bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-guided brain biopsy in dogs
Authors: Thomas William B. , Sorjonen Donald C. , Hudson Judith A. , Cox Nancy R.
Published: January 2024

Ultrasound-guided brain biopsy of the cingulate gyrus and the head of the caudate nucleus was performed in clinically normal dogs. Dogs survived the surgery, and neurologic deficits were not detected in the 14-day postoperative period. Magnetic resonance imaging detected changes in the brain associated with biopsy in 9 dogs (90%) immediately after surgery and in 6 dogs (60%) 14 days after surgery. Fourteen days after surgery, sonography of the brain, performed through the skin overlying the burr hole, detected changes associated with biopsy in 9 dogs (90%). Histopathologic changes evident in the brain 14 days after surgery consisted of focal malacia and hemorrhage with associated subacute encephalomeningitis. Postmortem examination indicated that the biopsy specimen was accurately obtained from the desired site in 9 dogs (90%). Tissue specimens suitable for histologic examination were obtained from 10 dogs (100%). Accuracy and low morbidity of ultrasound-guided biopsy indicate that this may be a useful technique for diagnosis of focal brain disease in dogs.
Colorectal blood supply in dogs
Authors: Goldsmid S. E. , Bellenger C. R. , Hopwood P. R. , Rothwell J. T.
Published: January 2024

To determine blood supply in the area, dye or radioopaque contrast material was injected into the named arteries supplying the terminal colon and recturn in 10 dogs. The cranial rectal artery appeared to supply most of the blood to the terminal colon and rectum. The middle and caudal rectal arteries supplied variable and relatively insignificant amounts. The intrapelvic rectum had a less adequate blood supply than did the terminal colon or proximal rectum.

A ventral midline laparotomy and pubic osteotomy were performed in an additional 11 dogs to provide access to the terminal colon and rectum. When the cranial rectal artery was ligated and the coloreetal junction was transected and anastomosed, the intrapelvic rectum developed marked congestion, edema, and discoloration. Rectal fluorescence, after iv administration of fluorescein, was either poor or absent. Histologically, partial- to full-thickness mucosai necrosis was evident in most tissue specimens taken from the rectum, and muscle necrosis was evident in some.

These findings suggest that, in dogs, the cranial rectal artery should be preserved if at all possible and, if the cranial rectal artery is ligated, most of the intrapelvic rectum should be resected to ensure adequate blood supply to the anastomosis.
Toxicity of desoxycorticosterone pivalate given at high dosages to clinically normal Beagles for six months
Authors: Chow Edward , Campbell William R. , Turnier John C. , Lynn Randy C. , Pavkov Kenneth L.
Published: January 2024

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate was administered im to juvenile Beagles at 0, 2.2, 6.6, or 11 mg/kg of body weight daily over a consecutive 3-day period every 28 days (equivalent to a cumulative monthly dosage of 0, 6.6, 19.8, or 33 mg/kg) for 6 months. Polyuria, polydipsia, and decreases in serum potassium and bun concentrations were detected while the dogs were being treated. Transient increases in serum sodium concentrations also were detected. The treated males had significant decreases in body weight gain, resulting in an 18% decrease in body weight in the 11-mg/kg dosage group, compared with the controls. The weights of the adrenal glands, epididymides, and testes also were lower in the treated males. Organ weights for the 2.2, 6.6, and 11-mg/kg dosage groups were: 86, 79, and 69%, respectively, of the controls (adrenal glands); 80, 70, and 68%, respectively, of the controls (epididymides); and, 79, 75, and 67%, respectively, of the controls (testes). When normalized to body weight, these decreases in organ weight were still dosage-dependent, but the differences were less remarkable. In contrast, the relative weight (to body weight) of the kidneys (males and females) and of the thyroid and parathyroid glands (males) were higher dosage-dependently. All of the treatment-related effects, other than organ and body weight changes, appeared to be reversible following the cessation of treatment. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that treatment with desoxycorticosterone pivalate could be tolerated, even when given at dosages 15-fold the therapeutic dosage of 2.2 mg/kg every 25 days.
Radiographie study of homotypic variation of long bones in dogs
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Sielman Emily
Published: January 2024

Dogs have been used extensively as an experimental model for studying musculoskeletal disorders. Many of these studies incorporated sequential radiography to quantitate a particular treatment's effect, using the contralateral bone as the control condition. The contralateral bone can be used as a control only if there is bilateral symmetry between right and left limbs. We performed radiography (craniocaudal and lateromedial views) on 10 pairs of humeri, radii, femora, and tibiae from dogs, using an alignment jig, to radiographically determine homotypic geometric variations or long bones. The bones were divided into 5 regions: proximal epiphysis, proximal metaphysis, diaphysis, distal metaphysis, and distal epiphysis. The toal bone diameter, medullary diameter, and cortical width (total of medial + lateral cortex or total of cranial + caudal cortex) were measured at specified slices throughout each of these regions. Fourteen of 540 homotypic comparisons revealed significant differences between right and left bones at either a slice or region. Although there were only 14 significant differences between right and left bones at any region or slice, measurements were more precise with lower coefficients of variation in the diaphyseal and epiphyseal regions. Homotypic differences in diaphyseal and epiphyseal regions were < 5.3 and 7.5%, respectively (power = 0.8). In metaphyseal regions, however, homotypic differences were larger; these differences could have been as large as 11.5% for total bone diameter, 15.6% for medullary diameter, and 80.0% for cortical width without achieving significant differences between populations (power = 0.8). This study validated the concept of using the contralateral limb as the control condition in orthopedic studies using dogs, particularly when evaluating the geometric properties of long bones radiographically.
Specific expression of cellular oncogenes c-myc and c-myb in T-cell lines established from three types of bovine lymphosarcomas
Authors: Ishiguro Naotaka , Matsui Takane , Shinagawa Morikazu
Published: January 2024

