bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare transmission of commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiome of hospitalized adults
Authors: Siranosian Benjamin A. , Brooks Erin F. , Andermann Tessa , Rezvani Andrew R. , Banaei Niaz , Tang Hua , Bhatt Ami S.
Published: January 2022

Bacterial bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Although previous research has demonstrated that pathogens may translocate from the gut microbiome into the bloodstream to cause infections, the mechanisms by which HCT patients acquire pathogens in their microbiome have not yet been described. Here, we use linked-read and short-read metagenomic sequencing to analyze 401 stool samples collected from 149 adults undergoing HCT and hospitalized in the same unit over three years, many of whom were roommates. We use metagenomic assembly and strain-specific comparison methods to search for high-identity bacterial strains, which may indicate transmission between the gut microbiomes of patients. Overall, the microbiomes of patients who share time and space in the hospital do not converge in taxonomic composition. However, we do observe six pairs of patients who harbor identical or nearly identical strains of the pathogen Enterococcus faecium, or the gut commensals Akkermansia muciniphila and Hungatella hathewayi. These shared strains may result from direct transmission between patients who shared a room and bathroom, acquisition from a common hospital source, or transmission from an unsampled intermediate. We also identify multiple patients with identical strains of species commonly found in commercial probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus thermophilus. In summary, our findings indicate that sharing of identical pathogens between the gut microbiomes of multiple patients is a rare phenomenon. Furthermore, the observed potential transmission of commensal, immunomodulatory microbes suggests that exposure to other humans may contribute to microbiome reassembly post-HCT.
Heterogeneity within and among co-occurring foundation species increases biodiversity
Authors: Thomsen Mads S. , Altieri Andrew H. , Angelini Christine , Bishop Melanie J. , Bulleri Fabio , Farhan Roxanne , Frühling Viktoria M. M. , Gribben Paul E. , Harrison Seamus B. , He Qiang , Klinghardt Moritz , Langeneck Joachim , Lanham Brendan S. , Mondardini Luca , Mulders Yannick , Oleksyn Semonn , Ramus Aaron P. , Schiel David R. , Schneider Tristan , Siciliano Alfonso , Silliman Brian R. , Smale Dan A. , South Paul M. , Wernberg Thomas , Zhang Stacy , Zotz Gerhard
Published: January 2022

Habitat heterogeneity is considered a primary causal driver underpinning patterns of diversity, yet the universal role of heterogeneity in structuring biodiversity is unclear due to a lack of coordinated experiments testing its effects across geographic scales and habitat types. Furthermore, key species interactions that can enhance heterogeneity, such as facilitation cascades of foundation species, have been largely overlooked in general biodiversity models. Here, we performed 22 geographically distributed experiments in different ecosystems and biogeographical regions to assess the extent to which variation in biodiversity is explained by three axes of habitat heterogeneity: the amount of habitat, its morphological complexity, and capacity to provide ecological resources (e.g. food) within and between co-occurring foundation species. We show that positive and additive effects across the three axes of heterogeneity are common, providing a compelling mechanistic insight into the universal importance of habitat heterogeneity in promoting biodiversity via cascades of facilitative interactions. Because many aspects of habitat heterogeneity can be controlled through restoration and management interventions, our findings are directly relevant to biodiversity conservation.
Mobilisation of deep crustal sulfide melts as a first order control on upper lithospheric metallogeny
Authors: Holwell David A. , Fiorentini Marco L. , Knott Thomas R. , McDonald Iain , Blanks Daryl E. , Campbell McCuaig T. , Gorczyk Weronika
Published: January 2022

Magmatic arcs are terrestrial environments where lithospheric cycling and recycling of metals and volatiles is enhanced. However, the first-order mechanism permitting the episodic fluxing of these elements from the mantle through to the outer Earth’s spheres has been elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we focus on the textural and minero-chemical characteristics of metal-rich magmatic sulfides hosted in amphibole-olivine-pyroxene cumulates in the lowermost crust. We show that in cumulates that were subject to increasing temperature due to prolonged mafic magmatism, which only occurs episodically during the complex evolution of any magmatic arc, Cu-Au-rich sulfide can exist as liquid while Ni-Fe rich sulfide occurs as a solid phase. This scenario occurs within a ‘Goldilocks’ temperature zone at ~1100–1200 °C, typical of the base of the crust in arcs, which permits episodic fractionation and mobilisation of Cu-Au-rich sulfide liquid into permeable melt networks that may ascend through the lithosphere providing metals for porphyry and epithermal ore deposits.
Increased ENSO sea surface temperature variability under four IPCC emission scenarios
Authors: Cai Wenju , Ng Benjamin , Wang Guojian , Santoso Agus , Wu Lixin , Yang Kai
Published: January 2022

Sea surface temperature (SST) variability of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) underpins its global impact, and its future change is a long-standing science issue. In its sixth assessment, the IPCC reports no systematic change in ENSO SST variability under any emission scenarios considered. However, comparison between the 20th and 21st century shows a robust increase in century-long ENSO SST variability under four IPCC plausible emission scenarios.
Pathogenomic analyses of Shigella isolates inform factors limiting shigellosis prevention and control across LMICs
Authors: Bengtsson Rebecca J. , Simpkin Adam J. , Pulford Caisey V. , Low Ross , Rasko David A. , Rigden Daniel J. , Hall Neil , Barry Eileen M. , Tennant Sharon M. , Baker Kate S.
Published: January 2022

