bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgE-Mediated Cardiac Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Levi Roberto , Zavecz James H. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: July 2009

To investigate the involvement of the heart in acute allergic reactions in a system immunologically analogous to that of humans, a model of cardiac anaphylaxis mediated by IgE antibodies was developed in the guinea pig. Hearts obtained from guinea pigs, passively sensitized with homologous antidinitrophenyl IgE antibodies, were perfused and challenged in vitro with antigen. Challenge resulted in sinus and ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular conduction block and substantial histamine release. The results demonstrate that IgE antibodies can sensitize the heart and that the severity of cardiac dysfunction, which follows challenge with specific antigen, directly correlates with the magnitude of histamine released. Since myocardial ischemia and similar arrhythmias occur during immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans, this experimental model will be helpful in the investigation of cardiac involvement in acute allergic reactions.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Hapten-Skin Protein Conjugates in Guinea Pigs Sensitized to Benzo(a)pyrene
Authors: Lewis Fred A. , Heise Eugene R. , Tulis Jerry J.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were sensitized to 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, by epicutaneous application or by footbad injection in Freund’s complete adjuvant. Conjugates of benzo(a)pyrene and guinea pig skin protein formed by ultraviolet radiation could elicit cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity and could inhibit the migration of macrophages obtained from guinea pigs sensitized to the carcinogen. Extracts of benzo(a)pyrene-treated guinea pig skin and conjugates formed in vitro with benzo(a)pyrene isocyanate were unable to consistently elicit delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo or in vitro. The results indicate a high degree of hapten-carrier specificity to contact sensitivity to benzo(a)pyrene.
Activation of Neutrophilic Granulocytes by Products of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Klostergaard J. , Lisafeld B.A. , Dunlap B. , Klein E. , Holtermann O.A.
Published: July 2009

Materials produced by stimulated primary cultures of human lymphocytes and by a continuous human lymphoid cell line, RPMI 1788, were tested for granulocyte phagocytosis promoting activity. Blood lymphocytes of healthy donors were stimulated with tuberculin (PPD) or concanavalin A (con A) and the culture fluids collected after 3 days of in vitro incubation. Fluids of the lymphoid cell line were collected from 2-day-old cultures. All three kinds of preparations were found to induce a significant increase in neutrophilic granulocyte phagocytic activity. Studies on the kinetics of granulocyte activation revealed that it is a relatively rapid process, being maximal within 60–120 min. This is in contrast to the considerably slower activation of monocytes in a comparable system. Intracutaneous inoculation of the active materials in human volunteers resulted in reactions that grossly and histologically resembled accelerated delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.
Cross-Reactivity between Grass and Corn Pollen Antigens
Authors: Kalveram K.-J. , Forck G.
Published: July 2009

Analogous reactions of grass and corn pollen extracts in skin tests on patients suffering from pollinosis might suggest an antigenic relationship between grass and corn pollens. This problem was studied using the RAST inhibition test. Tests were performed with cellulose discs labelled with commercial skin test extracts containing grass, rye, wheat, barley, oat and maize pollens. Different mutual inhibitions were measured showing various grades of antigenic relationship. Only grass pollen antigens could strongly inhibit all other antigen-antibody reactions. Thus, we suppose that the investigated grass pollen extract also contains all antigens typical of corn pollen. Therefore, exclusive use of this extract seems to be possible in diagnosis and perhaps therapy of combined grass and corn pollen allergy.
Enhancement of IgE Antibody Production in AKR Mice
Authors: Watanabe Naohiro , Ovary Zoltan
Published: July 2009

When dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) primed AKR mice were injected with dinitrophenylated Nippostrongylus brasiliensis extract (DNP-Nb), an enhancement of IgE antibody production was obtained by nematode parasite, N. brasiliensis, infection or by Nb antigen injection 2 weeks before DNP-Nb injection. A preferential enhancement of IgE production was observed in infected mice compared with Nb-injected mice. Anti-hapten IgE antibody response was suppressed in AKR mice after appropriate immunization. No suppression of IgE response was observed after whole body irradiation (180–540 R) at an early stage of immunization. High and persistent IgE response was observed in (AKR × DBA/1)F1 mice of both sexes, therefore, the suppressive effect on IgE response in AKR mice was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The similarity of IgE class specific suppression in AKR and SJL mice is discussed.
A New Assay for the Measurement of Mediator Release from Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Chasin Mark , Scott Cynthia , Shaw Charles , Persico Frank
Published: July 2009

In this report, we describe a new in vitro experimental system for monitoring the release, and inhibition of release, of [3H]-serotonin from rat peritoneal mast cells, which can be used as a novel screen for evaluation of compounds effective in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. This assay is an improvement on existing assays since the cells are not required to be exposed to hormones at any time during the procedure. In this assay, 1 μg/ml of compound 48/80 consistently produced a 6- to 8-fold-increase in release of serotonin with a low background release of 4–5%. Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG), a standard inhibitor of histamine release, effectively inhibited compound-48/80-stimulated serotonin release with an average I50 of 2.1 × 10––4M. Several other potential antiasthmatic agents were far more potent than DSCG.
Immunoregulatory Function of Specific IgG
Authors: Bernstein Leonard , Michael Gabriel , Malkiel Saul , Sweet Lawrence C. , Brackett Robert G.
Published: July 2009

