bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Nrf2 Activity Worsens Insulin Resistance, Impairs Lipid Accumulation in Adipose Tissue, and Increases Hepatic Steatosis in Leptin-Deficient Mice
Authors: Xu Jialin , Kulkarni Supriya R. , Donepudi Ajay C. , More Vijay R. , Slitt Angela L.
Published: August 2012

The study herein determined the role of nuclear factor erythoid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lepob/ob-Keap1-knockdown (KD) mice, which have increased Nrf2 activity, were generated. Markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes were measured in C57Bl/6J, Keap1-KD, Lepob/ob, and Lepob/ob-Keap1-KD mice. Lepob/ob-Keap1-KD mice exhibited less lipid accumulation, smaller adipocytes, decreased food intake, and reduced lipogenic gene expression. Enhanced Nrf2 activity impaired insulin signaling, prolonged hyperglycemia in response to glucose challenge, and induced insulin resistance in Lepob/ob background. Nrf2 augmented hepatic steatosis and increased lipid deposition in liver. Next, C57Bl/6J and Keap1-KD mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to determine whether Keap1 and Nrf2 impact HFD-induced obesity. HFD-induced obesity and lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue was decreased in Keap1-KD mice. Nrf2 activation via Keap1-KD or sulforaphane suppressed hormone-induced differentiation and decreased peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer–binding protein α, and fatty acid–binding protein 4 expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Constitutive Nrf2 activation inhibited lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue, suppressed adipogenesis, induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, and increased hepatic steatosis in Lepob/ob mice.
A Potential Role for Dendritic Cell/Macrophage-Expressing DPP4 in Obesity-Induced Visceral Inflammation
Authors: Zhong Jixin , Rao Xiaoquan , Deiuliis Jeffrey , Braunstein Zachary , Narula Vimal , Hazey Jeffrey , Mikami Dean , Needleman Bradley , Satoskar Abhay R. , Rajagopalan Sanjay
Published: August 2012

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP4) inhibitors target the enzymatic degradation of incretin peptides and represent a major advance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. DPP4 has a number of nonenzymatic functions that involve its interaction with adenosine deaminase (ADA) and other extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we assessed the nonenzymatic role of DPP4 in regulating dendritic cell (DC)/macrophage–mediated adipose inflammation in obesity. Both obese humans and rodents demonstrated increased levels of DPP4 expression in DC/macrophage cell populations from visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The DPP4 expression increased during monocyte differentiation to DC/macrophages and with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of DC/macrophages. The DPP4 colocalized with membrane-bound ADA on human DCs and enhanced the ability of the latter to stimulate T-cell proliferation. The DPP4 interaction with ADA in human DC/macrophages was competitively inhibited by the addition of exogenous soluble DPP4. Knockdown of DPP4 in human DCs, but not pharmacologic inhibition of their enzymatic function, significantly attenuated the ability to activate T cells without influencing its capacity to secrete proinflammatory cytokines. The nonenzymatic function of DPP4 on DC may play a role in potentiation of inflammation in obesity by interacting with ADA. These findings suggest a novel role for the paracrine regulation of inflammation in adipose tissue by DPP4.
Human β-Cell Killing by Autoreactive Preproinsulin-Specific CD8 T Cells Is Predominantly Granule-Mediated With the Potency Dependent Upon T-Cell Receptor Avidity
Authors: Knight Robin R. , Kronenberg Deborah , Zhao Min , Huang Guo Cai , Eichmann Martin , Bulek Anna , Wooldridge Linda , Cole David K. , Sewell Andrew K. , Peakman Mark , Skowera Ania
Published: August 2012

The end-stage immunopathology of type 1 diabetes resulting in β-cell destruction appears to be strongly dominated by cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CD8 T cells). However, the mechanism of cytotoxicity used by autoreactive CD8 T cells in the human setting remains unknown. Using type 1 diabetes patient–derived preproinsulin-specific CD8 T-cell clones recognizing either an HLA-A2 (A*0201) or HLA-A24 (A*2402)-restricted epitope (peptide of preproinsulin [PPI]15–24, ALWGPDPAAA; or PPI3–11, LWMRLLPLL), we assessed the use of conventional mediators of cytotoxicity in the destruction of human β-cells in vitro compared with virus-specific cytotoxic CD8 T-cell clones. We show that PPI-specific CD8 T-cell clones are mainly reliant upon cytotoxic degranulation for inducing β-cell death. Furthermore, we find that in comparison with virus-specific CD8 T cells, there are differences in the killing potency of PPI-specific CD8 T cells that are not due to cell-intrinsic differences, but rather are mediated by differences in strength of signaling by peptide–HLA ligands. The study highlights the regulation of β-cell killing as a potential point for therapeutic control, including the possibility of blocking autoreactive CD8 T-cell function without impacting upon general immune competence.
Alternaria Black Spot of Crucifers: Symptoms, Importance of Disease, and Perspectives of Resistance Breeding
Authors: Nowicki Marcin , Nowakowska Marzena , Niezgoda Anna , Kozik Elżbieta
Published: August 2012

