bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Strong Is the Risk Factor? Potency
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

An old saying asserts that the common cold usually lasts about seven days if you treat it, and about a week if you don’t. This saying acknowledges that even with the “treatments” available, whether pharmaceutical, herbal, or chicken soup, nothing really changes the course of the illness. Luckily, most of these available remedies don’t cause harm and may at least bring some level of comfort. Colds are usually short-lived and aren’t really worth subjecting yourself to any treatment that might be worse than having the cold in the first place. The same is hardly true of other disorders—particularly ones such as cancer or heart disease that lead to disability or death, or psychiatric disorders that compromise normal functioning and quality of life.
Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health
Authors: Rothstein Mark A
Published: November 2023

Public health is a dynamic field. Outbreaks of new diseases, as well as changing patterns of population growth, economic development, and lifestyle trends all may threaten public health and thus demand a public health response. As the practice of public health evolves, there is an ongoing need to reassess its scientific, ethical, legal, and social underpinnings. Such a reappraisal must consider the disagreement among public health officials, public health scholars, elected officials, and the public about the proper role of public health and the distinctions, for example, between public health and clinical care, and public health and health promotion. In this article I will attempt to characterize the main points of contention as well as offer my own views regarding the proper scope of public health. Greater clarity and consensus on the meaning of public health are likely to lead to more efficient and effective public health interventions as well as increased public and political support for public health activities.
For Your Own Good The Anti-Smoking Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health
Authors: Sullum Jacob
Published: November 2023

The vigilance against deviation from the correct portrayal of smoking is accompanied by absurd rhetorical excesses, even in supposedly sober scientific journals. JAMA’s [Journal of the American Medical Association’s]vociferousness on the issue of smoking ... may be an attempt to make up for past sins: The journal carried cigarette ads until 1953, and the AMA [American Medical Associationl accepted research money from the tobacco industry in the 1960s and 1970s, during which decades activists accused the organization of inexcusable timidness on an important public health issue. Since the 1980s, however, JAMAhas been second to none in its denunciations of tobacco. A 1986 editorial compared smoking-related deaths to Nazi genocide, calling for “a declaration of all-out war” to save “the victims of the tobaccoism holocaust.”A 1990 editorial, this one by a former CDC director, said tobacco executives and the advertising firms that work for them “daily make the decision to kill for money, to become ‘hit men’ on a colossal scale.”Picking up on the same theme in yet another JAMAeditorial, then-Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan called revenue from tobacco advertising accounts “blood money.”
To Foresee and to Forestall
Authors: Raffensperger Carolyn , Tickner Joel A
Published: November 2023

When Rachel Carson completed her book, Silent Spring,she dedicated it to Albert Schweitzer, who said, “Man has lost the capacity to foresee and forestall He will end up destroying the earth.” To foresee and forestall is the basis of the precautionary principle. It is the central theme for environmental and public health rooted in the elemental concepts of “first do no harm” and “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” In its simplest formulation, the precautionary principle has a dual trigger: If there is a potential for harm from an activity and if there is uncertainty about the magnitude of impacts or causality, then anticipatory action should be taken to avoid harm. Scientific uncertainty about harm is the fulcrum for this principle. Modem-day problems that cover vast expanses of time and space are difficult to assess with existing scientific tools. Accordingly, we can never know with certainty whether a particular activity will cause harm. But we can rely on observation and good sense to foresee and forestall damage.
Ratification of the Bill of Rights
Authors: Labunski Richard
Published: November 2023

A Less Formidable and determined foe than Patrick Henry would have given up by now. Congress had proposed twelve amendments, and indi cations were that the states would likely ratify them. But Henry was not through. Having failed to obtain the radical amendments he had long demanded, he would do everything he could to prevent Virginia from approving the Bill of Rights. He told Senator Richard Henry Lee that the proposed amendments “will tend to injure rather than serve the Cause of Liberty;’ and he believed they were intended to “lull Suspicion totally on this Subject;’ to prevent changing the “exorbitancy of Power granted away by the Constitution from the People;’
Introduction: Crime and American Governance
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