Based upon previous clinical data suggesting that the potential therapeutic benefits of hyperimmune specific IgG could involve neutralization and regulatory effects, this cooperative study evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined active and passive immunotherapy in previously untreated ragweed-sensitive patients. Symptom scores and indices of patients receiving ragweed-specific globulin plus rush desensitization with ragweed extract were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), as compared to control patients treated with albumin and active rush immunotherapy. Postseasonal RAST levels were either unchanged or decreased in 28 of 33 patients receiving hyperimmune γ-globulin. These data were significantly different from those in albumin-treated patients (p < 0.002). The usual anamnestic rise of ragweed-specific IgE was modified without affecting the ongoing synthesis of ragweed specific IgG. Mild constitutional symptoms were observed in patients undergoing rush immunization, but the overall procedure was relatively well tolerated and no serious or treatment-refractory constitutional problems were encountered. This clinical trial suggests that ragweed immune γ-globulin might be a useful therapeutic adjunct when administered in close association with optimal amounts of allergen.
Cooperative Effects in Mitogen- and Antigen-Induced Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: van Oers M.H.J. , Pinkster J. , Zeijlemaker W.P.
Published: July 2009

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into T cell-enriched and T cell-depleted fractions by E rosette sedimentation. These two fractions, as well as the unseparated lymphocyte suspension, were tested for their responsiveness to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and to the antigens PPD (purified protein derivative of tuberculin) and tetanus toxoid. The response to PHA, ConA and the antigens was found to be confined to the purified T cell fraction; PWM could stimulate both purified T and non-T cells. However, the T cell response to ConA, PPD and tetanus toxoid was always decreased by 50–70%, when compared to the unseparated lymphocytes. Addition of monocytes could restore the T cell response. In the response to PHA and tetanus toxoid, the (primarily unresponsive) non-T cell fraction could be recruited into proliferation by γ-irradiated T cells. Moreover, in the response to tetanus toxoid, lymphocytes (T as well as non-T) from a nonimmune individual could be recruited into proliferation by γ-irradiated immune T cells.
Pregnancy-Associated α2-Glycoprotein in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kasukawa Reiji , Ohara Morihiro , Yoshida Hiroshi , Yoshida Takeo
Published: July 2009

Pregnancy-associated α2-glycoprotein (PAG) was found to be increased in sera and synovial fluids of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis tested in the single radial immunodiffusion. The PAG levels in rheumatoid sera correlated well with the activity of arthritis in the patients. The purified PAG inhibited clearly the 3H-thymidine uptake of normal lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and also the spontaneous attachment of sheep erythrocytes to normal lymphocytes. 17 of 19 rheumatoid plasmas inhibited the 3H-thymidine uptake of normal lymphocytes and intensity of their inhibitory effects correlated with serum PAG levels.
Humoral Immunoreactivity in Chronic Active Hepatitis: Relation to HLA Antigens
Authors: Lindberg Johan , Kaijser Bertil , Lindholm Annika , Hermodsson Svante , Iwarson Sten
Published: July 2009

43 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) exhibited significantly higher levels of antibodies against measles and polio type 2 und 3 when compared to 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. No significant differences were found for antibodies against polio type 1, rubella, herpes simplex, mumps virus, and tetanus. There was no correlation between antibody levels and the presence of HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12. The antibody response to vaccination with polio vaccine (killed) and tetanus toxoid was not higher in CAH patients carrying HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12 than in patients without these antigens. The results indicate that CAH is associated with an increased immunoreactivity, which is, however, not linked to HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12.
Effects of the Obese (ob/ob) Genotype on Spleen Cell Immune Function
Authors: Meade Christopher J. , Sheena Jinan , Mertin Jürgen
Published: July 2009

Spleen cells from mice homozygous for the obese (ob) mutation killed DBA/2 mastocytoma target cells less well than spleen cells from lean littermates or unrelated age- and sex-matched controls of the same strain. Killing was impaired only when the attacker cells were primed in vivo, not following in vitro priming. Hence the effect of the ob/ob genotype is not to produce an irreversible functional change in the lymphocyte, but rather to produce an environment in which lymphocytes are less able to react to priming antigen. Not only were the spleen cells of in vivo primed obese mice less active than those of lean controls, but also their number per spleen was significantly decreased. Such a quantitative difference was no longer found in adrenalectomised animals, but the qualitative difference in spleen cell cytotoxic activity still occurred. This suggests that adrenocortical hyperfunction may affect immune function in obese mice, without necessarily being the only factor in the in vivo environment of obese mouse spleen cells capable of depressing cellular immune reactivity.
Detection of Immune Complexes on the Surface of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Authors: Camussi Giovanni , Tetta Ciro , Cappio Federico Caligaris
Published: July 2009

A simple immunohistological test has been developed to detect and to quantitate the presence of immune complexes (IC) on the surface of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). The interaction between IC and PMN has been evaluated in several human IC diseases. High amounts of immunoglobulins (Ig) and C3 were detected on the PMN surface from these patients. The deposits of Ig and C3 were inversely related to the percentage of membrane-free receptors for Fc and C3.
Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Cyclic AMP on Lymphocytes from Atopic Children
Authors: Strannegård I.-L. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