Shigella spp. are the leading bacterial cause of severe childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are increasingly antimicrobial resistant and have no widely available licenced vaccine. We performed genomic analyses of 1,246 systematically collected shigellae sampled from seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia as part of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) between 2007 and 2011, to inform control and identify factors that could limit the effectiveness of current approaches. Through contemporaneous comparison among major subgroups, we found that S. sonnei contributes ≥6-fold more disease than other Shigella species relative to its genomic diversity, and highlight existing diversity and adaptative capacity among S. flexneri that may generate vaccine escape variants in <6 months. Furthermore, we show convergent evolution of resistance against ciprofloxacin, the current WHO-recommended antimicrobial for the treatment of shigellosis, among Shigella isolates. This demonstrates the urgent need to integrate existing genomic diversity into vaccine and treatment plans for Shigella, providing a framework for the focused application of comparative genomics to guide vaccine development, and the optimization of control and prevention strategies for other pathogens relevant to public health policy considerations.
In vivo melanin 3D quantification and z-epidermal distribution by multiphoton FLIM, phasor and Pseudo-FLIM analyses
Authors: Pena Ana-Maria , Decencière Etienne , Brizion Sébastien , Sextius Peggy , Koudoro Serge , Baldeweck Thérèse , Tancrède-Bohin Emmanuelle
Published: January 2022

Characterizing melanins in situ and determining their 3D z-epidermal distribution is paramount for understanding physiological/pathological processes of melanin neosynthesis, transfer, degradation or modulation with external UV exposure or cosmetic/pharmaceutical products. Multiphoton fluorescence intensity- and lifetime-based approaches have been shown to afford melanin detection, but how can one quantify melanin in vivo in 3D from multiphoton fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) data, especially since FLIM imaging requires long image acquisition times not compatible with 3D imaging in a clinical setup? We propose an approach combining (i) multiphoton FLIM, (ii) fast image acquisition times, and (iii) a melanin detection method called Pseudo-FLIM, based on slope analysis of autofluorescence intensity decays from temporally binned data. We compare Pseudo-FLIM to FLIM bi-exponential and phasor analyses of synthetic melanin, melanocytes/keratinocytes coculture and in vivo human skin. Using parameters of global 3D epidermal melanin density and z-epidermal distribution profile, we provide first insights into the in vivo knowledge of 3D melanin modulations with constitutive pigmentation versus ethnicity, with seasonality over 1 year and with topical application of retinoic acid or retinol on human skin. Applications of Pseudo-FLIM based melanin detection encompass physiological, pathological, or environmental factors-induced pigmentation modulations up to whitening, anti-photoaging, or photoprotection products evaluation.
Herbivorous fish (Medialuna ancietae) as a sustainable alternative for nutrition security in Northern Chile
Authors: Lozano-Muñoz Ivonne , Castellaro Giorgio , Bueno German , Wacyk Jurij
Published: January 2022

Sustainability in aquaculture is a necessity of the future, not only as the most promising means of supplying the protein that the world will require to feed its growing population but to offer needed conservation of the world’s ocean resources. The use of wild fish inputs in farm-raised fish outputs has been a primary concern of sustainability in aquaculture production. Herbivorous fish are more efficient converters of protein into fish flesh. Species of the genus Medialuna fish have been reported as a fast-growing, short-lived species. The native fish Acha (Medialuna ancietae Chirichigno 1987) in the Northern part of Chile is an over-exploited fish that has been associated with aquatic vegetation as a food source. We studied the feeding habits and nutritional composition of M. ancietae. For this, we developed a reference collection of marine macroalga (epidermis and nutritional composition) observed in the diet of individuals of this species for the study of digestive material. More than 90% of the components found were marine macroalgae, indicating that M. ancietae is an herbivorous fish. Compared to non-herbivorous fish our results showed that most of the nutrients present in the Medialuna diet are found at much lower levels including n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (49.7%) and protein (13–60%). M. ancietae meat provides essential components of human nutrition with a significant protein content (18.99 ± 0.26%) and 268 ± 5.9 mg/100 g of the essential n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most fed aquaculture non-herbivorous species rely on wild-captured fish for these essential nutrients, while M. ancietae can obtain and concentrate them from potentially cultivable macroalgae. M. ancietae has potential for sustainable aquaculture production as a contribution to nutrition security and the re-stocking of wild populations.
Fecal and soil microbiota composition of gardening and non-gardening families
Authors: Brown Marina D. , Shinn Leila M. , Reeser Ginger , Browning Matthew , Schwingel Andiara , Khan Naiman A. , Holscher Hannah D.
Published: January 2022

Historically, humans have interacted with soils, which contain a rich source of microorganisms. Fruit and vegetable gardening is the primary interaction humans have with soil today. Animal research reveals that soil microorganisms can be transferred to the rodent intestine. However, studies on fecal and soil microbial changes associated with gardening in humans are lacking. The current case-controlled cohort study aimed to characterize the fecal and soil microbiota of gardening families (n = 10) and non-gardening (control) families (n = 9). Families included two adults and one child (5–18 years) for a total of 56 participants. All participants provided a fecal sample, soil sample, and diet history questionnaires before the gardening season (April) and during the peak of the gardening season (August). Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) scores and nutrient analysis were performed. Fecal and soil DNA were extracted and amplified. Sequence data were then processed and analyzed. Peak season gardening families tended to have greater fecal operational features, a greater Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity score, greater fiber intake, and higher abundances of fiber fermenting bacteria than peak control families. Soil endemic microbes were also shared with gardening participant’s fecal samples. This study revealed that the fecal microbiota of gardening families differs from non-gardening families, and that there are detectable changes in the fecal microbial community of gardeners and their family members over the course of the gardening season. Additional research is necessary to determine if changes induced by gardening on the gut microbiota contribute to human health.
Association of triglyceride-glucose index with clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: Toh Emma M. S. , Lim Amanda Y. L. , Ming Chua , Yeo Leonard L. L. , Sia Ching-Hui , Tan Bryce W. Q. , Leow Aloysius S. T. , Ho Jamie S. Y. , Chan Bernard P. L. , Sharma Vijay Kumar , Tan Benjamin Y. Q.
Published: January 2022

Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the cornerstone of recanalization therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), albeit with varying degrees of response. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a novel marker of insulin resistance, but association with outcomes among AIS patients who have received tPA has not been well elucidated. We studied 698 patients with AIS who received tPA from 2006 to 2018 in a comprehensive stroke centre. TyG index was calculated using the formula: ln[fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. TyG index was significantly lower in patients that survived at 90-days than those who died (8.61 [Interquartile Range: 8.27–8.99] vs 8.76 [interquartile range: 8.39–9.40], p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, TyG index was significantly associated with 90-day mortality (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.39–3.23, p = 0.001), poor functional outcome (OR: 1.41 95% CI: 1.05–1.90, p = 0.022), and negatively associated with early neurological improvement (ENI) (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.89, p = 0.004). There was no association between TyG index and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. ‘High TyG’ (defined by TyG index ≥ 9.15) was associated with mortality, poor functional outcomes and no ENI. In conclusion, the TyG index, a measure of insulin resistance, was significantly associated with poorer clinical outcomes in AIS patients who received tPA.
Weekly treatment with SAMiRNA targeting the androgen receptor ameliorates androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Yun Sung-Il , Lee Sang-Kyu , Goh Eun-Ah , Kwon Oh Seung , Choi Woorim , Kim Jangseon , Lee Mi Sun , Choi Soon Ja , Lim Seung Sik , Moon Tae Kee , Kim Sin Hae , Kyong Keeyeol , Nam Gaewon , Park Han-Oh
Published: January 2022

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in men and women. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androgen receptor (AR) levels are increased in patients with AGA, and DHT-AR signaling correlates strongly with AGA pathogenesis. In this study, treatment with self-assembled micelle inhibitory RNA (SAMiRNA) nanoparticle-type siRNA selectively suppressed AR expression in vitro. Clinical studies with application of SAMiRNA to the scalp and massaging to deliver it to the hair follicle confirmed its efficacy in AGA. For identification of a potent SAMiRNA for AR silencing, 547 SAMiRNA candidates were synthesized and screened. SAMiRNA-AR68 (AR68) was the most potent and could be efficiently delivered to human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and hair follicles, and this treatment decreased the AR mRNA and protein levels. We confirmed that 10 µM AR68 elicits no innate immune response in human PBMCs and no cytotoxicity up to 20 µM with HFDP and HaCaT cells. Clinical studies were performed in a randomized and double-blind manner with two different doses and frequencies. In the low-dose (0.5 mg/ml) clinical study, AR68 was applied three times per week for 24 weeks, and through quantitative analysis using a phototrichogram, we confirmed increases in total hair counts. In the 24-week long high-dose (5 mg/ml) clinical study, AR68 showed average additional hair growth of 1.3-1.9 hairs/cm2 per month, which is comparable to finasteride. No side effects were observed. Therefore, SAMiRNA targeting AR mRNA is a potential novel topical treatment for AGA.
Casein kinases are required for the stability of the glucose-sensing receptor Rgt2 in yeast
Authors: Kim Jeong-Ho , Bloor Daniel , Rodriguez Rebeca , Mohler Emma , Mailloux Levi , Melton Sarah , Jung Dajeong
Published: January 2022

In yeast, glucose induction of HXT (glucose transporter gene) expression is achieved via the Rgt2 and Snf3 glucose sensing receptor (GSR)-mediated signal transduction pathway. The membrane-associated casein kinases Yck1 and Yck2 (Ycks) are involved in this pathway, but their exact role remains unclear. Previous work suggests that the Ycks are activated by the glucose-bound GSRs and transmit the glucose signal from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. However, here we provide evidence that the YCks are constitutively active and required for the stability of the Rgt2 receptor. Cell surface levels of Rgt2 are significantly decreased in a yck1Δyck2ts mutant, but this is not due to endocytosis-mediated vacuolar degradation of the receptor. Similar observations are made in an akr1Δ mutant, where the Ycks are no longer associated with the membrane, and in a sod1Δ mutant in which the kinases are unstable. Of note, in an akr1Δ mutant, both the Ycks and Rgt2 are mislocalized to the cytoplasm, where Rgt2 is stable and functions as an effective receptor for glucose signaling. We also demonstrate that Rgt2 is phosphorylated on the putative Yck consensus phosphorylation sites in its C-terminal domain (CTD) in a Yck-dependent manner and that this glucose-induced modification is critical for its stability and function. Thus, these results indicate a role for the Ycks in stabilizing Rgt2 and suggest that Rgt2 may use glucose binding as a molecular switch not to activate the Ycks but to promote Yck-dependent interaction and phosphorylation of the CTD that increases its stability.
Reading on a smartphone affects sigh generation, brain activity, and comprehension
Authors: Honma Motoyasu , Masaoka Yuri , Iizuka Natsuko , Wada Sayaka , Kamimura Sawa , Yoshikawa Akira , Moriya Rika , Kamijo Shotaro , Izumizaki Masahiko
Published: January 2022

