bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation and support of space-based measurements with the Pandonia Global Network of ground-based spectrometers
Authors: Hanisco Thomas , Abuhassan Nader , Casadio Stefano , Cede Alexander , Chang Limseok , Dehn Angelika , Lefer Barry , Lind Elena , Pandey Apoorva , Place Bryan , Redondas Alberto , Szykman James , Tiefengraber Martin , Valin Luke , van Roozendael Michel , von Bismarck Jonas
Published: March 2024

Since 2019 the NASA Pandora and ESA Pandonia projects have been collaborating to coordinate and facilitate the expansion of a global network of ground-based spectrometers to support space-based measurements of trace gases relevant to air quality (NO2, O3, HCHO, SO2, …). This network of standardized, calibrated Pandora instruments, the Pandonia Global Network (PGN, https://www.pandonia-global-network.org), is focused on providing data needed to help validate satellite measurements and to contribute to scientific studies of air quality.  As of January 2024, the PGN is comprised of 158 official sites in 34 countries. This presentation will describe recent efforts to expand and improve the network to support the increased capability and complexity of space-based measurements. Collaborative efforts by partner agencies, especially the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), and new programs such as the Increasing Participation in Minority Serving Institutions (IPMSI) and Satellite Needs Working Group (SNWG) have accelerated the growth of the PGN, providing greater global coverage and allowing improved data products.  With these improvements and continued input from other suborbital assets, the PGN is well positioned to facilitate the interpretation and validation of high spatial resolution and diurnal measurements provided by the newest orbiting and geostationary satellite instruments. 
Integration of ACIX-III Land Atmospheric Correction Inter-comparison eXercise within the Copernicus Expansion Mission Product Algorithm Laboratory to Support Surface Reflectance Cal/Val
Authors: Alonso Kevin , Cremer Noelle , Boccia Valentina , Brodrick Philip G. , Chlus Adam , Doxani Georgia , Gascon Ferran , Niemeijer Sander , Thompson David R. , Townsend Philip , Ulahannan Nikhil
Published: March 2024

Atmospheric Correction Inter-comparison eXercise (ACIX) was initiated in 2016 in the frame of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Calibration & Validation (WGCV) and it is co-organised by ESA and NASA. The aim of ACIX is to compare the state-of-the-art atmospheric correction (AC) processors. ACIX is a voluntary and open-access initiative to which every AC processor’s developer is invited to participate. In the current third edition, ACIX-III Land, the focus is on imaging spectrometer data, also called hyperspectral data. Data from two spectrometers in orbit (PRISMA and EnMAP) will be used in a suite of test sites. These sites were selected based on the availability of ground-based measurements and flight campaign data with coincident acquisitions, i.e., RadCalNet and CHIME-AVIRIS-NG campaigns. The ACIX-III Land exercise will intercompare the performances of several AC software suits capable of retrieving Surface Reflectance (SR), Water Vapour (WV) and Aerosols Optical Depth (AOD). The original datasets along with the participant results will be catalogued, intercompared, and analysed within the Copernicus Expansion Mission - Product Algorithm Laboratory (CEM-PAL). The CEM-PAL is a virtual environment aiming to facilitate efficient prototyping of algorithms used to generate and test Expansion Missions Level-2 products, including algorithm modification, hosted processing, qualification functionalities and scientific validation environment. Once the ACIX-III results are published, the dataset will be repurposed to initially support the CHIME L2 developments with plans to extent the support to other missions (e.g., SBG, LSTM).This contribution will present the ACIX-III Land, and CEM-PAL initiatives, highlighting the main implementation points, latest status, and future developments to support related Cal/Val activities.
Deep Time and Uniformitarianism
Authors: Şengör A.M. Celâl
Published: March 2024

Deep time was discovered by James Hutton on a scientific basis in 1788. However, deep time became deeper since then we know now the earth is older than 4.5 Ga. Since that time, our earth has been cooling considerably. In the Archean the heat flow out of our earth was 6 times more than today. That means strict uniformitarianism cannot be applied for the entire earth history. The question becomes whether the fundamental processes on earth have changed in any fundamental way. Things we do not have actualist examples of the Archean environments today, these forces are to resort to the first principles of physics and chemistry. We have to ask ourselves what mechanism may have dominated heat loss of the planet in the Archaean and the early Proterozoic that governed the tectonic regime of the earth. What mechanism has governed the tectonic regime of the earth in the Archean and the early Proterozoic? The most efficient way is to lose heat with convection. Therefore, we can assume that the convection has always dominated terrestrial tectonics. However, there is a problem; in the Archean the mafic crust was thicker, but the lithosphere was thinner. This arises a doubt whether the subduction was possible under such circumstances. Geochemical work showed that wet melting was going on the earliest Archean. This indicates some sort of subduction must have been going on. On Venus, shortening amounts of hundred kilometers or more in the margins of the Tesserae seems to be accomplished by the décollement folding and thrusting. Then the question is what happened to the underthrust crust? Similar process on early earth may have produced wet melting by transporting ocean water in to the earth’s mantle. This tells us that plate tectonics must have been operative since the earliest time on earth. However, at the time spreading centres and subduction zones must have been much longer than they are today at consequently plates were slower. Continent grow by smashing island arcs against one another including their large subduction accretionary complexes. The principal task in deep earth research today is to be able to track the transition from the tectonics of the very hot earth to the present one. 
A newly installed research infrastructure for geothermal energy in a subsurface sedimentary reservoir for direct-use heating: the TU Delft campus geothermal project
Authors: Abels Hemmo , Barnhoorn Auke , Daniilidis Alexandros , Bruhn David , Drijkoningen Guy , Elliott Kaylee , van Esser Beer , Laumann Susanne , Van Paassen Piet , Vargas Meleza Liliana , Vondrak Andrea , Voskov Denis , Vardon Phil
Published: March 2024

