bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Class Evaluating Method for Cooling Water Fouling Countermeasures Based on PNN
Authors: Li Jing , Pan Hong , Sun Ling Fang
Published: October 2011

In order to make the evaluation of fouling countermeasures more scientific and objective，this article brings in a new method which is used for the evaluation of fouling countermeasures. This method brings in two indices which are used for the evaluation of fouling countermeasures: fouling resistances and flow resistance, and grades both indices based on PNN. Finally, an overall evaluation of fouling countermeasures is introduced. This method is applied to the test of Inhibitors. The calculation results show that this method is available and effective.
Analysis of Green Ships Design and Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Guo Ting Liang , Zhang Hui Xia , Dai Hong Juan
Published: October 2011

In this paper, introduces the ideal of green design and the technology of green manufacture in the process of ship building; analyzes the factors those impact the implement of the ideal of green design and the technology in the process of ship building. Puts forward some advises about how to speed up the progress of green design and manufacture technology in the process of shipbuilding.
Design of Sliding Mode Control Based on Nonlinear Observer for Nonlinear System
Authors: Duan Hui Da , Tian Yan Tao , Liu De Jun
Published: October 2011

A new sliding mode controller for trajectory tracking of ball and plate system is proposed. In the controller, a nonlinear observer which is independent on plant model is used to observer the uncertainties and disturbance of the system. This paper proved that the nonlinear observer is convergence by properly selecting the parameters of observer. Sliding mode controller based on nonlinear observer is designed for the ball and plate system and it can guarantee stabilization of closed-loop system. The results of simulation and experiments indicate that the proposed nonlinear observer can observer uncertainties and disturbance of system, the proposed sliding mode control method is effectively to solve the problems of trajectory tracking in the nonlinear ,uncertain system.
IFC-Compatible Durability Controlling System for RC Structure
Authors: Ye Ying Hua , Liu Wen Peng , Diao Bo
Published: October 2011

Industry Foundation Class, which is an international standard Building Information Model (BIM) is adopted to archive and manage RC structure life cycle durability information. An IFC-compatible durability controlling system (IFC-CDCS) for RC structure is developed, which can retrieve, resolve, create, and analyze IFC files at the level of source code. The framework of IFC-CDCS is demonstrated, and the essential module of IFC interface is elaborated by specifying the data type mapping mechanism, IFC resolving toolkit, IFC data extending methodology. An IFC project created with Autodesk Revit is loaded into the system to testify that the information from IFC file can be correctly and efficiently extracted and processed by IFC-CDCS.
Chinese New Word Identification Using N-Gram and PPM Models
Authors: Li Dun , Tu Wei , Shi Lei
Published: October 2011

New word identification is one of the difficult problems of the Chinese information processing. This paper presents a new method to identify new words. First of all, the text is segmented using N-Gram; then PPM is used to identify the new words which are in the text; finally, the new identified words are added to update the dictionary using LRU. Compared with three well-known word segmentation systems, the experimental results show that this method can improve the precision and recall rate of new word identification to a certain extent.
Study on Cloud Computing in Telecommunications
Authors: Yuan Pu Yu
Published: October 2011

The cloud computing technology has been widely discussed and defined in a number of ways. It’s the new and changing business models enabled by the emergence of the different technologies associated with cloud computing that really count. The effective integration of cloud computing idea and telecom operators' advantage on network and operation can bring large market effect. It has been a core focus in current telecom industry. Based on the analysis of cloud computing concept and technology development, this paper proposes the cloud computing application framework for telecom operator, and explain clearly the operator cloud computing development idea and trend with innovative idea, great ability and unified cloud platform. Finally, some typical cloud computing products are given, which may provide a significant reference for rational planning of operator cloud computing application.
A Study on the Development Strategies of the 4PL in Ningbo
Authors: Jia Chun Mei , Yu Ling Hong , Chen Xia
Published: October 2011

4PL means the Fourth Party Logistics. Due to the limitations of 3PL,the 4PL can effectively resolve the defects and shortcomings of the 3PL; therefore, it receives intensive attention of the whole industry. This paper analyses the current development of the 4PL in Ningbo as well as its development strategies. Based on its problems, this paper further proposes corresponding resolutions, including strengthening the propaganda of the 4PL theories, developing the 3PL, and introducing and establishing logistics information platform, etc.
Design of Embedded Multimedia Advertising System
Authors: Chen Yong
Published: October 2011

According to multimedia advertising system has a problem of single function, advertising less for traditional, so designed and developed mobile multimedia advertising system which based on embedded technology. This system used ARM920T embedded processor S3C2440 as the core and embedded Linux for real-time operating system. It can display Multimedia advertising broadcast, the text ads displayed real-time. It’s a function of showing and updating to be realized by the GPRS communication module receiving the weather forecast information to realize the weather forecast. The result shows that this system support several kind of video format，can automatically search and display pointed type of video and txt advertising, displaying and updating the weather information。The system can be applied to bus, supermarket, commercial building, hotel and any other public place.
Investigation on Nano-Scale Structure of Plain and FA Cement Paste
Authors: Sun Hai Yan , He Zhen , Gong Ai Min , Wen Xiao Dong , Peng Yu Lin , Wang Fu Lai
Published: October 2011

