bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing and Division and its Effect on the Origins of Grammar: A Theoretical Practical Study
Authors: فرحان العبيدي صلاح ساير , برع العبيدي مهند مجيد
Published: November 2023

This paper attempts to uncover the truth of probing and division, its importance and types, and on this basis the grammatical material was classified, its most prominent phenomena were discussed, and concluded with a statement of the effect of probing and division on the origins of Arabic grammar. The nature of the research, after examining its main ideas, necessitated its division into three topics, preceded by an introduction, and ending with a conclusion. The Introduction includes the importance of the research, its motives, its problem, its questions, its methodology, and previous studies. The first section is devoted to the linguistic and idiomatic meaning of probing and division.The second is concerned with the truth of probing and division, its importance and types and the third tackles probing and division applications in linguistic origins. The research part is the conclusion which sums up the findings of the study.
Poetics and the Transformations of Semantic Structures in Shawqi Bezai's Poem "Dust Elegy"
Authors: إبراهيم هيام عبد الكاظم
Published: November 2023

The study aims to reveal poetic transformations by monitoring the variables of the structures functioning in the poem (Dust Legacy) by Shawki Bazai', meaning that one of the temptations of textual aesthetic research is to pursue stylistic variables and move the structures of the poem at the artistic and aesthetic level, and for this the poem has taken important motivational paths in highlighting its aesthetic output, according to its stylistic textual variables that aim to discover the creative energy on which the poem works in stimulating the recipient, and its intensity to its creative textual circle. According to this perception, our disclosure of poetry and the transformations of the text structure will be based on the structure of the poem itself without relation to what is outside the text, so the study will be focused on aesthetic values and apocalyptic indicators transmitted by the structures of the poem at the level of its aesthetic sense and textual structure. Focused through its active apocalyptic visions and its open connotations with its values and active textual variables on which its poetry is based in its transformation from one poetic pattern to another within a textual transformational process that confirms the movement of artistically functioning structures, and its poetic arousal through the movement of structures and their variables Stylistic in poetic style.
Realism of Details in the Poetry of the Seventies: The Poet Ra’ad Abdul-Qadir as Example
Authors: مطلك أنوار جاسم
Published: November 2023

The critical writings did not pay much attention to the poem of fine details in modern poetry except in some recent studies that were partially concerned with some poems, and I found in this study that post-1960s poets paid attention to reality and monitored it and worked to condemn and refute it. The Iraqi poet Ra’ad Abdul-Qadir (1953 - 2003) One of the most important poets who paid attention to the small details in their poems, and this study reveals to us the poet’s relationship with the details of reality and contains aspects of what is expected of him and marginalized in life, and is combined with a keen cultural structure.
Rhetoric Eloquence in Qisar il-Mufassal: Surat An-Nas as an Example
Authors: الدحام منير محمد
Published: November 2023

It is a well-known fact that the best thing that a person devotes his time to is the study of the book of Almighty God, the Holy Qur'an, exploring its rhetoric, and following its guidance. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to explore the eloquence of one of the Qur'anic suras which comes at the end of the Qur'an because it is the last thing left in the memory and perhaps preserved without all other words, namely Surat An-Nas (the people), by focusing on the Qur’anic rhetoric in this blessed surah along with a statement of the secret of its miraclousness, the validity of its meanings, the relevance of its words to context, and the importance of its topic related to Monotheism and divinity and the repeated readings memorizing, learning and teaching of this surah.
Phonological Signs and their Interpretation in Dickinson’s Mystic Poems
Authors: Amin Arazoo Jabbar , Lutfi Abbas Fadhil
Published: November 2023

The following study is an attempt to shed lights on the analysis of signs and their interpretations in terms of phonology and their role in meaning comprehension in human mind, throughout taking Emily Dickinson’s mystic poems as an example. It is generally accepted that every literary artistic work is a string of sounds made up of a group of conventional phonological signs. They are formed by combining with each other according to the special rules of language, forming larger linguistic units to show their ability in word order and language proficiency. Five critical aspects below have been investigated in the process of this study, namely; alliteration, consonance, assonance, onomatopoeia and rhyme. Finally, the following conclusions have been drawn: topics, as the difference between literary and linguistic semiotics can lead us towards the principals and the basics of understanding, and perceiving meaning. Scientific study of language, familiarity with viewpoints related to achieving the basics of perception, aesthetic analysis and cognitive semiotics of perceiving texts, have a great role. Dickenson’s poetry carries a kind of harmony that functions as the transporter of meaning and feeling in addition to the elements transferring meaning. There are major roles in the use of phonemes: meaning transferring, emphasis on the basic meaning, feeling transferring, increasing musicality and creating coherence
The Technique of Poetic Collage in the Selected Poems of New York school poets
Authors: Ch. Alaskari Hussein K.
Published: November 2023