Expression of cellular oncogenes in 3 lymphoid cell lines, BTL-PC3 (BoCD2−, BoCD4−, BoCD8−, BoWC1+), BLS1 (BoCD2+, BoCD4−, BoCD8−, B0WC1+) and BLT2 (BoCD2−, BoCD4−, BoCD8−, BoWC1−), which have been established from calf, skin, and thymic types of lymphosarcomas, respectively, were analyzed by dna-rna (northern blot) hybridization. To determine specific expression of oncogenes involved in malignant transformation of the lymphoid cells, cellular rna was isolated from bovine tumor cell lines, BTL-PC3, BLS1, and BLT2, and from Madin Darby bovine kidney cells used as a control for bovine cell lines. The rna was hybridized against 5 viral oncogene probes (v-jun, v-myc, v-erbB, v-erbA and v-fes), 6 human cellular oncogene probes (N-ras, c-Blym-1 c-erbB-2, c-fos, c-myb and c-abl), human p53 tumor suppressor gene, and bovine LDH-A gene probes. Line BTL-PC3 expressed 2.4-kilobase (kb) c-myc and 4.0- and 3.6-kb c-myb transcripts, and line BLT2 expressed a 3.8-kb c-myb transcript, but line BLS1 expressed no message for the oncogenes tested. Specific transcripts of p53 were found in BTL-PC3 and BLT2 lines, but not in BLS1. Madin Darby bovine kidney cell line expressed multiple cellular oncogenes, c-jun, c-myc, and c-fos, and p53 genes. Southern blot hybridization did not reveal abnormal dna rearrangements associated with the expressed oncogenes (c-myc and c-myb) in the 3 bovine tumor lines. From these results and the immunophenotype of the lymphoid cells, it appeared that c-myb specific mRNA were transcribed more often in immature bovine leukemia T cells (calf and thymic types) than in mature T cells from the skin type.
Assembly pathway of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus
Authors: Guo Peixuan , Scholz Elke , Turek John , Nodgreen Robert , Maloney Bryan
Published: January 2024

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious upper respiratory tract infection in chickens. At present, iltv vaccines are not satisfactory because of development of a latent carrier status in vaccinated birds. Development of recombinant virus vaccines has been hampered by the limited information available on the molecular level and organization of this virus. We isolated 3 assembly intermediates, designated A, B, and C from iltv-infected cells. Analysis of [3H] thymidine- and [35S]methionine-labeled particles, and electron microscopic studies indicated that particle A was the empty capsid, particle B was the procapsid containing scaffolding protein, and particle C was the dna-filled capsid. The iltv procapsids could only be found in the nucleus, which indicated that procapsids could not translocate through the nuclear membrane until they packaged the dna. The dna-filled capsids migrated through the nuclear membrane and obtained an envelope from the inner membrane of the nucleus. The enveloped particles then migrated through the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum into vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Infective virions were isolated from within the infected cells, indicating that budding through the cytoplasmic membrane is not a necessary step in iltv maturation. Abundant arrays composed of tubules about 45 to 50 nm wide were found in the cytoplasm of chicken embryonic liver cells about 30 to 38 hours after infection. Comparison of the assembly intermediates and the dna packaging pathway of iltv with that of bacteriophage ϕ29 indicates that similarity exists. A model for the pathway of iltv assembly is proposed.
Cardiopulmonary and behavioral responses to computer-driven infusion of detomidine in standing horses
Authors: Daunt David A. , Dunlop Colin I. , Chapman Phillip L. , Shafer Steven L. , Ruskoaho Heikki , Vakkuri Olli , Hodgson David S. , Tyler Liz M. , Maze Mervyn
Published: January 2024

Cardiopulmonary and behavioral responses to detomidine, a potent α2-adrenergic agonist, were determined at 4 plasma concentrations in standing horses. After instrumentation and baseline measurements in 7 horses (X̄ ± sd for age and body weight, 6 ± 2 years, and 531 ± 48.5 kg, respectively), detomidine was infused to maintain 4 plasma concentrations: 2.1 ± 0.5 (infusion 1), 7.2 ± 3.5 (infusion 2), 19.1 ± 5.1. (infusion 3), and 42.9 ± 10 (infusion 4) ng/ml, by use of a computer-controlled infusion system.

