bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El nuevo reino de Omeros Walcott
Authors: Corrales Arias Adriano
Published: September 2020

Derek Walcott nació en Castries, isla de Santa Lucía, en 1930. Descendiente de esclavos negros e hijo de un pintor británico blanco, abandonó su isla natal y estudió en la universidad de West Indies, en Jamaica. Viajó a Estados Unidos en 1981 y se instaló en Boston para dar clases en la universidad local y en Harvard. Ha escrito más de quince libros de poesía y alrededor de treinta piezas de teatro. Su poesía y dramaturgia relacionan en un solo discurso tres lenguas que provienen de culturas orgánicamente integradas: el inglés, que es su lengua madre, enriquecido con dialectos venidos del África negra y ampliado con el holandés, la lengua del poder o del conquistador. Su obra es el sumario de reconstrucción de todo un proceso histórico, no sólo del lenguaje, sino de su identidad y de las relaciones coloniales y socioculturales, con sus luchas y miserias. Para Walcott las Antillas son un lugar de mezcla racial, un “potente brebaje” que ha hecho posible que surjan “distintas razas, músicas, idiomas y religiones” como resultado de una dura y trágica fase de conquista colmada de sangre y esclavitud.
Reflexión y motivación moral. En tres estudios con jóvenes costarricenses
Authors: Tapia Valladares Javier
Published: September 2020

En este ensayo se presentan brevemente los elementos conceptuales del modelo cognitivo-evolutivo de la psicología del desarrollo moral, a partir de Piaget, pasando por Kohlberg, hasta el enfoque de Gibbs. Con base en dicha presentación general de conceptos, luego se expone una síntesis de tres estudios empíricos realizados en Costa Rica en la perspectiva cognitivo-evolutiva, para proponer después una visión sintética de los resultados de investigación obtenidos en dichos estudios. En el ensayo se procura ofrecer un énfasis específico sobre esos resultados. Luego, para finalizar, se contrastan algunos puntos de vista relevantes provenientes de los estudios sintetizados, respecto a los conceptos del modelo cognitivo-evolutivo del desarrollo moral, tratando de enfatizar en la contribución que pueden ofrecer para la comprensión del desarrollo psicológico moral de las personas jóvenes, en el contexto costarricense. Así pues, queda resaltada la importancia de la reflexión y la motivación moral en el desarrollo de las personas jóvenes en conexión con los procesos de cambio en la sociedad costarricense.
ANÁLISIS MULTICRITERIO DE VARIABLES QUÍMICAS, FÍSICAS Y BIOLÓGICAS EN 10 MEZCLAS DE SUSTRATOS HORTÍCOLAS EN GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA
Authors: Garbanzo León Juan Gabriel , Navarro Flores Juan Ramón
Published: September 2020

Se evaluó el efecto de diez mezclas de sustratos para la producción de almácigos hortícolas en la zona de Guanacaste, las mezclas se elaboraron a partir de materiales locales tales como  bocashi, compost y lombricompost, arena, suelo, fibra de coco y granza de arroz.  El objetivo del trabajo fue encontrar una mezcla que sustituya efectivamente al Peat Moss importado que es el sustrato que se emplea con mayor frecuencia en la industria de los almácigos. Para la evaluación de las mezclas se midieron variables químicas, físicas, microbiológicas y agronómicas.  La planta seleccionada para evaluar los sustratos fue tomate (Solanum lycopersicum).  El diseño empleado para la prueba fue el Irrestricto con cuatro repeticiones; la unidad experimental utilizada fue bandejas de 72 celdas, de las cuales la parcela total fue de 48 celdas y 24 celdas compusieron la parcela útil. En total se evaluaron 11 variables agronómicas, 14 químicas, 8 físicas y 3 microbiológicas para un total de 36 variables.  Debido a la complejidad de seleccionar el sustrato que reuniera las mejores características se decidió emplear un método multicriterio que resumiera el resultado de las 36 variables en un solo valor que ponderara cada una de las características evaluadas por cada una de las variables.  A cada una de las variables se le asignó un valor de ponderación (Vi) de acuerdo con la importancia que cada una de ellas tuviera en el contexto del ensayo.  Cada variable se sometió al análisis de variancia y las mezclas se agruparon por medio de la prueba de diferencia mínima significativa; en cada caso la separación de las medias de los tratamientos produjo tres grupos que recibieron la calificación de 1, 2 o 3 (Xj) según el grupo asignado por la prueba.  El Índice Ponderado (I.P.) se obtuvo sumando el resultado de multiplicar los valores Vi x Xj y para tener este valor en términos relativos la sumatoria obtenida se dividió entre el máximo puntaje posible y el resultado se multiplicó por 100.  Se encontró que las mezclas: (50% Lombricompost + 25% Bocashi + 25% Granza), (50% Bocashi + 25% Compost + 25% F. coco) y (50% Compost + 25% Bocashi + 25% F. coco) obtuvieron valores de I.P mayores que el de Peat Moss abriendo posibilidades de disminuir costos por sustitución de insumos importados en la producción de almácigos bajo las condiciones de Liberia, Guanacaste.
EVALUACIÓN DE 60 GENOTIPOS DE TOMATE (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) CULTIVADOS BAJO INVERNADERO EN COSTA RICA
Authors: Monge Pérez José Eladio
Published: September 2020

