bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Positive Direct Antiglobulin Tests in Pretransfusion Patients: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Toy Pearl T.C.Y. , Chin Cathy A. , Reid Marion E. , Burns Mary Ann
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During routine pretransfusion testing, the presence of IgG on patient red cells is suggested by a positive autocontrol and confirmed by a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) using monospecific anti‐IgG sera. Most IgG on patient red cells detected in this manner are of unknown etiology. We recently showed an association between elevated serum globulin levels and positive DAT with unreactive eluate in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the present study, we wished to determine whether elevated serum globulin levels contribute to some of the positive DAT encountered in pretransfusion testing of patients without AIDS. 76 patients with positive DAT were compared with 90 controls without IgG detected on their red cells during pretransfusion testing. The rate of elevated serum globulin levels was 75% in positive DAT cases versus 29% in controls (p<0.001); the odds ratio was 7.6. Elevated blood urea nitrogen levels occurred in 42% of cases versus 19% of controls (p<0.025); the odds ratio was 3.1. Cases and controls were not significantly different with regard to age, sex, race, quinidine usage, or hyperalimentation. Elevated serum globulin and blood urea nitrogen levels are significantly associated with a positive DAT with unreactive eluate in pretransfusion patients.
Endothelial Monocyte Antigens Are Coded for by Loci Centromeric of HLA‐B
Authors: Neppert J. , Mueller‐Eckhardt G. , Stranzenbach W. , Göttsche B. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 900 pregnancy sera were screened for monocyte antibodies. 23 sera (2.6%) were found to be reactive with monocytes in an allotypic pattern distinct from blood group ABO, HLA‐A,B,C, DR and DQ specificities. Because of strong reactions and high reproducibility, 4 sera with pure endothelial monocyte (EM) reactivity and 2 sera also positive with B lymphocytes of certain donors were selected for population and family studies. The frequency of positive reactions in a panel of 26 random donors obtaied with the pure EM sera was 13,8,8 and 13% with clearly distinct patterns. Analysis of the tentatively designated EM antigens 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, and 2.2 in 7 families revealed definite segregation with HLA. By means of two crossing‐over events within the HLA region the two hypothetical EM loci were localized centromeric of HLA‐A and one of both loci centromeric of HLA‐B.
Immune Hepatitis B Plasma Procurement
Authors: Leen Dr.C.L.S. , Wilson R. , Yap P.L. , McClelland D.B.L.
Published: March 2009

The requirement for hepatitis B immunoglobulin for passive immunisation persists despite the availability of a safe hepatitis B vaccine, and there is therefore a need for immune plasma for immunoglobulin production. We have screened a large number of blood donors to identify potentially suitable hepatitis B immune plasma donors. The logistics of this have been examined, and the programme was found to be inefficient and labour‐consuming. A suitably designed programme of active immunisation with hepatitis B vaccine should provide a more effective means of obtaining plasma.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Erythrocytic D Antigen Density Profile
Authors: van Bockstaele Dirk R. , Berneman Zwi N. , Muylle Ludo , Cole‐Dergent Joséphine , Peetermans Marc E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red blood cells (RBC) were studied with flow cytometry (FCM) after staining with a directly fluoresceinated anti‐D antiserum. The immunofluorescence distribution profiles were slightly asymmetrical, due to a significant, yet small skewness. This skewness was not associated specifically with D antigen positivity, making a homogeneous, normal D antigen distribution on the RBC very likely. With the exception of Du, D‐positive RBC could always be distinguished from D‐negative ones. FCM was successful in bringing the following phenomena to light: difference in mean fluorescence intensity between the different rhesus phenotypes, the D gene dosage effect, the depressing effect of C antigen on D antigenicity, the nonspecific attachment of IgG on (D‐negative) RBC and rhesus mosaicism. The absolute number of D antigen sites could be calculated, using an absolute fluorescence standard.
Effect of Beta‐Propiolactone on Blood Group Antibody Detection
Authors: Hunt A.F. , Jones M.T.A. , Howkins G.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A panel of 50 blood group antibodies covering a range of blood group antigens has been tested in the presence of 0.25% beta‐propiolactone as a possible means of reducing infectivity of high‐risk HTLV III/HBsAg samples. 11/50 (22%) antibodies could not be detected by the indirect antiglobulin test, and 6/40 (15%) were undetectable by the two‐stage papain technique.
Effect of Human Immunoglobulin Preparations on ExperimentalBordetella pertussisInfection in Mice
Authors: Iwata M. , Ajiki Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstracts.The effects of four kinds of human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use [pH‐4‐treated (IG‐100), polyethyleneglycol‐treated (PEG‐G), sulfonated (S‐G) and pepsin‐treated (Pep‐G)] on intracerebral (i.c.)Bordetella pertussisinfection in mice, and onB. pertussisvaccine‐induced leukocytosis‐promoting factor (LPF) and histamine‐sensitizing factor (HSF) were compared with those of human immunoglobulin preparation for intramuscular use (GGN). A prophylactic potential against i.c.B. pertussischallenge was demonstrated in IG‐100, PEG‐G and GGN. A prophylactic potential was also demonstrated in S‐G and Pep‐G, although to a lesser extent. Neutralizing activity for LPF was in the following order: GGN = IG‐100 = PEG‐G > S‐G = Pep‐G; for HSF it was as follows: IG‐100 > PEG‐G > GGN = S‐G > Pep‐G. There were no significant differences in antibody titers of the various preparations againstB. pertussisantigens. These results suggest that the Fc part of the immunoglobulin molecule is important for protecting against i.c.B. pertussisinfection and for neutralizingB. pertussistoxins.
