bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pigments, Plastics and Progress
Authors: Thornley D. G. C.
Published: July 2010

The performance of organic pigments in plastics is reviewed briefly. Reference is also made to the newer inorganic pigments. Considerable progress has been made in developing pigments with greatly improved properties, but there are many gaps that need filling before the plastics technologist will have an adequate range of pigments available. A start has been made to develop pigments especially for the plastics industry, either by modifying the surface of the pigment crystals to render them more compatible with the polymer or by enveloping their discrete particles in a medium to prevent agglomeration, but much has still to be done.
Monolayer Studies of the Mechanism of Disperse Dyeing*
Authors: Giles C. H. , Agnihotri V. G. , Trivedi A. S.
Published: July 2010

The Langmuir film balance and the Davies surface‐film viscous traction apparatus have been used with films of cellulose triacetate alone and in presence of two different disperse dyes; these were C.I. Disperse Red 13, an azo dye having both proton‐donating and proton‐accepting groups in its molecule, and C.I. Disperse Yellow 13 (methoxybenzanthrone), which has only proton‐accepting groups. The results show that a 1:1 complex is formed between either dye molecule and a hexa‐acetylcellobiose unit of the cellulose triacetate molecule, and possibly also a complex with an aggregate of the yellow dye. This indicates a face‐to‐face association of the dye molecules (which are planar) with cellulose acetate. The association is probably a hydrogen‐bonding interaction.
Identification of Newer Types of Reactive Dyes on Cellulosic Fibres – II
Authors: JORDINSON F. , LOCKWOOD R.
Published: July 2010

The reactive systems and chromogens present in further types of reactive dyes are briefly discussed. The results are described of tests on dyeings (or prints) of selected reactive dyes on cotton, carried out to distinguish between the various chemical classes and to place them in their apparent position in Clayton's Tables. Particular attention is paid to the black reactive dyes, and a scheme is proposed for differentiating between dyeings of 25 different black reactive dyes on cotton.
Development of a Solvent Process for the Dyeing of Wool Sliver
Authors: Wilson B. W.
Published: July 2010

The development is described of a prototype machine for dyeing wool continuously in 75 % formic acid at 50–60d̀C, with recovery of the formic acid by distillation. A complete plant for treating 8000 lb of wool per day of two shifts was estimated to cost $A120,000 (£55,000). Excluding the cost of dyes and further processing, dyeing wool on this scale of operation was estimated to cost 70 cents (7‐7 d.)per lb, and at 200,000 lb per day with three‐shift operation 5‐3 cents (5–8 d.)per lb. The very even uptake of dye obtained in formic acid would be expected to result in further savings on the cost of recombing after dyeing.
Wet and Dry Boundaries and Unlevel Dyeing of Wool Fabric
Authors: Lemin D. R.
Published: July 2010

The problem of ‘weathering’ faults in the dyeing of wool fabric has been studied. It was possible to reproduce these faults under laboratory conditions, and attempts were made to determine their nature and to devise correction or prevention techniques. Hydrolysis of the wool fibre is probably less important in the formation of ‘weathering’ faults than oxidation effects. With equalising acid dyes, re‐treatment of the faulty dyeing in a boiling dyebath corrects the fault. However, with dyes of poor migration properties no technique is available that will ensure the correction of ‘weathering’ faults. Consequently, fabric left lying in carts should be covered, and fabric likely to be stored for a long period should be wrapped.
A Comparison of the Kubelka‐Munk Reflectance with the Exact Reflectance for Isotropic Scattering
Authors: Hudson N. E. , Bridgeman T.
Published: July 2010

The Kubelka‐Munk reflectance is compared with the exact reflectance of an isotropically scattering material, under normal experimental conditions, by obtaining estimates of the accuracy of both methods in predicting the colour of mixtures of dyes on textiles. The exact analysis produces results that, on average, are 14% more accurate than those obtained with the Kubelka‐Munk analysis.
Effects of Extended Conjugation in some Basic Dyes
Authors: Hallas G.
Published: July 2010

The general consequences of extended conjugation are considered briefly. Particular reference is made to the electronic absorption spectra of some basic dyes containing extended aromatic ring systems.
Pad‐Batch Dyeing of Wool Fabric—Development of an Industrial Process*
Authors: Gibson J. D. M. , Lewis D. M. , Seltzer I.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes an industrial procedure developed for the application of dyes of good fastness properties, especially reactive dyes, to wool fabric by a pad‐batch technique, following the initial observations (7) that by dyeing from concentrated solutions of urea the rates of diffusion and of reaction of reactive dyes with wool are greatly increased. The chemical and mechanical developments necessary to apply this initial observation under practical dyeing conditions are described.
Effect of Rate of Flow on Dye Distribution in Package Dyeing
Authors: BROOKS J. H. , NORDON P.
Published: July 2010

The thickness of the diffusional boundary layer has been shown to be too small to control the rate of uptake of dye under conditions similar to those used in package dyeing.
Investigations towards the Rapid Low‐temperature Dyeing of Wool
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , BOOTH Miss A. K.
Published: July 2010

The mechanism of, and requirements for, the dyeing of wool at low temperature are discussed, and two‐bath processes that satisfy these requirements are evaluated. A new one‐bath process for the rapid dyeing of wool at 50 or 60°C is described and evaluated, and ways of re‐using dye‐liquors are discussed.
Zeta‐potential Studies in Cellulose Fibre–Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Systems
Authors: IYER S. R. S. , JAYARAM R.
Published: July 2010