The effect of cholera toxin and dibutyryl cAMP on mitogen-activated lymphocytes from atopic and non-atopic individuals was studied. Cholera toxin enhanced stimulation by phytohemagglutinin of cells from small children but not from adults. Dibutyryl cAMP at low concentration (< 10––5M) significantly enhanced the lymphocyte response to mitogens in some, but not all individuals. High concentrations, on the other hand, were consistently inhibitory. In atopic children, the lymphocyte response to T cell mitogen was significantly less stimulated by cholera toxin, and more inhibited by dibutyryl cAMP than the response of cells from non-atopic matched controls. Thus, T cells from atopic individuals appear to have an altered sensitivity to the action of cAMP, possibly resulting in an impaired balance between helper and suppressor T cells. The hypothesis is advanced, that such an altered balance is causally related to hyperproduction of IgE resulting in atopic disease.
On the Latency Period of Sensitization: Inhibition of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis by a Factor in Normal Rat Serum
Authors: König Wolfgang , Henn Horst-Wolfram
Published: July 2009

Addition of normal rat serum to mouse or rat IgE antibody blocks the passive cutaneous sensitization of rats with either IgE. The inhibition can be obtained with isologous and autologous rat serum. The blocking factor was purified and characterized as a molecule with a MW of 69 000 daltons, a sedimentation rate of 4.5 s and an isoelectric point of pH 4.7. The factor blocks the PCA reaction also at previously sensitized skin sites and seems to act on the secretory phase of mediator release.
Regulation of Lymphocyte Activation by Serum Factors
Authors: Smith Edvard , Hammarström Lennart
Published: July 2009

The effect of autologous normal mouse serum on activating properties of the polyclonal B cell activators lipopolysaccharide and purified protein derivative was studied. ‘Low’ concentrations (0.1–1%) were found to be slightly stimulatory, whereas ‘high’ concentrations (≥ 10%) were clearly inhibitory both for the induction of plaque-forming cells and for the DNA synthetic response. Similar effects were recorded in unstimulated cultures, Absorption of normal mouse serum with the erythrocytes used as target cells in the plaque assay resulted in less suppression or sometimes even in enhanced responses.
Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Levamisole
Authors: Turk J.L. , Parker Darien
Published: July 2009

Levamisole, an anti-helminthic drug used also as an immunostimulating agent, has been found to be a potent skin sensitizer in experimental animal models. Sensitization is associated with marked T-lymphocyte proliferation in the draining lymph node. It is suggested that immunostimulation through increase in the T-lymphocyte population could be a function of the strong sensitization induced by this compound.
Association of (Pro)renin Receptor mRNA Expression with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme mRNA Expression in Human Artery
Authors: Takemitsu Tomoko , Ichihara Atsuhiro , Kaneshiro Yuki , Sakoda Mariyo , Kurauchi-Mito Asako , Narita Tatsuya , Kinouchi Kenichiro , Yamashita Norimasa , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: A significant role of (pro)renin receptor in the pathogenesis of end-organ damage has been suggested only in animal studies. This study was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of (pro)renin receptor in human artery. Methods: In 141 kidney failure patients, the mRNA was harvested from arterial fragments obtained during surgery constructing an arteriovenous access for hemodialysis therapy, and expression levels of (pro)renin receptor and other components of the renin-angiotensin system were determined. Results: Arterial (pro)renin receptor expression was similar in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, although plasma prorenin levels were significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic patients. The arterial (pro)renin receptor mRNA levels of the hypertensive patients, who had not been treated with either angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, were significantly lower than those of the patients who had been treated with either drug. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant association with a large coefficient between the arterial mRNA level of the (pro)renin receptor and the arterial mRNA level of ACE; this significant association disappeared in patients who had been treated with either drug. Conclusion: (Pro)renin receptor may contribute to the generation of arterial angiotensin II in kidney failure patients.
Complement Components and Complement Activation in Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Sjöholm Anders G.
Published: July 2009

Serial samples from 40 patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) were studied. Early in the disease, all patients showed decreased C3, and C5 and/or properdin values were low in 91%. The concentrations of C1q, C1s, C2, C4 and factor B were largely normal or increased. Concluding from determinations of C-reactive protein, orosomucoid and α1-antitrypsin, complement component levels were influenced by an acute-phase reaction related to infection preceding AGN. Increased amounts in serum of α2-complexes composed of C1r, C1s and C1 inactivator proteins in 83% and moderately reduced C2 in 23% of the patients gave evidence of classical pathway activation during the early phase of AGN. Early in the disease, C3-cleaving activity in serum was found in 72%. The activity was heat-labile and produced C3 cleavage in serum chelated with Mg++ EGTA and in some cases also in the presence of EDTA. The findings suggested that complement activation early in AGN proceeds mainly by an alternative pathway mechanism. In 2 patients, activation of the classical pathway occurred fairly late in the disease and was then associated with the transient appearance of heat-stable C3-cleaving activity in serum. Serial measurements of C1q-binding substances were not clearly informative as to the role of circulating immune complexes in AGN.
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity to Allogeneic Cells in Mice
Authors: Smith Frances , Miller J.F.A.P.
Published: July 2009

