bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulating the Helicity of Sugar‐Substituted Perylene Diimide Self‐assemblies by Solvent Polarilities
Authors: Guo Qiang , Wang Junchao , Zhu Lingyun , Wei Zhixiang
Published: June 2014

Modulating the helicity of self‐assemblies of conjugated molecules is important for their application in chiral electronics. In this communication, solvent effect has been investigated on how to modulate the helicity of supramolecular assemblies of sugar‐substituted perylenediimide (PTCDI‐BAG) by using UV‐Vis, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Left‐handed helical nanowires are obtained in the mixed solvent system of both N,N‐dimethylformamide/ethanol (DMF/ethanol) and N,N‐dimethylacetamide/ethanol (DMAC/ethanol). As changing the solvents into dimethyl sulfoxide/ethanol (DMSO/ethanol), ethylene glycol/ethanol (EG/ethanol), or N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/ethanol (NMP/ethanol), only right‐handed heical nanowires are observed. The chirality of supramolecular structures can be tuned by the controlling of the polarity of the solvents. A theoretical calculation is carried out to explain the chiral optical inversion phenomena of PTCDI‐BAG aggregates in different solvents, which reveals that reversed CD spectra is due to the difference of clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the dimer.
Design, Synthesis, Structure‐Activity Relationship and Insecticidal Activities of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Sulfiliminyl and Sulfoximinyl Phthalic Acid Diamide Structure
Authors: Zhou Sha , Yan Tao , Zhou Sha , Hua Xuewen , Wang Baolei , Gu Yucheng , Xiong Lixia , Li Yongqiang , Li Zhengming
Published: June 2014

Due to a novel mode action, low toxicity to mammals and low residue characteristics, phthalic acid diamides have aroused considerable interests in agricultural chemistry. With introduction of N‐cyano, N‐trifluoroacetyl, N‐carbamoylsulfiliminyl and sulfoximinyl substituents into phthalamides, 12 novel derivatives containing trifluoromethyl moiety were designed and synthesized. All title compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The preliminary results of biological activity assessment indicated that some title compounds exhibited moderate to good insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm (Pseudaletia separata Walker). In particular, Va gave higher activity against oriental armyworm and diamondback moth. The present work reported that the new trifluoromethylated diamides incorporating N‐trifluoroacetylsulfoximinyl moieties are potential lead compounds for further structure optimization, providing some insight into the relating structure‐activity relationship.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of an Unusual 2D Network Zinc Coordination Polymer Based on Pentanuclear Zinc Cluster
Authors: Ding Jiangang , Yin Chao , Li Ke , Li Baolong , Wu Bing
Published: June 2014

An unusual zinc(II) coordination polymer [Zn5(OH)2(bbtz)2(bdc)4]n (1) [bbtz1,4‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, bdc1,2‐benzenedicarboxylate] was synthesized and characterized. 1 contains an unusual 2D network based on pentanuclear zinc(II) cluster [Zn5(OH)2]. Two adjacent pentanuclear Zn(II) clusters are bridged by four bdc ligands and extend to form the one‐dimensional chain. The bbtz ligands further link the one‐dimensional chains, resulting in a two‐dimensional coordination network. The luminescence and thermal stability were investigated.
Straightforward Synthesis of Various 2,3‐Diarylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines in PEG400 Medium through One‐Pot Condensation and C–H Arylation
Authors: Hiebel Marie‐Aude , Fall Yacoub , Scherrmann Marie‐Christine , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine
Published: June 2014

PEG400 is described herein as a suitable medium for the condensation of various 2‐amino pyridines with α‐bromo ketones. 2‐Arylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines were synthetized in a short time through microwave irradiation in moderate to excellent yields. After optimization, a convenient one‐pot process enabled access to 2,3‐diarylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by using a reduced amount of palladium catalyst without ligand for the C–H arylation step in the same environmentally‐sound medium.
Same task, different strategies: How brain networks can be influenced by memory strategy
Authors: Sanfratello Lori , Caprihan Arvind , Stephen Julia M. , Knoefel Janice E. , Adair John C. , Qualls Clifford , Lundy S. Laura , Aine Cheryl J.
Published: June 2014

Previous functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated that different neural networks underlie different types of cognitive processing by engaging participants in particular tasks, such as verbal or spatial working memory (WM) tasks. However, we report here that even when a WM task is defined as verbal or spatial, different types of memory strategies may be used to complete it, with concomitant variations in brain activity. We developed a questionnaire to characterize the type of strategy used by individual members in a group of 28 young healthy participants (18–25 years) during a spatial WM task. A cluster analysis was performed to differentiate groups. We acquired functional magnetoencephalography and structural diffusion tensor imaging measures to characterize the brain networks associated with the use of different strategies. We found two types of strategies were used during the spatial WM task, a visuospatial and a verbal strategy, and brain regions and time courses of activation differed between participants who used each. Task performance also varied by type of strategy used with verbal strategies showing an advantage. In addition, performance on neuropsychological tests (indices from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐IV, Rey Complex Figure Test) correlated significantly with fractional anisotropy measures for the visuospatial strategy group in white matter tracts implicated in other WM and attention studies. We conclude that differences in memory strategy can have a pronounced effect on the locations and timing of brain activation and that these differences need further investigation as a possible confounding factor for studies using group averaging as a means for summarizing results. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5127–5140, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical importance of risk variants in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene for the prediction of early‐onset fluoropyrimidine toxicity
Authors: Froehlich Tanja K. , Amstutz Ursula , Aebi Stefan , Joerger Markus , Largiadèr Carlo R.
Published: June 2014

