bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-senescence Activity of Chemicals Applied to Kentucky Bluegrass
Authors: Goatley J.M. , Schmidt R.E.
Published: January 2019

This study was conducted to determine the potential anti-senescence activity of certain chemicals by monitoring changes in gross. CO2 exchange with senescence of excised leaves of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). One day following foliar applications of benzyladenine (BA), triadimefon, and propiconazole, with and without chelated Fe (8% Fe phosphate citrate), Kentucky bluegrass leaves were excised, floated on distilled water in petri dishes, and placed in a darkened growth chamber. Gross CO2 exchange rates (CER) were recorded 1, 4, 7, and 10 days after excision (DAE). Foliar applications of Fe, BA, triadimefon, or propiconazole applied alone induced an anti-senescence response. Combinations of Fe with the chemicals delayed excision-induced leaf senescence, but no significant increase in anti-senescence activity was obtained from the Fe and chemical combinations as compared to the materials applied alone. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA); 1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1yl)-2-butanone (triadimefon);1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole).
Inheritance of Resistance to Goss's Wilt in Sweet Corn
Authors: Treat C.L. , Tracy W.F.
Published: January 2019

Goss's wilt is a bacterial wilt and blight that may cause yield losses up to 50% or greater in sweet corn. Ten hybrids from a diallel cross of five sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds were analyzed for resistance to Goss's wilt (Corynebacterium michiganense ssp. nebraskense Schuster, Hoff, Mandel, and Lazar) in 1987 and 1988. The inbreds used to make the diallel were widely used historically and were chosen on the basis of adaptation and relative maturity. Three hybrids were resistant and seven intermediate, while the field corn controls were extremely susceptible. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) sums of squares accounted for 94% and 6% of the variation among crosses, respectively. GCA was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), while SCA was nonsignificant. Year differences were nonsignificant, but date of rating and hybrid × year interaction effects were significant (P 0.05). Resistance to Goss's wilt is available in sweet corn, and recurrent selection should be effective if improvement in resistance is desired.
Leaf Color Variants from Coleus Shoot Cultures
Authors: Marcotrigiano Michael , Boyle Thomas H. , Morgan Pamela A. , Ambach Karen L.
Published: January 2019

Nuclear-controlled leaf variegation was studied among Coleus × hybridus Voss (formerly C. blumei Benth.) cultivars propagated by seed and as shoot cultures on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + 1 to 3 mg BA/liter. Cultivars tested possessed pattern chlorophyll variegation and either pattern or nonpattern anthocyanin variegation. The gene controlling an albino midrib region appears to be fairly stable, with only 2% of the micropropagated plantlets having a solid-green leaf characteristic, a characteristic that was always inherited following selfing. Pattern anthocyanin variegation (PAV) was fairly stable, while nonpattern anthocyanin variegation (NAV) was very unstable. In addition, variants from pattern-variegated phenotypes produced offspring identical to their parent following selfing. In contrast, variants of nonpattern cultivars, when selfed, yielded offspring identical to the original cultivar, identical to the variant, or novel phenotypes. When variants were returned to culture, those derived from cultivars with PAV were more stable than those derived from nonpattern cultivars. In Coleus, micropropagation may induce epigenetic and/or heritable changes in leaf variegation. Cultivars with NAV are less stable than cultivars with PAV. Chemical names used; N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].
Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use by Sweetpotato
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. , Hall Melvin R. , Stansell James R.
Published: January 2019

Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam cv. Georgia Jet] were grown on two soil types in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 1982 and 1983. Water regimes consisted of irrigating the sweetpotatoes throughout growth when soil water tension at 23 cm exceeded 25, 50, or 100 kPa or by allowing a 100-kPa water stress before root enlargement, during early root enlargement, or throughout root enlargement. Water use and marketable yields were greater when sweetpotatoes were grown on a Tifton loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthitic Paleudult) than when grown on a Bonifay sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic, Plinthitic Paleudult). Water use, marketable yield, and yield of U.S. #1 grade roots generally decreased when soil water tensions exceeded 25 kPa before irrigation, although soil water stress of 100 kPa during storage root development did not significantly affect yield. Regression equations are provided to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute daily evapotranspiration: pan evaporation ratios (crop factors) for sweetpotatoes irrigated at 25, 50, and 100 kPa of soil water tension.
Postharvest Ethanol Buildup and Off-flavor in `Murcott' Tangerine Fruits
Authors: Cohen Eliahou , Shalom Yavin , Rosenberger Ida
Published: January 2019

Britex and Zivdar, water-based polyethylene waxes, were applied in commercial and experimental formulations as spray coating, a single dip, or double dips on `Murcott' tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco) fruits. Postharvest waxing of `Murcott' tangerine reduced weight loss but affected the sensory characteristics of the fruit. Charges in fruit weight loss and juice composition occurred in the waxed fruits after 4 weeks of storage at 5C plus 1 week of simulated retail handling at 17C. Changes in internal fruit atmosphere were related to fruit flavor quality.
Evaluation of Characters for Ascertaining Salt Stress Responses in Lycopersicon Species
Authors: Cruz V. , Cuartero J. , Bolarin M.C. , Romero M.
Published: January 2019

