bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial sphincters: An overview from existing devices to novel technologies
Authors: Toniolo Ilaria , Mascolini Maria Vittoria , Carniel Emanuele Luigi , Fontanella Chiara Giulia
Published: November 2022

Artificial sphincters (ASs) are used to replace the function of the biological sphincters in case of severe urinary and fecal incontinence (UI and FI), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The design of ASs is established on different mechanisms, e.g., magnetic forces or hydraulic pressure, with the final goal to achieve a implantable and durable AS. In clinical practice, the implantation of in‐commerce AS is considered a reasonable solution, despite the sub‐optimal clinical outcomes. The failure of these surgeries is due to the malfunction of the devices (between 46 and 51%) or the side effects on the biological tissues (more than 38%), such as infection and atrophy. Concentrating on this latter characteristic, particular attention has been given to the interaction between the biological tissues and AS, pointing out the closing mechanism around the duct and the effect on the tissues. To analyze this aspect, an overview of existing commercial/ready‐on‐market ASs for GERD, UI, and FI, together with the clinical outcomes available from the in‐commerce AS, is given. Moreover, this invited review discusses ongoing developments and future research pathways for creating novel ASs. The application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine enhances the quality of healthcare and improves patient outcomes. In this context, computational methods represent an innovative solution in the design of ASs, proving data on the occlusive force and pressure necessary to guarantee occlusion and avoid tissue damage, considering the coupling between different device sizes and individual variability.
Editorial: What a year!
Authors: Nind Melanie
Published: November 2022

Accessible summary

In the last issue of 2022 I reflect on the uncertainty we have been living with again this year. While the impact of Covid‐19 may be lessening, war and the cost of living are affecting us all.

Following some research with people with learning disabilities about getting further involved in the journal more changes are on the way.

I am busy consulting with people with learning disabilities about what the focus of the 2024 special issue of the journal should be.

Meanwhile, this issue of the journal has papers on many topics including eating, mothering, having friendships, staying well and ageing.
Efficient Storage and Importance Sampling for Fluorescent Reflectance
Authors: Hua Q. , Tázlar V. , Fichet A. , Wilkie A.
Published: November 2022

We propose a technique for efficient storage and importance sampling of fluorescent spectral data. Fluorescence is fully described by a re‐radiation matrix, which for a given input wavelength indicates how much energy is re‐emitted at other wavelengths. However, such representation has a considerable memory footprint. To significantly reduce memory requirements, we propose the use of Gaussian mixture models for the representation of re‐radiation matrices. Instead of the full‐resolution matrix, we work with a set of Gaussian parameters that also allow direct importance sampling. Furthermore, if accuracy is of concern, a re‐radiation matrix can be used jointly with efficient importance sampling provided by the Gaussian mixture. In this paper, we present our pipeline for efficient storage of bispectral data and provide its extensive evaluation on a large set of bispectral measurements. We show that our method is robust and colour accurate even with its comparably minor memory requirements and that it can be seamlessly integrated into a standard Monte Carlo path tracer.
Survival and complications of zygomatic implants compared to conventional implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow‐up period of at least 5 years: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Moraschini Vittorio , de Queiroz Tiago Rocha , Sartoretto Suelen Cristina , de Almeida Daniel Costa Ferreira , Calasans‐Maia Monica Diuana , Louro Rafael Seabra
Published: November 2022

Background

Zygomatic implants (ZI) have been frequently indicated to rehabilitate patients with extensive atrophies in alternatives to major bone reconstructions. It can be installed inside the maxillary sinus, called instrasinus zygomatic implant (IZI) or outside the maxillary sinus (EZI), depending on the surgery technique.

Objective

To evaluate the survival and complication rates of ZI in longitudinal studies when compared with conventional implants (CI).

Methods

An electronic search was performed in five databases and in Gray literature for articles published until April, 2022. The eligibility criteria comprised observational cohort studies (prospective or retrospective) and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with at least 5 years of follow‐up, reporting survival rate of ZI versus CI. A meta‐analysis was conduct with 18 studies.

Results

A total of 5434 implants (2972 ZI and 2462 CI) were analyzed in 1709 patients. The mean survival rate was 96.5% ± 5.02 and 95.8% ± 6.36 for ZI and CI, respectively (mean follow‐up time of 78 months). There were observed no statistically significant between ZI and CI in prospective studies (risk ratio [RR] of 1.21; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 0.28 to 5.28; chi‐squared [Chi2] = 11.37; I2 = 56%; degrees of freedom [df] = 5; z‐score = 0.25; P = 0.80), retrospective studies IZI (RR of 1.29; 95% CIs: 0.52 to 3.23; Chi2 = 4.07; I2 = 2%; df = 4; z‐score = 0.55; P = 0.58) and retrospective studies EZI (RR of 0.72; 95% CIs: 0.31 to 1.66; Chi2 = 1.99; I2 = 0%; df = 3; z‐score = 0.78; P = 0.44). The biological complications most related to ZI was sinusitis, followed by infection and oroantral communication.