Se evaluaron en forma preliminar 60 genotipos de tomate producidos bajo invernadero, tanto a nivel cualitativo (9 variables) como cuantitativo (11 variables).  Los datos muestran una amplia variabilidad entre los genotipos, y brindan información útil a los productores en el proceso de selección del genotipo a utilizar en su sistema productivo, según el nicho de mercado de interés.  Se destacan varios genotipos de tomate ‘cherry’ y ‘uva’ por su alto contenido de sólidos solubles, que pueden ser opciones para los consumidores que demandan tomates de alta calidad.
LA CIUDAD DE PUNTARENAS Y SUS VEHÍCULOS DE MEMORIA. ALGUNAS IMPLICACIONES DE TEORÍA EMERGENTE
Authors: Arias Alpízar Luz Mary , Abarca Hernández Oriester
Published: September 2020

Se exponen resultados de una investigación realizada en la ciudad de Puntarenas sobre algunos vehículos de memoria colectiva (monumentos, placas y festividades) para derivar algunas consecuencias teóricas para la historiografía.
Rúbricas para evaluar la competencia oral en un segundo idioma: Un estudio de caso
Authors: Barquero D’Avanzo Milena , Ureña Salazar Elvia
Published: September 2020

Esta investigación analizó los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar la competencia oral de los estudiantes del Bachillerato en la Enseñanza del Inglés de la Sede del Atlántico de la Universidad de Costa Rica, por parte de sus docentes. El objetivo era proponer una herramienta más efectiva, que estuviera acorde con las actividades empleadas para fomentar esta competencia: la rúbrica. Se considera que esta herramienta propicia una mayor objetividad, pues beneficia tanto a la persona docente como al discente, porque con su uso se disminuye la posibilidad de errores evaluativos los cuales podrían estarse cometiendo por parte del profesorado. A lo largo del trabajo se explicará qué es una rúbrica así como sus características y sus ventajas, tales como la seguridad que sienten las y los estudiantes al conocer con antelación lo que se espera de ellos durante la evaluación, de igual forma, la facilidad que ofrece a las y los docentes en el momento de retroalimentar al estudiantado con respecto a su desempeño. Finalmente, se expone el proceso para la construcción de una rúbrica y se presenta una propuesta para que los docentes puedan utilizarla como guía para construir sus propios instrumentos.
Efecto de la Temperatura en la Evaluación de la Fatiga en Ligantes Asfálticos
Authors: Ayala del Toro Yelitza , Garnica Anguas Paul , Delgado Alamilla Horacio
Published: September 2020

La fatiga es uno de los modos de falla más comunes en los pavimentos flexibles, la cual es caracterizada por la interconexión de grietas longitudinales y transversales provocadas por los esfuerzos de tensión que se generan en la base de la carpeta asfáltica, debido al tránsito pesado.El presente trabajo evalúa la influencia de la temperatura en el comportamiento a la fatiga de ligantes asfálticos, de acuerdo a dos métodos de ensayo: Grado PG y Barrido de Amplitud Lineal (LAS). El estudio evalúa tres ligantes asfalticos, los cuales corresponden a tres diferentes aplicaciones de la mezcla asfáltica: PG64-16 (mezcla convencional), PG76-16 (mezcla modificada con polímero SBS) y PG88-22 (mezcla tibia). Los resultados obtenidos muestran la diferencia en comportamiento de los ligantes cuando son evaluados a distintas temperaturas (37, 34, 28, y 20 °C) considerando dos tipos de envejecimiento: a corto plazo y a largo plazo. Adicionalmente, se explora la temperatura de transición entre la parte sólido-elástica y la líquido-viscosa, como parámetro para determinar la temperatura adecuada del ensayo de fatiga.Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe un cambio en la tendencia de la resistencia a fatiga con el cambio de temperatura, principalmente cuando el asfalto se encuentra a una temperatura superior o inferior al punto (temperatura) de transición. De acuerdo a la evaluación por fatiga de la mezcla asfáltica, la temperatura de transición indica ser un parámetro adecuado para la selección de la temperatura de evaluación de este modo de falla en ligantes asfálticos; sin embargo, se deberán realizar validaciones posteriores con diferentes materiales para corroborarlo.
GUERRA, SOCIOLOGÍA Y SOCIOLOGÍA DE LA GUERRA. REVISIÓN TEÓRICA Y APORTES METODOLÓGICOS
Authors: Gallegos Claudio
Published: September 2020

Desde finales del siglo xx, los cambios en las formas de la guerra dan cuenta de la necesidad de establecer nueva teoría para comprender estas nuevas formas. Este artículo busca colaborar con el proceso de revisión y construcción de conocimiento sobre la guerra desde el ámbito de la Sociología. Para ello, se toma como base una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, con la cual se exponen nuevos aportes que se alejan de la producción liberal tendiente a no considerar la guerra como un fenómeno social de importante trascendencia.
LA DIPLOMACIA DEL AGUA: ANÁLISIS DEL CASO “RÍO BRAVO”
Authors: García Waldman David Horacio , Gonzáles Cruz Salvador Gerardo , Ortiz Téllez Gustavo Daniel
Published: September 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir y comparar, a través de distintos casos, la importancia de la Diplomacia del agua en las Relaciones Internacionales. Se analiza la disputa territorial del río Bravo entre México y Estados Unidos a través del Tratado de 1944. Como antecedente, se exponen dos casos de investigación (disputas entre el río Mekong y el Mar de la China Meridional), con el objetivo de sugerir soluciones para futuras problemáticas con base en las investigaciones existentes.
LA REPRESENTACIÓN DEL SUICIDIO EN LA PRENSA ESPAÑOLA
Authors: Santos Diez María Teresa , Camacho Markina Idoia
Published: September 2020