A geothermal doublet has been installed in a sedimentary reservoir for direct-use heating on the TU Delft campus, targeted to supply around 25 MW of thermal energy at peak conditions. This contribution presents the implementation and initial data collection from the doublet, including an initial evaluation of the logging and coring campaign. Nearly half of Netherlands natural gas consumption is allocated to heating, and the on-campus CO2 emissions from heating exceed 50%. The doublet has been designed with two primary aims of research and commercial heat supply, with the wells being completed in December 2023. The project will be operated by a commercial entity, and built into a larger thermal energy system including a high temperature underground storage system, with the first energy production planned in 2025. The research questions relate to field-scale geothermal operations, e.g. how reliable is the long-term energy production?, how do materials perform in the long-term? and how can geothermal projects be best monitored? The research programme involves the installation of a wide range of instruments alongside an extensive logging and coring program and monitoring network. The doublet has been cored, with substantial continuous samples from the heterogenous reservoir, alongside a large suite of open hole well logs in the reservoir and through casing logs in overlying geological units. A fiber-optic cable will monitor distributed pressure throughout the producer reservoir section, at approximately 2300m depth, which will be installed during commissioning. A local seismic monitoring network has been installed in the surrounding area with the aim of monitoring very low-magnitude natural or induced seismicity. The project is a key national research infrastructure and is being incorporated into the European EPOS (European Plate Observing System, https://www.epos-eu.org/), such that accessibility and data availability will be as wide as possible. All observations will be included in a digital-twin framework that will allow to make better decisions in future geothermal projects.
Stratospheric observations of carbonyl sulfide using AirCore and LISA
Authors: Zanchetta Alessandro , van Heuven Steven , Ma Jin , Krol Maarten , Chen Huilin
Published: March 2024

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a long-lived sulfur compound present in the atmosphere with an average mole fraction of around 450-500 ppt, and is considered as a potential tracer to partition gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in plants’ photosynthesis, possibly by satellite observations. However, its sources and sinks  are not fully understood, and remote sensing observations of COS still require validation and need to be linked with a reference measurement scale, e.g., NOAA’s. In this work, we present vertical profiles of COS mole fractions obtained in Trainou, France (47°58' N, 2°06' E) in June 2019, in Kiruna, Sweden (67°53' N, 21°04' E) in August 2021, and in Sodankylä, Finland (67°22'N, 26°37'E) in August 2023 using AirCore samplers and two versions of the lightweight stratospheric air (LISA) sampler. Additionally, simultaneous measurements of CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O have been made. Measurement methods (i.e., LISA vs AirCore) will be compared. Moreover, the retrieved COS profiles will be compared with COS FTIR remote sensing observations and COS simulations from the TM5-4DVAR modeling system, to get a better understanding of the behavior of these species in the stratosphere, i.e., the sources and the sinks of COS, as well as vertical structures due to atmospheric transport. Furthermore, these stratospheric observations could be used to estimate the stratospheric lifetime of COS. These findings will improve our understanding of the budget and the variabilities of COS in the stratosphere, and advance the use of remote sensing observations of COS from satellite and ground-based spectrometers to study the global cycle of COS.
High resolution regional re-analysis ensemble for Austria
Authors: Awan Nauman K. , Wittmann Christoph , Wastl Clemens , Meier Florian
Published: March 2024