Alternaria Black Spot of Crucifers: Symptoms, Importance of Disease, and Perspectives of Resistance Breeding

Alternaria black spot of cruciferous vegetables, incited by different species of Alternaria, remains an increasing threat to Brassicaceae crops throughout the world, including Poland. Brassica plants are attacked by conidia of A. brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., A. brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltsh., A. raphani Groves & Skolko, and A. alternata (Fr.) Kreissler. The pathogens have a wide spectrum of hosts, such as head cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and other crucifers including cultivated and wild grown plants. Alternaria pathogens usually cause damping-off of seedlings, spotting of leaves of cabbages, blackleg of heads of cabbages, and spotting of cauliflower curds and broccoli florets. In oilseed rape, A. brassicae is the dominant invasive species, while in the cruciferous vegetables, both species, A. brassicae, and A. brassicicola are encountered. Infected seeds with spores on the seed coat or mycelium under the seed coat are the main means of distribution for these pathogens. The fungus can overwinter on susceptible weeds or crop debris and on seed plants, as well as on stecklings.

Methods for disease prevention and control are based on combining agricultural management practices with chemical control. Using disease-free seeds or seeds treated with fungicides can greatly reduce disease incidence. After appearance of the first symptoms of disease, stringent fungicide spray program is an effective way to reduce losses. Many authors seem to agree, that the most economically feasible method of disease control is the development of resistant Brassicaceae crops varieties, as transgenic approach proved unsuccessful. Due to our increasing understanding of pathogen-host plant interactions, identification of resistance sources, and assessment of the resistance trait inheritance mode, breeding programs of Brassica crops for Alternaria resistance can be enhanced. This is of particular importance since recent years experience dynamic development of ecological and integrated plant production with an emphasis on plant biotic stress resistance. Highly resistant genetic resources have not been reported in Brassica cultivated species, although some varieties differ in their resistance/susceptibility level.

Strong cross-incompatibility, polygenic background of the resistance (additive and dominant gene interactions), as well as the differences in ploidy between the Brassica species of interest, render the transfer of Alternaria resistance from the wild species into the cultivated forms difficult. Additionally, it is often connected with employment of in vitro hybridization techniques, including somatic hybridization, embryo and ovary rescue, or protoplast fusion.
Folic Acid - The Occurrence and the Role in Human Nutrition
Authors: Tuszyńska Magdalena
Published: August 2012

Folic Acid - The Occurrence and the Role in Human Nutrition

Folic acid occurs naturally in the salt form of folic acid - the so-called folate. The human body cannot synthesize it, and therefore it must be supplied from outside. Folic acid is involved in the synthesis and proper functioning of RNA and DNA acids. It is essential for growth and division of all body cells, which is particularly important during active growth or in the fetal and newborn life. In children and adults, folate along with vitamin B12 are involved in the production of red blood cells. Current research indicate on the existence in Poland and in Central and Northern Europe of significant deficiencies of folic acid in the diet.

Deficiency of folic acid in our diet is due to the fact that we consume more highly processed food. Stored and heat-treated food loses a large part of folates. The most common pathological processes associated with a deficiency of folic acid in the body are neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia, disturbances in the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular system, as well as the development of certain types of cancer. Effective methods to increase folate intake are still being searched for.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting the Content of the Chosen Antioxidant Compounds in Vegetables
Authors: Biesiada Anita , Tomczak Anna
Published: August 2012

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting the Content of the Chosen Antioxidant Compounds in Vegetables

Vegetables are a rich source of biologically active substances, which support the body's defense mechanisms. A large group of these substances are compounds with antioxidant properties. Apart from vitamins (A, C and E), tocopherols, carotenoids, glutathiones and thiocyanates, polyphenols are also classified as the compounds of antioxidant properties being found in plants. They include: phenolic acids, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid and among them a large group of anthocyanins. These compounds inhibit DNA damage in cancer cells, induce the production of insulin in the pancreas and protect the human brain from aging. They have also high antioxidant activity, which determines the defense mechanisms of plants under stress, such as temperature varia-tions, UV radiation, attacks by pests and mechanical damage. Their content may vary among individual plants of the same species, which is associated with a number of internal and external conditions, such as genetic factors, environmental and agronomic. The contents of anthocyanins determines plant species, botanical variety and breeding and biological processes associated with ontogenesis. Also climatic and soil factors, the factors influencing the content of antioxidants and agronomic factors such as method, place and date of planting, fertilizing, mulching, salinity may contribute to the formation of stress conditions during plant growth and increase the content of antioxidants in plants. This review focused on the content, composition, and antioxidant capacity of vegetables.
Impact of Grafting on Watermelon Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality
Authors: Mohamed Fouad , El-Hamed Khalid , Elwan Mohammed , Hussien Mennat-Allah
Published: August 2012