For a long time before that in the United States it had not been safe to walk in the big cities at night: sometimes in certain areas not in the day. For years they had moved about by the grace of paternal or brutal police; or under the protection of some gang. (It was in the mid-seventies that it came out for how long the United States had been run by an only partly concealed conspiracy linking crime, the military machine, the industries to do with war, and government.) Whether he chose to be protected by the bully men of the gangster groups, or by the police, or by the deliberate choice of a living area that was safe and respectable and inside which he lived as once the Jews had lived in ghettoes, in America the citizen had long since become used to an organized barbarism. —Doris Lessing, The Four-Gated CityIn her 1969 book The Four-Gated City, Doris Lessing writes of the 1970s from the perspective of someone looking back at the end of the twentieth century. Her imagined observations of the United States, presumably based on the tumult and civil violence of the late 1960s, remind us that fear of sudden and terrible violence was a major feature of American life long before September 11, 2001.
We the Victims :, Fearing Crime and Making Law
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Would I move into another gated community? The short, wimpy answer is yes. I’m getting old, and in this post-9/11 world it’s not such a bad thing having someone—even a rent-a-cop—to watch over you.
Project Exile : Race, the War on Crime, and Mass Imprisonment
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

America since the 1980s has created a historically unique penal form that some sociologists and criminologists have called “mass imprisonment” (Garland 2001b). The term is meant to point to three distinctive features of imprisonment in the United States: its scale, its categorical application, and its increasingly warehouse-like or even waste management–like qualities (Feeley & Simon 1992). All three are inevitably relative features. Prison was once an aberrational experience for all segments of the com- munity, even those with the highest levels of imprisonment. If present trends continue, nearly one in 15 Americans born in 2001 will serve time in prison during their lifetimes (6.6 percent of that birth cohort). Broken down by race and gender, the odds are even more daunting: one in three black men, one in seven Hispanic men, and one in 17 white men will go to prison in their lifetime, given current trends (Bonczar 2003). The odds of an African American man going to prison today are higher than the odds he will go to college, get married, or go into the military.
Crime Families : Governing Domestic Relations Through Crime
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The dominant modern metaphors of the family usually cast it against the marketplace as a “haven in a heartless world” (Lasch 1977), although more recently sociologists have questioned the wisdom that the family is a less competitive space than the workplace (Hochschild 1997). Indeed, the family and the workplace have both become concentrated zones of concern about crime, and the responsibility for governing it. Families as we idealize them are crime free, bound by lawful and natural bonds of mutual protection. If the family is crime free by definition, it is not secure; in fact, it is the ideal space for crime to invade. Here are consumer goods galore. Here are women and young people vulnerable to abuse and sexual aggression. Here are family secrets stored on computer hard drives and in filing cabinets.
Safe Schools: Reforming Education Through Crime
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Ageneration ago, racial inequality served as the pivot around which a vast reworking of governance of public schools took place. As David Kirp observed of this period: Support for schooling increased dramatically at every level of government The ideas of racial equality and educational reform were closely intertwined. The demand for racial justice formed part of the call for modernization, and the availability of new resources made attentiveness to race specific issues politically more palatable. (1982, 297)

Today, crime in and around schools is playing a similar role as the problem that must be confronted and documented by a reinforcing spiral of political will and the production of new knowledge about school crime. Ironically, the genealogy of crime as a political problem in schools may have had its most salient recent origins in the desegregation era and the often violent conflits that arose around efforts to dismantle racially bifurcated public school systems. Although the stamp of desegregation remains on many public school systems today, by the late 1970s, it had largely run its course, defeated by private action and judicial retreat. In the same period, crime became an increasing inﬂuence on school governance.
Wars of Governance: From Cancer to Crime to Terror
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

To a remarkable degree in the post–World War II era, war has been accepted as a metaphor for transformations in how we govern, by both friend and foe alike. We speak easily of the “war on poverty,” the “war on crime,” and most recently, the “war on terrorism,” recognizing as we do that the linkage of the term “war” with the substantive issue transforms it from a question of policy to a model of how to govern. We must once again reverse Carl von Clausewitz’s (1832) famous formula,”War is politics carried on by other means.” War, in the sense it has been used in phrases like “war on crime” and “war on terror” is a marker that a transformation of the means and rationalities by which elites justify and set the desired dimensions of their own governance.
Wednesday’s Children
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

The peasant lowered his head and, without responding, he untied hisservant, and Don Quixote asked the boy how much his master owed him. He said wages for nine months, at seven reales a month. Don Quixote calculated the sum and found that it amounted to seventy-three reales, and he told the peasant to take that amount from his purse unless he wanted to die on their account.
Working Memory in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Reznick J Steven
Published: November 2023