Plant height; stem thickness; fresh and dry weights of leaves and stems; numbers of leaves, trusses, flowers, and fruits; and leaf concentrations of Cl, Na, N-NO3, K, Ca, and Mg were measured in mature plants from 39 tomato accessions representing five species of Lycopersicon [L. esculentum Mill., L. peruvianum (L.) Mill., L. pimpinellifoliurn (Jusl.) Mill., L. hirsutum H. & B., L. pennellii (Corr.) D'Arcy] in response to various NaCl concentrations. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution, plus one of four levels of NaCl with electrical conductivities of 0.28, 0.63, 1.39, and 2.15 S·m-1. Characters were evaluated for each genotype taking into consideration: 1) the significant differences between NaCl concentrations, 2) the experimental errors in the analyses of variance, and 3) the uniformity of response to the salt concentrations. The characters that fulfilled these criteria for all 39 genotypes were: plant height, dry weights of leaves, fresh and dry weights of stems, and leaf concentrations of Cl and Na. However, other characters, although not generally applicable to the entire data set, were good indicators of response differences within a particular species. Leaf concentrations of N-NO3 and Mg were useful indicators in L. pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum and number of leaves and leaf concentration of Mg were useful indicators in L. hirsutum for responses of mature plants to salt stress.
Tolerance of Ten Lettuce Cultivars to High Temperature Combined with NaCl during Germination
Authors: Coons Janice M. , Kuehl Robert O. , Simons Nancy R.
Published: January 2019

Water that may contain salt often is used to cool soil to help overcome high-temperature inhibition of lettuce germination. This study was done to determine how lettuce cultivars differ in their germination response to high temperature and NaCl. Ten lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars (Grand Rapids, Climax, Coolguard, Empire, Great Lakes 659-700, Mesa 659, Salinas, Vanguard 75, Red Coach 74, and Wintersupreme) were germinated at 20, 25, 30, or 35C with 0.0, - 0.3, - 0.6, - 0.9, - 1.2, or - 1.5 MPa NaCl. With no NaCl, germination percentages and rates decreased significantly at 35C for all cultivars except `Salinas', which decreased at 30C. With higher concentrations of NaCl, decreases in germination percentages and rates were observed at lower temperatures. Cultivar differences in response to temperature were present with no NaCl but became larger in the presence of NaCl. `Great Lakes 659-700' and `Mesa 659' were most sensitive to high temperature and salt. `Coolguard' and `Empire' were most tolerant to high temperature and salt, with some tolerance also present in `Grand Rapids' and `Vanguard 75'. Relative tolerance of cultivars to NaCl as shown by germination percentages and rates was consistent with growth of roots.
Improved Shoot Organogenesis from Leaves of Grape
Authors: Stamp James A. , Colby Sheila M. , Meredith Carole P.
Published: January 2019

Adventitious shoots developed within 3 weeks from the petiolar stub and, less often, from wounded lamina tissues when leaves excised from nodal cultures of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. French Colombard and Thompson Seedless were cultured on solid Nitsch and Nitsch medium containing BAP at 2 mg·liter-1. The youngest leaf that could be excised, from 1 to 8 mm long, was the most responsive (90% of explants producing shoots compared to 16% for leaf 6). Removal of the lamina from the petiolar stub within the first 3 weeks of culture reduced shoot production. Increase in nodal culture age, without transfer to fresh medium, had no effect on subsequent regeneration from the youngest leaves but did reduce the regeneration frequency of leaves at the next position from 43% to 20%. In regularly subculture nodal cultures, the number of transfers had no effect on subsequent regeneration. Leaves from recently established shoot tip cultures were more responsive than leaves from nodal cultures. The frequency of shoot production was higher in laterally bisected than intact leaves (70% vs. 43%) due to additional regeneration from the distal leaf half at the sites of severed veins. Shoot outgrowth was promoted by the isolation and subculture of regenerating tissue to fresh regeneration medium. Petiolar stub removal promoted de novo shoot organogenesis from the resulting lamina wound. Shoots rooted at a high frequency on Murashige and Skoog medium with 1 mg IA-A/liter and produced morphologically normal plants. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Modified Transplant Production Techniques to Increase Yield and Improve Earliness of Brussels Sprouts
Authors: Gaye M.M. , Maurer A.R.
Published: January 2019

Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of row covers (no row cover or Agryl P-17), seeding date, and seeding method (seeding in a furrow or into a smooth soil surface) on the development, harvest date, and yield of brussels sprouts [Brassica oleracea L. (Gemmifera Group)] grown in southwestern British Columbia. The treatments were applied to the plants in the seedbed after which the plants were transplanted in the field and grown to horticultural maturity. In both years, row covers increased soil temperatures and advanced seedling development and transplanting dates compared with uncovered treatments. Leaf weight ratio (LWR) decreased, specific leaf area (SLA) increased, and leaf area ratio (LAR) was unaffected by the application of row covers. Early seeding also promoted early transplanting. In 1987, plots were harvested when plants reached horticultural maturity. There was a linear effect of seeding date on harvest date, early seeding promoted an early harvest, and row covers advanced the sprout harvest of plants seeded earliest (24 Mar). In 1988 all treatments were harvested from 17 to 19 Oct. and marketable yield was improved by early seeding and by row covers. Seeding method did not influence plant growth or yield.
Developmental Changes in Seeds of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Janick Jules , Velho Christiane Cabral , Whipkey Anna
Published: January 2019