En este artículo se analiza el tratamiento al tema del suicidio en los diarios españoles La Razón, El Mundo, El País y abc desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2017. Mediante la metodología de análisis de contenido, se cuantifica la autoría de los textos, los géneros y las fuentes empleadas, además se identifican las áreas temáticas que centran el interés de los diarios analizados. Las conclusiones indican que las noticias son fundamentalmente descriptivas y con poca especialización con textos que priman los aspectos negativos e, incluso, sensacionalistas. Los temas principales se centran en el suicidio consumado, la cultura y la tentativa de suicidio. Asimismo, se presenta el suicidio como una respuesta o una solución para enfrentarse a los problemas.
Penerapan Fungsi Manajemen Dalam Meningkatkan Jama’ah Shalat Shubuh Dan Shalat Jum’at
Authors: Agustin Apriyanti Kartika , Sanusi Irfan , Herman Herman
Published: September 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan fungsi manajemen pada Masjid Al-Anshari dalam meningkatkan Jama’ah Shalat Shubuh dan Shalat Jum’at. Secara lebih rinci tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk pengetahui proses perencanaan, proses pengorganisasian, proses penggerakan dan proses pengendalian di Masjid Al-Anshari. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, dipandang tepat untuk digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Adapun metode pengumpulan data yakni dengan cara observasi, wawancara, rekaman audio dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Masjid Al-Anshari di dalam meningkatkan jama’ah Shalat Shubuh dan Shalat Jum’at memiliki proses perencanaan berupa penyusunan unsur tujuan, unsur kebijakan, unsur kemajuan, dan unsur program. Proses pengorganisasian yang dilakukan dengan pembagian kerja melalui struktur organisasi, departementalisasi dengan deksripsi kerjanya, distribusi otoritas, dan koordinasi yang dilakukan setiap Briefing di Coffee Break. Proses penggerakan dilakukan melalui proses motivasi, proses kepemimpinan dan proses komunikasi. Proses pengendalian dilakukan dengan memperbaiki penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang ada.

 

This study aims to determine the application of management functions in the Al-Ansari Mosque in improving Jama'ah Shubuh Prayer and Friday Prayers. In more detail, the purpose of this research is to find out the planning process, the organizing process, the mobilization process and the control process at Al-Ansari Mosque.  This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, considered appropriate for use in this study. The data collection method is by observation, interview, audio recording and documentation study.  The results of this study indicate that the Al-Ansari Mosque in improving the congregation of the Shubuh Prayers and Friday Prayers has a planning process in the form of compilation of objectives, policy elements, progress elements, and program elements. The organizing process is carried out with the division of labor through the organizational structure, departmentalization with its work description, distribution of authority, and coordination that is carried out every Briefing at Coffee Break. The mobilization process is carried out through a motivational process, a leadership process and a communication process. The control process is carried out by correcting the existing deviations.
Strategi Integrated Marketing Communication Produk The Red Ginger Al-Ghozali di Tambak dalam Baru Surabaya
Authors: Faizah Nur , Huda Sokhi
Published: September 2020

This study examines the Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) strategy carried out by Ustadh Al-Ghozali in marketing the red ginger products. IMC strategy plays an important role in the advancement and development of the Home industry. The purpose of this study was to identify the IMC strategy proposed by Al-Ghozali in marketing the red ginger products and to teach this research using a qualitative-descriptive approach with a Marketing Mix theory perspective. The results of this study describe that the IMC strategy carried out by Al-Ghozali includes two stages, namely planning and implementation. In these two stages he employs a strategy of advertising, direct marketing, direct promotion, personal selling, and public relations. The factors that support the success of the IMC strategy are the role of social media and the involvement of resellers. IMC strategy is implemented optimally. Although there are several constrained aspects, there are quite a lot of consumers, especially those in the shop who have collaborated
Komunikasi Preventif Radikalisme Agama pada Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Ambon
Authors: Hakis Hakis
Published: September 2020

This article discusses are how religious radicalism preventive communication among students at University of Ambon. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive with a phenomenological approach to investigate social and religious phenomena in university students.
The findings of preventive communication in counteracting religious radicalism in Higher Education are: the communication of the campus academics has not been maximized to students in fostering religious understanding. Every tertiary institution needs to have real student data starting from data on their religious understanding so that they know students who are exposed to religious radicalism. The campus is expected to prepare tutor facilities in communicating preventively about religious radicalism and the dangers it causes.
Development of an Electronic Simulator Model for a Security Assessment System of a Dedicated Room Using a Vibro-Acoustic Channel
Authors: Baranov Vladimir , Alekseev Viktor , Aliyev Elnur
Published: September 2020

To conduct validation tests of selected areas subject to protecting them from leaking via acoustic channels are used for the security evaluation system of the selected premises intended for conducting special acoustic and vibro-acoustic measurements in the premises for the purpose of evaluating their security. The cost of such systems is quite high and not every organization can afford to buy them. The presence of a software analogue of this system would significantly reduce the cost of purchasing equipment for training, as well as increase its efficiency.

