bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democracy and Education: Reconstruction of and through Education
Authors: Campbell James
Published: April 2016

While focusing on Democracy and Education, James Campbell attempts in this essay to offer a synthesis of the full range of John Dewey's educational thought. Campbell explores in particular Dewey's understanding of the relationship between democracy and education by considering both his ideas on the reconstruction of education and on the role of education in broader social reconstruction. Throughout his philosophical work, Campbell concludes, Dewey offers us a vision of a society self‐consciously striving to enable its members to live fully educative lives.
Deweyan Democratic Agency and School Math: Beyond Constructivism and Critique
Authors: Stemhagen Kurt
Published: April 2016

In this article, Kurt Stemhagen reconstructs mathematics education in light of Dewey's democratic theory and his ideas about mathematics and mathematics education. The resulting democratic philosophy and pedagogy of mathematics education emphasizes agency and the connections between mathematics and students' social experiences. Stemhagen considers questions about the disconnect between constructivist reformers and critical mathematics educators, and he positions Dewey's ideas as a way to draw on the best of both to create an active and more democratic school math experience.
Density‐dependent prophylaxis in primary anti‐parasite barriers in the velvetbean caterpillar
Authors: SILVA FARLEY W. S. , SERRÃO JOSÉ E. , ELLIOT SIMON L.
Published: April 2016

1. Organisms rely on a set of primary barriers to prevent invasion by parasites, and secondary defences to fight parasites that breach the primary barriers. However, maintaining these defences to be active and effective is costly. Thus, hosts increase investment in anti‐parasite defences under situations of high risk of infection and reduce defences when the risk is reduced (the ‘Density‐DependentProphylaxis’ hypothesis).

2. In the present study, it was tested whether the midgut primary defences of the velvetbean caterpillarAnticarsia gemmatalisHübner present density‐dependent plasticity, and also whether these defences could be induced by a viral pathogenic challenge. The aim was to examine whether morphometry and the structure of the midgut and peritrophic matrix (PM) change in accordance with colour transition in caterpillars, and whether such changes may provide the caterpillars a more protective barrier against invasion byAnticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus(AgMNPV).

3. It was found thatPMand the midgut epithelium of the velvetbean caterpillar change plastically according to phenotype, itself a response to changes in population density. Caterpillars reared at high densities (black phenotype) had a considerably thicker midgut epithelia and peritrophic matrices than those reared individually (green phenotype), and there was also more chitin in thePMof the former.

4. This was interpreted as the first demonstration of increased investment in primary, barrier, defences against parasites, in response to increased conspecific density and an increased risk of infection. The possibility that this arises as a positive result of pleiotropy is discussed further, wherein the biochemical pathways responsible for the up‐regulation of the immune system are also involved in midgut properties.
No Evidence for Audience Effects in Reciprocal Cooperation of Norway Rats
Authors: Schweinfurth Manon K. , Taborsky Michael
Published: April 2016

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cooperate according to indirect reciprocity, which implies the involvement of a reputation mechanism. Here, we test whether the rats employ such mechanism in repeated cooperative interactions. Focal subjects were first trained individually to pull food towards a social partner. During the experiment, the focal rats were confronted with two types of trained social partners: one always cooperated and the other one always defected, either in the presence or in the absence of an audience. Based on the hypotheses that the rats possess a reputation mechanism involving image scoring, we predicted them to be more helpful in the presence of an audience, independently of the partner's cooperative behaviour. If, in contrast, reputation involved a standing strategy, we predicted the rats to distinguish more between cooperators and defectors in the presence of an audience than in its absence. The rats helped cooperative partners more than defectors, but against both predictions the presence or absence of an audience did not influence their helping propensity. This indicates that either reputation is not included in the decision of rats to help an individual that has helped others, or that reputation is neither involving image scoring nor a standing strategy. Although the rats have been shown to modulate their decision to help a social partner based on its helpful behaviour towards others, they do not seem to adjust their behaviour strategically to the presence of an audience.
Genetic consequences of selection cutting on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall)
Authors: Graignic Noémie , Tremblay Francine , Bergeron Yves
Published: April 2016

Selection cutting is a treatment that emulates tree‐by‐tree replacement for forests with uneven‐age structures. It creates small openings in large areas and often generates a more homogenous forest structure (fewer large leaving trees and defective trees) that differs from old‐growth forest. In this study, we evaluated whether this type of harvesting has an impact on genetic diversity of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). Genetic diversity among seedlings, saplings, and mature trees was compared between selection cut and old‐growth forest stands in Québec, Canada. We found higher observed heterozygosity and a lower inbreeding coefficient in mature trees than in younger regeneration cohorts of both forest types. We detected a recent bottleneck in all stands undergoing selection cutting. Other genetic indices of diversity (allelic richness, observed and expected heterozygosity, and rare alleles) were similar between forest types. We concluded that the effect of selection cutting on the genetic diversity of sugar maple was recent and no evidence of genetic erosion was detectable in Québec stands after one harvest. However, the cumulative effect of recurring applications of selection cutting in bottlenecked stands could lead to fixation of deleterious alleles, and this highlights the need for adopting better forest management practices.
Small intestinal biopsy and resection in standing sedated horses
Authors: Coomer R. , McKane S. , Roberts V. , Gorvy D. , Mair T.
Published: April 2016