The word 'collage' simply means pasting unrelated things together to form artistic objects of sorts. It began first to be used by the painters and artists in general to produce a kind of art suitable to the prevalent avant-garde movement in art and literature. T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland and Ezra Pound's The Cantos are two master examples of the use of collage in the early modernist poetry. The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of collage by the poets New York School in selected poems as exemplified in the major poets of the school, namely John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara and Kenneth Koch. The paper argues that the poets of the New York school have been influenced heavily by the prevalent art movements specially the Abstract Expressionism. They imitated the Abstract Expressionists in their rejection of figurative subject matter and their working completely in the abstract. Their resort to such art as collage is to challenge the conventional ideas about art.
The Reader Response Theory in Arabic Criticism Mohammad Al-Mubarak's Book: Istiqbal un-Nass (Text Reception) as an Example
Authors: أسعد نرجس خلف
Published: November 2023

The last century witnessed a lot of changes in world literary criticism. The modern critical approaches with their different philosophical, literary and linguistic attitudes emerged giving us various rules and ways of reading a literary text. These theories were divided into contextual approaches (the historical, psychological and social) paying attention to the author and the political, cultural and psychological changes he/she has undergone and how these changes affected the text through the author and his life. Critical studies then shifted from the context into text with the emergence of the textual approaches which argue that the critical reading begins with text and ends with it. The critical act moves then from the text to the receiver/reader with the appearance of the reader response theories which focus upon the reader as one of the most important elements of constructing the literary text and participating in it. Amid the tumult of all these studies, there were those who deny the existence of Arabic critical studies concerned with the reader or receiver till Mohamd Al-Mubark pulished his study: Text Reception in Arabic Criticism, tracing in it classical Arab critics' opinions concerning critical reading, its levels and types, the reader, his types and attitudes. This book is an attempt by the author to highlight the ancient Arabic critical heritage and to show the place of Arab critics and their critical potentialities in reading and receiving the literary text. Keywords: criticism, critical approaches, reader-response theory, ancient Arabic criticism, text reception.
Horror and Fear in Ghost Stories: A Comparison between Henry James’s “The Turn of the Screw” and Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Fall of the House Usher”
Authors: Jasim Mohammed Mohammed Nasif , Lateef Waad Adil
Published: November 2023

The Present paper discusses Horror and fear in Henry James’ “The Turn of the Screw” and Poe’s “The fall of the House Usher”, which are ghost stories. It compares and contrasts the two stories in accordance with American school. The aim of the compararison is to find out the implications and the underlying identities of both similarities and differences so that even the differences can be given their proper place in a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the artist. The study applies the theory of suspense to analyze the theme of the unknown in the two stories of mystery and suspense. The objective of the study is to find the similarities and differences in the universal theme. The similarities include the supernatural and horror, mystery, suspense and surprise. The differences are in the tragedy and pathetic and sexual relationship.
Phonological Analysis of Isochrony in English Speech
Authors: Eltaif Suaad Abd ul-Rahman
Published: November 2023

This study aims at illustrating the concept of isochrony ,determination its phonological units , emphasizing the existence and the role of this phenomenon. Isochrony refers to the occurrence of stressed syllables at equal time intervals through an utterance. This term is used to specify the rhythm features. Many experiments have been applied by the specialists to find a vivid clue about the presence of isochrony in production. They found modicum assent about the actuality of its principles. They assure its existence at perceptual level. The term ''perceptual isochrony'' includes a role in two significant psycholinguistic styles ''underlying spoken'' and written word comprehension , which are word segmentation and lexical access .Isochrony cannot be neglected because it forms the standard of rhythmic system of English. Finally, there is a relationship between isochrony and syntax because the reading of ambiguous sentence requires accurate effort and attention to the meaning during the time of reading.
Names and Naming in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: A Sociolinguistic Study
Authors: Badi Rudayna Mohammed , Ismael Elaf Fkran , Saleh Yasir Mohammed
Published: November 2023

This study is concerned with introducing a sociolinguistic analysis of personal names and the process of naming in English. It is based on the hypothesis that naming practice is not done randomly even when it is done fictionally. Writers/Novelists are having certain aims and intentions in choosing names for their fictional characters. The specific aim of this paper is formulated to examine the role that society plays in character naming by the writers. Studies on naming are various and tackled from the viewpoint of semantics, anthropology and other disciplines. No study is done in sociolinguistics that analyzes data taken from a novel, i.e. fictional characters’ names. This study is limited to the investigation of names of the characters in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Thus, the data necessary to complete the study have obtained from the novel. The paper presents enough amount of names and naming in English and particularly in Austen’s aforementioned novel with sufficient explanation of the method followed in the analyzation.
Structural Stylistics and its Connotations: Khalil Matran's Collected Poems as an Example
Authors: قاسم مؤيد يحيى
Published: November 2023