In recent decades reanalysis products have emerged as a pivotal resource for numerical model evaluations, significantly enhancing our understanding of Earth’s system. They have also been employed in various projects aimed at climate monitoring and assessment of climate change impacts. In this study, we present first results from ongoing work aimed at creating a first of its kind high resolution reanalysis ensemble for Austria. ECMWF's ERA5 ensemble is downscale to a 2.5 km resolution by employing three-dimensional variational assimilation (3DVAR) system available in AROME. Upon completion, this dataset will provide spatially, temporally, and physically consistent 3D and 2D atmospheric fields spanning from 2012 to 2022. The presented analysis focused on representation of three distinct extreme precipitation events simulated in a one and a half year long simulation (01-01-2021 to 30-06-2022). The reanalysis ensemble is compared with operational weather models and a high resolution (1 km x 1 km) gridded observational reanalysis. Based on statistical scores, all variations are ranked. In general, the results are on par with our operational models, however, some ensemble members exhibit slightly better performance compared to our operational models, which highlights the advantages of employing an ensemble system.
Forcing factors behind primary productivity variabilities in Western Arabian Sea  since the Last Glacial Maximum: an important role of mineral dust supplies
Authors: Karsenti Alice , Skonieczny Charlotte , Duchamp-Alphonse Stéphanie , Zhou Xinquan , Labidi Kara , Musial Nicolas , Alves Ana , Leblanc Maxime , Nouet Julius , Plautre Amélie , Bertrand Sébastien , Moreno Eva , Bartolini Annachiara , Kissel Catherine , Bassinot Franck
Published: March 2024

Located in the Northwestern part of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea (AS) is surrounded by vast arid regions (e.g. Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Iran), regularly swept by regional winds, that supply important amounts of mineral dust to the sea. This oceanic area is also under the influence of Indian monsoon surface winds that create a coastal upwelling off Somalia and Oman during summer and a convective mixing north of 15°N during winter. Consequently, mineral dust, coastal upwelling and convective mixing bring important amounts of nutrients to the euphotic zone, making the AS one of the most productive oceanic regions in the world. Although older studies usually highlight the coastal upwelling as a major factor behind primary productivity (PP) patterns in the AS, more recent studies have demonstrated that mineral dust inputs and convective mixing could have a significant influence on PP as well, at least since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This time interval encompasses a glacial-interglacial transition with rapid fluctuations of ice sheet volume and atmospheric CO2 concentration, and represents therefore, a perfect case study to explore the impact of key Earth’s climate forcing mechanisms on the PP for both, past and future climate conditions. Yet, mineral dust component is still poorly documented by proxy data in the AS and direct reconstruction of PP are rare, which limit our understanding of how fertilization of the euphotic zone either by dust, coastal upwelling and/or convective mixing, impacts PP in the past. In this study, we combine high resolution bulk geochemical composition, detrital fraction grain-size distribution and clay mineralogy composition, together with coccoliths counting and carbon organic analyses from sediment cores MD00-2354 and MD00-2355, both retrieved on the Owen ridge. The aim is to reconstruct high-resolution mineral dust and PP patterns over the western part of the AS since the LGM. Both sites are located under the direct influence of dust plumes and among the seasonal latitudinal shift of monsoonal winds. They are therefore willing to register nutrient inputs from mineral dusts, winter convective mixing and/or summer coastal upwelling. Combined with previous paleoclimate records from the area, they will provide for the first time, an unprecedented overview of the forcing factors behind PP distribution in the past. Preliminary results show decreasing PP at both sites through the last 20 ka, suggesting a regional pattern of nutrient distribution in the western AS. Particularly, a strong correlation between PP and mineral dust signals reinforces the hypothesis of a key role of mineral dust on PP in the area. 
Effects of mantle structure on models of seismic anisotropy in the inner core
Authors: Frost Daniel , Romanowicz Barbara , Das Prajna Paramita
Published: March 2024

Mapping inner core (IC) seismic anisotropy at high resolution provides important insight on the growth of the inner core through time, its internal dynamics, and its role in the production of the geodynamo. Since the discovery of IC anisotropy (ICA) in 1986, numerous studies have suggested the presence of significant lateral and depth variations in its character and strength. In particular, there is controversial evidence for the presence of a distinct region, spanning the central third of the IC in radius, referred to as the “innermost inner core”. Yet, obtaining robust constraints on the 3D structure of ICA is hampered by the uneven sampling by seismic waves passing through the inner core, and the possible contamination of measurements by unmodelled 3D mantle structure, to which all seismic core phases are sensitive.Typical ICA models rely on differential travel time measurements between the inner core traversing wave PKPdf (PKIKP) and a reference phase that has a similar path in the mantle, but does not enter the IC (PKPab, PKPbc, PKPcd and related phases). This kind of measurement is thought to minimize mantle contamination, but the global dataset is limited by the distribution of earthquake sources and stations.Recently, Pham and Tkalcič (2023) devised a clever method to augment the available dataset by including measurements from exotic pairs of core phases that reflect several times at the earth’s surface and repeatedly sample the central part of the inner core, referred to as PKPn. They proposed a new model for ICA and in particular a distinct model for the innermost inner core.However, we found that their model does not fit the travel time data measured using conventional PKPdf. We investigated the possible cause of this discrepancy by selecting PKPdf measurements on paths sampling similar portions of the mantle as the 16 measurements by Pham and Tkalcič (2023). While some measurements agree, the discrepant data correspond to paths that repeatedly interact with subducted slabs in the mantle.  We thus proceeded to analyse the effects of mantle structure, particularly subducting slabs, on differential travel times of core-sensitive phases. We assessed observed PKPdf and PKPdfn differential times for systematic bias. We find that the higher the “n”, i.e. the greater the number of passages through the mantle, the greater the effect of mantle structure on the PKPdfn measurements, suggesting that the discrepancies between the proposed ICA model constrained by these measurements compared with traditional direct PKP observations are likely due to mantle heterogeneity.
Fire-precipitation interactions control biomass carbon and net biome production across the world’s largest savanna
Authors: Williams Mathew , Milodowski David , Luke Smallman , McNicol Iain , Dexter Kyle , Ryan Casey , O'Sullivan Mike , Valade Aude , Hegerl Gabi , Sitch Stephen
Published: March 2024