Diagnostic laparotomy and laparoscopy are surgical techniques commonly used for the investigation of chronic abdominal disease and weight loss. They can both be usefully carried out in the standing sedated horse, allowing a thorough examination of the dorsal abdominal cavity and biopsies to be harvested. Small intestinal disease is an important cause of weight loss and recurrent colic. Inflammatory or neoplastic bowel disease may not always be apparent grossly and histopathological assessment of full thickness biopsies may be required to provide a definitive diagnosis. Details of cases of 15 horses that underwent small intestinal biopsy or enterectomy while sedated and standing are presented. Three incisional infections occurred causing delayed wound healing. Three horses were subjected to euthanasia before hospital discharge: two had persistent gastric reflux and one had colitis. A further six were subjected to euthanasia in the first 4 months due to their underlying inflammatory bowel condition. One horse was subjected to euthanasia for severe laminitis that was presumed to be caused by treatment with a corticosteroid 4 years later, and one died of acute colic 2.3 years after successful resection and anastomosis. Five horses were alive at the time of review, median 2.7, range 1.2–4.3 years. Overall therefore, 3 (20%) horses died during hospitalisation and 5 (33%) were still alive at the end of the study. Results from this series suggest that minimising the number of intestinal biopsies may reduce morbidity, but the underlying pathological process appears to be the most important prognostic factor for survival. Resection and anastomosis in the standing sedated horse proved feasible.
Will changes in phenology track climate change? A study of growth initiation timing in coast Douglas‐fir
Authors: Ford Kevin R. , Harrington Constance A. , Bansal Sheel , Gould Peter J. , St. Clair J. Bradley
Published: April 2016

Under climate change, the reduction of frost risk, onset of warm temperatures and depletion of soil moisture are all likely to occur earlier in the year in many temperate regions. The resilience of tree species will depend on their ability to track these changes in climate with shifts in phenology that lead to earlier growth initiation in the spring. Exposure to warm temperatures (‘forcing’) typically triggers growth initiation, but many trees also require exposure to cool temperatures (‘chilling’) while dormant to readily initiate growth in the spring. If warming increases forcing and decreases chilling, climate change could maintain, advance or delay growth initiation phenology relative to the onset of favorable conditions. We modeled the timing of height‐ and diameter‐growth initiation in coast Douglas‐fir (an ecologically and economically vital tree in western North America) to determine whether changes in phenology are likely to track changes in climate using data from field‐based and controlled‐environment studies, which included conditions warmer than those currently experienced in the tree's range. For high latitude and elevation portions of the tree's range, our models predicted that warming will lead to earlier growth initiation and allow trees to track changes in the onset of the warm but still moist conditions that favor growth, generally without substantially greater exposure to frost. In contrast, toward lower latitude and elevation range limits, the models predicted that warming will lead to delayed growth initiation relative to changes in climate due to reduced chilling, with trees failing to capture favorable conditions in the earlier parts of the spring. This maladaptive response to climate change was more prevalent for diameter‐growth initiation than height‐growth initiation. The decoupling of growth initiation with the onset of favorable climatic conditions could reduce the resilience of coast Douglas‐fir to climate change at the warm edges of its distribution.
KArMars: A Breadboard Model for In Situ Absolute Geochronology Based on the K–Ar Method Using UV‐Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Devismes Damien , Gillot Pierre‐Yves , Lefèvre Jean‐Claude , Boukari Claire , Rocard Francis , Chiavassa Florence
Published: April 2016

We present a breadboard prototype to perform in situ dating applicable to planetary exploration. Based on the K–Ar dating method and using instruments inspired by flight‐proven analytical components, ‘KArMars’ ablated a geological sample under high vacuum with a quadrupled ultraviolet (UV at 266 nm) Nd:YAG laser. During ablation, the K content of the target material was given by laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy and the released 40Ar was measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Because K was measured as a concentration and 40Ar as a count of atoms, these values were converted using the ablated mass given by the product of the density and the ablated volume. The uncertainties of the age measurement were < 15%. The quality of the K–Ar measurements was enhanced by the advantages of UV laser ablation such as the minimisation of thermal effects on argon diffusion. This work demonstrates that a specialised instrument inspired by this set‐up could provide in situ absolute geochronology with sufficient precision for scientific investigations, particularly where the crater density counting provides higher uncertainties on Mars.
The borderland of migraine and epilepsy in children
Authors: Rajapakse Thilinie , Buchhalter Jeffrey
Published: April 2016

Objective

To provide a review on the spectrum of migraine‐epilepsy disorders in children.

