bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between observed and reported infant negative affectivity, fear and self‐regulation, and early communicative development—Evidence from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Ollas‐Skogster Denise , Rautakoski Pirkko , Bridgett David , Kataja Eeva‐Leena , Karlsson Hasse , Karlsson Linnea , Nolvi Saara
Published: September 2022

Self‐regulation and language are intertwined abilities, but the nature of their relations in early childhood when both skills are still emerging is insufficiently understood. Our knowledge of the relations between early negative affectivity and preverbal and verbal communicative development is still limited. Further, observed and reported temperament capture how aspects of temperament operate in different settings but are rarely used in parallel in studies examining early language. During the period of rapid development, longitudinal studies are needed to identify early risk factors for delayed communicative development. We studied relations between aspects of emerging self‐regulation and negative affectivity using both observations at 8 months and mother‐reports at 6 and 12 months, and communicative development measured by gesturing and vocabulary at 14 and vocabulary at 30 months in 183 children. Mother‐reported self‐regulation was related to a higher use of communicative gestures and observed self‐regulation by gaze aversion to poorer receptive and expressive vocabulary at 14 months, but neither was significantly associated with vocabulary at 30 months. We found little evidence for associations between negative affectivity and fear in infancy and communicative development. Our findings highlight different aspects of self‐regulation as both potential risk and protective factors for communicative development. Mixed results indicate a need for a more detailed examination of different strategies of self‐regulation in different conditions and developmental stages to yield a deeper understanding of the relations between self‐regulation in infancy and communicative development.
COVID‐19‐related discrimination, PTSD symptoms, and psychological distress in healthcare workers
Authors: Narita Zui , Okubo Ryo , Sasaki Yohei , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Takao Masaki , Komaki Hirofumi , Oi Hideki , Mizoue Tetsuya , Miyama Takeshi , Kim Yoshiharu
Published: September 2022

To date, little effort has been made to examine if frontline workers who deal with COVID‐19 patients are more likely to experience discrimination than second‐line workers. Also, little information has appeared on how COVID‐19‐related discrimination affects PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers. We aimed to examine the association between COVID‐19‐related discrimination and frontline worker status. We further aimed to examine how COVID‐19‐related discrimination was associated with PTSD symptoms and psychological distress. We studied 647 healthcare workers. For the association between COVID‐19‐related discrimination and frontline worker status, we conducted multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and living alone. For the association of COVID‐19‐related discrimination with PTSD symptoms and psychological distress, we performed multivariable regression using hierarchical adjustments for age, sex, living alone, alcohol consumption, exercise and frontline worker status. Bias‐corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) were used. A total of 136 individuals worked on the frontline and the largest group were nurses (n = 81, 59.6%). Frontline workers had increased odds of COVID‐19‐related discrimination compared with second‐line workers (odds ratio = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.37–4.96). COVID‐19‐related discrimination was associated with PTSD symptoms and psychological distress even at the highest level of adjustment (β = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.10–1.23; β = 2.43, 95% CI = 0.91–3.95, respectively). Frontline workers are more likely to experience COVID‐19‐related discrimination than second‐line workers. Such discrimination may result in PTSD symptoms and psychological distress. Interventions to prevent COVID‐19‐related discrimination against healthcare workers, for example anti‐discrimination campaigns, are important.
Director and officer liability and corporate tax avoidance
Authors: Khan Sarfraz , Park Sung‐Jin , Veliotis Stanley , Wald John K.
Published: September 2022

We use the unique nature of the director and officer liability protection law applicable to Nevada incorporated firms to study how liability protection is related to corporate tax avoidance. We find that firms incorporated in Nevada avoid 32% more federal corporate tax as a fraction of total assets than firms incorporated in Delaware, and 40% more than firms incorporated in other states. Nevada‐incorporated firms have a 15% lower cash effective tax rate and an 8% lower GAAP ETR. The results are robust to various specifications including instrumental variable and matching approaches. Greater tax avoidance is also associated with lower payouts to shareholders for Nevada‐incorporated firms. The findings are consistent with theories about the complementarity of managerial diversion and tax avoidance for firms with poor monitoring, and they demonstrate how increases in liability protection lead to the unintended consequence of greater firm tax avoidance.
Remote proctoring: Lessons learned from the COVID‐19 pandemic effect on the large scale on‐line assessment at Tel Aviv University
Authors: Patael Smadar , Shamir Julia , Soffer Tal , Livne Eynat , Fogel‐Grinvald Haya , Kishon‐Rabin Liat
Published: September 2022

Background

The global COVID‐19 pandemic turned the adoption of on‐line assessment in the institutions for higher education from possibility to necessity. Thus, in the end of Fall 20/21 semester Tel Aviv University (TAU)—the largest university in Israel—designed and implemented a scalable procedure for administering proctored remote examinations. This procedure is applicable to different kinds of examinations in diverse disciplines and to disparate degree levels.