Zeta‐potential studies of cotton and viscose rayon fibres in aqueous sodium and potassium chloride solutions of different concentrations have been carried out using the streaming‐potential method. The Eversole and Boardman equation, which relates the measured zeta potential to the thickness of the electrical double layer, has been found to be valid in all cases. Using the surface‐potential values calculated from this equation, the surface‐charge densities in these fibres have been estimated. They are in good agreement with the theoretical surface‐charge densities calculated from data on the carboxyl‐group content of these fibres and the BET nitrogen surface areas for the water‐swollen uncollapsed fibres. Two alternative explanations for the apparent increase in surface‐charge density with decrease in the zeta potential have been given, without assuming that the anions are absorbed. The variation in zeta potential with increasing carboxyl‐group content in samples of oxycellulose has been explained in terms of changes in the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups with increasing carboxyl content, and an increase in the surface area of the cellulose fibre on oxidation. Studies of the zeta potentials in Form‐W and Form‐D formaldehyde‐crosslinked cotton fibres have indicated that the zeta potential increases with increase in formaldehyde content with Form‐D fibres. This result can be explained in terms of the decrease in the surface area of Form‐D cottons with increase in the content of bound formaldehyde.
Comparison of Fluorescent Brightening in the Production of Synthetic‐polymer Fibres and in the Textile Industry
Authors: ECKHARDT C. , HEFTI H.
Published: July 2010

The different methods of mass brightening synthetic‐polymer fibres are briefly surveyed. The physical and chemical characteristics of fluorescent brighteners (FBA) for polyester and nylon fibres, both for incorporation in the mass and for conventional application during the processing of textiles, are discussed. Various methods of application for selected FBA are compared with respect to the whitening effects and fastness properties obtained.
The Physical and Chemical Properties of Reactive Dyes and their Effect on Printing Behaviour
Authors: GLOVER B. , HUGHES J. A.
Published: July 2010

The currently available methods of fixation of prints on textiles are reviewed and the influence of the reactivity, diffusion coefficient and substantivity of reactive dyes on their behaviour in printing is described. It is shown how the suitability to the various fixation methods and the stability in alkaline printing paste of reactive dyes can be correlated with the values of reactivity, diffusion coefficient, and substantivity measured by simple techniques. Changes that can be made to the reactivity of a dye by modification of its structure or its application conditions are also illustrated. The influence of hydrolysis of reactive dyes and of breakage of the dye–fibre bond during processing on the fixation achieved is discussed and a method is developed enabling the actual rate of reaction of reactive dyes with cellulose to be calculated.
Measurement and Assessment of Colour Differences for Industrial Use I—The Reproducibility and Repeatability of Colour‐difference Measurements
Authors: COATES E. , DAY S. , DURRANS J. , RIGG B.
Published: July 2010

The precision of measurements obtainable with several types of colorimeter (Colormaster Marks IV and V, Small Sphere Color‐Eye DI, Colorcord Mk IIA, Harrison 61 and Harrison 70) for several substrates (ceramic tiles, fabrics, yarns and threads, loose stock, slubbing and plain carpet) has been studied. Several methods of preparation and presentation of the sample to an instrument are considered and the results are compared in terms of standard deviations in 1964 (CIE) units. For textile samples the most generally satisfactory technique is to present the prepared sample behind glass in a rotating head. Under these conditions a wide range of fabrics can be measured with approximately the same precision (0<1 CIE) as ceramics. For yarns and threads, carefully wound on formers, the precision is approximately 0<3 CIE, and a slightly better precision can be obtained for carpets. Values of < 0<3 have been obtained for loose stock using a special rotating head, but values for slubbing are somewhat worse (0<8–1<0). Except for the Colorcord, good between‐instrument reproducibility (< 0<3 CIE) can be obtained for measurements of colour differences. For a given sample the absolute values (X, Y, Z) vary considerably with the instrument, the differences between pairs of instruments being equivalent to several CIE units and up to 19 when the Harrison 70 is used, even for measurements on a ceramic tile.
The Structure and Technology of the Future Dyeing and Finishing Industry
Authors: WISEMAN L. A.
Published: July 2010

Particular attention is paid to the nature of materials to be processed in the future, the economics of production, the impact of non‐woven and non‐knitted products, new techniques of garment manufacture and control of the finished product. Developments in the technology of dyeing and finishing are indicated.
Establishment of Complete Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing and Finishing Plants
Authors: BOWDEN J. T.
Published: July 2010

The work done by machinery manufacturers from receipt of an enquiry to installation of a complete beaching, dyeing, printing and finishing plant is described. Two hypothetical plants are used to illustrate the technical and economic factors which must be taken into account in determining what machinery is to be used.
Constant‐temperature Dyeing Process for Nylon Fibres II—Practical Considerations
Authors: BLACKBURN S. , DAWSON T. L.
Published: July 2010

The influence of anionic and cationic agents in the dyeing of nylon has been examined with particular reference to rate of dyeing, migration and coverage of physical irregularities. The relevance of these factors to dyeing by a constant‐temperature technique is discussed.
Some Practical Experiences in Solvent Dyeing
Authors: FURNESS W. , RAYMENT J.
Published: July 2010