We investigated the clinical relevance of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) variants to predict severe early‐onset fluoropyrimidine (FP) toxicity, in particular of a recently discovered haplotype hapB3 and a linked deep intronic splice site mutation c.1129–5923C>G. Selected regions of DPYD were sequenced in prospectively collected germline DNA of 500 patients receiving FP‐based chemotherapy. Associations of DPYD variants and haplotypes with hematologic, gastrointestinal, infectious, and dermatologic toxicity in therapy cycles 1–2 and resulting FP‐dose interventions (dose reduction, therapy delay or cessation) were analyzed accounting for clinical and demographic covariates. Fifteen additional cases with toxicity‐related therapy delay or cessation were retrospectively examined for risk variants. The association of c.1129–5923C>G/hapB3 (4.6% carrier frequency) with severe toxicity was replicated in an independent prospective cohort. Overall, c.1129–5923G/hapB3 carriers showed a relative risk of 3.74 (RR, 95% CI = 2.30–6.09, p = 2 × 10−5) for severe toxicity (grades 3–5). Of 31 risk variant carriers (c.1129–5923C>G/hapB3, c.1679T>G, c.1905+1G>A or c.2846A>T), 11 (all with c.1129–5923C>G/hapB3) experienced severe toxicity (15% of 72 cases, RR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.61–4.63, p = 5 × 10−6), and 16 carriers (55%) required FP‐dose interventions. Seven of the 15 (47%) retrospective cases carried a risk variant. The c.1129–5923C>G/hapB3 variant is a major contributor to severe early‐onset FP toxicity in Caucasian patients. This variant may substantially improve the identification of patients at risk of FP toxicity compared to established DPYD risk variants (c.1905+1G>A, c.1679T>G and c.2846A>T). Pre‐therapeutic DPYD testing may prevent 20–30% of life‐threatening or lethal episodes of FP toxicity in Caucasian patients.
Can Perfectionism Affect Career Development? Exploring Career Thoughts and Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Andrews Lindsay M. , Bullock‐Yowell Emily , Dahlen Eric R. , Nicholson Bonnie C.
Published: June 2014

This study identified relationships among career‐specific barriers (i.e., perfectionism, negative career thoughts, career decision‐making self‐efficacy) in a sample of 300 college students. The authors found relationships among the constructs of interest, prediction of variance in career decision‐making self‐efficacy, and differences among groups of perfectionists on endorsements of negative career thoughts and career decision‐making self‐efficacy. The findings suggest that interventions addressing maladaptive perfectionism and dysfunctional career thinking may enhance clients’ confidence in decision making.
Stand Tall to Protect Students: School Counselors Strengthening School Connectedness
Authors: Lapan Richard T. , Wells Ryan , Petersen Judy , McCann Leigh Ann
Published: June 2014

In an urban sample of 5,595 students in Grades 7–12, the authors found that (a) personalized counseling services that were responsive to student needs enhanced school connectedness, (b) risk factors (e.g., poverty, mobility rates, limited English proficiency) were associated with lower school connectedness scores, and (c) responsive counseling services acted as a protective factor that reduced some of the negative effects of risk factors on school connectedness, and consequently, student success in academic and nonacademic areas.
Nicholas A. Vacc: A Legacy of Professional Leadership and Mentoring
Authors: Borders L. DiAnne , Cashwell Craig S.
Published: June 2014

For more than 20 years, Dr. Nicholas A. Vacc helped shape the counseling profession through his extensive involvement in accreditation, certification, and testing, as well as his research and scholarship. This article, based on a review of documents and interviews with his colleagues, former students, and family members, provides the only summary of Vacc's numerous accomplishments and describes his characteristics as a leader, a mentor, and a person.
Lack of a clinically important pharmacokinetic interaction between sofosbuvir or ledipasvir and hormonal oral contraceptives norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol in HCV‐Uninfected female subjects
Authors: German P. , Moorehead L. , Pang Phillip , Vimal M. , Mathias A.
Published: June 2014