The shape, size and packing structure of the hydration products in the plain and fly ash (FA) cement pastes were conducted by the atomic force microscope (AFM). The water-binder ratio was 0.35, two cement pastes was plain cement as control and FA replacing 30% cement by mass, and the curing ages were adopted the 7 days and 90 days respectively. The results show that there are many round particles about 80nm. However, the size of the round particles has been tended to become smaller with the curing time increase. But the packing structure became tight because of the rearranged particle with the curing time increase. Moreover, fly ash would affect markedly the shape, size and packing structure of hydration products. The results indicate that C-S-H clusters in FA cement paste appear the flat shape and looser packing structure due to its low calcium and silicate ratio.
Teaching Interpretation for English Majors of Vocational Colleges - A Workshop Approach
Authors: Mao Ting
Published: October 2011

Interpretation involves a great amount of practice. However, under the traditional teaching methodology the students do not have much opportunity to work in a real work situation. The class is usually organized with the help of simulated exercises. In that case, it is hard for the students to improve their interpretation ability. Therefore, the “workshop” methodology is introduced in the teaching of interpretation to cultivate the students’ autonomous learning ability and improve their interpretation ability by practice. Through an experiment it was found that compared with the control group, the experimental group was found to have made significant improvement in terms of pragmatical ability, cultural background knowledge, public speaking, conversion and psychological mechanisms. In addition, a questionnaire completed by the subjects in the experiment also proved that the workshop approach is in line with the characteristics of interpretation.
Computer Aided Design of Transmission Components of Liquid Stirred Tank
Authors: Jiang Ying , Liu Jie
Published: October 2011

Secondary develop system can realize design automation of the common parts, so that software system can automatically inquire the chart and get data, then this could really release design personnel and improve the design efficiency. By secondary develop system of stirred tank users can respectively carry on the design according to their own needs. So secondary develop system has the function of automatic generation graphics, and can generate CAD drawings complying with the design requirement, so it reflected the intelligent performance of the design system. Secondary develop system is able to complete the automatic design of common parts, and can greatly improve the quality and efficiency of design, so it has very important use value. This design realizes the function of automatic graphics generation of transmission of stirred tank, and can generate structure design of common belt wheel.
A Survey of Mobile Internet Data Management: Models and Searching Methods
Authors: Zheng Hui , Xu Yuan
Published: October 2011

We survey the state-of-the-art in mobile internet data management. We focus on the models and searching methods presented in the literature. We explore the models and searching methods in mobile internet data management from two perspectives: application area and research content. We outline the entire landscape of the models and searching methods of mobile internet data management from researcher’s point of view. Some researchers have proposed the models and searching methods to achieve the data management of mobile internet. But there are many open issues which still need to be addressed.
Fracture Monitoring of Composite Wind Turbine Blade Using High-Speed Bragg Grating Sensor System
Authors: Bang Hyung Joon , Kim Soo Hyun
Published: October 2011

This paper introduces a FBG (fiber Bragg grating) based AE (acoustic emission) sensing system for use in health monitoring of composite wind turbine blades. In this study, a multiplexing high speed FBG sensor system was developed with a spectrometer-type demodulator based on a linear photo detector. Pencil break test was performed using an FBG sensor and the results were compared with the results of piezo-based AE sensor. For the performance test of fracture sensing in composite materials, a down-scaled wind turbine blade was fabricated and drop impact tests were performed. Arrayed 4 FBG sensors were installed in the skin of wind turbine blade and impacts of 15 J energy were applied by a drop weight. The frequency characteristics of impact induced AE signals were examined with short-time Fourier transform focused on the leading waves. Finally, the onset of fractures in composite structure was successfully assessed using arrayed FBG sensors.
Coupling between Localized Surface Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticle Waveguides
Authors: Yin Zhi Ning , Yang Shu
Published: October 2011

This paper studies coupling between localized surface plasmons in metal nanoparticle waveguides of different materials and sizes, and then discusses another nanostructure, nanoshells, that support localized plasmons, and closes with conclusions in a variety of situations.
Synthesis of Ag Core @ Au Shell Composite Nanoparticles by Spontaneous Deposit Au on the Surface of Ag Seeds
Authors: Dong Ying Nan , Dong Shouan , Pan Zai Fu , Xu Ming Li
Published: October 2011

A new synthesis of Ag @ Au core-shell composite nanoparticles (NPs) was described by spontaneous deposit Au on the surface of Ag seeds which were prepared with the photochemical method in sodium citrate solution. The Ag core @ Au shell (or Ag core @ Au-Ag alloy shell) composite NPs with monodisperse and uniform shape were about 10 nm. The core/shell nanostructure was confirmed by UV-vis spectrum and TEM characterization as well as cyanide ion (CN-) dissolution experiment. The reaction mechanism of forming Ag @ Au composite NPs was briefly discussed.
Study of the Distributed Ground-Tunnel Pressure Measurement and Control Method
Authors: Wang Hong Liang , Dong Hao Bin , He Liang Hua , Zhuang Xiao Qi
Published: October 2011