The chief processes for dyeing various fibres in perchloroethylene are described briefly and the factors that determine the design of machinery for using these processes commercially are discussed. The development of machines both of the rotary type and of the circulating‐liquor type is described.
Aftertreatment of Anionic Dyes on Nylon Fibres
Authors: SHORE J.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Bradford Junior Section, held in Bradford Technical College, on 13 October 1969, Mr R. S. Stringer in the chair

The wet fastness of dyed unbacktanned nylon fibres decreases slightly during dry‐heat setting under moderately severe conditions. This is attributed mainly to oxidative degradation of the fibre, which also results in considerable yellowing and loss in strength. The wet fastness and tensile strength decrease slowly during prolonged steam setting, but several hours are required to produce a similar decrease to that produced by treatment for a few minutes in hot air. Yellowing of the fibre during steam setting is very slight, even on prolonged treatment. The rapid decrease in the wet fastness of backtanned nylon during setting occurs mainly in the early stages of treatment and the fastness decreases ultimately to that of the untanned and postset fibre. The improvement in wet fastness on backtanning is less on dyed nylon 6 than on nylon 6.6, because less of the agent is taken up by nylon 6. However, the wet fastness of aftertreated nylon 6 decreases more rapidly during setting because this fibre is more prone to thermal degradation. The most important causes of the loss in wet fastness of backtanned dyeings on nylon fibres are (a) thermal oxidation of the backtanning agent, (b) thermal and hydrolytic attack of the nylon and (c) catalysis of degradation of the nylon by the backtanning agent or its decomposition products.
Dyeing and Finishing of Knitted Garments
Authors: HAIGH D.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held at the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 4 October 1968, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Bradford Junior Section, held at Bradford Technical College on 10 February 1970, Mr J. D. Kelsey in the chair.

The dyeing and finishing of knitted garments is discussed. Three broad categories of garments are considered: (i) half‐hose; (ii) ladies' hose; and (iii) cardigans, pullovers, sweaters, etc. Some of the dyeing problems which stem from the methods of manufacture are discussed.
Dye‐binding Properties of Anionic Celluloses and the Mechanism of Ion Binding in the Solid State
Authors: BAUGH P. J. , LAWTON J. B. , PHILLIPS G. O.
Published: July 2010

Carboxyrnethyl, phosphate and sulphate groups are shown to increase the capacity of cellulose to bind the cationic dye Methylene Blue (C.I. 52015). Diffuse‐reflectance methods have been employed to study the spectral characteristics of complexes formed by interaction of these anionic celluloses with Methylene Blue. According to whether aqueous or anhydrous preparative procedures are used, sulphated and phosphorylated celluloses can be produced which differ considerably in their dye‐binding properties. Whereas dye‐dye interactions are mainly responsible for the hypsochromic shifts in the absorption spectrum of the free dye (metachromasia), dye‐site and dye substrate interactions also exert an important influence on the spectral characteristics of the dye.
Effect of Crystal Modification on Dyeing Behaviour of Disperse Dyes
Authors: BIEDERMANN W.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Manchester Region held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on 15 January 1970, Mr H. R. Hadfield in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University of Leeds, on 19 January 1970, Mr K R. F. Cockett in the chair

The dye 2‐nitroaniline‐4‐ethylsulphone, 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐aminopyrazole (aminopyrazole yellow) has been isolated in five different crystal modifications. The saturation values of these modifications in cellulose acetate have been determined at 80°C. Crystal modifications are important in the disperse dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials because of their influence on colour yield and the stability of the dispersion.
Disulphide Exchange as a Method of Coloration of Animal Fibres
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , PURI A. K.
Published: July 2010

A dye containing a disulphide link has been prepared. Exchange reactions between the dye‐disulphide and cystine in presence of thioglycollic acid have been shown to occur. Studies on the formation of mixed disulphides with wool cystine are described and evidence of the presence of the dye‐fibre linkage is given. Disulphide exchange may be a feasible method of dyeing wool at relatively low temperatures.
Use and Conservation of Water in Textile Processing
Authors: LITTLE A. H.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford on 16 October 1969, Professor R. L. Elliot in the chair

Information from an earlier survey showed that textile works used a wide range of quantities of water, from 0·5 to more than 50 gal/lb of textile material processed. There were indications that the more complex processes used more water than simple ones. In the present work this led to investigations of the usages in unit processes, rather than measurement of overall usage figures. Water usages have been determined under normal production conditions and the methods employed are described. Where possible the amounts of water used for processing and for washing were measured separately. The textile processes covered those where large quantities of water would be employed and included scouring, bleaching and dyeing, with the associated rinses at each stage. Machines observed were continuous ranges (both rope and open width), jig, winch and beam machines, and fixed vessels such as kiers and pits. The effects of different dyeing and bleaching processes have been studied where sufficient results were available. Possible methods of conservation of water are discussed, such as the re‐use of ‘clean’ rinses, partial purification of effluent and purification of part of the effluent. Contra‐flow washing is possible on continuous machines. The implications of the observations are discussed, covering the effects of changes in processing, the size, type and speed of machines and the effects of cloth weight and batch size.
Application of Pigments to Wool by Resin Bonding
Authors: ANGLISS I. B. , LIPSON M.
Published: July 2010