The simulator is a complex modeling system aimed at preparing the student to make high-quality and quick decisions. A special place among the simulators is occupied by electronic simulators. In this type of the simulator on the basis of a personal electronic computer, the workplace of the student and the teacher is implemented, which allows for training and control without leaving the classroom. The article reveals the relevance, the purpose of development, the purpose and operation of the electronic simulator of the system for assessing the security of a dedicated room using the vibroacoustic channel. The simulator works in two modes: training and control. The software allows to study the characteristics, the sequence of the measuring complex assembly and configuration, to configure the elements of the measuring platform, to take into account errors. This allows to significantly improve practical orientation and effectiveness of the educational process.
USO DEL CELULAR EN EL AMBIENTE LABORAL; RELACIÓN FEAR OF MISSING OUT - FOMO Y LOS ACCIDENTES DE TRABAJO
Authors: Diaz Villamues Juan Carlos
Published: September 2020

La presente investigación, hizo énfasis en una problemática laboral con respecto al uso del celular, la relación del fenómeno Fear of Missing Out - FoMO y los accidentes de trabajo. En este sentido, los problemas que la adicción al celular ha generado en el entorno social, educativo y más específicamente en el laboral, demuestran un impacto negativo ya que los trabajadores por no usar controladamente el mismo, se distraen o disminuyen su capacidad de concentración, lo que termina por afectar esencialmente la salud e integridad física, y también, generar pérdidas significativas de productividad y dinero en las empresas.

Se presenta entonces a continuación un estudio cuantitativo, correlacional, con la cual se evidenció que el uso no controlado del celular en el trabajo aumenta significativamente las probabilidades de sufrir accidentes laborales.

Es una realidad que va en aumento, el celular se convierte progresivamente en el dispositivo tecnológico más utilizado en las empresas. La falta de atención y de concentración provocada por atender una llamada, responder un texto o ver la última publicación en la red social, son fuentes de accidentes o cuasi accidentes laborales y desafortunadamente algunos de esos accidentes han terminado en siniestros. En principio, existe un costo intangible que no se reflejan en cifras, y es el del sufrimiento humano ocasionado por los accidentes de trabajo, imposible estos de ser medidos. Por otro lado, se calcula que los días de trabajo perdidos por accidentalidad laboral representan cerca del 4 por ciento del PIB mundial y, en algunos países, hasta el 6 por ciento o más.

Ante el uso de los celulares por parte de los trabajadores, se plantean medidas en las empresas como el establecimiento de programas, normas y políticas internas de uso, creando conciencia hacia los trabajadores para así, disminuir los accidentes ocasionados por este distractor.
ESTADO DEL ARTE SOBRE-DIAGNOSTICACIÓN Y ETIQUETAS EN EL PROCESO DE APRENDIZAJE
Authors: E Inclusión (GESPI) Grupo de Estudios sobre psicopedagogía
Published: September 2020

Existen diversos estudios sobre trastornos y dificultades del aprendizaje en niños, pero poco se habla de cómo esta situación afecta e impacta al joven adulto en sus procesos formativos. Este trabajo de investigación pretende identificar los modelos teóricos predominantes sobre trastornos y dificultades del aprendizaje en los jóvenes adultos en Colombia. En las sociedades contemporáneas, prevalece un deseo por comprender el ser humano, este deseo nos ha llevado a categorizar y ubicar a través de etiquetas, creyendo que de esta manera podremos comprender el mundo, obviando que al encasillar a las personas lo hacemos bajo unos aspectos a menudo superficiales, que nos llevan a hacer juicios radicales que quizá están lejos de ser ciertos o asertivos. Actualmente, en el proceso de elaboración de un diagnóstico intervienen muchos profesionales: el médico, el psicólogo, el maestro; cayendo en un exceso de diagnósticos, a los que pocas veces se les brinda acompañamiento y solución, lo que hacen es reforzar la falta, alejando la posibilidad de mitigar o superar la dificultad. Los trastornos y dificultades de aprendizaje no son ajenos a este fenómeno, pues en muchas ocasiones se hacen diagnósticos a priori teniendo en cuenta solo lo que está en la superficie, apareciendo trastornos y dificultades de aprendizaje, que son usualmente detectadas en la etapa escolar, cuando el estudiante no alcanza el nivel esperado para su rango de edad. Las dificultades de aprendizaje pueden manifestarse de muchas formas, por ejemplo: baja motivación para estudiar, poca memorización, concentración limitada, incapacidad para resolver problemas dados, comportamiento social inadaptado, inquietud, entre otros. Las razones más frecuentes de estas dificultades tienen que ver con problemas en casa, condiciones socioafectivas complicadas, un duelo, problemas de ansiedad, preocupación económica, divorcio de los padres, violencia doméstica, etc.
UNA COMPARACIÓN A PARTIR DEL STIFFNESS TEST Y EL CMJ ENTRE DEPORTISTAS DE CHEERLEADING PROFESIONAL (SELECCIÓN COLOMBIA) Y AMATEUR.
Authors: López Nicolle , Cortes Ricardo , Yánez Cristian , Masso Ana
Published: September 2020