As the single ground environment and correction circuits of current pressure measurement and control system are too complicated to increase its test precision, the distributed ground - tunnel pressure measurement and control method is proposed.The paper focused on analyzing the idea of control strategy, describing the algorithm, principle, and other methods. Then main to deduce the relevant operations formula, give a detailed control block diagram. Finally, in order to detect the effect, the experimental test and simulation were carried out and then analyzing the results. Simulation is done to show the efficiency and feasibility of proposed approach.
Micromechanical Analysis of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Behzadpoor Hasan , Masoumi Saeed , Salehi Manouchehr
Published: October 2011

The micromechanical approach of Simplified Unit Cell Method (SUCM) in closed-form three dimensional solutions is used for predicting creep response of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites. The composite consist of elastic fibers reinforcing nonlinear viscoelastic resin. The nonlinear viscoelastic matrix behavior is modeled by using Schapery single integral viscoelastic constitutive equation. Off-axis specimens of graphite/epoxy with 45 and 90 fiber orientations were subjected to 480 minutes creep tests and the results is compared with experimental data and MOC results available in the literature. There is good agreement with experimental results due to using SUCM.
Extent of Three Parameter Zone and Optimum Strain Gage Location for Eccentric Cracked Configurations
Authors: Sarangi Hrushikesh , Murthy K.S.R.K. , Chakraborty Debabrata
Published: October 2011

The accuracy of measurement of opening mode stress intensity factor using strain gage techniques mainly depends on location of the strain gages. The present work proposes a finite element based simple procedure for accurate determination of three parameter zone and optimum strain gage location for various eccentric cracked configurations. In this paper, the effect of specimen size and crack length to width of the eccentric cracked plate on optimum location of strain gage is also studied. The results of the present investigation show that specimen size and ratio of crack length to width of the plate strongly influence the optimum location of strain gage.
Pile Capacity in Homogeneous Unsaturated Sand Layer
Authors: Uchaipichat Anuchit , Man Koksung Ekachai
Published: October 2011

Generally, pile foundation is typically chosen to support heavy structures. However, the developments of expressions to determine the pile capacity is usually based on fully saturated and completely dry conditions. In fact, almost 40 percent of natural soils on the earth surface are in an unsaturated state. Thus, in this paper, an expression for pile capacity in homogeneous unsaturated sand layer is developed. The simulations using developed expression are performed and discussed. Typical results show that the pile capacity and the factor of safety are affected by matric suction. However, the influence of matric suction may be ignored for a long pile.
Comprehensive Characterization of Large Piezoresistive Variation of Ni-PDMS Composites
Authors: Canavese Giancarlo , Lombardi Mariangela , Stassi Stefano , Pirri Candido F.
Published: October 2011

This work presents a comprehensive investigation of the piezoresistive response of a metal-polymer composite for robotic tactile sensor application. Composite samples, based on nickel nanostructured conductive filler in a polydimetihylsiloxane (PDMS) insulating elastomeric matrix, were prepared changing several process parameters like thickness, composition of the polymer and nickel filler content. A variation of electric resistance up to nine orders of magnitude under applied uniaxial load was measured in the fabricated samples. Cost efficient materials, simplicity of the process, large sensibility, and harsh environment compatibility make this quantum tunnelling composite adapted to be integrated as sensing coating in space robotic applications.
Preparation of Jatropha Biodiesel Using Hydrotalcite Catalyst and its Performance on Diesel Engine
Authors: Pandhare Amar P. , Wagholikar S. G. , Jadhav Sachin Musale R. B. , Padalkar A. S.
Published: October 2011

The heterogeneous catalyst are environment friendly and render the process simplified. A wide variety of solid bases have been examined for this process. The present work reports the use of hydrotalcite catalyst for the synthesis of Biodiesel from jatropha oil. An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with Jatropha oil and its blends (10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 60 % ) with mineral diesel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of Jatropha oil has also been investigated. A series of engine tests, have been conducted using each of the above fuel blends for comparative performance evaluation. The performance parameters evaluated include thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and exhaust gas temperature whereas exhaust emissions include mass emissions of CO, HC, NO. These parameters were evaluated in a single cylinder compression ignition diesel engine. The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline data of mineral diesel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The gaseous emissions of oxide of nitrogen from all blends are lower than mineral diesel at all engine loads. Jatropha oil blends with diesel (up to 50% v/v) can replace diesel for operating the CI engines giving lower emissions and improved engine performance. More over results indicated that B20 have closer performance to diesel and B100 have lower brake thermal efficiency mainly due to its high viscosity compared to diesel.
Effect of Oxidizer-Fuel Mixture Ratio to the Pressure Exponent of Ammonium Perchlorate Based Composite Propellant
Authors: Aziz Amir , bin Wan Ali Wan Khairuddin
Published: October 2011