Background

The migraine‐epilepsy continuum covers a fascinating array of disorders that share many clinical similarities but also differ fundamentally in pathophysiology. In the pediatric population, its study can be complicated by the young age of those affected and the lack of clear understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders within the developing brain.

Discussion

This review serves to discuss the borderland of migraine and epilepsy in children. It will focus on epidemiology and comorbidity of the two disorders, possible mechanisms for shared pathophysiology informed by basic and translational science, and an overview of clinical similarities and differences. It will also discuss differentiation of migraine aura from childhood occipital epilepsies. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion of current classification methods for capturing cases on the migraine‐epilepsy spectrum and a call for a united approach towards a better definition of this spectrum of disorders.

Conclusion

Recent advances examining the migraine‐epilepsy spectrum show clinicopathological similarities between the two disorders in children. Epidemiology demonstrates reciprocally increased incidences of epilepsy in migraineurs and of migraines in children with epilepsy, however, prospective longitudinal in children are currently lacking. Clinically, the two disorders show similarity in preictal, ictal, and postictal phenomena, with close temporal association of the two conditions described by the controversial term of “migralepsy.” Basic science research has contributed significant improvements in understanding the generation of both of these episodic neurological conditions, with common links seen at a cellular level involving synaptic glutamate release and the provocation of varying propagation methods including cortical spreading depression in migraine and the paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epilepsy. Despite these significant gains in understanding, improved classification methods are required to identify and further study these interrelated conditions and move towards improved diagnosis and treatment of disorders on the migraine‐epilepsy continuum in children.
Immunophenotypic features of dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma – insights from BRG1/INI1‐deficient tumours
Authors: Hoang Lien N , Lee Yow‐Shan , Karnezis Anthony N , Tessier‐Cloutier Basile , Almandani Noorah , Coatham Mackenzie , Gilks C Blake , Soslow Robert A , Stewart Colin J R , Köbel Martin , Lee Cheng‐Han
Published: April 2016

Aims

Dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma (DDEC) is defined by the presence of an undifferentiated carcinoma together with an endometrioid carcinoma. Inactivation of SMARCA4 (BRG1) and inactivation of SMARCB1 (INI1) were recently described as potential mechanisms underlying the histological dedifferentiation. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunophenotypic features of DDECs, particularly in cases with prototypical histological and molecular features (BRG1/INI1 deficiency).

Methods and results

We evaluated PAX8, oestrogen receptor (ER) and p53 immunostaining in the endometrioid and the undifferentiated components of 20 BRG1/INI1‐deficient DDECs and 15 BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs, and compared the results with those of 23 grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas. The differentiated endometrioid component was positive for PAX8 and/or ER in 19 of 20 BRG1/INI1‐deficient DDECs, whereas the corresponding undifferentiated component of all 20 tumours showed a complete absence of PAX8 and ER staining. All except one of the BRG1/INI1‐deficient tumours showed a wild‐type p53 staining pattern. PAX8 and ER expression in the undifferentiated component was absent in 67% and 80% of BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs, respectively, whereas 47% of the BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs showed a mutated p53 staining pattern. In comparison, absent PAX8 expression and absent ER expression were each observed in the more solid area of 48% and 48% of grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas.

Conclusions

The consistent absence of PAX8 and ER expression in molecularly defined (BRG1/INI1‐deficient) DDECs suggests that the loss of PAX8 and ER expression is a fundamental feature of dedifferentiation. The frequent findings of a mutated p53 staining pattern in BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs indicate that BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs may be biologically different from BRG1/INI1‐deficient tumours.
Prediction and preliminary screening of HLA‐A*0201‐restricted epitope peptides of human GPC3
Authors: Hu P. , Wei Z. , Li R. , Wu D. , Meng Z.
Published: April 2016

In response to the limited therapeutic option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), immunotherapy as a promising approach points out a new direction to the cure of tumours through specific recognition and elimination of tumour cells by the immunity‐enhanced autologous immunocytes of patients. Few effective tumour antigens, however, are alternative in addition to alpha fetoprotein or tumour cell lysates. Recent studies have demonstrated that glypican‐3 (GPC3) is not only a promising diagnostic marker, but also ideal therapeutic target to HCC. In this study, potential HLA‐A*0201 GPC3 peptides were screened with three epitope prediction software, the binding affinity of 13 predicted epitopes with high scores was determined by T2 cells binding assay and four optimal epitopes were identified. This is the first study in which the optimal HLA‐A*0201 GPC3 epitopes were screened from a large number of candidates predicted by three software. The optimized HLA‐A*0201 GPC3 peptides will provide new epitope candidates for HCC immunotherapy.
Why we should understand the patient experience: clinical empathy and medicines optimisation
Authors: Jubraj Barry , Barnett Nina L , Grimes Lesley , Varia Sneha , Chater Angel , Auyeung Vivian
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To critically discuss the need for pharmacists to underpin their consultations with appropriate ‘clinical empathy’ as part of effective medicines optimisation.