Uno de los movimientos técnicos más repetidos dentro de las sesiones de entrenamiento de la gimnasia y las acrobacias, y en el que se pueden alcanzar valores elevados de impacto contra el suelo es la recepción tras los saltos. Un aspecto diferenciador de esta especialidad gimnástica como lo es el Cheerleading es la poca utilización de componentes amortiguadores en el entrenamiento, por lo que la absorción de las fuerzas de reacción del suelo en el aterrizaje depende únicamente del componente activo de los deportistas (trabajo excéntrico de la cadena extensora del miembro inferior). Una mala técnica de amortiguación provocará que el porrista incremente el riesgo de padecer una lesión por sobrecarga. Métodos: Se realizó el Stiffness Test (ST) y el salto contra movimiento (CMJ) en 6 deportistas élite (Selección Colombia)  y en 6 deportistas amateur  de Cheerleading entre los 22±5 años, con peso corporal 59±10 kg y talla 1,64±1, un IMC de 24,15 ± 3,5 aparentemente sanas, físicamente activos y sin lesiones previas a la prueba. para evaluar la rigidez en el impacto de las articulaciones y la fatiga muscular en las extremidades inferiores en el Cheerleading. Propósito: Comparar las diferencias en los resultados de las diferentes variables (Pico de fuerza, altura de salto, tiempo de vuelo, fatiga muscular en miembros inferiores, entre otras) con respecto a los resultados del ST y el CMJ. entre de los deportistas aficionados y los deportistas élite (Selección Colombia). Resultados: La desviación estándar obtenida de la población a la que se le aplicó el Stiffness Test y el CMJ (6 atletas de la Selección Colombia de Cheerleading, 6 deportistas amateurs de Cheerleading) fue 22±5 años, con peso corporal 59±10 kg, talla 1,64±1 y un IMC de 24,15 ± 3,5 - Conclusiones: la población profesional obtuvo marcas superiores en todas los aspectos según la hipótesis planteada, excepto en la variable (CRFD) que se expone como producto de la rigidez (LS) de la selección profesional. Es decir, que la rigidez permite, en este caso, orientar la mayor cantidad de energía en la fase excéntrica logrado así un efecto rebote donde no sea necesario agotar energía y reclutamiento en la fase concéntrica. Desde una perspectiva neuromuscular, la adaptabilidad del entrenamiento por alto rendimiento y experiencia hace que  no se convierta necesario un alto nivel de desarrollo concéntrico de la fuerza, por ende se vuelve en un movimiento neuromuscularmente económico alcanzando igualmente resultados satisfactorios en la altura del salto.
Аntibacterial inorganic agents: efficiency of using multicomponent systems
Authors: Meleshko А. A. , Afinogenova A. G. , Afinogenov G. E. , Spiridonova A. A. , Tolstoy V. P.
Published: September 2020

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are promising antibacterial agents. They have a broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. The use of NPs reduces the possibility of the microbial resistance development. This review briefly shows the general mechanisms and the main factors of antibacterial activity of NPs. In this article, a comprehensive review of the recent researches in the field of new antimicrobial agents with superior long-term bactericidal activity and low toxicity is provided. The review gives the examples of synthesis of double and triple nanocomposites based on following oxides: CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, Ag2O, MnO2, etc. including metal and nonmetal doped nanocomposites (for example with Ag, Ce, Cr, Mn, Nd, Co, Sn, Fe, N, F, etc.). Compared with bactericidal action of individual oxides, the nanocomposites demonstrate superior antibacterial activity and have synergistic effects. For example, the antimicrobial activity of ZnO against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was increased by -100% by formation of triple nanocomposites ZnO—MnO2—Cu2O or ZnO—Ag2O—Ag2S. Similar effect was showed for Ce-doped ZnO and Zn-doped CuO. The present article also provides the examples of nanocomposites containing NPs and organic (chitosan, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, biopolymers, etc.) or inorganic materials with special structure (graphene oxide, TiO2 nanotubes, silica) which demonstrate controlled release and longterm antibacterial activity. All of the considered nanocomposites and their combinations have a pronounced long-term antimicrobial effect including against antibiotic-resistant strains. They are able to prevent the formation of microbial biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, have low toxicity to eukaryotic cells, demonstrate anti-inflammatory and woundhealing properties in compositions with polymers (sodium alginate, collagen, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.). The use of nanoscale systems can solve several important practical problems at the same time: saving of long-term antimicrobial activities while reducing the number of compounds, creation of new antimicrobial agents with low toxicity and reduced environmental impact, development of new biocidal materials, including new coatings for effective antimicrobial protection of medical devices.
Cytokines and neuron-specific proteins in pediatric viral encephalitis and convulsive syndrome. I. Viral encephalitis
Authors: Alekseeva L. A. , Zheleznikova G. F. , Gorelik E. Y. , Skripchenko N. V. , Zhirkov A. A.
Published: September 2020

