-groups. Enabling and need factors were the most significant factors in explaining problems in accessing and affording specialist services. Discussion: Recommendations for policy and practice are discussed.
Perspectives on Rural and Urban Music Teaching
Authors: Hunt Catherine
Published: March 2009

This constructivist research aimed to learn key stakeholders' perspectives on the role of music programs and teachers in rural and urban school districts. Nine participants, including music teachers, administrators, and parents, representing four rural and urban locations were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed, checked, and revised by participants. Revised transcripts were analyzed and key concepts categorized into an NVivo 7 database. After the researcher sought additional participant input, an article draft was reviewed and critiqued by participants. Although the results cannot be generalized, participants' perspectives were influenced by the contextual factor of geographical location. The Developing Contextual Awareness (DCA) model was developed and proposed for increasing music educators' geographical and social awareness. The DCA model should be studied for a match to any local context and includes understanding music teachers' and music programs' roles, focusing on advantages and accepting challenges as opportunities, creating specific professional development goals, and committing to persistence.
Perceived Instructional Needs of Middle School and Senior Citizen Band Members
Authors: Rohwer Debbie
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare adult and middle school band members' perceptions of music education issues, including effective teaching and musical environment. The participants were 94 band members from three states: 28 middle school band participants from three middle schools and 66 senior citizen band participants from three adult bands. At a band rehearsal, the band members answered a 49-item questionnaire with 26 Likert-type questions on the topic of effective teaching. While the overall means are high for all component skills, musical skills were rated lowest, followed by instructional skills and personality characteristics. Older and younger musicians responded similarly across the musical, instructional, and personality components. Conclusions highlight the collegiate instructional issues that may help meet older and younger musicians' instructional preferences.
Vocal Hygiene Perceptions of Experienced and Preservice Music Teachers
Authors: Hackworth Rhonda
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study is to compare perceptions of vocal hygiene at different levels of music teaching experience. The following survey information from 659 music teachers with various levels of teaching experience forms the basis of the analysis: voice use in teaching, perceived risk of voice disorders in teaching, ratings of vocal behaviors, personal voice problems, and ratings of perceived vocal stress in teaching activities. The teachers are grouped according to level of experience: late career, early career, or preservice. Majorities in all groups believe (a) teaching equals high voice disorder risk, (b) vocal problems affect the career, and (c) career change to preserve voices would be unlikely. Using Likert-type scales, the teachers rated the healthiness of selected vocal behaviors and perceived vocal stress in selected teaching activities. Overall, they rate drinking water the healthiest behavior and smoking the unhealthiest. For teaching activities, they rate speaking over noisy classroom conditions highest for causing vocal stress, and they rate demonstration singing the lowest. Significant differences emerge in ratings from the three groups of teachers for four behaviors (speaking in noisy environments, drinking water, clearing throat, and consuming alcohol) and four teaching activities (opening remarks, vocal instruction while students sing, speaking over noisy classroom conditions, and lunchroom duty).
Review: Use of Electronic Medical Records for Health Outcomes Research
Authors: Dean Bonnie B. , Lam Jessica , Natoli Jaime L. , Butler Qiana , Aguilar Daniel , Nordyke Robert J.
Published: March 2009

This review assessed the use of electronic medical record (EMR) systems in outcomes research. We systematically searched PubMed to identify articles published from January 2000 to January 2007 involving EMR use for outpatient-based outcomes research in the United States. EMR-based outcomes research studies ( n = 126) have increased sixfold since 2000. Although chronic conditions were most common, EMRs were also used to study less common diseases, highlighting the EMRs’ flexibility to examine large cohorts as well as identify patients with rare diseases. Traditional multi-variate modeling techniques were the most commonly used technique to address confounding and potential selection bias. Data validation was a component in a quarter of studies, and many evaluated the EMR’s ability to achieve similar results previously achieved using other data sources. Investigators using EMR data should aim for consistent terminology, focus on adequately describing their methods, and consider appropriate statistical methods to control for confounding and treatment-selection bias.
A Note on Plane Strain and Plane Stress Problems for a New Class of Elastic Bodies
Authors: Bustamante R. , Rajagopal K.R.
Published: March 2009