Mice were sensitized to allogeneic cells under defined conditions, and their response to antigen deposition in the ear was measured by the influx of radioisotope-labeled cells. The delayed onset, T cell dependency and histology of the ear reaction were characteristic of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Positive responses were obtained in a strain combination unable to elicit a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), in B-Ly mice incapable of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation and in allogeneic combinations challenged with noncellular material. This suggests that MLR and CTL cannot, on their own, account for the response. Hence the ear reaction can best be explained in terms of DTH.
In vitro Histamine and Serotonin Release Studies in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Ring Johannes , O’Connor Richard
Published: July 2009

6 patients suffering from severe atopic dermatitis with high serum IgE were investigated. 3 of the patients had elevated plasma histamine levels (1.5–2.0 ng/ml). Compared to 9 nonatopic normal volunteers, the patient showed increased in vitro histamine release from peripheral leukocytes after stimulation with iothalamate and methacholine: while there was no significant histamine release at a methacholine concentration of 10––4M in normals, 4 of the patients with atopic dermatitis showed measurable histamine release under these conditions in vitro. The uptake of radiolabeled serotonin by platelets in vitro was decreased in 2 of the patients. There was no significant difference in serotonin release induced in vitro by different concentrations of thrombin, epinephrine and methacholine; 2 patients showed an increased platelet release reaction after iodipamide stimulation. It is concluded that a general tendency to release vasoactive mediators, even after ‘nonimmunologic’ stimulation, might play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
Relation between Total Serum IgE Levels and IgE Antibody Production in Rats
Authors: Pauwels R. , Bazin H. , Platteau B. , Van Der Straeten M.
Published: July 2009

Five different rat strains were immunized with 100 μg ovalbumin and 1 mg Al (OH)3. A good correlation was found between the total serum IgE level of a rat strain before immunization and the IgE antibody production. Good IgE antibody-producing strains had high total serum IgE levels and vice versa. A discordance between the evolution of the total serum IgE level after immunization and the changes in IgE antibody level was found in all strains.
Skin Manifestations and Serum IgE Levels in Levamisole-Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Hodinka L. , Merétey Katalin , Bozsóky S.
Published: July 2009

Skin manifestations may occur as adverse effects of immunostimulant therapy with Levamisole. They are generally regarded as drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Our observations revealed that, in Levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients, urticaria was accompanied by an elevation of serum IgE, but other types of skin reactions were not. Moreover, elevation of IgE occurred without any skin reactions in some cases. It is suggested that Levamisole – stimulating T lymphocytes – may also stimulate IgE-mediated atopic responses.
Chemotaxis Inhibition Induced in Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils by Soluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Leung-Tack J. , Maillard J. , Voisin G.A.
Published: July 2009

Complement-independent chemotactic factor(s) may be generated in fresh guinea pig serum by contact with soluble Ab1Ag1 immune complexes. This activated serum is equally efficient in inducing an unresponsive state in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to subsequent chemotaxis challenge with sera containing C-dependent or C-independent chemotactic factors. The unresponsiveness persists long after the removal of serum. Reagents which are inactive on complement but which prevent the generation of C-independent chemotactic factors in fresh serum (diisopropyl fluorophosphate, synthetic esters, kaolin) inhibit both the induction of PMN chemotaxis and the PMN deactivation. Conversely, serum from a guinea pig decomplemented in vivo retains its ability to generate C-independent factors active in PMN attraction and desensitization. The opposition of two pathways for the production of chemotactic factors in serum, one depending on complement, the other on the contact system of coagulation, is again emphasized. A different procedure for inducing unresponsiveness in PMN with soluble complexes in the absence of serum is also presented here
Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoretic Studies of Distinct Allergens in Two Extracts of Cladosporium herbarum
Authors: Aukrust L.
Published: July 2009

Cladosporium herbarum was supplied from two sources and extracted identically. Antisera against the extracts were produced in rabbits and two reference patterns were established using crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Both patterns showed more than 60 precipitates but less than 50% of the detectable antigens appeared to be identical in the two extracts. The allergens were identified by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 35 individuals with proven or suspected allergy to C. herbarum. Four important and 10–20 less important allergens were demonstrated. Among the allergens present, there were none reacting with all patient sera. Only 1 out of 3 rabbits immunized with a suspension of broken cells of C. herbarum showed precipitating antibodies to the statistically most important allergen, while 9 rabbits immunized with aqueous extracts of the mold did not. The composition of the two extracts with respect to allergens differed. Allergens present in one extract were not always detectable in the other. The experiments also showed how CIE/CRIE with various combinations of antigens and antisera may be combined with CRIE inhibition, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and RAST inhibition for comparing complex allergen extracts at the molecular level.
Human T Cell Receptors for Monkey Erythrocytes
Authors: Hazra P.K. , Sehgal S. , Naik S. , Aikat B.K.
Published: July 2009

To test the specificity of T cell receptors, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and erythrocytes of sheep were mixed in four different combinations to observe the rosette formation. During the study, a major proportion of human T cells formed spontaneous rosettes with the erythrocytes of rhesus monkey. A small number of monkey lymphocytes formed rosettes with human group 0 Rh-negative cells while T cells both of man and rhesus monkey formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells.
Adjuvant for IgE Antibody and Islet-Activating Protein in Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Mizushima Y. , Mori M. , Ogita T. , Nakamura T.
Published: July 2009