Methods

Use of literature around empathy, consultation and pharmacy practice to develop a case for greater clinical empathy in pharmacy consultations.

Key findings

Clinical empathy is defined from the literature and applied to pharmacy consultations, with a comparison to empathy in other clinical professions. Historical barriers to the embedding of clinical empathy into pharmacy consultations are also explored.

Conclusions

We challenge the pharmacy profession to consider how clinical empathy should underpin consultations with a series of introspective questions and provide some sample questions to support pharmacy consultations. We also make the case for appropriate education and professional development of consultation skills at undergraduate and postgraduate level. We contend that patients’ relationships with practitioners are critical, and a lack of empathy can impact the effectiveness of care.
Coupling Effect of Temperature and Stress on the Electronic Behavior of Amorphous SiAlCO
Authors: Cao Yejie , Gao Yan , Zhao Ran , An Linan
Published: April 2016

The electric conductivity of polymer‐derived amorphous silicoaluminum oxycarbide was measured as a function of temperature and pressure. The material exhibits typical amorphous semiconducting behavior, following band‐tail hopping process. The characteristic temperature of theBTHprocess increases with increasing pressure, indicating that the density of states in the band‐tail is changed by applying pressure. The piezoresistive stress coefficient of the material was calculated and increased with increasing temperature, which is different from other materials. It is found that such increase is due to the change in the characteristic temperature.
Tailoring the Magnetoelectric Properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Film Deposited on Amorphous Metglas Foil by Laser Annealing
Authors: Palneedi Haribabu , Choi Insung , Kim Gi‐Yeop , Annapureddy Venkateswarlu , Maurya Deepam , Priya Shashank , Kim Jong‐Woo , Lee Keon Jae , Choi Si‐Young , Chung Sung‐Yoon , Kang Suk‐Joong L. , Ryu Jungho
Published: April 2016

This study demonstrates the modulation of off‐resonance magnetoelectric (ME) response of the Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)/ Metglas (FeBSi) bilayered composite by laser annealing. A continuous‐wave 532 nm Nd:YAG laser with varying fluences (210–390 J/mm2) was utilized to anneal the 2 μm thick PZT film deposited using granule spray in vacuum (GSV) technique on magnetostrictive amorphous Metglas foil. It was found that the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the PZT film are strongly affected by the exposure to laser fluence. The ME voltage coefficient of PZT/Metglas increased with the fluence up to 345 J/mm2, reaching a high value of 880 mV/cm·Oe. The electrical and ME properties were correlated with the changes observed in crystallinity and grain size of the PZT film as well as with the alterations in microstructure and magnetic behavior of Metglas. Our results demonstrate that enhanced ME coupling can be realized in PZT/Metglas film composites by controlling the laser fluence.
A comparative study of the effects of intra and extra circumoral exercise for older people on oral health at nursing homes: a non‐equivalent trial
Authors: Nam Mijung , Uhm Dongchoon
Published: April 2016

Aims

To investigate the effects of using intra and extra circumoral exercise on subjective and objective parameters of pre‐ and postoral health of older people living in nursing homes.

Background

Oral health problems, such as dry mouth and halitosis, are very common complaints for older people and might be the cause of a physiological, psychological or social handicap. In an ageing society, a simple and convenient nursing intervention is needed to resolve these oral health problems without side effects.

Design

The present study adopted a pre‐ and posttest non‐equivalent control group in a quasi‐experimental design.

Methods

A total of 41 older people (experimental group 21, control group 20) living in nursing homes participated in intra and extra circumoral exercise (25 min a day, six times per week for 4 weeks) to improve oral health in 2013. Chi‐square test/Fisher's exact test, t‐test/Mann–Whitney U‐test and analysis of covariance were used for the data analysis.

Results

ancova was used to control the covariates (age and the basic values of dependent variables) to identify the effect of intra and extra circumoral exercise on the oral health between the two groups. Dry mouth symptoms decreased, oral motor function improved, salivary secretion and mouth opening size increased, salivary pH improved, halitosis decreased more in the experimental group than in the control group. However, the salivary IgA was not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions

The intra and extra circumoral exercises as an independent nursing intervention can effectively promote oral health of older people.
Stop. Think. Delirium! A quality improvement initiative to explore utilising a validated cognitive assessment tool in the acute inpatient medical setting to detect delirium and prompt early intervention
Authors: Malik Angela , Harlan Todd , Cobb Janice
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

The paper examines the ability of nursing staff to detect delirium and apply early intervention to decrease adverse events associated with delirium. To characterise nursing practices associated with staff knowledge, delirium screening utilising the Modified Richmond Assessment Sedation Score (mRASS), and multicomponent interventions in an acute inpatient medical unit.