Mature seed weight of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) averaged 25 mg (dry weight), of which 55.0% was seedcoat, 38.5% megagametophyte, and 6.4% embryo. Fatty acid (FA) content (dry-weight basis) was 17.5% for whole seed, 0.4% for seedcoat, 36.2% for megagametophyte, and 51.2% for embryo. Distribution of FAs (16:0; 18:0; 18:1; 18:2; 18:3 Δ5,9,12; 18:3 Δ9,12,15; 20:0; and 20:3) differed in seedcoat, megagametophyte, and embryo, but 18:2 was the predominant FA in all tissues. Seed development was analyzed for 110 days from 25 July, the year following pollination. Embryos could be macroscopically observed on or about day 30. Embryo dry weight, length, and FA accumulation increased until about day 50 and then remained constant. Embryo density decreased from day 30 to 50 and then stabilized at ≈1.0366 g·ml-1 or 10% sucrose equivalent. Excised zygotic embryos did not germinate in vitro until after day 51; germination increased linearly after this date, reaching 80% by day 72.
Evaluation in Vitro of Blueberry Germplasm for Higher pH Tolerance
Authors: Finn Chad E. , Luby James J. , Rosen Carl J. , Ascher Peter D.
Published: January 2019

Progenies from crosses among eight highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), lowbush (V. angustifolium Ait.), and V. corymbosum/V. angustifolium hybrid-derivative parents were evaluated in vitro at low (5.0) and high (6.0) pH for vitality, height, and dry weight. Succinic acid and 2[N- morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (Mes) effectively maintained pH in the medium and rhizosphere. The pH regime did not affect percent radicle emergence from seed or survival; however, percent seed germination was slightly lower at high pH. The parental general combining ability (GCA), reciprocal and maternal, but not the specific combining ability (SCA) variance components were significant for plant vitality, height, and dry weight. The GCA variance components were six to 26 times larger than the SCA variance components for the plant growth traits. Variation due to pH regime was significant for vitality and dry weight but not for plant height. The progenies of parents with high percent lowbush ancestry were taller at both pH levels than those with less such ancestry. Little variation was apparent for higher pH tolerance as measured by dry weight; however, the GCA effects suggested that the progenies of some parents performed better than others at high pH. Vaccinium angustifolium parents differed in the extent to which tolerance to high pH was transmitted. In vitro screening in concert with a traditional breeding program should be effective in improving blueberry tolerance to higher pH.
Seed Maturity Influences Germination and Vigor of Two Shrunken-2 Sweet Corn Hybrids
Authors: Borowski Alicia M. , Fritz Vincent A. , Waters Luther
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study was to examine seed maturity at harvest as it relates to seed vigor in two commercial shrunken-2 (sh2 J sweet corn hybrids (Zea mays L. var rugosa Bonaf., cvs. Florida Staysweet, Crisp N' `Sweet 710). Seed harvest began at 0.76 g H2O/g fresh weight in 1987 and at 0.70 g H2O/g fresh weight in 1988 and 1989, and was continued at gradually declining moisture levels until frost. In five different tests of seed performance, seed of `Florida Staysweet' (FLASS) harvested between 0.23 to 0.57 g H2O/g fresh weight in 1987 possessed the highest seedling vigor. In 1988 and 1989, maximum vigor was achieved by FLASS seed harvested from 0.40 to 0.60 g H2O/g fresh weight and `Crisp N' Sweet 710' (CNS) seed harvested from 0.45 to 0.65 g H2O/g fresh weight. Standard germination test, seedling growth cold test (SGCT), and seed leachate conductivity provided the most consistent results to `determine optimum seed maturity. Seed weight was not as reliable an indicator of seed vigor in 1988 and 1989 as it was in 1987, and endosperm and embryo weights did not correlate with seedling vigor in any year.
Tomato Seedling Growth, Earliness, Yield, and Quality following Pretransplant Nutritional Conditioning and Low Temperatures
Authors: Melton Regina R. , Dufault Robert J.
Published: January 2019

`Sunny' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were pretransplant nutritionally conditioned (PNC) in 1988 and 1989 with factorial combinations of N from 100 to 300 mg·liter-1 and P from 10 to 70 mg·liter-1. In 1988, all conditioned seedlings were exposed to 12 hours of 2C for eight consecutive nights before transplanting. In 1989, half of the conditioned plants were exposed to a low-temperature treatment of 8 days with 12-hour nights at 2C and 12-hour days in a warm greenhouse (19C/26C, night/day). In both years, as N PNC increased to 200 mg·liter-1, seedling growth increased. Increasing P PNC from 10 to 40 mg·liter-1 increased seedling growth, but only in 1988. In both years, P PNC did not affect yields. Low-temperature exposure in 1989 decreased seedling growth in comparison to those held in a warm greenhouse (19C/26C, day/night). In 1988, first harvest yields were not affected by N PNC; however, in 1989, as N increased to 200 mg·liter-1, early yields increased. In 1988, total yields increased wit h N PNC from 100 to 200 mg·liter-1 and in 1989 with N at 50 to 100 mg·liter-1 with no further increases from 100 to 200 mg·liter-1. Low-temperature exposure had no effect on earliness, yield, or quality. A PNC regime combining at least 200 mg N/liter and up to 10 mg P/liter should be used to nutritionally condition `Sunny' tomato seedlings to enhance yield.
Reducing Pollen Moisture Simplifies Long-term Storage of Pecan Pollen
Authors: Yates I.E. , Sparks Darrell , Connor Kris , Towill Leigh
Published: January 2019