Convulsive syndrome in children is manifested in the three forms: febrile convulsions in acute infections, symptomatic convulsions during acute neuroinfection, as well as onset of epilepsy requiring careful differentiation to prescribe adequate therapy. A threat of convulsive syndrome spreads beyond complications related to ongoing infection, because its development is associated with the risk of emerging symptomatic epilepsy in the future. Postencephalitic epilepsy developing in children within the first years after viral encephalitis has been specifically highlighted. A necessity to identify groups at risk of developing epilepsy gave a momentum to seek out for biomarkers of epileptogenesis reflecting the features of systemic and local inflammatory process in the central nervous system during the immune response to infection. Cytokines mainly mediating inflammation are currently examined being studied as candidate biomarkers of the risk of epilepsy. On the other hand, neuron-specific proteins known as inflammation biomarkers identified in various diseases of the central nervous system are being investigated to reveal brain cell injury in neuroinfections and epilepsy. Here we review publications assessing a potential to use inflammation biomarkers (cytokines and neuron-specific proteins) to diagnose and monitor pediatric neurological diseases associated with convulsive syndrome. The first part of the review describes the results of determining the inflammation biomarkers in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid during acute viral encephalitis/encephalopathy associated with various neurotropic viruses (herpes viruses, flaviviruses, enteroviruses). A significance of diverse biomarkers in predicting an outcome and long-term disease consequences are discussed.
Cytokines and neuro-specific proteins in viral encephalitis and convulsive syndrome in children. II. Convulsive syndrome
Authors: Alekseeva L. A. , Zheleznikova G. F. , Gorelik E. Y. , Sckripchenko N. V. , Zhirkov A. A.
Published: September 2020

In this Section we provide new data on the pathogenetic factors in pediatric convulsive syndrome, including a prominent role of viral infection in developing seizures and epilepsy (EPL) in children, as evidenced by clinical and experimental studies. Various forms of convulsive syndrome associated with viral infection include febrile convulsions and febrile epileptic status, encephalitis-related acute symptomatic seizures, and postencephalitic epilepsy. The human herpesvirus-6 isolated in temporal lobe epilepsy is a frequent causative agent of febrile seizures and febrile epileptic status. Febrile seizures and, especially, febrile epileptic status are associated with further developing epilepsy. Of special note is the febrile infection-related epileptic syndrome (FIRES) more often affecting school-aged children and characterized by extremely severe course and unfavorable outcome. Convulsive syndrome is associated with systemic inflammation and overproduced pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase permeability of the blood-brain barrier and functional activity of brain-resident cells, which are involved in eliciting seizures and maintaining epileptogenesis. Taking into consideration the key role of inflammation underlying convulsive syndrome, in recent decades cytokines and chemokines have been widely studied as possible prognostic criteria for epileptogenesis. Neuron-specific proteins are examined as markers of brain cell damage in various inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. The first Section of the review presented current understanding on systemic and local cytokine/chemokine response in viral encephalitis. Here we present clinical trials published within the last 5—7 years assessing cytokines/chemokines and neuron-specific proteins in children with various forms of convulsive syndrome, including epilepsy. Association between biomarker level and disease clinical parameters as well as potential for their use to diagnose and predict its further course are discussed.
Features of peripheral blood B-cell subset phenotype are associated with clinical outcome of widespread purulent peritonitis
Authors: Belenjuk V. D. , Savchenko A. A. , Borisov A. G. , Kudryavtsev I. V.
Published: September 2020

The aim of the study was to investigate the phenotypic features of peripheral blood B-lymphocytes in patients with widespread purulent peritonitis (WPP) during postoperative treatment depending on the disease outcome. 52 patients with acute surgical diseases and injuries of the abdominal organs complicated by WPP were examined. Blood sampling was performed before surgery (preoperative period), as well as on day 7, 14 and 21 of the postoperative period. All patients with WPP were divided into two groups depending on the disease outcome during postoperative period: patients with favorable outcome (n = 34), patients with unfavorable outcome (n = 18). 68 healthy subjects were included into control group. Immunophenotyping of blood B-lymphocytes was assessed by flow cytometry and direct immunofluorescence of whole peripheral blood stained with monoclonal antibodies. It was found that patients with WPP in preoperative period contained lowered B1-cell subset compared to control group that was paralleled with low absolute B-lymphocyte count. Moreover, a higher number of activated (based on upregulated CD23 expression) peripheral blood B1-lymphocytes was observed in the patients with unfavorable than in patients with favorable WPP outcome. In addition, dynamics of changes in frequency of B-lymphocytes during postoperative period (day 7—21) varied profoundly depending on the disease outcome. In particular, patients with favorable WPP outcome during postoperative period were found to contain decreased percentage of the most B-cell subsets (including activated cells) examined, whereas patients with unfavorable disease outcome had virtually unaltered B-cell composition in the postoperative period. Moreover, count of total B-cells, naive B-cells and B2-cells negative or positive for CD23 expression was higher in patients with unfavorable outcome than in patients with favorable WPP outcome throughout entire postoperative period. Percentage of some other B-cell subsets in patients with unfavorable than with favorable outcome was also higher only at certain stages of postoperative treatment. It is assumed that such features in peripheral blood B-cell subset composition were closely linked to the disease outcome so that patients with unfavorable WPP outcome turned out to have disturbed B-cell maturation and migration in developing immune response that might be due to lowered total sensitivity of host body to postoperative antibiotic therapy.
Characterization of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated in Russia
Authors: Borisova O. Yu. , Gadua N. T. , Pimenova A. S. , Chaplin A. V. , Chagina I. A. , Urban Y. N. , Maksimova N. M. , Korzhenkova M. P. , Afanasiev S. S. , Kafarskaya L. I. , Afanasyev M. S. , Krikun V. V. , Yakunina O. Yu.
Published: September 2020