This research is based on the study of structural stylistics, as one of the levels of the descriptive stylistic approaches, which is an analytical approach that aims to highlight the compositional aesthetics in the entirety of the literary text, and the expressive and semantic energies that these various combinations carry that have a great impact on the recipient. The study focused on selected examples of Khalil Mutran's poetry, uncovering the system of poetic sentences, and the method through which he expressed his psychological and moral needs. In the poetry of Hebron, there are transitions that deserve to be examined, to complete their study and to find aesthetic and semantic explanation for them in a way that transforms the tone of the speech from a news context to an emotional context that has a clear effect on the recipient with joy or sadness.
Manuels de FLE à démarche pédagogique, défis et paradoxe de l’ouverture
Authors: Smyan Khaldoon Atta
Published: November 2023

Résumé Les manuels scolaires représentent un outil d'enseignement en classe et un support facilitant la poursuite du travail à la maison. Dans cette recherche, nous essayons d’évoquer les raisons indispensables de l'usage des manuels scolaires en tant qu’outil didactique et pédagogique dans l’enseignement /apprentissage des langues. Tout manuel scolaire a pour vocation d’éveiller la curiosité des apprenants en exposant de manière claire le contenu d’enseignement. Ce dernier doit être illustré par des histogrammes, des schémas et des images. Généralement, un manuel scolaire commence par une introduction en définissant la notion qui sera traitée, les compétences attendues et les stratégies à mobiliser permettant de parvenir aux objectifs. Il présente une synthèse au terme de chaque unité, des activités qui tiennent compte des niveaux de compétences observés, un lexique (vocabulaire), un portfolio d'auto-évaluation, une table des matières, etc. Le manuel scolaire interprète le contact entre la culture de la langue apprise et la culture d'origine des apprenants. Dans cette recherche, nous présentons à nos lecteurs manifestant de l'intérêt à cet aspect l'importance du manuel scolaire dans l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère.
The School Textbook and its Role in Strengthening the Reading and Writing Strategies of the Primary School Learner: A Cognitive Linguistic Didactic Approach.
Authors: بلمكي هدى
Published: November 2023

This study tries to highlight factors contributing to ineffective teaching strategies of Arabic reading and writing skills in the 1st and 2nd cycles of basic education, namely in the Moroccan public schools. This study considers that such decay is basically related to school Textbooks designed to pupils at first and second grade. In our opinion, this can be seen through the absence of a systematic vision of the textbook that would develop some of the linguistic abilities and meta-linguistic shown by children in the preschool. According to the analysis provided by the interactive models of the learning processes of reading and writing in its early stages (first and second cycles of basic education), children acquire a large body of tacit knowledge of their mother tongue before (régularité phonologique) (cf.: Ecalle et Meganan.2002); They also develop important cognitive abilities to recognize the alphabet, some of which are supportive of building their future learning abilities of reading and writing. If the achievement of the linguistic competencies associated with the two components of Arabic reading and writing at the primary stage depends mainly on the extent to which the learners are aware of the peculiarities of the sub-lexical level of the language, as it is achieved by activating the procedural link to the lexical level as a basic procedure within the educational learning process, then the purpose of this scientific paper lies in an attempt to answer related questions, such as What are the implications of learning directed to achieve the linguistic competencies of the reading and writing pathways in the early stages of learning? To what extent do the pedagogical and dialectical directions included in the textbooks develop the linguistic abilities that the learners show, and which are specific to the components of reading and writing? Are the competencies of the learners of the first and second levels commensurate with what is supposed to be mentally represented by the learners of this stage about the alphabetical layout? And how can we benefit from the most important results presented by the interactive models to develop the course content of the first and second levels in a way that it becomes more effective in supporting the literacy strategies of the learners of this stage?
TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT OF SOME SELECTED ADVERTISEMENTS BY ASIACELL TELECOM COMPANY
Authors: Khalaf Fouad Adel
Published: November 2023

Advertising is one of the strategies of communication which aims at convincing people to do some action. The current study is concerned with assessing the translation of some selected advertisements by Asiacell Telecom Company. It is an Iraqi Telecom Company. The study aims at assessing the translation of some of the advertisements produced by this company. The selected advertisements translation are assessed according to Newmark's model (1988) as well as Baker's model (2018). Each one of these two models has its own strategies. It is hypothesized that some of the translation strategies are more frequently used than others, and advertisements are usually rendered communicatively rather than semantically. For verifying the hypotheses of the study, four advertisements are selected to be the data of the study. it can be said that in the translation of advertisements, the communicative translation method is more frequently used than the semantic one since it focuses on the conveying of the intended meaning rather that the semantic equivalence
EFL College Students' Plagiarism: An Assessment of their Undergraduate Research Projects and Perceptions
Authors: Rassul Tahsin Hussein , Shafiq Ihsan Saber
Published: November 2023