This study evaluated the potential for a drug–drug interaction between HCV direct‐acting antivirals sofosbuvir or ledipasvir and oral hormonal contraceptive (OC) norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol (norgestimate 0.18/0.215/0.25 mg with ethinyl estradiol 25 μg). This was a 112‐day, open‐label, fixed‐sequence pharmacokinetic (PK) study in healthy female subjects that included a lead‐in cycle (OC only; N = 21), cycle 1 (OC only; N = 15), cycle 2 (OC + sofosbuvir; N = 15), and cycle 3 (OC + ledipasvir; N = 15). Administration of sofosbuvir with OC did not alter PK of norelgestromin (primary norgestimate metabolite) or ethinyl estradiol. Small increases in norgestrel (secondary norgestimate metabolite) AUCtau (19%) and Ctau (23%) with sofosbuvir were noted. Ledipasvir did not impact PK of norelgestromin or norgestrel but modestly increased ethinyl estradiol Cmax (40%). Sofosbuvir, GS‐ 331007 (predominant circulating metabolite of SOF), and ledipasvir PK were similar to historical data. Pharmacodynamic markers luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, and progesterone values were generally comparable in all cycles. No loss in contraceptive efficacy is expected upon administration of sofosbuvir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. The use of sofosbuvir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir FDC with oral contraceptives is permitted.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde chlangiopancreatography increases the detection rate of drug‐resistant bacteria in bile
Authors: Minami Tomoyuki , Sasaki Tamito , Serikawa Masahiro , Ishigaki Takashi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: June 2014

Background

No consensus has yet been reached regarding the utility of antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, there has been little discussion of potential adverse effects of antibiotic use. This study investigated the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on overall levels of bacterial infiltration of the biliary tract and the prevalence of drug‐resistance among that population.

Methods

Ninety‐three patients, from whom intraoperative bile samples were collected after performing ERCP, were assigned to either an antibiotic‐prophylaxis group (AP, n = 58) or a no‐antibiotic‐prophylaxis group (NAP, n = 35). Detection rates of biliary bacteria and antibiotic resistance were determined for each group. Multivariate analysis was also performed to identify risk factors for the development of drug‐resistant biliary bacteria.

Results

The bile contamination rate was 37.1% for the NAP group and 55.2% for the AP group (P = 0.09). Drug‐resistant bacteria were found in 5.7% of the NAP group and 29.3% of the AP group (P = 0.006). Biliary drainage and antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP were identified as risk factors for the presence of drug‐resistant bacteria.

Conclusion

Administration of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to ERCP can be a risk factor for the selection of drug‐resistant bacteria in the biliary tract.
A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous detection of four triazolone herbicides in cereals combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Tao Yan , Xu Jun , Liu Xingang , Cheng Youpu , Liu Na , Chen Zenglong , Dong Fengshou , Zheng Yonguan
Published: June 2014

This paper describes a novel, rapid, and sensitive analytical method for monitoring four triazolone herbicides in cereals (wheat, rice, corn, and soybean), using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample extraction procedure followed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The four triazolone herbicides (amicarbazone, carfentrazone‐ethyl, sulfentrazone, and thiencarbazone‐methyl) were extracted using acidified acetonitrile (containing 1% v/v formic acid) and subsequently purified with octadecylsilane (C18) prior to sample analysis. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was operated in positive and negative ionization switching mode. Amicarbazone and carfentrazone‐ethyl were detected in the positive mode (ESI+), while sulfentrazone and thiencarbazone‐methyl were detected in the negative mode (ESI−). All compounds were successfully separated in less than 3.0 min. Further optimization achieved desired recoveries ranging from 74.5 to 102.1% for all analytes with relative standard deviation values ≤17.2% in all tested matrices at three levels (10, 100, and 500 μg/kg). The limits of detection for all compounds were ≤2.3 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation did not exceed 7.1 μg/kg. The developed method showed excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994) and was proven to be highly efficient and reliable for the routine monitoring of triazolone herbicides in cereals.
Pharyngeal weakness and upper esophageal sphincter opening in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility
Authors: Domer Amanda S. , Leonard Rebecca , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: June 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate pharyngeal strength and upper esophageal sphincter opening in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI).

Study Design

Case control study.

Methods

Charts of individuals with UVFI who underwent a videofluoroscopic swallow study were reviewed. To exclude confounding variables associated with pharyngeal weakness, inclusion was limited to patients with iatrogenic and idiopathic UVFI. Data abstracted included patient demographics, etiology of UVFI, pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR), and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening (UESmax). Data were compared to age/gender‐matched controls with no history of dysphagia or UVFI. Discrete variables were analyzed using a chi‐square test of independence, and an independent samples t test was used to compare the UVFI and control groups (P = 0.05). A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare iatrogenic and idiopathic UVFI groups.

Results

The mean age of the cohort (n = 25) was 61 (±14 SD) years and 52% was female. The etiologies of UVFI were iatrogenic (n = 17) and idiopathic (n = 8). Thirty‐eight percent of UVFI patients (n = 25) aspirated compared to 0% of controls (P < 0.05). The mean PCR for the UVFI group was 0.14 (±0.02) compared to 0.06 (±.01) for controls (P < 0.05). The mean UESmax for the UVFI group was 0.82 cm (±0.04) compared to 1.0 cm (±0.05) for controls (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Individuals with UVFI of iatrogenic and idiopathic etiologies with subjective dysphagia demonstrate objective evidence of pharyngeal weakness. The increased prevalence of aspiration in this population may not be solely the result of impaired airway protection.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope 124:2371–2374, 2014
A traction‐based equilibrium finite element free from spurious kinematic modes for linear elasticity problems
Authors: Wang Li , Zhong Hongzhi
Published: June 2014