An Unusual Case of Post‐Transfusion Purpura: Good Transient Response to High‐Dose Immunoglobulin
Authors: Chong B.H. , Cade J. , Smith J.A. , Tatoulis J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 62‐year‐old woman with an unusually protracted post‐transfusion purpura failed to respond to three 3‐litre plasma exchanges and prednisolone (50 mg/day) for 10 days but then had a good though transient response to two courses of high‐dose immunoglobulin infusions with cessation of bleeding. The subsequent recurrent thrombocytopenia was mild and asymptomatic and only partially controlled by corticosteroids but finally resolved completely after 5 months.
Evaluation of a New Confirmatory Assay for Antibodies against Lymphadenopathy‐Associated Virus (LAV)/Human T‐Lymphotropic Virus Type III (HTLV III)
Authors: Abb J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have evaluated a newly developed competitive enzyme immunoassay for the specific detection of antibodies against LAV/HTLV III envelope and core proteins. Comparative studies of sera from high‐risk donors showed complete concordance between the results of the confirmatory enzyme immunoassay and immunoblot or indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Studies of sera from blood donors with a repeatedly reactive screening test for anti‐LAV/HTLV III demonstrated two specimens which were positive by the confirmatory enzyme immunoassay and negative or indeterminable by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence.
Opsonic and Complement‐Dependent Bactericidal Activities of Various Immunoglobulin Preparations for Intravenous Use
Authors: Yasuda H. , Yajima T. , Taniiy T. , Ashiba T. , Iwata M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some effector functions of various immunoglobulin (IgG) preparations have been compared. Tests for opsonic activity were performed in vitro with human peripheral blood leukocytes and in vivo with mice. The augmentation effects on luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence were investigated with human leukocytes. The complement‐dependent bactericidal activities were tested with Escherichia coli.

Five IgG preparations: pH 4‐treated preparation (IG‐100), polyethyleneglycol‐treated preparation (PEG‐G), sulfonated preparation (S‐G), pepsin‐treated preparation (Pep‐G) and a preparation for intramuscular use (GGN) were studied. The results were as follows: (1) IG‐100 and PEG‐G exhibited strong activities in all test systems; (2) GGN showed a strong opsonic activity; (3) S‐G showed relatively weak activities in all test systems, but the revertant S‐G preparation exhibited somewhat stronger activities in all systems, and (4) Pep‐G showed weak or no activity in all systems.

These results suggest that the IgG molecules in IG‐100 and PEG‐G preparations have satisfactory effector functions. On the other hand, IgG molecules in S‐G and Pep‐G preparation may have significant deficiencies in their biological functions.
Lymphocyte Killer Activity in Individuals Sensitized against Antigen‐D Assessed by Direct ADCC Lysis of 0, Rh‐Positive Erythrocytes
Authors: Sándor J. , Lajos J. , Braun J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocytes from individuals sensitized against the Rh‐D antigen were found to lyse 0, Rh‐positive erythrocytes. The controls consisted of individuals non‐sensitized against D antigen. The lytic effect in the absence of additional in vitro added specific antibody was very high in sensitized individuals, but low in the control group. Lytic effect decreased after treating the lymphocytes of sensitized donors with trypsin, but it remained unchanged in the control group. These results suggest that the sensitized donors possessed lymphocytes with specific antibodies in vivo. This phenomenon could prove a valuable diagnostic tool in recognizing responder and non‐responder donors in the early phase of immunization.
Antibodies to the Human T‐Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Virus Type I in Dutch Haemophiliacs
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap , Miedemca Frank , Breederveld Cees , Terpstra Fokke , Roos Marijke , Schellekens Peter , Melief Cees
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 95 Dutch haemophiliacs were tested for antibodies to membrane antigens on cells infected with human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I‐MA) by indirect immunofluorescence and to purified HTLV‐I by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to HTLV‐I‐MA were present in 8 of 95 (8%) haemophiliacs, but only 3 (3%) had antibodies to purified HTLV‐I. No clinical disease was related to HTLV‐I seropositivity. The importance of iatrogenic HTLV‐I transmission to haemophiliacs is discussed.
Thrombin Generation During Collection and Storage of Blood
Authors: Skjønsberg O.H. , Kierulf P. , Fagerhol M.K. , Godal H.C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Thrombin generation, as evidenced by radioimmunologic fibrinopeptide A (FPA) determination, was studied upon drawing and storage of blood. Blood from 5 healthy subjects was drawn into Fenwal bap (PL 146, 16‐gauge needle, 92‐cm collecting tube), and blood samples for FPA analysis were taken from the proximal and distal part of the collecting tubes. The FPA concentrations were considerably higher in the distal part of the tubes both at zero time and after 5 and 10 min, implying substantial thrombin generation to have occurred upon blood passing through the tubes. In 20 healthy blood donors (age 19–52 years) subjected to a standard collection procedure (Fenwal bags PL 146, CPDA formula‐1 anticoagulant solution, 450 ml blood), higher FPA values were observed in the bags immediately upon collection, as compared to control venipuncture values (p<0.02). Furthermore, in 6 women using oral contraceptives, even larger increases were observed, indicating thrombin generation to be more pronounced in such donors (p<0.01). No statistically significant increase in FPA concentrations was found upon storage of CPDA‐blood at 4°C for 24 h. There was no correlation between FPA and beta‐thromboglobulin (BTG) concentrations after blood collection, indicating alpha‐granule release from platelets to be non‐thrombin‐mediated.