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] pollen was stored under reduced moisture conditions to determine if pollen viability could be maintained for long periods at either 23, 5, or - 12C. Pecan pollen was oven-dried at 35C to a constant weight and stored in moisture-proof bags. Pollen maintained at - 12C for 2 years was as viable as freshly collected pollen. The duration of viability at SC was at least 2 months. Even at 23C, viability was detectable for 1 month, but at a greatly reduced level. Provided precautions are taken to reduce pollen moisture before and during storage, long-term storage of pecan pollen can be easily accomplished with commonly available supplies and equipment.
High Pressure Sodium Irradiation and Infrared Radiation Accelerate Petunia Seedling Growth
Authors: Graper David F. , Healy Will
Published: January 2019

The increase in photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and plant temperature associated with supplemental high pressure sodium (HPS) irradiation were investigated during Petunia × hybrids Villm. `Red Flash' seedling development. Seedlings were treated for 14 days following emergence or 5 days after the first true leaf had expanded to 1 mm. Treatments consisted of continuous infrared (IR) radiation (Ambient + IR), ambient conditions with spill-over radiation from adjacent treatments (Ambient - IR), root zone heating to 19.5C (RZ Heat), continuous HPS irradiation at 167 μmol·s-1.m-2 PPF (HPS + IR) or continuous HPS irradiation at 167 μmol-1·m-2 PPF filtered through a water bath to remove IR (HPS - IR). Linear regression of natural log-transformed fresh weights indicated that increasing ambient PPF 53% and elevating plant temperature 4.3C (HPS + IR) increased seedling relative growth rate (RGR) by 45% compared with the control (Ambient - IR). Elevating plant temperature with + IR by 4.8C without supplementing PPF (Ambient + IR) increased RGR by 31% but failed to increase fresh weight (FW) above controls and resulted in etiolated plants that were unsuitable for transplanting. Once plants were removed from supplemental treatment and returned to ambient conditions, RGR for all treatments was similar. The increased FW promoted by IR and HPS treatments was maintained for up to 7 days after treatment. Therefore, the increased seedling growth responses observed with HPS treatment were due primarily to an increase in RGR during HPS treatment that is not sustained beyond treatment.
Soil Salinity Enhances Phytophthora Root Rot of Tomato but Hinders Asexual Reproduction by Phytophthora parasitic
Authors: Swiecki T.J. , MacDonald J.D.
Published: January 2019

Exposure of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to salinity stress either before or after inoculation with Phytophthora parasitica increased root and crown rot severity relative to nonstressed controls. The synergy between salinity and P. parasitic was most pronounced on young (prebloom) plants and least pronounced on older (postbloom) plants. Salt stressed, inoculated plants had significantly reduced top weight, significantly more root necrosis, greater incidence of crown necrosis, and significantly greater mortality. Increased disease severity occurred even though experiments showed salinity reduced zoospore release arid motility of P. parasitic, suggesting that even low inoculum levels can result in severe root rot on young tomato plants in saline soils.
Phytochrome-regulated Growth of Young Watermelon Plants
Authors: Decoteau Dennis R. , Friend Heather H.
Published: January 2019

Phytochrome-regulated growth of watermelon [Citrulls lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Naki cv. Sugar Baby] was investigated by treating plants with brief exposures of red (R) or far-red (FR) light at the end of the daily photoperiod. Light treatments were initiated when the plants were 2 weeks old (two true-leaf stage). After 4 days of treatment, petiole lengths of leaf 1 (first leaf above the cotyledon) and leaf 2 (second leaf above the cotyledon) were longer, and the angle formed between these two petioles was more acute in plants treated with end-of-day (EOD) FR than in plants treated with EOD R light or non-EOD-treated plants (control). After 7 days of treatment, internodes 2 and 3 and petioles from leaves 1, 2, and 3 were longer from plants treated for 7 days with EOD FR light than from plants treated with EOD R light or from controls. The EOD FR light promotion of internode, petiole angle, and petiole elongation was reversible by immediately following the FR with R, implicating the involvement of phytochrome in the regulation of these growth processes of watermelon. After 21 days of treatment, most of the internodes (six of eight) from the EOD FR-treated plants were longer than the corresponding internodes from the EOD R-treated plants. Plants that were treated with EOD light for 21 days and then grown for an additional 14 days without EOD light treatments exhibited no residual EOD light effect on internode elongation (as compared to plants not exposed to EOD light). Residual EOD FR light treatment effects on elongation of petioles 1, 2, 3, and 4 were suggested for plants treated with EOD light for 21 days and then grown for 14 days without EOD treatments.
Fertilizer Placement Affects Growth, Fruit Yield, and Elemental Concentrations and Contents of Tomato Plants
Authors: Mortley D.G. , Smith C.B. , Demchak K.T.
Published: January 2019