A new purified protein, with a molecular weight of 77,000, isolated from the supernatant of Bordetella pertussis culture fluid and called islet-activating protein (IAP), had adjuvant activity for IgE antibody in addition to leukocytosis-promoting, histamine-sensitizing and islet-activating activities. None of the three subunits (F1, F2 and F3) was biologically active by itself. All of the four activities were recovered in the complexes of subunits F1.3 and F2.3. These results suggest that the activities are brought about by a common factor inherent in B. pertussis.
Similarity of Casein- and Endotoxin-Induced, Myeloma-Associated and Aged SJL/J Amyloid in Various Strains of Mice
Authors: Baumal Reuben
Published: July 2009

Amyloidosis was induced in a number of strains of mice by repeated injections of casein and endotoxin. Spontaneous amyloid was obtained from Balb/C mice bearing a myeloma tumor (IgG2a producing MOPC 173 tumor) and from aged SJL/J mice. Both the induced and spontaneous forms were similar in their size, immunological reactivity, peptide maps and in the susceptibility of histological sections to oxidizing agents with or without trypsin digestion. Since casein-induced murine amyloid resembles the nonimmunoglobulin from of human amyloid, it is concluded that an immunoglobulin form in mice has yet to be characterized.
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity to Bovine Serum Albumin and to Lipid-Conjugated Bovine Serum Albumin in Mice
Authors: Drach G. , Chen-Marotel J.
Published: July 2009

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and to lipid-conjugated BSA were studied comparatively. Unlike the case of BSA with which no DTH can be detected with native antigen, injection of butyric-conjugated BSA (Bu-BSA) in sensitized mice provokes a typical DTH for an early and limited period. Alum-precipitated Bu-BSA (Al-Bu-BSA) provokes from the beginning a stronger DTH which persists a much longer period.
Antigen-Induced Release of Histamine from Passively Sensitized Guinea Pig Lung Slices
Authors: Khandwala Atul , Damiani Paul , Weinryb Ira
Published: July 2009

The effect of several parameters (pH, Ca++ concentration, time, temperature, lung slice size) on in vitro antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices was investigated. With respect to pH, Ca++ concentration and time, the optimal conditions for the passive sensitization step (pH 7.8, Ca++ 1.5 mM, 2 h) were distinctly different from those for the antigen challenge step (pH 8.2, Ca++ 10 mM, 15 min). Maximum antigen-induced release was obtained with 3 × 0.25 × 0.25 mm lung slices at 37 °C using air as gas phase.
Suppressed Lymphoblastic Response to Myelin Basic Protein of Lymphocytes from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Wicher Victoria , Olszewski Walter , Milgrom Felix
Published: July 2009

A group of 37 patients with nonactive multiple sclerosis and 20 healthy individuals (HI) were examined by the standard lymphocyte transformation test for their blastogenic response to a wide range of concentrations of human myelin basic protein (BP), purified protein derivative of tubercle bacilli and phytohemagglutinin. The group with multiple sclerosis (MS) showed a lower blastogenic response than the group of HI. The suppressed response was dose dependent; the highest suppressor activity was found at a BP concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, lower suppression was noted at a BP concentration of 50 μg/ml and no suppression could be detected when 5 × 10––7μg of BP/ml was employed. The suppressed response was confirmed using a two-stage procedure based on the concanavalin-A (Con-A) stimulation of the BP-pretreated lymphocytes. In the second-stage cultures, Con-A seemed to induce a clonal expansion of the BP-activated cells. The degree of blastogenic response could be similarly detected with a wide range of concentrations of Con-A. Phytohemagglutinin was not as effective as Con-A in detecting the BP-induced activity. Cultured lymphocytes were as good responders to the BP-induced activity as fresh autologous lymphocytes. The results of comparative studies using both procedures and their effectiveness in detecting the cellular response to BP are discussed.
Adjuvant Properties of Retinol on IgE Production in Mice
Authors: Bryant Robert L. , Barnett John B.
Published: July 2009

Mice treated with varying doses of retinol in Tween 80 showed no primary IgE response to ovalbumin in saline; however, reimmunization with ovalbumin in saline produced high IgE titers. Retinol-treated mice immunized with ovalbumin absorbed to Al(OH)3 also showed no primary IgE response, but high secondary responses. Significantly, animals treated with Tween 80 only prior to immunization with ovalbumin adsorbed to Al(OH)3 also demonstrated no primary IgE response, indicating that Tween 80 inhibited the primary IgE response.
Occurrence of Specific Antibodies of the IgA Class in the Bile of Rats
Authors: Hall Joe , Orlans Eva , Reynolds John , Dean Chris , Peppard Jane , Gyure Laszlo , Hobbs Stephen
Published: July 2009