Impact of Grafting on Watermelon Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality

Grafting is an alternative approach to reduce crop damage resulting from soil-borne pathogens and increases plant abiotic stress tolerance, which in turn increases crop production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether grafting could improve plant growth and fruit quality of watermelon through monitoring the changes induced by different rootstock-scion combinations. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. Aswan F1 was grafted into five rootstocks (Nun 6001 F1, Strongtosa F1, Tetsukabuto F1, Ferro F1 and Shintoza F1) hybrids between Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata. Highest vegetative growth and fruit yield were obtained by ‘Nun 6001 F1’ as a rootstock using the tongue approach method. Grafting reduced significantly sex ratio by reducing the number of male flowers. Grafting increased significantly lycopene content in fruit flesh by 57% over the control treatment, but did not affect soluble solids content (SSC). One third of the control non-grafted plants died and Fusarium oxysporum was isolated as the responsible pathogen. These results indicate that grafting watermelon onto specific rootstock influences growth, productivity, and quality of the fruit as well as disease resistance. Grafting can be suggested as an alternative method to control of Fusarium wilt in watermelon production.
The Alleviation Effect of Silicon on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato Under Salinity Stress
Authors: Haghighi Maryam , Afifipour Zahra , Mozafarian Maryam
Published: August 2012

The Alleviation Effect of Silicon on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato Under Salinity Stress

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of silicon (Si) application under salinity levels on seed germination and growth characteristics of tomato seeds. A laboratory experiment was performed on completely randomized design with two levels of salinity (25 and 50 mM NaCl) and 2 concentration of Si (1 and 2 mM) with 4 replications. Germination percentage, germination rate, seedling shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedling and mean germination time was measured. Seed germination of Lycopersicon esculentum L. was significantly affected by salinity levels, Si and their interaction. Germination characteristics of tomato seeds decreased drastically by increasing NaCl concentrations. However, 1 mM Si had positive effects on seed germination characteristics and improved germination percentage, germination rate and mean germination time. Si alleviated the harmful effect of salinity stress on tomato seed germination at almost all germination characteristics.
Comparison of the Nutritional Value and Storage Life of Carrot Roots From Organic and Conventional Cultivation
Authors: Wrzodak Anna , Szwejda-Grzybowska Justyna , Elkner Krystyna , Babik Irena
Published: August 2012

Comparison of the Nutritional Value and Storage Life of Carrot Roots From Organic and Conventional Cultivation

In the years 2008-2011, research was conducted whose objective was to assess the nutritional value and storage life of the roots of the carrot cultivars Perfekcja and Regulska grown in conventional and organic systems. The carrot roots came from a certified experimental field with a stable ecosystem adapted to conducting research on the organic cultivation of vegetables. In parallel, in the same climatic conditions, carrots were grown in the conventional system. The carrot roots were stored at a temperature of 0-1°C and relative humidity of 95-98%. Immediately after harvest and after several months of storage, the carrot roots were analyzed for dry matter content, total sugars, β-carotene, and nitrates. The results of the qualitative chemical assessment of the carrots showed no significant differences in the levels of dry matter and total sugars depending on the cultivar and the cultivation and storage methods (on average for three years). The carrots grown by the conventional method contained significantly more β-carotene than the carrots grown by the organic method, both before and after storage. It was found that the roots of the carrot cultivar Regulska had a higher β-carotene content than the roots of the cultivar Perfekcja grown in both the organic and conventional systems. The nitrate content in carrot roots immediately after harvesting both cultivars grown in the conventional system was significantly higher than in the roots from organic cultivation and ranged from 349.9 to 554.4 mg·kg-1. There were marked differences in storage life depending on the cultivar, cultivation method and storage period. A higher percentage of marketable roots after storing the cultivars Regulska and Perfekcja was achieved from conventional cultivation compared with organic cultivation. Losses (diseased roots and weight losses) were higher for the organic carrots than for those grown conventionally. There was a markedly higher percentage of marketable roots among the carrots of the cultivar Regulska compared with Perfekcja. For the cultivar Perfekcja, more diseased roots were found among the organically grown carrots. For the cultivar Regulska, the highest weight losses were recorded following the storage of the roots from organic cultivation.
Deep-Water Benthic Polychaetes (Vigtorniella Zaikai and Protodrilus sp.) in the Black Sea as Indicators of the Hydrogen Sulfide Zone Boundary
Authors: Zaika V. , Sergeeva N.
Published: August 2012

Deep-Water Benthic Polychaetes (Vigtorniella ZaikaiandProtodrilussp.) in the Black Sea as Indicators of the Hydrogen Sulfide Zone Boundary