Detomidine caused concentration-dependent sedation and somnolence. These effects were profound during infusions 3 and 4, in which marked head ptosis developed and all horses leaned heavily on the bars of the restraining stocks. Heart rate and cardiac index decreased from baseline measurements (42 ± 7 beats/min, 65 ± 11 ml·kg of body weight−1·min−1) in linear relationship with the logarithm of plasma detomidine concentration (ie, heart rate = −4.7 [loge detomidine concentration] + 44.3, P < 0.01; cardiac index = −10.5 [loge detomidine concentration] + 73.6, P < 0.01). Second-degree atrioventricular block developed in 5 of 7 horses during infusion 3, and in 6 of 7 horses during infusion 4. Mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly from 118 ± 11 mm of Hg at baseline to 146 ± 27 mm of Hg at infusion 4. Similar responses were observed for mean pulmonary artery and right atrial pressures. Systemic vascular resistance (baseline, 182 ± 28 mm of Hg·ml−1·min−1·kg−1) increased significantly during infusions 3 and 4 (to 294 ± 79 and 380 + 58, respectively). Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration was significantly increased with increasing detomidine concentration (20.4 ± 3.8 pg/ml at baseline to 33.5 ± 9.1 at infusion 4). There were few significant changes in respiration rate and arterial blood gas and pH values. We conclude that maintenance of steady-state detomidine plasma concentrations resulted in cardiopulmonary changes that were quantitatively similar to those induced by detomidine bolus administration in horses.
Kinetic analysis of D-xylose absorption after its intragastric administration to mares deprived of food
Authors: Ferrante Pamela L. , Freeman David E. , Ramberg Charles F. , Kronfeld David S.
Published: January 2024

Multicompartmental analysis was applied to study the kinetics of D-xylose distribution after its intragastric administration to healthy mares deprived of food for 12, 36, 72, and 96 hours. Disposition of D-xylose was described by a 5-compartment model. Maximal plasma D-xylose concentration was similar for 12 and 36 hours of food deprivation and was greater (P = 0.0001) than the values for 72 and 96 hours. Peak concentration of D-xylose appeared progressively later as food deprivation proceeded (P = 0.0001). Fractional rate of transfer (k1,6) was less after 96 hours of food deprivation, compared with 12 hours (P = 0.0001), and percentage of D-xylose absorbed was reduced (P = 0.0441) after food deprivation. Fractional rate of transfer (k6,5), representing gastric emptying, tended to progressively decrease with food deprivation.

Results indicated that formal kinetic analysis can be applied to D-xylose absorption kinetics in horses. Reduction in the extent of D-xylose absorption after food deprivation may be partly caused by decreased rate of D-xylose absorption across the small intestinal mucosa, but other factors, such as gastric emptying and nonabsorptive losses, may also be involved.
Alterations in the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine after xylazine or medetomidine administration in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Lemke Kip A. , Tranquilli William J. , Thurmon John C. , Benson G. John , Olson William A.
Published: January 2024

Eight dogs (body weight, 12.5 to 21.5 kg) were assigned at random to each of 3 treatment groups (is, ix, im) that were not given glycopyrrolate and to each of 3 groups that were given glycopyrrolate (igs, igx, igm). Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane (1.95% end-tidal concentration), and ventilation was controlled (PCO2, 35 to 40 mm of Hg end-tidal concentration). Glycopyrrolate was administered iv and im at a dosage of 11 μg/kg of body weight, each. Saline solution, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, im), or medetomidine (15 μg/kg, im) was administered 10 minutes after baseline ade determination. Redetermination of the ade at the same infusion rate was started 10 minutes after drug administration. Arrhythmogenic dose was determined by constant infusion of epinephrine at rates of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/kg/min. The ade was defined as the total dose of epinephrine that induced at least 4 ectopic ventricular depolarizations within 15 seconds during a 3-minute infusion, or within 1 minute after the end of the infusion. Total dose was calculated as the product of infusion rate and time to arrhythmia. Statistical analysis of the differences between baseline and treatment ade values was performed by use of one-way anova. Mean ± sem baseline ade values for groups is, ix, and im were 1.55 ± 0.23, 161 ± 0.28, and 1.95 ± 0.65 μg/kg, respectively. Differences for groups is, ix, and im were – 0.12 ± 0.05, – O.31 ± 0.40, and – 0.17 ± 0.26, respectively. Differences for groups igs, igx, and igm could not be calculated because arrhythmias satisfying the ade criteria were not observed at the maximal infusion rate of 5.0 μg/kg/min. Differences among groups is, ix, and im were not significant. We conclude that in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs: preanesthetic dosages of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, im) or medetomidine (15 μg/kg, im) do not enhance arrhythmogenicity, and at these dosages, there is no difference in the arrhythmogenic potential of either α2-adrenergic receptor agonist.
Safety of albendazole in developing bovine fetuses
Authors: Theodorides Vassilios J. , Carakostas Michael C. , Colaianne James J. , Freeman John F. , Page Stephen W.
Published: January 2024

Albendazole, administered orally at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg of body weight to presumed pregnant cows or heifers on days 21, 31, 41, 51, and 61 of gestation, did not induce toxicosis in embryos or fetuses, and all calves born were structurally normal. Albendazole administration at a rate of 25 mg/kg to cows at 7 and/or 14 days of gestation decreased the apparent conception rate (ie, embryolethality), but did not have a teratogenic effect. Apparent embryolethality was greater in cows administered 25 mg/kg only on day 14, compared with those administered the drug only on day 7. Single dosage of 25 mg/kg given in the final 3 months of gestation did not induce abortion. There were no adverse effects of albendazole at a dosage of 10 or 15 mg/kg on developing embryos or fetuses when administered to presumed pregnant cows at various times in early gestation.
Mechanism of hemolysis of canine erythrocytes induced by L-sorbose
Authors: Goto Ikuo , Inaba Mutsumi , Shimizu Toshio , Maede Yoshimitsu
Published: January 2024