Owing to vastly increasing practice of plagiarism at university level, it is vital that university teachers understand students’ beliefs about plagiarism and the nature of plagiarism at their institutions. This article investigates senior EFL college students’ perceptions of plagiarism seriousness and reasons for plagiarism via utilizing a questionnaire comprised of two sections. Furthermore, it focuses on assessing the students’ practice of plagiarism in their undergraduate research projects through first using ‘Turnitin’ program to check similarity index percentage, and then manually checking plagiarism types. Face validity of the questionnaire and the inter-rater reliability for manual checking were estimated by SPSS. The current research is restricted to a sample of 53 college students at the English Department of College of Basic Education/ Salahaddin University-Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq for the academic year 2020-2021. Additionally, 29 of their undergraduate research projects were randomly selected for assessment. This study depends on a mixed method approach via adopting both qualitative and quantitative research designs. To achieve the aims of this research based on the collected and analyzed data, the researchers responded to five study questions. Results revealed that there is inconsistency in the similarity index percentage of their research projects. Moreover, not only were the practiced types of plagiarism found, but also the most common type of plagiarism was highlighted in their research projects. In addition, the students viewed some types of plagiarism as more serious ones based on the found mean of each type. Among 27 reasons, 14 reasons were considered as the most common reasons of plagiarism based on the found percentage. Finally, the study offered some recommendations for university teachers on how to improve students’ academic integrity and deter students from committing plagiarism acts in the future.
Collaborative Translation of English Foreign Formulas in the Hybrid Economic Texts into Arabic
Authors: Muhammed Abdulsattar Mahmood
Published: November 2023

The current paper investigates the English foreign formulas in the hybrid economic texts to maintain the economic flavour by means of the collaborative translation .This paper tries to extend the horizon of interest in the collaborative translation through which translators can carry the major informational weight in the hybrid economic texts. Due to the space limitations of the paper, it is far better to lay great focus only on the foreign formulas that have acquired pure economic meanings. Since neologisms of English economic texts develop continually, the paper tends to adopt the collaborative translation. Thus, three professors of economics are consulted regarding the economic-based meanings to render the formulas collaboratively and in a non-traditional way. The study also verified that through the collaborative translation, translators can convey the essence of the source economic text into the target one .
"I am, I am, I am" Self-Criticism in the Confessional Poetry of Sylvia Plath
Authors: Ghani Hana Khalief , Ghallab Hussein Kadhum
Published: November 2023

This paper aims at examining the theme of self-criticism in selected poems by the American poet Sylvia Plath. In her practice of self-criticism, Plath is influenced by the personal happenings in her life and her adoption of Confessionalism as a means of expression. Thus, her autobiography is of vital importance to the understanding of her poetry. The paper argues that although Plath seeks self-betterment through criticizing the self, this is less visible in her life than in the art she produces and the poetic legacy she left. It is true that her poetry shows a sincere desire for self-construction through self-criticism; however, her final act of self-destruction by committing suicide marks a complete failure as a person.
The Pragmatics and Metapragmatics of Intervention: A Focus on Morality and Politeness
Authors: Ahmed Ayad Hammood
Published: November 2023

This research offers a perception of understanding the metapragmatics of politeness and morality through intervention by examining peoples’ reaction to certain aggressive acts. The relationship between im/politeness and morality was explored in terms metacommunicative voicing by observers and participants. The analysis in this paper focuses on certain cases in which aggressive behaviours are committed in public. This investigation aims to contribute to the current research on im/politeness and morality by examining the borders of im/politeness and the moral order in the arena of conflict between an abuser and intervener. The data of this study are naturally occurring as they were yielded without the participants’ awareness of the situation displayed on a TV-show. This paper adopted Kadar & Marquez Reiter (2015) as a model of analysis in the field of impoliteness. It contributed to such a model in terms of examining intervention in Arabic Pranks. This could be a motivation for cross cultural studies of impoliteness in general and intervention in particular. It was found that the metapragmatics of im/politeness through the act of intervention was affected by means of certain scales measuring attributes that are central to Arabic culture including national and moral identity, religiosity, collectivism and humanity.
September 11 as a Terrorist Atack in Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "History of the Airplane"
Authors: Khalif Al-naeemi Zeena Younis , Hayder Al-Doori Faisal Abdul-Wahhab
Published: November 2023