The Black Sea hypoxic layer, situated near the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone, is inhabited by the polychaetesVigtorniella zaikai, Kisseleva, 1992 andProtodrilussp., which can serve as indicators of the interface between oxic and anoxic water. The maximum number of polychaetes in the northern part of the Black Sea occur at a depth of 150 m, while near Bosporus, where the flow of the Marmara Sea water enters the Black Sea, the peak depth varies from 150 to 250 m.
Biotopic Distribution of Naked Amoebas (Protista) in Ukrainian Polissya Area
Authors: Patcyuk M. , Dovgal I.
Published: August 2012

Biotopic Distribution of Naked Amoebas (Protista) in Ukrainian Polissya Area

Forty-one species of naked amoebas were found in the different types of waterbodies of Zhytomyr and Volyn' parts of Ukrainian Polissya region. The major part of species of naked amoebas in this region demonstrated the prevalence to living in a certain type of water body that possible depends on the hydrochemical and trophic parameters of water. The limnetic and floodplain species complexes of amoebas are distinguished in Ukrainian Polissya.
Distribution of the Tick Haemaphysalis Punctata (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine
Authors: Akimov I. , Nebogatkin I.
Published: August 2012

Distribution of the TickHaemaphysalis Punctata(Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine

The northern boundary ofH. punctatarange was studied. This boundary of its native range (where this species is common and its mass reproductions are periodically recorded) was found to go through Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Lugansk oblasts. Clarified that the boundary of its temporary range (where this species occurs periodically and is dependent on human factors totally) was clarified to go through Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Chernihiv and Sumy regions. The range of H. punctata is fully subjected to anthropogenic factors in areas where this species dwelt in historically recent times only, and in ancestral areas of distribution such factors affects only dynamics and indices of abundance.
A Multi-Model Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Regime in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hanel Martin , Vizina Adam , Máca Petr , Pavlásek Jiří
Published: August 2012

A Multi-Model Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Regime in the Czech Republic

In present paper we assess the climate change impact on mean runoff between the periods 1961-1990 (control period) and 2070-2099 (scenario period) in the Czech Republic. Hydrological balance is modelled with a conceptual hydrological model BILAN at 250 catchments of different sizes and climatic conditions. Climate change scenarios are derived using simple delta approach, i.e. observed series of precipitation, temperature and relative air humidity are perturbed in order to give the same changes between the control and scenario period as in the ensemble of 15 transient regional climate model (RCM) simulations. The parameters of the hydrological model are for each catchment estimated using observed data. These parameters are subsequently used to derive discharge series under climate change conditions for each RCM simulation. Although the differences in the absolute values of the changes in runoff are considerable, robust patterns of changes can be identified. The majority of the scenarios project an increase in winter runoff in the northern part of the Czech Republic, especially at catchments with high elevation. The scenarios also agree on a decrease in spring and summer runoff in most of the catchments.
Fuzzy Model Used for the Prediction of a State of Emergency for a River Basin in the Case of a Flash Flood - PART 2
Authors: Janál Petr , Starý Miloš
Published: August 2012

Fuzzy Model Used for the Prediction of a State of Emergency for a River Basin in the Case of a Flash Flood - PART 2

This article is a continuation of a previous one named Fuzzy model use for prediction of the state of emergency of river basin in the case of flash flood (Janál&Starý, 2009), where the potential applications of fuzzy logic in the field of flash flood forecasting were described. Flash flood forecasting needs a specific approach because of the character of torrential rainfall. Storms are very difficult to forecast in space and time. The hydrological models designed for flash flood prediction have to be able to work with very uncertain input data. Moreover, the models have to be capable of evaluating the level of danger in as short a time as possible because of the highly dynamic character of the modeled process. The fuzzy model described in the previous article was modified into a form usable in operational hydrology and a simulation of its operational application was run using this model. The selected time period for the simulation was the summer of 2009, when numerous flash floods occurred in Czech Republic. The topic of this article is the preparation of the model for practical use and the results of the simulation of its operation.
The Influence of Current on the Height of Wind Wave Run-Up: A comparison of experimental results with the Czech National Standard
Authors: Riha Jaromir , Spano Miroslav
Published: August 2012

The Influence of Current on the Height of Wind Wave Run-Up: A comparison of experimental results with the Czech National Standard

One of the basic questions related to the safety of dikes and river levees is the size of the freeboard. One of the important parameters for freeboard design is the height of waves and wave run-up on levee slopes. Routine and standardised calculations of wave run-up deal with the freeboards of dams where wind waves originate on the still water of the reservoir. In the case of running water in streams (thereinafter only "currents") the effect of wave and current interaction on wave run-up is usually not taken into account due to the lack of reliable knowledge regarding the phenomenon. In the Czech Republic this question is topical in the case of large rivers such as the Elbe, the Vltava and the Morava. Within the framework of the projects Hydralab III and NAZV QI 92A139, hydraulic research and further analysis focused on wave run-up as a result of the combination of current and wind wave parameters were performed. The laboratory research was carried out in a hydraulic flume with a wavemaker on the right bank and a levee with a slope of 1:3 installed on the left bank opposite the wavemaker. Waves were generated both perpendicular and oblique to the levee axis; the angle of oblique wave attack varied within the range of ± 30°. The aim of this paper is to compare the results of the mentioned research with recommendations mentioned in the Czech National Standard CSN 75 0255Calculation of wave effects on water structuresand to quantify the effect of current on the wave run-up height.
Uncertainty Analysis of a Dual-Continuum Model Used to Simulate Subsurface Hillslope Runoff Involving Oxygen-18 as Natural Tracer
Authors: Dohnal Michal , Vogel Tomáš , Šanda Martin , Jelínková Vladimíra
Published: August 2012