Electronic devices have become an indispensable part of our daily lives, while their negative aspects have been reported. One disadvantage is that reading comprehension is reduced when reading from an electronic device; the cause of this deficit in performance is unclear. In this study, we investigated the cause for comprehension decline when reading on a smartphone by simultaneously measuring respiration and brain activity during reading in 34 healthy individuals. We found that, compared to reading on a paper medium, reading on a smartphone elicits fewer sighs, promotes brain overactivity in the prefrontal cortex, and results in reduced comprehension. Furthermore, reading on a smartphone affected sigh frequency but not normal breathing, suggesting that normal breathing and sigh generation are mediated by pathways differentially influenced by the visual environment. A path analysis suggests that the interactive relationship between sigh inhibition and overactivity in the prefrontal cortex causes comprehension decline. These findings provide new insight into the respiration-mediated mechanisms of cognitive function.
Weaning differentially affects the maturation of piglet peripheral blood and jejunal Peyer’s patches
Authors: Correa Federico , Luise Diana , Bosi Paolo , Trevisi Paolo
Published: January 2022

The study aimed to assess how the post-weaning condition changes piglet peripheral blood (PB) and jejunal Peyer’s patches (JPPs) as compared to the suckling period, and how these changes are associated with intestinal microbiota evolution. Sixteen pigs were slaughtered and sampled for PB, JPPs and jejunal content (JC) at weaning (26 days) or at 12 days fed on a pre-starter diet. The PB and JPP transcriptomes were analysed using mRNA-seq. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was used to demonstrate enriched gene clusters, depending on sampling time. Jejunal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Post-weaning JPPs were enriched for processes related to the activation of IFN-γ and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen processing which clustered with the reduced abundance of the Weisella genus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in JC. The post-weaning microbiome differed from that seen in just-weaned pigs. For just-weaned PB, the enrichment of genes related to hemoglobin and the iron metabolism indicated the greater presence of reticulocytes and immature erythrocytes. The JPP genes involved in the I MHC and IFN-γ activations were markers of the post-weaning phase. Several genes attributable to reticulocyte and erythrocyte maturation could be interesting for testing the iron nutrition of piglets.
Exogenous polyserine and polyleucine are toxic to recipient cells
Authors: Owada Ryuji , Mitsui Shinichi , Nakamura Kazuhiro
Published: January 2022

Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of mRNAs/transcripts responsible for polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases may generate peptides containing different mono amino acid tracts such as polyserine (polyS) and polyleucine (polyL). The propagation of aggregated polyQ from one cell to another is also an intriguing feature of polyQ proteins. However, whether the RAN translation-related polyS and polyL have the ability to propagate remains unclear, and if they do, whether the exogenous polyS and polyL exert toxicity on the recipient cells is also not known yet. In the present study, we found that aggregated polyS and polyL peptides spontaneously enter neuron-like cells and astrocytes in vitro. Aggregated polyS led to the degeneration of the differentiated neuron-like cultured cells. Likewise, the two types of aggregates taken up by astrocytes induced aberrant differentiation and cell death in vitro. Furthermore, injection of each of the two types of aggregates into the ventricles of adult mice resulted in their behavioral changes. The polyS-injected mice showed extensive vacuolar degeneration in the brain. Thus, the RAN translation-related proteins containing polyS and polyL have the potential to propagate and the proteins generated by all polyQ diseases might exert universal toxicity in the recipient cells.
Phasor map analysis to investigate Hutchinson–Gilford progeria cell under polarization-resolved optical scanning microscopy
Authors: Mohebi Ali , Le Gratiet Aymeric , Trianni Alberta , Callegari Fabio , Bianchini Paolo , Diaspro Alberto
Published: January 2022

Polarized light scanning microscopy is a non-invasive and contrast-enhancing technique to investigate anisotropic specimens and chiral organizations. However, such arrangements suffer from insensitivity to confined blend of structures at sub-diffraction level. Here for the first time, we present that the pixel-by-pixel polarization modulation converted to an image phasor approach issues an insightful view of cells to distinguish anomalous subcellular organizations. To this target, we propose an innovative robust way for identifying changes in the chromatin compaction and distortion of nucleus morphology induced by the activation of the lamin-A gene from Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome that induces a strong polarization response. The phasor mapping is evaluated based on the modulation and phase image acquired from a scanning microscope compared to a confocal fluorescence modality of normal cell opposed to the progeria. The method is validated by characterizing polarization response of starch crystalline granules. Additionally, we show that the conversion of the polarization-resolved images into the phasor could further utilized for segmenting specific structures presenting various optical properties under the polarized light. In summary, image phasor analysis offers a distinctly sensitive fast and easy representation of the polarimetric contrast that can pave the way for remote diagnosis of pathological tissues in real-time.
TdfH selectively binds metal-loaded tetrameric calprotectin for zinc import
Authors: Bera Aloke K. , Wu Runrun , Harrison Simone , Cornelissen Cynthia Nau , Chazin Walter J. , Noinaj Nicholas
Published: January 2022

To combat nutritional immunity, N. gonorrhoeae has evolved systems to hijack zinc and other metals directly from host metal-binding proteins such as calprotectin (CP). Here, we report the 6.1 Å cryoEM structure of the gonococcal surface receptor TdfH in complex with a zinc-bound CP tetramer. We further show that TdfH can also interact with CP in the presence of copper and manganese, but not with cobalt.
Regulatory Considerations and Strategies for Drug Repositioning
Authors: Phelps Kenneth V.
Published: January 2022