Selective IgA Deficiency in Japanese Blood Donors: Frequency and Statistical Analysis1
Authors: Kanoh T. , Mizumoto T. , Yasuda N. , Koya M. , Ohno Y. , Uchino H. , Yoshimura K. , Ohkubo Y. , Yamaguchi H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) was determined in a healthy adult population of 222,597 Japanese volunteer blood donors. Of the blood donors screened, only 0.007% (1:14,840) were found to be IgA‐deficient (less than 10 mg/dl) by means of the double diffusion method, while 0.005% (1:18,500) were less than 5 mg/dl, and 0.003% (1:31,800) were less than 1 mg/dl by means of the single radial immunodiffusion method. Statistical analysis of the results clearly showed that the incidence of SIgAD in Japanese blood donors is very much lower than that in blood donors of European ancestry. The Japanese population may occupy a unique position in the ethnical peculiarities. Anti‐IgA antibodies were found in 3 (25.0%) of 12 IgA‐deficient blood donors whose IgA levels were less than 5 mg/dl, a prevalence rate comparable to that in donors of European ancestry. Although it is difficult to develop a suitable file of IgA‐deficient donors in Japan, the establishment of a Rare Donor Registry System on IgA deficiency is a matter of urgency.
Yuka, a New Platelet Antigen Involved in Two Cases of Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Shibata Yoichi , Matsuda Isao , Miyaji Toru , Ichikawa Yoichi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report a new platelet antigen (Yuka) defined by the sera of 2 mothers whose babies developed alloimmune thrombocytopenia. These antiplatelet antibodies were IgG detected by Mixed Passive Hemagglutination (MPHA). In the study of two families, the Yuka antigen was found to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The frequency of the Yuka phenotype in the Japanese population was estimated to be 1.7% (5/300).
Method for Processing Leukocyte‐ and Platelet‐Poor Red Cells in Closed Bags
Authors: Shimizu Tetsuo , Ishikawa Yuko , Tsurumi Hiromi , Hibi Satomi , Takakura Rimiko , Morishima Yasuo , Hasegawa Iwazo , Goto Shoji
Published: March 2009

Abstract. If leukocyte‐ and platelet‐poor red cells have been processed and stored in closed bags, their delivery, especially on holidays, will be easy. The modified warm‐centrifuge method was applied to a quadruple bag prepared for such purpose. Red cells were processed in the first bag by the centrifugation of whole blood. The supernatant plasma was transferred to the second bag. A phosphate buffer in the third bag was introduced into red cells and diluted red cells were then incubated at 37 °C for 1 h in an inverted position. After centrifugation, the red cell phase below the buffy coat layer was isolated using a Biotest separation apparatus and stored in the fourth bag (containing a preservative with adenine, phosphate, glucose and 0.9% NaCl solution) for 28 days at 4 °C. Ninety‐eight percent of the leukocyte and 97% of platelets in whole blood unit were removed with a red cell recovery of 86%. Biochemical changes in stored red cells were similar to those of conventional buffy coat‐removed red cells suspended in the same preservative, except for rapid decreases in 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate levels. Since processing buffy coat‐removed red cells containing few leukocytes and platelets with the present method was simple and these units might be stored for over 14 days with minimum cell damage, we suggest that the present method is useful way of processing leukocyte‐and platelet‐poor red cells in blood centers.
Inactivation of the AIDS‐Causing Retrovirus and Other Human Viruses in Antihemophilic Plasma Protein Preparations by Pasteurization
Authors: Hilfenhaus Joachim , Herrmann Annelise , Mauler Rudolph , Prince Alfred M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Heat treatment at 60°C for 10 h in solution (pasteurization) was introduced into the manufacturing process of antihemophilic cryoprecipitate (AHC) and factor VIII concentrates (F VIII) to reduce the risk of transmission of hepatitis to hemophiliacs. Since the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may also be transmitted to hemophiliacs by antihemophilic plasma protein preparations, we have investigated inactivation of the AIDS virus HTLV III by pasteurization in AHC or F VIII and included in this study cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), poliovirus and vaccinia virus. Each of these viruses was efficiently inactivated by pasteurization although considerable differences were observed between the different viruses. HTLV III was rapidly inactivated, becoming nondetectable within 30–60 min. Our findings indicate that pasteurized AHC or F VIII should have a high margin of safety regarding the transmission of AIDS or any other infectious disease caused by viruses such as those tested.
Detection of Adult T‐Cell Leukemia Virus (ATLV) Bearing Lymphocytes in Concentrated Red Blood Cells Derived from ATL Associated Antibody (ATLA‐Ab) Positive Donors
Authors: Morishima Yasuo , Ohya Ken‐ichi , Ueda Ryuzo , Fukuda Tsuneo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Adult T cell leukemia associated antibody (ATLA‐Ab) positive persons were screened by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) testing. Their lymphocytes were collected from concentrated red blood cells (CRC), and cultured in vitro with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 10 days. The expression of ATL virus (ATLV) positive lymphocytes during the in vitro culture was then analyzed by IF assay using mouse monoclonal antibody ATL‐19 reactive to p19 core protein of ATLV. 97% of ATLA‐Ab positive CRC (36 cases) demonstrated ATLV positive lymphocytes after being cultured for more than 10 days with PHA, whereas, none of ATLA‐Ab negative CRC (22 cases) demonstrated ATLV positive lymphocytes. All of the 10 ATLA‐Ab positive CRC that were stored for 2, 4, and 7 days contained lymphocytes which expressed ATLV after in vitro culture, while 7 of 10 CRC stored for 14 days and only 1 of 10 CRCs stored for 20 days, expressed ATLV positive lymphocytes. This data indicates that almost all of the ATLA‐Ab positive blood contained ATLV positive lymphocytes, and that the in vitro appearance of these ATLV positive lymphocytes was reduced by storing the CRC for more than 14 days.