This paper presents equilibrium elements for dual analysis. A traction‐based equilibrium element is proposed in which tractions of an element instead of stresses are chosen as DOFs, and therefore, the interelement continuity and the Neumann boundary balance are directly satisfied. To be solvable, equilibrated tractions with respect to the space of rigid body motion are required for each element. As a result, spurious kinematic modes that may inflict troubles on stress‐based equilibrium elements do not appear in the element because only equilibrium constraints on tractions are required. An admissible stress field is eventually constructed in terms of the equilibrated tractions for the element, and hence, equilibrium finite element procedures can proceed. The element is also generalized to accommodate non‐zero body forces, nonlinear boundary tractions and curved Neumann boundaries. Numerical tests including a single equilibrium element, error estimation of a cantilever beam and an infinite plate with a circular hole are conducted, displaying excellent convergence and effectiveness of the element for error estimation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary self‐monitoring and long‐term success with weight management
Authors: Peterson Ninoska D. , Middleton Kathryn R. , Nackers Lisa M. , Medina Kristen E. , Milsom Vanessa A. , Perri Michael G.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To examine the contributions of frequency, consistency, and comprehensiveness of dietary self‐monitoring to long‐term weight change.

Methods

Participants included 220 obese women (mean ± SD, age = 59.3 ± 6.1 years; BMI = 36.8 ± 4.9 kg/m2) who achieved a mean weight loss of −10.39 ± 5.28% from baseline during 6 months of behavioral treatment and regained 2.30 ± 7.28% during a 12‐month extended‐care period. The contributions of cumulative frequency of self‐monitoring (total number of food records), consistency across time (number of weeks with ≥3 records), and comprehensiveness of information recorded were examined as predictors of weight regain in a hierarchical linear regression analysis. The mediating role of adherence to daily caloric intake goals was tested using a bootstrapping analysis.

Results

The association between high total frequency of self‐monitoring and reduced weight regain was moderated by weekly consistency of self‐monitoring, P = 0.004; increased frequency produced beneficial effects on weight change only when coupled with high consistency (>3 days/week). There was no impact of comprehensiveness on weight change, P > 0.05. The favorable effect of high frequency/high consistency self‐monitoring on weight change was partially mediated by participants' success in meeting daily caloric intake goals (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The combination of high frequency plus high consistency of dietary self‐monitoring improves long‐term success in weight management.
Ring opening polymerization of epoxides with urea‐derivatives of 4‐aminopyridine as thermally latent anionic initiator
Authors: Makiuchi Naoyuki , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi
Published: June 2014

In this study, a series of urea‐derivatives of 4‐aminopyridine (4AP) were evaluated as thermally latent initiators for the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The urea‐derivatives were synthesized by the reactions of 4AP with the corresponding iso(thio)cyanates (phenyl isocyanate, tert‐butyl isocyanate, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, and phenyl isothiocyanate). The ability of the urea‐derivatives as latent initiators was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): Upon heating formulations comprised of DGEBA and the urea‐derivatives in a heating rate at 10 °C/min, the resulting DSC profiles indicated exothermic peaks to confirm that DGEBA underwent the polymerization efficiently. The corresponding DSC‐peak top temperatures (Tpeak  top) was higher than that observed for the formulation comprised of DGEBA and pristine 4AP, to clarify that the urea are useful initiators with thermal latency. A possible mechanism for the initiation step involves the thermal dissociation of the urea into 4AP and the corresponding isocyanates. 4AP thus generated readily initiated the ring‐opening polymerization of epoxide. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2518–2522
Methyllycaconitine‐ and scopolamine‐induced cognitive dysfunction: differential reversal effect by cognition‐enhancing drugs
Authors: Andriambeloson Emile , Huyard Bertrand , Poiraud Etienne , Wagner Stéphanie
Published: June 2014

There is a growing body of evidence pointing to the pivotal role of alpha‐7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAchR) dysfunction in cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. This study was undertaken to establish and characterize an in vivo model for cognitive disorder secondary to the blockade of α7 nAChR by its specific antagonist, methyllycaconitine (MLA). The results show that MLA elicited cognitive dysfunction as assessed by reduced spontaneous alternation of mice in the T‐maze. The maximal effect of MLA produced 25–30% reduction in the spontaneous alternation of mice, a level comparable with that induced by the muscarinic antagonism of scopolamine. Donepezil and galantamine fully reversed both MLA and scopolamine‐induced cognitive dysfunction. However, the ED50 of donepezil and galantamine was significantly shifted to the left in the MLA‐ compared to scopolamine‐treated mice (0.0005 and 0.002 mg/kg for donepezil; 0.0003 and 0.7 mg/kg for galantamine). Moreover, memantine elicited marked reversion of cognitive dysfunction (up to 70%) in MLA‐treated mice while only a weak reversal effect at high dose of memantine (less than 20%) was observed in scopolamine‐treated mice. The above findings indicate that MLA‐induced cognitive dysfunction in the mouse is highly sensitive and more responsive to the current procognitive drugs than the traditional scopolamine‐based assay. Thus, it can be of value for the preclinical screening and profiling of cognition‐enhancing drugs.
Gene expression analysis of membrane transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes in the lung of healthy and COPD subjects
Authors: Berg Tove , Hegelund Myrbäck Tove , Olsson Marita , Seidegård Janeric , Werkström Viktoria , Zhou Xiao‐Hong , Grunewald Johan , Gustavsson Lena , Nord Magnus
Published: June 2014