The cause of species difference in the susceptibility of erythrocytes to L-sorbose, and the difference in the hemolytic effect of sorbose on high potassium-containing (hk) and low potassium-containing (lk) canine erythrocytes were examined. L-Sorbose was phosphorylated in canine erythrocytes, but not in human erythrocytes. Furthermore, sorbose-1-phosphate, a metabolite of L-sorbose, strongly inhibited the hexokinase of lk canine erythrocytes, but not that of hk canine erythrocytes. These results strongly indicated that inhibition of hexokinase by sorbose-1-phosphate in lk erythrocytes induced severe glycolytic limitation in these cells, resulting in hemolysis, and that hk erythrocytes are resistant to sorbose-induced hemolysis because these cells have a high hexokinase activity.
Alterations in blood viscosity in horses competing in cross country jumping
Authors: Sommardabl Carla S. , Andrews Frank M. , Saxton Arnold M. , Geiser Dennis R. , Maykuth Patricia L.
Published: January 2024

Packed cell volume and plasma total protein (tp), serum albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glb), and plasma ionized calcium (PCa) concentrations, blood viscosity (bv), and plasma viscosity (pv) were measured in 42 horses at rest and after the cross country jumping phase of a horse trial competition. The bv and pv were determined at 6 shear rates (230, 115, 46, 23, 11.5, 5.75 s−1), using a digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer. A paired t-test was used to determine differences between pcv, tp, Alb, Glb and PCa values at rest and after exercise. The pcv, tp, Alb, and Glb values increased (P < 0.05) in horses after exercise. The PCa concentration decreased (P < 0.05) in horses after exercise. Mean bv and pv in the 42 horses at rest and after exercise were fitted to an asymptotic function. Significant (P < 0.05) correlation at all shear rates was seen between bv at rest and pcv, tp, Alb, Glb, and PCa values at rest; and between bv after exercise and pcv, tp, Alb, Glb, and PCa values after exercise. Significant correlation was not seen between pv at rest and tp, Alb, Glb, and PCa at rest, or between pv after exercise and tp, Alb, Glb, and PCa concentrations after exercise at any shear rate.
Phenotype and biological activity of neonatal equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix
Authors: Hendrickson Dean A. , Nixon Alan J. , Erb Hollis N. , Lust George
Published: January 2024

Equine neonatal chondrocytes were cultured in three-dimensional fibrin matrices under conditions of immediate implantation or implantation following monolayer culture for 6 days, and 3 cell concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 106, and 5 × 106 chondrocytes/ cm3). Equine fibrinogen was collected by cryoprecipitation and polymerized by use of activated bovine thrombin. The fibrin implants were harvested and analyzed histologically and biochemically at 3, 7, and 14 days after the chondrocytes were implanted in fibrin. The differentiation ratio (ratio of rounded, chondrocyte-like cells to stellate, fibroblast-like cells) was statistically higher for implants that received 5 × 106 precultured cells at all time periods than for implants that received 1 × 105 or 1 × 106 precultured cells. The differentiation ratio was statistically higher for implants that received 5 × 106 immediately implanted cells than for other implants at 7 days after implantation. At 14 days, implants that received 5 × 106 precultured chondrocytes had a higher differentiation ratio than did implants that received 5 × 106 chondrocytes that had not been precultured. Among implants that received precultured chondrocytes, total glycosaminoglycan and chondroitin sulfate content was lowest for implants that received only 1 × 105 cells. Among implants that received chondrocytes that had not been precultured, glycosaminoglycan content was not significantly different among the 3 cell concentrations, and chondroitin sulfate content was different only between implants that received 5 × 106 vs 1 × 106 cells. Only after the longest incubation period and at the highest cell concentration studied did preculturing of chondrocytes improve maintenance of phenotype. Preculturing did not appear to influence proteoglycan synthesis.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats
Authors: Burnside Daniel M. , Rowley Barbara O.
Published: January 2024

A commercial rapid-absorbed elisa developed to detect antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine serum was modified for use with goat serum. Diagnostic sensitivity was evaluated, using a group of 163 goats from a herd with endemic paratuberculosis. Blood and fecal samples were obtained simultaneously, and prevalence of shedding of M paratuberculosis in the feces was estimated by detection of dna of the mycobacterial insertion sequence, IS900, using a commercial test kit. Diagnostic specificity was evaluated, using blood samples from a total of 123 goats in 10 herds that were considered clinically free of paratuberculosis.

The IS900 dna was detected in 35 of the 163 goats (21%) from the infected herd. Serum antibody to M paratuberculosis was detected in 19 of the 35 IS900 dna-positive goats, for apparent sensitivity of 54%. Serum antibody was detected in 18 of the 128 IS900 dna-negative goats from the infected herd.