HBV Vaccinations in Medical and Paramedical Staff: the Impact of Age on Immunization Results
Authors: Vranckx R. , Muylle L. , Cole J. , Moldenhaser R. , Peetermans M.E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Medical and paramedical staff from hospitals in the Antwerp area and from the Antwerp blood transfusion centre were vaccinated with the HBV vaccine (Hevac B) that was first commercialized in Belgium. The vaccinations resulted in 82% seroconversions with anti‐HBs formation. Age seems to affect adversely the vaccination results, especially in people over 40 years.
Acquired Loss of Red‐Cell Wj Antigen in a Patient with Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Mannessier Lucienne , Rouger Phillipe , Johnson Carol L. , Mueller Kathleen A. , Marsh W. Laurence
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with Hodgkin's disease became temporarily Wj‐negative with alloanti‐Wj in his serum. Four human autoantibodies, and 1 of 2 murine monoclonal antibodies, with serological characteristics of anti‐Wj were nonreactive with his red cells, confirming that they have anti‐Wj specificity. Six siblings of the patient are all Wj‐positive. The patient was also temporarily Anton‐negative, and cross‐testing between Wj and Anton red cells and antisera showed mutual compatibility, indicating that the antigens are the same. The patient and 3 of his 6 siblings are also of the rare Lu: ‐13 phenotype, providing the first evidence that this is an inherited characteristic.
Determination of ABO Blood Group Zygosity by an Antiglobulin Rosetting Technique and Cell‐Based Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Sharon R. , Duke‐Cohan J.S. , Galili U.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two methods were employed to determine the zygosity of A and B red cells, the rosetting antiglobulin test and the enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) technique. By means of the rosetting antiglobulin test, clear differences betwenn AA and AO as well as BB and BO could be shown; however, this method could not define the variation in the amount of the H antigen as a complimentary means of differentiating AA from AO and BB from BO. The ELISA test could quantitatively estimate the level of expression of H antigen, and using anti‐A and anti‐B reagents in a simultaneous assay, a specific pattern could be generated for each phenotype. Both rosette and ELISA approaches offer easy and inexpensive means of determining zygosity within the ABO system for use in paternity exclusion.
Thrombin Generation During Collection of Blood from Donors Taking Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Skjønsberg O.H. , Kierulf P. , Engebretsen L.F. , Gjønnes G. , Godal H. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Thrombin generation, as evidenced by plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA) concentrations, was studied during blood collection from donors taking oral contraceptives (OC). 450 ml blood were drawn into Fenwal PVC bags from 26 OC users and 28 nonusers. Blood samples for determination of FPA, beta‐thromboglobulin (BTG), thrombotest (TT), prekallikrein (PKK), antithrombin‐III (AT‐III) and factor VIII procoagulant activity (FVIII:C) were drawn from the bags immediately after ending blood donation and following storage for 24 h at 4°C. The FPA concentrations following donation were significantly higher in the OC than in the control group (p<0.05). The levels of PKK were also higher in blood obtained from OC users (p<0.001), as was the FVIII:C level, the latter difference, however, was not significant (p = 0.06). No cold‐promoted activation of factor VII, as evidenced from TT, was detected following storage at 4°C, neither was any change observed in the FPA, PKK and AT‐III levels. The BTG concentrations increased significantly during storage, most pronounced in the control group (p<0.05). The decay of FVIII:C was similar in the two groups, averaging 24.7%. No correlation was observed between the FPA levels and the other parameters determined. We conclude that thrombin generation is more pronounced during routine blood collection from donors taking OC.
Gm Allotyping to Determine the Origin of Red Cell Antibodies in Recipients of Solid Organ Transplants
Authors: Swanson Jane L. , Sastamoinen Robert M. , Steeper Theresa A. , Sebring Elizabeth S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Alloantibodies of A and B specificity were detected in the serum and on the red cells of 4 non‐0 recipients of group 0 solid organ transplants. The antibodies were assumed to be produced by ‘passenger’ lymphocytes introduced at the time of transplant. Gm allotyping of donor serums, recipient serums and the unexpected antibodies was done. Gm typing was informative in 1 case, when the anti‐A1 found in the serum of a liver transplant recipient was shown to be of phenotype Gm(fb) and the Gm phenotype of the recipient to be Gm(axg). Gm allotyping was not informative in the other 3 cases.
Is Serum the Optimal Source for HLA Antibodies?