The phenomena that we identify as referents for the term memory are varied, complex, and salient aspects of our personal experience and our interactions with others. Memory’s prominence has produced a rich psychological tradition with descriptions of relevant phenomena, insights into mechanisms, and well-established dimensions of development and individual difference. Unfortunately, memory’s overabundance of sense meaning has sometimes interfered with our commitment to rigorous measurement and definition, leading to a virtual Tower of Babel in which conversations about memory can occur with shared terms that do not have shared meanings. My main goal in this chapter is to advance the discussion of memory development by clarifying the theoretical and operational meaning of the term working memory as it applies to infants and toddlers. The aspect of memory that is the theme of this chapter has been investigated by psychologists for well over a century.
Individual Differences in the Development of Working Memory During Infancy
Authors: Bell Martha Ann , Morasch Katherine C
Published: November 2023

Developmental scientists have produced data to demonstrate that the prefrontal cortex has a prolonged developmental pattern relative to other brain areas and may not be physiologically mature until young adulthood (Davis, Segalowitz, & Gavin, 2004; Diamond, 2001; Huttenlocher, 1994; Nelson, 1995; Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001). This prolonged period of development gives researchers a wide window during which to examine the functional emergence and development of prefrontally mediated cognitive behaviors. Indeed, in the last few years there has been increasing focus on prefrontal cognitive behaviors during early and later childhood (Diamond, Prevor, Callender, & Druin, 1997; Luciana & Nelson, 1998; Segalowitz & Davis, 2004; Wolfe & Bell, 2004). Cognitive skills associated with prefrontal brain areas allow children to keep two or more rules in mind, update memory with constantly changing information, sustain attention over a brief period of time in the face of distraction, and suppress a dominant response tendency (Gerstadt, Hong, & Diamond, 1994), much as adults do on classic prefrontal tasks.
Things to Remember:Limits, Codes, and the Development of Object Working Memory in the First Year
Authors: Leslie Alan M , Ka.Loy Zsuzsa
Published: November 2023

The cognitive revolution of the 1960s had its roots in breakthroughs in the mathematics of machine theory, cybernetics, information, and formal systems associated with Turing, Weiner, van Neumann, Shannon, and Chomsky. For the first time, it was possible through the science of computation to glimpseat least in principle-a physical basis for mind and mental phenomena. When Miller (1956) published his famous article on memory, it was to proclaim two things that have now become familiar. The first was that we can actually measure mental phenomena without white coats and large machines but, best of all, without embarrassment. The second was that some human memory systems have an astonishingly severe limit. There was also a third finding. Though we can (fairly) easily attach a number to this limit, and measure it in that sense, it is much harder to characterize what exactly are the twits that are the subject of this limit. Miller believed the number was around seven; but he quickly showed that it was not seven of Shannon’s bits but seven of something else, which he called chunks. The human memory system was not simply a channel carrying input passively but a complex system that actively recoded its throughput, as digits, letters, words, phrases, and so on, according to the goals of the task. The limit of seven reflected the structure of these codes. The twin properties of limit and code still define short-term memory research: how much can be stored and how much of what can be stored.
Neural Mechanisms of Attention and Memory in Preferential Looking Tasks
Authors: Snyder Kelly A
Published: November 2023

The term preferential looking refers to a class of behavioral methods that rely on an infant’s inherent preference for viewing novel stimuli (i.e., novelty preferences) to provide evidence for learning, memory, or discrimination. Despite wide use of these tasks across different domains of development, there is a long history of debate about how to interpret infants’ performance in preferential looking tasks (e.g., Bogartz, Shinskey, & Speaker, 1997). For instance, to what extent do novelty preferences reflect knowledge that the infant has brought to the experiment versus knowledge acquired during the course of the experiment? What is the nature of this knowledge? Is the infant conscious or aware of such knowledge? Does the infant have access to this knowledge for further reasoning and reflection? How flexible is this knowledge, and to what extent can the infant generalize this knowledge across different contexts? One approach to resolving this debate has been to investigate whether the neurobiology underlying novelty preferences reflects brain systems involved in explicit or implicit memory. The task most widely investigated using this approach has been the visual paired comparison (VPC). By current accounts, the VPC is considered a measure of infants’ visual recognition memory (see chapter 7, this volume). I refer to this as the explicit memory hypothesis of novelty preferences.
The Poems
Authors: Rao Velcheru Narayana , Shulman David
Published: November 2023

Tell him this one thing. Distant rivers always reach the sea. Being far is just like being near. Would I think of him if I were far? The sun in the sky is very far from the lotus. From a distance, friendship is intense. Distant rivers reach the sea. The moment he looks at me, I look back at him. My face is turned only toward him. Clouds are in the sky, the peacock in the forest. Longing is in the look that connects.
Freedom Summer
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