Uncertainty Analysis of a Dual-Continuum Model Used to Simulate Subsurface Hillslope Runoff Involving Oxygen-18 as Natural Tracer

A one-dimensional dual-continuum model (also known as dual-permeability model) was used to simulate the lateral component of subsurface runoff and variations in the natural18O content in hillslope discharge. Model predictions were analyzed using the GLUE generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation procedure. Model sensitivity was evaluated by varying two separate triplets of parameters. The first triplet consisted of key parameters determining the preferential flow regime, i.e., the volumetric proportion of the preferential flow domain, a first-order transfer coefficient characterizing soil water exchange between the two flow domains of the dual-continuum system, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the preferential flow domain. The second triplet involved parameters controlling exclusively the soil hydraulic properties of the preferential flow domain, i.e., its retention curve and hydraulic conductivity function. Results of the analysis suggest high sensitivity to all parameters of the first triplet, and large differences in sensitivity to the parameters of the second triplet. The sensitivity analysis also confirmed a significant improvement in the identifiability of preferential flow parameters when18O content was added to the objective function.
Estimating Flash Flood Peak Discharge in Gidra and Parná Basin: Case Study for the 7-8 June 2011 Flood
Authors: Pekárová Pavla , Svoboda Aleš , Miklánek Pavol , Škoda Peter , Halmová Dana , Pekár Ján
Published: August 2012

Estimating Flash Flood Peak Discharge in Gidra and Parná Basin: Case Study for the 7-8 June 2011 Flood

We analyzed the runoff and its temporal distribution during the catastrophic flood events on river Gidra (32.9 km2) and Parná (37.86 km2) of the 7th June 2011. The catchments are located in the Small Carpathian Mountains, western Slovakia. Direct measurements and evaluation of the peak discharge values after such extreme events are emphasized in the paper including exceedance probabilities of peak flows and of their causal flash rainfall events. In the second part of the paper, plausible modeling mode is presented, using the NLC (Non Linear Cascade) rainfall-runoff model. Several hypothetical extreme flood events were simulated by the NLC model for both rivers. Also the flood runoff volumes are evaluated as basic information on the natural or artificial catchment storage.
Solutions to the ellipsoidal Clairaut constant and the inverse geodetic problem by numerical integration
Authors: Sjöberg L. E.
Published: August 2012

We derive computational formulas for determining the Clairaut constant, i.e. the cosine of the maximum latitude of the geodesic arc, from two given points on the oblate ellipsoid of revolution. In all cases the Clairaut constant is unique. The inverse geodetic problem on the ellipsoid is to determine the geodesic arc between and the azimuths of the arc at the given points. We present the solution for the fixed Clairaut constant. If the given points are not(nearly) antipodal, each azimuth and location of the geodesic is unique, while for the fixed points in the ”antipodal region”, roughly within 36”.2 from the antipode, there are two geodesics mirrored in the equator and with complementary azimuths at each point. In the special case with the given points located at the poles of the ellipsoid, all meridians are geodesics. The special role played by the Clairaut constant and the numerical integration make this method different from others available in the literature.
Determination of sea surface height from moving ships with dynamic corrections
Authors: Reinking J. , Härting A. , Bastos L.
Published: August 2012

With the growing global efforts to estimate the influence of civilization on the climate change it would be desirable to survey sea surface heights (SSH) not only by remote sensing techniques like satellite altimetry or (GNSS) Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry but also by direct and in-situ measurements in the open ocean. In recent years different groups attempted to determine SSH by ship-based GNSS observations. Due to recent advances in kinematic GNSS (PPP) Precise Point Positioning analysis it is already possible to derive GNSS antenna heights with a quality of a few centimeters. Therefore it is foreseeable that this technique will be used more intensively in the future, with obvious advantages in sea positioning. For the determination of actual SSH from GNSS-derived antenna heights aboard seagoing vessels some essential hydrostatic and hydrodynamic corrections must be considered in addition to ocean dynamics and related corrections. Systematic influences of ship dynamics were intensively analyzed and sophisticated techniques were developed at the Jade University during the last decades to precisely estimate mandatory corrections. In this paper we will describe the required analyses and demonstrate their application by presenting a case study from an experiment on a cruise vessel carried out in March 2011 in the Atlantic Ocean.
High agreement of routine cytopathology and immunocytochemistry in canine lymphomas
Authors: Sapierzyński R. , Dolka I. , Fabisiak M.
Published: August 2012