This study describes for the first time the expression levels of genes encoding membrane transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes in the lungs of ex‐smoking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Membrane transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes are key determinants of drug uptake, metabolism, and elimination for systemically administered as well as inhaled drugs, with consequent influence on clinical efficacy and patient safety. In this study, while no difference in gene expression was found between healthy and COPD subjects, we identified a significant regional difference in mRNA expression of both membrane transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes between central and peripheral tissue in both healthy and COPD subjects. The majority of the differentially expressed genes were higher expressed in the central airways such as the transporters SLC2A1 (GLUT1), SLC28A3 (CNT3), and SLC22A4 (OCTN1) and the drug‐metabolizing enzymes GSTZ1, GSTO2, and CYP2F1. Together, this increased knowledge of local pharmacokinetics in diseased and normal lung may improve modeling of clinical outcomes of new chemical entities intended for inhalation therapy delivered to COPD patients. In addition, based on the similarities between COPD and healthy subjects regarding gene expression of membrane transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes, our results suggest that clinical pharmacological studies in healthy volunteers could be a valid model of COPD patients regarding drug disposition of inhaled drugs in terms of drug metabolism and drug transporters.
Foehn jets over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Elvidge Andrew D. , Renfrew Ian A. , King John C. , Orr Andrew , Lachlan‐Cope Tom A. , Weeks Mark , Gray Sue L.
Published: June 2014

Previously unknown foehn jets have been identified to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) above the Larsen C Ice Shelf. These jets have major implications for the east coast of the AP, a region of rapid climatic warming and where two large sections of ice shelf have collapsed in recent years.

During three foehn events across the AP, leeside warming and drying is seen in new aircraft observations and simulated well by the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) at ∼1.5 km grid spacing. In case A, weak southwesterly flow and an elevated upwind inversion characterise a highly nonlinear flow regime with upwind flow blocking. In case C strong northwesterly winds characterise a relatively linear case with little upwind flow blocking. Case B resides somewhere between the two in flow regime linearity.

The foehn jets – apparent in aircraft observations where available and MetUM simulations of all three cases – are mesoscale features (up to 60 km in width) originating from the mouths of leeside inlets. Through back trajectory analysis they are identified as a type of gap flow. In cases A and B the jets are distinct, being strongly accelerated relative to the background flow, and confined to low levels above the Larsen C Ice Shelf. They resemble the ‘shallow foehn’ of the Alps. Case C resembles a case of ‘deep foehn’, with the jets less distinct. The foehn jets are considerably cooler and moister relative to adjacent regions of calmer foehn air. This is due to a dampened foehn effect in the jet regions: in case A the jets have lower upwind source regions, and in the more linear case C there is less diabatic warming and precipitation along jet trajectories due to the reduced orographic uplift across the mountain passes.
Can the Regeneration of Vegetation from Riparian Seed Banks Support Biogeomorphic Succession and the Geomorphic Recovery of Degraded River Channels?
Authors: O'Donnell J. , Fryirs K. , Leishman M. R.
Published: June 2014

For rivers degraded by erosion and channel widening, the re‐establishment of riparian vegetation is essential. We assess the potential for riparian seed banks to facilitate natural channel contraction through the regeneration of plants involved in the biogeomorphic succession of three discrete geomorphic units of increasing age and height above the channel bed: bars, benches and floodplain. Standing vegetation upon each unit type was surveyed for four river reaches in the Hunter catchment of eastern Australia. Seed bank composition was determined using seedling emergence techniques on sediment sampled from the units. We compared species richness and composition, and longevity, growth form and seed dispersal mechanisms between the standing vegetation and seed bank species. The seed bank was similar across bars, benches and floodplain, containing mostly perennial pioneer herbs, sedges and rushes, dispersed by wind and hydrochory (water transport). While bar vegetation was similar to the seed bank, bench and floodplain vegetation included later successional species such as shrubs and trees, significantly more grasses and vines (benches: χ25, N = 402 = 102.033, p < 0.001; floodplain: χ25, N = 792 = 30.324, p < 0.001) and higher proportions of unassisted and animal‐dispersed seeds (benches: χ25, N = 352 = 89.409, p < 0.001; floodplain: χ25, N = 338 = 56.026, p < 0.001). The results suggest that seed banks may support early stages of biogeomorphic succession, via regeneration of pioneer plants. However, plants, such as shrubs and trees that are observed upon units of increasing age and height above the channel bed (i.e. benches and floodplain), are likely sourced from transient seeds produced by local vegetation, rather than seed banks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics
Authors: Levine Richard A. , Sampson Eric , Lee Thomas C. M.
Published: June 2014

This article discusses the history and highlights of the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics (JCGS) as the journal approaches its 25th anniversary. A unique venture between three organizations—the American Statistical Association (ASA), the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), and the Interface Foundation of North America (IFNA)—JCGS has come to occupy an important niche in the statistical literature and establish itself as a forward‐thinking, high‐quality journal in its area. In addition to its contributions to the statistical literature, JCGS has often served as the test‐bed for new ideas and methods of publishing and delivery, each of which has presented challenges. But with every obstacle, the three partner organizations have risen to the occasion, supported the journal, and ensured that JCGS not only succeeds but thrives.