Authors: Gardell D. , Gormley B. , Mervart H. , Rock G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The cytotoxic reactivity of 18 predefined class I HLA serum antibodies was compared with that of antibody preparations containing anticoagulants. ACD‐A, EDTA, 4% citrate and heparin plasmas all showed lower cytotoxicity than serum antibodies. Recalcification of both platelet‐rich and platelet‐poor ACD‐A plasma did not fully restore the antibody reactivity, suggesting a detrimental effect of calcium chelation. This effect was exclusive of volume or of any platelet or plasma protein involvement. The changes in pH contributed to the lower reactivity and to the increased lympholytic effect, whereas adjusting the pH toward the serum value improved the reactivity. Heat‐inactivated antibodies showed only a slightly reduced cytotoxicity. Heparin had the least effect of all anticoagulants on the reactivity, although in heparin there was a definite dose‐dependent decline in cytotoxic titer which was probably related to anticomplementary activity. Calcium chelators, such as EDTA and citrate, showed marked cytotoxic inhibition at half the usual complement concentration. This effect was more pronounced when the anticoagulant and lymphocytes were incubated prior to cytotoxicity testing. At the complement concentrations used, the inhibitory effects of the citrate anticoagulants appeared to be primarily calcium‐related. Inhibition tests, serial titrations and testing of varying calcium concentrations confirmed the superiority of serum as antibody source.
Simultaneous Phenotyping of ACP1, ADA and PGM1 by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Komatsu Nori , Kido Akira , Oya Masakazu
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple, fast and reliable isoelectric focusing method for the simultaneous determination of ACP1, ADA and PGM1 is presented, which provides a useful tool for the further study of anthropological and forensic haemogenetics.
Monocyte‐Erythrocyte Interaction in Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia in Relation to the Number of Erythrocyte‐Bound IgG Molecules and Subclass Specificity of Autoantibodies
Authors: Zupańska B. , Brojer E. , Thomson E.E. , Merry A.H. , Seyfried H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monocyte‐erythrocyte interaction in patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) was assessed by phagocytosis and rosette assays. In most patients, a relationship was observed between haemolysis and the phagocytosis of their own erythrocytes by allogenic peripheral monocytes. An evaluation of the number of immunoglobulins on patient erythrocytes and IgG subclasses of autoantibodies shows that in patients with only IgG1 antibody or with additional IgG2 or/and IgG4, phagocytosis was always observed when the number of erythrocyte‐bound IgG molecules was above 2,000. On the other hand, in all patients where IgG3 was detectable, phagocytosis was observed even if the amount of IgG was as low as 230 molecules per erythrocyte. Similar observations were made in the rosette assay. Generally, the number of erythrocyte‐bound IgG and the presence of phagocytosis were correlated with the degree of haemolysis, but there were exceptions, i.e. the amount of IgG and phagocytosis were high but there was no evidence of haemolysis, or where there was little IgG, no phagocytosis but haemolysis was present. Our data do not indicate that erythrocytes from AIHA are preferentially bound to autologous monocytes.
Gm Allotyping to Determine the Origin of the Anti‐D Causing Hemolytic Anemia in a Kidney Transplant Recipient
Authors: Swanson Jane , Sebring Elizabeth , Sastamoinen Robert , Chopek Michael
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐D causing mild hemolytic anemia was found in the serum and on the red cells of a D‐positive patient who had received a kidney transplant from his D‐negative mother. Anti‐D had been detected in the donor's serum before transplantation. Gm allotyping of the patient's serum, donor's serum, donor's anti‐D, and the unex pected anti‐D in the posttransplantation serum showed the antibody to be of maternal origin. The patient was Gm(fb), the donor Gm(agfb), the maternal anti‐D Gm (afb), and the anti‐D in the posttransplantation serum was Gm(a).
Another HLA‐B/C Recombination
Authors: Kirnbauer M. , Hajek‐Rosenmayr A. , Urban Ch. , Mayr W.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Another case of an HLA‐B/HLA‐C recombination is presented which shows that the locus HLA‐C is situated between HLA‐A and HLA‐B.
Use of Plasma Segments for Estimating Factor VIII Activity in Pools of Fresh Frozen Plasma
Authors: Ofosu F.A. , Smith L.M. , Blajchman M.A. , Campbell J. , De Vries C. , Wah P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This study describes a procedure for estimating the factor VIII activity of pools of fresh frozen plasma destined for fractionation into factor VIII concentrates. This information is useful for estimating overall yields. We compared the factor VIII activity of plasma packs and the attached segments shortly after the production of fresh frozen plasmas, during storage at ‐30°C for up to 4 weeks, after shipping at ‐20°C to the fractionation site, after storage at ‐30°C at the fractionation site, and after cryoprecipitation. The factor VIII activity of the segments and the plasma packs were indistinguishable at all stages except after cryoprecipitation. Our results suggest that, prior to the cryoprecipitation stage, a pool of a representative number of plasma segments can be used to determine the factor VIII activity of the plasma pool to be fractionated.
Evidence that the Low Frequency Antigen Orriss Is Part of the MN Blood Group System
Authors: Bacon J.M. , Macdonald E.B. , Young S.G. , Connell T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The low frequency antigen Orriss (Or) was found on the erythrocytes of a healthy blood donor. A subsequent family investigation showed Or to segregate independently of the Rh, Colton and Kidd blood group systems; however, it appeared to be inherited with the Ms gene complex. Studies carried out demonstrated that sialoglycoproteins (SGPs) extracted from Or+ erythrocytes specifically neutralize anti‐Or and that all Or+ individuals tested carry an M antigen which is more resistant to trypsin treatment than the M antigen of Or‐ erythrocytes. These results lead to the conclusion that the Or antigen is found on a variant α‐SGP and its presence renders this molecule more resistant to trypsin than normal.