For Savio the civil rights battle that the black-led student movement, headed by SNCC leader Bob Moses, waged in Mississippi was nothing less than heroic. Having rooted themselves in local black communities since 1961, these civil rights workers conducted voter registration campaigns that proved extremely dangerous because they challenged Mississippi’s tradition of black disenfranchisement that dated back to the nineteenth century, antagonizing violent white supremacists. SNCC organizers had been beaten and shot, Freedom Houses bombed, and local black community members lost their lives when they allied themselves with the movement—among them Herbert Lee, gunned down in broad daylight by a segregationist state legislator. Moses himself had demonstrated incredible courage, not only continuing his voter registration work after arrests by racist police and repeated beatings by white supremacists but pressing charges against one of his assailants even while still bleeding from the assault. By 1964 Moses had become convinced that racist violence had gotten so out of hand that it threatened the survival of the Mississippi freedom movement. It was with this in mind that he launched the Freedom Summer Project, inviting college students from across the country to come to Mississippi in 1964 to assist the voter registration drive and teach in Freedom Schools. He hoped Freedom Summer would generate national publicity that could reduce racist violence. While white America had proven indifferent to the racial terror visited upon blacks in Mississippi, Moses believed that the nation would react differently if hundreds of white college students were involved in the movement.
Consolida Ting The Movement And Negotiating For Free Speech
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

The Berkeley revolt departed dramatically from the conventions of American politics in many ways, the most obvious of which was its youthful leadership. In contrast to the middle-aged and senior politicians who dominated America’s traditional Part-y politics, a twenty-one-year-old undergraduate and a mass movement of students even younger took over Berkeley’s political stage. With youth came an abundance of energy, drive, and idealism. Savio, like the movement he helped lead, was not bound by most of cold war America’s old habits and prejudices; he could and did imagine new kinds of political arrangements, far more democratic than mainstream politics. His (and the FSM’s) eagerness to involve the whole student community in the movement and its decision- making processes translated into a highly Participatory organizational culture. This style of politics helped make the movement attractive to students, as FSM organizer Robert Hurwitt recalled: “The continuing experiment in developing a workable form of representational democracy for the burgeoning, mostly unorganized masses of demonstrators was one of the most exciting day-to-day aspects of the FSM and one of its major contributions to the development of the movements that followed.” Savio and his fellow movement leaders rejected the exclusionary practices—the banning of Communists and the tendency toward Red-baiting—that marred cold war American politics. This enabled them to preside over a movement in which all kinds of radicals—who ordinarily were rivals—worked well together and built bridges to nonradicals.
Questioning The Vietnam War
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

This is going to be a very different style speech from the speeches which we’ve been listening to, because I don’t have a very set idea just how history’s going to turn out, nor what brought it to be the way it is right now, nor how we are going to change it, if we are going to. So, all I really have is a lot of questions, and I hope they are questions similar to ones that have been troubling other people who are here. Maybe if we can at least get our questions out in the open, we can begin to talk about the answers.
Resisting Reaganism And War In Central America
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

The thing in my childhood—which most people here have some familiarity with—that moved me the most deeply, were the pictures of the piles of bodies. I am not Jewish. Those were mostly Jewish bodies. There were a lot of children’s bodies in those piles. There were people of all ages; they were very thin. I remember seeing those pictures as a very young child. I could not understand those pictures as a young child, and I do not understand those pictures now. And I got an idea that I got stuck with for a number of years. If people had really noticed the bodies, the piles of bodies, if they’d seen the pictures as I had, then they would have changed the way we lived with one another. But I could see that nothing all that much had been changed about the way we lived with one another.
Building A Compassionate Community
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

We had a lot of things to learn. We had to learn about race. We haven’t learned that completely yet, have we? But we’ve made progress . . . We needed to learn about our relationship to the planet. We haven’t learned that completely yet. But we’ve made a lot of progress. We needed to learn about gender.
Their Values And Ours
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

It’s kind of hard for me to do. This wasn’t a problem thirty years ago. But, you know, I have to look at you, because it’s a dialogue; I’ve got to look at the paper; and it’s very difficult to do both at once. Maybe I should get bifocals: then I’ll feel even more like Benjamin Franklin.
A Moment to Move Against
Class- Ridden Barbarism
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