High agreement of routine cytopathology and immunocytochemistry in canine lymphomas

The aim of this study was to compare the concordance of immunophenotype established with routine cytopathology (slides stained with Giemsa solution) and immunocytochemistry according to CD3 and CD79 alpha immunoreactivity. The study was performed on cytological samples of 70 canine lymphomas subtyped on the basis of the updated Kiel classification system. Additionally, cytologic samples were examined immunocytochemically for the CD3 and CD79 alpha antigens presence and thus immunophenotype of neoplastic growth was confirmed. The cytopathological and immunocytochemical diagnoses were then compared; in order to measure the concordance between immunocytochemistry (IC) result and Giemsa stain result of the same sample the Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated. On the basis of the results of immunocytochemistry of 70 cases of canine lymphoma examined 42 were recognized as B cell lymphoma and 28 as T cell lymphoma. Full accordance between the results of routine cytopathology and IC was obtained in 63 out of 70 examined dogs (90% of cases). It can be concluded that cytopathological examination of Giemsa stained smears is helpful in determining the lymphoma cells immunophenotype. Additionally, it seems that combination of routine cytopathology and immunocytochemistry in cases of canine lymphomas allows to obtain the precise diagnosis in 90% of cases, and allows to receive most important information that is necessary for planning of appropriate therapy and to determine prognosis. Finally, this routine procedure allowed to eliminate the need of collection of tissue samples during surgery or core-biopsy and thus time, cost and patient discomfort related to more complex and invasive medical procedures can be easily reduced.
Concentration of serum amyloid A and ceruloplasmin activity in milk from cows with subclinical mastitis caused by different pathogens
Authors: Szczubiał M. , Dąbrowski R. , Kankofer M. , Bochniarz M. , Komar M.
Published: August 2012

Concentration of serum amyloid A and ceruloplasmin activity in milk from cows with subclinical mastitis caused by different pathogens

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA) and the activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in milk from cows with subclinical mastitis caused by different pathogens. Eighty-four milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis and fourteen milk samples from healthy cows were examined. SAA concentration was determined using the commercial ELISA kit (Tridelta Development Ltd., Greystones, Wicklow, Ireland). Cp activity was assessed spectrophotometrically, using the Rice method. The results reveal that the concentration of SAA (with exception of CNS) and activity of Cp in cow milk can be regarded as markers of subclinical mastitis, irrespective of the microorganism inducing the disease. In conclusion, measurement of SAA and Cp in milk samples could be a useful method in diagnosing subclinical mastitis in cows, but the method should be adapted for field use.
Avian influenza viruses in wild birds at the Jeziorsko reservoir in Poland in 2008-2010
Authors: Śmietanka K. , Minta Z. , Włodarczyk R. , Wyrostek K. , Jóźwiak M. , Olszewska M. , Minias P. , Kaczmarek K. , Janiszewski T. , Kleszcz A.
Published: August 2012

Avian influenza viruses in wild birds at the Jeziorsko reservoir in Poland in 2008-2010

During a 3-year surveillance study for avian influenza virus (AIV) infections at the Jeziorsko reservoir in central Poland, 549 oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs from 366 birds of 14 species belonging to 3 orders (Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and Gruiformes) were tested. AIV was detected in 14 birds (3.8%): Common Teals (12x), Mallard (1x) and Garganey (1x). Three potentially dangerous H5 AIV were detected in Common Teals (2x) and Garganey (1x) but all of them revealed a low pathogenic pathotype. A unique cleavage site amino acid motif PQREIR*GLF was found in one H5 isolate from a Garganey.
Botulinum toxin type A-induced changes in the chemical coding of dorsal root ganglion neurons supplying the porcine urinary bladder
Authors: Bossowska A. , Majewski M.
Published: August 2012

Botulinum toxin type A-induced changes in the chemical coding of dorsal root ganglion neurons supplying the porcine urinary bladder

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX) is a potent neurotoxin, which in recent years has been effectively applied in experimental treatments of many neurogenic disorders of the urinary bladder. BTX is a selective, presynaptically-acting blocking agent of acetylcholine release from nerve terminals what, in turn, leads to the cessation of somatic motor and/or parasympathetic transmission. However, application of this toxin in urological practice is still in the developmental stages and the full mechanism of its action remain elusive. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the neurochemical characterization of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons supplying the porcine urinary bladder after BTX treatment. Retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the urinary bladder wall in six juvenile female pigs and three weeks later, intramural bladder injections of BTX (100 IU per animal) were carried out in all the animals. After a week, DRG from L1 to Cq1 were harvested from the pigs and neurochemical characterization of FB+ neurons was performed using double-labeling immunofluorescence technique on 10-μm-thick cryostat sections. BTX injections led to a significant decrease in the number of FB+ neurons containing substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calbindin (CB), somatostatin (SOM) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) when compared with that found in the healthy animals (19% vs. 45%, 18% vs. 36%, 0.6% vs. 3%, 0.4 vs. 4% and 0.1% vs. 6%, respectively) These data demonstrated that BTX changed the chemical coding of bladder sensory neurons, and therefore this drug should be taken into consideration when it planning experimental therapy of selected neurogenic bladder disorders.
Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle herds
Authors: Marczuk J. , Obremski K. , Lutnicki K. , Gajęcka M. , Gajęcki M.
Published: August 2012

Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle herds

Mycotoxin contaminations pose a growing problem in animal production from the economic and toxicological point of view. Clinical symptoms of mycotoxicosis are relatively unspecific, making the disease difficult to diagnose. This study presents a clinical case of dairy cattle infected with natural mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium (zearalenone [ZEA] and deoxynivalenol [DON]) in eastern Poland. In dead and infected cows, the presence of ZEA and DON was determined in the blood serum, significant changes were observed in blood morphological and biochemical profiles, extravasations and bowel inflammations were also observed. The results reported testify to an acute autoimmune process in the intestines as well as immunosuppression.
Comparison of the influence of EDTA-K3 and sodium citrate on haematology analysis in healthy dogs
Authors: Żmigrodzka M. , Winnicka A. , Guzera M.
Published: August 2012

Comparison of the influence of EDTA-K3 and sodium citrate on haematology analysis in healthy dogs

The study was carried out on 30 clinically healthy dogs of various breeds. Haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, platelet count and platelet haematocrit were significantly lower in citrate blood than in tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-K3) blood. The study confirmed the limited usage of sodium citrate in haematology analysis, unless canine EDTA-dependent thrombocytopenia is suspected.
Cost-of-alcohol studies as a research programme
Authors: Mäkelä Klaus
Published: August 2012

Aims

According to the literature, estimates of the costs of alcohol abuse serve four main purposes: They draw attention to the severity of alcohol problems, they help to target specific problems and policies, they identify information gaps and they provide a baseline for future cost-effectiveness studies. This paper evaluates to which extent these purposes have been met in recent studies and how likely they can be met in the future.

Method

Critical review.

Material

Thirty reports on alcohol costs published after 2000.

Conclusions

Even the most sophisticated cost-of-alcohol calculations include entries based on misleading assumptions or logical mistakes. Monetary calculations do not add precision to the comparison of the weight of health problems. Cost calculations cannot be used to compare the extent or nature of alcohol problems in different countries. Cost calculations should focus on money spent from clearly defined budgets. Calculating the costs to “society” is not a promising research program. It is good to measure the joys and sorrows of heavy drinkers and their nearest, but the use of a monetary metric conceals important issues and value judgments. As a research program, the cost-of-alcohol tradition is based on promises about future cost-effectiveness studies, but traditional measures of alcohol problems offer a better picture of the effects of policy measures than cost-of-alcohol estimates.
Prevalence and perceptions of ketamine use among Danish clubbers: A mixed-method study
Authors: Ravn Signe , Demant Jakob
Published: August 2012

Aims

This article describes the prevalence of ketamine use among Danish recreational drug users and provides a contextual understanding of ketamine use within this group.

Methods and Data

The analysis is based on a mixed-methods night club study combining a survey among guests in night clubs (N=1,632) with qualitative interviews (9 focus group interviews, 6 double interviews, 7 individual interviews; 53 clubbers in total).

Results

10% of the clubbers have tried ketamine (lifetime use). The ketamine users have also tried a range of other drugs. When taken in club settings, ketamine is often part of a polydrug repertoire. When used in private settings, ketamine is often taken alone to explore its hallucinogenic effects. The users are aware of the potency of the drug, but do not pay attention to long-term negative effects of ketamine use.

Conclusion

Ketamine users predominantly prefer to use ketamine in private settings. This can be viewed as a strategy for risk management, but also as a way of optimising the combination of drug – place – social – body, thereby creating a drug experience that is not possible in public settings.
Personal experiences of drinking and alcohol-related risk perceptions: The importance of the subjective dimension
Authors: Karlsson Patrik
Published: August 2012

Aims

To explore the association between subjective experiences of drinking and alcohol-related risk perceptions.

Methods

The data Is based on a questionnaire with questions about beliefs, use habits and experiences of alcohol and tobacco sent to a random sample of 3,000 Swedes aged 18 to 70 years (response rate= 1,623 Individuals, or 54%). In this study, those respondents who had ever been drinking alcohol were Included (1,536 individuals). The data were analysed statistically by cross tabs and multiple logistic regression.

Results

With some exceptions, the results generally showed that differences In subjective experiences of drinking were related to risk perceptions of alcohol consumption. In particular, those who had more negative than positive subjective experiences of alcohol consumption had substantially higher risk perceptions than those who had more positive than negative experiences, controlling for alcohol consumption and potential confounders. There were also several significant differences between Individuals differently involved in alcohol consumption, net of subjective experiences.