The Yt Blood Group System (ISBT No. 011)
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Philipps Sylvia , McAlpine Phyllis J. , Wong Paul , Giblett Eloise R. , Anderson Jeanne
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Allele frequencies of Yta (YT*1) and Ytb (YT*2) in a series of 659 random Canadian Caucasians are comparable to those in European populations: 0.9469 and 0.0531, respectively. Inheritance of Yt phenotypes in 1,077 children in 286 selected families are in accordance with expectation on the basis of Mendelian codominance. Linkage studies exclude YT from chromosomal segments Ip36‐lp22.1, 4q13‐4q28, the section of chromosome 9 bounded by ABO and AK1 and from the chromosome 19 linkage group bounded by LE and SE. Evidence is presented for a possible location of YT on the short arm of chromosome 6 distal to F13A.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Caused by Anti‐LebH Antibody
Authors: Weir Alva B. , Woods Laura Lee , Chesney Carolyn , Neitzer Grace
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A major delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction produced by an antibody to Lewisb is reported. Delayed hemolysis following transfusion with Leb‐positive red cells was not reported to the blood bank. Severe hemolysis recurred following a second transfusion with Leb‐positive cells, but was avoided thereafter with Leb‐negative red cells. This is the first reported case of a serious delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti‐Leb.
Quantification of Platelet‐Bound Alloantibodies by Radioimmunoassay: A Study on Some Variables
Authors: Vos J.J.E. , Huisman J.G. , Winkel I.N. , Risseeuw‐Bogaert N.J. , Engelfriet C.P. , von dem Borne A.E.G.Kr.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Several variables that may affect accurate measurement of platelet‐associated IgG (PA‐IgG) were studied using a radioimmunoassay of the consumption type. The amount of PA‐IgG of washed, unfixed normal donor platelets was 1.0 ±0.9 fg IgG/platelet (mean ±2 SD). Upon storage of washed platelets in a buffer containing EDTA, the amount decreased significantly to 0.2 ± 0.2 fg IgG/platelet. Simultaneously, an increase in modal platelet volume was observed. Similar results were obtained when platelets were fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA). We postulate that this decrease in PA‐IgG is caused by the release of plasma IgG entrapped by the surface‐connected canicular system of the platelet, when the platelets swell during storage in EDTA or fixation with PFA. This presence of varying amounts of entrapped plasma IgG may cause the wide discrepancies in PA‐IgG found in normal donor platelets as well as platelets from ITP patients by other investigators. A good quantification of platelet‐bound alloantibodies was possible with our assay when platelets were routinely fixed to diminish the amount of nonspecific PA‐IgG. This was demonstrated with different anti‐Zwa (=anti‐PlA1), anti‐Baka and anti‐HLA sera. We also observed that fragments of platelets as well as fragments of cells of other types can cause aspecifically increased Pa‐IgG values and can thus interfere with the proper measurement of platelet‐bound antibodies in all kinds of immunoassays in general.
Use of Immobilized Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins for the Detection of Platelet‐Specific Alloantibodies in Solid‐Phase ELISA1
Authors: Collins Janice , Aster Richard H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet membrane glycoproteins were isolated from intact platelets by detergent‐phase extraction, fixed to the wells of microtiter trays and used as targets for the detection of platelet‐reactive alloantibodies by enzyme‐linked immunospecific assay (ELISA). The final preparations contained 0.4% of total platelet protein. Antibodies reactive with antigens P1A1, P1A2, Baka, Pena and HLA‐A2 were specifically detected at dilutions ranging form 1:640 to 1:1,600. Under the conditions utilized, the ELISA was more sensitive than assays involving 51Cr, radiolabeled monoclonal anti‐IgG binding, and indirect immunofluorescence testing by one order of magnitude or greater. When platelets were pretreated with chloroquine to remove class I HLA antigens prior to detergent‐phase extraction, reactions with HLA‐specific antibodies were lost, but reactions with platelet‐specific alloantibodies were retained. This approach offers a simple, sensitive and rapid method to detect and identify platelet‐specific alloantibodies in sera containing HLA‐reactive alloantibodies.
Platelet‐Associated IgG in Thrombocytopenia: A Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: Vos J.J.E. , Huisman J. G. , van der Lelie J. , von dem Borne A.E. G. Kr.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results obtained in the analysis of 130 thrombocytopenic patients with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for platelet‐associated IgG (PA‐IgG) and the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PIFT) were compared. The RIA was positive in 33 of 41 (82.9%) patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) and in 51 of 79 (64.4%) patients with secondary thrombocytopenia (STP). The PIFT was positive in 37 of the 41 (90.2%) ITP patients and in 57 of the 79 (72.2%) STP patients. Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ITP of both tests were comparable: 82.9 and 40.9% for the PA‐IgG(RIA) and 90.2 and 36.7% for the PIFT. A significant positive correlation was observed between the mean amount of PA‐IgG measured and the height of PIFT scores with anti‐IgG. Of 38 discrepancies between PA‐IgG(RIA) and PIFT with anti‐IgG, 15 were due to borderline results, 17 were associated with abnormal platelet‐size distribution and 20 were associated with occurrence of IgM antibodies. These results suggest influences of platelet fragments and/or aggregates on accurate measurement of PA‐IgG. Both fragments and aggregates escape from accurate platelet counting, while their contribution to the total IgG content remains. Therefore, a falsely elevated PA‐IgG (RIA) may be measured.