Objectives

This study aims to deepen the knowledge with respect to the design and adoption of remote proctoring at an institutional level

Methods

First, based on lessons learned from the first semester of COVID‐19, we describe the development and implementation of an institution‐wide protocol for conducting on‐line proctored assessment. We show the large‐scale applicability of the protocol for administering examinations via Moodle with remote proctoring via Zoom. The accurately designed procedures that included careful consideration of all parties involved—academic staff members, students, administrative staff and proctors—enabled TAU to successfully assess the learning outcomes of its 25,000 students, while maintaining validity, compatibility and reliability of the assessment. Second, we report combined data from surveys of 4380 students and 188 faculty‐members (18% and 12% response rate respectively), conducted at TAU following these examinations.

Results and Conclusions

With over 90% of the students experiencing at least one, and 80% of faculty‐members administering at least one proctored remote examination, these heterogeneous sources of data allow us to investigate a unique and complementary perspective of the process. Some of the significant findings consist of the over‐all perception of the students' integrity by both groups surveyed; the discrepancy in the groups' perspectives of the adequate form of learning‐assessment—with the instructors preferring proctored examinations and the students—formative‐assessment; and the influence of the pedagogical challenges on the perception of validity that outweighed other factors, for example, the pandemic‐related stress, the on‐line assessment challenges and other.
Underuse of lifestyle recommendations in hypertension management in France: The Esteban study
Authors: Vay‐Demouy Juliette , Lelong Hélène , Neudorff Pauline , Gabet Amélie , Grave Clémence , Blacher Jacques , Olié Valérie
Published: September 2022

Lifestyle recommendations are first‐line elements in the management of arterial hypertension. This cross‐sectional study aimed to analyze the level to which lifestyle recommendations are used in hypertension management in France, using data from the Esteban study, which was implemented by Santé Publique France, France's public health agency, from 2014 to 2016 on a representative sample of the French population. The study sample comprised 440 adult Esteban participants who were aware they had hypertension and were aged 18–74 years old. The main outcomes were the proportion of participants who received lifestyle recommendations in their hypertension management plan, and the proportion of recommendations according to the three following dimensions: physical activity, weight loss, and changes in diet. Over half (57.0%) of the 440 participants declared they did not receive lifestyle recommendations as part of their hypertension management plan in the year preceding the study. Of these, 39.0% did not receive pharmacological treatment either. Physical activity was recommended to 31.8% of sedentary participants and weight loss to 26.8% of participants with overweight or obesity. One‐fifth of the study sample (20.1%) received dietary recommendations. Of these, 69% and 10.7% were advised to limit their salt and alcohol intake, respectively. Lifestyle interventions are too rarely recommended in hypertension management plans in France. Adherence to lifestyle recommendations needs in‐depth discussion not only at the time of diagnosis but also throughout follow‐up.
How the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement and its Consequences Necessitated Adaptation and Drove Innovation in the EU
Authors: Dimitrova Antoaneta L. , Dragneva Rilka
Published: September 2022

Given its depth and ambition, the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between the EU and Ukraine may have been expected to result in significant reverse influence on the EU. However, this article shows that this influence is indirect, arising from mechanisms and international processes brought into sharp relief by the AA. These are: the power asymmetry between the parties, politicization of the agreement and geo‐politicization as a form of contestation of the agreement in the geopolitical arena, stirred by Russia's grievances. The article argues that in responding to the asymmetry, politicization and geo‐politicization of the AA, the EU has been pushed to innovate to prevent the legal and political failure of the negotiated agreement. Innovation occurred at different levels: at institutional level to assist Ukraine's capacity to implement it, at constitutional level to ensure its ratification given politicization in the Netherlands, and at policy level to address Russia's geopolitical moves.
The company they keep: When and why Chinese judges engage in collegiality
Authors: Yu Xiaohong , Sun Zhaoyang
Published: September 2022

Scholars of law, economics, and political science argue that collegiality matters. Considerable panel effects exist across jurisdictions, and judges compose panels strategically. In China, millions of cases are decided by collegial panels every year; however, little attention has been paid to the issue of collegiality. We offer one of the first empirical inquiries into collegial panels in China. Specifically, when and why do judges engage in collegiality? How does the presiding judge compose a judicial panel? What is the panel effect? Based on 23,564 cases decided by a local court in Beijing, China, from 2015 to 2017, we build a network of judges' collegial behaviors and examine the judges' strategy for panel composition and its potential impact. We argue for an external mechanism of panel effects and provide a strategic account of coalition‐building in a vulnerable environment. For mundane cases, Chinese judges tend to compose panels with junior judges. To some extent, such panels are their comfort zone. When facing complex cases, they tend to step out of their comfort zone and form panels with more capable judges. When doing so, they are also more inclined to make tough decisions, such as ruling against the government in administrative litigation cases and repeated players in civil cases, among others. The study sheds light on judicial politics in China and has the potential to expand our understanding of collective judicial decision‐making in transitional societies.
Development of the spray‐dried nettle (Urtica dioica L.) extract‐loaded nanoliposome powder for application as a natural additive in cake
Authors: Kalajahi Seyedeh Elham Mousavi , Amjadi Sajed , Ghandiha Shadi
Published: September 2022