Miombo woodlands are the world’s largest savanna, covering 2-3 M km2, and are the dominant land cover in the dry tropics of southern Africa. Here we quantify the dynamics of the miombo region carbon cycle, diagnosing stocks and fluxes and their interactions with climate and disturbance, and evaluate their representation in Trendy land surface models (LSMs). We produce a constrained multi-year analysis (2006-2017) using earth observation time series of total wood C (Cwood) and leaf area index to calibrate an intermediate complexity ecosystem model forced with observed climate, deforestation and burned area. Statistical analyses determine the relationships between carbon cycling, environmental and disturbance variables, and evaluate LSMs. The analysis suggests that the regional net biome production is neutral, 0.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (95% Confidence Interval -1.7 - 1.6), with fire emissions contributing ~1.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (95% CI 0.4-2.5). Spatial variation in biogenic fluxes and C pools is strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation. Burned area is also positively correlated with these pools and fluxes. Areas that are more frequently burned tend to have greater precipitation, and shorter residence time of Cwood. Fire-related mortality from Cwood to dead organic matter likely exceeds fire-related emissions from Cwood to atmosphere, and likely exceeds natural rates of Cwood mortality. LSMs match the biogenic fluxes of the analysis, but diverge on C stocks, timings of heterotrophic respiration and magnitude of fire emissions. The analysis suggests that climate, through precipitation, drives spatial variability in Cwood and GPP across the region. Fire disturbance is the major driver of losses from Cwood. Larger annual precipitation is correlated with both greater GPP and greater fire disturbance. These factors have opposing but unbalanced impacts on Cwood, but the precipitation-GPP effect dominates. Patterns of C cycling across the region are a complex outcome of climate controls on production, and vegetation-fire interactions.
Initiation and Evolution of Long-Lived Eastward-Propagating Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Second-Step Terrain alongYangtze-Huaihe River Valley
Authors: Zhang Yuanchun
Published: March 2024

Based on the previous statistical analysis of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the second-step terrain alongYangtze-Huaihe River Valley, eight representative long-lived eastward-propagating MCSs are selected for model-basedsensitivity testing to investigate the initiation and evolution of these types of MCSs as well as their impact on downstreamareas. We subject each MCS to a semi-idealized (CNTL) simulation and a sensitivity (NOLH) simulation that neglectscondensational heating in the formation region. The CNTL experiment reveals convection forms in the region downstreamof a shortwave trough typified by persistent southwesterly winds in the low-to midtroposphere. Upon merging with otherconvective systems, moist convection develops into an MCS, which propagates eastward under the influence of midtroposphericwesterlies, and moves out of the second-step terrain. The MCS then merges with pre-existing local convectionover the plains; the merged convection reinforces the cyclonic wind perturbation into a mesoscale vortex at 850 hPa. Whilethis vortex moves eastward to regions with local vortex at 850 hPa, another vortex at 925 hPa is also intensified. Finally,the vortices at 850 and 925 hPa merge together and develop into a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV). In contrast, MCSsfail to form and move eastward in the NOLH experiment. In the absence of eastward-propagating MCSs, moist convectionand mesoscale vortices still appear in the plains, but the vortex strength and precipitation intensity are significantlyweakened. It is suggested the eastward-propagating MCSs over the second-step terrain significantly impact thedevelopment and enhancement of moist convection and vortices in the downstream areas.
Influence of different solar spectra on the products of photochemical interactions at the air/water interface
Authors: Gong Yiwei , Saathoff Harald , Abdelmonem Ahmed
Published: March 2024