In this paper we explore the consequences of prescribing constitutive relations for elastic bodies wherein “deformations” are given as functions of “stresses”. For this class of constitutive relations in, the particular case of small deformations, we study boundary value problems for plane strain and plane stresses, and we develop a weak formulation that can be considered as the starting point for numerical computations.
Remarks on the Universality of the Eshelby Stress
Authors: Epstein Marcelo , Maugin Gérard A.
Published: March 2009

The possible role of the Eshelby stress in the general context of theories of material evolution is examined with particular emphasis on evolution laws that are not necessarily of the anelastic type.
Stress Intensity Factor for an Interphase Griffith Crack Interacting with Two Imperfect Interfaces
Authors: Park P.G. , Sudak L.J.
Published: March 2009

The solution for the elastic three-phase circular inclusion problem plays a fundamental role in many practical and theoretical applications. In particular, it offers the fundamental solution for the generalized self-consistent method in the mechanics of composites materials. In this work, a semi-analytical method is presented for the problem of a pre-existing radial Griffith crack embedded within the interphase layer surrounding a circular inclusion. Novel to this work is that the bonding at the inclusion—interphase interface and the interphase-matrix interface is considered to be imperfect with the assumption that the interface imperfections are constant. Employing complex variable techniques, we derive series representations for the corresponding stress functions inside the inclusion, in the interphase layer and the surrounding matrix. The governing boundary value problem is then formulated in such a way that these stress distributions simultaneously satisfy the traction-free condition along the crack face, the imperfect interface conditions and the prescribed asymptotic loading conditions. The advantage of the series method over other methods, such as the dislocation density method, is that in the former case the resulting expressions are linear and can be solved readily whereas in the latter case the method leads to cumbersome integral equations which are often numerically difficult to solve.

Stress intensity factor (SIF) calculations are performed at the crack tips for different material property combinations, imperfect interface conditions and crack locations under mode I loading. The results not only provide for a quantitative description of the interaction between a radial interphase crack and a three-phase inclusion with imperfect interfaces but the results clearly demonstrate the significance of how two imperfect boundaries can influence crack behavior.
A Tale of Three Perspectives
Authors: Richardson Hettie A. , Simmering Marcia J. , Sturman Michael C.
Published: March 2009

Many researchers who use same-source data face concerns about common method variance (CMV). Although post hoc statistical detection and correction techniques for CMV have been proposed, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding their efficacy. Because of disagreement among scholars regarding the likelihood and nature of CMV in self-report data, the current study evaluates three post hoc strategies and the strategy of doing nothing within three sets of assumptions about CMV: that CMV does not exist, that CMV exists and has equal effects across constructs, and that CMV exists and has unequal effects across constructs. The implications of using each strategy within each of the three assumptions are examined empirically using 691,200 simulated data sets varying factors such as the amount of true variance and the amount and nature of CMV modeled. Based on analyses of these data, potential benefits and likely risks of using the different techniques are detailed.
TOURCOMP: A program for estimating end-member proportions in tourmalines
Authors: Pesquera A. , Torres F. , Gil-Crespo P. , Torres-Ruiz J.
Published: March 2009

A Visual Basic program (TOURCOMP) has been written to recast the tourmaline composition into end-member components from electron microprobe data or more complete tourmaline analyses. TOURCOMP is a program based on a linear algebraic model that directly calculates the end-member proportions of tourmalines from their structural formulae. The program is developed for IBM-compatible personal computers running under the Windows™ operating system. The source code has been also translated and compiled in order to run on an Apple computer. Analytical problems, uncertainties concerning site occupancies, and the normalization procedure to determine the structural formula are the main error sources. However, the method of recalculating tourmaline end-members presented in this paper is considered to provide reasonably good results, bearing in mind the chemical complexity of tourmaline.
Magnetic behaviour of trioctahedral mica-2M1 occurring in a magnetic anomaly zone
Authors: Pini S. , Affronte M. , Brigatti M. F.
Published: March 2009