The effects of fertilizer placement on growth and nutrient uptake of `Count II' tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were evaluated in a 3-year study. Fertilizer was applied broadcast at two rates or banded in two bands at two widths or in four bands, or applied in combinations of sidedressing or broadcasting with banding of N, P, and K at 56, 112, or 224 kg·ha-1 each. Total fruit yield for the 112 kg·ha-1 banded treatment was 24% higher than that for the same rate broadcast and similar to yield for 224 kg·ha-1 broadcast. Treatments involving combined placements, wider bands, or four bands produced yields similar to that for 112 kg·ha-1 banded, but the 56 kg·ha-1 banded with two 56 kg·ha-1 sidedressings had the highest yield. Leaf concentrations and plant contents of N, P, and K and percentage recovery of quantities applied were generally higher in treatments involving banding or sidedressing when compared to broadcasting. Leaf Mn was much higher in banded or sidedressed than for broadcast treatments but was lower when 112 kg·ha-1 was applied in four bands than in two. Only with Mg and Mn were leaf concentrations and plant contents highly correlated. With 112 kg·ha-1 banded, 31.2% of the N, 5.8% of the P, and 44.7% of the K applied were taken up, compared to 12.5%, 2.3%, and 17.2%, respectively, for double this rate broadcast.
Absorption and Translocation of Glyphosate by Carrot Infected by Swamp Dodder
Authors: Bewick Thomas A. , Binning Larry K. , Balke Nelson E.
Published: January 2019

Absorption of “C-labeled glyphosate by whole carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants infected or not infected by swamp dodder (Cuscuta gronovii Willd ex R & S) increased from 14% 1 day after treatment to 56% 14 days after treatment. Absorption of 14C-labeled glyphosate did not increase from 14 to 45 days after treatment. 14Carbon-labeled glyphosate appeared in the carrot root 1 day after application and its concentration increased with time in both infected and noninfected plants until 14 days after treatment. From 14 to 45 days after treatment, the concentration of 14C-labeled glyphosate in the roots decreased. At 1 day after treatment, dodder tissue contained as much 14C-labeled glyphosate as any physiological sink in the carrot. At 45 days after treatment, dodder tissue contained more 14C-labeled glyphosate than all other physiological sinks, except the petiole of the treated leaf. Swamp dodder stems had absorbed 14C-labeled glyphosate directly from a solution within 1 day after treatment. Chemical name used: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosphate).
Occlusion of Water Pores Prevents Guttation in Older Strawberry Leaves
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Wisniewski Michael E. , Glenn D.M.
Published: January 2019

Hydathodes of young, folded strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) leaves had unoccluded water pores With various sized apertures, as observed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Hydathodes of fully expanded leaves were brownish and the water pores within the hydathodes were covered with a solid material, presumably comprised of epicuticular waxes and substances excreted through the hydathodes. The entire water pore area of the hydathode was occasionally covered with a shield-like plate. The shield-like plate over the hydathode water pores impeded water flow even with an induced positive pressure. Mechanical scraping of the hydathode area eliminated impedance to water conduction. These observations suggest that external occlusion of water pores in the hydathodes is the resistance component associated with the absence of guttation in older strawberry leaves.
Genotype, Temperature, and Fall-applied Ethephon Affect Plum Flower Bud Development and Ovule Longevity
Authors: Morenol Yerko M. , Miller-Azarenko Anita Nina , Potts William
Published: January 2019

Flower bud growth and ovule longevity of plum (Prunus domestics L.) cultivars Italian and Brooks and the effects of fall-applied ethephon and of temperature were studied. Fresh and dry weights of terminal flower buds were measured at l-week intervals from 50 days to 1 day before bloom in 1988. Buds were also analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and B. After bloom, ovule longevity was determined using a fluorescence method after staining with aniline blue. Ovule longevity was determined in 1990 using shoots excised at full bloom from untreated and ethephon-treated trees of both cultivars and held in growth chambers for 18 days at 5, 10, 15, or 20C. `Brooks' flower buds showed a higher accumulation of fresh and dry weight than `Italian', and ethephon reduced bud weights in both cultivars. Ethephon did not affect mineral content of flower buds of `Brooks', but `Italian' flower buds contained a higher concentration of Ca and a lower concentration of P when treated with ethephon. Boron content was higher in the ethephon-treated buds of `Italian' trees on some sampling dates. Ovule longevity was higher for `Brooks' than for `Italian' in both years. Ethephon treatment delayed ovule senescence in `Italian' flowers, but had little or no effect on `Brooks' flowers. Increasing temperatures induced faster ovule senescence in both cultivars. Chemical name used. 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).
High Root-zone Temperatures Influence RuBisCO Activity and Pigment Accumulation in Leaves of `Rotundifolia' Holly
Authors: Ruter John M. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: January 2019

Plants of `Rotundifolia' holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) were grown for 3 weeks with root zones at 30,34,38, or 42C for 6 hours daily to evaluate the effects of supraoptimal root-zone temperatures on various photosynthetic processes. After 3 weeks, photosynthesis of plants grown with root zones at 38 or 42C was below that of plants grown at 30 or 34C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels decreased while leaf soluble protein levels increased as root-zone temperature increased. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) activity per unit protein and per unit chlorophyll responded quadratically, while RuBisCO activity per unit fresh weight increased linearly in response to increasing root-zone temperature. Results of this study suggest that `Rotundifolia' holly was capable of altering metabolism or redistributing available assimilates to maintain CO2 assimilation rates in response to increasing root-zone temperatures.
Plant Density and Herbicides Affect Cucumber Productivity
Authors: Staub Jack E. , Knerr Larry D. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: January 2019