In this study, the nettle extract (NE)‐loaded nanoliposomes (NLPs) were spray‐dried with maltodextrin and was used to fortify and extend the shelf life of the cake. The particle size and zeta potential of the reconstituted spray‐dried NE‐loaded NLPs were 269.4 ± 14.2 nm and − 20.7 ± 4.6 mV respectively. The encapsulation efficiency values of non‐dried NLPs and the reconstituted spray‐dried NLPs were 87.0 ± 5.3 and 75 ± 4.7%, respectively. The produced NLPs samples were added at three different concentrations of 0, 5, and 7.5% w/w in the cake. The pH and water activity of cakes showed no significant (p > .05) change by the addition of NLPs samples. The fortified cake with 7.5% of spray‐dried NLPs exhibited the highest total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. The yeast and mold count in the fortified cakes with spray‐dried NLPs showed no significant difference compared with the cake containing potassium sorbate during 28‐day storage.

Novelty impact statement

The application of natural additives can be suitable alternatives to synthetic additives in foodstuffs such as bakery products. The nanoliposomes loaded with natural additives have not been considered for fortification and to extend the shelf life of the cake. In this regard, this study aimed to spray drying of NE‐loaded NLPs by maltodextrin and application of this nanocarrier as a natural additive in cake formulation.
Effect of calcium oxide nanoparticles produced from Lavetira critica leaf extract on the freshness of fresh‐sliced fruits
Authors: Veeramani Chinnadurai , El Newehy Ahmed S. , Aloud Amal A. , Alsaif Mohammed A. , Al‐Numair Khalid S.
Published: September 2022

This study was piloted to assess the fusion of nanoparticles (LCCaNP) from leaf extract of Lavatera critica (LC) and calcium chloride and to observe their impact on the safety of fresh‐sliced fruits and extend their shelf life. LCCaNP were synthesized by mixing calcium chloride and LC leaf extract, followed by the addition of sodium hydroxide. The quality of the produced LCCaNP was proven by conducting different physical and chemical tests. Fresh apples, strawberries, and guavas were independently immersed in diverse concentrated LCCaNP and 2% calcium chloride solution for 5 min. These treated sliced fruits were stuffed in polypropylene plastic bags and stored at 5°C. The total soluble solid content (TSS), pH, firmness, and weight reduction rate, 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and sensory analysis were conducted for the total storage period of 25 days in a 5‐day interval. LCCaNP and calcium chloride were proficient to preserve the fruits for up to 20 days. Our findings showed that LCCaNP‐treated fresh‐sliced fruits had an improved and enhanced shelf‐life than control (nontreated) samples. In conclusion, the leaf of LC is an eventual source for the making of calcium oxide nanoparticles and could serve as an improved food conservation with proficiency to extend the fruit's shelf life for up to 20 days.

Novelty impact statement

For the first time had produced the natural LCCaNP from a natural plant of LC and evaluated its impact on the safety of fresh‐sliced fruits. The natural nanosized LCCaNP is successfully produced by using the natural Ayurvedic plant of LC. LCCaNP acted as a better food preservative and had the capability to extend the shelf life of apples, strawberries, and guavas for up to 20 days without causing any side effects.
Intermediate moisture date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) based dessert with natural sugars: Phytonutritional profile, characterization, sensory quality, and shelf‐life studies
Authors: Singh Veerpal , Aggarwal Poonam , Kaur Sukhpreet , Kaur Navjot
Published: September 2022

The present study aimed at preparing date‐based dessert in which milk solids were replaced by date paste at 50% to 70% levels to enhance the quality of formulated dessert. Developed formulations were found rich in natural sugars, bioactive constituents, and minerals which were further confirmed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The effect of storage on quality of selected product (50% date pulp and 50% milk solids) under room (25 ± 2°C) and refrigerated (4 ± 2°C) temperatures was studied. The moisture content, water activity, total and reducing sugars and bioactive constituents decreased significantly (p < .05) while titratable acidity, free fatty acids, antioxidant activity, hardness of texture, and yeast and mold count increased with advancement of storage at both temperatures. Except moisture, the extent of quality changes was rapid during room temperature storage. Developed product was shelf stable up to 21 days under room temperature and up to 28 days under refrigeration conditions, respectively.

