bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful treatment of sebaceous adenitis in a rabbit with ciclosporin and triglycerides
Authors: Jassies‐van der Lee Annette , Van Zeeland Yvonne , Kik Marja , Schoemaker Nico
Published: December 2008

A 4‐year‐old rabbit was presented with a chronic exfoliative dermatitis and patchy alopecia. General physical examination revealed no abnormalities. Skin scrapings and fungal culture were negative. A blood sample was obtained for a complete blood cell count and biochemical profile, and yielded results that were within normal limits. Radiographic examination of the thorax excluded the presence of a thymoma. Histopathology of the skin showed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, absence of sebaceous glands and mural lymphocytic folliculitis, consistent with sebaceous adenitis. Oral treatment was started with ciclosporin dissolved in a medium‐chain triglyceride solution (Miglyol 812), combined with essential fatty acids and topical propylene glycol sprays. Within 2 months of treatment, complete regression of skin lesions and regrowth of hair was observed. Serum chemistry values including kidney and liver function tests remained within reference range during the course of treatment. Histopathological examination of control biopsies of the skin showed presence of normal sebaceous glands and active hair follicles. Treatment was changed to a different pharmaceutical formulation of ciclosporin without Miglyol and deterioration of clinical signs was noticed. Using pure Miglyol 812, however, resulted in a gradual improvement of 60%. A nearly complete response was again observed after re‐administration of the combination ciclosporin/Miglyol. It is hypothesized that sebaceous adenitis in the rabbit is most likely due to an autoimmune reaction directed at the sebaceous glands and a defect in lipid metabolism. The outcome indicates that a combination of ciclosporin and Miglyol 812 is a promising new treatment for sebaceous adenitis in rabbits.
Identification of a new HLA‐A*11 allele, HLA‐A*1135, by sequence‐based typing in Korean individual
Authors: Han S. H. , Jung S. M. , Park S. R. , Chung S. Y. , Han H.
Published: December 2008

A novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A allele has been identified in the cord blood of a Korean baby. New HLA‐A*1135 allele was different from HLA‐A*1131 by three nucleotide substitution at codon 142 (ATC→ACC) and codon 163 (CGG→ACG), resulting in two amino acid change, Ile 142 Thr and Arg 163 Thr.
Lessons from the past: the collapse of Jamaican coral reefs
Authors: Hardt Marah J.
Published: December 2008

Since Pre‐Columbian times, humans have exploited Jamaican marine ecosystems with significant consequences for flora and fauna. This study focuses on the history of reef fish exploitation in Jamaica, from first human occupation to the present day, to determine how past fishing activities contributed to subsequent declines in the coral reef ecosystem. The pattern of declining reef fish populations was nonlinear. Reef fish first declined in prehistoric times but then potentially recovered, following genocide of the native human population. Reduced fishing pressure lasted until the mid‐19th century. At that time, depletion of reef fish populations again occurred with a precipitous decline from the 1850s to the 1940s. The final shift from relatively abundant to overfished marine fauna corresponded to subtle changes in fish trap design as well as development of recreational fishing. Government subsidies throughout the second half of the 20th century exacerbated the declines. This analysis shows that local artisanal fisheries with relatively low levels of effort and seemingly subtle shifts in technology can significantly impact the coral reef ecosystem and that declines occurred decades to centuries before modern ecological studies began. This research shows how historical analysis can be a powerful tool to minimize shifted baselines and establish realistic targets for recovery and sustainable management of marine ecosystems.
Thirty years later: the global growth of ITQs and their influence on stock status in marine fisheries
Authors: Chu Cindy
Published: December 2008

Individual transferable quota (ITQ) programmes have been incorporated into many marine fisheries management strategies for 30 years, but their implementation and utility remains controversial. This study provides an overview of the global status of ITQ programmes, the reasons they have been adopted and the changes in stock biomass after their implementation. Eighteen countries currently use ITQs to manage several hundred stocks of at least 249 species. ITQs were adopted in these countries for many reasons: overcapitalization, economic gains, safety concerns for fishers and political change. The implementation of ITQs does not translate into consistent changes in stock biomass. Improvements in 12 of 20 stocks after ITQs were introduced suggest that ITQs can be an effective component of fisheries management strategies, but eight of the stocks continued to decline after ITQs were introduced. This suggests that alternative or complementary measures are needed to sustain those fisheries, such as combining ITQs with more effective total allowable catches, better enforcement and monitoring, and implementing aspects of ecosystem‐based fisheries management.
THE SOCIAL LIFE OF THE BYZANTINE GIFT: THE ROYAL CROWN OF HUNGARY RE‐INVENTED
Authors: HILSDALE CECILY J.
Published: December 2008