The September 11 attacks, also called the 9/11 attacks, the series of plane hijackings and suicide attacks perpetrated in 2001 by 19 militants connected with the Islamic extremist organizations Al-Qaeda against goals in the United States, are the deadliest terrorist attacks and an extraordinary event on American soil. The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. caused widespread death and destruction and sparked a massive United States counter-terrorism efforts. This study aims to explore the main trend of contemporary American poetry that deals with the topic of the September 11 attacks and to show the impact of September 11, 2001, on contemporary American poets. Many contemporary American poets in the period following the attack on the Twin Towers were influenced by the September 11 attacks. Many of the American poets consider the September 11 attacks a terrorist attack, and these poets are the ones who believe in the theory of terrorism, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of them.
L'exploitation des activités théâtrales en classe de FLE (cas du département de français / université de Mossoul / Irak)
Authors: Mahmood Ihsan shukur
Published: November 2023

The research outlines the status and importance of the subject matter of theater and theatrical activities in the teaching and learning of French as a foreign language. We discussed the nature of theatrical activities and their distinct role in consolidating educational material for the benefit of the student, in addition to their stimulating role in enhancing their linguistic and intellectual skills. The research also addressed the obstacles and fears of the student to engage in theatrical activities and to provide solutions to such problems. In the light of the responses to a questionnaire sent to students who had participated in the performance of certain theatrical roles, it became clear to us the extent of the positive impact of such activities as they represent an incentive and a distinct means. which attract the student in all its details towards learning the French language and its culture
The Topic of Composition in Al-Shirazi's Al-Misbahu fi Sharhi Talkhees il-Miftaah (The Lamp in the Elucidation of the Synopsis of Al-Miftah): A Study and Criticism
Authors: جدوع نصرة احميد , حمادي منال علي
Published: November 2023

The chapter on Composition represents one of the broadest chapters of Arabic rhetoric. He mentioned his five discussions according to the sequence that was mentioned in the book Talkhees al-Muftah of al-Qazwini (d. 739 AH), and the Shirazi approach was based on the idiomatic definition and then listed the types, if any, and the tools and their meanings in the language and convention, and during that he discussed and mentioned the different opinions and gave preference to what he chose and agreed with his point of view accompanied by evidence from The Noble Qur’an and poetry, which are common evidence known among scholars of rhetoric. The personality of Al-Shirazi, his thought, and his organized approach to dealing with information appeared, and his explanation is one of the clearest explanations and the closest to the reader as he tends to take care of the addressee’s condition in every idea and position. Arabic by Al-Sakaki (d. 626 AH) in his important book Miftah Al-Ulum, which produced an integrated and accurate approach to Arabic rhetoric.
Traits of the Women of Paradise in Qur’nic Ayas
Authors: حسن احمد مراد عبد
Published: November 2023

This paper is mainly concerned with the traits of the women of Paradise as they recurred in the Qur’anic ayas (Verses). These traits are described literally and metaphorically. The study focuses on the rhetoric phase behind using such merits in different vocabulary and expressions ranging from similes to metaphors. The study looks for the secret behind this diversity in use which enables such vocabulary and expressions to perform their purposes adequately. This requires the study to reach for their entomology and focus on the context in which they are used. This has led to the conclusion that they are used accurately according to the meaning required in each context.
Grammatical Guidance in the Interpretation of Ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH) Titled Tafseer ul-Qur'an il-Adheem
Authors: أحمد معد صالح
Published: November 2023

The interpretation of Ibn Kathir is one of the most famous interpretations and one of the most acceptable interpretations to scholars for the clarity of its meanings and the smoothness of its style. Though it is not concerned with grammatical structures, still it includes grammatical references that really enrich readers. Actually, this has been shown in this research, which consists of an introduction, four sections and a conclusion. The introductory section attempts to introduce the book and Grammatical guidance.a The first section is devoted to grammatical guidance innouns, the second deals with grammatical guidance in verbs, the third in articles and the fourth in subordination. The conclusion gives a summary of the results of the study
Adjective in Linguistic Schools: Traditional, Generative, Cognitive
Authors: Ahmed Serwan Samen , Majeed Aram Rasheed
Published: November 2023

The research is titled (Adjective in linguistic schools - traditional, generative, Cognitive). The research aims to study the adjective in the Kurdish language as a linguistic category. The types of adjectives were classified according to the linguistic schools, based on many principles. The traditional school concerned with the semantic principle to determine the class of adjectives. In the Generative school, the principle of position and function were two basic principles for defining an adjective. In the Cognitive theory, the principles of the adjective-noun relationship, the position of the adjective from the noun, and how the characteristics of nouns are presented through adjectives, were basic principles for defining the adjective and its types. The research is divided into three parts, the first section includes a review and a historical presentation of the researchers’concerns in classifying adjectives and their forms in the Kurdish language. In the second section of the research, examples of adjectives in the Kurdish language are presented from the perspective of the generative theory. Especially on the principle of syntactic case and the X-bar theory. In the third section, I dealt with the classification of adjectives in the Kurdish language from the perspective of Cognitive grammar.
Location and Sequence of Adverbials in English Sentences
Authors: Saleem Hashim Saadoon , Gaffori Ayhan Abdul Muniem
Published: November 2023