In this paper, experimental investigation of pressure exponent in burning rate of composite propellant was conducted. Four sets of different propellant compositions had been prepared with the combination of Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) as an oxidizer, Aluminum (Al) as fuel and Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) as fuel and binder. For each mixture, HTPB binder was fixed at 15% and cured with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). By varying AP and Al, the effect of oxidizer-fuel mixture ratio (O/F) on the whole propellant can be determined. The propellant strands were manufactured using compression molded method and burnt in a strand burner using wire technique over a range of pressure from 1atm to 31atm. The results obtained shows that the pressure exponent n, increases with increasing O/F. The highest pressure exponent achieved was 0.561 for propellant p80 which has O/F ratio of 80/20.
Preparation and Properties of CdS Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Li Hai Yi , Wang Yan Lai , Ban Shi Liang , Wang Yi Min
Published: October 2011

CdS thin films deposited on glass substrate are prepared by chemical bath deposition using the reaction between CdSO4 and CS (NH2)2. The composition, surface morphology and structural properties of as-deposited and annealed CdS thin films were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results indicate that the dense, homogeneous polycrystalline CdS thin films with smooth surface can be obtained by chemical bath deposition. The CdS thin films have cubic structure and the ratio of S and Cd is 1:1 in CdS thin films. Optical properties of CdS films were measured with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The optical band gap energy (Eg) of film sample was found to be 2.31 eV.
Numerical Simulation of Multi-Roll Stretch Forming Process with Different Lubrication and Rollers
Authors: Zhang Hao Han , Li Ming Zhe , Fu Wen Zhi , Feng Peng Xiao
Published: October 2011

Multi-roll stretch forming process is a new flexible manufacturing technique that the general idea of discretizing is put in use in the design of stretch forming machine. In the new process, the metal sheet can be more easily formed, and the flexibility can be much higher, which the traditional process cannot compare with. In this paper, in through extensive numerical simulations of the MRSF stretching process of toroidal saddle parts, A series of finite element simulations have done for the process of forming toroidal saddle parts using different lubricant and two kinds of rollers named damped rollers and ordinary rollers. The results show that the smaller the friction coefficient is, the easier the center of toroidal saddle part is stretched. Damped rollers can increase the stretching force and the ordinary rollers can increase the mobility of sheet metal. Arranging the damped rollers and ordinary rollers at a reasonable position can make the workpiece a more uniform stretching.
The Effects of Airfoil Camber on Flutter Suppression Regarding Timoshenko Beam Theory
Authors: Rahi Abbas , Shahravi Mortaza , Ahmadi Darvish
Published: October 2011

The application of Timoshenko beam theory is presented, thereby the effects of airfoil camber can be investigated analytically and numerically by considering rotary inertia and shear deformation in addition to moment of inertia, aerodynamic loading and bending/torsion coupling. Regarding a tuned blisk, the analysis is simplified to a single blade with plunge and pitch DOF. Pressure distribution of the airfoil surfaces and the resulting aerodynamic forces are calculated with ‘ANSYS/FLOTRAN’ during one-cycle time marching at several reduced frequencies. A parametric relation is then achieved by Roger’s approximation including quasi-inertia, quasi-damping, quasi-elastic and lag terms. The final aeroelastic equations are established by bending-torsion and aerodynamics-structure coupling which is solved by state space approach. This procedure is repeated at several free stream velocities until the real component of an eigenvalue equals zero. The latest velocity is the flutter speed. Following this procedure, flutter characteristics of two similar aeroleastic cases are determined considering only one difference in blade configuration; one with cambered and the other with uncambered airfoil. Comparison of these two cases shows the considerable suppression effect of airfoil camber on flutter.
Influence of Non-Uniform Sinusoidal Periodic Bottom Boundary Condition on Natural Convection in an Isotropic Porous Enclosure
Authors: Khandelwal Manish Kr. , Bera P.
Published: October 2011

A comprehensive numerical investigation on the natural convection in an isotropic porous enclosure is presented. All the walls of the enclosure are adiabatic except the bottom wall which is partially heated and cooled by sinusoidal temperature profile. The governing equations were written under assumption of Brinkman-extended non-Darcy model, including material derivative, and then solved by numerically using spectral element method (SEM). The heat transfer and fluid flow mechanisms in isotropic case are governed by periodicity parameter (N) Rayleigh Number (Ra), Darcy number (Da), aspect ratio (A), Prandtl number (Pr) and media permeability (K). The main emphasize is given on effect of N on local heat transfer as well as mechanism of heat transfer and fluid flow in enclosure. The results shows that, as the periodicity is decreased on increasing N the absolute value of Nux at the bottom left corner point increases. For odd values of N, the local heat transfer profile is symmetric about the line x=0.5, which is consequence of symmetric boundary condition at the bottom wall of the enclosure. The entire flow is governed by two type convective cells: (i) rotating clockwise (ii) rotating anticlockwise. Furthermore for even values of N cells rotating anticlockwise are dominated and covered the entire domain. In particular the present analysis shows that, different periodicity of temperature boundary condition has the significant effect on the flow mechanism and consequently on the heat transfer rate.
Synthesis of ZnO by Mechanical Activation and Make the Varistor
Authors: Mehran Mahmood Reza
Published: October 2011