Novelty impact statement

The developed date‐based dessert with enhanced functionality and shelf stability had improved mineral profile, bioactive constituents and antioxidant activity compared to control (traditional milk‐based dessert). Shelf life of the date‐based dessert increased manifolds (from 4 to 21 days) compared to control at room temperature. The developed nutritious date dessert can serve as a healthy sweet meal for people who cannot resist sweets after meals.
Variation in amino acid profiles of selected Sri Lankan rice varieties induced by milling
Authors: Liyanaarachchi Gigummaduwe Vimarshi Vathsala , Mahanama Kariyawasam R. R. , Somasiri Sudarshana , Punyasiri Nimal , Gunawardhana Katudeni Vidanelage Tharaka , Kottawa‐Arachchi Jeevan Dananjaya
Published: September 2022

Study presents the variation in free amino acids (FAAs) and total AAs in rice at different milling degrees. Two rice cultivars; Pachchaperumal and Bg 406 were subjected to three (4%, 7%, 12%) degrees of milling, and the variations in AA composition of milled rice and resulting bran were studied. Milling caused significant (p < .05) reduction (5.7%–40.0%) of AAs in rice. Milling accounted for an increase in density of FAAs with sweet and sour taste in rice while reducing FAAs with bitter taste. Parboiling unequivocally aided the retention of AAs in rice upon milling. A variety‐specific distribution of AAs was observed inside the rice grain. Despite the reduction in AAs upon milling, the nutrient density, which is the ratio between the essential to nonessential AAs was not reduced in rice. Rice bran contained nutritional gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) (19.6%–29.1%) and essential AAs (35.7%–38.8%).

Novelty impact statement

Milling is a post harvesting technique used in the production of rice that improves the physical properties of rice, which are desired by the consumers that include whiteness, translucency and sensory properties as well as the storage stability. The amino acid content in rice is significantly reduced with the increase in milling degree. However, milling increases the ratio between the sum of FAAs with sweet and sour taste to, sum of free amino acids with bitter taste, which could be attributed to one of the factors leading to the enhanced sensory quality observed with the well‐milled rice. Parboiling enables the retention of nutritionally and functionally important amino acids that include essential amino acids and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) during the milling process.
Nitrogen starvation induces genome‐wide activation of transposable elements in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Yue , Liu Yi , Qu Shaofeng , Liang Wenjie , Sun Linhua , Ci Dong , Ren Zhitong , Fan Liu‐Min , Qian Weiqiang
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen (N) availability is a major limiting factor for plant growth and agricultural productivity. Although the gene regulation network in response to N starvation has been extensively studied, it remains unknown whether N starvation has an impact on the activity of transposable elements (TEs). Here, we report that TEs can be transcriptionally activated in Arabidopsis under N starvation conditions. Through genetic screening of idm1‐14 suppressors, we cloned GLU1, which encodes a glutamate synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of glutamate in the primary N assimilation pathway. We found that glutamate synthase 1 (GLU1) and its functional homologs GLU2 and glutamate transport 1 (GLT1) are redundantly required for TE silencing, suggesting that N metabolism can regulate TE activity. Transcriptome and methylome analyses revealed that N starvation results in genome‐wide TE activation without inducing obvious alteration of DNA methylation. Genetic analysis indicated that N starvation‐induced TE activation is also independent of other well‐established epigenetic mechanisms, including histone methylation and heterochromatin decondensation. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of TE activity under stressful environments in planta.
Answering the ethical call of the other: A test of the Strong Relationality Model of Relationship Flourishing
Authors: Wood Nathan D. , Fife Stephen T. , Parnell Kenneth J. , Ross D. Bruce
Published: September 2022

The philosophical framework of strong relationality has gained greater attention in scholarship and yet empirically testing models built on this important framework are rare. The present study tests predictions made by the Strong Relationality Model of Relationship Flourishing (SRM), which centers on the role of Ethical Responsiveness for relationship health. In doing so, we introduce common fate modeling as a methodological approach for strong relationality research. We used longitudinal data from 1512 couples collected as part of the German longitudinal panel study of families. Results support the Strong Relationality Model's prediction that Ethical Responsiveness (as measured by perceived partner support) positively alters the impact of stress on Gratitude‐Recognition (elements of the Responsible Action domain of the SRM), which then increases couples' intimacy (an element of the Relational‐Connectivity domain of the SRM). Recommendations for clinical assessment and intervention are given as well as recommendations for future research on the Strong Relationality Model.
The role of Vesalius and his contemporaries in the transfiguration of human anatomical science
Authors: Xiang Jinpo , Venkatesan Santhana
Published: September 2022