Background

Delirium incidence rates are up to 60% in frail elderly hospitalised patients. Under‐recognition and inconsistent management of delirium is an international problem. Falls, restraints, and increased hospital length of stay are linked to delirium.

Design

A descriptive study.

Methods

Exploration of relationships between cause and effect among cognitive screening, knowledge assessment and interventions.

Results

Success in identifying sufficient cases of delirium was not evident; however, multicomponent interventions were applied to patients with obvious symptoms. An increase in nursing knowledge was demonstrated after additional training. Delirium screening occurred in 49–61% of the target population monthly, with challenges in compliance and documentation of screening and interventions. Technological capabilities for trending mRASS results do not exist within the current computerised patient record system.

Conclusions

Delirium screening increases awareness of nursing staff, prompting more emphasis on early intervention in apparent symptoms. Technological support is needed to effectively document and visualise trends in screening results. The study imparts future research on the effects of cognitive screening on delirium prevention and reduction in adverse patient outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Evidence‐based literature reveals negative patient outcomes associated with delirium. However, delirium is highly under‐recognised indicating future research is needed to address nursing awareness and recognition of delirium. Additional education and knowledge transformation from research to nursing practice are paramount in the application of innovative strategies. Focus is placed on nursing staff because nurses are at the bedside and are able to identify early signs of delirium.
Caregiving activities closely associated with the development of low‐back pain among female family caregivers
Authors: Suzuki Kishiko , Tamakoshi Koji , Sakakibara Hisataka
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

To describe what effects low back pain has on the daily lives of female family caregivers and to elucidate the caregiving factors associated with its development.

Background

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal symptom in caregivers. However, few detailed studies have examined the association of low back pain with the daily lives of female family caregivers or which caregiving activities lead to their low back pain. The elucidation of these issues will contribute to the prevention and treatment of their low back pain.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Japanese female family caregivers (n = 156) completed a self‐administered questionnaire assessing lifestyle, health status, daily activity and caregiving situation. Correlation analysis measured the association between low back pain and daily activity. Logistic regression analysis identified care activities related to low back pain.

Results

Thirty‐five (22·4%) participants almost always experienced low back pain. The severity of low back pain was significantly and positively associated with difficulty in daily activities, especially bending and extending the lower back. As for care situation factors and caregiving activities, night care, assisting the family member to stand up and to lie down, dealing with problem behaviours, and taking medication were associated with the development of low back pain. After reclassifying the respective caregiving activities, those involving body repositioning and those mainly performed in a static position showed significant associations.

Conclusions

Low back pain in female family caregivers negatively affects their daily activities and certain caregiving activities are involved in the development of low back pain.

Relevance to clinical practice

Clinical nurses understand the situation of female caregivers and could prevent the development of low back pain with early intervention by providing adequate strategies to alleviate the burden of identified care activities related to low back pain.
RETRACTED: Melatonin inhibits the sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine‐1‐phosphate signaling pathway in rabbits with fulminant hepatitis of viral origin
Authors: Crespo Irene , San‐Miguel Beatriz , Sánchez Diana I. , González‐Fernández Bárbara , Álvarez Marcelino , González‐Gallego Javier , Tuñón María J.
Published: April 2016

The sphingosine kinase (SphK)1/sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) pathway is involved in multiple biological processes, including liver diseases. This study investigate whether modulation of the SphK1/S1P system associates to the beneficial effects of melatonin in an animal model of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Rabbits were experimentally infected with 2 × 104 hemagglutination units of a RHDV isolate and received 20 mg/kg of melatonin at 0, 12, and 24 hr postinfection. Liver mRNA levels, protein concentration, and immunohistochemical labeling for SphK1 increased in RHDV‐infected rabbits. S1P production and protein expression of the S1PR1 receptor were significantly elevated following RHDV infection. These effects were significantly reduced by melatonin. Rabbits also exhibited increased expression of toll‐like receptor (TLR)4, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) p50 and p65 subunits, and phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B (IκB)α. Melatonin administration significantly inhibited those changes and induced a decreased immunoreactivity for RHDV viral VP60 antigen in the liver. Results obtained indicate that the SphK1/S1P system activates in parallel to viral replication and the inflammatory process induced by the virus. Inhibition of the lipid signaling pathway by the indole reveals novel molecular pathways that may account for the protective effect of melatonin in this animal model of ALF, and supports the potential of melatonin as an antiviral agent.
The scale of local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus: comparing life history races, ecotypes, and populations
Authors: DeMarche Megan L. , Kay Kathleen M. , Angert Amy L.
Published: April 2016

Fitness trade‐offs between environments are central to the evolution of biodiversity. Although transplant studies often document fitness trade‐offs consistent with local adaptation (LA), many have also found an advantage of foreign genotypes (foreign advantage (FA)). Understanding the mechanisms driving the magnitude and distribution of fitness variation requires comparative approaches that test the ecological scales at which these different patterns emerge.