The 505(b)(2) pathway is used to obtain U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of changes to existing drugs based in whole or in part on public data. This chapter identifies sources of public data and how it can be used in lieu of sponsor-conducted studies. Examples are presented to illustrate a broad range of improvements that can be made to an existing drug under 505(b)(2) as well as the scope of development requirements that can range from simple bioequivalence studies to more complete Phase 2/Phase 3 clinical programs. Patents and market exclusivity are discussed as a means to improve the return on investment needed to encourage the development of these important drug products.
Role of electrochemical reactions in the degradation of formamidinium lead halide hybrid perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Kim Kyoungsoo , Shin YeJi , Lee ChaeHyun , Jeon Hyeri , Yoon Seog Joon , Han Donghoon
Published: January 2022

We present in situ spectroelectrochemical analysis of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) for the understanding of dynamic interactions in between photophysical properties and electrochemical reactions.
Porous carbon-based robust, durable, and flexible electrochemical device for K+ detection in sweat
Authors: Jiang Tingting , Yin Bing , Liu Xiaobo , Yang Lihui , Pang Hongyu , Song Jie , Wu Shuo
Published: January 2022

A highly robust, durable, and flexible ion sensor was prepared by coating polymer membranes on porous carbon electrodes. The ion sensor realized the real-time analysis of human sweat.
Electrochemical α-thiolation and azidation of 1,3-dicarbonyls
Authors: Zhu Liru , Guo Yonghong , Zu Bing , Ke Jie , He Chuan
Published: January 2022

A highly efficient electrochemical α-thiolation and azidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is developed.
High-curvature carbon-supported Ni single atoms with charge polarization for highly efficient CO2 reduction
Authors: Wu Xingshun , Chen Jialiang , Wang Ming , Li Xiaoyu , Yang Li , Li Guang , Shan Lei , Li Xiyu , Lin Yunxiang , Jiang Jun
Published: January 2022

The high-curvature carbon-induced charge polarization of NiN4 sites is demonstrated to exhibit ideal electrochemical CO2 to CO performance.
Discrimination and quantitation of halobenzoic acid positional isomers upon Th(iv) coordination by mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Xiuting , Xiong Zhixin , Yang Meixian , Gong Yu
Published: January 2022

A fast and reliable mass spectrometry-based method has been developed to discriminate and quantify various halobenzoic acid positional isomers in solution.
Looking deep into C–H functionalization: the synthesis and application of cyclopentadienyl and related metal catalysts
Authors: Jardim Guilherme A. M. , de Carvalho Renato L. , Nunes Mateus P. , Machado Luana A. , Almeida Leandro D. , Bahou Karim A. , Bower John F. , da Silva Júnior Eufrânio N.
Published: January 2022

This feature review is focused on recent key applications of commonly used transition-metal Cp-type catalysts for C–H bond functionalizations.
Nitrene formation is the first step of the thermal and photochemical decomposition reactions of organic azides
Authors: Soto Juan , Algarra Manuel , Peláez Daniel
Published: January 2022

The first reaction step of the thermal or photochemical decomposition reactions of aliphatic azides yields a nitrene intermediate.
Metal-based anticancer agents as immunogenic cell death inducers: the past, present, and future
Authors: Sen Sajal , Won Miae , Levine Matthew S. , Noh Yuvin , Sedgwick Adam C. , Kim Jong Seung , Sessler Jonathan L. , Arambula Jonathan F.
Published: January 2022

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a unique mode of cell death that could trigger tumour-specific immune response. Metal-based drugs which have emerged as promising agents within the lexicon of possible ICD inducers will be the topic of this review.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of the tuning of electronic structure in SnO2viaCo doping for enhanced styrene epoxidation catalysis
Authors: Liu Jiangyong , Ji Xingyang , Shi Jie , Wang Lixia , Jian Panming , Yan Xiaodong , Wang Dan
Published: January 2022

Co doping is an effective strategy for the tuning of electronic structure in SnO2, which leads to a huge boost in the styrene epoxidation reaction performance.
Carrier grain boundary scattering in thermoelectric materials
Authors: Hu Chaoliang , Xia Kaiyang , Fu Chenguang , Zhao Xinbing , Zhu Tiejun
Published: January 2022

This review gives a comprehensive understanding of carrier grain boundary scattering in thermoelectric materials. Moreover, the difference between grain boundary scattering and ionized impurity scattering and how to distinguish them are highlighted.
Identification of the active site during CF4 hydrolytic decomposition over γ-Al2O3
Authors: Zhang Hang , Luo Tao , Long Yan , Chen Yingkang , Fu Junwei , Liu Hui , Hu Junhua , Lin Zhang , Chai Liyuan , Liu Min
Published: January 2022

CF4 hydrolytic decomposition was studied at three-coordinated Al sites on the γ-Al2O3 (110) surface.
Directing the H2-driven selective regeneration of NADH via Sn-doped Pt/SiO2
Authors: Burnett Joseph W. H. , Li Jianwei , McCue Alan J. , Kechagiopoulos Panagiotis N. , Howe Russell F. , Wang Xiaodong
Published: January 2022

High 1,4-NADH selectivity (90% at full conversion) has been achieved in H2-driven NAD+ reduction using a PtSn/SiO2 bimetallic catalyst, offering a strategy for the development of heterogeneous catalysts for NADH regeneration.
Oxidative cleavage of C–C double bond in cinnamic acids with hydrogen peroxide catalysed by vanadium(v) oxide
Authors: Horvat Monika , Iskra Jernej
Published: January 2022