The understanding of human anatomy has been an endeavour spanning thousands of years from the Egyptians and Greeks in antiquity to the present day. Scholars and scientists have overcome great barriers to discover the inner workings and complexities of the human body, from personal challenges and prejudices to obstacles placed by society. Our present understanding of anatomy has accumulated over centuries, and progressive generations of physicians have contributed to the ever‐growing evidence‐based knowledge. This article explores the contributions made by Vesalius and his contemporaries in the first half of the sixteenth century. These enlightened scholars advanced anatomical knowledge and, perhaps more importantly, the scientific method, directly impacting the mindset and methodologies of future anatomists. Individuals such as Berengario da Carpi and Gabriele Falloppio produced bodies of work during their lifetime that were not only important in disputing the teachings of Galen of Pergamon, which had been accepted as almost unquestionable truths for a thousand years, but also instrumental in developing a new generation of scientists. The anatomists of the late renaissance were unable to resolve many of the factual inaccuracies of Galenic teaching but provided the groundwork for scientific thinking which future generations of anatomists benefited greatly from. The principles of documenting what is observed and establishing a methodical approach to question discrepancies in experiments would go on to influence physicians such as Harvey and Malpighi to investigate and draw correct conclusions in their research and ultimately advance our understanding of human anatomy to what it is today.
Applications of bakuchiol in dermatology: Systematic review of the literature
Authors: Puyana Carolina , Chandan Neha , Tsoukas Maria
Published: September 2022

Background

Bakuchiol (BAK), a meroterpene phenol abundant in the plant Psoralea corylifolia, is an emerging cosmeceutical agent with promising anti‐aging, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The trend for “clean” skincare products and search for anti‐aging retinoid alternatives have poised BAK as a “must‐have” ingredient in skincare.

Aims

Our aim was to review the data for the applications of BAK in dermatology.

Methods

This is a systematic review of PubMed.

Results

Thirty articles matched our search terms [“Bakuchiol” and “Dermatology”] or [“Bakuchiol” and “Skin”] of which one did not meet inclusion criteria, 16 were pre‐clinical studies, seven clinical studies, three commentaries, two narrative reviews, and one report on adverse events. BAK has been mostly studied for its effects on photoaging, acne, and post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), showing beneficial results comparable to those achieved by topical retinoids. While having no structural resemblance to retinoids, BAK can function as a retinol analog, through retinol‐like regulation of gene expression. In in vivo studies, BAK was used alone or in combination with other products resulting in a significant reduction in photodamage, hyperpigmentation, wrinkle scores, and acne severity. Additionally, in vitro studies hinted at its anti‐cancer properties by inhibiting epidermal growth factor induced neoplastic cell transformation. Also, demonstrated potential applications in psoriasis by normalizing keratinocyte activity and in pigmentary disorders through inhibition of melanogenesis. There was one adverse event case reported of contact dermatitis in the literature.

Conclusions

Bakuchiol is a retinol alternative with anti‐aging, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Additional studies are warranted to better understand its applications in dermatology.
The experience of mood disorder and substance use: An integrative review
Authors: Crowe Marie , Inder Maree , Thwaites Bridgette
Published: September 2022

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

People with mood disorders often use substances.

There are several clinician‐driven hypotheses explaining the relationship.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

The paper draws together the existing research on the perceptions of those with lived experience of mood disorders on the reasons for using substances.

The participants in the studies identified using substances to manage their mood when treatment to manage their mood was not effective or acceptable, and as an escape from trauma and hardship.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health nurses need an understanding of why people with mood disorders may use substances and the impact of this on their treatment.

Mental health nurses need to provide trauma‐informed care that emphasizes harm reduction for those who have mood disorders and substance use.

Introduction

Substance use is highly prevalent among people with mood disorders. Effective treatment for these people requires a better understanding of the relationship between both mood and substance use from the perspectives of those with lived experience.

Question

What are the reasons those with lived experience of mood disorders give for substance use?

Method

An integrative review was conducted. The Joanna Briggs Institute suite of critical appraisal tools was used to evaluate the quality of individual studies. Data relevant to the review question were extracted, and the results were synthesized into themes.

Results

Eighteen papers met the eligibility criteria. Three themes were identified across the included studies: Managing my mood, More Effective than prescribed medication, and Escape from trauma and hardship.

Discussion

This integrative review identified that people with a mood disorder who use substances described choosing to take substances to manage their mood, as an alternative to prescribed medications, and to cope with trauma and social hardships.