In pooled bile, obtained by cannulating the common bile duct of normal rats, the immunoglobulins were mainly of the IgA class but the total immunoglobulin concentration was 20 times less than in the blood. Paired samples of blood serum and bile were collected from rats at various times after antigens had been injected into the Peyer’s patches, the spleen, or the subcuticulum. Between 5 and 10 days after killed bacteria had been injected into the Peyer’s patches, specific agglutinins appeared in the bile in titres that often were as high as those in the blood, and much higher than those in the bile of rats that had been immunized by other routes. By using specifically purified, radiolabelled antiglobulin reagents it was shown that the antibodies in the bile were mainly of the IgA class, whilst those in the blood were of the IgG and IgM classes. A similar distribution of antibody isotypes was found after allogeneic white cells had been injected. Substantial amounts of alloantibodies of the IgA class were found in the bile but not in the blood; in addition, the bile contained significant amounts of antibody associated with IgM. Thus, by injecting antigens into Peyer’s patches and collecting the bile it is easy to obtain specific, secretory antibodies in the amounts needed for the investigation of their functions in vitro and in vivo.
In vitro Production of IgE and IgG by Sensitized Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Ureña Victoria , Garcia Rosa , Vela Carmen , Ortiz Fernando , Lahoz Carlos
Published: July 2009

Antigenic stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes was made in two different groups of atopic patients, testing their capabilities to produce IgE and IgG in vitro. For this purpose, Marbrook’s technique was used in the cultures. The immunoglobulins produced were measured in the supernatants by a sensitive double-antibody method. Results demonstrate that it is possible to produce enough IgE and IgG to be detected. Some important parameters had to be considered: appropriate selection of the patients and the antigens used in the antigenic stimulation, as well as the number of cells and the duration of the culture.
Effects of Theophylline on Capillary Tube Leucocyte Migration
Authors: Stevenson R.D. , Gray Aileen C. , Lucie N.P.
Published: July 2009

Theophylline stimulates the capillary tube migration of human peripheral blood mixed leucocytes. Minor stimulation of polymorph migration is produced directly by theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but polymorph migration is markedly stimulated by mononuclear leucocyte culture supernatants to which theophylline has been added. These results suggest that polymorph migration is stimulated when intracellular cyclic AMP increases, and that mononuclear leucocytes produce a potential migration stimulator whose activity is enhanced by theophylline.
Immunodiffusion Studies of Ribosomes in Classification of Mycobacteria and Related Taxa
Authors: Ridell M. , Baker R. , Lind A. , Ouchterlony Ö.
Published: July 2009

Ribosomal preparations consisting of crude ribosomes (CR), 30S subunits (30S) and 16S core particles (16S) from four strains of the species Mycobacteríum bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobaclerium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis were analyzed by immunodiffusion technique for taxonomical purposes. The ribosomal preparations tested contained several interspecies cross-reacting precipitinogens. The number of precipitinogens demonstrated at the homologous reactions was generally larger than the number of precipitinogens shown at the heterologous reactions indicating a probable presence of species-specific antigens in ribosomes. The largest number of possible species-specific precipitinogens was demonstrated when crude ribosomal preparations were studied. However, such precipitinogens were also shown in the 30S subunits and they were individually analyzed. The 16S core particles were dominated by cross-reacting precipitinogens. The number of ribosomal precipitinogens shared by M. phlei and M. smegmatis was large indicating a close taxonomical relationship between these two species. Apart from the four mycobacterial strains studied, 15 other strains representing the genera Mycobacterium, Arthrobacterium, Corynebacterium, Kurthia, Nocardia and Rhodococcus were included in the study. The presence of intergenerically cross-reacting precipitinogens in the ribosomal preparations was demonstrated.
The Lymphocyte Surface
Authors: Donner M. , Mehrishi J.N.
Published: July 2009

Differences in the electrokinetic properties of thymocytes from A.CA (H-2f) and A.SW (H-2S) mice were observed, the anodic electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of H-2S cells being (9–14%) higher than that of H-2f cells. The age, sex of the animals and the proportion of hydrocortisone-resistant cells in the thymus did not appear to have any influence on this observation. Studies on thymocytes from F1 hybrid and backcross mice provided the convincing evidence that the differences in the EPMs of H-2f and H-2S cells are under genetic control. The EPM of H-2f/H-2s heterozygous cells was similar to the EPM of homozygous H-2f cells. The differences in the EPMs of the H-2f and H-2S thymocytes depend upon the striking differences in their surface topochemistry. Compared to the H-2S thymocyte cell periphery, the H-2f cells have a substantially higher number (330%) of cationogenic amino groups but only a smaller number (30%) of anionogenic groups (α-carboxyl groups of N-acetylneuraminic acid and phosphate groups susceptible to alkaline phosphatase). The presence of SH groups on the surface of both H-2f and H-2S thymocytes was not detectable. It is suggested that the difference in the cell surface topochemistry of thymocytes from the mice investigated is perhaps related to different amounts and/or types of surface membrane molecules under the control of the major histocompatibility complex.
Loss of Lymphocyte Chalone Activity in Mice with Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Attallah A.M. , Steinberg A.D. , Ahmed A. , Sell K.W.
Published: July 2009