Negative results for serum antibody to M paratuberculosis were obtained for all 123 goats from the herds that were considered clinically free of paratuberculosis.
Influence of vitamin E on aflatoxicosis in growing swine
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Elissalde Marcel H.
Published: January 2024

Effects of dietary aflatoxin (af) and supplemental Vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) were evaluated in growing crossbred pigs. Nine barrows (3 replicates of 3 each, mean body weight, 14.0 kg) per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (for a total of 36 barrows): 0 IU of supplemental vitamin E and 0 mg of af/kg of feed (control); 2,400 IU of vitamin E divided into equal doses and administered im on days 1 and 16; 2.5 mg of af/kg of feed; or 2.5 mg of af/kg of feed plus 2,400 IU of vitamin E administered similarly to treatment 2. Barrows were administered their respective treatment for 32 days. Evaluations were made for group production performance and for serum biochemical, immunologic, hematologic, pathologic, serum and tissue tocopherol, and serum retinol variables. Body weight was reduced by af-alone and af plus vitamin E treatments, compared with control and vitamin E-alone treatments. Liver weight was increased for the af alone-treated and the af plus vitamin E-treated barrows, compared with control barrows. The af alone-treated barrows had alterations in:serum values of alkaline phosphatase, γglutamyltransferase, albumin, glucose, phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, total iron, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, total iron-binding capacity, and urea nitrogen; RBC numbers, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and prothrombin time; and mitogen-induced lymphoblastogenic responses. With the exception of some slight ameliorating effects on hematologic measurements, supplemental treatment with vitamin E did not prove beneficial against the toxicosis-associated af treatment. The af alone-treated barrows had decreased serum tocopherol and retinol concentrations, compared with control and pretest values, and decreased tocopherol concentration in cardiac tissue. High parenterally administered doses of vitamin E did not have sparing effect on af-induced reductions of serum tocopherol or retinol concentration; however, compared with pretest values, serum tocopherol concentration was increased by vitamin E-alone treatment. Tocopherol concentration in cardiac tissue of the af plus vitamin E-treated barrows was increased over that of the af alone-treated barrows, indicating an ameliorating effect on af-induced tissue concentrations reductions. These data indicate that vitamin E may not have a sparing effect on af-induced toxicosis and that af may reduce serum retinol and serum and tissue tocopherol concentrations.
Tidal breathing flow-volume loop analysis as a test of pulmonary function in exercising horses
Authors: Connally Bruce A. , Derksen Frederik J.
Published: January 2024

The usefulness of tidal breathing flow-volume loops (tbfvl) to evaluate pulmonary function was investigated in 6 Standardbreds during treadmill exercise. Tidal breathing flow-volume loops are a graphic representation of airflow rate vs tidal volume for each individual breath. These tbfvl were obtained from horses exercising at speeds corresponding to 75 and 100% of maximum heart rate. Measurements were recorded in each horse before and after ovalbumin-induced allergic lung disease. Moderate obstructive lung disease, characterized by a significant increase in pulmonary resistance, was observed while the horses were at rest. We found that in horses with airway obstruction exercising at 75 or 100% of maximum heart rate, the quantitative indices describing tbfvl shape and size were not markedly different from those in clinically normal horses exercising at similar speeds.
Comparison of species and numbers of bacteria in concurrently cultured samples of proximal small intestinal fluid and endoscopically obtained duodenal mucosa in dogs with intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Authors: Delles E. K. , Willard M. D. , Simpson R. B. , Fossum T. W. , Slater M. , Kolp D. , Lees G. E. , Helman R. , Reinhart G.
Published: January 2024

Concurrent bacterial culturing of duodenal/proximal jejunal fluid and duodenal mucosa was performed on 2 occasions in each of 16 IgA-deficient German Shepherd Dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The interval between sample collections in each dog was 74 to 78 days. Species of bacteria and numbers of bacterial colony-forming units (cfu) per milliliter of fluid were compared with species and numbers found in the concurrent duodenal mucosa sample. There was inconsistent correlation for number of cfu and minimal correlation for species of bacteria isolated from the 2 sites. Fewer bacterial cfu usually were isolated from the mucosa than from the concurrent fluid sample. When the same numeric criteria used for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in samples of intestinal fluid (ie, ≥ 105 bacterial or ≥ 104 anaerobic cfu/ml) were used to interpret results of culturing duodenal mucosa, quantitations of bacterial cfu in duodenal mucosa was found to be a specific, but insensitive test.
Genus-specific detection of salmonellae in equine feces by use of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Neibergs Holly L. , Wallis Deeann E. , Simpson R. Bruce , McGruder Edward D. , Hargis B. M.
Published: January 2024

Members of the genus Salmonella were identified in feces from horses, using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and genus-specific oligonucleotide primers. Feces from healthy horses were determined to be culture-negative for Salmonella spp. Fecal samples were inoculated with known numbers of colony-forming units (cfu) of S anatum, S derby, S enteritidis, S heidelberg, S newport, and S typhimurium. The dna was extracted from fecal samples and amplified by pcr, using genus-specific primers. Sensitivity of the assay extended to 103 cfu of Salmonella sp/g of feces; sensitivity of microbiologic culture with enrichment extended to 102 cfu of Salmonella sp/g of feces. Feces that were not inoculated with Salmonella spp were negative by the pcr. Detection of salmonellae in feces was possible, using the pcr, within 10 to 12 hours from the time of submission of samples.
Kinetics of inhibition of replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in blood mononuclear cells of horses after in vitro and in vivo treatment with recombinant equine interferon-β1
Authors: Marquardt Jürgen , Heymer Joachim , Heinz Heiko , Adolf Günther R. , Deegen Ekkehard
Published: January 2024