Conclusion

ZI have a high long‐term survival rate (96.5% with a mean of 91.5 months of follow‐up), showing no significant difference when compared with CI. The most prevalent biological complication is sinusitis, being most commonly to the IZI technique. This systematic review (SR) was registered in INPLASY under number INPLASY202280025.
The effects of bundling on livestock producers' valuations of environmentally friendly traits available through genomic selection
Authors: Worden David , Hailu Getu , Jones Kate , Lee Yu Na
Published: November 2022

This study estimates the willingness to pay (WTP) premiums for two novel traits available through genomic technologies in the dairy industry. Using a contingent valuation method to elicit WTP and the data from mail surveys collected from 486 Canadian dairy producers, we find a positive WTP premium for feed efficiency and a negative or zero WTP premium for reduced methane emissions. However, we observe positive valuations for reduced methane emissions if it is bundled with the feed efficiency trait. This finding suggests that the way private and public benefits of environmentally sustainable production alternatives are presented to livestock producers is critical, especially as the industry adapts to rising demand while holding an increasingly precarious position in environmental sustainability.
Immune cell function assay and T lymphocyte counts lack association with rejection or infection in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Chen Justin K. , Salerno David M. , Corbo Heather , Mantell Benjamin S. , Richmond Marc , Rothkopf Amy , Lytrivi Irene D.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Immune cell function assay (ICFA) and CD3 lymphocyte counts have been considered to be useful in discerning the overall intensity of immunosuppression in pediatric orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients.

Methods

The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate trends of ICFA and CD3 lymphocyte counts and their association with adverse outcomes post‐OHT.

Results

A total of 381 ICFA and 493 CD3 laboratory values obtained in 78 patients within six months post‐OHT were analyzed. There were 14 patients treated for biopsy‐proven acute rejection, four of whom had ISHLT grade 2R/3A rejection. In patients with rejection versus those without, CD3 and ICFA values were 122 (IQR 74.5–308) cells/mm2 and 224.5 (IQR 132–343.5) ng/ml compared to 231.8 (IQR 68–421) cells/m2 and 191 (IQR 81.5–333) ng/mL (p = NS for both). Twenty‐six patients had at least one detectable cytomegalovirus or Epstein‐Barr virus DNAemia within the study timeframe. In patients with viremia versus those without, CD3 and ICFA values were 278.5 (IQR 68–552) cells/mm2 and 130 (IQR 48–284) ng/ml compared to 195 (IQR 74.5–402.5) cells/mm2 and 212 (IQR 89–342) ng/ml (p = NS for both).

Conclusions

No association was found between these immune markers and adverse outcomes. In the absence of larger pediatric studies justifying the role of these tests in identifying elevated risk profiles post OHT, we do not recommend their routine use.
Associations of psychosocial stress with type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control among Ghanaians: The RODAM study
Authors: Chilunga Felix P. , Schwerzel Pleun S. , Meeks Karlijn A. C. , Beune Erik , Bahendeka Silver , Mockenhaupt Frank , Klipstein‐Grobusch Kerstin , Agyemang Charles
Published: November 2022

Background

The extent to which psychosocial stress relates to type 2 diabetes among sub‐Saharan Africans is not well understood. We assessed associations of psychosocial stresses with type 2 diabetes status and glycaemic control among Ghanaians.

Methods

We used data from Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study. We performed logistic and linear regression models to assess association of psychosocial stresses with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c respectively with adjustments for age, sex, education and other stresses. We also assessed moderation effects of migration status (migrant Ghanaians vs. non‐migrant Ghanaians), age, sex and education by adding interaction terms in models.

Results

Four thousand eight hundred and forty one Ghanaians were included with 44% resident in Ghana, 62% women, mean age of 46 years and 10% having type 2 diabetes. Psychosocial stress at home and at work were not associated with type 2 diabetes or HbA1c levels. Negative life events in past 12 months were negatively associated with type 2 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio = 0.93, 95% CI 0.87–0.99). Perceived discrimination was positively associated with type 2 diabetes (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.004–1.03). Both associations were more pronounced in men. Perceived discrimination was also positively associated with HbA1c levels, especially among those with type 2 diabetes (adjusted β = 0.01, 95% CI 0.007–0.02).