We will take the reader through an undoubtedly incomplete, but hopefully informative history of JCGS from planning stages to inception and growth, with highlights and innovations presented along the way. The Supporting Information presents further details and data that could not fit within the space restrictions of the focus article itself. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:233–239. doi: 10.1002/wics.1307

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Organizations and Publications
Metal Salts of Dinitro‐, Trinitropyrazole, and Trinitroimidazole
Authors: Drukenmüller Ines E. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Morgenstern Yvonne , Rusan Magdalena , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: June 2014

The syntheses of alkali and earth alkaline dinitropyrazolate (DNP), trinitropyrazolate (TNP), and trinitroimidazolate (TNI) salts are reported. Additionally, copper trinitroimidazolate was synthesized. Their characterization by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and vibrational spectroscopy is reported as well. Crystal structures of compound Ba(DNP)2 (9), which crystallizes with one molecule of methanol and ethyl ether as well as of compounds Sr(TNP)2·3H2O (12), Ba(TNP)2·3H2O (13), and LiTNI·3H2O (14) were determined. The energetic and thermal properties were measured as well. Green‐ and red‐burning pyrotechnic formulations containing barium salts 9 and 13 as well as strontium salts 8 and 12 serving as colorants are tested. Additionally, formulations using Sr(TNP)2·3H2O (12) and Ba(TNP)2·3H2O (13) as the oxidizer and colorant at the same time were examined. The formulations were investigated with regard to their combustion behavior and performances such as burn time, dominant wavelength, spectral purity, luminous intensity, and luminous efficiency. The sensitivities towards ignition stimuli and the decomposition temperatures were determined as well.
Information‐Seeking and Sharing Behavior Following Genomic Testing for Diabetes Risk
Authors: Mills Rachel , Powell Jill , Barry William , Haga Susanne B.
Published: June 2014

As the practice of medicine has become more patient‐driven, patients are increasingly seeking health information within and outside of their doctor's office. Patients looking for information and support are often turning to the Internet as well as family and friends. As part of a study to understand the impact of delivery method of genomic testing for type 2 diabetes risk on comprehension and health‐related behaviors, we assessed participants’ information‐seeking and sharing behaviors after receiving their results in‐person with a genetic counselor or online through the testing company's website. We found that 32.6 % of participants sought information after receiving the genomic test results for T2DM; 80.8 % of those that did seek information turned to the Internet. Eighty‐eight percent of participants reported that they shared their T2DM risk results, primarily with their spouse/partner (65 %) and other family members (57 %) and children (19 %); 14 % reported sharing results with their health provider. Sharing was significantly increased in those who received results in‐person from the genetic counselor (p = 0.0001). Understanding patients’ interests and needs for additional information after genomic testing and with whom they share details of their health is important as more information and clinical services are available and accessed outside the clinician's office. Genetic counselors’ expertise and experience in creating educational materials and promoting sharing of genetic information can facilitate patient engagement and education.
Escalafón global de ciudades para la atracción de inversión industrial en la cuenca del Pacífico latinoamericano
Authors: Collazos Rodríguez Jaime Andrés , Londoño Martínez Harold Herney
Published: June 2014

En la actualidad, los inversionistas, y en especial los de la industria manufacturera, carecen de suficienteinformación que les permita evaluar cuál es la ciudad del Pacífico latinoamericano que ofrece las mejorescondiciones para localizar su empresa. Para tal efecto, se ha desarrollado en este documento el escalafónglobal de ciudades para la atracción de inversión industrial en la cuenca del Pacífico latinoamericano,con fundamento en 6 pilares para atraer la inversión extranjera, estimado mediante la metodología deanálisis de componentes principales de los rangos. Los resultados indican que las ciudades más atractivaspara la inversión industrial fueron aquellas localizadas en países con economías sólidas, acompa˜nadasde una infraestructura portuaria eficiente y considerables niveles de innovación, ciencia y tecnología.
His‐Purkinje system‐related incessant ventricular tachycardia arising from the left coronary cusp
Authors: Sato Eiji , Yagi Tetsuo , Namekawa Akio , Ishida Akihiko , Mibiki Yoshiaki , Yamashina Yoshihiro , Sato Hirokazu , Nakagawa Takashi , Sakuramoto Manjirou , Komatsu Jyuri , Yambe Tomoyuki
Published: June 2014