Inspired by what anthropologists have called the social life of things, this article traces the shifting significations of the Royal Crown of Hungary. As an object central to notions of legitimacy in a land that served as a battleground for Eastern and Western powers during the medieval and modern eras, the crown over its contested history has come to be seen as a composite symbol of political independence and Western cultural affiliation. A thorough archaeology of the crown, however, reveals its origins as an eleventh‐century diadem designed for a Byzantine princess. Subsequently this open crown was transformed into the closed crown worn by the king of a powerful and emerging Western monarchy. In the process of this re‐gendering, the object was reconceived as papal gift. Bridging both instantiations is the crown's status as a gift, replete with associations of power and subjugation that anthropologists of gift‐giving practices have long recognized.
Welfare State and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Public Health Care
Authors: KOTAKORPI KAISA , LAAMANEN JANI‐PETRI
Published: December 2008

We examine the link between the welfare state and citizens' subjective wellbeing by using evidence from public health care services. By combining local‐level data on public health care and individual‐level data on life satisfaction, we show that relatively high expenditures in health care have a positive effect on individuals' life satisfaction in our data. We find some evidence for an ‘ends‐against‐the‐middle’ equilibrium in provision of public health care, where middle‐income individuals prefer higher public expenditure than low‐income or high‐income individuals. Further, our results indicate that the welfare benefit of public provision depends on individual political orientation.
CORRUPTION AND ELECTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY FOR A CROSS‐SECTION OF COUNTRIES
Authors: KRAUSE STEFAN , MÉNDEZ FABIO
Published: December 2008

In this paper, we study whether voters are more likely to “vote out” a corrupt incumbent than to re‐elect him. Specifically, we examine whether they retract their support from political candidates who they think are corrupt by looking at changes in an index of corruption perceptions between the current and the last elections. Our results suggest that corruption in public office is effectively punished by voters. Furthermore, our findings support the idea that both the political system and the democratic experience are important determinants of the voters' reaction and control of corruption; while voters in countries with parliamentary systems or with relatively low levels of democracy react negatively to an increase in corruption, no perceptible effect of this kind was found in countries with mature democracies, and the evidence is inconclusive in the case of countries with presidential systems.
Nonself vegetative fusion and genetic exchange in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices
Authors: Croll Daniel , Giovannetti Manuela , Koch Alexander M. , Sbrana Cristiana , Ehinger Martine , Lammers Peter J. , Sanders Ian R.
Published: December 2008

Commentary p751
Framing the Carolingian Economy
Authors: INNES MATTHEW
Published: December 2008

This essay argues that the degree of commercialization on Carolingian great estates should not be overstated. Rather, the strategies and ambitions of Carolingian estate managers were primarily determined by a ‘domainal’ ideology and concerns for good stewardship. Moreover, the structural demands of the Carolingian state may have played a rather more important role in framing economic conditions than is commonly supposed. Here Carolingianists need to learn some of the lessons that have helped to transform the writing of ancient economic history in recent decades.
Settlement, Taxation and the Condition of the Peasantry in Post‐Roman Central Italy
Authors: COSTAMBEYS MARIOS
Published: December 2008

This article considers the development of two features of central Italian society in the post‐Roman period (approximately the mid‐fifth to the mid‐ninth centuries) that have been thought to have affected significantly the condition of life of the peasantry there: rural settlement and the taxation system. It argues that we should be wary of attempting to reconstruct the settlement landscape from the surviving documents: too often, references to agrarian structures are misconstrued as references to settlements. The shape of the latter is rarely visible in the textual evidence, but can be appreciated far more certainly from archaeological surveys and excavations, which present a picture of the evolution of the human landscape that is far more varied than a simple transition ‘from villa to village’. Documentary sources are more helpful in tracing the fate of the Roman taxation system. They point to structural continuities in the way that the peasantry was exploited that did not significantly vary between neighbouring political territories, and that reveal how the powerful continued to affect both the location and the condition of peasant life.
Resource partitioning in sympatric arctic‐breeding geese: summer habitat use, spatial and dietary overlap of Barnacle and Pink‐footed Geese in Svalbard
Authors: FOX TONY (A. D.) , EIDE NINA E. , BERGERSEN ESPEN , MADSEN JESPER
Published: December 2008

The spatial, habitat and dietary overlap of two breeding goose species was studied in Sassendalen, Svalbard, in summer 2003 based on abundance within 500 × 500‐m grid squares and faecal diet analyses during pre‐breeding, nesting and post‐hatching periods. More than half of all Pink‐footed Geese Anser brachyrhynchus occurred in the absence of Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis during nesting and post‐hatching periods compared to c. 20% when concentrated by pre‐breeding snow cover. In contrast, only 5% of Barnacle Geese were observed in the absence of Pink‐footed Geese pre‐breeding, 15% during nesting, and 35% post‐hatching. Among six defined habitat types, Barnacle Geese resorted more to ‘upland’ habitats during pre‐breeding and nesting and to lowland lakes post‐hatching when compared to Pink‐footed Geese. Although Pink‐footed Geese showed less change in seasonal habitat preference, many shifted to the river valley bottom post‐hatching, giving access to open water (predator avoidance) and lush green vegetation (foraging for goslings). The smallest extent of distributional overlap between the two species occurred post‐hatching, but each species was also highly restricted by snow cover during pre‐nesting. The greatest extent of overlap in distribution and diet occurred during incubation, when large dietary variation between different breeding valleys reflected local food availability around nests (probably a result of nest‐site preference rather than food selection per se). Whether this means that increased interactions within and between the two goose species with future increases in local density are most likely to be manifest at this stage of the summer is impossible to determine without knowledge of available food resources and manipulative experiments. More detailed investigations of the effects of foraging by both species on plant structure, quality and community composition are necessary to predict likely outcomes of future changes in population densities of both species.
Nest‐site fidelity and cavity reoccupation by Blue‐fronted Parrots Amazona aestiva in the dry Chaco of Argentina
Authors: BERKUNSKY IGOR , REBOREDA JUAN C.
Published: December 2008