The aim of the study was to characterize toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae by examining 12 toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae isolated in Russia between January, 2017 to June, 2019. The morphological, toxigenic and biochemical properties of C. diphtheriae was studied. Genotyping of C. diphtheriae strains was performed using MLST and dtxR gene sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Results. Toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae were isolated in the Novosibirsk, Samara and Chelyabinsk Regions, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug — Yugra as well as the Republic of Northern Ossetia — Alania. Among these strains, 5 were isolated from diphtheria patients (moderate disease found in one case, mild course — remaining patients) and 7 strains were isolated from bacterial carriers. In two cases C. diphtheriae from diphtheria patients were identified as ST25 sequence type, gravis variant; in one case — ST8 type, gravis variant; two cases — ST67 sequence type, mitis variant. In asymptomatic carriers of tox-positive C. diphtheriae strains they belonged to ST25 sequence type, gravis variant — in two cases, ST67 type, mitis variant — in four cases. A sequencing type was not identified in one case. All sequence types were widespread globally being presented by a large number of isolates in the PubMLST and characterized by a substantial amount of derivative sequence types. At the same time, they belonged to different clonal complexes and differed markedly from each other contributing to their reliable difference as assessed by MLST. Study of gene dtxR sequence diversity showed that all allelic variants were typical for the representatives of these sequence types. New alleles of gene dtxR were not revealed in strains examined. It was shown that non-synonymous substitution C440T leading to A147V amino acid substitution was found solely in one allele distributed in ST8, ST185, ST195 and ST451 types suggesting at late mutation. In contrast, the polymorphism C640A resulting in the amino acid substitution L214I was found not only in the same allele, but also in the basal tree branches indicating that isoleucine was in the ancestral sequence of the protein.
Features of proinflammatory cytokine production in patients with allergic rhinitis combined with Helicobacter pylori-associated pathologies
Authors: Iraklionova N. S. , Belan E. B. , Turkina S. V. , Dotsenko A. M.
Published: September 2020

Investigating a role for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in immune and inflammatory response represents one of the most pressing topics in current immunology. There have been accumulated a great body of data regarding the cytokine status during inflammatory processes in gastrointestinal tract. However, many issues remain poorly elucidated. Moreover, most of the studies were mainly aimed at examining biopsy material cytokines collected from various parts of the gastrointestinal tract or gastric juice. Here we present the data on investigating the features of cytokine production in patients with allergic rhinitis combined with H. pylori-associated diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A total of 225 patients aged 18 to 40 years (mean age 29.5±6.74 years) were examined, among which 43 patients suffered from allergic rhinitis, 66 patients had inflammatory diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract (chronic gastritis/gastroduodenitis), and 69 patients — allergic rhinitis with concomitant inflammatory diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients were stratified to various study groups depending on diagnosed allergic rhinitis and H. pylori infection. Serum IL-6 and IL-8 level and complete blood cell count were measured. Statistical significance for difference in parameter frequencies between independent groups was assessed by using Fisher's exact test or χ2 criteria. It was shown that serum IL-6 level in H. pylori-negative patients was within the reference interval with single spikes, whereas its production was markedly increased in patients with H. pylori infection regardless of allergic pathology. Frequency of subjects with elevated serum IL-8 level was comparable between groups of patients with gastrointestinal diseases, but significantly higher than that one in the control group. An interdependence between serum IL-8 level and white blood cell count was found, which is of interest for predicting development of the inflammatory process. Thus, the serum IL-8 level during the upper gastrointestinal tract inflammatory diseases was increased regardless of verified of H. pylori infection and allergic rhinitis, whereas increased IL-6 serum level was observed solely in H. pylori-positive patients.
Humoral immunity, vaccination period and demographic characteristics of first immunized smallpox vaccine recipients
Authors: Ermilova O. S. , Gin’ko Z. I. , Belyavskaya V. A.
Published: September 2020