A Simple Method to Obtain Low Density Marrow Cells for Human Marrow Transplantation1
Authors: de Witte T. , Plas A. , Vet J. , Koekman E. , Preyers F. , Wessels J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Removal of more than 99% of the erythrocytes and 74% of the nucleated cells from marrow grafts was achieved by density floatation separation in Percoll gradients with a density of 1.070 g/ml in eight 250‐ml tubes, containing up to 3 × 109 nucleated cells per gradient. More than 90% of the myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells were recovered in the low density fraction. It appeared mandatory to use a centrifuge with the possibility of a gradual acceleration and deceleration. Twenty‐five patients received a marrow graft from a histocompatible sibling after additional lymphocyte depletion by counterflow centrifugation, and 5 patients with T lymphoblastic malignancies received an autograft after in vitro purging with immunotoxins. All evaluable patients engrafted within normal limits, except 1 patient with an autoimmune pancytopenia who responded to steroids and 1 patient with a CMV infection. Four patients died too early for complete evaluation. The described separation method is easy, cheap and requires only 2 h for the complete processing of a marrow graft.
A ‘New’ Cromer‐Related High Frequency Antigen Probably Antithetical to WES
Authors: Daniels G.L. , Green C.A. , Darr F. W. , Anderson H. , Sistonen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody to a high frequency antigen, made in a WES+ Black antenatal patient (Wash.), failed to react with the red cells of a presumed WES+ homozygote and is, therefore, probably antithetical to anti‐WES. Like anti‐WES, it reacted with papain, ficin, trypsin or neuraminidase treated cells but not with α‐chymotrypsin or pronase treated cells and was specifically inhibited by concentrated serum. It also reacted more strongly in titration with WES‐ cells than with WES+ cells. The antibody is Cromer‐related as it failed to react with Inab phenotype (IFC‐) cells and reacted only weakly with Dr(a‐) cells. Wash, cells and those of the other possible WES+ homozygote are Cr(a+) Tc(a+b‐c‐) Dr(a+) IFC+ but reacted only very weakly with anti‐Esa.
Non‐HLA Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in HIV‐Seropositive and HIV‐Seronegative Hemophiliacs
Authors: Conte Roberto , Giovanardi Laura , Tazzari Pier Luigi , de Rosa Vincenzo , Rodorigo Giuseppina , Re Maria Carla
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We tested serum samples from 11 HIV‐seropositive and 32 HIV‐seronegative Italian patients with hemophilia A or B for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTAs). No patients had the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and all had received over many years heat‐untreated commercial clotting factors. LCTAs directed mainly to B cells, were significantly present in 5/6 HIV‐seropositive patients with hemophilia A and in 5/5 HIV‐seropositive patients with hemophilia B. The presence of LCTAs in HIV‐seronegative hemophiliacs was significantly correlated with both a decrease of T cells and an increase in serum levels of IgG and IgM.
Effects of Autoclave Sterilization on the Physical Properties of Storage Bags and Granulocyte Function
Authors: Miyamoto Masaki , Sasakawa Shigeru
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Autoclave sterilization altered the leaching of plasticizer, CO2 gas permeability, surface area and the surface wettability of bag films. These changes affected granulocyte cell counts and functions during storage. Four types of polyvinyl chloride bags, with di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or tri‐(2‐ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TOTM) as plasticizer, with or without treatment by glow discharge (H2), were sterilized with ethylene oxide (EO) or autoclaving (AC). The greatest amounts of plasticizer leached from DEHP‐EO bags. TOTM plasticizer did not leach into plasma. CO2 gas permeability was greater with TOTM than DEHP. AC sterilization decreased the surface area of bags. Wettability of film surfaces was greatest with H2‐TOTM‐EO. After storage in these bags for 24 and 48 h at 22 °C, the granulocyte cell counts and functions were greatest in H2‐TOTM‐EO bags with the nonleaching plasticizer, higher CO2 gas permeability and higher wettable surface due to glow‐discharge treatment. The H2‐TOTM‐EO bag was useful as a granulocyte storage container.
Correlation of in vitro Immune Defects with Impaired Gamma Interferon Response in Human‐Immunodeficiency‐Virus‐Infected Individuals
Authors: Rudy T. , Opelz G. , Gerlach R. , Daniel V. , Schimpf K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 65 patients belonging to known acquired‐immune‐deficiency‐syndrome (AIDS) risk groups were tested for mitogen responsiveness to pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, percentages of peripheral blood CD4, CD8 and Leu7 lymphocyte subsets, serum neopterin levels, and γ‐interferon (γ‐IFN) concentrations in cell culture supernatants. Patients with clinical symptoms of human‐immunodeficiency‐virus infection showed reduced γ‐IFN production in vitro. The IFN concentrations were correlated significantly with mitogen‐induced blastogenesis. High serum neopterin levels and decreased CD4/CD8 ratios were associated with diminished γ‐IFN levels. The percentage of Leu7 lymphocytes was increased in a group of patients with strikingly elevated γ‐IFN levels.