Conclusions

Perceived discrimination and negative life events are associated with type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control among Ghanaians, especially in men. Further studies are needed to identify context‐specific mechanisms underlying these associations.
Optogenetic stimulation of infralimbic cortex projections to the paraventricular thalamus attenuates context‐induced renewal
Authors: Brown Alexa , Chaudhri Nadia
Published: November 2022

Contexts associated with prior reinforcement can renew extinguished conditioned responding. The prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices are thought to mediate the expression and suppression of conditioned responding, respectively. Evidence suggests that PL inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) drive the expression of cue‐induced reinstatement of drug seeking and that IL inputs to the PVT mediate fear extinction retrieval. However, the role of these projections in renewal of appetitive Pavlovian conditioned responding is unknown. We trained male and female Long‐Evans rats to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS; 10 s white noise) with delivery of a 10% sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US; .2 ml/CS) to a fluid port in a distinct context (Context A). We then extinguished responding by presenting the CS without the US in a different context (Context B). At test, rats were returned to Context A, and optogenetic stimulation was delivered to either the IL‐to‐PVT or PL‐to‐PVT pathway during CS presentations. Optically stimulating the IL‐to‐PVT, but not the PL‐to‐PVT pathway, attenuated ABA renewal of CS port entries, and this effect was similar in males and females. Further, rats self‐administered optical stimulation of the IL‐to‐PVT but not the PL‐to‐PVT pathway suggesting that activation of the IL‐to‐PVT pathway is reinforcing. The effectiveness of optical stimulation parameters to activate neurons in the IL, PL and PVT was confirmed using Fos immunohistochemistry. These findings provide evidence for novel neural mechanisms in renewal of responding to a sucrose‐predictive CS, as well as more generally in contextual processing and appetitive associative learning.
Death at home versus other locations in older people receiving physician‐led home visits: A multicenter prospective study in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Takamasa , Matsushima Masato , Kaneko Makoto , Aoki Takuya , Sugiyama Yoshifumi , Fujinuma Yasuki
Published: November 2022

Background

The Japanese government is promoting physician‐led home visits as well as end‐of‐life care at home. However, the proportion of deaths occurring at home has remained unchanged for the past 20 years.

Objectives

To report the cumulative incidence of deaths at home and to explore the factors associated with deaths at home versus other places, mainly hospitals.

Methods

This was a multicenter prospective cohort study in a primary care setting. We enrolled patients aged ≥65 years who had started to receive regular visits by family physicians from 13 facilities in and around Tokyo between February 1, 2013 and January 31, 2016. Patients were followed‐up until January 31, 2017. The primary outcome measures were mortality rate and cumulative incidence of deaths at home.

Results

We enrolled 762 patients. Of 368 deaths, 133 occurred in the patient's home. The mortality rates at home were 137.6/1000 person‐years (95% confidence interval 116.1–163.1). In cumulative incidence function, the longer duration of care at home lowers the likelihood of death at home. Multivariable multinomial logistic models showed that younger age and higher Barthel Index score reduced the likelihood of deaths at home, while receiving oxygen therapy and the presence of a full‐time caregiver increased the likelihood of deaths at home relative to deaths at other locations.

Conclusions

Of deceased patients, only one‐third died in patients' homes. We found several factors associated with deaths at home, which appeared to reflect the readiness of patients and their families for death. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 1005–1012.
Transurethral lidocaine (100 mg) bladder irrigation (TULI100) reduces the incidence of catheter related bladder discomfort in transurethral resection of bladder tumors: A randomized, double blind, controlled trial
Authors: Singh Ajay , Kayina Choro Athiphro , Naik Naveen , Ganesh Venkata , Kumar Sumit , Pandey Vijayant Kumar , Bora Girdhar S. , Saini Kulbhushan , Soni Shiv Lal , Kaloria Narender , Samra Tanvir , Saini Vikas
Published: November 2022

Background

Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) surgeries requires post‐resection catheterization for continuous irrigation of the bladder. This indwelling catheter is associated with distressing catheter‐related bladder discomfort (CRBD) and increases postoperative pain and agitation.

Objectives

To prove the hypothesis that transurethral 100 mg lidocaine irrigation at the end of TURBT can reduce the frequency of moderate‐to‐severe postoperative CRBD.

Methods

116 patients scheduled for TURBT were screened, 94 were recruited and completed the study. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status I–II adult patients, 20–75 years of age undergoing elective TURBT surgery under general anesthesia were included. Transurethral normal saline with 0.01% lidocaine (100 mg in 1 L NS) was used for irrigation 30 min before the completion of surgery in group L, while only normal saline was used for transurethral irrigation in group N. The main outcomes were frequency of CRBD, pain and patient satisfaction at 0, 1, 2, and 6 h postoperatively.

Results

A total of 94 patients were analyzed in the study. The incidence of moderate–severe CRBD was significantly lower in group L as compared to group C at 0, 1, and 2 h (65.9% vs. 31.9%, p = 0.01; 31.9% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.012; 21.3% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.004, respectively). At the 6‐h mark, the incidence of CRBD was lower in group L, although this did not achieve statistical significance (6.38% vs. 2.1%; p = 0.613).