General vaccination of population with vaccinia virus leaded to the eradication of smallpox, then it was finished because of the danger of adverse events. The recurrence of research interest in smallpox vaccine is due to the research of using the virus as a weapon of bioterrorism and the increased frequency of orthopoxvirus infections whereas the population immunity decline. The vaccinia virus is also used as a vector for creating recombinant vaccines. Understanding the pathway and predicting the immune response it will be able to avoid possible adverse events and excessive immunization. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations between humoral immunity, clinical signs during a vaccination period, sex and age characteristics of adults who had received several doses of vaccinia virus. We studied a vaccination clinical data of 135 subjects revaccinated with a smallpox vaccine from twice to 10 times. A total of 95% and 5% vaccine recipients experienced mild or moderate vaccination period, respectively. Inoculation skin lesions was noted at 127 subjects (94.1%). Among them more than 22% vaccine recipients experienced local or systemic adverse events. Compared to mild group moderate group had larger hyperemia (p = 0.04), scab (p = 0.01), healing time (p = 0.001). The age subjects with a moderate vaccination period is less than mild (p = 0.03), the chance of lymphadenopathy development is higher within moderate vaccination period (p 0.001). Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers were determined for 54 subjects using plaque reduction neutralization tests. There was a noted tendency of higher protective antibody values at women compared with men. Negative correlation between the antibody titers and the hyperemia size was revealed. Frequently axillary adenopathy is assotiated with higher protective antibody values. Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers value are not associated with the presence and size of the lesion, the scab falling time, age and the number of previous vaccinations. The clinical variability and the immune response using the same vaccine and the same pattern vaccination would be explained by individual genetic differences that should be further explored.
Immunological and genetic features of pathogenetic association between psoriasis and colonic dysbiosis
Authors: Goncharov A. A. , Dolgikh O. V.
Published: September 2020

Psoriasis is a multifactorial systemic immune-associated disease. It is assumed that colonic dysbiosis may contribute to its development. In this review we provide the data on colonic dysbiosis in induction and progression of psoriatic inflammation assessing a role for bacterial species: Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli. On one hand, these bacterial species indicate at state of dysbiotic bacterial communities, whereas on the other hand, they are functionally associated with triggering a chain of events inducing impaired intestinal barrier transforming into chronic inflammation in the colonic mucosa and systemic inflammation. Such a scenario leads to the altered systemic reactivity of innate and adaptive immune cells, impaired function of regulatory immune cells resulting in expansion of the autoreactive skin T-cells and induction of psoriatic inflammation due to molecular mimicry between persistent Streptococcus pyogenes and cutaneous antigens. The psoriatic process is envisioned as a comorbidity with inflammatory bowel diseases. Since dysbiotic changes in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. Crohn's disease) display similar features, these diseases might potentially proceed via a similar pathogenetic chain resulting from dysbiotic changes in intestinal microbiota towards impaired intestinal barrier, chronic systemic inflammation and altered anti-inflammatory immune arm. Therefore, the data on pathogenetic pathways of the diseases comorbid with psoriasis are able to uncover yet-unknown pathogenetic components for the latter. Psoriasis as a genetically-determined disease is currently believed to be associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in more than four hundred genes. A role for diverse SNPs in candidate genes involved in psoriasis pathogenetic chain in antigen processing and presentation, migration of immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine ligation and production is discussed. Crohn's disease is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes encoding intestinal barrier proteins potentially underlying its functional deficiency. In connection with comorbidity and similarity between microbiota-associated pathogenetic psoriasis chain and inflammatory bowel diseases, it is possible to assume that such SNPs accounting for genetic defects in the intestinal barrier are manifested as dysbiotic changes in colonic bacterial community and contribute to progression not only of inflammatory bowel diseases, but psoriasis as well.
Immunostimulating effect of Yersinia enterocolitica-antigen conjugated gold nanoparticles
Authors: Staroverov S. А. , Fomin А. S. , Gabalov K. P. , Ivaschenko S. V. , Manieson V. E. , Dykman L. А.
Published: September 2020

Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the most common causative agents of nosocomial infections and the causative agent of yersiniosis, an acute infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal yersiniosis caused by Y. enterocolitica is a very pressing issue for clinical and veterinary medicine requiring use of sero- and immunodiagnostics to identify the causative agent in humans, animals and animal products. Gold nanoparticles represent one of the most popular antigen nanocarriers used for immunization and vaccination. The advantages of using gold nanoparticles as vaccine delivery vehicles are associated with their relatively small size promoting their tissue penetration, low toxicity and prolonged in vivo circulation, low cost, and reproducibility. Currently, the development of new gold nanoparticle-containing diagnostic tests and vaccines against viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, including bacteria of the genus Yersinia is underway. The aim of the study was to examine efficacy of 15 nm gold nanoparticles as an immunomodulator coupled to Y. enterocolitica-derived antigen for immunization and vaccination. Final conjugate construct was used to immunize laboratory animals. The methods of immunochemical analysis assessed sensitivity and specificity of the antibodies obtained. After that, protective effects were examined in animals vaccinated with antigen conjugates and comparison preparations. It was found that immunization with a Y. enterocolitica antigen-gold nanoparticle conjugate resulted in obtaining serum that specifically recognized yersiniosis ~35 and ~14 kDa proteins evaluated in Western blot analysis. It was shown that the specific sera cross-reacted with Y. pseudotuberculosis species, but not with intestinal group Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, suggesting the generic specificity of the antibodies obtained. To determine the protective effect, animals were vaccinated with antigen-gold nanoparticle conjugates and comparison preparations. Two weeks after the last vaccination, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with pathogenic strain Y. enterocolitica culture. The groups immunized with antigen-gold nanoparticle conjugate had 70—80% survival rate, whereas all control mice died. It was shown that Yersinia-derived antigen-gold nanoparticle conjugates possessed higher immunomodulating activity than unconjugated antigen. The antibodies obtained can be used for effective yersiniosis immunodiagnostics. Thus, Y. enterocolitica antigen-gold nanoparticle conjugates may serve as a basis for creating preventive vaccines.