The growth and yield of three cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes were evaluated in 1987 and 1988 using three planting arrangements and four weed control treatments. A monoecious, indeterminate, normal leaf cultivar, Calypso, a gynoecious, normal leaf size determinate × monoecious determinate F1 hybrid (UW 11234), and a gynoecious, determinate little leaf inbred line (WI 50476) were evaluated for fruit yield at a 30-cm equidistant (109,000 plants/ha), a 20-cm equidistant (242,000 plants/ha), and a 43-cm row (272,000 plants/ha) spacing. Weed control treatments consisted of an unweeded control, naptalam benzoic acid at 6.7 kg ae/ha, chloramben at 4.5 kg ae/ha, and the herbicides in combination. Although number and weight of fruit per hectare increased with increasing plant density, fruit weight per plant decreased with increasing density. Fruit harvested from plants in unweeded control plots were significantly smaller than those in herbicide-treated plots, and fruit yield of unweeded control plots was lower than in nonweedy plots in 1987. In 1987, plants in plots treated with naptalam produced smaller fruit than plants in plots treated with chloramben or chloramben plus naptalam. Although fruit yield per plant in 1987 was similar in chloramben plots with or without naptalam and generally higher than that of plots treated only with naptalam, fruit yields from naptalam-treated plants were highest in 1988. `Calypso' usually produced more and larger fruit than the determinate genotypes. Based on comparisons of fruit per plant under comparable spacings, productivity of WI 5047G was often lower and its fruit were smaller than those of normal leaf genotypes. Plants of WI 5047G may not attain the source capacity needed for adequate fruit growth before the onset of anthesis, thus producing smaller fruit. Chemical names used: (2-[(1-naphtalenylamino)carbonyl)benzoic acid (naptalam); 3-amino-2,5dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben).
Timing of High Temperature Influences Chilling Negation in Dormant Apple Trees
Authors: Young Eric
Published: January 2019

Budbreak and root and shoot extension growth of apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh. MM.111) were affected by exposure to 500 hours of higher temperatures (15, 20, or 30C) during the first, second, or third 500 hours of a 1500-hour, 5C chilling period. Exposure to 15C during the third 500 hours had a significantly positive effect on budbreak, 20C at this time had no effect, and all other treatments had a negative effect on budbreak and new root and shoot growth.
Levels and Role of Sucrose Synthase, Sucrose-phosphate Synthase, and Acid Invertase in Sucrose Accumulation in Fruit of Asian Pear
Authors: Moriguchi Takaya , Abe Kazuyuki , Sanada Tetsuro , Yamaki Shohei
Published: January 2019

Soluble sugar content and activities of the sucrose-metabolizing enzymes sucrose synthase (SS) (EC 2.4.1.13), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) (EC 2.4.1.14), and acid invertase (EC 2.4.1.26) were analyzed in the pericarp of fruit from pear cultivars that differed in their potential to accumulate sucrose to identify key enzymes involved in sucrose accumulation in Asian pears. The Japanese pear `Chojuro' [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burro. f.) Nakai] was characterized as a high-sucrose-accumulating type based on the analysis of mature fruit, while the Chinese pear `Yali' (P. bretschneideri Rehd.) was a low-sucrose-accumulating type throughout all developmental stages. The activity of SS and SPS in `Chojuro' increased during maturation concomitant with sucrose accumulation, whereas the activity of these enzymes in `Yali' did not increase during maturation. The activity of SS and SPS in the former were seven and four times, respectively, higher than those in the latter at the mature stage. Further, among 23 pear cultivars, SS activity was closely correlated with sucrose content, while SPS activity was weakly correlated. Soluble acid invertase activity in `Chojuro' and `Yali' decreased with fruit maturation, but the relationships between soluble invertase activity and sucrose content were not significant. The results indicate that SS and SPS are important determinants of sucrose accumulation in Asian pear fruit and that a decrease of soluble acid invertase activity is not absolutely required for sucrose accumulation.
Root Restriction Affects Shoot Development of Peach in a High-density Orchard
Authors: Williamson J.G. , Coston D.C. , Cornell J.A.
Published: January 2019

Planting treatments were evaluated for their influence on shoot development and root distribution of own-rooted `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees planted to high density (5000 trees/ha). Planting in fabric-lined trenches (FLT) or narrow herbicide strips (NHS) reduced the diameter and length of primary shoots, the number and combined length of second-order shoots, and the total length of shoots. Flower density, the number of flowers per node, and the percentage of nodes containing one or more flowers were increased for FLT trees but not for NHS trees when compared with controls. The length of primary shoots increased quadratically for all treatments with increasing limb cross-sectional area (LCA). The total length of shoots increased more with increasing LCA for controls than for FLT trees. The number of flowers per shoot increased linearly for all treatments with increasing LCA values. Root concentration decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree rows for all treatments. Reduced widths of weed-free herbicide strips had little effect on root distribution. Roots of FLT trees were reduced in number and restricted vertically and laterally when compared with other planting treatments. The FLT treatment modified shoot development by reducing the length of total shoots and length of primary shoots across LCA values measured when compared with NHS and control-treatments.
Inheritance of Stringless Pod in Pisum sativum L.
Authors: McGee Rebecca J. , Baggett James R.
Published: January 2019