Implications for Practice

Mental health nurses need to provide care that recognizes why people use substances. They need to understand these reasons to provide a harm reduction and trauma‐informed model of care. Evidence‐based non‐pharmacological interventions for mood disorders need to be available as an alternative to medications or as a supplement.
Oxidative stress and cognition in ecology
Authors: Cram D. L.
Published: September 2022

Oxidative stress occurs when the body's antioxidant system is unable to prevent reactive oxygen species from causing cellular damage, and over the last two decades, oxidative stress has received extensive attention from behavioural ecologists investigating its links with life‐history traits including reproduction, growth, and immunity. Despite the breadth of studies examining oxidative stress in relation to animal behaviour, life‐history, and health, the role of oxidative stress in shaping variation in the cognitive abilities of wild animals has been almost entirely neglected. Here, I discuss how oxidative damage in the brain may affect cognitive performance in the wild, both directly and by mediating links to other life‐history traits. First, I outline evidence that the brain is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress and highlight medical studies demonstrating that oxidative damage impairs cognitive ability in humans and other animals. I then explore how oxidative stress may similarly affect cognition and behaviour in an ecological context, and the far‐reaching consequences this could have on wild animals' lives, including their fitness. Finally, I suggest methodological tools that could clarify the role of oxidative stress in cognitive ecology and approaches that combine existing ecological assays of behaviour and cognitive performance with bio‐medical experimental designs. While challenging to investigate, oxidative stress in the brains of wild animals may have profound consequences for their cognition and health, which currently remain almost entirely unexplored.
Identifying thresholds of nitrogen enrichment for substantial shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community metrics in a temperate grassland of northern China
Authors: Wu Hui , Yang Junjie , Fu Wei , Rillig Matthias C. , Cao Zhenjiao , Zhao Aihua , Hao Zhipeng , Zhang Xin , Chen Baodong , Han Xingguo
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen (N) enrichment poses threats to biodiversity and ecosystem stability, while arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play important roles in ecosystem stability and functioning. However, the ecological impacts, especially thresholds of N enrichment potentially causing AM fungal community shifts have not been adequately characterized.

Based on a long‐term field experiment with nine N addition levels ranging from 0 to 50 g N m−2 yr−1 in a temperate grassland, we characterized the community response patterns of AM fungi to N enrichment.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomass continuously decreased with increasing N addition levels. However, AM fungal diversity did not significantly change below 20 g N m−2 yr−1, but dramatically decreased at higher N levels, which drove the AM fungal community to a potentially unstable state. Structural equation modeling showed that the decline in AM fungal biomass could be well explained by soil acidification, whereas key driving factors for AM fungal diversity shifted from soil nitrogen : phosphorus (N : P) ratio to soil pH with increasing N levels.

Different aspects of AM fungal communities (biomass, diversity and community composition) respond differently to increasing N addition levels. Thresholds for substantial community shifts in response to N enrichment in this grassland ecosystem are identified.
Decolonizing nursing knowledge
Authors: Chinn Peggy L.
Published: September 2022

This dialogue introduces the concepts of colonization and decolonization of nursing knowledge, the harms that have come from colonization, and the importance of engaging in the processes of decolonization as a means of achieving social justice and humanization for all. Specific options to decolonize nursing knowledge are discussed.
Time for different stories: Reflections on IPONS panel addressing current debates in nursing theory, education and practice
Authors: Hopkins‐Walsh Jane
Published: September 2022

On 4 February 2021 a group of nurse scholar‐educators, nurses and other interested folks came together for the second of two virtual events to think together about the role of philosophy in the nursing world. The live streamed open access event provided an opportunity in the COVID‐19 pandemic for over 400 people to listen to five nursing scholars' presentations and to interact virtually through comments in chat and on the @IPONSociety Twitter social media platform. By reading the comments and questions that were generated, and by looking at the social media comments related to the event, it is apparent that philosophy is an important thinking practice for nurses but many audience members critically expressed they felt excluded. Critical issues were raised by participants in chat and on Twitter—pointedly around the need for more representative voices—including the imperative to open nursing philosophy to diverse and disparate worldviews. This dialogue provides a summary of critical points raised during the live question and answer session for the panel entitled Addressing Current Debates in Nursing Theory, Education, Practice as well as examing comments selected from the @IPONSociety Twitter space in response to the panel. One commenter said it was great to see the discussion being lifted up from the influential roots of white supremacy, while other nurses expressed that they wished the panellists themselves were more diverse. In discussion of key takeaway, links are made to historical and ongoing structural oppressions in nursing where thinking practices like nursing philosophy and theory are still dominated by world views emanating from positionalities of able‐bodied cis‐gendered heterosexual western eurocentric whiteness.
Surgical Tool Handle Vibration‐Based Drilling State Recognition During Hip Fracture Fixation
Authors: Xia Guangming , Liu Wei , Bai He , Xue Yuan , Dai Yu , Lei Ping , Zhang Jianxun
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Traditional manual drilling during hip fracture fixation can easily lead to unstable fixation and vascular damage. This study aimed to investigate a safe and easy‐to‐use robot‐assisted method to automatically drill bone and distinguish critical bone drilling states with high accuracy in real‐time for the bone hole‐making process during hip fracture fixation.