Conclusion

Irrigation with 0.01% lidocaine (100 mg) towards the end of TURBT reduces the incidence of moderate–severe CRBD by 52% and increases patient satisfaction.
Morphological coupling of the distal organ in the Peruvian walking stick (Oreophoetes peruana): Structural and functional aspects
Authors: Strauß Johannes
Published: November 2022

In insects, the detection of mechanical stimuli from body movements, airborne sound, substrate vibration, medium flow, or gravity by mechanosensory organs plays an important role. These mechanosenory organs can have complex morphologies with numerous sensilla, and the functional morphology with specific attachments of the sensory neurons to surrounding tissues and structures determines the stimulation. In stick insects, the subgenual organ complex in the tibia of all legs is an elaborate system of two chordotonal organs, which respond to substrate vibrations, and associated tibial campaniform sensilla, which respond to cuticular strain. One chordotonal organ, the distal organ, is characterized by a linear set of sensilla. This distal organ has not been studied for its physiological characteristics in detail, but the attachment or mechanical coupling is functionally important. Here we characterize two aspects of attachment or mechanical coupling of the distal organ: At the dorsal side, the organ is connected to the inner side of the dorsal cuticle by connective tissue, which is shown to also contain the axons of campaniform sensilla. At the proximal end, a fine membrane runs to the adjacent chordotonal organ, the subgenual organ. This membrane spans the tibia in transverse direction. It does not contain neuronal elements, but as a connection between the subgenual and the distal organ, it may influence the mechanosensory activity of these organs. Such a connection is not present in other insects such as locusts or cockroaches and could affect the sensory function in stick insects (e.g., in vibration detection by the subgenual organ) or even couple the two organs, resulting in similar mechanical responses.
Improving white light emission and quantum yield of Ce@Eu co‐doped silicate glass by reducing Eu3+ to Eu2+ with Si3N4
Authors: Ma Xiao , Huang Zhifeng , Yuan Hailong , Zhou Yujuan , Li Meijuan , Chen Fei , Shen Qiang
Published: November 2022

Rare‐earth‐doped transparent glass shows great potential in white light‐emitting diodes (wLEDs) application due to its excellent optical and luminous properties. Currently reported commercial wLEDs have a drawback in red emission missing, which leads to a relatively low color rendering index (CRI) and a relatively high correlated color temperature (CCT). In this work, Ce@Eu Sr–Si–O glass is fabricated using a high‐temperature quenching method. The white light is available when the ratio of Ce3+/Eu3+ equals 1, and the emitting color can be adjusted from blue to red by controlling the ratio of Ce3+/Eu3+. To further optimize the white light, Eu3+ ions can be reduced to Eu2+ according to the reaction of 6Eu3+ + 2N3− → 6Eu2+ + N2↑ by introducing Si3N4. As a result, the standard white light emission can be achieved in the Ce@Eu silicate glass contributed by the blue light from Ce3+, red light from Eu3+, and yellow–green light from Eu2+ (two elements, three emission). This glass shows excellent luminous properties, such as a color coordinate is (0.3651, 0.3269) in CIE 1931 color coordinate diagram, a CRI is over 70, a high quantum yield of 36.02%, and a CCT of 4117 K.
Parental perceptions and experiences of infant crying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research
Authors: Muller Ingrid , Ghio Daniela , Mobey Jasmine , Jones Hannah , Hornsey Samantha , Dobson Amy , Maund Emma , Santer Miriam
Published: November 2022

Background

Excessive infant crying is common and can have a huge impact on families and well‐being. Systematically reviewing qualitative studies on infant crying can provide a greater understanding of parental perceptions and experiences.

Aim

This study sought to systematically review and thematically synthesize qualitative studies exploring parents/carers' views and experiences of infant crying.

Design

A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research.

Data Sources

Electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched from the earliest date available to January 2022. We selected papers focussing on parents/carers' experiences, views, attitudes and beliefs about infant crying. We excluded papers focussing on health professionals' views and children older than 12 months.

Review Methods

Thematic synthesis was followed for the analysis of included studies and quality appraisal was conducted.

Results

We synthesized 22 papers, reporting data from 376 participants in eight countries. Four analytical themes were developed: (1) Experiences and impact of crying; (2) parental management strategies; (3) the role of the health professional; (4) the role of infant feeding and maternal diet. Our findings suggest that infant crying has a substantial emotional impact on parents/carers that often impacts relationships. Parents/carers reported using a range of soothing techniques and coping strategies but were desperate to find effective treatment or cure. Support was often perceived as lacking. Excessive crying and beliefs about the role of maternal diet on breastmilk were reported to undermine parents' confidence in breastfeeding by making them feel their milk is insufficient or harmful, or through pressure from others to stop breastfeeding.

Conclusion

Parents/carers use a range of strategies to interpret and deal with the challenges of infant crying, but there is a need for more information and support.