A simple process to cleave C=C bonds with H2O2 converts cinnamic acids to benzaldehydes, benzoic acids or quinones, with selectivity depending on the solvent. A comparison of green metrics was performed for the conversion of ferulic acid to vanillin.
The sensitive determination of Ag, Pb and Tl as well as reduction of spectral interferences in a hanging drop cathode atmospheric pressure glow discharge excitation microsource equipped with a Dove prism system
Authors: Swiderski Krzysztof , Greda Krzysztof , Pohl Pawel , Jamroz Piotr
Published: January 2022

A hanging drop cathode APGD-OES system coupled with Dove prism is reported. The reduction of spectral interferences and enhancement of the Ag, Pb and Tl atomic emission lines was the most spectacular and resulted in improved LODs of these elements.
Thermal behavior and polymorphism of 2,9-didecyldinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene thin films
Authors: Talnack Felix , Hutsch Sebastian , Bretschneider Michael , Krupskaya Yulia , Büchner Bernd , Malfois Marc , Hambsch Mike , Ortmann Frank , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B.
Published: January 2022

We investigate the thermal behavior and a newly found high temperature polymorph of C10-DNTT thin films experimentally and theoretically.
Effect of supporting electrolyte on capacitance and morphology of electrodeposited poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) derivatives bearing reactive functional groups
Authors: Sarac Baran , Karazehir Tolga , Gilsing Hans-Detlev , Eckert Jürgen , Sarac A. Sezai
Published: January 2022

The interactions between the electrolyte and electroactive species in redox active PProDOT derivatives can be enhanced with better-performing electrodes for electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
Nucleoside-regulated catalytic activity of copper nanoclusters and their application for mercury ion detection
Authors: Li Shiyan , Zeng Zihang , Zhao Congcong , Wang Haoyu , Ye Xiaosheng , Qing Taiping
Published: January 2022

In this work, a novel method for the synthesis of copper nanoclusters is developed using nucleosides as templates and hydroxylamine hydrochloride as the reductant. Various nucleosides can regulate the catalytic activity of copper nanoclusters.
A strategy to construct a highly active CoxP/SrTiO3(Al) catalyst to boost the photocatalytic overall water splitting reactions
Authors: Lv Shangchun , Pei Mengxi , Liu Yuxiang , Si Zhichun , Wu Xiaodong , Ran Rui , Weng Duan , Kang Feiyu
Published: January 2022

Here, we demonstrate a strategy to construct highly active CoxP/SrTiO3(Al) for overall water splitting. The as-prepared CoxP/SrTiO3(Al) photocatalyst shows a stable HER rate of 1.36 mmol−1 h−1 and OER rate of 0.635 mmol−1 h−1.
Research progress on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 based on LDH materials
Authors: Bi Zhe-xu , Guo Rui-tang , Hu Xing , Wang Juan , Chen Xin , Pan Wei-guo
Published: January 2022

Converting CO2 to renewable fuels or valuable carbon compounds is an effective way to solve the global warming and energy crisis.
Nanoscale probing and imaging of HIV-1 RNA in cells with a chimeric LNA–DNA sensor
Authors: Amodio Alessia , Cassani Marco , Mummolo Liviana , Cortez-Jugo Christina , Bhangu Sukhvir Kaur , Symons Jori , Ahlenstiel Chantelle L. , Forte Giancarlo , Ricci Francesco , Kelleher Anthony D. , Lewin Sharon R. , Cavalieri Francesca , Caruso Frank
Published: January 2022

A chimeric locked nucleic acid (LNA)–DNA sensor enables hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for the efficient detection and nanoscale imaging of HIV-1 RNA transcripts in cell lysates, and fixed and live cells.
A metal–organic framework approach to engineer mesoporous ZnMnO3/C towards enhanced lithium storage
Authors: Hu Xi , Huang Qianhong , Zhang Yuze , Zhong Hao , Lin Zhi , Lin Xiaoming , Zeb Akif , Xu Chao , Xu Xuan
Published: January 2022

A feasible synthetic method is proposed for the construction of ZnMnO3/C derived from a bimetallic metal–organic framework as a versatile anode material towards lithium storage.
Coarse-grained molecular models of the surface of hair
Authors: Weiand Erik , Ewen James P. , Koenig Peter H. , Roiter Yuri , Page Steven H. , Angioletti-Uberti Stefano , Dini Daniele
Published: January 2022

We introduce a coarse-grained molecular model of the surface of human hair and investigate the structure and wetting behavior at different degrees of chemical damage in vacuum and with nanodroplets of water and n-hexadecane.
Stereo-electronic effect of the perfluoropropyl group on the solid-state molecular packing of isomeric dibenzo[a,c]phenazine derivatives
Authors: Putta Anjaneyulu , Gairhe Shankar , Feng Yao , Sun Haoran
Published: January 2022

We report here the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of three perfluoropropylated dibenzo[a,c]phenazine constitutional isomers, in which the only difference among them was the positions of the perfluoropropyl substituents.
Fascinating 3D energetic [Ag2(N5)2(EDA)]n: filling the ethylenediamine molecules into a [Ag(N5)]nframework
Authors: Zhang Xiaopeng , Hou Tianyang , Lin Qiuhan , Wang Pengcheng , Li Dongxue , Xu Yuangang , Lu Ming
Published: January 2022