Methods

A bone‐drilling robotic system was designed to automatically create holes in the femoral neck. Four fresh pig femurs were drilled at the posterosuperior femoral neck using three modes: “all‐in” (AI), “in‐out‐in” (IOI), and “percutaneous fixation” (PF). A high‐frequency accelerometer captured the generated vibrations of the drill handle, which were then transferred to a personal computer using a data acquisition card. Five bone drilling states are defined, including: “drill idling,” “initial drilling,” “in the cancellous bone,” “out the femoral neck,” and “in the cortical bone.” The harmonic distribution of the vibration signal was extracted by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and used as a critical feature to identify different drilling states. To prove the difference in the harmonic distribution at different drilling states, an independent sample t‐test was used to compare the percentage of the first harmonic amplitude in the first 10 harmonics at each drilling state. A neural network classifier was trained with the frequency spectrum as the input and the drilled state as the output to distinguish the critical bone drilling states with high accuracy in real‐time. The classifier was trained and tested on four specimens to ensure that the surgical robot could accurately identify the five drilling states.

Results

In each specimen, the harmonic distributions of the drilling vibration at different drilling modes were significantly different (p < 0.05). The average recognition accuracies of the drilling state for the four specimens were all higher than 84%. The three defined modes were distinguished with extremely high accuracies. The recognition accuracies of “in the cancellous bone” for specimens 1 to 4 were 83.2%, 84.8%, 92.9%, and 84.7%. The recognition accuracies of “in out the femoral neck” from specimens 1 to 4 are 98.2%, 88.4%, 95.8%, and 88.8%. The recognition accuracies of “in the cortical bone” for specimens 1 to 4 were 94.6%, 80.8%, 95.5%, and 85.8%.

Conclusions

The proposed robot‐assisted method can automatically distinguish five critical bone‐drilling states with high accuracy in real‐time to avoid weak fixation and damage to the lateral epiphyseal artery.
Consumer research priorities for pediatric anesthesia and perioperative medicine
Authors: Sommerfield Aine , Sommerfield David , Bell Emily , Humphreys Susan , Taverner Fiona , Lee Kenneth , Frank Belinda , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta Sylvia
Published: September 2022

Background

Consumer‐driven research is increasingly being prioritized.

Aim

Our aim was to partner with consumers to identify the top 10 research priorities for pediatric anesthesia and perioperative medicine. The ACORN (Anesthesia Consumer Research Network) was formed to collaborate with children and families across Australia.

Methods

A prospective online survey was developed to generate research ideas from consumers. The survey was developed in Qualtrics, a survey research platform. Consumers were invited to participate through poster advertising, social media posts, via consumer networks at participating hospitals and in addition 35 national consumer/patient representative organizations were approached. We also conducted a similar idea generating survey for clinicians through email invitation and via Twitter. A second round of surveys was conducted to prioritize the long list of research questions and a shortlist of priorities developed. A single consensus meeting was held, and a final consensus list of top 10 priorities emerged.

Results

A total of 281 research ideas were submitted between 356 consumers in the idea generating survey and from four consumer/patient representative groups. Seventy‐five clinicians responded to the clinician idea generation survey. This was consolidated into 20 research ideas/themes for the second survey for each group. 566 responses were received to the consumer prioritization top 10 survey and 525 responses to the clinician survey. The consensus meeting produced the final 10 consumer research priorities.

Conclusion

This study has given Australian consumers the opportunity to shape the anesthesia and perioperative medicine research agenda for pediatric patients both nationally and internationally.
Educational Review: Error traps in anesthesia for pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Ballard Heather A. , Jones Elin , Malavazzi Clemente Marcella M. , Damian Daniela , Kovatsis Pete G.
Published: September 2022

Anesthetic and surgical techniques for the liver transplantation have progressed considerably over the past sixty years; however, this procedure is still fraught with substantial morbidity. To increase the safety culture associated with the liver transplantation, we detail nine error traps associated with anesthesia for pediatric liver transplantation. These potential pitfalls are divided into the operative phases: pre‐operative preparation (Failure to have a dedicated anesthesia team for pediatric liver transplantation); pre‐anhepatic (Failure to prepare for massive blood loss, Failure to monitor for coagulation abnormalities); anhepatic including reperfusion (Failure to prepare for clamping of the inferior vena cava, Failure to recognize metabolic changes, Failure to maintain homeostasis for reperfusion, Failure to prepare for Post‐reperfusion syndrome); and post‐anhepatic (Failure to optimize liver perfusion, Failure to maintain hemostatic balance). By offering practical advice on the preparation and treatment of these error traps, we aim to better prepare anesthesiologists to take care of pediatric patients undergoing the liver transplantation.
Supplemental intraoperative crystalloids for pediatric postoperative nausea and vomiting—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Puri Sunaakshi , Bandyopadhyay Anjishnujit , Ashok Vighnesh
Published: September 2022