Photochemical interactions at the air/water interface under atmospheric circumstances are strongly affected by the atmospheric conditions, e.g. temperature, humidity, and solar spectrum. The rate and mechanism of photochemical interactions at such interfaces are impacted by the presence of photosensitizers and the spectral distribution of solar irradiation. This influences the climate balance by controlling the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted to the atmosphere. Despite numerous investigations on the emission and uptake of gases and aerosols into the atmosphere, there is still a lack in our knowledge about the particular effect of different solar irradiations corresponding to different time, altitude, latitude and longitude of the earth. We utilized our recently developed LED-based solar simulator that was designed specifically for this purpose. The interaction products were detected using mass spectrometry. In this presentation, we will show the influence of different irradiation spectra on the photosensitized chemistry of nonanoic acid, as a fatty acid, at the air/water Interface in the presence of 4-benzoylbenzoic acid, as a photosensitizer. We found different generations of organic acids in the liquid phase and aromatic compounds in the gas phase upon irradiation with different spectral distributions. We will compare our findings with those published by Tinel et al., (2016) on the same system, however using a Xenon lamp (150 W Xe) as an irradiation source.
Feedbacks and social tipping: A dynamic systems approach to rapid decarbonization
Authors: Eker Sibel , Wilson Charlie , Hohne Niklas , McCaffrey Mark , Monasterolo Irene , Niamir Leila , Zimm Caroline
Published: March 2024

Social tipping points are promising levers for accelerating progress towards net-zero greenhouse gas emission targets. They describe how social, political, economic or technological systems can move rapidly into a new state if cascading positive feedback mechanisms are triggered. Analysing the potential for social tipping requires considering the inherent complexity of social systems and their feedbacks. Here, drawing on insights from an expert elicitation workshop, we outline a dynamic systems approach that entails i) a systems outlook involving interconnected feedback mechanisms alongside cross-system and cross-scale interactions, ii) directed data collection efforts to provide empirical evidence and monitoring of social tipping dynamics, and iii) global, integrated, descriptive modelling to project future dynamics and provide ex-ante evidence for interventions aiming to trigger positive feedback mechanisms. We argue how and why this approach will strengthen the climate policy relevance of research on social tipping.
Modeling riverbank stability and assessing vulnerability and adaptive strategies on riverbank erosion in the Mekong Delta, Cambodia 
Authors: Piman Thanapon , Tha Theara , Ruangrassamee Piyatida
Published: March 2024

Riverbank erosion is one of the world’s major hazards in delta areas. The Mekong Delta of Asia is one among them which is facing many sediment-related issues, particularly riverbank erosion. Extreme flood events and sea level rise due to climate change increase the risk of riverbank and coastal erosion in the Mekong Delta. This study aims to assess riverbank stability using the BSTEM model, investigate the level of vulnerability of local communities to riverbank erosion and understand their adaptive strategies to cope with riverbank erosion problems. The study focuses on Kaoh Soutin (KS) and Ruessei Srok (RS) communes which are next to the Mekong River in the delta area of Cambodia. Linking with flow velocity and water level from the HEC-RAS  2D model, the BSTEM model was set up to examine riverbank stability at two locations in KS and two locations in RS. The study used soil samplings and the laboratory test to investigate critical shear stress and erodibility coefficient for the BSTEM model. The results indicate that river water level and groundwater level are crucial factors influencing the overall stability of the riverbank. Higher water levels result in increased confining pressure on the riverbank, leading to a higher factor of safety. Soil erosion also has significantly impacted the riverbank at the study location. The level of vulnerability in two communities was determined based on IPCC’s livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and coping strategies were determined based on field survey questionnaires and focus groups interviewed. It is found that KS is slightly more vulnerable to riverbank erosion than RS, as indicated by LVI values of 0.49 and 0.46 for KS and RS, respectively. The Chi-square test was carried out to identify vulnerability indicators that are statistically different between KS and RS. The current adaptive strategies based on interviews include reducing expenses, resettlement, diversifying income sources, and seeking support from various entities, including local authorities, NGOs, and government interventions during riverbank erosion. Large-scale monitoring and modeling systems are necessary for developing early warning systems and identifying hotspots. Riverbank protections both infrastructure-and nature-based solutions and migration plans are required to support livelihood adaptation.
A Water Use Permit Analysis Tool assists Tanzania’s Ministry of Water with science-based water allocation decisions
Authors: Murray Alexandra , Comeau Laura , Richaud Bertrand , Beyene Merkuria , Leiriao Silvia
Published: March 2024