This work relates the crystal chemistry and the magnetic behaviour of a trioctahedral mica (chemical formula: (K0.90Na0.01Ca0.01Ba0.01 ☐0.07)(Al0.05Fe2+1.10Mg1.38Ti0.32Mn0.01☐0.04)(Al1.12Si2.88)O10 (F0.27OH1.27O0.46); unit cell parameters: a = 5.345(2) Å, b = 9.261(4) Å, c = 20.189(8) Å; β = 95.075(8)°) from Minto Block (Ungava peninsula, northern Quebec, Canada), a region characterized by high magnetic anomalies. Crystallographic and X-ray absorption spectroscopy data suggest a prevalent divalent oxidation state for Fe and a disordered Fe 2+ distribution in the two octahedral sites Ml and M2. The real part of magnetic susceptibility shows two peaks at ∼5.2 K and 120 K. However, as demonstrated by AC magnetic susceptibility measurements, the origin of the two effects is different: the peak position of the first one (i.e. the effect revealed at 5.2 K) is frequency-dependent, thus suggesting a spin-glass like behaviour. The effect at 120 K can instead be attributed to the occurrence of diluted phases in mica matrix, such as Fe oxides.
The crystal chemistry of Al-bearing goethites: an infrared spectroscopic study
Authors: Blanch A. J. , Quinton J. S. , Lenehan C. E. , Pring A.
Published: March 2009

Aluminium substitution into goethite, α-FeOOH, has been studied systematically by infrared spectroscopy over the frequency interval 150 to 700 cm-1. A range of synthetic compositions. (Fe1-xAlx)OOH, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.0857, plus end-member diaspore (AlOOH) were examined. The IR spectrum of FeOOH over the range of interest can be deconvoluted into 9 peaks: 670, 633, 497, 451, 409, 396, 360, 290 and 268 cm-1. With addition of Al, the spectra become broader and the frequencies of the modes shift to higher values. An effective line width parameter Δcorr was determined by autocorrelation analysis for each spectrum and there is a significant increase in the Δcorr for compositions with >5.85 mol.% Al substitution, indicating that there is very significant structural strain associated with this solid solution at compositions where a significant number of Al sites will have an additional Al atom in the first cation coordination sphere. Trends in the values of Δcorr with composition mirrored published enthalpy of mixing values indicating that Al-goethite is metastable with respect to the goethite and diaspore end-members. The role of substitutional strain and possible partial order of Al is briefly discussed.
Defect microstructures in garnet, omphacite and symplectite from UHP eclogites, eastern Dabieshan, China: a TEM and FTIR study
Authors: Wu Xiuling , Meng Dawei , Fan Xiaoyu , Meng Xin , Zheng Jianping , Mason Roger
Published: March 2009

Garnets, omphacite and the minerals of a clinopyroxene/amphibole/plagioclase symplectite in UHP eclogites from Yingshan, Dabieshan have been investigated by TEM and Micro-FTIR. TEM reveals that the predominant microstructures in eclogites and symplectite-forming minerals are chain multiplicity faults (CMFs), dislocation substructures, clusters of water molecules up to ∼50 nm in diameter and recrystallized grains ∼1.75 μm in diameter. This indicates dynamic recrystallization of omphacite, probably during an eclogite-facies metamorphic episode. The deformation structures in symplectite-forming minerals were produced by plastic deformation related to an amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphic event. CMFs described in the present work demonstrate the existence of an infrequent ½<011> (010) slip system forP2/nomphacite from an UHP eclogite sample from Dabieshan. The frequent occurrence of CMFs in omphacite suggests that they indicate an important deformation mechanism in omphacite and shows that this slip system plays a significant role in the deformation and recovery of eclogite. The hydrous components of deformed minerals may cause plastic deformation of the rocks by dislocation movement and accelerate retrograde metamorphism. Micro-FTIR results show that all the garnets and omphacites contain structural water occurring as hydroxyl groups (OH) or water (H2O). The structural water contents in omphacite range from 110—710 ppm and in garnet from 0—180 ppm. Water released during decompression might supply an early-stage retrograde metamorphic fluid.
Coiraite, (Pb,Sn2+)12.5As3Fe2+Sn4+5S28: a franckeite-type new mineral species from Jujuy Province, NW Argentina
Authors: Paar W. H. , Moëlo Y. , Mozgova N. N. , Organova N. I. , Stanley C. J. , Roberts A. C. , Culetto F. J. , Effenberger H. S. , Topa D. , Putz H. , Sureda R. J. , de Brodtkorb M. K.
Published: March 2009