This is going to be a report: what caused things to change? Well, it was the appalling election. Everyone here found that election dreadful and appalling, and I was worrying, would it also be the case that it would be so daunting that it would result in a feeling of apathy and despair? But quite evidently that is not what has happened. I love voting. I have voted in almost every election that I could vote in, local, state, national. I did not vote in this election. I knew how it would turn out. I examined all of the things I could vote for, all of the positions and candidates, and I knew, I predicted this is the way it’s all going to turn out, and it all turned out the way I knew it would.
California at the crossroads: social strife or social unity?
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

Prompted by deep concern over the conduct and results of the 1994 California and national elections, a group of women and men of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds—students, faculty members and non-academic staff of the California Community Colleges, the California State University and the University of California—has come together on a basis of full equality to form the Campus Coalitions for Human Rights and Social Justice.
Moving Families Forward
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

On July 30, 1996, President Clinton signed into law a comprehensive revision of the federally funded welfare program, fulfilling his 1992 campaign pledge to “change welfare as we know it.” The prereform program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, was a federal entitlement. The majority of indigent mothers with dependent children who applied would receive cash assistance.
Changing Welfare as We Know It
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

In any history of the Clinton administration, Donna Shalala figures centrally as the cabinet member directly responsible for developing and implementing welfare policies. Moreover, unlike a number of her senior staff, she did not resign in outrage when President Clinton chose to sign the 1996 welfare bill. Instead, she soldiered on to ensure that its implementation and subsequent adjustments were as helpful as possible to the vulnerable women and children who were affected.
Welfare Reform during the Economic Boom
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

Many of the initial objections to welfare reform were legitimate. For many, reform certainly appeared to be an unnecessary overhaul that would only cause more hardships for vulnerable families. Not mentioned in the public debates, however, was that critics based their assessment on a combination of short-term projections and long-term implications. In the short run, many critics forecasted that the labor market would be unable to absorb the volume of women leaving welfare, especially a large number of black women whose barriers to employment seemed insurmountable. Even if employment problems could be minimized during boom periods, critics feared what would happen during periods of high unemployment that would necessarily occur over time.
Importance of a High-Employment Economy
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 demonstrated that in a high-employment economy, “Making Work Pay” policies moved millions of less educated single mothers into paid employment. Not only did these women have higher incomes, but they and their children benefited psychologically and socially.
Vocational Training that Works
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

Welfare reform has moved many single mothers from poverty to near poverty once government income supports are included. Absent a four year college degree, however, only a very small proportion of single mothers can attain family incomes of $30,000, the income necessary to completely avoid basic material hardships. As a result, if the objective is to allow single mothers to be independently self-sufficient, it seems imperative that they must have four-year college degrees. A college-for-all perspective, however, often sets students up for failure. It also disregards the value of vocational training, maligned by critics but a much more effective stepping stone to meaningful employment for many mothers.
Strengthening Partner Relationships and Child Support
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

In 2004, nearly one out of every three children was born out of wedlock, and many of these single mothers have difficulty earning enough to support their families. Indeed, a child born to a never-married mother is seven times as likely to be poor as one born to a married couple. Children living with a single mother often have more psychological and learning problems than do children living in a two-parent family. For these reasons, many policy analysts across the political spectrum believe that strengthening the relationships between a child’s parents, as well as the child support received from noncustodial fathers, should be important components of the policy mix.
Maya Civilization And Archaeology
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

Pre-Columbian Maya civilization spans a period of nearly 2,000 years. Well before all the salient features of this civilization were completely developed, the Maya were building monumental ceremonial and civic centers. This urban tradition endured from 600 B.C.E. until 1524, when the Spanish Conquest of the Maya began. Maya civilization began to evolve in the Middle Preclassic Period (1000 B.C.E.–300 C.E.), flourished in the Classic Period (250–900 C.E.), which many archae ologists and art historians consider its apogee, and redefined itself during the Postclassic Period (900–1524) to overcome regional wars, droughts, and even cultural collapse, persisting in new ways for two millennia. Maya civilization is admired for more than its endurance, however. It is among the most sophisticated pre-Columbian cultures in the New World and is renowned for its artistry and achievements in astronomy and hieroglyphic writing.
Funerary Beliefs And Customs
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

Maya funerary practices were determined, in part, by a belief in souls and an afterlife and, more important, by the practice of ancestor worship. Ancestor worship can be traced back to the Olmec horizon, and it is suggested in the earliest burials of lowland Maya culture (c. 1000 B.C.E.). The worship is clearly present through the various developmental stages of Maya civilization, and it continues today in well-known Day of the Dead ceremonies on November 1, when the Maya (and other people inhabiting what was once Mesoamerica) visit the graves of the dead to make offerings to them.
Architecture And Building
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