The ethylenediamine (EDA) molecules are “filled” into [Ag(N5)]nto synthesize an interesting 3D motif, [Ag2(N5)2(EDA)]n. Moreover, the fantastic architectures and properties of the three 3D Ag–N5frameworks are compared.
Unraveling the mechanism of enantio-controlling switches of an alcohol dehydrogenase toward sterically small ketone
Authors: Jiang Yingying , Qu Ge , Sheng Xiang , Tong Feifei , Sun Zhoutong
Published: January 2022

Unraveling the mechanism of “Switches” (positions 294 and 295) that specifically control the inversion of product chirality by dry and wet experimental analysis.
Lawesson's reagent-promoted deoxygenation of γ-hydroxylactams or succinimides for the syntheses of substituted pyrroles
Authors: Shi Tao , Wang Xiaodong , Yin Gaofeng , Wang Zhen
Published: January 2022

A new method of Lawesson's reagent-promoted deoxygenation of γ-hydroxypyrrolidones or succinimides is developed for synthesizing substituted pyrroles.
From the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction to biochemical clocks, traveling waves and cell cycle regulation
Authors: Tyson John J.
Published: January 2022

In the last 20 years, a growing army of systems biologists has employed quantitative experimental methods and theoretical tools of data analysis and mathematical modeling to unravel the molecular details of biological control systems with novel studies of biochemical clocks, cellular decision-making, and signaling networks in time and space. Few people know that one of the roots of this new paradigm in cell biology can be traced to a serendipitous discovery by an obscure Russian biochemist, Boris Belousov, who was studying the oxidation of citric acid. The story is told here from an historical perspective, tracing its meandering path through glycolytic oscillations, cAMP signaling, and frog egg development. The connections among these diverse themes are drawn out by simple mathematical models (nonlinear differential equations) that share common structures and properties.
Chemo-kinematics of the Milky Way spiral arms and bar resonances: Connection to ridges and moving groups in the solar vicinity
Authors: Khoperskov Sergey , Gerhard Ortwin
Published: January 2022

Making use of a new high-resolution spiral galaxy simulation as well asGaiaDR2 and EDR3 data complemented by chemical abundances from the Galah DR3, APOGEE DR16, and LAMOST DR5 surveys, we explore the possible link between the Milky Way (MW) spiral arms, (R,vϕ) ridges, and moving groups in localvR-vϕspace. We show that the tightly wound main spiral arms in theN-body simulation can be successfully identified using overdensities in angular momentum (AM) or guiding space and also in the distribution of dynamically cold stars close to their guiding centres. Stars in the AM overdensities that travel over many kiloparsec in radius trace extended density ridges in (R,vϕ) space and overdensities in thevR-vϕplane of a solar neighbourhood (SNd)-like region, similar to those observed in theGaiadata. Similarly, the AM space of the MW contains several overdensities that correlate with a wave-like radial velocity pattern; this pattern is also reproduced by stars well beyond the SNd. We find that the fraction ofGaiastars located near their guiding centres shows three large-scale structures that approximately coincide with the MW spiral arms traced by distributions of maser sources in the Sagittarius, Local, and Perseus arms. This approach does not work for the Scutum arm near the end of the bar. Similar to the simulation, the stars in the AM overdensities follow the main (R,vϕ) density ridges with nearly constant angular momentum. When these ridges cross the SNd, they can be matched with the mainvR-vϕfeatures. Thus we suggest that the Hat is the inner tail of the Perseus arm, one of the Hercules components is the Sagittarius arm, and the Arcturus stream is likely to be the outermost tail of the Scutum-Centaurus arm. Based on previous work, the bar corotation is suggested to coincide with the second,vϕ ≈ −55 km s−1Hercules stream ridge, and the OLR with the Sirius stream. The latter is supported by a sharp decrease in mean metallicity beyond the Sirius stream, which is an expected behaviour of the OLR, limiting migration of the metal-rich stars from the inner MW. In various phase-space coordinates, the AM overdensity stars have a mean metallicity that is systematically higher by about 0.05 dex than the metallicity of the surrounding stars. This is a predicted behaviour of the spiral arms. We show that the wave-like metallicity pattern can be traced at least up to |z|≈1 kpc. It is linked to radial velocity variations seen even farther (|z|≈2 kpc) from the Galactic mid-plane.
Three-dimensional imaging of convective cells in the photosphere of Betelgeuse
Authors: López Ariste A. , Georgiev S. , Mathias Ph. , Lèbre A. , Wavasseur M. , Josselin E. , Konstantinova-Antova R. , Roudier Th.
Published: January 2022

Aims. Understanding convection in red supergiants and the mechanisms that trigger the mass loss from these evolved stars are the general goals of most observations of Betelgeuse and its inner circumstellar environment.

Methods. Linear spectropolarimetry of the atomic lines of the spectrum of Betelgeuse reveals information about the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of brightness in its atmosphere. We model the distribution of plasma and its velocities and use inversion algorithms to fit the observed linear polarization.

Results. We obtain the first 3D images of the photosphere of Betelgeuse. Within the limits of the used approximations, we recover vertical convective flows and measure the velocity of the rising plasma at different heights in the photosphere. In several cases, we find this velocity to be constant with height, indicating the presence of forces other than gravity acting on the plasma and counteracting it. In some cases, these forces are sufficient to maintain plasma rising at 60 km s−1 to heights where this velocity is comparable to the escape velocity.