The Ministry of Water (MoW) in the United Republic of Tanzania runs an Operational Decision Support System (ODSS) developed with DHI that provides enhanced hydro-meteorological services through a framework comprising an information system with hydro-met-linkage, prediction tools for flood forecasting early warning, tools for reservoir operations, and the Water Use Permit Analysis Tool (WUPA) for water allocation.
Risk of water shortages may vary according to monthly variation in water availability and permits. New permits may influence the area in which a permit is given and other areas in the basin (e.g., downstream abstractions in a river). The WUPA is an innovative tool that applies water accounting and allocation models and data analytics to address this complexity. WUPA represents all relevant water use permits in a basin, keeps track of water availability based on statistics of water flows or water storages in the basin, and allows for scenario analysis.
Embedded in the ODSS, the WUPA’s web-based user interface is used by MoW officers to analyse and visualize the effects of changing water use allocations on water availability for defined hydrological scenarios (normal, dry or drought conditions) in the Pangani and Rufiji river basins. MoW officers are able to test the effects of selected water use applications and find the vulnerabilities of water use permits due to variations (e.g. extreme low flows). Hence, officers can assess the following situations: a water use application against existing water use permits, a variation of an existing permit against existing permits, and testing water availability constraints under water shortage conditions.
Existing water use permits as well as new applications are added to a water accounting and allocation model based on their location in the basin and water demand. Priority between concurrent users is considered and follows the agreed priorities for water allocation in Tanzania. Surface and groundwater resources are considered. Dashboards show tabular and mapping outputs with elements such as, amongst several others: abstraction source, villages around the source, catchments and sub catchments, water availability at the source, water demand and supply, and deficit if any and at which location.
Ultimately, the WUPA is a “plug-in” tool that facilitates the work of the MoW officers, who conduct assessments and inspections based on the WUPA results and recommend decisions on water use permit applications.
Investigating Quick Clays in Norway Using CSRMT Data
Authors: Wang Shunguo , Landrø Martin , Bastani Mehrdad , Duffaut Kenneth , Johansen Ståle E. , Rørstadbotnen Robin A.
Published: March 2024

Recent years have witnessed an alarming increase in quick-clay landslides in Nordic countries, such as in Alta (Norway), Gjerdrum (Norway), and Stenungsund (Sweden), resulting in substantial damages and loss of lives. This study focuses on the application of geophysical methods, particularly the Controlled-source Radio-magnetotelluric (CSRMT) technique, to understand the characteristics and model the geometry and possibly dynamics of quick clay in these regions. The CSRMT method, combines Radio-magnetotelluric (RMT) and Controlled-source Magnetotelluric (CSMT) techniques and offers an innovative approach for investigating the electrical resistivity of subterranean structures, crucial for identifying quick clay zones. The Rissa region in Norway provides a unique opportunity for this research due to its historical context and existing infrastructure for geophysical studies. The catastrophic Rissa landslide of 1978 led to an extensive national quick clay mapping initiative, forming the basis for this study. We have also collected Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data at Rissa, intending to integrate it with CSRMT data for comprehensive analysis.Borehole analyses at the Rissa site reveal a relatively simple stratigraphy with a flat terrain and a marine clay stratum about 20 meters thick. Quick clay layers, identifiable due to their higher electrical resistivity compared to marine clays, are sandwiched in borehole samples. Our study utilizes (CS)RMT to model these layers and assess the impact of seasonal variations on their characteristics. Data collection involved a 250-meter long CSRMT profile with a 10-meter station spacing conducted in both summer and winter seasons. The EnviroMT instrument from Uppsala University was used for data acquisition. This time-lapse approach was critical to study the resistivity differences due to seasonal variation at the quick clay site.Results from modelling the CSRMT data show a four-layer model including L1-L4. L2 appeared thicker in winter, possibly due to reduced freshwater. Conversely, in some locations, L2 appeared thicker. These findings show that CSRMT data can distinguish resistivity differences at a quick-clay site due to seasonal variations. This research offers significant insights into the modelling of seasonal variations of the resistivity related to changes in the water content which in turn might lead to development of areas with quick clays. The integration of CSRMT and DAS data presents a novel approach to studying these phenomena, potentially aiding in better understanding and predicting quick-clay landslide triggering. The findings are not only crucial for academic research but also have profound implications for infrastructure planning and disaster management in regions prone to quick-clay landslides.
Cover crop diversification alters microbial life-death cycle and enhances carbon sequestration in agricultural soil
Authors: König Alexander , Rosinger Christoph , Keiblinger Katharina , Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie , Herrmann Anke , Inselsbacher Erich
Published: March 2024

Sequestering atmospheric CO2 within soil organic matter via shifts in agricultural practices represents a compelling strategy for enhancing soil ecosystem services and mitigating global change. Traditionally, the perception of soil carbon (C) stability is focused on intrinsic characteristics of organic matter inputs, such as lignin content. However, recent studies challenge this perspective, proposing a more effective approach centered on managing how the soil microbiome processes C inputs (Sokol et al., 2019; Poeplau et al., 2019).This shift prompts an exploration into the intricate connection between aboveground plant communities and belowground diversity of the microbiome, as well as the associated metabolic processes governing C sequestration. Building on this, Lehmann et al. (2020) presented a theoretical framework that interprets the persistence of C in soil as a consequence of interactions between the molecular variability of organic matter input and the spatio-temporal microbial heterogeneities within the soil system. This perspective underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interplay shaping C sequestration, moving beyond static views of organic matter stability.Therefore, within the EnergyLink framework various microbial markers were investigated to shed light on potential physiological changes at a microbial level across several European agricultural field sites with different cover crop management types. Specifically, to discern shifts in microbial necromass composition and quantity, we focused on amino sugars (galactosamin, gluctosamine, mannosamine and muramic acid). To evaluate effects on potential growth rates, we quantified 14C incorporation into ergosterol for fungi and 14C-leucine incorporation for bacteria. Comprehending changes in uptake strategies, we examined extracellular enzyme activities for different nutrient classes. Additionally, we determined C:N:P ratio for bulk soil and microbial biomass. Here we present first results and discuss implications of diversified cover crops on soil carbon properties.
The Use of Digital Twins for the Management of Cultural Heritage Sites
Authors: Themistocleous Kyriacos , Abate Dante
Published: March 2024