Pigment particles are incorporated in layers of polymer spread over wool fibres to achieve pastel colours of very high light and washing fastness. By the technique described, pigment particles are distributed evenly throughout the fibre assembly. Industrial‐scale trials have been made on wool top and woven fabric.
Some Observations on the Dyeing of Wool, Polyester and Acrylic Fibre Tops by Continuous Pad–Steam Methods
Authors: LEMIN D. R. , SIMPSON G. G.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford on 8 October 1970, Mr J. Furniss in the chair

The continuous dyeing of wool, polyester and acrylic tops by pad–steam methods is discussed. For wool, evidence is given to indicate the specific action of pad‐liquor additives and to show that successful results can be obtained by both one‐phase and two‐phase methods. In the pad–steam dyeing of polyester top, the problems encountered in the selection of compatible dyes can be solved by a study of the effect of time and temperature on exhaustion. The problems associated with the production of heavy depths on acrylic fibre tow are considered in detail. Under practical conditions, the saturation obtained in pad–steam dyeing is lower than that in conventional dyeing methods.
Physico‐thermal Stabilities of Dye Solids I—Heat Capacities of some Disperse and Vat Dyes
Authors: FLORES L. , JONES F.
Published: July 2010

The application of differential scanning calorimetry to a number of pure disperse and vat dye solids to determine their molar heat capacities and to study the changes in this property with temperature is described. The method is used to detect possible solid‐state transitions occurring in the dyes on heating. Premonitory positive deviations from linearity are observed with three disperse dyes at temperatures up to 30 deg C below transition or melting points. The results are discussed in terms of Frenkel and Schottky disorder, and the activation energy of this disorder is calculated. For the three vat dyes examined, the heat capacity passes through a maximum on heating. The subsequent decrease in heat capacity is possibly due to an increase in lattice order caused by localised sublimation in void spaces within the crystals.
Setting and Stabilisation of Crimped Wool Yarn Produced by the Knit‐Deknit Method
Authors: Delmenico J. , Narsian M. G.
Published: July 2010

The crimp in wool yarn produced by the knit‐deknit method can be made stable to release in hot water while in the extended configuration by setting the knitted fabric with bisulphite and then applying stabilising techniques previously found effective on pleated fabric. These include oxidation, crosslinking and application of reactive polymers.
Curing of Polyurethane Pre‐polymers on Wool. I—Air, Press and Steam Curing
Authors: Rippon J. A. , White M. A.
Published: July 2010

After application to woo) from organic solvent, isocyanate‐terminated polyurethane pre‐polymers are usually cured by exposure to the atmosphere for 4–8 days. The activity of the resin and the humidity of the atmosphere have an important effect on the rate of curing. Complete development of the shrink‐resisting effect can be achieved in 15 min or less by steam‐pressing or by exposure to saturated steam at 100d̀C. The suggested industrial procedures are to tumble in a dryer that has provision for open steam injection or to hang in a steam‐box. Reduction of the curing time by application of an organometallic catalyst with the resin tends to cause difficulties in maintenance of the solvent machine and in garment pressing.
Steric and Electronic Effects in Basic Dyes
Authors: Castelino R. W. , Hallas G. , Taylor D. C.
Published: July 2010

Lilolidine and 1‐methylindoline analogues of some basic di‐ and tri‐phenylmethane dyes have been prepared and their absorption spectra examined. Conjugation of the terminal nitrogen atoms with the aromatic rings is less efficient than in the corresponding julolidine and kairoline analogues. The presence of five‐membered rings leads to a general instability of the dye‐bases.
The Prediction of Colour Change in Dye Equilibria. II–Metal Complexes of Ortho–Hydroxyazobenzenes
Authors: GRIFFITHS J. , MANNING A. N. , RHODES D.
Published: July 2010

The visible spectra of two series of ortho–hydroxyazobenzenes and their metal complexes have been studied and the effect of ring substituents has been evaluated. A linear relation exists between the λmax values of the complexes and those of the parent dyes, enabling the colour change accompanying metallisation to be predicted with reasonable precision. The linear relations can be accounted for qualitatively.
Quantum Efficiency Measurements of Fading of some Disperse Dyes in Nylon and Polyester Films and in Solution
Authors: GILES C. H. , HOJIWALA B. J. , SHAH C. D.
Published: July 2010

Several anthaquinone and azo disperse dyes adsorbed on films of polyester and nylon 6. 6 and dissolved in a mixture of acetone and water have been faded by various lines in the visible spectrum, and the quantum yields (φ) determined by means of the Parker‐Hatchard potassium ferrioxalate actinometer. φ for adsorbed dye lies between ca 10‐4 and 10‐6, decreasing with increase in exposure time, probably owing to the presence of associated dye, and with increase in wavelength of illumination. Values for dye in solution are 20–60 times as high as those for adsorbed dye. The low values for adsorbed dye are the result of a combination of several factors, including association of dye, retardation of gaseous diffusion by the substrate, and the shield or cage effect of the surrounding polymer substrate.
Application of Microwave Heating in Dye Fixation
Authors: Evans D. G. , Skelly J. K.
Published: July 2010

The fundamental principles of radio‐frequency heating are discussed. Microwave frequencies have been selected for a special study because of the availability of efficient magnetron valves for industrial use. The applications of this source of heat for the continuous fixation of dyes on textile fibres have been investigated.
Wet‐soiling Behaviour of Textiles
Authors: Byrne G. A.
Published: July 2010