The frequency of cavity reoccupation in secondary cavity nesters depends on several factors including quality of cavities, degree of nest‐site fidelity, competition with other cavity nesters and availability of new cavities. Blue‐fronted Parrots Amazona aestiva are secondary cavity nesters that live in subtropical forests and savannas of central South America. We examined the characteristics of the trees and cavities used by this species in a protected area of the dry Chaco of Argentina and estimated nest‐site fidelity and cavity reoccupation. We also assessed whether the probability of cavity reoccupation was associated with cavity characteristics and nesting success during the previous year. Nest‐site fidelity of banded females was 68% and cavity reoccupation by banded and unbanded individuals 62%. Probability of reoccupation was associated with wall thickness and depth of the cavity, and was lower if the nest failed the previous year than if it was successful. The high rate of cavity reoccupation in Blue‐fronted Parrots is largely attributable to strong nest‐site fidelity and may reflect preferences for cavities whose characteristics are associated with higher nesting success.
Apoptosis: A review of pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic pathways and dysregulation in disease
Authors: O'Brien Mauria A. , Kirby Rebecca
Published: December 2008

Objective
–
To review the human and veterinary literature on the biology of apoptosis in health and disease.

Data Sources
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Data were examined from the human and veterinary literature identified through Pubmed and references listed in appropriate articles pertaining to apoptosis.

Human Data Synthesis
–
The role of apoptosis in health and disease is a rapidly growing area of research in human medicine. Apoptosis has been identified as a component of human autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and sepsis.

Veterinary Data Synthesis
–
Research data available from the veterinary literature pertaining to apoptosis and its role in diseases of small animal species is still in its infancy. The majority of veterinary studies focus on oncologic therapy. Most of the basic science and human clinical research studies use human blood and tissue samples and murine models. The results from these studies may be applicable to small animal species.

Conclusions
–
Apoptosis is the complex physiologic process of programmed cell death. The pathophysiology of apoptosis and disease is only now being closely evaluated in human medicine. Knowledge of the physiologic mechanisms by which tissues regulate their size and composition is leading researchers to investigate the role of apoptosis in human diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disease and sepsis. Because it is a multifaceted process, apoptosis is difficult to target or manipulate therapeutically. Future studies may reveal methods to regulate or manipulate apoptosis and improve patient outcome.
Seasonal and circadian variation in presentation of cats with congestive heart failure
Authors: Pelosi Augusta , Rush John E. , Freeman Lisa M. , Farabaugh Andrew E.
Published: December 2008

Objective– To determine if cats with congestive heart failure (CHF) are presented to a referral clinic more frequently during different seasons, months, days, or times.

Design– Retrospective study.

Setting– University small animal hospital.

Animals– One hundred and eighty‐six cats with CHF.

Interventions– None.

Measurements and Main Results– The medical records of 186 cats, presented for 238 episodes of CHF between July 1, 1997 and June 30, 2002, were reviewed. An episode of CHF was defined as documented clinical evidence of pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or ascites attributed to a cardiac origin by a board‐certified cardiologist. Chi‐square tests revealed statistically significant differences in presentation between different days of the week, with Thursday being the most common day, and between different hours of the day, with the peak between 10 am to 4 pm. Evaluation of presentation for CHF by season of the year identified more cats in December, January, and February although this did not achieve statistical significance. No significant difference was identified for presentation based on the day of the month or the month of the year.

Conclusions– In this population of cats, there was daily, weekly and, possibly, seasonal variation in the frequency of presentation of cats with CHF. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings and to determine the cause for these differences.
Moving to Learn: Performance and Learning in Haitian Vodou
Authors: Landry Timothy R.
Published: December 2008