We used a common garden transplant experiment to compare the relative fitnesses of native vs foreign genotypes at three nested ecological scales within Mimulus guttatus: annual vs perennial life history races, perennial ecotypes across an elevational range, and populations within perennial elevational ecotypes. We integrated fitness across the life‐cycle and decomposed LA vs FA into contributions from different fitness components.

We found LA, measured as home‐site advantage, between annual and perennial races and a trend towards LA among populations within montane habitats. Conversely, we found strong FA of low‐elevation perennials in a montane environment.

LA between life history races reflects the fitness advantages of adult survival and vegetative growth in a mesic environment. Within the perennial race, recent climate conditions or nonselective processes, such as dispersal limitation or mutational load, could explain FA of low‐elevation perennials in a montane environment.
An improved approach for measuring the impact of multiple CO2 conductances on the apparent photorespiratory CO2 compensation point through slope–intercept regression
Authors: Walker Berkley J. , Skabelund Dane C. , Busch Florian A. , Ort Donald R.
Published: April 2016

Biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis, which are essential for understanding the impact of photosynthesis to changing environments, depend on accurate parameterizations. One such parameter, the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point can be measured from the intersection of several CO2 response curves measured under sub‐saturating illumination. However, determining the actual intersection while accounting for experimental noise can be challenging. Additionally, leaf photosynthesis model outcomes are sensitive to the diffusion paths of CO2 released from the mitochondria. This diffusion path of CO2 includes both chloroplastic as well as cell wall resistances to CO2, which are not readily measurable. Both the difficulties of determining the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point and the impact of multiple intercellular resistances to CO2 can be addressed through application of slope–intercept regression. This technical report summarizes an improved framework for implementing slope–intercept regression to evaluate measurements of the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point. This approach extends past work to include the cases of both Rubisco and Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP)‐limited photosynthesis. This report further presents two interactive graphical applications and a spreadsheet‐based tool to allow users to apply slope–intercept theory to their data.
Napkin psoriasis
Authors: Afsar Fatma Sule , Uysal Sila Seremet , Salis Fatma Muderrisoglu , Calli Aylin Orgen
Published: April 2016

Napkin psoriasis is a variant of psoriasis and is characterized by macerated, sharply demarcated, and bright erythematous plaques that can also spread to other areas of the body, especially in infancy. Given that differential diagnosis and treatment can be a challenge, we present and discuss the case of a 5½‐month‐old boy diagnosed with napkin psoriasis clinically and on histopathology.
Evaluation of engraftment syndrome in children following full‐matched related donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantations
Authors: İleri Talia , Ünal İnce Elif , Çakmaklı Hasan , Uysal Zümrüt , Gençtürk Zeynep , Ertem Mehmet
Published: April 2016

The term “ES” has been widely used for describing a clinical condition consisting of skin rash, fever, and weight gain that occur during neutrophil recovery period following HSCT. In this study, the incidence, clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of ES were evaluated in 169 children following allogeneic HSCT from full‐matched related donor according to the Spitzer criteria. Seventeen patients (10.1%) presented with clinical conditions suggesting ES. In both univariate and multivariate analysis underlying malignant disease and early release of monocytes to the PB, and in univariate analysis using only CsA for GVHD prophylaxis were found to be the significant risk factors for the development of ES. Patients with ES experienced significantly higher incidence of acute and chronic GVHD and propensity toward a higher rate of TRM. OS did not differ between the patient groups. Thirteen of 17 patients received steroid therapy, and all but one patient responded to therapy. Monitoring for early detection of ES and early intervention with steroid therapy is the key for recovery. The most crucial approach for this purpose mainly is to find out and use the most useful and feasible diagnostic criteria for routine medical practice.
Mixed‐Status Families and WIC Uptake: The Effects of Risk of Deportation on Program Use*
Authors: Vargas Edward D. , Pirog Maureen A.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Develop and test measures of risk of deportation and mixed‐status families on women, infants, and children (WIC) uptake. Mixed‐status is a situation in which some family members are U.S. citizens and other family members are in the United States without proper authorization.

Methods

Estimate a series of logistic regressions to estimate WIC uptake by merging data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey with deportation data from U.S. Immigration Customs and Enforcement.

Results

The findings of this study suggest that risk of deportation is negatively associated with WIC uptake and among mixed‐status families; Mexican‐origin families are the most sensitive when it comes to deportations and program use.