Impact

Findings can be used to inform future research and interventions to support families experiencing excessive infant crying.
Weighing interest relative to performance in hiring decisions: Important but free?
Authors: Tang Yun , Sansone Carol
Published: November 2022

Students considering career options are often advised to identify their interests. Yet how much do people weigh the importance of interest when making hiring decisions, particularly as compared to performance? In two preregistered studies we examined how samples of US adults in the workforce weighed interest and performance when making hiring decisions about a hypothetical job candidate. Participants (total N = 740) were told that the candidate was applying for a position where they had previously interned, and were presented an ostensible Intern Evaluation Form in which he interest and performance ratings were independently varied to be below or above average. Participants then indicated their job offer and starting salary recommendations. Across two domains (Marketing and Sales, Study 1; Software Development, Study 2), participants weighed interest and performance equally in job offer recommendations, but weighed performance more in salary recommendations. Thus, job candidates who demonstrated higher interest but below average performance had an equal chance of receiving a job offer as candidates who demonstrated above average performance but lower interest. However, the former group would be offered a lower starting salary. Exploratory analyses examined participants' inferences about the candidate's future motivation and performance as potential explanations. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Digital reading in beginner readers: Advantage or disadvantage for comprehension of narrative and informational linear texts?
Authors: Florit Elena , De Carli Pietro , Lavelli Manuela , Mason Lucia
Published: November 2022

Background

Text comprehension research in relation to the reading medium showed that digital‐based reading represents a disadvantage compared with paper‐based reading. Most paper versus screen research; however, was conducted with university students.

Objectives

This study investigated the contribution of reading medium to text comprehension and medium preference in beginner readers who use technology for school learning. The moderating role of text genre, word reading and medium preference on the reading medium effect on text comprehension was also analysed.

Methods

First graders (N = 115; mean age = 6;8 years) read narrative and informational linear texts on paper and computer screen and answered main idea, literal and inferential comprehension questions. Medium preference questions and a word reading task were administered.

Results and Conclusions

Logistic mixed models showed that the main idea and literal comprehension of narrative and informational linear texts were greater on screen and for higher word reading skills. Inferential comprehension was lower on screen at lower levels of word reading skills but became similar for the two media as word reading increased. Children had no clear medium preference and medium effect on text comprehension was independent of children's medium preference. The main results show that beginner readers who use technology for learning and are fast and accurate in word reading display no comprehension disadvantage in digital reading.

Takeaways

Our results add to existing knowledge by clarifying how reading medium effects on beginner readers' text comprehension interact with factors such as fundamental reading skills and experience with technology.
Advanced Nursing Practice and Advanced Practice Nursing roles within low and lower‐middle‐income countries
Authors: Scanlon Andrew , Murphy Maria , Smolowitz Janice , Lewis Virginia
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Population health initiatives rely on the availability and skills of an appropriate workforce to meet required goals. One global workforce initiative with demonstrated ability to expand health care services and improve access to care is the development of Advanced Nursing Practice and Advanced Practice Nursing roles. Given the sparse published information about these roles in Low and Lower‐Middle‐Income countries, this study seeks to describe their development and application in these countries.

Design

The researchers developed a descriptive cross‐sectional multilingual survey for online distribution to nursing experts within the targeted countries. Survey questions addressed demographic information on the population served, Advanced Nursing Practice and Advanced Practice Nursing titles, the time frame and rationale for creating the title, and how the roles relate to the International Council of Nurses' Advanced Practice Nursing guidelines characteristics of education, practice, and regulation.

Results

Of the 167 responses received, only 24 participants met the inclusion criteria. This represented five low‐income countries and nineteen lower‐middle‐income countries from four World Bank regions. Seventy‐one roles were identified. Roles emerged predominantly over the last 20 years, focusing on care for underserved populations, with an almost even spread across primary and acute care settings. There were differences in education, practice, and regulation amongst the roles. Roles that required a master's education or higher with practice‐related characteristics had a broader scope of practice, which is consistent with international guidelines.

Conclusion

This paper describes how Advanced Nursing Practice and Advanced Practice Nursing roles from Low and Lower Middle‐Income Countries have been implemented to address gaps in service and highlights disparities in education, practice and regulation compared to international guidelines. Maintaining and increasing support from organizations and universities internationally may be required to assist in developing and expanding educational programs for advanced nursing roles in these countries.

Clinical Relevance

Understanding how these advanced nursing roles are operationalized in relation to education, practice, and regulation in Low and Lower‐Middle‐Income countries can provide baseline information that will inform workforce development policies to address healthcare needs in similar jurisdictions.
Counting on Whiteness: Religion, race, ethnicity, and the politics of Jewish demography
Authors: Hahn Tapper Aaron J. , Kelman Ari Y. , Saperstein Aliya
Published: November 2022

American Jews have long been an anomaly for scholars concerned with understanding how they fit into extant social scientific or historical categories. Sometimes they seem best described as an ethnic group, other times as a religious one. This ambiguity has also vexed Jewish communal leaders whose desire to comprehend their communities has largely been underwritten by their intention to protect it. This intersection of sociological methods and schema and Jewish communal concerns has resulted in decisive omissions regarding how best to account for the racial and ethnic diversity of American Jews. An analysis of survey instruments used in 175 American Jewish population studies and community portraits conducted since 1970 reveals a focus on questions of religious practice and an avoidance of those about race and ethnicity, resulting in a “religio‐racial formation” of American Jews as White. This approach to studying American Jewish life has marginalized or excluded non‐White Jews while ensuring ongoing Jewish communal access to Whiteness without having to claim it explicitly.
Automation, robots and wage inequality in Germany: A decomposition analysis
Authors: Brall Franziska , Schmid Ramona
Published: November 2022