Recombinant equine interferon-β1 (reqifn-β1) induces an antiviral state in blood mononuclear cells (bmc) of horses. Maximal protection against replication of vesicular stomatitis virus is achieved 6 hours after treatment with ifn in vitro and in vivo. Duration of the protective effect depends on the dose of ifn in vitro and in vivo. Availability of reqifn-β1 in cultures of bmc for up to 48 hours does not prolong the antiviral state. The protective effect on bmc after treatment with ifn has similar duration in vivo and in vitro. Monitoring of the effect of ifn in vivo is, thus, simplified because the antiviral state may be recorded by testing cells twice (ie, before and 6 hours after application of interferon). All further tests may be performed in vitro.

Multiple administrations of reqifn-β1 do not prolong duration of the protective phases after each administration. Duration of the antiviral state depends only on the dose of reqifn-β1.
Amplification of strains of bovine herpesvirus 1 by use of polymerase chain reaction with primers in the thymidine kinase region
Authors: Kibenge Frederick Stephen B. , Harris Lora Mae , McKenna Patricia Katherine , Wadowska Dorota , Yason Carmencita Villar
Published: January 2024

A primer pair was designed from the published nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene for use in detection of the virus by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of 12 bhv-1 strains (3 ATCC and 9 local isolates). A tk deletion mutant bhv-1, and 2 bhv-4 strains from ATCC were used as negative controls. One strain each of feline herpesvirus, equine herpesvirus, and bovine adenovirus, and 2 noninoculated bovine cultured cells-bovine fetal testis and Madin-Darby bovine kidney-also were examined to verify specificity of the primers. A pcr product, 183 bp long, was detected by ethidium bromide staining after agarose gel electrophoresis, when purified dna from cell cultures infected with bhv-1 strain LA was used as template. Specificity of the pcr product was confirmed by restriction digestion with Sac II enzyme and Southern blot hybridization. Amplification was detected by ethidium bromide staining of agarose gels and/or Southern blot hybridization with the radiolabeled pcr product of the LA strain in similarly prepared dna templates of 5 other bhv-1 strains, 2 obtained from ATCC and 3 of the 9 local isolates. In a modified pcr protocol, using virus suspensions treated with a nucleic add-releasing cocktail, substantial amplification was obtained for the 3 bhv-1 strains from ATCC and for all 9 local bovine herpesvirus field isolates. A tk deletion mutant bhv- 1 strain NG dltk, 2 bhv-4 strains, a feline herpesvirus, an equine herpesvirus, and a bovine adenovirus obtained from ATCC, and noninoculated bovine fetal testis and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures amplified either from purified dna or from nucleic acid-releasing cocktail-treated suspensions had negative results of ethidium bromide staining and Southern blot hybridization. These data indicate that pcr amplification, using primers in the tk gene region, is valuable for detection of bhv-1 strains grown in cell culture.
Association between calbindin-D28K and oogenesis in ovaries of chicken embryos in vitro
Authors: Inpanbutr N.
Published: January 2024

The left ovary of chicken embryos was removed and incubated in culture medium with a thymidine analogue, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), in vitro. In addition, fertile chicken eggs were injected with BrdU via the extraembryonic vessels and incubated for 24 hours. The ovaries were then processed for immunohistochemical localization of calbindin-D28K (a 28- kd vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein) and BrdU. Calbindin-D28K was detected in the germinal epithelium and in cells surrounding the oogonia and oocytes (future granulosa cells) of the embryonic chicken ovary. However, BrdU was observed in the nucleus of the oogonia and oocytes of the chicken embryonic ovaries. Comparison of the 2 adjacent sections, immunostained for calbindin-D28K and BrdU consecutively, indicated that BrdU, the marker for cell proliferation was not detected in calbindin-D28K-containing cells, namely, germinal epithelium and future granulosa cells, in the ovary of chicken embryos. These results suggested that calbin-din-D28K-containing cells in the ovary were not in the process of cell division during the 24-hour incubation of chicken embryos.
Evaluation of topically administered tissue plasminogen activator for intraocular fibrinolysis in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A , Hamor Ralph E. , Ramsey David T. , Vasaune Steven , Schaeffer David J.
Published: January 2024

Fibrin dots were induced in eyes of dogs by injection of autogenous citrated plasma into the anterior chamber. Twenty-four hours after dot formation, one 50-μl drop of tissue plasminogen activator at a concentration of 5 mg/ml (group 1, n = 7) was administered topically 9 times at 5-minute intervals, or a collagen shield that was hydrated with tissue plasminogen activator at a concentration of 5 mg/ml (group 2, n = 7) was applied. The contralateral eye served as a nontreated control. Serial photographs were taken of the fibrin dots after topical application of tissue plasminogen activator. Computerized morphometric analysis was then used to evaluate changes in cross-sectional surface area of the fibrin dot. There was no significant mean percentage decrease in dot surface area of treated eyes of group-1 dogs or in treated eyes of group-2 dogs. In addition, there was no significant difference in mean percentage decrease in dot surface area between treated eyes of group-1 and group-2 dogs.
Temporal characterization of transplacental infection of porcine fetuses with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Vorwald Ann C.
Published: January 2024