Conclusion

Our analysis provides a typology and framework to study mixed‐status families and evaluate their usage of social services by including an innovative measure of risk of deportation.
A novel HLA‐A*02 allele, A*02:436, was identified by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Chi X.‐Y. , Feng Z.‐H. , Hu B. , Jiao S.‐X.
Published: April 2016

A novel allele A*02:436 was identified in a Chinese individual by sequence‐based typing method.
On the Nature and Structure of Self‐Interest, Morality and Practical Reasoning
Authors: Temkin Larry S.
Published: April 2016

This article is divided into two main sections. In section 1, I highlight some of the most significant results of Parfit's discussion of self‐defeating theories in Part I of Reasons and Persons. I then argue, against Parfit, that, depending on the nature of the good, the structure of consequentialist, or agent‐neutral, theories does not preclude the possibility that such theories may be (seriously) self‐defeating. In section 2, I discuss Parfit's ingenious argument against the self‐interest theory, to the effect that as a “hybrid” theory, which is “partial” with respect to people but “neutral” with respect to time, the self‐interest theory occupies a dangerous middle ground that is open to attack from two sides: on one side, by a “pure” theory that is partial with respect to both people and times, and on the other side, by a “pure” theory that is neutral with respect to both people and times. I then raise doubts, prompted by the form of Parfit's argument, as to whether there is a general requirement that we treat people, places and times the same, except, perhaps, in cases involving special relations. Specifically, I suggest that there may be reason to treat space differently than time, and that there are compelling reasons to treat persons differently than time.
Parity, Imprecise Comparability and the Repugnant Conclusion
Authors: Chang Ruth
Published: April 2016

This article explores the main similarities and differences between Derek Parfit's notion of imprecise comparability and a related notion I have proposed of parity. I argue that the main difference between imprecise comparability and parity can be understood by reference to ‘the standard view’. The standard view claims that 1) differences between cardinally ranked items can always be measured by a scale of units of the relevant value, and 2) all rankings proceed in terms of the trichotomy of ‘better than’, ‘worse than’, and ‘equally good’. Imprecise comparability, which can be understood in terms of the more familiar notions of cardinality and incommensurability, rejects only the first claim while parity rejects both claims of the standard view. I then argue that insofar as those attracted to imprecise comparability assume that all rankings are trichotomous, as Parfit appears to, the view should be rejected. This is because imprecise equality is not a form of equality but is a sui generis ‘fourth’ basic way in which items can be ranked. We should, I argue, understand imprecise equality as parity, and imprecise comparability as entailing ‘tetrachotomy’ – that if two items are comparable, one must better than, worse than, equal to, or on a par with the other. Thus those attracted to the idea that cardinality can be imprecise should abandon trichotomy and accept parity and tetrachotomy instead. Finally, I illustrate the difference between Parfit's trichotomous notion of imprecise comparability and parity by examining how each notion might be employed in different solutions to the problem posed by the Repugnant Conclusion in population ethics. I suggest that parity provides the arguably more ecumenical solution to the problem.
Transfusion in adults: 10‐year survival of red cell, plasma and platelet recipients following transfusion
Authors: Morley S. L. , Hudson C. L. , Llewelyn C. A. , Wells A. W. , Johnson A. L. , Williamson L. M. ,   for the EASTR study group
Published: April 2016

Objective

To determine the long‐term survival of adult recipients (>16 years) transfused with red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in England and Wales.

Study design and methods

The EASTR study (Epidemiology and Survival of Transfusion Recipients) was a national multi‐centre epidemiological study with cross‐sectional sampling from 29 representative hospitals in England supplied by NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT). Three separate groups of RBC (n = 9142), FFP (n = 4232) and PLT (3584) recipients were sampled over 1 year (1 October 2001–30 September 2002), with prospective survival monitoring for 10 years. This study presents the data for adult recipients (>16 years of age).

Results

The median age interquartile range (IQR) of adult transfusion recipients was RBC 70 (54–79), FFP 66 (51–76), PLT 62 (48–72). The 10‐year survival for adult RBC, FFP and PLT recipients was highest for RBC recipients at 36% confidence interval (CI 35–37%, n = 8675), compared with 30% for both FFP (CI 29–32%, n = 3849) and PLT (CI 28–30%, n = 3110) recipients. In all groups, post‐transfusion survival decreased with age, and a risk‐adjusted analysis showed that reason for transfusion, transfusion type (surgical or medical) and cancer diagnosis (presence or absence) were all significantly associated with survival. Older patients with cancer receiving a medical rather than surgical transfusion had the highest hazard of death.