The current research is specialized in studying an important subject, viz, the location and sequence of different adverbials in the English sentence. Mastering the right position and correct order of different adverbials in the sentences reflects good learning on the part of the learners of English. Many learners, however, ignore how to arrange the adverbials correctly at the end of the sentence besides their ignorance of the right position of some adverbials is clear as well. This subject has truly a vital role in the English grammar since it is inescapable in speech and writing
Building Standards and Educational Content The Morphological Component in the Qatari Textbook as a Model, from the Theoretical Foundation to the Dialectical Audacity
Authors: عاطف أماني حسين , بوعناني مصطفى , زغبوش بنعيسى
Published: November 2023

The research is concerned with the reality of teaching and learning the Arabic language; Focusing on the morphological component in textbooks for grades (fourth to sixth) in the Qatari public school, based on the assumption that there is no compatibility between standards, and building educational contents related to the two components: the word and sentence in the textbook; The study will seek to verify this hypothesis by adopting a hypothetical investigative approach that provides induction, description, statistics, analysis and conclusion, to understand the educational reality of the morphological component, and to present practical proposals for morphological standards, and their distribution and activation in school books in connection with the standards in their updated version of 2018, and modern linguistic approaches that emphasize the The need to focus on morphological knowledge in the third and fourth grades through the gradation from inflection, derivation, and then weights and formulas, to be a basis for teaching synthetic knowledge in the fifth and sixth grades, provided that the student is implicitly trained in it in the previous grades.
Creative Poetic language in the Era of Rwanga: The Examples Jamal Sharbazheri and Sherko Bekas
Authors: Amin Qadir Sherko Hama , Mustafa Chia Ali
Published: November 2023

This research is entitled (creative poetic language in the era of Rwanga) among the poets Jamal Sharbazheri and Sherko Bekas; the research consists of the introduction and chapters (first and second) with a list of bibliography and conclusion and the most important results obtained. The first chapter: The first chapter talks about poetry and the language of poetry, and the most important characteristics and scale of poetic production. The second chapter: This chapter is devoted to the practical aspect of research and analysis of the patterns of poetic texts and the advice of displacement in them at the (morphological, grammatical, and semantic) levels according to the poets ’poetry. In conclusion, I presented the results gained by the modern study, with a list of sources on which it was depended on.
A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF SWEAR WORDS IN ENGLISH AND IRAQI ARABIC
Authors: Salah Ahmed Mohammed , Raoof Muzhda Omer
Published: November 2023

Language is used by humans to carry out a wide range of social activities that reflect the social standards that have been established during various periods of time. Swearing is a linguistic device that serves both personal and interpersonal functions in almost all languages. As a result, linguists and anyone interested in language should pay attention to this linguistic phenomenon, which is also accompanied by a certain amount of taboo. The current study focuses on English and Iraqi Arabic societies because they are wealthy in the use of swear words. Its aims is to define, classify, state functions, and identify the history of swear words in language and culture. Also, it highlights and analyzes the most important swear words in English and Iraqi Arabic, and concludes the most essential findings. To fulfil the above aims, it is hypothesized that swear words come in a variety of forms, some of which are more widely used than others, culture influences the use of swear words, and the connotative meaning is determined by the context in which swear words are used. To sum, a range of elements influence the communicative act of swear words, including age, gender, social and economic status, as well as the speaker-listener relationship.
Mystical Experience in Emily Dickinson's Later Poems
Authors: Hemad Atyaf Abdel-Rezzaq , Al-Douri Hamdi Hameed
Published: November 2023

This paper is mainly concerned with mystical experience in Emily Dickinson's later poems (composed between 1864 and 1886) to show the poet's spiritual growth and her attitude to the love of the Divine. It aims at analyzing and interpreting the poetry of Emily Dickinson from a mystical point of view. Most of Dickinson's poems trace themes like death, love and spiritual ecstasy. It proposes that Mysticism is some kind of spiritual practice of the soul that got weary of the material world; it is a religion of love of the Divine
Investigating the Barriers to EFL Teachers’ Professional Development in Erbil High Schools
Authors: Mahmood Najmulddin Shamsuldeen , Khidhir Rozhgar Jalal
Published: November 2023