Archaeologists have argued that civilization requires urban centers and that the measure of a civilization can be made by the architecture of its cities. The more time consuming and sophisticated in construction the architecture, and the more massive the city, the more complex was the society that built them. Although this hypothesis has been challenged in regard to some details, there is little doubt that monumental construction requires the political where-withal and development to organize labor and material. Based on its architectural remains, Maya civilization ranks as one of the great preindustrial cultures of the world.
Sculpture,. and Other Arts
Authors: Bertman Stephen
Published: November 2023

Today when we think of an artist, we tend to think of an individualist who uses his or her talent for the purpose of self-expression, a non-conformist who may defy tradition even at the cost of financial security. Those who succeed are known by their names.
Graph Theory and Food Webs
Authors: Cartozo Cecile Caretta , Garlaschelli Diego , Caldarelli Guido
Published: November 2023

Recently the study of complex networks has received great attention. One of the most interesting applications of these concepts is found in the study of food webs. Food webs provide fascinating examples of biological organization in ecological communities and display characteristic and unexpected statistical properties. In particular, comparison to other complex networks shows that food webs lack the scale-free properties observed in almost all other artificial and natural networks. That is, the frequency distribution for the degree (number of different predators per species) does not display scale-free behavior. Nevertheless, we show here that self-similar and universal behavior are still present. By considering food webs as transportation networks (for the flow of resources between species), we can recover scaling properties typical of other transportation systems, such as vascular and river networks. The importance of these properties for models of structure in food webs is discussed.
Food-Web Structure and Dynamics: Reconciling Alternative Ecological Currencies
Authors: Gillooly James F , Allen Andrew P , Brown James H
Published: November 2023

There is a longstanding history of research on trophic relationships in ecology. Historically, most researchers have adopted one of two distinct ecological currencies to develop theoretical foundations and test theories against data.
Paul the Convert
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

But even more important, Paul did not understand that he was leaving one religion in order to adopt another. In his view, faith in Jesus as the messiah was the fulfillment and correct understanding of the religion that he had always embraced, the religion of his Jewish ancestors: it was, in a sense, “true” Judaism. To say he converted, therefore, is simply to say that he changed his view about one important aspect of his understanding of Judaism, an aspect that had enormous implications for everything else. He changed his views about Jesus, coming to think that he was God’s messiah, who had died for the sins of others and then been raised from the dead.
Paul the Apost
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

It would be easy to argue that after Jesus himself, Paul was the most important figure in the history of Christianity. It was Paul’s missionary work that helped transform the followers of Jesus from a small Jewish sectarian movement in Palestine to a worldwide religion comprising both Jews and Gentiles. It was his theological reflections on the significance of the death and resurrection of Jesus that came to form the heart of the Christian message for all time. And it was his writings that were to play such an enormous role in the canon of the new Christian Scriptures, the New Testament, of whose twenty-seven books thirteen are attributed to Paul.
Mary Magdalene in Popular Culture and History
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Between Peter, Paul, and Mary, there is no question about who is the media star. Peter may be a sentimental favorite among faithful readers of the New Testament, who can identify with his rash behavior but basically good heart. Paul has intrigued and occupied serious theologians for centuries and is still widely revered by laypeople, who perhaps read him more often than they understand him. But neither Peter nor Paul is big news on Broadway, in Hollywood, or at Barnes and Noble. With Mary Magdalene it is a different story. Here is an early follower of Jesus about whom we know very, very little but who has drawn the spotlight for many, many years as a star performer in plays, movies, and novels.
Mary and Her Revelations
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Sometimes the course of one’s entire life is determined by a solitary incident— some kind of defining moment that changes everything. Mary’s decision to anoint Jesus’ body for burial on the third day after his death was just such a moment. When she arrived, she found that his body was not there. She went and told the others. They came to believe that he had been raised from the dead. And so Christianity started.
Epidemiologic Proﬁles of Global Health and Disease
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H
Published: November 2023

Now that we have seen the importance of, and the limits to, data collection, we turn to global, national, and local patterns of health and disease. While all causes of mortality and morbidity have natural histories and pathogenic processes, these causes are often neither natural nor inevitable, but shaped by larger political, economic, and demographic in Nuences.
Pilgrimage as Social Process in Roman Catholic and Protestant Culture
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