Conclusions

Subjective experiences of alcohol consumption appear to be an important construct in relation to alcohol-related risk perceptions. To understand the link between personal experiences and risk perceptions pertaining to alcohol consumption, both objective measures of personal experiences and subjective measures should be considered.
Chemical and Sensory Parameters of Heat-treated Vacuum-packaged Broiler and Hen Fillet Products
Authors: Ramane Kristine , Strautniece Envija , Galoburda Ruta
Published: August 2012

Chemical and Sensory Parameters of Heat-treated Vacuum-packaged Broiler and Hen Fillet Products

The heat treatment of vacuum-packaged products - Sous vide processing method - that offers convenience and storage stability, combined with poultry meat marinating was used in the current study. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of a fruit-vegetable additive on chemical and sensory parameters of heat-treated vacuum-packaged poultry meat products made from broiler or hen fillets. The skinless fillets and other ingredients were packaged in polyamide/polyethylene (PA/PE) pouches, vacuum sealed, marinated, heat treated, and chilled rapidly. The following parameters were evaluated: moisture content (LVS ISO 1442:197), protein content (LVS ISO 937:1978), fat content (LVS ISO 1443:1973), ash content (ISO 936:996), degree of liking, and intensity of sensory properties (ISO 4121: 2003). The smallest changes in moisture content among the studied samples were observed in those prepared with the fruit-vegetable additive if compared to a raw fillet. In the process of heat treatment, the protein content in dry matter of broiler and hen fillet decreased (p<0.05), whereas fat content decreased in broiler fillet but increased in hen fillet (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation results showed that panellists preferred broiler fillet (6.6) and hen fillet (5.8) products which were prepared without the fruit-vegetable additive. Evaluation of the intensity of sensory properties showed that there do not exist significant differences in aroma, colour, flavour, and aftertaste of heat-treated vacuum-packaged hen and broiler fillet (p>0.05), but texture of broiler fillet products is more tender than texture of samples made from hen fillet.
Microscopic Fungi on Fresh Meat Derived from Roe Deer (Capreolus Capreolus) and Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus)
Authors: Liepiņa Solveiga , Jemeļjanovs Aleksandrs
Published: August 2012

Biežāk sastopamās mikroskopiskās sēnes stirnu(Capreolus capreolus)un staltbriežu(Cervus elaphus)gaļā
The Complex Motor Sprint Start Performance as a Double Constraint Management
Authors: Natta Françoise , Boisnoir Alexandre , Cholet Didier
Published: August 2012

The Complex Motor Sprint Start Performance as a Double Constraint Management

In this study, the sprint start was investigated as a double constraint management: straightening 8 up from the ground to sprint forward. This management was explored using three separate groups of expertise defined according to individual sprint performance over 100 m (expert, intermediate and non sprinter). Two experimental conditions were studied according to the position in the starting-blocks: a spontaneous condition (S) and a forward perturbed condition (P) which aimed to carry the body weight more on the arms. In S condition, the statistical analyses showed that subjects were split into three classes according to the similarity of the data. These classes were not totally similar to the original groups of differing expertise. Class 1S subjects presented an efficient motor organization in which initial posture, straightening up and velocity were linked. In P condition, the sprinters were only split into two classes and sprint start efficiency was degraded. Nevertheless, the class 1P was perfectly superimposed on the expert group and presented a more homogenous response than that observed in class 1S. The motor synergies of the intermediate level could not be stabilized. This group and the non sprinter group belonged to the same class due to the similarity of their motor structure as the result of the perturbation.
Perceived Motivational Climate and Team Cohesion in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Horn Thelma , Byrd Megan , Martin Eric , Young Christine
Published: August 2012

Perceived Motivational Climate and Team Cohesion in Adolescent Athletes

This study was conducted to determine whether adolescent athletes' perceptions of their team's level and type of cohesion would be related to, or differ as a function of, their perceptions of their team's motivational climate. This hypothesized link was assessed using both group comparison and multivariate correlational analyses. Study participants (N = 351 adolescent athletes) were recruited from sports camps conducted for high school-aged athletes at universities, colleges, and other sport facilities throughout the United States. Athletes completed questionnaires to assess perceived coach-initiated motivational climate (PMCSQ-2) and perceived team cohesion (GEQ). Based on their scores on perceived motivational climate, athletes were divided into four climate type groups: Low Task/Low Ego; Low Task/High Ego; High Task/Low Ego; High Task/High Ego. MANOVA comparisons revealed that athletes in both high task groups (High Task/Low Ego and High Task/High Ego) exhibited higher perceptions of all forms of group cohesion. Canonical correlation analyses verified the primary link between a task-oriented team climate and high levels of group cohesion but also revealed some positive aspects of an ego-oriented climate. The obtained results revealed that a coach-initiated task-oriented climate is most strongly linked to high levels of perceived team cohesion. However, elements of an ego-oriented climate can also be positively associated with high levels of team cohesiveness provided they are accompanied by selected components of a mastery climate.