The present study entitled, ‘’ Investigating the Barriers to EFL Teachers’ Professional Development in Erbil High Schools”, aims at investigating the barriers to English Language teachers’ professional development in the city Centre of Erbil. To achieve the aims of the study, a questionnaire has been constructed to investigate the barriers to professional development. The tool of the study was exposed to some experts as jury members in the fields of English language, linguistics, and applied linguistics to achieve its validity.The sample of the study is 100 English Language teachers in public high schools. The data was analyzed after being statistically computed by employing SPSS programme to show Percentage, the Mean, and the Standard Deviation of the items of the questionnaire. The findings of this study reveal that there are some outstanding barriers that prevent English Language teachers from participating in professional development activities or training courses. The barriers are: (poor internet infrastructure and teachers’ illiteracy with modern technological tools, the ineffectiveness of teachers’ performance appraisal system, a bad design of professional development programmes, Training venues, financial constraints, teachers’ demotivation, the lack of qualified and professional English language trainers, English language teachers’ excessive workload, administrative routines, personal problems (family problems) and poor economic conditions, teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards the professionalism of their performance, the effects of colleagues. The study also shows that the variables such as gender, age, marital status, qualification, years of teaching, and teaching hours per week have an impact on teachers’ participation in career-development activities. The contribution of this study can help other researchers in conducting further studies to investigate the barriers that influence teachers’ participation in profession-related activities or training courses among public high school English language teachers. It also helps the education decision makers to plan effective professional development programmes
The Phenomenon of Deletion in Taher Suleiman Hamoda A Critical Reading
Authors: عمر الحماوي وليد خضر , سليمان الشمري خالد علي
Published: November 2023

This is a research in which we presented an aspect of the modern vision in dealing with the phenomenon of deletion in Arabic Grammar, taking from the book “The Phenomenon of Deletion in Linguistic History” by Suleiman Hamoda as a field for presentation and analysis as a good example of contemporary grammatical research in a large phenomenon of the phenomena of the Arabic language , which is the deletion , which embodies what a group of a modern scholars see from a various research visions of approaches that linked between the inherited and the contemporary , approaching the descriptive method with , in order to revel the value of the book in the grammatical theorizing of the phenomenon , so the research acquires its importance through the integration of the objective approach for axes of the phenomenon.
The nation in the history of poetry
Authors: Muhammad Muhammad Amin
Published: November 2023

Title and field of research: The title of the research (Nation in the History of Poetry), in which we try to present the principles of nation as a moral behavior in the structure of the nation We have tried to present the relationship between these scientific concepts in two parts .
Leveling up the Performance of EFL Students by Using Personal Response Approach
Authors: Mousa Manal Omar , Ayad Reem
Published: November 2023

Reader Response Approach is one of these modern approaches which emphasizes on the creative role of the reader, so the current study sheds light on a fresh look at the reader response theory to enhance students’ performance through meaningful interactions with literature. It is an approach of teaching that gives the students opportunity to learn English , and helps them to learn and practice in class and solve their problem personally. Personal -Response approach is one of the literary criticism approachs in which the readers can involve their personal opinions, feelings, and background knowledge to create meanings of the text. Moreover, PRA helps the students’ reading comprehension by giving response o f what they read. The present study aims at: Investigating the impact of using personal response approach on developing the leveling of students' performance in EFL recognition and production and finding out the effectiveness of the personal response approach in improving efl students’ performance in learning English language. The hypothesis of the current study states that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean performance scores of the experimental groups’ recognition and production levels in the posttest. To achieve the aim and confirm its hypothesis the experimental design which is Non- Randomized Experimental Group Pretest- Posttest Design is used. The sample of the current study consists of (60) students who have been chosen from fifth scientific stage at Ibn -Al-Muaatum secondary school for boys in Tikrit. (30) students have been chosen to be the experimental group, and (30) students have been chosen to be control group. Both groups have been equalized in such variables of educational level of parents, testees age, English grades achievement in fourth stage, and the pre-test of both groups. To analyze the obtained data, different statistical means have been used T-test, weighted mean and percentile mean to measure the students’ performance.
Cohesion: A Fundamental Element in Writing English Texts
Authors: I. Al-Dulaimi Ali Sulaiman , Saleem Al-Nuaimi Hashim Saadoon
Published: November 2023