Coiraite, ideally (Pb,Sn2+)12.5As3Fe2+Sn4+S28, occurs as an economically important tin ore in the large Ag-Sn-Zn polymetallic Pirquitas deposit, Jujuy Province, NW-Argentina. The new mineral species is the As derivative of franckeite and belongs to the cylindrite group of complex Pb sulphosalts with incommensurate composite-layered structures. It is a primary mineral, frequently found in colloform textures, and formed from hydrothermal solutions at low temperature. Associated minerals are franckeite, cylindrite, pyrite-marcasite, as well as minor amounts of hocartite, Ag-rich rhodostannite. arsenopyrite and galena. Laminae of coiraite consist of extremely thin bent platy crystals up to 50 urn long. Electron microprobe analysis(n =31) gave an empirical formula Pb11.21As2.99Ag0.13Fe1.10Sn6.13S28.0close to the ideal formula (Pb11.3Sn2+1.2)Σ=12.5As3Fe2+Sn4+S28. Coiraite has two monoclinic sub-cells,Q(pseudotetragonal) andH(pseudohexagonal).Q: a5.84(1) Å,b5.86(1) Å, c 17.32(1) Å, β 94.14(1)°, F 590.05(3) Å3, Z = 4,a:b:c =0.997:1:2.955; H (orthogonal setting):a6.28(1) Å,b3.66(1) Å, c 17.33(1) Å, β 91.46(1)°,V398.01(6) Å3, Z= 2, a∶b∶c =1.716∶1∶4.735. The strongest Debye-Scherrer camera X-ray powder-diffraction lines[din Å,(I), (hkl)]are: 5.78, (20),(QandH003); 4.34, (40),(Q004); 3.46, (30),(Qand H 005); 3.339, (20),(Q104); 2.876, (100),(Qand H 006); 2.068, (60),(Q220).
Mushroom elbaite from the Kat Chay mine, Momeik, near Mogok, Myanmar: II. Zoning and crystal growth
Authors: Lussier A. J. , Hawthorne F. C. , Herwig S. , Abdu Y. , Aguiar P. M. , Michaelis V. K. , Kroeker S.
Published: March 2009

A variety of mushroom tourmaline from the Kat Chay mine, Momeik, near Mogok, Shan state, Myanmar, consists of a black-to-grey single-crystal core from which a single prismatic crystal reaches to the edge of the mushroom, forming a slight protuberance. The rest of the mushroom (∼50% by volume) consists of extremely acicular sub-parallel crystals that diverge toward the edge of the mushroom. The acicular crystals are dominantly colourless to white, with a continuous black zone (2 mm across) near the edge, and pale pink outside the black zone. The composition varies from ∼Na0.75Ca0.05(Li0.80Al0.70Fe1.10.Mn0.30Ti0.10)Al6Si6(B03)3O18(OH)3(OH,F) at the base of the mushroom to ∼Na0.60Ca0.06(Li1.00Al1.98Fe0.02)Al6(Si5.35B0.65)(BO3)3O18(OH)3(OH,F) close to the edge at the top of the mushroom. The principal substitutions are: (1) YLi + YAl -> yFe* + yFe* and (2) TB + yAl -> Si + yFe*, but there are five other minor substitutions that are also operative. There are six significant compositional discontinuities at textural boundaries in the mushroom, suggesting that the changes in habit are driven in part by changes in external variables such as T and P, plus possible involvement of new fluid phases.