In The Strict sense pilgrimage does not exist in Protestant society or culture. One of the “abuses” renounced by the Reformers at the time of the Protestant Reformation was that of pilgrimage, which was said to support the theology of salvation by works, one that the Protestant theologians deplored. If one looks more closely, however, at how Protestant individuals and families move across the landscape of the Southern United States and the south of Scotland both strongholds of Reformed Christianity one finds that a pattern of travel to sacred places in honor of revered saints and ancestors does exist. This is, after all, the classical Oxford English Dictionary definition of a pilgrim: “one who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion.” Yet in Protestant culture these journeys are not so defined; they are certainly not called pilgrimages by their devout participants. I intend to explore in this chapter why this is true. Pilgrimage does, in fact, exist in Protestantism, and it is an important symbolic statement for its adherents.1 The pilgrimage centers to which I refer in the travel pattern of devout Protestants are connected not with a salvation by works or with the propitiation of saints or intercessors, but with a salvation based on faith alone, accompanied by good works because of the person’ s having been saved by the grace of God.
The Riddle of Hispaniola
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

I Offer The Following Comparison of Haiti, a former French slave colony, and the Dominican Republic, a former Spanish slave colony, to demonstrate that culture matters. The two countries share the island of Hispaniola, largely neutralizing geography, climate, and environment as possible explanations for their divergent histories.

During the first half of the nineteenth century, Haiti was far more powerful and affluent than the Dominican Republic, yet today Haiti is by far the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, while the Dominican Republic is a far more progressive society, albeit demonstrating the political, economic, and social debilities common to most Ibero-American countries—the countries that were once colonies of Spain and Portugal.
Patterns of Cultural Change
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

What Do The Experiences of the countries discussed in chapters 5 and 6 tell us about the nature of cultural change? First, there is no magic wand. Values are deeply rooted and are bound up with personal identity. We easily get emotional about our values, and anything that challenges them is likely to evoke a strong response. For example: many Muslim males have been acculturated to the value of male superiority from earliest childhood. They have found reinforcement of that value in portions of the Quran and have ignored other portions that may suggest gender equality. They have been taught that they are responsible for the behavior of their mothers, sisters, and wives, and that the behavior of “their” females reflects directly on them. The idea of gender equality is not merely alien; it is a fundamental threat to the Muslim male’s identity. He will not easily part with that value, that identity.
Success and Failure
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

This Chapter Reviews eight development activities, most in Latin America, that may produce cultural change in order to learn about patterns of success and failure. The principal objective of the first four activities is cultural change: (1) Peru’s Institute of Human Development (the Spanish acronym is INDEHU); (2) the programs of the National Strategy Information Center in Washington, D.C., to promote a culture of lawfulness in several countries; (3) a project to promote political participation in Bolivia; and (4) a campaign to promote punctuality in Ecuador.

In the second group of four, cultural change may be a byproduct: (1) U.S. government programs to strengthen democratic institutions in Latin America; (2) innovative investments by the city government of Bogotá, Colombia, focused on the needs of poor people; (3) promotion of philanthropy in Latin America; and (4) American and other schools and universities abroad.
Conclusion: Guidelines for Progressive Cultural Change
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

The Vast Majority of Participants in the CMRP agree that the cultural dimension of human progress has been neglected by the government officials and development institutions who bear the principal responsibility for guiding the policies and programs whose goal is the greater freedom and well-being of humankind. The same is true of other institutions—particularly religious, educational, and the media—that influence popular values, beliefs, and attitudes. None of the CMRP participants believes that the integration of cultural factors into policies and programs will bring about instant development. But most of us do believe that by incorporating culture into the mix of factors that shape development, the pace of progress can be accelerated toward the goals of the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Systemic Assessment: Everything Is Connected
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

Assessment has always played an important role in social work treatment. Conventional social work assessment with individuals and families usually focuses on understanding the history of the problem, risk factors contributing to the onset and maintenance of the problem, the effect of the problem on the self and others, and current symptoms, dysfunctions, and deficits. A comprehensive assessment of the problem is thought to help clients and families understand the reasons for their problem, which will help them gain insight into it, leading to beneficial behavioral changes and the elimination of the problem. Consequently, the key tasks of a problem-based approach to assessment are (1) taking a detailed history of the presenting problem, (2) classifying the problem or making a diagnosis, (3) coming up with a case formulation of the identified problem, and (4) agreeing on a treatment plan with the clients to solve the problem.
Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Weiss Noel S
Published: November 2023