Background

Postoperative nausea and/or vomiting is a relatively frequent occurrence after general anesthesia in pediatric patients. Supplemental perioperative crystalloid fluid administration has been shown to have a positive effect on the incidence of nausea and/or vomiting in adults undergoing surgery. The question arises whether supplemental intraoperative intravenous fluids in pediatric patients offers beneficial results with regards to pediatric postoperative nausea and/or vomiting.

Methods

Pubmed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched up to March 2022 to perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials involving patients ≤18 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia, with one group receiving conventional intraoperative fluids therapy and the other group receiving supplemental intraoperative fluid therapy, with intravenous crystalloids. The outcomes included incidence of postoperative vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, the need for rescue anti‐emetics, postoperative thirst, and adverse events attributed to supplemental intravenous fluid therapy. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported for the outcomes using a random or fixed effects model.

Results

Seven randomized controlled trials (864 patients) were included in the final analysis. Supplemental intraoperative crystalloids reduce postoperative vomiting (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.39–0.80; p = .001), postoperative nausea and vomiting (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37–0.74; p = .0003), postoperative thirst (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.13,0.34; p < .01), and the need for rescue anti‐emetics postoperatively (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49–0.74; p = .00001).

Conclusion

Supplemental intraoperative intravenous crystalloids significantly reduce several PONV outcomes in healthy children undergoing relatively simple and superficial surgeries under volatile agent‐based general anesthesia.
Compatibility levels between blood gas analysis and central laboratory hemoglobin and electrolyte tests in pediatric patients: A single‐center experience
Authors: Konuksever Dilek , Yucel Sevinc Puren , Bölük Oğuz , Kılıç Betül Orhan , Taşar Medine Ayşin
Published: September 2022

Introduction

We aimed to evaluate the interchangeability of sodium, potassium, hemoglobin, and hematocrit measurement between the blood gas analyzers and laboratory automatic analyzers results.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study. The results of 1927 paired samples analyzed simultaneously with the blood gas analyzer and the laboratory automatic analyzer were compared. The Bland–Altman and Cohen's kappa statistic detected the agreement between the two analyses.

Results

The limits of agreement (±1.96 standard deviation of the mean difference) were −11.1 to 20.3 for sodium, −1.9 to 0.5 for potassium, −16.1 to 12.9 for hematocrit, and −5.0 to 4.0 for hemoglobin. Agreement between the two analyses was not acceptable within the defined clinically acceptable limits. In addition, none of the kappa values were higher than 0.60, which highlights the lack of agreement between the two analyzers.

Conclusion

The blood gas analyzers and laboratory automatic analyzers results cannot be used interchangeably.
From Molecules to Perception: Philosophical Investigations of Smell
Authors: Barwich Ann‐Sophie , Smith Barry C.
Published: September 2022

Theories of perception have traditionally dismissed the sense of smell as a notoriously variable and highly subjective sense, mainly because it does not easily fit into accounts of perception based on visual experience. So far, philosophical questions about the objects of olfactory perception have started by considering the nature of olfactory experience. However, there is no philosophically neutral or agreed conception of olfactory experience: it all depends on what one thinks odors are. We examine the existing philosophical methodology for addressing our sense of smell: on the one hand appeals to phenomenology that focus on the experiential dimensions of odor perception and on the other approaches that look at odor sources and their material dimensions. We show that neither strategy provides enough information to account for the human sense of smell and argue that the inclusion of the missing dimension of biology, with its concern for the function (or functions) of olfaction, provides the means to develop a satisfactory and empirically informed philosophy of smell.
The drive to sustainability: A way in which local initiatives diffuse internationally
Authors: Ruiz‐Campillo Xira
Published: September 2022

This article examines how local initiatives can gain international visibility and recognition as well as how they can diffuse to other cities. It explores the leadership of the mayors of Bogotá, Stockholm, and Portland, but also how there were specific contexts that favored the transformations of these cities. The work uses Finnemore and Sikkink's norm “life cycle” and Gilardi's diffusion models to explain how local initiatives and policies were promoted using the C40 network as a platform to diffuse practices on climate action and sustainable development. The research undertaken points to a similar pattern through which local policies get international resonance: after initial leadership arises at the local level to promote local policies, international visibility is gained through the winning of awards and the promotion of such policies within the C40. Learning, emulation, and competition are identified as mechanisms through which diffusion occurs.

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