The soiling behaviour of nylon 6, nylon 6.6, Terylene, polypropylene, Tricel, Dicel, Courtelle, cotton, cuprammonium rayon and Terylene‐cotton and Terylene‐Vincel blends in aqueous and ‘dry‐cleaning’ media containing fatty and particulate soils is described. In aqueous media hydrophobic fibres generally soil more than hydrophilic fibres; in ‘dry‐cleaning’ media the opposite is true. The individual contributions to the soiling of textiles by fatty soil, air‐borne particulate soil and the organic components of air‐borne soil are assessed. The water‐soluble components of air‐borne soil are largely responsible for the yellowing of nylon fibres in aqueous media. The soiling‐test methods developed are thought to represent realistically the behaviour of textiles that are repeatedly worn and washed.
Publications Sponsored by the Society's Identification of Dyes Committee—IX
Authors: Jordinson F. , Lockwood R.
Published: July 2010

The reactive systems and chromogens present in further types of reactive dyes are briefly discussed. Dyeings or prints on cotton of selected dyes in each range, including more black reactive dyes, have been tested to distinguish between the various types of reactive dyes. Tests for detecting the presence of metals in reactive dyeings are included.
An Introduction to the British Patent System
Authors: Shipton G. O.
Published: July 2010

The complex procedure that precedes the granting of a patent in the U.K. is explained. The rights of persons or organisations holding patents, including the important aspects of infringement, are then considered. Finally, advice is given on the patent policy of a company.
Control in the Dyeing of Woollen Cloth
Authors: Park J.
Published: July 2010

Practical work is described which shows that low rates of rejection can be achieved in the dyeing of woollen fabrics by attention to factors such as fabric preparation, dye selection, dyeing method, machinery and supervision.
The Vaporloc Continuous Open‐width Pressure Reaction Chamber
Authors: Duckworth C. , Horsley J. V. , Thwaites J. J.
Published: July 2010

The engineering features of the Vaporloc open‐width pressure reaction chamber are described. Its use in the scouring and bleaching of cotton, cotton‐polynosic, polyester‐cotton and polyester‐polynosic blends is discussed on the basis of two years' operational experience. The processes, at present under development, in which the use of the reaction chamber may be advantageous are described.
New Intermediates and Dyes for Synthetic‐polymer Fibres Derivatives of 2‐Chloro‐4‐nitro‐4‘‐(N‐β‐hydroxyethyl‐N‐ β‐cyanoethylamino)azobenzene
Authors: Kassim Salwa Ai , Peters Arnold T.
Published: July 2010

Condensation of 2‐chloro‐4‐nitro‐4t‐(N‐(β‐hydroxyethyl‐N‐β‐cy anoethylamino)azobenzene with various acid chlorides, chloroformates, isocyanates, isothiocyanates and reactive halogeno compounds gives dyes of excellent fastness to light and sublimation on polyester fibres.
Dyeing Properties of Monoazo Dyes Derived from 5‐Nitro‐2‐aminobenzothiazole‐3N‐oxide on Various Synthetic‐polymer Fibres
Authors: NISHIDA K. , TAKEUCHI T. , SHIMIZU K. , HOTSUTA T. , IWAMOTO H.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of new monoazo dyes from substituted 5‐nitw‐2‐aminobenzothiazole‐3N‐oxides and aniline coupling components and their dyeing properties on polyester, cellulose acetate, nylon 6 and acrylic fibres are reported. The dyes exhaust well on synthetic‐polymer fibres to give bright dyeings of good fastness to dry cleaning and sublimation. Their light fastness is better than that of dyeings of the unnitrated dyes. However the transferability of the nitro dyes is such that they are unsuitable for sublimation printing. The transferability of other dyes derived from 2‐aminobenzothiazole‐3N‐oxide and its derivatives is also assessed.
Industry and the Common Market
Authors: Maltzahn Dietrich
Published: July 2010

There can be little doubt that EEC has been beneficial to the industrial development of its founder members. The enormous increase in trade amongst the Six and with non‐member countries has generated a favourable climate for investment which in turn has generated a more‐than‐average increase in industrial production and in the GNP. Up to now, serious difficulties have not been encountered and existing safeguard clauses have hardly ever been applied.

In order to look at the practical impact of EEC for the industry of the new member states, the paper examines some of EEC's achievements particularly important for industry: commercial policy; association policy; free movement of labour; competition policy.

For other Community policies only general guidelines have been decided and confirmed by the Paris Summit Conference of the Nine in October 1972. The most important blueprints actually under discussion concern Economic and Monetary Union, Regional Policy, Industrial Policy, Energy Policy. These policies are likely to have a more important impact on European industry than what EEC has done so far. They aim to constitute, by 1980, a zone, where persons, services and capital would move freely, but without distorting competition or creating regional imbalances and where enterprises could develop their activities on a Community scale. The new member states will fully participate in the definition of these policies.
Economic Examination of a Customs Union
Authors: Liddell A. H. , Reilly Miss H. L.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of the U.K. textile industry before entry into the EEC and to assess the likely effect of entry on the industry. Conclusions are drawn which suggest certain changes which may help the industry to adjust to a changed competitive framework in the long term.
Possibilities Of Vacuum Technology I‐Vacuum Impregnation II‐Vacuum Transfer Printing
Authors: Fox Maurice R. , Parsons Brian N. , Dawson Timothy L.
Published: July 2010