We conduct a decomposition analysis based on recentred influence function (RIF) regressions to disentangle the relative importance of automation and robotization for wage inequality in the manufacturing sector in Germany between 1996 and 2017. Our measure of automation threat combines occupation‐specific scores of automation risk with sector‐specific robot densities. We find that besides changes in the composition of individual characteristics, structural shifts among different automation threat groups are a non‐negligible factor associated with wage inequality between 1996 and 2017. Moreover, the increase in wage dispersion among the different automation threat groups has contributed significantly to higher wage inequality in the 1990s and 2000s.
Probabilities of conditionals: Updating Adams
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Ommundsen Adrian
Published: November 2022

The problem of probabilities of conditionals is one of the long‐standing puzzles in philosophy of language. We defend and update Adams' solution to the puzzle: the probability of an epistemic conditional is not the probability of a proposition, but a probability under a supposition.

Close inspection of how a triviality result unfolds in a concrete scenario does not provide counterexamples to the view that probabilities of conditionals are conditional probabilities: instead, it supports the conclusion that probabilities of conditionals violate standard probability theory.

This does not call into question probability theory per se; rather, it calls for a more careful understanding of its role: probability theory is a theory of probabilities of propositions; but as conditionals do not express propositions, their probabilities are not subject to the standard laws.

We argue that both conditional probabilities and probabilities of conditionals are best understood in terms of the dynamics of supposing, modeled as a restriction operation on a probability space. This version of the suppositionalist view allows us to connect Adams' Thesis to the widely held restrictor view of the semantics of conditionals.

We address two common objections to Adams' view: that the relevant probabilities are ‘probabilities only in name’, and that giving up conditional propositions puts us at a disadvantage when it comes to interpreting compounds.

Finally, we argue that some putative counterexamples to Adams' Thesis can be diagnosed as fallacies of probabilistic reasoning: they arise from applying to conditionals laws of standard probability theory which are invalid for them.
Phenological physiology: seasonal patterns of plant stress tolerance in a changing climate
Authors: Grossman Jake J.
Published: November 2022

The physiological challenges posed by climate change for seasonal, perennial plants include increased risk of heat waves, postbudbreak freezing (‘false springs’), and droughts. Although considerable physiological work has shown that the traits conferring tolerance to these stressors – thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and water deficit stress, respectively – are not static in time, they are frequently treated as such. In this review, I synthesize the recent literature on predictable seasonal – and therefore, phenological – patterns of acclimation and deacclimation to heat, cold, and water‐deficit stress in perennials, focusing on woody plants native to temperate climates. I highlight promising, high‐throughput techniques for quantifying thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and drought tolerance. For each of these forms of stress tolerance, I summarize the current balance of evidence regarding temporal patterns over the course of a year and suggest a characteristic temporal scale in these responses to environmental stress. In doing so, I offer a synthetic framework of ‘phenological physiology’, in which understanding and leveraging seasonally recurring (phenological) patterns of physiological stress acclimation can facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation.
‘Now I can bend and meet people virtually in my home’: The experience of a remotely supervised online chair yoga intervention and visual socialisation among older adults with dementia
Authors: Park Juyoung , Hung Lillian , Randhawa Paavan , Surage Jayshree , Sullivan Marlysa , Levine Hannah , Ortega María
Published: November 2022

Background

Little research has been conducted on telehealth‐based interventions in older adults. There has been no study of the use of telehealth‐based online chair yoga (CY) to improve physical activity and manage dementia symptoms and socialisation for older adults with dementia who are socially isolated.

Objectives

The study identified benefits, challenges and facilitators in participating in remotely supervised online CY from the perspective of older adults with dementia and their caregivers, including what would help them to participate in online interventions.

Methods

In a qualitative descriptive design, four online focus groups (two pre‐intervention and two post‐intervention) conducted via videoconference explored the benefits, challenges and facilitators in participating in a remotely supervised twice‐weekly, 8‐week online CY intervention. A total of 17 participants (eight people with dementia and nine family caregivers) attended the focus groups. The data were subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

Thematic analysis of data identified three themes from the perspectives of older adults with dementia and their caregivers: (a) benefits (e.g. sleep and relaxation, emotional regulation, flexibility, muscle strength, convenience, caregiver–participant connection), (b) challenges (e.g. technological setup) and (c) lessons learned (e.g. inclusion of caregiver, yoga instructor, visual cues, socialisation, safety). The online intervention was beneficial to participants, who reported that they wanted to continue home‐based online CY practice.