ZnO is a semiconductor with direct band gap that because of its optical and electronically properties has very interesting for researchers. Wide application of this compound in electronic and optic like piezoelectric transducer, gas sensor, optical waveguide, thin conductor layer and transparent, varistors, photocells, optical U.V. equipments and also variety medical applications with concerning its nature friendly cause that to find the economical method for mass production be concerned. During recent decay, many methods such as sol-gel, wet chemistry, CVD & MOCVD, hydrothermal methods and development process have been invented for ZnO production. The most common problems of these methods are complexity of production process, need to expensive equipments, need to expensive raw materials, need to exceedingly pressure and temperature etc. In this research with activation of Zn as the raw material, nanoparticles of ZnO has been product by a planetary mill and hydride action that this method has ability to extensile in industrial range.SEM investigations approve the nanosize of produced particles. Morphology of particles is more similar to hexagonal crystal structure. Process efficiency is 100 percent and x-ray diffraction (XRD) of resultant powder verifies this. After synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanopowder as one of its application, varistor was made and then electrical property of this part was evaluated.
Cutting Performance of Turning Insert with Three-Arcs-Shaped Finishing Edge
Authors: Wada Tadahiro , Hiro Kazuki , Jun Nakanishi
Published: October 2011

In the turning of a shaft with a step of specified corner R, it is important whether the corner radiuses of the turning insert is the same as the specified corner R or lower than it. A turning tool with a large corner radius cannot adapt to cutting a shaft with a step of specified corner R. In this study, the surface roughness, cutting force, and tool wear were experimentally investigated in order to clarify the cutting performance of the turning insert with a three-arcs-shaped finishing edge. The machined surface of the insert with a three-arcs-shaped finishing edge was better than that of the normal insert. The wear progress of the insert with an arc-shaped finishing edge was slightly slower than that of the normal insert. The cutting force of the insert with an arc-shaped finishing edge was almost the same as that of the normal insert.
Parametric Optimization in Electrochemical Machining of EN-31 Steel Based on Grey Relation Approach
Authors: Gopal Anne Venu , Chakradhar D.
Published: October 2011

Electrochemical machining is one of the widely used non-traditional machining processes to machine complicated shapes for electrically conducting but difficult-to-machine materials such as superalloys, Ti-alloys, alloy steel, tool steel, stainless steel, etc. Use of optimal ECM process parameters can significantly reduce the ECM operating, tooling, and maintenance cost and will produce components of higher accuracy. This paper investigates the effect and parametric optimization of process parameters for Electrochemical machining of EN-31 steel using grey relation analysis. The process parameters considered are electrolyte concentration, feed rate and applied voltage and are optimized with considerations of multiple performance characteristics including material removal rate, overcut and cylindricity error. Analysis of variance is performed to get contribution of each parameter on the performance characteristics and it was observed that feed rate is the significant process parameter that affects the ECM robustness. The experimental results for the optimal setting show that there is considerable improvement in the process. The application of this technique converts the multi response variable to a single response Grey relational grade and, therefore, simplifies the optimization procedure.
Effects of Coolants on Improving Machining Parameters while Mach-Inability Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V): A Review
Authors: Ali Moaz H. , Balasubramanian R. , Mohamed Bashir , Khidhir Basim A.
Published: October 2011

In this review, present day, the best versatile material Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) plays the most vital role in the manufacturing of aero engines as a base material. It has been observed that machining this type of alloys is the complicated tasks with optimum machining results. This research investigates the consequences of machining parameters by making use three types of technique: firstly, nitrogen gas technique; secondly, high pressure coolant (HPC); thirdly, cryogenic cooling technique as the coolant’s techniques compared to the normal coolant. Utilizing liquid nitrogen and gas nitrogen as a coolant will decrease friction, heat at the cutting zone, surface roughness, the amount of power consumed in a metal cutting process in addition significantly increase the tool life, dimensional accuracy and so improve the productivity.
Performance Measurement and Data Analysis of Material Removal Rate for Wire Cut Electro Discharge Machining Process
Authors: Parashar Vishal , Rehman A. , Bhagoria J.L.
Published: October 2011