The use of subatmospheric pressures as an aid to the transport and transfer of dyes to textile materials is described under the headings of vacuum impregnation (Part I) and vacuum printing (Part II). The noteworthy advantages demonstrated in the laboratory and in bulk, and the machinery developed for the use of vacuum, rely essentially on the removal of air from the substrate and its ambience. A final return to atmospheric or higher pressures is an essential step in the processes described. It is shown that the hindrance to the movement of either liquids or vapours, such as vaporised disperse dyes, into fibre assemblies is largely removed. Intimacy of contact with inter‐ and intra‐fibre systems is considerably enhanced over that obtained under atmospheric conditions. Experience and data are recorded for the use of pressures of 100 mmHg or less in the impregnation of yarn packages (batchwise) and woven and knitted fabrics (continuous) and for transfer‐printing systems, in particular for pile fabrics and carpets.
The Dyeing and Finishing of Flame‐retardant Viscose Rayons
Authors: Dawson A. Malcolm , Ward J. Stanley
Published: July 2010

An account of the considerations leading to the development of viscose rayon fibres of improved flame retardancy is followed by details of the performance of these materials under various wet‐processing conditions and leads to a discussion of the factors which enable satisfactorily dyed and finished textiles of adequate and durable flame resistance to be manufactured and marketed.
A New Process for the High‐speed Continuous Dyeing of Textile Yarns
Authors: Niederhauser Jean‐Paul , Devaux Ivan , Morelle Alain
Published: July 2010

An entirely new method of dyeing yams continuously at high speed, patented by OPI, is described. It can be used to dye either solid shades or space‐dyed effects. Experiments to date have centred mainly on synthetic‐polymer yams and filaments, but work is in hand on natural fibres. The novelty of the process lies in the use of compressed‐air cells to impregnate and then squeeze the dyed yam. The degree of expression is sufficient to enable the yams to pass straight into a steaming or baking zone, without intermediate drying. The whole assembly occupies very little space and can be fitted into most production lines.
World Synthetic Fibre Trends and the Common Market
Authors: Sharp Eric
Published: July 2010

Trends in the production of synthetic‐polymer fibres are discussed. Forecasts are made for the production of the major generic fibre classes — acrylic, nylon and polyester ‐ in 1985. Prospects of the textile industry of the Nine are considered in a world context.
New Ultraviolet Absorbers for Improving the Stability of Cotton Cellulose to Light
Authors: Head Frank S. H. , Lund Gerald
Published: July 2010

The effect of a number of halogenophenyl esters of 4‐carboxymethoxy‐2‐hydroxybenzophenone on the stability of cotton cellulose to light and soil burial is described. These compounds possess ultraviolet‐absorbing as well as rotproofing properties, and give leach‐resistant finishes on cotton that resist soil burial better than pentachlorophenyl laurate and do not accelerate photochemical tendering. Exposures at an urban site in England and at hot‐wet and hot‐dry sites in Australia show that they exercise a moderate protective effect against light and weather for a limited time at the first two sites but the effect is very small at the third.
Further Studies of the Acid‐catalysed Hydrolysis of Type 3 Dye‐Fibre Bonds between Cellulose and Triazinyl Reactive Dyes
Authors: Johnston Jan E. , Rattee Ian D.
Published: July 2010

Improved experimental methods have shown that the conclusions drawn in earlier work [1, 2] are only partially correct. The kinetics of hydrolysis of Type 3 dye‐fibre bonds have been shown to be complex and not first‐order as believed. The reason lies in the variation of the internal pH of the fibre as dye is removed. Redetermined bimolecular hydrolysis constants for H‐acid derivatives show that the more ready hydrolysis of Type 3 dyeings from red H‐acid dyes is associated with the formation of a highly active species in the internal pH region 3‐3.5. The problems these findings pose for the establishment of a ‘bleaching’ test are raised.
The Use of Auxiliaries in the Continuous Dyeing Of Tufted Nylon Carpets
Authors: STEWART N. D.
Published: July 2010

The solution to problems of selection of wetting agents and of compatible dyes when continuously dyeing nylon carpets requires the application of specific principles. An insight into the wetting behaviour of different auxiliary systems has been provided by recent work, and tests for compatibility of dyes in the laboratory have proved reliable guides for dye selection.
Management—A Team Activity
Authors: Samuels Arnold
Published: July 2010

The paper shows that management really is a team activity. It begins by showing how, despite differences from industry to industry, the same factors of costs, production volume, quality, personnel and sales can be used for control purposes. The key area of costs is examined in some detail through the sub‐division of labour costs, raw‐materials costs and costs of services ‐the so‐called secondary results areas. Brief mention is then made of D. & K. control, work study, materials handling, production planning, planned maintenance, purchasing and laboratory services. The behavioural sciences are then discussed commencing with McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, followed by a brief description of the average manager. The organisation of a management team starting with an existing situation follows. It is shown that an identification of management style, company structure and objectives can be linked by a participative form of management by objectives to the internal controls, tools, techniques and motivational theory discussed earlier in the paper.
Fading of Phenylazo–β–naphthol Dyes on Polypropylene*
Authors: MALLET VICTORIN N. , NEWBOLD BRIAN T.
Published: July 2010