A randomized controlled trial is the best method of evaluating the efficacy of therapy. Nonetheless, therapeutic decisions often have to be made in the absence of results obtained in this way. Some therapeutic measures were introduced years ago, at a time when randomized trials were the exception rather than the rule. Other therapeutic measures, even today, often do not undergo evaluation in a randomized trial prior to being widely adopted: for instance, a dietary or environmental manipulation. Or perhaps a treatment has been tested and found to be modestly effective in a randomized controlled trial, but because the outcome under study was an intermediate one (e.g., control of high blood pressure in a trial of an antihypertensive agent), the influence of the treatment on the clinically relevant outcome (e.g., morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease) is uncertain. Finally, the results of a randomized trial utilizing the clinically relevant outcome may be suggestive of therapeutic efficacy, but because of the small size of the trial, the role of chance in generating these results cannot be statistically excluded (see Chapter 4).
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Suicide Risk Reduction in Crisis Intervention
Authors: Weishaar Marjorie E
Published: November 2023

Working with suicidal patients can be anxiety-provoking for even the most experienced clinician because of the perceived responsibility for another person’s life, the difficulty predicting the likelihood and timing of an individual’s suicide based on population models, and the particular reliance on the therapy relationship when collaboration may be difficult.
Evidence-Based Practice and Manualized Treatment With Children
Authors: Okamoto Scott K , Lecroy Craig Winston
Published: November 2023

In social work and allied disciplines, there has been a growing interest in identifying psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents that have demonstrated clinical efficacy and effectiveness. This chapter focuses on illustrating various treatments that have been shown through rigorous, controlled research to be efficacious for child and adolescent mental health problems. Additionally, this chapter focuses on recent literature that addresses the movement of these clinical research studies into the “real world,” or what has been described as transportability (Schoenwald & Hoagwood, 2001), diffusion of innovation (Henggler & Lee, 2002), or effectiveness (APA Task Force on Psychological Intervention Guidelines, 1995). While there has been much progress in identifying “what works” with children and adolescents, the issue of implementing these studies into practice remains a challenge for the field of child and adolescent therapy.
The Implications of Controlled Outcome Studies on Planned Short-Term Psychotherapy With Depressive Disorders
Authors: Bloom Bernard L , Yeager kenneth R , Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

Depressive disorders are the major component of what are referred to in the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; see also Mays & Croake, 1997a, Chapter 4; Morrison, 1995) as mood disorders—periods of time when patients feel abnormally and pathologically happy or sad. The term depressive disorder is reserved to describe a person who has had multiple depressive episodes, periods of time of 2 weeks or longer when they feel depressed, cannot enjoy life, and have problems with eating and sleeping, guilt feelings, loss of energy, trouble concentrating, and thoughts about death. Most depressive disorders are recurrent and lifelong.
Psychoeducation as Evidence-Based Practice Considerations for Practice, Research, and Policy
Authors: Lukens Ellen P , Mcfarlane William R
Published: November 2023

Psychoeducation is among the most effective of the evidence-based practices that have emerged in both clinical trials and community settings. Because of the flexibility of the model, which incorporates both illness-specific information and tools for managing related circumstances, psychoeducation has broad potential for many forms of illnesses and varied life challenges. This paper examines the research that supports psychoeducation as evidence-based practice for the professions dealing with mental health, health care, and social service across system levels and in different contexts by reviewing the range of applications that have appeared in the recent literature. We identified the psychoeducational examples included in the review by following guidelines for evidence-based practices created by the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures (1995). In the Discussion section, the common and unique themes and content across studies and populations are identified.
Imitatio Christi in Christian Martyrdom and Asceticism: A Critical Dialogue
Authors: Kinnard Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Homer is popularly credited with the observation that “rarely are sons similar to their fathers: most are worse, and a few are better than their fathers.” Leaving aside the question of better or worse, this observation underscores a certain lack of identity even between family members. This familial relation and lack of identity applies on a historical and conceptual level when comparing martyrdom and asceticism. From the time that martyrs began to be honored, ascetics claimed a close, familial relationship between their own daily sufferings and the martyrs’ tortures and bloody deaths. The ascetics saw themselves as the heirs of the martyrs.
Holding Parties to Their Commitments
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

The CBA process is complete when the stakeholders return one last time to meet face-to-face to review the comments received when the participants took the penultimate (i.e., “next-to-final”) draft of the agreement out for review. It may be necessary to modify the package one last time to ensure the support of constituents that the participants are supposed to represent. If major changes to the package are made, however, it may be necessary to go through the final step once again.