We describe the case of a 23‐year‐old woman who had His‐Purkinje system‐related incessant ventricular tachycardia with a narrow QRS configuration. The ventricular tachycardia was ablated successfully in the left coronary cusp where the earliest endocardial activation had been recorded. We hypothesize that a remnant of the subaortic conducting tissue was the source of the ventricular arrhythmias.
QUASIHOMOGENEOUS TOEPLITZ OPERATORS WITH INTEGRABLE SYMBOLS ON THE HARMONIC BERGMAN SPACE
Authors: DONG XING-TANG , LIU CONGWEN , ZHOU ZE-HUA
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we completely determine the commutativity of two Toeplitz operators on the harmonic Bergman space with integrable quasihomogeneous symbols, one of which is of the form $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}e^{ik\theta }r^{\, {m}}$. As an application, the problem of when their product is again a Toeplitz operator is solved. In particular, Toeplitz operators with bounded symbols on the harmonic Bergman space commute with $T_{e^{ik\theta }r^{\, {m}}}$ only in trivial cases, which appears quite different from results on analytic Bergman space in Čučković and Rao [‘Mellin transform, monomial symbols, and commuting Toeplitz operators’, J. Funct. Anal.154 (1998), 195–214].
Exploring the effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on the gut microbiota of healthy adults receiving amoxicillin treatment
Authors: Ladirat S. E. , Schoterman M. H. C. , Rahaoui H. , Mars M. , Schuren F. H. J. , Gruppen H. , Nauta A. , Schols H. A.
Published: June 2014

In the present double-blind, randomised, parallel intervention study, the effects of the intake of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on the gut microbiota of twelve healthy adult subjects (aged 18–45 years with a normal BMI (18–25 kg/m2)) receiving amoxicillin (AMX) treatment were determined. All the subjects were treated with AMX (375 mg; three times per d) for 5 d and given either GOS (n 6) or placebo (maltodextrin, n 6) (2·5 g; three times per d) during and 7 d after AMX treatment. Faecal samples were collected twice before starting the treatment and on days 2, 5, 8, 12, 19 and 26. Due to AMX treatment, a decrease in the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp., an overgrowth of Enterobacteriaceae, and a disruption of the metabolic activity of the microbiota (increase in succinate, monosaccharide and oligosaccharide levels in the faecal samples) were observed in both groups (P< 0·05). Positive effects of GOS intake were observed on the levels of bifidobacteria, although not found to be significant. Data revealed that the levels of bifidobacteria were higher upon GOS intake than upon placebo intake, especially after AMX treatment. The activity of bifidobacteria and subsequent cross-feeding activity of the microbiota upon GOS intake compared with those upon placebo intake were reflected by the significant increase in butyrate levels (P< 0·05) in the faecal samples after AMX treatment. Despite the small number of subjects, our findings confirm previous results obtained in vitro, namely that GOS intake supports the recovery of the beneficial bifidobacteria and, indirectly, the production of butyrate after AMX treatment.
Evidence of cryptic speciation in mesostigmatid mites from South Africa
Authors: ENGELBRECHT ADRIAAN , MATTHEE CONRAD A. , UECKERMANN EDWARD A. , MATTHEE SONJA
Published: June 2014

Laelaps giganteusandLaelaps muricola(Mesostigmata; Laelapidae) are widespread and locally abundant host generalists on small mammals in southern Africa. The large host range and complex life history of these ectoparasites may allude to possible intraspecific cryptic diversity in these taxa. To assess genetic and morphological diversity inL. giganteusandL. muricola, we sampled 228 rodents at eight localities in South Africa. This sample included nine previously recorded host species and on these,L. muricolawas only recorded fromMastomys natalensisandMicaelamys namaquensiswhileL. giganteuswas found onRhabdomys dilectusandLemniscomys rosalia.Phylogenetic analyses of partial mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear ITS1 data strongly supported the recognition ofL. giganteusandL. muricola, a scenario partly supported by the Tropomyosin intron. Strong support for evolutionary distinct lineages withinL. giganteusis found:L. giganteuslineage 1 is confined toR. dilectusandL. giganteuslineage 2 is confined toL. rosalia. These host specific monophyletic lineages were also separated by 9·84% mtDNA sequence divergence and 3·44% nuclear DNA sequence divergence. Since quantitative morphometric analyses were not congruent with these findings, these two lineages more than likely represent cryptic species.
The gatekeeper residue and beyond: homologous calcium-dependent protein kinases as drug development targets for veterinarian Apicomplexa parasites
Authors: KEYLOUN KATELYN R. , REID MOLLY C. , CHOI RYAN , SONG YIFAN , FOX ANNA M. W. , HILLESLAND HEIDI K. , ZHANG ZHONGSHENG , VIDADALA RAMASUBBARAO , MERRITT ETHAN A. , LAU AUDREY O. T. , MALY DUSTIN J. , FAN ERKANG , BARRETT LYNN K. , VAN VOORHIS WESLEY C. , OJO KAYODE K.
Published: June 2014