The fading of a series of phenylazo–β–naphthol dyes on polypropylene by exposure to either long– or short–wavelength ultraviolet radiation and under nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres, respectively, is reported. The half–lives and relative rates of fading of the dyes were calculated at the wavelength of maximum absorption of the hydrazone band and the hydrazone–azo ratios of the dyes were determined on polypropylene and in ethanol. The relative rates of fading were plotted against the appropriate Hammett constants for the substituents. In general, a linear relation was observed. The graphs had positive slopes, but negative slopes were also obtained with the dyes bearing electropositive groups. Graphs of relative rates of fading against hydrazone˜azo ratio were also drawn. The results were generally similar to those obtained with the plots of Hammett constants, but correlation was better. The results indicate that, on polypropylene, the most important fading mechanism for the hydrazone form of the dye is reductive, although there is evidence that oxidation may occur, especially in the presence of oxygen.
A Comparison of the Commercial and Technical Differences between the Dyeing and Finishing Industries of the United Kingdom and Europe
Authors: RATCLIFFE JACK D.
Published: July 2010

The author presents a personal comparison of the commercial and technical differences between the dyeing and finishing industries of the U. K. and Europe. Aspects covered are: the structure of the commission–dyeing industry; the attitude of converters and the control they exercise; associations formed by dyers; versatility and specialisation; modernisation programmes covering plant and equipment; costs and charges; plant utilisation; supervisory staff. The main conclusion is that the profit margins of dyers and printers throughout Europe, but particularly in the U. K., are too low, and their return on capital expenditure is poor.
The Role of Water in Dyeing
Authors: RATTEE IAN D.
Published: July 2010

The role of water in dyeing is discussed from two points of view. Firstly, the use of water as a system for the distribution of dyes and energy in dyeing machines is considered briefly. Secondly, the participation of water in the formation of dye–fibre bonds is examined. Water may act both in assisting dye–fibre bonding and as a competitor. Competition may be allosteric or isosteric and examples are discussed.
New Developments in the Space Dyeing and Printing of Carpet Yarns
Authors: BEAL W. , WARWICK J. J.
Published: July 2010

Interest in yarn printing was rekindled by the advent of space–printed carpets. At first, only random patterning was required but recently systems have been devised to enable complex patterns to be tufted from printed yarns. This has increased the demand for printed yarns, but it has also limited the time available for dye fixation. The main fibres of interest are nylons, acrylics and blends and, to a less extent, wool, polypropylene and viscose rayon. We have examined rates affixation and diffusion of various types of dye with variations in print paste additives and steaming times on examples of the main substrates. This type of information is needed where short steaming times are essential to avoid disturbance of pattern register.
Comparison of Sources for Light Fastness Testing
Authors: Park J. , Smith D. J.
Published: July 2010

A number of fading sources have been examined with particular reference to the testing of materials of high light fastness. This work indicates that several light sources may be suitable for carrying out fastness tests on textiles, and anreconomical lamp is available.
Dyeing Properties of Monoazo Dyes Derived from Aminonophthothiazole Derivatives
Authors: Nishida K. , Tashiro H. , Ohtsu T. , Hotsuta T. , Iwamoto H. , Toda H.
Published: July 2010

The preparation and dyeing properties of new monoazo dyes prepared from aminonophthothiazole derivatives using a tertiary amine as the coupling component. The fibres considered are: polyester, cellulose acetate, nylon 6 and acrylic.
Study of Cellulose Substantivity and of Cellulose–Reactive Dye Reactions by the Monolayer Method
Authors: GILES CHARLES H. , McIVER NORMAN
Published: July 2010

Cellulose monolayers have been spread on dilute solutions of Janus Red B (C. I. 26115) a cationic substantive dye (I); a monochlorotriazinyl (hot–dyeing) reactive dye (II) and a dichlorotriazinyl (cold–dyeing) reactive dye (III), under various conditions. I forms mixed films, in which the dye molecules (which are surface–active) are probably oriented between the cellulose chains. The substantivity of this dye for cellulose fibres has no apparent influence on its behaviour towards the film, thus re–inforcing previous conclusions that substantivity is largely a result of fibre morphology. II, at high pH, reacts with the film, making it relatively incompressible, but not causing much expansion. The dye, after reaction, is believed to be oriented beneath the film. III shows much more marked effects than II. With rise in pH and on standing for 24 h or more, it causes a large expansion of the film, which becomes incompressible with an immeasurably high viscosity. It is suggested that the dye molecules are in the surface, interposed between, and crosslinking, the cellulose chains, and appear to have reacted on each side of each glucose residue.
A Proton–magnetic–resonance Spectroscopic Investigation of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in 4–Substituted–2–nitrodiphenylamine Disperse Dyes
Authors: DALE BRIAN J. , JONES DERRY W. , PETERS ARNOLD T.
Published: July 2010