In crosses between stringless and stringy podded pea cultivars, all plants of the F1 and backcross to the stringy parent had stringy pods. F2 ratios varied widely among crosses, and populations always had more stringy plants than expected, based on a single locus. The ratio of nonsegregating (stringy): segregating F3 families derived from stringy F2 plants fit a single-gene hypothesis in half of the crosses. Backcrosses of F1 to the stringless parent fit the expected 1:1 ratio when the pollen parent was stringless, but the reciprocal backcrosses showed a deficiency of stringless plants, suggesting that poor competitive ability of pollen bearing the stringless factor was the reason for deficiencies of stringless plants. It is concluded that stringlessness is controlled by a single recessive gene for which the designation sin-2 is proposed. A reduction in pod size, plant height, and number of wrinkled seed segregates was associated with stringlessness.
Cucumber Cultivars Differ in Their Response to Chilling Temperatures
Authors: Cabrera Roberto M. , Saltveit Mikal E. , Owens Ken
Published: January 2019

The physiological responses associated with chilling of horticulturally mature cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit were examined using 13 lines that differ in chilling sensitivity. The low correlation coefficient between pitting and decay suggested that these two early manifestations of chilling injury are not significantly related. Likewise, fruit pitting and decay were not highly correlated with the tolerance of seedlings to chilling, suggesting that fruit and seedlings of the same line may have dissimilar sensitivity to chilling temperatures. Exudates from fruit cut in half transversely were collected on filter paper. The amount of exudate showed a significant correlation with pitting, decay, and percent ion leakage after 10 days of chilling. The fresh and dry weight of the exudates from fruit kept for 8 days at 12.5C ranged from 141- to 346-mg fresh weight and from 15 to 47-mg dry weight, respectively. Cucumber lines that were more sensitive to chilling had watery exudate, as indicated by their lower dry weight and percent solids. The conductivity of exudates from sensitive lines was higher (60 μsiemen/cm) than from chilling resistant lines (30 μsiemen/cm). Chilling-induced ethylene production was higher in sensitive than in resistant lines, and chilling caused a greater loss of ethylene forming enzyme activity in resistant lines than from chilling sensitive lines.
Long-term Response of Early Maturing Peach Trees to Postharvest Water Deficits
Authors: Johnson R.S. , Handley D.F. , DeJong T.M.
Published: January 2019

Early maturing peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Regina] growing on a deep sandy loam soil were subjected to three levels of postharvest irrigation over 4 years. The control treatment was irrigated with ≈ 10 to 15 cm of water at 2- to 3-week intervals, the medium treatment received a single irrigation (20 to 30 cm) in early August, and the dry treatment was not irrigated between early to mid-June and mid-October. All received a predormancy irrigation of 10 to 15 cm in mid- to late October. Flower and fruit density were greater in the dry treatment than the control. The occurrence of double fruit was also greatly increased in the dry treatment but not in the medium treatment, when compared with the control. After normal commercial hand thinning, yields and fruit size were no different among the three treatments over all 4 years. Vegetative growth as measured by dormant pruning weights, trunk radial growth, and canopy shaded area was reduced in the dry treatment, but there was no indication of progressively declining vigor. Soil moisture determinations indicate that water use by the control occurred mainly in the upper soil profile. In the dry treatment, as the upper profile dried, water was extracted progressively deeper, down to at least 300 cm. The main disadvantage of severe postharvest water stress was the substantial increase of double fruits.
Metabolic and Other Responses of `Bartlett' Pear Fruit and Suspension-cultured `Passe Crassane' Pear Fruit Cells Held in 0.25% O2
Authors: Nanos George D. , Romani Roger J. , Kader Adel A.
Published: January 2019

`Bartlett' pears (Pyrus communis L.) that had been stored for either 2 or 8 weeks in air at 0C were placed under an atmosphere of 0.25% 0, (balance N2) at 20C for 4 days then returned to air. Control pears were kept in air at 20C. Suspension-cultured `Passe Crassane' pear fruit cells in aging medium were treated similarly. During exposure of the fruit to 0.25% O2, loss of greenness and ethylene production were inhibited and CO2 production substantially decreased. Pears that had been stored for 2 weeks at 0C ripened normally, while those that had been stored for 8 weeks at 0C failed to recover normal ethylene and CO2 production upon transfer to air after a 4-day exposure to 0.25% O2 at 20C. Most of the latter fruit were injured as indicated by skin browning. Acetaldehyde and ethanol content increased considerably with ripening of control fruit. Although 0.25% O2-treated fruit developed yet higher acetaldehyde and ethanol contents during treatment, the concentrations returned to or below normal during subsequent exposure to air. Pears exposed to 0.25% 0, had increased pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC; EC 4.1.1.1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) activities that remained high after ripening in air for 6 days. Three ADH isozymes were discernible in the 0.25% O2-treated pears, whereas only one, ADHZ, was found in control fruit. These observations imply that preclimacteric pears are both less stressed during hypoxia and have greater potential for posthypoxia repair than pears of a more advanced physiological age. Increased posthypoxia respiratory and enzymatic activity and the elaboration of new ADH isoenzymes appear to be part of the repair response. Suspension-cultured pear fruit cells responded to the atmospheric changes very much like the S-week stored fruit and likely is a good model system to further study the effects of hypoxia on pear metabolism.
Performance of Californian and Eastern U.S. Strawberry Cultivars under Conditions Mimicking Eastern Production Systems
Authors: Hancock J.F. , Hokanson S.C. , Callow P.W. , Sakin M. , Haghighi K. , Flore J.A.
Published: January 2019