Pregnant gilts were exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv ) by iv inoculation at or about gestation day 30 (3 gilts), 50 (3 gilts), 70 (3 gilts), or 90 (5 gilts) to investigate the likelihood of transplacental infection with prrsvat various stages of gestation. At or about 3, 6, and 9 weeks after exposure, gilts were either euthanatized while still pregnant or allowed to farrow. Gilts and pigs were observed for clinical signs of infection, and gilts, pigs, and fetuses were tested for prrsvand homologous antibody. All gilts were healthy throughout the study, except that farrowing was sometimes difficult and prolonged, and 2 gilts failed to farrow the entire litter. One gilt farrowed on day 111 of gestation; all others farrowed on day 114 or later. Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus was isolated from significantly (x2 test, P < 0.01) more fetuses and live and stillborn pigs of the 5 gilts that were infected at 90 or 92 days of gestation than from the fetuses and live and stillborn pigs of the 9 gilts that were infected at 72 or fewer days of gestation (ie, 33 of 44, 75% vs 3 of 78,4%). After initial infection, prrsvwas isolated from gilts and their pigs for a maximum of 3 weeks and 8 to 11 weeks, respectively. Findings of this study, with regard to the temporal aspects of transplacental infection, may help explain why natural epizootics of prrsv-induced maternal reproductive failure are often recognized principally as problems of late-term gestation and neonatal survival.
Atrial and ventricular myocardial blood flows in horses at rest and during exercise
Authors: Manohar Murli , Goetz Thomas E. , Hutchens Elizabeth , Coney Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

Right atrial, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary, pulmonary artery wedge, and systemic blood pressures of strenuously exercising horses increase markedly. As a consequence, myocardial metabolic O2 demand in exercising horses must be high. Experiments were, therefore, carried out on 9 healthy, exercise-conditioned horses (2.5 to 8 years old; 481 ± 16 kg) to ascertain the regional distribution of myocardial blood supply in the atria and ventricles at rest and during exercise. Blood flow was measured, using 15-μm-diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres that were injected into the left ventricle while reference blood samples were being withdrawn at a constant rate from the thoracic aorta. Myocardial blood flow was determined at rest and during 2 exercise bouts performed on a high-speed treadmill at 8 and 13 m/s (0% grade). The sequence of exercise bouts was randomized among horses, and a 60-minute rest period was permitted between exercise bouts. There was considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of myocardial perfusion in the atria and the ventricles at rest; the right atrial myocardium received significantly (P < 0.05) less perfusion than did the left atrium, and these values were significantly (P < 0.05) less than those for the respective ventricular myocardium. The right ventricular myocardial blood flow also was significantly less than that in the left ventricle. With exercise, myocardial blood flow in all regions increased progressively with increasing work intensity and marked coronary vasodilation was observed in all cardiac regions. During exercise at 8 or 13 m/s, right and left atrial myocardial blood flows (per unit weight basis) were not different from each other. Although at treadmill speed of 8 m/s, left ventricular myocardial blood flow exceeded that in the right ventricle, this was not the case at 13 m/s, when perfusion values (per unit weight basis) became similar. These data suggested that, in exercising horses, myocardial metabolic O2 requirements increase markedly in all regions. However, the right atrial and right ventricular myocardial blood flows increased out of proportion to those in the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively.
Plasma ferulenol concentration and activity of clotting factors in sheep with Ferula communis variety brevifolia intoxication
Authors: Tligui Noursaid , Ruth George R. , Felice Lawrence J.
Published: January 2024

Dynamics of plasma ferulenol concentration and its effect on the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, prothrombin time (pt), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) were determined in 4 sheep intoxicated individually with 600 g of powdered Ferula communis variety brevifolia (fcb) given in 8 doses at intervals of 6 hours. Ferulenol was detected in the plasma of all sheep at initial blood sample collection, 6 hours after the first dose of approximately 75 g of fcb was placed in the rumen. The last observed peak of approximately 20 μg/ml was detected at about 12 hours after the last of 8 doses, and the mean concentration then decreased to < 1 μg/ml during the next 70 hours. Maximal concentration of ferulenol and time for plasma clearance varied with individual sheep. The pt increased steadily to a maximum of 6 times normal about 70 hours after the last peak plasma ferulenol concentration and about 80 hours after fcb administration was stopped. The pt then returned to almost normal (ratio of 1.12) from the maximum (ratio of 6.12) within approximately 5 days. The aptt results generally paralleled the pt results, but the change was not as marked. Maximal pt and aptt ratios were animal - dependent and not always related to plasma ferulenol concentration. The activity of all the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors was depressed, but the variations were unique to each factor. Factor V, a vitamin K-independent coagulation factor actually had a brief period of increased plasma activity. We concluded that the effects on P, T aptt, and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors induced in sheep intoxicated with fcb were consistent with the coumarinic structure of ferulenol, the intoxicating compound in fcb, which seems to have a short-term anticoagulation effect.
Production of Salmonella serogroup D (O9)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen
Authors: Konrad Hans , Smith Bradford P. , Dilling George W. , House John K.
Published: January 2024

Serologic testing to detect persistent IgG titer directed at Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (lps) has proven useful in detecting Salmonella carrier cattle without clinical signs of disease and in seroepidemiologic studies. Although little cross-reactivity exists between most Salmonella serogroups, groups B (O1, 4 [5], 12) and D (O1, 9, 12) share somatic (lps cell wall) antigens O1 and O12, which results in some cross-reactions. This may be unimportant in most instances, because group-B and group-D carriers need to be identified and culled. It may be desirable in some situations, such as when trying to control S dublin, to determine which serogroup is present in a given herd. For this reason, a procedure to produce a pure O9 group-D antigen was developed.