Detection of long–range coupling constants, JNH, H5, in 100–MHz proton–magnetic–resonance spectra confirms the presence of intramolecular NH ON hydrogen bonding in some 2–nitrodiphenylamine disperse dyes. Measurements in polar and non–polar solvents on 2–nitrodiphenylamine and on twelve 4–substituted derivatives indicate weakening of the bonding, which is related to light fastness, when the 4–substituent is a strong electron acceptor.
New Intermediates and Dyes for Synthetic–polymer Fibres 4–(4–Methoxyanilino)–3–nitro–l, 8–naphthalimides
Authors: KADHIM ABLA M. , PETERS ARNOLD T.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of a series of 4–(4–methoxyanilinoj–3–nitro–1, 8–naphthalimides by condensation of amines with 4–(4–methoxyanilino)–3–nitronaphthalene–l, 8–dicarboxylic anhydride, and also by condensation of 4–halogeno–3–nitro–1, 8–naphthalimides with 4–methoxyaniline is described. They dye synthetic–polymer fibres, particularly polyesters, deep orange of excellent fastness properties. In presence of strong bases, e. g. 3–aminopropan–l–ol, the 4–arylamino group is replaced, giving a series of yellow dyes. A method is described for preparing the dyes without isolation of intermediate stages.
A Practical Use for Dyeing Theory
Authors: LIDDELL ALISTAIR H. , McKAY DOMINIC , WEEDALL PHILIP J.
Published: July 2010

The general thermodynamic schemes for predicting the amount of dye on the fibre which have been used by other workers are outlined. A new approach is then developed for the complex system of vat dyes on cotton, and the affinities of 14 vat dyes are calculated. The theory is extended to mixtures, and the variables of temperature, amount of salt added, amount of dye added, and amount of reducing agent added required to give a known colour are predicted from the theory. Cotton thread was dyed under different predicted conditions and the resultant matched dyeings are good evidence of the validity of the theory. In addition, the effects of the main dyeing variables on the resultant colour are predicted from the theory.
Conductivity and Flash–photolysis Studies of the Light Stability of Nitrodiphenylamine Dyes
Authors: ASQUITH RAYMOND S. , BLAIR HAL S. , HAMILL AIDAN C.
Published: July 2010

Previous work on nitrodiphenylamine dyes has drawn attention to the relation between light fastness, structure and spectra. In this work the connection between structure and spectra is further investigated using conductivity measurements. The nature of the excited species formed on exposure to near–ultraviolet radiation is examined by flash–photolysis techniques and by investigation of the changes in conductivity caused by the exposure.
New Intermediates and Dyes for Synthetic–polymer Fibres
Authors: KADHIM ABLAM. , PETERS ARNOLD T.
Published: July 2010

Condensation of benzo(k, l)thioxanthene–3, 4–dicarboxylic anhydride with o–phenylenediamines affords isomeric derivatives of the new heterocycles benzimiaazo(1, 2, b)–thioxantheno(2, 1, 9–d, e, f)iso–quinolin– 7–one and benzimidazo–(2, I–a)thioxantheno(2, 1, 9–d, e, f,) isoquinolin–8–one. They are excellent new dyes for polyester fibres, giving fluorescent orange to red dyeings of outstanding fastness to light and sublimation.
New Fibre Developments as they Affect the Winch Dyeing of Carpet
Authors: BUDDING JOHN
Published: July 2010

The possible processing stages that a carpet containing a new fibre might require in winch dyeing are examined from a practical point of view. Important factors, e. g. pH control, dye selection and colour correction, are considered. An attempt is made to show that what may be considered simple and straight forward processing stages in the laboratory or pilot–plant scale can assume much greater significance and become more involved when translated to bulk working.
The Dyeing Properties of Monoazo Reactive Disperse Dyes Derived from –Chloro–4–aminoacetophonone on Polyester Fibre Blends
Authors: NISHIDA K. , OKANO S. , HOTSUTA T. , IWAMOTO H. , TODA H. , MINEKAWA K.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of monoazo reactive disperse dyes from –chloro–4–aminoacetophenone and the dyeing properties of these dyes on polyester–cotton and polyester–wool blends are reported.
Limits of Application of the Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Association Equilibria: Substituted 4‐Phenylazo‐1‐naphthol‐6‐Sulphonic Acids*
Authors: Ott Roland J. , Widmer Ulrich , Zollinger Heinrich
Published: July 2010

The equilibrium constants for the dimerization of four 4‐(p′‐X‐phenylazo)‐1‐naphthol‐6‐sulphonic acids (X = H, CH3, n‐C4H9, NO2) have been determined in water by evaluation of the visible and ultraviolet spectra. The evaluation is complex owing to superimposed acid‐base, tautomeric (i.e. hydroxyazo and quinonehydrazone) and oligomerization (trimers, tetramers etc.) equilibria. These factors make it impossible to obtain meaningful data for equilibrium enthalpies and entropies even when the results are put through an iteration procedure.
Some Relationships between Dyeing Kinetics of Polyester Fibres and Their Structural Changes Caused by Heat‐Treatment and Dveine Conditions
Authors: Donze J. J. , Bouchet G. , Freytag R. , Chabert J. , Schneider R. , Viallier P.
Published: July 2010

The rate of dyeing of a poly (ethylene terephthalate) has been characterized as a function (a) of the tension applied before heat setting, (b) of the shrinkage allowed during heat setting, and (c) of the tension applied before dyeing. Very small variations in applied tension lead to very significant differences in rate of dyeing. Furthermore, in order to correlate the dyeing results with changes in the fibre, the structure of the polyfethylene terephthalate fibre was determined as a function of the tension applied before either heat setting or dyeing. The structural parameters studied were crystallinity, crystalline orientation, birefringence, amorphous orientation factor and water swelling at 130d̀C. The variations in dyeing kinetics may be due to changes of amorphous orientation on the one hand and to changes in tortuosity, size and volume of pores on the other.