Specific roles of individual CDPKs vary, but in general they mediate essential biological functions necessary for parasite survival. A comparative analysis of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of Neospora caninum, Eimeria tenella and Babesia bovis calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) together with those of Plasmodium falciparum, Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii was performed by screening against 333 bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs). Structural modelling and experimental data revealed that residues other than the gatekeeper influence compound–protein interactions resulting in distinct sensitivity profiles. We subsequently defined potential amino-acid structural influences within the ATP-binding cavity for each orthologue necessary for consideration in the development of broad-spectrum apicomplexan CDPK inhibitors. Although the BKI library was developed for specific inhibition of glycine gatekeeper CDPKs combined with low inhibition of threonine gatekeeper human SRC kinase, some library compounds exhibit activity against serine- or threonine-containing CDPKs. Divergent BKI sensitivity of CDPK homologues could be explained on the basis of differences in the size and orientation of the hydrophobic pocket and specific variation at other amino-acid positions within the ATP-binding cavity. In particular, BbCDPK4 and PfCDPK1 are sensitive to a larger fraction of compounds than EtCDPK1 despite the presence of a threonine gatekeeper in all three CDPKs.
Do the ten Mohist theses represent Mozi's thought? Reading the masters with a focus on mottos
Authors: Defoort Carine
Published: June 2014

In order to introduce Mozi's thought, almost every contemporary textbook on Chinese philosophy refers to his ten novel theses or dogmas, which have been preserved as the titles of the Core chapters (8–37): to elevate the worthy, to conform upward, to care for all, to condemn military aggression, to moderate expenses as well as burials, to acknowledge the will of Heaven and the percipient ghosts, and to condemn music as well as fatalism. Through a close reading of theMoziand other early sources written by or attributed to masters, this paper argues, first, that these ten core ideas may not have been promoted by the earliest spokesmen of Mohism but gradually emerged while various layers of the bookMoziwere written, and, second, that these ten ideas were not consistently attributed to early Mohism by Zhou and Han masters: their association of Mo with these specific mottos is limited and inconsistent. A focus on the most well-known motto – “care for all” – shows that there was no awareness of its belonging exclusively to one thinker or school. The difference between the earliest and the contemporary characterizations of Mozi sheds new light not only on early Mohism, but also on our preconceptions when reading early sources.
Approximate analytical solution for vibration of a 3-

P

RP planar parallel robot with flexible moving platform
Authors: Sharifnia Mahdi , Akbarzadeh Alireza
Published: June 2014

In this research, using an approximate analytical method, vibration analysis of a 3-PRP (active prismatic—P, passive revolute—R, passive prismatic—P) planar parallel robot having a flexible moving platform is presented. A specific architecture of the 3-PRP parallel robot, also known as the ST (Star-Triangle) parallel robot, is considered. The moving platform of the robot, called the star, is assumed to be made of three flexible beams shaped like a star. For analytical modeling, each of the three beams of the star is assumed to be a discrete Euler–Bernoulli beam with a passive prismatic joint. Continuity equations at the center of the star are used to relate vibrations of the three beams. The vibration behavior of each beam is modeled using previously developed constrained motion equations for a planar Euler–Bernoulli beam having a prismatic joint. In this paper, previously presented “constrained assumed modes method” is further developed to solve the constrained motion equation for the ST parallel robot. The solution method is used to obtain the vibration of the robot for the inverse dynamics problem and simultaneously provides generalized constraint forces. Furthermore, the solution method can be used for the direct dynamics problem of the ST robot. Several input trajectories are considered to investigate the different behavior for the center of the star. For each of the trajectories, three different groups of mode shapes are considered and their vibrational responses are compared. In this research, for the first time, effects of the passive prismatic joint parameters such as mass, rotational moment of inertia, and its actual length are considered in an analytical model. Finally, the analytical solution and a FEM (Finite Element Method) software solution are compared.
Model development and boundary interaction force control of a piezoresistive-based microcantilever
Authors: Eslami Sohrab , Jalili Nader
Published: June 2014

Robots with micro- and nanoresolution of motion are becoming more practical and useful in many precision manufacturing processes and industries such as medical instruments and imaging tools. Apparently, the most important features of these devices are their precision and durability. As accuracy increases, more delicate tasks may be performed. Along this line, a spatial micromanipulator with three revolute–revolute–prismatic joints while equipped with nanometer motion resolution is considered here. At the end of the micromanipulator, a piezoresistive-based microcantilever operates as a force sensor to quantify the amount of the strain generated in the microcantilever and transduces it into a proper voltage for force sensing applications. In terms of the controller design, the value of the produced voltage can further be implemented as the feedback entering into the control loop and making the control unit to produce appropriate signals for manipulating the robot arm. A challenging and important problem is the need to control the applied boundary forces at the contact zone with external objects (specifically the biological samples). The ability to control the interaction force is of most interest today which has numerous applications in precision manufacturing and biomedical engineering. For this purpose, two types of controllers are presented here: a Lyapunov-based proportional-derivative (PD) controller and a robust adaptive (RA) controller. The performance and the stability of these two controllers are examined and discussed thoroughly in this paper so that it can be interpreted that the robust adaptive controller is robust under presence of uncertainties in force tracking control purposes.