While conducting research in Haiti, I became initiated into Haitian Vodou and started a long apprenticeship with a local priestess. Learning about Vodou as an ethnographer and as an initiate presented many challenges that were directly linked to the way I needed to learn Vodou. In this article, I examine the ways practitioners (myself included) of Vodou approach learning. I have come to understand learning in Haitian Vodou as an embodied, sensuous, and active phenomenon. When I realized how important the body was in Vodou, I started questioning my own anthropological methods. I reacted by putting down my pen and notebook and becoming active. These methods have led me to favor learn‐as‐practitioner types of methods that allow me to do anthropology through my body. Indeed, as anthropologists in the field, we not only experience culture with our notebooks we also experience culture through movement and action. For me, culture is something that is only understood, albeit always partially, through rich and embodied experiences.
Collective Action in Action: Prosocial Behavior in and out of the Laboratory
Authors: GURVEN MICHAEL , WINKING JEFFREY
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Experiments have become a popular method to study altruism and cooperation in laboratory and, more recently, in field settings. However, few studies have examined whether behavior in experiments tells us anything about behavior in the “real world.” To investigate the external validity of several common experimental economics games, we compare game behavior with prosocial behavior among Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists of lowland Bolivia. We find that food‐sharing patterns, social visitation, beer production and consumption, labor participation, and contributions to a feast are not robustly correlated with levels of giving in the economics games. Payoff structure and socioecological context may be more important in predicting prosocial behavior in a wide variety of domains than stable personality traits. We argue that future experimental methods should be tailored to specific research questions, show reduced anonymity, and incorporate repeat measures under a variety of conditions to inform and redirect ethnographic study and build scientific theory. [Keywords: altruism, cooperation, experimental economics, Tsimane]
The Secular Icon: Secularist Practice and Indian Visual Culture
Authors: ZITZEWITZ KARIN
Published: December 2008

Since the 1980s, modernist artists, like much of India's secular intelligentsia, have struggled to understand the nature of the threat that Hindu nationalism poses to more inclusive forms of national culture. Visual culture, and particularly Hindu iconography, was perhaps the form most obviously targeted by Hindu nationalist political practices. Artist and writer K. G. Subramanyan has been the most influential articulator of a secularist form of visual culture. A semiotic analysis of Subramanyan's modernist versions of Hindu icons not only explicates his model but also shows how his images facilitate a social interaction between artist and viewer that can be seen as a practice of secularism in everyday life. By studying secular forms of visual culture as social practice, this article contributes to the anthropology of secularism without reducing visual culture to a mere reflection of political ideology.
Stereological quantification of tumor volume, mean nuclear volume and total number of melanoma cells correlated with morbidity and mortality
Authors: BØNNELYKKE‐BEHRNDTZ MARIE LOUISE , SØRENSEN FLEMMING BRANDT , DAMSGAARD TINE ENGBERG
Published: December 2008

Stereological quantification of tumor volume, total number of tumor cells and mean nuclear volume provides unbiased data, regardless of the three‐dimensional shape of the melanocytic lesion. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these variables are reproducible and may represent potential indicators of prognosis. Sixty patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, from 1991 to 1994 were included in the study. Total tumor volume was estimated by the Cavalieri technique, total number of tumor cells by the optical dissector principle, and nuclear mean volume by point counting. Tumor volume, total number of tumor cells and nuclear mean volume were all reproducible parameters, showing a non‐significant intra‐observer variation (p=0.72; p=0.83, and p=0.15). Grouped according to the median values, the disease‐free survival time was significantly different for tumor volume as well as total number of tumor cells (p=0.0006 and p=0.0004), but no significant difference in mortality was found (p=0.1 and p=0.06). The mean nuclear volume showed no difference regarding disease‐free survival or mortality (p=0.5 and p=0.8). Breslow's thickness showed a significant impact on both disease‐free survival (p=0.001) and mortality (p=0.009). In conclusion, tumor volume and total number of cancer cells were highly reproducible but did not add additional, independent prognostic information regarding the study population.
Prognostic value of COX‐2 immunohistochemical expression evaluated by quantitative image analysis in colorectal cancer
Authors: ZAFIRELLIS KYRIAKOS , AGROGIANNIS GEORGE , ZACHAKI AGLAIA
Published: December 2008

Epidemiological studies have shown that the inducible form of cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, but it is controversial whether its expression is a prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. The aim of the study was to examine the expression of COX‐2 in colorectal cancer and investigate its prognostic relevance. Tissue sections of primary tumors from 132 patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer were immunohistochemically examined for COX‐2 expression. The levels of intensity and extent of COX‐2 staining were quantified by use of a computerized image analysis system and correlated with various clinicopathological characteristics and survival. COX‐2 immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of tumour epithelial cells of all colorectal cancer tissues examined. No significant correlation was found between levels of intensity and extent of COX‐2 staining and various clinicopathological characteristics, including age, gender, tumor location, tumor size, tumor grade, depth of invasion, lymph node status and TNM stage. There was an inverse correlation between intensity and extent of COX‐2 staining scores (Spearman's rho=−0.414; p<0.001). To analyze the prognostic value of intensity and extent of COX‐2 staining, the patients were divided into four groups with respect to quartiles (≤25; >25 to ≤50; >50 to ≤75; and >75). No significant disease‐specific survival difference among the quartiles was found based on analysis of intensity (p=0.689) and extent (p=0.975) of COX‐2 staining. These results suggest that the expression of COX‐2 protein has no significant impact on the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer.
SREBPs: physiology and pathophysiology of the SREBP family
Authors: Shimano Hitoshi
Published: December 2008

Sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins (SREBPs) have been established as physiological regulators of lipid synthesis. The molecular mechanisms by which cellular sterol balance and nutritional states regulate SREBP activities are the current research focus of this field. Meanwhile, it has been shown that overnutrition or disturbed energy balance causes accumulation of tissue lipids, leading to metabolic disorders, often referred to as ‘lipotoxicity’. In this overview, I discuss the pathological aspects of SREBPs, which contribute to lipotoxicity in a wide variety of organs, including hepatic insulin resistance in hepatosteatosis, impaired insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐cells, diabetic nephropathy, cardiac arrythmiasis, and obesity.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HEATED CORNSTARCH–WATER MIXTURES
Authors: MORALES‐SANCHEZ EDUARDO , VAZQUEZ‐LANDAVERDE PEDRO A. , GAYTAN‐MARTINEZ MARCELA , HUERTA‐RUELAS JORGE A.
Published: December 2008

Electrical conductivity (EC) of cornstarch–water mixtures in the range 10:90 to 70:30 (w/w) was studied as a function of temperature. An external resistive heating system equipped with an electronic device capable of monitoring EC in real time was used and EC of the mixtures was measured while heated at a rate of 5C/min. Results showed that EC went through four different temperature‐dependent stages (A, B, C and D). Stage B (41C to 64C) showed a lower EC increasing rate when compared with that of Stage A (from 25C to 41C), probably as a result of starch granule swelling. In Stage C (64C to 78C), EC behavior was found to be dependent on water content. When water content was more than 50%, the value for EC increased. On the other side, EC decreased when water content was less than 50%. Stage C was related to starch gelatinization, according to differential scanning calorimetry results obtained in this study. In Stage D (78C to 92C), a steady increase in EC was observed, probably as a result of the total solubilization of starch in water. It was concluded that Stage C in EC graphs corresponded to cornstarch gelatinization, so it might be possible to use EC monitoring as an alternative technique to measure cornstarch thermal characteristics with different contents of water.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Electrical conductivity can be used as an adequate technique to monitor gelatinization, granule swelling and phase change of starch as a function of temperature in corn starch–water mixtures with a wide range of water contents. With this technique, it is also possible to calculate important thermal parameters, such as the beginning and end of the gelatinization and the energy activation for the heating process of cornstarch. This can lead to a better design and control of important industrial corn processes such as alkaline cooking.
HEAT PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY CHANGES OF INDIAN MACKEREL (RASTRELLIGER KANAGURTA) CANNED IN BRINE AT DIFFERENT RETORT TEMPERATURES
Authors: SREENATH P.G. , ABHILASH S. , RAVISHANKAR C.N. , ANANDAN R. , SRINIVASA GOPAL T.K.
Published: December 2008

Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) was processed in brine in indigenous polymer‐coated tin‐free steel cans to a common lethality value of 8 min at three different retort temperatures, namely 115, 121 and 130C. All the three batches were found to be commercially sterile upon testing using sodium thioglycollate broth. The heat penetration parameters were found to be significantly influenced by the retort temperature. The lag factor of heating (jhvalue) decreased, whereas the lag factor of cooling (jcvalue) increased with increase of retort temperature (P < 0.05). The heating rate index (fhvalue) showed a decreasing trend with increase of retort temperature. The total process time (TPT) taken to attain the targeted lethality decreased with increase in retort temperature. At 115, 121 and 130C, the targeted lethality value could be attained in 60, 33 and 15 min, respectively. Thermal processing mackerel at 121 and 130C helped in reducing the TPT by 45 and 75% as compared to those processed at 115C. Cook value (CV) maintained an inverse relationship with retort temperature. At 121 and 130C, the CV recorded was 36 and 55% lower than at 115C. CV toF0value ratios at 115, 121 and 130C were 15.25, 9.75 and 6.88, respectively. Mackerel samples processed at three retort temperatures were analyzed for their sensory qualities employing subjective and objective methods. Statistical analysis indicated the significance of retort temperature on the color and texture profile attributes, and the sensoryqualities of mackerel (P < 0.05). Analysis of Commission Internationale d’Eclairage lab values show that theL*value increased, while thea*value decreased with increase of retort temperature. Theb*value did not show much difference with retort temperature. Instrumental analysis of texture showed that texture profile attributes and Warner–Bratzler shear force of mackerel muscle reduced with precooking and subsequent thermal processing. Among the thermally processed samples, better textural attributes were associated with samples processed at higher temperature. Sensory analysis revealed that all the sensory attributes except flavor are significantly affected by the retort temperature (P < 0.05).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work describes the effect of three different retort temperatures on heat penetration characteristics, instrumental color, texture and sensory attributes of mackerel canned in brine to a common lethality value. The study indicates that processing at higher temperature helps in reducing the duration of exposure of the product to heat treatment, which ultimately yielded a product with better color, texture and sensory attributes in comparison to products processed at lower temperatures. The reduction in processing time has its implications on the economics of production in case of commercial operation.
ULTRAVIOLET‐C LIGHT PROCESSING OF GRAPE, CRANBERRY AND GRAPEFRUIT JUICES TO INACTIVATE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: GUERRERO‐BELTRÁN JOSÉÁNGEL , WELTI‐CHANES JORGE , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO V.
Published: December 2008