Conclusion

This study shows that survival following transfusion in England is broadly similar to that reported in other wealthy nations. More than 70% of recipients die within 10 years of transfusion, but long‐term survival is common in younger patients (>80% 10‐year survival in RBC recipients aged 16–39 years).
Effect of calcium and vitamin D on growth, rickets and Kashin–Beck disease in 0‐ to 5‐year‐old children in a rural area of central Tibet
Authors: Rooze Shancy , Mathieu Françoise , Claus William , Yangzom Tashi , Yangzom Dikki , Goyens Philippe , de Maertelaer Viviane
Published: April 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effect of calcium (15 mmol/day) and vitamin D (625 μg/month), as single supplement or in combination, vs. no supplement on growth, clinical signs of rickets and Kashin–Beck disease (KBD) and dental health.

Methods

Prospective controlled trial involving children aged 0–5 years living in four groups of villages in a KBD‐endemic rural area of central Tibet who received either calcium and/or vitamin D or no supplement. The cohort was followed over 3 years. Primary outcome was the impact of the different supplementation regimes on KBD, rickets and growth; secondary outcomes were impact on urinary levels of calcium and phosphorus, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and dental health.

Results

No difference was observed between the four groups with regard to anthropometric data, rickets, KBD, urinary levels of CrossLaps® and CartiLaps®. Weight for height or age, mid‐upper arm circumference and skinfold thickness decreased in the four groups. Height for age increased and the prevalence of KBD fell in the four groups. Dental health was better in the group receiving calcium and vitamin D. Urinary calcium levels increased after 3 years of follow‐up in all groups; the group receiving vitamin D had a higher increase (P‐value: 0.044). The same global increase was observed for urinary phosphorus levels; the group receiving calcium had a higher increase (P‐value: 0.01).

Conclusions

Calcium and vitamin D failed to improve growth and bone metabolism of children living in a KBD‐endemic rural area. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation improved dental health.
Rationale for the selective administration of tranexamic acid to inhibit fibrinolysis in the severely injured patient
Authors: Moore Ernest E. , Moore Hunter B. , Gonzalez Eduardo , Sauaia Angela , Banerjee Anirban , Silliman Christopher C.
Published: April 2016

Postinjury fibrinolysis can manifest as three distinguishable phenotypes: 1) hyperfibrinolysis, 2) physiologic, and 3) hypofibrinolysis (shutdown). Hyperfibrinolysis is associated with uncontrolled bleeding due to clot dissolution; whereas, fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with organ dysfunction due to microvascular occlusion. The incidence of fibrinolysis phenotypes at hospital arrival in severely injured patients is: 1) hyperfibrinolysis 18%, physiologic 18%, and shutdown 64%. The mechanisms responsible for dysregulated fibrinolysis following injury remain uncertain. Animal work suggests hypoperfusion promotes fibrinolysis, while tissue injury inhibits fibrinolysis. Clinical experience is consistent with these observations. The predominant mediator of postinjury hyperfibrinolysis appears to be tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) released from ischemic endothelium. The effects of tPA are accentuated by impaired hepatic clearance. Fibrinolysis shutdown, on the other hand, may occur from inhibition of circulating tPA, enhanced clot strength impairing the binding of tPA and plasminogen to fibrin, or the inhibition of plasmin. Plasminogen activator inhibitor ‐1 (PAI‐1) binding of circulating tPA appears to be a major mechanism for postinjury shutdown. The sources of PAI‐1 include endothelium, platelets, and organ parenchyma. The laboratory identification of fibrinolysis phenotype, at this moment, is best determined with viscoelastic hemostatic assays (TEG, ROTEM). While D‐dimer and plasmin antiplasmin (PAP) levels corroborate fibrinolysis, they do not provide real‐time assessment of the circulating blood capacity. Our clinical studies indicate that fibrinolysis is a very dynamic process and our experimental work suggests plasma first resuscitation reverses hyperfibrinolysis. Collectively, we believe recent clinical and experimental work suggest antifibrinolytic therapy should be employed selectively in the acutely injured patient, and optimally guided by TEG or ROTEM.
Fibrinolytic shutdown: fascinating theory but randomized controlled trial data are needed
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: April 2016

Administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) to bleeding trauma patients who are within 3 hours of injury has been shown to safely reduce mortality in bleeding trauma patients. However, some believe that thromboelastography (TEG or ROTEM) can be used to subdivide these patients into those that will benefit from TXA and those that will be harmed by it. If thromboelastography can be used in this way there could be important patient benefits. However, if the approach is misguided, patients could be denied a lifesaving treatment. I believe that rather than debate the theoretical basis of this hypothesis, it should be tested by conducting a randomized controlled trial. Bleeding trauma patients who are within 3 hours of injury should be randomly allocated to receive TXA treatment or thromboelastometry‐guided TXA treatment with the risk of death and complications compared between the groups. An adequately powered clinical trial would better serve patient interest than ongoing debate.