Salmonella dublin (group D) was grown by use of standard procedures, and lps was extracted by use of the phenol-water method. The lps was then oxidized with sodium periodate, dialyzed, reduced with sodium borohydride, cleaved with hydrochloric acid, and again dialyzed. This procedure successfully cleaved the saccharides comprising O antigens 1 and 12, leaving a pure O9 elisa antigen. Sera from cattle vaccinated or naturally infected with S typhimurium, S agona, and S schwarzengrund (all group B), S montevideo (group C1), and S dublin (group D) were tested by elisa, using modified and unmodified antigens. When the elisa antigen used was the chemically modified (pure O9) group-D antigen, elimination of cross-reactions confirmed the structural loss of cross-reacting O1 and O12 antigens.
Quantitative renal scintigraphic determination of effective renal plasma flow in dogs with normal and abnormal renal function, using 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine
Authors: Itkin Randall J. , Krawiec Donald R. , Twardock A. Robert , Gelberg Howard B.
Published: January 2024

Effective renal plasma flow (erpf) was evaluated, using the measurement of p-aminohippurate clearance (clpah) and quantitative renal scintigraphy (qrs) with 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3). The clpah and qrs determinations were made in 6 dogs: 2 determinations for each dog before, and 1 determination after induction of renal failure by administration of amphotericin B. Least-squares regression analysis was used to derive an equation to estimate erpf from qrs data. The results indicated that qrs, using 99mTc-MAG3, correlated reasonably well (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) with erpf determined from the clpah value. The right kidney contributed 53.3% of global erpf (P = 0.002). Hepatobiliary excretion of 99mTc-MAG3 was variable within each dog. There was not a consistent pattern with respect to time or renal function. All dogs had nausea or emesis, or both, after iv administration of 99mTc-MAG3. The qrs method with 99mTc-MAG3 provides an adequate means to estimate erpf in healthy dogs and dogs with renal failure.
Densitometric properties of long bones in dogs, as determined by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Sielman Emily , Bodganske John J.
Published: January 2024

We performed dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (craniocaudal and lateromedial views) on 10 pairs of humeruses, radiuses, femurs, and tibias from dogs, using an alignment jig, to determine the homotypic bone mineral density variations of long bones. The bones were divided into 3 regions: proximal, middle, and distal parts of the diaphysis. The bone mineral density of cortical bone, medullary bone, and total bone was determined. Of 160 homotypic comparisons, 21 indicated significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between right and left bones at either a region or location. These differences were observed most frequently in the craniocaudal view and were probably secondary to positioning errors. Evaluation of elliptical bones, such as the radius, also indicated that, when the thicker dimension, such as the lateromedial view of the radius was measured, the bone mineral density of regions-of-interest in that view was greater than that in the opposite view (ie, craniocaudal view of the radius). This study validates the concept of using the contralateral limb as the control condition in orthopedic studies of dogs, particularly when evaluating the densitometric properties of long bones. This study also emphasizes the importance of accurate positioning to prevent inadvertent alteration of bone mineral density results when using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is particularly susceptible to positioning errors, because it converts a 3-dimensional structure into a 2-dimensional image.
Effect of psyllium on plasma concentration of glucose, breath hydrogen concentration, and fecal composition in calves with diarrhea treated orally with electrolyte solutions
Authors: Naylor Jonathan M. , Liebel Taryn
Published: January 2024

We investigated the effect of adding psyllium to a standard electrolyte solution in 10 calves with diarrhea. The calves were tested with the standard solution on one day and standard solution plus psyllium on the alternate day. The order of treatments was randomized. Psyllium converted the solution into mucilage, but did not affect fecal consistency. Mean ± sem area under the glucose absorption curve was lower for mucilaginous than for nonmucilaginous solutions, 2.1 ± 0.62 vs 3.75 ± 1.18 mmol·h, respectively, but the difference was not significant. The area under the breath hydrogen curve was marginally lower for mucilaginous than non-mucilaginous solutions, 102 ± 20 and 209 ± 60 ppm·h, respectively. The usefulness of such decreased bacterial fermentation is doubtful.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera of hunter-killed white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania
Authors: Humphreys J. G. , Stewart R. L. , Dubey J. P.
Published: January 2024

Serum samples from 593 white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania that were killed by hunters in 1991 were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, by use of the modified agglutination test. Sixty percent (357/593) of the deer had T gondii antibodies; 10% had titer of 25,23% had titer of 50, and 27% had titer ≥ 500. Sex-specific differences in prevalence were not detected.