Twenty-one western and 13 eastern strawberry [Fragaria × ananassa (Duch.)] cultivars were grown in a polyethylene-covered greenhouse (polyhouse) in deep beds at either 10 × 10 or 25 × 25 cm spacing. Runners were removed weekly from the closest-spaced plants (hills), and the more open-spaced plants were allowed to set four runners on each side of the mother plant before the runners were removed (matted rows). Temperatures were allowed to fluctuate normally in the polyhouse, except that winter temperatures were maintained above 0C. The average yield of eastern and western cultivars did not differ significantly in most comparisons, but the average fruit weight of the Californian cultivars was significantly higher than the eastern ones, and Californian cultivars allocated a higher proportion of their biomass to reproduction. Nonbearing plants of eastern and western cultivars produced similar numbers of runners per plant and daughters per runner. There was no significant relationship between CO2 assimilation rate and yield. Interbreeding eastern cultivars with the most productive western genotypes might result in increased yields, but only if the higher reproductive efforts of the western types can be captured and transferred.
Incidence and Severity of Crown and Root Rots on Four Apple Rootstocks Following Exposure to Phytophthora Species and Waterlogging
Authors: Wilcox W.F.
Published: January 2019

Plants of four apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) rootstock clones, M.7, M.26, MM.111, and Ottawa (O.) 3, were grown in unamended potting medium or in the same medium infested with Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet., P. cambivora (Petri) Buisman, P. cryptogea Pethyb. & Laff., or P. megasperma Drechsler, causal agents of crown and root rots. Plants were flooded for either 0, 24, 48, or 72 h every 7 days for 4 months, then assessed for disease incidence and severity. Averaged across all pathogens and rootstocks, mean crown rot incidences were 2.5%, 6.3%, 19%, and 50% following weekly flooding periods of 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively; when averaged across all rootstocks and flooding treatments, mean incidences of crown rot caused by P. cryptogea, P. cactorum, P. cambivora, and P. megasperma were 36%, 26%, 15%, and 8.8%, respectively; when averaged across all four pathogens, mean crown rot incidences after 72 h of flooding were 40%, 45%, 50%, and 75% for M.26, 0.3, M.7, and MM.111, respectively. In contrast, 72-h flooding periods in the absence of a pathogen were least detrimental to growth of MM.111 clones and most detrimental to shoot growth of M-26. Exceptions to general trends were reflected by statistical interactions among pathogens, rootstocks, and flooding durations, e.g., after 72-h floodings, 0.3 was the rootstock with the greatest amount of root rot caused by P. cryptogea but the least amount caused by P. megasperma. Differential disease susceptibility among rootstocks appeared greatest with respect to P. cactorum and least with respect to P. cryptogea.
Changes in α- and ß-amylase during Storage of Sweetpotato Lines with Varying Starch Hydrolysis Potential
Authors: Morrison Teresa A. , Pressey Russell , Kays Stanley J.
Published: January 2019

Staple-type lines of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lam.] do not sweeten significantly upon cooking as compared to the traditional-type lines. Four lines exhibiting distinct differences in sweetness after cooking were evaluated for changes in α- and ß-amylase activity and reducing sugars (by HPLC) at harvest, after curing, and at intervals during 180 days of storage. The traditional cultivar `Jewel' and staple-type line `Sumor' displayed high a- and ß-amylase activities, which rose from low levels at harvest to peak levels ≈ 90 days into the storage period. Staple-type lines `99' and `86' displayed significantly lower a- and ß-amylase activities. By using polyclonal sweetpotato ß-amylase antibody and western blot following native- and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was confirmed that a lower level of ß-amylase synthesis existed in `99' and `86'. Quantitatively, `Jewel', `Sumor', and an additional staple-type line, `HiDry', had 361,374, and 365 μg ß-amylase protein per gram of fresh storage root tissue, respectively, while `99' and `86' possessed <60 and 12 μg·g-1, respectively. In raw roots, individual (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and total sugar concentrations were significantly higher in `Jewel' than in `Sumor', `99', or `86'. Only trace amounts of maltose were found in raw roots of any line. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations decreased with baking in all lines except `86', in which they increased. There was substantial maltose produced by baking `Jewel' and `Sumor', but only trace amounts found in baked `99' and `86'. Sweetpotato germplasm can be separated into four general classes based on initial sugar concentration and changes during cooking: 1) low sugars/low starch hydrolysis, 2) low sugars/high starch hydrolysis, 3) high sugars/low starch hydrolysis, and 4) high sugars/high starch hydrolysis. At least two mechanisms may confer the lack of starch hydrolysis and subsequent sweetening in staple-type sweetpotato: 1) inhibition of ß-amylase synthesis, and 2) a nonenzyme mediated mechanism.
Re-examination of the Photosynthetic Capacity of In Vitro-cultured Strawberry Plantlets
Authors: Yue De , Gosselin André , Desjardins Yves
Published: January 2019

Photosynthesis and growth of in vitro-cultured strawberry plantlets (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv Kent) were investigated during a 4-week in vitro culture in a rooting medium and a 4-week ex vitro period. The leaves formed in vitro on a medium containing sucrose developed a positive photosynthetic capacity. At transplanting to the ex vitro environment, their photosynthetic rate was 12.76 μmol CO2/m2 per second, which was as high as that of leaves generated and grown in the greenhouse. During the ex vitro period, photosynthetic rates of in vitro-generated leaves decreased and dark respiration rates increased. However, in vitro leaves were photosynthetically active throughout the 4 weeks ex vitro. In the first 2 weeks of the ex vitro period, in vitro-generated leaves had an important contribution to the overall plantlets' photosynthetic capacity.