There is a need for the use of digital twins of cultural heritage sites, especially for those that are affected by natural hazards, for documentation, monitoring and management. This study examines the use of digital twins through the EXCELSIOR and TRIQUETRA project for the use of 3D digital volumentric reporesentation model and Augmented Reality applications by creating a digital twin for monitoring natural hazards in archaeological settings. The EXCELSIOR H2020 Widespread Teaming project under Grant Agreement No 857510 and the TRIQUETRA project Horizon Europe, Grant Agreement No. 101094818 will study the effects of climate change and natural hazards on cultural heritage and remediation using state-of-the-art techniques.  Through the TRIQUETRA project, Choirokoitia, Cyprus is used as one of the pilot studies using these techniques. Choirokoitia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the best-preserved Neolithic sites in the Mediterranean. The project will also examine the potential risk of rockfall at the Choirokoitia site, as the topology of the site is vulnerable to movements as a result of extreme climate change as well as of daily/seasonal stressing actions. Rockfall poses a significant danger to visitor safety as well as damage to cultural heritage sites.Digital twins provide a dynamic visualization of the site and can also be used to monitor any changes resulting from natural hazards. A digital twin model can also be shared with visitors in order to provide an alternative approach and a visualization experience for viewing the site.
The isoMET project on ambient CH4 monitoring, source signature information and modelling
Authors: Fatima Mehr , Nwaboh Javis , Mohn Joachim , Arnold Tim , Ebert Volker
Published: March 2024

Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) with both anthropogenic and natural sources. It also contributes to air quality problems through its role in tropospheric ozone formation. Key source categories of anthropogenic CH4 emissions in Europe are the agricultural sector (~50 %), waste (~22 %), and energy (~15 %), which makes them the focus of intense research for developing mitigation actions. Stable isotope ratio measurement in CH4 provide the information needed to verify emissions by source type. To provide comparable and accurate atmospheric CH4 isotope ratios, there is an increasing need to develop metrological harmonized measurements protocols and procedures. In addition, there is a lack of a metrological infrastructure for source signature information needed to interpret atmospheric isotope ratio measurements, as well as an assessment of uncertainties in atmospheric transport models and inverse estimates of Europe's CH4 emissions.Here, we present the isoMET project that aims to (a) develop a harmonised in situ CH4 isotope dataset of ambient air in Europe to resolve compatibility issues of measurements of δ13C or δ2H in CH4 across multiple laboratories, b) develop a sustainable metrological infrastructure for a dataset for δ13C(CH4) and δ2H(CH4)-emissions source measurements in Europe and to evaluate the potential for source apportionment through clumped isotopes, c) use atmospheric chemistry transport modelling to inform the work in (a) and (b), creating estimates of the minimum measurement requirements for deployed instruments. References[1] isoMET project available at: https://www.npl.co.uk/21grd04-isomet[2] J. A. Nwaboh, J. Mohn, M. Fatima, T. Arnold, V. Ebert, Metrology for European emissions verification on methane isotopes (isoMET), CCQM GAWG-IRWG Workshop on Carbon Dioxide and Methane Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements, LATU (Uruguay), 2023Acknowledgements: The project 21GRD04 isoMET project has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States.  Empa has received funding from the Swiss State Secretaritat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).  
Susceptibility Based on System Failure: A Case Study of the Congduipu River Basin in Nyalam , Tibet
Authors: Qian Wei , Du Juan , Chai Bo , Kang Hong yuan , Wang Yu
Published: March 2024