Two “Infinity” liquid disinfection systems were coupled in a serial arrangement to assemble one Ultraviolet‐C disinfection unit. Two inner mercury lamps (intensity, 25 mW/cm2) were used as germicidal sources. Pasteurized grape, cranberry and grapefruit juices, inoculate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were processed by Ultraviolet (UV) light at six flow rates (0.073–1.02 L/min) and six UV light doses (75–450 kJ/m2). The first order kinetics modeling for S. cerevisiae inactivation proved that Duvvalues (i.e., ultraviolet decimal reduction time) ranged from 61.7 to 113.7 (R2 > 0.900), 12.2 to 40.7 (R2 > 0.930) and 12.5 to 20.7 (R2 > 0.860) min for grape, cranberry and grapefruit juices, respectively. The maximum log reduction (cfu/mL) was 0.53, 2.51 and 2.42 for yeast count in grape, cranberry and grapefruit juices, respectively, after 30 min of UV light treatment at the maximum flow rate (1.02 L/min). The total color difference (ΔE*) in the three fruit juices tested increased as UV light treatment time increased.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Ultraviolet (UV) light processing of liquid food products is an emerging nonthermal technology that can be used to treat liquid food products. Fruit juices and nectars used to be thermally treated to deliver microbiologically safe fruit products. However, thermal treatment can produce some sensory changes in fruit products. Changes such as caramelization of sugar may darken the food and consequently give a light bitter flavor to the product. Liquid fruit products can be UV light treated to obtain a commercially sterile product that is ready to drink. UV light processing equipment can be built in a serial arrangement to apply the dosage needed to obtain a microbiologically safe liquid fruit product with adequate sensory characteristics. An added advantage to UV processing is that compared to thermal treatment, less energy is required to obtain liquid food products similar to fresh products.
MICROBIAL ANALYSIS AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF CANTONESE SAUSAGE
Authors: WU YANTAO , ZHAO MOUMING , YANG BAO , SUN WEIZHENG , CUI CHUN , MU LIXIA
Published: December 2008

Cantonese sausage is one of the traditional meat products in China. In the present study, eight Cantonese sausage samples from different manufacturers were collected. Their microbial and textural properties were characterized. The chemical compositions were determined as follows: moisture, 15.18 ± 3.40%; protein, 33.75 ± 7.26% (expressed in dry matter); fat, 42.12 ± 6.64% (expressed in dry matter); total carbohydrates, 9.11 ± 3.73%; sodium chloride, 6.13 ± 0.41%; and sodium nitrite, 35.55 ± 6.69 mg/kg. The pH was determined to be 6.22 ± 0.14, while the acid value was 2.02 ± 0.71 mg potassium hydroxide/g lipid, and the peroxide value was 0.03 ± 0.04 g potassium iodide/100 g lipid. The total viable counts were 5.55 ± 1.48 log10 cfu/g, lactic acid bacteria were 3.59 ± 0.68 log10 cfu/g, staphylococci/micrococci were 3.96 ± 0.54 log10 cfu/g and yeasts/molds were 3.55 ± 0.47 log10 cfu/g. Staphylococci/micrococci were the dominant microbial group in Cantonese sausage. This was different from other sausages. The textural profiles of Cantonese sausage were determined as follows: average values of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were 3,066.56 g, 0.96 mm, 0.57, 1,736.76 g and 1,658.26 g × mm, respectively. Analysis of between‐variable relationships indicated that the pH value of Cantonese sausage was significantly correlated to its microbial and textural properties.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Cantonese sausage has gained much popularity and acceptance in China and many other countries. Commercial products from different manufacturers were collected in this work. The microbiological and textural characteristics of Cantonese sausage as well as the chemical compositions were evaluated. It is helpful to understand this type of sausage in order to improve its quality.
Job factors and work outcomes of public sector expatriates
Authors: Selmer Jan , Fenner, Jr. Charles R.
Published: December 2008

While the literature on private sector expatriates is burgeoning, research on public sector expatriates is scant, despite their increasing numbers. This is unfortunate, as these two groups of expatriates may face different work conditions at their foreign assignment. The target group for this study was the US Department of Defense administrators located at US embassies around the world. Results showed that the time expatriates had spent in their current location had a positive association with both work adjustment and work effectiveness. So did role clarity, which also had a positive association with job satisfaction, making it a more important job factor than role conflict, role overload or role discretion. Although role clarity may have a similar impact on work outcomes of expatriates, both in the private and public sector, the findings regarding role conflict and role overload may constitute a discrepant outcome for the two groups. There may also be a difference between the two categories of expatriates with regard to role discretion. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail.
Ultraviolet Radiation Reduces the Photoprotective Capacity of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae, Heterokontophyta)
Authors: Halac Silvana , García‐Mendoza Ernesto , Banaszak Anastazia T.
Published: December 2008