Conclusion

Convenience was the major advantage for the participant to continue to practice online CY. The online intervention offered virtual socialisation, which could be significant for motivating older adults to continue the CY program.

Implications for Practice

Gerontological nurses could add CY as a nonpharmacological component of a treatment plan and monitor older adults' progress during the online intervention. The home‐based online CY intervention should be prioritised to promote health and wellness in socially isolated older adults with dementia.
The Efficacy of 3D Printing Model in the Intraarticular Osteotomy in the Treatment of Malunion of Tibial Plateau Fracture
Authors: Jiang Liangjun , Li Hang , Huang Lu
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology has shown potential advantages in accurate and efficient tibial plateau fracture (TPF) treatment. This technology can provide structural morphology to repair fracture fragments. Here, we summarize our experience with the use of 3D printing technology during intraarticular osteotomy in the treatment of the malunion of TPF.

Methods

The patients who were treated with malunion of TPF in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups: the conventional group without 3D‐printed model application and the 3D printing group with 3D‐printed model application. All patients received the intraarticular osteotomy during operation, and we compared the operation time (min), fracture healing time (months), postoperative knee Rasmussen scores (0–30 points), knee mobility range (0–140°) (the independent t‐test), fracture reduction evaluation (Biggi's method) (the chi‐square test: Fisher's exact test), and postoperative complications of each group.

Results

Twenty‐six patients aged 18–65 years who underwent TPF revision operation were included in this study, including 18 patients in the conventional group, and eight patients in the 3D printing group. The follow‐up time was 24–48 months, and the operation time was 185 min in the conventional group and 180 min in the 3D printing group. All patients received a bone union at the last follow‐up. The healing time was 4.2 months in the conventional group and 3.75 months in the 3D printing group (p > 0.05). The respective postoperative Rasmussen scores were 24.6 and 26.2, and postoperative knee mobility was 103.5° and 118.5° in the conventional group and 3D printing group, respectively. Both the Rasmussen scores and degrees of mobility were significantly improved after surgery (p < 0.05), and the postoperative knee mobility was significantly better in the 3D printing group versus the conventional group (p < 0.05). Four patients still had a 2‐mm collapse on the articular surface, and two patients still had slight valgus (<5°) in the conventional group. Only one case in the 3D printing group suffered from an articular surface collapse. Superficial wound infections occurred in two patients in the conventional group.

Conclusion

The results show that 3D printing technology is an effective preoperative preparation in the treatment of TPF malunion. This technology can facilitate accurate preoperative planning to select the optimal surgical approach, plan the implant placement, visualize the screw trajectory, and anticipate possible intraoperative difficulties.
Identification, characterization, and rescue of CRISPR/Cas9 generated wheat SPO11‐1 mutants
Authors: Hyde Lucy , Osman Kim , Winfield Mark , Sanchez‐Moran Eugenio , Higgins James D. , Henderson Ian R. , Sparks Caroline , Franklin F. Chris H. , Edwards Keith J.
Published: November 2022

Increasing crop yields through plant breeding is time consuming and laborious, with the generation of novel combinations of alleles being limited by chromosomal linkage blocks and linkage‐drag. Meiotic recombination is essential to create novel genetic variation via the reshuffling of parental alleles. The exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes occurs at crossover (CO) sites but CO frequency is often low and unevenly distributed. This bias creates the problem of linkage‐drag in recombination ‘cold’ regions, where undesirable variation remains linked to useful traits. In plants, programmed meiosis‐specific DNA double‐strand breaks, catalysed by the SPO11 complex, initiate the recombination pathway, although only ~5% result in the formation of COs. To study the role of SPO11‐1 in wheat meiosis, and as a prelude to manipulation, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate edits in all three SPO11‐1 homoeologues of hexaploid wheat. Characterization of progeny lines shows plants deficient in all six SPO11‐1 copies fail to undergo chromosome synapsis, lack COs and are sterile. In contrast, lines carrying a single copy of any one of the three wild‐type homoeologues are phenotypically indistinguishable from unedited plants both in terms of vegetative growth and fertility. However, cytogenetic analysis of the edited plants suggests that homoeologues differ in their ability to generate COs and in the dynamics of synapsis. In addition, we show that the transformation of wheat mutants carrying six edited copies of SPO11‐1 with the TaSPO11‐1B gene, restores synapsis, CO formation, and fertility and hence opens a route to modifying recombination in this agronomically important crop.
Expression of specific HLA class II alleles is associated with an increased risk for active tuberculosis and a distinct gene expression profile
Authors: Chihab Leila Y. , Kuan Rebecca , Phillips Elizabeth J. , Mallal Simon A. , Rozot Virginie , Davis Mark M. , Scriba Thomas J. , Sette Alessandro , Peters Bjoern , Lindestam Arlehamn Cecilia S. ,   the SATVI Study Group
Published: November 2022