In this paper, statistical and regression analysis of material removal rate using design of experiments is proposed for WEDM operations. Experimentation was planned as per Taguchi’s mixed orthogonal array. Each experiment has been performed under different cutting conditions of gap voltage, pulse ON time, pulse OFF time, wire feed and dielectric flushing pressure. Stainless Steel grade 304L was selected as a work material to conduct the experiments. From experimental results, the material removal rate was determined for each machining performance criteria. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to find out the variables affecting the material removal rate. Assumptions of ANOVA were discussed and carefully examined using analysis of residuals. Variation of the material removal rate with machining parameters was mathematically modeled by using the regression analysis method. The developed model was validated with a set of experimental data and appeared to be satisfactory. Signal to noise ratio was applied to measure the performance characteristics deviating from the actual value. Finally, experimental confirmation was carried out to identify the effectiveness of this proposed method.
A New Design for the Shuttle Fuel Tank
Authors: Ranjbar Goudarz Zanganeh , Khoubdeh Hamed Rahmati
Published: October 2011

After this tragic accident of Colombia's shuttle the continuance of these spatial functions were encountered with ambiguity and lots of suspicion was formed in the NASA officer's brain. The burst was formed because of the defect which was made in the outer insulator fuel tank, a insignificant piece of insulator that was separated while throwing the Colombia's shuttle from the fuel tank under the aerodynamical force of throw (while separating the tank from the shuttle) and it hurts the ledge of the left wing of the shuttle in the place of ceramics insulator defect and shuttle's thermal safety system. It was happened in throwing the shuttle discovery too, however they relief the damaged parts through a spatial marcher in the space and they turn it to the earth with so much presentiment. In this essay we present a new design for the fuel tank and shuttle. In this model, shuttle is set on the top of the fuel tank and while separating the tank from the shuttle, the probable separating pieces, wouldn't be defect to the shuttle. In this procedure because the tank has a motor, a cart landing and a control system, it is again useful and would make the economy in the charges. In this Method by putting shuttle on top of the tank, it may not make any hurt to the thermal shield and there weren't any accident accession like the Colombia's shuttle accident and There wouldn't be any requirement to design a new space crafts with the passenger to go and return, and according the heavy costs of the researches, temptation and long time providence it would be much and According to probability of returning the fuel tank to the earth, in other throwing there would be multiple providence that can be a justification for this project And also Changing the tank place improves the aerodynamical coefficient in comparison present shuttle's picture that will cause to reduce using the fuel.
Hydroforming Developments: Insights of other Researchers
Authors: Pavithra E. , Zhu Ke
Published: October 2011

Hydroforming is one of the forming technique which paves the way for the easy production of light weight and high strength automotive and aerospace components. The different approaches presented by the various authors in the field of hydroforming and its applications are reviewed in this paper. The authors have used Finite Element Analysis using different simulation tools like Abaqus, Ansys, LS-Dyna and Autoform 3D that help to minimize the failure cost of materials and dies. This paper deals with those disparate approaches, discussing exhaustively the process and application of hydroforming, providing sufficient data to make readers identify the burgeoning areas of research.
An Experiential Optimization Design Method for Orthogonal Rib-Stiffened Thin Walled Cylindrical Shells under Axial Loading
Authors: Mao Jia , Chen Yu Feng , Zhang Wei Hua
Published: October 2011

Parametric structural FEA (Finite Element Analysis) models of the orthogonal rib-stiffened thin walled cylindrical shells are established using APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language). An experiential optimization design method is then developed based on conclusions of series numerical analysis investigating the effects of parameters’ modification upon buckling loads and modes of the structure. The effects of single design parameter modification under both variational and fixed volume (mass) constraints upon the buckling loads and modes indicate that, only one design scheme is able to obtain maximum buckling load when deployment of the strengthening ribs and volume (mass) parameter were settled previously, and minimum mass would be obtained while this maximum buckling load equals to the required design load. Optimization calculations for aluminum alloy material and layered C/E (Carbon/Epoxy) composite material shells with three layering styles are implemented and discussed, and some useful conclusions are obtained. Method and approach developed in this paper provide certain reference value for the optimal design of such structures.
Study on the Thermal Characteristics of Heat Pipes with Water-Based MWCNT Nanofluids
Authors: Ha Hyo Jun , Park Ji Hun , Jang Seok Pil
Published: October 2011

In this paper, thermal characteristics of miniature heat pipes with grooved wick and water-based multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) nanofluids(0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 vol.%) as working fluids are experimentally investigated. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistances are measured and compared with those of DI water. The thermal conductivity of water-based MWCNT nandfluids is enhanced by up to 29% compared with that of DI water. Experiments are performed under the same evaporation temperature condition. The thermal resistance of heat pipe is reduced from 30% to 35.2% as the volume fraction of nanoparticles inceasing from 0.1% to 0.5%. Finally, based on the experimental results, we present the reduction of the thermal resistances of the heat pipes compared with conventional heat pipes cannot be explained by only the thermal conductivity of water-based MWCNT nanofluids.
Study on First-Principles of Nano-Materials Named Manganese Oxide
Authors: Lu Gui Lin , Wu Xun Lei , Li Zi Bo , Yang Ji Hai
Published: October 2011