This study demonstrates that UV radiation (UVR) reduces the photoprotective capacity of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by affecting xanthophyll cycle (XC) activity. The short‐term reduction of photosystem II (PSII) maximum efficiency of charge separation (Fv/Fm) in cells exposed to UVR could be explained mainly by a reduced photoprotective capacity under this condition. Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells acclimated to two different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensities, high light (HL, 200 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) and low light (LL, 50 μmol quanta m−2 s−1), were exposed to saturating irradiance (1100 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) in the presence (PAR + UVR) and absence of UVR (PAR). HL cells exhibited a greater reduction in Fv/Fm in PAR + UVR when compared with the PAR treatment that was related to a reduction in the de‐epoxidation of XC pigments. In contrast, in LL cells, UVR did not considerably affect XC de‐epoxidation even though the reduction in Fv/Fm was greater than in HL cells. The negative effect of UVR on photoprotection was more pronounced in HL cells because they synthesized more XC pigments than LL cells. This was confirmed when XC activity was blocked with dithiothreitol and when PSII repair was inhibited with chloramphenicol (CAP). The differential reduction of Fv/Fm between PAR + UVR and PAR treatments disappeared when XC was blocked in HL cells. A higher reduction and an incomplete recovery of Fv/Fm were observed in cells incubated with CAP in the presence of UVR. Such responses confirm that UVR had a negative effect on photoprotective mechanisms causing an enhancement of damage by PAR, especially in HL‐acclimated cells in which heat dissipation is important for PSII regulation.
Essential Role of DAP12 Signaling in Macrophage Programming into a Fusion-Competent State
Authors: Helming Laura , Tomasello Elena , Kyriakides Themis R. , Martinez Fernando O. , Takai Toshiyuki , Gordon Siamon , Vivier Eric
Published: December 2008

Signaling through the DAP12 adaptor triggers a gene expression profile that makes macrophages competent to fuse and form multinucleated giant cells.
Identification of ROCK1 as an Upstream Activator of the JIP-3 to JNK Signaling Axis in Response to UVB Damage
Authors: Ongusaha Pat P. , Qi Hank H. , Raj Lakshmi , Kim Young-Bum , Aaronson Stuart A. , Davis Roger J. , Shi Yang , Liao James K. , Lee Sam W.
Published: December 2008

The Rho-associated kinase ROCK1 mediates the cellular response to UV radiation.
Kinome siRNA Screen Identifies Regulators of Ciliogenesis and Hedgehog Signal Transduction
Authors: Evangelista Marie , Lim Tze Yang , Lee James , Parker Leon , Ashique Amir , Peterson Andrew S. , Ye Weilan , Davis David P. , de Sauvage Frederic J.
Published: December 2008

Cdc2l1is a component of the Hh signaling pathway and opposes the activity of the negative regulator Sufu.
Type I IL-4Rs Selectively Activate IRS-2 to Induce Target Gene Expression in Macrophages
Authors: Heller Nicola M. , Qi Xiulan , Junttila Ilkka S. , Shirey Kari Ann , Vogel Stefanie N. , Paul William E. , Keegan Achsah D.
Published: December 2008

The ability of IL-4, but not IL-13, to efficiently activate IRS-2 leads to the expression of a subset of genes in alternatively activated macrophages.
Social Signaling
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: December 2008

Pheromone signaling depends on social context.
Recognition Receptor Revealed
Authors: Vinson Valda J.
Published: December 2008

The receptor that binds antigens in jawless vertebrates differs from the immunoglobulins of jawed vertebrates and uses a variable concave surface and carboxyl terminal for recognition.
Somatic Cell Genetics for the Study of NF-κB Signaling in Innate ImmunityA presentation from the EMBO Meeting “Cellular Signaling & Molecular Medicine,” Cavtat, Croatia, 29 March to 6 April 2008.
Authors: Krumbach Rebekka , Bloor Stuart , Ryzhakov Grigory , Randow Felix
Published: December 2008

A forward genetic screen in immortalized cells identifies NF-κB signaling components required to transduce signals from Toll-like receptors.
Sticking Together
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: December 2008

Chemokine signaling is required for migration of endoderm in the zebrafish embryo, not as a chemoattractant but as a regulator of cell adhesion.
The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Mechano-Sensor and -TransducerA presentation from the Experimental Biology 2008 Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 5 to 9 April 2008.
Authors: Tarbell John M. , Ebong Eno E.
Published: December 2008

A complex extracellular network of proteoglycans communicates mechanical stress to endothelial cells.
Inhibiting ENaC Activation
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2008

Proteolytic activation of epithelial sodium channels is inhibited by increased intracellular sodium.
Scaling It Up with Retinoic Acid
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2008

Retinoic acid increases synaptic strength in a homeostatic response to inactivity through a mechanism involving localized protein synthesis.
DNA Repair at the Edge
Authors: Riddihough Guy
Published: December 2008

The damaged regions of DNA are recruited to the peripheral regions of the nucleus by a complex of nuclear-pore and ubiquitin-modifying proteins, where it is repaired.
Thrombin Targets Notch Signaling
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

Cleavage of the Notch ligand Jagged1 by thrombin appears to promote nonclassical release of fibroblast growth factor 1 by inhibiting Notch signaling.
TRPM7 and T Cell Development
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: December 2008

A cation channel that conducts both Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
is unexpectedly required for normal mouse development, specifically for proper maturation of the thymus and T cells.
Putting the Brakes on Inflammation
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: December 2008