Lymphocyte chalone from the spleens of old BALB/c, young BALB/c and young NZB mice caused significant suppression of the proliferative response of BALB/c and NZB spleen cells to T and B mitogens, whereas lymphocyte chalone from old NZB spleen did not suppress. Lymphocyte chalone from young and old NZB mice was tested using different ages of NZB/NZW responding spleen cells; at all ages concanavalin A- and lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation was suppressed less by the chalone from old NZB mice than from that of young NZB mice. The responding NZB/NZW cells were suppressed equivalently at all ages studied. The basis for the loss of lymphocyte chalone activity in old NZB mice remains unknown; however, it appears likely that this event has a role in the disturbance of the negative feedback control system which contributes to NZB autoimmune disease.
Studies on Competitive Inflammatory Sites
Authors: Manski W. , Farris R.L. , Hofeldt A.J.
Published: July 2009

Second-set corneal graft responses to the major B2 histocompatibility antigen were induced in groups of Fisher and Delafield rats sensitized by primary allogeneic skin implants or by primary eccentric corneal grafts. These responses were used as controls for groups of similarly sensitized animals in which competitive inflammatory sites were formed 1 day or 1 week after corneal grafting by additional allogeneic or xenogeneic skin implants. The effectiveness of such additional skin implants at least thirty times the size of corneal grafts in depressing second-set corneal graft reactions was measured by the increase in the relative number of grafted corneas which remained clear as well as the decrease in the relative number of corneas with severe reactions. Both allo- and xenogeneic skin implants were found to decrease the frequency and severity of second-set corneal reactions. This decrease may be related to a stronger attraction of committed and noncommitted lymphocytes to the larger and more accessible skin implants than to corneal grafts. The lack of a statistically significant difference between the effectiveness of allogeneic and xenogeneic skin implants in depressing corneal graft reaction indicates that committed lymphocytes play a relatively minor role in the development of corneal graft reaction initiated by them.
L-Alanine – an Essential Amino Acid for Growth of Lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Nordlind K. , Ernström U. , Mutt V.
Published: July 2009

A factor in ultraftitrated (UM 10) extracts of calf thymus, liver and spleen stimulated the uptake of 3H-thymidine in DNA of cultured lymphocytes. The factor was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel chromatography and identified as alanine, which is lacking in the culture medium, RPMI 1640. An optimal amount of L-alanine increased the uptake of 3H-thymidine in DNA of lymphocytes from different species by about 100%. L-alanine should be regarded as a growth factor for lymphocytes in vitro and should be added to RPMI 1640, when this tissue culture medium is used for lymphocytes.
Preferential Synthesis of IgE Reaginic Antibodies in Rats Immunized with Alum-Adsorbed Antigens
Authors: Vijay H.M. , Lavergne G. , Huang H. , Bernstein I.L.
Published: July 2009

The reaginic antibody response to alum-precipitated ovalbumin (OA) and the dialyzed water-soluble extracts of ragweed (DWSR) and Alternaria tenuis (DWST) in several strains of rats appeared to be wholly an IgE response. There was no evidence of a heat-stable (IgGa) antibody to OA, DWSR and DWST in the sera of the rats immunized with these antigens suspended in alum. Wistar-Furth and Lew inbred and hooded outbred rats produced comparable amounts of reaginic antibody after immunization with DWST, but BN inbred rats failed to generate a reaginic response to this antigen. The amount of antigen-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells did not always correlate with the level of circulating IgE-specific antibody.
An Investigation of the Experimental Induction of Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig by Material Containing Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt from Arc Welding Fumes
Authors: Hicks R. , Hewitt P.J. , Lam H.F.
Published: July 2009

Sensitization of guinea pigs by chromium, cobalt and nickel was compared by four methods. The most effective was the maximization test of Magnusson and Kligman. Sensitizing properties of particles from fumes of either manual metal arc (MMA) or metal inert gas welding were demonstrated. Potent sensitization was attributed to chromium.
Lymphocyte Migratory Pathways in Adjuvant Disease
Authors: Kelly R.H. , Harvey Susan
Published: July 2009

Evidence for enhanced extravasation of thoracic duct lymph-borne immunoblasts within joints of rats during the onset of adjuvant disease was sought by adoptive transfer of cells radiolabeled with (125I)-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Migratory behavior of cells from normal or adjuvant disease donors, during both inductive and overt stages of the disease process, was contrasted in normal and adjuvant disease recipients. The results provided no evidence to indicate enhanced joint-seeking properties of lymph-borne immunoblasts obtained from adjuvant disease donors, either during the period preceding overt joint involvement or during the phase of chronic inflammation. The ability of lymph-borne cells to passively transfer the disease thus appears more likely due to systemic actions of these cells, mediators produced by them, or concomitantly passaged antigen upon patterns of inflammatory cell mobilization and/or vascular endothelial cell activation.
Immunosuppression in Experimental African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Assoku Reginald K.G. , Hazlett C.A. , Tizard Ian
Published: July 2009