Prevalence of ABO Maternal‐Infant Incompatibility in Asians, Blacks, Hispanics and Caucasians
Authors: Toy Pearl T.C.Y. , Reid Marion E. , Papenfus Linda , Yeap Hooi H. , Black Dennis
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Previous studies suggest that race is a risk factor in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO‐HDN). In order to compare the prevalence of ABO‐HDN in Asian, Black, Hispanic and Caucasian infants, we studied 10,611 consecutive births at one hospital over a 6‐year period. Among group A infants born to group O mothers, the prevalence of positive DAT differed among the four groups (p=0.007), and was highest in Asians (50%) and lowest in Caucasians (31%). However, the proportions of infants who required exchange transfusion were not different (p=0.351). Among group B infants born to group O mothers, the prevalence of positive DAT was not different among the four groups (p=0.26) and none of these 166 group B infants with a positive DAT result required exchange transfusion. Our findings suggest that there are small ethnic differences in the prevalence of positive DAT results in group A infants born to group O mothers, but the prevalence of clinical disease which requires exchange transfusion does not differ significantly among Asian, Black, Hispanic and Caucasian infants.
Two Examples of a New Low‐Frequency Red Cell Antigen, JFV
Authors: Kluge A. , Roelcke D. , Tanton E. , Roches A. Bassett‐Des , Plantos M. , Moore B.P.L. , Lubenko A. , Green C.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low frequency red cell antigen JFV has been found in two families, one of German and one of Dutch origin. JFV is inherited as an autosomal dominant character. Family studies showed that JFV is not controlled by the Rh, MNS, Lu, Fy, or Jk loci and that it is not X‐ or Y‐borne.
Eighteen Months' Experience with a Manual Polybrene Crossmatch in a Large Hospital Transfusion Laboratory
Authors: Lown J.A.G. , Johnson W. , Ivey J.G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. For 18 months in this laboratory the manual polybrene technique (MP) has been used as the only crossmatching procedure preceded or accompanied by an antibody screen comprising two‐stage papain and LISS antiglobulin techniques. There were 17,161 requests representing 43,006 blood units crossmatched and 20,841 units transfused. Non‐specific reactivity with the MP required use of an antiglobulin crossmatch in approximately 0.2% of patient samples. Heparin in excess of 20 IU/ml reduced polybrene aggregation of red cells necessitating an antiglobulin crossmatch for 2 patients. Of 288 antibodies detected 20 reacted exclusively by MP compared with 18 by the papain procedure. The data supported the use of MP as an alternative to enzymes in antibody screening protocols. The polybrene technique was found to be a superior abbreviated crossmatch compared with the immediate spin technique and was applicable to all patients including those with known antibodies.
Erythromycin‐Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Nance Sandra J. , Ladisch Stephan , Williamson Timothy L. , Garratty George
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 3‐year‐old female receiving Pediazole (erythromycin ethylsuccinate and sulfisoxazole) for tonsillitis and otitis media developed severe hemolytic anemia. No serum drug‐dependent antibodies could be demonstrated with an in vitro ‘immune‐complex’ method using Pediazole, pure erythromycin ethylsuccinate or pure sulfisoxazole. However, a method using red cells coated with erythromycin base showed in vitro lysis of the erythromycin‐coated red cells. This is only the second case of immune hemolytic anemia associated with erythromycin and the first where in vitro drug‐dependent hemolysis was demonstrable.
LKE Red Cell Antigen and Its Relationship to P1 and Pk: Serological Study of a Large Family
Authors: Bruce M. , Watt A. , Gabra G.S. , Mitchell R. , Lakhesar D. , Tippett P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The fourth example of human anti‐LKE was identified in the serum of an antenatal patient. Study of the red cells of the proband and her family confirmed the recessive inheritance of the LKE‐ phenotype. The blood groups of the family confirmed that Pk expression is greater on cells from LKE‐ members than on those from LKE+ members. In this family, the expression of LKE varied with the P1 phenotype. LKE‐ individuals occurred with an incidence of 0.0017 in the donor population of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Region.
Coexisting Anti‐I and Anti‐Fl/Gd Cold Agglutinins in Infections by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: König A.L. , Kreft H. , Hengge U. , Braun R. W. , Roelcke D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 192 sera containing cold agglutinins of apparent anti‐I specificity were reinvestigated for concomitant cold agglutinins (CA) against sialic acid‐dependent antigens. 35 cases of additional anti‐Fl and 3 cases of additional anti‐Gd were detected. 53% of cases with coexisting anti‐I and anti‐Fl/Gd CA had a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, in 39% IgM antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae could be demonstrated. Since Fl and Gd antigens are identical with the structures identified as receptors for M.pneumoniae, the findings support the hypothesis that postinfectious CA are directed against the receptor of the infectious agent.
Potential Contribution of Mild Pepsin Treatment at pH4 to the Viral Safety of Human Immunoglobulin Products
Authors: Reid K. G. , Cuthbertson B. , Jones A. D. L. , Mclntosh R. V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Different manufacturers use several different processes for the production of intravenous immunoglobulin. Several manufacturers include a production step where the immunoglobulin is treated with low levels of pepsin at pH 4. A series of experiments were undertaken to assess whether or not pH 4/pepsin treatment could inactivate a range of test viruses. Acid‐labile viruses such as vaccinia, herpes simplex, mumps and Semliki Forest virus were found to be susceptible to pH 4/pepsin treatment whereas poliovirus type 2, an acid‐stable virus, was completely resistant to this treatment. In immunoglobulin preparations, viral contaminants are likely to be present as antibody/virus complexes and such complexing was found to help protect the test viruses from inactivation by pH 4/pepsin treatment. Despite this protection, at least 99% of the test inoculum of two susceptible viruses (vaccinia and herpes simplex) was found to be inactivated after treatment and the subsequent dissociation of virus/antibody complexes. It is concluded that pH 4/pepsin treatment may contribute to the safety of intravenous IgG by inactivating potential viral contaminants.