An endogenous inhibitor of immune cell adhesion dampens recruitment of immune cells to sites of inflammation.
Process of Differentiation
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: December 2008

Nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain of the Wnt receptor Ryk is required for the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into neurons.
NO Switch in Lung Inflammation
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: December 2008

S
-nitrosylation of a lung surfactant protein determines whether it has pro- or anti-inflammatory effects.
Focus Issue: An Expanding World for TGF-β Signaling
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

With new modes of regulation, and new functions for members of the pathway, TGF-β breaks the canonical barrier.
Light Sets the Beat
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

The simplest eyes directly control ciliary beating to allow zooplankton larvae to swim toward the light.
A Drive Along the Metabolic Information Highway
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: December 2008

In obese mice, fat tissue stimulates proliferation of insulin-producing pancreatic cells via a neural relay through the liver, contributing to symptoms of metabolic syndrome.
Detecting Signaling in Single Cells
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

Combining high-throughput immunofluorescence with microfluidics allows signaling dynamics to be quantified in single cells or across populations.
Quality Attachments
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: December 2008

Phosphorylation status of a cell cycle kinase signals whether kinetochores are properly attached to microtubules and determines whether mitosis can proceed.
Vesicles to Stream By
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: December 2008

Migrating
Dictyostelium
cells leave behind vesicles containing adenylyl cyclase, creating a path of chemoattractant for other cells to follow.
Slave to the Rhythm
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: December 2008

A simpler plant circadian clock, which normally has three interlocking feedback loops, is used in the roots, with one feedback loop regulating only a few genes.
Bursting into the Nucleus
Authors: Crabtree Gerald R. , Graef Isabella A.
Published: December 2008

Calcium elicits bursts of nuclear localization of a yeast transcription factor, which may enable the coordinated activation of target genes.
Structure and Function of the Phosphothreonine-Specific FHA Domain
Authors: Mahajan Anjali , Yuan Chunhua , Lee Hyun , Chen Eric S.-W. , Wu Pei-Yu , Tsai Ming-Daw
Published: December 2008

The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain binds specifically to phosphothreonine residues and possesses unique structural and functional features.
The epidemiology of ankle injuries occurring in English Football Association academies
Authors: Cloke D J , Spencer S , Hodson A , Deehan D
Published: December 2008

Objective:

To ascertain the epidemiology of ankle injuries in elite youth football.

Design:

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected injury data from English Football Association (FA) academies.

Setting:

Forty-one FA football academies, between 1998 and 2006.

Participants:

For the complete seasons studied, a total of 14 776 players was registered from U9 to the U16 age category, a mean of 2463 players per year. All ankle injuries of sufficient severity to miss 48 h or more of training were studied, 2563 injuries in total.

Main Outcome Measure:

The incidence and burden of ankle injuries in this population and factors associated with injury.

Results:

There was a mean incidence of one ankle injury per player per year, and a mean of 20 training days and two matches were missed per ankle injury. Increased injury rates were seen in older players, in competition and later in each half of match time. Peaks in injury were observed early in the season and after the winter break. In competition, more injuries were associated with a contact situation than in training. Eighty-eight injuries (3.4%) required a lay-off of 3 months or more and in 18 (0.7%) cases the player failed to return to training. In total, 52 290 training days and 5182 match appearances were lost through ankle injury. The majority of injuries were sprains, but more severe injuries occurred accounted for 3.9% of the total.

Conclusions:

Ankle injuries are common in young football players and are often severe, with prolonged loss of training time. This has potential far-reaching implications, both on and off the field.
Hyperosmolar non-keto-acidotic diabetic coma
Authors: Martin Anthony
Published: December 2008

Three further cases of hyperosmotic non-keto-acidotic and non-lactic-acidotic diabetic coma have been described. A favourable outcome in these patients emphasizes the importance of recognizing this condition in its early stages. This may be difficult as there is no ketosis and no hyperventilation—features that one normally associates with diabetic coma. The signs are those of increasing drowsiness, gross dehydration, and occasionally of circulatory collapse, focal seizures and abdominal pain.

Once diagnosed, vigorous treatment must be instituted with large doses of parenteral insulin and intravenous fluids, preferably normal saline initially, followed by mixtures of hypotonic saline and dextrose once the blood sugar has fallen significantly, together with adequate amounts of potassium. In this way it should be possible to reduce the previously high mortality rate.
Thyroid carcinoma and its treatment
Authors: Taylor Selwyn
Published: December 2008

Thyroid cancer is a rare disease. Aetiological factors are increased secretion of TSH and exposure of the growing gland to ionizing radiation. Pathological classification is in two main groups: differentiated and undifferentiated. Differentiated is subdivided into papillary, follicular and medullary.

Papillary and medullary carcinomas occur in young patients, grow slowly, spread by lymphatics. Treatment is surgical excision of thyroid and affected nodes plus thyroid hormone replacement. Follicular carcinoma spreads by blood to lungs and bones. Treatment is total thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy of the metastases followed by thyroid hormone replacement.

Undifferentiated tumours occur in old patients. They are identified by drill biopsy and treated with radiotherapy.