Global warming induces the number of glacial lakes and the risk of glacier lake outburst of debris flow (GLODF) increasing in the high-mountain region, especially in Peru and the Himalayan region. GLODF Susceptibility assessment is a critical work that uses the spatial occurrence probability of debris flow to guide risk management and mitigation. Multiple glacial lakes in the basin could trigger GLODFs. The possibilities of multiple glacial lake outburst floods, flood flow paths, the likelihood of transformation into debris flows, and the overlapping relationships of flow paths within the river basin need to be considered in susceptibility assessment, which is a system instability problem characterized by multiple triggering factors and pathways. This paper considered the system failure of GLODF and proposed a new method to analyze it. The method includes seven steps, i.e. setp1-Determine the range of the assessment area or watershed, step2-Screen and classify glacial lakes and gullies, step3- Draw flow path and key node diagram, step4-Label the switches and conductance parameters, step5- Construct the series relationships of flow paths, step6- Evaluate the susceptibility of GLODF and step7- Zone the susceptibility grade. Moreover, the susceptibility indexes of GLODF were proposed in this paper, which considered the main factor affecting glacial lake outbursts and debris flow along the gully. This method was applied to a case that is in the Congduipu River basin in Tibet, China. The river basin is approximately 366 km2 and has 6 glacial lakes (>0.1 km2), 11 gullies, and more than 4 GLODF events. The results indicate that among the evaluated glacial lakes, one has a very high probability of outbursts, two have a high probability, and there are three instances each of debris flow disasters with very high and high susceptibility, respectively. The historical disaster records and field investigation results in the Congduipu River basin have verified the evaluation method. This method is applicable to quickly evaluate the susceptibility of GLODF in the river basin with multiple glacial lakes and gullies. 
Aerosol effects on convective clouds in global km-scale models – from idealised aerosol perturbations to explicit aerosol modelling
Authors: Stier Philip , Weiss Philipp , Herbert Ross , Sela Maor
Published: March 2024

Aerosol effects on convective clouds and climate mediated via radiative and microphysical perturbations remain highly uncertain. Microphysical perturbations are generally not included in current climate models due to the simplified representation of convective clouds in existing parameterisations. Progress has been made through regional cloud resolving modelling, however such simulations often neglect energy and water budget constraints and the coupling to larger scales.The emergence of global km-scale climate models provides a significant opportunity to advance our understanding of aerosol-convection interactions. Here we present results from a hierarchy of global km-scale atmospheric model simulations using ICON, investigating aerosol effects on convective clouds. Idealised model simulations, in which aerosols are prescribed as fixed plumes of radiative properties, with an optional associated semi-empirical scaling of droplet number perturbations, provide fascinating insights into the physical processes underlying aerosol effects on convection and into the interaction of local perturbations with the larger scale dynamics – but neglect key aerosol-convection interactions. These simulations highlight the importance of the radiatively mediated pathway for tropical convective clouds, with significant impacts on the diurnal cycle of cloud properties and precipitation over the Amazon and the Congo basin – and interactions with the large-scale dynamics for perturbations over the Pacific warm pool region.We contrast our results from idealised simulations with simulations including explicit aerosols, enabled by a novel reduced complexity aerosol scheme suitable for global km-scale models, HAM-Lite. Comparison of the idealised simulations with prescribed aerosol perturbations and the simulations with explicit aerosols, provides new insights into the complexity of aerosol-convection interactions. This study provides a testbed for a future global km-scale model intercomparison project focusing on aerosol effects as part of the GEWEX Aerosol Precipitation (GAP) initiative.
Unified Alfven Wave Turbulence Based Model for Energy and Particle Transport in Solar Corona and Heliosphere
Authors: Sokolov Igor , Usmanov Arcadi , van der Holst Bart , Gombosi Tamas
Published: March 2024

The existing Alfven Wave Turbulence Based Solar Atmosphere Model (AWSoM) as used in the SWMF framework of the University of Michigan to simulate the Solar Corona and Inner Heliosphere (i.e. to 1 AU heliocentric distance) meets an ideological problem while compared with the equations for turbulence usually employed in modeling the outer heliosphere (i.e. beyond 1 AU). While for the turbulence in the outer heliosphere the energy difference (the difference between the averaged kinetic and magnetic energy densities) is used as one of the Reynolds-averaged quantity describing the local state of turbulence, the present AWSoM model lacks the energy difference at all. Besides an evident inconsistency between the models of turbulence, employing the different sets of variables below and beyond 1 AU, to have a full description of turbulence is important by two reasons, both relating to the charged particle transport producing the radiation hazards in space. First, for simulation both solar energetic particle and galactic cosmic rays at 1 AU a computational domain should extend at least to 2-3 AU. Second, even if below 1 AU the energy difference effect on turbulence might be negligible and not necessary to be included into the turbulence model, it is still needed to calculate transport coefficients for the high energy charged particles in the turbulent magnetic field. To evaluate it from the averaged quantities characterizing the turbulence, both the total energy density and the said energy difference are needed. In the presented research, an extra equation for the energy difference in introduced and solved in such way that at small heliocentric distances the turbulence model reduces to that used in the AWSoM with no loss in generality. On the other hand at larger heliocentric distances it becomes very close (if not identical) to the typical outer heliosphere model. In addition to averaged energetic characteristics of turbulence we evaluate the correlation spatial scales for directions parallel and perpendicular to the averaged interplanetary magnetic field was well as the transport coefficients for high-energy charged particles