The physical properties of nano-Mn3O4 is Characterize by theory base clusters of Physical Chemistry, Including the lattice structure, catalytic properties, the phenomenon of giant magnetic and giant magnetoresistance, N dimensional wave function is approximation to be expressed as variational parameters of nonlinear multivariate function by Density Functional Theory, Extreme functional is obtained by Wavelet analysis ,And analyzed the data characteristics on relationship between Particle size, concentration, temperature, magnetic field strength of a4 , a5 and time, Compared with bulk materials, nano materials, bond angles, bond length parameters, Resolved electron spin states and relativistic effects of the problem, Correction of the uneven distribution of electron density because the error caused.
Preparation of Nano-Ru/[Bmim][BF4] Catalyst and its Application in the Benzene Selective Hydrogenation
Authors: Wei Jun Fang , Wang Yan Ji , Li Juan , Xue Wei
Published: October 2011

The nano-Ru/[Bmim][BF4] catalyst was prepared for benzene selective hydrogenation in 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] by chemical reduction method. TEM analysis of these nanoparticles sho wed the monodisperse Ru0 particles which were prepared by positive dropping method dispersed in the ionic liquids with diameters less than 5nm. The Ru0 particles which were prepared by reverse dropping method agglomerated with diameters more than 10nm. KBH4 was the suitable reductant. The optimum loading of Ru was 1.5%. The hydrogenation activity of Ru/ [Bmim] [BF4] was high and the selectivity of cyclohexene was very low. Selectivity of cyclohexene was only 14.5% at 27.3 % benzene conversion.
Low Temperature Growth of Patterned ZnO Nanowires and their Field Emission Characteristics
Authors: Zhang Yong Ai , Lin Jin Yang , Wu Chao Xing , Guo Tai Liang
Published: October 2011

Uniformly distributed and quasi-perpendicular patterned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on Ag electrodes coated Si substrate by thermal evaporation. Field emission (FE) measurements show that its turn-on field is 3.65V/µm at current density of 10µA/cm2 and its the threshold field at current density of 1mA/cm2 is about 6.56 V/µm at an emitter-anode gap of 400µm. and the fluctuation of FE current density is smaller than 10% for 3.5h at electric field of 6V/µm. The low turn-on field and good stability indicates that it offers advantages as field emitter for much potential application.
One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanopowders
Authors: Wang Yan Xiang , Li Xiao Yan , Sun Jian , Hu Yao Hui
Published: October 2011

In the paper, ZnO nanopowders were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal synthesis using zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide as raw materials. The influences of molar concentration of NaOH and synthesis temperature on the properties of ZnO nanopowders were investigated. XRD and FSEM were used to characterize ZnO nanopowders. The results showed that; when the molar concentration of NaOH was 0.05 mol/L, 1mol/L and 2mol/L, ZnO micrometer powders were obtained. When the molar concentration of NaOH was 4mol/L, ZnO nanorods or nanosheets were obtained with different reaction temperature. When the temperature was 220°C, ZnO nanorods with the length of 500nm and diameter of 100nm, were synthesised. Pure ZnO nanopowders can be obtained at lower temperature of 100°C by using one-step hydrothermal synthesis. When the synthesis temperature was 100°C and the molar concentration of NaOH was 4mol/L, ZnO nanosheets were produced. The length, width and thickness of ZnO nanosheets were about 800 nm, 500nm and 80nm, respectively.
Efficient Feature Selection Model for Gene Expression Data
Authors: Saengsiri Patharawut , Wichian Sageemas Na , Meesad Phayung
Published: October 2011

Finding subset of informative gene is very crucial for biology process because several genes increase sharply and most of them are not related with others. In general, feature selection technique consists of two steps 1) all genes is ranked by a filter approach 2) rank list is sent to a wrapper approach. Nevertheless, the accuracy rate for recognition gene is not enough. Therefore, this paper proposes efficient feature selection model for gene expression data. First, two filter approaches are used to define many subset of attribute such as Correlation based Feature Selection (Cfs) and Gain Ratio (GR). Second, wrapper approach is used to evaluate each length of attribute that based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF). The result of experiment depicts CfsSVM, CfsRF, GRSVM, and GRRF based on proposed model produce higher accuracy rate such as 87.10%, 90.32%, 87.10, and 88.71%, respectively.
Effect of Plant in Two Atrium Building Comfort: Report on Two Field-Monitored Case Studies
Authors: Kazemzadeh Marziyeh , Tahbaz Mansureh
Published: October 2011

This paper present the field-measured thermal performance of two atrium building in a clinic center located in Kerman, where winter is cold and dry. The case studies are an enclosed atrium space. The atriums have open corridors at each storey connecting them to adjacent space. The site measurement and monitoring work were carried out for one day covering clear day in November 2010. The weather conditions during the day measuring period were stable and heating system was off. This study will investigated about different temperature of atrium levels with plant and without plant. This study has shown that in cold and clear winter day, when average of external relative humidity in this day was around 9%,in the atrium relative humidity changed between 10%- 22% and total temperature in atrium level were changed between 18'C-28'C. whilst in the atrium without plant this range were between 3%-23% and 15'C-35'C respectively.
Effect of Abrasive Flow Rate in Milling with Abrasive Water Jet
Authors: Pal Vijay Kumar , Tandon Puneet
Published: October 2011

This Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) process is usually used to cut the materials which are difficult to cut by conventional machining processes. In this work, controlled depth milling (CDM) is done using AWJM. This work primarily focuses on controlling the abrasive flow rate to reduce the time for machining the component. Here, an experimental setup is made with a modified attachment for abrasive feed system to machine stainless steel. The work also investigates the surface morphology, tolerance on depth of machining and surface waviness for the modified setup. With change in mass flow rate of abrasive, the traverse speed may also be altered and its effects on the machining time are controlled. This work also employs Non-destructive Testing (NDT) method i.e. ultrasonic flaw detector to find out internal defects and cracks in the milled material.
Enhancement of Welded Joints Productivity Effect of Welding Position on Fatigue Strength
Authors: Hatami Mahdi Kazemi , Amini Amir Masoud , Fallahi Kamran
Published: October 2011

Welded structures are frequently used in today’s metal industry. Since fatigue is still one major reason of failures, investigation in this field is of interest to engineers. In this study experimental methods are employed to perform a fatigue evaluation concerning local weld geometry. The emphasis was on quantifying the weld toe radius as a feature in quantification of weld quality. Three different welding positions which have been led to different toe radii were analyzed. Each batch contained 12 specimens manufactured in cruciform joint and has been tested in non-load carrying status. Finally, the results of tests were compiled in Wöhler (S-N) curve and compared to reference curves introduced by IIW (International Institute of Welding). Results of this study show that local weld geometry has remarkable influence on strength of welded structures. It can be concluded that specimens with larger toe radii had more fatigue strength – as it was expected from the theory.
A Novel Method to Identify the Nox Emissions of Commercial Aircraft during Descent
Authors: Turgut Enis T.
Published: October 2011

In this study a novel method is developed to identify the NOx emissions released from commercial aircraft during descent. In order to obtain EINOx the real flight data and ICAO emissions database are used. According to the results, statistically significant models are found and the NOx emissions produced from aircraft are calculated to be higher compared to those obtained by ICAO EINOx. Also, the effects of vertical profile, EGT and N1 are discussed. Overall, the minimum and maximum NOx emissions released from the descent of ten flights are calculated as 2.4 kg and 7.2 kg for model 3, with 1.5 kg and 5.4 kg for the baseline, respectively.
Research of Configuration Design for Supercavitating Vehicles
Authors: Lin Ming Dong , Hu Fan , Zhang Wei Hua , Ma Zhen Yu
Published: October 2011

Supercavitating vehicle utilizes supercavity to reduce the drag force when travelling underwater. It could achieve a speed higher than 200Kn. The dynamic equations of supercavitating vehicle in the vertical plane were studied and the forces are analyzed in detail in this study. Three possible balanced states and configurations are analyzed. Considering the deviation of mass center during the flight, trajectories of uncontrolled supercavitating flight with these configurations are calculated respectively. Results show that fin position and the deviation of center of mass are main factors that affect the stability of underwater trajectories. The distance between fins and center of mass should be as small as possible.
Usage of Nuclear Reactors in Space Applications - Space Propulsion and Space Power Concepts
Authors: Gurunadh Velidi , Guven Ugur
Published: October 2011

Especially in the 21st century, the space has become the actual final frontier for mankind. The possibilities are endless, as there are a lot of frontiers that can be covered in space exploration. Unfortunately, two main problems prevail in space exploration. The first problem is that the distances that need to be covered are extremely large and the second problem is the need for energy for any outpost installation in space. Fortunately, the availability of nuclear technologies allow for solution of these problems. In this paper, it is demonstrated that by using nuclear technology, traveling time can be greatly reduced and the energy requirements of the astronauts onboard a spacecraft or a space station can be met.
MHD Convection of an Electrically Conductive Fluid with Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Pirmohammadi Mohsen , Ghassemi Majid , Hamedi Mohsen
Published: October 2011

The effect of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity on the magneto-convection in a low Prandtl number liquid is investigated numerically. The liquid is contained in a closed square cavity with isothermal vertical walls kept at different temperatures. The top and bottom walls are assumed to be insulated. To solve the governing non-linear differential equations (mass, momentum and energy) a finite volume code based on SIMPLER algorithm is utilized. The results for different Rayleigh numbers (Ra), Hartmann numbers (Ha) and temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity (η) are presented in form of streamlines, isotherms and Nusselt number. It is found that the heat transfer decreases appreciably across the cavity with a decrease in thermal conductivity. It is observed that at low Hartmann number (Ha=30) the thermal boundary layer is formed near the side walls and as η increases the thickness of these boundaries decreases. Also it is found that as non-dimensional thermal conductivity increases the peak of velocity profile increases; however, this phenomenon is very weak at high Hartmann number.