Several HLA allelic variants have been associated with protection from or susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases. Here, we examined whether specific HLA alleles would be associated with different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection outcomes. The HLA alleles present at the ‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DPA1, ‐DPB1, ‐DQA1, ‐DQB1, ‐DRB1, and ‐DRB3/4/5 loci were determined in a cohort of 636 individuals with known Mtb infection outcomes from South Africa and the United States. Among these individuals, 203 were QuantiFERON (QFT) negative, and 433 were QFT positive, indicating Mtb exposure. Of these, 99 QFT positive participants either had active tuberculosis (TB) upon enrollment or were diagnosed in the past. We found that DQA1*03:01, DPB1*04:02, and DRB4*01:01 were significantly more frequent in individuals with active TB (susceptibility alleles), as judged by Odds Ratios and associated p‐values, while DPB1*105:01 was associated with protection from active TB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) from a subset of individuals were stimulated with Mtb antigens, revealing individuals who express any of the three susceptibility alleles were associated with lower magnitude of responses. Furthermore, we defined a gene signature associated with individuals expressing the susceptibility alleles that was characterized by lower expression of APC‐related genes. In summary, we have identified specific HLA alleles associated with susceptibility to active TB and found that the expression of these alleles was associated with a decreased Mtb‐specific T cell response and a specific gene expression signature. These results will help understand individual risk factors in progressing to active TB.
Effect of Tube Rows on Two-Phase Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water Over Staggered Tube Bundles Under Flow Boiling Mode
Authors: Moharana Subhakanta , Sha Bibhu B. , Das Mihir K. , Pecherkin Nikolay I. , Pavlenko Aleksandr N. , Volodin Oleg A.
Published: November 2022

Tube bundles are an integral part of the two-phase heat exchangers and are employed in numerous commercial applications. Present research compares two kinds of horizontal staggered tube bundles under upward crossflow boiling to see how tube rows affect the heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The experimental setup developed houses the tube bundle for temperature measurements and facilities the recording of high-speed images at different operating conditions. The investigation is carried out for heat fluxes of 10–75 kW/m2, mass fluxes of 20–100 kg/m2s, and P/D ratios of 1.25, 1.6, and 1.95, with distilled water as the working fluid. It is observed that both tube bundles show an increase in overall HTC with an increase in heat flux. However, the 5 × 3 tube bundle resulted in a greater heat transfer rate as compared to the 2 × 3 tube bundle due to the bundle effect. Further, both tube bundles have a diminishing trend of HTC with a rise in mass flux. The rate of rising in HTC was found to decrease with an increase in the number of tube rows in the tube bundle and with an increase in the P/D ratio. Therefore, interestingly it is observed that the increase in bundle average HTC of 5 × 3 tube bundle is not twice that of 2 × 3 tube bundle rather it is quite lesser which further deteriorates with an increase in P/D ratio. The row-wise and bundle average HTC obtained is also predicted with a dimensionless correlation within an error of ± 15%.
Analysis of a Digital Pump With Variable Speed Drive
Authors: Kärnell Samuel , Ericson Liselott
Published: November 2022

The interest in speed-control of hydraulic pumps is increasing with the electrification of mobile machinery. With speed-control at hand, it is tempting to use fixed pumps where variable pumps earlier have been used. However, it can be beneficial to use variable pumps in combination with variable speed since it can allow downsizing of electric machines and reduce losses. But there are downsides with conventional variable pumps, such as increased complexity, cost, and low efficiency. Digital pumps (i.e., pumps with a discrete number of displacement settings) can address these problems. This paper is focused on the performance of a digital pump, both efficiency-wise and from a dynamic perspective. Shunt-based concepts that can improve the dynamics during switching are proposed. Simulation results show that the concepts can reduce the disruption in output flow during switchings.
An Experimental Study on High-Flowrate Ultrasonic Particle Monitoring in Oil Hydraulics
Authors: Johansen Per , Bech Michael M. , Dupont Sune , Christiansen Uffe N. , Sørensen Jens L. , Østedgaard-Munck David N. , Bentien Anders
Published: November 2022

In this article an experimental analysis on detection of particles in oil hydraulics by an in-line, high flowrate ultrasonic sensor is presented. This experimental study is conducted by the implementation of a particle concentration sensor prototype in a simple hydraulic circuit. In this system the contamination particles are introduced in an open tank. The sensor prototype is based on the particle scattering of ultrasound measured in a 90° angle in relation to the incoming wave. An experimental analysis of the sensors ability to detect specific concentrations of silicon dioxide particles in oils of varying viscosity grade is presented. Furthermore, an experiment involving a used hydraulic oil from an industrial plant is shown, where the sensor is able to detect increased particle contamination in the system, when the open tank is actively stirred. It is from the experimental analysis found that the prototype can detect particles of above 40 microns in common hydraulic oils, however the background field intensity and frequency could be increased to lower the size of the detectable particles. The paper is concluded with a theoretical analysis, which is examining the background field intensities and frequencies needed to meet standards within measurements of oil cleanliness.