Changes in antibody responses in adult mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense and subsequently challenged with unrelated antigens (sheep red blood cells and pneumococcal polysaccharide) were studied. Immune responses were significantly depressed within 1 week of infection, and complete suppression of both IgM and IgG responses to both types of antigen was established 15 days after immunization. Coincidentally with the development of high parasitaemias, background IgM plaque-forming cell responses to sheep red cell antigen significantly increased in non-immunized T. congolense-infected animals. Autolysates of T. congolense and chloroform-soluble extracts of the autolyzed trypanosome were found to be mitogenic in vitro for the spleen cells of normal mice. Fractionation of these extracts by thin-layer chromatography indicated that the mitogenic activity migrated with the free fatty acids. Substitution of the relevant saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids in the autolyzed trypanosome extracts with commercial pure fatty acids in the mouse spleen cultures indicated that the mitogenicity was due to palmitic and stearic acids. It is suggested that the general immunosuppressing effect of trypanosomes may be attributed, at least in part, to the polyclonal activation, and subsequent depletion and/or clonal exhaustion of B-cells as a result of blastogenic stimulus from the parasites. This may operate, at least in part, through the generation of B-cell mitogenic saturated fatty acids.
Cellular Cooperation in Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Kasahara Tadashi , Kin Kohjin , Itoh Yoshihisa , Kawai Tadashi , Kano Yasuhiko , Shioiri-Nakano Kohei
Published: July 2009

T and B cells were purified from human tonsil and peripheral blood by the removal of phagocytic cells, followed by filtration through a nylon fiber column (NC) and E-rosette formation. Purified T and B cells contained less than 1% of other cell types. The responses of T cells to concanavalin A (Con A) and soluble protein A were greatly enhanced in the presence of autologous B cells. Participation of B cells in T-cell enhancement was confirmed by the following observations: (a) purified B cells contained virtually no phagocytic cells, and even the nonadherent B-cell population, which was separated further from adherent B cells, retained its enhancing activity, (b) Another adherent cell-free B-cell preparation, which was purified from the NC-passed fraction, and (c) no T lymphoid but some B lymphoid cell lines, elicited strong T-cell enhancement. It was also found that the enhancing capacity of B cells required no metabolic activity, but rather an intact cell form and direct cell-to-cell contact with responding cells. The stimulatory determinants on B cells were resistant to trypsin and neuraminidase treatment. In this paper a hypothesis will be presented that at least two signals are prerequisite for the effective activation of T cells.
Immunoglobulin E, Mast Cells, and Eosinophils in the Skin of Rhesus Monkeys Immunized with X-Irradiated Cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum
Authors: Li Hsü S.Y. , Hsü H.F. , Penick G.D. , Hanson H.O. , Schiller H.J. , Cheng H.F.
Published: July 2009

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cells, and eosinophils in the skin of rhesus monkeys immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were studied. IgE was stained by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method and was found on mast cells. Before challenge, mast cells were found only in the dermis. Immediately after challenge, mast cells were found both in the dermis and epidermis and many of them were degranulated. Soon after, margination and emigration of granulocytes, predominantly eosinophils, occurred along the blood capillaries in the dermis. Gradually, perivascular infiltration of eosinophils was seen in the dermis and migration of eosinophils from the dermis into the epidermis appeared, resulting in the formation of minute eosinophilic abscesses in the epidermis. In addition, the IgE was found as a thin coat on the integument of the schistosomula. Deteriorated schistosomula were seen amid the eosinophilic abscesses in the epidermis and in eosinophilic infiltrations in the dermis. The present findings suggest the possibility that the reactions of IgE, mast cells, and eosinophils were integrated into one immunological effect, namely the schistosomulicidal action.
Inhibition of Rat Mast Cell Degranulation and Histamine Release by Histamine-Rat Gammaglobulin Conjugate
Authors: Ishikawa Takeru , Shimada Tetsuo , Kessoku Nobuko , Kiyoi Masayoshi
Published: July 2009

Histamin-rat γ-globulin conjugate inhibited degranulation and histamine release of rat peritoneal mast cells to a greater extent than the rat globulin or histamine alone. Since mast cells contain histamine receptors, it may be assumed that the histamine bound to the γ-globulin combines with the rat mast cell histamine receptor and inhibits the degranulation and histamine release by a feedback mechanism.
Purification of Two Types of Sea-Squirt Antigens
Authors: Oka Satoru , Suzuki Hidenori , Jyo Toshihiko , Tsuji Moriyasu
Published: July 2009

Under monitoring the antigenic activity by radioimmunoassay (RIA), one of the major sea-squirt antigens was isolated by gel chromatography after treatment of the extract from internal organs of sea-squirt with QAE-Sephadex. This antigen was fairly homogeneous as judged from its elution profile in chromatography on a column of Ultrogel AcA 44 with respect not only of the antigenic activity but also to UV absorption. Furthermore, the antigen inhibited the binding of the 125I-labeled tracer antigen to rabbit anti-sea-squirt antibody in a similar mode to the case of Ei-2, one of the sea-squirt antigens previously prepared, but its specific activity was as high as 2.33 times that of Ei-2. Accordingly, this isolated antigen was corresponded to the major antigenic substance in Ei-2 and referred to as Ei-M. In addition, the other antigen of Gi-x was also isolated by chromatography on a column of Sepharose 6B as the major antigenic substance in Gi-2, the other one of the previous antigens. Gi-x was apparently different from Ei-M in the mode of inhibition of the binding of the tracer antigen to the antibody, although its antigenic activity against the asthmatic patients in vivo was as high as that of Ei-M. Thus, it was considered that sea-squirt contained at least two types of antigens of Ei-M and Gi-x.