Conclusions. Forces are present in the photosphere of Betelgeuse that allow plasma to reach velocities close to the escape velocity. These mechanisms may suffice to trigger mass loss and sustain the observed large stellar winds of these evolved stars.
Diffuse Galactic emission spectrum between 0.5 and 8.0 MeV
Authors: Siegert Thomas , Berteaud Joanna , Calore Francesca , Serpico Pasquale D. , Weinberger Christoph
Published: January 2022

The last measurement of the diffuse emission spectrum of the Milky Way in the megaelectronvolt (MeV) photon energy range was performed by CGRO/COMPTEL more than 20 yr ago. We report a new analysis with the spectrometer SPI aboard INTEGRAL in the band 0.5–8.0 MeV, finally superseding the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the historic observations. This is possible thanks to an elaborate instrumental background model and careful considerations of the selected data, which are strongly affected by solar activity. We base our analysis on energy-dependent spatial template fitting in a region of Δl×Δb= 95° ×95° around the Galactic centre. Our flux estimates are consistent with COMPTEL measurements and show no ‘MeV bump’ The spectrum follows a power-law shape with index −1.39 ± 0.09stat± 0.10systand an integrated flux of (5.7 ± 0.8stat± 1.7syst) x 10−8erg cm−2s−1between 0.5 and 8.0 MeV. We find that cosmic-ray electrons and propagation models consistent with the latestFermi/LAT,Voyager 1, and AMS-02 data are broadly in agreement with the inferred inverse Compton spectral shape. However, a mismatch of a factor of 2–3 in normalisation with respect to baseline expectations may point to enhanced target photon densities and/or electron source spectra in the inner Galaxy, slightly modified diffusion properties, or the presence of an unresolved population of MeVγ-ray sources.
Increasing the yield of Nebbiolo grapevines grown in acid soils: a comparison of different techniques
Authors: Merlo Roberto , Braggio Leone , Nunin Giacomo , Sivilotti Paolo
Published: January 2022

The detrimental effect of soil acidity on the performance of vines can be attributed to both P deficiency and Al toxicity stresses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different agronomical techniques applied in a vineyard of Nebbiolo to solve the problem of low productivity due to low soil pH. The effect of liming, phosphorus fertilization and pre-bloom shoot trimming on yield and bud fruitfulness was followed over a period of 3 years. Moreover, in the last year of study grape analyses were performed to assess treatments’ effect on grape quality. Results confirmed that it is possible to alleviate in part the low productivity due to low soil pH. Overall, pre-bloom shoot trimming, P fertilization, and the combination of these two treatments have been the most effective options. Regarding the differences between treatments, only the combination of pre-bloom shoot trimming and P fertilisation significantly affected bud fruitfulness and yields in comparison to untreated. Little or no effect has been observed among treatments in terms of grape composition at harvest.
Analysis of Verdicchio harvest data in Matelica appellation area during the 1989-2016 time series
Authors: Pallotti Luca , Potentini Roberto , Casturà Tiziano , Lanari Vania , Lattanzi Tania , Dottori Edoardo , Silvestroni Oriana
Published: January 2022

The knowledge of the climatological trend of an area and its influences on grapevine growth is a helpful tool for the prediction of the ripening process: climate change effects on viticulture can be thus studied. In a first step, the climate of the Matelica area, central Italy, was characterized, then Verdicchio grapevines harvest data and its connection with seasonal trends have been evaluated for a period of almost thirty years. This study allowed us to find a connection between mean harvest date and heat summation from March to June, while berry sugar accumulation proved to be more influenced by the heat summation of June-August period. These relations can represent a useful tool for wineries and vine-growers to monitor the ripening process and prediction of harvest, helping in their management.
Dissecting the susceptibility/resistance mechanism of Vitis vinifera for the future control of downy mildew
Authors: Ricciardi Valentina , Marcianò Demetrio , Sargolzaei Maryam , Marrone Fassolo Elena , Fracassetti Daniela , Brilli Matteo , Moser Mirko , Vahid Shariati J. , Tavakole Elahe , Maddalena Giuliana , Passera Alessandro , Casati Paola , Pindo Massimo , Cestaro Alessandro , Costa Alex , Bonza Maria Cristina , Maghradze David , Tirelli Antonio , Failla Osvaldo , Bianco Piero Attilio , Quaglino Fabio , Toffolatti Silvia Laura , De Lorenzis Gabriella
Published: January 2022

The Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera), a species cultivated worldwide for high-quality wine production, is extremely susceptible to the agent of downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola. Nevertheless, germplasm from Georgia (Southern Caucasus, the first grapevine domestication centre), characterized by a high genetic variability, showed resistance traits to P. viticola. The cultivar Mgaloblishvili exhibited the most promising phenotype in terms of resistance against P. viticola. Its defence response results in: i) low disease intensity; ii) low sporulation; iii) damaged mycelium; iv) production of antimicrobial compounds such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effectiveness on the pathogen was evaluated by leafdisc assays. At the transcriptomic level, its resistance mechanism is determined by the differential expression of both resistance and susceptible genes. The resistance genes are related to: i) pathogen recognition through PAMP, DAMP and effector receptors; ii) ethylene signalling pathway; iii) synthesis of antimicrobial compounds (VOCs) and fungal wall degrading enzymes; iv) development of structural barriers (cell wall reinforcement). The first putative susceptible gene was the transcription factor VviLBDIf7 gene, whose validation was carried out by dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) assay. In this work, these unique results on plant-pathogen interaction are reviewed with the aim of developing new strategies to control the disease.