This paper is devoted for discussing cohesion as a main element in writing English texts with now and then reference to coherence since the two terms are closely interrelated components. Therefore, the researchers try to distinguish between cohesion and coherence by stating the differences between them. Cohesion means the way or the process of connecting two sentences together, whereas coherence, on the other hand, indicates the clarity of meaning and balance of a piece of writing or a text. This research focuses on the nature of grammatical cohesion in English by demonstrating its chief function. A real attempt is made to identify the types and divisions of cohesion.
Iraqi EFL University Students' Cultural Intelligence and Language Proficiency: A Correlational Study
Authors: Mohammed Ibtisam Jassim , Al-Bakri Shaimaa Abdulbaqi
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the relationship between cultural intelligence and language proficiency as well as seeks to identify Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence levels. To this end, 400 students were selected randomly from different Iraqi universities / Colleges of Education/ English Departments / during the academic year (2020- 2021) as a sample for this study. Those 400 students were asked to respond to a cultural intelligence scale containing 20 items. After validating the adopted scale, Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence was measured and compared by using ANOVA. Findings indicated that Iraqi EFL University students possess a good level of cultural intelligence and there is a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and Language Proficiency. Finally, the results were discussed and some suggestions were made for further studies.
Iraqi EFL Learners' Production of Impoliteness Strategies
Authors: Ghazi Hanan Faisal , Ali Abid Hmood
Published: November 2023

This study attempts to investigate Iraqi EFL learners' production of impoliteness strategies according to their gender, age, and place of residence. For the sake of achieving this aim, the study hypothesizes that there is no statistically significant difference between the calculated value and the tabulated value of the production test of impoliteness strategies used by Iraqi EFL learners according to their gender, age, and place of residence. A test, which is the source of the data, is used to test the hypotheses of the study. A sample of (140) Iraqi EFL college students at the fourth year stage, Department of English, College of Education of Human Sciences, University of Tikrit, participated in responding to the test. The data collected from the test is analyzed according to Culpeper (1996). The results of this study indicate that gender, age, and place of residence affect Iraqi EFL learners' production of impoliteness strategies.
The Silent Nature in the Noble Prophetic Hadith: A Rhetorical Study in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim
Authors: حسين أَحمد موفق
Published: November 2023

The research aims to reveal the role of the silent nature elements and their informative role in the noble Prophetic hadith, which aims to stick the greatest heavenly message in the minds and hearts of the recipients to the fullest. All these constants were employed by the noble Prophetic statement to bring different meanings to the minds of the addressees, from different parts of the world and at different levels of knowledge.
What has been described as scarcity by linguists in Arabic dictionaries The Dictionary of Lisan al-Arab as a model
Authors: إبراهيم بشرى عبد المهدي , مسعود باسمة خلف
Published: November 2023

This research was concerned with studying a linguistic phenomenon expressed as “al-Nadir or An-Nwadir” in linguistic dictionaries. The Lisan al-Arab lexicon came as a model for it, which is the document in the collection of its material for five dictionaries of language refinement, Al-muhkam , Al-sahah, and Hawashi Ibn Berri, and the end is in Gharib al-Hadith, This study attempted to reveal the concept of Al- Nadir and the reason for describing it, and to discuss its various connotations among linguists, and to clarify the closest and most famous content to it, according to the data presented to us in our research journey. And the motives for choosing it, with a brief pause to introduce the dictionary of Lisan al-Arab and the approach of Ibn Manzur in it, and how he presented the scientific subject and employing Al-Nadir in his lexicon. And then talking about the concept of “al-Nadir” by knowing its linguistic and idiomatic meaning, and the view of the ancients about a Nadir and their position on it, and standing on a Nadir in the Lisan al-Arab lexicon, as we chose issues drawn from the core of the subject of Lisan al-Arab, down to the conclusion and coming out with the most important results and course of the research.
The Novel of (Nessyane.com) (The Art of Forgetting) An Analytical Study
Authors: سبع الخزرجي إسراء إبراهيم محمد
Published: November 2023

Ahlem Mosteghanemi has tried to change her style of writing a little to move towards another certain style of writing in order to make women and men heroes in Nessyane.com series. The writer has taken this expression as a slogan for this novel" Love him as no woman has loved and forget him like a man forgets". In a manner of speaking, this novel is a series similar to advice, presented by Ahlam Mosteghanemi to every female who wanted to get rid of the man’s tyranny, presenting with this a set of examples she took from her surroundings and from her female friends who lived through the ardor of love, the pain of separation and hard to forget. The woman is stronger than that, so the silence of the man is one of the most powerful means that destroy the emotional cells and tissues of the female feelings. The linguistic style has been featured by a special linguistic structure and distinct terms. Once the book is opened, the novel's motto comes first on the cover, and despite its warning reference to all men that it is banned from sale to men, Nessyan.com is not limited to women, but men are an essential party in that because the forgetfulness as a concept is related to human memory, whether for males or females. Nessyan.com or forgetfulness was not only what Ahlam wanted to present as a message to those who wanted to forget, but the purpose of Nessyan.com is freedom and emancipation from the bondage of memory towards the desired freedom.